,,social ,,orig9s ,,by ,,&rew ,,lang1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,primal ,,law ,,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,atk9son ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #aijc ,,to ,,annabella ,,alleyne ,de> ,annie1 ,z y fir/ po9t$ out to me ! facts :i* are ! g]m ( my ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,totemism1 y are "o cause ( my %>e 9 ?is book4 ,! o!r is affection = ! memory ( ! au?or ( #8,primal ,law4' ,y\rs always1 ,a4 ,,lang4 ,/4 ,&rews3 ,feb4 #ac1 #aijc4 ,,introduction ,! portion ( ?is book call$ #8,primal ,law' is ! "w ( ! late ,mr4 ,james ,jasp] ,atk9son4 ,born 9 ,india1 ( ,scotti% p>5ts 78 "m be+ ! pat]nal aunt ( ! pres5t editor71 ,mr4 ,atk9son 0 educat$ 7#aheg-ahfa7 at ,loretto ,s*ool1 !n manag$ by ,messrs4 ,langhome4 ,:ile /ill "y he settl$ on c]ta9 /ations 9 ,new ,cal$onia bequea!d to him by 8 fa!r1 &1 except = visits to ,au/ralia & a visit to ,engl&1 he liv$ & di$ 9 ! ,fr5* colony4 ,8 +5i\s m9d 0 mu* ex]cis$ by ! s+ul> laws & cu/oms ( ! natives ( ! ,new ,cal$onian ,ar*ipelago & ! adjac5t isles4 ,^! peoples h be5 little /udi$ by compet5t ,european obs]v]s--t is1 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,mr4 ,atk9son wrote an acc\nt ( native mann]s be=e he _h any acqua9tance ) ! works ( mod]n an?ropologi/s1 su* z ,mr4 ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 ,"l ,avebury1 & o!rs4 ,to ^! he lat] turn$ 8 att5tion2 he jo9$ ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( /udy & obs]vation1 he discov]$ :at he conceiv$ to be ! #8,primal ,law' & orig9 ( morality1 z reg>ds ! family4 ,9 8 la/ illness1 9 #ahii1 he 0 mo/ k9dly att5d$ by ,comm&] ,john ,hagg>d1 ,r4,n41 !n ,h] ,maje/y's ,consul 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,mr4 ,atk9son's m9d1 9 8 late/ mom5ts1 0 occupi$ by 8 an?ropological speculations1 &1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,hagg>d1 he s5t 8 ,,ms4 to 8 c\s9 & pres5t editor4 ,i h giv5 to x ! la/ c>es :i* ! au?or himself w\ld h giv5 _h he liv$4 ,b ,i h also tak5 ! opportunity to review1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 introductory to #8,primal ,law1' ! pres5t /ate ( ! discussion z to ! beg9n+s ( ! rules regulat+ m>riage among savages4 ,! discussion is n[ ne>ly =ty ye>s old1 if we date x f ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan's ,primitive ,m>riage 9 #ahfe4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! speculations ( "s & ! explorations ( o!r di/+ui%$ /ud5ts1 ! ma9 problems are /ill 9 dispute4 ,0 m>riage orig9ally non-exi/5t8 ,0 promiscuity at fir/ ! rule1 &1 if s1 :at 7 ! orig9s1 motives1 & me?ods ( ! mo/ ar*aic prohibitions on primitive lic5se8 ,did man live 9 #8hordes1' & did he bisect ea* #8horde' into exogam\s & int]m>ry+ moieties1 &1 if he did1 :at 0 8 motive8 ,are ! gr\ps & k9dr$s commonly /yl$ #8totemic' e>li] or lat] ?an ! division into a pair ( moieties or #8phratries'8 ,d ! totem-k9s repres5t ! results ( an e>ly =m ( exogam\s cu/om1 or are !y additions to or consci\sly arrang$ subdivisions ( ! two exogam\s moieties8 ,is a pa/ ( #8gr\p m>riage' or #8communal m>riage' prov$ by ! t]ms = human relation%ips employ$ by _m backw>d races1 & by survivals 9 mann] & cu/om8 ,^! are among ! que/ions exam9$ 9 ! introductory *apt]s t may be read ei!r be=e or aft] ,mr4 ,atk9son's ,primal ,law4 ,to him ,i am indebt$ = ! conception ( sexual jeal\sy z a p[]ful elem5t 9 ! evolution ( exogamy4 ,s9ce my att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ^! topics1 ,i h felt t a cle> & consi/5t work+ hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( totemism 0 indisp5sable1 & su* an hypo!sis1 ) a criticism ( o!r extant !ories1 is "h (f]$4 ,?r\gh\t ,i h attempt$ to elucidate & br+ into uni=mity ! p]plex+ & confus$ special t]ms employ$ 9 ! discussion4 ,"h x %\ld be expla9$ t by #8m>riage' 9 ?is "w ,i mean p]man5t cohabitation ( man & woman1 sanction$ by tribal cu/om1 & usually prec$$ by "s rite or initiation :i* does n prelude to casual am\rs4 ,by family or fire circle ,i mean ! p>tn]s to ?is p]man5t cohabitation1 _! (fspr+1 & su* k9sfolk by blood or aff9ity z may be memb]s ( _! camp4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! book ,i speak ( ! family z #8mo/ anci5t & mo/ sacr$1' & ,i d s delib]ately4 ,! primitive association describ$ ,i take1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,atk9son1 to be #8mo/ anci5t1' & to be ! g]m ( ! hi/oric family1 :i* is #8mo/ sacr$4' ,b to #8sacr$' :5 ,i apply ! ^w to ! primitive fire-circle ,i give no religi\s s5se1 su* z ! ,greek he>? enjoy$ "u ,he/ia1 y\nge/ & olde/ daught] ( ,zeus4 ,i mean t ! rules giv5 to ! primitive fire-circle by ! sire 7 probably ! e>lie/ & ! mo/ /r+5t1 ?\gh n yet sanction$ by a tabu or a goddess4 ,su* a small circle1 & n a promiscu\s horde or commune1 ,i conceive1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,atk9son1 to h be5 ! e>lie/ =m ( human society4 ,! book deals only ) ! in/itutions ( races c]ta9ly totemi/ic1 & ma9ly ) ! ,au/ralian & ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 :i* pres5t totemism 9 ! mo/ ar*aic ( its surviv+ =ms4 ,b little is said1 & t t5tatively1 on ! "q z to :e!r or n ! ance/ors ( ! great civilis$ peoples1 anci5t & mod]n1 h pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( totemic exogamy1 z our evid5ce is weak & disputable4 ,too late = citation 9 ! body ( ! book ,i read ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane's !ory ( ! orig9 ( totemism4#a ,mr4 ,keane's !ory is mu* ak9 to my own z x /ood 9 ,cu/om & ,my? 7#ahhd7 & to t ( ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ! olde/ ( all4 ,g>cilasso 7#aedj-afaf71 an ,inca on ! "m's side1 describ+ ! animal & plant wor%ip ( ! l[ races 9 ! ,inca ,empire1 says #8!y only ?\ght ( mak+ "o diff] f ano!r & ea* f all4'#b ,b x may be t he _h n totemism 9 8 m9d2 ! passage is n too explicit4 ,mr4 ,keane says3 #8,& ?us ! family1 ! initial unit1 segm5ts into a numb] ( clans1 ea* di/+ui%$ by its totem1 its "n1 its h]aldic badge--:i* badge1 becom+ m & m v5]at$ f age to age1 acquires inh]it$ privileges1 becomes ! object ( endless sup]/iti\s practices1 & is ultimately almo/ deifi$4444 ,its orig9 lies beh9d all /rictly religi\s notions1 & x 0 at fir/ a m]e device = di/+ui%+ "o individual f ano!r1 "o family or clan gr\p f ano!r4#c ,?us among ! ,pi>oas ( ! ,or9oco bel[ ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo ! belief holds t ! tapir1 orig9ally ! totem ( ! clan1 has become _! ance/or1 & t aft] dea? ! _s ( e ,pi>oa passes into a tapir2 h5ce !y nev] hunt or eat ?is animal1 & !y also ?9k all ! surr\nd+ tribes are 9 ! same way ea* provid$ ) _! special animal =e-fa!r4 ,x is easy to see h[ su* ideas t5d to clu/] r\nd ! clan#d or family totem1 at fir/ a di/+ui%+ badge1 lat] a protect+ or tutel> deity ( ,protean =m4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! p]sonal or family "n prec$es ! totem1 :i* gr[s out ( x1 z se5 by ! conditions /ill prevail+ among/ ! v l[e/ peoples 7,fuegians1 ,papuans ( ,torres ,/rait#e74' ,i am indebt$ 9 v>i\s ways to assi/ance1 *iefly 9 ! int]*ange ( ideas1 f ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,gomme1 ,miss ,burne1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,crawley1 au?or ( ,! ,my/ic ,rose4 ,mr4 ,crawley k9dly read ! book1 or mo/ ( x1 be=e publication1 & collaborat$ mo/ effici5tly 9 ! way ( sugge/+ objections4 ,x is n impli$ t any ( ^! /ud5ts accept ! ideas ( ! two au?ors4 ,i regret t x has be5 f\nd impossible to wait = ! publication ( a new book by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 f :i* we may expect mu* new in=mation4 ,! "q ( ! relations ( religion & totemism is sc>cely t\*$ on 9 ?is "w4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( reg>d is giv5 to _! totem animals & plants by "s ( ! ,au/ralian tribes1 to ! ext5t ( n kill+1 pluck+1 or eat+ !m1 except "u /ress ( ne$1 b ev5 ?is is n univ]sal4 ,!re also exi/s1 9 "s cases1 a s5se ( k9%ip ) !m4 ,!y are n wor%ipp$4 ,t magic is work$ = _! pres]vation & propagation1 z by ! ,arunta1 proves no?+ 9 ! nature ( a religi\s attitude t[>ds !m4 ,9 my op9ion ?is religi\s reg>d = ! totem does n appe> till ance/or wor%ip1 :i* does n occur 9 ,au/ralia1 has made consid]able advance & a my? arises t an ance/ral _s or family god is inc>nate 9 ! animal :i* orig9ally 0 only a totem4 ,if s1 totemism is n an elem5t 9 ! orig9s ( religion1 b a field lat] invad$ by religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,a*elis1 ( ,brem51 writes t to savage man #8animals are 8 equals4 ,to ! anci5t wor%ip ( animals is add$1 "u ! influ5ce ( sympa!tic emotion1 ! wor%ip ( ance/ors & totemism1 :i* sees 9 a bea/ wor%ipp$ z a god ! ance/or ( ! :ole tribe4'#f ,cle>ly ?is s5t5ce is replete ) errors & confusions4 ,! :ole tribe1 9 ,au/ralia1 does n reg>d any animal z its ance/or4 ,no bea/ is wor%ipp$ z a god4 ,no ance/ors are wor%ipp$4 ,if ! animals are #88 equals1' :y did man wor%ip !m1 & t app>5tly be=e ! wor%ip ( ance/ors & totemism arose8 ,9 an essay l t ( ,dr4 ,a*elis on ,e?nology & ,religion ! facts ought to be correctly asc]ta9$4 ,i h be5 oblig$ to place 9 ,app5dix ,a c]ta9 facts ab\t gr\p names d]iv$ f animals :i* came late to h&1 among !m ,mr4 ,rob]tson's int]e/+ lett] on _m su* names 9 ! ,orkneys1 & "s rem>ks on village names d]iv$ f animals among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,footnote #a3 ,man1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,cambridge1 #ahii1 pp4 #cif1 #cig4 ,footnote #b3 ,royal ,comm5t>ies1 i4 #dg4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,import ( ! ,totem1 ,am]4 ,ass41 ,detroit1 #ahig4 ,footnote #d3 ,m4 ,*affanjon1 ,t\r du ,monde1 #ahhh1 lvi4 #cdh4 ,footnote #e3 ,e?nology1 pp4 #i1 #aa4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,int]national ,qu>t]ly1 ,dec4-,m>*1 #aijb-aijc1 p4 #cba4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,family ,! family4 ,!ory ( ,mr4 ,atk9son--,primitiv5ess 9 man--,rec5t hi/ory ( ! speculation z to ! e>ly human family--,:at is exogamy8 ,difficulties ( t]m9ology--,totemism & exogamy--,!ories ( exogamy4 ,mr4 ,mc,lellan's !ory--,mr4 ,crawley's !ory--,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's !ory--,mr4 ,morgan's !ory--,return to ! au?or's !ory ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,class ,,sy/em ,! class sy/em 9 ,au/ralia--,! v>ieties ( m>riage divisions 9 ,au/ralia--,mr4 ,fison on ! great bisection--#8,prim>y classes8'--,! #8prim>y divisions' are !mselves totemic & exogam\s--,! totem difficulty ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,totems ,,)9 ,,! ,,phratries ,am]ican support ( ! au?or's hypo!sis--,delib]ate arrangem5t--,totems all ! way--,di/ribution ( totems 9 ! #8phratries'--,! ideas ( ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,8 e>li] !ory--,objections to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s e>ly !ory--,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ories ( ! bisection--,advantages ( ! sy/em "h propos$--,! ,arunta--,arunta metaphysics--,arunta totem eat+ & traditions--,dr4 ,durkheim on ! ,arunta--,! relations ( totems & #8phratries' among ! ,arunta--,arunta my?s--,mr4 ,sp5c] on ,arunta leg5ds ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,arunta ,,phratries ,,& ,,totems ,views ( ,dr4 ,durkheim--,h[ did ! ,aranta anomaly arise8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,o!r ,,b>s ,,to ,,m>riages #8,gr\p m>riage'--,mr4 ,morgan & ! class sy/em--,difficulties ( ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory--,mr4 ,morgan on t]ms ( relation%ip--,h[ ! t]ms ( relation%ip orig9ally arose--,suppos$ survivals ( gr\p m>riage--,piraung>u & piraura--,gr[? ( social rules 9 ! tribe--,gr\p m>riage & ,mr4 ,tylor's /ati/ics ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,*ange ,,( ,,class ,,among ,,! ,,new ,,g5]ation ,! sy/em ( ,h]r ,cun[--,classes aga9 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,!ories ,,( ,,"l ,,avebury ,"l ,avebury on totemism--,"l ,avebury on ! orig9 ( totemism --,communal m>riage--,"l ,avebury on relation%ips ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,totem ,,names ,,& ,,beliefs ,sacr$ animals 9 savage society--,propos$ re/riction ( ! use ( ! ^w #8totem'--,! ^w #8totem'--,! totem #8cult'--#8,totem gods'--,savage speculations z to ! orig9 ( totemism--,mod]n !ories--,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s !ory--,! !ory ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ories--,sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas--,dr4 ,wilk5's !ory--,miss ,alice ,flet*]'s !ory--,mr4 ,hill ,t\t's !ory--,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall--,mr4 ,haddon's !ory--,an objection to all ! !ories enum]at$--,/atem5t ( ! problem--,! au?or's own conjecture--,! connection betwe5 gr\ps & totems--,no #8disease ( language'--,hypo!tical e>ly gr\ps be=e totemism--,h[ ! gr\ps got names--,illu/ration f folk-lore--,h[ ! names became kn[n--,totemic & o!r gr\p names4 ,engli% & ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian--,!ory t ,si\an g5tes names are ( ,european orig9 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,melanesian ,,sy/ems ,h[ ! orig9 ( totem names 0 =gott5--,o!r s\rces ( sacr$ness 9 plants & animals--,recapitulation--,an objection answ]$--,o!r objections answ]$--,totems & magical societies--,totem survivals--,did ! ance/ors ( ! civilis$ races pass ?r\gh ! ,au/ralian /age8 ,,primal ,,law ,,*apt] ,i ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,brutal ,,/age ,mr4 ,d>w9 on ! primitive relations ( ! sexes--,primitive man monogam\s or polygam\s--,8 jeal\sy--,expulsion ( "y males--,! au?or's inf]5ces z to ! evolution ( ,primal ,law--,a cu/om>y rule ( conduct evolv$--,traces surviv+ 9 savage life--,! cu/oms ( avoidance--,cu/om ( exogamy arose 9 ! animal /age--,bro!r & si/] avoidance--,! au?or's own obs]vation ( ?is cu/om 9 ,new ,cal$onia--,/rang5ess ( su* a cu/om among h\seless nomads 9 ,au/ralia--,rapid decay "u ,european influ5ces ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sexual ,,relations ,,( ,,animals ,bro!r & si/] avoidance1 a p>tial usage among ! high] mammals--,males' attitude to females 9 a gr\p dom9at$ by a s+le male head--,b& ( exil$ "y males--,_! relations to ! sire--,examples 9 cattle & horses--,9 game-f[l--,/rict localisation ( animals--,exil$ "y males hov] on ! fr+e ( ! p>5t gr\p--,p>ricide ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,man ,,v>y+ ,,f ,,animals ,effect ( ! abs5ce ( a special pair+ season on nasc5t man--,consequ5t /ate ( ceaseless w> betwe5 sire & "y males --,man already m ?an an ape--,results ( 8 prolong$ infancy & ( mat]nal love--,a "y male p]mitt$ to live 9 ! p>5t gr\p--,conditions 9 :i* ?is novelty arose ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>lie/ ,,evolution ,,( ,,law ,truce betwe5 semi-human sire & son--,consequ5t di/9ction tak5 betwe5 female & female1 z su*--,consequ5t rise ( habit ( bro!r & si/] avoidance--,result1 son seeks female mate f )\t--,note by ! editor ,,*apt] ,v ,,avoidances ,results 9 /r5g!n+ ! gr\ps :i* admit sev]al adult males--,disappe>ance ( ho/ile b& ( exil$ "y males--,relations ( sire & female mates ( "y males n[ )9 ! gr\p--,fa!r-9-law & daught]-9-law avoidance--,rights z betwe5 two g5]ations--,eld] bro!r & y\ng] bro!r's wife avoidances--,note on ho/ile capture ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f ,,! ,,gr\p ,,to ,,! ,,tribe ,resemblance ( semi-brutal gr\p1 at ?is /age1 to actual savage tribe--,resemblance m]ely sup]ficial--,9 ?is hypo!tical semi-brutal gr\p pat]nal ince/ survives--,causes ( its decl9e & ext9ction--,! sire's wid[s ( ! gr\p--,arrival ( outside suitors = !m--,bro!rs ( wives ( ! gr\p--,new com]s b>r$ f m>ital rights ov] _! daught]s--,jeal\sy ( _! wives int]v5es--,value ( si/]s to be b>t]$ = si/]s ( ano!r gr\p discov]$--,consequ5t resi/ance to ince/ ( gr\p sire--,natural selection fav\rs gr\ps :]e resi/ance is successful--,c\s9age recognis$ 9 practice--,int]m>ry+ sets ( c\s9s become phratries--,exceptional cases ( p]mitt$ ince/ 9 *iefs & k+s--,no kn[n trace ( avoidance betwe5 fa!r & daught]--,progress _h r5d]$ su* law sup]flu\s ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,traces ,,( ,,p]iod ,,( ,,transition ,,avoidances ,survivals 9 cu/om te/ify to a long p]iod ( transition f gr\p to tribe--,/eal?y meet+s ( husb& & wife--,examples--,evid5ce to a pa/ ( jeal\sy ( ince/u\s gr\p sire--,evid5ce f teknonymy--,husb& nam$ z fa!r ( 8 *ild--,=mal capture z a symbol ( legal m>riage--,avoidance betwe5 fa!r-9-law & son-9-law--,arose 9 /age ( transition--,causes ( "m-9-law & son-9-law avoidance--,influ5ce ( jeal\sy--,examples--,mr4 ,tylor's /ati/ics--,res5tm5t ( capture n primal cause ( ?is avoidance--,note on avoidance4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,classificatory ,,sy/em ,! classificatory sy/em--,! au?or's !ory is ! opposite ( ,mr4 ,morgan's1 ( orig9al bro!r & si/] m>riage--,t !ory is bas$ on ,malayan t]ms ( relation%ip--,nephew1 niece1 & c\s91 all nam$ #8sons & daught]s'--,?is fact ( nom5clature us$ z an argum5t = promiscuity--,! au?or's !ory--,! names = relation%ip giv5 z reg>ds ! gr\p1 n ! individual--,! names & rules evolv$ 9 ! respective int]e/s ( ?ree g5]ations--,!y apply to food z well z to m>riage--,ea* g5]ation is a /rictly def9$ class--,t]ms = relation%ip indicate1 n k9%ip1 b relative s5iority & rights 9 relation to ! gr\p--,! di/9ction ( age 9 g5]ations breaks d[n 9 practice--,me?ods ( bilk+ ! lett] ( ! law--,communal m>riage--,outside suitors & c\s9age--,! fact ( c\s9age unp]ceiv$ & unnam$--,c\s9s are /ill call$ bro!rs & si/]s2 ?us1 :5 a man /yles 8 si/]'s son 8 son1 ! fact does n prove1 z 9 ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 t 8 si/] is 8 wife--,t]ms ( address betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s--,& betwe5 memb]s ( ! same & ( diff]5t phratries--,^! corroborate ! au?or's !ory--di/9ction z to sexual rights yields ! classificatory sy/em--,progress outran recognition & v]bal expression--,errors ( ,mr4 ,morgan & ,mr4 ,mc,lennan--,conclusion--,note--#8,gr\p m>riage' ,,app5dices ,a4--,,engli%1 ,,orcadian1 ,,& ,,hebrew ,,village ,,sobriquets ,b4--,,! ,,ba ,,ronga ,,t]ms ,,( ,,relation%ip ,,index ,,social ,,orig9s ,,& ,,primal ,,law ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,family ,,! ,,family4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,mr4 ,,atk9son ,! ,family is ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ sacr$ ( human in/itutions2 ! lea/ likely to be ov]?r[n by revolution>y attacks4 ,9 epo*s ( *ange ! ,family naturally invites ! att5tions ( impetu\s re=m]s1 l ,%elley 7:o advocat$ a s*eme m ?an any o!r apt to %ock ! consci5ce ( a savage71 & l ! fri5ds ( #8,free ,love1' :o w\ld introduce a lic5se beyond ! ,urabunna model4 ,! horror ar\s$ by c]ta9 relations1 su* z t ( bro!r-&-si/] m>riage1 is p]haps ! olde/ ( moral s5tim5ts1 yet x has lo/ its hold ( "s b>b>ic races1 & has be5 ov]come by dyna/ic pride1 z 9 ! ,royal ,h\se ( ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 & 9 t ( ,egypt4 ,:ile ! ,family1 ev]y:]e almo/1 has be5 secur$ by a religi\s & all b in/9ctive dread ( c]ta9 ab]rations1 ! laws or cu/oms :i* may n be brok5 h v>i$ 9 diff]5t l&s1 & 9 diff]5t /ages ( civilisation4 ,:at is ince/ 9 "o age or c\ntry is innoc5t 9 ano!r2 /ill c]ta9 unions1 v>y+ 9 v>i\s regions1 h always be5 reg>d$ ) loa?+4 ,no su* emotion is kn[n to be felt among ! l[] animals1 & sci5tific curiosity has long be5 busy ) ! "q1 :y %\ld ! lea/ civilis$ ( human races possess ! wide/ li/ ( prohibit$ degrees8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! /r+5t laws t1 among nak$ & f> f da9ty nomads1 compel m5 & wom5 to seek _! mates outside ( c]ta9 l>ge gr\ps ( real or imag9$ k9dr$8 ,! answ]s giv5 to ?is "q h v>i$ ) ! facts ( savage law :i* *anc$ to be at ea* mom5t accessible to inquir]s1 & all attempts to solve ! problem mu/ be provisional4 ,new k may upset ev5 ! mo/ rec5t !ory1 &1 inde$1 new k ( ! rules ( c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes has already produc$ fre% hypo!ses1 z reg>ds c]ta9 aspects ( ! problem4 ,! :ole subject is ?orny1 & ,i mu/ crave p>don = v5tur+ to diff]1 provisionally1 on sev]al important po9ts1 f au?orities ^: le>n+1 rese>*1 & exp]i5ce f> exce$ my own4 ,! facts :i* !y h collect$ f p]sonal k ( savages1 & f read+1 (t5 gr\p !mselves o!rwise 9 my eyes ?an 9 !irs--! p]spective is diff]5t4 ,my obs]vations1 !re=e1 are submitt$ to criticism ) all diffid5ce4 ,only ! ma9 l9es ( a complex discussion are "h trav]s$1 & ! works cit$ are1 z a rule1 ei!r by ,engli%-speak+ au?ors1 or1 at lea/1 are sometimes accessible 9 ,engli% translations4 ,x w be se5 t /ud5ts h diff]$ greatly1 n only f ea* o!r1 b1 at diff]5t times1 f !mselves1 "u ! influ5ce ( new facts br\ght 9 f ! mo/ remote & isolat$ ( savage races4 ,"o au?or is mo/ int]e/$ 9 ?is1 ano!r 9 t1 factor ( ! problem4 ,! difficulty ( ! subject _c be exagg]at$2 = ! orig9s ( our human society _c be hi/orically trac$ beh9d ! in/itutions ( ! races n[ l[e/ 9 ! scale ( culture4 ,we are driv5 to risk hypo!ses4 ,aga91 x is by no means c]ta9 t "s ( ^! l[e/ peoples ( to-day 7say ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia7 repres5t a mom5t 9 ! ma9 curr5t ( ! /ream ( t5d5cy1 a po9t ?r\gh :i* all progress has pass$4 ,! ideas & in/itutions ( su* tribes may be m]e local #8sports1' o!r div]g5cies may h aris5 9 o!r qu>t]s1 & x w\ld be an error 7repudiat$ by ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 ! f\nd] ( ! /udy 9 ,engl&7 to suppose t1 ev]y:]e1 exactly ! same s]ies ( *anges evolv$ itself 9 due sequ5ce4 #8,9 "o place or ano!r ev]y?+ may h be5 go+ on1' ,i h he>d ,mr4 ,mc,lennan obs]ve4 ,once m1 ! subject is obscure because ! races app>5tly #8ne>e/ ! beg9n+1' ! nak$ ,au/ralians1 h\seless hunt]s1 j em]g+ f ! paloli?ic condition z reg>ds implem5ts1 are1 z to society & sy/em ( ?\ght1 v f> f be+ #8primitive2' v remote f #8! beg9n+4' ,_! social rules are v>i\s & extremely complex1 especially z reg>ds m>riage3 "s ( _! social cu/oms are p]haps inexplicable--a field = mod]n guesswork--_! speculative philosophy is1 9 "o in/ance1 +5i\s1 elaborate1 & highly peculi>4 ,! #8beg9n+' lies f> beh9d !m1 yet _! society & in/itutions may h _! g]ms 7on ! ,d>w9ian !ory7 9 a /ate ( all b complete brutality4 ,to trace human in/itutions back to t hypo!tical /age ( fir/ em]g5ce f ! brute is ! purpose ( ! foll[+ treatise1 #8,primal ,law1' by ,mr4 ,atk9son4 ,x 7 sup]flu\s = me to dwell on ! audacity ( 8 ent]prise4 ,( ?or\ghly human man we "k a good deal3 ( ! brutes we "k some?+4 ,( a hypo!tical creature1 n :olly brute1 b n yet #8articulate-speak+ man1' we "k no?+1 & z to ! ways ( 8 suppos$ next ( k91 #8! great extant an?ropoid apes1' our k is vague1 re/+ on ! acc\nts ( native obs]v]s4 ,su* a creature1 h[ev]1 half ape1 half human1 is 9 "p ! !me ( ,mr4 ,atk9son's speculations1 on :i* ,i v5ture to express no op9ion3 z n be+ p]suad$ t man ev] _h su* a direct ance/or4 ,,primitiv5ess ,,9 ,,man ,z to m5 really primitive1 & _! social arrangem5ts1 ,i only v5ture to conjecture t1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 !y probably liv$ a nomadic life1 #8select+ a tempor>y place ( abode1 :e!r a cave1 rock1 %elt]1 or hut1 influ5c$ *iefly by ! am\nt ( edible mat]ials to be f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4'#a ,! area ( ! w&]+ ( ea* gr\p ( he>?-mates w\ld be limit$1 probably1 by ! exi/5ce ( o!r gr\ps1 :i* w\ld res5t poa*+4 ,a l>ge tr\t may (t5 be se5 to turn angrily & drive away a little tr\t t has v5tur$ too ne> ! b5d ( ! brook :i* ! l>ge tr\t f9ds a good /ation = flies2 & human gr\ps w\ld also1 z 9 cases to be cit$ !y d1 mortally res5t intrusions4 ,i conceive t ! males w\ld be polygam\s 7l ! gorilla7 & jeal\s1 kill+ or expell+ ! "y males1 z 9 ! !ories ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,atk9son4 ,?us gr\ps w\ld1 on ! :ole1 be ho/ile1#b #8w&]+ f "o locality to ano!r1 n[ ga!r+ fruits & se$s1 n[ hunt+ wild animals1 or1 z a la/ res\rce1 fe$+ on %ell-fi% & o!r produce ( ! %ore4'#c ,! implem5ts n[ us$ by backw>d savages = fi%-cat*+1 nets1 spe>s1 & b>b$ hooks1 _c be precisely primitive4 ,primitiv5ess1 we mu/ rememb]1 does n dep5d on antiquity ( date4 ,! ,au/ralians1 ?\gh n[ _! gr\ps h coalesc$ into local tribes 9 def9$ areas1 & ?\gh _! cu/om>y law is extremely complex1 are lea/ remote f ! primitive1 lea/ remote1 b v f> remov$4 ,!y are1 ?\gh our contempor>ies1 inf9itely b5ea? ! /atus 9 culture ( paloli?ic man ( ! mammo? & re9de] p]iod4 ,x is n improbable t he _h dome/icat$ ! ox1 goat1 pig1 horse1 & dog4 #8,!y manufactur$ f9e ne$les ( bone1 ) :i* !y sew$ _! sk9 g>m5ts4 ,!y adorn$ _! p]sons ) a v>iety ( beads4444' ,_! art 0 ( notori\s & amaz+ excell5ce4 ,dr4 ,munro says t !y 7 #8ignorant ( ! re>+ ( dome/ic animals1'#d b also t #8!re seems to be no inh]5t improbability 9 ! idea t "s ( !m' 7ox1 goat1 horse1 pig1 & dog7 #8_h be5 dome/icat$ by ! indig5\s inhabitants prior to ! com+ ( ! neoli?ic bra*ycephals into ,france4'#e ,a paloli?ic sket* ( a horse #8) a suppos$ cov]1' & ano!r ( a horse ) a bridle1#f may be mis9t]pret$3 ,dr4 ,munro ?9ks t ! horse-clo? #8may be no m ?an ! hunt]'s sk9 coat ?r[n ov] ! back ( ! animal :5 l$ home by means ( a halt] made ( ?ongs or )es to be !re slaught]$4' ,if paloli?ic man _h advanc$ z f> z ,dr4 ,munro supposes1 x 0 a %ort /ep to ! dome/ication ( ! horse4 ,x is h>dly conclusive to say t1 if he _h tam$ ! horse1 #8we w\ld und\bt$ly ere n[ h _h an eque/rian repres5tation ( ! fact1' ?\gh x is also said t #8we h only z yet a prelim9>y in/alm5t ( ^! mo/ int]e/+ art productions4'#g ,! repres5tation may lat] be discov]$4 ,t paloli?ic man1 s f> advanc$ z he 01 0 #8ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( religion1'#h seems a ha/y conclusion4 ,if he _h ! beliefs ( our ,au/ralians 9 su* pot5t be+s z ,baiame1 ,nooreli1 ,d>amulun1 ,mungun-ngaur1 ,pirmaheal1 & ,pundjel1 t belief w\ld leave no mat]ial traces1 except1 p]haps1 ! ,bull-ro>]1 ^: noise repres5ts ! voice ( "o or o!r ( ^! be+s4 ,n[ a small b unmi/akeable pair ( paloli?ic bull-ro>]s 9 bone1 or ( amulets :i* are bull-ro>]s 9 m9iature1 "o ( !m decorat$ ) ! sacr$ ,au/ralian patt]n ( h]r+-bone & conc5tric circles1 h be5 f\nd 9 a quat]n>y /ation 9 ,france4#i ,paloli?ic man 9 ,france1 c\ntless ages ago1 0 ?us1 especially if he _h dome/icat$ animals1 imm5sely m remote f #8! beg9n+' ?an contempor>y wild ,au/ralian tribes4 ,!y1 aga91 ) _! copi\s languages1 +5i\s implem5ts1 complex in/itutions1 & prolong$ tribal assemblies1 are inf9itely 9 advance ( ^? really primitive m5 among :om we mu/ t5tatively seek ! orig9s ( cu/om>y law regulat+ ! family & m>ital arrangem5ts4 ,a society almo/ incalculably anci5t may h be5 mu* m advanc$ ?an a society ( to-day1 & ! society ( ! l[e/ kn[n mod]n savages mu/ be equally advanc$ f ! /atus ( #8primitive man'4 ,! be/ pro( ( all t no ,au/ralians are n[ 9 or ne> #8! *rysalis /ate' ( humanity1 is to be f\nd 9 _! comb9ations into l>ge fri5dly tribes1 ea* cov]+ a wide ext5t ( c\ntry1 & hold+ /at$ meet+s1 = social1 political1 religi\s1 & comm]cial purposes4 ,mr4 ,mat!ws rem>ks on #8articles ( b>t]1' ex*ang$ #8at ! great meet+s :i* 7 held = ! initiation ( ! y\?s ( ! tribes4' ,among ^! articles 7 /one hat*ets1 fir/ *ipp$1 !n gr\nd1 ! tribes hav+ pass$ out ( ! /age 9 :i* m]e rude flak+ suffic$4 #8,at ! conclusion ( ! c]emonies1 be=e ! p disp]s$1 a k9d ( fair 0 held1 :5 natives 9 ^: c\ntry /one 0 pl5tiful1 w\ld b>t] _! ?+s ) o!r p = re$s = mak+ spe>s1 ri* plumage ( birds1 c4 444 or = any o!r articles br\ght by ! v>i\s tribes = ! purpose ( ex*ange4'#aj ,we c sc>cely conceive t ?is am\nt ( tribal or int]-tribal unity 0 possible to man really primitive4 ,backw>d & cons]vative z ! ,au/ralians are1 we mu/ n expect to f9d among !m1 ) _! highly complex cu/om>y laws1 any?+ l ! fir/ beg9n+s ( social regulations4 ,to look = ^!1 ev5 among ! nak$ & h\seless hunt]s ( ,au/ralia1 is to organise failure 9 ?is rese>* z to orig9s4 ,,rec5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,speculation ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,e>ly ,,human ,,family ,f ! age ( ,ari/otle onw>ds1 inquir]s naturally began ) a belief 9 ! ,patri>*al ,family z ! orig9al social unit4 ,to ?is op9ion1 9 a peculi> =m1 ,mr4 ,atk9son returns1 z w be se54 ,! idea 0 natural4 ,ari/otle1 l ,hesiod1 />ts f #8! ,man1 ! ,woman1 & ! lab\r+ ox1' ?\gh m5 & wom5 7 w$d$ long be=e ox5 & o!r animals 7 dome/icat$4 ,! ,biblical acc\nt 9 ,g5esis op5s ) ! same !ory ( ! primal pair1 ^: *ildr51 bro!r & si/]1 mu/ h m>ri$ ea* o!r1 z 9 ! late ,mr4 ,morgan's hypo!sis ( ! #8,consangu9e ,family2' b1 contr>y to almo/ univ]sal savage cu/om1 & to ,mr4 ,atk9son's #8,primal ,law4' ,9 #ahfa1 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's celebrat$ book1 #8,anci5t ,law1' appe>$4 ,h]e9 he wrote t x 0 difficult to say #8:at society ( m5 _h n be5 orig9ally bas$ on ! ,patri>*al ,family4#aa ,8 /udies _h la9 *iefly 9 ! law ( civilis$ peoples1 ,romans1 ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 ,iri%1 & ,h9doos2 n 9 ! cu/om>y law ( ! l[e/ races4 ,he1 l ,mr4 ,freeman1 conclud$ t ! patri>*al family1 by aggregation ( desc5dants 7& aid$ by adoption ( outsid]s1 & by ! own]%ip ( ! family by its ,head71 =m$ ! g5s1 :ile ! aggregation ( g5tes =m$ ! tribe1 & ! aggregation ( tribes made ! ,/ate4 ,b1 z ! g5tes _h traditions contr>y to ?is !ory1 traditions ( sep>ate orig9s1 he suppos$ t #8! incom+ populace %\ld feign !mselves to be d$uc$ f ! same /ock z ! p on :om !y 7 engraft$4' ,?us we "k t ,mc,ulrigs 7,k5n$ys7 ( ,gall[ay jo9$ ! remote ,macdonnells ( ,moid>t & ,gl5g>ry1 & wore ! ,macdonnell t>tan#ab 7#agde-agfj71 & s might come to pass z ,macdonnells1 ?\gh !y /ill reg>d ! ,m>quis ( ,ailsa1 a ,k5n$y1 z _! *ief1 at lea/ 9 ,eilean ,%ona 7,lo* ,moid>t74 ,9 ! same way ! ,cam]ons ( ,gl5 ,nevis1 ?\gh call$ #8,cam]ons1' 7 really ,mac,sorlies1 a bran* ( ! ,macdonnells1 & f ! sixte5? c5tury to #aged 7 always on ill t]ms ) ! *ief ( ! clan ,cam]on1 ,lo*iel4 ,^! are v mod]n in/ances1 b illu/rate ,sir ,h5ry's !ory ( incom]s4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,roman tribes _h traditions t !y 7 n1 really1 ( ! same orig9al blood ) ea* o!r4 ,only by a fiction 7 !y ( ! same blood4 ,!y did n all desc5d by natural increase f "o patri>*al ance/or4 ,!re really did exi/ #8a v>iety ( ali5 gr\ps 9 a local tribe1' h[ev] !y might all adopt ! same "n1 & ass]t desc5t1 9 ,we/ ,scotl& f ,som]l$1 let u say4 ,?is fact1 ( het]og5e\sness )9 ! #8tribe' among o!rs1 0 s obvi\s & s imp]fectly expla9$1 by fri5ds ( ! ,patri>*al !ory1 t x occupi$ #8writ]s belong+ to ! s*ool ( s-call$ prehi/oric inquiry1' z ,sir ,h5ry /yl$ x4#ac ,!y 7 n satisfi$ ) ! !ory t ,society arose 9 ! ,patri>*al ,family1 bas$ on direct desc5t f1 & own]%ip by1 a s+le male ance/or4 ,to be sure a ,cam]on w #8cross ! hill1' & call himself ,/ew>t1 & a ,*9ese immigrant into ,au/ralia has discreetly entitl$ himself ,alex&] ,mac-gillivray4 ,b su* accretions1 & su* legal fictions1 d n expla9 ! het]og5e\sness ( ! local tribe1 :i*1 by ! !ory ( "s hi/orians1 is ( common desc5t4 #8,prehi/oric inquir]s' c\ld n b notice t1 among rud] #8non-,aryan' races ( v>i\s degrees ( culture1 #8! family is radically diff]5t f ! ,patri>*al ,family1' & sugge/s a diff]5t orig94 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! gr\ps ( real or fanci$ k9dr$ among v>i\s l[ races exhibit ! peculi>ity t ! k9-"n is (t5 inh]it$ f ! "m1 n f ! fa!r2 t ! mat]nal blood is /rong] 9 det]m9+ su* cases ( inh]itance z arise2 & t m>riage is =bidd5 )9 ! recognis$ limits ( ! mat]nal k9%ip4 ,x 0 natural = inquir]s to d]ive ?is condition ( affairs1 ?is reckon+ 9 ! female l9e1 f a /ate ( society 9 :i* fa!rhood 7ow+ to promiscuity1 or to poly&ry--sev]al husb&s to "o wife7 0 notably unc]ta94 ,ba*(51 :o fir/ exam9$ ! problem1 attribut$ ! sy/em to a suppos$ p]iod ( ! ,supremacy ( ,wom53 ,mc,lennan to dubi\s fa!rhood1 & possible e>ly promiscuity4 ,! recov]y ( supremacy by m51 or ! gradual advance 9 civilisation1 especially 9 accumulation ( prop]ty1 w\ld f9ally cause desc5t to be reckon$ ?r\gh ! male l9e1 z among ourselves4 ,z to ! "q ( e>ly promiscuity--sexual relations absolutely unregulat$--,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,mr4 ,crawley1 & o!rs h argu$1 & ,mr4 ,atk9son argues1 t x nev] exi/$1 at lea/ to any wide ext5t1 & ) any pot5t influ5ce4 ,we he> rum\rs ( savages utt]ly promiscu\s1 say ! ,m9copies ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 j z we he> ( savages utt]ly )\t religion4 ,b lat] & bett] evid5ce proves t ! ,&amanese h bo? wives & a ,god4#ad ,aga91 ! l[e/ savages kn[n are s f> n #8promiscu\s1' t !y recognise c]ta9 sets ( wom5 z p]sons ) :om 7z a g5]al rule1 subject to occasional exceptions7 c]ta9 sets ( m5 mu/ h no m>ital relations4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 z ( ,mr4 ,atk9son1 t sexual jeal\sy1 f ! fir/1 mu/ probably h be5 a b> to absolute promiscuity1 ev5 among ! hypo!tical an?ropoid ance/ors ( human race4 ,to tell ! tru?1 our evid5ce on ^! po9ts1 z to exi/+ savages1 is1 z usual1 contradictory4#ae ,,:at ,,is ,,exogamy8 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,t]m9ology ,9 ^! inquiries a great s\rce ( confusion arises 7z all /ud5ts mu/ be aw>e7 f ! abs5ce ( exact t]m9ology1 ( te*nical t]ms ) a def9ite & recognis$ mean+4 ,?us :5 my fri5d1 ! late ,mr4 ,john ,f]gus ,mc,lennan1 introduc$ ! ^w #8,exogamy1' 9 #8,primitive ,m>riage' 7#ahfe71 he probably knew p]fectly well :at he meant4 ,b he did n !n1 f lack ( practice 9 an inquiry practically novel1 & orig9at$ by himself1 express 8 mean+ ) exactness4 ,he at fir/ spoke ( exogamy z ! rule #8:i* prohibit$ m>riage )9 ! tribe4'#af ,b ! ^w #8tribe' 0 lat] tak5 by ,mr4 ,mc,lennan to mean1 & is n[ us$ z mean+1 :at _c be a primitive community1 a local aggregate ( gr\ps amicably occupy+ a consid]able area ( c\ntry2 say ! ,urabunna tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan did n wi% to say t exogamy =bids an ,urabunna tribesman to m>ry an ,urabunna tribeswoman2 he meant t exogamy prohibit$ m>riage )9 ! recognis$ k9dr$--t is1 9 ?is case1 betwe5 memb]s ( totem k9dr$s ( ! same "n1 say ,emu or ,kang>oo4 ,?is fact he lat] made p]fectly cle>4 ,b mean:ile su* t]ms z #8horde1' #8tribe1' #8sub-tribe1' #8family1' #8g5s1' #8section1' #8phratria1' #8clan1' _m ( !m d]iv$ f civilis$ classical or ,celtic usage1 h be5 toss$ up & d[n1 9 company ) #8class1' #8division1' #8section1' & s on1 9 a way mo/ confus+4#ag ,odd new t]ms come f ,am]ica1 su* z #8socialry1' #8tutel>ies1' #8ocul> consangu9ity1' #8e?nogamy1' #8conjugal conation1' & s =?4#ah ,mo/ p]plex+ x is to f9d words l clan1 family1 tribe1 g5s1 phratry1 words peculi> to civilis$ peoples1 ,greek1 ,roman1 or ,celtic1 appli$ to ! society ( savages4 #8,! t]m 8clan0 implies desc5t 9 ! female l9e1' says ! late ,mr4 ,dorsey1 foll[+ ,major ,p[ell2 b :y take ! ,celtic t]m #8clan1' :i* has no su* signification1 & conf] x on :at is really a totem k9dr$ ) desc5t 9 ! female l9e8#ai ,next1 #8sev]al ( ! ,si\an tribes are divid$ into two1 & "o into ?ree sub-tribes4 ,o!r tribes are compos$ ( phratries1 & ea* sub-tribe or1 phratry comprises a numb] ( g5tes4' ,is !re a di/9ction betwe5 ! #8sub-tribes' ( "s tribes1 & ! #8phratries' ( o!rs1 or n8 ,app>5tly !re is n1 b ! me?od ( nom5clature is mo/ confus+4 ,i %all und]/& ! t]ms :i* ,i employ1 z foll[s3 ,! tribe1 speak+ ( ! ,au/ralians1 = in/ance1 is a l>ge aggregate ( fri5dly or n ho/ile human gr\ps1 occupy+ a t]ritory ( p]haps a hundr$ squ>e miles1 & hold+ c\ncils & meet+s = social & religi\s purposes4 ,x is s f> #8endogam\s' t its memb]s may m>ry )9 x--t is to say1 x is no m endogam\s ?an ! p>i% ( ,m>ylebone4 ,an ,urabunna man1 a man ( ! ,urabunna tribe1 may m>ry an ,urabunna woman--if no special native law int]f]es4 ,he may also at pleasure m>ry1 out ( 8 tribe1 say a woman ( ! neighb\r+ ,arunta tribe1 aga91 if no special law b>s ! arrangem5t4 ,s f> ! tribe1 ! l>ge local aggregate ( gr\ps1 /&s indiff]5t4 ,b1 )9 ! tribe1 !re are laws b>r+ m>ital int]c\rse4 ,fir/1 ea* tribe is usually compos$ ( two #8prim>y exogam\s divisions1' or #8phratries1' s call$2 9 ! case ( "s tribes ! phratries are nam$2 = example1 ,mat?urie & ,kir>awa4 ,e man & woman1 9 su* tribes1 is ei!r a ,mat?urie or a ,kir>awa1 & c only m>ry into ! opposite division1 & ! *ildr5 foll[ ! "n ( ! "m4 ,^! two divisions are call$ #8prim>y classes' by "s /ud5ts2 #8phratrias' 7f ! ,greek3 7 by o!rs2 #8sub-tribes' by o!rs2 or1 aga91 #8moieties1' or #8gr\ps4' ,i %all1 9 ea* in/ance1 use ! t]m 7#8class1' #8phratria1' #8moiety1' #8prim>y exogam\s division1' #8gr\p1' & ! l7 employ$ by ! au?or ^: op9ion ,i am discuss+1 ?\gh ,i pref] #8phratry1' z #8class' has ano!r significance2 s has #8gr\p1' c4 ,aga91 ! tribe conta9s a numb] ( totem k9dr$s 7(t5 call$ #8clans' or g5tes1 r at r&om71 t is1 ( sets ( k9 d]iv+ _! names f totems1 plants1 animals1 or o!r objects 9 nature4 ,to ! possible orig9 ( ,totemism we return 9 a sep>ate section4 ,no ,urabunna man may m>ry a woman ( 8 own #8phratry1' nor ( 8 own totem1 & ! *ildr5 inh]it ! phratry & totem names f ! "m4 ,f9ally1 !re are sets ( relation%ips1 r\ghly indicat+1 x w\ld seem1 s5iority by g5]ations1 & degrees ( actual or suppos$ k9dr$4 ,)9 _m ( ^!1 :i* ,i %all /yle #8classes' 7!y h o!r t]ms appli$ to !m71 m>riage is =bidd54 ,?us !re are b>s ( ?ree sev]al sorts on ! int]m>ry+ ( an ,urabunna man ) an ,urabunna woman4 ,9 a way1 !re are ?ree grades ( exogam\s prohibitions4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 :o introduc$ ! ^w #8exogamy1' def9$ x ?us3 #8an exogam\s m>riage is a m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t clans ( k9%ip1 n ent]$ into =tuit\sly1 b because ( law decl>+ x to be ince/ = a man to m>ry a woman ( 8 own clan4'#bj ,! same community _c be #8bo? exogam\s & endogam\s1' z "s suppose4 ,?us ,"l ,avebury writes1 #8"s races :i* are endogam\s z reg>ds ! tribe1 are yet exogam\s z reg>ds ! g5s4' ,b really #8exogamy is ! law prohibit+ m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same blood or /ock z ince/--(t5 "u pa9 ( dea?--& endogamy is ! law prohibit+ m>riage except betwe5 p]sons ( ! same blood or /ock4'#ba ,9 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's s5se ,i %all take ! ^w #8exogamy1' :ile deal+ ) peoples app>5tly ne>e/ ! beg9n+4 ,lat]1 :5 desc5t 9 ! male l9e is e/abli%$1 ! prohibition on m>riage )9 ! totem "n comes to apply1 sometimes1 to m>riage )9 ! local di/rict held by ! m5 ( ! "n4 ,! old prohibition1 we see1 is to _m )9 ! recognis$ limit ( ! blood k9%ip1 or /ock1 designat$ by ! totem "n4 ,b1 z tribes advance to k9%ip ?r\gh males1 & z1 !reby1 gr\ps ( "o totem "n come to possess "o region ( c\ntry1 x (t5 happ5s t exogamy prohibits m>riage betwe5 p]sons dwell+ 9 t region4 ,:]eas ,gr\se 0 =bidd5 to m>ry ,gr\se2 lat]1 ! ,gr\se liv+ toge!r1 say 9 ,corradale1 ! exogam\s prohibition takes ! %ape #8p]sons dwell+ 9 ,corradale mu/ m>ry out ( ,corradale4' ,! "n m>k+ ! exogam\s limit is n[1 9 su* cases1 local1 b ! prohibition is d]iv$ f ! old] tabu on m>riage betwe5 #8p]sons ( ! same blood or /ock'--all ^? 9 ,corradale be+ conceiv$ to %>e ! same blood or /ock4 ,?is orig9 ( #8local exogamy' mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 o!rwise confusion w arise4 ,!re are a few cases1 ev5 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e ev5 local exogamy has become obsolete1 & m>riage1 z ) ourselves1 is prohibit$ betwe5 p]sons ( ne> k9dr$ simply4 ,n[1 if ,i may v5ture to int]pret ! m9d ( ,mr4 ,john ,f]gus ,mc,lennan1 ,i conceive t he reg>d$ ! totemic division z old] ?an ! #8phratry' or ! #8class' b>1 & he ?\ght x ! olde/ traceable exogam\s limit4 ,n to m>ry )9 ! totem "n 7no male ,emu to m>ry a female ,emu7 01 9 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's op9ion1 ! mo/ ar*aic m>riage law4#bb ,?is appe>s f ! words ( ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's bro!r1 ,mr4 ,donald ,mc,lennan4#bc ,he writes3 #8,z ! !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,exogamy took %ape1 & ! facts connect$ r$uc$ !mselves to =m 9 8 m9d1 ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t ! sy/em conv5i5tly call$ 8,totemism0 444 mu/ h exi/$ 9 rude societies1 prior to ! orig9 ( ,exogamy4#bd ,?is c>ri$ back ! orig9 ( ,totemism to a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* no idea ( ince/ exi/$4 ,f t condition my bro!r hop$ to trace ! progress ( ,totemism--necess>ily a progress upw>ds--9 connection ) k9%ip & ,exogamy4 ,x may "h be said t he _h = a "t a hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism1 b t he aft]w>ds came to see t !re 7 conclusive reasons aga9/ x4' ,mean:ile may we n1 !n1 assume t1 9 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's op9ion1 ! e>lie/ traceable human aggregate )9 :i* matrimony 0 legally =bidd5 0 ! totem k91 indicat$ by ! totem "n1 ! totem tabu1 & ! totem badge1 or symbol--:]e x exi/$8 ,we n[ see h[ het]og5e\s elem5ts came to exi/ 9 ! tribe ( locality1 a puzzle to ! fri5ds ( ! !ory ( ! ,patri>*al ,family4 ,= ! nature ( totemism1 plus exogamy & female desc5t1 is obvi\sly su* t "u totemism1 ea* family gr\p ev5 7ea* #8fire circle' ( m51 wives1 & *ildr571 mu/ conta9 p]sons ( diff]5t totems4 ,! fa!r & "m mu/ be ( diff]5t totems 7p]sons ( ! same totem n int]m>ry+71 & ! *ildr5 mu/ inh]it ! totem ei!r ( ! fa!r or ( ! "m4#be ,:5 pat]nal k9%ip is n only recognis$ 7z1 9 practical life1 x always is71 b becomes exclusive 9 its influ5ce on cu/om>y law1 & :5 an approa* to ! ,patri>*al ,family1 ) ! p[] ( ! patri>*1 is evolv$1 all ! memb]s ( ! family 9 all its bran*es w 7if ,totemism p]si/s7 h ! same totem2 d]iv$ f ! fa!r4 ,?us !re w n[ be a local totem gr\p1 a gr\p ma9ly ( ! same totem "n1 z is practically ! case 9 p>ts ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4#bf ,x is necess>y to und]/& ?is cle>ly4 ,take a v e>ly gr\p1 9 a giv5 di/rict2 suppose x1 at fir/1 to be anonym\s1 & let x lat] be call$ ! ,emu gr\p4 ,s f>1 all memb]s ( ! gr\p w be ,emus1 !y w =m an ,emu local gr\p4 ,b1 next1 suppose t !re are _m neighb\r+ gr\ps1 also at fir/ anonym\s2 let !m lat] be /yl$ ,rat1 ,cat1 ,bat1 ,sprat4 ,suppose t ea* su* gr\p n[ 7= reasons to be indicat$ lat]7 takes its wives n f )9 itself1 b f all ! o!r gr\ps2 t ^! wom5 br+ into ! ,emu gr\p _! gr\p names2 & t _! *ildr5 inh]it _! names f _! mo!rs4 ,!n ! "n1 #8,emu gr\p1' w cl+ to t local aggregate1 z su*2 b1 9 "t1 ! memb]s ( ! ,emu gr\p w all be1 say1 ,rats1 ,cats1 ,bats1 & ,sprats1 s call$ f ! gr\p-names ( _! ali5 mo!rs4 ,suppose t1 = "o reason or ano!r1 *ildr5 at la/ come to inh]it _! names & totems f _! fa!rs4 ,!n a ,cat fa!r w h ,cat *ildr51 ?\gh 8 wives may /ill be ( diff]5t totems1 & 8 sons' *ildr5 w also be ,cats1 & s ! local gr\p w become ma9ly1 if n :olly1 a gr\p ( "o totem1 ! ,cat4 ,! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia d trace k9%ip 9 ! male l9e1 & ?us !re is #8"o area :i* belongs to ! ,kang>oo m51 ano!r to ,emu m51 ano!r to ,hakea fl[] m51' & s on4 ,?is has rea*$ su* a pit* t #89 speak+ ( !mselves ! natives w ref] to ^! local gr\ps1' n by ! preval5t totem names 9 ea*1 b #8by ! "n ( ! locality :i* ea* ( !m inhabits1' namely1 z m5 ( ! ,iturkawura camp1 & s on4#bg ,?us we might say #8! ,gl5 ,nevis m51' #8! ,corradale m51' & s on4 ,?us we beg9 ) an anonym\s gr\p1 or gr\p ( unkn[n "n1 a local gr\p4 ,we introduce ,totemism1 & t gr\p becomes a local gr\p ) a totem "n4 ,grant+ exogamy 7prohibition ( m>riage )9 ! gr\p71 & reckon+ 9 ! female l9e1 x soon developes into a local gr\p made up ( v>i\s totems1 b1 at fir/1 z a local gr\p1 x probably reta9s its orig9al totem "n among its neighb\rs4 ,reckon+1 /ill lat]1 ?r\gh ! male l9e1 we aga9 meet1 z at fir/1 a local totem gr\p1 b already ,totemism is on ! wane1 & ! gr\ps are soon to be call$ by ! t]ritorial names ( _! l&s4 ,at ?is /age totem names are t5d+ to decay1 & ! next /ep w probably be to /yle ! gr\p by ! "n ( "s rememb]$1 or my?ical1 male ance/or1 su* z #8*ildr5 ( ,donald'--,macdonalds4 ,?us if1 at a giv5 "t1 ! "n ( a c]ta9 male ance/or is sub/itut$1 z #8eponym\s1' = ! totem "n1 or ! di/rict "n1 we %all f9d a local gr\p (1 say1 ,sons ( ,donald1 into :i* o!r gr\ps1 ,sons ( ,sorlie1 or ,ulrig1 w ent]1 z occasion s]ves1 & be m or less absorb$4 ,a ,/ate may at la/ arise1 say1 #8,s(ts ( ,israel4' ,we are n assum+1 h[ev]1 t all human societies h pass$ ?r\gh ! totemi/ic & exogam\s /ages4 ,,totemism ,,& ,,exogamy ,b :at 0 ! orig9al unit1 ! totem gr\p1 or o!r division outside ( :i* alone c\ld m>riages be arrang$8 ,& :y 0 ! totem "n ! limit8 ,return+ to ,mr4 ,donald ,mc,lennan's acc\nt ( ! op9ions :i* 8 bro!r did n live to set =?1 ,totemism arose #89 a /ate ( man 9 :i* no idea ( ince/ exi/$4' ,on ?is !ory1 ,i presume1 !re w\ld be totem gr\ps be=e exogamy arose2 be=e x 0 reckon$ #8ince/' to _m )9 ! totem "n4 ,?is1 z we %all see1 appe>s to be sometimes ! op9ion ( ! be/ ,au/ralian au?orities1 ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 & ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,x is also ! !ory ( ,arunta tradition4 ,! totem belief1 z x n[ exi/s1 imposes _m tabus3 y may n 7z a rule7 kill1 eat1 or use ! plant or animal :i* is y\r totem2 /ill less p]haps1 9 ! long run1 may y #8use1' sexually1 a woman ( y\r totem4 ,if ?is1 or a k9dr$ totem tabu1 is ! orig9 ( exogamy1 !n to exogamy 7z a law1 ?\gh n necess>ily z a t5d5cy7 ! totem is prior 9 "t4 ,b ,i h no reason to suppose t ,mr4 ,mc,lennan ev] reg>d$ ! totem tabu z ! orig9 ( exogamy4 ,9 8 publi%$ works he (f]s ano!r !ory1 n commonly accept$4 ,b ! important ?+ to note is t exogamy may conceivably 7contr>y to ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's op9ion1 b 9 accordance ) t ( ,mr4 ,atk9son7 h exi/$1 or r t5d$ to exi/1 be=e totems arose2 mu* m1 !n1 previ\s to ! evolution ( totem names1 ( totem tabu1 & ( ! idea ( ince/1 z a s91 or my/ic misde$1 & z an (f5ce to ! totem--a religi\s (f5ce to ,god1 or to ance/ral spirits4 ,p]sons may h be5 =bidd5 to m>ry )9 _! local gr\p1 _! #8fire circle' be=e t gr\p _h a totem1 or a totem "n1 & !y may h be5 =bidd5 = reasons purely secul>1 to :i* ! totem lat] l5t a sanction1 & a def9ite limit4 ,?us ,mr4 ,tylor1 our mo/ sagaci\s guide 9 all su* problems1 writes #8,exogamy c & does exi/ )\t ,totemism1 & = all we "k 0 orig9ally indep5d5t ( x4'#bh ,x is "p ( my argum5t t exogam\s t5d5cies1 at lea/--t is1 a habit ( seek+ female mates outside ( ! fire-circle--may v well h prevail$ be=e any human gr\p _h ev5 a totemic "n4 ,b exogam\s t5d5cies are n1 ( c\rse1 ! same ?+ z exogamy /rictly def9$1 & sanction$ by religi\s or sup]/iti\s fe>1 & by secul> p5alties inflict$ by ! tribe4 ,aga9/ ! notion t exogamy may h be5 prior to ,totemism1 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? argu$ t v e>ly man w\ld n be re/ra9$ f m>riages by su* an ab/ract idea z t ( k9dr$--#8n to m>ry y\r ne> k9'--:ile ! idea ( k9dr$ 0 /ill fluid1 & n yet cry/allis$ ar\nd ! totem "n4#bi ,b1 )\t ?9k+ ( k9dr$ by blood1 p]haps )\t recognis+ consangu9ity 7?\gh x mu/ h be5 recognis$ v soon71 e>ly man may h decid$ t #8?\ %alt n m>ry )9 ?is local gr\p or cr[d1 ( :i* ,i am head4' ,no?+ ab/ract 9 t6 ,!re 0 no tribal law--!re 7 z yet 7,i suppose7 no tribes--only ! w ( ! head ( ea* small set ( p practically en=c$ exogamy4 ,we c h no c]ta9ty on ?is po9t1 = we "k ( no pre-totemic race1 no p :o c]ta9ly h n yet ent]$ into ! totemic /age4 ,any su* p1 probably1 9 ! remote pa/1 _h no idea ( ince/ z a s91 or ( exogamy z a law sanction$ by a tabu4 ,b !y may h1 at lea/1 _h a /rong t5d5cy to m>ry outside ( ! circle ( ! he>?1 ! w&]+ he>? ( homeless nomads rang+ aft] food4 ,! read] ( ,mr4 ,atk9son's treatise w f9d t ?is k9d ( exogamy--m>riage outside ! local gr\p--w\ld1 on 8 !ory1 be ! rule1 ev5 :5 no idea ( blood k9dr$1 or ( ince/ z a s91 ne$ h aris52 & no totem1 or any?+ else1 _h yet be5 nam$4 ,! cause ( ! prohibition w\ld1 9 ,mr4 ,atk9son's op9ion1 be ! sexual jeal\sy ( ! hypo!tical patri>*al an?ropoid male animal2 &1 lat]1 ! sexual jeal\sy ( 8 adult male (fspr+1 & ( ! females4 ,/ill lat] ! gr\p1 already 9 practice exogam\s1 w\ld accept ! totem "n1 m>k+ (f ! gr\p f o!rs1 & ! totem "n1 snipe1 wolf1 or :at n1 w\ld become1 = ! "t1 ! exogam\s limit4 ,no man & woman ( ! same totem "n c\ld int]m>ry4 ,/ill lat]1 a my? ( k9%ip ) ! totem w\ld arise1 & w\ld add ! religi\s sanction ( a tabu4 ,a prohibition may p]haps h aris5 v e>ly1 ev5 if ,mr4 ,atk9son's hypo!sis 7t ! rule ( m>riage outside ! gr\p arose 9 a /ate ( brutality7 be reject$4 #8,! orig9 ( b>s to m>ry is1 9 fact1 complex1' writes ,mr4 ,crawley4 ,a dislike ( m>riage ) a gr\p-mate1 famili>1 ?r\gh contiguity1 f infancy1 may h be5 develop$ among e>ly m52#cj & may h be5 re9=c$ by ! probably lat] sup]/itions :i* create #8sexual tabu1' & mutual avoidance1 among _m exi/+ peoples4 ,m5 & wom5 are1 by savages1 conceiv$ to be my/]i\sly p]il\s to ea* o!r1 especially :5 !y live 9 close contiguity4 ,mr4 ,crawley also all[s = ,mr4 ,atk9son's ma9 factor1 jeal\sy1 #8propriet>y feel+1 :i* is "o crude means by :i* ! family has be5 regulat$ & ma9ta9$4'#ca ,if ^! ?+s 7 s 7:e!r we g back to ,mr4 ,atk9son's semi-brutal ance/ors1 or n71 !n1 contr>y to ,mr4 ,donald ,mc,lennan's op9ion1 & to g5]al op9ion1 x w\ld n #8appe> to be possible to demon/rate t ,totemism prec$$ exogamy1' or at lea/ prec$$ ! exogam\s t5d5cy4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 exogamy might conceivably t5d to arise be=e ! explicit idea ( k9%ip--:e!r male or female--arose4 ,mr4 ,atk9son's #8primal law' w\ld be unutt]$ 9 spee* 7spee*1 by 8 !ory1 !re 0 none71 b w\ld am\nt to ?is3 #8,i1 ! patri>*al bull ( ?is h]d1 w d my be/ to kill y1 ! adult "y bulls1 if y make any approa*es to any ( ! c[s 9 ?is cr[d4' ,!re is no notion ( #8ince/1' b !re is jeal\sy produc+ ! g]m exogamy4 ,! "y bulls mu/ f9d mates outside ( ! local h]d--or d )\t4 ,?is rule p]si/$1 on ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory1 till ! hypo!tical an?ropoid became a man1 & nam$ 8 gr\p 7or _h x nam$ = him1 z ,i lat] sugge/7 by a totem "n4 ,b real human & speak+ be+s might en=ce m>riage outside ( ! gr\p1 ?\gh !y did n p]haps ?9k explicitly ( k9dr$ 7or1 at lea/1 did n ?9k ! idea fully out71 /ill less ( #8ince/1' z s94 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's !ory1 z giv5 9 8 works1 0 p>tly id5tical ) t ( ,mr4 ,atk9son4 #8,! e>lie/ human gr\ps c h _h no idea ( k9%ip'--!y mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 r l[ savages4 #8,b1' he said1 #8!y 7 held toge!r by a feel+ ( k9%ip1' n yet ris5 into explicit consci\sness4 ,cat & kitt5 h1 probably1 feel+ ( k9%ip1 & t feel+ is v /rong1 :ile x la/s1 9 ! mat]nal cat1 :ile betwe5 semi-human mo!rs & *ildr51 arriv+ s v sl[ly at maturity1 "m-k9 mu/ h be5 consci\sly realis$ v e>ly4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan !n %[$ ! /ages by :i* ! savage w\ld gradually1 by reflection1 rea* explicit consci\sness ( female k9%ip1 ( "m-relation%ip1 si/] & bro!r relation%ip1 & all ! degrees ( female k94 ,b ,mr4 ,fison & o!rs h argu$ p[]fully aga9/ ?is !ory4#cb ,moreov]1 we f9d male relation%ips1 z we saw--#8desc5t c\nt$ 9 ! male l9e'--among ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :om ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] reg>d$1 9 #ahii1 z actually #8primitive2' :ile ! neighb\rs ( ! ,arunta1 ! ,urabunna1 reckon ?r\gh ! female l9e4#cc ,mr4 ,crawley1 = v>i\s reasons1 says1 #8! fam\s ,matri>*al !ory' 7! prepot5cy & dom9ion ( wom57 #80 z exagg]at$ 9 its e>ly =ms z 0 ! ,patri>*al4444 ,x is a me?od ( trac+ g5ealogy1 m conv5i5t 9 polygam\s societies & m natural 9 primitive times :5 ! close connection ( "m & *ild dur+ ! e>ly days ( infancy emphasises ! relation4'#cd ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck argues to a simil> effect4#ce ,8 motive is to discr$it ! !ory ( promiscuity1 & consequ5t unc]ta9ty ( fa!rhood1 z ! cause ( reckon+ on ! sp9dle side4 ,b ! ,arunta1 :o reckon on ! sword side1 actually d n ev5 "k t *ildr5 are ! result ( sexual int]c\rse1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,h[ !y c h any idea ( blood-k9%ip at all is1 !re=e1 ! my/]y4 ,x may p]haps be argu$ t !y h none4 ,b ^! ignorant ,arunta reckon desc5t ?r\gh ! male l9e--:ile ! ,royal ,picts1 9 e>ly ,scotl&1 inf9itely m civilis$1 reckon$ by ! female l9e4 ,= myself1 ,i /ill incl9e to ! op9ion#cf t ! reckon+ ( desc5t ?r\gh ! woman is ! m ar*aic me?od1 & ! me?od t1 c]ta9ly1 t5ds to dw9dle & disappe>1 z at la/ x did among ! ,picts4 ,?is applies to human society1 n to t ( ,mr4 ,atk9son's hypo!sis1 9 :i* ! "q is n ( k91 b ( prop]ty4 #8,e female 9 my cr[d is my sole prop]ty1' says--or feels--,mr4 ,atk9son's patri>*al an?ropoid1 & ! patri>* gives expression to 8 s5tim5t ) tee? & claws1 if he has n yet le>n$ to d\ble up 8 fi/1 ) a /one 9 x4 #8,^! 7 e>ly days4' ,,!ories ,,( ,,exogamy4 ,,mr4 ,,mcl5nan',s ,,!ory ,9 any case1 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's hypo!tical fir/ gr\ps1 l ,mr4 ,atk9son's1 7 v l[ inde$4 ,!y develop$ exogamy1 n 7z 9 ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory7 ?r\gh sexual jeal\sy on ! "p ( ! sires1 b1 fir/1 ?r\gh regul> female infanticide4 ,?is practice1 be+ reasonable1 c\ld n prevail among ,mr4 ,atk9son's an?ropoids4#cg ,girl babies be+ mo/ly kill$ out1 wom5 became sc>ce4 ,neighb\r+ gr\ps be+ ho/ile1 brides c\ld only be procur$ by ho/ile capture4 ,ea* gr\p ?us /ole all its brides & became exogam\s1 & m>riage inside ! gr\p became a s91 by d9t ( #8a prejudice /rong z a pr9ciple ( religion4' ,?is !ory ( ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's is1 ,i ?9k1 q unt5able4 ,! preval5ce ( female infanticide1 at ! suppos$ v e>ly /age ( society1 is n demon/rat$1 & did n seem probable to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,ev5 if x exi/$1 x c\ld n create a prejudice aga9/ m>ry+ ! few wom5 left )9 ! gr\p4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 unhappily1 0 prev5t$ by bad heal?1 & dea?1 f work+ out 8 hypo!sis completely4 ,8 mo/ rec5t /atem5t involves ! !ory t ! me?od ( ! ,nairs ( ,malab>1 liv+ 9 poly&r\s h\seholds 7_m m5 to ea* woman7 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( #8m>riage4' ,b p :o1 l ! ,nairs1 dwell 9 l>ge h\seholds1 are f> inde$ f be+ #8primitive4' #8,a want ( balance betwe5 ! sexes' l$1 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan held1 to #8a practice ( captur+ wom5 = wives1' & 0 foll[$ by #8! rise ( ! law ( exogamy4' ,! fir/ prohibition w\ld be aga9/ captur+ wom5 ( ! k9dr$ 7m>k$ by ! totem71 = su* capture1 if resi/$1 might involve ! %$d+ ( k9dr$ blood4 ,wom5 be+ sc>ce1 ?r\gh female infanticide1 k9dr$ gr\ps w\ld n give up or sell _! wom5 to ea* o!r 7?\gh to ! males ( ! gr\ps1 su* wom5 c\ld n be wives71 nor c\ld wom5 be raid$ f k9dr$ gr\ps1 z we saw4 ,s !y w\ld be /ol5 f ali5 gr\ps1 #8& s m>riages ) k9dr$ wom5 w\ld t5d to g into desuetude4' ,! introduction ( captur$ ali5 wives w\ld *ange ! nature ( matrimonial relations4 ,"u ! ,nair sy/em #8a woman w\ld live 9 ! h\se ( h] "m1 & "u ! special gu>dian%ip & protection ( h] bro!rs & h] "m's bro!rs4 ,%e w\ld be 9 a position ( almo/ absolute indep5d5ce ( h] husb&s4444' ,b really pri/9e man & woman c h _h no h\ses1 no matri>*al rule ( wom54 ,! ,nairs1 n be+ primitive1 h h\ses1 & _! wom5 h au?ority3 pri/9e man 0 n 9 _! condition4 ,h[ev]1 captur$ ali5 wives w\ld1 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan argues1 be prop]ty1 be slaves2 & m5 w\ld f9d ?is arrangem5t 7n[ obsolete7 s *>m+ t poly&ry & ! reign ( woman w\ld g out4 ,! only real legal m>riage w\ld be w$lock ) an ali51 a captive1 a slave woman4 ,m>riage ) a woman ( ! same /ock w\ld be a crime & a s94 ,x w\ld be ince/4#ch ,really x w\ld be1 at wor/1 concub9age4 ,?is !ory seems unt5able at e po9t1 community ( wives1 female infanticide1 h\sehold life1 supremacy ( wom5 9 ! h\sehold1 liv+ ) a non-captive wife reckon+ z ince/1 &1 9 %ort1 all along ! l9e4 ,ev5 if ! prejudice aga9/ m>ry+ native wom5 did exi/1 x c\ld n be develop$ into ! idea ( s9--grant+ t ! idea ( s9 already exi/$4 ,to be s9ful1 endogamy )9 ! gr\p mu/ h (f5d$ "s sup]/iti\s belief1 p]haps ! belief 9 ! totem1 ) its tabu4#ci ,,mr4 ,,crawley',s ,,!ory ,to dis5gage f 8 le>n$ book1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose 7#aijb71 ,mr4 ,crawley's !ory ( ! orig9 ( exogamy is no easy task4 ,he /rongly insi/s on ! #8religi\s' elem5t 9 all e>ly human ?\ght1 & z 9 #8religion' he includes ! vague fe>s1 misgiv+s1 & ideas ( #8luck1' :i* haunt ev5 ! lea/ religi\s ( mod]n m51 we may say t #8religion1' 9 ?is s5se1 m+les ) ! ?\ght ( all ages4 ,! pres5t writ]1 l ,dr4 ,johnson1 is an example ( ! #8religi\s' "*1 & ( ,mr4 ,crawley's rem>k t #8human nature rema9s pot5tially primitive4' ,to ! #8religi\s' man or woman 7us+ #8religi\s' 9 ?is s5se7 ! univ]se is inde$ a ?+ ( delicate poise1 & may #8break1 & br+ d[n dea?1' if we walk "u a ladd]1 or spill ! salt1 or ent] a doorway ) ! wrong foot =emo/1 or fail to salute a magpie1 or ! new moon4 ,! sup]/iti\s an?ropologi/1 ( c\rse1 kn[s t all ^! appreh5sions ( 8 are utt]ly absurd1 b ! savage is c>eful & tr\bl$ ab\t !m4 ,! ,phili/9e1 on ! o!r h&1 is pr\d ( 8 conque/ ( ^! airy t]rors3 he #8_c imag9e :at p mean by su* nons5se1' &1 exactly s f> z he is s9c]e1 he _c compreh5d e>ly mank9d4 ,n[1 z to exogamy1 our difficulty is to und]/& :y brea* ( ! rule aga9/ c]ta9 m>riages is1 ev]y:]e1 s deadly a s93 s black an (f5ce aga9/ #8religion4' ,mr4 ,crawley's explanation is n1 p]haps1 easily to be dis5gag$ f ! mass ( 8 "w1 b x beg9s 9 8 appreciation ( ! ( e>ly m51 _! ev]-pres5t s5se ( #8religi\s' t]rors4 #8,?us all p]sons are pot5tially dang]\s to o!rs1 z well z pot5tially 9 dang]4444'#dj ,?is s5se ( p]il arises #89 virtue simply ( ! di/9ction betwe5 a man & 8 fell[s4' ,mu* m1 !n1 are wom5 dang]\s to m51 & m5 to wom51 ! sexes be+ s di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,we "k t ! mo/ extraord9>y precautions are tak5 to avoid contact ) wom5 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 & a well-kn[n /ory ( ,sir ,john ,m&eville's is only "o case ( ! fact t ! bridegrooms ( "s races1 f a sup]/iti\s t]ror1 insi/ on be+ made cocus en h]be4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 give ! in/ance ( #8! m>riage c]emony' 7an odi\s brutality7 among ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4#da ,x is p]haps int5d$ to deliv] ! bridegroom f a p]il imag9$ by sup]/ition 7z 9 ,m&eville's tale72#db &1 )\t x1 ! ,au/ralian w\ld resemble ! man d]id$ 9 ! old ,scotti% song3 ,! ,bridegroom grat :5 ! sun ga$ doon4 ,?us a #8religi\s' dread atta*es among savages 7! !ory holds7 to all m>riages2 all are novelties1 new /eps 9 life1 & !re=e are s f> #8s9ful' t !y involve a p]il1 vague b awful1 ! creation ( sup]/ition4 ,m>riages contr>y to ! exogam\s rule1 are only especially & inexplicably bad cases ( ! #8s9'--t is1 my/ic dang]--( m>ital relations 9 g5]al1 z ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,crawley4 ,m>riage c]emonies ( e k9d are devis$ to avoid #8s91' z our ,m>riage ,s]vice c&idly /ates1 us+ #8s9' 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b !re are savage m>riages1 ^? =bidd5 by ! law ( exogamy1 :i*1 z a g5]al rule1 no c]emony c r5d] o!r ?an s9ful4 ,s great & t]rible is ! dang] ( su* m>riages--namely1 among _m savages1 betwe5 p]sons ( ! same totem1 t x ?reat5s ! :ole community1 j z ! m>riage ( ,*>les ,i4 ) a ,ca?olic bride caus$ ! ,plague1 accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,r[1 & !re=e su* unions are puni%$ by ! dea? p5alty1 & are b seldom left to ! automatic v5geance ( ! tabu4 ,=emo/ 9 ?is black li/ ( s9s are ! unions ( bro!rs & si/]s ( ! full blood1 ?\gh1 we mu/ rememb]1 ^! are n m heavily puni%$ ?an m>riage betwe5 a man & woman ( ! same totem1 ev5 if ! pair come toge!r f opposite ends ( ! cont95t1 & are n blood relations at all4 ,:y is ?is8 ,z ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,crawley1 ! sexes1 9 savag]y1 avoid ea* o!r's society 9 ev]yday life1 p>tly f #8sexual tabu'--! result ( ! sup]/itions already indicat$2 p>tly because ( #8sexual solid>ity1' p]haps ev5 ( #8sexual antipa?y4' ,9 fact1 m5 & wom5 are (t5 v mu* 9 ea* o!r's way4 ,we d n want wom5 9 our clubs & smok+-rooms--nor d savages--& we despise a man :o lurks 9 draw+-rooms :5 8 fell[s are out ( doors2 a man :o is a pill> ( lun*eon p>ties & ( aft]noon tea4 ,b ?is sep>ation ( ! sexes is especially rigid betwe5 ! *ildr5 ( ! same he>?1 ev5 among nomads4 ,! boys g ) ! fa!r1 ! girls ) ! "m4 ,! manlike apes h ! same ideas4 #8,di>d 0 told by ! ,malays1 & he f\nd x aft]w>ds to be true1 t ! "y ,siamangs1 :5 9 _! helpless /ate1 are c>ri$ ab\t by _! p>5ts1 ! males by ! fa!r1 ! females by ! "m4' #8,! ne/s 444 are only occupi$ by ! female & "y1 ! male pass+ ! night 9 a =k ( ! same tree or ano!r tree 9 ! vic9ity4'#dc ,^! facts ( ape etiquette w\ld1 to use an ,elizabe?an phrase1 h be5 #8nuts' to ,mr4 ,atk9son1 & prove t sexual sep>ation ( ! *ildr5 is a v e>ly in/itution4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & o!r c\ntries1 bro!rs & si/]s mu/ n ev5 speak to ea* o!r1 & mu/ avoid ea* o!r utt]ly4 ,?us ! dang] & #8s9' ( ! mo/ innoc5t int]c\rse betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s is emphasis$2 mu* m awful1 !n1 are matrimonial unions ( bro!r & si/]4 #8,! ext5sion' 7( ?is idea7 #8by ! use ( relation%ips produces ! v>i\s =ms ( exogamy1' says ,mr4 ,crawley4#dd ,!re are difficulties "h2 = example1 ,mr4 ,crawley tells u t ince/ did n #8ne$ prev5tion1' ?\gh ! rules ( bro!r-&-si/] avoidance seem really to mean t x did1 or 0 ?\ght to d s 7b p]haps only sup]/iti\s dread ( ord9>y int]c\rse caus$ ! rule871 & ?\gh we "k ( regions :]e su* ince/1 9 e>ly y\?1 is said to be univ]sal4#de #8,su* ince/1' says ,mr4 ,crawley1 #8is prev5t$ by ! psy*ological difficulty ) :i* love comes into play betwe5 p]sons ei!r closely associat$1 or /rictly sep>at$ be=e ! age ( pub]ty4444'#df ,n[ we "k t lu/ does come into play--= example1 among ! ,annamese--betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s n closely sep>at$2 & we also "k t1 ! m p]sons are #8/rictly sep>at$1' ! m does ! novelty & romance1 :5 !y d meet1 produce natural attraction1 z betwe5 ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,ince/ among ! "y is really prev5t$ by ! religi\s horror ) :i*1 by mo/ peoples1 x is reg>d$2 z well z1 among ! civilis$1 by ! con/ant & sacr$ famili>ity ( family life4 ,! b>e idea ( x c only occur1 z a desirable notion1 to a boyi% revolution>y1 l ,%elley1 or to m9ds cong5itally deprav$4 ,aga91 m5 & wom5 ( ! same totem h no #8avoidances' =c$ ^u !m1 z f> z ,i "k 7&1 z !y may n m>ry1 ?is is an ov]sight72 yet _! m>riages are z t]ribly s9ful z m>riages betwe5 bro!r & si/] ( ! full blood4 ,mr4 ,crawley writes1 #8,obvi\sly ! "o inv>iable antec$5t 9 all exogam\s sy/ems1 inde$ 9 all m>riage sy/ems1 is ! prohibition ( m>riage 8)9 ! h\se40' ,b1 we reply1 ,a 7a male7 & ,b 7a female71 ( ! same totem1 may nev] h be5 9 ! same h\se1 or 9 ! same degree ( latitude & longitude1 be=e !y met & fell 9 love4 ,z to #8h\se1' h\ses !y may h none4 ,yet _! union is a deadly s94 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? is said to h #8set ! "q 9 ! "r direction1' :5 he wrote1 #8:atev] is ! orig9 ( b>s to m>riage1 !y c]ta9ly are e>ly associat$ ) ! feel+ t x is indec5t = h\se-mates to int]m>ry4'#dg ,b :at is e>ly ne$ n be prim>y4 ,aga91 if ,mr4 ,crawley reads on1 he w f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! context ( ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s argum5t %[s him n to h held t exogamy arose 9 #8! feel+ t x is indec5t = 8h\se-mates0' 7or t5t-mates7 #8to m>ry4' ,= ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? adds1 #8x w n d to turn ?is argum5t r\nd1 & say t ! pre-,islamic law ( b>s to m>riage may h aris5 444 9 virtue ( a cu/om t e wife & h] *ildr5 %all h _! own t5t4#ej ,9 any case1 we _c speak ( #8h\se-mates' be=e !re 7 h\ses4 ,b if = #8h\se-mates' we read #8he>?-mates1' !n no s5se ( #8indec5cy1' z on ,mr4 ,crawley's !ory1 ne$ necess>ily att5d _! m>riage1 = he>?-mates may be ( diff]5t totems1 d]iv$ f diff]5t mo!rs1 & may be m>riageable en\gh1 at lea/ z f> z totem law is conc]n$4 ,a1 male1 an ,emu1 m>ries ,b1 a ,b&icoot1 & ,c1 a ,grub4 ,8 *ildr5 by ,b h ! ,b&icoot totem1 8 *ildr5 by ,c h ! ,grub totem4 ,z f> z totem law goes1 ^! *ildr5 may int]m>ry1 b ?is is n all[$ 9 practice to-day4 ,mr4 ,ma!ws says1 ( ! ,kamil>oi1 #89 ord] to prev5t su* a close m>riage' 7( bro!r & si/] on ! fa!r's side71 #8e tribe has /rict social cu/oms1 f\nd$ ^u public op9ion1 :i* w n tol]ate ! union ( a man ) a woman ^: blood relation%ip is consid]$ too ne>4'#dh ,au/ralian e?ics1 long tra9$ "u ! old totem & phratry prohibitions1 are n[ suffici5tly enlight5$ to reject unions :i* we also =bid4 ,b x _c h be5 s 9 ! beg9n+1 or ! totem & phratry tabus on m>riage w\ld h _h no occasion to exi/4 ,x w\ld h suffic$ to say1 #8,?\ %alt n m>ry ?y si/]1 or "m1' & ! totemic rule w\ld h be5 a cumbr\s sup]fluity4 ,sup]flu\s x w\ld h be51 ev5 "u ! hypo!tical #8gr\p m>riage sy/em1' :]e ! law w\ld h run #8,?\ %alt n m>ry ?y gr\p-si/] or gr\p-"m4' ,:ile ,mr4 ,mat!ws gives a k9d ( bye-law1 =bidd+ m>riage1 "u female desc5t1 ) ! pat]nal half-si/]1 ,mr4 ,fison av]s t ! ,kamil>oi d all[ su* unions4 #8,x is m>riage )9 a phratria1' b n )9 a totem4#di ,! fact 0 d5i$1 or at lea/ que/ion$1 by _m correspond5ts1 b ,mr4 ,fison believ$ x to be au!ntic4 #8,! natives ju/ifi$ x on ! gr\nd t ! p>ties 7 n ( ! same mudji' 7totem74 ,app>5tly ^! natives1 :o let a man m>ry 8 fa!r's daught]1 _h n arriv$ at an objection to unions ( #8too ne> fle%4' ,b m]e decad5ce1 "u ,european :isky1 may be ! explanation4 ,mr4 ,mat!ws d5ies1 z we saw1 :at ,mr4 ,fison ass]ts1 z to ! ,kamil>oi4 ,mr4 ,crawley writes1 #8if we apply to ! ^w 8indec5t0 ! connotation ( sexual tabu 444 & if we und]/& by 8h\se-mates0 ^? ^u :om sexual tabu conc5trates1 we h expla9$ exogamy4'#ej ,sc>cely1 = sexual tabu aga9/ m>riage1 9 fact1 n[1 at lea/1 conc5trates on p ( ne> k91 & on totem-mates1 man & woman ( ! same totem1 & !y may be #8h\se-mates1' or #8he>?-mates1' or !y may n 79 polygam\s society71 & ! he>?-mates 7z f> z ! totem rule goes1 b n n[ 9 practice7 may ?us be int]m>riageable1 z n ( ! same totem1 :ile totem-mates1 f opposite ends ( a cont95t1 are n int]m>riageable 7except 9 ! peculi> case ( ! ,arunta & cognate tribes74 ,b ,mr4 ,crawley may reply t ea* totem1 orig9ally1 did really p]ta9 to all memb]s ( ea* small local gr\p1 & t ! totem prohibition 0 ext5d$1 lat]1 to all gr\ps ( ! same totem "n1 h[ev] di/ant 9 space4 ,?us accord+ to ! ,euahlayi blacks !re 7 orig9ally no totem names1 b ! div9e ,baiame gave !m to mortals ) ! rule t no pair ( ! same totem "n 7 to m>ry1 #8h[ev] f> ap>t _! hunt+ gr\nds4' ,?us consid]$1 ! tabu :i* =bids an ,emu man to m>ry an ,emu woman1 w\ld mean no m1 orig9ally1 ?an t m>riage betwe5 p]sons liv+ 9 ! close contiguity ( ! same local gr\p 79 ?is case ! ,emu gr\p7 0 =bidd54 ,!re might be no orig9al int5tion ( prohibit+ m>riage ) a p]son ( an ,emu gr\p1 dwell+ a ?\s& miles away2 probably no su* gr\p 0 kn[n to exi/4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( exogam\s law1 ,i repeat1 w\ld be m]ely #8y mu/ n m>ry a he>?-mate1'--or a #8h\se-mate1' 9 ,mr4 ,crawley's phrase--! he>?-mates1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 be+ delimit$ by ! "n #8,emu4' ,s f> my conjecture agrees ) t ( ,mr4 ,crawley4 ,! ext5sion ( ! prohibition to p]sons ( ! same totem-"n1 h[ev] remote _! homes & ali5 _! blood1 ,i am cont5t to reg>d z a lat] k9d ( accid5tal coroll>y4 ,!re came to be totem k9s ( ! same "n1 f> remote1 & ?us1 z x 7 casually1 ! law acquir$ an unprem$itat$ sweep & scope1 includ+ p]sons n really ( ! same gr\p or blood1 only ( ! same "n4 ,b :y 0 !re orig9ally any objection at all to m>ry+ ! mo/ accessible bride1 ! female he>?-mate8 ,"h1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 ,mr4 ,crawley w\ld expla9 by 8 idea ( sexual tabu4 ,all m5 are reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s dread by all wom51 & vice v]sa2 above all1 z a daily dang]1 ! m51 or wom5 liv+ 9 close contiguity mu/ avoid ea* o!r4 ,to keep !m ap>t all sorts ( tabus & avoidances are inv5t$1 includ+ ! tabu on _! m>riage4 ,?is is a plausible & tak+ !ory1 & ,i am f> f argu+ t x _c be a true !ory4 ,b ! insup]able difficulty ( decid+ arises f ! circum/ance t we "k no?+ at all ab\t ! intellectual condition ( ! m or less human be+s among :om ! prohibition ( m>riage )9 ! gr\p fir/ arose4 ,7 !y advanc$ en\gh to be capable ( su* a sup]/iti\s dread ( ea* o!r z ! suppos$ cause ( ! prohibition takes = grant$8 ,males & females1 among ! l[] animals1 h no su* sup]/ition4 ,x requires human imag9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 animal jeal\sy 0 well )9 _! rea*1 & ,mr4 ,atk9son d]ives ! orig9al prohibition ( m>riage )9 ! gr\p f ! %e] sexual jeal\sy ( ! animal-patri>*4 ,9 8 op9ion ! consequ5t av]sion to su* w$lock cry/allis$ into a habit1 z ! race advanc$ t[>ds full humanity4 ,ev5 be=e 8 an?ropoid cli5ts 7 completely human1 ! gr\p w\ld be replete ) *ildr5 ( females n ( ! full gr\p blood1 captives1 & !re=e ^! *ildr5 7if blood k9 ?r\gh females 7 reg>d$7 w\ld be eligible z wives4 ,b ?is w\ld n yet1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood4 ,p]haps x w\ld n be fully und]/ood till ! totem "n 0 giv5 to1 & accept$ by1 ea* gr\p1 & s !re 0 a def9ite m>k set on ea* woman br\ght 9 f )\t ! gr\p1 & on h] *ildr51 :o bore h] totem "n4 ,aft] t1 ea* totem gr\p obvi\sly conta9$ memb]s ( o!r totems1 & ^?1 be+ n[ recognis$ by _! "m's totem names1 7 te*nically int]m>riageable4 ,:at _h be5 a gr\p n explicitly consci\s ( its own het]og5e\s elem5ts1 became1 9 fact1 an assemblage ( recognis$ het]og5e\sness1 capable ( f9d+ legal brides )9 itself1 & no long] "u ! necessity 7_h x und]/ood7 ( captur+ brides f )\t 9 ho/ile fa%ion4 ,su* an assemblage w\ld1 or might1 come to consi/ ( families1 dwell+1 or r w&]+1 )9 a giv5 region1 all on t]ms ( fri5d%ip & mutual aid4 ,i take x t1 by ?is "t1 improv$ weapons & in/rum5ts1 & improv$ skill1 enabl$ gr\ps l>g] ?an ! small orig9al gr\ps to live 9 a giv5 area4 ,9 fact1 ! gr\p w\ld1 or might1 be a small local #8tribe1' b1 probably1 0 unconsci\s ( ! circum/ance4 ,if consci\s1 "o cause ( ho/ility among ! gr\ps 0 at an end1 !re 0 no necessity = /eal+ wom51 a sy/em ( peaceful betro?als )9 ! gr\p might n[ arise1 ?\gh c]ta9 facts1 to be dealt ) lat]1 raise a presumption1 p]haps1 t ?is relatively peaceful /ate ( life did n appe> until two ( ! orig9al local totem gr\ps coalesc$ 9 connubium1 int]m>ry+ ) ea* o!r1 9 fact becom+ #8phratries4' ,to produce ! new condition ( affairs1 two factors 7 necess>y3 fir/1 a means ( di/+ui%+ ! captur$ wom5 )9 e gr\p f ea* o!r1 & f ! gr\p into :i* !y 7 br\ght by capture4 ,?is means ( di/9ction 0 af=d$ by ! totem names4 ,next1 a recognition ( k9%ip 0 ne$$1 & ?is 0 suppli$1 let u conjecture1 by nam+ ! *ildr5 ( ea* ( ! captive wom5 aft] ! totem "n ( ! gr\p f :i* %e 0 captur$4 ,if all ! *ildr5 indiscrim9ately 7 call$ by ! totem "n 7say ,emu7 ( ! local gr\p into :i* _! mo!rs _h be5 br\ght--t is1 by ! totem "n ( _! fa!rs--!re w\ld be no recognisable het]og5eity )9 t gr\p1 & s !re w\ld be1 )9 ! local gr\p1 no possible wives1 "u ! exogam\s rule4 ,:e!r poly&ry !n exi/$1 or n1 /ill all ! fa!rs 7 ( "o local totem "n1 say ,emu1 & *ildr5 c\ld only be diff]5tiat$ by /yl+ !m aft] ! totem names ( _! ali5 mo!rs4 ,?is is usually done among ! savages :o are lea/ advanc$1 b n among ! ,arunta1 ^: totem names1 z we %all see1 by a curi\s div]g5ce1 d n indicate /ock1 b are d]iv$ f a s+ul> sup]/ition ab\t ance/ral spirits1 ( v>i\s totems1 inc>nat+ !mselves 9 ea* new-born *ild4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 9 ,primitive ,m>riage 7#ahfe71 _h arriv$ at conclusions v l ^!4 ,! primitive gr\ps #87 assum$ to be homog5e\s4444 ,:ile z yet !re 0 no sy/em ( k9%ip1 ! pres5ce ( captive wom5 9 a horde' 7gr\p71 #89 :atev] numb]s1 c\ld n introduce a sy/em ( betro?als'--! wom5 & _! *ildr5 n yet be+ diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r1 & f ! gr\p 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 9 #ahfe1 did n ask h[ ^! wom5 ev] came to be di/9ctly diff]5tiat$1 ea* f ea*1 & f ! gr\p :i* held !m1 ?\gh t diff]5tiation 0 a necess>y prelude to ! recognition ( k9dr$ ?r\gh ^! wom54 ,b pres5tly1 9 8 ,/udies ( ,totemism 7#ahfi71 he f\nd1 :e!r he obs]v$ ! fact or n1 ! means ( diff]5tiation4 ,diff]5tiation became possible aft]1 & n be=e1 ea* primitive gr\p receiv$ a totem "n1 reta9$ by its captive wom5 )9 ea* gr\p to :i* !y 7 c>ri$1 a "n to be inh]it$ by _! *ildr5 9 ea* case4 ,he says1 #8het]og5eity z a /atical =ce c only h come into play :5 a sy/em ( k9%ip l$ ! hordes to look on ! *ildr5 ( _! =eign wom5 z belong+ to ! /ocks ( _! mo!rs4' ,t 0 impossible1 be=e ! totem or "s equival5t sy/em ( nam+ =eign gr\ps arose1 a circum/ance n easily obs]v$ till ,mr4 ,mc,lennan himself op5$ ! way to ! /udy ( ,totemism4#ea ,x ?us appe>s t ,mr4 ,crawley's !ory ( exogamy & m9e are practically id5tical 9 ess5ce 7if ,i rightly int]pret him74 ,! orig9al objection 0 to ! int]m>riage ( ! "y ( ! gr\p ( contiguity1 ! he>?-mates4 ,if !re 0 b "o male ( ! eld] g5]ation 9 ! gr\p ( contiguity1 ^! "y p w\ld be bro!rs & si/]s4 ,if !re 7 two or m males ( ! eld] g5]ation1 bro!rs1 ! gr\p w\ld include c\s9s1 :o 7ev5 be=e ! totem "n 0 accept$ by ! gr\p7 w\ld also be =bidd5 to int]m>ry4 ,:5 ! totem "n 0 accept$1 c\s9s1 *ildr5 ( bro!r & si/]1 & ev5 bro!rs & si/]s1 *ildr5 ( "o fa!r1 by4 wives ( diff]5t totems1 w\ld be1 te*nically1 int]m>riageable3 ?\gh _! m>riages may1 9 practice1 h be5 =bidd5 because !y 7 /ill ( ! gr\p ( contiguity1 & z su* bore its local totem "n1 say1 ,emu1 :ile1 by ! "m's totem "n1 !y may h be5 ,bats1 or ,cats1 or any?+4 ,:]e ,i mu/ diff] f ,mr4 ,crawley is 9 d\bt+ :e!r at ?is hypo!tical e>ly /age1 ! sup]/itions :i* produce #8sexual tabu' _h aris54 ,we _c tell2 b c]ta9ly1 z soon z ! totem "n _h giv5 rise to ! my? t ! totem1 9 human be+s z 9 animals & plants1 0 inviolable--! bea/ or plant ( ! totem blood n to be kill$ or eat51#eb ! woman ( ! totem "n n to be t\*$--s soon w\ld endogamy1 m>riage )9 ! totem1 be a s91 ince/4 ,?is x w\ld be2 ! totem tabu once e/abli%$1 :e!r sexual tabu1 or sexual jeal\sy1 or bo?1 caus$ ! fir/ prohibition1 n to m>ry gr\p1 mates4 ,"h we may briefly adv]t to ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's !ory ( exogamy1 ?\gh x int]rupts ! h>moni\s issue ( our speculations4 ,,dr4 ,,we/]m>ck',s ,,!ory ,z to exogamy1 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck expla9s x by #8an in/9ct' aga9/ m>riage ( ne> k94 ,our ance/ors :o m>ri$ ne> k9 w\ld die out1 he ?9ks1 & !y :o avoid$ su* unions w\ld survive1 #8& ?us an in/9ct w\ld be develop$1'#ec by #8,natural ,selection4' ,b :y did any ( our ance/ors avoid su* m>riages at all8 ,f #8an av]sion to ^? ) :om !y liv$4' ,& :y _h !y ?is av]sion8 ,because !y _h an in/9ct aga9/ su* unions4 ,!n :y _h !y an in/9ct8 ,we are engag$ 9 a vici\s circle4 #8,la/ly x is n sci5tific to use ! t]m in/9ct ( ?is k9d ( ?