,,papers ,,and ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,,thirty-,,fourth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,library ,,association ,,held ,,at ,,ottawa1 ,,canada ,,june #bf-;,,july #b1 #aiab ,,american ,,library ,,association #gh ,e4 ,,washington ,,street ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 #aiab ,,contents ,general sessions3 ,,page ,addresses of welcome and response #eg ,address ,herbert ,putnam #ei ,president's address3 ,the public library3 a leaven'd and prepared choice ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elmendorf #fg ,publicity for the sake of information3 ,the public's point of view ,w4 ,h4 ,hatton #gb ,secretary's report ,george ,b4 ,utley #ge ,treasurer's report ,carl ,b4 ,roden #ha ,reports of boards and committees3 ,finance committee ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews #ha ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board ,henry ,e4 ,legler #hc ,trustees of endowment funds ,w4 ,c4 ,kimball #ia ,bookbinding ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey #ic ,bookbuying ,w4 ,l4 ,brown #ie ,co-ordination ,c4 ,h4 ,gould #if ,co-operation with the ,n4 ,e4 ,a ,m4 ,e4 ,ahern #aja ,federal and state relations ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner #ajb ,library administration ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick #ajb ,library training ,a4 ,s4 ,root #aac ,library work with the blind ,emma ,n4 ,delfino #aad ,public documents ,george ,s4 ,godard #aae ,preservation of newspapers ,frank ,p4 ,hill #aaf ,publicity for the sake of support ,carl ,h4 ,milam #abj ,breadth and limitations of bookbuying ,w4 ,l4 ,brown #abd ,open door through the book and the library ,c4 ,e4 ,mc,lenegan #abg ,what do the people want8 ,jessie ,welles #acb ,assistant and the book ,mary ,e4 ,hazeltine #acd ,type of assistants ,edith ,tobitt #ach ,efficiency of the library staff and scientific management ,adam ,strohm #adc ,what library schools can do for the profession ,chalmers ,hadley #adg ,address ,sir ,wilfrid ,laurier #aei ,conservation of character ,j4 ,w4 ,robertson #afa ,address ,george ,e4 ,vincent #agj ,book advertising3 information as to subject and scope of books ,carl ,b4 ,roden #aha ,book advertising3 illumination as to the attractions of real books ,grace ,miller #ahg ,report of ,executive ,board #aib ,report of ,council #aie ,report of resolutions committee #bja ,memorial to ,frederick ,morgan ,crunden #bjc ,report of tellers of election #bjd ,social side of the conference ,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites #bje ,day in ,toronto ,m4 ,e4 ,ahern #bjh ,day in ,montreal ,carl ,b4 ,roden #bji ,post-conference trip ,julia ,ideson #baa ,sections3 ,agricultural libraries #bac ,catalog #bbg ,children's librarians' #bdg ,college and reference #bfh ,professional training #bie ,trustees' #cjb ,public documents round table #cjg ,affiliated organizations3 ,american association of law libraries #cab ,league of library commissions #caf ,special libraries association #cbi ,attendance summaries #ced ,attendance register #cee ,index #cfg ,note3 ,the minutes of the ,national association of state libraries have not been received in time to be included in this volume4 ,they will be separately printed by that association4 ,,ottawa ,,conference ,,june #bf-;,,july #b1 #aiab ,,preliminary ,,session 7,wednesday evening1 ,june #bf1 #aiab1 ,russell ,theatre7 ,the association convened in a preliminary session on ,wednesday evening1 ,june #bf1 with ,dr4 ,james ,w4 ,robertson1 ,c4 ,m4 ,g41 chairman of the ,canadian royal commission on industrial training and technical education1 presiding as acting chairman of the ,ottawa local committee4 ,hon4 ,george ,h4 ,perley1 acting prime minister of ,canada1 was introduced and welcomed the association to ,canada on behalf of the ,dominion government4 ,the speaker called attention to the hundred years of peace between the two countries and the plans being formulated for celebrating it1 and said that international conferences such as this were the best guarantees of peace2 that the more we know of each other the less liable we were to get into trouble4 ,in ,canada schools and libraries are growing apace1 particularly in the new regions of the far west1 very much the same as in the ,united ,states4 ,exchange of ideas as in this convention is the very best kind of reciprocity and will help both nations in their aims and aspirations for the good of civilization4 ,comptroller ,e4 ,h4 ,hinchey1 the acting mayor of ,ottawa1 spoke the city's welcome1 calling attention to ,ottawa as a convention city and its growing claims for being considered the ,washington of the ,north4 ,the association was graciously welcomed in behalf of the ,women's ,canadian ,club of ,ottawa by the president1 ,mrs4 ,adam ,shortt1 who also voiced the welcome from the ,women's ,national ,council of ,canada4 ,she said the preachers1 the teachers1 the writers and the librarians are four great standing armies1 standing to protect us and to dispel the hydra-headed enemy ,ignorance1 but that she thought of librarians as captains of individual garrisons scattered here and there through towns and cities1 who are sending out emissaries among the people and moulding and forming the mental and moral fibre of each community4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,the ,women's ,canadian historical society was most kind in pressing forward its desire to have this convention held here4 ,the president1 however1 desires not to speak to-night4 ,i have now the pleasure of asking ,hon4 ,john ,g4 ,foster1 ,united ,states ,consul-,general1 to speak1 as one of ourselves4 ,he is a good citizen1 and though of you1 with us--we count him almost one of ourselves4 ,mr4 ,foster said he could have assured that portion of the delegates who were his fellow countrymen and countrywomen that they would feel very much at home in this country1 whose people1 institutions and traditions are so similar to those of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,many other representative bodies joined in the effort to secure this meeting for ,ottawa and are represented on the platform to-night1 but the only other speaker who ,i shall ask to voice for them or for himself welcoming sentiments is the ,hon4 ,martin ,burrell1 ,minister of agriculture1 and1 if ,i may say in parenthesis1 also ,minister of copyrights1 since that comes within his department4 ,minister ,burrell spoke enthusiastically of the value of books and the habit of good reading and the greater ease with which books could now be secured than formerly4 ,continuing he said3 ,i have heard it said by some skeptical gentlemen that it is true that a librarian never reads a book2 in fact1 that he cannot be a perfect librarian and read1 because he is immediately lost4 ,i do not like to hold that view4 ,i rather hold to the view that the ordinary librarian1 perhaps ,i should say the model librarian1 should be a guide1 philosopher and friend1 and ,i do not doubt that many of you are very real guides1 philosophers and friends to those who are seeking for perhaps they know not what and whom you can direct in right channels with incalculable good to their after life4 ,it is absolutely true that in our modern life we need that guidance4 ,i do not know that ,i could put it better than in the words of another great book lover1 and good library lover too1 our friend ,robert ,louis ,stevenson of imperishable memory1 who said once there was a sort of dead-alive1 hackneyed people in the world who if they were not engaged in a conventional occupation were in a state of coma2 that the few hours they did not dedicate to a furious toiling in the gold mill were an absolute blank4 ,it is your high privilege to supply that blank2 it is your priceless privilege to fill the hours of life which have to be a blank because we cannot train ourselves for them in this more material age1--to fill them up with a companionship and with an influence of the great thoughts of the great writers of all ages4 ,concluding1 he expressed his pleasure at the prospect of entertaining the delegates at the ,experimental ,farm on the following ,saturday4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,the real president of the ,canadian ,club found it impossible to be in ,ottawa to-night1 and ,i am the poor substitute for ,dr4 ,otto ,j4 ,klotz1 who has been a great pillar of strength in ,ottawa to those who love books and use books4 ,he deputed me to say that he was exceedingly sorry he could not meet so many old friends of his as would surely be in attendance1 and still more sorry because he was deprived of the joy of thus paying a little more back to those who love books and use books for all that books and learning have done for him4 ,he is one of our good men4 ,i am sorry he is not here4 ,we are delighted to have a woman as your president2 and in calling on ,mrs4 ,elmendorf to respond may ,i say--this comes to me after meeting her yesterday and today--that she is altogether a woman of whom it may be said in relation to her office as president of the ,american ,library ,association1 thy gentleness has helped to make it great4 ,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 ,members of the ,american ,library ,association1--,i am sure that ,i but express what you are all feeling in saying that this royal welcome to the ,dominion of ,canada makes us not only happy but very much honored4 ,some members of the association are already at home in their own capital1 being keepers of kings' treasuries of ,canada itself4 ,others of us are librarians from hither and yon in the country beyond the border1 but we have all come with joy and goodly gree to sit in council in the very capital of the lovely land which is so loyally and affectionately ,daughter in her ,mother's house4 ,a small party of us came across the border1 as ,william ,morris's heroes are wont to move1 by night and cloud1 and when we reached the boundary line a sudden inspiration took us and we stooped down and silently1 gently gathered that boundary line in our hands and brought its firm lengths with us4 ,i hold what might represent its shining links here in my hands4 ,therefore1 while we visit here with you1 in the very capital of the ,dominion1 while we hold that boundary line thus in our possession1 from ,boston ,harbor down the coast through ,new ,york and ,charleston to ,key ,west1 along the ,gulf to ,new ,orleans1 across the great ,west to ,pasadena1 up the ,pacific coast line to ,seattle1 from ,east to ,west1 from ,north to ,south1 there is no let or hindrance to the lines of influence which go forth4 ,those lines of influence run free without chance for knot or tangle or any such thing4 ,i hope you will not need to try whether the ,king's writ runs but ,i am sure that you will find that ,shakespeare reigns in our realm1 that ,tennyson and ,bobby ,burns touch our hearts in song1 and he who writes the songs of a people need not care who writes their laws4 ,just one small story and then ,i shall have finished1 for thanks must needs be brief if they come from the heart1 and there is one to come after who will say to you with grace and directness and clear precision much that ,i might envy but never approach4 ,my tall brother happened by good fortune to be in ,london ,town the night that the great city went nearly wild in her glad rejoicing at the relief of ,ladysmith4 ,it was a sight to see and join in1 and he and his wife went on such progress through the streets as a cab could make for them4 ,in his hand1 at the full length of his long arm1 he waved from the front of the cab a ,union ,jack and a ,stars and ,stripes to indicate his sympathy and good feeling4 ,all went well until in one of the many enforced pauses a rough chap jumped for his hand crying1 ,aw1 sir6 ,one flag'll do6 ,we are very happy to be here and are just a little happier to see by these beautiful draped banners that you have not felt that ,one flag need to do6 ,the ,,chairman3 ,those of us who have gone to ,washington have sometimes thought we should revise our boyhood's interpretation of the ,new ,jerusalem of the ,book of ,revelation4 ,nothing ,i had ever imagined from ,st4 ,john's description was quite a match for the glory and magnificence of the beautiful ,library of ,congress4 ,i have found it delightful to think of a nation of great wealth providing such a fitting home for its literary treasures4 ,books are the friends and ministers of the mind and the soul of the people4 ,the ,washington building is the expression in materials of their aspirations for what is best and most beautiful4 ,it is a wonderful building1 leaving impressions of wonder on the casual visitor1 and still more on those who linger in its chaste corridors and see something of the working of the library itself4 ,i think of the sweet and stately beauty of the place1 ,i think of the institution and its services1 and ,i think also of the man who is more than a match for the magnificence of the home of those books4 ,we will now hear from the man1 ,dr4 ,,herbert ,,putnam4 ,,address ,,by ,,dr4 ,,putnam ,our acknowledgments as visitors having now been made by the highest authority among us1 it is not for the purpose of merely enlarging them that ,i am assigned a place upon the program4 ,it is rather1 ,i understand1 with the view to an expression in behalf of the community of interest represented by this gathering as a whole2 and some definition as to what we are1 what we aim at1 and wherein1 if at all1 we differ from our predecessors4 ,our aim is in terms a simple one4 ,it is to bring a book to a reader1 to lead a reader to a book4 ,the task may indeed vary in proportion as the book is obvious or obscure1 the reader expert or a novice1 so that our service may be as the shortest distance between two simple points2 or as the readiest point between two distances4 ,but its main and ultimate end is the same4 ,and it remains so in spite of organization grown elaborate1 apparatus and mechanism grown complex4 ,for the organization is merely to respond to a larger and more varied demand1 and with a view to a more ample and diversified response4 ,what then is the difference between the library of today and the library of a few centuries--a single century--ago8--,is it merely in the development of this organization1 the introduction of this apparatus and mechanism8--,is it to such matters that our efforts are directed8--,is it they which require incessant gatherings such as this for explanation1 exploitation and discussion1 and the innumerable reams of written contribution in our professional journals8 ,they are indeed accountable for a large percentage of it3 but back of them1 beneath them1 is a change which is fundamental1 a change in attitude which is essential as no mere form or method can be4 ,it consists in the birth and development--not indeed of a new characteristic in either book or reader1 or the discovery of new potencies in the one or new sensibilities in the other--but of a new sense of responsibility on the part of the library in the utilization of the one for the benefit of the other4 ,it is an incident of democracy4 ,now1 so far as democracy means the participation of the community as a whole in the conduct of its affairs the form of it has existed with us in the ,united ,states for generations2 and the substance of it has existed throughout the ,anglo-,saxon world4 ,but democracy ought to mean something more3 it ought to mean the participation of every individual in its opportunities4 ,and a constitution of society which still left the resources for power and intellectual direction in the hands of the few was in effect an aristocracy1 and no complete democracy4 ,among these resources a chief is education4 ,and the practical monopoly of education--and of books as an element in it--meant a monopoly of influence also1--a monopoly which survived after limitations of caste were removed and the opportunities for wealth became widely diffused4 ,against it the free public school1 the easily available college1 the cheaply procurable newspaper and magazine1 and the free public library fought and are fighting their fight in the interest of the prerogative of the individual1 in the endeavor to equip him as an independent and co-equal unit1 so that the actual constitution of society shall accord with its political form1 and indeed assure the efficiency and the permanence of the form4 ,so1 having provided for the mass the interest has of late centred upon the individual4 ,meantime1 with the evolution from homogeneity to heterogeneity the individual himself has become more and more diversified in trait1 aptitude and need2 so that the treatment of him by the agencies acting for the community as a whole has also had to become varied4 ,not merely that1 but pursuing its responsibilities1 to become affirmative1 where before1 so far as it existed1 it was merely responsive4 ,now the service of school and college furnishing definite instruction and perhaps training1 to an organized body of youth1 within a limited age1 and under control1 can be reasonably systematized and standardized4 ,but the library is to furnish not merely education but enlightenment1 and even culture1 to the community at large--without respect to age1 and without subordination to control4 ,it cannot impose1 it does not control4 ,it may recommend1 but it cannot direct4 ,it must still respond to a need voluntarily expressed2 but its duty is held to go further3 it must remind that the need exists1--it must even inspire the need1--that is to say1 the consciousness of it4 ,in this way it is engaged in creating the very demand which later it seeks to satisfy4 ,now this duty upon it accounts for the prodigious energy in the effort itself1 and the activity and range of the discussion1 which are the characteristics of the modern library movement1 particularly in ,english speaking ,america4 ,it accounts for the incessant repetition of explanation1 of exhortation1 of recited experience1 which give to a present-day library conference something of the aspect of a revival meeting4 ,to librarians of the older school these are somewhat distasteful2 to librarians of the more modern school already convinced and experienced1 they may be tedious2 but they seem necessary still for the enlightenment and encouragement of others newly entering upon the problem1 of a public not yet fully familiar with the relations of it to their own welfare1 and to the helpful solution of local problems where the idea meets conditions still impeding3 for the field is vast and conditions are still very unequal4 ,the efforts1 still inchoate1 include also many devices which are crude and of doubtful expediency3 especially many designed chiefly to attract--in which the library seems to compete with other enterprises courting popularity in a way scarcely dignified for a public institution maintained by government4 ,they shock the conservative in somewhat the same way as an advertisement by a lawyer or physician shocks the traditions of those reticent professions3 and they include not merely schemes of advertising--which might seem to impair the dignity of the book1 but auxiliaries for attracting attention such as savor of the devices of a business house in exploiting its goods4 ,the ultimate aim is1 of course1 the commendation of the book itself1--and the justification lies--or is sought--in this4 ,but the means1--well1 the means often afflict the conservatives in the profession1 and even cause uneasiness to certain of us among the progressives4 ,the compensating assurance is that they are the promptings of an enthusiasm in itself meritorious2 that they are experiments2 that they may prove to be expedients merely temporary1 and that later they may be dispensed with after they have served their purpose4 ,they are to rouse the dormant1 stir the stagnant3 but there are also other agencies at work to rouse and to stir2 and the time may well come when the operation of these in combination will have achieved the creation of a spirit in the community safe to act upon its own initiative4 ,apart from the portions of our programs devoted to the discussion of such methods and devices--which concern the direct action of a particular library upon its own constituents1 is the portion--a large one--devoted to schemes of co-operation among our institutions as such in the interest of economy and therefore of efficiency--in their administration4 ,these are necessarily technical1 and their immediate interest is to the librarian rather than to the reader4 ,but their ultimate benefit is to reach the reader1--particularly in freeing to his use a larger measure of the direct personal service of the administration1 in interpreting the collections to his need4 ,in proportion as they succeed in this they will achieve a reversion to that service held precious in the library of the older type1--which1 lacking the modern apparatus1 and with an imperfect collection1 at least put the reader into direct contact with what it had1 and gave him also the inspiring personal touch with an enthusiast already saturated with its contents3 and which accordingly sent him forth with a grateful glow1 too little1 alas6 evident in one relegated to the mere mechanism of modern library practice4 ,the mechanism became inevitable3 the increase of the collections1 the increase of the constituency1 the greater diversity of the need1 and the demand that this should be met promptly1 have required it4 ,this isn't so apparent to the public1 who think of the problem--of getting the right book to the individual reader--in only its simplest terms4 ,but to us librarians it is not merely apparent but urgent4 ,and accordingly we expend upon it a length and a zest of discussion that quite mystify the portions of our audiences outside of the craft4 ,what impels us is that the mechanism is not merely elaborate3 it is expensive4 ,it is the more so in proportion as it is variant in form and involves a multiplication of expense by each library acting independently in its own behalf4 ,our effort1 and the purpose of our discussions1 is therefore to promote a standardization of the form and a co-operative centralization of the work itself1 in which our libraries as a whole may secure a participating benefit4 ,now the mechanism consists of certain apparatus necessarily independent with each library--administrative records1 charging systems1 etc42 but also of classification1 catalog and bibliography4 ,all of these may be standardized1--but the opportunity for a co-operation which may save expense occurs chiefly in the three last named4 ,the extravagance1 the needless extravagance1 of an absence of it represented by the old conditions was little apparent to the general public or to boards of control4 ,it becomes obvious when one considers that thousands of libraries receiving hundreds of identical books1--and hundreds of libraries receiving thousands of identical books--were each undertaking independently the expense of cataloging and classifying these3 thus multiplying by exactly their number the total cost of the community4 ,as against this1 the economy of a system under which a particular book shall be cataloged--and perhaps classified--at some central point once for all1 and the result made available in multiple form to all libraries receiving copies of it--needs only to be stated to be convincing4 ,a condition of it is1 in the case of classification1 identity in the basic scheme and notation1 in the case of catalog identity in the form1 and uniformity in the practice4 ,the general availability of bibliographic lists does not depend upon either1 though convenienced by both4 ,identity in classification seems still remote1 nor does the undoubted vogue of the ,decimal scheme assure it3 for this is chiefly among the smaller libraries4 ,in the larger1 the ,decimal scheme1 where adopted1 is apt to be accompanied by variations of detail1 which mean a variation in the place and symbol assigned to a particular book1 and thus bar the general adoption of a decision in the classification of it made at any central bureau4 ,so far as this variance affects the direct administration of a particular library it may be unimportant3 for the arrangement of its own books upon its own shelves--provided this is based on a subject scheme1 consistently carried out--may be sufficiently effective for its own purposes1 even though purely individual with itself4 ,what it implies1 however1 in multiplication of an expense that might be avoided by the adoption of an identical scheme1 is of an import very serious4 ,the construction of a scheme which should suit equally all libraries and all librarians is not to be expected4 ,the best that can be hoped for is a scheme sound in its fundaments and upon which the concessions of individual preference necessary will be only as to detail4 ,the reluctance--of librarians--to make such concessions is due1 ,i think1 to an exaggerated estimate of the importance of classification as such--that is to say1 of the precise location of a particular book in a given collection2 a failure to realize--what experience should have taught--that in many groups no location can be absolutely permanent1 owing to changes in the literary output and in the subject relation of that group to the rest4 ,this reluctance is1 ,i fear1 one of the conservatisms least creditable to the profession4 ,it induces tenacity in adhesion to systems adopted1 and it leads to the adoption of new systems devised to accord with supposed idiosyncrasies of a particular collection--or pursuant to the ingenious inventiveness of a particular librarian4 ,i can express myself the more frankly because in this latter respect the ,library of ,congress has itself been a sinner2--and one not yet come to repentance4 ,for at the outset of its problem it found the ,decimal classification in considerable vogue1 the ,expansive in considerable favor4 ,and it adopted neither1 but proceeded to devise a scheme of its own4 ,it did this out of declared necessity1 with regard to its supposed interests2 and considering those interests alone the results have seemed a justification4 ,they are even being utilized in certain other institutions1 and though not proffered as a model for general adoption1 they render even now a general service in proving the economy of centralizing the process of classification1 as well as that of cataloging1 at some central point or points from which the decisions may radiate4 ,the general availability of a catalog entry depends of course upon uniformity in cataloging practice as well as identity in size and form of the card itself1--if the result takes the form of a card4 ,agreement in this has fortunately been rapid1 and we have now in ,english speaking ,american a set of decisions1 embodied in a code of rules--substantially accepted among our own libraries and even substantially acceptable to the libraries of ,great ,britain4 ,between continental practice and our own variances still exist1 and bar the complete interchange of results4 ,one cannot doubt1 however1 that time will eradicate1 or adjust these also4 ,between bibliography as distinguished from classification and cataloging1 there exist1 however1 no such impediments2 and the centralization of bibliographic work--co-operation in it--is progressing apace4 ,the prospect is1 therefore1 fairly cheerful that librarians will be able in the near future to free themselves and their funds from undue attention to the mere mechanism of their craft1 and more completely to devote their resources and personal service to the book as literature1 and the reader as a human being4 ,the spirit for this is ardent4 ,it is manifest in our two countries as nowhere else in like degree4 ,as regards the reader it calls itself proudly the missionary spirit2 it seeks him1 appraises him1 sympathizes with him1 counsels him4 ,it does not doubt its duty in this to be an affirmative one4 ,but as regards the book itself it is not yet so decisive4 ,for in the selection of what it is to offer it still concedes much to what is called the popular taste--which means the popular fancy of the moment1 ignoring in doing so its prerogative as an educational institution to assert standards1 and to abide by them4 ,its hope is to improve the taste itself2 and the need of this--its appropriateness as a function of the library1 and the means of effecting it--are to be a main feature of the program of this conference4 ,they are justly so1--even though they are matters of concern chiefly for that type of library which is engaged in serving the public at large4 ,it is1 however1 precisely that type of library with which also the duty should lie of representing the standards established by time1 and the taste represented by the more refined rather than by the average instincts of the community4 ,and as the temptation--to make concessions is also peculiarly theirs--the responsibility is particularly upon them1 their librarians1 their trustees1 and the conservative in public opinion--to assert this duty and to conform to it4 ,the assertion of it may cause resentment2 but this will prove merely individual2 it is not likely to organize into formidable resistance4 ,and in time it will become merely sporadic4 ,it will tend to diminish in proportion as associations such as this1 in conferences such as this1 declare solidly for the authority of the library in such decisions--while clearly distinguishing it from any censorship of literature as such4 ,the temptation to court popularity--natural in institutions maintained at the public expense and therefore dependent upon the favor of city councils--has another phase which ,i hope may prove but transitory4 ,it is in the exploitation of the service done by the books which are the tools of trade as against those making for general information1 or general culture4 ,the supposition is that the service of the first named is one which will convince certain important opinion as a practical service1 and particularly that it will appeal to those who are just now insistent upon vocational studies as the studies to be given right of way in the education of youth4 ,the temptation is the greater because the service of a book of this sort is a service whose results are readily demonstrable1 it is concrete and objective2--while that of general literature is but subjective4 ,its importance cannot be questioned1 nor the duty of the library to perform it1 nor the success of our public libraries in the actual performance of it4 ,the only criticism might be lest in the emphasis upon it1 our libraries may seem to underestimate1 if not to disparage1 that other service which in its ulterior benefit to the community may prove of even greater importance2 that service which reminds the public that livelihood is not the main purpose of life1 nor the present1 the local and the particular1 the only era1 the only place1 the only thing worthy of consideration and regard4 ,the books which achieve this may have their greatest value in offsetting the tendencies of mere industry4 ,this is not to say1 however1 that they may not advance industry itself2 for though they may not improve the mere dexterity of a particular individual in a profession1 art or trade1 they may aid to that sense of proportion1 that larger view of a worldwide relation which will advance the art itself2 and they cultivate the imagination which is the essential of modern industry in its larger relations4 ,as1 therefore1 our colleges still stand for the utility of the general studies even in a career looking to vocation1 so our libraries may well stand for the utility of the general literature4 ,particularly is this duty upon them since the opportunity--in its relation to the community at large--is uniquely theirs3 for no other agency--not even the museum1 or the art gallery1 or the theatre1 the opera house1 or the concert hall--potent as may be the influence of these--matches the book in power and availability in this service of quickening the sensibilities1 refining the taste1 enlarging the understanding1 diversifying the experience1 warming the heart and clarifying the soul4 ,and this service--understood everywhere--is nowhere--save perhaps in ,england--quite so completely followed into its consequences as in ,canada and the ,united ,states4 ,the conviction of it grounds our libraries upon a public opinion assuring permanent support2 and inspires among individuals enthusiasm for gift and endowment4 ,the greater1 therefore1 the responsibility of librarians and trustees to see to it that this conviction1 this enthusiasm and the resources which they provide shall be so utilized as to effect not merely the most showy but the most substantial results4 ,and the responsibility should include not merely a zeal for the general reader1 but a regard for the scholar3 since a benefit to the general reader may end with himself1 but a benefit to the scholar becomes amplified and diffused through him4 ,he is not1 be it understood1 a class by himself4 ,he includes the specialist whose vocation is research in a particular field2 but he includes also the reader for whom research is but an avocation4 ,he is the unusual man1 but he is also the usual man in his unusual moments4 ,what is the conscious aim of the one may be the incidental achievement of the other--to advance knowledge4 ,and the aid rendered by the library to either may be of a consequence to the community more far reaching than the mere diffusion of ascertained knowledge among a multitude of individuals4 ,if the effort of our libraries in this direction has not kept pace with their efforts in the others1 the explanation is obvious in the emphasis necessary upon the others during the past fifty years4 ,but the time has come when the obligation to the scholar should resume its due place--in our programs1 as well as in our practice4 ,and with the resumption of that interest may we not hope for a recognition--a recognition--in our organizations also of that type which gave personality to the libraries of old8--,i mean the type represented by the ,panizzis1 the ,garnetts1 the ,winsors1 ,pooles1 ,cutters and ,spoffords4 ,for however indifferent such men may have been1 or might be today1 to the mere mechanism which of late we have been exalting1 and which we must hold to be necessary under modern conditions1 they succeeded in producing an atmosphere which had a potency of its own1 which no mere mechanism can reproduce1 and for which the zeal of routine personal service1 however missionary in spirit1 cannot be a substitute4 ,for the mechanism gives the impression of intervening between the reader and the book2 and the routine personal service fails from the very nature of its effort4 ,the reader reached out to may be pleased and aided3 but he loses the lesson and the penetrating suggestion afforded by the mere absorption of the old-time librarian in the book itself4 ,it was that which once took the visitor out of himself1 away from affairs1 and gave him touch with a different world1 a sense of different values4 ,does he not miss it now8 ,i think he does2 and that1 however he may respect the mere efficiency of the modern librarian1 as administrator1 his really affectionate admiration turns back to the librarian of the old school whose soul was lifted above mere administration1 or the method of the moment1 or the manner of insistent service1 and whose passionate regard was rather for the inside of a book than for the outside of a reader1--even the librarian to whom a reader seemed indeed but an interruption to an abstraction that was privileged4 ,i for one1 should be sorry to think that this type has passed finally4 ,there is need for it2 there should be a place4 ,i trust that it will be restored to us2 and ,i deplore the influence upon the younger generation in our profession of referring to it with condescension if not with contempt4 ,our profession4 ,i use the term because it is current4 ,we have assumed it1 and no one has challenged it4 ,there are grounds on which it might1 ,i suppose1 be challenged4 ,the word implies1 according to the ,century ,dictionary1 professed attainments in special knowledge1 as distinguished from mere skill2 a practical dealing with affairs1 as distinguished from mere study or investigation2 and an application of such knowledge to uses for others as a vocation1 as distinguished from its pursuit for one's own purposes4 ,the latter two requirements are certainly met3 we are engaged in practical affairs1 and to the use of others4 ,but the professed attainments in special knowledge1 as distinguished from mere skill1 while certainly represented in individuals among us1 are not with us conditions of librarianship as a vocation or as an office1 nor have we in ,america1 as they have in ,germany1 the conventional preparation1 the preliminary examination as to qualifications1 and the license which by law or usage are requirements in the professions strictly so-called4 ,a profession should imply uniform standards in such qualifications3 but the qualifications of persons accepted among us for library posts of importance1--even among persons who have made notable successes in such posts1 vary extraordinarily in both kind and degree4 ,a profession should imply a certain homogeneity in ideals1 methods and relations2 while among us there is still a notable diversity4 ,the modern library with its large establishment and organization1 and the responsibility of large funds1 has1 like the modern university1 created a demand in its administrators for the traits necessary in business rather than characteristic of the professions or expected of them4 7,this demand1 and the vogue of woman in our work--a vogue which finds its completest recognition at this meeting--are indeed the most notable of recent phenomena affecting our personnel47 ,as yet the conventional training has not attracted a sufficiency of men and women with such traits to meet the need2 nor has it1 on the other hand1 attracted a sufficient number of men and women grounded in special branches of the sciences and the arts to fill the positions in our research libraries which administer1 and should interpret1 the literature of these4 ,the actual personnel of our association includes therefore the utmost diversity in trait1 education and experience4 ,a considerable such diversity exists among teachers1 and does not disentitle them to the claim of constituting a profession2 and we are sometimes called educators4 ,but we cannot claim to be1 for we lack the didactic authority1 purpose and method4 ,the final characteristic of a profession is its influence upon the community as such4 ,now1 our lack of such an influence as a body is in part due to the lack of that homogeneity in ideal method and personnel--but in part also to the necessary limitations of our office4 ,we are necessarily non-partisan4 ,we are to furnish impartially the ammunition for both sides of every issue4 ,the moment we become identified with a single side merely1 we lose our influence and our authority4 ,and it matters not whether the issue be political1 or theological or economic or social4 ,if it be scientific1 or merely literary1 we have more freedom1 since the subject matter is more nearly academic and less emotional4 ,but even here we must avoid the charge of faddism4 ,in a contest of morality we may indeed take side against the baser1 because with this we have no influence and no need to court one4 ,but there are today few moral issues clearly distinguishable as such in which there is need or temptation for us to engage4 ,the result of this neutrality is an attitude which to the world at large must seem somewhat colourless2 but also a habit of mind which insensibly in itself becomes neutral4 ,we are content to be observers4 ,we avoid becoming contestants4 ,such characteristics do not go to the solidification of opinion in a profession1 nor to the assertion of it in an aggressive way4 ,the sum total of all of which 7observations upon us7 is that in spite of our numbers1 in spite of the momentous aggregate that our establishment represents1 in spite of the assured place which it occupies in the community and the social system1 we are at present1 and in many ways must continue to be1 an aggregate of individuals rather than a body politic4 ,but even as the ,devil's advocate ,i would not so conclude in a deprecatory sense1 for we may find and show many reasons for complacency--and special opportunities for service--in the relations which this situation implies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my original invitation was a large one3 no less than to estimate the place of the library in ,english-speaking ,america4 ,i have not attempted to comply with it3 for it seemed too large for my fraction of this program4 ,but as a theme it was enticing4 ,and so would have been the reverse of it1--that is1 the place of ,english-speaking ,america in the development of the library4 ,that also will perhaps be worthy of treatment at some large opportunity4 ,one particular aspect of it is suggested by a letter of ,francis ,lieber to ,general ,halleck1 fifty-seven years ago4 ,it runs-- 444 ,have you laid the foundation of a great public library in ,california8 ,your state1 above all others1 ought largely to provide public funds for a library1--say #bj1jjj a year for the first five years1 and then1 permanently so much a year4 ,we cannot do in our days without large public libraries1 and libraries are quite as necessary as hospitals or armies4 ,libraries are the bridges over which ,civilization travels from generation to generation and from country to country1 bridges that span over the widest oceans2 and ,california will yet be the buttress of the bridge over which encircling civilization will pass to ,asia1 whence it first came4444#a #a ,from ,life and letters of ,francis ,lieber4 ,edited by ,thomas ,sergeant ,perry4 ,boston4 #ahhb4 ,if ,california may be such a buttress1 what may we not propound of ,english-speaking ,america as a whole--from which through its universities and colleges occidental ideals and methods are already being transmitted to the ,orient through the effective medium of students sent here for their education8 99 99 99 99 99 ,such are some of the thoughts with which some of us at least approach this conference4 ,they are thoughts1 even if1 as yet1 only in part satisfactions4 ,there is a satisfaction1 however1 which is dominant with those of us who come from over the border4 ,it is that this conference is to be held on ,canadian soil2 and that here1 with the broad welcome extended to us1 with a common subject matter1 and with purposes in connection with it that can awaken neither cavil nor suspicion1 we are free to indulge in reciprocities that will be complete1 mutual1 and enduring4 ,mr4 ,lawrence ,j4 ,burpee read the following telegram from the private secretary of the ,duke of ,connaught1 which was received with hearty applause3 ,the ,governor-,general wishes meeting of ,american ,library ,association every success and ,his ,royal ,highness regrets exceedingly that it is impossible for him to be present at your annual meeting tomorrow4 ,mr4 ,,burpee3 ,similar letters of regret have been received from the ,right ,honorable ,prime ,minister and several members of the cabinet and from ,sir ,wilfrid ,laurier1 and we are yet in hopes that ,sir ,wilfrid will be able to be with us on ,dominion ,day4 ,i have been asked by the ,dominion ,archivist and by the ,director of the ,victoria museum and the ,custodian of the ,national gallery to extend to you a most hearty welcome to visit those institutions1 and ,i have also been asked by the president of the ,ottawa ,electric ,railway to say that the railway would like you to consider yourselves guests of the company while here1 and that the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 button will identify us sufficiently4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,the work of the local committee has been done largely by two men1--,dr4 ,otto ,klotz and ,mr4 ,lawrence ,j4 ,burpee1--and perhaps at a later session we will have occasion to give thanks to ,mr4 ,burpee1 who behind the scenes has made our official tasks come so lightly and so easily4 ,the secretary read a cablegram bearing greetings from the ,new ,zealand ,libraries ,association1 through the secretary1 ,mr4 ,herbert ,baillie1 librarian of the ,wellington 7,n4 ,z47 public library4 ,adjourned4 ,,first ,,general ,,session 7,russell ,theatre1 ,thursday1 ,june #bg1 #i3cj a4 m47 ,the ,,president3 ,i have the honor to announce that the ,thirty-fourth ,annual ,conference of the ,american ,library ,association is now open4 ,it seems to me1 with the welcome given us this morning1 in the beautiful sunshiny weather1 nearly as bright and genial as the welcome that we were given last night1 we open under very happy auspices indeed1 and ,i hope that when you hear the speakers as they shall take up the matters on the program1 you will feel that the auspices have been very well carried out4 ,i shall have the pleasure to talk to you for a very few moments on the subject as printed on the program4 ,,president',s ,,address ,the ,public ,library3 ,a ,leaven'd and ,prepard ,choice ,last evening's jesting pretense that the party from the ,states had stopped on the border and removed the boundary line to bring it with them here1 into the very ,canadian capital1 was not quite all a jest4 ,the ,american ,library ,association is itself a witness that though the boundary line firmly and clearly defines the limits of rule of the two countries in some great and essential things1 some ,glories of our blood and state1 it need not1 it does not1 even divide1 still less alienate1 the two peoples4 ,it is one of the worthiest1 most auspicious foundations of the ,american ,library ,association that it is1 and has ever been1 continental not national in its sympathy and membership4 ,within its circle all who profess and call themselves ,english-speaking may unite their best thought and their best endeavor for this important public service4 ,there are many fundamental library principles that are common to both countries and your ,program ,committee has intended to arrange the program and discussions to take account of these1 leaving to other and minor meetings such things as are national or local in their bearing4 ,the committee has wished to transcend all division by boundary lines4 ,by so much the jest was fact4 ,the attempt has been made to stand away from detail of all sorts so far that it may be possible to see the library world as a world indeed1 a whole of parts1 as a system of members1 each member distinct yet1 by virtue of the very peculiarities which constitute its distinctness1 contributing to the unity of the whole4 ,we shall fail to see the library world thus1 as a world1 as a whole unless1 amid the mass of facts1 of experiences1 of needs1 of adaptations involved1 we can finally discern and seize upon the true center1 the truly dominant thing4 ,if we could once see the true center as the center1 and the mass of detail taking ordered place about it2 if we could once perceive the dominant that should surely rule1 and lesser matters in due subjection to that rule1 then from the obvious things ever before our eyes1 and only too familiar1 by that very familiarity made difficult to apprehend1 the library might all at once appeal as an entity1 as a clear conception4 ,so the forest becomes visible to the artist's eyes1 the forest1 formed of trees1 but never really seen until all at once in the vision of the forest the trees are lost to sight4 ,some modes of thought1 some phrases of expression which have been used are those which the philosopher has weighed and clarified for his own carefully measured statements4 ,do not smile at my temerity1 and on the other hand do not be in the least alarmed4 ,i ventured but a little way and you will not be called to go far into the philosopher's country under my lead4 ,even if one be no swimmer it is an experience to venture out1 with careful balance1 feeling for secure foothold upon the solid bed1 even a little way into a mighty stream whose full mid-current would sweep over one's head4 ,one gets1 out of even so limited an adventure1 a sense of the sweep of the river1 feels the embrace and pull of the current1 stoops to drink a little of the clear1 bright1 deep waters1 ever thereafter to thirst for deeper draughts and to long for strength and mastery to plunge into and breast the full stream4 ,in trying to find warrant for my own thoughts and ordered and lucid statement for them1 ,i have sought and consulted certain books and some of them were too hard for my full reading4 ,i shall not further acknowledge my debt now but1 once more departing from precedent1 ,i shall list them for print at the end of the address4 ,in the wish to find the center or dominant of the library world it would be presumptuous for me to dogmatize and say ,lo here6 this is the point1 or ,behold6 this is the principle4 ,in the very name of the institution which we are talking about there are two elements joined--,public1 and ,library--and it seems quite obviously proper to try the first as the center4 ,perhaps the application which follows might repel some as narrow1 as exclusive of any but a single type of libraries4 ,the principle itself may1 however1 be made to apply to the entire library world by recognizing as public all libraries which are not private1 and by defining public anew as applied to each group or type of libraries1 always letting it include all those individuals for whose use and pleasure the library is maintained4 ,what does public signify in ,canada and the ,united ,states8 ,what but all the people of these two great experiments in democratic society8 ,pray note that ,i say society not government4 ,an excursion into discussion of the latter might involve dabbling in the stream of politics which would threaten dangers far more imminent1 for me1 than philosophy promised4 ,to consider democratic society for a few moments very simply is a less hazardous matter4 ,what is any society but a world again1 a whole1 in which the great thing that matters is the level and fullness of mind that is reached through the diversities of complete development and perfection of the individual members which compose it8 ,the level of value and happiness for the whole can only be raised by raising the condition of the individuals and1 on the other hand1 that individuality is the most complete1 of most real1 felt value to itself1 which contributes to the perfection of the whole1 because it is only thus that the individual is conscious of having done his utmost4 ,why try to say it again when the philosopher has said it so exactly8 ,what a man really cares about--so it seems to me--may be described as making the most of the trust he has received4 ,he does not value himself as a detached and purely self-identical subject4 ,he values himself as the inheritor of the gifts and surroundings which are focussed in him and which it is his business to raise to their highest power4 ,the attitude of the true noble1 one in whom noblesse oblige is a simple example of what1 mutatis mutandis1 all men feel4 ,the man is a representative1 a trustee for the world1 of certain powers and circumstances4 ,and this cannot fail to be so4 ,for suffering and privation are also opportunities4 ,the question for him is how much he can make of them4 ,this is the simple and primary point of view1 and also1 in the main1 the true and fundamental one4 ,it is not the bare personality or the separate destiny that occupies a healthy mind4 ,it is the thing to be done1 known and felt2 in a word1 the completeness of experience1 his contribution to it1 and his participation in it4 ,at every point the web of experience is continuous2 he cannot distinguish his part from that of others1 and the more he realizes the continuity the less he cares about the separateness of the contribution to it4444 ,it is impossible to overrate the co-operative element in experience4 ,does it not appear then that the highest possible service to the public is service to the individual1 in giving to the individual stimulus and opportunity for the fullest1 most diverse1 most perfect development1 creating thus a world the more enriched1 the more unified1 in that each of its members has rich powers1 functions and experience of his own8 ,but the crux is to come4 ,a people1 a society1 is made up of individuals of diverse tastes and powers1 but it includes very many who are far short of being fully alive to the powers which they may possess4 ,if the span of such lives passes thus1 if no stimulus1 no illumination reaches them1 life will be uninspired1 unfruitful of much service1 or much joy4 ,it will not be life at its full1 nor the soul at its highest stretch4 ,it is not always afar from our own doors that such things happen4 ,president ,eliot says1 ,do we not all know many people who seem to live in a mental vacuum--to whom1 indeed1 we have great difficulty in attributing immortality1 because they have so little life except that of the body8 ,from such conditions not only individuals but all society suffers4 ,as a spot of unnourished1 inactive tissue in a human body is a host ready to receive any one of many forms of disease1 so1 in the body politic1 individuals not fulfilling their utmost best are soil made ready for all manner of social and political ills4 ,the time may come when society will recognize that many social and political ills are partly caused by its own neglect1 and call not for more restrictions1 for more stringent laws and severer sentences1 but rather for more carefully and universally given opportunity4 ,listen once more to the philosopher4 ,the more highly differentiated the individuals composing a society1 the more complete becomes the social bond between them4 ,a man who feels that he is rendering to the community a service at once indispensable and only to be performed by himself1 will have come near to fulfilling his part in the highest attainable scheme of social harmony4 ,if this be true1 then there seems clear warrant for saying that the community1 for its own sake1 has a vital interest in trying to secure for each individual the most effective opportunity not only for discovering what his distinct contribution may be made1 but also for developing his power to render that contribution most completely4 ,does the community anywhere concern itself to give such opportunities8 ,democratic society has recognized its necessity to give a certain amount of knowledge and training by means of its schools4 ,it is beginning to make the experiment of giving a certain amount of skill to earn a livelihood4 ,this teaching is done in classes and a class is made up of individuals of similar knowledge and attainments1 and to them is given general and identical information which tends to produce like results4 ,the community has need for unlikeness1 for individuals who can render unique service4 ,the community can never decide what the special individual aptitude may be4 ,no living soul can discover for another4 ,the power to become is innate and must make its own response to the stimulus which is capable of affecting it4 ,it is true that the universe is a great battery incessantly sending an infinity of calls of infinitely varied messages4 ,but the receiving operator may be asleep1 he may never come within range4 ,the universe is very wide4 ,the range of experience of all is narrow1 of some pitifully narrow4 ,because of lack of opportunity to see1 to do1 to know1 to feel1 it is not exaggeration to say that multitudes live a half-alive existence1 never useful to their possible limit1 never happy to their full1 for happiness is felt perfection4 ,from the beginning of time1 some men have received their messages1 found their work1 given their service1 lived life to the full and laid it down with a will4 ,the record of these men and their accomplishment1 of man's great adventure to find himself1 has been written by many hands1 and that record is literature4 ,arnold says1 ,to know ourselves and the world we have1 as a means to this end1 to know the best that has been thought or said in the world1 and ,literature may mean everything written or printed in a book4 ,the library is the reservoir of literature1 a collection of books1 but it is something more1 it comes to have identity1 a self of its own beyond the sum of all its books1 when1 by the fusing of the whole under the vital power of the minds that gather and order it1 it becomes1 in the ,shakespearian phrase embodied in my title1 ,a leaven'd and prepard choice4 ,the library is the one place where time and space are set at naught4 ,it is the microcosm of the universe4 ,here all the wonders of nature are flashed back from the mirrors of eyes that have beheld them4 ,here ,india1 and the ,arctic and the isles of the sea are as close at hand as ,niagara4 ,here ,archimedes' lever1 ,giotto's circle1 ,newton's apple1 ,palissy's furnace1 ,jacquard's loom1 ,jamie ,watt's tea-kettle1 ,franklin's kite are cheek by jowl with the last ,marconigram4 ,here the fate of ,aristides1 of ,columbus1 of ,gordon is as clear to read as the doings of yesterday in ,chicago4 ,the record of what happened at ,thermopyl1 at ,lucknow1 at the ,alamo receives beside it the tale of the courage that rose as the ,titanic sank4 ,what ,buddha and ,socrates and ,jesus taught answers the cry and strengthens the heart of doubt and pain today4 ,the library is the great whispering gallery of noble deeds and1 catching a whisper1 ,the youth replies1 ,i can and goes forth4 ,the library is haunted with visions of beauty that ,plato1 that ,michael ,angelo1 that ,shelley saw--the youth exclaims ,i see6 and follows his lure4 ,here ,clotho sits twirling her thread-running spindle and the youth1 catching the clue1 fares forth whither the fateful thread leads4 ,the library is almost never the goal but to many it may be the starting point whence they go forth to strength and endeavor1 love and sacrifice1 the making and achievement of souls4 ,the public for whom the library exists has little conception or comprehension of its power4 ,how shall such publicity as will give this knowledge of it be given8 ,such publicity should make clear the larger aspects of the library's service1 showing that the life of any society is an indivisible inheritance and the welfare of all made or marred by the condition and service of each one1 therefore the library should be equipped to be universal in its appeal and service1 a public necessity for individual use4 ,the public for whom the library exists gives it support insufficient for the task it should perform4 ,if the library commanded respect would it not receive funds8 ,books are the treasure to be gathered for its work4 ,what shall be the principles of buying8 ,how create the leaven'd and prepard choice8 ,books are the medium of appeal1 the stuff of human knowledge1 experience and wisdom stored by means of the printed leaf4 ,the extent to which each individual shares in the stored treasure of the race-mind1 is1 in its sum1 the measure of public safety and happiness and the starting-point for service4 ,how show1 how make known the attraction and stored power of books8 ,every individual must choose his own path4 ,how leave him free to choose in a wide field8 ,service1 but not authority1 must be at hand4 ,what shall the tests of fitness for such service be8 ,the staff fit for such service must be of rare material and quality4 ,the members of the staff are instruments of the highest elaboration and most delicate adjustment4 ,the requisite quality of service can only be rendered under fit conditions4 ,it is not a matter of knowledge1 conscience and will solely1 it is a matter of these things plus insight1 sympathy and response4 ,exhaustion1 or an approach to it1 discouragement from lack of appreciation1 are like a ground wire for loss of power4 ,body1 mind and spirit are all involved in this service4 ,how conserve their strength1 well-being and joy8 ,unskilled people cannot render fit service4 ,what are the things that matter in training8 ,how far can training be effective4 ,these are the subjects that your ,program ,committee has thought it might interest all to consider4 ,certain leaders will discuss them1 each according to his own will and way4 ,in their wisdom and in that of the discussions with which you will follow them will lie all the value of this conference4 ,books ,consulted3 ,a ,short ,list ,bosanquet1 ,bernard4 ,the principle of individuality and value4 ,macmillan4 #aiab4 ,bryce1 ,james4 ,the ,american ,commonwealth4 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #hbh1 and chapter ,,cii4 ,macmillan4 #aiaj4 ,chesterton1 ,g4 ,k4 ,manalive4 ,lane4 #aiab4 ,douglas1 ,robert4 ,the choice4 ,macmillan4 #aiaa4 ,eliot1 ,c4 ,w4 ,the function of education in democratic society4 ,in his ,educational reform4 ,century4 #aijh4 ,goldmark1 ,josephine4 ,fatigue and efficiency4 ,charities ,pub4 ,co4 #aiab4 ,hobhouse1 ,l4 ,t4 ,the individual and the state4 ,in his ,social evolution and political theory4 ,columbia ,univ4 ,press4 #aiaa4 --,liberalism4 ,holt4 #aiaa4 ,jones1 ,henry4 ,idealism as a personal creed4 ,macmillan4 #aiji4 --,working faith of the social reformer4 ,macmillan4 #aiaj4 ,macdonald1 ,greville4 ,the child's inheritance3 its scientific and imaginative meaning4 ,smith1 ,elder4 #aiaj4 ,mark1 ,thiselton4 ,the unfolding of personality as the chief aim of education4 ,univ4 of ,chicago ,press4 #aiaa4 ,sidis1 ,boris4 ,philistine and genius4 ,moffatt4 #aiaa4 ,woodberry1 ,g4 ,e4 ,the torch3 eight lectures on race power in literature4 ,mc,clure4 #aije4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,president3 ,i have very great pleasure in presenting one who in truth needs no introduction to you2 one who has not for some time appeared on our platform but whom ,i know you will all welcome with pleasure1 ,miss ,,tessa ,l4 ,,kelso4 ,miss ,kelso1 of the ,baker and ,taylor ,co41 ,new ,york ,city1 spoke informally from notes only on the topic1 ,publicity for the sake of information3 the librarian's point of view1 and has been unable to furnish a copy of her remarks for publication4 ,the ,,president3 ,i think you may have seen it mentioned once or twice in the course of your reading1 that there was such a thing as the ,wisconsin idea4 ,now1 ,i would not for a moment1 having been born in that lovely state1 have you get any notion that that ,wisconsin idea is singular4 ,we have therefore asked to come and talk to us this morning a gentleman who1 those closest to him say1 is a repository of ,wisconsin ideas1 and ,i have great pleasure in introducing to you ,mr4 ,,william ,h4 ,,hatton1--,mr4 ,hatton by request1 though he is ordinarily known in his own country as ,senator ,hatton4 ,,publicity ,,for ,,the ,,sake ,,of ,,information3 ,,the ,,public',s ,,point ,,of ,,view ,when man first discovered that his hands would respond to the command of his brain and that he could use a club to defend himself from his enemy1 and that he could through combined mental and physical effort1 react upon his environment1 the gateway on the road to continuous progress was opened to mankind4 ,the potential power of man cannot be measured4 ,the ,creator1 in so far as we are able to judge1 has fixed no limits to man's progress4 ,the only limitations are his lack of knowledge and his lack of power to discern the true relations of the forces which surround him4 ,mankind is a social organism1 not a collection of separate and independent parts4 ,where any part is neglected and fails to develop so as to discharge efficiently its function1 the whole organization suffers4 ,therefore society is not only deeply interested in education during childhood and adolescence1 but it is concerned in the education of man throughout his whole life4 ,the public is as much concerned in the education of the man of forty years of age as it is in the education of the boy of five years4 ,one of the chief functions of the state is to secure justice1 equity and equality of opportunity4 ,dr4 ,lester ,f4 ,ward says1 ,there can be no equality1 no justice1 not to speak of equity1 so long as society is composed of members1 equally endowed by nature1 a few of whom only possess the social heritage of truth and ideas resulting from laborious investigation and profound meditations of all past ages1 while the mass are shut out from all the light that human achievement has shed upon the world4 ,what shall be done that this light of human achievement shall penetrate the cloud of ignorance and cause the lamp of wisdom to burn in every home8 ,your reply doubtless will be1 ,the formal training of the schools4 ,yes2 that is a step in the right direction1 but all will agree that the training of the schools is only and can be only a beginning1 a learning how to acquire and assimilate knowledge and develop power4 ,there must be other institutions and agencies which shall carry forward the work of education1 if we are to have that continuous and universal development which is possible and desirable4 ,the library is peculiarly suited for this work and its power and future influence are not fully appreciated even by those engaged in library work4 ,it is not necessary to say to this audience that the public library is an essential part of a complete educational system and that there should be harmony within the system4 ,the training in the schools should be such as shall make a beginning at least in the preparation for social life and social service1 in the broad sense4 ,the students should be shown that the library is a social mirror1 a record of the social activities of mankind4 ,if for any cause students leave school1 they should be in such close relation to the library and be so familiar with library methods that they will be encouraged to continue studying2 thus we shall find the book in the hand of the worker1 the ideal condition1 assisting him in solving his problems and opening to him visions of life of which he had never dreamed4 ,the school authorities should never overlook the fact that the average time which the individual student attends school is short2 but be it short or long1 pupils should be trained in the use of the library1 and taught how to find in books answers to their questions4 ,questions which shall require students to go to the library should be regularly given them4 ,in the higher grades and in the high schools emphasis should be placed on library work4 ,students should not only be required to read certain specified books1 as supplementary reading1 but there should be regular assignments of topics for investigation1 which will require them to use the library and other sources of information1 thus training them in research methods and developing their power of original investigation4 ,by this method their school work will become a living motive-force in their lives4 ,the colleges and universities offer a great number of courses4 ,so many subjects are open for study that the most that can be done during the college years is to select a few and concentrate effort upon those selected and leave the great field of knowledge for future exploration and conquest4 ,therefore1 if a student leaves college with high ideals and an ambition to explore still further the field of knowledge and develop his individuality1 his immediate need is a good library4 ,therein is the crystallized wisdom of ages held in magic preservation4 ,here he may find freedom for the development of his individuality and be able to increase his power to react on his environment1 enabling him to find profit1 pleasure and culture in the various activities of life4 ,but has he learned how to use the library8 ,let us take the testimony of ,dr4 ,harper1 former president of the ,university of ,chicago4 ,it is pitiable1 he said1 to find that many graduates of our very best colleges are unable1 after taking up the more advanced work of the divinity school or other graduate courses1 to make use of books4 ,they find nothing2 they do not know how to proceed in order to find anything4 ,no more important1 no more useful training can be given men in college than that which relates to the use of books4 ,why do so many men give up reading when they leave college8 ,because in college they have never learned the use of books4 ,this is the testimony of a man of wide experience4 ,a college librarian should be a person of strong personality and broad culture1 and the example of some of the universities and colleges of making the librarian a member of the faculty should be followed by all colleges4 ,the most important work for schools and colleges is to arouse in the students the spirit of research1 train them in research methods1 and develop their powers of independent investigation4 ,impress upon them the fact that education cannot be received but must be acquired1 and that the acquisition of knowledge is a process co-extensive with life4 ,president ,hibben of ,princeton says1 ,it is the nature of education that it does not result in a complete and finished product1 but rather a progressive process4 ,there is nothing final about it4 ,its achievements always mark new beginnings4 ,education must always be defined in terms of life1 of growth1 of progress4 ,it will be readily seen that those who complete the regular courses of the schools1 colleges and universities need the library4 ,it is well known that the majority do not take advantage fully of the opportunities offered by the schools1 but for various reasons they drop out all along the line4 ,for these we need the library4 ,we have a large immigration of adults from foreign lands4 ,these people come here to make homes and to take part in our government4 ,self-government requires knowledge and understanding4 ,great questions are constantly arising which demand intelligent action4 ,ignorance1 whether it be the ignorance of the rich or of the poor1 is a menace4 ,one of our grave social problems is the ignorance and indifference of the ostentatious rich4 ,rich in material things1 but poor in the things which make life rich4 ,they have not learned that every man owes a debt to society that can be paid only in service4 ,complex our social organization is and it is becoming more complex each year4 ,grave questions are before us for solution4 ,the people in general have no adequate conception of the possibilities of the library1 when properly organized1 as an effective force for dealing with these conditions2 and it is doubtful if the most optimistic librarians appreciate what may be1 and will be done in the future with this great instrument of education4 ,a community without a public library lacks an essential of a well organized community4 ,let us have in the library men and women of broad culture who have had special training in psychology and sociology1 who are sincerely and sympathetically devoted to humanity4 ,let this great educational institution be directed by people of commanding power1 trained for public service1 who have entered the profession as a life work1 salaries to correspond1 with qualifications required and services rendered4 ,we say services rendered because all service must be rendered before it can be measured4 ,the library will thus become the center of intellectual activities of the community1 a continuation school1 a local university4 ,society is under obligation to furnish every means possible for the development of human capacity4 ,there is in the world latent talent and capacity beyond measure4 ,for the development of this latent talent1 society is in a measure responsible4 ,if opportunity is offered1 capacity will develop4 ,great forces surround us pressing for admission to our lives1 telephones1 electric light1 printing1 ansthesia1 antiseptics1 synthetic chemistry1 wireless telegraphy1 etc4 ,these things have always been possible but the cloud of ignorance obscured man's vision1 and kept him from realizing his power4 ,the degree to which a community discharges its obligation can be measured by the opportunities it offers for the development of the members of that community4 ,to offer better opportunities for those who wish to continue their studies and to bring together those of like tastes and desires1 let there be opened seminar rooms in the library building1 or in other buildings which shall be under the control of the library authorities4 ,to these seminar rooms bring students1 from every walk of life1 to study under competent direction and to investigate subjects in which they are interested either from a material or cultural point of view4 ,only a small percentage of those who complete the high school course go to college4 ,there should be provided graduate courses for the high school graduates1 and other students of like qualifications in these seminar rooms1 directed by the library staff4 ,the school teachers and library staff can meet in these seminar rooms and discuss questions of common interest2 and also pursue advanced studies4 ,these rooms should be the centers for university extension work4 ,people can be brought together here for study and discussion of questions of citizenship1 government1 civic betterment1 and all questions pertaining to social adjustment4 ,study groups can be formed for regular and systematic study under the direction of competent teachers4 ,people of all ages can be brought together for study1 which is impossible under our present system of education4 ,in these groups the mature man and woman of high ideals will exert a powerful influence upon the young4 ,through this system regular and systematic reading under competent direction can be encouraged4 ,teachers and parents can meet in these seminar rooms and discuss school questions4 ,continuation schools should be maintained4 ,bring the people from their vocations to these continuation schools2 out of these schools organize classes for special work in the library seminar rooms2 thus may be secured the union of instruction and practical application which make for increased efficiency1 cultivates the whole man1 and brightens his life4 ,john ,stuart ,mill said1 ,the business of life is an essential part of the practical education of a people without which book and school and instruction1 though most necessary and salutary1 does not suffice to qualify them for conduct and for adaptation of means to ends4 ,instruction is only one of the desiderata of mental improvement4 ,another indispensable1 is vigorous exercise of active energies4 ,it matters not how highly we value the formal training of the colleges we must never overlook the fact that a very large majority do not have the full benefit of such training4 ,we must therefore deal with conditions as they exist4 ,when we call to mind the names and careers of such men as ,shakespeare1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,hugh ,miller1 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,richard ,baxter1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,michael ,faraday1 ,sir ,humphrey ,davey1 ,horace ,greeley1 ,sir ,william ,herschel1 we come to realize that many of the brightest stars in the world's constellation have been cut and polished by forces other than the formal training of the schools4 ,wide is the field and great is the opportunity4 ,the question may be raised1 ,how shall we secure the money for this great work8 ,we are expending in the ,united ,states more than two-thirds of our national income for wars past and for military purposes1 educating men to destroy4 ,let this fact come to the knowledge of our people and a demand will be made to cut down the appropriations for educating men to destroy and increase the appropriations for educating men to construct4 ,a hundred years of peaceful intercourse between two great nations1 ,canada and the ,united ,states1 with over three thousand miles of boundary without a gunboat or a soldier1 is the best answer to the militarist who would spent the money for instruments of destruction that should be used for instruments of construction4 ,how shall we bring to the knowledge of the people information relating to this great work8 ,there are more than twenty millions of students in the schools of ,canada and the ,united ,states4 ,these students touch directly or indirectly every home4 ,with libraries at various local centers correlated with the schools1 we have what may be called the nervous system of education of these great nations4 ,through this system the people may be reached more uniformly and regularly than in any other way4 ,here is a great body of people seeking information coming into direct contact with the homes4 ,therefore we put the schools in the first place as a means of publicity for the sake of information4 ,let us bring the library and the schools into closer relation4 ,render service to mankind wherever mankind is4 ,the best publicity is secured through services rendered4 ,the patronage of the lawyer and physician depends largely on the quality of service rendered4 ,the business man secures custom when he establishes a reputation for fair dealing4 ,may not the library expect good measure of publicity from the reputation it has for real accomplishment8 ,study the problem1 do things that are worth while4 ,bring the whole power of the organization to bear on the subject of social adjustment4 ,this will lead to various fields of activity4 ,produce results which shall compel attention4 ,do things that will be considered news4 ,having done1 having produced1 do not hesitate to make known4 ,give your reports what the newspaper man calls the news turn4 ,every librarian should have training in psychology and sociology and should continue to study4 ,study man individually1 in groups1 in communities and mankind as a whole4 ,the ,,president3 ,the next in order will be the secretary's report4 ,,secretary',s ,,report ,the close of another conference year finds the executive office still enjoying the hospitality of the ,chicago public library in the commodious1 convenient and well equipped rooms in the ,chicago public library building4 ,heat1 light and janitor service have also been supplied gratuitously as in previous years4 ,the association has now held headquarters offices in ,chicago for nearly three years and it is a pleasure for the secretary to report that the prospects for continuance and permanence of headquarters were never brighter than they are now4 ,the income from membership fees is steadily increasing4 ,in #aiji the amount raised from this source was #d1eeg4ej2 in #aiaj1 #d1hhh4dh2 in #aiaa1 #e1cbe4df2 and the receipts thus far for #aiab warrant us in hoping that the total amount from membership fees will be at least #f1bjj4 ,while the finances of the association even yet do not permit us to do many things that are very much worth doing and which are in the legitimate field of activities1 we seem gradually to be approaching the time when excursions can be made into new avenues4 ,although the work of the headquarters office varies from day to day so that no two days are alike the year's work in the aggregate so closely resemble that for last year that much repetition of last year's report would be made if a detailed statement were presented4 ,the routine work has of course been performed1 such as editing the bulletin1 attending to the correspondence1 advertising for the publishing board and sale of its publications which in the last year has been the heaviest in its history1 the payment of bills1 the keeping of books1 the printing of publications for the publishing board1 with the attendant work of making contracts for printing and the reading of proof1 the arrangements for the midwinter meetings and the annual conference4 ,the volume of this routine work has been very great and is still increasing so that often for days at a time there is little chance for doing anything else4 ,since ,november #a1 #aiaa1 a record has been kept of mail sent out from the office4 ,from ,november #a1 to ,may #ca1 #aiab1 #aa1hah pieces of first-class mail have been dispatched1 or an average of about #fg pieces a day4 ,in addition to this #ae1gid pieces of circular matter were mailed either in the interest of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 or its publishing board during the same period4 ,no record of mail received has been kept but it runs from #ej to #gj letters a day1 and frequently reaches #aej a day at certain seasons and on certain days of the week4 ,of course not all of this requires the personal attention of the secretary1 a large share being orders for publications1 or remittances for the same1 payment of membership dues1 and various inquiries1 which are entirely handled by the office assistants4 ,the headquarters office1 however1 continues to be1 we are pleased to say1 a clearing house for general library information4 ,the ,chicago public and ,john ,crerar libraries are frequently consulted by the secretary1 and occasionally the ,newberry and other libraries1 and ,i desire to express at this time my hearty appreciation of the cordial assistance given me by the reference librarians of these various institutions4 ,thanks to their kind offices we have been able in most instances either to give the desired information or tell where it may be found4 ,to those seeking advice regarding establishment of libraries1 selection or purchase of books or policy of administration we have gladly helped so far as we were able but always make it a point to try to put the inquirer in touch with the library commission of his state or the state library4 ,we have taken particular pleasure in corresponding with certain towns in ,new ,mexico1 ,florida1 ,mississippi and ,montana where a public library is either being organized or where a campaign to secure one is being conducted4 ,notwithstanding the systematic efforts of the various commissions to cover thoroughly the library work of their respective states many small libraries and library boards seem blissfully ignorant of the existence of such an institution as a state library commission1 and we consider it no small service to be able to enlighten them on this point4 ,the commissions1 on the other hand1 are constantly putting the small libraries in touch with the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,the state library commissions can always be counted on to co-operate with the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 to publish our news notes and notices regarding publications in their bulletins1 to recommend membership and ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 publications and to respond quickly and efficiently to any special call4 ,this is thoroughly appreciated by the secretary and the executive office4 ,during the past year the secretary has made several demands on the time of the secretaries of the various state library associations and has found response in most cases prompt1 intelligent and willing4 ,the library interests of the country are making progress towards a harmony of effort that is good to see and that will bring its sure result in better and more intelligent service to the people4 ,we have endeavored to keep the value and importance of publicity steadily before us and have accomplished as much in this direction as time and funds permitted4 ,multigraphed articles have been sent out to about #age of the leading papers of the country several times during the year and from marked copies sent to the office and from reports from librarians who have seen the articles in their local papers we know that these contributions have been pretty generally used4 ,several special articles on either the work of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 or the ,publishing ,board have been written for particular papers4 ,a publicity committee has1 at the request of the secretary1 recently been appointed in the hope of securing still greater publicity4 ,the work of the executive office1 however1 does not lend itself to the making of stories interesting to those outside the profession4 ,nearly every live and up-to-date library1 on the other hand1 is every week living out experiences which1 if written up in a breezy and popular style of which many of our library folk are masters1 would make capital articles acceptable not only to the daily press but to the more exclusive magazines as well4 ,it appears1 therefore1 that the executive office can perhaps best promote publicity for the profession1 by urging the preparation of these contributions from the reference librarians1 the children's librarians1 the loan desk people1 the municipal reference workers1 these people who1 as ,kipling puts it1 have lived more stories ,than ,zogbaum or ,i can invent4 ,the secretary has written four or five articles on the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 for various encyclopedias and year books1 and has endeavored to get the association listed in all the leading reference almanacs and annuals4 ,lectures before library schools by the secretary regarding the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and its work1 and official representation at the state meetings have also given publicity to the association4 ,during the past year twelve persons have received library appointments through recommendations of the secretary4 ,this is a somewhat smaller number than the year before when about fifteen were helped to positions through the executive office4 ,with two or three exceptions the secretary has made recommendations only when requested to do so4 ,the work of the publishing board occupies practically three-quarters of the time of the assistant secretary1 at least half of the time of the stenographer and order assistant and probably a quarter of the time of the secretary4 ,in consideration of this the publishing board appropriates #b1jjj a year to the operating expenses of the office4 ,the work of the publishing board is heavier than ever before in its history2 the receipts from sales for the calendar year #aiaa being #h1ejb4hh1 and for the first five months of #aiab #f1jij4af4 ,further notice of this feature of the work of the office can be found in the report of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 publishing board presented in print at this conference4 ,the secretary wishes here to commend most heartily the faithful services of his fellow-workers at the executive office1 ,miss ,clara ,a4 ,simms and ,miss ,gwendolyn ,i4 ,brigham4 ,their capable and willing service has been a large factor in the work of the association and its publishing board and without such intelligence and loyal help the results of the year could not have been attained4 ,for the active co-operation and good will of the officers and other members of the executive board the secretary is deeply grateful4 ,it has been a pleasure to work under such congenial conditions4 ,membership--,there are more members in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at the present time than ever before in the history of the association4 ,the secretary has conducted as vigorously as possible a steady campaign for new members1 this work not only being the duty of the office but directly in line with the conviction of the secretary who has recommended membership in the national association to all library workers in the earnest belief that this action is fully as beneficial to the individual as to the association4 ,when the ,january membership bills were mailed we enclosed in each envelope an appeal for the member addressed to secure at least one new member for the association4 ,this resulted directly in the addition of over one hundred new members and the secretary wishes to take this opportunity to thank most sincerely and heartily those members who aided in this work4 ,besides the pleasure of securing these new members it was gratifying to feel that so many old members took such practical interest in aiding the association4 ,in ,april membership appeals were sent to #ahed members of state library associations who were not members of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,this has resulted in a fair increase of membership4 ,in ,december the secretary sent letters requesting membership to #bcb library people who had1 according to the news columns of library periodicals1 recently changed their positions assumably for the better4 ,in addition to these more or less impersonal appeals the secretary has written a large number of personal letters to those with whom he is either personally acquainted or else with whom he has conducted an office correspondence4 ,as in all other lines of business it is this personal appeal that has been the most effective and has brought the largest percentage of returns4 ,when the #aiaa ,handbook went to press last ,august there were #bjdf members in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,of this number #ac have since died and #bf have resigned4 ,since last ,august #cea new members have been received making the present total net membership #b1ceh4 ,assuming that the usual number1 or about #aej persons1 will discontinue their membership this summer the net membership in the #aiab ,handbook will be approximately #b1bjh4 ,of the present total membership #ccb are library or institutional members1 #bd of whom have joined since last ,august4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,representatives at ,other ,conferences--,the practice of having an officer or officially appointed delegate represent the association at the state library association meetings has been followed the past year with success fully equal to that in previous years4 ,since the ,pasadena conference there have been #ci state or provincial library meetings1 and a speaker representing the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 has been present at #af of these4 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at present has too small a budget to meet the traveling expenses of these speakers1 which have been met either by the state association or by the delegates personally4 ,the joint conference of ,michigan and ,ohio at ,cedar ,point1 ,ohio1 ,sept4 #b-h1 was attended by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elmendorf1 president of the ,american library association1 who delivered an address on ,joy ,reading1 and by the secretary1 who spoke informally on the work of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,the ,new ,york state meeting in ,new ,york ,city1 ,sept4 #be-cj1 was also attended by both the president and secretary1 ,mrs4 ,elmendorf giving her address on ,joy ,reading1 and the secretary speaking on ,what the ,american ,library ,association ,stands ,for4 ,mrs4 ,elmendorf was the official delegate to the ,keystone ,state library association meeting at ,saegertown1 ,pa41 ,oct4 #ai-ba1 giving an address on ,joy ,reading2 at the ,district of ,columbia library association conference1 at ,washington1 ,november #h1 where she gave a talk on some of the recent books2 and at the ,new ,york state teachers' association meeting at ,albany1 ,nov4 #bg-bi1 speaking on the subject1 ,school and library co-operation2 a concrete example and a little theory4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr41 represented the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at the state meetings of ,iowa1 at ,mason ,city1 ,oct4 #aj-ab2 of ,illinois1 at ,joliet1 ,oct #aa-ac2 and of ,missouri at ,hannibal1 ,oct4 #ah-ai2 delivering at each meeting an address on the subject1 ,what ,americans ,read4 ,mr4 ,chalmers ,hadley1 librarian of the ,denver public library1 and ex-secretary of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 was the representative of the ,american library association at the meeting of the ,pacific northwest library association1 at ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c41 ,sept4 #d-f1 giving an address on ,the ,library and the ,community4 ,the secretary attended the ,minnesota meeting1 at ,lake ,minnetonka1 ,sept4 #bj-bb1 the ,nebraska meeting at ,omaha1 ,oct4 #ah-ai1 and the ,north ,dakota state meeting at ,jamestown1 ,oct4 #bj-ba1 giving at each conference an address on ,reaching the ,people4 ,he also gave an address at the joint session of the ,indiana library association and the ,indiana library trustees' association1 at ,indianapolis1 ,nov4 #hth1 on ,the ,legal and ,moral ,requirements of a ,library ,trustee4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bostwick1 librarian of the ,st4 ,louis public library1 and ex-president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 was the principal out-of-state speaker at the ,alabama library association conference1 at ,tuscaloosa1 and at the ,state ,university1 ,november #ba1 #bb and #bc4 ,dr4 ,bostwick gave two addresses2 the first on ,the ,companionship of ,books2 and the second on ,the ,message of the ,library4 ,miss ,clara ,f4 ,baldwin1 secretary of the ,minnesota public library commission1 attended1 as ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 delegate1 the joint meeting of the ,montana state teachers' association and ,montana library association1 at ,great ,falls1 ,december #bg-bi1 #aiaa1 and spoke on ,the work of a library commission4 ,dr4 ,reuben ,g4 ,thwaites1 secretary of the ,wisconsin ,state ,historical ,society1 and an ex-president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 officially represented the association at the inauguration of ,dr4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent1 as president of the ,university of ,minnesota1 ,october #ah4 ,mr4 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 of the ,chicago public library1 and treasurer of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 represented the association and gave an address on ,the library as a paying investment1 at the ,wisconsin library association meeting at ,janesville1 ,february #ba-bc4 ,the secretary has lectured during the year before the ,iowa summer library school1 the ,new ,york public library school1 and the ,university of ,illinois library school4 ,he also addressed the summer library conference at ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 on the work of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,changes in ,officers and ,committees--,following his election as first vice-president1 ,mr4 ,henry ,e4 ,legler resigned as non-official member of the executive board and ,miss ,alice ,s4 ,tyler was elected by the board to fill the unexpired term ending in #aiab4 ,mr4 ,harrison ,w4 ,craver was unable to accept re-appointment as chairman of committee on library administration and ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bostwick was appointed in his place4 ,miss ,margaret ,w4 ,brown resigned from the committee on bookbinding and ,miss ,rose ,g4 ,murray was appointed to succeed her4 ,necrology--,the association has lost heavily by death during the past year4 ,our losses include the senior ex-president of the association1 who was a life member1 two other life members1 and several who were1 by their regular attendance through many years1 familiar figures at our annual conferences4 ,in all #ac members and #d former members have passed away since we last met in conference4 ,the roll is as follows3 ,emma ,helen ,blair1 for several years a member of the staff of the ,wisconsin ,state ,historical ,library1 died ,september #bf1 #aiaa4 ,miss ,blair had performed valuable and important work as an editor and professional indexer1 assisting among other things in editing ,jesuit ,relations and the long series of historical documents in ,spanish entitled ,the ,philippine ,islands4 ,she had been a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 continuously since #ahif 7,no4 #aebd71 and attended the conferences of #ahif1 #aijj and #aijd4 ,see ,library journal1 #cf3fjc4 ,isaac ,s4 ,bradley1 for many years librarian and assistant superintendent of the ,wisconsin ,state ,historical ,society1 died ,april #bb1 #aiab4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahij1 7,no4 #gij7 and had taken great interest in the work of the association4 ,few faces were more familiar at the conferences than his1 as he attended sixteen of the annual meetings1 those of #ahij1 '#ib1 '#ic1 '#ie1 '#if1 '#ig1 '#ih1 '#ii1 #aijj1 '#ja1 '#jb1 '#jc1 '#jd1 '#jf1 '#jg and '#jh4 ,frederick ,morgan ,crunden1 senior ex-president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 life member1 and librarian of the ,st4 ,louis public library1 from #ahgg to #aiji1 died ,october #bh1 #aiaa4 ,he was president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 #ahhi-ij1 presiding over the ,fabyans conference of the latter year1 and vice-president of the ,international ,library ,conference at ,london in #ahig4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahgh 7,no4 #abi7 and became a life member about #ahhi4 ,to record ,mr4 ,crunden's services to the ,american library world and to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 would be practically to give a history of the association for the past #cj years4 ,he participated in many programs and conference discussions and was one of the best known and beloved of ,american librarians4 ,mr4 ,crunden attended the conferences of #ahhc and #ahhf to #aije inclusive1 twenty in all1 without an absence1 except at the ,san ,francisco conference of #ahia4 ,he also attended the ,london international conference in #ahig4 ,see ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bulletin #f3c2 ,library journal1 #cc3efi-gj2 ,public libraries1 #af3dcf-ch4 ,irene ,gibson1 chief assistant in the publication section of the ,library of ,congress1 died ,july #i1 #aiaa4 ,she joined the association in #ahic 7,no4 #aaad71 and became a life member in #aiaj4 ,she attended the conferences of #ahic1 '#ig1 #aijc1 '#jh1 '#aj4 ,see ,library journal1 #cf3dci4 ,jessie ,sherburne ,gile1 assistant in charge of the work with schools in the public library of ,haverhill1 ,mass41 died ,october #bb1 #aiaa4 ,she joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #aijb1 7,no4 #beee71 and attended the conferences of #aijb and '#jf4 ,david ,l4 ,kingsbury1 assistant librarian of the ,minnesota ,historical ,society of ,st4 ,paul1 died ,january #bd1 #aiab4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #aijd 7,no4 #cjgi71 and attended the conferences of #aijd1 '#jh and '#aa4 ,mrs4 ,evelyn ,n4 ,lane1 head of the circulating department of the ,springfield 7,mass47 ,city ,library1 died ,august #cj1 #aiaa4 ,she had been a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 since #aijb 7,no4 #bded71 but so far as recorded attended only the conference of that year4 ,robbins ,little1 for twenty years superintendent of the ,astor ,library1 ,new ,york ,city1 died ,april #ac1 #aiab4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahhj 7,no4 #chi71 and later became a life member4 ,so far as recorded he attended none of the conferences4 ,stella ,lucas1 librarian of the ,tainter ,memorial ,library of ,menominee1 ,wis41 died ,july #cj1 #aiaa4 ,she joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #aija 7,no4 #bbeb71 and attended the conferences in #aija1 '#je and '#jh4 ,adolph ,l4 ,peck1 librarian of the ,gloversville 7,n4 ,y47 ,free ,library since its foundation in #ahhj1 died ,october #i1 #aiaa4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahhc 7,no4 #dff71 and was a familiar figure at the annual conferences1 having attended those of #ahhc1 '#he1 '#hf1 '#hg1 '#ij1 '#ib1 '#ic1 '#id1 '#if1 '#ih1 #aijj and #aijf4 ,mrs4 ,minerva ,a4 ,sanders1 for many years librarian of the ,deborah ,cook ,sayles ,memorial ,library1 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i41 died ,march #bj1 #aiab4 ,although ,mrs4 ,sanders was an enthusiastic attendant on ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conferences she never personally joined the association1 but was officially entitled to a seat in the conferences by virtue of the institutional membership of her library4 ,she had attended fifteen conferences and was well known to the veterans of the association1 who well remember her early advocacy of open shelves and work for children4 ,l4 ,w4 ,sicotte1 president of the ,numismatic and ,antiquarian ,society1 of ,montreal1 died ,september #e1 #aiaa4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #aijj 7,no4 #aidg74 ,so far as recorded he attended only the conference of #aijj held in his home city4 ,t4 ,guilford ,smith1 of ,buffalo1 regent of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york1 died ,feb4 #bj1 #aiab4 ,he had been a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 continuously since #ahic 7,no4 #aaic71 and attended the conferences of #ahig and #aijc4 ,the following persons at various times were members of the association but were not at the time of their death3 ,zu ,adams1 for many years connected with the ,kansas ,state ,historical ,society1 died ,april1 #aiaa4 ,she was a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 for the year #aijd 7,no4 #cbjc71 and attended the ,st ,louis conference4 ,caroline ,a4 ,farley1 formerly librarian of ,radcliffe ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 died ,march #ad1 #aiab4 ,she joined the association in #ahif 7,no4 #acid71 and was a member continuously until #aiji4 ,so far as recorded she attended none of the conferences4 ,stephen ,b4 ,griswold1 for many years law librarian of the ,new ,york state library1 died ,may #d1 #aiab4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahib 7,no4 #idc71 and remained a member until #aijd4 ,so far as recorded he attended no conferences4 ,william ,e4 ,parker1 treasurer of ,library ,bureau1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 died ,november #b1 #aiaa4 ,he was a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 continuously from #ahhi 7,no4 #geg71 to #aiji1 and was secretary of the association in #ahij4 ,he attended the conferences of #ahhi1 '#ij and '#if4 ,the secretary's report was accepted on motion of ,mr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr41 seconded by ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews4 ,the treasurer's report which had been previously printed1 was read by title1 and accepted4 ,,american ,,library ,,association ,report of the ,treasurer1 ,jan4 #ast to ,may #cast1 #aiab4 ,receipts ,balance1 ,union ,trust ,company1 ,chicago1 ,january #a1 #aiab #b1jje4ff ,trustees ,endowment ,fund ,interest #age4jj ,trustees ,carnegie ,fund ,interest #a1ebd4cc ,george ,b4 ,utley1 ,headquarters collections #d1hae4ej ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board1 ,installment on ,hdqrs4 expense #a1jjj4jj ,interest on bank balance ,jan4 to ,may #ag4cd #i1ecg4hc --------- --------- ,expenditures ,checks ,no4 #bh-cb 7,vouchers ,no4 #dcg-eje7 ,distributed as follows3 ,bulletin #ahg4ij ,conference #ae4ej ,committees #ed4ag ,headquarters3 ,salaries #b1ajc4aj ,miscellaneous #cjh4cc ,trustees ,endowment ,fund 7,life mem47 #aej4jj ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,pub4 ,bd4 ,carnegie ,fund interest #a1ebd4cc --------- --------- ,balance ,union ,trust ,company1 ,june #a1 #aiab #e1aid4ej ,george ,b4 ,utley1 ,national ,bank of ,republic #bej4jj --------- ,total balance #e1ddd4ej ,respectfully submitted1 ,c4 ,b4 ,,roden1 ,treasurer4 ,chicago1 ,june #a1 #aiab4 ,the following report of the finance committee was read by ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 chairman1 and accepted4 ,,report ,,of ,,finance ,,committee4 ,to the ,american ,library ,association3 ,in accordance with the provisions of the constitution the finance committee submit the following report3 ,they have duly considered the probable income of the association for the current year and have estimated it at #ai1dej1 and have approved appropriations made by the ,executive ,board to that amount4 ,the details of the estimated income and of the appropriations are given in the ,january number of the ,bulletin4 ,the committee have also approved the appropriation to the use of the ,publishing ,board to any excess of sales over the amount estimated4 ,the receipts and expenditures of the ,publishing ,board have been included in the figures given1 so that they now exhibit the total financial resources and expenditures of the association4 ,on behalf of the committee the chairman has audited the accounts of the treasurer and of the secretary as assistant treasurer4 ,he has found that the receipts as stated by the treasurer agree with the transfer checks from the assistant treasurer1 and with the cash accounts of the latter4 ,the expenditures as stated are accounted for by properly approved vouchers4 ,the bank balance and petty cash1 as stated1 agree with the bank books and petty cash balances4 ,the accounts of the assistant treasurer have been found correct as cash accounts4 ,on behalf of the committee ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson has examined the accounts of the trustees for #aiaa1 has checked the securities now in their custody1 and certifies to the correctness of the figures1 to the bonds on hand1 and the balance in bank4 ,he finds that at par value the bonds and securities amount to #ajb1ejj for the ,carnegie fund1 and #g1jjj for the ,principal account4 ,he has examined the vouchers for the amounts transmitted to the treasurer and has compared the reports of the treasurer and trustees in regard to the number of new life memberships4 ,he certifies that to the best of his knowledge and belief all of the accounts as submitted to him are correct4 ,all of which is respectfully submitted for the committee4 ,,clement ,w4 ,,andrews1 ,chairman4 ,the following reports which had been previously printed1 were read by title and accepted4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,publishing ,,board ,with the issuance of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa1 which is now in press1 the ,publishing ,board practically completes an important group of bibliographical aids which has been in process of compilation or publication during the past five years4 ,the chief publications embrace the following3 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa1 to be issued in #aiab4 ,list of subject headings for use in dictionary catalogs1 #crd edition revised by ,mary ,josephine ,briggs4 #aiaa4 ,small library buildings2 a collection of plans with introduction and notes by ,cornelia ,marvin4 #aijh4 ,guide to the study and use of reference books1 by ,alice ,b4 ,kroeger4 #aijh4 ,supplement to the above1 compiled by ,isadore ,g4 ,mudge4 #aiaa4 ,foreign book lists1 embracing to date ,german1 ,french1 ,hungarian1 ,norwegian and ,danish1 and ,swedish4 #eej ,children's books2 a purchase list for public libraries1 by ,harriet ,h4 ,stanley4 #aiaj4 ,selected list of music and books about music for public libraries1 by ,louisa ,m4 ,hooper4 #aiji4 ,hints to small libraries1 by ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 #dth edition4 #aiaa4 ,this list does not include a number of new tracts and handbooks1 nor the tentative chapters of an ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,manual of library economy which it is proposed upon completion to assemble in book form4 ,an index to annual library reports1 which is well under way1 will probably be put into type before the expiration of the calendar year4 ,in addition1 during the quintennial period now closing1 the ,board has been instrumental in securing the publication of the following important bibliographical aids bearing the imprints of other organizations3 ,index of economic material in documents of the states of the ,united ,states1 prepared by ,adelaide ,r4 ,hasse2 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,portrait index1 edited by ,w4 ,c4 ,lane and ,nina ,e4 ,browne4 ,new chapters of the ,manual of library economy are noted in another paragraph4 ,directions for the librarian of a small library 7#cjjj copies71 by ,zaidee ,brown was reprinted for the ,league of library commissions from the type used by the ,free public library commission of ,massachusetts4 ,the library and social movements2 a list of material obtainable free or at small expense 7#abej copies71 compiled by ,ono ,mary ,imhoff1 of the ,wisconsin free library commission1 was reprinted for the ,league from the type used for the edition of the ,wisconsin free library commission4 ,subject index to vol4 #g of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist 7#bejj copies7 was printed in ,june1 #aiaa4 ,although proportionately valuable to vols4 #a-f the sale has been very unsatisfactory and is not an encouragement to prepare future yearly indexes4 ,during the past year the following publications have been reprinted3 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,index to general literature1 edited by ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher1 #aije edition 7#ejj copies72 ,cataloging for small libraries1 by ,theresa ,hitchler 7,handbook ,no4 #b7 7#ajjj copies72 ,binding for small libraries1 compiled by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,committee on ,bookbinding 7,handbook ,no4 #e7 7#aejj copies72 ,guide to reference books1 by ,alice ,b4 ,kroeger 7#ajjj copies72 and ,cutter's ,notes from the art section of a library 7,tract ,no4 #e7 7#ajjj copies74 ,a new edition of ,miss ,stearns' ,essential in library administration 7#bjjj copies7 is now in press4 ,it has been brought up to date by the author4 ,publications out of ,print--,several publications for which plates were not made have recently become out of print4 ,magazines for the small library1 by ,katharine ,mac,donald ,jones1 and ,graded list of stories for reading aloud1 by ,harriot ,e4 ,hassler were both ,league publications which had been turned over to the ,board4 ,there is a steady demand for them and they should be either brought up to date and reprinted or something else issued on the same subject4 ,questions of ,policy--,the work now nearing an end has engaged the attention and absorbed the resources of the ,publishing ,board to an extent that precluded entry into new fields calling for large expenditures4 ,the editorial work involved in the compilation of the third edition of ,subject headings1 extending over a period of several years1 and the editorial expenses incident to the publication of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist have practically exhausted the current funds available for such service4 ,beginning with the new fiscal year1 the funds derived from sales will doubtless care for all outstanding obligations1 and the income from the ,carnegie endowment can be devoted to maintain and to further strengthen the ,booklist1 and to undertake new enterprises4 ,out of the great labor involved1 and time required in the preparation of ,subject headings1 and of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 has developed the suggestion that work for new editions of the former compilation should be continuous1 and that the ,booklist bears a logical relationship to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog4 ,while the members of the ,publishing ,board are not fully prepared at this time to urge a definite permanent policy in this connection1 an interesting suggestion comes from ,mrs4 ,elmendorf1 which well merits consideration in having an important bearing on future development4 ,her suggestion1 in her own words1 is this3 ,would it not be well to consider the publication of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog in loose-leaf form on something the same principle as ,nelson's ,cyclopedia8 ,different parts of it might then be revised from time to time and the parts or pages might be for sale separately4 ,it could be so printed that the pages might be mounted and arranged in a vertical file1 headings being suggested at the bottom for arrangement as any library preferred1 in regular classed order or in alphabetico-classed4 ,a card index to the vertical file might be made to minimize the difficulties of the classed arrangement4 ,the notes should be attractive notes1 letting the presence of the book in this ,choice ,catalog vouch for its worth and in a general way for the treatment1 for the choice should be guided by the best popular1 readable treatment4 ,i am more and more thinking that effective helps to awakened personal interest are needed and are lacking4 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog has always been too bulky1 too costly1 too much directed to the buyer for effective personal service4 ,i have long been convinced that the greatest popular service can be performed even in the large libraries with quite a limited number of books1 ,i think not more than #bj1jjj1 perhaps not more than #aj1jjj4 ,i should like to advertise that many adequately and attractively and watch the results4 ,i know that there are many objections and difficulties to be met1 and yet ,i believe that there is the germ of a workable scheme present4 ,list of ,subject ,headings--,the chief publication of the year has been the new ,list of subject headings1 revised and edited by ,mary ,josephine ,briggs1 cataloger of the ,buffalo public library4 ,after nearly five years of labor this third edition appeared ,october #ast1 #aiaa and has met with a most appreciative reception4 #cjjj copies were printed as a first edition4 #acab copies have already been sold 7to ,june #a71 and a steady demand continues4 ,the reviews have been almost uniformly favorable4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa--,the new ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa1 although not yet off the press as this report is written1 will be distributed we hope about the date of the ,ottawa meeting4 ,it contains a selection of about #cjjj of the best books published since the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog of #aijd1 with a list of books now out of print which appeared in that ,catalog1 and also of new editions4 ,children's books are listed separately4 ,five thousand copies are being printed as a first edition1 of which nearly #cjjj have been subscribed for in advance of publication4 ,from the preface written by the editor1 ,miss ,elva ,l4 ,bascom1 the following extracts are selected3 ,the general plan of the ,catalog and the routine of co-operation in the selection of titles practically coincide with those of the original work except that the whole routine1 from the preliminary selection to the final preparation for printing1 has remained in the hands of one person4 ,all titles have been submitted to the publishers for latest information1 so that the list should be dependable for prices4 ,the sixth edition 7#ahii7 of the ,decimal ,classification has been followed4 ,this decision was made on the information that the smaller libraries had not to any extent adopted the seventh edition4 ,it is to be hoped that when the time comes to revise the #aijd ,catalog there may be at hand a complete revised edition of the ,d4 ,c4 simplified for the requirements of the smaller libraries4 ,the addition of subject headings 7not given with the titles in the #aijd ,catalog7 was determined on before the decision to print only a class list was made4 ,it has been a frequent request from the librarians of smaller libraries1 who need help in this matter and who found it difficult to find the headings chosen for the ,dictionary list in the #aijd ,catalog4 ,the new edition of the ,list of subject headings has been followed with some additions4 ,where the subjects of analytics are easily ascertainable1 they are only recommended4 ,while in the beginning the attempt was made to adhere fairly closely to the proportion of titles to each subject given in the #aijd ,catalog1 it was found impossible to do so without impairing the usefulness of the list4 ,the output of books in the subjects grouped under ,sociology has been so great1 and the demand for them so heavy1 that it seemed better to include a larger number than was originally planned rather than risk weakening the usefulness of the section4 ,the greatest increase has been in ,useful ,arts1 and this was intentional1 since there is no division where the average librarian is more in need of help1 nor where it is more difficult to find the best book on short notice4 ,two special lists are incorporated in the ,catalog1 both in answer to definite requests4 ,one is a selection of about #ej titles of religious books specially chosen for ,catholic readers4 ,two preliminary selections were made1 one by an assistant in the ,st4 ,louis public library at the request of the librarian1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick1 and a second by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,mullen of ,pittsburgh1 at the request of the librarian of the ,carnegie library of ,pittsburgh1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,craver4 ,both lists were then incorporated into a much more extensive one1 covering all subjects1 compiled by ,mr4 ,william ,stetson ,merrill1 of the ,newberry library4 ,the final selection1 limited to religious books1 was submitted to ,archbishop ,ireland1 and at his request was examined by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,ryan1 of the ,st4 ,paul ,seminary1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,the second list consists of #ej titles of modern drama and books about it4 ,it was impossible to get any unanimity of opinion on such a brief selection and the editor is aware that it will satisfy a very small proportion of libraries4 ,it is allowed to stand1 however1 for the suggestion it may give to the perplexed librarian of the smaller library4 ,it is hardly to be imagined that any one ever prepared a list of this character and extent without wishing to ask the indulgence of possible critics and to explain why it is so much farther from perfect than it was expected to be4 ,it seems a fairly simple task to select #cjjj titles from the books published in eight years1 but a list based on the co-operation of about #ge librarians and #ajj experts1 all fully engaged with their own work1 and selected1 edited and prepared for printing in the intervals between work having a prior claim1 is bound to progress but slowly and to suffer many changes of fortune4 ,one needs to be this sort of clearing house of opinion but once to realize how far apart our libraries are in the matter of book selection4 ,in many cases what is one library's meat seems to be another's poison1 and one soon reaches the conviction that there are no best books on any subject for a library of any size--if librarians alone are to be consulted4 ,happily1 professors1 special students and experts in general are less at variance4 ,it is only fair to say that the ,fiction and ,children's lists represent librarians' votes only4 ,it is to be doubted if the ,fiction1 at least1 would have retained the proper amount of light reading if it had passed through the hands of literature professors4 ,if it does not prove a good working selection the editor will be greatly disappointed1 for it was on that ground alone that many titles escaped the deleting pencil4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist--,with the current number of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 volume #h is completed4 ,since the initial number appeared in ,january1 #aije1 the ,booklist has come to be regarded as an indispensable tool in every library4 ,there has been no deviation from the original policy of furnishing to the libraries1 and the numerous small libraries particularly1 an unbiased guide in selection of books currently published4 ,the number of titles listed from the #bejj annually examined1 has been expanded from time to time1 but the general character of the publication has been retained4 ,suggestions have come to the ,board for change of name1 for change of form and size1 and for other changes that might lead to a larger use of the list by the general public4 ,while the members of the ,board have given careful consideration to the arguments presented1 they have deferred reaching a final conclusion until practical unanimity can be arrived at as to the wisdom of the changes sought4 ,a total of #ggbi titles has been included in the #bdef pages which comprise the eight volumes of the ,booklist3 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,booklist ,volume ,no4 of ,titles ,no4 of ,pages ,nos4 in ,vol4 #a #ejj #add #h #b #fij #bef #h #c #fha #bch #h #d #fdc #cag #i #e #gci #aig #f #f #a1dag #dbd #aj #g #a1ehc #def #aj #h #a1dgf #dbd #aj ----- ----- ,total #g1gbi #b1def ,manual of ,library ,economy--,six chapters of the ,manual were printed and ready for distribution previous to the ,pasadena conference1 namely3 #a4 ,american library history1 by ,c4 ,k4 ,bolton4 #b4 ,library of ,congress1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,bishop4 #d4 ,the college and university library1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr4 #ag4 ,order and accession department1 by ,f4 ,f4 ,hopper4 #bb4 ,reference department1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson4 #bf4 ,bookbinding1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey4 ,during the latter half of #aiaa the four following chapters were printed1 also each in a separate pamphlet1 appearing in the order here named3 #bj4 ,shelf department1 by ,josephine ,a4 ,rathbone4 #ae4 ,branch libraries and other distributing agencies1 by ,linda ,a4 ,eastman4 #i4 ,library legislation1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,yust4 #ab4 ,library administration1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick4 ,since their publication the following number of copies of each chapter have been sold 7to ,march #ca73 ,chapter #a #ebh copies #b #dgc #d #ehi #i #bea #ab #bfg #ae #dge #ag #eia #bj #dgd #bb #fag #bf #fga ----- ,total #d1icf ,manuscripts for two more chapters1 ,the library building1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,eastman1 and ,proprietary and subscription libraries1 by ,c4 ,k4 ,bolton1 are ready and in the secretary's possession1 but funds for printing are not in hand at present1 owing to the heavy obligation incurred by the printing of ,subject headings and the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa1 within so short a time of each other4 ,it is hoped1 however1 to print these and perhaps some others before the end of the year4 ,periodical ,cards--,the shipments of periodical cards sent out since the close of the last report of the ,board 7,may #a1 #aiaa7 have comprised #c1jji titles and #ahj1bda cards1 not including reprints of cards in which errors have been discovered after the cards have been distributed4 ,copy is received regularly by the editor1 ,mr4 ,william ,stetson ,merrill1 every two weeks1 on the fifth and twentieth of the month from the following libraries3--,columbia1 ,harvard1 ,john ,crerar1 ,new ,york and ,yale4 ,this copy is edited promptly and prepared for the printer4 ,advertising--,the ,board's publications have been regularly advertised in ,library ,journal and ,public ,libraries and in one special number of ,the ,dial4 ,for the rest circularization and correspondence from the headquarters office has been relied upon4 ,during the year over #ae1jjj pieces of circular matter have been mailed from headquarters office in the interest of our publications4 ,particular effort has been made to advertise widely the new ,list of subject headings and the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog4 ,for the latter in addition to circularizing the libraries descriptive postal cards were addressed to #g1jjj high school and normal school principals4 ,from these circulars only about #ajj orders for the ,catalog can be directly traced4 ,it seems plain that it does not pay to advertise our publications among the high schools4 ,slips advertising the ,catalog were sent to the librarians of all the leading colleges1 requesting that these slips be distributed to members of the faculty interested in book selection4 ,this resulted in getting orders from many college libraries addressed1 but very few from the teaching staff4 ,experience would indicate that libraries and librarians are the only classes to which advertising can profitably be addressed4 ,we have endeavored to keep the state library commissions regularly informed on all our publications and all of them which issue monthly or quarterly bulletins list our new publications therein1 generally with appreciative annotations and descriptions4 ,exhibits of publications have been made at several state library meetings visited by the secretary4 ,during the past year the principal libraries of ,england1 ,scotland and ,ireland have been circularized with lists of our publications1 and a very gratifying number of orders have been received as a result4 ,when the revised edition of ,subject headings appeared copies were sent to nearly all the library periodicals of the various countries of ,europe with the result that they reviewed the book and quite a number of continental orders have been directly traceable to these reviews4 ,copies of ,subject headings and the new ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog have been ordered from almost every important country in the world4 ,this report would be incomplete without hearty acknowledgment of the excellent work of the ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,utley4 ,to his good business judgment and careful and judicious management is due in great measure the splendid financial showing recorded in the accompanying fiscal statement4 ,the affairs of the ,board have never been in better shape than now4 ,the sales are increasing encouragingly1 the inventory shows a salable stock with less dead material than at any time for years back1 and the office organization is now well systematized and effective4 ,,henry ,e4 ,,legler1 ,chairman4 ,,financial ,,report ,cash ,receipts ,june #a1 #aiaa1 to ,may #ca1 #aiab4 ,balance1 ,june #a1 #aiaa #b1ccg4gj ,interest on ,carnegie ,fund #d1ebd4cc ,receipts from publications3 ,cash sales #c1gha4dg ,payments on account #g1fij4hi #aa1dgb4cf ,interest on bank deposits #d4ec ,sundries #a4ih #ah1cdj4ij --------- ---------- ,payments ,june #a1 #aiaa1 to ,may #ca1 #aiab4 ,cost of publications3 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist #a1idj4ce ,library and social movements 7#abej copies7 #be4ej ,supplement to ,guide to reference books1 #aiji-aj 7#cjjj copies7 #bbj4ab ,subject headings1 second edition reprint 7#bjj copies7 #acb4cj ,subject index to ,booklist ,vol4 #g 7#bejj copies7 #bbc4jj ,copyright on ,hints to small libraries #a4jc ,copyright on ,supplement to ,guide #a4jc ,directions to librarian of a small library 7#cjjj copies7 #gf4di ,government documents in small libraries1 reprint 7#ajjj copies7 #be4ej ,manual of library economy1 ,chap4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #ag1 #bb1 #bf #cgf4ee ,manual of library economy1 ,chap4 #bj #dh4hj ,manual of library economy1 ,chap4 #ae #fb4hj ,manual of library economy1 ,chap4 #i #dc4dj ,manual of library economy1 ,chap4 #ab #cg4ee ,binding for small libraries1 reprint 7#aejj copies7 #bi4jj ,reprints from ,bulletin #dj4ia ,cataloging for small libraries1 reprint 7#ajjj copies7 #fd4jj ,library statistics tables #b4be ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,index to general literature 7part of reprint7 #ajh4jj ,notes on the art section of a library1 reprint 7#ajjj copies7 #bj4jj ,guide to the use of reference books1 reprint 7#ajjj copies7 #bei4jh ,subject headings1 third edition 7#cjjj copies7 #c1eah4if ,periodical cards #a1eaf4ch #h1ggc4jj ,addressograph machine supplies #ba4hd ,furniture and fixtures #ajc4jj ,advertising #bhb4ae ,postage and express #fca4di ,rent at ,madison office #cjj4jj ,travel #bha4ce ,salaries #c1fgj4jj ,expense at headquarters #b1jjj4jj ,supplies and incidentals #a1jff4cf ,printing 7stationery1 etc47 #dc4be ,balance on hand1 ,may #ca1 #aiab #a1afh4df #ah1cdj4ij ,,sales ,,of ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,publishing ,,board ,,publications ,april #a1 #aiaa1 to ,march #ca1 #aiab4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 regular subscriptions #aaae #a1aae4jj ,additional subs1 at reduced rate of #ej;c #ada #gj4ej ,bulk subscriptions paid #a1jhc4fe ,extra copies #afei #bdb4gh #b1eaa4ic ,handbook #a1 ,essentials in library administration #dib #ga4fc ,handbook #b1 ,cataloging for small libraries #fgg #hi4ae ,handbook #c1 ,management of traveling libraries #hh #ab4gc ,handbook #d1 ,aids in book selection #db #f4bc ,handbook #e1 ,binding for small libraries #aci #ba4ce ,handbook #f1 ,mending and repair of books #fjb #gh4ba ,handbook #g1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government documents #feb #hd4hg #cfd4ag ,tract #b1 ,how to start a library #hj #d4jj ,tract #c1 ,traveling libraries #bf #a4cj ,tract #h1 ,a village library #bai #g4fe ,tract #i1 ,library school training #aif #i4ee ,tract #aj1 ,why do we need a public library8 #cij #ac4ej #cf4jj ,foreign ,lists1 ,german #ajj #db4be ,foreign ,lists1 ,french #aej #bf4ji ,foreign ,lists1 ,french fiction #acj #d4be ,foreign ,lists1 ,hungarian #ie #i4gj ,foreign ,lists1 ,norwegian and ,danish #ih #af4ga ,foreign ,lists1 ,swedish #aje #ah4ef #aag4ef ,reprints1 ,arbor day list #cj #a4ej ,reprints1 ,bird books #cc #c4cj ,reprints1 ,christmas ,bulletin #fe #c4be ,reprints1 ,library buildings #aci #ac4gh ,reprints1 ,national library problem today #bf #a4cj ,reprints1 ,rational library work with children #fd #c4bj #bf4cc ,periodical cards1 subscriptions #a1aig4de ,periodical cards1 ,old ,south ,leaflets #ae4ge ,periodical cards1 ,reed's ,modern ,eloquence sets #i #bb4ej ,periodical cards1 ,smithsonian reports set #a #ae4jj #a1bej4gj ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,manual of library economy3 ,chap4 ,i4 ,american library history #ebh #df4gc ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,library of ,congress #dgc #cd4fj ,chap4 ,,iv4 ,college and university library #ehi #eb4fg ,chap4 ,,ix4 ,library legislation #bea #ah4if ,chap4 ,,xii4 ,administration of a public library #bfg #bj4dd ,chap4 ,,xv4 ,branch libraries #dge #cb4ga ,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,order and accession department #eia #df4be ,chap4 ,,xx4 ,shelf department #dgd #cd4fe ,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,reference department #fag #ee4ed ,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,bookbinding #fga #ec4gh #cif4cc ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,index to general literature #ca #agg4jj ,catalog rules #dhf #bga4jf ,children's reading 7now out of print7 #f #a4dh ,girls and women and their clubs #eg #ac4ee ,guide to reference books #fhf #hhh4be ,guide to reference books1 ,supplement #gfa #aha4ej ,hints to small libraries #bjc #acf4fi ,larned1 ,literature of ,american history #bi #afj4dg ,larned1 ,literature of ,american history1 ,supplement #gi #fd4ba ,list of music and books about music #hb #bj4ab ,list of editions selected for economy in bookbuying #abf #cj4ii ,list of #eej children's books #cdf #ee4he ,list of subject headings1 #bnd edition #bah #cig4de ,list of subject headings1 #crd edition #aabe #b1gag4jj ,plans of small library buildings #ih #abj4eb ,reading for the young #i #f4fa ,reading for the young1 ,supplement #af #c4id ,subject index to ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 v4 #a-f #bfj #ff4bc ,subject index to ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 v4 #g #ifa #hd4di #e1cig4dj ,league publications3 ,anniversaries and holidays #ac #c4be ,directions for librarian of a small library #aahf #ed4ec ,graded list of stories for reading aloud #cce #cb4ga ,library and social movement #ajjj #ca4fc ,magazines for the small library #cac #bi4ch #aea4ej ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bulletin and ,proceedings #beh #hg4if ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bulletin1 ,hopper reprint #dfb #aa4he #ii4ha ----- ------- ---------- ,total sale of publications #aj1cea4gc ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,carnegie ,,and ,,endowment ,,funds ,to the ,president and ,members of the ,american ,library ,association3 ,the ,trustees of the ,endowment ,funds in presenting their annual report for the year ending ,january #ae1 #aiab1 desire to say that there has been no change in the securities held by the ,board4 ,the market price of most of them remaining about the same1 changes could not be made to the advantage and desired betterment of the fund4 ,the ,trustees are pleased to state that all interest has been promptly paid4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson of the ,new ,york public library was again deputed to audit the accounts of the ,board and inspect the securities1 and he gives to the ,trustees1 as the result of that examination1 the following letter3 ,dear ,mr4 ,appleton3 ,enclosed herewith are the vouchers from ,mr4 ,roden1 ,treasurer of the ,american ,library ,association1 and the receipt for the rent of the safety deposit box in the vaults of the ,union ,trust ,company4 ,i have written the chairman of the ,finance ,committee that ,i have examined these vouchers and found them in accordance with your type written statement4 ,the four type written sheets which you gave me yesterday ,i have checked as correct as to the bonds in your custody1 as to the vouchers referred to above1 and as to the cash balance on hand4 ,i have certified to ,mr4 ,andrews1 the chairman of the ,committee on ,finance1 that to the best of my knowledge and belief the reports contained on these sheets are correct4 ,very sincerely1 7,signed7 ,e4 ,h4 ,,anderson4 ,the ,general ,endowment ,fund has been increased during the year by the taking of seven life memberships by the persons named1 adding to the ,fund1 #age4jj4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,kimball1 ,,wm4 ,w4 ,,appleton1 ,w4 ,t4 ,,porter4 ,trustees of ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,endowment ,fund4 ,,carnegie ,,fund1 ,,principal ,,account ,cash donated by ,mr4 ,andrew ,carnegie #ajj1jjj4jj ,invested as follows3 ,june #a1 #aijh #e1jjj #d ,am4 ,tel4 ,tel4 ,bonds #if-a_/b #d1hbe4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #aj1jjj #d ,am4 ,tel4 ,tel4 ,bonds #id-c_/h #i1dcg4ej ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #d ,cleveland ,terminal #ajj #ae1jjj4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #aj1jjj #d ,seaboard ,air ,line #ie-a_/b #i1eej4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #e ,western ,un4 ,tel4 #ajh-a_/b #ae1jjj4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #c-a_/b ,n4 ,y4 ,cen4 #ij #ac1ejj4jj 7,lake ,shore ,col7 ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #e ,mo4 ,pacific #ajd-g_/h #ae1jjj4jj ,may #c1 #aiji #ae1jjj #e ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #ajd #ae1jjj4jj ,aug4 #f1 #aiji #a1ejj ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #ajf-g_/h #a1ejj4jj ,july #bg1 #aiaj #a1jjj ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #ajb-a_/b #a1jjj4jj ------ --------- #ajb1ejj #ii1hab4ej ,jan4 #ae1 #aiab ,union ,trust ,co4 on deposit #ahg4ej ----------- #ajj1jjj4jj ,in addition to the above we have on hand at the ,union ,trust ,company #aej profit on the sale of the ,missouri ,pacific ,bonds1 which we have carried to a special surplus account4 ,,carnegie ,,fund1 ,,income ,,account #aiaa ,january #ae1 ,balance #b1dhg4gf ,february #ae1 ,int4 ,n4 ,y4 ,central #bfb4ej ,march #a1 ,int4 ,missouri ,pacific #cge4jj ,march #a1 ,int4 ,seaboard ,line #bjj4jj ,may #b1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #dcg4ej ,may #b1 ,int4 ,cleveland ,terminal #cjj4jj ,july #e1 ,int4 ,amer4 ,tel4 ,tel4 ,co4 #cjj4jj ,july #e1 ,int4 ,western ,union ,tel4 ,co4 #cge4jj ,august #i1 ,int4 ,n4 ,y4 ,central #bfb4ej ,september #a1 ,int4 ,seaboard ,line #bjj4jj ,september #a1 ,int4 ,missouri ,pacific #cge4jj ,november #a1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #dcg4ej ,november #a1 ,int4 ,cleveland ,terminal #cjj4jj ,december #ca1 ,int4 ,union ,trust ,co4 #ed4cc #aiab ,january #b1 ,int4 ,western ,union ,tel4 ,co4 #cge4jj ,january #b1 ,int4 ,am4 ,tel4 ,tel4 ,co4 #cjj4jj #g1jdb4ji -------- --------- ,disbursements3 #aiaa ,march #b1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #b1dhg4gf ,august #ae1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #b1jjj4jj ,october #f1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #a1jjj4jj ,december #bg1 ,rent ,safe ,deposit ,co4 #cj4jj ,january #ae1 #aiab ,cash on hand #a1ebd4cc #g1jdb4ji --------- --------- ,,endowment ,,fund1 ,,principal ,,account #aiaa ,january #ae1 ,on hand1 ,bonds and ,cash #g1aaa4hd ,april #a1 ,life membership ,mary ,e4 ,hawley #be4jj ,april #a1 ,life membership ,mary ,f4 ,isom #be4jj ,may #a1 ,life membership ,h4 ,w4 ,craver #be4jj ,august #i1 ,life membership ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon #be4jj ,august #bh1 ,life membership ,f4 ,k4 ,walter #be4jj ,october #d1 ,life membership ,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites #be4jj ,november #a1 ,life membership ,r4 ,b4 ,stern #be4jj #g1bhf4hd --------- --------- ,invested as follows3 #aijh ,june #a1 #b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #ih-a_/b #a1igj4jj ,october #ai1 #b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #ajb-e_/h #b1jjj4jj ,november #e1 #a-a_/b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #aja #a1ejj4jj #aiaj ,july #bg1 #a-a_/b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #ajb-a_/b #a1ejj4jj ,january #ae1 #aiab ,cash on hand1 ,union ,trust ,co4 #caf4hd #g1bhf4hd --------- --------- ,,endowment ,,fund1 ,,income ,,account #aiaa ,january #ae1 ,cash on hand #ddh4da ,may #b1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #age4jj ,november #a1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #age4jj #gih4da ------- ------- ,disbursements3 #aiaa ,february #ae1 ,c4 ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #ddh4da ,july #e1 ,c4 ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #age4jj ,january #ae1 #aiab ,cash on hand #age4jj #gih4da ,,committee ,,on ,,bookbinding ,during the year the special library edition of the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 mentioned in last year's report1 and at various times in the library periodicals1 was placed on the market under considerable difficulty4 ,as planned at first1 three special library editions were all to be bound in ,england and imported for libraries by the publishers4 ,unfortunately1 it was discovered after orders had been taken that the publishers could not1 under the copyright law1 import any copies1 and notices to that effect were sent to libraries that had ordered these editions4 ,the publishers then found that the cloth bound set1 according to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 specifications1 could be manufactured in this country and again librarians received communications from the publishers4 ,owing to these various communications from the publishers1 together with notices from this committee1 many librarians remained without knowledge as to the real state of affairs4 ,at the present time the committee understands that the cloth bound set1 with special reinforcements1 can be obtained directly from the publishers in this country1 and that sets bound by ,mr4 ,chivers can be obtained directly from him4 ,several complaints of the new bindings have come to the committee1 but upon investigation1 it was found in every case that the complaints were due to imperfect or torn pages and not to defective binding4 ,undoubtedly many imperfect sheets were passed in the first copies that were sold4 ,we have reason to believe1 however1 that later sets have been more carefully collated4 ,complaints about the cloth binding have also been received from large libraries4 ,as a matter of fact this edition was not intended for large libraries4 ,from the beginning it has been stated that the cloth edition was for the use of small libraries4 ,large libraries were expected to get one of the leather editions4 ,it is quite evident that publishers are beginning to realize that good binding1 especially of reference books1 is an asset of considerable value when dealing with libraries4 ,during the year the committee has several times been called upon for specifications and suggestions for the binding of large reference books4 ,perhaps the most noteworthy instance was that of the ,century ,company1 which submitted samples of binding for the new edition of the ,century ,dictionary4 ,the ,century ,company and the ,j4 ,f4 ,tapley ,company1 of ,new ,york1 which did the binding1 adopted various methods of strengthening the volumes1 and the samples submitted included not only all of the committee's specifications1 but several others4 ,the samples were so good and the honesty of purpose of the ,century ,company and the ,j4 ,f4 ,tapley ,company so evident that the committee felt no hesitation in stating that the result was the best piece of commercial 7machine bound7 binding ever brought to its attention4 ,visits of two members of the committee to the bindery showed that the specifications in every case were being lived up to4 ,the committee1 furthermore1 obtained full description and specifications of this binding1 which1 with certain modifications1 can be used as a standard for this kind of work4 ,specifications for strong binding were also submitted to ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company for the binding of the new volume of ,u4 ,s4 ,catalog2 to ,robert ,glasgow1 of ,toronto1 for a set entitled ,makers of ,canada2 and to the ,review of ,reviews ,company for the ,photographic history of the ,civil war4 ,the specifications1 as submitted1 were adopted by the ,robert ,glasgow ,co41 and the ,review of ,reviews ,co4 ,the ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,co4 adopted them with some slight modifications which met with the approval of the committee4 ,so far as the reinforcing of fiction and juvenile books by publishers is concerned1 matters stand about the same as they have been for the past two years4 ,the plan has practically been dropped by all publishers4 ,in a few cases1 books which the publishers have discovered are in constant demand by libraries1 are kept in stock in special binding4 ,examples of these are the ,little ,cousin ,series1 published by ,page1 and the ,peter ,rabbit ,series1 by ,warne4 ,the number of titles of such books is very few4 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that because the publishers have stopped doing this1 such books are unobtainable4 ,on the contrary1 it is easier to get reinforced publishers' covers than ever before1 and with the surety that the work is well done1 which was not always the case when they were bound by the publishers4 ,those who wish to use the attractive publishers' covers1 and at the same time have a book which will outlast the period of extreme popularity1 can do so by ordering from one of the several firms which do work of this kind4 ,in most cases the increased cost is greater than was the case when the books were done by the publishers1 but the work is far better done and in the opinion of the committee the increased value more than compensates for the increased cost4 ,furthermore1 the books are not injured for rebinding4 ,in fact1 in some cases the sewing of the book is designed to last during its lifetime4 ,when the first cover wears out1 all that is necessary is to re-case it4 ,while discussing the question of reinforced bindings it may not be amiss again to call attention to the special binding of the ,everyman's ,library4 ,experience in the use of these volumes only emphasizes their serviceability1 attractiveness and cheapness4 ,whenever possible all replacements should be made from this collection4 ,during the year the publishers of two periodicals1 ,everybody's and ,world's ,work1 adopted a scheme of binding which necessitated cutting off the backs of signatures4 ,it was apparent at once that this scheme made it necessary for libraries which bound these periodicals to have them overcast in sewing4 ,since few binders understand the proper method of oversewing and moreover generally charge extra for it1 many libraries were put to much inconvenience and added expense4 ,protests from this committee to the publishers were promptly heeded1 and as a result all libraries now receive the regular edition with folded sheets4 ,the correspondence of the committee has largely increased4 ,inquiries are frequently received from publishers1 from binders and from librarians4 ,inquiries from librarians cover all phases of binding1 and not infrequently the committee is asked for opinions as to the work of certain binders4 ,in answering these questions about individual binding the committee has been at a disadvantage1 because1 except in the case of a very few binders1 it has no definite knowledge of their work4 ,to remedy this difficulty the committee has1 with some hesitation1 planned to establish a collection which shall include samples of the work of all binders which make a specialty of library binding4 ,these samples are to be four in number and will show methods of binding fiction1 juvenile books and periodicals4 ,in addition to these samples binders are asked to answer #bd questions which cover methods1 materials1 and prices4 ,it is hoped that1 with these samples and answers to these questions1 the committee will be in a position to form more definite opinions about the work of any binder1 and librarians who ask for opinions will receive answers based on actual knowledge4 ,the scheme is yet in its infancy but already samples have been received from several binders1 and letters from some of them express approval4 ,the committee realizes that good binding may be done in several ways1 and while members of the committee may have individual preferences1 every effort will be made to give impartial opinions4 ,certainly no binder who does good work need fear unjust criticism4 ,librarians can help in this work by1 #a4 ,sending names of library binders4 #b4 ,urging binders to comply with the requests of the committee4 #c4 ,asking for opinions when the collection is complete4 ,in view of the facts outlined above1 it seems reasonable to suppose that one of the committee's most valuable functions is to act in an advisory capacity1 not only to librarians1 but to publishers and binders4 ,for this reason all librarians are urged to submit their binding problems to the committee4 ,magazine ,binders ,during the year a number of varieties of magazine binders have been examined4 ,several firms failed to respond to a request for a sample or did so too late4 ,others doubtless exist of which the committee has not heard4 ,the result of study of this subject during the past three years1 aided by the chapter dealing with it in ,dana's ,book binding for libraries1 ,edition #b1 is here set forth4 ,of course no one binder is best for all libraries or for all requirements of one library4 ,each must decide for itself by noting the condition of its magazines when they are ready for the bindery whether any binder at all is needed4 ,a library which has no money to spend on the more durable covers or dislikes them for any reason may use one of the methods described in the chapter in ,dana referred to above4 ,a method1 used to some extent by the ,brooklyn public library1 consists1 in brief1 of putting on a brown paper cover and securing it by paste or brass staples to a bunch of advertising pages at front and back4 ,the best inexpensive binder is that known as the ,springfield4 ,it can be made in any bindery1 consisting simply of a cover with a stiff strip at the back in which are three eyelet holes1 one at each end and one in the middle4 ,the magazine is laced in with tape or shoe string4 ,this method damages the magazine much less than others similar1 some of which require drilling holes through from side to side4 ,in principle the binder made by ,cedric ,chivers1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 is a more durable form of the ,springfield and is heartily recommended4 ,some libraries desire a binder from which a magazine cannot readily be stolen4 ,this is a matter of local opinion4 ,the best for this purpose appear to be the new ,bull dog binder just put on the market by ,gaylord ,brothers1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 and the ,buchan binder mentioned by ,mr4 ,dana4 ,all such binders are heavy1 clumsy1 and slow in operation4 ,for those magazines deceitfully put together without sewing or staples the ,bull dog and the ,buchan binder will both give satisfaction4 ,among a multitude of other binders the best type is that whose mechanism consists of a stout rod firmly fastened though playing free at one end1 and fastened at the other by a simple catch4 ,many built on this principle are too clumsy4 ,a few are needlessly flimsy4 ,of those examined the best are the following3-- ,universal made by ,j4 ,j4 ,ralek1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a4 ,l4 ,b4 made by ,american ,library ,bindery1 ,philadelphia4 ,torsion made by ,barrett ,bindery ,co41 ,chicago4 ,for covering binders various materials have been used4 ,for long service and good appearance we recommend pig skin back and keratol sides4 ,cow hide and buckram are cheaper and will not last as long4 ,canvas is ill suited for this purpose4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,a4 ,l4 ,,bailey1 ,chairman4 ,,rose ,g4 ,,murray1 ,n4 ,l4 ,,goodrich1 ,committee4 ,,committee ,,on ,,book ,,buying ,during the past year the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,committee on ,book buying has been negotiating with a ,committee of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association with a view to bringing about a better understanding between the booksellers and the libraries4 ,upon the request of the ,committee of the ,booksellers' ,association1 your committee made a statement of the situation1 which was delivered to them in ,october1 #aiaa4 ,the booksellers' committee prepared a reply to this statement1 which was delivered to your committee in ,april1 #aiab4 ,a meeting of the two committees was held on ,thursday1 ,may #fth1 #aiab1 in ,cleveland1 but it was without any definite result4 ,it was agreed that the two committees report progress to their respective associations and that they submit to their executive committee the statement and reply referred to1 with a report upon the present situation and to ask to be allowed to continue the negotiations if the executive committee thought it wise to do so4 ,,walter ,l4 ,,brown1 ,chairman1 ,c4 ,b4 ,,roden1 ,c4 ,h4 ,,brown4 ,,committee ,,on ,,co-,,ordination ,the following report is the result1 in part1 of a question referred to the ,committee on ,co-ordination by a meeting at the ,pasadena conference4 ,the question was1 ,whether libraries are justified in making a moderate charge in connection with every volume lent1 sufficient in the long run1 to cover the administrative expense involved in looking up and sending the volume asked for3 not as payment for the use of the book1 but to relieve the lender of an undue burden of expense1 unavoidably attendant upon the system of lending with some freedom to other libraries4 ,in the opinion of the committee this question could be most profitably discussed only in connection with the whole subject of inter-library loans4 ,it is clear1 both from past and present developments1 and from the direction these developments are taking that inter-library loans are1 as yet1 merely in their infancy4 ,it is clear1 too1 that such loans increase the efficiency of