file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #degad-;h4htm or #degad-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #degad_/pg#degad-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dega d_/degad-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/practical c9emat#jjtalbri* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,page #aea ,illu/ration ,fig #i conta9s an alphabetical li/ ( compon5ts ) ,f designat+ ,clock & small ,f designat+ ,film4 ,?is latt] designation = ,film has be5 indicat$ 9 ! text by ,f4 ,,practical ,,c9ematography ,,& ,,its ,,applications 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,price #fs4 net ea*4 ,,mov+ ,,pictures3 ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,made ,,& ,,work$4 ,,light%ips ,,& ,,ligh?\ses4 ,,! ,,/eam%ip ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,,! ,,railway ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,,london3 ,,william ,,he9emann4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,take ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,wild ,,animals ,,9 ,,safety4 ,messrs4 ,newman built a huge dummy c[ fifte5 feet 9 height ( papi]-m*4 ,! op]ator /&s inside ) 8 cam]a & ! pictures are tak5 ?r\gh a small h+$ door4 ,) ?is prop]ty dang]\s animals c be approa*$ closely4 ,,practical ,,c9ematography ,,& ,,its ,,applications by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,talbot ,au?or ( ,mov+ ,pictures etc4 ,illu/ration ,london ,,mcmxiii ,william ,he9emann ,copyright4 ,,preface ,?is volume has be5 writt5 ) ! express purpose ( assi/+ ! amateur--! t]m is us$ 9 its broade/ s5se z a di/9ction f ! sal>i$1 atta*$ pr(essional work]--:o is attract$ t[>ds c9ematography4 ,x is n a te*nical treatise1 b is writt5 9 su* a mann] z to enable ! tyro to grasp ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! art1 & ! app>atus employ$ 9 its _m v>i$ applications4 ,:ile x is assum$ t ! read] has practis$ ord9>y snap-%ot & /ill-life "w1 & ?us is famili> ) ! elem5ts ( photography1 yet ! subject is set =? 9 su* a mann] z to enable "o :o nev] has attempt$ photography to take mov+-pictures4 ,at ! same "t x is hop$ t ! volume may prove ( use to ! exp]t h&1 by introduc+ him to :at may be describ$ z ! high] bran*es ( ! craft4 ,! sugge/ions & descriptions conc]n+ ^! applications may prove ( value to any :o may be tempt$ to lab\r 9 "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s fields m5tion$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume ,i h receiv$ valuable assi/ance f sev]al fri5ds :o h be5 associat$ intimately ) ! c9ematographic art f its e>lie/ days3--,j4 ,bamb]g]1 ,esq41 ( ! ,motograph ,company1 ,limit$1 ,james ,williamson1 ,esq41 ( ! ,williamson ,k9ematograph ,company1 ,limit$1 ,kodak ,limit$1 ,messrs4 ,jury1 ,limit$1 & ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull1 ! assi/ant-director ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute1 to :om ,i am especially indebt$ = facilities to visit t unique in/itution1 & ! inve/igation at fir/ h& ( its v>i$ "w1 ! loan ( ! photographs ( ! _m exp]im5ts :i* h be51 & /ill are be+1 conduct$ at ! ,fr5* ,cradle ( ,c9ematography1 & consid]able assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ! text4 ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,talbot4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,attractions ,,& ,,opportunities ,,( ,,! ,,art #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,c9ematography #ac ,,iii4 ,,! ,,mov+-,,picture ,,cam]a ,,& ,,its ,,me*anism #ba ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x #ce ,v4 ,,h& ,,cam]a ,,c9ematography #ea ,,vi4 ,,develop+ ,,! ,,film #fb ,,vii4 ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,positive #gi ,,viii4 ,,ab]rations ,,( ,,animat$ ,,photography #id ,,ix4 ,,sl[+-,,d[n ,,rapid ,,movem5ts #ajh ,x4 ,,spe$+-,,up ,,sl[ ,,movem5ts #abd ,,xi4 ,,cont9u\s ,,c9ematographic ,,records #ace ,,xii4 ,,radio-,,c9ematography3 ,,h[ ,,! ,x-,,rays ,,are ,,us$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,! ,,mov+-,,picture ,,cam]a #adg ,,xiii4 ,,comb9+ ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,! ,,ultra-,,microscope ,,) ,,! ,,mov+-,,picture ,,cam]a #afa ,,xiv4 ,,micro-,,motion ,,/udy3 ,,h[ ,,increas$ ,,work%op ,,effici5cy ,,is ,,obta9able ,,) ,,mov+-,,pictures #agd ,,xv4 ,,! ,,motion ,,picture ,,z ,,an ,,aid ,,to ,,sci5tific ,,inve/igation #ahe ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,milit>y ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,c9ematograph #aig ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,educational ,,films #bji ,,xviii4 ,,photo-,,plays ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,!m #bbd ,,xix4 ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts ,,9 ,,/age ,,productions #bch ,,xx4 ,,:y ,,n ,,national ,,c9ematograph ,,laboratories8 #bdh ,,index #bei ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,h[ to take ,mov+-pictures ( ,wild ,animals 9 safety ,frontispiece ,a ,mov+-picture ,exp$ition into ! ,indian ,jungle #d ,pol> ,be> ,div+ #e ,a ,lion & ,lioness at ,lun* #aj ,caught6 #aa ,op]ator & ,cam]a buri$ 9 a ,hole #ad ,mak+ ,mov+-pictures ( ,wild ,rabbits #ad ,ne/ ( ,k+ ,regulus1 %[+ curi\s ,susp5sion #ae ,"m ,k+ ,regulus fe$+ h] ,"y #ae ,! ,jury ,mov+-picture ,cam]a #bd ,! ,williamson ,topical ,cam]a & ,tripod #be ,! ,williamson ,cam]a ?read$ = ,use #db ,l5s ( ! ,williamson ,cam]a #dc ,adju/able ,%utt] ( ! ,jury ,cam]a #dc ,! ,a]oscope ,mov+-picture ,h& ,cam]a #eb ,compress$ ,air ,res]voirs ( ! ,a]oscope ,cam]a #ec ,l5s1 ,%utt]1 ,me*anism & ,gyroscope #ef ,load+ ! ,a]oscope ,cam]a #eg ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton /eady+ himself ^u a ,precipice #eh ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton slung ov] a ,cliff #eh ,vulture prep>+ to ,fly #ei ,a ,well-equipp$ ,d>k ,room %[+ ,arrangem5t ( ! ,trays #fd ,w9d+ ! ,develop+ ,frame #fe ,film transf]r$ f ,develop+ ,frame to ,dry+ ,drum #gb ,film ,w\nd on ,frame & plac$ 9 ,develop+ ,tray #gc ,! ,jury ,comb9$ ,cam]a & ,pr9t] #gc ,! ,williamson ,pr9t] #hd ,wat] ,beetle attack+ a ,worm #he ,m>ey's ,app>atus = tak+ ,rapid ,movem5ts #aab ,c9ematograph+ ! ,beat ( a ,pigeon's ,w+ #aac ,fir/ ,m>ey ,app>atus = ,c9ematograph+ ! ,op5+ ( a ,fl[] #abh ,fir/ ,motion ,pictures ( an ,op5+ ,fl[] #abi ,developm5t ( a ,colony ( ,m>9e ,organisms #abi ,cont9u\s ,mov+-picture ,records ( ,he>t-beats #acf ,cont9u\s ,mov+-pictures ( ,he>t-beats ( an ,excit$ ,p]son #acg ,cont9u\s ,c9ematography--,palpitations ( a ,rabbit's ,he>t #adb ,/]o-motion ,orbit ( a ,ma*9i/'s ,h& #adc ,l9es ( ,light indicat+ to-&-fro h& ,movem5ts #adc ,a wond]ful ,x-ray ,film made by ,m4 ,j4 ,c>vallo #adh ,mov+ ,x-ray ,pictures ( ! ,dige/ion ( a ,f[l #adi ,/oma* & ,inte/9e ( a ,tr\t #aeb ,dige/ive ,organs ( ! ,frog #aeb ,liz>d ,dige/+ its ,food #aeb ,x-ray ,mov+-pictures ( ! ,b5d+ ( ! ,knee #aec ,x-ray ,film ( ! ,op5+ ( ! ,h& #aec ,micro-,c9ematograph us$ at ,m>ey ,in/itute = inve/igat+ m9ute ,aquatic ,life #afd ,micro-c9ematography3 ,! ,proboscis ( ! ,bl[ ,fly #afe ,micro-c9ematograph us$ at ! ,m>ey ,in/itute #agj ,"o ( ,dr4 ,com&on's ,galvanic ,exp]im5ts ) ,p>amoecia #aga ,micro-c9ematography3 ,bl[ ,fly eat+ ,honey #agf ,! ,+5i\s ,gilbre? ,clock #agg ,rack1 %[+ ,disposition ( ,compon5t ,p>ts1 = ,te/ #agg ,film ( ,workman assembl+ ,ma*9e #ahb ,film ( ,rack & ,b5*1 ,floor m>k$ (f into ,squ>es1 & ,clock #ahb ,c9ematograph+ a ,man's ,"w aga9/ ,"t #ahc ,mov+-pictures ( a ,/eam ,hamm] ,ram #ahh ,dr4 ,f*'s ,app>atus = tak+ ,mov+-pictures ( ! ,op]ations ( a ,/eam ,hamm] #ahi ,wond]ful ,app>atus devis$ by ,mr4 ,luci5 ,bull = tak+ #b1jjj ,pictures p] second #aij ,mov+-pictures ( ! ,ejection ( a ,c>tridge f an ,automatic ,pi/ol #aia ,motion ,photographs ( ! ,spl9t]+ ( a ,bone by a ,bullet #aia ,soldi]s ,fir+ at ! ,life ,t>get #bjd ,front ,view ( ! ,life ,t>get %[+ ,scre5 ,op5+ #bje ,scre5 ,me*anism ( ! ,life ,t>get #bjf ,c9ematograph+ ,h$ge-r[ ,life "u ,difficulties #bjg ,moorh5 ,sitt+ on h] ,ne/ #bab ,! ,"y ,*ick pi]ces ! ,%ell #bab ,*ick ,em]g+ f ! ,%ell #bac ,newly ,hat*$ ,*ick /ruggl+ to its ,feet #bac ,*ick1 ,exhau/$ by its ,/ruggles1 ,re/s 9 ! ,sun #bad ,! ,*ick takes to ! ,wat] #bad ,fight betwe5 a ,lob/] & an ,octopus #bae ,/ory ( ! ,wat] ,snail #bae ,! ,head ( ! ,tortoise #bah ,! ,hawk ,mo? #bah ,snake ,%$d+ its ,sk9 or ,sl\gh #bai ,! ,snake & its ,%$ ,sl\gh #bai ,ext]ior ,view ( ,dummy ,c[ #bbf ,mr4 ,frank ,newman & ,cam]a hidd5 )9 ,tree ,trunk #bbg ,liz>d ) ,spid] 9 its ,m\? #bdj ,dige/ive ,organs & ,eggs ( a ,wat] ,flea #bda ,mov+-picture ,naturali/ & ! ,liz>d at ,home #bda ,a ,novel ,hide1 ) ,cam]a ,fifte5 ,feet above ,gr\nd #bej ,hide ,uncov]$ %[+ ,work+ ,plat=m #bea ,,9 ,,text ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,me*anism ( ,cam]a %[+ ,?read+ ( ,film #bh #b4 ,! ,p9 ,frame #fg #c4 ,! ,fir/ ,picture ( ! ,f\r-spoke ,:eel #ig #d4 ,app>5t ,/illness ( ,spokes :ile ,:eel is ,mov+ #ih #e4 ,app>5t ,backw>d ,motion ( ,spokes :ile ,:eel is ,runn+ ,=w>ds #ii #f4 ,:5 ,:eel is se5 to be ,mov+ ,naturally #ajj #g4 ,curi\s ,illusion ( see+ ,twice ! ,numb] ( ,spokes 9 ! ,:eel #ajb #h4 ,me*anism ( ! ,nogus ,cam]a #aae #i4 ,! ,+5i\s ,radio-c9ematographic ,app>atus devis$ by ,monsieur ,m4 ,j4 ,c>vallo #aea #aj4 ,dr4 ,com&on's ,radio-c9ematographic ,app>atus #aeg ,,practical ,,c9ematography ,,*apt] ,i ,,attractions ,,& ,,opportunities ,,( ,,! ,,art ,pr(it & pleasure comb9e to w9 recruits = ! art ( animat$ photography4 ,z an ent]ta9m5t (f]$ to ! public1 ! mov+-pictures h _h no rival4 ,_! popul>ity has be5 rem>kable & univ]sal4 ,x increases daily1 &1 s9ce we are only n[ beg9n+ to see ! magnitude ( :at ! c9ematograph c effect1 x is n likely to dim9i%4 ,?is developm5t has /irr$ ! ambition ( ! amateur or indep5d5t photograph] because ! field is s va/1 f]tile1 & promis+4 ,remun]ative rew>d is obta9able practically 9 e phase ( endeav\r s long z ! elem5ts ( novelty or orig9ality are manife/4 ,! result is t x is attract+ "o & all4 ,animat$ photography c convey s fasc9at+ & conv9c+ a record ( sc5es & ev5ts t _m p]sons--sportsm51 explor]s1 & travell]s--make use ( x4 ,f ! comm]cial po9t ( view ! issue is "o ( magnetic importance4 ,9 all qu>t]s !re is an increas+ dem& = films ( prom95t topical int]e/1 ei!r ( g5]al or local significance4 ,! proprietors ( picture palaces h discov]$ t no films draw bett] audi5ces ?an ^!4 ,if !y deal ) a prom95t incid5t l a visit ( royalty to ! neighb\rhood1 an important sport+ ev5t1 a public c]emony1 or ev51 su* is human nature1 ) "s disa/] to life or prop]ty1 !y w make a /rong] appeal = a few days ?an ! g5]al film f>e (f]$ at ! !atre1 because ! episode :i* is upp]mo/ 9 ! m9d ( ! public is :at draws & compels public att5tion4 ,ev51 x w\ld seem1 :5 ! reality itself has j be5 witness$ by ! audi5ce1 its photographic reproduction proves m attractive ?an all else4 ,! picture palace1 inde$1 is assum+ ! functions ( ! illu/rat$ newspap]1 & is gov]n$ by l laws4 ,! m p]sonal & imm$iate ! news1 ! m pleas$ are ! behold]s4 ,s !re is an increas+ ef=t to supply ^u ! scre5 9 life & motion :at ! pap]s are record+ 9 pr9t & illu/ration4 ,"o c almo/ he> ! phrase t w soon become g5]al1 ,animat$ news ( ! mom5t4 ,already ! ,fr5* are %[+ u ! way4 ,9 ,p>is "o is able to visit a picture palace = #be c5times at any "t betwe5 noon & midnight & see1 ^u ! scre51 ! ev5ts ( ! h\r 9 photographic action4 ,z fre% items ( news1 or1 r1 fre% sections ( film1 are receiv$1 !y are ?r[n ^u ! scre5 9 ! pictorial equival5t ( ! p>agraphs 9 ! /op press column ( ! newspap]s1 e>li] items ( less int]e/ be+ cond5s$ or expung$ 9 ! true j\rnali/ic mann] to all[ ! late/ photographic intellig5ce to be giv5 9 a l5g? consi/5t ) its importance4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is bran* ( ! bus9ess mu/ fall l>gely into ! h&s ( ! unatta*$ or indep5d5t work]1 :o be>s ! same relation to ! picture palace z ! outside correspond5t to ! newspap]4 ,a firm engag$ 9 supply+ topical films _c hope to succe$ )\t amateur assi/ance4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully & widely x di/ributes its sal>i$ photograph]s1 numb]less ev5ts ( int]e/ are con/antly happ5+--%ipwrecks1 accid5ts1 fires1 s5sational discov]ies1 movem5ts ( prom95t p]sons1 & ! l1 at places beyond ! rea* ( ! reta9$ c9ematograph]4 ,= film intellig5ce ( ^! incid5ts ! firm mu/ rely ^u ! indep5d5t work]4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 9 _m cases1 ! amateur n only executes 8 "w bett] ?an 8 sal>i$ rival1 b (t5 outclasses him 9 ! v important respect t he is m ent]pris+4 ,act+ on 8 own responsibility1 he kn[s t by sm>tness alone c he make way aga9/ pr(essionals4 ,only by be+ ! fir/ to seize a *ance c he f9d a m>ket = 8 w>es4 ,?us :5 ,blriot cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel 9 8 a]oplane x 0 ! cam]a ( an amateur t caught ! record ( 8 flight = ! picture palaces1 al?\gh a corps ( pr(essionals 0 on ! spot = ! purpose4 ,true1 ! successful film %[$ _m defects4 ,b defects matt] little comp>$ ) ! importance ( gett+ ! picture fir/ or exclusively4 ,simil> cases exi/ 9 pl5ty4 ,! amateur has an excell5t *ance aga9/ ! pr(essional4 ,8 remun]ation1 too1 is on a g5]\s scale4 ,! m>ket is s wide & ! competition is s ke51 especially 9 ,london1 :i* is ! _w's c5tre ( ! c9ematograph indu/ry1 t ! possessor ( a unique film c dictate 8 own t]ms & secure returns (t5 tw5ty times z great z ! prime co/ ( ! film he has us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,a ,,mov+-,,picture ,,exp$ition ,,into ,,! ,,indian ,,jungle4 ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton1 ! fam\s c9ematograph] ( wild animals1 & 8 outfit load$ ^u an elephant4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,pol> ,,be> ,,div+4 ,a ,,/rik+ ,,motion-,,picture4 ,! m>ket is op5 also to travell]s1 explor]s1 & sportsm54 ,^!1 ) a c9ematograph cam]a & a few ?\s& feet ( film1 c recomp5se !mselves s well t ! entire co/ ( an exp$ition may be defray$4 ,an ,au/rian sportsman :o roam$ & hunt$ 9 ! ,nor? ,pol> ice fields receiv$ ov] #f1jjj 7#cj1jjj7 = ! films he br\ght back ) him4 ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton1 :o took pictures ( wild life 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 sold 8 negatives = #aj1jjj or #ej1jjj4 ,sci5tific inve/igators are 9 ! same happy case4 ,:5 _! rese>*es lead !m to any?+ t has an elem5t ( popul> appeal1 !re is pr(it await+ !m at ! picture palace4 ,! life ( ! ant1 = in/ance1 or electrical exp]im5ts1 or int]e/+ phases ( *emi/ry1 & _m o!r features ( organic & inorganic sci5ce1 yield good returns to ! sci5ti/ ) a cam]a4 ,su* films w comm& #bjs4 7#e7 or m p] foot ( negative4 ,!re is ano!r bran* ( ! "w already well e/abli%$4 ,! produc] ( picture plays1 if 8 plot be tol]ably good & ! sc5es well act$ & well photograph$1 & if ! play itself promises "s popul> success1 c comm& a good price4 ,at ! mom5t !re are sev]al indep5d5t produc]s at "w ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!y h a l>ge op5 m>ket = ! disposal ( _! w>es & f9d no difficulty :atev] 9 sell+ all !y c produce4 ,ev5 ! l>ge/ produc]s1 :o h huge !atres & comm& ! s]vices ( exp]t sc5>io writ]s & play]s1 d n hesitate to pur*ase f outside s\rces4 ,a c9ematograph cam]a1 & a little luck1 w make anyone's holiday pr(itable4 ,! travell+ amateur p5etrates into places ov]look$ by ! pr(essional1 & usually takes great] pa9s ) 8 "w4 ,aft]w>ds he f9ds 8 m>ket 9 ! fact t ! dem& = travel pictures is s great t a good film ( #cjj feet w fet* #dj 7#bjj7 & upw>ds4 ,at home he may exploit 8 +5uity 9 mak+ trick films1 a mo/ popul> feature at ! picture palaces1 s long z he keeps novelty to ! =efront4 ,trick films1 un=tunately1 take s long to prep>e & dem& su* c>e1 skill & pati5ce t ! l>ge/ firms ( produc]s z a rule are n eag] to attempt !m1 because _! production disorganises ! m regul> & pr(itable "w ( ! /udio4 ,a good trick film ( #hjj feet may occupy six mon?s 9 prep>ation4 ,b ! amateur may approa* :at ! l>ge firm fe>s4 ,to him "t is no object1 & he is able to ma9ta9 8 int]e/1 c>e1 & +5uity to ! end ( ! que/4 ,on ! o!r h& ! pr(essional work] (t5 tires ( 8 trick subject be=e ! task is half complet$1 ) ! result t novelty & c>e are n su/a9$4 ,"o indu/ri\s ,fr5*man devot$ ne>ly a ye> to ! prep>ation ( a film 9 :i* resort _h to be made to e conceivable =m ( trick]y1 & sold 8 product = #c1jjj or #ae1jjj4 ,he also refus$ an (f] ( #e1jjj 7#be1jjj7 = ano!r film ( pictures calculat$ to please *ildr54 ,to sum up1 ! amateur or indep5d5t c9ematograph] has a va/ field available = ! pr(itable ex]cise ( 8 skill4 ,except 9 reg>d to ! topical "w1 :i* is ( ! ru%-&-hu/le ord]1 he mu/ %[ imag9ation 9 8 *oice ( subject & craftsman%ip 9 ! execution ( 8 "w4 ,he mu/1 t is to say1 be tra9$ s f> z to be no long] an amateur 9 ! popul> mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,he mu/ le>n aptitude 9 ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,! rew>d is well wor? ! tr\ble4 ,hi!rto ! amateur work] has be5 held back by ! great exp5se ( ! necess>y app>atus4 ,! cam]a co/ #ej 7#bej71 & ! develop+ & pr9t+ op]ations 7 g5]ally suppos$ to be too difficult & co/ly = private und]tak+4 ,!re 0 "s excuse = ^! notions4 ,! trade at fir/ foll[$ n>r[ l9es1 no welcome be+ held out to ! amateur competitor4 ,b circum/ances h be5 too /rong = ?is trade1 z = o!rs1 & x bur/ its bonds 9 due "t4 ,! co-op]ation ( ! indep5d5t work] became ess5tial z ! dem&s ( ! m>ket increas$4 ,9 ! production ( plays1 = in/ance1 ,engl& at fir/ l$ ! way4 ,b ! ,am]ican & ,fr5* produc]s came quickly to ! =e4 ,! ,engli% pione]s1 n be+ skill$ 9 ! my/]ies ( /age craft1 wisely retir$ f ! produc+ field ^u ! entrance ( ! exp]t f ! legitimate !atre1 :o realis$ t ! mov+-picture field (f]$ him increas$ opportunities = 8 k & activity z well z br++ him m pr(itable f9ancial returns = 8 lab\rs4 ,! ,briti% fa!rs ( ! indu/ry devot$ _! en]gies to ! manufacture ( c9ematographic app>atus1 z !y =esaw t soon] or lat] ! amateur & indep5d5t work] mu/ ent] ! indu/ry4 ,! activity ( amateurs 0 ne$$ by ! ,engli% trade z a :ole1 & ! manufactur]1 ) great ent]prise1 br\ght d[n ! co/ ( app>atus to a v reasonable level4 ,?is has be5 effect$ by me?ods n less advantage\s to ! pur*as] ?an is ! r$uction ( ! price--by /&>disation ( p>ts & simplification ( me*anism4 ,to-day a reliable cam]a = liv+ pictures1 suitable = topical & o!r light "w1 c be b\ght = #e or #be4 ,a m exp5sive cam]a1 ! ,williamson1 co/s #aj #ajs4 7#eb71 & is actually z good z o!r ma*9es pric$ at f\r or five times t sum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s mu* z #aej 7#gej7 c be paid4 ,b ! cam]a sold = ?is l>ge sum dem&s a pur*as] ) some?+ m ?an a long purse4 ,x dem&s special k4 ,design$ = /udio "w1 x has peculi>ities t are difficult to ma/] & is n to be recomm5d$ to a beg9n]4 ,) ! co/ ( ! cam]a ! co/ ( o!r app>atus has fall5 9 proportion4 ,x 0 realis$ t ! amateur's d>k room & o!r facilities are likely to be less excell5t ?an ^? ( ! pr(essional & t he mu/ be provid$ ) comp5sat+ conv5i5ces4 ,?is problem has be5 solv$4 ,a complete develop+ outfit c n[ be pack$ 9 a h&-bag1 & a cam]a & pr9t+ outfit c be c>ri$ 9 a knapsack no l>g] ?an is requir$ = ! :ole-plate cam]a ( ! old /ill-life photograph]4 ,simple & effici5t appliances = ! d>k room c be pur*as$ v *eaply4 ,!re is a portable outfit = use 9 field "w1 :]e x is imp]ative t films %\ld be develop$ z soon z possible aft] exposure1 & ?is outfit is n[ us$ by ! majority ( travell]s & field work]s1 su* z ,*]ry ,ke>ton1 ,paul ,ra9ey1 & o!rs4 ,di/9ct advantage1 x may be obs]v$1 comes f prompt develop+4 ,!re may be vexati\s delay1 occasionally1 b ! photograph] is at lea/ able to tell quickly :e!r 8 film is a success or a failure4 ,x is bett] to ga9 ?is k on ! spot1 ev5 compulsorily1 :]e ano!r record c be tak51 ?an to ga9 x lat] a few hundr$s ( miles f ! *ance ( try+ aga94 ,! capital exp5diture ( ! c9ematograph] ne$ c]ta9ly n be great4 ,a complete outfit1 ! ,jury1 may n[ be obta9$ = #bj or #ajj4 ,x comprises a comb9$ cam]a & pr9t]1 develop+ tr\ghs1 film-w9d+ frames = develop+ & dry+1 & all necess>y *emicals4 ,yet x is no toy1 z might be ?\ght1 b a ?or\ghly reliable outfit capable ( do+ fir/-class "w4 ,anyone :o is m ambiti\s1 or will+ to sp5d m money1 %\ld pur*ase ! ,williamson outfit4 ,?is co/s ab\t #dj1 or #bjj4 ,n[ = o!r difficulties t h no?+ to d ) money4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! art ( animat$ photography is a my/]y dem&+ a long & we>y appr5tice%ip4 ,b ! impression is really q wrong4 ,anyone :o has practis$ /ill-life & snap-%ot photography may become pr(ici5t 9 ! new art )9 a week or two4 ,_m ( ! problems enc\nt]$ 9 ! old photography are actually easi] to solve 9 ! new2 "s are elim9at$ entirely2 o!rs1 t are int5sifi$1 are really n v h>d to ma/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,c9ema ,college1 by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,a ,,lion ,,& ,,lioness ,,at ,,lun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,caught6 ,a jungle-f[l br\ght d[n by a leop>d4 ,animat$ photography is no?+ m ?an a ,kodak work$ by ma*9]y4 ,in/ead ( ! %utt] be+ actuat$ by h& to make an exposure1 & ! film aft]w>ds mov$ by turn+ a roll] s z to br+ a fre% area be=e ! l5s1 ! two movem5ts1 9 ! c9ematograph1 are comb9$4 ,! rotation ( ! h&le alt]nately op5s & closes ! l5s1 & moves ! film =w>d a def9$ di/ance aft] ea* exposure4 ,!re=e1 speak+ g5]ally1 if ! beg9n] kn[s h[ to use an ord9>y cam]a & is famili> ) subsequ5t op]ations ( develop+ & pr9t+1 he %\ld be able to accu/om himself q readily1 ) little wa/e ( mat]ial1 to ! diff]5t conditions ( motion photography4 ,!re is practically b "o process t he %\ld n at fir/ attempt4 ,?is is ! p]=ation ( ! film4 ,! film is a celluloid ribbon & is punctur$ ne> ei!r edge1 at int]vals1 s z to enable x to be gripp$ by ! claws ( ! me*anism & mov$ =w>d int]mitt5tly a def9ite di/ance--?ree qu>t]s ( an in*--?r\gh ! cam]a4 ,?is punctur+ or p]=ation ( ! film is ! mo/ delicate ( ! :ole cycle ( op]ations4 ,x c only be done by a ma*9e ( un]r+ precision manipulat$ ) extreme c>e4 ,! ma*9es1 ?\gh _m are on ! m>ket1 are some:at exp5sive1 & x is ^u !m t ! /ead9ess ( ! picture on ! scre5 dep5ds4 ,! inaccuracy 9 ! p]=ation may be slight1 a m9ute fraction ( an in*1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ea* picture on ! film is magnifi$ m ?an fifte5 ?\s& times ^u ! scre51 & ! errors are magnifi$ 9 proportion4 ,b ^! consid]ations ne$ n tr\ble ! amateur4 ,he c pur*ase 8 /ock1 z ! unexpos$ film is call$1 p]=at$ ready = use4 ,9 spite ( ! great r$uction 9 ! co/ ( bo? cam]a & outfit ! exp5se ( c9ematography is /ill its drawback4 ,! film is ! culprit4 ,x co/s f #b;d4 to #d;d4--say1 f #d to #aj c5ts--a foot4 ,yet 9 ?is case1 z 9 o!rs1 r$uction seems to be )9 sight4 ,! increas$ dem& is sure to *eap5 ! process ( production4 ,if ! price is n !n l[]$ z mu* z c\ld be hop$ ! cause w be 9 ! co/ ( ! basic mat]ials4 ,^! also1 p]haps1 w become less de> 9 "t4 ,c9ematography is an indu/ry 9 revolution4 ,its possibilities are only beg9n+ to be se52 its foll[]s are only beg9n+ to be c\nt$2 b x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! ranks ( ! amateur & indep5d5t work]s are c]ta9 to increase consid]ably & rapidly4 ,! attractions & inducem5ts to practise ! craft are too allur+ to be ignor$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,c9ematography ,= complete success 9 mov+-picture "w x is ess5tial to h an elem5t>y k ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! art is bas$4 ,al?\gh pictures are said to be %[n 9 motion ^u ! scre51 no action is reproduc$ z a matt] ( fact4 ,! eye imag9es t x sees movem5t4 ,ea* picture is an isolat$ snap-%ot tak5 9 ! fraction ( a second4 ,9 projection ^u ! scre51 h[ev]1 ! images foll[ s rapidly "o aft] ! o!r & ea* rema9s 9 sight = s brief a p]iod t ! successive views dissolve into "o ano!r4 ,! miss+ p>ts ( ! motion--! p>ts lo/ :ile ! l5s is clos$ betwe5 ! tak+ ( ea* two pictures--are n detect$ by ! eye4 ,! latt] imag9es t x sees ! :ole ( ! process ( displacem5t 9 ! mov+ objects4 ,9 fact x sees only "o-half--! half t occurr$ 9 ^? fractions ( seconds dur+ :i* ! l5s 0 op54 ,:at occurr$ :ile ! l5s 0 %ut is n record$4 ,animat$ photography1 !re=e1 is an optical illusion purely & simply4 ,! fact t an appe>ance ( natural movem5t is se5 "u ^! conditions is due to a physiological ph5om5on :i*1 = ! want ( a bett] explanation1 is t]m$ p]si/5ce ( vision4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! eye & bra9 rema9s a sci5tific puzzle1 & al?\gh 9 "o or two qu>t]s ! !ory ( visual p]si/5ce is ridicul$1 ! iconocla/s h n yet br\ght conclusive te/imony to upset x4 ,! :ole subject ( p]si/5ce ( vision 9 its relation to mov+-pictures is discuss$ at l5g? by ! pres5t writ] 9 a =m] book to :i* he w\ld ref] su* read]s z may wi% = in=mation on ?is subject4#a #a ,see ,mov+ ,pictures3 ,h[ !y are made & work$1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op]ator ,,& ,,8 ,,cam]a ,,buri$ ,,9 ,a ,,hole ,,to ,,take ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,small ,,animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,mak+ ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,wild ,,rabbits4 ,mr4 ,frank ,newman ) 8 cam]a conceal$ 9 ! bu%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,c9ema ,college1 by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,! ,,ne/1 ,,%[+ ,,curi\s ,,susp5sion ,,by ,,f\r ,,/r+s4 ,a ,,unique ,,picture4 ,,! ,,"m ,,k+ ,,regulus ,,fe$+ ,,h] ,,"y4 ,motion-pictures ( ! ,gold5-cre/$ ,wr51 ! smalle/ bird 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! eye is ab\t "o million times fa/] ?an ! mo/ rapid s5sitiz$ emulsion :i* *emi/s h yet produc$4 ,s !re is no?+ wrong ab\t ! popul> op9ion t ! organ ( sight is ! quicke/ ( ! s5ses4 ,yet x is n s quick t x _c be deceiv$4 ,if ! pictures ( a c9ematograph are project$ ^u ! scre5 at ! rate ( s _m p] second1 ! effect ^u ! eye is t ( p]fectly natural movem5t4 ,! laws t gov]n ?is illusion h be5 discov]$ 9 a v int]e/+ way4 ,a positive film 0 prep>$1 b betwe5 ea* successive image a wide :ite l9e 0 inscrib$4 ,?is film 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! projector1 & ! pictures 7 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 at ! spe$ g5]ally accept$ z be+ necess>y to convey ! effect ( natural movem5t2 b animation c\ld n be produc$ at all1 h[ev] rapidly ! pictures 7 project$4 ,! reason 0 simple4 ,imm$iately aft] a picture disappe>$ f ! scre5 ! :ite fla% occurr$1 & not)/&+ its in/antane\s "* x 0 suffici5t to wipe out ! image ( ! picture1 :i* )\t ! :ite l9e w\ld h l+]$ 9 ! bra94 ,ev5 :5 ! pictures 7 run ?r\gh ! projector at ?irty p] second1 no impression ( rhy?mic movem5t 0 obta9$2 !y appe>$ 9 ! =m ( /ill-life pictures ) spasmodic jumps f "o to ! o!r4 ,!y fail$ to bl5d or dissolve 9 ! bra91 not)/&+ t ! :ite fla% 9 "s cases 0 only ab\t "o t5 ?\s&? "p ( a second 9 duration4 ,ano!r film ( ! same subject !n 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! projector "u conditions exactly simil> except t ! l9e divid+ ! pictures 9 ?is case 0 black in/ead ( :ite4 ,:5 ?is picture 0 ?r[n ^u ! scre51 animation became app>5t directly ! spe$ atta9$ sixte5 pictures p] second1 because aft] "o image _h vani%$ f ! scre5 x p]si/$ 9 ! bra91 9 spite ( ! black fla%1 until ! next picture appe>$4 ,?us1 ! requisite dissolv+ effect 0 obta9$4 ,! black fla% did inde$ produce a defect l t :i* 0 common 9 ! e>ly days ( c9ematography & 0 *>act]is$ g5]ally z flick]4 ,b x did n suffice to ru9 ! illusion ( movem5t4 ,a :ite fla% de/roys app>5t motion1 ow+ to ! bra9 be+ extremely s5sitive to :ite3 a black fla% ( equal duration ex]cises no ill effects4 ,9 ! late/ developm5t ( ! art1 "o inv5tor has tak5 advantage ( ?is peculi>ity4 ,he has p]fect$ a practical sy/em :]e) ! %utt] ( ! cam]a may be ab&on$ because ea* picture is cut (f f its neighb\r by a v ?9 black l9e4 ,an improv$ me*anism j]ks ea* picture (f & br+s ! next "o on ! scre5 v %>ply1 s t an effect is produc$ l t obta9able ) ! %utt] & )\t any impression ( flick]4 ,x may be po9t$ out t ) ?is inv5tion !re are none ( ! ab]rations describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 su* z ! spokes ( a :eel appe>+ to move 9 ! rev]se direction to :i* ! rim is travell+4 ,! next "q is t ( ! spe$ at :i* x is necess>y to take & to project ! pictures 9 ord] to get an app>5tly true impression ( natural movem5t4 ,?is factor to-day is gov]n$ almo/ entirely by comm]cial consid]ations4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 z a result ( elaborate inve/igation1 t a spe$ ( twelve to sixte5 pictures p] second is ! m9imum :]e) 9 mono*rome pictures animation is obta9able4 ,b ?is applies only to g5]al "w1 su* z records ( ord9>y sc5es1 topical ev5ts & /age plays1 :]e ! action ( ! mov+ objects is comp>atively sl[4 ,9 ^! in/ances an av]age ( sixte5 pictures p] second 9 photograph+ & project+ gives completely satisfactory effects4 ,b 9 reality ! spe$ is a v>iable quantity3 x mu/ be adapt$ to ! subject & ! "* ( ! "w 9 h&4 ,9 o!r words1 /rictly speak+1 ! spe$ mu/ be accommodat$ to ! velocity ( ! subject s f> z photograph+ is conc]n$1 & also1 9 a less] degree1 to ! di/ance ( ! mov+ object f ! l5s4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a man1 walk+ f\r miles an h\r1 is photograph$ at sixte5 pictures p] second1 ! movem5ts record$ are f> f be+ natural or rhy?mic4 ,on ! scre5 he appe>s to walk ) a disjo9t$ action4 ,to obta9 a lifelike result1 8 pace %\ld be sl[$ d[n #ge p] c5t41 or ! photograph+ spe$ %\ld be accel]at$ to sev5ty pictures p] second at ! lea/4 ,?is fact is illu/rat$ v conclusively 9 pictures ( soldi]s m>*+3 !y appe> to advance l automatons4 ,aga91 9 photograph+ animals1 a complete movem5t is (t5 lo/ betwe5 successive pictures4 ,a cat 9 "o picture w be se5 to ! "r2 9 ! next picture x is on ! left1 hav+ sprung f "o side to ! o!r dur+ ! brief int]val ! l5s 0 clos$4 ,:5 extremely rapid movem5ts h to be record$1 ! photograph+ spe$ has to be accel]at$ to an extreme degree1 up to t5 ?\s& pictures or m p] second 9 ! case ( a bullet leav+ ! muzzle ( a rifle1 & up to two ?\s& pictures p] second to cat* ! movem5ts ( a dragonfly's w+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 photograph+ v sl[ movem5ts l ! gr[? ( a plant1 "o picture p] h\r may be adequate4 ,9 projection ! spe$ c be adju/$4 ,! t5 ?\s& pictures p] second may be decel]at$ to sixte5 p] second to all[ ! movem5t to be foll[$1 & al?\gh ! rifle bullet may appe> to crawl ?r\gh ! air1 ! movem5t is p]fectly correct4 ,simil>ly ! v sl[ motions mu/ be accel]at$ to sixte5 pictures p] second to obta9 evid5t animation4 ,^! two extreme phases ( c9ematographic inve/igation are describ$ at l5g? 9 ano!r "p ( ?is volume1 b are m5tion$ "h m]ely to %[ t ! photograph+ spe$ is a some:at ela/ic factor1 to be adapt$ to circum/ances 9 ord] to produce passably natural effects4 ,= ev]yday "w1 h[ev]1 a spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second is suffici5t & repres5ts ! g5]ally practis$ velocity4 ,possibly 9 ! ne> future ! spe$ w be accel]at$ to tw5ty1 tw5ty-two1 or tw5ty-f\r pictures p] second1 z ! pres5t spe$ is g5]ally admitt$ to be too sl[4 ,! eyes ( ! regul> picture palace patrons h become tra9$1 z x 71 ) ! result t !re is an appreciable /ra9 ( ! eyes1 :ile ! disjo9t$ "* ( ! movem5ts on ! scre5 may be detect$4 ,b :5 ! tak+ & project+ spe$ is accel]at$ by #ej p] c5t4 ! picture /&s /eadi] ^u ! scre51 ! movem5ts are m natural1 & !re is an entire abs5ce ( t automaton effect :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( mo/ pictures tak5 "u prevail+ conditions4 ,^! consid]ations d n affect photo-plays produc$ 9 ! /udio s mat]ially1 because !re ! actions ( ! play]s c be sl[$ d[n to suit ! conditions4 ,"o ( ! lead+ manufactur]s is e>ne/ly consid]+ ! advisability ( accel]at+ ! tak+ & project+ spe$s up to ab\t tw5ty pictures p] second1 & private inve/igations & exp]im5ts h c]ta9ly demon/rat$ ! value ( su* an improvem5t4 ,un=tunately two difficulties prev5t its imm$iate realisation4 ,an increase ( only f\r pictures p] second repres5ts an increase ( #be p] c5t4 9 ! consumption ( ! film1 & !re=e 9 its co/4 ,! o!r difficulty is m s]i\s4 ,exi/+ app>atus1 bo? cam]as & projectors1 are ge>$ to eight pictures p] turn ( ! h&le4 ,?is involves two complete revolutions p] second4 ,consequ5tly ! ge>+ ( ! me*anism w\ld h to be alt]$1 & ?is is a m tr\blesome "q ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,"s "t may elapse be=e a =w>d /ep is tak5 9 ?is direction4 ,9 matt]s ( ?is "* ! c9ematograph indu/ry is notori\sly cons]vative1 al?\gh ! mom5t "o firm c\rage\sly adopts an accel]at$ spe$1 ! high] quality ( ! result+ pictures w =ce ! o!rs to foll[ ! example4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! decision to adopt sixte5 pictures p] second 0 tak5 some:at haphaz>dly )\t any sci5tific inve/igation4 ,:5 x became /&>dis$1 film 0 exp5sive4 ,accord+ly1 ef=ts 7 made to secure ! requisite effect ) ! m9imum exp5diture ( film4 ,ma*9es 7 built to co9cide ) ^! requirem5ts1 & ! orig9al designs h be5 foll[$ slavi%ly 9 _! broad outl9es ev] s9ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,mov+-,,picture ,,cam]a ,,& ,,its ,,me*anism ,! c9ematograph cam]a diff]s entirely f ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 o!r bran*es ( photography4 ,:ile ! advanc$ work] & ! prosp]\s picture-play produc] employ co/ly & elaborate ma*9es1 ! amateur1 or ! indep5d5t work]1 9 ! p>ticul> field :i* he has select$ = 8 op]ations1 c get equally good results ) an app>atus only a fifte5? or ev5 a tw5tie? "p z exp5sive4 ,! range ( op]ation ) ! *eap] in/rum5t may be limit$1 & x may be defici5t 9 ^? _m little ref9em5ts :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! pr(essional appliance1 & may lack silv]-plat$ f9i% & highly-poli%$ woodwork or morocco lea!r cov]+4 ,b ! cam]a itself is m important ?an ^!4 ,! cam]as1 bo? exp5sive & l[-pric$1 "w ^u ! same fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,9 ! latt] ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to ! simple/ =m s z to be readily & easily und]/ood by ! beg9n]4 ,!y h ! additional recomm5dation t ! risk ( breakd[n is elim9at$1 because ! few ess5tial compon5t p>ts are sub/antially made1 well-proportion$1 & nicely-balanc$4 ,s]viceability & reliability are ! out/&+ features ( ! l[-pric$ cam]a1 & x is applicable to almo/ e bran* ( ! craft4 ,contr>y to g5]al belief1 tak+ ! movies is q z simple z snap-%ot photography ) a ,kodak4 ,9 ! latt] case y press ! button2 9 ! =m] y turn ! h&le2 ! cam]a does ! re/4 ,! rotation ( ! h&le1 a simple op]ation1 p]=ms e duty ?r\gh ! int]nal me*anism4 ,x sw+s ! %utt] across ! l5s1 moves ! film int]mitt5tly ?r\gh ! in/rum5t1 & coils up ! expos$ film 9 its d>k box4 ,z has be5 expla9$1 ! beg9n] is n[ able to make 8 selection f a wide v>iety ( makes1 rang+ 9 price f #e 7#be7 upw>ds4 ,if "o desires to ga9 exp]i5ce 9 ! c9ematographic art ) ! m9imum capital outlay1 ! ,jury1 ,new ,era1 or ,alpha cam]as w suit ! purpose excell5tly4 ,bo? are fir/-class1 well-made ma*9es1 hav+ p]fect regi/ration & alignm5t1 extremely simple & easy to h&le4 ,! fir/-nam$ model1 :i* is ! *eape/1 is conta9$ 9 a mahogany case measur+ #i-a_/b in*es squ>e by #d-c_/d in*es deep1 & 9 ! unload$ condition weighs #e-a_/b p\nds4 ,! ,alpha1 :i* co/s a little m1 is full value = money1 & is well wor? ! slightly increas$ price4 ,?is cam]a is fitt$ ) a light-pro( h+$ front panel giv+ access to ! adju/able %utt]1 :i* p]mits ! op5+ ( ! latt] to be v>i$ )9 wide limits & ?us enables extremely rapid movem5ts to be photograph$ :ile runn+ ! ma*9e at ! normal spe$4 ,! spool boxes c>ry #ajj feet ( film ( /&>d gauge 9 ea* in/ance1 & = g5]al all-r\nd "w1 su* z ! record+ ( topical ev5ts1 ei!r model w be f\nd p]fectly effici5t4 ,x may be m5tion$ t bo? models are suppli$ )\t ! l5s1 because ! av]age beg9n] 9 motion-picture "w1 hav+ practis$ /ill-life or snap-%ot photography1 has usually develop$ a m>k$ fancy = "s p>ticul> make ( l5s--,dallmey]1 ,cooke1 ,ross1 ,zeiss-,tess>1 or ,voigtl&]4 ,naturally1 be+ famili> ) ! work+ ( 8 fav\rite & kn[+ :at he c d ) x1 he feels m at home :5 he is able to h x fitt$ to 8 mov+-picture ma*9e4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is a wide selection to meet all purses1 s t ! mo/ fa/idi\s ta/es 9 reg>d to ! l5s may be gratifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! beg9n] has no m>k$ pref]5ce1 & wi%es to be economical1 he c get a l5s capable ( do+ fir/-class "w at a rem>kably l[ price4 ,8 complete outlay ^u ! cam]a & ! l5s ne$ n exce$ #f #es41 or1 say1 #ca4 ,if prices are n to be s /rictly consid]$1 & if ! beg9n] wi%es to h a ma*9e ( ! f9e/ type at a comp>atively l[ figure1 he _c d bett] ?an fit himself out ) a ,williamson cam]a1 ! price ( :i*1 complete ) l5s1 is #aj #ajs41 say #eb4 ,except = an exp]t1 x is difficult to detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ma*9e & "o :i* co/s five times z mu*1 = bo? are design$ ^u ! same l9es1 are equally well made1 & equally capable ( do+ ! f9e/ "w4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,mr4 ,james ,williamson1 ! design] ( ! latt] in/rum5t1 0 "o ( ! pione]s 9 c9ematography1 &1 9 8 ma*9e1 ! results ( "s tw5ty-five ye>s v>i$ & accumulat$ exp]i5ce are incorporat$4 ,he has be5 able to realise j ^? ess5tials :i* are requir$ = a high-class app>atus free f complexity1 & ?is end has be5 a*iev$ to excell5t effect4 ,! cam]a1 f9i%$ 9 a brass-b\nd mahogany or teak case--! latt] is pref]able = work+ 9 tropical c\ntries--measures #i-a_/b in*es squ>e by #d-c_/d in*es deep1 is fitt$ ) a ,zeiss-,tess> #b-;in* l5s ) focus+1 & iris diaphragm4 ,x weighs #g-a_/b p\nds complete 9 load$ condition4 ,x is em95tly suit$ = all r\nd duties1 f ! ru% & tumble ( topical "w to ! unev5tful1 quiet b exact+ requirem5ts ( ! laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,jury ,,mov+-,,picture ,,cam]a4 ,b4 ,driv+ sprocket4 ,a1 ,c4 ,upp] sprocket pulleys4 ,d4 ,exposure w9d[4 ,h4 ,gate4 ,e1 ,f4 ,l[] sprocket pulleys4 ,g4 ,expos$ film-box guide pulley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,williamson ,,topical ,,cam]a ,,& ,,tripod4 ,a4 ,cam]a4 ,b4 ,h&le4 ,c4 ,l5s4 ,d4 ,view f9d]4 ,e4 ,tripod head4 ,f4 ,horizontal panoramic movem5t h&le4 ,g4 ,v]tical panoramic movem5t h&le4 ,^! ma*9es by no means exhau/ ! selection4 ,o!r manufactur]s h produc$ v good in/rum5ts at competitive prices1 b ^? :i* ,i h m5tion$ repres5t probably ! be/ 9 _! respective classes4 ,= ! purpose ( introduction to ! art ( c9ematography ! beg9n] c d no bett] ?an obta9 "o ( !m4 ,if1 aft] a little exp]i5ce1 he comes to ! conclusion t he has v5tur$ into ! wrong prov9ce1 !n 8 monet>y exp5diture is n s]i\s4 ,x w be se5 t ! aspirant has no lack ( inducem5t to emb>k ^u ! mov+-picture indu/ry4 ,provid$ he has acquir$ a c]ta9 k ( ! elem5ts ( photography1 & is possess$ ( av]age intellig5ce1 !re is no reason :y he %\ld n be able to produce pictures ) 8 inexp5sive ma*9e t are 9 all ways comp>able ) ! product ( ! pr(essional work] & ! co/ly in/rum5t4 ,naturally1 z ! intricacies ( ! craft are ma/]$1 ! tyro w wi% = a m elaborate app>atus4 ,he c gratify 8 ambitions 9 accordance ) 8 progress1 or ) ! improvem5t 9 8 f9ancial position4 ,! me*anism ( ! mod]n c9ematograph cam]a is v simple 9 its "* & v easy to und]/&4 ,! necess>y p>ts are v few 9 numb]4 ,9 all cam]as ! *ief object is to effect ! =w>d int]mitt5t movem5t ( ! film at regul> int]vals & = a def9$ di/ance4 ,= ?is purpose ! e>ly types ( cam]a 7 fitt$ ) :at is kn[n z ! ,g5eva /op movem5t4 ,op9ion is divid$ ^u its m]its1 "s au?orities condemn+ x unequivocally1 :ile o!rs uphold x /r5u\sly1 cont5d+ t x gives a /eadi] & fre] motion4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ! latt] view4 ,me*anically ! ,g5eva /op movem5t is p]fect4 ,s f> z c9ematography is conc]n$ its advantages 7 prov$ mo/ emphatically by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,paul1 ! fir/ man to br+ motion pictures into comm]cial application 9 ,great ,brita94 ,he adopt$ ?is movem5t 9 8 cam]a1 & x _c be d5i$ t 8 pictures 7 9 e way equal to ^? produc$ to-day1 :ile 8 cam]a has nev] be5 excell$4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 al?