+4'#ed ,,mr4 ,,morgan',s ,,!ory ,z to ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 9 8 ,anci5t ,society 7#ahgg71 ( a movem5t ( sanit>y & moral re=m1 :i* l$ to prohibition ( #8consangu9e m>riages' ,i %all return to x 9 a lat] "p ( ?is essay 7#8,o!r ,b>s to ,m>riage'74 ,"h x w be f\nd t ,mr4 ,morgan is ! s\rce ( c]ta9 o!r !ories :i* we are to discuss1 a fact involv+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition ( argum5ts already advanc$4 ,,return ,,to ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,!ory ,we conclude1 provisionally1 t exogamy1 = v>i\s reasons ( sexual jeal\sy1 & p]haps ( sexual sup]/ition1 & ( sexual indiff]5ce to p]sons famili> f infancy1 may1 at lea/1 h t5d$ to arise :ile ea* little human gr\p 0 anonym\s2 be=e ! acceptance ( totem names by local gr\ps4 ,b ?is exogam\s t5d5cy1 if x exi/$1 mu/ h be5 imm5sely re9=c$ & sweep+ly def9$ :5 ! hi!rto anonym\s gr\ps1 com+ to be kn[n by totem names1 evolv$ ! totem sup]/itions & tabus4 ,"u ^!1 ,i sugge/1 exogamy became fully develop$4 ,m>riage 0 =bidd51 am\rs 7 =bidd5 7!re are exceptional cases71 )9 ! totem "n4 ,?is law b>r$1 ( c\rse1 m>ital relations betwe5 son & "m1 betwe5 bro!r & si/]1 b1 j z x /ood1 p]mitt$ ince/ betwe5 fa!r & daught]1 s long z ! totem "n 0 inh]it$ f ! "m4 ,b t =m ( ince/1 9 turn1 came to be b>r$ by ano!r set ( savage rules1 :i*1 :atev] _! orig91 prohibit m>riage )9 ! g5]ation4 ,t set ( rules1 not$ specially 9 ,au/ralia & ,nor? ,am]ica1 is "p ( :at is usually /yl$ #8,! ,class ,sy/em4' ,footnote #a3 ,dr4 ,munro1 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 lix4 no4 #bcd1 pp4 #aji-adc3 7,tire "p1 p4 #a47 ,see also lat]1 ,hypo!tical ,e>ly ,gr\ps4 ,footnote #b3 ,to ?is po9t1 ho/ility1 ,i return lat]4 ,footnote #c3 ,dr4 ,munro1 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 lix4 no4 #bcd4 ,footnote #d3 ,munro1 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 lix4 no4 #bcd1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #h3 ,ibid4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #i3 ,l',an?ropologie1 ,m>s-,avril1 #aijb4 ,= a brief bibliography ( ! bull-ro>] see ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 pp4 #dbc-d1 note #a4 ,footnote #aj3 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ,royal ,society ,n4,s4,w41 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #cje4 ,see also ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies1 pp4 #acb-ach4 #ahig4 ,footnote #aa3 ,anci5t ,law p4 #acb4 ,footnote #ab3 ,major ,k5n$y's portrait ( #agej-agfj repres5ts him 9 ,macdonnell t>tan4 ,he 0 an ag5t ( ,pr9ce ,*>les4 ,footnote #ac3 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 pp4 #caj1 #caa4 ,footnote #ad3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #ec-eg4 ,footnote #ae3 ,mr4 ,john ,ma!w decl>es t #8jeal\sy is a p[]ful passion ) mo/ aborig9al husb&s' 9 ,au/ralia4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 on ! o!r h&1 repres5t ! aborig9al husb& z "o ( ! mo/ complac5t ( 8 species1 jeal\sy be+ reg>d$ z #8*urli%4' ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 are decid$ly ! bett] au?orities4 ,ma!w1 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w41 xxiii4 #djd4 ,we/]m>ck1 p4 #eg4 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #af3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #ahgf1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! late ,major ,p[ell1 ( ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 us$ g5s ( a totem k9 ) desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 clan ( su* a k9 ) desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 & 8 s*ool foll[s him4 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 on ! o!r h&1 uses #8horde' = a local community ) female1 #8clan' = a local community ) male desc5t4 ,footnote #ah3 #8,! ,s]i ,indians1' by ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee4 ,report ( ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahih4 ,footnote #ai3 #8,si\an ,sociology1' ,report ( ,am]ican ,e?nological ,bureau1 #ahig1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #bj3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 second s]ies1 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #ba3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 second s]ies1 p4 #df4 ,9 an app5dix to ,mr4 ,morgan's ,anci5t ,society1 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's t]ms are sev]ely criticis$4 ,footnote #bb3 ,i %all call ea* set indicat$ by a totem "n a #8totem gr\p1' if ! memb]s live toge!r2 a #8totem k91' if !y are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! tribe4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! ,patri>*al ,!ory1 pp4 #f1 #g1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #bd3 ,mean+ by ,exogamy1 n a m]e t5d5cy to m>ry out ( ! gr\p1 b a cu/om>y law ) a religi\s sanction4 ,footnote #be3 ,"h ! unusual case ( ! ,arunta (f]s an exception to ! rule2 a po9t to be discuss$ lat]4 ,footnote #bf3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #h-aj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 pp4 #h-i4 ,footnote #bh3 #8,rem>ks on ,totemism1' ,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/41 ,augu/1 ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,footnote #bi3 ,k9%ip 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #cj3 ,b1 z ,dr4 ,durkheim says1 man & wife might soon ab&on ea* o!r1 if famili>ity bre$s contempt4 ,footnote #ca3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,may1 #ahie1 p4 #ddd4 ,footnote #cb3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #acb4 #ahhj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #gj4 ,fraz]1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,april1 ,may1 #ahii4 ,footnote #cd3 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #aje-aac4 ,footnote #cf3 ,tylor1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xviii4 #c1 #bed4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! practice h[ev]1 is attribut$ to tame can>y birds4 ,footnote #ch3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 second s]ies1 pp4 #eg-fe4 ,footnote #ci3 ,cf4 ,cu/om & ,my? 7,a4 ,l471 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #dj3 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #da3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #ib-ic4 ,footnote #db3 ,"l ,avebury's view t ! #8rite' implies comp5sation to ! o!r males ( ! community w be consid]$ lat]4 ,footnote #dc3 ,we/]m>ck1 p4 #ac4 ,cit+ ,brehm1 #8,?i]leb51' i4 #ig1 ,proce$+s ,r4,g4,s4 xvi4 #agg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #ddc4 ,footnote #de3 ,we/]m>ck1 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #df3 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #dg3 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #dh3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 xxxi4 #aff4 ,footnote #di3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #db1df1 #dg1 #aae4 ,footnote #ej3 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #ddc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,see ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ahc-ahf4 ,footnote #eb3 ,?is is ! view ( ,dr4 ,durkheim1 :o expla9s ! blood sup]/ition4 ,cf4 ,re9a*1 ,l',an?ropologie1 x4 #feb4 ,footnote #ec3 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #ed3 ,comp>e ,mr4 ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #ddd-ddf4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,class ,,sy/em ,"u ?is "n appe> to be bl5d$1 7#a7 ! prohibition to m>ry )9 a division1 :i*1 9 its simple/ =m1 is said to cut ! tribe into two #8classes' or #8phratries1' or #8gr\ps2'#a 7#b7 ! prohibition to m>ry )9 ! totem "n2 7#c7 ! prohibition to m>ry )9 ! g5]ation1 & )9 c]ta9 recognis$ degrees 7#8classes1' #8sections'7 ( real or inf]r$ k9%ip--#8too ne> fle%1' too close consangu9ity1 :i*1 9 _! pres5t condition1 _m ,au/ralian tribes und\bt$ly reg>d z a b> to matrimony4 ,b x does n foll[ t !y orig9ally held ?is op9ion4 ,we %all fir/ exam9e :at au?orities :o diff] f me1 call ! great #8bisection' ( ! tribe1 into1 say1 ,mat?urie & ,kir>awa1 memb]s ( :i* mu/ int]m>ry1 ! totem prohibition also rema9+ 9 =ce4 ,x w "h be sugge/$1 9 accordance ) :at has already be5 said1 b contr>y to g5]al op9ion1 t ! totemic prohibition is e>li] ?an ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same segm5t ( ! #8bisection4' ,! op9ions ( mo/ /ud5ts appe>1 at pres5t1 to be divid$ ?us4 ,we he> t3 #a4 ,! exogam\s division into two moieties1 or #8phratries1' is e>li] ?an ! division ( ea* into num]\s totem k9s4 ,! totem k9s are reg>d$ z lat] #8subdivisions' (1 or additions to1 ! two #8orig9al' moieties4 #b4 ,totem gr\ps are e>li] ?an ! #8bisection' 7?\gh someh[1 accord+ to ! same au?ors1 ! two moieties ( ! bisection bore totem names71 b1 be=e ! #8bisection1' ^! totem gr\ps 7 n exogam\s4 ,!y only became exogam\s :5 six ( !m1 say1 7 arrang$ 9 "o ( ! two moieties 7phratries71 n[ =bidd5 to m>ry1 & ano!r six 9 ! o!r4 ,i v5ture to pref]1 z already indicat$1 ! sy/em 7#c7 t totem gr\ps n only exi/$1 b 7 already exogam\s1 be=e ! great #8bisection' produc+ ! #8phratries' came into exi/5ce1 ?\gh ,i argue t #8bisection' is a mislead+ t]m1 & t ! app>5t division 0 really ! result ( an amalgamation ( two sep>ate & indep5d5t local totem gr\ps4 ,?is !ory 7pres5tly to be m fully set =?7 is orig9al on my "p1 at lea/ z f> z my supralim9al consci\sness is conc]n$4 ,i mean t ,i conceiv$ myself to h hit on ! idea 9 ,july #aijb4 ,b some?+ v l my notion 7,i lat] discov]$7 _h be5 pr9t$ by ,dr4 ,durkheim1 & some?+ n unlike x 0 prop\nd$ by ,h]r ,cun[ 7#ahid74 ,mr4 ,daniel ,mc,lennan _h also sugge/$ x3 & ,i f9d t ! ,rev4 ,john ,ma!w _h /at$ a =m ( x 9 8 ,eagle-,hawk & ,cr[ 7#ahii71 7pp4 #aibb1 #ic-aab74 ,mr4 ,ma!w's hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 involves a !ory ( cont5d+ & ali5 races 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?is !ory does n seem well bas$1 b1 h[ev] t may be1 ,i recognise t ,mr4 ,ma!w's hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( exogamy 7p4 #ih71 & ( ! orig9 ( ! #8phratries' or #8prim>y classes1' 9 _m respects anticipates my own4 ,he opposes ,mr4 ,h[itt's conclusions1 & ,i may be all[$ to say t ,i w\ld pref] ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ow+ to 8 unrivall$ k1 z an ally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! undesign$ co9cid5ce ( ,dr4 ,durkheim's1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,mc,lennan's1 ,mr4 ,ma!w's1 & ,h]r ,cun['s ideas ) my own1 raises a presumption t m9e may n be unt5able4 ,,! ,,class ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,au/ralia ,?\gh ! exi/5ce ( :at are call$ exogam\s #8phratries' 7two to ea* tribe7 0 made kn[n1 z reg>ds ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 by ,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan 7to ^: "w we return7 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 almo/ our e>lie/ h9t ( its exi/5ce 9 ,au/ralia came f ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley1 a le>n$ mission>y1 9 #ahec-ee4 ,9 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory#b w be f\nd an acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,ridley's facts1 z !y gradually swell$ 9 volume1 alt]$ 9 "*1 & 7 add$ to1 & critically con/ruct$1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,fison1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt4 ,^! g5tlem5 7 reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,mc,lennan z ! allies ( ,mr4 ,morgan1 9 a controv]sy !n be+ wag$ ) "s ac]bity4 ,he1 !re=e1 criticis$ ! evid5ce f ,au/ralia r ke5ly4 ,x is probable t ,mr4 ,morgan & ,mr4 ,mc,lennan bo? _h "s "r on _! p>ts--see+ ea* a diff]5t side ( ! %ield--?\gh a few po9ts 9 ! discussion are /ill undecid$4 ,b x seems c]ta9 t ! cont9u$ rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 re9=c$ by ! /udies ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 h invalidat$ "s ( ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's op9ions z to matt]s ( fact4 ,mu* tr\ble & confusion w be sav$ if we rememb] t1 z has be5 said1 "u ! #8classificatory sy/em1' ?ree sets ( rules apply+ to m>riage exi/4 ,! totem rule exi/s1 rules z to m>riage 9 relation to g5]ations & s-call$ degrees ( k9dr$ 7real or #8tribal'7 exi/ 7#8classes'71 &1 ?irdly1 !re are ! rules relative to #8phratries1' ! phratries1 be+1 ,i ?9k1 9 orig9 !mselves totemic4 ,we %all ma9ly consid] "h ! s-call$ #8bisection' ( a tribe into two exogam\s & int]m>ry+ #8phratries1' :ile rememb]+ ,h]r ,cun['s op9ion t a #8class' is "o ?+1 a #8phratry' q ano!r4#c ,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,m>riage ,,divisions ,,9 ,,au/ralia ,p]haps ! mo/ rec5t1 lucid1 & well-in=m$ writ] on ! v>i\s divisions :i* regulate ! m>riages ( ! ,au/ralian tribes is ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,ma!ws4#d ,9 "s regions1 ! sy/em ( two int]m>ry+ phratries exi/s1 )\t fur!r subdivision 7except 9 reg>d to totem k9s74 ,sometimes ea* phratry is divid$ into two #8sections' 7or #8classes'71 mak+ f\r = ! tribe4 ,aga91 ea* phratry may h f\r #8subsections' or #8classes1' mak+ eight = ! tribe4 ,ea* phratry1 l ea* #8class1' #8has an indep5d5t "n by :i* its memb]s are easily recognis$4' ,obvi\sly we ne$1 ( all til+s1 to "k ! actual mean+s ( ^! names1 b we d n usually "k !m4 ,z we %all see1 :]e a tribe has two #8phratries' & no subord9ate #8classes1' ! names ( ^! #8phratries1' :5 !y c be translat$1 are usually names ( animals4 ,9 a few cases1 z w lat] appe>1 :5 !re are #8classes' "u & 9 ! #8phratries' _! names seem to indicate di/9ctions ( #8old' & #8"y4' ,b ,mr4 ,ma!ws n[h]e1 z f> z ,i h /udi$ him1 gives ! mean+s ( ! #8class' names1 "s ( :i* are ( rec5t adoption4 ,mr4 ,ma!ws usually gives only #8,phratry ,a' & #8,phratry ,b4' ,we n[ cite 8 tables ( ! simple #8phratry' sy/em1 ( ! #8phratry' plus two classes sy/em1 & ( ! #8phratry' plus f\r classes sy/em2 mak+ f\r1 or eight1 su* divisions = ! tribe4 #8,9 describ+ ! social /ructure ( a native ,au/ralian community1 ! fir/ matt] call+ = att5tion is ! classification ( ! p into two prim>y divisions1 call$ phratries1 or gr\ps--! m5 ( ea* phratry int]m>ry+ ) ! wom5 ( ! opposite "o1 9 accordance ) prescrib$ laws4' ,mr4 ,ma!ws !n m5tions t "s tribes h 7#a7 ?is simple division only 7( c\rse1 z a rule1 plus totem k9s74 7#b7 ,else:]e ea* phratry is compos$ ( two #8sections' 7call$ by u #8classes'74 7#c7 ,else:]e1 aga91 ea* phratry has f\r sections 7we ne$ n discuss "h ! tribes :]e none ( ^! ?+s exi/74 ,mr4 ,ma!ws n[ gives tables repres5t+ ! work+ ( ! sy/em 9 ea* ( ! ?ree cases4#e #a ,fa!r ,"m ,son ,daught] ,phratry ,a ,kirr>oo ,matturr9 ,matturri ,matturr9 ,phratry ,b ,matturri ,kirr>ooan ,kirr>oo ,kirr>ooan #b ,fa!r ,"m ,son ,daught] ,murri ,buta ,ippai ,ippa?a ,phratry ,a ,kubbi ,ippa?a ,kumbo ,bu?a ,phratry ,b ,kumbo ,ma?a ,kubbi ,kubbi?ai ,ippai ,kubbi?a ,murri ,ma?a #c ,fa!r ,"m ,son ,daught] ,*oolum ,n+ulum ,paly>9 ,paly>e5ya ,phratry ,a ,*e5um ,nooralum ,bung>9 ,bung>e5ya ,jam]um ,paly>e5ya ,*ooralum ,nooralum ,yacom>y ,bung>e5y ,*+ulum ,n+ulum ,fa!r ,"m ,son ,daught] ,*+alum ,noolum ,yacom>y ,yacom>e5ya ,phratry ,b ,*ooralum ,ne5um ,jam]um ,neom>um ,bung>9 ,yacom>e5ya ,*e5um ,ne5um ,paly>9 ,neom>um ,*oolum ,noolum ,x w be se5 t1 "u ! simple phratry sy/em1 *ildr5 ( ! female ,matturr9 are always ,matturri & ,matturr91 *ildr5 ( ! female ,kirr>ooan are always ,kirr>oo & ,kirr>ooan4 ,on ! phratry plus two classes sy/em1 female ,bu?a is "m ( ,ippa?a & ,ippa?a ( ,bu?a = ev]4 ,on ! phratry plus f\r classes sy/em1 female ,n+ulum has a ,paly>e5a daught]1 :o has a ,nooralum daught]1 :o has a ,bung>e5ya daught]1 ^: daught] rev]ts to ! orig9al ,n+ulum class1 & s on1 ad inf9itum4 ,! wom5 rema9 con/ant to _! #8phratry1' & m>ry always ! m5 ( ! opposite phratry4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t1 by cu/om>y law1 bro!rs & si/]s actual 7& n #8tribal'7 may nev] int]m>ry4#f ,9 %ort1 consangu9ity is n[ fully und]/ood by ! natives1 & too close unions are =bidd5 on ! gr\nd ( consangu9ity4 ,x also seems t1 ?\gh ! blacks are all on ! same level ( mat]ial culture1 yet reflection on m>riage rules1 & modification ( ^! rules by additional re/rictions & alt]ations1 h be5 c>ri$ mu* fur!r by "s tribes ?an by o!rs4 ,i by no means d5y1 b r affirm1 t consangu9ity is n[ und]/ood1 & t rules h 9 "s tribes be5 consci\sly made1 & alt]$1 to avoid c]ta9 m>riages z ( #8too ne> fle%4' ,b ,i d n ?9k t1 at ! beg9n+1 ! objection to consangu9e\s m>riages1 z su*1 c h be5 ent]ta9$1 & ,i am n ( op9ion t1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ su* m>riages1 9 ! beg9n+1 a horde 0 bisect$ into two phratries1 & ea* phratry split up into totem gr\ps4 ,r1 ,i conceive1 c]ta9 primitive conditions ( life l$ to ! evolution ( c]ta9 rules1 indep5d5t ( any !ory ab\t ! noxi\sness or immorality ( m>riages ( ne> k92 & !n reflection on ^? primal rules help$ to beget moral ideas1 & improvem5ts on ! rules !mselves4 ,9 ! orig9al re/rictions1 morality1 9 our s5se1 0 only implicitly or pot5tially pres5t1 ?\gh n[ x has ris5 into explicit consci\sness4 ,! tribes came to ?9k c]ta9 m>riages morally wrong1 or physically noxi\s1 because !y 7 =bidd52 su* unions 7 n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 =bidd5 because !y 7 deem$ physically injuri\s1 or morally wrong4 ,^! ideas h1 by ?is "t1 be5 evolv$2 b x does n foll[ t !y 7 pres5t at ! beg9n+4 ,i took ! lib]ty ( lay+ a brief sket* ( my own !ory be=e ,mr4 ,h[itt1 :o1 aft] consid]+ x1 0 unable to accept x4 ,he 0 k9d en\gh to s5d me a summ>y acc\nt ( _m v>ieties ( in/itutions1 :i*1 z we h se51 prevail--f tribes ) totems & ! simple phratry & female desc5t1 up to tribes :i* h lo/ _! classes & totems1 c\nt desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 & p]mit m>riage only betwe5 p]sons dwell+ 9 c]ta9 localities1 or n ( #8too ne> fle%4' ,all sorts ( v>ieties ( cu/om1 9 fact1 prevail4 ,aga91 ! mo/ backw>d tribes1 9 ,mr4 ,h[itt's op9ion1 h gr\p-m>riage2#g ! m advanc$ h individual m>riage1 ) r>e rev]sions on special occasions4 ,ea* advance1 f m]e phratry to phratry plus eight #8classes1' r$uc$ ! numb] ( p]sons :o might int]m>ry1 & ext5d$ ! range ( exogamy 7except :]e1 z among ! ,arunta1 ! totem prohibition has ceas$ to exi/74 ,! m>k$ t5d5cy ( ! develop+ rules is to prev5t m>riage betwe5 p]sons #8too ne> 9 fle%1' or #8( ! same fle%4' ,mr4 ,h[itt argues t1 if ! lat] /ages ( prohibition are ! result ( delib]ate int5tion to prev5t too ne> m>riage1 we may inf] t ! orig9al #8bisection' ( ! #8undivid$ commune' 0 also consci\sly design$ to prev5t unions ( p]sons ( too ne> fle%4 ,to ?is ,i w\ld reply1 t ! circum/ances 7 diff]5t4 ,! savages ( rec5t c5turies h be5 tra9$ 9 ! totem & phratry sy/ems1 & h n[1 l ,mr4 ,h[itt1 excogitat$ ! !ory t ^! 7 orig9ally design$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ m>riages ( #8too ne> fle%1' :]e=e all su* m>riages 7ev5 if p]mitt$ by ! totem law7 mu/ be morally or mat]ially evil4 ,?is is ! !ory express$ 9 ! my?s ( ! ,di]i1 ,woeworung1 & o!rs2 & x is ! !ory ( _m sci5tific writ]s4 ,9 brief1 x is ! hypo!sis ( m5 already tra9$ to ?9k ne> m>riages morally wrong1 or physically injuri\s4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is idea occur to memb]s ( #8an undivid$ commune1' :o _h nev] kn[n any?+ bett]8 ,t is ! difficulty2 & we get rid ( x by disbeliev+ 9 a primeval undivid$ commune2 & by suppos+ a long pa/ ( =bidd5 unions1 ! prohibition !n re/+ on no moral ideas1 b on ! int]e/ ( ! /ronge/1 ! jeal\sy ( ! adult sire4 ,^! prohibitions lat] evolv$ into consci\s morality2 & 7 at la/ susceptible ( improvem5t by delib]ate design4 ,i %all n[ exam9e m 9 detail ! ideas :i* d n w9 my ass5t4 ,,mr4 ,,fison ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,bisection ,9 #ahhj1 9 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1#h ,mr4 ,fison1 a le>n$ mission>y & an?ropologi/1 gave 8 acc\nt ( ! organisation ( c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes4 ,he speaks ( 7#a7 ,! division ( a tribe1 or community1 into two exogam\s int]m>ry+ classes4#i 7#b7 #8,! subdivision' 7m>k ! phrase7 #8( ^! classes into f\r4' 7#c7 #8,_! subdivision into g5tes1 di/+ui%$ by totems1 :i* are g5]ally1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 ! names ( animals4' ,n[ totems we "k1 & we h cit$ ,mr4 ,ma!ws = ! o!r divisions4 ,take 7#a7 #8! two exogam\s int]m>ry+ classes4' ,examples are ,male1 ,kumite2 female1 ,kumitegor 7"o #8class1' :i* ,i call #8phratry'74 ,male1 ,kroki2 female1 ,krokigor 7! o!r #8class1' #8phratry'74 ,aga94 ,male1 ,yung>u 7opossum72 female1 ,yung>uan4 ,male1 ,wut>u 7kang>oo72 female1 ,wut>uan4 ,:at are ^! two #8prim>y' exogam\s divisions8 ,& :y call !m #8prim>y'8 #8,,prim>y ,,classes8' ,my object1 z has be5 said1 is n[1 contr>y to g5]al op9ion1 to repeat t ! great di*otom\s #8division' ( a tribe into two exogam\s1 int]m>ry+1 #8classes' or #8phratries1' is n #8prim>y' at all1 b is second>y to gr\ps at once totemic & exogam\s1 & is n1 9 orig91 a bisection1 b a comb9ation4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! consequ5ces w be ( "s curiosity4 ,fir/1 x w appe> t ! #8prim>y divisions' are !mselves totemic 9 orig91 ?us imply+ ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,totemism4 ,next x w be made to appe> probable t ! pre-exi/+ totems 7 already exogam\s be=e ! phratries arose1 & t exogamy does n date1 z ! be/ au?orities hold1 f ! mak+ ( ! great di*otom\s divisions or #8phratries4' ,= no su* di*otom\s division1 ,i sugge/1 0 ev] made4 ,,! #8,,prim>y ,,divisions' ,,are ,,!mselves ,,totemic ,,& ,,exogam\s ,we see t1 ( ! two #8phratries' ,yung>u & ,wut>u1 ,yung>u is #8opossum' 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,*atfield7 or #8alligator' 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,bridgman72 :ile ,wut>u is #8kang>oo4' ,^! two prim>y #8phratries1' !re=e1 h totemic names1 & 79 my op9ion7 7 orig9ally two local totem gr\ps1 ea* conta9+ memb]s ( v>i\s totems d]iv$ f ali5 mo!rs4 ,! same ?+ may be true :5 ! mean+s ( ! #8prim>y class names' 7#8phratries'7 c no long] be discov]$4 ,if s1 ! #8prim>y divisions' are1 9 orig91 m]e totem di/9ctions1 involv+1 ,i ?9k1 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! rule ( exogamy1 :i* is also involv$ 9 ! rules ( ! #8prim>y divisions4' ,mr4 ,fison writes 7:at is obvi\s7 #89 "s places ! prim>y divisions are di/+ui%$ by totem names at ! pres5t day4'#aj #8,probably !y 7 s di/+ui%$ ev]y:]e1 9 anci5t times1' he adds1 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! case 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z we %all see lat]4 ,mr4 ,fison's op9ion is my own s f>1 &1 if x is "r1 if ! #8prim>y class divisions' 7#8phratries'71 )9 :i* m>riage is n[ =bidd51 7 orig9ally two totem divisions1 !n ,totemism is e>li] ?an ! #8prim>y divisions4' ,on ?is po9t ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt say t ! divisions on :i* m>riage regulations are bas$ #8are d5ot$ by class names or by totems--frequ5tly by bo? class names & totems4' ,9 a note !y add1 #8,class names1 s call$ by u solely = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 & because !y _c always be positively ass]t$ to be totems1 ?\gh ! /rong probability is t !y are always totems4'#aa ,by #8class names' ! au?ors1 ,i ?9k1 "h mean ! names ( ! #8prim>y exogam\s divisions' or #8phratries4' ,^! are (t51 if n always1 kn[n by totem names4 ,b ! #8classes1' z di/+ui%$ f ! #8phratries1' are n kn[n by totemic names1 z f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,h]r ,cun[1 we %all see1 ass]ts t 9 "s cases !y d5ote m]e s5iority1 #8big' & #8little1' #8"y' & #8old4' ,unless !y c be prov$ to be totemic1 we mu/1 ,i repeat1 c>efully avoid confus+ ! #8classes1' f\r or eight1 ) ! #8phratries1' 9 :i* !y are includ$4 ,! confusion is g5]al & v mislead+4 ,totemism1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 prec$$ exogamy1 & made exogamy possible4 ,?us totem di/9ctions1 ) exogamy1 may be old] ?an ! #8two prim>y class exogam\s divisions1' 9 :i*1 accord+ to mo/ au?orities1 exogamy began4 ,mr4 ,tylor is cauti\s3 #8! dual =m ( exogamy' 7! #8phratries1' or #8two prim>y divisions'7 #8may be ! orig9al =m1' or at lea/ t view is t5able4#ab ,! orig9 ( exogamy is1 h[ev]1 unkn[n1 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's op9ion1 :i* commits him to no?+4 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 if ,i d n mis9t]pret him1 also reg>ds ! two divisions1 #8phratries1' z prim>y1 b at ! same "t agrees ) me1 & ,mr4 ,fison1 t ! two #8phratry' divisions 7 !mselves 9 orig9 totemic4 ,,! ,,totem ,,difficulty ,at ?is po9t ,i lose ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt4 ,i d n "k :at !y mean1 &1 unless ,i miscon/rue !m1 !y unconsci\sly hold diff]5t op9ions at diff]5t mom5ts4 ,!y />t ) an #8undivid$ commune4' ,mr4 ,fison1 h[ev]1 is n c]ta9 on ?is po9t4 ,to prev5t ne> m>riages 7previ\sly univ]sal71 ! commune is split into two exogam\s int]m>ry+ phratries4 ,! names ( ^! phratries are totemic1 & ea* phratry has its totem4 ,su* is _! !ory4 ,h[ & :y8 ,did totemic divisions already exi/ 9 #8! undivid$ commune'8 ,if s1 ! commune 0 n undivid$6 ,or 7 totem names giv51 nobody kn[s :y1 to ! two phratries at ! "t :5 ! #8bisection' ( ! commune 0 made8 ,did ! legislator s5d half ! horde to ! "r1 cry+1 #8,y are %eep1' & half to ! left1 say+1 #8,y are goats1'--or r1 say1 ,emus & ,kang>oos8 ,?is is n easily ?9kable4 ,b1 if ?is 0 done1 :5ce came ! o!r totem k9s1 (t5 num]\s1 )9 ea* phratry8 ,mr4 ,fison says t ! totem k9s 7or #8g5tes'7 #8arose out ( two prim>y divisions1 by an ord]ly process ( evolution1 su* z might be expect$ f ! =ces at "w1' & #8we h se5 h[' ! phratries subdivid$ #8into o!r subdivisions1 di/+ui%$ by totems4'#ac ,b1 alas1 ,i h se5 no?+ ( ! sort6 ,mr4 ,fison has m]ely ass]t$ ! fact4 #8,! totems affect ! int]sexual regulations 444 by n>r[+ ! range ( matrimonial selection4'#ad ,"h w\ld be a reason = ! evolution ( ^! totem k9s4 ,b ?is add$ re/riction is exactly :at 7giv5 phratries7 ! totems d n effect4 ,!re are s _m totems 9 ea* phratry1 b z ! same totem 7except among ! ,arunta & simil>ly disorganis$ tribes7 nev] occurs 9 bo? phratries1 ! range ( sexual selection is ?us n m re/rict$ by ! totem ?an by ! phratry4 ,! memb]s ( ea* phratry may n int]m>ry1 & all p]sons ( _! totem are 9 _! phratry & s are n m>riageable to !m4 ,!y w\ld all be exactly z exogam\s z !y are1 if !re 7 no totem rules1 no?+ b phratry rules4 ,?us ! totems _c be lat] delib]ate segm5tations ( ! phratry1 = additional exogam\s purposes1 because !y s]ve no su* purpose1 except :]e1 among ! ,kamil>oi1 a man may m>ry 9 8 phratry1 if he m>ries out ( 8 totem4 ,b t is a peculi>ity4 ,mr4 ,ma!ws writes1 #8,"u ! gr\p' 7phratry7 #8laws x is impossible = a ,dilbi or ,kupa?9' 7phratry names ( ! ,kamil>oi7 #8to m>ry a woman be>+ ! same totem "n z himself1 = ! reason t su* a totem does n exi/ 9 ! division' 7phratry7 #8f :i* he is b\nd to select 8 wife4 ,b :5 p]sons ( ! same gr\p' 7phratry7 #87 p]mitt$ to m>ry ea* o!r1 x became necess>y to promulgate a law prohibit+ m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same totem4'#ae ,b !re 7 totems be=e t novelty ( m>riage )9 ! phratry1 & :y 7 !y !re8 ,moreov]1 "u phratry laws x 0 already ! rule t no man c\ld m>ry a woman ( 8 own totem4 ,obvi\sly we are n told h[ ! totem k9s arose out ( ! phratries1 #8by an ord]ly process ( evolution su* z might be expect$ f ! =ces at "w4' ,"o sees no reason at all = ! rise ( totem k9s )9 ! phratry1 itself1 by ,mr4 ,fison's !ory1 orig9ally totemic4 ,totem k9s are call$ #8subdivisions' by ,mr4 ,h[itt1 b :y 7 ! phratries subdivid$ into totem k9s1 & :y 7 !re totem gr\ps 9 #8! undivid$ commune' be=e ! bisection1 ! phratries 7! result ( ! bisection7 be+ !mselves1 9 ,mr4 ,h[itt's hypo!sis1 totem gr\ps8 ,i quote a /atem5t ( ! case by ,mr4 ,h[itt 7#ahhi73 #8,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( aborig9al society 9 ,au/ralia is ! division ( ! community into two exogam\s int]m>ry+ moieties4 ,out ( ?is division into two gr\ps1 & out ( ! relations ?us creat$ betwe5 ! contempor>y memb]s ( !m & _! desc5dants1 ! t]ms ( relation%ip mu/ h gr[n4 ,z ! two prim>y divisions 7classes7' 7#8phratries'7 #8h become aga9 divid$ 9 ! process ( social developm5t1 & z ! gr\ps ( num]\s totems h be5 add$1' c4#af ,"h ! totem k9s are n ord]ly evolv$ out ( ! phratries1 nor subdivid$ out ( !m1 b are #8add$4' ,:]e 7 !y pick$ up1 :5ce did !y arise1 :y 7 !y #8add$'8 ,may we n conclude t no cle> acc\nt1 or !ory1 ( ! orig9 & purpose ( totems & totem k9s has be5 laid be=e u8 ,mr4 ,h[itt else:]e writes1 #8,if ! supposition is correct t1 9 ! prim>y divisions1 we may recognise ! olde/ =ms1 & 9 ! subdivisions some:at new] =ms ( ,totemism' 7new] names ( totems871 #8x %\ld be f\nd t ^! e>li] divisions %[ signs ( antiquity z comp>$ to ! totems :i* are1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! ne>e/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! case4' ,?us1 9 fact1 "s ( ! ,au/ralian names = ! two divisions are no long] to be translat$1#ag p]haps ow+ to _! antiquity1 & sometimes ! names are lo/1 z1 else:]e1 9 ,banks ,isl&4 ,:5 translatable1 ! phratry names are totemic4 ,b ?is h>dly am\nts to pro( t ! #8prim>y divisions' are really old] ?an totemic divisions1 plus exogamy4 ,! exi/+ names ( ! #8prim>y divisions' may be old] ?an exi/+ totem names1 9 "s cases4 ,b t may be because ! two #8prim>y divisions' endure1 un*ang$1 :ile a local totem gr\p may become ext9ct4#ah ,its place1 p]haps1 may be fill$ up by a totem gr\p ( relatively rec5t "n1 or1 p]haps1 9 a great trek into a l& ( novel fauna & flora1 old totem names might be ex*ang$ = new ones4 #8,munki' 7%eep7 is said to h be5 rec5tly adopt$4#ai ,mr4 ,fison "h corroborates my sugge/ion4 #8,if a tribe migrate to a c\ntry 9 :i* _! totem is n f\nd1 !y w1 9 all probability1 take z _! totem "s o!r animal :i* is a native ( ! place4'#bj ,mr4 ,h[itt1 !n1 believes t #8! prim>y class divisions' 7 orig9ally totemic1 & also t ! #8class sy/em' z a rule has be5 develop$ ?r\gh ! subdivision ( ! e>li] & simpl] =ms by #8delib]ate arrangem5t4'#ba ,?is appe>s to mean t savages began by mak+ two divisions1 be>+ totem names1 & e/abli%$ !m z prim>y exogam\s divisions4 ,lat] !y cut !m up into slices1 ea* slice ) a new] totem "n4 ,or ! totem divisions are evolv$ )9 ! phratry1 someh[ or o!r1 z 9 "o ( ,mr4 ,fison's views4 ,or !y are #8add$'--= :at purpose8 ,?us e tribesman has n[ a #8class "n' 7phratry "n7--an old totem "n 7say ei!r ,eagle-,hawk or ,cr[71 & no ,cr[ may m>ry an ,eagle-,hawk4 ,b1 lat]1 !y split ,cr[s up into1 say1 bats1 rats1 cats1 & kang>oos1 :ile !y split ,eagle-,hawk up into1 say1 grubs1 emus1 mice1 & frogs4 ,n[ ea* p]son1 "u ?is arrangem5t1 has two totem names4 ,he is ,eagle-,hawk 7old7 & 7new7 grub1 emu1 m\se1 or frog3 or he is ,cr[ 7old7 & 7new7 bat1 cat1 rat1 or kang>oo4 ,if cat1 he may n only n m>ry a ,cr[1 b also he may n m>ry a cat4 ,:at c\ld be ! reason = ?is new subdivision ( ,eagle-,hawk & ,cr[1 & = ?is multiplication ( m>riage prohibitions1 :i*1 giv5 ! phratries1 prohibit no?+8#bb ,i %all try to %[1 & h already sugge/$1 t1 f a p]iod inf9itely remote1 ea* memb] ( ! ,eagle-,hawk & ,cr[ local gr\ps may also h be51 or r mu/ h be51 a grub1 emu1 m\se1 or frog1 bat1 rat1 cat1 or kang>oo1 by inh]itance & bir?4 ,s und]/ood1 ! #8prim>y divisions' 7,eagle-,hawk & ,cr[7 7 n delib]ately subdivid$ 7z ,i conceive !m to h be5 on ,mr4 ,ho wit ,vs sy/em7 into ! o!r num]\s new totem gr\ps1 nor 7 ! totem k9s add$ to ! phratries1 nor 7 !y ord]ly evolv$ out ( ! phratries1 b1 f ! dawn ( ,totemism ) exogamy1 !y conta9$ ^! totem gr\ps )9 !mselves2 a fact :i* e>ly man came to p]ceive4 ,mr4 ,h[itt adds1 #8,if ! two fir/ int]m>ry+ gr\ps' 7#8phratries'7 #8_h di/+ui%$ names1 !y 7 probably ^? ( animals1 & _! totems1 &1 if s1 ! orig9 ( ,totemism w\ld be s f> back 9 ! mi/ ( ages1 z to be beyond my vision4' ,9 ! *apt] on ! #8,orig9 ( ,totemism1' we try to p5etrate #8! mi/ ( ages1' & to see beyond ! range ( vision ( ,mr4 ,h[itt4 ,b ! #8,orig9 ( ,totemism' _c be beyond ,mr4 ,h[itt's range ( vision1 if he agrees ) ,mr4 ,fison t ! totem k9s 7 ord]ly evolv$ )9 ! phratry1 or 7 segm5t$ out ( ! phratry1 or split (f1 z colonies1 f ! phratry 7,dr4 ,durkheim's !ory71 or 7 add$ to ! phratry1 = "s reason4 ,x seems1 !n1 t he does n commit himself to any ( ^! f\r !ories4 ,he appe>s to confess to hav+ no !ory ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism1 :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 gave ! names to ! phratries1 ^! be+ ! result ( ! prim>y bisection4 ,probably 8 be/ plan w\ld be to say #8! horde 0 bisect$ into two moieties1 = exogam\s purposes1 & animal names1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 7 arbitr>ily impos$ on ! phratry divisions4' ,b1 !n1 :at ab\t ! _m totem k9s )9 ! phratry8 ,we receive no solid !ory ab\t !m4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly n arbitr>ily m>k$ out lat]1 )9 ! phratry1 = exogam\s purposes :i* !y d n fulfil4 ,if !y 7 pick$ up else:]e1 & add$ into ! phratry1 :]e did !y come f8 ,cr[ds ( totems 7 n go+ ab\t1 ,mr4 ,h[itt seems to ?9k1 be=e ! bisection1 because1 if s1 we saw hordes 7 n #8undivid$1' be=e ! bisection1 b 7 already divid$ into totem k9s4 ,or %all we say t ! undivid$ communes _h already organis$ di/9ct co-op]ative magical totem gr\ps1 to d magic = ! good ( ! food supply1 plants & animals1 b t ^! totem gr\ps 7 n exogam\s be=e ! bisection8 ,aft] ! bisection two ( ^! magical totem gr\ps1 say ,eagle-,hawk & ,cr[1 7 select$1 %all we guess1 to give names to ! two moieties or phratries8 ,! o!r totem gr\ps fell1 or 7 met$ out1 "s into ,cr[1 "s into ,eagle-,hawk4 ,?is is a ?9kable hypo!sis1 b x is fatal to ! !ory ( subdivision1 or ( segm5tation1 or ( evolution1 z causes ( totem k9s )9 ! phratries2 & x is n sugge/$ by ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt4 ,?us we mu/ con/ruct = ourselves1 lat]1 a !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,totemism4 ,we are actually con/ra9$ to make ?is ef=t1 because x w probably be admitt$ t1 hav+ no !ory1 or hesitat+ betwe5 ?ree or f\r !ories1 ( ! orig9 ( totems & ( totem k9s1 ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt produce an hypo!sis ( ! evolution ( ,au/ralian society :i* _c be con/ru$ by u into an intelligible =m4 ,mr4 ,h[itt else:]e writes1 #8,! exi/5ce ( ! two exogam\s int]m>ry+ gr\ps' 7#8phratries'7 #8seems to me almo/ to require ! previ\s exi/5ce ( an undivid$ commune1 f ! segm5tation ( :i* !y arose4'#bc ,b !y1 ! phratries1 7 totemic1 & :y8 ,once aga91 :y 0 ! undivid$ commune divid$8 ,we "k n ! motive =1 mu* less ! means ( effect+1 su* a great *ange #89 ! beg9n+4' ,9 #ahhe1 ,messrs4 ,h[itt & ,fison 7 aw>e (1 & express$ _! s5se ( ?is difficulty 7t ( divid+ p out into arbitr>y gr\ps7 9 ! case ( anci5t ,attica4 ,speak+ ( ! 1 or clan1 9 ,attica1 !y combat ! op9ion ( ,h>pocration1 t ! p 7 #8arbitr>ily draft$ into ! 4#bd ,our au?ors rem>k1 #8,anci5t society--! m anci5t--does n ?us regulate itself4 ,nascitur non fit4 ,"o c und]/& a ,klei/h5es r$i/ribut+ into demes a civilis$ community :i* has gr[n into a ,/ate1 b ! notion ( any su* arbitr>y di/ribution ( m5 into 2 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s _c be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t4'#be ,?is be+ s1 h[ c our au?ors ma9ta9 t1 #89 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1' giv5 an #8undivid$ commune1' all its memb]s 7 #8draft$' into "o or o!r ( two divisions1 & aga9 into totem gr\ps4 ,a subdivision ( ! #8phratries' into totem gr\ps1 by delib]ate arrangem5t1 is cle>ly z artificial & arbitr>y z ! s*eme sugge/$ by ,h>pocration1 #8:i* _c be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t4' ,we are speak+ ( #8! beg9n+ ( ?+s1' n ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 9 :i* we "k t modifications ( ! rules1 e4g4 ! division into eight #8classes1' are be+ delib]ately adopt$4#bf ,9 #8! beg9n+ ( ?+s1' z ,messrs4 ,h[itt & ,fison1 9 #ahhe1 ma9ta9$1 society nascitur non fit4 ,our ef=t is to %[ ! process ( ! bir? ( society be=e consci\s & delib]ate modifications 7 made to prev5t m>riages1 ( #8too ne> fle%4' ,our criticism ( ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt's !ories may p]haps indicate t !y are insuffici5t1 or b dubi\sly intelligible4 ,some?+ cle> & consi/5t is requir$4 ,footnote #a3 ,app>5tly1 among ! ,kamil>oi1 memb]s ( ! same phratry may int]m>ry1 avoid+ unions 9 _! own totems4 ,ma!ws 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 xxxi4 #afa1 #afb74 ,mr4 ,ma!ws calls a #8phratry' a #8gr\p4' ,footnote #b3 ,second s]ies1 pp4 #bhi-caj4 ,footnote #c3 ,i %all1 = my own "p1 use #8phratry' = ! two #8prim>y exogam\s divisions' ( a tribe1 & #8class' = ! divisions )9 ! #8phratry' :i* d n appe> to be ( totemic orig94 ,mr4 ,fison applies #8class' to bo? ! prim>y divisions & ^? conta9$ 9 ea* ( !m1 obs]v+ t #8! ,greek 8phratria0 w\ld be ! mo/ correct t]m4' ,he is aw>e1 ( c\rse1 t ?is employm5t ( phratria is arbitr>y1 b x is conv5i5t4 ,:ile he applies #8class' bo? to #8! prim>y divisions ( a community1 & _! fir/ subdivisions1' to ! latt] ,i re/rict #8classes1' us+ phratry = ! =m] 7,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bd74 ,footnote #d3 ,j\r4 & ,proc4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w41 xxviii1 xxxii1 xxxiv4 ,footnote #e3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 xxxiv4 #abj-abb4 ,footnote #f3 ,prov4 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w41 xxxiv4 #abg4 ,mr4 ,fison makes an exception = "s ,kamil>oi4 ,footnote #g3 ,?is view is discuss$ lat]4 ,footnote #h3 ,p4 #bg et seq4 ,footnote #i3 ,!re is a tradition ( an aborig9al ,adam1 :o _h two wives1 ,kilp>a & ,mukw>a1 ^! be+ ! names ( two phratries4 ,on ?is %[+ bro!rs m>ri$ pat]nal half-si/]s 7,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #cc74 ,footnote #aj3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #aa3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiv4 #adb4 ,footnote #ab3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xviii4 #bfd4 ,footnote #ac3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ae3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 xxxi4 #afb4 ,footnote #af3 ,on ! ,organisation ( ,au/ralian ,tribes1 p4 #abi2 ,transactions ( ,royal ,society ( ,victoria1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! natives reta9 sacr$ songs to ,d>amulun1 b _c 7or w n87 translate !m4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 xxxiv4 #bhj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #ai3 ,h[itt1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xviii4 #cg-ci4 ,footnote #bj3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bce1 note4 ,footnote #ba3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #ei1 #fb1 #fc1 #ff4 ,footnote #bb3 ,new m>riage prohibitions may h be51 &1 ,i believe1 7 add$1 b ! divisions ?us made 7 n1 ,i ?9k1 totemi/ic4 ,footnote #bc3 ,organisation ( ,au/ralian ,tribes1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #bd3 ,h>pocration s4v4 4 ,footnote #be3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiv4 #afj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #gb1 #dbj4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,totems ,,)9 ,,! ,,phratries ,,am]ican ,,support ,,( ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,hypo!sis ,! sy/em :i* ,i advocate "h1 z to ! smallness ( ! orig9al human gr\ps1 & _! lat] comb9ation into l>g] unions1 seems to h1 z reg>ds ,am]ica1 ! support ( ! late ,major ,p[ell1 ! ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 & ( ,mr4 ,mc,gee ( ! same dep>tm5t4 ,?is g5tleman writes1 #8,two po/ulates conc]n+ primitive society1 adopt$ by v>i\s e?nologic /ud5ts ( o!r c\ntries1 h be5 errone\sly appli$ to ! ,am]ican aborig9es 444 ,! fir/ po/ulate is t primitive m5 7 orig9ally assembl$ 9 *aotic hordes1 & t organis$ society 0 develop$ out ( ! *aotic mass by ! segregation ( gr\ps 444' ,?is appe>s to be ,mr4 ,hewitt's doctr9e4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,mc,gee says1 ,am]ican rese>* po9ts1 n to a primal horde1 #8bisect$' & #8subdivid$' into an organis$ community1 b to an e>ly condition #8directly anti!tic to ! po/ulat$ horde1 9 :i* ! scant population 0 segregat$ 9 small discrete bodies1 probably family gr\ps4444' ,! process ( advance 0 "o ( #8progressive comb9ation r ?an ( cont9u$ diff]5tiation4444 ,x w\ld appe> t ! orig9al def9itely organis$ gr\ps occasionally coalesc$ ) o!r gr\ps1 bo? simple & comp\nd1 :]eby !y 7 elaborat$ 9 /ructure4444' ,mr4 ,mc,gee adds1 #8always ) "s loss 9 def9it5ess & p]man5ce4' ,z f> z conc]ns ,au/ralia1 ,i d n feel sure t ! la/ rem>k applies1 b1 on ! :ole1 ,mr4 ,mc,gee's obs]vations1 c\*$ 9 ab/ract t]ms1 appe> to fit :at ,i h writt51 9 concrete t]ms1 ab\t ! probable evolution ( ,au/ralian tribal society4#a ,! !ory ?us sugge/$ makes little dem& on delib]ate legislation1 z we %all see lat]4 ,,delib]ate ,,arrangem5t ,?is ,i take to be important4 ,x seems well to avoid1 z f> z possible1 ! hypo!sis ( delib]ate legislation 9 times primeval1 involv+ s sweep+ a *ange z ! legal e/abli%m5t ( exogamy ?r\gh a decree bas$ on common cons5t by an exogam\s #8,bisection' consci\sly made4 ,exogamy mu/ h be5 gradually evolv$4 ,b1 if we beg9 ) ,mr4 ,h[itt's orig9al undivid$ commune1 & suppose a delib]ate bisection ( x into two exogam\s phratries1 ea* someh[ conta9+ diff]5t totems2 or if we suppose a tribe ( only two totems1 & imag9e t ! tribe delib]ately made ^! totems exogam\s1 :i* !y _h n be5 be=e1 & !n subdivid$ !m into _m o!r totem gr\ps1 we see1 inde$1 :y p]sons ( ! same totem may n int]m>ry4 ,!y n[1 aft] ! decree1 belong to ! same exogam\s #8phratry' )9 :i* m>riage is delib]ately =bidd54 ,b1 on ?is !ory1 ,i f9d no escape f ! conclusion t ! #8bisection' into #8phratries' 0 ! result ( a delib]ate decree1 int5d$ to produce exogamy--= ! bisection has n1 & app>5tly _c h1 any o!r effect4 ,n[ ,i c nei!r imag9e a motive = su* a decree1 nor any mode1 9 su* e>ly times1 ( procur+ = x common cons5t4 ,at ?is po9t we h lab\r$1 & to x we %all return1 obs]v+ t our hypo!sis makes mu* less appeal to su* e>ly & delib]ate legislation4 ,,totems ,,all ,,! ,,way ,9 any case1 by ,mr4 ,fison's & ,mr4 ,h[itt's !ory & our own1 we h totems almo/ all ! way3 totems 9 ! s-call$ #8prim>y divisions' 7phratries72 totems 9 ! s-call$ g5tes1 & all ^! divisions 7sett+ ! ,arunta ap>t7 are /rictly exogam\s4 ,! f\r or eight #8classes1' on ! o!r h&1 are app>5tly n ( totemic orig94 ,h[ev] mu* ! sy/ems may be complicat$ & int]-twi/$1 ! basis ( ! :ole1 except ( ! f\r or eight #8classes1' is1 ,i ?9k1 ! totem exogam\s prohibition4 ,!re are _m examples ( ! type2 ?us ! ,urabunna #8are divid$ into two exogam\s int]m>ry+ classes1 :i* are respectively call$ ,mat?urie & ,kir>awa1 & ! memb]s ( ^! aga9 are divid$ into a s]ies ( totemic gr\ps1 = :i* ! native "n is ,?un?unnie4 ,a ,mat?urie man mu/ m>ry a ,kir>awa wom5' 7z 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,kamil-speak+ tribes1 or ,kamil>oi1 report$ on by ,mr4 ,fison7--#8& n only ?is1 b a man ( "o totem mu/ m>ry a woman ( ano!r totem4' ,?is is precisely :at ,i %\ld expect4 ,x works out ?us3 ,old ,local ,totem ,gr\p ,mat?urie4 ,new #8,phratry' ,old ,local ,totem ,gr\p ,kir>awa4 ,new #8,phratry' ,ea* ( ^! #8phratries' has five totems1 n f\nd 9 ! o!r class1 & h[ ?is occurr$1 if n by actual delib]ate arrangem5t1 ,i d n "k4 ,"o ?+ is cle>3 totem & phratry are prior to #8class' divisions4 ,!y occur :]e #8class' divisions d n4 ,b my !ory does n involve ! delib]ate introduction ( exogamy1 by an exogam\s bisection ( gr\ps n hi!rto exogam\s1 or by mak+ two pre-exi/+ totem gr\ps exogam\s4 ,i take ! gr\ps to h be5 exogam\s already1 be=e ! bl5d+ 9 connubium ( two local totem gr\ps 7n[ #8phratries'71 ea* includ+ numb]s ( already exogam\s totem k9dr$s4 ,!y 7 exogam\s be=e ! #8phratries' exi/$1 & aft] _! fall+ into ! two phratries1 exogam\s !y rema9$4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,totems ,,9 ,,! #8,,phratries' ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 ere he _h ! in=mation n[ be=e u1 wrote1 9 #ahfe1 #8,mo/ probably contigu\s gr\ps w\ld be compos$ ( exactly ! same /ocks' 7we c n[1 = #8/ocks1' read #8totem k9s'7--#8w\ld conta9 g5tes ( precisely ! same names4'#b ,?is is obvi\s1 = ,emu1 ,kang>oo1 ,wild ,duck1 ,opossum1 ,snake1 & ,liz>d1 liv+ 9 ! same region1 w\ld raid ea* o!r 7by ! hypo!sis7 = wives1 & ea* =eign wife w\ld br+ h] own totem "n into ea* gr\p4 ,yet we f9d t ! two #8prim>y classes' 7phratries7 ( ! ,urabunna 7:i*1 on my !ory1 repres5t two primitive totem local gr\ps1 say ,emu & ,kang>oo1 ea* ) its repres5tatives ( all o!r totem gr\ps )9 raid+ di/ance7 nev] conta9 ! same totems4 ,x is ma!matically impossible t ?is exclusiv5ess %\ld be ! result ( accid5t4 ,on a fir/ consid]ation1 !re=e1 ,i took x to be ! result ( delib]ate legislative design1 at ! mom5t :5 on my hypo!sis two local totem gr\ps1 conta9+ memb]s ( sev]al totems ( desc5t1 unit$ 9 connubium4 ,! totem names1 ,i at fir/ conceiv$1 ) reluctance1 mu/ h be5 consci\sly & delib]ately met$ out betwe5 ! two local totem gr\ps1 n[ become phratries4 ,?is idea did n involve s /r+5t & useless a measure z t ( segm5t+ ! two phratries into m9or totem gr\ps3 h[ev] ! idea 0 /ill too mu* ak9 to t ( ,h>pocration z reg>ds ! arbitr>y draft+ ( ! ,attic population into 4 ,b1 on fur!r reflection1 ,i conceiv$ t my fir/ !ory 0 sup]flu\s4 ,giv5 ! exi/5ce ( local gr\ps1 z su* totemic1 & ( totem k9s ( desc5t )9 ! orig9al local totem gr\ps1 ! actual results1 ,i ?\ght1 arise automatically1 z soon z two local totem gr\ps agree to int]m>ry4 ,m5 & wom5 mu/ _m out ( _! local totem gr\p 7n[ #8phratry'7 & mu/ m>ry out ( _! totem ( desc5t4 ,consequ5tly1 no "o totem c\ld possibly exi/ 9 bo? phratries4 ,?is ,i n[1 on ?ird ?\ghts1 #8:i* are a wis] fir/1' deem errone\s4 ,! automatic array+ ( "o set ( totems into "o1 or ano!r set into ! o!r1 phratry1 w\ld n occur4 ,! totems h be5 divid$ betwe5 ! two phratries4#c ,?is condition ( affairs is univ]sal 9 ,au/ralia1 except :]e1 z among ! ,arunta & simil> tribes1 ! same totem comes to exi/ 9 bo? phratries1 s t m5 & wom5 ( ! same totem1 b ( opposite phratries1 may int]m>ry4 ,t brea* ( old rule1 we %all try to %[1 arises f ! peculi> animi/ic philosophy ( ! ,arunta1 by virtue ( :i* totems are no long] totems ( desc5t1 b are o!rwise obta9$4 ,! ,kamil>oi practice ( int]phratry m>riage arises out ( respect = totem & neglect ( phratry law4 ,my conjecture takes = grant$1 let me repeat1 t1 be=e ! #8bisection1' or ! amalgamation1 :i* produc$ ! two exogam\s #8classes1' ! totem k9dr$s 7 already exogam\s4 ,my reasons = ?is op9ion h already be5 giv51 9 ! discussion ( ,mr4 ,crawley's !ory ( ! orig9 ( exogamy 7supra71 to :i* ! read] may ref]4 ,my sugge/ion makes ! gr[? ( exogamy non-moral1 gradual1 & almo/ unconsci\s1 till x is cl9*$ & /]eotyp$ by ! totem tabu4#d ,! opposite !ory--namely1 ! delib]ate bisection into exogam\s #8classes1' ( totem gr\ps1 or ( an #8undivid$ commune' n previ\sly exogam\s1 appeals too mu*1 ,i repeat1 to consci\s &--z f> z we c see--motiveless legislation1 at an e>ly /age4 ,! bisection mu/ h _h a purpose1 & has no visible purpose except ! e/abli%m5t o f exogamy1 & :y did ! #8undivid$ commune' e/abli% t8 ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,mr4 ,,fraz] ,,8 ,,e>li] ,,!ory ,x _c be conceal$ t my conjecture is oppos$ to ! mass ( le>n$ op9ion1 :i* repres5ts ! prim>y #8phratries' z ! fir/ exogam\s bodies1 & ! totems 9 ea* z lat] subdivisions ( ! phratries4 ,! writ]s :o1 l ,mr4 ,fison1 recognise t ! prim>y subdivisions are !mselves1 9 orig91 totem divisions1 d n 7z ,i und]/&7 reg>d ^! v anci5t totem gr\ps z already exogam\s1 be=e ! in/itution ( #8phratries4' ,aga91 turn+ f ,au/ralia to ,nor? ,am]ica1 we f9d ,mr4 ,fraz]1 at lea/ 9 "o passage1 on ! side ( ! view g5]ally held4 ,( ! #8phratry1' 9 ,am]ica1 he says1 #8! evid5ce goes to %[ t 9 _m cases x 0 orig9ally a totem clan :i* has und]gone subdivision4'#e ,_m examples are !n giv5 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican #8phratries1' :i* include totem gr\ps )9 !m4 #8,! ,*octaws 7 divid$ into two phratries1 ea* ( :i* includ$ f\r clans' 7totem k9s72 #8m>riage 0 prohibit$ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same phratry1 b memb]s ( ei!r phratry c\ld m>ry into any clan ( ! o!r4' ,among ! ,s5ecas1 "o phratry includ$ ! ,be>1 ,wolf1 ,beav]1 & ,turtle totems3 ! o!r held ! ,de]1 ,snipe1 ,h]on1 & ,hawk totems2 j z 9 ,au/ralia4 ,among ! ,?l9kets & ,mohegans1 #8ea* phratry be>s a "n :i* is also ! "n ( "o ( ! clans' 7totems7 #8includ$ 9 x2' ,mr4 ,fraz] adds1 #8x seems probable t ! names ( ! ,rav5 & ,wolf 7 ! two orig9al clans ( ! ,?l9kets1 :i* aft]w>ds by subdivision became phratries4'#f ,?is is precisely z if we 7 to argue t ,mat?urie & ,kir>awa 7 ! #8two orig9al clans' ( ! ,urabunna1 #8:i* aft]w>ds by subdivision' 7into totem gr\ps7 #8became phratries1' or #8prim>y exogam\s divisions4' ,! objections to ?is !ory1 z advocat$ by ,au/ralian inquir]s1 apply to ! ,am]ican cases z int]pret$ "h by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ are we to conceive ( a l>ge tribe1 l ! ,?l9kets1 z orig9ally conta9+ only two totems1 ,rav5 & ,wolf8#g ,if we d take ?is view1 we seem almo/ driv5 to suppose t1 9 exce$+ly e>ly times1 ! ,?l9kets delib]ately bisect$ !mselves1 = "s reason1 call$ "o moiety ,rav5s1 ! o!r moiety ,wolves1 & !n made ! divisions exogam\s4 ,or1 p]haps1 hav+ two totems & only two1 ,rav5 & ,wolf1 !y delib]ately decid$ t memb]s ( nei!r gr\p %\ld m>ry )9 itself2 b %\ld always take wives f ! o!r gr\p4 ,lat]1 ! two tribes1 ,rav5 & ,wolf1 aga9 delib]ately subdivid$ !mselves1 or p]haps1 z 9 ,dr4 ,durkheim's view1 ,wolf ?rew (f colonies :i* became five totem k9s1 & ,rav5 ?rew (f colonies :i* became five o!r totem k9s4 ,is x n m readily cr$ible t1 ov] a l>ge ext5t ( ,?l9ket c\ntry1 _m small local gr\ps came1 by an unconsci\s process 7see #8,! ,orig9 ( ,totemism'71 to be> ea* a sep>ate totem "n8 ,! two mo/ important local gr\ps1 ,rav5 & ,wolf1 w\ld inevitably ea* conta91 by ! work+ ( exogamy & female k91 memb]s ( all ! o!r totems :i* w\ld array !mselves1 five 9 ea* *ief gr\p1 ,rav5 & ,wolf1 z ,i h conjectur$ 9 speak+ ( ! ,au/ralian cases4#h ,aga91 ,i _c believe t a tribe l ! ,?l9kets orig9ally _h b two totems1 n yet exogam\s1 !n made !m exogam\s1 & !n cut !m up1 or let !m split (f1 into _m exogam\s totem gr\ps4 ,no motive is obvi\s3 ! p1 by ! !ory1 be+ exogam\s already4 ,,objections ,,to ,,mr4 ,,fraz]',s ,,e>ly ,,!ory ,we %all lat] see t ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 appe> to advance1 b also to qualify out ( exi/5ce1 a !ory ( a motive = an exogam\s bisection ( e>li] non-exogam\s local totem gr\ps4 ,!y practically expla9 away _! own explanation (--! great bisection1 b x re/s1 :ile x exi/s1 on c]ta9 rec5tly discov]$ facts1 :i*1 9 turn1 are fatal1 p]haps1 to any !ory t a tribe _h orig9ally b two totems1 :i* became #8phratries1' on be+ subdivid$ into o!r totems4 ,! new facts accept$ & !oris$ on by ,mr4 ,fraz] & ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 w\ld make x seem p]haps impossible t a tribe l ! ,?l9kets %\ld orig9ally h possess$ b two #8clans' or totems4 ,! facts1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 #ahii1 are ^!1 or r1 ?is is 8 hypo!sis f\nd$ on 8 facts4 #8,9 our ,au/ralian tribes ! prim>y#i function ( a totem gr\p is t ( ensur+1 by magic means1 a supply ( ! object :i* gives its "n to ! totem gr\p4'#aj ,mr4 ,fraz] says1 #89 its orig9 ,totemism 01 on our !ory1 simply an organis$ & co-op]ative sy/em ( magic4444 ,ea* totem gr\p 0 *>g$ ) ! sup]9t5d5ce & control ( ! p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( nature f :i* x took its "n4444'#aa ,b ?is is h>dly ! orig9 ( ,totemism1 s long z we are n told h[1 or :y1 ea* totem gr\p took its "n f a dep>tm5t ( nature4 ,_h x ! "n1 be=e x work$ magic = its eponym\s object1 or did x take ! "n because x work$ ! magic8 ,aga91 !re are doz5s ( su* dep>tm5ts1#ab :i* implies ! exi/5ce ( doz5s ( organis$ & co-op]ative totem gr\ps3 n ( an orig9al poor pair ( su* gr\ps alone4 ,c we believe t1 on ,mr4 ,fraz]'s e>li] !ory1 ! ,?l9kets =m$ b two su* gr\ps1 "o #8*>g$ )' ! duty to mollify ! ,wolf1 ! o!r to take c>e ( ! int]e/s ( ! ,rav58 ,manife/ly ?is is unlikely4 ,i else:]e oppose ?is !ory ( ! magical ,orig9 ( ,totemism1 made at fir/ to fit ! case ( ! ,arunta & cognate tribes4 ,if organis$ co-op]ation 9 magic is ! s\rce ( ,totemism1 we may be pretty confid5t t no tribe began by appo9t+ "o half ( all its memb]s to d magic to propagate rav5s1 & ! o!r half to mollify wolves4 ,?is w\ld indicate1 9 ! magical & co-op]ative tribe1 a mo/ oddly limit$ & feebly capitalis$ flotation ( ! company--m]ely #8,wolf & ,rav54' ,no tribe w\ld select rav5s z ! article ( food :i* mo/ requir$ c>eful propagation & pres]vation1 ev5 if ! ,wolf mo/ dem&$ to be propitiat$ & mollifi$4 ,! new ,au/ralian facts 7:atev] _! int]pretation7 are fatal to ! old] idea t a tribe c\ld h _h only two orig9al totems3 an idea :i* we may p]haps reg>d z n[ ab&on$1 at lea/ by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,?us ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself rem>ks t1 9 ,arunta tradition1 !re 7 numb]s ( totem gr\ps be=e ! great di*otom\s division 0 made4 ,t is my own op9ion3 ?\gh ,i d n hold x = ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reasons1 or believe 9 any #8bisection4' ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,bisection ,x w be not$ t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s orig9al totem gr\ps exi/$ = magical purposes only1 & 7 n exogam\s4 #8,! traditions ( ! ,arunta tribe po9t to a v def9ite introduction ( an exogamic sy/em long aft] ! totemic gr\ps 7 fully develop$1 &1 fur!r1 !y po9t v cle>ly to ! fact t ! introduction 0 due to ! delib]ate action ( c]ta9 ance/ors4 ,our k ( ! natives leads u to ! op9ion t x is q possible t ?is really took place1 t ! exogamic gr\ps 7 delib]ately introduc$ s z to regulate m>ital relations4' ,! ,arunta #8exogamic gr\ps' are #8classes1' & #8phratries1' ! totem does n n[ regulate m>riage among ! ,arunta4 ,i %all lat] try to %[1 t1 orig9ally1 totems did regulate m>riage1 among ! ,arunta4 ,b "h we f9d ,mr4 ,sp5c] av]r+ t possibly #8! exogamic gr\ps 7 delib]ately introduc$ s z to regulate m>ital relations' among ! ,arunta4 ,?is op9ion surprises u1 if we hold t exogamy 01 9 its orig9al =ms1 ! result1 n ( a delib]ate enactm5t1 b ( gradual & unconsci\s processes1 to :i*1 lat]1 consci\s modifications h be5 add$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 despite ! passage cit$1 is obvi\sly ( ! same op9ion1 = he proce$s to rem>k1 #8,by ?is we d n mean t ! regulations _h any?+ :atev] to d ) ! idea ( ince/1 or ( any h>m accru+ f ! union ( individuals :o 7 reg>d$ z too ne>ly relat$4444 ,x c only be said t f> back 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d1 !re 0 felt ! ne$ ( "s =m ( organisation1 & t ?is gradually result$ 9 ! developm5t ( exogam\s gr\ps4' ,?is /atem5t mu/ rem9d u ( :at ! anci5t ballad s+s ab\t ,"l ,bateman3 ,he %ipp$ himself all abo>d ( a %ip1 ,"s =eign c\ntry = to see4 ,! s*olia/ 7,?ack]ay1 ,i ?9k7 expla9s1 #8"s =eign c\ntry he wi%$ to see1 & t 0 ! ext5t ( 8 desire3 any =eign c\ntry w\ld s]ve 8 purpose1 all =eign c\ntries 7 alike to him4' ,9 ! same way1 long ago1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,au/ralians #8felt ! ne$ ( "s =m ( organisation1' & t 0 ! ext5t ( _! desire2 any organisation w\ld s]ve _! purpose4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] also says t1 q possibly1 #8! exogamic gr\ps 7 delib]ately introduc$ s z to regulate m>ital relations4' ,b exogamic gr\ps c regulate m>ital arrangem5ts 9 "o way only--t is1 by introduc+ exogamy4 ,yet ,mr4 ,sp5c] rem>ks t #8! developm5t ( exogamic gr\ps' gradually result$ f "s organisation ( unkn[n nature4 ,i am unable to reconcile ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s /atem5ts ) ea* o!r4 ,! #8bisection' ( 8 !ory c\ld n1 ,i fe>1 be #8gradual4' ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 #ahii1 beg9s ) num]\s totem gr\ps1 prim>ily & orig9ally arrang$ = m]e purposes ( co-op]ative magic1 9 ! social int]e/s ( a l>ge fri5dly tribe1 itself no primitive in/itution1 "o ?9ks4 ,!n he supposes t ! exogam\s bisection occurr$ 7& :y did x occur871 & !n #8if ! exi/+ totem gr\ps 7 arrang$1 z !y naturally w\ld be1 "s 9 "o ( ! two new classes1 & ! re/ 9 ! o!r1 ! exogamy ( ! totem gr\ps w\ld foll[1 ipso facto4'#ac ,mr4 ,fraz] does n "h pret5d to guess :y ! bisection occurr$4 ,! re/ is q obvi\s3 b x is unavoidably inconsi/5t ) ,mr4 ,fraz]'s e>li] !ory1 t a tribe beg9s 7or t ! ,?l9kets began7 ) two orig9al totem gr\ps1 made !m exogam\s1 & !n #8subdivid$' !m up 7or did !y m]ely sw>m (f87 into _m totem gr\ps4 ,x is aga9/ t almo/ univ]sal !ory1 9 #ahii ab&on$ 7z ,i conceive7 by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 t ,i h s long be5 argu+4 ,!re 0 n fir/ an exogam\s bisection ( a tribe1 or ! addition ( ! exogam\s rule to two #8orig9al clans1' or totem gr\ps1 & !n ! subdivision ( ea* ( ! two sections into a numb] ( totems4 ,?is _c h occurr$4 ,totems1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 did n come 9 t way1 b pre-exi/+ totem k9s1 grant+ ! bisection1 might fall into "o or o!r phratry1 if !y _h always be5 exogam\s4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,"h ,,propos$ ,on my sy/em1 z has be5 already /at$1 ! orig9 ( exogamy may h be5 sexual jeal\sy1 9 small primitive gr\ps1 p]haps aid$ by #8sexual tabu1' ) ! /range sup]/itions on :i* x is bas$1 & ^! causes w\ld be /r5g!n$ enorm\sly by ! totem sup]/ition1 lat]4 ,! totem "n w\ld n[ be ! exogam\s limit4 ,! #8phratries' might result1 q naturally1 & ev5 gradually1 n[ 9 "o region1 n[ 9 ano!r1 f ! int]lock+ & alliance1 ) connubium1 ( two l>ge fri5dly local totem gr\ps1 an arrangem5t ( :i* ! advantages are s obvi\s t x might spread by way ( imitation & accretion4 ,?is view ( ! possible orig9 ( :at is usually call$ ! #8bisection' ( #8! undivid$ commune' _h already be5 sugge/$ by ! late ,mr4 ,daniel ,mc,lennan4#ad ,writ+ be=e our in=mation 0 s full z x n[ is1 he says1 z to ! two #8phratries' ,kumite & ,kroki 7answ]+ to ,mat?urie & ,kir>awa71 #87 x wor? :ile to make surmises1 x w\ld n be unreasonable to surmise t at ,m\nt ,gambi] two sep>ate local tribes#ae conta9+ diff]5t totem k9dr$s _h1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( exogamy & female k9%ip1 become weld$ into "o community4' ,mr4 ,daniel ,mc,lennan1 unluckily1 inh]it$ 8 bro!r's feud aga9/ ,mr4 ,fison1 & he oppos$ all t g5tleman's do+s4 ,lat] rese>* has corroborat$ _m ( ,mr4 ,fison's facts1 & ext5d$ ! range ( _! influ5ce4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]--namely1 t ! #8phratries' are n ! result ( a bisection1 b ( an amalgamation--,mr4 ,daniel ,mc,lennan appe>s to h _h a good case4 ,he illu/rates 8 !ory1 & m9e1 by rem>ks on a tradition ( ! tribes ( ,nor!rn ,victoria4#af ,! exogam\s #8phratries' ( ^! tribes are ,eagle-,hawk & ,cr[4 ,! tradition repres5ts ^! birds z ho/ile creative p[]s4 ,!y made peace on ! t]ms #8t ! ,murray blacks %\ld be divid$ into two classes' 7#8phratries'71 #8! ,makqu>ra1 or ,eagle-,hawk1 & ! ,kilp>ra1 or ,cr[4444 ,out ( ! enmities' 7( ! orig9al ,cr[ & ,eagle-,hawk7 #8arose ! two classes1 & !nce a law gov]n+ m>riage among ^! classes4' ,?is tradition1 x w be obs]v$1 esp\ses ! !ory ( a bisection1 delib]ately made ( #8! ,murray blacks1' into two int]m>ry+ & exogam\s classes4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan writes1 #8,b :at ! tradition sugge/s is1 n t ! ,cr[ & ,eagle agre$ to divide "o tribe into two1 ) a view to ! bett] regulation ( m>riage1 b t ,cr[ & ,eagle or ,eagle-,hawk 7 tribes 7& !y might h be5 con/itut$ 9 ! ord9>y ,au/ralian way7 :i* long wag$ w> aga9/ ea* o!r1 & t at l5g? !re came peace1 & !n _! complete int]fusion by means ( fri5dly m>riages4' ,! tradition ass]ts ! rev]se2 x adopts1 or r x =e/alls1 ! sci5tific !ory ( a #8bisection' ( ! ,murray blacks1 n ! amalgamation ( two tribes 7or l>ge local totem gr\ps74 ,b ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,mc,lennan 9 pref]+1 = ! reasons giv51 ! !ory ( an amalgamation4 ,x is r curi\s & int]e/+ to obs]ve t almo/ e sci5tific hypo!sis ab\t totems & #8classes1' :i* ,i am oblig$ to reject1 has1 9 fact1 be5 =e/all$ by ! !ories :i* ! natives !mselves express 9 _! explanatory my?s4 ,my?s1 ,i fe>1 are nev] 9 ! "r4 #8,! aborig9es !mselves1' says ,mr4 ,h[itt1 #8recognise ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! undivid$ commune 9 _! leg5ds1 b1' he judici\sly adds1 #8,i d n rely ^u ?is z hav+ ! =ce ( evid5ce4'#ag ,we %all pres5tly see t o!r di/+ui%$ an?ropologi/s d1 to "s ext5t1 rely on ,arunta my?s1 z #8be>+ ! /amp ( au!nticity4' ,! tru? is t ! native ?9k]s h hit on ! same hypo!sis z _! ,european critics1 ! hypo!sis ( some?+ l delib]ate primeval legislation to a giv5 end1 ! regulation ( m>riage4 ,f> f accept+ any su* native my?s1 ,i am r incl9$ to hold t1 :atev] !ory be correct1 ! !ory ( ! savage my?-mak]s mu/ be wrong4 ,x ought to be said t ,mr4 ,fison1 at lea/1 kn[s :at 8 own !ory involves1 & once ev5 frankly accept$ ! possibility t ! ,di]i my? 7! f\ndation ( exogamy by div9e decree7 may be hi/orically true4 #8,all ,i cont5d = is1' he says1 #8t if ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! undivid$ commune be tak5 = grant$' 7& ,mr4 ,fison1 unlike ,mr4 ,h[itt1 reg>ds ! undivid$ commune z a m]e unprov$ hypo!sis71 #8its division into exogam\s clans mu/ h _h precisely ! effect' 7a consci\sly re=matory effect7 #8:i* ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory requires4 ,if su* a community ev] exi/$1 ,i d n hesitate to say t ,mr4 ,morgan's 8re=matory movem5t0 appe>s to me ! mo/ likely me?od by :i* x w\ld beg9 its advance to a bett] sy/em ( m>riage' ?an #8communal m>riage4' ,b :at gave ! impulse to ! hypo!tical moral re=mation8 ,contact ) a m advanc$ tribe is reckon$ improbable by ,mr4 ,fison 7= h[ came ! o!r tribe to be m advanc$871 & s ! moral impulse #8mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f a high] p[]1' f ! ,good ,_s1 or f ance/ral spirits1 z 9 ! my?s ( ! ,di]i1 ! ,woeworung1 also ( ! ,m5om9i ,r$m5 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a bran* ( ! ,algonqu9s2 & ! ,euahlayi tribe4 ,accord+ to ! ,m5om9i1 !re is1 or 01 a ,be+ :o #8made ! e>?4'#ah ,8 "n be+ int]pret$ means #8,! ,great ,unkn[n1' b only extreme believ]s 9 ! !ory ( religi\s borr[+ w say t he 0 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,b>t4 ,he 7,! ,great ,unkn[n7 creat$ #8manidos or spirits1' 9 ! %ape ( animals1 or birds4 ,! *ief birds 7z (t5 9 ,au/ralia7 7 ,eagles & ,hawks4 ,! ,be> #8came out ( ! gr\nd1' & 0 turn$ into an ,indian1 by ! ,great ,unkn[n1 alias #8,! ,good ,my/]y4' ,he & ! ,beav] head$ totem k9s n[ 9 #8,! ,big ,?und] phratry4' ,o!r animals came 92 !re are n[ ,be>1 ,eagle1 ,crane1 & ,moose #8phratries1' ea* conta9+ a numb] ( totems4 ,all ! p ( a totem "n 9 ! ,m5om9i tribe are ak9 to p]sons ( ! same totem 9 o!r tribes1 say ( ! ,si\x4#ai ,^! my?s fav\rably illu/rate ! piety ( ! ,di]i1 ,woeworung1 ,euahlayi m51 & ,m5om9i4 ,l ,mr4 ,fison 7at "o "t1 & #8"u all res]ves'7 ^! tribes lean$ to ! hypo!sis ( div9e or sup]normal int]v5tion 9 matt]s totemic4 ,! ,di]i may be "r1 b a less difficult hypo!sis is t !re 0 nev] #8an undivid$ commune1' 9 ! s5se ( ,mr4 ,morgan & ,mr4 ,fison1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x nev] 0 #8divid$ into exogam\s clans4' ,if s1 no miracle is ne$$3 ,nec ,deus int]sit nisi dignus v9dice nodus4 ,my own s*eme ne$s no div9e aid1 nor delib]ate legislation1 #89 ! beg9n+4' ,b t su* legislation has int]v5$ lat]1 ,i ?9k probable1 or c]ta94 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 write3 #8,rigidly cons]vative z ! native is1 x is yet possible = *anges to be introduc$4444 ,!re are c]ta9 m5 :o are respect$ = _! ability1 &1 aft] wat*+ l>ge numb]s ( ! tribe1 at a "t :5 !y 7 assembl$ toge!r = mon?s to p]=m c]ta9 ( _! mo/ sacr$ c]emonies1 we h come to ! conclusion t1 at a "t su* z ?is1 :5 ! old] & m p[]ful m5 f v>i\s gr\ps are met toge!r1 & :5 day by day1 & night by night ar\nd _! camp fires1 !y discuss matt]s ( tribal int]e/1 x is q possible = *anges ( cu/om to be introduc$4'#bj ,! ,arunta traditions allege t su* *anges introduc$ by m5 ( weight1 & accept$ aft] discussion1 h be5 n unusual4#ba ,?is is highly probable1 n[1 b n 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! ,arunta hi/orical traditions are ( little value z to hi/orical facts1#bb b ! consci\sness ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes accepts ! possibility t new cu/oms may n[ be propos$1 debat$1 & adopt$4 ,if no su* ?+ ev] occurr$1 ! belief 9 its possibility c\ld sc>cely h aris5 among ! ,arunta4 ,b ! possibility has its limits1 & "o ( ^! is ! delib]ate primeval introduction ( exogamy1 = no conceivable reason1 & its imposition on a society already totemic b n yet exogam\s4 ,p]haps few critics w frankly say t exogamy 0 ?us impos$2 !y w try to qualify or evade s improbable & antiquat$ a !ory4 ,yet !y _c b slip back into x1 :ile !y believe 9 #8segm5tations' ( #8an undivid$ commune1' & ( lat] totemic #8subdivisions' ( ! #8segm5tations4' ,9 any case ^! ,arunta & cognate tribes ( simil> usages1 s rec5tly discov]$1 s anomal\s1 s odd1 are #8! only begett]s' ( ! late/ hypo!ses ( ,mr4 ,fraz] & ,mr4 ,sp5c]--namely1 t totems1 orig9ally1 7 co-op]ative indu/rial gr\ps ) no influ5ce on m>riage rules4 ,d ! ,arunta1 !n1 pres5t a surviv+ model ( primitive ,totemism1 9 o!r regions modifi$ & contam9at$2 or is _! ,totemism n1 l _! metaphysics & psy*ology1 a #8freak1' an unique div]g5ce f ! normal developm5t1 z ,i h f ! fir/ ma9ta9$8#bc ,all ^! difficulties & confusions1 z to #8phratries' & totems1 inevitably arise f ! doctr9e t ! orig9al totem gr\ps 7 n at fir/ exogam\s1 & only became exogam\s :5 sep>ate sets ( !m 7 s*$ul$ "u ! two m rec5t exogam\s prim>y divisions1 or 7 segm5t$ out ( !m4 ,9 t case x is n easy to see h[ we c escape f ! impossible !ory t exogamy1 & ! prim>y divisions1 7 ! result1 ( direct legislative enactm5t4 ,ev5 if we c\ld believe ?is1 we see no conceivable motive1 except ,mr4 ,fison's div9e int]v5tion1 an idea :i*1 x appe>s1 he put =w>d q provisionally 9 an argum5t ) ,"l ,avebury4#bd ,,! ,,arunta ,! case ( ^! ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes1 9 reg>d to ,totemism & m>riage prohibitions1 is s peculi> t x dem&s p>ticul> notice4 ,mr4 ,fraz] "s ye>s ago prop\nd$ ! hypo!sis t ! ,arunta tribe1 especially1 are ! mo/ #8primitive' ( liv+ peoples1 are /ill 9 #8! *rysalis /age' ( humanity1 :5ce x w\ld foll[ t _! s+ul> k9d ( ,totemism1 & ( m>riage rules1 is ne>e/ to ! beg9n+1 & be/ repres5ts ! orig9al type4#be ,! ,arunta1 dwell+ 9 ! arid regions ( ! c5tre1 h c]ta9ly be5 little contam9at$ by ,european influ5ces4 ,!y are nak$1 h\seless1 non-agricultural nomads1 l all ! ,au/ralian tribes1 & x is ass]t$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 & o!rs t !y h n yet discov]$ ! r obvi\s facts z to ! reproduction ( ! species4 ,all ?is has c]ta9ly a primitive air4 ,b ,i h v5tur$ to reply t ! ,arunta1 z reg>ds ! family1 are confess$ly m advanc$ t[>ds individual m>riage ?an _! neighb\rs1 ! ,urabunna1 ) :om !y freely int]m>ry4#bf ,unlike :at is told ( ! ,urabunna1 ! ,arunta recognise #8individual m>riage4' ,!y delib]ately & +5i\sly modify _! sy/em on ! occasion ( int]m>riage ) ! ,urabunna4 ,^! reckon desc5t 9 ! female1 ! ,arunta 9 ! male l9e4#bg ,! (fice ( ,alatunja1 or head man ( a local gr\p1 among ! ,arunta1 is h]$it>y 9 ! male l9e1 desc5d+ to a bro!r ( ! late ,alatunja1 if he leaves no adult son4#bh ,moreov]1 ! ,arunta1 & cognate tribes1 occupy an area ( #gej miles1 & _! meet+s & discussions la/ = mon?s4 ,a p truly primitive _c be conceiv$ z capable ( su* imm5se local associations1 & ( su* prolong$ & pacific assemblies4 ,aga91 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 rightly or wrongly1 believe t #8communal m>riage' is ! e>li] in/itution1 & t x p]si/s1 #8slightly modifi$' among ! ,urabunna1 b n among ! ,arunta4 ,?us1 beyond all d\bt1 ! ,arunta are m develop$1 m advanc$1 ?an ! ,urabunna1 & x is h>dly safe to say t1 :]e _! organisation diff]s f t ( ! ,urabunna1 & o!r tribes 9 g5]al1 x diff]s because x is m #8primitive4' ,x mu/ be less primitive1 a special div]g5ce f ! type4 ,,arunta ,,metaphysics ,aga91 z pro( t !y are 9 no *rysalis /age1 ! ,arunta possess a reason$ !ory ( ?+s1 s +5i\s & complex1 s peculi>1 s extraord9>y1 s c>efully a!i/ic1 t "o c\ld sc>cely believe x possible = nak$ savages1 7 x n s well atte/$4 ,! !ory is t ( ! orig9al evolution ( types ( life into plants & animals1 :i*1 ) ! m9imum ( extra-natural aid1 became human4 ,! human be+s possess$ s\ls1 :i* on ! dea?1 or disappe>ance into e>?1 ( ! orig9al own]s1 7 h]$it>y1 be+ reborn into ,arunta *ildr54 ,^! s\ls ea* ( a giv5 totem 7! plant or animal or o!r ?+ :i* fir/ became human7 haunt c]ta9 local c5tres4 ,"o place is ! c5tre ( ,grub totem s\ls1 ano!r ( ,cat totem s\ls1 & s =?4 ,ea* new *ild is ( ! totem ( ! haunt$ locality :]e ! "m supposes t %e conceiv$ x2 a totem s\l ( t locality has become inc>nate 9 h]1 & f h] is born4 ,?us ! wife may be ( "o totem1 ! *ild ( ano!r2 ! husb& may be ( ! wife's totem1 ( ! *ild's1 or ( ano!r4 ,! totem is ?us no b> to m>riage1 & is n inh]it$1 all ?is be+ ! result ( ! peculi> philosophic sy/em ( ! ,arunta4 ,_! totemism is ?us a #8sport1' & n ! orig9al =m ( ! in/itution4 ,we _c rev]se ! case1 ! philosophy ( h]$it>y totemic s\ls _c be ! result ( ! pres5t mode ( inh]it+ ! totem f ! gr\p ( s\ls t haunts ea* locality1 x _c be a my? inv5t$ to expla9 t cu/om4 ,t cu/om requires ! peculi> ,arunta s\l-belief z its basis1 & _c exi/ )\t ! belief4 ,if ! *ild receiv$ its totem "n f ! place :]e x is born1 we might say1 #8,orig9ally ! *ild 0 call$ aft] ! place ( its bir?4' 7,arunta *ildr5 /ill receive t]ritorial p]sonal names f ! place ( _! bir?47 #8,lat]1 ,totemism came 9 ) totem local names1 ea* place hav+ a totem title4 ,! local totem "n ( ! place :]e a *ild 0 born 0 !n giv5 to ea* *ild4 ,/ill lat]1 arose a my? t totem s\ls haunt$ ea* place1 & t ! *ild receiv$ its totem "n because a local totem s\l 0 inc>nat$ 9 x1 at ! place :]e x 0 born4' ,we _c ma9ta9 ?is !ory--:i* makes ! pres5t ,arunta belief a my? to expla9 ! pres5t ,arunta cu/om--because t cu/om x does n expla94 ,! *ild receives its totem "n1 n f ! place :]e x is born1 b f ! place :]e ! totem s\l ent]$ into its "m4 ,nor c we assume t totem names 7 orig9ally giv51 n to human gr\ps1 b to di/ricts ( t]ritory4 ,?us ! pres5t ,arunta mode ( obta9+ ! totem1 9 ea* case1 is ! direct result ( ! ,arunta philosophic belief4 ,t belief is peculi>1 is else:]e unhe>d (1 is ! prop]ty ( a tribe di/9ctly m advanc$ 9 m>riage rules1 & local solid>ity1 ?an "s ( its neighb\rs1 & !re=e _c be prim>y4 ,x foll[s t ! ,arunta mode ( obta9+ ! totem1 n by inh]itance1 is n #8primitive1' is n ! orig9al model f :i* ! re/ ( savage mank9d has div]g$4 ,?is ,i /ate1 because1 z a rule1 a belief exi/s to expla9 an in/itution1 &1 z a rule1 an in/itution is n ! result ( a belief4 ,,arunta ,,totem ,,eat+ ,,& ,,traditions ,ea* ,arunta totem k9 may n[ eat1 9 mod]ation1 ( its own totem1 & ea* k9 does magic 7,inti*iuma7 = ! b5efit ( its totem1 z "p ( ! food supply ( ! tribe 9 g5]al4 ,! traditions repres5t m5 & wom5 ( ! same totem z1 ( old1 usually int]m>ry+ 7t is1 z endogam\s73 :ile !y are also said1 z a rule1 to h f$ almo/ exclusively on _! totems1 be+ ?us endophag\s4 ,all ^! usages1 real or traditional 7except do+ magic = ! b5efit ( ! totem71 are at ! opposite pole f ! cu/om>y exogam\s & exophag\s ,totemism ( savage tribes all ov] ! _w1 & ev5 9 ,au/ralia4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,arunta & tribes practis+ ! same usages are primitive 7x may be1 & has be5 argu$71 _! ,totemism is1 9 orig91 ! e>lie/ kn[n case ( ! division ( lab\r2 ea* gr\p select+ & work+ 7by magic7 = ! b5efit ( its totem1 z "p ( ! tribal food supply4 ,i else:]e argue t ea* gr\p mu/ probably h _h a recognis$ connection ) its totem1 be=e x set out to d magic = ! propagation ( ! creature4#bi ,b ,i h also ma9ta9$ t ! ,arunta are f> f be+ #8primitive1' b are r a #8sport1' & t _! usages repres5t a local v>iation f ! c5tral /ream ( ,totemism2 n ,totemism 9 its e>lie/ kn[n =m4 ,,dr4 ,,durkheim ,,on ,,! ,,arunta ,i _h writt5 on ?is topic 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review 7,june1 #ahii71 & 9 ano!r *apt] ( ?is book 7#8,! ,orig9 ( ,totemism'71 be=e ,i saw ! essay ( ,pr(essor ,durkheim1 ( ,bordeaux1 ,sur le ,totmisme4#cj ,x is enc\rag+ to f9d t ,dr4 ,durkheim1 indep5d5tly1 has work$ out ! same !ory--namely1 t ! ,arunta are n 9 ! primitive /age ( ,totemism1 b repres5t a v peculi> div]g5ce f ! type1 & t _! hi/orical leg5ds 7m or less accept$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] & ,mr4 ,sp5c]7 are ma9ly my?s1 told to acc\nt = c]ta9 facts 9 _! social arrangem5ts4 ,we are n to reason f _! s+le case1 says ,dr4 ,durkheim1 z aga9/ ! great mass ( our k ( ,totemism & totemi/ic exogamy & exophagy4 #8,9 place ( be+ a p]fectly pure example ( ! totemi/ic rgime1 is n ,arunta ,totemism a lat] & disfigur$ 7dnature7 developm5t8' ,= _m reasons1 says ,dr4 ,durkheim1 #8! ,arunta are among ! mo/ advanc$ ( ! ,au/ralian peoples1'#ca & he gives 8 gr\nds = ?is op9ion1 "s ( :i* ,i _h already adduc$ 9 #ahii4 ,ent]+ into detail1 ,dr4 ,durkheim readily %[s t1 ?\gh ! ,arunta n[ p]mit m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same totem 7:i* is n h]$it>y on ei!r side1 b casual71 !y are1 = all t1 exogam\s1 9 a fa%ion result+ f precise ,totemism 9 _! pa/4 ,!y may n m>ry )9 ! two prim>y divisions 7:i* ,dr4 ,durkheim /yles #8phratries'74 ,ea* phratry conta9s two 7sometimes f\r7 o!r #8classes' 7exogam\s71 & phratries arose 9 ! comb9ation ( #8two elem5t>y exogam\s totem gr\ps'--z ,i h already sugge/$4 ,n[ phratries1 we h agre$ ) ,mr4 ,h[itt & ,mr4 ,fison1 71 9 all probability1 !mselves orig9ally totemic4 ,mr4 ,fraz] also says1 #8,we %\ld inf] t ! objects f :i* ! ,au/ralian phratries take _! names 7 orig9ally totems4 ,b !re seems to be direct evid5ce t bo? ! phratries & subphratries actually reta91 9 "s tribes1 _! totems4'#cb ,if ! op9ion be correct1 ! phratries ( ! ,arunta1 :i* regulate _! m>riages1 7 orig9ally local totem gr\ps4 ,on my sy/em1 !n1 namely1 t totem k9s 7 orig9ally1 or v e>ly became1 exogam\s1 7 exogam\s be=e #8phratries' arose1 & be=e ! s-call$ #8bisection' 0 made1 !n ! ,arunta organisation 0 orig9ally t ( exogam\s ,totemism4 ,at fir/1 ?