libraries which participate in them4 ,finally1 it is evident that there is a marked tendency not simply to multiply library loans1 but to enlarge the field within which it is considered appropriate to effect them--taking field both in a geographical sense1 and as relating to different classes of borrowers4 ,accordingly1 it is not surprising that additional machinery and new methods should be required1 and that some at least1 should already have been devised4 ,also1 it is safe to predict that this growth in machinery and in methods will continue4 ,therefore1 the ,committee on ,co-ordination has thought that it might be helpful1 at the present time1 to attempt a discussion 7which will partake of the character of a symposium7 in regard to the purpose and scope of inter-library loans4 ,it is hoped that1 as a result of this and subsequent discussion1 it may become practicable to formulate some general rules for the conduct of inter-library loans4 ,if a code of such rules could be framed1 even granting that the provisions would1 of course1 bind no library against its will1 one more step would yet have been taken in the direction of systematizing and extending a process which has already produced excellent results1 and bids fair in the near future1 to modify library practice in important particulars4 ,while the purpose of inter-library loans is uniform in the main1 it varies to some extent1 with the nature and duties of the participating libraries4 ,neglecting minor differences1 such libraries fall into two groups3 ,reference libraries1 including libraries of colleges and universities2 and libraries whose work is of a more popular character2 or1 to state the matter in terms of readers3 ,libraries1 most of whose readers are serious1 and libraries1 some1 at least1 of whose readers are not so very serious4 ,this distinction is not a sharp one1 yet it produces wide divergence in the point of view1 and in the practice of these two classes of libraries4 ,a comparison of the third contribution to this symposium with the first and second will make this matter evident4 ,both points of view are accurate1 and varieties of practice1 provided only that they exist among the members of a comprehensive system1 are the best guarantees of the ultimate achievement of great results4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,gould1 ,chairman4 ,i4 ,the purpose of inter-library loans is to make available the unusual material in one library to an enquirer who cannot visit it in person and does not find available the identical material in some institution nearer at hand or which has a nearer constitutional duty to serve him4 ,the service to him must be subject to the convenience of the constituency of the lending library and can be expected only if the risk and expense of it shall be met by the borrowing library in his behalf4 #a4 ,it is not to be expected therefore that a library will lend either 7#a7 books which if not in the applicant library1 are within the ordinary duty of the latter to supply2 or 7#b7 books in constant use among its own readers2 or 7#c7 books for the general reader as against the investigator4 #b4 ,it is not to be expected that material will be sought the transportation of which1 even with the best precautions1 involves a necessary injury1--as for instance1 by strain1--or a contingent injury in its use outside of the walls of the institution owning it by persons over whose use it has no supervision4 ,a stipulation for its use within the walls of the borrowing library1 while entirely reasonable1 may not cover the case completely1 as the responsibility for the care of the material cannot1 by a mere stipulation for care1 be transferred from the owning to the borrowing library4 #c4 ,subject to #b1 the important service in inter-library loans being to make generally available the unusual book for the unusual need of the serious investigator1 the fact that the book needed is either rare1 or part of a set which may be marred by the loss of a single volume1 or that it is even unique1 as for instance a manuscript1 ought not to be conclusive against the loan1 for it is just through such material that the inter-library loans may render their most important service4 #d4 ,the applicant library should refrain from applying 7a7 for ordinary books which are within its constitutional duty to supply to its immediate readers1 or 7b7 for unusual books requested for a purpose which it knows to be trivial1 or by a person of whose discretion and seriousness it is not assured1 or 7c7 for books which1 within the legitimate provisions of a loan are to be had from some institution nearer at hand1 or having a nearer constitutional duty to it and to the constituency which it serves1 or 7d7 for books which upon their face must be in constant use in any library possessing them4 #e4 ,the lending library may reasonably stipulate3 7a7 ,that the entire cost of the service shall be met by the borrowing library1 and may look to this library alone as responsible both for the safety and prompt return of the material and for the replacement of the material if lost or damaged1 and 7b7 it may reasonably include as part of the expense3 7#a7 packing2 7#b7 carriage2 7#c7 insurance2 7#d7 the fraction1 if estimable1 which the particular loan should bear of the expense of administering the service4 7c7 ,as to the duration of the loan3 that it shall not exceed the period of its local loans1 with an allowance added for the transit both ways2 and the lender may reasonably couple with this a right of summary recall4 ,it may also impose penalties for delays in returning material1 or for carelessness in its use or in repacking4 ,it may of course reserve the right to decline further loans to a library which has shown indifference in these regards1 or whose applications have been incessantly frivolous4 7d7 ,it may of course limit the number of volumes lent to any one library or for the use of any one investigator at any one time4 7e7 ,it may1 without prejudicing applications from other institutions1 deny the application of any particular library1 because of lack of assurance as to the safety or intelligent use of the material if lent4 ,its decisions in this regard resting often upon the impressions of a general experience1 ought to be unembarrassed4 ,it should not therefore be called upon to explain them4 ,,herbert ,,putnam4 ,,ii ,a statement of general policy in regard to inter-library loans ,the primary purpose of inter-library loans is the promotion of scholarship by placing books not commonly accessible and not in use in one library1 temporarily at the service of a scholar who has access to some other library4 ,it should not be allowed to interfere with the reasonable and customary use of books by home readers1 and the extent to which sending can be carried depends on the local conditions of the lending library1 the importance of the service to be rendered1 the character of the books desired1 the distance to which they are to be sent1 and a number of other circumstances4 ,the larger university libraries1 having large numbers of professors1 advanced students and other professional scholars immediately dependent on them1 may find it necessary to restrict the scope of their loans in justice to their local constituency1 while others may rightly extend the system beyond the limits indicated1 so as to meet the wants of readers in public libraries1 teachers in high schools1 and others4 ,libraries should not be expected to lend text-books for general class use1 popular manuals or books for the general reader1 inexpensive books and those which can easily be procured through the book-trade1 books to assist in school or college debates1 or books for ordinary purposes of school or undergraduate study4 ,neither should they lend books which are likely to be in frequent demand by their own readers1 or books which they do not lend at home on the ground that they ought always to be accessible on the shelves4 ,in this respect practice will naturally differ widely1 one library being ready to lend books which another would consider it necessary to keep always at hand4 ,caution should be exercised in lending volumes of newspapers1 periodicals or society transactions and parts of expensive sets1 since such volumes1 if lost1 are disproportionately expensive and sometimes practically impossible to replace4 ,moreover1 periodicals and society publications are often unexpectedly wanted for the purpose of verifying references1 etc41 and students may justly expect that they will always be accessible with a minimum of delay4 ,the borrowing library should bear the expense of transportation both ways1 and additional charges1 if required1 for the insurance of specially valuable books4 ,it should be financially responsible for the replacement of books lost or injured in transit4 ,borrowing libraries should take pains to borrow from sources nearest at hand or most naturally under obligation to lend4 ,titles of books wanted should be given with all practicable precision1 both to insure getting the very thing asked for and to make the labor of finding the book as light as possible for the lending library4 ,applications for loans should always be made through the librarian of the borrowing library and not directly by the professor or student for whose advantage the loan is desired4 ,if books are lent on direct request of the individual1 not transmitted through the library with which he is associated1 this library cannot be held responsible for the prompt and safe return of the books or for replacing them if lost in transit4 ,librarians are therefore justified in declining to lend on direct request and in insisting that application must be made through the librarian4 ,a library is justified in placing a limit on the number of volumes which it may be expected to lend at one time to a single institution--say five or ten volumes4 ,loans should be made for a definite period1 but the length of this period naturally varies with the occasion4 ,the period begins with the despatch of the book from the lending library and ends with the day on or before which the book should be sent off by the borrowing library4 ,if an extension of time is desired1 it should be asked for long enough in advance of the book's being due to enable an answer to be received4 ,books may always be recalled by the lending library in advance of the date originally named if needed for the reasonable service of its home readers4 ,in lending rare books1 large volumes1 portfolios of plates1 etc41 a library may be expected to insist that they must be used only within the building of the borrowing library4 ,in some cases1 it may be advisable to put the same restriction on all books lent4 ,fines may properly be charged and collected for books detained beyond the allotted time without request for extension4 ,repeated failure to return books promptly1 or negligence in packing them safely is sufficient ground for declining to make further loans4 ,when books are sent out or returned1 separate notice of the fact should be sent by mail1 stating date of shipment1 mode of conveyance1 etc4 ,it is recommended that blank forms prepared for this purpose be used4 ,applications for loans may also most conveniently be made on suitable blanks4 ,libraries that are called upon for frequent loans are justified in making a moderate charge in connection with every volume lent1 sufficient in the long run to cover the administrative expense involved in looking up and sending off volumes asked for4 ,this charge is not to be considered as a payment for the use of the book1 but is intended simply to relieve the lending library of an undue burden of expense unavoidably attendant upon the system of lending with some freedom to other libraries4 ,it is recommended that libraries arrange so that the services of some competent person may be regularly available at a moderate charge for looking up information1 verifying references1 etc41 when the time and labor involved in such inquiries seem to exceed what may reasonably be demanded of the library staff4 ,the employment of such a person to obtain specific information will also occasionally serve in place of making a loan4 ,it is also suggested that the possession of a cameragraph1 for making rotary bromide prints1 or other similar device by which facsimile copies can be made inexpensively1 would often enable a library to send a satisfactory copy of portions of a rare book or manuscript in place of lending the original4 ,,william ,,coolidge ,,lane4 ,,iii ,inter-library loans ,i4 ,purpose4 7#a7 ,prompt service4 7a7 ,the book1 if purchased1 might have to come from a greater distance and so cause delay4 7b7 ,the book1 if out of print1 would take time to find or might not be possible for an agent to locate for a very long time1 if at all4 7#b7 ,economical service4 7a7 ,the library that loans the book4 ,rather than have a book1 that has cost time and money1 stand idle on the shelves1 the library owning it would be better repaid for the expenditure if the book were used by more people4 7b7 ,the library that borrows the book4 ,rather than purchase a book which would seldom be requested1 it would be better to borrow it1 and use one's funds and time and shelf room for books that would be in constant demand4 ,for example3 take two special lines of library service here in ,california at the present time4 7#a7 ,books for the blind4 ,aside from a small collection in the ,san ,francisco reading room and library for the blind for the local blind1 and the small collection for the students in the ,berkeley ,california institute for the education of the blind and the deaf1 the state library has almost all the books and magazines used by the blind of the state4 ,it would not be economical for other libraries or individuals to undertake to carry on this work1 so the state library discourages anyone else buying such books and undertakes to furnish them to anyone needing them4 ,if many want to read certain periodicals they are duplicated several times and sent in order to the various blind borrowers4 7#b7 ,medical books and periodicals4 ,the ,lane medical library in ,san ,francisco and the ,barlow medical library in ,los ,angeles have perhaps the best medical collections in the state4 ,the state library of course has and is building up a collection in this line for the use of the whole state1 but it often borrows from the first two mentioned4 ,,ii4 ,scope4 ,there will be no limit1 apparently1 to the scope of inter-library loans in ,california4 ,each library at present makes an effort to loan anything asked of it by any other library4 ,for example1 the state library buys no fiction1 but from the union catalogs of the county free libraries which is located at the state library1 it is possible to tell where a certain book is located and to direct one to the other for a rush request of fiction4 ,rare books are loaned by library to library and used by the borrower at the library4 ,newspapers it is not necessary now to loan as by cameragraphing the needed extract from them1 the expense1 wear and tear1 and risk of such loans are avoided4 ,the same applies to articles in unbound or bound periodicals4 ,cameragraphing an article in a periodical also makes unnecessary the duplicating of certain periodicals because of some especially needed article4 ,cameragraphing is also economical in that it keeps the files in the library and so more material is always available for reference use4 ,even reference books1 however1 are loaned or borrowed frequently to meet certain needs4 ,so the scope is of necessity a matter of judgment of the particular case in question4 ,,iii4 ,extent of borrower's financial responsibility4 ,when a library borrows1 it takes the financial responsibility1 in case of loss or injury1 and if the borrower is an individual1 he takes it4 ,the ,state library pays transportation on all loans to and from the county free libraries1 and the county free library on all loans within the county4 ,loans to other libraries are usually paid--sending charge by the library sending the book and returning charge by the library returning the book4 ,the expense of administering the service of inter-library loans is not being considered here in ,california1 and we believe that question will never arise here1 no matter how great the demands on each other grow to be4 ,the spirit of co-operation is growing so rapidly here that the rivalry seems to be more who has and can give more rather than who can take more4 ,,iv4 ,order in which libraries should be applied to for a loan4 ,there is no order here in ,california except that almost all libraries apply first to the ,state library and the ,state library being naturally the best informed on the special lines of strength in the various libraries in ,california1 can request the library that is either known to have it or is likely to have it1 to forward it to the library needing it4 ,this is already possible for periodical files as there is at the ,state library a union list of periodical files in ,california libraries4 ,periodicals which are not in any ,california library1 are borrowed with least loss of time1 from the ,library of ,congress or ,surgeon ,general's library4 ,v4 ,average duration of loans4 ,it would not be economical to plan a time limit on loans1 as usually the library requesting it states the time the book will be needed and it is1 if possible1 loaned for that period4 ,as soon as the library borrowing it is through with it1 even if sooner than the time it expected to need it1 the book is returned4 ,any book must of necessity be subject to recall by the library loaning it4 ,there cannot well be a limit to the number of volumes loaned at any one time4 ,that would naturally depend upon the need4 ,no fines or other penalties for negligence in returning loans are necessary where there is a spirit of perfect co-operation1 as librarians all understand the necessity of system1 and in ,california at least1 show great consideration for each other4 ,,vi4 ,forms of application for loans2 notice of shipment1 etc4 ,the forms used by the ,state library and county free libraries in ,california have been found to be perfectly satisfactory4 ,requests are sent in to the ,state library in duplicate4 ,one is returned with the disposition made of it written on it and the duplicate is kept on file as a record at the ,state library4 ,if not in the ,state library a similar duplicated request is sent to some other library4 ,,vii4 ,inter-library loans in ,california4 ,we in ,california find that a request is never refused and that requesting such loans in itself makes a library proud of its strength and of its place in the system and builds up in this way a strong feeling for co-operation4 ,the rules to be adopted for inter-library loans in ,california will be those that experience shows are necessary1 and are likely to give the best results for ,california conditions4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,gillis4 ,,committee ,,on ,,co-,,operation ,,with ,,the ,,national ,,education ,,association ,the ,committee on ,co-operation with the ,national ,education ,association is in a position to report that an appointment has been made by the executive board of the ,national ,education ,association of a representative of the ,american ,library ,association to speak at the third general session of its meeting in ,chicago on the place of the library in educational movements4 ,the committee feels that this recognition of the work of the library on the part of the ,national ,education ,association is a decided victory1 as for many years the authorities of the ,national ,education ,association have courteously but constantly turned away from the request made by the ,american ,library ,association committee for a representative on their program4 ,a selection was made of ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bostwick1 librarian of the ,st4 ,louis public library1 to present the library cause before the ,national ,education ,association4 ,it is needless to add with full assurance1 that the matter is safe in his hands4 ,at the invitation of the president of the library department of the ,national ,education ,association1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,gaillard of ,new ,york1 the committee has endeavored as best it could in the short time allowed1 owing to the lateness of the invitation1 to make an exhibit of ,american ,library ,association material1 booklists and material illustrative of the relations between libraries and schools1 to be in place at the ,national ,education ,association meeting to be held in ,chicago4 ,it seems1 therefore1 that the work of the past year is one that should afford satisfaction in the recognition that the ,american ,library ,association has received from the ,national ,education ,association4 ,president ,george ,e4 ,vincent1 of the ,university of ,minnesota1 who will deliver an address at the ,ottawa conference1 at the invitation of the ,american ,library ,association program committee1 has been invited to present the official greetings of the ,national ,education ,association to the ,american ,library ,association4 ,the committee through its chairman has advised with several groups of school librarians1 but it has been the policy to confine action to affairs in which the national organizations as individual units were concerned4 ,,mary ,,eileen ,,ahern1 ,chairman1 ,,genevieve ,m4 ,,walton1 ,,irene ,,warren1 ,,george ,h4 ,,locke1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dana4 ,the ,,president3 ,the next report is that of the committee on catalog rules for small libraries4 ,the ,,secretary3 ,the chairman of this committee1 ,miss ,theresa ,hitchler1 wrote me that she hoped to make a report through some other member of the committee1 and that it was the hope of the committee to have that work finished by fall4 ,the ,,president3 ,then the chair will accept that as a report of information4 ,adjourned4 ,,second ,,general ,,session 7,russell ,theatre1 ,friday1 ,june #bh1 #i3cj a4 m47 ,first ,vice-,president ,henry ,e4 ,legler presided4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,it has always been a moot question as to what vice-presidents were for4 ,mrs4 ,elmendorf has undertaken the very doubtful experiment of endeavoring to find out1 and so she has designated the respective vice-presidents in their order to preside over the meetings of the conference4 ,we shall reverse the order of the program and call for the committee reports first4 ,the following reports were presented and received1 all having been previously printed1 with the exception of the supplement to the report of the committee on library administration and that on work with the blind4 ,the committee on international relations stated that they had no report to make4 ,,committee ,,on ,,federal ,,and ,,state ,,relations ,your committee's chief activity has been along the line of a parcels post1 as we have felt that was the most feasible measure for obtaining lower postal rates4 ,the chairman of the committee had personal interviews with the chairmen of the ,house and ,senate committees on ,post ,office1 and filed with the latter a formal endorsement of the parcels post1 as well as the resolution looking in that direction1 passed by the ,council at its meeting in ,january last4 ,the committee recommends that the continuance of this advocacy be authorized by the association4 ,we also recommend that the association endorse a movement for the better safeguarding of the national archives and rendering them accessible to students1 feeling that the preservation of these governmental records is one of considerable importance1 and one in which librarians have an especial interest1 inasmuch as they have under their care manuscripts as well as printed books4 ,the attention of depository libraries is called to the report of ,senator ,smoot1 on the revision of printing laws 7#fbnd ,congress1 second session4 ,report #dad1 p4 #cc and following7 which discusses the proposed amendments to the laws with reference to depository libraries4 ,,bernard ,c4 ,,steiner4 ,,committee ,,on ,,library ,,administration ,your committee has not been active during the whole year1 the present chairman having been appointed to fill a vacancy4 ,what it has done has been in the way of a small beginning toward a general survey of methods in public libraries1 which it is hoped may be carried forward to completion in future years4 ,the scientific position that the first thing to do1 in making an investigation1 is to find out the facts1 has only recently been taken in work of this kind4 ,it has generally been assumed by those who have desired to better conditions of any sort that the existing conditions were well known to all4 ,the fact is that no one person or group of persons is in a position to know all the conditions thoroughly and that the elementary task of ascertaining them and stating them is usually by no means easy4 ,it is now generally recognized that we must have a ,survey--an ascertainment and plain statement of the facts as they are--as a preliminary to action or even to discussion4 ,it has seemed to your committee that the general feeling1 shared by the educational and industrial worlds1 that methods are not always efficiently adjusted to aims should find some place also in the library4 ,we are spending large sums of public money1 and investigations by economy committees1 efficiency bureaus and the like are taking place all around us4 ,it will be well for us to take a step in advance of these and get for ourselves some sort of a birds-eye view of our work1 from the standpoint of its possible lack of complete efficiency--adaptation of end to aim4 ,in order to do this we must first have a survey1 which we conceive to involve in this case a statement of just what libraries are trying to do and just how1 in some minuteness of detail1 they are trying to do it4 ,comparison and discussion of methods will naturally follow later4 ,the method of taking up this matter was suggested by some very preliminary work done in the ,st4 ,louis public library4 ,the head of each of the various branches and departments was asked to make a detailed written list of the various operations performed by the assistants in that particular department1 dividing them into purely mechanical acts and those involving some thought or judgment4 ,this in itself proved to be an interesting task and both information and stimulation resulted from it4 ,certain operations1 common to the largest number of kinds of work1 were then selected and tests were made1 involving both speed of performance and efficiency of result4 ,from a large number of such tests it is expected that some standardization of operations may result1 or at any rate the cutting out of useless details and the saving of time for needed extensions of work4 ,the object of an investigation of this kind is of course not to discover ways of making assistants work harder and faster but to find out whether the same amount of work1 or more of it1 may not be done with less effort4 ,to extend this bit of experimental work1 which has not progressed beyond its first steps1 to all the libraries of the ,united ,states is of course impossible without modification4 ,your committee has not the machinery to handle detailed lists of operations from thousands of different libraries4 ,fortunately it is easy to select operations that are common to very large numbers of libraries of divers sizes and kinds and in all parts of the country4 ,as examples of such operations1 and as a small beginning1 we selected those of accessioning1 charging and discharging1 and counting issue4 ,even with a narrowing of the field to two operations1 however1 it was impossible to investigate these in all our libraries1 or even in a large number4 ,after a discussion by correspondence1 revealing some difference of opinion1 we decided to select about twenty-five libraries1 as representative as possible of different sizes1 different institutions and different localities4 ,the list as finally made up was as follows3-- ,public ,libraries ,new ,york ,st4 ,louis ,pratt ,institute ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,state ,libraries ,new ,york ,iowa ,california ,connecticut ,virginia ,university ,libraries ,harvard ,syracuse ,oberlin ,kansas ,university ,shurtleff ,college ,alton1 ,ill4 ,trinity ,college ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,tulane ,university ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,reference ,libraries ,grosvenor1 ,buffalo4 ,newberry1 ,chicago4 ,subscription ,libraries ,mercantile1 ,n4 ,y4 ,athenaeum1 ,boston4 ,mercantile1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,special ,libraries ,bar ,association1 ,n4 ,y4 ,academy of ,medicine1 ,n4 ,y4 ,engineering societies1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,crerar1 ,chicago4 ,to the librarians of each of these libraries was then sent the following letter3-- ,to the ,librarian3-- ,the ,committee on ,library ,administration of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 is beginning a survey of simple operations common to all sorts of libraries1 especially with a view to finding out whether there is much diversity of detail in them1 and ultimately of noting particular methods that seem likely to result in time-saving or in better results4 ,for the moment1 however1 a mere survey1 involving a detailed description of the method of performing certain kinds of work is all that is aimed at4 ,the ,committee has selected #bf libraries of very different sizes and types1 and yours is one of these4 ,if you are willing to co-operate1 will you kindly send at once to the chairman a description1 in as minute detail as possible1 of the following operations3 ,accessioning ,the counting of issue ,the charging of books ,the discharging of books ,please describe each step of these operations seriatim and in detail1 not omitting such as are purely mechanical1 and noting points where different assistants would be apt to act in different ways4 ,a description of the operation of accessioning in the ,new ,york public library 7,reference department7 is enclosed as a sample4 ,if you can not do this1 please notify us immediately1 that another library may be put on the list in your place4 ,yours truly1 ,,arthur ,e4 ,,bostwick1 ,chairman1 ,,harry ,m4 ,,lydenberg1 ,,ethel ,f4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,o,u,g,h1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,com4 on ,administration4 ,sooner or later we obtained the desired data from #bj of the #bf libraries to which this letter was sent4 ,only one1 the ,grosvenor ,library of ,buffalo1 returned no answer4 ,five declined on various grounds4 ,the ,california ,state library wrote to us3 ,we do not feel satisfied with our present arrangements and do not believe we are in a position to offer any suggestions that would be of service in connection with this investigation4 ,the ,mercantile library of ,new ,york wrote3 ,we regret that we find ourselves unable to co-operate with your committee in this undertaking4 ,the librarian of ,trinity college1 ,hartford1 writes that with the exception of student assistants the librarian is the entire staff4 ,the senior regent of ,shurtleff college1 ,alton1 ,ill41 writes3 ,our building is not yet complete and in the management of the old1 we are so nearly without a system that ,i hardly feel it worth while to try to reply to these questions4 ,the librarian of the ,new ,york ,engineering ,societies writes3 ,this library 99 99 99 has no charging system4 ,its system of accessioning will be abandoned as soon as possible4 ,i suggest that you enter another library on your list4 ,replies such as these seem to imply a misconception of the nature and purposes of a survey4 ,our object is to ascertain facts1 not to gather a selected number of ideal cases4 ,for these five libraries the following were substituted3 ,westminster ,college1 ,fulton1 ,mo4 ,wesleyan ,university1 ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,washington ,state ,library4 ,new ,york ,society ,library4 ,forbes ,library1 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,these furnished that data for which we asked1 with the exception of the ,washington ,state library1 which declined4 ,we have material1 therefore1 from #bd libraries altogether4 ,the last of this body of data comes to hand just as this preliminary report goes to press1 but it is being digested and tabulated and some of the results1 at least1 will be ready for the ,ottawa meeting1 although there will not be time for any study of these results or for recommendations based thereon4 ,the reports from the various libraries will be on file at headquarters at ,ottawa and will be accessible to all members of the association who desire to consult them4 ,regarding the question of the counting of circulation through traveling libraries1 deposits and the like1 which has been referred to your committee1 we beg to report as follows3-- ,the sending of books from a library to a school1 a club1 or some other place where they are to be used or circulated may be regarded in two ways by librarians4 ,it may be held that the sending of the books from the library is itself an act of circulation or that the place to which they are sent for use or distribution is a temporary station of the library1 and that sending books thereto is no more circulation than if they were sent to a library branch or delivery station4 ,obviously1 if the former view is accepted1 no use that is made of the book after it reaches the station can be recorded by the library4 ,when we have lent a book to a reader we do not inquire how many persons in the family use it or whether a neighbor borrows it4 ,the library borrower is responsible for it and it simply counts as one in the issue4 ,but if the place to which it goes is to be treated as a station1 then the use of the book at or from that station is part of the library record4 ,if it is used in the school1 club1 or other place where it is deposited1 such use is not circulation1 however1 but hall or library use1 as if it had been used in a branch library4 ,if it is issued from the station for home use1 such issues1 and every such issue1 is properly counted with the circulation4 ,it seems to your committee that the second of these alternatives is the one that should be recognized1 both from theoretical and practical reasons4 ,the sending of a collection of books to a place where it is to be used resembles much more closely the temporary transfer of such collection to a branch than it does ordinary circulation4 ,practically also1 it is desirable to take account of whatever use is made of the books in such places and logically this can be done only on the second theory4 ,on neither of the theories is it allowable to count the original sending as one issue and then to count or estimate issues from the station2 or to count uses in the station as home issues4 ,some libraries report that they are unable to secure proper statistics of use at the station and that they must therefore either count the original issue or guess at the use in some way1 or fail to report it at all4 ,in cases of this kind1 whatever is done should be made plain by a note in connection with the published statistics4 ,to recapitulate1 we recommend3 7#a7 ,that the act of sending books from the library to a station of any kind1 no matter how temporary1 be not regarded as an issue to be counted in the circulation1 although separate account of books thus sent should be kept and may be published if desired4 7#b7 ,that books used in the station be counted as hall or library use and that books issued from the station be counted as home use4 7#c7 ,that where it is found necessary to depart from this method in any way1 such departure be plainly stated in a foot note to the published report4 ,all of which is respectfully submitted4 ,,arthur ,e4 ,,bostwick1 ,chairman4 ,,ethel ,f4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,o,u,g,h1 ,,harry ,m4 ,,lydenberg4 7,supplementary ,report7 ,as a supplement to that portion of its report which has already been presented1 your committee now submits the following preliminary tabulation and discussion of results4 ,as is usual1 in such investigations1 our questions have not been interpreted in the same way by all to whom they have been addressed4 ,supplementary questions must therefore be sent out in many cases and these must be framed separately for each case4 ,this will be the next work of this committee1 should you see fit to continue it as at present constituted4 ,your committee trusts that it is clearly understood that it does not desire to infer from the extremely small proportion of cases discussed anything that should be properly inferred only from a large number of cases4 ,facts are stated numerically1 but no numerical conclusions are or can be drawn4 ,at this stage of the investigation no recommendations at all can be made4 ,accessioning ,the material received varies so much in respect to the items reported upon1 and the fullness with which each step is treated1 that a second questionnaire must be sent out before there can be any uniformity of tabulation4 ,for example3-- ,one librarian writes us1 ,we keep no accession book for ordinary circulating books1 only for expensive art books and fails to state what items are entered4 ,another reports that the books are accessioned1 each separate volume being given a separate accession number but does not say whether an accession book is used or not4 ,two librarians write that the ,standard ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,accession book is used and leave us to infer that every column is filled in4 ,and two assure us that the promised material will be sent in soon4 ,it is interesting to note1 however1 that only two libraries1 the ,boston ,athenaeum and the ,forbes library1 use the ,bill ,method of accessioning4 ,the other libraries all use an accession book1 but differ widely in the number of items entered2 for example1 one library enters only author1 title1 source and price1 and another has an accession book printed for its own use1 including columns for the following3 ,date of entry1 accession number1 place of publication1 publisher1 date of book1 size1 class1 additions classified 7including a column for each of the main classes in the ,d4 ,c4 system1 one for fiction1 and one for juvenile books71 volumes bought1 volumes received as gifts1 periodicals bound1 pamphlets bound1 the language of the book 7#d separate columns marked ,eng4 ,ger4 ,fr4 and ,other71 source1 publisher's price1 discount1 net price1 binding1 remarks4 ,the majority of libraries reporting1 use the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 standard accession book or the condensed form of the same4 ,libraries ,using ,book ,method ,atlanta4 ,bar ,association of ,n4 ,y4 ,east ,orange4 ,iowa ,state ,library4 ,john ,crerar ,library4 ,kansas ,state ,university4 ,kings ,county ,medical4 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,circulating ,department4 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,reference ,department4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,library4 ,n4 ,y4 ,society ,library 7accessions only expensive art books74 ,newberry ,library4 ,oberlin ,college4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library4 ,syracuse ,university4 ,tulane ,university4 ,virginia ,state ,university4 ,wesleyan ,university4 ,westminster ,college4 ,libraries ,using ,bill ,method ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,forbes ,library4 ,charging and ,discharging ,the data contributed on this subject are so uneven and varying that any accurate and minute comparison is impossible at present4 ,the functions that constitute a charge or discharge are variously regarded by different libraries4 ,the eighteen libraries forming the basis of this study1 with a note of their charging systems1 may be roughly arranged in the following groups3 ,college or ,university ,libraries ,oberlin4 ,double file4 ,borrowers' file and book file under date4 ,syracuse4 ,double file4 ,borrowers' file and book file under call-number4 ,university of ,kansas4 ,double file4 ,borrowers' file and book file under date4 ,tulane4 ,single file4 ,book file under class4 ,wesleyan4 ,double file4 ,borrowers' file under date and book file4 ,westminster4 ,single file4 ,book file under date4 ,public or ,circulating ,libraries ,boston ,athenaeum 7,subscription74 ,double record4 ,borrowers' file and book record under date4 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,newark ,system 7no details74 ,east ,orange ,public ,library4 ,newark ,system 7many variations74 ,forbes ,library4 ,browne ,system4 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,newark ,system4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library4 ,newark ,system4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile ,library 7subscription74 ,browne ,system4 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library4 ,newark ,system4 ,state ,libraries ,iowa ,state4 ,reference4 7,uses temporary slip when a book is issued for home use filed under date47 ,virginia ,state4 ,double file4 ,borrowers' file and book file by titles4 ,reference ,libraries ,newberry ,library4 ,no attempt has been made to study the charge or discharge of books for library use4 ,society ,library ,medical ,society of ,king's ,county4 ,borrowers' record4 ,reversing this arrangement and grouping under charging systems1 we have3 ,newark ,system--#f4 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,east ,orange ,public ,library4 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library4 ,syracuse ,university 7modified74 ,browne ,system--#b4 ,forbes ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile ,library4 ,double ,file--,borrower and ,book--#f4 ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,oberlin ,college4 ,syracuse4 ,university of ,kansas4 ,virginia ,state ,library4 ,wesleyan ,university4 ,single ,file--,book ,file under ,date or ,class--#c4 ,iowa ,state ,library4 ,tulane ,university4 ,westminster ,college4 ,borrowers' ,record--#a4 ,medical ,society of ,county of ,kings4 ,it is evident from this tabulation that libraries of the same character use the same systems--identical in their essentials but different in detail4 ,college libraries and those whose use corresponds to that of a college library find with but two exceptions a double file useful--one of borrower and one of books--the latter varying greatly in arrangement1 owing to the distinctions between students and faculty4 ,a rsum of the college and state systems studied follows3 ,iowa ,state4 ,when book is issued1 assistant copies the call number from the book plate upon a manila charge slip1 then adds the name of borrower and her date of loan4 ,charge slips are deposited temporarily in a drawer1 and next morning are arranged by call-number and filed in the charging tray4 ,there are no fines2 books are issued subject to call4 ,the first of each month the tray is examined2 all slips bearing a date a month old are taken out1 compared with the shelves to ascertain if the books have been returned1 and shelved without being discharged1 and with the shelf list1 to verify the call number2 at which time the author and title are copied on the reverse side of slip4 ,notices requesting the return of books are filled in with the author1 title and date of loan1 and sent to borrowers4 ,date of notice is placed on charge slips with colored pencil1 and the slips refiled in tray4 ,in discharging books1 the slips bearing corresponding call numbers are taken from tray and destroyed4 ,oberlin ,college4 ,charge4 ,book pocket contains two cards1 one white1 one pink with author's name1 title of book and call number and accession number4 ,borrower signs name on both and leaves on desk4 ,dating slip with date of issue is put in book pocket4 ,assistant stamps both cards with date of issue--filing white cards by call number under date and pink card alphabetically with borrower's card under borrower's name4 ,these are ultimately divided into two files1 the day file and the long file1 the latter including books drawn by professors and others privileged to retain them more than two weeks4 ,when book is returned dating slip is taken out and saved for future use4 ,book is checked off by finding book card in file and borrower's name is checked from that4 ,pink card is then withdrawn from borrower's file4 ,syracuse ,university4 ,borrower's cards are kept on file by serial number4 ,when a book is issued its call number is written on borrower's card and date of issue stamped on it and on dating slip4 ,book card is stamped with borrower's number and date of issue4 ,borrower's card is filed under number and book card filed by call number4 ,when book is returned book is checked off1 date on borrower's card stamped with date of return and the card put in regular file of borrower's cards4 7,the book card system itself seems to be the ,newark74 ,tulane ,university4 ,borrower makes out a temporary book card which is filled out with the book data1 his name and address and date and is filed by class4 ,when book is returned temporary book card is destroyed4 ,university of ,kansas4 ,corresponds to ,oberlin except that book card filed with borrower's card is not signed or dated and that the single file is by class4 ,has two files--one for students under date and one for faculty under name4 ,books are discharged at students' leisure by checking off4 ,virginia ,state4 ,borrowers' file and book file of temporary book cards alphabetically under title4 ,wesleyan4 ,when book is issued a manilla slip is written giving name of borrower1 call number1 author and title4 ,the date due is stamped on dating slip in book4 ,slip is placed in box and next morning a second slip is made from it giving call number first1 then author1 title and name of borrower4 ,date due is then stamped on both cards4 ,first card 7borrower's slips7 are filed 7by date if student1 by name1 if professor74 ,the other slips 7book cards7 are filed alphabetically under author4 ,book is discharged by checking off--both slips being withdrawn from issue and presumably destroyed4 ,westminster4 ,no students' cards4 ,permanent book card--stamped with date and borrower's name4 ,date stamped on book pocket4 ,cards filed under date4 ,assistant discharges at leisure by checking off4 ,public or circulating libraries prefer the ,newark or ,browne system--the majority the ,newark3 ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,corresponds to ,oberlin save that day of year instead of day of month is used for dating4 ,that one slip is filed in borrowers' case with information relating to borrower's assessments1 etc41 instead of with borrower's card1 and that the single file is by author4 ,when book is returned date of return is stamped on book slips when book is checked off4 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,newark system1 using slots in desk to sort cards4 ,no details of checking off4 ,east ,orange4 ,newark system1 using colored bookcards to distinguish classes4 ,magazines and four weeks' books not stamped on reader's cards4 ,in children's room non-fiction not stamped on reader's card4 ,books checked off near charging desk4 ,forbes ,library4 ,browne system4 ,borrower's pockets filed numerically under each letter of alphabet in order of registration4 ,fiction and non-fiction pockets kept in separate file4 ,when book is issued borrower gives his number by which his pocket is found4 ,book card is taken from book pocket and put in borrower's pocket and date of return is stamped on book pocket4 ,book record is kept by arranging under date1 book cards in pockets alphabetically under author and title4 7,details of information on book card not given74 ,book is discharged by withdrawing book card from borrower's pocket and transferring to book pocket4 ,recent books 7last two years7 are evidently discharged and shelved at once4 ,others three times a day4 ,empty borrower's pockets are filed throughout the day4 ,new ,york ,public4 ,newark system4 ,book card has author's surname1 title of book1 class number and accession number4 ,variously colored book cards are used to indicate various classes4 ,assistant makes hurried examination of book to be issued and copies borrower's card number on book card and stamps date with dating pencil on reader's card1 book pocket and book card--the latter to be done at leisure if there is a rush4 ,puts borrower's card in pocket and gives books to reader4 ,book card is dropped in proper slot in desk 7ten slots indicating the ten classes74 ,book cards filed under date of issue by class author and accession number4 ,book cards for foreign books are arranged alphabetically after book cards in ,english4 ,when book is discharged1 assistant checks off book comparing date of card with that of book1 examines book for damage and then cancels date on reader's card1 restoring card to reader4 7,note4 ,it hardly seems that this checking off before cancelling date on reader's card can be done except in a very slack hour1 and must cause annoying delay to reader74 ,books are then placed on truck to right of assistant1 later revised and shelved4 ,system has many exceptions1 one of which is to write reader's card number on dating slip as well as book card4 ,others are the writing of ,special or ,sp4 on book card1 opposite card number to indicate the privilege of extended time to special cardholder1 as well as on dating slip4 ,in this case1 call number or accession number is written on card 7presumably reader's card7 and the use of branch initial on reader's card to show card issued from a branch other than that from which book is borrowed4 ,this library uses a reader's receipt file for books returned without card--a slip giving name1 address1 card number1 class number1 date of issue and return4 ,this system with variations is also in use in the ,st4 ,louis public library 7called the write-ups7 and also in the ,pratt ,institute free library and supposedly many others4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library4 ,newark ,system4 ,uses different ink pads for fiction and non-fiction1 and dating pencils4 ,puts book cards into slots in desk2 fiction1 non-fiction and teachers4 ,stamps dates first and then writes card number4 ,uses different ink pad for discharging4 ,charging and discharging 7including checking off done at same desk7 done by same assistant except in a rush hour4 ,checking off however is done at assistant's leisure--that is1 the reader's card is stamped off before book card is found4 ,book cards are filed by class under date4 ,keeps a separate renewal file4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile ,library4 ,browne system1 with separate reader's identification card1 seldom used4 ,uses blue reader's pocket for fiction1 salmon color for non-fiction1 and manilla pockets for pay duplicates4 ,book card corresponds in color1 except in case of regular books issued as extras4 ,book card has ,cutter class number1 author and title4 ,assistant stamps date due on dating slip and book card which is placed in reader's pocket4 ,pockets are put temporarily in tray near issue desk and later filed by class1 under date due4 ,books are discharged by charging assistant at charging desk1 by taking book card from pocket and slipping it into book4 ,empty reader's pockets are constantly being filed in regular reader's file4 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library4 ,newark system4 ,different colored ink-pads for seven day and fourteen day books and for discharging4 ,reader's number first written on bookcard1 then book card1 dating slip and reader's card stamped4 ,reading-room books charged on slips filled out by reader4 ,two books generally are issued on one card but ,additional ,books stamped on reader's card entitles cardholder to a greater number of volumes1 of non-fiction1 usually six4 ,this privilege is granted to educators1 social workers and others engaged in serious study1 at the discretion of the head of the circulation department4 ,discharging is done at a separate desk in the usual way1 receipts being filed for books returned without reader's card4 ,books are placed on a truck and checked off by a special assistant4 ,society ,library ,the ,medical ,society of the ,county of ,kings--,uses a borrower's receipt1 giving author1 title1 accession number and borrower's signature4 ,these receipts are filed by borrower's name4 ,when book is returned1 it is discharged by stamping date of return on receipt and placing in file of cancelled loans4 ,the libraries using colored book cards to denote the classes are3 ,east ,orange ,public ,library4 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile ,library--colors simply indicating fiction or non-fiction4 ,those using colored book cards for their double file 7borrower's and book7 are3 ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,oberlin ,college4 ,at the time of book's issue bookcards are dropped into a drawer through slots designating classes of the books issued by the following libraries3 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library--designates fiction1 non-fiction and teachers4 ,libraries using temporary bookcards1 filled out at time of book's issue by borrower or assistant3 ,iowa ,state4 ,tulane ,university4 ,virginia ,state4 ,wesleyan ,university4 ,libraries using a borrower's record for privileged classes 7professors1 etc47 and a time record for students3 ,kansas ,university4 ,oberlin ,university4 ,syracuse ,university4 ,wesleyan ,university4 ,cards identifying the readers appear to be required by all the libraries save ,westminster4 ,these vary--those of the ,boston ,athenaeum1 ,medical ,society of ,county of ,kings1 apparently taking the form of a subscription entry while the ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile ,library issues one as an identification card1 which is seldom called into use4 ,libraries using borrowers' cards in a file at the library to indicate what the reader has out1 are3 ,oberlin4 ,syracuse--call numbers of books are written on students' cards4 ,university of ,kansas4 ,virginia4 ,wesleyan4 ,tulane4 ,those using a borrower's card which remains in the possession of the borrower1 while he has books from the library1 to indicate number of books out1 date either of issue or when due1 and a date of return are those employing the ,newark system3 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,east ,orange ,library4 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library4 ,syracuse uses the ,newark system but retains cards in borrower's file 7under borrower's number7 at library4 ,as regards the discharge of books1 the use of the ,browne system presupposes a complete discharge of the book1 in case of a borrower taking another at the time of its return4 ,libraries retaining borrowers' cards at the library discharge at their leisure4 ,where the ,newark system is used 7with the exception of the ,new ,york public library7 an incomplete discharge is made at the time of the book's return--consisting of the stamping of the date of return on reader's card4 ,it is obviously impossible to delay a reader while book is checked off4 ,checking off is then done at leisure either at charging desk by desk assistant or special assistant appointed for that work4 ,counting of ,issue ,the eighteen libraries reporting on this subject may be grouped under the following heads3 ,public or ,circulating ,boston ,athenaeum 7subscription74 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,east ,orange ,library4 ,forbes ,library4 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile ,library 7subscription74 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library4 ,college or ,university ,oberlin ,college4 ,syracuse ,university4 ,tulane ,university4 ,university of ,kansas4 ,wesleyan ,university4 ,westminster ,college4 ,state ,libraries ,iowa ,state4 ,virginia ,state4 ,reference ,library ,newberry ,library4 ,society ,library ,library of the ,medical ,society of the ,county of ,kings4 ,eight of these libraries record statistics of reference use3 ,newberry4 ,new ,york4 ,st4 ,louis ,public4 ,syracuse4 ,tulane4 ,virginia ,state4 ,wesleyan4 ,westminster4 ,the following do not include reference use on their statistics sheets1 although in some cases it is probably kept separately3 ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,east ,orange4 ,forbes4 ,pratt ,institute4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile4 ,the ,medical ,society of the ,county of ,kings and ,oberlin ,college library make no record of reference use1 but the latter records daily and monthly attendance4 ,four libraries keep no record by class3 ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,medical ,society of ,kings4 ,wesleyan4 ,westminster4 ,the following count the circulation on the day of issue3 ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,newberry4 ,pratt ,institute4 ,st4 ,louis ,public4 ,virginia ,state4 ,westminster4 ,in all the other libraries it is counted next morning1 save in ,kings ,county ,medical1 where only an annual count is made4 ,east ,orange and ,new ,york use colored bookcards to indicate the various classes2 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile uses different colors for fiction1 non-fiction and pay-duplicates1 and ,tulane uses a colored slip for reference requests4 ,two libraries1 ,iowa ,state and ,university of ,kansas1 report that no record of issue is made4 ,public or ,circulating ,libraries ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,the manilla cards forming the author record are counted at night and the number is entered in a book4 ,there is no entry by class and reference use is not reported4 ,carnegie ,library of ,atlanta4 ,issue is kept in three groups for fiction1 rent or pay collection and classed books4 ,the latter are arranged under class numerically or alphabetically4 ,fiction and rent collection are alphabeted and all are counted on the following morning and entered on a daily sheet1 juvenile issue being counted separately4 ,no report on reference issue4 ,east ,orange4 ,colored bookcards are used here to indicate different classes4 ,the issue is counted on the following morning and arranged according to the ,dewey ,classification and entered in a statistics book4 ,no report on reference issue4 ,forbes4 ,counted by groups of classes4 ,new ,york ,public4 ,colored bookcards are used here4 ,adult and juvenile issue are counted separately on the following morning3 #a4 ,by ,dewey classes1 issues in each class being added together to obtain the total issue in each group and the two groups then added for the grand total of the day4 #b4 ,by language4 #c4 ,poetry1 periodicals and music are counted separately as well as with their respective classes4 ,reference books are charged on slips1 signed by the reader1 the number of volumes issued being noted on the upper right hand corner4 ,at the close of the day these slips are counted twice1 first by readers and second by volumes4 ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library4 ,the daily issue is counted on the day of issue and arranged in four groups--fiction1 non-fiction1 teachers and renewals1 and entered on manilla slips which are divided into spaces for the ten ,dewey classes and also for languages1 duplicate pay collection1 summer issue1 delta and double star1 the last two being special collections4 ,these totals are all transferred to a daily statistics sheet4 ,a reference record is not reported on1 but is undoubtedly kept in some form4 ,st4 ,louis ,mercantile4 ,the issue is kept in seven and fourteen day trays and arranged by class1 salmon colored cards being used for non-fiction and blue for fiction4 ,before the library opens in the morning the issue is counted and entered in a book under classes 7,cutter74 ,reference record is not reported4 ,st4 ,louis ,public4 ,issue is kept in trays1 separated into groups for seven and fourteen-day fiction1 the ten ,dewey classes and 7in summer7 vacation issue4 ,at night it is counted and entered on a statistic sheet1 under the same heads4 ,reading-room issue is entered on the same sheet1 also by class4 ,the home issue is then separated by date1 seven-days in one alphabet and fourteen-days in another1 and arranged by author and accession number not class4 ,this arrangement1 by affording but one alphabet in which to search for a book due on a given date1 reduces the opportunity for mistakes to a minimum4 ,three-day magazines are inserted with seven-day cards under the correct date4 ,in the morning the circulation is revised for errors in alphabeting and also for illegible charges which are traced by means of a number1 assigned to each assistant4 ,reference use is entered on a form divided into four columns for main reference room1 art room1 technical department and totals4 ,the entries are by class and the number of volumes given to each reader noted4 ,all records are transferred the following morning to a permanent statistics book4 ,college or ,university ,libraries ,oberlin4 ,the author cards are arranged at night under date of issue by classes1 fastened together with a rubber band and placed in the issue tray ahead of all previous circulation4 ,in the morning they are counted and entered on a statistics sheet under class1 then filed in the issue tray4 ,statistics of reference use are not kept4 ,syracuse ,university4 ,statistics are recorded for home issue1 reading room issue and attendance4 ,when the books are charged they are divided into over-night and two week circulation2 in the morning these are subdivided into twelve classes and again recorded as charged to students1 faculty or departments4 ,methods of reporting reference use are not outlined but a record of some sort is made1 probably at the discretion of the various reading-room attendants4 ,one of the colleges 7,applied ,science7 reports to the general library only once a year and others monthly4 ,other departments report only attendance4 ,tulane ,university4 ,every morning charging slips are grouped into classes and counted4 ,yellow slips1 indicating library use are counted in the same manner and then destroyed4 ,entry is made in a record book under class1 library use being recorded in pencil and home issue in red ink directly beneath it4 ,university of ,kansas4 ,no record of issue is kept4 ,wesleyan ,university4 ,the issue is counted each morning in four groups2 bound and unbound 7issued to individuals71 reserve1 or books placed on reserve shelves and seminar1 or volumes sent to seminars for temporary use4 ,the last two groups are counted only at the time of issue1 their reference use not being noted4 ,entry is made in a day book under these heads2 no count is taken by classes4 ,book cards are counted each evening for home circulation1 reference books as they are given out during the day4 ,there is apparently no record by class and the method of entry is not stated4 ,westminster4 ,counted by class each evening4 ,reference books counted as issued4 ,state ,libraries ,iowa ,state4 ,no record of issue is kept4 ,virginia ,state4 ,a blank form spaced for fourteen classes is used for keeping the daily record of books given out both for reference and home use1 the distinction being presumably indicated by the use of pen and pencil1 although this point is somewhat obscure4 ,at night these totals are added4 ,reference ,library ,newberry ,library4 ,there are six reference departments1 each keeping statistics for men and women1 morning and evening visitors and books used1 the latter being entered by classes4 ,these reports are drawn up at night and taken next morning to the accessions clerk who enters the figures in a permanent statistical record4 ,society ,library ,medical ,society of the ,county of ,kings4 ,no record is here maintained of reference use4 ,home use slips are filed and counted annually to determine the circulation for the year but there is no record by class4 ,it is evident from the preceding tabulations that the reports of the various libraries are too uneven to admit of accurate comparison4 ,many points of interest1 as the record of reference use1 are omitted1 although in many cases this record is doubtless preserved4 ,in closing your committee desires to acknowledge valuable assistance in the tabulation and discussion of the above results1 rendered by three members of the ,st4 ,louis public library staff1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,p4 ,sawyer1 chief of the department of instruction1 ,miss ,mary ,crocker1 chief of the open shelf department1 ,miss ,jessie ,sargent1 first assistant in the issue department1 and ,miss ,amelia ,feary1 of the catalog department4 ,,arthur ,e4 ,,bostwick1 ,chairman1 ,,ethel ,f4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,o,u,g,h1 ,,harry ,m4 ,,lydenberg1 ,committee on ,administration4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,library ,,training ,after correspondence1 it was decided at the beginning of the year to make another effort to obtain from the ,executive ,board an appropriation which would make possible the repeatedly suggested inspection of library schools4 ,accordingly1 such a request was made at the meeting of the ,executive ,board at ,chicago last ,january1 and an appropriation of #bjj was obtained4 ,about the same time1 a request was presented to the chairman of the ,committee on library training1 signed by representatives of nearly all the library schools1 requesting that the committee recommend a minimum standard admission1 length of course1 and curriculum for library schools4 ,to this the chairman replied1 calling attention to the reports of #aije and #aijf1 in which an endeavor had been made to meet a part of the request1 and requesting that the schools indicate in what respects these reports should be modified or supplemented4 ,the replies to this request are most interesting and will be of great service to the committee4 ,when all the schools have answered this inquiry1 the replies will be manifolded and the committee will give the request careful consideration4 ,a thoroughly satisfactory recommendation1 however1 will naturally follow1 rather than precede1 the contemplated inspection of schools4 ,a tentative scheme of points to be observed in the proposed inspection has been prepared1 and is being considered by persons interested4 ,when their criticisms and suggestions have been received1 the committee will consider the scheme4 ,when approved by the members of the committee1 and when the committee has found a suitable person to make the inspection1 the library schools will be given the opportunity to ask for such inspection1 and to the extent of the funds available for the purpose1 the inspection will be made4 ,in the light of the facts obtained in such a careful study of the library schools1 it is hoped to make some recommendations which will be of service to the schools1 and to the profession4 ,on account of the absence of the chairman of the committee from the country since the first of ,february1 the work has progressed slowly4 ,for the same reason1 this report is submitted without being first considered and approved by the other members of the committee4 ,,azariah ,s4 ,,root1 ,chairman4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,work ,,with ,,the ,,blind ,the committee on library work with the blind notes with satisfaction the progress which has been made in the past year towards increasing the production of new embossed literature4 ,the installation of stereotype-makers operated by electricity and of power presses in some of the printing offices means a constantly increasing stock of books for circulation4 ,most important of all there seem to be indications that a new era is dawning when all ,america can unite on one point type4 ,the eleventh convention of the ,american association of workers for the blind1 held at ,overbrook1 ,pa41 ,june1 #aiaa1 was marked by one session unparalleled in the history of type discussions1 when1 during the report of the uniform type committee1 the blind themselves contributed #ahjj4jj towards the creation of a fund to be used in making scientific tests and experiments to determine upon a uniform system of embossed point print4 ,with the completion of the fund of #c1jjj and the co-operation of certain printing offices1 members of the committee have been hard at work preparing tests and making experiments4 ,an outline of the work of this committee appears in the ,outlook for the blind for ,april1 #aiab1 7v4 #f1 no4 #a74 ,lists of new publications in embossed type as well as lists of magazine articles referring to the blind are published from time to time in the ,outlook for the blind1 which is the only magazine in this country especially helpful to workers for the blind4 ,librarians are urged to place the ,outlook for the blind on reading tables and among the current magazines and to encourage its reading by the general public1 who need educating concerning the best methods of helping the blind4 ,helen ,keller has said1 ,i follow with keen interest your efforts to make the ',outlook for the blind' a success4 ,nothing is more useful to the sightless than an intelligent magazine in their interest1 setting forth their needs1 making known what they can do to earn a living1 and advocating movements of the right sort in their behalf4 ,the ',outlook for the blind' is just such a publication4 ,the fact that influential and wise persons who have the welfare of the blind at heart favor the magazine makes it all the more valuable4 ,it deserves liberal support from philanthropists and practical workers for humanity4 ,the ,samuel ,gridley ,howe ,society has been organized in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 with headquarters at #fab ,st4 ,clair ,avenue1 ,n4 ,e4 ,the plan of this society is to raise funds from local sources to defray the cost of the presswork1 the paper and the very simple binding used1 in the work of adding to the list of books in tactile print4 ,the list of publications already issued1 in ,american ,braille without contractions1 includes titles by ,deland1 ,davis1 ,john ,fox1 ,jr41 ,van ,dyke and others4 ,the ,michigan school for the blind1 at ,lansing1 now publishes a magazine in ,american ,braille1 with contractions1 entitled the ,michigan herald for the blind1 issued monthly except ,july and ,august4 ,the subscription price is #be cents per year4 ,the ,xavier ,braille publication society for the blind1 #hbd ,oak ,avenue1 ,chicago1 which was organized in #aiaa1 has since issued the ,catholic review1 a monthly magazine in ,american ,braille1 with contractions1 subscription #a4jj per year4 ,the ,society for the promotion of church work among the blind announces that volumes #a and #b of the music of the ,hymnal of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church have been finished and are ready for distribution4 ,copies may be obtained from ,mr4 ,john ,thomson1 treasurer1 #acth and ,locust ,streets1 ,philadelphia4 ,since the fire in ,march1 #aiaa1 when the ,new ,york state library for the blind was almost totally destroyed1 the new collection has grown with rapidity and is now nearly as large as at the time of the fire4 ,miss ,mary ,c4 ,chamberlain1 the librarian1 writes1 ,we hope soon to make the collection larger than it has ever been4 ,the circulation of embossed books from the public library of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 increased during the past year from #a1djj during #aiaj to #c1ijj during #aiaa1 which was attributed to the fact that the library society for the blind has provided a catalog in point print1 which is sent out4 ,the reading room for the blind in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 which was discontinued in #aiaa1 has been reopened in the ,library of ,congress4 ,during the past year the ,perkins institution for the blind has given away about #b1jjj volumes in line type to libraries and schools1 retaining a sufficient stock of duplicates for use in the circulating library of the school4 ,the new library of the institution1 now in course of construction at ,watertown1 ,massachusetts1 will be very large and commodious2 it will be capable of holding #bj1jjj volumes1 with provision for an extra gallery for #aj1jjj additional volumes if necessary4 ,in commemoration of the ,dickens centenary1 ,great ,expectations has been embossed in ,american ,braille4 ,the committee plans a full report of libraries which are doing work for the blind and will endeavor to secure from them an outline of the work they are doing at present4 ,in addition the special needs of readers will be sought with a view to having the books desired brought to the notice of one or more of the publishing houses4 ,efforts will be made to secure the establishment of additional libraries of embossed books in states where no such libraries are now maintained4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,emma ,r4 ,,neisser ,,delfino1 ,chairman4 ,,committee ,,on ,,public ,,documents ,your ,committee on ,public ,documents respectfully reports that two important reports relating to the printing1 binding and distribution of government publications have been made and are now before ,congress4 ,the first is the report of the ,special ,commission on ,economy and ,efficiency1 appointed by ,president ,roosevelt1 and transmitted ,february #e1 #aiab1 in a special message approving the same by ,president ,taft1 which recommends that the work of distributing documents be centralized in the office of ,superintendent of public documents in the ,government ,printing ,office as a substitute for the present method of distribution by each of the departments1 offices1 and bureaus issuing such documents4 ,the plan does not contemplate any change in the authority which determines the persons to whom documents shall be sent1 but only that the physical work of wrapping1 addressing1 and mailing the documents shall be done at one place1 and that the place of manufacture4 ,the second report is that made by the ,congressional ,committee on ,printing of which ,senator ,smoot is chairman4 ,this committee was appointed under an act of ,congress approved ,march #c1 #aije1 and was directed to revise and codify the laws relating to public printing1 binding and distribution of government publications4 ,after seven years of investigations and hearings this committee has formulated and presented to ,congress a new bill 7,senate ,bill #dbci7 covering this entire subject4 ,this bill which makes radical changes in the general printing act approved ,january #ab1 #ahie1 has passed the ,senate and is now before the ,house4 ,while both reports embody many recommendations and suggestions made by our association and by the librarians of our larger libraries1 your ,committee on public documents has thought best to delay its formal report until after the discussion at the sessions of the government documents round table1 at which time a paper by ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,august ,donath1 will be read1 and possibly also one from ,senator ,smoot1 who has written that other engagements will prevent him from being present and speaking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as copies of the proposed bill and the special reports relating to the same have been sent to several librarians1 it is hoped there will be a full and free discussion in order that any desirable changes or omissions in the proposed bill may be called to the attention of the ,congressional ,committee while there is an opportunity4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,godard1 ,chairman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,no doubt all of you have very carefully and thoroughly read the printed report of the ,publishing ,board1 which was distributed at the first session of this conference4 ,it will therefore be unnecessary for me to point out to you some of the very important recommendations1 or suggestions1 which appear therein1 and ,i mention it at this time merely for the purpose of adding that since the former session1 through the generosity of ,mr4 ,walter ,l4 ,brown of the ,buffalo library1 the ,publishing ,board is enabled to distribute in connection therewith a list which illustrates one of the very strong suggestions1 as we think1 which appears in that report4 ,you will find this list for distribution at the entrance1 and those of you who may care for it1 may help yourselves as you pass out4#b #b ,the list referred to was a reading list of selected books on ,greece1 prepared with annotated notes in the form advocated by ,mrs4 ,elmendorf in the report of the ,publishing ,board4 ,we will now hear from the committee on deterioration of newspaper paper4 ,we have had for the last two years some exceptionally interesting and important reports on that very important subject1 and we are glad to know that ,dr4 ,hill will at this time present a supplemental report covering the investigations which he has made during the last year1 additional to the facts which he has reported heretofore4 ,dr4 ,hill will please report for this committee4 ,,preservation ,,of ,,newspapers ,two years ago a report on the ,deterioration of newspapers was presented to the ,american ,library ,association at the ,mackinac conference1 and as a consequence the executive board appointed ,messrs4 ,frank ,p4 ,hill1 ,brooklyn public library1 ,horace ,g4 ,wadlin1 ,boston public library1 and ,cedric ,chivers1 bookbinder1 a committee to consider the subject further and report back to the association4 ,as stated at the ,pasadena conference last year1 the committee was appointed too late to make any satisfactory report at that time4 ,this year the report can be only one of progress4 ,in order to bring the matter more clearly to your minds liberal quotations are made from the #aiaj report4 ,an examination of old ,brooklyn and ,manhattan papers showed that in many instances papers published within the last forty years had begun to discolor and crumble to such an extent that it would hardly pay to bind those which had been folded for any length of time4 ,upon further investigation it was found that practically all of these newspapers were printed on cheap wood pulp paper1 which carries with it the seeds of early decay1 and that the life of a periodical printed on this inferior stock is not likely to be more than fifty years4 ,this is a serious matter and demands the attention of publishers and librarians throughout the country4 ,it means that the material for history contained in the newspapers will not be available after the period mentioned1 and that all such historical record will eventually disappear unless provision is made for reprinting or preserving the volumes as they exist at present4 ,the historian depends to such an extent upon the newspapers for his data that it will mean a serious loss if some preservative cannot be found4 ,as soon as the condition of the files of the ,brooklyn public library was discovered a circular was sent to some of the prominent newspaper publishers asking 7#a7 the result of their experience2 7#b7 whether a better grade of paper was being used for running off extra copies for their own files2 7#c7 what1 if any1 means were being taken to preserve the files in their own offices4 ,it was hoped as a result of this circular that definite measures of improvement would be suggested4 ,from responses received it is evident that there is a desire on the part of the publishers to meet the requirements of librarians and others on this subject2 and it is likely that a conference of publishers and librarians will be held in the near future to consider the feasibility of printing some copies on better paper1 but the answers showed that no special paper was used and that no means were taken to preserve 7by reprinting or by chemical process7 those in the worst condition4 ,inquiries were also sent to various manufacturers of paper with no better result4 ,no encouragement was received from this source except that one manufacturer thought that some newspapers were using a better grade1 and another1 that he had just the paper which ought to be used4 ,it was stated that two ,new ,york publishers used a better grade of paper for a few additional copies1 but returns from these papers indicate that no difference is made at the present time4 ,during the past six months the members of the committee have been in correspondence with publishers regarding the possibility of striking off a few extra copies on a better quality of paper1 and ,mr4 ,chivers has taken upon himself the duty and responsibility of experimenting with a cellit solution prepared especially for the preservation of newsprint paper4 ,early in ,june of this year the committee invited representatives of the leading ,new ,york and ,brooklyn papers to meet in conference on the subject4 ,the following papers were represented3 ,the ,brooklyn ,daily ,eagle by ,h4 ,f4 ,gunnison1 the ,new ,york ,american by ,jerome ,buck1 the ,new ,york ,world by ,e4 ,d4 ,carruthers1 and the ,publishers' ,weekly by ,john ,a4 ,holden4 ,the object of the conference was stated to be3 #ast4 ,the consideration of method of preserving bound volumes of newspapers2 and #bnd4 ,the possibility of publishers printing extra copies of the current issue on a better grade of paper for binding purposes4 ,mr4 ,chivers stated that he had not used celestron the ,german product1 but had made successful experiments with cellit1 an ,american solution4 ,his investigation proved that the deterioration was due in a large measure to the exposure of the paper to light and air and that by covering the paper with a coating of cellit or celestron the pores were filled and oxidation prevented4 ,he was afraid1 however1 that the question of expense would deter most librarians and publishers from dipping the volume page by page in the solution1 as suggested in the earlier report of this committee1 but expressed the hope that some method would be devised by which it could be used less expensively4 ,mr4 ,chivers was of the opinion that since oxidation begins at the edges the life of the paper may be extended from #ej to #ge years if the edges of the bound volume are painted with the solution1 and that this treatment could be repeated with the same result4 ,he called special attention to the necessity of binding newspapers as soon as possible after publication so that they need not be long exposed to the air4 ,the desirability of this practice was emphasized by some of the publishers and by ,mr4 ,arthur ,d4 ,little1 the ,boston chemist4 ,considerable discussion arose over the question of printing extra copies of current issues on a better grade of paper1 and the conclusion arrived at was that there was no practical objection to it1 and that it could be done without very much extra cost of time1 labor or paper4 ,the conference developed the fact that there was another drawback to the preservation of newspapers1 namely1 the poor quality of ink1 and that nothing would be gained by using the better quality of paper unless a better quality of ink was used4 ,mr4 ,carruthers1 of the ,new ,york ,world1 drew attention to the fact that the colored sections of the ,metropolitan ,sunday papers were destroyed by worms within a short time after publication4 ,so far as the committee was advised the first and only newspaper in the country to print extra copies on better paper was and is ,the ,red ,wing 7,minn47 ,republican1 which furnishes copies of its publication to the ,state historical society for filing purposes4 ,considerable publicity has been given the subject since the meeting through the ,american ,newspaper ,publishers' ,association1 and several valuable suggestions have been received4 ,mr4 ,gunnison of the ,brooklyn ,daily ,eagle writes3 ,i have given considerable thought to the matter of the better grade of paper and have come to the conclusion that the only feasible way is to have rolls of good paper and use that after the regular edition of the paper is run off4 ,as ,mr4 ,carruthers of the ,world said1 this would be almost impossible for some of the larger papers to carry out4 ,the ,eagle could do it very nicely because we have a different system of handling the paper and we shall try to put this into operation beginning with the first of the year4 ,as is well known the ,eagle is one of the best newspapers in the ,united ,states1 so that if anyone is particularly interested in securing for filing purposes a paper which will last for #ajj years or more he should subscribe to the ,eagle4 ,miss ,jane ,roberts1 of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 states that she uses a preparation put up by a ,newark chemist and has met with success in its application4 ,mr4 ,conde ,hamlin of the ,new ,york ,tribune sent in the following3 ,i did think of one method which seemed to me would be less expensive than the use of a special grade of paper for the printing of a few copies4 ,that would be to take a fine grade of ,french tissue paper and after separating the sheets which composed the paper to be preserved1 covering both sides of the printed matter with this tissue and a fine grade of paste4 ,this1 of course1 would make the bound volume much thicker but would preserve the paper itself4 ,i doubt whether this suggestion is of any value but take the liberty of making it4 ,it was decided that the subject was of sufficient interest and importance to warrant further investigation and the conference adjourned to meet in ,september4 ,we therefore recommend that the ,committee be continued4 ,,frank ,p4 ,,hill1 ,chairman1 ,,horace ,g4 ,,wadlin1 ,,cedric ,,chivers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,inasmuch as the report of the committee contains a recommendation1 that recommendation is now before you for action4 ,unless there are objections1 the report will be referred to the executive board for consideration of the recommendations contained therein4 ,dr4 ,,hill3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i hope we may hear from ,mr4 ,chivers for a moment if he is here4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,with characteristic thoroughness ,mr4 ,chivers has proceeded with his experiments as outlined by ,dr4 ,hill1 and we shall be very glad to hear from him at this time as to what he has found out4 ,mr4 ,,chivers3 ,the report you have heard deals pretty fully with the subject1 and ,i think the association may be congratulated upon the fact that the publishers of the more or less national newspapers1 who would be required to print quite a number of copies1 are willing to do it1 but that is not the whole of the problem4 ,the difficulty of bad paper and newspaper files will be felt in the future rather with local newspapers1 because only a few copies would be required for filing purposes1 and the printer would find special printing too troublesome and expensive4 ,as you have heard1 there is a substance called cellit1 a solution of cellulose and spirit1 into which the paper may be dipped1 and thoroughly saturated4 ,the spirit quickly evaporating leaves the paper quite tough4 ,the result is a very satisfactory paper4 ,it is1 however1 practically impossible to dip so large a surface as a newspaper into this solution4 ,the fibre when wet is too weak to handle2 also the spirit in the solution quickly evaporates1 leaving a glutinous mass1 impracticable to deal with4 ,we understand that oxidation of the paper resulted from the action of light1 air and deleterious atmosphere4 ,if the newspaper for filing were not allowed to be used in the reading room but were set aside on the morning of publication1 kept from the light and air1 and a board or weight placed upon it1 and if the volume were bound directly it was complete1 very little mischief would happen4 ,again1 if the edges of the volume were frayed out and this solution of cellit1 which is comparatively cheap and quite practical to use in this way1 should be painted upon the edges1 you would have a newspaper file which would last for a great number of years4 ,how many1 ,i do not know1 but the chemist who accompanied me to the ,british ,museum1 in conducting the examination of newspapers under the instructions of your committee1 could see no reason why the paper should not last indefinitely4 ,we discovered there--because in the ,british ,museum there are more newspapers brought together than in any other place in the world--that newspapers which were left lying about before binding were in a very bad condition in the course of four or five years1 while newspapers which had been bound some fifteen or twenty years1 of the same kind of paper1 were in thoroughly good condition1 proving that if you could take care of the paper and not allow it to be exposed to the air there is no reason why even bad paper should not last a very long time4 ,the rule should be made as ,i have suggested it4 ,in the ,british ,museum there had been no rule1 but the exigencies of the binding shop had been consulted1 and here and there a newspaper had been bound quickly1 and it was all right2 and if it had been left about1 as some of them were1 it was all wrong4 ,that is my practical contribution to the discussion4 ,dr4 ,,bostwick3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,hill if his committee investigated the newspaper report that it is now possible1 or will be shortly possible1 to obtain a thin1 tough metallic sheet which can be printed upon4 ,it was reported that that had been done4 ,dr4 ,,hill3 ,nothing of that nature came before the committee1 ,mr4 ,chairman1 but ,i am sure that at the next conference some publisher or some commercial house will give us that desired information4 ,i would say for the benefit of those who are interested in this subject1 and a great many of us ought to be1 that there are extra copies of the first report of the committee on the table for distribution4 ,dr4 ,,bostwick3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,chivers if he proposes1 in applying the cellit to the edges of the sheets1 to apply it to the bound volume as a whole1 and whether in that case the edges of the sheets would not stick together8 ,mr4 ,,chivers3 ,no4 ,the spirit very quickly evaporates and leaves a coating upon the edge of the paper4 ,last year at ,pasadena ,i was able to show the edge of a piece of paper before and after treatment1 and dealt with quickly it is not glutinous in any way1 and the application is perfectly successful4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,chivers if it would not be practical to dip the newspapers by some such process as is used in the development of moving picture films or kodak films4 ,they have rollers which carry the paper quickly through the solution4 ,mr4 ,,chivers3 ,that occurred to me1 but1 if you will remember1 ,i said the substance is a solution in spirit1 which very quickly evaporates4 ,the rollers might get clogged up in the course of a minute or two4 ,dr4 ,,andrews3 ,has the committee ever investigated the process used by the ,new ,york ,state library for the restoration of its manuscripts which came so near total destruction4 ,the result there seemed to be admirable1 but the process might be too expensive4 ,mr4 ,,hill3 ,i would say1 ,mr4 ,chairman1 that the committee had two or three letters from ,mr4 ,wyer1 the director of the library1 but ,i do not think he mentioned that4 ,he may be able to answer the question himself4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,i would like to ask if the committee gave any consideration to the temperature and humidity of the rooms in which the newspapers were kept1 as having some bearing on the life of the paper4 ,mr4 ,,chivers3 ,some attention was given to that in the ,british ,museum4 ,the papers are carefully kept4 ,the temperature there does not vary as it does in ,america4 ,sometimes it is humid more or less1 but it does not vary so much4 ,it is the action1 not of the humidity1 but of light and air itself upon the paper which produces early decomposition4 ,may ,i say in reply to ,dr4 ,andrews that we certainly took into consideration the covering of the newspaper with other paper or some other material1 and it is altogether too expensive4 ,the report that ,i was able to give of the action of cellit meets the difficulty in a better way1 and for a fraction of the cost and trouble4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,on behalf of the executive board the chair is requested to announce the appointment of the following committee on resolutions3 ,dr4 ,reuben ,g4 ,thwaites1 chairman2 ,miss ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,mr4 ,judson ,t4 ,jennings4 ,the dainty bit of literature which appeared in connection with the first issue of the program and bulletin1 bearing the signature of the president of this association1 strong and persuasive as it was dainty1 renders unnecessary any introduction by the present chairman to the program of this morning4 ,the topics1 as you will note1 are attractive1 they are in the hands of those competent to speak upon them1 they grow out of the forceful keynote address at the initial meeting of this association2 like the branches from a tree1 they are consistent parts of the whole4 ,we will begin by listening to ,,mr4 ,,carl ,h4 ,,milam1 secretary of the ,indiana public library commission1 who will speak on ,,publicity ,,for ,,the ,,sake ,,of ,,support ,in every community there are scores of intelligent men--men who are well-informed on most subjects--who do not know what the modern public library does1 whose conception of it is what might have been expected a generation or two ago4 ,the word library to them means such a collection of books as they have in their homes1 or the library they used while in college4 ,there is no thought in their minds of the aggressive1 civic and educational force that we believe the ,american public library to be4 ,these men are not found in any one particular class4 ,business men and public officials may seem to head the list1 but there are college professors and presidents1 and well educated professional men who are quite as uninformed and indifferent as any others4 ,i could point to dozens of men and women in my own state1 high up in educational affairs1 and some of whom are officially in close touch with libraries1 who do not realize at all what place a public library can hold in community life4 ,perhaps the best evidence on this proposition1 if evidence is needed1 is found in the recent books dealing with civic and educational affairs4 ,in many of them the authors speak forcibly and unmistakably in favor of the public library1 and exhibit a knowledge of current library practice that is gratifying to the library profession1 but there are other books--not few in number--in which the writers show an entire lack of appreciation of the public library movement4 ,it is very easy for us to say1 when such a condition is brought to mind1 that it is the other fellow's fault1 that there is no excuse in these days for anybody's being ignorant of the public library movement4 ,perhaps that is true2 but1 for my part1 ,i am inclined to wonder if the fault is not with the librarians themselves4 ,they have been so busy working out their own administrative problems that they have not taken the trouble to keep the public informed on the progress made4 ,they have pushed the establishment of libraries--that has been comparatively easy--but they have not yet1 to any very great extent1 created a public sentiment that insists enthusiastically on generous appropriations4 ,there is need for some advertising that will take care of this situation4 ,it might emanate from different sources3 from the state and national library associations and departments working on the public generally2 and from the libraries themselves1 individually working on their own communities4 ,most of the library association publications are professional literature2 most of the speeches made under the auspices of the associations are made to librarians and others already interested4 ,what is needed now1 if my reasoning is correct1 is a publicity campaign that will cover a wider range4 ,let its purpose be to give concrete1 up-to-date information about the public library to every man and woman who reads1 to every individual who is interested in any way in civic improvement or educational affairs4 ,surely no better way can be found of laying a foundation for liberal library appropriations4 ,one great need is for popular books and pamphlets on public library work4 ,dr4 ,bostwick's ,the ,american public library1 is the one available volume of this character2 there is room yet for several other publications1 shorter1 for the most part1 and dealing with special phases of library work rather than with all phases4 ,many people will have to read a short article or pamphlet before they will acquire sufficient interest to undertake a whole book4 ,the different lines of library work that offer subjects for popular treatment are many4 ,most of them have been written about for librarians2 why can't we have them written about now for the general public8 ,properly printed and attractively illustrated1 a series of books and pamphlets of the sort ,i have in mind could be used to a good advantage all over the country4 ,of course1 a good deal of the material distributed would never be read1 but the fact that little advertising booklets are widely used by business men would indicate that in the long run they do have a good effect4 ,perhaps the most promising field is that of the magazines1 for practically all intelligent ,americans read some monthly or weekly periodical4 ,some would be reached by the good literary magazines1 some by the so-called family magazines2 others read only the trade journals1 and a few only religious4 ,all together they offer a medium of publicity that would reach nearly everybody4 ,if we could successfully emulate the people who have pushed some of the great movements like conservation or industrial education we should soon have everybody believing that the public library is a live issue4 ,no other movement offers better opportunities for such publicity1 for there is no other institution quite so broad in its interests as the public library4 ,why cannot the library associations have a publicity man whose business it would be to get such articles into the magazines1 to prepare little booklets such as ,i have described for the information of the general public1 and to do whatever else he can to interest influential men and the world at large in public libraries8 ,this man might also be made responsible for getting library news articles and feature stories into the newspapers4 ,such articles would undoubtedly do a great deal to educate newspaper readers to a knowledge of library work as it now is1 but if they did nothing more than to keep the subject before the people they would be worth while4 ,there is also a large field open for public speakers4 ,a publicity man1 representing a national or state organization1 could make himself very useful as a speaker at public gatherings4 ,he could easily secure a place on the programs of many civic1 scientific and educational organizations1 and by a popular presentation of the public library's service along the line that particularly interested the members1 could undoubtedly make scores of new friends for public libraries4 ,such a person would be welcome also as a lecturer on librarianship at college1 academy and high school gatherings1 at chapel and convocation exercises1 etc4 ,these talks would have a double value in that they would help to bring good people into the library profession and at the same time give information about library affairs to students and instructors4 ,so far as ,i know1 the library profession has never indulged in paid newspaper or magazine advertising4 ,this may be due to the fact that we can usually get all the space we want in the regular news columns free of charge2 but ,i suspect it is due partly to our conservatism1 to our fear that paid advertising would be considered undignified4 ,certainly if the newspapers and magazines are willing to print without pay all that we wish1 we need not consider the paid ad4 ,but if it is impossible to secure the desired space in any periodical free of charge1 it might be worth while to buy it4 ,the paid library advertisement need not be similar to the ordinary commercial advertisement4 ,it could be modeled after the talks sometimes used by large corporations and promoters which are meant to create a sentiment favorable toward the company4 ,they should be done in newspaper ,english and should1 of course1 be short and to the point4 ,charles ,stelzle1 in his ,principles of successful church advertising1 says that ,one denomination in the ,u4 ,s4 has made a selection of a group of newspapers throughout the country which print regularly an editorial on some doctrinal or ethical theme and which is paid for by the national body4 ,if it is not undignified for a church to do these things1 surely it would not be out of place for the public library4 ,so much for the advertising methods that might be followed by the ,a4,l4,a41 the ,league of ,library ,commissions1 or the various state associations and commissions4 ,by such means the attitude of friendliness toward libraries in general would undoubtedly be fostered and an interest in their establishment and maintenance greatly increased4 ,but the librarian of a public library could not rest on this4 ,the proper taste for library expenditures--if we may so express it--in his particular town will depend largely on his particular library and his own methods of advertising4 ,of course we shall all agree that the best advertisement is satisfied patrons and lots of them1 and that without the backing of such patrons1 the advertising will do little good2 also that special work for the special classes who have most to do with tax levies and appropriations will bring good results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,almost as important as satisfactory service is a business-like administration4 ,the library management ought to be such that it will command the respect of business men4 ,no amount of mere talk about the need for more money or of the wonderful advantages that will accrue to the city in case an extra thousand dollars be appropriated1 will count for anything unless the librarian knows how to talk business4 ,in fact it does not seem surprising that some libraries are poorly supported when one realizes that there are hundreds of librarians who know nothing about their library finances1 who leave the money matters entirely to the library board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unfortunately1 the librarians who are ignorant of the financial condition of their libraries1 except their own salaries and the fines1 are not all found in the country towns and are not all without library school training4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i know of one librarian in a city of nearly one hundred thousand population who never knows the amount of the library income1 for either the current or the past year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i know of another library1 this one in a small town1 that has been running for several years on a very limited income although the board has absolute power to more than double the library levy4 ,recently the librarian1 a library school graduate1 resigned1 because1 she said1 there was no future4 ,a few weeks later a candidate for the position met with the board to talk things over4 ,she went armed with a p-slip full of figures4 ,she knew the assessed valuation of the town1 and the present and possible library income4 ,she knew something about the city finances and whether the town could afford an increase for the library4 ,she had similar figures for the adjoining townships and was prepared to tell how township support might be secured4 ,in fact1 she went to the board meeting prepared to discuss the financial possibilities of the library in a business-like way1 to tell what ought to be done1 how much it would cost to do it and finally1 what she would take to shoulder the proposition4 ,of course1 she was employed4 ,she was employed at her own salary and on her own conditions1 and the board agreed to follow out her recommendations4 ,such a librarian is a perpetual advertisement for the library of the very best sort4 ,his reputation for a good business administration will win the business men1 and his knowledge of city finances will win the respect of public officials and others interested in city government4 ,the library and the librarian also need a reputation for being interested in all civic improvement societies and other organizations that have for their business the public welfare4 ,agreeable professional relations with the men and women who are members of these societies will make friends for the library of the best and most active people of the city4 ,the librarian can without difficulty1 secure an invitation to address such organizations on matters pertaining to the library and if he is the right sort1 he will be allowed to present his cause when he is asking for more money4 ,the librarian who does all these things ought not to have any great difficulty in securing the money necessary to run his library properly4 ,it will be an added advantage1 however1 to keep the name of the library before the people4 ,we ought not to be satisfied until everybody knows that there is such a thing as the public library and that it is situated at a certain place4 ,the mere fact that a man knows a thing exists will make him approachable when the time comes to ask his support4 ,in order that people who do not use the library may nevertheless know something about it and be prepared to play the part of intelligent citizens when appropriations are discussed1 there is need for a continuous series of newspaper articles that will tell1 frankly and fully1 what the library is doing4 ,these articles should appear as news items whenever possible and should be readable4 ,the librarian who does the largest part of the reporter's and editor's work is likely to get the best results4 ,if the papers are accustomed to getting something from the library regularly1 they will be willing to print financial reports and budgets with explanations when the time comes4 ,if for any reason the library cannot get its items printed as news1 then the same material can be used in paid talks to the public4 ,just before time for making the appropriation1 comparative statistics can be used to a good advantage1 especially if graphically shown with cuts4 ,they can show the smallness of the library income as compared with incomes of other city departments1 the lack of growth in library income as compared with the growth of the city1 and the appropriation for the library in question as compared with other libraries in cities of equal size4 ,the newspaper is the recognized medium for all sorts of local advertising4 ,it reaches more people than any other medium and many people who could not be reached in any other way4 ,in advertising the needs of the library1 however1 where only a comparatively small number of people must be reached1 it seems reasonable to assume that the circular letter might accomplish good results4 ,it should be carefully written to catch the attention1 beginning with some statement in which the reader is interested1 proceeding rapidly to the business in hand1 and1 above all things1 stating clearly at the end1 the exact action desired4 ,it is possible now to get up perfect imitations of individual typewritten letters4 ,such letters with the name and salutation inserted on a machine1 and with personal signature1 ought to bring results4 ,those or actual personal letters are the last word4 ,any man who has in the background of his mind a knowledge of what the library stands for1 a good opinion of the library based on good service and continued publicity1 ought to be influenced to definite action by a good personal letter4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,it is not given to many of us to approach a subject from so many directions as ,mr4 ,,walter ,l4 ,,brown1 librarian of the ,buffalo public library1 in grappling with the subject of ,the breadth and limitations of bookbuying4 ,his all-around experience will make this next paper one of exceptional value to us4 ,dr4 ,thwaites has kindly consented to read the paper for ,mr4 ,brown4 ,,breadth ,,and ,,limitations ,,of ,,book ,,buying ,one of the first principles of public library management is that of adjusting it to the needs of its public1 by whom and for whose benefit and pleasure it is supported by the municipality4 ,upon this proposition there has been no disagreement1 as it is self-evident4 ,questions of general policy arise when we attempt to decide what is beneficial and what is detrimental1 just how far we may go to supply books for special and limited use1 and just how far we may respond to the popular taste in the demand for the expenditure of public funds for pleasure4 ,the breadth and limitation of book buying should be determined by the needs of the public rather than from the ratings of the books which are being published4 ,we should find the books that are best fitted for the people who are to use them1 rather than to try to fit the people to the books which we may consider as the most desirable4 ,the questions so often raised as to the admittance to the library shelves of some books of fiction of doubtful morals or the latest piece of erotic literature seem very trivial when we consider the problems that face us in the broad field of library work4 ,the library is a public enterprise for public good1 and not merely a coperative scheme for the purpose of obtaining cheap reading1 nor a bibliographical storehouse4 ,the important question is whether the books we are asked to buy will serve any legitimate end of library service4 ,most of our ,american cities resemble each other in the exceedingly complex character of their population1 each of whose varied elements has more or less claim on the services of the public library4 ,while it is not possible to classify definitely the residents of a city for library purposes1 there are certain large groups which we may recognize4 ,in the first place1 the public library has to serve1 as libraries of all times have served1 those who have had all the advantages of systematic education--those in the learned professions and in other walks of life who have had given to them1 through college and university training1 a wider vision than that of the average citizen2 those who have had given to them at least the knowledge of the existence of the store of accumulated thought and of the records of the past4 ,upon these more fortunate ones rests the responsibility1 in a large measure1 of carrying the torch of knowledge and civilization a little farther with each generation4 ,the public library does not pretend to act as a guide to this part of the community1 but it must serve as its laboratory and as its source of supply4 ,a second group which includes a large part of our population is made up of those who have had the advantage of the full course of the grammar school1 with the smaller number who have had that of the high school4 ,from this group come not only the clerks in our stores and offices1 but men in the more skilled occupations1 and also many business men and employers of labor4 ,some of these are existing through gray1 narrow1 uneventful1 toilsome lives1 while others take a large and leading part in all that concerns the life of the community and in the moulding of public opinion4 ,it includes men of many creeds and civilizations1 prejudices1 desires and ambitions2 of many degrees of culture and taste1 high and low2 influenced by very different inheritance1 associations and opportunities4 ,some gain through application most of the advantages of the best training1 while others not only fail to make use of1 but often practically lose the education the city has given them4 ,for the larger number of this group there are great possibilities for good in the means of education and cultivation which are now being provided by the municipality4 ,how may the public library best meet the needs of these people1 so many and so diverse8 ,how may it give to those who lack it that which will enliven1 improve1 stimulate and cultivate1 creating not only the desire for what is best in life1 but supplying the essence so far as it may be gained from the stimulus and inspiration of books8 ,how may we give others the practical knowledge that is needed by them in their varied occupations and activities8 ,probably the most potential group in our cities is that large one made up of the children of the immigrants4 ,if they can be lifted by education1 if their taste can be guided and directed toward better desires1 the help which the library is able to give will act as a tremendous force for good4 ,if these children are left alone to indulge in what is vicious and demoralizing in the life of the crowded sections of the cities1 they will become a menace to the municipal life4 ,their parents have little to give them4 ,the schools have on an average a brief five years in which to influence these children1 but they do send them out with the power to read ,english4 ,the public library may exert its influence not only during their school life1 but if it acquires a hold upon them at that time1 it will continue to be an influence for good upon these future rulers of the city4 ,is it not possible1 in a small way at least1 to cultivate their taste and give them some desire to read what is worth while8 ,the broad base upon which city life rests is still another group made up usually of the newcomers from many lands4 ,a very large number have little or no education excepting such as their toil has brought them4 ,many are able to read their native tongue1 but all their traditions and all their lore is that of other lands and literatures4 ,we find that many of the more intelligent among them have brought1 in addition to their muscular strength1 much that might enrich their adopted country if it could find means of expression4 ,they constitute a danger in our life only when lacking the knowledge of our tongue1 our ways and our ideals1 and when in ignorance of the adjustment of our government by the popular will1 they become the prey of the demagogue4 ,he easily gains a blind following among the ignorant by preaching class hatred and a kind of discontent which is unrighteous4 ,library work among these people should not only act as a safeguard1 but may prove an opportunity for some at least to attain a broader life by awakening the desire for knowledge and the ability to grow which comes with the reading habit and the knowing how to use books4 ,the public library has not only to carry out its mission to the individuals of these groups as its part in social advancement1 but it has to coperate in the work of betterment with the schools1 and with clubs and movements and with all manner of philanthropic and social endeavor4 ,there is no lack of appreciation of this function of the public library and we need not emphasize it any more than the service which it renders promptly and liberally to the scholars and other leaders of the mental life of the community4 ,if we should fail to recognize our duty in either respect1 objection would be promptly expressed4 ,the real value of a public library as a municipal institution can be best measured by its service toward building up a more intelligent1 hopeful and happier citizenship4 ,it is possible to help the immigrant through the writers of his native tongue which bring him pleasure and pastime4 ,we may even now help him in his material progress in his new home by giving him elementary books in ,english1 from which he may acquire some knowledge of ,american institutions and ,american life1 and the time may come when we will be able to do far more with great effect by having ,american books translated into other tongues for this purpose4 ,we need to help by far the greater proportion of foreigners to acquire ,english1 because it is a tool which all must have in this country for intelligent bread-winning purposes4 ,we need to study the race history of those represented in the population1 and we should know something of their conditions before coming to ,america2 something of their education and their mental development4 ,many sections of our large cities have different problems in the amalgamation of the population and the library should do what it can to help solve them4 ,a library agency in the neighborhood of these newcomers is a center of real service and helpfulness4 ,no work shows more definite results1 or is appreciated more than that which we do among the immigrants and their children1 who are often used as go-betweens by the parents and the library4 ,while there are many agencies at work upon the children of the immigrant1 the library has a very important place and much responsibility4 ,no matter what the other demands may be1 we cannot afford to neglect these children1 and we must make generous provision to get them interested in good books through the schools and the library4 ,between the immigrants and their children at one extreme1 and the educational institutions and the scholar at the other1 there is that very large group of the community made up of the more or less educated people1 concerning whose needs and desires most of the questions on bookbuying are raised4 ,this is a reading group4 ,a certain part of it consumes tons and tons of newspapers and cheap magazines1 the very names of which are strange in libraries4 ,this is the reading--perhaps the only reading--of many of them1 and we find that they go to the newspapers for the stirring and morbid records of crime1 for scandal1 for gambling news and other sensational matter1 and they are reading the magazines for stories of much the same character4 ,such readers crave excitement2 they seldom read a book for pleasure1 and they have never used the printed page for the purpose of obtaining information since their school days4 ,it seems vital that the public library should find some meeting place with this section of the community4 ,the plane of the cultivated reader has no temptation whatever4 ,one must get down to earth to start growth1 and the danger of bending down is far less than that of keeping aloof by reason of too high a standard4 ,it is possible to do this without wholly giving up our demand for good quality1 and we may find popular books free from vulgarity and from any pernicious influence1 which1 if properly used1 may create a zest for better books when they are offered4 ,in selecting books of different grades for the purpose of leading readers from the poorer books to the better1 we do1 of course1 put before the readers of the better books a selection of descending quality4 ,fortunately1 however1 there is little danger in this1 for there is a safeguard in the fact that a taste for the better books carries with it a dislike to those of inferior quality4 ,it is well to remember also that even the lightest fiction selected by the library is free from most of the objectionable qualities of the reading indulged in by many readers whom we hope to reach4 ,as we advance in the scale of our readers1 the demands upon the library increase4 ,more and more the library is becoming of commercial use4 ,not only men of the various industries are finding use for the recorded experiences and the advice of experts in their own lines1 but business men are beginning to find great possibilities in the use of books as time-savers and as a help to efficiency4 ,the use of the book as a tool is becoming constantly greater1 and the public library1 as a matter of course1 is to supply all books which may be so used4 ,it is the plain duty of the public library to make known its ability to help its community in these practical ways4 ,it would seem that wise book buying would result more often through a study of the city rather than from the searching of book catalogs4 ,the public library perhaps more than any other educational institution may receive help from social surveys1 social engineering1 and the records of commercial organizations4 ,if a social survey has not been made of our city1 we should at least ascertain the elements which go to make up its population4 ,let us know the types of people to be reached and their numbers4 ,how many ,americans of native stock8 ,how many residents of foreign birth8 ,how many children of foreign born parents8 ,what are the races represented--,english speaking1 ,germanic1 ,slavic1 ,latin1 etc48 ,what are the social and economic conditions8 ,what are their occupations8 ,what of their education and sthetic development8 ,these are pertinent questions for the library4 ,then let a search be made for the most attractive books for each group1 always remembering that there is a place for sound1 clear1 elementary books on all subjects1 and that these should be duplicated freely4 ,let the business of the community be analyzed4 ,are there textile1 steel or wood industries8 ,what manufacturing is done1 and what raw materials are used8 ,what of its markets8 ,what of its transportation8 ,what authoritative material may we find on all these subjects1 and how may we make it of valuable use8 ,what is being done in our city for the fine arts2 for natural science2 for the study of literature2 for religious and ethical teaching8 ,how may we coperate in all this work by supplying the necessary books8 ,let there be a thorough understanding of how and where good books may be used1 and then let us consider the breadth and limitation of our book buying4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,one is tempted to linger over the flavor which has been given to the wording of the next topic1 ,the open door1 through the book and the library2 opportunity for comparison and choice2 unhampered freedom of choice1 and if we do not linger longer on this it is because we know that that flavor will be made permanent after listening to the address itself of the speaker1 ,mr4 ,,charles ,e4 ,mc,l,e,n,e,g,a,n1 librarian of the ,milwaukee public library4 ,,the ,,open ,,door1 ,,through ,,the ,,book ,,and ,,the ,,library2 ,,opportunity ,,for ,,comparison ,,and ,,choice2 ,,unhampered ,,freedom ,,of ,,choice ,a professor in one of our large universities recently complained that college students of the present day are so woefully ignorant of many things that they could reasonably be expected to know4 ,the exciting cause of the professor's outburst was an attempt to get from his class some information about ,chanticleer4 ,he was met by conservative and judicious silence until one youth1 who was not quite sure1 ventured the opinion that it was a popular song sung by ,jane ,addams4 ,of course such an answer would irritate a ,chicago man1 and justly too1 when we consider that ,miss ,addams is what made ,chicago famous4 ,but the wail of the professor provokes the question3 ,where do all the scholars and thinkers of the world come from8 ,what keeps up the breed8 ,what is it that fills in the ramshackle1 ill-jointed1 unpromising frame of much of our school product1 and returns us so much of fine manhood and womanhood1 and so much of the sound learning and ability of the working world8 ,we must1 ,i think1 admit that the world is fairly furnished with men and women1 intelligent and useful1 whom no college can claim4 ,and every college has its quota of dunces who may never be anything else4 ,my professor made no discovery of an alarming decadence1 for what he complains of has always been true4 ,we should not be pessimistic about youth1 and we must be fair to our schools4 ,they make better what we send them1 but they have no science of alchemy4 ,many men and women find their inspiration in schools4 ,but after the largest measure of allowance1 it will be conceded that the amount of scholarship and efficiency in the world far exceeds the output of our scholastic plants4 ,there are more of such people than schools produce1 and the surplus must be accounted for in some other way4 ,this surplus comes1 somehow1 from that vast throng who are1 in a sense1 the forgotten children of modern education--those hundreds of thousands who fall out of the ranks in school days1 and yet who persist and find themselves without the help of the schools4 ,it is very fortunate that this is so1 for otherwise we might have to abandon some of our weightiest political maxims4 ,the world is governed by proverbs1 but as a rule of action1 a proverb is as dangerous as dynamite4 ,it is as useful as a club in a political campaign4 ,but ,dr4 ,holmes was right3 proverbs should be sold in pairs so that one may correct the other as a counter irritant4 ,one of the most venerable and mossy of these narcotic saws is that our school systems are the bulwark of democracy4 ,undoubtedly presidents could be elected on this platform alone1 if you could find an opposing party foolish enough to deny it4 ,yet schools can be the bulwark of democracy only by a confusion of terms1 by which we mean that education and intelligence are the bulwarks of democracy4 ,this we may grant2 but we are now speaking of something besides the three ,r's and things that children learn in school4 ,by education and intelligence1 we mean the resultant of many forces acting on one point4 ,we may readily admit that democracies like ours have only intelligence with which to oppose the powers that tend to gather at the center or to fly off the circumference4 ,it seems to me that what we call the education of our schools is a very imperfect instrument for the work it is supposed to do4 ,what do we say first to that fifty per cent of the population who drop out of grammar schools with only the most elementary and inadequate knowledge of the three ,r's8 ,what has the school given them with which to fight the battles of democracy8 ,it is not only the spur of necessity which drives youth to labor so early4 ,that is undoubtedly one cause4 ,there are also the profound weariness and distaste which come of forever seeking from the text-book page1 from the teacher's voice1 and from the gradgrind drill for something to awaken the mind where the mind has no interest4 ,germany has been the first to see this failure of the common school to equip the majority2 the killing effect of one sort of training for every type of mind4 ,witness the system of continuation schools for those who find themselves after beginning the bread and butter work of life4 ,witness the compulsion of the employer to devote part of the apprentice time to special instruction in the chosen craft4 ,even the unused moments of garrison life in the army are not wasted4 ,everywhere the progress of ,germany is prolonging the school day in the discovery of aptitude1 and in the cultivation of it after it has been discovered4 ,in our ,english-speaking world we are trying to find the same thing in our trade schools1 in our manual training1 in our vocational education1 in the many things which we perhaps hastily call fads in education4 ,they all indicate a reaching after something which is not now attained2 a search for an awakening influence on minds that are now dormant2 for something to light the inward eye4 ,in all there is the implication of a need which has not been met4 ,these things are the evidence that the diet of public education is not varied enough to nourish all the children of the commonwealth1 to awaken the dormant power for ,,some ,,thing that lies somewhere in most of humanity4 ,the hungry sheep look up and are not fed4 ,public education has given long and careful thought to those who remain in school4 ,it is just becoming conscious of the great majority who do not remain--the great majority whom necessity1 choice1 or lack of adaptation of the school to the child drive yearly into the rough school of life4 ,at present the best that schools do for these is to provide each child with the means of self education--the ability to read4 ,but we are to remember that this is only one of the instruments of education2 it is not education itself4 ,it is no discovery1 and it needs little observation to point out1 that with this instrument of reading1 the newspaper1 the magazine and the book are the potent educators of our day4 ,they are1 or should be1 the bulwark of democracy4 ,i am not concerned to discuss this further than to show that what we have vaguely depended solely upon our schools to do1 is not done by them1 and never has been done by them4 ,for the great mass1 our schools give each child the one open sesame--reading4 ,there they leave him to open what doors he can and will4 ,before ,i suffer as a heretic1 let me quote a really thoughtful man1 ,thomas ,carlyle1 called by a breezy miss in our last civil service examination the great ,english apostle of hope4 ,you remember that1 in speaking of the origin of universities1 ,carlyle in his ,heroes said1 ,if we think of it1 all that a university or final highest school can do for us is still but what the first school began doing--teach us to read4 ,the place where we are to get knowledge is the books themselves4 ,it depends on what we read after all manner of professors have done their best for us4 ,the true university of these days is a collection of books4 ,possibly there is a little something proverbial about this1 and perhaps it should be mixed with a trifle of ,mark ,hopkins on the end of a log4 ,but a collection of books1 be it large or small1 is a library4 ,that definition still holds1 though we may have to include skittles and beer after awhile4 ,it is quite clear that this aspect of a library as a distinct and active factor in education has only of late impressed itself upon the public mind4 ,it marks the library as a vitalized public utility1 from which we are to expect more than has yet been received4 ,even the best of schools has its limitations because of the inflexibility of its courses of study1 and it may fail1 often does fail1 to touch with any spark of living fire4 ,but the library may provide something for every type of mind4 ,the library cannot create mind or the will and disposition to use it1 any more than the school can4 ,but where the desire to feed any mental craving exists1 it would be a very poor library indeed that cannot satisfy it in some degree4 ,this power of the right book to supplement the school1 or even to take the place of it1 is not yet comprehended in any fullness in our public education4 ,but it is just in this power of the book that a library has one of its best reasons for being1 and it is for this reason that1 when the library comes into its own1 it will be a most important factor in education4 ,let us see to it that one door is kept open for those who discover themselves after school days are gone4 ,there are thousands who fail to grasp their opportunities in the way and at the time that schools prescribe that they should4 ,some of these find themselves by living1 by working1 by accident it may be1 or by any of the infinite ways in which humanity adjusts itself to its surroundings4 ,for them the library is a path into fields of learning1 into avenues of power that make all things possible4 ,here is the college of our self-educated man4 ,there is no mystery about it4 ,it is the natural result of following the inward light4 ,we know that the better part of education is what we give ourselves4 ,one should not use a single instance to prove a principle4 ,it is not merely bad logic2 it is not logic4 ,yet the fact that everyone who deals either with people or with books knows many such cases shows that the experience is universal4 ,one day not long ago1 as ,i sat alone in the office1 a lad came in4 ,mister1 do you buy the books here8 ,i admitted complicity4 ,will you buy one that ,i want8 ,i asked what it was4 ,chickens4 ,to cut the story short1 ,i asked him to sit down and we talked about chickens1 for ,i am something of a farmer4 ,i found that he had read everything in the library on poultry and was hungry for more4 ,he knew the hen intimately4 ,he had mastered the genealogy1 the sociology1 the psychology1 and the ,why of hens4 ,furthermore1 while he was doing time in school1 he was also carrying on a successful chicken business on a city lot1 from which business he had wrung two thousand hard dollars1 which he had safely in the bank4 ,he had already marked down a little farm near the city which would be his as soon as he had completed his education in the grammar school1 and then he would make the feathers fly4 ,i am glad to say he got his book1 and ,i added another lesson to the many my boys have taught me4 ,what is our concern with this lad8 ,he is a type of what ,i have in mind4 ,i do not value him for his ability to make money4 ,men make money who aren't worth a cent4 ,i measure him by his value as a producer1 by his value to humanity as an example1 and by his value to a library as a walking delegate for free and unrestricted choice in books4 ,he is an educated man1 joyfully occupied in something which engages every faculty of his mind1 which he loves1 understands1 and has mastered for himself4 ,your country and mine will be the better the more they can grow of that sort of man4 ,he has made good2 he has arrived4 ,and to arrive somewhere1 under your own steam1 is a great thing in life4 ,you might not get the answer you were looking for1 but you could not get a foolish answer1 if you asked him of ,chanticleer4 ,lest ,i be misunderstood1 ,i repeat for a moment4 ,schools must be systematized4 ,they must follow a course of study4 ,unhappily1 what is called economy dictates that the young must be herded together in droves1 graded by their ability to do one or two things into groups of presumptively equal power1 equal ability to comprehend and to labor1 and of similar tastes4 ,it is the best that modern education has been able to do in the schools4 ,yet every one of these presumptions of equality is false4 ,in spite of the ,declaration of ,independence1 no two people on earth are equal except in their right to live1 move and have their being4 ,but on this educational bed of ,procrustes each soul of our ,anglo-,saxon race lays him down to pleasant dreams4 ,alas for him whose mental legs are too long1 or too short1 to fit the couch6 ,dreams8 ,for some they are nightmares6 ,just because of this narrowness of public education1 because of its inability to touch all types of mind1 we have that endless procession1 out and ever out1 from our schools4 ,it is not my wish to take a hopeless view of education4 ,there is no reason for taking such a view4 ,i wish merely to emphasize a fact which has always been true1 but a fact of which we are just becoming conscious4 ,the problem of education in the days that are coming is to adjust our machinery so that these lost products shall be lessened4 ,in this readjustment the library will have its place as a recognized and systematic factor in the greatest business of the state4 ,the open door through the library and the book has a pleasant sound4 ,yet probably the most surprising fact in actual experience is the helplessness of even intelligent people in using books4 ,the address of ,prof4 ,chamberlain1 delivered before this association a year ago1 did not overstate the case of the schools4 ,but schools are beginning to meet the issue1 and in time they will remedy the conditions for those who are fortunate enough to remain in schools4 ,but always for us will remain that contingent who drop out of school1 in days before the school can reach them with this gospel of the book4 ,the school has lost them1 and1 if ever they find the open door through the book1 it will be by chance1 or because the library itself opens the door4 ,it rests with us to proclaim our mission to them4 ,of course every good library has always taught those insistent ones who knocked at its doors4 ,but the library has been a passive agent of this education1 not an active one4 ,a public library1 in my judgment1 should be equipped with the necessary apparatus to conduct this work systematically1 to propagate its own use1 to spread the gospel of the open door among the people whom it serves4 ,if this seems a violent innovation1 ,i beg you to consider it from the schoolmaster's point of view1 as well as from the librarian's4 ,here is a great body of people in every community whom other agencies have taught to read1 who depend upon reading to return service to the state and to promote their own welfare4 ,on the other side1 the library1 with the admitted duty of furthering education through the book4 ,does it not rest with the library to teach persistently1 systematically1 and by every practicable means1 how and where to find what to read8 ,the means of doing this is another matter1 but for the expediency of it1 and the need of it1 examine in any considerable community1 the roster of the great correspondence schools1 and reflect how many people are groping their way out of darkness toward the light4 ,what people pay for1 as they do for this instruction1 they want2 and what these learners get for their money1 they should have for nothing in any public library4 ,when we teach how and where to find what to read1 the open door through the library and the book will have some meaning for every man1 woman and child who can simply read4 ,all the artificial barriers that stand between the reader and his book will go2 the barrier in the book itself will largely be removed1 and the library will reach through intelligent choice many of those who are counted down and out by the schools3 the thoughtful man who has come to realize the possibilities of his work3 the one who has waited long to find his aptitude2 the timid2 the hesitant2 the shy and distrustful2 the misunderstood2 those who see the dawn of a tomorrow4 ,the procession is endless1 and each has his human need1 which runs the gamut from utility to the highest joys of life4 ,we talk so much about the struggle for existence that we forget that the best thing in life is just to live4 ,not all reading is for material profit2 some of it is for happiness1 and that happiness is purest and most complete which we find for ourselves4 ,it is the discovery of one's own light that brings the abiding joy4 ,what man or woman cannot look back to the inspiration of some finding of his own for which he owes no one but his ,creator8 ,these are the finest moments of life4 ,then felt ,i like some watcher of the skies1 ,when a new planet swims into his ken4 ,so said ,keats upon first looking into ,chapman's ,homer4 ,to express the rapture of the poet is given only to the poet4 ,but the pure joy of finding for ourselves some of the true and beautiful with which we are in harmony1 is reward enough4 ,whether we look upon our library as a source of recreation1 of happiness or profit 7and it is all of these7 this army1 who have fallen out of the ranks in the onward march of education in the school1 seem to be our especial wards4 ,to open the door through the book for them is a work worth doing1 not as a means of salvation1 but as a means of sowing more efficiency and more happiness among men4 ,ours is not the schoolmaster's task of teaching things3 it is the nobler task of showing humanity how to teach itself4 ,and1 while we speak of missions1 the library need not take itself too seriously4 ,the world is not looking to us for the salvation of mankind4 ,when all is done that can be done1 there will still be those who will not read1 and who will follow the primrose path after their natures4 ,there are many agencies in life that work for good and the library is one1 not the only one4 ,our field is clear-cut and well-defined--to extend the use of books4 ,there seems to be a sort of nervous notion abroad that one of the chief ends of libraries is to draw a crowd and put a nice book into every hand4 ,i do not know about all these enrichments of our libraries as ,i read of them4 ,have books any compelling power over those who merely come into their presence1 unless such people love the books or at least wish to read them8 ,of this ,i have no doubt3 ,there are enough who care to use our libraries1 if we can take away that helpless bewilderment which overcomes those who are cast adrift1 without rudder or compass1 upon a sea of books4 ,teach them the ways in which books may be made to yield their treasures4 ,open that door in youth if possible1 and it will be the best possession which youth carries into manhood4 ,but open it sometime1 for the real harvest time is when he who wishes to read1 reads what he wants4 ,it might be more soul-satisfying to me to hand out to my chicken boy books that minister to more attenuated needs--but what about the boy8 ,is he not better that he finds for himself in the book what feeds his mind8 ,the glory and power of the library is that he who can merely read1 may there find what the in-dwelling spirit asks for4 ,it is good that there should be one place in education where there is no brimstone and treacle1 no ,mr4 ,squeers1 and no ,smikes4 ,for books are not absolutely dead things1 but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as the soul whose progeny they are4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,a curiosity which has existed since libraries were first started is about to be gratified4 ,we are to get the answer to the question1 ,what do the people want8 from ,,miss ,,jessie ,,welles1 of the ,carnegie library of ,pittsburgh4 ,,what ,,do ,,the ,,people ,,want8#c ,if we are to believe the voices in the air the people want some big things1 for it is a notable fact that the things most loudly demanded are wanted by a few people for all the people4 ,the socialistic group wants a coperative industrial system for everybody1 another familiar group in no uncertain voice demands votes for all1 whether we want them or not1 and there is a third group to which our president has referred1 the members of which think that they see in universal education a panacea for the ills of state and society4 ,of this group all librarians must be at least ex-officio members while librarians in public libraries must work definitely toward the end which it avows4 #c ,abstract4 ,how are we doing this8 ,it will not serve to take refuge back of the statement that our only hope for universal education is with the child4 ,we have a duty toward the adult as well as toward the child1 and our aim must be not to get people to read books but to get all the people to read the right books1 the books best adapted for their individual development4 ,are we supplying the right books8 ,for book selection1 a well nigh perfect technique has been established1 but is technique enough8 ,knowledge of books and of technique are imperative but the librarian who supplies the right books to all the people must know and understand his fellowmen4 ,who are the people whom we are to serve8 ,do we perchance throw them into one great group and call them the public as distinguished from librarians8 ,who are we but the public to the actor1 the artist1 the man in the railway office8 ,no1 a wise providence has endowed men with a great variety of characters and temperaments1 and when environment has further complicated matters1 we must try to understand them all4 ,for our present purpose let us group the people on the basis of a taste for knowledge4 ,some people are born with a thirst for knowledge1 some acquire a taste for it through early training and environment and some must have knowledge thrust upon them if they are to have it at all4 ,of book selection for the educated in any of these groups this paper does not deal4 ,the subject has been discussed often and well1 and while we have by no means reached the point where we no longer need to study how to serve them1 the question is not a gravely puzzling one4 ,the elimination of the educated brings us down to a study of book selection for the under-educated and the indifferent in the interest of universal education for the benefit of state and society4 ,some of these uneducated ones may be found in each of the three groups4 ,many from the first two groups come to our libraries and should be served thoughtfully and wisely4 ,in many cases the only indication of a thirst for knowledge is an omnivorous appetite for exceedingly poor novels4 ,if they have already devoured many1 their taste is probably hopelessly perverted and about all we can hope to do is to hold their interest and eliminate the yellow horror with its debilitating influence by supplying free1 easily accessible books of even the lightest grade found upon our library shelves4 ,this is a very slight advance1 but it is a step forward4 ,others of this class if caught young can be interested in better literature1 and are worthy of our careful thought and the wisest service4 ,there come also to libraries many in whom the real desire to know is awake but still rubbing its eyes4 ,they must not be confused with that class of people1 difficult to deal with in every sphere1 who seek to appear wiser than they are1 and some personal knowledge of the individual is imperative in order to avoid this mistake4 ,they usually ask for assistance in book selection and great care should be taken in giving it1 as it serves well the future of our race to help one of these derive education1 as one such borrower has expressed it4 ,and now we come to the most difficult group of all1 those who must have knowledge thrust upon them if they are to have it at all4 ,these do not come to our libraries1 but we go out to them by means of various forms of extension work4 ,we are inclined to take this branch of work lightly1 but it is full of potential good for the commonwealth4 ,here we have the citizen at our mercy1 why not see what we can do with him to help the cause of universal education8 ,extension work can be carried on with a small staff1 but every worker should be of the best1 strong in knowledge of books and of human nature4 ,the book selection for these smaller centers can be based upon some personal knowledge of the individual1 and the collection may be made a powerful educational tool4 ,the individual can best be reached through his personal tastes1 for the developing of which he does not dream that books exist4 ,this personal work must be devoid of sentimentality4 ,the worker's motive must be a desire for fair play1 and he must not approach the people in a missionary spirit4 ,they do not want to be uplifted by a missionary nor surveyed by a social worker4 ,the only spirit in which we can study their needs is the spirit of good fellowship1 with the honest desire to share with others what we ourselves enjoy4 ,we can reach only a few of the people who need help most and books can give then only a small part of the awakening and training and broadening that the state desires for them1 but our effort should not be gauged by what we can accomplish4 ,we have to thank previous generations for many benefits which result from their aiming high above their power of achievement1 and if by personal study of the under-educated we can raise the standard of their reading in the slightest degree1 the general standard of intelligence of the next generation will advance in the same ratio1 and this the state finds worth while4 ,after this paper the session adjourned4 ,,third ,,general ,,session 7,russell ,theatre1 ,saturday1 ,june #bi1 #i3cj a4 m47 ,joint session with the ,professional training section4 ,mr4 ,james ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr41 director of the ,new ,york state library1 and ex-president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 occupied the chair4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,your temporary chairman for the morning has but one compunction in accepting this pleasant privilege1 and that is that it inevitably deprives you of the gracious presence of your rightful presiding officer1 even though it be only for a few minutes4 ,miss ,,mary ,e4 ,,hazeltine1 preceptor of the ,university of ,wisconsin library school1 will speak to us on ,,the ,,assistant ,,and ,,the ,,book ,the library movement is no longer a crusade1 it is a movement of peaceful education4 ,in truth1 the library movement is not a movement at all1 it is an achievement4 ,the library has come to be a center of personal interest4 ,people1 one by one1 are the object of our labors4 ,they are to be brought1 through the personalities of those who preside over books1 into touch with the personalities that dwell within books4 ,there are many militant movements today1 those for universal peace 7strange paradox71 equal suffrage1 labor reform1 and for human betterment in crowded cities--great social movements that are being promoted through the vigorous propaganda and the emphatic zeal of their leaders4 ,over against these dynamic social movements1 the library operates as a quiet force1 at once personal1 intellectual1 educational1 persuasive but powerful1 studying community interests1 serving community needs it is true1 but accomplishing the work through the individual4 ,these other movements will1 after their first victories are won1 likewise take on an educational aspect1 but they will become strong and far-reaching only as people are touched and served by them4 ,no cause can be greater than the personality which interprets it4 ,it matters little how proud the ideals of the leaders1 or how great the possibilities of the work itself1 nothing can really be accomplished except through the vision1 ability1 and knowledge of those who have actual contact with the public4 ,technique and method in library work are of less importance than the personality of the assistant1 his preparation for the work1 his continued renewing of himself in interest and knowledge1 his immediate contact with affairs of the day1 and his ability to share his interest and information with others4 ,if this be true1 behind the library must lie a personal force4 ,this must be secured1 first1 through the personality of those who labor within its walls2 then1 through the personalities of the books themselves that are ready if permitted1 to answer every human need4 ,the vital connection between these depends upon the person that can stimulate a love of books1 or arouse a feeling for their need4 ,are our libraries today manned by such assistants8 ,the plain matter of fact is that we are still over-technical4 ,for petty details in devotion to routine and technique1 we crucify personality2 we kill the love of books among our library workers1 for there is no time to read1 no opportunity to make or keep a real acquaintance with books4 ,schemes to induce others to read are constantly being devised1 red tape is ever being wound around our system of details1 professional duties are allowed almost brutally to shut us out from contact with the best in literature4 ,there are too many meetings to attend2 too many papers to write2 have you ever been obliged to forego an open-air performance of ,electra at your very door that would have brought interpretation and understanding1 because you had to rival ,euripides and prepare a paper for the ,american ,library ,association8 ,librarians1 alas1 take their work too seriously1 and too painfully do their duty4 ,for each man kills the thing he loves1 ,by each let this be heard1 ,some do it with a bitter look1 ,some with a flattering word4 ,the librarian of the older days