\gh ?is movem5t has be5 sup]s$$1 !re is a t5d5cy among exp]t work]s to revive x1 & _m cam]as specially built h be5 fitt$ ) x4 ,! movem5t m commonly us$ is t kn[n z ! claw4 ,x is simple1 & has ! advantage ( br++ ! film into place = an exposure ) a %>p1 quick j]k4 ,b x is a movem5t :i* requires to be design$ v f9ely 9 ord] to p]=m its "w smoo?ly & ev5ly1 & )\t inflict+ any injury ^u ! film4 ,! claw consi/s ( a small lev] 9 duplicate1 :i* is s m\nt$ z to h an ecc5tric movem5t & is driv5 direct by ! ma9 ge> :eel rotat$ by ! h&le4 ,! free upp] end ( ea* arm ( ! lev] has a project+ po9t$ too? ( suffici5t size to engage ) ! p]=ations on ei!r side ( ! film4 ,) ! revolution ( ! :eel ^u :i* x is m\nt$ ecc5trically ! claw engages ) ! p]=ations1 &1 ?us gripp+ ! film aft] ! mann] ( a rat*et & pawl1 j]ks x d[nw>ds a def9ite di/ance4 ,:5 ?is d[nw>d movem5t is complet$ ! claw dis5gages f ! p]=ations & falls back cle> ( ! film4 ,!n ! :eel1 cont9u+ its rot>y movem5t1 proce$s to lift ! claw4 ,:5 x has rais$ x to its highe/ po9t x br+s x =w>d sm>tly to re-engage ) ! p]=ations1 & causes a fre% d[nw>d movem5t ( ! film4 ,! action is int]mitt5t & occurs at regul> int]vals1 :ile ! movem5t ( ! film is always ! same4 ,quick engagem5t & dis5gagem5t ( ! p]=ations is imp]ative = prev5t+ ! vibration & te>+ ( ! film4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,me*anism ( cam]a %[+ ?read+ ( film4 ,! me*anism ( ! cam]a may be und]/ood f ! diagram 7,fig4 #a71 :i* ref]s to ! ,williamson in/rum5t4 ,! sprocket ,a is driv5 directly by ! op]at+ h&le1 :i* engages ) ! sprocket sp9dle4 ,?is sprocket ,a is fitt$ ) two r[s ( tee?1 m\nt$ ^u its p]iph]y1 & s spac$ ap>t1 bo? circumf]5tially & transv]sely1 z to co9cide ) ! di/ances betwe5 ! p]=ations ( ! film4 ,a pair ( tw9 roll]s1 ,d & ,e1 be> aga9/ ?is sprocket "u ! t5sion ( a spr+1 _! object be+ to keep ! film press$ firmly aga9/ ! sprocket4 ,! tee? engage ) ! film p]=ations1 s t by ! rotation ( ! h&le & sprocket ! film is f$ =w>ds regul>ly1 smoo?ly & ev5ly1 z x is drawn f ! load$ spool box ,b4 ,! film is br\ght into position be=e ! l5s by pass+ ?r\gh :at is kn[n z ! gate4 ,?is device ,h consi/s ( two p>ts ( :i* ! fir/ is fix$ irremovably :ile ! second is h+$ to ! fir/ at "o side & kept flat aga9/ x by means ( a spr+4 ,bo? ( ! p>ts are provid$ ) an ap]ture or w9d[1 ! exact size ( a c9ematograph picture--#a in* wide by #c_/d-;in* deep--?r\gh :i* ! light passes1 aft] admission ?r\gh ! l5s1 to /rike ^u ! s5sitiz$ surface ( ! film4 ,!re is j suffici5t space betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! gate to p]mit ! film to move easily1 & its object is to hold ! film p]fectly flat & /eady dur+ ! p]iod ( exposure4 ,ea* picture is ?us kept 9 absolute focus4 ,! fe$ ?r\gh ! gate is accompli%$ by ! claw ,n1 :i* is m\nt$ ^u ! ecc5tric ,o z already describ$4 ,at ! in/ant ( exposure ! claw is free ( ! film1 or 9 ! out position1 z x is t]m$1 s t ! s5sitiz$ ribbon is absolutely /ill4 ,:5 an exposure has be5 made1 ! claw1 hav+ ris5 to ! highe/ po9t ( its travel1 re-engages ) ! film & j]ks x d[n #c_/d in*1 s z to br+ a fre% unexpos$ surface be=e ! l5s4 ,z ! film em]ges f ! gate x is pick$ up once m by ! sprocket ,a1 ! engagem5t ( ! p]=ations 9 ! film ) ! sprocket tee? be+ assur$ by ! two roll]s ,j & ,k4 ,! film !n passes "u ! guide roll] ,l1 & is w\nd up on ! bobb9 ,m 9 ! expos$ film box ,c1 ! bobb9 be+ work$ ?r\gh ! h&le t drives ! me*anism4 ,! rotation ( ! h&le also ensures1 ?r\gh ge>+1 ! revolution ( ! %utt] ,p1 :]eby ! l5s is eclips$ int]mitt5tly4 ,! %utt] is a r+ fitt$ ) an opaque sector :i* comes be=e ! l5s & %uts out ! light dur+ ! movem5t ( ! film ?r\gh ! gate ,h by ! claw ,n4 ,9 ! ,williamson cam]a ?is %utt] is recess$ into ! case4 ,al?\gh ! l5s may be ( ! fix$ focus class--! focuss+ di/ance v>y+ ) ! /op us$--focuss+ c be c>ri$ out indep5d5tly if v critical "w is requir$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,williamson cam]a & o!rs ( ?is type1 focuss+ is accompli%$ by op5+ ! %utt] & ! side ( ! cam]a & look+ ?r\gh ! gate4 ,9 "s cam]as a focuss+ tube is provid$4 ,?is passes f ! gate to ! re> ( ! in/rum5t1 ?r\gh a space provid$ betwe5 ! sup]impos$ film d>k-boxes4 ,x is telescopic at ! =w>d end4 ,?us1 :5 focuss+ is be+ c>ri$ out1 x c be ext5d$ s z to come flu% ) ! gate1 & pu%$ back out ( ! way :5 all is ready = work+1 s t ! free movem5t ( ! film is n ob/ruct$ 9 any way4 ,! re> end ( ! tube1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! re> face ( ! cam]a box1 is fitt$ ) a cap to save ! film f be+ fogg$ by light ent]+ f beh9d4 ,"o conspicu\s advantage ( ! ,williamson ma*9e is t ! :ole ( ! me*anism is m\nt$ ^u a skeleton ca/+ fix$ to ! int]ior ( ! mahogany case by means ( f\r screws4 ,by )draw+ ^! ! :ole ( ! int]nal me*anism may be remov$ intact1 & mu* tr\ble is sav$ :5 inspection or repairs are necess>y4 ,9 "s cam]as ! int]mitt5t movem5t ( ! film is effect$ by a s+le claw :i* engages ) ! p]=ations ^u "o side ( ! film only4 ,b ?is movem5t is n p]fect4 ,all ! pull+ /ra9 is ?r[n ^u "o side ( ! film4 ,?is gives x a t5d5cy to move unev5ly into ! gate & also increases ! risk ( te>+4 ,! driv+ ge> ( ! cam]a is s adju/$ t "o complete revolution ( ! h&le completes eight exposures4 ,consequ5tly two revolutions h to be made p] second to ma9ta9 ! necess>y spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second4 ,9 ! ,williamson cam]a ?is is emphasis$ z a fix$ spe$ 9 ord9>y work+1 & any comp5sations dem&$ by ! v>y+ int5sity ( ! light are made by alt]+ ! ap]ture ( ! l5s4 ,?is is a logical me?od1 = if ! op]ator is requir$ to make su* comp5sations by v>y+ ! spe$ ( 8 h&le he is apt to obta9 an indiff]5t result4 ,x requires a v skill$ op]ator inde$ to v>y ! spe$ ( ! h&le ) judgm5t betwe5 ! n>r[ limits possible4 ,9 "s cam]as ?is comp5sation = light is effect$ by v>y+ ! area ( ! opaque section ( ! %utt]1 b ?is is n s simple or effective a me?od z ! v>iation ( ! /op4 ,! latt] c be accompli%$ :ile ! cam]a is be+ driv51 b 9 ! =m] x is necess>y t ! "w %\ld be /opp$ :ile ! front panel cam]a is op5$ & ! %utt] adju/$4 ,z = ! tripod1 "o _c be too c>eful 9 *oos+ x4 ,?is app>5tly insignificant detail has a f>-rea*+ effect ^u ! picture results4 ,any ord9>y tripod us$ 9 photographic "w may suffice1 b its absolute rigidity is ess5tial4 ,a tight head1 too1 is mo/ necess>y1 )\t :i* ! op]ator w get a side-to-side sway ^u ! picture4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 turn+ ! h&le !re is a t5d5cy1 especially at fir/1 to ex]t an unequal pressure ^u ! h&le side ( ! cam]a1 &1 unless ! support & its head are kept absolutely rigid1 ! pictures w betray evid5ces ( ! defect4 ,! telescopic ladd] tripod is v h&y = topical "w4 ,?is1 :5 x is ext5d$ & :5 ! cam]a is fix$1 br+s ! l5s "s #g feet above ! gr\nd4 ,a cross-rail plac$ f #ab to #be in*es above ! gr\nd1 & atta*$ to ! re> legs1 (f]s a plat=m ^u :i* ! op]ator c /& to "w 8 in/rum5t4 ,9 ?is way bo? cam]a & op]ator are br\ght above ! heads ( ! cr[d1 & an un9t]rupt$ view c be obta9$4 ,= mov+-picture "w a special type ( tripod head has be5 evolv$1 :i* all[s ! cam]a to be mov$ bodily ?r\gh bo? ! horizontal & ! v]tical planes :ile exposures are be+ made4 ,?us x c foll[ a subject travell+ 9 ei!r ( ^! directions4 ,! movem5ts are ^u ! rack & p9ion pr9ciple1 a small h&le be+ fitt$ to ea* motion s t ei!r c be op]at$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,by means ( ?is panoramic atta*m5t ! ma9 object 9 ! picture1 su* z a c>riage or an a]oplane1 may be foll[$ 9 ei!r direction4 ,b if bo? movem5ts are to be complet$ simultane\sly1 ! op]ator w require help4 ,"o p]son mu/ sight ! object & keep x 9 ! picture by ! manipulation ( ! two h&les gov]n+ ! respective movem5ts ( ! tripod head1 :ile ! o!r conf9es 8 en]gies to turn+ ! cam]a h&le4 ,al?\gh ! mov+-picture cam]a is built sub/antially & /rongly1 its me*anism is comp>atively delicate4 ,:ile x w )/& ! h>de/ descriptions ( legitimate "w1 x succumbs readily to brutal treatm5t4 ,al?\gh op]at$ by means ( a h&le1 x is nei!r a c(fee mill nor a b>rel organ1 b a s5sitive sci5tific in/rum5t1 & x mu/ be treat$ z su* if ! f9e/ results are to be obta9$4 ,r\gh usage w ?r[ out ! regi/ration & alignm5t4 ,if h&l$ c>efully a cam]a %\ld p]=m its task = ye>s )\t ne$+ repair4 ,! effects ( we> & te> c be mitigat$ v appreciably by keep+ ! mov+ p>ts well lubricat$ ) good oil1 su* z is us$ = clocks1 :i* nei!r gums nor clogs ! be>+s1 nor injures ! me*anism 9 any way4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,cam]a ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,hav+ exam9$ ! me*anism ( ! mov+-picture cam]a1 & ! broad pr9ciples ^u :i* x works1 we mu/ n[ /udy ! way to use x4 ,! fir/ /ep is to load ! film box1 an op]ation :i* mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 ! d>k room4 ,! film is sold z a rule 9 /&>dis$ l5g?s1 su* z #ajj1 #bjj1 #cej feet1 etc4 ,) ! ord9>y type ( cam]a ! #ajj or #bjj feet l5g?s are us$4 ,= topical "w ei!r are q adequate z a rule4 ,z has be5 said1 ! film is suppli$ p]=at$ & ready = use4 ,_m firms t sell ! /ock1 z ! unexpos$ film is call$1 atta* a blank or uns5sitiz$ lead to "o end ( ! roll1 = ! purpose ( ?read+-up ! cam]a4 ,if ?is is n suppli$1 & if ! op]ator wi%es to avoid ! wa/e ( #b or #c feet ( s5sitiz$ ribbon1 ! defici5cy c easily be rem$i$4 ,= ! blank lead all t is requir$ is ab\t #c feet ( useless or spoil$ film :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be torn or crack$4 ,! emulsion at "o end ( ?is %\ld be scrap$ (f = a di/ance ( ab\t #a_/d in*4 ,a pocket knife w d ?is v effici5tly4 ,! blank %\ld !n be laid flat ^u ! table1 emulsion side upp]mo/1 pref]ably ^u a %eet ( glass :i* secures a smoo?1 clean1 level surface1 & a little film cem5t appli$ to ! scrap$ end ( ! blank4 ,film cem5t c be obta9$ readily & *eaply 9 small bottles complete ) cap & bru%4 ,a bottle %\ld always be kept to h& z x is (t5 requir$1 especially 9 jo9+ up successive l5g?s ( film2 b if x %\ld s happ5 t none is available at ! mom5t1 glacial acetic acid may be us$ ) equal success1 al?\gh x dem&s m c>eful h&l+4 ,9 an em]g5cy alcohol con/itutes a fir/-class cem5t1 b x requires extreme c>e & skill because x is a solv5t ( ! celluloid base4 ,aft] ! cem5t has be5 appli$ to ! clean$ end ( ! blank lead1 ! end ( ! unexpos$ coil ( film is laid ^u x1 emulsion side upp]mo/1 ! ov]lap be+ ab\t #c_/d in*4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to see t ! jo9t is made p]fectly squ>e & t ! p]=ation holes ( ea* piece ( film come dead true1 o!rwise !re w be tr\ble 9 pass+ ! jo9t ?r\gh ! cam]a me*anism4 ,:5 x has be5 sup]impos$ satisfactorily1 pressure mu/ be appli$ to secure p]fect adhesion4 ,9 ord] to ensure p]fect jo9t+ a film jo9t] %\ld be us$3 9 fact x is an indisp5sable & inexp5sive tool4 ,:5 atta*+ ! blank lead e precaution mu/ be tak5 to protect ! spool ( unexpos$ film f light2 only a v fa9t ruby gl[ %\ld be us$1 = ! c9ematograph film is extremely s5sitive4 ,! cem5t dries rapidly1 & ! jo9t be+ f\nd to be p]fect ! d>k box %\ld !n be load$4 ,! coil ( ribbon is slipp$ ov] ! c5tral bobb94 ,a hole l>ge en\gh = ?is purpose is always left 9 ! coil4 ,! end ( ! lead is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! velvet-fac$ slot ne> ! bottom ( ! box4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! loose end slipp+ back into ! box1 9 :i* ev5t !re mu/ be ano!r j\rney to ! d>k room1 x %\ld be b5t back & re-ent]$ into ! slot s z to =m an ext]nal loop4 ,! d>k box is !n clos$1 & securely lock$1 & is ready = ins]tion 9 ! cam]a4 ,x is advisable to c>ry at lea/ two load$ boxes1 especially if ea* is only ( #ajj or #bjj feet capacity4 ,! cam]a is provid$ ) two d>k boxes1 "o plac$ above ! o!r4 ,! upp] box c>ries ! unexpos$ film1 :ile ! l[] receives ! ribbon aft] exposure4 ,! cam]a may !n be ?read$-up1 or1 if focuss+ is desir$1 ?is c be complet$ fir/4 ,) ! ,williamson cam]a focuss+ is unnecess>y )9 c]ta9 di/ances ow+ to ! fix$ foci ( ! /ops4 ,^! w be expla9$ lat]4 ,_m o!r manufactur]s ( cam]as foll[ ! same pr9ciple1 & x is mo/ conv5i5t = e-day "w4 ,yet x may happ5 t ! op]ator desires to focus critically4 ,9 ?is ev5t he op5s ! side ( ! cam]a1 lifts ! pressure plate ( ! gate1 & ins]ts into ! gate w9d[ a small l5g?1 ab\t #b in*es1 ( matt film1 ) ! matt side t[>ds ! l5s4 ,! matt film s]ves exactly ! same purpose z ! gr\nd-glass 9 ! ord9>y plate cam]a4 ,! h&le is revolv$ until ! l5s is op5$1 & ! image ?r[n ^u ! matt film becomes app>5t4 ,?is c !n be focuss$ by mov+ ! mill$ focuss+ screw on ! l5s until ! picture /&s out z %>ply z is desir$4 ,at fir/ ! op]ation may appe> to be some:at awkw>d1 because ! op]ator has to look ^u ! matt film at an angle4 ,x is easi] 9 ! case ( a cam]a fitt$ ) a focuss+ tube1 = ! op]ator has !n m]ely to op5 ! side ( ! ma*9e to ins]t ! matt film & pu% ! telescopic tube out to its fulle/ ext5t to be> aga9/ ! gate4 ,by remov+ ! cap f ! tube ^u ! re> face ( ! cam]a1 & look+ ?r\gh x z if ?r\gh a telescope1 he is able to look squ>ely ^u 8 scre54 ,:5 focuss+ is complete ! matt film is )drawn & plac$ 9 a safe position4 ,x is a good plan to cl9* x to ! bottom inn] surface ( ! cam]a ) draw+ p9s1 = x c !n be f\nd :5 x is want$4 ,%\ld ! piece be lo/ ! defect c be repair$ z foll[s4 ,take a small bit ( wa/e film2 scrape (f ! gelat9e emulsion2 & r\gh ! celluloid surface ) a piece ( s&pap]2 or ev5 ) a r\gh /one surface4 ,x is well to c>ry a few in*es ( spoil$ film 9 ! pocket = su* an em]g5cy4 ,! film may n[ be ?read$ up4 ,! loop ( blank project+ f ! d>k box is pick$ up & ! coil )9 is /eadily unw\nd z ! ?read+ proce$s4 ,! blank is fir/ pass$ "u ! pressure roll] 7m>k$ ,d 9 ,fig4 ,i71 & !n "u ! spr+ roll] ,e1 :i* c be lift$ = ?is purpose4 ,x mu/ be se5 t ! tee? ( ! sprocket engage ) ! p]=ations 9 ! film4 ,a loop ,g is !n made & ! film is ?read$ ?r\gh ! gate ,h4 ,be=e ?is c be done ! claw ,n mu/ be ?r[n 9 ! out position to obta9 access to ! gate1 :i* is done by turn+ r\nd ! ecc5tric4 ,! spr+ "p ( ! gate is !n op5$ on its h+e1 & ! film is slipp$ 9 f ! side4 ,c>e mu/ be obs]v$ t an ample loop is left above ! gate4 ,:5 ! gate is clos$ once m ano!r loop ,i simil> to t above ! gate1 is =m$4 ,! film n[ is pass$ r\nd ! "u side ( ! sprocket ,a1 ! spr+ roll] ,j be+ press$ back to admit ( easy entrance1 & ! end ( ! blank is pass$ "u ! second or pressure roll] ,k4 ,"h aga9 "o mu/ be c>eful to see t ! ins]tion is squ>e & t ! sprocket tee? me% ) ! film p]=ations4 ,! film is !n c>ri$ "u guide roll] ,l & ?r\gh ! velvet-fac$ slit into ! empty film box ,c4 ,?is mu/ be op5$ to p]mit ! free end ( ! lead to be secur$ to ! c5tre bobb9 ,m1 on :i* ! film is w\nd 9 aft] exposure4 ,! h&le %\ld be giv5 a few turns to see t ?read+ has be5 c>ri$ out prop]ly1 & also t x is prop]ly atta*$ to ! bobb9 ,m4 ,if a suffici5t l5g? ( blank is atta*$ to ! end ( ! unexpos$ film1 & a piece ( gumm$ pap] is fix$ on ! lead ab\t #f in*es 9 advance ( ! jo9t1 x is possible to cont9ue w9d+ 9 on ! l[] bobb9 until ?is m>k appe>s at ! m\? ( ! load$ d>k box4 ,if ! ?read+ has be5 accompli%$ prop]ly ! int]ior ( ! cam]a %\ld be z %[n 9 ! illu/ration fac+ p4 #db4 ,"h bo? film boxes are %[n op51 ?\gh ( c\rse ! upp] "o is kept clos$ dur+ ! ?read+ process4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ?is op]ation is ! =mation ( ample loops bo? above & bel[ ! gate4 ,once =m$ !y rema9 con/ant1 because ( ! action ( ! tee? on ! sprocket2 = ! movem5t ( ! ribbon ov] ! sprocket is equal to t produc$ by ! claws ?r\gh ! gate4 ,at fir/ sight ! necessity ( ^! loops may n be app>5t1 b :5 x is rememb]$ t ! film is mov$ ?r\gh ! gate int]mitt5tly1 sixte5 times p] second1 ) a vici\s j]k1 x w be se5 t if !re 7 no loop1 & ! film 7 drawn directly f ! d>k box1 a great /ra9 w\ld be impos$ ^u x1 & probably x w\ld break4 ,b by provid+ ! loop an ela/ic fe$ is secur$1 & ! film is j]k$ into position be=e ! l5s ) ! m9imum ( vibration & )\t any risk ( te>+ or displacem5t4 ,?read+ complet$ ! l[] d>k box is clos$ & secur$1 toge!r ) ! side ( ! cam]a1 s t ! :ole ( ! int]ior is light-pro(4 ,! cam]a %\ld n be re-op5$ aft] photograph+ has comm5c$ until ! :ole ( ! film 9 ! load$ box is exhau/$1 or1 if ! supply is n us$1 until ! d>k-room is rega9$1 unless ! wa/e ( a foot or two ( film is a second>y consid]ation4 ,%\ld x become necess>y to op5 ! cam]a 9 ! field1 ! h&le %\ld be giv5 two or ?ree turns to make sure t ! la/ picture tak5 is w\nd into ! expos$ film box & is ?us secure f ! light4 ,op5+ ! side ( ! cam]a obvi\sly ru9s ! :ole ( ! unexpos$ film ?read$ ?r\gh ! me*anism1 s t :5 picture tak+ is resum$ ! h&le mu/ be giv5 a few m turns to make sure t ! :ole ( ! light-ru9$ film has pass$ ?r\gh ! gate4 ,see+ t "o turn ( ! h&le repres5ts eight exposures1 equival5t to #f in*es ( film1 x is a simple matt] to e/imate h[ _m turns ( ! h&le are necess>y to cle> ! gate ( spoil$ film4 ,mo/ cam]as are provid$ ) a film indicator enabl+ ! op]ator to tell at a glance h[ _m feet ( film h be5 expos$4 ,9 ?is case1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! indicator is return$ to z]o :5 ! me*anism is ?read$-up4 ,ano!r conv5i5ce is ! pun* :]eby x is possible to m>k ! film aft] an incid5t has be5 photograph$1 s t ! work] c aft]w>ds tell 9 ! d>k room by a m]e t\* :]e ! exposure end$ 9 ea* case4 ,! film %\ld be m>k$ aft] e episode is f9i%$ because x is !n possible1 if desir$1 to develop ! film 9 l5g?s4 ,inde$ x is advisable to foll[ ?is practice1 & especially :5 ! exposures h be5 made "u v>y+ conditions ( light4 ,by develop+ 9 sections "o gets l5g?s ( uni=m d5sity--a great assi/ance 9 pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,williamson ,,cam]a ,,?read$ ,,ready ,,= ,,use4 ,! film is tak5 f ! upp] unexpos$ film-box1 pass$ ov] ! sprocket1 ?r\gh ! gate1 "u ! sprocket & w\nd into ! l[] expos$ film-box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l5s ,,( ,,! ,,williamson ,,cam]a4 7,= explanation see p4 #dc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,adju/able ,,%utt] ,,( ,,! ,,jury ,,cam]a4 ,9 c9ematography1 z 9 ord9>y photography1 ! judgm5t ( ! brilliance ( ! light & ( ! "r /op to use on ea* occasion1 is ! "o important factor = :i* me*anical provision is impossible4 ,?is is because ( ! extreme v>iation ( ! light conditions4 ,b1 :ile no h>d & fa/ rules conc]n+ exposure c be laid d[n1 x is possible to give ! beg9n] a little guidance to keep him on ! safe side4 ,practice alone c make p]fect1 & exp]i5ce is ! m necess>y because ! c9ematograph is an all-!-ye>-r\nd ma*9e4 ,9 topical "w ! op]ator is compell$ to make ! mo/ ( ! exi/+ wea!r conditions1 no matt] h[ deplorable !y may be4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is well to h :at might be t]m$ a v flexible l5s4 ,! l5s1 t is to say1 %\ld be fitt$ ) ! means ( v>y+ ! size ( ! ap]ture1 & v>y+ x )9 wide limits1 accord+ to ! light conditions4 ,! simple/ way ( a*iev+ ?is is by means ( :at is call$ an iris diaphragm4 ,to illu/rate ! functions ( ! iris diaphragm we w take ! ,williamson in/rum5t4 ,?is is fitt$ ) a ,zeiss-,tess> l5s ( #b-;in* focus4 ,by ! aid ( ! iris diaphragm ! diamet] ( ! ap]ture may be v>i$ f approximately #c_/e to #a_/h ( an in*4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t m light c be pass$ ?r\gh ! l5s ) ! l>g]1 ?an ) ! small]1 ap]ture4 ,:ile ! l>g] ap]ture w\ld d excell5tly = film+ a football mat* on a dull day 9 mid-w9t]1 x w\ld be useless = a seascape on a cl\dless day 9 ,july4 ,= ! latt] ! smalle/ ap]ture w\ld suffice4 ,b ! requirem5ts betwe5 ^! two extremes mu/ be met3 9 o!r words ! ap]ture mu/ be adapt$ to int]m$iate dem&s4 ,by turn+ ! mill$ r+ 9 :i* ! iris diaphragm is m\nt$ ! size ( ! ap]ture c be v>i$ ev5 to a m9ute degree & ?us adju/$ to any sort ( light conditions4 ,= ! guidance ( ! op]ator ! total rot>y travel ( ! r+ is graduat$ to six diff]5t def9ite po9ts or z _m diff]5t siz$ ap]tures4 ,^! are z foll[s3-- f_/#ce gives an ap]ture #c_/e-;in* 9 diamet] 7ne>ly7 #d #a_/b-;in* #ef #a_/c-;in* #h #a_/d-;in* #aa #a_/e-;in* #af #a_/h-;in* ,al?\gh ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! successive ap]tures are v slight1 !y ex]cise a v appreciable effect ^u ! volume ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s1 & accord+ly ! p]iod ( ! exposure4 ,?us al?\gh /op f_/#ef only decreases ! size ( ! ap]ture by #a_/f ( an in* ov] f_/#d1 yet ! effect ( ?is r$uction is to necessitate twice z long an exposure z is suit$ = ! latt] /op4 ,simil>ly f_/#h dem&s twice ! exposure ( t requir$ = f_/#ef1 & s on1 ! exposure be+ d\bl$ ) e dim9ution ( ! /op up to ! limits ( ! diaphragm4 ,yet 9 practice ?is increase ( exposure betwe5 two /ops is impossible1 because ! h&le mu/ be turn$ at a def9ite spe$4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t comp5sation mu/ come f ano!r qu>t]4 ,in/ead ( increas+ ! duration ( ! exposure we mu/ h a great] int5sity ( light = f_/#ef ?an = f_/#d4 ,at fir/ sight ! beg9n] might be dispos$ to ?9k t ! selection ( ! mo/ fav\rable ap]ture is a matt] dem&+ extremely f9e judgm5t & skill1 especially :5 !re are o!r factors :i* may upset calculations4 ,_m o!r advantages arise f us+ z small an ap]ture z possible1 su* z increas$ %>pness ( ! picture1 especially at ! edges4 ,mr4 ,williamson ! design] ( ! cam]a has realis$ ?is1 & z a result ( 8 unique exp]i5ce1 he has set d[n "s v useful rules to guide ! beg9n]1 z to :i* /op %\ld be us$ = v>y+ conditions ( light & subject4 ,9 elaborat+ ?is advice ,mr4 ,williamson rightly comm5ces f ! z]o po9t z x 71 tak+ mov+-pictures ( a football mat* on a dull w9t] aft]noon1 :51 ow+ to ! feeble light1 ! capacity ( ! l5s & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! film are /ra9$ to ! utmo/4 ,f ?is po9t he has graduat$ ! diaphragm & its use z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,/op4 ,subject & ,conditions4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,f_/#ce ,on a dull w9t]'s day2 well-light$ int]ior3 or on a subject at any "t ( ! ye> :]e !re are heavy %ad[s su* z "u trees4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,f_/#d ,on a bright day 9 w9t]3 on dull days 9 spr+ & autumn4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,f_/#ef ,outdoor exposures dur+ ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,m>*1 & ,april4 ,dull summ] wea!r4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,f_/#h ,/reet sc5es 9 bright summ] wea!r4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,f_/#aa ,op5 fields 9 bright sun%9e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,f_/#af ,bright sea & sky subjects4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! =ego+ are n set d[n z h>d & fa/ guid+ rules1 b !y may be safely tak5 z "s indication ( :at %\ld be done "u su* v>y+ conditions4 ,!y may be said to apply g5]ally to ! temp]ate zones :]e ! conditions are almo/ id5tical1 irrespective ( geographical situation4 ,if ! beg9n] foll[s !m at fir/ he w n make v s]i\s mi/akes4 ,b1 z has be5 said1 exp]i5ce alone c f9ally det]m9e ! factor ( l5s ap]ture4 ,! size ( ! ap]ture has ano!r f>-rea*+ effect4 ,?is is 9 reg>d to focuss+4 ,) ! #b-;in* ,zeiss-,tess> l5s ( ! ,williamson cam]a :5 ! l>ge/ ap]ture is us$1 no?+ important 9 ! picture %\ld be )9 a di/ance ( #bj feet4 ,if x is1 x w n be 9 focus4 ,z ! diaphragm is clos$ ?is di/ance decreases proportionately until ! inf9ity1 ,,inf1 m>k is rea*$4 ,at ?is po9t practically ev]y?+ is 9 focus4 ,! di/ance :5 o!r objects are 9 focus at ! respective /ops is z foll[s4 f_/#ce focus di/ance #bj feet f_/#d #bj f_/#ef #ae f_/#h #ab f_/#aa #aj f_/#af #e ,,inf ev]y?+4 ,at fir/ sight ! fact t ! cam]a is op]at$ by ! turn+ ( a h&le makes x seem to be absurdly simple4 ,"o or two exp]im5ts h[ev]1 w prove t x is f> f be+ z easy z x looks4 ,! sali5t po9t is to turn ! h&le /eadily & ev5ly s z to complete two revolutions p] second4 ,! fir/ pictures w be f\nd to be v unsatisfactory1 hav+ an ecc5tric j]ky effect in/ead ( a smoo? easy animation4 ,an ev5 pressure mu/ be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! complete rotation1 &1 be=e ! beg9n] attempts to take any pictures & !reby wa/e exp5sive film1 he w\ld d well to practise h&le-turn+ until he has become pr(ici5t4 ,if ! turn+ movem5t is tim$ ) a wat*1 & "o correspond+ to a second is c\nt$ = ea* d\ble turn1 a p]fectly /eady turn+ movem5t w soon be atta9$4 ,"s cam]as are fitt$ ) an indicator :i* records ! numb] ( feet ( film consum$4 ,b no anxiety ne$ be felt if ?is conv5i5ce is abs5t4 ,! op]ator ne$ only c\nt "o1 two1 ?ree1 & s on1 :ile turn+ ! h&le1 ea* numb] repres5t+ a d\ble turn4 ,9 ?is way1 z #af pictures1 equival5t to "o foot ( film1 are made ) e d\ble turn & e "o c\nt1 ! numb] rea*$ at ! end ( ! task w %[ h[ _m feet ( ribbon h be5 us$1 & if ?is is d$uct$ f ! am\nt orig9ally held by ! load$ box x is easy to tell ! l5g? ( film unus$4 ,:5 ! upp] box has be5 exhau/$ & ! l[] box fill$1 ! latt] is )drawn & pack$ away to be op5$ 9 ! d>k room only4 ,! empty upp] box is tak5 out & slipp$ into ! l[] position to act z a receiv] f ! next load$ film-box4 ,9 photograph+1 ! op]ator mu/ keep 8 eyes rivet$ ^u ! view f9d]1 to make sure t ! subject he desires is 9 ! field ( ! l5s4 ,! movem5ts c be foll[$ easily1 & !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 keep+ ! mo/ important "p ( ! subject 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,to foll[ ! subject ei!r 9 a horizontal or v]tical plane x is necess>y to turn ! h&le controll+ ! panoramic movem5ts ( ! tripod head4 ,?is me*anism %\ld be turn$ sl[ly & /eadily ) "o h&1 :ile ! o!r is turn+ ! cam]a h&le4 ,x is by no means an easy1 simple matt] to foll[ a subject 9 ?is way )\t any disconc]t+ j]ky movem5t1 s9ce x involves do+ two ?+s at once4 ,= a beg9n] x is p>ticul>ly exact+1 z an eye mu/ be kept fix$ ^u ! view f9d] to foll[ ! mov+ object4 ,b aft] a little exp]i5ce ! :ole ( ^! movem5ts are c>ri$ out 9 a semi-me*anical mann]4 ,9 c9ematography1 x is ! dilig5t1 c>eful1 & p]sev]+ work] :o scores successes4 ,9 ! beg9n+ failures may be gall+ & frequ5t1 b practice & exp]i5ce are ! be/ tea*]s4 ,"o c soon become adept 9 a fasc9at+ art4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h& ,,cam]a ,,c9ematography ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s competition among pr(essional mov+-picture photograph]s has become exce$+ly ke51 especially 9 connection ) ! film+ ( topical ev5ts4 ,! op]ator (t5 is fac$ ) prodigi\s ob/acles1 ! subjugation ( :i* is n always easy1 or ev5 possible4 ,= in/ance1 9 a d5se cr[d ! conv5tional app>atus1 f its bulk9ess1 weight1 & proportions1 _c be h&l$1 &1 ev5 if set ^u its tripod ) ! l5s elevat$ above ! heads ( ! p1 !re is ! s]i\s dang] ( ! :ole be+ upset by ! sway+ motion ( ! mass ( spectators4 ,yet at ! same "t a place 9 ! cr[d con/itutes an ideal po9t ( view4 ,aga91 !re are _m situations :]e ! use ( a tripod is impracticable1 if n dang]\s4 ,take ! a]oplane4 ,an op]ator seat$ 9 a fly+ ma*9e & desir\s ( record+ ! mov+ sc5es b5ea?1 _c support 8 ma*9e ^u ! conv5tional device = ?is purpose4 ,he has to hold x z be/ he c1 & s secure 8 pictures "u extremely try+ conditions4 ,al?\gh films innum]able are tak5 by p]sons seat$ 9 a]oplanes1 only a v small proportion ev] come be=e ! public eye1 = ! majority are failures4 ,n[adays1 also1 ! film+ ( a]oplane flights f a fix$ po9t on ! gr\nd is by no means easy4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ! evolutions ( fly+ ma*9es1 m p>ticul>ly at comp>atively close ranges & :5 travell+ at high spe$s1 two op]ators are requir$1 "o to turn ! cam]a h&le1 & ! o!r to sight & foll[ ! object bo? ?r\gh its horizontal & v]tical planes 9 su* a way z to keep x 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,to d ?is he has simultane\sly to turn ! two h&les op]at+ ! panoramic & elevat+ ge> ( ! tripod head1 & (t5 9 opposite directions4 ,! task mu/ be done )\t ! slighte/ j]k1 or ! success ( ! film is m>r$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ disconc]t+ effects ^u ! scre5 is a jumpy panoramic movem5t ei!r horizontally or up & d[n4 ,x worries ! eye1 & m (t5 ?an n r$uces ! picture to an almo/ un9telligible blur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a]oscope ,,mov+-,,picture ,,h& ,,cam]a4 ,a4 ,air valve4 ,b4 ,button = v>y+ photograph+ spe$ dur+ exposure4 ,c4 ,exposure button4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,compress$ ,,air ,,res]voirs ,,( ,,! ,,a]oscope ,,cam]a4 ,"o *>ge is suffici5t to expose #fjj feet ( film4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ unn]v+ & difficult conditions "u :i* mov+-pictures c be tak5 are ^? p]ta9+ to ! film+ ( wild animal life at close range "u natural conditions4 ,9 ?is case a good n]ve1 a /eady h&1 & acute pres5ce ( m9d1 are indisp5sable4 ,a wild elephant trumpet+ madly & da%+ t[>ds ! cam]a at full spe$1 or a lion spr++ t[>ds ! op]ator may =m ! subject = a ?rill+ incid5t 9 a film1 b does n inspire confid5ce 9 ! c9ematograph]4 ,"u su* conditions a tripod outfit is worse ?an useless4 ,x n only endang]s ! op]ator's life1 b ! pictures tak5 "u su* conditions are inv>iably ( poor quality1 ev5 if !y survive ! results ( ! animal's mad fr5zy4 ,to /& "o's gr\nd & to keep turn+ ! cam]a h&le /eadily at two revolutions p] second up to ! la/ mom5t ) ! sang-froid ( someone film+ a /reet procession w\ld put too great a /ra9 on human nature4 ,ev5 ! coole/ man w\ld n obta9 fir/-class results at uncom=tably close qu>t]s4 ,in/ead ( turn+ ! h&le 9 a /eady rhy?mic mann] ! motion w\ld be 9 a s]ies ( erratic j]ks1 "s fa/ & "s sl[1 produc+ a result :i* ! public w\ld ridicule4 ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton1 ^: pictures ( jungle life con/itute "s ( ! m>vels ( ! c9ematographic art1 consid]s t ?is bran* ( c9ematography _c be excell$ = ?rill+ excitem5t4 ,! op]ator mu/ /& 8 gr\nd undismay$1 because ! close-qu>t] pictures are always ! mo/ fasc9at+4 ,yet at ! same "t he mu/ keep a corn] ( "o eye fix$ ^u an av5ue ( retreat1 s t he c get cle> 9 ! nick ( "t :5 ! crisis arises4 ,! att5tion giv5 to ! photographic "w mu/ be r$uc$ to ! absolute m9imum1 s z to be practically automatic2 ! cam]a mu/ be z small & z compact z possible1 = ! only way ( escape lies (t5 up a tree4 ,sev]al inv5tors h devot$ _! en]gies to ! evolution ( a reliable h&-cam]a1 capable ( fulfill+ ! same duty 9 c9ematography z ! snap-%ot in/rum5t 9 /ill-life "w4 ,! tripod 0 sacrific$1 b !n !re arose ano!r difficulty4 ,?is 0 9 ! necessity ( mov+ ! film me*anism by means ( ! h&le4 ,9 fact1 "u _m conditions ( work+1 su* z 9 ! jungle1 x w\ld be q impracticable4 ,:at 0 requir$ 0 an effici5t mov+-picture ma*9e1 small1 light1 & compact1 work+ ^u ! pr9ciple ( y-press-!-button-&-,i'll-d-!-re/4 ,x is a p]plex+ problem to solve1 & ! fir/ comm]cially practicable idea 9 ?is direction 0 conceiv$ by ! ,poli% sci5ti/ ,kasimir de ,proszynski4 ,he has produc$ a cam]a completely self-conta9$ & :olly automatic 9 its op]ation4 ,dim5sions & weight h be5 kept d[n4 ,9 load$ condition1 ) #cjj feet ( film1 x is #ab in*es long1 #h-a_/b in*es wide1 #f-a_/b in*es deep1 & weighs only #ad p\nds4 ,x works ^u ! press-!-button sy/em1 ! film-mov+ me*anism & %utt] runn+ ! :ole "t ! button is depress$4 ,! p[] comes f cyl9d]s ( compress$ air by :i* a t9y eng9e is driv54 ,all t ! op]ator has to d is to sight 8 subject & to keep 8 f+] on ! button1 :ile he foll[s ! object on ! view f9d]4 ,:5 ?is cam]a1 kn[n z ! a]oscope1 appe>$ ^u ! m>ket1 x ar\s$ consid]able int]e/1 b its reliability 0 d\bt$4 ,x 0 n until ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton decid$ to give x a trial t x came to be reg>d$ m s]i\sly z a feasible mov+-picture ma*9e4 ,?is naturali/-c9ematograph] took x ) him on "o ( 8 exp$itions1 & 0 able to record "s />tl+ incid5ts :i* w\ld n h be5 possible o!rwise4 ,famili>ity ) ! cam]a & exp]i5ce 9 ! field conv9c$ him ( its s]viceability1 provid$ t c]ta9 modifications 7 effect$4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ out1 & ! cam]a is n[ reg>d$ z an excell5t in/rum5t = "w t c\ld n be a*iev$ by any o!r ma*9e4 ,x is fitt$1 z has be5 said1 ) a small eng9e driv5 by compress$ air4 ,! air is /or$ 9 six small cyl9d]s ( an aggregate capacity ( #fjj feet4 ,?is is suffici5t to expose #fjj feet ( film4 ,! cyl9d]s are *>g$ ) air 9 ! mann] ( a motor tyre & ) a simil> k9d ( pump4 ,an indicator on ! side %[s con/antly ! air pressure rema9+ 9 ! res]voirs1 :ile a regulator enables ! spe$ to be v>i$4 ,! driv+ me*anism is v light1 small1 & compact1 & conta9s b a small numb] ( p>ts1 s t ! risk ( failure is n great4 ,?\gh x con/itutes ! mo/ delicate "p ( ! :ole me*anism1 & requires c>eful h&l+1 x works rem>kably well s long z x is kept clean & well lubricat$4 ,ano!r prom95t feature ( ! me*anism is :at is t]m$ an equilibrator4 ,practically speak+ ?is is a small gyroscope1 & is introduc$ to subdue any small vibrations or trembl+s :i* arise :ile ! in/rum5t is work+4 ,?is "p ( ! me*anism has be5 criticiz$ on ! gr\nd t a gyroscope1 to be effective1 mu/ be ( appreciable weight4 ,_m op]ators dispute ! necessity = its introduction4 ,!y po9t out t ! b5eficial effects are n proportionate to ! extra weight involv$4 ,fur!rmore1 be+ an additional piece ( me*anism1 x enhances ! risk ( d]angem5t4 ,aga9/ ^! cont5tions1 h[ev]1 ! op]ators :o h work$ ! in/rum5t ma9ta9 t x nullifies all ! vibrations set up by ! driv+ me*anism1 :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly slight1 w\ld o!rwise suffice to spoil ! pictures4 ,see+ t ! sole object ( employ+ ?is cam]a is ! elim9ation ( a rigid support su* z a tripod1 x c]ta9ly seems wor? :ile1 ev5 at ! co/ ( add$ weight1 to ga9 "s comp5sat+ /ead9ess4 ,& ! vibration ( ! air eng9e increases ! ne$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l5s1 ,,%utt]1 ,,compress$ ,,air-,,driv5 ,,me*anism1 ,,& ,,gyroscope1 ,,:i* ,,c\nt]acts ,,slight ,,vibrations1 ,,( ,,! ,,a]oscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,! ,,a]oscope ,,cam]a4 ,! unexpos$ & expos$ film-boxes are m\nt$ ^u "o sp9dle4 ,9 op]at+ ?is in/rum5t ! usual me?od is to hold ! cam]a aga9/ ! *e/ & "o *eek1 !reby br++ ! eye on a level ) ! sight+ piece4 ,by lett+ ! elb[s re/ aga9/ ! body ! weight is easily & /eadily support$4 ,held 9 ?is position ! m9imum ( fatigue is felt by ! c9ematograph]1 :ile he is giv5 complete control ov] ! me*anism4 ,x c also be us$ :5 ! op]ator is on horseback1 ! me?od ( support be+ virtually ! same4 ,b 9 ?is case only "o h& is us$2 ! o!r is left free to control ! horse4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! sy/em is ! ease ) :i* ! cam]a c be swung r\nd 9 ord] to foll[ a mov+ object /eadily4 ,photograph]s :o use a h&-cam]a are famili> ) ! di/urbances set up by ! motion ( ! body 9 brea?