\gh n n[1 totems regulat$ ,arunta m>riages4 ,dr4 ,durkheim1 9 ! passage cit$1 says t ! two exogam\s phratries are compos$ ( #8two elem5t>y totem gr\ps1 galem5t exogames4'#cc ,dr4 ,durkheim1 :o "h is ( my op9ion1 writes1 #8,x is n true t1 among ! ,arunta1 ! totem has always be5' 7z x is n[7 #8)\t influ5ce on m>riages1 nor1 above all1 is x true t ,totemism1 g5]ally1 impli$ endogamy4' ,yet1 accord+ to ,arunta my?1 ! ance/ors ( ! #8dream-"t' 7,al*]+a7 7 endogam\s1 z a g5]al rule1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 7 endophag\s1 ate _! totem animals or plants4 ,! ance/ors ( _! traditions f$ on _! own totems1 #8z if by a functional necessity1' say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,b ?is simply _c be true1 = ea* totem is n 9 season1 7plums1 = in/ance71 or accessible1 all ! ye> ?r\gh1 &1 if x 71 x w\ld be ext]m9at$ by endophagy4 ,! traditions1 aga91 d n repres5t ! m5 ( ! totem gr\ps z really & religi\sly endogam\s4 ,!y ex]cis$ m>ital privileges1 n only ov] ! wom5 ( _! totem gr\p1 b ov] any o!r woman !y c\ld come across4 ,c]ta9 totem gr\ps are repres5t$ 9 ! leg5ds z w&]+ across ! l&1 ! m5 liv+ ) wom5 ( _! totem gr\p1 :ile #8!re is no?+ to %[ def9itely t m>ital relations 7 prohibit$ betwe5 individuals ( diff]5t totems4' ,! m5 accept$ ! c>esses ( su* wom5 ( o!r totems z !y enc\nt]$2 b _! habitual mates 7 ! wom5 ( _! own totem4#cd ,9 ! alleg$ /ate ( p]petual trek1 ! wives 7 naturally1 9 ! op9ion ( ! my? mak]s1 ( ! gr\p4 ,at pres5t an ,arunta m>ries 9 or out ( 8 totem2 z he pleases4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,totems ,,& #8,,phratries' ,,among ,,! ,,arunta ,! relations ( ! totem gr\ps to ! #8prim>y divisions1' or #8phratries1' among ! ,arunta & cognate tribes1 are1 z we h already /at$1 entirely peculi>4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 ,au/ralia g5]ally1 no phratry ev] conta9s ! same totems z its l9k$ phratry1 & we h se5 t ,mr4 ,fraz] calls ?is ! natural arrangem5t4#ce ,if s1 ! pres5t ,arunta arrangem5t is n natural2 x is a div]g5ce f ! natural type4 ,among ! ,arunta1 #8no totem is conf9$ to ei!r moiety' 7#8phratry'7 #8( ! tribe4' ,!re is only #89 ea* local c5tre a great pr$om9ance ( "o moiety4'#cf ,dr4 ,durkheim reg>ds ! pres5t /ate ( ,arunta affairs 7! totems n be+ peculi> to ei!r phratry7 z une drogation4 ,orig9ally1 he ?9ks1 z among ! ,urabunna1 ea* phratry conta9$ only totems :i* 7 n 9 ! o!r phratry2 & he detects survivals1 among ! ,arunta1 ( ! e>li] usage4 ,at pres5t ! ,arunta totems %[ #8a slight t5d5cy to skip' 7*evau*]7 #8f "o into ! o!r phratry1 d\btless because ! ,arunta totem sy/em is no long] complete'--& no wond]1 z ,arunta totems are n[ n h]$it>y1 b d]iv$ f ! totem s\ls haunt+ ea* locality4 ,aga91 9 ,arunta leg5d1 ! ance/ors #87 divid$ into companies1 ! memb]s ( :i* bore ! same totem "n1 & belong$ z a rule to ! same moiety' 7#8phratry'7 #8( ! tribe1' z n[ among ! ,urabunna1 #8:o are 9 a less develop$ /ate ?an ! ,arunta4' ,s say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 & ?us ,arunta leg5d po9ts to a pa/ 9 :i* ,arunta usage 01 9 ?is matt]1 z a rule ! same z t ( ! less develop$ ,urabunna3 :i* ,i believe x really 04 ,b we c h>dly accept ! leg5ds :5 !y fit1 & reject !m :5 !y d n fit1 our !ory6 ,i lay no /ress on ! leg5ds4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,arunta #8phratries' orig9ally1 z ,dr4 ,durkheim & ,i believe1 nev] conta9$ ! same totems1 !n ea* ,arunta totem gr\p 01 at t "t1 necess>ily exogam\s4 ,no man or woman c\ld !n m>ry )9 ! totem1 z1 at pres5t1 ! ,arunta c & d4 ,!y 7 b>r$ by ! phratry limit3 p]sons ( _! totem 7 nev] 9 ! phratry into :i* alone !y c\ld m>ry4 ,s no "o !n c\ld m>ry a memb] ( 8 or h] own totem k94 #8,x is1 !re=e1 untrue t m>riage has always be5 p]mitt$ betwe5 memb]s ( a totem1' says ,dr4 ,durkheim1 ?\gh ,arunta leg5d decl>es = ! opposite view4 ,,arunta ,,my?s ,"h ,i am apt to agree ) ,dr4 ,durkheim4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,arunta leg5ds z to ! cu/oms ( ! ,al*]+a1 or #8dreamtime1' is #8su* /uff z dreams are made (4' ,! leg5ds are #8/atem5ts1 inv5t$ ma9ly by popul> fancy1' says ,dr4 ,durkheim1 #8to expla9 exi/+ in/itutions1 by atta*+ !m to "s my?ical be+s 9 ! pa/4 ,!y are my?s1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4' ,!y are n m>k$ by au!nticity4 ,aga9/ ?is idea we h ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,fraz]1 & ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54#cg ,! ,arunta traditions1 !y say1 & ,mr4 ,fraz] agrees ) !m1 d n expla9 ! pres5t sy/em1 b deal ) a =m] /ate ( organisation & ) cu/oms q diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,!y d1 b ! ,arunta inv5t$ ! cu/oms describ$ 9 _! my?s1 on purpose to expla91 my?ically1 h[ ! pres5t cu/oms arose out ( delib]ate modification ( ! alleg$ old] cu/oms4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 !mselves ass]t ?is3 #8! traditions po9t to a v def9ite introduction ( an exogamic sy/em1 long aft] ! totemic gr\ps 7 fully develop$1 &1 fur!r1 !y po9t v cle>ly to ! fact t ! introduction 0 due to ! delib]ate action ( c]ta9 ance/ors1' :i* is ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan6 ,! re/ is true1 b ,i1 l ,dr4 ,durkheim1 conceive t all is 7except :]e we h ext]nal evid5ce = delib]ate modification ( ! #8classes'7 m]ely "p ( ! ,arunta tiological or explanatory my?4 ,t my? />ts f ! belief 7,mr4 ,h[itt's belief87 9 prim>y totemic1 b n exogam\s gr\ps1 su* z are precisely ! pres5t gr\ps ( ! ,arunta1 ?\gh n ( _! neighb\rs ! ,urabunna1 or ( totemi/s 9 g5]al4 ,?is exceptional condition ( ,arunta affairs ne$$ explanation1 & got x1 9 ! my? t ! gr\ps 7 orig9ally totemic1 b n exogam\s1 z ,arunta totem gr\ps /ill are4 ,exogamy 7n apply+ to totem gr\ps1 b to #8phratries'7 0 br\ght 91 ! my? says1 by delib]ate action1 by our old fri5d1 #8! ,legislator1' ,! ,arunta traditions1 !re=e1 d expla9 #8! orig9 ( ! pres5t sy/em1' ( ! ,arunta1 z f> z exogamy goes2 & _! explanation is z mu* a speculative hypo!sis z ,mr4 ,morgan's equival5t !ory4 ,x is "o m example ( ! co9cid5ce ( savage my? & sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,,mr4 ,,sp5c] ,,on ,,arunta ,,leg5ds ,i und]/& ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 to conte/ ?is op9ion1 9 "o passage1 & to ass]t x1 "u qualifications1 9 ano!r4 ,_! exact words mu/ be giv54 #8,if !y' 7,arunta traditions7 #8simply expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! pres5t sy/em out (1 z x 71 no sy/em1 !n we might reg>d !m z simply my?s inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! =m]' 7i4e4 #8! pres5t sy/em'71 #8b :5 we f9d t !y deal ) a gradual developm5t1 & ) a =m] /ate ( organisation & cu/oms q diff]5t f1 & 9 important respects at v>iance )1 ! organisation & cu/oms ( ! pres5t day1 we are probably "r 9 reg>d+ !m z actually indicative ( a "t :5 ^! 7 diff]5t f ^? n[ 9 =ce4'#ch ,n[ to :at d ! traditions am\nt1 z reg>ds e>li] m>riage laws & cu/oms at v>iance ) ^? n[ 9 use among ! ,arunta8 ,!y am\nt to ?is3 7#a7 ,m5 ( "o totem _h m>ital relations normally ) wom5 ( ! same totem4 ,x is no long] ! case t ,arunta m5 h relations1 normally & exclusively1 ) wom5 ( ! same totem2 a man may m>ry a woman ( 8 own totem1 or n1 z he pleases4 ,b s1 9 ! traditions ( ! primeval trek1 a man might1 & did1 take wom5 ( o!r totems z he pleas$1 by conque/ probably2 ?\gh ^! wom5 seem to h liv$1 hi!rto1 solely ) m5 ( _! own totem4 ,! tradition />ts f ! hypo!sis t all memb]s ( ea* my?ical w&]+ totem gr\p 7 orig9ally ( ! same totem4 ,t be+ s1 ! m5 naturally liv$1 :5 on trek1 ) wom5 ( _! totem1 tak+ wom5 ( o!r totems z !y came across !m4 ,no long] on trek1 ! ,arunta ( to-day d ! same ?+1 _m wom5 ( _! own or any o!r totem4 ,! only %ade ( diff]5ce arises f ! nature ( ! my?ical !ory1 t _m totem gr\ps 7 orig9ally migratory4 ,b ! pres5t ,arunta sy/em ( #8g z y please' 9 m>riage 7z f> z totems are conc]n$7 diff]s f ! regul> cu/om ( ! neighb\r+ ,urabunna1 = example4 ,t diff]5ce1 ! ,arunta probably feel1 ne$s explanation4 ,s _! my? expla9s x1 #8we ,arunta always act$ ?us f ! beg9n+4' ,s f> ! #8tradition' ( ,messrs ,sp5c] & ,gill5 seems to me to be an ord9>y explanatory my?4 7#b7 ,at ! suppos$ "t 7a "t :5 _m human types 7 /ill 9 ! husk67 m5 & wom5 ( :at are n[ #8exogamic gr\ps' 7#8phratries' or #8classes'7 _h m>ital relations contr>y to pres5t usage4 ,b did ! phratries or classes !n1 accord+ to tradition1 exi/ at all8 ,! leg5d says t ! m5 ( ! ,little ,hawk totem _h ^! #8phratries' & classes1 ,kumura & ,purula & s on 7! names !n c>ry+ no kn[n exogam\s prohibition1 z n[1 = ! leg5d does n say t ^! #8classes' 7 exogam\s74 ,! ,little ,hawk m5 _h arriv$ at ! arts ( mak+ fl9t knives1 & us+ !m 9 circumcision4 ,?is !y taught to less advanc$ gr\ps1 :o tool$ ) fire /icks4 ,b !y only let _! pupils h #8v r\gh' /one knives 7,paloli?ic1 probably71 at fir/4 #8,x 0 ^! ,little ,hawks1' say our au?ors1 #8:o fir/ gave to ! ,arunta ! f\r 8class0 names4 ,we may presume t along ) !m !re 0 in/itut$ "s sy/em ( m>riage regulations1 b :at exactly ?is 0 !re is no evid5ce to %[4' ,ei!r ! ,little ,hawks introduc$ exogamy1 or !y did n1 a valuable result ( traditional evid5ce4#ci #8,z yet we h no indication ( any re/rictions ) reg>d to m>riage z f> z ei!r totems or classes are conc]n$1' say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,!n :y does ! leg5d av] t ! class names exi/$8 ,:y did !y exi/8 ,n[ ! exi/+ re/rictions ( ! #8classes' ne$ explanation1 & get x1 f ! my?2 b1 z !re are no ,arunta totem re/rictions on m>riage1 at pres5t ! my? naturally says no?+ ab\t !m4 ,at ?is my?ic p]iod1 #8p]sons ( ! ,purula & ,kumura classes1 :o may n n[ m>ry "o ano!r1 are repres5t$ z liv+ toge!r4'#dj 7#c7 ,next #8! organisation n[ 9 vogue 0 adopt$4' ,b1 9 its fir/ %ape1 due to ! wisdom ( ,emu m51 x p]mitt$ m>riages1 :i* are n[ 7#d7 =bidd5 by ! sup]ior intellig5ce ( m5 dwell+ fur!r nor?1 #8& x 0 decid$ to adopt ! new sy/em1' t is1 ! pres5t ,arunta #8class' sy/em4 ,n[ ! ,arunta are /ill accept+ innovations f ! ,nor?1 & ?is "p ( ! my? ne$ n be my?ical4 ,b ! :ole traditions1 full ( />k my?ical inv5tions 7includ+ a my? l t ( ,isis & ! mutilation ( ,osiris71 am\nt m]ely to ?is4 ,society 0 totemic1 b ! totems 7 n exogam\s2 r endogam\s ( ! two4 ,society among ! ,arunta is /ill totemic1 b n1 z f> z totems g1 exogam\s4 ,9 ?is x diff]s f ! usual rule1 & ! my? expla9s :y1--#8x 0 always s4' ,b ,arunta society is exogam\s z reg>ds ! #8phratries' & classes1 & t has to be expla9$ by ! my?4 ,! my? !re=e expla9s by say+ t ,emu m5 introduc$ a defici5t1 & nor!rn m5 an adequate1 sy/em ( exogamy--t :i* n[ prevails4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 h[ev]1 appe> to d5y t ! #8traditions' #8simply expla9 ! orig9 ( ! pres5t sy/em1 out (1 z x 71 no sy/em4 ,x is true t ! traditions d give /ages 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! pres5t sy/em2 b !y also d #8expla9 ! orig9 ( ! pres5t sy/em4' ,& ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 n only admit ?is1 b1 z we saw1 ev5 ?9k ! explanation #8q possible4' ,! explanation1 ,i repeat1 is t ! sy/em #8is due to ! delib]ate action ( c]ta9 ance/ors1' ,emu m5 & wis] ,nor!rn m54 ,( c\rse1 z we tri$ to %[1 t explanation ( primeval exogamy is improbable1 b x is ! explanation giv5 by ! ,arunta leg5d4 ,) a gra9 ( fact1 z to innovations f ! ,nor?1 ! leg5d is a my?1 an tiological my?1 a my? explanatory ( ! orig9 ( ! pres5t organisation4 ,hi/ory x is n4 ,! ,arunta #8traditions' are n hi/orical evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! new hypo!sis t ! ,arunta are #8primitive1' are 9 #8! *rysalis /age' ( humanity2 7?is !y d5y73 t ,totemism1 9 orig91 0 a magical co-op]ative & indu/rial association2 t ! orig9al totems 7 n exogam\s2 & t exogamy 0 sup]impos$ by legislation1 or grew out ( an organisation s impos$ on a society ( non-exogam\s totem gr\ps4 ,:atev] ! value ( t hypo!sis1 x has no hi/orical support f ! ,arunta traditions4 ,hi/ory is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,! ,arunta /ill m>ry1 at pleasure1 9 or out ( ! totem1 m]ely because _! totems are n[ scatt]$ ab\t among _! exogam\s divisions4 ,?is is n ! #8natural arrangem5t' 7z ,mr4 ,fraz] assures u71 is n ! inevitable orig9al arrangem5t1 & is n ! case ) _! neighb\rs1 ! ,urabunna1 :o are confess$ly #8less develop$ ?an ! ,arunta4' ,! ,urabunna sy/em1 !re=e1 is m ar*aic1 ex hypo!si ?an t ( ! ,arunta1 :i* mu/ be less ar*aic4 ,x is1 ,i repeat1 peculi>1 isolat$1 ne$s explanation1 & ! ,arunta traditions give ! explanation4 ,! ance/ors took wom5 9 or out ( ! totem1 z at pres5t ! ,arunta d2 exogamy by classes 0 lat] impos$1 says ! my?4 ,dr4 ,durkheim appe>s "h to hold ! m logical position4 ,!re 01 ,i conceive1 ) ,dr4 ,durkheim1 & h /at$1 ?\gh ,messrs ,sp5c] & ,gill5 & o!rs d5y x1 #8a prim>y relation%ip betwe5 ! totemic sy/em & exogamy4'#da ,footnote #a3 ,e?nological ,bureau1 ,annual ,report1 #ahic-ahid1 pp4 #bjj1 #bja4 ,footnote #b3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #c3 ,suppose we take a gr\p rang+ 9 a giv5 locality1 & kn[n to its neighb\rs z ! ,emu gr\p4 ,let u also take a simil> & simil>ly situat$ ,kang>oo gr\p4 ,let u suppose t ea* su* gr\p has raid$ = its wives among ,opossum1 ,grub1 ,cat1 & ,d+o gr\ps4 ,by female desc5t1 bo? ! ,emu & ,kang>oo gr\ps w conta9 p]sons ( ! ,opossum1 ,grub1 ,cat1 & ,d+o gr\ps4 ,?is be+ s a man ( ! ,emu local gr\p1 nam$ ,grub by totem1 might m>ry a woman ( ! ,emu local gr\p1 by totem ( desc5t an ,opossum2 & simil>ly 9 ! ,kang>oo gr\p4 ,b1 z ,dr4 ,durkheim rem>ks 9 ano!r case1 #8! old prohibition'1 deeply root$ 9 mann]s & cu/oms1 survives 7,l',anne ,sociologique1 v4 #ajg1 note74 ,n[ #8! old prohibition' 0 t a man ( ! ,emu gr\p 0 n to m>ry a woman ( ! ,emu gr\p4 ,t rule endures1 ?\gh ! ,emu gr\p n[ conta9s m5 & wom5 ( sev]al di/9ct totem k9s4 ,to escape f ! difficulty1 by my !ory1 ,emu local totem gr\p makes connubium ) ,kang>oo local totem gr\p4 ,any ,emu man may m>ry any ,kang>oo woman n ( 8 own totem by desc5t4 ,b ?is does n1 automatically1 ?r[ ,opossum & ,grub into "o1 ,cat & ,d+o into ano!r1 ( ! two local totem gr\ps1 ,emu & ,kang>oo1 n[ become phratries1 ) loss ( _! local "*4 ,= if a man1 by phratry ,emu1 & by totem ( desc5t ,cat1 m>ries a woman1 by phratry ,kang>oo1 & by totem ( desc5t ,grub1 _! *ildr51 by female desc5t1 are ,kang>oo ,grubs4 ,mean:ile1 if a man1 by phratry ,kang>oo1 & by totem ,cat1 m>ries a woman1 by phratry ,emu1 & by totem ,grub1 _! *ildr5 are ,emu ,grubs4 ,!re are ?us ,grubs 9 bo? phratries1 a ?+ t nev] occurs 7except among ! ,arunta74 ,!re=e ! division ( ! totem k9s1 "s into "o phratry1 o!rs into ! o!r1 is n automatic4 ,!re might be a t5d5cy1 by way ( mak+ assurance d\bly sure1 = ! totem k9s to be assort$ into ! two phratries1 b "s k9d ( delib]ate arrangem5t does seem necess>y4 ,! same necessity att5ds ,dr4 ,durkheim's !ory lat] criticis$4 ,footnote #d3 ,see aga9 ,durkheim1 9 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 i4 #dg-eg1 on ! sup]/ition z to blood1 & ! totem z a sacr$ repres5tative ( ! inviolable blood ( ! k9dr$4 ,t sup]/ition gives religi\s sanction to a pre-exi/+ exogam\s t5d5cy4 ,footnote #e3 ,totemism1 p4 #fj 7#ahhi74 ,footnote #f3 ,totemism1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #g3 ,! p ( ,new ,brita9 gr\p ( isl&s are divid$ into two exogam\s sets4 ,! totems ( ^! classes are two insects1 b ,i incl9e to suppose t !re are1 or may h be51 totem k9s includ$ )9 ^! totemic classes4 ,our in=mant1 ! ,rev4 ,b4 ,danks1 regrets t he did n pay m att5tion to ^! matt]s4 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xviii4 #bha-bid4 ,footnote #h3 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ,mohegans1 ,i c admit t ,little ,turtle1 ,mud ,turtle1 & ,great ,turtle may be delib]ate subdivisions ( ! ,turtle totem1 n[ a phratry1 b ev5 ?is ne$ n necess>ily be ! case2 ! diff]5t species ( turtles be+ q capable ( giv+ names to diff]5t totems4 ,i w\ld n d5y ! possibility ( ! occasional segm5tation ( a totem gr\p--f> f x--b ,i d\bt :e!r great tribes orig9ally 7&1 z x seems1 delib]ately7 fir/ bisect$ !mselves1 & !n cut up ! two ma9 divisions4 ,footnote #i3 ,my italics4 ,footnote #aj3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,n4,s4 i4 #bgh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ab3 ,mr4 ,ma!ws c\nts ?irty-f\r totems 9 ! ,dilbi1 & z _m 9 ! ,rupa?9 #8phratries4' ,proc4 ,ray4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 xxxi4 #aeg-aeh4 ,footnote #ac3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,n4,s4 i4 #bhd-bhe4 ,footnote #ad3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 second s]ies1 p4 #fje4 ,footnote #ae3 ,local totem gr\ps1 9 my !ory4 ,footnote #af3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #dbc-dbd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,on ! ,organisation ( ,au/ralian ,tribes1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ah3 ,i "k t _m /ud5ts w decl9e to admit t !re is su* a my? ( a ,mak]4 ,footnote #ai3 ,report ( ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahib-ahic1 pt4 i4 pp4 #cb-dc4 ,footnote #bj3 ,natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ab-ae4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ae1 #dba-dbb1 also p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #bb3 ,"h ,i diss5t f ,mr4 ,fraz] & ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill52 ! po9t is discuss$ lat]4 ,footnote #bc3 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,june #ahhi4 ,footnote #bd3 ,9 #ahie1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xxiv41 no4 #d1 p4 #cga1 ,mr4 ,fison ab&ons hope ( a c]ta9 discov]y ( ! orig9 ( exogamy4 ,footnote #be3 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,april1 ,may1 #ahii4 ,footnote #bf3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #fh1 #fi1 #aba4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ibid4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see #8,! ,orig9 ( ,totemism1' infra4 ,footnote #cj3 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 #aijj-aija1 pp4 #hb-aba4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ibid4 v4 #hi-ij4 ,footnote #cb3 ,totemism1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #cc3 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 v4 #ib4 ,footnote #cd3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #dai4 ,footnote #ce3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,n4,s41 i4 #bhe4 ,footnote #cf3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #cg3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,n4,s41 i41 nos4 #c1 #d1 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,n4,s41 i4 #bgf-bgg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,native ,tribes ( ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cif-djb1 #dba4 ,footnote #dj3 ,native ,tribes ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #da3 ,op4 cit4 p #bgi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,arunta ,,phratries ,,& ,,totems ,! ess5tial "q is1 :y1 among ! m ar*aic ,urabunna1 d ! l>ge exogam\s divisions nev] include ! same totems1 :]eas1 among ! m highly develop$ ,arunta1 !y d8 ,if we c %[ h[ ! ,arunta1 if once organis$ on ! ,urabunna & ,nor? ,am]ican model1 came to slip out ( x2 :ile we _c %[ h[ ! ,urabunna1 & mo/ o!r tribes1 if once on ! ,arunta model1 came to des]t x 7z !y mu/ h done71 !n x w seem probable t ! ,urabunna organisation1 ! regul> univ]sal ,au/ralian organisation1 is ! old]4 ,! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 z und]/ood by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 0 ?is1 or1 at lea/1 may ?us be conceiv$4 ,we take two tribes1 say ,urabunna & ,arunta4 ,!y bo? h _m totem gr\ps1 totemic1 because 7on ?is !ory7 ea* gr\p _h1 = its #8prim>y function1' ! work+ ( magic = ! object :i* 0 its totem4 ,! totem _h prim>ily1 on ?is !ory1 no relation to m>riage rules4 ,x is #8q possible' t c]ta9 p]sons !n delib]ately introduc$ exogam\s divisions4444 #8s z to regulate m>ital relations4' ,! exact purpose1 h[ev]1 is unkn[n2 #8x c only be said t f> back 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d1 !re 0 felt ! ne$ ( "s =m ( organisation1 & t ?is gradually result$ 9 ! developm5t ( exogamic gr\ps4' ,?is position ,i h already criticis$2 x is n intelligible to me4 ,h[ev]--! exogam\s division 0 made1 & !n all ! totems might be arrang$ sep>ately 9 ! two divisions1 by ! ,urabunna1 #8& p]haps ! majority ( ,au/ralian tribes' 7& ! ,am]ican tribes7 or1 #8?is 0 n done1' z by ! ,arunta4 ,consequ5tly1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 ?9k1 ! rule :i* prev5ts an ,urabunna man f m>ry+ a woman ( 8 own totem1 has no?+1 prim>ily1 to d ) ! totem1 b is a m]e inevitable consequ5ce ( ! sy/em :i*1 among all tribes b ! ,arunta1 exclud$ ea* totem f "o ( ! two exogam\s divisions1 & plac$ x 7n among ! ,arunta7 9 ! o!r4 ,my own sy/em--,i ne$ n reit]ate x--is ! rev]se ( all ?is4 ,! ,arunta1 ,i cont5d1 probably _h1 orig9ally1 ! usual organisation1 b h lo/ x = obvi\s reasons1 s t n[ ! same totem may occur 9 bo? ( ! l>ge exogam\s divisions1 & p]sons ( ! same totem may n[ int]m>ry4 ,! traditions ( ! ,arunta repres5t ! exogam\s #8phratries' z lat] ?an ! totemic 7b n yet exogam\s7 division4 ,dr4 ,durkheim ?9ks ?is improbable or impossible4 ,x is true t ! #8phratries' or #8classes' are n[ mu* m important1 among ! ,arunta1 ?an ! totems1 on :i* ,dr4 ,durkheim insi/s4 ,!y ne$ n1 !re=e1 be e>li]4 ,,views ,,( ,,dr4 ,,durkheim ,! !ory ( ,dr4 ,durkheim is n1 p]haps1 express$ ) 8 usual lucidity2 at lea/ ,i h f\nd "s difficulty 9 und]/&+ x4 ,! foll[+ summ>y1 h[ev]1 seems to be correct4 #8,! phratry1' he says1 #8began by be+ a clan' 79 my t]m9ology an exogam\s local totem gr\p74 #8,!re is no reason :y ?is g5]al idea %\ld n apply to ! ,arunta4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce !re are actually two exogam\s phratries1 we h reason to admit t ?is society 0 orig9ally =m$ by two prim>y clans1 or1 if any "o pref]s ! phrase1 by two elem5t>y totem gr\ps1 bo? exogam\s 7galem5t exogames71 = "u ?is =m ! two phratries mu/ h begun to exi/4 ,n[ 9 t case !re 0 at lea/ a mom5t :5 m>riage 0 =bidd5 betwe5 memb]s ( ! same totem1' ?\gh n[ among ! ,arunta ?is rule no long] obta9s4#a ,s f> ,dr4 ,durkheim & ,i hold id5tical views2 we diff] on a po9t ( detail4 ,:at are1 & :5ce came1 ! totems )9 ! phratries8 ,dr4 ,durkheim conceives ! case ?us3 ,orig9ally !re 0 a #8clan' 7local totem gr\p7 :i* 0 exogam\s1 & m>ri$ out into "o o!r equally exogam\s clan4 ,! memb]s ( ea* su* exogam\s totem gr\p 7#8clan'7 !n multipli$ & #8sw>m$ (f1' 9 colonies1 & all su* colonies took a new totem1 :ile reta9+ #8! s5tim5t ( _! prim>y solid>ity' ) ! orig9al totem gr\p4 ,^! are ! #8second>y' totem k9s4 ,b :y %\ld !y take new totem names & new totems8#b ,i "k n1 b ! orig9al gr\p f :i* !y sw>m$ (f n[ became _! #8phratry4' ,?is phratry1 9 _m cases1 /ill has a totem "n1 #8:i* is ! pro( t x is1 or has be5 a clan1' t is an exogam\s totem gr\p4#c ,!re=e exogam\s totem gr\ps 7 #8prim>y1' ! exi/+ totem k9s are #8second>y1' !y h split (f f ! orig9al gr\ps4 ,z f> z ,i am able to foll[ ,dr4 ,durkheim's reason+1 he & ,i diff] on ?is "o po9t4 ,we bo? reg>d ! two #8phratries' z hav+ be5 orig9ally local exogam\s totem gr\ps1 :i* unit$ 9 connubium4 ,b 9 ea* #8phratria' !re exi/ sev]al totem k9%ips4 ,dr4 ,durkheim reg>ds ^! z #8second>y' bran*es :i* split (f f ! two orig9al local totem gr\ps1 & :i*1 9 ea* case1 took new totem names1 :ile reta9+ memb]%ip 9 _! orig9al totem gr\ps1 n[ #8phratries4' ,!y are totemic colonies ( a totemic metropolis4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 z has be5 expla9$1 conceive t ea* ( ! two local totem gr\ps :i* became phratries 7say ,emu & ,kang>oo7 already1 by ! action ( exogamy 9 a region :]e !re 7 _m totem gr\ps1 & by virtue ( female desc5t1 conta9$ )9 x p]sons :o 7 ( v>i\s totem k9dr$s4 ,dr4 ,durkheim1 on ! contr>y1 seems to ?9k ( ! exi/5ce ( b two primal exogam\s clans 9 a giv5 region4 ,gr\ps emigrat+ f ^! took new totem names1 :ile reta9+ ! phratry "n & connection ) _! "m clans1 n[ phratries4 ,:y ! clans 7 totemic at all does n appe>4 ,i und]/& t !y 7 exogam\s out ( respect = ! blood ( _! totems1 ! totem tabu 7p4 #eg1 note ,i74 ,aga9/ ! hypo!sis x may be urg$ 7#a7 t we d n "k t emigrants f a local c5tre ev] select new totem names--unless1 inde$1 !y rea* a region :]e _! old totem does n exi/4 ,?is _c h occurr$ con/antly4 ,aga9 7#b71 ,dr4 ,durkheim's !ory involves ! same difficulty z my own4 ,h[ did ! colonies f ! ,kang>oo gr\p happ5 nev] to select ! same totem z colonies f ! ,emu gr\p1 s t ! same totem nev] occurs 9 bo? phratries8 ,?is implies delib]ate arrangem5t4 ,if h[ev]1 totem names 7 giv5 f )\t1 by neighb\rs 7z ,i %all argue71 ! case c\ld n occur at all1 & ! same totem w\ld appe> 9 bo? phratries4 ,if we adopt ! hypo!sis t two fri5dly #8families1' or #8fire circles1' ( a c\s9ly "*1 set ! fir/ example ( exogam\s int]m>riage--exclusively ) ea* o!r--& !n got totem names1 !y might become phratries1 b :5ce arose ! totem k9s )9 ! phratries8 ,%all we say t o!r su* #8families1' increas+ 9 size1 & receiv+ totem names1 came 91 two by two1 to ,emu & ,kang>oo1 ea* ( ! new l9k$ adh]5ts tak+ opposite sides1 ,opossum go+ to ! ,kang>oo1 ,b&icoot to ! ,emu phratry8 ,?is w\ld give ! totems )9 ! phratries1 by a con/ant accession ( o!r pairs ( phratries1 :i* subord9at$ !mselves1 "o to ,emu1 "o to ,kang>oo4 ,ei!r ?is hypo!sis1 or ,dr4 ,durkheim's1 or my own1 acc\nts = ! phratry plus totem k9s arrangem5t1 )\t suppos+ ! delib]ate bisection ( a hi!rto undivid$ commune4 ,t hypo!sis1 if any "o1 ( ! o!r ?ree1 ,dr4 ,durkheim's1 my own1 or ! !ory ( accessions to ! pair ( exogam\s int]m>ry+ families1 be accept$1 is !re=e n =c$ ^u u 9 defect ( a bett]4 ,,h[ ,,did ,,! ,,arunta ,,anomaly ,,arise8 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,arunta #8clan' 7totem k97 is n[ no long] exogam\s1 & two ,arunta phratries c n[ conta9 memb]s ( ! same totems1 contr>y to ,kamil>oi1 ,di]i & ,urabunna & ,am]ican cu/om4 ,h[ did ?is anomaly arise8 ,dr4 ,durkheim supposes t ! *ange began :5 ,arunta k9%ip came to des]t ! female & to be reckon$ 9 ! male l9e4 ,?is appe>s to ,dr4 ,durkheim to be indicat$ by ! complicat$ & +5i\s arrangem5ts made :5 an ,urabunna 7:o reckons by ! female l9e7 int]m>ries ) an ,arunta1 :o reckons by ! male l9e4#d ,^! arrangem5ts1 he ?9ks1 are no novelty devis$ = ! occasion3 ! ,arunta m]ely rev]t to _! old way ( reckon+ by ! sp9dle side4 ,:5 ! ,arunta *ang$ _! sy/em1 & reckon$ 9 ! male1 n1 z ( old1 9 ! female l9e1 ! *ildr5 n[ belong$ to ! #8phratries1' n ( _! mo!rs1 z previ\sly1 b ( _! fa!rs4 ,ea* #8phratry' !n b>t]$ a sub-class ( its own = a sub-class ( its p>tn]4 ,ea* b>t]$ sub-class ?us br\ght its totems into ! o!r #8phratry1' & !re 0 no long] a totem gr\p entirely peculi> to "o or o!r #8phratry4' ,consequ5tly1 a memb] ( ! ,kang>oo totem c\ld m>ry a woman ( ! same1 if %e 7 9 ! opposite #8phratry' to 8 own4 ,might n ! same results foll[ f ! m]e fact1 t1 among ! ,arunta1 ! totem is n[ inh]it$ nei!r f fa!r nor "m1 b is d]iv$ simply f ! totem s\ls t haunt ! p>ticul> gl5 or hill :]e ! *ild 0 conceiv$8 ,by ?is means a totem s\l c get into a *ild ( ! #8phratry' to :i* t totem did n orig9ally belong1 & ?us ! totems #8skip' f "o #8phratry' to ano!r1 contr>y to g5]al rule 9 ,au/ralia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! ,arunta anomaly :i* ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 accept4 #8,! _s *ild' 7( ! ,liz>d totem7 #8delib]ately1 ! natives say1 *ose to g into a ,kumura' 7class7 #8woman1 in/ead ( a ,bul?>a woman4444 ,?\gh ! class 0 *ang$1 ! totem c\ld n possibly be4444 ,ow+ to ! sy/em accord+ to :i* totem names are acquir$1 x is always possible = a man to be1 say1 a ,purula' 7class7 #8or a ,kumura' 7class7 #8& yet a ,wit*etty2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 a ,bul?>a' 7class7 #8or a ,panunga' 7class7 #8& yet an ,emu' 7totem74 ,b1 if he is ?us born to a totem :i* 0 n orig9ally 7on my !ory7 a totem ( 8 phratry1 a man loses ! *ance ( be+ an ,alatunja1 or head man ( a local gr\p4#e ,?us ! ,arunta anomaly arises m]ely & necess>ily f ! ,arunta philosophy ( s\ls4 ,t philosophy is an isolat$ freak1 & x has upset & revolutionis$ ,arunta ,totemism1 :i*1 !re=e1 is ! rev]se ( ! #8primitive' model4 ,footnote #a3 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 v4 #ia1 #ib4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is idea we %all f9d aga9 lat]1 9 ano!r "p ( ,dr4 ,durkheim's sy/em4 ,footnote #c3 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 i4 #f1 #g4 ,footnote #d3 ,l',ann4 ,soc4 v4 #ajd-ajg2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #fh-fi4 ,footnote #e3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #abe1 #abf4 ,! read] is recomm5d$ to /udy ,dr4 ,durkheim's passage cit$ 9 ! la/ note1 ! topic be+ difficult4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,o!r ,,b>s ,,to ,,m>riages ,! prohibitions on m>riage1 ) :i* we h hi!rto be5 conc]n$1 are bas$ on :at savages reg>d--:ile we d n--z relations ( k9dr$4 ,m5 & wom5 ( ! same #8phratry' or #8prim>y division' may n int]m>ry 7:]e su* divisions exi/71 nor may m5 & wom5 ( ! same totem "n4 ,civilis$ society1 at lea/ 9 ,europe1 n[ recognises no su* ?+s z ! #8phratry' or ! totem k94 ,:5 ,mr4 ,george ,osborne1 9 ,vanity ,fair1 0 ask$ :e!r he 0 ak9 to ! ducal ,h\se ( ,le$s1 he repli$ t he bore ! same arms--^! hav+ be5 conf]r$ on 8 fa!r by a coa*-build]4 ,9 savage society1 ,capta9 ,osborne's answ] w\ld h be5 satisfactory4 ,he w\ld really h reckon$ z a k9sman ( all o!r ,emus1 if 8 totem & badge 7coat ( arms7 0 an ,emu4 ,9 ,scotl& ! ,campbell "n us$ to be reg>d$ z imply+ at lea/ a *ance t ! be>] 0 ( ! blood ( ! ,black ,knight ( ,lo* ,awe1 & _h a "r to ! ,campbell t>tan1 & badge1 ! gale1 or bog-myrtle4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 z a rule1 9 mod]n society1 a common surname is no pro( ( k9%ip1 & coats ( arms are usually home by ! middle classes1 & pe]s ( rec5t creation1 )\t mu* inquiry4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! totemic rules :i* prohibit c]ta9 m>riages1 h no resemblance to our own def9ite #8=bidd5 degrees1' bas$ on ne>ness ( blood4 ,! savage rules1 z !y /&1 include our notions ( k9dr$1 b ^! notions1 z f> z !y are recognis$1 are n cont]m9\s ) ours4 ,b ! #8phratry' prohibitions1 & ! totem prohibitions1 are n ! only b>s to m>riage among su* peoples z ! ,au/ralians4 ,! o!r b>s are lucidly describ$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54#a #8,!re are /ill fur!r re/rictions to m>riage 444 & x is "h t we are br\ght into contact ) ! t]ms ( relation%ip4' ,we f9d t a woman may belong to a totem k9 7& phratry7 into :i* a man may lawfully m>ry1 #8yet !re is a fur!r re/riction prev5t+ m>riage 9 ?is p>ticul> case4' ,?us a male ,d+o 7among ! ,urabunna7 may m>ry a female ,wat] ,h51 z f> z #8phratry' & totem are conc]n$4 ,b he may n m>ry a woman ( ! ,wat] ,h5 totem if %e reckons 7#a7 z 8 fa!r's si/] 7i4e4 ( 8 fa!r's g5]ation71 7#b7 if %e is 8 *ild1 or 8 bro!r's *ild 7( ! next g5]ation71 7#c7 if %e be "o ( 8 "m's y\ng] bro!r's daught]s3 b he may m>ry h] if %e 7#d7 be "o ( 8 "m's eld] bro!r's daught]s4 ,all wom5 ( t category 7#d7 are ,nupa1 or nubile1 z f> z ?is man goes4 ,9 category ,i1 ! wom5 7includ+ #8pat]nal aunts1' z we reckon7 are ( an old] g5]ation ?an ! man2 9 category #b !y are ( a y\ng] g5]ation 7includ+ our #8*ildr5' & #8nieces'72 9 category #c ! wom5 include our c\s9s on ! mat]nal side1 by uncles y\ng] ?an our mo!rs1 &1 9 category #d1 !y include our c\s9s on ! mat]nal side1 by uncles old] ?an our mo!rs4 ,we ,europeans1 be+ males1 may n m>ry into categories #a & #b1 b if n ,ca?olics1 we may m>ry into categories #c & #d2 if ,ca?olics1 we may--if we c get a disp5sation4 ,9 ! ,au/ralian sy/em ! odde/ ?+ is t a male may m>ry into :at1 9 our phrase1 includes 8 y\ng] mat]nal uncle's daught]1 b n 8 eld] mat]nal uncle's daught]4 ,b we "h use ! words #8uncle1' #8aunt1' & #8c\s91' only by way ( illu/ration4 ,! ,urabunna1 & tribes ( _! level g5]ally1 h no su* words4 ,all *ildr5 7category ,i7 #8( m5 :o are at ! same level 9 ! g5]ation1 & belong to ! same class & totem1 are reg>d$ z ! common *ildr5 ( ^! m51' or1 p]haps we %\ld r say1 are call$ by ! same "n1 ,biaka1 z a man's own *ildr5 are /yl$4 ,a man kn[s v well :i* *ildr5 he reckons 8 own1 ?\gh1 z w be se51 he has little gr\nd = 8 confid5ce4 ,9 ! same way a *ild1 ?\gh he calls all m5 ( 8 fa!r's class1 totem1 & level 9 ! g5]ation1 ,nia 7fa!rs71 kn[s well en\gh :i* ,nia fe$s him1 pets him1 ?ra%es him = 8 good1 &1 g5]ally1 plays ! pat]nal "p4 ,= example1 a man in=ms y t ?is or t native1 by p]sonal "n ,oriaka1 is 8 ,okilia1 #8& y _c possibly tell )\t fur!r inquiry :e!r he is ! speak]'s own or tribal bro!r1 t is ! son ( 8 own fa!r1 or ( "s man belong+ to ! same p>ticul> gr\p' 7by #8phratry1' totem1 & s5iority7 #8z 8 fa!r4'#b ,b y c le>n #8by fur!r inquiry3' ! actual relation%ip1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 is recognis$4 #8,,gr\p ,,m>riage' ,^! facts necess>ily lead to ! "q1 are all m5 ( "o class1 totem1 & s5iority1 actual husb&s ( all wom5 ( ! opposite class1 diff]5t totem1 & equival5t s5iority8 7,gr\p ,m>riage74 ,or1 if ?is is no long] ! case1 0 x once ! case8 & are ^! sweep+ uses ( names :i* include our #8fa!r1' #8"m1' #8bro!r1' #8*ild1' survivals ( su* a /age1 call$ #8,gr\p ,m>riage'8 ,?is "q is /ill undecid$2 good au?orities take opposite views ( ! "q1 :i* has br$1 9 ! pa/1 mu* angry controv]sy4 ,,mr4 ,,morgan ,,& ,,! ,,class ,,sy/em ,! arrangem5t by #8classes1' #8! classificatory sy/em1' 0 fir/ br\ght into sci5tific prom95ce by ! late ,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan1 an ,am]ican g5tleman affiliat$ to ! ,iroquois tribe1 9 8 v orig9al /udies ( ! names = degrees ( k9%ip4#c ,a great deal may be said1 & has be5 said1 especially by ,mr4 ,mc,lennan & ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 aga9/ ,mr4 ,morgan's ideas & me?ods1 b 8 l>ge & c>eful collection ( facts is ( high importance4 ,on :at he call$ #8! ,malayan sy/em1' "o "n d5ot+ k9 includes all my bro!rs1 si/]s1 & c\s9s4 ,ano!r "n includes my fa!r1 "m1 my uncles1 aunts1 & all ! c\s9s ( my fa!r1 "m1 aunts1 & uncles4 ,! g5]ation ( my gr&p>5ts & _! relations is includ$ 9 a ?ird "n2 a f\r? cov]s my *ildr5 & _! c\s9s1 & ! gr&*ildr5 ( my bro!rs & si/]s1 ) _! *ildr51 be> ! same "n1 = me1 z my own gr&*ildr54 ,f ! names ,mr4 ,morgan inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 facts 9 ! evolution ( sy/ems ( k9dr$4 ,ev]ybody ( ! same g5]ation liv$ toge!r1 once1 on 8 !ory1 9 #8communal m>riage1' bro!rs1 si/]s1 & c\s9s4 ,!re 0 promiscuity betwe5 all m5 & wom5 9 ! same g5]ation4 ,( c\rse ?is involves ! conv]se ( ,mr4 ,atk9son's ,primal ,law1 z ,mr4 ,atk9son obs]ves 9 8 eigh? *apt]4 ,9 place ( ! prohibition ( bro!r & si/] union be+ ! e>lie/ ( prohibitions 7z 9 ,mr4 ,atk9son's sy/em71 ! rule t !y mu/ unite1 caus$1 9 ,mr4 ,morgan's op9ion1 ! e>lie/ =m ( ! human family4 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,mr4 ,,morgan',s ,,!ory ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 l&$ him at once 9 ! fallacy ( suppos+ t prohibitions ( m>riage ( k9sfolk 7 orig9ally ! result ( #8a re=matory movem5t4'#d ,we h se5 t1 grant+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ,mr4 ,morgan's premise ( an orig9al #8undivid$ commune1' ,mr4 ,fison is also deposit$ 9 ! same difficulty1 & 0 once ev5 incl9$ to reg>d a !ory ( int]v5tion #8by a high] p[]' 7! ,di]i my?7 z n necess>ily out ( ! "q1 if m>riage 0 once communal4 ,to re=m su* m>riage relations1 he says1 #8w\ld be a /ep 9 advance s difficult = m5 9 t utt] dep? ( savag]y to take1 t !y w\ld n be able to take x1 unless !y _h help f )\t4 ,?is might be giv5 by contact ) a m advanc$ tribe2 b if all ! tribes />t$ f ! same level1 t impulse w\ld be impossible 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f a high] p[]4'#e ,mr4 ,fison1 z we saw1 has s9ce express$ ! op9ion t ! orig9 ( exogamy is probably indiscov]able1 b ,i cite aga9 8 e>ly rem>k to prove 8 s5se ( ! insup]able difficulty ( ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory4 ,h[ 7 m5 9 8 hypo!tical condition to "k t !re 0 any?+ to re=m8 ,x ne$$ a div9e revelation6 ,mr4 ,morgan 0 himself aw>e ( ?is difficulty1 & tri$ to get out ( x1 by us+ ,d>w9ian phrases ab\t #8natural selection'--#8bless$ words1' b "h unavail+4 ,he 0 9 ! po/ure ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 betwe5 direct legislation to introduce exogamy1 & gradual evolution ( exogamy1 z ! sl[ result ( ! felt ne$ ( #8"s organisation1'--its nature & purpose unkn[n4 ,?us ,mr4 ,morgan1 speak+ ( communal m>riage1 & its results1 says t #8emancipation f !m 0 sl[ly accompli%$ ?r\gh movem5ts :i* result$ 9 unconsci\s re=mation4' ,^! movem5ts 71 fir/1 ! #8class' sy/em1 !n ! #8g5s' 7totem sy/em71 #8work$ out unconsci\sly ?r\gh natural selection4'#f ,?is means1 if x means any?+1 t1 by a freak or sport1 "s p did n m>ry 9 & 91 t !y unconsci\sly evolv$ ! totem sy/em1 t !y !re=e ?rove1 :ile o!rs :o m>ri$ 9 & 91 & did n evolve ! totem sy/em1 p]i%$1 & s we h ! results ( #8natural selection4' ,b :y did "s p avoid ! habit ( m>riages ( ne> k9 :i* 0 s g5]al8 ,! position is t ( ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 :o adds an #8in/9ct1' develop$ by natural selection1#g an idea :i* involves argu+ 9 a circle4 ,aga91 t peoples m>ry+ 9 ! communal way w\ld die out has to be prov$3 sci5ce has no c]ta9ty 9 ! matt]4 ,9 any case1 ,mr4 ,morgan pres5tly des]ts 8 op9ion ab\t sl[ unconsci\s re=mation1 & 8 natural selection4 #8,! organisation into classes seems to h be5 direct$ to ! s+le object ( break+ up ! int]m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s1 :i* af=ds a probable explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! sy/em4 ,b s9ce x does n look beyond ?is p>ticul> abom9ation x reta9$ a conjugal sy/em ne>ly z objectionable4444'#h ,! read] sees t ,mr4 ,morgan _c keep on ! high ,d>w9ian level4 ,he relapses on a suppos$ moral re=m ) a s+le object ( ?+s #8abom9able'--to u--& #8objectionable'--to u4 ,b h[ did ! pri/9e savages f9d out t su* ?+s 7 #8abom9able'8 ,pres5tly ! totem prohibition 7#8! g5s'7 #8orig9ates probably 9 ! +5uity ( a small b& ( savages1' = ! purpose ( modify+ m>riage law1 & ! d>+ novelty #8mu/ soon h prov$ its utility 9 ! production ( sup]ior m54'#i ,"h we h ! legislation due to human #8+5uity1' & natural selection comes 9 to aid & diffuse ! sy/em4 ,lat] #8! evils ( ! fir/ =m ( m>riage came to be p]ceiv$' 7:at 7 !y87 & ?is l$ #8if n to its direct abolition1 to a pref]5ce = wives beyond ?is degree4 ,among ! ,au/ralians x 0 aboli%$ by ! organisation into classes1 & m widely among ! ,turanian tribes by ! organisation into g5tes4' ,! ,au/ralians h #8g5tes' 7totem gr\ps7 q z mu* z ! #8,turanians' or #8,gan[anians1' & we h tri$ to %[ t totems are prior to #8classes4'#aj ,b ! ,au/ralians #8aboli%$' a =m ( m>riage by an #8organisation1' :i* implies delib]ate legislation4 ,f ?is difficulty ( legislation1 s e>ly & s moral1 no advocate ( ! #8bisection' ( an undivid$ commune & ( its #8subdivision' into totem #8phratries' & k9s1 c escape1 h[ev] he may make a pu% at #8natural selection1' & gradual evolution4 ,,mr4 ,,morgan ,,on ,,t]ms ,,( ,,relation%ip ,^! p]plexities d n pr$ispose u 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory ( ! t]ms ( #8,relation%ip1' :i* we h illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! ,urabunna4 ,he himself takes ! ,hawaiian t]ms1 :i* are to ! same effect4 ,9 brief1 all ! m5 & wom5 ( a g5]ation are' bro!rs & si/]s1' all ^? ( ! prior g5]ation are #8fa!rs & mo!rs1' all ^? ( ! foll[+ g5]ation are #8*ildr54' ,n[1 if ev] all ! m5 & wom5 ( a g5]ation m>ri$ #8all ?r\gh o!r1' promiscu\sly1 ^! t]ms ( #8relation%ip' w\ld be 9 place4 ,fir/1 we are told1 bro!rs & si/]s 9 a family int]m>ri$1 & ! process #8gradually enfold$ ! collat]al bro!rs & si/]s1 z ! range ( ! conjugal sy/em wid5$4' ,& !n #8! evils came to be p]ceiv$1' :at evils1 h[ p]ceiv$1 we d n "k1 & ,re=mation set 94 ,x def9itely began ) ! ,au/ralian #8,bisection1' #8! organisation into classes' 7really into #8phratries'71 & ab\t ! difficulties ( t !ory en\gh has be5 said4 ,! read] w naturally ask1 ,:at is ! orig9al mean+ ( ! words n[ us$ by ,hawaiians1 & ,urabunna1 & o!rs1 = ! relations 9 :i* our #8fa!r1' #8son1' #8wife1' #8husb&1' #8"m4' #8daught]1' #8bro!r1' #8si/]1' are includ$8 ,d ! words embrac+ our t]ms #8bro!r' & #8si/]' 9 ,hawaii1 or else:]e1 imply procreation1 & issue 7z 9 ,greek71 #8f ! same womb'8 ,among ! ,arunta !y _c mean procreation1 if !y d n ev5 "k 7z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 tell u71 t !re is any su* ?+ z procreation4 #8,a _s *ild ent]s a woman1' t is all4 ,9 ! times ( ?is primeval ignorance1 words = relation%ips c\ld n imply be>+ & begett+2 !y mu/ h meant some?+ else4 ,say t !y meant relation%ips 9 po9t ( s5iority3 #8my male eld]1' #8my female eld]1' #8my male junior1' #8my female junior1' #8my male coeval or fri5d1' #8my female coeval or fri5d1' #8! man ,i may m>ry1' #8! woman ,i may m>ry1' #8! woman or man ,i may n m>ry4' ,if l[ savage names = relation%ips meant t 7no d\bt !y d n1 or n (t57 !n !y w\ld und5iably prove no?+ z to a sy/em ( communal m>riage4 ,a baby po9ts to any man or woman & says #8pa' or #8ma1' )\t any !ory ( communal m>riage4 ,?us philologi/s mu/ fir/ int]pret = u ! orig9al significance ( ^! savage names ( relation%ips4 ,once giv51 !y w\ld la/1 :atev] !y orig9ally impli$4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has urg$ ?is po9t4#aa ,9 ! t]ms !mselves !re is1 g5]ally1 no?+ :i* indicates t !y imply an idea ( consangu9ity4' #8,pa1 papa' 7fa!r71 ma1 mama 7"m71 & scores ( o!rs1 #8are =m$ f ! e>lie/ s\nds a *ild c produce1' & #8h no intr9sic mean+ :atev]4' ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck gives a long li/ ( su* words1 appli$ to #8fa!rs1 & all ! tribe bro!rs ( fa!rs1' & ! same = mo!rs1 conclud+ #8t we mu/ n1 f ^! designations1 inf] any?+ z to e>ly m>riage cu/oms4' ,he does n d5y t o!r t]ms ( relation%ip h roots ( indep5d5t mean+1 #8b ! numb] ( ^? t imply an idea ( consangu9ity does n seem to be v great4' ,9 ,lifu 7,melanesia71 ! ^w = #8fa!r' means #8root2' = #8"m1' #8f\ndation' or #8vessel2' = #8si/]1' #8n to be t\*$2' = #8eld] & y\ng] bro!r1' #8rul]' & #8rul$4'#ab ,! t]ms = fa!r & "m d5ote consangu9ity2 ! o!rs1 cu/om>y law1 & /atus4 ,if we only knew ! mean+s1 say1 ( ! ,urabunna words = relation%ips1 we %\ld le>n mu*4 ,b ! truly amus+ fact is t ,mr4 ,fison1 = example1 did n "k ! language ( ! natives1 & ?\ght t probably n six :ite m5 9 ,au/ralia _h an adequate k1 & an adequate access to ! notions1 ( ! tribesm54 ,( ^! "o _h be5 initiat$1 &1 l a g5tleman1 decl9$ to break ! oa? ( secresy4#ac ,?is 0 9 #ahhj4 ,?+s may h improv$4 ,b unless our au?orities "k ! languages1 :]e are we8 ,we d "k t s5iority is indicat$3 ,fa!r's eld] bro!rs are ,gampat*a ,kuka 7,w>ramunga tribe74 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan ?\ght t all ^! t]ms 7 #8t]ms ( address1' us$ to avoid ! employm5t ( p]sonal names1 & ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck holds t #8!re c sc>cely be any d\bt t ! t]ms = relation%ip are1 9 _! orig91 t]ms ( address4' ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 aft] imp>tial consid]ation1 _c accept ?is view1 = ,au/ralia2 :]e ! t]ms are v num]\s1 & /& = relations v complicat$1 connect$ ) ! int]m>ry+ gr\ps1 & ) social duties4 ,9 address+ a p]son1 8 or h] individual "n 7our ,*ri/ian "n7 is freely us$4#ad ,!y believe t ! t]ms c only be expla9$ #8on ! !ory ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( gr\p m>riage1 & fur!r1 t ?is has ( necessity giv5 rise to ! t]ms ( relation%ip us$ by ! ,au/ralian natives4' ,^! op9ions are %>$ by ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt4 ,! =m] says1 #8,x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be all[$ t ! classificatory t]ms po9t to gr\p m>riage1' & ?\gh ,ba/ian d5ies ?is1 ,mr4 ,fison supports 8 !ory by ! ,di]i cu/om ( allott+ p>am\rs 7p9auru7 to m5 & wom51 out ( ! sets :i* may int]m>ry4#ae ,to ?is problem we return2 mean:ile x may seem imp]t95t 9 m]e e?nologi/s ( ! /udy to h9t a d\bt z to ! conclusions ( obs]v]s on ! spot4 ,mr4 ,crawley1 h[ev]1 has no hesitations4 ,! use ( ! t]ms ( relation%ip1 he ?9ks1 does n te/ify to a pa/ ( #8,gr\p ,m>riage1' or to a remot] pa/ ( promiscuity1 b is #8! regul> result ( ! primitive !ory ( relation%ip2 ! sy/em codifies a comb9ation ( relation & relation%ip1 8address10 & age4' ,! t]ms 9 use #8d n 9 !mselves necess>ily po9t to a previ\s promiscuity1 or ev5 to a pres5t gr\p m>riage1' z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 believe4 ,! po9t is "o on :i* ,i almo/ hesitate to v5ture a decid$ op9ion4 ,mu* seems to dep5d on ! orig9al s5se ( ! v>i\s t]ms1 & on t po9t1 9 ! case ( ,urabunna1 & _m o!r tribes1 we h no light4 ,b (t5 ! t]ms d n express consangu9ity at all4 ,!re seems to be no ^w = #8daught]' z di/9ct f #8son1' #8nephew1' & #8niece4' ,! gr&fa!r mat]nal is ,?un?ie1 & ,?un?unnie is ,urabunna = totem1 s t x is tempt+ to guess t ,?un?ie means #8a sire ( ! mat]nal totem4'#af ,kadn9i1 aga9 7,i speak+71 means gr&fa!r pat]nal1 gr&mo!r mat]nal1 & gr&*ildr54#ag ,^! relation%ips imply duties & s]vices4 #8,"o individual has to d c]ta9 ?+s = ano!r 444 & any brea* ( ^! cu/oms is sev]ely puni%$4' ,an ,arunta ( ! ,panunga class calls all ,kumura m5 #8fa!rs-9-law4' ,he ga%es 8 fle% if any "o ( 8 #8fa!rs-9-law' dies1 & he drops 8 dead game if he meets any "o ( !m4 ,!y all h t advantage ov] him4#ah ,?us ^! t]ms ( relation%ip--communal 9 appe>ance--really involve c]ta9 duties1 r ?an relations ( blood & aff9ity4 ,b emphatically ! t]ms are m ?an m]e t]ms ( address1 z 9 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's !ory4 ,b ^! are usages ( ! sy/em z x /&s to-day4 ,is !re beh9d x an #8undivid$ commune1' z ,mr4 ,morgan held2 is !re actual #8gr\p m>riage'8 ,i am n apt to believe t !re is4 ,language %[s1 9 ! t]ms ( relation%ip1 a gr\p ( #8,mo!rs' = ea* *ild2 b1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 #8x seems almo/ incr$ible t ! relation%ip ( ! *ild to its "m %\ld ev] h be5 completely ignor$1 especially z ! wom5 9 mo/ savage tribes nurse _! infants = a long "t4' ,a man's "m is "o1 & mu/ be kn[n1 ?\gh he calls _m wom5 by ! same "n z he gives to 8 "m4 ,%e is lump$1 9 ! t]ms ( relation%ip1 9 "o t]m ) all ! wom5 :om ! fa!r might legally h m>ri$1 b did n4 ,! son1 9 address+ or speak+ ( 8 "m1 ov]looks ! #8"o love :i* ne$s no w9n+1' & 8 t]m has ref]5ce only to ! pres5t m>riage law ( 8 tribe4 ,t law #8codifies' ! t]ms1 !y result f t law1 & t law1 aga91 is bas$1 if ,i am "r1 on totem prohibitions1 on ! desire to keep m>riage betwe5 p ( ! same g5]ation1 & on ! rights & duties ( ! g5]ations4 ,^! prohibitions1 ( phratry1 #8class1' totem1 & age1 leave only a c]ta9 set ( wom5 m>riageable to a c]ta9 set ( m54 ,! "n ( ?is set ( wom5 is ,nupa to _! coevals1 ,luka to ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,!re is no "n = #8wife1' no "n = #8"m2' !re are only names expressive ( cu/om>y legal /atus1 itself ! result ( ! exi/+ rules4 ,:atev] _! orig9al s5se1 !y all n[ connote s5iority & cu/om>y legal /atus1 ) its reciprocal duties1 rights & avoidances4 #8,x is ! sy/em1 & n gr\p m>riage1 :i* has giv5 rise to ^! t]ms ( relation%ip1' says ,mr4 ,crawley4#ai ,b :at gave rise to ! sy/em8 ,mr4 ,fison has told u4 #a4 #8,! division ( a tribe 7community7 into two exogam\s int]m>ry+ classes4444' #b4 #8,! subdivision ( ^! two classes into f\r1' or1 he sugge/s1 ! amalgamation ( two tribes4 #c4 #8,_! subdivision into g5tes di/+ui%$ by totems4'#bj ,b all ( ?is !ory we h already decl9$ to accept = reasons giv51 & ma9ly because x involves 7z ,i try to %[7 delib]ate primeval re=matory legislation--)\t any conceivable motive4 ,aga91 we _c accept ,mr4 ,fison's sy/em because x involves ! hypo!sis t a tribe1 or #8community1' l>ge en\gh to feel ! necessity ( bisect+ itself = social & moral purposes1 exi/$ at a p]iod :5 ! difficulties ( commiss>iat1 ( food supply1 & ( ho/ility1 c\ld seldom1 if ev]1 p]mit its exi/5ce4 ,a tribe is1 ,i repeat1 a local aggregate ( small gr\ps become fri5dly3 x is n a primeval horde :i* keeps on subdivid+ itself1 legislatively1 = re=matory purposes4 ,:at social cem5t kept su* a primeval horde1 su* an #8undivid$ commune1' toge!r2 & h[ did ! animal jeal\sy ( m5 s ne> to ! brutal /age fail to r5d x into pieces8 ,h[ 0 x f$8 ,h[ c we imag9e a human h]d--h[ suppli$ ) food1 :o kn[s8--:]e9 ea* male sees ea* o!r male approa* :at female he pleases1 p]haps 8 own pref]r$ girl1 )\t int]nec9e jeal\sy8 ,i _c imag9e ?is indiff]5ce to love 9 su* a primitive ,agapemone2 ,i _c und]/& its economics2 any m ?an ,i c guess :y su* a /ate ( affairs ev] seem$--to its memb]s--#8abom9able' & #8objectionable1' & a ?+ to be re=m$2 yet !y #8bisect$' x1 & #8subdivid$' ! segm5ts1 all 9 ! int]e/s ( morality--su* is ! !ory4 ,z = ! good-hum\r$ laxity :i* enables all m5 & wom5 to live toge!r matrimonially at r&om1 ,mr4 ,morgan f\nd an example1 z he ?\ght1 9 ! ,punalua ( ! ,hawaiians4 ,! ^w ,punalua1 :5 obs]v$ 7#ahfj7 by ,judge ,&rews1 meant #8de> fri5d1' or #8intimate companion4' ,a man call$ 8 si/]'s husb& 7our #8bro!r-9-law7 8 #8de> fri5d1' & a woman /yl$ ! wife ( h] husb&'s bro!r 7h] si/]-9-law71 h] #8de> fri5d1' or ,punalua4 ,?is %[s t relations-9-law 7 n #8,foes-9-law1' or1 at lea/1 t ?is 0 n ! (ficial view ( ! case4 ,x really does n foll[ t all ! wives #8%>$ _! rema9+ husb&s 9 common4' ,judge ,&rews ?\ght t ?is happy family #87 incl9$ to possess ea* o!r 9 common4' ,t 0 only ! ,judge's !ory1 also ! !ory ( ! ,rev4 ,artemus ,bi%op4 ,probably !re 0 a great deal ( g5ial lic5se & indiff]5ce among loose luxuri\s b>b>ic p1 liv+ 9 #8summ] isles ( ,ed51' :]e food & necess>ies 7 ready made by b5ignant ,nature4#ba ,ea* %eph]d clasp$1 ) unconceal$ delight1 ,8 yield+ fair1 )9 ! ,capta9's sight2 ,ea* yield+ fair1 z *ance or fancy l$1 ,pref]r$ new lov]s to h] sylvan b$4#bb ,?is is va/ly well1 & ! poet adds1 9 a lib]al _s1 ,:at ,otaheite is1 let ,engl& be6 ,x is v well1 b x by no means repres5ts1 probably1 ! mann]s ( primitive man4 #8,we may conclude1' says ,mr4 ,d>w91 #8f :at we "k ( ! jeal\sy ( all male quadrup$s1444 t promiscu\s int]c\rse1 9 a /ate ( nature1 is extremely improbable4444 ,! mo/ probable view is t primeval man aborig9ally liv$ 9 small communities1 ea* ) z _m wives z he c\ld support & obta91 :om he w\ld h jeal\sly gu>d$ aga9/ all o!r m54 ,or he may h liv$ ) sev]al wives by himself1 l ! ,gorilla1 = all ! natives agree t b "o adult male is se5 9 a b&2 :5 ! "y male gr[s up a /ruggle takes place = ma/]y1 & ! /ronge/1 by kill+ & driv+ out ! o!rs1 e/abli%es himself z ! head ( ! community4 ,! y\ng] males1 be+ ?us expell$ & w&]+ ab\t1 w\ld1 :5 at la/ successful 9 f9d+ a p>tn]1 prev5t too close int]bre$+ )9 ! limits ( ! same family1' j z ! o!r male did4#bc ,?is second view ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's is mu* l ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,atk9son1 & is v unlike ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory ( a human horde1 liv+ 9 communal m>riage1 or gr\p m>riage4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's idea1 moreov]1 ! primitive gr\ps be+ small1 does n enc\nt] ! economic difficulties rais$ by ! hypo!sis ( ! #8undivid$ commune4' ,! /ronge/ male practically en=c$ exogamy1 z f> z he 0 able1 & maybe conceiv$ to h ent]ta9$ no scruples z to connection ) 8 daught]s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admitt$ t #8! indirect evid5ce' = communal m>riage1 & frat]nal ince/1 0 #8extremely /rong1' b !n #8x re/s *iefly on ! t]ms ( relation%ip :i* are employ$ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same tribe1 imply+ a connection ) ! tribe alone1 & n ) ei!r p>5t4' ,if1 h[ev]1 we h successfully expla9$ ^! t]ms ( relation%ip z n usually mean+ degrees ( consangu9ity1 b ( cu/om>y legal /atus1 "u ! preval5t cu/om>y law1 ! evid5ce :i* ^! t]ms yield = promiscuity1 or gr\p m>riage1 is extremely weak1 or is nil1 above all if our !ory ( h[ ! legal /atus arose is accept$4 ,&1 if x is n accept$1 back we come to primeval #8re=matory movem5ts4' ,9 ,lifu1 ! ^w = #8si/]' means #8n to be t\*$1' l& ?is is a m]e expression ( cu/om>y law4 ,a man #8mu/ n t\*' any "o ( ! wom5 ( 8 g5]ation :om ! totem tabu & ! rule ( ! exogam\s #8phratry' 79 orig91 we sugge/1 totemic7 =bid him to t\*4 ,all su* wom51 9 a p>ticul> grade1 are 8 si/]s4 ,_m wom51 besides 8 actual si/]s1 /& to him 9 ! degree ?us prohibit$4 ,all be> ! same "n ( /atus z a man's actual si/]s be>1 b ! "n does n mean #8si/]s' at all1 9 our s5se ( t ^w3 namely1 daught]s ( ! man's real fa!r & "m4 ,x means tabu$ wom5 ( a g5]ation4 ,if ! #8classificatory' t]ms :i* include our #8fa!rs1' #8si/]s1' #8wives1' & ! re/ meant :at our #8fa!rs1' #8si/]s1' #8wives1' & s on mean1 !n ! evid5ce f ! t]ms1 = communal or gr\p m>riage1 w\ld really be #8extremely /rong4' ,b1 z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say1 #8unless all ideas ( t]ms ( relation%ip z c\nt$ among ourselves be ab&on$1 x is useless to try & 7sic7 und]/& ! native t]ms4'#bd ,yet ! :ole =ce ( ! argum5t = communal m>riage d]iv$ f savage t]ms ( relation%ip re/s precisely on our n #8ab&on+' 7z we are w>n$ to ab&on7 #8all ideas ( t]ms ( relation%ip z c\nt$ among ourselves4' ,! fri5ds ( gr\p & communal m>riage1 x seems to me1 keep =gett+ t our ideas ( si/]1 bro!r1 fa!r1 "m1 & s on1 h no?+ to d 7z !y tell u at c]ta9 po9ts ( _! argum5t7 ) ! native t]ms :i* include1 inde$1 b d n d5ote ^! relation%ips1 z und]/ood by u4 ,an ,urabunna calls a cr[d ( m5 ( 8 fa!r's /atus by ! same t]m z he calls 8 fa!r4 ,?is ne$ n po9t to an age :51 by reason ( promiscuity1 no man knew 8 fa!r4 ,7 ?is s1 a man ( ! g5]ation prior to 8 fa!r might be ! actual p>5t ( ! speak]1 & all m5 "u eighty ought to be call$ #8fa!r' by him--:i* !y are n4 ,! facts may m]ely mean t ! ,urabunna /yles 8 fa!r by ! "n d5ot+ a /atus :i* 8 fa!r %>es ) _m o!r m52 a /atus 9 s5iority1 #8phratry1' & totem4 ,we really _c fir/ argue t our ideas h no relation to ! t]ms employ$ by savages1 & !n1 :5 we want to prove a pa/ ( communal m>riage1 turn r\nd & reason z if our t]ms & ! savage t]ms 7 practically id5tical4 ,we _c say #8our ^w 8son0 mu/ n be ?\ght ( :5 we try to und]/& ! native t]m ( relation%ip :i* includes sons 9 our s5se1' & next av] t #8sons 9 our s5se1 are reg>d$ z real sons ( ! gr\p1 n ( ! individual--because ( a pa/ /age ( promiscuity mak+ pat]nity indiscov]able4' ,z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say1 we mu/ #8lay aside all preconceiv$ ideas ( relation%ip1' :5 we /udy ! ,urabunna or o!r classificatory t]ms ( relation%ips4#be ,let u d s1 & ! evid5ce borne by ^! t]ms to a pa/ ( communal m>riage vani%es at once4 ,t ! t]ms (t5 d5ote /atus 9 cu/om>y law is demon/rat$4 #8,!re are c]ta9 cu/oms :i* are en=c$ by long usage & accord+ to :i* m5 & wom5 ( p>ticul> degrees ( relation%ip may alone h m>ital relations1 or may n speak to "o ano!r1 or accord+ to :i* "o individual has to d c]ta9 ?+s = ano!r1 su* z provid+ ! latt] ) food1 or ) hair1 z ! case may be1 & any brea* ( ^! cu/oms is sev]ely puni%$4 ,! eld] m5 ( ea* gr\p v c>efully keep alive ^! cu/oms1 _m ( :i* are ( consid]able value to !mselves4444'#bf ,?us1 y h spe>$ a fi%1 or an opossum1 b if y meet any man ( y\r fa!r-9-law's set1 y mu/ drop y\r spoil & make (f4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i v5ture to take x1 ! t]ms ( relation%ip 9 no way answ] to our ideas ( k91 b m]ely d5ote legal /atus4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,t]ms ,,( ,,relation%ip ,,orig9ally ,,arose ,we _c1 z a rule1 recov] 7or ,au/ralian /ud5ts h n recov]$7 ! orig9al s5se & etymology ( t]ms l ,biaka1 ,nia1 ,nupa1 & s =?4 ,we are ?us left to *oose betwe5 two compet+ !ories ( _! nature & diffusion4 ,if we advocate ! hypo!sis ( consangu9e m>riage & gr\p m>riage1 we mu/ suppose t ! memb]s ( ! #8undivid$ commune' ( ! !ory1 _h once names absolutely id5tical 9 s5se ) our #8fa!r1' #8"m1' #8si/]1' #8bro!r1' #8son1' #8daught]1' & s =?4 ,b ! speak]s1 9 ea* case1 7 oblig$ to apply ^! words ) ! utmo/ laxity1 because :o knew :o ,a's fa!r might be1 & :e!r ,c's si/] 7 really 8 si/] or n1 :ile e girl 0 ! wife ( e male ( h] g5]ation1 n b>r$ by o!r laws1 & s on8 ,! promiscuity ( liv+1 !n1 made ?is lax use ( words = relation%ips inevitable4 ,?is is ! usual hypo!sis1 & ! sweep+ scope ( savage words = human relation%ips is accept$ z pro( t consangu9e & gr\p m>riage once exi/$ & left _! m>ks 9 language4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if communal m>riage prevail$1 ! p :o liv$ 9 t condition c\ld n possibly h _h ideas equival5t to our fa!r1 son1 daught]1 bro!r1 wife1 & s on4 ,our ideas ( ^! relation%ips c\ld n ent] ! human m9d1 at ! hypo!tical /age ( culture :5 nobody knew #8:o is :o' & ! hypo!sis is wreck$ on t fact4 ,!re=e ei!r ! names n[ us$ "u ! #8class sy/em' are ( unkn[n orig9al s5se2 or1 human m>riage 01 f ! fir/1 s f>1 #8individual' t our ideas ( fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 si/]1 son1 daught]1 c\ld arise & c\ld f9d expression 9 t]ms t /ill survive1 say1 among ! ,urabunna or o!r ,au/ralians4 ,b :ile tribal cu/om>y laws z to classes1 totems1 g5]ations1 m>riage rules1 & _m o!r social duties 7 be+ evolv$2 "s ( ! anci5t names = fa!r1 son1 bro!r1 si/]1 7 p]haps tak5 up & appli$ to ea* ( ! l>ge sets ( p]sons ^: cu/om>y legal /atus 0 n[ 7z gr\ps coalesc$ into l>ge tribes7 on ! level ( actual fa!rs1 sons1 bro!rs1 si/]s1 & ! re/4 ,obvi\sly1 9 a primitive gr\p ( a male s5ior1 8 female mates & *ildr51 !re c\ld n exi/ 7o!r gr\ps be+1 on my !ory1 /range or ho/ile7 l>ge sets ( p]sons occupy+ a common legal /atus1 z 9 mod]n tribes4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* sets ( p]sons is ! result ( ! lat] & tribal society1 ( society 9 :i* _m gr\ps are reconcil$ & unit$ 9 a local tribe4 ,only 9 su* a tribe1 :i* _c be primitive1 is ! classificatory sy/em ( nam+ sets ( p necess>y4 ,x is only 9 tribal law t ! grades ( cu/om>y /atus answ]+ to all ! _m t]ms c exi/1 & tribes ) _! laws _c be primitive4 ,mo/ names = ! v>i\s grades1 !re=e1 are lat] ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!tical /age ( small & p]haps ho/ile gr\ps2 !y 71 9 a few cases1 p]haps orig9ally names = su* relation%ips z our own fa!r1 "m1 son1 bro!r1 c41 b 9 ! evolution ( tribal cu/om>y law1 su* names h be5 ext5d$ out ( _! family1 or fire-circle1 into _! tribal significance1 out ( recognis$ k9%ip1 or close contiguity1 into t]ms includ+ all :o h ! same /atus1 rights1 & duties4 ,,suppos$ ,,survivals ,,( ,,gr\p ,,m>riage ,if our sugge/ion z to ! orig9 & significance ( ! #8classificatory t]ms ( relation%ip' be plausible1 !n ! !ory ( a pri/9e pa/ ( #8communal' or ( #8gr\p m>riage' w lose :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 deem$ ! *ief evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 ! evid5ce f t]ms ( relation%ip4 ,b !re rema9s ! evid5ce f #8survivals1' 9 in/itutions4 ,= example1 among ! ,urabunna1 wom5 ( a c]ta9 s5iority1 totem & #8phratry' are ,nupa to m5 ( ! relative /atus among males4 ,!y are ! m5's pot5tial wives4 ,9 actual practice ea* individual man has "o or p]haps two ( ^! ,nupa wom5 :o are specially atta*$ to himself1 & live 9 8 camp4 ,!y are 8 wives4 ,b ea* man has also1 or _m m5 h1 o!r wom5 ( ! ,nupa set1 :o by an allotm5t1 :i* ! eld]s arrange1 are 8 ,piraung>u1 ,he is1 t is to say1 _! #8second ma/]1' aft] _! husb&s4 ,?is is a k9d ( ,cicisbeism1 recognis$ & regulat$ by cu/om>y law1 & sanction$ by a def9ite c]emony4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 !re=e say #8individual m>riage does n exi/1 ei!r 9 "n or 9 practice1 among ! ,urabunna tribe4' ,_! idea appe>s to be t once e man 0 ! husb& ( e ,nupa woman :o 0 accessible1 & t ! ,piraung>u arrangem5t is a nasc5t re/riction ^u1 or survival (1 ?is communal m>riage4 ,x is admitt$ t a man may n[ try to prev5t 8 wife f hav+ sexual relations ) h] ,piraung>u man1 j z an ,italian ( ! eighte5? c5tury might h done 9 ! case ( 8 wife's ,cicisbeo4 #8,b ?is leads to a fight1 & ! husb& is look$ ^u z *urli%4' ,! ,italian husb& w\ld h und]gone ! same reproa*1 yet he liv$ 9 a society :i* 9 !ory1 & z ,*ri/ian1 insi/$ on individual m>riage4 ,! "q arises1 is ! ,piraung>u arrangem5t a modifi$ survival ( communal m>riage1 or is x a m]e *>t]$ lib]t9ism 9 cu/om>y practice1 & n a #8rudim5t>y survival'8 ,x is c]ta9ly f\nd among ! tribes mo/ t5aci\s ( ar*aic in/itutions4 ,mr4 ,crawley ?9ks1 h[ev]1 &1 "u correction1 ,i agree ) him1 t ! ,piraung>u sy/em is no survival1 & t x #8has nev] be5 m fully develop$ ?an x is n[4'#bg ,,piraung>u ,,& ,,piraura ,z to ?is ,piraung>u affair1 z usual we ne$1 & d n get1 ! help ( philology4 ,:at does ! ^w #8,piraung>u' lit]ally mean8 ,among ! ,di]i ! ,piraung>u cu/om prevails1 & ! p]sons affect$ by x are call$ ,piraura--! resemblance to ,piraung>u is /rik+4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,h[itt tells u t ! ,headman ( ! ,di]i is call$ ,p9>u1 f p9a1 #8great1' b he also calls ^! ,headm5 ,piraurus1 ! same title z he gives to ! m5 & wom5 allott$ to ea* o!r on ! sy/em ( native ,cicisbeism4#bh ,cle>ly !re is "h ei!r a mispr9t1 or a curi\s fact4 ,ei!r ! ,headm5 are ,p9>us1 n ,piraurus1 or ,headm5 & supplem5t>y wives & husb&s h "o & ! same title6 ,"o great ,headman 0 ,jal9a ,pira murana4 ,is #8great' p9a or pira8 ,if ,au/ralia does n produce an adequate philologi/ 9 ! native tongues1 :o w specially /udy ^! matt]s1 x w be a heavy bl[ to ! rese>* into native in/itutions4 ,x is wor? obs]v+ t ! ,di]i ,piraura are #8p]mitt$ new m>ital privileges at ! c]emony ( circumcision4' ,n[ lic5se amid/ ! l>ge assemblies br\ght toge!r f all qu>t]s on su* occasions 79 "s places ev5 transgress+ ! sacr$ rules ( totem1 phratry1 & close relation%ip 9 our s5se7 is m]ely "p ( t p]iodical g5]al #8bur/' :i* surviv$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,saca & ,roman ,saturnalia4 ,_m examples may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s #8,gold5 ,b\gh4' ,e k9d ( law is1 at ^! #8bur/s1' delib]ately violat$4 ,p]haps1 !n1 ! due selection ( ,piraura1 by ! ,di]i s5iors1 is really r a re/riction ( ,saturnalian lic5se ?an a relaxation ( m>riage laws1 or a survival ( communal m>riage4 ,t ! lic5se ( ! ,saturnalia 0 a return to primitive ways 0 a ,roman !ory4 ,= ,au/ralia x is ! !ory ( ! ,arunta !mselves4#bi ,! adjac5t ,urabunna h ! same ,piraura usages1 & :at looks v l a =m ( ! same ^w1 ,piraura1 ,piraung>u4 ,! relations !reby indicat$ exi/1 :5 occasion s]ves1 aft] ! season ( lic5se4 ,a wife1 at m>riage1 is subject$ to a disgraceful ordeal 7mod]n ideas w break 971 :i* ,i take1 z ,mr4 ,crawley does1 to be a m]e initiation 7due to a well-def9$ sup]/ition7 into ! life matrimonial4#cj ,mean:ile1 ?\gh a def9ite & disgu/+ set ( proce$+s =ms ! ,urabunna m>riage c]emonial1 ,i am n aw>e t ! same do+s prec$e & sanction ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,piraung>u or ,piraura relation1 :i*1 if n1 is no m>riage at all4 ,?us1 s f> z our in=mation goes1 & ) all def]5ce to ! great ,au/ralian au?orities1 ,i d n see t ! evid5ce = a pa/ /age ( communal or ( gr\p m>riage is su* z compels our ass5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z has be5 %[n1 ! !ory ( communal m>riage =ces all its advocates1 unwill+ly or unconsci\sly1 into ! o!r !ory ( a primeval moral & social re=matory movem5t1 delib]ately und]tak51 p]haps "u direct div9e inspiration1 = :at o!r motive c\ld exi/8 ,! economical & biological difficulties :i* also beset t hypo!sis h be5 suffici5tly expla9$1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 has dwelt on ! psy*ological difficulty1 ! sexual jeal\sy ( ! primitive male4 ,^! objections1 at lea/1 d n hamp] ! hypo!sis or conjecture1 :i* we h v5tur$ to submit z an alt]native sy/em4 ,z a pro( ( survival ( communal or gr\p m>riage1 ,mr4 ,fison quotes ,mr4 ,lance3 #8,if a ,kubbi meets a /range ,ippa?a' 7female71 #8!y address ea* o!r z sp\se4' 7,!y belong to int]m>ry+ phratries47 #8,a ,kubbi ?us meet+ an ,ippa?a1 ?\gh %e 7 ( ano!r tribe1 w\ld treat h] z 8 wife1 & 8 "r to d s w\ld be recognis$ by h] tribe4' ,8 "r1 z f> z phratry prohibitions g1 w\ld c]ta9ly be recognis$1 b h[ h] husb&1 if %e _h "o1 w\ld view ! transaction is ano!r "q4 ,! morality is t ( ! ,scotti% ballads1 9 :i* su* bonnes =tunes are frequ5t1 & ! frail pair only ask que/ions--aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! ballad ( ,! ,bonny ,h9d1 9 ! ,kalewala1 & else:]e1 ! answ]s prove t ! pair are bro!r & si/]4 ,suicide foll[s1 b x does n foll[ t communal or gr\p m>riage prevail$ 9 ,scotl&1 or 9 ,f9l&4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,social ,,rules ,,9 ,,! ,,tribe ,x is probable t ! rules n[ def9+ ! privileges1 prohibitions1 & duties ( sets ( p1 rules int]wov5 n[ ) ^? ( #8class' & totem1 h be5 gradually evolv$ 9 ! we> & te> ( ages4 ,tribes :i* hold su* l>ge & protract$ assemblies1 or palav]s1 z ! ,arunta ( to-day1 discuss & debate common affairs ) all ! diffus5ess ( our ,p>liam5t at ,we/m9/]4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t tribal peace exi/$ ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( c\ntry1 & t ! gr\p repres5tatives1 s to speak1 flock$ 9 f f>-(f regions1 to p>liam5t1 9 ! ages :5 ! pri/9e rules ( exogamy 7 evolv$4 ,we might z wisely imag9e t1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,totemism1 gr\ps travell$ to a tribal folk-mote1 & arrang$ ! details ( a k9d ( magical co-op]ative society to pres]ve & increase ! food/uffs ( ! tribe4 ,9 ages really pri/9e ! tribal peace & union _c h aris52 delib]ate legislation = a va/ scatt]$ tribal community c\ld n h ent]$ into m5's dreams4 ,no su* community c\ld h exi/$4 ,b ! tribes ( to-day1 & notably ! ,arunta1 be+ remote f truly primitive conditions1 d hold prolong$ assemblies1 & "w at public problems1 s v remote f ! primitive are !y4 ,! ,arunta1 9 _! pseudo-hi/oric leg5ds1 ?r[ back ^u ! pa/ ! reflection ( _! actual e/ate1 & ascribe ! rule :i* practically limits m>riage )9 ! g5]ation to a lead] ( ! ,?ura?w]ta gr\p1 liv+ ne> :at is call$1 by ,europeans1 ,gl5 ,hel51 9 ! ,macdonnell range4 ,he 0 back$ by ! ,emu p ( f\r widely sep>at$ localities4#ca ,"o is n1 h[ev]1 to suppose t1 at "s witan ( ! tribes1 names indicative ( g5]ations1 & ( _! respective rights1 7 sudd5ly inv5t$ & dealt out by #8! legislator1' any m ?an t totems 7 ?us inv5t$ & dealt out4 ,z ,mr4 ,atk9son rem>ks 7,*apt] ,,viii473 #8,gradually ea* g5]ation 444 w\ld1 qua g5]ation1 come to be a di/9ctly def9$ class1 ) c]ta9 sep>ate rights & obligations4 ,9 ?is simple classification ( ! connect$ p]sons1 we see ! orig9 ( ! classificatory sy/em itself' 7z f> z g5]ations are conc]n$71 #8z an in/itution4444 ,! classificatory sy/em evolves itself m]ely z ! result ( a desire to def9e c]ta9 rights1 & ! division by g5]ations 0 ! mo/ natural & feasible = ! purpose4444 ,?us we f9d a desire = di/9ction1 z reg>ds rights 9 sexual union1 to be ! g5etic cause ( ! classificatory sy/em1 bo? z conc]ns ! g5]ation & its compon5t memb]s4' ,! m>riage rules preval5t1 ) _m v>iations1 among ! p lea/ advanc$ 9 mat]ial culture1 ! ,au/ralians1 are ?us se51 on ! :ole1 to be bas$ 7#a7 on totem rules 79 :i*1 ) ,dr4 ,durkheim1 we include ! #8prim>y classes' or #8phratries'71 & 7#b7 on ! di/9ction ( g5]ations4 ,x is cle>1 f ! case ( ! ,arunta & o!r tribes1 t ! rule ( c\nt+ on ! sp9dle side may break d[n1 male desc5t be+ sub/itut$1 9 times excessively rude2 :ile aga91 z 9 ! ,picti% ,royal ,h\se1 x may else:]e la/ into a /age relatively civilis$4 ,all mann]s ( conditions & sup]/itions may affect & alt] ! c\rse ( social developm5t 9 v>i\s places4 ,,gr\p ,,m>riage ,,& ,,mr4 ,,tylor's ,,/ati/ics ,9 #ahii1 ,mr4 ,tylor publi%$ a sket* ( #8,a ,me?od ( ,inve/igat+ ! ,developm5t ( ,in/itutions1 appli$ to ,laws ( ,m>riage & ,desc5t4'#cb ,he _h catalogu$ ! usages ( #cej peoples1 & exam9$ 7#a7 ! rule ( avoidance betwe5 husb&s & wives' relations1 & vice v]sa4 7#b7 ,! nam+ ( husb& 7or wife7 aft] _! *ildr52 z ,odysseus says1 #8,may ,i no long] be call$ ! fa!r ( ,telema*us4' 7#c7 ,! nature ( inh]itance 9 wid[s4 7#d7 ,! ,c\vade 9 :i* ! husb& pret5ds to lie 91 :ile 8 wife is really do+ s4 7#e7 ,! cu/om ( capture4 7#f7 ,exogamy & ! classificatory sy/em4 ,mr4 ,tylor 0 l$ to believe t1 s f> z ! /ati/ical evid5ce goes1 ! husb& fir/ liv$ ) ! wife's family 7,a72 next1 aft] a resid5ce ) ! wife's family1 w5t back to 8 own home 7,b72 la/1 7,c7 took ! wife at once to 8 own home4 7,husb& to ,wife4 ,removal4 ,wife to ,husb&47 ,n[ /ati/ics are r vague evid5ce )\t full k ( ! social concomitants 9 ea* case4 ,9 :at exact /age ( culture1 9 ea* in/ance1 does ! husb& g to live ) ! wife's relations8 ,we h n ?is in=mation4 ,b if ?is be really ! e>lie/ /age1 h[ is x compatible ) gr\p m>riage8 ,if a man is husb& to #8a ?\s& miles ( wives1' h[ c he g & live ) ! relations ( all 8 wives8 ,ev5 )9 8 actual region ( w&]+1 h[ c he d ?is8 ,nor1 p]haps1 c he br+ all 8 wives to live ) ! relations ( ea* ( !m 9 turn8 ,ei!r !re 0 no gr\p m>riage1 or x did n exi/ :51 on ! hypo!sis1 ! husb&1 9 ! e>lie/ /age1 habitually resid$ ) 8 wife's relations4 ,aga91 take ! mat]nal & pat]nal sy/ems1 ! reckon+ 9 ! female or male l9e1 ! female l9e1 z we hold ) ,mr4 ,tylor1 be+ ! e>li]4 ,if s1 on ,mr4 ,tylor's hypo!sis1 x ought to arise 9 8 fir/ epo*1 :5 husb& goes to live ) wife's p4 #8,! l9es' 7( a diagram7 #8%[ ! in/itutions ( female desc5t1 avuncul> au?ority1 c4 aris+ 9 ! /age ( resid5ce on ! female side1 & ext5d+ into ! /ages ( removal & resid5ce on ! male side4' ,n[ we h tri$ to expla9 ! reckon+ 9 ! female l9e1 by ! diff]5tiation1 9 ! suppos$ orig9al local totem gr\p1 ( ! captive wom51 ea* reta9+1 & h&+ on to h] *ildr51 ! "n ( h] own totem gr\p1 ?is beque/ ( ! totem "n cont9u+ into ! tribal /ate ( peaceful betro?als4 ,b ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ( ! fir/ /age 7husb& goes to live ) wife71 implies a peaceful /ate1 & gr\ps n ho/ile4 ,= ! reasons giv51 e>ly ho/ility & sexual jeal\sy1 ,i am unable to hold t1 9 ! beg9n+1 husb&s always jo9$ _! wives' gr\ps4 ,x seems1 grant+ ho/ility & jeal\sy1 to be impossible4 ,a ,malay example ( polygamy plus resid5ce ) wives' relations1 proves no?+ = primitive man4 ,!re=e we ne$ to "k ! exact /age ( culture ( ! peoples among :om ! husb&s g z subdu$ hang]s-on1 #8n recognis$1' into ! wife's family4 ,are ^! p all precisely primitive8 ,! #8husb& to wife' /age implies peaceful relations4 ,^! 