was a crabbed and positively forbidding guardian of books4 ,then for a period of years--and there are traces of this time still with us1--the library worker had the attitude of the clerk1 so important seemed the details of library service4 ,now we are approaching the time when the librarian shares in the spirit of the social worker4 ,the one big blessed thing that we all want to do 7and we are all assistants to the public7 is to get people to love the human messages in books1 for ,books are not dead things and do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul whose progeny they were4 ,the only way to do this is to make sure that the person who deals with the public knows books--is fairly radiant with book lore4 ,he should not be a rapt scholar absorbed in his own research1 nor on the other hand a spiritless1 lifeless1 or flippant clerk4 ,within a decade there has come a change in the tenor of most library reports1 most noticeable within the last five years4 ,the emphasis is now largely on the myriad things that are done for the public which require a knowledge of books and the ability to use them for people4 ,this new library service can only be carried forward by assistants who know both books and people4 ,the library assistant is now rapidly becoming a constructive social worker and has the most potent spiritual forces of all the ages at his command4 ,but in addition to personality there must be education4 ,this is a primary requisite for an assistant4 ,nothing can supply the lack of knowledge4 ,where nothing is1 nothing results4 ,it is evident that our libraries are recognizing educated assistants4 ,mr4 ,anderson ,h4 ,hopkins in his report to the ,board of trustees of the ,carnegie library of ,pittsburgh1 said in #aijh3 ,near the beginning of the report appears a statement of the names of members of the staff1 in an arrangement showing the positions that they occupy4 ,i have long felt that this is not adequate1 although it is in accord with the custom of large public libraries in this country4 ,a number of the members of our staff have not only academic degrees1 but also degrees or certificates from professional schools1 and ,i believe it would be a good plan for us to set these forth in our statement1 as is commonly done in the calendars of colleges4 ,there can be no question that the work done by the staff compares favorably with that done by any similar professional body and ,i believe that it would be well to take this step in recognition of the fact4 ,in the report of the ,cleveland public library for #aiji this statement is made3 ,an analysis of the preparation of the various members of the staff for their work gives this interesting showing3 college graduates1 #dg2 partial college courses1 #bd2 library school graduates1 #df4 ,from the report of the ,boston public library for #aiji the following is quoted3 ,three grades of educational qualifications are required4 ,the lowest grade1 which includes a comparatively small number of pages1 sub-assistants1 etc41 requires a training equivalent to a grammar school course4 ,the middle grade requires qualifications equivalent to a high school training and familiarity with one foreign language4 ,the third grade1 including seventy-seven of these persons1 requires qualifications equivalent to those obtained by a college course1 and familiarity with two foreign languages4 ,the proper cataloging and classifying of books and the reference work necessary to aid those using the library also requires in many positions much higher qualifications than those which could be obtained by the ordinary college course4 ,libraries should secure more assistants with academic training1 whose minds have come in contact with the many subjects that reveal the past and interpret the present4 ,we must rely on the colleges for the production of such assistants1 that they shall come to us already knowing the sweep of literature on the library shelves1 already loving books and knowledge1 and filled with their power4 ,such workers can not help radiating a passion for books4 ,they will make the library a living institution1 a center of glowing personality4 ,of some it can be said3 ,who reads and reads and does not what he knows1 ,is one that plows and plows and never sows4 ,it can never be said of the college bred assistant who has been fired with the message of books that he is such an one1 but rather1 he will sow day in and out that priceless seed of the love of books in the living soil of human hearts4 ,because such workers have seen the vision1 have walked in its light1 they will continue to make books a part of their daily living1 never losing the habit of systematic reading1 despite the routine and immediate demands of the library4 ,we have said that the responsibility for supplying this knowledge and love of books a part of their daily living1 never answer1 however1 that they cannot bring to their students in four years this literary culture if they do not come to college with some previous acquaintance with books2 and that1 if the student must study all the practical1 social1 utilitarian1 and commercially valuable things demanded today1 the reading of books is crowded out4 ,is not then1 the responsibility for awakening the love of books for their own sake thrown back upon libraries1 and upon the book knowledge of those that serve within their walls8 ,our book service1 of which we have been boasting for many years1 ought surely by this time to show results among those whom we have been serving4 ,if the colleges claim that there are few among their students who have any real knowledge of books1 should not we count the failure partly ours8 ,and what is the reason8 ,the assistant who has given the book to the growing boy or girl has done it mechanically1 has done it as a clerk has done it without knowledge of its message1 and as a result has failed to arouse a love of books1 a love of reading4 ,the failure is in the library assistant4 ,we have substituted for training in book values1 for appreciation of their literary content1 for knowledge of their true worth among assistants a mechanical skill in the handling of books4 ,the trained assistant must ever keep alert in himself the spirit of knowledge that is in him4 ,in this same spirit and by this same habit1 the reading of trained members of the staff must become a contagion and quicken the love of books in the untrained4 ,the library looks then to the trained assistant to come with a knowledge and love of books that shall be retained as his birthright1 and used as a talent not hid in a napkin4 ,library assistants cannot all be college bred4 ,many library workers are recruited locally1 among those for whom the library itself has been a university4 ,these make up a large body of the assistants who fill important positions in all types of libraries4 ,for their book knowledge and love of learning the colleges cannot be held responsible4 ,the end desired must be secured by the library itself4 ,first1 by choosing for an assistant today one who has appreciated the environment of books2 second1 by encouraging and aiding him to a fuller knowledge of books through systematic reading2 third1 by creating an atmosphere of books in which future assistants may grow up4 ,to the average assistant who feels her importance because she is working in a library1 librarianship means an ability to do things with the hand1 rather than with head and heart4 ,many seek a library position because they think it involves only neat and easy work1 having in mind the purely mechanical and technical side1 without a thought of its meaning and strength4 ,the line should be drawn very sharply between those who know books1 can think about them1 and who can express the reason that is within them about their values1 and those who only know their outside1 their mechanical care1 and the keeping of their records4 ,so we find the responsibility for the book shortcomings of even our best educated assistants at our own door4 ,it is said that librarians do not know the great life interests1 the pervading charm of music1 the thraldom of art1 the abiding realities of religion1 the solace of the out-of-doors2 have never sensed the author's heart-throbs which have gone into the books they lightly handle1 or gloried in the transcendent mysteries which lie in poetry4 ,how many library assistants really do read books for the joy of it8 ,in how many has this joy been killed2 in how many has it never been created8 ,for these is not the library responsible8 ,some libraries are already seriously caring for the training of their assistants4 ,in the large city libraries positions are filled chiefly from the training class conducted by the library itself where a graded service has been established and promotion depends upon examination4 ,but much of this training1 like all library training1 is of necessity technical and professional1 rather than cultural4 ,many libraries further report staff meetings for general discussion of library matters1 while a few report such meetings for the general book knowledge of the staff4 ,from the ,dayton1 ,ohio1 public library the report comes that monthly staff meetings have been held since ,january1 #aijh1 for various stated library purposes1 and that the members contribute anything of interest from personal reading which would be suggestive to other members for their own reading1 or helpful to them in dealing with the public4 ,library time is allowed for these meetings4 ,in #aijf1 ,mr4 ,dana reported that members of the staff met once a week to discuss library matters in general and to have a report by one of the class on the literature of some assigned subject4 ,among the subjects reported on were1 photography1 history of literature1 ,french revolution1 ,french history1 travel in ,japan1 opera1 etc4 ,in #aijg1 ,mr4 ,brown1 of the ,buffalo public library reports3 ,we have done more staff training this year than was possible before4 ,round tables are now held in nearly every department1 at which methods and books are discussed4 ,to this we can trace habits of greater carefulness and accuracy1 a more comprehensive view of the work as a whole1 and happier1 better service4 ,in #aijh1 the report says3 ,the staff round tables--'the part of our work which keeps us keen and alive' as one member expresses it--have been held as usual4 ,at these meetings methods of work and books are discussed and frank talks upon the best means of helping borrowers are given2 but the spirit of sympathy and comradeship which results from meeting together as library workers and talking over the work1 its purpose and ideals1 is really the most valuable and important result of these meetings4 ,from ,cedar ,rapids1 #aije1 comes the report3 ,a meeting of the staff has been held on ,thursday mornings for the discussion of current events and library problems4 ,in #aijh3 ,the ,thursday morning hour has been given to the reading aloud of poems suggested in ,dawson's ',makers of ,english poetry4' ,some time was devoted to ,browning and ,milton4 ,new books were discussed and current events were considered4 ,in #aiji3 ,the staff has taken up the study of ,brander ,matthews' ',development of the drama1' and has read several of the ,greek tragedies4 ,current events and new books were also discussed4 ,in #aiaj3 ,the weekly staff meetings have been continued and are most helpful4 ,the ,cleveland report for #aiaj says3 ,the staff round table continues to meet2 this year1 more than ever1 emphasis has been laid upon a broader and less superficial knowledge of books on the part of the staff1 and it is believed that some progress has been made in this direction4 99 99 99 ,all this shows a flexibility of mind on the part of our staff which has made them grow with their work4 ,there has also been the ability of the older members to train and inspire younger and newer assistants4 ,constant study is required among those who have attained academic distinction1 evidenced in advanced degrees1 in record of profound research1 in contributions to learned societies and journals1 and in published monographs and books4 ,even teachers in the grades must pass examinations to hold their positions1 and excel in order to secure promotion4 ,no one employs a physician who does not keep abreast of scientific and medical discoveries by graduate courses or private study2 few listen long to a preacher who does not keep in touch with the spirit of the times4 ,can it be that the library profession is the only one in which a systematic progression is not generally demanded8 ,a definite amount of reading should be required of all library assistants4 ,they must not be allowed to stagnate1 nor to think that because they live in an atmosphere of books they are exempt from reading4 ,there should be on the part of the librarian a keener feeling of responsibility for his assistants and for their growth in the knowledge and love of books4 ,whether this shall be brought about through organized classes1 whether it shall be through weekly reading with required reports1 or whether it shall be through the subtle influence of the librarian's personality and love of books which inspires him2 or whether it shall be a combination of all these1 remains to be worked out by each local institution1--but worked out it must be1 unless with our boasted free books1 we are to become the by-word and the laughing stock of future generations4 ,we all acknowledge that the assistant is a most important individual4 ,have we looked well to his necessary book qualifications and to his continued opportunities for improvement while serving the library8 ,and have we analyzed what these opportunities should be8 ,we say frankly3 ,first1 the librarian is brother's keeper of all the assistants4 ,second1 the educated library assistant in creating a love for books1 owes as much to his fellow assistants1 who have been less fortunate in the matter of education1 as he does to the public4 ,third1 that the library itself should become a progressive training school for love of books and reading4 ,it is the assistant who has caught the message of books1 who has heard the gods calling him to celestial heights1 who realizes what ,robert ,louis ,stevenson expressed when he said that he felt like thanking ,god that he had a chance to earn his bread upon such joyful terms--it is such an assistant who makes the library a place where people want to read4 ,and that is the true library whose books are read4 ,no one has a richer opportunity to be a public servant in all the fine significance of that word1 than the assistant to the public in the public library4 ,he may unlock the treasures of the past1 for those treasures are committed unto him not for keeping but for sharing freely4 ,this public servant may extend the knowledge of the discoveries and innovations of the present1 and thus become an interpreter of the scholar's message4 ,this public servant may match the answering book with the inquiring mind1 the responsive page with the hungry soul4 ,this public servant may lead out the spirit of youth1 lift the burdens of middle life1 may speak solace to old age through the thoughts and songs of poet and prophet1 dramatist and seer4 ,this public servant must be a great personality1 either an achieved personality1 or a personality in the making2 this public servant must be a lover of people1 a lover of life1 and therefore a lover of books4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,the next paper on the program is by ,miss ,,edith ,,tobitt1 librarian of the ,omaha public library4 ,miss ,tobitt herself1 ,i regret to say1 is detained1 but she has sent her paper and it will be read by ,mr4 ,frank ,k4 ,walter1 of the ,new ,york state library school4 ,,type ,,of ,,assistants3 ,,ability ,,to ,,discern ,,quality ,,and ,,essentials ,,of ,,books ,,and ,,power ,,to ,,give ,,information ,,rather ,,than ,,advice ,when gathering the material for my part of this discussion of ,type of assistants1 my inclination turned constantly to another wording of the title1 that is1 the value of the book to the public dependent upon the intelligent discrimination of the assistant1 so while ,i shall try to adhere more closely to the original subject than this would indicate1 ,i hope that you will pardon me if ,i now and then talk on the second title4 ,efficiency in business has received so much discussion of late that it is a brave person who dares assume the privilege of continuing the subject1 but having seen the statement that the more books of the right kind are read1 the more efficient a nation becomes1 a librarian naturally believes that the discussion has no end but may be continued indefinitely1 for this means not only a supply of the right kind of books but also an efficient distribution of these books4 ,when speaking of the efficiency of the employees in a library1 it would seem that the same general rule would hold as in other occupations1 but this is scarcely true4 ,the people who are served by an institution maintained at public expense expect a higher grade of service than when served by the employees of some private institution or business4 ,no doubt1 this is because a higher grade of honor or integrity is expected in the occupant of the office which is maintained for the public good1 at the public expense1 than one which is maintained for private gain4 ,naturally the same general rules regarding adaptability1 politeness1 industry1 and various other attributes should be applied to the occupant of any position but in the case of the public servant only the very highest standards should be tolerated4 ,aside from the public the librarian's first interest should be in the employees of the library4 ,again and again the statement has been made to the effect that the work of getting the right book to the right person falls upon the desk assistant chiefly1 but as almost all of the employees of a library are desk assistants at some time during each day1 it follows that all of the employees bear almost equal responsibility4 ,it would seem that the selection of books for the library should have first attention1 but books are easy of selection compared to employees1 and easily disposed of if not found to be useful1 while the assistant must be carefully placed in the department for which she is the best fitted4 ,for taking all of the valuable characteristics of all of the assistants into consideration1 there are to be found as many grades of value as there are books in the library4 ,to be able to do the subject of the library assistant justice1 the writer should have a very thorough knowledge of human nature1 a knowledge generally possessed by successful teachers and sociological workers1 but not often by the librarian4 ,such knowledge comes from a kind of experience not easily obtained by a librarian4 ,it is more to a librarian's credit to know thoroughly the members of the staff and consequently be just to all than it is to have succeeded with any other one piece of work1 because perfect justice toward employees will produce the best work for the library4 ,while the actual work of getting the right book to the right person may fall chiefly upon the desk assistant1 the manner in which this is done emanates from those who decide the policy of the library4 ,if those who are at the head of affairs have forgotten or have never realized that the library exists for the people1 and that it is maintained at public expense for that purpose1 and because of this lack of knowledge maintain an attitude of arrogance toward the people1 the assistants will do the same4 ,it is true that an indifferent and unsympathetic librarian cannot always prevent a capable and efficient assistant from doing her work well1 yet the lack of efficiency at the head will often discourage capable assistants and will never better the work of poor ones4 ,in a library of medium size having thirty employees or less it is a comparatively easy matter for the librarian to keep in close touch with the work of the members of the staff and by personal effort maintain a definite standard1 while in a large library this duty must of necessity be detailed to others4 ,but whatever the means adopted1 every library must have a definite standard of efficiency which bears directly upon the service to the public and although a full knowledge of the technical details of the work of the library are without question necessary1 a proper knowledge of the right attitude toward the public is a greater necessity and should receive from the librarian much greater emphasis than the technical side4 ,the characteristic most to be desired in a library employee1 in no matter what position1 is that of the self-disciplined and well trained servant who understands the rights of others and what they should expect of him in his position1 and who attempts to respond to this demand4 ,these characteristics1 if they exist1 are inherent but may be more fully developed by experience4 ,it may be well to try to outline in a general way what should be expected of the occupants of some of the important positions in a library1 for the final outcome of the work will depend upon the librarian's ability to discriminate in the selection of the right persons to fill these positions4 ,for the children's librarian1 the first requirement is a knowledge of children and the ability to feel and show sympathy and affection without being sentimental4 ,many attractions may be introduced into the children's department but the vital things are to know the children and the books4 ,a mistake in the appointment to this position might be more nearly fatal than a mistake in any one of the other departments1 for the ability of the children's librarian to discern intelligently those qualities in a book which are right for the child may permanently settle that child's taste in literature4 ,the future well being of the library often depends upon the wise choice of the children's librarian4 ,a knowledge and love of people may also be put as the first requisite for the head of the circulation department1 extending not only to the people who are generally called the public but also to the employees of the library4 ,this position may well be considered the most important in the library1 next to the librarian and assistant1 for from this source the other employees will instinctively acquire the standard for their treatment of the public and obtain their ideas of what is the amount of knowledge of books which should be expected of a desk assistant4 ,the personality of the head of the circulation department and her ability to be helpful and to teach those in her department to be helpful1 can do more toward increasing the usefulness of a library than any other one characteristic4 ,the employee given to much detail is not generally a success here4 ,rather that employee who1 by strength of personality1 leads others to do good work1 is the best4 ,the head of the circulation department has the best opportunity of any one in the library for making a direct path from the borrower to the book4 ,scholarship1 without question1 must be considered the first requirement for the reference librarian1 and if the public is to learn to have confidence in the library as an educational institution1 no mistake must be made here4 ,but the scholarship must always be allied with the desire to do service4 ,frequently the cataloger appears to the other members of the staff to be so far removed from direct contact with people that it is assumed she cannot intelligently know what the public wants4 ,except in very rare instances this is a mistake1 as has been proved by some of our great catalogs1 the makers of which probably rarely waited upon the public4 ,it is the ability to put oneself in the place of the questioner1 to have a sympathetic interest in the people1 that counts1 and also to realize seriously that only by means of the catalog can the public have a true knowledge of what is in the library4 ,the same general rules may be followed all through the library4 ,different positions require different qualifications and it rests with the librarian to see that the employee fits the position4 ,if this is not done it will make little difference how good the collection of books may be1 the contents of the library will not reach the public in a direct way4 ,the library is what the librarian and assistants make it by their intelligent use of the material supplied4 ,this may all seem very commonplace4 ,if it is1 then why have we not profited more by what we already know8 ,it must be granted that many libraries inherit employees who are not particularly well fitted for the place they are expected to fill4 ,the only thing to do in this case is to put them where they will do the least harm4 ,we cannot expect to maintain an all star cast1 but by studying carefully the people in the employ of the library the librarian can generally so manipulate things that eventually the right person will be in the right place4 ,the program makers asked to have discussed the ability to discern quality and essentials in books4 ,for this we must have first the student and careful reader who1 through the study of various subjects is able to judge the literature of those subjects4 ,it cannot reasonably be expected that library employees will be able to have a first hand knowledge of all classes of literature1 but all employees may become reasonably familiar with the names of the best writers on many subjects and the character of their work4 ,it is by means of the various literary tools provided and the ability to acquire a more general knowledge of many subjects by much reading that the library employee increases in value4 ,in this particular part of the work the library assistant gains more by much reading than she does by experience4 ,it is not my duty to discuss the kind or the extent of the education possessed by those who become library employees4 ,we all agree that this should be the broadest and the most general possible with emphasis placed on literature and history4 ,most of our assistants enter the library training classes at the close of a high school course1 and1 generally speaking1 librarians do not expect more than this because the salaries which are offered will not attract people of higher education4 ,therefore1 if an assistant is to learn to discern quality and essentials in books some provision should be made by which this knowledge may be acquired in the library after entering as an employee4 ,just as the librarian is responsible for the attitude of the assistants toward the public so are the librarian and heads of departments responsible for the growth of the efficiency of the employees in this particular phase of library work4 ,a standard of efficiency must be maintained along this line of education as well as personal treatment of the public1 therefore it is impossible to emphasize too strongly the necessity of continuing the education of the library employees after finishing the work of the training class and after having become an employee of the library4 ,it can scarcely be considered advisable to attempt to give much practice work in all departments to all employees but it should be one of the requirements of the library that provision be made whereby all of the employees in a department shall learn to know the general character and the value of most of the books in that department4 ,from the library periodicals of ,england one may gather that there is some rather severe criticism of the assistants in libraries1 the general feeling being that a lack of efficiency deprives the public of their proper share of service4 ,i should like to quote from a paper by ,mr4 ,john ,bar1 which appeared in the ,library world 7vol4 #ac74 ,if the library would only adopt a policy whereby a guarantee could be had that the assistants in the library would be taught their profession in a thorough manner1 ,i am positive that the now prevalent lament regarding the apathy and carelessness of assistants would be reduced to a vanishing point1 because from observation1 ,i believe that the assistant is the product of his environment2 he is what the conditions in the library make him4 ,the policy of the library should be to provide the staff with every opportunity for improvement in general1 literary1 and technical knowledge4 ,in order to meet the first part of the proposal1 the time of the staff should be so arranged as to allow a reasonable portion for private study as well as recreation4 ,and in order to fulfil the latter part--that relating to technical knowledge--the work of the library should be so organized as to ensure that every assistant shall1 in a series of progressive steps1 obtain an adequate and thorough knowledge of all the practical details of librarianship4 ,the people of ,america cannot offer quite as severe criticism of their library employees as this would imply has been offered in ,england1 but the suggestions regarding further education after entering the library1 are such as we might well follow4 ,the second item suggested by the program makers reads the power to give information rather than advice4 ,this naturally would come through the ability of the employee to eliminate his own opinion and to put forward instead the opinions of those who are qualified to know4 ,here again the employee may1 by much reading1 become more efficient4 ,there is nothing so offensive to patrons of a free institution as to have unsolicited opinions and advice offered by employees4 ,and yet this is a characteristic of the new employee and is prompted not by conceit but by a desire to be helpful and to please4 ,the best way to be helpful in a library1 as elsewhere1 is to help people to help themselves4 ,in this as in all of the work of the library the standard must be that established by those highest in authority1 and ways and methods must be put forward whereby the assistant may know what plan she is to follow4 ,the ability to be helpful comes by much experience1 both personal experience and the experience of others4 ,to quote1 experience is the force which makes life possible 444 and books alone give permanence to the facts of experience4 ,therefore to busy people in need of the experiences of others1 the greatest help comes by much reading4 ,we may attempt in every way possible to make general rules governing the efficiency of the library staff1 and attempt to maintain certain definite standards1 both for the sake of the public and in order to keep down the expense of maintenance1 but with all this we shall never be able to reach a perfect system1 partly because many employees give promise of much1 but soon reach the limit of their capacity and cease to grow1 and also because of the frequent unavoidable changes4 ,there is some variance in the minds of librarians regarding the place of the library in a city1 but without discussion we must all agree that first of all the free public library is a collection of books maintained for the use of the public4 ,in order that these books may be available the employees must not only give efficient service1 but they must also have a clear understanding of the public4 ,it has been said many times that a few books in the hands of an intelligent and discriminating employee are of greater value than a large collection poorly handled4 ,the employees constitute the medium by which the books reach the public and it rests with the buyer1 the cataloger1 the desk assistant1 the reference librarian1 and the children's librarian to see that these get into the hands of the right people at the right time4 ,it is here that the careful discrimination of the librarian and assistants is necessary4 ,the average library is much too large to be well used by the public and the employees of the library4 ,in most libraries of #ajj1jjj volumes there are possibly not more than #aj1jjj which are of real value4 ,if the employees could know the authors1 titles1 and something of the contents of most of these it is quite as much as may be expected4 ,if the assistant comes to the library with a reasonably good education and something of a desire to add to what she has1 and will read regularly of books which are of general interest there is no reason why she should not learn to discriminate quite as carefully in the selection of books for the individual borrower as the assistant who has made a special study of the criticism of literature4 ,no mention has been made of requirements for special positions in a library4 ,this can only be settled after the employee has shown some fitness for special work4 ,as the library is what the librarian and assistants make it1 it rests with the librarian and those in the highest positions in the library to decide definitely on a policy1 the result of which shall be prompt and efficient service from the time of the purchase of the books to their final distribution into the hands of the people4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,next upon the program occurs the paper1 ,the efficiency of the library staff and scientific management1 by ,,adam ,,strohm1 assistant librarian ,detroit public library4 ,,the ,,efficiency ,,of ,,the ,,library ,,staff ,,and ,,scientific ,,management ,in conversing one day with the superintendent of one of our local industries where the library is maintaining a station1 ,i learned something of the many provisions devised by the welfare department of the organization as conducted by the social secretaries of the company4 ,from my tour of inspection ,i have a vivid recollection of attractive dining rooms1 an indoor gymnasium with an up-to-date swimming pool1 office or laboratory for a medical attendant to administer first aid and attend to accidents of more or less serious nature1 architectural plans1 free of charge1 for prospective home builders1 a well selected book collection of popular and technical character1 presided over by a representative of the public library1 which institution also arranges for biweekly noon lectures on popular and instructive topics4 ,on my commending the humanitarian spirit animating the management of the company the prompt response came3 ,that element enters only as incidental in our policy4 ,it is all a matter of business4 ,we must hold our organization intact4 ,it is important to retain our skilled workmen and we must make it worth their while to remain with us4 ,if it has been found to be good policy to provide for the contentment and welfare of the human units in an organization where1 after all1 a large part of the day's work is rather mechanical and of fixed standards1 how vastly more important it must be to give a close1 generous consideration to the happiness and comfort of the personnel in a library system where the personal service is of paramount importance1 where the physical and mental vitality is under constant pressure1 where improvement in the day's work is always exacted and where the result yielded to the individual effort is uncertain and often undemonstrable4 ,in the case of library service1 humanitarian regard should weigh equally with considerations of statistics and output1 inasmuch as library work is a service for humanity and its welfare4 ,those entrusted with the management of libraries may well remember the maxim that as we do we teach1 which1 applied to library conditions1 may lead us to conclude that whatsoever is done to promote the happiness and best instincts of the rank and file in a library organization1 will result directly in instilling in the public service1 rendered by them1 a spirit of sympathy1 ready regard of the rights and needs of the public and an eagerness to serve loyally4 ,any library management conceived and executed in this spirit may be depended upon for achievements in what is really library economy4 ,i'll endeavor to formulate some suggestions toward effecting such results and ,i can harbor but feelings of satisfaction1 should ,i be advised later that they have already been practically realized in some institutions4 ,the question of how to maintain and increase the efficiency of the staff might well be approached from two angles1 the physical and the mental conservation of forces4 ,dr4 ,luther ,h4 ,gulick makes the statement1 that there are conditions for each individual under which he can do the most and the best work4 ,it is the business of those in charge of others to ascertain these conditions and to comply with them4 ,we hear so much in our day about scientific management that we may be led to begin inquiring skeptically if its value is not exaggerated in the interests of professional organizers1 systematizers1 etc4 ,no working chart for computing the energy of a mental effort or for the increase of its productiveness has as yet been devised but none of us will deny the need of a working plan for the day's work4 ,else we drift4 ,according to the new doctrine as laid down by ,mr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,casson1 there is no such thing as unskilled labor1 there is an intelligent method for every accomplishment4 ,scientific management does not mean frenzied production4 ,on the contrary1 it individualizes the workman1 it means the better ordering of the work for the best interests of both individual and the service4 ,consequently1 it provides for recreation as well as for work4 ,it insists that the individual shall not sag so far down at the end of the day's work that he will not recuperate4 ,this concerns not only expended energy but misdirected energy4 ,the day's schedule should be so arranged that work requiring the highest mental effort be assigned to the most fruitful hours of the individual1 the work so distributed that each individual performs the task he can best do and is most worthy of his highest skill4 ,pride in the work under your hand1 the sense of doing something worth while1 generates the spirit of loyalty and happiness which reckons1 not so much with the written library regulations1 as with the unwritten law of the service to stand by cheerfully as long as needed4 ,during the recent years ,i spent in the ,east1 it was my privilege to become intimately acquainted with one of the most distinguished engineers our country produced during the last half-century4 ,one day when ,i had occasion to call upon this gentleman1 ,i was directed to proceed from his office to one of the noisiest departments of his extensive mills4 ,there ,i finally located him seated on an anvil1 watching taciturnly the moving throng of busy mechanics4 ,i learned afterwards that the lifelong habit of this philosophic engineer was to emerge from his secluded office and enter the quarters where the wheels turn around4 ,there he would in his quiet manner ask shrewd questions and enter into conversation with any one whose task or skill attracted him4 ,it is on behalf of the rank and file in the library world that ,i draw upon this recollection of an industrial organization noted for its resources and efficiency4 ,invite the confidence of every member of the staff1 welcome suggestions1 allow your assistants to voice the conclusions their experience and service bring home to them1 listen with sympathy to suggestions prompted by loyalty and daily pondering4 ,there are times when we may well forget our official gradings1 when it will prove profitable to learn from the members of the crew how our theories stand the test4 ,the question of hours1 salaries and vacations can be answered only in a general way4 ,the gauge by which we examine the running of the human machinery entrusted to us should be read with sympathy1 and we should set a pace that we can hold the entire day or the working period of a normal life4 ,speaking for our own institution1 we adhere to the #db-;hour weekly schedule with provision for a weekly half-holiday4 ,evening work should certainly never exceed the number three in any one week and personally ,i'm leaning toward the more desirable two evenings a week4 ,where a special evening force is employed the recommendation of course1 does not apply4 ,the restroom and the kitchenette are now so generally established as to be past the stage of argument4 ,these restrooms should be well equipped and no niggardly considerations should stand in the way of making them neat1 airy and inviting in order to afford comfort and relaxation4 ,the appearance and atmosphere of the restroom should banish the dull sense of drudgery and evoke the gentler side of life4 ,the half-holiday and vacation should be provided1 not so much because a faithful servant has earned a rest1 but because without it life means living at a low level1 with the certain result of deadening one's faculties1 ambition and alertness1 whereas these should all grow with one's experience and work4 ,certainly a month's vacation in the course of a year is a minimum respite in any professional activity of confined nature and mental concentration4 ,we must consider the weight of the statement made by ,luther ,h4 ,gulick that1 growth is predominantly a function of rest and that the best work that most of us do is not in our offices or at our desks1 but when we are wandering in the woods1 or sitting quietly with undirected thoughts4 ,those who are entrusted with the responsibility of supervising the daily toil of others should so govern that each individual remains master of his own work and not its slave4 ,just a few words as to the rate of compensation prevailing in the library profession today4 ,in so far as the city of ,detroit is concerned1 the scale of wages now in operation and adopted some three years ago1 was based on the salaries paid in the public schools which seems a fitting arrangement inasmuch as our public library is an outgrowth of1 and1 as to appointment of trustees1 still under the control of the ,municipal ,board of ,education4 ,the professional training and executive skill required in a librarian of today make it seem reasonable that his or her compensation should be fairly at par with the salaries paid in other city departments where professional training is among the requisites1 such as ,department of ,city ,engineer1 ,city ,attorney1 ,municipal ,museum1 ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 ,principal of a ,high ,school1 etc4 ,our salary schedule based upon the schedule applying to principals and teachers in our local public schools operates in parts as follows3 ,heads of departments to receive the same pay as principals of eight room schools4 ,branch librarians to receive the same pay as principals of seven room schools4 ,first assistants to heads of departments to receive a salary corresponding with that of assistants to principals of schools4 ,in the same manner the schedule applies to the rank and file1 promotions being given semi-annually1 based on seniority and service record4 ,that this regulation would apply satisfactorily in other municipalities is questionable1 as may be deduced from a statement made by one congressman1 who1 in discussing the salaries paid the school teachers in the city of ,washington remarked with blunt sympathy that the policemen were paid more to crash the skulls of the children in ,washington than the teachers were paid for putting something into them4 ,to maintain the efficiency of the library staff it is necessary not only to consider the welfare of the individual during his working hours but to provide such material regard for his day's toil that his vitality and enjoyment of life may be conserved by having the means to afford the necessary comfort and social status consistent with our profession4 ,to consider the importance of personal appearance1 neatness in dress in our service with the public is simply to recognize the point of view of the library patron whose opinion is worth while1 and how are we to exact this showing of fine front if we do not defray the cost thereof8 ,it is difficult1 if not physiologically unsound1 to speak about the mental conservation of the library staff apart from its physical maintenance1 but in considering the former ,i would invite your attention to what ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,goldsbury so aptly calls the recreation through the senses4 ,mr4 ,goldsbury remarks1 the importance of our understanding1 the wide range of the functions of our senses1 the influence of our surroundings and the manner in which they react on our minds4 ,he illustrates his point by quoting the saying that for horses the hardest road out of ,london is the most level one4 ,there are no hills to climb and descend1 and the tired horse has no chance to rest one set of muscles while another works4 ,monotony produces fatigue2 and because this particular road is one dead1 monotonous level1 more horses give out on it than on any other road leading out of ,london4 ,irresistibly the moral of the canvas before us breaks in upon our individual sense of self-preservation and our responsibility for the welfare of others4 ,for economic as well as for humanitarian reasons it behooves us to so apportion the day's work that one's senses are exercised one after another and through interchange of duties and tasks1 not only one's body but one's mind is given a variety of exercise and impressions4 ,the rotation of duties every two hours in departments where direct service with the public is given1 will1 ,i believe1 be found to afford some relaxation and wholesome change to attendants on duty1 especially so1 if the change afford the alternative of stationary position and moving about4 ,we all know how one's mind1 spirit1 aye1 even nerves are affected by objects within our vision1 the feeling of depression that benumbs us when our eyes rest on dingy colors and ugly outlines1 when we dwell in gloomy quarters or poorly ventilated rooms4 ,architects and librarians will find that the efficiency of the human machinery housed within the library walls will be maintained at its best if beautiful effects in color and design of interior decorations are features of the library equipment1 if daylight is abundant1 furnishings tasteful1 atmospheric conditions invigorating--let us sometimes have even the fragrance and color-play of flowers4 ,the capacity of our senses for higher development is nourished by the stimulus from the outside world which brings to us1 often unconsciously1 mental and physical refreshment and recreation4 ,the occasional relaxation in the day's work contributes to a reasonable mental and physical balance1 even the occasional conversation during working hours may well be tolerated1 certainly any undue restriction thereof will do more harm than good4 ,i trust that in siding with the authority just quoted and submitting to you these considerations ,i will not be charged with implying that work is to take secondary place4 ,to the contrary3--it is by consideration of the little things1 by modulating adverse factors1 by dealing in a common sense manner with the conditions surrounding our physical and mental field of daily toil1 that we may be able to restore the energy that we expend and not only maintain1 but increase1 our efficiency4 ,our stock in trade1 our best assets in library work are the joy of the work and the happiness of the individual4 ,the response from each one of us to the call for ever more faithful and efficient service will come with a hearty good will if our strength be protected--our altruistic visions given time and leisure to go woolgathering4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,chairman3 ,it is well known to all of us that the ,province of ,ontario has done notable library work in recent years4 ,under the guidance of a corps of educational and library officials this work has been stimulated and intensified4 ,a great aid too in the work has been the ,ontario library association1 with a membership1 organization1 meetings and committee work that correspond favorably with any other library organization anywhere4 ,the conference has not up to this moment had an opportunity to hear in an official way from the ,ontario library association1 which must of course be numbered among the hosts of this meeting4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,charteris1 its president1 is in the room1 and the chair is very certain that the conference will not be content without a few words of greeting from the president of the ,ontario library association4 ,dr4 ,charteris expressed pleasure at bringing greetings from the ,ontario library association1 saying they were backed by about one hundred representatives from the province4 ,he was sure that all1 whether trustees or librarians would return home with renewed energy and endeavor to increase interest in library work4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,as this point1 ladies and gentlemen1 the program naturally divides1 and we are brought to that portion of it prepared by the ,professional training section of the association4 ,the gavel will be turned over to the chairman of that section1 ,mr4 ,matthew ,s4 ,dudgeon1 secretary of the ,wisconsin free library commission4 7,mr4 ,dudgeon takes the chair47 ,the ,,chairman3 ,those of us who are interested directly in library schools1 as well as those of you who are more indirectly1 but none the less vitally1 interested in library schools1 feel that we are fortunate that the next subject1 ,what library schools can do for the profession1 should be presented by a man who has not only seen the inside of library schools as a student1 but also1 as secretary of a state commission1 as secretary of the ,american ,library ,association1 and as librarian of a public library1 has seen the needs of the library and has seen what the capacities of the library school graduate are to meet those needs4 ,i will call upon1 but not introduce1 ,mr4 ,,chalmers ,,hadley1 librarian of the ,denver public library4 ,,what ,,library ,,schools ,,can ,,do ,,for ,,the ,,profession ,for nearly thirty years an invigorating influence has come to library work through the library schools4 ,during that time hundreds of young men and women1 selected for personal and educational qualifications1 have been given training in the mechanics of library work and have been placed in touch with the best library thought4 ,as a result1 fewer libraries have been converted into laboratories for experimental work in technique4 ,the library schools have been commended repeatedly by this association and their services are too obvious for comment4 ,in considering1 however1 what they can do for the profession today1 we shall assume the role of the devil's advocate and endeavor to point out how they may serve more fully in what they are doing and what they should do that perhaps is not being done4 ,in the time available we can do little more than summarize4 ,the first library school was founded and conducted in connection with a university library and for several years at least1 its curriculum showed the strong influence of university demands4 ,the curricula of the later schools have been modified somewhat1 but changes have been unimportant as compared to the traditions retained4 ,these were carried from the pioneer school to those established later with certain general basic principles which doubtless always will be kept4 ,for several years a feeling has been sensed1 although vaguely expressed that changes and modifications in library school courses were needed4 ,there have been convictions that the schools were not as closely in touch with certain growing activities in library work as libraries themselves were with growing demands and new fields open to them4 ,these convictions have been most pronounced in the schools themselves4 ,as stated by one library school director1--,in some way1 the library school should train its students to meet the vital demands that humanity makes upon all who come regularly in communication with people4 ,the aim of the school seems more clearly realized than the means of attaining it1 but efforts are seen in the shifts and changes in curricula4 ,in preparing its students to meet the vital demands that humanity will make1 it is evident the schools have concluded this can best be done by additions rather than eliminations from courses of study4 ,the training conducted by the oldest school began with a three months' course which in the second year was increased to seven months and then to two years4 ,another school1 typical of several1 has never increased the time period over one year1 but has so increased the work required that in eight and one-half months1 including vacations and holidays1 instruction and examinations are given in forty-three subjects1 a minimum of three hundred and seventy-seven hours of practice work is required1 and a trip of six hundred miles in ten days is taken when some fifteen to twenty libraries are inspected and reported on4 ,in these crowded courses of study1 the schools should be expected by the profession to prevent its ideals from being smothered in the stress of technical work4 ,the usual incentive to enter library work comes from a love of books but this love will avail little if it be unaccompanied by a consuming desire that the community also share it4 ,generalities and pseudo-sentiment concerning ideals have invited ridicule1 but no librarian1 however reticent or how unrecognized his actuating principles may be1 can carry on his work successfully without following the vision which vitalizes his professional life4 ,from #ahgf to the present day1 this association has cherished its aims and our schools can do no greater service than imparting those guiding principles that the means of work may not become the end4 ,no institution can create qualities lacking in a student and library schools will concern themselves mainly with the mechanics of library work1 which is most difficult to obtain elsewhere4 ,but this instruction may either strengthen or weaken indispensable qualities for librarianship and the profession reasonably can expect the schools to foster such4 ,three related qualities which should be developed in prospective librarians are3 a sense of proportion in library work1 initiative and judgment4 ,when we consider the importance of a proper sense of proportion1 should we not congratulate ourselves that the schools are devoting less attention to a particular handwriting and other incidentals1 the insistence on which always seemed to belittle the dignity of a great work4 ,legibility in a medical prescription is more important than on a catalog card1 but medical colleges and library schools alike can concentrate their strength on more vital needs4 ,in expecting the schools to develop initiative and good judgment in a student1 it is not suggested that students be encouraged to attempt changes in systems of classification1 cataloging and other technical processes which have been perfected by the best library thought of two generations4 ,in such a course as book selection1 however1 after general principles are presented1 cannot students be thrown more fully on their own judgment and their practice work be confined to evaluating current publications8 ,their conclusions could then be verified by comparison with selections in the order department4 ,a year's work confined to sitting in judgment on books from five to fifty years old1 when these books are known to be desirable through their presence on the shelves1 deadens initiative and judgment and makes routine of what should be one of the refreshing pleasures of the work4 ,one of the profession's needs today is more men--men whose abilities would qualify them for the highest positions in any work1 and these the library schools should attract4 ,while many of the most useful and talented library workers are women1 the fact remains that the demand for good men far exceeds the supply1 yet we find an astonishing shortage in the schools4 ,even the school most largely attended by men1 reports a decrease since the year #aijc4 ,more than one school has attracted so few that the presence of a man is noteworthy and there seem to be schools connected with universities where hundreds of young men are preparing for professional life1 that have yet to enroll one man student4 ,should we not expect the schools to supply more men8 ,can they not co-operate with the ,american library association in presenting the claims and rewards of librarianship to young men in the universities8 ,not only would such presentations interest both men and women1 but they would help to dispel many existing mediaeval conceptions of library work which still survive4 ,our shortage in men cannot be due entirely to the financial returns in library work4 ,the average salary of men in that work exceeds the average in several crowded professions1 and yet our greatest rewards are not in money returns4 ,men may regard the school courses simply as means to an end1 and if so1 perhaps the means could be made to appeal more strongly to men4 ,it is rash in these days to compare attributes of the masculine and feminine mind1 but may we venture to say women1 as a rule1 have more patience and enjoyment than men in work requiring sustained attention to details4 ,do not library school courses1 as now arranged1 appeal largely to the house-wifely instincts and cannot courses be devised for men who never intend to fill library positions where the exercise of these instincts will ever play so important a part in their work as will problems of administration and questions of library policy4 ,we shall admit that all students should have sufficient training in cataloging for instance1 to know good or poor cataloging when met with4 ,but personally ,i fail to see why a man destined for administrative work should necessarily have to do expert cataloging in order to appreciate it1 any more than he would first have to write a book before his judgment in book selection for his library could be relied on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,during the last ten years the library has undergone phenomenal development in its relations with other educational and social forces4 ,today we must co-operate not only with the public school1 but with the social settlement1 the juvenile court1 and various other special municipal activities4 ,the profession should expect the schools to provide their students with a working knowledge of what the relations of a library to these activities should be1 what methods employed bring best results and what some of the problems and possibilities are from such relations4 ,and most important of all1 the schools should be expected to provide candidates for library work with a proper appreciation at least of the importance of the library's public relations in general4 ,no mastery of technique or high endeavor greatly avails if the library's public relations be not handled intelligently and skillfully4 ,rules and regulations are but the written creeds of institutions in the details of loaning books1 but back of all of them are the great unwritten laws and principles of procedure1 more important than all the printed regulations in existence4 ,great policies in public relations are being tried and tested today and light on them should be focused through the schools so prospective librarians can see ahead more clearly4 ,questions of relations with the public are confronting all who1 in the words quoted before1 have to meet the vital demands that come through constant communication with people4 ,in the ,public service magazine of ,april1 #aiab1 under the heading ,public relations--the vital problem1 the following is taken from the president's address before the ,illinois ,association of ,gas ,manufacturers3 ,slowly probably1 but surely1 the majority of owners and operators of public utilities are coming to the realization that the most important1--the most vital subject with which they have to deal in the management of their properties today1 is that of public relations4 ,it used to be that the man who could put the most gas in the holders at the lowest cost1 or could generate the most power at the electric or street car plant1 was the most important in the whole organization4 ,it is different now4 ,the basis of organization has changed and the man who has made a study of public relations--the man who can create and conserve the public good will is given the reins of control4 ,but should a man wish to make a particular study of the library's public relations before he is compelled to assume the responsibilities accompanying them1 he may have difficulty4 ,one school makes provision for special students1 but on account of the extra work each additional student makes on the faculty1 it is often impossible to enter4 ,admission depends on available desk room and on condition that the regular classes are not so large as to occupy the entire time of the faculty4 ,the theory at present seems to be1--give every student a little of everything he may need1 as the process of forgetting what he will not use is easier than the work of acquiring it should he need it4 ,we therefore see men destined for control of large libraries1 women planning for positions as catalogers in university libraries1 candidates for small public institutions1 those who will specialize in bibliographical work--all of them differing in natural inclinations1 special preliminary training and professional aims in library life1 being introduced to forty-three phases of library work1 with instruction in all of them varying from #b to #aja hours1 according to the subject1 with at least #cgg hours of practice work and a library trip--through all of which the student emerges in eight and one-half months1 possibly somewhat bewildered by the process but groping for the ladder up which he is determined to climb4 ,cannot the schools do the greatest service to the student and to the profession by abandoning the plan of putting all students through the same square hole8 ,instead of giving a little of everything1 cannot the school give much of what the student will use and nothing of what he can dispense with or what can be got easily outside of the school8 ,cannot the courses be simplified somewhat to permit this8 ,entrance examinations are conducted early in ,june for admission to the school in ,september4 ,cannot a study of the history of libraries1 the history of books and printing1 the reading of library literature on publishing houses and other non-technical work be required of the student during the intervening three months8 ,the literature would gladly be provided by libraries over the country and the three months' reading and intelligent observation in the library by the student before beginning his technical training would be advantageous4 ,three months' acquaintance and observation of the student by the librarian would make his recommendations valuable to the school4 ,but school courses as at present outlined cannot be made sufficiently flexible to provide specific training for specific work4 ,therefore1 cannot the schools divide the instructional field between them and concentrate their individual efforts on special lines4 ,this division of work is done most successfully by libraries in large cities4 ,such a division would have several advantages4 ,a man loving responsibility and the management of affairs could secure a maximum of definite training for administrative work and a minimum of work less important in his professional career4 ,a woman under appointment as head of a small public library1 would receive a maximum of training for this work and a minimum in the methods and features of work in a college library4 ,one of promise as a cataloger would receive a maximum of technical training made possible through a minimum of time and effort required in studying the problems of a children's librarian4 ,the objection can be raised that neither the school nor the student can determine his future work and therefore a minimum number of hours in as many as forty-three subjects is preferable as a foundation4 ,but in these general courses as outlined today1 there is a great preponderance of work in certain lines4 ,in speaking of the time devoted to cataloging1 one school director said1 ,there is1 however1 much reason for this1 as a large number of the graduates become catalogers and many others enter positions where a knowledge of cataloging is essential4 ,we shall agree that an expert knowledge of cataloging is essential in many positions1 but has not the large number of graduates from this school who have become catalogers1 been due partly at least to the fact that twice the time in school was devoted to this work than to any other1 the aggregate equaling the combined hours of seventeen other branches4 ,the fact that one's special training largely determines one's field of work1 is seen in another library school where a maximum of children's work is made possible by a minimum in some other departments4 ,the result is that of the #adh graduates of this school1 #ajg were1 last year1 engaged in children's work1 principally as heads of departments4 ,the remaining #da graduates were represented in other fields of library work4 ,the division of the field between the various schools would have another advantage of the student4 ,at present1 a school's geographical location1 or its entrance requirements largely decides a student in selecting a school4 ,but would it not be better if the student's selection were based on what the school could offer in special lines of work4 ,it may be thought that a prospective student lacks the self-knowledge to determine his qualifications for special work4 ,many students have and more should have library experience before schools are entered and these will know their intentions and qualifications4 ,even if an occasional mistake were made1 the student still would have instruction in the various lines of library work4 ,in the school referred to before1 the #da graduates who are not filling positions for which special training was given1 are successfully occupying positions of honor and responsibility in other library fields4 ,again1 the law of supply and demand makes no exception to library work1 and with a division of the field1 a student could receive the fullest training in the work for which there was the greatest demand4 ,in conclusion1 the profession should not expect the schools to turn out finished products4 ,librarianship is not merely a process4 ,it is also a habit of mind--an attitude towards public affairs which seeks activity through the medium of books4 ,but in inculcating the principles toward this attitude1 the profession must rely and can rely with confidence on the schools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,chairman3 ,the paper just presented1 and other phases of the subject1 will be discussed by ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,brett of the ,cleveland public library4 ,mr4 ,,brett3 ,my good friend ,mr4 ,hadley has stated so clearly the problems1 the purposes and the difficulties of the library school1 and ,i am so heartily in accord with so much that he has said1 that ,i regret that ,i must differ from some of his conclusions4 ,in considering these questions we must bear in mind that a majority of the students are in schools giving only a one year's course1 and only a minority are so fortunate as to be able to attend the schools giving courses of two or more years4 ,now1 the problem and the difficulty in a one year school is to arrange a course of study which shall be best for students entering school with widely differing preparation1 some with1 others without1 library experience1 and with differing aptitudes1 abilities1 ambitions and plans for the future4 ,to arrange a course which will best meet the needs of such an aggregation of students is a serious problem4 ,the criticisms on the work of the schools in the paper1 seem to be mainly1 first1 that too much of the routine work1 the technical work1 is unnecessary for those who may be so fortunate in the future as to fill administrative or other important positions1 in which they will not need to do such work1 and that routine work of that sort tends to deaden those more important things1 sense of proportion1 initiative1 judgment1 ability to deal with the larger problems of life4 ,while ,i fully agree as to the importance of these things1 ,i believe there is little occasion to fear that a solid technical course will lessen these qualities in any one who is so fortunate as to have them in any eminent degree4 ,it seems to me that those qualities are rather the gift of ,god to their fortunate possessors than the work of the library schools4 ,my own conviction is that whether it be had in the first year of one of the larger schools1 or in a school giving a one year course1 a definite1 solid basis of technical training is an absolutely essential foundation for good library work4 ,i believe that any specialization in library work should be built on such a foundation1 just as specialization in law1 in medicine and in the technical professions1 is based on a general professional training4 ,we should have1 ,i think1 in our library training1 the opportunity for specializing when the students are ready for it1 but ,i believe that whatever position one is to occupy1 whatever work in the library one may be fortunate enough to do1 the solid1 general training of one year in a library school is none too much as an introduction and basis4 ,so that ,i believe that specialization in a one year course is not desirable1 even if it were practicable1 which it is not for at least two reasons3 ,the time is too short and the expense too great4 ,such a suggestion reminds me of something which ,i heard ,president ,eliot of ,harvard say once upon a time at a meeting of school superintendents1 on the subject of enriching and broadening the course in grammar schools4 ,he argued in a very strong and interesting way for greater freedom for the brighter child to pass along more rapidly by means of special instruction4 ,it was answered in various ways by the school men1 but to me the answer was very clear1 namely1 that what ,harvard university1 with one instructor for eight or nine students1 could do is not practicable in grade schools with one instructor for fifty students4 ,so any attempt to specialize in a one year course would require an increase of cost for instruction greater than the result would be likely to justify4 ,an important co-operation has been at various times suggested and discussed as follows3 ,if the courses of the one year schools could be so closely approximated to the first year's work in the larger schools that students having completed the one year's course might afterwards1 if able to meet the requirements1 complete their work1 specializing1 if they chose1 in the second and third years' work of the larger schools1 this would seem a perfectly feasible and desirable thing4 ,another co-operation which ,i think would be of great value might be arranged with the colleges if they would give credit for work in the library school4 ,a large part of the work in the library school1 such as book selection1 the subject headings1 classifications1 the use of reference books1 and some other subjects1 have a definite and high educational value1 equal ,i believe1 we may fairly say1 to that of the average value of the college curriculum4 ,if the college would be willing to give credit for a fair share of this work1 the student might by some overtime work1 graduate from college and from a library school giving one year courses1 in four years1 or by adding another year1 from college and a two year library school4 ,this would1 of course1 require co-operation through the course4 ,in one instance such a co-operation has been planned and will be put into operation1 the college proposing to give a credit of six-tenths of one year for one year's work in the library school4 ,the initiative in that case came from the college4 ,it is true as we all know that we are trying to secure for the service a preparation in college and in library school which is out of proportion to the salaries paid4 ,this is the inevitable condition of a new profession4 ,adequate recognition will not be given to a profession until it has by long service demonstrated its importance1 nor will individual members receive adequate salaries until they prove their efficiency4 ,this is as true in the library as it is in business4 ,in business salaries are usually based on the proven value of services already rendered4 ,no young man in a mercantile house is likely to receive a salary in #aiac larger than he has shown his ability to earn in #aiab4 ,in other words1 the man or the woman who grows in business relations must keep the work ahead of the salary4 ,keep the work away beyond the compensation and the compensation will follow it along even though it may not overtake it4 ,to bring about the best results the library schools should co-operate with each other and with the colleges to bring up and maintain high standards and to insist on a good1 solid1 general and technical foundation1 upon which specialization may be built4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,i am not sure but that there should have been a second paper1 upon the subject of ,what the library schools can not do for the profession4 ,i wonder if it has ever occurred to you that a medical school confines a student for four years before he is permitted to go at large4 ,i wonder if you have ever put to yourselves the question1 how many medical students1 in their first1 or second1 or third1 or fourth year after graduation1 you have been ready to employ in vital matters in your own family4 ,i am quite sure that were any of the young ladies here seeking to employ a lawyer in a breech of promise suit against any of the young men1 they would not go to the law graduate in the first year of his experience4 ,it seems to me1 therefore1 that it is not surprising at all that we do not find in the library school graduate1 during the early years of his actual work1 all the business ability1 the diplomatic qualities and the personality1 book knowledge and tact that we might expect4 ,we cannot do everything in one year1 ,i think we all agree4 ,what we do wish to know1 and what we welcome very definitely1 ,i am sure1 from the standpoint of the schools1 is that you let us know1 in any way possible1 what we can do that has not been done4 ,the discussion will be carried on further by ,mr4 ,edwin ,h4 ,anderson1 of the ,new ,york public library4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,anderson3 ,i find myself in such general agreement with ,mr4 ,hadley's excellent paper that ,i fear ,i can do little to stir up interest by discussion4 ,his point that in the first library school the influence of the university library was too marked and that university demands have had too much influence on the curricula of all schools1 seems to me well taken4 ,it is only natural that it should be so2 but since most of the schools are now directly connected with1 or closely related to1 public libraries1 ,i think their courses of instruction are more and more losing the marks of university influence4 ,this influence should still hold with the schools connected with universities4 ,but these schools1 it seems to me1 should frankly specialize and prepare students for university library work4 ,mr4 ,hadley very properly emphasizes the need for more men students in the schools4 ,i am sure all the existing schools are glad to have as many good men as they can get4 ,the difficulty seems to be to find enough men of the right sort who are sufficiently interested in library work to take a course of formal training for it4 ,if the schools could1 as ,mr4 ,hadley suggests1 coperate with the ,american ,library ,association in presenting the claims and rewards of librarianship to young men in the universities1 ,i think the results would justify the effort4 ,i would suggest therefore that the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,committee on professional training consider this suggestion and arrange to act upon it as soon as possible4 ,there is a crying demand for more men from the schools4 ,the only remedy for the present condition is to induce more men of the right sort to enter the schools4 ,mr4 ,hadley has suggested one method of accomplishing this4 ,another and more direct method is for librarians themselves to call to the attention of young men of the right sort the opportunities which the schools open to them for professional library work4 ,i think the heads of the schools will agree with me when ,i say that in general their best students are those who are sent to them by librarians4 ,now if these same librarians would make a special point of urging upon educated young men the advantages of the school training1 both the schools and the profession would profit by it4 ,nothing is so effective as personal suggestion and explanation2 and a librarian who likes his work should have little difficulty in arousing the interest of university men of his acquaintance who are not attracted by the older professions4 ,mr4 ,hadley seems to think that much of the instruction in the schools at present is wasted upon one destined for administrative work4 ,the difficulty is to tell when a man or a woman is destined for work of this sort4 ,the inclination for it is not always accompanied by the necessary qualifications4 ,how are we to determine who is destined for administrative work and who for work of another sort8 ,a student might enter a library school expecting to prepare for administrative duties and find after a term's study that he preferred1 or was better fitted for1 some other kind of work4 ,personally ,i can say that few of the things ,i studied at the library school have proved useless to me in administrative work4 ,mr4 ,hadley makes one suggestion which has often been under discussion in library school alumni associations1 and which ,i happen to know was very seriously considered by the faculty of one library school some five years ago4 ,this suggestion is that the schools provide courses of instruction in general library administration for those who look forward to administrative positions4 ,most of the schools have lectures each year from librarians of various sorts of libraries--large1 small1 public1 university1 etc41--in which they are asked to tell in general terms how their libraries are administered4 ,the question is1 can the schools go further than this8 ,is there a science of administration which can be taught8 ,the qualities needed for administrative work1 library or other1 are the gift of the gods1 not of the schools4 ,the schools can give the students a firsthand knowledge of the various phases of library work1 and this is important4 ,but they cannot give breadth of view to a mind naturally narrow2 nor can they endow the student with personal force and poise1 tact1 savoir-faire1 sympathy1 a sense of justice1--in a word with gumption4 ,now a course of formal instruction in administrative gumption is one that no librarian with any gumption would attempt to give4 ,the whole school of life is devoted to this course1 and few degrees are conferred4 ,he would be a god-like instructor indeed who could impart to his students the gifts of the gods as developed and perfected by the great school of experience4 ,anything less than the thunders of ,sinai would be an inadequate introduction to such a course4 ,what ,i am trying to emphasize is that the essential qualities for administrative work are too general and intangible to be taught formally in any kind of school4 ,the schools cannot give their students a knowledge and love of books2 these1 for the most part1 they must bring with them4 ,neither can they give them a knowledge of life4 ,are they not1 therefore1 by the very nature of the case1 restricted to teaching chiefly the technique1 ,i had almost said the mechanics1 of library work8 ,a knowledge of the technique is necessary to the administrator2 but the ability to make the best use of this technique is a natural endowment developed by experience and environment through the course of years4 ,have we any right to expect a library school to provide more than a small part of that experience and environment8 ,are we not asking of the library schools what no other profession expects from its special schools8 ,do we get our bankers from business colleges1 or the managers and presidents of our railroads from schools of engineering8 ,some one has said that knowledge is the material with which wisdom builds4 ,the library schools can impart a knowledge of library methods4 ,they can hardly teach the wise use of those methods4 ,they can suggest and illustrate it2 but courses of instruction in administrative wisdom are1 ,i fear1 an iridescent dream4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,this subject is open to discussion if there is any one who feels moved to contribute to our wisdom4 ,mrs4 ,,elmendorf3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 may ,i put in one straw from the outside world to show that other technical concerns are taking up this point of view also4 ,one of the great universities is about to establish a technical school4 ,they have called to the aid of the faculty three men very high in the technical world1 all of them having attained great practical success4 ,those three men have agreed in recommending to the faculty that they reduce the technical hours in the schools1 as compared to other technical schools1 and devote more time to the humanities4 ,dr4 ,,bostwick3 ,may ,i say just a word from the standpoint of one who is interested in the product of the library school1 as making use of that product8 ,i do not think this point has been alluded to at all this morning1 which is my excuse for intruding it upon you for a moment4 ,i want to emphasize the value of library schools as selectors1 which it seems to me is very great1 transcending even1 perhaps1 their great value as trainers4 ,i know a great many persons who use library school students1 who1 if they were asked why they preferred one library school to another1 would say it was not because the training in that school was so much better1 or because the instructors in that school were so much better1 but simply because they always got better people from that library school4 ,why8 ,because those persons1 who exist in great numbers1 who are congenitally unfit to become librarians1 are not allowed to get into such schools1 and1 if they do1 they are not allowed to graduate4 ,consequently1 if you choose graduates of those particular schools you are always sure of getting good persons4 ,therefore1 ,i regard the selective function of a library school as extremely valuable4 ,no matter how good the training you give1 no matter how good the instructors you have1 if you allow people in your schools who are unfitted for library work1 your product will be worth little4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,,rathbone3 ,the cap that ,mr4 ,hadley has constructed1 fits so well that ,i could not forbear putting it on4 ,i want to assure you all1 however1 that its conical shape is not the result of inheritance but of evolution4 ,the curriculum of the particular school ,i have the honor to be associated with has been a growth1 and a growth very largely made up from suggestions1 the solicited suggestions1 of its own graduates who have worked in the library field4 ,subjects have been added1 others have been omitted1 others have been reduced in time given to them1 according as our students have found in their practical work that they needed things they did not get1 or that certain things that we gave them were not of the greatest practical value4 ,again and again we have sent out circular letters1 and have requested in personal interviews1 the frankest possible criticism from our graduates of the preparation that they received in the school4 ,i have seen a great many such letters1 and have talked with a great many people4 ,i must confess1 however1 that ,i have never yet had the criticism from any of the graduates that too much time was devoted in the school curriculum to cataloging4 ,that criticism may come1 and when it does we shall be glad to meet it1 but ,i have not yet happened to receive it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one other point ,i want to make1 and that is that ,i think the libraries depend upon library schools for general assistants4 ,that is one reason why a one year school1 ,i think1 should give all of its students experience in all of the different departments of library work1 because1 though after they go out into the field1 some become catalogers1 some children's librarians1 some reference librarians1 and a few1 administrators of large libraries1 the average graduate that goes out1 three-fourths of our product certainly goes at first into a public library as a general assistant4 ,the heads of such libraries want assistants who can go one week into the children's room2 who1 if a shortage occurs in the reference room1 can be put there2 and if in the meantime the work has piled up in the cataloging department1 can be transferred from the children's room1 or the reference department1 to that department4 ,i think that kind of all-round instruction1 and the flexibility that results from it1 is one of the most valuable assets that the trained librarian can take with him into general library work4 ,dr4 ,,hill3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 in the first place1 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,brett if he will give us the name of the college which is allowing the library course to be taken as part of the rating4 ,mr4 ,,brett3 ,it is the ,college for ,women of the ,western ,reserve university of ,cleveland1 and the school that co-operates with it is the ,western ,reserve library school4 ,dr4 ,,hill3 ,in the second place1 ,mr4 ,chairman1 the note in ,mr4 ,hadley's paper which attracted and arrested my attention1 related to men1 naturally4 ,now1 ,i want to say that as mere men we are not afraid of anything1 we are not afraid that we are going to be crowded out of the library profession by our women friends1 but we are looking around to see that we do not get crowded too much2 and this subject of bringing into the profession more men and better men--although ,i would say to the ladies that there are a good many good men among us still available1--was taken up by the ,american ,library ,institute last fall1 and presented very clearly by ,dr4 ,dewey4 ,he said in a paper which was submitted to the ,institute that it was the duty of the ,american ,library ,association to interest the universities so that the work of our association might be brought to the attention of the students1 and that we ought to arrange to have lectures given by librarians at the various universities4 ,i became interested in this subject and last winter1 talking with a president of one of the ,eastern universities1 asked if such lectures would be acceptable4 ,he said that he would be very glad as president of that university to extend an invitation to the library association to send representatives there to place before students the advantages of the library profession1 and to carry on a course which would enable interested students to direct their work along library lines4 ,he said1 further1 that he had no doubt but what every college and university in the land would welcome such co-operation4 ,such being the feeling of the president of one university1 it seems to me that it is time for the committee named by ,mr4 ,anderson to take some active measure to have the country divided in such way that librarians in the neighborhood of the various universities will arrange to lecture before the students4 ,i think the matter should be given immediate attention4 ,miss ,,kelso3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i have made a study also this last winter1 not with college presidents1 but with certain members of the graduating class of ,columbia university and ,harvard university4 ,in the dogma expressed here it seems to me you treat the university graduate1 who has had four years' earnest study1 as if he were in kilts1 and the girl in short skirts4 ,those men and women have wrested from the college tradition the right to say what they are going to do1 in their junior1 if not their sophomore year1 and to come out after their graduation from economical and sociological courses and to be presented to the curriculum you have1 is little short of absurd4 ,go to the professors at the head of the economics departments of our universities1 men or women1 and they will tell you that their students have known for two years what they were going to be4 ,i know several undergraduates that1 before their graduation1 had opportunities of national importance1 as executive secretaries1 to go in and organize a national office4 ,to ask those fellows1 who have been taking volunteer practice work1 as numbers of them do1 in health department work1 in tuberculosis and a thousand and one things1 to go and take up this library school curriculum1--they will not4 ,bring an undergraduate who is in his senior year to talk to you2 go to the professor at the head of one of these departments and ask him to send you a young woman or a young man to talk to you about what the aims of their classes and fraternities have been4 ,i do believe there is a way out1 and that is to admit frankly that the library schools can select1 as ,dr4 ,hill has well said1 and send students to the libraries for the trying-out process1 and above all to have the library association show very much more interest and attention to what the library schools are doing4 ,and ,i can say to you1 as an old librarian1 that you are reaping what it seemed to me was a whirlwind sowed some years ago4 ,for a long time past1 and when we first had the schools1 we shut the door on the possible entrance of politics into libraries1--a very serious menace1 as we all know4 ,we all rushed forward and talked about the library school1 and if a community had a man or woman who could fill the place1 who had special literary ability1 had been well educated and was proved to have some executive ability1 we all roared1 ,you're lost if you don't take some one who has gone through a library school training4 ,you know we did4 ,and the poor old committee succumbed and got a library school candidate4 ,we cannot prepare librarians unless we relate them to the great field of human endeavor and social affairs to which the library belongs1 if it is used in a proper way1 and we must find other means in the library association to evolve some system to afford the trying-out process4 ,mr4 ,,walter3 ,although we get at the matter from different points of view1 ,i am quite certain that ,miss ,rathbone1 ,miss ,kelso and ,i are in exact accord on some points4 ,one is in the recognition of the real responsibility for the curricula of library schools4 ,the library school courses are what they are because the libraries want them so4 ,miss ,kelso may probably not be quite so familiar with the special demands of libraries as those who are on library school faculties are4 ,a great demand exists at present along two lines4 ,the most frequent demand1 ,i think1 is for college or university graduates1 who are masters of every branch of library technic1 and who possess as well a wide and extensive knowledge of all subjects1 which will make them valuable in varied lines of work and in different departments2 in other words1 universal specialists4 ,this demand comes repeatedly from the smaller libraries and not infrequently from the larger ones4 ,the library school is forced in many ways to make a concession to that demand and to teach many things rather than a few specialties4 ,i am not sure that the concession is always as great or as harmful as has been asserted1 and one reason why ,i am not so sure of this is because ,i have been studying the curricula of several schools of philanthropy 7whose practical character has just been commended7 in order to make some improvements in a proposed course in the institution with which ,i am connected1 and the differences in the general plans of the two kinds of schools are so far from being radical that we have been able to take over many of their specialized ideas and put them in our curriculum1 with so little change that ,i defy you to find where the joints are4 ,another demand is for real specialists to put in charge of special departments of large libraries4 ,i believe that demand is growing4 ,but you must remember1 if you are going to have them1 that two things are necessary4 ,if you want specialists trained in different subjects1 you must give them time to get their training and you must pay them enough to attract them and to keep them when you get them4 ,in an engineering school you have lengthy courses full of engineering technic1 because you demand engineers4 ,no good school would cut out that technic simply because you needed an engineering student in your technology department and couldn't afford to wait or to pay for a graduate4 ,why should we have to stop doing what experience1 and the experience of years1 has proved necessary1 what most of the people who go out of the library schools say is necessary--why should we cut out general subjects simply because of a temporary or limited demand for short-cut semi-specialists8 ,you do not give time to prepare specialists4 ,you are prone to send in a letter on ,saturday saying you must have a man in charge of a special department next ,tuesday1 that he must be a graduate of one of the best technical schools of the country and that he must also have a thorough knowledge of library technic4 ,at present ,i do not believe there is enough demand for those people to attract many of them1 because1 these specialists1 in most cases1 are obliged to come into general library work and to keep in general work until the special positions for which they are particularly fitted become vacant or are created4 ,i believe thoroughly in the missionary spirit4 ,i believe every librarian ought to have in him the spirit of ,st4 ,francis1 to enable him1 if need be1 to go barefoot and get along with almost no food at all1 but ,i do not believe in the right of the public to demand that he work for a salary so small that he must wear the habit and eat the food of ,st4 ,francis4 ,if you expect to find these exceptional men you must pay for them and have places ready for them4 ,you cannot expect the impossible4 ,the question of technic is a serious one but it is not going to be solved entirely by omissions and short-cuts4 ,i might also say that the institution with which ,i happen to be connected depends very largely1 so far as the changes in its curriculum are concerned1 on the suggestions of the people who have gone out from the school and who are working in libraries1 and it often plans its courses in accordance with what they suggest1 as the result of their own experiences4 ,what is more1--and ,i am not speaking for ourselves only1 for similar conditions exist in other schools--in this way we have 7among others7 the experience of more than thirty men and women who are at the head of libraries in cities of the ,united ,states in either the first or the second class4 ,mr4 ,,josephson3 ,it may well be that the present library schools cannot train both librarians and assistants2 and perhaps1 in consequence1 we must have two kinds of school1 one school for assistants and one for librarians4 ,however that may be1 either school must teach bibliography1 and by that ,i mean the knowledge of the records of books and the art of describing books1 so that the one who reads the description may know what the book is4 ,description includes1 of course1 not only cataloging but classification and annotation as well4 ,i would like to supplement ,mr4 ,strohm's paper in one particular4 ,i think it would be well if chief librarians would do something to encourage the continuation of professional studies among the members of their staffs1 particularly among the younger members1 both those who come from library schools and those who do not4 ,we cannot expect them to study too hard after a full day's work1 but ,i think in most cases we would find that such encouragement would be appreciated4 ,the assistants who are ambitious to go forward would be willing to spend a couple of hours a week on further studies1 and it might not be entirely out of the way for the library to allow some time for such work4 ,mr4 ,,george3 ,it seems to me that in our discussion today a means of practical relief has been missed by each of the speakers1 and that is that the ordinary1 customary method of universities be adopted by these library schools1 and instead of attempting in a year's time to issue a diploma of doubtful value at best1 as representing anything in particular1 they should adopt the certificate plan1 and allow their course to extend over a sufficient time to guarantee something2 have their courses divided up in such a way that a certificate will represent something definite to those of us who want to use library school students4 ,it seems to me in that way we can get some practical value from the schools and get efficient aids and assistants in the library service4 ,the great difficulty about the whole thing is that most library school graduates lack a sufficient background and there is not time in one year's course1 naturally1 for them to acquire anything of that kind1 or an experience that can be of practical value to us4 ,i merely throw this out as a practical hint1 because ,i have been waiting for it to come from some of the speakers4 ,by having a certificate covering part of the ground1 either cataloging or some other branch of library service undoubtedly we would be perfectly willing to recognize that as an authoritative guarantee from the schools1 rather than a diploma that1 as ,i say1 is doubtful at best as representing anything1 because of the varying courses and requirements of the different schools4 ,at the conclusion of this discussion the session adjourned4 ,,fourth ,,general ,,session 7,monday1 ,july #a1 #i3cj a4 m47 ,dominion ,day ,program ,dr4 ,james ,w4 ,robertson1 ,c4,m4,g41 took the chair1 on behalf of the ,ottawa local committee1 and called the meeting to order4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,your president has in her genial and successful way insisted that the acting chairman of the local committee should preside on this occasion4 ,of most men one might say when they are forty-five they are middle-aged and mature4 ,this is the forty-fifth anniversary of the birth of this ,dominion2 and ,canada is still but a youth1 a sturdy1 growing1 promising youth among the nations4 ,she is a people of great heritages1 of lofty aspirations and of fine ideals1 and she has in ,sir ,wilfrid ,laurier a son worthy of herself4 ,he will speak to us this morning4 ,,sir ,,wilfrid ,,laurier3#d ,though ,i have no claim whatever to be here on this present occasion1 still if my presence on this platform can further convince our ,american visitors how welcome they are amongst us1 ,i can assure them that ,i would have traveled many and many a long mile to swell the greeting with the seal and hand of the ,canadian government and the ,canadian people4 ,welcome you are1 not only for the good work in which you are engaged1 not only for the intellectual labors which are your daily vocation1 but also because whenever you cross our borders1 and whenever the ,canadian members of this association cross your borders1 you and they are real missionaries of peace1 apostles of civilization1 and those visits tend further to improve our relations1 to dispel old prejudices and to make us appreciate the blessings of the peace which hath prevailed between your country and my country for nearly a hundred years4 #d ,printed only in part4 ,may ,i take advantage of the present opportunity to remind you of the fact1 which has been twice already brought to your attention1 that today is the national holiday of ,canada4 ,we celebrate our national holiday on the first of ,july1 you celebrate yours on the fourth of ,july1--but the resemblance goes no further4 ,the day you celebrate on the fourth of ,july recalls the fact that your forefathers wrenched and violently tore asunder the tie which had bound them to the motherland4 ,i think ,i can call upon your memory to confirm that history attests that this step was not taken lightly1 that it tore the heart strings of many and many of those who signed the ,declaration of ,independence1 but that it was forced upon them by the vicious policy that was followed toward the colonists by the ,british government4 ,our history is a very different one4 ,the day that we celebrate in ,canada recalls no violence4 ,on the contrary we celebrate the day when the authorities of ,england1 ,king1 ,lords and ,commons1 delivered unto us a charter of union1 of liberty and of local independence4 ,thus at the very start our courses were cast in different directions4 ,you are a republic1 we are a monarchy4 ,we have kept the old monarchy of ,england4 ,as to the merits of respective forms of government1 republican institutions or monarchical institutions1 ,i would not say a word on this or any other occasion1 because this has always seemed to be an idle speculation4 ,we know that the form of government is after all a matter of indifference2 we know that there must be a virtue in republicanism1 and we ,canadians are here to testify that in the monarchy of ,england there is as ample liberty as there is in any part of the world1 not excepting even the ,american republic4 ,proud as ,i am to say that you have your democratic institutions1 we are blessed with institutions more democratic1 and we have what ,abraham ,lincoln called the government of the people1 by the people and for the people4 ,i do not mean to say by this1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 that the people never make mistakes4 ,i speak for my country1 not for yours4 ,but speaking for my country1 ,i would say that at that we must not be surprised nor angry1 because it is an attribute of mankind1 after all1 to err4 ,though1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 as ,i have told you1 our lots have been cast apart1 though you are one country and we are another1 still1 after all1 we can say with some pride that we have been friends1 and better friends we ought to be4 ,men there are in this country1 ,i am sorry to say1 who are rather afraid of you ,american people4 ,they believe that you have some hostile design upon us2 and some of your men have perhaps harbored that thought themselves4 ,but if these views are scattered amongst some of my countrymen1 they have not at all scared me2 ,i have no fear at all of the ,american people4 ,i am not afraid of contact with you4 ,i would not be afraid to trade with you1 to sell to you and buy from you1 because ,i believe that after all1 proud as you have reason to be of your own nation1 we ,canadians are just as good as you are4 ,but1 if we cannot trade1 if we cannot sell and buy1--and ,i would not enlarge on this1 because ,i would perhaps trespass on politics1--if we cannot trade and buy from one another1 at least we can exchange ideas1 sentiments1 principles1 and this is the very thing which you have been doing in ,canada during this last week4 ,to this nobody can object4 ,ideas and principles can travel freely across the line1 and ,i believe that everybody would be all the better for this interchange4 ,so ,i have no fear whatever that there should be an absorption of this country by your country4 ,and may ,i say what is my own ideal8 ,it seems to me that there is a greater future for ,canada1 and for the ,united ,states4 ,you have your problems and we have enough of our own problems4 ,we can afford to share the continent and we can be1 you ,americans and we ,canadians1 the pioneers of a new civilization1 a civilization representative of the twentieth century4 ,we can give to the world this example of friendship without hesitation and with perfect confidence in one another4 ,the bane of ,europe today is militarism4 ,all the nations of ,europe are distrustful of one another2 they spend one-half their income for war1 in military preparation one against the other4 ,thank heaven1 on this continent1 we never think of war with one another4 ,we have the longest frontier that separates two nations1 and ,i thank ,god there is not a fortress to be found upon it1 nor a gun nor a cannon to frown across it4 ,this is the example which we give to the rest of the world4 ,it is certainly an achievement of which we have every reason to be proud2 and when you1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 come over to our country1 as you have1 you are further instilling the truth of that sentiment1 and my last word to you will be1 as the first4 ,come again1 come often1 and the more often you come the more cordial and warm will be the welcome4 ,president ,,elmendorf3 ,i am quite certain that this audience would be unwilling that some reply should not come from itself4 ,may ,i ask ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 whom ,i see in the box1 to reply for the audience8 ,mr4 ,,bowker said1 that as he rose to propose on the part of the ,united ,states members of the ,american ,library ,association a vote of thanks1 he wished to express the equal gratification of our fellow members that we have received the hospitality1 so unbounded1 of the administration of ,canada1 and especially that we had been thus welcomed by the man whose presence personifies and whose name is a synonym not only for his own party but for ,united ,canada4 ,he said the ,united ,states members took only one exception to what he had said1 and that was that they used the word ,american in a broader sense than he4 ,the ,american ,library ,association means1 not the ,united ,states1 not ,canada1 but both4 ,we have no ,united ,states library association4 ,we may almost hope that there shall be no ,canada library association1 but we hope that ,ontario1 with its library association1 will be the pioneer to lead its sister provinces into the fellowship and affiliation in which our other associations stand in the ,american library association4 ,the speaker said it was not only in the brilliant and eloquent pages of ,parkman that the history of the two sister nations was interwoven2 that a man from ,woburn1 ,massachusetts1 was the first to see what the site of ,ottawa meant2 that our own ,thwaites had brought anew to life the deeds of the ,jesuit fathers and early explorers1 and that ,miss ,plummer had personally conducted many thousands of boys and girls of the children's rooms through ,canada with her ,roy and ,ray4 ,mr4 ,bowker said he supposed we did not rightly recognize ,canadian writers in the ,united ,states libraries because they were so thoroughly a part of ,english literature1 and that it would be very grateful if some one so good as ,mr4 ,hardy1 the secretary of the ,ontario library association1 could before the close of the meetings give a bird's-eye view of ,canadian writers4 ,it is a significant coincidence that on this very day there goes into operation throughout the ,british ,empire a law which1 if not for the first time1 at least most explicitly1 recognizes the relationship of the several ,english nations to the motherland1 for the new copyright code which today goes into operation states in so many words that the self-governing dominions of ,canada1 ,newfoundland1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand and ,south ,africa may adopt the imperial act1 or modify it to meet their own judicial process1 or legislate independently4 ,it is interesting to some of us that this recognition should be so explicitly made in the field of letters4 ,in closing1 the speaker proposed that we express our thanks to our ,canadian brethren1 our hosts who have been so hospitable1 by a rising vote4 ,amid hearty applause the entire audience arose4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,before it became necessary for ,dr4 ,otto ,klotz1 who was and is chairman of the local committee1 to be absent from the city1 ,i had agreed to deliver an address to the convention on ,conservation in ,canada4 ,the time having come1 on the program1 for that event1 ,i propose now to tell you a little of what we in ,canada are doing to conserve the best we have4 ,,conservation ,,of ,,character ,we are all concerned for the good name of our community1 for its reputation and its character4 ,most of us are concerned for the welfare of our nation1 for its place of honor and influence and power among the nations of the earth4 ,canada is one of the youngest among the self governing peoples4 ,it is only forty-five years since we became a ,dominion1 and we begin only now to find ourselves as a nation4 ,a people who gain self-government become in reality a nation only when they are animated by some dominant purpose to preserve their ideals by further achievement4 ,the preservation of whatever we have found to be worthy in the past1--the good1 the true1 and the beautiful1--by using them in everyday life for further accomplishment and attainment1--that is conservation4 ,there have been rotations of nations and of civilizations on the face of the earth1 as there have been rotations of crops on the fields of the farm4 ,this year's crop is for its own harvest and also to prepare the land for the crop to follow it4 ,the far foresight which peers thoughtfully into eternity while planning for tomorrow is also a part of conservation4 ,in common use the word conservation becomes a bland and comprehensive expression into which we put all our scattered convictions and aspirations and gropings after what is best for the largest number of people for the longest stretch of time4 ,it took on a new meaning when ,theodore ,roosevelt used his megaphone on it4 ,and because it is an omnibus with room always for one more1--for one more idea1 one more suggestion1 one more policy1 it becomes mightily popular4 ,the first concern of conservation is necessarily with natural resources1 but it does give a significant purpose to all the activities of a nation and of an individual4 ,the large1 inclusive aim of ,canada in conservation is that ,canada shall be great in the character of her people1 great enough to match the matchless heritage that has come to her in blood and ideals1 in possessions and institutions1 in opportunities and obligations4 ,canada's contribution to humanity in a large1 uplifting way will be in the perfection by a composite people1 diverse in origin of race1 language and religion1--the perfection by such a people of the finest of all fine arts1 the fine art of living happily and prosperously together1 while working with intelligent skill and unfaltering will for ends believed to be for the common good4 ,these large ends include the improvement of the material and social setting of every home1 the refinement of the inherited quality of life of every child and the reformation from generation to generation of the habits1 standards and ideals of the people4 ,all to the end that we may find satisfactions1 large1 broad and lasting1 through invigorating labor1 social service and abiding good will amongst ourselves and also extended to all our neighbors4 ,let me give you a very brief glimpse1 merely an indication1 a suggestion1 here and there1 of what we are trying to do4 ,first of all1 a word on what we have in possessions to conserve2 then a glimpse or two of what we are doing with our estate2 afterwards a glance at what we are seeking for ourselves2 and finally a look in on what we stand for as a young people among other kindly and competing nations4 ,on ,what ,we ,have ,we have a great deal4 ,never before in the history of the race did seven millions of people have such a heritage come into their free possession4 ,half a continent wide and a whole continent long1--that is our estate4 ,we are happy in the setting of our national life4 ,a very brief survey of what it means to us and what it is in itself must suffice this morning4 ,who knows it8 ,i hear people speak of ,canada as a red patch on the map1 as a stretch of prairies where wheat grows1 as the northern fringe of the glorious free republic of the ,united ,states4 ,these hardly shed a candle power of light on our estate4 ,half a continent wide and one-sixth of the way around the globe6 ,if ,europe were eleven in area1 we are twelve1 and much of it habitable1 destined to be the setting of fine homes of a robust people4 ,let us take ,canada in four areas1 in thousand-mile stretches4 ,we can afford to speak of ourselves in those dimensions4 ,a thousand miles in from the ,atlantic1--where else do you find a better place for homes for a dominant people whose purpose it is to pull up by strength and intelligence and justice and good will1 and not to crush down and hold back8 ,dominant because the human race can be at its best in physique1 in endurance1 in tenacity1 in capacity1 in aspiration1 where apple trees grow in beauty and bounty and the summer air is full of the fragrance of clover blossoms4 ,think back through your books1 and over the globe1 and into the lives of the people4 ,recall the old stories1 the apple trees of ,eden and the land flowing with milk and honey4 ,after all1 physical setting means much for the glory of human life4 ,this is a fine stretch of a thousand miles for homes1 of apple trees and clover blossoms with plenty of running water1 with skies decked in beauty by clouds1 with showers and sunshine in alternate abundance1 and farm houses with yards full of children rolling on the grass picking flowers and climbing the apple trees4 ,that is worth while1--to have a thousand miles filling up with homes1 willing for more to come and share their joy4 ,then we have a thousand miles of wilderness1 a great reservoir north of the ,great ,lakes4 ,it tempts the adventurous to seek gold and silver2 great areas for trees1 and lakes to refresh the thirsty land on both sides by the genial droppings from the rains gathered from the wastes4 ,then come a thousand miles of prairies1 stretching out to the foothills of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it took a thousand times a thousand years to make that place fit for our possession and habitation now4 ,the frugality of prodigal nature was storing in the soil plant food for crops for thousands of years1 not that men might ship wheat1 but that boys and girls should have the finest chance that the race had known hitherto to be a strong1 dominant1 lovely and loving people4 ,a thousand miles of prairies6 ,why do your people flock over to those prairies8 ,not for greed of money4 ,i have been enough in the ,states to know that you libel yourselves in one unkind way4 ,you say the ,american worships the almighty dollar4 ,chase the charge down and he wants the dollar for the sake of a home1 for the pleasure of conquest1 for the worship of some boy or girl1 to give him and her a better footing and a better start4 ,the call of ,canada is not merely from property and a chance to get it4 ,the call of ,canada is the call of a wide chance for possessions1 for a piece of good land to own for oneself4 ,it is also the call of the land where law is respected1 as well as obeyed4 ,it is most loudly and convincingly the call of a land with chances for children4 ,that is what pulls them here1 the chances for children2 and these newcomers are amongst the foremost of those who see that the biggest and best and best-sustained building in the place is the public school4 ,then we have five hundred miles1 half a thousand1 going over the mountains to the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,it is a piece of the great ,creator's fine art in the rough1 with the impressiveness of nature's majesty and the instability which endures4 ,tucked in between the mountains are fertile valleys with peaches and plums and wheat and all good things to sustain the homes4 ,a great asset is that five-hundred mile strip1 the mountains pregnant with coal and gold and silver1 and the streams teeming with fish from the inexhaustible feeding places of the north4 ,that is a glimpse1 merely the head-lines1 of our national home1 our real estate2 and we believe the people will be quite a match for it4 ,we come to feel the responsibility for that now4 ,only a word or two of detail4 ,we have forests in vast areas1 some of them as yet unsurveyed1 and a climate and soil which lets nature far more than restore the lumberman's cut4 ,our forests are inexhaustible in the abundance of their serving power for coming generations2 now that we have begun to conserve them by preventing fires1 by providing patrols1 and also by diffusing knowledge1 training and conviction throughout the common schools4 ,then we have fisheries4 ,many of you come up here and regale your friends for evenings afterwards by fish stories4 ,i speak of the great value to ,canada of fish and fishing4 ,when ,i go to the coasts1 how ,i glory in the conservation of life by fishing6 ,i fish a little4 ,one of my pawky friends once gave me a book called ,fishin' ,jimmy4 ,it had one sentence with which ,i comfort myself when ,i feel disposed to fish when ,i should be otherwise diligently employed4 ,it was this1 ,young man1 the good ,lord1 when ,he needed fellows to help ,him for the biggest job ever taken up1 picked out chaps who caught fish4 ,think of ,nova ,scotia1 the fishing smacks1 the men who are not afraid1 those who go down to the deep in ships1 they see the wonders of the ,lord while they do their duty for their families4 ,there is conservation of the quality of life by the un-boasting and the uncomplaining1 heroic commonplaces of daily toil4 ,with quiet tenacity1 against conditions of discomfort which cannot be escaped1 and carelessness of personal ease such men teach us how to live4 ,then we have waterways1 and water powers1 not merely to illuminate houses and run cars1 but to enlarge leisure by having our heaviest tasks done by man's further alliance with the electric current4 ,then we have minerals and lands4 ,each of these merits more than a discourse for itself4 ,i feel the incompleteness1 the insufficiency1 of my statements of our resources and our efforts towards conservation4 ,however1 just a word about lands1 good land and fertile land4 ,take an example1 one only4 ,seager ,wheeler lives north of ,regina4 ,how our hearts go out in sympathy to those people who suffer from nature's inhuman manifestation of her strength4 7,a reference to the ,regina cyclone of the day before47 ,i have not learned to look up through nature's devastations to nature's ,god1 but ,i have learned to look through human life to man's ,god1--,whose tender mercies are over all ,his other works4 ,seager ,wheeler lives north of ,regina4 ,out at the ,experimental ,farm1 where we were on ,saturday1 ,dr4 ,saunders1 patiently1 quietly1 modestly1 brought together a strain of wheat from ,calcutta and a strain of wheat from the ,north-,west4 ,a new child is born unto us in ,wheatland4 ,seager ,wheeler gets some of that wheat and begins the process of selection on his own farm1 the best out of the best for the best4 ,last autumn ,i was in ,new ,york at the back-to-the-land exposition4 ,a thousand dollar prize in gold was there for the man who would bring the best bushel of wheat from anywhere on the continent4 ,the judges were expert men from the ,united ,states1 and ,seager ,wheeler from the middle of our ,north-,west plains won the thousand dollar prize for his bushel of wheat from that part of our land4 ,more than that1 ,i have a photograph of the plot from which this bushel of wheat was taken1 and it measured up #hj #b-c bushels to the acre4 ,no wonder we think well of our land1 and you folks want to get some of it4 ,one other sentence only1 otherwise ,i should be beguiled into talking far too long about our lands4 ,in these days1 dangerous in their clamors for bigness and swiftness and luxury1 one needs to remind himself that satisfactions do not come from these things1 but from honest labor whereby one conserves the strength and beauty of some part of nature and man1 and develops power and joy in another unit of nature and man1 making the earth and man rejoice together4 ,truly a nation's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things it possesseth4 ,on ,what ,we ,are ,doing ,we in ,canada are happy in the occupations of the people1 as well as in the setting of our lives4 ,what has occupation to do with conservation8 ,occupation conserves the best that humanity has achieved in human beings themselves4 ,not books8 ,it would be a loss if all the books were taken from us1--it would be a loss somewhat modified by the advantages4 ,but whosoever will offend one of these little ones in whom is conserved all the achievements and attainments of the race to this day1 it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck4 ,the menace of books is that they sometimes crush down and crush out the aspiration of young life for joy in constructive1 creative1 co-operative labor1 through merely selfish1 silent reading for gratification4 ,we are happy in the occupations of our people that minister to greatness in character4 ,a new country like ours needs the constructing and conquering qualities1 more than the sedentary1 absorbing1 remembering capacities4 ,the farmer follows one of the conquering1 constructive occupations1 gathering wealth out of the otherwise chaos4 ,his labor creates wealth and conserves the health and virility of the people4 ,what a grudge ,i have against the modern factory that1 in making things1 debases men4 ,i do my thinking aloud in a meeting like this4 ,therefore ,i do not flatter4 ,i will warrant we should not have women1 as ,i have seen them1 working in factories1 with poor air and little sunshine amid the infernal rattle of machinery1 if we believed in our heart of hearts that things were for homes and that good homes for all the people was the dominant object of a strong nation4 ,why should ,i have cloth in my house because it is cheap--when it is transfused by the blood of women in ,leeds8 ,why should ,i want a coat on my back that carries with it the stain of tears from children who have had no chance8 ,why should ,i walk easily in boots1 factory-made in order that they may be a dollar a pair cheaper1 when ,i have seen women atrophied by the monotonous poverty of their job who should have been mothering a family and nursing the aspirations of young people8 ,we do not want to have things1 things1 things as our idols and our end in life4 ,the fundamental occupations which engage the large majority of our people are farming1 making homes and teaching and training the young4 ,the farm1 the rural home and the rural school together provide the opportunities and means of culture in forms which children and grown people can turn into power--power of knowledge1 of action and of character4 ,farming is much more than moving soil1 sowing grain1 destroying weeds and harvesting crops4 ,it is taking care of part of the face of ,mother ,earth as a home for her children4 ,making homes is much more than building houses and providing furniture1 food1 clothing and things4 ,it is creating a temple1 not made with hands1 as a place of culture for the ,divine in us4 ,those who live by agriculture are not all of the earth earthy1 and the rural home is a fine school for the soul4 ,teaching and training the young is much more than instructing children in the arts of reading1 writing and reckoning--those flexible1 useful tools of the intellect4 ,much of the time of the school has been consumed in these tasks2 but now we come to a happier day when those arts can be acquired joyfully in less than a year and a half1 instead of painfully1 reluctantly and with difficulty as spread over six years4 ,the main portion of the school time will soon be devoted to caring for the health1 the habits and the standards of the pupils while watching and directing the development of their powers of body1 mind and spirit4 ,these three fundamental mothering occupations in ,canada nourish and sustain all the others1 such as commerce1 manufacturing1 transportation and the professions4 ,by means of them1 followed as well as they can be by an educated and cultured people1 the country will be kept prosperous and fertile4 ,it can be made beautiful only by radiant homes1 whence youth will go forth from generation to generation to refine life by their characters1 to exalt it by their ideals and to improve its conditions by intelligent labor4 ,i must say a word or two as to whence we got the impetus1 the stimulus1 towards conservation4 ,intelligent1 conscious1 planned and organized effort for conservation came to us from ,washington4 ,we are the ,washington of the ,north in more ways than one1 and ,i think ,i express1 if ,i may venture to do so1 the hope and conviction of my friend ,sir ,wilfrid ,laurier when ,i say that1 a hundred years hence and less1 the ,washington of the ,north will be more than abreast of the ,washington of the ,south because of the influence1 the moulding influence1 of climate and homes and schools such as we in this country will have4 ,but the ,washington of the ,south had a great gathering in #aijh1 when the ,governors of all the ,states and others were assembled to consider conservation4 ,i read the report of the proceedings with some care4 ,then ,i turned more than once to read1 right after it1 an old classic about a gathering in the time of ,king ,ahasuerus1 the gathering of the governors of #abg provinces4 ,and ,i laid down the ,bible with the conviction that that ,ahasuerus assembly was no higher in its essence and in its fruits than a pow-wow debauch of ,indian chiefs on the plains4 ,take the setting and the spirit of the ,ahasuerus crowd--self-seeking1 careless of human rights1 neglectful of children's claims4 ,that story was worth recording as a great exhibition of monstrous selfishness1 the thing itself--worth avoiding1 worth opposing1 worth smiting to the death every time it rears its ugly greedy head4 ,on the other hand1 consider ,washington4 ,the governors of sovereign states come together1 for what8 ,not to consider how they might enrich themselves at the expense of the weak and those in their care1 but how they might conserve for all the people1 the property of all the people1 for the benefit of all the people1 for the longest stretch of time4 ,that was a great gathering4 ,it will go down in history as marking a new epoch in human activity and endeavor4 ,and whatever may be said amid the transient controversies of party politics1 the name of ,theodore ,roosevelt will stand out illustrious for leadership in a new effort for conservation that saves1 not merely forests and material resources1 but that saves moral earnestness among the people4 ,i have no sympathy1 myself1 with your own harsh criticism of these political conventions you are holding now in the ,states4 ,not being a politician1 ,i can speak of politics without fear4 ,may ,i tell you what my thinking has been8 ,perhaps only twice before did the ,united ,states ever get such service1 such an awakening--when you had the struggle for liberty1 and1 afterwards1 the war for freedom4 ,what means the present commotion which bursts through conventional conventions of polite speech8 ,is it not that you shall be saved from a supine sense of satisfaction with having only things--from the loss of great concepts of justice and right aflame in moral earnestness8 ,i rejoice with you that we are indebted to ,washington for impetus and stimulus in moral earnestness regarding forests and other resources4 ,that is ,gifford ,pinchot's contribution--not to make lumber cheap1 but to make the land fertile and prosperous1 that boys and girls may be beautiful and strong and glad4 ,worth while is the moral earnestness that uses materials only as the mechanism of its efforts for the improvement of life4 ,then ,canadians attended officially another meeting in ,washington in #aiji1 came back and ,parliament instituted a ,commission of ,conservation4 ,that ,commission has been at work for three years seeking to serve our people by showing how they could improve themselves as well as their circumstances through effort to conserve their resources4 ,on the ,provincial experimental farm in ,wellington ,county1 ,ont41 ,professor ,zavitz works4 ,he took thin1 light grains from a variety of oats1 and sowed those by themselves2 and1 from the same variety1 he took plump1 heavy1 dark grains1 and sowed these by themselves4 ,for twelve years he followed that plan on the same soil1 under the same climate1 with the same management4 ,at the end of twelve years the crop from this plump seed rose by twenty-six bushels more to the acre and ten and a half pounds more to the bushel than the crop from the poor seed4 ,that was conservation secured by intelligent application and good management4 ,you can do that with life as well as with seed and with land4 ,the long distance aim as well as the local object of conservation is to make ,canada a better country to live in and a more beautiful country to love2 and to make ,canadians a people of greater vigor1 finer texture and nobler character4 ,on ,what ,we ,are ,seeking ,we in ,canada are a composite sample of life4 ,we have come to us ,anglo-,saxon1 ,celtic1 ,gallic1 ,teutonic1 ,slavonic and others4 ,all these streams of blood flow over ,canada and mingle in us4 ,it is not any longer with us merely a toleration of an individual or of an idea from ,russia--or the ,states--but an appreciation of the person and the idea1 to make them serve our people better4 ,there is conservation in that4 ,the best we have inherited is the quality of life4 ,our more immediate ancestors loved liberty1 prized intelligence and cherished justice4 ,these they had won by courage1 by struggle1 by patience and by privation4 ,they left them to us to be improved by education4 ,concepts such as these are what count in the great issues of life4 ,let me without any offense or bad taste be personal and speak of one of my ancestors4 ,he has been dead a long time4 ,i didn't know him4 ,but not infrequently ,i can feel the thrill and the efforts at domination of his convictions and his habits4 ,i remember a dog biting me4 ,i could have strangled the creature with my hands4 ,i did not learn that in school1 but ,i had the instinct in me from that old ancestor4 ,i can think of him in a cave1 living a bare coarse life4 ,but he conserved the chance for the babies2 and the lion and the wolf and the bear could not stand against the club and the fire which he used for the protection of his wife and children4 ,coarse6 ,of course he was4 ,a thing of paws and claws and jaws6 ,but he conserved his concepts of duty1 his ideals of protection for the young and the weak4 ,his concepts and the labors and struggles they involved by and by refined his body4 ,then1 ages afterwards1 #bj1jjj or #cj1jjj years afterwards1 we had ,lord ,lister4 ,two hundred and fifty thousand women saved annually through the service of his refined brain and his trained hands1 and his large concepts of duty4 ,and we had ,florence ,nightingale2 and you had ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,and we all have everybody and anybody that conserves concepts of joy and glory through duty discharged by constructive1 contributing labor1 social service and abiding good will4 ,in these and others innumerable we have a heritage1 not made with hands4 ,time fails me even to name all our other heritages which are not in material resources4 ,there are customs1 institutions1 laws1 manners1 ideas1 traditions1 standards1 ideals1 art1 songs1 language and books4 ,books are more than material things4 ,they are material humanized into food for the mind and spirit as soil and air may be glorified into apples and flowers for the senses4 ,sometimes produced with immense pains1 they bring infinite joys4 ,the ,kingdom hath come to us for such a time as this when a new day dawns for happiness and well-being on earth4 ,some of the means under modern conditions through which further advances in the formation and conservation of character are to be looked for are1--first those which lead young people to the achievement of joy through the processes of labor as distinguished from its wages or other rewards4 ,every child who is given a fair chance can manage that4 ,in this a little child may lead us4 ,secondly1 those which produce the pleasure of working together for some end believed to be good for all4 ,will not school pupils and older students work themselves into social efficiency1 by co-operating in productive labor1 as well as play themselves into ability by means of team games8 ,both together are better than twice as much of either alone4 ,thirdly1 those which yield gladness through creative work whereby each individual strives to give expression to his own concepts of utility and beauty in concrete things as well as in words and other symbols4 ,the insistence1 by school and college1 upon passive receptiveness for prolonged periods may have disciplined the mind for the perception of symbols1 and the understanding of theories and rules4 ,but has not the heaping of instruction upon enforced passivity led to an atrophy of the love of constructive creative labor8 ,immobility in classes all day long is not goodness4 ,that sort of thing is the one persisting attribute of the dead or the nearly moribund4 ,every man who actively conserves these constructive1 co-operative1 creative powers1 and achieves joy and satisfaction through their exercise1 saves himself and becomes a saving factor in his community4 ,in doing these things he transfuses the routine of life by a spirit of trained intelligence1 cultured ability and habitual good will4 ,the use of books and book-information are a helpful aid to the growth of mental power1 the development of moral ideas and the progress of education4 ,books furnish some of the food and stimulus to thought4 ,but when these are not turned into service through action1 they become so much cloying debris upon vitality4 ,i have happily seen enough in the last few years to bring me to the conclusion1 that1 in less than ten years on this continent1 all children from rural homes will come to the schools at #f or #g years of age able to speak better than they speak now1 and able to write and read and to figure up to division4 ,they will come to school able to do all that1 having played themselves into ability4 ,we have been on wrong lines in making a child take up a book at six1 and so far as schooling is concerned1 stay under the domination of a book until he is sixteen4 ,then he has been liberated into a laboratory1 or into life1 and says1 ,thank the ,lord that book business is done6 ,that is not wise1 that is not safe4 ,how the book has menaced humanity in recent years1 on all sides1 by its insistence that reading is the end of education1 the main means and object of culture1 instead of being merely a contributing means toward the larger end of living4 ,you people concerned with books must take the bread of life in your hands and minister to life1 not under the guise of book-learning1 but for the formation of habits and standards and fine ideals4 ,put into the language of everyday life the main steps in every complete educational experience are3 observing1 thinking1 feeling and managing towards and into some form of expression4 ,it appears to me that the closer in point of time the steps are taken together1 the greater the growth of power and the surer the formation of habits4 ,frequency of experience is what forms habits and not repetitions of instructions or information4 ,in so far as these experiences can have close relation to the threefold activities demanded by life1 so much the better for the culture of the student1 even if not so complimentary to a subject or its professor4 ,i mean the activities which we explain as those of body1 mind and spirit in the individual's capacity as an earner1 a member of society and a trustee in the scheme of life4 ,no doubt this runs counter to the common notion that culture--even real culture as a process and as a result--develops and implies a certain aloofness from the practical work done by men and women to earn their living1 and a sweet1 or sour1 sense of superiority to utilitarian questions of bread and butter4 ,but we must not forget that invigorating toil--invigorating bodily toil--is the only known road to health1 strength and happiness4 ,nowadays culture is becoming a term almost as elusive as education itself4 ,agriculture was doubtless the root1 the root word as well as the fundamental process1 of human culture4 ,the man on the farm gets some light on its intrinsic nature from his occupation4 ,to him culture stands for crops1 the best in quality and the largest in quantity that can be obtained1 for the suppression of weeds1 insects and disease1 and for the increase of beauty and fertility4 ,culture has no origin in idleness1 indolence or sloth4 ,these make for the corrosion of all the vigors of the physical and mental and moral nature4 ,culture means plowing and harrowing and sowing and hoeing4 ,it means labor and sorrow as well as play and flowers4 ,it means the ripping of the iron share as well as the genial affection of the sun4 ,culture is far deeper than the polite polish on the skin of manners and speech4 ,it is not gained by the mere learning of languages1 living or dead1 or the acquisition of knowledge1 scientific or superstitious1 in the poetic meaning of that word4 ,it is the residuum1 the leftover1 such as it is1 in character--in body1 in mind and in spirit--after every completed educational experience4 ,from actual practice comes skill in the finest of all fine arts1 the fine art of living happily together while working for some good end4 ,alike in school and college1 on farm and in factory1 in shop and office1 in home duties and public affairs1 that kind of life develops a quick sense of responsibility1 it establishes good standards close by which are understood1 it nourishes conscience and strengthens the will-energy towards further culture1 better work and happier living4 ,these things we seek to conserve1 using our material resources for the enrichment of the quality of life we have inherited1 in order to pass it on undiminished and unimpaired4 ,on ,what ,we ,stand ,for ,this end of an educated people1 cultured in character1 which itself is only a means towards the largest end1 is worth striving for and worth living for4 ,all life is an unceasing struggle4 ,the point is to choose the right objects and means4 ,in the past1 humanity has been winning all along the line with an occasional setback such as threatens the present4 ,its warfare is ever against ignorance1 helplessness1 poverty1 disease1 vice and ill-wills4 ,education is to train individuals for that warfare4 ,its endeavors are most successful when the experiences which it provides for each individual are in themselves a vital part of the hard campaign4 ,it must ever vary its strategy and tactics and weapons1 as the field of operations is moved forward4 ,times change and we change with them4 ,the need of the times is education to qualify us all to achieve satisfaction through labor and service and good will4 ,finally1 ,i present to you the more excellent graces of conservation as earnestness1 cheerfulness and the habit of cherishing and following high ideals4 ,at first these are rather traits of character in embryo than fixed attitudes or habits of mind4 ,the particular and specific disciplines of life and of good books are to correct softness1 to promote gentleness and to develop a capacity for enduring and enjoying hardness as a good soldier of truth1 beauty and goodness in everyday life4 ,in reality1 each individual disciplines himself in liberty1 by self-government1 by diligence1 by rational obedience to authority and by co-operation4 ,the discipline which develops character and power is administered from within2 external regulations are like the finger posts to indicate the open path and also the place where trespassing is forbidden4 ,in the choice and in the action is discipline4 ,choose ye this day whom ye will serve is at the parting of the ways every morning1 and is seldom displayed in prominence at the dramatic crises of life4 ,habits are grown in quiet ways1 like the shapes of trees and the budding and ripening of fruit4 ,they become the destiny which shapes our ends1 rough-hew them how we will4 ,the librarian and every other citizen who lives and moves and has his being in an atmosphere of earnestness1 cheerfulness and high ideals1 is ready for his best work4 ,such men and women go through life with open minds1 with broad sympathies1 and appreciative respect for all the worthy achievements and attainments of men and women1 of boys and girls4 ,their patriotism1 their humanity1 in brief1 their conservation of character1 finds its best accomplishment in making and leaving a better place1 with a better path1 for better children1 to carry the torch of life onward and upward1 clearer and stronger1 because of what they have been and done4 ,from one of yourselves 7,ella ,wheeler ,wilcox7 we have beautifully expressed one of the great dominating purposes which ,i think animates all ,canada today3 ,build on resolve and not upon regret ,the structure of thy future3 do not grope ,among the shadows of old sins1 but let ,the light of truth shine on the path of hope ,and dissipate the darkness3 waste no tears ,upon the blotted record of lost years2 ,but turn the leaf1 and smile1 oh smile1 to see ,the fair white pages that remain for thee4 ,at the conclusion of ,dr4 ,robertson's address a brief paper was read by ,sir ,james ,grant on some of the literary products of ,canada4 ,following this paper ,professor ,john ,macnaughton1 of ,mc,gill university1 delivered an address on ,the value of literature4 ,he protested vigorously against the present day tendency toward pure utilitarianism in education and pleaded for a large place for the great and ennobling literature of the past in our educational systems4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,chairman3 ,i have the pleasure of asking ,sir ,wilfrid ,laurier to serve the ,canadian libraries and librarians in presenting a little gift to the president4 ,,sir ,,wilfrid ,,laurier3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 ,i am entrusted with a very pleasant duty4 ,the ,canadian members of the ,american ,library ,association are desirous of presenting to its president some expression of their respect and esteem1 and they have chosen to convey it in the shape of a gavel which they want to present to you1 ,madam ,president4 ,it is of ,canadian wood and ,canadian silver1 and ,i hope you will carry it with you as a token adding pleasure to your sojourn here1 pleasant at all events for all of us1 and1 ,i hope1 for you also4 ,president ,,elmendorf3 ,sir ,wilfrid4 ,mr4 ,chairman and ,canadian friends3 ,this beautiful gift to the association is made1 ,i am told1 of ,canadian wood inlaid with ,canadian silver4 ,of course ,canadian wood means the wood of the maple and how does that wonderful close fiber come into being8 ,the maple leaf reaches upward into the free air and there it gathers sunshine and the gases of the atmosphere and combining1 converting and solidifying these impalpable things into fiber stores them away as this beautiful wood4 ,what is literature and how does it come into being8 ,by means of the printed leaf1 out of human life1 are gathered individual knowledge1 experience and emotion and combined and converted these individual contributions pass as wisdom into the race mind there to be stored forever to ,help such men as need4 ,you have thus given us fit symbol indeed of our profession4 ,just one thought more4 ,i come from the border line where there is much hope that some permanent memorial of the hundred beautiful years of peace may be built4 ,in the same spirit1 ,i hope that this gavel may be the only weapon ever raised to enforce order between ,canadians and ,americans4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,let us remember kindness in another's trouble and that even a closer bond than the common work in our profession1 is the bond of sympathy in time of loss4 ,i move1 in view of the partial destruction of the public library at ,regina and the great catastrophe that has come to her people1 that the president of the ,american ,library ,association be authorized and requested to send the sympathy of this conference to the public library and the people of ,regina4 ,the motion was agreed to unanimously1 and the message ordered sent4 ,adjourned4 ,,fifth ,,general ,,session 7,russell ,theatre1 ,monday1 ,july #a1 #h3cj p4 m47 ,president ,elmendorf occupied the chair4 ,the ,,secretary3 ,it was our hope that ,dr4 ,claxton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,education1 would be with us at this conference1 but he was unable to come and so sends us this greeting3 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elmendorf1 ,president1 ,american ,library ,association1 ,ottawa4 ,convey to association my greetings and best wishes for successful meeting4 ,p4 ,p4 ,,claxton4 ,the ,,president3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 my introduction to-night is to be very short indeed1 that you may the sooner reach the treat in store4 ,our honored speaker of the evening has his own message for us4 ,he also bears a message from the ,national ,education ,association4 ,he is the honored son of his great and beloved father ,bishop ,vincent1 he has been dean of the ,university of ,chicago1 he is still president of the ,chautauqua ,institution1 he is the president of the ,university of ,minnesota1 more than all1 he is himself1 ,dr4 ,,george ,,edgar ,,vincent4 ,,address ,,by ,,dr4 ,,vincent ,dr4 ,,vincent said1 in opening his address1 that he brought the greetings of the ,national ,education ,association1 being an uninstructed delegate1 and he firmly believed that with your tact1 with your boundless energy1 with your irresistible enthusiasm1 you will ultimately sweep away into the vortex of your aggressive enterprise even the school teachers of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,continuing ,dr4 ,vincent said3 ,i find some difficulty in deciding just what analogy ,i shall use this evening4 ,this is a subject which has exhausted almost all the forms of metaphor1 simile and analogy4 ,librarians have been likened to almost everything under the sun4 ,there are three metaphors which have survived from the old days4 ,you are all familiar with these4 ,you use them ironically1 to describe that condition of affairs which prevailed in libraries before you supplanted those archaic people who used so thoroughly to misinterpret the functions of the librarian4 ,one is the analogy of the museum1 the library as a museum of books1 a museum carefully guarded1 a museum to which the public is not to be admitted except under conditions which make resort to the place so irksome that only a few persist4 ,you remember the old story of the man in ,philadelphia who had committed a crime4 ,to escape detection and go where nobody would look for him1 he resorted to the reading room of the ,philadelphia library4 ,then there is the other analogy--,i do not know that this has been1 so far1 insisted upon1 but it is a very good one1 it seems to me--the analogy of the penitentiary of books1 with the librarian as a jailer4 ,just why these people should have been put in prison as they were in the old days1 just why their friends should not be permitted to visit them1 it is hard to say4 ,this is akin to another analogy1 the library as a mausoleum of books1 a place where books are buried1 and the librarian is a bibliotaph4 ,these old analogies1 these figures of another day1 serve pleasantly to flatter a little your complacency over things as they are4 ,but we have no time to devote to the dead past4 ,let us consider some of the analogies which are still living4 ,i have been a little bewildered by that analogy this morning1 the maple leaf and the gavel4 ,i have not been quite able to work it out4 ,it seems to me1 with all deference to the delightfully poetic figure1 which took everybody by storm1 including myself1 it is a mistake to try to analyze these sentiments4 ,there was something about preserving the light in the maple leaves and the leaves of the book4 ,now1 as a matter of fact1 leaves are put away in a library very much as they are in an herbarium4 ,there is no botanical relation to the trunk of a tree after they have been folded and put away4 ,so ,i don't see how that works out--but that doesn't make any difference4 ,an analogy never goes on four legs4 ,this one just happened to have about two and a half feet upon the ground4 ,but that is ,mrs4 ,elmendorf's analogy2 ,i propose to leave it alone4 ,there may be an explosive possibility about it which she will explain some time when she has a chance to work it out4 ,she had very short notice and she did it beautifully1 and ,i know so little about botany that it gave me practically no intellectual difficulty4 ,then there is the analogy that we are all very fond of1 the analogy of the library as a department store4 ,there you have your efficient business manager4 ,the library is a place where it is no trouble to show goods1 where you have your various departments and the goods are up to date2 where you have all sorts of advertising methods1 where you advertise in the daily papers1 send out bulletins1 get up circulars and posters and attract attention by illustrations1 where you have an elevator and all that sort of thing4 ,just think of the sacrifice that librarians are making1 the mere pittances they are receiving1 when they might be running these great emporia in our large cities4 ,the department store offers a good analogy if you do not press it too far4 ,there is not very much money in the business4 ,it doesn't pay very well in dollars and cents1 but think of the intellectual advantages it offers1 the psychic dividends that a business of that sort pays6 ,then there is a figure ,i worked out myself a while ago1 the library as a social memory4 ,that seems to me capital4 ,i think1 so far as ,i know1 ,i have a copyright on that figure4 ,it was a good address1 by the way1 in which ,i used this trope4 ,i wish ,i had remembered it2 ,i should have brought it along and read it to-night instead of making this carefully set address4 ,yes1 the social memory idea is a good analogy4 ,it reduces the librarian to a medulla oblongata1 so far as ,i am able to understand the psychology of the situation4 ,yet that is an honorable function1 although largely automatic4 ,it is a good thing to control the resources of the social memory1 to be able to put these at the service of the public mind--decidedly a fruitful analogy1 but ,i do not care to elaborate it this evening4 ,another figure is an hydraulic image--the library as a reservoir--a reservoir of the world's refreshing1 stimulating1 energizing1 fructifying influences4 ,the librarian becomes a gate keeper and an irrigator4 ,it is a beautiful thought1 that you are letting out these fertilizing floods over the plains of human ignorance and stupidity4 ,no wonder you think well of yourselves4 ,then there is another that appealed to me this morning--you are a center of radioactivity1 of intellectual and moral radioactivity1 you are social and psychological physicists4 ,the library as a center of psychic radioactivity strikes me as something satisfying1 fascinating1 delightful4 ,another figure has appealed to my imagination4 ,it is the