+4 ,?is is (t5 suffici5t to spoil a picture if c>e is n display$ at ! in/ant ( exposure4 ,) ! a]oscope--ow+ to ! exposure be+ f #a_/cb to #a_/ej ( a second1 relatively long 9 comp>ison ) snap-%ott+ :]e ! exposure is (t5 only ! #a_/bjj1 or ev5 less1 ( a second--^! di/urbances are some:at m acute4 ,consid]able practice is requir$ be=e ?is difficulty c be ov]come4 ,"s op]ators :o h us$ ! a]oscope pref] to utilise a conv5i5t support1 if available1 su* z a wall1 or ! /ump ( a tree1 !reby mak+ sure ( a solid rigid f\ndation4 ,b 9 c9ematography ! ill-effects aris+ f respiration are n s s]i\s z 9 /ill-life "w4 ,a picture "h & !re may %[ its effects1 b !y pass unnotic$4 ,!y are subdu$1 z x 71 by ! unblemi%$ pictures :i* prec$e & foll[4 ,ano!r cam]a ( ?is type is ! ,jury ,autocam :i*1 z its "n implies1 works ^u ! automatic press-!-button sy/em4 ,?is cam]a is fitt$ ) a small electric motor1 driv5 by a small dry batt]y1 & br\ght into action by ! pressure ( a button4 ,a small side-lev] controls ! picture-tak+ spe$1 :i* c be v>i$ :ile ! me*anism is runn+4 ,! cam]a itself is exactly simil> to ! ,jury ,duplex model1 ! only addition be+ a small sep>ate case1 ab\t #b in*es 9 dep?1 fitt$ to ! base ( ! in/rum5t1 & a cov]$ *a9 ge>+ on "o side = transmitt+ ! p[] f ! motor to ! cam]a me*anism4 ,?is cam]a likewise is fitt$ ) a small balanc+ app>atus to c\nt]act slight vibrations4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton /eady+ himself ^u a precipice to take pictures ( bird life4 ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton slung ov] a cliff1 %[+ ! op]ation ( ! h& cam]a4 ,,! ,,a]oscope ,,cam]a ,,9 ,,! ,,field4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,c9ema ,college1 by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,vulture ,,prep>+ ,,to ,,fly4 ,9 su* in/rum5ts z ^! ! ev5 runn+ ( ! motor is a vital factor4 ,x mu/ n run any fa/] :5 ! res]voir or batt]y is fully *>g$ ?an :5 x is ne>ly exhau/$1 nor mu/ !re be any v>iations ( spe$1 = ecc5tricities ( ?is sort are apt to spoil ! film4 ,! gov]n+ !re=e requires to be mo/ delicate & ?or\gh4 ,ano!r difficulty is ! incorporation ( a res]voir capable ( c>ry+ a suffici5t quantity ( air at ! necess>y pressure to drive ! l5g? ( film = :i* x is rat$4 ,9 ! ,jury ,autocam a l5g? ( #ajj feet c be driv5 on a s+le batt]y *>ge4 ,?is is adequate = _m purposes1 b a l5g? ( at lea/ #bjj feet is g5]ally to be pref]r$4 ,! cam]a is be+ adapt$ to meet ^! conditions1 & x is anticipat$ t no m difficulty w be met 9 consummat+ ?is end1 ?an 0 involv$ 9 mak+ ! cam]a drive a #ajj feet l5g?4 ,:ile x is a moot po9t :e!r ! automatic c9ematograph cam]a w ev] displace ! or?odox ma*9e entirely1 x is a useful & ev5 indisp5sable ma*9e = work+ "u difficulties4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 ! a]oplane & has be5 f\nd successful4 ,x is also ( ! utmo/ use 9 close-range dang]\s "w1 or 9 situations :]e ! turn+ ( ! h&le by h& is liable to be c>ri$ out imp]fectly & un/eadily4 ,! a]oscope cam]a has be5 us$ on _m notable exp$itions su* z ^? ( ,paul ,ra9ey1 & o!rs 9 ,africa1 & is us$ exclusively by ,mr4 ,*]ry ,ke>ton 9 8 d>+ "w 9 tight corn]s4 ,_m ( ! ?rill+ & excit+ pictures tak5 9 ! haunts ( wild animals h be5 secur$ !re)1 & ^! films %[ conv9c+ly :at c be done ) ! in/rum5t :5 x is h&l$ by an exp]t4 ,b ! true prov9ce ( ! h& c9ematograph cam]a und\bt$ly is 9 connection ) ru% "w4 ,= ! film+ ( topical incid5ts x is invaluable4 ,! op]ator is n trammell$ ) a bulky outfit4 ,he c>ries 8 cam]a 9 8 h& or sl+s x across 8 back 9 ! mann] ( a knapsack4 ,:5 he wi%es to film an incid5t he is n h>ass$ ev5 by ! cr[d4 ,he is n compell$ to set up a tripod or to climb to an elevat$ po9t to get cle> ( ! sea ( heads4 ,he c hold ! cam]a above 8 head1 & by means ( a second & special view f9d] plac$ on ! "u side ( ! in/rum5t he c sight & foll[ ! subject :ile press+ ! button4 ,?us he records ! episode z easily z if he 7 plac$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s rais$ position1 & c\ld manipulate ! ma*9e 9 ! or?odox mann]4 ,:5 8 "w is complet$ he c get away )\t any delay1 because ! small box conta9s ev]y?+4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! h& mov+-picture cam]a is sc>cely yet a suitable in/rum5t = beg9n]s4 ,! inv5tion is 9 its infancy1 & al?\gh clev] m5 are /riv+ to make x m simple & reliable1 _m peculi> problems /ill rema9 to be solv$4 ,b 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t op]ator x is capable ( do+ fir/-class "w4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,develop+ ,,! ,,film ,! beg9n]1 :5 he h&les = ! fir/ "t a coil ( s5sitiz$ film measur+ #a-c_/h in*es 9 wid?1 & p]haps #bjj feet 9 l5g?1 might hesitate to attempt its developm5t4 ,he might pref] to despat* x to a firm prep>$ to c>ry out ?is "w = a light *>ge1 confid5t t ) ! facilities at _! comm&1 & ) _! accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 !y w\ld be able to br+ out 8 "w to ! be/ advantage4 ,b ! man :o aspires to succe$ 9 topical "w = ! local picture palace or g5]al m>ket1 especially if he is n )9 easy rea* ( a po/ (fice1 mu/ be prep>$ to und]take ! task himself4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is by no means s difficult z x appe>s at fir/ sight1 & ! rudim5ts ( ! process may be grasp$ readily by a p]son ( av]age intellig5ce4 ,success1 z 9 o!r h&icrafts1 only c be a*iev$ ) practice4 ,c9ematography1 be+ a peculi> & special bran* ( ! photographic art1 dem&+ ! use ( new & unfamili> tools1 has be5 responsible = ! p]fection ( p>ticul> devices & me?ods to assi/ & facilitate developm5t4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! work] _h to worry ?r\gh ! task1 & 0 compell$ to und]take a ho/ ( d\btful exp]im5ts4 ,! beg9n] ( to-day is able to pr(it f ! mi/akes ( ! pione]s1 & ! appliances & processes at 8 disposal are ^? ( approv$ application4 ,aft] "o or two trials ! work] w realise t ! developm5t ( a #bjj-;feet l5g? ( celluloid ribbon is no m difficult ?an ! developm5t ( an ord9>y ,kodak spool4 ,"o ?+ ! beg9n] w d well to be> 9 m9d4 ,he %\ld adopt "s p>ticul> br& ( film1 & cl+ to x aft] he has become acqua9t$ ) its emulsion1 spe$1 composition1 & peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,!re are ?ree or f\r diff]5t makes ( film ^u ! m>ket1 b x is pref]able to select a film :i* is easily obta9able at any "t & 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,i w\ld /rongly urge ! beg9n] to select ! ,ea/man /ock = ?is if = no o!r reason4 ,! ,ea/man organisation has its t5tacles spread ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x has ?\s&s ( ag5cies 9 imm$iate t\* ) ! diff]5t national companies4 ,! result is t ?is film c be pur*as$ )\t difficulty 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,if a local deal] does n /ock x1 he c procure x to ord] )9 a day or two4 ,moreov] ! film w be new & 9 p]fect condition4 ,!re are _m o!r reasons :y x is advisable to select & to adh]e to ?is /ock1 :i*1 al?\gh ( a te*nical "*1 are ( mu* importance to ! us]4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! te*nics & *emi/ry ( c9ematography are /ill 9 _! infancy1 & ! te*nical /aff reta9$ = ! prep>ation ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts employ$ 9 ! s5sitiz+ ( ! film are /riv+ con/antly to improve & to increase ! spe$ or s5sitiv5ess ( ! emulsion4 ,! result is t ! work] :o uses ,ea/man film keeps pace ) developm5ts4 ,! mak]s ( ?is ribbon 7 ! fir/ to discov] a base & emulsion suit$ to mov+-picture "w4 ,?is 0 a*iev$ only aft] ! exp5diture ( enorm\s sums ( money1 aft] hundr$s ( fruitless exp]im5ts1 & ) ! co-op]ation ( ! highe/ te*nical & *emical skill4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! limitations ( ! base & ( ! emulsion become ?or\ghly und]/ood1 s t ! film is c]ta9 to ma9ta9 ! highe/ quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? firms :o h emb>k$ ^u ! manufacture ( ! commodity only )9 rec5t ye>s1 h /ill to face & to ov]come _m pitfalls :i* ! old] conc]n discov]$ & surm\nt$ ye>s ago4 ,s ! film m>ket$ by y\ng] organisations is apt to v>y 9 its quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,well-,,equipp$ ,,d>k ,,room ,,%[+ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,trays4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,jury's ,k9e4 ,supplies1 ,ltd4 ,,w9d+ ,,! ,,develop+ ,,frame4 ,! film is transf]r$ f ! expos$ film-box to a revolv+ frame1 emulsion side out]mo/4 ,be=e ! beg9n] attempts developm5t he mu/ make sure t 8 d>k room & accessories are adequate4 ,to seek success ) make%ifts 9 ! fir/ in/ance is to c\rt he>t-r5d+ failure4 ,_m ( ! ut5sils employ$ 9 ! d>k room c be fa%ion$ by any h&y man4 ,!y may lack f9i%1 b s long z !y p]=m _! "w prop]ly no?+ m is necess>y4 ,! d>k room mu/ be spaci\s1 = cramp$ conditions are fatal to satisfactory "w4 ,an exp]t w p]=m 8 task successfully1 if ! exig5cies arise1 9 a small cupbo>d1 b ! beg9n] w f9d t ! m space he has at 8 comm& ! easi] he w be able to complete 8 task4 ,! room %\ld measure #aj feet 9 l5g? by #f feet wide at lea/4 ,9 a corn]1 or at "s o!r conv5i5t po9t along ! wall1 !re %\ld be an ord9>y s9k provid$ ) free wa/e & ) ample supplies ( wat] laid on to a tap above4 ,on "o or o!r side ( ?is s9k1 !re %\ld be a b5*1 #c feet 9 wid?1 = ! purpose ( ! develop+1 fix+1 r9s+1 & o!r ba?s4 ,at lea/ f\r trays w be requir$1 ?ree be+ = solutions & "o = r9s+4 ,ea* tray %\ld be at lea/ #cc in*es squ>e inside1 by ab\t #f in*es 9 dep?4 ,^! trays may be made ( wood ?r\gh\t1 ) dove-tail$ sides1 & tongu$ & groov$ bottom1 or ! bottom may be made ( glass4 ,if ! "w ( dove-tail+ seems too difficult1 ! sides & bottom ne$ only be nail$ or screw$ toge!r1 b 9 ?is case a l9+ ( wat]pro( fabric %\ld be fix$ to ! wood4 ,trays ( ?is type are inexp5sive1 & are q z good z ^? ( a m elaborate "*4 ,9 "s develop+ works lead-l9$ trays are us$1 b !y are weighty & cumb]some to h&le4 ,9 ord] to draw (f ! solution :5 necess>y x is well to fit a dra9 & plug 9 ! bottom ( ! tray by :i* ! cont5ts c escape into ! /orage vessel plac$ b5ea? ! b5*4 ,sometimes a v]tical tank is us$4 ,?is sy/em is ma9ta9$ to be ! mo/ satisfactory z x enables ! solution to be kept m easily 9 movem5t4 ,! tank1 9 ?is case1 %\ld be #cc in*es high by #cc in*es wide1 & #f in*es f front to back4 ,^! are inside measurem5ts4 ,x mu/ be l9$ ) wat]pro( mat]ial or ) ?9 %eet lead 9 ! same mann] z ! tray4 ,= ! purposes ( ! small work]1 ! tank process is m exp5sive1 ow+ to ! great] quantity ( solution t x requires2 s1 = ord9>y & limit$ work+1 ! tray is recomm5d$4 ,x %\ld be fitt$ ) a rock] s z to enable ! solution to be kept fl[+ ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! film4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! ,p9 ,frame4 ,! film is m\nt$ ^u a special frame4 ,a frame made ( wood is mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,?is likewise a h&y man c make at home1 al?\gh x is n exp5sive to buy4 ,! middle ( ea* side ( ! frame is fitt$ ) a %ort p9 to s]ve z a sp9dle & to facilitate sp9n+ r\nd :5 ! frame is m\nt$ ^u its /&4 ,ea* transv]se end is provid$ ) guide p9s = w9d+ ! film4 ,! o!r type is kn[n z ! p9 frame4 ,its design may be ga!r$ f ,fig4 #b4 ,x is a light skeleton frame ) v]tical p9s project+ f ! f\r diagonal memb]s4 ,! spool is slipp$ on ! c5tral sp9dle & ! film is unw\nd & pass$ r\nd ! p9 on "o diagonal1 !n to ! relative p9s on ! ?ree o!r memb]s4 ,x is !n tak5 r\nd ! second p9 on ! fir/ diagonal1 foll[$ r\nd ! relative p9s on ! o!r ?ree memb]s1 & s on until ! :ole film has be5 uncoil$1 ! p9s on ! o!r f\r cross memb]s be+ call$ into requisition z additional supports :5 ! frame is ab\t half cov]$4 ,:5 ! film is m\nt$ ^u ?is frame x is 9 ! =m ( an endless squ>e spiral4 ,:5 ! frame is laid 9 ! ba? ( solution ! film /&s edgewise4 ,! wood5 frame1 h[ev]1 is n[ almo/ exclusively us$1 z x is easi] & simpl] to "w4 ,! film c be transf]r$ to x 9 a %ort] space ( "t1 & ! frame ) ! film ^u x c be h&l$ m safely4 ,! ruby light may be ei!r electricity1 gas1 or oil1 b extreme c>e mu/ be tak5 to make absolutely c]ta9 t ! light is non-act9ic1 & is n too p[]ful1 o!rwise ! film1 :i* is extremely s5sitive1 w be fogg$ dur+ developm5t4 ,! safety ( ! light may be te/$ 9 a v simple & easy mann]4 ,cut (f ab\t #f in*es ( film f ! unexpos$ reel1 lay x flat ^u ! develop+ b5*1 emulsion side upp]mo/1 9 full view ( ! ruby light4 ,place two or ?ree co9s ^u ! emulsion & leave !m !re = a few m9utes4 ,!n develop ! /rip 9 a cov]$ di%4 ,if ! space surr\nd+ ! places :]e ! co9s 7 laid comes up grey1 !n x %[s t ! light is unsafe1 because ! expos$ emulsion surr\nd+ ! co9s has become fogg$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if no signs ( ! position ( ! co9s are reveal$ ^u ! develop$ /rip1 ! light is p]fectly safe4 ,! trays %\ld be plac$ side by side along ! b5*4 ,! "o :i* is us$ = develop+ %\ld /& fur!/ f ! ruby light4 ,if space w all[1 ! r9s+ ba? %\ld be plac$ next to x1 b if ?is is impossible ! fix+ ba? may be plac$ !re4 ,a division bo>d %\ld be set up betwe5 ! two trays1 ris+ "s #aj or #ab in*es above _! upp] edges4 ,?is w prev5t ! fix+ solution spla%+ into ! develop+ ba? & spoil+ x4 ,v>i\s =mul h be5 prep>$ = developm5t1 ea* ( :i* has c]ta9 advantages4 ,z may be suppos$1 ea* firm has evolv$ a =mula :i* x has f\nd f exp]i5ce to give ! be/ results4 ,obvi\sly ^! =mul are secret4 ,b ! mo/ satisfactory = ! beg9n] is t advocat$ by ! ,ea/man ,company4 ,x possesses ! advantage ( hav+ be5 prep>$ by ! *emi/s :o are responsible = ! emulsion1 :o und]/& its p>ticul> *>act]i/ics & also its limitations4 ,! majority ( o!r =mul are bas$ m or less ^u ?is "o1 :i* is applicable & adaptable to all k9ds ( "w4 ,x has ! quality ( br++ ! picture out to ! utmo/ degree1 & by its means _m ( ! errors 9 exposure may be correct$ dur+ developm5t4 ,! develop+ solution is made up z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,avoirdupois4 ,metric4 ------------------------------------ ,sodium sulphite 7des47 #ec oz4 #a1ege grammes ,sodium c>bonate 77 #be #gej ,metol #ahj gra9s #ab ,hydro*9on 7hydroqu9one7 #h oz4 #bcg ,potassium bromide #a oz4 #fc gra9s #cd ,citric acid #djj gra9s #bge ,potassium metabisulphite #b oz4 #fj ,wat] 7,imp]ial measure7 #h-a_/c gallons 7,unit$ ,/ates 7 #aj #dj litres ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! +r$i5ts mu/ be mix$ 9 ! ord] indicat$4 ,all ! *emicals are readily & *eaply obta9able at any photographic *emi/s & drug /ores4 ,aft] prep>ation ! develop] w keep = a long p]iod s long z ! bottle is well /opp]$ & kept 9 a cool place4 ,only ! highe/ grade *emicals ( a reputable br& %\ld be us$4 ,a slight sav+ 9 ! pur*ase ( ^! ess5tials is false economy1 because a film co/+ "o hundr$ or m times ! money sav$ 9 ! outlay ^u *emicals may ?us be ru9$4 ,9 cases ( ov]-exposure1 p]haps ! mo/ common fault ( ! beg9n] :o does n und]/& ! /opp+ d[n ( ! l5s1 a re/ra9] is necess>y4 ,?is is compos$ ( ! foll[+3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,avoirdupois4 ,metric4 ---------------------------------------- ,potassium bromide #a oz4 #cj grammes ,wat] #aj oz4 #cjj cubic c5timetres ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! process ( developm5t is z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ! film is transf]r$ f ! d>k film-box ( ! cam]a to ! frame4 ,! latt]1 if x is ( ! wood5 type1 c be spun r\nd freely :5 m\nt$ on its /&4 ,x is n advisable = ! beg9n] to )draw ! coil ( film bodily f ! box until he is exp]t 9 w9d+ ! frame1 o!rwise1 to 8 surprise & disgu/1 ! spool may fall out & ! film be precipitat$ to ! floor 9 an inextricable tangle4 ,he %\ld let x rema9 9 ! d>k box until x is remov$ by be+ drawn sl[ly ?r\gh ! velvet-l9$ slot4 ,! free end ( ! film %\ld be fix$ ) a draw+ p9 to "o end-b> ( ! frame1 & conta9$ betwe5 two guide p9s1 ) ! emulsion side out]mo/4 ,! emulsion side c be recogniz$ ev5 9 ! subdu$ light ( ! d>k room because x has a matt surface1 :ile ! o!r side is glossy4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sides c also be detect$ by ! t\*4 ,:5 ! end ( ! film has be5 atta*$ to "o end-b> ! frame is turn$1 ! film mean:ile be+ p]mitt$ to slide out ( ! d>k box1 until ! opposite end ( ! frame comes up4 ,! film is pass$ ov] ?is b>1 also betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( guide p9s1 & once m1 ) a half-turn to ! frame1 ! film passes along ! second side ( ! frame back to ! fir/ b>1 betwe5 ! succe$+ pair ( guide p9s1 ov] ! top & back aga9 to ! opposite b>1 ?is process be+ cont9u$ until ! coil ( film is unroll$1 :5 ! second extremity is likewise fix$ to ! b> by means ( a draw+ p94 ,! film :ile be+ w\nd mu/ n be drawn too tightly2 at ! same "t x mu/ n be too slack4 ,:5 w9d+ has be5 complet$1 ! frame & film w h ! appe>ance %[n 9 ! illu/ration fac+ p4 #fe4 ,! guide p9s 9 ! end-b>s prev5t ! edges f ov]lapp+ or t\*+4 ,! result is ! pres5tation ( two emulsion faces on ei!r side ( ! frame & ea* face resembles ! s5sitiz$ side ( a dry plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,film ,,transf]r$ ,,f ,,! ,,develop+ ,,frame ,,to ,,! ,,dry+ ,,drum4 ,= amateur use a small drum c be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,williamson ,k9e4 ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,film ,,w\nd ,,on ,,frame ,,& ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,! ,,develop+ ,,tray4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,jury's ,k9e4 ,supplies1 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,jury ,,comb9$ ,,cam]a ,,& ,,pr9t]4 ,9 w9d+ ! film ^u ! frame1 & inde$ dur+ all ! op]ations1 ! op]ator %\ld be c>eful n to t\* ! gelat9e coat+ ( ! ribbon ) 8 f+]s4 ,! f+] nails %\ld be kept well trimm$ s t scrat*+ may be avoid$4 ,a t\*$ film is usually m>k$1 = ! t\* leaves a deposit ( grease1 :i* int]f]es ) ! action ( ! develop]4 ,! frame1 ) ! film w\nd ^u x1 is lift$ (f ! /& & c>efully plac$ 9 ! develop+ ba?1 into :i* ! develop+ solution has already be5 p\r$4 ,if x is ins]t$ g5tly no air bubbles or bells w =m on ! emulsion1 b if !re %\ld be any su* !y c be remov$ at once by means ( a l>ge1 flat1 s(t1 camel hair bru%4 ,9 ord] to secure fir/-class results1 ! develop+ solution %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( #fe ,fahr4 ,! develop+ solution is rapid 9 its action & ! film mu/ be wat*$ closely4 ,! frame mu/ be kept rock+ s t ! solution may rema9 9 movem5t4 ,?is enables x to act ^u ! :ole surface ( ! film equally4 ,%\ld developm5t take place too quickly--7i4e4 ! images fla% up almo/ in/antly7--! frame %\ld be remov$ at once f ! develop] & imm]s$ 9 ! r9s+ tray to all[ a few drams ( ! re/ra9] solution to be p\r$ into1 & mix$ )1 ! develop]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! film may be "u-expos$1 & !n ! images w appe> v sl[ly4 ,developm5t proce$s exactly z 9 ! case ( a glass plate1 & ! same judgm5t is requir$ to det]m9e :5 ! process has be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh4 ,:5 ?is po9t has be5 rea*$ ! frame is lift$ out ( ! develop] & plac$ 9 ! r9s+ tray to receive a ?or\gh wa%+4 ,wat] is a k9d fri5d 9 c9ematography & %\ld be us$ ungrudg+ly4 ,?ree or f\r ?or\gh flu%es w suffice to r9se ! film satisfactorily1 & !n ! frame is plac$ 9 ! fix+ ba?4 ,?is is made up z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,avoirdupois4 ,metric4 ----------------------------- ,wat] #fd oz4 7fluid7 #b1jjj c4c4 ,hyposulphite ( soda #af #dhj grammes ,sulphite #c_/d #bb ,:5 fully dissolv$ add ! foll[+ h>d5]4 ,p[d]$ alum #a_/b oz4 #ae grammes ,citric acid #a_/b #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dur+ fix+ ! frame %\ld be kept rock$ s t e trace ( undevelop$ silv] salts may be remov$ f ! film4 ,!n x is transf]r$ to ! wa%+ tray & submitt$ to a ?or\gh wa%+ 9 frequ5t *anges ( wat] = "s tw5ty m9utes4 ,! film is n[ ready = its f9al treatm5t4 ,?is is imm]sion 9 ! soak+ solution3-- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,avoirdupois4 ,metric4 ------------------------------ ,wat] #cb oz4 #a1jjj c4c4 ,glyc]9e #a #cj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,?is f9al ba? is n always us$1 b x is desirable if ! negative film is to be kept = any l5g? ( "t4 ,imm]sion 9 ?is soak+ solution prev5ts ! gelat9e coat+ ( ! film f becom+ h>d & horny4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ?is ba? = five m9utes ! frame is lift$ out1 & return$ to its /&1 :]e ! excess ( glyc]9e & wat] is remov$ by wip+ ) a s(t clo?4 ,x w be se5 t once ! film is w\nd ^u ! frame x is n remov$ dur+ ! :ole process ( developm5t1 & may be left 9 ! same position dur+ ! dry+ p]iod4 ,b if ! dry+ is to be quickly p]=m$ ! frame mu/ be ( :at is kn[n z ! spr+ type1 s t x does n keep ! same area ( film con/antly press+ ^u ! curv$ end-b>s4 ,o!rwise ! film w\ld reta9 ?is %ape :5 x has be5 dri$ & ! k9k w\ld be irremovable4 ,to avoid ?is defect x is j z well to transf] ! film f ! frame to a drum 7see illu/ration fac+ p4 #gb74 ,?is is an easy matt]4 ,! drum is m\nt$ ^u a /& s z to be free to revolve easily4 ,deta* "o end ( ! film f ! develop+ frame1 & atta* x to ! drum by means ( a draw+ p94 ,! emulsion side1 ( c\rse1 mu/ face outw>ds4 ,!n by unw9d+ ! frame & rotat+ ! drum simultane\sly ! film becomes w\nd spirally ^u ! drum4 ,ano!r p9 w secure ! second end ( ! film4 ,! drum is an inexp5sive & v h&y accessory to ! mov+-picture photograph]1 especially 9 ! dry+ op]ation1 :5 =ceful me?ods h to be adopt$4 ,un=tunately ! dry+ ( ! film _c be accel]at$ to any great ext5t4 ,! h>d5+ ( ! gelat9e emulsion _c be ha/5$1 z 9 glass plate "w1 by imm]sion 9 a ba? ( me?ylat$ spirits or "s o!r evaporative ag5t1 s9ce ! alcohol conta9$ !re9 w\ld dissolve ! celluloid base4 ,! only available means is a curr5t ( w>m1 dry1 clean air4 ,:ile ! well-equipp$ factory is fitt$ ) a special dry+ room1 su* a facility is beyond ! res\rces ( ! av]age indep5d5t work]1 :o mu/ !re=e be cont5t to revolve 8 frame or drum cont9u\sly1 until ! gelat9e has h>d5$ suffici5tly4 ,! process c be accel]at$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by revolv+ ! drum or frame ov] a /eam radiator1 or "s o!r =m ( heat+ :i* emits no smoke or flame1 b ! temp]ature ( ! air mu/ n be rais$ too high or ! gelat9e coat+ w be injur$4 ,if ! wea!r is f9e & calm1 ! dry+ may be done ^u a lawn 9 ! op5 air1 b 9 any ev5t extreme c>e mu/ be obs]v$ to prev5t du/ settl+ ^u ! gelat9e :ile x is wet & s(t1 or irrep>able injury w be inflict$4 ,s x behoves ! work] to keep 8 d>k room & dry+ room free f du/4 ,dry+ %\ld n be done 9 ! d>k room because !re are small p>ticles ( *emical du/ always float+ ab\t 9 su* surr\nd+s4 ,if ^! %\ld settle ^u ! emulsion !y w\ld play sad havoc ) x4 ,:5 ! gelat9e has h>d5$ ! film may be transf]r$ direct f ! drum to a spool by means ( a w9d]4 ,:5 ! beg9n] has become exp]t he w be able to d ?is by h&1 b x is nev] a wise practice s9ce ! coat+ is liable to become scrat*$4 ,! spool-w9d] is inexp5sive & does ! "w mu* m quickly1 :ile ! risk ( damag+ ! film is elim9at$4 ,z has be5 m5tion$1 x is well to develop ! film z soon z possible aft] exposure4 ,al?\gh ! expos$ film is kept 9 a d>k box1 ! *emical action set up by exposure be=e ! l5s1 cont9ues1 z 9 dry-plate & snap-%ot photography1 & 9 a m rapid mann]4 ,consequ5tly ! film %\ld n be left undevelop$ = m ?an a few days at ! utmo/4 ,:ile prompt developm5t is usual 9 topical "w1 !re are o!r sorts ( "w 9 :i* ! op]ator may feel tempt$ to put ! film on "o side = developm5t at a lat] & m conv5i5t "t4 ,p]haps sev]al weeks may elapse1 & !n complete amazem5t is express$ at ! result4 ,9 ! unexpos$ condition1 h[ev]1 ,ea/man /ock w la/ _m mon?s s long z x is n remov$ f ! case 9 :i* x is pack$ at ! works4 ,equal c>e mu/ be us$ 9 /or+ ! develop$ negative films4 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 a cool dry place1 protect$ f sev]e fluctuations 9 temp]ature & climatic effects4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,positive ,!oretically !re is no op]ation 9 ! :ole art ( c9ematography :i* is m complex ?an ! prep>ation ( ! positive4 ,?is is us$ = project+ ! image on ! scre51 & is ! result ^u :i* popul> criticism is pass$4 ,also1 9 ! process ( pr9t+ ! positive1 sev]al %ort-com+s 9 ! negative c be correct$4 ,at ! same "t1 f ! practical po9t ( view1 ! prep>ation ( ! positive is simple4 ,! beg9n] :o has ma/]$ ! some:at intricate process ( developm5t1 ne$ n appreh5d any great] difficulties ?an ^? he has already ov]come be=e he essays to pr9t 8 positive4 ,9 practice he w soon become pr(ici5t1 ?\gh he may reta9 r hazy ideas ( ! !ory ( ! matt]4 ,! ess5tials = ! prep>ation ( ! positive are a pr9t+ ma*9e & an illum9ant4 ,! appliances & me?ods ( op]ation diff] completely f ^? us$ 9 any o!r bran* ( photography1 s t a new art virtually has to be ma/]$4 ,=tunately1 ! beg9n] gets assi/ance f ^? ma/]s ( ! craft1 :o1 hav+ left ! produc+ = ! manufactur+ side ( ! indu/ry1 will+ly give advice to ! tyro4 ,by foll[+ ! few rules :i* ^! e>ly work]s lay d[n1 ! beg9n] w n g f> wrong1 & w n run ! risk ( incurr+ _m dispirit+ failures4 ,:ile ! l>ge pr(essional firms use elaborate & co/ly pr9t+ ma*9es1 ! amateur is able to get j z good results ) simpl] & *eap] app>atus4 ,he c\ld n wi% = a bett] equipm5t ?an ! ,williamson pr9t]1 :i* co/s only #d #ajs4 7#bb4ej71 or ! ,jury ,duplex1 :i* is a comb9$ cam]a & pr9t]4 ,s f> z ! illum9ant is conc]n$ ?is dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,9 mo/ t[ns x is possible to obta9 electric light1 :i* is ! simple/1 & tak5 all r\nd1 ! mo/ reliable & satisfactory illum9ant4 ,if ?is is n available1 gas & an inc&esc5t mantle may be us$4 ,fail+ ei!r ( ^! conv5i5ces1 acetyl5e or petrol gas1 ! latt] ) ! inc&esc5t gas mantle1 c take _! place4 ,ev5 daylight may be us$4 ,success 9 pr9t+ dep5ds ^u a correct judgm5t ( ! int5sity ( ! light1 & ( ! d5sity ( ! film4 ,?is enables "o to e/imate ! exposure requir$4 ,obvi\sly ?is k c only be acquir$ 9 ! s*ool ( practice4 ,! same exp]i5ce is ne$$ to e/imate ! l5g? ( ! exposure 9 mak+ lant]n slides1 or 9 bromide pr9t+4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! c9ematograph film "o is work+ ) a mu* m s5sitive emulsion4 ,a v good practice = ! beg9n] is to make exp]im5tal exposures ) %ort l5g?s ( film--say #ab in*es--mak+ ! te/s ) sections ( ! negative :i* v>y 9 d5sity1 at v>i\s di/ances f ! light1 & at diff]5t spe$s4 ,a c>eful note %\ld be made ( ea* trial4 ,9 ?is way "o c e/imate ! exposure & le>n h[ x %\ld be v>i$ at diff]5t po9ts ( ! negative :]e ! d5sity v>ies4 ,moreov]1 ! k w be acquir$ at comp>atively little exp5se4 ,if ! negative has be5 ov]-expos$ or ov]-develop$1 or bo?1 a common error 9 ! fir/ attempts1 x w naturally be v d5se1 & w dem& a long] exposure1 or a m p[]ful light1 ?an a negative :i* is expos$ correctly4 ,?is situation may be met ei!r by sl[+ d[n ! process ( pr9t+1 or by br++ ! light ne>] to ! film4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a negative is "u-expos$ x _h bett] be de/roy$ at once1 z x is worse ?an useless4 ,an ov]-expos$ negative w yield a passable pr9t1 possibly some:at h>%1 b no?+ c be done ) a negative :i* is defici5t 9 detail4 ,! only exception t may be made to ?is dra/ic policy is ! topical film1 :i* may h be5 tak5 "u adv]se conditions1 dur+ a fog1 or 9 heavy ra91 or on a dull day1 or at a late h\r :5 ! light 0 bad4 ,9 ! topical film x is m ! int]e/ ( ! ev5t ?an ! quality ( ! film t is important4 ,= absolute simplicity x w\ld be difficult to excel ! sy/em adopt$ 9 ! ,jury ,duplex cam]a4 ,9 ?is case "o obta9s bo? cam]a & pr9t+ app>atus--)\t ! l5s--= ! mode/ outlay ( #h 7#dj74 ,!re is a small bracket m\nt$ ^u ! out] top face1 & ne> ! front edge1 ( ! case4 ,?is bracket c>ries ! spool on :i* ! negative film is coil$4 ,?is is slipp$ on ! bobb9 & lock$ 9 position by means ( a small lev]4 ,! film is c>ri$ f ?is spool betwe5 two small guide pressure roll]s & f$ into ! cam]a ?r\gh a slot fac$ ) velvet1 l t provid$ 9 ! d>k boxes4 ,! film is pull$ d[n a suffici5t di/ance to ent] ! gate s z to secure engagem5t by ! claws ( ! cam]a me*anism4 ,9 ?read+ ! film c>e mu/ be us$ to br+ ! emulsion side fac+ ! d>k boxes & ! glossy side fac+ ! l5s4 ,! positive film is ins]t$ 9 ! unexpos$ film-box ( ! cam]a & is ?read$ up z if = tak+ photographs4 ,z ! emulsion side is upp]mo/1 :5 ! unexpos$ film meets ! negative 9 ! gate1 ! two films are br\ght toge!r ) _! emulsion sides 9 contact4 ,z "o film is laid squ>ely ov] ! o!r1 & ) ! p]=ations 9 l9e1 x w be se5 t ! claws engage ) bo?1 s t ! two films are j]k$ toge!r int]mitt5tly ?r\gh ! gate4 ,em]g+ f ! gate ! two films "p company4 ,! expos$ positive ribbon passes into ! expos$ d>k box1 :ile ! negative film passes ?r\gh ano!r velvet-l9$ slot 9 ! bottom ( ! cam]a1 & !n is w\nd up on ano!r spool4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ?is case pr9t+ is c>ri$ out 9 a mann] simil> to photograph+4 ,! film is run ?r\gh ! cam]a 9 ! ord9>y way by turn+ ! h&le1 & ! numb] ( exposures p] second c be v>i$ )9 wide limits to suit ! d5sity ( ! film4 ,! cam]a is suppli$ ) a second sp9dle & ge>+ ^u :i* ! h&le may be slipp$4 ,! ratio ( ?is ge>+ is "o exposure p] revolution1 or z x is t]m$ "o turn p] picture4 ,ow+ to ! positive film be+ conta9$ )9 ! cam]a1 & !re=e 9 a light-tight space1 ! electric light or o!r illum9ant may be m\nt$ ^u ! b5* )9 ! d>k room1 s t ! op]ator c "w 9 a light$ ap>tm5t4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 ! cam]a %\ld be clamp$ firmly to a rigid f\ndation1 s t x may n move dur+ exposure4 ,?is also ensures t ! light %\ld rema9 at a con/ant di/ance f ! ma*9e4 ,?is cam]a c be adju/$ easily & *eaply = ! purpose ( daylight pr9t+4 ,all t is requir$ is a squ>e funnel1 ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 made ( wood & s design$ t ! small] op5 end fits into ! front recess ( ! cam]a aft] ! %utt] panel is remov$ or op5$4 ,?is funnel %\ld be made aft] ! mann] ( a ,kodak enl>g]1 & black5$ on ! inside1 ) a dull m$ium1 s t no reflections ( light are set up4 ,:5 ?is funnel is atta*$ x is only necess>y to /& ! cam]a on its re> face s t ! op5+ ( ! funnel po9ts directly to ! cle> sky ov]head1 n t[>ds ! sun1 & to turn ! h&le ^u ! "o turn "o picture ge>4 ,! pr9t+ spe$ w v>y ) ! int5sity ( ! light & ! d5sity ( ! film4 ,obvi\sly ! cam]a c be run m rapidly on a bright summ] ?an on a dull w9t] day4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is safe to turn ! h&le z fa/ z possible1 b 9 ! second ! spe$ w\ld ne$ to be ab\t "o picture1 or h&le turn1 p] second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,williamson ,,pr9t]4 7,= explanation see p4 #he47 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,c9ema ,college1 by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,wat] ,,beetle ,,attack+ ,a ,,worm4 ,"o advantage ( ?is sy/em ( pr9t+ is t ! picture is pr9t$ ) ! cam]a ) :i* ! negative 0 obta9$1 & s fir/-class results are inevitable4 ,! regi/ration is assur$ z well z ! alignm5t4 ,9 ?read+ up ! cam]a x is only necess>y to make sure t ! image on ! negative comes squ>ely & truly be=e ! w9d[ 9 ! gate4 ,once ?is is s1 e successive picture mu/ be 9 p]fect regi/ration & alignm5t4 ,!re c\ld be no me?od ( pr9t+ m suitable = ^? :o are travell+1 or engag$ on topical "w1 (t5 "u try+ conditions1 = ! conv]sion f photograph+ to pr9t+1 & vice v]s1 may be accompli%$ 9 an in/ant4 ,"s ( ! m exp5sive cam]as co/+ f #bj 7#ajj7 upw>ds are n[ fitt$ ) a pr9t+ atta*m5t1 ! pr9t+ accessory be+ deta*$ :5 ! in/rum5t is be+ us$ = photograph+ purposes4 ,^! cam]as foll[ :]e ! ,jury ,duplex l$ ! way4 ,! ,williamson pr9t] works ^u a diff]5t pr9ciple1 be+ a di/9ct & sep>ate ma*9e4 ,nev]!less x is an em95tly practical appliance1 & is z well adapt$ to ! factory z to ! amateur's d>k room4 ,x comprises a base bo>d on :i* ! :ole ( ! me*anism is m\nt$1 toge!r ) ! /& = ! light4 7,see illu/ration fac+ page #hd47 ,9 ?is in/allation !re mu/ ei!r be a d>k box to conta9 ! light1 aga9/ ! face ( :i* ! base bo>d ( ! pr9t+ me*anism is screw$1 or else an ap]ture mu/ be provid$ 9 ! wall ( ! d>k room & ! light be plac$ on a %elf outside4 ,! h&y man1 h[ev]1 w be able to devise a light-tight box1 ei!r = ! electric light or gas4 ,9 ! latt] case x mu/ be fitt$ ) a *imney ) baffle plates absolutely light-tight1 to c>ry (f ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! light-tight box %\ld be l9$ ei!r ) absolutely safe ruby fabric1 or ) orange & ruby fabrics sup]impos$4 ,if wood is us$1 ! light-box is apt to split "u ! influ5ce ( ! heat )94 ,! ,williamson pr9t] is ( ! simple/ design conceivable4 ,!re is an upp] sp9dle ,a 7see illu/ration fac+ p4 #hd7 on :i* ! spool conta9+ ! negative is c>ri$4 ,imm$iately bel[ is ano!r sp9dle c>ry+ ! spool ,b on :i* is slipp$ ! coil ( unexpos$ film4 ,! negative film1 emulsion side out]mo/1 z x w9ds (f ! spool ,a is pass$ beh9d ! guide roll] ,c & !n picks up ! unexpos$ film ( spool ,b4 ,! emulsion side ( ! unexpos$ film comes into contact ) ! emulsion side ( ! negative film4 ,pass+ ov] ano!r guide roll] ,d ! films pass toge!r betwe5 ! two roll]s ,e to ent] ! gate ,f4 ,! latt] is m\nt$ ^u ! re> face ( a small *amb]1 ! ap]ture ( :i* is ( ! size ( ! c9ematograph film image4 ,?is ap]ture is provid$ on ! inside ) a small h+$ %utt]4 ,by op5+ ?is "o c see t ! negative image occupies ! full space ( ! w9d[1 or make any o!r obs]vations4 ,! film is mov$ int]mitt5tly ?r\gh ! pr9t+ gate ,f by ! sprocket :eel ,g1 ! tee? ( :i* engage ) ! p]=ations 9 ! films4 ,! engagem5t ( ! films ) ?is sprocket is ensur$ by ! two pressure roll]s ,h4 ,! sprocket ,g is m\nt$ ^u & revolv$ by ! h&:eel ,i--a motor drive c be incorporat$ if desir$--& aft] be+ mov$ beyond ?is sprocket :eel1 ! two films divide1 ! positive film be+ w\nd ^u a spool or into its d>k box1 :ile ! negative is w\nd ^u ano!r spool4 ,! movem5t ( ! light ,k1 ei!r t[>ds or f ! exposure w9d[ ,f1 is effect$ by means ( ! h&le ,j1 :i* has t5 /ops correspond+ to z _m diff]5t di/ances4 ,! lamp moves to & fro along ! support ,l4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,williamson is a simple1 /raight=w>d ma*9e4 ,x is s\ndly con/ruct$ & works admirably4 ,its a*ievem5ts are 9 e way equal to ^? ( ! complicat$ & m exp5sive model manufactur$ by ! same firm = pr(essional use4#b ,s long z ! ma*9e works reliably1 & has p]fect regi/ration & alignm5t1 no?+ m is requir$4 ,extra ref9em5ts1 & little details1 :ile ( s]vice to ! exp]t1 only s]ve to h>ass ! amateur4 #b ,mov+ ,pictures3 ,h[ !y are ,made & ,work$1 ,*apt] ,,viii41 page #hb4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! mo/ important duties ( a pr9t+ ma*9e are to fe$ ! two films ev5ly & easily ?r\gh ! gate1 & to hold !m flatly & tightly toge!r1 s z to secure p]fect contact :ile !y are be=e ! exposure w9d[4 ,by ?is in/rum5t bo? ^! duties are p]fectly p]=m$4 ,! sprocket ,g cont9u\sly revolves "u ! /eady turn+ movem5t ( ! h&le1 & ! two films are held rigidly1 tightly & /eadily toge!r by ! pressure gate ,f4 ,( c\rse1 9 pr9t+ ) ?is ma*9e1 ! op]ator works 9 total d>kness1 ow+ to ! coil ( positive film be+ fully expos$4 ,?is is no h&icap h[ev]1 because ! d>k-room ruby lamp supplies suffici5t light to enable ! necess>y op]ations to be p]=m$4 ,b x is n wise to use too p[]ful a ruby light1 or ! unexpos$ positive film w be fogg$4 ,turn+ ! driv+ h&le is no m difficult ?an turn+ t ( ! cam]a me*anism4 ,! ge>+ is s design$ t six exposures are made p] revolution1 repres5t+ twelve pictures p] second1 :5 revolv$ at ! normal spe$4 ,) a negative ( av]age d5sity ?is spe$ is suffici5t4 ,b ! p]iod ( exposure c be v>i$ accord+ to ! spe$ at :i* ! h&le is turn$4 ,! turns ( ! h&le %\ld be /eady & regul>1 or ! pictures w be ( unev5 d5sity ow+ to ! v>iations 9 exposure4 ,! electric light is easily mov$ by means ( ! h&le :ile ! t5 /ops give x great flexibility4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 an exposure ( twelve pictures p] second ) an av]age negative1 a lamp ( #ej c&le p[] %\ld be us$4 ,to ensure ! be/ results x %\ld be ( ! class kn[n z focus lamp4 ,?is type ( lamp has a special filam5t1 ) a small] coil ?an is f\nd 9 ! ord9>y inc&esc5t electric lamp4 ,a gas burn] ) inc&esc5t mantle may be us$ if electricity is n available1 ?\gh ! op]ator w h to asc]ta9 ! relative value ( ! lum9\s int5sity ( ! light z comp>$ ) ! #ej c&le p[] electric light1 & w be wise if he makes "o or two trial exposures ) %ort l5g?s ( film be=e essay+ ! pr9t+ ( a complete film4 ,:ile x is possible dur+ pr9t+ to v>y ! di/ance ( ! light f ! exposure w9d[1 ! light be+ manipulat$ ) ! left h&1 :ile ! h&le is turn$ ) ! "r1 !re is slight necessity = su* a proc$ure4 ,! negative film %\ld be exam9$ to asc]ta9 h[ ! d5sity v>ies along its l5g?1 & !n ea* portion ( film t %[s tol]able regul>ity ( d5sity %\ld be pr9t$ (f at ! same spe$4 ,9 ?is way v>iations ( di/ance ne$ occur only ) di/9ct l5g?s ( film4 ,?is is a f> saf] me?od1 especially = ! beg9n]1 ?an ! movem5t ( ! light to & fro :ile ! films are runn+ ?r\gh ! gate1 ?