7 produc$1 on my !ory1 by ! arrangem5t ( ! phratries4 ,:5 ^! are once con/itut$1 ! husb& may g to live ) ! wife's family z mu* z he pleases4 ,b ,i fail to see h[ he c\ld h done s #89 ! beg9n+4' ,moreov] ,i am dis9cl9$ to suppose t exogamy 0 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ a gr\p by matrimonial alliances4 ,bella g]ant alii1 tu1 felix ,au/ria1 nube6 ,exogamy has ?is effect1 b x 0 n devis$ purposely to produce ?is effect4 ,i may casually rem>k t ,mr4 ,tylor m5tions an ,ass9ebo9 case 9 :i* ! husb& ent]s #88 lodge1' :]e 8 fa!r & "m-9-law #8%irk' or avoid him4 ,b1 9 ! next page b "o1 ! lodge is describ$1 n z ! husb&'s1 b z t ( ! fa!r & "m-9-law4#cc ,^: lodge 0 x really8 ,0 ! husb& /ay+ ) 8 wife's family1 or 7 ! old p on a visit to _! m>ri$ daught]8 ,among sev]al ,au/ralian tribes1 a feign$ =m ( capture prec$es m>riage4#cd ,is ?is a survival ( actual capture 9 ! /age ( ho/ility1 ! pre-tribal /age8 ,or is x ! result ( girli% mode/y 9 ! bride8 ,note3 ,mr4 ,morgan's #8,re=matory ,movem5t'3 ,x is prop] to note t1 9 8 preface to ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai 7p4 #e71 ,mr4 ,morgan wrote1 #8x is n supposable t savages design1 consci\sly1 re=matory movem5ts 9 ! /rict s5se4' ,= 8 !ory _c escape ! conclusion t1 9 fact1 !y did4 ,footnote #a3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #b3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #c3 ,sy/ems ( ,consangu9ity & ,aff9ity ( ! ,human ,family 7#ahga72 & ,anci5t ,society 7#ahgg72 e>li] 9 ,! ,league ( ! ,iroquois 7#ahed74 ,footnote #d3 ,s ,mr4 ,fison c&idly /ates1 & ,mr4 ,morgan saw 8 "w1 & wrote an introductory essay4 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #e3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #afj-afa4 ,footnote #f3 ,anci5t ,society1 pp4 #di-ej4 ,footnote #g3 ,cf4 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #ddd-dde4 ,we/]m>ck1 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #h3 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #i3 ,ibid4 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #aj3 ,by #8classes' ,mr4 ,morgan "h seems to mean phratries4 ,footnote #aa3 ,we/]m>ck1 pp4 #he1 #if4 ,footnote #ab3 ,"l ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #ddb-ddi1 #aijb4 ,footnote #ac3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #ef1 #eg1 #ei4 ,footnote #ae3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,may #ahie1 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #af3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid4 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid4 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #bj3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bg1 cf4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #ba3 ,anci5t ,society1 pp4 #dbg-dbh4 ,footnote #bb3 ,capta9 ,cook1 ( ,8 ,maje/y's %ip ,! ,endeav\r4 ,footnote #bc3 ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,dr4 ,savage1 ,bo/on ,j\r4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 v4 #dbc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #be3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #bf3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #fg1 #fh4 ,footnote #bg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #dgg-dgh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,on ! ,organisation ( ,au/ralian ,tribes1 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,footnote #bi3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ib-if4 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #dgi1 #dhj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #dbj-dba4 ,footnote #cb3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 vol4 xviii41 no4 #c1 pp4 #bde-bgb4 ,footnote #cc3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #bdf-bdh4 ,footnote #cd3 ,h[itt1 ,organisation ( ,au/ralian ,tribes4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,*ange ,,( ,,class ,,among ,,! ,,new ,,g5]ation ,we h hi!rto1 = ! sake ( lucidity1 spok5 *iefly ( two #8prim>y classes' 7#8phratries'71 su* z ! ,kir>awa & ,mat?urie ( ! ,urabunna4 ,b among ! ,arunta1 & _m o!r tribes1 !re are f\r or ev5 eight su* #8classes4' ,! read] may ref] to ! extract f ,mr4 ,ma!ws's description 7p4 #ci74 ,ea* ( ^! classes r\ghly corresponds to a diff]5t g5]ation ( ! tribe4 ,b1 ) female desc5t1 ea* *ild belongs to ! class to :i* its "m does n belong4 ,! classes1 t is1 alt] ) ea* g5]ation4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is curi\s rule8 ,"o g5]ation is ,a1 its *ildr5 are ,b1 its gr&*ildr5 are ,a aga94 ,"h we meet ! explanation ( ,h]r ,cun[1 :i* may z well be giv5 9 summ>y4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,h]r ,,cun[ ,! !ory ( ,h]r ,cun[#a is 9 ! fir/ place oppos$ to ! sy/ems ( all :o reg>d ! #8phratries' z divisions made 9 an orig9al gr\p1 or horde1 = purposes ( exogamy4 ,i h n obs]v$ t any ( our writ]s h notic$ ! book ( ,h]r ,cun[4 ,9 8 op9ion1 z 0 said e>li]1 au?ors err 9 confus+ #8phratries' ) #8classes3' #8a phratry is n a class1 & a class is n a phratry2 ^! two sorts ( bodies h be5 develop$ out ( diff]5t antec$5ts1 & h diff]5t t5d5cies4 ,! two 8prim>y divisions10 say ,kroki & ,kumite1 are phratries1 b are n classes 9 ! same s5se z ! ,ippai & ,kumbo1 ,murri & ,kubbi classes ( ! ,kamil>oi' 7p4 #bd74 ,h]r ,cun[ reg>ds ! #8classes' z 9 orig9 e>li]#b ?an ! divisions ( totem k91 or ! #8phratry' divisions1 & ?9ks t ! #8classes' 7 orig9ally non-int]m>ry+ divisions bas$ on s5iority4 ,!y 7 devis$ or develop$1 n to prev5t m>riage betwe5 ne> k91 b betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t g5]ations1 or r degrees ( s5iority4 ,?is is prov$1 he ?9ks1 by ! etymology ( "s ( ! names ( ! classes 7ab\t :i* we ne$ mu* full] in=mation74 ,?us ! ^w ,kubbi 7,kamil>oi71 already cit$ z a class "n1 is d]iv$1 he says1 f ,kubbura1 #8"y1 new1' & orig9ally designates a y\? :o has pass$ ! initiatory c]emonies4 ,ridley's vocabul>y ( ! ,kamil>oi tongue is ! s\rce = ?is fact4 ,kumbo1 ano!r class "n1 is ! ,kombia or ,kumbia1 ( ! tribes on ! ,l[] ,murray riv]1 & means #8great1' t is1 #8old4' ,on ! ,l[] ,d>l+1 ! ^w is gumboka1 ,kumbuka2 comp>e ,kumba1 ,kumb]a1 #8old woman1' ,kumbeja1 #8fa!r4' #8,great' & #8old1' #8little' & #8"y1' are equival5t 9 s5se4 ,bonda1 a class "n ( ! ,kabi1 means #8new' or #8"y1' & ! class-"n ,d>awang1 or ,t>awang1 is ! ,kabi ^w d>ami1 #8little1' or #8"y4' ,obu1 a class "n1 is ! ,que5sl& jabu1 jobu1 jabbo bobu1 #8fa!r4' ,?us ! class names1 ,h]r ,cun[ holds1 orig9ally indicate divisions ( y\? & age 9 ! #8horde1' by :i* t]m ,h]r ,cun[ und]/&s a local set ( f =ty to sixty p1 a local aggregate ( sev]al su* #8hordes' be+ a #8tribe' 7pp4 #be-bh74 ,! fact ( ,au/ralian att5tion to degrees ( s5iority is demon/rat$ by ! /ages ( initiation1 & by ! v>i\s dues1 ( food gifts & s on1 paid by ! juniors to ! s5iors ( ! tribe3 by ! food :i* p]sons ( diff]5t /atus 9 s5iority may eat1 & s =?4 ,inde$ ,dr4 ,ro? has reg>d$ ! #8classes' z orig9ally evolv$ to regulate ! di/ribution ( ! food supply1 & su* regulations w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be elem5ts among o!r regulations ( matrimonial & o!r rights1 dep5d5t on s5iority4 #8,:at a man may eat at "o /age is at ano!r /age =bidd51 & vice v]sa4'#c ,! #8horde1' !n1 9 ,h]r ,cun['s op9ion1 0 prim>ily divid$ into non-int]m>ry+ p]sons ( ?ree /ages ( s5iority4 ,?is is ! orig9al organisation1 t ( totem k9dr$s be+ lat]1 9 ,h]r ,cun['s !ory1 :i* is n ours 7pp4 #cf1 #cg74 ,! ^w #8fa!r' does n1 9 ! ,au/ralian dialects1 at fir/1 signify :at we mean by ! ^w1 b m]ely #8s5ior2' & #8"m' is a t]m ( ! same mean+4 #8,fa!r' & #8"m' ) all ( _! s5iority are #8! big ones2' *ildr5 are #8! little ones4' ,^! t]ms become #8class' names4 ,an example is tak5 f ,mr4 ,bridgman1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! tribes at ,port ,mackay4 ,^! h two #8phratries1' ,yung>u & ,wut>u 7totemic names71 & f\r #8classes1' ,gurgela1 ,bembia1 ,wungo1 & ,kub>u4#d ,! t]ms = family relations are n und]/ood 9 our s5se4 ,mr4 ,bridgman _h a "n & /atus 9 ! tribe4 ,8 "n 0 ,gunurra2 8 phratry 0 ,yung>u1 8 class 0 ,bembia1 & 8 *ildr51 if he _h any1 7 ,wut>u 7by phratry71 ,kub>u 7by class74 ,if a girl came by1 & ,mr4 ,bridgman ask$ :o %e 01 & if %e 0 ,kub>uan1 he 0 told #8%e is y\r daught]4' ,?is #8daught]' is a "y woman ( ! class to :i* ,mr4 ,bridgman's daught]s1 if he _h any1 w\ld belong4 ,h]r ,cun['s !ory1 !n1 />ts f ! #8horde1' divid$ into n int]m>ry+ degrees ( s5iority4 ,t su* hordes1 n sep>ate family gr\ps1 7 ! initial /age ( society1 he is p]suad$4#e ,he rejects ,morgan's !ory ( communal m>riage4#f ,next1 he ?9ks1 arose objections to bro!r & si/] & o!r ne> ak9 m>riages 7:y we are n told71 & a man w\ld ?us be driv5 to seek a wife out ( 8 own horde4 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,h]r ,cun[ m]ely ref]s to ! ,di]i tradition already cit$2 evils foll[$ on k9dr$ m>riages1 & 7 p]ceiv$ &1 by div9e decree1 7 re=m$4#g ,t su* evils did arise & 7 p]ceiv$1 & be+ p]ceiv$ 7 re=m$1 by v l[ savages1 is to ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,h[ev] x came ab\t 7we sugge/ by d9t ( reflection on ! totem & phratry re/rictions71 !re is n[ an objection to int]m>riage betwe5 p]sons #8( ! same fle%4' ,h[ ?is arose does n seem to be a "q t ,h]r ,cun[ *ooses to dogmatise ^u4 ,! horde n[ developes itself into a gr\p ( k91 ( :i* ! memb]s reg>d ea* o!r z #8too ne>ly relat$ by blood1' to int]m>ry4 #8,z a m>k ( ^! gr\ps ( k9 !y lat] take diff]5t bea/ or plant names1 usually f su* species z exi/ 9 _! di/ricts4 ,no rev]5ce w\ld orig9ally be paid to ! totem animal2' ! ,n>r9y]i eat x )\t scruple1#h l any o!r2 ! totem "n is orig9ally a "n ( a g5oss5s*aft2 a comrade%ip1 ! ,n>r9y]i ^w = totem1 #8,ngaitje1' is equival5t to #8fri5d4' ,all ?is is r vague4 ,:y did gr\ps ( comrades or ( recognis$ k9 take plant & animal names8 ,:y did !y =bid int]m>riage8 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! objection to m>riage betwe5 blood k9dr$8 ,x does n arise out ( #8moral ideas1' nor out ( #8wife-capture1'#i & ,h]r ,cun[ speaks nei!r ( #8sexual taboo1' nor ( #8sexual jeal\sy1' :ile ! !ory ( #8p]sonal totems' become h]$it>y1 or ( magical co-op]ation 9 totem bre$+1 is n m5tion$2 inde$1 :5 ,h]r ,cun[ wrote 7#ahid71 ! magical !ory 0 unborn4 ,! hordes m]ely develop$ into gr\ps ( comrades or ( k91 z su* n int]m>ry+ among !mselves1 & m>k+ !mselves = no assign$ reason1 ) plant or animal names3 rev]5ce ( ! totem came lat]4 #8,/ill lat] ?an ! totem association ! phratry seems to arise1' & ! phratries are describ$ z alli$ local totem gr\ps4 ,?is is my own op9ion1 b by #8local totem gr\p1' ,i "h mean 7z already expla9$71 ! orig9al local totem gr\p1 ) ! o!r totems :i* _h become its elem5ts1 ?r\gh exogamy1 & female desc5t4 ,h]r ,cun[1 if ,i foll[ him1 means on ! o!r h& a local totem gr\p ( ! k9d :i* n[ results among ! ,arunta f reckon+ desc5t 9 ! male l9e4 #8,! =bidd+ ( m>riage ext5d$ beyond ! local gr\p1 pass+ into ! neighb\r+ hordes1 till at l5g? morality enjo9$ ! obta9+ ( wives f remot] di/ricts4 ,h5ce 0 develop$ a come-&-g ( m>riage betwe5 two out ( sev]al l>g] local totems1 & ^! l>g] local communities are ! orig9al types ( ! ,au/ralian phratries4 ,suppose t ! hordes ( ! ,kurnai _h gradually develop$ !mselves into local totem gr\ps l ^? ( ! ,n>r9y]i1 & 444 t x became ! rule = ! ,brataulong to take _! wives f _! s\?-we/]n neighb\rs1 ! ,kul91 & vice v]sa1 till ! two gr\ps wax$ into a great community1 & we h ! probable developm5t' 7( ! #8phratries'7 #8be=e u4' ,! gr\ps #8,brataulong' & #8,kul9' w\ld n[ be a great community ( two int]m>ry+ phratries4 ,all ?is implies1 ,i ?9k1 a m advanc$ society1 & l>g] communities1 ?an we c easily conceive to h exi/$ 9 ! di/ant pa/ :5 phratries arose4 ,moreov] ,h]r ,cun[1 z we %all see1 takes desc5t1 ev5 at ?is primitive p]iod1 to h be5 reckon$ 9 ! male l9e4 ,aga91 we h obs]v$ t phratry names1 :5 !y c be translat$1 are usually totemic1 an op9ion express$ by ,mr4 ,fison & ,mr4 ,h[itt4 ,! same sort ( totemic names m>ks ,r$ ,indian phratries4 ,grant+ male k9%ip1 ! phratries ( ,h]r ,cun['s hypo!sis might well h totem names1 b he tries to %[ t phratry names are usually local2 he gives sev5 cases out ( :i* only two names ( phratries are totemic4#aj ,b he (f]s no au?ority = 8 ass]tion t ! o!r five names are non-totemic 7,eig5nahme7 & ,yung>u & ,wut>u1 repres5t$ by him z non-totemic1 are really totem names4 ,we "k t z a result ( reckon+ 9 ! male l9e local or di/rict names t5d to sup]s$e totem names1 & l>ge local totem gr\ps ?us arise1 a feature ( ! decay1 n ( ! dawn1 ( ,totemism4 ,my own hypo!sis1 on ! o!r h&1 %[s :y phratry names are totemic4 ,h]r ,cun[ concludes #8! phratry is orig9ally no?+ b an exogam\s local gr\p compos$ ( sev]al hordes4' ,l ,mr4 ,daniel ,mc,lennan1 ,h]r ,cun[ quotes ! leg5d ( ! w>s ( ,eagle-,hawk & ,cr[1 :i* end$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! int]m>ry+ phratries ( ,cr[ & ,eagle-,hawk4#aa ,h]r ,cun['s !ory ( phratries appe>s to me to f9d1 9 ! remote/ pa/1 ! mo/ rec5t in/itutions ( ! ,au/ralians1 & to confuse ! primitive local totem gr\p ) ! local totem-gr\p lat] develop$ out ( reckon+ desc5t 9 ! male l9e4 ,he ?r[s back into ! di/ant pa/ ! l>ge mod]n associations1 :i* c\ld n exi/ 9 times really primitive4 ,he makes ! hordes develope !mselves into totem k9s1 9 place ( be+1 orig9ally 7z 9 my sy/em71 small associations unit$ by contiguity1 & receiv+ totem names f )\t4#ab ,he makes reckon+ 9 ! female l9e lat] ?an reckon+ 9 ! male l9e--! ,n>r9y]i reckon+ 9 ! male l9e 7p4 #hd7--;& p]haps ?is me?od1 he ?9ks1 is a result ( ignorance ( fa!rhood1 consequ5t on ! ,piraung>u cu/om 7p4 #ace74 ,unluckily we f9d reckon+ desc5t 9 ! female l9e among _m races1 ! ,r$ ,indians = example1 :]e ! ,piraung>u cu/om is unkn[n4 ,! priority ( male to female desc5t is n admitt$ z a rule1 by ,mr4 ,tylor or any o!r ,engli% au?orities4 ,:]e ,i c agree ) ,h]r ,cun[ is on ! po9t t ! two #8prim>y divisions' are ! result1 probably1 ( amalgamation1 n ( bisection = purposes ( exogamy4 ,:]e we diff] is z to ! "* ( ! communities t1 by alliance & connubium1 became #8prim>y divisions' or #8phratries4' ,on 8 sy/em ! communities 7 l>ge1 hold+ great di/ricts4 ,on m9e1 !y 7 anci5t local totem gr\ps1 ^: memb]s1 ?r\gh exogamy & female desc5t1 7 really ( v>i\s totems4 ,9 a note 7p4 #aci7 ,h]r ,cun[ %[s t he might easily h arriv$ at my conclusion1 b1 :ile all[+ t ali5 brides br\ght ! totem names ( _! own k9s into ea* orig9al totem gr\p1 he says t ! m5 ( t gr\p /ill #8belong$ to ! totem id5tifi$ ) t horde4' ,?is is ! result ( 8 belief t reckon+ desc5t 9 ! female l9e is #8an innovation4' ,8 #8horde' is orig9ally endogam\s2 !n1 we "k n well :y1 is exogam\s 7p4 #acg74 ,^? :o d n believe t m5 orig9ally liv$ 9 #8hordes1' & hold t1 ?r\gh jeal\sy & o!r causes1 _! little prim>y sets 71 or t5d$ to be1 exogam\s f ! fir/1 _c agree ) ,h]r ,cun[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may incl9e to accept 8 !ory t1 z ! ,au/ralian t]ms ( relation%ip indicate (t5 /atus1 n relation%ip 9 our s5se1 !y d n help to prove a pa/ ( consangu9e & communal m>riage4 ,,classes ,,aga9 ,to return to ! classes1 ,dr4 ,durkheim opposes ,h]r ,cun['s !ory t !y indicat$ orig9ally degrees ( s5iority4 ,he takes no notice1 h[ev]1 ( ,h]r ,cun['s argum5t f etymology1 & ! orig9al mean+s ( ! class names1 #8,"y' & #8,old4' ,he argues t1 on ,h]r ,cun['s sy/em1 ea* individual w\ld1 9 lapse ( "t1 move f "y to old1 & s ought to *ange 8 class "n1 & move into ano!r class4 ,h]r ,cun[ answ]s t1 if ?is occurr$1 ! object ( ! class names1 practically to prev5t "y & old int]m>ry+1 w\ld h be5 defeat$4 ,b1 z matt]s exi/1 a gr&fa!r may m>ry a girl :o might be 8 gr&-daught]4 ,he is ,a1 8 *ildr5 are ,b1 b _! *ildr5 are ,a aga94 ,he is ,kubbi1 he m>ries ,ippa?a1 h] *ildr5 are ,buta1 _! *ildr5 are ,ippa?a1 & ! v5]able ,kubbi may m>ry a v juv5ile ,ippa?a4 ,possibly ! in/itution grew up among p :o did n look s f> =w>d1 :o #8took %ort views4' ,x is c]ta9 t1 if ! object ( ! classes 0 to /op m>riages betwe5 "y & old1 x is a failure4 #8,! old m5 m>ry "y wives at pres5t1' says ,mr4 ,ma!ws4 ,if s1 ,h]r ,cun[ may be "r4 ,dr4 ,durkheim (f]s a !ory4 ,b 8 !ory takes = grant$1 z we saw1 t ! two #8phratries1' orig9ally1 7 only two totem gr\ps1 conta9+ )9 !m no memb]s ( o!r totem k9s4 #8,!y 7 n yet subdivid$' into o!r totem k9s4 ,b ,i h tri$ to %[ t !re 0 no su* #8subdivision' into #8second>y clans' or totem k9s4 ,dr4 ,durkheim reg>ds ^! totem k9s z colonies split (f f ! two orig9al totem gr\ps :i* became phratries4#ac ,my reasons aga9/ accept+ ?is position h already be5 giv54 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is unnecess>y to unfold ,dr4 ,durkheim's !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! classes4 ,probably t ( ,h]r ,cun[ comes ne>e/ to ! tru?4 ,mr4 ,ma!ws (f]s ano!r solution ( ! problem4 #8,phratry' ,dilbi1 = example1 has #8classes' ,murri & ,kubbi1 :ile ! l9k$ phratry1 ,kupa?91 has classes ,ippai & ,kumbo4 #8,x is possible t ! gr\p ,dilbi 0 divid$ into 7female7 ,ma?a & ,kubbi?a to di/+ui% ! mo!rs f ! daught]s1 & t ! t]ms ,murri & ,kubbi 7 adopt$ to provide names = ! uncles & nephews ( _! respective g5]ations4' ,?us we return to di/9ction ( g5]ations4 ,9 any case ! #8classes' #8h ! effect ( prev5t+ consangu9e\s m>riages1 by furni%+ an easy te/ ( relation%ip :5 ! tribe has become s num]\s or widespread t k9%ip c\ld n o!rwise be well det]m9$4#ad ,lat] 7p4 #afh7 ,mr4 ,mat!ws writes1 #8,! "m ( a man's wife1 & also 8 daught]s1 belong to ! same section' 7#8class'71 #8& !re=e 8 m>riage ) t section is prohibit$4' ,t is1 he _c m>ry out ( 8 g5]ation above or bel[1 z indicat$ by #8class' names4 #8,nei!r c he m>ry into ! section to :i* 8 "m belongs1 al?\gh a woman might be f\nd 9 ei!r case1 :o 0 9 no way connect$ ) him4' ,9 %ort1 z f> z ! names rudely indicate ! g5]ation above1 & ! g5]ation bel[ a man1 he _c m>ry into ^! classes4 ,b1 z old m5 d m>ry "y wives1 ! app>5t int5tion ( ! rules is to "s ext5t fru/rat$4 ,we c say no m1 till we are told :at ! class names mean 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,does nobody inquire into ?is ess5tial "q8 ,z if to acc5tuate ! problems rais$ by ! *ange ( #8class' names 9 ea* g5]ation1 ,mr4 ,mat!ws has discov]$ t :5 a man may m>ry a woman ( 8 own #8phratry1' b out ( a set ( totems n 8 own1 ! totems ( 8 *ildr5 by h] alt] z ! class names d4 #8,! *ildr5 take ! totem "n1' n ( _! "m1 b ( _! mat]nal gr&mo!r4 #8,"o totem is ! "m ( ano!r totem4'#ae ,?is is an unusual ph5om5on1 & looks l ! ef=t ( a desp]ate +5uity4 ,! class sy/em exi/s among ! ,arunta1 ) male desc5t4 ,"o moiety ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! tribe consi/s ( ,panunga & ,bul?>a1 l9k$ classes1 call+ !mselves ,nakrakia2 ! o!r moiety is ( ,purula & ,kum>a1 call+ !mselves ,mulganuka4 ,a ,bul?>a man ( ! fir/ moiety c only m>ry a ,kum>a woman1 ( ! second moiety3 a ,purula man m>ries a ,panunga woman only4 ,! *ildr5 ( a ,bul?>a man's union ) a ,kum>a woman take nei!r ! ,bul?>a nor ,kum>a "n1 b are call$ ,panunga1 :ile ! *ildr5 ( a ,purula man & a ,panunga woman are ,kum>a3 ( a ,panunga man & a ,purula woman1 ,bul?>a2 ( a ,kum>a man & a ,bul?>a woman1 ,purula4 ,t is to say1 ! ,arunta reckon+ 9 ! male l9e1 a man's *ildr5 d n take 8 #8class' "n b ! "n ( ! #8class' l9k$ to 81 & =m+1 ) 81 "o division ( ! tribe4 ,fur!r ea* ( ^! f\r divisions consi/s ( two moieties1 & a ,panunga man1 ?\gh he c m>ry a ,purula woman1 mu/ *oose h] out ( ! prop] moiety ( ! ,purula division4 ,^! moieties ( ea* division1 among ! ,nor!rn ,arunta1 h names2 ,ukn>ia1 ,appung]ta1 ,umbit*ana1 ,ungalla1 & ! *ildr5 ( ea* m>riage fall "u ^! names4 ,?is re/ricts a man to only an eigh? ( ! wom5 ( 8 g5]ation1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 among ! ,arunta1 ! totem prohibition no long] exi/s3 ! totems are n re/rict$ to "o or ano!r class1 b skip among !m1 z we h %[n 9 ! section on ! ,arunta4 ,! eight class sy/em1 p]haps ! f\r class sy/em1 may be reg>d$ z lat] & consci\s modifications ( ! old phratry & totem rules1 :i*1 on my hypo!sis1 _h no consci\s moral orig94 ,footnote #a3 ,die ,v]w&ts*afts-,organisation5 d] ,au/ralneg]4 ,diek1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is c h>dly be1 z ! mo/ backw>d tribes h phratries & totems1 b no #8classes4' ,footnote #c3 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals1 ii4 #bic-bie4 ,cun[1 p4 #cc1 note #b4 ,bulm]1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 i4 #bce4 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies1 pp4 #fi1 #gj1 ,brisbane1 #ahig4 ,footnote #d3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 i4 #ia4 ,footnote #e3 ,pp4 #abb-abd1 & note #a1 an argum5t aga9/ ,we/]m>ck4 ,footnote #f3 ,pp4 #abg-abh4 ,footnote #g3 ,gason1 ,! ,dicyrie ,tribe 7#ahid71 p4 #ac4 ,kam4 & ,kur4 p4 #be4 ,cun[1 pp4 #aji-aaj1 #acj-acb4 ,footnote #h3 ,cf4 ,cun[1 p4 #hb4 ,s1 too1 ! ,euahlayi4 ,footnote #i3 ,cun[1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,pp4 #acc-acd4 ,footnote #aa3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 i4 #dbc4 ,cun[1 p4 #acd4 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 second s]ies1 ut supra4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see #8,! ,orig9 ( ,totemism4' ,footnote #ac3 ,cf4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 xxxi4 #afa4 ,footnote #ae3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #agb-age4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,!ories ,,( ,,"l ,,avebury ,! op9ions ( ,"l ,avebury 7,sir ,john ,lubbock7 are to be collect$ f ! six? edition 7#aijb7 ( 8 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahgj1 ?is 0 a pione] "w ( great value & importance4 ,p]haps ! va/ am\nt ( new in=mation & ( new speculation :i* has accru$ s9ce #ahgj might almo/ make u wi% t ,"l ,avebury _h f\nd "t to re-write 8 e>ly book4 ,b he #8sees no reason to *ange 9 any ess5tial respects ! op9ions orig9ally express$1' & m]ely adds a few ref]5ces to su* rec5t rese>*es z ^? ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,!re=e we mu/ n look to ,"l ,avebury = mu* new light on ! orig9 ( ! ,au/ralian #8classes' or #8prim>y divisions1' or #8phratries1' & on _! relations to ! totem k9dr$s )9 !m4 ,,"l ,,avebury ,,on ,,totemism ,our au?or 7p4 #bag7 reg>ds ,totemism z synonym\s ) ,nature-,wor%ip4 ,he speaks ( #8,nature-,wor%ip or ,totemism1 9 :i* natural objects1 trees1 lakes1 /ones1 animals1 c4 are wor%ipp$4' ,i am n acqua9t$ 7unless x be 9 e>ly ,p]u7 ) any totem k9 ^: totem is a lake2 & totems1 v (t51 are n #8wor%ipp$' at all4 ,nature-,wor%ip1 aga91 may exi/ :]e !re is no ,totemism1 & ,totemism :]e !re is no ,nature-,wor%ip1 inde$ :]e1 z among ! ,arunta1 !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no wor%ip1 z f> z we are in=m$4 ,aga9 7p4 #cea71 #8,totemism' 7z oppos$ to feti*ism71 #8is a deification ( classes4' ,b ! t]m #8deification' implies ! possession1 by ! deifi]s1 ( ! conception ( ,deity2 ( gods1 or ( a god4 ,! ,au/ralians h totems1 b1 accord+ to ,"l ,avebury1 h no notion ( a god or gods4 ,!y #8possess m]ely c]ta9 vague ideas z to ! exi/5ce ( evil spirits1 & a g5]al dread ( wit*craft' 7p4 #cch74 ,x is n cle>1 !n1 h[ !y c #8deify' classes ( ?+s1 if !y h no notion ( deity4 #8,!y d n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a true ,deity' 7) a capital ,d71 says ,"l ,avebury1 )\t def9+ :at #8a true ,deity' is3 &1 contr>y to ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h[itt & _m o!rs1 he d5ies t #8morality is 9 any way connect$ ) _! religion1 if su* x c be call$' 7p4 #cch74 ,! au?ority cit$ is ( #ahei1a & is contradict$1 = example1 by ,mr4 ,h[itt 7#ahhj-ahij71 :o is n "h quot$4 ,x is cle> t ,au/ralian totems _c result f ! #8deification ( classes1' if ! ,au/ralians h no conception ( ,deity1 :e!r #8true' or n s true4 ,"l ,avebury rem>ks1 #8,true1 my?s d n occur among ! l[e/ races' 7p4 #cee71 :]eas1 ) _m o!rs1 my?s ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism d notably occur1 z we h %[n1 among p]haps all totemi/ic races4 ,p]haps we %\ld read1 delet+ ! comma1 #8true my?s d n occur among ! l[e/ races1' :5 ! "q z to :at a #8true my?' is aga9 arises1 z 9 ! case ( #8a true ,deity4' ,p]haps we mu/ suppose t by #8a true my?1' or a #8true ,deity1' ,"l ,avebury implies a ,deity or a my? 9 accordance ) 8 own conception ( ei!r4 ,,"l ,,avebury ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,totemism #8,! wor%ip ( animals1' says our au?or 7p4 #bge71 #8is susceptible ( a v simple explanation1 & p]haps1 z ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/1#b may h orig9at$ f ! practice ( nam+1 fir/ individuals1 & !n _! families1 aft] p>ticul> animals4 ,a family1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 call$ aft] ! be>1 w\ld come to look on t animal fir/ ) int]e/1 !n ) respect1 & at l5g? ) a sort ( awe4' ,if by #8individuals1' male individuals are int5d$1 ?is !ory is op5 to ! objection t ,"l ,avebury reg>ds desc5t 9 ! female z e>li] ?an desc5t 9 ! male l9e 7p4 #afd71 :ile #8families' ) endur+ relations to _! f\nd]s1 c h>dly yet h be5 consci\sly envisag$1 by 8 !ory1 at s v rudim5t>y a /age4 ,moreov]1 we try to %[ t totem names 71 orig9ally1 gr\p names1 & 7 n d]iv$ f ! p]sonal names ( individuals1 an op9ion 9 :i* ,mr4 ,haddon concurs4 ,"l ,avebury's !ory is1 app>5tly1 t ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 m9us ! suppos$ wor%ip ( ! gho/ ( ! male ance/or & f\nd] ( ! family4 ,,communal ,,m>riage ,"l ,avebury assumes1 z a work+ hypo!sis1 t #8! communal m>riage sy/em 444 repres5ts ! primitive & e>lie/ social condition ( man4444' 7p4 #ajb74 ,! objections to ?is hypo!sis we h /at$1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 hi/oric c]ta9ty _c be atta9$4 ,"l ,avebury1 assum+ #8communal m>riage' z ! ,primitive /age1 holds t x #80 gradually sup]s$$ by individual m>riage f\nd$ on capture1 & t ?is l$ fir/ly to exogamy1 & !n to female infanticide2 ?us rev]s+ ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's ord] ( sequ5ce' 7p4 #ajh74 #8,orig9ally no man c\ld appropriate a woman ( 8 own tribe exclusively to himself 444 )\t infr++ tribal rights1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if a man captur$ a woman belong+ to ano!r tribe1 he !reby acquir$ an individual & peculi> "r to h]1 & %e became 8 exclusively1 no "o else hav+ any claim or prop]ty 9 h]' 7p4 #aaj74 7,i "h italicise #8tribe' & #8tribal4' ,"l ,avebury int5ds1 ,i ?9k1 a woman ( ! same #8fire-circle' 7p4 #ahh71 n a woman ( ! tribe und]/ood z a l>ge & inevitably n primitive local aggregate ( fri5dly gr\ps ( diff]5t totems1 su* z ! ,arunta1 ,n>r9y]i1 ,pawnees1 & s =?47 ,9 brief1 m5 w\ld desire to appropriate to !mselves "s woman1 at fir/ f beyond _! own #8tribe4' ,?is !y c\ld only d by capture4 ,_! individual "r 9 h] w\ld be modifi$ by ! disgu/+ lic5se ( ! bridal night1 :i* ,"l ,avebury reg>ds z #8comp5sation' to ! o!r males ( ! #8tribe' 7pp4 #ach1 #eeg-efj74 ,t lic5se ,i w\ld r expla9 z ,mr4 ,crawley does3 ! topic does n ne$ to be insi/$ on at l5g? 9 ?is place4 ,"l ,avebury1 at all ev5ts1 supposes t a =m ( capture f9ally came to be appli$1 ) results 9 individual m>riage1 to wom5 ( ! same #8tribe' 7p4 #aaa74 ,b if we h #8complete & conclusive evid5ce t 9 l>ge portions ( ,au/ralia e man _h ! privilege ( a husb& ov] e woman n belong+ to 8 own g5s2 %>+1 ( c\rse1 ^! privileges ) e o!r man belong+ to ! same class or g5s z himself' 7p4 #aab71 ,i fail to see t a man ga9$ any?+ by endur+ ! tr\ble & risk ( captur+ a bride all to himself4 ,be=e ! capture %e _h be51 x seems1 ! common spoil ( ! males ( h] #8tribe2' :5 captur$ %e 0 ! common spoil ( h] captor's #8class or g5s'--?\gh a #8class' & a g5s are n1 ,i ?9k1 id5tical1 b mu* ! rev]se4 ,! r promiscu\s use ( t]ms = diff]5t k9ds ( human communities affect$ all ! pione] works on primitive society1 &1 inde$1 /ill p]plexes our speculations4 ,?us ,"l ,avebury sugge/s 7p4 #aai7 ! case ( f\r exogam\s neighb\r+ #8tribes1' ) k9%ip trac$ ?r\gh wom54 #8,aft] a c]ta9 "t ! result w\ld be t ea* tribe w\ld consi/ ( f\r septs or #8clans' 7totem k9s871 #8repres5t+ ! f\r orig9al tribes1 & h5ce we %\ld f9d communities 9 :i* ea* tribe is divid$ into clans1 & a man mu/ always m>ry a woman ( a diff]5t clan4' ,we d n1 p]haps1 "k any exogam\s tribes 9 our s5se ( #8tribe2' a ,di]i is n oblig$ to m>ry out ( ! ,di]i1 or an ,urabunna out ( ! ,urabunna4 ,by #8tribe' "h1 x seems probable t ,"l ,avebury int5ds n a l>ge local aggregate1 b #8a v small community1' = he writes #8we h se5 t1 "u ! cu/om ( communal m>riage1 a *ild 0 reg>d$ z relat$ to ! tribe1 b n specially to any p>ticul> fa!r or "m4 ,su* a #8/ate ( ?+s1 inde$1 is only possible 9 v small communities4' ,n[ a tribe is a v l>ge community4 ,! memb]s ( su* communities mu/ h be5 poor obs]v]s if !y did n discov] ! relation betwe5 a *ild & ! woman :o bore &1 = sev]al ye>s1 nurs$ x4 ,b su* #8tribes' are n tribes 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use ! ^w2 !y are r #8gr\ps ( ! same he>?4' ,n[ x is easy to see h[ small gr\ps ( ! same he>? became exogam\s1 namely ?r\gh sexual jeal\sy1 & sexual tabu1 :i* w\ld oblige ! "y males to w&] away1 or to get wives by capture1 practices result+1 "u ! tabu1 9 ! sacr$ rule ( exogamy4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ,"l ,avebury's !ory ( ! orig9 ( exogamy4 ,"l ,avebury's !ory does n become m di/9ct :5 he says1 #8,9 ,au/ralia1 :]e ! same family names' 7totem names87 #8are common almo/ ov] ! :ole cont95t1 no man may m>ry a woman ^: family "n' 7totem "n87 #8is ! same z 8 own' 7"h ! ,arunta are an exception7 #8& :o belongs !re=e to ! same tribe' 7p4 #add74 ,b surely1 if ! #8family names' are #8common almo/ ov] ! :ole cont95t1' a woman may well h ! same #8family "n' 7say ,emu7 z a man1 & yet ne$ n be ( 8 tribe4 ,an ,arunta ,emu man & a ,di]i ,emu woman w\ld h ! same #8family "n' 7totem "n71 b w\ld n1 !re=e1 #8belong to ! same tribe4' ,x ev5 appe>s t ,"l ,avebury reg>ds #8tribe' & #8clan' & #8family' z synonym\s t]ms1 =1 9 pro( ( ! /atem5t t p ( ! same #8family "n' necess>ily belong to ! same #8tribe1' he quotes my late uncle1 ,mr4 ,gideon ,scott ,lang1 #8,no man c m>ry a woman ( ! same clan1 ?\gh ! p>ties be no way relat$ accord+ to our ideas4'#c ,by #8clan' ,mr4 ,lang "h meant totem k91 & if ,"l ,avebury ?9ks #8clan' equival5t to #8tribe1' a #8tribe' mu/ be a totem k91 :i* x is n2 at lea/ if we und]/& #8tribe' z a local aggregate ( v>i\s totem k9dr$s4 ,^! p]plexities are caus$ by a vague t]m9ology1 & occurr$ naturally 9 a book ( #ahgj1 z !y d 9 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's own pione] works4 ,b 9 #aijc we mu/ try to aim at clos] & m exact di/9ctions & def9itions1 ?\gh we are /ill ret>d$ & p]plex$ by ! lack ( truly sci5tific nom5clature4 ,z f> z ,i c p]ceive1 ,"l ,avebury is apt to use #8family1' #8tribe1' #8clan1' & #8g5s' z equival5ts1 :ile ea* ( !m1 9 v>i\s places1 appe>s to be und]/ood z d5ot+ a totem k9dr$4 ,?us 7p4 #aha7 #8"u a sy/em ( female desc5t comb9$ ) exogamy a man mu/ m>ry out ( 8 tribe1' :]e #8tribe' seems to mean #8totem k94' ,comp>e p4 #ahg3 #8ano!r g5]al rule1 9 ,am]ica z else:]e1 is t no "o may m>ry )9 8 own clan or family1' :]e #8clan or family' l #8tribe' seems to mean #8totem k94' ,?is use ( t]ms makes x difficult = me to feel sure t ,i appreh5d ,"l ,avebury's !ory correctly4 ,h[ev] ,i take x to be t1 orig9ally1'v small communities' 7#8tribes'7 liv$ 9 #8communal m>riage4' ,nobody knew :o 0 ! son ( :at fa!r or ( :at "m1 ?\gh1 9 a v small community "o w\ld expect ! s5ior vigor\s male or males to prev5t son-&-"m1 or bro!r-&-si/] unions1 by =ce1 out ( natural jeal\sy4 ,?is 0 n done1 b "s males want$ wives to !mselves 9 private prop]ty1 & got !m by capture1 pay+ #8comp5sation' 9 ! lic5se ( ! bridal night4 ,b a man might fall 9 love ) a lass 9 8 own #8tribe' 7#8v small community'7 & want to keep h] to himself 7p4 #aaa74 #8,h5ce w\ld naturally arise a desire on ! "p ( _m to ext5d ! "r ( capture1 :i* orig9ally _h ref]5ce only to wom5 ( a diff]5t tribe1 & to apply x to all ^? belong+ to _! own4' ,is #8tribe' /ill us$ ( #8a v small community1' or is x "h employ$ 9 ! n[ m preval5t & mu* wid] s5se8 ,if n1 is ! #8capture' n[ a m]e c]emonial =mula8 ,app>5tly #8tribe1' n[ & "h1 does mean 7z else:]e x does n7 a l>ge local aggregate1 = we are next told ( #8! division ( ,au/ralian tribes into classes or g5tes' 7?\gh a #8class' is "o ?+ & a g5s1 if totem k9 is meant1 is ano!r ?+71 & ( ! #8#a1jjj miles ( wives1' :o1 by ! !ory1 are n individual wives ( individual m54 ,su* wives1 special rights 9 su* wives1 7 acquir$ #8orig9ally by "r ( capture4' ,b1 :5 m5 possess$ m>ital privileges1 ea* #8ov] e woman n belong+ to 8 own g5s2 %>+1 ( c\rse1 ^! privileges ) e o!r man belong+ to ! same g5s or class z himself' 7p4 #aab71 :]e is ! individual "r acquir$ by capture8 ,x seems t ea* man1 besides 8 #8#a1jjj miles ( wives' #8has 8 own individual wife 444 by "r ( capture4' ,n[ ! ,urabunna h no su* individual wives1 if1 l ,"l ,avebury1 we accept ! /atem5t ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7p4 #fc74 ,b ! ,arunta h su* individual wives4 ,"h x seems necess>y = ,"l ,avebury1 if he agrees ) ^! au?ors1 to prove t ! ,arunta1 unlike ! ,urabunna1 d demon/rably acquire _! individual wives by capture4 ,b no su* demon/ration is produc$4 ,till pro( is (f]$ ,i am unable to appreciate ! =ce ( ,"l ,avebury's reason+1 :ile l ,mr4 ,crawley1 ,i d\bt :e!r individual m>riage does n exi/ among ! ,urabunna1 ! ,piraung>u lic5se n be+1 ,i conceive1 a true survival ( communal m>riage1 b a peculi> in/itution4 ,,"l ,,avebury ,,on ,,relation%ips ,analys+ ,mr4 ,morgan's collection ( names = relation%ips1 ,"l ,avebury 7p4 #ahb7 says1 #89 fact ! idea ( relation%ip1 l t ( m>riage1 0 f\nd$1 n ^u duty1 b ^u p[]4' ,we try to sugge/ t ! classificatory names = relation%ips are1 to a great ext5t1 expressive ( /atus1 s5iority1 & mutual duties & s]vices 9 ! community--^! duties & s]vices !mselves be+ gradually e/abli%$ by p[]--! p[] ( ! s5iors4 ,yet "s t]ms analys$ by ,"l ,avebury h1 l+ui/ically1 o!r s\rces4 #8,wife1' 9 ,cree1 is #8"p ( myself1' dimidium anim me1 ^! twa9 are "o fle%4 ,obvi\sly ?is pretty t]m does n spr+ f #8communal m>riage4' ,9 ,*octa1 #8husb&' is #8he :o leads me1'--aga9 n communal1 b indicat+ ! old-fa%ion$ !ory ( wifely ob$i5ce4 7#8,he :o kicks me' w\ld suffice1 9 "s civilis$ qu>t]s47 #8,daught]-9-law1' 9 ,delaw>e1 is #8my cook1' indicat+ s]vice2 & #8husb&' is #8my aid ?r\gh life1' %[+ ! advanc$ ,hom]ic1 or ,*ri/ian1 view ( m>riage 7pp4 #ahj-aha74 #8,fa!r' & #8,"m' 9 _m ,african1 ,european & ,asian1 ,non-,aryan1 ,oceanic1 ,au/ralian1 &1 really 9 ,aryan languages1 also (t5 9 ,am]ica1 are #8! easie/ s\nds :i* a *ild c pron\nce indicat+ fa!r & "m' 7pp4 #ddb-ddi74 ,if babes c\ld di/+ui% fa!r & "m1 ^! relation%ips1 "o ?9ks1 c\ld n h be5 unkn[n to adults4 ,!y may be1 & are1 ext5d$ 9 usage1 s z to embrace :at we call uncles & aunts & s5iors ( ! k91 b ?is1 ,i try to argue1 does n necess>ily imply t fa!rhood & mo!rhood1 ow+ to communal m>riage1 7 long unkn[n4 ,! result ( ,"l ,avebury's analysis ( ,mr4 ,morgan's tables ( t]ms is to prove progress 9 ! discrim9ation ( degrees ( k91 ?\gh anci5t sweep+ t]ms occasionally survive among races fairly advanc$ out ( savag]y4 #8,relation%ip is1 at fir/1 reg>d$ z a matt]1 n ( blood1 b ( tribal organisation' 7p4 #bjh74 ,"h ,i agree t words or t]ms = :at we call relation%ip (t5 d seem to d5ote /atus1 duty1 s]vice1 & int]m>riageabl5ess 9 ! community4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ! ties ( blood are !reby prov$ to h be5 unkn[n4 ,mat]nity c\ld n be d\btful1 especially :]e ! "m nurs$ h] *ild = sev]al ye>s4 ,"l ,avebury adds1 #8! t]ms = :at we call relation%ips are1 among ! l[] races ( m51 m]e expressions = ! results ( m>riage cu/oms1 & d n comprise ! idea ( relation%ip z we und]/& x' 7p4 #baj74 ,= ?is reason1 ,i ?9k1 we mu/ avoid ! fallacy ( argu+ z if ! t]ms did d5ote #8relation%ip z we und]/& x1' :5 we wi% to prove a pa/ ( communal m>riage4 ,! t]ms indicate1 9 ,"l ,avebury's words1 #8! connection ( individuals int] se1 _! duties to "o ano!r1 _! rights1 & ! desc5t ( _! prop]ty4' ,?is is precisely my own op9ion1 & = ?is v reason ,i d n hold t ^! t]ms arose 9 ignorance z to :o 0 ! "m1 or ev5 ! fa!r1 ( a *ild4 ,all ! duties & rights1 z ,"l ,avebury says1 #8are regulat$ m by ! relation to ! tribe ?an to ! family'--9 our s5se ( #8family4' ,b ?is1 9 my view1 proves t ! t]ms 79 _! pres5t significance7 are relatively late & advanc$1 = ! in/itution ( ! ,tribe 7z ,i und]/& ! ^w7 implies ! fri5dly comb9ation ( _m totem k9s1 & ( _m #8fire-circles1' into ! tribe1 ! l>ge local aggregate4 ,no su* comb9ation c h be5 truly #8primitive4' ,b we h se5 t ,"l ,avebury seems to use #8tribe' 9 v>i\s places1 z equival5t to #8family1' #8clan1' g5s1 &1 app>5tly1 to #8totem k94' ,q possibly he means t ! horde is prior to :at ,i may call ! #8fire-circle1' ! #8v small community1' :i*1 9 places1 he t]ms #8! tribe1' or s ,i und]/& him4 ,if s1 ,i _c foll[ him "h1 z ,i am n incl9$ to ?9k t truly primitive man liv$ 9 hordes ( consid]able numb]s3 ! difficulties ( supply1 among o!r reasons1 make ! idea improbable4 ,if ,i h fail$ to und]/& ,"l ,avebury1 p]haps 8 some:at indet]m9ate t]m9ology may plead my excuse4 ,footnote #a3 #8,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,legislative ,c\ncil on ,aborig9es4' ,victoria1 pp4 #i1 #fi1 #gg4 ,footnote #b3 ,prehi/oric ,times1 p4 #eih4 ,footnote #c3 ,g4 ,scott ,lang1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,totem ,,names ,,& ,,beliefs ,up to ?is po9t1 we h treat$ ( totems j z we f9d !m 9 savage practice4 ,we h se5 t totem names are ! titles ( gr\ps ( k9dr$1 real or imag9$2 !y are d]iv$ f animals1 plants1 & o!r natural objects2 !y appe> among tribes :o reckon desc5t ei!r on ! sword or sp9dle side1 & ! totem "n ( ea* gr\p is usually 7b n 9 ! case ( ! ,arunta7 "o m>k ( ! exogam\s limit4 ,none may m>ry a p]son ( ! same totem "n4 ,b1 9 company ) ?is prohibition1 is f\nd a body ( my?s1 sup]/itions1 rites1 magical practices1 & arti/ic uses ( ! totem4#a ,we h %[n 7,*apt] ,,ii47 t we _c move a /ep )\t a cle> & consi/5t hypo!sis ( ! orig9s ( ,totemism4 ,?is we n[ try to produce4 ,,sacr$ ,,animals ,,9 ,,savage ,,society ,savages1 bo? 9 _! gr\ps ( k91 9 _! magical societies1 or clubs1 & privately1 z individuals1 are apt to reg>d c]ta9 bea/s1 plants1 & s on1 z ! gu>dians ( ! gr\p1 ( ! society1 & ( ! private p]son4 ,to ^! animal gu>dians1 :e!r ( ! individual1 ! society1 or ! gr\p ( k91 !y %[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( rev]5ce & respect4 ,t rev]5ce naturally takes mu* ! same =ms--! inevitable =ms--z ( n kill+ or eat+ ! animal1 occasionally pray+ to x1 or ( bury+ dead repres5tatives ( ! species1 z may happ54 ,b ,i am unaw>e t ! savage ev] calls 8 p]sonal select$ animal or plant1 or ! gu>dian animal ( 8 magical society 7except among ! ,arunta1 :]e ! totem gr\ps are evolv+ into magical clubs71 by ! same t]m z he applies to ! h]$it>y gu>dian ( 8 gr\p ( k9dr$2 8 totem1 z ,i use ! ^w4 ,if ,i am "r1 ?is di/9ction has be5 ov]look$1 or ?\ght insignificant1 by "s mod]n inquir]s4 ,major4 ,p[ell1 ! ,director ( ! ,e?nological ,bureau at ,wa%+ton1 appe>s to apply1 ! ^w totem bo? to ! *os5 animal fri5d ( ! individual1 & to t ( ! magical society 9 ,am]ica1 :i* includes m5 ( v>i\s gr\p totems4#b ,he also applies x to ! totem ( ! k94 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 too1 writes ( 7#a7 ,! ,clan ,totem1 7#b7 ,! ,sex ,totem 79 ,au/ralia71 7#c7 #8,! ,individual ,totem1 belong+ to a s+le individual1 & n pass+ to 8 desc5dants1' & ev5 indicates t "o savage may h five totems4#c ,?is ?ird rule z to ! non-h]$itable "* ( #8! individual totem' has1 s9ce ,mr4 ,fraz] wrote 9 #ahhg1 be5 f\nd to admit ( m exceptions ?an we !n knew4 ,9 a few cases & places1 ! animal select$ by1 or =1 ! private individual1 is f\nd to desc5d to 8 or h] *ildr54 ,9 my op9ion x is bett]1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 to speak ( su* protective animals ( individuals1 by ! names :i* _! savage protgs give to !m 9 ea* case3 ny>ongs 7,s>awak7 #8bu%-s\ls1' 7,calab>7 naguals1 7,c5tral ,am]ica7 manitus 787 z among ! ,algonqu9s1 ,yunbeai 9 "s ,au/ralian dialects1 & s =?4#d ,i myself "h use #8totem' only ( ! object :i* l5ds its "n1 h]$it>ily1 to a gr\p ( k94 ,,propos$ ,,re/riction ,,( ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,^w #8,,totem' ,?is re/riction ,i make1 n = ! purpose ( simplify+ ! problem ( totemism by disreg>d+ #8! individual totem1' #8! sex totem1' & s on1 b because ,i und]/& t savages ev]y:]e use "o ^w = _! h]$it>y k9 totem1 & o!r words = ! plant or animal protectors ( individuals1 ( magical societies1 & s =?4 ,! true totem is a plant or animal or o!r ?+1 ! h]$it>y fri5d & ally--( ! k9--b all plant or animal allies ( individuals or ( magical societies are n totems4 ,?\gh ! attitude ( a private p]son to 8 nagual1 or ( a magical society to its protective animal1 may (t5 closely resemble ! attitude ( ! gr\p to its h]$it>y totem1 /ill1 ! orig9 ( ?is attitude ( respect may be diff]5t 9 ea* case4 ,?is is obvi\s1 = ! individual or society delib]ately adopts an animal protector & fri5d1 usually sugge/$ 9 a dream1 aft] a fa/1 :]eas we c sc>cely conceive t ! totem 0 delib]ately adopt$ by ! fir/ memb]s ( ! fir/ totem gr\ps4 ,savages look on animals z p]sonalities l !mselves1 b m p[]ful1 gift$ ) m wakan1 or mana1 or cosmic rapport3 ea* man1 !re=e1 & ea* organis$ magical society1 looks out =1 &1 = "s reason ( dream or div9ation1 adopts1 a special animal fri5d4 ,b x is h>d to believe t ! memb]s ( a primeval human gr\p ( unkn[n antiquity1 consci\sly & delib]ately made a compact to adopt1 & = ev] be fai?ful to--?is or t plant1 animal1 elem5t1 or ! l--to be inh]it$ 9 ! female l9e4 ,=1 on ?is plan1 ! gr\p1 say ,wolves1 in/antly loses ! totem x has adopt$4 ,we _c prove t x 0 n s1 t a primitive gr\p ( rudim5t>y human be+s did n make a cov5ant ) ,be>1 or ,wolf1 z ,israel did ) ,jehovah1 & z an individual savage does ) 8 ny>ong1 or nagual1 or manitu4 ,?is cov5ant1 if made & kept by ea* gr\p1 w\ld be ! ,orig9 ( ,totemism4 ,b1 ) female desc5t1 ! cov5ant c\ld n be kept4 ,i am n c]ta9 t ?is !ory1 involv+ jo9t & delib]ate selection & ret5tion ( a totem1 by a primeval human gr\p1 has ev] be5 ma9ta9$1 unless x be by ,mr4 ,jevons4 #8,! prim>y object ( a totem alliance betwe5 a human k9 & an animal k9d is to obta9 a sup]natural ally aga9/ sup]natural foes4'#e ,! t]m #8sup]natural' seems "h out ( place--bo? ! animal k9d & ! human k9 be+ natural2 & "o has a difficulty 9 conceiv+ t v e>ly gr\ps ( k9 w\ld make1 & w\ld adh]e to1 su* alliances4 ,inde$1 h[ c\ld !y adh]e to _! totems1 :5 ^! desc5d$ ?r\gh wom5 ( ali5 totem gr\ps8 ,b !re seems to be no?+ o!rwise impossible or self-contradictory 9 ?is !ory2 nor c x be disprov$1 = lack ( evid5ce4 ,only su* !ories z are self-contradictory1 or inconsi/5t ) ! kn[n & admitt$ facts ( ! case1 are capable ( absolute dispro(4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be object$ "h t1 ?\gh totems1 9 actual savage society1 desc5d sometimes 9 ! female l9e1 /ill1 desc5t 9 ! male l9e may be ! orig9al rule2 & t ?us a gr\p1 l an individual1 c\ld seek1 make a cov5ant )1 & cleave to a grub1 or frog1 or liz>d1 z a sup]natural ally4 ,b1 = reasons already indicat$1 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w1 ,i conceive t1 orig9ally1 totems desc5d$ 9 ! female l9e only4 ,"o reason = ?is op9ion is t1 z soon z desc5t ( ! totem comes by ! male l9e1 a di/9ct /ep 9 ! upw>d movem5t t[>ds civilisation & a settl$ life is made4 ,x is n v probable t ! backw>d /ep1 f reckon+ by male l9eage to desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 has (t5 be5 tak54 ,on ! o!r h&1 tribes :i* n[ inh]it ! totem 9 ! male l9e1 exhibit 9 _! in/itutions _m survivals ( female desc5t4 ,an in/ance is t ( ! ,m&ans1 z record$ by ,mr4 ,dorsey4#f ,among ! ,melanesians1 :]e female desc5t /ill exi/s1 !re is at "w ! mo/ obvi\s t5d5cy t[>ds desc5t ?r\gh males1 z ,dr4 ,codr+ton proves 9 an excell5t "w on t p4 ,dr4 ,durkheim1 too1 has po9t$ out ! traces ( ut]9e desc5t among ! ,arunta1 :o n[ reckon 9 ! male l9e4#g ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e we f9d desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 ,i am n aw>e t we discov] signs ( movem5t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 ?is op9ion t1 z a g5]al rule1 desc5t 0 reckon$ 9 ! female1 n ! male l9e1 orig9ally1 ,i h ! support ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4#h ,= ^! reasons ! hypo!sis ( ! selection ( & cov5ant ) a #8sup]natural ally1' plant or animal1 by ! delib]ate jo9t action ( an e>ly gr\p1 at a giv5 mom5t1 involv+ /aun* adh]5ce to ! orig9al resolution1 r /ra9s belief2 & a sugge/ion p]haps m plausible w be (f]$ lat]4 ,,! ,,^w #8,,totem' ,z to ! precise orig9al mean+ & =m ( ! ^w usually writt5 #8totem'--:e!r x %\ld be #8totam1' or #8toodaim1' or #8dodaim1' or #8ododam1' or #8ote1' philologi/s may dispute4#i ,!y may "q :e!r ! ^w means #8m>k1' or #8family1' or #8tribe1' or clay = pa9t+ ! family m>k4#aj ,:5 we "h use ! ^w #8totem' we mean1 at all ev5ts1 ! object :i* gives its "n to a gr\p ( savage k9dr$1 :o may n m>ry )9 ?is h]$it>y "n4 ,9 place ( #8totem' we might use ! equival5t murdu ( ! ,di]i1 or gaura ( ! ,kunundaburi4#aa ,,! ,,totem #8,,cult' ,! #8cult1' if x des]ves to be call$ a #8cult1' ( ! totem1 among savages1 is n conf9$ to ab/5tion f m>riage )9 ! "n4 ,ea* k9 usually ab/a9s f kill+1 eat+1 or 9 any way us+ its totem 7except 9 occasional c]emonies1 religi\s or magical71 is apt to claim i desc5t f or k9dr$ ) x1 or alt]nations ( metamorphosis into or out ( x1 & sometimes uses its effigy on memorial pill>s1 on po/s c>v$ ) a k9d ( g5ealogical tree1 or tattoos or pa9ts or sc>ifies x on ! sk9--9 diff]5t cases & places4 ,to :at ext5t ! blood-feud is tak5 up by all memb]s ( ! sla9 man's totem1 ,i am n fully aw>e3 x v>ies 9 diff]5t regions4 ,! eat+ or slay+ ( ! totem1 by a p]son ( ! totem "n1 is 9 places believ$ to be puni%$ by disease or dea?1 a po9t :i* ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,atk9son obs]v$ among ! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia 7,,ms4 p5es me74 ,mr4 ,atk9son happ5$ to be conv]s+ ) "s natives on que/ions ( an?ropology1 :5 8 s]vant br\ght 9 a liz>d :i* he _h kill$4 ,on ?is "o ( ! natives exhibit$ great di/ress1 say+1 #8,:y h y kill$ my fa!r8 we 7 talk+ ( my fa!r1 & he came to u' ,! son 78 "n 0 ,j]i*a7 !n wrapp$ ! dead liz>d up 9 leaves1 & rev]5tly laid ! body 9 ! bu%4 ,?is 0 n a case l t ( ! ,zulu ,idhlozi1 ! s]p5ts t haunt h\ses1 & are believ$ to be ! vehicles ( ! s\ls ( dead k9sfolk4 ,! o!r natives pres5t _h = _! #8fa!r1' "o1 a m\se1 ! o!r a pigeon1 & s on4 ,if any "o ate 8 animal #8fa!r1' sores broke out on him1 & ,mr4 ,atk9son 0 %[n a woman ?us afflict$1 = hav+ eat5 h] #8fa!r4' ,b ,i d n f9d1 9 8 pap]s1 t a man ) a m\se = fa!r might n m>ry a woman ( ! m\se set1 nor h ,i else:]e be5 able to asc]ta9 :at is ,new-,cal$onian practice on ?is po9t4#ab ,:5 ,mr4 ,atk9son made ^! obs]vations 7#ahgd71 he _h only he>d ( totems 9 ! novels ( ,coop] & o!r romanc]s4 #8,,totem ,,gods' ,?is example is "h cit$ because1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 no o!r an?ropologi/ has obs]v$ ?is am\nt ( ,totemism 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,/ud5ts are divid$ into ^? :o h a bias 9 fav\r ( f9d+ totemism ev]y:]e2 & ^? :o av]1 ) unconceal$ delight1 t 9 ?is or ! o!r place !re are no totems4 ,su* negative /atem5ts mu/ always be receiv$ ) caution4 ,an ,european may live long among savages be=e he really kn[s !m2 &1 )\t possess+ totemism 9 full measure1 _m races reta9 obvi\s fragm5ts ( ! in/itution4 ,mr4 ,tylor has c5sur$ ! use ( ! t]ms #8totems' & #8totem clans' ) respect to ! ,fijians & ,samoans1 :]e c]ta9 animals1 n to be eat51 are believ$ to be vehicles or %r9es ( c]ta9 gods4 ,x is a v probable conjecture 7s probable1 ,i ?9k1 z almo/ to am\nt to a c]ta9ty71 t ! creatures :i* are n[ ! %r9es ( ,fijian or ,samoan gods ( ! family1 or ( high] gods1 7 once totems 9 an e>li] /age ( ,samoan & ,fijian society & belief4 ,z ,i h said else:]e1 #89 totemi/ic c\ntries ! totem is respect$ himself2 9 ,samoa ! animal is wor%ipful because a god abides )9 him4 ,?is appe>s to be a !ory by :i* ! reflective ,samoans h expla9$ to !mselves :at 0 once pure ,totemism4'#ac ,b ,i mu/ %>e 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's prote/ aga9/ us+ ! "n ( #8totem' = a plant or animal :i* is reg>d$ z ! %r9e ( a god4 ,su* ?or\gh totemi/s z "s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 or ! ,au/ralians1 d n expla9 _! totems z ! %r9es ( gods1 = !y h no su* gods to s]ve z explanations4 ,t my? appe>s to be ! ,samoan or ,fijian way ( acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce ( wor%ipful & fri5dly plants & animals4 ,?us1 at all ev5ts1 & unluckily1 ! phrase #8! totem-god' is introduc$ into our speculations1 & ! cult ( ! #8totem-god' is confus$ ) ! mu* m limit$ respect paid by savages to actual totems4 ,h[ev] attractive ! !ory ( #8! totem-god' may be1 we _c speak ( #8totems' :]e a god inc>nate 9 a plant or animal is conc]n$4 ,su* a deity may be a modifi$ survival ( ,totemism1 b a totem he is n4 ,moreov]1 x is h>dly safe to say t1 9 ! ,samoan case1 ! god is #8develop$ f a totem2' we only "k t ! god has got into suspici\sly totemi/ic society4 ,on ! :ole1 we _c be too cauti\s 9 speak+ ( totems & ,totemism3 & we mu/ be specially c>eful n to exagg]ate ! m or less religi\s respect ) :i* totems are1 9 _m cases1 reg>d$4 ,! ,au/ralians1 z f> z !y h ! idea ( a creative be+1 ,baiame1 ,nooreli1 & s =?1 d n reg>d _! totems z %r9es or inc>nations ( him4 ,t appe>s to be ! speculation ( peoples :o1 probably by way ( animism1 & ance/or-wor%ip1 are already 9 ! /age ( poly!ism4 ,totems1 9 _! e>lie/ kn[n /age1 h v little to d ) religion1 & probably1 9 orig91 _h no?+ really religi\s ab\t !m4 ,,savage ,,speculations ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,totemism ,peoples :o are /ill 9 ! totemi/ic /age1 z we h se51 "k no?+ ab\t ! beg9n+s ( ! in/itution4 ,all t !y tell ! civilis$ inquir]s is no m ?an ! my? h&$ d[n by _! own tradition4 ,?us ! ,di]i or ,dieyrie1 9 ,au/ralia1 say t ! totems 7 appo9t$ by ! ance/ors1 = ! purpose ( regulat+ m>riages1 aft] consultation ) ,mura ,mura1 or ) #8!' ,muramura4 ,! ,woeworung1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h[itt1 h a simil> leg5d4#ad ,x is n necess>y "h to ask :e!r ,mura ,mura is #8! ,supreme ,be+' 7,gason1 ,h[itt71 or #8ance/ral spirits' 7,fison74#ae ,! mo/ common savage my? is ( ! ,d>w9ian v>iety1 ea* totem k9 is desc5d$ f1 or evolv$ out (1 ! plant or animal type :i* supplies its totem4 ,aga91 z 9 fairy tales1 a woman gave bir? to animals1 :5ce ! totem k9s d]ive _! desc5t4 ,9 ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 totems are (t5 acc\nt$ = by my?s ( ance/ral h]oes4 #8,! ,tl+it' 7,?l9ket7 #8hold t s\ls ( ance/ors are reborn 9 *ildr51 t a man w be reborn z a man1 a wolf z a wolf1 a rav5 z a rav54' ,nev]!less1 ! totems are reg>d$ z #8relatives & protectors1' & x is expla9$ t1 9 ! pa/1 a human ance/or _h an adv5ture ) ?is or t animal1 :5ce he assum$ 8 totem armorial be>+s4#af ,9 precisely ! same way a my?1 a v late my?1 0 inv5t$1 ab\t ! adv5ture ( a ,/ew>t ) a lion1 to acc\nt = ! ,lyon ( ! ,/ew>ts4#ag ,! ,haidas & ,?l9kets1 believ+ z !y d t human s\ls are reborn human1 _c hold t a be/ial s\l animates a man1 say1 ( ! ,rav5 totem4 ,! ,arunta1 on ! o!r h&1 suppose t ! s\ls ( animals :i* evolv$ into human be+s1 are re9c>nat$ 9 ea* *ild born to ! tribe4 #8,two clans ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 :o are nam$ aft] a small opossum & a little fi%1 ?9k t !y are s call$ because !y us$ to live *iefly on ^! creatures4'#ah ,?is my? has "s support 9 mod]n op9ion3 ! k9s1 x is argu$1 receiv$ _! totem names f ! animals & plants :i* ma9ly =m$ _! food supply2 ?\gh n[ _! totems are seldom eat5 by !m4 ,^! leg5ds1 & o!rs1 are cle>ly tiological my?s1 l ! ,samoan hypo!sis t gods are inc>nate 9 ! totems4 ,! my?s m]ely try to expla9 ! orig9al connection betwe5 m5 & totems1 & are con/ruct$ on ! l9es ( savage ideas ab\t ! relations ( all ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 all alike be+ p]sonal1 & rational1 & capable ( int]bre$+1 & ( %ape-%ift+4 ,c]ta9 ,kalamantans ( ,s>awak w n eat a species ( de]1 because #8an ance/or became a de] ( ?is k9d4'#ai ,all su* fables1 ( c\rse1 are valueless z hi/ory2 &1 9 ! savage /ate ( ! intellect1 su* my?s 7 inevitable4 ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,mr4 ,mc,lennan himself at fir/ _h a !ory1 :i*1 z f> z ,i he>d him speak ( x1 0 m or less ak9 to my own4 ,b he ab&on$ x1 says 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,mc,lennan1 = reasons t to him appe>$ conclusive4 ,i ought to m5tion t ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane in=m$ me1 sev]al ye>s ago1 t he _h indep5d5tly evolv$ a !ory ak9 to m9e1 ( :i*1 z x !n /ood1 ,i _h publi%$ "s h9t4 7,= a /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,keane's !ory see our ,preface47 ,9 #ahhdbj ,i wrote1 #8,p unit$ by contiguity1 & by ! bl9d s5tim5t ( k9%ip n yet br\ght into explicit consci\sness1 might m>k !mselves by a badge1 & might !nce d]ive a "n1 &1 lat]1 might inv5t a my? ( _! desc5t f ! object :i* ! badge repres5t$4' ,b :y %\ld su* p m>k !mselves by a badge1 & :y1 if !y did1 %\ld ! m>k be1 n a decorative or symbolic patt]n1 b ! repres5tation ( a plant or animal8 ,^! que/ions ,i _c answ]1 & my pres5t guess is n id5tical ) t ( #ahhd4 ,mean:ile let u keep "o po9t /eadily be=e our m9ds4 ,totemism1 at a fir/ glance1 seems a p]fectly crazy & irrational set ( beliefs1 & we might ?9k1 ) ,dr4 ,johnson1 t !re is no use 9 look+ = reason among ! freaks ( irrational p4 ,b man is nev] irrational4 ,8 reason = do+ ?is1 or believ+ t1 may seem a bad reason to u1 b a reason he always _h = 8 cre$s & conduct1 & he _h a reason = 8 totem belief1 a reason 9 congruity ) 8 limit$ k ( facts1 & ) 8 !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,= all ?+s he want$ an explanation4 ,n[ :at he want$ a reason =1 9 ,totemism1 0 ! nature & orig9 ( ! connection betwe5 8 own & ! neighb\r+ gr\ps1 & ! plant or animal names :i* !y bore4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 write1 #8:at gave rise1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! association ( p>ticul> m5 ) p>ticul> animals & plants1 x is impossible to say4' ,b x is n impossible to guess1 ) m or less ( probability4 ,! connection once e/abli%$1 savages guess$ at its orig93 _! guesses1 z always1 7 my?s1 & 7 ( e conceivable k9d4 ,! my? ( desc5t f or k9%ip ) ! animal or plant1 ! ,d>w9ian my?1 does n /& alone4 ,e sort ( my? 0 fa%ion$1 0 believ$1 & influ5c$ conduct4 ,our bus9ess is to =m our own guess z to ! orig9al connection betwe5 m5 & _! totems3 a guess :i* %all be consi/5t ) human nature4 ,,mr4 ,,max ,m,,ll]',s ,,!ory ,_m su* guesses by civilis$ philosoph]s exi/4 ,we ne$ n dwell long on t ( ,mr4 ,max ,mll]1 ak91 z x is1 to my own e>ly conjecture1 #8a totem is a clan m>k1 !n a clan "n1 !n ! "n ( ! ance/or ( ! clan1 & la/ly ! "n ( some?+ wor%ipp$ by ! clan4'#ba ,we ne$ n dwell on ?is1 because ! k9d ( #8clan m>k' on a pill> outside ( ! qu>t]s ( ! clan1 9 a village1 is peculi> to ,nor? ,am]ica1 & to p dwell+ 9 fix$ settlem5ts4 ,among ! nomadic ,au/ralians1 we h totemism )\t ! settlem5ts1 )\t ! totem pill>1 )\t ! #8clan m>k1' on ! pill>1 :i*1 ?us1 _c be ! fir/ /ep 9 ,totemism4 ,aga91 ! #8clan "n1' or gr\p "n1 mu/ be e>li] ?an ! #8clan m>k1' :i* m]ely expresses x1 j z my "n is prior to my visit+ c>d1 or z ! "n ( an inn1 #8,! ,r$ ,lion1' is prior to ! sign repres5t+ t animal4 ,obvi\sly we h to ask fir/1 :5ce comes ! clan "n1 or gr\p "n8 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] ,9 a passage on animal-wor%ip1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7unless ,i misconceive him7 advances a !ory ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism4 ,true1 he does n "h speak ( totems1 b he sugge/s an hypo!sis to expla9 :y c]ta9 /ocks claim desc5t f animals1 & :y ^! animals are treat$ by !m ) m or less ( religi\s reg>d4 ,actual m51 9 savag]y1 are (t5 call$ by #8animal nicknames1' & we _c be surpris$ if ! savage 444 gets ! idea t an ance/or nam$ #8! tig]' 0 an actual tig] 444 ,inevitably1 !n1 he gr[s up believ+ t 8 fa!r desc5d$ f a tig]--?9k+ ( himself z "o ( ! tig] /ock4#bb ,x 7 sup]flu\s to dwell on ?is !ory4 ,totem names are gr\p names2 &1 z !y occur :]e gr\p names are d]iv$ f ! "m1 !y _c h orig9at$ 9 ! animal nicknames ( individual dead gr&fa!rs4 ,! names ( ! dead are usually tabu$ & =gott52 b t is ( no great mom5t4 ,! po9t is t su* gr\p names are d]iv$ ?r\gh mo!rs1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 n ?r\gh male f\nd]s ( families4#bc ,no !ory :i* />ts f an individual male ance/or1 & 8 "n bequea!d to 8 desc5dants1 c be correct4 ,t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s does />t 9 ?is way may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ text3 #8commonly ! names ( ! clans :i* are =bidd5 to int]m>ry1 su* z ,wolf1 ,be>1 ,eagle1 ,:ale1 c41 are names giv5 to m51 imply+1 z ,i h be=e cont5d$ 7#agj-agc71 desc5t f di/+ui%$ male ance/ors be>+ ^? names--desc5t :i*1 not)/&+ ! sy/em ( female k9%ip1 0 rememb]$ :5 !re 0 pride 9 ! connection4' ,a brief-liv$ joy 9 ! "n ( :i* ! male ance/or's desc5dants 7 pr\d1 left !m1 9 ! second g5]ation1 "u exogamy & female k94 ,?us my fa!r 0 nicknam$ #8,tig]4' ,pr\d ( ! title1 ,i call myself ,tig]4 ,b ,i mu/ m>ry a woman :o is ,n-,tig]1 & my (fspr+ are ,n-,tig]s4 ,my hon\r ha? dep>t$6 ,,mr4 ,,fraz]',s ,,!ories ,! hypo!ses ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] are purely provisional4 ,he />ts f ! idea1 s common 9 ,mr*51 ( ! p]son ^: #8s\l1' #8life1' or #8/r5g?' is secretly hidd5 9 an animal1 plant1 or o!r object4 ,! own] ( ! s\l wraps ! #8s\l-box' up 9 a my/]y1 x is ! c5tral secret ( 8 exi/5ce1 = he may be sla9 by any "o :o c discov] & de/roy 8 #8s\l-box4' ,next ,mr4 ,fraz] (f]s _m cases ( ?is actual belief & practice among savage & b>b>\s peoples2 &1 z a freak or survival1 ! idea is f\nd ev5 among ! civilis$4 ,we meet ! sup]/ition 9 ! ,melanesian gr\p ( isl&s 7:]e ,totemism is all b ext9ct71 & p]haps among ! ,zulus1 ) _! s]p5t ,idhlozi1 ^: life is associat$ ) _! own4 ,mr4 ,atk9son's ,new-,cal$onians1 h[ev]1 did n ?9k t dea? inflict$ on _! animal #8fa!rs' involv$ dang] to !mselves1 ?\gh x di/ress$ !m1 z an outrage to s5tim5t4 ,!n we h ! #8bu%-s\ls' 7"o s\l out ( f\r 9 ! possession ( ea* individual71 among ! natives ( ,calab>4 ,^! s\ls1 ,miss ,k+sley wrote1 are nev] 9 plants1 b always 9 wild bea/s1 & are recognisable only by second-sight$ m54 ,! #8bu%-s\l' ( a man is (t5 t ( 8 sons3 ! daught]s (t5 inh]it ! "m's #8bu%-s\l3' or *ildr5 ( bo? sexes may take ! bu%-s\l ( ei!r fa!r or "m4 ,! natives w n injure _! bu%-s\l bea/s4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same bu%-s\l4 ,"h we h really some?+ ak9 to ! totem1 ! bu%-s\ls be+ h]$it>y1 at lea/ = "o g5]ation4 ,b ?is is among a h\se-dwell+1 agricultural p1 f> above ! /ate ( real savag]y3 n among a #8primitive' p4 ,! ,zapotecs ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 aga91 *oose1 by a me?od ( div9ation1 #8a tona or second self1' an animal1 = ea* *ild1 at its bir?4 ,x is1 by ! nature ( ! case1 n h]$itable4 ,! nagual1 usually a bea/1 ( ea* ,indian ( ,guatemala is well kn[n2 & is discov]$1 on ! monition ( a dream1 by ea* individual4 ,!re=e x _c be h]$itable4 ,! sexes1 9 ,au/ralia1 h ea* a fri5dly & protect+ species ( animal2 say a ,bat = all m51 a ,nightj> = all wom53 inde$1 9 ,au/ralia1 all ! elem5ts ( nature h _! place 9 ! cosmic tribe4 ,to injure ! animal ( ei!r sex1 is to injure "o ( ! sex4 ,!re is no secret ab\t ! matt]4 ,mr4 ,fraz] !n argues1 #8! explanation :i* holds good ( ! "o' 7say #8! sex totem1' or #8p]sonal totem'71 #8ought equally to hold good ( ! o!r' 7! gr\p totem74 #8,!re=e1 ! reason :y a tribe' 7,i v5ture to pref] #8gr\p1' or #8k91' z !re are _m totems 9 ea* #8tribe'7 #8rev]e a p>ticul> species ( animals or plants 444 & call !mselves aft] x1 w\ld seem to be a belief t ! life ( ea* individual ( ! tribe is b\nd up ) "s "o plant or animal ( ! species1 & t 8 or h] dea? w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( kill+ t p>ticul> animal or de/roy+ t p>ticul> plant4' ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks t #8?is explanation squ>es well' ) ,sir ,george ,grey's description ( a ,kobong or totem 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,!re1 a native gives 8 totem #8a fair %[' be=e kill+ x1 always af=d+ x a *ance ( escape1 & nev] kill+ x 9 its sleep4 ,he only does n %oot 8 k9dr$ animal sitt+1 & 8 plant he only sp>es #89 c]ta9 circum/ances1 & at a p>ticul> p]iod ( ! ye>4' ,mr4 ,fraz] writes t z ! man does n "k :i* individual ( ! species ( plant or animal #8is specially de> to him1 he is oblig$ to sp>e !m all1 = fe> ( injur+ ! de> "o4' ,b ! man1 x seems f ,grey's acc\nt1 does n #8sp>e' any ( !m2 he kills or plucks !m1 #8reluctantly1' & 9 a sportsmanlike mann]1 #8nev] )\t af=d+ !m a *ance ( escape4' ,9 a case ( ,sir ,george ,grey's1 ! kill+ ( a cr[ ha/5$ ! dea? ( a man ( ! ,cr[ totem1 :o _h be5 ail+ = "s days4 ,b ! ,au/ralians d n ?9k t to kill a man's totem is to kill ! man4 ,somebody's totem is kill$ :5ev] any animal is sla94 ,mr4 ,fraz] n[ f9ds t ! ,battas1 = example1 #8d n 9 set t]ms affirm _! ext]nal s\l to be 9 _! totems1' & ,i am n aw>e t any totemi/s d make ?is ass]tion4 ,!y freely (f] all o!r sorts ( my?ical explanations z to :at _! totems orig9ally 71 z to ! orig9 ( _! connection ) _! totems1 b nev] say t _! totems are _! #8s\l-boxes4' ,mr4 ,fraz] has an answ] to ?is objection4 #8,h[ close mu/ be ! concealm5t1 h[ imp5etrable ! res]ve 9 :i* he' 7! savage7 #8hides ! inn] keep & citadel ( 8 be+4' ,! ,giant1 9 ! ,mr*51 tries to keep ! secret ( 8 #8s\l-box1' mu* m !n does #8! timid & furtive savage4' #8,no inducem5t t c be (f]$ is likely to tempt him to imp]il 8 s\l by reveal+ its hid+-place to a /rang]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no matt] = surprise t ! c5tral my/]y ( ! savag$ life %\ld s long h rema9$ a secret1 & t we %\ld be left to piece x toge!r f scatt]$ h9ts & fragm5ts1 & f ! recollections ( x :i* l+] 9 fairy tales4' ,on reflection1 we _c b see ! flaw 9 ?is reason+4 ,no savage has reveal$ to ,european inquir]s t 8 totem is 8 #8s\l-box4' ,b e o!r savage kn[s 8 fatal secret4 ,e savage1 well aw>e t 8 own totem is ! hid+-place ( 8 s\l1 kn[s t ! totems ( 8 enemies are ! hid+-places ( _! s\ls4 ,he wants to kill 8 enemies1 & he has an easy mode ( do+ s1 to %oot d[n e specim5 ( _! totems4 ,8 enemies w !n die1 :5 he is lucky en\gh to de/roy _! #8s\l-boxes4' ,n[ ,i am n aw>e1 9 ! de/ructive magic ( savages1 ( a s+le case 9 :i* a totem is sla91 or tortur$ = ! purpose ( slay+ or tortur+ a man ( t totem4 ,all o!r sorts ( sympa!tic magic are practis$1 b :]e is ! evid5ce = t sort1 :i* ought to be ( consid]able diffusion8#bd ,! suppos$ #8secret' ( savage life is no secret to o!r savages4 ,ea* tells any inquir] :at 8 #8clay' or totem is4 ,he blazons 8 totem pr\dly4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to invidi\s action1 aga9/ a totem1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is ! kill+ by ! ,kurnai wom51 ( ! m5's #8sex totem1' :5 ! "y m5 are backw>d woo]s4 ,! purpose is to produce a fight betwe5 lads & lasses1 a rude =m ( flirtation1 aft] :i* engagem5ts1 or elopem5ts1 are apt to foll[4#be ,mr4 ,fraz] t5tatively sugge/s ano!r1 a rival or a subsidi>y solution ( ! problem1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,among ! ,arunta & o!r tribes1 #8! totemic sy/em has a mu* wid] scope1 its aim be+ to provide ! community ) a supply ( food & all o!r necess>ies by means ( c]ta9 magical c]emonies1 ! p]=mance ( :i* is di/ribut$ among ! v>i\s totem gr\ps4' ,t is to say1 ^! totemic magical c]emonies n[ exi/ = ! purpose ( propagat+1 z "p ( ! food supply1 animals or vegetables1 :i*1 by ! =m] !ory1 7 ! secret receptacles ( ! lives ( ! tribesm54 ,to kill & eat ^! sacr$ receptacles w\ld endang] ! lives ( ! tribesm51 b to risk t is q 9 accordance ) ! practical turn ( ! ,arunta m9d4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ a possible me?od ( reconcil+ 8 e>li] hypo!sis--t a totem 0 a s\l-box--) 8 lat] !ory1 t ! primal object ( totem gr\ps 0 to bre$ _! totems = food4#bf ,mr4 ,fraz] obs]ves1 #8,x is n z yet cle> h[ f> ! p>ticul> !ory ( ,totemism sugge/$ by ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian sy/em is ( g5]al application1 & 444 9 ! unc]ta9ty :i* /ill hangs ov] ! orig9 & mean+ ( ,totemism1 x seems sc>cely wor? :ile to pat* up an old !ory :i* ! next new facts may p]haps entirely demoli%4' ,he !n cites ! ,arunta belief t _! ance/ors ( #8! dream "t' 7:o 7 m5 evolv$ out ( animals or plants1 ^! objects be+ _! totems7 kept _! s\ls 7l ! ,giant ( ! fairy tale7 9 /one *ur+as 7a k9d ( amulets7 :i* !y hung on poles :5 !y w5t out hunt+4 ,we h ?us a va-et-vi5t betwe5 ea* man1 & ! _s ( ! plant or animal out ( :i* he1 or 8 human ance/or1 0 evolv$4 ,t _s 79 orig9 ! _s ( an animal or plant7 is n[ h&$ d[n ) ! /one *ur+a1 & is re9c>nat$ 9 ea* *ild1 :o is ?us1 an inc>nation ( ! orig9al totem4 ,su* is ! ,arunta !ory1 & ?us ea* liv+ ,arunta is ! totem's s\l-box1 :ile1 to savage reason]s1 ! totem s\l may1 p]haps1 seem also to t5ant simultane\sly ea* plant or animal ( its species4 ,?is is a !ory ( ,totemism2#bg b1 s f>1 we only "k ! facts on :i* x is bas$ among "o extraord9>y tribe ( anomal\s developm5t4 ,we h /ill to ask1 :at 0 ! orig9al connection ( ! m5 ) ! plants & animals1 :i* ! ,arunta expla9 by _! my?8 ,0 t connection orig9ally "o ( magic-work+1 by ea* gr\p1 = its totem species1 &1 if s1 :y or h[ did ! gr\ps fir/ select _! plants & animals8 ,mr4 ,haddon's !ory1 pres5tly to be criticis$1 may elucidate t po9t ( dep>ture4 ,,sugge/ion ,,( ,,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,,?omas ,z ,i am writ+1 a !ory1 or sugge/ion1 by ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas appe>s 9 ,man 7#aijb1 ,no4 #he74 ,mr4 ,?omas beg9s ) ! _s :i* dwells 9 an ,african feti*1 & becomes ! s]vant ( its own]4 ,! magical app>atus #8may be a bag ( sk9 conta9+ p>ts ( v>i\s animals4 ,su* an animal may be ! famili> ( ! own]1 8 mess5g]1 or an evil _s t possesses him2' simil> beliefs are held ab\t ! w]-wolf4 ,n[ ! ,am]ican-,indian has 8 #8m$ic9e bag4' #8,! cont5ts are ! sk91 fea!rs1 or o!r "p ( ! totem animal4' ,di/+uo3 !y are p>ts1 n ( ! #8totem animal1' b ( ! adopt$ animal ( ! individual1 (t5 call$ 8 manitu4 ,if we say #8! totem animal1' we beg ! "q2 we id5tify ! totem ) ! manitu ( ! individual4 ,x may be true1 z ,mr4 ,?omas says1 t #8! basis ( individual ,totemism seems to be ! same z t ( feti%ism1' b ,i am n discuss+ #8individual ,totemism1' b real gr\p ,totemism4 ,mr4 ,?omas also is cle> on ?is po9t1 b1 turn+ to ,au/ralia1 he says t #8! individual totem seems to be conf9$ to ! m$ic9e-man4' ,f in=mation by ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,i d\bt ! tru? ( ?is idea4 ,a confess$ly vague rem9isc5ce ( ,mr4 ,rusd5 does n help u4 ,speak+ ( an ext9ct tribe on ! ,hunt] ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w41 he says t he #8does n recollect all _! class divisions1 ,yippai' 7,ippai71 #8& ,kombo' 7,kumbo74 #8,apropos ( ! g5]ic names' 7:atev] ^! may be7 #8! ,geawe-gal _h a sup]/ition t e "o _h )9 himself an aff9ity to ! _s ( "s bea/1 bird1 or reptile4 ,n t he sprang f ! creature 9 any way' 7z is a common totemic my?71 #8b t ! _s :i* 0 9 him 0 ak9 to t ( ! creature4' ,?is is vague4 ,mr4 ,rusd5 does n say t 8 native in=mant said1 t ! #8_s' 0 ! man's totem 9 ea* case4#bh ,b ,mr4 ,?omas1 on ?is evid5ce1 writes3 #8,?is belief sugge/s t ! int]pretation sugge/$ = individual ,totemism c also be appli$ to clan ,totemism1' app>5tly because1 among ! ext9ct tribe1 n only sorc]]s1 b1 9 ?is case1 e "o 0 ! receptacle ( an animal 7n a plant7 _s4 ,b obvi\sly ! animal spirits ( ! ,geawe-gal may be ! spirits--n ( _! gr\p totems1 if !y _h any--b ( _! individual manitus1 :i* we d n "k to be conf9$ to sorc]]s4 ,e "o is a sorc]]1 bett] or worse1 9 a society :]e e "o works magic4 ,next1 ! w]-wolf has a way ( return+ #8to look at' 7to eat1 ,i ?9k7 ! body ( 8 victim4 ,n[ 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&1 z 9 ,scotl&1 ! body ( a dead man is surr\nd$ ) du/ or a%es 7fl\r 9 ,scotl&71 & ! du/ is inspect$1 to f9d ! tracks ( "s bird or animal4#bi ,f su* m>ks1 if any1 #8! totem ( ! malefactor is inf]r$4' ,! malefactor is ! p]son :o1 by ! usual sup]/ition1 is ?\ght magically to h caus$ ! dea? ( ! tribesman4 #8,^! facts seem be/ int]pret$ if we suppose t 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& ! sorc]] is believ$ to return 9 animal =m1 & t ! =m is t ( 8 totem1 = 9 no o!r way does x seem possible to id5tify ! man's totem by obs]v+ ! foot/eps4' ,is ! man's gr\p totem meant8 ,if s1 ! process c\ld n id5tify #8! malefactor1' !re are hundr$s ( m5 ( 8 totem4 ,is 8 manitu or #8individual totem' meant8 ,!n ! process might be successful1 b has no conc]n ) ! orig9 ( h]$it>y k9-,totemism4 ,inde$ ,mr4 ,?omas #8leaves ! applicability ( ! !ory to gr\p ,totemism = subsequ5t consid]ation4' ,we %all %[--inde$1 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s case we h %[n--! difficulty ( d]iv+ k9-,totemism f ! manitu1 or #8obsess+ _s' if ,mr4 ,?omas pleases1 ( ! individual4 ,?is po9t1 z is said1 ,mr4 ,?omas res]ves = lat] consid]ation4 ,,dr4 ,,wilk5',s ,,!ory ,we n[ come to a !ory :i* exi/s 9 _m %apes1 b 9 all is vitiat$1 ,i ?9k1 by ! same error ( reason+4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 h[ev]1 has l5t at lea/ a modifi$ approval to ! hypo!sis z moot$ by ! late ,dut* an?ropologi/1 ,dr4 ,wilk51 ( ,leyd54 ,mr4 ,tylor writes1 #8if x does n completely solve ! totem problem1 at any rate x seems to m>k out its ma9 l9es4' ,unluckily ! hypo!sis ( ,dr4 ,wilk5 is p]haps ! lea/ probable ( all4 ,! mat]ials are f\nd1 n 9 a race s comp>atively e>ly z ! ,au/ralians or ,adamanese1 b among ! settl$ peoples ( ,malay1 ,sumatra1 & ,melanesia4 ,by !m1 9 _! ,tables ( ,prec$5ce1 #8! ,crocodile is reg>d$ z equal 9 rank to ! ,dut* ,resid5t4' ,crocodiles are look$ on z ne> k9sm5 ( m51 :o1 :5 !y die1 expect to become crocodiles4 ,to kill crocodiles is murd]4 #8,s x is ) tig]s1 :om ! ,sumatrans wor%ip & call ance/ors4' ,mr4 ,tylor obs]ves1 #8,wilk5 sees 9 ?is transmigration ( s\ls ! l9k :i* connects ,totemism ) ance/or-wor%ip1' & ?9ks t ,dr4 ,codr+ton's rem>ks on ,melanesian ways add weight to ?is op9ion4 ,9 ,melanesia1 z ,dr4 ,codr+ton reports1 an influ5tial man1 be=e 8 dea?1 w lay a ban1 or tabu1 on some?+1 say a banana1 or a pig4 ,he says t he #8w be 9' a %>k1 a banana1 a bird1 a butt]fly1 or :at n4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton's in=mant1 ,mr4 ,sleigh ( ,lifu1 says #8t creature w\ld be sacr$ to 8 family1' !y w\ld call x #8papa1' & #8(f] x a "y cocoa-nut4' #8,b !y did n adopt ?us ! "n ( a tribe4' ,! *ildr5 ( papa1 :o *ose to be a butt]fly 7l ,mr4 ,?omas ,haynes ,bailey7 d n call !mselves #8,! ,butt]flies1' nor does ! butt]fly "n m>k _! exogam\s limit4 ,mr4 ,tylor concludes1 #8an ance/or1 hav+ l9eal desc5dants among m5 & %>ks1 or m5 & owls1 is ?us ! f\nd] ( a totem family1 :i* m]e increase may conv]t into a totem clan1 already provid$ ) its animal "n4' ,?is conclusion is t5tative1 & put =? ) ,mr4 ,tylor's usual caution4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 no totem k9 is actually f\nd$ ?us1 = example1 9 ,melanesia4 ,! in/itutions ( t region1 z we are to %[1 really illu/rate ! way out (1 n ! way into1 ,totemism4 ,moreov] ! !ory1 z express$ by ,mr4 ,tylor 9 ! words cit$1 mu/ be deem$ un=tunate because x takes = grant$ t #8! ,patri>*al !ory' ( ! orig9 ( ! s-call$ #8clan1' or totem gr\p1 is correct4 ,a male ance/or f\nds a family1 :i* swells1 #8by natural increase1' into a #8clan4' ,! ance/or is wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,butt]fly1 8 desc5dants1 ! clan f\nd$ by him1 are nam$ ,butt]flies4 ,b all ?is c only happ5 :]e male ance/ors are rememb]$1 & are wor%ipp$1 :]e desc5t is reckon$ 9 ! male l9e1 & :]e1 z among ourselves1 a rememb]$ male ance/or f\nds a ,h\se1 z ,tam o' ! ,c[gate f\nd$ ! ,h\se ( ,hadd+ton4 ,9 %ort ,dr4 ,wilk5 has slipp$ back into ! ,patri>*al !ory4 ,n[1 among totemi/s l ! ,au/ralians1 ance/ors are n rememb]$1 _! names are tabu$1 !y are n wor%ipp$1 !y d n f\nd families1 :]e desc5t is reckon$ 9 ! female l9e4#cj ,,miss ,,alice ,,flet*]',s ,,!ory ,an int]e/+ v>iant ( ?is !ory is (f]$1 z reg>ds ! ,omaha tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,miss ,alice ,flet*]1 ^: k ( ! inn] m9d ( t p is no less rem>kable ?an h] sci5tific caution4#ca ,! conclusion ( ,miss ,flet*]'s valuable essay %[s1 at a glance1 t h] hypo!sis conta9s ! same fundam5tal error z t ( ,dr4 ,wilk53 namely1 ! totem ( ! k9 is d]iv$ f ! manitu1 or p]sonal fri5dly object ( an individual1 a male ance/or4 ,?is _c1 we repeat1 hold good = t e>ly /age ( society :i* reckons desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 & 9 :i* male ance/ors d n f\nd h\ses1 clans1 names1 or totem k9s4 ,! ,omaha m51 at pub]ty1 aft] pray] & fa/+1 *oose manitus sugge/$ 9 dreams or visions4 ,miss ,flet*] writes1 #8,z totems c\ld be obta9$ b 9 "o way--?r\gh ! rite ( ! vision1 ! totem ( a g5s mu/ h come into exi/5ce 9 t mann]1 & mu/ h repres5t$ ! manife/ation ( an ance/or's vision1 t ( a man ^: ability & opportunity s]v$ to make him ! f\nd] ( a family1 ( a gr\p ( k9dr$ :o dwelt toge!r1 f\ght toge!r1 & le>n$ ! value ( unit$ /r5g?4'#cb ,?is explanation obvi\sly _c expla9 ! ,orig9 ( ,totemism among tribes :]e desc5t is reckon$ 9 ! female l9e1 & :]e no man becomes #8! f\nd] ( a family4' ,! ,omaha1 a h\se-dwell+1 agricultural tribe1 ) desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 ) prie/s1 & dep>tm5tal gods1 a tribe1 too1 among :om ! manitu is n h]$itable1 c give u no l9e z to ! orig9 ( ,totemism4 ,miss ,flet*]'s !ory dem&s ! h]$itable "* ( ! individual manitu1 & yet x is nev] inh]it$4 ,,mr4 ,,hill ,,t\t',s ,,!ory ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t has evolv$ a !ory out ( ! cu/oms ( ! aborig9es ( ,briti% ,columbia1 among :om #8! clan totems are a developm5t ( ! p]sonal or individual totem or tutel> _s4' ,! ,sali% tribes1 9 fact1 seek = #8sulia1 or tutel> spirits1' & ^! #8gave rise to ! p]sonal totem1' answ]+ to manitu1 ny>ong1 nagual1 & s =?4 #8,f ! p]sonal & family cre/ is b a /ep to ! clan cre/4' ,unluckily1 ) desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 ! /ep _c be tak54 ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t takes a village-inhabit+ tribe1 a tribe ( village communities1 z "o 9 :i* ,totemism is only nasc5t4 #8,! village community app>5tly =m$ ! orig9al unit ( organisation4' ,b ! ,au/ralians1 :o h n come )9 measurable di/ance ( ! village community1 h already ! organisation ( ! totem k94 ,int]e/+ z is ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t's acc\nt ( ! ,sali% ,indians1 we ne$ n dwell long] on an hypo!sis :i* makes village communities prior to ! evolution ( ,totemism4 ,:at he means by say+ t #8! g5s has develop$ into ! clan1' ,i am unable to conjecture4 ,! s*ool ( ,major ,p[ell use #8g5s' ( a totem k9 ) male1 #8clan' ( a totem k9 ) female desc5t4 ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t _c mean t male desc5t is be+ conv]t$ into desc5t 9 ! female l9e8 ,z he writes ( #8a f\r-clan sy/em1 ea* clan be+ made up ( gr\ps ( g5tes1' he may take a #8clan' to signify :at is usually call$ a #8phratry4'#cc ,,messrs4 ,,hose ,,& ,,mcd\gall ,among o!r ef=ts to %[ h[ ! h]$it>y totem ( a gr\p might be d]iv$ f ! special animal or plant fri5d ( an individual male1 may be notic$ t ( ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall4#cd ,! ,ibans1 or ,sea ,dyaks ( ,s>awak1 are probably ( ,malay /ock1 & are #8a v imitative p1' ( mix$1 inconsi/5t1 & extravagant beliefs4 ,!y h a god ( agriculture1 &1 ( c\rse1 are !re=e remote f ! primitive2 be+ rice-f>m]s4 ,!y respect ny>ongs1 or #8_s help]s1' ?\gh ,mr4 ,hose liv$ among !m = f\rte5 ye>s )\t kn[+ :at a ny>ong is4 #8,x seems usually to be ! _s ( "s ance/or1 or dead relative1 b n always s4444' ,! _s fir/ appe>s to an ,iban 9 a dream1 9 human =m1 & ! ,iban1 on awak+1 looks = ! ny>ong 9 any casual bea/1 or qu>tz cry/al1 or que] root or creep]4 ,s f> ! ny>ong is a feti%4 ,only ab\t two p] c5t1 ( m5 h ny>ongs4 ,if ! ?+ be an animal1 ! ,iban respects ! o!r creatures ( ! species4 #8,9 "s cases ! cult ( a ny>ong w spread ?r\gh a :ole family or h\sehold4' ,au/ralian individuals h also _! secret animal fri5ds1 l ny>ongs & naguals1 b ^! are nev] h]$it>y4 ,:at is h]$it>y is ! totem ( ! gr\p1 :i* may n be alt]$1 or s seldom t x w\ld be h>d to f9d a mod]n example3 ?\gh *anges ( totems may h occurr$ :51 9 ! pri/9e #8treks' ( ! race1 !y rea*$ regions ( new fauna & flora4 #8,! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr51' our au?ors g on1 #8among ! ,ibans1 w usually respect ! species ( animals to :i* a man's ny>ong belongs1 & p]haps sacrifice f[ls or pigs to x occasionally4' ,( c\rse #8primitive' man has no dome/icat$ animals1 & does n sacrifice any?+ to anybody4 #8,if ! great-gr&*ildr5 ( a man behave well to 8 ny>ong1 x w (t5 befri5d !m j z mu* z its orig9al protg4' ,x is n readily conceivable t1 among v e>ly m51 & :]e ! names ( ! dead are tabu$1 ! wise/ great-gr&*ild kn[s :o 8 great-gr&fa!r 04 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! great-gr&fa!r 0 =gott51 8 ny>ong--x may be said--w\ld be held 9 p]petual memory1 & become ! totem ( a gr\p4 ,b ?is is n easily to be conc$$1 because !re w\ld be ! competition ( ! ny>ongs ( ea* g5]ation to cru% ! anci5t ny>ong2 moreov] ! totem1 9 truly primitive times1 is n inh]it$ f fa!rs1 b f mo!rs4 ,our au?ors say t1 9 "s cases1 #8all ! memb]s ( a man's family1 & all 8 desc5dants1 &1 if he be a *ief1 all ! memb]s ( ! community ov] :i* he rules1' may come to %>e 9 ! b5efits ( 8 ny>ong1 & 9 its rites4 ,b all ?is ( *iefs1 & great-gr&*ildr5 ( a kn[n great-gr&fa!r1 all ?is occurr+ to-day among an imitative & agricultural p1 ) dep>tm5tal deities1 & dome/icat$ animals1 _c give u a l9e to ! orig9 ( ,totemism among h\seless nomads1 :o tabu ! memory ( _! dead1 &1 z a rule1 probably reckon$ desc5t on ! female side1 s t a man c\ld n inh]it 8 fa!r's totem4 ,we mu/ try to see h[ really e>ly m5 became totemic4 ,mr4 ,fraz] obs]ves1 #8,x is q possible t1 z "s good au?orities incl9e to believe1 ! clan totem has be5 develop$ out ( ! individual totem by inh]itance1' & ,miss ,alice ,c4 ,flet*] we h cit$ z hold+ ?is process to be probable 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4#ce ,all su* !ories are bas$ on ! beliefs & cu/oms ( mod]n savages advanc+1 l ! ,am]ican ,indians ( to-day1 t[>ds :at is te*nically /yl$ #8b>b>ism4' ,x 0 n 9 ! /ate ( b>b>ism1 b 9 a savag]y no long] extant1 t totemism 0 evolv$4 ,totemism d]iv$ f inh]itance ( a male ance/or's special #8_s-help]' is *eck$ by ! ess5tial conditions ( p :o are settl$1 agricultural1 & giv5 to reckon+ desc5t 9 ! male l9e4 ,no m c be produc$1 9 su* a /ate1 ?an #8abortive beg9n+s ( ,totemism4'#cf ,exogamy is nev] rea*$ on ^! l9es1 & ,totemism is beh9d1 n 9 front (1 all su* peoples4 ,totemism arose 9 ! p]iod ( ! gr\p1 n ( ! family-f\nd+ male ance/or4 ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 x is to be not$1 d n say t ,totemism is n[ be+ develop$1 9 ,s>awak1 out ( ny>ongs4 ,!y only say t x1 p]haps1 might be s develop$ #89 ! abs5ce ( unfav\rable conditions4' ,if !re exi/$ #8prosp]\s families1' ea* ) a ny>ong1 o!r families w\ld dream ( ny>ongs1 & x w\ld become r disreputable to h none4 #8,s a sy/em ( clan totems w\ld be e/abli%$4' ,b male k9%ip1 agriculture1 metal-work+1 *ief%ip1 & l>ge h\ses 7 c]ta9ly non-exi/5t :5 ,totemism 0 fir/ evolv$4 ,we mu/ n look1 9 su* advanc$ society1 = ! orig9 ( ,totemism4 ,9 ,s>awak is a h\seless nomadic race1 ! ,punans4 ,among !m ,totemism has n yet be5 obs]v$1 b !y are s little kn[n1 t ! pres5t negative evid5ce _c be reg>d$ z conclusive4 ,mr4 ,hose knew ! ,ibans = f\rte5 ye>s )\t le>n+ :at a ny>ong is1 & x 0 by1 m]e accid5t t ,mr4 ,atk9son discov]$ ! animal #8fa!rs' ( ! ,kanakas4 ,,mr4 ,,haddon',s ,,!ory ,mr4 ,haddon has sugge/$ a !ory :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association 7#aijb74 ,on ?is s*eme1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 gr\ps1 by reason ( _! local environm5t1 w\ld h special v>ieties ( food4 ,?us1 at pres5t1 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 ! ,sea bran* ( a tribe has cocoa-nuts1 fi% ( all sorts1 & s =?1 :ile ! ,bu% bran* has bananas1 & o!r commodities1 & ! ,sea & ,bu% moieties ( ! tribe meet at m>kets = purposes ( b>t]4 ,b1 9 a really primitive /ate1 !re w be no cultivation1 z !re is 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,/ill1 a coa/ savage might b>t] crabs = a kang>oo1 &1 if l&$ prop]ty is ackn[l$g$1 own]s ( plum-trees1 or ( a spot ri* 9 edible grass-se$s1 might trade ^! away = lob/]s & sea-p]*4#cg ,n hav+ any idea ( real cultivation1 or ( pisciculture 7?