library as an inn of books4 ,had you thought about that8 ,of course1 you had--and that makes you hotel keepers4 ,you see1 being hotel keepers you would naturally be interested in all kinds of equipment2 you would have the rooms prepared for your guests in the very best way1 you would have a fireproof hotel1 the rooms rather narrow1 if you please1 but plenty large enough and fairly well lighted and ventilated4 ,the trouble is when you are running a big hotel to have the register carefully kept4 ,you know1 almost none of our best hotels can ever tell you whether a man is in or out4 ,they are always uncertain about it1 and in the old days before libraries and hotels became so efficient you could never be sure the clerk knew his business4 ,you have changed all that1 you are the most competent of hotel keepers and know how to build hotels and equip them4 ,you furnish lobbies and parlors in which to meet guests1 or if one likes he may take them home with him4 ,i wish ,i had time to elaborate this idea of the ,inn of ,books4 ,i am getting fond of it as the imagination plays with it4 ,you can fancy ,socrates coming in1 looking about cautiously1 with a certain apprehension1 a little nervous for fear that she might be there4 ,you can imagine him hanging about the corridors1 listening to the gentlemen as they talk1 coming up behind them1 listening a little while1 then saying in that calm way of his1 that dangerously calm way1 ,i beg your pardon1 but just what do you mean by 'progressive8' ,precisely what significance do you give to 'life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness8' ,oh1 it would be dreadful if ,socrates were to come around and ask what we meant by the things we say4 ,no wonder they gave him the hemlock cup4 ,you couldn't permit him in your hotel4 ,people would not understand him and would not associate with him in these days when we so much resent being asked to analyze and explain our automatic phrases4 ,you can see ,horace coming in4 ,he wouldn't be at all anxious to avoid the ladies4 ,he would soon catch sight of the pretty stenographer4 ,what pleasure he would take in dictating to her a clever ode4 ,yes1 ,horace would like the modern hotel4 ,then picture ,pepys coming in1 registering and then buying a yellow journal4 ,how dismayed he would be6 ,pepys would have no chance whatever with ,mr4 ,hearst4 ,then you can see the entrance of ,lord ,bacon4 ,he would reveal his dual character1 insist upon having the state suite all to himself1 then hasten to discover how the electric lights and the elevator worked4 ,you can image this sort of thing and can draw from it any analogy you please1 but ,i have not time to do more than merely suggest it4 ,it would make an admirable address for somebody who will be invited to address you next year4 ,i am not going to talk about these analogies1 ,i am going to talk on the psychology of pictures4 ,you know these are psychological days4 ,we have now the psychology of almost everything4 ,we have the psychology of infancy1 the psychology of childhood1 the psychology of adolescence and the psychology of senility2 we have the psychology of advertising1 we have the psychology of salesmanship--and we have ,henry ,james4 ,therefore one need make no apology--in fact1 one would apologise for not talking upon a psychological theme4 ,i am going to try to see whether psychology has anything to say to librarians4 ,of course1 it must have something to say4 ,you are all psychologists4 ,anybody that knows how to give some one a book he does not want and make him think he likes it1 is a psychologist4 ,it is perfectly obvious that a psychological theme will be appropriate for a company like this4 ,when we try to describe what is going on in our minds we are immediately forced to use some sort of imagery1 ideas made familiar in some other field4 ,so when anybody reads psychological literature nowadays he is sure to come across the phrase the threshold of consciousness4 ,here is a simple picture--a two-room house4 ,one is the conscious room1 the other is the unconscious room4 ,there is a door between1 and when an idea goes from the conscious to the unconscious room it goes over that threshold1 and when it goes back it necessarily has to go over that threshold again4 ,then ,james has given us that fine figure1 the stream of consciousness4 ,how good it is6 ,your thoughts and feelings flow on day after day and year after year like a stream4 ,practical questions arise at once4 ,what sort of a stream of consciousness have ,i8 ,is the stream going steadily on1 or is it rather like a babbling brook1 making a pleasant murmur but with little power8 ,or like the ,river ,platte1 spreading out and disappearing in the sands of stupidity1 or like a turgid stream1 so muddy that it is almost impossible to see anything beneath the surface8 ,or is it a strong1 clear1 on-sweeping current to which new ideals and feelings are contributed day by day1 so that as the years go on it becomes a mighty energy to turn the wheels of the world8 ,a very good figure1 and we may very well put such questions to ourselves4 ,professor ,cooley1 of ,michigan1 has suggested another figure which ,i think would sufficiently antagonize ,professor ,macnaughton if he were here4 ,let us imagine a room1 the walls and ceiling of which are incrusted thickly with incandescent lights4 ,near the door let us imagine a box containing a lot of switches4 ,you turn on a switch and that immediately lights up a line across that wall1 over the ceiling and down the other wall4 ,you can stand there and turn on and off these switches and light up those circuits of electric lights at will4 ,in similar fashion you have brain cells and these brain cells are like incandescent electric lights1 the filaments of which connect with one another into circuits of association4 ,when some one turns on a switch1 by a visual image1 or by an odor1 or by a sound1 there suddenly lights up in your mind one of these circuits of memory4 ,when you look at the turrets of that beautiful ,chateau ,laurier1 what do you see8 ,are you not in the valley of the ,loire8 ,can't you see the frowning front of ,chinon1 the gracious facade of ,asay-le-,rideau1 the lacelike stairway of ,blois1 the massive turrets of ,amboise8 ,it is a fine thing to have one's mind well-wired1 to have the circuits in good condition4 ,a personal question you can put to yourself is ,what sort of mental lights have ,i8 ,are they four candle power or thirty-two ,tungsten8 ,are my switches in perfect working order1 or are my circuits crossed1 and fuses melted so that my mind is in semi or complete darkness8 ,this is a very practical way of applying these figures2 and this address would be of no value if it did not now and then sound the homiletic note4 ,there is another figure to which ,i call your attention4 ,it is the figure of the stereopticon lecture4 ,we all go to stereopticon lectures4 ,many of us are fond of moving pictures4 ,we may say we are not1 we may take high ground1 but we sneak in to see them4 ,we all like pictures1 we are like children in this regard2 and when we go to a stereopticon lecture we know that no matter how stupid the lecturer may be1 once in two minutes we are going to get a slide4 ,the laws of physics work in our interests1 for if the lecturer keeps a slide in the lantern longer than two minutes the heat is likely to break it4 ,therefore cupidity thwarts the passion for speech4 ,we are all the while attending stereopticon lectures4 ,we all have screens in our minds1 and on these screens pictures are passing constantly4 ,our mental life can be described accurately and vividly in terms of these pictures1 these slides of memory and imagination4 ,then1 too1 there is a spectator within us looking at the pictures1 commenting upon them and having feelings about them4 ,the character of the individual is revealed by the pictures he fondly holds on the screen of his mind4 ,how curiously mental pictures are related to one another1 and what strange slides some of them are6 ,let us examine them for a little4 ,in the first place1 it is important to notice that some pictures are very vague4 ,that means they are not well focused4 ,you have been to a stereopticon lecture when the man could not work the lantern and when there were most unseemly altercations between the gentleman on the platform and the unfortunate person who was trying to run the lantern4 ,it is bad enough to have the slides put in upside down2 it is bad enough to have them start at the end of the lecture instead of the beginning2 it is bad enough to have one of your favorite colored slides drop on the floor1 but the worst thing is to have a slide so badly focused that you cannot tell what it is4 ,do you realize that in these mental panoramas1 in these stereopticon exhibitions that we are attending1 there are some pictures that are not well focused8 ,think of the ideas we have that are vague and hazy4 ,attention is the power which focuses pictures on the screen of the mind4 ,you haven't possession of a picture until you can see it in its clear outlines4 ,what a deal of vagueness there is in the world6 ,how many ideas that1 as a friend of mine says1 are fuzzy around the edges4 ,the only mental picture that is to be trusted is the slide which is precise and clear and definite and accurately focused4 ,then another thing to note about these pictures is the way in which they are related to one another4 ,we may have a passive or an active attitude toward the show that is going on4 ,when you are in a passive condition1 you know how oddly these pictures come on1 what an absurd relation sometimes they have to one another4 ,they seem to have no logical connection whatever4 ,some pictures always appear together1 although they may have no connection except that they were originally associated in that way1 and you can never get one of them without the other turning up4 ,it is amusing1 sometimes grotesque1 sometimes absurd1 the way these pictures are grouped4 ,some come in what we call a logical series2 that is1 they have some connection with one another1 one brings up another1 and you go through the series from one point to another4 ,oh1 how promiscuously these pictures come on the screen of the mind1 some without the slightest premonition of their coming4 ,it is fascinating to recall the process by which one picture suggested another1 and that one a third4 ,at times the spectator within us takes control and says1 ,i won't have that picture any longer1 ,i will have another4 ,he has the power to summon pictures4 ,there lies the control4 ,if there be in this world anything like self-control1 that self-control is in the control of mental imagery4 ,that control is the secret of personality4 ,in terms of mental imagery can we define the individual and his power over himself1 for mental pictures control our lives4 ,habit is merely a mental picture which has become automatic4 ,just because you can do the thing although you are conscious of the picture no longer1 it does not mean that that image was not there once4 ,when ,i want you to do something1 ,i tell you to do it4 ,if ,i have authority over you ,i put the picture of that act in your mind and ,i hold it there until it has worked itself out in conduct4 ,of course1 ,i should not go about it in that way1 with you1 as an association of librarians4 ,not at all4 ,i should attempt it in quite another way4 ,i should sneak the picture into your mind by what we call indirect suggestion4 ,if you were somebody ,i could browbeat into doing what ,i told you to do1 ,i could order you to do it4 ,in other words1 ,i could jam the picture right into your mind1 hold it there and say1 ,now1 you do that thing4 ,but1 with you1 ,i couldn't do it that way4 ,but ,i think ,i could manage some of you at any rate4 ,when you were not watching1 ,i should slip the picture into your mind4 ,you wouldn't know where it came from4 ,it would come on naturally4 ,you would think you thought of it yourself4 ,that is the gentle art of suggestion1 to slip a picture on the screen of a person's mind without letting him know how it got there4 ,he naturally1 then1 supposes it is the result of those deceptive processes which he identifies with personal thinking4 ,you cannot cram ideas down the throat of a free-born ,american citizen4 ,of course1 you can't4 ,moreover1 what is the use of cramming them down his throat when you can squirt them into him with a psychological hypodermic8 ,that is the charming thing about suggestion4 ,all control1 then1 is control through mental imagery4 ,you have had this experience1 for example4 ,as you stood in a railroad station and a locomotive came thundering in1 you have had1 for a moment1 an impulse--not only an impulse1--you have had the picture in your mind of throwing yourself under the locomotive4 ,from a casual inspection of the company ,i should suppose that none had tried that experiment as yet4 ,why8 ,because you were able to remove that picture from your mind and substitute for it another--a picture of the presumable appearance of things in a very short time after you had made the experiment1 or the vista of a long and happy life stretching out before you1 or of obligations to family and friends4 ,any one of these pictures will serve the purpose4 ,but if the time ever comes when that picture of going under that locomotive gets firmly fixed in your mind1 nothing except physical force from without can prevent your going under the wheels4 ,every motor idea that comes into our minds tends to work itself out into action4 ,that is the secret of the hypnotic sleep1 in which the person who is under your control1 through pictures produced in his mind1 automatically carries these things out into action4 ,mental imagery is the secret of life1 and control of mental imagery means the control of mankind4 ,self-control is the control of one's own imagery4 ,the personality1 the self1 is revealed in this imagery and in the attitude of the spectator within us4 ,you know those different attitudes4 ,there are some pictures that come upon the screen of your mind1 and the spectator within you is immediately interested4 ,for example1 here comes a picture on the screen of your mind of the day when that board that you had been working with so long1 that unintelligent board1 that board made up of reactionary people that you had so long been nursing1 came to the point where you were able to tell them of that scheme of yours which must inevitably1 logically and remorselessly lead to putting the library in your community on a modern basis4 ,when the picture of your triumph on that occasion comes upon the screen of your mind1 the spectator within you claps her hands and says3 ,you were very clever about that2 you waited a long time1 you worked it skillfully1 you certainly are a capable person4 ,you all get pictures of that kind4 ,you can't help looking at them4 ,here is another slide--a reception4 ,of course1 when they said that yours was an extremely becoming gown1 you were quite delighted2 and you talked well2 you did say a lot of brilliant things4 ,to be sure they were not original--nobody expects that--but you were very fortunate in your anthology that afternoon4 ,i can see by the broad and amiable smiles all of you are wearing1 that pictures of a similarly agreeable kind are by suggestion appearing on the screens of your minds4 ,but you have pictures of a very different sort4 ,how could you8--of course1 you were just from the library school1 it was only your first position1 but1 at the same time1 how could you8--you cannot imagine how you could have mistaken ,sir ,thomas ,more1 in the sixteenth1 for ,thomas ,moore in the nineteenth century4 ,how could you have done it8 ,yet you did4 ,when that picture comes on the screen of your mind the spectator within you shrinks and says3 ,why must we look at that8 ,take it off at once4 ,it would be very piquant if ,i could take other illustrations from your own experience1 but ,i cannot do that4 ,i shall have to take one out of mine4 ,i have a number which my spectator dislikes4 ,here is a recent one3 ,at our experimental farm we have a very beautiful new saddle horse4 ,as ,i pretend to be something of a rider ,i went to ride this horse4 ,there was a sort of celebration that afternoon1 and ,i thought it would be pleasant for the president of the ,university to ride one of these blooded horses to give eclat to the affair4 ,i went out and rode this mare about4 ,everything went well until ,i encountered several traction engines in active operation and a number of automobiles4 ,i was in a very narrow place4 ,there being almost no other direction for the mare to go1 she began to take a vertical course4 ,she was in good condition and rather rotund1 and the laws of physics worked out their inevitable result4 ,at forty-five degrees ,i held on admirably4 ,at sixty-five degrees1 ,i began to feel some little distress4 ,at eighty degrees ,i looked behind me1 and at #hi-a_/b degrees ,i slid off4 ,now1 such is the admirable press organization in the great state of ,minnesota that every newspaper1 ,i think1 in the commonwealth--,i haven't found one yet that skipped the item--called attention to the fact that the president of the ,university had come a cropper--or1 if not strictly a cropper1 the effect of it was the same4 ,one of the papers was kind enough to say that1 being an expert rider1 ,i landed on my feet4 ,if ,i did1 my fundamental ideas of anatomy have been entirely erroneous4 ,as ,i have been traveling about the state in the last few weeks1 ,i haven't met a man1 woman or child who has not sooner or later worked that back-sliding into the conversation4 ,this is a picture of which1 when it comes on the screen of my mind1 the spectator within me says1 ,i suppose we have got to stand this1 but it is certainly getting to be slightly tiresome4 ,we all get slides of that sort in our collection4 ,then there are pictures of another sort1 beautiful pictures1 inspiring pictures1 yet for some reason the spectator within us is left cold and unaffected by these images4 ,it is the very tragedy of human nature that we may intellectually know beautiful1 noble1 inspiring things1 may have uplifting visions1 and yet the spectator within us may look at these things and never so much as feel a flutter of the pulse4 ,we do not incorporate ideas until these things have become not only a part of our intellectual apprehension1 but until they have become a part of our emotional nature1 until we make them into the very fabric of ourselves4 ,we define the self1 therefore1 in terms of mental pictures1 and the control of self is the control of mental pictures4 ,let me know the pictures to which you constantly revert1 let me know the pictures that come steadily to the screen of your mind1 let me know the pictures that the spectator within you gloats over and feels a loyalty to1 and ,i will reveal to you your character4 ,whatsoever a man thinketh in his heart1 whatsoever pictures he makes his own1 whatsoever pictures he gloats over with joy and satisfaction1 these things reveal the true personality4 ,consider another thing3 the content of these pictures1 the kind of pictures4 ,how are they determined8 ,they are determined by our social relationships4 ,do you think the same sort of pictures are in the mind of the ,englishman as are in the mind of the ,american8 ,do you think the same kind of pictures come into the mind of the ,frenchman as come into the mind of the ,german8 ,there are certain universal pictures1 the same for all educated people1 but most pictures take on a group character4 ,what are the pictures that come into your minds as librarians8 ,pictures of your active calling4 ,these pictures are very definite4 ,you have your own phrases1 your own language4 ,these phrases and these forms of speech are themselves the labels of mental imagery4 ,every social group is held together by its phrases4 ,oh1 how we love these phrases and how glibly we repeat them6 ,so too1 college professors have their own phrases4 ,what a sesquipedalian terminology it is with which they bewilder the lay mind and overpower the student6 ,how would lawyers get on but for their monopoly of archaic forms of speech8 ,think of the doctors' terminations1 so many of them fatal1 in itis1 which they have invented in the last few years4 ,so every social group determines very largely the conduct of its members by cleverly putting into their minds the imagery that it wishes to have carried out4 ,why do you dress as you do8 ,do your clothes represent your individual taste8 ,in some measure1 but for the most part you dress as you do because society puts fashion pictures into your heads4 ,you ladies dress as you do because these fashion plates and the women you see upon the street leave a deposit in your mind1 a composite picture1 and that composite picture works itself out in your own charming and becoming wardrobe4 ,to be sure1 as librarians1 you have individuality2 as librarians1 you have a certain personal distinction1 but it is1 after all1 only a variation upon the common modes which you share with all your sisters everywhere4 ,these standards1 these ideals1 these types1 that we talk about are put into our minds by the social groups of which we are members1 and we are to a very large extent dominated by these pictures4 ,do you doubt it8 ,just examine your mental imagery4 ,how much of that mental imagery have you secured as a result of your own first hand experience8 ,how much of that mental imagery represents original thinking8 ,how much of that psychic panorama have you received ready-made from the society to which you belong8 ,the pictures come quickly upon the screen of the mind4 ,how readily they are summoned by suggestion6 ,if ,i had time ,i could bore you almost to extinction by calling up in your minds images that are common to all of us4 ,we all have large collections of slides4 ,the depressing fact is that for the most part they are identical4 ,how refreshing it is to meet an original person4 ,who is the original person8 ,just the person that has some slides that were made at home4 ,most of us have the same old1 tiresome slides4 ,when we have to make conversation1 what do we do8 ,go to the pigeon-hole1 take out a slide1 put it into our minds and then reflect it to our friends4 ,we have to be able to talk on a great variety of subjects4 ,in the nature of things we could not think out these things for ourselves4 ,society has provided the slides4 ,there they are1 like a well-organized collection1 a card catalog1 with a topical index4 ,to suppose that we make the slides ourselves is a grateful illusion4 ,there may be a few who do1 but most of us get ours from the stock houses in ,new ,york and ,chicago4 ,was there ever a time when pictorial imagery was presented to the public as in these days8 ,these are the days when people's minds are filled with visual imagery as never before in the history of mankind4 ,and never before was the same imagery spread over so wide an area4 ,think1 for example1 of what cartoons do4 ,cartoons are a substitute for thinking4 ,cartoons are ready-made slides4 ,cartoons are arguments ready to serve4 ,cartoons demand no intellectual effort4 ,they would not be successful as cartoons if they did4 ,a cartoon which you have to analyze is in the nature of things a mistake and a disappointment4 ,a cartoon tells the story instantly4 ,it is a slide put into the minds of millions of people in a single week4 ,then consider the imagery sent out by the illustrated magazines4 ,there is only one magazine1 ,i think1 now1 that does not have illustrations4 ,some of us take it just for that reason4 ,it has a kind of distinction on that account4 ,the ,atlantic ,monthly has no illustrations except in the advertising pages--some of those are very good--but it has that sense of uniqueness1 that kind of snobbishness1 which is appreciated even in a democracy like our glorious democracy1 where we are all free and equal1 as contrasted with the social distinctions of this monarchy under which we are so hospitably received this evening4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that the visual is suggested merely by drawings and photographs4 ,when we go to a lecture on ,mother1 ,home and ,heaven we expect the speaker in lieu of lantern slides to supply word pictures4 ,the ,sunday supplement is the absolute symbol of our state of mind4 ,as we haven't time to think--i4 e41 to make our own slides--naturally we haven't time to bring our collection together to see whether it is consistent4 ,we are going about with a most extraordinary selection of slides4 ,the only reason we get along with peace of mind is that we do not take our slides out of the different boxes at the same time4 ,you keep your religious slides in one box1 your moral slides in another1 your business slides in another1 your professional slides in another--and never take anything out of two pigeon-holes at once4 ,for that reason you go through life without knowing what an extraordinary collection of hopelessly contradictory and mutually destructive ideas you are carrying about under that hat of yours4 ,it is only by keeping these things in their boxes that we have anything like peace of mind4 ,a few people1 of course1 are constantly going through their boxes1 sifting1 reorganizing and unifying their collections4 ,these are the men and women who think1 who have courage1 and for the most part they represent genuine leadership4 ,but most of us are satisfied to get our slides ready made1 to get them in quantities and to have them remain a most heterogeneous accumulation4 ,there is a vast popular demand for ready-made slides4 ,in every possible way these substitutes for thought are being sent out4 ,political slides are industriously distributed4 ,you notice the difficulty that you have just now in talking about the political situation in our glorious country4 ,we do not yet know what to say4 ,you see1 the slides haven't yet been sent out for this week4 ,we have to wait until the slide makers put them on the market4 ,we are all waiting to know what to say2 we are all waiting for a new set of slides which shall be adjusted to the new conditions4 ,if you bring out that old slide about the ,republican party that saved the country--,no6 ,you don't want to say anything about that4 ,you see at once1 even though it has saved the country for years--you can see that that slide won't do4 ,it is cracked4 ,pardon a digression which enforces the point that in these days everything has to be pictorial4 ,you see1 when ,i am addressing a group of librarians in a jaded condition1 ,i have to use pictorial illustrations4 ,it is true1 ,i should like to be didactic and pedagogic on an occasion like this1 but you are in a psychological condition which makes it absolutely impossible4 ,even the thought of listening to these songs that are coming afterward1 would not keep you if ,i were not constantly pictorial and keeping your minds filled with this beguiling imagery4 ,imagery1 then1 is absolutely essential2 self-control and social control are dependent upon the distribution of appropriate mental slides4 ,the very life of the nation depends upon this4 ,here we are1 nearly a hundred million people--we always include children--whose slides must be supplied and in some fashion unified4 ,the imagination breaks down at the thought of this vast task4 ,this national like-mindedness is a glorious achievement4 ,it has never been equaled anywhere on the face of the earth4 ,to keep these millions of people1 who are scattered over three million square miles1 with the same fundamental pictures in their heads is a marvelous triumph4 ,that we are the most progressive1 the most mighty1 the most highly civilized country on the face of the world--that is a gorgeous colored slide1 which we keep on hand all the time4 ,there are a lot of slides like that1 that are common to everybody4 ,true1 we have slides specialized for the use of various social groups1 but the fundamental slides that preserve our nationality1 are common to millions4 ,we have to have institutions that keep these slides vivid in the minds of our people4 ,it is the greatest attempt at social control that has ever been conceived4 ,but the national slide industry is by no means perfected4 ,on the whole1 there is an appalling number of these pictures that are vulgar slides1 cheap slides1 commonplace slides1 uninteresting slides4 ,it is your business--for now ,i come to my analogy--it is your business1 as the people who are running the moving-picture concerns of the ,united ,states1 to see to it that better pictures are put into the minds of your fellow citizens4 ,you have the responsibility of superseding in the mental collections of millions of our citizens slides that are cheap and unworthy and inaccurate and misleading1 with mental pictures that are clean-cut1 trustworthy1 informing and inspiring4 ,that is your business4 ,you are in competition with the moving-picture houses4 ,there are nine thousand of these moving-picture concerns working night and day in the ,united ,states1 filling the minds of people with mental imagery4 ,but every library is full of potential mental pictures which can be made interesting1 ennobling and uplifting to millions of people4 ,it is your privilege to get these slides out into circulation1 a mighty appealing thing to do1 a splendidly stirring thing to do4 ,i hope you are thoroughly alert as members of this mental picture syndicate4 ,you know what you have to do4 ,you must advertise and you must capture the public in every possible way2 you must not be ashamed to put out posters describing the wonderful pictures4 ,and what rare pictures you have6 ,what is a novel8 ,it is a film of moving pictures4 ,what is a great novel8 ,it is a series of great pictures--and what lovely pictures they may be2 what interesting1 what inspiring pictures they may be6 ,what a great collection of such mental pictures you have in your libraries6 ,and when people read ,george ,barr ,mc,cutcheon1 try to get that film away from them and give them ,george ,meredith4 ,you laugh at that1 but how about ,harry ,richmond8 ,isn't it as good a story as ever ,anthony ,hope or as ever ,george ,barr ,mc,cutcheon wrote8 ,it is a good slide1 a good film4 ,when people come and want to read ,laura ,jean ,libbey--of course you wouldn't have her on the premises--but if that is their standard try to work off ,robert ,louis on them4 ,you know1 there are some of ,robert ,louis' that are fairly sensational4 ,you can get people started on the right road with ,robert ,louis if you go about it in a clever way to pull the cheap slides out of people's minds4 ,but1 you say1 there are a lot of people whose mental apparatus1 if ,i may modify the figure a little bit1--no1 it is not a modification1 it is an amplification1 it is a perfectly logical development of the figure1--you say that for a good many people you want a magic lantern in their mind that will focus properly4 ,that is the business of education4 ,that is what ,dr4 ,robertson and ,i are trying to do1 to make the minds of the young focus properly1 on the right sort of things4 ,you must get a great deal of inaccurate information made accurate and definite4 ,you know1 one of the great troubles with our educational system is that our ideas are so haphazard1 so untrustworthy4 ,the scientific slides need looking after carefully4 ,they are changed every few minutes1 but we have to do the best we can to run the latest and most trustworthy slides into the minds of the people4 ,then think of the literary slides4 ,i was very much interested in the discussion this morning4 ,i fear it will go on indefinitely as long as the gentlemen do not define their terms4 ,but ,i think if they were to do this they would discover that they both believe about the same thing4 ,but here at hand is the real application of this figure4 ,what is it that makes life interesting8 ,it is to be able to associate with the ordinary1 commonplace experiences of life an illuminating1 inspiring1 fascinating imagery4 ,do you realize that the books in your library give no pleasure whatever except as they interpret life to people who bring the experience of life to the books8 ,a book is a mere dead symbol until it becomes vital in the life of a living man or woman4 ,you have books in your library in foreign languages4 ,these books are sealed to people who do not know those foreign languages4 ,you would not think of offering a ,french or ,german book1 say1 to an average college graduate4 ,you must have people who understand the language in which books are written4 ,so when you give a book of history or a book of science or a book of poetry to a man or woman1 that man or woman must bring a little bit of life1 a little gleam of life experience1 in order to get into any kind of relationship with that book4 ,then the book reacts and becomes a guide for the further investigation and interpretation of life4 ,and so the book and life together go on enriching human experience4 ,i wish we had more accurate slides about history1 especially about the ,french ,revolution4 ,we mostly get our slides on the ,french ,revolution from the ,sunday evening sermons of eminent divines who are proving that the ,french ,revolution was completely parallel with our times1 and that ,france went to the bad largely because the ,church was temporarily disestablished4 ,now1 if we get our slides of the ,french ,revolution from popular pulpits and from stump speakers we shall get some curious pictures4 ,we want to put into the minds of the people the slides from men like ,morse ,stephens and von ,holst before we introduce those lurid and beautifully colored slides from ,carlyle and those rather melodramatic slides from ,a tale of two cities4 ,then there is the fall of ,rome1 for example4 ,anybody can explain the fall of ,rome1 and we are always upon the brink of a ,french revolution4 ,what we need is an accurate picture of what caused ,rome to fall4 ,then as for ,greece--,greece1 that magic word6 ,we need a lot of pictures about ,greece4 ,i have a good deal of interest in classic culture if it can be1 for a large number of people1 divorced from the classic languages4 ,to suppose that there is an identity between ,greek grammar and ,greek life1 its social institutions and its aspirations and their lessons for us1 is to make a very serious blunder4 ,you have noticed that an eminent ,greek scholar from ,england has been lecturing at ,amherst4 ,did he talk about grammar8 ,no4 ,he talked about the philosophy of ,greece1 the politics of ,greece1 the social history of ,greece4 ,these are things we need2 for1 my friends1 you know1 and you need to preach this doctrine1 that modernity defeats itself4 ,to suppose that reading the daily newspaper and having the mind filled with contemporary events gives any one a right to judge of those events1 is absurdity itself4 ,we can understand the present only as we can connect that present with the past4 ,therefore1 if we are to have an intelligent population many men must have a vivid and accurate panorama of human history2 they must be able to see the present in the light of the past1 and then to predict with some little degree of certainty what we are to have in the future4 ,look1 for example1 at our present crisis4 ,i am not going to interpret it1 ,i do not understand it2 but we cannot possibly see beneath the surface of it unless we try to interpret it in the light of the experience of other nations4 ,what have all the great nations of ,western ,europe done8 ,when we ask that question1 and when we see how parties are aligned in this ,dominion where we meet to-night1 we cannot fail to get a little light upon what is going on at home4 ,there the same social forces are at work1 under different conditions1 to be sure1 but working themselves out inevitably4 ,so it is our business to fill the minds of our fellow citizens with accurate pictures1 with definite pictures1 with pictures of reality1 with pictures which shall illumine every department of life4 ,if there is any aim in education1 it seems to me it is to make man a citizen of the world1 to make him at home in nature1 at home with mankind1 at home with all the great forces which play a part in his personal development1 which sweep through him into the lives of generations yet unborn4 ,when his mind is filled with such pictures1 when the spectator within him goes out to the best and finest and truest of these pictures with genuine appreciation1 then you have the development of personality and the development of a great civilization4 ,you1 my friends1 are the keepers of these films and slides4 ,it is your business to see that they are well chosen1 to see that they are made available1 to see that the people are stimulated1 that the people are made to realize vividly what it means to have their minds filled with these true1 these beautiful1 these inspiring pictures which will enable them to interpret life1 to enter into it more richly1 to get out of it more joy1 the joy of intelligent appreciation1 the joy of work well done1 scientifically done1 the joy of comradeship1 the joy of association in great enterprises4 ,when these pictures fill the mind1 when the spectator within is loyal to them1 then there is richness of personal life1 then there is genuine advancement of civilization4 ,imagery is the clue to conduct4 ,without mental imagery there can be no development of character4 ,without mental imagery there can be no social progress4 ,this mental imagery comes from the experience of life4 ,you are not the sole purveyors of it4 ,books1 as ,i have said1 are dead and inert things until men with some experience of life come to them for further insight and for guidance as they go their way trying to understand life and to interpret it more truly and to get out of it greater richness4 ,there is a delight in mental pictures4 ,may our pictures be interesting and true and ennobling1 may they increase in number as the years go on1 may they open up to us vistas of personal satisfaction1 give us keener insight into the meaning of life and stir us to larger loyalties and to truer service4 ,may we pledge ourselves to this great work and to the furthering and fostering of those things which ,watson has so finely called the things that are more excellent4 ,the grace of friendship1 mind and heart ,linked with their fellow heart and mind1 ,the gains of science1 gifts of art1 ,the sense of oneness with our kind1 ,the thirst to know and understand1 ,a large and liberal discontent1 ,these are the goods in life's rich hand1 ,the things that are more excellent4 ,at the conclusion of ,president ,vincent's address1 ,mr4 ,lawrence ,j4 ,burpee announced that ,m4 ,amedee ,tremblay1 organist of the ,basilica1 would accompany a number of ,canadian folk songs which ,m4 ,normandin1 of ,montreal1 would sing4 ,they were given in three groups of three1 and between each group was given one of ,dr4 ,drummond's poems in character1 by ,mr4 ,heney1 of ,ottawa1 a most excellent interpreter of these sketches of the ,french-,canadian habitant4 ,these unique1 interesting and well rendered contributions to the exercises of the evening were much appreciated by all present1 and at their conclusion the session closed with a brief but hearty expression of acknowledgment from ,president ,elmendorf4 ,,sixth ,,general ,,session 7,russell ,theatre1 ,tuesday1 ,july #b1 #c p4 m47 ,president ,elmendorf occupied the chair4 ,mr4 ,,carr3 ,many of us appreciate the work done in days past by ,frederick ,w4 ,faxon1 in personally conducting our post-conference tours4 ,business obliged him to take another course this year and cross the water4 ,it has been suggested that we send him a wireless despatch of appreciation and felicitation in the name of the association4 ,madam ,president1 ,i move the authorization of such a telegram4 ,the motion was carried unanimously1 and the cablegram ordered sent4 ,the ,,president3 ,now1 we will proceed with the regular program1 which brings us to the last of our series growing out of the idea of service to the individual1 and we shall take pleasure in hearing ,mr4 ,,carl ,b4 ,,roden1 assistant librarian1 ,chicago public library1 on ,,book ,,advertising3 ,,information ,,as ,,to ,,subject ,,and ,,scope ,,of ,,books ,at my first ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conference1 that of ,waukesha1 now eleven years ago1 ,i heard discussed that topic ever fruitful of discussion3 the librarian's attitude toward those books which are technically known as 'off-color4' ,the ,indignant resentment of that part of the public which failed to appreciate the censorious solicitude of the librarian was vividly set forth1 and there were those who felt that the only permanent way out was1 in the words of ,george ,ade1 to give the public what it thinks it wants4 ,but the ,librarian of ,congress1 in defending the library's point of view1 uttered a remark which1 as his remarks have a habit of doing1 clarified the atmosphere as a ,chicago lake breeze lifts a fog1 and we settled back again serene in the knowledge that our orthodoxy had once more been vindicated and set upon its firm foundations4 ,he said1 in effect1 that the duty of the librarian was not exclusion but selection and that in the full consciousness of his responsibility to the entire community he1 the librarian1 must exercise fully and freely his prerogative of selecting1 out of the multitude of books1 those which best suited his purpose and served his ends4 ,the phrase not exclusion but selection struck at least one in that audience as so clear and telling a characterization of the librarian's business that he has kept it in mind1 and well within reach for instant use1 ever since4 ,many times it has served to confound the irate patron who combatively insisted that he was old enough to judge for himself what was good for him4 ,not a few times has it been the stone offered the facetious newspaper man who came seeking for bread in the form of a story on the barring out of the latest shady novel4 ,today it recurs again as a fitting text upon which to base a plea for the more effective advertising of books as to subject and scope1 and ,i trust that my exegesis may not prove too violent to establish the relation between my text and my topic1 which to my mind is close and intimate4 ,a library1 of the kind with which we are now concerned1 is first of all--and after all--a collection of books1 selected and assembled by the librarian4 ,it may be so administered as to become a great civic force1 a social instrument1 an educational agency1 but first of all it is a collection of units1 brought together upon certain principles as they operate in the mind of the library's administrator4 ,now1 the word administer is a transitive verb1 one definition of which is3 to manage1 to conduct1 as in public affairs1 and another1 to serve1 to dispense1 as in medicine4 ,we may so administer--manage1 conduct--the library as to render it a power for the advancement of humanity1 and when we do that we are responding to the impulse which is generated in the very air which we in this age of advancement breathe4 ,or we may administer--serve1 dispense--the books1 as in medicine2 knowing the powers and the virtues of each2 perceiving the stimulating effects of one1 the acceleration of heart action induced by another2 this one as an emollient and an anodyne1 that one as a vesicatory or an excitant2 here a bromide1 there a sulphite1 yonder a tincture blandly dissolved in a vehicle of simple syrup1 next a pill1 sugar-coated1 but none the less a stern and bitter dose4 ,and when we do that we are returning to the habits and practices of that old librarian so useful to use now as a horrible example and a subject for humorous divagation1 but we are also returning to the faith once delivered to the saints1 for after all1 the ,fathers believed with ,lord ,bacon that some books are to be tasted1 others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested and they did love to administer them as in medicine4 ,it is far from my intention to imply that the new librarian does not know his books4 ,certainly he has not surrendered one ounce of his faith in their potency4 ,rather does he impute to them1 collectively1 greater powers than ever before1 regarding his library as a moral unit of large influence and seeking to extend its operation to the uttermost limits of his jurisdiction4 ,but is it not thus collectively that he prefers to regard and administer it2 as a great1 powerful moral force which shall permeate the community and envelop it so that1 by a sort of intellectual pantheism1 we may all be in tune with the ,infinite if we but open the windows of the soul8 ,is he not being borne along in the modern trend in therapeutics which is replacing doses and cordials1 tinctures and bitter pills with a state of mind8 ,creating the library habit by such methods3 by putting the library in the way of the public and making it a familiar and consuetudinal part of the environment2 pervading the civic fabric and injecting itself into the daily life of the citizen1 is one thing4 ,it is a very great and glorious thing4 ,to the multitude it has opened new channels of relaxation1 of stimulation1 of mental growth and moral adjustment4 ,its possibilities have not been overstated even by the librarian himself4 ,and on the day when librarians discovered the means and perfected the methods which set the library in that commanding and strategic position1 on that day they set themselves in their rightful place as public educators and added a powerful impulse to that divine momentum by which humanity is being driven forward toward the goal of perfection which must be its destiny4 ,but creating the reading habit--well1 is that quite the same thing8 ,and if it be not quite the same thing1 are librarians still concerned as much as formerly with promoting the generation of the reading habit as a part--say the lesser half--of their task8 ,and if librarians are so concerned1 are they--are we--using the most effective methods to advance that part of our task8 ,and is advertising the library just the same thing as advertising the books8 ,it is by the consideration of these questions that ,i hope to expound my text and deal with the topic assigned to me4 ,the library habit is akin to the museum habit1 the public conservatory habit and the menagerie habit1 and differs from the reading habit as visits to these institutions differ from cultivating your own garden patch or rearing your own pets4 ,perhaps the logical conclusion of these comparisons would seem to be that one must own one's books1 but happily one does not have to own a book's body in order to possess its soul4 ,our present library machinery is admirably adapted to the nurture of the library habit4 ,open shelves1 book display racks1 branches in which all visible barriers and restrictions have become as obsolete as the keep off the grass signs in the parks1 all these invite the promiscuous and profuse handling of books1 the sipping and skipping1 the skimming and returning for more4 ,our card catalogs with their stern noncommittalness and deadly monotony make it necessary for the reference patron to call for whole armfuls of books which he fumbles hastily1 scouring the index and tables of contents1 and laying them aside for the next dip into the grab bag4 ,our monthly bulletins1 presenting in serried ranks the accessions of the month1 severely marshalled by the rules of the decimal classification1 and with one title closely followed by the next1 so that the roaming eye is constantly caught by new and ever more attractive possibilities for skipping and skimming--what could be devised more effectively to promote that species of gluttony which is indicated by long lists of call numbers of books which we simply must see before next month's bulletin appears with another long list8 ,all these things conduce to high circulation statistics and are therefore grateful to our senses4 ,but how many of them are calculated to impart the reading habit1 are effective in instilling much love and some knowledge of books as a distinguished librarian has paraphrased it in a recent lecture8 ,how far does any of this machinery go in advertising books as to their subject and scope1 as the program has it8 ,the science of advertising claims a psychological basis all its own4 ,perhaps it is no psychology at all but only a functioning of instinct that causes us to respond1 and often capitulate in the end1 to the ceaseless reiteration and ever-present insistence upon a given assertion4 ,but whatever it is1 it reacts upon the volition in so compelling a manner as to justify1 even in the final acid test of the cash book1 the enormous outlay of money poured forth in arousing it4 ,and the keynote of it all is1 not the fact of the reiteration1 though that is important1 but the overpowering irresistible confidence with which the assertion is put forth4 ,the advertiser who would go before his public with the guarded statement that our soap seems to be a very good soap and barring certain blemishes1 a very desirable article1 or would quote somebody else's testimonials 7a practice now employed only by those ,ishmaelites of commerce1 the patent medicines7 might spread his placards in a solid wall across the country1 with no other result than that of obliterating the landscape which now he only makes hideous4 ,yet ,i ask whether the foregoing does not fairly represent the general style of book annotations in library publications1 when we treat ourselves to the luxury of annotations at all8 ,yet the business man and the librarian both need publicity1 and that which each should secure varies from the other only in degree1 not in kind nor in the object primarily to be attained by it1 namely1 the patronage of the public4 ,the merchant seeks this patronage for his own ends of private gain2 the librarian1 for ends which he knows to be of higher value and of greater consequence to the life of the community4 ,the former offers for sale an article which he has manufactured or purchased1 and to the use of which he sets out to convert the public by methods which have been found effective1 though they are expensive4 ,the latter buys his goods1 not1 let us hope1 with quite the same purpose of securing only such as are likely to appeal to the passing fancy of his constituency4 ,his aim being higher than the mere gratification of tastes and desires1 he applies higher standards to his purchases4 ,his business is selection4 ,every book that he adds to the library he first selects out of all that are offered1 and each selection is fortified and backed by his deliberate judgment that that particular book will be a good one for his public4 ,he knows why it is so1 and now it becomes his business to convince his patrons that it is so1 and to induce them to profit by the selection which he has made4 ,how does he go about it8 ,his task is both easier and more difficult than that of the merchant4 ,easier1 because he asks nothing more intrinsically valuable than time and thought2 more difficult1 because to most people the use of a book is not yet so proximate a need as a safety razor or even a cake of soap4 ,in common with the merchant he is striving to secure that indispensable element upon which every human transaction between two parties must rest1 namely1 the confidence of those with whom he seeks to deal3 confidence in his motives1 in his judgment1 and in the value of the service which he offers to perform4 ,and while the merchant constantly faces the danger of losing the faith of the public through the easily aroused distrust of the value of that which he offers1 the librarian finds even greater difficulty in overcoming the fear that his design is the philanthropic one of uplifting and improving their mental condition instead of merely amusing them4 ,while the one must combat the lurking suspicion of his customers that he may be doing them1 the other must dissimulate lest he be discovered in the act of doing them good4 ,each1 then1 is under the same necessity of securing the attention of the public1 and ultimately for the same end3 that of ensuring the prosperity and consistent growth of his enterprise4 ,we know how the merchant advertises4 ,now1 how does the librarian advertise8 ,by means of catalogs1 bulletins1 reading lists1 occasionally by space in the newspapers1 when that can be had free4 ,very good means1 these1--for advertising the library2 for implanting the library habit4 ,but very poor and weak means1 indeed1 for advertising the books or instilling the reading habit4 ,books are not advertised in library publications1 except incidentally1 for you cannot advertise a book merely by mentioning its name1 or copying its title page4 ,in his spacious and optimistic way the librarian1 when speaking ex cathedra1 in library publications1 vests himself1 without intending to1 in a sort of cloak of infallibility as unbecoming as it is unnatural1 saying3 ,behold1 ,i bring you the books of the month2 they are good books or they would not be here4 ,that is enough for you to know4 ,i have spoken6 ,and yet he has at his command twice over the chief essential ingredient of all good advertising1 namely1 confidence4 ,confidence in the righteousness of his mission and confidence in the merit and integrity of his book selection1 and in the conscientious methods employed in making it4 ,why does he not try to do a little of that which the merchant spends millions in trying to do--transmit that confidence to his patron8 ,why1 when his business is book selection1 and he knows he prosecutes it faithfully1 is he so afraid of being caught at it8 ,the monthly bulletins of our public libraries1 with a few shining exceptions1 are bare and bald author and title lists employing that deadliest of all monotonous forms1 the catalog entry4 ,now1 ,i have been too long apprenticed to the trade of the cataloger to find it in my heart to cavil at his art and the carefully evolved1 scientifically derived principles upon which it rests4 ,but when the cataloger is a-cataloging he is not writing advertising copy4 ,he is making a permanent record1 and he is following certain rules which long experience has established and vindicated as good and necessary for that purpose4 ,he finds it necessary to establish1 beyond the possibility of confusion1 the absolute identity of an author1 and he does this by giving that author his full and correct name1 stripping him of all disguises and never heeding the fact that the author himself may have been trying through all his years of discretion to live down the indiscretions of his baptismal record4 ,this practice of employing full names in a card catalog can still be defended1 though with much labor4 ,but when an author is made to appear thus full-panoplied in a monthly bulletin1 which should have the freshness and attractiveness of a news-sheet--which is all it is--he is more often disguised and concealed from1 than revealed to1 the view of him who is expected to read as he runs4 ,again1 the cataloger rightly confines himself to rendering an accurate transcript of the title page1 neither adding thereto1 nor1 if he be wise1 subtracting one jot or tittle therefrom4 ,but title pages1 like human faces1 are often but a poor index to character1 and many a book which might upon closer acquaintance prove a very good friend indeed1 if only some one had been near to speak the few formal words of introduction required in good society1 is passed by because of a forbidding and austere1 or otherwise misleading1 countenance4 ,and so the monthly record becomes a stern and monotonous affair1 requiring to be furbished up and trimmed with all sorts of side issues by way of supplying what the city editor calls human interest1 all of them well contrived to advertise the library1 but using up the space which should be given over to advertising the books--of which1 first of all1 and after all the library is composed4 ,mr4 ,dana1 in his pamphlet on booklists1 makes a statement1 from the experience of his own library1 but which must have found an echo in many a heart1 to the effect that the monthly list did not supply any definite demand and was very little used4 ,exactly6 ,so might a monthly list of additions to the city directory be very little used2 so does the periodical revision of the telephone directory supply a definite demand only to those who are looking for something--and the average citizen is spending very little of his time looking for books4 ,they must be shown to him1 and then he must be shown why it will be to his advantage1 pleasurable or profitable1 to make their closer acquaintance4 ,open shelf rooms1 or1 wanting these1 display racks and tables are in themselves a mighty stride forward in shortening the distance between the reader and the books4 ,but do they always go the whole distance8 ,is it enough to turn a man loose in a roomful of books1 all beckoning to him and standing in rows expectant to be chosen1 like children in a game8 ,they cannot speak1 the attendants1 gracious and hospitable and expert though they be1 cannot speak to everyone4 ,they often have enough to do to give attention to those that have the courage to speak to them4 ,but placards could speak4 ,small groups of books1 taken out of their tactical formation on the shelves and brought together because of some bond of common interest not always convertible in terms of the decimal classification1 could become eloquent4 ,and eloquent1 indeed1 and welcome to the dazed explorer of unfamiliar precincts1 would be a bulletin1 many of them1 plenty of them--for a belief in signs of the right sort is a mark of wisdom--which would tell him in an authoritative1 confident1 and confidential way what he wishes to know1 namely1 something about the books1 or only about a few of them1 that surround him4 ,we do these things1 sometimes1 on rare occasions1 on special days1 by means of special bulletins4 ,but it is mostly in the children's room4 ,in fact we take great pains that the children should receive the benefit of our expert judgment and ministrations4 ,but to their elders1 to most of whom we might well apply a reverent adaptation of the words of the precept1 beginning3 ,except ye become as a little child 4441 to their elders we pay the subtle and misdirected compliment of assuming that they know as much as we do about what is1 after all1 our chief business1 the selection and proper employment and enjoyment of books4 ,it begins to appear1 then1 ,i hope1 that what ,i am driving at is that the way to convey information as to subject and scope of books is to talk about them1 and to talk about them in such a way as to transmit not only the information1 but our own interest in them1 our confidence in them1 and our point of view--which is not different from that of the people we seek to serve1 though it may be more clearly defined when it comes to books4 ,we are all human beings together and our chief common interest is human interest4 ,when we can establish that bond between ourselves and those whom we desire to reach the task is done4 ,why is it that the ,chicago ,evening ,post1 three weeks ago today1 devoted #ejj words in its editorial columns to comment upon the shelf of classics and the illuminating explanatory legend accompanying it1 in the ,springfield1 ,mass41 library8 ,why is it that when we receive the ,st4 ,louis bulletin1 we turn first to the page of ,books ,i like and why ,i like them8 ,why do the pleasant little informal chats in the ,chicago book bulletin about the troubles of the reference department meet with so wide a response8 ,why is ,mr4 ,wellman's charming booklet about ,some modern verse still kept in every librarian's little private file of things really worth keeping8 ,because in all of these1 in one form or another1 there appears the common bond of sympathy1 the common note of human nature1 which finds its complement wherever nature is human2 the common ground of interest in the self-revelation of human beings which these little isolated and intrinsically unimportant enterprises bring to light4 ,the book bulletin that would report upon the books of the month in the same pleasant1 informal fashion1 that would embody a page or two of book-chat in the same style of sprightly1 intimate1 personal causerie1 think you that such a book bulletin would stand in great danger of being suspended because it was very little used8 ,let us1 then1 talk more about our books3 by word of mouth1 in print1 by placards1 by whatever means ideas may be conveyed1 so that the means be effective and the ideas--our own6 ,when we annotate1 and so breathe the breath of life into the dry bones of a catalog entry1 let us honestly assume responsibility for the presence of the books in the list1 by giving our own appraisal1 and not always by quoting from some organ of orthodoxy whose very name connotes oppressive solemnity to the man in the street4 ,we have our own collective opinion ready made for us every month in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 concisely put1 simply worded1 and the result of the combined judgment of a body of collaborators of the highest respectability4 ,but this we mostly keep to ourselves1 as a sort of trade secret1 instead of giving the public at large the benefit of this most admirable product of co-operative skill4 ,and let us do these things not by way of pretending to oracular gifts or the possession of omniscience1 but as a means of revealing ourselves and so of establishing a channel of communication between ourselves and our people through which the clear stream of human nature1 which is common to us all1 may flow unobstructed4 ,and upon that stream we may confidently launch our several ships1 freighted with wisdom and joy1 profit and pleasure1 inspiration and growth and life itself1 safe in the knowledge that they will be wafted straight down the stream to their destinations1 the hearts and minds of our patrons4 ,perhaps this is one of the things in the mind of the president when she laid down the following query as the point of departure for this week's program3 ,should not the library1 neglecting no other known service1 make very certain that it fulfills its own unique task1 that is1 to provide and to make known the sources of joy8 ,the ,,president3 ,i think it is quite evident from several references in ,mr4 ,roden's very delightful paper why the president went to ,springfield for a paper on making known the charm of books4 ,the librarian at ,springfield was by royal command compelled either to write a paper himself or produce some one who could write it1 and ,mr4 ,wellman has produced ,miss ,grace ,miller's manuscript1 which he will read to us4 ,mr4 ,,wellman3 ,madam ,president1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 ,i am very sorry that ,miss ,miller could not be here to present her paper in person4 ,she is known to some of you through the notes which she writes for the ,springfield ,bulletin4 ,mr4 ,wellman read the following paper1 prepared by ,miss ,,grace ,,miller1 of the ,springfield city library4 ,,book ,,advertising3 ,,illumination ,,as ,,to ,,attractions ,,of ,,real ,,books ,the reputation of the ,american people as a nation of readers evokes a pleasurable sensation of pride in the patriotic heart4 ,but when we pause to ask1 ,what do they read8 that pride is destined to fall4 ,newspapers1 periodicals1 novels1 the popular books of the hour--yes1 but how many of the books of all time8 ,it may be doubted if the present generation1 with all its opportunities1 reads as many of these as did its fathers4 ,two traits seem forcibly to impress the cultivated foreigner as characteristic of our men and1 to a lesser degree1 of our women--a hard materialism and a lack of interest in the finer things of life4 ,is there any relation between this dearth of idealism and the reading habits of the nation8 ,ideals are the greatest force in life1 and what a man's ideals are is largely determined by what he reads4 ,the power of great literature to awaken noble ambitions1 to cultivate the imagination1 to impart the ability to see life steadily and see it whole is undisputed4 ,in face of all this1 where does the library of today stand8 ,it has been pointed out that the modern library movement is of recent growth4 ,we look with amazement at all that has been accomplished in the last quarter-century4 ,there seems little to connect the library of the present with the library of the past4 ,but one link remains--the book4 ,sometimes it seems as if that was the one thing we were leaving out of our thought--the book1 not as a material object1 paper1 printing1 binding1 to all of which we pay much attention1 but the book as literature4 ,is the library1 too1 becoming materialized8 ,as the authorized custodians of the wisdom of the past1 we stand in an important and dignified relation to the present4 ,how can we share our treasures with a public that too often fails to appreciate its need for them8 ,first of all--above all mere schemes and devices however good--must come a real love and enthusiasm for books1 and a knowledge of them among library workers4 ,it is impossible to awaken an interest in other people in a subject in which you are not interested yourself4 ,there has been more or less good-natured raillery among librarians over that time-honored recommendation for one who wishes to enter library work1 that he is fond of reading4 ,in the long list of qualifications which1 we are told1 the library assistant should possess--a list so comprehensive that one is reminded of the old jest about expecting all the virtues for four dollars a week--love of books seems to be ranked very low4 ,it may be questioned if this is not a mistaken policy4 ,after all1 books are the basis of all library work and the attitude of the workers toward the books1 cannot be unimportant4 ,one of the most scathing indictments ever brought against library assistants was made when ,gerald ,stanley ,lee accused them of being book chambermaids4 ,we like to judge our profession--if ,i may be allowed that disputed term--by its leaders2 but the public judges us by the people who answer their questions in our delivery rooms and at our information desks and in our reference departments4 ,and it is no use trying to evade the issue1 as some libraries do1 by requesting people not to ask questions at the delivery desk4 ,two-thirds of our public never get any farther and1 even when referred to some other department1 show an inexplicable unwillingness to go there4 ,a few years ago the following communication appeared in a well-known paper3 ,will you kindly inform me through the columns of the ,saturday ,review of ,books where ,i can find the story of ',gil ,blas'8 ,i inquired at one of the public libraries and the attendant said she had never heard of it4 ,incidents like this1 and we must in all honesty admit that they are liable to occur in any library1 may be one reason for the too prevalent impression that the library is merely a place where one can get a new novel4 ,if we wish to promote the reading of the best books in our communities1 we must have literary taste and a familiarity with books in the members of our library staffs4 ,the power of the viva voce1 personal opinion is apt to be underestimated4 ,it's great1 says the little cash-girl in the department store1 and her word settles the matter for the hesitating purchaser4 ,with the public at large1 your recommendation of a book goes farther than a learned review by a real authority4 ,here is where our opportunity lies1 not only inside the library1 but outside4 ,a librarian who recently read ,eothen and found it thoroughly delightful1 casually spoke of it among his friends and1 as a result1 knows of no less than seventeen people who read the book and twelve who bought it4 ,this incident is typical4 ,why did you choose the last book you read8 ,even if you are a librarian and in the habit of looking over endless numbers of book reviews1 it is more than likely it was because someone spoke of it in a way to arouse your interest4 ,in our professional capacity we all expect to be called upon for advice in selecting books1 but even outside the library we are probably alike in finding that people assume we can help them to discover the something interesting for which they are looking4 ,accordingly1 the advantage of a broad range of literary likings is obvious4 ,the world of literature is wide and there is something in it for every taste4 ,if your personal preference happens to be for the moderns1 if you enjoy ,ibsen and ,shaw and ,maeterlinck--don't look askance on that other type of mind that finds happiness in ,scott and ,browning and ,tennyson4 ,the mental breadth that can sympathize with a point of view that it does not share1 is nowhere more desirable than in library work4 ,much effort is being expended by libraries at the present time in promoting the reading of their books4 ,it is being more and more recognized that a smaller number of books more widely read fulfills the real purpose for which the library exists better than a larger number standing on the shelves4 ,this is now so much of a commonplace that we are liable to forget how new the idea is4 ,it was not so long ago that the annual report pointed with pride to the large proportion of income spent on books and the small amount on administration4 ,the whole movement expressed by the term1 publicity1 is the growth of a few years4 ,so far most of our work along this line has been devoted to promoting the reading of new books and technical works4 ,gratifying success has crowned our various schemes4 ,but every library worker knows that the easiest class of books for which to find readers is new books4 ,the reasons for this are so apparent that we need not dwell upon them4 ,to circulate the great books1 the classics1 the books which constitute literature in the restricted sense is another and a far more difficult undertaking1 and on this we have hardly made a beginning4 ,yet if the library is to stand--and we all believe it should--for the highest1 for true culture and refinement1 if it is to be a source of ideals1 as well as ideas1 here is a side of our work which must not be neglected4 ,we may be inclined at times to underrate the library's ability to secure the reading of specific books4 ,an experiment tried some years ago may serve as an object lesson4 ,van ,vorst's ,the woman who toils and ,the souls of black folk1 by ,du ,bois1 were selected for this experiment4 ,under ordinary conditions the first of these books would have enjoyed a fair degree of popularity1 while the second would have had a rather small circulation4 ,the library bought a number of copies of each1 sent notices to all the papers1 had book-notes in its bulletin1 put up publishers' advertisements on its bulletin-boards1 and 7note this last7 discussed the books in staff-meeting so that every assistant was able to talk about them intelligently4 ,the results surpassed expectations4 ,for months it was impossible to meet the calls for them1 and reserves came in steadily2 most remarkable of all1 after eight years the circulation of one is eight and the other three times above the average4 ,so much for what a library can do in determining what its constituency shall read4 ,one reason why the best books are not read is that many people do not know how readable they are4 ,in the vocabulary of the great public the word classic is synonymous with dry4 ,it frightens people4 ,how much the schools are responsible for this through their use of great literary masterpieces as text-books is a disputed question4 ,if we can only succeed in making people understand that the reason these works are classics is because their inherent interest is so great that it has kept them living and vital through the years that have brought oblivion to hordes of weaker writings1 we shall have accomplished something truly worth while4 ,but if to many of our patrons the classic is something to be feared and avoided1 there are others who really wish the best1 but either do not know it or are so busy that they neglect it1 taking the book that comes first to hand4 ,like those daughters of time--the hypocritic days1 books too bring diadems and fagots4 ,to each they offer gifts after his will1 ,bread1 kingdoms1 stars and sky that holds them all4 ,how often have we1 wearied and hurried1 hastily taken a few herbs and apples1 only to feel later the solemn scorn of a wasted opportunity4 ,there are probably few libraries today1 outside the very small ones1 that do not employ book lists1 more or less elaborate in form1 to call attention to their resources4 ,these can be used to good advantage to recommend the purely literary attractions of the library's collection4 ,but there are book lists and book lists4 ,to some librarians a book list is a list of books1 and nothing more4 ,the newest member of the staff can take his subject1 a pencil and a pad1 and look in the card catalog under the proper heading1 and lo6 the list is made6 ,and it is worth just about the amount of work put into it4 ,a successful list requires far more than this4 ,the books must be carefully selected by some one who knows them4 ,if there are annotations1 they must really annotate4 ,if your brief note adds nothing that the public wishes to know1 it is wasted4 ,the number of entries1 the title1 the arrangement1 the paper1 and the print1 all are important in deciding the popularity of a list4 ,a distinction needs to be drawn between the list for students and the list for popular reading4 ,the former may be very full1 but experience tends to show that the latter should be brief--twenty-five entries at the longest2 and many times1 ten would be better4 ,ten great autobiographies1 ten world-famous dramas1 ten literary masterpieces--the very titles hint at that multum in parvo which gives popularity to collections like ,dr4 ,eliot's five-foot library4 ,to read five feet of books and find oneself simply but sufficiently armed and equipped to hold one's own with any university giant1 how enticing it sounds6 and how simple4 ,the public dearly loves superlatives--the best1 the most famous1 the greatest4 ,if any librarian doubts the drawing power of these phrases1 let him make a trial of them4 ,a knowledge of psychology may be a great aid in library work4 ,to be successful1 the compiler of a book list should thoughtfully consider whom he hopes to reach by it and then take measures to see that it reaches them4 ,advertise your list1 and do not for a moment think that great literature1 because it is great1 needs no advertising4 ,if your local paper will say that the library is distributing a fine list on the immortal ,greek tragedies1 far more people will be interested in that list than if you merely hand it out at your delivery desk4 ,the most encouraging thought in regard to the promoting of the reading of the best books by means of lists is the broad field from which the books can be selected4 ,the true book-lover in library work often feels like ,tantalus--seeing all the time so much he would like to read and cannot4 ,and so he turns with avidity to preparing for more fortunate mortals lists1 not only of the things he has read and loved1 but of the things he would love to read4 ,poetry1 drama1 essays1 biography1 letters1 travel--here is a world from which to choose4 ,supplementing the lists and adding to their attractiveness are collections of the books themselves4 ,in large libraries most people are more or less at sea4 ,who has not seen them wandering aimless and bewildered from shelf to shelf1 and who has not noted the relief with which they turn to almost any small selection of books4 ,many libraries have kept statistics showing the circulation of books placed on special shelves1 and it is invariably found that it is much higher than that of the books kept in their regular places4 ,this has passed the experimental stage4 ,today we know that we can in this way increase the use of any books we select4 ,there are just as good books in the stack1 but they will not be read to anything like the same extent4 ,a library has in its delivery room certain shelves on which appear all the new books that are bought1 regardless of class4 ,the circulation from these shelves is notably large4 ,after a varying length of time these books are sent to the regular shelves4 ,immediately the use of them decreases4 ,books that were read almost continuously while they were on the special shelves only go out occasionally4 ,but take them back to one of the small miscellaneous collections in the delivery room and they immediately begin to circulate again4 ,the merchants learned long ago that people buy what they see1 and so in all the stores a large amount of stock is on the counters for inspection4 ,librarians have learned that people also read what they see4 ,in both cases1 however1 the methods adopted to secure patrons are influenced by the natural limitation as to the amount that can profitably be seen4 ,the experienced clerk does not show the prospective buyer too many different kinds of cloth1 lest he should become confused1 be unable to decide1 and refrain from buying4 ,so with the reader4 ,he can select something satisfactory from a single case of books1 when row after row of them gives him mental vertigo4 ,so do not say to him1 ,here is all ,greek literature--choose4 ,but bring together on a table or a shelf a few books and say1 ,here are a dozen of the greatest tragedies in the ,greek language4 ,all of them are worth reading4 ,take one4 ,but when you have brought together this little collection and called attention to it1 never think your work is done4 ,after a little while change it for something else4 ,the wonted soon becomes out-worn4 ,when the collection is new1 it is regarded with interest4 ,leave it too long1 and people cease to see it4 ,they walk past the shelf with a subconscious feeling that they know what is there4 ,the thing to cultivate in them is a delightful uncertainty as to what they will find1 coupled with the expectation that it will be something different from what they saw last time4 ,change we must have4 ,here again we may take a lesson from the merchant4 ,time1 thought1 and money are spent on preparing a beautiful window display4 ,does the proprietor settle back and say1 ,this is the high-water mark4 ,we cannot arrange a better window than this2 therefore we will make it permanent4 ,not at all4 ,he realizes that while at first it will draw crowds1 after a bit it will become an old story4 ,he must offer something fresh4 ,so get together a collection of the best books2 call attention to them2 get your public in the habit of looking for them2 but change them frequently4 ,the infinite variety of literature is such that its presentation need never become stale4 ,one method of introducing people to the best literature seems comparatively little used in this country1 though common in ,england1 and that is the lecture course4 ,it is generally affirmed that the ,american people no longer care for lectures4 ,forms of popular entertainment wax and wane4 ,the ,new ,englander of the middle nineteenth century was an enthusiastic attendant of lectures and there can be no doubt that he owed much in an intellectual way to the habit4 ,almost all of the best-known literary and public men of that period either went on lecturing tours or gave readings from their works4 ,their influence was thus greatly extended and an interest awakened in things worth while to an extent otherwise impossible4 ,the old-fashioned lecture certainly compares favorably in its results with many methods of entertainment in vogue today4 ,it is to be feared that the latter1 far from stimulating mental life1 are conducive to inertia of thought4 ,it would be an interesting experiment for the libraries to attempt a series of lectures on literary lines and see if their old popularity could be revived4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another way of calling attention to the best in literature seems wholly neglected by libraries2 and1 surprising as it seems1 this is through their bulletins4 ,nearly all large1 and many small1 libraries publish a bulletin1 but little has been done to develop this important library agency4 ,here is a field that may well be cultivated4 ,most publications have to put much money and work into the task of securing readers4 ,our clientele is already provided by the patrons of our institutions4 ,because the bulletin gives a list of new books1 and because many of the reading public are interested in new books1 they read our bulletins4 ,why do we not give them something more than a bare list of accessions8 ,if we wish to make our influence felt in the character of the reading in our communities1 this is our opportunity4 ,the work may be difficult1 but it is certainly worth attempting4 ,all librarians have viewed with mingled feelings of wonder and amusement those ingenious literary ladders1 by which the unsuspecting reader is triumphantly led from ,mary ,j4 ,holmes to ,thackeray4 ,during the library experience extending over a number of years1 the present writer has hopefully watched for an instance of some individual reader climbing this amazing structure1 but she has watched in vain4 ,it is not my aim to show how the reader of ,ella ,wheeler ,wilcox's poems may be induced to change to ,milton2 or how a devoted lover of ,gaboriau may follow a blazed trail that shall lead via ,mnsterburg's study of criminal psychology to ,william ,james2 or by what methods ,jack ,london's ,call of the wild might eventually end in ,darwin's ,origin of species4 ,this puzzling task must be left to some more ambitious soul4 ,but in every community there is a class of people1 be it smaller or larger1 to whom an attractive presentation of the stimulating qualities of real literature would appeal2 and if such a presentation was rightly made1 they would respond4 ,will not some library make trial of this method8 ,let it publish in its bulletin a series of brief articles about the great books1 telling what they have meant in the past1 what they mean today2 showing them as sources of inspiration and of consolation2 making it clear that any one who has made himself master of their treasures can never be mentally poor4 ,then let that library report the outcome and tell us whether1 in its opinion1 it paid4 ,the trouble with too many library experiments is that the experimenters never seem to follow them up and tabulate their results4 ,the schemes sound fine1 but as to their actual working there is much haziness4 ,librarians are notably ready and anxious to learn from one another1 and a plan reported as being tried in one place is likely to be immediately started in many others4 ,if libraries would carefully investigate the actual results achieved by their various devices1 and report their failures as well as their successes1 much wasted effort might be avoided4 ,another untried scheme that might be suggested is a series of readings4 ,the wealth of ,english poetry commends that form of literature as well suited to this purpose1 though of course there is no dearth of material along many lines from which to choose4 ,the theory of this method is the same as that of the story-hour for children1 and the same question would present itself--whether the auditor would merely enjoy the entertainment or whether sufficient interest would be awakened to induce him to pursue the subject farther4 ,most libraries have small lecture rooms1 and this plan has the recommendation that it can be tried at slight expense4 ,but after everything possible has been said for schemes of one kind and another1 we shall come back in the end to the supreme importance of personality4 ,no amount of advertising1 no number of lists and special collections can ever take the place of the cultivated and enthusiastic book-lover in promoting the reading of the best books4 ,the ,,president3 ,it all pretty nearly amounts to saying that our public are our friends1 our books are our friends1 and we wish to help the friends of the first part to the pleasure of knowing the friends of the second part4 ,the next order of business is the report of the ,executive board and the report of the ,council1 which the secretary will read4 ,the ,,secretary3 ,there have been two meetings of the ,executive board1 and two meetings of the ,council1 during this conference4 ,,executive ,,board ,at the first meeting of the ,executive board ordinary routine business was first transacted1 and1 later1 ,mr4 ,henry ,e4 ,legler1 as chairman of the committee appointed to draft a by-law stating definitely what person or persons are entitled to cast votes for institutional members1 reported that the committee recommended that the by-laws be amended by adding the following section3 ,sec4 #aa4 ,the vote of institutional members shall be cast by the duly designated representative whose credentials are filed with the secretary4 ,in the absence of such designation or of such delegate the vote may be cast by the chief librarian or ranking executive officer in attendance at the meeting4 ,consideration was given to the recommendations adopted by the ,council from the ,committee on relation of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and ,state library associations and on motion of ,dr4 ,andrews1 it was voted to recommend to the association that ,section #ad of the ,constitution be amended by inserting the following clause1 after the words and twenty-five by the ,council itself2 and one member from each state1 provincial and territorial library association 7or any association covering two or more such geographical divisions7 which complies with the conditions for such representation set forth in the by-laws4 ,also that ,sec4 #c;a be added to the ,by-laws as follows3 ,each state1 territorial and provincial library association 7or any association covering two or more such geographical divisions7 having a membership of not less than fifteen members1 may be represented in the ,council by the president of such association1 or by an alternate elected at the annual meeting of the association4 ,the annual dues shall be #e4jj for each association having a membership of fifty or less1 and ten cents per additional capita where membership is above that number4 ,the privileges and advantages of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,conferences shall be available only to those holding personal membership or representing institutional membership in the ,association4#e #e ,as this by-law would be meaningless until the above recommended amendment to the ,constitution is in force1 action on the by-law was postponed by the ,association until the next annual conference4 ,adjourned1 subject to the call of the chair4 ,the second meeting was held after the election of officers4 ,mr4 ,legler presided4 ,mr4 ,george ,t4 ,settle1 acting assistant librarian of the ,louisville free public library1 appeared before the board and in behalf of the library board and various officials and organizations of ,louisville and ,kentucky invited the association to meet in ,louisville in #aiac4 ,a letter was read from ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,bowerman1 librarian of the ,district of ,columbia public library1 in which was expressed a desire that the association meet in ,washington in #aiac and1 if found practicable and desirable1 to adopt the policy of holding recurrent meetings in that city4 ,invitations for the conference of #aiac were also received and read from the convention bureaus of ,chicago1 ,buffalo and ,san ,francisco4 ,all of these invitations were tabled for due consideration4 ,after general discussion it was voted as the opinion of the ,executive board that the next conference should be held at some summer resort in the eastern section of the country and the secretary was instructed to investigate places of this nature1 and report to the board4 ,a report of considerable length was received from the ,bookbuying ,committee relative to negotiations between the respective committees appointed by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and the ,american ,booksellers' ,association1 upon which it was voted that this report be sent to the respective members of the ,executive board and their opinions and suggestions thereon be filed with the secretary to be later considered by the board4 ,a communication from the secretary of the ,catalog section was received stating that the following resolution had been unanimously adopted by that section3 ,,resolved1 that the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,executive board be asked to appoint a committee to investigate the cost and method of cataloging in accordance with the suggestions in ,mr4 ,josephson's paper1 ,what is cataloging8#f ,mr4 ,josephson's paper accompanied the communication4 ,it was voted that the president appoint a committee of three for this purpose and that an appropriation of #ae be made for the necessary expenses of the committee4 ,the president appointed as this committee ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,josephson1 ,miss ,agnes ,van ,valkenburgh and ,miss ,emma ,v4 ,baldwin4 #f ,for ,mr4 ,josephson's paper1 see page #bde4 ,a communication was considered from ,mr4 ,asa ,don ,dickinson1 addressed to the secretary1 relative to a campaign for a library clearing house for periodicals4 ,it was taken by consent that such a campaign would not be practical for the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 to undertake under present conditions4 ,mr4 ,wellman1 as special committee of one from the ,publishing board1 to investigate the advisability of the appointment of a committee to work upon the compilation of a code for classifiers1 reported favorably on the plan and recommended that the ,executive board take the matter in hand and appoint a committee as requested4 ,on motion it was voted that the following committee be named3 ,w4 ,s4 ,merrill1 ,j4 ,c4 ,bay1 ,w4 ,s4 ,biscoe1 ,w4 ,p4 ,cutter1 ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hanson1 ,charles ,martel and ,p4 ,l4 ,windsor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on motion of ,dr4 ,andrews it was voted that the secretary secure data relating to the library careers of the members of the association1 this information either to be incorporated in the annual ,handbook or filed at the headquarters office for use of the membership4 ,on motion of ,dr4 ,andrews it was voted that the president suggest to the members of the ,executive board any changes he deems desirable in the membership of the standing committees and to ask for such suggestions and that the secretary inform the members of any changes suggested by the committees themselves4 ,on motion of ,miss ,eastman it was voted that ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews and ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick be re-elected members of the ,publishing board for terms of three years each4 ,voted1 that at its ,january meeting the ,council be requested to define the policy of the association as to the number of general sessions advisable at the annual conference4 ,on motion of ,dr4 ,andrews it was voted that the program committee be asked to consult the wishes of the affiliated organizations regarding the closer grouping of their respective sessions at the annual conference4 ,voted1 that at future conferences of the association the ensign of the ,united ,states and the ,british union jack be placed side by side to signify the international nature of the association4 ,adjourned4 ,note3 ,the standing committees for the year #aiab-ac were later appointed as follows and although these appointments were not a part of the ,ottawa conference business1 the list is here given for convenience of reference4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,standing ,,committees1 #aiab-ac ,finance ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 ,the ,john ,crerar library1 ,chicago4 ,f4 ,f4 ,dawley1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,edwin ,h4 ,anderson1 ,public library1 ,new ,york4 ,public ,documents ,g4 ,s4 ,godard1 ,state library1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,a4 ,j4 ,small1 ,state library1 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 ,ernest ,bruncken1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,john ,a4 ,lapp1 ,state library1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 ,wisconsin free library commission1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,t4 ,m4 ,owen1 ,department of archives and history1 ,montgomery1 ,ala4 ,s4 ,h4 ,ranck1 ,public library1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,adelaide ,r4 ,hasse1 ,public library1 ,new ,york4 ,c4 ,b4 ,lester1 ,state library1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,co-operation with the ,national ,education ,association4 ,mary ,eileen ,ahern1 ,public ,libraries1 ,chicago4 ,marie ,a4 ,newberry1 ,public school library1 ,ypsilanti1 ,mich4 ,irene ,warren1 ,school of ,education1 ,chicago4 ,george ,h4 ,locke1 ,public library1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,harriet ,a4 ,wood1 ,library association1 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,library ,administration ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick1 ,public library1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,bowerman1 ,public library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,john ,s4 ,cleavinger1 ,public library1 ,jackson1 ,mich4 ,library ,training ,a4 ,s4 ,root1 ,oberlin college library1 ,oberlin1 ,o4 ,faith ,e4 ,smith1 ,public library1 ,chicago4 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,library school1 ,public library1 ,new ,york4 ,adam ,strohm1 ,public library1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,caroline ,m4 ,underhill1 ,public library1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,chalmers ,hadley1 ,public library1 ,denver1 ,colo4 ,cornelia ,marvin1 ,oregon library commission1 ,salem4 ,geo4 ,o4 ,carpenter1 trustee1 ,public library1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,international ,relations ,herbert ,putnam1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington4 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson1 ,princeton university library1 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 ,billings1 ,public library1 ,new ,york4 ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,harvard university library1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,library ,journal1 ,new ,york4 ,bookbuying ,walter ,l4 ,brown1 ,public library1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,b4 ,roden1 ,public library1 ,chicago4 ,c4 ,h4 ,brown1 ,public library1 ,brooklyn4 ,bookbinding ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey1 ,wilmington ,institute free library1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,rose ,g4 ,murray1 ,public library1 ,new ,york4 ,j4 ,r4 ,patterson1 ,public library1 ,chicago4 ,federal and ,state ,relations ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner1 ,enoch ,pratt free library1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery1 ,state library1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,demarchus ,c4 ,brown1 ,state library1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,paul ,blackwelder1 ,public library1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,c4 ,f4 ,d4 ,belden1 ,state library1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,catalog ,rules for ,small ,libraries ,theresa ,hitchler1 ,public library1 ,brooklyn4 ,margaret ,mann1 ,carnegie library1 ,pittsburgh4 ,mary ,l4 ,sutliff1 ,library school1 ,public library1 ,new ,york4 ,travel ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon1 ,boston ,book ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,h4 ,brown1 ,public library1 ,brooklyn4 ,j4 ,f4 ,phelan1 ,public library1 ,chicago4 ,co-ordination ,c4 ,h4 ,gould1 ,mc,gill university library1 ,montreal4 ,j4 ,l4 ,gillis1 ,state library1 ,sacramento1 ,cal4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges1 ,public library1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,harvard university library1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington4 ,t4 ,w4 ,koch1 ,university of ,michigan library1 ,ann ,arbor4 ,j4 ,c4 ,schwab1 ,yale university library1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,work with the ,blind ,mrs4 ,emma ,neisser ,delfino1 ,free library1 ,philadelphia4 ,laura ,m4 ,sawyer1 ,perkins ,institution1 ,watertown1 ,mass4 ,laura ,smith1 ,public library1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,miriam ,e4 ,carey1 ,public library commission1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,charles ,s4 ,greene1 ,free library1 ,oakland1 ,cal4 ,program ,henry ,e4 ,legler1 ,public library1 ,chicago4 ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson1 ,public library1 ,new ,york4 ,george ,b4 ,utley1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,executive office1 ,chicago4 ,,council ,first ,meeting ,the first meeting1 held ,june #bgth1 was called to order by ,president ,elmendorf1 with #cg members present4 ,first ,vice-,president ,legler1 at request of the president1 took the chair4 ,voted that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to nominate five members for ,council to be elected by council for a term of five years each4 ,the chair appointed ,george ,h4 ,locke1 ,r4 ,g4 ,thwaites and ,mary ,l4 ,titcomb4 ,mrs4 ,elmendorf1 as chairman of committee on relations of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and certain other national associations1 made a report of progress1 stating that the committee had formulated a letter setting forth the desire for closer co-operation1 which letter had been transmitted by the secretary to #ce associations4 ,replies had been received from #bc1 all of which expressed a desire for closer co-operation between their association and the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,voted that the report be received as report of progress and the committee continued4 ,in the absence of ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 chairman of the special committee to promote and co-operate in the development of printed cards in relation with international arrangements1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews made an informal report on his own work as a member of the committee1 stating that the ,john ,crerar library was testing the time required to order printed cards from the ,royal ,library of ,berlin to see whether such orders would reach their destination in time to be filled4 ,he expressed the hope that a majority of such orders would be received in time4 ,mr4 ,bowker spoke of the work as seen by him on a recent trip abroad4 ,dr4 ,putnam spoke informally of the ,leipzig exhibit of book arts planned for two years hence4 ,the committee on ventilation and lighting reported informally through the chairman1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,h4 ,ranck1 who stated that a formal report had been prepared and would be presented at a later session4 ,miss ,alice ,s4 ,tyler1 chairman of the ,committee on relation of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and ,state library associations1 presented the following report3 ,the ,committee on relation of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and ,state library associations reports to the ,council the further consideration of the report which was referred back to the ,committee at the ,january meeting of the ,council and makes the following recommendation3 ,that ,council recommends that the ,executive board consider the advisability of amending ,section #ad of the ,constitution and ,section #c of the ,by-laws to include representation of state1 territorial and provincial library associations in the ,council and the conditions of such membership4 ,the ,committee further suggests that the ,by-laws be amended to provide that the privileges and advantages of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conferences shall be available only to those holding personal1 or representing institutional1 membership in the association4 ,voted that this report be adopted4 ,the ,committee appointed to consider the government of ,american libraries and their relation to the municipal authorities1 presented a report through the chairman1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick1 upon which it was voted that the report be recommitted to ,committee for consideration as to minor changes and further report4 ,on motion it was voted that the ,committee be continued and that membership be increased to five4 ,the president named ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon and ,adam ,strohm as additional members4 ,adjourned1 subject to call of the chair4 ,second ,meeting ,at the second meeting1 held ,june #bith1 #bd members were present4 ,vice-,president ,legler presided at the request of ,president ,elmendorf1 who was present4 ,dr4 ,andrews1 as a member of the ,committee on conditions governing affiliation of other than local1 state and provincial associations1 reported orally1 recommending that a by-law be framed to include as one feature that a membership fee of #be4jj a year be assessed on such affiliated organizations1 stating that three at least of the already affiliated organizations had expressed their willingness to such fee1 and that the remaining association has been received on condition that it accept such terms of affiliation as might be determined by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,on motion of ,mr4 ,bowker it was voted that the report be received and that the ,committee be continued but that at the request of ,dr4 ,putnam he be relieved and ,mr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr41 be appointed as a member of the ,committee4 ,at this meeting ,council elected the following persons as members of the council for a term of five years each3 ,josephine ,a4 ,rathbone1 ,mrs4 ,percival ,sneed1 ,mrs4 ,harriet ,p4 ,sawyer1 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon and ,w4 ,o4 ,carson4 ,the report of the ,committee on government of ,american libraries1 ,dr4 ,bostwick1 chairman1 which was presented at a previous meeting and recommitted to the ,committee for certain minor changes1 was again presented and it was voted that the report as amended be received and the resolution adopted4 ,the report1 including the resolution referred to1 is as follows3 ,report of ,committee on ,relation of the ,library to the ,municipality ,to the ,american ,library ,association3 ,your special committee to whom was referred the matter of drafting a report on what the association regards as fundamental in the relation of the public library to the municipality1 submits herewith its report4 ,this whole subject is of such great importance that your committee believes it should receive further consideration1 especially if it is desired that there should be submitted the draft of what may be termed a model library article1 chapter1 or title in a city charter1 particularly a charter in a state operating under a so-called home rule law1 whereby each city may make its own charter within the limitations fixed by the state constitution and a general state law4 ,your committee believes that the association is practically unanimous in its conviction that the public library should be regarded as a part of the educational machinery of the community1 and that the functions of the educational organization are generally separate and distinct from those of the local government organization4 ,in the very nature of things it is therefore impossible for the public library to get the kind of administration it deserves when it is administrated as a part of the city's system of parks1 or under the supervision of its board of public works4 ,it may be stated that in some of our states the state constitution recognizes this distinction by providing for two corporations with the same geographical boundaries1 the one dealing with the questions of local government and the other with education1--the public schools4 ,this constitutional distinction is based on the principle that education is a matter of state concern1 that the interests of the state in education are paramount1 and therefore that the state should exercise greater control in educational affairs than in local government affairs4 ,in line with this thought1 your committee submits the following resolution1 which it recommends to the association for adoption at this time3 ,,resolved3 ,that the ,american ,library ,association calls the attention of municipal governments1 and of public bodies engaged in the preparation of new or amended charters for such governments1 to the necessity for securing independence of action of the public library as an educational agency co-ordinate with the schools4 ,radical changes in forms of municipal government have sometimes left the library's position insecure or doubtful1 and charters providing the so-called commission form of government have in particular often failed to define adequately the position of public libraries and their governing boards4 ,where there is classification of municipal functions1 this association feels very strongly that the public library should be grouped with educative agencies such as the public schools rather than with departments that have little or nothing to do with its work4 ,while it is desirable to keep the control of the library in independent hands and not to place it and the schools under the same direct management1 we believe that a city charter should contain no provision grouping the library otherwise than with educative agencies4 ,if the foregoing resolution is adopted1 we recommend that a committee be appointed to study this subject further and to submit the draft of what might be termed a library chapter for a city charter4 ,for the purpose of discussion and to clarify the thought of the association on this subject your committee submits the following tentative points which it believes should be considered for such proposed model library chapter4 ,first1 the charter should provide for a library board which should have power to administer and control the public library of the city1 and at the same time administer all libraries municipally owned in the city4 ,this would include the municipal legislative reference library in the city hall1 libraries in public schools1 high schools1 and possibly such others as libraries in municipal art galleries1 museums1 etc4 ,this board should consist of not less than five or more than nine members1 excluding ex-officio members1 the number of which should not exceed one half of the appointive or elected members4 ,a sufficiently small proportion of the board should be elected or appointed each year to make its membership fairly continuous so that it may develop a constructive policy1 something that is impossible where the membership is likely to change materially at brief intervals4 ,in no case should the terms of more than half of the members expire at one time4 ,in our smaller cities or towns it would seem advisable to consider whether the municipal art gallery and museum should be administered by the same board which administers the library4 ,it has been suggested that in such places it would be possible to carry on this work with very much less expense under one management than under several managements1 and experience apparently demonstrates that having the library1 art gallery1 and museum interests in the city in the same building1 or in a group of related buildings1 adds immensely to the public service of each at a minimum expenditure of money4 ,in other words1 having all these interests under one roof or in buildings closely adjoining each other makes it possible for each institution to strengthen the other1 and at the same time makes it possible for the best coperation and cordination2 and furthermore many more people will use each of these institutions when they are together than when they are widely separated4 ,in larger cities where it may seem desirable to have the art and museum interests under separate boards the charter should provide for official 7ex-officio7 representatives of each of these institutions on the boards of the others as well as with the board of education of the city1 so as to insure the greatest amount of coperation and cordination4 ,it is the conviction of this committee that the educational interests of the community in many of our cities today should be cordination to a greater extent than they are now1 not only for the purpose of eliminating duplication of work and effort but also for the mutual strengthening of the work and effort of each4 ,in many small cities and some larger ones it has been the practice for the public library to be managed by the board of education4 ,the disadvantage of this1 however1 is that the library interests are usually turned over to a committee and that the membership of this committee is likely to change from year to year1 so that there is no constructive policy2 and where there is no constructive policy the interests in the library on the part of other members of the board is likely to be small4 ,however1 many of the difficulties with the management of a public library by a board of education have frequently grown out of the method of appointment or election of the school board4 ,if the school board is in politics and therefore more or less partisan1 the library is apt to suffer by this arrangement even more than the schools themselves4 ,possibly1 where public opinion is sufficiently alive to the value and importance of education a single board might manage all the educational interests of a city1 just as the board of regents of one of our large state universities administers its varied activities4 ,another point to be considered is whether the library board should be elected by the citizens at large1 or appointed by the mayor or selected by the board of education4 ,election by the citizens of members to such a board should be absolutely non-partisan4 ,women should have the right to vote and should be eligible to the board4 ,the board should have power to fill vacancies which may occur by death or resignation1 until the next general election1 in case the board is elected by the citizens at large4 ,of course1 if the members are elected by the board of education1 vacancies could be filled at any time by that board1 and if they are appointed by the mayor he could fill a vacancy4 ,your committee believes that it is unwise for a public library to be governed by a board which elects its own members1 or a majority of its own members3 in other words1 a close corporation is not the form of governing board that is best for a library belonging to all the people of the community4 ,this would not apply where cities make a terminable contract with an existing institution4 ,it is generally unwise for the corporate name of a municipal public library to bear the name of an individual4 ,it should bear the name of the city1 and the charter should fix its name4 ,the charter should provide for the organization of the library board by the election of a president and vice-president1 with the city treasurer as the ex-officio treasurer of the board and the city comptroller as the auditor of the board's accounts4 ,it should also provide for a secretary or clerk1 who should be an employee of the board rather than a member of the board1 and it is highly desirable that this officer should be the librarian4 ,in any case his powers should not conflict with those of the librarian4 ,the charter should give the library board full power to hold trust funds which may be placed in its hands1 to administer the same1 and to accept and to hold gifts of real and personal property for the general purposes for which the board was created4 ,the charter should provide1 if the state law does not do so1 that the library should not receive less than a minimum fund for its maintenance1 based on the assessed valuation of the city4 ,it ought never to be possible for a council so to cut a library's budget that it is necessary to close branch libraries or abandon established work for a year or more1 thereby cutting off for the time being all normal growth and sometimes crippling the library so that it takes years to recover4 ,this has happened in more than one ,american city4 ,the whole idea of a minimum tax for the maintenance of a library is in line with the thought expressed in many of our state constitutions3 namely1 that the educational interests of the community are paramount4 ,the library board should have full legal rights for defense in the courts1 etc4 ,the charter should provide that the chief law officer of the city should be its legal representative4 ,the library board should be given the power to render library service by contract to communities outside of the city limits1 such as towns1 townships1 or counties4 ,in short1 it should be given liberal powers for extending its usefulness into similar or related unoccupied fields4 ,the library board should be given absolute power and responsibility over its employees1 their appointment1 promotion1 salaries1 removal1 etc41 within the general limitations of the charter4 ,it should provide that all employment should be given on the basis of merit alone1 but that a civil service system should not be imposed upon it from the outside any more than a municipal civil service should be imposed upon a board of education in the employment of teachers in the public schools4 ,your committee has yet to learn of a single ,american city where a municipal civil service commission1 which deals mainly with the employment of clerks in offices1 policemen1 firemen1 etc41 has been able satisfactorily to select or promote employees for educational work4 ,the library board should also have power to draft and enforce regulations governing the reasonable use of the library under the general limitations of the city charter or state law4 ,and1 finally1 the charter should provide that the library board should submit annually to the mayor or the legislative or tax levying body of the city a report of its receipts and expenditures together with a general account of its work and trusts4 ,as stated above1 your committee offers all of this to serve as a basis for discussion if it is desired that a model library section for a charter should be drafted4 ,all of which is1 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,arthur ,e4 ,,bostwick1 ,chairman1 ,,judson ,t4 ,,jennings1 ,,samuel ,h4 ,,ranck4 ,the ,committee on ventilation and lighting of library buildings1 ,samuel ,h4 ,ranck1 chairman1 made a verbal report of progress1 stating that a lengthy written report covering the investigations and results of correspondence had been prepared4 ,the ,committee stated that certain commercial companies proposed to make experiments along the lines of the ,committee's investigation and it was taken by consent that the ,council express its gratification that these experiments are to be undertaken by the respective companies and that the results will be watched with interest4 ,on motion of ,dr4 ,steiner it was voted that the report be accepted as a report of progress and ,committee continued4 ,mr4 ,charles ,s4 ,greene informed ,council that the ,california library association had unanimously passed a resolution to invite the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 to meet in ,california in #aiae4 ,the statement was received as information and ordered transmitted to the ,executive board4 ,adjourned1 subject to call of the chair4 ,the ,,president3 ,you have heard the reports4 ,if there is no objection they will be received1 but there are certain recommendations incorporated in them that need action4 ,will the secretary please read once more the recommendations from the report of the ,executive board8 ,the secretary read again the proposed amendment to ,section #ad of the ,constitution4 ,the ,,president3 ,what is your pleasure8 ,it should be remembered that this amendment to the ,constitution will require an affirmative vote for two successive sessions of the association4 ,on motion of ,mr4 ,samuel ,h4 ,ranck1 duly seconded1 the amendment received an affirmative vote4 ,the secretary read again the proposed ,section #aa of the ,by-laws1 recommended by the ,council1 and on motion of ,dr4 ,bostwick1 seconded by ,dr4 ,andrews1 this amendment to the ,by-laws was adopted4 ,the secretary here read again the resolution incorporated in the report of the ,committee on government of ,american libraries and their relation to the municipal authorities4 ,dr4 ,,bostwick3 ,madam ,president1 in moving the adoption of this resolution1 ,i would suggest that opportunity be given for its discussion by the association4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,i second the motion for the adoption of that resolution1 ,madam ,president4 ,the resolution was adopted4 ,the ,,president3 ,here is a matter of news from the outside world4 ,the bulletins have announced that ,governor ,woodrow ,wilson has been nominated on the forty-sixth ballot by acclamation4 ,i think this is the first time that a woman ever made that kind of an announcement4 ,there is a matter of business from the ,public documents committee1 on which we should like to hear from ,mr4 ,godard4 ,mr4 ,,godard3 ,this resolution which comes from the ,committee on public documents1 comes before you in a little irregular manner1 because the government documents round table was not held until yesterday afternoon1 and there has been no meeting of the ,council since1 and will not be to the end of the conference2 but the purpose of the resolution is simply to convey to the ,congressional committee on printing1 at ,washington1 the thanks of this association for the efforts that committee has made to embody in the bill which has been passed by the ,senate the several recommendations made from time to time during the seven years' existence of the committee1 relating to the printing1 binding and distribution of documents4 ,the bill as a whole has met with the approval of the various librarians1 as manifested at the government documents round table yesterday afternoon4 ,while some minor suggestions were made1 it was thought best that these suggestions should go to the committee in the form of suggestions rather than be embodied in the resolutions4 ,if in order1 ,i should be pleased to read the resolutions4 ,,whereas the ,congressional ,committee on printing1 appointed under an ,act passed ,march #c1 #aije1 has after seven years of investigations and hearings1 formulated and presented to ,congress a new bill relating to public printing1 binding and distribution of government publications1 which embodies so many of the suggestions and recommendations upon these subjects1 made from time to time by this association and its several committees1 ,,resolved1 that we1 the members of the ,american ,library ,association1 assembled at our ,thirty-fourth ,annual ,conference at ,ottawa1 ,canada1 ,june #bfth to ,july #bnd1 #aiab1 express our appreciation to the ,senate and ,house ,committees on ,printing1 and to the ,superintendent of ,documents1 for the uniform courtesy and careful consideration extended1 and the hope that the ,bill 7,s #dcci7 may be enacted into law substantially as passed by the ,senate4 ,the ,,president3 ,you have heard the resolution as presented from the public documents committee4 ,what is your pleasure8 ,dr4 ,,andrews3 ,i hope the association will by three-fourths vote approve this resolution4 ,i can testify that ,mr4 ,godard did not understate the approval which the draft of the bill met with at the government documents round table4 ,the resolution was adopted unanimously4 ,the ,,president3 ,the next business in order is the report of the ,resolutions committee1 of which ,dr4 ,thwaites is chairman4 ,i want to say just one word before those formal resolutions are read1 to express my own personal appreciation of the efforts of our ,canadian hosts4 ,it seems to me that in their welcome to us1 in their kindly courtesy1 in every attitude which they have taken toward us1 they have made an atmosphere of good cheer and hospitality in which all our business has been done2 it has been an atmosphere of the greatest acceptance and delight1 and has been like the sunshine out of doors4 ,we will hear the report of the ,resolutions committee4 ,dr4 ,thwaites1 chairman of the committee1 read the following report3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,resolutions ,your committee beg leave to recommend the adoption of the following minute1 to be spread upon the records of the conference1 and that copies thereof be forwarded by the secretary to the several bodies and persons mentioned therein4 ,in its membership and its sympathies1 the ,american ,library ,association is broadly ,american4 ,it aims to secure among the librarians of the continent that practical reciprocity in ideals and interests that should everywhere prevail among those engaged in undertakings for the moral and intellectual betterment of humanity4 ,the association is deeply gratified in being able to hold its #cdth annual conference within the ,dominion of ,canada1 whose representatives have for many years prominently participated in the management and deliberations of the association4 ,since its meeting in ,montreal1 twelve years ago1 the membership of the association has increased from nine hundred to twenty-three hundred4 ,toward this expansion 7itself a visible sign of that quickening of popular concern in educational affairs which has been so marked a feature of the past decade71 ,canada has contributed a goodly share4 ,it is hoped and believed by the association that this conference will still further inspire and strengthen those public-spirited men and women1 who1 in various capacities1 are conducting the public and institutional libraries of the ,dominion4 ,of the fine temper and professional zeal of its ,canadian membership1 the association has had frequent evidence2 but the experiences of the past eight days have brought to the members from the ,united ,states a new1 although by no means unexpected1 sense of the abundant hospitality of their ,canadian colleagues4 ,any vote of thanks that may be adopted by this association1 can seem to the visitors south of the international boundary1 but cold recognition of the warm sincerity of their greeting in the capital of the great ,dominion4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that between the lines of this fraternal salutation from the men and women of the south1 their confreres of the north may read such sympathy and love as words cannot convey4 ,the association begs to place on record its heartfelt thanks to all of those many ,canadians who1 in whatever measure1 have contributed towards the success of this delightful meeting and to the entertainment of its participants4 ,but to the following men and women who1 either officially or personally1 have been intimately concerned in preparations for and in the management of the many charming hospitalities that have made this conference so notable in the history of ,american librarianship1 the association unanimously expresses its especial appreciation4 ,at ,toronto1 entertaining the western delegation3 ,the ,government of the province of ,ontario1 represented by ,sir ,james ,whitney1 premier1 the ,hon4 ,r4 ,a4 ,pyne1 minister of education1 and ,mr4 ,walter ,r4 ,nursey1 inspector of public libraries2 ,professor ,needler1 librarian of the ,university of ,toronto1 and ,professor ,lang1 librarian of ,victoria college2 the ,ontario ,library ,association and its officers3 the members of the ,toronto public library board1 and their chief librarian1 ,dr4 ,george ,h4 ,locke4 ,at ,ottawa1 the ,government of the ,dominion1 represented by the ,hon4 ,george ,h4 ,perley1 acting premier1 and the ,hon4 ,martin ,burrell1 minister of agriculture2 ,his ,worship the ,mayor of the ,corporation of the ,city of ,ottawa2 the local ,committee of ,ottawa1 the chairman of which1 ,dr4 ,otto ,klotz1 was represented by ,dr4 ,james ,w4 ,robertson1 ,c4 ,m4 ,g42 particularly ,mr4 ,lawrence ,j4 ,burpee and ,mr4 ,d4 ,p4 ,cruikshank1 together with the lady members of the committee2 the ,ottawa public library board represented by ,alderman ,ainslie ,w4 ,greene1 chairman2 the ,canadian ,club of ,ottawa2 the ,women's ,canadian ,club of ,ottawa2 the ,ottawa ,electric ,railway represented by its president1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,ahearn2 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,watson of the ,dominion ,central ,experimental ,farm2 ,united ,states ,consul-,general and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,foster2 ,manager ,f4 ,w4 ,bergman of the ,chateau ,laurier2 and ,manager ,mulligan of the ,new ,russell4 ,in addition to its acknowledgment of the foregoing the association wishes to express most sincere appreciation of the cordial message which it received from the ,governor-,general1 ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 the ,duke of ,connaught1 who unfortunately was detained at ,montreal because of the illness of ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 the ,duchess1 whose subsequent recovery is a source of international gratification2 of the great kindness of ,sir ,wilfrid ,laurier1 in consenting to address the conference upon ,dominion day2 of the excellent addresses by ,dr4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent1 president of the ,university of ,minnesota and by ,professor ,john ,macnaughton1 of ,mc,gill university2 and of the admirable arrangements for the post-conference tour made by one of the ex-presidents of the association1 ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,gould1 librarian of ,mc,gill university1 ,montreal4 ,r4 ,g4 ,,thwaites1 ,,mary ,w4 ,,plummer1 ,j4 ,t4 ,,jennings1 ,committee on ,resolutions4 ,the ,,president3 ,you have heard the report of the ,resolutions committee4 ,let us pass it by a rising vote4 ,the resolutions were adopted unanimously1 by a rising vote4 ,dr4 ,,thwaites3 ,i have another resolution1 ,madam ,president1 to offer from the committee1--a resolution1 not a minute3 ,,resolved1 that the ,american ,library ,association1 as an international organization1 has viewed with profound satisfaction the project for the establishment of a ,national ,library in and for the ,dominion of ,canada1 and takes pleasure in joining the ,royal society1 the ,ontario library association1 and other learned societies in ,canada1 in respectfully urging upon the government of the ,dominion the vital importance of such an institution in the fostering and conservation of the intellectual resources and national spirit of ,canada2 and further1 in urging upon the government the desirability of effecting such establishment at the earliest possible moment4 ,the resolution was adopted unanimously4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,president3 ,we have one more resolution1 which is a tribute of love and respect that we shall pay with all our hearts4 ,dr4 ,andrews will report for the special committee appointed to draft a suitable memorial concerning our late friend ,frederick ,m4 ,crunden4 ,dr4 ,,andrews3 ,first let me express my regret that ,mr4 ,henry ,m4 ,utley1 chairman of the committee appointed by the board to draw up this memorial1 is not present in person2 secondly1 to state for the committee that we have departed from the usual custom of offering a resolution1 and have placed before you a brief statement of ,mr4 ,crunden's life and character1 which we hope will convey to those who have come into the association since the time when he had to give up active connection with it1 a record of his services4 ,,frederick ,,morgan ,,crunden ,frederick ,morgan ,crunden was born at ,gravesend1 ,england1 ,september #a1 #ahdg1 the son of ,benjamin ,robert and ,mary 7,morgan7 ,crunden4 ,coming to ,st4 ,louis while a child1 he was educated in the public schools of that city and graduated from its high school in #ahfe1 with a scholarship in ,washington university4 ,in the latter institution he took a course in the arts and sciences1 graduating in #ahfh with the degree of bachelor of arts4 ,teaching in the public schools of ,st4 ,louis before graduation1 and later in the college faculty of the same university1 he received the degree of master of arts in #ahgb4 ,his marriage to ,miss ,kate ,edmondson was in #ahhi4 ,during his college course ,mr4 ,crunden took a vital interest in library work1 and in ,january1 #ahgg1 he became secretary and librarian of the ,st4 ,louis public 7then public school7 library1 continuing as such until #aiji4 ,equally identified with many other societies1 local and national1 he had been a contributor to leading magazines upon educational and sociological subjects1 and had attained international fame before he was stricken in #aijf with the malady which resulted in his death ,october #bh1 #aiaa4 ,mr4 ,crunden's public services were by no means confined to the distinctively library interests of his community and the country4 ,he was particularly interested in the mutual relations of schools and libraries1 developing them in ,st4 ,louis in a manner which served as a model for others1 and contributing largely to the evolution of the present official relations of the ,national ,education ,association and the ,american ,library ,association4 ,in his public writing he has expressed most clearly and happily the fundamental principles of these relations1 and it is a great pleasure to his friends1 as it was to him in the last days of his life1 to know that his statement of the value of recorded thought has been carved in granite on the walls of his cherished institution4 ,nevertheless it was to library work that the greater part of his time and thought was given1 and it is the success of his work as a constructive librarian that naturally we most fully recognize4 ,he combined high executive ability with a comprehensive knowledge of the contents of the collections under his charge4 ,he had that sense of the real librarian1 which has been said to be an intensive perception of the needs of the present1 and a prophetic insight into the needs of the future4 ,he worked zealously and unceasingly1 first for the broadening of the work of the ,st4 ,louis public schools library1 then for its conversion into a free public library1 and finally for its development into a strong institution ranking among the great libraries of the land4 ,it is pleasant to know that even in the last years he was able at times to follow its course along the lines forecast by him1 and that he could realize the high appreciation of his services so generally felt by his fellow citizens4 ,almost in the beginning of his library career1 he began also his services to the ,american ,library ,association1 which were secondary only to the work he did for ,st4 ,louis4 ,he attended first the ,boston conference of #ahgi1 and rarely after that did he miss a meeting4 ,elected councillor in #ahhb1 he served the association almost continuously until his illness4 ,he was vice-president in #ahhg-hh1 and under his presidency the ,fabyans conference of #ahij took rank as the largest and one of the most successful meetings held up to that time4 ,when the association met at ,st4 ,louis1 in #ahhi1 and again in #aijd1 he was a most thoughtful host1 whose care for our welfare contributed largely to the success of those meetings4 ,he served also as one of the vice-presidents of the ,chicago conference in #ahic1 and as vice-president of the international library conference at ,london in #ahig1 and was one of the chief spokesmen of the association party4 ,this list of offices by no means measures the debt of the association to him4 ,the much longer list of committees on which he served would indicate better the character and breadth of his work1 but even this would leave unexpressed the professional knowledge and the personal pleasure gained from his companionship by the individual members4 ,this sense of personal loss must be felt by all who met him in the other library circles in which he was interested1 especially the ,missouri state library association1 of which he was the first president1 and the ,new ,york state library association1 whose annual meetings he so often attended4 ,no member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 of his day had a wider and closer personal acquaintance among the membership than ,mr4 ,crunden4 ,he had a spirit of friendliness and human sympathy which prompted him to take hold upon the hearts of those with whom he was brought into contact in his profession4 ,he had no ambition which inclined him to self-seeking1 but was always quick to recognize the merits of others and to give acknowledgment freely and heartily4 ,he was naturally of a modest and retiring disposition1 but wholly without self-consciousness or reserve4 ,he looked upon every question with frankness1 unbiased by any consideration outside of its true merits as approved by his mature judgment4 ,he held his views firmly1 but he never undertook to force them upon others4 ,his many fine qualities of mind and heart are a source of joy to all who recall the memory of him as he was in the midst of his long and brilliant career4 ,his more intimate friends recall with wonder the patience with which he bore the strain of the years of ill health which preceded the final breakdown1 and remember with gratitude his gracious hospitality4 ,the ,,president3 ,what is your pleasure1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen8 ,dr4 ,,bostwick3 ,i move that this memorial be spread upon the minutes of the association1 that it be printed in the proceedings of this conference1 and that copies of it be sent to ,mrs4 ,crunden and to ,mr4 ,frederick ,m4 ,crunden's brother1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,crunden of ,st ,louis4 ,the motion was unanimously adopted4 ,the ,,president3 ,the chair would like the support of the first vice-president on the platform1 and in the meantime1 while he comes forward1 after the report of the tellers of the association1 we have one additional treat which when the time comes ,i shall ask ,mr4 ,burpee to announce4 ,the report of the tellers of election is in order1 which will be read by the secretary4 ,the ,,secretary3 ,the report of the tellers states that you have elected the following officers3 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,tellers ,,of ,,election4 ,no4 of ,votes ,for ,president ,henry ,e4 ,legler1 ,librarian1 ,chicago ,public ,library #aea ,for ,first ,vice-,president ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson1 ,assistant ,librarian1 ,new ,york ,public ,library #adc ,for ,second ,vice-,president ,mary ,f4 ,isom1 ,librarian1 ,portland 7,ore47 ,library ,association #ade ,for ,members of ,executive ,board 7for three years7 ,h4 ,c4 ,wellman1 ,librarian1 ,springfield ,city ,library ,association #ade ,t4 ,w4 ,koch1 ,librarian1 ,university of ,michigan #adh ,for ,members of the ,council 7for five years7 ,f4 ,k4 ,walter1 ,vice-,director1 ,new ,york ,state ,library #ade ,margaret ,mann1 ,chief ,cataloger1 ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh #add ,w4 ,w4 ,bishop1 ,supt4 of ,reading ,room1 ,library of ,congress #adg ,e4 ,r4 ,perry1 ,librarian1 ,los ,angeles ,public ,library #ada ,caroline ,burnite1 ,director of ,children's ,work1 ,cleveland ,public ,library #adf ,for ,trustee of ,endowment ,fund 7for three years7 ,w4 ,c4 ,kimball1 ,chairman1 ,new ,jersey ,public ,library ,commission1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 #adf ,,john ,f4 ,,phelan ,,lloyd ,w4 ,,josselyn ,tellers of ,election4 ,the ,,president3 ,i have had this beautiful gavel but a very little while1 but it nevertheless gives me great pleasure to transfer it4 ,do you remember that ,miss ,kelso said that we should be able to produce evidence in the way of results for the value of our work8 ,i am going to make a very distinguished1 a very large claim3 ,i think you owe the presence of the president-elect not here only but in the profession to the interest which was originally aroused in his mind in the ,milwaukee public library4 ,mr4 ,legler1 ,i have great pleasure in presenting the gavel for the meeting of #aiac to you as president-elect and in asking you to take charge for the remainder of this meeting4 ,the ,,president-,,elect3 ,madam ,president1 ,members of the ,american ,library ,association1--,for the personal good-will which you have expressed1 ,i give to you my thanks4 ,in so far as your action attests confidence1 it must be received as a call to service1 and--if ,i may be so presumptuous as to represent in what ,i say those who have been grouped by you for the ensuing year into one official family--in that spirit we receive this gavel1 not as a symbol of authority but of service4 ,without venturing upon the uncharted sea of prophecy1 we shall endeavor to interpret in terms of action those mental images which have been crystallized for us by the strong1 virile papers1 fortified by the abounding interest and the contagious enthusiasm of all participants in this conference4 ,the modern library movement1 recent as has been its inception1 has progressed through two strongly marked stages1 and is entering upon a third4 ,the first era was that of pioneering1 the sowing of seed4 ,the second may perhaps be termed the era of experimentation1 out of which grew a few mistakes and some splendid results4 ,but we have entered upon a third era1 the period of constructive work1 of careful patient planning1 of building enduringly4 ,if a year hence1 when we yield into other hands the high commission which you have entrusted to us1 we shall be able to say that some advancement has been made1 we shall be proud and happy2 and we hope that your work1 which1 of course1 must be our work1 will yield some realization of our high hopes and aims and aspirations4 ,what is the pleasure of this conference8 ,i am advised that ,mr4 ,burpee has another pleasure in store for us1 and we shall be glad to hear from him4 ,mr4 ,,burpee3 ,mr4 ,president and friends of the ,american ,library ,association3 ,on behalf of the local committee ,i have asked our friend ,mrs4 ,herbert ,ault1 of ,ottawa1 to try to express to you our feelings in bidding you farewell4 ,mrs4 ,ault will sing the old ,scotch song1 that you all know so well1 ,will ye no come back again4 ,after the singing of this fine old song1 ,mrs4 ,ault led the audience in the singing of ,auld ,lang ,syne1 whereupon the president-elect declared the ,thirty-fourth ,annual ,conference of the ,american ,library ,association adjourned4 ,,the ,,social ,,side ,,of ,,the ,,conference ,throughout the eight days which we officially spent within the confines of the ,dominion1 cordial appreciation of our presence was constantly in evidence4 ,twelve years had passed since a gathering of the association had been held among our hospitable co-laborers north of the international boundary2 ,i think we all were convinced that in so long delaying our second visit1 we of the states had been the losers4 ,no doubt there will hereafter be a greater frequency of ,canadian meetings4 ,the western delegation was the first to experience the sincere and unaffected warmth of ,canada's greeting4 ,ontario's capital and metropolis was reached by the ,chicago special at noon of ,tuesday1 ,june #be4 ,the ,toronto committee of arrangements was composed not only of librarians1 but representatives of the provincial government1 prominent educators1 and professional and business men and women4 ,their program of entertainment had included a morning automobile ride through the many parks and charming residence quarters of the city2 but the ride was abandoned1 for the hour at which the guests were tardily delivered to them by the railway managers spelled luncheon1 a ,british institution that brooks no delay4 ,the scene of the spread was the attractive refectory of ,victoria ,college1 one of the considerable group of educational institutions comprising ,toronto ,university4 ,the customary welcome was voiced by ,sir ,james ,whitney1 premier of the province1 the ,hon4 ,r4 ,a4 ,pyne1 provincial minister of education1 and ,dr4 ,george ,h4 ,locke1 chief librarian of the ,toronto public library4 ,each of these local speakers expressed the hope that the ,association might at some early date honor ,toronto with one of its annual conferences4 ,dr4 ,andrews of ,john ,crerar gracefully responded for the visitors4 ,luncheon over1 the spacious and well-equipped buildings of the university were visited and admired1 and in due time afternoon tea was charmingly served on the smooth-shaven lawn of one of the delightful quads4 ,dinner followed not long after1 in the beautiful new public library building1 so admirably administered by ,dr4 ,locke1 to whose kindly activity we owed a large share of the day's greetings2 and here the guests tarried and rested amid familiar surroundings until the departure of their train for ,ottawa1 close upon ten o'clock4 ,arriving at ,ottawa towards noon of ,wednesday1 the westerners soon were commingling with their fellows from other parts of the ,union and ,canada1 forgetful of geographical sections and national boundary lines4 ,before nightfall1 all of us realized that we simply were members of a household of co-workers gathered under the family roof-tree of the citizens of ,ottawa and the members of the government of the great ,dominion4 ,a peculiarity of ,canada's hospitality1 as we experienced it1 was that the government itself1 both in ,toronto and in ,ottawa1 was quite as active and as informally cordial in arranging for our entertainment1 as were individual or associated bodies of its citizens4 ,fortunately our week included both ,sunday and ,dominion ,day4 ,the morning of the former was largely devoted to visits to the many large and sumptuous churches4 ,especially favored were those who witnessed the fine ante-pilgrimage parade of those ,french ,catholic societies that have for their name-giver ,st4 ,jean ,baptiste1 the patron saint of all ,french ,canadians4 ,the afternoon was spent in driving or trolleying to the numerous parks and several interesting suburbs1 and in taking the many walks wherein the stately panoramic view of three commingling rivers 7,ottawa1 ,rideau1 and ,chaudire7 caused us all to envy the lot of those who dwell with this array of mountains and waterfalls at their very doors4 ,the patriotic exercises of ,dominion ,day 7,july #a7 reminded us strongly of the historical origin of modern ,canada1 which owes a large share of her prosperity to the grit and enterprise of the ,loyalist pioneers4 ,driven forth from the ,american colonies because they failed to sympathize with the movement whose culmination we observe with such enthusiasm1 three days later each ,july1 they carried to the wilds of the north those same sturdy ,anglo-,saxon qualities of mind and heart and brawn that have erected and maintained the ,american ,union4 ,that ,canada had at last become a powerful1 self-conscious1 and justly-proud nation1 only sentimentally linked with the parent isle and her sister dominions over seas1 was a fact borne home to the visitors1 with a forcefulness novel to many of them4 ,it is not likely that any ,american librarian present at the ,russell ,theatre during ,dominion ,day1 will again flippantly discuss the possibility of our annexation of ,canada--the day for that sort of talk has passed1 and happily for both sides of the border4 ,of course ,sir ,wilfrid ,laurier1 no longer premier1 but now leader of ,his ,majesty's ,opposition in ,canada1 was the chief attraction in the day's program4 ,foremost of ,french ,canadians1 one of the most accomplished of orators1 and in every way a world character1 ,sir ,wilfrid's appearance attracted a crowded house2 and his graceful speech and charming manner1 so characteristic of his race1 deserved such recognition4 ,but some other features of the program were no less entertaining in their way--the vigorous1 thoughtful1 but strictly practical views of ,dr4 ,robertson1 as he graphically described ,canada's almost boundless resources1 and with large vision outlined his plans for their conservation2 and the equally clear and insistent1 yet delicately humorous1 protest of ,professor ,macnaughton1 against such materialistic tendencies of modern education as had been expressed by his friend and predecessor4 ,the day was admirably closed by ,president ,vincent of ,minnesota1 whose marshalling of the possibilities of librarianship in the furnishing of mental pictures for the entertainment and instruction of humanity1 resembled the falls of ,chaudire in sparkle and velocity4 ,not content with representation on the program and in honorary seats on the platform1 the government of the ,dominion took a considerable hand in the social activities of the week4 ,among the attractions of ,ottawa is the central experimental farm of ,canada1 with its broad1 well-kept acres1 in which the astronomical observatory is in close touch with the silos1 and pastures and barns are attractive features of the landscape gardening1 and up-to-date poultry-runs are charmingly mingled with evidences of floral and horticultural experimentation4 ,in this interesting environment1 a garden party was given under the auspices of the minister of agriculture1 the ,hon4 ,martin ,burrell1 ably seconded by ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,watson of the farm staff4 ,there were tents and lawn chairs1 a very ,british-looking band1 military-like policemen as ushers1 brilliantly-green foliage1 and the socially lite of ,ottawa acted as cicerones to the varied activities of farm and observatory4 ,thus the librarians 7who had autoed to the scene1 through miles of drives along the park-like banks of the ,rideau ,canal7 were made paradoxically to feel not only at home1 but quite as though the scene of their entertainment were four thousand miles eastward1 in the motherland itself4 ,another governmental activity1 especially attractive to the young folk of the conference 7there are1 however1 no old librarians71 was an informal ball in the parliament building itself4 ,because of these things1 the bibliographical fraternity from the states almost unanimously came to the conclusion that thenceforth they would1 in all courtesy1 forget all about the recent unpleasantness over reciprocity1 and be stout supporters of the present ,dominion government4 ,a division on the question1 at the close of the conference would1 ,i fancy1 have revealed few members of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in the opposition lobby4 ,the representatives of our own government were not to be outdone in these matters4 ,consul-,general and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,foster were informally at home on ,sunday afternoon4 ,scores of ,american librarians1 especially those concerned officially in the association's affairs1 were much pleased for a short hour to be entertained as guests on what constructively is ,american soil4 ,but while official functions necessarily stood out with prominence1 there was ever on the tapis a succession of unofficial attentions to the visiting throng4 ,dr4 ,robertson was the life of the enterprising local committee4 ,around this body clustered several effective agencies of welcome and entertainment--his worship the mayor 7every ,canadian mayor is his worship1 but this title of genuine respect would be a serious misfit in some of our cities south of the boundary71 the public library board1 the local ,canadian ,club1 and the ,woman's ,canadian ,club1 all were actively and omnipresently enlisted in our behalf4 ,and wonder of wonders6 our little identification button meant free trolley rides within the corporation limits--a much-appreciated premium for wearing the badge4 ,in short1 every door was open to us2 at every turn1 right glad we were made to feel that we had come to ,ottawa4 ,curiously enough to those of us who think of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in the oft-quoted classification of the hotel agency1 as an institution mostly women1 the ,ottawa newspapers appeared never to recover from their astonishment in this regard4 ,the preponderating numbers of lady librarians was the cause for daily editorial comment4 ,but it was noticeable that the head-lines persistently referred to the event as ,library men in council--painful evidence of the fact that the prevalent ,american evil of head-line inaccuracy has at last spread to the northland4 ,the practice of holding state1 library school1 and library staff dinners in the course of the conference1 is increasing4 ,these gatherings form an interesting and welcome feature of our social activities during conference week4 ,at ,ottawa they were more numerous and noticeable than heretofore1 and gave rise to much good-natured rivalry as to enthusiasm1 numbers1 and table decorations4 ,it is evident that the library schools are gathering traditions with age2 and their alumni associations are growing in pardonable self-consciousness4 ,a new feature was the exchange of rival yells4 ,one director was heard to express her intention of offering prizes in the next school year1 for appropriate class songs and collegiate battle-cries1 that her school might not be outdone in this respect by the vociferous young women of ,pratt and ,wisconsin4 ,one heard more or less at ,ottawa1 of the girls of our class1 dear old ,pratt1 the way we do it at ,albany1 the traditions of ,wisconsin 7five years old671 and the like4 ,it is thus that the profession is looking up4 ,socially1 the ,canadian conference was eminently successful1 both at ,toronto and ,ottawa4 ,this feature was1 in its way1 quite as good as the literary program itself1 and that is saying much4 ,as for ,madame ,president1 she sweetly and dignifiedly looked and acted her part1 socially as well as behind the gavel1 and the ,dominion folk fairly worshipped her4 ,i fancy1 when all is said1 that that perhaps is a good share of the secret of our undoubted success in ,canada4 ,,reuben ,g4 ,,thwaites4 ,a ,,day ,,in ,,toronto ,a most cordial invitation from the ,toronto public library1 through the librarian1 ,dr4 ,locke1 had been received for a day's visit in that city en route to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 meeting at ,ottawa1 and the party which assembled at ,chicago to take the special train looked forward with great expectation4 ,needless to say these expectations were fully met4 ,as this was the first hospitality offered1 the zest for enjoyment was at full height when the party from the middle-west reached ,toronto1 ,tuesday morning1 ,june #be4 ,most of the company had left their various posts of duty only the day before and were ready to enter a new land with a joyful spirit4 ,the special train was nearly two hours late in arriving at ,toronto and thereby lost to the visitors the pleasure of an automobile ride which had been arranged by the ,city ,council4 ,still1 as no one had anticipated it1 the pleasant street car ride1 which took its place1 was a welcome change from the confines of the sleeping car4 ,the ride around the business part of the city on the special cars ended at ,victoria college4 ,a local committee consisting of ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,u4 ,colquhoun1 ,deputy ,minister of ,education1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,e4 ,lang1 