\gh ( c\rse ) practice x becomes possible to d ! two ?+s satisfactorily at once4 ,_m amateur c9ematograph]s make ! mi/ake ( attempt+ artifices :i* !y h se5 practis$ by "s exp]i5c$ pr(essional work]1 & ! result is failure4 ,:at is easy & simple to ! exp]t is (t5 beyond ! p[]s ( ! beg9n]4 ,success 9 pr9t+ c only be a*iev$ by hone/ & dilig5t "w1 b pati5ce is sure ( its rew>d4 ,at fir/ !re may be a t5d5cy to make ! positives some:at too d5se1 & !n1 :5 ! evils ( ?is defect are appreciat$1 to fly to ! opposite extreme4 ,( ! two blemi%es probably ! latt] is ! worse1 z x produces a wa%$-out effect ^u ! scre54 ,! positive is develop$ 9 exactly ! same way z ! negative1 & ) ! same solutions4 ,:5 dry ! positive1 :i* may h be5 pr9t$ 9 %ort di/9ct l5g?s1 %\ld be connect$ up ) ! aid ( cem5t z describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,if titles h to be introduc$ !y may be ins]t$ :]ev] requir$1 m]ely by sev]+ ! film at t po9t1 & introduc+ ! l5g? c>ry+ ! explanation4 ,! prep>ation ( ! titles is a simple matt]4 ,if pr9t$ type is us$1 ! lett]s cut out ( :ite pap] or c>dbo>d are laid flat ^u a level surface ) a black backgr\nd4 ,! cam]a is !n plac$ ov]head ) ! l5s po9t+ d[nw>ds ^u ! c5tre ( ! title space4 ,! latt]1 brilliantly illum9at$1 is !n photograph$ at ! rate ( sixte5 pictures p] second = a p]iod ( t5 seconds or m accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,9 _m in/ances1 especially 9 non-topical "w1 ! op]ator ne$ n necess>ily incur ! exp5se & tr\ble ( pr9t+ a positive film4 ,_m ( ! pur*as]s ( educational & popul>ly sci5tific films w give _! decision aft] hav+ se5 ! negative pass$ ?r\gh ! projector 9 ! mann] ( a positive film4 ,s long z great c>e is us$1 ?is c be done )\t ill effects1 b ( c\rse ! slighte/ scrat* or abrasion t ! negative may receive 9 ! process w be reproduc$ ) acc5tuat$ effect ^u ! positive film4 ,ev5 ) "s ( ! topical films a positive is n necess>y4 ,to submit ! negative to ! local !atre or prospective pur*as] is (t5 a good way ( sav+ "t & be+ fir/ 9 ! field4 ,_m !atres n[ are be+ equipp$ ) d>k rooms & pr9t+ ma*9es4 ,a glance at ! negative w enable ! manag] to decide :e!r ! film is s]viceable or o!rwise1 & if a pur*ase is made1 ! deletion ( ! un9t]e/+ p>ts c be made be=e pr9t+4 ,incid5tally1 "o great advantage ( ?is is t ! film is submitt$ = consid]ation ab\t ?ree or f\r h\rs e>li] ?an w\ld be ! case if ! indep5d5t work] /ruck (f 8 own positive1 & 9 ^! days ( high pressure su* a sav+ is important4 ,x may (t5 be ! means ( =e/all+ a competitor4 ,ev5 if x is int5d$ to supply pr9ts to two or ?ree diff]5t picture palaces ! negative (f]s a means ( transact+ bus9ess1 because ! respective e/abli%m5ts c give _! ord]s1 make _! arrangem5ts conc]n+ ann\ncem5ts1 & be able to judge fairly accurately ! h\r at :i* ! film w be available = projection4 ,9 "o in/ance an indep5d5t topical work] :o _h a fir/-class negative ( a popul> subject drove r\nd f !atre to !atre ) 8 negative & secur$ an ord] = ab\t half-a-doz5 copies4 ,he !n h&$ ov] ! "w ( pr9t+ to a pr(essional firm4 ,f\r h\rs lat] he deliv]$ ! positives to ! respective !atres1 & ultimately he sold ! negative outright to ! firm :o complet$ 8 pr9t+ contracts = ! supply ( o!r m>kets at _! disposal4 ,9 ano!r in/ance an ent]pris+ amateur :o _h an excell5t negative h&$ x ov] to a topical-film firm to pr9t & circulate1 ! firm to take fifty p] c5t4 ( ! receipts & to be> ! exp5se ( pr9t+ & o!r details4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ab]rations ,,( ,,animat$ ,,photography ,x has be5 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt] t c9ematography is no?+ m or less ?an an optical illusion4 ,fur!r pro( ( ?is ass]tion exi/s 9 pl5ty4 ,:5 foll[+ ! projection ( a picture ^u ! scre51 "o is (t5 p]plex$ by a curi\s effect1 or a movem5t :i* appe>s to be 9 opposition to all ! kn[n laws ( motion4 ,?is happ5s n only 9 trick "w :]e su* odd & />tl+ effects are introduc$ purposely1 b 9 /raight=w>d e-day topical subjects4 ,= in/ance1 x mu/ h be5 notic$ t :5 a %ip or railway tra9 is 9 rapid movem5t1 & is photograph$ f a fix$ /ation>y po9t1 su* z ! quay or plat=m1 ! mov+ object appe>s to /& out 9 bold relief aga9/ ! backgr\nd4 ,"o ga!rs a v compreh5sive idea ( its l5g?1 wid?1 height1 & ! comp>ative size ( all its integral p>ts1 su* z ! guns on ! %ip's deck or ! locomotive's cyl9d]s4 ,x is a curi\s /]eoscopic effect1 b at ! same "t is n truly s1 because x is only ! mov+ object :i* appe>s to possess solidity4 ,! =egr\nd & backgr\nd rema9 z plane surfaces s t x is impossible to obta9 an idea ( di/ance4 ,?is effect arises f ! fact t :at might be describ$ z ! c5tral "p ( ! picture is mov+ or cont9ually *ang+1 !reby compell+ all ! objects atta*$ to its l5g? & bread? to assume relief 9 reg>d to ! o!r p>ts ( ! picture4 ,b if ! cam]a ) :i* ! pictures are tak5 is plac$ ^u ! mov+ object itself1 !n ! :ole ( ! result+ picture /&s out 9 a truly /]eoscopic mann]4 ,"o ga!rs an impression ( di/ance betwe5 ! v>i\s objects on ! scre54 ,ev]y?+ is %[n ) =m & solidity 9 precisely ! same way z if "o 7 look+ ?r\gh a h& /]eoscope ^u a photograph tak5 /]eoscopically4 ,?is effect is due to ! fact t all ! planes are mov+ cont9ually4 ,b probably ! mo/ bewild]+ puzzle is ! mov+ :eel4 ,a c>riage or waggon is se5 advanc+ across ! scre5 f left to "r1 b ! spokes ( ! :eels1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to be mov+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,at o!r times ! spokes move 9 successive spasmodic jumps1 or appe> to be /ation>y1 s t a curi\s skidd+ effect is produc$1 not)/&+ t ! rim itself is se5 to be revolv+ normally4 ,!re h be5 _m explanations ( ?is extraord9>y effect1 & 9 "o in/ance ! high] ma!matics 7 press$ into s]vice )\t any great success4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ explanation kn[n to ! writ] is t giv5 him by ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull1 ! assi/ant-director ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute1 :]e ph5om5a ( ?is class are m9utely inve/igat$1 because !y accord ) ! "w ( t unique & admirable in/itution4 ,by ,monsieur ,bull ! illusion 0 expla9$ v easily1 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 9 c>ry+ out ! exp]im5ts to ?is end1 he enc\nt]$ ano!r illusion equally /range4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,! fir/ picture ( ! f\r-spoke :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,dur+ ! eclipse ( ! l5s ! spokes h mov$ a di/ance equal to ! angle betwe5 !m1 caus+ ! spokes app>5tly to /& /ill :ile ! :eel is mov+4 ,to r$uce ! explanation to its simple/ =m we w suppose t a :eel has f\r spokes spac$ equidi/antly1 t is1 #ij degrees ap>t1 & t ! :eel is mov+ f "r to left4 ,z a matt] ( fact su* an example is n ! be/ = ! purpose1 b x %all be tak5 m]ely because x is ! simple/ to und]/&4 ,an exposure is made1 ! :eel be+ photograph$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! l5s is eclips$ by ! %utt]1 & ! film is j]k$ d[nw>ds into position 9 ! gate s z to br+ a fre% unexpos$ surface be=e ! l5s4 ,:ile ?is op]ation is tak+ place1 we w suppose t ! :eel1 cont9u+ its =w>d movem5t1 completes "o qu>t] ( a revolution4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! second exposure is made spoke #a has mov$ #ij degrees1 :i* is ! angle betwe5 ea* spoke4 ,accord+ly x n[ occupies exactly ! same position z t ( spoke #b at ! "t ( ! fir/ exposure4 ,spoke #b has mov$ to ! position =m]ly occupi$ by spoke #c4 ,spoke #c has travell$ suffici5tly to take ! place ( spoke #d1 :ile #d has gone to t ( #a 7,fig4 #d74 ,if f\r exposures are made1 & ! spokes move #ij degrees ea* "t ! l5s is clos$1 :5 ! f\r pictures are ?r[n successively ^u ! scre5 !y w look exactly alike4 ,! spokes w appe> to be q /ation>y1 al?\gh ! rim ( ! :eel w h mov$ a di/ance equal to its circumf]5ce across ! scre54 ,consequ5tly1 if a doz51 a hundr$1 or a ?\s& exposures are made "u ^! conditions1 ! spokes mov+ #ij degrees betwe5 ea* exposure1 a qua9t skidd+ effect w be produc$4 ,all ! spokes be+ alike ! eye is unable to detect t any displacem5t has tak5 place betwe5 "o exposure & ano!r4 ,?is impression ( ! spokes /&+ /ill :ile ! :eel is mov+1 mu/ arise 9 e case 9 :i* ! :eel moves suffici5tly to cause ! spokes to cov] a di/ance equal to ! angle betwe5 !m dur+ ! int]val :ile ! l5s is eclips$ by ! %utt]4 ,x w happ5 equally :e!r ! :eel has f\r1 sixte51 or m spokes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,dur+ ! eclipse ( ! l5s ! spokes move less ?an ! angle 7,,ab7 betwe5 !m1 produc+ app>5t backw>d motion ( ! spokes :ile ! :eel is runn+ =w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,dur+ ! eclipse ( ! l5s ! spokes move m ?an ! angle 7,,ab7 betwe5 !m1 & accord+ly ! :eel is se5 to be mov+ naturally4 ,n[ we w suppose t ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! :eel is ret>d$1 caus+ less ?an a qu>t] ( a revolution to be complet$ betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,! spokes1 let u say1 move ?r\gh an angle ( #he degrees in/ead ( #ij degrees :ile ! l5s is eclips$4 ,! eye at fir/ receives ! impression %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,z ! :eel only cov]s #he degrees dur+ ! eclipse1 9 ! second picture ! eye obs]ves t movem5t has occurr$4 ,spoke #a is n[ beh9d ! po9t =m]ly occupi$ by spoke #b 7%[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #e7 9 ! fir/ exposure4 ,! l5s is eclips$ once m1 & ! spoke moves ano!r #he degrees4 ,:5 ! next picture is se5 spoke #a has fall5 /ill f>!r beh9d ! #ij degrees m>k1 & ?is indication ( less movem5t ?an ! "r angle becomes acc5tuat$ ) ea* succe$+ exposure4 ,accord+ly1 ! spokes 9 ! successive pictures appe> to be mov+ at a less spe$ ?an ! rim ( ! :eel1 & =?) ! eye imag9es t ! spokes are travell+ backw>ds1 al?\gh meantime ! :eel rim is se5 to be advanc+ across ! scre54 ,?is rem>kable effect is produc$ :5ev] ! advance ( ! :eel is su* z to cause ! spokes to move less ?an ! angle betwe5 !m1 no matt] :at ! size ( ! angle may be4 ,we w n[ suppose t ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! :eel is accel]at$ s z to cause m ?an a qu>t] ( a revolution to be made :ile ! l5s is eclips$--t ! spokes move =w>d #ie degrees betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,9 ?is case1 :ile ! fir/ picture w %[ ! position indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 ! next exposure w %[ spoke #a 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 t is1 9 advance ( ! angle ( #ij degrees & 9 advance ( ! position occupi$ by spoke #b--7see ! dott$ l9e7--9 ! fir/ exposure4 ,9 ! ?ird picture ! spoke w be %[n /ill f>!r 9 advance ( ! "r angle m>k1 & ! effect w be produc$ ( ! spokes app>5tly ga9+ ^u "o ano!r4 ,:5 a s]ies ( pictures tak5 "u su* conditions is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 9 rapid succession1 ! spokes & rim w be se5 to be mov+ h>moni\sly 9 ! =w>d & correct direction4 ,accord+ly natural movem5t ( ! :eel only c be %[n :5 ! spokes ( ! :eel1 irrespective ( _! numb]1 move a di/ance equal to m ?an ! angle betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,:5 ! spokes move slightly m 7,,ac7 or slightly less 7,,ad7 ?an half ! angle 7,,ab7 betwe5 !m1 dur+ ! eclipse ( ! l5s1 ! curi\s illusion ( see+ twice ! numb] ( spokes 9 ! :eel is produc$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( elucidat+ ?is problem ,monsieur ,bull discov]$ ano!r curi\s optical illusion produc$ by ! mov+ :eel4 ,/ill tak+ ! f\r-spoke :eel z an illu/ration1 we w suppose t betwe5 ea* exposure ! spokes are displac$ a little m or a little less ?an half ! angle betwe5 !m4 ,z ! spokes are set #ij degrees ap>t1 ! half-way po9t w be #de degrees4 ,:5 a succession ( su* pictures is ?r[n ^u ! scre51 x is n f\r spokes :i* are se51 b eight 7,fig4 #g74 ,monsieur ,bull is engag$ ^u a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 :y ?is peculi> optical illusion %\ld prevail1 & ! explanation w prove int]e/+4 ,ano!r int]e/+ & m conclusive illu/ration ( ! optically illusory prop]ties ( ! c9ematograph 0 demon/rat$ to me by ,monsieur ,bull4 ,9 ord] to be absolutely positive t an app>atus :i* he uses 9 c]ta9 c9ematographic inve/igations %\ld ma9ta9 ! spe$ he desires1 he has contriv$ a tun+-=k control = 8 electric motor4 ,?is tun+-=k resembles a l>ge trembl] blade1 su* z is us$ 9 ! high-t5sion accumulator & coil ignition sy/em ^u motor c>s4 ,?is p>ticul> in/rum5t is tim$ to make1 say1 #dj vibrations p] second1 & at ?is spe$1 ( c\rse1 x emits a di/9ctive musical note4 ,?is tun+-=k controls ! electric motor driv+ ! app>atus4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration we w suppose x to be necess>y t ! spe$ ( ! motor %all n exce$ #dj revolutions p] second4 ,9 ! e>lie/ exp]im5ts he dep5d$ ^u 8 e> to detect :e!r ! motor & tun+-=k 7 9 syn*rony4 ,he v>i$ ! spe$ ( ! motor until its hum 0 dead 9 tune ) t ( ! tun+-=k4 ,b1 z he ?\ght t 8 e> might n be infallible1 he devis$ an +5i\s syn*ronis+ app>atus bas$ ^u ! c9ematographic pr9ciple4 ,a small disk ( c>dbo>d provid$ ) two holes ne> its edge1 at opposite po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce1 is m\nt$ ^u ! sp9dle ( ! t9y motor4 ,beh9d ?is disk is plac$ a small adju/able mirror4 ,a p5cil ( electric light is project$ horizontally 9 su* a mann] t x /rikes ! c>dbo>d disk at "r angles1 &1 :5 a hole on ! disk is br\ght into l9e ) x1 x passes ?r\gh & falls ^u ! mirror4 ,! mirror is !n set s z to reflect & focus ! p5cil ( light 9 a small circle ^u ! free vibrat+ extremity ( ! tun+-=k4 ,naturally a /rong %ad[ is ?r[n by ! latt] ^u ! :ite wall beh9d4 ,9 ! daylight ! vibration ( ?is =k is di/9ctly visible1 & al?\gh x is slight & rapid x c be foll[$ )\t any ef=t4 ,b :5 ! room is d>k5$1 ! ray ( light is ?r[n ^u ! tun+-=k f ! mirror4 ,:5 ! motor be>+ ! c>dbo>d disk is set 9 motion a v curi\s effect is produc$4 ,! p5cil ( light reflect$ aga9/ ! tun+-=k becomes int]rupt$ twice 9 e revolution ( ! disk1 t is #hj times p] second1 s t1 look+ at ! backgr\nd ^u :i* ! tun+-=k is silh\ett$1 ! effect produc$ is precisely simil> to t obs]vable ^u ! c9ematograph scre51 :]e ! passage ( ! light f ! lant]n is int]rupt$ by ! rot>y action ( ! %utt]4 ,if ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! motor1 t is ! numb] ( revolutions p] second1 is ! same z ! numb] ( vibrations p] second ( ! tun+-=k1 viz4 #dj1 ! end ( ! =k1 z "o looks at ! illum9at$ circle on ! wall aga9/ :i* ! %ad[ is ?r[n1 appe>s to be at re/4 ,"o only ne$s to t\* ! end ( ! =k1 h[ev]1 to be c]ta9 t x is vibrat+4 ,n[ if ! motor be ?r[n out ( syn*rony ) ! tun+-=k1 ev5 if x makes only #ci or #da in/ead ( #dj revolutions p] second1 ! di/urbance is %[n in/antly1 because look+ at ! illum9at$ tun+-=k "o obs]ves x jump+ spasmodically4 ,?is movem5t becomes m pron\nc$ z ! h>mony betwe5 ! revolutions ( ! motor & ! =k is di/urb$1 ! jumps ( ! blade at times be+ app>5tly ( a v sev]e "*4 ,moreov]1 curi\sly en\gh1 "u ! illum9ation ( ! ray ( light ! erratic movem5ts ( ! blade appe> to be ?ree or f\r times m sev]e ?an !y really are4 ,b z ! motor revolutions & ! tun+-=k vibrations are br\ght into syn*rony1 ! movem5ts gr[ quiet]1 until at la/ ! tun+-=k once m appe>s to be quiesc5t4 ,! explanation ( ?is quasi-c9ematographic illusion1 :i* is z int]e/+ & z puzzl+ z t ( ! :eel1 is v simple1 = x is bas$ inde$ ^u ! same ph5om5a4 ,z ! c>dbo>d disk is provid$ ) two small holes spac$ #ahj degrees ap>t1 ! passage ( ! ray ( light is int]cept$ by ! opaque section ( ! disk #hj times p] second :5 ! motor revolutions & ! tun+-=k vibrations are 9 absolute syn*rony4 ,! result is t at ?is spe$ ! light /rikes ! tun+-=k ea* "t at ! in/ant x is at ! half-way po9t 9 its oscillat+ travel4 ,"o hole 9 ! disk comes be=e ! light :5 ! blade has complet$ half its movem5t 9 "o direction1 :ile ! second hole comes into l9e ) ! light :5 ! blade is at ! same po9t on its return j\rney4 ,consequ5tly ! light falls ^u ! blade at ! same spot e "t1 caus+ ! eye to imag9e t x sees ! blade always 9 ! "o position z if "u a /eady ray ( cont9u\s light4 ,h5ce comes its app>5t quiesc5ce4 ,b directly ! spe$ ( ! motor is alt]$ 9 relation to ! vibration ( ! tun+-=k1 ! rays ( light cat* ! blade at v>y+ po9ts 9 its travel1 & ^! *anges1 com+ 9 quick succession1 convey ! visual idea ( movem5t4 ,accel]ation ( ! motor s t its revolv+ spe$ p] second exce$s ! numb] ( ! tun+-=k vibrations1 causes ! p]ceptible movem5ts to be made m quickly1 :ile on ! o!r h& decel]ation sl[s !m d[n4 ,9 reality ! eye imag9es t x sees m ?an :at actually takes place2 x imag9es t ! blade ( ! =k is kick+ spasmodically & vici\sly1 :]eas 9 fact ! ext5t ( ! movem5t to & fro is con/ant & nev] *anges4 ,:ile ! exp]im5t is peculi>ly fasc9at+1 its application is extremely useful to ! work]4 ,x (f]s a means ( be+ absolutely c]ta9 ab\t ! spe$ at :i* ! in/rum5t utilis$ 9 a p>ticul> inve/igation is runn+1 s t ! result+ calculations may be complet$ )\t ! slighte/ error4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,sl[+ ,,d[n ,,rapid ,,movem5ts ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s mu* ef=t has be5 sp5t ^u adapt+ ! c9ematograph s t x w record exce$+ly rapid movem5ts1 su* z a bullet 9 flight4 ,"s popul> films ( ?is "* h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket1 &1 9 ord] to attract ! public1 h be5 colloquially describ$ z quick]-?an-?\ght or quick]-?an-!-eye movem5ts4 ,/rictly speak+ bo? ! latt] designations are errone\s1 especially 9 reg>d to ! eye1 inasmu* z if a bullet fir$ f a rifle 7 brilliant :ite ! eye w\ld be able to foll[ its flight ) ease1 not)/&+ ! fact t x may issue f ! muzzle ) a travell+ spe$ ( #b1jjj feet or m p] second4 ,s f> z ! mov+-picture cam]a is conc]n$ x is obvi\s t ! ord9>y ma*9e c\ld n be op]at$ ) suffici5t spe$ to film a bullet 9 flight1 or ev5 to cat* ! flap ( ! w+s ( a small insect1 su* z a h\se-fly or bee4 ,x w\ld be impossible to j]k ! film ?r\gh ! gate ) suffici5t spe$ to take p]haps five ?\s& pictures p] second--! me*anism1 & m p>ticul>ly ! film1 w\ld break d[n be=e a fiftie? ( ! numb] ( pictures 7 tak5 9 ! space ( "o second4 ,accord+ly1 great +5uity has be5 display$ by c9ematograph inve/igators 9 ! evolution ( a means ( snapp+ su* extremely rapid movem5ts at suffici5t spe$ to make ! films int]e/+ or sci5tifically useful4 ,?is p>ticul> bran* ( ! craft 0 develop$ fir/ by ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull1 ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute1 :o design$ a novel & +5i\s cam]a capable ( tak+ up to two ?\s& pictures p] second4#c ,) ?is app>atus _m wond]ful films h be5 obta9$1 & su* a fasc9at+ field ( /udy has be5 reveal$ t attempts are be+ made 9 all directions to secure quick]-?an-?\ght films t w\ld h be5 ?\ght t5 ye>s ago to be photographically impossible4 ,monsieur ,bull is develop+ 8 idea 9 ord] to be 9 a position to obta9 long] records ( a subject1 & also to take ! photographs at a high] rate ( spe$4 ,pr(essor ,cranz1 a ,g]man exp]im5t]1 also has c>ri$ out "s novel exp]im5ts on ! same l9es1 & has design$ a sy/em :]eby he is able to take a photograph 9 ! t5-million? "p ( a second4 #c ,see ,mov+ ,pictures3 ,h[ !y are ,made & ,work$1 ,*apt] ,,xxiv41 page #bfd4 ,?is p>ticul> phase ( c9ematographic inve/igation is wond]fully fasc9at+1 & f ! private work]'s po9t ( view x is additionally attractive because x (f]s him an opportunity to display 8 +5uity4 ,x is only by individual ef=t & ! mutual communication ( ideas t p]fection c be a*iev$1 & 9 ?is "o field !re is great scope4 ,!re are _m problems :i* h to be solv$1 _m ( :i* are peculi> to ?is p>ticul> /udy4 ,x involves a comb9ation ( ! electrical & c9ematographic exp]t1 s9ce dep5d5ce has to be plac$ ^u ! electric sp>k = illum9ation1 & also ^u electricity = op]at+ ! me*anism4 ,9 su* "w z ?is ! "t factor is a mo/ important feature4 ,obvi\sly1 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 x is ess5tial to h "s reliable means ( det]m9+ ! fraction ( a second 9 :i* ea* picture is tak5 & also ! p]iod :i* elapses betwe5 ! successive pictures4 ,9 ! sy/em devis$ by ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull a tun+-=k is us$4 ,! vibrations ( ?is =k p] second are kn[n1 & z ! two ends ( ! =k are reproduc$ 9 ea* image1 x is by no means difficult to calculate ! "t factor4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey insi/$ /rongly on ! importance ( ?is regi/ration ( "t4 ,x is obvi\sly ess5tial 9 _m k9ds ( sci5tific "w4 ,m>ey dur+ 8 life inve/igat$ "s v rapid natural movem5ts su* z ^? ( a pigeon's w+s dur+ flight4 ,su* a film w\ld h be5 useless f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 unless !re 7 "s means ( %[+ 9 :at int]val ( "t ea* successive picture 0 tak51 & also ! p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,k ( ^! two facts enables "o to tell ! "t occupi$ 9 mak+ a complete flap ( ! w+1 & ! physical *anges :i* take place 9 ! %ape ( ! w+ to accommodate ! bird to diff]5t conditions1 & x also enables ! inve/igator to trace ! motion photographically lo/ :ile ! l5s is eclips$ to p]mit ! film to be mov$ =w>d4 ,to ?is end ,m>ey devis$ an int]e/+ type ( clock4 ,x consi/$ ( a dial provid$ ) "o l>ge revolv+ h& :i* 0 driv5 by ord9>y clockwork4 ,! face ( ! dial 0 m>k$ (f into tw5ty equal divisions1 ea* ( :i* correspond$ to "o-tw5tie? "p ( a second4 ,?is *ronoscope z x 0 call$1 0 plac$ ne> ! object "u c9ematographic /udy1 s t bo? ! movem5t ( ! clock-h& & t ( ! object 7 photograph$ simultane\sly4 ,?is sy/em ( tim+ motions x may be po9t$ out has be5 reviv$ 9 a simil> =m by ,mr4 ,frank ,gilbre? 9 connection ) micro-motion /udy describ$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,m>ey',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,tak+ ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,rapid ,,movem5ts4 7,= explanation see p4 #aab47 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,c9ematograph+ ,,rapid ,,movem5ts4 ,! complete beat ( a pigeon's w+ secur$ by ,dr4 ,m>ey 9 eighte5 pictures1 & tak51 accord+ to ! *ronoscope 9 ! corn]1 9 #c_/bj?s ( a second4 ,m>ey also evolv$ a means ( adapt+ ! cam]a s z to enable him to take ! pictures at a spe$ exce$+ sixte5 p] second4 ,he did n *ange ! me*anism ( ! cam]a v radically1 b 0 able to secure z _m z "o hundr$ & t5 pictures p] second4 ,8 arrangem5t ( ! cam]a 0 v simple1 z %[n on ! plate opposite4 ,! film travell$ int]mitt5tly1 its arre/ = ea* exposure be+ v abrupt4 ,9 ! cam]a 7 two cyl9d]s ,c & ,c#a betwe5 :i* ! film pass$1 & ^! cyl9d]s revolv$ 9 opposite directions & t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,z ! two p]iph]ies ( ! cyl9d]s 7 br\ght toge!r ! film 0 gripp$ & 0 mov$ =w>d by friction1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! clut*-action :i* 0 adopt$ 9 ! v fir/ mov+-picture cam]as4 ,b ea* cyl9d] 0 provid$ ) eight flatt5$ sections1 ( equal l5g?1 dispos$ equidi/antly4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 two oppos+ flat surfaces came toge!r ! grip on ! film 0 mom5t>ily releas$1 & ! film /opp$1 ?\gh ! cyl9d]s cont9u$ _! rot>y motion4 ,by ! incorporation ( ge> tra9s ! numb] ( revolutions c\ld be v>i$ up to ab\t sev5te5 or eighte5 p] second4 ,9 ! cam]a1 above ! l5s 0 a small device :]eby ! sudd5 & complete /oppage ( ! film 0 assur$ dur+ ! p]iods :5 x 0 n gripp$ by ! cyl9d]s bel[4 ,ano!r simil> device 0 introduc$ at ,f above ! w9d[1 ?r\gh :i* ! me*anism at ! gate 0 visible1 & ?is also press$ lightly ^u ! film to c\nt]act all ! vibrations set up f its quick int]mitt5t movem5t4 ,! unexpos$ film 0 m\nt$ ^u a spool 9 ! removable box ,r 9 ! usual mann]1 b be=e be+ f$ into ! cam]a x pass$ betwe5 two o!r friction disks ,d & ,k1 & 0 !n f$ ?r\gh ! cam]a me*anism & out at ! bottom into a second removable spool box ,l1 :]e x 0 w\nd 9 aft] exposure4 ,?is l[] box also conta9$ two friction disks simil> to ^? 9 ! unexpos$ film box1 & ! l>g] ( ^! cyl9d]s 9 ! l[] box1 l ,d 9 ! upp] or unexpos$ box1 0 driv5 by ! revolv+ h&le1 ?r\gh belts & pulleys4 ,x 0 a v simple app>atus4 ,al?\gh x 0 op5 to ! objection t ! film might slip :ile photographs 7 be+ tak5 at high spe$1 ,m>ey prov$ /rik+ly successful 9 8 use ( x1 8 pictures be+ wond]fully /eady1 ev5 :5 tak5 at a spe$ ( "o hundr$ & =ty p] second4 ,9 photograph+ ! beat ( a pigeon's w+s he secur$ a complete cycle ( motion 9 eighte5 pictures1 :i*1 by ref]5ce to ! *ronoscope visible 9 ! same field1 %[s t !y 7 record$ 9 ?ree-tw5tie?s ( a second4 ,su* an adaptation ( ! cam]a c\ld be us$ successfully to-day = :at might be describ$1 some:at p>adoxically1 z sl[ rapid movem5ts4 ,b x w\ld be bett] to secure a m positive & simple means ( mov+ ! film =w>d4 ,( c\rse ! ma9 advantage ( ! friction disk sy/em is t ! film suff]s no damage z x moves4 ,9 an ord9>y cam]a1 work+ on ! conv5tional claw pr9ciple1 !re w\ld be a t5d5cy to te> ! p]=ations :5 ! pictures exce$$ sixty or s p] second1 & x w\ld prove difficult 9 "s in/ances to ensure ! absolute quiesc5ce & /ead9ess ( ! film dur+ exposure4 ,) ! ,g5eva /op sy/em ( mov+ ! film1 a /eady smoo? movem5t is m easily obta9$ ?an ) ! claw m\nt$ ^u a %>p ecc5tric4 ,= su* "w :]e !re is no desire to exce$ two hundr$ pictures or s p] second1 ! ideal cam]a is t :i* has be5 p]fect$ by ,monsieur ,m4 ,p4 ,nogus1 ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ?is cam]a resembles ! ord9>y ma*9e4 ,x 0 design$ specially = ! purpose ( field "w1 = :i* ,monsieur ,bull's cam]a is n suitable4 ,9 ,monsieur ,bull's cam]a ! illum9ation is effect$ by means ( ! electric sp>k1 & x is impossible by ?is means to light a l>ge field4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,me*anism ( ! ,nogus cam]a1 :]e) up to two hundr$ & =ty pictures p] second c be tak54 ,9 ,monsieur ,nogus' cam]a !re are two claws1 ea* m\nt$ ^u its own ecc5tric1 & ! film passes betwe5 !m4 ,! claws d n "w toge!r4 ,t is to say1 !y d n engage ! film simultane\sly on bo? sides1 b "w alt]nately4 ,:5 "o is engag$ ) ! film ! o!r is 9 ! out position4 ,)\t ent]+ into a te*nical description ( ! me*anism x may be /at$ t !re is an articulat$ lev] sy/em1 s design$ z to give ! claws an irregul> ,d-%ap$ trajectory1 :i* is v rapid & abrupt1 ! asc5t ( ! claw to re-engage ) ! film be+ %>p] & quick] ?an is possible 9 ! or?odox design4 ,! g5]al design ( ! claw me*anism & its me?od ( op]ation may be ga!r$ f a ref]5ce to ,fig4 #h1 :]e9 ! pa?s describ$ by ! mov+ p>ts are indicat$ cle>ly4 ,! h&le :]eby ! cam]a is op]at$ is turn$ at ! normal spe$ ( two revolutions p] second1 b ?is1 ow+ to ! ge>+1 causes n9ety or m d[nw>d j]ks to be imp>t$ to ! film ,f dur+ ea* second4 ,?is makes "o hundr$ & eighty film movem5ts by ! two claws p] second1 & consequ5tly "o hundr$ & eighty exposures4 ,not)/&+ ! high spe$ at :i* ! celluloid ribbon is mov$ ?r\gh ! cam]a1 !re are no signs :atev] ( te>+4 ,fur!rmore1 ! film1 dur+ ! brief p]iod ( exposure--f #a_/cfj? to #a_/dhj? "p ( a second--rema9s p]fectly /eady & quiet 9 ! gate4 ,! fir/ cam]a built on ?is pr9ciple _h a maximum spe$ ( "o hundr$ & eighty pictures p] second1 b by modify+ c]ta9 details x 0 f\nd possible to increase ! velocity 9 a subsequ5t ma*9e to two hundr$ & two hundr$ & =ty pictures p] second4 ,?is repres5ts a f> high] spe$ ?an has ev] yet be5 atta9$ ) ! ord9>y mov+-picture app>atus4 ,! ma*9e is no l>g] ?an ! ord9>y type1 al?\gh1 ow+ to ! rapidity ) :i* ! pictures are tak51 ! ext]nally fitt+ film-box sy/em is adopt$1 s z to provide a supply ( ab\t #gjj feet ( film = exposure4 ,9 projection on ! scre5 ! spe$ is r$uc$ to ab\t "o-tw5tie? or m ( ! rate ( ! exposure4 ,! results are f> sup]ior to any :i* h yet be5 se5 ^u ! scre54 ,! movem5ts are /eadi] & m cont9u\s1 inasmu* z ! proportion ( lo/ movem5t is ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( :at x is ) ! or?odox in/rum5t4 ,! result is t "o sees ^u ! scre5 _m phases ( movem5t :i* o!rwise escape detection or are only p>tially %[n "u pres5t c9ematograph+ conditions4 ,ow+ to ! ge>+ & ! balance ( ! mov+ p>ts ! op]ation ( ?is cam]a is n m fatigu+ ?an t ( ! ord9>y in/rum5t2 inde$1 x runs f> m easily & lightly4 ,! cam]a has be5 evolv$ = ! express purpose ( re9ve/igat+ _m ( ! /udies conduct$ by ,m>ey1 :i*1 ow+ to ! imp]fect appliances at 8 disposal1 are possibly incomplete4 ,b x may be ask$1 :]e is ! dem& = pictures tak5 at su* a spe$8 ,9 reply x is only necess>y to po9t out t su* photograph+ spe$s are indisp5sable 9 /udy+ ! motions ( ! small] memb]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,= in/ance1 an amateur rec5tly prep>$ a film %[+ ! life & habits ( liz>ds4 ,!y 7 tak5 at ! normal spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 :i* ! op]ator judg$ to be suffici5t4 ,b :5 ! pictures 7 %[n ^u ! scre51 ! v motions :i* are ! mo/ int]e/+1 su* z ! movem5t ( ! tongue1 j]k ( ! head1 & s =?1 7 lo/4 ,simil>ly1 ano!r film depict$ ! *ameleon1 b fail$ to cat* ! in/antane\s ?r[ ( its tongue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! pictures 7 tak5 at ! accel]at$ spe$ ( fifty to eighty p] second1 ! results 7 /rik+ly diff]5t4 ,n only 7 !y m complete1 b !y 7 smoo!r1 m cont9u\s1 & m natural2 9 fact1 !y 7 practically id5tical ) ^? :i* ! human eye obs]ves 9 ! creatures !mselves4 ,phases ( natural movem5t1 capable ( be+ record$ at spe$s rang+ betwe5 eighty & two hundr$ p] second1 are ! mo/ promis+ sph]es ( mov+-picture activity at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,nature /udy nev] fails to ar\se en?usiasm1 :ile f ! op]ator's po9t ( view x is indescribably fasc9at+4 ,some?+ unexpect$ is secur$ at e turn ( ! h&le4 ,! portrayal ( ,nature /irs ! emotions ( wond]1 x is true to fact1 & x (t5 introduces ! spectator to some?+ ab\t :i* he has read b :i* he nev] has se54 ,consequ5tly1 s f> z life is conc]n$1 ! pictures %\ld nev] be tak5 at less ?an =ty to fifty p] second1 unless "o is cont5t$ to h a m]e di/ort$ impression ( :at actually takes place4 ,ev5 mov+-pictures ( ! snail or tortoise1 g5]ally consid]$ to move v sl[ly1 %\ld nev] be photograph$ at a less spe$1 because ^! h actions :i* _c be caught at sixte5 pictures p] second4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! small] ! live subject "u inve/igation1 ! m rapid %\ld be ! photograph+ spe$4 ,! movem5ts ( a bee's w+s _c be caught at sixte5 or ev5 two hundr$ pictures p] second4 ,?is 0 prov$ "s "t ago :5 ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull1 by ! aid ( 8 electric sp>k sy/em1 & special cam]a1 obta9$ a s]ies ( photos %[+ h[ a bee rega9s its normal balance :5 x is upset4 ,= ?is purpose a bee 0 laun*$ f ! special app>atus us$ 9 connection ) ! cam]a1 ) its equilibrium v s]i\sly di/urb$4 ,s rapid 0 its recov]y t tw5ty pictures tak5 9 succession at ! above spe$ s]v$ to illu/rate ! :ole op]ation1 ! f9al photograph %[+ ! bee 9 normal flight4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ occasion :]e9 ?is peculi> ph5om5on _h be5 photographically record$1 & ! unique "* ( ! a*ievem5t may be realis$ f ! fact t ! bee rega9$ its balance 9 ! inf9itesimal p]iod ( approximately ! hundr$? "p ( a second4 ,ev5 9 photograph+ a man1 to %[ rapid walk+ motion1 a spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second is f> f adequate4 ,if he happ5s to be walk+ at f\r miles an h\r q #ge p] c5t4 ( ! motion is lo/1 & ! movem5t portray$ "u ^! conditions is spasmodic & j]ky4 ,= a natural c9ematographic record ( a man walk+1 at ! pres5t or?odox rate ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 8 pace %\ld n exce$ a mile an h\r4 ,!re=e to film a man walk+ at f\r miles an h\r ! photograph+ spe$ %\ld n be less ?an sixty-f\r pictures p] second4 ,?\gh ! ultra-rapid movem5t involves ! use ( intricate electrical app>atus1 x is a peculi>ly absorb+ /udy4 ,! appliances requir$ are necess>ily exp5sive1 b1 s9ce x is virtually an unt\*$ prov9ce1 enorm\s opportunities await ! pati5t work]4 ,x is additionally attractive because ea* work] is to a v great ext5t dep5d5t ^u 8 own +5uity 9 ! design ( effici5t auxili>ies & second>y app>atus4 ,x is ?is wide scope = individual initiative :i* causes rapid c9ematography to be s ke5ly appreciat$ by inve/igators1 &1 z results h %[n1 _! discov]ies :5 popul>is$ make a v deep impression on ! public4 ,( c\rse1 9 projection1 x is useless to attempt to ?r[ ! successive pictures ^u ! scre5 at any?+ approa*+ ! spe$ at :i* !y 7 snapp$4 ,if ! flight ( a bullet record$ at say t5 ?\s& images p] second1 7 project$ at a correspond+ spe$1 no?+ w\ld be se54 ,s1 9 projection1 ! spe$ is sl[$ d[n2 ! subject photograph$ at two ?\s& pictures p] second is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 & br\ght to ! eye at ! rate ( sixte5 pictures p] second4 ,! bullet moves across ! scre5 ) ! pace ( a snail4 ,! w+s ( a dragon fly1 :i* 9 life make sev]al hundr$ oscillations p] second1 appe> to move z sluggi%ly z ^? ( a b>n-door f[l4 ,b ! detail & ! complex movem5ts are record$2 ! eye sees & foll[s some?+ :i* has =m]ly be5 beyond its p[]s4 ,if x is desir$ to r$uce ! spe$ to its absolute sl[e/ po9t1 s z to facilitate ev5 clos] /udy1 ! op]ator c take advantage1 to an extreme degree1 ( ! ph5om5on ( ! p]si/5ce ( vision4 ,?is has be5 done by ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull4 ,x is impossible to r$uce ! spe$ ( projection to less ?an sixte5 pictures p] second1 = ?is is ! l[e/ rate at :i* ! laws ( p]si/5ce w all[ ( an appe>ance ( cont9u\s motion4 ,yet !re is an +5i\s way ( obta9+ ! equival5t ( a spe$ ( eight pictures p] second1 & ?is )\t ei!r di/urb+ ! app>5tly lifelike movem5t or produc+ any flick]4 ,! me?od is by duplicat+ ea* sep>ate picture ( ! negative ^u ! positive4 ,t is to say ea* negative picture is pr9t$ twice 9 succession ^u ! positive1 s t #ab in*es ( film1 :i* normally w\ld c>ry sixte5 successive & diff]5t pictures c>ries 9 ?is case only eight4 ,:5 project$ ^u ! scre51 at ! rate ( sixte5 pictures p] second1 ! eye fails to detect t x is see+ e picture twice4 ,?is might almo/ be describ$ z an optical illusion1 & x makes ano!r int]e/+ pro( t ! eye c be delud$ by c9ematography4 ,monsieur ,bull1 aft] hav+ f\nd t ! eye did n obs]ve t two id5tical pictures 7 %[n 9 succession1 endeav\r$ to c>ry multiplication /ill f>!r4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t a pair ( pictures 0 ! limit4 ,:5 ?ree id5tical pictures 7 %[n 9 succession ! impression ^u ! eye 0 too long4 ,! movem5t f triplet to triplet gave a disjo9t$ effect su* z arises 9 ord9>y projection :5 ! spe$ is too sl[4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,spe$+-,,up ,,sl[ ,,movem5ts ,! prec$+ *apt] describ$ h[ x is possible to photograph extraord9>ily rapid movem5ts & to sl[ d[n 9 projection s z to enable ! eye to foll[ !m4 ,n[ ,i w g to ! o!r extreme & %[ h[ ! v sl[e/ movem5ts c be accel]at$ & ?r[n ^u ! scre5 9 cont9u\s motion4 ,?is feature has prov$ "o ( ! mo/ popul> 9 ! :ole range ( c9ematography1 = x has enabl$ ! public to foll[1 )9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes1 su* wond]ful & app>5tly impossible /udies z ! gr[? ( a plant f ! g]m9ation ( ! se$ & ! appe>ance ( ! leaves to ! bur/+ ( ! bloom & ! =mation ( ! se$ = ! propagation ( ! species4 ,! spe$+-up ( relatively sl[ movem5ts has become a fav\rite bran* ( rese>* among c9ematograph work]s ma9ly because x is simple1 inexp5sive1 & comp>atively easy4 ,! work] ne$s to develop only "o special faculty4 ,t is pati5ce1 = ! record+ ( a s+le subject may easily ext5d ov] a p]iod ( a mon? or s1 & ! cam]a has to be kept go+ night & day to produce a fai?ful record4 ,x is a field :i* ! amateur c foll[ v pr(itably4 ,x puts no great tax on 8 skill4 ,! risk ( failure is slight1 & ! films ?us obta9$1 if work$ out ^u popul> or in/ructive l9es1 are c]ta9 to comm& a ready m>ket4 ,= ?is "w "o may use ! ord9>y #e 7#be7 cam]a4 ,x illu/rates ! fact t c9ematography is no?+ m nor less ?an a /r+ ( successive snap-%ots1 = ! pr9ciple is t :i* is g5]ally describ$ z "o turn "o picture4 ,t is to say1 in/ead ( ! h&le be+ turn$ cont9u\sly z 9 tak+ a topical subject1 x is mov$ at /at$ int]vals1 & only suffici5tly to make "o exposure & to j]k ! film d[nw>ds ! requir$ di/ance ready to receive ! succe$+ image4 ,x virtually resolves c9ematography into ord9>y snap-%ot or ,kodak photography4 ,?is developm5t1 l _m o!rs widely practis$ 9 ! mov+-picture _w to-day1 has issu$ f ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,x 0 !re exploit$ 9 ! usual mann] = ! /udy ( natural movem5t & ph5om5a4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ev5 be=e ! picture palace came into vogue1 ! work]s ( ?is in/itution produc$ a %ort l5g? ( film %[+ ! op5+ ( ! blossom ( a convolvulus4 ,al?