\gh !y may & d h #8close' seasons1 "u tabu71 ! savages may set ab\t work+ magic = _! specialities 9 food4 ,?us x is conceivable t ! fi%]s might come to be nam$ #8crab-m51' #8lob/]-m51' #8cuttlefi%-m51' by _! neighb\rs1 :om !y w\ld speak ( z #8grass-m51' #8plum-m51' #8kang>oo-m51' & s on4 ,:5 once ^! names 7 accept$ 7,i presume71 & 7 old1 & n[ ( unkn[n or r =gott5 orig91 all mann] ( my?s to acc\nt = ! connection betwe5 ! gr\ps & _! plant & animal names w\ld arise4 ,:5 ! my? decl>$ t ! plants & animals 7 ak9 to _! "n-giv+ creatures1 sup]/iti\s practices w\ld foll[4 ,we h se5 two cases 9 :i* ,au/ralian totem gr\ps av]r$ t !y 7 nam$ totemically aft] a small species ( opossum1 & a fi% :i* _! ance/ors habitually ate4 ,b t is an explanatory my?4 ,man _c live on opossums alone1 /ill less on s>d9es4 ,my own guess admits ! possibility ( ?is cause ( giv+ plant & animal names to gr\ps1 among o!r causes4 ,b ,i d\bt if ?is 0 a common cause4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ev]y?+ t c be eat5 is eat5 by all ! natives ( a giv5 area1 ea* k9dr$ hav+ only a t5d5cy to sp>e its own totem1 :ile c]ta9 o!r tabus on foods exi/4 ,9 ?is condition ( affairs1 v few gr\ps c\ld h a notable special v>iety ( food1 except 9 ! case ( c]ta9 fruits1 grass-se$s1 & insects4 ,= ^! articles ! season is almo/ z brief z ! season ( ! mayfly or ! grannom4 #8,:5 fruits is 91 cats is out1' z ! pieman said to ! "y lady4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>1 all ! gr\ps 9 a l>ge area w be liv+ on ! same l>ge v>iety ( reptiles1 roots1 animals su* z rats & liz>ds1 birds & s =?4 ,x does n seem probable t1 except z betwe5 ,sea & ,bu% p>ts ( a tribe1 !re c\ld be mu* specialisation 9 matt]s ( diet1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,!re=e1 ,i d n ?9k t ! d]ivation ( totem names f special articles ( food c ev] h be5 common4 ,b local k is necess>y on ?is po9t4 ,are ! totem gr\ps ( ,au/ralia settl$ on l&s peculi>ly notable = ! plants & animals ^: names !y be>8 ,if s1 t circum/ance may acc\nt = ! totem names ( ea* gr\p1 &--grant+ t ! orig9 ( ! names is long ago =gott51 & t native speculation has expla9$ ! names by my?s--! re/ is easy4 ,x w appe>1 :5 we come to my conjecture1 t x v>ies f ,mr4 ,haddon's only on "o po9t4 ,we bo? beg9 ) plant & animal names giv5 to ! v>i\s gr\ps1 f )\t4 ,we !n suppose 7or1 at lea/1 ,i suppose7 ! orig9 ( ! names to be =gott51 & a connection to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! gr\ps & _! "n-giv+ objects1 a connection :i* is expla9$ by my?s1 :ile belief 9 ^! gives rise to correspond+ behavi\r3 respect = ! totem1 & = 8 human k9sfolk4 ,! only diff]5ce is t my !ory sugge/s sev]al s\rces ( ! names3 :ile ,mr4 ,haddon (f]s only "o s\rce1 special articles ( food & b>t]4 ,k9dr$s1 to be sure1 are n[ nam$1 n f :at !y eat 7scores ( ?+s71 b f ! "o ?+ :i* 7z a k9dr$7 !y d n eat4 ,b ?is1 :5 once ! my?s ( k9%ip ) ! totem arose1 might be a lat] developm5t1 aris+ out ( ! my?4 ,9 ess5tials1 my conjecture appe>s to be 9 h>mony ) ,mr4 ,haddon's--! two1 ( c\rse1 7 indep5d5tly evolv$4 ,on "o po9t ,i p]ceive no difficulty1 & no diff]5ce4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,mr4 ,haddon #8comm5ces ) ! comm5cem5t1' :]eas1 9 ! hypo!tical e>ly age :i* we bo? contemplate1 p _h sc>cely a suffici5t comm& ( language to inv5t nicknames4 ,:y m comm& ( language is ne$$ = ! application ( nicknames ?an ( names1 ,i d n p]ceive4 ,9 ,mr4 ,haddon's !ory1 z 9 m9e1 names already exi/$1 names ( plants & animals4 ,9 bo? ( our hypo!ses ^? names 7 transf]r$ to human gr\ps2 9 my conjecture = a v>iety ( reasons1 9 81 solely f connection ) special articles ( food1 eat5 & b>t]$1 by ea* gr\p4 ,i am n conv9c$ t1 s e>ly1 ! relations betwe5 gr\ps w\ld admit ( frequ5t b>t]3 nor1 z has be5 said1 am ,i c]ta9 t _m gr\ps c\ld h a v special article ( food1 9 an age prior to cultivation4 ,b1 grant+ all t to ,mr4 ,haddon1 no m comm& ( language is ne$$ by my !ory ?an by 84 ,ea* conjecture po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( names ( plants & animals1 & ! transf]5ce ( ! names to human gr\ps4 ,if ge/ure language 0 prior to spok5 language1 9 ea* case ge/ure names c\ld be employ$1 z1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 totem names are to ?is day express$ 9 ge/ure language4 ,9 my own op9ion1 man 0 z human z he is to-day1 :5 totem names arose1 & z articulate4 ,b1 if he 0 n1 ge/ure-language w\ld suffice4 ,i %all illu/rate my !ory f folk-lore practice4 ,we might d ! same = ,mr4 ,haddon's4 ,we talk ( #8! ,muff9 man1' ! man :o sells muff9s4 ,we /yle "o p]son #8,! ,engli% ,opium-,eat]1' ano!r #8,! ,oy/]-,eat]1' ano!r #8,! ,iri% ,:iskey ,dr9k]4' ,"h are ! nicknames d]iv$ f ! deal+ 91 or special consumption (1 articles ( food4 ,_m o!rs occur 9 my folk-lore & savage li/s ( nicknames4 ,!y all imply at lea/ z mu* comm& ( language1 z ! names1 ultimately totem names1 giv51 = v>i\s reasons1 9 my !ory4 ,?us ,mr4 ,haddon & myself d n seem to me to diff] on ?is po9t3 8 !ory goes no fur!r back 9 culture ?an m9e does3 nay1 he assumes t b>t] 0 a regul> in/itution1 :i* implies a /ate ( peace1 almo/ a /ate ( co-op]ation4 ,,an ,,objection ,,to ,,all ,,! ,,!ories ,,enum]at$ ,n "o ( ! !ories "h summ>is$1 except ! ,di]i & ,woeworung my?1 expla9s :y memb]s ( ! v>i\s totem k9s are exogam\s1 may n m>ry o!r memb]s ( ! "n4 ,suppose y d get y\r totem "n f t ( a di/+ui%$ male ance/or1 :y may y n m>ry ano!r desc5dant8 ,if because ! common "n1 say ,emu1 is tak5 to indicate "s sort ( blood-relation%ip1 :y may y n m>ry a blood relation1 ev5 if !re be no traceable k9%ip betwe5 y & h]8 ,a ,d\glas may m>ry a ,d\glas1 a ,smi? may m>ry a ,smi?2 b an ,emu is (t5 capitally puni%$ if he m>ries an ,emu4 ,suppose y get y\r totem "n f ! bea/ = :i* y d magic4 ,:y may y n m>ry a p]son :o be>s ! "n ( ! same bea/1 & ^: male k9dr$ d magic = x8 ,because x is sacrosanct to y & h]8 ,b y are actually bre$+ x = ! food-m>ket4 ,! answ] mu/ be t y may n m>ry a p]son :o be>s y\r own totem "n1 & is 9 ! same bran* ( ! ,co-op]ative ,magical ,/ores1 because h] bea/ & y\rs are 9 ! same phratry1 & phratry mates may n int]m>ry4 ,b :y may !y n m>ry8 ,! reply w probably be1 because ! legislator divid$ ! previ\sly undivid$ commune into two int]m>ry+ exogam\s phratries4 ,b t !ory we h %[n to be unt5able4 ,?us n "o ( ! extant hypo!ses ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism expla9s :y totem k9s are exogam\s1 unless ,mr4 ,haddon supposes t ! totem names1 once giv5 f )\t1 came to be expla9$ by my?s ass]t+ ! sacr$ "* & tribal k9dr$ ( ! totem4 ,mr4 ,haddon has n said any?+ ab\t a previ\s exogam\s t5d5cy 9 ea* ( ! gr\ps :i*1 by 8 s*eme1 receiv$ totem names f )\t4 ,by my hypo!sis1 ^! gr\ps _h already a /rongly exogam\s t5d5cy1 :i* lat] 0 hall-m>k$ & sanction$ by ! totem1 ) its my?s & tabus4 ,?is advantage ( expla9+ ! exogam\s attribute ( ! totem1 my s*eme possesses1 & its rivals lack4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,let u conc5trate1 n[1 our att5tion on ! "* ( ! g5u9e totem1 ! totem ( ! gr\p or k94 ,x is n adopt$ by ! savages on a dream-w>n+2 ea* man or woman = himself or h]self3 nor is x *os5 = ea* *ild at bir?1 nor by a div9]1 l ! nagual1 bu%-s\l1 ny>ong ( ,s>awak1 or ! secret animal fri5d ( ea* individual ,au/ralian4 ,a savage inh]its 8 gr\p totem "n4 ,! "n ( any plant or animal :i* he may adopt = himself1 or h assign$ to him z a p]sonal "n1 by 8 p>5ts1 or1 s to speak1 god-p>5ts1 is n 8 totem4 ,my mean+ is1 ,i repeat1 t my conjecture is only conc]n$ ) h]$it>y k9-totems & h]$it>y totem names ( k9dr$s4 ,no o!rs ent] into my conjecture z to orig94 ,:at "s call #8p]sonal totems1' adopt$ by ! individual1 or select$ by o!rs = him aft] 8 bir?1 su* z ! ,calab> #8bu%-s\l1' ! ,s>awak ny>ong1 ! ,c5tral ,am]ican nagual1 ! ,banks ,isl& tamaniu1 & ! analog\s special animal ( ! ,au/ralian tribesman 7obs]v$ *iefly1 z f> z ,i "k1 by ,mr4 ,h[itt#ch & ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]71 d n "h conc]n me4 ,!y are n h]$it>y gr\p names4 ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,own ,,conjecture ,i n[ approa* my own conjecture z to ! orig9s ( ! g5u9e1 h]$it>y1 exogam\s ,totemism ( gr\ps ( k91 real or imag9$4 ,totemism z we "k x1 especially 9 "s tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ,au/ralia1 has c]ta9ly1 z a necess>y condition1 t /ate ( m9d 9 :i* man reg>ds all ! ?+s 9 ! _w z v mu* on a level 9 p]sonality2 ! bea/s be+ ev5 m p[]ful ?an himself4 ,7 x n s1 ! totem my?s ab\t human desc5t f bea/s & plants3 ab\t fri5dly bea/s1 bea/s :o may m>ry m51 & ab\t metamorphoses1 c\ld n h be5 inv5t$ & believ$1 ev5 to :atev] ext5t my?s are believ$4 ,we may say t su* beliefs are real1 :]e !y regulate conduct4 ,s f>1 !re is probably no diff]5ce ( op9ion1 among an?ropologi/s4 ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,totems ,9 all !ories1 ! real problem is1 h[ did ! e>ly gr\ps get _! totem names8 ,! names1 once accept$ & /]eotyp$1 impli$ a connection betwe5 ea* k9dr$1 & ! animal1 plant1 or o!r ?+ 9 nature ^: "n ! k9dr$ bore4 ,r\nd ! my/]y ( ?is connection ! savage m9d w\ld play freely1 & w\ld inv5t ! explanatory my?s ( desc5t f1 & k9%ip )1 or o!r fri5dly relations )1 ! "n-giv+ objects4 ,a measure ( respect = ! objects w\ld be e/abli%$3 !y might n be kill$ or eat51 except "u necessity3 magic might be work$ by human ,emus1 ,kang>oos1 ,plum-trees1 & ,grubs = _! propagation1 z among ! ,arunta & o!r tribes2 or aga9/ !m1 to b> _! ravag+ ( ! crops1 z among ! ,si\x4 ,z a man %\ld n spe> a real ,emu1 if ! ,emu 0 8 totem1 s he does n1 = reasons to be adduc$1 m>ry or h an am\r ) a woman :o is also ( ! ,emu blood4 ,t is "p ( ! tabu1 result+ f ! circum/ances pres5tly to be expla9$4 ,all ^! ?+s1 giv5 ! savage /age ( ?\ght1 w\ld inevitably foll[ f ! recognis$ b my/]i\s connection betwe5 m5 & ! plants & animals f :i* !y 7 nam$4 ,all su* connections1 to ! savage1 are blood-relation%ips1 & su* relation%ip involves ! duties :i* are recognis$ & p]=m$4 ,b h[ did ! e>ly gr\ps come to be nam$ aft] ! plants & animals2 ! "n sugge/+ ! idea ( connection1 & ! idea ( connection involv+ ! duties ( ! totemi/ to 8 totem1 & ( ! totem to ! totemi/8 ,,no #8,,disease ,,( ,,language' ,! names1 ,i repeat1 requir+ & receiv+ my?ical explanations1 & ! explanations necess>ily sugge/+ conduct to mat*1 are ! causes ( ,totemism4 ,?is !ory is n a =m ( ! philological doctr9e1 nom9a num9a4 ,?is is no case ( disease ( language1 9 ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s s5se ( ! words4 ,a man is call$ a ,cat1 all ( 8 k9 are ,cats4 ,! language is n diseas$1 b ! man has to inv5t "s reason = ! "n common to 8 k94 ,x is n ev5 a case ( ,folk ,etymology1 z :5 a my? is inv5t$ to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! "n ( a place1 or p]son1 or ?+4 ,?us ! ,lo* ( ,dudd+/on1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 is expla9$ by ! my? t ,que5 ,m>y1 z a *ild1 us$ to play at #8dudd+' 7or skipp+7 /ones across ! wat]3 #8mak+ ducks & drakes4' ,or aga91 m>malade is d]iv$ f ,m>ie malade4 ,que5 ,m>y1 z a *ild1 0 seasick 9 cross+ to ,france1 & ask$ = confiture ( oranges2 h5ce ,m>ie malade--#8m>malade4' ,9 bo? cases1 ! "n to be expla9$ is p]v]t$4 ,!re is no real #8/one' 9 ,dudd+/on--#8,dudd+s' t[n1' ! ton or tun ( ! ,dudd+s2 :ile #8m>malade' is a late =m ( #8m>malet1' a ^w old] ?an ,que5 ,m>y's day4 ,an example ( a folk etymology bord]+ on ,totemism is ! suppos$ desc5t ( ,clan ,*attan1 & ( ! ,h\se ( ,su!rl&1 f ! ,wild ,cat ( _! h]aldic cre/s4 ,n[ ,clan ,*attan is nam$1 n f ! cat1 b f ,gilla ,cata91 #8! s]vant ( ,sa9t ,catan1' a common sort ( ,celtic p]sonal "n1 z 9 ,gil*ri/4#ci ,! ,su!rl& cat-cre/ is1 app>5tly1 d]iv$ f ,catness1 or ,cai?ness4 ,t "n1 aga91 is my?ically d]iv$ f ,cat1 "o ( ! ,sev5 ,sons ( ,crui?ne :o gave _! names to ! sev5 ,picti% prov9ces1 z ,fib to ,fife1 & s on4 ,^! ,sev5 ,sons ( ,crui?ne1 l ,ion & ,dorus 9 ,greece 7,ionians1 ,dorians71 are m]e my?ical #8eponymoi' or "n-giv+-h]oes1 inv5t$ to expla9 ! names ( c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,9 ,totemism ?is is n s4 ,n fanci$ names1 l ,dudd+/one1 or ,m>malade1 are1 9 ,totemism1 expla9$ by popul> etymologies4 ,emu1 ,kang>oo1 ,wolf1 ,be>1 ,rav51 are real1 n p]v]t$ names1 ! "q is1 :y are ^! names borne by gr\ps ( human be+s8 ,answ]s are3 giv5 9 all ! num]\s savage my?s1 :e!r ( a div9e ord9ance 7,di]i1 ,woeworung7 or ( desc5t & k9%ip1 ( int]m>riage ) bea/s1 or ( adv5tures ) bea/s1 or ( a woman giv+ bir? to bea/s1 or ( evolution out ( be/ial types1 & all ^! my?s sugge/ mutual duties betwe5 m5 & _! totems1 z betwe5 m5 & _! human k9sfolk4 ,x w be se5 t "h no disease ( language is involv$1 n ev5 a volks-etymologie 7a v]a causa ( my?74 ,if x c\ld be %[n by philologi/s t _m totem names orig9ally meant some?+ o!r ?an !y n[ d1 & t !y 7 misund]/ood1 & suppos$ to be names ( plants & animals1 !n #8disease ( language' w\ld be pres5t4 ,?us & h really be5 reg>d$1 z mean+1 ea* ( !m #8! bright "o1' & ! ,wolf ,h]o ( ,a!ns1 & ! ,be> ( ! ,arcadians1 h be5 expla9$ away1 z results ( #8disease ( language4' ,b nobody w apply t obsolete !ory to ! va/ m5ag]ie ( savage totem names4 ,,hypo!tical ,,e>ly ,,gr\ps ,,be=e ,,totemism ,b1 disc>d+ ?is old philological hypo!sis1 h[ did ! pri/9e gr\ps get _! totem names8 ,we ought fir/ to return to our conjecture z to :at ^! pri/9e gr\ps 7 l4 ,!y mu/ h v>i$ 9 v>i\s environm5ts4 ,:]e ! sea1 or a l>ge lake1 yields an abundant food-supply1 m5 are likely to h assembl$ 9 consid]able numb]s1 z #8kit*5 midd5s' %[1 at fav\rable /ations4 ,9 great woods & jungles ! conditions ( food-supply are n ! same z 9 wide /eppes & prairies1 especially 9 ! uni=m & arid plateaus ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,riv]s1 l seas & lakes1 are fav\rable to settlem5t2 /eppes make nomadism inevitable1 be=e ! rise ( agriculture4 ,b1 if ! e>lie/ gr\ps 7 mutually ho/ile1 /rongly res5t+ any encroa*m5t on _! region ( food-supply1 ! gr\ps w\ld necess>ily be small1 z 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( small pri/9e gr\ps1 ! male1 ) 8 females1 daught]s1 & male sons n adult4#dj ,a bay1 or inlet1 or a good set ( pools & /reams1 w\ld be appropriat$ & wat*fully gu>d$ by a gr\p1 j z e area ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia has its recognis$ native own]s1 :o w&] ab\t x1 fe$+ on grubs1 liz>ds1 snakes1 rats1 frogs1 grass-se$s1 roots1 emus1 kang>oos1 & opossums4 ,! pri/9e gr\ps1 we may be all[$ to conjecture1 7 small4 ,if !y 7 n1 ! hypo!ses :i* ,i v5ture to pres5t are ( no value1 :ile t ( ,mr4 ,atk9son %>es _! doom4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 z f> z "o c conjecture f ! fragm5ts ( 8 speculations1 reg>d$ ! e>lie/ gr\ps z at lea/ s l>ge1 & s b]eft ( wom51 t poly&ry 0 ! g5]al rule4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 on ! o!r h&1 began ) ,polygyny & ,monogamy1 #8jeal\sy det]m9+ ! fir/ /age4'#da ,?is meant t !re 0 a jeal\s old sire1 :o kept ! wom5 to himself1 z 9 ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory4 ,z we c sc>cely expect to rea* c]ta9ty on ?is ess5tial po9t1 an?ropology becomes 7l hi/ory 9 ! op9ion ( a "* 9 ,silas ,m>n]7 #8a process ( +5i\s guess+4' ,b1 emb>k+ on conjecture1 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! problem ( ! commiss>iat mu/ h kept ! pri/9e gr\ps v small4#db ,!y #8liv$ on ! c\ntry1' & ! c\ntry 0 untill$4 ,!y subsi/$ on ! natural supplies1 & ! m backw>d _! mat]ial culture1 ! soon] w\ld !y eat ! c\ntry b>e1 z f> z its res\rces 7 )9 _! means ( atta9m5t4 ,"o c h>dly conceive t su* human be+s h]d$ 9 l>ge hordes1 r !y w\ld w&] 9 small #8family' gr\ps4 ,^! w\ld be mutually ho/ile1 or at lea/ jeal\s3 !y c\ld sc>cely yet h e/abli%$ a modus viv5di1 & coalesc$ into ! fri5dly aggregate ( a local tribe1 su* z ,arunta1 ,di]i1 ,urabunna1 & s on4 ,su* tribes h n[ _! common c\ncils & my/]ies la/+ = mon?s among ! ,arunta4 ,we _c pr$icate su* fri5dly union ( gr\ps 9 a tribe1 = ! small & jeal\s knots ( really e>ly m52 wat*fully res5t+ intrusion on _! fav\rite bays1 pools1 & hunt+ ( br[s+ gr\nds4 ,z to m>riage relations1 x is n improbable t #8sexual solid>ity' 7z ,mr4 ,crawley calls x71 ! sep>ation ( ! sexes--! little boys accompany+ ! m51 ! little girls accompany+ ! wom5--& p]haps t #8sexual tabu1' c\pl$ ) ! jeal\sy ( male heads ( gr\ps1 may already h l$ to prohibition ( m>riage )9 ! gr\p1 & to raids = wom5 ^u ho/ile gr\ps4 ,! small] ! gr\p1 ! m easily w\ld sexual jeal\sy prohibit ! lads f deal+s ) ! lasses ( _! own gr\p4 ,!re might ?us1 9 diff]5t degrees1 arise a t5d5cy t[>ds exogamy1 & specially aga9/ son & "m1 or fa!r's mates1 & bro!r & si/] m>riage4 ,! ?+ w\ld n yet be a s91 =bidd5 by a sup]/ition1 b /ill1 ! t5d5cy might 7z we h already said7 run /rong aga9/ m>riage )9 ea* little gr\p4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,gr\ps ,,got ,,names ,up to ?is po9t we may conceive t ! gr\ps 7 anonym\s4 ,ea* gr\p w\ld probably speak ( itself z #8! ,m5' 7accord+ to a well-recognis$ cu/om among ! tribes ( to-day2 = in/ance1 ! ,g\rndit*-m>a ( ,au/ralia1 m>a mean+ #8m5'2 ,kurnai & ,n>9y]i1 also mean #8! m5'71 :ile x w\ld "k neighb\r+ gr\ps z #8! o!rs1' or #8! wild blacks4' ,b ?is arrangem5t manife/ly lacks di/9ctness4 ,ev5 #8! o!rs d[n !re' is too l ! vague mann] 9 :i* ! ,mulligan indicat$ 8 place ( resid5ce4 ,ea* gr\p w ne$ a special "n = ea* ( its unfri5dly neighb\rs4 ,^! names1 z likely z n1 or m likely ?an n1 w be animal or plant names1 giv5 = v>i\s reasons1 p]haps1 among o!rs f fanci$ resemblances4 ,x may be object$ t an individual may be> a resemblance to ?is or t animal1 b t a gr\p _c4 ,b x is a peculi>ity ( human nature1 to ?9k t /rang]s 7( ano!r s*ool elev51 say7 are all v l ea* o!r1 & if "o ( !m rem9ds u ( an ,emu or a ,kang>oo1 all ( !m w4 ,moreov] ! "n may be bas$ on "s real or fanci$ gr\p trait ( "*1 good or bad1 :i* also m>ks ?is or t type ( animal1 su* z cunn+1 cruelty1 c[>dice1 /r5g?1 & s =?1 & animal names may ev5 be laudatory4 ,we h also to reckon ) ! k9ds ( animals1 plants1 trees1 useful fl9ts1 & o!r objects :i* may be m preval5t 9 ! area occupi$ by ea* gr\p2 & ) specialities 9 ! food ( ea* gr\p's area1 z 9 ,mr4 ,haddon's !ory4 ,?us !re are pl5ty ( reasons = ! giv+ ( plant & animal names1 :i*1 ,i sugge/1 7 impos$ on ea* gr\p f )\t4 ,x is true t local names w\ld s]ve ! turn1 if !y 7 9 use4 ,b ! #8hill-m51' #8! riv]-m51' #8! bu%-m51' #8! m5 ( ! ?orn c\ntry1' #8! rock-m51' are at once too scanty & too g5]al4 ,_m gr\ps might fall collectively "u ea* su* local "n4 ,aga91 x is z society moves away f ,totemism1 t[>ds male k9%ip1 & settl$ abodes1 t local names are giv5 to human gr\ps1 z 9 ,melanesia1 or ev5 to individuals1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,arunta1 & ! ,g\rndit*a ,m>a4 ,among ! ,arunta a *ild is #8(' ! place :]e he or %e 0 born1 l our de & von4#dc ,! piquancy ( plant & animal names = gr\ps probably ho/ile mu/ also be consid]$4 ,we are deal+ ) a /age ( society f> beh9d t ( ,m9copies1 or ,punans ( ,borneo1 or ,au/ralians1 & 9 imag9+ t ! gr\ps 71 z a rule1 ho/ile1 we may or may n be mak+ a false assumption4 ,we are presum+ t ! jeal\sy ( ! eld] males drove ! y\ng] males out ( ! gr\p1 or at lea/ compell$ !m to br+ 9 females f o!r gr\ps1 :i* w\ld mean w>4 ,we are also assum+ jeal\sy ( all encroa*m5ts on fe$+ gr\nds4 ,^! are ! premises1 :i* _c be demon/rat$1 b only put 9 = ! sake ( argum5t4 ,9 any case no m ho/ility ?an our & ! ,fr5* villages h = ea* o!r is en\gh to provide ! giv+ ( animal sobriquets4 ,z to ho/ility1 ,mr4 ,atk9son1 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 _h a set ( lab\r]s br\ght 9 f a di/ant isl&4 ,among !m 0 a "y boy1 :o1 be+ employ$ z cook1 _h a good deal ( popul>ity ) 8 mates4 ,he w5t home = a holiday1 ) a few m5 f 8 own isl&4 ,he 0 put d[n at _! little h>b\r1 only a few miles f t ( 8 tribe1 & 0 in/antly kill$ & eat54 ,9 #8,notice sur la ,n\velle-,caldonie' 7#aijj7 ?is f]oci\s ho/ility betwe5 ne> neighb\r+ gr\ps is corroborat$4 ,x is c]ta9 dea? = ! crew ( a canoe to be driv5 into a h>b\r1 h[ev] ne> _! own1 :i* is n _! own4 ,?is is among ! isl&]s n "u ! ,fr5*4 ,c\nt von ,pfeil rem>ks on ! viol5t ho/ility betwe5 ,kanakas & o!rs ne> adjac5t4#dd ,on ?is po9t ( unfri5dly sobriquets ,i may quote ,,mm4 ,gaidoz & ,sbillot4#de #8,9 all ages m5 love to speak ill ( _! neighb\r3 to blazon him1 9 ! old phrase ( a "t :5 our spee* 0 less prudi%1 & m gay4 ,pleasantries are ex*ang$ n only betwe5 man & man1 b betwe5 village & village4 ,sometimes 9 "o expressive ^w1 ! defect1 or ! quality 7usually ! defect71 ! dom9ant & app>5tly h]$it>y trait ( ! p ( a race or a prov9ce is /at$ 444 9 a k9d ( v]bal c>icature4444 ,les hommes se sont donc blazonns de t\t le temps8 ,de t\t le temps6 ,,mm4 ,gaidoz & ,sbillot 7 n ?9k+ ( ! orig9 ( totem names1 b _! !ory applies #8to all ages1' ev5 ! mo/ primitive4 ,among ,fr5* village sobriquets ,i note1 at a ha/y glance1 ,l>gitz5 ,c[s ,h\meau ,frogs ,ang\lme ,liz>ds ,artois ,dogs ,aire ,pigeons ,avalon ,birds & villages nam$ z eat]s (3 ,old ,ewes ,onions ,cr[s4 ,we %all see t _m ,si\x gr\ps1 _m ,engli% villages are blazon$1 z 9 ,mr4 ,haddon's !ory1 by ! names ( ! ?+s :i* !y eat3 or are accus$ ( eat+4 ,?us1 among v e>ly m51 ! names by :i* ! gr\ps knew _! neighb\rs w\ld be names giv5 f )\t4 ,to call !m #8nicknames1' is to invite ! objection t nicknames are ess5tially d]isive1 & t gr\ps s l[ c\ld n yet use ! language ( d]ision4 ,i see no reason :y e>ly articulate-speak+ m5 7or ev5 m5 ^: language is ge/ure language7 %\ld be s mod]n z to lack all s5se ( hum\r1 all delight 9 d]ision4 ,b ! names ne$ n h be5 d]isive4 ,if ^! p _h ! pres5t savage belief 9 ! wakan1 or my/ic p[] ( animals1 ! names may ev5 h be5 laudatory4 ,i ask = no m ?an names conf]r$ f )\t1 call !m nicknames1 sobriquets1 or :at y l4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) no race t is j ent]$ on ,totemism1 unless we agree ) ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t t ,totemism is nasc5t among ! ,sali% tribe1 :o live 9 village communities4 ,consequ5tly we _c prove t e>ly ho/ile gr\ps w\ld "n ea* o!r aft] plants & animals4 ,i am only able to demon/rate t1 alike 9 ,engli% & ,fr5* folk-lore1 & among ,am]ican tribes :o reckon by ! male l9e1 :o are agricultural & settl$1 ! villages or gr\ps are nam$1 f )\t1 aft] plants & animals1 & aft] :at !y are suppos$ to be specially apt to use z articles ( food1 & also by nick-names--(t5 d]isive4 ,:at ,i pres5t is1 n pro( t ! primal gr\ps nam$ ea* o!r aft] plants & animals1 b pro( t among our ru/ics1 by congruity ( fancy1 su* names are giv51 ) o!r names exactly analog\s to ^? n[ us$ among settl$ savages mov+ away f ,totemism4 ,,illu/ration ,,f ,,folk-,,lore ,i select illu/rative examples f ! blason populaire ( mod]n folk-lore4 ,"h we f9d ! use ( plant & animal names = neighb\r+ gr\ps1 villages1 or p>i%es4 ,?us two in=mants 9 a rural di/rict ( ,cornwall1 liv+ at a village :i* ,i %all call ,l\ghton1 f\nd t1 :5 !y walk$ ?r\gh ! neighb\r+ village1 ,hillbor\gh1 ! little boys #8call$ cuckoo at ! sight ( u4' ,!y le>n$ t ! cuckoo 0 ! badge1 9 folk-lore1 ( _! village4 ,an anci5t c>v$ & gild$ dove 9 ! ,l\ghton *ur* #80 firmly believ$ by _m ( ! inhabitants to be a repres5tation ( ! ,l\ghton ,cuckoo1' & all ,l\ghton folk 7 ,cuckoos4 #8,x seems z if ! inhabitants d n c>e to talk ab\t ^! ?+s1 = "s reason or o!r4' ,a travell$ ,l\ghtonian #8believes ! animal names & symbols to be v anci5t1 & t ea* village has its symbol4' ,my in=mants ?9k t #8"s mod]n badges h be5 sub/itut$ = m anci5t ones1' su* z tig] & monkey4 ,!re is app>5tly no v5]ation ( ! local bea/1 bird1 or insect1 :i* seems (t51 on ! o!r h&1 to h be5 impos$ f )\t z a tok5 ( d]ision4 ,au/ralians make a great totem ( ! ,wit*etty ,grub 7z ,sp5c] & ,gill5 report71 b ! village ( ,oakdit* is n pr\d ( its potato grub1 ! natives !mselves be+ /yl$ #8tat] grubs4' ,i app5d a li/ ( villages 7) false names#df7 & ( _! badges3 ,hillbor\gh ,mice ,brail+ ,peesweeps ,l\ghton ,cuckoos ,wickley ,tig]s ,milt[n ,mules ,f5ton ,rooks 7x us$ to be rats7 ,l9ton ,m5 ,a%ley ,monkeys ,oakdit* ,potato grubs ,y>by ,geese ,/4 ,aldate's ,fools ,watwor? ,bulldogs ,at ,l\ghton1 :5 ! ,hillbor\gh boys pass ?r\gh on a holiday excursion1 ! ,l\ghton boys hang out dead mice1 ! ,hillbor\gh badge1 9 d]ision4 ,! boys h ev5 _! #8p]sonal totem1' & a lad :o wi%es = a companion 9 nocturnal adv5ture w utt] ! cry ( 8 peculi> bea/ or bird1 & a fri5d w answ] ) 84 ,if boys rema9$ always boys 7t is1 savages71 & if civilisation 7 consequ5tly wip$ out1 my?s ab\t ^! gr\p names ( villages w\ld be develop$1 & ,totemism w\ld fl\ri% aga94 ,lat] ,i give o!r in/ances ( village names answ]+ to totem names1 & 9 an ,app5dix ,i give analog\s cases collect$ by ,miss ,burne 9 ,%rop%ire1 & o!rs1 we saw1 are to be f\nd 9 ! blason populaire ( ,france4 ,x appe>s to me t totem gr\p names may1 orig9ally1 h be5 impos$ f )\t1 j z ! ,eskimo are really ,inuits2 #8,eskimo1' #8,eat]s ( raw fle%1' be+ ! d]isive "n conf]r$ by _! ,indian neighb\rs4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean t ! gr\p names w\ld always1 or p]haps (t51 h be51 9 orig91 d]isive nicknames4 ,_m reasons1 z has be5 said1 might prompt ! "n-giv+4 ,b ea* su* gr\p w\ld1 ,i sugge/1 evolve animal & vegetable nicknames = ea* neighb\r+ gr\p4 ,f9ally "s names w\ld #8/ick1' w\ld be /]eotyp$1 & ea* gr\p w\ld come to answ] to its nickname1 j z #8,pussy ,moncrieff1' or #8,bulldog ,irv+1' or #8,piggy ,fraz]1' or #8,c[ ,maitl&1' does at s*ool4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,names ,,became ,,kn[n ,"h ! que/ions arise1 h[ w\ld ea* gr\p come to "k by :at "n ea* ( its neighb\rs call$ x1 & h[ w\ld ho/ile gr\ps ,come to h ! same nicknames = ea* o!r8 ,well1 !y w\ld "k ! nicknames ?r\gh taunts ex*ang$ 9 battle4 #8,run1 y de]1 run6' #8,(f ) y1 y h>es6' #8,skuttle1 y skunks6' ,!y w\ld readily recognise ! appropriat5ess ( ! names1 if d]iv$ f ! plants1 trees1 or animals mo/ abundant 9 _! area1 & mo/ important to _! food supply3 =1 at ?is hypo!tical /age1 & be=e my?s _h cry/allis$ r\nd ! names1 !y w\ld h no scruples ab\t eat+ _! "n-giv+ plants1 fruits1 fi%es1 birds1 & animals4 ,!y w\ld also he> _! names f w> captives at ! torture /ake1 or on ! road to ! ov51 or ! but*]4 ,b ! *ief way 9 :i* ! new gr\p names spread w\ld be ?r\gh captur$ wom52 =1 ?\gh !re might z yet be only a t5d5cy t[>ds exogamy1 /ill girls ( ali5 gr\ps w\ld be captur$ z mates4 #8,we call y ! ,skunks1' or :atev] x might be1 su* a bride might rem>k1 & s k ( ! new gr\p names w\ld be diffus$4 ,^! names w\ld adh]e to gr\ps1 on my hypo!sis1 already exogam\s 9 t5d5cy1 &1 :5 ! totem my? arose1 ! exogamy w\ld be sanction$ by ! totem tabu4#dg ,,totemic ,,& ,,o!r ,,gr\p ,,names--,,engli% ,,& ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indian ,x may seem almo/ flippant to sugge/ t ?is old my/]y ( ,totemism arises only f gr\p names giv5 f )\t1 "s ( !m1 p]haps1 d]isive4 ,b ,i am able to demon/rate t1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! names ( :at "s ,am]ican au?orities call g5tes 7mean+ old totem gr\ps1 :i* n[ reckon desc5t ?r\gh ! male1 n ! female l9e71 actually are nicknames--9 c]ta9 cases d]isive4 ,moreov]1 ,i am able to prove t1 :5 ! names ( ^! ,am]ican g5tes are n m]ely totem names1 !y answ]1 ) lit]al precision1 to our folk-lore village sobriquets1 ev5 :5 ^! are n names ( plants or animals4 ,! late ,rev4 ,james ,ow5 ,dorsey left1 at 8 dea?1 a pap] on ,! ,si\an ,sociology4#dh ,among ! g5tes 7old totem k9dr$s ) male desc5t7 he not$1 ! g5tes ( a tribe1 #8,! ,my/]i\s ,lake ,tribe4' ,!re 71 9 #ahhj1 sev5 g5tes4 ,?ree names 7 d]iv$ f localities4 ,"o "n meant #8,break]s ( 7exogam\s7 ,law4' ,"o 0 #8,n encumb]$ ) mu* baggage4' ,"o 0 ,rogues 7#8,bad ,nation'74 ,^! ?ree la/ names are d]isive nicknames4 ,! sev5? "n 0 #8,eats no ,geese1' obvi\sly a totemic survival4 ,( ! ,wahpeton tribe all ! sev5 g5tes d]iv$ _! names f localities4 ,( ! ,sisseton tribe1 ! twelve names ( g5tes 7 ei!r nicknames 7"o1 #8a "n ( d]ision'71 or d]iv$ f localities4 ,( ! ,yankton g5tes1 five names out ( sev5 7 nicknames1 mo/ly d]isive1 ! six? 0 #8,bad ,nation' 7#8,rogues'71 ! sev5? 0 a totem "n1 #8,wild ,cat4' ,( ! ,hunpat9a 7sev5 g5tes71 ?ree names 7 totemic 7,drift+ ,goose1 ,dogs1 ,eat no ,buffalo ,c[s72 ! o!rs 7 nicknames1 su* z #8,eat ! ,scrap+s ( ,hides4' ,( ! ,sitcanxu1 !re 7 ?irte5 g5tes4 ,six or sev5 ( _! titles 7 nicknames1 ?ree 7 totemic1 ! o!rs 7 dubi\s1 su* z #8,smell]s ( ,fi%4' ,! ,itaziptec _h sev5 g5tes2 ( _! names all 7 nicknames1 includ+ #8,eat dri$ v5ison f ! h9d qu>t]4' ,( ! ,m9ikooju1 !re 7 n9e g5tes4 ,eight names 7 nicknames1 includ+ #8,dung ,eat]s4' ,"o seems totemic1 #8,eat no ,dogs4' ,( five ,as9ebo9 g5tes ! names 7 nicknames f ! habits or localities ( ! communities4 ,"o 0 #8,girl's ,b&1' t is1 #8,girls4' ,n[ comp>e p>i% sobriquets 9 ,we/]n ,engl&4#di ,9 ?is li/ ( p>i% or village nicknames1 tw5ty-"o are d]iv$ f plants & animals1 l mo/ totemic names4 ,we also f9d #8,dog ,eat]s1' #8,bread ,eat]s1' #8,burd ,eat]s1' #8,:itpot ,eat]s1' &1 answ]+ to #8,girl's ,b&' 7,g5s des ,filles71 #8,pretty ,maid5s3' answ]+ to #8,bad ,nation1' #8,rogues'3 answ]+ to #8,eat]s ( ,hide ,scrap+s' #8,bone ,pick]s'3 :ile !re are1 z among ! ,si\ans1 names d]iv$ f v>i\s practices attribut$ to ! ,engli% villag]s1 z to ! ,r$ ,indian g5tes4 ,no clos] p>allel betwe5 our rural folk-lore sobriquets ( village gr\ps1 giv5 f )\t1 & ! names giv5 f )\t ( old savage totem gr\ps 7n[ reckon+ 9 ! male l9e1 &1 !re=e1 n[ settl$ toge!r 9 giv5 localities7 c\ld be inv5t$4 7,= o!r examples see ,app5dix ,a47 ,i conceive1 !re=e1 t my sugge/ion--! totem names ( pri/9e gr\ps 7 orig9ally giv5 f )\t1 & 7 accept$ 7z 9 ! case ( ! nicknames ( ,si\an g5tes1 n[ accept$ by !m7--may be reckon$ no /ra9 on our s5se ( probability4 ,x is demon/rat$ t ! "n-giv+ processes ( our villag]s exi/ among ,am]ican savage gr\ps :i* reckon desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 & t !y also exi/$ among ! savage gr\ps :i* reckon$ desc5t 9 ! female l9e is1 surely1 a n unreasonable surmise4 ,i add a li/ 9 p>allel columns4 ,engli% ,village ,names ,si\an ,gr\p ,names ,rogues ,bad ,sorts ,/ags#ej ,elk#ej ,bull ,dogs ,common ,dogs ,horse ,heads ,w>ts on ,horses' ,legs ,bone ,pick]s ,hide ,scrap]s ,pretty ,girls ,girl ,folk ,eat]s ( ,eat]s ( ,:itpot ,dri$ ,v5ison ,*eese ,fi% ,b>ley ,bread ,dung ,dog4 ,,!ory ,,t ,,si\an ,,g5tes ,,names ,,are ,,( ,,european ,,orig9 ,to produce1 f ,nor? ,am]ica1 examples ( gr\p names conf]r$ f )\t1 z 9 ! in/ances ( our ,engli% villages1 may1 to "s /ud5ts1 seem inadequate evid5ce4 ,= example an unconv9c$ critic may say t ! nicknames ( ,mr4 ,dorsey's #8,si\an g5tes' 7 orig9ally giv5 by :ite m52 ! ,si\x1 ,dacota1 ,as9ebo91 & o!r tribes hav+ be5 long 9 contact ) ,europeans4 ,n[ x is q possible t "s ( ! names _h ?is orig91 z ,mr4 ,dorsey himself obs]v$4 ,b no critic w g on to urge t ! common totemic names :i* /ill designate _m g5tes 7 impos$ by ,europeans :o came f ,engli% villages ( #8,mice1' #8,cuckoos1' #8,tat] ,grubs1' #8,dogs1' & s =?4 ,we might z wisely say t our peasantry borr[$ ^! village names f :at !y _h read ab\t totem names 9 ,coop]'s novels4 ,to "n individuals1 or gr\ps1 aft] animals1 is c]ta9ly a natural t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 :e!r 9 savage or civilis$ society4 ,if we take ! fam\s ,m&an tribe1 n[ reckon+ desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 b ) und5iable survivals ( desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 we f9d t ! g5tes are3 ,wolf ,be> ,prairie ,*ick5 ,good ,knife ,eagle ,flat ,head ,high ,village ,"h1 out ( sev5 g5tes1 f\r names are totemic2 "o is a "n ( locality1 #8,high ,village1' n a possible "n 9 pri/9e nomadic society4 ,:ile !re are hundr$s ( su* cases1 we _c reasonably reg>d ! ,am]ican gr\p nicknames z g5]ally ( ,european orig94 ,/ill m does ?is !ory fail u 9 ! case ( ,melanesia1 :]e contact ) ,europeans is rec5t & relatively slight4 ,among su* tribes z ! ,m&ans1 & o!r ,si\an peoples1 we see ,totemism ) exogamy & female k9%ip wan+1 :ile k9%ip1 recognis$ by male desc5t1 plus settl$ conditions1 br+s 9 local names = g5tes1 & t5ds to cause ! sub/itution ( local names & nicknames = ! totem gr\p "n4 ,precisely ! same ph5om5a meet u1 z we are to see1 9 ,melanesia4 ,footnote #a3 ,z to ! ^w #8totem1' b little is c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,its e>lie/ occurr5ce 9 lit]ature1 to my k1 is 9 a "w by ,j4 ,long 7#agia71 ,voyages & ,travels ( an ,indian ,int]pret]4 ,long soj\rn$ among ! ,algonqu9 bran* ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,he spells ! ^w #8,totam1' & ev5 speaks ( #8,totamism4' ,mr4 ,tylor has po9t$ out t ,long 9 "o place confuses ! totem1 ! h]$it>y gr\p "n1 & protective object1 ) :at us$ to be call$ ! manitu or #8m$ic9e1' ( ea* individual ,indian1 *os5 by him1 or h]1 aft] a fa/1 at pub]ty4 ,rem>ks on ,totemism1 #ahih1 pp4 #aci-dj4 ,cf4 infra1 #ace1 note4 ,footnote #b3 ,man1 #aijb1 ,no4 #ge4 ,footnote #c3 ,totemism1 p4 #b1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #d3 ,s also ,mr4 ,h>tl& writes1 ,man1 #aijb1 ,no4 #hd4 ,b manitu is p]haps too wide & vague a t]m3 x usually connotes any?+ my/ical or sup]normal4 ,footnote #e3 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #bad4 ,major ,p[ell has said some?+ to ! same effect1 b t 0 9 a j\rnal ( #8popul> sci5ce4' ,footnote #f3 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahic-ahid1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #g3 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 v4 #ic1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,z f> z ! pro( re/s on ,arunta traditions1 ,i lay no /ress ^u x4 ,footnote #h3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 vol4 xviii41 no4 #c1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #i3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #aj3 ,major ,p[ell1 ,man1 #aija1 no4 #ge4 ,footnote #aa3 ,h[itt1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xx4 #dj-da1 #ahia4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,m>quis d',eguilles k9dly s5ds me extracts f an (ficial #8,notice sur la ,n\velle-,caldonie1' drawn up = ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #aijj4 ,! au?or says t ! names ( relation%ips are express$1 by ! ,kanaka1 #89 a t\*+ mann]4' ,"o "n includes our #8uncle' & #8fa!r1' ano!r our #8"m' & #8aunts2' ano!r "n includes our #8bro!rs1' #8si/]s1' & #8c\s9s4' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is #8! classificatory sy/em4' ,ab\t animal #8fa!rs' no?+ is said4 ,footnote #ac3 ,tylor1 ,rem>ks on ,totemism1 pp4 #ada-adc4 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 ii4 #ef-eh4 ,turn]'s ,samoa1 p4 #ag 7#ahhd74 ,footnote #ad3 ,h[itt1 ,on ! ,organisation ( ,au/ralian ,tribes1 p4 #acf1 note1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! ,mura ,mura appe> really to answ] to ! fabl$ ance/ors ( ! ,arunta1 b are address$ 9 pray]s4 ,cf4 ,miss ,h[itt1 ,folk ,lore1 ,janu>y #aijc4 ,footnote #af3 ,tylor1 ,rem>ks on ,totemism1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,s also to expla9 ! cre/ ( ! ,hamiltons1 ! ,sk5es1 & _m o!rs4 ,footnote #ah3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ai3 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xxxi4 #aic1 #aija4 ,footnote #bj3 ,cu/om & ,my?1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #ba3 ,contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,my?ology1 i4 #bja4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #cfb1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! :ole passage w be f\nd 9 ! "w cit$4 ,vol4 i4 #cei-cfh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,i am haunt$ by ! impression t ,i h met examples1 b :]e ,i "k n4 ,footnote #be3 ,h[itt1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xviii4 #eh4 ,footnote #bf3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #daf1 note #c4 ,footnote #bg3 ,x is possible t ,i h fail$ to und]/& ! mode ( reconcil+ ! two hypo!ses1 & ,mr4 ,fraz] is n to be und]/ood z committ$ to ei!r or bo? 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our in=mation4 ,footnote #bh3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #bi3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiii4 #aia1 note #a4 ,footnote #cj3 ,tylor1 ,rem>ks on ,totemism1 pp4 #adf-adg1 #ahih4 ,footnote #ca3 ,! ,import ( ! ,totem1 by ,alice ,c4 ,flet*]1 ,salem ,press1 ,mass41 #ahig4 ,footnote #cb3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #cc3 #8,! ,orig9 ( ! ,totemism ( ! ,inhabitants ( ,briti% ,columbia1' ,transactions ( ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 second s]ies1 vol4 vii41 #aija-aijb4 ,qu>it*1 ,london4 ,footnote #cd3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xxxi4 #aif1 et seq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #dai1 note #e4 ,footnote #cf3 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 op4 cit4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #cg3 ,mr4 ,haddon's !ory involves ! exi/5ce ( b>t] betwe5 gr\ps t _h special articles ( food4 ,"u #8,hypo!tical e>ly gr\ps' ,i %[ pro( ( ! extreme ho/ility ( adjac5t gr\ps 9 "s regions4 ,! m]*ant1 ) 8 articles ( b>t]1 w\ld !re himself be eat54 ,mr4 ,atk9son's cook 0 eat5 by 8 neighb\rs4 ,mr4 ,haddon does n hold t ! primitive human gr\ps 7 ?us mutually ho/ile4 ,"h we diff] 9 op9ion4 ,footnote #ch3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiii42 ,folk ,lore1 #aj1 #dia4 ,footnote #ci3 ,macba91 ,etymological ,diction>y1 #ahif1 quot+ manuscript ( #adef4 ,footnote #dj3 ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 #cfb4 ,footnote #da3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 second s]ies1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #db3 ,?is is ! op9ion n only ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 b ( ,major ,p[ell & ,mr4 ,mc,gee4 ,footnote #dc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #eg1 note4 ,footnote #dd3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 ,may #ahig1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #de3 ,blason ,populaire de la ,france1 p4 #e4 ,p>is1 ,c]f1 #ahhd4 ,footnote #df3 ,pseudonyms 7 giv5 to avoid ar\s+ local att5tion1 :5 ,i put =? ^! facts 9 ,! ,a!num4 ,= reasons1 ,i reta9 ! pseudonyms2 b = ! real village names see p4 #agc1 note #a4 ,footnote #dg3 ,"s objections are notic$ lat]4 ,footnote #dh3 ,report ( ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahic-ahid1 p4 #bac et seq4 ,footnote #di3 ,?irte5? ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,devon%ire ,folk-,lore1 ,devon%ire ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahie1 xxvii4 #fa-gd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,_m o!r animal & vegetable names--totem names 9 ,am]ica1 village names 9 ,engl&--h already be5 cit$4 ,see p4 #agj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,melanesian ,,sy/ems ,we h1 =tunately1 an opportunity 9 ,melanesia ( /udy+1 z x seems1 ! ,au/ralian m>riage sy/em 9 a /ate ( decay4#a ,! in/itutions ( ,melanesia be> e note ( be+ ,au/ralian in/itutions1 decad5t1 dislocat$1 contam9at$ & p>tially oblit]at$4 ,/>t+ f ,new ,gu9ea1 we f9d a long ar*ipelago slop+ d[n1 away f ! ea/ side ( ,au/ralia1 t[>ds ! ,fiji ,isl&s4 ,! ar*ipelago consi/s ma9ly1 9 ! ord] giv51 ( ,new ,irel&1 ,new ,brita91 ! ,solomon ,gr\p1 ,banks ,isl&1 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ,loyalty ,isl&1 & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! inhabitants are a fusion ( _m oceanic elem5ts1 & are mu* m advanc$ 9 culture ?an ! natives ( ,au/ralia3 !y h *iefs1 ^: (fice t5ds to be h]$it>y 7& 9 "o place1 ,saa1 is h]$it>y71 9 ! male l9e1 ! fa!r h&+ on to ! son 8 magical acquirem5ts & prop]ties1 & leav+ to him 8 weal?1 z f> z he may4 ,?is is n v f>1 z1 curi\s to say1 desc5t 9 ! female l9e is g5]ally preval5t4 ,weal? is bo? real & p]sonal3 l&$ prop]ty consi/+ 7#a7 ( ,t[n ,lots1 7#b7 ( ,g>d5s 771 7#c7 ( ! ,wa/e 7#8! ,bu%'74 ,! #8t[n lots' & g>d5s pass by inh]itance2 ! possessor be+ only #8possessor1' n proprietor1 & real prop]ty pass+ 9 ! female l9e1 :]e t l9e /ill prevails4 ,! reclaim+ ( l& f ! ,wa/e t5ds1 h[ev]1 to direct prop]ty into ! male l9e1 :i*1 except 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 is n dom9ant4 ,money is divid$1 on a dea?1 among bro!rs1 nephews--& sons1 #8if !y c get x'--! money be+ ! native %ell curr5cy4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds ! sub/itution1 z heirs1 ( a man's sons = 8 si/]'s sons1 is p[]ful4#b ,?is is a curi\s & anomal\s condition ( ! family4 ,z reg>ds mat]ial advantages 77 ,melanesian society is greatly 9 advance ( ,au/ralian4 ,x is 9 possession ( h\ses1 fruit trees1 agricultural allotm5ts1 dome/icat$ animals1 & a native curr5cy4 ,?us !re is mu* prop]ty to be inh]it$1 & :]e t is ! case1 & :]e ! family has a h\se ( its own1 ! desire ( m5 to leave _! goods & dwell+s to _! sons usually results 9 ! reckon+ ( desc5t on ! sword side4 ,yet1 9 ?is respect1 ! ,melanesians ( _m regions are beh9d ! nak$1 h\seless ,arunta1 & o!r ,au/ralian tribes ) male desc5t44 ,:at influ5ces caus$ ^! tribes to dep>t f ! reckon+ 9 ! female l9e1 /ill us$ among _! equally de/itute neighb\rs1 ! ,urabunna1 is a mo/ difficult "q2 inde$ ! numb] ( di/9ct grades1 9 relation to family laws among ! ,au/ralians1 is an enigma4 ,among ! ,melanesians1 at all ev5ts1 mat]ial advance & accumulation ( prop]ty h (t5 fail$ to br+ inh]itance out ( ! female into ! male l9e4 ,insul> conditions are apt to develop div]g5ces f any giv5 type--local v>ieties--:ile ! mixture ( races1 & ! introduction into "o isl&1 or "p ( x1 ( ! cu/oms ( settl]s f o!r isl&s1 produces peculi>ities & anomalies 9 ,melanesia4 ,we expect1 !re=e1 to f9d ,melanesian m>riage rules r dislocat$ & contam9at$1 & to see t ! ar*aic type is half oblit]at$4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! case1 & ,totemism1 if x exi/s1 survives 9 fragm5ts & ve/iges4 #8,:]e are ! totems8' ,dr4 ,codr+ton asks1 & we c only reply t !y seem to be half oblit]at$4 #8,no?+ is m fundam5tal ?an ! division ( ! p into two or m classes1 :i* are exogam\s1 & 9 :i* desc5t is c\nt$ ?r\gh ! wom54'#c ,?is answ]s to ! ,au/ralian #8prim>y divisions1' or #8phratries4' ,b1 9 ,au/ralia1 z we %[$1 ^! divisions appe> to be ( totemic orig94 ,if ?is 0 s1 9 ,melanesia1 ! evid5ce = ! fact is mu* less di/9ct4 ,9 a l>ge region ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s #8!re is no division ( ! p into k9dr$s1 z else:]e1 & desc5t foll[s ! fa!r4444 ,! p>ticul> or local causes :i* h br\ght ?is exceptional /ate ( ?+s are unkn[n4'#d ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! two prim>y exogam\s classes exi/1 & to a ,melanesian man1 all wom5 ( 8 own g5]ation c\nt ei!r z #8si/]s' 7b>r$7 or z 7pot5tial7 #8wives4' ,! appropriation ( actual wives to _! actual husb&s #8has by no means s /rong a hold on native society1' z ! exogam\s class divisions4 ,by _m /ud5ts ?is lic5se w be consid]$ a survival ( #8gr\p m>riage4' ,pr5uptial un*a/ity is wrong1 b a brea* ( ! exogam\s rule us$ to be puni%$ by dea?4 ,wife-l5d+ us$ to be common1 z 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 if ! wife & gue/ 7 ( opposite #8divisions4' ,:e!r ! lic5se ( c]ta9 fea/s 7z among ,au/ralians & ,fijians7 smiles on brea*es ( ! exogam\s law1 does n seem q c]ta94#e ,9 ,banks ,isl& & ! ,nor? ,new ,hebrides1 !re are b ! two #8prim>y class divisions4' ,^! h n names z 9 ,au/ralia--if once !y _h names1 ! names are lo/4 ,we f9d m]ely #8divisions' 7veve71 two #8sides ( ! h\se4' ,e man kn[s 8 own division2 all ! wom5 9 x are tabu to him2 all ! wom5 ( ! o!r division1 9 ! same g5]ation1 are pot5tial wives 7) c]ta9 re/rictions 9 practice74 ,9 ,m]lav1 "o ( ! ,banks ,isl&s1 !re are #8families )9 ! k9' 7answ]+ to g5tes--totem k9s--9 ,au/ralia74 ,^! families h local names1 z a rule3 "o has its "n f ! ,octopus1 b eats x freely4 ,x is n inconceivable t "h we h brok5 d[n & oblit]at$ ,totemism1 among a settl$ agricultural p1 probably dwell+1 z a rule1 9 close contiguity4 ,9 ,florida1 & adjac5t p>ts ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 n m]ely two1 b six #8kema' or exogam\s divisions 7#8phratries8'7 exi/4 ,two ( ! six h names d]iv$ f localities1 two h animal names1 ,eagle & ,crab3 two kema came 9 f abroad4 ,all ?is po9ts to contam9ation1 & re>rangem5t1 "u new circum/ances4 ,ea* kema 9 ,florida has "o or m buto1 ! clam1 pig1 pigeon1 & s on1 n to be eat5 by memb]s ( ! kema4 ,?is looks l ! #8totemic subdivisions' 7t is1 ! totem gr\ps )9 ! #8phratries'7 ( ! ,au/ralians4 ,aga91 ^! butos )9 ea* kema1 animals & plants n to be eat51 are exactly l ! survivals ( ,totemism 9 ! names ( ! ,si\an totem k9s ) male desc5t1 #8,d n eat small ,birds1' #8,d n eat ,dogs1' #8,d n eat ,buffalo1' & s =?4 ,! buto ( ea* k9 )9 ! ,melanesian exogam\s kemas1 !n1 seems to me to be ! old totem ( ! k91 n[ relegat$ to a position m obscure1 9 ! *anges ( society1 &1 ) "o exception1 n giv+ its "n & tabu to ! kema4 ,only 9 "o case is ! animal :i* is ! buto1 also ! animal :i* gives its "n to ! kema4 ,! ,kakau kema may n eat ,kakau--! crab4 ,! ,manukuma 7eagle7 kema may eat ! eagle3 "o fancies t !y f9d x t\gh4 ,9 ! same way ! ,n>r9y]i & o!r tribes 9 ,au/ralia p]mit _! totem k9s to eat _! totems4 ,memb]s ( ea* kema are apt to speak ( _! butos 7:i* !y may n eat7 z _! ance/ors1 z 9 ,totemism1 b ?is is a m]e my?ical explanation ( :y !y may n eat ! buto4 ,) half a doz5 o!r my?s1 x is us$ by totemi/s to expla9 :y !y may n eat _! totems4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 on ! o!r h&1 writes1 #8! buto ( ea* kema is probably comp>atively rec5t 9 ,florida1 x has be5 introduc$ at ,bugotu )9 ! memory ( liv+ m54'#f ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 z we h already se51 incl9es to ! !ory :i* d]ives totems orig9ally f individuals4 ,he cites ,mr4 ,sleigh1 ( ,lifu 7m5tion$ by u be=e71 :o writes1 #8,:5 a fa!r 0 ab\t to die1 surr\nd$ by memb]s ( 8 family1 he might say :at animal he w be1 say a butt]fly or "s k9d ( bird4 ,t creature w\ld be sacr$ to 8 family1 :o w\ld n injure or kill x2 on see+ or fall+ 9 ) su* a creature ! p]son w\ld say1 8,t is kaka0 7papa71 & w\ld1 if possible1 (f] him a "y cocoa-nut4 ,b !y did n ?us adopt ! "n ( a tribe4'#g ,we ne$ n repeat ! objections to all su* !ories ( ! d]ivation ( pri/9e totem gr\p names f individuals1 ,! butos1 ance/ors1 n to be eat51 h all ! air ( ar*aic totems1 n[ r$uc$ to a l[] plane1 &1 save 9 "o case out ( six1 n giv+ ! "n to a kema1 9 ,florida4 ,?us ! butos ( ea* kema w\ld be1 orig9ally1 totemic1 b immigrations1 settl$ conditions1 ! t5d5cy to male desc5t1 & ! introduction ( local or place names = "s gr\ps1 ( nicknames = o!rs1 broke d[n ! old totemic nom5clature1 leav+ only ! ,kakau1 or crabs1 true to _! col\rs & to _! totem & totem "n1 :ile ! o!r kemas got local names or nicknames--! ,hongokikki be+ nam$ f ! pa/ime ( ,cat's ,cradle--cle>ly a nickname4 ,app>5tly ! pigeon is _! buto4 ,h[ did ^! conditions arise8 ,say t !re 7 once f\r exogam\s totem gr\ps 9 ,ettrickdale--,gr\se1 ,de]1 ,h>es1 ,p>tridges4 ,say t !re came 9 two ali5 gr\ps1 ,tr\t & ,plov]4 ,( ^! two1 "o might come to be call$ ,quoits1 f _! skill 9 t game4--,two ( ! orig9al f\r might get local names1 f _! places ( resid5ce1 say ,s+lee & ,tu%ielaw4 ,"o might keep its old totem1 ,gr\se1 & its old totem "n1 ab/a9+ f gr\se4 ,"o might get a new "n1 ,roe ,de]1 b all1 "u ! names ( ,tu%ielaw1 ,s+lee1 ,quoits1 ,roe ,de]1 & ,gr\se 7) ano!r n giv571 w\ld reta9 _! old totems z butos1 ance/ral 9 "s way1 & n to be eat54 ,b ! new1 n ! totemic1 names w\ld n[ m>k (f ! exogam\s kemas4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d mu/ h occurr$ 9 ,florida1 "u new social conditions1 & ! /ress ( immigrants4 ,b ,dr4 ,codr+ton gives a case 9 :i* ! banana 0 tabu$1 j be=e 8 dea?1 by #8a man ( mu* influ5ce :o said t he w\ld be 9 ! banana4'#h ,?is orig9 ( ,totemism 7namely1 9 animism1 a man ( influ5ce tabu+1 & bequea?+ to 8 desc5dants = ev]1 ! animal or plant t is to be 8 s\l vehicle7 is approv$ (1 z ! orig9al cause ( ,totemism1 by ,dr4 ,wilk54 ,b c\ld x arise 9 a mu* l[] /ate ( society1 :]e9 #8m5 ( mu* influ5ce' are r>e1 & are readily =gott58 ,n[ 9 ,melanesia1 g5]ally1 a man's fame1 h[ev] great1 p]i%es ) ^? :o rememb] him 9 8 life4#i ,aga91 ?is sort ( tabu+ ! banana affect$ #8all ! p' ( ! isle ,ulawa1 & s c\ld n be ! base ( an exogam\s prohibition1 unless all brides 7 to be br\ght 9 f =eign isl&s4 ,if ! prohibition 0 conf9$ to kn[n desc5dants ( ! banana man1 !n we h ! patri>*al family1 f\nd$ by a kn[n ance/or1 & exogam\s4 ,n[1 9 ,ulawa1 desc5t is reckon$ 9 ! male l9e1 & !re are no exogam\s divisions4#aj #8,?is is an exceptional /ate ( ?+s1' says ,dr4 ,codr+ton 7p4 #bb71 yet he ?9ks x 7p4 #cb7 #89 all probability'--plus ! tabu+ ( an object by a dy+ patri>*--! cause ( ! buto prohibition 9 ! kemas ( ,florida4 ,?us a solit>y case f an isle )\t exogam\s divisions 7#8! only re/riction on m>riage is ne>ness 9 blood'71 & ) male desc5t1 is suppos$ by ,dr4 ,codr+ton to cause ! buto prohibition 9 an isl& ) exogam\s divisions1 & ) female desc5t4#aa ,8 !ory is manife/ly inconsi/5t ) 8 facts--moreov]1 x involves ! exi/5ce ( ! patri>*al sy/em at ! "t :5 totems fir/ arose4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is reason+ does n conv9ce1 b1 if ,dr4 ,codr+ton is "r1 ,melanesian in/itutions are %att]$1 dislocat$1 contam9at$1 & worn d[n to a rem>kable degree4 ,yet1 beh9d !m1 :]e ! two1 or ! six exogam\s divisions prevail1 ) desc5t c\nt$ 9 ! female l9e1 we c sc>cely help recognis+ a basis ( ,au/ralian cu/om>y law1 ) obsolesc5ce ( ! totem1 sl[ly t5d+ t[>ds inh]itance ?r\gh ! fa!r4 #8,a *ief's sons are none ( !m ( 8 own k92 &1 z w be %[n1 he passes on :at he c ( 8 prop]ty & au?ority to !m4'#ab ,9 spite ( ! #8g5]ation names1' #8fa!r1' #8bro!rs & si/]s1' #8*ildr51' ! real di/9ctions ( own fa!r1 c\s91 & s =?1 are und]/ood1 & express$1 z !y usually are1 ev]y:]e4#ac ,?us ,melanesia %[s u "s ( ! ways out f ,totemism1 exogamy1 & desc5t 9 ! female l9e4 ,x also %[s u1 :at ,au/ralia does n1 gho/ wor%ip3 mo/ prom95tly 9 ,saa1 :]e1 ) desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 & h]$it>y *ief%ip1 elev5 g5]ations ( ance/ors are rememb]$1 #8by ! invocation ( _! successive names 9 sacrifices4'#ad ,?is is a solit>y case ( su* g5ealogical k among ,melanesians1 z di/9ct f ,polynesians4 ,x is made possible by ! sacrifices to ! ance/ors4 ,n[1 9 ,au/ralia1 !re are no su* sacrifices4 ,)\t !m ance/ors among l[ savages _c be rememb]$1 & c\ld n h& d[n1 z an h]$it>y totem1 ! animal or o!r object :i* is _! #8s\l-box1' or ! vehicle ( ! ance/ral s\l aft] dea?4 ,!re appe>s to myself to exi/1 9 ,melanesia1 a notable t5d5cy to adore1 nay1 almo/ to deify1 a dead man1 z a t9dalo4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton cites1 f ,bi%op ,selwyn1 a case 9 :i* a r5[n$ brave man 0 sla9 9 action4 ,a h\se1 or %r9e1 0 built ov] 8 head1 & he 0 canonis$1 or made a t9dalo4 ,8 claims to sanctity 7 automatically c]tifi$ by canoe tilt+1 9 pr9ciple l our table tilt+4 ,! m5 9 ! canoe cease paddl+1 #89 a quiet place1' &1 :5 ! canoe beg9s to tilt1 !y call ov] a roll ( names ( t9dalos 7human gho/s74 ,at ! "n ( ! dead w>rior1'! canoe %ook aga94' ,a successful raid foll[$1 a new %r9e 0 built = ! w>rior1 & fi% & food 7 sacrific$ to him4 ,by ?is means a great man's memory is1 n[ & !n1 contr>y to g5]al cu/om1 kept gre5 9 ?is region ( ,melanesia4 ,occasionally he seems to be on ! way t[>ds god%ip1 z a dep>tm5tal deity1 p]haps z god ( w>4#ae ,pigs are common victims1 n[1 9 sacrifice4 ,we d n he> ( any #8totem sacrifice1' if ev] su* a ?+ any:]e exi/$4 ,9 ! case ( a t9dalo call$ ,manoga1 deification seems close at h&4 ,8 #8dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1' or ( ! dawn3 or 9 high heav51 or 9 ! ,pleiades1 or ,orion's belt4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t ?is disc>nate _s is ! t9dalo or sa9t ( a kema1 or exogam\s division1 "o ( ! six ( ,florida1 & all ( ! six possess _! t9dalo1 a gho/ patron 9 receipt ( sacrifice1 z well z _! buto1 or animal n to be eat54#af ,/ill m rem>kable x is t1 9 c]ta9 ,melanesian isles ( ! ,new ,brita9 gr\p1 ! two exogam\s divisions are nei!r anonym\s1 nor totemic1 nor ( local names1 nor be> nicknames1 b are nam$ aft] ! two oppos+ p[]s ( ,dualism1 ! ,god & ,devil ( savage !ology4 ,( ^! ,te ,kab9ana is #8! f\nd]1 creator1 or inv5tor ( all good & useful ?+s1 usages1 & in/itutions4' ,on ! o!r h& ,to ,kovuvura is ! ,epime!us ( ?is savage ,prome!us3 ,te ,kab9ana creat$ good l&3 ,to ,kovuvura creat$ bad l&1 m\nta9s & ev]y?+ clumsy & ill =m$4 ,^! p[]s capta9 ! two exogam\s divisions1 an (fice assum$ by two totems 9 ! neighb\r+ ,duke ( ,york gr\p4#ag ,no?+ c prove m cle>ly ! bl5d+ ( diff]5t /ages ( ?\ght 9 ,melanesia4 ,on ! :ole1 ,totemism is break+ d[n1 & some?+ v l ,poly!ism1 ( an animi/ic type1 is beg9n+ to em]ge1 9 ,melanesia4 ,!re is a t9dalo ( ! sea1 ( w>1 & ( g>d5s1--,poseidon1 ,ares1 & ,priapus 9 ! mak+4 ,sacrifice & pray] exi/1 nei!r is f\nd 7p]haps ) an exception z reg>ds pray]s = ! s\ls ( ! dead7 9 ,au/ralia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 only ! smalle/ ( small *ange = ! ,au/ralian conception ( su* mak]s & judges z ,baiame is not$ 9 ,melanesia1 ma9ly 9 ! my?s ( & pray]s to ,qat1 & my?s ( a creative unwor%ipp$ female be+4 ,^! are ,vuis1 n gho/s2 !y are spirits nev] inc>nate1 unlike ! t9dalos4#ah ,qat appe>s to hov] betwe5 ! e/ate ( a l[ly creative be+1 born ( a rock1 & t ( a culture h]o1 & r resembles ! ,zulu ,unkulunkulu4 ,?us ,melanesia seems1 9 society & beliefs1 to %[ an advance f ,totemism1 nomadic life1 & f an unwor%ipp$ female creative be+1 t[>ds ,animism & ,poly!ism1 & desc5t reckon$ 9 ! male l9e3 agricultural & settl$ exi/5ce1 ) mixture ( race1 & =eign contam9ation ( cu/om1 be+ m>k$ ag5ts 9 ! developem5t4 ,z t9dalos 7human gho/s1 9 "o case ! patron ( a kema7 ?rive to ,gods' e/ate1 :ile butos rema9 ance/ral plants or animals1 n to be eat51 x w\ld be a natural /ep to imag9e lat] t ! family ,god 7t9dalo7 ( gho/ orig91 inc>nates himself 9 ! buto1 ! sacr$ animal ( ! k94 ,t w\ld be an explanatory my?4 ,if accept$1 x w\ld produce ! ,samoan & ,fijian belief1 t ! animals & plants n to be eat5 by ! k9dr$s 7old totems7 are inc>nations ( gods4 ,?us ! ,florida beliefs & cu/oms are a /age betwe5 ^? ( ,au/ralia & ^? ( ,samoa & ,fiji4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,totem ,,names ,,0 ,,=gott5 ,x appe>s1 at lea/ to ! m9d ( ! mak] ( an hypo!sis1 t ! names ( ,melanesian kemas1 z well z ! new names ( ,am]ican #8g5tes' 7totem k9s ) male desc5t71 indicate ! probability t1 f ! fir/--z among our villag]s--gr\p names 7 giv5 79 ! majority ( cases7 f )\t1 z 9 _m ,am]ican & "s ,melanesian cases !y c]ta9ly are4 ,we see t x is s3 no gr\p w\ld call itself #8,cat's ,cradle ,play]s1' or #8,eat]s ( ,hide-scrap+s1' or #8,bone ,pick]s1' z 9 ,florida2 among ! ,si\x2 & 9 ,we/]n ,engl&4 ,we _c possibly expect to f9d any gr\ps 9 ! process ( becom+ totemic & ( hav+ plant & animal names giv5 to !m f )\t4 ,b we c]ta9ly d obs]ve t names1 or nicknames1 relatively rec5t1 are giv5 to savage gr\ps1 on _! way out ( ,totemism--! totem "n (t5 /ill l+]+ on 9 ,am]ica1 l ! butos 9 ,melanesia--& t ^! names1 or nicknames1 are giv5 f )\t4 ,ne>] to demon/ration t ! totem names 7 giv5 9 ! same way 7z #8,:ig' & #8,tory' 7 giv571 we _c expect to come4 ,x may be said t my conjecture is only a =m ( t sugge/$ 7if ,i und]/& him7 by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,an individual _h an animal "n or nickname4 ,he di$3 8 gho/ 0 rev]$ by 8 old "n1 say ,be>4 ,he 0 =gott51 & 8 desc5dants1 :o kept up 8 wor%ip1 came to ?9k t !y 7 desc5d$ f a real be>1 & 7 ak9 to be>s4 ,i ne$ n once m reit]ate ! objections to ?is !ory1 b1 l my own sugge/ion1 x involves =getfulness ( a fact1--"h ! fact t #8,be>' 0 a human ance/or4 ,aga9/ ! *ances ( ?is =getfulness 0 ! circum/ance t individuals 7 con/antly be+ nam$ ,be>1 ,wolf1 ,eagle1 & s on1 9 daily exp]i5ce1 usually ) a qualify+ epi!t1 #8,sitt+ ,bull1' #8,h[l+ ,wolf1' & s =?4 ,^! facts might h prev5t$ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s savages f =gett+ t ! ance/ral ,be> 0 a ,be> ( human k9d1 l !mselves & _! contempor>ies4 ,9 my hypo!sis1 =getfulness1 on ! o!r h&1 might readily occur4 ,:5 all ! gr\p names 9 ea* area _h become organis$ & /]eotyp$1 !re w\ld necess>ily be no new giv+ ( gr\p names to rem9d ! savages h[ ^! titles came into exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& ! my?-mak+ /age1 z to k9%ip ) ! "n-giv+ plants & animals1 w\ld set 91 & !n w\ld come rev]5t behavi\r t[>ds ^! creatures1 z if !y 7 k9sm5 & fri5ds4 ,respect = ! totem1 9 ea* case1 w cl9* ! t5d5cy to gr\p exogamy4 ,i h suppos$1 = ! reasons giv51 t !re 0 already a t5d5cy aga9/ m>riage )9 ! gr\p4 ,t t5d5cy mu/ h be5 confirm$ by ! totem tabu aga9/ mak+ any use ( any memb] ( ! totem k91 & a woman ( ! totem w\ld be exempt$ f m>ital use by h] male fell[-totemi/s4 ,! totem belief w\ld add a sup]normal sanction to ! exogam\s t5d5cy4 ,,o!r ,,s\rces ,,( ,,sacr$ness ,,9 ,,plants ,,& ,,animals ,n[ any su* sup]/iti\s respect = an animal1 :atev] its orig91 w take ! same inevitable =ms2 & ?us1 if individuals select ny>ongs1 naguals1 & s on1 !y mu/ necess>ily behave to ^! ?+s z !y d to _! h]$it>y totems4 ,!re is no o!r way 9 :i* !y c behave1 if !y reg>d ! animals z my/]i\sly fri5dly & protective1 ?\gh ! idea t !y are fri5dly & protective has diff]5t orig9s1 9 ei!r case4 ,?us ! exig5cies ( my guess z to ! orig9 ( ,totemism1 compel me to disagree ) a dictum ( ,mr4 ,fraz]1 #8if ! relations are simil>1 ! explanation :i* holds good ( ! "o ought equally to hold good ( ! o!r4'#ai ,! conclusion is n necess>y4 ,y may rev]e a rat 7y\r totem71 & a cat 7y\r nagual7 = q diff]5t reasons1 & 9 q diff]5t capacities1 y be+ ! k9sman ( y\r totem1 ! protg ( y\r nagual2 b1 if y rev]e !m1 y\r rev]5ce c only %[ itself 9 ! same ways4 ,!re are no o!r ways4#bj ,,recapitulation ,does my guess at ! orig9 ( totems seem out ( h>mony ) human nature8 ,y1 belong+ to a local gr\p1 mu/ call o!r gr\ps by "o "n or ano!r4 ,plant & animal names come v h&y4 ,! names fluctuate at fir/1 b are at la/ accept$ by ! gr\ps to :i* !y are appli$4 ,! orig9 ( ! names be+ =gott51 an explanation ( !m is ne$$1 &1 z 9 e case :]e x is ne$$1 x is provid$ 9 my?s4 ,! my?s1 once believ$ 91 are act$ ^u2 !y become ! p>5ts ( tabus1 magic1 rites ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,social rules mu/ be develop$1 "s already exi/2 & ea* gr\p call$ by an animal1 plant1 or o!r su* "n1 becomes1 "u t "n1 a social unit1 & accepts1 z su*1 ! cu/om>y legislation1 j z a p>i% does4 ,y mu/ n m>ry )9 ! totem "n3 ei!r because ( ! totem tabu 9 g5]al1 or because ! totem comes to be conceiv$ ( z d5ot+ k9%ip1 & 7= "o reason or ano!r7 y _h already a t5d5cy n to m>ry )9 ! limit ( ! gr\p4 ,! usual totem rules may be ?w>t$ by o!r rules d]iv$ f a peculi> sy/em ( animism1 v philosophically elaborat$1 z among ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,! in/itution1 9 %ort1 may develop or may dw9dle1 may p]si/ 9 practice1 or fade into fa9t survival1 or bl5d ) analog\s sup]/itions1 or :olly vani%1 9 v>y+ conditions4 ,totemism affects art2 to "s ext5t x may h affect$ religi\s evolution4 ,x is c]ta9ly a s\rce ( innum]able my?s4 ,b1 if my guess holds wat]1 ,totemism arose out ( names giv5 f )\t1 ^! names be+ ( a s]viceable sort1 z !y c\ld be1 & are1 n only readily express$ 9 words1 b readily convey$ 9 ge/ure language f a consid]able di/ance4 ,! names c\ld be #8signall$4'#ba #8,!re is an ,emu man3 look out6' ,?is c\ld easily & sil5tly be express$ 9 ge/ure language4 ,place-names1 & _m nicknames1 c\ld n s be signall$4 ,?is !ory1 ( c\rse1 is n 9 accordance ) any savage explanations ( ! orig9 ( _! totem4 ,x c\ld n be6 ,_! explanations are su* fables z only m5 9 _! intellectual condition c\ld inv5t3 !y are my?s1 !y involve impossibilities4 ,my hypo!sis 7or my?7 does n1 ,i ?9k1 involve any?+ impossible or f>-fet*$1 or incapable ( pro( 9 a g5]al way4 ,x is human1 x is inevitable1 t plant & animal names %\ld be giv51 especially among gr\ps m or less ho/ile4 ,we call ! ,fr5* #8frogs4' ,x is also a fact t names giv5 f )\t come to be accept$4 ,x is a fact t names1 once accept$1 are expla9$ by my?s2 x is a fact t my?s come to be believ$1 & t belief influ5ces behavi\r4 ,,an ,,objection ,,answ]$ ,"h ,i =esee an objection2 x w be said t1 on ! o!r h&1 behavi\r produces my?s4 ,m5 f9d !mselves p]=m+ "s app>5tly idiotic rite3 !y ask !mselves1 #8,:y d we d ?is ?+8' & !y inv5t a my? z an answ]4 ,c]ta9ly !y d1 b y believe 9 a ,god1 or 9 ,sa9ts1 & act 7or y ought to act7 9 a mann] pleas+ to ^! gu>dians ( conduct4 ,y don't believe 9 a ,god1 because y behave well1 & x is n because y behave well to a totem t y believe 9 a totem4 ,y treat him z game1 n z v]m91 because y believe 9 him1 & y\r belief is bas$ on ! my? :i* y\r ance/ors inv5t$ to acc\nt = _! hav+ a totem4 ,my guess has ! advantage ( go+ beh9d ! age ( settl$ dwell+s1 agriculture1 k9%ip ?r\gh males1 & ! causal action ( individuals4 ,x rev]ts to ! gr\p /age ( human life4 ,gr\ps give & accept ! names2 inv5t ! my?s1 act on _! belief 9 ! my?s1 & s introduce ! sanction ( :at _h p]haps be5 a m]e t5d5cy t[>ds exogamy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my guess has ! disadvantage ( deal+ ) a hypo!tical /age ( society1 beh9d exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is _c be avoid$1 = if we base our hypo!ses ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism on our exp]i5ce ( ! ways ( societies :i* h pass$1 or are pass+1 out ( ,totemism1 our !ories mu/ necess>ily be invalidat$4 ,x may be repli$ t ,i h myself giv5 illu/rations ( my !ory f ! folk-lore ( civilis$ society4 ,b ! only begett]s ( ^! illu/rative cases are boys--& boys are 9 ! savage /age1 #8at lea/ z f> z !y are able4' ,9 a tone m s]i\s1 x may be reit]at$ t no !ory ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism is likely to be correct :i* d]ives ! totem1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 any way1 f ! individual1 ! private man4 ,long ago1 ,mr4 ,fison wrote1 #8,sir ,john ,lubbock consid]s t ! 8wor%ip ( plants & animals is susceptible ( a v simple explanation1 & has really orig9at$ f ! practice ( nam+1 fir/ individuals1 & !n _! families1 aft] p>ticul> animals40#bb ,mr4 ,fison repli$1 #8,?is is surely a rev]sal ( ! true ord]4 ,! ,au/ralian divisions %[ t ! totem is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! badge ( a gr\p1 n ( an individual4 ,! individual takes x1 9 common ) 8 fell[s1 only because he is a memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,&1 ev5 if x 7 fir/ giv5 to an individual1 8 family1 i4e4 8 *ildr51 c\ld n inh]it x f him1' :5 desc5t is reckon$ on ! female side4#bc ,x is a commonplace1 p]haps an ov]work$ commonplace1 t ! gr\p1 n ! individual1 is ! e>li] social unit4 ,yet ! hypo!ses ( ,"l ,avebury1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,dr4 ,wilk51 ,mr4 ,boas1 ,miss ,alice ,flet*]1 & ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 all d]ive f individuals1 9 "o way or o!r1 ! mo/ ar*aic names ( human gr\ps4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,max ,mll] leaves ! orig9 ( ! gr\p "n unexpla9$4 ,! lat] hypo!sis 7especially provisional71 ( ,mr4 ,fraz]1 does />t f ! gr\p "n1 b ,i am n c]ta9 :e!r we are to und]/& t ea* gr\p "n is d]iv$ f ! plant ,or animal or select$ by ! gr\p z ! object ( its magical rites1 or :e!r1 = "s unkn[n reason1 ea* gr\p already bore ! "n ( ! animal1 or plant1 or elem5t1 be=e ent]+ on ! great co-op]ative indu/rial sy/em4 ,n[ x seems to me c]ta9 t ! names1 9 ea* case1 7 orig9ally n names ( individuals1 or 9 any way d]iv$ f individuals1 b 7 names ( gr\ps4 ,z to h[ pri/9e gr\ps might obta9 su* names ,i h (f]$ :at1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 has to be only a conjecture4 ,b nam$1 z soon z m5 _h intellig5ce & spee*1 ! gr\ps1 z gr\ps1 _h to be1 & ! actual names are su* z1 :e!r 9 savag]y or 9 full civilisation1 are giv5 to individuals1 & are also1 9 civilis$ rural society1 giv5 to local gr\ps1 to memb]s ( p>i%es & villages4 ,s f>1 ! cause :i* ,i sugge/ is a v]a causa ( collective gr\p names4 ,,o!r ,,objections ,,answ]$ ,a well-kn[n ,folk-lori/ to :om ,i submitt$ my !ory1 r #89 ! r\gh1' repli$ to me ?us3 #8,i h ?\ght ( ,totemism z mean+ a social sy/em1 t is1 z includ+ belief1 wor%ip1 k9%ip1 society4 ,& !re=e1 ! animal or plant names are an ess5tial "p ( ! sy/em4 ,y1 z ,i und]/& x1 come along & say ! "n is ! result ( "o ( ! trifles ( ! human m9d1 !re=e did n ent] into ! totem sy/em v deeply1 & c]ta9ly did n belong to ! beliefs & ! wor%ip1 except z ! result ( a lat] my?-mak+ age4 ,( c\rse y\r book may expla9 all1 & ,i %all look =w>d to /udy+ x1 z ,i h always enjoy$ y\r /udies4 #8,b ,i confess ,i don't mu* believe 9 ^! accid5ts caus+ or r ent]+ into s widely spread a sy/em z ,totemism4 ,cut away ! "n & no?+ is left to ,totemism except my?1 survivals1 & a social gr\p+ )\t any app>5t cem5t4 ,blood k9%ip z a basis ( society surely arose mu* lat]1 unless ,dr4 ,reev]s's rem>kable evid5ce f ! ,haddon exp$ition to ,new ,gu9ea helps ! matt]4 ,he f\nd1 y rememb]1 blood k9%ip traceable by def9ite g5ealogies b5ea?1 s to speak1 a sy/em ( ,totemism1 & b = ! mo/ m9ute exam9ation blood k9%ip w\ld h escap$ obs]vation once m & ,totemism only w\ld h be5 report$4 ,is ?is blood k9%ip ! true social basis & ,totemism only a v5e]8 #8,i h goodly notes on ,totemism & non-,totemism1 & ,i confess x difficult to elim9ate ! "n z an important "p ( ! sy/em4 ,x cov]s e "p--is ! %ell into :i* all ! re/ fits4 ,n[ ,i h too mu* respect = our savage fri5ds to ?9k !y us$ my? any fur!r ?an we d4 ,we g e ,sunday say+ 8,i believe10 b we don't build up mu* ^u ?is4 ,our social fabric1 nay our religion1 is n ( ?is4 ,& s ( ! savage4 ,if ,i grant y ! my? ( desc5t f an animal to h aris5 out ( a pre-exi/+ "n sy/em1 ,i am no ne>] ! und]/&+ ( totem-k9%ip z ! basis ( a social gr\p4' ,^! are natural objections1 on a fir/ view ( my sugge/ions4 ,totemism is a social sy/em1 b !re 0 an age be=e totemism1 an age ( undevelop$ totemism2 into ^! we try to pe]4 ,b ! me?od ( "n-giv+ :i* ,i po/ulate is h>dly #8a trifle ( ! human m9d4' ,x is1 z ,i h prov$1 a widely diffus$1 probably an univ]sal t5d5cy ( ! human m9d4 ,n less univ]sal1 9 ! savage intellectual condition1 is ! belief 9 ! p]sonality & human *>act]i/ics ( all ?+s :atsoev]2 man is only "o tribe 9 ! cosmic k9%ip1 & is capable ( specially close k9%ip ) animals4 ,nobody d5ies ?is1 & ! result+ my?s to expla9 ! connection ( ! gr\ps & _! totems are n only natural1 b inevitable--! real orig9 ( ! connection1 #89 ! d>k backw>d & abysm ( "t1' be+ =gott54 ,we may g to *ur*1 & say #8,i believe1' & we may n act up to our cre$s4 #8,& s ( ! savage4' ,b x is n #8s ( ! savage4' ,8 belief 9 a my? ( k9%ip ) an ,emu is c>ri$ into practice1 & regulates 8 conduct1 magical & social4 ,?is is n conte/able4 ,9 ! same way a ,*ri/ian :o believes 9 ! efficacy ( masses = ! welf>e ( 8 dead fri5ds1 pays = masses4 ,at ! l[e/1 he #8?9ks ! exp]im5t well wor? try+4' ,to o!r my?s1 say z to ! orig9 ( ! spots on a bea/1 a savage may #8give b a d\btsome cr$it4' ,!y are n ( a nature to affect 8 conduct 9 any way4 ,b ! totem my?s d affect 8 conduct1 q und5iably1 &1 ev5 if !re are sceptics1 public op9ion & cu/om>y law compel !m to regulate _! behavi\r on ! l9es ( ! g5]al belief4 ,we are n to be told t nobody believes 9 any?+6 ,! #8social gr\p+' consequ5t on ! beliefs is n #8)\t any app>5t cem5t4' ,! cem5t is ! belief 9 ! actual k9%ip ( all p]sons hav+ ! same totem "n1 & sacr$ totem blood1 ev5 if !y belong to remote & ho/ile tribes4 ,all wolves are bre?r5 9 ! wolf2 all be>s are bre?r5 9 ! be>2 & s m5-be>s are si/]s to wom5-be>s1 & bro!rs may n m>ry si/]s4 ,"h is #8app>5t cem5t' ( ! v be/ quality1 & 9 abundance1 giv5 ! ackn[l$g$ condition ( ! savage intellect4 ,manife/ly ^! ideas belong1 z a :ole1 to #8a lat] my?-mak+ age'--t is to an age lat] ?an ! dateless p]iod ( ! hypo!tical anonym\s gr\ps4 ,b1 betwe5 t hypo!tical p]iod & ! evolution ( ! idea ( gr\p k9%ip ) animals & plants1 & ) all m5 ( ! same animal & plant /ock names1 !re is "t en\gh & to sp>e = ! full evolution ( ,totemism4 ,aga91 to a ,d>w9ian1 ! enorm\s influ5ce ( #8accid5ts' 9 evolution ought n to be a matt] h>d ( belief2 )\t #8accid5ts' 79 ! ,d>w9ian s5se ( ! ^w71 !re w\ld be no diff]5tiation at all1 & no evolution4 ,! ,d>w9ian #8accid5t' seems to mean a v>iation ( unkn[n cause4 ,b ! giv+ ( plant & animal gr\p names is h>dly an #8accid5t' ( ?is k9d4 #8,:at else are y to call x8' ! play] ask$1 :5 que/ion$ z to ! orig9 ( ! words #8a york]4' ,& by :at names s h&y & s]viceable z plant & animal names 7 pri/9e m5 to call ! neighb\r+ gr\ps8 ,i h %[n :y place names 7 less h&y1 & h[1 9 nomadic life1 !y 7 sc>cely possible4 ,local names come 9 z ,totemism goes out4 ,long nicknames1 #8,boil-food-)-!-paun*-sk91' #8,take d[n _! legg+s1' #8,travel-)-v-light-baggage1' #8,%ot-at-"s-:ite-object' 7,si\an nicknames ( g5tes71 are mu* less h&y1 mu* less easy to be signall$ by ge/ure language1 & are c]ta9ly mu* lat] ?an #8,emu1' #8,wolf1' #8,kang>oo1' #8,eagle1' #8,skunk1' & o!r totem names4 ,if su* totem names 71 orig9ally1 ! fav\rite =m ( nom5clature = ho/ile gr\ps 7l our #8,sick ,vulture' = a fam\s s*ol>1 or #8,talk+ ,potato1' = ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,crok]71 ,i see n mu* ( an #8accid5t' 9 ! circum/ance4 ,! totem names1 !n1 came 9 ^u a v e>ly society3 & my?1 belief1 cu/om1 & rite1 cry/allis$ r\nd !m1 & r\nd ! idea ( blood k9dr$1 :i* mu/ be v e>ly inde$4 ,my critic asks1 #8,is blood k9%ip ! true social basis1 & ,totemism only a v5e]8' ,t "q ,i h already answ]$4 ,9 my op9ion mank9d1 9 evolv+ prohibitions ( m>riage1 fir/ _h _! eyes on contiguity1 t ( #8he>?-mates4' ,gr\ps ( he>?-mates 7 next di/+ui%$ by totem names4 ,b ^! names c\ld give no sup]/iti\s sanction to cu/om>y laws1 till ! idea ( #8blood k9%ip' )1 or desc5t f1 or evolution out (1 or o!r =m ( k9%ip ) ! totem 0 develop$4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! totem "n r\ghly indicat$ ties ( blood k9%ip4 ,b ! ,au/ralians1 z we saw1 h n[ rea*$ a cle>] idea ( :at blood k9%ip is1 &1 by a bye-law1 prohibit m>riages ( #8too ne> fle%1' 9 cases :]e1 ?\gh ! p]sons are ak9 by blood1 totem law does n int]f]e4 ,totem law has _h an educat+ influ5ce 9 develop+ ! objection to m>riages betwe5 p contigu\s z he>?-mates1 into ! objection to m>riages betwe5 p]sons too ne> 9 blood k9%ip4 ,?us ,totemism is n #8only a v5e]4' ,on ! f\ndation ( all ^! bl5d$ ideas1 ,totemism arose1 a /ately b fanta/ic /ructure1 v>y+ 9 %ape "u *ang+ conditions1 l an iceb]g 9 summ] seas4 ,x is1 inde$1 #8a f> cry' f anonym\s human gr\ps1 & gr\ps ( plant or animal names1 to ,hel51 ! daught] ( ! swan1 t 0 ,zeus6 ,b ! p$igree is h>dly disputable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suppress ! totem names1 give ! orig9al gr\ps su* titles z ! ,si\x #8,take-d[n-_!-legg+s1' or #8,boil-meat-9-!-paun*-sk9' 7"s names y mu/ give !m71 & :at is left8 ,suppose su* names to h be5 ^? ( pri/9e gr\ps1 & suppose !m to be t5d+ to exogamy4 ,a #8,boil-meat-9-!-paun*-sk9' man may n m>ry a #8,boil-meat-9-!-paun*-sk9' girl2 b mu/ m>ry a #8,take-d[n-_!-legg+s' girl1 or a #8%oot-9-!-woods' girl1 or a #8,d-n-split-!-body-(-a-buffalo-)-a-knif e-b-cut -x-up-z-!y-please' girl6 ,t is r cumbr\s3 m>riage rules on t basis are n readily conceivable4 ,& :]e is "h ! tabu sanction8 ,bro!r ,wolf or ,bro!r ,emu is a ?9kable1 p[]ful1 sacr$ k9sman1 :o w n h 8 tabu tamp]$ )4 ,b !re is no sanctity 9 ,d-n-split-!-body-(-a-buffalo-)-a-knife- b -cut-x-up-z-!y-please6 ,luckily we h "h a case 9 po9t4 ,my !ory is t animal names be+ once giv5 to ! gr\ps1 ! animal1 9 accordance ) savage ideas1 became a k9sman & protector4 ,! animal or vegetable or o!r type1 9 ea* case1 sanction$ v>i\s tabus1 includ+ exogamy4 ,_h ! "n be5 ano!r k9d ( nickname1 z #8,boil-meat-9-! paun*-sk91' :at 0 !re to sanction ! tabu8 ,or1 if ! gr\p "n 0 a local "n1 :]e 0 ! sanction8 ,exogamy does p]si/ :]e totem gr\ps h become local1 & are n[ kn[n by ! names ( _! places ( settlem5t4 ,b n always4 ,( an ,au/ralian tribe1 ! ,g\rndit* ,m>a1 we read t x consi/$ ( f\r local divisions1 wat] 7m]e871 swamp1 m\nta91 & riv]4 ,b !re 0 no exogam\s rule affect+ m>riage4 ,a man ( ! gr\p dwell+ 9 ! swamp might m>ry a woman ( ! same gr\p4 ,!re 0 desc5t 9 ! male l9e2 wife-l5d+ 0 highly condemn$4 ,! (fice ( headman 0 h]$it>y 9 ! male l9e1 #8be=e any :ites came into ! c\ntry4' ,! b5ight$ tribe 0 n devoid ( sup]/ition4 #8,!y believ$ t !re 0 a future good & bright place1 to :i* ^? :o 7 good w5t aft] dea?1 & t !re 0 a ,man at t place :o took c>e ( ! _w & ( all ! p4' ,! place 0 call$ ,mmble-,mirr+4 ,! d>k1 bad place 0 ,burreet ,b>rat4 #8,?is belief !y _h be=e !re 0 any :ite p]son 9 ! c\ntry4' ,z ^! /atem5ts are odi\s to mo/ an?ropologi/s1 !y _c be true1 & ?us a slur is ca/ on all t we le>n ab\t ! ,g\rndit* ,m>a4 ,b ?\gh a mission>y 7! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,/hle7 _c1 ( c\rse1 be tru/$ "h1 he _h no pr(essional motive = fictions ab\t ! m>riage laws ( ! tribe4 ,!y _h no c]emonies ( initiation1 no seasons ( lic5se1 app>5tly no totems1 & ! m]ely local names ( gr\ps naturally c>ri$ no exogam\s prohibition3 convey$ no tabu sanction4#bd ,_h !re nev] be5 any totem names1 exogamy might nev] h aris54 ,h[ my fri5dly critic is #8no ne>] to ! und]/&+ ( totem k9%ip z ! basis ( a social gr\p1' if1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 he grants #8! my? ( desc5t f an animal to h aris5 f a pre-exi/+ "n sy/em1' ,i am at a loss to compreh5d4 ,"h are gr\ps1 ,be>1 ,wolf1 ,tr\t1 ,racoon1 firmly1 ?\gh errone\sly1 believ+ t !y are ak9 to ^! animals4 ,naturally !y #8behave z su*4' ,ea* racoon has duties to o!r racoons1 & to ! actual racoons4 ,he does n %oot a racoon if he c get any?+ else2 he does n %oot a racoon sitt+4 ,he is bro!r to racoons ( 8 own sex1 & to si/]s 9 ! racoon ( ! o!r sex4 ,he does n m>ry !m4 ,! belief 9 ! racoon k9%ip is ! basis ( t social gr\p--! man has o!r social gr\ps ( o!r k9ds4 ,savages believe 9 _! beliefs1 to ! ext5t ( dy+ f fe> aft] infr++ a tabu 9 :i* !y believe4 ,?us ,i w\ld reply to ! objections (f]$ aft] a fir/ glance at my conjecture4 ,,totems ,,& ,,magical ,,societies ,a man has o!r social gr\ps ?an 8 own totem gr\p 9 c]ta9 regions4 ,totem gr\ps among ! ,arunta1 we h se51 "w magic #8to secure ! increase ( ! plant or animal :i* gives its "n to ! totem4' ,! ,arunta h no my? z to ! orig9 ( ^! p]=mances1 /yl$ ,inti*iuma4#be ,?is1 z f> z ,au/ralia is conc]n$1 seems to be a peculi>ity ( ! ,arunta sy/em alone1 or all b alone1 &1 z we saw1 x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t ^! rites are ! orig9 ( ,totemism4 ,b su* rites appe> to be mo/ firmly e/abli%$ & organis$ among societies :i* are pass+ out ( ,totemism4 ,su* a society is t ( ! ,omaha tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e desc5t is reckon$ 9 ! male l9e4#bf ,among ! ,omahas we f9d ! ,elk totem gr\p ) male k9%ip2 !y may n t\* a male ,elk1 or eat its fle%3 if !y d1 z 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 !y break out into sores4 ,?is k9dr$1 ) ! ,be>s1 #8wor%ip ! ?und]' 9 spr+4 ,_! special bus9ess & duty is #8to /op ! ra94' ,b1 if !y are a ,wea!r ,society1 9 ?is respect1 t fact does n appe> 9 _! totem names1 ,elk & ,be>4 ,o!r ,omaha g5tes1 or #8subg5tes1' are also totemic1 & are nam$ f t :i* !y may n eat1 z wild turkeys1 wild geese1 cranes1 & blackbirds4 ,! p ( ! black-bird totem actually d a little totem magic1 aga9/ _! totem2 !y *ew & spit out corn1 to prev5t ! blackbirds f fe$+ on ! crops4#bg ,! reptile gr\p does n t\* or eat reptiles1 b1 if worms injure ! corn1 !y p\nd a few worms up into fl\r1 make a s\p !re(1 & eat x 7is ?is #8totem sacrifice'871 all = ! good ( ! crops4 ,! worm gr\p does ?is magic 7involv+ ! eat+ ( its totem7 n = ! b5efit ( worms 7z among ! ,arunta7 b to control ! mis*iev\s action ( worms4 ,n[ turn+ to ,magical or ,magico-,religi\s ,societies among ^! ,indians1 we f9d a ,w9d ,society1 b x conta9s memb]s ( _m totems1 buffalo1 eagle1 hawk1 & s on1 plus #8,! ,s\? w9d p1' :o1 app>5tly1 may be a totem gr\p ( t "n1 :i*1 z among ! ,arunta1 might "w w9d-magic4#bh ,b our au?ority1 ! late ,mr4 ,dorsey1 calls all ! memb]s ( ?is ,w9d ,magic ,society #8,w9d g5tes1' & surely ?is bre$s mu* confusion4 ,by a g5s he usually means a totem k9 ) male desc5t 7by #8clan1' he means a totem k9 ) female desc5t74 ,?us all #8w9d g5tes' ought to be w9d totem gr\ps3 only w9d totem gr\ps ought to be 9 ! ,w9d ,society1 :i* is n ! case3 & all wat] g5tes1 or e>?1 or fire g5tes ought to be ( wat]1 e>?1 or fire totems4 ,b ?is1 aga91 is n ! case4 ,all sorts ( totem k9dr$s ent] into ! e>?1 w9d1 fire1 & wat] ,magical ,societies1 or ,magico-,religi\s ,societies4 ,!y belong to !m z memb]s ( any univ]sities1 or ( c]ta9 select$ univ]sities1 may belong to an ,univ]sity ,club3 or1 aga91 may be ,ca?olics1 ,anglicans1 ,br[ni/s1 or ,presbyt]ians4 ,^! ,am]ican ,magical ,societies1 ?\gh compos$ ( memb]s ( totem k9dr$s1 are n1 9 !mselves1 totemic societies4 ,memb]s ( o!r totems s]ve 9 ! societies :i* "w magic = e>?1 w9d1 fire1 & s on4 ,among ! ,arunta1 on ! o!r h&1 ! magic = ea* object is work$ solely by ! m5 :o h t object = totem4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h[ev]1 ?is rule is *ang+1 & memb]s ( o!r totems may1 at lea/1 be pres5t at ea* totem's ,inti*iuma1 or magical rites4#bi #8,9 addition to ! memb]s ( ! totem' 7wat]7 #8o!r m5 are invit$ to come1 ?\gh !y w n be all[$ to take any "p 9 ! actual ,inti*iuma c]emony4' ,f pres5ce1 by invitation1 to p>ticipation 9 ! rites 7z 9 ! ,am]ican ,%amani/ic ,societies71 is a /ep :i* may come to be tak51 & ?us ! ,arunta totem gr\ps w\ld become m]e #8,%amani/ic ,societies4' ,a mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,omaha ,magical ,societies is giv5 by ,miss ,alice ,flet*]1 9 h] essay1 already cit$1 on #8,! ,import ( ! ,totem4' ,to obta9 ! #8p]sonal totem' 7manitu7 a y\? mu/ fir/ li/5 to 8 eld]s4 ,!y tell him #8to g =? to cry to ,wa-kon-da4 ,y %all n ask = any p>ticul> ?+1 :atev] is good1 t may ,wa-kon-da give4' ,fiat voluntas tua6 #8,f\r days & nights ^u ! hills ! y\? %all pray1 cry+1 &1 :5 he /ops1 %all wipe 8 te>s ) ! palms ( 8 h&s1 lift 8 wet h&s to heav51 !n lay !m on ! e>?4' ,to ! ord9>y m9d1 ?is describes su* pray]s z are ! petitions ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,b1 9 accordance ) ! views ( ! (ficial s*ool ( ,am]ican an?ropology1 x is av]r$ t no?+ ( ! k9d is int5d$ by ! ,omaha4 #8,!re is no evid5ce t !y did reg>d ! p[] repres5t$ by t ^w 7,wa-kon-da7 z a supreme be+1 nor is !re any intimation t !y _h ev] conceiv$ ( a s+le great rul+ _s1' says ,miss ,flet*] 7#ahig74 ,! pray] is evid5ce en\gh4 ,pray] is direct$ to a p]son1 & :e!r he is envisag$ z #8a _s1' or n1 is a m]e detail ( metaphysical t]m9ology4 ,if ,miss ,flet*] is "r1 ,wa-kon-da is a pan!i/ic conception1 b z ,he1 7or ,x7 also li/5s to pray]1 ,he 7or ,x7 is p]sonal4 ,we see r an an?ropomorphic conception ( deity1 pass+ t[>ds pan!ism1 or to div9ity no long] an?ropomorphic1 ?an a notion ( imp]sonal =ce imman5t 9 ! univ]se1 pass+ t[>ds an?ropomorphism--z 9 ,miss ,flet*]'s !ory4 ,! idea ( su* a =ce1 or cosmic rapport 7! ,maori mana71 is1 inde$1 famili> to u 9 ! speculations ( ! l[] b>b>ic races4 ,x does cr$it to _! metaphysics1 b1 prima facie1 seems likely to be lat] 9 evolution ?an ! idea ( an an?ropomorphic ,mak]1 l ! ,au/ralian ,baiame4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,omaha appe>s to live1 9 pray]1 on a high religi\s level1 & x is op5 to ! fri5ds ( religi\s borr[+1 to say t he took 8 cre$ f ,europeans4 ,i am n c]ta9 t ,miss ,flet*] is indispos$ to agree ) me on ?is po9t ( ,r$ ,indian unborr[$ !ism4 ,9 h] ,indian ,song & ,/ory1#cj %e gives ,pawnee songs1 #8hi!rto seal$ f ! k ( ! :ite race4' ,"h is "o3 ,lift ?9e eyes6 ',tis ! gods :o come ne>1 ,br++ !e joy1 release f all pa94 ,s5d+ sorr[ & sigh+ ,f> f ! *ild1 ,ti-ra-wa makes fa94 ,ah1 y look1 y "k :o comes1 ,claim+ y 81 & bidd+ y rise1 ,bli!ly smil+ & happy1 ,*ild ( ,ti-ra-wa1 ,"l ( ! ,skies6 ,ti-ra-wa is ,hau-ars1 #8a contraction ( ! ^w mean+ fa!r4' ,! song is us$ to /ill *ildr5 :o cry at a religi\s c]emony4 ,h[ev] x be1 ! ,omaha prays to ,wa-kon-da1 n = #8any p>ticul> ?+1' b = :atev]1 9 ! gift ( ,wa-kon-da1 is good1 & ma9ly = a manitu 7#8p]sonal totem'74 ,! ,omaha also believe 9 telepa?y4 #8,?\ght & w c be project$ to help a fri5d4' ,a magical society exi/s1 to conc5trate & direct ?is exp5diture ( en]gy1 & ! process is /r5g!n$ by su* ?+s z ! neophyte beholds 9 vision1 aft] pray] to ,wa-kon-da4 ,he s5t an answ] to pray]1 a fea!r ( a bird1 a tuft ( a bea/'s hair1 a cry/al1 a black /one1 repres5t+ ! species1 or elem5t ( nature1 :i* 0 to be ! neophyte's #8p]sonal totem1' or manitu4 ,if x 7 ?und]1 ! man c\ld control ! elem5ts2 if x 7 an eagle1 he _h an eagle eye = ! future2 if x 7 a be> 7or a badg]71 he 0 n s gift$4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,miss ,flet*]1 ! ,be> ,magical ,society is compos$ ( m51 :o1 aft] pray]1 h se5 ! be> 9 dream or vision2 ^? :o saw repres5tatives #8( ?und] or wat] be+s' =m ! ,society :i* deals ) ! wea!r4 #8,! memb]%ip came f e k9%ip gr\p' 7totem k97 #89 ! tribe4' ,?us ! ,magical ,societies are compos$ ( m5 ( any totem1 &1 ! less purely totemic ! tribe1 ! /rong] is ! ,magical ,society4 ,! totem k9s n[1 among ! ,omaha1 h desc5t 9 ! male l9e4 ,all ?is is #8late1' & #8late' is ! totem prie/hood held by #8h]$it>y *iefs ( ! g5s4' ,miss ,flet*] reg>ds ! totem ( ! #8g5s1' ) ! beliefs cry/allis$ ar\nd x1 z an +5i\s #8exp$i5t1' ) a social #8purpose6' ! totem ( ea* k9dr$ hav+ be5 inh]it$ f ! vision & manitu ( "s ance/ral *ief4 ,we ne$ n aga9 po9t out t1 ev5 n[1 among ! ,omaha1 advanc$ z !y are1 manitus are n h]$itable1 & t ,miss ,flet*]'s sy/em _c acc\nt = ,totemism 9 tribes :i* reckon desc5t on ! sp9dle side4 ,miss ,flet*] ju/ly rem>ks t ! real totem1 #8! g5tile totem1' #8gave no imm$iate hold ^u ! sup]natural1 z did ! individual totem' 7manitu7 #8to its possessor4 ,x s]v$ solely z a m>k ( k9%ip1 & its connection ) ! sup]natural 0 manife/ only 9 its puni%m5t ( ! violation ( tabu4' ,9 brief1 ! real totem1 & ! individual manitu1 ) its magical societies1 are two ?+s totally ap>t1 & ap>t we mu/ keep !m1 9 our /udies ( e>ly society4 ,n to d s is to make ! topic incompreh5sible4 ,,totem ,,survivals ,9 o!r books1 especially 9 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 & ,cu/om & ,my?1 ,i h exam9$ app>5t survivals ( ,totemism1 9 anci5t ,greece1 anci5t ,egypt1 & o!r civilis$ c\ntries4 ,( ^! ! mo/ notable are ! ,greek my?s ( desc5t ( families f animals1 expla9$ z ! tempor>y vehicles ( ,zeus or ,apollo3 & ! wor%ip ( special animals by ea* ( ! ,nomes ( ,egypt4 ,o!r argum5ts ,i h (f]$1 especially 9 ! case ( ,apollo & ! ,%rew ,m\se4 ,i rema9 ( ! op9ion t _m ( ! ,greek my?ical & religi\s ph5om5a not$1 are mo/ probably to be expla9$ z survivals ( a totemic pa/4 ,( c\rse ,totemism is only "o elem5t 9 animal wor%ip1 & ! ,corn ,_s1 disguis$ z almo/ any animal y please1 may be "o ( ! o!r elem5ts4 ,b1 z f> z ,i h /udi$ ! subject1 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,tylor 9 8 #8prote/ aga9/ ! mann] 9 :i* totems h be5 plac$ almo/ at ! f\ndation ( religion4 ,totemism 444 has be5 exagg]at$ out ( proportion to its real !ological magnitude4444 ,! rise & gr[? ( ideas ( deity1 a bran* ( k requir+ ! l>ge/ range ( in=mation & ! greate/ c>e 9 inf]5ce1 _c1 ,i hold1 be judg$ on ! basis ( a section ( !ology ( second>y importance--namely1 animal wor%ip--mu* less ( a special section ( t--namely1 ! association ( a species ( animals 7& ( a va/ v>iety ( o!r ?+s7 #8) a clan ( m5 :i* results 9 ,totemism4 ,a !oretical /ructure has be5 rais$ q too wide & high = su* a f\ndation4'#ca ,! totem god himself ,i reg>d z only ! hypo!sis by :i* c]ta9 b>b>ic races acc\nt to !mselves = ! survivals ( ,totemism among !m4 ,! s-call$ #8totem sacram5t' is n #8god-eat+1' b a piece ( magic1 us$ 9 c]emonies design$ to fo/]--or to vex & annoy--! totem4 ,z ,mr4 ,tylor writes1 #8till ! totem sacram5t is v\*$ = by "s m real pro(1 x _h bett] fall out ( speculative !ology4' ,,did ,,! ,,ance/ors ,,( ,,! ,,civilis$ ,,races ,,pass ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,/age8 ,t ! ance/ors ( ! ,aryan-speak+ peoples pass$ ?r\gh ! #8/one age' ( culture1 few w d5y4 ,t !y also pass$ ?r\gh ! totemic /age z reg>ds m>riage law is1 h[ev]1 a problem p]haps n to be solv$4 ,= reasons unkn[n1 ! #8:ite' races 7n to speak ( ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 ,*9ese1 & ,japanese7 h a peculi> aptitude = civilisation1 are peculi>ly accessible to ideas4 ,x might !re=e be argu$ t conceivably !y 7 readily accessible to ! idea ( blood k9%ip4 ,! mat]nal affection1 9 a race ^: *ildr5 7unlike ! (fspr+ ( ! l[] animals7 are s long 9 atta9+ maturity1 _c b sugge/ ! idea ( blood k9%ip4 ,among totemic peoples x seems t ?is idea 0 orig9ally def9$ by ! totem "n1 a def9ition at once too wide & too n>r[4 ,x is n physically un?9kable t our own ance/ors may h be5 m acutely intellig5t1 &1 if s1 :y %\ld n !y simply =bid unions betwe5 p]sons too ne> ak9 9 blood8 ,we h f\nd no su* moral or in/9ctive reason among totemic peoples :o 71 app>5tly1 l$ to exogamy1 fir/ by non-moral causes1 or causes 9 :i* ! moral elem5t 0 n explicit1 & !n1 by aid ( coroll>ies f rules ?us bas$1 came to =bid m>riages ( #8too ne> fle%4' ,)\t ! tra9+ ( totemic in/itutions1 x is h>d to see h[ ! ,aryan-speak+ peoples 7h[ev] naturally gift$ f ! fir/7 arriv$ at ! same conception ( ince/4 ,x seems absurd to suppose t black m5 & r$ m5 arriv$ at ! idea ( ince/1 & at ! laws :i* prohibit x1 by ! devi\s & unpromis+ pa? ( ,totemism1 :ile :ite m5 rea*$ ! same po9t 9 "s o!r way4 ,yet if x has appe>$ difficult to f9d traces ( ,totemism among ! ,melanesians1 mu* m difficult mu/ x be to prove t races ) s long a civilis$ hi/ory z1 = example1 ! ,greeks1 7 once "u totemic in/itutions4 ,i h already indicat$ my incl9ation to believe t ,totemism has left its traces1 9 ,greece1 9 ! my?s ( desc5t f bulls1 be>s1 swans1 dogs1 ants1 & s =?1 & 9 c]ta9 peculi> aspects ( animal wor%ip4 ,x is usual = s*ol>s to expla9 ^! facts away1 z ?+s borr[$ by e>ly ,greeks f "s o!r race4 ,b #8! receiv] is z bad z ! ?ief1' & if ,greeks 7 capable ( accept+ totemic ideas1 !y 7 capable ( evolv+ totemic in/itutions4 ,we are n to inv5t an ideal #8,aryan1' & !n to expla9 all 8 traces ( savag]y z borr[+s by him f "s unkn[n prior race4 ,!re is no reason at all = suppos+ t ! peoples :o speak languages call$1 = conv5i5ce1 #8,aryan1' 7 bett] br$ ?an any o!r peoples at ! beg9n+4 ,x w\ld greatly add to ! =ce ( ! presumptions 9 fav\r ( an #8,aryan' totemic pa/1 if we c\ld po9t to app>5t survivals n only 9 my? & e>ly art1 b 9 actual in/itutions4 ,n[ !re are ,greek in/itutions1 9 ,attica1 ! #8deme1' ! g5os1 & ! phratria1 :i* may be int]pret$1 rightly or wrongly1 z survivals ( ,totemism4 ,we h se5 t g5s 7equival5t to ! ,greek 7 & t phratria 77 are us$1 by c]ta9 /ud5ts1 to designate ! totem k91 & ! two #8prim>y exogam\s divisions' 7say ,dilbi & ,kupa?97 ( ,au/ralia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,to use g5s ?us is mislead+1 especially z #8totem k9' is adequate & unambigu\s4 ,b we h "h employ$ #8phratria' to designate ! #8prim>y exogam\s division1' because no bett] ^w is h&y1 :ile we d n ma9ta9 t ! ,attic phratria is a survival ( ! in/itution usual 9 ,au/ralia4 ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 9 an in/ructive pap]1 h (f]$1 z a provisional hypo!sis1 ! !ory t ! ,attic deme 7a local association7 may h aris5 f ! k9d ( local tribe 7or horde7 9 ,au/ralia1 :ile ! ,attic phratries & 7associations dep5d+ on bir? & k9%ip7 7 survivals ( ! #8prim>y exogam\s divisions' & totem k9s4#cb ,! pres5t writ] _h made simil> sugge/ions long ago4#cc ,conc]n+ ! & we "k b little3 inevitably1 = we h se5 t1 ev5 9 ,au/ralia1 /ill m 9 ,melanesia1 local names & local communities are beg9n+ to encroa* on & usurp ! au?ority ( ! totem k91 & o!r associations bas$ on common blood1 real or reput$4 ,inf9itely m mu/ ?is h be5 ! case 9 ,greece4 ,if savage phratries & totem k9s once exi/$ 9 ,attica1 !y mu/ h be5 ne>ly oblit]at$ long be=e ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,at mo/ !y w\ld only survive 9 connection ) ritual & religion4 ,aga91 our def9itions ( g5os & are d]iv$ f late gramm>ians & lexicograph]s4 ,?us our means ( k are limit$ & d>kl+4 ,messrs4 ,h[itt & ,fison />t f ! horde1 or tribe1 ! horde mean+ ! l>ge/ local ,au/ralian community1 compos$ ( subtribes1 if we are n m]ely to say #8tribe1' & leave #8horde' out ( ! "q4 ,! memb]s ( ! horde or tribe are1 z we "k1 ( _m v>i\s totems1 b ( only two #8prim>y exogam\s divisions' or phratries4 ,into ^! ! memb]s are born1 mo/ly tak+ ! "m's phratry & totem4 ,z a rule1 bo? fa!r & "m belong to ! tribe1 b if a woman does come 9 out ( an ali5 tribe1 h] *ildr51 ?\gh d]iv+ totem & phratry names ?r\gh h]1 are ( _! fa!r's local tribe4 ,an ali5 woman may be assign$1 by ! eld] m51 to ?is or t totem3 or to ! totem correspond+ to t :i* %e _h 9 h] own local tribe4 ,! *ildr5 ( male ali5s foll[ ! totem ( _! "m1 a memb] ( ! tribe4 ,9 ,attica1 too1 0 a local community1 ! deme--?us ,?ucydides 0 a ,halimusian by deme4 ,! hi/orical demes 7 organis$ by ,clei/h5es1 on a local basis4 ,"s ( !m bore ! names ( ! :i* occupi$ !m1 & (t5 ! names 7 d]iv$ f plants4 ,ei!r ^! plants 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! localities1 or conceivably ! _h old totemic plant names1 l ! plum & o!r vegetable totems ( ! ,au/ralians4 ,all ab\t ! local demes1 ! memb]s ( ! phratri 7 scatt]$1 l memb]s ( v>i\s totem names among ! ,au/ralian local tribes4 ,an ali5 c\ld belong to a local deme1 b n to a 4 ,8 *ildr51 if by m>riage ) a free woman1 7 reckon$ 9 h] fa!r's male desc5t prevail+1 ( c\rse1 9 ,attica4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! tribes-woman's *ildr5 by an ali5 w\ld usually g to h] totem & #8prim>y exogam\s division4' ,! *ild ( an ali5 woman1 9 ,attica1 ev5 if ! fa!r 0 high born1 c\ld n be admitt$ to a 3 :i* c]ta9ly looks l a survival ( ! ar*aic reckon+ by female desc5t4 ,to try to ins]t an ali5 *ild 9 a deme 0 a civil1 9 a 0 a religi\s (f5ce4#cd ,! anci5t c\rt ( ! ,areopagus _h to d ) ^! (f5ces aga9/ cu/om>y religion4 ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt draw a p>allel betwe5 ! ,areopagus & ! ,great ,c\ncil ( ! ,di]i tribe1 ^: headman 0 inspir$ by #8! great _s ,ku*i1' ( :om "o w\ld l to "k m4 ,an ,attic boy 0 pres5t$ to 8 at once2 full memb]%ip ( ! local deme came ) adolesc5ce1 & aft] milit>y tra9+ & s]vice4 ,z we "k1 a s]ies ( initiations1 & in/ruction #8z to ! exi/5ce ( a great _s1' ) a probation ( a ye>1 are to be pass$ be=e ! ,au/ralian lad is all[$ to m>ry & att5d ! assembly ( 8 local tribe4 ,bett] examples ( initiation1 & ( a retreat 9 ! hills 9 company ) an adult1 & in/ructor1 are to be f\nd 9 ,sp>ta ?an 9 ,a!ns4 ,b ! ,au/ralian #8& ,attic analogies are pretty close4 ,on ! mo/ important po9t !re is no analogy4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( 1 ( #8phratries' ea* ,au/ralian tribe has only two4 ,aga91 ^! two are exogam\s3 t is _! ma9 raison d'tre4 ,we h n a glimpse ( exogamy 9 ! ( ,attica4 ,! 1 we may agree1 ,i ?9k1 ) ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 01 orig9ally1 l ! totem k91 an association ( p]sons suppos$ to be relat$ by ties ( blood4 ,! gramm>ian ,pollux says #8!y :o belong$ to ! 7 /yl$ ' 7m5 ( ! 1 & #8m5 ( ! same milk'71 #8n t !y 7 relat$ 1 b !y 7 s call$ f _! union 7or assemblage-- 74' ,:at is meant by #8n g5ealogically relat$'8 ,i conceive ,pollux to mean t ! memb]s ( ! 7 n all ( traceable or recognis$ degrees ( k9%ip4 ,?us a ,cam]on1 if ask$ :e!r he is relat$ to ano!r ,cam]on1 may say1 & n s long ago w\ld h said1 #8he is n my relation1 b my clansman4' ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt take mu* ! same view4 ,by #8relations1' ,pollux meant #8su* z p>5ts1 sons1 bro!rs1 & ^? be=e !m1 & _! prog5y1' t is1 f gr&fa!rs & gr&uncles to gr&sons & great-nephews4 ,?is might be ! notion ( relation%ip 9 ! "t ( ,pollux1 ! second c5tury ( our era1 b1 z ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt ju/ly rem>k1 ,attic ideas ( k9%ip be=e ! ascrib$ to ,!seus w\ld be mu* m ext5sive1 z 9 ,scotl& & ,britanny4 ,! humble/ ,/ew>t1 ,d\glas1 ,ru?v51 or ,hamilton w\ld call himself #8! ,k+'s poor c\s94' ,b ! ,greeks ( our second c5tury 7 m mod]n1 m l ! ,engli%4 ,yet ! v words & g5s indicate ! idea ( blood relation%ip1 j z #8clan' does4 ,! _h common sacra1 & a common place ( burial4 ,!y 7 clans1 b we h no pro( t !y 7 ev] exogam\s or totemic4 ,h[ev]1 ! my?s & rituals ( ,greece c]ta9ly yield facts ( :i* a totemic pa/ seems ! mo/ plausible explanation4 ,mr4 ,jevons writes1 #8we f9d fragm5ts ( ! sy/em' 7,totemism71 #8"o "h & ano!r !re1 :i*1 if only !y _h n be5 scatt]$1 b _h be5 f\nd toge!r1 w\ld h made a liv+ :ole4 ,?us we h families ^: names indicate t !y 7 orig9ally totem clans1 e4g4 !re 7 ,cynad at ,a!ns1 z !re 0 a ,dog clan among ! ,mohicans2 b we h no evid5ce to %[ t ! dog 0 sacr$ to ! ,cynad4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 /orks 7 rev]$ by ! ,!ssalians1 b !re is no?+ to %[ t !re 0 a /ork clan 9 ,!ssaly4'#ce ,wolves 7 buri$ solemnly 9 ,attica1 :]e !re 0 a wolf h]o1 & lob/]s 7 buri$ 9 ,s]iphos1 l ! gazelle 9 ,arabia4 ,b we h no evid5ce ( a wolf k9 9 ,attica1 ?\gh we h 9 ,italy 7! ,hirpi7 nor ( a lob/] k9 9 ,s]iphos4 7,= o!r traces1 fairly num]\s1 ,i may ref] to my ,cu/om & ,my?1 & ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 :ile deprecat+ ! idea t all wor%ip or rev]5ce ( animals is ( totemi/ic orig947 ,x w probably be admitt$ t1 if ,greeks 7or anci5t dwell]s on ,greek soil7 7 at "s remote p]iod totemi/ic1 & next1 by reckon+ desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 became atta*$ to localities1 !n some?+ l demes1 phratries1 & might v naturally be evolv$4 ,& _m traces 9 ritual1 my?1 & cu/om d po9t to ,totemism 9 ! remote pa/4 ,inde$1 x is rem>kable t we %\ld /ill be able to po9t to s _m app>5t relics ( in/itutions already almo/ oblit]at$ among ! ,melanesians4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i reg>d x z m probable ?an n1 t1 9 ! education ( mank9d1 ,totemism has play$ a "p ev]y:]e2 a b5efic5t "p4 ,b ?is is only a private op9ion3 "o believes 9 x z "o believes 9 telepa?y1 )\t ass]t+ t ! evid5ce is ( con/ra9+ value4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,haddon agrees on ?is po9t4 ,footnote #b3 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 *aps1 iii4 iv4 ,footnote #c3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #d3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #f3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #g3 ,tylor1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,augu/1 ,novemb]4 #ahih1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #h3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #i3 ,ibid4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ibid4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #aa3 ,dr4 ,codr+ton's exact words are #8,! buto is 9 all probability a =m ( ! cu/om :i* prevails 9 ,ulawa1' & ! banana /ory foll[s4 ,footnote #ab3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #cc1 #ei-fh4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid4 pp4 #cf-cg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ibid4 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ae3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #abd-acj4 ,footnote #af3 ,danks1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xviii4 #c1 #bha-bhb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid4 pp4 #aca-acb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aed-aef4 ,footnote #ai3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #daf-dag4 ,footnote #bj3 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] writes1 conc]n+ ! ,euahlayi ,baiame-wor%ipp+ tribe ( ,new ,s\? ,wales3 #8,a p]son has (t5 a second or individual totem ( 8 "n1 n h]$it>y1 & giv5 him by ! wirre5uns' 7m$ic9e m571 #8call$ 8 yunbeai1 any hurt to :i* injures him1 & :i* he may nev] eat--8 h]$it>y totem he may4 ,he is suppos$ to be able1 if he be a great wirre5un1 to take ! =m ( 8 yunbeai1 :i* w also give him assi/ance 9 "t ( tr\ble or dang]1 is a sort ( alt] ego1 z x 74' ,9 ?is tribe ! yunbeai 7ny>ong1 nagual1 manitu7 is ( m importance to ! individual ?an 8 h]$it>y totem1 :i*1 h[ev]1 by ,baiame's law1 regulates m>riage1 z else:]e 7,folk-,lore1 x4 #dia1 #dib74 ,! tribe /udi$ by ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] speaks a dialect 7,euahlayi7 ak9 to ! ,kamil>oi1 b ! ,kamil>oi ( ,mr4 ,ridley are seat$ ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles away4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies1 #ga-ij4 ,dr4 ,ro? gives ! signs = ! animals1 b does n say t !y are us$ = signall+ totem names2 inde$1 he says no?+ ab\t totems4 ,footnote #bb3 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #afe4 ,9 8 edition ( #aijb1 ,"l ,avebury does n reply to ^! argum5ts4 ,footnote #bd3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #bgd-bgh4 ,footnote #be3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 *4 vi4 ,footnote #bf3 ,dorsey1 #8,omaha ,sociology1' ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahha-ahhb1 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #bg3 ,dorsey1 #8,omaha ,sociology1' ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahha-ahhb1 pp4 #bch-bci4 ,footnote #bh3 ,dorsey1 #8,si\an ,cults1' ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhi-ahij 7#ahid71 p4 #ecg4 ,footnote #bi3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #afi1 #aia4 ,footnote #cj3 ,nutt1 #aijj1 pp4 #ajh-aab4 ,footnote #ca3 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,augu/1 ,novemb]1 #ahih1 p4 #add4 ,footnote #cb3 ,j4,a4,i4 xiv4 #adb1 #aha4 ,footnote #cc3 ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 ,boll& & ,lang1 #ahgf2 #8,family' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,footnote #cd3 ,dem4 ,c5tra ,neram #ag4 ,footnote #ce3 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 pp4 #abe-abf4 ,,primal ,,law ,,*apt] ,i ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,brutal ,,/age ,mr4 ,d>w9 on ! primitive relations ( ! sexes4--,primitive man monogam\s or polygam\s4--,8 jeal\sy4--,expulsion ( "y males4-- ,! au?or's inf]5ces z to ! evolution ( ,primal ,law4--,a cu/om>y ,rule ( ,conduct evolv$4--,traces surviv+ 9 savage life4--,! cu/oms ( ,avoidance4--,cu/om ( ,exogamy arose 9 ! animal /age4--,bro!r & ,si/] ,avoidance4--,! au?or's own obs]vation ( ?is cu/om 9 ,new ,cal$onia4--,/rang5ess ( su* a cu/om among h\seless nomads 9 ,au/ralia--,rapid decay "u ,european influ5ces4 #8,man1 z ,i h attempt$ to %[1 is c]ta9ly desc5d$ f "s ,apelike ,creature4 ,we may1 inde$1 conclude1 f :at we "k ( ! jeal\sy ( all ,male ,quadrup$s1 arm$ z _m ( !m are ) special weapons = battl+ ) _! rivals1 t promiscu\s int]c\rse 9 a /ate ( ,nature is extremely improbable4 ,!re=e1 look+ f> en\gh back 9 ! ,/ream ( ,"t1 & judg+ f ! ,social habits ( ,man z he n[ exi/s1 ! mo/ probable view is t he aborig9ally liv$ 9 small communities1 ea* ) a s+le wife1 or1 if p[]ful1 ) sev]al1 :om he jeal\sly gu>d$ aga9/ all o!r ,m54 ,or he may n h be5 a social animal#a & yet h liv$ ) sev]al wives l ! ,gorilla--= all ! natives agree t b "o adult male is se5 9 a b&2 :5 ! "y male gr[s up1 a conte/ takes place = ! ma/]y1 & ! /ronge/1 by kill+ or driv+ out ! o!rs1 e/abli%es himself z head ( ! ,community4 #8,y\ng] males1 be+ ?us expell$ & w&]+ ab\t1 w\ld1 :5 at la/ successful 9 f9d+ a p>tn]1 prev5t too close int]bre$+ )9 ! limits ( ! same family4'#b ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 ! =ego+ s5t5ces1 affirms ! improbability ( ,promiscuity 9 ! ,sexual ,relations ( ,man dur+ ! ,animal ,/age1 &1 incid5tally1 ! ,unity ( ! ,human ,race 9 its orig94 ,bo? !ories are conte/$4 ,! foll[+ !sis1 h[ev]1 on ! ,g5esis ( ,primal ,law 9 ,human ,m>riage1 treats ( a conjectural s]ies ( ev5ts 9 ! ,asc5t ( ,man1 ev5ts :i* involve a /ate ( ! int]-sexual relation%ips amid/ our primitive ance/ors id5tical ) t portray$ 9 ! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,my essay includes fur!r1 z reg>ds ! cont9u$ evolution ( society1 ! developm5t ( a !ory1 bas$ on my #8,primal ,law1' :i*1 if correct1 w\ld seem also to confirm ,mr4 ,d>w9's ideas z to ,unity ( ,orig94 ,i am cont5t1 = my "p1 to hope t my hypo!sis1 h[ev] novel "s ( its conclusions1 is 9 its g5]al t5or 9 accord ) ! views ( s great a naturali/ z ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,8 exposition ( ! probable relations1 )9 ! family gr\p1 ( ! male & female prototypes ( mank9d1 & m especially ( ! antagoni/ic attitude1 int] se1 ( ! old] & y\ng] males1 is inde$ lit]ally prophetic ( ! ,primal ,law1 ^: exi/5ce ,i surmise4 ,?is law is ! inevitable coroll>y ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's /atem5t1 if ,man 0 ev] to em]ge f ! ,brute4 ,my !ory1 9 fact1 view$ z to its g5esis1 is simply evolv$ f a consid]ation ( ! pot5tial results ( ! attitude ( su* creatures z our ance/ors !n 71 :5 subject$ to ! effects ( ^? *anges ( environm5t1 :i* alone1 to my deem+1 c\ld h fix$ modifications t[>ds ! human type4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's premises1 inde$1 z to ! ,e>ly ,social economy ( our ,race 9 ! animal /age1 inevitably entail1 if progress 0 to be made1 ! evolution ( law 9 regulation ( ,m>riage relation%ip1 hav+ reg>d to ! fi]ce sexual jeal\sy ( ! males1 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r to ! pat5t tru? t 9 ! peaceful aggregation ( our ance/ors alone lay ! g]m ( ,society4 ,?is w\ld above all be ! case if1 reason+ by analogy1 we provisionally accept1 z ! probable ne>e/ approa* to man's direct ance/ors1 ! actual ,an?ropoids4 ,^!1 su* z ! ,gorilla1 are und\bt$ly among/ ! mo/ unsocial ( animals z reg>ds ! attitude ( ! adult males int] se4 ,f ! v difficulty ( ! problem ( ! congregation ( su* creatures 9 fri5dly unison )9 ! gr\p1 we may inf] t1 9 its solution1 !re w be f\nd ! key to ! :ole "q ( ! ,asc5t f ,brute to ,man4 ,9 t asc5t1 ,habit1 ! p>5t ( ,law1 mu/ h be5 conqu]$1 & modifi$ into ! direction ( novel ,cu/om1 a %ock to ! old] economy ( life4 ,aga91 ! new rule ( conduct1 necess>ily in*oate 7consid]+ ! presum$ feeble intellectuality ( ! creatures conc]n$1 animals m or less bruti%7 mu/ yet be ( facile int]pretation to its subjects1 ?\gh1 z befits ,homo alalus1 x mu/ h be5 q mute 9 op]ation4 ,! new ,rule ( ,conduct w\ld n be express$ 9 t]ms ( spee*1 a function1 ex hypo!si n yet evolv$4 ,! rule1 z x 0 to my m9d1 ,i "h propose to attempt to unfold z ! #8,primal ,law2' hop+ to %[ t !re9 lay ! beg9n+ ( law & ord]1 & t1 :il/ itself aris+ 9 a natural mann]1 9 its incid5tal creation ( a fir/ /&>d ( a possible "r & wrong1 x laid1 s to speak1 "o ( ! f\ndations ( t moral s5se1 :i* has seem$ to place s wide a space betwe5 man & o!r creatures4 ,! prior exi/5ce ( ?is law1 9 ! semi-bruti% /age ( our physical & e?ical evolution1 might h be5 d$uctively evolv$1 ev5 if no traces ( x _h rema9$ to our day4 ,x w be1 h[ev]1 my endeav\r to po9t out t evid5ce ( its exi/5ce 7abundant z x appe>s to me7 is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 obscure cu/oms :i* are common to mo/ actual savage races4 ,! cu/oms ( s-call$ #8avoidance' betwe5 ne> relations w h ! pr9cipal int]e/ = u1 al?\gh primitive m>riage & inh]itance w be f\nd ( corroborative value4 ,survivals & my?s c be %[n to po9t to ! und5iable occurr5ce ( ?is #8,primal ,law' 9 ! e>li] life-hi/ory ( ! non-civilis$ peoples4 ,! my?s1 h[ev]1 may be m]ely e>ly guesses ab\t ! unkn[n pa/ ( ! race4 ,among/ m>riage cu/oms t :i* has giv5 rise to mo/ discussion z reg>ds its orig9 is #8,exogamy' or m>riage outside ! family gr\p1 or outside ! limit ( ! totem "n4 ,my g5]al argum5t1 z w be se51 places me 9 antagonism ) all !ories yet advanc$ on ! subject4 ,b ,mr4 ,lang1 9 ,cu/om & ,my?1 #ahhd 7p4 #beh71 haz>ds1 z 8 own impression1 a conception ( ?is matt] :i* ,i w note--namely1 t #8,exogamy1 may be connect$ ) "s e>ly idea ( :i* we h lo/ t\*1' & he adds1 #8,if we only knew ! orig9 ( ! prohibition to m>ry )9 ! family#c all w\ld be pla9 sail+4' ,h[ev] utt]ly beyond human k51 9 ^! our latt] days1 any tru?ful image ( s remote a pa/ may seem to be1 x is yet precisely ?is hypo!tic e>ly idea :i* ,i hope to be able to expose4 7,if ,i am correct1 we %all f9d t x 0 connect$ ) ! sexual relations ( primitive man1 :il/ 9 ! animal /age1 & especially ) ! mutual m>ital rights ( ! males )9 a gr\p47 ,su* idea 9 travail1 ha/5$ & %>p5$ by ne$s ( environm5t1 creat$ issues :i* necess>ily gave bir? to a #8,primal ,law' prohibitory ( m>riage betwe5 c]ta9 memb]s ( a family or local gr\p1 & ?us1 9 natural sequ5ce1 l$ to =c$ connubial union beyond its circle ! family1 or local gr\p--t is1 l$ to ,exogamy4 ,b if su* 0 9 reality ! orig9al ord] ( succession 9 ! gr[? ( cu/om1 x becomes evid5t t ,exogamy z a habit 7n z an express$ law7 mu/ h be5 ( primordial evolution4 ,?us 79 contra-di/9ction to g5]ally receiv$ op9ion & to ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's !ory 9 p>ticul>7 ,exogamy mu/ h be5 a cause r ?an an effect 9 relation to its ord9>y concomitants1 i4e4 ,female ,infanticide z a cu/om1 ,poly&ry z a fix$ in/itution1 & ,totemism z connect$ ) exogam\s gr\ps1 )9 :i* m>riage 0 =bidd54 ,z ?us my new hypo!sis f9ds itself 9 opposition to ^? ( recognis$ au?orities1 x is evid5t t x w require to acc\nt = all ! facts if x is to hold its gr\nd4 ,h[ev] conv9c$ ! au?or may be by ! array ( seem+ly confirmatory details 9 fav\r ( 8 hypo!sis1 x is possible t f _! paucity !y may yet to o!rs seem to con/itute b a feeble l9e ( def5sive pro(4 ,b if ! !ory %all prove 9 itself to h m]it1 ?is defect 7aris+1 z ,i believe1 f lack ( g5]al an?ropological k on my "p1 = ,i dwell #8f> f books'7 w quickly be rem$i$1 = a hundr$ o!r details 9 fav\r ( my view w be at once p]ceiv$ by m exp]i5c$ /ud5ts4 ,%\ld my hypo!sis really furni% ! clue to ! problem ( ! prohibition to m>ry )9 ! family "n1 or totem "n1 all ! re/ w d\btless become #8pla9 sail+' 9 compet5t h&s4 ,9 any case be=e my conjecture is def9itely laid aside z errone\s1 x may1 let u hope1 be consid]$ desirable to await full] evid5ce z to ! ext5t ( ! op]ation1 9 actual savage life1 ( t p>ticul> cu/om ( #8,avoidance' :i* ,i consid]1 9 its inception1 & z ! e>lie/ law1 to h be5 a #8v]a causa' ( wide/ op]ation 9 primitive social evolution4 #8,avoidance' is1 h[ev]1 to-day1 a m]e fa9t image ( a remote pa/1 & its g5etic significance has utt]ly fad$ f among ev5 ^? p :o yet1 ) /range cons]vatism1 /ill bl9dly yield an ev]yday ob$i5ce to x1 9 =m at lea/4 ,belong+ to a class ( savage habits pres5t+ features s extraord9>y1 #8,avoidance betwe5 bro!r & si/]' has ev] be5 a puzzle to inquir]s4 ,?is ,avoidance is only ! mo/ obscure ( all ! num]\s cases ( ! /range habit1 b x is also t :i*1 up to ! pres5t1 seems lea/ to h attract$ ! notice ( an?ropologi/s4 ,9 ?is class ( cu/om1 ! ,avoidance ( :i* mo/ frequ5t m5tion has be5 made 9 lit]ature1 is avoidance betwe5 "m-9-law & son-9-law1 :]eas t betwe5 bro!r & si/] is to my k b r>ely m5tion$4#d ,& yet1 z f> z my own exp]i5ce goes 7& x ext5ds ov] m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury among primitive peoples 9 ! ,s\? ,seas71 ,avoidance ( bro!r & si/] is n only z common z1 b inf9itely m /rict & sev]e 9 action ?an1 ! ,avoidance ( #8,mo!rs-9-law4' ,x is inde$ probable t ! v sev]ity ( obs]vance has l$ to its be+ s little notic$4 ,= by ! action ( ?is law1 a bro!r & a si/]1 aft] *ildhood1 are kept s f> ap>t f "o ano!r1 t only ^? :o h actually liv$ long amid/ natives c be expect$ to h _h a *ance ( be+ aw>e ( ! re/ra9ts to int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 ,ev5 !n x w\ld be f "s su* casual occurr5ce z ! accid5tal r5contre ( ! two1 plac+ !m ?us 9 sudd5 & unavoidable proximity to ea* o!r1 :i* w\ld lead to an obs]vation1 by an ,european1 ( _! extraord9>y attitude & behavi\r "u su* circum/ances4 ,my own att5tion 0 prim>ily only drawn to ?is matt] by not+ ! grave sc&al & excitem5t caus$ 9 a native community by ! mom5t>y isolation1 9 a canoe1 ( a bro!r & si/]4 ,! affair became s v s]i\s = ! bro!r t he disappe>$ f ! tribe = ov] a ye>4 ,inde$1 ! rigor\s sev]ity ( ?is p>ticul> law 9 daily action is almo/ incr$ible4 ,9 ,new ,cal$onia1 = in/ance1 all int]c\rse betwe5 a bro!r & si/] by spee* or sign is absolutely prohibit$ f a v e>ly age4 ,:il/ ! girl w rema9 9 ! pat]nal home1 ! boy1 at ! age ( sev5 or eight 7:5 n1 z is usual1 adopt$ by ! mat]nal uncle71 only comes !re = 8 meals1 p>tak5 aga9 solely ) ! o!r males4#e ,he dwells until m>ri$ 9 ! l>ge g5]al ba*elors' hut1 set ap>t = y\?s 9 all villages4 ,ev5 aft] m>riage1 if bro!r & si/] h to communicate ) ea* o!r on family matt]s1 su* communication mu/ be made ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( a ?ird p]son1 nor c ! si/] ent] ! bro!r's hut ev5 aft] 8 m>riage1 despite ! pres5ce ( h] si/]-9-law !re94 ,if ! two %\ld unexpect$ly meet 9 "s n>r[ pa?1 ! girl w ?r[ h]self face d[nw>ds into ! ne>e/ bu%1 :il/ ! boy w pass )\t turn+ 8 head1 & z if unaw>e ( h] pres5ce4 ,!y _c m5tion ea* o!r's names1 & if ! si/]'s "n is m5tion$ publicly be=e ! bro!r1 he w %[ mu* emb>rassm5t1 & if x is repeat$ he w retire precipitately4 ,%e c eat no?+ he has c>ri$ or cook$4 ,:il/1 !n1 su* prop9quity z is impli$ 9 ! mutual habitation ( ! same hut by ^! two w\ld be sc&al\sly impossible1 x is n uncommon to f9d a "m-9-law & son-9-law1 :il/ 9 ,avoidance1 liv+ "u ! same ro(4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ! latt] case ea* detail ( #8,avoidance' 9 act or spee* w\ld be easily rem>k$ by ,europeans1 :]eas no *ance ( su* obs]vation betwe5 ! adult bro!r & si/] c\ld possibly arise1 !y be+ kept1 z we see1 s utt]ly ap>t4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! seem+ly in/9ctive natural affection betwe5 two s ne>ly relat$ is n qu5*$ by ^! /range re/ra9ts4 ,!y rema9 int]e/$ 9 ea* o!r's welf>e1 & 9 cases ( sickness1 = in/ance1 keep !mselves in=m$ ( ea* o!r's condition ?r\gh ?ird p]sons4 ,s great1 h[ev]1 is ! dep? 9 action 7on ^! l9es7 ( ! feel+ ( avoidance 9 ?is matt]1 t ,i am conv9c$ t ! infanticide ( tw9s1 :i* only takes place 9 ,new ,cal$onia :5 ! *ildr5 are ( diff]5t sexes1 arises f ! idea ( a too close prop9quity 9 ! womb4 ,fur!r evid5ce z to ! v widespread exi/5ce ( ?is cu/om 9 ! ,s\? ,seas ,i w leave to a lat] /age1 only not+ "h t ,i h be5 a/oni%$ to f9d1 9 answ] to inquiries1 t x is well recognis$ among/ ! aborig9es1 ( ,au/ralia4 ,mr4 ,atk9son has left a blank space = an expect$ communication f ! late ,mr4 ,curr4 ,on #8,avoidance' 9 ,au/ralia1 betwe5 bro!r & si/]1 ,messrs ,sp5c] & ,gill5 write3 #8,a curi\s cu/om exi/s ) reg>d to ! mutual behavi\r ( eld] & y\ng] si/]s & _! bro!rs4 ,a man may speak freely to 8 eld] si/]s 9 blood1 b ^? :o are tribal ,ung>ait*a mu/ only be spok5 to at a consid]able di/ance4 ,to y\ng] si/]s1 blood & tribal1 he may n speak1 or1 at lea/1 only at su* a di/ance t ! features are indi/+ui%able4444 ,we _c discov] any explanation ( ?is re/riction 9 reg>d to ! y\ng] si/]2 x c h>dly be suppos$ t x has any?+ to d ) ! dread ( any?+ l ince/1 else :y is !re n z /rong a re/riction 9 ! case ( ! eld] si/]s8#f ,n[ ! occurr5ce ( ?is p>ticul> habit amid/ a race ( nomad hunt]s1 =c$ by ! exig5cies ( ! *ase to w&] ab\t 9 isolat$ gr\ps1 compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( s+le families1 & :]e ! sep>ation ( ! sexes _c possibly be arrang$1 z ) ! hut & village dwell+ ,cal$onians1 is a mo/ rem>kable fact4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation ! di/urb+ effects ( su* an avoidance 9 ! int]nal economy ( su* a family circle1 ! significance ( ! circum/ance is great z reg>ds our g5]al argum5t4 ,x becomes1 inde$1 evid5t t ! fundam5tal cause ( ! cu/om involv+ ?is daily & h\rly dislocation ( dome/ic life1 mu/ lie v deep 9 savage society4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our !ory z to ! idea :i* dom9at$ ! inception ( ?is /range habit %all turn out to be correct1 !n x w be se5 t no surprise ne$ be felt1 if ! g5esis ( ?is rule %\ld prove to be 9 ! animal /age1 t traces ( ! sup]/ructure %\ld exi/ to our day4 ,n[ t att5tion w p]haps be m closely drawn to ?is1 till rec5tly ! lea/ obs]v$ ( ! cases ( ,avoidance1 ,i feel sure t pro( ( its exi/5ce w be f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! pres5t or pa/ ( all primitive peoples4#g ,9 view ( its unexpect$ly wide dissem9ation 9 ,au/ralia1 hope may be felt t rese>* w f9d x z a work+ factor 9 _m peoples :]e its pres5ce has be5 lea/ expect$1 & n only 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,x is possible t a /rict] exam9ation ( ! inn] life ( l[] races 9 ,africa & ,asia w all[ a p]fectly legitimate inf]5ce t !y are /ill "u ! influ5ce ( its effect1 al?\gh ! cu/om itself may be no long] 9 actual =ce4 ,x is also possible1 z ,i h said1 t ,survivals & ,my?s may po9t conclusively to its hav+ _h its day among/ ! highe/ nations1 ) :om all traditions ( x h be5 lo/ be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,r ! rev]se is ! case2 see ! m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 bro!r & si/]1 & ( ! ,incas1 c4--,a4 ,l4 ,9 _m cases philological evid5ce bas$ on ! d]ivation ( ! root syllable ( ! ^w #8si/]1 a ^w :i* 9 ! tongues ( peoples /ill ob$i5t to ?is law is f a root imply+ #8,avoidance1' may af=d affirmative pro(1 z circum/antial z unexpect$1 t ?is cu/om 0 once z univ]sal z my !ory w\ld require4'#h ,if difficulty is felt 9 ! acceptation ( an hypo!sis ( su* wide significance1 simply bas$ on an obscure l[] cu/om s little not$ 9 an?ropological lit]ature z to p]mit d\bts ( its exi/5ce1 ,i c only repeat t a cognisance ( ! traits ( ?is p>ticul> habit ( avoidance & its effect z a factor 9 savage life dem&s su* conditions ( resid5ce & *ances ( obs]vation1 z c fall to ! lot ( few4 ,i may add t x is "o ( ! v fir/ cu/oms to disappe> aft] contact ) :ites1 especially mission>ies1 be+1 z x is1 9 su* extreme div]g5ce ) ! economy ( ! ,european family1 9 reg>d to ! mutual attitude ( bro!r & si/]4 ,x is m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ! au?or _h 8 att5tion fir/ drawn to ! practice4 ,! evolution ( ! idea ( its possible id5tity ) ! ,primal ,law has l$ to a cont9u$ & close obs]vation2 he is ?us able to c]tify z to its rapid disappe>ance4 ,bro!r & si/] avoidance 0 at t "t1 ?irty ye>s ago1 q univ]sal 9 ,new ,cal$onia2 n[ 9 _m places x is unkn[n1 ev5 z a tradition1 among ! y\ng] aborig9es4 ,9 view ( ! probability ( a simil> oblivion among o!r peoples1 ! imm$iate collection ( evid5ce is urg5t1 & fur!r delay seems dang]\s & ev5 culpable4 ,?us1 h[ev] mu* to ! pres5t advantage ( ! !ory z reg>ds ! cu/om x w\ld h be5 to cull l>g] pro(s f t va/ field ( lit]ature only to be procur$ 9 old] l&s1 x has seem$ desirable to make ?is !sis public )\t fur!r delay4 ,z we h said1 if ! !ory is correct1 wid] /ud5ts w br+ =w>d cog5t facts 9 fur!r pro( f exi/+ k1 :il/ cont9u$ rese>* %\ld af=d evid5ce s complete ( ! widespread exi/5ce ( ! cu/om 9 ! pres5t & pa/ ( ! human race1 z to r5d] my speculation z to its orig9 less seem+ly illegitimate4#i ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory is bas$ on ! idea t our suppos$ an?ropoid ance/or 0 em95tly unsocial4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #b3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 #cfa-cfc 7#ahga74 ,footnote #c3 ,i ought to h said #8)9 ! community1 :e!r local or ( recognis$ k9dr$1 indicat$ by ! totem "n4'--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,crawley's ,my/ic ,rose 7#aijb74 ,footnote #e3 ,cf4 ,v4 de ,ro*as1 ,la ,n\velle-,caldonie1 p4 #bci2 ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #f3 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4--;,a4 ,l44 ,footnote #g3 ,mr4 ,atk9son's =eca/ 0 correct4 ,bro!r & si/] avoidance is v widely diffus$4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #h3 ,! au?or does n give examples ( words = #8si/]' imply+ avoidance4 ,b we else:]e %[ t 9 ,lifu 7,melanesia7 ! ^w = #8si/]' means #8n to be t\*$4'--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #i3 ,o!r speculations h n[ be5 advanc$1 especially by ,mr4 ,crawley4--,a4 ,l4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sexual ,,relations ,,( ,,animals ,bro!r & ,si/] ,avoidance1 a p>tial usage among ! high] mammals4--,males' attitude to females 9 a gr\p dom9at$ by a s+le male head4--,b& ( exil$ "y males4--,_! relations to ! sire4 --,examples 9 cattle & horses--,9 game-f[l4--,/rict localisation ( animals4--,exil$ "y males hov] on ! fr+e ( ! p>5t gr\p4--,p>ricide4 ,ano!r difficulty 9 connection ) ! evolution ( ! s-call$ ,primal ,law ( ,avoidance betwe5 bro!r & si/] f t e>ly idea :i* we w pres5tly disclose1 seems to lie 9 ! fact t if1 z we uphold1 su* law 0 ! fir/ factor 9 ! asc5t ( man1 x mu/ h tak5 its rise :il/ he 0 /ill "s ape-l creature4 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 to be %[n f its peculi> =m t 9 its primitive application1 ! law w\ld n h requir$ = its intellig5ce great] m5tal p[] ?an is possess$ by actual an?ropoids4 ,! law may inde$ be said to be practically an in*oate fact1 an actual if p>tial usage1 = ! regulation ( ! int]sexual relations among mo/ ( ! high] mammals4 ,x c\ld1 at any rate1 h come into full intellig5t application z a well-def9$ social in/itution1 9 ! actual s5se ( ! t]m1 :il/ ! an?ropomorphic prog5itor ( man 0 /ill s little remov$ f ! ape t ,8 spee* 0 yet z halt+ z 8 gait1 ,only less bruti% ?an 8 moral /ate4 ,briefly1 ! law ( ,avoidance conc]ns 7m p>ticul>ly7 ! relation #8int] se1' f a sexual po9t ( view1 ( ! male & female (fspr+ ( any giv5 p>5ts4 ,9 o!r words x det]m9es ! mutual attitude to ! females )9 a 7s+le7 family gr\p dom9at$ by a male head4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ent]+ into ! argum5t 9 ?is connection1 x w be desirable to make a p>aphrase on ,mr4 ,d>w9's dictum z to ! social condition ( man 9 ! animal /age 9 g5]al1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to 8 int]m>ital relations1 & to comp>e ?is ) t ( actual mammals4 ,x is to be not$ t he does n pron\nce def9itely z to :e!r1 9 ! era ( pure animalism1 ! orig9al type ( man's ance/or 0 social or non-social 9 habit4 ,b we may judge f ! extract already made f ! ,desc5t ( ,man t ,d>w9 evid5tly incl9es to ! op9ion t1 ev5 primitively1 he 0 a social animal1 z seem+ly m 9 accord ) ! pres5t em95tly social conditions4 ,! v significant c\nt]-fact1 h[ev]1 rema9s1 t none ( ! actual an?ropoids1 z f> z reg>ds ! adult males1 are 9 any way social or ev5 greg>i\s2 ! conclusion ?us seems evid5t t1 l ^! 8 ne>e/ compe]s ( to-day1 man 0 on ! contr>y a non-social animal1 & t1 z ) ! gorilla1 only "o gr[n male w\ld h be5 se5 9 a b&4 ,we mu/ !n imag9e our m or less human ance/or1 roam+ ! =e/ 9 se>* ( daily food1 z a solit>y polygam\s male1 ) wife or wives & female *ildr52 ! unsocial head ( a solit>y isolat$ gr\p4 ,) equal /r5g? & probably already great] cunn+ ?an any actual animal ( to-day1 he _h p]haps acquir$ dom9ance ov] mo/ ( ! o!r bea/s ( ! field4 ,! patri>* _h only "o enemy :om he %\ld dread1 an enemy ) ea* com+ ye> m & m to be fe>$--deadly rivals ( 8 v own fle% & blood1 & ! fruit ( 8 lo9s--namely1 t neighb\r+ gr\p ( "y males exil$ by sexual jeal\sy f 8 own & simil> family gr\ps--a y\?ful b& ( bro!rs liv+ toge!r 9 =c$ celibacy1 or at mo/ 9 poly&r\s relation ) "s s+le female captive4#a ,a horde z yet weak 9 _! impubesc5ce1 !y are1 b !y w\ld1 :5 /r5g? 0 ga9$ ) "t1 inevitably wr5* by comb9$ attacks1 r5ew$ aga9 & aga91 bo? wife & life f ! pat]nal tyrant4 ,b !y !mselves1 aft] brief communi/ic enjoym5t1 w\ld be segregat$ anew by ! fi]ce fire ( sexual jeal\sy1 ea* survivor ( ! slaught] relaps+ into lonely sov]eignty1 ! head ( ! typical gr\p ) its *>act]i/ic feature ( a s+le adult male memb] 9 antagonism ) e o!r adult male4 ,n[ x c be %[n t ?is vici\s circle ( ! /ream ( social life is common to mo/ mammals4 ,! facts ( ! circum/ance c be mo/ easily obs]v$ amid/ ! half-wild1 half-dome/icat$ animals met ) 9 colonial f>m+ exp]i5ce1 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 = in/ance1 :]e ,european horses & cattle h be5 all[$ to return almo/ to a /ate ( nature4 ,9 ?is respect ! economy ( life 9 a h]d ( ev5 su* greg>i\s creatures z ! bov9e race1 is a v curi\s & in/ructive /udy4 ,!re is no fact m /rik+ ?an ! subord9ation 9 :i* ! y\ng] bulls are kept2 z long z !y are at all tol]at$ 9 ! h]d by its patri>*1 _! int]c\rse ) ! females is mo/ limit$1 & only takes place by /eal? & at ! risk ( life & limb4 ,no?+1 z bre$]s are aw>e1 is s fatal to ! well-be+ ( a h]d1 or leads s quickly to deg5]ation1 z ! p]petuation ( ! race by immature males4 ,t procreation %\ld be ! act ( ! robu/ adult alone1 is evid5tly an axiom ) nature h]self 9 successful production2 x is d\btless ( ! highe/ importance to keep up ! normal /&>d ( /r5g? & size4 ,z a fact1 ! pres5ce ( ! immature male among a h]d ( cattle is only p]mitt$ :il/ he is /ill q impubesc5t4 ,!n bani%m5t by ! ma/] ( ! h]d is inevitable at a lat] /age4 ,^! exiles1 al?\gh ?us ap>t f ! ma9 h]d1 rema9 9 t\* ) x1 s to speak1 & we f9d 9 consequ5ce1 9 cont9ual proximity ( ! troop ( ! patri>* & 8 females1 a small b& ( males1 :i*1 z is evid5t f _! col\r & g5]al physical resemblance1 are its direct product4 ,! relations betwe5 ?is mob & ! old male are always /ra9$1 ! latt] has con/antly to be on ! wat* to %ield 8 m>ital rights4 ,= long ! m]e m5ace ( 8 pres5ce suffices = su* protection1 b ) age--! "y bulls becom+ m bold--/ruggles take place :i* soon] or lat]1 f m]e =ce ( numb]s1 end 9 ! r\t or dea? ( ! p>5t4 ,we may "h cite ! m5tion made by ,mr4 ,d>w9#b ( ,"l ,tank]ville's acc\nt ( ! battles ( ! wild bulls 9 ,*ill+ham ,p>k3 #8,9 #ahfa sev]al cont5d$ = ma/]y1 & x 0 obs]v$ t two ( ! y\ng] bulls attack$ 9 conc]t ! old lead] ( ! h]d1 ov]?rew & disabl$ him1 s t he 0 believ$ by ! keep]s to be ly+ mortally w\nd$ 9 a neighb\r+ wood4 ,b a few days aft]w>ds "o ( ! "y bulls approa*$ ! wood alone1 & !n ! mon>* ( ! *ase1 :o _h be5 la%+ himself up = v5geance1 came out & 9 a %ort "t kill$ 8 antagoni/4 ,he !n quietly jo9$ ! h]d1 & long held undisput$ sway4' ,i may add f my own obs]vation among half-wild h]ds 9 ! colonies1 t (t5 :5 ! old patri>* is n absolutely kill$ 9 su* cases1 he is =c$ to quit ! h]d4 ,he !n becomes a solit>y exile1 always exceptionally savage & dang]\s to approa* or mole/4 ,x seems to me probable t we h "h an explanation ( ! occurr5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! well-kn[n #8rogue' elephant1 :i* is always a male & notori\sly dang]\s4 ,"o important fact mu/ "h1 h[ev]1 be not$2 t be=e su* dea? or exile takes place1 & ! sons rea* an age :i* enables !m successfully to dispute ! supremacy ( ! fa!r1 ! daught]s h rea*$ pub]ty & borne produce to ! sire--?is matt]1 z w be se5 lat]1 has an important be>+ on our g5]al argum5t--on our !ory ( ,primal ,law4 ,among/ horses1 aga91 :i* h become wild1 exactly ! same facts are to be obs]v$4 ,ea* h]d has "o head1 & ?is1 z natural selection w\ld imply1 is ! mo/ p[]ful /allion2 he is ! ma/] & own] ( ! females1 & ?is ma/]y he reta9s until ov]p[]$ by o!r males1 :i*1 z be=e1 are almo/ inv>iably 8 own prog5y4 ,9 fact1 any /range male w\ld probably h fir/ to run ! gauntlet ( ?is outly+ h]d ( exil$ sons be=e he c\ld rea* ! fa!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 aga9 to be not$ t he is r>ely ?us ov]p[]$ by ev5 ! comb9$ ef=ts ( 8 sons1 be=e 8 daught]s h rea*$ su* an age z to h produc$ (fspr+ to _! fa!r4 ,?is sy/em ( sequ5ce ( g5]ations 9 bre$+ is1 inde$1 s univ]sal 9 a /ate ( nature among/ all animals1 z to seem to po9t to ! fact t 9-bre$+ betwe5 fa!r & daught] _c be s prejudicial z "s believe4 ,its efficacy 9 type-fix+ is at lea/ v great1 if1 z exp]im5ts ( my own 9 pig-bre$+ on ^! l9es w\ld lead me to ?9k1 ! "q ( prepot5cy is m]ely a matt] ( su* close 9-bre$+ repeat$ = g5]ations4 ,we may note "h t if1 z is probable1 ! produce1 on ! contr>y1 ( a full bro!r & si/] are deg5]ate1 nature seems to attempt to prev5t its occurr5ce4 ,on ! succession ( ! sons to ! fa!r's rights1 spe$y conflicts f sexual jeal\sy arise amid/ ! =m] & lead to a rapid segregation ( ! h]d1 9 :i* ! *ances ( own bro!r & si/] cont9u+ to mate are slight4 ,until ?is segregration1 h[ev]1 does take place1 no?+ is m curi\s to wat* ?an ! attitude & relations ( ^! "y males among !mselves1 ! olde/ & /ronge/ claim+ prior m>ital rights1 b no m4 ,! same ph5om5a 9 social economy may be obs]v$ ) ev5 great] int5sity 9 l[] ranks ( life ?an ! quadrup$s4 ,= in/ance1 9 a l>ge flock ( game f[l :i* ,i _h an opportunity to obs]ve closely = sev]al ye>s1 dur+ :i* !y _h ne>ly relaps$ into a /ate ( nature1 !re 0 an exact reproduction ( all ^! details4 ,!re exi/$ ! same division into small family gr\ps1 ea* head$ by an adult male1 ! same subord9ation impos$ on ! junior males ( _! bani%m5t at pub]ty1 z also _! inevitable comb9$ attack1 :5 suffici5tly p[]ful1 on _! pat]nal enemy4 ,8 dea? result$ 9 ! same communi/ic assumption ( 8 rights1 ) a subsequ5t disruption1 f jeal\sy1 into ! typical small] & sep>ate gr\ps4 ,we ?us f9d an id5tical condition ( ! sexual relations betwe5 ! females ( a gr\p & its old] & y\ng] male memb]s to be common 9 ! animal _w--! dom9ation1 9 fact1 ( an idea t might1 9 ! p]son ( ! s5ior male1 conf]s m>ital rights ov] ! female memb]s ( ! family1 & an in*oate rule ( action result+ !refrom2 :i* b>s f ! enjoym5t ( su* "r ea* junior male4 ,to hold t man1 :il/ 9 ! animal /age1 %\ld =m an exception to ! g5]al rule seems unreasonable4 ,if1 z we are incl9$ to believe1 he 0 orig9ally a q non-social animal1 ! fact becomes m possible /ill t1 z ) mod]n types ( an?ropoid apes1 ea* adult z head ( a gr\p 0 at feud ) e o!r4 ,z reg>ds ! social evolution1 x w\ld inde$ seem mo/ natural t1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 conceiv$1 ! fir/ /ep 9 progress %\ld h be5 tak5 by animals already unit$ greg>i\sly1 & ?us already imbu$ ) "s social feel+s4 ,/range to say1 ! pa? 9 advance :i* ! ance/or ( man1 9 ! light ( our hypo!sis1 0 de/9$ to foll[1 disclos$ itself z an indirect consequ5ce ( ! v int5sity ( 8 non-social *>act]i/ic4 ,9 fact1 z ,i fancy mil become evid5t 9 ! developm5t ( our argum5t1 ! only l9e ( progress op5 to man 0 "o inaccessible to animals ( greg>i\s habits1 judg+ by ! economy ( life 9 a troop ( m&rills or baboons4 ,hav+ v5tur$ to diff] f ! great naturali/ on ?is po9t1 ,i w\ld ) def]5ce take exception to 8 fur!r /atem5t--#8,t ! y\ng] males1 be+ ?us expell$ & w&]+ ab\t1 w\ld1 :5 at la/ successful 9 f9d+ a p>tn]1 prev5t too close int]-bre$+ )9 ! limits ( ! same family4' ,?is1 if ,i und]/& x rightly1 w\ld convey ! idea t ?is y\?ful b& quitt$ ! sc5e ( _! bir?1 & des]t$ entirely _! orig9al habitat 9 ! =e/4 ,i _c help consid]+ x an error to imag9e t su* w&]+s c\ld ?us be )\t b\nds4 ,no?+ seems to me m rem>kable & irrevocable 9 savage ,nature ?an ! rigid localisation ( all liv+ ?+s 9 h] realm4 ,no fi% 9 ! sea1 no bird 9 ! air1 b has its local habitation1 :i* only becomes free to ! /rang] on ! dea? ( ! occupant4#c ,no corn] on e>? b seems to hold its lawful t5ant1 & ! b\nds !re( are def9$ )9 rigid limits4 ,)91 !re is safety1 ) a s5se ( own]%ip2 )\t1 is ! great unkn[n1 possess$ by o!rs1 fi]cely ready to def5d _! rights1 & ?reat5 e dang] & dea? to ! /rang] intrud]--unless q o!rwise =midable ?an adolesc5t y\?4 ,x is ?us probable1 9 fact1 t 9 common ) ! l[] animals1 ! b& ( exil$ "y males ( our an?ropoid ance/or haunt$ ! neighb\rhood ( ! p>5t h]d1 rema9+ ?us on famili> gr\nd1 & 9 he>+ ( fri5dly voices4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t _! feud 0 only ) ! pat]nal p>5t4 ,9 ! magic alembic ( "t ! con/antly increas+ %ad[ ( _! pres5ce w\ld take sudd5 dreadful =m1 b 9 p>ricidal crime alone4 ,! sequel 9 disa/r\s ince/1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld "h conjecture at1 ,nature alone has ev] be5 impot5t to deal )4 ,! problem ( an effectual b> to undesirable union betwe5 bro!r & si/] 0 solv$ by man alone1 & 9 ! ,primal ,law4 ,an ef=t ( 8 embryonic intellect1 ?us e>ly defiant ( ,nature1 ! law plac$ e?ically1 = once & = ev]1 a di/9ction betwe5 him & e o!r creature4 ,footnote #a3 ,:y #8s+le8--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #b3 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is fact is well kn[n to angl]s = tr\t4--,a4 ,l4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,man ,,v>y+ ,,f ,,animals ,effect ( ! abs5ce ( a special pair+ season on nasc5t man4--,consequ5t /ate ( ceaseless w> betwe5 sire & "y males4--,man already m ?an an ape4--,results ( 8 prolong$ infancy & ( mat]nal love4--,a "y male p]mitt$ to live 9 ! p>5t gr\p4--,conditions 9 :i* ?is novelty arose4 ,9 common1 !n1 ) _! ne>e/ cong5]s ( to-day1 we h f\nd ea* male head ( a gr\p ( our an?ropoid ance/ors 9 direct antagonism ) e o!r male1 & a consequ5t disruption ( ! family at ea* enc\nt] ) a sup]ior =ce4 ,?is disruption1 9 its effects on a species ( non-greg>i\s habits1 w\ld result n only 9 ! disp]sal ( its memb]s1 b 9 ! de/ruction ( :at mat]ial progress 9 ! accumulation ( prop]ty might h accru$4 ,z ?is w\ld h includ$ all g]ms ( me*anical discov]y1 aga9 d\btless due solely to ! sup]ior con/ructive faculties ( ! male1 x is evid5t t advance 9 a race ?us socially con/itut$ 0 q impossible4 ,n[ ?is antagonism ( male ) male1 ) all its retrograde consequ5ces1 a /ruggle fi]ce en\gh 9 all animals1 _h a m int5se effect on nasc5t man ?an on any o!r creature t _h ev] exi/$4 ,an add$ =ce 0 caus$ by ! disappe>ance 9 ! nasc5t human species ( t season ( physical & m5tal repose1 grant$ by ,nature to ! re/ ( creation1 :5 n actually 9 ! mom5t or season ( rut4 ,?is ev]-recurr+ b limit$ p]iod1 ord9>ily appe>+ = a c]ta9 fix$ epo* 9 ea* ye>1 by ! exig5cies ( supply & dem& 9 ! necess>ily abundant food requir$ = nurs+ mo!rs1 _h lo/ its date-fix+ p[] ) ?is new creation--,man4 ,) ! v fir/ /eps 9 progress w\ld come 8 adaptation to a m or less omnivor\s & consequ5tly m regul> diet4 ,! consequ5t modification w\ld be pr(\nd 9 ! matt] ( sexual habit & appetite4 ,man ne$$ no long] to put limits to ! season ( love & desire4#a ,?is 0 a crime aga9/ ,nature1 new 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 a crime :i* ,nature w\ld probably h av5g$ by race-det]ioration or ext]m9ation1 if ! g]ms ( m5tal p[] _h n be5 already /rong en\gh to lift him1 ,man1 to be1 ( all creatures1 almo/ completely beyond ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 !nce ( ,nature h]self4 ,! int5sity ( ! evil l$ to its cure4 ,9 a /ate ( society :]e lit]ally e male creature's h& 0 aga9/ ! o!r1 & life "o cont9ual upro> f _! cont5d+ /rife2 :]e n only 0 !re no in/ant's truce 9 ! w>-f>e1 b ea* bl[ dealt 0 emphasis$ 7fatally7 by ! intellectual f9esse :i* n[ direct$ x1 x became a "q ( =c$ advance 9 progress or /raight retreat 9 annihilation z a species4 ,h[ev] difficult x may be to imag9e by :at pa? su* a creature 0 ev] to em]ge f ! mat]iali/ic labyr9? 9 :i* we ?us f9d him involv$1 x is sure t he nei!r c\ld nor did rema9 !re4 ,a =w>d /ep 0 someh[ tak51 "s road out ( ! maze 0 someh[ f\nd4 ,x rema9s = u to trace1 by :at dim light ( cu/om & tradition we may1 ! fa9t trail ( ^? mom5t\s footpr9ts1 :i*1 h[ev] lame & halt+1 took ! /rait & difficult way to a high] life4 ,we may expect to f9d1 z is b natural1 t ! pa? 0 "o be=e untrodd54 ,z man foll[$ x1 at fir/ unconsci\sly1 f ! %\ld]s ( ?is new pilgrim1 pr$e/9$ to wor?i] burd5s1 w\ld fall "s ( ! heavy load ( ! m]e animal nature4 ,!re 0 n[1 9 fact1 to be a break 9 ! economy ( animal nature1 z reg>ds t vici\s circle1 :]e we f\nd an ev]-recurr+ viol5t succession to ! solit>y pat]nal tyrant1 by sons ^: p>ricidal h&s 7 s soon aga9 cl5*$ 9 fratricidal /rife4 ,9 ! dawn ( peace betwe5 ?is fa!r & son we %all f9d ! signpo/ to ! new highway4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 we may "h /ate our assumption t1 :5 our ance/or _h arriv$ at ?is crisis 9 8 life1 a crisis involv+ ! va/ psy*ological /ep 9 advance impli$ 9 ! developm5t ( society1 & ! intellig5ce necess>y = ! evolution ( ! law 9 its regulation1 he 0 already some:at m ?an ape4 ,! animal /age z =m+ "p ( ! ladd] ( asc5t f brute to man w\ld be m>k$ by degrees ( progression1 ea* a /ep fur!r remov$ f ! orig9al type4 ,^! v e>lie/ /eps we inde$ propose to exam9e lat] 9 detail1 = ! pres5t we w suppose !y h be5 tak51 & t ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 "u c]ta9 hypo!tic conditions1 to be also detail$ h]eaft]1 has fo/]$ physical modifications t[>ds ! human type su* z we f\nd 9 ! matt] ( rut4 ,b 9 nature ! relation is v close betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal qualities4 ,! advance 9 "o w\ld possibly lead to a correspond+ developm5t ( ! o!r4 ,ea* is ! necess>y complem5t ( ea*4 ,= in/ance1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has po9t$ out1 :ile ! l[] extremities become m & m us$ = progression alone1 s ! upp]1 ?us left free1 w\ld be specialis$ z preh5sile organs1 s becom+ bo? valet & tutor to ! nasc5t bra94 ,to pu% our metaphor to an extreme1 we may say t :5 ,homo ,alalus trod ! new pa?1 x 0 already z a bip$ 9 an upright attitude1 ?us leav+ at lea/ 8 h& free to po9t x out to o!rs1 = z yet 8 tongue1 at lea/ by ! hypo!sis1 0 in>ticulate4 ,our l9e ( rese>* z reg>ds ! new dep>ture 0 at once n>r[$ :5 we indicat$ t x end$ 9 ! peaceful conjunction ( fa!r & son4 ,our pa? w lie 9 ! exam9ation ( ! "q z to :at possible s]ies ( natural circum/ances1 9 ! dome/ic life ( ! race1 c\ld lead to su* conjunction1 & :at law 9 su* an age c\ld suffice = regulation ( su* association if =m$4 ,we %all h to exam9e m closely 7z f> z our imag9ation w aid u7 ! exact conditions ( ! family life ( ! semi-human gr\p :i* we h suppos$ typical 9 t era1 i4e4 ! small isolat$ b& ( an?ropoids1 compos$ ( a s+le polygam\s adult male ) dep5d5t wives & (fspr+4 ,8 possible relations ) ^!1 especially 8 attitude t[>ds 8 male *ildr51 w int]e/ u4 ,!re9 %\ld c]ta9ly be f\nd ! desir$ s]ies ( circum/ances entail+ a critical situation1 ^: happy resolution %all furni% ! clue to ! problem ( t possible aggregation on :i* all future progress dep5ds4 ,h[ev] /range x may appe>1 x w be f\nd1 z we h already said1 t ! abnormal conditions impos$ by ! unnatural modifications ( ! sexual functions h s]v$ z a means to ! end ( advance 9 progress4 ,& z1 by _! action 9 ! pa/1 an?ropoid man _h become ! mo/ sexually jeal\s & intractable ( all creatures1 s x may be expect$ t ! s]ies ( causes :i* %all h = effect ! re/ra9t ( su* excess ( passion1 w possess fur!r va/ pot5tiality ( action4 ,su* lat5cy 9 pot5tiality is evid5tly indisp5sable :5 we consid] t !re is "h conc]n$ ! evolution ( law 9 opposition to nature1 & its triumph = all "t ov] ! m]e brute4 ,b fir/ z reg>ds ! fact ( ! association ( adult males on fri5dly t]ms )9 ! gr\p1 :i* fact has seem$ to u to con/itute ! :ole problem ( progress1 x w\ld on a ha/y view appe> z if x _h be5 already f\nd 9 ! b& ( exil$ sons :i* we h se5 haunt+ ! p>5t horde4 ,"h we meet ) t aggregation ( individuals ^: comb9ation 9 peaceful union %\ld app>5tly be ! result ( "s law 9 regulation4 ,?is idea w\ld ev5 seem to ga9 support f ! fact t all ! memb]s be+ bro!rs1 & liv+ mo/ probably 9 a /ate ( poly&ry1 we "h appe> to f9d fulfill$ exactly ^? g5etic conditions ( primitive m>riage imp]ative accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's !ory ( ! orig9 ( society4 ,x w n1 h[ev]1 be difficult to prove t1 at lea/ at ?is /age 9 evolution1 su* a gr\p w\ld lack ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( /ability4 ,_! unity1 9 fact1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 c\ld only endure z long z ! y\?fulness ( ! memb]s necessitat$ union = protection1 & _! immaturity prev5t$ ! full play ( ! sexual passion4 ,! horde w\ld inevitably dissolve "u ! influ5ce ( jeal\sy at ! adult /age1 especially if1 z is probable1 ! numb] ( _! female captives _h increas$ ) ! ga9 9 ye>s & p[]4 ,! necess>y ,primal ,law :i* alone c\ld det]m9e peace )9 a family circle by recognis+ a di/9ction betwe5 female & female 7! indisp5sable antec$5t to a def9ition ( m>ital rights7 c\ld nev] h aris5 9 su* a body4 ,x foll[s t if su* law 0 ev] evok$1 x mu/ h be5 f )9 ! only o!r assembly 9 exi/5ce1 viz4 t head$ by ! solit>y polygam\s patri>*1 #8! ,cyclopean family4' ,we h said t ?is family w\ld be compos$ ( ! male head & 8 wives1 ! latt] consi/+ ( captur$ females1 & fur!r1 let u note1 ( 8 own adult female (fspr+1 accompani$ by a troop ( infants ( bo? sexes4 ,! abs5ce ( male (fspr+ beyond ^? ( t5d] ye>s w\ld be ano!r mo/ notable ph5om5on4 ,^! sons w\ld1 z we h se51 h be5 bani%$ at pub]ty f ! h]d1 9 common ) ! habit ( mo/ animals4 ,n[ we h surmis$ t at ?is /age our subject has be5 modifi$1 bo? physically & m5tally1 to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 approa* to ! human type1 & !re is precisely "o special modification :i* w\ld h be5 ( p>am\nt importance 9 view ( ! problem ( advance 9 progress4 ,= if we may ?us inf] a c]ta9 increase 9 ! longevity ( ! nasc5t race at ev5 s e>ly a /age 9 evolution1 !n t evid5tly entails a m prolong$ infancy4 ,x foll[s t1 h[ev] precoci\s1 ! "y males be=e exile mu/ h pass$ at lea/ n9e to t5 helpless ye>s "u _! "m's c>e4 ,b1 aga91 ! rise ( sup]ior intellectual faculties 9 g5]al presupposes a decid$ increase 9 ! p[]s ( memory1 & ?is ag5t1 9 connection ) t ( ! long] companion%ip1 w\ld "h set 9 movem5t1 soon] or lat]1 a psy*ological factor ( /rangely magnifi$ =ce z comp>$ ) :at x is 9 ! m]e brute--namely1 human mat]nal love4 ,sep>ation1 h[ev] caus$1 betwe5 ?is "m & h] *ild w\ld be f> m sev]ely felt ?an by any o!r animal4 ,at ! r5ew$ bani%m5t ( ea* ( h] male prog5y by ! jeal\s patri>*1 ! "m's feel+s & in/9ct w\ld be increas+ly lac]at$ & outrag$4 ,h] agonis$ ef=ts to reta9 at lea/ h] la/ & y\nge/ w\ld be ev5 /rong] ?an ) h] fir/-born4 ,x is exce$+ly important to obs]ve t h] *ances ( success 9 ?is case w\ld be mu* great]4 ,:5 ?is la/ & de>e/ son approa*$ adolesc5ce1 x is n difficult to p]ceive t ! patri>* mu/ h rea*$ an age :5 ! fire ( desire may h become some:at dull2 :il/1 aga91 8 h>em1 f ! pres5ce ( num]\s adult daught]s1 w\ld be increas$ to an ext5t t might h ov]tax$ 8 once m active p[]s4 ,giv5 "s su* r exceptional situation1 :]e a happy opportunity 9 sup]lative "m love wre/l$ ) a = once satiat$ pat]nal appetite 9 desire1 we may "h disc]n a possible key ( ! sociological problem :i* occupies u1 & :i* consi/$ 9 a conjunction )9 "o gr\p ( two adult males4 ,we mu/ conceive t1 9 ! m>* ( ! c5turies1 on "s fateful day1 ! bloody trag$y 9 ! la/ act ( ! famili> drama 0 avoid$1 & ! edict ( exile or dea? left unpron\nc$4 ,pure mat]nal love triumph$ ov] ! demons ( lu/ & jeal\sy4 ,a "m succe$$ 9 keep+ by h] side a male *ild1 & ?us1 by a /range co9cid5ce1 t fa!r & son1 :o1 among/ all mammals1 _h be5 ! mo/ deadly ( enemies1 7 n[ ! fir/ to jo9 h&s4 ,s port5t\s an alliance might well br+ ! _w to _! feet4 ,! family gr\p w\ld n[ pres5t1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! till !n unkn[n spectacle ( ! inclusion )9 a dome/ic circle1 & amid/ its compon5t females1 ( an adolesc5t male y\?4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t su* an ev5t1 at su* an epo*1 dem&$ imp]atively v exceptional qualities1 bo? physiological & psy*ological1 9 ! primitive ag5ts4 ,! new happy end+ to t old-_w drama :i* _h run = s long ?r\gh blood & te>s1 0 an innovation requir+ v unusually gift$ actors4 ,h[ _m failures _h d\btless tak5 place 9 its rehe>sal dur+ ! c5turies1 ) less able or happy int]pret]s6 ,x is probable t1 9 ! new exp]im5t1 success 0 r5d]$ possible by ! rise ( new p[]s 9 nasc5t man4 ,"s feeble g]m ( altruism may already h aris5 to make its =ce felt z an important factor4 ,x is also c]ta9 t1 ) su* prolong$ infancy1 !re _h be5 opportunity = ! developm5t ( pat]nal philo-prog5itiv5ess4 ,x is evid5t t su* long-cont9u$ pres5ce ( sons c\ld b result 9 a c]ta9 mutual sympa?y1 h[ev] inevitable ! ev5tual exile4 ,! love & c>e ( a p>5t = 8 (fspr+ is1 aft] all1 e?ically speak+1 ! normal condition4 ,habitual des]tion at too e>ly an age w\ld be fatal4 ,_! dissociation1 ! abnormal & only "o1 took place "u ! influ5ce ( ! /ronge/ passion 9 nature1 aga9 l>gely exagg]at$ 9 primitive man4 ,b 9 su* an era purely physical *>act]i/ics w\ld und\bt$ly h also a va/ influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ! incid5t we h tri$ to depict4 ,! fi]cely solit>y patri>* :o fir/ cons5t$ to ! intrusive pres5ce )9 8 family circle ( ano!r adult male 01 z ,i ?9k we c prove1 a be+ ( abnormal physical p[] z comp>$ ) 8 fell[s4 ,= we h assum$ satiety 9 desire to h be5 a p[]ful factor 9 ! innovatory /ruggle we h witness$4 ,b su* satiety implies ext5sive polygamy1 & yet aga9 a l>ge h>em compos$ exclusively ( unwill+ outside captives is incr$ible1 escape = !m 9 ! primeval =e/ be+ too facile4 ,?us ! h>em w\ld c]ta9ly be =m$ ( ! female (fspr+ ( ! tyrant himself4 ,^! alone w\ld ne$ no wat* or gu>d1 = !m ! unkn[n outside _w 0 ho/ile gr\nd4 ,b aga9 v _m adult daught]s imply a fa!r /rick5 9 ye>s4 ,t "o ( su* advanc$ age1 9 an epo* :5 =ce 0 all 9 all1 c\ld1 defiant ( rivals1 /ill reta9 possession ( 8 female k9d1 presupposes va/ endur+ physical p[]1 or at lea/ ! protective tradition ( pa/ exceptional /r5g?1 /ill endur+ 9 t]ror4 ,if1 aga91 at s e>ly a date 9 ! hi/ory ( man we may be p]mitt$ to surmise any developm5t ( ! faculty ( psy*og5esis1 !n we may aga9 p]ceive h[ extreme physical qualities might h facilitat$ ! solution ( ! problem ( ! admission ( ! intrusive male4 ,= x is cr$ible t long undisput$ supremacy ( p[] z ! result ( p]sonal vig\r might1 9 its incr$ul\s contempt ( a possible rivalry1 %[ a tol]ance ( a situation utt]ly impossible to a weak] nature4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 *4 ii41 #ahia4 ,! subject is obscure4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>lie/ ,,evolution ,,( ,,law ,trace betwe5 semi-human sire & son4--,consequ5t di/9ction tak5 betwe5 female & female1 z su*--,consequ5t rise ( habit ( ,bro!r & ,si/] ,avoidance4--,result1 son seeks female mate f )\t ,note by ! editor4 ,9 :at1 !n1 we are will+ to conc$e1 mu/ h be5 exceptional circum/ances1 may ?us h be5 tak5 t fir/ /ep 9 progress :i* 0 to lead to su* va/ advance4 ,9 a developm5t ( ! social qualities dep5d$ ! :ole future ( mank9d1 & "h we seem to see _! g]m & bir?4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we affirm t ! triumph ( mat]nal love 9 ! cont9u$ companion%ip ( a male *ild1 con/itut$ ! solution ( ! social problem be=e u1 we d n int5d to convey ! idea t x lay solely 9 ! fact ( a simple inclusion ( male (fspr+ )9 a gr\p4 ,su* a condition1 h[ev] significant 9 ! actual case1 has no?+ 9 itself b :at is common to ! family economy ( _m animals4 ,x is ! normal "o1 = in/ance1 among _m pi!coids1 z baboons1 c41 :]e we f9d ! y\ng] males /ill =m an integral "p ( ! horde1 al?\gh d5i$ all m>ital rights4 ,b1 h[ev] inexorable among su* species ! tempor>y sep>ation f ! females dur+ ! actual season ( rut1 !re is at o!r times a prop9quity 9 amity z memb]s ( ! same h]d1 :i* less5$ d\btless ! fi]c5ess ( ! /rife dur+ ! p]iodic play ( passion1 a truce 9 fact admitt+ ( peace & alliance 9 (f5ce & def5ce dur+ mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,) our ance/ors !re c\ld be no su* heal+ pause1 ! unnatural sexual modification ( ! race _h r5d]$ x impossible4 ,! non-p]iodicity ( ! sexual function 9 rut w\ld h made ! :ole ye>1 ) two adult males 9 pres5ce1 an int]val ( trial insupportable to ! m]e brute4 ,) ?is race ! bani%m5t ( ! y\? w\ld be = all "t1 & ! loss w\ld be n only t ( an ally1 ea* exile w\ld become an active enemy4 ,n[ we h h9t$ t ! importance1 9 a pot5tial s5se1 ( a movem5t t[>ds union1 9 su* creatures1 arose precisely f ! fact t1 on acc\nt ( ! int5sity ( ! relations betwe5 male & male1 & especially betwe5 fa!r & son1 _! amicable conjunction 0 only possible "u su* exceptional conditions z w\ld probably conduce to its /ability :5ev] x did take place4 ,inde$ su* in*oate rule or habit1 a coroll>y ( ! e>ly idea1 z reigns 9 regulation ( m>ital rights among l[] creatures1 w\ld n be fully adequate = ?is high] creation4 ,) l[] creatures1 might alone conf]s rights1 :i* feebl] =ce ev] seeks ea* *ance to invade1 all /ratagems be+ legitimate z a means to t end4 ,) in*oate man su* imp]fect rule ( action _h become utt]ly impossible4 ,! great] end[m5t 9 memory & reason entail$ a too fatally add$ hate on non-compliance4 ,= in*oate m5 ! requisite law requir$ su* fur!r exactness 9 def9ition z %\ld leave no d\bt ( a mean+1 n only to be und]/ood1 b to be accept$ & obey$ unconditionally4 ,= betwe5 ?is fa!r & son !re 0 yet no real peace1 only a truce1 & t endur+ b s long z ! latt] respect$ ^? m>ital rights ( ! =m] :i* we f\nd ext5d+ ov] all t 0 fem99e 9 ! horde4 ,! intellig5t acceptance by ! intrud+ junior ( ! sole "r ( ! s5ior to union ) ! females ( a gr\p1 0 its s9e qua non1 :i* ! dawn ( intellectuality 9 ! race z inevitably impos$ z x happily p]mitt$4 ,su* a /ep 9 advance z a possible ob$i5ce1 ex animo1 to su* a law w\ld be imm5se4 ,!refrom w\ld issue ! vital po9t ( a conception ( moral res]ves 9 m>ital rights z reg>ds ! o!r sex2 ! g]m ( a pr(\nd & fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 brute & man4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w we enc\nt] ! factor :i* is to be ! lead+ p[] 9 future social metamorphosis1 i4e4 an explicit di/9ction betwe5 female & female1 z su*4 ,! sup]lative fact1 inde$1 9 relation to our g5]al argum5t1 appe>s--namely1 t c]ta9 females are n[ to become sacr$ to c]ta9 males1 & t bo? 7nota b5e7 are memb]s ( ! same family circle4 ,b :at %all be1 9 su* an age1 ! notes ( a law convey+ ?is noble s5tim5t ( sanctity1 :i*1 dis>m+ jeal\sy1 c\ld p]mit peace :]e be=e /rife reign$8 ,h[ give ! out] expression ( ! inn] feel+1 n[ ar\s$1 ( a *ange 9 ! pa/ int]sexual attitude ( c]ta9 gr\p memb]s8 ,:5ce borr[ ! eloqu5ce :i* %all orda9 rules 9 re/riction ( int]c\rse :il/ yet1 = ,homo ,alalus1 !y mu/ ne$s be mute 9 expression4#a ,9 ! primal law alone1 z ,i hope 9 its portrayal to %[1 c ea* condition be compris$ & f\nd z su*4 ,x w be m>k$ & recognis$ by a physical trait ^: pres5ce is z significant & imp]ative z x is *>act]i/ic ( ! epo*4 ,= a s5tim5t ( re/ra9t 9 feel+1 :il/ articulate spee* 0 yet lack+1 c\ld only be express$ by re/rictive *ecks 9 act & de$1 requir+ m]e visual p]ception = int]pretation--acts we may "h note1 :i*1 z insulat+ ! individual1 w\ld also inevitably t5d to consecration4 ,n[ we m5tion$ 9 our fir/ *apt] t1 9 connection ) ! primal law1 c]ta9 cases ( s-call$ avoidance1 & especially t betwe5 ne> relatives1 w\ld h int]e/ = u & probably af=d aid 9 pro(4 ,we drew att5tion to ! /range features m>k+ ^! cu/oms1 :i* _h r5d]$ _! orig9 a s\rce ( wond]+ conjecture to all inquir]s4 ,x may be t precisely ! actual anomalism ( ^! *>act]i/ics may r5d] !m eloqu5t 9 our case4 ,9 view ( our pa/ argum5t1 9 v de$1 no?+ n[ becomes insignificant 9 ^! qua9t rules ( non-prop9quity betwe5 c]ta9 ne> relations2 no?+ inexpressive 9 ! ord9ance ( non-recognition betwe5 individuals well kn[n to ea* o!r2 no?+ n sugge/ive 9 ! dread ( m]e contact betwe5 ^? :om nature w\ld place close/ toge!r1 no lack ( import 9 ! /range taciturnity s incongru\s ) our g>rul\s lat] days ( unloos$ tongues4 ,!re is a possible ve/ige ( a pa/ era ( dumb %[ 9 _! eloqu5t mut5ess2 ( connection 9 _! actual utt] unreason ) a long dead pa/ ( all unfamili> habits & mann]s4 ,fur!r1 is v]ily aught lack+1 9 ^! latt]-day cu/oms ( avoidance1 ( ! necess>ily ar*aic features ( a possible primeval law8 ,if ^! 