librarian of ,victoria college1 ,prof4 ,g4 ,h4 ,needler1 librarian of ,university of ,toronto1 with ,dr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,locke as chairman1 received the party at ,victoria college1 where a luncheon was served to #age persons1 the hosts of the occasion being the ,education ,department of the ,province of ,ontario and the ,senate and ,board of ,governors of the ,victoria college4 ,the ,hon4 ,dr4 ,pyne1 minister of education1 presided over the occasion and speeches were made on behalf of ,victoria college by ,hon4 ,justice ,mac,laren1 on behalf of the ,government by ,chairman ,dr4 ,locke and on behalf of the ,university by ,prof4 ,alfred ,baker4 ,each in turn expressed the appreciation of the ideas cherished by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and were most cordial in invitation to the association to hold a future meeting in ,toronto4 ,response for the visitors was made by ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews of the ,john ,crerar library1 ,chicago1 who complimented ,ontario on the progress which had been made in library development and particularly the city of ,toronto in its new work under the new librarian1 ,dr4 ,locke1 whom ,dr4 ,andrews claimed as a ,chicagoan in view of the fact that he had been so valued a part of the faculty of the ,university of ,chicago1 at one time1 for six years4 ,after the luncheon the new library at ,victoria college was thrown open for inspection4 ,prof4 ,lang and his assistants were most courteous in showing the visitors through and displayed for their inspection some of the rare volumes and manuscripts1 especially specimens of ancient papyri which are unique4 ,later the ,premier of the ,province of ,ontario1 ,sir ,james ,p4 ,whitney1 received the librarians in the legislative chambers1 ,parliament ,buildings1 and made an address of welcome4 ,from the ,parliament ,buildings the librarians visited the library of the ,university of ,toronto1 which they found exceedingly interesting1 and well up to date4 ,regret was felt by many at the absence of ,mr4 ,langton of the library1 who was in ,europe in search of health4 ,a most delightful occasion was the garden party in the university quadrangle tendered by the ,board of ,governors of the university4 ,the ivy covered walls1 the greensward1 the perfect day1 delightful company and the most cordial hospitality accompanying the refreshments left an impression of the greatest pleasure on all who were present4 ,the large number of ,toronto citizens who were present1 the faculty with the members of their families1 were most courteous in making the occasion one of great delight4 ,at six o'clock dinner was served by the public library ,board in the art room of the reference library building4 ,there were #bbi at the dinner which deserved far greater consumption than the hospitality of the day had left room for1 but the feast of reason and the flow of soul were much in evidence4 ,the chairman of the occasion was the ,president of the public library ,board1 ,mr4 ,turnbull4 ,a most hearty address of welcome was made by ,chief ,librarian ,locke and was responded to in kind by ,mr4 ,legler of the ,chicago public library4 ,after dinner the building was thrown open for inspection and the visitors enjoyed greatly seeing the magnificent reading room as well as the other departments of the library4 ,of special interest was the ,j4 ,ross ,robertson historical collection of #a1jjj ,canadian pictures1 representing various phases of ,canadian life from the earliest period4 ,it was a happy1 if tired party that left on the special train at #aj p4 m4 for ,ottawa with most grateful memories of cordial hospitality and pleasant company in the day spent in ,toronto4 ,m4 ,e4 ,,ahern4 ,,the ,,day ,,at ,,montreal ,one's capacity for receiving bounteous acts of hospitality may be never so unconfined2 one's pleasure in accepting them may be never so untrammelled by thoughts of unworthiness or of the hopelessness of ever making an adequate return for all this charming thoughtfulness and lavish entertainment2 yet there comes a time when one's vocabulary of appreciative acknowledgments merely and abjectly fails from overwork1 and collapses with nothing more articulate than a gasp left to signify an impotent desire to do justice to the occasion4 ,with many of the librarians this unhappy condition became acute in the course of the day at ,montreal4 ,leaving ,ottawa on ,wednesday morning1 ,july #crd1 by special train1 a goodly company--comprising the ,post-,conference party1 reenforced by numerous trippers whose return passage made ,montreal the point of departure--was received1 on arriving at the latter city1 by a local committee1 headed by the librarian of ,mc,gill ,university1 and was promptly transferred to a long line of comfortable vehicles which were soon moving up town through the broad streets and past the stately buildings of ,canada's largest city4 ,to the traveller from the western plains the upward direction of the journey was especially noticeable and much sympathy and some solicitude was expressed for the stocky horses in their long pull through the warmth of the midday sun4 ,but they plodded sturdily on1 conscious of the pitiless grade of those rock-ribbed streets only as part of the day's work4 ,and soon they came to the shady drives and beautiful banks of ,mount ,royal ,park and so onward and upward to the summit1 whence the unparalleled outlook over the city1 the majestic ,st4 ,lawrence and the country beyond unrolled before the admiring eyes of the visitors4 ,after an all too brief enjoyment of this superb spectacle1 the party re-entered the waiting carriages and was quickly conveyed down hill and deposited on the beautiful campus of ,mc,gill ,university1 where1 to the accompaniment of noonday whistles and bells1 luncheon was served under the trees4 ,these ,canadian garden affairs1 how they impress the visitors from over the line6 ,the dignified beauty of the setting rendered complete by the invariably benevolent co-operation of the weather2 the profusion and variety of appetizing and daintily served viands1 and the unobtrusive yet efficient service--truly the stoutest jingo was led to exclaim with unfeigned heartiness3 ,they do these things so much better in ,canada6 ,after luncheon a brief inspection was made of several of the college buildings1 notably of the charming library1 with its delightful reading room1 which was visited by some in order to study its architecture or its administration1 but by many more for the purpose of paying their respects to the official home of the librarian of the ,university1 their cordial host and the ubiquitous chairman of the committee to whom the entertainment at ,montreal was due4 ,mr4 ,gould won the hearts of his guests completely and earned their lasting gratitude and perpetual wonderment1 the former through the generous hospitality he provided for them2 the latter through the calm1 simple1 self-effacing yet all pervading way in which he dominated the situation and acquitted himself of his arduous task4 ,and still there was more to come1 for on reassembling on the lawn the visitors found a long and inviting line of motor cars in waiting1 and in these a tour of the city was made1 ending at the pretty new public library in the suburb of ,westmount1 where they met with a pleasant welcome by ,miss ,saxe1 the librarian1 and--with more refreshments6 ,from here the guests dispersed and made their way back to town in small groups at their own convenience4 ,an invitation from the ,white ,star ,line to join in the festivities on the new steamship ,megantic to mark its impending maiden voyage1 attracted some of the librarians during the evening4 ,the ,post-,conference party reassembled on board the steamer ,saguenay and left for its pleasure trip at nine o'clock1 while the others went each his own way1 some homeward1 some by circuitous routes prolonging their holiday1 but all with regret that the delightful ,canadian days had come to an end1 and with deep gratitude and appreciation of the cordial hospitality and gracious good-fellowship of their ,canadian brethren and indefatigable hosts4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,roden4 ,,post ,,conference ,,trip ,done with indoor complaints1 libraries1 querulous criticism1 ,strong and content1 ,i travel the open road4 ,so the librarians assembled aboard the ,saguenay4 ,the day in ,montreal had been a full and pleasant one and its evening found the post-conference party tired but tranquilly expectant of the joys the boat's departure was to bring4 ,to this some excitement was lent by the dash on board1 just as the gangplank was going in1 of the ,new ,jersey ,library ,commission contingent who had lingered too long at the reception tendered the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 on the ,white ,star liner ,megantic4 ,many friendly farewells were waved by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 members whose official travels ended at ,montreal4 ,as the boat started for ,quebec1 deck chairs were soon filled by those who wished to watch the noble sweep of the river and the graceful skyline of the city with its myriads of lights4 ,during the short stop at ,quebec the next morning only a few strenuous ones ventured ashore4 ,the majority were content with the splendid view of the city with its frowning precipice crowned by the ,citadel and the graceful pile of the ,chateau ,frontenac1 below which were spread the picturesque roofs of the ,lower ,town4 ,it was the ,fourth of ,july and after the flags flourished by the patriotic members of the party had been duly saluted1 everyone settled down to the calm enjoyment of a safe and sane fourth4 ,the boat glided past the falls of ,montmorency1 the lovely ,isle of ,orleans1 the wooded shores of the river where in one place forest fires raged1 showing a thin tongue of flame under a hovering cloud of smoke1 and on from the stately grandeur of the ,st4 ,lawrence to the wild beauty of the ,saguenay4 ,it was here that the real business of travel began4 ,baedekers made their unblushing appearance1 most of them bearing on their backs the mystic symbols #iag4a4 ,the maps and guidebooks provided by the company were studied while the really litry were turning the pages of ,a chance acquaintance or ,the golden dog4 ,at half past six1 a landing was made at ,l',anse ,st4 ,jean but word was given that the real village was some distance beyond1 a nice walk--from ,british standards6 ,a gay start was made but the muddiness of the road and the recedingness of the village combined with the ravages of the black fly1 which ,van ,dyke has truly said is at the bottom of the moral scale of insects1 caused even the most valiant to turn back4 ,there were a few who with true ,yankee enterprise chartered the only vehicles in sight and came back with glowing tales of the quaintness and charm of the village1 but for the majority1 it must remain the fair ,carcassonne of dreams4 ,the great ,capes of ,trinity and ,eternity1 towering up through the gloom1 were passed after nightfall4 ,a searchlight thrown on them from the boat brought out their craggy inaccessibility and made weirdly impressive the statue of the ,virgin on one of the terraces of ,trinity4 ,at ,ha ,ha ,bay few were up in time for exploring but the view of the charming ,bay was to be had from the deck or even from conveniently located staterooms4 ,it had been suggested that here opportunity would be given anglers to make the acquaintance of the unsophisticated fish of the region1 but if any wonderful catches were made1 no stories of them floated to the ears of the feminine contingent4 ,turning back from here the boat passed through the most striking part of the journey1 stopping for some time around the capes of ,trinity and ,eternity4 ,to attempt to describe the scenic beauties of the trip would be to attempt what was admirably done by the chronicler of the post conference of #aijj 7see ,proceedings ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 #aijj1 pp4 #agd-ahb47 ,the pleasing pastime of trying to hit the sides of the capes with rocks thrown from the boat was indulged in by a few of the passengers4 ,howells tells us that his uninspired hero actually did it4 ,and that was forty years ago6 ,the origin of this custom might be an interesting question for a class in library economy to investigate4 ,the hours spent at ,tadousac will be pleasantly enshrined in the book of memory4 ,the air was fresh and cool and many came and went visiting the salmon hatcheries1 and the ancient chapel1 strolling through the picturesque streets where they were met with kindly hospitality by the habitants1 or driving through the balsam scented woods4 ,leaving these pleasant shores1 a few hours brought the boat to ,murray ,bay1 where the night was spent4 ,every one started out for a walk in the morning1 but the road led past the shops dealing in homespun1 and there was a general halt4 ,these characteristic raids sometimes cause one to pause and wonder whether the greater pleasure of traveling comes from adding new and beautiful slides to our mental collection or new articles of vertu to our domestic equipment4 ,those who did get beyond the shops were rewarded by a walk through a straggling ,french village with quaint views and picturesque glimpses most enticing to the amateur photographer4 ,a number also with true tourist thoroughness visited the former summer home of the ,president of the ,united ,states and even took snap-shots on his front steps4 ,all met for luncheon at the ,manoir ,richelieu1 a meal well served and good4 ,a round of applause was given ,captain ,koenig as he joined the party and another was given ,mr4 ,gould1 the perfect host1 whose kindness and thoughtfulness will long be remembered by those whom he personally conducted4 ,after luncheon vehicles of all kinds1 including that most fascinating of all1 the calche1 waited to take the party to the ,falls4 ,the drive through a beautiful country with fields of clover and daisies and hedges of wild pink roses ended at a pulp mill1 where the interesting process of converting the virgin forest into wood pulp was viewed4 ,beginning at the front door where the bales of pulp were taking their departure1 the party went back step by step4 ,to achieve the last a steep chute had to be ascended and the perils of descent seemed so great that nearly all preferred to go around and cross back by some stepping stones4 ,the water was not deep but the stepping stones were small4 ,there may have been other falls but if there were1 no one seems to have seen them4 ,that night was a gay one on board the ,saguenay4 ,it was the culmination of the delightful evenings spent around the piano with music1 songs and story telling4 ,at the command of ,mr4 ,bowker who1 with his charming wife1 made admirable masters of ceremonies on these occasions1 in accordance with the precedent set twelve years before by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 post conference1 all purchases of homespun1 coverlets1 rugs1 and dress patterns were brought out and hung over the gallery rail for a loan exhibit4 ,after they had been duly inspected a war dance was led by ,miss ,askew1 the participants being each clad in his respective purchases4 ,stories1 songs and charades followed and the evening ended in singing the following choice composition to the tune of the ,little ,brown ,jug4 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4's started one day1 ,to explore the ,saguenay1 ,young and old1 gay and grim ,twenty-five hers to every him4 ,ha ,ha ,bay1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 ,sailing up the ,saguenay1 ,ha ,ha ,bay1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 ,each from his own library6 ,oh1 ,mr4 ,gould from ,montreal1 ,our genial host1 beloved of all1 ,we'll rue the day when we must say ,farewell to you and ,saguenay4 ,during the next two days in ,quebec1 librarians circulated themselves freely1 the torrid heat seeming to cause no appreciable falling off4 ,on ,sunday morning various church services were attended1 many going to the ,basilica4 ,nearly every one found opportunity to visit the principal sights1--,dufferin ,terrace1 the ,plains of ,abraham 7where early impressions gathered from school histories of the hazard of ,wolfe's climb were somewhat modified71 and the lower town1 and many1 like true debtors of their profession visited the library of ,laval ,university4 ,luncheon was enjoyed on both days at the ,chateau ,frontenac4 ,on ,sunday afternoon1 a much appreciated hospitality was extended the ,american ,library ,association by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,henry ,porteous1 seigneurs of the ,isle of ,orleans1 who entertained with a delightful garden party in their beautiful grounds and gardens4 ,in the evening many found their way to ,dufferin ,terrace to listen to the music and watch ,quebec promenade by4 ,monday morning the party was received by ,alderman ,collier1 in the absence of the ,mayor1 who extended a courteous welcome and after that a street car ride around the city was enjoyed by the party as guests of the ,city of ,quebec4 ,in the afternoon a special train was chartered to take the party to the church of ,st4 ,anne de ,beaupr4 ,a courteous priest acted as guide and carefully explained all the wonders of this miraculous shrine4 ,on the return trip the falls of ,montmorency and ,kent ,house were visited4 ,it was with great regret in spite of the heat1 that farewell was said to this most picturesque of cities4 ,good-byes were said the next morning in ,montreal and each went on his separate way with the feeling that the past week had been one of pleasure and rich experience long to be remembered4 ,,julia ,,ideson4 ,,agricultural ,,libraries ,,section ,the first meeting since organization was held on the evening of ,june #bg4 ,mr4 ,james ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr41 presided4 ,in his opening remarks ,mr4 ,wyer gave a brief account of the events leading up to the formation of the section4 ,he also spoke of the various kinds of agricultural libraries and of their growth and influence4 ,an address of welcome was delivered by the ,hon4 ,martin ,burrell1 ,canadian minister of agriculture4 ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,hepburn1 librarian of ,purdue university presented a paper on ,,library ,,extension ,,work ,,of ,,agricultural ,,colleges ,extension work is now a name to conjure with4 ,its most popular aspects1 the corn train1 the wheat special1 the farmers' short course1 where a thousand or more men and women from the farms gather for a week's instruction1 have all been exploited in the newspapers to such an extent that they are well known everywhere4 ,the new methods of extension work were developed in the agricultural colleges or agricultural departments of universities4 ,it seems now as though many of these methods were to be applied in other fields4 ,the moving cause for all this activity is the desire to bring opportunities for education to every man1 woman and child in the state who has sufficient energy and ambition to desire them4 ,along purely agricultural lines the extension work carried on by the ,state college of agriculture at ,cornell1 is typical4 ,the ,december number of the ,announcer outlining this work contained eight quarto pages giving information under twenty-five separate heads4 ,the work carried on by a university as a whole is best illustrated by ,wisconsin1 whose university extension division has carried this work further than any other similar department4 ,the phrase1 ,the university that goes to the people1 applied to ,wisconsin1 and the slogan1 ,if you can't come to the college1 the college will come to you1 used by ,north ,dakota agricultural college1 illustrate the aims of the workers in this field4 ,of course much of this extension work is altogether outside of the sphere of the library1 but there are signs that the libraries of agricultural colleges1 and of the land grant colleges especially are waking up to the fact that there are public needs which they are best fitted to supply4 ,the extension departments of the various colleges have found a number of problems confronting them in which they need the help of the college library1 such for instance as matters relating to the use of books for special study1 and the general problem of awakening in the farm community an interest in books and reading4 ,i shall attempt briefly to characterize the various phases which this library extension work has taken1 or may take1 without more than passing reference to the work of specific institutions4 ,the first letter of enquiry sent by a farmer to his state college or experiment station1 might be said to have originated the entire extension work1 and the growth of correspondence between farmers and the college1 with its professors and experts1 indicates the nature of the demand on the part of the public1 and the success of the work of the stations and colleges in arousing this interest4 ,this correspondence forms and always will form a very important phase of university extension work4 ,to get in touch with individuals1 to have them take the trouble to write you concerning their needs is a sure indication of their interest4 ,just as the correspondence of the commercial house is systematized1 and form letters used where possible1 so the growth of this extension work has led to the publication of brief bulletins1 or circulars in place of the elaborate and lengthy bulletins so often issued by the experiment stations on the same subjects4 ,one of the needs which was soon felt in correspondence was that for a brief list of books on agriculture1 which could be sent in response to inquiries from individuals and libraries4 ,this list is sometimes a simple mimeographed list1 or a short printed list1 or even a more elaborate bulletin1 such as the ,cornell publication1 ,what shall the farmer read or the more recent one1 ,reading in the farm home4 ,there is real need for these lists1 and every college library or extension department should have such a list available for distribution4 ,there is room perhaps for some co-operation here in order to secure greater uniformity and the opinions of many who are in close touch with the needs of the farming community4 ,one of the outcomes of the extension work in agricultural colleges1 was the forming of reading and study clubs and clubs for social and civic purposes1 and the publishing of study outlines for reading courses1 which might be taken up individually or by groups4 ,in some cases all the reading necessary was included in the bulletins published1 such as the ,cornell reading courses4 ,in others special books were assigned which could be purchased from the extension department1 or borrowed from it4 ,thus began the lending of material from the college library or some department of the college1 a practice which ,i believe is destined to grow to large proportions1 especially when we secure parcels or book post4 ,in several states this work is now well organized4 ,the ,university of ,wisconsin1 the ,north ,dakota agricultural college and perhaps others are prepared to send out what they call package libraries to individuals1 clubs1 societies or schools for a certain fixed period of time4 ,these package libraries consist of pamphlets1 speeches1 newspaper clippings1 articles clipped from magazines1 bulletins issued by the university and other miscellaneous matter4 ,north ,dakota gives a list of subjects on which they are prepared with package libraries in agriculture1 biography1 education1 science1 municipal affairs1 etc4 ,they will even lend typewritten copies of declamations1 dialogues1 orations and printed copies of amateur plays4 ,wisconsin in addition to its package libraries issues bibliographical bulletins on subjects of general interest1 as does the ,university of ,texas4 ,if these package libraries are made more elaborate including larger pamphlets and books1 they can be dignified by the name of traveling libraries4 ,so far as is known by the writer1 this work is not carried on by the college library except in one instance1 the library of ,massachusetts agricultural college1 where ,prof4 ,charles ,r4 ,green has this work in charge4 ,in other colleges it is managed by the extension division or department with1 however1 the co-operation of the college library and other library interests1 as in ,wisconsin4 ,it will readily be seen that this work duplicates to some extent1 the work of the public library1 or at least the work that the public library should be doing4 ,it is evident too1 that this work would have its best field in states where there were few public libraries in the smaller towns and villages4 ,the looking up of references on domestic science1 the boy scouts1 or the fireless cooker and other similar subjects is supposed to be the work of the public library4 ,it may be that notwithstanding the emphasis placed by the public library on its reference work1 and work with schools1 the college by its extension service is going to enter this field and do at long range what the public library is not doing for its own local community4 ,if there is sufficient demand from the rural districts for the service given by the public discussion and information divisions of the extension work 7as it is often called7 it is certainly a strong argument in favor of the extension of the public library service over the counties or townships as is now being done in several states4 ,there is a good field here for co-operation between the local library1 the organized library interests of the state1 the college library and the extension service of the college or university4 ,an interesting feature of the work of the extension department at ,purdue university is the combination of the printed list of books1 the sample library1 and the actual sale of books to the farmers4 ,some months ago by consultation with members of the station staff and actual examination of many volumes1 a list of about #ge titles relating to agriculture1 was compiled and printed4 ,several sets of these volumes were then obtained from the publishers1 and arrangements made with them for mail orders of these books at certain discounts4 ,the printed lists and sample volumes were taken to county fairs1 institutes1 farmers short courses1 and on special trains4 ,the lists were distributed1 the books shown to the farmer1 and his order taken on the spot at list price4 ,many orders come in later by mail4 ,there is good psychology in this method of getting the book to the farmer4 ,he can examine the book for himself1 give the necessary weight to the recommendation of the man in charge1 and having confidence in the university as represented by the extension department1 he trusts it with his money4 ,during the year and a half that this plan has been in operation #a1cej volumes have been placed in the hands of farmers in the state and the sales have been as high as #dge in a month4 ,some may see objections to this method of book distribution and there are dangers that must be guarded against1 but in ,indiana it is regarded as firmly established4 ,there are problems that can only be briefly referred to here connected with the distribution of agricultural literature1 that are partly extension and partly library problems4 ,many tons of printed matter are being distributed every year by the various colleges and experiment stations4 ,to insure the best use of this material some follow-up system and some instruction to the farmer in its care and preservation would seem to be essential4 ,the small circular or bulletin is taking the place of the more elaborate publications formerly issued on the same subject and these are being sent only to those who request them and have a real need for them4 ,the college should be willing and able to lend books to institute workers1 lecturers1 clubs1 and to other libraries unless this service is already well done by some other agency4 ,it should also be a clearing house for information relating to agricultural literature and should co-operate wherever possible with the other departments of the institution whose work looks toward the betterment of rural life4 ,the value of books to both young and old in the farm home1 may be overlooked by the other departments organized for more practical and perhaps more well defined ends1 and in this matter the librarian has both an opportunity and a duty4 ,dr4 ,james ,w4 ,robertson1 chairman of the ,canadian royal commission on industrial training and technical education1 delivered an address on economic and agricultural conditions in ,canada4 ,mr4 ,wyer read a paper prepared by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,true1 director1 ,u4 ,s4 office of experiment stations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture on the subject ,,suggestions ,,as ,,to ,a ,,policy ,,of ,,administration ,,of ,,agricultural ,,college ,,and ,,experiment ,,station ,,libraries ,dr4 ,true said in part3 ,fifty years ago next ,tuesday1 the #bnd of ,july1 the act was passed which authorized the establishment in each state of a college to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts1 and it was just twenty-five years ago this year that the act was passed which created the agricultural experiment station as a department of the agricultural college4 ,it seems1 therefore1 peculiarly fitting that on this jubilee anniversary we should be discussing the relation to each other of these two institutions which have done so much for the agricultural interests of our country1 and we believe are destined to do much more4 ,the agricultural or land-grant colleges authorized by the ,morrill act of #ahfb were the direct outcome of a persistent demand for an education better suited to the needs of an age of progress than the classical form then in exclusive use4 ,interest in experimental work grew rapidly and culminated in the passage by ,congress and signing by ,president ,cleveland in #ahhg of the bill introduced by ,wm4 ,h4 ,hatch1 of ,missouri1 which provided for the establishment of an agricultural experiment station at each of the agricultural colleges1 as a department of the college4 ,this act provided the sum of #ae1jjj annually for the establishment and maintenance of the experiment station4 ,it was later supplemented by the ,adams act passed in #aijf1 which provided for an increased annual appropriation1 bringing the sum total of federal appropriation for each station up to #cj1jjj4 ,in the ,hatch act establishing the experiment stations the wording of the law clearly sets forth the fact that the station is a department of the college4 ,it would seem obvious1 therefore1 that1 since the station is a department of the college1 the station library should be considered a part of the college library and thus come under the general direction and control of the college librarian4 ,this involves the presumption that the college authorities appreciate the importance of a well managed library and therefore employ a well-trained and efficient librarian1 and have a good library organization4 ,the work of the experiment station may be broadly grouped under the two heads research and the dissemination of the results of that research4 ,a necessary preliminary to all successful research work is the examination of the records of similar or allied work4 ,these records are contained in books and periodicals1 and a moment's thought reveals the fact that the station library lies at the very heart of the station's work and is second to nothing in importance4 ,even the records of hypotheses tested and found untenable are valuable1 as they may save much useless effort and consequent loss of time4 ,the equipment of the station library should1 therefore1 be one of the first considerations in the organization of the station1 and not merely a desirable adjunct if better advocated activities permit4 ,the function of the agricultural college library is primarily to serve the interests of the professors and students who compose the college1 whereas the mission of the experiment station library is to serve the investigators and scientific workers who constitute the station staff4 ,for the college library to accomplish the best results there should be direct and constant intercourse between the professors and the librarian4 ,the latter should be cognizant of the broad outlines of the courses being given and should be specifically informed of theme work about to be assigned and theses subjects when chosen4 ,if the librarian does not know these things before the call for material comes1 it may be very difficult to supply just what is wanted4 ,even with every care there will sometimes be a conflict of interests1 but a system of co-operation between the teaching force and the librarian should reduce these conflicts to a minimum1 should work for the benefit of all concerned1 and make the library a constantly increasing aid in the process of education4 ,the experiment station library1 being designed for the use of scientific investigators1 is really a reference collection4 ,it should consist of the records of agricultural investigations the world over and such books of reference in each branch of the station's work as the investigator in charge of that work thinks necessary4 ,the co-ordination of the interests of the two constituencies1--the investigator on the one hand and the teaching force and student body on the other1 is one of the most important problems of the librarian of the agricultural library4 ,it is a task which will require his best ability as an administrator1 and will be accomplished only by the exercise of boundless patience and unlimited tact1 combined with an impartial sense of justice to everybody4 ,only when the investigator1 professor and student each realizes fully that the librarian's chief concern is to be of service to him1 will the ideals of the library be realized4 ,the vital concern of experiment station workers and the officers of the agricultural colleges in the library and its activities was evinced by the fact that a session of the ,association of ,american agricultural colleges and experiment stations which met in ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,november1 #aiaa1 was devoted to this subject4 ,nobody knows better than the workers themselves how useful the library may be to them1 and their discussion of different phases of its problems was full of suggestions for the improvement of the service4 ,in the development of the libraries of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the various states there have grown up three distinct types of libraries4 ,the first type is the experiment station library which is kept separate from the college library but under its control and which is devoted somewhat exclusively to the use of the station workers4 ,an example of this type of library is found at the ,state college of ,washington4 ,the second type is the agricultural college and experiment station libraries combined into a single agricultural library and kept separate from the university library1 as at ,wisconsin4 ,this type may be considered as belonging to the departmental type of library4 ,other states which have adopted this plan are ,california1 ,iowa1 ,minnesota1 ,missouri1 ,nebraska and ,virginia4 ,in the third type the collections of agricultural literature including the experiment station collections1 are consolidated with the college or university collections and administered as one unit4 ,examples of this type are the libraries of the ,university of ,illinois1 the ,oregon agricultural college and the ,kansas agricultural college4 ,under certain conditions the advantages of one type may far outweigh the disadvantages and leave little doubt that this is the best for the particular institution concerned4 ,in the library of the first type1--namely1 the experiment station library kept separate from the college library but under its control1 the collections are composed principally of the following classes of literature3 #a4 ,as complete a collection as can be had of publications 7a7 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of agriculture2 7b7 of state experiment stations in the ,united ,states2 7c7 of agricultural1 horticultural1 dairy and live stock and kindred societies2 7d7 the publications of departments of agriculture1 of agricultural schools and societies in foreign countries1 all of which literature may be designated as the official agricultural literature4 7#b7 ,files1 at least current ones1 of the leading agricultural periodicals of the ,united ,states1 together with the best of those published in the interest of each of the special branches of agriculture1--live stock1 dairying1 horticulture1 etc4 7#c7 ,a collection of reference works both general and agricultural1 as well as standard works on agriculture and its various branches and allied sciences4 ,few if any of the separate experiment station libraries can be said to have notably complete collections1 aside from the official agricultural literature4 ,scientific books and periodicals are expensive and most of the agricultural colleges have not felt able to duplicate expensive sets of periodicals and scientific reference works4 ,therefore1 since the college needs such works as well as the stations1 the result has been in most cases that they have been filed in the college or university library and the station collections have been limited principally to the official agricultural literature described above4 ,that the experiment station workers should have readily available as complete a collection as possible of the official agricultural literature1 both ,american and foreign1 seems most desirable if not imperative4 ,whether this material should be filed in the station library or in the college library and to what extent it should be duplicated is a matter for each institution to decide1 according to its needs and local conditions4 ,in the case of an experiment station located on the college campus and near enough to the college or university for the station workers to use the general library1 there is still much to be said in favor of a separate reference and reading room for the experiment station staff with an assistant in charge1 the collection consisting principally of the official agricultural literature1 a selected list of current periodicals and a good selection of reference books of special interest in experiment station work4 ,the ideal plan would be for this room to adjoin the university library like a seminar room4 ,if it is not feasible on account of distance for the experiment station workers to have the collection next to the general library1 then it should of course be in the experiment station building or agricultural hall4 ,libraries of the second or departmental type1--namely1 where the college of agriculture and the experiment station collections are combined1 contain in general all the library resources of the institution along purely agricultural lines1 including the official agricultural literature1 and in addition a fairly complete collection in the sciences relating to agriculture4 ,such libraries have a two-fold purpose4 ,they must supply the needs of the professors and scientists in connection with their investigations and in addition must serve the students of the agricultural college4 ,if the college of agriculture and the experiment station are some distance from the university1--so far as to make frequent consultation of the university library impracticable1 there is no question but that the college of agriculture and the experiment station ought to have a separate library for their especial needs4 ,if on the other hand they are near enough to the university library to make it feasible for the professors and scientists to use it frequently1 it is an open question whether it is wise to separate the agricultural collections4 ,it is then a question of a central library versus a departmental or special library4 ,the nearer the college of agriculture library is to the university library1 the more intensive should its collections become4 ,there is much to be said in favor of the third type of agricultural library1--namely1 where the agricultural collections are incorporated with the college or university collections4 ,when the topography of the campus and the location of the buildings are such as to make it feasible for the station workers and the agricultural professors to use the college or university library1 the balance of the arguments seems to be in favor of this arrangement1 both as regards economy of funds and efficiency of service1 if the special needs of the station workers can be and are given proper consideration by providing the really necessary duplicates and an assistant especially qualified to aid in the bibliographical research connected with the investigations of the experiment station4 ,there is a decided tendency toward unity in modern science4 ,this is especially true in the sciences relating to agriculture4 ,the entomologist needs to use botanical books1 the botanist must use chemical books1 etc41 etc4 ,this has an important bearing on library problems and as far as agricultural libraries are concerned1 is an argument for centralized collections4 ,as it is probable that it will be a long time in the future1 if ever1 before the experiment stations will have sufficient funds to build up complete collections for their special use1 independent of the colleges1 and since it is a question whether1 if funds were actually available1 it would be wise to expend them in duplicating to such an extent the college library collections1 it seems evident that some compromise arrangement is inevitable4 ,in attempting to work out a satisfactory library plan1 every institution should make a careful survey of local conditions1 such as the size of the collections1 the size of the library staff1 funds available1 location and architecture of the college and experiment station buildings1 and then attempt to work out the best possible policy under its peculiar conditions4 ,in working out such a policy1 there are three important points to consider1--the question of administration1 the question of convenience and the economy of funds4 ,as regards administration1 attention has already been called to the fact that the station is by law a department of the college and under its control4 ,if fully lived up to1 this fact would seem to decide many vexed questions of administration4 ,sooner or later1 it is believed1 the colleges and experiment stations will find that there is less to be gained by standing alone than they had supposed and they will realize the advantages of a unified library administration for the institution as a whole4 ,in considering the question of convenience1 distance is the most important factor4 ,this difficulty can1 however1 to a great extent be minimized by an adequate telephone and messenger service between the library and the various departments of the college4 ,even for the sake of convenience1 it is a question whether any institution is justified in separating its agricultural collections from the college or university library1 unless it is prepared to provide an efficient assistant to look after the collection4 ,because books are near at hand does not mean that they are more accessible4 ,if an institution is limited in funds and if its total resources in books do not exceed #cj1jjj volumes1 there seems little doubt but that the interests of the station and college can best be served by combining forces and resources in one strong library with adequate service1 unless the topographical conditions make this plan impossible4 ,such a combination certainly husbands the finances1 since separate libraries involving a duplication of catalogs and reference books necessitates a considerable outlay of funds4 ,but whatever the details of the library arrangement for the institution may be1 the station should by all means have if possible the services of some person1 call him what you will1--librarian1 bibliographer1 or reference assistant1 who may give his time and energy quite fully to the special requirements of the station1--for example1 in keeping the official literature complete and up to date1 in looking up references1 making excerpts1 making and taking care of indexes1 preparing bibliographical lists1 and in doing bibliographical work of a miscellaneous character4 ,there is unquestionably need for librarians trained along agricultural lines4 ,it would seem as though the library training schools of the universities of ,wisconsin and ,illinois were peculiarly well situated to make a specialty of training librarians for agricultural work4 ,one of the important duties of such an assistant1 regardless of whether the agricultural collections are maintained as a separate library or incorporated with the general library1 should be the care and collection of agricultural publications obtainable by gift or exchange4 ,there is now a great accumulation of public and miscellaneous documents1 ,american and foreign1 which may be obtained at little or no expense as regards purchase1 but the collection1 safeguarding and general care of this material is a very considerable task4 ,too many of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations have not sufficiently regarded the importance of collecting this material and of keeping their files complete and in a readily available form4 ,a large portion of this material is never noted in the bibliographies of the book trade4 ,it must be sought for in catalogs and book lists1 in reviews1 second-hand catalogs1 and in many less obvious places4 ,much of the material is not for sale and is only obtainable by gift or exchange4 ,it is therefore an important matter that there should be close co-operation between the experiment station and the library in arranging such exchanges4 ,the station bulletins and reports1 published by each state1 should be the means of obtaining for the station or college library many valuable exchanges from this country and abroad4 ,in regard to the accessions to the library1 whether obtained by purchase or gift1 there are certain definite principles which should be followed3 first1 it is most desirable that all the purchases of books and periodicals for all the collections included in the university and experiment station should be made by the central general library1 even the books purchased from the ,adams fund1 in connection with some definite project2 second that all the records in regard to the resources of the library be kept in the general library4 ,furthermore1 all the collections1 whether obtained by gift or purchase1 should be regarded as the unquestioned property of the institution at large1 and under the custody of the librarian4 ,in regard to the purchase of books from the ,adams fund1 the fact that the experiment station worker needs in connection with an investigation certain books not already in the library1 which books he is allowed to purchase from the ,adams fund1 is not1 in the opinion of the office of experiment stations1 reason for assuming that the books should not be purchased through the library or that they shall not be regarded as the property of the library4 ,therefore1 in a library efficiently administered1 there would be no inflexible rules which would make it impossible for any experiment station worker to retain in his laboratory for an indefinite period while he is carrying on his investigations1 the books which he especially needs to have at hand1 regardless of the fact that they were purchased through the library4 ,as far as the office of experiment stations is concerned in the supervision of the accounts of the purchases made by the state experiment stations from the ,adams fund1 it has interpreted the law to mean that the funds can be used in part for the purchase of books needed to carry on a special experiment in progress but it does not hold that books so purchased must be held as the property of the department4 ,on the contrary1 it is inclined to believe that the funds will be safeguarded fully as well if not better1 by the purchase of books through the library4 ,as regards the assignment of funds for the library1 there is lacking in many of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations any well matured policy4 ,a hard and fast allotment of funds to departments is of doubtful wisdom4 ,it would be better to be guided more by the use likely to be made of the books by the various departments than to attempt any impartial division among them4 ,in all but a few of the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations the funds available for books are pitiably small4 ,they need to be greatly increased4 ,in some instances the purchase of scientific books seems unduly restricted as compared with expensive apparatus4 ,as long as the funds are meagre1 there is the more need for a well equipped1 progressive librarian1 with a knowledge of the resources of other libraries1 who will co-operate with other libraries1 and by exchanges and inter-library loans be able to supplement the resources of his own library4 ,the library of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture has been glad to lend its books to state agricultural colleges and experiment stations as freely as possible without interfering with the work of the department4 ,the borrowing of a book needed for the special use of an investigator will often avoid the necessity of purchasing it and leave the funds available for the purchase of books of more general use4 ,the answers to the questionnaire sent out by the ,agricultural libraries section disclosed the fact that a large number of the agricultural colleges1 but none of the experiment stations1 have library committees1 and that the college library committee's activities do not1 except in a few instances1 extend to the stations4 ,it is not the purpose of this paper to discuss general library problems except so far as they touch upon the problems of the agricultural library4 ,no arguments pro or con will therefore be brought to bear upon the desirability of library committees4 ,if1 however1 it is thought best by an institution to have a library committee1 it should by all means be a committee for the whole institution4 ,as already emphasized1 the station is a department of the college and there would seem to be no reason for excluding it in the consideration of the library problems of the college1 for there is no department of the college whose interest in the library is more vital4 ,it was interesting to note that in one of the state agricultural college libraries1 whose growth in the last few years has been remarkable1 there is no library committee4 ,in another college with a growing and progressive library1 the library committee was referred to as not much help and no hindrance4 ,in some colleges the powers of the library committee are described as merely advisory as to library policies2 in others1 it evidently has considerable power1 the decision in regard to the purchase of books being left largely to the library committee4 ,it is a question whether this latter arrangement is altogether wise4 ,there are certain dangers connected with it4 ,if the librarian cannot be trusted to make a wise selection of books for the college1 with the help of recommendations of the members of the faculty and station staff1 then the disadvantages connected with a library committee empowered to decide on the purchase of books should be minimized as far as possible by having the library committee rotate in office1 in order to insure a fair representation of the needs of all departments of the institution4 ,in the case of the experiment stations1 the decision in regard to the purchase of books in most instances rests entirely with the director or the heads of the departments4 ,this plan1 too1 has its disadvantages4 ,the ambitious specialist allowed to have his own way without regard to the needs of his fellow workers is apt to purchase books of service only to himself4 ,if there is a library committee for the institution1 it would be far better to have the book purchases for the station considered by the committee on the basis of a general policy taking into account the special requirements of the station's work and funds4 ,if there is no library committee1 then the librarian of the college should by all means be consulted in regard to the purchase of all books for the station as well as the college4 ,it should1 of course1 be understood by the librarian1 as well as by other officers of the institution1 that purchases of books and periodicals for the experiment station under the ,hatch ,act should be strictly confined to those required in connection with the work of the station and under the ,adams act to those directly relating to the approved project of research4 ,it will1 therefore1 be necessary for the station director to pass on the extent of the library purchases from station funds and the character of the books and periodicals to be thus purchased4 ,among the functions1 problems and opportunities of the librarians of our agricultural colleges1 extension work remains to be considered4 ,the extension work of the agricultural college is now one of its vital activities and is every year enlarging its scope4 ,leaders are needed for every phase of this work1--for correspondence schools1 for farmers' institutes1 for movable schools of agriculture1 for work on practice farms1 and in many other of the activities which are being used in carrying the improved methods of modern agriculture to the farmer himself4 ,the experiment station is an organized effort of science to improve agriculture1 and the extension work of the agricultural college is the practical means of reaching the farmer with useful information4 ,the rural problem is one of the burning public questions of the day and upon its proper solution depends much of the progress which we confidently expect4 ,the farmer must himself co-operate in the solution of this problem and the leadership is of a very high order that recognizes as an absolute essential to success1 and succeeds in enlisting1 an active participation on the part of the farmer in the work of bringing about an improved practice of agriculture4 ,if then the library is as important in all the phases of the work of the agricultural college as we deem it to be1 the work of the library should by all means be represented in all the extension work activities4 ,in conclusion1 the above suggestions regarding the administration of the agricultural college and experiment station libraries and their opportunities for service to the investigator1 the student and the farmer1 may be briefly summarized as follows3 ,first3 ,the libraries of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations should always be in charge of well-trained and efficient librarians4 ,second3 ,the books and periodicals should be selected with reference to the well-considered needs of the various branches of the institution1 having regard for the vast amount of literature which may be secured by gift and exchange4 ,third3 ,the experiment station collection1 even when separately housed1 should be considered and administered as an integral part of the college or university library1 under the direction of the college or university librarian4 ,fourth3 ,the needs of the experiment station staff should be met by the employment of a librarian1 bibliographer or reference assistant especially qualified to serve the station in all its interests4 ,fifth3 ,in the extension work activities of the college for the more direct benefit of the farmer1 the library should have its share4 ,it is realized that there may be a wide difference of opinion as to the methods to be employed1 but the object of this paper will be in part accomplished if it directs attention to the principles upon which a policy of administration should be built4 ,the problems of the library need the combined thought and efforts of librarians1 faculties and experiment station staffs in order that it may by its efficiency promote to the fullest extent the work of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations4 ,several papers were presented on ,,some ,,types ,,of ,,agricultural ,,college ,,and ,,experiment ,,station ,,libraries ,the first was by ,,clarence ,s4 ,,hean1 librarian of the college of agriculture of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 on the type 7a7 ,agricultural ,college and ,experiment ,station ,libraries ,combined and ,separate from the ,university ,library but under its ,control4 ,mr4 ,hean said in part3 ,the administrative officers of the ,university of ,wisconsin believe thoroughly in the theory that teaching and research should go hand in hand4 ,that theory practically applied in our college of agriculture and agricultural experiment station virtually combines the two organizations into one4 ,this agricultural department of the university is housed in a group of buildings at the extreme western end of the campus4 ,the general university library is situated at the extreme eastern end1 a full half mile away4 ,it therefore seemed advisable to establish a departmental library for the convenience of our agricultural workers4 ,in our college the funds received from the ,united ,states are not nearly sufficient to finance all of the station work1 or research work as we call it4 ,the budget is made up by adding together the income from all sources and apportioning this whole amount among the departments according to their needs and talents4 ,orders may then be issued by each department1 subject to the dean's approval1 to the extent of its allotment4 ,when bills are received the head of the department marks with an ,r all items ordered for research 7i4 e4 station7 work4 ,the bookkeeper enters items so marked against ,united ,states funds until they are exhausted4 ,the library being a department of the college its funds are treated in this same manner4 ,this marking of research items in the bills with an ,r is the only distinction ever made between books purchased for station or for college purposes4 ,all of the books purchased are classified1 cataloged and filed as one collection4 ,it is understood throughout the college that books for the ,adams or ,hatch investigations are to be purchased by the library4 ,such books when received are given the right of way in all library processes and forwarded immediately to the investigator who requested them4 ,the selection of books rests with the library committee4 ,this committee consists of five members of the faculty appointed by the dean for a term of one year1 and the librarian1 an ex officio member4 ,the chairman of the committee has been reappointed for many consecutive terms4 ,the other members are rotated among the different departments4 ,lists of books for consideration at their monthly meetings are made up by the librarian4 ,any member of the faculty1 or student either for that matter1 may recommend books to go on the list4 ,the selections having been made1 the list is forwarded to the university librarian4 ,it is then checked with the university catalog4 ,items already available anywhere on the campus are reported back for further consideration4 ,if it is the judgment of the committee that an additional copy is needed in our library it is so ordered1 but all needless duplication is avoided4 ,the actual order is made out by the university librarian who has at hand the bibliographical data for such work4 ,the books are received1 accessioned and plated at the general library4 ,they are then forwarded to our college library to be classified and cataloged4 ,all our books are permitted to circulate not only among the students and professors of our own college but among those of any college of the university4 ,in return the same privilege is granted to us by the other colleges4 ,having a well developed delivery system and a liberal loaning policy1 we encourage the policy of a strong central library4 ,the next paper1 prepared by ,,asa ,,don ,,dickinson1 librarian ,state college of ,washington1 treated type 7b7 ,the experiment station library separate from the college library but under its control4 ,mr4 ,dickinson said in part3 ,in the state college of ,washington1 the experiment station library is said to be separate from the college1 but under its control4 ,our college library building occupies a central position on the campus1 not over two hundred yards from the offices of most of the members of the station staff4 ,part of the lowest tier of the college library book stack is set aside for the accommodation of the station library1 the point of division being marked by a gate4 ,a specially designated member of the college library staff acts as station librarian1 under the direction of the college librarian4 ,her salary is paid largely but not wholly out of the station funds4 ,her duties as station librarian occupy about one-third of her time1 but these duties have precedence over her college library work4 ,in the absence of the station librarian1 members of the station staff are served by the college library staff4 ,our station library is made up almost entirely 7#a7 of publications of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of agriculture2 7#b7 of publications of the state experiment stations1 and departments of agriculture and horticulture2 7#c7 of the agricultural1 horticultural and kindred periodicals4 ,the college library contains duplicate collections of the first two classes of material4 ,the third class in our experience is relatively of less importance1 as it consists chiefly of the popular farm-papers4 ,the station library1 like the college library1 has its own card-catalog of ,u4 ,s4 ,department of agriculture publications1 and its own card-index of experiment station literature4 ,students and practitioners of the science of agriculture seem to be specially fortunate in that so much of the valuable material on their subject is published and freely distributed by the federal and state governments4 ,there is perhaps no other science in which the unofficial literature is so relatively unimportant4 ,it is true1 the technical journals of the allied sciences contain much that is of value to the experiment station worker4 ,but so far as my experience goes1 the use of this is not constant and continuous1 as is the case with governmental material4 ,let us have separate and distinct sets of state and federal ,bulletins1 for our college workers and for our station workers1 as both classes need to refer to them so frequently4 ,but is not this going far enough8 ,is it not the wisest policy to confine our station library collection principally to these well-thumbed publications1 and to place the less constantly used and more expensive unofficial material in the college library1 where it can be of service to a larger public8 ,,miss ,,margaret ,,hutchins1 of the reference department of the ,university of ,illinois library described type 7c7 ,experiment station library consolidated with the university library4 ,until #ahig the library of the ,illinois experiment station and the university library were separately housed1 cared for and supported4 ,in that year the state erected a library building for the university and in it the experiment station deposited its collection of nearly five thousand titles4 ,from that time the station ceased buying books from the ,hatch fund1 with the possible exception of a very few books for laboratory equipment1 and it has never bought any from the ,adams fund4 ,the books deposited by the experiment station in the university library were classified and cataloged and became a part of the library4 ,the only difference in treatment from books otherwise acquired was that the experiment station books were accessioned separately so that it would be possible to take them out of the library again if desired4 ,all books and periodicals bought or exchanged for the experiment station since #ahig have been dealt with like those bought or exchanged for the university4 ,the questions of administration come therefore for the most part under the general library policy4 ,books are purchased for the university either out of the legislative appropriation for the library or the appropriations for the university and its different colleges and departments of investigation4 #a4 ,library funds4 ,the library funds are assigned to the various departments in the colleges of the university by a committee on the apportionment of library funds1 consisting of the president1 the librarian and the deans of the colleges1 who act on the recommendations of a senate library committee4 ,this is composed of the president and the librarian and seven members representing the following interests2 ,agriculture1 ,engineering1 ,science1 ,graduate school1 ,library1 ,the languages1 literature and arts1 and ,the philosophical and social sciences4 ,besides preparing for the first mentioned committee on apportionment1 detailed estimates of the library needs of the various colleges1 schools and departments1 the library committee acts as an advisory board to the librarian in matters of library administration and policy4 ,the college of agriculture1 which in ,illinois is of course intimately connected with the agricultural experiment station1 receives its share of the library funds for the purchase of books selected by its professors and investigators4 #b4 ,maintenance ,funds1 called ,equipment funds in the ,library to distinguish from ,library funds4 ,books are also purchased out of the legislative appropriations for the support of certain colleges and out of allotments made by the trustees from the general university funds for colleges not specifically provided for by the legislature4 ,in the case of agricultural books these funds have the two purposes3 the maintenance fund for the college of agriculture and the experiment station and1 second1 the appropriations for special departments of investigation in the experiment station4 ,the general policy of the faculty of the college of agriculture 7or the staff of the experiment station7 as to purchase of books out of these two different funds for college and experiment station is to buy books for special investigations out of station funds unless they clearly would be of use also to the students and instructors of the college at large4 ,books needed by the special investigator and the college in general at the same time are duplicated4 ,when books are no longer needed in the laboratory or office for the special work for which they were bought1 they are returned for general circulation to the main library by whose staff they were ordered and cataloged4 ,books already in the library1 whether bought out of library funds or equipment funds for any college may be sent to a laboratory1 office1 or reading room from the main library unless they are needed for reference or class use in the main library or any branch of it4 ,exchange4 ,the library and experiment station also work together in the matter of exchanges4 ,the library exchange assistant arranges for the exchange of experiment station publications the same as for other publications of the university1 while the station attends to the actual mailing of its publications1 as it has better facilities for this than the library4 ,in this way the library receives from the exchange of the agricultural experiment station publications alone between four and five hundred publications1 of which more than one-half are from foreign countries1 seventy agricultural periodicals and the publications of ninety learned societies being obtained in addition to the publications of state universities and stations and universities and libraries all over the world4 ,besides these1 the library receives by the exchange of other ,university of ,illinois publications many hundred more publications1 some of which are of interest to agricultural scientists and economists4 ,advantages of the ,consolidation of ,station and ,university ,libraries #a4 ,economy of administration4 ,no staff of agriculturists or any other specialists trained for scientific or literary research can be expected to order1 catalog and care for books as quickly and efficiently as can the well organized library staff of forty1 with its order department1 gifts1 exchange and periodical assistants1 and cataloging1 binding1 loan1 and reference departments1 whose whole time and attention is devoted to these special lines of library work4 ,the library1 too1 which handles some thirty thousand new books a year can afford to have more elaborate equipment in the way of trade bibliographies of various countries1 catalogs of other libraries1 mechanical means for duplicating catalog cards1 shelving books1 etc41 than can such an institution as an experiment station whose money should be spent mostly on salaries of specialists and laboratory and field equipment4 #b4 ,security in preservation of valuable books4 ,while the majority of agricultural departments at ,illinois favor departmental libraries1 they all make it conditional--,if we had a proper and secure place for them4 ,all with whom ,i have talked have also emphasized the advisability1 almost the necessity1 of keeping all books on the campus1 whether in departmental libraries1 laboratories or main library1 under the central administration and the supervision of the librarian of the university4 #c4 ,opportunity to use books and periodicals purchased by other colleges of the university4 ,it can readily be seen that books and periodicals purchased especially by the ,college of ,science may also be of use to the ,agricultural experiment station4 ,the agricultural faculty also benefit by the periodicals1 university publications1 etc41 received in exchange for publications of other colleges in the university4 #d4 ,greater educational opportunities4 ,the agricultural experiment station1 while receiving the benefits thus enumerated from its close connection with the university library1 is able also to extend its circle of influence through the library1 which naturally reaches more people than the station could by itself4 ,not only do the students and faculty of the other colleges of the university have an opportunity to use the agricultural books1 but people throughout the state can and do borrow them from the library4 ,discussion on the same type of library administration was continued in a paper prepared by ,mrs4 ,,ida ,a4 ,,kidder1 librarian of the ,oregon ,agricultural ,college library4 ,she said in part3 ,our policy of one central library was rather thrust upon us by the exigency of our situation than deliberately chosen1 for we began with a single librarian and one part time student assistant1 but after four years' experience ,i should pursue the same general course4 ,it is evident1 however1 that in libraries growing at the almost incredible rate of many of our western libraries1 one must have principles of organization and administration1 rather than a fixed policy1 or inflexible plans4 ,at the ,oregon agricultural college we have the advantage of having all our class room and laboratory buildings located near each other4 ,we have had no difficulty or complication as to funds1 since nearly all our station funds have been used for experiments and laboratory equipment4 ,at first we had almost no college funds for the purchase of books and periodicals1 having only such portion of the general equipment fund as could be spared after equipping our rapidly growing laboratories1 but at the last session of our legislature the library was granted a fund of #ae1jjj for the biennium for books1 periodicals and binding1 and of the ,crop ,pest fund of #ae1jjj a year1 granted for investigation1 ten per cent could be spent for books and periodicals4 ,this has been used and the library has therefore had this biennium1 #i1jjj a year4 ,most of the ,crop ,pest fund has been spent for books directly useful to the station investigator4 ,of the regular college library fund1 the station departments have received their share along with the strictly instructional departments4 ,the library fund is apportioned by the president of the college1 after consultation with the librarian1 the basis of judgment being the need of the department together with its present equipment4 ,the books purchased from station funds are usually for some specific investigation and are kept in the laboratory collection of the department purchasing4 ,a record is kept of the books purchased under each different fund4 ,the head of each department is responsible for the books in his laboratory collection1 and once a year an inventory is taken4 ,in our general catalog we have the cards of every book kept in a department stamped1 under the call number1 with the name of that department2 thus it is possible to locate from the catalog all books except those out on loan4 ,all our freshmen have one semester's instruction in the use of the library1 that is1 one lecture and one practical problem a week1 with one college credit allowed4 ,during this period we urge the students to feel at liberty to go to any laboratory to consult any book needed for their work1 but with all the encouragement we can give them1 ,i feel convinced that the books kept in the laboratory collections do not have the general use from the students which they would have if they were located in the general library4 ,we expect soon to place in our agricultural building duplicate catalogs of the publications of the ,united ,states ,department of agriculture and of the state experiment stations4 ,this will be a great accommodation to the men working in the station4 ,we keep our duplicate reports and bulletins arranged so that at a moment's notice any duplicates may be found4 ,we have one department whose work it is to secure and care for the continuations of value to an agricultural college4 ,this is one of the most valuable features of our organization1 and though it was difficult to give the service for such a definite department1 from our small library force1 it seemed imperative and has proved a wise step4 ,the reference librarian of the college does the reference work for the station as far as called upon4 ,she borrows for the use of the station from a number of other libraries4 ,it seems to me that the problem of administering the college and the experiment station library1 whether separately or combined must always present a number of almost insurmountable difficulties2 men engaged in research demand all material for their work closely and immediately at hand1 instructional work requires that all the material on the campus shall be easily accessible to its use4 ,to meet these so often conflicting demands without extravagant duplication requires of the librarian a broad-minded impartiality of judgement4 ,the next topic was a symposium of recent reference books and new periodicals of special interest to agricultural libraries1 which was treated under the following heads3 7a7 ,new periodicals1 by ,e4 ,lucy ,ogden1 ,library of ,congress2 7b7 ,agricultural reference books1 by ,elizabeth ,s4 ,ingersoll1 of ,cornell university library1 and 7c7 ,reference books in sciences relating to agriculture1 by ,emma ,b4 ,hawks1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of agriculture library4 ,miss ,claribel ,r4 ,barnett1 librarian of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of agriculture library was re-elected chairman for the coming year4 ,,catalog ,,section ,,first ,,session 7,thursday1 ,june #bg1 #h3ae p4 m47 ,the first session of the ,catalog section was held ,thursday evening1 ,june #bg1 the chairman1 ,miss ,laura ,a4 ,thompson1 of the ,library of ,congress1 presiding4 ,the reading of the minutes of the last meeting was dispensed with and they stand approved as printed4 ,the topic of the evening1 ,subject headings1 was introduced in a paper by ,miss ,,mary ,,josephine ,,briggs1 cataloger of the ,buffalo public library1 and editor of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list of subject headings4 ,in the absence of ,miss ,briggs1 this paper was read by ,miss ,sula ,wagner1 of the ,st4 ,louis public library4 ,,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,list ,,of ,,subject ,,headings ,every cataloger1 at least at the beginning of her career1 has an ideal of the catalog which she would like to make3 a catalog conforming to the most approved rules1 accurate in bibliographical detail2 consistent in form1 in method of entry and in arrangement4 ,she realizes from the first that the task of achieving this ideal will be difficult2 she soon begins to fear that it will be impossible4 ,after perhaps years of endeavor1 she questions if it is even desirable4 ,absolute consistency in the matter of author entry may be attained by strict adherence to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 rules1 and the divergences from these rules necessary to adapt them to the varying conditions of public circulating1 reference and university libraries are slight and unimportant4 ,but who can frame a code of rules or formulate principles through which consistency in subject headings may be attained8 ,and is consistency so absolutely necessary or desirable8 ,is not the ideal catalog the one which is best adapted to the needs of the majority of its users2 which is so arranged that the reader can find what he wants in the shortest possible time1 even at the sacrifice of absolute consistency8 ,when the work of revising the ,subject headings was begun1 an effort was made to learn the wishes of all interested in regard to the principles upon which the new edition should be based4 ,many of you remember the list of questions that was published in the ,library journal and in ,public libraries4 ,some of you sent answers to those questions4 ,they were questions of scope1 of principle of selection1 and of arrangement4 ,the answers received from librarians1 catalogers and reference workers1 the opinions of members of the advisory committee upon these and other problems1 the ideas expressed by library workers consulted by ,miss ,crawford in the various libraries which she visited1 the suggestions gleaned from correspondence with other library workers and with experts upon various subjects1 were all carefully noted by ,miss ,crawford1 and in some instances tabulated so that the varying opinions could be seen at a glance4 ,these notes1 together with lists of headings from many libraries1 large and small1 made up the material from which the third edition of the ,subject headings was compiled4 ,the most casual examination of this material revealed the fact that while on some points there was practical unanimity of opinion1 upon others there was the greatest diversity4 ,the following are not exact quotations1 as ,i no longer have the correspondence at hand2 but they fairly indicate the opposing views of some of the writers3 ,expand the list by the addition of necessary new headings1 but make few if any changes4 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 headings are in very general use1 and the possible advantage of changes would not compensate for the inconvenience and expense of wholesale alterations in existing catalogs4 ,the old headings are antiquated4 ,do not hamper libraries yet to be by perpetuating phraseology that no longer conforms to modern usage4 ,for the sake of uniformity1 adopt the ,library of ,congress headings1 even if not always entirely satisfactory for a public library4 ,the ,library of ,congress headings are not at all adapted for use in popular libraries4 ,disregard them4 ,the public library is for the plain people1--use headings they will understand4 ,if the public does not understand scientifically accurate headings it should be taught4 ,do not lower the standard of scientific cataloging4 ,to choose headings that should offend as little as possible these widely differing advisers1 to steer a course between ultraconservatism and iconoclastic radicalism1 was the difficult task that confronted me in undertaking the compilation of the new list of ,subject headings4 ,a special effort was made to formulate a principle that should govern the choice of adjective phrase2 inversion2 or noun1 subdivided4 ,is it better to enter under ,chemistry1 ,physiological1 or ,physiological chemistry8 ,under ,psychology1 ,educational1 or ,educational psychology8 ,under ,negro suffrage or ,negroes--,suffrage8 ,a strict rule for this sort of heading would be a boon to catalogers1 but surely not to the users of the catalog4 ,the average reader does not reason concerning the principles upon which the catalog is constructed4 ,the fact that he today finds what he seeks entered under ,chemistry1 ,organic1 will not prevent his turning to ,electric engineering rather than ,engineering1 ,electric1 tomorrow4 ,the adoption of either form of entry to the exclusion of the others would lead to absurdities4 ,because it is satisfactory to subdivide ,railroads1 would it be desirable to abandon headings beginning ,electric and substitute subdivisions of ,electricity for ,electric conductors1 ,electric lighting and ,electric power8 ,or because ,botany1 ,structural1 is preferable to ,structural botany1 should we use ,physics1 ,agricultural1 instead of ,agricultural physics8 ,in the end1 all efforts to frame the desired rule resolved themselves into something like this3 ,it is necessary to use all three forms of heading2 noun with subdivision1 adjective phrase1 and inversion4 ,each case must be decided upon its own merits1 and that form used under which it is believed that the majority of readers will look1--the majority of readers in each particular library1 be it understood4 ,a university library will use many subdivisions because it is convenient for professors and students to have much of the material brought together under large subjects4 ,a medical library will use few1 if any1 headings beginning ,medical1 because ,medical is understood4 ,as was stated in the introduction1 no radical changes from the second edition were made except in response to what seemed to be a very general demand4 ,there were few dissenting votes to the proposition to abandon the headings ,arts1 ,fine1 and ,arts1 ,useful4 ,the majority in favor of ,government instead of ,political science was less decisive1 but still a majority1 and the confession heard more than once1 ,i never can remember the difference between political science and political economy1 was a straw that helped to turn the scale4 ,trade union is no longer a comprehensive term when organizations of teachers and of others outside the trades must be included4 ,the phrase ,domestic economy is being superseded in recent books by ,home economics or by ,domestic science4 ,it is impossible to mention the changes in detail or to give the reasons for each1 but no changes were made without careful consideration4 ,just how far it is advisable to alter existing catalogs in order to conform to the new headings is a problem that each cataloger must decide for herself4 ,if in your opinion the heading already in use is better than the new one suggested1 by all means retain it4 ,if1 while admitting a slight advantage in the new heading1 you think that the gain is not sufficient to justify the labor of changing1 it is much easier to alter your copy of the ,subject headings than to erase or re-write catalog cards4 ,but if you are convinced that the new heading is one that will be more readily found by the users of your library1 and by the desk attendants who have not catalog training1 then make the change1 even at the expense of considerable time and labor4 ,and by all means consult the attendants in the circulating and reference departments if in doubt as to the advisability of making a change4 ,they know how books are called for4 ,they know how they themselves look for them2 and see references are irritating when there is a line of impatient borrowers reaching from the request window to the door4 ,such changes as have already been made in the catalog of the ,buffalo public library have met with general approval from the loan desk4 ,recitations and readings2 ,grammar1 ,english2 ,spelling1 ,english2 ,corn instead of ,maize2 ,humor instead of ,wit and humor2 the transfer of the subheading ,best books from ,bibliography to ,books and reading2 and the removal of ,immigration from under country1 have received especial approbation4 ,the necessity for the latter change was made apparent when it was discovered that the half dozen cards under ,immigration were so soiled as to be almost illegible1 while those under ,u4 ,s4 ,immigration bore no evidence of use2 either because the ,see also reference had been overlooked1 or because readers were daunted or confused by the complex arrangement of the cards under ,united ,states4 ,in all these cases the new heading differs from both the old ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 heading and from the ,library of ,congress heading4 ,starting with the intention of retaining all headings upon which the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list and the ,library of ,congress were agreed1 ,i soon found that some of these very headings had occasioned the greatest dissatisfaction4 ,if the new list was to be acceptable to any considerable number of those who had taken sufficient interest in the subject to answer ,miss ,crawford's questions1 ,i must endeavor to get closer to the point of view of the users of the catalog1 rather than be governed by theory or established precedent4 ,the ,library of ,congress headings are admittedly devised to meet conditions in the ,library of ,congress1--certainly very different conditions from those of a public library4 ,moreover1 the ,library of ,congress headings have been1 and still are1 in a state of development4 ,many changes have been made in the last dozen years1 and as it is plainly impracticable to reprint immediately all cards bearing a discarded heading1 libraries purchasing cards printed several years ago will often find headings suggested that are no longer in use by the ,library of ,congress4 ,sometimes cards for two editions of the same book bear altogether different headings4 ,the varying headings adopted by the departmental libraries1 whose cards are printed and issued by the ,library of ,congress1 cause still further apparent inconsistency4 ,we cannot be sure that any particular heading was ever approved by the ,library of ,congress unless the card bears the ,library of ,congress serial number4 ,the ,department of ,education1 for example1 uses ,secondary education and ,art education1 while the ,library of ,congress uses ,education1 ,secondary1 and ,art--,study and teaching4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture has adopted ,botany1 ,agricultural2 ,fruit and fruit trees2 and ,u4 ,s4--,forestry2 while the ,library of ,congress enters the same material under ,botany1 ,economic2 ,fruit culture2 and ,forests and forestry--,u4 ,s4 ,such variations make it impossible for any cataloger using the printed cards to follow blindly the headings suggested thereon1 and emphasize the fact that no list of headings can be satisfactory to all kinds of libraries4 ,most of the headings for the new ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list were decided upon before the ,library of ,congress began to issue its printed lists4 ,on comparing the lists first received1 ,i found cases where the ,library of ,congress had changed its practice1 and as each instalment was issued ,i made changes in the manuscript already prepared1 in order to bring the two lists into closer agreement4 ,doubtless in the ,library of ,congress lists yet to be issued there will be many headings different from those in use five years ago1 at the time the list which was my guide was copied from the ,library of ,congress catalog4 ,conformity in general to the ,library of ,congress headings was my aim1 and in most cases of doubt the usage of the ,library of ,congress1 if known1 was the determining factor in the decision4 ,but when1 fortified by the approval of such advisers as were available1 including in important cases the member of the ,publishing ,board who is now president of the ,american ,library ,association1 ,i was convinced that some other form of entry would be more helpful to the users of a public library1 ,i adopted that form1 even though inconsistent--as in the treatment of ,english language1--or not altogether accurate--as in the substitution of ,corn and ,rubber for ,maize and ,india-rubber4 ,i may add that in no case did ,i decide in opposition to the majority of the members of the advisory committee1 though only a few specific headings were submitted to them4 ,the list1 being prepared for moderately large libraries1 contains many headings that may well be ignored by the smaller libraries4 ,not only are most of the subdivisions unnecessary1 but so also are many distinctions which would result in separation of material that might better be kept together if the entries are few1 such as ,charity organization1 ,infants 7,children being a sufficient entry71 ,soil absorption1 ,soil moisture4 ,the list is not intended as a guide to be followed blindly1 but to be adapted to individual needs1 by the exercise of common sense--perhaps the most necessary part of a cataloger's equipment4 ,consideration of cost and weight of the book necessitated limitation of the scope4 ,there was a strong plea for the inclusion of geographical terms1 at least in cases of disputed spelling4 ,a list of such names was prepared by ,miss ,crawford1 with full references and definitions4 ,it was estimated that this list would add perhaps one hundred pages to the book1 and the ,publishing ,board did not feel that it was advisable to include them4 ,very many headings that might be considered as falling within the scope of the book were omitted because their use would be infrequent1 and it was thought better that the occasional cataloger should write these headings on the blank pages1 rather than that all should be required to pay for an unnecessarily long and correspondingly heavy list4 ,just a word in regard to the actual amount of material in the book4 ,the statement of the ,publishing ,board that the third edition contains about three times the material in the second edition has been questioned on the score that the new edition is printed on one side of the leaf only4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that only the printed pages are numbered1 so that the list of headings in the third edition occupies #cig pages1 double column1 while the second edition contained but #aic half pages and #ab full pages4 ,that is1 the printed matter in the third edition occupies nearly four times the space filled in the second edition4 ,moreover1 the type is smaller1 so that the new page contains twelve lines more than the old one4 ,therefore1 allowing for the blank space occasioned by the disparity of the lists of ,see also and ,refer from references1 it is believed that the estimate of three times the material of the second edition is conservative4 ,the subject was continued in a paper by ,miss ,,mary ,w4 ,,macnair1 of the ,library of ,congress on ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,congress ,,list ,,of ,,subject ,,headings ,the list of subject headings issued by the ,library of ,congress is used also1 for reference and comparison1 by many other libraries throughout the country4 ,it has been suggested that a statement in regard to the purpose1 scope1 and manner of printing of the list1 might be useful to the librarians receiving it1 and possibly valuable as well to others who are interested in the undertaking1 and who may be1 to some extent1 unfamiliar with the ,library of ,congress catalog4 ,the printing of the list of subject headings was begun in the summer of #aiji4 ,up to that time1 the second edition of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 subject headings had been used as a basis for the subjects assigned in the ,library of ,congress catalog4 ,but so many additions and alterations had been made in our interleaved copies of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list1 that the need of an entirely new list of headings began to be urgently felt1 although the difficulty had been partially obviated by the printing of lists of additions to the old ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list1 for distribution to the catalogers at the ,library of ,congress4 ,at this date the third edition of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list was already in preparation1 yet it was considered wiser to print a list of the ,library of ,congress headings1 rather than to co-operate in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 undertaking1 as the headings needed in our catalog differed to such an extent from those required for the average public library4 ,the distribution of the list to other libraries was not1 at first1 contemplated4 ,the printing of the subject headings was undertaken to facilitate the work of the catalogers in the ,library of ,congress1 and it was believed that1 if supplied to other libraries in its preliminary form1 the list would give rise to many queries in regard to unavoidable omissions and inconsistencies4 ,it had not progressed far1 however1 before many libraries intimated that it would be useful to them to receive the letters as they were issued1 and when requests became too urgent for refusal1 it was decided to supply copies at a price insuring that only those libraries should order them which had serious use for them4 ,it was considered that #ej copies for distribution outside the ,library of ,congress would surely be sufficient1 but it turned out that the estimate was too small1 and1 in consequence1 there has had to be much reprinting of the early letters of the alphabet4 ,the edition of the letter ,p1 just issued1 was #ejj copies4 ,the scope of the list of headings is largely inclusive in its character1 covering subjects in all branches of knowledge as far as they have been adopted in the ,library of ,congress catalog4 ,the names of persons and places are1 however1 omitted1 also names of societies1 institutions1 and bodies of various kinds1 names of treaties and conventions1 and systematic names of genera and species in botany and zoology4 ,the classes theology1 and military and naval science are only partially represented in the list1 as these sections are not yet re-cataloged4 ,the classes language1 literature1 and philology1 which are now in the process of recataloging1 are more fully1 but not yet wholly1 represented4 ,in the earlier letters of the alphabet1 few headings in law were introduced 7as it has only been during the past few months that the law headings have been systematically considered71 but they are now included in the list1 and many of those omitted in the earlier letters are being entered in the lists of additions to the subject headings issued in connection with the main list4 ,we include in the list the more important subdivisions under a subject4 ,these subdivisions are printed in italics1 and separated from the main subject by a dash4 ,one point to which ,i would especially call the attention of librarians using the list is that ordinarily only those subdivisions are printed under a subject which are distinctive1 or peculiar to that subject4 ,general form subdivisions1 such as ,directories1 ,periodicals1 ,societies1 etc41 which may properly be used under any subject requiring them1 are1 as a rule1 omitted from the list4 7,a list of these form subdivisions can be found on p4 #ai of the ,preliminary list of subject subdivisions1 issued by the library in #aiaj47 ,under names of countries only the history subdivisions are included4 ,turning now from the consideration of the subdivisions1 a few words may be useful in regard to the cross-references from subject headings to related subjects4 ,in general1 it may be said that references are made from the more inclusive to the smaller subjects1 and not ordinarily back from smaller to larger4 ,we should refer from ,grain to ,maize and ,rye1 but not from ,maize and ,rye back again to ,grain4 ,where practicable1 references are made from the most inclusive to somewhat more limited subjects1 and from these latter to subjects still more specific1 rather than from the inclusive to the specific subjects4 ,we refer from ,art to ,engraving1 from ,engraving to ,stipple-engraving1 not directly from ,art to ,stipple-engraving4 ,these general principles have been departed from where it has seemed expedient1 the desire being to render the list useful and practical1 rather than to make it adhere too strictly to rigid rules of procedure4 ,the seeming incompleteness of references from many subjects1 references which obviously are needed to round out the various aspects of subjects is due to the fact that certain headings are not as yet introduced in the ,library of ,congress catalog4 ,we have been very conservative about introducing new headings until called for by the books in hand1 judging that the headings should be made to conform to the literature1 rather than the literature to the headings4 ,the printing of a subject in antique type indicates that1 in the library catalog1 the subject has country subdivision1 as in ,education1 ,labor and laboring classes1 ,insurance1 etc4 ,it may be helpful to add here that the country is subordinated to the subject in our catalog1 when it seems desirable to keep the material on a topic together1 rather than to distribute it under the country headings4 ,this includes many subjects in technology1 science1 art1 and the social sciences4 ,the numbers which follow the subject headings indicate where the material dealing with those subjects is classified in the ,library of ,congress4 ,the explanatory words following these numbers serve merely to guide those interested in the classification scheme4 ,they are in different form from the subject headings1 and should not be confused with them4 ,in the matter of hyphens1 the ,century dictionary has been used as an authority4 ,at the present time the list of headings has been completed through the letter ,p4 ,q and ,r are now ready for the press1 and will probably be issued in the course of a few weeks4 ,the editor of the list sometimes feels it to be a cause for gratitude that the ,english alphabet is composed of only #bf letters4 ,should it contain as many letters as some other alphabets1 the ,sanskrit for example1 the day of completion of the list might indeed be far away4 ,a few words in regard to the printing of the lists known as ,additions and corrections will1 ,i think1 be needed for a full understanding of the subject headings4 ,i have already spoken of the lists of additions issued in connection with the old ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list1 before the ,library of ,congress list of headings began to be printed4 ,when letter ,a of our new list was ready for press1 there had been four of these lists issued1 the additions being cumulated in each successive number4 ,the corrections in the lists appeared but once1 and were carried over by the catalogers to copies of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 list4 ,the headings in these early supplementary lists have1 of course1 been incorporated in the ,library of ,congress list1 as far as the letters have been printed4 ,even after the new list was begun1 it was found impossible to dispense with the ,additions and corrections lists1 as the library catalog grew and expanded4 ,we have continued to issue them from time to time1 as occasion has demanded1 and have included in them new headings in the section of the alphabet not yet printed1 as well as additions to the letters which have already appeared in print4 ,each ,additions and corrections list is cumulative1 as far as the additions are concerned1 so that a library possessing the main list and the latest supplementary list has a complete record of all the ,library of ,congress headings which have been printed4 ,as was the case in the lists supplementary to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 headings1 the corrections noted appear but once1 and should be carried over by catalogers to the main list of subject headings4 ,the classification numbers1 and cross references to related subjects1 known as the ,see also references1 are not included in the supplementary lists4 ,direct ,see references from one subject to another1 or from one form of name to another1 are1 however1 usually included1 that the cataloger may avoid the pitfalls lurking for the unwary4 ,including the early supplementary lists1 there have been1 up to the present time1 eight lists of ,additions and corrections issued1 and number #i is ready for the press4 ,having now touched upon some general features in regard to the issuing of the list of subject headings1 with its supplementary lists1 ,i will conclude with a word as to a later and fuller edition4 ,the list now being issued is a preliminary list1 printed as manuscript1 and1 to some extent1 experimental in its nature4 ,while it is being made as complete and inclusive as present conditions seem to warrant1 the intention has been to reissue it later in book form1 wider in its scope and more inclusive in its references4 ,concerning the date of issue of the fuller edition1 should this desired consummation be brought about1 it is impossible at this time to make a statement4 ,probably it will be best to wait until the remaining classes of books in the library are reclassified and re-cataloged1 before any definite decision as to date is reached4 ,it has been suggested that the next edition of the list might be put into loose-leaf form1 with a view to keeping it to date by inserting new leaves1 when necessary1 in place of old ones4 ,experiments may be tried along this line1 and the relative merits of the various loose-leaf binders investigated4 ,the advocate of this plan suggests that the ,linotype slugs be kept standing1 and that once a month the sheets on which changes have been made be reprinted1 and distributed to the catalogers at the ,library of ,congress1 and to subscribers to the list4 ,the subject matter of a later list would doubtless agree with the present list in general features1 but some minor changes might be found to be desirable4 ,one point to which our attention has been called is the possible advantage of entering subjects in zoology and botany in the plural form rather than in the singular1 as most of them have been entered in the present list4 ,another matter which merits consideration is the substitution of subdivided headings for the inverted forms now in use in certain classes of subjects1 as in the headings ,oxygen1 ,physiological effect of1 and ,man1 ,origin of4 ,some other questions to be considered are as to whether it would be advisable to distinguish in the list those subjects which are divided by country and then by city1 from the subjects which have direct local subdivision2 whether certain classes of headings now included could be advantageously dispensed with2 and whether the main subdivisions of the animal and vegetable kingdoms are a valuable feature of the list4 ,doubtless other matters will suggest themselves for consideration as time goes on1 and we shall hope eventually to publish a list which may commend itself as a valuable tool to library workers4 ,borrowing the words of ,mr4 ,charles ,a4 ,cutter in the preface to his ,rules for a dictionary catalogue we may say with him3 ,it is to be expected that a first attempt will be incomplete1 and we shall be obliged to librarians for criticisms1 objections1 or new problems1 with or without solutions4 ,it had been hoped that ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hanson would personally supplement this paper by an informal account of the early practice and experimentation of the ,library of ,congress4 ,in his unavoidable absence1 brief extracts from a personal letter were read by ,miss ,thompson1 who then called upon ,,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,richardson1 librarian of ,princeton university1 to open the discussion with some previously prepared notes on ,,fundamental ,,principles ,,of ,,cataloging ,this discussion by the direction of proper authority is a discussion of the alphabetic subject catalog as suggested by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and ,library of ,congress subject heads4 ,it is confined to general principles and general principles1 of course1 always have exceptions4 ,this discussion is1 however1 free in considering these so far as it pleases4 ,some of the fundamental principles may seem more like rules than principles at first sight but it is believed that they are all well principled4 ,however1 it is not pretended that they are all the principles in sight2 quite the contrary1 there is quite a pocket-full of these left each with the memorandum of some principle1 big or little1 and there are but twenty-one here enumerated4 ,this being a discussion rather than a systematic paper properly refers to matters of recent personal experience4 ,since the first page of the new subject index contains subjects down to the name ,absolute1 there has been drawn a synopsis of all the subject headings used by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 ,library of ,congress1 ,harvard1 ,sydney1 ,princeton and the indexes of the ,expansive ,classification and ,decimal ,classification4 ,this will illustrate the variety of usages which have to be dealt with in attempting to systematize this matter so as to get uniformity and may be regarded as illustrations of the principles enumerated4 #a4 ,a catalog is a name list of concrete or specific objects as distinguished from classes of objects2 a list of plants in a botanical garden1 of mineral specimens in a museum or books in a library1 but a list of kinds of plants1 minerals or books apart from concrete specimens is not4 ,in the case of books such a list is a bibliography4 ,the book catalog is a directory or guide book to certain concrete books1 the bibliography is a list of books in the abstract1 applying equally whether its books exist in one place or another1 or even if they no longer exist at all4 #b4 ,a library catalog is a directory or guide book to books for use4 ,the immediate object to publishers1 new book dealers1 book auctioneers or antiquarians is sale1 the object to the librarian is use4 ,this difference affects both the form of the catalog and the description of the books4 #c4 ,library catalogs in turn may be distinguished into catalogs for the administration 7which include chiefly accession catalog and the shelf list7 and those for direct use of readers 7which include author1 subject1 title1 imprint1 etc41 catalogs7--the special use in every case modifying the form of the catalog4 #d4 ,catalogs for readers differ according to the two needs of readers which the catalogs try to meet4 ,these needs are 7#a7 ,to find a given book2 7#b7 to find a book or group of books of a given character4 ,it is not quite exact to say under this second head1 that the object is to find information on a given subject or topic1 for it may be that the object is to find special forms such as incunabula or ,venetian imprints1 association books1 fiction1 poetry1 drama1 essays1 orations1 ballads1 encyclopedias1 dictionaries1 periodicals1 classes of rarities1 books on vellum1 etc4 #e4 ,the prime object of a library catalog or directory to books for use resolves itself into a matter of the economy of time and of attention4 ,where there are only two or three books in a man's library there is obviously little need of catalog4 ,as soon as there are many the guide book is needed4 ,whether1 therefore1 the catalog is author or subject1 the controlling thought in its making is the economy of attention of the user4 #f4 ,the alphabetic order is on the whole the quickest reference order4 ,the economic solution for these two needs proves1 therefore1 to be1 the two alphabetical catalogs 7#a7 the author and title catalog1 7#b7 the alphabetical subject catalog4 ,title catalogs and the like are simply supplementary practical devices to aid inexperienced or forgetful readers4 ,the author and title catalog is distinguished from the author and catch-word catalog by the entry of anonymous titles under the first word rather than under the most significant word4 #f;b4 ,following a natural evolution1 the systematic library catalog and the alphabetical classed catalog are practically extinct species1 overwhelmed in the struggle for existence by the alphabetical subject catalog's quick and ready reference4 ,this economy is1 to be sure1 effected for the average use1 at a very great expense to the use of a good many readers who wish to consider all related aspects of a topic1 but with the growing habit of classification of libraries1 there is in fact a handy substitute1 for these readers1 in the classification1 its index1 and the shelf list4 ,the alphabet subject catalog has thus become the recognized sole form of subject catalog for users in general4 #g4 ,the nature and origin of the alphabetical subject catalog is the same as that of the alphabetical encyclopedia1 the alphabetical index to books and alphabetical index to a system of classification4 ,its rules and applications may1 therefore1 be guided by experience and practice in these three fields as well as direct experience in the alphabetical subject catalog4 #h4 ,habit being a chief factor in quick reference1 it is important that the name of the subject should be that of common usage4 ,by this is not meant necessarily the use of the common people1 but the form generally used in book indexes1 encyclopaedias1 and library classifications4 ,it is greatly to be desired that all encyclopedias1 classifications1 indexes and alphabetical subject catalogs should use just the same terms--the same form among synonyms1 the same practice as to singular or plural1 adjectives or substantive entry4 #i4 ,at least the names of the subjects in the alphabetical subject catalog should be identical with those of the alphabetical index to the systematic catalog if there is any or the classification of its own library4 #aj4 ,whatever names are used must be clearly defined4 ,this is the first principle of subject cataloging1 whether the arrangement is alphabetical or systematic1 that the subject word shall be so clearly defined that there is no mistaking what is to go under it4 ,it is hard to lay too much stress on this matter4 ,it is the ,alpha and ,omega of subject cataloging of every sort1 besides which even uniform names and the question of arrangement are quite secondary4 #aa4 ,in choosing the names for classes1 the most specific should be used4 ,this is a very important aid indeed to clear definition4 ,the only objection is the splitting of kindred subjects--the same idea which leads to the alphabetical classed or systematic catalog4 ,many cautions are issued warning against being too specific--some well founded1 but the danger lies almost wholly in the other direction4 ,there may be a limit but the principle is one of the clearest and most important in the whole matter and even the encyclopedias--even the ,britannica itself--are getting further and further away from the old ,britannica type4 #ab4 ,the names of subjects so far as they are identical with author catalog entries should be determined by the same rules as in the author catalog4 ,this is another important aid to uniform names which should be strictly insisted on4 #ac4 ,the alphabetical subject catalog should have a classed index1 as the classed catalog or the shelf list must have an alphabetical index4 ,note that the index to the new ,britannica by its alphabetical index recognizes itself as an alphabetical classed encyclopedia rather than an alphabetical subject encyclopedia4 ,note also that it has the systematic index--the idea which in the end must be applied to every alphabetical subject catalog and which will be fully served automatically if the names of the classification index are identical with the subject headings and the class number attached to each of the subject catalog headings4 #ad4 ,sub-headings and sub-sub-headings should be alphabetically arranged4 ,they should not be systematic or chronological4 #ae4 ,sub-headings should be chosen by the same rules and principles as main headings and thus make a duplicate list4 ,there may be practical limits to this but principle is clear4 #af4 ,the arrangements of titles under main subject or sub-headings need not be alphabetical4 ,much is to be said for the chronological order of authorship or publication1 but almost the only use for alphabetical arrangement by authors under heading is a poor duplication of author catalog use4 ,it might be a real advantage to break the bad habit of using subject catalog for author purposes and on the other hand1 the chronological arrangement of titles in the vast number of cases would save turning all the cards as required in the alphabetical order4 ,nevertheless the alphabetical is now the common method4 #ag4 ,complex books may be analyzed for the subject catalog4 ,this is the distinctive advantage of the subject catalog over the shelf list that it can put different articles in the same volume or various subjects involved in one title under all their effective headings4 ,it is obvious1 however1 that this principle must be limited--to apply in a wooden way would involve all periodicals and essays1 a rock on which more than one attempt at subject cataloging has been wrecked4 #ah4 ,the subject catalog should not be overloaded with references4 ,the principle of economy of attention requires this4 ,few things are more aggravating in working under subjects than to have to finger over a large number of irrelevant cards4 ,some of the remedies for this are subdivision1 the arrangement in chronological order of publication as above suggested1 limiting analysis by excluding all works analyzed in accessible indexes and1 where there is more than one edition of the same work1 indicating one only and referring to the author catalog for the others4 #ai4 ,the card should not be overloaded with details4 ,the principle of economy of attention involves reducing the amount of material in a title to its lowest terms 7whether on card or printed book7 a matter greatly helped by typographical distinctions or corresponding distinction in the breaking of written lines1 the location of certain details on certain lines or certain fixed places on the card1 the use of red ink1 underscoring1 and similar details enabling the user to get the essential facts as to the identity of the work and its location in the building in the shortest possible time4 #bj4 ,the indications on the cards of either catalog should be as brief as may consist with clearness and so displayed on the card as to catch the eye quickly4 #ba4 ,subject cataloging is a practical art1 not a science4 ,names will be changed from time to time and a part of the art is therefore to develop a method of record on cards which shall cost the least possible effort for making changes4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wire1 of ,worcester1 continued the discussion of subject headings1 with special reference to medical headings in the third edition of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,list of subject headings4 ,dr4 ,wire said a lack of knowledge of medical and surgical terms had led the compilers of nearly all the library catalogs into using erroneous headings1 ,sees and ,see alsos and that these errors had been continued in the third edition of ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 subject headings4 ,a cataloger of good preliminary education1 with experience gained in a large library1 and with the opportunities to be found in a large library1 college1 reference or circulating1 of consulting books1 or people or both1 can in time produce a fairly logical system of ,sees alsos and ,sees1 and subject headings in almost any subject except medicine4 ,among the changes suggested by ,dr4 ,wire are the following3 ,abdomen4 ,the rational references and cross references are3 ,see also1 ,intestines1 ,viscera4 ,cross reference should be simply ,viscera4 ,anatomy4 ,why refer to ,glands and not to ,liver1 the biggest gland in the body8 ,why to ,chest and not to ,lungs8 ,autopsy should not be referred to2 that reference should come from ,pathology4 ,appendicitis4 ,this is a surgical disease and should be put under ,surgery1 ,practice of1 instead of ,medicine1 ,practice of4 ,contagion and contagious diseases4 ,contagion and ,infection seem to be confused4 ,we are referred from ,infection to ,contagion as if they were synonymous terms4 ,homeopathy4 ,see also ,medicine should be used for polemical treatises only4 ,these headings show a bias against ,homeopathy which is common in some classifications4 ,hygiene4 ,has #ed ,see alsos1 most of which are fair but one-half of them could be omitted to the bettering and clearing of the list4 ,hygiene1 ,public4 ,this is better on the whole than ,hygiene 7plain71 more consistent and logical in their references and cross references1 thus confirming our contention that it is from lack of medical and surgical knowledge that these lapses occur4 ,medicine4 ,i should omit the following special headings1 leaving only the general3 ,allopathy2 ,anatomy2 ,ansthetics2 ,antiseptics2 ,autopsy2 ,bacteriology2 ,dentistry2 ,diagnosis2 ,histology2 ,homeopathy2 ,hospitals2 ,inoculation2 ,narcotics2 ,pathology2 ,pharmacy2 ,physiology2 ,stimulants2 ,surgery2 ,therapeutics2 ,vaccination4 ,from ,medicine1 ,practice of1 ,i should omit all the surgical headings as follows3 ,appendicitis2 ,bones1 ,diseases2 ,cancer2 ,erysipelas2 ,eye1 ,diseases and ,defects2 ,obstetrics2 ,surgery2 ,tumors4 ,dr4 ,wire recommended that a medical mind with suitable library training should have been consulted about these headings before a final printing4 ,miss ,anna ,m4 ,monrad1 of ,yale university library1 outlined the principles and scheme of subject headings for philology and literature applied in the catalog of ,yale university library4 ,,second ,,session 7,friday1 ,june #bh1 #h3ae p4 m47 ,the second session of the ,catalog section was held in the ballroom of the ,chateau ,laurier on the evening of ,friday1 ,june #bh1 ,miss ,thompson presiding4 ,mr4 ,keogh1 ,miss ,van ,valkenburgh and ,miss ,mann were appointed by the chairman as nominating committee4 ,the first paper was by ,miss ,,ono ,,mary ,,imhoff of the ,wisconsin legislative reference library1 on ,,cataloging ,,in ,,legislative ,,reference ,,work ,the state which studies the laws and experience of other states and countries in order to bring to its own statute books the best features of each1 combined with the results of original work1 confronts a problem of no small dimensions4 ,the mass of laws put forth by the forty-eight states of this country is so overwhelming that it is practically impossible for one man thoroughly to comprehend their merits and disadvantages4 ,the legislative reference library1 therefore1 must be of service in helping to select that which is worthy of imitation1 at the same time discarding the impractical features4 ,the reasons for the success or failure of such laws1 and the differences in economic or local conditions in two communities must always receive serious consideration by those who are endeavoring to meet the advancing economic demands for properly constructed and better laws4 ,the comparative element of this vast accumulation of material must always be remembered1 not only in the care1 but also in the gathering of material1 if the library is to serve its highest purpose4 ,because of this and other well known characteristics of a library of this type1 the demands are of a peculiar nature and cannot be met by the ordinary library material treated in the usual library method4 ,it is more or less of a quasi-library1 requiring an adaptation of library processes to a combination of office and library work4 ,as a result of this difference1 the general library rules for cataloging must be decidedly modified4 ,one is justified in making the catalog of such a library a law unto itself1 for each and every one of its class has its own particular problems1 environment and limitations1 which will probably be met in its own particular way4 ,since the problem becomes so largely one of individuality and circumstances1 it might be well to consider for a moment some of the essential differences in purpose and treatment of material1 and to realize the desirable points to be attained as well as the non-essentials1 or things actually to be avoided4 ,the processes and methods of this kind of a library must in their nature be conducive to rapidity and conciseness of service4 ,time saving devices are unusually important1 not only in the acquisition of material and the actual technical work1 but in the delivery of material4 ,the speedy availability of the most serious treatises on the most profound subjects is absolutely necessary4 ,between sessions many1 many hours of the most earnest and serious efforts must be spent in investigation1 study and research in order to relieve the pressure of heavy research work as much as possible during the session4 ,the library deals with business men who are seeking an answer to some special need4 ,they have a definite reason for seeking the information and a definite point of view and they expect the library to answer their questions in a business-like manner4 ,too much emphasis cannot be placed upon efficiency of service as shown through rapidity of service4 ,the legislator is a busy man and any time saved through devices which quicken delivery of material1 or shorten the time devoted by the patron himself1 is well worth while4 ,if two hours is necessary on the part of the library worker between sessions to put material into such shape that it may be delivered ten minutes sooner during the legislative session1 it should be given cheerfully4 ,condensations1 digests1 and briefs may be prepared during the interval between sessions which will save hours of time during the actual high pressure season of the session itself4 ,any sort of short-cut brought about by analyticals1 or any other devices known to the cataloger1 should be used4 ,shrewdness of judgment and a general discrimination as to what is really valuable is not only highly desirable but absolutely essential4 ,since time is such an important element1 it might be well to call attention to the fact1 that the legislative reference library may be adequately maintained without many of the records which are favored in libraries in general4 ,do away with as much red tape as possible4 ,simplicity of material1 simplicity in service1 simplicity in the whole department is to be commended above almost any other one characteristic4 ,among those records which can be abandoned with perfect propriety in such a department1 are the accession book1 gift book and withdrawal book4 ,so much of the material is ephemeral in its value that the cost of maintenance outweighs the value received in actual results4 ,the serial list may be exceedingly simple4 ,records of the number of books cataloged1 or circulation statistics are of very doubtful value in this work4 ,since the loss of material is inevitably rather large1 an inventory is almost essential4 ,however1 material is easily replaced1 much of it is free and because of this fact1 a biennial inventory will prove satisfactory in most cases4 ,there is no need of a complicated charging system4 ,in truth1 establish no records of any kind within the library until convinced that its efficiency will be hampered without them4 ,emphasis is put upon this point1 because of the fact that all legislative reference departments have small appropriations in the beginning1 and it is during this early period that the library must justify its existence by showing results in active service rather than in catalogs and records4 ,at first there are never enough assistants to do both efficiently4 ,therefore1 let the tendencies be toward those things which will bring into evidence vital things rather than mere good housekeeping4 ,it might be well to state that the term catalog will be used in the broadest possible sense4 ,the definition of the term as it will be used in this paper1 might be given as a record of sources and of material1 and not merely a record of material to be found upon the shelves of any one library or institution4 ,the catalog should be kept as simple as possible in its essentials4 ,conciseness of title1 brevity of treatment1 and above all clearness1 must always be borne in mind4 ,sacrifice library school rules if necessary4 ,let there be no hesitation in enlarging or changing the title if by so doing greater clearness is gained4 ,it must be remembered always that the catalog is made not for librarians with technical knowledge1 but for men whose use of it will be that of an untrained student4 ,let it be such that your constituency may use it without help4 ,be exceedingly generous with notes1 never failing in the case of bills to show whether such bills became laws or failed in passage4 ,if a bill became a law1 give the citation4 ,if reports or cases are known by special names1 be sure to note that fact4 ,let there be no ambiguity either in title1 subject or note4 ,annotations as to the substance of material are also highly desirable1 particularly when they show whether a given article is favorable or antagonistic1 or state the reliability of the author concerned4 ,the material itself falls into three distinct classes which influence the cataloging treatment2 books1 pamphlets1 and clippings4 ,the books and pamphlets show comparatively little variation from regular cataloging methods4 ,clippings in the ,wisconsin legislative reference department are mounted upon manila sheets1 eight by ten1 arranged chronologically under classification number1 marked with a book number ,z and treated as a single pamphlet4 ,they have no author card1 being entered merely under the subject-heading necessary1 with the author line left blank4 ,this procedure is convenient in some other cases1 such as certain extracts from the ,congressional record1 containing discussions in which various members take part and where it is difficult to enter under any individual or even joint authors4 ,since the author phase of the catalog is of less interest than the subject phase which acquires unusual importance1 secondary cards may be very largely omitted4 ,joint author cards are really of very little service4 ,series and title cards are the exception rather than the rule4 ,whenever possible it is advisable to make continuation cards instead of entering new compilations or new editions on separate cards4 ,in the case of continuation cards1 it is advisable to choose a brief title and pay no attention to such variations as may be given in different editions4 ,for instance1 a #aijg compilation of state tax laws might be entitled1 ,laws relating to assessment and taxation1 and the #aiji one simply ,taxation laws1 and the #aiaa one ,revenue and taxation laws4 ,these may all be entered upon one card under the simple title1 ,tax laws1 and the three volumes added as continuations4 ,in short1 do not attempt to show the exact detail by means of cataloging1 such as is advisable in public libraries4 ,what your patron wishes to know is whether you have the tax laws of that state and what is the date of their compilation4 ,these are the facts which interest him and the number of pages or the particular form of the title1 is of absolutely no value to him4 ,this is a good example of that freedom in condensation and changing of titles which is somewhat heretical in its nature1 but which after all leads to that saving of time and patience which is so necessary4 ,use only such imprint as is absolutely essential2 omitting on the whole1 illustrations1 maps1 portraits1 and plates4 ,in cases of excerpts from periodicals the name of the magazine with the date of that particular issue is usually deemed sufficient4 ,because the ordinary patron of the legislative reference library is unfamiliar with library methods1 it has been found convenient to file see also cards at the beginning of the subjects rather than at the end4 ,for this same reason1 the guide cards should be much more numerous than in other libraries1 and it is of great advantage to have the main headings brought out upon thirds with the subdivisions of these main headings on fifths of a different color4 ,blue and manila form a good color contrast for such a scheme4 ,as has been said before1 the comparative feature of this work is one which is worthy of special consideration4 ,its value can scarcely be over-estimated4 ,the efficiency of the library can be greatly increased by a constant lookout for such material4 ,every book1 pamphlet or clipping1 passing through the hands of the cataloger must be most carefully reviewed1 not only for its general material1 but for any comparative statement which shows either conditions1 laws1 or tendencies in two or more communities1 states1 or countries4 ,it may take form as a tabulated statement1 a chapter1 a paragraph1 or even a mere foot-note1 but at some future time it may serve as a starting point for an investigation1 or give instantaneous help in the question as to what states or countries have laws similar to this4 ,the advisability of listing such comparative material in a separate catalog must be determined by each library4 ,when it is buried in the regular catalog it requires much longer to answer such questions than when kept in a separate file4 ,if made into a catalog by itself1 there should always be a note showing exactly what states or countries are included in the comparison and the dates covered by such material4 ,in other words the comparative entry must be justified either by the title or a note showing that it really is a comparison4 ,probably two-thirds of such material is analytical in character4 ,the question of analyticals will be greatly influenced by the subject matter under consideration4 ,upon certain subjects there are practically no book treatises1 and most of the material will be found in the form of analyticals4 ,the amount to be analyzed1 the choice of form and the relative value of the material concerned must be determined by shrewd judgment on the part of the cataloger4 ,the entire library will be greatly enhanced by a careful selection of analyticals1 but the bulk of the catalog must not be increased unless with good reason4 ,the percentage of analyticals will be in most cases much higher than in the ordinary library1 because so often a few pages are worthy of special notice on account of their comparative nature1 the particular view point of the author1 or sometimes merely because of the scarcity of material on that subject4 ,as to the cataloging form for analyticals1 there is no reason why it should not follow the general rules of the library as a whole4 ,my own preference is for the long form1 because oftentimes the short form is not perfectly clear to the legislator4 ,although advocating simplicity1 as a general thing1 it should not require clearness to be sacrificed at any time4 ,there is room for discussion on this point and there is difference of opinion1 but my conclusion in the matter has been reached after some experimentation4 ,a little more work on the part of the librarian is preferable to the slightest bit of doubt on the part of the legislator4 ,since legislators are investigating specific problems1 looking at them from a single point of view1 and not always considering a subject in its broadest sense or in its relationship to knowledge in general1 the question of subject headings1 outside of classification1 becomes practically the most important single proposition the cataloger has to consider4 ,in practically every case the popular rather than the technical form of heading is desirable4 ,the simple ordinary term should be chosen1 for it is under this type of heading that your reader will be most certain to look4 ,in his haste and absorption he fails to realize that there is any possible viewpoint1 other than his own4 ,having but one thought in his mind1 he naturally expects to find his material under this subject4 ,most certainly he should find at least a cross reference4 ,therefore1 one recommendation is to be exceedingly generous in the matter of cross references4 ,under such conditions it is always wiser not to trust one's own judgment1 but to call upon various people asking under what heading they would look for material of a certain type4 ,in this way the cataloger may secure suggestions which are unusually helpful and which put into the catalog the ideas of many persons rather than of one4 ,for instance1 a book or pamphlet relating to the extortion practiced by usurers would be found under a heading such as ,interest or ,usury4 ,however1 there are various other headings under which individuals might expect to find material of this kind1 depending upon the particular phase of the question which he had in mind at the time4 ,a busy man1 wishing to draft a bill putting the loan shark under control1 would be thinking of a loan shark and not of the underlying principle of interest4 ,another man approaching the question through interest in the installment plan would expect to find material of use to him under that subject4 ,another man taking a broader view of the subject might look under ,interest4 ,each of these men would be justified in looking under the particular subject he had in mind1 expecting to find either the material or a reference sending him to the chosen heading4 ,every possible heading which suggests itself is worthy of consideration1 for such an investment of time will more than pay for itself in the satisfaction it brings to those who use the catalog4 ,the necessity for painstaking effort and careful thought in this connection is verified by experience4 ,special and local names may well be noted on all main cards and cross references made in every case from such forms4 ,for instance1 the law governing the sale of stocks recently passed in ,kansas1 which is popularly known as the ,blue sky law should be noted as such in the catalog4 ,the ,mary ,ann bill may be called for by that name and if there is no cross reference in the catalog the untrained assistant in the library1 or the stenographer1 will never find it4 ,the mechanical part of the catalog should be so complete that it does not require acquaintance with all phases of the subject in order that a person may use it intelligently4 ,therefore1 special and local names inevitably need attention4 ,the contents of a legislative reference library are largely of either an economic or a legal nature1 and its patrons sometimes approach the material from the legal side and sometimes from the economic side4 ,in assigning subject headings this fact must never be forgotten4 ,consequently1 the headings will sometimes take a legal turn and sometimes an economic turn4 ,at times it is necessary to compromise and choose one halfway between the two4 ,let us consider for a moment the relationship of the economic and the legal material4 ,justice ,holmes1 in his book on the ,common law1 expresses this relationship unusually well4 ,he says in substance that the growth of the law is legislative2 it is legislative in its grounds2 that the secret root from which law draws all the juices of life is consideration of what is expedient for the community4 ,the economic necessity for law precedes the legal expression4 ,the need for a statute is felt long before it is formulated4 ,this is readily recognized by political economists and lawyers4 ,judge ,dicey1 in his book entitled1 ,law and opinion in ,england1 7,lond4 #aije1 p4 #cfg7 says3 ,a statute 99 99 99 is apt to reproduce the public opinion1 not so much of today as of yesterday4 ,since a legislative reference library is busied with the process of law-making1 rather than with the administration or interpretation of law1 the trend will be toward the economic headings rather than the legal4 ,the tendency of law is to crystallize1 and subjects legal in aspect are likely to be complete in themselves1 and therefore less amenable to library purposes4 ,as an example1 a subject heading such as ,eminent domain is legal in its nature4 ,this will be used in the main body of the catalog without a doubt4 ,it may have cross references of both a legal and an economic nature4 ,at the same time ,eminent domain may be used as a subdivision of economic headings1 such as ,railroads1 ,street railways1 ,telegraphs1 and ,telephones4 ,this shows how the legal aspect of an economic question may be brought directly in touch with the economic phase of the question4 ,another example is ,liquor problem2 as it is used in the subject headings1 it is an economic question1 yet we use the subdivision ,illegal traffic which includes purely a legal phase4 ,discrimination1 a legal term1 will cross refer to some specific form under an economic heading such as ,railroads--,rebates4 ,it is often necessary to refer from some rather popular headings to legal forms1 such as ,funeral expenses1 see ,estates of deceased persons4 ,again it may be necessary to mix the two with a heading such as ,ethics--,business and professional1 with cross references from legal headings1 such as ,professional ethics1 ,legal ethics1 ,medical ethics1 etc4 ,the general conclusion reached is that there is likely to be either subdivisions or cross references back and forth from any type of heading to any other type1 with one exception1 namely1 an economic subdivision of a legal heading4 ,in our experience in ,wisconsin1 we have not found this combination of headings either necessary or advantageous4 ,this fact but emphasizes what has already been said1 that law once established1 becomes permanent and fixed in character4 ,geographical divisions as main headings should be used sparingly1 but geographical subdivisions of subjects are very helpful4 ,primary election laws1 road laws1 tax laws1 will all be more available if divided by states1 not only in the classification1 but in the subject heading4 ,if clearness or rapidity of service demand subdivisions1 they should be made1 even though there be few cards under each subdivision4 ,many helpful suggestions for subject headings and cross references may be obtained from law indexes1 law encyclopedias1 and the ,new ,york index of legislation4 ,not only is it necessary for the cataloger to know the material which is in the library itself1 but if efficient work is to be accomplished it is decidedly necessary that material not within the four walls should be made available4 ,let all kinds of knowledge be at the cataloger's command1 and make the mechanical devices carry as much of this burden as possible4 ,first of all1 material which is in town but which is not contained within your own library1 should be noted4 ,statutes and session laws of all the states should be obtainable though not necessarily a part of the library itself4 ,if a state or law library is near at hand1 it is far better to rely upon them as a source of reference than to duplicate such a collection on your own shelves4 ,articles in law magazines1 reports large in bulk1 but issued only occasionally1 may be noted1 when not placed upon the shelves4 ,in ,wisconsin we make a distinction between material in existence within the city and that which is in existence elsewhere1 such as in the ,library of ,congress1 the ,john ,crerar library1 or nearby institutions4 ,a manila catalog card tells us that the material may be found outside of the city1 whereas by stamping the name of the library in the place of the call number on a white card1 we indicate that the material is in town4 ,subject entries only are made for material of this sort4 ,there are many indexes already in existence which will supplement the catalog and call to the attention of the worker available material4 ,one of the most valuable sources of all is found in the experts of the neighborhood4 ,the librarian is too prone to think that all the most useful knowledge is in books or printed form4 ,some of the best help imaginable can be obtained from men4 ,every community has within its borders specialists of various types2 men who have given their lifetime to the study of some particular question4 ,make such individuals a portion of the catalog2 use them as sources4 ,the telephone is at your command and oftentimes more valuable information can be obtained from some person within telephone call than can be gotten from hours of work with shelf material4 ,furthermore1 do not limit yourself to the talented man within the community1 but use the expert wherever he may be found4 ,correspondence will often bring information to your door2 mount the letters2 put them with the clippings or catalog them separately2 in case of urgency1 telegraph4 ,in fact1 have some of the appropriation deliberately set aside for supplementing the catalog by telegrams4 ,a record of sources1 arranged both by places and subjects is of service4 ,under your subject list enter the names and addresses of those who are specialists4 ,experts throughout the country will thus be at your command4 ,in the geographical list1 put the names of parties to whom you may apply for material relating to a given community4 ,suppose for instance1 that your state is contemplating a ,workmen's compensation law and some state where there is no legislative reference department is also considering the matter4 ,this state passes a law on ,tuesday1 and on ,saturday the bill of your own state is coming up for consideration4 ,you need exact information as to which bill is passed1 whether it passed with or without amendments2 in fact1 you must have immediate and full knowledge concerning that law4 ,you may have within your mind some possible source1 but during the stress and pressure of the legislative session such a list relieves one of the necessity of remembrance4 ,the catalog1 through its mechanical devices1 can carry this burden4 ,the catalog is not merely a record of sources within the four walls1 but must endure as a record of all possible available sources1 so that time and energy given to the living part of the catalog1 is well expended4 ,in addition to the sources already mentioned1 there are numerous other possible indexes of value4 ,when the bills are available in printed form1 a subject index indicating the final disposition of a bill--whether killed1 passed or vetoed--is of inestimable use4 ,such indexes for the general laws and the local and temporary laws are advantageous4 ,a comparative index1 apart from the regular catalog1 already noticed1 may be mentioned again in this connection4 ,an index of the documents of the state is also a valuable asset1 since the publications of most states are rather poorly indexed and have practically no centralized list of subjects4 ,the decisions of the attorney-generals quite often are of as much importance in law conclusions as are the decisions of the courts4 ,they have virtually either vitalized or invalidated laws upon the statute books4 ,in states where statute revisions are rather infrequent1 statute indexes may be necessary4 ,these indexes should be made supplementary to the regular catalog4 ,some of them may be carried along as side issues at the same time as the regular work1 and others may be taken up in their entirety to be accomplished as time permits4 ,since the importance and value of such a library depends1 not upon the quantity1 but upon the quality and efficiency of the collection1 the disposition of material which has become historical in its nature comes prominently into the foreground4 ,unless there is constant supervision and reduction1 there is an unnecessary and useless accumulation4 ,the working library will never be a large one4 ,after a state policy relating to a given question is established1 the library should1 within a reasonable time1 dispose of the larger portion of the collection on that subject4 ,its present usefulness from the legislator's standpoint is over4 ,its future value is as a historical contribution4 ,as a result1 there will be continual withdrawals as well as continual acquisitions4 ,after all1 that which makes library work so stimulating and so interesting is the human element4 ,the progress which one may make in its mechanical side1 the service of all its books and pamphlets1 the importance and the value of the material1 depend primarily upon the human side of it4 ,the mere fact that the scholar1 as well as the man with a hobby1 the student along with the crank1 the conservative together with the radical1 the theoretical and the practical man1 are all brought together in a common place1 shows that the mechanical is truly the lesser value in this field of work4 ,however1 it is in the making of a more perfect apparatus1 in the saving of time and energy1 in the additions to its efficiency1 that the cataloger receives his reward4 ,the possibilities of this work are so far reaching1 that every reasonable device or idea is at least worthy of trial so that there may be every possible advancement in every practical direction4 ,it is a new work and there are few guide posts4 ,we cannot accept other experiences unquestionably4 ,what are virtues in another library may be vices in the legislative reference work4 ,what we most need is a safe and sane balance of judgment1 quickness of perception1 a sense of foresight1 combined with all the special knowledge possible1 great discrimination1 initiative and the ability to meet any situation1 and above all1 the disposition to test every new conception or suggestion which may lead to development2 in fact1 the more of these virtues which the cataloger may possess1 the more efficient will be the result1 not only in the catalog itself1 but in the net results shown by the work in its entirety4 ,in the discussion following the paper1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hatton1 chairman of the ,wisconsin free library commission1 spoke of the importance of knowing not merely books but men and making a wise use of correspondence4 ,next on the program was ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,josephson',s query ,,what ,,is ,,cataloging8 ,in raising this question ,i am not concerned with the principles of cataloging1 with the difference between cataloging and bibliography1 or any problem of that kind4 ,my problem is the much more practical3 ,what part of the work of a library staff is meant when cataloging is spoken of in an annual report8 ,what does it mean when a librarian states that a certain number of assistants have during a certain period cataloged a certain number of books8 ,and1 bringing the matter down to a particularly practical point1 what does he mean when he says that it costs a certain sum of money to catalog a book8 ,i am not going to answer the question1 ,i want it answered4 ,i don't want it answered right off4 ,i would like to see this section go after the problem and bring in the answer4 ,in a word1 ,i suggest that this section appoint a committee for the purpose of investigating the method and cost of cataloging in a number of representative libraries4 ,i would not be much concerned for the present with the methods of the small public and college libraries1 but only with such libraries as may be said to have a special cataloging force2 and ,i would not extend the inquiry to more than a score of libraries at the most4 ,the following draft of a questionnaire will show succinctly enough what ,i have in mind3 #a4 ,how many persons between the grades of head of department and clerical attendants are connected with your cataloging force8 ,in how many grades are these divided8 #b4 ,how many of these are occupied with the actual writing of the titles8 #c4 ,how many persons of the grades of clerical attendants and pages are occupied with copying of cards1 typewriting headings1 filing and other such more mechanical work8 #d4 ,are any persons of a higher grade than clerical attendant doing any of the above kinds of work1 and why8 #e4 ,are those of your assistants who write the titles occupied with this all day1 or do they change regularly to some other kind of work8 ,if the latter1 is such other work treated merely as relief from the drudgery of title writing1 or does it occupy a considerable part of the assistants' time8 ,or1 are a certain number of days a week devoted to cataloging 7i4e4 title writing7 all the time1 and other days given up to other kinds of work8 #f4 ,are the following items1 or any of them1 determined by the assistants who write the titles1 or by superior members of the staff3 7a7 general form and completeness of entry2 7b7 author heading and added author headings and cross references2 7c7 collation2 7d7 subject headings2 7e7 classification4 #g4 ,what is the average salary of the members of your cataloging force8 ,there may likely be other questions to be included2 some of the above questions may be made more detailed or given a different formulation or bearing4 ,i believe that an inquiry of this kind1 if carried out as it should be done1 would do much to show us where changes in our methods might be introduced1 to the increased efficiency of the cataloging force and to the benefit of its members4 ,the ensuing discussion1 participated in by ,c4 ,b4 ,roden1 ,w4 ,s4 ,merrill1 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews and others resulted in the adoption1 on motion of ,mr4 ,roden1 of the following resolution3 ,,resolved1 that the executive board be asked to appoint a committee to investigate the cost and methods of cataloging in accordance with the suggestions in ,mr4 ,josephson's paper4 ,a report on uniformity in cataloging rules1 made by ,miss ,helen ,turvill1 instructor in cataloging in the ,wisconsin library school1 as chairman of a committee appointed at the ,january1 #aiab1 meeting of the library schools instructors1 was presented by ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,hazeltine4 ,in connection with this report1 ,miss ,hazeltine submitted for inspection a double file of printed rules on cards embodying the present usage of the ,wisconsin library school1 which it was hoped might serve as a basis for the further work of the committee4 ,one file was arranged numerically as given to the students for class work2 the other1 alphabetically under topical guides1 as the students would have them filed with illustrative sample cards1 at the end of the course4#g #g ,these card rules may be obtained of the ,democrat ,printing ,company1 ,madison1 ,wis41 #b4ej per set4 ,the report itself1 which was merely one of progress1 to be completed at the midwinter meeting1 was accompanied by a request for discussion at ,ottawa and a list of points on which an expression of the preference of librarians was desired4 ,points for ,discussion ,call number--,position4 ,heading--,second line indention4 ,date4 ,figures--,when to be written out4 ,edition--,spacing4 ,omissions to be indicated4 ,supplied information to be bracketed8 ,collation ,to include paging8 ,author abbreviation-- ,women's names4 ,title card4 ,imprint8 ,initial article in curves4 ,author's name4 ,spacing after initials4 ,spacing between name and titles4 ,added entry cards4 ,form of date4 ,contents4 ,form4 ,punctuation4 ,cross reference4 ,form4 ,joint author4 ,analytic4 ,form4 ,position of paging4 ,added edition4 ,miss ,gooch and ,miss ,van ,valkenburgh1 members of the