\gh ?is film is "s t5 ye>s old x w\ld be difficult ev5 n[ to improve ^u x4 ,! op5+ movem5t ( ! petals is s /eady & p]fect z to sugge/ t ! exposure 0 n int]mitt5t b cont9u\s4 ,9 ^! p>ticul> /udies success 9 ! ma9 dep5ds ^u ! app>atus employ$ = ! p]iodical exposure ( ! film & ! judgm5t %[n 9 decid+ ! lapse ( "t betwe5 ! successive exposures4 ,naturally ?is v>ies accord+ to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! subject "u inve/igation4 ,a mu%room1 = in/ance1 dem&s exposure at brief] int]vals ?an w\ld be necess>y = film+ ! gr[? ( a gra9 ( :eat4 ,! tim+ is p]haps ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! und]tak+1 because if x is n gaug$ to a nicety ! movem5t on ! scre5 is apt to be unnatural1 ! gr[? tak+ place 9 a s]ies ( sudd5 j]ks in/ead ( proce$+ sl[ly1 /eadily & gracefully4 ,_m a fir/-class film ( ?is "* has be5 ru9$ because ! int]val betwe5 ! exposures has be5 too long to br+ ab\t ! necess>y bl5d+ toge!r ( ! motions 9 ! successive pictures4 ,no h>d & fa/ rule c be laid d[n to guide ! work]4 ,exp]i5ce & close /udy ( ! subject be+ photograph$ c alone enable ?is factor to be det]m9$4 ,! auxili>y app>atus to ensure ! exposures be+ made at regul> int]vals ne$ n be ( an intricate "*4 ,! simpl] ! means1 ! m likely is ! result to be successful4 ,clockwork me*anism c be devis$ to op5 ! %utt] at /at$ int]vals1 b ?is sy/em suff]s f "o s]i\s disadvantage4 ,! me*anism mu/ be w\nd up regul>ly1 & :5 a long /udy is 9 progress1 ext5d+ ov] a =tnight or a mon?1 ! work] is apt to ov]look ?is indisp5sable duty4 ,!re is "o work] :o g5]ally uses a wat] motor1 & has f\nd x v reliable2 b x _c be safely left1 & x ceases to act if ! public wat] supply be cut (f4 ,! mo/ reliable ag5t = su* "w is electricity4 ,:5 ! ,m>ey ,in/itute fir/ emb>k$ ^u ^! t$i\s subjects a v elaborate app>atus 0 employ$4 ,x 0 l a gall[s1 be+ 9 reality a massive wood5 frame 7see illu/ration fac+ page #abh7 fitt$ ) a pulley4 ,a rope pass$ ov] ?is pulley1 & to "o end 0 atta*$ a weight ,p4 ,! o!r end pass$ r\nd a small w9* ,t1 to :i* ! cam]a ,c 0 connect$4 ,^u ! sp9dle connect+ ^! two p>ts ( ! me*anism 0 a small w+-piece ,l1 "o ( ! extremities ( :i* re/$ ^u a v]tical sp9dle ,e connect$ ) an electro-magnet ,f4 ,9 ! electro-magnet circuit 0 a small wat]-balanc] ,b hav+ two cells & a see-saw motion4 ,?is 0 driv5 by a /ream ( wat] fl[+ f ! tap ( ! tank ,r4 ,! fl[ ( wat] f ! tap c\ld be regulat$4 ,:5 ! elevat$ cell ( ! balanc] 0 fill$1 its weight caus$ x to fall4 ,z x fell ! electric circuit ( ! batt]y ,v 0 clos$4 ,?is caus$ ! small v]tical rod ,e to be drawn d[nw>ds by ! electro-magnet ,f4 ,! desc5t ( ! rod all[$ ! leaf ,l to fall4 ,! make & break 9 ! electro-magnet 0 in/antane\s1 s t ! v]tical rod ,e imm$iately return$ to its normal position1 ) ! result t1 :5 ! w+ came r\nd1 aft] complet+ a revolution1 x 0 /opp$1 & rema9$ !re until ! second cell ( ! wat]-balanc]1 fill+ & fall+ 9 its turn1 repeat$ ! cycle ( op]ations4 ,z ! rod c>ry+ ! w+ ,l 0 ! common axis ( ! w9* & ! driv+ me*anism ( ! cam]a ! release ( ! w+ br\ght ! /ra9 ( ! weight ,p ^u ! cord1 & !reby mov$ ! cam]a driv+ me*anism a complete revolution4 ,?us x con=m$ to ! "o-turn-"o-picture movem5t4 ,x 0 a comb9ation ( weight-driv5 & electrical me*anism1 &1 ?\gh app>5tly complicat$ & c]ta9ly cumb]some1 x 0 satisfactory because x complet$ its "w ) un]r+ /ead9ess & regul>ity4 ,z ! weight ,p desc5d$ a v small di/ance = ea* exposure a s+le w9d+-up 0 suffici5t to drive ! me*anism = sev]al h\rs4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ! exposures c\ld be v>i$ by turn+ ! tap on or (f1 !reby *ang+ ! volume ( wat] fl[+ into ! balanc]4 ,! ?9n] ! wat] /ream ! long] ! p]iod requir$ to fill ! cell1 ! long] ! int]val betwe5 ea* see-saw1 & obvi\sly ! great] ! lapse ( "t betwe5 ea* exposure4 ,simil>ly ! "t int]vals betwe5 ea* exposure c\ld be %ort5$ by turn+ on ! tap s t ! cell became fill$ m quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,! ,,elaborate ,,app>atus ,,contriv$ ,,at ,,! ,,m>ey ,,in/itute ,,to ,,take ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,op5+ ,,( ,a ,,fl[]4 7,= explanation see p4 #abg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,motion-,,pictures ,,( ,,an ,,op5+ ,,fl[]4 ,tak5 at ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,! complete op5+ ( a convolvulus is %[n 9 fifte5 pictures4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,colony ,,( ,,m>9e ,,organisms4 7,read f top to bottom & left to "r47 ,9 ! ,m>ey ,in/itute inve/igations ) ! convolvulus1 :i* 0 plac$ on a *air a %ort di/ance f ! l5s ( ! cam]a1 sixte5 successive snap-%ots 7 made 9 ! h\r4 ,^! pictures1 tak5 at int]vals ( f\r m9utes1 %[ ! complete op5+ ( ! fl[]1 ! phases 9 ! successive pictures bl5d+ s well toge!r z to convey ! impression t ! pictures 7 tak5 at ! normal spe$4 ,a /rik+ contra/ to ! bulky1 weighty1 & massive app>atus employ$ t5 ye>s ago to photograph int]mitt5tly ! op5+ ( a fl[] is ! late/ device :i* is employ$ at ?is ,in/itute = ?is "w4 ,x is a small1 light compact contrivance driv5 by a k9d ( c>riage clock4 ,?is clock actuates two lev]s :]eby electric contacts are made at pr$et]m9$ int]vals to op5 & close ! l5s4 ,?is me*anism c be set s z to give exposures at int]vals rang+ f a m9ute to sev]al h\rs1 & w run = tw5ty-f\r h\rs )\t att5tion4 ,! app>atus is z accurate z x is +5i\s4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 9 su* "w1 t a great deal dep5ds ^u ! p]sonality ( ! work] himself4 ,if he is skilful he w f9d no difficulty 9 devis+ a reliable tim+ app>atus :i* he c tru/ = h\rs toge!r4 ,b ! simpl] ! "* ( ! appliances ! m tru/wor?y w !y prove1 because ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! compon5t p>ts w decrease _! liability to d]angem5t & irregul> action4 ,see+ t exposures h to be cont9u$ at ! pr$et]m9$ int]vals ?r\gh\t ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 arrangem5ts mu/ be made = artificial illum9ation dur+ ! night4 ,?is %\ld n prove a difficult problem4 ,!re is a wide range ( illum9ants--electricity1 gas1 acetyl5e1 etc4--f :i* a *oice c be made accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,?us a work] liv+ 9 c\ntry di/ricts may f9d a difficulty 9 obta9+ electric curr5t or coal gas1 9 :i* case he mu/ rely ^u acetyl5e1 or a petrol gas flame1 9 conjunction ) an inc&esc5t mantle1 or ev5 an electric batt]y & fla%-lamp ) a reflector4 ,if electricity or coal gas are available f public supply s\rces !re ne$ be no anxieties :atev]4 ,a metallic filam5t inc&esc5t electric lamp ( high p[] is q suffici5t = ! purpose1 & if !re is ne$ = a conc5trat$ /rong light x c be obta9$ by m\nt+ ! lamp )9 a p>abolic reflector1 su* z is us$ = automobiles4 ,coal gas ) an inc&esc5t burn] & mantle is j z effici5t1 & conc5tration 9 ?is case c be manag$ 9 ! same way ) a reflector4 ,b x is necess>y to make sure t no draughts play ^u ! gas flame1 z ! int5sity ( ! light might ?us be greatly impov]i%$4 ,acetyl5e is a v useful & p[]ful illum9ant :5 all else fails4 ,x is ! ne>e/ artificial approa* to sunlight4 ,petrol gas ) an inc&esc5t mantle w be f\nd j z good z ord9>y coal gas1 :ile !re are _m *eap lamps well adapt$ = its use4 ,if all ^! alt]natives are lack+ !re is ! electric fla% lamp work+ ) ! dry batt]y4 ,a t9y metallic filam5t inc&esc5t bulb m\nt$ )9 a p>abolic reflector w give a light ( int5se brilliancy4 ,b ! exhau/ion ( ! batt]y causes ! value ( ?is light to dim9i% 9 a relatively %ort "t1 s x is well n to let x burn cont9u\sly4 ,!re %\ld be a means ( produc+ ! fla% only at ! mom5t ! tim+ app>atus makes ! exposure4 ,9 "o application ( ?is sy/em ! fla% & ! movem5t ( ! %utt] are controll$ by an electro-magnet1 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t ! lamp lights up a fraction ( a second be=e ! %utt] is mov$4 ,?us ! object "u /udy is 9 ! full gl>e ( ! light be=e ! film is expos$4 ,( c\rse1 if a high capacity accumulator c be obta9$1 su* z t ( ! late/ ,edison ,nickel type1 ! light may be left burn+ cont9u\sly4 ,b :5 !re is already an electrical sy/em ( actuat+ ! %utt] x is a simple matt] to incorporate a means ( limit+ ! contact 9 ! lamp to ! mom5t ( ! exposure4 ,= ! av]age work]1 h[ev]1 ! electrical sy/em is too co/ly4 ,he w usually pref] a =m ( light :i* c be all[$ to burn cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! night4 ,ev5 ! longe/ night w n consume a v great quantity ( curr5t or gas4 ,also1 unless "s v accurate me*anism is us$ = controll+ ! int]mitt5t op]ation ( ! light1 !re is always a *ance t ! exposure & ! illum9ation may fail to syn*ronise1 & ?us an excell5t film might be ru9$4 ,! "o-turn-"o-picture movem5t has to be adopt$ = _m subjects o!r ?an fl[]s4 ,= in/ance1 x is necess>y 9 film+ ! movem5ts ( ! />-fi%1 9 evolution ph5om5a su* z ! em]g5ce ( a *ick5 f its %ell1 & 9 ! case ( c]ta9 m9ute organisms :i* c be c9ematograph$ only ) ! aid ( a microscope4 ,b ! same broad pr9ciples apply 9 ea* case2 !re is equal ne$ = "t & pati5ce1 :ile complete success c only be a*iev$ by c>eful obs]vation & +5uity4 ,!re are critical mom5ts 9 su* "w & ! unexpect$ frequ5tly happ5s4 ,unless ! op]ator is equal to ! em]g5cy weeks ( t$i\s lab\r may be wa/$4 ,! /udy ( exce$+ly sl[ movem5ts (f]s a v promis+ field to ! pati5t work]4 ,a film :i* occupies a mon? to photograph1 & entails an exposure once e ?irty m9utes1 produces a film only #ij feet 9 l5g?4 ,9 projection x passes across ! scre5 9 a m9ute & a half4 ,?is means t a process ( ,nature is cond5s$ into "o ?irty-sev5-?\s&? "p ( ! "t x actually took1 & its pres5tation on ! scre5 is a rem>kable triumph4 ,b at fir/ sight ! m9ute & a half seems a v slight return = ! "t & lab\r exp5d$4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal reasons :y ! pr(essional c9ematograph] displays a m>k$ av]sion to ! record+ ( sl[ movem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x (f]s unique attractions to ! private inve/igator1 = ! "t occupi$ 9 prep>+ a film t reveals ! wond]s ( ,nature inv>iably comm&s a high price if x has ! elem5ts ( popul>ity or novelty4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,cont9u\s ,,c9ematographic ,,records ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! int]mitt5t me?od ( tak+ c9ematograph pictures results 9 ! loss ( c]ta9 motions :i* occur dur+ ! int]val :5 ! l5s is eclips$ by ! %utt]4 ,a simil> loss is exp]i5c$ by ! eye1 9 daily life1 :5 x bl9ks4 ,9 ! case ( bl9k+1 ( c\rse1 ! proportion ( movem5t :i* escapes obs]vation is exce$+ly small4 ,b 9 c9ematography practically "o half ( ! movem5t is lo/4 ,:5 v rapid movem5ts are be+ inve/igat$ ^! losses become appreciable--9 fact ! mo/ vital "p ( a motion may be miss$ dur+ ! #a_/cb "p ( a second dur+ :i* ! l5s is cov]$ by ! %utt]4 ,!re are _m fields 9 :i* c9ematography z at pres5t practis$ is q useless ow+ to ?is int]mitt5t eclipse ( ! l5s4 ,suppose t ! behavi\r ( a rapidly mov+ pi/on rod is "u obs]vation4 ,) ! ord9>y type ( mov+ picture cam]a & process ! results are q mislead+4 ,! pi/on travels s rapidly1 p]haps at a rate ( #h1jjj l9eal feet p] m9ute1 t ) sixte5 pictures p] second only a v small proportion ( ! "w w\ld be record$4 ,?is defici5cy1 h[ev]1 is rem$i$ by ano!r developm5t 9 *ronophotography4 ,?is is ! cont9u\s c9ematographic record1 ! out/&+ feature ( :i* is ! elim9ation ( ! revolv+ %utt] & ! int]mitt5t movem5t ( ! film1 9 fav\r ( a l5s t is con/antly op51 a s5sitiz$ ribbon t moves /eadily & cont9u\sly all ! "t ! exp]im5t is 9 progress4 ,m>ey1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 mom5t\s inve/igations ) animat$ photography1 us$ ?is sy/em = a numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* an int]mitt5t exposure w\ld n h af=d$ suffici5tly precise results4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h sub/antiat$ ,m>ey's cont5tions ^u ?is po9t1 & h %[n h[ unreliable are ! results obta9$ ) sixte5 pictures p] second :]e extraord9>y precision is requir$4 ,an ef=t 0 made to remove ! drawback ( ! int]mitt5t me?od by writ+ 91 or div9+1 ! movem5t :i* occurr$ dur+ ! p]iods ( eclipse1 b ?is me?od1 9 turn1 0 f\nd to be unreliable4 ,!re are "s motions :i* x is impossible to imag9e or anticipate1 ev5 if !y d occur 9 ! "o-?irty-second or "o-sixty-f\r? "p ( a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,cont9u\s ,,mov+-,,picture ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,beats ,,& ,,s\nds ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,electro-c>diogramme ( a normal p]son4 ,! upp] l9e ref]s to ! he>t beats2 ! l[] l9e is a photographic record ( ! he>t s\nds4 ,^! wond]ful pictures are r5d]$ possible by ,dr4 ,e9?ov5's /r+ galvanomet] 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,luci5 ,bull's +5i\s cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,cont9u\s ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,beats ,,( ,,an ,,excit$ ,,p]son4 ,! upp] l9e %[s ! palpitations occurr+ at irregul> int]vals1 :ile ! l[] l9e is a c9ematographic record ( ! he>t s\nds4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! cont9u\s photograph+ sy/em is n[ v ext5sively employ$4 ,x has und]gone _m wond]ful developm5ts & a*iev$ extraord9>y success4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & m>vell\s ( its triumphs 0 won ) ! extremely s5sitive /r+ galvanomet]1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ! em95t ,dut* sci5ti/1 ,pr(essor ,e9?ov54 ,?is p>ticul> app>atus has be5 ( incalculable value to ! m$ical pr(ession1 & ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull has con/ruct$ a special cam]a ) ! idea ( obta9+ p]man5t & cont9u\s c9ematographic records ( ! exp]im5ts conduct$ by means ( x4 ,! app>atus employ$ = ?is p>ticul> sph]e ( op]ations is ( a some:at involv$ "*4 ,fundam5tally ! cam]a is t :i* 0 design$ by ,monsieur ,bull = photograph+ ! flight ( insects at ! rate ( two ?\s& pictures p] second1 b x has be5 modifi$ to suit ! new conditions4 ,! reason :y x (f]s ! be/ *ance ( secur+ a cont9u\s record is t its s5sitiz$ ribbon is m\nt$ ^u a drum1 a s+le w9d+ ( :i* produces a photographic record ab\t #c feet #f in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,e9?ov5 /r+ galvanomet] may be describ$ r\ghly 9 a few words4 ,!re is a v f9e conduct+ wire1 or fibre1 ( plat9um or silv]$ qu>tz1 :i* is /ret*$ across ! magnetic field ( ! galvanomet]4 ,x is extremely ?91 be+ virtually a hair4 ,n[1 :5 an electric curr5t1 ev] s slight1 is transmitt$ ?r\gh ?is fibre1 or /r+1 z x is call$ by ! inv5tor1 x is deflect$ f its position ( re/1 ! ext5t ( ! deviation v>y+ ) ! /r5g? ( ! electrical di/urbance4 ,:5 a slight curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! /r+ x may betray ! fact ) no m ?an a slight tremor1 b a /rong] curr5t w cause x to move viol5tly4 ,a p5cil ( light1 f an electric arc lamp1 is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! galvanomet] 9 su* a way t ! /r+ is brilliantly light$4 ,an enl>g$ image ( ! /r+ is !n ?r[n ^u ! s5sitiz$ ribbon 9 ! cam]a by means ( a p[]ful microscope l5s4 ,see+ t ! "t & di/ance measurem5ts 9 su* delicate exp]im5ts z ^! are ( ! fir/ importance1 ! s5sitiz$ surface ^u :i* ! record is pr9t$--pap] or film--is calibrat$ photographically :ile ! exp]im5t is proce$+4 ,x is divid$ into small squ>es1 ! longitud9al l9es ref]r+ to ! "t factor1 :ile ! transv]se l9es indicate ! ext5t ( ! movem5t ( ! qu>tz ?read4 ,?is cont9u\s record sy/em is ( ine/imable value 9 connection ) physiological rese>*es :5 details conc]n+ ! beat+ ( ! he>t are desir$4 ,a p]son :o places a f+] ( ea* h& ^u ! extremities ( ! /r+1 witnesses ! record+ ( 8 own he>t beats4 ,= ! brief p]iod betwe5 ea* beat ! /r+ rema9s quiesc5t 9 its normal position1 & ! record ( ! same1 ! enl>g$ %ad[ ?r[n by ! p5cil ( light ?r\gh ! microscope l5s1 is made ^u ! s5sitiz$ surface )9 ! cam]a 9 ! =m ( a /eady /raight l9e4 ,! beat ( ! he>t s5ds an impulse ( electricity ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 & causes ! /r+ to deviate rapidly4 ,z ! p5cil ( light is %9+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! microscope l5s ( ! in/rum5t1 x /&s to reason t ! slighte/ tremor ( ! ?read1 acc5tuat$ 9 ! %ad[1 mu/ be record$4 ,no vibration is too slight to be caught4 ,n only is ! ext5t ( ! vibration photograph$ & capable ( be+ calculat$ by means ( ! calibration1 b1 z ! s5sitiz$ ribbon is travell+ cont9u\sly pa/ ! l5s1 ! duration ( ! vibration is photograph$ z well4 ,9 ! case ( a normal & heal?y p]son ! numb] ( vibrations on ! record1 correspond+ to he>t-beats1 w av]age ab\t #hj p] m9ute1 & _! ext5t or amplitude w rema9 comp>atively ev54 ,b if ! p]son is 9 bad heal?1 excit$1 or exhau/$1 ! palpitations w be depict$ 9 ! mo/ erratic mann]1 bo? z reg>ds _! occurr5ce & _! =ce4 ,"o v p[]ful palpitation1 = in/ance1 may be foll[$ by a comp>atively long int]val ( quiesc5ce1 succe$$ by sev]al spasmodic %ort movem5ts at brief unequal p]iods4 ,f ! m$ical po9t ( view ! p]fection ( ! sy/em (f]s illimitable opportunities4 ,9 ! hospital1 :]e a pati5t may be ly+ 9 a critical condition1 ! surgeon c h a cont9u\s record ( ! /ate ( 8 pulse )\t its be+ felt by h& at int]vals4 ,! physician1 9 unusual or baffl+ cases ( disease1 c h a photographic record ( ! pulse & he>t movem5ts f ! mom5t ! symptoms develop until ! pati5t ei!r dies or recov]s4 ,x also enables ! physician to be in=m$ z to h[ ! invalid is respond+ to 8 treatm5t4 ,hi!rto1 ! practice has be5 to feel ! pulse at v>y+ specifi$ int]vals1 to commit ! read+s to a *>t1 & !n to connect ! po9ts by l9es s z to %[ at a glance :e!r he>t movem5t has accel]at$ or decel]at$1 & to :at degree4 ,su* *>ts are satisfactory s f> z !y g1 b !y may be errone\s1 because ! action ( ! he>t may h fluctuat$ betwe5 ! read+s4 ,) ! cont9u\s photographic sy/em1 h[ev]1 guesswork does n ent] into ! issue at all4 ,! complete /ory is set d[n 9 an unimpea*able graphic mann]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ extraord9>y feature ( ?is developm5t is t ! v s\nds ( ! he>t palpitations c be committ$ to a s5sitiz$ surface 9 a cont9u\s mann]4 ,! pr9ciple is mu* ! same z 9 ! case ( ! record ( ! he>t's movem5ts4 ,!re is a small light disk provid$ ) an ap]ture1 m\nt$ ^u a /&4 ,across ?is ap]ture is /ret*$ a ?read ( plat9um or qu>tz4 ,?is in/rum5t is plac$ 9 ! horizontal pa? ( a p5cil ( light1 betwe5 ! cam]a & ! s\rce ( illum9ation1 s t ! ray passes ?r\gh ! ap]ture ( ! disk to ent] ! l5s ( ! cam]a4 ,consequ5tly ! %ad[ ( ! qu>tz ?read is ?r[n ^u ! s5sitiz$ surface 9 ! cam]a4 ,a film ( soapy wat] is spread ov] ! ap]ture 9 ! disk1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 comes into contact ) ! qu>tz ?read4 ,! provision ( ?is film 9 reality conv]ts ! disk into a v s5sitive diaphragm4 ,n[ a /e?oscope is plac$ ov] ! pati5t's he>t1 ! opposite end ( :i* is connect$ to ! disk 9 su* a way z to be> ^u ! surface ( ! soap bubble4 ,:5 ! he>t beats ! noise :i* is set up !reby is receiv$ by ! /e?oscope & convey$ to ! soap bubble4 ,! bubble1 be+ v s5sitive1 responds to ! s\nd movem5t 9 great] or less degree4 ,z x vibrates1 x naturally moves ! qu>tz ?read ) x1 & ! mov+ %ad[ ( ! /r+ is caught by ! photographic film 9 ! cam]a4 ,9 ?is mann] ! surgeon or obs]v] c h a p]man5t cont9u\s record ( ! s\nd ( ! he>t beats conv]t$ into movem5t1 & f ! regul>ity ( ! oscillations he is able to tell :e!r ! he>t is beat+ regul>ly4 ,if desir$1 ! record ( bo? ! he>t-beat z demon/rat$ by ! galvanomet]1 & ! s\nd ( ! palpitation z indicat$ by ! soap bubble diaphragm1 may be obta9$ ^u "o *>t1 &1 9 syn*rony1 s z to set a d\ble *eck ^u ! obs]vations4 ,! *ronophotography ( cont9u\s movem5t has be5 br\ght to a high /age ( p]fection by ! se>*+ exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,e9?ov54 ,f ! physiological po9t ( view he has contribut$ mo/ valuable data conc]n+ ! he>t1 = 8 exp]im5ts h be5 ) subjects ( all ages & 9 v>y+ conditions ( heal?4 ,! inve/igations h be5 ext5d$ to animals also1 %[+ ! diff]5ces 9 he>t beat+ ph5om5a betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,cont9u\s ,,c9ematography4--,,! ,,palpitations ,,( ,a ,,rabbit',s ,,he>t4 ,! v]tical l9es indicate ! ext5t ( ! he>t beat1 :ile ! horizontal l9es give ! "t int]val4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/]eo-,,motion ,,orbit ,,( ,a ,,ma*9i/',s ,,h&4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,light ,,indicat+ ,,to-,,&-,,fro ,,h& ,,movem5ts4 ,! late/ developm5t 9 ,micro-motion ,/udy4 ,a small electric inc&esc5t lamp is atta*$ to ! workman's h&1 & ! l9es ( light photograph$4 ,!re is an increas+ t5d5cy to adopt cont9u\s c9ematography 9 pref]5ce to ! int]mitt5t motion = _m o!r phases ( p>ticul> /udy1 especially :]e v f9e results are desir$4 ,"o me*anical eng9e] has appli$ ! me?od to ! measurem5t ( ! deflection ( bridges :5 und]go+ te/s4 ,monsieur ,desl&res adopt$ a comb9ation ( /ylography & *ronophotography = record+ ! vibrations 9 metal bridges "u v>y+ conditions ( traffic z f> back z #ahib1 b ! direct c9ematograph record is to be pref]r$4 ,sometimes a cam]a has be5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! exi/+ processes ( obs]vations1 s t a photograph ( ! actual movem5t & ( its ext5t is obta9$ simultane\sly1 :ile ! calibration ( ! s5sitiz$ surface1 or ! introduction ( a clock1 l t us$ by ,m>ey1 enables ! "t int]vals to be accurately det]m9$4 ,ano!r +5i\s =m ( cont9u\s record1 :i* 0 made _m ye>s ago by ,soret & ,georges ,dem5y1 ! collaborator ( ,m>ey1 has be5 reviv$ 9 an improv$ =m by ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,gilbre?1 ! em95t ,am]ican au?ority on motion /udy4 ,9 ?is case a mov+ film is n absolutely ess5tial1 b "u c]ta9 conditions x is to be pref]r$4 ,! object ( ! /udy is ! trac+ ( motions ) a view to _! improvem5t & exp$ition1 or ! elim9ation ( unnecess>y actions1 s t ! p>ticul> task may be a*iev$ 9 less "t & ) r$uc$ ex]tion4 ,a /ation>y plate may be us$1 & ! pa? ( ! motion is indicat$ by a ribbon ( light f a small electric inc&esc5t lamp :i* is atta*$ to ! h& or o!r limb ( ! subject4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! plate pres5ts an app>5t jumble ( l9es1 b by ! aid ( a magnify+ glass ! complete cycle ( movem5ts c be foll[$ f end to end4 ,:5 ! photographs are tak5 ^u a /ation>y plate1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be tak5 /]eoscopically1 s t relief may be giv5 to ! picture to enable ! movem5t to be foll[$ correctly4 ,! h& or limb may n be visible 9 ! photograph1 b t is a m9or detail1 because ! pa? x has describ$ is indicat$ by ! l9es ( light4 ,:5 ! subject is cont9ually advanc+1 :]e x does n d\ble back ^u itself1 a sl[ly mov+ film w supply a complete & p]fect graphic record ( its progress4 ,b 9 all su* exp]im5ts ! tim+ elem5t mu/ be incorporat$1 or ! record w h little practical value1 & w provide no conclusive evid5ce4 ,a novel application ( ?is me?od 0 c>ri$ out by ,dem5y sev]al ye>s ago4 ,! scope ( ! inve/igation 0 ! /udy ( ! *>act]i/ic walks & gaits incid5tal to c]ta9 maladies4 ,pati5ts suff]+ f rheumatism & o!r compla9ts :i* int]f]e ) ! natural walk+ motions 7 tak5 into a d>k5$ room4 ,inc&esc5t electric lights 7 atta*$ to _! %\ld]s1 heads1 & o!r p>ts ( _! bodies1 & ^! 7 photograph$ z ! subjects mov$ ab\t ! d>k5$ room4 ,! results ^u ! s5sitiz$ surface 7 m]ely ! pa?s describ$ by ! mov+ lights4 ,!re h be5 _m applications ( ! cont9u\s record1 especially to ! "w ( te/+ physical1 *emical1 or electrical ph5om5a4 ,! obs]v] is c]ta9 to obta9 a correct result4 ,?is has be5 %[n 9 c]ta9 microscopical obs]vations :]e ! movem5ts are extremely rapid1 & :]e a graphic outl9e is m important ?an ! photographic detail ( ! subject4 ,! great advantage ( ! cont9u\s c9ematographic sy/em is t x records e movem5t4 ,ev5 ! slighte/ vibrations w be indicat$1 & ^u a l>ge or small scale accord+ to ! rapidity ) :i* ! travell+ s5sitiz$ surface is mov$ ?r\gh ! cam]a4 ,comp>ative inve/igation betwe5 ?is & ! o!r sy/ems has prov$ t ! cont9u\s c9ematograph %[s _m motions :i* ! =m] sy/ems lose4 ,x has introduc$ ! inve/igator to _m curi\s ph5om5a ( :i* he 0 previ\sly ignorant4 ,"o ?+ mu/ be emphasis$4 ,x is ! sali5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord9>y c9ematographic me?od & ! cont9u\sly mov+ film process4 ,! fir/ records ^u ! film a complete picture ( ! subject4 ,! second records only ! pa? or trajectory ( a s+le po9t1 or at ! utmo/ ( a numb] ( po9ts1 ( ! subject "u obs]vation4 ,?is rem>k does n ref] to ! me?od ( c9ematograph+ ) ! electric sp>k1 :i* is a totally diff]5t & special application ( ! art4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,radio-,,c9ematography3 ,,h[ ,,! ,x-,,rays ,,are ,,us$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,! ,,mov+-,,picture ,,cam]a ,) ! p]fection ( radio-photography x 0 n surpris+ t ! c9ematograph inve/igator press$ ?is new developm5t into s]vice4 ,x op5$ up a wide & fasc9at+ field = mov+ pictures4 ,:5 ! ,rntg5 rays 7 fir/ introduc$ !re 0 "o s]i\s h&icap to photography by _! means--! l5g? ( ! exposure4 ,b ! *emi/ & ! sci5ti/ spe$ily remov$ ?is adv]se factor1 & n[ ,x-ray photographs c be tak5 in/antane\sly--#fj p] m9ute4 ,long be=e ?is a*ievem5t ,radio-photography _h be5 yok$ ) ! mov+ pictures4 ,x 0 a difficult problem1 b x 0 solv$4 ,"o sci5tific inv5tor /&s out prom95tly 9 ?is connection4 ,?is is ,monsieur ,m4 ,j4 ,c>vallo :o1 dur+ 8 position z sub-director & secret>y ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute1 sp>$ no ef=t to h>ness ! ,x-rays to c9ematography4 ,ano!r illu/ri\s work] is ,dr4 ,j4 ,com&on1 :o may be said to be ! pione] ( ! popul>isation ( c9ematographic sci5ce4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ appeal$ to ! public ) films ( ?is "* "u ! auspices ( ! well-kn[n firm ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,he has be5 responsible = ! prep>ation ( _m mo/ int]e/+ films4 ,bo? ( ^! work]s h %[n :at c be a*iev$ 9 ?is direction1 :ile ! fact t !y proce$ ^u totally diff]5t l9es adds value to _! "w4 ,x enables _! foll[]s to decide = !mselves :i* pr9ciple is likely to produce ! mo/ satisfactory result 9 ea* case4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,monsieur ,c>vallo's me?ods w\ld appeal m /rongly to ! sci5tific m9d1 b5t ^u ! discov]y ( "s ab/ruse ph5om5a1 & indiff]5t to ! complicat$ process involv$4 ,! me?ods ( ,dr4 ,com&on1 on ! o!r h&1 f _! enhanc$ simplicity1 w attract ! av]age work]4 ,?is inve/igator makes a special po9t ( accompli%+ 8 end 9 z simple a mann] z possible4 ,f ?is x w be judg$ t radio-c9ematography may be exp5sive or inexp5sive4 ,?is is a correct assumption1 b ! amateur inve/igator ne$ n fe> t ! deep] rese>*es are beyond 8 rea*4 ,9 ju/ice to ,monsieur ,c>vallo1 x mu/ be m5tion$ t 8 exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 at a "t :5 radio-photography _h n rea*$ its pres5t /age1 & !re=e he _h to cont5d ) c]ta9 difficulties :i* no long] exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,a ,,wond]ful ,x-,,ray ,,film ,,made ,,by ,m4 ,j4 ,,c>vallo4 ,! process ( dige/ion 9 ! inte/9e ( a frog aft] its removal f ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,mov+ ,x-,,ray ,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ion ,,( ,a ,,f[l4 ,^! pictures1 tak5 at five p] second by ,m4 ,j4 ,c>vallo1 %[ ! diff]5t phases 9 a complete cycle ( ! gizz>d1 :i* la/s exactly five seconds4 ,monsieur ,c>vallo 0 probably ! fir/ work] to attempt to portray 9 movem5t ! elusive & peculi> features reveal$ by ! ,rntg5 rays4 ,"o or two o!r sci5ti/s _h dabbl$ 9 ! art1 b _! a*ievem5ts 7 n v conv9c+ = ! simple reason t !y did n employ *ronophotography4 ,monsieur ,c>vallo1 h[ev]1 be+ fully aw>e ( ! valuable "w t _h be5 c>ri$ out by ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey1 saw ! true way ( apply+ radiography to c9ematography1 & saw t x c\ld n fail to be ( sci5tific value4 ,he emb>k$ ^u a numb] ( illum9at+1 ?\gh t$i\s1 exp]im5ts1 9 ! ef=t to comb9e ^! two bran*es ( photography4 ,c>vallo's in/allation 0 ( a mo/ elaborate "*1 b he accompli%$ "s m>vell\s results1 ! full significance ( :i* are appreciat$ only to-day4 ,! complete app>atus he us$ 9 8 exp]im5ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! s\rce ( en]gy 0 a small electric motor1 capable ( mak+ #b1jjj revolutions p] m9ute ) a curr5t ( only #ej volts4 ,?is motor 0 extremely s5sitive1 s9ce x w\ld make #cjj revolutions p] m9ute ) a curr5t ( #aj volts4 ,! control ( ! spe$ 0 ess5tial to 8 "w1 s he elaborat$ a simple & +5i\s *ange-spe$ ge> me*anism1 :i* enabl$ him to drive ! cam]a at f\r diff]5t spe$s )\t t\*+ ! motor4 ,! ge> me*anism 0 n dissimil> f t adopt$ ^u a l>g] scale 9 automobiles1 la!s1 & o!r ma*9]y :]e ! spe$ has to be v>i$ accord+ to ! "* ( ! "w4 ,! direct drive 0 transmitt$ f ! motor-%aft to t ( ! cam]a me*anism ?r\gh a belt & pulleys s z to secure flexibility & immunity f %ocks4 ,! ?ree l[] spe$s 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ge> :eels4 ,^! sets ( :eels 7 m\nt$ ^u two p>allel %afts & work$ ^u ! slid+ pr9ciple1 :i* 0 f\nd to be ! simple/ & mo/ effective4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! noise aris+ f ! me%+ & work+ ( ! ge>s ! small] :eels 7 made ( fibre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,! +5i\s radio-c9ematographic app>atus devis$ by ,monsieur ,m4 ,j4 ,c>vallo4 ,a4,a4 ,film spools4 ,b4 ,crookes tube4 ,c4 ,frog be+ radiograph$4 ,d4 ,coil4 ,f4 ,film4 ,f4 ,clock4 ,g4 ,exposure int]rupt]4 ,h4 ,*ange-spe$ ge>s4 ,by ?is ge>+ sy/em x 0 possible to v>y ! spe$ ( ! cam]a f #cj revolutions p] second to "o turn 9 #ae seconds4 ,:5 /ill sl[] spe$s 7 desir$1 ^u ! "o-turn-"o-picture pr9ciple1 ! motor 0 cut 9 & cut out int]mitt5tly s t ! exposure c\ld be v>i$ f once 9 #bj seconds to once 9 an h\r or m4 ,( c\rse1 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! exposures only ne$$ to be made at relatively prolong$ int]vals1 ! driv+ motor 0 />t$ up int]mitt5tly s z to move ! %utt] at ! requir$ mom5t4 ,a p5dulum clock 0 introduc$ into ! electrical circuit1 toge!r ) a novel relay4 ,! clock-face 0 provid$ ) a r+ ar\nd ! dial1 ) ! h\r int]vals repres5t$ by contacts in/ead ( figures4 ,! clock 0 fitt$ ) "o h& only4 ,"o electrical lead 0 connect$ to ! contact r+ & ! o!r to ! pivot$ end ( ! clock-h&4 ,:5 ! latt] came aga9/ "o ( ! contacts ! electrical circuit 0 complet$1 ! motor 0 set 9 motion1 & ! cam]a me*anism 0 giv5 "o turn--suffici5t to make an exposure & to j]k ! film =w>d ! desir$ di/ance ?r\gh ! gate = ! next exposure4 ,obvi\sly ?is clock sy/em is capable ( v>iation z desir$4 ,! contacts may be dispos$ to co9cide ) int]vals ( a second1 a m9ute1 an h\r1 or m betwe5 successive exposures4 ,x 0 necess>y to ensure t ! contact 0 ( suffici5t duration to complete ! cycle ( cam]a movem5ts1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to prev5t ! motor movem5t be+ s prolong$ t m ?an ! requisite exposure & movem5t ( ! film w\ld be made4 ,?is 0 effect$ by means ( a brake1 :i* arre/$ ! movem5t ( ! motor aft] ! exposure _h be5 complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,radio ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,cold-,,blood$ ,,animals ,,made ,,by ,m4 ,j4 ,,c>vallo4 ,i4 ,! /oma* & ! inte/9e ( a tr\t 7"o exposure e #bj seconds74 ,,ii4 ,! dige/ive organs ( ! frog 7"o exposure e #b seconds74 ,,iii4 ,liz>d dige/+ its food 7"o exposure e #ij seconds74 ,illu/ration3 #a4 #b4 ,by p]mission ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,,two ,,( ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,com&on',s ,,e>lie/ ,,inve/igations ,,9 ,,radio-,,c9ematography4 #a4 ,x-ray mov+-pictures ( ! b5d+ ( ! knee1 %[+ muscul> movem5t4 #b4 ,x-ray film ( ! op5+ ( ! h&4 ,) ?is seem+ly complicat$ app>atus x 0 possible to take any desir$ numb] ( successive pictures & at any int]vals ( "t ) un]r+ precision4 ,= ^! p>ticul> exp]im5ts a special film 0 prep>$1 = ! pictures produc$ by ! /&>d cam]a 7 n l>ge en\gh4 ,monsieur ,c>vallo took pictures ( a dep? ( #b-b_/e in*es in/ead ( ! usual #c_/d in*4 ,special arrangem5ts 7 made also to secure extreme s5sitiv5ess ( ! emulsion s t x might be m susceptible to ! action ( ! ,x-rays4 ,! disposition ( ! film foll[$ special l9es1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! diagram 7,fig4 #i74 ,! ,crookes tube1 conta9+ ! ,x-rays1 0 plac$ b5ea? a table provid$ ) an ap]ture ^u :i* 0 laid a transp>5t m$ium1 su* z glass1 to support ! subject "u inve/igation4 ,above ?is 0 plac$ ! gate ?r\gh :i* ! film 0 mov$ int]mitt5tly1 ! s5sitiz$ ribbon travell+ 9 a horizontal direction f "o spool to ! o!r4 ,9 ! e>ly exp]im5ts a ,maltese cross movem5t 0 incorporat$ to provide ! requisite int]mitt5t motion to ! film1 b subsequ5tly a novel claw motion devis$ by ,monsieur ,nogus1 ! me*anician to ! ,m>ey ,in/itute1 0 introduc$ ) f> bett] results4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! exp]im5ts ) diff]5t live subjects extreme +5uity 0 us$ 9 plac+ & hold+ ! creature s t ! mo/ p]fect images might be obta9$4 ,monsieur ,c>vallo devot$ 8 en]gies l>gely to radio-c9ematograph+ ! functions ( dige/ion1 & select$ su* subjects z fre%-wat] fi%1 toads1 frogs1 liz>ds1 birds1 & mice4 ,?us he obta9$ comp>ative results f five species ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! subjects 7 f$ fir/ ) a special diet1 compris+ a mixture ( fl\r1 sug>1 peptone1 sub-nitrate ( bismu?1 & wat] or milk4 ,! *emical1 sub-nitrate ( bismu?1 0 us$ 9 ord] to give ! alim5t>y canal ! necess>y opacity to secure ! be/ results "u ! ,rntg5 rays4 ,9 ! case ( ! tr\t ! *emical 0 inject$ into ! blood4 ,9 ord] to obta9 %>p1 cle>1 & di/9ct pictures ^u ! film1 ! subject "u /udy _h to be fix$ 9 an immovable position4 ,9 ! case ( a tr\t a small celluloid envelope 0 made1 fitt$ at ea* end ) a small glass tube ?r\gh :i* wat] necess>y to ! fi%'s exi/5ce 0 pass$ 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,?is vessel 0 only j l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! fi%1 s t movem5t 0 q impossible4 ,! top ( ! vessel 0 clos$ ) a %eet ( p>aff9 pap]1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! ap]ture ( ! film gate4 ,x 0 a v novel & successful means ( radio-c9ematograph+ a fi% "u natural conditions4 ,! fi% !mselves appe>$ to suff] no ill-effects f ! me?od adopt$ to keep !m alive1 a tr\t 9 "o in/ance be+ kept 9 ?is conf9$ position = two consecutive days4 ,s long z an adequate supply ( fre% wat] 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! celluloid vessel 9 :i* x 0 encas$ x exp]i5c$ no tr\ble 9 respiration4 ,9 ! case ( ! toad & frog ! subject 0 kept 9 a prone position by atta*+ ?9 ribbons to ! legs & ext5d+ ! latt] to _! utmo/ s t ! dige/ive organs might be radiograph$ cle>ly1 di/9ctly1 & )\t difficulty4 ,! liz>d1 :i* is v difficult to photograph1 0 secur$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! birds likewise 7 atta*$ by _! legs1 & _h _! w+s ext5d$ s t ! body came directly 9 ! pa? ( ! rays4 ,:5 "y birds 7 "u inve/igation x 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 a circulation ( w>m wat] ar\nd _! bodies s t ! temp]ature might rema9 con/ant2 o!rwise ! dige/ive functions might h be5 di/urb$1 !reby invalidat+ ! value ( ! pictures4 ,9 "o inve/igation a f[l 0 plac$ 9 a pla/] ca/ s z to hold x p]fectly /ill & /eady4 ,! photographic spe$ 0 v>i$ accord+ to ! "* ( ! inve/igation & ! subject4 ,?us1 9 record+ ! dige/ion 9 ! /oma* & inte/9e ( ! tr\t1 an exposure 0 made e tw5ty seconds4 ,9 ! case ( ! toad ! spe$ 0 "o 9 e t5 seconds1 :ile ! *ick5 requir$ "o 9 e five4 ,"o ( ! mo/ novel exp]im5ts :i* ,monsieur ,c>vallo c>ri$ out 9 ?is p>ticul> field 0 to asc]ta9 ! ext5t to :i* dige/ion w cont9ue 9 ! inte/9e aft] x is remov$ f ! animal4 ,! dige/ive tube ( ! frog 0 select$ = ?is novel inve/igation & ! photographs tak5 at ! rate ( "o p] second illu/rate ! fact t ! dige/ive organ w cont9ue its functions long aft] its removal f ! body4 ,s9ce ! ye> #aijj :5 ,monsieur ,c>vallo c>ri$ out 8 sci5tific rese>*es ) ! ,rntg5 rays1 radiographic sci5ce has made great /rides4 ,rese>*es ( ?is "* no long] require elaborate & exp5sive app>atus4 ,?is has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,j4 ,com&on1 ! well-kn[n ,fr5* sci5ti/1 :o1 at ! laboratories ( ,messrs4 ,pa? ,frres1 has prep>$ "s magnific5t ,x-ray films 9 su* a mann] z to make !m int]e/+ to ! av]age patron ( ! picture palace4 ,dr4 ,com&on possesses ! unique ability ( s treat+ 8 subject z to make x appeal to ! unsci5tific m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,dr4 ,com&on's radio-c9ematographic app>atus4 ,9 8 sy/em ,dr4 ,com&on does n radio-c9ematograph directly 9 ! mann] ( ,monsieur ,c>vallo1 b has rec\rse to ! fluoresc5t scre51 !reby obta9+ 8 results mu* m simply & easily4 ,by ?is means1 also1 he is able to use ! /&>d c9ematograph cam]a & film )\t any modifications1 ! images ^u ! s5sitiz$ celluloid ribbon be+ ( ! normal size4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus us$ by ?is inve/igator is %[n 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #aj74 ,a room is divid$ by a p>tition ,a4 ,on "o side is plac$ a cam]a ,f ( ! conv5tional type4 ,on ! o!r is ! necess>y electrical app>atus4 ,an ap]ture ,b is provid$ 9 ! p>tition1 & ?is space is fill$ ) a fluoresc5t scre54 ,on "o side ( ! p>tition ,a c5trally 9 reg>d to ! fluoresc5t scre51 & a little di/ance !refrom1 is plac$ ! ,crookes tube ,c1 ! subject "u inve/igation be+ plac$ betwe5 ! tube & ! scre54 ,consequ5tly1 ! radiograph is project$ ^u ! fluoresc5t scre5 & ?is image is !n photograph$ by ! cam]a4 ,at ! normal photograph+ spe$ ! exposure is ab\t #a_/cb second4 ,! fluoresc5t scre5 employ$ by ,dr4 ,com&on is ( ! type kn[n z re9=c$4 ,x is cov]$ ) tung/ate ( calcium1 in/ead ( b>ium plat9o-cyanide4 ,) ?is scre5 ! ,rntg5 rays are int5sifi$1 or r are trans=m$1 ! lum9\s radiation be+ r5d]$ m act9ic & !re=e able to act m quickly ^u ! emulsion ( bromide ( silv] ) :i* ! film is coat$4 ,by us+ ?is fluoresc5t scre5 ! exposure is r$uc$ to ab\t "o-t5? ( :at w\ld be requir$ 7 ! subject radiograph$ direct4 ,! high t5sion curr5t is suppli$ f an app>atus ( a special type ,e ) :i* a curr5t z high z #ajj1jjj volts c be obta9$4 ,ano!r prom95t feature is ! high t5sion int]rupt] ,d1 :i* cuts ! electric circuit ( ! tube 9 & out1 9 syn*rony ) ! cam]a me*anism4 ,?us ! ,crookes tube is active :ile ! %utt] is op5 b inactive :ile x is clos$4 ,?is int]rupt] consi/s ( a small glass vessel1 *>g$ ) petrol1 & seal$ ) a cov] ( insulat+ mat]ial4 ,)9 ! vessel1 & spac$ ab\t #b in*es ap>t1 are two brackets1 :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! sides ( ! receptacle ?r\gh h]metically seal$ jo9ts4 ,to ^! brackets ! positive & negative wires are c\pl$4 ,above ! brackets1 & mov+ )9 ! vessel1 is an inv]t$ ,u-%ap$ piece4 ,?is slides up & d[n ?r\gh ap]tures provid$ = ! purpose 9 ! insulat$ cov]4 ,:5 l[]$ to its full ext5t ! arms re/ ^u ! brackets1 to :i* ! wires are atta*$1 & ?is contact completes ! electrical circuit4 ,a pulley wire is fix$ to ! c5tre ( ! inv]t$ ,u-piece to all[ x to be mov$ up & d[n z requir$4 ,! up-&-d[n movem5t s]ves z a make-&-break = ! circuit4 ,a lift ( a qu>t] ( an in* suffices to break ! circuit1 :i* lift is effect$ by ! me*anism ( ! cam]a ov] a sy/em ( cords & pulleys4 ,?us1 :5 ! cam]a h&le is turn$ to op5 ! %utt]1 ! contact piece 9 ! int]rupt] is l[]$1 ! circuit is complet$1 & ! ,crookes tube is br\ght into use4 ,directly ! %utt] is clos$ ! contact piece is rais$ & ! tube is disconnect$4 ,?is simple control p]mits ! exposure to be v>i$ f five or six to sixte5 exposures p] second1 :ile ! tube c be kept cont9u\sly at "w = z _m z fifty-five seconds if desir$4 ,! cam]a is fitt$ ) a l5s made f qu>tz1 :i* p]mits ! maximum quantity ( ! act9ic rays to pass ?r\gh to ! s5sitiz$ film4 ,! film is cov]$ ) an exceptionally s5sitive emulsion 9 ord] to ensure ! be/ results possible ) v %ort exposures4 ,9 ord] to protect ! spools ( film 9 ! cam]a f ! act9ic prop]ties ( ! rays diffus$ f ! fluoresc5t scre51 ! boxes are cov]$ ) %eet lead1 :ile ! op]ator is protect$ ) a lead apron1 su* z is us$ g5]ally 9 ,rntg5 ray inve/igations4 ,! _m int]e/+ films :i* ,dr4 ,com&on has produc$ (f] adequate te/imony to ! practicability & success ( ! sy/em :i* he has evolv$4 ,und\bt$ly x is ! simple/ & mo/ inexp5sive me?od ( radio-c9ematography :i* has be5 br\ght into practical op]ation up to ! pres5t1 & x is "o :i* may be foll[$ by ! private inve/igator ) su* modifications z may sugge/ !mselves 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,comb9+ ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,! ,,ultra-,,microscope ,,) ,,! ,,mov+-,,picture ,,cam]a ,"o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ fields 9 ! :ole realm ( animat$ photography is ! film+ ( ! inf9itely small by ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,9 ?is mann] x is possible to cat* glimpses ( bact]ial & microbic life 9 natural movem5t1 & to ?r[ !m ^u ! scre51 :]e ! extreme magnification enables "o to foll[ ) ease ! motions ( a liv+ _w invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,fur!rmore1 ! repres5tation ^u ! scre5 is cle>]1 bright]1 m detail$1 & easi] to foll[1 ?an any image se5 directly ?r\gh ! microscope4 ,!re is an abs5ce ( t di/ortion & unnatural motion :i* (t5 occur :5 ! microscope alone is us$4 ,micro-c9ematography may be ei!r co/ly or *eap4 ,z ! op]ator 9 a well-equipp$ laboratory is able to use a cam]a co/+ #ajj 7#ejj71 x is only natural to suppose t he w also be able to comm& ! s]vices ( ! mo/ exp5sive type ( microscope4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! indep5d5t work]1 =c$ by circum/ances to be cont5t ) an inexp5sive cam]a1 w h to d ! be/ he c ) an inexp5sive microscope also4 ,yet ! inve/igator ( ea* class c accompli% excell5t "w 9 8 own sph]e4 ,i h se5 "s v f9e films ( microscopic subjects :i* 7 tak5 ) an in/rum5t co/+ less ?an a sov]eign4 ,f ! g5]al po9t ( view !y comp>$ v fav\rably ) ^? obta9$ ) an in/rum5t tw5ty times z co/ly4 ,s long z ! amateur does n attempt to emb>k ^u "w :i* is beyond ! capacity ( 8 microscope1 & is cont5t to "w ) subjects ( relatively l>ge size1 !re is no reason :y he %\ld n be able to take mo/ int]e/+ pictures4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( micro-c9ematographic subjects x is ess5tial t ! in/rum5ts %\ld be m\nt$ ^u a solid base1 a heavy b5* or table1 s t vibrations may be z slight z possible4 ,! cam]a may be turn$ by h& or driv5 by an electric motor ?r\gh belts & pulleys4 ,! me?od ( m\nt+ ! microscope 9 its relation to ! cam]a may be v>i$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ! microscope is m\nt$ horizontally ) ! /age on :i* ! subject is plac$ set v]tically1 ! subject itself be+ 9 l9e ) ! middle ( ! c9ematograph l5s4 ,9 work+ ) ! microscope x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! objects are se5 by transp>5ce4 ,t is to say1 ! ray ( light passes directly ?r\gh1 or ar\nd1 ! object1 caus+ x to /& out d>kly ^u a lum9\s backgr\nd4 ,f ?is arises "o ( ! limitations ( ! microscope4 ,if ! subjects !mselves are :olly or ne>ly transp>5t1 !y become :olly or ne>ly indi/+ui%able 9 ! illum9at$ field 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,9 /ill-life microscopical /udy ?is disadvantage is ov]come by col\r+ ! glass slide on :i* ! subjects are deposit$1 b 9 c9ematography ?is op]ation is ru9\s to ! "w = ! simple reason t ! anil9e dye us$ to col\r ! slide kills ! microbe ^: life & movem5ts are to be obs]v$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t v small organisms1 z a rule1 move at a spe$ :i* is q disproportionate to _! size4 ,"s w d>t hi!r & ?i!r across ! field ( ! microscope ) ! spe$ ( lightn+1 :ile o!rs w move ) great delib]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ case a photograph+ spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second w sc>cely suffice to give a fai?ful record ( movem5t4 ,! result w be a s]ies ( disconnect$ jumps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! object moves sl[ly1 a photograph+ spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second may be too rapid4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! phase ( movem5t betwe5 two successive pictures w be s slight t ! projection on ! scre5 w appe> tame unless ! express object is to indicate ! sl[ness ) :i* ! organism moves4 ,& inde$ ?is object c be a*iev$ ) almo/ equally good results by tak+ ! pictures at a sl[] spe$1 say eight1 f\r1 or ev5 two images p] second1 & ?us sav+ a good deal ( film4 ,9 mo/ cases ! micro-c9ematograph] works 9 a /ate ( ignorance4 ,he does n "k :e!r he is obta9+ a good or a bad film4 ,8 subject may be mov+1 or x may be quiesc5t1 or x may hov] r\nd ! extreme edge ( ! lum9\s field1 9 :i* case ! pictures w be useless4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,james ,williamson & ,dr4 ,spitta 7 engag$ on micro-c9ematograph /udies "s ye>s ago1 !y introduc$ a means ( foll[+ ! subject ?r\gh a second tube1 & 9 ?is way 7 able to make c]ta9 t ! cam]a 0 work+ only dur+ ^? p]iods :5 ! subject 0 9 full activity1 ne> ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,9 ?is way a consid]able sav+ 9 film 0 effect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,micro-,,c9ematograph ,,us$ ,,at ,,! ,,m>ey ,,in/itute ,,= ,,inve/igat+ ,,m9ute ,,aquatic ,,life4 ,a4 ,"o turn "o picture control me*anism4 ,b4 ,cam]a4 ,c4 ,microscope4 ,p4 ,small tank 9 :i* organism is plac$1 ?r\gh :i* a /ream ( wat] f tank ,f runs cont9ually4 ,e4 ,inc&esc5t gas jet = illum9at+ object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,micro-,,c9ematography3 ,,! ,,proboscis ,,( ,,! ,,bl[-,,fly4 ,ano!r difficulty is ! selection & control ( ! light4 ,attempts h be5 made to conc5trate sol> light by means ( a p>abolic reflector or l5s1 & !n to ?r[ x ?r\gh ! microscope slide4 ,! great drawback to ?is sy/em is t int5se heat is ?r[n ^u ! slide conta9+ ! organisms1 & = ^! small creatures heat spells dea?4 ,! same difficulties arise ) acetyl5e & electric light4 ,:at is necess>y is ei!r to ext+ui% ! light at int]vals1 9 syn*rony ) ! clos+ ( ! l5s1 or to int]cept x s z to keep x (f ! subject until ! exposure is to be made4 ,?is is done 9 a v>iety ( ways by diff]5t work]s4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 ,messrs4 ,bull & ,pizon ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute 7 engag$ 9 ! micro-c9ema /udy ( a colony ( m>9e organisms1 !y adopt$ ! app>atus & me?od ( arrangem5t %[n 9 ! illu/ration fac+ p4 #afd4 ,! microscope ,c 0 atta*$ to ! c9ematograph ,b :i* 0 driv5 by ! clock ,a4 ,9 ?is case x 0 only necess>y to make exposures at relatively long int]vals1 & to cont9ue !m ?r\gh sev]al days & nights1 s z to obta9 a complete cycle ( ! phases ( ! developm5t ( ! organisms4 ,consequ5tly ! clock 0 introduc$ 9 ord] to make ! exposures at ! "r int]vals4 ,! organisms 7 plac$ 9 a small flat glass tank or vessel ,d1 & 7 illum9at$ by ! light f an inc&esc5t gas burn]4 ,z x 0 unnecess>y to keep ! burn] alight dur+ ! p]iods :5 ! %utt] 0 clos$1 ,messrs4 ,bull & ,pizon introduc$ a means ( turn+ ! light up & d[n4 ,?is 0 effect$ by a small electric magnet1 work+ 9 syn*rony ) ! clock & controll+ ! light s t ! subject 0 illum9at$ only dur+ exposure4 ,z ! /udies 7 prolong$ x 0 ess5tial t ! wat] 9 :i* ! organisms 7 plac$ %\ld be kept fre% & sweet4 ,a glass j> ,f 0 introduc$ to s]ve z a res]voir1 & f ?is a tube ext5d$ to ! vessel ,d4 ,a con/ant fl[ ( wat] 0 ?us provid$4 ,its circulation 0 ensur$ by ano!r glass tube ext5d+ f ! vessel ,p to ! wa/e4 ,! fl[ ( wat] 0 controll$ to a nicety by means ( a tap )\t ! production ( bubbles or any o!r di/urbance 9 ! vessel ,d4 ,9 ?is mann] ! colony 0 pres]v$ to ! be/ advantage & 9 full activity4 ,"s su* sy/em ( circulation is necess>y 9 all cases :]e ! inve/igations are to la/ a long "t4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! ,m>ey ,in/itute has mu* improv$ its micro-c9ematographic app>atus4 ,! microscope is n[ c>ri$ 9 a v]tical position 9 front ( ! support :i* holds ! cam]a4 ,! cam]a is fitt$ ) an ext]nal bell[s :i* c>ries a prism at its out] extremity4 ,! prism is br\ght ov] ! eye-piece ( ! microscope4 ,! rays ( light /rik+ ! turn+ mirror on ! base ( ! microscope are project$ upw>ds ?r\gh ! object side or vessel & !n ?r\gh ! eye-piece to ! prism4 ,"h ! rays are b5t at "r angles1 & are ?us direct$ ^u ! travell+ film 9 ! cam]a4 ,! cam]a is driv5 electrically1 ! motor be+ m\nt$ )9 ! box =m+ ! base4 ,me*anism is introduc$ :]eby ! numb] ( photographs p] second may be v>i$ )9 wide limits4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is app>atus is ! means adopt$ to enable ! work] to foll[ ! movem5ts ( ! object s t ! cam]a c be /opp$ :5 !y are ( no mom5t or are n suffici5tly ne> ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,a small proportion ( ! light rays :i* h pass$ ?r\gh ! microscope are deflect$ f ! prism m\nt$ ^u ! eye-piece & ?r[n into a small view f9d] beside ! cam]a4 ,look+ into ?is view f9d] "o c see exactly :at is happ5+ ^u ! /age ( ! microscope4 ,?is novel atta*m5t enables ! wa/e ( film to be r$uc$ to almo/ no?+4 ,! "* ( ! illum9ant also c be v>i$4 ,sunlight may be caught by ! mirror ( ! microscope & project$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t z well z ! beam f an electric light1 inc&esc5t gas burn]1 or :at n4 ,) ?is effective & compact app>atus _m m>vell\s microscopic exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out at ! ,in/itute1 su* z ! film+ ( ! he>t-beats ( m9ute insects1 & s =?4 ,"o v fasc9at+ inve/igation 0 t c>ri$ out by ,dr4 ,j4 ,ries1 ( ,switz]l&1 :]eby he secur$ a c9ematographic record ( ! diff]5t phases ( ! union ( ! sp]m & ! egg1 z well z ! sep>ation ( ! membrane & segm5tation ( ! sea ur*94 ,! difficulties ( su* a delicate /udy 7 extreme1 b ! films obta9$ 7 ( ! utmo/ int]e/4 ,!y enabl$ ! inve/igator to recon/ruct ^u ! scre5 ! complete ph5om5on ( fecundation4 ,= ?is /udy ! subject _h to be photograph$ :ile imm]s$ 9 a small vessel conta9+ artificially prep>$ sea-wat]1 :i* 0 r5ew$ z requir$4 ,! clock control enabl$ ! cam]a me*anism to be s turn$ z to secure a regul> s]ies ( exposures at ! rate ( sev5 p] m9ute4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,jean ,com&on set himself to c9ematograph ! mo/ m9ute microbes1 :i* are s small t two million may be f\nd 9 a cube measur+ only "o-tw5ty-fif? ( an in*1 he appreciat$ ! limitations ( ! ord9>y microscope1 & ! impossibility ( obta9+ images cle>ly & di/9ctly !re)4 ,s he resort$ to ! ultra-microscope4 ,) ?is in/rum5t ! light is n ?r[n directly ?r\gh ! slide conta9+ ! object1 b is direct$ ^u x by reflection f a light :i* /&s at "o side4 ,b5ea? ! object to be exam9$ is plac$ a glass prism1 or cond5s]1 set at "r angles to ! optical axis ( ! microscope1 ! result be+ t ! light ent]s ! slide ?r\gh ! edge4 ,! objects "u exam9ation1 in/ead ( appe>+ z d>k objects aga9/ a lum9\s gr\nd z 9 ! direct transmission ( ! light1 appe> lum9\s 9 !mselves & /& out z bright spots aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd4 ,by ! aid ( ?is in/rum5t1 p>ticles :i* are beyond ! scope ( vision ) ! highe/ p[]$ microscopes may be se5 ) ease4 ,?us ?is ,fr5* inve/igator 0 able to photograph ev5 ! mo/ m9ute organisms4 ,! well-kn[n firm ( ,pa? ,frres plac$ _! laboratory & res\rces at 8 disposal1 s t ! "w might be done "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,ev5 !n two ye>s pass$ be=e a successful detail$ film 0 obta9$1 & an app>atus made p]fect = ?is class ( "w4 ,! complete app>atus is set ^u a massive b5*1 s z to secure absolute rigidity1 because vibrations are fatal to good results4 ,slight modifications are sometimes ne$$1 b 9 mo/ cases ! same appliances are us$1 & 9 ! same way4 ,! light is furni%$ f a #cj-;ampre electric arc lamp4 ,9 front ( ?is is arrang$ a s]ies ( l5ses = conc5trat+ & v>y+ ! rays1 :ile all excess ( lum9osity is cut (f f ! microscope by means ( a diaphragm4 ,! microscope itself is set horizontally1 ) its longitud9al optical axis 9 l9e ) t ( ! cam]a1 & its eye-piece br\ght aga9/ ! cam]a l5s4 ,! cam]a is "o ( ! ,pa? models ) deta*able d>k-boxes4 ,! ray ( light ?r[n f ! electric lamp is conc5trat$ & !n falls ^u ! microscope cond5s]1 :i* deflects x s t ! objects "u /udy become illum9at$1 no light ent]+ ! tube ( ! microscope4 ,! cam]a may be turn$ by h&1 or by a small electric motor1 ! latt] giv+ an improv$ rot>y motion ) ! lea/ possible vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,micro-,,c9ematograph ,,us$ ,,at ,,! ,,m>ey ,,in/itute4 ,a4 ,special cond5s]4 ,b4 ,electric arc light4 ,c4 ,cam]a4 ,d4 ,%utt] betwe5 light & object4 ,m4 ,microscope4 ,o4 ,object "u exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,,"o ,,( ,,dr4 ,,com&on',s ,,galvanic ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,p>amoecia4 ,"u ! action ( electric curr5t ! organisms p]=m /range evolutions4 ,"o ( ! difficulties :i* h>ass$ all ! e>ly ef=ts 9 micro-c9ematography 0 ! control ( ! light s t ! subjects might n be kill$ by ! heat g5]at$ by ! conc5trat$ rays4 ,at fir/ an inve/igation c\ld n be cont9u$ = m ?an a second or two1 because ! microbes 7 kill$ by ! heat4 ,see+ t ! pictures 7 tak5 at ! rate ( sixte5 p] second1 an int]mitt5t light+ sy/em 9 syn*rony ) ! op5+ ( ! l5s 0 difficult to obta91 z !re 0 ! risk t ! maximum illum9ation might n be ?r[n ^u ! subject at ! precise fraction ( a second dur+ :i* ! l5s 0 op54 ,_m +5i\s exp$i5ts 7 te/$ to remove ?is disability1 b )\t success1 until at la/ ,dr4 ,com&on conceiv$ ! idea ( introduc+ a rot>y %utt]1 simil> to t fitt$ to ! cam]a itself4 ,?is 0 tri$1 ! %utt] be+ plac$ betwe5 ! cond5s]s & ! /age on :i* ! objects 7 set up4 ,?is %utt] 0 revolv$ by ! same me*anism z drove ! cam]a %utt]1 & 0 s tim$ t ! opaque sector int]rupt$ ! ray ( light at ! same mom5t z ! cam]a %utt] eclips$ ! l5s4 ,9 ?is way ! microbes 7 protect$ f ! heat ( ! light :ile ! l5s 0 clos$1 & x 0 possible to keep !m alive & 9 full activity 9 ! slide = a consid]able "t4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts sugge/$ improvem5ts 9 ?is %utt]1 & n[ ! sci5ti/s employ "o 9 :i* !re are two or ?ree opaque sectors ( equal area spac$ equidi/antly1 s t only a fla% ( light is ?r[n ^u ! microbes at ! in/ant ( exposure4 ,/ill fur!r to less5 ! evils ( ! heat a wat] cond5s] has be5 introduc$ betwe5 two ( ! glass cond5s]s plac$ ne> ! lamp4 ,?is is a small circul> vessel l a big l5s4 ,x is fill$ ) cold wat] & provid$ ) ! means to remove ! ill effects ( bubbl+ :5 ! temp]ature rises to boil+ po9t4 ,! sy/em is v mu* ! same z t adopt$ by ! ,lumire ,bro!rs :5 !y fir/ us$ ! electric arc = ! purpose ( projection & ) ! same object--to protect ! inflammable celluloid film f ! heat radiat$ by ! light4 ,) ?is +5i\s & simplifi$ app>atus ,dr4 ,com&on has prep>$ "s v rem>kable films :i* h s]v$ to introduce ! picture palace patrons z well z ! sci5ti/s to phases ( life ab\t :i* little 0 =m]ly kn[n4 ,:5 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ! subject 9 "s cases is magnifi$ z _m z fifty ?\s& times1 s t ! inf9itesimal organisms /& up z l>ge z d9n] plates & _! movem5ts & /ructure & habits c easily be foll[$ by ! eye4 ,:5 ! e>lie/ films prep>$ by ,dr4 ,com&on 7 %[n by ,dr4 ,da/re1 ( ! ,sorbonne1 to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 x 0 imm$iately realis$ t ?is 0 a new & reliable means ( /udy+ bact]ia1 & t _m que/ions :i* h]et(ore _h prov$ utt]ly unansw]able c\ld n[ be solv$ ) ease & precision4 ,a little lat] ! films 7 introduc$ to ! public1 & al?\gh x 0 fe>$ t !y w\ld prove ( only fleet+ int]e/ to ! man 9 ! /reet !y h really int]e/$ him almo/ z deeply z ! sci5ti/s4 ,good films ( bact]ia nev] fail to please a picture palace audi5ce4 ,at pres5t ! prep>ation ( ^! films is conf9$ to a v small b& ( inve/igators4 ,s f> z bact]iology is conc]n$ x is exp]t "w1 b !re are _m applications )9 ! rea* ( ! av]age microscopi/4 ,c9ematography has be5 ( use 9 spread+ ! k ( ! facts ( heal? & hygi5e1 & n[ t !re are propag&i/ movem5ts on ^! subjects ! aid ( ! liv+ pictures w be m ?an ev] appreciat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,micro-,,motion ,,/udy3 ,,h[ ,,increas$ ,,work%op ,,effici5cy ,,is ,,obta9able ,,) ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,9 ^! days ( competition x is obvi\s t ! e/abli%m5t 9 :i* ! ma*9]y is mo/ effici5t1 ! workm5 mo/ skilful1 & ! lab\r mo/ economically exp5d$ has ! be/ *ance ( success 9 its p>ticul> l9e ( bus9ess4 ,^! are ! days ( sci5tific organisation & managem5t1 ! value ( :i*1 develop$ ^u rational l9es1 _c be d5i$4 ,b x has rema9$ = ! c9ematograph to indicate ! true l9es along :i* su* developm5ts %\ld be cont9u$4 ,= in/ance1 !re may be two workm5 ( equal skill & indu/ry1 ea* ( :om is giv5 an id5tical job4 ,"o completes 8 task 9 less "t ?an ! o!r1 al?\gh ! two m5 are admitt$ly ( equal ability4 ,!y may be *eck$ f /age to /age by ! /op-wat*1 b ?is w reveal no?+ conclusive1 z ! advantage f /age to /age w fluctuate betwe5 ! two4 ,x is only 9 ! aggregate t ! sup]iority ( ! "o ov] ! o!r is se54 ,! sup]iority may be s slight z to be almo/ negligible1 b ! fact t x exi/s is suffici5t to prove t !re is some?+ wrong some:]e4 ,:]e is x8 ,h[ c x be detect$8 ,hi!rto sci5tific managem5t & /op-wat* me?ods h be5 f\nd want+4 ,! riddle c be solv$ 9 "o way only1 z inve/igations h %[n1 & t is by mov+ pictures4 ,?is new phase ( sci5tific managem5t has be5 evolv$ & p]fect$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,gilbre?1 ( ,new ,york1 an em95t au?ority ^u ! subject ( work%op organisation4 ,he has giv5 x ! title ( ,micro-,motion ,/udy4 ,z ! "n implies x conc]ns ! inve/igation ( small movem5ts by ! ord9>y /&>d c9ematograph & ! "t measurem5t ( ea* action4 ,:ile ?is p>ticul> l9e ( /udy may n be entirely new1 s9ce ,m>ey & 8 contempor>ies 9 ! /udy ( movem5t indicat$ su* a possible application1 yet ,mr4 ,gilbre? is ! fir/ to r$uce x to a sci5ce4 ,!re=e he is ju/ly entitl$ to ! cr$it ( p]fect+ ?is mo/ important developm5t ( sci5tific managem5t4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! tim+ me*anism4 ,?is mu/ be ( ! simple/ type & ( unimpea*able accuracy4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h describ$ ! *ronoscope :i* 0 us$ by ,m>ey4 ,mr4 ,gilbre?1 = ! purposes ( 8 "w1 has evolv$ a clock work+ ^u a simil> pr9ciple4 ,?is clock1 fitt$ ) "o h&1 is design$ to make "o complete revolution 9 six seconds4 ,! indications on its dial are z foll[s3 ,! l>g] divisions repres5t t5?s ( a revolution4 ,ea* ( ^! is divid$ into two1 !reby %[+ tw5tie?s ( a revolution1 & ^! latt] are fur!r sub-divid$ into fif?s1 s t ! dial is divid$ into "o hundr$ p>ts4 ,ea* ( ^! divisions repres5ts ! ?\s&? "p ( a m9ute1 :ile ! clock c be read easily to half-?\s&?s ( a m9ute4 ,?is clock1 toge!r ) "o ( ! ord9>y type1 is us$ 9 ea* inve/igation4 ,bo? are prom95tly display$ 9 ! image s t ! "t int]val f picture to picture may be det]m9$ exactly4 ,! ord9>y clock is necess>y1 z x %[s ! total "t occupi$ 9 an op]ation4 ,! special clock1 on ! o!r h&1 s]ves = tim+ ! diff]5t /ages or motions involv$ 9 complet+ ! task4 ,! pr9ciple may be utilis$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 z has be5 prov$ at ! works ( ! ,new ,engl& ,butt ,company ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! manag] ( ?is conc]n1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,aldri*1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to recognise ! value & possibilities ( micro-motion /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,micro-,,c9ematography3 ,,bl[-,,fly ,,eat+ ,,honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,! +5i\s ,gilbre? clock1 graduat$ to "o-?\s&?s ( a m9ute4 ,! rack1 %[+ disposition ( compon5t p>ts = ! assembl+ te/4 ,,micro-,,motion ,,/udy3 ,,! ,,late/ ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,sci5tific ,,managem5t4 ,x is an e/abli%m5t devot$ to ! manufacture ( ma*9]y = mak+ braid+1 su* z trimm+s = ladies' dresses1 & s =?4 ,! ma*9es are built = ! mo/ "p f small light ca/+s1 :i* are ma*9$ only slightly1 b :i* mu/ fit toge!r )\t ! necessity ( fil+ or f9ick+ h&-"w4 ,9 ord] to improve ! effici5cy ( ! factory & incid5tally to augm5t its output & pr(it1 exp]ts 7 call$ 9 f "t to "t to say :]e modifications ( process might r$uce ! manufactur+ co/s4 ,diff]5t op]ations 9 ! assembl+ ( ! pieces 7 tim$4 ,! result 0 ! discov]y ( m exp$iti\s me?ods ( putt+ ! pieces toge!r4 ,su* "t-/udy inve/igations also suppli$ a basis = comput+ ! v>i\s scales & sy/ems ( paym5t = "w done4 ,not)/&+ ! high pit* ( effici5cy to :i* ! factory 0 br\ght by ^! me?ods1 ,mr4 ,aldri* felt conv9c$ t /ill fur!r spe$+-up might be accompli%$ )\t ov]-driv+ ! m54 ,s he call$ 9 ,mr4 ,gilbre? & 8 c9ematographic me?od4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! highe/ results1 ! mo/ exp]t workman 0 tak5 z ! subject ( ! exp]im5t4 ,9 "o corn] ( ! assembl+ room ! wall & floor 7 m>k$ (f into f\r-in* squ>es4 ,9 ?is space 0 plac$ ! b5*1 toge!r ) ! sets ( compon5t p>ts4 ,"h !re 0 a slight div]g5ce f ! exi/+ practice 9 ! factory4 ,in/ead ( tak+ ! pieces f v>i\s boxes1 packets ( p>ts 7 plac$ 9 conv5i5t positions ^u a rack4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 ! prop] sequ5ce1 s t ! workman 0 sav$ ! task ( ?9k+ :5 select+ ! successive pieces4 ,he 0 able to take !m up quickly & correctly 9 a me*anical k9d ( way4 ,! tim+ clocks 7 plac$ 9 a prom95t position fac+ ! cam]a1 & :5 all 0 ready1 ! workman 0 giv5 ! ^w to />t4 ,! :ole op]ation ( fitt+ ! pieces ( a ma*9e toge!r 7 film$ 9 ?is mann] s z to give a complete c9ematographic record ( ! assembl+ ( a ma*9e4 ,n[ 9 micro-motion /udy ! films are n int5d$ = projection4 ,in/ead ( be+ scre5$1 ! pictures are /udi$ ) ! aid ( a magnify+ glass1 ! motion 9 ea* picture be+ closely exam9$ to detect :e!r x is ess5tial to ! task1 :e!r x might be elim9at$1 or %ort5$4 ,z ! wall & floor are m>k$ (f into f\r-in* squ>es1 ! inve/igator is enabl$ to asc]ta9 ! precise l5g? ( ea* movem5t 9 pick+ up & fitt+ ! p>ts4 ,at ! same "t1 su* m>k+-(f enables ! exp]t to see :e!r ! b5* & rack ( packets conta9+ ! compon5t p>ts ( ! ma*9e are dispos$ mo/ advantage\sly 9 relation to ! me*anic1 & also :e!r ! latt] /&s 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t position be=e 8 "w1 to fulfil 8 task 9 ! %orte/ possible "t & ) ! m9imum ( physical ef=t4 ,z might be suppos$1 ! individual /udy ( ea* picture 9 a film toge!r ) ! foll[+ & tim+ ( ea* elem5t>y motion is a t$i\s task = ! exp]t4 ,?is may be realis$ :5 x is po9t$ out t ! "t int]val = ea* picture is only #a_/cb "p ( a second4 ,b ! lab\r is n wa/$4 ,! se>*+ analysis is sure to reveal :]e a movem5t may be accel]at$ "h1 or eas$ !re1 :y x w\ld be pref]able to set ! rack 9 ?is position1 or :y x w\ld be bett] if ! me*anic fac$ 8 "w 9 su* & su* a way4 ,?is is ! sole object ( micro-motion /udy4 ,no?+ rivals ! c9ematograph = pick+ a movem5t rel5tlessly to pieces4 ,! mo/ exp]t workman is tak5 = ! purpose ( ! inve/igation because 8 skill mu/ be dep5d5t ^u 8 ability to r$uce movem5ts to ! m9imum4 ,moreov]1 he s]ves z an excell5t model = spe$+-up if su* is requir$4 ,by ! "t 8 workman%ip has be5 analys$ & p]fect$ by ! elim9ation ( all wa/e or unnecess>y motions1 & by 8 ma/]y ( ! be/ me?ods1 ! photograph+ 9 animation ( 8 exp]i5ce s]ves z a patt]n = ! b5efit ( all 9 ! factory4 ,"s rem>kable results h be5 accompli%$ by ?is new phase 9 sci5tific managem5t4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ braid+ factory ! analysis ( ! movem5ts incid5tal to a p>ticul> op]ation enabl$ ! "t occupi$ ^u "o task to be r$uc$ f #cg-a_/b to #h-a_/b m9utes4 ,9 o!r words1 ! workman 0 able to p]=m m ?an f\r times 8 previ\s volume ( "w 9 an eight-h\r day aft] 8 motions _h be5 analys$ by ! c9ematograph4 ,nor is he driv5 h>d] to a*ieve ?is end3 he is able to d x because all wa/e motions h be5 elim9at$4 ,! great value ( micro-motion /udy is t x facilitates ! transmission ( skill f man to record4 ,x provides a reliable way ( transf]r+ exp]i5ce f a man :o has ga9$ x to "o :o has nev] _h x4 ,x acts z a *eck ^u ! "w4 ,! e/abli%m5t is provid$ ) an unassailable record ( ! "t occupi$ ?r\gh\t e dep>tm5t1 & consequ5tly holds a complete *eck ^u ! skill & capacity ( e man4 ,if !re is a decrease 9 ! output1 %[+ slackness to exi/ some:]e1 x c be trac$ be=e mat]ial damage is inflict$4 ,e workman is kept up to conc]t pit*1 & ! maximum "w p] man is obta9$ )\t resort to driv+ or ru%+4 ,!re is no limit to ! applications ( micro-motion /udy4 ,obvi\sly1 al?\gh ! be/ ef=ts ( e man are requir$1 x is ess5tial t ! records %\ld be tak5 "u normal conditions1 s z to provide a fair basis4 ,to introduce special arrangem5ts = ! te/ is to de/roy ! value ( ! inve/igations1 because ! o!r m5 w retort t !y _c equal ! p]=mance unless !y h ! same facilities4 ,! workm5 are nev] p]mitt$ to see ! mov+-picture record ( _! "w4 ,nei!r are !y %[n contra/+ views ( h[ & h[ n to d a ?+4 ,! pictures are m]ely = ! use ( ! inve/igator4 ,:5 x is necess>y to communicate ! results ( an exp]im5t to ! workman1 he is giv5 no opportunity = argum5t4 ,he is m]ely told h[ to d ?is or t1 accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ga!r$ f an intimate /udy ( ! photographic record4 ,?is application ( ! c9ematograph has be5 develop$ also = ! b5efit ( appr5tices4 ,a y\? :o is tra9$ on ! correct l9es f ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 duties has ! be/ *ance ( becom+ an exp]t workman1 & = him ! use ( micro-motion /udy is invaluable4 ,he c be tak5 ?r\gh e sep>ate motion /ep by /ep1 ! film us$ = ?is purpose be+ t ( ! mo/ p]fectly skill$ man4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 moreov]1 t a y\? c le>n 8 craft m quickly & intellig5tly by foll[+ x ^u ! scre5 ?an by be+ br\ght face to face ) ! actual "w at ! b5*4 ,he appe>s to conc5trate 8 att5tion bett] ^u ! mov+-picture lesson ?an ^u ! practical demon/ration1 al?\gh 9 bo? cases ! appeal is made to ! eye4 ,!re is yet ano!r valuable aspect ( ?is "w4 ,ent]pris+ & +5i\s m5 are con/antly devis+ improv$ processes 9 factory equipm5t4 ,at times _! revolution>y ideas are put into practice be=e !y are ?or\ghly und]/ood1 & ! result is f> f satisfactory4 ,! improvem5t proves to be m imag9>y ?an real4 ,b if rec\rse is fir/ _h to ! c9ematograph1 ! process c be submitt$ to a se>*+ practical trial be=e x is in/all$4 ,a film c be tak5 & ea* sep>ate image c be exam9$ m9utely ) ! aid ( ! magnify+ glass1 until a pretty complete idea is ga9$ z to ! true value ( ! inv5tion4 ,! pictorial "t record c be comp>$ ) ! be/ results secur$ "u ! exi/+ practice1 & ! manufactur] c asc]ta9 :at economies ! new plan w effect be=e a p5ny is exp5d$1 or ! work+ ( 8 factory disorganis$ by ! alt]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,gilbre? c9ematograph+ a man's "w aga9/ "t1 %[+ ! ,gilbre? clock4 ,b5* & p>ts arrang$ aft] te/ s z to secure assembl+ ( ma*9e ) fewe/ & %orte/ motions4 ,,! ,,gilbre? ,,me?od ,,= ,,improv+ ,,factory ,,effici5cy4 ,illu/ration3 #a #b ,,micro-,,motion ,,/udy3 ,,films ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,a ,,man',s ,,"w ,,is ,,analys$ ,,by ,,mov+ ,,pictures4 ,^! pictures are n ?r[n on ! scre51 b are exam9$ by a magnify+ glass4 7#a7 ,film ( workman assembl+ ma*9e1 %[+ ,gilbre? clock & ord9>y timepiece alongside4 7#b7 ,film ( rack & b5*1 floor m>k$ (f into #d-;in* squ>es1 & ,gilbre? clock4 ,micro-motion /udy by ! aid ( ! c9ematograph is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,b x appe>s to h a wide field ( utility4 ,! pictures c be tak5 at any desir$ spe$1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! "w photograph$1 b z a rule sixte5 pictures p] second w suffice4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ?is case ! record is n obta9$ = ! purpose ( /udy+ movem5t f ! sci5tific or physiological po9t ( view1 z ) ,m>ey's inve/igations1 b purely = ! purpose ( discov]+ :e!r c]ta9 motions are necess>y to c]ta9 tasks4 ,obvi\sly ! exp]t engag$ 9 ?is "w mu/ possess an intimate k ( movem5t s z to be able to foll[ ! motions closely & accurately ?r\gh _! natural cycles1 & mu/ also be famili> ) ! "w ( ! factory s z to tell :e!r a man is work+ to ! be/ advantage4 ,?is faculty alone dem&s a long appr5tice%ip1 = exp]i5ce is ! only guide4 ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,gilbre?1 :o has br\ght micro-motion /udy prom95tly be=e ! public1 has devot$ ye>s to ! subject4 ,he has become an unique au?ority ^u x4 ,n[ t its advantages are appreciat$1 "o may expect x to fill an ev5 wid] space 9 indu/rial life1 & to be appli$ 9 _m directions t are z yet undream$ (4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,motion ,,pictures ,,z ,,an ,,aid ,,to ,,sci5tific ,,inve/igation ,rapid /rides are be+ made 9 ! utilisation ( animat$ photography z an aid to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,x is a developm5t useful 9 all fields ( rese>* :]e ph5om5a c be record$ 9 pictorial =m4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey1 ! em95t ,fr5* sci5ti/1 0 ! pione] 9 ?is "w4 ,"o has only to p]use 8 classic "w ,movem5t#d to realise ! compreh5sive nature ( 8 /udies4 ,s ?or\ghly did he cov] ! gr\nd ( *ronophotography1 z x 0 !n call$1 t x is difficult to conceive :]e any new application ( ! motion picture c n[ be made4 #d ,movem5t1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey4 ,he9emann1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,aurora ,borealis always has be5 a subject fasc9at+ to sci5ti/s4 ,num]\s pap]s & bro*ures h be5 writt5 ab\t x1 & _m elaborate draw+s h be5 prep>$ to convey "s idea ( its *>act]i/ics & its kaleidoscopic *anges4 ,! draw+s1 h[ev]1 fail to conv9ce1 & ev5 ! few /ill-life photographs :i* h be5 tak5 are unev5tful4 ,realis+ ?is defici5cy a ,dani% pr(essor is /riv+ to record ! ,aurora ,borealis 9 motion ^u ! celluloid film4 ,a special cam]a has be5 design$ = 8 "w1 & ) ?is x is int5d$ to snap ! ph5om5a f a conv5i5t nor!rn po9t su* z ,spitzb]g5 or ,gre5l&1 n only = ! b5efit ( ! sci5tific _w b also = ! g5]al public :i* ent]ta9s only a hazy conception ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t if ?is inve/igator %\ld succe$ 9 8 difficult que/ he w reveal ^u ! scre5 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y wond]s ( ! _w4 ,:ile ! m>vell\s & weird col\r+ effects w be miss+1 ! curta9s ( light t drape ! sky1 & ! /range lum9\s %afts & gl>es :i* light ! heav5s1 %\ld provide a film ( int5se int]e/ & fasc9ation4 ,! mov+-picture cam]a is also be+ appli$ to ! record+ ( sol> eclipses ) a view to obta9+ a m impressioni/ic & intimate idea ( ! activity & ext5t ( ! flames :i* %oot f ! surface ( ! sun4 ,wond]ful /ill-life pictures ( ^! effects h be5 tak51 & x is only fair to assume t !y %\ld be capable ( be+ caught by ! motion-picture cam]a4 ,ef=ts are also be+ made to secure photographs ( ! heav5s1 b ! difficulties are v great4 ,! long exposure requir$ 9 ?is case is a heavy drawback1 b see+ t ! sl[e/ movem5ts ( ,nature c be record$ by ! c9ematograph1 & may be spe$$ up 9 projection to convey ! effect ( animation1 !re is no reason :y simil> mov+ pictures ( o!r worlds %\ld n be obta9$ by comb9+ ! mov+-picture cam]a ) ! telescope4 ,! moon foll[$ ?r\gh its phases w\ld yield an int]e/+ /udy1 &1 incid5tally1 a film ( ?is "* w\ld possess consid]able educational value4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t great activity is be+ manife/$ 9 ! application ( ! c9ematograph to me*anics4 ,two ,%effield inve/igators h design$ a /eel-te/+ ma*9e to :i* is atta*$ a microscope & a c9ematograph cam]a4 ,! piece ( /eel to be te/$ is plac$ 9 ! ma*9e & ! c9ematograph is set 9 motion4 ,by ?r[+ ! result+ pictures ^u ! scre5 x is possible to foll[ exactly :at takes place 9 ! molecul> con/ruction ( ! /eel :ile x is "u te/4 ,! idea has be5 appli$ to _m o!r phases ( me*anics ) equal success1 & !re h be5 _m discov]ies ( a te*nical nature :i* h _h _! effect ^u manufactur+ processes4 ,ano!r s]ies ( te*nical exp]im5ts 0 c>ri$ out by ,dr4 ,otto ,f*s1 pr(essor ( eng9e]+ at ! ,g]man ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool ( ,brnn4 ,! purpose 0 to elucidate "s hi!rto obscure po9ts 9 connection ) ! work+ ( /eam hamm]s4 ,inve/igations 9 ?is field h hi!rto proce$$ on ! graphic pr9ciple1 ! results be+ record$ by a /ylo cont9ually travell+ ov] calibrat$ pap]4 ,x is admitt$ t ?is sy/em leaves mu* to be desir$ because ! /ylo is n suffici5tly s5sitive1 & fails to record _m ( ! small] & m important movem5ts4 ,accord+ly1 ,dr4 ,f*s conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ ! mov+-picture cam]a 9 ! anticipation t mu* miss+ data might ?us be discov]$4 ,a special app>atus 0 design$4 ,9 reality x is an +5i\s comb9ation ( ! mov+-picture cam]a & ! graphic me?od4 ,!re is a pap] tape t passes cont9u\sly ov] two roll]s & has two /ylos con/antly be>+ on x4 ,^! /ylos are connect$ ) two indicators atta*$ to ! sides ( ! cyl9d] ( ! /eam hamm]1 & !y supply a cont9u\s record ( ! /eam pressure4 ,! pap] tape is mov$ by an electrically-driv5 ge>1 :ile "t int]vals are indicat$ by means ( clockwork me*anism4 ,s mu* = ! graphic portion4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rte\s p]mission ( ,dr4 ,otto ,f*s4 ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,a ,,/eam ,,hamm] ,,ram4 ,an illum9at$ index atta*$ to ! ram moves ov] a graduat$ scale1 :ile an illum9at$ clock indicates ! lapse ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,otto ,f,,*s' ,,app>atus ,,= ,,tak+ ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,op]ations ,,( ,a ,,/eam ,,hamm]4 ,:at ! c9ematographic portion supplies is a cont9u\s animat$ record ( ! movem5t ( ! ram ( ! hamm]4 ,atta*$ to ! ram is an index :i* moves up & d[n ov] a scale divid$ into c5timetres4 ,bo? ! index & ! scale are illum9at$ s t ! result giv5 by ! cam]a %[s a s]ies ( photographic images ( ! oscillat+ motion4 ,above ! illum9at$ f+] & scale is a clock simil> to ,m>ey's *ronoscope & ,gilbre?'s timepiece1 driv5 by clockwork1 & 9 syn*rony ) ! rema9d] ( ! me*anism4 ,?is scale likewise has its po9ts ( division illum9at$4 ,its use is to supply ! "t factor )\t :i* su* exp]im5ts are useless4 ,! ram1 ! index-f+]1 ! scale & ! clock are all record$ ^u ! film1 s t x is possible to tell ! v>y+ spe$s at :i* ! ram moves ?r\gh\t its travel4 ,! photograph+ spe$ may be v>i$ z desir$1 & z a diff]5t position is caught 9 ea* picture1 ! di/ance ! ram travels betwe5 two successive exposures1 toge!r ) ! "t occupi$ 9 complet+ ! cycle ( movem5t1 may be accurately gaug$4 ,! comb9ation ( ! pap] tape record] ) ! photographic "p ( ! app>atus af=ds a complete record ( ! ram's p]=mance4 ,! results are naturally ( a sev]ely te*nical "* & ( int]e/ only to p]sons conc]n$ ) me*anics4 ,b to ^! !y are v important inde$4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 complet$ by ,dr4 ,f*s h ?r[n mu* light ^u a difficult eng9e]+ problem4 ,!y h s]v$ to answ] que/ions affect+ ! design ( ! hamm] & its mo/ economical effici5t op]ation :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 insoluble4 ,f ! public po9t ( view ! films possess no int]e/ :atev]1 inasmu* z ! subject is illum9at$ & photograph$ 9 su* a way t only ! features ( te*nical int]e/ are br\ght out /rongly ^u ! film4 ,ano!r int]e/+ & pr(itable prov9ce ( ! c9ematograph is t conc]n+ balli/ics4 ,?is has be5 work$ out by ,monsieur ,luci5 ,bull at ! ,m>ey ,in/itute ) 8 cam]a capable ( tak+ two ?