9 tru? 7 /ill exi/5t1 w\ld !y n1 ) su* traits 9 common1 be simply class$ ) ^?8 ,und\bt$ly s1 z x seems to me4 ,n[ 9 ! c\rse ( our argum5t x has appe>$ t ! inclusion ( ! son z ! second adult male 9 a gr\p w\ld evolve1 z ! mo/ primitive rule ( action1 re/riction ( int]c\rse betwe5 its compon5t females & ! intrud]4 ,b 9 su* a gr\p1 ! =m] w\ld necess>ily be to ! latt] 9 ! relation ( "m & si/]s4 ,su* re/riction1 aga91 tak+ ! only possible =m1 w\ld be avoidance ( ^! relations1 & ?us !re is a concurr5ce 9 resemblance ) t p>ticul> habit ( avoidance on :i* we enl>g$ 9 our fir/ pages1 viz4 t betwe5 bro!r & si/] 7& n[ less /rictly71 betwe5 "m & son4 ,d we n ?us seem to lay a f+] on an actual law1 /ill an e-day work+ factor 9 savage life1 :i* is n only id5tical )1 b is 9 v de$ ! primal law itself1 9 =m at lea/8 ,! acceptation ( su* intol]ably irksome re/ra9ts z avoidance1 9 ! daily economy ( savage life1 has seem$ =cibly to imply a fundam5tal cause ( pr(\nd dep?4 ,?is cause n[ seems laid op5 to u4 ,! unacc\ntable & seem+ly unreasonable re/rictions on int]c\rse :i* m>k x ?us betray _! appropriate orig9 9 a "t ( comp>ative unreason4 ,?is !n1 ! primal law--avoidance betwe5 a bro!r & si/]--) appall+ cons]vatism has desc5d$ ?r\gh ! ages 79 cons]vance ( =m1 if n ( ultimate purpose74 ,x orda9$ 9 ! dawn ( "t a b>ri] betwe5 "m & son1 & bro!r & si/]1 & t ord9ance is /ill b9d+ on all mank9d b 9 ,egypt & ,p]u1 = example1 ! opposite ( ?is rule1 = special reasons1 has prevail$4 ,betwe5 ^! = ev]1 a bit 0 plac$ 9 ! m\? ( desire1 & *a9s on ! feet ( lu/4 ,_! mutual relation%ip is "o t has be5 held sacr$ f a sexual po9t ( view1 9 mo/ lat] ages4 ,x only rema9s = u to repeat t x foll[s t ?is law1 z appli$ 9 ! gr\p compos$ ( a s+le family1 is1 z we po9t$ out1 ! p>5t ( exogamy2 cont9uance )9 ! gr\p necess>ily & logically entail$ m>riage )\t2 b1 aga9 z we said1 x 0 itself ! (fspr+ ( ! e>ly idea4 ,= ?is idea1 9 its assumption t sov]eignty 9 m>ital "r 0 compatible ) solitude alone1 0 %ak5 to its dep?s :5 a second pres5ce ?reat5$ rivalry1 & dem&$ rem$y 9 ! action ( law1 :i* x has seem$ to u c\ld only take ! =m we h tri$ to portray#b 9 ! primal law4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv ,to ! ,editor ?is !ory seems wor?y ( ! +5uity ( 8 old fri5d & k9sman4 ,grant+ t e>ly man 0 a spee*less jeal\s brute1 dwell+ 9 gr\ps consi/+ ( a patri>*al bea/1 & all ! females :om he c\ld cat*1 & all ! females :om he c\ld beget2 grant+ t he drove all 8 adolesc5t sons out2 & f9ally 7"u ! circum/ances describ$7 kept "o or a few sons at home1 8 rule w\ld tabu all females ( ! gr\p to ^! sons4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be a fight4 ,! sons w\ld h to br+ 9 mates f )\t--! result is ,exogamy4 ,b ,mr4 ,atk9son does n obs]ve ! num]\s tabus exi/+ among savages1 on ord9>y 7n sexual7 int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & wom52 z if ea* individual1 ( ea* sex1 0 or might be dang]\s to ea* individual ( ! o!r sex2 t is no idea ( our spee*less brute ance/ors1 ( ,mr4 ,atk9son's hypo!sis4 ,^! tabus d n am\nt to absolute avoidance1 b !y d am\nt to v m>k$ re/rictions2 = example1 on eat+ toge!r1 or sleep+ "u ! same ro(1 ev5 :]e husb&s & wives are conc]n$4 ,= ! facts1 to save repetition1 x is en\gh to ref] to ,mr4 ,crawley's book1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose4 ,n[ if ^! less rigid tabus betwe5 ! sexes 7:i* ,mr4 ,atk9son not$ 9 8 obs]vations on ! life ( ,new ,cal$onian natives7 arose 9 ! g5]al savage sup]/iti\s dread ( ev]y?+ n a man's or woman's own self1 !y might become m rigid z prop9quity increas$4 ,! mo/ dang]\s female w\ld be ! female :o _h mo/ *ance ( be+ dang]\s1 by virtue ( prop9quity1 namely ! si/]4 ,%e w\ld !re=e be ! mo/ /rictly b>r$4 ,! close/ ( all relations1 t ( lov] & lov]1 & man & wife1 w\ld be mo/ sev]ely gu>d$1 z mo/ dang]\s1 by tabus4 ,all ?is w\ld happ5 7grant+ ! v]ifiable condition ( savage sup]/iti\s dread7 ev5 if ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory ( our spee*less bea/ ance/ors' way ( life 7 wrong4 ,we %\ld probably f9d ! effects 7,avoidance & ,exogamy7 ev5 if ! primeval causes po/ulat$ by him nev] actually exi/$4 ,moreov] any avoidance betwe5 "m & son t may exi/ 7z 9 ! case ( ! mo!rs ( *iefs1 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 & _! sons7 is p]haps no m ?an "p ( ! g5]al rule ( re/rict$ famili>ity betwe5 ! sexes1 :e!r t rule arises f a sup]/ition1 or f ! circum/ance t m5 & wom5 sometimes #8di/urb ea* o!r damnably1' z ,"l ,byron rem>k$ to 8 wife4 ,x might be argu$ t ! exogam\s prohibition is only "o aspect ( ! g5]al totem tabu2 & t1 9 ! case ( bro!rs & si/]s1 ince/ aga9/ ! totem tabu ne$$ to be gu>d$ aga9/ 7z mo/ likely to occur7 by precautions ( avoidance peculi>ly /r+5t4 ,^! precautions1 !n1 w\ld n necess>ily come d[n f ! "t ( our hypo!tical spee*less bea/ ance/ors4 ,!y might come d[n f t "t1 b ! desc5t1 x may be object$1 is n necess>y4 ,! rules might h aris5 among m5 z human z we are--,totemi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x might be argu$ = ,mr4 ,atk9son t 8 hypo!tical gr\ps mu/ be inf9itely old] ?an ,totemism4 ,:5 totem names 7 impos$ on ! e>li] gr\ps1 ! totem "n & m>k w\ld only be a me?od ( di/+ui%+ gr\p f gr\p1 probably becom+ ! g]m ( lat] sup]/itions by :i* ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! totem 0 tabu$1 9 ea* case1 to ! gr\ps be>+ its "n4 ,ei!r alt]native hypo!sis is easily conceivable3 on ! :ole1 ,i pref] ! !ory t exogamy arose1 or an exogam\s t5d5cy arose1 z 9 ,mr4 ,atk9son's hypo!sis1 & 0 lat] sanction$ by ! totem sup]/ition4 ,z to bro!r & si/] avoidance1 if !re is an #8in/9ct1' z ,we/]m>ck ?9ks1 aga9/ m>riage betwe5 ne> relations1 if #8close liv+ toge!r inspires an av]sion to int]m>riage' 7pp4 #ceb1 #ede71 !n ! avoidance ( bro!r & si/] w\ld make !m especially apt to fall 9 love toge!r4 ,b !y don't4 ,bro!r & si/]1 "u ! tabu1 are ! greate/ possible /rang]s to ea* o!r4 ,!y h n #8liv$ 9 long-cont9u$ intimate relation%ip f a p]iod ( life at :i* ! action ( desire is out ( ! "q' 7,we/]m>ck1 p4 #cec74 ,!y h done precisely ! rev]se4 ,s :y !y d n fall 9 love ) ea* o!r is :at we h /ill to expla94 ,all ! rigid sy/ems ( bro!r & si/] avoidance exi/1 x w\ld seem1 to prev5t :at nev] w\ld h occurr$1 _h ! "y p be5 all[$ to gr[ up toge!r4 ,= 9 t case !y c\ld h _h 7we are to fancy7 no erotic desires t[>ds ea* o!r2 t is ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's idea4 ,b c\ld !y n8 ,he tells u t1 among ! ,annamese1 #8no girl :o is twelve ye>s old & has a bro!r is a virg9' 7p4 #bib74 ,& ! ,hott5tots d n #8m>ry out ( _! own kraals' 7p4 #cdg74 ,!n :]e are we1 exactly8 ,if !re is #8a real p[]ful in/9ct' aga9/ love betwe5 p]sons :o #8h liv$ 9 a long-cont9u$ intimate relation%ip' f *ildhood--:y does ! in/9ct fail to affect ,annamese & ,hott5tots1 = in/ance8 ,& if to be absolute /rang]s to ea* o!r is apt to make two "y p fall 9 love1 :y d ,new-,cal$onian bro!rs & si/]s nev] d x8 7,comp>e ,mr4 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #ddd-ddf47 ,footnote #a3 ,h[ d we "k t homo 0 /ill alalus8--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #b3 ,lat]1 z we fur!r analyse ! *ords 9 ! great hymn ( human exi/5ce1 we %all f9d t ?is fir/ ( all rules ( intellig5t moral action1 h[ev] little x may h _h ( e?ical int5tion 9 its inception1 w ev] rema9 79 its effects7 ! fundam5tal note 9 ! h>mony ( psy*ical life4 ,all succe$+ law is its inevitable coroll>y1 & vibrat+ 9 cad5ce ) ?is fundam5tal note4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,avoidances ,results 9 /r5g!n+ ! gr\ps :i* admit sev]al adult males4--,disappe>ance ( ho/ile b& ( exil$ "y males4--,relations ( sire & female mates ( "y males n[ )9 ! gr\p4--,fa!r-9-law & daught]-9-law avoidance4--,rights z betwe5 two g5]ations4--,eld] bro!r & y\ng] bro!r's wife avoidances4--,note on ,ho/ile ,capture4 ,if we c admit ! argum5t z to ! sequ5ce ( incid5ts :i* ?us l$ to ! prim>y amicable conjunction ( two males )9 ! same gr\p1 x is n necess>y to ent] v m9utely into ! exact mann] 9 :i* x w\ld gr[ into a habit & spread ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,we may surmise t1 9 spite ( ! advantages pres5t$1 its progress w\ld1 f ! isolation ( ! gr\ps1 & _! mutual ho/ility1 be v sl[4 ,?is w\ld specially be ! case if1 z ) physical v>iations1 ?is po9t ( dep>ture 9 social developm5t 0 a purely individual "o1 & s _h to spread f a s+le c5tre by natural selection act+ ?r\gh a b5eficial v>iation4 ,x is1 9 fact1 difficult to conceive1 9 view ( ! s]ies ( ! abnormal factors we h suppos$ necess>y = ! g5esis ( su* evolution1 t any co9cid5t dep>ture ( ! same nature w\ld be likely to occur 9 any o!r c5tre4 ,x is ev5 c]ta9 t ! full possible b5efit ( ! innovation w\ld n be able to make itself felt ev5 9 ! gr\p ( its creators4 ,x is easy to und]/& t1 9 spite ( ! %ield-l love ( ! "m1 !re w\ld be friction betwe5 fa!r & son 9 su* unfamili> circum/ances1 n only novel to ! individual1 b unhabitual to ! race4 ,9 fact1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t on ! "p ( ! fa!r !re 0 at fir/ only a sulky tol]ance ( ! new arrangem5t1 a tacit b v unwill+ acquiesc5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( ! son4 ,on ! "p ( ! son w\ld exi/ a wat*ful res]ve1 ) an ev]-haunt+ s5se ( insecurity1 born ( a novel & prec>i\s situation4 ,ev5 on su* t]ms1 h[ev]1 & ) :at little might be ( conciliation betwe5 ! two1 x is evid5t t a mom5t\s =w>d /ep has be5 tak53 ! p[]s ( ! gr\p 9 (f5ce & def5ce1 z aga9/ outsid]s1 w\ld be enorm\sly increas$2#a ! fire ( y\? & ! wisdom ( old age = ! fir/ "t jo9$ =ces1 & pat]nal exp]i5ce comes to ! aid ( filial c\rage & ard\r4 ,on ! dea? ( ! patri>* ! family f\nd a natural protector1 & :at pot5tial g]ms ( advance1 mat]ial or spiritual1 _h be5 evolv$1 w\ld rema9 intact4 ,! real significance ( ! circum/ance ( su* conjunction w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd to lie 9 ! "* ( its consequ5ces z entail+ fur!r progress4 ,?us we h sugge/$ t ! orig9al innovation consi/$ 9 ! tol]ation ( ! pres5ce ( a s+le male (fspr+4 ,b ! way 0 evid5tly ?us pav$ = ! acceptance1 at lea/ 9 lat] g5]ations1 ( o!rs ( ! "y males1 al?\gh at fir/ only ( ^? :o1 n too mu* rivall+ ! fa!rs 9 p[]1 w\ld (f] lea/ gr\nds = jeal\sy4 ,n[ if we may accept x z an axiom 9 ! matt] ( social progress 9 ?is race1 t ev]y?+ dep5d$ on aggregation ( numb]s 9 peaceful union1 !n su* r5ew$ inclusion pres5ts itself 9 an important light4 ,:5 x grew into a habit1 ! va/ increase 9 p[] ) e succe$+ g5]ation to a gr\p1 :i* is impli$ 9 ! fact ( ea* male *ild c\nt+ z an unit ( /r5g?1 becomes evid5t4 ,! new sup]iority to ! orig9al ,cyclopean =m ( family1 ) its solit>y male head1 is enorm\s4 ,! ext9ction ( ! latt] type w\ld only be a matt] ( "t1 x w\ld f9ally result f ! easy capture1 by bett] organis$ rivals1 ( _! females4 ,) ! gradual disappe>ance ( ^? :o clung to ! old ord]1 ! leav5 ( progress w\ld spread 9 p]man5ce ?r\gh ! :ole mass4 ,x w\ld ev5tually become ! rule t all ! male (fspr+ %\ld rema9 )9 a gr\p1 to =m h5ce=? an integral "p ( x4 ,?is result w\ld be v important f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,su* ret5tion ( sons w\ld lead to ! elim9ation ( "o ( ! greate/ pa/ elem5ts ( disord]--t b& ( exil$ "y males1 :i* we f\nd z a con/antly m5ac+ adjunct ( ! ,cyclopean family1 w\ld cease to exi/4 ,b1 aga91 a v slight reflection w enable u to p]ceive t su* a modification z ! pres5ce ( ^! celibate "y males 9 ! family circle mu/ soon h entail$ consequ5ces 9 social evolution ( a new & /range complexion1 ?or\ghly emb>rass+1 9 su* an era1 to ^? int]e/$4 ,primitive social economy 0 n[1 9 fact1 to ent] on phases pres5t+ su* possibilities ( complication & disruption z mu/ =cibly h l$ to ! cont9u$ evolution ( law 9 regulation4 ,su* complications w become at once app>5t on an exam9ation ( ! probable sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 ! family life ( ! race4 ,su* law 9 regulation w be %[n to h be5 evolv$1 &1 z be=e1 to be /ill exi/5t z a rule ( action 9 ^! latt] days1 & ) all ^? weird *>act]i/ics ( mutism & g5]al anomalism :i* prove its ar*aic orig94 ,grant$ a gr\p consi/+ ( a patri>* ^: m>ital rights ext5d ov] all its females1 & ( "y males ^: attitude1#b f a sexual po9t ( view1 is m>k$ by ! /rict res]ve orda9$ by ! primal law1 x by no means foll[s t su* celibacy ( ! "y males w\ld ext5d beyond ! fem99e elem5t ( _! own troop4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! :ole ( ! outside _w rema9s free = !m to *oose f4 ,9 fact1 x is evid5t t x is !re1 9 ! _w outside ( ! gr\p1 t _! future mates mu/ be f\nd4 ,on ! compon5t females ( ! p>5t horde a ban has be5 = ev] laid1 b all else ( womank9d are free ( ! int]dict2 !y are beyond ! law1 & #8,s9 is n imput$ :]e !re is no law4' ,"h1 !n1 9 ! out] _w1 w\ld _! wives be s\ght4 ,! complication we h m5tion$ w\ld arise :51 aft] successful captures ( females by ! "y males1 captures :i* x is h>dly necess>y to /ate w\ld h be5 #8ho/ile1' ! introduction ( _! captives )9 ! p>5tal gr\p took place4 ,! pres5ce ( females n to be 8 own )9 a circle :]e all t 0 fem99e _h ev] be5 8 9 undisput$ "r1 w\ld c]ta9ly /ir to its dep?s ! s\l ( ! ,cyclopean type ( p>5t4 ,su* a situation mu/ 9 its inception h caus$ a friction full ( m5ace to ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,! only solution w\ld be1 z we h said1 9 ! fur!r evolution ( law 9 rem$y4 ,we %all1 z be=e1 expect to f9d ! law orda9+ re/rictions on int]c\rse betwe5 c]ta9 individuals1 & m>k$ ) ! ar*aic *>act]i/ic ( m]e visual action be+ suffici5t = its int]pretation4 ,su*1 !n1 z x 01 we /ill f9d x1 9 ! habit /ill common ) _m races ( avoidance betwe5 fa!r-9-law & daught]-9-law4 ,9 mute avoidance betwe5 ^! two c\ld peace alone endure 9 ! new crisis4 ,! new rule impli$ ! developm5t ( ! same respect by ! fa!r = ! m>ital rights ( ! son1 z we h se5 ! primal law to h _h = effect z reg>ds ! pat]nal pr]ogatives4 ,natural selection w\ld come into play 9 ! consolidation ( ?is new /age 9 legislative evolution4 ,= ! gr\p :i* fir/ adopt$ su* a modus viv5di w\ld ga9 s great an advantage ) ea* g5]ation1 9 po9t ( numb]s alone1 z w\ld quickly give x supremacy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =cible infr+em5t by ! fa!r on ! rights ( possession by ! sons 9 _! captives1 w\ld simply result 9 ! )drawal ( ! sons & _! wom54 ,h5ce disruption ( ! gr\p1 & a fatal retrogression to ! ar*aic type ) all ! weakness impli$ 9 a sole male compon5t4 ,"h !n we f9d r5ew$1 9 act ( cu/om1 ano!r b> to int]c\rse betwe5 c]ta9 individuals ( diff]5t sexes4 ,& n only z a peace-conf]r+ cov5ant w\ld ! fre% /ep 9 progress be important4 ,x m>ks ano!r /ride 9 advance f brute to man1 9 ! fur!r recognition ( po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 "o female & ano!r f a sexual po9t ( view1 ! g5etic evolution ( :i* s5tim5t1 9 ! primal law1 =e%ad[$ su* lat5t pot5tiality z already di/9ctive ( mank9d alone4 ,social advance to ?is /age has entail$ ! g5esis ( law 9 def9ition ( respective m>ital rights z betwe5 ! two g5]ations1 viz4 fa!rs & sons1 b fur!r evolution 9 regulation ( ! individual "r1 z )9 ! g5]ation itself1 is evid5tly indicat$4 ,= all memb]s ( ! latt]1 z is ! case to-day ) _m l[] p1 w\ld be consid]$1 de facto1 a class1 9 :i* all are reg>d$ z bro!rs1 own or tribal1 ^: int]e/ 9 all ?+s reg>d+ _! classificatory rights w\ld be 9 common4#c ,su* w\ld be m especially ! case 9 respect to female captives1 ^: capture w\ld be ! act ( all4 ,"h sexual jeal\sy1 if uncontroll$1 w\ld inevitably lead to repetitions ( t viol5t segregation ( ! memb]s :i* occurr$ "u ! same circum/ances amid/ _! primitive prototypes--i4e4 t b& ( isolat$ "y males1 contempor>ies ( & exiles f "s ,cyclopean family4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 surmise t1 n[ or soon1 ! g5]al developm5t ( intellig5ce & advance 9 social feel+ w\ld p]mit ! action ( ! necess>y rule 9 rem$y4 ,t rule w\ld d\btless take ! =m we /ill f9d exi/+ to-day = regulation 9 p>allel circum/ances1 a rule :i* simply accords priority ( "r 9 accordance ) s5iority 9 bir?4 ,su* "r w\ld 9 itself accrue naturally z ) o!r animals1 f ! fact t sup]ior /r5g? is f\nd ) great] age4 ,?is prior possession is n incompatible ) an amicable recognition ( ! privilege ( lat] p>ticipation by o!rs4 ,if su* recognition took place 9 fav\r ( ! rights ( ! juniors1 :il/ !y aga9 peacefully accept$ ! l>g] pret5sions ( ! s5iors )9 _! class1 !n natural selection w\ld aga9 act 9 _! fav\r by ! elim9ation ( gr\ps unable to abide su* conditions4 ,! arrogation ( sole possession c\ld b lead to ! dis9tegration ( ! troop4#d ,ano!r solution ( ! problem ( rights z betwe5 bro!rs may "h be not$3 x is t :i* is common to su* widely sep>at$ spots z ,new ,cal$onia & ,orissa1 viz4 ! law ( avoidance betwe5 an eld] bro!r & a y\ng] bro!r's wife4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ /rict & sev]e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 incompatible ) gr\p m>riage1 :i* we are n[ deal+ )4#e ,x m>ks ! g5etic /age ( mon&ry4 ,s f>1 !n1 we h ?us trac$ ! evolution>y process ( gr\p =mation--& we seem to f9d confirm$ t affirmation z to ! primordial ord] ( succession 9 ! g5etic gr[? ( cu/om :i* ,i v5tur$ to submit 9 my fir/ pages1 viz4 primo3 ! exi/5ce ( an e>ly idea ( concupisc5t lu/1 di/9ctive ( ! male head ( a gr\p1 :i* l$ to 8 pret5sions 9 m>ital "r ov] all its compon5t females 9 necess>y ince/u\s union2 secundo1 ! evolution ( ! primal law 7) :at little ( orig9ally e?ical int5tion is n[ immat]ial71 9 protection ( su* "r :5 ?reat5$ by intrud]s2 t]tio1 its acceptance by ! latt]1 &1 z an inevitable sequel1 _! indisp5sable capture ( outside females z sole possible mates4#f ,b !n ?is "q ( ! absolute necessity ( ! rape ( /range females z mates by ! "y males ( a gr\p1 op5s up to view ano!r rem>kable co9cid5ce ( effect 9 cu/om1 /ill endur+ to our day4 ,z su* x may furni% a clue to a feature 9 savage habits1 to :i* we h already allud$ z ! cause ( m discussion1 conc]n+ its orig91 ?an any o!r4 ,= habitual ho/ile capture ( females outside a gr\p by its male memb]s1 ) a co9cid5tal b> to sexual union ) its compon5t females1 seems simply a def9ition ( t habit among _m actual peoples :i* has be5 call$ ,exogamy by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan4 ,h5ce comes ! evid5t coroll>y to ! argum5t t ! primal law & exogamy /& to ea* o!r 9 ! mutual relation ( cause & effect4 ,we /at$ t if ?is 0 9 reality ! case1 & if "h we h ! orig9 ( m>riage outside ! gr\p1 !n ! novelty ( ! view1 & ! fact t x f9ds itself 9 opposition to o!r !ories on ! matt]1 weighty f ! em95ce ( _! prop\nd]s1 w\ld /ill require ! production ( a cle> s]ies ( pro(s 9 its fav\r if x 0 to be accept$4 ,su* pro(s1 h[ev]1 we pr$ict$1 w\ld ) rese>* be f\nd abundantly4 ,we hope t already 9 our !sis1 z f> z x has gone1 we may be consid]$ to h advanc$ "s su* te/imony 9 ! seem+ly necess>y id5tity ( cu/om1 9 =m at lea/1 9 a hypo!tic anci5t & an actual mod]n era4 ,!re is surely "h m ?an m]e =tuit\s co9cid5ce 9 social evolution4 ,x seems1 inde$1 a legitimate inf]5ce t ! div]s habits ( avoidance :i* we h cit$1 intelligible only by _! congru5cy ) su* phases ( g5etic gr[? ( cu/om z we h surmis$1 :il/ pres5t+ features utt]ly anomal\s z latt]-day creations1 are 9 reality ( ! ar*aic orig9 we w\ld assign to !m4 ,_! extraord9>y vitality1 :i* becomes almo/ bewild]+ to contemplate1 may be expla9$ by ! fact t1 z ! fir/ /eps 9 progress1 !y w\ld be necess>ily wov5 into ! :ole social fabric4 ,x rema9s to be se5 if1 9 fur!r unravell+ its tangl$ web1 o!r ?reads ( actual cu/om may n be f\nd z app>5tly eloqu5t ( a f> di/ant1 unfamili> pa/1 9 _! pres5t abnormal features2 o!r usages 9 e-day l[] 7savage7 life1 :i* 9 ! light ( a primal law %all furni% an unexpect$ solution ( _m p]plex+ problems 9 social evolution4 ,if x c be %[n t _! inception w\ld h be5 9 happy accordance ) ! resolution ( necess>y incid5ts 9 evolution>y progress1 may we n legitimately inf] bo? t su* cu/oms ?us _h _! orig91 & aga9 t ^! incid5ts really occurr$8 ,our fur!r rese>* into ! developm5t ( social in/itutions w po9t out indisputably1 t primitive society 0 n[ on ! eve ( a succession ( ev5ts 9 social ord]1 pres5t+ q a s]ies ( m5ac+ complications--_! resolution w seem+ly entail inevitably ! cont9u\s evolution ( law 9 rem$y1 :i* law w\ld h pres5t$ features id5tical ) ! actual laws ( avoidance & o!rs4 ,footnote #a3 ,x is cle> t1 = ?is reason1 natural selection w\ld fav\r ! new k9d ( gr\p4 ,! arrangem5t w\ld be imitat$4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #b3 ,) port5t\s endurance ( cu/om t[>ds ^!4 ,footnote #c3 ,h]r ,cun[1 z we %[$1 reg>ds ! #8classes' 7n ! #8phratries'7 ( ,au/ralian tribes z bas$ on a r\gh & ready calculation ( non-int]m>ry+ g5]ations4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #d3 ,see also ,we/]m>ck1 pp4 #deh1 #dei1 on ! ,khy\ng?a1 a ,*ittagong hill tribe4 ,aft] m>riage a y\ng] bro!r is all[$ to t\* ! h&1 to speak & laugh ) 8 eld] bro!r's wife1 b x is ?\ght improp] = ! eld] bro!r ev5 to look at ! wife ( 8 y\ng] bro!r4 ,?is is a cu/om m or less among all hill tribes1 x is f\nd c>ri$ to ev5 a prepo/]\s ext5t among ! ,santals4 ,footnote #e3 ,z a fact ! #8classes' 7probably di/9ctions1 orig9ally1 ( g5]ations7 d n1 ,i ?9k1 indicate #8gr\p m>riage4'--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #f3 ,we/]m>ck1 ut supra1 pp4 #chg-chi1 #edf1 agrees4 ,= ! opposite view1 cf4 ,crawley1 p4 #cfg4 ,we/]m>ck does n seem v sure ( 8 own m9d4--,a4 ,l4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,v ,m>riage by ,ho/ile ,capture ,mr4 ,atk9son accepts1 = ! excessively e>ly /age ( semi-human society ) :i* 8 hypo!sis deals1 ! necessity ( procur+ mates = ! "y bucks by capture f a ho/ile gr\p4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck writes1 #8,mr4 ,mc,lennan ?9ks t m>riage by capture arose f ! rule ( exogamy2' & ,mr4 ,atk9son holds t x arose f ! necessity ( ! case4 ,! old patri>* all[$ no female born )9 8 gr\p to be unit$ to 8 sons4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck says1 #8,x seems to me extremely probable t ! practice ( captur+ wom5 = wives is due *iefly to ! av]sion to close int]m>ry+ 444 toge!r ) ! difficulty a savage man has 9 procur+ a wife 9 a fri5dly mann]1 )\t giv+ comp5sation = ! loss he inflicts on h] fa!r' 7,we/]m>ck1 #cfh-cfi74 ,he admits a p]iod :5 #8! idea ( b>t] _h h>dly occurr$ to man's m9d1' ,b ,mr4 ,atk9son is ?9k+ ( a /ate ( affairs 9 :i* ! idea ( b>t] _h n occurr$ at all4 ,ev5 at ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's /age ( ! dawn ( b>t]1 #8m>riage by capture mu/ h be5 v common4' ,b ,mr4 ,crawley argues t because1 9 8 op9ion1 #8types ( =mal & connubial capture' are n survivals f actual capture1 !re=e #8! !ory t mank9d 444 ev]1 9 normal circum/ances1 7 accu/om$ to obta9 _! wives by capture f o!r tribes1 may be reg>d$ z explod$' 7,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #cfg74 ,?is dictum does n affect ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory4 ,semi-human be+s1 9 ! conditions imag9$ by him1 might be oblig$ to get _! wives by capture1 :e!r exi/+ types ( s-call$ =mal capture are survivals ( actual ho/ile capture or n4 ,if ,mr4 ,atk9son accepts ! =mal abductions z survivals ( real captures & s z pro(s ( 8 argum5t1 & if su* =mal abductions are n survivals ( real capture--/ill1 z ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck says1 ev5 aft] ! suppos$ /age ( semi-human life1 #8m>riages by capture mu/ h be5 v common'--9 ,mr4 ,atk9son's hypo!tical /ill e>li] /age1 !y mu/ h be5 univ]sal4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f ,,! ,,gr\p ,,to ,,! ,,tribe ,resemblance ( semi-brutal gr\p1 at ?is /age1 to actual savage tribe4--,resemblance m]ely sup]ficial4--,9 ?is hypo!tical semi-brutal gr\p pat]nal ince/ survives4--,causes ( its decl9e & ext9ction4--,! ,sire's wid[s 9 ! gr\p4--,arrival ( outside suitors = !m4--,bro!rs ( wives ( ! gr\p4--,new com]s b>r$ f m>ital rights ov] _! daught]s4--,jeal\sy ( _! wives int]v5es4--,value ( si/]s to be b>t]$ = si/]s ( ano!r gr\p discov]$4--,consequ5t resi/ance to ince/ ( gr\p sire4--,natural selection fav\rs gr\ps :]e resi/ance is successful4--,c\s9age recognis$ 9 practice4--,int]m>ry+ sets ( c\s9s become phratries4--,exceptional cases ( p]mitt$ ince/ 9 *iefs & k+s4--,no kn[n trace ( avoidance betwe5 fa!r & daught]4--,progress _h r5d]$ su* law sup]flu\s4 ,a sup]ficial view ( ! gr\p we h exam9$ might1 f its g5]al resemblance 9 cu/om to o!rs among actual l[] types ( man1 lead to a ha/y conception ( p]fect id5tity1 f a social po9t ( view1 9 ne>ly all o!r respects4 ,we see t exogamy1 ho/ile capture1 gr\p m>riage1#a & ob$i5ce to c]ta9 accept$ rules ( avoidance1 are common to bo?1 to ! hypo!tical semi-be/ial & to ! actual savage gr\ps4 ,! impression1 h[ev]1 w\ld be v errone\s4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! hypo!tical ar*aic /age1 /ill lurk$ z a fe/]+ cank]1 an ar*aic elem5t 9 m>ital pr]ogative1 :i* m>ks x z ( an epo* 9 ! life-hi/ory ( our race :5 ! brute /ill triumph$ ov] ! man1 an epo* f> remov$ f our own4 ,x possess$ a feature 9 connubial relations z betwe5 c]ta9 gr\p memb]s :i* plac$ a pr(\nd gulf betwe5 x & any exi/+ =m ( ^! days--a trait :i*1 :il/ x endur$1 w\ld t5d to r5d] all fur!r social progress difficult1 if n impossible4 ,x b>r$ ! road to t next great gradation 9 sociological evolution :i* is impli$ 9 ! fri5dly conjunction ( gr\ps 9 a tribe4 ,! latt] /age 0 a va/ upw>d /ep1 b /ill x 0 only "o r\nd 9 ! ladd] ( asc5t to man1 & inde$ d]iv$ its *ief importance f ?is fact z su*4 ,! tribe 0 ! real goal2 !re1 only1 c\ld be f\nd ! vital quality ( social /ability to be conf]r$ by peaceful connubium betwe5 unit$ gr\ps z oppos$ to ho/ile capture betwe5 isolat$ families4 ,ea* gr\p mu/ come to be 9 itself complete1 & yet ea* mu/ =m ! necess>y complem5t>y p>ts ( ! actual ,tribe common to all l[] races1 ) its typical divisional int]-m>riageable gr\p classes #8phratries'4 ,! fatal b> to a high] plat=m 0 a h]itage f ! an?ropoid ance/or1 &1 z su*1 em95tly *>act]i/ic ( an animal /age4 ,?is odi\s inh]itance 0 ! habit ( ince/ betwe5 fa!r & daught]1 :i* we h f\nd to be common to all ! mammalia z a dom9ant dome/ic feature4 ,z a factor 9 evolution we h se5 t x actually _h z direct outcome ! primal law itself1 & ?us1 ) a /range irony1 x may be said to h s laid ! f\ndation ( an ultimate moral s5se4 ,9 su* or o!r action 9 ! pa/ x _h1 h[ev]1 s]v$ its useful purpose4 ,its op]ation 9 ! future c\ld be b detrim5tal2 s oppos$ to all advance does x become1 t1 z we %all f9d1 x is to be f9ally swept aside s completely z to p]mit to "s /ud5ts d\bts ( its exi/5ce1 ?\gh #8,9 ,saturn's "t su* mixture 0 n held a crime4' ,leav+ no traces ( action 9 actual usage save 9 su* exceptions z prove ! rule1 x w n be difficult to %[ t1 9 giv+ bir? to ! primal law1 x doom$ its own exi/5ce1 & ?is ap>t f any e?ical connection4 ,! cont9u$ progress ( society l$ almo/ me*anically to developm5ts em95tly inimical to its cont9uance z a cu/om1 :il/ aga9 x w\ld be f\nd ev5 injuri\s to ! ord] ( ?+s z con/itut$ 9 ! e>lie/ gr\p-plus-tribe /age4 ,if we be> 9 m9d ! axiom t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! l>ge/ assemblage ( individuals 9 amity w\ld h ! greate/ *ance ( survival1 z possess+ m num]\s units ( /r5g?1 !n fa!r-&-daught] m>riage w\ld be p]nici\s by prev5t+ an assembly f pr(it+ to a full ext5t by ! productive p[]s ( all its memb]s4 ,= su* ince/ implies sole m>ital rights by a s5ior g5]ation ( males ov] a junior g5]ation ( females4 ,z ! latt] w\ld always1 f m]e disp>ity ( age1 outlive ! =m]1 x foll[s t1 on ! dea? ( a fa!r ! daught]s w\ld rema9 unproductive1 ! only o!r males 9 ! family gr\p be+ _! own bro!rs1 & z su* b>r$ to !m by ! primal law4 ,?is situation1 9 itself an elem5t ( weakness1 became d\bly s1 if1 z is probable1 ^! "y wid[$ females sec$$ to o!r & ho/ile gr\ps ) :om union to !m 0 free4 ,su* gr\ps w\ld 9 consequ5ce be by s mu* /r5g!n$1 at ! exp5se ( _! orig9al circle4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! wid[s rema9$ 9 _! own circle1 _! pres5ce z useless m\?s w\ld be emb>rass+1 & a possible s\rce ( dang] z a temptation to outside suitors4 ,aga91 celibacy be+ q an anomaly 9 su* an era1 complications might arise f possible infractions ( ! primal law itself )9 a gr\p4 ,b x is 9 special relation to ! fur!r movem5t 9 advance impli$ 9 ! fri5dly aggregation ( gr\ps into a tribe t ! effects ( pat]nal ince/ w\ld be mo/ fatally felt4 ,= :ile x reign$ z a cu/om & a fa!r usurp$ sole m>ital "r ov] ! :ole fem99e elem5t1 ! immigration into ! gr\p ( outside suitors = _! h&s w\ld be impossible1 _! possession by ! latt] w\ld be only possible aft] capture1 :i*1 be+ ho/ile1 w\ld t5d to keep asund] ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,& yet 9 ! next & high] /age ( social evolution1 z pres5t$ 9 ! amalgamation ( gr\ps into a tribe1 ! acceptation ( ^! outside mates 9 peaceful connubium is precisely ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature4 ,9 lat] days !y w be f\nd z ! male memb]s ( a c]ta9 #8class' 9 "o #8phratry1' &1 de facto1 eligible 9 gr\p m>riage ) all & c]ta9 females ( ! correspond+ category z reg>ds bir? 9 ano!r phratry1 )9 an all-embrac+ tribe4 ,z inde$ ) actual ,au/ralians1 :]e1 by "r ( bir? alone ea* #8class' conta9s ! natural born husb&s ( ! wives ( ano!r #8class4' ,su* connubium is evid5tly impossible :ile ince/ fl\ri%$ z a cu/om1 x c\ld only arise aft] its decay4#b ,x ?us becomes necess>y to /udy by :at possible conjunction ( affairs s desirable a result 0 arriv$ at4 ,we w f9d t1 h[ev] =tuit\s ! ev5t ( ! prim>y inclusion ( an outside possible suitor )9 a gr\p1 h[ev] timid & hesitat+ 8 entry1 8 pres5ce !re w\ld be ! signal ( ! beg9n+ ( ! end4 ,n[ x is evid5tly hopeless to look = any volunt>y acceptance ( 8 claims by ! liv+ fa!r1 to :om ! temptation to s easy a procur+ ( an inmate ( 8 h>em z 8 own daught] w\ld be irresi/ible4 ,!re w\ld be also on 8 side all habit & tradition1 & ) no direct gr\p int]e/ 9 opposition1 ! bro!rs be+ unconc]n$4 ,! initiative 9 *ange mu/ !n arise irrespective ( him1 & )\t ! ob/acle ( 8 pres5ce4 ,?is c\ld only be possible ?us aft] 8 dea?4 ,n[ x is important to obs]ve t precisely ! emb>rassm5t we h se5 arise aft] ?is ev5t mu/ be a means to ! end ( ! conjunction we seek4 ,we h not$ ! dang] ( ! situation "u su* circum/ances2 ineligible 9 union by ! primal law ) ! rema9+ male elem5t1 :i* is compos$ ( _! own bro!rs1 temptations to its infraction w\ld be z frequ5t z fatal1 on ! "p ( ! e>ly wid[$ si/]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! anomaly ( a celibate exi/5ce 9 ! animal /age w\ld t5d to ! secession ( wid[s1 s to speak1 to ho/ile hordes1 or to con/ant attempts at ho/ile capture by ! outside suitor4 ,b ) ! fri5dly entry ( ! latt] & 8 acceptance z a gr\p memb]1 all ^! di/urb+ influ5ces w\ld at once cease2 fur!r1 ! value ( an extra unit ( /r5g? 9 8 pres5ce w\ld soon make itself felt4 ,let u !n imag9e a b& ( bro!rs will+ to aid 9 ! su/5ance ( _! wid[$ si/]s1 /rong en\gh to defy _! capture by o!rs1 & det]m9$ to fru/rate any attempt at escape on _! "p4 ,! inevitable result w\ld be ! attraction )9 _! own circle ( suitors = _! h&s4 ,n[ x is wor?y ( note t ! feasibility ( ! process ( su* attraction & inclusion becomes m obvi\s :5 we reflect t if1 z is probable1 !y belong$ to a neighb\r+ gr\p1 !y w\ld ?us by no means f9d !mselves q /rang]s 9 _! new home4 ,= x is precisely f ne> neighb\rs t _! wives w\ld h be5 captur$ by ! males ( ! assembly !y h n[ jo9$4 ,^! wives1 9 fact1 w\ld be probably own si/]s to ! immigrants4 ,z su*1 !n1 we c und]/& an easi] tol]ance ( _! pres5ce by ! resid5t males1 _! new bro!rs-9-law2 z bro!rs & si/]s ! primal law creat$ su* a b> 9 division betwe5 _! own wives & ! new com]s1 z put aside any possible *ance ( friction 9 jeal\sy4 ,n[ ! significance ( ! entry ( outside males w\ld be va/1 f _m po9ts ( view4 ,9 a g5]al s5se we "h f9d t fur!r aggregation ( numb]s 9 unison :i* we consid]$ important1 z prophetic ( ! pres5t social condition ( to-day4 ,aga91 !re arises a r5ew$ di/9ction ( t diff]5ce z betwe5 "o female & ano!r1 s peculi> to mank9d4 ,= "h we see t = ! fir/ "t a si/] no long] ranks 9 exactly ! same l9e1 f a m>ital po9t ( view1 z a "m4 ,a daught]1 9 fact1 may n[ evid5tly h z mate o!r ?an ! husb&-fa!r4 ,z ! primitive m9d habituat$ itself to ?is idea1 ! fir/ s]i\s bl[ 0 dealt at ! old p>5tal pr]ogative4 ,aga91 9 o!r ways1 9 o!r m9ds ?an own bro!r & si/]1 w ?is *ange 9 ! old ord] ( ?+s be ?us br\ght home--to no "o m cle>ly ?an to ! outside suitor himself1 :51 lat]1 he becomes a fa!r2 ! tra9s ( circum/ances lead+ to x are v curi\s1 b w\ld arise 9 a p]fectly natural mann]4 ,! result 9 ?is connection w\ld make itself felt by him 9 ! next g5]ation1 ) ! adv5t to ! adult /age ( 8 own female (fspr+4 ,is x cr$ible1 inde$1 t ! orig9al male memb]s ( a gr\p :o _h solely accept$ 8 entry z mate = ^? ineligible females1 _! si/]s1 w\ld cons5t to 8 fur!r p>ticipation 9 m>ital "r ) o!r female gr\p memb]s8 ,evid5tly n3 = ?us ! sexual pr]ogatives ( ! /rang]s w\ld be mu* great] ?an _! own--= ! resid5t males are b>r$ by ! primal law f ! wives ( ! new com]s1 :o yet1 z resid5t females1 =m probably mu* ! mo/ num]\s section ( ! fem99e elem5t 9 ! horde4 ,if ! new com]s fur!r inh]it$ ! ord9>y "r ( int]c\rse ) _! own daught]s1 :o w\ld be correspond+ly num]\s1 !n ! ext5t ( _! rights w\ld entirely outbalance t ( _! bro!rs-9-law4 ,z orig9al resid5ts ! latt] w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ! law-mak]s1 & we c h no d\bt z to :at =m 9 su* a case law w\ld take4#c ,?us is /ruck a bl[ aga91 h[ev] indirect1 to ince/ z a cu/om1 a bl[ ^: p[] w\ld be ! m effective1 insomu* z "h x is ! liv+ fa!r himself1 9 ! outside suitor1 :o w\ld be 9 cause4 ,b ev5 admitt+ t x is possible to conceive a complac5cy 9 reg>d to su* p>ticipation 9 sexual rights on ! "p ( ! bro!r1 !re w\ld /ill be ano!r mu* m =midable ob/acle to ince/u\s lic5se z reg>ds 8 daught] confront+ ! male intrud] 9 ! p]son ( ! prec$5t si/]1 n[ 8 wife4 ,a psy*ological factor ( enorm\s p[] 0 n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w to make itself felt4 ,x w\ld be ! play ( ! natural feel+ ( sexual jeal\sy on ! "p ( 8 resid5t female mate4 ,! jeal\sy ( a woman1 9 fact1 is at l5g? able to make its /r5g? appe>1 to "s purpose4 ,z a wife :o _h n be5 captur$1 :o1 9 fact1 z an actual memb] ( ! gr\p itself1 01 s to speak1 ! captur]1 h] position 9 reg>d to h] dep5d5t husb& w\ld be pr(\ndly modifi$ 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! ord9>y captive female4 ,:]eas su* a captive1 seiz$ by ! usual process ( ho/ile capture1 _h be5 a m]e *attel utt]ly )\t p[]2 %e1 z a free ag5t 9 h] own home1 ) h] w back$ by t ( h] bro!rs1 c\ld impose law on h] subject sp\se1 & su* law dictat$ by jeal\sy w\ld und\bt$ly orda9 a b> to int]c\rse betwe5 him & h] m y\?ful1 & h5ce m attractive1 daught]4 ,by ^! !n1 & o!r incid5ts1 ea* ( va/ value1 we may p]ceive h[ ! primitive m9d became gradually prep>$ = a *ange s imp]atively necess>y = all future progress1 & h[ a habit ev5 s deeply +raft$ z ince/ may prim>ily h be5 =c$ to slack5 its hold4 ,x is ev5 possible to imag9e h[ f su* a po9t ( dep>ture1 ! cu/om might at once h entirely ceas$ among all1 or at lea/ a portion (1 mank9d4 ,if we c\ld conceive at ?is /age a secession f _! orig9al gr\p ( its resid5t compon5t females1 accompani$ by _! outside mates1 ) a cont9uance ( ! acceptance ( ! subord9ate /range suitors 9 future g5]ations ( ! new colony1 !n we c\ld admit ! probability ( rapid evolution 9 approa* to a well-kn[n actual gr\p =mation4 ,! p]si/5t importation ( ! always dep5d5t outsid] w\ld acc5tuate ! movem5t already begun aga9/ ince/--) two su* associations 9 unison1 c\s9%ip w\ld be recognis$1 & peaceful connubium 9 #8cross-c\s9' m>riage betwe5 gr\ps w\ld become a habit1 & female desc5t ! rule4#d ,b at su* a /age 9 social evolution1 x is impossible to accept ! dom9ance ( ! unsupport$ female or #8feme sole4' ,gyncocracy1 if x has inde$ ev] exi/$1 is evid5tly z yet incr$ible4 ,n ?us 0 dealt ! f9al fatal bl[ at ?is la/ great trait ( ar*aism4 ,we mu/ r seek x 9 ! famili> economy ( ! type ( gr\p we h left1 :i* is *>act]is$1 z ) o!r animals1 by ! pr$om9ance ( ! male4 ,9 our /udy ( ! v>i\s incid5ts 9 primitive social economy :i* w\ld h _h effect 9 a s5se inimical to ! cu/om ( ince/1 we h only consid]$ ! matt] f ! po9t ( view ( ! entry ( ! outside suitor aft] ! dea? ( ! pat]nal tyrant4 ,! ince/u\s rights ( ! liv+ gr\p-fa!rs are !reby 9 no way directly affect$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any direct p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! matt] on ! "p ( ! gr\p-sons1 ! only o!r male compon5ts & law-mak]s might inde$ cont9ue to rema9 unoppos$ indef9itely4 ,?us a resolution ( ! problem ( decay ( ince/ w\ld seem z f> (f z ev]4 ,happily ?is is n 9 reality ! case--! real significance ( ! entry ( ! outsid]1 ev5 on su* t]ms z we h exam9$1 lay 9 ! co-ord9ation ( movem5t ( ^! resultant prim>y *ecks1 & ! inevitable syn*ron\s evolution ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! next & high] type ( gr\p1 z 9 itself a m]e compon5t ( a tribe4 ,! outsid]'s admission1 9 fact1 really conta9$ ! g]m ( progress 9 gr\p =mation :i* 0 to entail ! total requir$ decay ( ince/4 ,up to ! pres5t1 al?\gh ! entire male elem5t 9 a gr\p 0 divid$ into two classes1 by g5]ations ^: int]e/s _h little 9 common1 betwe5 !m no antagonism _h aris5 :i* c\ld n be appeas$ by ! evolution ( su* a law 9 rem$y z we h not$4 ,! case w\ld n[ be alt]$2 an irreconcilable brea* 0 ab\t to divide !m4 ,x w be se5 t ! adv5t ( ! outsid] _h be5 a real port5t4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 & "u ! circum/ances we h portray$1 he _h become a m accu/om$ figure z an immigrant1 he w\ld =m a valuable connect+ l9k betwe5 gr\ps4 ,ea* w\ld c]ta9ly possess "s females seiz$ f ! o!r by m or less =cible capture1 b ea* n[ possess$ a c]ta9 proportion ( ^! males1 bro!rs ( ^? females1 ^: intrusion _h be5 peaceably accept$4 ,) less /ra9$ relations & great] int]c\rse1 capture w\ld become a little m r>e1 & a fri5dly int]*ange ( wom5 m common4 ,!re w\ld be !n discov]$ by ! bro!r a hi!rto undreamt-( virtue 9 ! "y female1 8 si/]2 9 fact1 h] value z a negotiable article w\ld appe>4 ,z bro!rs & si/]s1 & ?us b>r$ 9 union by ! primal law1 _! relative int]e/ 9 ea* o!r _h be5 ( ! feeble/ 9 ! pa/4 ,! ultimate de/9y ( ! si/] might be a matt] ( ! mo/ p]fect indiff]5ce to ! bro!r4 ,) ! new ord] ( ?+s %e _h sudd5ly become m preci\s4 ,z an object ( b>t] = ! si/] ( ano!r man1 %e w\ld %[ h]self to be invaluable4 ,9 view ( ! difficulty & dang] att5d+ ho/ile capture1 ! temptation to su* easy procuration ( mates z si/]-b>t] (f]$ w\ld be irresi/ible4 ,com+ at fir/ into practice :5 only ! dea? ( ! fa!r _h left 8 wid[$ daught] free1 its advantages to ! sons w\ld impose a gradual encroa*m5t on ! rights ( possession by ! liv+ p>5t4 ,9 prejudice to ince/ 7 n[ oppos$ ! two mo/ p[]ful passions 9 human nature1 sexual desire1 & a love ( mat]ial ga91 & ! successful b>t] ( a si/] = ano!r man's si/] satisfi$ bo?4 ,= attempts at capture might be unsuccessful1 & pur*ase might be m or less unsatisfactory4 ,& ^! passions w\ld be ar\s$ 9 bosoms able to make _! p[] felt4 ,! sons1 z also resid5t males1 w\ld be among ! law-mak]s4 ,h[ev] p[]ful ! fa!r 9 pa/ au?ority & tradition1 9 ! end ! =ce ( numb]s w\ld tell4 ,h[ev] num]\s ! gr\p ( fa!rs1 !y w\ld always be outnumb]$ by ! gr\p ( bro!r sons1 & victory w\ld ?us ultimately incl9e to ^!4#e ,h[ev] long & d\btful ! /ruggle1 z ! latt] possess$ ! long] lease ( life1 ! quantum ( ! ex*ange value ( a si/] w\ld always f9ally be made to %[ itself1 & ! det]m9ation to pr(it !reby w\ld be m /rongly impress$ on ea* g5]ation4 ,natural selection w\ld aga9 c]ta9ly come into play 9 fav\r ( su* gr\ps1 ?us curtail+ ! mon/r\s pr]ogatives ( ! old-_w fa!rs1 by d9t ( numb]s alone4 ,! sup]iority :i* w\ld ensue ) ea* g5]ation1 w\ld spe$ily ensure ! triumph ( t assembly :i* c\ld def9itely accept ! pres5ce ( ! outside suitor4 ,he w\ld come z a multiple unit ( /r5g?1 a will+ ally :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 an active enemy--! g5]ator ( ! productive p[] to females :o w\ld ei!r h rema9$ z /]ile resid5ts1 or sec$$ to ho/ile hordes z bre$]s ( new foes4 ,?us1 !n1 we may at l5g? p]ceive h[ a cu/om ev5 s deeply +ra9$ 9 nasc5t man z pat]nal ince/1 may f9ally h become ext9ct z a cu/om4 ,9 ! action ( su* circum/ances we c accept ! idea ( its ultimate decay & dea?4 ,by ! num]ical prepond]ance ( ! individuals )9 a gr\p int]e/$ 9 its disappe>ance1 0 alone su* a result feasible4 ,?is necess>y condition we "h f9d fulfill$4 ,9 opposition to ! fa!r we n[ see array$ n only ! wife-"m jeal\s ( h] mate1 n only ! daught] incl9$ in/9ctively to y\? & ! unkn[n1 b1 mo/ important ( all1 ! son1 n[ egg$ on by mo/ p[]ful p]sonal feel+s & int]e/s4 ,& = ^! latt] ones1 z we h se51 "t itself w\ld fight2 to y\? ea* h\r & day is a ga9 9 /r5g?1 to old age ea* mom5t means a loss ( p[]4 ,) ! decay ( ! cu/om we see t ! way lies cle> to progress 9 gr\p =mation4 ,soon] or lat] ! pres5ce ( ! (fspr+ ( ! outside suitors 9 ! =m]ly purely consangu9e circle w be recognis$1 _! recognition z c\s9s to ! y\ng] resid5t memb]s w be made1 & ! old type ( horde by a process ( cleavage divides itself into two int]m>riageable clans1 7phratries871 & ! savage tribe is creat$4#f ,?us did ! cu/om ( pat]nal ince/ disappe>1 & s completely z n to leave a trace ( its passage 9 recognis$ usage among actual peoples4 ,b z an unau?oris$ habit x long exi/$1 nay1 x /ill lurks1 & z su* x is probably mu* m common among ! l[e/ classes ( ev5 mo/ civilis$ peoples ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 ,! cont9ual domicili>y prop9quity ( su* close relatives makes ! crime easy#g & detection difficult4 ,amid/ ! savage races1 al?\gh r>e1 x is by no means unkn[n4 ,x is n a crime by ! laws ( totem k9%ip ) female desc5t1 ! daught] 9 su* a case be+ always ( ! same totem z h] "m1 & ?us !oretically eligible4 ,! only b> is ! classificatory sy/em :i*1 bas$ on sequ5ce 9 bir?1 =bids all connection betwe5 ^? ( diff]5t g5]ations4 ,?us ?is =m ( ince/1 :5 x does occur1 9 no way creates ! utt] horror :i* we f9d univ]sal at any union betwe5 bro!r & si/]4 ,an old native *ief :om ,i que/ion$ on ! matt] c]ta9ly spat ) disgu/ at ! idea1 b aga91 to my own k1 a case occurr$ :]e a girl bore a *ild to h] own fa!r1 & :5 ! fact 0 m5tion$ among ! p1 x only caus$ co>se laught]4 ,x is true t 9 ?is case ! culprit 0 a great *ief--x is possible t !re w\ld h be5 m adv]se comm5t if he _h be5 a common]4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! betrayal ( ! ve/$ int]e/s ( ! future husb& 7= 9 ,new ,cal$onia all *ildr5 are betro!d at a v e>ly age7 w\ld h be5 m res5t$ 9 ! latt] case4 ,b lic5se 9 sexual int]c\rse )9 =bidd5 relation%ips seems ev]y:]e ! privilege ( irresponsible rank1 if we may judge by ! ,kalmuck prov]b1 #8,great folk & ! bea/s m>ry :]e !y please4' ,h[ev]1 its occurr5ce 9 su* cases may be trac$ to s\rces :i* %[ t "h ! exception proves ! rule4 ,inde$1 ! fact ( its occurr+ almo/ solely among ! high] classes z among ! ,incas1 po9ts cle>ly to a probable connection ) an idea ( pride ( race1 or a "q ( inh]itance4 ,n[ we may note t ) desc5t 9 ! female l9e ! "r ( direct succession to ! pat]nal "n1 or place ( p[]1 or prop]ty1 is n 9 ! gift ( a fa!r4 ,! only legal convey]s ( ! blood "r )9 him are females 9 ^: ve9s is to be f\nd t same blood1 i4e4 8 "m & si/]s4 ,h[ev] regal a p]sonage 8 *ild by a =eign woman1 x is cut (f f t h]itage1 nor 9 connection ) ?is (fspr+ c pride ( race f9d a place4 ,?us1 !n1 we may und]/& h[ union1 al?\gh illegal1 ) a si/] 0 s frequ5t 91 & ev5 enjo9$ on1 ! royal race amid/ c]ta9 peoples4 ,! purity ( ! royal blood ?us alone rema9$ intact1 & f a k+ 0 born a k+4 ,= x is a rem>kable fact :i* mu/ be m ?an a co9cid5ce t among/ ^! v peoples1 su* z ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,p]sians1 & ,p]uvians1 ^: rul]s 7 addict$ to ! habit1 female desc5t 0 ! cu/om 84 ,at lea/ ,i am n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) any exception to ! rule4 ,9 consonance ) ?is desc5t ?r\gh females only & :]e any approa* has be5 made to gyncocracy1 we %all expect to f9d t !re w\ld be only "o legal wife4 ,su* 0 inde$ ! case also 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 !re is no in/ance ( two consorts giv5 9 any ( ! inscriptions4 ,?is fact1 tak5 9 connection ) t :i* conduc$ to ince/u\s union "u ?is =m ( desc5t1 invites u to make a digression 9 a curi\s reflection1 n h[ev] entirely =eign to our g5]al !me4 ,= ! same effect z reg>ds inh]itance on ! (fspr+ :i* w\ld be produc$ by union ) a si/]1 w\ld also occur 9 m>riage ) a daught] ^: p>5ts _h be5 !mselves bro!r & si/]4 ,?us we may guess ! l9eage ( ! unkn[n "m ( ! great royal wife ,nef]-ari1 daught] & consort ( ! ,ph>aoh ( ! oppressive ,rameses ! ,great4 ,?is daught] _h1 9 fact1 be5 probably *os5 among o!rs = wife precisely because h] "m _h h]self be5 bo? 8 si/] & 8 wife4#h ,we may n[ r5ew our affirmation t pat]nal ince/ z a cu/om1 is no long] g5]ally recognis$ any:]e4 ,! primitive unque/ion$ m>ital "r 9 ince/ is q unkn[n4 ,x has disappe>$1 & s completely h ev5 traces ( its pa/ g5]al occurr5ce fad$1 t d\bts ( ! reality ( ! fact may be p>donably ent]ta9$4 ,! "q is ( importance 9 connection ) our !sis1 = z may be se5 ! :ole !ory ( ! primal law is bas$ on ! idea ( its primitive univ]sal preval5ce4 ,we hope1 h[ev]1 to h %[n ! inh]5t possibility ( ! fact z be+ a habit common to all ! mammalia--& x has seem$ aga9/ reason to suppose t man's ance/or1 :il/ 9 ! animal /age1 w\ld be an exception to s g5]al a rule4 ,our fur!r argum5t has adduc$ circum/ances 9 fav\r ( a f9al decay s complete t oblivion c\ld n b foll[4 ,p]haps n ! lea/ rem>kable fact to ! an?ropologi/ 9 connection ) its life & dea?1 is t only z betwe5 a fa!r & a daught]1 ( all blood relation%ips1 d we f9d no trace among actual peoples ( any law 9 ,avoidance4 ,! fact is significant1 z we may ?us surmise t ! process ( decay 0 v long delay$1 9 fact to a "t :5 su* in*oate =m ( law z ,avoidance _h become an ar*aism1 or until g5]al progress _h r5d]$ any law unnecess>y4 ,footnote #a3 ,z to gr\p m>riage ! editor _c foll[ ,mr4 ,atk9son4 ,footnote #b3 ,i h "h slightly alt]$ ,mr4 ,atk9son's t]m9ology4 ,z ! passage /&s 9 8 manuscript he confuses totem k9s ) ! ,au/ralian int]m>ry+ #8classes4' ,9 8 manuscript ! passage runs ?us3 #8,9 lat] days !y' 7! outside mates7 #8w be f\nd z ! male memb]s ( a c]ta9 class g5]ation 9 "o gr\p' 7by :i* he means a #8class1' say ,ippai1 9 a #8phratry1' say ,dilbi7 #8&1 de facto1 eligible 9 gr\p m>riage ) all & c]ta9 females ( ! same category z reg>ds bir? 9 ano!r gr\p4' ,"h he obvi\sly %\ld h writt5 #8eligible 9 m>riage ) all females ( ! correspond+ category 9 ! o!r 8phratry0 ( an all-embrac+ tribe4' #8,z inde$ ) actual ,au/ralians :]e1 by "r ( bir? alone1 ea* totem gr\p conta9s ! natural born husb&s & wives ( ano!r totem gr\p4' ,?is is n ! case3 m5 ( "o totem k9 are n compell$ to take wives f "o o!r totem k92 b m5 ( "o #8class' mu/ take wives ( "o o!r #8class1' & m5 ( "o #8phratry' mu/ take wives out ( ! o!r #8phratry4'4 ,to avoid confusion ,i h1 9 ! text1 ins]t$ ! correct t]m9ology4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #c3 ,all ! y\ng] g5]ation ( females w\ld be res]v$ = !mselves1 & ?us n only _! own daught]s1 b ! daught]s ( _! bro!rs-9-law1 :o1 z ( ! same g5]ation1 7 all class$ toge!r z si/]s4 ,footnote #d3 ,^! gr\ps w\ld be phratries1 or ! g]ms ( phratries4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #e3 ,! brea* betwe5 fa!r & sons c\ld only be heal$ by ! submission ( ! fa!rs4 ,!n pr]ogative 9 ince/ w\ld gradually decay1 = /range to say no ve/ige ( law 9 avoidance c be trac$4 ,footnote #f3 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,atk9son1 :5 he writes ( #8! cleavage ( ! old type ( horde into two int]m>riageable clans1 creat+ ! tribe1' diff]s f ! op9ions already express$ by 8 editor4 ,by #8clans' ,mr4 ,atk9son "h means #8phratries1' & we h %[n t phratries1 ev5 n[1 (t5 be> totemic names1 & probably 71 9 orig91 local totem gr\ps2 ea* conta9+ memb]s 7by female desc5t7 ( sev]al o!r totem gr\ps4 ,mr4 ,atk9son1 z f> z 8 ,,ms4 goes1 appe>s to h giv5 no att5tion to ! orig9 & evolution ( totem names1 totem gr\ps1 & totem k9s4 ,?us he writes1 #8! pres5ce ( ! (fspr+ ( ! outside suitor 9 ! =m]ly purely consangu9e circle w be recognis$4' ,b if ! het]og5eity 9 ! circle 0 only recognis$ z m>k$ by female desc5t1 & by ! totem "n ( ! female mate f )\t1 male p>5tage ( #8! *ildr5 ( ! outside suitor' w\ld n come into ! purview ( cu/om>y laws1 w\ld n cause ! #8cleavage into two int]m>riageable clans1' or #8phratries4' ,!re 0 no su* #8cleavage1' z we h argu$1 & ! p]mission ( cross-c\s9 m>riage is due 7,i suspect71 n to su* e>ly legal recognition ( male desc5t1 b simply to ! natural work+ ( ! totemic exogamy1 plus female desc5t4 ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory ( #8cleavage1' x w be rem>k$1 does n involve ! idea t ! memb]s ( an #8undivid$ commune1' be+ prick$ 9 consci5ce1 bisect$ x = re=matory purposes4 ,he m]ely sugge/s t 8 cli5ts f\nd1 9 _! gr\p1 p]sons m>riageable accord+ to _! exi/+ rules ( ! game1 & m>ri$ !m4 ,b ^! p]sons are1 accord+ to him1 recognis$ z ! (fspr+ ( #8outside suitors' male1 & are also recognis$ z c\s9s1 on ! female side1 ?\gh ev5 n[ no "n = c\s9s exi/s 9 ,au/ralian society4 ,?is involves c\nt+ bo? on ! male & female sides1 :i*1 9 practice1 may h occurr$4 ,b ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,atk9son avoids all ! problems ( ! diff]5t totemic names giv5 bo? to ! born memb]s ( 8 orig9al gr\p1 & to o!r memb]s !re(1 consi/+ ( ! (fspr+ ( ! outside suitors4 ,if totemic gr\p names already exi/$1 ^! suitors mu/ h be5 ( _m totem gr\p names4 ,:5ce1 !n1 came ! two diff]5t & di/9ct totemic gr\p names ( ! two sets ( cross-c\s9s--n[ phratries on ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory8 ,give 8 orig9al gr\p a "n1 say ,emu4 ,) ,totemism x w conta9 captive wives ( v>i\s gr\ps1 say ,bat1 ,cat1 ,rat4 ,x w also conta9 outside suitors1 probably ( ! same names4 ,^! m5 are all[$ to m>ry wom5 ( ! gr\p1 &1 by ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory1 ! (fspr+ ( ^! unions1 or #8cross-c\s9s1' are all[$ to m>ry ! *ildr5 ( _! aunts )9 ! gr\p4 ,!re are ?us1 )9 ! gr\p1 two int]m>ry+ #8sides ( ! h\se1' veve1 z 9 ,melanesia4 ,b :y or h[ d ^! sides ( ! h\se1 practically phratries1 n[ receive totemic names1 say ,yung>u & ,wut>u1 or ,wolf & ,rav58 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,atk9son w\ld h repli$1 #8by a m]e ext5sion ( ! habit ( adopt+ totemic names1' :i*1 ( c\rse1 involves ! pre-exi/5ce ( t habit4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #g3 ,b n tempt+1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck6--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #h3 ,x w be int]e/+ to see if rese>* w br+ to light ! fact t ev5 ) s irresponsible & imp]i\s a dyna/y z ! ,ramesids "s =m ( lu/ration 0 n consid]$ necess>y 9 ! ev5t ( su* unions4 ,?is is ! case ) ! p ( ,madagasc> "u simil> circum/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,traces ,,( ,,p]iod ,,( ,,transition--,,avoidances ,survivals 9 cu/om te/ify to a long p]iod ( transition f gr\p to tribe4--,/eal?y meet+s ( husb& & wife4--,examples4--,evid5ce to a pa/ ( jeal\sy ( ince/u\s gr\p sire4--,evid5ce f ,teknonymy4--,husb& nam$ z fa!r ( 8 *ild4--,=mal capture z a symbol ( legal m>riage4--,avoidance betwe5 fa!r-9-law & son-9-law4--,arose 9 /age ( transition4--,causes ( "m-9-law & son-9-law avoidance4--,influ5ce ( jeal\sy4--,examples4--,mr4 ,tylor's /ati/ics4--,res5tm5t ( capture n primal cause ( ?is avoidance4 --,note on avoidance4 ,) a cu/om s deeply +ra9$ z ince/ w\ld be 9 ! nature ( man's ance/or1 /ill d\btless va/ly animal1 we may inde$ surmise t ! process ( its decay 0 long & t$i\s4 ,! temptation1 z we h said1 to su* easy procuration ( a mate 9 comp>ison ) ! dang] & comp>atively scanty results ( capture1 0 v great1 :il/ ! cont9ual prop9quity ( fa!r & daught] w\ld t5d to con/ant recrudesc5ce1 especially 9 default ( any trace ( law aga9/ x4 ,!re mu/1 !n1 evid5tly h be5 a transition era ( va/ durance1 betwe5 ! type ( ! isolat$ consangu9e gr\p ^: only res\rce 9 matrimony 0 exogamic ho/ile capture1 z ! outcome ( ! ince/u\s lu/ ( its solit>y male head1 & ! all-embrac+ tribe compos$ ( an aggregation ( sev]al gr\ps1 & possess+ ?us ipso facto all ! necess>y elem5ts ( an endogamic connubium q incompatible ) su* ince/4 ,9 su* a tribe1 a gr\p ( wom5 9 _m cases =m$ ! pivotal c5tre1 & capture 0 (t5 f\nd only z a =m 9 survival4 ,is x possible to retrace ! ma9 features ( an epo* ( su* evid5t importance 9 social evolution8 ,9 view ( ! fact t1 9 ! pa/ c\rse ( our argum5t1 su* law z w\ld seem+ly h be5 necess>ily evolv$ 9 regulation ( ea* /ep 9 primitive progress has be5 f\nd id5tical 9 =m ) "s actual savage cu/om1 may n a deep] inve/igation ( savage cu/om disclose fur!r co-ord9ation1 & prove equally f]tile 9 int]pretation ( ! pa/8 ,:il/1 aga91 _m obscure obs]vances 9 actual l[] life1 9 consonance ) su* ar*aic g5esis1 may take a rational =m1 ?\gh ! orig9 seems app>5tly lo/ = ev]4 ,su* rese>* w1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly %[ t _m social features 9 mod]n savage habit af=d int]nal evid5ce t1 z a fact1 !y c\ld only h aris5 9 su* a transition era4 ,!y also be> m>ks ( a v l5g!n$ evolution>y process1 & ?us confirm ! natural idea ( a halt ( port5t\s l5g? at ! ?re%old ( ! pres5t hav5 ( comp>ative social re/4 ,we %all d\btless f9d t ! door left aj> by ! entrance ( ! outside suitor 0 n to yield fur!r ) ease to ! pressure ( new ne$s1 half-he>t$ z m5 w\ld be1 f ! cons]vative =ce ( old ideas1 ( ince/ & entire mascul9e dom9ance4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 "o curi\s trait 9 actual savage cu/om :i* evid5tly dates f a v e>ly /age ( ?is epo*4 ,x is t ( ! /range =ms ( #8/eal?y' int]c\rse1 be+ ! indisp5sable prelim9>y symbols ( ! legality ( an aft] m>riage betwe5 ! resid5t female ( a gr\p & an outside male4 ,^! =ms are well kn[n to an?ropologi/s z occurr+ among _m l[] peoples4 ,"h we f9d t ! visits ( ! male suitor are suppos$ to be di/9ctly cl&e/9e1 tak+ place only by night1 al?\gh 9 reality ! fact is p]fectly 9 ! cognisance ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,n[ su* fugitive & secret meet+s are exactly :at w\ld h tak5 place :5 a gr\p _h arriv$ at a /age 9 :i*1 al?\gh filial ince/ 0 decay+ z a cu/om1 !re 7 /ill recognis$ c]ta9 m>ital rights ov] 8 daught] by ! liv+ fa!r2 :51 9 fact1 tol]ance ( ! pres5ce ( ! outsid] 0 yet 9 a t5tative /age--& he 0 /ill reg>d$ ) suspicion1 if n disfav\r4#a ,9 consonance ) ! view we h advanc$ ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! entry ( an immigrant suitor1 x has seem$ to ensue t 8 position w\ld h be5 q dep5d5t1 & himself consid]$ z a =eign elem5t4 ,t su* 0 actually ! case seems aga9 prov$ by ano!r trait 9 mod]n cu/om1 ^: g5esis1 h[ev]1 0 ( v mu* lat] date1 & :5 spee* _h made "s progress4 ,9 our own day cl&e/9e int]c\rse1 z above describ$1 may cont9ue to pregnancy4 ,on ! bir? ( ! *ild alone does ! fa!r become recognis$ z "p ( ! gr\p4 ,b ev5 s 8 nom5clatory p[] z reg>ds 8 (fspr+ is absolutely nil4 ,f> f giv+ a "n to ! *ild1 8 own is tak5 f 8 (fspr+4 ,till n[1 9 fact1 he has be5 nameless2 9 future he w be kn[n z ! fa!r ( s-&-s1 ( ,telema*us1 9 ! case ( ,odysseus4 ,to ?is po9t we w1 h[ev]1 h to return :5 we arrive at ! "q ( ! evolution ( p]sonal desc5t f t ( desc5t recognis$ by locality1 :i* we consid] to h be5 ! mo/ primitive =m4 ,mr4 ,atk9son probably means desc5t f a local gr\p1 say ,cr[1 n desc5t d5ot$ by a place "n1 z #8de ,ru!r=d4' ,!re is ano!r trait 9 actual cu/om :i* also c\ld only h acquir$ its mo/ rem>kable features 9 ?is era ( *ange1 & t is ho/ile capture itself1 9 its legacy ( ^? #8=ms' ( capture :i* we f9d connect$ ) m peaceful connubium all ov] ! _w4 ,su* #8=ms' h rightly be5 consid]$ z m]e survivals1 & ?us 9 agreem5t ) our own !ory capture is g5]ally accept$ z ! e>lie/ =m ( outside m>riage4#b ,b 9 "s m9ds ! brutality necess>ily att5d+ real capture1 & its occurr5ce solely among v l[ races ) :om any idea ( sexual re/ra9t is expect$ to be q unfamili>1 has simply connect$ ! process ) ! g5]al lawlessness :i*1 among/ su* peoples1 is suppos$ to *>act]ise ! relations betwe5 ! sexes4 ,its occurr5ce 9 =m ( survival among high] races has be5 consid]$ a mean+less c]emony1 & its evid5t symbolism 9 legality dismiss$ z incr$ible4 ,/ud5ts are1 h[ev]1 aw>e h[ mu* 9 error is ! idea ( utt] lawlessness 9 connection ) ! m>riage relation%ips ( any savage race4 ,on ! contr>y1 z is well kn[n1 ! li/ ( prohibit$ k9dr$ is n only mu* wid] ?an our own1 b no /age 9 ! m>ital arrangem5ts is )\t irksome & m9ute legislative re/ra9ts1 /rictly limit+ & def9+ ! rights ( ea* individual1 male & female4 ,to o!r m9ds ! fact t a #8ho/ile capture1' pres5t+ z its mo/ *>act]i/ic feature an utt] viol5ce1 %\ld ev] h be5 con/itut$ into a symbol ( legality 9 m>riage1 has giv5 rise to mu* p]plexity4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan 9 fact rem>ks--#8,x is impossible to believe t ! m]e lawlessness ( savages %\ld be consecrat$ into a legal symbol'--an ass]tion :i* we may accept1 h[ev] little we are prep>$ to accept 8 g5]al views on e>ly society4 ,x is evid5t t ! :ole difficulty has aris5 f ! app>5t complete incompatibility ( a seem+ me?od 9 viol5ce ) a virtual act 9 law4 ,! hypo!sis we h pres5t$ ( ! #8primal law1' & its exogam\s sequel1 w\ld seem h[ev] to ?r[ a new light on ! matt]4 ,all unions )9 ! gr\p be+ by ! action ( primal law1 z we h %[n1 consid]$ ince/u\s & illicit1 m>riage c\ld only take place ) an outside mate4 ,! pres5ce ( a captur$ female )9 ! camp w\ld ?us1 z we see1 actually con/itute 9 itself a pro(1 & ! only "o possible at ! epo*1 ( ! legal consummation ( m>riage z orda9$ by ! primal law4 ,x is ?us easy to see h[ a =m ( capture %\ld be reta9$ z a symbol ( legality 9 lat] connubium4 ,its cont9u$ vitality results f ! int5se cons]vatism ( l[] peoples1 & f ! fact ( ! halo ( pr[ess t surr\nds x4 ,its evolution z a symbol only arose1 h[ev]1 :51 dur+ ! transition era1 by ! conjunction ( gr\ps into a tribe1 fri5dly unions 7 possible4 ,x w\ld n h occurr$ ) ! e>lie/ =ms ( horde1 = ^! 7 isolat$ & ho/ile1 & real capture itself 0 ! sole =m ( m>riage2 nor w\ld x h occurr$ ) t lat] type1 9 :i*1 ) matri>*al desc5t1 ! relative positions ( males & females 7 rev]s$1 z f> at lea/ z suit 9 union is conc]n$4#c ,x took its rise ) t o!r great type ( gr\p *>act]is$ by patri>*al desc5t1 :i* 9 all ! aft] hi/ory ( ! _w 7=1 z we %all see1 _! evolution 0 co9cid5t & _h = cause ! same factor7 0 to dispute supremacy ) t :i* accept$ ut]9e desc5t4 ,"h1 z 9 ! orig9al type1 ! male cont9u$ to pres]ve 8 pr$om9ance & cont9u$ its traditions ( capture4#d ,!re rema9 o!r actual traits ^: connection ) ?is era is equally evid5t4 ,= in/ance1 avoidance betwe5 fa!r-9-law & son-9-law c\ld n h _h its g5esis 9 ! v e>lie/ type ( assembly4 ,:il/ p>5tal ince/ rul$ z ! cu/om1 ea* gr\p mu/ h be5 isolat$ f & ho/ile to e o!r4 ,^! two c\ld nev] h be5 9 habitual pres5ce "o ( ! o!r4 ,b1 aga91 ! habit c\ld n h aris5 9 ! lat] =m1 z repres5t$ by a tribal horde ) ut]9e desc5t1 z primitively compos$ ( only two int]m>ry+ gr\ps1 ea* ( :i* =m$ a clan di/+ui%$ by a diff]5t totem emblem4#e ,! relative clan-relation%ip ( ea* memb] ( ! horde w\ld1 by ! aid ( ?is di/9ctive totem1 be di/9ctly def9$1 &1 ) female desc5t1 ! fa!r-9-law & son-9-law w\ld f9d !mselves memb]s ( ! same clan phratry4 ,z ?us be+ bo? males & ( ! same #8phratry1' !re c\ld n possibly be avoidance or enmity1 real or simulat$1 betwe5 !m4#f ,by all ! sacr$ ties ( blood phratry !y 7 conjo9$ 9 (f5ce & 9 def5ce4 ,fur!r1 :]e desc5t is ut]9e we f9d t ! disposal ( a daught] is 9 ! h&s ( ! "m or mat]nal uncle alone--! fa!r has no voice :atev] 9 ! "q1 nor any "p 9 h] value z an object ( b>t] or sale4 ,?us he is p]fectly dis9t]e/$ 9 ! matt] ( 8 *ildr54 ,s f> f be+ 9 disunion ) 8 son-9-law1 8 sympa?ies1 9 case ( a tribal qu>rel1 w\ld be c]ta9ly ) him4 ,b ! y\ng] man1 9 int]nal qu>rels1 might be f\nd fight+ to ! dea? ) 8 own real fa!r1 n 7z ,i h se5 x /at$ 9 m5tion ( j su* an incid5t7#g because he has become "p ( 8 wife's clan1#h :i* c\ld nev] be1 b because1 ) desc5t ?r\gh ! female1 8 fa!r w\ld be a memb] ( ! diff]5t gr\p & ( o!r blood to himself1 & to 8 fa!r-9-law also4 ,! g5esis ( ?is p>ticul> avoidance 7fa!r-9-law & son-9-law7 took place dur+ t /age ( ! transition era1 :51 ince/ /ill l+]+1 ! immigrant suitor 0 s f> ackn[l$g$ t 8 entry into a gr\p 0 n always delay$ till ! dea? ( 8 propos$ fa!r-9-law4 ,z !y 7 ?us possible rivals !re 0 a *ance ( friction1 only to be av]t$ by ! law 9 "q4 ,avoidance w\ld arise at ! same "t betwe5 "m-9-law & son-9-law1 b ?is "t z a measure ( protection = ! m>ital rights ( ! husb& ( ! =m]4#i ,x c\ld n h aris5 9 ! e>ly ,cyclopean era4 ,! son-9-law z su*1 c\ld evid5tly n h _h exi/5ce :5 ! "m's daught] 0 ! fa!r's wife1 nor1 lat]1 :51 ) ! g5]al recognition ( ! classifactory sy/em1 !re arose a /rict int]diction ( sexual union betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t g5]ations4 ,!re w\ld 9 su* circum/ances be no fur!r risk ( dang] f ! jeal\sy ( a fa!r z reg>ds 8 wife1 & ! husb& ( 8 daught]4 ,x _h its orig9 9 ! fact t :5 ! outside suitor _h orig9ally be5 grant$ entry1 x w\ld only h be5 aft] ! dea? ( ! patri>* sire1 & z a mate = 8 wid[$ females4 ,b z ^! w\ld include bo? "m & daught]1 !re w\ld !reby be creat$ a prec$5t1 s to speak1 :i* requir$ regulation1 :5 lat]1 ) ! decay ( ince/1 ! liv+ fa!r rema9$ 9 pres5ce4 ,9 fact1 avoidance betwe5 mo!rs-9-law & sons-9-law def9$ fa!rs-9-law's rights4 ,we may "h aga9 note ano!r /ep 9 advance to purely human attributes 9 ! fre% di/9ction betwe5 female & female1 :i* has n[ aga9 aris5 z betwe5 a "m & h] daught] z reg>ds ! immigrant suitor4 ,b :]eas ) ^!1 z inde$ ) mo/ ( ! cases ( avoidance we h /udi$1 sexual jeal\sy has be5 ! prim>y cause1 we may n[ trace ! action ( q ano!r factor1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly t5d to a cons]vation ( ! habit1 & 9 a mann] int5sify x4 ,?is w\ld be association ( idea ) ho/ile capture4 ,z reg>ds ! fa!r-9-law1 h[ev]1 ! cu/om1 z f> z capture is conc]n$1 w\ld n occur ) female desc5t1 = ! reasons we h already giv5 ( clan k9%ip 9 su* a case4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be f\nd z a factor to a c]ta9 ext5t ) male k9%ip1 = "h x is ! fa!r-9-law :o is ( ! same clan z 8 daught]1 & ?us int]e/$ 9 h] negotiable value4 ,?us x is possible to imag9e enmity betwe5 him & h] possible captor1 :o is also ( a diff]5t clan f himself4 ,z reg>ds avoidance ( "m-9-law x has aga91 p]haps1 be5 acc5tuat$ by =cible capture4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 9 relation to desc5t w\ld be exactly ! rev]se ( t ) ! fa!r4 ,) e>ly male desc5t 9 ! primitive tribe z compos$ ( only two clan gr\ps phratries1 x is %e :o w\ld be ( ! same /ock z h] daught]'s husb&1 & ! habit w\ld n arise1 ! captor is1 9 fact1 a memb] ( ! tribe f :i* %e h]self has be5 /ol52 al?\gh lat]1 :5 m ?an two clans 7 conjo9$1#aj x might happ5 t h] son-9-law belong$ to ano!r1 & "h !re might arise feel+s ( animosity4 ,) ut]9e desc5t ! case is c]ta9ly alt]$4 ,z a "m1 & z memb] ( a clan diff]5t f t ( ! male suitor1 ! figure ( ! son-9-law might be dread$ z a possible captor ( h] daught] & o!r "y female memb]s4 ,b "h aga9 a difficulty arises1 = :5 ! capture becomes an accompli%$ fact1 ! "m-9-law & son-9-law w\ld probably n meet aga91 at lea/ 9 primitive times3 he belong+ to ! gr\p hav+ patri>*al desc5t1 ) capture z ! rule2 %e1 to ! matri>*al1 :]e ! female is normally immobile1 betwe5 :i* two =ms ( gr\p no fri5dly int]c\rse c\ld occur4 ,! fact ( avoidance 9 any =m presumes contiguity or ! habitual pres5ce ( ! individuals conc]n$1 & ?is 9 su* a case c\ld n arise4 ,s z 9 ,tylor's figures we f9d t 9 ,w to ,h1 z ! latt] is completely cut (f f 8 family1 !re is n "o s+le case ( avoidance betwe5 ! wife & ! husb&'s relatives4 ,x is evid5t t ! same r>ity ( contiguity mu/ h aris5 also ) ! fa!r 9 male desc5t2 !re is "h c]ta9ly cause ( disagreem5t 9 ! rape1 b if ! p>ties see ea* o!r no m !re w\ld be no necessity ( evolution ( avoidance to m>k ! fact4 ,inde$1 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! importance ( association ) ho/ile capture has be5 mu* exagg]at$ z a factor 9 ! evolution ( ,avoidance4 ,! "q ( #8resid5ce' & #8desc5t' has n be5 held suffici5tly 9 acc\nt by ^? :o insi/ on ! capture z ! sole cause ( avoidance4 ,despite ! em95ce ( ! au?ors fav\r+ ?is view1 ,i w\ld v5ture to submit t ! balance ( pro( w\ld mu* fav\r sexual jeal\sy1 :i* we h h]et(ore f\nd ! sole motive p[] 9 all *anges4 ,^? :o w\ld uphold ang] r\s$ by capture z ! cause ( avoidance ) ! wife's relatives1 = in/ance1 mu/ be prep>$ to %[ t x w\ld be /ronge/ ) ! "o :o 0 mo/ deeply int]e/$ 9 ! wife1 "o ^: voice 9 h] de/9y 0 ( great] p[] ?an h] own "m's1 & t 0 h] mat]nal uncle1 ! head ( h] clan4 ,n[ ,i h fail$ z yet to f9d a s+le trace ( su* a case z avoidance betwe5 ! latt] & 8 si/]'s daught]'s husb&4 ,aga91 jeal\sy1 or a desire = regulations 9 matt]s ( sexual union1 w expla9 c]ta9 details 9 ! acc\nts we h receiv$ ( individual cases :i* seem o!rwise obscure or irrelevant4 ,^! h be5 ov]look$1 z !y are m9ute1 b f my po9t ( view are full ( significance :5 closely exam9$4 ,mr4 ,lubbock says1#aa quot+ ,frankl9 z to ,am]ican ,indians3 #8,x is extremely improp] = a "m-9-law to speak or ev5 look at him1 i4e4 h] son-9-law4' ,quot+ ,baeg]t3 #8,! son-9-law 0 n all[$ = "s "t to look into ! face ( 8 "m-9-law4' ,fur!r1 #8among ! ,mongols a woman mu/ n speak to h] fa!r-9-law1 nor sit d[n 9 8 pres5ce4 ,among ! ,o/iaks1 ,une fille m>ie vite autant qu'il lui e/ possible la prs5ce du pre de son m>i tant qu'elle n'a pas d'enfant1 et le m>i p5dant ce temps n'ose pas p>atre devant la mre de sa femme' 7,pallas74 ,9 ,*9a ! fa!r-9-law aft] ! w$d+-day nev] sees ! face ( 8 daught]-9-law aga91 he nev] visits h]1 & if !y *ance to meet he hides himself4 ,among ! ,kaffirs a m>ri$ woman is requir$ to hlonipa#ab h] fa!r-9-law1 & all h] husb&'s male relations 9 ! asc5d+ l9e1 i4e4 to be cut (f f all int]c\rse ) !m4 ,aga91 9 ,au/ralia1 x is compulsory on ! mo!rs-9-law to avoid ! sight ( _! sons-9-law1 by-mak+ ! =m] take a v circuit\s r\te on all occasions1 to avoid be+ se51 & !y hide ! face or figure ) ! rug :i* ! female c>ries ) h]4 ,s /rict is ! rule1 t if m>ri$ m5 are jeal\s ( any "o1 !y sometimes promise to give him a daught] 9 m>riage4 ,?is places ! m>ri$ man's wife1 accord+ to cu/om1 9 ! position ( "m-9-law1 & r5d]s any communication betwe5 h] & h] future son-9-law a capital crime4#ac ,also among ! ,si\x or ,dacotas1 ,mr4 ,phil&] ,prescott rem>ks on ! fe> ( utt]+ c]ta9 names4 ,! fa!r & "m-9-law mu/ n call _! son-9-law by "n1 & vice v]sa1 & !re are o!r relation%ips to :i* ! prohibition applies4 ,he has kn[n an infr+em5t ( ?is rule puni%$ by cutt+ ! (f5d]'s clo!s (f 8 back & ?r[+ !m away4 ,h>mon says #8t among ! ,indians ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s x is indec5t = ! fa!r or "m-9-law to look at or speak to ! son or daught]-9-law4' ,among ! ,yakuts1 ,adolf ,erman notic$ a m peculi> cu/om4 ,z 9 o!r nor!rn regions ! cu/om ( we>+ b little clo?+ 9 ! hot /ifl+ int]ior ( ! huts is common !re1 & ! wom5 (t5 g ab\t _! dome/ic "w /ripp$ to ! wai/1 nor d !y object to ?is dis>ray 9 ! pres5ce ( /rang]s2 b !re are two p]sons be=e :om a ,yakut woman mu/ n appe> 9 ?is guise1 h] fa!r-9-law & h] husb&'s eld] bro!r4 ,aga91 quot+ ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 he says ! native t]m = ^! cu/oms ( avoidance is1 #8be+ a%am$ ( ! "m-9-law4' ,! ,basuto cu/om =bids a wife to look 9 ! face ( h] fa!r-9-law till ! bir? ( h] fir/ *ild--& among ! ,banyai a man mu/ sit ) 8 knees b5t 9 pres5ce ( 8 "m-9-law1 & mu/ n put out 8 feet t[>ds h]4 ,n[ an important circum/ance to be rem>k$ 9 ne>ly all cases ( ,avoidance is1 t x pr9cipally exi/s betwe5 p ( diff]5t sexes1--?us an a priori inf]5ce may be drawn t ! prim>y cause lay 9 "s relation to ! sexual "q4 ,x is significant t a woman's avoidance ( h] husb&'s relations is ) ^? 9 ! asc5d+ l9e1 i4e4 ) 8 s5iors4 ,aga9/ 8 juniors he c def5d himself1 aga9/ 8 s5iors he ne$s ! protection ( law4 ,9 ! cases we h cit$1 x is significant t1 besides ! fa!r-9-law1 hlonipa$ among ! ,kaffirs1 ! woman mu/ hlonipa all h] husb&'s male relations 9 ! asc5d+ l9e4 ,among ! ,yakuts %e mu/ n appe> unclo!d be=e h] husb&'s eld] bro!r4 ,among ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon a fa!r w n see 8 daught]1 nor a "m h] son1 aft] !y h come to ye>s ( maturity4#ad ,if we exam9e ! words italicis$ 9 ! quotations above1 !y seem to convey m ne>ly an idea ( impropriety 9 any approa* to intimacy ?an t ( #8cutt+' f enmity1 z ,dr4 ,tylor has sugge/$4 ,inde$1 we obs]ve "h j ! same horror t a too famili> attitude betwe5 =bidd5 k9dr$1 z uncle & niece1 w\ld excite among/ ourselves1 aris+ f ! same idea ( repugnance4 ,we see t v>i\s obs]v]s use ! t]ms #8improp]' 7,frankl971 #8! fe> (' 7,p4 ,prescott71 #8indec5t' 7,h>mon71 #8cut (f f all int]c\rse ) !m1' & no d\bt !y h#ae ea* express$ ! impression made on !mselves 9 obs]vation4 ,we note aga9 t ! only case :]e ! native t]m 9 designation ( ! cu/om is giv5 t x means #8be+ a%am$4' ,! limit 9 "t = ! avoidance is aga9 significant4 #8,= "s "t1' ,baeg>t says2 #8tant qu'elle n'a pas d'enfant' 7,pallas74 #8,till ! bir? ( ! fir/ *ild4' ,^! limitations 9 "t w\ld n exi/ if enmity because ( capture 0 ! cause1 :]eas we c q und]/& !m if1 ! circum/ances n[ prov+ ! consummation ( m>riage1 jeal\sy might !n be suppos$ to cease4 ,! res]ve z to a too famili> attitude t ?is idea ( indec5cy w\ld imply1 is %[n :]e a ,mongol daught]-9-law #8_c sit d[n 9 ! pres5ce ( ! fa!r-9-law1' & :]e ! ,banyai man #8mu/ n put out 8 feet t[>ds 8 "m-9-law1 b sit ) 8 knees b5t 9 h] pres5ce4' ,9 ,*9a x is ! fa!r-9-law :o hides himself1 & ?is surely w\ld h>dly be ! act ( a captor1 nor c we imag9e a man hav+ 8 clo!s cut (f 8 back simply because he _h n #8cut' "s "o suffici5tly4 ,h[ev]1 9 connection ) our argum5t we h ,adolf ,erman's acc\nt ( ! cu/om among ! ,yakuts1 & :]e we f9d ! husb&s eld] bro!r jo9$ ) ! fa!r-9-law 9 an avoidance1 !re a di/9ct feel+ ( impropriety 9 connection ) ^! relations 9 law ( ! wife is indicat$4 ,! diffid5ce cit$ is exactly :at w\ld occur if union 0 undesirable & yet n impossible1 betwe5 ! p]sons 9 avoidance1 & h5ce temptation 0 to be avoid$4 ,x is v important to note t no idea ( enmity f capture c be associat$ ) ! husb&s eld] bro!r4 ,aga91 ! cu/om ( avoidance ) an eld] bro!r1 :]e its connection ) jeal\sy is evid5t1 is v widespread1 & v /rict 9 obs]vance2 z we h already not$1 x occurs 9 ,orissa & among ! ,kyon?as 9 ,india1 :il/ ,i h also obs]v$ x 9 practice 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 :]e x is mo/ und\bt$ly a means to an end1 to protect ! y\ng] bro!r's m>ital rights4 ,z to ! significance ( ! fact m5tion$ 9 ! case ( ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 :]e1 z reg>ds _! wives1 !y are jeal\s ( a man-- & give him a daught] to place him 9 avoidance ) h] "m1 comm5t is unnecess>y4 ,^! facts seem to me to be conclusive2 b ! "q ( ! exact orig9 ( avoidance is s important to my g5]al argum5t1 t ,i am glad to be able to f9d :at ,i fancy is add$ pro( f ano!r s\rce4 ,if ?is furni%es ! requisite evid5ce t sexual jeal\sy 0 ! real factor1 & n ho/ile capture1 our hypo!sis ( ! primal law acquires valuable inf]5tial evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,su* add$ pro( we hope to be able to %[ 9 ,dr4 ,tylor's figures4#af ---- ,!ory z practice -- ,9 ,resid5ce1 ,h to ,w3 #fe ,avoidance ,h to ,w relations 7a7 #i cases 7b7 #ad cases 7,a7 ,avoidance ,w to ,h relations #c 0 #j 0 7,b7 ,9 ,resid5ce1 ,w to ,h3 ,avoidance ,w to ,h relations #e 0 #h 0 7,c7 ,avoidance ,h to ,w relations #ah 0 #i 0 7,d7 ,^! figures1 :i* are extract$ f ,dr4 ,tylor's "w1 w\ld seem to be eloqu5t aga9/ ho/ile capture be+ ! sole cause ( ,avoidance4 ,!y are d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( ,avoidance z occurr+1 7a7 q indep5d5t ( resid5ce1 & 7b7 z actually result+ :]e co9cid5ce ( ,avoidance & resid5ce is f\nd4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! "q ( jeal\sy z cause ( ,avoidance1 resid5ce & prop9quity w evid5tly h a p[]ful effect4 7,a7 ,z we h se51 any ,avoidance "u ^! circum/ances w\ld be rem>kable )\t a prior /age 9 q o!r conditions ?an ^? f\nd g5]ally ) ,h to ,w resid5ce4 ,we note t :]eas we might expect "u ev5 ! above conditions to f9d only #i1 !re are #ad4 ,"h sexual jeal\sy has be5 an important cause4 ,! ,avoidance ( ! ,"m-9-law 7=1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 none "h ) fa!r-9-law1 :o 0 a non5tity 9 su* a family circle1 & ( ! same clan z ! son-9-law7 arose z a matt] ( protection = ! m>ital rights ( ! daught] z aga9/ h] "m1 bo? inhabit+ ! same l>ge h\se common to matri>*al desc5t4 7,b7 ,"h1 aga91 we expect to f9d #c1 & see !re are actually none1 f :i* x w\ld seem to result t ,w capture _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! orig9 ( ,a1 ,h to ,w1 =1 admitt+ ! almo/ entire sep>ation ( ! ,w f ,h family1 :i* w\ld make ! case r>]1 a tradition ( capture w\ld exi/ :i* w\ld h effect :5 !y 7 lat] gr\p$ toge!r4 ,:]eas ! non-,avoidance is expla9$ by lack ( jeal\sy1 f abs5ce ( male relations ( ,h4 7,c7 ,"h x is aga9 q impossible to accept any idea ( ,w capture z ! motive cause4 ,avoidance arose betwe5 ,w & fa!r-9-law to protect rights ( son-9-law & "m-9-law4 ,x 0 evolv$1 z we h se51 z a measure ( protection = t g5]ation ( males :o 7 ! actual captors1 ea* g5]ation by ! classificatory sy/em hav+ individual rights4 ,t ! necessity = su* legislation 0 urg5t we see 9 ! proportion ( ! figures #e to #h4 ,"h1 aga91 ! fallacy ( capture z primal cause ( ,avoidance is cle>ly evid5t4 ,if ?is 0 ! case1 we might expect x to be almo/ univ]sal1 :]eas 9 reality1 in/ead ( ! #ah cases :i* ! av]age %\ld give u1 we f9d only #i4 ,x really _h its orig9 9 ! reason we h already giv51 ( sexual jeal\sy z a prim>y cause1 & 0 lat] augm5t$ z s]v+ to impress on _m ! classificatory di/9ction betwe5 ,m & ,d1 :o o!rwise1 z f> z totems w5t1 7 eligible to ! same p]son4 ,:]e bo? fa!r-9-law & "m-9-law are 9 avoidance1 we may surmise a *ange 9 desc5t f ! ,f to ! ,m 9 ! tribe1 ! conv]se *ange ( ,m to ,f ( c\rse nev] occurr+4 ,! "q ( *ange ( desc5t w expla9 problems 9 ! nom5clature ( ,morgan's tables z reg>ds nephews & sons1 :i* h be5 ov]look$4#ag ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vii ,mr4 ,crawley reckons ?ree int]pretations ( ! orig9 ( ! avoidance ( "m-9-law & son-9-law4 #a4 ,fison 7,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #ajc71 #8,x is t ! rule is due to a fe> ( int]c\rse :i* is unlawful1 ?\gh !oretically all[$ on "s classificatory sy/ems4' ,mr4 ,crawley rem>ks1 #8?is explanation is ! "o mo/ likely to occur to explor]s :o h p]sonal k ( savages1' :i* 0 ,mr4 ,atk9son's case4 ,mr4 ,crawley objects ! antec$5t improbability ( any man1 #8n to m5tion a savage1 ev] fall+ 9 love ) a woman old en\gh to be 8 "m or "m-9-law1 & ! improbability ( s _m peoples be+ afraid ( ?is4' ,n[ #89 love' is "o ?