committee1 spoke in explanation of its purpose and scope4 ,mr4 ,merrill said that as editor of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 periodical cards he was glad to learn that a committee was working to secure greater uniformity in catalog entries4 ,among the libraries contributing the copy for the periodical card work of the ,publishing board1 there is still variation in the mode of entering authors' names3 sometimes date of birth is given and sometimes it is omitted2 names unused by a writer are looked up and entered upon the card by one library and disregarded by another library2 periods after initials are used or omitted2 names of joint authors are both given in the heading by one library and only first name is given by another1 while there is even diversity about filling out initials of the second author's name4 ,these divergencies are not only theoretically inconsistent but practically inconvenient1 because the printed cards do not conform entirely to the practice of any library4 ,mr4 ,merrill said he hoped that agreement upon these points might soon be reached4 ,the question of methods of bringing the matter to the attention of librarians was informally discussed by ,miss ,margaret ,mann1 ,miss ,bessie ,goldberg1 ,miss ,bessie ,sargeant ,smith1 and others1 but as the chairman1 ,miss ,thompson1 pointed out1 the report was but a partial one and not from a committee of the ,catalog section4 ,therefore no action was required4 ,owing to the lateness of the hour1 further consideration of this subject and also problems of arrangement in a dictionary catalog1 which was scheduled in the program1 were referred to the incoming section officers4 ,the nominating committee submitted this ticket3 ,chairman1 ,miss ,harriet ,b4 ,gooch1 instructor in cataloging1 ,pratt institute school of library science2 secretary1 ,miss ,margaret ,sutherland ,mackay1 head cataloger1 ,mc,gill university4 ,they were unanimously elected and the meeting adjourned4 ,,children',s ,,librarians' ,,section ,,first ,,session 7,friday afternoon1 ,june #bhth7 ,the first session was held at the ,chateau ,laurier ,friday afternoon1 ,june #bhth4 ,the chairman1 ,miss ,mary de ,bure ,mc,curdy1 presided4 ,the general topic was ,work of special libraries with children4 ,,miss ,,mary ,s4 ,,saxe1 of the ,westmount public library of ,montreal1 read a paper on the subject4 ,,with ,,the ,,children ,,in ,,canada ,miss ,saxe said they had in ,westmount the only properly equipped children's room in any library in the province of ,quebec1 and that the only library work for children in ,montreal was done by the ,mc,gill university settlement workers in the slums of that city4 ,the best children's work in the province of ,ontario is now done by the public libraries of ,toronto1 ,ottawa1 ,london1 ,collingwood1 ,berlin1 ,sarnia and ,fort ,william4 ,among the smaller libraries the work done at ,galt is particularly worthy of mention1 the quality being due1 as is generally the case1 to the unselfish and enthusiastic work of the librarian4 ,at ,winnipeg1 although they have a handsome library building and a room set apart for the children1 activities seemed at a low ebb when the speaker visited the library two years ago4 ,the ,church of ,england in ,canada has done a good work up there within the ,arctic circle with its ,sunday school libraries4 ,the ,indian children and the half-breed children1 of whom there are many1 get all their reading from this source4 ,away out on the ,pacific coast1 a missionary of this same church became interested in the logging camps that he found among the islands of the gulf of ,georgia4 ,he returned to the ,bishops of ,columbia1 and of ,new ,westminster1 stating that he must have a boat built1 which would be a church1 and also an ambulatory library4 ,it was a beautiful scheme--it was also an expensive one4 ,but those of you who care to read of its development in a little book entitled ,western ,canada can do so1 and you will learn with delight how well the idea has worked out4 ,in the past two years the library movement in ,canada1 especially in the ,northwest1 has expanded rapidly4 ,regina has opened a new public library within the past six weeks1 and the work for children is to be well looked after4 ,calgary1 ,new ,westminster1 ,vancouver1 ,victoria1 all tell the same tale of a long struggle in crowded quarters--and now new buildings and splendid promise of good work4 ,it is most unfortunate for us in ,canada1 that our distances are so great1 our ties have to be mostly railway ties4 ,in ,westmount we opened the ,children's room in ,january1 #aiaa4 ,we began agitating the dire need of such a department fully seven years before the reality came4 ,the paper on ,county work with children prepared by ,miss ,,alice ,,goddard1 head of children's department1 ,washington ,county free library1 ,hagerstown1 ,maryland1 was read by ,miss ,gertrude ,andrus in ,miss ,goddard's absence4 ,,county ,,work ,,with ,,children ,my subject1 as announced on the program is ,county work with children4 ,in the first place let me say that there is little or nothing to be said about county work with children that does not apply equally to work with adults in the same community4 ,the experience of the ,washington ,county free library of ,hagerstown1 ,maryland1 during eleven years of rural work1 has been that the books that go into the country homes are read by old and young alike4 ,the reason for this is not far to seek2 the children are going to school1 for a few months of the year1 at least1 and are receiving an education that was1 in many cases1 denied the parents4 ,before the installation of our library1 books1 other than an occasional religious periodical1 perhaps1 were an unknown quantity in the average farm house1 so that1 even if the farmer or his wife had acquired the reading habit as a child1 it had lapsed1 through disuse4 ,consequently1 when our books were first brought to the door the same books appealed to both parents and children4 ,one mother told us1 with tears in her eyes1 that we could never know how she enjoyed hearing the children read the books aloud1 for neither she nor her husband could read or write4 ,at a farmers' institute in ,ohio1 an enlightened farmer once remarked that the three things that had done most for the amelioration of the lot of the farmer's wife were1 rural free delivery1 rural telephones and ,butterick patterns1 and to that trilogy we add rural free delivery of books4 ,how to reach the country children1 is1 of course1 the problem that confronts a county library4 ,the methods of the ,washington ,county free library of ,hagerstown1 ,md41 are3 ,first--,the children's room of the central library4 ,this is a large1 pleasant room1 on the second floor1 where the usual activities of any children's room are carried on4 ,two story hours a week are held1 ,friday nights for the older children1 and ,saturday mornings for the younger ones2 many of our regular ,saturday morning visitors are from the outlying districts2 there are three little boys who come four mile1 as they express it1 nearly every week to hear the stories1 they have been known to be led into the extravagance of spending even their return fare on the train--such are the temptations of city life6--and having to walk home4 ,one very small boy who is with us almost every ,saturday is the son of a stage driver1 his father brings him in1 and leaves him with us for the morning1 he is known among us as sonny1 because of characteristics similar to those of ,ruth ,mc,enery ,stuart's hero4 ,any child in the county1 so soon as he can write his name1 may join liberry1 regardless of race1 or previous condition of servitude1 a phrase not without meaning still1 in ,maryland4 ,the same privileges are extended to all1 town and country children alike1 two books at a time1 with privilege of renewal4 ,country books may1 of course1 be renewed by telephone or mail1 and frequent cards come to ,dear teacher1 or even ,dear friend4 ,the teachers draw to a practically unlimited extent upon the circulating collection1 as well as from the school duplicates1 of which more a little later4 ,so much for the work of the main library4 ,second--,branches throughout the county4 ,these are deposit stations1 placed in the country store1 the post office1 the toll gates or1 in some cases1 in private houses1 the boxes contain about fifty books1 and are returned every two or three months for a fresh supply4 ,a custodian is appointed who keeps track of the books by means of an alphabetized blank book1 the book slips being kept at the library1 filed by the ,browne system1 under the name of the station1 ,shady ,bower1 ,black ,rock1 etc4 ,third--,the ,boonesboro ,reading ,room4 ,this village began with a deposit station1 and became so interested that a permanent reading room was established1 maintained entirely by the village1 except for the books1 which are supplied by the library2 a permanent collection was given1 which is supplemented by an exchange every ten days4 ,a fortnightly story hour is carried on here2 during the past two years it has become necessary to divide the children into two groups1 to the older ones the same series of stories is told as to the older group at the library1 ,norse myths1 ,iliad and ,odyssey1 and1 this winter1 ,chaucer1 ,spencer and ,shakespeare4 ,the latter author1 by the way1 meets with special approbation among our country friends4 ,fourth--,schools4 ,the country schools1 as well as those in town1 are visited1 and collections are sent2 with the books are sent pictures1 prints of the masterpieces1 mounted1 and annotated with sufficient fullness to serve as a lesson outline1 if the teachers wish to use them so4 ,fifth--,the book wagon1 or to be strictly accurate1 one must now say book automobile4 ,about six years ago it was discovered that thirty of the stations were off the line of railroad1 trolley or stage1 and the question of transportation arose2 for a year a horse and wagon filled the need1 going out simply for the purpose of carrying cases back and forth4 ,then the book wagon was built1 so constructed as to carry several cases for deposit stations1 and at the same time1 some two hundred books on its shelves2 thus began our rural free delivery of books1 and the wagon1 with its driver1 ,mr4 ,joshua ,thomas1 became one of the features of the county1 until about two years ago1 when a most unfortunate accident deprived us of both4 ,a stray engine1 coming round a curve1 struck and completely demolished the wagon2 happily1 ,mr4 ,thomas and the horses were across the track1 the horses escaped uninjured1 and ,mr4 ,thomas1 though thrown out and stunned1 sustained no injuries other than the shock1 which1 at his age1 was naturally very great4 ,mr4 ,thomas has now retired from active labors1 and the wagon has been succeeded by an automobile4 ,perhaps ,i can best give you an idea of the work of the wagon if you will come with me1 in spirit1 for a typical day in the country4 ,the new car is constructed very much as the old wagon was1 with room for two passengers1 besides the chauffeur1 one member of the staff goes on the trips now1 for our chauffeur is a chauffeur only1 nor is he the picturesque figure ,mr4 ,thomas was4 ,let us choose a morning in spring1 when red bud and dogwood are in bloom1 and the fruit trees are fluffy masses of pink and white clouds1 and the tender green of new life is showing on hill side and forest1 and the hills of ,maryland stand out like lapis lazuli against a turquoise sky4 ,it is a fair country1 and one can understand why the early settlers tarried in this valley in their march westward1 over the very ,national ,road that we shall drive over today2 a road full of historic meaning1 a road that has seen the covered wagons of the emigrant tide1 that has resounded to the tread of advancing and retreating armies1 and that is now a thoroughfare for motor cars4 ,we see little1 or no actual poverty1 occasionally the down-at-the-heels farm of a poor white1 but thrift and comfort are the rule4 ,we spin gaily along in our motor wagon1 stopping at the farm houses along the way2 occasionally horses shy at us1 and children stick their fingers in their mouths and stare1 for automobiles are still somewhat of a novelty on cross roads and lanes1 and country horses and children are not so sophisticated as their city brethren4 ,sometimes we go a mile or more off the main road1 to reach one house2 we are rewarded in one such case1 for we find a girl of sixteen1 who has never read ,miss ,alcott1 and we leave her with ,little ,women in her arms4 ,a swarm of sunbonnet babies greets us here1 too1 and we find a picture book for the older sister to read to them4 ,at one house we have some difficulty in enticing the farmer's wife out to look at our wares4 ,he is out on the farm1 and there is not much time for reading4 ,we discover a boy of twelve or thirteen1 however1 lurking in the background1 with a dog at his heels1 the dog is a convenient topic of conversation1 and ,beautiful ,joe happens to be in the wagon4 ,an inquiry as to the family elicits the information that this boy is all1 except an orphant boy we took4 ,after some difficulty the orphant boy is brought forth from the recesses of the barn1 where1 we strongly suspect1 he has had an eye at a crack all the time1 and proves to be the regulation bound boy of ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins1 tattered straw hat1 patched overalls and all2 he1 too1 has a fondness for animals1 and so we drive away1 leaving boys and dog looking after us1 with ,seton-,thompson as a companion4 ,one wide detour1 up a hilly lane1 brings us to a house1 commanding a wonderful view of hills and valleys1 and the ,potomac1 a winding silver thread in the distance4 ,here we find the mistress of the house1 and a girl of sixteen or eighteen1 who lives there2 they used to get books from the old wagon1 they tell us1 and it has seemed a long time since they had any4 ,accordingly1 we bid them help themselves1 and as we are preparing to drive away1 one of them1 hugging a huge pile of heterogeneous literature1 says to the other1 ,law1 ,bess1 we'll fergit to listen on the 'phone6 an unconscious tribute both to us and the rural telephone system4 ,and now we find that the dinner hour has arrived2 sometimes there is a country hotel at hand1 but more often we have dinner at some hospitable farm house1 which gives us a golden opportunity to make friends with our people4 ,it is noticeable that the conversation is confined almost entirely to us women1 the men attending strictly to the business in hand2 the women1 however1 make the most of an unusual event1 and between serving and conversation1 it often seems to us as though their own wants must be entirely forgotten4 ,there is a country school on our way1 and we stop there to get the key to a church a little farther on1 where we are to pick up a case of books2 the temptation to a story teller is too great to be resisted1 the wagon goes on1 to come back a little later1 the two rooms are put together1 and ,i have the pleasure of telling ,johnny ,cake and ,seven little kids to children who have never heard them before4 ,when the wagon appears we suggest a picture1 and a grand stampede follows1 all the school commissioners and truant officers on earth could not have kept a child in that building--the charm of the ,pied ,piper was no greater6 ,and what do your country children read8 ,we are often asked1 and we like to reply1 with considerable pride1 that they read good books4 ,when the wagon is being loaded for a trip a large proportion of the books is from the shelves of the children's room1 and of the fiction fully #ge bears the mystic symbol ,j1 showing1 as ,i have said1 that the same books are read by parents and children2 war stories are always in demand1 particularly of the ,civil ,war2 ,henty is a prime favorite1 and of the better ,hentys1 ,with ,clive in ,india1 ,beric the ,briton1 for instance1 we duplicate quite freely4 ,novels of a religious character1 such as ,ben ,hur are popular1 and ,pilgrim's progress is always in demand4 ,and so our day slips by1 and before we know it evening is upon us2 by four o'clock we see preparations for the night going on in the barn yard4 ,we go home1 tired1 but with depleted shelves1 and the consciousness of a good day's work4 ,may there be many more to come1 and may each one of you fare forth with us one day1 on some such happy library adventure4 ,mr4 ,henry ,e4 ,legler read a paper prepared by ,miss ,,jean ,mc,l,e,o,d1 house librarian1 ,sears1 ,roebuck ,co41 ,chicago1 on ,,an ,,employees' ,,library--,,its ,,scope ,,and ,,its ,,possibilities ,i have been advised that there is only one thing more ruinous to one's reputation than an absent debut to the ,american ,library ,association conference1 and that is to inflict a maiden paper upon someone else to read4 ,but after absorbing some of ,mr4 ,legler's courage and optimism1 ,i cannot refrain from treading upon this dangerous ground and setting forth a few pet theories4 ,i do not know that ,sears1 ,roebuck ,company needs an introduction or an explanation1 but as the character1 combined with the magnitude of the house1 is quite unique1 and is such a vital part of the library work1 the foundation of this paper1 as well as of the work itself1 must of necessity be predicated upon some knowledge of the house machinery4 ,we are dealing with a mail order retail house1 and this paper will be based upon the central plant only4 ,the existence of the outlying factories1 not only in ,chicago but throughout the country1 all under the control of one corporation1 opens up a new field in commercial library work1 which to my knowledge has never been touched4 ,the house handles everything--that does not mean the usual stock of a department store1 but everything that can be bought and sold4 ,new opportunities arise as your eye wanders down the list of the various departments4 ,our house directory lists over #bjj departments1 including jewelry1 baby clothes1 and farm implements4 ,in fact1 a home can be furnished complete from parlor to stables4 ,besides the merchandise1 we have the various administration and utility departments1 which include press rooms1 bindery1 machine shops1 shipping rooms1 employment department1 restaurant1 green house1 hospital1 barber shop1 chemical laboratory1 etc4 ,with this cosmopolitan center1 condensed under one management1 there is no limit to library possibilities4 ,my experience so far has been that everything in print can find a congenial resting place somewhere in the house4 ,the central plant occupies three square blocks1 including five buildings and a sixth in the process of construction4 ,the largest of these1 the merchandise building1 is nine stories high and two blocks long1 and is a condensed village in population and activity4 ,the library is located next to one of the most popular sections in this building1 the employees' and house sales department4 ,in this section employees are obliged to call for their personal purchases4 ,this is an added convenience and a time saving arrangement4 ,the printing building1 administration building1 power house and paint factory complete the group of this seething little city1 and make one wish that a branch library might be established in every corner4 ,our library is primarily a deposit branch of the ,chicago public library4 ,we have about #afjj books on deposit1 which give us a circulation of about #djjj a month4 ,in addition to that1 our daily express service gives us the resources of the main library stock1 and makes it possible to send individual cards with specific requests through the station department4 ,this is a great help in making out lists on special topics1 as #be or #cj books on a subject may be listed and drawn one after the other without further reference4 ,our circulation for these books runs from between #ge to #ajj a day4 ,in addition to our public library books1 we have about a thousand of our own4 ,about #ge per cent4 of this collection is light fiction and juvenile books2 that is1 stories for both boys and girls of the intermediate age4 ,books of this character are1 of course1 in the greatest demand1 and it is for the right kind of this material that we are constantly searching4 ,this supplementary collection of our own does not in any way detract from our public library books1 but rather serves as added bait and leads to the better books of the public library1 upon whose resources we depend for our existence4 ,we subscribe for about #dj monthly and weekly periodicals1 both technical and popular4 ,in addition to these1 we have several shelves of miscellaneous magazines1 composed of month-old copies sent out from the main library1 as well as our own old copies1 and donations from the employees4 ,all of these magazines we circulate4 ,in fact1 we are in no sense a reading room1 as the very nature of a busy #h-;hour day and #de-minute lunch period will prove4 ,our charging tray and a few pieces of furniture are the only things we refuse to let go to the homes or departments4 ,in taking charge of the library last fall1 ,i realized that there were two distinct phases of the work3 the commercial or economic1 and the social--the first to be established1 the second to be developed--both sides equally interesting and offering equal possibilities4 ,the commercial value must be established not only by becoming familiar with the policy of the house1 but by co-operating with the heads of departments and making the library felt as a live agent throughout the house4 ,co-operation is best established by the reference work which can to a large extent be created4 ,for instance3 ,one of the buyers in the supply department is dealing with two agents for rubber bands4 ,the contract is a big one4 ,there is much discussion as to which make of rubber band will live the longer4 ,in self-defence1 the buyer telephones the library for any information on rubber4 ,right here is the librarian's chance to make or mar4 ,perhaps this buyer has no library card1 but at the eleventh hour has thought of the library as a last resource4 ,there is one sure way to cure him of ever using the library again1 and to persuade this time-pressed business man that the library is a plaything done up in red tape1 and that is to send word to him that he must come personally to the library1 sign an application1 and wait for the book according to our library law4 ,he will probably decide to take a chance on the merits of the rubber bands1 and condemn the library as an agent of too slow blood for his purposes4 ,the point is to get the information and to get it at once to the right man4 ,if we can find something on our own shelves1 a boy is sent with the book at once1 even if he carries an encyclopaedia with him4 ,if1 as often happens1 we are not so fortunate1 a signal of distress is sent over the 'phone to the reference librarian at the main library1 and she sends out material on the next delivery4 ,not only does this apply to the buyer of rubber bands1 but to the chemist who wants material on fabrics1 textiles1 and lubricating oils2 to the manager of the grocery department1 on the blending of coffee2 to the furniture buyer1 on cabinet making and period furniture2 to the head of the agricultural department on the silo and the traction engine2 to the clerk in the shipping department1 on parcels post2 to the girl in the correspondence department1 on punctuation2 to the boy in the automobile repair shop1 on the gas engine2 and so on indefinitely4 ,a memorandum of these requests makes a busy day for the weekly visit to the reference room at the main library4 ,books of interest on each particular subject are listed1 even to government bulletins4 ,we have even had intrusted to our care material from the public document department1 and ,mr4 ,legler's liberality has given us an economic value that will be the stepping stone to a new work1 and make the library a factor to be reckoned with by the progressive commercial house4 ,in our library1 as well as in any other1 the reference work is not confined to the books alone4 ,the value of magazine material is an old story1 but its worth is self-evident in a progressive business house whose aim is to anticipate future contingencies as well as to meet present needs4 ,before discarding magazines1 all the usable material is appropriated and sent to the man or woman interested4 ,not only does this apply to the man's business1 but to his hobbies--a little article for instance1 on poultry raising or photographic chemistry will often create public opinion very favorable to the library4 ,so far we have not kept a clipping file of these articles1 but that is one of the next steps that could be made quite an important feature4 ,to keep in touch with the buyers and department heads1 the newest books on subjects of special interest stimulate not only the men in charge1 who are always ready to respond to new ideas1 but arouse new interest among all employees and indirectly lead to promotion through more efficient work4 ,these books are sent right to the department1 either to be examined with a view to buying1 or1 if already purchased1 to be circulated in the department4 ,we find that in this way we lose few if any books and our time-honored statistics do not suffer4 ,and so in many little ways it is possible to creep into the commercial life of an immense concern2 to develop gradually from a convenience to a necessity4 ,the social side of our work is perhaps a misnomer4 ,at least1 it is an intangible sort of thing that has no name4 ,our reason for existence is the same as for any other public library--that is1 for the common good4 ,to do any grade of work other than simply handing the books over the counter1 it is necessary first of all to become familiar with the personnel of our employees4 ,we have about #hejj employees1 and to become personally acquainted with each is1 of course1 impossible4 ,however1 a surprisingly large number can be reached on this footing1 and the rest is a question of time combined with a sane democratic attitude4 ,we do not want our people to feel that reform through the library is one of the rules on the application blank1 or that the librarian's stamp of approval must go out with every book4 ,advice1 so labeled1 is never given4 ,of our #hejj employees1 one-half are girls varying in education from grammar school to college graduates4 ,one-fifth of this number are under #ah years of age4 ,the work with this last group is intensely interesting1 and can be developed in many ways4 ,we have1 of course1 the usual problem1 in trying to direct from ,mary ,j4 ,holmes and ,southworth to a better grade of reading4 ,however1 we are not working in the dark to the same extent as is the usual public library4 ,our girls are all banded together with a common interest1 and we are at once on the same big plane4 ,we have access to them at any time of the day4 ,we are a part of the thing most vital to them--their daily work and means of support4 ,they come to the library during the noon hour for a change of scene and to see the other girls1 as well as to exchange their books4 ,we give them books for their parties and books for their night school classes4 ,a girl is told by her employer that she will lose her position unless she learns to use good ,english4 ,in desperation1 she comes to the library1 and we give her a book1 yes1 even three books1 if she needs them1 to help her keep her position4 ,another girl must be transferred to a less desirable position unless she can increase her vocabulary in order to take dictation more intelligently4 ,she is advised to come to the library1 and we are there to see that she gets the right books4 ,the next time she may come without being sent4 ,the girls come to us to find out when the lake boats begin their trips1 as well as to find desirable places in which to spend vacations4 ,and so we welcome them each time they come1 regardless of what their errand may be1 for we want them to feel that the library is theirs1 and is a convenience as well as a pleasure4 ,the work with the girls is so varied1 and is such a study in itself1 that ,i have only touched upon its possibilities4 ,however1 a book on the subject would not cover the field1 but lack of time and consideration for your feelings will prevent further comment1 and ,i will simply outline just a few of the ways in which we try to reach the boys1 one-third of whom are under #ba years of age4 ,aside from the eternal vigilance to blot out all ,alger traces1 we have many really interesting phases of the work with the boys4 ,we first of all can and do have confidence in the boys4 ,we can get necessary information as to their home conditions1 if we wish it4 ,we have1 in common with them1 as with the girls1 their vital interest1 the beginning of their career4 ,the influence that can be exerted over these young boys1 many of whom are leaving home for the first time1 and are1 so to speak1 men among men1 is tremendous4 ,often a wavering ambition can be reinforced and a chance for making good saved by showing a little unasked interest4 ,we try to give the boys material for both work and play4 ,we post lists of books on the bulletin boards in various departments1 and so call attention to books on choosing a career1 or business efficiency4 ,then we make up lists on athletic sports1 interest in which is stimulated by our athletic association1 whose membership includes both boys and girls4 ,many times a department is discovered where little or no interest is taken in the library4 ,we find that the boys and girls from there never come to the library1 and so we take the library to them4 ,in every case the managers are very anxious to co-operate and are willing to have us send a small collection of light fiction to the time clerk's desk4 ,she circulates these as she wishes4 ,so far1 we have lost no books in this way1 and in every instance new borrowers have been the direct result4 ,many of the boys have been obliged to leave school before entering high school or even the upper grades1 and in many ways we can supplement their lack of school training--especially if we can discover a gleam of interest in any one subject1 such as mechanics1 electricity or history4 ,all our work1 our aims1 and our possibilities are crystalized in our ,library ,bulletin1 a home product in every sense of the word4 ,the direct object of this little publication is to attract all ages and all classes of our employees4 ,it is sent to every department1 and from there distributed personally4 ,we try to have in each issue a section to appeal to popular demand1 as well as to promote some special feature4 ,we hope to make this bulletin a strong factor in our work1 a lever that will gauge not only the circulation of our books1 but will be the connecting link between the library and the employees1 and make it the medium of a new energy and a new enthusiasm radiating from our small quarters to every activity of the plant4 ,and so1 in these few pages1 ,i have tried to show that the commercial house library1 although in its infancy1 has come to stay4 ,and as the pioneering becomes more and more an established fact in library work1 more commercial houses will recognize the need4 ,they will be more than ready to respond to the progressive public libraries1 whose efforts to expand and to bring their resources to the very centers of civic activity will thus establish a more intelligent relationship and efficient co-operation with their very means of support4 ,miss ,grace ,a4 ,whare1 of the ,houghton1 ,mich41 public library1 was present at the meeting and asked the privilege of presenting a very attractive exhibit of colored slides and illustrations which she used in telling ,miss ,lagerlf's ,story of ,nils4 ,each of twenty-six illustrations depicted an adventure of ,nils4 ,business ,meeting ,the regular business meeting of the section was held at ,chateau ,laurier1 ,june #bith at #i3cj a4 m4 ,miss ,mc,curdy presided4 ,the minutes of the last meeting were read and adopted4 ,the chairman announced that the terms of two of the five members on the advisory board had expired and that only one member was appointed at the last meeting1 instead of two4 ,this raised the question as to the advisability of having an advisory board since none of the other sections had such boards4 ,it was urged that an executive committee be formed consisting of the three officers of the section and two other members to be appointed by the chairman1 and that all the members of this executive committee be actually engaged in some phase of library work with children4 ,it was finally decided1 however1 to continue the advisory board as heretofore and the chairman was requested to appoint members to fill the vacancies4 ,mr4 ,hill and ,miss ,titcomb were appointed to serve for three years each4 ,the chairman appointed the following committee on nomination for officers3 ,annie ,s4 ,cutter1 ,gertrude ,andrus and ,adah ,whitcomb4 ,the meeting then adjourned4 ,,second ,,session 7,monday afternoon1 ,july #ast7 ,the second session of the section was held ,july #a1 at #b o'clock4 ,the general subject was ,work with high schools4 ,mr4 ,,frank ,k4 ,,walter1 vice director of the ,n4 ,y4 ,state library school1 read a paper on ,,teaching ,,library ,,use ,,in ,,normal ,,and ,,high ,,schools ,within the past few years the literature of this subject has become so copious that any original discussion of basic principle has become nearly out of the question4 ,the excuse for papers like this one1 which is mostly mere reiteration1 lies in the fact that outside of library circles the matter has not been very seriously considered in spite of the constant repetition1 and relatively few teachers have as yet attempted to give definite instruction in the use of books4 ,it is one of the characteristics of the present that we are learning the necessity of saving time and effort by doing better the things we can already do passably well4 ,to this end vocational schools and vocational courses are being established everywhere4 ,if the use of the tools of the trades must be taught in the interests of greater individual development and greater efficiency1 there certainly is need of teaching the efficient use of books which are the already recognized tools of the professions and which are more and more coming to be recognized as necessary supplements to the tools of the handicrafts4 ,so far1 it must be admitted1 the response on the part of teachers has not been very general or very enthusiastic when courses of instruction in the use of books are advocated4 ,at first sight this may seem strange4 ,the primary purpose of both school and library is educational and many of the principles on which each line of work is based are equally familiar to teachers and to librarians4 ,let me instance but a few4 #a4 ,education is a continuous process1 started but not concluded in school4 ,this is generally accepted and correspondence schools1 study clubs1 and similar activities are recognitions of its truth4 #b4 ,the complexity of modern life is lengthening the period of formal school instruction and the rapid rise of new industrial processes and the social problems arising in consequence1 make after-school reliance on either past instruction or individual personal experience unsafe4 #c4 ,education is not confined to books but books of the right kind are the best single aid to education4 #d4 ,modern methods of teaching demand the comparative use of books1 not reliance on a single text-book4 ,modern courses of study emphasize this by their lists of references to material for the use of teacher and pupil4 ,in a pamphlet of #dj pages on ,the high school course in agriculture1 issued by the ,university of ,wisconsin1 #ag-a_/b pages are devoted to references to suggested reading4 ,children now study a subject1 not a single text-book or series of text-books4 #e4 ,the library is the only continuation school really practicable for all the people at all times and for all subjects1 and like any other institution1 its value increases in proportion to the intelligence shown in its use4 ,contrary to a rather hazy though somewhat general impression1 there are only a few choice spirits to whom it is given to love books instinctively and to know them intimately without instruction4 ,the multitude1 whatever their rank or fortune1 handle them more or less all the time without knowing much about them or caring much about them4 ,it is true that a knowledge of books comes more readily to some than to others1 but training will do much for even unpromising people who1 without training1 would be practically helpless4 ,the need of this training was shown very clearly a decade or two ago when the method of teaching changed rather generally from text-book mastery to the so-called laboratory method4 ,there were few more pathetic sights than many of the older teachers1 almost totally untrained in the comparative use of books which the new method involved1 and yet forced to give up their reliance on the catechetical method and memorized text-book which could be kept open by the teacher while the pupil recited4 ,if the library and the school have so much common doctrine and if both recognize in their precept and their practice the importance of books1 it seems obvious that some instruction along this line should be given in the high school and1 indeed1 much earlier4 ,again1 if pupils are to be taught to use books1 it seems equally obvious that the intelligent use of books must first be learned by the teacher4 ,that is1 there should be a library course in the normal school4 ,if library and school agree so far as to recognize the need of such a course there still remain several general methods of attempting to get the desired results4 7#a7 ,by experiment4 ,this is the customary way2 the empirical method or1 under certain conditions1 the inductive method4 ,we learn to do by doing was a pedagogical maxim to conjure with some years ago and it has not yet lost its siren's charm4 ,teachers are still assuming that pupils will learn to use books well by using them without direction1 even though an excess of the experimental method has confessedly failed in other directions4 ,we do not often learn to do things in the best way without some direction nor does mere handling of an object teach us much about it4 ,infinitely more biology can be learned from two or three angle worms studied in a laboratory than from quarts of them used for fish bait4 ,the laissez-faire method and the experimental method without a competent teacher to make it really inductive are both uncertain in result and costly of time and effort4 7#b7 ,by sending pupils to the nearest library for all aid outside the text-book and by handing over to the nearest librarian all responsibility for teaching the use of books4 ,librarians often advocate this method4 ,it is only an application of the specialization which is so common in high schools and by which each subject has its own teacher who may or may not try to correlate his own work with that of his colleagues4 ,the librarian1 who at least ought to know about books1 is the logical person to plan courses and to give formal instruction and in any school which can possibly have a librarian who devotes her entire time to the library this is the proper course to follow4 ,it happens1 however1 that many schools which greatly need such a course have no one but the regular teachers to administer the library and to teach its use4 ,in such an emergency no school faculty is complete without at least one teacher who can show the pupils--and her fellow-teachers1 if need be--something of the best methods of using books4 ,moreover1 teachers need to know how to use the books connected with their own courses even if they need do little or nothing in the way of general library work4 7#c7 ,a third general method remains3 systematic training in regularly scheduled classes in the high school and a systematic course in the normal school for the future teachers of elementary and of high schools4 ,this is the plan generally adopted for other subjects and the failure of the schools to provide in their curricula a place for library training can reasonably be attributed only to the fact that librarians have failed to impress on teachers the necessity for such instruction4 ,there are several reasons for the failure4 ,one of the fundamental principles of successful advertising is that the prospective customer must be convinced that the value of the advertised article exceeds its cost4 ,perhaps we librarians have not always recognized the value of this principle in our own campaigns4 ,we use our library jargon and speak learnedly of library methods1 and the library world as though our work were based on some occult secret 7which it is not7 and as though we who carry it on were a peculiar people 7which we sometimes are71 and we plan elaborate courses in library economy which would strike terror to the heart of any teacher1 were any teacher interested enough to look at them4 ,it is well to remember that1 as far as its place in the school is concerned1 the library must always be an auxiliary1 not an independent affair--an auxiliary of the greatest importance which aids all courses but interferes with none4 ,this is what it is in the increasing number of schools in which the use of the library is being successfully taught and whenever teachers are shown that librarians are urging something that is a time-saver1 not a time-consumer1 and that the course they suggest is not an independent affair but something which1 even in its own lessons and problems can be made to bear directly on the daily work of the school1 there will not be much trouble in getting periods in which to teach the use of the library4 ,as we too often present the matter1 in the form of courses planned with little reference to actual conditions in the school and with problems compiled from our library-school note-books1 or our training-class notes and not from material selected for its direct relation to the subject matter of any course in the school1 we are seemingly asking the teacher to become interested in our work1 not in a subject that is of importance to teacher as well as to librarian4 ,no general can plan a successful campaign of invasion without a knowledge of the topography and people of the country to be invaded and no course of study can be successful unless based on sound pedagogy and visibly related to the cultural or vocational need of the persons for whom it is intended4 ,it is also well to remember that in strategy an officer counts for more than a private and that if official recognition is to be secured for any subject1 the interest of principals and superintendents1 who plan the curricula1 is absolutely necessary4 ,work with subordinate teachers alone will make slow progress4 ,another point which we are just beginning to emphasize is the necessity of getting articles in which we desire teachers to be interested1 into periodicals intended for teachers instead of confining them to the columns of library periodicals4 ,the advertiser who wants to reach engineers will not send his advertisements exclusively to the ,american journal of theology4 ,although the high school and the normal school are usually mentioned together in discussions on the general subject of library instruction in schools1 there should be decided differences both in content and in general purpose between the courses in the two kinds of schools4 ,in the high school1 the purpose should be to teach the pupils to use books efficiently in solving problems arising in their individual experiences4 ,the care and management of libraries can legitimately be taught only in so far as such knowledge helps the pupil to use libraries of all kinds more intelligently4 ,there is no need of detailed instruction in technique1 though some elements of method are necessary4 ,the use of the catalog must be taught in order to overcome the prejudices of most readers against card catalogs by teaching the youth before he arrives at obstinate and benighted manhood1 that red headings1 indentions and other conventions of the catalog are as sensible and necessary as black ruling1 red ruling and other conventions of day-book and ledger4 ,a little attention also to the theory of the charging system will help later in preventing honest but inaccurate thrusts at red tape in libraries4 ,the general characteristics of reference books should be discussed with the meaning and significance of those universal but little known elements of all modern books1 the title page1 table of contents and index4 ,the growing popularity of bibliographies of all kinds suggests instruction in their make-up and use while the growing importance of periodicals of all kinds shows the need of knowing how to use the general periodical indexes4 ,in all this work there can be and should be the closest relation to the other work of the school course and the various teachers can easily suggest material of direct use to them which will be quite as interesting and valuable for illustrating the use of the library as set problems compiled exclusively by the librarians4 ,moreover1 such procedure will demonstrate conclusively both to teacher and to pupil the direct value of the library in helping school work to be done better and quicker4 ,though any teacher can be of help in this way1 ,english1 geography1 civics and history are particularly good subjects with which to begin this co-operation4 ,it is doubtful whether the librarian should attempt much formal instruction in book selection in the high school unless it is done with the full knowledge and with the assistance of the other teachers4 ,otherwise1 such instruction will almost inevitably lead to duplication and to conflict with the work regularly given in other courses4 ,tactful suggestions to teachers on the value of material which they overlook or know nothing about and personal attention to the voluntary reading done by pupils outside the school-room and not connected with the regular work of the school will furnish any school librarian plenty of opportunity for missionary work4 ,some description of the anatomy of a book will probably help cultivate a greater respect for books as books and may lessen the tendency to use books badly which is now so prevalent among school children furnished with books paid for by the school board and not directly bought by their parents4 ,all of this teaching should be very simple4 ,what is perhaps the most successful manual of the present on the subject of teaching the use of books in schools 7,ward's ,practical use of books and libraries71 owes its success largely to its attention to the small details which everybody1 large and small1 is supposed to know but of which nearly everybody is quite ignorant4 ,no high school course of this kind is complete unless it cultivates friendly relations with the public library and promotes the use of the library after the pupils have left school1 by calling on it for aid while they are still in school4 ,the best school librarians make every possible use of the public library while they are at the same time using to the utmost the resources of their own school libraries4 ,the amount of time required for such a course as that outlined here and which is substantially the same as dozens of other courses outlined elsewhere1 depends considerably on whether any preliminary work of the kind has been given in the lower grades1 and1 to some extent1 on the size and general character of the school's collection of books4 ,something worth while has been done in five or six lessons1 though not much can be done in less than ten or twelve1 and the twenty to thirty periods which interested principals have sometimes granted are none too many4 ,the general plan will also depend partly on whether the instruction is all given in one year or throughout the entire high school course4 ,in the normal school the purpose of the library course should be not only to teach the use of books1 but to teach1 in addition1 the principles of their proper selection and enough of the essentials of library technique to enable the teacher to administer successfully a small school library and to understand the methods used in larger libraries4 ,it should be not only for individual improvement1 as in the high school1 but designed also to give skill in teaching others how to use the library4 ,it is necessary1 of course1 to supply any deficiencies in training of the kind that was suggested for the high school1 before the administrative side of the work can profitably be taken up4 ,the technical side of the work1 therefore1 will be more in evidence in the normal school course4 ,the preparation1 adaptation and use of the important records such as the accession book1 the shelflist1 the catalog and the charging system are necessary parts of the equipment of any teacher who is likely to be put in charge of a school or class-room library4 ,a study of the most common trade lists and a few typical booksellers' catalogs with some comment on trade discounts and the purchase of second-hand books will save much time and trouble later when the teacher is expected to advise as to what and where to buy4 ,instruction in simple methods of book repair will yield large dividends in the shape of better cared for and longer lived books4 ,simplicity and direct relation to school work are the two things to be insisted upon throughout4 ,though the subjects and1 to some extent1 the treatment should be the same as that of the library school1 there is neither opportunity nor need of the same variety and extent of instruction and practice which should characterize schools for the professional training of librarians1 nor should any school which can afford special teachers in other subjects thrust technical library work upon its regular teachers4 ,to the teacher1 the library is auxiliary to her main work and insistence on elaborate administrative methods will defeat its purpose4 ,this instruction in technique should be simple1 but it does not follow that a teacher who has learned merely these elements of technique is fitted in turn to give satisfactory instruction to other teachers or even to administer a school library in the best way4 ,to do this a librarian of wide training and experience is necessary1--one whose knowledge of library theory and practice is wide enough to give the perspective necessary to judge what is essential1 and intimate enough to determine what adaptations should be made to fit either general library conditions or special contingencies of individual libraries4 ,efficient simplicity is the result not of ignorance but of trained judgment and the apparent simplicity obtained by reckless or ignorant amputation of library manuals may be worse than none at all4 ,a well managed school must have a well-administered library and a well-administered library implies a competent librarian1 not merely the regular presence of a teacher with rather fewer classes and consequently more leisure than her colleagues4 ,indeed1 though considerable technique has been suggested as advisable1 ,i am very strongly of the opinion that technique1 if by this term is meant the processes of keeping library records1 should be thrust upon teachers only as a necessity1 not as a desirability4 ,in a school so small that one teacher or a very few teachers at most must do all kinds of work1 it will be necessary and therefore it must be taught to these teachers4 ,in larger and better equipped schools there is no more reason for teacher-librarians with a mere smattering of library training than there is logic or justice in compelling the teacher of ,english or of history to be the principal's secretary4 ,of even more importance than technique is a careful study of important reference books4 ,only a small proportion of the books which would be useful can possibly be obtained and it is very important that the teacher be able to use to the utmost such books as the school may possess4 ,the compilation of reading lists and lists of references1 whether for the use of the teacher or the guidance of the pupil1 implies the use of bibliographies1 footnotes and appendixes and a consideration of the bibliographic aids which are so common in modern text-books and so little used by teachers4 ,moreover1 the teacher must know some of the principles of book selection1 must know a fair number of the best aids to book selection and must know where to find and how to use good book reviews4 ,no approved list of library1 library commission1 or state department of public instruction can take the place of independent knowledge1 though these approved lists are indispensable aids4 ,the proper relations of school and public library certainly must be taught if any closer and more general co-operation of the two is to be brought about4 ,both teacher and librarian must be parties to such co-operation and each needs to know the point of view of the other4 ,there is no general agreement as to the amount of time which the normal school ought to devote to library instruction4 ,in a summary compiled in #aiji by the ,newark free public library 7,public libraries #ad3adg71 the number of hours devoted to such work in #bh normal schools varied from one lesson to #fj4 ,most of the schools which are recognized as leaders in this work gave about #bj lessons4 ,there is reason to believe that the general situation has not materially changed except that the shorter courses are being lengthened and more normal schools are offering courses in library methods4 ,the small number of lessons in even the good courses makes directness and emphasis on essentials imperative4 ,if all normal school students had been taught to use books before entering the normal school1 considerable time which is now used in teaching things which should already be known could be devoted to the methodic and pedagogic side of the subject4 ,more and more normal schools are putting instruction in library methods on a par with other subjects by giving credits for it4 ,this is only what all ought to do4 ,no normal school is doing its work well if it sends its students out unskilled in the use of the tools of their own trade4 ,a course in the use of books and libraries is no more of a luxury in the general training of any teacher than a gas range and a kitchen sink are luxuries in the equipment of a domestic science department or planes and chisels in a manual training room4 ,it is not merely altruism that urges librarians to encourage this work4 ,it is highly commendable to increase the good feeling between two members of the so-called educational trinity1 the church1 the school and the library1 but the benefits to the library will be more direct than mere pleasure in promoting the success of another line of social welfare4 ,to ensure its own permanence1 the library must have a reading public in the future as it has in the present and the adult reader of the future is the child of the present4 ,to ensure the further development of the library1 not only readers but more readers are needed and the library will be sure of getting them only when school room and children's room work together1 and when not only those who come to the library from choice1 but all the children whom the community entrusts to the school are taught in the school the latent power in the books the library offers for their use and are taught by trained teachers how best to make that latent power dynamic4 ,the discussion of this paper was led by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,sykes1 librarian of the ,ottawa public library1 and formerly head of the ,english department of the ,collegiate institute of ,ottawa1 who read a paper prepared by ,dr4 ,l4 ,b4 ,sinclair1 dean of the school for teachers1 ,macdonald college4 ,,miss ,,mary ,e4 ,,hall1 librarian of the ,girl's high school1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 read a paper on ,,the ,,possibilities ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,school ,,library ,miss ,hall said in part3 ,to those of us who are interested in the problem of guiding the reading of boys and girls one of the most important recent developments of the modern library movement is the new life which is coming into the high school libraries throughout the country4 ,the high school library1 although an old institution1 is just beginning to find itself in the library world of today4 ,it not only has a right to exist but has possibilities for doing important work in the future which will fully justify its existence4 ,it must serve not only as a great laboratory for the work of all departments in the high school but as an important experiment station for all our work with young people of high school age and aid us in the public library's solution of the problem of helping the thousands of boys and girls who leave grammar school and the children's room and go out into the adult room of the large public library with no one to guide them in their explorations among the books1 and no one to take the friendly personal interest in them that the teacher and librarian of the children's room always felt4 ,through the high school library and the public libraries' young people's department of which we dream1 we must undertake to follow up the work begun in the children's room and build upon the foundations which librarian and teacher have already laid4 ,what are some of the revelations which have been made to those of us who reluctantly undertook this work some eight or ten years ago8 ,in the first place we are1 as our high school debaters would say firmly convinced of the need of a large carefully selected collection of books within the high school building where they may be had at a moment's notice for reference and reading4 ,we are convinced that we were wrong when in our first enthusiasm over the public library we decreed that the high school library should be limited to books of reference and required reading1 and that all books to be read for the pure joy of reading should be given over to the public library4 ,for four reasons ,i would plead today for a large1 well equipped library in every city high school1 a library managed according to modern library methods and in charge of a trained and experienced librarian who shall be the equal of the high school teachers in broad education and thorough professional training4 ,this librarian must be able to win the confidence and friendship of pupils and teachers and to enter sympathetically into the life of the school4 ,this library may be under the control of the ,board of ,education or a joint undertaking of ,board of ,education and public library as in ,cleveland1 ,newark1 ,passaic1 ,madison1 ,wis41 and ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,my first reason for this new high school library is found in the aims and ideals of the modern high school4 ,it is no longer content to serve merely as a preparatory school for college4 ,it realizes that for the great majority of pupils it must be a preparation for life4 ,as these four years end their formal school education it must make the most of the time4 ,these four wonderful years of high school age are the time when ideals are being formed1 when boys and girls are hero worshippers1 and the personal contact with teacher and librarian or the reading of good biography may do marvelous things in moulding character and setting up standards4 ,in aiming for social efficiency the modern high school endeavors to prepare for intelligent citizenship1 for interest in and service for the various movements for social betterment4 ,my second reason for this larger and more efficient library in the high school is the need created by modern methods of teaching4 ,the text book today is only a guide1--with its footnotes and bibliographies it is a vade mecum to the interested student to the best books in school and public library on the subject covered4 ,the efficient teacher today uses books1 magazines1 daily paper1 pictures and lantern slides to supplement the text book4 ,many of these must be at hand in the school building and so classified and cataloged that they are available at short notice4 ,unexpected questions arise in class discussions and must be settled before the close of the recitation period by a student being delegated to look it up in the school library and report to the class while interest is keen4 ,this could not be done in a library even five minutes' walk from the school4 ,there are odd minutes at the close of a recitation when a book from the school library can be borrowed and enough read to make the student eager to finish it4 ,pictures are wanted to illustrate some topic and are loaned from one class-room to another for every forty minutes of a school day when the teacher finds they help to awaken interest4 ,the whole method of the recitation has changed4 ,it becomes1 says one1 the social clearing house where experiences and ideas are exchanged and new lines of thought and inquiry are set up4 ,one of the most interesting things in the school library work is the use of books and magazines for the three minute talks pupils have to give in ,english1 ,french1 ,german and ,latin as cultivation in the art of oral expression4 ,they may chose anything that interests them or would interest the class1--some interesting bit of news in the morning's paper1 some anecdote about a famous person1 an account in the ,survey of the ,camp-fire girls1 etc4 ,the search for material for these three minute talks makes the school library a busy place at times4 ,students vie with one another to bring to class the most interesting contribution from history1 biography1 literature1 current events1 etc4 ,so interested are the students in this kind of library work that some of them began making a rough index of material in newspapers1 magazines and books that would be good for such talks4 ,the use of the library depends not so much upon the subject as upon the teacher1--a teacher of mathematics who is a constant reader will get the students to make a better use of the library than the ,english teacher who prides herself that she has taught ,shakespeare's ,as you like it so thoroughly inch by inch that her pupils cannot possibly fail in the final examination4 ,the biology teacher whose one cry a few years ago was the need of cultivating the powers of observation now acknowledges that the books in the school library or public library are needed to make the laboratory and field work of greatest value4 ,even the instructors in the gymnasium feel that books may help4 ,interesting books such as ,mrs4 ,richards' ,art of living1 ,dr4 ,gulick's ,mind and work1 ,woods ,hutchinson's practical talks on the subject of health1 etc41 are placed on reserve shelves or tables and read by pupils not as required reading but because they find them interesting4 ,students interested in problems in chemistry or in the work of physics come up to the school library for a free study period to look over the books on the library shelves and to read them on the suggestion of the teacher4 ,school library reading is coming more and more to be the result of suggestion rather than compulsion4 ,history teachers add to the interest of the recitation by suggesting collateral reading which will appeal to the students1--biography1 historical fiction1 orations1 poetry1 and drama are all called into play1 attention is called to articles in current periodicals and a wise use of the daily paper is made in order to interest students in history in the making4 ,the history teacher posts on the bulletin board interesting subjects for special topics1 brief oral reports to the class on interesting material outside the text book and students eagerly volunteer to look them up in the library and report to the class4 ,how did the ,romans tell the time of day8 ,describe the daily life of a monk1 ,methods of travel in the middle ages1 etc4 ,debates also are an important feature of the history recitation3 ,which contributed most to civilization1 the ,greeks or the ,romans8 ,in ,english there has been a great revolution recently4 ,aside from the interesting work in oral expression already mentioned teachers are beginning to realize that training in the power of expression and the cultivation of taste and appreciation must come from extensive reading of good books1 rather than intensive reading of a few4 ,supplementary reading is no longer an assignment of a standard work of literature to be taken as a dose of medicine by the pupil with the comforting assurance of the teacher that it will do him good4 ,with the best ,english teachers supplementary reading is really an introduction to the best books in school library and public library1 books to be read not for marks but for pleasure with the hope that it may mean a permanent interest in good reading1 a wise use of the public library and the building up of home libraries4 ,the supplementary reading list of today is a list of many different kinds of interesting books1 old and new1 which ought to appeal to the average high school boy or girl4 ,there is ample opportunity for each to find something which he will really like and he may take his choice4 ,the skillful ,english teacher no longer spoils this reading by requiring an examination as to plot1 character development1 climax1 etc4 ,instead of this dreaded written report which was warranted to dull the interest in the most exciting novel as it haunted the reader all the way through the book the recitation is occasionally given up to an informal talk about the books the pupils have read and enjoyed--very much such a book symposium as we librarians delight in4 ,the enthusiasm of a pupil in his report on a book will create an immediate demand for it4 ,i want that book you talked about in class1 it must be a dandy one1 the librarian hears one student say to another as they browse at noon among the books of fiction4 ,in the more intensive study of the masterpieces of ,english literature the best ,english teachers make the study one of training in appreciation and not an exercise in mental gymnastics or a process of vivisection4 ,they realize with ,burroughs that if you tear a thing all into bits you haven't the thing itself any more4 ,they have the pupils read other works for comparison1--the ,alcestis and ,medea and compare them with some of ,shakespeare's plays they have been studying4 ,if reading ,lycidas1 then ,theocritus1 ,shelley's ,adonais1 ,arnold's ,thyrsis are read and discussed4 ,in studying ,burke1 orations by ,lord ,chatham and ,mansfield are read and compared4 ,students find in this comparative work a great delight and in this work as well as in the debates which ,english teachers encourage some of them surprise us with their powers of discrimination and their deep thinking4 ,all of this calls for the use of many kinds of books in school and public library4 ,my third plea for a school library is in the needs of individual students for a guidance in their reading which can be better given by the librarian in the school library than in the busy public library4 ,the school librarian has the teacher always close at hand and can know the problems of these teachers in their work with pupils4 ,through attendance at the teachers' meeting she can keep in close touch with the school's methods of work and its ideals4 ,she can unify the library work which the school is urging upon the pupils as twenty branch librarians working with groups of these same students cannot do4 ,she comes to know each of these hundreds or thousands of pupils better even than some of the teachers in these large schools who have them in their classes for only six months or a year while she has them in the library every day for four years and comes in close personal touch with them4 ,she knows them through their parents1 their teachers1 and their friends and can sometimes find the point of contact which certain teachers have failed to find4 ,we must make the school library do for the pupils what the little home library used to do for many of us4 ,in these days of apartment houses and tenements1 when families move about so constantly there is little chance for the home library4 ,my fourth plea for a library within the high school building is that it is absolutely necessary as a connecting link between the high school and public library in our large cities4 ,wonderful things may be accomplished by the high school librarian1 who believes the most important work of the school library is preparation for the best use of the public library and who encourages the use of the public library through all the four years4 ,she can be an excellent go between not only for pupils who do not use the public library1 but between public library and principals and teachers who have no idea what it can do for them4 ,she can enlighten them on the functions of this institution of the people1--show them how much more it is than what they suppose it to be1 a collection of fiction for those too poor to buy their own books4 ,she can enlighten teachers as to the necessity for giving the reference librarian due notice when material is to be needed by classes on a special topic1 and the need for ascertaining whether there really is any available material before requiring reports from students on impossible subjects4 ,she can bring about a personal acquaintance of high school teachers and librarians in public libraries and invite the library workers in public libraries to conferences with teachers in the school library4 ,she can take a census of each entering class at high school and find how many are not using the public library and why4 ,such a census shows usually #cj who have no library cards4 ,some have their cards taken from them by parents when they enter high school lest they read so many books it interferes with their studies4 ,this is a frequent occurrence4 ,in other cases a heavy fine has made a drain upon the purse of some poor mother and she has vowed that not one of her children should have a card in the public library4 ,many of this #cj have never cared enough for books to have a card in the public library4 ,the librarian who finds these conditions early in the term explains to parents by personal notes and interviews that library cards in the public library will be an absolute necessity for high school work4 ,students who have never had cards are urged to apply for them at once and they are sent to just the right person in the public library who will take an interest in them1 often a personal note of introduction being given to the pupil to make that first visit to the public library easy and pleasant4 ,in addition to the possibilities in high school library work already mentioned the librarian has opportunities for doing many things not possible or not done so easily in the public library4 #a4 ,creating the right attitude towards the library reading called for by the modern high school4 ,the old time school library was not a pleasant place4 ,she can introduce public library methods1--an attractive room1 plants1 pictures1 bulletin board1 etc4 ,let them feel an atmosphere of friendliness from the start and bring in the spirit of joy rather than stern duty by making the first visit a delight4 ,an informal library reception to each entering class or to groups of #dj or more as they enter the school until all have had this meeting with the librarian1 makes a good start4 ,here the students are shown the beautiful illustrated books1 pictures1 etc41 and librarian and pupils talk over the books they have read and liked4 ,teacher and librarian call attention to books they may like to read during free study periods and pupils are made to feel that the library reading is one of the pleasures of high school life4 #b4 ,the study period4 ,this has marvelous opportunities for the librarian4 ,here1 every #dj minutes come from #fj to #ajj pupils1 filling every available seat4 ,many come for definite reference work1 special topics1 required reading1--many just to spend a free period in browsing4 ,in our best high school libraries there is as little red tape as possible1 even library passes being dispensed with at times4 ,pupils are free to use books as they choose4 ,they crowd around the library bulletin boards for suggestions as to good books to read1 interesting magazine articles1 a glimpse of the day's news as it had been clipped by seniors and posted in the form of a model newspaper under heading1 ,foreign affairs1 ,national1 ,state1 ,city1 ,art1 ,civic and social betterment1 etc4 ,the bulletin boards call attention to special art exhibits in the city1 to musical opportunities in the way of opera and concerts1 etc4 ,teachers in the various departments make the department bulletin boards in the library a constant means of awakening interest4 ,the ,french department posts post cards showing views of places mentioned in their reading4 ,latin teachers post reading lists on life in the time of ,cicero1 and pictures of ,pompeian houses1 furniture1 cooking utensils1 etc41 to make the life real4 ,often at the close of a study period if all are through their regular work the librarian gives an informal three minute talk on some interesting thing on the bulletin boards1 urges the reading of some poem or essay or new book of biography1 such as ,mary ,antin1 calls attention to some unusually good magazine article1 or to some good edition of a book to buy and own1--,hugh ,thomson's illustrated ,silas ,marner in the ,cranford series1 ,pride and ,prejudice in ,everyman's series1 library binding1 as a good edition to take out into the country for summer reading4 #c4 ,instruction in use of books4 ,in the school library far better than by sending classes out to the public library definite and systematic instruction can be given by librarian on the uses of books4 ,a regular schedule for this work is prepared by principal or head of ,english department and lessons1 lectures1 quizzes and problems are given by teacher or librarian as a part of the school work4 ,by working in this close touch with teachers1 problems will relate directly to their every day class work4 #d4 ,the library as a social center4 ,here the librarian in the school finds boundless opportunities not possible in public library work4 ,parents' receptions are held in the evenings in the large and beautiful library room and the librarian acts as hostess4 ,here come rich and poor of all nationalities1--learned and unlearned and the librarian meets them all1 talk over with them1 the boys and girls1 shows them what the library tries to do for them and goes over the parents' problems with those who read too much or those who are reading trash1--and last but not least those who do not like to read4 ,the librarian suggests good books and good editions for parents to buy and the number of note books and pencils at work show how eager many are for this help--they delight in the beautiful illustrated books almost as much as the boys and girls4 ,the noon hour offers great possibilities to the school librarian4 ,here she is at home to all students who want to talk about books4 ,around her desk is held a daily book symposium4 ,absolute freedom and frankness is encouraged4 ,she is aided in her recommendations by the pupils' own comments of approval and their word goes farther with a doubting soul than any word of hers4 ,if a pupil returns a book with ,i don't like it1 the librarian tries to find where the trouble was4 ,if it was the first page or chapter which seemed uninteresting she points out the place just ahead where it begins to be most interesting1 gets a student nearby who read and liked the book to tell just enough to show the doubting pupil what he is missing by not reading it4 ,or1 if on talking with the pupil it seems he would not like that particular book she assures him it is nothing to be ashamed of if one does not like all great books1--that we have to grow up to some1 that some may never be interesting to us while absorbingly interesting to others4 ,the personal equation has to be considered4 ,library reading clubs are a great power for influencing the reading of high school pupils4 ,it is the age of clubs and organizations4 ,in the books the pupils choose while browsing the librarian finds a point of contact and by the reading clubs can direct the voluntary reading4 ,interests unsuspected by teachers are revealed to the school librarian4 ,an interest in art by a pupil thought hopeless in mathematics and physics and only a fair student in other things4 ,the librarian in the school has expert aid in this club work4 ,for the library reading club on art she selects the most inspiring and sympathetic art teacher on the faculty4 ,for those who are reading ,darwin and ,spencer and ,huxley1 the finest teacher in biology who thoroughly knows the literature and can make the reading mean much4 ,for those interested in civic and social questions1 clubs for discussion and debate are formed with ,english and history teachers for advisers1 but all center in the school library and meet there after school4 ,after school1 also where the library is large or there are two rooms1 students may stay to study1--tenement homes and apartments are often difficult places for quiet work4 ,for our own school a biography reading club has been a great success1 the students reading interesting biographies of famous women1 ,alice ,freeman ,palmer1 ,carla ,wenckebach1 ,jane ,addams1 ,florence ,nightingale1 etc4 ,also lives of great explorers1 artists1 musicians1 statesmen1 etc4 #e4 ,vocational guidance4 ,this is coming to mean great possibilities4 ,if the librarian is sympathetic and has won the hearts of the students they will come naturally to her as a source of information on what a boy or girl can do to earn a living4 ,it is a serious problem to the high school pupil1--often there is no one at home to help4 ,the librarian must be ready with books1 pamphlets1 clippings to lay before the student the many possibilities in choosing a vocation4 ,the books on these subjects are the most popular books in the library of a large boys high school4 ,catalogs of technical and trade schools1 etc41 should be on file for reference for students desiring to plan special courses in high school to meet their entrance requirements4 ,where there is a committee of teachers on vocational direction the librarian can be of great service in aiding in collections of books1 magazines and pamphlet material4 ,these possibilities of the high school library make it a most tempting field for any one interested in work with the older boys and girls4 ,the librarian has the opportunity of making the school library3 7#a7 ,a great working laboratory for all departments which will meet their needs for reference and serve to stimulate interest or awaken interest in the work of class room or laboratory4 7#b7 ,a preparatory school for the best use of college or public library by training students in the use of a library during the four years in school4 7#c7 ,compensation to the students for the lack of a home library4 ,carefully selected1 largely a collection of the best books on the subjects which high school pupils would be interested in and containing all the really great things in the world's literature it affords a browsing place which should mean that inspiring and stimulating contact with books which many have felt in their home libraries1 and it should mean also that personal guidance of the reading of the individual which in more fortunate homes parents give to their children4 ,and perhaps quite as important as any other is the possibility of opening up to the high school students and teachers the great resources of the public library4 ,the success of the high school library of the future will depend largely upon its relation to the public library4 ,we are just at the beginning of things today in this matter of co-operation and shall probably see important developments along this line during the next five years4 ,mr4 ,gilbert ,o4 ,ward1 supervisor of high school branches1 ,cleveland public library1 led the discussion on ,miss ,hall's paper4 ,he said in part3 ,high school pupils after all are a very small proportion of the school community4 ,why should a public library put an expensive assistant into a high school1 where1 after all1 the actual numbers affected are small8 ,one answer is this3 ,high school students like college students1 though in a less degree1 are a chosen few4 ,they are in a position to become naturally leaders in the community4 ,and it seems to me that public libraries which have the chance to establish high school branches should consider the possibilities of the indirect influence on the community as well as the direct influence on the limited number of high school students4 ,in considering now the relation between high school library and public library1 let us first sum up the needs of the high school1 the points in which the public library fails to meet the situation1 and the points in which the independent high school library is liable to failure3 ,the high school needs3 #a4 ,books1 freely duplicated1 including general reference books1 books relating to school work and selected general reading adapted to the abilities and appreciation of high school students4 #b4 ,a trained librarian4 ,the progressive high school needs these in the building as it needs a chemical laboratory in the building4 ,there is no better reason for making a student go to the public library for an ordinary bit of class work1 than for sending him to the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 for his gymnasium work4 ,the public library fails with the high schools as follows3 #a4 ,it generally lacks official standing in the school plan1 hence it has to work with the individual teacher or principal as chance offers4 #b4 ,teachers are often too indifferent1 careless1 or over-pressed by work to come to the public library4 #c4 ,visits to the public library for reference work1 inside or outside of school hours1 takes up pupils' time1 even if the school is convenient to the public library4 ,this difficulty gets worse as reference work increases4 #d4 ,library instruction should cover a number of periods1 and if given in the public library1 the necessary number of visits deranges schedules1 wastes time and raises questions of discipline4 #e4 ,the public library is sometimes unable or unwilling to duplicate books freely enough to meet school needs4 #f4 ,the public library is not on the spot to answer instant needs4 ,the independent high school library meets peculiar difficulties and dangers in fulfilling its duty4 ,it is right to say here that the highest point of development in high school libraries has1 to the best of my knowledge1 been reached in certain high schools in which the library has no connection with the public library1 but where it is managed by a well-paid1 trained and experienced librarian4 ,generally speaking1 however1 especially in the case of high schools which do not employ a trained librarian1 ,i think ,i may say that the independent high school library at present is likely to be narrow in scope1 badly administered1 self centered and neglectful of co-operation with the public library1 and hampered by red tape getting books promptly through boards of education4 ,neither school library nor public library1 it seems to me1 can alone meet high school needs4 ,the school library needs the public library because of the broadening influence of the usually larger institution4 ,it needs the resources of the usually larger collection4 ,it can often benefit by suggestion and aid in administrative details1 especially when in untrained hands4 ,the public library needs the school library1 among other reasons1 to bring it into closer contact with the school system officially4 ,the public library1 it seems to me1 should require the high school librarian to attend its regular staff meetings if she be a public library official or invite her to attend them if she is not4 ,the high school librarian in many cases attends school faculty meetings1 and by regularly attending public library staff meetings she can intelligently interpret school to public library and vice versa4 ,the public library needs the high school library so as to get earlier and more certain information of books needed for class use1 for the purpose of reserving in the public library or of concentrating them in the school library4 ,six copies of a title concentrated at call in the high school library and lent from there for short loans1 prevent a few students from monopolizing books1 and so do much more satisfactory work than twice the number lent from the public library in the usual way4 ,in general1 the public library by working through the high school library should work more effectively by meeting the school on its own ground4 ,it is pretty clear1 ,i think1 that the school library and the public library need each other4 ,the questions remaining are3 ,what kind of co-operation is most effective8 ,how can that co-operation be brought about8 ,i doubt if there is a universal answer for either question4 ,i think that local conditions will have to be studied in each case1 and under local conditions ,i include the school situation1 the public library situation1 personalities1 local politics1 etc4 ,miss ,hall has found a satisfactory answer for the library controlled by the school4 ,the solution which has come under my observation is the administration of the school library by the public library1 with a division between school and public library1 of the expense4 ,this plan in one form or another is now being tried with the high school libraries in five cities--,cleveland1 ,o42 ,madison1 ,wis42 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j42 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j42 and ,portland1 ,ore4 ,this includes eleven libraries actually in operation1 and five others in contemplation4 ,the plan has also been adopted1 ,i am informed1 by a number of towns in ,new ,jersey4 ,in bringing about co-operation1 the first step is to make a careful1 thorough study of conditions1 not forgetting the questions1 ,what is the attitude of the principal8 and1 ,which can pay the higher salary--public library or high school8 ,the results under any plan1 may we add1 depend on the high school librarian4 ,she should have a college education to put her on a par with the teaching staff4 ,she must be adaptable4 ,she must have solid book knowledge1 especially of ,english and history4 ,she must be able to manage a room full of students without fuss or strain4 ,a raw high school graduate with a smattering of technique will not do4 ,finally1 whatever the public library's part in the scheme of co-operation1 the public library must be willing to view the subject from the school side1 and be willing to adapt its methods to school needs4 ,a short business session of the active members of the session followed this meeting4 ,upon recommendation of the ,nominating ,committee the following officers were elected3 ,chairman1 ,miss ,effie ,l4 ,power1 supervisor of children's work1 ,st4 ,louis public library2 vice-chairman1 ,miss ,alice ,goddard1 head of children's department1 ,washington ,county free library1 ,hagerstown1 ,md41 and secretary1 ,miss ,hannah ,m4 ,lawrence1 children's librarian1 ,buffalo public library4 ,,college ,,and ,,reference ,,section ,,first ,,session 7,friday1 ,june #bh1 #h3ae p4 m47 ,the first session of the ,college and ,reference section was held on the evening of ,june #bh1 in the banquet room of the ,chateau ,laurier1 about #ge people being present4 ,in the absence of ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,root1 chairman of the section1 and ,miss ,irene ,warren1 secretary1 the meeting was called to order by ,mr4 ,p4 ,l4 ,windsor1 who had at the request of ,dr4 ,root and of ,mr4 ,utley1 arranged the program2 ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,brandenburg acted as secretary4 ,mr4 ,,theodore ,w4 ,,koch1 librarian of the ,university of ,michigan1 read the first paper entitled ,,some ,,phases ,,of ,,the ,,administrative ,,history ,,of ,,college ,,and ,,university ,,libraries#h ,the development of college and university libraries has been so rapid during the past score of years that it may be worth while to turn back for a moment and collect a few illustrations of early ideas of library management from the history of the older universities4 ,the most interesting ones for this purpose are those of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 ,harvard1 ,yale and ,columbia universities4 #h ,abridged from an address delivered before the ,new ,york ,state ,library ,school and the ,university of ,michigan ,summer ,library ,school4 ,the ,bodleian in its reorganized form was opened in #afjb with a stock of two thousand five hundred volumes--a fairly large collection for those days4 ,it had been established in ,duke ,humphrey's day in a suite of rooms over the ,divinity ,school far removed as the old university records put it1 from any worldly noise4 ,the first rules for the government of the library were drafted by ,bodley himself4 ,while in general they were wise ones1 they reflected the spirit of the times in which they were written4 ,sir ,thomas objected to the inclusion of belles-lettres as beneath the dignity of the institution he was fostering4 ,i can see no good reason1 said he1 to alter my rule for excluding such books as ,almanacks1 ,plays1 and an infinite number that are daily printed of very unworthy matters4 ,haply some plays may be worthy the keeping--but hardly one in forty4444 ,this is my opinion1 wherein if ,i err ,i shall err with infinite others2 and the more ,i think upon it1 the more it doth distaste me that such kinds of books should be vouchsafed room in so noble a library4 ,scholars were required to leave a deposit in cash as a pledge of good faith when borrowing books1 but the deposit was usually a mere trifle compared with the value of the loan4 ,unscrupulous borrowers willingly forfeited the money and kept the manuscripts4 ,some volumes were stolen1 while others were entered in the catalog as missing1 a distinction with perhaps very little difference4 ,tradition says that ,polidore ,virgil had stolen so many books that the authorities were finally compelled to deny him access to the library1 whereupon he promptly obtained from ,henry ,,viii a special license to borrow whatever manuscripts he desired and the librarian had to bow to the ruling of the ,king4 ,in a manuscript copy of the works of ,st4 ,augustine and ,st4 ,ambrose in the ,bodleian1 is written1 ,this book belongs to ,st4 ,mary of ,robert's ,bridge3 ,whosoever steals it1 or sells it1 or takes it away from this house in any way1 or injures it1 let him be anathema maranatha4 ,underneath another hand has written1 ,i1 ,john1 ,bishop of ,exeter1 do not know where the said house is3 ,i did not steal this book1 but got it lawfully4 ,at one time folios in the ,bodleian were chained to the shelves but the custom was given up and the chains sold for old iron in #agfi4 ,that the arrangements at the ,bodleian were viewed with favor by library benefactors can be seen from a letter which the worthy ,john ,hollis of ,london1 second founder of ,harvard ,college library1 sent to the authorities at ,cambridge in #agce3 ,you want seats to sit and read in and chains to your valuable books like our ,bodleian library or ,zion ,college in ,london4 ,you let your books be taken at pleasure to men's houses and many are lost1 your boyish students take them to their chambers and tear out pictures and maps to adorn their walls4 ,gibbon in his autobiography has commented upon the sloth of #ahth century ,oxford and its absolute indifference to study4 ,the records of the ,bodleian substantiate the low point to which the intellectual life of the university had ebbed4 ,the registers of books borrowed for the decade #agcj-agdj show that only rarely were more than one or two books asked for in a day4 ,in some cases a whole week is passed over without a single entry being made4 ,the indifference throughout the university showed itself in the management of the library4 ,for #ib years1 that is1 from #agfh-ahfj1 the ,bodleian was so unfortunate as to be in the hands of only two men1 the ,reverend ,john ,price1 of ,jesus ,college1 who died in his eightieth year1 and ,dr4 ,bulkeley ,bandinel1 his son-in-law1 who lived to be even a year older than his predecessor4 ,as an illustration of ,price's ideas of librarianship we have it noted by ,professor ,beddoes that he discouraged readers by neglect and incivility1 was very careless in regard to the value or condition of the books he purchased1 and had little knowledge of foreign publications4 ,when ,captain ,cook's ,voyages were first published there was quite a demand for the work4 ,librarian ,price promptly loaned it to the ,rector of ,lincoln ,college1 telling him that the longer he kept it out the better1 for as long as it was known to be in the library he would be perpetually plagued by inquiries after it4 ,price has been compared to the verger who sorrowfully complained that people were continually invading his church and praying all over the place4 ,however1 it must in justice be said that ,price's correspondence as printed by ,john ,nichols in his ,illustrations of the literary history of the #ahth century1 shows him to have been helpful to some of the scholars of his day4 ,bodleian's librarians in the eighteenth century were mostly clerks in holy orders and it was not uncommon for them to fail to open the library at all on a ,saturday if they were taking duty in the country1 on the following day4 ,there is preserved in the ,bodleian a scrap of paper which an angry scholar affixed to the door of the library in #ahjf when he found it closed contrary to the statutes4 ,on it were these words in ,greek3 ,woe unto you who have taken away the key of knowledge6 ,ye enter not yourself and hinder those who come4 ,how striking is the difference between the lax administration of the #ahth century and that of the #bjth can be seen by a study of the ,bodleian staff-calendar1 an annual of over #djj pages in which are listed day by day the special duties of various members of the staff1 with all sorts of suggestions for the improvement of the service4 ,king ,george ,,iii in his famous interview with ,dr4 ,johnson asked whether there were better libraries at ,oxford or at ,cambridge4 ,the sage replied that he believed the ,bodleian was larger than any library they had at ,cambridge1 at the same time adding1 ,i hope whether we have more books or not than they have at ,cambridge we shall make as good use of them as they do1--a reply which ,i always like to associate with the remark of ,dr4 ,cogswell3 ,i would as soon tell you how many tons the ,astor ,library weighs1 as how many volumes it contains4 ,while the university library at ,cambridge has never been the recipient of such large and rich donations as has the ,bodleian1 it is today one of the best stocked university libraries in the world4 ,its first benefactor was ,thomas ,scott of ,rotheram1 archbishop of ,york1 who not only gave #bjj books and manuscripts1 but also the first library building4 ,despite other benefactions the collection appeared but mean in the eyes of ,john ,evelyn when he visited it in #afed4 ,among the earliest gifts to one of the college libraries at ,cambridge there are some volumes which raise curious questions4 ,according to ,dr4 ,montague ,r4 ,james1 the provost of ,king's ,college1 ,cambridge1 one book has the ,bury bookmark and evidently came from that source2 another belonged to the canons of ,hereford1 another to ,worcester1 and another to ,durham4 ,how and under what conditions did the early collegiate and monastic bodies part with these8 ,was there not very probably an extensive system of sale of duplicates8 ,i prefer this notion1 writes ,dr4 ,james1 to the idea that they got rid of their books indiscriminately1 because the study of monastic catalogs shows quite plainly that the number of duplicates in any considerable library was very large4 ,on the other hand it is clear that books often got out of the old libraries into the hands of quite unauthorized persons3 so that there was probably both fair and foul play in the matter4 ,the most famous librarian of ,cambridge ,university library was ,henry ,bradshaw1 who not only left a strong impress upon the paleographers and historians of his day1 but did much for librarianship by his contributions to bibliography and his work on the printed catalogs issued by the ,cambridge ,university library4 ,he believed in making the library as accessible as possible to those who were entitled to its use4 ,the watchwords of his administration were liberty and discretion1 liberty for the people to go freely about the whole library1 examining and borrowing such books as they liked1 and discretion on the part of the administration in putting such extremely moderate restrictions upon this freedom that the security of its most precious books were safeguarded and the presence of the books most constantly needed for reference was assured without undue interference with freedom of access to the shelves or the borrowing of books from the library4 ,his management of the university library was not in all respects satisfactory1 due mostly to the fact that the staff was very inadequate to the task of the attempted reclassification of the large collection of books1 and also to the crowded condition of the building4 ,bradshaw did not have a marked capacity for working through subordinates4 ,he could not1 said one of his assistants1 bring himself to allow any one to answer letters for him4 ,he used to carry large numbers of unanswered letters in his coat pockets and would sometimes take them out and show them with a certain mischievous glee and say in his droll way1 ,i am too wicked4 ,what shall ,i do8 ,no one knew this failing better than himself4 ,he once remarked to ,thomas ,buchanan ,read1 who wanted some information from him1 ,you had better come and get what you can by word of mouth4 ,i offend lots of my friends by not answering their letters1 or by losing them like yours4 ,one friend1 to whom he had long promised a visit and who could not get a definite answer to his invitations1 sent ,bradshaw two post cards on one of which was written ,yes1 and on the other ,no1 asking him to post one or the other4 ,bradshaw promptly posted both1 although by the next mail he wrote to say that he would come1--and he kept his promise4 ,bradshaw used to say that whenever he was asked to send back an interesting book he suffered from a chronic paralysis of the will and could not return it until the fit had passed away4 ,in matters of routine business he was1 however1 seldom behind time and his library accounts were always accurately kept4 ,he was very strict about the observance of the library rules and could never tolerate seeing books mishandled4 ,dr4 ,zupitza1 a great friend and admirer of ,bradshaw1 tells how one day he was making notes in ink from the famous manuscript of ,bede's ,ecclesiastical history1 in the ,cambridge ,university ,library when ,bradshaw happened to notice him4 ,you ,germans have no reverence1 said the librarian as he rushed at the ink bottle and carried it away4 ,a manuscript of that character was not to be approached with anything more dangerous than a lead pencil4 ,bradshaw had no personal ambition and was only too eager to give away such information as he possessed4 ,he put his vast store of knowledge at the disposal of his large group of friends and their books were all the better for his bibliographical zeal4 ,he himself left comparatively little finished work4 ,my province1 he once wrote1 is to give help on certain details which most people don't care about4 ,before leaving ,oxford and ,cambridge1 a word must be said about the individual college libraries4 ,many of these date from the #aeth century when it was the exception rather than the rule for university students to own books4 ,books were rented from both booksellers and tutors4 ,the college libraries then1 as today1 did not have enough copies of text-books to go around4 ,the statutes of ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 ,oxford1 dating from #addf1 forbade a scholar the continual use of a book in the library for more than one hour or at most two hours1 for fear that others wanting the book might be hindered from the use of it4 ,most of the two score colleges of ,oxford and ,cambridge have their own libraries1 many of them filled to overflowing with precious manuscripts and old authors4 ,while the manuscripts1 like those of ,corpus ,christi1 naturally attract scholars from all over the world1 the libraries are now comparatively little used by the students of the universities themselves4 ,this is not surprising when it is known that to some of them no books have been added for a century or more4 ,there is no union depository catalog in a central place showing what these libraries contain and very little correlation1 although there has been some specialization1 as in the dramatic collection at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 or the modern history at ,merton ,college1 ,oxford4 ,several years ago when ,i visited the ,bodleian ,library1 ,i was shown around the portion known as ,duke ,humphrey's library1 and when ,i admired the old parchment bound volumes in the alcoves my guide remarked sententiously3 ,these books were on these shelves when the ,pilgrims sailed for ,america4 ,that remark points to an essential difference between many of the old world libraries and those of this country4 ,the museum feature which is so strong in the administration of some of the ,european libraries is much less prominent in those of the ,united ,states4 ,illustrations of university library history in this country naturally begin with ,harvard4 ,the library there was begun on the death of its first benefactor in #afch with his bequest of #cbj volumes4 ,the ,mathers were among the largest collectors of books in their day in ,new ,england but few of their possessions passed into the college collection1 most of the ,mather library having been destroyed in #agge during the battle of ,bunker ,hill4 ,about the close of the #agth century ,cotton ,mather said of the ,harvard ,college ,library that while it was far from a ,vatican or ,bodleian dimension he considered it the best furnished that can be shown anywhere in the ,american regions4 ,the fire of #agfc which destroyed the first ,harvard ,hall destroyed also the entire college library1 housed in an upper room1 with the exception of one volume3 ,downame's ,christian ,warfare1 which was out in circulation at the time4 ,may ,harvard ,library1 wrote ,john ,barnard of ,marblehead1 rise out of its ashes with new life and vigor1 and be durable as the sun1 tho' the building is a nuisance4 ,this contemptuous sounding phrase1 intended to describe the ruined building1 can again almost be justified in connection with the overcrowded and outgrown structure of today4 ,the first general catalog of the library1 printed in #agij1 containing #cej pages1 devotes #ajj pages to theological tracts1 #ej to religious books1 #c-a_/b to ,bibles1 #c_/d of a page to periodicals1 #d to books of travel1 and ten to ,greek and ,latin authors--all of which shows how closely the college had held to its original purpose as a training school for the ministry4 ,there was practically no change in the curriculum at ,harvard ,college during the first two centuries of its existence4 ,the old classical course as pursued by our forefathers required comparatively few books4 ,with the introduction of such studies as modern history and languages1 the sciences and economics1 came the demand for access to many books1 both old and new4 ,that books were regarded as a first essential in the establishment of colleges in the ,new ,world is shown not only by the terms of ,john ,harvard's will1 which bequeathed one-half of his estate and all his library towards the erecting of a college1 but also by the picturesque founding of ,yale ,college4 ,eleven ministers met in ,new ,haven in #agjj agreeing to form a college4 ,each member brought a number of books and presented them to the body1 and laying them on the table said these words1 or to this effect3 ,i give these books for the founding of a college in this colony4 ,then the trustees as a body took possession of them and appointed the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,russel of ,branford as keeper of the library1 which at that time consisted of about #dj folio volumes4 ,the library with the additions which came in was kept at ,branford for nearly three years1 and was then carried to ,killingworth4 ,in #agfe the library had grown to #d1jjj volumes1 showing a growth of only #fj volumes a year through two generations4 ,other ,american university libraries showed equally modest beginnings4 ,in a letter from ,president ,manning to ,dr4 ,llewellyn1 #ageb1 is found the following reference to the early efforts made on behalf of the library of ,brown ,university3 ,at present we have but about #bej volumes and these not well chosen1 being such as our friends could best spare1 a statement which was equally true of many other college libraries of that period4 ,the vicissitudes of ,american university libraries in their early years would seem to have been enough to discourage any but the stoutest hearted librarian4 ,thus the ,king's ,college buildings in ,new ,york having been required by the ,british for a military hospital1 the books were deposited in the ,city ,hall or elsewhere4 ,three years later some #fjj or #gjj volumes were found in a room in ,st4 ,paul's ,chapel4 ,how they got there is a mystery1 but they were all that remained of the nucleus of what is today the ,columbia ,university ,library4 ,mr4 ,john ,pintard1 the founder of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society used to say that he remembered seeing the ,british soldiers carry away the books from the college library in their knapsacks and barter them for grog4 ,horace ,walpole in his ,memoirs sneers at the ,prince of ,wales1 afterwards ,george ,,iii1 for presenting a collection of books to an ,american college during the ,revolutionary ,war1 and says that1 instead of books1 his ,royal ,highness ought to have sent arms and ammunition4 ,in his report as secretary of the ,smithsonian ,institution for #ahej1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jewett wrote3 ,our colleges are mostly eleemosynary institutions4 ,their libraries are frequently the chance aggregation of the gifts of charity2 too many of them discarded1 as well-nigh worthless1 from the shelves of donors4 7,but7 among them are some very important collections1 chosen with care and competent learning1 purchased with economy and guarded with prudence4 ,in #ahej ,marshall ,college at ,mercersburg1 ,pa41 reported that the college library is distributed among the professors--each professor having charge of those books pertaining to his department4 ,until comparatively recent years the periodicals subscribed to by one of our western state universities were sent direct to the homes of the professors interested and whether they were brought to the library later for binding depended upon the whim of the professor4 ,one of the striking contrasts between the college library of today and that of the middle of the last century is shown by a comparison of the hours of opening4 ,the ,chinese character for library means a place for hiding books1 and if some members of the present day faculties think there is still justification for this pictograph1 what would they say of the apology for a library which their predecessors had to contend with8 ,in #ahej the libraries at ,amherst and ,trinity1 for example1 were open once a week from #a to #c p4 m41 at ,princeton one hour twice a week1 at the ,university of ,missouri one hour every two weeks4 ,at the ,university of ,alabama there was a rule that the books shall ordinarily be received at the door1 without admitting the applicant into the library room4 ,harvard with its #bh hours of opening per week was as usual in the vanguard of progress1 but contrast even those liberal hours with present day schedules of #hi hours and even more per week and you see that there has been considerable progress along this line4 ,a quarter of a century ago the library in most of our institutions1 said the late ,president ,harper in an address delivered in #ahid1 even the oldest1 was scarcely large enough1 if one were to estimate values1 to deserve the name of library4 ,so far as it had location1 it was the place to which the professor was accustomed to make his way occasionally1 the student almost never4 ,it was open for consultation during perhaps one hour a day for three days a week4 ,the better class of students1 it was understood1 had no time for reading4 ,it was only the 'ne'er do well1' the man with little interest in the class-room text-book1 who could find time for general reading4 ,such reading was a distraction1 and a proposition that one might profit by consulting other books which bore upon the subject or subjects treated in the text-book would have been scouted4 ,all such work was thought to be distracting4 ,the addition of one hundred volumes in a single year was something noteworthy4 ,the place1 seldom frequented1 was some out-of-the-way room which could serve no other use4 ,the librarian--there was none4 ,why should there have been8 ,any officer of the institution could perform the needed service without greatly increasing the burden of his official duties4 ,that the college library of the middle of the last century was little more than a storehouse for books1 in which the undergraduate had very little interest1 is amply substantiated by the reminiscences of older graduates4 ,to those of us who graduated thirty1 or forty1 or more years ago1 said the late ,william ,frederick ,poole1 books1 outside of text-books used1 had no part in our education4 ,they were never quoted1 recommended1 or mentioned by instructors in the class-room4 ,as ,i remember it1 ,yale ,college library might as well have been in ,wetherfield1 or ,bridgeport1 as in ,new ,haven1 so far as the students in those days were concerned4 ,in the old days at ,columbia ,college1 freshmen and sophomores were allowed to visit the library only once a month to gaze at the backs of books2 the juniors were taken there once a week by a tutor who gave verbal information about the contents of the books1 but only seniors were permitted to open the precious volumes1 which they could draw from the library during one hour on ,wednesday afternoons4 ,in #ahec1 the salary of the librarian of ,columbia was raised to three hundred dollars6 ,professor ,brander ,matthews1 who graduated from ,columbia in #ahga1 says that the library was at that time small and inconvenient and that he never entered it to read a book and never drew one from it during all the time he was an undergraduate4 ,the rules of the old days forbade the use of any lights in the ,harvard ,library1 excepting only when the librarian is obliged to seal official letters with wax he may with proper precautions use a lighted taper for that purpose4 ,this recalls an entry in the diary of ,john ,langdon ,sibley1 who records spending four hours with a lantern and cloak in the chilly cellar where he found many books and pamphlets not in the ,college ,library4 ,mr4 ,sibley1 who spent #cf years in the service of the ,harvard ,library1 has frequently been pictured as typical of the old style collector and custodian of books4 ,the story is told of his having once completed an inventory of the library and1 when seen crossing the yard with a particularly happy smile1 was asked the reason for this pleased expression4 ,all the books are in excepting two1 said he4 ,agassiz has those and ,i am going after them4 ,exaggerated as this picture of him undoubtedly is1 it must be said that he did lay much more emphasis upon the collecting and preservation of books than upon their use4 ,his successor1 ,justin ,winsor1 was the author of the remark which has come to be regarded as one of the truisms of modern librarianship3 ,a book is never so useful as when it is in use4 ,in his second annual report 7#ahgi7 ,mr4 ,winsor thus summed up his idea of library management3 ,diligent administration1 considerate forbearance1 care that no rule is enforced for the sake of mere outward uniformity1 and the establishment of reciprocal confidence between the government and the users of the library1 open the way to many relaxations of old established prohibitions1 which could not be safely allowed if a less conciliatory spirit prevailed4 ,there should be no bar to the use of books1 but the rights of others1 and it is to the credit of the mass of library users that1 when a librarian manifests that single purpose1 he can safely be liberal in the discharge of his trust4 ,mr4 ,winsor had an exceptional faculty for organization and administration4 ,for some time after he left the service of the ,boston ,public ,library it was hardly noticeable that there was no librarian4 ,this was due to the fine organization which ,mr4 ,winsor had effected and did not prove1 as ,alderman ,o',brien of ,boston argued1 that ,mr4 ,winsor's services could easily be dispensed with4 ,he found time for writing history during the years of his librarianship at ,boston and at ,harvard because he knew how to administer4 ,no doubt in his later years the historian in him overshadowed the librarian4 ,the salient feature of ,mr4 ,winsor's administration of the ,harvard ,college ,library lay in the fact that he extended very materially the use of books by students4 ,he instituted the system of reserved books by which the instructor is enabled to have gathered in an accessible place the reading which he required of his classes1--a device absolutely essential in the new method of teaching which substitutes the reading of authorities for the old time study of text-books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and what as to the buildings in which these libraries are housed8 ,the earlier ones like those of ,harvard and ,yale1 were suggestive of ,gothic chapels1 while the later ones1 like ,michigan1 ,illinois and ,cornell1 are based upon an ecclesiastical motif1 and have the questionable addition of a clock tower1 the usual accompanying chimes helping to break into the quiet which it is so desirable to maintain in any library4 ,harvard's ,gore ,hall was an attenuated copy of the chapel of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,england1 and necessarily ill adapted to the needs of a library4 ,it was poorly lighted1 poorly ventilated1 hard to warm in winter1 damp in parts during the spring and autumn4 ,there were no private rooms1 no working room1 no conversation room1 and no reading room worthy of the name4 ,the only saving thing about the management was that the advice of old ,john ,hollis was not followed and both students and professors were allowed to draw books for use in their rooms and homes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in some cases where the library building has been presented as a gift or as a memorial1 trouble has arisen from the proverbial difficulty about examining too closely into the lines of the proposed gift4 ,notable illustrations of this are found in the libraries of ,columbia ,university1 the ,university of ,pennsylvania and the late but not lamented library of ,leland ,stanford ,university4 ,the ,columbia ,university ,library1 the gift of ex-,president ,low in memory of his father1 was designed by ,mc,kim1 ,mead ,white after the plan of the head of the firm1 the late ,mr4 ,charles ,f4 ,mc,kim4 ,some of you may be familiar with the story of the visitor to ,mr4 ,mc,kim's studio asking how he was getting on with the plans for the new library4 ,oh1 everything is going lovely1 said he4 ,you see there on the wall the outline of the facade and the layout of the building4 ,i have worked up all the details of the reading room and the large dome--but ,i don't know where to put the darned books4 ,today1 wrote ,president ,harper1 the chief building in the college1 the building in which is taken the most pride1 is the library4 ,with the stack for storage purposes1 the reading room for reference books1 the offices for delivery1 the rooms for seminary purposes1 it is the center of educational activity4 ,the staff of assistants is often larger than the entire faculty of the same institution thirty years ago4 ,the importance of the university library in the educational work of the institution is being recognized more fully each year4 ,much of the usefulness and attractiveness of the university for its students1 said ,president ,eliot in his annual report for #aije-jf1 depends on the size of the library1 on the promptness with which it obtains the newest interesting books1 and on the efficiency and liberality of its administration4 ,any need of the library is therefore a need of the whole university4 ,the second paper was then read by ,mr4 ,,willard ,,austen1 assistant librarian of ,cornell ,university4 ,his paper1 an abstract of which follows1 was entitled ,,rights ,,of ,,the ,,users ,,of ,a ,,college ,,and ,,university ,,library ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,preserve ,,them ,the problem of administering a college or university library with due regard to the rights of all the users is far from simple4 ,a college or university community is not a democracy1 where all have equal rights4 ,the natural division into two great classes1 the mature teacher and the immature student is the first apparent cause for the modification of privileges4 ,the need of materials for teaching as opposed to the needs of the student suggests other modifications4 ,the need for books of research at home or in the laboratory that may also be wanted for general reading1 introduces a third factor that may disturb any set of rules that may be framed4 ,any reader should be allowed to use any book in the library when and where it is most convenient to do so1 so far as this can be done and preserve the rights of other users and preserve valuable materials not easily replaced for future generations of users4 ,the ability to shift any book from the place where it is little needed to the place where it is much needed1 at a moment's notice1 is the ideal4 ,users may be roughly grouped as follows3 #a4 ,instructors of all grades1 those whose need for books is primarily for teaching4 #b4 ,those doing research work1 which class may include teachers1 graduate and undergraduate students4 #c4 ,students needing books for collateral reading4 #d4 ,general readers of all classes1 and all persons are general readers when not reading for a definite purpose1 but for general culture4 ,obviously the rights of all these classes are not of equal importance4 ,to outline the means of protecting their rights1 it is necessary to classify users by certain of their characteristics which bear no relation to the groups named above4 ,first1 the conscientious worker who1 while using many books1 never retains one beyond his real need for it1 and who constantly bears in mind the possible need that others may have for a book he is using4 ,library rules are not made for such4 ,the next and most difficult class to deal with are those who want to gather about them all the books they can conveniently lay hands on1 with the thought1 that they will come handy some day4 ,a large class1 running down to the lowest ranks of college students1 comprise those who think they must have all the material on a subject at hand at one time4 ,another class1 largely college students1 is made up of those selfish persons who1 having a task1 ride rough shod1 if necessary1 over the rights of others in doing it4 ,then there is the small class that can be designated by no other names than thieves and vandals1 those who steal books1 and cut out text or illustrations4 ,an adequate code of rules and regulations should be drawn up1 care being taken that all rules should be made for the sole purpose of preserving rights and property4 ,of first importance are the regulations for getting books back into the library4 ,a time limit of one month on all books not in use for instruction or research has been fairly successful4 ,all bound volumes of periodicals may be limited to two weeks or one month4 ,a limit may be put on the number of volumes a user may have out at any one time4 ,a requirement that all books must come back to the library1 once a year1 regardless of the use being made of them1 will keep in the library many books that have been left lying around after being used4 ,within the library the problem of making all books available for use when needed is not a simple one4 ,reserve collections1 and the recall of books when needed are familiar practices2 but when the demand for a book is very great1 its use by one person may be limited to one-half or one hour as the case may call for4 ,the failure to return a reserved book when due interferes seriously with others' rights4 ,in these cases students must be made to respect the rights of others1 even at the cost of losing their own privileges which is often a more effective discipline than a money fine4 ,the library shares with other departments of the college or university the duty of teaching students a due regard for the rights of others4 ,the problem of detecting the few thieves and vandals who curse all used libraries1 may require professional advice4 ,few seem to be brought to justice1 in spite of all efforts4 ,whatever measures are employed to protect the users' rights and the library property1 they must have their foundation in a system of classification and notation that clearly indicates in every record the character of the book and its relation to other material in the library2 and in a system of record of use that tells not only where a book is when out1 how long it has been out1 and who is responsible for it1 but also tells the life history of that book from the time it comes into the library until it is worn out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after the discussion of ,mr4 ,austen's paper1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,k4 ,w4 ,,drury1 assistant librarian of the ,university of ,illinois1 presented a paper on ,,do ,,we ,,need ,a ,,short ,,story ,,index8 ,is not this the day of the index8 ,have we not ,poole1 the ,reader's ,guide1 the ,portrait and the ,engineering ,indexes1 ,granger's ,index to ,poetry and ,recitations1 and the ,index to ,victrola ,records8 ,what ,granger is to poetry1 may we not compile for the short story8 ,for if this is the day of the index1 is it any less that of the short story8 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we agree to omit fairy stories and folk tales and most juveniles what is the extent of short story literature8 ,in a very brief survey of the field did ,i not find #djd ,english and ,american authors and #cg foreign authors in ,english translation whose stories have attained book form8 ,let us credit each author with ten titles and we have at once #d1djj stories worthy of recognition4 ,and these do not include the vast horde of stories--literally thousands--that have appeared and are appearing monthly1 weekly1 yea even daily1 in the magazines of the hour4 ,how recent then shall we make our list8 ,shall we anticipate the ,get-rich-quick ,wallingford tale announced for next month8 ,where shall we draw our line8 ,how inclusive shall our list be made8 ,shall the ,saturday ,evening ,post and the two ,sunday magazines be indexed8 ,or shall we stay within the circle of the ,readers' ,guide and the ,magazine subject index8 ,how many of the news-stand best sellers shall be admitted8 ,mr4 ,wyer shows us the million circulation figures of the ,woman's ,world1 ,comfort1 the ,vickery and ,hill list of three 7,happy ,hours1 ,hearth and ,home1 and ,good ,stories71 yet these are not taken by our libraries and if indexed could be consulted with difficulty4 ,where shall we draw this line8 ,again1 how far abroad shall we go8 ,shall the short stories in foreign tongues fraternize with their ,english cousins8 ,or shall they be aliens and only admitted when really anglicized8 ,do we need an index8 ,let us test our present resources4 ,how do you find in which volume of ,kipling is printed ,thrawn ,janet or his ,man who would be king8 ,how many copies of ,the necklace can you supply8 ,granger tells you it is in ,cody's ,world's greatest short stories and your catalog may show it in ,de ,maupassant's works1 or his ,odd number4 ,but how would you find out that this classic is also in ,little ,french masterpieces1 in ,esenwein's book on the short story1 and probably in several other places4 ,somebody comes in and asks for ,napoleon ,jackson and you do not find it in the volumes you have by ,ruth ,mc,enery ,stuart4 ,perhaps it is loaned out4 ,would not such an index show that this story appeared in the ,century for ,january1 #aijb1 under the title ,the gentleman of the plush rocker8 ,vainly have ,i searched through catalogs and bibliographies and even biographies to find in which book of stories by ,adirondack ,murray may be found ,a busted ex-,texan4 ,the book itself must be in hand to find this information4 ,try to search down a particular title by ,stockton1 or ,bret ,harte and you will soon despair4 ,have we not then three distinct classes of publications which can be indexed with profit8 7a7 ,collected stories of authors1 of whom we have listed at least #d1djj4 7b7 ,periodical sets1 which ,poole indexed by titles only1 but since #aijj the ,readers' ,guide has by both author and title4 7c7 ,collections of stories1 of which #gc at least are available today4 ,can we not characterize or classify our short story by some such terms as those used in the ,philadelphia free library ,catalog of ,prose ,fiction1 published in #aijd8 ,have you ever been disappointed in reading a story8 ,have you not often wished to know if it were a good one or worth while before you began it8 ,indeed1 have you not often refrained from reading one for fear of wasting your time8 ,how can we tell about these short stories8 ,are they good or bad8 ,detective or amorous8 ,psychological or mysterious8 ,have you ever seen a short story reviewed8 ,have you any way of knowing8 ,must we read every one to find out8 ,some may be characterized from the author4 ,the ,sherlock ,holmes series are obviously detective stories4 ,we can be pretty sure of ,ambrose ,bierce and ,edgar ,allan ,poe4 ,so stories in ,harper's have a general tone quite characteristic4 ,here at once is a most important and a most difficult part of such an index4 ,is not the value of ,granger immensely increased by the topical index8 ,are we not laboring patiently to classify our novels by subjects8 ,why not also the short story8 ,we may now ask ourselves3 ,what would be the scope of the entries8 ,for discussion1 we suggest3 #a4 ,author list2 giving author1 title1 number of words1 location1 character4 #b4 ,title index4 #c4 ,subject or character index4 ,you will readily see the elements of a dictionary catalog here1 and it is debatable whether to separate the entries in the three groups as above1 or to alphabet them together4 ,shall we double star the #ajj best and star the #ejj next8 ,are not these questions too perplexing1 is not the labor of compilation too arduous1 and is not life too short for the reading and classifying all these titles1 for one person to attempt this task alone8 ,it has seemed so4 ,hence this question mark rampant1 hence this interrogational presentation1 hence this request for co-operation4 ,without the subject characterization one man could do it1 but would not one of the most valuable features be omitted8 ,with definite assignments1 under an editor-in-chief1 is not this index possible8 ,is it not needed8 ,in the discussion it was brought out that the ,chicago public library had made a list of fairy tales1 that the ,cleveland public library had begun a list of short stories not in periodicals1 and that titles of stories frequently occur in reference lists on subjects like1 for example1 ,hallowe'en4 ,after a discussion of ,mr4 ,drury's paper1 ,mr4 ,,robert ,,kendall ,,shaw1 librarian of the ,worcester 7,mass47 free public library1 spoke on the subject ,,is ,,the ,,establishment ,,of ,a ,,central ,,reference ,,bureau ,,desirable8#i ,this subject has been so fully treated in recent years1 notably by ,mr4 ,lane in an address at ,oberlin college in ,june1 #aijh1 and in several reports of the ,association of college librarians1 that only an outline will be attempted here4 #i ,abstract4 ,a natural preliminary inquiry presents itself3 ,is reference work in all its phases adequately performed already8 ,with a well trained library staff1 whose work may be supplemented by the inter-library loan2 by writing letters2 by the use of the priceless though incessant telephone2 or by seeking the aid of some such bureau of inquiry as that of ,thos4 ,nelson's ,sons1 ,the ,boston ,transcript1 ,the ,new ,york ,times or ,notes and ,queries1 are we keeping our public satisfied1 and the voice of conscience still8 ,if not1 and if the question of creating some central agency for auxiliary reference service is to be discussed1 shall this central agency take the form of a central lending library1 with its permanent building1 book reservoir and staff to administer it1 or of a central reference bureau1 which will receive all kinds of inquiries1 and answer them1 as far as possible1 by consultation in libraries already existing1 or in other institutions which may possess the desired information8 ,that a central lending library1 equipped and maintained under the auspices of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 is today or even tomorrow impracticable1 can scarcely be denied by intelligent librarians4 ,the writer believes that no adequate endowment could be secured2 that if any funds were obtained for this purpose1 years would be required to build up a useful collection2 that such a collection would1 to a great extent1 duplicate existing material2 that running expenses would be far greater than for an information bureau1 and that there are1 in short1 other more pressing needs4 ,if a central reference bureau is to be established1 what form shall it take8 ,shall it be attached to some institution already in operation or exist independently8 ,the latter seems preferable1 as it could then maintain a consistent policy1 unhampered by political or other undesirable influences2 proceed unhampered with singleness of aim and method2 be governed by persons disinterested and none others2 and restrict its collections exclusively to the purposes which its founders intended it to pursue4 ,where should such an agency be established8 ,at some library center like ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia or ,st4 ,louis8 ,at ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 headquarters8 ,at the ,library of ,congress or under the auspices of some active state library commission8 ,the two institutions specifically mentioned are already doing a large work in this direction4 ,the duties and opportunities of this bureau would be3 to collect and co-ordinate the public-service records of ,american libraries and cognate institutions 7e4 g4 supply information on special collections1 subject bibliographies1 reading lists1 etc472 by questionnaires1 visits and in other ways obtain supplementary information along these and similar lines2 to get results printed and disseminated2 to furnish definite information on lending conditions now obtaining in ,american libraries1 and1 when possible1 to improve them2 and to serve as a free registration and employment agency for librarians and library assistants4 ,although this last suggestion has not been proposed1 to the writer's knowledge in earlier schemes1 its importance as a practical measure1 is obvious4 ,to the large body of faithful and efficient workers who have not enjoyed the benefits of a library school training such an agency would render signal service4 ,the unfortunate but frequently recurring repetition of reference research would1 in large measure1 be prevented if librarians were enabled to derive prompt assistance1 in case of knotty problems1 from a competent central agency4 ,their duty to dispatch to this agency solutions to such questions of probably common interest as they had themselves discovered1 would be equally obvious4 ,the trend of library thought in the thinking world today is toward centralisation and co-ordination of effort2 witness the sense of the ,brussels conference of #aiaj that central information bureaus should be established in all countries of progressive library spirit2 the success and practical value of the gigantic ,gesammtkatalog2 and the expected benefits from the youthful ,boston co-operative information bureau4 ,that ,american librarians are looking toward a fuller development of inter-library loans1 and away from a central reference bureau1 is the consensus of the recent 7#aiaj1 ,march and ,may7 symposium conducted by the ,library ,journal4 ,our duty now is1 by sympathy1 interest and contribution1 to forward the work of the ,library of ,congress and the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 headquarters1 and to make our own lending conditions the most generous in our power4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,gould1 chairman of the committee on co-ordination1 stated that the subject just presented had a close relation to several matters before his committee1 and gave a rsum of their report submitted in print to a general session of the conference4 ,dr4 ,andrews1 as a member of the ,committee1 added that in his opinion photographic reproductions might prove a satisfactory substitute for many inter-library loans4 ,the installation of a cameragraph in the ,john ,crerar library had proved of much more use than had been anticipated1 not only in regard to the number of copies made1 but also in regard to the scope of the material thus copied4 ,it had been found in many cases that these photographic reproductions could be furnished for less than the cost of transportation of the volume1 and that besides they gave a permanent record to the borrower4 ,the only obvious limitation was the impossibility of reproducing copyright material4 ,after further discussion1 the chairman asked ,dr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,jewett1 librarian of the ,university of ,nebraska1 to serve as chairman of the nominating committee and to select two others to serve with him4 ,the session then adjourned4 ,,second ,,session 7,monday1 ,july #a1 #b3cj p4 m47 ,the second session was held ,monday afternoon1 ,july #a1 in the ballroom4 ,the first paper was by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 ,,hanson1 associate director of libraries1 ,university of ,chicago1 and was read in his absence by ,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,wyer1 librarian of the ,state ,university of ,iowa4 ,the paper follows4 ,,some ,,observations ,,on ,,the ,,departmental ,,library ,,problem ,,in ,,universities1 ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,chicago ,list of references ,departmental arrangement of college libraries1 by ,edith ,e4 ,clarke4 ,library journal vol4 #aa1 #ahii1 p4 #cdj-cdc2 vol4 #af1 #ahia1 p4 #bfd-bfh4 ,reference1 seminary1 and departmental libraries at ,cornell university1 by ,w4 ,austen4 ,library journal1 vol4 #ah1 #ahic1 p4 #aha-ahc4 ,function of a university library1 by ,h4 ,l4 ,koopman4 ,library journal vol4 #ai1 #ahid1 p4 #bd-cj of ,conference ,report4 ,the departmental libraries of the ,university of ,chicago1 by ,z4 ,a4 ,dixson4 ,library journal vol4 #bj1 #ahie1 p4 #cge-cgg4 ,notes on the government and control of college libraries1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,harris4 ,library journal vol4 #bb1 #ahig1 p4 #ee-eg of ,conference ,report4 ,relation of seminary and departmental libraries to the general university library1 by ,george ,h4 ,baker4 ,library journal vol4 #bc1 #ahih1 p4 #ajc-ajf of ,conference ,report4 ,first ,report of ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 librarian of ,harvard university1 #ahih1 p4 #b-e4 ,compare also his #eth ,report1 p4 #bae4 ,the ,problems of the departmental system in university libraries1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,bishop4 ,library journal vol4 #bf1 #aija1 p4 #ad-ah4 ,report of ,college and reference section1 #aijb4 ,library journal vol4 #bg1 p4 #agb-agh of ,conference ,report4 ,relation of the departmental or group libraries to the main library1 by ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,burton4 ,library journal vol4 #bh1 #aijc1 p4 #ai-bc of ,conference ,report4 ,discussion in ,college and reference section1 #aijc4 ,library journal vol4 #bh1 #aijc1 p4 #agj-age of ,conference ,report4 ,the future university library1 by ,b4 ,ranel4 ,nation vol4 #hd1 ,march #ba1 #aijg1 p4 #bfc4 ,the university branch library1 by ,w4 ,austen4 ,library journal vol4 #bh1 #aijh1 p4 #bbj-bbb4 ,plea for the central library1 by ,j4 ,bascom4 ,educational review1 vol4 #ch1 ,sept4 #aiji1 p4 #aci-adi4 ,departmental libraries1 by ,f4 ,c4 ,hicks4 ,columbia university quarterly1 vol4 #ac1 ,march1 #aiaa1 p4 #ahe-aie4 ,departmental libraries in universities and colleges1 by ,henry ,e4 ,bliss4 ,educational review1 ,april1 #aiab1 p4 #chg-dji4 ,ueber die ,bibliotheken der ,preussischen ,universittsinstitute1 von ,dr4 ,naetebus4 ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 vol4 #bc4 #aijf1 p4 #cda-cfg4 ,allgemeine ,grundstze fr die ,vermehrung der ,preussischen ,staatsbibliotheken1 von ,w4 ,erman4 ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 vol4 #be1 #aijh1 p4 #dbi-dcc4 ,bemerkungen zu dem ,ermanschen ,entwurf ,allgemeine ,grundstze fr die ,vermehrung der ,preussischen ,staatsbibliotheken1 von ,j4 ,franke4 ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 vol4 #bf1 #aiji1 p4 #ab-bb4 ,fr die ,seminarbibliotheken1 von ,f4 ,behrend4 ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 vol4 #bf1 #aiji1 p4 #bc-be4 ,erlauterung und ,begrndung der ,allgemeinen ,grundstze fr die ,vermehrung der ,preussischen ,staatsbibliotheken1 von ,w4 ,erman4 ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 vol4 #bf1 #aiji1 p4 #ig-aba4 ,universittsbibliothek und ,institutsbibliotheken1 von ,karl ,bcher1 #aiaj4 ,zentralization der ,bibliotheken1 von ,hugo ,zimmer4 ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 #bh4 jahrg4 #aiaa1 p4 #ddf-dfi4 ,the pros and cons of the departmental system have been summarized in several of the articles mentioned above4 ,in his annual report as librarian of ,harvard college for #ahih ,mr4 ,lane calls attention1 on the one hand to the more convenient use of books in a small collection1 and in case of scientific subjects1 the possibility of having the books in or near the laboratory4 ,on the other hand he emphasizes the increased difficulty of consultation on the part of persons not immediately connected with the department1 less careful supervision1 increase in expense of administration1 less security from fire1 lack of that reinforcement which every department of a general library receives from all related departments1 tendency to narrowness1 and growth of special collections beyond a convenient size4 ,on ,september #bh1 #aijj1 ,professor ,e4 ,d4 ,burton1 the present director of the libraries of the ,university of ,chicago1 and ,professor ,h4 ,p4 ,judson1 now president of the university1 presented before the faculty briefs for and against the following proposition3 ,that a limit should be placed in the near future to the development of the departmental library system4 ,the affirmative urged that it was for the advantage of the departments whose interests and relationships are widespread1 notably of philosophy1 history1 political economy1 political science1 and sociology1 that all the library resources of the university should be gathered in one building and brought under one administration and catalog system4 ,the convenience of scholars coming from a distance demanded concentration also facilitated the practical administration of the libraries4 ,as departments grew and the number of books increased1 the departmental library system became unwieldy4 ,in the negative the following advantages of the departmental system were emphasized3 ,the importance of close connection with the classrooms1 especially the seminar rooms4 ,for the departments which have laboratories the retention of the libraries in connection with the laboratories was indispensable4 ,granting the importance of serving the convenience of visiting investigators1 their convenience must always be subordinated to that of the large number of students and professors of the university4 ,practically all the valuable results of concentration could be secured by a catalog of all the departments in the general library and a system of underground book railways and telephone communication4 ,the latest summary which has come to my attention is one by ,mr4 ,hicks in the ,columbia university quarterly for ,march1 #aiaa4 ,there is little that can be added to the arguments presented in these statements4 ,perhaps the following points in favor of the departmental system might be emphasized3 7#a7 ,books in the same room with the reader and free access to them is a great inducement to study4 ,it increases the use of books1 makes it easier for the investigator to consult books in use by others1 and also to consult with colleagues in regard to questions which arise during the investigation4 ,the student feels more at home1 less subject to inspection and observation by officials4 ,this adds to the pleasure which he may take in his work and to the feeling of personal responsibility for the collection of books with which he is working4 7#b7 ,the ability of a departmental library to make collections of minor publications in the line of its special investigation to an extent difficult or even impossible for the general library may also be conceded4 ,against the system more emphasis should be placed on the following3 7#a7 ,as ,mr4 ,lane points out segregation of books in departments tends to narrowness4 ,while seminary methods of instruction should lead the student to avail himself of the entire resources of the university library1 the departmental system as carried out in many universities tempts him to limit his investigations to the departmental library4 ,the narrowing influence of this must be obvious to those who have observed how various subjects and classes overlap and intertwine1 how material of importance is found in unexpected places1 in general collections1 transactions and proceedings of societies and institutions1 government reports1 and encyclopedic works1 not in the departmental library1 the loss therefore of that reinforcement which each department should receive from all other related departments4 7#b7 ,the use of the departmental library is often limited to students of a particular department4 ,it becomes difficult therefore for others to gain access4 ,if admitted1 they are hampered by special rules and arrangements unfamiliar to them4 ,books are as a rule not allowed to circulate and their withdrawal for use in connection with other related works becomes difficult4 7#c7 ,many valuable books of reference which cannot well be duplicated are placed beyond the reach of the majority of students and professors4 7#d7 ,it increases the liability to loss1 because when there are many departmental libraries open many hours a day it becomes practically impossible to provide in all of them adequate supervision at all times4 7#e7 ,the growth of the departmental libraries beyond a convenient size and the incidental disadvantages of inadequate shelf space1 disorder1 lack of accommodation for students1 the relegation of less used books to garrets and cellars4 7#f7 ,to provide fairly complete catalogs1 author1 title1 and subject1 for a large library is becoming more and more difficult as the collections increase in size4 ,to provide these catalogs also for a number of departments1 or to furnish copies of the sections likely to interest a given department1 would require an expenditure of time and money quite beyond the means of any university1 and entirely out of proportion to the advantages to be gained therefrom4 ,the absence of satisfactory catalogs in departmental libraries will therefore have to be reckoned with and must be emphasized as one of the most serious disadvantages of the system4 ,i realize that no argument is likely to change the conviction of certain professors and departments1 that the departmental system is the only one which merits consideration1 or the view on the other hand of other professors and students1 perhaps also the librarian1 that a strong general library with small working collections in the departments1 largely duplicating books in the general library1 is in the interest of the great majority and offers the only reasonable solution4 ,it may1 nevertheless1 be convenient to have at hand a summary of the question with references to the literature on the subject1 especially if governing bodies should be called upon to regulate the issue as has been the case in ,italy and ,prussia4 ,the development of the departmental1 problem in university libraries dates back to about #ahgj4 ,while a great many seminar collections1 especially in ,germany1 were started prior to that year1 they had not as yet reached a size which called for funds1 special administration1 or space1 to a degree sufficient to embarrass the general library and the university4 ,it may have its interest to give a brief outline of the development of the system in ,prussia4 ,it should prove suggestive as furnishing a parallel to our own situation4 ,in his ,eine ,reise durch die ,grsseren ,bibliotheken ,italiens1#aj ,dziatzko speaks of the ,italian government regulations of #ahhe-ahhi governing the relation of the departmental libraries to the general university library4 ,the ,italian regulations specified among other points the following3 #aj ,beitrge zur ,theorie und ,praxis des ,buch--und ,bibliothekswesens4 ,sammlung ,bibliothekswissenschaftlicher ,arbeiten4 #f4 heft4 p4 #ajf-aji4 ,departmental collections are to be considered as part of the university library4 ,the library commission of the university is to superintend the departmental libraries through the director of the university library4 ,second copies of books already in the university are to be purchased only in case of the most pressing necessity1 and periodicals are not to be duplicated4 ,books are to be transferred from one library to another according to definite agreement4 ,books are to be accessioned in the university library and to be entered in its author catalog and stamped with the university library stamp4 ,the approval of book appropriations on the part of the ministry depends on compliance with these regulations4 ,the library commission had apportioned the annual book appropriations as follows3 six-tenths to departmental libraries1 laboratories1 clinics1 collections1 etc41 four-tenths to the general library4 ,whether the ,prussian ministerial regulations adopted soon after were based on the ,italian is not known2 but the similarity of the problem has undoubtedly led to considerable uniformity in the measures adopted4 ,it was in #ahia that the situation in the ,prussian universities had reached a point where some government intervention seemed called for in order to regulate the relations between the university libraries and the so-called institutsbibliotheken4 ,the regulations formulated 7printed in the ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 #ahig7 specified in part as follows3 ,departmental libraries cannot dispose of their books2 when no longer needed they are to be turned over to the university library4 ,they are reference libraries and no books can be loaned except by order of the university council1 or at ,berlin which has no council1 by the ministry4 ,all students of the university are admitted to the use of the departmental libraries4 ,the university library shall make an author catalog of the books in the departments1 one copy for the departmental library1 the other for the union catalog in the general library4 ,the university library can loan books to the departmental library for a semester1 provided they can be spared4 ,while the government passed the regulations it neglected to provide sufficient appropriations to carry them out1 the result being that the union catalog referred to was begun at only two universities1 ,berlin and ,bonn1 and at the former lack of help soon caused a considerable accumulation of arrears4 ,the experience gained showed that1 an indication in the catalog of the general library1 that a given book can be found in a department is of little value4 ,the general library has not on that account been able to dispense with the purchase of a copy1 the distance to the departmental library and the difficulty of securing access making it necessary to duplicate4 ,occasionally a student has been referred to a departmental library1 but it has not happened frequently enough to warrant the extra expenditure1 or the duplication of catalogs4 ,it has on the other hand proved of great assistance to the departmental library1 and in ,bonn its continuance is strongly urged by the departments4 ,the same holds true of ,berlin1 although instances have been recorded where a department has refused to accept the catalog prepared by the general library4 ,in other respects the departments have neglected to follow the regulations4 ,it has been said1 for instance1 that instead of turning duplicates over to the university library certain departments have disposed of them through exchange or have sold them outright to book dealers4 ,in his report before the ,versammlung ,deutscher ,bibliothekare1 #ahif1 ,dr4 ,naetebus gives an excellent survey of the departmental libraries of the ,prussian universities1 reporting in all on #cfg different collections4 ,a perusal of his report and of the discussion which followed shows that the problem in ,prussia is in most respects similar to our own4 ,in the ,zentralblatt fr ,bibliothekswesen1 #aiji1 p4 #ajc1 et seq41 ,dr4 ,erman criticizes the regulations of #ahia for not specifying or providing means for enforcing them4 ,incidentally he says with reference to the development of the departmental libraries1 that while the original plan had been to make the books most urgently needed by students in seminars and laboratories more convenient of access than was possible in the overworked and overcrowded university libraries1 various circumstances had co-operated towards gradually making these collections more comprehensive than they were intended to be1 to include in fact almost all the literature in a given field or in related and overlapping fields of knowledge1 thus making the departmental libraries quite independent of the university library4 ,while the original plan had seemed to furnish welcome relief to the university libraries1 its recent extension had threatened seriously to cripple them4 ,it was perhaps the lack of funds on the part of the university libraries which had caused the difficulty in the first place4 ,the departments finding that certain expensive books could not be obtained through the university library began to purchase them for their own use4 ,as the funds of the departments