\s& pictures p] second "u ! illum9ation ( ! electric sp>k4 ,:ile ?is inve/igator did n apply 8 inv5tion directly to balli/ics he indicat$ ! mann] 9 :i* su* "w c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,! success ( 8 exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 prompt$ ano!r inve/igator to ent] ! field4 ,?is 0 ,dr4 ,cranz1 ( ! ,b]l9 ,milit>y ,academy4 ,! app>atus ?is pr(essor evolv$ has be5 devot$ exclusively to ! /udy ( ! flight ( projectiles & to photograph+ ! action ( ! me*anism ( ! magaz9e type ( fire>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,app>atus ,,devis$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,,luci5 ,,bull ,,= ,,tak+ #b1jjj ,,pictures ,,p] ,,second4 ,%[+ /]eoscopic cam]a1 int]rupt]1 cond5s]1 coil1 & resi/ance4 ,illum9ation is obta9$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 7#b7 ,,films ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,cranz ,,) ,,8 ,,rem>kable ,,cam]a4 7#a7 ,mov+-pictures ( ! ejection ( a c>tridge f an automatic pi/ol4 7#b7 ,motion photographs ( ! spl9t]+ ( a bone by a bullet4 ,! ,cranz app>atus is some:at m complicat$ ?an t design$ by ,monsieur ,bull1 ?\gh ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( op]ation is ! same4 ,! film1 resembl+ an endless belt1 is pass$ r\nd two /eel cyl9d]s1 "o ( :i* is driv5 by an electric motor4 ,images ( /&>d size are produc$ "u ! illum9ation ( ! electric sp>k1 :i* conc5trates ! maximum am\nt ( light ^u ! mov+ object4 ,! photograph is 9 silh\ette1 & ! disposition ( ! app>atus is su* t five hundr$ consecutive pictures c be made 9 "o-t5? ( a second1 ! p]iod ( exposure v>y+ betwe5 "o-million? & "o-t5-million? ( a second4 ,! out/&+ feature ( ! in/allation is ! special & novel type ( int]rupt]4 ,x consi/s ( a p5dulum by :i* ! sp>k+ is />t$ be=e ! projectile is fir$ & made to cont9ue until ! film has be5 exhau/$4 ,"s ( ! results obta9$ by ?is app>atus are v rem>kable4 ,:5 ! films are project$ ^u ! scre5 at ! av]age spe$ ( sixte5 pictures p] second ! flight ( ! bullet c be foll[$ ) ease4 ,"o film %[s ! effect ( a bullet /rik+ a susp5d$ india-rubb] ball fill$ ) wat]1 & br+s out ! rem>kable =mations ! ball assumes dur+ ! inf9itesimal "p ( a second :5 ! bullet is pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,ano!r int]e/+ film %[s ! effect ( a high velocity bullet /rik+ a bone1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! bone is spl9t]$ & sma%$ by ! =ce ( ! impact conveys a reali/ic impression ( ! de/ructive =ce ( ! mod]n rifle projectile4 ,! deadl9ess ( ! automatic pi/ol is well kn[n4 ,s9ce sev5 %ots may be dis*>g$ 9 f\r seconds1 ! movem5ts ( ! me*anism are too rapid to be foll[$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,yet by means ( ! ,cranz app>atus e motion is caught1 & ! :ole is sl[$ d[n 9 projection to su* a degree t ! complete cycle ( ! fir+ ( ! %ot & ! expulsion ( ! c>tridge1 :i* normally occupies only a fraction ( a second to complete1 occupies ab\t ?irty seconds ^u ! scre54 ,:5 ^! pictures 7 exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t a numb] ( black specks 7 obs]v$ to accompany ! expulsion ( ! sp5t c>tridge4 ,^! prov$ to be gra9s ( p[d] :i* _h n be5 ignit$4 ,_! exi/5ce _h nev] be=e be5 suspect$1 & ! result 0 curi\s4 ,aft] m9ute exam9ation ( ! pictures a *ange 0 effect$ 9 manufacture ( ! c>tridge s t ! wa/e ( p[d] ?r\gh non-ignition %\ld be r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,! success a*iev$ 9 ?is direction 0 %[n by ! abs5ce ( non-ignit$ gra9s 9 subsequ5t pictures4 ,ano!r wond]ful s]ies ( mov+ pictures 0 prep>$ by an ,am]ican oph?almic surgeon4 ,he emb>k$ ^u elaborate rese>*es to ga9 fur!r in=mation ab\t ! eye & its peculi>ities bo? 9 sickness & 9 heal?4 ,! illum9ation ( ! eye 0 c>ri$ out v clev]ly1 s z to obta9 ! greate/ possible brilliancy )\t caus+ fatigue to ! subject4 ,accord+ly 8 pictures 7 absolutely normal4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts glass plates 7 us$1 = ! reason t !y give results mu* f9] & m detail$ ?an celluloid4 ,9 celluloid ! gra9 ( ! base ( ! film is apt to be di/urb+ to v f9e /udies4 ,9 ?is way a great deal ( new in=mation 0 ga9$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable discov]ies 0 t ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! organ ( sight is f> great] ?an 0 previ\sly suppos$1 & t ! eye nev] is absolutely /ill1 ev5 :5 commonly reg>d$ z be+ fix$ & /eady4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s ! uses ( ! c9ematograph 9 m$ic9e h be5 mu* ext5d$4 ,a =m] *apt] has describ$ its application to ! /udy ( microbic life1 b ! late/ innovation is to employ x 9 ! op]at+ room4 ,! pages ( ! m$ical pap]s are fill$ ) reports ( curi\s & unusual surgical op]ations1 b m]e reports are necess>ily some:at imp]fect4 ,9 view ( ^! circum/ances x occurr$ to "o em95t surgeon t a c9ematographic record w\ld =m a fir/-class supplem5t to ! te*nical description4 ,! initial exp]im5t prov$ a complete success1 & accord+ly ! practice has be5 ext5d$4 ,9 ?is direction ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are tak+ a v active "p4 ,films ( ?is "* c be made to s]ve two useful purposes4 ,!y are valuable = ! transmission ( practical in=mation betwe5 m$ical m5 & are useful 9 ! lecture room among ! /ud5ts4 ,suppose a hospital 9 ,new ,york has a /range & unusual case = op]ation4 ,only ! /ud5ts 9 t e/abli%m5t h ! opportunity ( witness+ x4 ,b by ! aid ( ! mov+-picture cam]a & a lecture x c be reproduc$ 9 photographic animation ^u ! scre5 = ! b5efit ( m$ical graduates 9 ! v>i\s hospitals ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 rese>* "w1 su* z ! /udy ( new & unusual diseases1 especially ^? ( a tropical nature1 x is possible to obta9 a cont9u\s record ( a subject f ! mom5t ( infection ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( ! malady4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! /udy ( sleep+ sickness 9 ,ug&a1 ,colonel ,bruce _h =m]ly to cont5t himself ) a graphic record or *>t ( ! fluctuations ( a pati5t's condition1 ) explanatory notes introduc$ "h & !re :5 a sudd5 *ange 9 ! temp]ature or g5]al behavi\r ( ! pati5t develop$4 ,) ! c9ematograph x is possible to obta9 a pictorial record :i* conveys a m =ceful & exact impression ( ! symptoms4 ,an int]e/+ indication ( :at c\ld be done 9 ?is direction 0 ! film prep>$ by ,dr4 ,com&on4 ,he us$ a monkey = 8 subject1 infect+ x ) ! microbe ( sleep+ sickness discov]$ by ,colonel ,bruce4 ,! effects :i* ! bact]ia produc$ ^u ! monkey 7 admirably illu/rat$1 toge!r ) ! *anges t v>i\s rem$ies wr\ght 9 its condition4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! application ( ! c9ematograph to sci5tific rese>* ! greate/ /rides h be5 made 9 physiology4 ,?is 0 due to ,m>ey's en?usiasm 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,physiological ,in/itute 9 ,p>is :]e su* inve/igations 7 c>ri$ out ^u a mo/ exhau/ive scale4 ,! results ( ,m>ey's inve/igations are giv5 9 sev]al volumes & 9 hundr$s ( pap]s :i* he s5t to ! v>i\s ,fr5* sci5tific societies4 ,!re is no reason :y ! contributions ( ! c9ematograph to physiological k %\ld n be equall$ 9 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,up to ! pres5t ! inve/igation ( sci5tific ph5om5a ) ! aid ( motion-pictures has n be5 c>ri$ f>1 b !re are _m signs t its sph]e w be ext5d$ 9 ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,milit>y ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,c9ematograph ,among ! _m uses ( ! c9ematograph1 frivol\s & useful1 amus+ & in/ructive1 p]haps none has prov$ s difficult or illusive z ! attempt to apply x to soldi]+ = ! purpose ( improv+ m>ksman%ip4 ,! motion-picture _h sc>cely impress$ itself ^u ! public :5 ! w> dep>tm5ts ( ! v>i\s p[]s 7 flood$ ) sugge/ions & pat5ts = its employm5t 9 ?is sph]e4 ,ne$less to say ! majority ( ^! ideas 7 f\nd to be impracticable1 & probably ?is is ! reason :y ! animat$ t>get has n be5 s]i\sly tak5 up by milit>y au?orities4 ,not)/&+ ! _m disabilities "u :i* ! c9ematograph lab\rs1 x is g5]ally admitt$ t x has real practical value 9 ?is field up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,x is able to induce ! recruit to aim quickly & surely1 & ?is is to-day recognis$ z be+ ! gov]n+ consid]ation :e!r ! range be po9t-blank or long-di/ance4 ,"o ( ! fir/ practical developm5ts 9 ?is direction 0 t p]fect$ by ,messrs4 ,pat]son & ,musgrave4 ,_! wide & div]sifi$ exp]i5ce ( all t p]ta9s to %oot+ & t>gets enabl$ !m to avoid ! defects ( ! sy/em1 :i* to _m exp]im5t]s 7 n app>5t ow+ to a lack ( k4 ,! app>atus & me?od ( op]ation 7 v simple4 ,! t>get consi/$ ( an endless roll ( :ite pap] :i* s]v$ z ! scre51 & ^u :i* ! pictures 7 project$ f a po9t ne> ! fir+ l9e4 ,a self-record+ sy/em 0 incorporat$ :]eby ! result ( a %ot 0 transmitt$ back to ! fir+ l9e to in=m ! m>ksman ab\t ! value ( 8 hit4 ,z ! pap] became p]=at$ "u ! fusillade x 0 roll$ up4 ,! mo/ important feature ( ?is inv5tion 0 ! me*anism plac$ beh9d ! scre51 :i* syn*ronis$ ) ! movem5ts ( ! objects at :i* ! m>ksman aim$4 ,9 c9ematographic projection1 h[ev]1 ! ?r[ ( ! picture _c be ext5d$ beyond c]ta9 limits1 t is1 if a cle> view is to be pres5t$ to ^? seat$ f>!/ away f ! scre54 ,9 t>get practice ?is is a s]i\s disadvantage4 ,at a range ( #bjj feet m>ksman%ip w\ld be almo/ impossible1 ow+ to ! indi/9ctness ( ! image ^u ! :ite wall4 ,at t di/ance "o always receives an impression ( flick]4 ,:y ?is %\ld be s is n q app>5t1 ?\gh x is evid5tly gov]n$ by "s law ( optics4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t a picture is be+ foll[$ f a di/ance ( #bjj feet1 & a /ra9+ ( ! eyes is exp]i5c$4 ,?is may be ov]come m]ely by look+ at ! scre5 ?r\gh ! rev]se end ( a pair ( field glasses4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is usually makes ! object appe> to rec$e to a great di/ance1 b :5 x is done 9 connection ) mov+ pictures x makes ! images /& out m brilliantly & di/9ctly1 :ile !y are f> /eadi]1 ! flick]+ be+ almo/ entirely elim9at$4 ,9 fact1 if "o wi%es to witness a projection to ! be/ advantage ) ! m9imum ( eye fatigue1 ?is is ! way to d x4 ,x is obvi\s1 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ! di/ance ( ! m>ksman f ! t>get is re/rict$ some:at sev]ely4 ,f #ge to #ajj feet is consid]$ to be ! greate/ di/ance f :i* %oot+ c be practis$ to advantage4 ,s9ce ! mod]n automatic pi/ol w c>ry ab\t #hj y>ds1 :ile ! late/ types ( rifles h a range ( #a1jjj y>ds or m1 d\bts may be rais$ z to ! utility ( ! c9ematograph 9 m>ksman%ip4 ,9 ! ,pat]son-,musgrave inv5tion an +5i\s attempt to ov]come ?is disability 0 made by :at might be t]m$ a range comp5sation4 ,?is end 0 a*iev$ by mak+ ! figures ( v>y+ sizes1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ! m>ksman1 s t a t>get ( v>y+ size 0 pres5t$4 ,?us 9 "o case ! man w\ld appe> 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture & be ( relatively l>ge size1 correspond+ to ! t>get he w\ld (f] at a di/ance ( #ajj y>ds4 ,!n he w\ld be %[n some:at small] to repres5t #ejj y>ds1 & s on1 until at ! high] di/ances he (f]$ a v small t>get inde$4 ,f ! milit>y po9t ( view ! incid5ts 7 made z excit+ z possible1 & closely analog\s to actual w> conditions4 ,z a case 9 po9t1 ! man on ! scre5 w\ld be %[n beh9d cov]1 & aim+ directly at ! man on ! fir+ l9e4 ,8 movem5ts c\ld easily be foll[$4 ,he w\ld be se5 to expose himself slightly to sight 8 rifle & !n to fire4 ,! effect ^u ! m>ksman fir+ at ! t>get 0 ?rill+ 9 its app>5t realism1 because he unconsci\sly develop$ ! feel+ t he _h got to %oot fir/1 & /raight1 or he w\ld be hit4 ,! self-record+ sy/em enabl$ him to judge :e!r he _h got 8 %ot well home1 :ile ! judge c\ld decide :e!r ! m>ksman or ! photographic enemy _h fir$ fir/4 ,! judici\s selection ( subjects = portrayal ^u ! scre5 und\bt$ly s]v$ to develop a s5se ( sm>tness among ! m>ksm54 ,a decid$ improvem5t 9 quick-sight+ or snap-%oot+ 0 obta9$ toge!r ) a conc5tration ^u ! "w 9 h&4 ,projection 0 c>ri$ out ^u purely automatic l9es4 ,! projector 0 set work+ by a button control plac$ at ! fir+ po9t1 & press$ by ! m>ksman or 8 (fic]4 ,! in/ructor or (fic] _h ?us a complete control ov] ! :ole in/allation1 & 0 9 a position to make sure t 8 in/ructions 7 be+ foll[$1 z well z be+ able to tell :e!r 8 m5 7 quick 9 sight+4 ,despite ! _m +5i\s features incorporat$ 9 ?is idea1 x does n appe> to h met ) (ficial approval4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 ano!r inv5tion1 bas$ ^u a simil> idea4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! ,life ,t>get1 & x is +5i\s1 practical1 & well ?\ght out1 especially f ! me*anical & electrical po9ts ( view4 ,! orig9al idea 0 sugge/$ by a non-commission$ ,iri% (fic] :o f\ght ?r\gh ! ,bo] w>4 ,8 sugge/ion 9 its crude =m1 h[ev]1 0 sc>cely feasible1 b !re 7 ?ree o!r pat5ts available1 ea* ( :i* _h be5 design$ = a diff]5t purpose1 & x 0 realis$ t a comb9ation ( ! f\r w\ld enable a practicable c9ematographic t>get to be produc$4 ,ev5 !n1 innum]able exp]im5ts 7 requir$ be=e p]fection 0 ga9$4 ,9 ?is inv5tion ! sali5t feature is t :5 a %ot is fir$ at ! scre5 ! :ole ( ! me*anism is /opp$ = a v brief p]iod1 & ! hit is indicat$ by a bright spot ( light on ! t>get4 ,consequ5tly ! m>ksman is able to asc]ta9 in/antly ! effect ( 8 %ot1 & has no ne$ to remove 8 eye f ! object at :i* he has aim$4 ,?is is a di/9ct advantage1 because ! m>ksman c keep 8 sight ready = ! succe$+ %ot1 :i* may be fir$ in/antly ! me*anism resumes work+4 ,directly ! film beg9s to move once m ! previ\s %ot repres5t$ by ! illum9at$ spot ^u ! t>get is ext+ui%$4 ,! app>atus1 z describ$1 appe>s to be r complicat$1 b z a matt] ( fact its work+ is extremely simple4 ,! projector is m\nt$ at a conv5i5t place ne> ! fir+ po9t1 s t a truly squ>e picture is pres5t$ to ! m>ksman4 ,9 front ( ! fir+ l9e1 & above ! picture1 is a v s5sitive microphone or telephone receiv]4 ,connect$ ) ?is is a delicate relay1 :i* really =ms ! he>t ( ! me*anism4 ,:5 a %ot is fir$ ! report acts ^u ! microphone & ^u ! relay 9 turn4 ,imm$iately a magnetic clut*1 :i* is plac$ ^u ! motor drive ( ! projector1 is releas$1 & a brake arre/s ! movem5t ( ! projector me*anism4 ,?us1 ! passage ( ! film is /opp$ 9 ! gate1 s t ! picture rema9s /ation>y ^u ! scre54 ,! scre5 itself consi/s ( ?ree sep>ate %eets ( specially prep>$ ?ick pap]4 ,! front %eet is coil$ ^u a horizontal roll] :i* is m\nt$ at ! bottom4 ,f ?is x is c>ri$ up & ov] a second horizontal roll] at ! top ( ! scre5 space1 & !n d[n aga9 beh9d ! front %eet1 to be coil$ ^u a ?ird horizontal roll]1 m\nt$ above ! fir/ "o4 ,z ! l[] front roll] c be mov$ or f$ ! pap] is free to travel upw>ds ov] ! top roll]1 & d[n aga9 to be w\nd ^u ! ?ird roll]4 ,beh9d ^! two ?icknesses ( v]tically travell+ pap] is m\nt$ a ?ird %eet4 ,?is is coil$ ^u a v]tical roll] at "o side1 pass$ across ! back ( ! two front %eets1 & coil$ r\nd a second v]tical roll] on ! opposite side4 ,x is kept v taut1 & s]ves to hold ! two %eets 9 front 9 close proximity4 ,x is mov$ by h& at int]vals4 ,beh9d ! scre5 are a numb] ( arc electric lights1 or o!r illum9ants1 out ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,9 ?is way ! space beh9d ! scre5 is brilliantly light$4 ,z ! pap] rema9s /ation>y :ile ! projector is runn+1 x foll[s t a %ot mu/ p5etrate ! ?ree ?icknesses ( pap]1 & ! puncture is %[n by ! light f beh9d com+ ?r\gh ! %ot-hole4 ,?us ! m>ksman c see :]e 8 %ot has /ruck4 ,:5 ! project+ me*anism has be5 /opp$1 & ! result has be5 read1 ! %ot-hole has to be oblit]at$ be=e ! film is able to resume its =w>d movem5t4 ,?is is accompli%$ automatically z foll[s3 ,! relay1 :ile declut*+ ! drive & apply+ ! brake1 also sets 9 motion a plung] 9 a da%-pot4 ,! "t ( ! v]tical travel ( ?is plung] is v>i$1 b ! me*anism rema9s /ation>y1 & ! %ot-hole visible1 dur+ its movem5t4 ,:5 x has rea*$ ! limit ( its travel x e/abli%es contacts :i* s]ve to set ! scre5 me*anism 9 motion4 ,on ! l[] horizontal roll] c>ry+ ! supply ( pap] is a rat*et & pawl movem5t1 actuat$ by a sol5oid4 ,:5 ! plung] connect$ ) ! relay closes ! scre5 me*anism circuit1 ! rat*et is mov$1 & ! out] %eet ( pap] moves upw>d "o-eigh? ( an in*1 :ile its return =m+ ! second %eet moves simultane\sly & correspond+ly d[nw>ds4 ,! displacem5t ( ^! two v]tically mov+ %eets di/urbs ! l9e ( holes caus$ by ! %ot1 & ?r\gh :i* ! back light 0 %9+1 s t ! spot ( light is ext+ui%$1 & an opaque scre5 is pres5t$4 ,! inclusion ( ! ?ird or back pap] n only s]ves z a /iff5]1 b also acts z a means ( less5+ ! possibility ( a repeat1 especially z x is mov$ gradually & at long int]vals 9 a transv]se direction4 ,! movem5t ( ! travell+ surfaces ( pap] is extremely small1 approximately ! diamet] ( a %ot-hole1 s t ! consumption ( pap] is v l[4 ,:5 ! fir/ roll] has be5 exhau/$ x is only necess>y to replace x by ! roll] on :i* ! pap] has be5 rew\nd1 & ! pap] c be us$ ov] aga94 ,! possibility ( ?ree old %ot-holes com+ once m into l9e )\t a %ot be+ fir$ is s extremely remote z n to be wor? consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,soldi]s ,,fir+ ,,at ,,! ,,life ,,t>get4 ,! picture on ! scre5 is ?r[n f ! projector at "r1 & ! picture is held /ation>y by ! action ( ! report ( ! rifle caught by ! microphone 7m>k$ ,x7 ^u ! lant]n me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,t>get1 ,,%[+ ,,scre5 ,,op5+4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! f9al /age 9 ! cycle ( movem5ts aris+ f ! action ( ! rifle report ^u ! microphone1 & ! relay1 is ! movem5t ( ! pap] =m+ ! scre5 or t>get4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! picture rema9s /ation>y may be v>i$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 b normally x is ab\t a c\ple ( seconds4 ,:5 ! pap] has mov$1 oblit]at+ ! %ot-hole1 ! brake on ! projector is releas$1 ! magnetic clut* re-engages1 & ! film resumes its travel4 ,! +5i\s means adopt$ = /opp+ & re/>t+ ! projector w be appreciat$ z a great feature ( ! inv5tion1 & ?\gh ! action may appe> to be abrupt1 no damage :atev] is inflict$ ^u ! film4 ,"o po9t ab\t ?is app>atus des]ves att5tion4 ,9 ! ord9>y projector1 if ! celluloid film is /opp$ 9 ! gate = a fraction ( a second1 & is expos$ to ! light1 x fl>es up in/antly1 ow+ to ! great heat emitt$ by ! illum9ant & ! high inflammability ( ! film4 ,z x is necess>y to all[ ! film to /& /ill ^u ! scre5 9 ?is case1 aft] ! %ot has be5 fir$1 means _h to be f\nd to keep x suffici5tly cool to prev5t combu/ion4 ,?is is done by a radiator arrang$ ar\nd ! cond5s]1 :i* 9 itself is a special k9d ( cool+ tank4 ,ano!r notewor?y po9t is ! way 9 :i* a /ill-life lant]n slide is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 :5 desir$4 ,! projector c>ries two l5ses1 "o = animation1 & ! o!r = /ill-life lant]n slide "w4 ,! ord9>y way ( br++ ! latt] into use is to pu% ! front "p ( ! projector bodily sideways s z to br+ ! second l5s be=e ! cond5s] & ! light4 ,! objection to ?is me?od is t ! rigidity ( ! projector is likely to be di/urb$1 especially aft] a little we>1 ) ! result t ! projection ( ! mov+ pictures is apt to become un/eady4 ,9 ?is app>atus a mirror is plac$ 9 ! lant]n & set at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,by ?is means ! light c be div]t$ & ?r[n ?r\gh ! lant]n slide l5s4 ,?us x is n only possible to ?r[ a /ill-life slide ^u ! scre5 at ! in/ant :5 a mov+-picture sc5e is complet$1 b excell5t dissolv+ effects c be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,scre5 ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,t>get4 ,! movem5t ( ! roll]s & pap] =m+ ! scre5 is made by means ( a sol5oid op]at$ by ! lant]n me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,c9ematograph+ ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,life ,,"u ,,difficulties4 ,mr4 ,frank ,newman & 8 cam]a conceal$ 9 ! scrub4 ,! pictures are project$ at ! normal spe$1 b ?is may be accel]at$ if necess>y4 ,any films suit$ to ! subject may be us$1 hydroplanes1 air%ips1 birds1 wild animals1 & s =?1 j z successfully z ! milit>y films prep>$ specially = ! "w4 ,9 fact any picture :]e movem5t is portray$ is equally applicable1 s t ! m>ksman c become us$ to all sorts ( conditions4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t a picture project$ at ! normal spe$ ( sixte5 p] second is too rapid = ! av]age man unless ! object 0 mov+ sl[ly :5 photograph$4 ,x has be5 prov$ t practice ) ?is t>get improves quick-sight+ & s tea*es ! art ( snap-%oot+ :i* is said to be ! ess5ce ( mod]n m>ksman%ip4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce ! m>ksman develops ! t5d5cy to sight in/antane\sly z he lifts 8 weapon4 ,= tra9+ 9 revolv] %oot+1 :i* is ess5tially %ort-range po9t-blank "w1 x w\ld be difficult to conceive a bett] sy/em4 ,ev5 if consid]$ z a m]e div]sion ! life t>get has _m advantages4 ,!re is a s5sational realism :i* is lack+ 9 ! ord9>y %oot+ gall]y4 ,! man at ! fir+ po9t is occupy+ ! same relative position z t ( ! c9ematograph] :5 he film$ ! subject1 & :51 = in/ance1 a tig] is spr++ directly out ( ! picture1 ! man ) ! gun has j ! same feel+ z if caught at close qu>t]s 9 ! jungle4 ,he sights & fires quickly1 hop+ to hit 9 a vital "p1 & ! in/antly appe>+ %ot-hole tells him h[ he w\ld h f>$ _h he be5 face to face ) ! animal 9 its native haunts4 ,s f> z milit>y %oot+ is conc]n$ ! sy/em has its limitations4 ,= ! reasons expla9$ ! scre5 _c be m ?an #ajj feet f ! fir+ l9e4 ,x is a pure po9t-blank range4 ,no all[ances c be made = w9dage or trajectory4 ,!re is yet ano!r factor t controls ! di/ance betwe5 ! fir+ range l9e & ! scre51 & t is t pap] _c be obta9$ 9 wid?s exce$+ #i feet4 ,a s+le wid? mu/ =m ! scre51 s9ce no light mu/ be visible f x until x is p]=at$ by a bullet4 ,s !re is a /rict limit to ! size ( ! t>get4 ,b x is possible to get subjects life size1 & no?+ m is requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,educational ,,films ,al?\gh animat$ photography is reg>d$ popul>ly z an amusem5t1 & ! picture palace is ma9ta9$ to be ! poor man's !atre1 ef=ts are be+ made to lift ! inv5tion into a high] & m useful plane4 ,x is s\ght to adapt x to ! s*oolroom1 ! college & ! te*nical in/itute4 ,up to ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 little headway has be5 made 9 ?is direction1 ?\gh ! m>ket is flood$ ) s-call$ educational films4 ,un=tunately ! attitude ( ! responsible au?orities is lukew>m1 some:at to ! *agr9 ( ^? :o are specializ+ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! films4 ,! au?orities are said to be prejudic$ aga9/ ! inv5tion1 & no d\bt ! impression /ill l+]s t ! c9ematograph is an in/rum5t ( frivolity4 ,up to a po9t ! au?orities are correct 9 _! attitude4 ,x is ! produc] :o is at fault4 ,! =m] recognise ! _m advantages aris+ f ! appeal to ! eye1 b un=tunately ! produc] looks at ! "q f ! %[man's po9t ( view4 ,he is n cont5t to prep>e a subject :i* %all appeal only to pupils z su*1 b is always try+ to introduce an elem5t :i* %all make ! film popul> ) adults z well4 ,he seeks to ar\se ! en?usiasm ( ! s*oolroom & ( ! picture palace at "o & ! same "t1 ?\gh ! two are z widely ap>t z ! two poles1 & :at is suit$ to "o is by no means adapt$ to ! o!r4 ,! patron ( ! picture palace mu/ be ent]ta9$ only4 ,education1 if any1 mu/ be unconsci\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ess5tial consid]ation 9 ! s*ool is ! tra9+ & tea*+ ( ! "y m9d4 ,if amusem5t is introduc$ ! educational value ( ! film is liable to be small4 ,9 ?is attempt to supply two diff]5t m>kets simultane\sly _m produc]s ov]-rea* !mselves4 ,!y fail to realise t a s*oolroom film mu/ be absolutely natural1 t !re mu/ be no trick]y or fak+4 ,!re are sev]al films on ! m>ket to-day1 aim+ at ! requirem5ts ( education1 :]e9 ! mo/ attractive incid5ts are no?+ m nor less ?an examples ( fake photography4 ,! educational au?orities are only too well aw>e t trick]y is "o ( ! c9ematograph]'s mo/ useful tools1 & accord+ly _m films ( an app>5tly a/oni%+ "* are reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,until all traces ( fak+ & *ican]y are ab&on$ ! au?orities are c]ta9 to look coolly on ! sugge/ion ( tea*+ by ! c9ematograph4 ,nev]!less ! film mu/ be prep>$ 9 su* a mann] t ! pupil is n bor$4 ,x mu/ be r5d]$ int]e/+ & fasc9at+ or x w be no bett] ?an ! old ,dry-z-du/ tea*+4 ,& ! infusion ( int]e/ is by no means difficult4 ,e bran* ( sci5ce1 e item 9 ! curriculum1 c be taught by motion pictures4 ,"o produc] has prep>$ a novel & int]e/+ film = tea*+ ! alphabet & ! spell+ ( simple words ) ! aid ( a tr\pe ( acrobats4 ,! acrobats contort !mselves into ! %apes ( lett]s ^u ! scre5 be=e ! *ildr5's eyes4 ,! *ildr5 naturally foll[ ! process ) int]e/1 & ! f9i%$ lett] at once impresses itself ^u _! m9ds4 ,! spell+ ( ! words is c>ri$ out 9 ! same way4 ,ano!r produc] has a novel idea = expla9+ ! pr9ciples ( addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division4 ,he has devis$ animat$ sc5es ) t$dy be>s & oranges1 & ! sett+ itself is a s*oolroom4 ,! actors1 :o are *ildr51 are dress$ 9 be> sk9s1 & !y behave 9 a truly grizzly mann]4 ,! v fact t ?is fav\rite toy is introduc$ rivets ! att5tion ( "y *ildr51 & !y foll[ ! ari?metical adv5tures ( ! oranges ) ! utmo/ fasc9ation4 ,! be>s !mselves p]=m _! p>ts mo/ decor\sly1 )\t any horseplay or cl[n+4 ,! y\ng/]s foll[+ ! incid5ts ^u ! scre5 are induc$ to reg>d ! projection s]i\sly1 & x has be5 f\nd t aft]w>ds1 9 _! leisure h\rs1 !y recon/ruct ! incid5ts ) _! own toys4 ,9 ?is way !y %[ t !y h grasp$ ! idea t 0 to be convey$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! sci5ces simil> me?ods mu/ be practis$4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t x is int5d$ to tea* physics1 *emi/ry1 or electricity ) ! aid ( mov+-pictures4 ,! film mu/ comm5ce at ! v beg9n+ ( ! subject4 ,! text-book %\ld be tak5 z a model4 ,! produc] ( ! film1 if he is well acqua9t$ ) 8 subject1 c devise exp]im5ts to suit any /age ( k4 ,he c v>y ! exp]im5t s z to br+ ! pupil face to face ) some?+ :i* has nev] be5 illu/rat$ by diagram 9 ! text-book4 ,he c lead ! pupil on /ep by /ep1 & ! m deeply he plunges into a p>ticul> sci5ce ! wid] is 8 scope = ! portrayal ( fasc9at+ exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,,moorh5 ,,sitt+ ,,on ,,h] ,,ne/4 ,illu/ration3 7#b7 ,,! ,,"y ,,*ick ,,pi]ces ,,! ,,%ell4 ,illu/ration3 7#c7 ,,! ,,*ick ,,em]g+ ,,f ,,! ,,%ell4 ,illu/ration3 7#d7 ,,! ,,newly-,,hat*$ ,,*ick ,,/ruggl+ ,,to ,,its ,,feet4 ,! prep>ation ( films ( ?is "* (f] attractive possibilities to ! indep5d5t work]1 especially if he is famili> ) tea*+ me?ods4 ,! pr(essional produc] is (t5 unable to r$uce 8 subjects to ! requisite simplicity4 ,z a rule he kn[s little or no?+ ab\t a s*oolroom1 & ! result is t he conf9es himself to ! prep>ation ( extremely fasc9at+ films ( a v advanc$ type1 suit$ to ! /ud5t 9 ! second>y s*ool or to "o :o has ma/]$ ! rudim5ts ( ! sci5ce4 ,b x is 9 ! lay+ ( a solid f\ndation t ! tea*] f9ds 8 greate/ difficulty4 ,z a rule he has to g ov] ! gr\nd repeat$ly be=e ! elem5t>y po9ts s9k into ! pupil's m9d4 ,?is drudg]y c be greatly r$uc$ by use ( ! mov+-pictures1 if only ! "r type ( film is %[n4 ,! pr(essional produc] ma9ta9s t su* an elem5t>y film is useless1 m]ely because he looks at x f ! %[man's po9t ( view4 ,ano!r reason :y ! indep5d5t c9ematograph] %\ld emb>k ^u ?is field is t he is g5]ally m +5i\s & f]tile 9 ! prep>ation ( exp]im5ts to suit ! limitations ( a lesson4 ,he w "k h[ to be simple1 s t ! pupil1 aft] ! demon/ration1 c g into ! laboratory & repeat ! exp]im5ts ) a k ( :at he is do+4 ,z ! pupil advances ! films may be v>i$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! exp]im5ts ) sulphur he c be %[n h[ sulphur is obta9$4 ,views c be introduc$ ( ! m9es & processes z practis$ 9 ,sicily or ,l\isiana1 & 9 ?is case ! diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n me?ods c be br\ght home to him4 ,simil>ly 9 reg>d to ! subject ( common table salt x is possible to %[ ! v>i\s me?ods ( extraction1 f ! sol> evaporat+ sy/em practis$ 9 ! ,caucasus & ,cali=nia1 & ! excavation ( rock salt z 9 ,galicia1 to ! pump+ ( br9e & =c$ evaporation common to ! ,wi*es ( ,engl&4 ,! film may be light5$ by glimpses ( ba?+ 9 ! ,great ,salt ,lake or ! br9e ba?s ( ,engl& 9 ord] to convey pictorially ! diff]5ce 9 ! d5sity ( salt & fre% wat]4 ,9 _m cases x is possible to reproduce ^u ! scre5 ! processes ( ,nature1 ! "* ( ! exp]im5t v>y+ ) ! /age ( ! pupil's k4 ,attempts are be+ made to tea* geography by mov+-pictures1 b "h aga9 ! same defects appe>4 ,mo/ ( ! s-call$ geographical films are m]ely ! ,travel ,subjects ( ! picture palace1--ano!r attempt to make a subject fit bo? ! !atre & ! s*oolroom4 ,su* films are useless except to =m a pictorial int]lude 9 text-book explanation4 ,yet !re is a rem>kable scope = geographical films4 ,let x be assum$ t ! lesson is ab\t ! bir? ( a riv]4 ,! tea*] dwells at l5g? ^u ! possible s\rces1 ^u ! tribut>ies t increase ! volume ( wat] dur+ its j\rney1 ^u ! navigable rea*es & ! traffic1 & la/ly ^u ! dis*>ge ( ! wat]s into ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 7#e7 ,,exhau/$ ,,by ,,its ,,/ruggles ,,! ,,*ick ,,re/s ,,9 ,,! ,,sun4 ,illu/ration3 7#f7 ,a ,,few ,,h\rs ,,lat] ,,! ,,*ick ,,takes ,,to ,,! ,,wat]4 ,! ,bir? ( a ,moorh54 ,a wond]ful s]ies ( mov+-pictures tak5 by an amateur lady c9ematograph]4 ,f ! ,c9ema ,college1 by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fight ,,betwe5 ,a ,,lob/] ,,& ,,an ,,octopus4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,wat]-,,snail4 ,c9ematographically ! rise & gr[? ( ! riv] may be %[n f> m graphically & attractively4 ,! pupil c see e phase4 ,! s\rce may be an insignificant spr+1 ! outfl[ f a lake1 or ! melt+ ice ( a glaci]4 ,its rapid gr[? c be depict$ by %[+ ! infl[ ( its tribut>ies & ! _m sudd5 *anges ?r\gh :i* x passes1 its rapids & its falls1 :ile ! fact t wat] foll[s ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance may be illu/rat$ by %[+ ! evid5ces ( erosion & ! mann] 9 :i* ! riv] has cut its *annel ?r\gh friable soil1 or tak5 advantage ( a brea* 9 a rocky ramp>t4 ,at ! same "t ! pupil c be introduc$ to ! utility ( ! wat]way1 especially ^u its upp] rea*es1 by pictures ( ! craft f\nd !reon & ! traffic 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,! v>y+ =ce ( ! curr5t c be illu/rat$1 & also ! flotsam & jetsam t has be5 br\ght d[n4 ,f9ally1 ga9+ ! l[] rea*es1 /eam & motor navigation beg9s1 ) t[ns & cities on ! banks1 & 9 conclusion ! pupil may be giv5 an idea ( ! imm5sity ( ! e/u>y toge!r ) ! life & indu/ry at ?is po9t4 ,9 addition "s impression ( ! delta c be convey$ ) mov+-pictures ( ! way 9 :i* ! detritus br\ght d[n f ! upp] rea*es1 is deposit$ at ! m\?1 =m+ isl&s & s&-banks1 clo!d ) vegetation1 &1 if n develop$1 inhabit$ by wild f[l4 ,! prep>ation ( su* a film is c]ta9 to occupy a long "t1 & is some:at exp5sive1 b ^! items mu/ be disreg>d$ if ! s*oolroom is to h :at x requires4 ,a film ( ?is "* w\ld h to be divid$ into c]ta9 l5g?s1 ea* ( :i* w\ld correspond ) a lesson1 = ! subject is too va/ to be assimilat$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,cramm+ by ! aid ( mov+-pictures w\ld be worse ?an "u pres5t conditions4 ,9 _m cases ! cam]a w %[ t exi/+ text-book tea*+s are errone\s or ne$ modification4 ,"s idea ( ! utility ( ! c9ematograph 9 ?is "o p>ticul> field has be5 reveal$ by ! films ( ! ,%ackleton & ,scott ,ant>ctic exp$itions4 ,!y h br\ght home m vividly ?an any?+ else ! mean+ ( ! et]nal sn[1 ice & cold1 associat$ ) ! ,pol> regions1 & !y h s]v$ to dispel _m false ideas4 ,s f> ! greate/ success a*iev$ by ! motion-pictures 9 ! field ( education is 9 connection ) natural hi/ory4 ,_m wond]ful films be>+ ^u animal life h be5 prep>$ & h creat$ s5sations4 ,! text-books tell mu* ab\t ! life & habits ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! animal k+dom1 b 9 ?is case ! text-book (t5 happ5s to be wrong4 ,mr4 ,frank ,a4 ,newman1 an indu/ri\s animal photograph]1 devot$ mon?s to ! prep>ation ( a film #e1ejj feet 9 l5g? deal+ ) c]ta9 phases ( animal life4 ,he conf9$ 8 ef=ts to ! /udy ( ^? creatures :i* are famili> to all4 ,incid5tally1 he prov$ ! value t a highly in/ructive film possesses 9 ! m>ket1 = )9 sixty days ( its fir/ appe>ance ^u ! scre51 ov] #h1jjj or #dj1jjj 0 realis$ f ! disposal ( ! rights to exploit ! film 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,pictures deal+ ) animal1 bird1 fi% or reptile life nev] fail to comm& high prices4 ,indescribable pati5ce is dem&$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,mon?s may pass & yield only a few hundr$ feet ( suitable mat]ial1 & ! photograph] has to resort to ! mo/ extraord9>y devices to take ! subjects 9 _! natural environm5t4 ,"o work]1 :o set himself ! task ( film+ ! k+fi%]1 discov]$ ! haunts ( 8 qu>ry1 & !n quietly comm5c$ to e/abli% himself 9 its vic9ity4 ,he _h to be exce$+ly cunn+ 9 8 movem5ts1 mask+ ! position he _h assum$ 9 f\r feet ( wat]1 ) a clump ( tree b\ghs4 ,conceal$ 9 ?is ambuscade he approa*$ ! bird1 mov+ ) extreme c>e1 s z to convey ! impression t ! b\ghs 7 drift+ ) ! /ream4 ,beh9d ?is ambu% he plac$ 8 cam]a1 clamp+ x to a heavy float+ base1 :i* 0 an*or$4 ,9 ?is way he 0 able to move undetect$4 ,:5 he ?\ght t ! "t _h come = an exposure1 he comm5c$ to turn ! h&le1 b ! :irr ( ! me*anism sc>$ ! bird1 & he 0 =c$ to wait "s "t1 until its c\rage reviv$ & x came back4 ,he !n m\nt$ a second cam]a on ! float+ base1 & ?is1 be+ empty ( film1 0 set 9 motion e "t ! bird return$1 until x grew accu/om$ to ! unusual noise4 ,aft] a few days ! bird took no fur!r notice ( ! s\nd1 & !n ! pictures c\ld be tak5 ) comp>ative ease4 ,altoge!r "s sev5 weeks 7 occupi$ 9 obta9+ ab\t #bjj feet ( film1 dur+ :i* "t ! op]ator _h (t5 to /& = h\rs at a "t 9 f\r feet ( wat]1 await+ 8 opportunities4 ,h[ completely 8 /rategy & pati5ce 7 rew>d$ may be ga!r$ f ! fact t 9 "o incid5t1 :]e ! bird is %[n dev\r+ a fi% x has caught1 x p]*$ ^u a bran* ( ! ambuscade1 b>ely f\r feet f ! l5s1 completely unaw>e ( ! fact t its actions 7 be+ record$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,tortoise4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,,! ,,hawk ,,mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,snake ,,%$d+ ,,its ,,sk9 ,,or ,,sl\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,c9ema ,college1 by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,! ,,snake ,,& ,,its ,,%$ ,,sl\gh4 ,ano!r indefatigable work] is ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,bee ,mason1 ^: speciality is ! film+ ( insect life4 ,he has produc$ f\r films depict+ ! honey bee4 ,z /udies !y are int5sely int]e/+1 & !y br+ out ! *>act]i/ics ( ! subject 9 a mo/ attractive mann]4 ,! av]age work] might hesitate to film su* a subject at close qu>t]s4 ,! bee is v quick to res5t intrusion & di/urbance 9 a way peculi>ly its own4 ,mr4 ,mason himself admits t 9 ! e>ly days he receiv$ v sev]e puni%m5t1 b he /uck to 8 cam]a & 8 "w ) ! result t 9 ! c\rse ( "t he became accu/om$ to ! attacks ( ! bees & to-day a /+ has no m effect ^u him ?an ^u a deal bo>d4 ,! result ( ?is pati5ce is reflect$ 9 ! excell5ce ( 8 films :i* br+ bee life mo/ intimately be=e ! spectator4 ,! bee is always an object ( int]e/1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> case 8 films h br\ght ,mr4 ,mason ov] #b1jjj1 or #aj1jjj4 ,al?\gh "h & !re "o comes ^u a film :i* exactly meets ) ! requirem5ts ( ! s*oolroom1 ! majority c make no su* claim4 ,!y are m]ely in/ructive1 9 an amus+ k9d ( way1 & 9 ! picture palace !y come z a welcome relief f transpont9e drama & buffoon]y4 ,=tunately1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to make films :i* ! s*ools w really welcome4 ,"o conc]n is /udy+ ! situation v closely4 ,?is is ! ,motograph ,film ,company ( ,london1 :i* has complet$ contracts ) ! mo/ prom95t ,european sci5tific c9ematograph]s = _! entire output ( educational1 sci5tific & natural hi/ory subjects4 ,x is also endeav\r+ to p]suade ! em95t tea*]s ( c]ta9 subjects to commit _! "w to ! celluloid film in/ead ( to pr9t$ books4 ,x is a difficult que/ because ! pr(essors are apt to reg>d ! c9ematograph z a joke4 ,at ! same "t1 once ! developm5t becomes />t$ ^u ! correct l9es1 x _c fail to meet ) success4 ,! indep5d5t work] also is be+ enc\rag$ by ! ,motograph ,film ,company1 & ! c9ematographic /ud5t ( sci5tific subjects has a v pr(itable m>ket op5 to him4 ,! prices paid = ! films naturally v>y accord+ to _! m]it1 b ?is company is prep>$ to pay f #bs4 #f;d4 to #bas4--f #fj c5ts to #e--p] foot ( film = subjects :i* meet ) its approval4 ,! l5g?s may range f #ej to #f1jjj feet4 ,rec5tly1 an indep5d5t lady work]1 :o 9 h] sp>e "t _h giv5 att5tion to film+ ! ,life ( a ,moorh51 %[+ ! build+ ( ! ne/1 lay+ ( ! eggs1 hat*+ & re>+ ( ! "y1 submitt$ h] film to ?is conc]n4 ,"s two-&-a-half ye>s _h be5 exp5d$ ^u ?is subject1 b ! quality & ! incid5ts depict$ 7 s excell5t t ! #a1jjj feet ( film 0 b\ght = #fej 7#c1bej74 ,?is film has prov$ t ! highe/ class ( "w mu/ be obta9$ f ! indep5d5t work]1 or amateur1 if t ^w is pref]r$1 = ! simple reason t "t is no object1 ! task is n hurri$1 & no ef=t is sp>$ to obta9 ! f9e/ results4 ,ano!r in/ructive film b\ght by ?is conc]n %[s ,big ,game ,hunt+ 9 ! ,nor? ,pole ,icefields4 ,x introduces "o to ! pol> be>4 ,altoge!r ?is subject ext5ds ov] #h1jjj feet1 b = a select$ l5g? ( #a1ijj feet ! sum ( #b1jjj 7#aj1jjj7 0 paid4 ,9 ! case ( ano!r celebrat$ ,arctic film1 tak5 dur+ ! two ye>s' imprisonm5t ( ! ,:itney exp$ition 9 ! froz5 zone1 & ab\t #f1jjj feet 9 l5g?1 ! same company gave #c1jjj 7#ae1jjj7 = ! ,engli% rights alone4 ,al?