+1 & an access ( lu/ is ano!r4 ,moreov]1 ! "m-9-law1 9 prospective1 n infrequ5tly is h] daught]'s rival1 ev5 9 mod]n life4 ,%e has to be gu>d$ aga9/1 ev5 if ! son-9-law is less dang]\s4 ,& he is v apt to be #8a g5]al lov]4' #8,!oretically ! "m-9-law is m>riageable 9 _m sy/ems1' says ,mr4 ,crawley1 #8& s !re w\ld be no ince/ 444' ,b ,mr4 ,atk9son is n contemplat+ ! dang] ( ince/ z ! cause ( "m-9-law avoidance2 8 !ory po/ulates jeal\sy--t ( ! "m-9-law's husb&1 &1 = :at x is wor?1 t ( ! "m-9-law's daught]4 ,mr4 ,crawley's objection1 ,i ?9k1 does n invalidate ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory2 especially z he does n reflect t ! possible "m-9-law may h a caprice = h] son-9-law1 :ile ! w\ld-be son-9-law1 less frequ5tly1 may foll[ ! c\rse ( ,colonel ,h5ry ,esmond4 #b4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's 7,"l ,avebury's7 !ory1 ( enmity caus$ by capture1 ,mr4 ,atk9son has dealt )2 x is reject$ by ,mr4 ,crawley4 #c4 ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory 7,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/itute1 xviii4 #bdg71 is t ( #8cutt+' #8an outsid]1' n "o ( ! family1 n recognis$ till 8 fir/ *ild is born4 ,= v>i\s reasons1 ,mr4 ,crawley rejects ?is explanation1 rightly1 ,i v5ture to ?9k4 ,mr4 ,crawley holds t ! "m-9-law avoidance #8seems to be causally connect$ ) a man's avoidance ( 8 own wife1' :i* he reg>ds z only "o aspect ( ! tabu betwe5 ! two sexes1 sup]/iti\sly reg>d$ z dang]\s to ea* o!r4 ,b1 l ,mr4 ,atk9son1 ,i mu* d\bt :e!r ! #8avoidance1' z f> z x goes1 ( husb& & wife is1 9 ! ma91 ! result ( ?is sup]/ition1 ?\gh x plays its "p on special occasions1 z be=e ! wom5 s[ ! crops1 & be=e ! m5 g =? to w>4 ,mr4 ,crawley's sugge/ion t1 z husb& & wife are p]petually break+ ! alleg$ sexual tabu1 ! "m-9-law becomes #8a sub/itute to receive ! onus ( tabu1' #8a good in/ance ( savage make-believe' does n c>ry conviction4 ,mr4 ,atk9son's !ory seems #8z good z a bett]' 7,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #djj-dad74--;,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #a3 ,well-kn[n in/ances ( ?is m>ital %yness are ! ,sp>tan & ,r$ ,indian usage ( only ent]+ ! wife's b[]1 or wigwam1 "u cov] ( d>kness4 ,!re are also ,fijian & ,new ,cal$onian cases 7,crawley1 pp4 #ci-dj74 ,mr4 ,crawley w\ld reg>d ^! z cases ( #8sexual tabu1' b v>i\s o!r cases may be readily conjectur$4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,note at ! end ( *ap4 ,v4 ,footnote #c3 ,) ! consequ5t accession ( p[] to ! resid5t female ?us accru+1 capture w\ld h become m r>e4 ,9 any case x w\ld c]ta9ly become connect$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! m advanc$ & p[]ful tribes ) ! rape ( wom51 o!r ?an _! own1 & probably inf]ior 9 type1 m5tally & physically2 ! comp>ison ( ?is degrad$ captive 9 _! mid/ ) _! own free females w\ld n be at all likely to h l$ 9 connection ) h] to any spontane\s idea ( symbolic consecration 9 m>riage1 or aught else4 ,footnote #d3 ,:5 two gr\ps1 despite ! isolat+ t5d5cy ( ! habit ( capture1 did at l5g? =m a union suffici5tly close to p]mit ( m>riage by cons5t betwe5 ! respective gr\p memb]s1 !n1 ) capture z reg>ds outsid]s /ill rife among/ !m1 we c und]/& h[ ! symbol w\ld come to be atta*$ to ! peaceful connubium4 ,footnote #e3 #8,phratries' are "h meant1 :]e ! ^w #8clan' is us$1 or local totem gr\ps4--,a4 ,l4 ,cf4 ,note1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #f3 ,! exact relation ( ea* to ! females be+ def9$ by ! classificatory sy/em by g5]ations4 ,footnote #g3 ,z m5tion$ by ,tylor4 ,footnote #h3 ,"h ,i really d n "k :at #8clan' is meant to d5ote--#8phratry1' ,i ?9k4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,mr4 ,crawley's #8,sexual tabu' !ory ( ?is avoidance1 ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #cii-dad4--;,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #aj3 ,app>5tly #8clans' "h totem k9s1 ,mr4 ,atk9son seems to ?9k t totem k9s kept on be+ add$ to ! two orig9al #8phratries4'--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #aa3 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #ac et seq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hlonipa1 to avoid m5tion ( 8 "n1 c4 ,footnote #ac3 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #ad4 ,lubbock quot+ #8,report ( ,select ,committee on ,aborig9es1' ,vict4 #ahei1 p4 #gc4 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,among ! ,v$dahs ! fact t ! avoidance beg9s aft] pub]ty1 & 9 ea* case 9 relation to ! opposite sex1 is evid5ce t "h ! sexual feel+s are conc]n$4 ,footnote #ae3 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #af3 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,on a me?od ( inve/igat+ ! developm5t ( in/itutions3 appli$ to laws ( m>riage & desc5t4 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 #ahhi1 xviii4 ,no4 #c1 #bde-bfi4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! matt] "h is highly te*nical1 & mu/ be comp>$1 if x is to be und]/ood1 ) ,mr4 ,tylor's essay1 cit$ 9 ! previ\s note4 ,w /&s = ,wife1 ,h = ,husb&1 ,d is ,daught]1 ,f is ,female1 ,m is ,"m1 & is also ,male6 ,a is ,avoidance4--,a4 ,l4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,classificatory ,,sy/em ,! classificatory sy/em4--,! au?or's !ory is ! opposite ( ,mr4 ,morgan's1 ( orig9al bro!r & si/] m>riage4--,t !ory is bas$ on ,malayan t]ms ( relation%ip4--,nephew1 niece1 & c\s91 all nam$ #8sons & daught]s4'--,?is fact ( nom5clature us$ z an argum5t = promiscuity4--,! au?or's !ory4--,! names = relation%ip giv5 z reg>ds ! gr\p1 n ! individual4--,! names & rules evolv$ 9 ! respective int]e/s ( ?ree g5]ations4--,!y apply to food z well z to m>riage4--,ea* g5]ation is a /rictly def9$ class4--,t]ms = relation%ip indicate1 n k9%ip1 b relative s5iority & rights 9 relation to ! gr\p4--,! di/9ction ( age 9 g5]ations breaks d[n 9 practice4--,me?ods ( bilk+ ! lett] ( ! law4--,communal m>riage4--,outside suitors & c\s9age4 --,! fact ( c\s9age unp]ceiv$ & unnam$4--,c\s9s are /ill call$ bro!rs & si/]s2 ?us1 :5 a man /yles 8 si/]'s son 8 son1 ! fact does n prove1 z 9 ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 t 8 si/] is 8 wife4--,t]ms ( address betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s4--,& betwe5 memb]s ( ! same & ( diff]5t phratries4--,^! corroborate ! au?or's !ory4--,di/9ction z to sexual rights yields ! classificatory sy/em4--,progress outran recognition & v]bal expression4--,errors ( ,mr4 ,morgan & ,mr4 ,mc,lennan4--,conclusion4--,note4--' #8,gr\p m>riage4' ,9 ! gradual evolution ( ! gr\p into ! tribe dur+ ! long p]iod ( transition1 ! modifications 9 ! int]nal organisation1 :i* took place z ! necess>y result 9 ! m>* 9 progress1 %\ld h left traces :i* we may also be able to foll[ 9 liv+ cu/om4 ,! immigration ( ! outside suitor1 9 its syn*ronism ) ! decay ( pat]nal ince/1 mu/ h entail$ cont9ual complications dem&+ regulation1 & ! resolution ( ea* problem w\ld lead to an almo/ me*anical /ep 9 advance4 ,:5 by =ce ( circum/ances ( environm5t or o!rs su* a /ep became retrograde1 !n we may expect an ab]rant =m ^: v anomalism %\ld lead to a facile recognition1 & prove equally f]tile 9 int]pretation4 ,inde$1 a curi\s ve/ige ( ! effect 9 action ( ! habit ( ince/1 :5 br\ght into inevitable contact ) progressive social evolution1 is to be disc]n$ 9 ! nom5clature ( t e>lie/ phase ( ! classificatory sy/em :i* ,mr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan has call$ ! ,malayan4 ,f ! g5]al preval5ce among l[] races ( a division into classes by g5]ations ( ! memb]s ( gr\p1 & ! d$uction we see drawn 9 ,anci5t ,society f ! ,hawaiian t]ms ( relation%ip !re9 detail$1 z to a previ\s /ate ( g5]al promiscuity1 x w be desirable ?or\ghly to exam9e ! :ole "q ( ! s-call$ classificatory sy/em4 ,x is d\bly imp]ative 9 view ( our own hypo!sis1 :i*1 z reg>ds ! prim>y orig9 ( society1 may be said to be exactly ! rev]se ( t ( ,mr4 ,morgan1 9 z f> z ! sexual int]-relations ( bro!r & si/] are conc]n$4 ,we h tri$ to portray ! imp]ative evolution ( a primal law z ! sole possible condition ( ! fir/ /eps 9 social progress1 a law :i* _h s specially 9 view ! b> to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 a bro!r & si/] t x might1 if a "n = x 7 ne$$1 be call$ ! anadelphogam\s law4 ,mr4 ,atk9son wrote #8asororogamic1' :i* is really too impossible a ^w = ev5 sci5ce to employ4 ,mr4 ,morgan1 on ! contr>y1 says1#a #8,! primitive or consangu9e family 0 f\nd$ ^u ! int]-m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s own & collat]al 9 a gr\p4' ,he adds1#b #8,! ,malayan sy/em def9es ! relation%ip t w\ld exi/ 9 a consangu9e family1 & x dem&s ! exi/5ce ( su* a family to acc\nt = its own exi/5ce4' ,& aga91#c #8,x is impossible to expla9 ! sy/em z a natural gr[?1 ^u any o!r hypo!sis ?an ! "o nam$1 s9ce ?is =m ( m>riage alone c furni% a key to its int]pretation4' ,he bases 8 argum5t on ! fact t#d #8"u ! ,malayan sy/em all consangu9es1 ne> & remote1 fall )9 "s "o ( ! foll[+ relation%ips1 viz4 p>5t1 *ild1 gr&p>5t1 gr&*ild1 bro!r & si/]--no o!r blood relation%ips are recognis$1' & says1 speak+ ( promiscuity1 t#e #8a man calls 8 bro!r's son1 8 son1 because 8 bro!r's wife is 8 wife z well z 8 bro!r's1 & 8 si/]'s son is also 8 son because 8 si/] is 8 wife4' ,n[ t a bro!r's son %\ld be call$ a son is q simple1 z be+ a natural effect ( ! gr\p m>riage ( bro!rs1 ! preval5ce ( :i* z a habit1 & its effects1 ,,mm4 ,lorim] & ,fison s well %[ among ! ,au/ralians4#f ,b t a si/]'s son %\ld also be t]m$1 by h] bro!r1 a #8son' is c]ta9ly a v diff]5t ?+ inde$1 despite ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's & o!r argum5ts to ! contr>y4 ,9 ?is v]bal detail lies ! :ole crux ( ! matt] z reg>ds ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,t x %\ld h giv5 rise to su* div]sity ( op9ion & sugge/$ 8 !ory ( bro!r & si/] m>riage ne$ h>dly be matt] ( surprise4 ,= x is at once1 evid5t t a gr\p hold+ su* nom5clature ignor$ c\s9%ip1 ev5 if x exi/$4 ,to all lat] seem+ my si/]'s son mu/ be nephew to ego q necess>ily4 ,t at any /age he %\ld be unrecognis$ z su* seems ! m a/oni%+1 z ev5 9 ! v e>ly times :5 totems fir/ arose1 & arose probably & precisely to di/+ui% c\s9s z su*1#g ea* c\s9 is ( a diff]5t totem to ! o!r1 & ?us n only eligible 9 m>riage ) ano!r c\s91 b 9 _m l[] races ! born sp\se ea* ( ! o!r4 ,! :ole "q ?us resolves itself into ! exact value ( ! t]m we f9d us$ 9 ! ,hawaiian designation ( ! si/]'s son by h] bro!r4 ,n[ x is important to note t two causes might h = effect ! =m ( nom5clature 9 :i* a bro!r & si/] ea* call ! *ild a son1 & ?us ignore a possible c\s9%ip4 ,"o cause is t "s factor 9 self-int]e/ or o!rwise all[$ su* relation%ip to rema9 unrecognis$1 al?\gh exi/5t1 & ano!r is t1 z c\s9%ip did n exi/ at all1 !re c\ld be no recognition1 or1 z ,mr4 ,morgan puts x1 #88 si/]'s son is also 8 son because 8 si/] is 8 wife4' ,to det]m9e :i* is correct c]ta9ly seems difficult1 & ! :ole ?+ has evid5tly be5 consid]$ a mo/ /ubborn fact = ! oppon5ts ( promiscuity4 ,t ,mr4 ,morgan %\ld h seiz$ x 9 support ( 8 !ory1 & t ! !ory %\ld be s l>gely accept$1 is n a/oni%+4 ,happily ! great value ( 8 ensu+ argum5t z reg>ds tribal developm5t is 9 no way impair$ if x c be %[n1 z we hope to d1 t !re is no necessity = an hypo!sis ( promiscuity to expla9 ! t]ms 9 ! ,malayan table1 :i* app>5t ne$ seems prim>ily to h l$ ,mr4 ,morgan to evolve ! idea ( 8 primitive gr\p4 ,9 fact1 x becomes evid5t t1 if we c furni% a clue z to h[ a si/]'s son came also to be a bro!r's son1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! !ory ( an ince/u\s union ( bro!rs & si/]s1 we at lea/ disc\nt ! ne$ ( ,mr4 ,morgan's #8consangu9e family1' 9 :i* su* ince/ is suppos$ to be a mo/ *>act]i/ic & ess5tial feature4 ,we hope to prove t ! t]ms :i* misl$ him are m app>5t ?an real z pro(s ( any real aff9ity 9 blood1 & t ! orig9al conception 9 causal connection 0 some?+ q ap>t4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock 7,"l ,avebury7 has obs]v$ t ! l[] ! milieu ( a social /atus ! less we see ( ! individual & ! m ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ! case be=e u ! individual z su* does n exi/ at all1 & !re is only "q ( ! gr\p 9 its relation to its compon5t classes4 ,to conf\nd "o ) ! o!r l$ to ,mr4 ,morgan's error4 ,!re 0 mu*1 9 fact1 9 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's %rewd rem>k 9 criticism ( ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory t he did n seek ! orig9 ( ! sy/em ( nom5clature 9 ! orig9 ( ! classification ( ! connect$ p]sons1 & t he c\rt$ failure 9 attempt+ to solve ! problem by expla9+ ! relation%ips compris$ 9 ! sy/em 9 detail4'#h ,b x seems to me t ,mr4 ,mc,lennan fell into ! same error :5 he cont5t$ himself ) ! mislead+ analogies :i* a comp>ison ) ! ,nair family sy/em pres5t$4 ,^!1 h[ev] /rik+1 are1 z we %all f9d1 simply ! result ( ! fact t class or communal m>riage 0 ! common trait ( ! poly&r\s & ! ,cyclopean family1 nor c ,i see t ,mr4 ,mc,lennan foll[$ 8 own excell5t advice z reg>ds ! possible id5tity 9 orig9 ( nom5clature & classification2 if he _h s done1 8 acute m9d c\ld n h fail$ 9 a resolution ( ! :ole problem1 :]eas 8 f9al resume ( ! argum5t is 9 t]ms :i* ,i pr(ess to be q unable to grasp4 ,be=e ent]+ into ! matt] ourselves1 we mu/ keep 9 m9d our affirmation z to ! axiom :i* mu/1 9 my op9ion1 guide u 9 all rese>* into ! hidd5 causes ( e>ly social evolution4 ,all innovations1 z we h said1 9 ! regulation ( society1 all novel legislative proc$ure s to speak1 w be f\nd to h relation to ! sexual feel+s 9 jeal\sy4 ,?is already is ! g5esis ( ! primal law1 &1 9 ea* case ( avoidance1 we h f\nd jeal\sy ! lead+ factor4 ,x is ! same 9 ! case be=e u4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 let u !n foll[ ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's advice z to seek+ ! orig9 ( ! classification ( connect$ p]sons4 ,n[ :at w\ld be ! family economy ( ! primitive gr\p1 & :o are its compon5t individuals1 ^: int]e/s1 9 sexual matt]s1 are likely to cla%1 & ^: mutual relation%ip 9 ?is respect dem&$ di/9ction 9 fur!rance ( regulation ( _! respective rights8 ,! orig9al primitive type ( family1 :i* we h call$ #8! ,cyclopean1' has disappe>$1 giv+ place to a high] =m1 :i*1 by ! inclusion ( male (fspr+1 has p]mitt$ ! exi/5ce ( sev]al g5]ations 9 pres5ce4 ,! compon5t individuals1 speak+ ( "o sex only1 w\ld be old males1 males1 & "y males repres5t+ ?ree g5]ations4 ,x is ! int]e/s ( ^! g5]ations1 :i*1 9 sexual matt]s & 9 *oice ( food1 c4 w\ld be likely to cla%1 = we may be sure t ! s5iors1 z ) actual savages1 w\ld desire ! lion's %>e4 ,di/9ction !n be+ necess>y1 x w\ld naturally1 z ) individuals1 be bas$ on relativity ( age1 s5iority )9 c]ta9 limits conf]+ priority4 ,?us gradually ea* g5]ation1 z inde$ ) actual l[] races1 w\ld1 qua g5]ation1 come to be a di/9ctly def9$ class ) c]ta9 sep>ate rights & obligations4 ,9 ?is simple necessity ( a classification ( ! connect$ p]sons1 we see ! orig9 ( ! classificatory sy/em itself1 z an in/itution4 ,div]s int]e/s1 z betwe5 s5iors & juniors1 dem&$ /rict dem>cation1 & ! limits ( a g5]ation furni%$ ! requir$ l9es to m>k !m4 ,! v natural di/9ction by relativity ( age 0 simply1 z ) individuals1 utilis$ z ! requisite ma*9]y 9 regulation ( mutual rights ( ! individual himself4 ,8 rights are a matt] ( conc]n simply )9 8 g5]ation1 9 :i* ! relation is purely pat]nal & communal1 ) ! sole res]vation ( rights conf]r$ by s5iority4 ,ev5 :5 lat] d5om9ative expression 0 giv5 to ! idea ( a g5]ation1 t]ms almo/ id5tical ( male1 old male1 & "y male are us$1 z !re is no desire to convey any idea ( p]sonal k9%ip1 & !re is m]ely 9 view ref]5ce to relativity ( age ( a class 9 relation to ! gr\p4 ,lat]1 z ,mr4 ,mc,lennan says 7p4 #bgg73 #8,:atev] class names primitively signifi$1 ,kiki w\ld come to mean *ild1 ,k9a p>5t1 ,moopuna gr&*ild1 ,kapuna gr&p>5t1 b orig9ally no su* idea ( k9%ip 0 9 view4' ,! classificatory sy/em evolv$ itself simply z ! result ( a desire to def9e c]ta9 rights1 & ! division by g5]ations 0 ! mo/ natural & feasible = ! purpose4 ,b ! v simplicity & paucity ( ! orig9al t]ms %[ t x 0 appli$ to any simple gr\p =m4 ,9 fact1 we are "h deal+ ) t primitive =m :i* b\nd p toge!r1 by ! m]e tie ( resid5ce & locality1 & 0 purely exogam\s 9 habit4 ,n[ :5 we consid] t ?is fix$ relativity ( age by g5]ation 0 orig9ally evolv$ 9 view ( ! relations )9 su* a family1 we c imag9e t complications might arise f su* arbitr>y def9itions1 :51 lat]1 ?is family exp&$ into ! num]ically l>ge tribe compos$ ( two int]m>ry+ totem clan gr\ps phratries4 ,primitively1 d\btless1 z betwe5 ! classes1 ! g5etic idea z reg>ds sexual matt]s 0 7z /ill ) savages 9 que/ions ( food7 to fav\r ! s5iors & def5d _! rights 9 def9+ ea* "o's /atus4 ,b actually1 ) ! decay ( ince/1 x w\ld become :at x is z among l[] races1 :]e no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! /rict int]dict ^u any union betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t g5]ations4#i ,x is evid5t t h5ce complications might arise p]plex+ to ! savage m9d4 ,= in/ance1 we may expect to f9d cases :]e ! niece is an adult1 :il/ ! aunt is /ill an infant1 & yet m>riage betwe5 ! =m] & ! son ( ! latt] is obligatory1 z !y are c\s9s ( ! same g5]ation4 ,"h1 probably1 we h a clue to "o ( ! mo/ biz>re facts 9 an?ropology1 :]e ! univ]sal rule z to sexual connection betwe5 g5]ations seems to be wantonly disobey$1 al?\gh 9 reality ! rev]se may be se5 to be ! case on exam9ation4 ,x is record$ ( ! ,k$dies ( ,s\!rn ,india t a v s+ul> cu/om exi/s among !m1 a "y woman ( sixte5 or tw5ty ye>s ( age may be m>ri$ to a boy ( five or six ye>s4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 lives ) "s o!r adult male 7p]haps a mat]nal uncle or c\s971 b is also all[$ to =m a connection ) ! fa!r's relatives1 occasionally x may be ! boy's fa!r himself1 i4e4 ! woman's fa!r-9-law6 ,%\ld !re be *ildr5 f ^! liaisons1 !y are fa!r$ on ! boy husb&4 ,:5 ! boy gr[s1 ! wife is ei!r old or pa/ *ild-be>+1 :5 he 9 turn takes "s o!r boy's wife 9 a mann] precisely simil> to t 9 8 own case & procreates *ildr5 = ! boy husb&4 ,by ! classificatory sy/em1 z ea* 9 fact is a memb] ( ! same g5]ation1 !y are born husb&s & wives4 ,! en=c$ virg9ity ( ! wife1 impli$ "u su* conditions1 entail$ a celibacy incompatible ) all l[] ideas4 ,x is easy to imag9e ! compromise betwe5 8 consci5ce & 8 desires :i* a savage w\ld make 9 su* a case :5 fav\r$ 7or =c$7 by circum/ances ( environm5t1 = x is unkn[n else:]e4 ,! infant nephew goes ?r\gh ! c]emony ( m>riage1 :i*1 by a fiction1 be+ ?us legally consummat$1 ! wife is left free to foll[ h] desires4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are by no means all[$ to run riot4 ,!y are regulat$ 9 a fa%ion ( :i*1 al?\gh ! peculi>ity is not$ by ! au?ors ( ! extract1 ! full significance c only be appreciat$ 9 connection ) our hypo!sis4 ,%e =m$ inde$ connections outside ( h] husb&1 b solely ) ^? ( ! legally eligible totem4 ,z ,i believe ! ,k$dies h male desc5t1 ^! w\ld be sons ( ! fa!r's si/]1 or sons ( ! "m's bro!r1 or aga9 ) ! latt] himself1 :o 0 h] fa!r-9-law1 :]eas union ) ! sons ( ! fa!r's bro!rs1 or ( ! "m's si/]s1 z be+ ( ! same totem1 w\ld n take place--& ?is we f9d to be ! actual fact1 z evid5ce proves4 ,b /ill o!r complications w be f\nd to arise z ! effect ( ! orig9al concept ( ! classificatory sy/em :5 br\ght face to face ) new & advanc$ social ord]1 :i* w h clos] relation to our pres5t argum5t4 ,! di/9ctive feature 9 ! economy ( ! primitive gr\p 9 its relation to all o!r gr\ps 0 mutual ho/ility4 ,! in/9ctive di/ru/ ( /rang]s w\ld be acc5tuat$ by ! habitual ho/ile capture ( females1 = su* gr\ps1 except 9 ! case ( ! ince/ betwe5 fa!r & daught]1 7 yet purely exogam\s4 ,b su* mutual ho/ility implies isolation ( ea* community4 ,?us all law evolv$1 z we h said1 w\ld be purely ) a view to regulation ( ! int]nal economy ( a s+le consangu9e gr\p alone4 ,n[ 9 su* a gr\p1 ! division into g5]ations ( old male1 male1 & "y male impli$ 7al?\gh n z yet und]/ood z betwe5 g5]ations7 ! relation%ip ( p>5ts & *ildr54 ,ea* g5]ation is ei!r *ild or p>5t to ! o!r4 ,z m>riage is communal1#aj all ! fa!rs 9 "o g5]ation are fa!rs to all ! *ildr5 9 ! next indiscrim9ately1 & conv]sely ^! *ildr5 recognise z fa!rs all ! males ( ! s5ior g5]ation4 ,x foll[s t ! relation%ip ( all ! memb]s ( a g5]ation is purely frat]nal1 all are bro!rs & si/]s to ea* o!r1 & 9 ?is consangu9e family !y 7 really ei!r actually s1 or at lea/ half bro!rs & half si/]s4 ,betwe5 ^! ! primal law ( celibacy betwe5 bro!r & si/] z su* embrac$ ! :ole g5]ation4 ,n[ z long z ! family 0 ?us simply con/itut$1 no friction w\ld arise4 ,! bro!rs1 9 common1 captur$ & m>ri$ 9 common "s outside female1#aa & _! *ildr5 con/itut$ solely ! next g5]ation4 ,! si/]s 7 ei!r /ol5 or emigrat$ to o!r gr\ps2 b we h se5 t a mom5t w\ld come :5 ?is process ceas$ to be univ]sal4 ,! si/] came to rema9 9 h] own gr\p1 & %e 0 jo9$ by "s outside suitor2 ) ! adv5t ( _! *ildr51 :o are c\s9s to ! o!rs1 w\ld arise dire p]plexities1 9 view ( ! old law4 ,we may n[ beg9 to see m di/9ctly1 9 ! fact ( ! pres5ce ( ! c\s9s1 ! resolution ( ! problem z to h[ a si/]'s son came to be also a bro!r's1 & we w f9d t ,mr4 ,morgan 0 n ! fir/ to be baffl$ by ! problem4 ,x 0 too intricate = primitive man at any rate4 ,:5 fir/ pres5t$ to him1 we may surmise t he1 9 fact1 refus$ to recognise x z a problem at all4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?+s 9 ! gr\p1 z con/itut$ by all tradition1 ! *ildr5 ( "o g5]ation 7 *ildr5 ( ano!r simply1 & no?+ m4 ,t z a result ( ! pres5ce ( ! outside male1 "s intricate process ( scission _h occurr$1 & ?+s 7 n z !y seem$1 0 an idea f> too ab/ract to be readily seiz$4 ,all 9 a g5]ation _h be5 ev]1 to e>ly man1 bro!r & si/]1 & bro!r & si/] !y %\ld cont9ue4 ,we h se5 9 a pa/ *apt] t x 0 actually to ! int]e/ ( s5ior male gr\p-memb]s1 :ile ince/ reign$1 t ?is condition ( ?+s %\ld endure4 ,x put at _! sole disposal ! daught]s ( _! bro!rs-9-law1 & 9 ! primal law plac$ a ban on sexual int]c\rse betwe5 all ! y\ng] male & female memb]s1 z con/itut+ !m bro!rs & si/]s4 ,z a factor 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! effect ( ince/ 0 m or less tempor>y4 ,! real ag5t 9 ! t>dy or non-recognition ( ! c\s9%ip ?us creat$1 0 ! cons]vative =ce ( old habit & tradition4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 9 s e>ly a gr\p1 p]sonal desc5t z su* 0 9 no way recognis$4 ,m]e local contiguity alone con/itut$ ! s5se ( relation%ip1 exogamy = in/ance took ! =m ( local exogamy1 = z all )9 a locality 7 7locally7 relations1 s all outside 71 z /rang]s1 free 9 m>riage4 ,:ile !n s /rong a s5se ( ! value ( contiguity cont9u$1 & 0 9 practice1 ! evolution ( an idea ( non-relation%ip ( two individuals ) a common habitat w\ld be too complex4 ,aga91 a recognition 9 fact implies a va/ modification ( ! :ole organisation ( ! gr\p1 :i* ?us conta9s 9 c\s9s ! elem5ts ( m>riage )9 itself4 ,b ?is is ! late/ & highe/ type ( gr\p & con/itutes ! tribe4 ,we c und]/& t su* a /ep 0 n tak5 at once by e>ly man4 ,ev5 :5 recognis$ we "k t def9ition lags beh9d ! ev5t4 ,?us 9 su* a case z cit$1 & at ! /age we are /udy+1 if we f9d two c\s9s 9 pres5ce1 :o are yet unrecognis$ z c\s9s1 !n1 if nom5clature has tak5 place1 we %\ld f9d exactly ! t]ms employ$ 9 ! ,malayan table :i* misl$ ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,a si/]'s son w\ld be t]m$ ! bro!r's son1 simply because ! individual 0 z yet ignor$1 al?\gh exi/5t1 z a c\s91 z memb]s ( ! same g5]ation !y 7 bro!r & si/]4 ,classes by g5]ations alone 7 recognis$4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! validity ( our assumption t relativity 9 age s]v$ z a means to det]m9e privilege z to w$lock1 pro( c be furni%$ by c]ta9 nom5clatory features1 z betwe5 memb]s ( a class or g5]ation1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,malayan table 9 ,anci5t ,society & else:]e4 ,?is w af=d1 incid5tally1 /rong negative pro( ( our !ory z to non-union betwe5 bro!r & si/]4 ,x w also incid5tally furni% ! /ronge/ negative evid5ce t1 s f> f bro!r & si/] liv+ 9 ince/1 z ,morgan holds1 bro!r & si/] 7 reg>d$ z q ap>t 9 ! s5se ( any sexual relation betwe5 !m4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a pr(\nd di/9ction made 9 address betwe5 int]-m>riageable p & ^? betwe5 :om celibacy is enjo9$4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,morgan & ,mr4 ,mc,lennan h drawn att5tion to ! peculi>ities 9 ! t]ms ( address z betwe5 #8bro!rs' & z betwe5 #8si/]s4' ,x is curi\s t ! full significance ( ! ph5om5a !re9 pres5t$ escap$ two su* ke5 intellects4 ,we f9d "h t t]ms ( address z betwe5 p]sons ( ! same sex & ( ! same g5]ation1 & ergo bro!rs or si/]s1 pres5t ! v rem>kable features t 7#a7 #8,! age ( ! p]son spok5 to comp>$ ) t ( ! speak] plays a v important "p 9 ! matt] ( d5om9ation4' 7#b7 #8,su* names ref] n to ! absolute age ( ! p]son address$4' 7#c7 #8,! relation%ips ( bro!r & si/] are conceiv$ 9 ! tw(old =m ( eld] & y\ng]1 & n 9 ! ab/ract1 & !re are special t]ms = ea* among ! ,s5eca ,iroquois4' 7#d7 #8,!re is no "n = bro!r & si/] 7,malayan sy/em74 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are a v>iety ( names = use 9 salutations betwe5 8bro!r0 & 8si/]0 accord+ to ! age & sex ( ! p]son speak+ 9 relation to ! age & sex ( ! p]son address$4' 7#e7 ,among ! ,eskimo ! =m ( ! t]ms ( relation%ip appe>s to dep5d1 9 "s cases1 m on ! sex ( ! speak] ?an on t ( ! p]son to :om ! t]m ref]s4 7#f7 ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 if a man has a bro!r & a si/]1 he is call$ "o ?+ by ! bro!r1 b q a diff]5t ?+ by ! si/]4 ,we w n[ illu/rate ! idea m completely by an extract ( t]ms f ! table ( ,hawaiian relation%ips 9 ,anci5t ,society4 ,an old] or a y\ng] bro!r is to a si/] simply address$ or m5tion$ by ! g5]al t]m ,kaiku nana1 b to h]1 9 address or m5tion ( an old] or a y\ng] si/]1 !y are respectively ,kaik a'ana & ,kaika-i-na4 ,aga91 an old] or a y\ng] si/] is to a bro!r collectively ,kaikuwahe5a1 b to him an eld] or a y\ng] bro!r is respectively ,kaiknana & ,kaika9a4 ,n[ 9 view ( our argum5t z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ^! div]sities 9 "s sexual feel+s1 x is a mo/ significant feature 9 ^! details ( ! t]ms ( address t ! expression ( ! relativity ( age betwe5 ! speak]s is conf9$ solely to ! int]c\rse betwe5 memb]s ( ! same sex4 ,t a bro!r is ! s5ior or ! junior ( ,ego is c>efully not$1 b a si/] is simply & vaguely a si/]4 ,:y8 simply because :]eas1 by virtue ( ! primal law1 no possible "q :atev] ( mutual int]e/ 9 sexual matt]s c\ld possibly arise betwe5 a bro!r & a si/]1 on ! o!r h& friction might h\rly occur betwe5 bro!rs or betwe5 si/]s4 ,9 fact1 if our !ory is correct1 !n1 z que/ions ( sexual privilege or prec$5ce c\ld cause jeal\sy betwe5 memb]s ( ! same sex1 di/9ctions w\ld be necess>y by def9ition ( s5iority :5 address took place betwe5 ^!1 & 9 ^! cases alone1 & ?is inde$ we f9d to be ! fact4 ,z conclusive evid5ce we w\ld cite ! fur!r important fact t ^! v same di/9ctions ( s5ior & junior are us$1 int] se1 betwe5 all ^? ( ! same totem phratry z n[ exi/+1 b are nev] employ$ = _! tribal c\s9s ( ! o!r totem phratry4 ,& ! reason is ! same4 ,! latt] naturally d n m>ry 79 gr\ps =m$ ( only two classes7 phratries into ! same totem phratry z ! =m]1 & ?us !re is no cause = jeal\sy or necessity ( def9ition1 :]eas individuals ( ! same totem phratry are ipso facto gr\p pot5tial husb&s ( ! same gr\p pot5tial wives1 or are at lea/ eligible 9 m>riage ) ! same totem gr\ps phratries1 & h5ce necessity = ! exact def9ition by age ( ea* "o's rights4 ,?us1 z ) o!r laws or in/itutions we h trac$1 we f9d a desire = di/9ction z reg>ds rights 9 sexual union to be ! g5etic cause ( ! classificatory sy/em bo? z reg>ds ! g5]ation & its compon5t memb]s4 ,9 all p]iods ( transition :i* a process 9 *ange 9 progress implies1 we expect to f9d cases :]e ! cons]vative =ce ( tradition f ! pa/ has delay$ recognition ( ! too novel pres5t1 & we discov] t circum/ances h mov$ too rapidly = ! intellig5ce ( ! times4 ,if we keep ?is fact 9 view1 we h ?us seem$ to f9d a natural explanation ( ! knotty po9t :i* 0 ! cause ( dispute betwe5 ,mr4 ,morgan & ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1#ab & we may ?us v5ture to say t ea* 0 bo? wrong & "r 9 8 views ( ! classificatory sy/em 9 g5]al4 ,ea* has mi/ak5 a "p = a :ole1 & !y 7 ignorant t !y 7 uphold+ two sides ( ! same "q4 ,mr4 ,morgan 0 9 error 9 assum+ ! sy/em's too intimate connection ) a det]m9ation ( aff9ities 9 blood1 9 relation to :i* prim>ily1 z we hope to h %[n1 x _h really nei!r purpose nor aim1 z also 9 8 too ha/y assumption ( a consangu9e family f\nd$ on bro!r & si/] ince/1 bas$ on a m]e conjectural solution ( a v]bal detail1 an assumption :i* he himself ackn[l$ges _h no o!r f\ndation4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan 0 9 error 9 ma9ta9+ t ! classificatory sy/em conc]n$ t]ms ( address alone4 ,to quote 8 own words3 #8,:at duties or rights are affect$ by ! 8relation%ips0 compris$ 9 ! classificatory sy/em8 ,absolutely none2 !y are b>r5 ( consequ5ces1 except inde$ z compris+ a code ( c\rtesies & c]emonial addresses 9 social int]c\rse4' ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h tri$ to %[1 ! sy/em _h precisely bo? int5tion & effect 9 regulation1 z reg>ds sexual feel+1 :i* is ! /ronge/ passion 9 nature4 ,& yet ea* disputant aga9 0 "r 9 a degree1 =1 9 lat] times1 ! classificatory di/9ctions really s]v$ z t]ms ( address z reg>ds ! clan tribe81 :il/ aga9 ! primitive t]ms1 :i* simply describe g5]ations ( p]sons 9 _! relation to ! gr\p1 7 aft]w>ds1 by philological transmutation1 to come to h a m def9ite mean+ express+ ! s5se ( ! p]sonal p>5t4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,viii ,gr\p ,m>riage ,! idea t #8gr\p m>riage' exi/s among ! dusky natives ( ,au/ralia1 & t #8! gr\p is ! social unit z reg>ds m>riage' 7z expla9$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is book71 0 introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,h[itt & ,fison 9 _! ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai 7#ahhj74 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 9 _! ,natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7#ahii71 support ! views ( ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt4 #8,"u c]ta9 modifications gr\p m>riage /ill exi/s z an actual cu/om1 regulat$ by fix$ & well recognis$ rules1 among/ v>i\s ,au/ralian tribes' 7p4 #ef74 #8,individual m>riage does n exi/ ei!r 9 "n or practice 9 ! ,urabunna tribe' 7p4 #fc74 ,mr4 ,crawley argues1 on ! o!r h&1 t individual m>riage does exi/ among ! ,urabunna1 #8?\gh slightly modifi$' 7,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #dhb74 ,= ea* #8slight modification1' ! husb&'s cons5t mu/ be obta9$4 ,! sy/em is reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,crawley1 n z a survival ( promiscuity1 m or less modifi$1 b z an #8abnormal developm5t4' ,he believes 9 individual m>riage1 z1 f ! e>lie/ kn[n times1 #8! regul> type ( union ( man & woman4' #8,"o is /ruck by ! high morality ( primitive man' 7pp4 #dhc-dhd74 ,:at ,mr4 ,atk9son meant by say+ t #8m>riage is communal1' ,i d n und]/&1 z1 on 8 !ory1 sexual jeal\sy mu/ h prev5t$ ea* man ( a g5]ation1 9 a gr\p1 f be+ equally ! husb& ( ea* woman1 n 8 si/]4 ,! "y braves are suppos$ to br+ 9 wom5 captives f )\t1 & to m>ry !m #8communally1' ,!n :at becomes ( jeal\sy8 ,!y ought r to h f\ght = _! captive1 on ! pr9ciples ( a golf t\rnam5t1 ! survivor & w9n] tak+ ! bride4 ,mr4 ,atk9son nev] saw 8 "w except 9 8 manuscript1 & might h made modifications on su* po9ts z ?is1 :]e he seems to me to lose grasp ( 8 idea1 z 9 8 !ory ( recognition ( ! *ildr5 ( #8! outside suitor1' he seems to br+ male desc5t into action at a p]iod :51 z he ass]ts else:]e1 x 0 n yet recognis$ by cu/om>y law4 ,on ! ,k$dies 7p4 #bhg7 ,i h no in=mation1 ! au?or giv+ no ref]5ce4 ,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #a3 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #chd1 ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid4 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid4 p4 #dji4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 p4 #che4 ,footnote #e3 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #cia1 ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan4 ,footnote #f3 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 ,lorim] & ,fison4 ,cf4 note at end ( *apt]4 ,i h already /at$ my objections to ! !ory ( #8gr\p m>riage4'--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #g3 #8,totems arose to di/+ui% c\s9s z su*4' ,?is implies t ! totem "n 0 assign$ to ea* gr\p = a def9ite social purpose1 ! regulation ( degrees ( k94 ,b1 on any feasible !ory ( ! #8totem' x #8came o!rwise1' & 0 only us$ z a m>k ( k9%ip aft] x _h come1 j z a place "n might h be5 us$1 _h x be5 equally conv5i5t4 ,on ! sy/em ( desc5t ( ! totem on ! female side1 ,a 7man71 an ,emu1 m>ries ,b 7woman71 a ,kang>oo4 ,_! sons & daught]s are ,kang>oos4 ,c1 "o ( ! si/]s1 m>ries ,d1 a ,wit*etty ,grub1 h] *ildr5 are ,kang>oos4 ,e1 ,c's bro!r1 m>ries ,f1 a ,frog1 8 *ildr5 are ,frogs1 & may1 z f> z ! totem rule goes1 m>ry _! c\s9s1 ,c's *ildr51 :o are ,kang>oos4--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #h3 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,mc,lennan1 p4 #bfi et seq4 ,footnote #i3 ,! mo/ di/9ctive feature to-day 9 ! int]-relations ( g5]ations is a mo/ /rict ord9ance to celibacy betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t g5]ations4 ,footnote #aj3 ,h[ c m>riage be communal1 grant+ ,mr4 ,atk9son's views ab\t sexual jeal\sy8--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #aa3 ,:]e is sexual jeal\sy8--,a4 ,l4 ,footnote #ab3 ,cf4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xviii4 #c1 #bfe1 :o expresses ! same op9ion4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,,orig9 ,,( ,,totemism ,9 ! foll[+ village sobriquets f ! s\?-we/]n c\nties ( ,engl& ! p are /yl$ #8eat]s (' ?is or t4#a ,,engli% ,,village ,,sobriquets ,eat]s ,a%reigney -- ,dog-eat]s ,mor*>d -- #8,burd'-eat]s ,rosea% -- ,:itpot-eat]s ,s&=d -- ,*eese-eat]s ,moreton -- ,tatie-eat]s ,paignton -- ,pudd+-eat]s ,*ur/on -- ,liv]-eat]s ,comp>e ) ^! ! foll[+ sobriquets ( ,si\an old totem k9s1 c\nt+ desc5t 9 ! male l9e4 ,,si\an ,,names ,,( ,,g5tes ,eat]s ,eat ! scrap+s ( hides ,eat dri$ v5ison ,eat dung ,eat raw food ,among ! ,si\x we h also not$ ! sobriquets ,non-,eat]s ( ,de] ,buffalos ,swans ,cranes ,blackbirds1 etc4 ,^! sobriquets ( non-eat]s are probably totemic3 ! ,de] k9 does n eat de]1 nor does ! ,crane k9 eat cranes1 & s on4 ,totem k9s are nam$ f :at !y d n eat2 _m totem k9s ) male desc5t are nicknam$ f :at !y d eat1 or are alleg$ by _! neighb\rs to eat4 ,,gr\p ,,sobriquets ,,9 ,,orkney4 ,9 ! foll[+ lett]1 :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,duncan ,rob]tson1 we read t1 9 ,orkney & ,%etl&1 local sobriquets are d]iv$ f :at ! p are alleg$ to eat4 ,! tradition is1 ,mr4 ,rob]tson in=ms me1 t ea* gr\p is nam$ aft] ! edible plant or animal :i* x br\ght :5 engag$ 9 build+ ! ,ca!dral ( ,kirkwall4 ,crantit ,h\se1 ,/4 ,ola1 ,orkney1 ,jan4 #bi1 #aijc4 ,de> ,mr4 ,lang1--,my tyrannical doctor won't let me out yet1 s t ,i h n be5 able to collect all ! in=mation ,i %\ld l to get = y ab\t ! ,orkney nicknames--or #8bye-names1' z !y are call$ "h4 ,"h foll[s ! li/ z tak5 f ,tudor's ,! ,orkneys & ,%etl&1 ) alt]ations3 ,i4 ,,ma9l& ,,or ,,pomona ,kirkwall ,/>l+s ,/4 ,&rews ,sk]ry-scrap]s ,deemess ,skate-rumples ,holm ,hobbl]s ,orphir ,ye>n+s ,fir? ,oy/]s ,/romness ,bloody-pudd+s ,s&wick ,assie-pattles ,h>ray ,crabs 7( old1 %eep7 ,birsay ,hoes dog-fi% ,evie ,cauld kail ,r5dall ,%eep-?ieves ,,ii4 ,,s\? ,,isles ,hoy ,hawks1 ,auks or ,tammynories ,walls ,ly>s 7,manx ,%e]-wat]7 ,burray ,oily ,bogies ! sk9 buoys us$ = h]r+ nets ,s\? ,ronald%ay a4 ,grimness ,gruties b4 ,hope ,sc\ties 7,skuas7 c4 ,widewall ,wit*es d4 ,h]/on ,hogs e4 ,s&wick ,birkies f4 ,s\? ,p>i% ,teeacks 7,lapw+s7 ,,iii4 ,,nor? ,,isles ,gairsay ,buckies ,wyre ,:elks ,egilsay ,bur/9 ,lumps ,r\say ,m>es ,%apansey ,%eep ,/ronsay ,limpets ,s&ay ,gruelly ,belkies ,nor? ,ronald%ay ,selkies ,seals 7also call$ #8,tangie ,:essos'7 & #8,hides' ,eday ,sc>fs ,%ag or small ,cormorant ,we/ray ,auks ! common ,guillemot ,papa ,we/ray ,d\ndies sp5t ,cod ,^! are all ! names ,i "k or c he> ( 9 ,orkney4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,moodie ,h$dle ( ,cletts on ! subject1 z ,i knew him to take a great & intellig5t int]e/ 9 all su* topics2 & ,i h a mo/ int]e/+ lett] f him1 ( :i* ,i %all give y ! gi/4 ,he says he has no d\bt t ! orig9 ( ! names is t :i* y sugge/1 ?\gh "s ( ! names d n at fir/ sight appe> to be> ?is out4 ,kirkwall #8,/>l+s' are easily acc\nt$ =1 assum+ t !re h always be5 z _m />l+s ab\t ,kirkwall z !re are n[4 ,!y may well h be5 eat5 by ! t[nsfolk4 ,i h tri$ !m1 & _! brea/s are n at all bad4 ,sk]ry-scrap]s4--,! allusion "h is to m5 :o live (f %ell fi%1 #8dilse1' etc4 (f ! sk]ries4 ,!re are--or 7--excell5t oy/]s on ! ,/4 ,&rews sk]ries4 ,mr4 ,h$dle tells me he has he>d a woman insult+ a man by say+ %e suppos$ he w\ld soon leave no limpets 9 a c]ta9 bay1 mean+ t he 0 too lazy to "w = 8 liv+4 ,skate-rumple is1 ( c\rse1 ! skate's tail4 ,deemess is ! ne>e/ l& to a fam\s piece ( wat] = skate1 kn[n z #8! skate-hole4' ,holm #8,hobbl]s' ,i d n und]/&1 b %all make "s fur!r inquiries4 ,i h an idea x is a ref]5ce to "s bird2 ,mr4 ,h$dle ?9ks x has some?+ to d ) seals1 b nei!r ( u kn[s4 ,ye>n+s are1 ( c\rse1 ! dri$ /oma*s ( calves us$ = mak+ *eese4 ,oy/]s4--,! bay ( ,fir? 0 fam\s = its oy/]s till ! b$s 7 ov]fi%$ & de/roy$ "s ?irty ye>s ago4 ,/romness #8,bloody-pudd+s'--,mr4 ,h$dle sugge/s t ! p bl$ _! cattle twice or ?rice a ye> & made #8pudd+s' ( ! blood4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 done 9 ! ,highl&s at "o "t4 ,assie-pattles4--,ei!r ^? :o lay 9 ! a%es or1 ,mr4 ,h$dle sugge/s1 :o ate cakes bak$ 9 ! a%es4 ,be=e iron girdles came mu* into use cakes 7 bak$ on flat /ones2 & !re is a hill1 kn[n z #8,bak+-/one ,hill1' :]e ! p us$ to come = /ones t w\ld n split 9 ! fire4 ,! peats us$ 9 ,s&wick h a v r$ a%1 :i* col\rs all p]sons & ?+s ne> x4 ,h>ray #8,crabs4'--,h>ray is ! only p>i% 9 ,orkney :i* does n t\* ! sea1 & ! "n is giv5 9 irony4 ,! old #8tee-"n' is said to h be5 #8%eep4' ,! /ory is told t "s fi%]m5 pass+ ?r\gh ,h>ray dropp$ a live crab4 ,! m5 ( ,h>ray c\ld n make x out at all1 & s5t = ! olde/ inhabitant1 :o 0 br\ght 9 a :eel-b>r[4 ,aft] gaz+ at ! mon/] = a few mom5ts he exclaim$3 #8,boys1 hid's a fi]y draygon2 tak' me hame6' ,i suspect !re is "s o!r tee-"n ?an #8%eep-?ieves' = ! ,r5dall p1 b w try to f9d out & let y "k4 ,hoy #8,hawks'--,mr4 ,h$dle1 :o 0 =m]ly proprietor ( ,hoy1 says he ?9ks #8auks' mu/ h be5 ! orig9al ^w1 z he believes #8tammy-nories' 0 ! old "n4 #8,auk' is ,orcadian = ! common guillemot1 & a #8tammy-norie' is a puff94 ,bo? ( ^! birds ab\nd 9 ,hoy4 ,mr4 ,h$dle also tells me t ! old "n ( #8,ly>s' = ! p ( ,walls 0 to a great ext5t replac$ by #8,cockles4' ,! #8ly>s' 7 v common 9 ,walls at "o "t1 & 7 e/eem$ a great delicacy1 b1 ,mr4 ,h$dle tells me1 7 to a great ext5t kill$ out by ! br[n rat4 ,he himself rememb]s m5 be+ bitt5 by rats :5 putt+ _! h&s into holes to look = "y #8ly>s4' ,"s ?ree g5]ations back enorm\s numb]s ( cockles 7 tak5 & eat5 by ! p ( ,walls1 & !y seem to h be5 call$ #8,cockles'--or1 ,i presume1 #8eat]s ( cockles'--9 consequ5ce4 ,oily ,bogies4--,i h>dly see h[ ?is c h be5 #8eat]s (4' ,!re might h be5 "s old /ory to ! effect t ! ,burray m5 /ole & ate ^! buoys1 b ,i nev] he>d x4 ,s\? ,ronald%ay has names = e di/rict1 :i* no o!r isl& b ! ,ma9l& has4 ,gruties is1 ,mr4 ,h$dle says1 equival5t to #8,sk]ry-scrap]s'--p :o get _! liv+ f ! #8grut' or refuse left 9 bights by ! tide4 7#8,grut1' see ,norse grde porridge or gruel47 ,sc\ties may be d]iv$ f ! skua1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,h$dle gives an unpres5table d]ivation4 ,! ^w ,birkies he did n "k ! mean+ (1 b ask$ two or ?ree p1 :o all said ! ,s&wick p 7 s call$ #8because ,s&wick 0 su* a place = tangles com+ a%ore1 & ! p _h su* a habit ( eat+ :at !y call$ 8birk50 tangles1 i4e4 ! /\t or l[] ends ( ! l>ge ?ick tangles4' ,bur/9 ,lumps are a sort ( prep>ation ( oatmeal1 once a v fav\rite di% 9 ! ,isles4 ,r\say #8,m>es'--,!re is an old tale ( a ,r\say man :o1 be+ a c[>d1 kill$ 8 m>e & hid inside h] f 8 enemies4 ,mr4 ,h$dle s5ds me an old rhyme on ! subject3 ,z ! ,r\say man said to 8 m>e3 #8,i wi% ,i 7 9 !e1 = fe> o' ! w>2 ,i wi% ,i 7 9 !e )\t any d\bt1 ,7 x ,m>t9mas ,day be=e ,i cam' out4' ,! ,nor? ,ronald%ay p did eat seals4 ,:y ,hides ,i d n "k4 ,mr4 ,h$dle "h sugge/s x may h _h to d ) wit*craft1 9 :i* sk9s & especially seals' flipp]s 7 mu* us$4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s a man pull$ d[n & rebuilt 8 byre because ( "s #8ongo+s ) a selkie flipp]4' ,! names are v old & mu/ be ( ,sc&9avian orig94 ,y\rs s9c]ely1 ,,duncan ,j4 ,,rob]tson4 ,9 addition to ^! names ( #8eat]s1' simple names ( animals1 we h %[n 9 ! text1 are z commonly giv5 to ,engli% villages z totemic names are giv5 to ! totem gr\ps ( savages4 ,,anci5t ,,hebrew ,,village ,,names ,9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia 7p4 #bai7 he says3 #8,i h argu$ t _m place-names =m$ f ! names ( animals are also to be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 orig9ally tak5 f ! totem clans t inhabit$ !m4' ,n[ :]e totemism is a liv+ in/itution ,i "k no in/ance 9 :i* a locality is nam$ f #8! totem clan t inhabits x4' ,! ?+ _c be :]e female desc5t prevails1 z _m totems are !n ev]y:]e mix$ 9 ea* local gr\p4 ,:]e male desc5t prevails we d1 inde$1 get localities inhabit$ by gr\ps ma9ly ( ! same totem "n4 ,b _! t5d5cy is to let ! totem "n m]ge 9 ! t]ritorial title1 ! "n ( ! locality1 z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 prove = ! ,arunta & ,mr4 ,dorsey = ! ,si\x4 ,hav+ f\nd no in/ance :]e a totemic gr\p gives its totem "n to ! locality :i* x inhabits1 ,i 0 /ruck by a rem>k ( ,dean ,/anley 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* 7p4 #cai1 #ahgj74 ,he !re m5tions ! villages ( ,judah :i* 7 ! sc5es ( "s ( ,samson's adv5tures 7,jo%ua xv4 #cb1 #cc2 ,judges i4 #ce74 ,! villages ( ,lebao?1 ,%aalbim1 ,zorah1 respectively mean ,lions1 ,jackals1 & ,hornets4 ,nobody eats any ( ^! ?ree animals1 & !y may be names ( totem gr\ps transf]r$ to localities--?\gh ( ?is usage ,i "k no example among savage totemi/s--or !y may m]ely be old ,hebrew village sobriquets1 z 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,on consult+ ! ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 "u #8,names' 7vol4 iii4 #ccjh1 #ccaf7 we f9d t #8!re c be no d\bt t _m place-names' 9 ,pale/9e #8are id5tical ) names ( animals4' ,^? #8appli$ to t[ns' 7we may read villages probably7 are mu* m common 9 ! s\? ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,we h ,/ags1 ,lions1 ,leop>ds1 ,gazelles1 ,wild ,asses1 ,foxes1 ,hynas1 ,c[s1 ,liz>ds1 ,hornets1 ,scorpions1 ,s]p5ts1 & s on4 ,^! may h be5 d]iv$ f old totem k9s1 ?\gh ,i ?9k t !ory improbable1 or f ! frequ5cy ( hornets or scorpions 9 ?is or t place1 or ! villag]s' sobriquet may h become ! village "n4 ,! la/ hypo!sis has hi!rto be5 ov]look$4 ,! frequ5cy ( animal & plant names 9 ! ,roman g5tes1 ,fabii 7,beans71 ,as9ii 7,asses71 ,can9ii 7,dogs71 is an in/ance t readily occurs4 ,^! may be survivals ( totemism or ( less ar*aic sobriquets1 :ile ! totem names !mselves1 z we h argu$1 may h _h _! orig9 9 sobriquets4 ,footnote #a3 ,we/]n ,antiqu>y1 vol4 ix41 pt4 ii41 p4 #cg1 ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,! ,,ba ,,ronga ,,t]ms ,,( ,,relation%ip ,! hypo!sis t ! ,au/ralian t]ms ( relation%ip1 z !y n[ exi/1 really d5ote /atus 9 cu/om>y law1 may p]haps d]ive corroboration f ! classificatory sy/em z x appe>s among ! ,ba ,ronga1 ne> ,delagoa ,bay4 ,"h ! natives are ri*1 indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & polygam\s to ! full ext5t ( _! available capital4 ,polygamy1 male k9%ip1 & wife pur*ase1 ) elaborate laws ( d[ry & divorce1 h modifi$ & complicat$ ! t]ms ( relation%ip4 ,!y are describ$ by an excell5t au?ority1 ,m4 ,h5ri ,junod1 a mission>y4#a ,m4 ,junod has obvi\sly nev] he>d ( ! #8classificatory sy/em' among o!r races1 & 8 explanation ( c]ta9 #8avoidances1' su* z betwe5 ! husb& & 8 wife's bro!r1 fa!r1 & "m1 is probably incorrect 7turn+1 z x does1 on ! laws ( wife-price & divorce71 ?\gh x appe>s n[ to be accept$ by ! ,ba ,ronga !mselves4 ,b :at m conc]ns u is ! nature ( t]ms ( relation%ip4 ,^! t]ms d5ote /atus 9 cu/om>y law1 det]m9$ by sex & s5iority4 ,among ! ,basuto1 #8a man is o!rwise relat$ to 8 si/] ?an to 8 bro!r2 8 *ildr5 are relat$ to _! pat]nal o!rwise ?an to _! mat]nal uncles & aunts1' & to _! c\s9s 9 ! same /yle4 ,relative s5iority1 entail+ relative social duties1 is also express$ 9 ! t]ms ( relation%ip4 ,! mat]nal aunt1 s5ior to ! "m1 is #8gr&mo!r4' ,! *ildr5 ( my fa!r's bro!r & ( my "m's si/]1 are my #8bro!rs' or #8si/]s2' ! *ildr5 ( my mat]nal uncle & pat]nal aunt are n my #8bro!rs' & #8si/]s4' ,! *ildr5 ( a man's inf]ior wives call ! *ief wife #8gr&mo!r1' & ! o!r wives1 n _! "m1 #8mat]nal aunts4'#b ,! son ( my wife's si/] is my #8son1' because ,i may succe$ to h] husb& on 8 dea?1 & 8 fa!r calls me #8bro!r4' ,! mat]nal uncle is ! m]e butt ( 8 nephew1 ! uncle's wives are ! nephew's pot5tial wives3 he is "o ( ! heirs to !m4 ,?is k9d ( uncle 7mat]nal7 is n "o ( ! tribal #8fa!rs' ( ! nephew1 b ! pat]nal uncle is1 & is treat$ ) ! utmo/ respect4 ,9 brief1 ea* "n = a #8relation%ip' is a "n c>ry+ c]ta9 social duties or privileges1 dep5d5t on sex & s5iority4 ,we h no su* cu/om>y laws1 & ne$ no su* names--! names are ! result & expression ( ! ,basuto cu/om>y laws4 ,_h we su* ideas ( duty & privilege1 !n !y w\ld be express$ 9 our t]ms ( relation%ip1 :i* w\ld be num]\s4 ,my mat]nal uncle w\ld h a "n d5ot+ ! man ) ^: wife ,i may flirt4 ,! wife ( my bro!r-9-law is ! woman :om ,i mu/ treat ) ! mo/ di/ant respect4 ,if ,i am a woman1 my fa!r's si/]'s husb& 7my #8uncle by m>riage'7 is a man ^: wife ,i may become1 & s =? endlessly4 ,consequ5tly !re is a weal? ( t]ms ( relation%ip1 j because ( ! peculi>ities ( ,ba ,ronga cu/om>y law4 ,footnote #a3 ,les ,b>onga1 ,att+]1 ,neuf*tel1 #ahih1 pp4 #hb-hg4 ,footnote #b3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #dhg-dhi4 ,,index ,aborig9al man1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's view (1 #bji2 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bbj ,aff9ity1 degrees (1 prohibit+ m>riage1 #ahh2 mo/ /r+5tly appli$ by lea/ civilis$ races1 #b2 diff]5ces ( op9ion among /ud5ts ( ! "q1 #b2 exi/+ laws n an indication ( primitive rules1 #b2 ,au/ralian anomaly1 #hh ,age di/9ction & ! classificatory sy/em1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bij ,altruism1 possible g]m (1 9 nasc5t man1 #bcb ,am]ican e?nological t]ms1 #aj ,&rews1 ,judge1 on ,hawaiian m>riage relation%ips1 #ih ,animal gu>dians among savages1 #aca ,annamese family relation%ips1 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck on1 #bdj ,anomaly1 totem1 among ! ,arunta1 #he ,an?ropoid adult males unsocial1 #bbj ,ari/otle & e>ly human society1 #g ,arunta tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #b1 #aa2 desc5t reckon$ 9 ! male l9e1 #ae1 #fi2 suppos$ ignorance ( procreation1 #bj2 a #8m>riage c]emony1' #bd2 re9c>nation sup]/ition1 #ca1 #aci2 totem m>riage-prohibition n[ ext9ct1 #da2 totem common to bo? phratries1 #df1 #ef2 totem gr\ps prec$$ phratries1 #fa2 ,mr4 ,sp5c] on ! introduction ( exogamy1 #fa2 totem influ5ce1 #fa2 traditions z to *ange ( cu/om1 #fg2 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s op9ion ( ! tribe1 #fh2 int]m>ry ) ! ,urabunna1 #fi2 !ory ( evolution1 #gj2 totemism1 #gj2 belief 9 re9c>nation1 #ga2 totem eat+1 #ga2 ,dr4 ,durkheim's views1 #gb2 op9ion ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 #gc2 m>ital relation%ip1 #gd2 relations ( totems & phratries1 #gd2 my?s1 #ge2 ,dr4 ,durkheim on1 #ge2 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5's op9ions1 #gf1 #gg2 in/itution ( m>riage regulations1 #gh2 phratries & totems1 #ha2 ,dr4 ,durkheim's views on ! phratry1 #hb2 totemic divisions1 #hc2 orig9 ( ! anomal\s m>riage sy/em1 #he2 philosophy ( s\ls1 #hf2 relation%ips prohibit+ m>riage1 #hh2 curiosities ( aff9ity1 #hh2 t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ic2 relation%ip cu/oms1 #if2 legislation1 #ajh2 leg5d reg>d+ m>riage limits1 #ajh2 class sy/em ) male desc5t1 #abj2 totems & magic1 #aif1 #aih ,atk9son1 ,mr41 8 speculations on human orig91 #c2 on primitive man's polygamy1 #d2 8 !ories & ! ,biblical acc\nt1 #g2 disbelief 9 e>ly promiscuity1 #i2 views on ! effect ( sexual jeal\sy1 #i1 #ah1 #cj2 8 op9ion on exogamy & totemism1 #ag2 8 exogam\s m>riage hypo!sis1 #ah2 8 #8primal law1' #ai2 on ! orig9 ( ! #8classificatory sy/em1' #ajh2 on ,new ,cal$onian totems1 #acf2 & ! cu/om ( avoidance1 #bab1 #bfd2 on ! orig9 ( exogamy1 #bab1 #bch2 aborig9al man polygam\s1 #bbj2 man's di/9ction 9 ! primal law1 #bbe2 prolong$ infancy 9 nasc5t man1 #bcj2 orig9 ( mat]nal love1 #bca2 possible g]m ( altruism1 #bcb2 e>lie/ evolution ( law1 #bcf2 wives procur$ by capture1 #bdd2 editor's note !reon1 #bdh2 developm5t f ! gr\p to ! tribe1 #bej2 effect ( female sexual jeal\sy1 #bef2 ext9ction ( ! patri>*al family1 #bfa2 survivals ( transition p]iod1 #bfd2 clan 7phratry7 relation%ip1 #bfi2 editor's note on avoidances1 #bgh2 ! classificatory sy/em1 #bhj1 #bhe2 on ! orig9al purpose ( totems1 #bhb2 on local contiguity con/itut+ relation%ip1 #bhi2 on age di/9ction & ! classificatory sy/em1 #bij2 on gr\p m>riage & ! classificatory sy/em1 #bib ,attic plant names1 #bje ,au/ralia1 m>riage divisions 91 #ch2 consangu9e\s m>riages =bidd51 #dj2 tribal v>iations ( cu/om1 #da ,au/ralian gr\p m>riage1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 on1 #bic ,au/ralian1 native1 society n primitive1 #c2 complexity ( social rules1 #c1 #d2 l[ /ate ( culture1 #d2 div9ities1 #e2 languages & cu/oms1 #f2 comm]ce1 #f ,au/ralian tribal division1 ,mr4 ,fison on1 #db2 ! au?or's view1 #dc ,au/ralian sex protectors1 #add ,avebury1 ,"l1 on racial cu/oms1 #ab2 on totemism1 #abb2 on totem orig91 #abc2 on communal m>riage1 #abd2 vague t]m9ology1 #abf1 #acj2 on relation%ips1 #abh #8,avoidance1' cu/om (1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bab2 orig9 (1 #bgf ,avoidance betwe5 fa!r-9-law & son-9-law1 #bfh2 its orig91 #bfi ,avoidance ( "m-9-law1 #bgj1 #bgg2 ,mr4 ,crawley on its orig91 #bgh ,ba*(5's views on mat]nal k9-names1 #i ,baiame1 ,au/ralian div9ity1 #e1 #bi1 #ach1 #ahd ,banks ,isl&1 two class divisions 91 #agh ,ba ,ronga t]ms ( relation%ip1 #cja ,b>t] betwe5 ,au/ralian tribes1 #f ,basuto cu/om>y law1 #cja #8,bisection' a mislead+ t]m1 #cf ,bi%op1 ,rev4 ,a41 on ,hawaiian m>riage relation%ips1 #ih ,blood k9%ip impli$ by totem "n1 #aic ,bre$+ betwe5 sire & daught]1 effect (1 #bbc ,briti% ,columbia clan totems1 ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t on1 #aeb ,bro!r-&-si/] #8avoidance1' #bac2 9 ,au/ralia1 #baf ,bro!r-&-si/] #8avoidance1' ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck on1 #bdj ,bro!r-&-si/] m>riage1 primitive1 ,mr4 ,morgan on1 #bha ,bull-ro>]1 paloli?ic1 #e2 m9iature1 discov]$ 9 ,france1 #e2 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s bibliography (1 #e n ,calab> #8bu%-s\ls1' #adc ,cam]ons ( ,gl5 ,nevis prop]ly ,mac,sorlies1 #h4 ,*attan1 ,clan1 cre/ ( !1 #afc ,clan1 def9ition (1 #aa ,clan 7phratry7 relation%ip1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bfi ,cl&e/9e int]c\rse prelim9>y to m>riage1 #bfe ,class sy/em1 !1 #ce2 & ,mr4 ,morgan1 #hi ,class sy/em ) male desc5t among ! ,arunta1 #abj ,class & g5]ation correspond1 #aab ,class names1 ,h]r ,cun[ on1 #aac1 #aah2 ,dr4 ,durkheim on1 #aah2 ,mr4 ,ma!ws on1 #aai ,classes1 ,mr4 ,morgan's view ( _! orig91 #ib ,classificatory sy/em1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on !1 #ajh1 #bhe2 division by g5]ations ! mo/ natural "o1 #bhf2 age di/9ction1 #bij2 & gr\p m>riage1 #bib ,classificatory t]ms1 #ajj ,codr+ton1 ,dr41 & totem desc5t1 #ace2 on ,melanesian ance/or-wor%ip1 #aej2 on social sy/ems 9 ,melanesia1 #agg2 8 totem !ory controv]t$1 #aha ,comm]ce1 ,au/ralian int]-tribal1 #f ,communal m>riage1 ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 #ij2 ,"l ,avebury on1 #abd ,consangu9e\s m>riages =bidd5 among ,au/ralian tribes1 #dj ,contiguity1 local1 con/itut+ relation%ip1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bhi ,crawley1 ,mr41 on promiscu\s sexual relation%ip1 #i2 on ! orig9 ( prohibit$ m>riages1 #ah2 on jeal\sy 9 ! family1 #ai2 on ! matri>*al !ory1 #bj2 8 !ory ( exogamy1 #bc2 8 view ( m>riage among savages1 #bd2 on ! prev5tion ( ince/1 #bf2 on t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ie2 on m>riage by capture1 #bdi2 on "m-9-law avoidance1 #bgh ,cult ( ! totem1 #acf ,cun['s1 ,h]r1 op9ion on #8class' & #8phratry1' #cg1 #aab2 on class names1 #aac2 reg>ds ! #8horde' z ! orig9al /age ( society1 #aad2 8 !ory ( exogamy1 #aae2 on local totem gr\ps1 #aaf2 8 class-"n !ory oppos$ by ,dr4 ,durkheim1 #aah ,d>amulun1 ,au/ralian div9ity1 #e ,d>w91 ,mr41 8 !ory ( primitive polygamy1 #d2 8 views on sexual jeal\sy1 #i2 oppos$ to !ory ( promiscuity1 #ii2 on primitive man1 #bji ,di]i1 !1 #da2 my?s1 #fe1 #ff1 #ia1 #aci1 #aei1 #afc2 piraura cu/om1 #ie1 #aje ,diet1 effect (1 on sexual appetite1 #bbg ,di/ribution ( totems 9 ! #8phratries1' #ee ,div9e int]v5tion1 savage & civilis$ ideas1 #ia ,dome/icat$ animals 9 paloli?ic age1 #d1 #e ,dorsey1 ,mr41 8 def9ition ( clan1 #aa2 on totem desc5t1 #ace2 & ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian gr\p names1 #agb ,dual relation%ip1 tribal & individual1 #hh ,durkheim1 ,dr41 on m>riage relation%ip1 #ai n2 on blood & totem sup]/ition1 #eg n2 on ,arunta totemism1 #gb2 on ,arunta #8phratries' & m>riage1 #gc2 on ! relation ( totem & phratry1 #gd1 #hb2 on ,arunta leg5ds1 #ge2 on totemic divisions1 #hc2 on ,arunta anomal\s m>riage sy/em1 #he2 opposes ,h]r ,cun['s !ory ( class names1 #aah2 on totem desc5t1 #ace ,e>ly belief 9 mutual dang] ( mank9d1 #bd ,eguilles1 ,m>quis d'1 & ,kanaka relation%ip names1 #acg ,egypt1 royal int]m>riage1 #a1 #bfb ,egyptian totemic my?s1 #bja ,endogamy1 mean+ (1 #ab ,engli% village sobriquets1 #agc1 #bie ,erman1 ,adolf1 on ,yakut avoidance1 #bge ,euahlayi1 !1 #bi2 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] on !1 #ahf n2 my?1 #ff ,evolution ( primal law ( avoidance1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on !1 #baj ,ex*ange1 comm]cial1 among ,au/ralian tribes1 #f ,exogamy1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #aj2 ant]ior to totems1 op9ions on1 #ag2 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's !ory1 #ba2 ,mr4 ,crawley's !ory1 #bc2 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's !ory1 #cc2 ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 #cc2 ! au?or's !ory1 #cd2 ! result ( evolution1 #ec2 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s e>li] ideas on1 #eg2 objections to1 #ei2 8 lat] !ory1 #fb2 advantages ( ! sy/em n[ propos$1 #fc2 ignor$ by !ori/s on gr\p totemism1 #afj2 ,mr4 ,atk9son on orig9 (1 #bab1 #bch2 e>li] view quot$1 #bab ,exogamy among ! ,arunta1 #fa ,exogamy & totemism1 ,mr4 ,taylor's view1 #ag ,exogamy1 local1 orig9 (1 #ca ,family1 !1 its antiquity1 #a2 secur$ by dread ( ab]rations1 #a2 laws & cu/oms v>y1 #a2 uncivilis$ races & prohibit$ m>riages1 #b2 pres5t-day in/itutions no guide to prehi/oric cu/oms1 #b2 conjectures z to primitive /ate1 #d2 patri>*al family ! orig9al social unit1 #g2 desc5t c\nt$ ?r\gh ! mat]nal l9e1 #h1 #ba2 sugge/ions z to e>ly promiscuity1 #i2 promiscuity prev5t$ by sexual jeal\sy1 #i2 totemism1 #ad2 family gr\p or #8fire circle1' #ad1 #ag2 exogam\s t5d5cies1 #ag2 ,mr4 ,crawley on ! effect ( jeal\sy1 #ai2 matri>*al !ory1 #bj2 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's !ory ( family exogamy1 #ba2 ,mr4 ,crawley's !ory1 #bc ,fa!r--&--daught] avoidance1 ,v$dah1 #bgd ,fa!r-9-law & daught]-9-law1 cu/oms conc]n+1 #bgb1 #bge ,fa!r-9-law avoidance1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bfc1 #bgg ,female infanticide 9 fir/ /ages ( society1 #ba ,fijian #8totem gods1' #acg ,fison1 ,mr41 on ,kamil>oi m>riage laws1 #bh2 & ! class sy/em 9 ,au/ralia1 #cg2 on ,au/ralian tribal division1 #db2 controv]t$ by ! au?or1 #dc2 on ! orig9 ( totems1 #de2 on ! *ange ( totems1 #dh2 on ! orig9 ( exogamy1 #fe1 #ig2 8 sugge/ion ( ,div9e int]v5tion1 #ia2 on t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ie2 quotes ,mr4 ,lance on communal m>riage1 #ajf ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,messrs41 on totemism1 #af2 _! !ories insuffici5t1 #ea2 hypo!sis z to ,greek totemism1 #bjc ,flet*]1 ,miss ,alice1 on totem orig91 #aea2 on ,omaha magical societies1 #aih ,folk-lore illu/rative ( totem gr\p names1 #afi ,france1 m9iature paloli?ic bull-ro>]s f\nd 91 #e ,fraz]1 ,mr41 bibliography ( ! bull-ro>]1 #e2 reg>ds ! ,arunta z primitive1 #bj1 #fh2 8 e>ly ideas ( ! exogam\s phratry1 #eg2 objections to !m1 #ei2 8 lat] !ory ( exogamy1 #fb2 8 view t totems did n influ5ce m>riage1 #fh2 on ! arrangem5t ( totems 9 phratries1 #gd2 on ,arunta leg5ds1 #gf2 names sev]al v>ieties ( totem1 #acb2 8 !ories z to totem orig91 #adc2 on ! gr\p totem1 #add2 on ! p]sonal totem1 #ade ,freeman1 ,mr41 & ! patri>*al family1 #g ,gaidoz & ,sbillot ,,mm41 on unfri5dly sobriquets1 #afh ,gan[anian g5tes1 #ib ,gho/-wor%ip1 ,melanesian1 #ahb ,gill51 ,mr41 see ,sp5c] ,g\rndit* ,m>a tribe1 #aie ,greek totemic my?s1 #bja ,greek totemism1 ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt's hypo!sis1 #bjc ,grey1 ,sir ,george1 on totems 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 #add ,gr\p m>riage1 #hi2 suppos$ survivals (1 #ajd ,gr\p m>riage & ! classificatory sy/em1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bib2 editor's comm5ts1 #bic ,gr\p m>riage1 ,au/ralian1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 on1 #bic ,gr\p names1 !ory z to1 #aff2 orig9at$ outside ! gr\p1 #afh1 #aga ,gr\p totem1 ! h]$it>y1 #afj ,gr\p totems1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas on1 #adh ,guatemala ,indian nagual1 #add ,haddon1 ,mr41 on totem orig91 #aef ,hawaiian m>riage relation%ips1 #ih ,hawaiian t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ic ,hebrew village names1 anci5t1 #cjj ,hesiod & e>ly human society1 #g ,horde1 ! f\ndation ( ,h]r ,cun['s !ory1 #aad2 its division1 #aae ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,messrs41 on ,s>awak beliefs1 #aec ,hott5tot m>riages1 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck on1 #bdj ,h[itt1 ,mr41 8 e?nological nom5clature1 #aj n2 & ! class sy/em 9 ,au/ralia1 #cg2 8 op9ion on ,au/ralian m>riage cu/oms1 #da2 8 views on ! prim>y class divisions1 #df2 consid]s totemism too old = !oris+1 #di2 reg>ds ! undivid$ commune z a probable hypo!sis1 #fe2 see also ,fison ,human orig91 ,mr4 ,atk9son's speculations on1 #c2 ,biblical acc\nt diff]s f ,mr4 ,atk9son's1 n f ,mr4 ,morgan's hypo!sis1 #g ,human society1 limit ( hi/orical rese>* into orig9s (1 #b2 progress (1 #c2 obscurity ( ! subject1 #c ,hunt] ,riv] totems1 ,mr4 ,rusd5 on1 #adh ,incas ( ,p]u1 royal int]m>riage1 #a ,ince/ to m>ry )9 totem "n1 #af ,ince/1 prev5tion (1 ,mr4 ,crawley's !ory1 #bf ,individual totems1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas on1 #adh ,infancy prolong$ 9 nasc5t man1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bcj ,infanticide1 female1 & exogamy1 #ba ,jeal\sy ! cause ( exogamy1 #ai ,jeal\sy1 sexual1 ! motive p[] 9 social *anges1 #bgb ,jevons1 ,mr41 on totems1 #acd2 on ! ,attic social sy/em1 #bjf ,junod1 ,m4 ,h5ri1 & ! ,b>onga t]ms ( relation%ip1 #cja ,kamil>oi1 !1 #ce n ,kamil>oi gr\p laws1 ,mr4 ,ma!ws on1 #df ,kamil>oi int]phratry m>riages1 #ef ,kamil>oi m>riage laws1 ,mr4 ,ma!ws on1 #bg2 ,mr4 ,fison on1 #bh ,k$dies 7,s\!rn ,india71 m>riage cu/om among1 #bhf ,k5n$ys ( ,gall[ay1 #g ,k9 "n1 mat]nal1 #h ,k+sley1 ,miss1 on ! ,calab> #8bu%-s\ls1' #adc ,k9%ip among ! e>lie/ human gr\ps1 #ai ,kurnai wom5 & ! sex totem1 #adf ,kyon?a social cu/oms1 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck on1 #bdf n ,kyon?as1 avoidance among !1 #bge ,lance1 ,mr41 on communal m>riage survival1 #ajf ,lang1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,s41 quot$ by ,"l ,avebury1 #abf ,lifu t]ms ( relation%ip1 #id1 #ajj ,local exogamy1 its orig91 #ac ,long's1 ,j41 m5tion ( #8totam1' #aca n ,macdonnells ( ,moid>t & ,gl5g>ry1 #g ,mc,gee1 ,w4 ,j41 8 e?nological t]m9ology1 #aa n2 8 views on ! evolution ( society1 #eb ,mc,lennan1 ,mr4 ,daniel1 on ! orig9 ( exogamy1 #fc2 on ! phratries ( ,nor!rn ,victoria tribes1 #fd ,mc,lennan1 ,mr4 ,donald1 on exogamy & totemism1 #ad1 #af1 #ag ,mc,lennan1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f41 #c2 8 views on mat]nal k9-names1 #i2 8 def9ition ( exogamy1 #aj1 #ab2 8 view ( ! mo/ ar*aic m>riage law1 #ac2 8 op9ion ( k9%ip1 #ai1 #bj2 8 !ory ( exogamy1 #ba2 ! !ory unt5able1 #bb2 8 views ( #8primitive gr\ps1' #ca2 & exogam\s phratries1 #cg2 consid]s totemism ant]ior to exogamy1 #dd2 on totem k9s1 #ee2 on t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ie2 on m>riage by capture1 #bfg2 8 criticism ( ,mr4 ,morgan's classification !ory1 #bhd2 rem>ks !reon by ,mr4 ,atk9son1 #bhd ,mac,sorlies "p ( ,clan ,cam]on1 #h ,mc,ulrigs 7,k5n$ys7 ( ,gall[ay1 #g ,magical societies1 #aig ,ma9e1 ,sir ,h5ry1 8 #8,anci5t ,law1' #g2 on ! evolution ( tribes & /ates1 #g ,malayan relation%ip sy/em1 ,mr4 ,morgan on1 #ij1 #bha ,m&eville1 ,sir ,john1 ref]r$ to1 #bd ,man's di/9ction f o!r creatures1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bbe ,m>ital relations among ! ,arunta #gd ,m>riage among savages1 ,mr4 ,crawley's view (1 #bd ,m>riage by capture1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bdd1 #bff2 editor's rem>ks on ,mr4 ,atk9son's views1 #bdh2 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan on1 #bfg ,m>riage c]emony1 ,arunta1 #bd ,m>riage1 communal1 ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 #ij2 ,"l ,avebury on1 #abd ,m>riage cu/om ( ! ,k$dies ( ,s\!rn ,india1 #bhf ,m>riage divisions 9 ,au/ralia1 #ch ,m>riage1 gr\p1 #hi2 suppos$ survivals (1 #ajd ,m>riage laws1 totemic & civilis$1 #hg ,m>riage regulations among ! ,arunta1 #gh ,m>riage )9 ! totem "n prohibit$1 #af ,mat]nal k9%ip1 #h ,mat]nal love1 orig9 (1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bca ,ma!ws1 ,mr4 ,john1 on aborig9al jeal\sy1 #i n ,ma!ws1 ,mr41 on ,au/ralian int]-tribal b>t]1 #f2 on prohibit$ m>riages1 #bg2 on gr\p m>riages1 #ce n2 on m>riage divisions 9 ,au/ralia1 #ch2 on class names1 #aai2 on totem names1 #abj ,matri>*al !ory1 #bj ,melanesian gho/-wor%ip1 #ahb2 sacrifices1 #ahc ,melanesian social sy/em1 #agf ,m5om9i my?1 #ff ,m9copies 7,&amanese71 #i ,mod]n !ories ( totem orig93 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane's !ory1 #adj2 ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s !ory1 #ada2 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s !ory1 #adb2 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ories1 #adc2 ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas's !ory1 #adh2 ,dr4 ,wilk5's !ory1 #aej2 ,miss ,alice ,flet*]'s !ory1 #aea2 ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t's !ory1 #aeb2 ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall's !ory1 #aec2 ,mr4 ,haddon's !ory1 #aef3 an objection to ^! !ories1 #aei2 ! au?or's conjecture1 #afa ,modification ( sexual habit1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bbg ,morgan1 ,mr41 on human orig91 #g2 8 criticism ( ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's t]ms1 #ac n2 8 !ory ( exogamy1 #cc2 & exogam\s phratries1 #cg2 8 !ory quot$ by ,mr4 ,fison1 #fe2 & ! class sy/em1 #hi2 8 !ory ( communal m>riage1 #ij2 ! !ory inexplicable1 #ia2 8 views on ! orig9 ( classes & totems1 #ib2 on t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ic2 on communal m>riage 9 ,hawaii1 #ih2 8 !ory oppos$ by ,d>w91 #ih2 on primitive bro!r-&-si/] m>riage1 #bha ,"m k91 #bj ,"m-&-son avoidance1 ,v$dah1 #bgd ,"m-9-law1 #8avoidance' (1 #bgg2 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bac2 ,mr4 ,crawley on its orig91 #bgh ,"m-9-law1 cu/oms conc]n+1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bge ,mll]1 ,mr4 ,max1 & totem orig91 #ada ,mungun-ngaur1 ,au/ralian div9ity1 #e ,munro1 ,dr41 on primitive man1 #d ,my?1 savage1 & sci5tific hypo!sis1 co9cid5ce (1 #gf ,my?s1 ,arunta1 #ge2 ,greek & ,egyptian totemic1 #bja ,nairs ( ,malab>1 #bb ,n>r9y]i totem eat]s1 #agi ,nasc5t man a solit>y polygam\s male1 #bbj2 y\ng] males expell$ f family1 #bbj2 abs5ce ( a p>+ season1 #bbf2 effect ( diet on sexual function1 #bbg2 prolong$ infancy1 #bcj2 mat]nal love1 #bca2 ret5tion ( adult son 9 family1 #bcb2 di/9ction betwe5 females 9 ! family circle1 #bcf2 rule ( #8avoidance1' #bcg2 primal law ! p>5t ( exogamy1 #bch2 ! editor's view1 #bch2 sexual relations betwe5 sire & daught]1 #bea2 wid[s ( ! polygam\s husb&1 #beb2 introduction ( outside males1 #bed2 effect ( female sexual jeal\sy1 #bef2 recognition ( c\s9%ip1 #beg2 int]*ange ( si/]s1 #beh2 division ( ! gr\p1 #bfj ,nature-wor%ip1 ,"l ,avebury's synonym ( totemism1 #abb ,new ,cal$onia1 sep>ation ( bro!r & si/]1 #bad2 infanticide ( tw9s1 #bae2 avoidance 91 #bge ,new ,cal$onia totems1 #acf ,new ,cal$onian totem belief1 #adc ,new ,cal$onian tribes1 ho/ility betwe51 #afg ,new ,hebrides1 ,nor?1 class divisions 91 #agh ,nooreli1 ,au/ralian div9ity1 #e1 #ach ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian gr\p names1 #agb ,nor!rn ,victoria1 tribal tradition (1 #fd ,ny>ongs1 ,s>awak1 #aec ,omaha magical societies1 #aig2 ,miss ,alice ,flet*] on1 #aih ,omaha manitus1 ,miss ,flet*] on1 #aeb ,omaha totem gr\ps1 #aif ,orig9 ( avoidance1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bgf ,orig9 ( classes & totems1 ,mr4 ,morgan's view1 #ib ,orig9 ( totemism1 !ories reg>d+ !1 #di1 #ej2 ,"l ,avebury on1 #abc ,orissa1 avoidance 9 #bge ,orkney1 gr\p sobriquets 91 #bif ,paloli?ic man1 ,dr4 ,munro on1 #d1 #e2 possess$ relig\s belief1 #e ,paloli?ic rema9s f\nd 9 ,france1 #e ,p>k]1 ,mrs4 ,langloh1 on ! ,euahlayi1 #ahf n4 ,patri>*al family fir/ social unit1 #g2 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's op9ion1 #g2 ,mr4 ,freeman's concurr5ce1 #g2 abs5t f #8non-,aryan' races1 #h ,p]sian royal m>riages1 #bfb ,p]uvian ,incas' m>riages1 #a1 #bfb ,pfeil1 ,c\nt von1 on int]-tribal ho/ility1 #afh ,phratria1 ! ,attic1 #bje ,phratries1 #ce2 int5d$ to produce exogamy1 #ec ,phratries & totem gr\ps1 relative antiquity1 #ce ,phratries & totems ( ! ,arunta1 #ha ,phratries & totems1 relations (1 #gd ,phratry1 ,h]r ,cun[ on ! developm5t (1 #aaf ,phratry names usually totemic1 #aaf ,phratry1 orig9 ( !1 ,mr4 ,mc,gee's view1 #eb2 ,mr4 ,h[itt's !ory1 #ec2 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ideas1 #eg ,piets1 royal1 c\nt$ desc5t ?r\gh female l9e1 #ba ,p9>u1 ,di]i headman's title1 #aje ,piraung>u arrangem5t1 #aje2 among ! ,urabunna1 #ajf ,pirmaheal1 ,au/ralian div9ity1 #e ,plant names1 ,attic1 #bje ,pollux on ! ,attic g5os1 #bjf ,poly&ry 9 ,malab>1 #bb ,poly&ry suppos$ orig9 ( mat]nal k9-"n1 #i ,polygamy probable in/itution ( primitive man1 #d ,polygyny & monogamy1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's gr\p basis1 #fd ,p[ell's1 ,major1 e?nological t]m9ology1 #aj n2 use ( ! ^w #8totem1' #acb #8,prim>y divisions' totemic & exogam\s1 #dc2 ,mr4 ,h[itt's hypo!sis1 #df2 probably ! result ( amalgamation1 #aha ,primitive bro!r-&-si/] m>riage1 ,mr4 ,morgan on1 #bha ,primitive man1 op9ions on1 #d ,pri/9e gr\ps necess>ily small1 #afd2 gov]n$ by sexual jeal\sy1 #afe ,prohibit$ m>riages1 ,arunta1 by aff9ity1 #hh ,pundjel1 ,au/ralian div9ity1 #e ,qat1 ,melanesian object ( pray]1 #ahd ,relation%ip by g5]ations1 #ij2 ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory1 #ic ,relation%ip con/itut$ by local contiguity1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bhi ,relation%ip t]ms1 orig9 (1 #ajb2 diff]5ce ( mean+ betwe5 savage & civilis$1 #ajb2 family & tribal significance1 #ajc2 express /atus1 #abi ,relation%ips1 ,"l ,avebury on1 #abh ,relation%ips1 ,arunta1 :i* preclude m>riage1 #hh2 curi\s di/9ctions1 #hh #8,religion1' ,mr4 ,crawley's def9ition (1 #bc ,rev]5ce = totems1 ny>ongs1 & naguals1 #ahf ,ridley1 ,rev4 ,w41 & ,au/ralian exogam\s phratries1 #cg ,rob]tson1 ,mr4 ,duncan1 on gr\p sobriquets 9 ,orkney1 #bif ,roman traditions z to tribal orig91 #h ,ro?1 ,dr41 & ,au/ralian native cu/oms1 #f n2 on ! evolution ( classes1 #aad ,rusd51 ,mr41 on ! ,hunt] ,riv] totems1 #adh ,sacr$ animals 9 savage society1 #aca ,sacrifices1 ,melanesian1 #ahc ,samoan #8totem gods1' #acg ,s>awak1 ny>ongs 91 #aec #8,second ma/]1' ,urabunna wife's1 #ajd2 n a survival ( communal m>riage1 #aje ,selwyn1 ,bi%op1 quot$ z to ,melanesian gho/-wor%ip1 #ahb ,sex protector1 ,au/ralian1 #add ,sex totem1 kill+ a1 #adf ,sexes mutually dang]\s1 savage beliefs1 #ai1 #bd ,sexual family relations common to all animals1 #bbd ,sexual functions1 modification (1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bbg ,sexual jeal\sy1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bbj1 #bgb1 #bgf ,sexual jeal\sy ! pause ( exogam\s m>riage1 #ah ,si\an g5tes1 ,mr4 ,dorsey on1 #agb ,si\an g5tes1 names (1 #bie2 probably totemic1 #age ,si\an tribes1 #aa ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 & totemism1 #ag2 on prohibit$ m>riages1 #bg ,sobriquets1 ,engli% village1 #bie2 ,si\an1 #bie2 ,orkney & ,%etl&1 #bif2 ,anci5t ,jewi%1 #cjj ,social *anges ! result ( sexual jeal\sy1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bgb ,social rules1 gr[? (1 9 ! tribe1 #ajg ,social sy/em ( ,melanesia1 #agf ,solomon ,isl&s1 no division into k9dr$s1 #agh2 exogam\s gr\ps1 #agi ,son-9-law1 cu/oms conc]n+1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bge ,sp5c]1 ,mr41 on ! orig9 ( totemism1 #fj1 #adb2 on exogam\s gr\ps 9 ! ,arunta tribe1 #fa2 8 reason = _! introduction1 #fb2 inconclusive /atem5ts1 #fb2 8 late/ hypo!sis reg>d+ totemism1 #fh ,sp5c] & ,gill5 on aborig9al jeal\sy1 #i2 on totem gr\ps1 #ae n1 #af2 on ,urabunna desc5t1 #bj2 & ! ,arunta m>riage c]emony1 #bd2 on ! class sy/em 9 ,au/ralia1 #cg2 on *anges ( tribal cu/om1 #fg2 & #8communal m>riage1' #fi2 on ,arunta totem eat+1 #gc2 on ,arunta m>ital relations1 #gd2 on totems & phratries1 #gd2 on ,arunta leg5ds1 #gf1 #gg2 on m>riage regulations1 #gh2 on tribal & individual relation%ips1 #hi2 on t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ie2 on #8classificatory' t]ms1 #ajj2 on ,urabunna cu/oms1 #aja2 on totem orig91 #ada2 on bro!r-&-si/] #8avoidance1' #baf2 on ,au/ralian gr\p m>riage1 #bic ,/ate1 orig9 ( !1 ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e on1 #g ,/atus impli$ by relation%ip t]ms1 #aja #8,/eal?y' int]c\rse prelim9>y to m>riage1 #bfe ,supremacy ( wom51 suppos$ p]iod (1 #i ,su!rl& cre/1 #afc ,tank]ville1 ,"l1 on ! ,*ill+ham ,p>k bulls1 #bbb ,t]m9ology1 ! au?or's1 #cg n2 ,mr4 ,fison's1 #ch n ,t]m9ology1 confus+1 #aj1 #dd1 #abf1 #acj ,t]ms ( relation%ip1 ,mr4 ,morgan on1 #ic2 orig9 (1 #ajb2 family & tribal significance1 #ajc ,?l9ket ideas ( totems1 #aci ,?omas1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,w41 on totemism1 #adh ,totem1 re/rict$ mean+ ( ! ^w1 #acc2 orig9al ^w d\btful1 #ace2 cult1 !1 #acf2 orig9 probably n religi\s1 #acg ,totem alliance1 ,mr4 ,jevons on1 #acd ,totem eat+1 ,arunta1 #ga ,totem gr\p names1 folk-lore illu/rative (1 #afi1 ,totem gr\ps1 local1 #ae2 het]og5e\s1 #cj2 ,mr4 ,morgan on ! orig9 (1 #ib ,totem gr\ps & magic1 ,arunta1 #aif1 #aih ,totem gr\ps & phratries1 relative antiquity1 #ce ,totem influ5ce among ! ,arunta1 #fa ,totem k9dr$s1 #aj1 #ab ,totem "n a b> to m>riage1 #af2 liable to *ange1 #dh2 orig9 =gott51 #ahd2 implies blood k9%ip1 #aic ,totem prohibition ( tribal m>riage1 #ce ,totemic divisions ( ! ,arunta1 #hc ,totemic influ5ce on ! ,k$dies' m>riage cu/oms1 #bhg ,totemic my?s1 anci5t ,greek & ,egyptian1 #bja ,totemic rules diff] f civilis$ m>riage laws1 #hg ,totemic sy/em & exogamy1 #hj ,totemism1 ,"l ,avebury on1 #abb ,totemism among ! ,arunta1 #fh ,totemism & exogamy1 #af ,totemism dy+ 9 ,melanesia1 #ahd ,totemism1 gr\p1 exogam\s1 ! au?or's conjecture1 #afa ,totemism1 orig9 (1 #ad1 #aca2 !ories reg>d+1 #di1 #ej2 ,mr4 ,sp5c] on1 #fj ,totems & phratries1 relations (1 #gd ,totems1 classification (1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 #acb ,totems1 di/ribution (1 9 ! #8phratries1' #ee ,totems1 ,mr4 ,fison on ! orig9 (1 #de ,totems1 orig9al purpose (1 ,mr4 ,atk9son on1 #bhb ,t\t1 ,mr4 ,hill1 on totem orig91 #aeb ,tribal & individual relation%ip1 #hh ,tribal cu/om1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 on1 #fg ,tribal divisions totemic 9 orig91 #ed ,tribal het]og5e\sness1 #h ,tribe1 orig9 ( !1 ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e on1 #g2 def9ition ( ! ^w1 #aa2 an aggregation1 n a division1 #ih2 n a primitive in/itution1 #ajc2 gr[? ( social rules 9 !1 #ajg ,turanian g5tes1 #ib ,tylor1 ,mr41 on exogamy & totemism1 #ag2 consid]s desc5t ?r\gh female l9e ! m ar*aic1 #ba2 8 rese>*es into laws ( m>riage & desc5t1 #aji2 on ! ^w #8totem1' #aca n2 on ,fijian & ,samoan totemism1 #acg2 supports ,dr4 ,wilk5's !ory ( totem orig91 #aej ,urabunna tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #a1 #aj2 tribal divisions1 #aa2 m>riage re/rictions1 #ab2 desc5t ?r\gh ! female l9e1 #bj1 #fi2 exogam\s & totemic division1 #ed2 int]m>ry ) ! ,arunta1 #fi2 communal m>riage among1 #fi2 less develop$ ?an ! ,arunta1 #ge2 t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ic2 /atus impli$ by relation%ip t]ms1 #aja2 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 on cu/oms1 #aja2 m>riage laws1 #ajd2 #8second ma/]s' ( m>ri$ wom51 #ajd2 ,piraung>u cu/om1 #aje ,v$dahs1 avoidance ( fa!r & daught]1 #bgd2 ( "m & son1 #bgd ,victoria1 ,nor!rn1 tribal tradition (1 #fd ,village names1 anci5t ,hebrew1 #cjj ,village sobriquets1 ,engli%1 #agc1 #bie ,we/]m>ck1 ,dr41 on promiscu\s sexual relation%ip1 #i2 on ! matri>*al !ory1 #bj2 on ape etiquette1 #be2 8 !ory ( exogamy1 #cc2 on t]ms ( relation%ip1 #ie2 on bro!r-&-si/] avoidance1 #bdj2 on ,annamese & ,hott5tot relation%ips1 #bdj2 on m>riage by ,rapture1 #bdh ,we/]n ,au/ralia totem1 ,sir ,george ,grey on1 #add ,wilk5's1 ,dr41 !ory ( totemic orig91 #aej2 dep5ds on ! patri>*al !ory1 #aea ,wit*etty ,grub1 ,au/ralian totem1 #agj ,woeworung1 !1 #da2 my?s1 #ff1 #aci1 #aei1 #afc ,wom51 supremacy (1 suppos$ p]iod (1 #i ,wom51 dom9ion (1 #bj ,yakuts1 avoidance among !1 #bge ,zapotecs & _! tona1 #add ,zulu sup]/ition1 #acf1 #adc