were too small to permit of extensive purchases1 every effort was made to increase them by special and extra appropriations1 this being so much the easier as the directors of the departments were frequently the most influential and powerful men in the faculties1 and funds which otherwise would have fallen to the university library were thus diverted to the departments1 extending the size and scope of their working collections far beyond the bounds originally intended4 ,dr4 ,erman states that many professors have according to his own experience sought to secure practically all new accessions of value for the departmental library1 leaving for the general library only the books seldom or never asked for4 ,to discontinue the university library altogether and divide its collections among the departments would seem a far simpler and more logical plan1 and there should be no hesitation in considering its realization provided there seemed any hope that forty departmental libraries would replace the university library and perform its functions in a satisfactory manner4 ,unfortunately1 such a solution seems out of the question4 ,it would prove disastrous to the university in various ways4 ,there would be lost to it the one department alike common to all members of the faculty and to the student body4 ,very few work in so narrow a field that they would be served by consulting only one of the departmental libraries4 ,the younger instructors and students who might not have any department1 would be at a great disadvantage4 ,if the university libraries were ever discontinued ,dr4 ,erman thinks that there would soon arise an irresistible demand for their restoration4 ,he also thinks that the increase in the administrative expense resulting from a departmental system would be so great as to be practically prohibitive4 ,in ,germany as with us1 the desirability of some modus vivendi by which university libraries and the departments could be made to work in harmony and mutually assist one another1 has repeatedly been emphasized4 ,as it is1 the professor to whom a general library was once a vital question1 but who has now at hand a well equipped departmental collection1 is likely to lose all interest in the former and devote himself entirely to the development of the latter4 ,here in ,america the separation may not as yet have reached the point where1 as in a case cited by ,dr4 ,erman1 a professor on being elected to the library council said to him that this was the first intimation he had had of the existence of a university library4 ,at the same time1 we have here and there evidence of a strong drift in this direction1 particularly so in universities where the departmental system has been most fully developed4 ,another eminent ,german librarian who touches on this problem is ,dr4 ,milkau4 ,in ,kultur der ,gegenwart1 ,abt4 #a1 p4 #egi1 he states that in certain universities the total appropriation of all departmental libraries sometimes equals or even exceeds that of the general library4 ,originally intended as collections of reference books to be used in connection with instruction1 they have gradually grown to considerable size1 so that their supervision and regulation is year by year becoming more difficult4 ,dr4 ,milkau would not abolish the departmental libraries2 on the contrary he freely grants their great value and superiority in some respects to the university library4 ,there must1 however1 be co-operation between the departmental libraries one with another1 and with the university library4 ,purchase of sets and expensive books must not be decided upon regardless of what is already in the university4 ,each department must limit itself strictly to its own particular field and omit all works not urgently needed1 or of some permanent value4 ,he offers as a remedy for the problem the following3 ,to limit the size of the departmental collection1 setting a maximum number of volumes not to be exceeded1 a cure which seems a little too radical to find favor with all parties concerned4 ,in the discussion on the report of ,dr4 ,naetebus referred to above1 ,dr4 ,gerhard1 of ,halle1 insisted that the only way to secure relief would be through radical measures on the part of the government1 viz41 to cut down the departmental appropriations to a point where they would be forced to restrict purchases to the books most urgently needed for use in connection with instruction1 the appropriations thus saved to be turned over to the university library4 ,dr4 ,roth1 of ,halle1 complained of the lack of system in the development of the departmental libraries due to the frequent change of directors4 ,he1 however1 considered the power of departments to secure books through gift and exchange an important and valuable factor1 one not to be underestimated4 ,dr4 ,erman1 ,breslau1 agreed with ,dr4 ,gerhard and stated that there must be a readjustment of the funds appropriated for the purchase of books for the university and departmental libraries4 ,there could be no complaint with the development of large and comprehensive collections in the departments1 if at the same time the university libraries received enough to secure at least a small part of the books needed to keep their collections up to date4 ,there would never have been so large a development of the departmental libraries if the university libraries had been in a position to answer the demands made on them4 ,as it is1 when an expensive book is wanted and the university library has not the funds to secure it1 there immediately appear from two to three copies in as many departmental libraries1 while there is no copy in the university library4 ,the situation which results is intolerable4 ,if in ,breslau instead of #ca1jjj marks a year for the university library and #ca1jjj for the departmental libraries1 the former had #dj1jjj and the latter #bj1jjj1 it would mean an immense improvement for all concerned4 ,dr4 ,geiger1 ,tbingen1 and ,dr4 ,frankfurter of ,vienna1 reported that essentially the same or even a worse state of affairs exists in ,wurtemburg and in ,austria4 ,the radical measures recommended by ,dr4 ,gerhard and others were not approved by ,dr4 ,naetebus1 especially on account of the ability of departmental libraries to secure gifts and exchanges not within the reach of the university library4 ,since this discussion took place ,i understand that the book funds of the ,prussian university libraries have been materially increased1 thus somewhat relieving the situation4 ,after this brief survey of the conditions existing in certain ,european universities it may be of interest to turn to one of the two ,american universities in which the building up of departmental collections has preceded the development of a strong general library4 ,departmental ,libraries at the ,university of ,chicago ,the extraordinary development of the departmental library system at the ,university of ,chicago is due largely to a number of causes and conditions1 many of them accidental and peculiar to the university4 ,the main reason was probably the lack of a general library worthy of the name2 also the fact that some of the strongest men on the faculty favored the departmental system4 ,in the president's report 7,decennial ,publications1 first series1 #aijc1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bff-bij7 is found an ,outline history of the legislation of university bodies on the question of departmental libraries and their relation to the general library4 ,the first sentence reads3 ,the system of departmental libraries for research work1 supplementing the general library of the university1 dates from the organization of the university itself4 ,this would indicate that the departmental libraries were considered supplementary to the general library4 ,however this may have been at the outset1 later developments show that the general library has been so entirely outstripped and overshadowed by the departmental collections that in #aiaj1 at any rate1 when the writer had his first opportunity to observe conditions at close hand1 the general library was found to consist of some #ge1jjj volumes of odds and ends1 a mere conglomerate which would have been of little service1 except for the fact that it was the only collection on the campus from which books could be drawn somewhat freely and to which undergraduates had general access4 ,appropriations for books amounted to #be1bfe1 of which the general library had only #aeej2 the departmental libraries1 #bc1gae4 7,see above1 ,dr4 ,gerhart's complaint about the situation at ,halle1 #ca1jjj marks for the general library1 #ca1jjj for the departments74 ,while the original plan had no doubt intended that departments should abstain from ordering books of interest to several departments1 that books of general interest therefore should be purchased only by the general library1 the latter was unfortunately prevented by lack of funds and equipment from meeting these demands1 the inevitable result being that the departments soon ceased to look to the general library and ordered for their own use any book to which a professor might have occasion to refer in his courses1 regardless of whether it was in the general library or in another departmental library4 ,whether in placing orders he was intruding on the domains of a related department may or may not have been considered4 ,at any rate books on exactly the same subject are now found in a number of departmental libraries1 editions of the same book are separated and there is duplication of copies to an extent hitherto unheard of1 as far as ,i know1 in any university library4 ,that the president and faculty have been aware of the situation and have tried to find a solution1 of that there is evidence enough4 ,mr4 ,bishop in his articles in the ,library journal1 vol4 #bh1 has given a survey of the discussion which took place at the ,university of ,chicago in #ahih-aija4 ,a full report is found in the ,decennial ,publications1 first series vol4 #a quoted above1 and in the ,university record vol4 #e4 ,it has been referred to also by ,mr4 ,henry ,e4 ,bliss in his recent article in the ,educational review1 ,april #aiab4 ,the solution attempted1 perhaps the only one possible at the time1 consisted in a grouping of related departmental collections4 ,the following group libraries were formally approved by the library board in #ahii3 ,classical1 ,modern ,languages1 and ,historical4 ,in #aijj the university senate approved the general plan that all departments having laboratories should retain their libraries in the same building with the laboratory1 those not having laboratories should as a rule be transferred to the general library building when one was erected4 ,i have already referred to the briefs presented by ,dr4 ,burton and ,dr4 ,judson in ,october1 #aijj1 on the proposition that a limit should be put in the near future to the development of the departmental library system4 ,the ,university ,congress after discussing them adopted two resolutions3 7#a7 ,that it is the judgment of this body that the departmental library system should be retained4 7#b7 ,that a committee of three for each of the several groups of departments recognized by the ,board of libraries1 laboratories and museums be appointed1 the committee to consider and to recommend1 respecting the group represented1 what is best for it and the university in general4 ,the report of this committee appeared in the ,university record ,nov4 #i and #af1 #aijj4 ,these reports from the different groups and departments are of interest in showing the sentiment in the various departments of the teaching body4 ,they were briefly as follows3 ,of the ,classical ,department five favored the departmental system1 two a general library4 ,the ,modern ,language group was unanimous in favor of centralization4 ,the ,haskell group 7,divinity ,school1 ,semitics1 and ,comparative ,religion7 proposed the maintenance of branch libraries of books likely to be in constant use by students in connection with the ordinary class work to be kept in the lecture hall building1 that no books should be permanently assigned to these branch libraries of which there was not another copy in the general library4 ,the ,historical group held to the departmental library system1 but was not so particular about the control of the libraries4 ,like the ,divinity ,school1 it preferred locating the departmental collection in one building with the general library and related departmental libraries4 ,the ,philosophical group recognized the great value of location of related departments in the same building1 but held strongly to departmental control of the library and free access of students to books in which they are interested4 ,if these two things could be granted1 they would advocate a single building for all departments4 ,the ,mathematical group was non-committal1 it emphasized however that ,astronomy and ,mathematics must be kept together and that books in these libraries are used almost exclusively by students of the two departments named4#aa ,the ,biology group recommended that upon erection of a suitable library building a separate room be assigned to the ,biology library4 ,that arrangements be made for telephone communication and speedy transfer of books to laboratories1 that special books and periodicals needed by the department for constant use be kept in each laboratory building as a branch of the departmental library1 that books in such branch libraries be rendered easily accessible at all hours1 and that provision for adequate supervision of these branch libraries be considered an indispensable preliminary to their establishment4 ,the ,chemical group wished the ,chemical library to be retained in ,kent ,chemical ,laboratory1 but preferred to see the proceedings of academies and journals of general scientific interest kept in the general library1 also that a reference shelf containing books of interest to those who are taking undergraduate work in chemistry be maintained in the general reading room of the general library1 and that special books needed for consultation in connection with laboratory work be kept in the laboratory4 ,physics considered the departmental library as indispensable to the department4 ,the ,geology group reported most unqualifiedly in favor of departmental or group libraries that should embrace essentially all the literature pertaining to the group so far as practical considerations would permit4 ,the full statement of this group deserves to be read4 ,it is a most emphatic defense of the departmental system4 ,the statement of the ,modern ,language group and of ,professor ,hendrickson of the ,classical group contain the strongest statements on the other side of the question4 #aa ,,note--,later on ,mathematics decided that their library must be kept in the ,mathematical building4 ,on ,november #d1 #aijj1 these reports were referred by the library board to a committee of three1 one of whom was the ,associate ,librarian1 ,mrs4 ,dixson4 ,the committee reported on ,march #af1 #aija 7see ,university record ,march #bb1 #aija7 in favor of maintaining the departmental system1 but recommended the centralization as far as possible at one point in a central building of the administration of the libraries1 and of the books of the university not in use in the departments4 ,after much discussion of the report and a later modification of it1 it was decided to refer the matter to a commission consisting of professors and trustees appointed for the purpose of making a thorough study of the entire problem4 ,the outcome of the work of this commission was a decision to place in buildings connecting with the general library the following departmental or group libraries3 ,philosophy1 ,history and ,social ,sciences1 ,classics1 ,modern ,languages1 ,oriental ,languages1 the ,divinity ,school1 the ,law ,school4 ,that further1 the departmental libraries of ,chemistry1 ,physics1 ,geology1 and the ,biological sciences1 be retained in the department buildings of these departments1 it being understood that these departments may place such books as they desire in the general library building4 ,the library of ,mathematics and ,astronomy should be associated with the library of ,physics4 ,time will not permit any detailed consideration of the report of the commission4 ,it was approved by the ,congregation1 ,august #bhth1 #aijb1 and adopted by the ,board of trustees ,september #abth of the same year4 ,it is the plan laid down in this report that has in the main been followed in the location and erection of the ,harper ,memorial library1 dedicated on ,june #aa1 #aiab1 and which it is also proposed to follow in the separate buildings to be provided for the ,historical ,group1 ,philosophy1 ,modern ,languages and ,classics4 ,when completed this plan will bring the ,humanities1 with the exception of ,geography into buildings adjoining the ,general ,library1 connected with it or with one another by bridges4 ,since the adoption of the report nearly ten years have elapsed during which there has been some progress in the direction of centralization1 at any rate of management and control of libraries4 ,a somewhat uniform system of rules and regulations was adopted in #aiaa4 ,in the same year a common system of catalogs and classification was finally approved4 ,the catalogs will include3 7#a7 ,a dictionary catalog for the public in the general library1 duplicated in part in the catalog department 7,official catalog74 7#b7 ,classed catalog for the public in the general library1 duplicated in part in the catalog department 7,shelf-list on cards74 7#c7 ,author catalog and shelflist on cards for the departmental libraries located in buildings not connecting with the general library4 7#d7 ,author catalog only for departmental libraries located in the general library1 or in buildings connecting with it4 ,n4 ,b4 ,catalogs in the departmental libraries will not according to the present plan include analyticals or other added entries which may be provided in the dictionary and classed catalogs of the general library4 ,even with the limitations here indicated the catalog plan as outlined may seem a little ambitious and likely to prove expensive and difficult to maintain4 ,in view of the present situation1 as well as the outlook for the future1 even assuming that departments which in #aijj favored a departmental system should be indisposed to change their attitude1 it seemed nevertheless the safest plan to adopt4 ,the general library aims to build up a strong central reference collection4 ,this collection should be classified and cataloged so as to yield the best possible results4 ,merged with the catalog of the general library will be one covering all the departmental libraries4 ,it would1 of course1 be desirable to provide every departmental library with as exhaustive a catalog as the one proposed for the general library4 ,the expense however1 even in this day of printed cards would1 ,i fear1 be practically prohibitive4 ,moreover1 it is doubtful if many of the departments would find the expected relief in an elaborate author and subject catalog of their collections as they stand4 ,this last statement may seem to require some further substantiation1 and ,i shall in the following endeavor to present the necessary proofs and illustrations4 ,it is no doubt true that heads of departments and their associates frequently take a personal pride in their departmental library and feel a certain responsibility for its growth and development4 ,i have known cases where a department would resent any suggestion that a part of its books might to good advantage be transferred to the general library or to another department in exchange for material in these libraries bearing more directly on the special line of study which the department is supposed to represent4 ,the fact remains1 nevertheless1 that these libraries frequently show in their development a lack of that strong coordinating influence so essential to systematic growth4 ,a detailed examination of their collections soon reveals the fact that books have been ordered principally with reference to their use in connection with courses given in a department1 no one apparently questioning the right of one department to poach on the premises of another or on that of the general library4 ,there has resulted1 therefore1 a situation which cannot be remedied by any catalog1 no matter how exhaustive or how perfect4 ,this leads me to go a step further and to venture the assertion that the lack of a strong central library can not be compensated by merely bringing together related departmental libraries into the same or adjoining buildings4 ,it is even doubtful if it would be worth while to prepare an exhaustive union catalog of such libraries without considerable migration of books from one department to another4 ,a few illustrations taken at random from the books which have come under my observation during the past month or two in connection with the recataloging1 will1 ,i think1 bear me out in this statement4 ,general works on science are in a number of libraries1 mainly in ,geology1 ,biology1 and the general library1 but also in a number of other departmental libraries4 ,the ,history library includes many books which deal solely with ,education1 ,medicine1 ,music1 ,art1 ,religion1 ,technology1 and other subjects1 overlapping1 therefore1 practically with all other departments4 ,the main duplication1 however1 seems to be in ,church ,history with the ,divinity library1 in ,history and ,topography with ,geography1 in ,ancient ,history with ,classics and in ,education and other subjects with the general library4 ,the ,modern ,language library duplicates chiefly material in the libraries of ,history and ,geography1 besides of course the general library4 ,it is1 however1 the one department which strongly favors consolidation of books on the same subject1 and if the other departments in or connecting with the general library will agree to such consolidation1 its duplication1 except with ,geography and the ,classical ,department1 should cease after the transfer of its books to the general library building4 ,the fact that this library has on its shelves works like ,alumni ,oxoniensis1 ,catalogue of the ,advocates ,library1 ,ersch and ,gruber1 ,la ,grande ,encyclopedie1 ,dante's ,dictionnaire biographique et bibliographique des hommes les plus remarquables1 ,haebler's ,typographia ,iberica1 etc41 will therefore prove an advantage4 ,the ,classical library presents one of the most vexing problems of our library situation1 one not solved by a most liberal duplication4 ,its collections overlap mainly with those of ,history1 ,sociology1 ,science1 ,political ,science1 ,economics1 ,literature1 ,divinity1 and the general library4 ,i am not now referring to texts and translations of classical authors1 but to modern books on ancient history1 government1 administration1 and the like4 ,what tends to aggravate the situation is the fact that this library possesses also the only set on the campus of certain important general1 literary and bibliographical periodicals1 e4g41 ,revue critique4 ,although this department is in the near future to occupy a building connecting with the general library1 it has always taken a strong stand against any merging of its collections with those of other libraries4 ,there is1 therefore in this case little hope of relief through consolidation4 ,books on ,education have been a source of particular trouble inasmuch as they have been purchased extensively by a number of departmental libraries4 ,mediaeval literature and the history of the middle ages is again a field which has been developed by the ,classical library1 ,modern ,languages1 ,history and the general library4 ,general books on ,literature may be found in ,philosophy1 ,history1 ,modern ,languages1 and the general library1 and likely also in the ,classical department4 ,books on ,evolution treating the question strictly from the biological standpoint may be in ,philosophy and ,history1 but not in ,biology4 ,whether the reverse holds true1 ,i have not as yet been able to verify by an actual examination of the ,biology library4 ,naturally books on ,experimental and ,physiological ,psychology may be found in ,philosophy1 ,psychology1 and also in the ,biology library4 ,books on ,metallurgy while chiefly in ,geology are also represented in the library of ,commerce and ,administration4 ,this holds true also of ,engineering1 ,shop ,management1 and ,agriculture4 ,the latter subject is freely represented also in ,botany1 ,economics1 and in the general library4 ,geography1 which is connected with the departmental library of ,geology in a building not to connect with the general library1 buys extensively in ,history1 also in ,economics1 ,natural conservation of resources1 ,soils1 ,economics1 ,botany1 ,plant ,industries1 etc41 etc4 ,meteorology is represented in ,geology1 in ,physics1 ,astronomy1 and in the general library4 ,books on ,water ,supply1 ,irrigation and the like are in ,geology and ,geography1 ,chemistry1 ,economics1 and the general library4 ,books on ,fisheries1 ,whaling1 and related subjects may be found in ,geography1 ,biology1 and the general library4 ,commerce is largely represented in ,geography1 ,economics1 the general library1 ,commerce and ,administration1 and the ,classical library4 ,canals1 ,waterways1 and ,railroads1 are mainly in ,geography and ,economics1 but also in the general library4 ,mining is in ,geography and ,geology1 and also in ,economics4 ,marine ,biology will be found in ,geography and ,geology as well as in ,biology4 ,geology has a considerable number of books on ,physics and ,chemistry4 ,books on various industries are found in ,economics1 in ,geology1 and in the general library4 ,commercial ,geography is somewhat evenly divided between ,geography and ,commerce and ,administration4 ,another great difficulty is the separation of volumes of the same work4 ,for instance1 there is in no library a complete set of the ,statesman's ,year ,book or the ,almanach de ,gotha1 but partial sets in at least two or three libraries4 ,this holds true also of several bibliographical periodicals and annuals1 e4g41 ,le ,soudier's ,annuaire de la ,librarie franaise4 ,the instances here cited consider only the duplicating and overlapping of independent books or monographs treating the same subject1 or the same phase of a subject2 it does not take note of the duplication common to all libraries because of the inclusion in encyclopedias1 general periodicals1 and other comprehensive works1 of material on a special subject2 neither does it refer to the duplication which may be proper in such subjects as ,railroads1 ,waterways1 etc41 where one department takes up the technical and another the economic phase of a subject4 ,it would be possible to go on citing hundreds of illustrations similar to the above1 but time will not permit4 ,when the work which practically took its beginning in ,october1 #aiaa1 viz41 reclassification and recataloging of the libraries1 has been completed ,i dare say that anyone connected with the work who may have had time to make notes by the way1 would be in a position to furnish valuable information as regards the practical workings of a departmental system similar to the one which has grown up at the ,university of ,chicago4 ,i have stated that the bringing together of related departmental libraries under one roof and the thorough cataloging of all the books on the campus in the manner indicated above1 will not furnish a satisfactory solution of our problems4 ,this ,i believe can only come about through some exchange of books between departmental libraries which shall bring together1 not necessarily all books on the same subject1 but at any rate the bulk of the material which deals with a special phase of a subject1 and the various volumes of a periodical1 annual1 or similar work which ,i trust all are agreed should stand together4 ,it resolves itself then into a question of reclassification or rather relocation of a part of the book resources of the university1 and a partial surrender of the right on the part of the departments to determine absolutely the physical location of every book purchased on their recommendation4 ,personally1 ,i feel rather hopeful that when the cataloging of a number of libraries has been completed and their resources brought together in a common catalog1 the members of the various departments will see for themselves the advantage to all concerned of a partial redistribution4 ,in a small way the general library has inaugurated such redistribution by indirect purchase of general bibliographies and reference works from the departmental libraries1 a sum equal to the cost of the work at the time of original purchase being transferred from the book appropriation of the general library to that of the department4 ,some of the departments have been most willing to agree to such transfers4 ,if it can be put into effect in the libraries which are now to be brought under the same roof1 i4e41 the ,humanities with the exception of ,classics and ,geography1 it will go far toward the establishment of what it is hoped may prove a fairly efficient central library4 ,the centralization of catalogs and reference books alone would in time make it desirable for the departments more and more to consult the general library4 ,a real consolidation of the resources of the ,historical ,group1 ,modern ,languages and ,literatures1 ,religion and ,theology with the present general library will1 it is hoped1 prove to be even more effective4 ,i have already stated that ,geography would remain outside of this consolidation and probably also the ,classical department1 in spite of the fact that the latter is soon to occupy a building connecting with the general library4 ,it is hoped that in both cases arrangements can in time be devised which1 while satisfactory to the departments1 shall prove effective in checking the almost unrestricted duplication of material in other libraries which now obtains4 ,it is true that ten years ago other departments of the ,humanities also held that while related libraries might to good advantage be brought under one roof1 there should be no merging of their possessions4 ,considering1 however1 the lack of co-ordination in the development of the same libraries1 the overlapping and intertwining of their respective fields1 it is difficult to believe that this view can prevail for any length of time4 ,i have endeavored in the above notes to show that the departmental problem is practically the same in various countries4 ,in ,italy1 ,germany1 and ,austria as well as in ,america the development of departmental collections to a point where they have become a perplexing and troublesome problem to government and university authorities is due primarily to the inability of the general university library to provide books and conveniences desired by the departments4 ,neither a union catalog nor the most exhaustive duplication of books1 service1 and equipment has so far served to offset the weakening of the central library which has been an inevitable result of the rapid growth of departmental collections4 ,possibly ,mr4 ,l4 ,n4 ,wilson of ,clark university may have pointed out a partial solution to some of our perplexities4 ,he states that at ,clark university not only is the drafting of the classification schedules attended to by the professors1 but also the actual classification of the books4 ,where the faculty is willing to undertake these duties the librarian is naturally relieved of a great and difficult responsibility4 ,while the plan has evidently worked out in a satisfactory manner at ,clark1 it would seem a difficult or even impossible expedient for certain other universities1 particularly the largest ones4 ,there would be difficulty in securing the necessary volunteer service4 ,then the librarian would no doubt have to exercise infinite tact in his efforts to co-ordinate and harmonize the work of so many volunteer classifiers4 ,that some coordinating influence would be required we may take for granted4 ,personally1 ,i see little relief in the direction here indicated4 ,as for the ,university of ,chicago1 ,i imagine that we are1 in common with most university libraries destined to have the departmental problem with us in some form or other as long as there are collections of books to be administered in connection with departments and courses of instruction4 ,we shall watch with great interest the development of the plans of sister universities1 a number of which are said to contemplate the strengthening and extension of at least a part of their departmental collections4 ,i may say in conclusion that judging by observations at ,chicago ,i should be disposed to agree entirely with ,dr4 ,gerhard of ,halle1 and others of our ,german colleagues1 when they state that there can be no objection to the building up of strong departmental libraries1 provided this can be achieved without crippling the general library4 ,but where the departmental libraries are developed at the expense of the general library1 and where willingness to co-operate1 or to observe the most necessary restrictions as regards the fields to be covered is lacking1 there the interest of the great majority both of faculty and students are made to suffer for the convenience of the few1 a convenience which is1 besides1 in many cases only imaginary1 and based on a lack of knowledge and appreciation of the possibilities of a general library1 and no doubt also of the limitations of departmental libraries4 ,as previously stated1 the general library is the one department common to the whole university1 the department which should have no ax to grind1 and which under normal conditions might1 therefore1 be trusted to preserve an impartial attitude and to safeguard the interests of all departments alike without fear or favor4 ,in closing this paper it is difficult to refrain from expressing the opinion that whatever the policy adopted with reference to its library system1 a university owes it to its constituency to see that a strong and well balanced general library constitutes an integral part of the scheme4 ,the establishment of the latter should1 when possible1 take precedence over that of large departmental collections4 ,when it becomes necessary to organize the latter1 they should be considered distinctly a part of the general library and be placed under its control4 ,a partial or nominal control on the part of the general library is not likely to prove effective or to furnish the best possible service for the greatest possible number4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,jewett then presented a paper on ,,the ,,proportion ,,of ,,university ,,library ,,income ,,which ,,should ,,be ,,spent ,,on ,,administration ,the college librarian1 like every other department head in the institution1 is anxious to spend as much as possible for the development of his department and is consequently seeking to get his appropriation increased as often as possible4 ,it is usually of assistance to him in securing the favorable attention of the authorities to be able to show that the prevailing tendency among institutions of similar rank is to do that which he requests in his own case4 ,sometimes the librarian is asking more money for books1 sometimes more money for administration and frequently more money for everything4 ,while preparing an estimate for the authorities of our own institution1 ,i recently collected data from #be representative college and university libraries in different parts of the country and was interested to compare the data and draw what conclusions ,i could from the examination and from my own knowledge of the standard of accomplishment in the respective institutions4 ,all but one of these libraries have over #fj1jjj volumes4 ,i was able to separate them into three groups with reference to their book expenditures2 those spending #e1jjj a year or less1 those spending between #e1jjj and #bj1jjj1 and those spending #bj1jjj or more4 ,six of the #be libraries were in the first group1 spending not to exceed #e1jjj4 ,in all of these the expenditure for library administration exceeded that for books1 in some cases by more than #ajj4 ,by amount spent for library administration ,i mean the amount spent for salaries and wages of persons employed in library work4 ,in other words ,i mean to include student assistants and to exclude janitors4 ,twelve of the #be libraries were in the second group1 spending more than #e1jjj and less than #bj1jjj for books4 ,ten of these spent less for administration than for books1 one spent more and the remaining library spent the same for administration as for books4 ,two libraries in the group receive gifts of considerable sums each year for the purchase of books1 the buying of which is done through the library so that for all purposes of comparison it is as though their book funds were increased just so much4 ,i have regarded the gift money as equivalent to part of the book fund1 although the actual payment is made by the giver without its passing through the hands of the college treasurer4 ,aside from these two1 only one library in the second group receives any great number of volumes by gift4 ,the average number of volumes received by gift is about one-third of the number received by purchase4 ,the proportion of income used for salaries ranges from #ce to #de leaving out the two libraries above mentioned which spent #ej and #eb for salaries4 ,seven libraries made up the third group composed of those spending #bj1jjj or more for books4 ,i omitted to obtain any figures from ,harvard1 ,yale or ,chicago as they are known to be making extraordinary expenditures at present in reorganizing or recataloging4 ,of the seven1 two spent less for salaries than for books1 two spent the same for each and two spent more for salaries than for books4 ,the seventh library like two of those in the preceding group has considerable sums placed at its disposal each year for book buying but the disbursement is made by the donor and not by the university treasurer so that exact figures for calculating percentages are not available in its case4 ,the proportion of income employed for salaries by the other six ranges from #dj to #fj4 ,from this brief comparison of data it is possible to draw the conclusion that with the smaller libraries a certain minimum of administration cost is necessary in order to operate the library at all and that this does not necessarily increase with the growth of the book fund4 ,where the book fund is less than #e1jjj1 it is no reflection on the capacity of the librarian if his salary expense exceeds that amount although it is evidently his duty to devote his principal efforts to securing increased book appropriations4 ,after the book fund has passed the #e1jjj mark1 the librarian should be prepared to give most excellent reasons for letting his salary roll exceed or even equal the book fund in case his governing board should begin to make comparison with the figures of other institutions4 ,if his library is in what ,i have called the second group and his salary expense exceeds #de of the total income1 he ought to stand ready to show cause at short notice for some one is likely to attract the attention of the president to the fact any day4 ,if on the other hand his salary roll represents less than #de of total income1 the librarian may well resist the suggestions of professors to call for more book money and instead devote his annual appeals to securing additional needed assistance and more adequate compensation for the members of his present staff4 ,with the libraries of the great universities the case is different4 ,an institution that can spend upwards of #bj1jjj a year for books has more complex needs and more varied activities than the smaller colleges and universities4 ,the quality of service demanded of the library is higher and much less is forgiven by the ambitious holders of highly paid chairs4 ,the pressure of research work demands greater facilities for the prompt purchase and cataloging of rush books4 ,more accomplished reference librarians must be had to meet the needs of clients in a great institution with a large number of graduate students4 ,catalogers of special qualifications must be provided to handle the books in oriental and other languages not commonly encountered in the ordinary college library4 ,in the work of a large cataloging department there is more opportunity for lack of uniformity to creep in1 and the need of accuracy in an enormous catalog is more vital than in a small one4 ,therefore the work of the revisers has to be more painstaking and time consuming than in a smaller collection where everything is simpler4 ,reclassification of whole sections of books whose classification is now out of date1 must be undertaken4 ,bibliographies have to be compiled for professors4 ,the preparation of publications1 like the catalog of a special collection1 is called for while the smaller library may never print anything more extensive than a list of its ,poole sets4 ,the duties of the shelf department in a great library are more complicated than many persons dream of and in all the departments fuller and more accurate records are needed4 ,more extended routine in the order department is required in order to prevent unintentional duplication4 ,messenger service for the delivery of books in response to telephone calls from other buildings may be furnished4 ,the maintenance of an efficient exchange bureau is needed in order to conduct the exchange of university publications with the innumerable minor learned societies all over the world4 ,these publications are often called for in the great universities1 although one could not reasonably expect to find them in the lesser institutions4 ,in fact for many reasons the proportion of income required for administration in libraries of the first rank increases with the size of the collection itself4 ,it is a fair inference therefore that a university library with a book fund of more than #bj1jjj a year is justified in maintaining a pay roll in excess of that sum without fear of criticism4 ,the committee on nominations1 reporting through ,dr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,jewett1 chairman1 recommended that the by-laws of the ,section be so amended that1 instead of electing a chairman and a secretary each year as heretofore1 a committee on arrangements consisting of three members be elected1 the one first named by the committee this year to serve for one year1 the second to serve two years1 and the third to serve three years2 one member to retire each year hereafter and his successor to be then elected for a three year term4 ,on motion the recommendation was approved unanimously4 ,the committee then recommended that the following persons be elected as the committee on arrangements3 ,mr4 ,andrew ,keogh1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,goodrich1 and ,miss ,sarah ,b4 ,askew4 ,on motion the recommendation was adopted and the three declared elected4 ,the session then adjourned4 ,,professional ,,training ,,section ,the meeting of the section was held at the ,chateau ,laurier1 ,tuesday morning1 ,july #b4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 chairman of the section1 presided4 ,mr4 ,,frank ,k4 ,,walter gave an account of the new quarters and resources of the ,new ,york state library school4 ,mr4 ,walter said that the new quarters in the new ,state ,education building would probably be ready by ,october first of the present year1 and would provide the most spacious rooms belonging to any library school4 ,the present temporary quarters1 however1 are comfortable and fairly commodious4 ,a good working collection of reference books and trade and subject bibliographies has already replaced that destroyed by fire4 ,when present orders have been filled the new collection will be better than the old4 ,the collection of illustrative material1 thanks to the untiring industry of ,miss ,florence ,woodworth1 is growing by leaps and bounds4 ,about #d1jjj administrative blanks and forms are mounted and classified and a large number are as yet unmounted4 ,about #a1djj pictures and plans of library buildings 7including post-cards7 are mounted and filed4 ,there is an excellent collection of works on bookmaking1 ancient and modern1 and a fair number of examples of printing of various periods and of beautifully bound books4 ,about #aej mounts show binding material1 book illustrations1 type faces and other material illustrating printing and binding processes4 ,mention must be made of the ,alumni collection which the ,new ,york ,state ,library ,association is collecting for the school4 ,its aim is to cover all books1 pamphlets1 clippings1 etc41 written by students of the school and biographical or professional material relating to them1 together with portraits of the students and library buildings erected under their supervision4 ,the class work collection numbers about #b1cjj volumes and is intended primarily for class use1 particularly in cataloging1 classification and subject headings1 in selection of books1 and in printing and binding4 ,all of this material is listed in a separate dictionary catalog prepared expressly for the school's use4 ,more than #aj1jjj cards are already included in this catalog which is growing rapidly as more material becomes available for use4 ,the collections of the ,new ,york ,state library will be available as soon as the new building is ready4 ,including such documents and other volumes as can be temporarily shelved for use1 upwards of #bjj1jjj volumes will probably be available4 ,these include an excellent set of ,united ,states documents1 a very fair collection of state documents1 many important foreign documents1 and a good working collection of statutes1 law reports1 legal periodicals and legal treatises4 ,mention must also be made of the #gjj annuals and serials 7including reports1 bulletins1 etc471 on various phases of library work which are currently received and filed and of about #ejj bound ,english and ,american periodical sets 7including most of those listed in the various periodical indexes7 besides the numerous foreign periodicals1 transactions1 etc41 currently received4 ,miss ,,agnes ,,van ,,valkenburgh1 instructor in cataloging at the library school of the ,new ,york public library1 read a paper on ,,training ,,or ,,teaching ,it may be well at the start to explain the terms used1 to be sure that we are looking at the matter in the same light4 ,teaching1 in this instance1 ,i understand to mean that assistants shall have had library school instruction1 while training is the instruction which is given in the library or department itself to fit the applicant for the special work she is to do4 ,when ,i say assistants1 ,i also mean librarians of the smaller libraries1 such positions as the library school student has been called upon to fill4 ,there are two points of view in looking at the question1 that of the assistant and that of the employer4 ,on the first there can be little discussion1 as the same principles are here involved which underly all education4 ,it is certainly better for any person to have a view of the whole field rather than of one small part of it4 ,i was talking to the head cataloger of a large department the other day1 and she said that one of her main troubles was in getting the assistant who has been given a certain part of the work to do1 to see that any other parts are necessary or important4 ,if the curriculum of our library schools does not give our students this broader view1 we are not living up to our opportunities4 ,no library school1 or any other school1 for that matter1 turns out a finished product4 ,i cannot say to you that the best pupil in my class at the end of one or even two years is a first-rate cataloger4 ,i can only say that ,i hope and think that she understands the principles and their relation to the rest of the work1 and with experience will prove competent1 having shown capabilities which point in this direction4 ,on the other side1 ,i have talked with many library people of experience and they all say that1 anxious as they are to give the persons under their care all possible instruction1 they are so busy with the pressure of accomplishing so much work every day1 that when they find a person who does one kind of work well1 they are very apt to keep her at that1 rather than to give her an opportunity to do all the kinds of work1 for the sake of her education4 ,i always have the greatest admiration1 not unmixed with reverence1 for those who can conduct the business of a large department and a training class at the same time1 as either alone seems to me to take all the energy of an ordinary person2 also the more people you have to do work which can be done by fewer1 the greater the economic waste4 ,from the point of view of the employer there is something to be said on both sides4 ,nowadays the old plea is seldom heard that library school people know too much and have no idea that any method is feasible but the one they have been taught4 ,i did have once a graduate from a so-called library school1 to assist in my department while ,i was ill2 after she had been there about a week1 she announced that she did not like the way the library was classified and during my brief absence she thought she would re-classify it4 ,we had about #aej1jjj volumes at that time and more than a million cards in our various catalogs4 ,thus did ambition disqualify her1 as we had regretfully to let her go1 but fortunately her kind is rare enough to be interesting4 ,the other objection to the employment of trained people is the question of expense4 ,the niece of the president of the board must have occupation and is willing to work for her spending money1 so as an economical measure1 it would be a good thing to employ her4 ,this has two fallacies3 ,first1 someone has to pay for the education of every person and it is better from the point of efficiency to have this done by the employee herself rather than by the institution4 ,secondly1 we should all be willing to pay for what we get1 and you certainly get more for your money in employing the skilled person than the amateur4 ,miss ,sutliff1 after years of experience as a library school teacher1 and with both apprentices and graduates1 said to me that she thought that a person who was trained for a certain piece of work1 at the end of one year1 did that work better than the school graduate1 but at the end of five years the second was a much better employee4 ,there is also this to be said on both sides of the question4 ,there are people constitutionally unfit for library work1 training or no training1 just as there are people who can never run an aeroplane or climb a greased pole or be a third-term president2 they are not fitted for it1 and all of us have had more or less experience with these both in school and out4 ,they may be excellent people2 in fact1 it is exactly this class of whom her friends say1 ,isn't it too bad ,mary never married2 she would make such a fine wife for some good man4 ,i have had a green girl who could never be taught to write a dozen catalog cards correctly because she had no bump of accuracy2 ,i also had a library school graduate with the same failing1 and when ,i mildly suggested that the number of corrections seemed excessive1 she replied1 ,oh yes1 but1 you see1 ,i knew you were going to revise them1 so ,i was not more careful4 ,she also did not remain with me4 ,there are many bright girls who will pick up knowledge of all parts of the work on their own initiative and without any special effort on your part1 will be perfectly qualified to step into your place should necessity arise4 ,there is one danger which may be mentioned here and that is the possible injustice done to this exceptional person when library boards refuse to consider any person except library school graduates4 ,during the time students are at school1 they and the faculty are carefully considering for which branch of the work they are best adapted1 so the employer runs less risk in this respect also1 than when he takes an unknown quantity which he hopes may fit some particular place4 ,if the various library schools are not turning out people with broader horizons and greater adaptability1 they are not doing their full duty2 but if the students they have taught are better qualified for the work1 this fact should have due consideration in the selection of assistants or librarians4 ,miss ,,josephine ,a4 ,,rathbone1 vice-director of the ,pratt institute school of library science1 described a projected normal course4 ,a ,,projected ,,normal ,,course ,,at ,,pratt ,,institute ,,school ,,of ,,library ,,science ,much has intervened1 but possibly some of you may remember that some thing was said on ,saturday about specialization in the library school course4 ,discussion among the library school directors present showed a consensus of opinion that specialization is undesirable in the first year of a two years' course and practically impossible in a one year course1 nor did any radical plan of differentiation of function among the schools1 other than that which has come about already by natural causes1 commend itself as possible at present at least4 ,the only practicable form of specialization therefore seems to be along the line of advanced courses for those who have acquired the fundamentals of technique and who have had sufficient experience to determine clearly the direction in which their aptitudes lie4 ,such a course we are making toward at ,pratt ,institute and it is of our plans and aims for this normal course in library training that ,i have been asked to speak today4 ,the inception of the course came about not as the result of a desire to do some new thing1 but as a solution of two pressing problems with which ,i found myself confronted last summer2 one of these problems is common1 ,i am sure1 to all library school directors1 the difficulty of finding teachers for their faculties or of supplying from their graduates demands of public libraries for directors of training classes4 ,the other problem was local and peculiar to ourselves1 and by reason of it a possible solution was indicated for the former4 ,this was the suggestion made by the librarian of the ,brooklyn public library that the ,pratt ,institute ,library school take over the instruction of the ,brooklyn public library apprentices4 ,as the professional school of ,brooklyn1 it was clearly our duty to perform this function for the public library of ,brooklyn1 and it only remained to find a way1--first1 that would satisfy the needs and requirements of the ,brooklyn public library system2 second1 that would so strengthen the ,pratt ,institute school as to recommend the plan to our trustees2 third1 would help to alleviate the professional situation of which ,i had become so acutely concerned4 ,in response to this need1 almost an answer to prayer1 for the idea occurred to me in church1 came the conception of a normal course to fit advanced students for teaching positions in the profession4 ,now for a normal course three elements are requisite4 ,knowledge of the subjects to be taught1 training in pedagogical methods and directed practice in teaching4 ,the necessary knowledge of the subjects taught could be obtained by admitting to the course only those who had already acquired library technique4 ,pedagogical training could be given at ,pratt ,institute where there already existed a splendidly organized department of education and for the practice teaching there was the apprentice class of the ,brooklyn public library for which the normal students could prepare and conduct the courses in library economy under the direction and supervision of our instructor of proved success in teaching4 ,these two indispensable factors inherent in our situation seems to mark the ,pratt ,institute library school as distinctly the place of all others in which this experiment of training for teaching positions in library work could be tried4 ,now1 does the need exist for librarians who are trained to teach8 ,what is the situation8 ,there are ten or eleven library schools offering courses of one or two years4 ,there are probably twice that number of summer library schools4 ,there are training classes in all of the larger libraries and many of the medium sized libraries4 ,there are many normal schools in which library courses are now given and the trend in this direction is unmistakable4 ,there are school departments in many of the larger libraries in which more or less actual teaching is done1 and in which a librarian who was at the same time a teacher1 who understands the teachers' point of view would connect school and library the more completely4 ,many of you know that these positions are not easy to fill4 ,but could a course be planned that would fit candidates for such positions8 ,i believe so4 ,i am not going to degrade pedagogic training for teachers4 ,that battle has already been fought out in the educational world4 ,of course1 the best teachers are born1 not made1 and some few heaven sent may teach the better for not having learned how1 but there are not enough of them to go around and the greater majority teach the better for training in tried and approved methods1 applied under competent direction4 ,the normal course will therefore consist of two main parts--theoretical training and practice teaching4 ,the first part embraces educational psychology1 a forty-eight hours' course1 a thirty-six hours' course in the history of education1 a general survey with a supplemental course on ,american public education--high schools1 normal schools and colleges--a thirty-six hours' course in the theory of education taking up the conduct of recitations and giving the presentation of subjects1 examinations1 etc4 ,a study of public institutions1 both civic and philanthropic1 will also be included4 ,so much for the theoretical side4 ,the practical application of the theory of education to the teaching of library technique will be made by the preparation of the courses for the ,brooklyn apprentices and the conduct of the classes4 ,the plan for this work is as follows3 ,the normal students will spend a month before the teaching of the apprentices begins in the study of the ,brooklyn public library system and in the preparation for the classes they are to conduct under the direction of ,miss ,julia ,hopkins who is to have charge of this work4 ,this work has been planned in consultation with the ,brooklyn public library librarian and staff and between us we hope to work out the ideal apprentice course4 ,i will go into this somewhat fully in order to show its value as teaching experience for the normal student4 #a4 ,there are to be two apprentice classes a year1 beginning in ,october and ,march respectively4 ,to these classes four months of instruction will be given4 ,this gives each normal student the opportunity of preparing and conducting different courses each term4 #b4 ,the four months of instruction will be followed by three months of practical work in selected branches of the ,brooklyn public library1 during which time the apprentices will learn the technical details of branch work under the supervision of the branch librarian1 thus freeing the course of these details and making it possible to spend the class room time on the broader professional and culture side of the subjects taught4 #c4 #afj hours of instruction will be given to apprentices1 on three days of the week1 ,mondays1 ,wednesdays and ,fridays1 the alternate days to be devoted by them to study and preparation4 ,full library time will be required of them1 which will ensure three hours of preparation for each hour of class room work or lecture4 ,this means the compiling of full reading lists by the normal students to accompany the instruction4 #d4 ,the subjects taught fall into three groups1 cultural1 technical and professional1 with strong emphasis on the first and an effort to correlate the first two quite closely4 ,besides a review of the classics of literature1 there will be a study of the important literature of different subjects--history1 biography1 sociology1 science1 and to this study will be related as far as possible both parallel courses of classification and reference books1 the apprentices being thus required to handle a great many books and to get at their subject contents quickly4 ,they will be required also to make a great many short reading lists on related topics4 ,in the course in children's work1 which ,miss ,clara ,hunt will supervise1 emphasis will also be laid on the book4 ,miss ,hunt will examine and criticize the lectures prepared by the normal students4 ,we wish to strengthen this phase of the work both because it is needed by the apprentices and because it will be of the utmost value to the normal students1 especially to those who go into normal school work later4 ,the technical courses will take up the usual subjects4 ,in classification the emphasis will be laid on the subject content of the classes to add to the general information of the apprentices and the course related1 as ,i said before1 to the study of the literature of the subjects4 ,in cataloging the emphasis will be laid on an intelligent understanding of the use of a catalog rather than on the details of cataloging4 ,on the professional side the course will be stronger than is usual in apprentice courses4 ,now of what value will this course be in providing teaching experience to the normal student8 #a4 ,as preparation for directing apprentice classes in public libraries ,i feel that it will be of direct utility4 #b4 ,for giving instruction to high school students in bibliography1 reference works1 classification and the use of the catalog it would seem to give adequate training4 #c4 ,for conducting courses in normal schools these mentioned subjects plus the course in children's books and perhaps the history of libraries would seem to be a good preparation4 #d4 ,the courses in classification1 reference work1 history of libraries1 work with children1 loan desk work1 compare favorably in length of time given to them and in thoroughness with the average one year library school course and the preparation1 to say nothing of the conduct1 of such courses would be an excellent foundation for the teaching of the same subjects in a library school4 ,in addition to these main features of the course1 the pedagogic training and the practice teaching1 there will be lectures on normal and high school library work and permission has been obtained from the public school system for the normal students to have practical work in the library of the buildings1 training school and in some of the high school libraries4 ,opportunity to study the organization and methods of presentation of other library schools has been promised4 ,the first year or two will1 of course1 be experimental and experience alone can show how the whole thing will work out1 but we feel that the opportunity is a great one and we mean to approach it open-mindedly and to allow it to develop organically4 ,its success will1 of course1 depend on our securing the right kind of material for the class and for this we must look to the profession at large and especially to the other library schools4 ,we do not want large classes1 ten would be the outside limit1 five or six the desirable number4 ,but our own school could not supply even so many1 and if you believe the plan a good one1 the need real1 and if the theory of differentiation of function seems wise1 ,i ask you to send us those of your students who seem fitted for such work1 and by coperation1 council and support help us to make the course a benefit to the whole profession4 ,there seems to be some misapprehension in the profession as to the relation of the ,brooklyn apprentice class and the general course of our own school4 ,so far as our one year course is concerned the only connection is that the ,brooklyn public library has graciously permitted us to put our students in the branches of the ,brooklyn public library for practical work1 while the apprentices are invited to attend the course of lectures by librarians4 ,there is no thought of combining the two classes in class-room work1 which would not be advantageous to either group4 ,miss ,mary ,w4 ,plummer gave the following outline of the work done during the past year at the library school of the ,new ,york public library and the plans for the second year4 ,,report ,,on ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,public ,,library ,,school ,during the past year we have done four things3 ,trained thirty students for the one year certificate2 given partial training to members of the library staff1 to be continued or completed the coming year2 given the same to members of other library staffs1 to be continued or completed1 both to be recognized by pass-cards2 and tested three sets of probationers for the lowest grade of the library service4 ,there is nothing especial to be said about the first class1 except that out of twenty-five who were able to do the full year's work1 more than twenty applied for the second year and the diplomas4 ,of these1 three asked for the unpaid practice1 amounting to fifteen hours per week1 and taken as an equivalent for their tuition4 ,these three will probably take two courses of the three offered for the second year in administration1 advanced cataloging1 and reference work1 and in work with children4 ,the remainder have applied for paid positions at not less than #ej per month1 with one course in the school4 ,as members of the staff for the time being1 they will have no tuition to pay4 ,the second type of student we hope may increase in number as time goes on4 ,one branch librarian took about half the course1 carrying on her regular work and responsibilities1 and seemed none the worse4 ,others took single subjects in which they were interested4 ,one assistant from a suburban library did the same1 commuting daily4 ,these1 of course1 were assigned only a nominal amount of practice1 since they had their regular work4 ,for these as well as the probationers the entrance examinations of the school were insisted on4 ,the probationers being usually too young for the school1 were allowed three conditions1 since they have plenty of time to work them off before old enough to enter the school4 ,others take the probation first1 and if appointed to the staff1 serve six months or more1 and can then enter the school as staff members without tuition4 ,they understand that they are not in any sense a class1 that they are not being trained but merely tested1 that the school is responsible only for the original selection of the probationers1 and though it may take and does take an interest it has no real jurisdiction after this selection is made4 ,mr4 ,brett announced that the ,cleveland public library would introduce a training class for children's librarians in which the students would be given practical work for five days and receive five-sixths of the regular salary4 ,the remainder of the time will be given to instructions and lectures4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,kerr stated that the ,state normal school at ,emporia1 ,kansas1 had a course in library work which required one-fourth of the time in the four years4 ,miss ,hazeltine presented the card code of over five hundred cataloging rules which had been prepared by the ,wisconsin library school for instruction in its school1 after consultation with1 and assistance from many librarians4 ,in response to a question by ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,hall as to what was being done to train librarians to take charge of school libraries1 the discussion turned to that subject4 ,several of the schools mentioned that practical work in school libraries was given their students4 ,emphasis was laid on the point that high school students who had taken a course in the high school in library methods were not qualified to have charge of school libraries4 ,a preliminary report was presented from the chairman of the committee on the uniformity of forms of catalog cards in simplified cataloging4 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,uniformity ,,of ,,forms ,,of ,,catalog ,,cards ,the committee on revision of cataloging practice appointed by the library schools instructors at their meeting in ,january1 #aiab1 wishes to make a brief report of the work done4 ,as a preliminary step in securing opinions from the various schools on the extent of the work and the forms that the code should take1 the following plan was tried4 ,a sufficient number of the galley proofs of a new edition of the rules compiled by the ,wisconsin library school were secured and1 on ,may #f1 sent to all of the library schools2 also to one or two individuals whom the chairman thought might be interested in the project from the teaching point of view4 ,it was thought that this code1 which had proved a practical one1 might at least serve as a basis for comments4 ,the schools were asked whether they desired to co-operate in the attempt to secure uniformity in practice1 and if they approved of the form in which the ,wisconsin code was to be printed1 that is1 on cards2 and lastly1 to show by their comments the points wherein their practice varied4 ,replies have been received at this date from all of the schools1 and from them the following conclusions are reached3 ,first1 there is a general interest in the subject of securing unification in instruction2 but there seems to be some doubt as to whether we are to attempt to cover all of the points of a complete cataloging code1 or only matters of spacing1 indention1 punctuation1 etc4 ,second1 the majority of the schools returned the proofs fully annotated for the changes which they desire4 ,on the whole1 these comments showed that the differences are not great and that uniformity on many at least can be secured1 if so desired by the schools4 ,third1 a general discussion of the subject will be helpful1 before any final decision can be reached in regard to a co-operative code4 ,the committee accordingly decided to ask that there be a discussion of the matter at the ,ottawa conference and a notice to this effect was sent to each school4 ,a list of the points for discussion has been made out4#ab ,the committee will hope to make a final report at the midwinter meeting4 #ab ,see ,catalog ,section ,minutes1 page #bdf4 ,,helen ,,turvill1 ,chairman4 ,the membership committee1 consisting of ,miss ,josephine ,a4 ,rathbone1 ,miss ,june ,r4 ,donnelly and ,mr4 ,paul ,blackwelder1 was continued4 ,the program committee1 consisting of ,miss ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,hazeltine and ,mr4 ,frank ,k4 ,walter1 was also continued4 ,mr4 ,frank ,k4 ,walter was elected chairman for the coming year and ,miss ,agnes ,van ,valkenburgh1 secretary4 ,adjourned4 ,,trustees' ,,section 7,friday1 ,june #bh1 #h3ae p4 m47 ,the ,trustees' section met on ,friday evening1 ,june #bh1 at the ,chateau ,laurier4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,porter1 of ,cincinnati1 chairman of the section1 presided and ,mr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery1 librarian of the ,pennsylvania ,state library1 acted as secretary4 ,the first item on the program was a paper prepared by ,dr4 ,,otto ,j4 ,,klotz1 trustee of the ,ottawa public library1 which was read in his absence4 ,,the ,,trustee',s ,,duty ,,to ,,the ,,library ,dr4 ,klotz said in part3 ,it should be assumed that when one accepts the appointment as library trustee he accepts therewith the duties and responsibilities of such position4 ,he who treats them with indifference is a source of weakness to the board4 ,there is no room on a library board for a man who accepts the appointment just for the honor of it4 ,the trustee must be seized with the fundamental idea and principle that the public library is the people's university1 that it is the fountain to which all have access1 whose wholesome waters shall give renewed life and intellectual strength4 ,the trustee's first duty is to see that the library receives adequate municipal support4 ,this is seldom an easy matter4 ,it generally requires a good deal of missionary work1--through the newspapers1 through personal appeals to councillors1 through public addresses before the council or otherwise4 ,the public must be told of its need1 which it frequently does not recognize4 ,the trustee must exercise the influence of an educator4 ,the work of the trustee is often discouraging and disheartening1 and may take years to attain a particular end4 ,our public libraries act favors the carrying out of some definite plan1 because an appointee holds office for several years1 giving him an opportunity of thoroughly familiarizing himself with the whole range of library affairs to the great advantage of the best interests of the public and of the library4 ,a further advantage of this tenure of office is that it permits of what is in athletics called team work4 ,we know how effective it is in this latter respect1 and so it is too with a library board4 ,i have reason to refer to this1 because all libraries in ,ontario are not so constituted that team work can be efficiently carried out4 ,i allude to libraries whose board has no fixed continuity4 ,with a continuity to the board definite plans may be formulated that one knows in advance will take years to carry out1 but if there is no continuity to the board1 each new board will have its own notion1 using the term notion advisedly1 in contradistinction to the matured plan1 for it is not to be expected that new men1 thrown into new surroundings1 faced by problems wholly or nearly wholly foreign to them1 can act with that intelligence1 with the large-mindedness essential to the best interests of the community4 ,the fault lies not with the men1 but with the system4 ,one of the first considerations is the public4 ,the trustee should know his public well1 just as a physician can only treat his patient intelligently after having made a thorough diagnosis4 ,the people of one town may differ from those of another town1 their industries and interests may be different so that a successful course adopted by a board in one place may not meet with the same success in another1 and as the people1 the citizens1 are to be beneficiaries of a public library1 it is all-important that their needs be closely studied4 ,it must ever be the aim of the trustee to try to give the greatest good to the greatest number1 without however neglecting to provide opportunities within reasonable limits commensurate with the funds available to the exceptional artisan1 mechanic or bright young man who is anxious to pursue his work beyond the ordinary4 ,it can be truly said that even those who do not use the library are to a greater or less extent benefited by it through the environment of those who do use it4 ,one of the functions of a library1 and one that generally appeals most to those that control the purse strings1 is to increase the industrial productiveness of the people of the respective town or municipality4 ,take a town for example whose industries are almost wholly those of cabinet making4 ,it should be the duty of a trustee to see that the library and reading room is especially rich and complete in all that pertains to cabinet making2 to carpentering2 the different kinds of wood2 designing2 drawing and everything that may further the artisan's skill and thereby his productiveness4 ,for we must ever remember that the commercial success of a nation rests on the skill and productiveness of its artisans4 ,this function of the public library is one that may be measured in dollars and cents1 but the other function--of making better men and women1 of character-building1 of brightening homes by the perusal of good literature1 of wholesome fiction1 of making better citizens1 of appreciating the rights as well as the responsibilities of citizenship1 these things can not be measured in coin1 but they make for a nation's progress and stability4 ,the most important office is of course the librarian1 and the success of the library depends more upon him1 or her1 than upon any one else2 for a poor library board and a good librarian are preferable to a good board and poor librarian4 ,hence it is a most important duty of the trustee to see that the services of a good librarian be obtained1 not merely an automaton that hands out books and checks off those returned4 ,the day of utilizing men or women whose usefulness in other fields has vanished is past and such should be kept out of the library4 ,what is wanted is a person who has enthusiasm for the work1 who has studied library work and methods1 who in an unostentatious and quiet way will be helpful to the readers1 who can guide particularly the younger readers in their choice of literature1 who can encourage the formation of reading clubs and societies1 who can make the library and reading room1 especially for small libraries1 cheerful and attractive by little devices1 and by his or her own attitude to the users of the library add much to its usefulness and influence for good4 ,the next duty of the trustee is to see that adequate remuneration be given for the services rendered4 ,the good librarian is in love with his work and is quite willing to sacrifice something on that account to follow a chosen vocation4 ,but that is no reason why inadequate remuneration should be accorded4 ,let the librarian feel that he is getting a fair reward for his services1 co-operate with him1 assist him in his endeavors to improve the usefulness of the library1 let him feel that he has the good-will of the board1 and do not throw all the responsibility of the whole management and its aims upon his shoulders4 ,do not dampen his enthusiasm and zeal by indifference and simply perfunctory attendance at meetings1 or absence altogether4 ,the library requires the undivided attention of both librarian and trustees4 ,bear in mind that it is an educational institution of the town with a larger attendance than that of the schools4 ,it cannot too strongly be urged upon the trustees and board that a mere collection of books does not constitute a public library1 it requires the connecting link1 the librarian1 to bind those two words more closely together--the public and the library1 and the more intimately will they be connected the more efficient the librarian is4 ,a trustee should make a point of becoming somewhat acquainted with what other libraries are doing1 as found in reports and publications4 ,he may at times get thereby new ideas or pointers that may be applicable in his own library4 ,again if he has occasion to travel and has an hour or so to spare in a town or city where there is a public library1 he should go there1 nose about1 and he will find that the visit is profitable4 ,the trustees should within their means make the library and room or rooms as cheerful and comfortable as possible4 ,let the rooms be well lighted and the light so distributed as to be restful to the eyes4 ,try to make the library the most attractive place in town4 ,that in itself is a standing temperance sermon1 without being preached1 which many people do not like4 ,believe in the library as an educational institution for all the people1 young and old2 believe in the library as an aid for technical education2 believe in the library as a good thing for your town2 and believe in the library as making for a strong and progressive nation4 ,this paper was followed by one by ,mr4 ,,walter ,r4 ,,nursey1 inspector of public libraries of the province of ,ontario1 on ,,the ,,trustee',s ,,duty ,,to ,,the ,,public ,mr4 ,nursey said in part3 ,it is well for us all to remember1 to whatever country we owe allegiance1 we should be stirred by one purpose only1 a common purpose that recognizes neither international barriers nor impalpable lines of latitude2 our great aspiration being to increase the spread of pure literature1 the democracy of letters through the coperation of the public library which as an educational factor is soon destined to be recognized as of equal importance with university1 college or school4 ,before submitting to you my views on the trustee's duty to the public let me briefly recite library conditions that at present prevail in ,ontario4 ,ontario1 practically1 is the only province in the ,dominion of ,canada that has an aggregation of public libraries1 #dcd in all1 supported in part by the local legislature1 under the fostering care of a sympathetic minister of education and a very liberal government4 ,the first library organized in this province1 then ,upper ,canada1 was at ,niagara-on-the-,lake in #ahjj4 ,in #ahce1 the first legislation dealing in any way with the library movement was passed and the same year the first government aid was granted4 ,in #ahea a new act was introduced creating what was known for many years as the ,mechanics' ,institute1 the authorities believing that technical books for the working classes were not less important than those for the learned professions4 ,at this time only #b1jjj per year was appropriated and this was found utterly insufficient for the purpose4 ,in #ahfi general literature was recognized in ,upper ,canada in this connection1 in addition to the acquisition of technical books4 ,in #ahhb1 the first free library was organized in ,canada1 at ,toronto4 ,in #aijj1 following upon the good example set by your organization1 the ,ontario library association was instituted1 but it was not until #aiji that the present ,ontario public library act was passed by the legislature1 under which all public libraries1 free and association1 are now organized and controlled4 ,today we have #adj free libraries and #bdd association libraries in this province operating under the provisions of this act4 ,in ,ontario1 whether the library is free or association1 the financial and domestic affairs of both are under the supervision of a board of trustees1 the only difference in these two boards being that in the case of the free library1 the governing body is called a library board and in the case of the association library1 a board of management2 the financial responsibilities are not altogether the same1 for while the trustees of the free library are custodians and paymasters of an income derived from the special rate levied yearly for library purposes by the municipality1 the board of the association libraries have no fixed income to disburse1 being supported largely by the fluctuating fees of the members4 ,the rates levied to support a free library vary1 and are based principally1 as in many instances in your own country1 on population1 and range from a minimum rate of one-quarter of a mill on the dollar to a maximum of three-quarters of a mill4 ,in the case of both of these classes of libraries1 government aid1 of course1 is extended in the form of a yearly grant based upon the annual report of the expenditure of the library upon books and paid in conformity with the libraries act1 subject to departmental regulations4 ,once a library in ,ontario accepts a government grant1 it automatically becomes a public library4 ,thenceforward it is amenable to the provisions of the statute and failure to keep open or render an annual report to the department of education for two consecutive years1 is the signal for dissolution4 ,in other words1 it commits suicide4 ,the minister may then take possession of all its books1 its magazines and periodicals and dispose of them as he may deem best4 ,further1 if a library fails in any year to comply with the regulations1 the minister has power to withhold the whole or a portion of the government grant for that year4 ,the ,ontario act1 as you have seen1 provides for two classes of libraries1 both of which are public libraries2 the business of both classes being administered by a board of trustees1 one of whom is elected chairman1 and while the responsibilities of these boards is greater in the case of the free libraries1 both have equal1 if not similar obligations as custodians in law of the people's interests4 ,before proceeding to submit my own ideas of what appears to be the most important1 if perhaps the unwritten duties of a library trustee to the public1 and which ,i present with extreme diffidence in the presence of so many experts1 let me briefly enumerate what are the legal obligations of a trustee in this ,province as set forth in the statute regulating the same at the present time4 ,these powers are vested in the mayor1 or reeve1 as the case may be1 with three other members appointed by the local municipal council1 three by the local public school board or board of education and two by the separate school board representing the ,roman ,catholic section of the community2 nine trustees in all who elect their chairman and retire annually in rotation4 ,these trustees forfeit their position if they absent themselves from three consecutive monthly meetings without leave4 ,the legal duties of these trustees consist in the general management1 regulation and control of the library and reading room entailing the securing1 erecting or renting of the necessary buildings for the purpose of the library and reading room1 and the purchase of books1 newspapers1 magazines1 maps1 etc41 illustrative of the arts and sciences for the library reading room and museum4 ,these responsibilities are further increased by the necessity for keeping the building and its contents in a proper state of preservation and repair and to provide the necessary fuel1 lighting and other necessaries and accommodations and also the appointment or dismissal at pleasure of the officers and servants of the board4 ,the board is also obliged to make rules for the use of the library reading room and museum and for the admission of the public thereto and for the general management of the library2 its reading room1 museum1 evening classes and art school1 and of all property under its control4 ,for breaches of any of its rules1 it may impose penalties not exceeding #aj4 ,at least two out of these nine trustees1 should be women2 women who have won a record for activity and good common sense in their departments of business4 ,it is also the duty of the faithful trustee to encourage the public to realize that it is the librarian1 not the trustee1 who is the real pilot of the ship1 and jealously uphold the hands of that important official4 ,unfortunately the library has sometimes been converted into an asylum for the village derelict whose unfitness for any ordinary business pursuits would seem to be the highest passport possible1 his incapacity emphasizing in the minds of some trustees his apparent suitability for the position4 ,summarizing the situation1 we find the general importance of the position of a trustee viewed from the library act point of view1 to be that 7#a7 ,he holds the property of the library in trust for the whole community4 7#b7 ,that the board has the same standing as any other corporate public body1 town council1 school board1 board of education1 etc4 7#c7 ,that the trustees alone can manage public library affairs and that they have the exclusive authority to pay rent1 to build or to sell property1 subject to the statutory provisions4 7#d7 ,that they have the power both to raise and expend money for library purposes4 7#e7 ,that they can demand certain moneys from the municipal council1 ranging from a quarter of a mill up to three-quarters of a mill on the dollar of the total annual assessment at the will of the ratepayers4 7#f7 ,that the trustees alone are empowered to employ or dismiss the librarian and other members of the staff4 7#g7 ,and that they alone are responsible to the public4 ,their importance1 if further evidence was wanting1 is established by the development of the library movement in the ,province of ,ontario1 demonstrated by the fact that as individuals1 they have been active in founding and maintaining the ,ontario library association4 ,hence it is easy to understand that the hope for the real and lasting expansion of library work largely depends upon the educating of the trustee up to the sane realization of his responsibilities4 ,in order to have a fair understanding of the trustee's many obligations1 we must consider the duties he is called upon to perform in connection with his own library4 ,he should be present and assist at the ,easter meetings of the ,ontario library association1 and attend the library institutes which are yearly held in each of the #ad library districts into which the province has been carved for this purpose4 ,as an evidence of the material of which the ordinary trustee is made1 it is well to note that out of nine presidents who up to the present time have filled that office in the ,ontario library association1 between the years #aijj and #aiab1 six at one time or another have been library trustees4 ,eighty trustees were active officers of these library institutes in #aiaa1 and of these at least #ge gave papers or addresses during the year ending ,april1 #aiab4 ,wonderful opportunities for extending the influence of clean literature is held by every trustee in the hollow of his hand1 and the literature of the library1 taken in all its bearings1 forms the great line of demarkation between the human and the animal kingdom4 ,hence1 the sound and intelligent coupling of morally well-balanced men and women should be sought1 not merely the professional educationist1 who1 not infrequently is apt to be somewhat narrow in his vision2 not the mere literary triflers or amateur reformers nor the league of superficial progressives who amuse themselves by lopping off the branches of an evil1 but rather the strong and impatient workers1 the real trail-makers who strike at the roots4 ,often in a rough and most unpromising exterior we find the very elements and characteristics we have long sought in vain4 ,in and out of season1 first1 last1 and all the time in addition to his statutory obligations the trustee should make the welfare of the librarian his greatest concern4 ,what the pilot is1 what the sails are1 what the wheel and the propelling power are1 individually and collectively to the ship--so is the librarian to the library4 ,it is quite conceivable that a library could exist without a trustee1 but almost inconceivable that it could exist without a librarian4 ,in ,ontario we are doing all we can to elevate the status of the librarian1 as well as her status in the army of intellectual workers4 ,we have summer schools and library institutes to encourage her in her ambitions and to improve her knowledge4 ,i am persuaded that on the walls of every library might well be written in large characters1 and without any suspicion of disrespect1 ,god bless our ,librarian4 ,i refer of course1 to the faithful efficient librarian with a proper conception of her own duties who should be honoured in the community by virtue of her position entailing such profound responsibilities4 ,her smallest act of official consideration1 to her juvenile readers especially1 leaves a widening ripple of influence1 the far-reaching effect of which can scarcely be over-estimated4 ,the librarian1 unless it is obviously inopportune1 should also without doubt be invited to attend every meeting of the trustees and share their undivided confidence1 and the importance of her position and her individuality should never be dominated or overshadowed by the personality of the trustee4 ,her suggestions wherever possible should be respected1 deferred to and acted upon1 and every point strained to give her a living wage as nearly commensurate as circumstances will permit1 with a due and extreme regard for the importance of her task1--at best1 a somewhat thankless one4 ,i am a strong advocate for ,sunday opening wherever it can be accomplished without interfering with the conscience or freedom of the employee1 and if exempt from hardship4 ,i further believe that every trustee should permit the purchase of books relating to any religious belief providing that they are not of a controversial nature1 and that he should actively co-operate with the librarian in the selection of the really best current literature1 both books and periodicals1 giving fiction1 say a #ej maximum at the most4 ,last1 but not least ,i maintain that it should be a man trustee's greatest pleasure and manifest duty to secure the co-operation of at least two capable women workers to share his responsibilities as co-trustees4 ,discussion brought out the interesting fact that the ,ontario library association included in its membership almost as many trustees as librarians4 ,mr4 ,bowker suggested that those from the states interested in library development should seek to follow the ,canadian example in this respect1 and obtain more active participation from trustees in the library association4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,charteris1 president of the ,ontario library association1 gave further word on the relation of trustees to the library organization in ,canada1 and ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,banton1 trustee of the ,toronto public library1 who had been present at the ,magnolia conference1 spoke of his disappointment at finding so little participation by trustees in that meeting4 ,the officers of the section were re-elected for another year3 ,chairman1 ,w4 ,t4 ,porter1 trustee ,cincinnati public library2 secretary1 ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery1 librarian ,pennsylvania ,state library4 ,,public ,,documents ,,round ,,table ,a ,public ,documents ,round ,table was held on ,july #a1 ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,godard1 ,state librarian of ,connecticut1 in the chair4 ,miss ,elizabeth ,m4 ,smith of ,new ,york state library was appointed secretary4 ,the preliminary report of the ,committee on public documents already printed was read1 in order to bring briefly before the session the status of the bills now before ,congress relating to the printing1 binding and distribution of public documents4 ,the chairman reported his efforts to bring to the conference the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,mr4 ,august ,donath1 to present in person a paper on the new printing bill4 ,a failure of ,congress to provide in the appropriations for traveling expenses for this and similar purposes1 made this impossible4 ,the chairman1 ,mr4 ,godard1 reported that he had laid before the ,senate ,committee on appropriations the advisability of appropriating funds to pay expenses of the ,superintendent of ,documents1 or some other competent official1 while trying to get into closer relations with the depository and other document libraries4 ,the secretary read a letter from the clerk of the ,committee on appropriations reporting that ,mr4 ,godard's letter would be called to the attention of the committee at the proper time4 ,the following letter from ,mr4 ,donath on the subject of public documents1 dealing especially with the new printing bill1 was read by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,n4 ,cheney of the ,court of ,appeals library1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,office of ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington ,june #h1 #aiab4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,godard3 ,complying with your kind invitation to send to your committee a paper dealing with the subject of public documents from a standpoint of interest mutual to your association and to this office1 ,i herewith submit a few words covering the subject as briefly as its intelligent discussion will permit4 ,i deem it a privilege to be able to address those to whom this is a live subject1 and regret all the more that ,congress does not seem inclined to endorse recommendations1 repeatedly made1 that would bring the members of your association and the official in charge of this branch of the public service into more intimate intercourse4 ,this would surely be in the interest of better service on the part of this office and a clearer interchange of expert opinion that could not be otherwise than beneficial to the cause which the law creating our connection was intended to serve4 ,the idea underlying the legislation that created designated depository libraries was undoubtedly the intent to create five or six hundred places throughout this broad land where the history of the country1 as expressed in the printed page1 should be accessible to the public4 ,a very good intention1 and one very largely impractical4 ,when it is remembered that the yearly output of public documents is nearly a thousand1 and that a steadily increasing amount of shelf room is required to make all these accessible1 even those who only have a superficial acquaintance with the subject will see that to live up to the requirement which accompanies the designation is beyond the ability of perhaps the major number of the libraries now regularly supplied4 ,only in the larger cities and the most prosperous communities are there libraries able to cope with this contract4 ,added to this cause for failure to carry out the intent of thus creating permanent places accessible to the student of the history of his country has been the right of a ,senator or ,representative to change the designation at the beginning of a ,congress1 thus leaving the discarded institution with a partial supply of public documents1 and starting the new selection with a void that is never filled4 ,poor business1 surely4 ,and it is this condition that the official now in charge of the ,public ,documents ,division has worked very hard to have amended4 ,i am glad to be able to state that light seems to have broken on this matter4 ,after repeated searching inquiries on the part of the ,printing ,investigation ,commission the true situation seems to be understood1 and the measure popularly known as the ,new ,printing ,bill1 which deals with the whole subject of the public printing1 promises to establish a connection between the libraries of the land and this office that shall be of more benefit to the public and at much less expense than the operation of the law of ,january #ab1 #ahie1 permitted4 ,at present writing this bill has passed the ,senate1 has been favorably reported1 with amendments1 to the ,house1 and appears to be in shape for speedy final action4 ,it contains many provisions that make for economy in the public printing1 but ,i will only mention what is of more immediate interest to the libraries of the country4 ,to begin with1 the law will permit selection1 at stated intervals1 of the class of publications that a designated library is able or desirous to handle4 ,what a relief that will be can best be appreciated by the officials in charge of the smaller libraries4 ,it will serve them1 and it will likewise save money to the ,government4 ,the volume of literature sent out from here that later is returned can only be realized from personal observation4 ,my personal acquaintance with it began on the day ,i took charge of this office4 ,there were mountains of it1 and in a few months1 so the ,public ,printer informed me1 he desired to lay before the ,committee on ,printing his report recommending how much of the accumulation seemed worth returning into stock1 and how much should be sold as waste paper4 ,however1 the subject has become so familiar to the law-making body that remedial action is now apparently in sight4 ,the bill likewise assures that permanency to a designated library without which the original intent1 above fully stated1 is defeated4 ,once designated1 no change in the political representation in ,congress from that particular locality will affect the library's status4 ,thus the two causes that have operated to nullify the intent to create permanent depositories of the country's history will be removed4 ,and while the question of selection may at first seem somewhat of a problem to many librarians1 ,i feel confident that this matter will soon work smoothly and satisfactorily4 ,i should not forget to mention that besides the privilege of thus curtailing their receipts from this office1 libraries may also1 in certain cases1 receive duplicates that they find desirable4 ,among other provisions of the new bill that will appeal to your committee ,i may mention that it goes a long distance in carrying out the slogan1 one edition for one book1 by taking out of the numbered ,congressional series all annual and serial publications and those of which a ,departmental edition has been printed1 the only exception being the ,messages of the ,presidents and the ,annual ,reports of the heads of the nine ,executive ,departments4 ,this elimination of document numbers will materially reduce the size of what is commonly known as the sheep set1 and ,i also expect that it will enable a speedier delivery of this class of publications1 besides permitting a return to the old custom of placing the serial number on each volume4 ,i believe the foregoing covers in as condensed a form as the subject admits the matters just now of greatest interest in the discussion of the subject of public documents4 ,i need not assure you1 and through you your associates1 of the earnest desire on the part of this office to co-operate to the fullest possible extent with the good work that the libraries of the country are doing in advancing the intelligence of a people whose will is the foundation of our ,government4 ,the greatest menace to a government of the people is ignorance1 and no agency is superior to the libraries of the land in combating this foe of free institutions4 ,in the hope that these remarks will be kindly received1 and assuring you of my personal regard1 ,i have the honor to be1 ,very respectfully1 ,,august ,,donath1 ,superintendent of ,documents4 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,godard1 ,esq41 ,chairman1 ,committee on ,public ,documents1 ,american ,library ,association4 ,before discussion was opened1 the secretary of the meeting read a courteous letter from ,hon4 ,reed ,smoot1 ,chairman of the ,senate ,committee on ,printing1 expressing regret at his inability to deliver at the ,conference an address on the general topic of printing1 binding and distribution of ,government publications1 and referring with appreciation to the intention of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,committee to deliver to him a concise report of the suggestions made by the librarians interested in ,government publications4 ,discussions followed4 ,mr4 ,henry ,j4 ,carr1 a former president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 and a veteran document librarian1 advocated concentrating the efforts of the association on getting the bill through in its present form1 on the ground that it was now so nearly satisfactory1 and had already been so long in preparation1 that further delay would be unfortunate4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,thompson1 formerly chief of the ,department of ,documents in the ,library of ,congress1 now librarian of the ,columbia ,university ,law library1 introduced the question of a limited distribution of bills4 ,the following suggestions were made3 ,by ,mr4 ,thompson 7#a7 that public and private bills form separate numbered series1 the former to be distributed to libraries requesting1 or1 if necessary1 subscribing through the ,superintendent of ,documents1 or 7#b7 that the text of any bill under consideration should be included in the printed report on the same4 ,by ,mr4 ,thorvald ,solberg1 ,united ,states ,registrar of ,copyrights1 that every bill which has passed one house should be printed in a permanent form convenient for library use4 ,by ,mr4 ,clement ,w4 ,andrews1 librarian of the ,john ,crerar library of ,chicago1 that bills not favorably acted upon should also be included in any scheme to be suggested2 that better provision be at the same time recommended for supplying reports of hearings to interested libraries4 ,by ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,reinick1 chief of the ,public ,documents ,department of the ,philadelphia ,free library1 in favor of ,mr4 ,thompson's suggestion of separate series for public and private bills1 and of better distribution of reports of hearings4 ,by ,mr4 ,herbert ,s4 ,hirshberg1 reference librarian1 ,cleveland public library1 that bills be printed in the ,congressional ,record4 ,by ,miss ,edith ,e4 ,clarke1 now chief cataloger in the library of ,syracuse university and formerly on the staff of the ,superintendent of ,documents1 that the ,superintendent of ,documents be given a certain specified number of copies of bills to be distributed to libraries on request4 ,by ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 editor and publisher of the ,publishers' weekly and the ,library journal1 that bills favorably reported be included in ,committee reports2 that reports of hearings be included in the document series2 that the ,superintendent of ,documents be given the power to distribute1 on request1 copies of individual bills4 ,by ,mr4 ,solberg1 that texts of bills be included in committee reports whether reported favorably or not4 ,in conclusion the following resolution was introduced by ,mr4 ,thompson3 ,,resolved1 that the ,committee on ,public ,documents recommend to the proper ,congressional authorities that there be appended to each ,committee report on a public bill1 when printed 7#a7 the text of the bill and 7#b7 the testimony taken if stenographically reported and not confidential4 ,this resolution was adopted4 ,further suggestions regarding other provisions of the printing bill were made as follows3 ,by ,mr4 ,thompson3 ,that unbound numbered documents be distributed in advance of the bound volumes1 and that librarians be given option as to the form they prefer4 ,by ,mr4 ,andrews3 ,that some provision be introduced which should place in the hands of some one higher in authority than the blanket clerk1 the power to place documents in the confidential non-distributable class and thus keep out of that class documents of general library interest which are not confidential4 ,the chairman then introduced the subject of daily lists of documents1 with a suggestion that lists be prepared in the ,senate and ,assembly ,document ,room and printed daily in the ,congressional ,record1 of all documents received the day previous in the document rooms4 ,such a list should meet with favor from ,congress because prompt notice of publication would be valuable to ,congressmen as well as to libraries4 ,doubts of its practicability were raised by ,mr4 ,solberg and ,mr4 ,andrews4 ,the latter referred to the difficulty rising from the fact that the ,congressional ,record was published only during the sessions1 and suggested that the public printer furnish the lists4 ,miss ,laura ,a4 ,thompson considered the difficulty raised by ,mr4 ,andrews a small one because fewer documents and documents of less immediate interest were issued when ,congress was not in session4 ,miss ,clarke stated her opinion that the ,superintendent of ,documents should issue the list as a daily bulletin4 ,mr4 ,ernest ,bruncken of the office of the ,united ,states ,register of ,copyrights1 by letter advocated this plan4 ,mr4 ,godard stated that the ,superintendent of ,documents was unwilling to undertake it4 ,mr4 ,thompson stated that the necessity of sending it out by mail daily made it impracticable4 ,it was decided to take no action on this particular matter4 ,the following resolution1 however1 was moved by ,miss ,clarke and carried3 ,,whereas3 ,the reading public of the ,united ,states are looking more and more to the libraries and especially to the depository libraries1 to supply to them and advise them about all the publications of the ,united ,states ,government1 and ,,whereas3 ,the librarians must of necessity largely depend for information as to these publications1 upon the catalogs and bibliographical aids issued by the office of the ,superintendent of ,documents1 and ,,whereas3 ,promptness in the printing of these bibliographical aids is most essential to the timely use of current government material4 ,therefore be it ,,resolved1 ,that the librarians of the ,american ,library ,association assembled at ,ottawa1 respectfully urge the ,superintendent of ,documents to use all reasonable haste in the compilation1 printing and distribution to libraries1 of the ,monthly ,catalog of ,united ,states ,public ,documents and of the ,document ,catalog1 so that they may be available in libraries as soon as possible after the periods covered by the same4 ,mr4 ,james ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr41 director of the ,new ,york state library1 ,albany1 called attention to the withdrawal of free distribution of the specifications and drawings of ,united ,states patents1 and moved the following resolution1 which was carried3 ,,resolved3 ,that the librarians of the for a limited free distribution of the bound volumes 7or less desirable1 the unbound volumes7 of the ,specifications and ,drawings of the ,united ,states ,patents1 the ,superintendent of ,documents1 perhaps1 to designate or determine such libraries upon presentation of good reasons4 ,mr4 ,charles ,h4 ,hastings1 chief of the card section in the ,library of ,congress1 expressed regret at the impossibility of printing on ,library of ,congress printed cards the volume numbers of the documents in the ,congressional series1 since the documents were not assigned to volumes until some time after publication4 ,the following resolution1 proposed by ,mr4 ,thompson1 was adopted2 ,,resolved3 ,that the ,committee on ,public ,documents recommend that arrangements be made at the ,government ,printing office for the assignment of bulletin or document numbers at a later stage than at present1 in order that they may correspond more nearly with the order of publication1 and that wherever possible1 documents be assigned to their volumes in the ,congressional series at the time of publication in order that the volume numbers may be used in cataloging4 ,mr4 ,solberg called attention to the unsatisfactory method of numbering ,treasury decisions and decisions of the ,attorney ,general4 ,attention was called to the ,house amendment making centralization of distributors in the office of the ,superintendent of ,documents obligatory to all departments4 ,a similar provision was stricken out of the ,senate appropriation bill4 ,mr4 ,thompson and ,mr4 ,solberg opposed obligatory centralization and suggested that the association register with the ,senate ,committee on ,printing its disapproval on the grounds both of economy and of promptness of service4 ,mr4 ,bowker expressed a hope that the association would strongly endorse the attempt now being made to establish a legislative reference department at the national capital4 ,mr4 ,wyer moved that the ,committee on ,public ,documents send a resolution of thanks to the ,senate and ,house ,committees on ,printing and to the ,superintendent of ,documents1 for their uniform courtesy and careful consideration of the several suggestions made4 ,this motion was carried4 ,the meeting then adjourned4 ,,american ,,association ,,of ,,law ,,libraries ,seventh ,annual ,meeting1 ,ottawa1 ,canada1 ,june #bf-;,july #b1 #aiab ,,first ,,session 7,june #bg1 #aiab1 #b3cj p4 m41 at the ,chateau ,laurier47 ,the meeting was called to order by ,president ,godard1 forty-four being present4 ,the president introduced ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,bligh1 ,k4,c41 librarian of the ,supreme ,court of the ,dominion1 who welcomed the association to ,canada and expressed the hope that the sessions would be profitable and that the stay in ,ottawa would be enjoyed4 ,he invited the members of the association to visit his library4 ,president ,godard then addressed the association4 ,the report of the treasurer was read by the secretary1 as follows3 ,to the ,american ,association of ,law ,libraries3 ,your treasurer respectfully reports the following receipts and expenditures3 on ,august #bdth ,i received a statement from ,mr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,poole1 former treasurer of the association1 and a list of receipted bills which total #idc4ga4 ,these receipts are expenditures made by ,mr4 ,poole on behalf of the ,association since the balancing of his books on ,may #e1 #aiaa4 ,for the period from ,aug4 #bf1 #aiaa1 to ,june #bd1 #aiab1 the following receipts and expenditures were made3 ,it might be well to state here that your treasurer was elected at the annual meeting of the ,association held at ,pasadena in ,may1 #aiaa1 but the financial affairs were not turned over to him until the above date4 ,receipts ,f4 ,o4 ,poole1 to balance account #hh4eh ,subscriptions for ,index #fff4ej ,dues #caf4jj ,advertising #bfc4ge ,overpayment of dues 4#bf ,overpayment of subscriptions #d4jj -------- #a1cce4ji ,expenditures ,treasurer1 printing supplies #cg4hg ,g4 ,g4 ,glasier1 express #c4if ,h4 ,l4 ,butler1 typewriting for #aiaa #aa4ce ,the ,index ,composition1 printing binding ,no4 #b ,no4 #d and storage on back number as per bills #ddg4de ,salary of ,karl ,ed4 ,steinmetz as ,mgr4 ,editor as per agreement with ,executive ,committee #djj4jj ,salary of ,frederick ,w4 ,schenk as per agreement with the ,executive ,committee #hj4jj ,printing the report of the ,committee on ,sessions #a4ge ,wrapping and shipping ,no4 #b of the ,index #aj4da ,wrapping and shipping ,no4 #d of the ,index #ab4eb ,supplies furnished the ,editor of the ,index1 and express #ai4je ,return of overpayment of dues 4#be ,refund of subscriptions #d4jj #a1jbh4fa ---------------------- ,balance in ,first ,nat'l4 ,bank1 ,montpelier1 ,vt4 #cjf4dh ,your treasurer wishes to express at this time his appreciation of the many favors of the different officers of the association4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,e4 ,,lee ,,whitney1 ,treasurer4 ,the secretary reported that aside from arranging the program of the annual meeting1 taking up details with reference to the election of new members1 and other routine matters1 the ,executive committee had been obliged to meet the situation arising from the much regretted resignation of ,mr4 ,gilson ,g4 ,glasier1 as editor of the ,index1 after the publication of the first number of volume #d4 ,it was finally decided to engage ,mr4 ,karl ,e4 ,steinmetz1 as editor of the balance of volume #d at slight increase in compensation over the amount he received for indexing4 ,the negotiations consumed so much time that after the publication of ,no4 #b of volume #d4 ,it was decided to omit the third number1 and to proceed forthwith with the preparation of the annual number which was to contain all index material of the year1 including that which would have appeared in the third number4 ,at the meeting of the ,committee in ,cleveland1 ,december #bi-cj1 there was received from ,mr4 ,schenk a proposition for doing the indexing and editing of volume #e of the ,index which was so favorable to the association that the ,committee decided to accept it4 ,arrangements were effected which the ,committee believed would place the work on a firm basis4 ,members were urged to do their best to secure new subscribers4 ,on motion by ,mr4 ,small1 the president was directed to appoint an auditing committee1 a nominating committee1 and a committee on resolutions1 of three members each1 which committees were directed to report at a later session during the convention4 ,the president appointed the following committees3 ,auditing ,committee3 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,c4 ,klingelsmith1 ,miss ,frances ,d4 ,lyon1 ,harold ,l4 ,butler4 ,nominating ,committee3 ,a4 ,j4 ,small1 ,e4 ,a4 ,feazel1 ,c4 ,j4 ,babbitt4 ,committee on ,resolutions3 ,e4 ,m4 ,borchard1 ,f4 ,b4 ,crossley1 ,f4 ,o4 ,poole4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wire1 chairman1 reported progress on behalf of the committee on the ,reprinting of ,session ,laws4 ,this report1 together with other reports and papers not set out in this number1 will be found in the ,law ,library ,journal published by this association in conjunction with the ,index to ,legal ,periodicals4 ,mr4 ,george ,n4 ,cheney1 chairman1 on behalf of the committee on the list of law libraries and librarians1 reported progress4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,field1 chairman1 on behalf of the committee on ,latin ,american ,laws1 reported that that committee had received but one response to about thirty letters sent to various ,south ,american legal institutions4 ,this reply came from ,brazil1 and called attention to the fact that the ,national ,press of ,rio de ,janeiro had for sale the public laws of the country4 ,the committee hoped to report additional information at the next annual meeting4 ,mr4 ,poole1 temporary chairman of the committee to confer with the ,library of ,congress on shelf classifications for the law department1 reported that a series of questions had been propounded by the ,library of ,congress1 a copy of which had been sent to each member of the committee1 and that replies thereto had been received from ,mr4 ,hewitt and ,mr4 ,babbitt1 which replies had been transmitted to the ,library of ,congress4 ,no further action was taken by the committee pending further word from the ,library of ,congress1 which library since that time has seemed to be fully occupied with other matters4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,small1 chairman of the ,committee on ,bibliography of ,bar ,association ,proceedings1 reported that a complete list1 prepared by ,mr4 ,francis ,rawle1 of ,philadelphia1 had been received by the committee1 but that1 in accordance with ,mr4 ,rawle's request1 details given in this list--many of which were in very abbreviated form--would have to be put into bibliographical shape before publication4 ,it was further reported that arrangements would be effected whereby this work might be done1 and publication secured4 ,mr4 ,small1 chairman of the ,committee on the ,bibliography of ,american ,statute law1 reported progress4 ,on motion of ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,butler1 it was voted to accept the reports of the special committees so far received1 and to continue all the committees1 subject to such change in personnel as might seem necessary to the incoming president1 and further1 that all committees be directed to report at the next annual meeting4 ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,kaiser1 librarian of the ,department of economics and sociology of the ,university of ,illinois1 read a paper on library school training for employees of law libraries4 ,this was followed by an animated discussion4 ,on motion1 it was voted to adjourn1 to meet again on ,june #bhth1 at #i3cj a4 m4 ,,second ,,session 7,june #bh1 #aiab1 at #i3cj a4 m41 at the ,chateau ,laurier47 ,president ,godard called the meeting to order and stated that the first matter to be taken up was the consideration of the ,tentative list of subject headings for a law library catalog prepared by the ,library of ,congress4 ,mr4 ,edwin ,m4 ,borchard introduced the matter4 ,he stated that the list had been prepared primarily for the use of the ,library of ,congress in its own catalog and in the work of printing catalog cards for distribution4 ,it was hoped that the list in its final form would be of help to law libraries throughout the country1 and to this end criticisms of the tentative list and suggestions were asked for4 ,mr4 ,borchard then took up the headings in regard to which there might be difference of opinion1 and explained the decision reached by his library4 ,he pointed out several cases where changes had already been made in the list4 ,considerable discussion ensued on various points4 ,at the suggestion of ,mr4 ,borchard1 the president was1 on motion1 directed to appoint a committee of three to confer with the ,library of ,congress on the matter of these subject headings4 ,the president announced the committee as follows3 ,george ,n4 ,cheney1 ,luther ,e4 ,hewitt1 ,j4 ,david ,thompson4 ,on motion1 the resolutions committee was directed to draw up and present at a later session of the convention1 a resolution of thanks to the ,library of ,congress for undertaking this work4 ,the president announced that the nominating committee was ready to make its report4 ,the nominations presented by this committee were as follows3 ,president1 ,franklin ,o4 ,poole2 #ast ,vice-,president1 ,frederick ,w4 ,schenk2 #bnd ,vice-,president1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,c4 ,klingelsmith2 ,secretary1 ,miss ,g4 ,e4 ,woodard2 ,treasurer1 ,e4 ,lee ,whitney2 ,executive ,committee1 ,e4 ,o4 ,s4 ,scholefield1 ,o4 ,j4 ,field1 ,e4 ,j4 ,lien4 ,on motion1 the report was accepted and the president was directed to cast one vote for the candidates mentioned4 ,the president announced that he had cast the vote and that the above officers were elected to serve during the ensuing year4 ,on motion1 the meeting adjourned until ,june #cj1 at #i p4 m4 ,,third ,,session 7,june #cj1 #aiab1 #i p4 m41 at the ,chateau ,laurier47 ,mr4 ,butler1 of the auditing committee1 presented a report on behalf of the committee1 as follows3 ,the auditing committee begs to report that it has audited the books of the treasurer for the year ending ,june #bd1 #aiab1 and finds same to be correct4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,margaret ,c4 ,,klingelsmith1 ,,frances ,d4 ,,lyon1 ,,harold ,l4 ,,butler4 ,on motion1 the report was accepted and the treasurer's report was approved4 ,mr4 ,poole1 on behalf of the committee on resolutions1 presented a number of resolutions acknowledging the services to the profession of the ,massachusetts ,state library in publishing a list of ,american statute law1 and the catalog of foreign statute laws2 of ,mr4 ,francis ,rawle in presenting to the association for publication his list of ,bar ,association proceedings2 of the ,library of ,congress in compiling a list of subject headings for law library catalogs1 and the ,guide to the legal literature of ,germany2 and to all those who contributed to the program of the meeting1 and had been instrumental in making the stay of the members in ,ottawa so pleasant and profitable4 ,there was also presented a resolution in acknowledgment of the life work of ,william ,j4 ,c4 ,berry1 one of the charter members1 and formerly librarian of the ,association of the ,bar of the ,city of ,new ,york1 and of ,stephen ,b4 ,griswold1 the only honorary member of the association1 and formerly state law librarian of ,new ,york4 ,all these resolutions were unanimously adopted4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,small stated that he had received many requests for information regarding shelf classifications of text books in his library and moved that the president appoint a committee of three to gather information regarding such classifications in the several libraries and prepare the same for publication4 ,after discussion the motion1 being seconded1 was duly carried4 ,on motion it was voted to appropriate #be4jj for the expenses of the committee4 ,the president announced the committee as follows3 ,miss ,g4 ,e4 ,woodard1 ,g4 ,n4 ,cheney1 ,e4 ,a4 ,feazel4 ,the business of the association having been completed it was on motion1 voted that the meeting adjourn sine die4 ,in addition to the above sessions1 the association met in conjunction with other bodies in two joint sessions1 the first with the ,national ,association of ,state ,libraries and the ,special ,libraries ,association1 and the second1 with the ,bibliographical ,society of ,america and other bodies4 ,,league ,,of ,,library ,,commissions ,ninth ,annual ,meeting at ,ottawa1 ,canada1 ,june #bh-;,july #a1 #aiab ,,first ,,session 7,friday1 ,june #bh1 #b3cj p4 m47 ,the first session was called to order by the first vice-president1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,milam1 of ,indiana1 in the absence of the president1 ,miss ,cornelia ,marvin1 of ,oregon4 ,it was voted to waive the reading of the minutes of the last annual meeting4 ,the financial report of the secretary-treasurer was read and accepted4 ,the chairman appointed as a nominating committee to report at the last session1 ,charlotte ,templeton1 ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey1 and ,mrs4 ,percival ,sneed4 ,miss ,elizabeth ,b4 ,wales then presented the following report on charter provisions for public libraries in cities having the commission form of government4 ,,report ,,on ,,charter ,,provisions ,,for ,,public ,,libraries ,,in ,,home ,,rule ,,or ,,commission ,,government ,,cities ,the present chairman took charge of the work about ,may #ast4 ,the committee found the time remaining so short that it was deemed inadvisable to attempt to prepare material for the ,league at this meeting4 ,therefore your committee begs leave to report progress and submit an outline of its plans for criticism and suggestion4 ,the discussion of the subject seemed to indicate that the difficulties might fall into two classes4 ,cases involving a satisfactory library law in danger of change1 and difficulties occasioned by attempt to better the original law under the ,commission government2 and a further division including cases where the commission law as passed was inapplicable to the library government1 or conflicted with the law4 ,the committee suggests dealing with the matter by statute law rather than by city charter provision1 and would suggest as a method1 that3 7a7 ,two provisional sections be drafted1 one to insure the continuing in force of the state library law already on the books1 to be used in states where such continuance is for the interest of the library2 another to provide for the organization and control of the library under commission government by a definite statement in the commission law to override all former statutes1 to be used in states where the present law is not satisfactory4 7b7 ,these sections be submitted to the heads of library commissions for criticism1 accompanied by a letter of explanation embodying the question1 ,would such state law meet the problems of libraries in commission governed cities in your state8 ,another and perhaps better way of securing the result would be to write to library commissions and ask these questions3 7#a7 ,what difficulties have arisen in the library administration of commission governed cities in your state8 7#b7 ,what remedies would you suggest to meet these difficulties8 7#c7 ,would you incorporate these suggestions in the laws of your state or in the charters of your cities8 ,the committee also suggests that a letter be written to ,mr4 ,richard ,s4 ,childs1 stating the main difficulties experienced and requesting an opinion regarding the best method of meeting them4 ,mr4 ,child's known interest would no doubt bring an enlightening answer to any communication of reasonable length4 ,miss ,tyler has generously permitted the committee to use the letters received by her in the preparation of her paper for the ,pasadena conference1 and to these cities one or two questions might be sent bearing upon the special conditions developed4 ,this second appeal may be made extremely valuable by careful treatment2 for instance1 there are twelve cities which have experienced change in the number of trustees representing the effect of the law in ,california1 ,iowa1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 and ,s4 ,dakota2 three report a board elected by the ,commission or council instead of appointed by the mayor2 again the ,michigan law1 and also that of ,massachusetts and ,north ,carolina2 two 7,lewiston1 ,iowa1 and ,decatur1 ,ill47 report supervision of buildings and grounds by city committees2 two 7,des ,moines and ,tacoma7 mention the value of increased publicity2 one 7,colorado ,springs7 reports civil service2 there were in this first inquiry between twenty and thirty no change reports2 some of these said no change as yet4 ,there were many special points noted in the letters which would repay investigation by the committee4 ,we shall hope for a generous coperation from the members of the ,league1 if it be your pleasure to continue this committee4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,elizabeth ,b4 ,,wales1 ,chairman1 ,,carl ,h4 ,,milam1 ,m4 ,s4 ,,dudgeon1 ,,arthur ,l4 ,,bailey4 ,the report was accepted and the committee continued4 ,in view of the work being done by a committee of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,council on library laws and charter provisions1 the ,league committee on the motion of ,miss ,tyler1 was instructed to coperate with the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,council committee4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon reported the work of the ,committee on ,library post as follows3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,library ,,post ,your committee on library post reports as follows3 ,the present status of federal legislation is thus given in a letter received from the ,hon4 ,john ,j4 ,esch1 member of ,congress from ,wisconsin4 ,the post office appropriation bill1 as it passed the ,house recently1 provided for a rural parcels post with rates of #e cents per pound1 and #a cent for each additional pound up to eleven pounds4 ,these rates1 however1 are confined to parcels emanating in the town from which the route runs1 or along such route1 with the right of interchange of packages from route to route4 ,as few books exceed a pound in weight this would mean a charge of #e cents4 ,the post office appropriation bill is now before the ,senate4 ,what action it will take remains to be seen4 ,the ,house bill contained a provision for the appointment of a commission to investigate the whole subject of a general parcels post1 the commission to make its report to ,congress by the opening of the next regular session in ,december4 ,parcels ,post vs4 ,library ,post ,our ,league president forwards the following letter from a ,washington correspondent who is evidently perfectly familiar with the subject3 ,i am in receipt of your letter of ,may #agth1 asking me whether there is any hope of getting a library post1 and in reply will say that if you mean a special act providing for a library post1 separate and distinct from other postal service1 ,i do not think that there is any hope of getting it in the near future4 ,i do think1 however1 that the parcels post bill which ,senator ,bourne has proposed1 if passed at this ,congress1 will very rapidly develop into a law which will be entirely satisfactory for library purposes4 ,the average library book weighs slightly over a pound1 but will come easily within two pounds4 ,under ,senator ,bourne's bill the rate on rural routes would be #e cents for the first pound and #a cent additional for each additional pound2 within the fifty mile zone1 #f cents for the first pound and #b cents for each additional pound2 within the two hundred mile zone1 #g cents for the first pound and #c cents for each additional pound4 ,these rates were decided upon with a certain margin of profit to the government so that there would be no possibility of the government sustaining loss4 ,it was believed that it would be disastrous to the parcels post movement to have any loss at the beginning4 ,such a loss would serve as an excuse for the abandoning of a parcels post4 ,i am very certain that if this bill should be passed one year's experience would demonstrate that the rural rate could be reduced to #d and #a cent1 making #e cents for a two pound package2 the #ej mile zone could be abolished and the rate for the #bjj mile zone fixed at #e cents for the first pound and #a cent for each additional pound4 ,the #bjj mile zone1 at that rate1 ought to give you as good a library post service as you can expect to have within a number of years4 ,i do not think that you can expect to get a law enacted which will provide for the carrying of library books at less than cost4 ,it is no argument to say that the government is now carrying newspapers at less than cost4 ,it made a mistake in establishing such a rate1 but having made it1 it cannot easily increase the rate4 ,you ask whether there is anything the library people can do to forward this matter4 ,my opinion is that the one thing you could do would be to help get sentiment back of a general parcels post so that a bill on a zone basis with rates varying according to distance1 will be passed by this ,congress4 ,when we once get a law of that kind1 its development will be very rapid4 ,the trouble will be to get the first law on the statute books4 ,senator ,bourne's ,bill ,the bill introduced by ,senator ,bourne seems to be all that we can hope for at present4 ,a summary of it follows3 ,postal rates on parcels vary with distance1 thus protecting local merchants and competing with express companies4 ,third and fourth classes of matter are combined4 ,a special rate of one cent an ounce up to four ounces is provided for circulars and small packages of goods4 ,rates are as follows3 ,local1 city and rural delivery only1 #e;cts for the first pound and one cent for each additional pound4 ,within #ej miles zone1 #f;cts for the first pound and #b;cts for each additional pound4 ,within #bjj miles zone1 #g;cts for the first pound and #c;cts for each additional pound4 ,within #ejj miles zone1 #h;cts for the first pound and #e;cts for each additional pound4 ,within #a1jjj miles zone1 #i;cts for the first pound and #e;cts for each additional pound4 ,outside #b1jjj miles zone1 #ab;cts for the first pound and #aj;cts for each additional pound4 ,these rates are based on a careful computation of the actual cost of collecting1 distributing and delivering packages1 plus the actual cost of transportation4 ,weight limit1 #aa pounds and maximum charge #ab;cts1 the international limit and rate4 ,committee ,progress and ,recommendations ,the committee has canvassed the situation carefully and corresponded at some length with many persons4 ,it has also suggested that the various commissions take up and follow the matter with their respective congressmen4 ,many commissions have done this4 ,south ,dakota1 at its annual library association meeting adopted a formal resolution to be forwarded to senators and congressmen for the state4 ,the committee recommends3 #a4 ,that the secretary of each commission which has not already done so immediately communicate in a personal letter as already suggested with each senator and congressman from his state4 #b4 ,that each state commission at its next annual meeting adopt a resolution endorsing a parcels post law similar to ,senator ,bourne's measure1 urging low rates on rural routes1 and a zone system and send such resolutions1 signed if possible by all the members of the commission1 to each senator and congressman in the state4 #c4 ,that each state library association do the same4 #d4 ,that this ,league adopt such a resolution1 and that the secretary from each commission sees that such resolution reaches the senators and congressmen in his state4 #e4 ,that efforts to secure a separate library post law be abandoned for the present4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,m4 ,s4 ,,dudgeon1 ,chairman4 ,the report was accepted and the committee continued and the secretary of the ,league was instructed to place its recommendations before the ,council of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 in order to secure the coperation of that body4 ,the members of the ,league were particularly urged to assist the committee in its efforts4 ,a report of the committee in state school library systems1 in the absence of ,miss ,martha ,wilson1 the chairman1 was read by the secretary4 ,it consisted chiefly of a summary of the school library laws of the different states4 ,the report was accepted4 ,the report of the committee on study clubs outlines1 prepared by ,miss ,margaret ,brown was read by ,mr4 ,dudgeon4 ,it was as follows3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,study ,,outline ,the committee finds that the difficulties encountered by traveling libraries in attempting to supply satisfactory and adequate reference material to the many study clubs largely dependent upon them for books1 is chiefly because of the miscellaneous program1 covering a wide variety of subjects4 ,in addition to this1 many traveling libraries receive requests for study outlines or are asked to prepare them2 hence it was decided by the committee that a plan should be submitted for the preparation of study outlines4 ,this plan once in use by traveling libraries preparing outlines1 would bring about a certain standardization1 thus making an outline prepared by one useful to all4 ,such a plan could not only be utilized by traveling libraries but by other organizations concerned in providing outlines for study clubs4 ,a plan was presented at the midwinter meeting of the middle-west section of the ,league1 which after discussion has been revised and is herewith again presented with the following recommendations3 ,first4 ,plan for preparation of study outlines4 ,basis4 ,a4 ,one book selected as foundation for outline4 ,if a single book suitable for text cannot be found1 outline to be based on fewest number of books necessary for the purpose4 ,texts selected to be authoritative1 reasonable in price1 readable and stimulating4 ,b4 ,five to ten books as collateral reference4 ,selected to cover subject in study outline and amplify the text4 ,publisher and price given for all books included1 for use in purchase4 ,a more extended list of books can easily be prepared by any library where additional material is available4 ,lessons should be outlined by3 ,c4 ,question method4 ,five to ten definite questions on each lesson4 ,d4 ,or1 ,topical method4 ,topics assigned under each lesson should be those which present special phases of the general subject4 ,the two methods may sometimes be combined4 ,written papers1 if included under either ,question or ,topical form of study outline1 should be assigned only for subjects which require some degree of original thought2 all information to be derived from text books and encyclopedias should be covered by the regular lesson for oral discussion4 ,note4 ,number of meetings of study clubs vary4 ,probably not less than sixteen or more than twenty-six lessons4 ,many average two meetings a month4 ,october to ,may4 ,second4 ,that this committee be authorized to draw upon the ,league treasury for a definite sum for the employment of a capable compiler to prepare outlines based on this plan4 ,third4 ,that if possible the coperation of some publisher be secured to print the outlines thus prepared1 or others passed upon by the committee1 and furnish them at reasonable cost to the various commissions operating traveling libraries and to club and individuals desiring them4 ,fourth4 ,that the study outline committee be constituted a sub-committee of the publications committee and be empowered to select subjects1 revise and pass upon all outlines submitted1 before printed4 ,,margaret ,,brown1 ,chairman4 ,explanatory ,notes on the ,plan of ,preparation of ,study ,outlines ,a4 ,the use of a few designated books 7or a single book7 as a basis for common study of the same subject1 or closely related topics1 provides the means by which the unity and co-ordination is secured1 which is essential for effective and satisfactory results4 ,each member may1 if she so desires1 provide herself at nominal cost with the source references necessary to cover the essential point contained in the outline4 ,b4 ,the books for collateral reading should be carefully evaluated and selection based upon their real value in supplementing text1 from the standpoint of reliability1 readableness and stimulative quality1 also that the price shall not be prohibitive of purchase by clubs1 local public libraries and duplication in traveling libraries of large number of copies for use in supplying many different clubs4 ,any local or traveling library may easily provide additional books for collateral reading whenever the collection permits4 ,it is not1 however1 deemed advisable to have such extended lists incorporated in the outlines2 as a demand would then be created which could not be supplied by the small library1 and therefore would become a handicap and embarrassment4 ,c4 ,in outlining lessons by the question method1 the questions should be so formulated as to stimulate discussion2 not simply to be answered in the affirmative or negative4 ,the question method permits a free expression of individual opinions based on personal reading4 ,such discussion awakens the keenest interest through the activity of different minds upon the same fact or idea1 as each member is expected to prepare herself to answer all questions4 ,the question method is endorsed by many educational experts as a desirable method for the conduct of study classes1 and has been found to be practical and satisfactory by many study clubs4 ,d4 ,in outlining lessons by the ,topical method1 care should be taken to include no more topics than can be thoroughly discussed1 and such phases of the subject assigned as topics as will amplify the general subject which has been studied in common by all members from the text upon which the outline is based4 ,the report was accepted4 ,on the motion of ,mr4 ,bliss it was voted that the chairman of the committee be authorized to draw upon the treasurer of the ,league for any amount not to exceed #ajj4jj to defray the expenses of preparing some experimental outlines carrying out the plans suggested in the report4 ,it was moved by ,mr4 ,dudgeon that the chairman be instructed to enter into negotiations with some publisher to secure coperation in printing study outlines approved by the committee1 to be sold to study clubs and library commissions at reasonable cost4 ,carried4 ,on the motion of ,mr4 ,bliss1 it was voted to continue the study outline committee1 with ,miss ,brown as chairman1 and to authorize the committee to select subjects1 revise and pass upon all outlines before printed4 ,adjourned4 ,,second ,,session 7,saturday1 ,june #bi1 #h3cj p4 m47 ,as there were several important committee reports still to be received it was voted to hold a meeting on ,monday afternoon at #d3cj to complete the transaction of business4 ,mr4 ,milam then turned the meeting over to ,miss ,miriam ,e4 ,carey1 of ,minnesota1 and the evening was devoted to the consideration of libraries in institutions4 ,miss ,e4 ,,kathleen ,,jones1 librarian of the ,mc,lean ,hospital1 ,waverley1 ,mass41 read a paper on ,,library ,,work ,,among ,,the ,,insane ,i have been asked to talk about two things to-night1--our library at ,mc,lean ,hospital in ,waverley1 ,massachusetts1 and my idea for organization among the state hospitals of the different states4 ,by dint of considerable money1 much thought and labor and an unlimited amount of interest and coperation with the librarian on the part of superintendent and trustees1 we have been able to build up at the ,mc,lean ,hospital something which approaches pretty near our ideal of what a library in a hospital for the insane should be4 ,but in regard to the second subject ,i feel a little diffident1 since there are several among you who have actually organized the institution libraries of your different states and combined them under one head1 while ,i have only dreamed about it4 ,still1 the dream and the vision must always be forerunners of accomplishment1 and you also must have dreamed before you were able to build4 ,at ,mc,lean ,hospital we have two libraries1--one for the use of the patients1 which was started in #ahce with #afj volumes and now numbers over #g1jjj1 and a medical library organized in #ahhg and containing over #e1jjj volumes4 ,the two are kept entirely distinct with separate accession-book1 catalog1 classification and finances4 ,the medical library comprises a fairly good department in general medicine and a very fine one in chemistry2 but of course1 its principal features are books and periodicals in psychology and psychiatry4 ,we take #he medical and chemical journals1 most of them ,german1 and the care of these periodicals alone is no slight task for the librarian4 ,i will just say incidentally that1 unable to find any classification for medical books which seemed at all adequate to our needs we have evolved one for ourselves1 using the decimal idea in numbering4 ,it is a thoroughly satisfactory scheme for us and we hope some time to print it for the benefit of the medical libraries in other hospitals for the insane4 ,although our general library for the patients has been in existence for seventy-five years and more1 for the first six decades it was conducted in a rather desultory manner1 as indeed1 most libraries were at that time4 ,it was not till #ahie that any attempt at classification and cataloging was made1 and not until #aijd was a trained librarian installed and the whole department put on a business basis4 ,the expenditure of the annual appropriation was at that time put into the librarian's hands with directions to build up the library at her own discretion1 subject1 of course1 to the approval of the superintendent and trustees4 ,that the business basis is the only successful one1 these figures show3--in #aijd1 after seventy years1 the library numbered only #d1jjj volumes1 with few new books but a large assortment of old sermons and evangelical biography1 and its circulation was about #e1jjj4 ,during the eight years of the new regime1 more than #c1jjj volumes have been added and the circulation has increased to over #h1ejj4 ,during its seventy-five years of service our library has exemplified at least four important things3--first1 as has been shown1 that one cannot get such good results from the old desultory method of having a few books on the wards looked after by nurses1 or even in a central library run by a stenographer in her spare moments1 as from an organized1 central library with a trained librarian at its head4 ,second1 that although the business basis is the only successful one1 the administration of it should be as simple and free from red tape as possible4 ,the nearer a hospital librarian can keep her library to the idea of the private library and the more friendly and personal relations she can establish with the patients the more good she can accomplish4 ,the third point ,i would make is that unless they are very ill and destructive1 books are treated as carefully by the insane as by the users of the public libraries4 ,last year1 out of #h1fhf volumes taken out by patients and nurses1 only #i were lost or destroyed1 and of these only two were charged to patients4 ,it is the proud boast of one of our head nurses who has under him the next to the most violent and destructive ward on the men's side1 that he has had out for his patients over #dej volumes in the last two years1 and has not lost or had mutilated one single book6 ,the fourth and most important lesson we have learned is that the value of a well-selected library can hardly be over-estimated as a therapeutic agent4 ,i do not mean by this that a cure can be effected simply by reading the right books2 that of course is absurd4 ,but it is a fact recognized by all psychiatrists and at the basis of the treatment of the insane in all hospitals today1 that whatever takes a patient's mind off himself and his own troubles and directs his thoughts into other and more wholesome channels1 contributes to his recovery4 ,and when amusement pall1 handicrafts tire and golf and tennis are too strenuous1 books and pictures will almost always help4 ,it is for this reason that we have to be so careful of the kind of reading1 especially of fiction1 which we put into the hands of our patients4 ,they must be wholesome stories2 anything dealing with suicide or insanity is strictly tabu2 also stories which are morbid or would be apt to arouse a morbid train of thought4 ,with these exceptions the insane want and should have the same books which you and ,i read4 ,moreover1 and ,i wish ,i could say this loudly and emphatically enough to be heard over the whole country1 the insane are not imbeciles and they are not children1 and they resent it when they are treated as such just as much as you or ,i would4 ,if the old ladies like to reread the stories they loved when they were young1 so do old ladies everywhere1 but they do not want kindergarten stories4 ,and they are as interested in what is going on in the world and in keeping up with the times as anyone4 ,about once a week ,i go to ,boston1 look over the new books1 select the ones ,i like the looks of and have them sent out on approval4 ,every book of fiction is read by me1 or if it is distinctly a man's book1 by someone of the staff in whose literary judgment ,i can rely4 ,the books which are kept are then classified and cataloged and either sent directly to some patient or ward where ,i know they will be appreciated1 or else placed on the new book shelves4 ,neither staff nor nurses are allowed to have the new books until the patients have read them4 ,the patients come over four evenings a week to the library1 the men ,mondays and ,fridays and the women ,wednesdays and ,saturdays4 ,our library consists of two large and very beautiful rooms with open shelves and open fires4 ,some of the patients roam about and browse among the books1 others sit at the tables and look at pictures and magazines1 while still others join the ladies of the house who generally sit in the front library in the evening with their fancy-work and the fire4 ,sometimes we play cards with them4 ,besides these four evenings1 certain patients are sometimes allowed to come over in the daytime1 and the nurses come in at any time of day to get books for some particular patient or for their ward4 ,these traveling libraries on the wards are our most successful means of reaching those patients who are too feeble1 or too ill1 or who lack the initiative to come to the library and select their own books1 but who will often get interested in a book which lies on the sitting-room table of their ward4 ,i am often asked what kind of books aside from fiction the patients call for4 ,i suppose books with pictures would rank first1 for patients who are too ill to read will often look at these by the hour4 ,these picture-books comprise art books1 of which we have a very fine collection bought and added to each year with money from a bequest to the hospital2 ,black's travel books2 ,country ,life in ,america1 etc4 ,next come the nature and out-of-door books2 then literature1 especially ,longfellow1 ,whittier and ,tennyson4 ,history is seldom called for by the patients1--sociology and economics never2 yet our nurses1 especially our ,canadian nurses who want to know about conditions in the ,states1 frequently ask for these1 and we have books on all these subjects2 for1 though our hospital motto is ,patients first1 we find that whatever increases the intelligence of the nurses increases their efficiency1 and we are glad to have them avail themselves of every opportunity for reading and study4 ,frankly humorous books ,i have learned never to give to a depressed patient1 and ,miss ,carey tells me she has had the same experience4 ,if a patient is much depressed he seems to resent being cheered up if he knows it1 and we all have realized in ourselves that unless we are in the mood for it there is nothing in the world so dreary as an avowedly funny story4 ,neither is there any call for collections like the ,international library of famous literature1 and the ,library of ,american literature1 and in this matter too1 ,miss ,carey agrees with me4 ,short stories also are at a discount here4 ,the patients want novels which shall grip and hold their attention in spite of themselves4 ,we all know that the complete librarian is supposed to have an extra sense of intuition1 and ,i think ,i unconsciously say to myself in selecting books for the patients1 ,if ,i felt the way that patient looks as if he felt1 what kind of books would ,i want8 ,sometimes1 though1 one makes mistakes4 ,for instance1--we have one patient1 a dear old lady1 somewhat prim1 a little austere1 a typical ,new ,england aristocrat of the old school1 with whom one immediately associates ,cranford and ,oldfield and ,mrs4 de la ,pasture4 ,but this dear lady wants detective stories1 if you please1 and the more gruesome and bloodier they are the more she revels in them4 ,in her estimation1 ,the ,marathon mystery and ,the ,boule cabinet and ,the ,mystery of the yellow room totally eclipse ,down our street and ,queed any day4 ,but while short stories are seldom called for1 the short story in long dresses and bound by itself1 is very popular with patients who are physically weak and unable to hold large volumes or to read very long at a time4 ,i always keep a collection of these little books in a special bookrack so ,i can lay my hands on them at any moment4 ,they comprise such titles as ,pigs is pigs1 ,the good ,samaritan1 ,philosophy ,four1 ,stickeen1 ,the perfect tribute1 ,songs from ,vagabondia1 ,the friendly craft1 etc4 ,then ,i have other racks on tables and window shelves which ,i keep filled with different books1 changing them often4 ,and ,i find that shifting the books on the shelves every little while brings into prominence some which have heretofore been overlooked4 ,in short1 ,i try to keep something new in the library all the time1 even if only a new plant or arrangement of flowers1 for the patients in a hospital of this sort are very dependent on outside agencies for diversion and interest1 and their attention must be caught and held by some means or other4 ,so much for the reality3 now for the dream4 ,because the library in our hospital has been such a success1 because it has so thoroughly proved its therapeutic value1 ,i dream of the time when one as efficient shall be in every hospital in the country4 ,the fact that ours is a private hospital means that we are not helped by the state2 it also means that most of our patients1 but by no means all1 are on a paying basis2 it most emphatically does not mean that we have the monopoly of the educated class4 ,while it is true that there are many illiterates in the state hospitals1 it is also true that there are in them thousands of men and women as well educated1 as refined1 as great lovers of books as those in our private hospital4 ,for the majority1 it is the question of money1 not of education1 which determines a patient's place in the state or the private institution4 ,if our people value our library so highly1 what must be their deprivation when because of lack of funds they have to go to state institutions where there are no books and periodicals or at best only a few old ones1 never changed and seldom added to4 ,the state says it cannot afford to appropriate for each of its hospitals and asylums an annual sum sufficient to build up such a library as ours and maintain so many trained librarians1 and the state is justified4 ,but ,i have dreamed of a coperation by means of which there shall be in every state one trained librarian who shall organize into a library what books there already are in each institution1 advise and train in library methods those in charge1 and buy from an annual appropriation such as the state can afford1 new books which shall be sent from one hospital to another in the form of traveling libraries1 and after they have gone the round be divided up among the individual institutions1--thus slowly building up each library4 ,this organizer should be in the employ either of the ,state ,board of ,insanity 7or its equivalent7 or else of the ,state ,library ,commission4 ,it would seem that the former would be more satisfactory and less complicated1 as the state institutions already are under their control1 but in some states the library commission seems to have have been entirely successful in co-operating with the state board4 ,one thing seems certain1 that unless the state board and the hospital superintendents can be interested in the scheme little can be done2 while with their interest and coperation success is insured4 ,that this dream is practical has been proved in ,iowa1 ,minnesota1 ,nebraska and a few other states4 ,in ,new ,york1 most of the state hospitals seem to have fairly good libraries1 and the one at ,middletown1 ,n4 ,y41 ranks very nearly with ,mc,lean in the number of volumes1 and seems to be carried on very efficiently4 ,in ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 there is a state hospital which has a memorial library with a good annual appropriation and which adds about one hundred and fifty books a year4 ,i have with me the figures of the hospital libraries in nineteen states1 if anyone cares to see them4 ,in my dream ,i see equal library advantages to every state hospital in the country1 and ,i hear from them all the words they will say to you who are able to realize these dreams1--words our patients at ,mc,lean have said to us over and over again1--,you don't know what this library has meant to me6 ,this is an opportunity for intimate helpfulness and real1 practical usefulness which ,i hope everyone of you will try to introduce into his state4 ,in the discussion that followed1 ,miss ,jones said the ,mc,lean ,hospital library had an appropriation of about #cjj a year for books alone for the patients1 but thought that a state hospital library could get on nicely with less4 ,miss ,templeton gave an account of state institutional work in ,nebraska where the policy has been to get library work in these institutions under the control of the state library commission4 ,mr4 ,dudgeon said that a list of simple industrial books had been prepared with much care for the prisoners in the ,wisconsin state prison4 ,also that the chaplain helped in recommending reading for the prisoners1 those who expected to get out being especially anxious to keep up with events and not be ,rip ,van ,winkles when released4 ,miss ,carey1 of ,minnesota1 said their state commission has made special efforts to know what the libraries of the institutions were doing1 how many readers they had1 and how many books they circulate4 ,she said this familiarized the institutions with the commission and so the officers were glad to put the burden off on the commission4 ,she thought it was impossible to do anything until the officers of the institutions were on your side2 that this must be worked for until secured4 ,after discussion the session adjourned4 ,,third ,,session 7,monday1 ,july #a1 #d3cj p4 m47 ,the third session of the ,league opened with a report from ,mr4 ,f4 ,f4 ,hopper1 of ,tacoma1 on the work of the ,committee on federal prison libraries4 ,his report was as follows3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,libraries ,,in ,,federal ,,prisons ,the report of this committee made by ,mr4 ,hadley at the ,pasadena meeting1 outlined correspondence with the ,department of ,justice in ,washington1 which ,department has supervision of the penitentiaries including their libraries4 ,after repeated efforts by ,mr4 ,hadley1 the department seemed to become interested in the libraries in the prisons1 and friendly to suggestions for improving them1 but the officials considered that proper library facilities were dependent upon the provision by ,congress of a system of education for the prisoners4 ,however1 the department already had the authority to appropriate money from its own funds for the purchase of books for the prison libraries4 ,in his report1 ,mr4 ,hadley recommended that a bill be introduced in the next ,congress for an annual appropriation for books and their care in penitentiary libraries4 ,in #aiaa catalogs of the libraries in the penitentiaries at ,atlanta and at ,mc,neil ,island were prepared by the prison librarians and printed4 ,after these were submitted to the ,department of ,justice1 it seems to have been decided to adopt a definite policy for the annual expenditure of money for the purchase of books for one of these libraries1 that at ,mc,neil ,island4 ,this decision was probably hastened by the disclosures the catalogues made in regard to the kind of books already in the libraries4 ,it is evident that fiction constitutes almost the whole of the collections4 ,at any rate in ,january the attorney general wrote the secretary of the ,american ,library ,association that the department would spend #ajj annually for the purchase of books for the library at ,mc,neil ,island1 and requested that a list of books be prepared1 none of the books to be fiction1 but chiefly history1 biography and science4 ,mr4 ,utley asked the present chairman of your committee to prepare the list since the ,tacoma library is the nearest to ,mc,neil ,island and the present chairman was somewhat acquainted with the conditions and needs there4 ,a list of #ejj titles1 with a first choice of books to cost #ajj4jj was considered1 but the list was reduced to #age titles1 since it was deemed best to provide only for purchase for two years4 ,since the library already contained considerable fiction and the public libraries of both ,seattle and ,tacoma frequently send the prison selected books from their discards1 it was fortunate that the department wished no fiction on the list4 ,we have learned from the ,department of ,justice in the last few days that similar purchases were not contemplated for the much larger prisons at ,atlanta and ,leavenworth4 ,no attempt was made to secure the introduction of a bill in ,congress providing for an annual appropriation for books and their care in the penitentiary libraries1 since it was already so late in the present session2 since the new interest of the department under the present law appeared promising2 and since it seemed desirable first to secure the discussion and coperation of the ,american ,prison ,association and other societies interested in prison administration and reform4 ,it was hoped that a member of this committee could present the subject of libraries in the federal prisons at the meeting of the ,conference of ,charities and ,corrections in ,cleveland during the present month1 but it was not possible to carry out the plan4 ,the ,american ,prison ,association has formally invited a member of the committee to discuss the same subject at the annual meeting of the association at ,baltimore in ,november1 and it is highly desirable that the invitation be accepted4 ,it should be possible to interest and secure the powerful backing of the ,american ,prison ,association in securing the passage of any contemplated legislation looking to the improvement of prison libraries4 ,the warden of the prison at ,mc,neil ,island secures some fifty magazines as gifts by merely begging them from the publishers6 ,at both ,atlanta and ,leavenworth1 the only new magazines the prisoners see are those which they subscribe for themselves or which are sent by their friends4 ,in the ,atlanta prison1 a regular school is conducted1 and whatever books are purchased from the general funds are school books4 ,a school should be established at ,mc,neil ,island4 ,at present there are no facilities for such work there but with the example of the one at ,atlanta1 it should be possible to urge effectively that the department establish a school at ,mc,neil ,island4 ,in the coming year the commendable start which the ,department of ,justice has made in purchasing books for the prison at ,mc,neil ,island1 should open the way for successful efforts in persuading the department to undertake much more liberal purchases of books for the libraries of the much larger prisons at ,atlanta and at ,leavenworth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is earnestly recommended that a vigorous presentation of the needs of the prison libraries be made to the department by someone in person1 backed by all the influence obtainable4 ,it is also urged that a list of fiction suitable for prison libraries be co-operatively made with the utmost care4 ,the needs of the prisoner in his reading for recreation are very special1 and many books entirely suitable for the open shelf room of a public library should be ruthlessly excluded from the prison4 ,expert knowledge of the psychology of the prisoner should in some way be obtained in preparing a list of fiction for reading in prison4 ,it is better that the prisoner read not at all than that he should be given many of the books eminently fit for one in the normal conditions and relations of life4 ,,franklin ,f4 ,,hopper1 ,chairman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mrs4 ,sneed supplemented ,mr4 ,hopper's report with a report of conditions in the federal prison at ,atlanta and of conferences which she had had with officials from ,washington4 ,it was her opinion1 based on advice from the prison authorities that the only way to accomplish anything is for some one to go to ,washington1 put the case plainly before the ,department of ,justice and ask that an appropriation be made for libraries in the federal prisons4 ,mr4 ,dudgeon moved that ,mrs4 ,sneed1 ,dr4 ,owen and ,mr4 ,hopper act as a committee representing the ,league with full power to act1 and that the ,league pledge itself to hearty coperation4 ,carried4 ,miss ,tyler moved that the secretary of the ,league send a communication to the ,council of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 stating the progress of the committee and asking for its coperation4 ,on the motion of ,mr4 ,dudgeon1 #ej4jj was placed at the disposal of the committee to carry on its work4 ,the report of the publications committee was then presented by the chairman1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon4 ,at his suggestion the recommendations of the committee were voted on as they were read4 ,the ,league adopted the first1 second and third recommendation of the committee2 took no action on the fifth1 and adopted the sixth4 ,the report of the committee was then accepted4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,publications ,,committee ,your committee respectfully reports the following3 #a4 ,a very definite demand has been presented to the committee from the various commissions calling for the publication of a buying list of about one thousand titles for use by small libraries4 ,the committee has investigated the matter and is glad to report that ,miss ,zaidee ,brown's list has been revised and brought up to date by ,miss ,webster of ,new ,york1 and that this will admirably meet the demand4 ,after going over the matter with ,mr4 ,utley1 it appeared that no advantage would result should this committee handle this publication4 ,the committee recommends that the separate commissions deal directly with the ,new ,york state library4 ,the committee is informed that the commissions will be circularized by the ,new ,york authorities for this purpose4 ,the price is exceedingly reasonable1 probably not exceeding two cents each in large quantities4 ,it seems likely that arrangements can be made so that each commission can stamp or print upon the title page such matter as it sees fit4 ,we understand that copy of the list is now ready for the printer4 ,when printed this list will also contain a magazine list4 #b4 ,it was suggested by the president of the ,league that the committee collect and print short paragraphs suitable for publication in newspapers during local campaigns for a library4 ,the committee recommends that this be undertaken by one of the commissions as a sub-committee1 rather than by the publications committee4 #c4 ,mr4 ,gillis of ,california1 has suggested that each commission prepare a list of the best material available treating of the history of its state4 ,this seems to the committee the function of the state library rather than the commission and it recommends that this request be referred to the ,national ,association of ,state ,libraries4 #d4 ,it was suggested that the committee reprint ,moulton's ,aids to ,library ,work with ,foreigners4 ,this matter was referred to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board1 which has arranged for its publication4 #e4 ,the committee has been asked also to consider the publication of a buying list for traveling libraries1 to be followed by a periodical supplement probably issued in mimeograph form4 ,the questionnaire submitted to the commissions indicates that there would be only a limited use of such a list1 many commissions maintaining that present aids are sufficient4 ,the commissions exhibited so little interest in the matter that this question is submitted to the ,league without recommendation4 #f4 ,the loss resulting from the susceptibility of the trustee or librarian of many of the smaller libraries1 to the subtle wiles of the eloquent book-agent1 calls for some authoritative pronouncement upon the value1 or lack of value1 of subscription books4 ,to make such a pronouncement seems to be the function of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board4 ,the committee therefore respectfully recommends that such board be requested to make proper provision for such pronouncement4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,m4 ,s4 ,,dudgeon1 ,chairman1 ,,zaidee ,,brown1 ,,mary ,e4 ,,downey4 ,in the absence of the chairman of the committee on uniform financial reports for library commissions1 the following report was read by the secretary3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,uniform ,,financial ,,reports ,the difficulties confronting the compiler of statistics of expenditures of library commissions or library extension departments are obvious1 owing 7#a7 to variations in organization and scope of work in different states1 7#b7 to variations in accounting systems which must conform to the state accounting system1 and 7#c7 to variations in methods of appropriations4 ,for example1 in some states definite appropriations are made for certain departments of work1 in others certain expenses such as printing1 binding and office supplies are paid from the general state fund for all departments4 ,in view of these facts1 many commissions are of the opinion that a uniform accounting system which will meet the needs of every state is impracticable4 ,your committee collected the financial reports of each library commission1 or other state department doing library extension work and made a careful comparison of the items included4 ,it was found that these items could practically all be grouped under a few general headings1 as given in ,table ,i4 ,it was further suggested that another summary giving approximate totals for various departments be added1 as outlined in ,table ,,ii4 ,the committee therefore submits this summary of expenses1 as a tentative form1 to be used in the annual report of the ,league for purposes of comparison4 ,the work of the committee has shown that such a summary can readily be made from the financial reports of the several commissions as they are now published and it is believed that this table would be a useful addition to the yearbook4 ,the outline here presented is not regarded as final1 but is submitted for your discussion and amendment4 ,,clara ,f4 ,,baldwin1 ,chairman4 ,,table ,i4 ,summary of ,expenditures ,books and binding ,direct aid ,pamphlets for distribution ,express1 freight and cartage ,office supplies and furniture ,periodical clearing house ,periodical subscriptions and memberships ,postage ,printing ,salaries ,state institutions ,summer school ,traveling expenses ,traveling library boxes ,miscellaneous ,total ,,table ,,ii4 ,summary of ,expenses by ,departments ,field work ,instruction ,traveling library ,direct aid ,legislative reference ,school library work 7for ,oregon7 ,educational reference 7for ,n4 ,dakota7 ,the report was accepted4 ,the secretary then presented the following report of what the ,league ,yearbook should contain4 ,,league ,,of ,,library ,,commissions' ,,yearbook ,in accordance with the request of the president of the ,league1 the secretary has made the following outline of the matter which should be included in the ,yearbook to be published this coming autumn3 ,list of members of the ,league4 ,officers4 ,committees4 ,constitution4 ,report by states1 giving under each the names of the executive staff1 a list of the publications in print1 and new legislation pertaining to library extension1 any distinctly new phase of work taken up1 and in the case of a new commission a full account of its form of organization and scope of activities4 ,traveling libraries3 ,number of volumes in fixed groups2 number of volumes on open shelves2 loans4 ,number of requests in answer to which books have been sent2 number of volumes sent out4 ,requests classified as follows3 ,groups of taxpayers1 public libraries1 schools1 institutions1 study clubs1 individuals1 other organizations4 ,summary of public library conditions by states3 ,population1 number of towns of over #b1jjj2 number of libraries supported by tax2 number of libraries supported by associations2 number of subscription libraries2 number of library buildings2 number of trained librarians4 ,financial report according to the recommendations of ,miss ,baldwin's report4 ,the report was accepted4 ,the nominating committee then presented the following names as officers of the ,league for the ensuing year3 ,for president1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,milam1 ,indiana2 for first vice-president1 ,miss ,elizabeth ,b4 ,wales1 ,missouri2 for second vice-president1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,m4 ,owen1 ,alabama2 for secretary-treasurer1 ,miss ,zaidee ,brown1 ,massachusetts2 publications committee3 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 ,wisconsin1 chairman2 ,miss ,fannie ,c4 ,rawson1 ,kentucky2 ,miss ,caroline ,f4 ,webster1 ,new ,york4 ,it was voted to instruct the secretary to cast the ballot for these officers4 ,the meeting adjourned4 ,,special ,,libraries ,,association ,fourth ,annual ,meeting1 ,ottawa1 ,canada1 ,june #bf-;,july #b1 #aiab ,,first 7,,general7 ,,session 7,thursday1 ,june #bg1 #b3cj p4 m47 ,in the absence of the president1 the vice-president1 ,herbert ,o4 ,brigham1 state librarian of ,rhode ,island1 called the meeting to order in1 the ball room of the ,chateau ,laurier4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 we will open the session this afternoon with the consideration of a general topic1 which will be taken part in by ,mr4 ,dudgeon and by other speakers who will discuss ,mr4 ,dudgeon's paper4 ,it so happens that this year we have been so fortunate as to have the article reprinted beforehand in the publication of the ,special ,libraries ,association1 so that doubtless many of you are already familiar with the paper4 ,i am going to appoint on the nominating committee ,messrs4 ,george ,w4 ,lee of ,boston1 ,john ,a4 ,lapp of ,indianapolis1 and ,miss ,e4 ,v4 ,dobbins of ,new ,york ,city4 ,we are very fortunate in having with us to take the main paper for this opening session a man who has been actively engaged in special library work for some time in the west1 one who is very familiar with the development of the ,wisconsin idea of legislative reference work1 and closely associated with ,dr4 ,mc,carthy in developing that idea4 ,i take great pleasure in introducing to you ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 secretary of the ,wisconsin library commission1 who will talk upon the subject of ,the plan1 scope and results of special libraries4 ,mr4 ,,dudgeon3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen--,there are those who maintain that there is no such thing as a special library in a class of its own1 but that what we call a special library is simply a general reference library which by the needs of its patrons has become somewhat specialized in its methods and in its equipment4 ,on the other hand1 there are those who maintain that a special library has so distinctly a different function and purpose1 that its scope is so different1 that its equipment is so different1 and that the equipment1 the qualities and the characteristics of those who man the library are so different1 as to entitle such an institution to an entirely different classification2 that it is not a general reference library1 but a special library1 something entirely different4 ,it seems to me to be more or less a distinction without a difference1 more or less a play upon words4 ,i have1 at the request of the ,program ,committee1 written down what seemed to me the perfectly obvious things that might be said about the scope and purposes of the special library4 ,you have the paper before you as printed in ,special ,libraries1 and will probably be fortunate enough to escape some detail1 as ,i will try to shorten this somewhat in the reading4#ac #ac ,mr4 ,dudgeon's paper appeared in full in ,special ,libraries1 ,june1 #aiab1 pp4 #abi-acc4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,i think we all have a clear understanding of just what a special library means1 and ,i think we should all notice especially the allusion that ,mr4 ,dudgeon made to the reference library as compared to the public library1 in the definition of the use of the book4 ,i think one of the finest examples of a special librarian one can find is in our absent president4 ,dr4 ,whitten is doubtless one of the best authorities today on public utilities1 and he has this month gone to ,london1 where he is spending the summer investigating public utilities for the ,national ,civic ,federation4 ,that1 ,i think1 accounts for his absence1 and we regret very much that he is not here4 ,i am going to ask ,mr4 ,josephson of the ,john ,crerar ,library1 ,chicago1 to lead the discussion4 ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,josephson3 ,i am afraid that you will not find my paper what you expected it to be1 a discussion of ,mr4 ,dudgeon's paper4 ,when ,mr4 ,lapp wrote me some time ago to ask if ,i would not discuss the question1 ,i began to try to make up my own mind as to what a special library was4 ,i had made my mental notes on that subject1 and when ,mr4 ,dudgeon's paper came and ,i read it and undertook to discuss it1 it happened that my own ideas came first4#ad #ad ,mr4 ,josephson's discussion will appear in a later issue of ,special ,libraries4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,i am going to ask ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,cutter1 librarian of the ,engineering ,societies of ,new ,york ,city1 to contribute either by a paper or an oral discussion of ,mr4 ,dudgeon's address4 ,mr4 ,,cutter3 ,i do not know that ,i have anything to offer as a contribution to the discussion of ,mr4 ,dudgeon's very interesting paper and ,mr4 ,josephson's very interesting discussion of it4 ,i might1 perhaps1 with my usual liking to express things briefly1 say that ,i consider a special library as one that serves people who are doing things1 and a reference library one which serves people who are thinking things4 ,the former are not thinking about doing things1 they are already doing them4 ,i think that applies also to people who are serving as legislators1 who are making laws2 to sociologists1 who are making attempts to handle crime and other sociological questions4 ,i believe that the development now in the public library world is in the direction of service to the public4 ,for twenty-five or twenty-six years now we have been talking about1 first1 books1 and then about places for storing books1 buildings to put them in1 methods of cataloging them1 charging them1 of making picture bulletins for children and all that1 and we have finally arrived at a discussion of the methods of serving the people who are really doing things4 ,it has taken about twenty-five years to arrive at that point1 and ,i think we are reaching that goal4 ,i noticed1 although ,i was not present at the meeting this morning1 that in two reports of committees of the ,american ,library ,association1 an instrument was mentioned which has been used in one library1 at least1 to my knowledge1 for the reproduction of material for people who are doing things1 a reproduction of printed material1 manuscripts1 maps1 drawings1 etc4 ,this is the first time that has come up1 ,i think1 in a report in the ,american ,library ,association on the reference side4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,i hoped that ,dr4 ,mc,carthy1 the head of the legislative reference department of the ,wisconsin library1 and ,mr4 ,galbreath1 former state librarian of ,ohio1 who is now secretary of the ,constitutional ,convention of ,ohio1 would be present today4 ,in their absence the discussion is now open to the members1 and ,i hope there will be a very general and free discussion4 ,,john ,a4 ,,lapp3 ,i have not very much to say except to emphasize one or two points which ,mr4 ,dudgeon brought out in his paper4 ,one of those points is the fact that the material which we deal with in special libraries is not found in books4 ,in a short experience of only four years1 ,i think1 outside of those references to legal works1 to law periodicals and law books1 ,i have not been able to do one-tenth of my work from books or from published material4 ,most of the work1 the real work1 which has been done by the legislative reference department of ,indiana has been done through work which we have prepared1 which we have drawn up from the general material scattered here and there in obscure sources and from letters which we had written to experts outside4 ,i say scarcely one-tenth1 and ,i do not know but perhaps that is too liberal4 ,one-tenth of the questions we have been able to answer from published material4 ,that would seem to me to be the most distinguishing point about the special library4 ,i believe that the heads of the industrial libraries1 the manufacturing libraries1 the commercial libraries1 will agree with me on that point4 ,the subject of the training of special librarians is the one subject here upon which there seems to be1 thus far1 a division of opinion4 ,i have always believed that the person who has a general knowledge of the subject1 with a library training1 is the person who is best qualified to do the work of a special library4 ,i think that is true particularly in legislative and municipal reference work2 but1 on the other hand1 it should be emphasized that if that person did not have a pretty good knowledge of library work1 or if he did not have a pretty efficient librarian with him1 he would make a sorry failure1 as ,mr4 ,dudgeon has suggested4 ,at the same time1 ,i do not believe that the librarian who is trained as a librarian merely1 who loves books and so on1 can get hold of the real vital part of the work in a way that the person who is using the special library demands4 ,on the whole ,i am inclined to believe that the best working arrangement is to have a man in the library who has a knowledge of the subject matter and a person who knows something about library work and library training1 and then to have him supplemented by some one who knows the library side of it1 with a bare knowledge of the other subjects1 and1 working together1 they can bring about a very efficient special library service4 ,that is the ideal of a special library combination4 ,i think it has worked out in most cases4 ,but1 again1 speaking from personal knowledge1 ,i do not think that ,i could ever do very much in legislative reference work if ,i were a librarian without the other training4 ,whatever ,i had of librarian training1 through the school1 when ,i went into the work1 might be placed in very small compass--,i haven't told this before but ,i will confess now that when ,i began ,i knew very little about librarianship4 ,if my assistants knew that at the time1 at any rate1 ,i have never told ,it before1 but ,i have learned something about it since that time4 ,but ,i think ,i could have made a better success of librarianship if ,i had had more library training4 ,on the other hand1 ,i do not believe ,i could have gotten along if ,i had not had the other side of the subject more largely4 ,so ,i agree with ,mr4 ,dudgeon on most points as to that question2 but ,i would suggest that the person who is in charge1 if he is not fairly well grounded in librarian skill and librarian art1 should have some one with him who would keep him off the rocks1 because he will go on the rocks if he does not have some one to guide him4 ,the special library meets a very special need4 ,that has been pointed out many times4 ,we deal with material that is not in print4 ,we manufacture it4 ,many times we must color it with our own opinions4 ,some people say that in public affairs1 in municipal and legislative reference work1 we should not allow our own personality or our judgment to enter into the work4 ,i should like to find a librarian who is able to keep from doing that4 ,if ,i have knowledge which to me seems certain1 if ,i know a certain fact and have the information right at hand1 ,i cannot refrain from telling the person who ought to know that fact2 ,i cannot refrain from telling him that a certain thing is right1 or a certain thing is wrong4 ,while we must all do it diplomatically1 it is out of the question1 ,i believe1 for a man to be efficient as a special librarian1 even in dealing with the public affairs in libraries1 to avoid giving his own opinions on subjects4 ,what is the use of his getting a knowledge of the subject if he cannot really use it8 ,but he should use it very discreetly4 ,the special library was very well described by ,mr4 ,cutter when he said it was a library for those who do things1 while the reference library is for those people who think of things4 ,this is the age of efficiency4 ,i believe that the librarian is the efficiency engineer1 or ought to be the efficiency engineer1 of the educational world4 ,i think the general reference librarian ought to be that1 and ,i think the librarian of the special library1 particularly of the manufacturing and industrial library1 can be to a large degree the efficiency expert of such a concern4 ,,guy ,e4 ,,marion3 ,i think the people who are present here would take a good deal of satisfaction in knowing who the people are that are actually and most vitally interested in special library work1 and ,i have analyzed an up-to-date membership list which ,i hold here in my hand1 of which ,i should be glad to show copies to any who may be interested4 ,we have now grown to a group of #bbd people who are interested4 ,that is a growth1 roughly1 of twenty-five per cent since our last meeting in ,new ,york ,city4 ,there are four insurance libraries in the country4 ,there are nineteen people who are interested in public utilities4 ,there are five financial libraries4 ,there are among the commercial1 technical and scientific libraries 7many of which are in manufacturing concerns71 forty-eight4 ,among the public affairs libraries1 which cover the legislative reference departments of state libraries as well1 there are something like thirty-six4 ,it is interesting to note that the public libraries have themselves been sufficiently interested to know what we are doing1 so that forty-five of them have become members of this association1 to be in touch1 ,i presume1 with what we are aiming for4 ,there are twenty-nine colleges and universities interested2 and of miscellaneous people whom we can hardly classify1 not knowing where they belong1 there are thirty-eight4 ,in this connection ,i think it is worth while to say to you1 many of you who frequently change about the country1 or are looking for advancement1 that it would not be amiss for you to fill out one of the little blanks showing your qualifications1 the things in which you are interested4 ,at the present moment ,i know of the largest automobile concern in this country1 the automobile trust1 which is looking for an active1 wide-awake librarian1 probably a man4 ,those opportunities are coming to the attention of your secretary quite frequently1 and we shall always be glad to have you keep in touch with us by filling out one of these little blanks4 ,we may be able to readjust you4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,the ,secretary has an announcement to make in regard to city planning4 ,mr4 ,,marion3 ,i think it would not be amiss for me to speak of three or four of our bibliographies4 ,there has been one list published under the direction of ,mr4 ,meyer of the ,library of ,congress1 called ,selected list of references on the short ballot1 which is easily obtainable at our headquarters2 also a list of references on street railway service by ,robert ,h4 ,whitten1 our president4 ,there was prepared by ,mr4 ,dana1 ,the social questions of today1 which is a very useful compilation of subjects1 and institutions and people interested in social questions4 ,then1 in addition1 our ,may number of ,special ,libraries has published probably the most remarkable collection of city planning items that has ever been gathered together4 ,it was done co-operatively between the ,library of ,congress and the ,department of landscape architecture of ,harvard university4 7,here the ,secretary read a notice of a later complete bibliography of ,city planning which will be published by the ,library of ,congress in which a new complete classification scheme for the arrangement of all the articles will be used47 ,i think that the classification alone will be exceedingly useful to you who ultimately1 with the growth of ,american cities and their rapid development1 are going to be forced to take an interest in the subject of their re-arrangement4 ,this is going to become more and more a vital problem1 it seems to me1 in the future here in ,america than it ever has been in the past2 and when the final list is published it will consider not only ,american experience1 but also ,european1 appertaining to that subject4 ,,george ,w4 ,,lee3 ,i should think this might be a good chance for people to express themselves as to the need of bibliographical matter to go into ,special libraries1 as members who receive ,special ,libraries1 whether they think the trend of articles is about right and to make suggestions4 ,possibly it might be some guide to the editorial committee to know whether the material they are putting in is about right1 or whether there are certain things that might with advantage be inserted4 ,then the question comes1 are you helping1 yourself1 to make up these bibliographies8 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,perhaps ,mr4 ,lapp can speak of the various ways in which we made the bibliographies1 working with the ,library of ,congress methods and various others4 ,mr4 ,,lapp3 ,that question might properly come up later1 but ,i just mention at this time that we should be thinking about it1 and report at a later session of this organization1 this week4 ,the matter is very important to us1 because we have some difficulty in selecting4 ,we have some difficulty in knowing just what the members of the association desire most1 and at the present time we have a working arrangement with a number of people who are supplying things regularly4 ,we should be glad to enter into arrangements with others if the demand seems to be great4 ,just now we have an arrangement with the ,public ,utilities ,committee1 which supplies every two or three months a summary of the best public utility references of the period before4 ,we also have an arrangement with the ,library of ,congress1 through ,mr4 ,meyer1 by which we receive a bibliography for every issue1 a short bibliography on some obscure subject1 some subject that is not covered in any systematic bibliography1 or not covered adequately2 and the desire is to get questions which would be of the widest interest and at the same time not conflict with something that has already been published1 because the whole purpose of the ,special ,libraries ,association is to do those things which nobody else does4 ,if we find that we are doing something now which somebody else can do better1 we should be very glad to transfer it to them1 and merely undertake those things which nobody else does4 ,we have an arrangement also by which we are going to receive some of the best references to material on city documents1 beginning with the next issue4 ,that ,i think will add very materially to the value of the publication1 because city documents1 as you know1 are now almost inaccessible for the reason that no one knows that they are published until they are perhaps out of print1 and they cannot be obtained4 ,i would like to take this opportunity of asking all our friends to contribute whenever they know of anything that is done or that has happened regarding a bibliography or in the way of a special locality that you think should be mentioned1 that you send a note to the editors1 or send us a copy of the publication itself4 ,this is purely a co-operative enterprise1 and it is by co-operation that we get the real value of the work4 ,the hope is to cover the whole country1 so that if a man is working on a subject in ,boston some one in ,san ,francisco can learn about it1 and1 if he is thinking of doing the same thing1 have him co-operate and perhaps get that thing done better2 and any information which can be given which will facilitate that plan will be of very great value to the association and be a very great help to the editors4 ,mr4 ,,cutter3 ,the first statement ,mr4 ,marion made1 about obtaining assistants for the people who need them1 is1 ,i think1 the most searching question in connection with special libraries4 ,it seems to me it would be wise for this association to communicate with graduating classes of some of our universities and suggest to the members of those classes well enough in advance that the library profession is a desirable thing for young men to enter4 ,i think it would be a very wise thing for this association to take that up1 and tell them the reasons why1 and the demand for assistants4 ,at the present time ,i have knowledge of several positions1 but the specification is made that men are desired1 as most of our business men are so ignorant that they do not know how efficient women are4 ,i would say in regard to what ,mr4 ,lapp mentioned1 that ,i have some #bej bibliographies on engineering subjects1 some of them too special1 but some of them would1 ,i think1 be of general interest1 and ,i will take the opportunity of sending him a list of these4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,it might be of interest to note what has already been printed in connection with the ,library of ,congress1 to show the character of the publications received from that source4 ,you will recall1 for instance1 a bibliography on the drinking habit1 the short ballot1 on anti-cigarette ordinances and laws1 the open shop1 public utility rates1 the pardoning power1 compulsory voting1 preferential voting1 and1 finally1 city planning1 and1 also1 ,i might say1 one on the administration of charities and correction boards1 a rather technical subject1 which appeared in the ,april number1 #aiaa4 7,there here followed a discussion led by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,george1 of ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j41 in which he asked for information as to the real purpose of the ,special ,libraries movement4 ,mr4 ,josephson1 the vice-president1 and ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,lee1 of ,stone ,webster1 ,boston1 offered replies to the questions asked47 ,mr4 ,,dudgeon3 ,my connection with this association was due to this conception1 that in my business1 which was legislative work1 etc41 ,i conceived that there was a great deal in books that ought to be brought to the attention of the people who were doing the work1 and ,i was glad to join an association whose special function seemed to be to help one another devise ways and means of getting book knowledge into the hands of the actual workers4 ,now1 that seems to me to be somewhat of a distinct proposition4 ,i think ,mr4 ,cutter's definition justifies our existence4 ,we are specialized in getting knowledge out of books and out of the experience of others into the hands of workers rather than into the hands of people who are just thinking about working4 ,it seems to me that it is quite distinct although hard to distinguish4 ,miss ,,lindholm3 ,i believe in the effort to make the business public more appreciative of the work we are doing1 we should write more articles about our work and our libraries4 ,i think if there were articles written for the different electrical1 engineering1 automobile and manufacturing periodicals it would help a great deal4 ,mr4 ,,cutter3 ,i would suggest1 ,mr4 ,president1 that you can combine all those periodicals the lady mentions by writing articles for the ,wall ,street ,journal4 ,that is the place where the people read things4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,the editor of the ,wall ,street ,journal was with us at our ,september meeting and gave us a very interesting description of his own part of the work in connection with the business1 and the information bureau established by the ,wall ,street ,journal4 ,i sometimes think we fail to note the speed with which that information must be obtained1 either in the reference department or the newspaper4 ,they will sometimes employ a mere mechanical device to save two minutes in connection with the information given4 ,i think ,miss ,lindholm's suggestion is a very good one and possibly can be worked out by getting more and more in touch with the trade periodicals4 ,many of those trade periodicals are not taken by the public libraries1 are not listed in any indexes of periodicals1 and much of the material afforded there is of unusual value4 ,mr4 ,,cutter3 ,i would suggest that we have a committee on publicity for the association4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,the committee have a plan to advance for that which ,i think they will bring out at the next meeting4 ,,second 7,,first ,,joint7 ,,session 7,friday1 ,june #bh1 #b3cj p4 m47 ,the second session was a joint session held in conjunction with the ,national ,association of ,state ,libraries1 the ,american ,association of ,law ,libraries and the ,bibliographical ,society of ,america4 ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,godard1 acting secretary-treasurer of the ,national ,association of ,state ,libraries1 called the meeting to order and occupied the chair4 ,before beginning the regular program1 ,mr4 ,beer1 librarian of the ,howard ,memorial library at ,new ,orleans1 called attention to a bibliography of ,french fiction1 which he had come across during his travels in ,europe last year4 ,he said in part3 ,i discovered that there was being published at ,lisle on the borders of ,belgium by a ,roman ,catholic priest the most honest1 the bravest review of fiction that exists in any language4 ,he does not fear to mention every book which is published4 ,he praises those which are good1 and he scathes with the most bitter sarcasm and truthfulness those that are absolutely bad4 ,he is the ,abb ,bellian4 ,if a young lady goes to buy a book she is asked if that particular book is in the list of ,abb ,bellian4 ,if it is not that store refuses to supply it to any one who is not of lawful age4 ,it has been supplemented by a monthly publication which is very reasonable in price4 ,it has been published since #aijc4 ,he urged that all become familiar with this book in order that the supply of ,french books generally throughout the ,united ,states in our libraries may be much more carefully selected and be more representative of the great ,french fiction4 ,dean ,walton of the ,mc,gill ,university law school1 ,montreal1 prepared a paper entitled ,legal systems of ,canada1 with a list of statutes and other legal papers of the ,province of ,quebec4 ,this paper opened the formal program and was read by ,mr4 ,charles ,h4 ,gould4 ,this paper was followed by another entitled ,present ,status of legal bibliography by ,dean ,wigmore of the ,northwestern ,university law school4 ,this was read by ,mr4 ,edwin ,m4 ,borchard1 law librarian of the ,library of ,congress1 in connection with his own paper on ,the bibliography of international and foreign law1 with an account of the method of building up the collections of foreign and international law in the ,library of ,congress4 ,after reading ,dean ,wigmore's paper and discussing the present literature in this field and existing bibliographies1 ,mr4 ,borchard called attention to the effect which the increase in foreign travel had had upon all law library problems in ,america1 bringing in as it had the wider international relations from year to year4 ,he said ,there are three points of view that have guided us 7in the formation of the ,library of ,congress collection7 the practicing lawyer's necessity of knowing foreign law1 the legislator's necessity for knowing the solution of social and economic problems1 the scientific object1 the students' need of developing the science of law4 ,he dwelt at some length upon the methods which he had used in arriving at the best selection of foreign continental law books4 ,through his connection as international law expert at the ,hague ,fisheries ,arbitration he was enabled to get first hand judgment regarding the actual books by foreign lawyers4 ,further in the name of the ,government by correspondence he approached the law departments of universities1 judges of ,supreme ,courts1 practicing lawyers1 etc41 of other countries4 ,in ,latin ,america he worked through the consuls and ministers of the ,united ,states to get such information4 ,by these methods the books were ordered and many have now arrived4 ,the question now presents itself as to how to make available this new material4 ,this is being done by the publication of guides to the foreign law4 ,the first guide1 the guide of the law of ,germany1 appeared about a month and a half ago4444 ,it undertakes to furnish an introduction to the ,german system as a whole1 and to the principal leading institutions1 as parts of the system in some detail1 mentioning particularly the important literature and how to use it1 what the ,american lawyer in terms of his own law may expect to find in these ,european books4444 ,the guide of the law of ,france is now in course of preparation1 and will probably appear about the first of next year4 ,we hope then to continue with ,austria1 ,spain and ,italy1 which we consider the important countries4 ,later we may publish ,belgium and ,switzerland in one volume1 perhaps including ,scandinavia1 and then one volume for the law of ,latin ,america4 ,if we do not get to the publication of guides we will publish the material that we have received1 editing it with perhaps bibliographic notes of such information as we can convey in order to open up this bibliographic source to the general investigator4444 ,we are getting many letters every week in ,washington from lawyers throughout the whole ,united ,states1 asking for information on foreign law4444 ,comparative law is a field which is now getting great impetus1 partly through the work of developing legal collections1 partly through the necessities of a case4 ,we are no longer an insular nation4 ,growing international relations are making necessary some knowledge of foreign law and the desirability of its knowledge to legislators is admitted1 ,i think1 without a question4 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,c4 ,klingelsmith1 librarian of the ,biddle law library of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 followed with a paper upon ,the books of the beginnings4 ,prof4 ,archibald ,mc,goun of ,mc,gill university next presented a paper entitled ,the bibliography of ,canadian law4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wire of the ,worcester county law library of ,massachusetts opened the discussion4 ,speaking of the ordinary bar library for the working lawyer1 he urged that there was needed an extension of ,mr4 ,soule's ,manual referred to in ,dean ,wigmore's article4 ,he advocated also a much shorter list of citations than that employed in ,soule4 ,he further referred to the need of some publication on ,spanish ,american bibliography1 which would cover such things as the number of ,porto ,rican reports in a given series4 ,he would like also some publication which would give the various codes and compilations of laws1 both official and unofficial1 in advance of our law book friend who comes along to tell us about it4 ,from the practical standpoint he said that books on foreign laws were so much more useful when translated1 that in the average law library the same books in the original language would be rarely used4 ,,third 7,,second ,,general7 ,,session 7,monday1 ,july #a1 #aiab1 #b3ej p4 m47 ,the third session was the second session for discussion of problems peculiar to the special library and was called to order by ,vice-,president ,brigham4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,we have one paper which remains from our first session1 and ,i am going to call for that paper first4 ,that will be a paper by ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,homer1 member of the ,massachusetts bar1 on ,the ,boston co-operative information bureau4 ,the development of that bureau is interesting and is the first attempt1 ,i think1 in this country co-operatively to work the libraries by exchange of publications1 and ,i think probably you can be supplied on application with copies of their bulletins which some of us have here1 and which will show you the extent of the movement4 ,i am going to ask ,mr4 ,marion to read ,mr4 ,homer's paper4#ae #ae ,this will be published in full in the ,library journal and reprinted in ,special ,libraries4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,we will now proceed to the regular program for the day4 ,we have a paper by ,mr4 ,d4 ,n4 ,,handy4 ,the topic has been changed by the speaker so1 that it reads1 ,the library as a business asset2 when and how8 and ,i introduce now ,mr4 ,handy of the ,insurance ,library ,association of ,boston4 ,,the ,,library ,,as ,a ,,business ,,asset2 ,,when ,,and ,,how8#af ,i feel that this subject of the asset value of the special library is one that is bound to be constantly growing in interest1 because1 of course1 the tendency of business is to scrutinize carefully the things which it pays money for1 and unless it can be shown that the library has some asset value1 naturally1 the library will come in for the first cuts in the budgets1 and1 later on1 a complete cutting off4 ,when the subject was assigned me by ,mr4 ,marion he put the subject as ,the library as a business asset4 ,i have therefore discussed the subject from that standpoint1 and inasmuch as it seemed to me that the whole thing resolved itself into a few very general and broad principles ,i have not made any attempt to consider details at all1 but have assumed one or two things that it seemed to me must lie at the bottom of the whole proposition and must decide for us whether the library is to find a place among commercial assets and is to receive from business the support to which as an asset it is entitled4 #af ,abstract4 ,the full paper will appear in ,special ,libraries4 ,an asset1 in business1 is a debt-satisfying possession4 ,in determining business solvency assets are set over against liabilities1 and if the former exceed the latter1 the business is said to be solvent4 ,the term assets is applied technically to material possessions4 ,but there are possessions other1 and even more essential than material3 these are the moral1 out of which assets grow4 ,at the foundation of every business lie courage1 competency1 integrity1 perseverance4 ,these cannot be computed or averaged1 but their commercial value is everywhere recognized4 ,wherefore1 let us at the outset agree that when we speak of the library as a business-asset1 we speak not of its value as so many books and pamphlets1 but of its value as a contributing agency to those more fundamental possessions to which material assets owe their existence4 ,what1 then1 has the library contributed and what may it in the future hope to contribute that will add to business courage1 integrity1 competency1 perseverance ,in a word1 to business efficiency8 ,the answer is found in a measure in our conception of a library and its function4 ,shall we then describe what we have in mind when we speak of the library that may become a business asset8 ,it certainly is not any collection of books and pamphlets under any custodian and handled probably more often by the janitor than the manager4 ,that is not the kind of library that we have in mind4 ,our library is a collection organized and planned for a definite end4444 ,the measure of its value is to be sought in increasing efficiency of personnel2 wider outlook1 clearer vision1 firmer grasp1 greater fortitude4 ,it would be pleasant to think of the precise manner in which a library might entrench itself in business favor1 until it became admittedly indispensable4 ,such an experience is not uncommon4 ,libraries there are today--adjuncts of successful business houses--which stand on a plane of equality with every other department2 whose directors are in every sense advisers2 whose position in importance and dignity yields precedence to none4 ,they add efficiency to the entire staff1 and by breadth and merit bring distinction to the business they serve4 ,the asset value of a library is dependent upon a variety of conditions4 ,foremost among them1 ,i should say1 must be a condition of receptivity on the part of business itself4 ,again1 and only second in importance1 is the attitude of the library towards business4 ,if the library shall cling to traditional aims2 shall overestimate the importance of conventional methods2 shall hold disdainfully aloof from those adaptations and changes which alone can make it useful to business1 then its asset value will never be large or general4 ,finally1 assuming business and the library to agree as to their mutual helpfulness1 the lines along which they are to co-operate1 if the results are to be satisfying to both1 must be susceptible of being easily seen and followed4444 ,at no time in the history of the modern business world has the opportunity been so favorable for a lasting alliance between the library and business4 ,business was never more complex1 nor more moral4 ,greater wisdom is required to develop it4 ,it is more sensitive4 ,results come quicker1 failure follows more promptly on the heels of error--success almost anticipates the footsteps of sound judgment4 ,consequences are more far reaching4 ,disaster to one involves many--while bankruptcy carries overthrow and panic to hundreds of others4 ,the greater demands of business are seen not only in the enormous growth of industrial enterprises1 and the larger responsibilities of management1 but in the increasing numbers of college and university men who are seeking business careers4 ,again1 an almost revolutionary change has taken place in the public attitude towards business of every kind4 ,it matters not what it is4 ,the idea now is that men live for service2 that men organize socially1 commercially1 and industrially for service4 ,and if any organization is unable to undergo this test it must reform1 or stand aside and let a better take its place4 ,this ,i take it is the interpretation of the great unrest which has possessed ,england and ,america in the last decade4444 ,all these--this increasing complexity1 growing sense of social responsibility1 demand for an increasing inflow of college men into business--spell opportunity for the library as an indispensable adjunct for business enterprise4 ,answering for our first condition1 then1 it may be said that business is in a receptive mood1 and that it stands ready today to welcome among its productive forces the library organization4 ,but if the library is to be truly an asset to business enterprise1 the library itself must recognize not only its opportunity but its responsibility4 ,the failure of the general library to lead in this work of aiding business in the solution of its problems has been inevitable4 ,business wants its own technology2 it wants pamphlets1 clippings1 reports--all sorts of special things which no public library with all its other obligations could ever hope to get and to classify4 ,hence the need of specialized libraries and special methods4 ,it is evident that the special library has a whole field of methods yet to amplify1 systematize and unify4 ,if the library is to help business it must be organized as business is organized4 ,to get everything on a subject may be necessary for some purposes1 and is always interesting to the bibliographer2 but to get the adequate thing is the business-librarian's ideal of service1 and if he misses it he may wake up surprised to find his labor unappreciated4 ,business is multiplying short-cuts1 motion-savers1 efficiency getters in every department2 it will tolerate nothing less from the library4 ,it is for the library to prove its value--to demonstrate its practical worth by adjusting itself to the business environment4 ,it must not follow too closely the traditions of general library work4 ,it ought to be familiar with general library methods2 but it should never lose sight of the fact that general library methods were devised with an eye single to general library problems4 ,the problems of a business library are different4 ,this1 then1 is the duty of the business library if the title to asset-value is to go unchallenged4 ,and the library may be certain that business will not take it at its own appraisal but will demand to see for itself whether its claims are justified4 ,business libraries in many cities are justifying their existence and are gradually making for themselves a secure place among the assets of the enterprises which they represent4444 ,finally1 how are the library and business to co-operate for their mutual advantage8 ,it is evident that in this respect business has to perform a duty even greater than we have laid upon the library itself4 ,if the library is under obligation to adapt itself to the needs of business1 business is under special obligation to place its resources more completely at the disposal of the library4 ,it must take the library seriously and plan for it accordingly4444 ,business fails to appreciate the ally that it might have in the well conducted library4 ,it appreciates and at times is mildly grateful for the library's service2 but it has shown no great discernment when it came to an understanding of the means by which the service was rendered4 ,it asks for and expects results2 but has little appreciation of the price at which results must be bought4 ,an indispensable requisite of a business library is a librarian thoroughly conversant with the main facts of the business4 ,he must know its theory and history4 ,he must be freed from routine at least to the extent necessary to enable him to become an expert in the materials which he handles4 ,he must be treated as a literary adviser and given the opportunity to develop literary discrimination and judgment in the field which he covers4 ,then he becomes more than a custodian of books2 he is a counselor1 impressing his personality upon a unique source of business inspiration1 namely1 the business literature of his collecting and bringing direct to his superiors the information which they will know how to use for the good of the business as a whole4 ,subordinates1 working under him1 will assemble1 classify1 card index1 bulletin and distribute1 while the library itself will stand on a level with manufacturing1 accounting and selling4 ,it will be a department of the business1 organized like other departments1 for efficiency4444 ,the library may adapt itself to business1 but it is for business to say whether the adaptation shall be thoroughgoing and effective4 ,is the library1 then1 a business asset8 ,my answer is that it is such just in proportion as business is willing to let it be4 ,when business shall treat it as it treats other factors of business success1 discerning its possibilities of usefulness1 encouraging and planning for its development1 adapting it to the requirements of business activity1 then it will justify itself unquestionably4444 ,business has already awakened to the possibilities of library help1 and wherever it has done so with insight and courage it has answered for itself the question which we have here proposed4 ,in banking1 in finance1 in engineering1 in applied chemistry1 in insurance and in numerous other fields1 business has set itself to the task of adapting library methods to business needs4 ,special collections administered for special requirements are springing up in every large city1 and the liberality with which these are beginning to be supported is in some respects an indication of business' own estimate of their value4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,the matter is now open for discussion1 and ,i will ask ,mr4 ,morton1 librarian of the ,united ,gas ,fuel ,company1 to be the first speaker4#ag #ag ,mr4 ,morton's discussion will appear in ,special ,libraries4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,the next speaker is ,miss ,,margaret ,e4 ,,murray1 librarian of ,wm4 ,filene's ,sons1 ,boston1 who will address us on the subject ,,the ,,earning ,,power ,,of ,a ,,special ,,reference ,,library ,,on ,,retail ,,distribution ,the ,wm4 ,filene's ,sons ,company of ,boston are retailers of men's1 women's1 children's and infants' wearing apparel and employ at present about #ijj1 but in a few months will employ #bjjj employees4 ,among other innovations they have made provision for a ,business ,reference ,library in their new building1 which they are to occupy this coming fall1 and which is1 so far as we know1 the first in this line of business4 ,it is planned to have on file all information relating to the business and such other information as may be helpful to the management and all other employees in the discharge of their duties1 such as daily papers1 technical and general reference books1 trade journals1 newspaper clippings1 and typewritten material4 ,the library was created because there was a definite need for a central clearing house of information on the latest and best in retail distribution and because it was urgent that one department should be responsible to care for safely and mobilize the valuable information1 books and pamphlets scattered throughout the various offices of the organization4 ,now what will the earning power of this special reference library be8 ,it will be in exact proportion to its use and efficiency1 based on just how well and how often it can make or save a dollar for the business4 ,it will depend largely on how aggressive the library policy will be in creating needs and meeting the needs for its material1 and although it may not be able to show quite as tangible a profit and loss statement as a merchandise department1 still there should be the same effort and desire to know the stock on hand the first of the month1 the purchases1 the expenses of the department1 the stock on hand at the end of the month 7having in mind depreciation7 and the sales1 which would be services rendered4 ,the more efficiently and oftener the reference library serves the organization1 the more time it saves high-priced executives1 and helps the rank and file1 the more certain it will become a permanent paying department of the business and make itself indispensable4 ,this is in general how the earning value will be determined4 ,however1 if the library is to succeed1 such general statements will not be sufficient4 ,the chances for service and making definite contributions toward business efficiency in a large retail establishment are innumerable1 and especially in a progressive house like the one with which ,i have the honor to be associated4 ,but such service and such contribution must be made very definite1 must be made very specific and must be applied to every member of the organization4 ,for some years past our company has been experimenting with profit sharing agreements1 and one of the difficulties has been for general profit sharers1 men and women in non-selling departments1 working for the whole store1 to show what has been his or her contribution toward profits4 ,therefore1 if a reference librarian1 who would be termed a general profit sharer1 fails to study1 position by position1 just how he or she can contribute to the needs of the men and women connected with the organization1 the library will not be recognized and felt as a money making investment4 ,it is1 therefore1 along these lines that the ,filene reference library will be operated4 ,in all the initial steps and preparatory work of organizing1 the methods of the legislative reference libraries are as far as possible being applied4 ,the work of some of the successful legislative reference libraries is divided into three main divisions--comparative1 critical and constructive1 and in analyzing the store material on hand1 it is found that pretty nearly all of these main divisions of reference work have in the past been practically ignored4 ,in isolated cases1 comparative work has been attempted1 as for instance1 furnishing specific information from some other store on some store policy for some one manager1 but it has not been disseminated and placed at the service of all4 ,the need of having this work done has been recognized and in the future will be done through the library4 ,retail distribution has its laws and policies1 but the laws and policies are1 to a large degree1 empirical4 ,they are the result of years of effort and experience1 and what was good five years ago1 may not be good today4 ,all policies are constantly changing4 ,therefore1 the first work1 and at present in hand1 before the library can start on its aggressive mission is to tabulate1 classify1 index and fit for use the present valuable information scattered throughout the offices of the management1 destroying everything obsolete or whatever has become a permanent part of the store organization4 ,for it is imperative in a fast growing business employing an increasing number of executives1 that new employees should profit to the fullest extent by the experience of past years and how other people have handled problems new to us1 and the library can assist very definitely by placing in their hands brief summaries on important subjects connected with the business1 revised copies of duties of various positions1 bibliographies on important subjects related to the business1 and any other material that will help them absorb in the shortest possible time the fundamentals of the business4 ,perhaps it may be of interest to mention briefly what special subjects1 both general and technical1 the library must watch out for4 ,the best way is1 with apologies1 to give you an idea of the personnel of the management4 ,the ,filene brothers and their partners are public spirited citizens2 one brother1 ,mr4 ,edward ,a4 ,filene1 with a few other men1 organized the present successful ,boston ,city ,club and was largely responsible for the amalgamation of the numerous commercial organizations of the city into the present ,boston ,chamber of ,commerce1 and was chairman of the recent ,metropolitan ,plan ,commission of ,massachusetts4 ,the other brother1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,lincoln ,filene1 served for three years on the ,state ,commission for ,industrial ,education and is now a member of the ,executive ,board of the ,national ,society for the ,promotion of ,industrial ,education1 and also contributed largely in time and money to the ,boston ,vocational ,bureau4 ,the other partners are also serving on special committees of various organizations and are all1 with the ,filenes1 very keenly interested in labor problems1 the relations of employers to employees1 and each has on his desk the best books on scientific management1 as ,taylor's1 ,gantt's1 ,emerson's and ,brandeis'4 ,therefore1 first of all the business reference library will have on its shelves six or seven of the best books on scientific management1 also books on organization and finance4 ,then will be added special books on bookkeeping1 auditing1 insurance1 statistics1 advertising1 decorating1 buying1 selling1 materials1 and subjects of interest to the ,filene ,co-operative ,association 7an organization consisting of all employees and members of the corporation1 each member having a single vote7 such as pensions1 arbitration1 compulsory insurance1 co-operative housing1 etc4 ,perhaps it might also be well to add that this association has maintained a library of all the popular fiction for the past twelve years1 and no fiction will be placed in the new business reference library4 ,the librarian is also custodian of all the private contracts1 leases and corporation records1 and is expected to prepare digests of any important papers at any time4 ,this is what the ,filene library expects to do and must arrange for resources to actually obtain and devise ways and means for the dissemination of information needed4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3--,we have with us today ,miss ,e4 ,v4 ,dobbins1 who is librarian of the ,edward ,accounting library of the ,american ,telegraph ,telephone ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 and she will add to the discussion4 ,miss ,,dobbins3 ,i desired not to write a paper1 because ,i might write one too long and not say much in the end1 so ,i thought perhaps it would be interesting just to tell you why our immense corporation found it necessary to have a library4 ,we have a large engineering library2 that is1 we have a very fine collection of technical books--unfortunately1 as yet1 no librarian2 we have a splendid legal library1 and ,i represent the accounting library4 ,two years ago our comptroller1 who is an authority on accounting in the ,united ,states and has some reputation abroad1 decided that it was necessary to get together the material1 and they were good enough to offer me the position1 which ,i was very glad to accept4 ,so we collected what few books we had4 ,we didn't have much4 ,we bought largely4 ,all our men are authorities on the particular subjects with which they deal1 so1 consequently1 in buying books for our library we cannot select1 as we used to in the public library1 with due respect to the library1 any and all books on a particular subject4 ,we have to have the last word upon it4 ,accounting is a peculiar subject inasmuch as there are only about four or five authorities--,i may be wrong1 that is all ,i could ever find4 ,if anybody knows of any more ,i should be more than glad of the information4 ,we go largely into economics4 ,we also take up public utilities and reports of county and state governments and city reports4 ,we do some little work in scientific management4 ,i do not think the sympathies of the officials lie very largely in the direction of scientific management1 however4 ,everybody there is supposed to know his job and do it4 ,we are very fortunate in not being handicapped for money4 ,we can buy whatever is out1 just as soon as it is out1 and as many copies as we find it necessary to have4 ,we deal primarily with the accounting department1 which includes the statistician's department too1 and the executive department4 ,those are two very big departments and they keep us pretty busy all the time4 ,we have quite a file of pamphlets4 ,we do not give as much care to the pamphlets as we do to the books4 ,when we came to the question of cataloging ,i realized that we had a very big piece of work on our hands1 and we were short of help1 and it was essential that we have everything up to date just as quickly as we possibly could4 ,so ,i bought ,library of ,congress cards1 and it was a very happy inspiration1 for we had everything done by sub-headings and everything assigned in about two weeks1 and of course that helped considerably4 ,the library is used frequently and primarily by the officials and the directors4 ,the employees of the company have the privilege of coming1 and they come often and freely4 ,the comptroller has told me time and time again that he could not measure in actual money value the service the library has given the house and himself primarily4 ,we take all the leading economic and scientific journals and they circulate4 ,i have a list of the names of the various men to whom they go4 ,i tried to have a specified time for their return1 but ,i am sorry to say it did not work out4 ,our desks are all equipped with telephones1 so we telephone1 and if they can find them they return them4 ,when they cannot find them the oldest office boy1 ,joseph1 is enlisted4 ,i think he was the leader of the ,boy ,scouts4 ,he knows generally where to get them4 ,i think he says they are generally behind the desks1 but in any event we get them1 and if they are very badly torn1 mutilated or marked1 we buy other copies to bind4 ,the leading magazines we bind as soon as the volume is completed4 ,they form the largest part of our reference work4 ,i go over those magazines very carefully and find what ,i would like to bring out more prominently than in a bound magazine1 and we catalog those particular subjects1 buy extra copies1 put them in the pamphlet file1 catalog them and put them in the pamphlet catalog1 so that if by any chance the bound volume is out and a particular article is sought1 we have it4 ,we find in those two places we can generally meet all the needs of the library4 ,i do not think any of the people of the corporation have really ever become familiar with the actual library side of it4 ,they look upon a shelflist as something fearful and awful1 and they do not understand it1 but as long as they get what they want when they want it1 they seem thoroughly happy4 ,speaking in a quite impersonal way1 ,i think our library is quite a business asset1 because ,i can candidly say that the men who are at the head of our corporation would not tolerate it five minutes if it were not4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,we were to have a paper by ,miss ,abbott of the reference department of the ,studebaker ,corporation of ,south ,bend1 ,ind4 ,she was hindered1 however1 in the preparation of this paper1 and also from coming to this meeting1 but the paper will be furnished later and printed in ,special ,libraries4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,i would like to inquire whether ,mr4 ,pack1 ,secretary and ,comptroller of the ,toronto ,electric ,light ,company is here4 ,mr4 ,,lapp3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i have a letter from ,mr4 ,pack which ,i wish to read4 ,when ,mr4 ,pack was asked to be present at this meeting he said he would write his views at least1 if he could not come4 ,he has written a general statement of his belief in the special library4 7,mr4 ,lapp here read the letter which is available at the office of ,secretary47 ,mr4 ,,marion3 ,may ,i ask whether ,miss ,tutt1 who is present1 ,i think1 might not have something to say in relation to the automobile library1 inasmuch as she is actively representing ,miss ,elizabeth ,abbott here8 ,miss ,,tutt3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i scarcely feel prepared to say anything about her library1 particularly as an automobile library1 for ,i do not know that she has done anything especially in the automobile work of her library1 her work taking up all lines4 ,her work has grown to such an extent that she told me just a day or two before ,i left that she really did not know but that they would have to get another name for it2 she had not as yet found anything in the corporation that she had not been called upon to do1 so that she was at a loss to know just what it was that she was expected to do4 ,it has developed wonderfully and very satisfactorily4 ,it has been up-hill work1 as you all know4 ,the corporation has changed hands1 gone into various companies1 come back again1 and she had it all to meet and arrange4 ,all that work and all the papers and records have just simply piled up1 are all being sorted out now1 indexed and put in order4 ,she is doing a wonderful work4 ,the other institutions there in ,south ,bend are watching very closely her work and ,i think it will be but a short time before the other factories will be following suit2 but so far as the automobile part is concerned1 there is nothing any more special in that than in any other line of work that she has done2 that is to say1 nothing that ,i know of4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,i am going to ask ,mr4 ,marion1 our secretary1 who is at the head of a technical library1 to take part in this discussion4 ,mr4 ,,marion3 ,i must say1 as one of the other speakers1 that ,i have not prepared a paper1 believing that in such an assemblage of essayists and discussers it would not be impossible to find some very good material from which to talk extemporaneously4 ,i have not been disappointed4 ,two or three points ,i will mention in what may be only a rambling discussion1 but they may be worth while to some of you4 ,mr4 ,handy mentioned in a passing way only the entrance of a large number of college men into business today4 ,i do not think he put the matter nearly strong enough4 ,it is this very entrance of well-educated men into business1 rather than coming in through the long process of experience1 entering1 that is1 half way up the scale of life1 equipped with a fine technical training1 making them already professional men1 as the physician steps into the community a professional man1 that has forced business to equip itself along a little different line4 ,it seems to me this is one of the great telling reasons why more and more special libraries are going to be built up in manufacturing concerns and industrial plants2 for with these men coming in1 they do not come as mechanics wanting a plane1 a saw or a hammer2 they come primarily wanting books and nothing else4 ,they have been trained to the ample use of books for four and sometimes six years previous to their entrance to business1 and to take books away from them would be like taking the plane or saw or hammer away from the carpenter4 ,so these men must be provided for1 and ,i think that is one of the chief causes that is compelling business to adopt libraries4 ,regarding the type of librarian that is required for administering this sort of a library1 ,i think enough emphasis has not been put upon the keen aliveness which is required in these people1 if ,i may be pardoned for saying so1 in comparison to those who are employed in public institutions1 where the term of office is likely to run anyway for a year4 ,in business1 we have to make good1 and to make good seriously1 daily4 ,our reputation is at stake every time a question is asked4 ,then it seems to me there is no opportunity for the quiet type of librarian who would like short hours and the freedom to come and go at leisure4 ,it requires primarily some one of tireless vitality and one who is ready to sacrifice himself to build up not only the efficiency of his own department1 but to support other departments when they may be overworked4 ,this brings me to the point of the preparation for special librarianship4 ,i question very much whether the librarian who is prepared through the regular source of supply1 the library school1 today1 is going to become just the type of person to take up this special library work4 ,it seems to me the more ,i consider it that a great many of the most successful special librarians are those who have grown up through business1 at least to a certain degree1 and have taken on the library training in their own quiet moments4 ,if this is the case1 would it be worth while for the library schools to consider a list of special libraries where candidates for their certificates or diplomas might go to spend a fraction of their summer vacation in actual special library work and receive credit in their schools toward their diplomas8 ,i think that that might be worked out with more careful thought4 ,mr4 ,morton mentioned the fact that the statistics of the library do not show up against the operating department1 the manufacturing department1 etc4 ,i want to say that with the ,arthur ,d4 ,little1 ,inc41 ,library1 we are now obliged to pass in time slips4 ,in other words1 the library has been put upon a par with the other departments1 the chemical1 the research and the engineering departments1 and at the end of every month we are given an opportunity to show what we have done in the way of results4 ,if there has been a quiet month of course there will be little put in the way of service1 in time1 but the time slips show and it is up to the library to maintain its standing1 to show just what it has done during the month in actual time1 because with a concern of the nature of ours1 which is a consulting and engineering corporation1 time is a great element4 ,mr4 ,handy touched upon that1 but not half emphatically enough4 ,in the insurance library ,i am sure he does not appreciate it4 ,the monthly report is based primarily on the time spent on different problems1 and these time slips are all assorted and tabulated against special pieces of work which are generally known in an engineering organization by what is called a job number2 and so the librarian's time is now being accounted for in the same way that that of the head of the research department is being accounted for4 ,it seems to me that that is a step in advance and indicates progress4 ,it occurred to me to say to you that while ,i have been here at this conference ,i have received application for another membership1 so that while we came with #bbd1 we now have #bbe members4 ,the ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance ,company have requested their librarian to become a member of this association1 so that we grow daily4 ,mr4 ,brigham has called my attention to the fact that it ought to be brought out forcibly here how necessary it is for every one of you people1 no matter what part of the country you may go to1 to bring to the attention of this association officially1 either through the secretary or the president1 the birth of every such library that you may know of4 ,business does not know us4 ,we know business of course1 but until this association has had a much wider publicity campaign than we have been able with our meager means to give it1 business cannot come to us and cannot get the help that we can give it4 ,if1 then1 when you go to your respective places1 you would be alive to the creation of every special library in your part of the country1 and when you know of a collection of books where a librarian might be necessary1 you would bring it to our attention1 we would write them and tell them of the service that we can render them4 ,i think the thing that has impressed me most in the discussion that has gone on just now is the fact that the company that employs ,miss ,dobbins has three special libraries4 ,that is unique1 it seems to me1 that one corporation should employ three special libraries2 not merely one1 but a library for the legal department1 another for the accounting department and a third for the engineering department4 ,that it seems to me represents a pretty high development of the special library idea4 ,miss ,,dobbins3 ,may ,i just interrupt a moment to say that ,i too submit a report at the end of every month4 ,it was my own suggestion1 for ,i wanted the company to know that we were doing something1 and we would possibly be lost sight of in such an enormous place4 ,so ,i sent in a report1 very brief1 just giving the number of books circulated in the various departments1 the number of pamphlets and the reference work done4 ,they said they were very glad to get it1 and that it put us on a working basis4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,before opening a more general discussion ,i would like to have the secretary make a few announcements regarding certain things of interest4 ,mr4 ,,marion3 ,i have here a bound volume of ,special ,libraries that all may see everything that has been published to date4 ,i think it would be of interest to some of you who are not familiar with its contents4 ,we also have for sale1 if any one cared to purchase them1 three copies of ,volume #b complete4 ,then we have for distribution to any who might care for it1 ,the earning power of chemistry1 which is written by ,mr4 ,little1 the president of the concern which ,i serve4 ,as you know1 ,mr4 ,little is1 today1 one of the foremost industrial chemists in this country1 if not in the world4 ,he is also this year1 by a very fortunate circumstance1 it seems to me1 president of the ,american ,chemical ,society4 ,i say fortunate because this year ,america is entertaining the ,international ,congress of ,applied ,chemistry that meets in ,washington and ,new ,york in ,september4 ,this is a review to convince the business man of the usefulness of chemistry in solving his everyday problems4 ,it is a reprint of a free public lecture delivered to the business men of ,indianapolis last ,june4 ,it is simply a talk upon business from another angle4 ,in the same way ,mr4 ,handy's talk is equally strong1 it seems to me1 from the library standpoint4 ,we have also for sale here1 should any one care to purchase it1 the city planning bibliography which was published as the ,may issue of ,special ,libraries4 ,it is #be cents a copy4 ,this was compiled by ,harvard university and the ,library of ,congress4 ,i have a few copies left of ,the library as an adjunct to industrial laboratories1 a paper which ,i submitted originally to the ,american ,chemical ,society at its ,boston meeting1 and describing in minute detail my own personal library4 ,it may be of interest to some and you are welcome to it if any of you wish to take it away4 ,mr4 ,,handy3 ,i was particularly interested in ,mr4 ,marion's discussion1 and in one suggestion more especially1 that the library school might specialize somewhat more along the lines of special library work4 ,while ,i think that might well be brought up as a subject of discussion this evening1 ,i should like to say just now that it seems to me1 in the first place1 that there is a great dearth of properly prepared assistants to do the kind of work that is needed in the special library4 ,i think the libraries that specialize in business library work have found that to be true1 and that these library schools in general are not particularly adapted to meet that requirement4 ,it occurs to me1 then1 that it might be possible for special libraries1 possibly through the co-operation of the ,american ,library ,association1 to get the library schools of the country1 at some time in their course1 to offer a more specialized course which could be taken by those students who intend to specialize in library work1 and that in that course an attempt be made to develop the special library attitude1 which is absolutely and wholly different from the general library attitude1 toward the subjects handled4 ,it seems to me that several exceedingly good things could come of it4 ,in the first place1 if the library schools would do for special libraries as they do for general libraries1 that is1 if they would select a certain number of libraries1 which measure up to certain standards1 throughout the country1 and assign pupils to those libraries1 with the understanding that before they could be qualified they would have to measure up to a certain standard2 then a student who spent a certain amount of time in such a library would receive credit for special library work in the library course1 exactly the same as students do now in general library work4 ,then ,i think you would find that you would get1 in the first place1 more specialized students2 in the second place1 ,i think you would lift the plane of special library work immensely1 you would lift it to a much higher plane of professionalism and you would find that your directors and your people who pay the money to support these libraries would vie with one another to be qualified by the leading library schools in the country1 and ,i think that in itself would be an inducement to a good many halting business concerns to support1 as they are not supporting now1 their libraries2 they would see the advertising value of being endorsed by the leading library schools in the country1 if they did not see anything else1 and they would pay the money necessary to bring their own libraries up to that degree of efficiency4 ,on the other hand1 it seems to me that the special library is offering an exceptionally interesting field to young women going into library work1 and that the library schools as at present organized are not pointing the way to them as they should2 and possibly the library schools are not in a position to do it4 ,i did not mean to consider this at this point1 but ,i do think that is one of the subjects that might be seriously considered now or this evening1 and1 if necessary1 a committee appointed to go over the whole subject1 and possibly co-operate with the ,american ,library ,association or the library schools1 whichever might be necessary1 to bring it to a focus4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,it might be of interest to know that in ,simmons we have a library school which appoints special courses with a view to fitting women especially for economic and business library work4 ,do you desire1 ,mr4 ,handy1 to put your suggestion in the form of a motion now or later8 ,mr4 ,,handy3 ,my motion1 then1 would be this1 that the subject of co-operation between the library schools and the special libraries1 with the aim of preparing students especially for special library work1 be taken up at the conference this evening4 7,carried7 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,before we take up any further discussion1 out of respect to the ,chairman of the ,municipal ,year ,book ,committee1 ,i wish to ask for a report from that joint committee1 of which ,mr4 ,ranck is chairman4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,i can only report progress again4 ,i had hoped to be able to report something very definite at this time4 ,our committee had a meeting in ,new ,york in ,june1 after the ,pasadena meeting1 at which time there were present ,mr4 ,baker1 the editor of ,engineering ,news2 ,professor ,hart of ,harvard2 ,professor ,rowe of the ,university of ,pennsylvania2 ,mr4 ,woodruff of the ,national ,municipal ,league1 ,dr4 ,whitten of the ,new ,york ,public ,service ,library and myself4 ,i think that includes all of the persons who were present4 ,the committee discussed first of all what should be included in a municipal year book1 and as a result of that discussion1 which lasted three hours1 in the ,city ,club1 ,mr4 ,woodruff was delegated to take up with certain publishing houses the project of putting this thing through4 ,i have had several letters from ,mr4 ,woodruff within the last few months1 or weeks1 on this subject1 and he hoped to have a definite announcement ready for this meeting4 ,the delay has been on account of the fact that the head of one of the publishing houses1 the one that seemed most favorable toward this project1 and a publishing house that is in the business of making year books and encyclopedias1 was in ,europe1 and so ,mr4 ,woodruff could not get that thing put through4 ,however1 he is in hopes that it may be put through almost any day4 ,i may say that thus far the prospects of our having for the cities of the ,united ,states and ,canada an ,american municipal year book1 are altogether favorable4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,do you wish the committee to be continued8 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,i think we have this in hand and that perhaps we might continue it4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,this committee has rather a unique function anyway4 ,it speaks for both the ,state ,libraries and the ,special ,libraries associations1 a joint committee4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,and there was brought into it the ,national ,municipal ,league and several others4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,doubtless the ,national ,municipal ,review will contain in time notes of the proceedings of that committee1 so that the members will be informed4 ,could it not be done that way8 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,as soon as the thing is definitely decided ,i will notify the secretary4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,yes1 but ,i mean it would be available for any one to read in the ,national ,municipal ,review which appears from time to time4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,probably1 yes4 ,if ,i may be permitted1 ,i should like to say a word about another matter that was under discussion this afternoon4 ,i was very much interested in what was said about present engineering training and the kind of training of men who are going into business1 in their use of books1 and their demand on libraries4 ,a few weeks ago ,i had the privilege of going through one of the largest electric lamp factories in the country1 one of whose branches has #bjjj people employed1 and ,i was particularly interested in the corps of professional men4 ,i went there to visit a friend of mine who is a physical engineer4 ,he was a professor at the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 was afterward at the head of the department of physics in one of our state institutions1 and was taken from that into this concern1 and within the last three years that concern has engaged1 ,i think1 four or five doctors of philosophy1 four or five men who have been professors in technical schools1 and they are going at that business altogether different from the rule of thumb method2 and that type of men who are accustomed to use books and who do use them are coming into demand more and more4 ,one thing my friend said1 that impressed me very much1 was this1 that in going about to a number of engineering schools1 ,cornell1 the ,state ,college of ,pennsylvania and several others1 he has been talking to the boys taking engineering courses1 of the chances and opportunities for going into that sort of work4 ,these companies are after technically trained men from the colleges and universities and they send men like him out to talk to the boys and try to get them to come into their works4 ,another thing he emphasized1 and which ,i think we must keep in our mind all the time--it is a thing we emphasize as librarians of the public libraries1 but it has a bearing in the work of this organization as well--he said he was telling the boys at ,cornell and those other engineering schools that while engineers have to deal with things1 they have to know science2 yet that more than half of the problems of the average engineer are problems of men rather than problems of things4 ,in other words1 that the humanities must be studied2 that you must know sociology--that was referred to here this afternoon--and economics1 just as much as chemistry and business and all that sort of thing4 ,in short the two must go together4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,lee3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 you have a question box there which has been forgotten all about1 and ,i am not very sorry4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,no1 ,i haven't4 ,i am going to put it in for discussion1 the whole thing4 ,mr4 ,,lee3 ,there were no questions1 ,i think1 except the question box4 ,i should like to question that4 ,there ought to be some machinery at these conferences for introducing the new members2 some method by which we can all let it be known what we especially want to know2 some way to meet the people that have this information4 ,now1 what ,i want to say about the question box is that it seems to me that the ,special ,libraries ,association might introduce a circular that tells about the next conference of the ,american ,library ,association1 and could put in a little slip saying1 ,please send to headquarters a statement of what you want to know1 what is your specialty4 ,it would help immensely4 ,people come here to get some information2 they want to know about filing photographs1 about dry-goods libraries and so on1 and we ought to make it possible for them to get something out of the convention without trying too hard4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,i think ,mr4 ,lee has raised a very natural question4 ,i have talked with some of the older members of the ,american ,library ,association1 and it seems to be the feeling that we have lost something since we have grown so large4 ,with eight hundred members1 it is almost impossible to know every one personally1 as it was when there were only a couple of hundred in attendance at the meetings4 ,the ,new ,york library meeting in ,september will bring together as many people as used to come to the ,american ,library ,association meetings ten or fifteen years ago4 ,i do not see any way out of it except to follow some definite method from headquarters so that the ,american ,library ,association itself can arrange the matter4 ,it is not a matter of hospitality necessarily1 but oftentimes the stranger within our gates is the one that suffers in these respects4 ,after you have been to three or four conventions you enjoy yourself1 but the first year it is difficult to know people4 ,mr4 ,,morton3 ,i should like to offer a suggestion with regard to the difficulty of the newer members getting to know the older ones4 ,i find out that the way to get acquainted is to pitch in and do some work4 ,then they have to know you4 ,i would therefore suggest putting the younger members on the various committees and make them work and work hard2 then they will come to know people4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,you have brought up a very important point1 and that is what we might call the committee system4 ,the system has often failed by being limited to three members4 ,the chairman does the work and sends around to the other members to sign up2 or they live at various points of the country and the chairman forgets to do the work or for various reasons fails to report4 ,the way to get the best results is to appoint a committee of one and get the work done by that committee1 and if he does not do the work1 discharge him and get another person in his place who will do the work4 ,we are suggesting now a re-arrangement of that method by which we can get1 ,i think1 better results1 in answer to your remarks4 ,mr4 ,,marion3 ,i wonder if ,mr4 ,handy would develop a little the idea that was brought out in a conversation that he held with me some little time ago in ,boston1 in which he pointed out the sort of large opportunities that come to the special librarian1 that do not come to the public librarian1 and cannot from the very nature of things4 ,mr4 ,,handy3 ,i had in mind especially when ,i was talking with ,mr4 ,marion a man who at present holds the position of assistant manager in ,new ,york of the ,fire ,insurance ,exchange4 ,i think his salary is between six and seven thousand a year4 ,it happens that he is a very bright fellow1 and he is taking charge also of evening classes in the ,new ,york ,university school of commerce and accounts1 which adds another thousand dollars a year to his salary4 ,i am speaking1 in this1 simply from the standpoint of salary4 ,he started in as a special librarian4 ,he came into opportunities solely through the close personal contact with superiors who were looking for exactly this kind of advisory and expert service that ,i tried to emphasize in my paper4 ,of course1 he made good in the smaller position1 and through making good there got the opportunity to go to ,new ,york in the first place1 in a position1 which while not particularly better than the one he had occupied as librarian1 was better in opportunities and much beyond anything that any special library would be likely to offer2 and he has so far made good in ,new ,york that he has come into the opportunity that ,i spoke of1 and he has the present salary1 which of course carries with it responsibilities2 but it seems to me it will be a great many years before in general library work one would find an opportunity like that for advancement1 because it was all done in about seven or eight years4 ,it is that possibility of getting in close contact with the heads of great industrial organizations and great enterprises1 and by making one's self extremely serviceable and valuable there1 that makes the special library a particularly promising field either for bright men or bright women4 ,it is not the library service in itself but it is the opportunity of getting into close contact with men who have made great successes in business1 and that opportunity1 ,i think1 does not come to the general librarian4 ,the person entering the general library must expect that the top of the work is simply the library opportunities themselves1 and1 of course1 they are somewhat limited4 ,a person entering special library work feels that the top is the whole vast industrial or commercial enterprise in which he is engaged1 and if he has the adaptability--and that is precisely the thing which we have been trying to emphasize as necessary in library work1--he naturally1 as time goes on1 sees the field of opportunity broadening1 and the opportunity comes for him to step out of the more restricted into the larger1 more active field4 ,i know another person who received a very interesting offer1 with a considerably larger salary and greater executive responsibilities1 due entirely to the fact that he had made good in special library work2 to the fact that that work brought him into contact with superiors who were able to help him into a broader opportunity4 ,i think that is well worth emphasizing for either men or women interested in this meeting4 ,mr4 ,,lapp3 ,just that fact is the reason why we should have some means of training special librarians4 ,the good men are being drawn off so rapidly that it is impossible for the demand to be supplied1 and ,i am glad that the question of training librarians is coming up1 and ,i hope that when it does come up we shall have some provision made for a committee that will work out a complete scheme in co-operation with the ,american ,library ,association and the library schools for the training of special librarians4 ,but right there we should also emphasize the fact that it is not merely the librarians that should be trained1 but we should train the directors of the establishments1 and it ought to be emphasized in all special library work that there is a difference4 ,i would agree with many who have spoken before1 that the director of an establishment need not necessarily be a person trained in library work1 although a person trained in library wok could make a good success of it if he also had an insight into the business4 ,but ,i would emphasize the fact that we need a training for directors of establishments and we also need a special training for librarians and assistants4 ,it is a great deal in the library world as it is in the college world1 that the men who become really worth while as college professors1 in the commercial departments at least1 and in the engineering departments1 unless they have a taste for the teaching work which would prevent their leaving it1 do not stay very long in the business of teaching1 and the college must continually recruit new men1 and that is a difficulty that is going to confront the ,special ,libraries ,association and people who are establishing special libraries1 more and more4 ,i believe that if the number of concerns today that ought to have special libraries and would profit wonderfully by them1 were to attempt to get special librarians or directors of departments1 they would fail completely and the whole movement would go to the bad1 simply because you could not supply the people who would be competent for the work4 ,the same thing is true of municipal reference departments4 ,it is unfortunate if they are established and men who are not qualified are put in charge4 ,the same thing is true of legislative reference departments4 ,we might better wait for years rather than establish them before we can put them in charge of people who appreciate the work to be done1 and who have the ability to do it4 ,so that ,i think our big problem is to keep the special library movement from growing too fast for us to supply the men and women who can do the work2 and ,i would emphasize again that we need two or three different kinds of training2 one for those who are to have general direction of the work1 for those who are to do the actual work on the library side1 and also for the assistant side4 ,mr4 ,,lee3 ,one difference is that in the public library you are being asked questions all the time1 and in the special library you are being asked questions two-thirds of the time1 and the other third you ask questions yourselves1 so you get the benefit of variety2 part of the time you are a student1 and the rest of the time you are a librarian1 and there is that stimulating1 broadening effect1 and to me it has been a very uplifting effect4 ,mr4 ,,morton3 ,mr4 ,marion spoke of the training of the librarian1 also ,mr4 ,lapp and one or two others4 ,i do not know whether our position is particularly unique1 but some months ago ,i lost my assistant1 and instead of going to a library man ,i considered myself extremely fortunate to get a man who was a graduate chemist1 a civil engineer1 a mining engineer and a man who had had wide experience in all of those branches4 ,it seems to me that for technical business the practical training in the particular line of business is of far greater value than training in any library system1 simply on account of the nature of the information that they are called upon to produce4 ,miss ,,lindholm3 ,i wish to add a word to what ,mr4 ,lapp has said1 to point out the fact that even if we should try to give courses in special library work in the library school1 there would not be any teachers in the library school qualified to give these courses1 because they would not have the special library experience1 and we ourselves are too busy running our special libraries to give the courses1 so that it is really a matter quite far in the future1 ,i should think4 ,last spring ,i read in the ,library ,journal a very good article on a course for legislative reference librarians1 but that is the first article of the kind ,i have ever seen1 although ,i had often thought about it myself4 ,another thing that would help out in trying to give some idea of special library methods to new people1 would be for those of us who have gotten our libraries well in hand1 our systems1 etc41 to get up a series of little handbooks on how to organize a financial library1 a public utilities library1 a legislative reference library and so on1 those who are perhaps library school students could use these pamphlets as text-books4 ,this would necessitate our starting in the publishing business and having a publishing board1 like the ,american ,library ,association4 ,miss ,,hoagland3 ,i think we should fail in our whole duty toward the library profession1 and especially to the profession of the special librarian1 if we did not take some account of this growing demand for training in special library work4 ,i think that we appreciate the great difficulty of combination of the technical work that is necessary in library training and the special library field that each might wish to occupy4 ,it has seemed to me that it was possible to make a combination by giving a minimum of library training1 and then for students to specialize in some business lines and learn the bibliography of that trade4 ,of course1 that is a very difficult operation in the ordinary library school1 but ,i believe there are places in the country where that might be acquired1 where many businesses are present1 capable of furnishing the libraries1 and where students can take1 say1 three months of technical training1 which would include typewriting of records1 and then can be sent into the field to learn that field1 the school to furnish them the special bibliography for that special work4 ,in that way ,i believe we could develop a series of libraries that would train for special librarianship4 ,miss ,,miller3 ,there is already one school1 the ,wisconsin school1 which gives regular instruction to such students as wish to take up legislative reference work4 ,they are given from one to two months library experience during those two months in the winter when the other members of the class go to the public libraries4 ,they at least get the principles of legislative reference work4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,if there is no further discussion1 we will take up the reports of committees1 and the first will be ,mr4 ,lapp's report1 as editor of the publication4 ,mr4 ,,lapp3 ,there is very little to report in regard to the publication4 ,it has been issued regularly since ,january1 #aiaj1 and the third volume is now nearly completed4 ,the growth of subscriptions has been gratifying1 and the publication has been able to do what was done on the membership which we have had4 ,we hope to have an increased membership1 because there are a number of things which we can do4 ,we have now regularly established several sources of information1 we are going to have others1 and out of those we will publish1 ,i think1 a better1 more useful magazine the coming year than we have in the past4 ,we have a connection with the ,library of ,congress by which a special bibliography is furnished every month upon some obscure question4 ,we have a connection with the ,new ,york public library by which we receive municipal documents4 ,we have a connection with the ,public ,utilities ,committee by which we will have public utility references and the others1 insurance references and so on4 ,the publication will issue also some special bibliographies such as the one that was issued recently on city planning4 ,it will take up certain others and publish them as means permit4 ,the main thing ,i want to ask as editor of ,special ,libraries is that the editor should receive co-operation from persons connected with the association4 ,this is a co-operative enterprise and every one should co-operate4 ,whenever you know of anything which has happened in your community in the special library interest1 or of any publication that does not get into the ordinary sources1 furnish that to the editor and it will be scattered over the country through ,special ,libraries4 ,a new system will be organized following this meeting1 we hope1 by which the country will be divided into districts in each of which there will be one person who will be responsible for that district1 and we hope in that way to keep in closer touch4 ,we will also have a representative in the different classes of special libraries so that no one will be left out1 and we will get reports from all persons who are representing the different departments in the special libraries1 which now number perhaps seven or eight that are active different classes of libraries4 ,i want to ask for suggestions also from the members of the association about things that we want published4 ,i would be glad to receive letters4 ,i do not receive enough of them2 and1 another thing1 ,i do not receive criticisms4 ,there are many things we would like to know about the publication1 many things we would like to learn4 ,we would like to hear from you either one way or the other on the publication4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,i will call for the report of the ,committee on ,public ,utilities1 ,mr4 ,morton4 7,mr4 ,morton rendered a brief report which is available in the secretary's office to those who may be interested to see it47 ,the session then adjourned4 ,,fourth 7,,extra7 ,,session 7,monday1 ,july #a1 #h3ae p4 m47 ,after an informal interchange of ideas among a small group of people who gathered in the private dining room1 the business session1 continued from the afternoon1 was called to order by ,vice-,president ,brigham4 ,in view of the small attendance and in order to allow greater publicity the meeting was adjourned to ,tuesday1 ,july #b1 #i3cj a4 m4 ,,fifth 7,,second ,,joint7 ,,session 7,tuesday1 ,july #b1 #i3cj a4 m47 ,the second joint session was attended by the ,national ,association of ,state ,libraries1 the ,american ,association of ,law ,libraries and the ,special ,libraries ,association delegates1 and was presided over by ,mr4 ,brigham1 vice-president of the ,special ,libraries ,association4 ,the meeting was held in the ball room of the ,chateau ,laurier4 ,mr4 ,charles ,j4 ,babbitt of the ,massachusetts state library read the first paper1 entitled ,snags1 stumbling blocks and pitfalls among the session laws4 ,during the course of his paper ,mr4 ,babbitt touched upon some very interesting phases of these questions4 ,in the absence of ,mr4 ,james ,m,kirdy1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,montgomery1 state librarian of ,pennsylvania1 presented his paper1 entitled ,bill drafting4 ,following this1 in the absence of ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,arnold1 librarian of the ,harvard ,law ,school1 ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,godard read his paper1 entitled ,the history of the growth and development of the ,harvard university law library4 ,great regret was expressed at the absence of ,dr4 ,arnold1 who may now be looked upon as the father of law libraries4 ,following this ,mr4 ,lapp discussed the question of co-operation between legislative reference departments4 ,this address also covered a report upon the same subject as well as a report on legislative reference service4 ,mr4 ,godard followed with general remarks1 in which he called attention to the great changes in our present social life1 brought about by improvements in our methods of transportation1 so that now our view point is so much broader that in the drawing of bills we can no longer overlook what other states are doing1 hence the great necessity for co-operation and wider knowledge in this field4 ,he reviewed briefly the work of the ,law ,reporting ,company and tried to point out how service such as they had rendered might be made practical4 ,he appealed for a national legislative information bureau1 and he questioned whether this could ever be brought about by co-operation1 but rather insisted that it must be a definitely established service run for profit or subsidized by government support4 ,the chairman called attention to the library law abstracts which are probably present in every state library in one form or another4 ,in these abstracts minute subjects are touched upon which are difficult to get at4 ,the material usually exists only in carbon form4 ,as a result of an interview with a commercial concern1 the chairman found that with the use of the multigraph this firm would agree to furnish three hundred copies for #a4jj a folio with #e4jj for composition and general work4 ,this would mean on a thirty folio1 a total of #ce4jj for an issue of three hundred copies4 ,he suggested that such material be sent to a central agency and believed that such a scheme could be worked out successfully4 ,mr4 ,babbitt called attention to several interesting instances where the assistance of such a scheme would have been invaluable in furthering greater publicity for material which was only found through co-operation among the state libraries4 ,dr4 ,clement ,w4 ,andrews believed that this sort of work should be done at the ,american ,library ,association headquarters and thought with competent operators this was the most practical way to have it done4 ,he also called attention to the fact that the ,illinois ,state ,bankers ,association had asked the ,john ,crerar library to undertake an analysis of the ,state ,banking ,association publications4 ,he offered to send circulars covering that work to any state or law libraries that might find them of usefulness4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,n4 ,handy of the ,insurance ,library ,association of ,boston spoke in regard to the recently organized legislative bureau of the ,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters4 ,one of the chief functions of this bureau will be to bring together an abstract card index of the laws in the various states in the country bearing on fire insurance4 ,recently the ,association of ,life ,insurance ,presidents has completed a card index abstract of the laws bearing on life insurance1 comprising something like four thousand cards4 ,mr4 ,godard offered further discussion which he finally followed with a motion to the effect that our committee on resolutions prepare suitable resolution directed to ,congress1 endorsing the bill now before ,congress looking toward the permanent establishment of a legislative bureau at ,washington and expressing our hope that it may be established in the very near future1 and at the same time expressing our willingness to co-operate in any way that we can4 ,mr4 ,montgomery1 as chairman of the ,committee on resolutions then offered several resolutions4#ah #ah ,these resolutions will be found in full in the proceedings of the ,national ,association of ,state ,libraries1 which will be printed by that association4 ,mr4 ,johnson ,brigham of ,iowa then opened up the discussion of the relation between state libraries and legislative reference bureaus1 to which ,mr4 ,montgomery replied4 ,general discussion followed in which several told of the actual working relations between these two jurisdictions in their several states4 ,the meeting adjourned at #ab3bd p4 m4 ,,sixth 7,,business7 ,,session 7,tuesday1 ,july #b1 #ab3be p4 m47 ,at the close of the second joint session1 a business meeting of the ,special ,libraries ,association was called to order by ,vice-,president ,herbert ,o4 ,brigham in the ball room of the ,chateau ,laurier4 ,the ,,vice-,,president3 ,the first business is the report of the secretary-treasurer4 ,mr4 ,,marion3 ,the membership has increased1 from ,september1 #aiaa1 from #aga members1 until ,june1 #aiab1 to #bbd members1 which is an increase of thirty per cent4 ,the bulletin has increased in pages from #ab to #af4 ,the financial situation seems to be very satisfactory4 ,we have a cash balance of #bib4ae4 ,there seems to be an increased call for special librarians in heretofore unknown fields4 ,the following statement indicates the condition of the treasury as of the date given3 ,,special ,,libraries ,,association ,july #a1 #aiab4 ,financial statement of the books as of the above date4 ,receipts ,cash on hand ,sept4 #bg1 #aiaa #aai4jg ,membership fees and subscriptions #dae4hj ,sale of back numbers #he4bh ,sale of reprints1 bibliographies1 etc4 #ca4ac ,advertising #ab4jj ------- ------- #ffc4bh ,expenditures ,rent of hall at ,new ,york meeting #ae4jj ,stenographic work of ,new ,york meeting #ae4jj ,postage1 telegrams1 express1 etc4 #da4jh ,storage cabinet for editor's office #ac4be ,indexing of volume #a #aj4jj ,printing #bge4ej ,bank ,exchange #a4cj #cga4ac ------- ------- ,july #a1 #aiab1 ,cash on hand #bib4ae ,accounts ,receivable #add4aj ,accounts ,payable no bills rendered ,,guy ,e4 ,,marion1 ,treasurer4 ,on motion of ,mr4 ,montgomery the report was received4 ,the ,,chairman3 ,the report of the executive board of the ,special ,libraries ,association is brief4 ,it is proposed during the coming year to readjust as far as possible the committee system and substitute therefor representatives for certain sections of the country1 so that the persons who represent those sections shall be responsible for the part in which they are located4 ,it is entirely a matter for the board4 ,i think that will be the extent of their report1 in brief1 and ,i will now call for the report of the nominating committee1 ,mr4 ,lee4 ,mr4 ,,lee3 ,the nominating committee respectfully submits the following list of officers for the ensuing year3 ,president3 ,d4 ,n4 ,handy1 ,boston4 ,vice-,president3 ,r4 ,h4 ,johnston1 ,washington4 ,secretary-,treasurer3 ,g4 ,e4 ,marion1 ,boston4 ,executive ,board3 ,officers ex-officio3 ,o4 ,e4 ,norman1 ,chicago2 ,florence ,spencer1 ,new ,york4 ,there being no counter nominations1 on motion1 the secretary cast a ballot for the association1 and the chair declared the nominees elected for their respective offices4 ,mr ,,handy3 ,will it be in order now to take up the matter of special education for the special training of library assistants8 ,the ,,chairman3 ,that comes under the head of new business1 which we are now taking up4 ,you are quite in order4 ,mr4 ,,handy3 ,i would make a motion that a committee of three be appointed by the ,president1 upon the training of special librarians1 with instructions to report upon this matter at the next annual meeting4 ,the motion was seconded by ,mr4 ,lapp and carried4 ,upon motion of ,dr4 ,andrews the meeting adjourned sine die4 ,,attendance ,,summaries ,by ,position and ,sex ,men ,women ,total ,trustees #ba ,o #ba ,library ,commissions representatives #i #ab #ba ,chief librarians #ajc #acj #bcc ,assistants #ej #aia #bda ,library schools #a #ac #ad ,editors of lib4 periodicals #b #b #d ,commercial agents #bd #c #bg ,others #ch #aje #adc --- --- --- ,total #bdh #def #gjd ,by ,geographical ,sections #f of the #f ,new ,england ,states sent #ii #e #e ,north ,atlantic ,states and ,district of ,columbia sent #agi #e #f ,south-eastern ,states sent #ab #g #g ,north ,central ,states #bjc #c #f ,south ,central ,states #bc #g #aa ,western ,states #bf #d #g ,pacific ,states #af #e ,canadian ,provinces #add ,england #a ,japan #a --- ,total #gjd ,by ,states ,alabama #a ,california #h ,colorado #d ,connecticut #ag ,delaware #a ,district ,columbia #bj ,florida #a ,georgia #e ,illinois #hb ,indiana #ag ,iowa #aj ,kansas #e ,kentucky #e ,louisiana #a ,maine #e ,maryland #f ,massachusetts #ec ,michigan #cd ,minnesota #i ,missouri #ag ,nebraska #d ,new ,hampshire #g ,new ,jersey #ac ,new ,york #ii ,north ,carolina #b ,ohio #de ,oklahoma #a ,oregon #a ,pennsylvania #dj ,rhode ,island #h ,south ,dakota #a ,texas #a ,utah #a ,vermont #i ,virginia #c ,washington #f ,west ,virginia #a ,wisconsin #ae ,by ,provinces ,alberta #a ,british ,columbia #a ,manitoba #c ,ontario #abe ,quebec #ac ,saskatchewan #a ,foreign ,countries ,england #a ,japan #a --- ,total #gjd ,by ,libraries ,libraries having five or more representatives3 ,brooklyn ,public ,l4 #h ,chicago ,public ,l4 #bb ,cleveland ,public ,l4 #bd ,detroit ,public ,l4 #h ,grand ,rapids ,public ,l4 #f ,illinois1 ,l4 of ,univ4 of #aj ,indiana ,state ,l4 #e ,john ,crerar ,l4 #g ,library of ,congress #aj ,mc,gill ,univ4 ,l4 #i ,new ,york ,public ,l4 #g ,new ,york ,state ,l4 #ab ,ottawa ,public ,l4 #aa ,pittsburgh ,carnegie ,l4 #aa ,st4 ,louis ,public ,l4 #ab ,toronto ,public ,l4 #aj ,note3 ,those who participated in post-conference trip only are not counted in above statistics4 ,,attendance ,,register 99 ,prefixed to a name indicates participation in post-conference trip on the lower ,st4 ,lawrence and ,saguenay ,rivers4 9999 ,prefixed to a name indicates participation in post-conference trip only4 ,abbreviations3 ,f41 ,free2 ,p41 ,public2 ,l41 ,library2 ln41 ,librarian2 asst41 ,assistant2 trus41 ,trustee2 ref41 ,reference2 catlgr41 ,cataloger2 ,br41 ,branch2 sch41 ,school4 ,abbot1 ,etheldred1 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brookline1 ,mass4 ,ahearn1 ,mrs4 ,thomas1 ,ottawa1 ,can4 99,ahern1 ,mary ,eileen1 editor ,public ,libraries1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 99,alexander1 ,w4 ,h41 asst4 ln4 ,assn4 of the ,bar1 ,new ,york ,city4 99,alexander1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,allin1 ,eugenia1 organizer ,ill4 ,l4 ,ex4 ,commission1 ,decatur1 ,ill4 99,anderson1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,n41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,anderson1 ,edwin ,h41 asst4 director ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,anderson1 ,john ,r41 bookseller1 ,new ,york ,city4 99,anderson1 ,margaret ,m41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,anderson1 ,robert ,b41 asst4 ln4 ,harvard ,law ,l41 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,andrews1 ,clement ,w41 ln4 ,john ,crerar ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,andrus1 ,gertrude ,e41 supt4 child4 dept41 ,seattle1 ,wash4 99,anthony1 ,grace ,f41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,arbique1 ,georgette1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,archer1 ,frances ,r41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,talladega1 ,ala4 ,arms1 ,jessie ,l41 #ast asst4 catlgr41 ,univ4 of ,iowa1 ,iowa ,city1 ,ia4 99,askew1 ,sarah ,b41 organizer ,p4 ,l4 ,commission1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,ault1 ,a4 ,w41 trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,austen1 ,willard1 asst4 ln4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,l41 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,austen1 ,mrs4 ,willard1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ayer1 ,clarence ,w41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,babbitt1 ,charles ,j41 asst4 ,state ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,baer1 ,harriet ,irene1 ,hebrew ,institute ,br41 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,bailey1 ,arthur ,l41 ln4 ,wilmington ,inst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,baker1 ,charlotte ,a41 ln4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll41 ,fort ,collins1 ,colo4 ,baker1 ,herbert ,w41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,baker1 ,mary ,n41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,elwood1 ,ind4 ,ball1 ,fanny ,d41 ln4 ,central ,high ,sch41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 99,banks1 ,mary1 ln4 ,p4 ,service ,l4 of ,n4 ,j41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,banton1 ,t4 ,w41 trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,toronto1 ,can4 ,barickman1 ,mrs4 ,rena ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,joliet1 ,ill4 99,barnett1 ,claribel ,r41 ln4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agric41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,barnett1 ,j4 ,davis1 sec'y-treas4 ,p4 ,l41 ,stratford1 ,ont4 ,barnstead1 ,winifred ,g41 asst4 catalog dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,toronto1 ,can4 ,barry1 ,may ,h41 asst4 ,geological ,survey ,l41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 99,bascom1 ,elva ,l41 editor ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,bates1 ,helen ,c41 chief order dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,bates1 ,mary ,r41 asst4 ln4 ,univ4 of ,vt41 ,burlington1 ,vt4 ,baxter1 ,miss1 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,london1 ,ont4 ,beatty1 ,alma1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,pembroke1 ,ont4 ,beer1 ,william1 ln4 ,howard ,mem4 ,l41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 99,bell1 ,madelene ,m41 senior asst4 child4 dept4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,bergman1 ,f4 ,w41 mgr4 ,chateau ,laurier1 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,bergold1 ,bertha ,r41 asst4 ,lincoln ,l41 ,springfield1 ,ill4 ,bergold1 ,mrs4 ,e41 ,springfield1 ,ill4 ,berry1 ,ethel ,i41 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,billingsley1 ,mary ,p41 asst4 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,topeka1 ,kas4 ,black1 ,mary ,j4 ,l41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,fort ,william1 ,ont4 ,blackwelder1 ,paul1 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 99,blanchard1 ,grace1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,bligh1 ,harris ,h41 ln4 ,supreme ,court ,l41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,bliss1 ,robert ,p41 asst4 sec'y ,f4 ,l4 ,commission1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,blodgett1 ,evelyn ,m41 catlgr4 ,state ,l41 ,montpelier1 ,vt4 ,bogle1 ,sarah ,c4 ,n41 director ,training ,sch4 for ,children's ,lns41 ,carnegie ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,booth1 ,mary ,j41 ln4 ,state ,normal ,sch4 ,l41 ,charleston1 ,ill4 ,borchard1 ,edwin ,m41 law ln4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,borresen1 ,lily ,m4 ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,two ,harbors1 ,minn4 ,bostwick1 ,andrew ,linn1 technical ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,bostwick1 ,arthur ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,bostwick1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,e41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,bowerman1 ,george ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 99,bowker1 ,r4 ,r41 editor ,library ,journal1 ,new ,york ,city4 99,bowker1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,r41 ,stockbridge1 ,mass4 ,boyd1 ,anne ,m41 ln4 ,james ,millikin ,univ41 ,decatur1 ,ill4 ,boyd1 ,edward ,j41 mgr4 ,cassell ,co4 ,ltd41 ,toronto1 ,can4 ,boyd1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,p41 ,arthur1 ,ill4 ,boyle1 ,gertrude ,m41 asst4 catalog dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,brandenburg1 ,s4 ,j41 ln4 ,miami ,univ4 ,l41 ,oxford1 ,o4 ,brett1 ,william ,h41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 99,briggs1 ,walter ,b41 ln4 ,trinity ,coll41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 99,briggs1 ,mrs4 ,walter ,b41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,brigham1 ,herbert ,o41 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,brigham1 ,johnson1 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 99,brown1 ,alice ,harris1 ln4 ,kingsbridge ,br41 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,brown1 ,demarchus ,c41 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,brown1 ,geo4 ,a41 chairman ,carnegie ,p4 ,l41 ,campbellford1 ,ont4 ,brown1 ,walter ,l41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,browning1 ,eliza ,g41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,brydone1 ,william1 trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,clinton1 ,ont4 ,bryson1 ,dr4 ,mary1 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,bucher1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,sherwood1 asst4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agric4 ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,bulmer1 ,jeanie ,n41 ln4 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,burpee1 ,lawrence ,j41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,burpee1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,j41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 99,burr1 ,clara ,j41 ,rocky ,hill1 ,conn4 ,burrell1 ,hon4 ,martin1 minister of agriculture1 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,burrell1 ,mrs4 ,martin1 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,butler1 ,h4 ,l41 ,am4 ,law ,l41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,butters1 ,mary ,t41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,niagara ,falls1 ,ont4 ,byam1 ,c4 ,a41 chairman ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,liskeard1 ,ont4 ,calder1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,fenelon ,falls1 ,ont4 ,caldwell1 ,clara ,a41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,caldwell1 ,lena ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,flint1 ,mich4 99,calhoun1 ,alexander1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,calgary1 ,alta4 99,calhoun1 ,marion1 asst4 ln4 ,geological ,survey ,l41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 99,calhoun1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,c41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,cameron1 ,a4 ,w41 ex-pres4 ,ont4 ,l4 ,assn41 ,woodstock1 ,ont4 ,carey1 ,miriam ,e41 organizer ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 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,homestead1 ,pa4 ,stevenson1 ,luella ,m41 #ast asst4 ,carnegie ,f4 ,l41 ,braddock1 ,pa4 ,stewart1 ,mrs4 ,mc,leod1 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,stewart1 ,margaret ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brockville1 ,ont4 ,stimson1 ,florence1 loan desk asst4 ,univ4 of ,cincin4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,streeter1 ,margaret ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,muncie1 ,ind4 ,strohm1 ,adam1 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,strong1 ,george ,f41 ln4 ,adelbert ,coll4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,stuart1 ,w4 ,h41 bookseller1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,stuart1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sutherland1 ,elizabeth ,m41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,sutton1 ,edith1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,smith's ,falls1 ,ont4 99,swezey1 ,anne ,d41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,east ,chicago1 ,ind4 99,sykes1 ,w4 ,j41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,sykes1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,j41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,talcott1 ,mary ,k41 ln4 ,conn4 ,soc4 of ,colonial ,dames1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,tamblyn1 ,w4 ,w41 ,bowmanville1 ,ont4 ,templeton1 ,charlotte1 sec'y ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,templeton1 ,mrs4 ,robert1 ,sturgeon ,bay1 ,wis4 ,thain1 ,mabel ,a41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,oak ,park1 ,ill4 ,thayer1 ,maude1 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,springfield1 ,ill4 ,thomas1 ,herbert ,i41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,thomas1 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,i41 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,thompson1 ,h4 ,f41 representative of ,b4 ,f4 ,stevens ,brown1 ,london1 ,eng4 ,thompson1 ,j4 ,david1 law ln4 ,columbia ,univ41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,thompson1 ,laura ,a41 asst4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,thompson1 ,laura ,e41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,thuman1 ,jane ,e41 child4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,thurston1 ,elizabeth ,p41 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,newton1 ,mass4 ,thwaites1 ,reuben ,g41 supt4 ,wis4 ,hist4 ,soc41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,tilton1 ,edward ,l41 architect1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,tinkham1 ,mabel1 catlgr4 and ref4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,gary1 ,ind4 ,titcomb1 ,mary ,l41 ln4 ,washington ,co4 ,f4 ,l41 ,hagerstown1 ,md4 ,tobitt1 ,edith1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,tracey1 ,angie ,e41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,lewiston1 ,me4 ,tremblay1 ,amedee1 ,ottawa1 ,can4 ,turnbull1 ,john1 trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,toronto1 ,can4 99,turner1 ,louise ,g41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 99,tutt1 ,virginia ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,south ,bend1 ,ind4 ,tyler1 ,alice ,s41 sec'y ,iowa ,l4 ,com41 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 99,underhill1 ,adelaide1 assoc4 ln4 ,vassar ,coll4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 99,underhill1 ,ethel ,p41 child4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 99,utley1 ,george ,b41 sec'y ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 99,utley1 ,mrs4 ,george ,b41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,van ,benschoten1 ,miss ,m4 ,m41 ref4 ln4 ,l4 ,assn41 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,van ,duzee1 ,edward ,p41 ln4 ,grosvenor ,l41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,van ,valkenburgh1 ,agnes1 instructor ,l4 ,sch41 ,a4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,vincent1 ,dr4 ,george ,e41 president ,univ4 of ,minnesota1 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,wadlin1 ,horace ,g41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 99,wagner1 ,eva ,k41 ,dedham1 ,mass4 99,wagner1 ,sula1 chief catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,wales1 ,elizabeth ,b41 sec'y ,mo4 ,l4 ,com41 ,jefferson ,city1 ,mo4 ,walker1 ,a4 ,r41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,belleville1 ,ont4 ,walker1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,r41 ,belleville1 ,ont4 ,walter1 ,frank ,k41 vice-dir4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,walter1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,k41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ward1 ,gilbert ,o41 supervisor of high sch4 branches1 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 99,ward1 ,helen ,m41 ln4 ,scripps ,br41 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,warner1 ,mrs4 ,cassandra ,w41 asst4 in charge of loan desk1 ,bryn ,mawr ,coll4 ,l41 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,pa4 99,warner1 ,nannie ,m41 asst4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,watts1 ,irma ,a41 leg4 ref4 bur41 ,state ,l41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,weaver1 ,a4 ,b41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 99,webber1 ,anna ,louise1 ln4 ,silsby ,l41 ,charlestown1 ,n4 ,h4 ,weber1 ,jessie ,palmer1 ln4 ,ill4 ,state ,hist4 ,l41 ,springfield1 ,ill4 ,webster1 ,caroline ,f41 ,l4 organizer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 99,welles1 ,jessie1 supt4 of circulation1 ,carnegie ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,wellman1 ,harold ,o41 asst4 to chief of circulating dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,york4 ,wellman1 ,hiller ,c41 ln4 ,city ,l4 ,assn41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,whalen1 ,gladys ,e41 ,hay ,mem4 ,l41 ,sacket's ,harbor1 ,n4 ,y4 ,whare1 ,grace ,a41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,houghton1 ,mich4 ,wheeler1 ,sumner ,york1 treas4 ,essex ,co4 ,law ,l4 ,assn41 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,whitcomb1 ,adah ,f41 ln4 ,hiram ,kelly ,br41 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 99,white1 ,anne ,r41 ln4 ,washington ,lee ,univ4 ,l41 ,lexington1 ,va4 ,whitmore1 ,f4 ,h41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brockton1 ,mass4 ,wilcox1 ,helen ,c1 ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,n4 ,y4 99,wildman1 ,bertha ,s41 ,carnegie ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 99,wilkins1 ,lydia ,k41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,o4 ,a41 rep4 ,globe-,wernicke ,co41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,wilkinson1 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,a41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 99,williams1 ,carrie ,l41 asst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,newton1 ,mass4 ,williams1 ,lizzie ,a41 ex-ln41 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,wilson1 ,mrs4 ,cora ,mc,devitt1 bookseller1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,wilson1 ,h4 ,w41 president ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,co41 ,publishers1 ,minneapolis ,minn4 ,wilson1 ,mary ,augusta1 child4 ln4 ,blackstone ,br41 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 99,winchell1 ,f4 ,mabel1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,windsor1 ,p4 ,l41 ln4 ,univ4 of ,ill41 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,wink1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,s41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,port ,arthur1 ,ont4 ,wire1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e41 dep4 ln4 ,worcester ,co4 ,law ,l41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,wire1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,e41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,wise1 ,flora ,e41 asst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,newton1 ,mass4 ,wolter1 ,peter1 manager ,l4 dept4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,wood1 ,mable ,j41 ,herkimer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wood1 ,mary ,w41 ln4 ,blackstone ,br41 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,woodard1 ,gertrude ,e41 law ln4 ,univ of ,mich41 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 99,woodman1 ,c4 ,belle1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 99,wootten1 ,katharine ,h41 ln4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,wright1 ,charles ,e41 ln4 ,carnegie ,f4 ,l41 ,duquesne1 ,pa4 ,wright1 ,ida ,f41 asst4 ln4 ,lincoln ,l41 ,springfield1 ,ill4 99,wright1 ,rebecca ,w41 sec'y ,vt4 ,l4 ,com41 ,montpelier1 ,vt4 ,wyer1 ,james ,i41 jr41 director ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wyer1 ,malcolm ,g41 ln4 ,univ4 of ,iowa1 ,iowa ,city1 ,ia4 ,wyer1 ,mrs4 ,malcolm ,g41 ,iowa ,city1 ,ia4 ,wyse1 ,cornelia1 asst4 catlg4 dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,yust1 ,william ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,zachert1 ,adeline ,b41 director of child4 work ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,,index ,accessioning 7of books71 rpt4 of com4 on lib4 administration on1 #aje-f4 ,adams1 ,zu1 died1 #ha4 ,affiliation of other than local1 state and provincial associations1 rpt4 of com4 on conditions governing1 #aif4 ,affiliation of state library assns4 with ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 recommended amendment to constitution affecting1 #aib-c2 rpt4 of com41 #aif4 ,agricultural libraries section1 proceedings of1 #bac-bg4 ,ahern1 ,mary ,eileen1 chrm4 com4 on co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #aid2 ,day in ,toronto1 #bjh-i4 ,american ,association of ,law ,libraries1 proceedings of1 #cab-e4 ,american ,library ,association1 president's address 7,elmendorf71 #fg-ga2 secretary's rpt4 7,utley71 #ge-ha2 treasurer's rpt4 7,roden71 #ha2 rpt4 of trustees of ,carnegie 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#aid2 informal rpt4 as member com4 to promote printed cards in relation with international arrangements1 #aif2 reports for com4 governing affiliation of other than local1 state and provincial assns41 #aif2 presents rpt4 of com4 on memorial to ,f4 ,m4 ,crunden1 #bjc2 reports on use of cameragraph1 #bgi-hj2 addresses public documents round table1 #caj4 ,andrus1 ,gertrude1 reads paper by ,alice ,goddard1 #bdg4 ,arnold1 ,john ,h41 ,history of the growth and development of the ,harvard university law library1 #cea4 ,askew1 ,sarah ,b41 member com4 on arrangements ,college and ref4 section1 #bid4 ,assistant and the book 7,hazeltine71 #acd-h4 ,assistants1 type of 7,tobitt71 #ach-db2 ,efficiency of the library staff and scientific management 7,strohm71 #adc-f4 ,attendance summaries and register4 ,see ,american ,library ,association4 ,ault1 ,mrs4 ,herbert1 #bje4 ,austen1 ,willard1 ,rights of the users of a college and university library and how to preserve them1 #bge-g4 ,babbitt1 ,charles ,j41 ,snags1 stumbling blocks and pitfalls among the session laws1 #cea4 ,bailey1 ,arthur ,l41 rpt4 com4 on bookbinding1 #ic-e2 chrm4 com4 on bookbinding1 #aie4 ,baldwin1 ,clara ,f41 represents ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at ,montana assn41 #gi2 rpt4 of com4 on uniform financial reports1 #cbg-h4 ,baldwin1 ,emma ,v41 member com4 to investigate cost and method of cataloging1 #aic4 ,banton1 ,t4 ,w41 addresses ,trustees' section1 #cjg4 ,barnett1 ,claribel ,r41 chrm4 ,agricultural libraries section1 #bbg4 ,bascom1 ,elva ,l41 rpt4 on ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa1 #hd-f4 ,bay1 ,j4 ,c41 member com4 on code for classifiers1 #aic4 ,beer1 ,william1 participates in discussion1 #ccd-e4 ,belden1 ,c4 ,f4 ,d41 member com4 on federal and state relations1 #aie4 ,berry4 ,w4 ,j4 ,c41 #cae4 ,billings1 ,j4 ,s41 member com4 on international relations1 #aie4 ,biscoe1 ,w4 ,s41 member com4 on code for classifiers1 #aic4 ,bishop1 ,w4 ,w41 member of ,council1 #bje4 ,blackwelder1 ,paul1 member com4 on federal and state relations1 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of ,library ,commissions1 #cbj4 ,carpenter1 ,george ,o41 member com4 on library training1 #aid4 ,carr1 ,henry ,j41 moves message of greeting be sent to ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon1 #aha2 addresses public documents round table1 #cji4 ,carson1 ,w4 ,o41 member of ,council1 #aif4 ,catalog rules for small library1 rpt4 from com4 on1 #aja2 com4 on1 #aie4 ,catalog section1 proceedings of1 #bbg-dg2 resolution from1 #aic4 ,central reference bureau1 ,is the establishment of a1 desirable 7,shaw71 #bgh-i4 ,charging systems and methods1 rpt4 of com4 on lib4 administration1 #ajf-ac4 ,charter provisions for public libraries in commission governed cities1 rpt4 on 7,wales71 #caf-g4 ,charteris1 ,c4 ,r41 addresses assn41 #adf2 addresses ,trustees' section1 #cjg4 ,cheney1 ,george ,n41 addresses ,am4 ,assn4 of ,law ,libraries1 #cac2 member com4 on subject headings1 #cad2 member com4 on classification1 #cae4 ,children's librarians' section1 proceedings of1 #bdg-fh4 ,chivers1 ,cedric1 discusses preservation of newspaper 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publications com4 ,league of ,library ,commissions1 #cbh4 ,welles1 ,jessie1 ,what do the people want8 #acb-c4 ,wellman1 ,h4 ,c41 reads paper by ,grace ,miller1 #ahg2 member ,executive board1 #bjd4 ,whare1 ,grace ,a41 addresses ,children's librarians' section1 #bed4 ,what do the people want 7,wells71 #acb-c4 ,whitney1 ,e4 ,l41 rpt4 as treas4 ,am4 ,assn4 of ,law ,libraries1 #cab2 treas4 ,am4 ,assn4 of ,law ,libraries1 #cad4 ,wigmore1 ,j4 ,h41 prepares paper for joint session1 #cce4 ,windsor1 ,p4 ,l41 member com4 on code for classifiers1 #aic2 presides ,college and reference section1 #bfh4 ,wire1 ,g4 ,e41 discusses subject headings in medicine1 #bcg-h2 addresses ,am4 ,assn4 of ,law ,libraries1 #cac2 participates in discussion1 #ccf4 ,wood1 ,harriet ,a41 member com4 on co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #aid4 ,woodard1 ,miss ,g4 ,e41 sec'y ,am4 ,assn4 of ,law ,libraries1 #cad2 member of com4 on classification1 #cae4 ,wyer1 ,j4 ,i41 ,jr41 represents ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at conferences in ,iowa1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 #gh2 presides third general session1 #acc2 member com4 on conditions governing affiliation of other than local1 state and provincial assns41 #aif2 presides ,agricultural libraries section1 #bac-bg2 reads paper by ,a4 ,c4 ,true1 #baf2 addresses public documents round table1 #caa4 ,wyer1 ,m4 ,g41 reads paper by ,hanson1 #bhj4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,simple typographical and spelling errors were corrected4 ,italics markup is denoted by underscores4 ,bold markup is denoted by equals4 ,corrected paragraphs on p4 #cja in ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,uniformity ,,of ,,forms ,,of ,,catalog ,,cards4 ,the problem seemed to be that the lines of the two separate paragraphs were intermixed during typesetting4