\gh ! c9ematograph has fail$ to make a v pron\nc$ advance among our educational in/itutions1 x has prov$ a /rik+ success 9 education ( ano!r k9d4 ,?is is 9 reg>d to ! propag&a = improv+ heal? & hygi5e4 ,?is movem5t has rea*$ its highe/ /age ( developm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,swat ! ,fly movem5t1 :i* decl>$ a rel5tless w> aga9/ ! common h\se-fly1 0 p[]fully assi/$ by ! exhibition ( films depict+ ! fly at "w 9 ! dissem9ation ( disease4 ,free exhibitions h be5 giv5 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! purpose ( br++ home to ! public ! s]i\s m5ace t ?is insect (f]s to ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,"o or two ( ! films us$ = ! purpose 7 b\ght f ,engl&1 :]e !y _h be5 us$ 9 ! picture palaces4 ,b ! organisation pl$g$ to ! ext]m9ation ( ! fly turn$ !m to a f> m s]i\s purpose1 & its "w has met ) rem>kable success4 ,ano!r s]ies ( heal? films be> ^u ! ,great ,:ite ,sc\rge4 ,!y are be+ exhibit$ freely & are br++ home to ! public ! t]rible ravages wr\ght by tub]culosis4 ,! dread$ bacillus is %[n at its fell "w1 & ! diff]5t /ages ( ! disease are pictorially repres5t$4 ,!n foll[ a s]ies ( photographs %[+ h[ x is transmitt$1 & la/ly "s pictorial sugge/ions z to h[ x may be combat$1 at lea/ 9 its e>ly /ages1 by fre% air & sanatorium treatm5t4 ,! success ( ! fly & ,:ite ,sc\rge campaigns has result$ 9 ! prep>ation ( o!r films deal+ ) ! public heal?1 :ile _m local au?orities h tak5 up ! idea = ! purpose ( improv+ ! conditions ( _! localities4 ,_m ( ! films us$ = ! purpose are prep>$ by amateur work]s1 especially :5 ! subject is ( local importance1 & _! v5tures are prov+ highly pr(itable4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ 9 no unc]ta9 mann] t mov+-pictures w soon be ! _w's mo/ p[]ful educator4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,photo-,,plays ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,!m ,! vogue ( ! picture palace has creat$ a new pr(ession4 ,?is is ! writ+ ( plays especially = c9ematographic production4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! h&ful ( produc]s engag$ 9 ! craft _h no difficulties 9 meet+ _! ne$s 9 ?is direction4 ,! produc] conceiv$ & work$ out 8 own ideas4 ,! m>ket 0 small1 ! output 0 re/rict$1 & x did n matt] :e!r ! plots 7 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,! public 0 q cont5t ) ! dramatic f>e suppli$ ^u ! scre51 be+ m impress$ by ! novelty ( ! p]=mance ?an by its m]its4 ,b ) ! rage = picture palaces ! :ole bus9ess und]w5t a trans=mation4 ,! public1 hav+ outliv$ ! era ( curiosity1 & hav+ %[n by its patronage t x reg>d$ ! picture palace 9 ! same light z a !atre or music hall1 grew m & m critical4 ,x dem&$ /rong] plots1 improv$ m\nt+ & act+1 z well z bett] photographic quality4 ,z new firms ent]$ ! produc+ field1 competition became acute1 & ! :ole photo-play indu/ry automatically transf]r$ itself f ! pione] to ! accompli%$ ma/] ( /age-craft4 ,! produc]1 unable to prep>e 8 sc5>ios himself1 s\ght ! assi/ance ( ! amateur playwright1 j z ! editor ( a p]iodical solicits contributions to fill 8 pages4 ,x 0 a gold5 opportunity = ! unkn[n /ruggl+ dramati/4 ,foil$ hi!rto by lack ( *ance1 ! p[] ( ! privileg$ few1 & ! abs5ce ( ent]prise display$ by !atrical manag]s1 he h&$ 8 "w to ! up/>t rival1 ! picture-play produc]4 ,x 0 a wise move4 ,! dramati/ did n1 inde$1 secure t measure ( publicity ^u ! scre5 :i* might h be5 8 lot ^u ! bo>ds1 b ! f9ancial returns 7 m regul>4 ,z he develop$ 8 incl9ations1 & 8 "w became appreciat$1 he 0 able to anticipate a com=table income1 ow+ to ! /eady dem& t arose = 8 h&iwork4 ,to-day ! embryo dramati/ nev] be/[s a ?\ght ^u writ+ = ! /age2 ! c9ematograph w absorb all t he c produce1 & z rapidly z he c complete x4 ,no long] ne$ a budd+ g5ius />ve unkn[n & unappreciat$ 9 a g>ret4 ,if 8 "w possesses any m]it ! c9ematograph w turn x to pr(itable acc\nt4 ,ab\t ?ree hundr$ picture-plays are plac$ ^u ! _w's m>ket e week1 & consequ5tly ! consumption ( plots is enorm\s4 ,:at is m important f ! au?or's po9t ( view is ! exp&+ nature ( ?is m>ket1 :]e supply _c keep pace ) dem&1 & ! proportionate improvem5t t is manife/ 9 ! scale ( remun]ation4 ,t5 ye>s ago a plot seldom fet*$ m ?an five %ill+s or a doll>2 to-day ! same mat]ial w comm& any?+ betwe5 #e & #ej--be to #bej4 ,9 ?is field ( activity reputation c\nts = no?+4 ,! play & ! play only is ! ?+4 ,! picture palace is ! poor man's !atre1 & ?is class ( play-go] is rel5tlessly emphatic 9 condemnation1 & equally en?usia/ic 9 praise4 ,x appreciates novelty 9 plot1 & t is ! "o po9t ! au?or has to be> 9 m9d4 ,s x is cle> t ! unkn[n playwright has ev]y?+ 9 8 fav\r2 9 fact1 8 "w is g5]ally pref]r$ to t ( ! skill$ writ]4 ,x conta9s ! v be/ ef=ts ( its creator2 ! o!r is probably ( poor quality1 because ! man ) a "n does n realise :at ! p want1 & ?9ks t = ! c9ematograph any?+ is good en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,dummy ,,c[ ,,us$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,newman ,,= ,,tak+ ,,mov+-,,pictures ,,( ,,wild ,,animals1 ,,%[+ ,,door ,,at ,,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,mr4 ,,frank ,,newman ,,& ,,8 ,,cam]a ,,hidd5 ,,)9 ,a ,,holl[ ,,tree ,,trunk4 ,! utmo/ concealm5t is necess>y to secure wild-life "u natural conditions4 ,! desire ( ! photo-play produc] to enc\rage unkn[n writ]s has l$ to ! inevitable result4 ,he is inundat$ ) plots & sugge/ions ( e description1 writt5 by e type ( man1 woman1 & *ild4 ,ne$less to say1 a l>ge proportion ( ! submitt$ contributions are wildly impossible1 or conta9 plots :i* h be5 worn s ?read-b>e t !re is no possible *ance ( dress+ !m 9 a new guise4 ,=tunately ! task ( sift+ ! :eat f ! *aff is n exact+4 ,a hurri$ scan ( ! op5+ l9es g5]ally suffices to %[ :e!r ! subject is excell5t1 passable1 or hopeless4 ,picture-play writ+ is an art1 sci5ce1 or :atev] "o likes to call x1 :i* c be cultivat$4 ,! av]age p]son1 at "s "t or o!r1 is sure to h an idea--x may be an idle fleet+ ?\ght--:i* is capable ( be+ turn$ to useful acc\nt4 ,! picture-play produc] kn[s ?is v well1 & accord+ly holds out e inducem5t 9 ! hope t soon] or lat] he may light ^u some?+ brilliant4 ,a sugge/ion ne$ only h "s small g]m ( possibility1 b ! produc]1 f 8 exp]i5ce ( ! !atre1 & ( ! requirem5ts ( ! picture palace1 c take t g]m & evolve x 9 ! mo/ effective mann]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! "q arises ,h[ %\ld a photo-play be prep>$8 ,:ile !re is no gold5 rule1 & :ile ea* produc] works 9 8 own way1 x is possible to give a few h9ts to ! beg9n]4 ,a glance at ! manuscript is en\gh to in=m ! read] :e!r ! au?or is a raw h& at ! "w or o!rwise1 & al?\gh e manuscript is review$1 m int]e/$ att5tion is attract$ by a contribution :i* is set out ^u m or less me?odical l9es4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is j z well to rememb] t ! photo-play produc] ( to-day is a man ( wide exp]i5ce4 ,9 mo/ cases he has graduat$ ^u ! /age1 & has probably pass$ ?r\gh all ! phases betwe5 a t\r+ company & a well-kn[n !atre4 ,z a result ( ?is drill+ he w h assum$ a wide p]spective4 ,%e] ability w h br\ght him to ! control ( ! c9ema-/udio /age1 :]e ! "w is mo/ exact+1 & :]e !re is a v great dem& = +5uity & res\rce4 ,hav+ ma/]$ ! intricacies & possibilities ( ! photo-play /age1 & :at c be done by photography1 he w be a ?or\gh ma/] ( craft4 ,! great] numb] ( ! play-produc]s reta9$ by ! =emo/ firms are m5 :o climb$ to ! top rung 9 ! !atrical pr(ession & m]ely w5t ov] to ! motion-picture /udio because x (f]$ !m great] scope = _! pr[ess & k4 ,inde$1 "o might g s f> z to say t1 unless a man has s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip beh9d ! footlights1 he is an indiff]5t play-produc]1 because he w be ignorant ( /age-craft & ! te*nique ( ! pr(ession4 ,a man ( su* exp]i5ce & ability is able to sum up ! value ( a plot 9 an in/ant4 ,consequ5tly ! au?or is well advis$ to cond5se 8 plot into z few words z possible--! brief] ! outl9e ! bett]4 ,9 "s in/ances x is n ev5 necess>y to indicate ! *>act]s1 ! p]iod1 or ! sc5e4 ,! plot is ! only ?+ t is want$3 ! produc]1 z he reads x1 w conjure up 9 8 m9d ! p]iod1 environm5t1 atmosph]e1 & *>act]s1 :]e) su* & su* a /ory may be/ be work$ out4 ,!re is "o well-kn[n ,cont95tal produc] :o nev] asks = m ?an a bald /atem5t ( ! plot4 ,if x c be convey$ 9 six l9es he is m ?an satisfi$4 ,on "o occasion1 :ile seat$ at lun*1 "o ( ! p>ty je/+ly sugge/$ an idea4 ,)\t a ^w ( comm5t ! produc] scribbl$ ! sugge/ion ^u ! back ( an envelope4 ,return+ to ! /udio an h\r or s lat]1 he h&$ a note to "o ( 8 /aff1 indicat$ h[ he w\ld l x work$ out1 ! colleague fitt$ 9 ! *>act]s1 evolv$ ! sc5es1 p]iod1 & situations1 & ! next morn+ ! play 0 /ag$4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ ,fr5* picture-play produc]s foll[s a simil> practice4 ,he has a /aff ( eight writ]s ^: sole duty is ! prep>ation ( sc5>ios = production4 ,plots z !y flit ?r\gh ! m9ds ( ^! m5 are jott$ d[n & pigeon-hol$4 ,! outside contributions :i* come 9 ) e po/ are scann$1 & ^? ?\ght suitable are dissect$1 _! ideas are torn out & re-committ$ to pap]1 = fil+1 :ile ! au?or is rew>d$ ) paym5t accord+ to ! m]it ( 8 "w4 ,at ?is e/abli%m5t no l5g?y sc5>io submitt$ by an unkn[n writ] is consid]$4 ,"t is too valuable :5 eight or t5 /ages h to be kept go+4 ,! /aff is fully occupi$ ^u ! "w 9 h&1 & _c wade ?r\gh pages ( (t5 indeciph]able h&-writ+4 ,! me?od ( ?is p>ticul> produc] 9 ! case ( an ord9>y play is to h an ab/ract1 prep>$ by ! reta9$ sc5>io writ]1 indicat+ ! sc5es1 _! sequ5ce1 *>act]s1 & o!r details1 ) a brief synopsis ( ! plot1 ! :ole be+ set out ^u a %eet ( foolscap4 ,^u ?is mat]ial ! produc] works1 expla9+ to ! company ! /ory ( ! play & ! situations1 z !y progress /ep by /ep4 ,_m produc]s1 h[ev]1 pref] ! sc5>io to be submitt$ 9 a m complete =m1 ?\gh requirem5ts ( brevity & t]s5ess mu/ be obs]v$4 ,!y l ! li/ ( *>act]s to be giv51 toge!r ) a sugge/$ p]iod & sett+4 ,! ca/ %\ld be kept z small z possible1 z a ple?ora ( *>act]s 9 a photo-play is apt to be bewild]+4 ,also ! produc] c amplify ! ca/ if he wi%es to d s4 ,! plot %\ld be set out 9 n>rative =m4 ,a bald synopsis is q suffici5t because ! sc5>io exp]t w judge ! m]its ( ! manuscript f ?is alone4 ,9 ord] to assi/ ! produc] ! ma9 po9ts & situations may be indicat$4 ,aft] ! synopsis !re %\ld be "s sugge/ions = work+ out ! /ory sc5e by sc5e4 ,^! are n ess5tial1 b !y sometimes give ! read] a bett] impression ( ! /ory1 & help him 9 /ag+ ! play4 ,! *ances are a hundr$ to "o t ! play nev] w be /ag$ z writt5 by ! au?or1 yet its brief evolution is (t5 appreciat$4 ,:5 ! au?or works out 8 plots he mu/ /e] cle> ( introduc+ wild impossibilities or hopelessly impracticable sugge/ions4 ,! produc] is admitt$ly a clev] man1 & is able to get wond]ful effects ) ! aid ( ! cam]a1 nor does he hesitate to employ trick]y :5 x w fur!r 8 purpose1 b !re are limitations ev5 to trick photography4 ,!re 0 "o manuscript 9 :i* ! au?or1 aft] tak+ 8 villa9 ?r\gh adv5tures innum]able1 sugge/$ a s5sational means ( elim9at+ him altoge!r4 ,! man 0 spe$+ across a froz5 riv] to escape ! v5geance ( ! h]o :5 ! ice op5$ up sudd5ly1 let him ?r\gh1 & !n clos$ on him to hide him f sight & memory4 ,ne$less to say1 ?is plot met ) scanty consid]ation4 ,9 ano!r case ! plot turn$ ^u a lady's r+4 ,! lady 0 /&+ by a riv]1 & ! r+ slipp$ f h] f+] into ! wat] to be caught & swall[$ by a fi%4 ,"s days lat] ! h]o 0 fi%+ 9 ! same /ream4 ,he _h a bite1 hook$ 8 cat*1 cut x op51 & f\nd ! r+4 ,x is difficult to say :o exp]i5c$ ! mo/ amazem5t1 ! h]o :5 he op5$ 8 fi%1 or ! produc] :5 he read ! /ory4 ,9 ! photo-play pr(ession x is novelty ( ! plot :i* br+s success4 ,! f>!r ! au?or c get away f conv5tionality1 ! bigg] w be ! rew>d4 ,?is is :]e ! av]age amateur %[s defici5cy4 ,he is cont5t to foll[ ! foot/eps ( o!rs4 ,aga91 _m photo-play writ]s1 in/ead ( /riv+ to be orig9al1 pref] to /eal ideas f a noveli/ or %ort /ory writ]4 ,?is "w1 ne$less to say1 is %e] wa/e ( "t4 ,! produc] & 8 /aff foll[ ! p]iodicals & ! publi%+ seasons v closely1 s t x is easy = !m to detect a /ol5 plot4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t to-day ! lead+ produc+ firms h arrangem5ts ) au?ors1 publi%]s & editors1 = ! exclusive use ( _! productions4 ,^! s\rces =m a /&-by1 z x 71 to be br\ght into use :5 ! f\nt ( orig9al sc5>ios dries up4 ,:5 novels & magaz9e /ories are to provide f>e = ! scre5 ! produc] entru/s ! "w ( adaptation to "o ( 8 /aff :o has a m intimate idea ( :at is requir$1 & w p]=m ! task f> m satisfactorily ?an ! ord9>y contributor4 ,! photo-play au?or has "o great advantage ov] 8 colleague :o writes = ! /age4 ,! latt] has to supply dialogue1 & (t5 ! success or failure ( 8 "w turns ^u ?is factor4 ,9 writ+ = ! scre5 dialogue is a lo/ quantity4 ,x is action :i* is requir$1 because ! spectator has to foll[ ! play f :at he sees1 & n f :at he he>s4 ,accord+ly ! requirem5ts ( action mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,9 ! av]age /udio ! actor ei!r extemporises dialogue to fit ! "p or situation1 or else ! produc] prompts him4 ,x is true t "o or two produc]s /ipulate t ! photo-play %all be writt5 out 9 detail z if x 7 to be play$ beh9d ! footlights1 b su* produc]s may be set d[n z incompet5t or beh9d ! times4 ,a few ye>s ago "o ( ! ,cont95tal firms insi/$ t e play %\ld be writt5 out 9 full1 b a few mon?s' exp]i5ce %[$ ! folly ( ?is proc$ure4 ,plays m\nt$ 9 ?is mann] lack$ t grip & movem5t :i* is necess>y 9 photographic pantomime4 ,! audi5ce c\ld n reta9 ! ?read ( ! /ory1 & ! int]e/ consequ5tly flagg$4 ,! memb]s ( ! company1 be+ compell$ to le>n _! l9es1 & to rehe>se cont9ually1 w5t ?r\gh _! p>ts l puppets4 ,accord+ly ?is me?od ( m\nt+ & act+ has be5 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! o!r 9 :i* ! company1 absolutely ignorant ( ! plot & /ory1 is tak5 ?r\gh x /ep by /ep & ma9ta9$ at conc]t pit* ?r\gh\t4 ,! writ] %\ld make a po9t ( select+ a /rik+ or cat*y title = 8 "w4 ,(t5 :5 ! plot itself is useless ! produc] w buy ! manuscript m]ely to apply ! title to "s o!r production4 ,a ^w ( w>n+ may be giv5 to ! inexp]i5c$ photo-play au?or4 ,adv]tisem5ts are freely ins]t$ 9 ! v>i\s p]iodicals (f]+ to tea* ! art ( writ+ plays = ! c9ematograph1 & to submit ! plots to ! v>i\s produc]s 9 ! mann] ( a lit]>y ag5cy4 ,no matt] h[ speci\sly & attractively ! adv]tisem5ts are writt51 ! (f]s !y conta9 %\ld n be accept$4 ,! au?or w d be/ to submit 8 "w directly to ! produc] & to treat ) him alone4 ,! art _c be taught by s*ools2 x c only be acquir$ by exp]i5ce4 ,nor does ! ag5cy possess m fav\rable opportunities = gett+ ! "w accept$ ?an ! writ] himself1 :ile ! s-call$ exp]t :o ma9ta9s t he c lick a plot into %ape is m]ely a *>latan4 ,if ! plot is good1 :e!r writt5 by a raw or a highly tra9$ h&1 x w comm& its price1 because ! produc] is no respect] ( p]sons4 ,also1 by treat+ directly1 ! au?or comes into t\* ) ! produc]1 & (t5 le>ns po9ts & receives enc\ragem5t :i* _c be transmitt$ ?r\gh a middle man4 ,h[ is ! "w rew>d$8 ,?is is a "q :i* is (t5 ask$4 ,s f> z ! ,briti% m>ket is conc]n$ ! photo-play au?or receives scant enc\ragem5t4 ,briti% ent]prise has n ris5 to ! level ( t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,briti% firms nei!r realise ! value ( a good plot nor ! advantages ( prompt & sm>t bus9ess me?ods4 ,"h & !re may be f\nd a firm :i* is ke5ly alive to ! value ( ! outside work]1 b !y are few & f> betwe54 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,am]ican & ,cont95tal h\ses give an imm$iate decision1 treat ! outside contributor k9dly1 ext5d pr(itable words ( advice if ! "w is promis+1 & pay promptly4 ,a plot = :i* a ,briti% firm consid]s #ajs4 #j;d4 7#b4ej7 to be an adequate remun]ation w realise #be 7#e7 9 ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,! ,briti% produc] w consid] #a 7#e7 to be a pr9cely price = a good plot1 & s long z ?is impression is reta9$ ! ,briti% photo-plays w rema9 inf]ior to _! competitors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,am]ican firms deal lib]ally ) _! au?ors1 & are q prep>$ to pay f #be to #aej--e to #cj4 ,=tunately signs ( awak5+ are becom+ evid5t among ! ,briti% firms4 ,good plots1 l gold nuggets1 are some:at sc>ce1 & "o or two ( ! late/ & mo/ progressive e/abli%m5ts n[ pay up to #aj 7#ej74 ,picture-play produc]s are f9d+ great] & great] difficulty 9 obta9+ fir/-class plots4 ,! /&>d ( excell5ce has be5 set s high1 ow+ to ! extremely critical "* ( ! picture palace patron1 t ! highe/ "w only n[ /&s a *ance ( be+ accept$4 ,! rivalry among ! produc]s has become ke51 because a /rong picture-play c comm& a _w-wide sale4 ,"o ,italian firm1 9 ! ef=t to =ge ahead ( its competitors1 w5t s f> z to (f] a prize ( #a1jjj 7#e1jjj7 = ! be/ sc5>io 9 op5 competition4 ,x is admitt$ among ! manufactur]s t )9 ! c\rse ( ! next few ye>s ! royalty sy/em mu/ come into op]ation1 s t ! photo-play au?or w be elevat$ to ! level ( 8 confrre writ+ = ! !atre4 ,9 ,france a society has be5 f\nd$ = ! protection ( photo-play writ]s4 ,?is organisation protects its memb]s by secur+ high] rates ( paym5t1 by introduc+ ! "w ( beg9n]s to ! film-produc]s1 & la/1 b n lea/1 by adv]tis+ ! writ]4 ,t5 ye>s ago ! picture-play au?or 0 reg>d$ ) disda91 & 0 consid]$ to be little m ?an an indiff]5t lit]>y hack4 ,to-day he is reg>d$ z a p[]ful =ce4 ,f ! l[e/ & mo/ ill-paid level he is ris+ to ! highe/ rungs1 :]e 8 rew>ds are excell5t & 8 opportunities unb\nd$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts ,,9 ,,/age ,,productions ,al?\gh ! m\nt+ & /ag+ ( photo-plays has be5 greatly improv$1 ! art has /ill _m imp]fections4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! cons]vative "* ( ! indu/ry4 ,!re is a lack ( initiative & ent]prise2 ! produc]s are cont5t to keep 9 ! "o groove :i* 0 e/abli%$ ye>s ago4 ,no "o c d5y t enorm\s sums ( money are exp5d$ ^u ! m\nt+ ( ! productions1 nor assail !m f ! photographic viewpo9t4 ,b !re is a lack ( art :i* at times is sadly j>r+4 ,?is 0 to be expect$4 ,:5 ! ,engli% pione]s emb>k$ ^u ! play-produc+ bus9ess !y knew no?+ ab\t /age-craft4 ,_! ambition 0 r to p]fect ! photographic quality ( ! films4 ,s rapidly did ! movem5t advance1 h[ev]1 & s insi/5t 0 ! public 9 its dem&s = bett]1 l>g]1 & m lavi%ly /ag$ plays1 t ! pione] f\nd himself out-di/anc$4 ,at ?is juncture came ! man :o _h won 8 spurs 9 ! !atre1 & :o 0 ?or\ghly exp]t 9 ! te*nique ( /age-craft4 ,8 pr(essional k lift$ ! art out ( ! h&s ( ! pione]s1 :o retir$ f ! sc5e4 ,! introduction ( ! pr(essional elem5t comm5c$ 9 ,france1 & 0 tak5 up imm$iately by ! ,am]icans4 ,^! two c\ntries w5t ahead s rapidly t ,great ,brita9 0 soon left beh9d4 ,! _w became flood$ ) ,fr5* & ,am]ican productions1 & 9 ?is heal?y race ! latt] soon w5t ahead & took premi] position4 ,! ,fr5* indu/ry1 be+ ?reat5$1 pull$ itself toge!r1 & tak+ a cue f ,am]ican me?ods x ov]haul$ its organisations & increas$ its exp5diture1 ) ! result t x soon atta9$ ! level ( excell5ce a*iev$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at a lat] date ! ,italian indu/ry1 :i* 0 9 a langui%+ condition1 foll[$ suit4 ,money 0 sunk 9 ! ent]prise1 huge /udios 7 built1 & tal5t$ arti/s 7 engag$ to act be=e ! mov+-picture cam]a4 ,great ,brita9 lagg$ 9 ?is race1 & x is only rec5tly t ! ,briti% produc]s1 by a *ange ( me?od h be5 able to make up ! leeway4 ,! ,briti% movem5t 0 r ( a sporadic nature4 ,x 0 left to "o or two ent]pris+ firms to %[ ! way4 ,b o!rs h foll[$1 & to-day !re is ! ke5e/ rivalry 9 produc+1 nor is exp5se consid]$ s long z ! public gets :at x wants4 ,to s9k #c1jjj 7#ae1jjj7 9 a s+le production has become q a common v5ture4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ^! *anges1 photo-plays /ill foll[ ! l9es t prevail$ t5 ye>s ago4 ,! blemi%es1 defects1 & ana*ronisms are j z pron\nc$ n[ z !y 7 !n1 ?\gh !y are suff]$ 9 sil5ce by ! public4 ,_m faults are hidd5 by ! gorge\s & lavi% m\nt+ ( ! sc5es1 :ile ! rapid action ( ! play]s s]ves to di/ract att5tion f ! %ortcom+s ( ! environm5t4 ,b ! feel+ ( actuality1 :i* ought to be ! great feature ( ! c9ematograph1 is miss+4 ,! sc5ic accessories might be left out = all ! effect t !y produce4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! photo-play /age occupies to-day ! position ( ! !atre tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! sc5]y is = ! mo/ "p make-%ift1 crudely pa9t$ 9 ! neutral black & :ite1 ! /ock room be+ ransack$ to discov] pieces ( canvas to fit ! situation4 ,!re is no attempt to create an arti/ic effect4 ,also !re is an entire abs5ce ( reality or individuality4 ,a cell sc5e1 = in/ance1 be>s e sign ( be+ built ( canvas & batt5s1 & s does ! ext]ior ( a m$ival ca/le1 or ! inside ( a cons]vatory1 & complet$ by a factory h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,c9ema ,college1 by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,tree ,,liz>d1 ,,) ,a ,,spid]1 ,,:i* ,,x ,,has ,,captur$1 ,,9 ,,its ,,m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs ,,& ,,eggs ,,( ,a ,,wat] ,,flea4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,pa? ,frres4 ,,! ,,mov+-,,picture ,,naturali/ ,,& ,,! ,,liz>d ,,at ,,home4 ,sometimes ! %ortcom+s ( ! /udio-/age are avoid$ by sett+ ! plays 9 an outdoor surr\nd+1 & 9 ?is in/ance a f> m reali/ic effect is produc$4 ,! audi5ce is unconsci\sly c>ri$ away4 ,?is has be5 specially realis$ by "s ( ! ,am]ican1 ,dani% & ,italian firms4 ,9 ,france ! ,gaumont ,company has %[n equal ent]prise4 ,s f> z possible ! elaborate productions ( ?is company are act$ 9 a sc5e suit$ to ! plot1 :e!r x be a sixte5? c5tury ca/le or a mod]n hotel4 ,!re is ample opportunity = do+ ?is1 & ! pres5t popul>ity ( ! photo-play proves ! wisdom ( ! policy4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s z _m z six diff]5t companies w be work+ 9 z _m diff]5t corn]s ( ,europe1 act+ plays 9 ! op5 air = ! picture palaces4 ,ev5 ! int]iors 9 ,gaumont films are (t5 real & n m]ely con/ruct$ = ! occasion4 ,z a rule ! /udio is us$ only dur+ ! w9t] :5 ! climatic conditions are unfav\rable = outdoor "w4 ,?is is ! *ief reason :y ! ,gaumont films to-day are 9 su* dem&1 & :y ! company has =c$ its way to ! front4 ,! conveyance ( play]s to a suitable natural sett+ is exp5sive1 b x repres5ts all ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure4 ,( c\rse1 !re are occasions :5 a natural sett+ dem&s a c]ta9 am\nt ( artificial embelli%m5t4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! film+ ( ,hamlet1 z pres5t$ by ,sir ,=bes ,rob]tson & 8 company4 ,a sea backgr\nd & a battlem5t$ ca/le 7 requir$4 ,! =m] 0 q easy to f9d1 b ! comb9ation ( ! two 0 m difficult4 ,! problem 0 solv$ by ! *oice ( ,lulwor? ,cove z ! sc5e & by erect+ a solid set to repres5t ! ca/le4 ,9 ?is case ! prep>ation ( ! extemporis$ ca/le 0 s ?or\gh & c>eful t x looks l a wea!r-beat5 /one build+4 ,! photo-play /age w be =c$ to emulate ! curr5t practice ( ! !atre4 ,x mu/ br+ ! arti/ to be> ^u ! "w4 ,at ! mom5t x is m]ely a comb9ation ( ! photograph] & ! /age-manag] or produc]4 ,! latt] is n always an arti/1 ?\gh he is clev] at mak+ exi/+ facilities suit 8 purpose4 ,! !atre is hold+ its own pr9cipally because x respects ! arti/ic side ( ! issue4 ,individuality is enc\rag$4 ,! photo-play /age w h to foll[ ! same l9e ( action4 ,directly ?is is done ! picture palace w become a spirit$ rival ( ! !atre4 ,= ?is reason ! ef=ts ( ,sir ,hub]t von ,h]kom]1 ! em95t ,briti% arti/1 are be+ foll[$ ) int]e/4 ,he 0 attract$ to ! photo-play produc+ bus9ess ow+ to ! arti/ic atrocities p]petrat$ by ! pr(essional produc] ( film plays4 ,he is n attempt+ to a*ieve any revolution1 except 9 ! m\nt+ & act+ ( plays = ! cam]a1 b 9 ?is sph]e he hopes to br+ ab\t a recognition ( ! "p t ! arti/ mu/ play4 ,!re is a complete abs5ce ( s5sationalism ab\t ! arti/-produc]'s "w1 & 9 ?is respect he goes aga9/ ! conv5tions4 ,he is delib]ately fl\t+ _m ( ! accept$ t5ets ( ! photo-play production1 & 8 attitude is c]ta9 to meet ) "s ho/ile criticism4 ,b f ! reali/ po9t ( view he is correct4 ,8 matt]-(-fact productions give v]isimilitude to ! sc5e & /ory1 & br+s !m )9 ! range ( probability4 ,!re is no /ra9+ aft] effect4 ,no detail is introduc$ unless x has a di/9ct be>+ on ! subject4 ,! co/umes are fai?ful to ! la/ button4 ,if a sixte5? c5tury f>mh\se is want$1 x is built1 & built s well t 9 ! picture x has e appe>ance ( hav+ be5 built ( /one4 ,a feature :i* w be appreciat$ 9 ! ,h]kom] productions is ! suppression ( ! h>% & di/ress+ blacks1 greys & :ites1 :i* "u brilliant illum9ation (t5 convey ! impression ( sn[4 ,nor d ! play]s seem to be suff]+ f anmia4 ,^! appe> to be trivial matt]s 9 !mselves1 b !y greatly affect ! ultimate :ole4 ,! robu/ aspect ( ! peasant :o lives out ( doors is fai?fully convey$1 & he is ?r[n up 9 %>p contra/ to ! :ite-fac$ t[nsman4 ,9 ! conv5tional picture-play1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no individuality ( facial expression1 because "o & all are made up 9 ! same way4 ,sir ,hub]t von ,h]kom] has comm5c$ 8 "w 9 a logical way4 ,he confesses t until he began x he knew no?+ ab\t x4 ,he 0 n h>ass$ by a p>tial k ( h[ ?+s are done4 ,he is ess5tially a pione]1 cont5t to "w out 8 own ideas1 & possess$ ( views ^u /age-craft :i* are n to be despis$4 ,!y _h a good effect ^u ! !atre tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 & h lately be5 reviv$ by ano!r en?usia/4 ,s ,sir ,hub]t von ,h]kom] is n likely to be ! slave ( tradition4 ,he ma9ta9s t 9 ! av]age photo-play ev]y?+ is sacrific$ to rapid action4 ,?is is true1 & x is done purposely to di/ract att5tion f ! weakness ( ! re/4 ,! spectator mu/ fix 8 att5tion ^u ! *>act]s or he loses ! ?read ( ! /ory4 ,no "t is giv5 him to see ! defici5cy ( atmosph]e or environm5t4 ,! result is t ev]y?+ is ru%$ ?r\gh z if ! villa9 & h]o 7 rac+ ! clock4 ,to realise ?is x is only necess>y to foll[ ! film-play ( a well-kn[n hi/orical /ory4 ,famili>ity ) ! incid5t "h gives ! spectator a *ance ( tak+ 9 ! sett+ & ! m\nt+4 ,if !re are mi/akes1 int]e/ gives way to mir? & all conc5tration is lo/4 ,! picture is foll[$ ) no m en?usiasm ?an a pantomime4 ,?is is ! ma9 reason :y produc]s are *>y ( portray+ well-kn[n hi/orical episodes ^u ! scre54 ,"o educational au?ority has describ$ su* films z burlesques1 & t is among ! causes ( opposition to ! c9ematograph z an educational m$ium4 ,9 "o in/ance an attempt 0 made to film an incid5t 9 "o ( ,f5imore ,coop]'s /ories ) :ite actors made up z ,r$ ,indians4 ,x 0 act$ 9 a well-kept private =e/ in/ead ( 9 ! wild woods ( ,canada4 ,b "y & old prov$ to be too famili> ) ?is au?or's works4 ,!y _h too true a notion ( ! ,canadian timb] wild]ness to be impress$ by ! sub/itute on ! scre51 & receiv$ ! pres5tation ) ! ridicule x des]v$4 ,! sight ( a ,r$ ,man sl\*+ ?r\gh ! bu% ) out-turn$ feet & try+ to conceal himself beh9d a tree less ?an six in*es 9 ?ickness1 prov$ to be m]ely comic4 ,b o!r ?+s equally ridicul\s are f\nd 9 _m ( ! films ( to-day1 & t is ! reason :y ! sc5es are s judici\sly ru%$4 ,by sl[+ d[n ! spe$ ( act+1 ?\gh )\t r$uc+ ! su/a9$ int]e/1 ,sir ,hub]t von ,h]kom] cont5ds t ! public w be put 9 a position to grasp ! :ole subject1 & w be able to foll[ x m rationally & compreh5sibly4 ,at ! same "t ! play]s w h "t & scope to p]=m _! p>ts prop]ly4 ,!re is n ! lea/ reason :y ?is %\ld n be a*iev$ )\t all[+ ! action to flag or ! int]e/ to drop4 ,! light+ ( ! subject is ano!r important feature to :i* ,sir ,hub]t von ,h]kom] is giv+ att5tion4 ,! illum9ation mu/ be arrang$ to suit ! situation1 & z c9ematography (f]s ! utmo/ latitude 9 ?is respect1 x is unnecess>y to ru% to viol5t extremes4 ,9 _m productions ! /udio /age is suffus$ ) su* an int5se gl>e t all facial expression & %ad[s are sacrific$4 ,sir ,hub]t has realis$ h[ great is ! scope = improvem5t 9 ?is direction1 & is alt]+ ! :ole pr9ciple ( /age light+4 ,simil>ly1 9 outdoor "w he is supplem5t+ sun%9e ) arc lights1 s z to secure ! /eady illum9ation necess>y = good effects4 ,! comb9ation ( brilliant daylight & artificial illum9ation is a novelty 9 photo-play production1 b :5 ! action is tak+ place "u trees1 :]e ! %ad[s are heavy & 9 %>p contra/ ) scatt]$ pat*es ( brilliant sunlight1 ! play]s are apt to pres5t a phantom appe>ance4 ,sometimes !y are sc>cely di/+ui%able4 ,! introduction ( auxili>y light relieves ! %ad[y places & s(t5s ! g5]al effect4 ,ne$less to say ! manipulation ( p[]ful arc lights "u su* conditions dem&s skilful h&l+1 b 9 ! ,h]kom] films ! improv$ results c]ta9ly %[ t ! lab\r is n wa/$4 ,:e!r ! comb9ation ( arti/ & produc] w prove successful "t alone c %[4 ,!re w be a c]ta9 am\nt ( comm]cial opposition1 lack+ 9 arti/ic feel+1 & ho/ile to innovation4 ,b ! appe>ance ( ! arti/ & 8 resolution to "w out 8 s*emes logically %\ld surely be enc\rag$ by ! public4 ,! same re=ms t *ang$ & improv$ ! !atre1 enabl+ x to hold its own aga9/ ! all-conqu]+ picture palace1 h a mission to ! latt] also4 ,!y c lift x to ! high] level t is its obvi\s de/9y4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,:y ,,n ,,national ,,c9ematograph ,,laboratories8 ,consid]+ ! position :i* ! motion-picture has atta9$ 9 our social & indu/rial life1 ! e/abli%m5t ( national c9ematograph laboratories appe>s n only to be opportune1 b necess>y4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 if "o conceives an idea = ! solv+ ( "s ab/ruse problem by means ( animat$ photography1 "o is h&icapp$ by ! lack ( opportunity & facilities = c>ry+ out ! "w4 ,ei!r ! app>atus requir$ mu/ be made specially1 or pur*as$1 9 :i* case heavy exp5diture may be incurr$1 or1 "o mu/ g to ,p>is & make use ( ! ,m>ey ,in/itute1 ei!r by becom+ a memb] ( x or by s]v+ z ! repres5tative ( a contributory society4 ,!re1 "o is able to pursue ! l9e ( /udy quietly1 easily1 & economically1 &1 ev5 if ! ultimate results are disappo9t+1 or ! *]i%$ !ories prove to be unt5able1 c]ta9 b5efits are sure to accrue f ! exp]im5ts4 ,! "t is n wa/$4 ,! ,m>ey ,in/itute is unique & wond]ful4 ,its op]ations are _w-wide4 ,its f\nd]1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey1 0 a prodigi\s work] :o pursu$ 8 sci5tific inve/igations )\t any idea ( p]sonal ga94 ,:5 fir/ he ent]$ ! ar5a ( sci5ce he began 8 exp]im5ts 9 a l>ge room ^u ! fif? floor ( a h\se 9 ! ,rue de l'anci5ne ,comdie1 ,p>is1 :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! ,comdie ,franaise4 ,"h he fitt$ up z good a laboratory z he c\ld af=d1 divid+ ! spaci\s ap>tm5t1 by wood5 p>titions1 into work+ & liv+ rooms4 ,8 /udies soon ar\s$ widespread att5tion1 & _! results 7 subsequ5tly embodi$ 9 8 classical "w1 ,! ,graphic ,me?od4 ,b "s t5 ye>s be=e ?is volume appe>$ 8 inve/igations _h receiv$ recognition4 ,9 #ahfg ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction (f]$ him ! use ( a laboratory at ! ,college ( ,france1 s z to be able to c>ry out 8 rese>*es to bett] advantage4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he inv5t$ num]\s in/rum5ts--! sphymograph1 c>diograph1 pneumograph1 !rmograph1 & odograph--) :i* he made invaluable contributions to sci5tific k4 ,x 0 ,konig's "w :i* attract$ ,m>ey to animat$ photography1 z a h&maid ( sci5ce1 ! outcome be+ 8 greate/ discov]y1 :i* he nam$ *ronophotography4 ,m>ey 0 mu* impress$ by ,janns5's a/ronomical revolv] ) :i*1 9 #ahgc1 a s]ies ( photographs ( ! transit ( ,v5us 7 tak5 9 #gj seconds4 ,?is caus$ him to build a photographic gun1 ) :i* gulls 9 flight 7 secur$4 ,! "w ( ,muybridge1 ! ,engli% inve/igator resid+ 9 ,san ,francisco1 ar\s$ 8 en?usiasm to ! highe/ pit*1 & enabl$ him to p]fect 8 sy/em ( tak+ a s]ies ( successive photographs ^u a s+le glass plate4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahic1 he produc$ 8 fir/ mov+-picture cam]a work+ ) celluloid films4 ,b "s tw5ty ye>s be=e ?is la/ a*ievem5t he _h conceiv$ ! idea = an ,int]national ,in/itution :]e exp]im5ts ( ?is "*1 9 connection ) motion photography1 might be c>ri$ out to ! advantage ( ! sci5ces4 ,he realis$ t ! elucidation ( physiological ph5om5a 0 q beyond ! capacity ( a s+le individual4 ,he outl9$ 8 s*eme at ! ,f\r? ,physiological ,congress1 held at ,cambridge 7,engl&7 9 ! e>ly sev5ties1 :ile ,monsieur ,h4 ,kroneck]1 ( ,switz]l&1 a great admir] ( ,m>ey's "w1 :o succe$$ to ! presid5tial *air ( ! ,in/itution aft] ! f\nd]'s dea?1 urg$ a simil> plea at an exhibition ( sci5tific app>atus held 9 ,london 9 #ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,a ,,novel ,,hide ,,contriv$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,newman ,,) ,,cam]a ,,fifte5 ,,feet ,,above ,,! ,,gr\nd4 ,! work+ plat=m is cov]$ ) b\ghs s z n to al>m ! =e/ life be+ c9ematograph$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,motograph ,co4 ,,! ,,hide ,,op5$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,work+ ,,plat=m1 ,,tre/le ,,support1 ,,op]ator ,,& ,,cam]a ,,plac$ ,,fifte5 ,,feet ,,above ,,! ,,gr\nd4 ,m>ey's broad-m9d$ness met ) its rew>d4 ,) ! assi/ance ( private fri5ds & contempor>y sci5tific societies ?r\gh\t ! _w he obta9$ adequate funds = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,in/itution1 ! necessity = :i* he _h advanc$ s vigor\sly4 ,! ,city ( ,p>is gave valuable help by grant+ ! use ( a tract ( l& atta*$ to its physiological /ation1 & "h ,m>ey e/abli%$ a commodi\s build+ ) spaci\s workrooms1 a libr>y1 lecture hall1 & o!r conv5i5ces1 = ! pr(itable prosecution ( c9ematographic rese>*4 ,s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! ,fr5* ,cradle ( ,c9ematography1 innum]able & valuable contributions to sci5tific k h be5 made by inve/igators ( all nationalities1 :o h gone to ,p>is to take advantage ( ! facilities (f]$4 ,_m extraord9>y films deal+ ) ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce h be5 prep>$4 ,_m ( ! mo/ prom95t sci5ti/s ( all nations1 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,r\mania1 ,switz]l&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 are numb]$ among its memb]s4 ,x may be said tru?fully t ! ,m>ey ,in/itute has anticipat$ all ! great developm5ts t h be5 made dur+ rec5t ye>s conc]n+ ! in/ructional or in=mative side ( film production4 ,un=tunately ! orig9al inve/igations 7 made s long ago1 be=e ! possibilities ( animat$ photography 7 appreciat$1 t !y h be5 =gott5 by1 or are unkn[n to1 ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,_m an inv5tor1 en?usia/ic ab\t a developm5t :i* he has p]fect$ 9 ! art1 has receiv$ a rude %ock :5 8 "w became public & he le>n$ t he _h be5 =e/all$ ye>s be=e at ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,ne>ly all ( ! s-call$ sci5tific films1 :i* ar\se widespread int]e/ to-day1 7 prep>$ orig9ally at ! ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,! comb9ation ( ! c9ematograph ) ! microscope1 ! ,x-rays1 & o!r app>atus1 ! record+ ( ! gr[? ( plants & animals1 ! photograph+ ( rapid movem5ts all ^! 7 demon/rat$ at ?is e/abli%m5t a g5]ation ago4 ,surely :at has be5 possible at a ,fr5* e/abli%m5t is n beyond ! res\rces ( o!r c\ntries8 ,:5 "o recalls ! valuable assi/ance giv5 to sci5ce by ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 !re %\ld be no hesitation 9 o!r c\ntries to emulate ! idea1 & to e/abli% national in/itutions = a simil> purpose4 ,animat$ photography is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,its educational & sci5tific possibilities are sc>cely yet realis$4 ,!re 7 _m ye>s dur+ :i* no "o realis$ ! full advantages ( ord9>y photography 9 ! prov9ces ( inve/igation & exp]im5t1 & animat$ photography is pass+ ?r\gh a simil> phase4 ,?is is l>gely because ( ! %[man1 :o is ent]pris+1 & has captur$ ! =t = himself4 ,probably no o!r indu/ry has be5 responsible = ! creation ( s _m millionaires 9 s %ort a p]iod1 yet !re is no indu/ry :i* c r5d] s great a s]vice to sci5ce4 ,x %\ld n be difficult to e/abli% national in/itutions1 on ,m>ey's l9es1 9 e c\ntry :i* has great indu/rial & comm]cial int]e/s at /ake4 ,s f> z ,great ,brita9 is conc]n$ x might be atta*$ to ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory at ,t$d+ton4 ,?is e/abli%m5t has an ext5sive array ( sci5tific app>atus ( all descriptions capable ( be+ utilis$ 9 conjunction ) ! mov+-picture cam]a1 s t ! additional outlay w\ld n be excessive4 ,n only w\ld x be possible to utilise ! inv5tion 9 connection ) exi/+ exp]im5ts1 b indep5d5t & orig9al inve/igation c\ld be und]tak54 ,!re are _m po9ts ( sci5ce :i* c be det]m9$ only by mov+-pictures4 ,al?\gh ,m>ey cov]$ ! gr\nd v completely dur+ 8 lifetime1 z a p]usal ( ,movem5t w %[1 _m new sph]es ( application h appe>$ s9ce 8 "t4 ,x is q possible t if "s ( 8 inve/igations 7 repeat$ 9 ! light ( lat] k1 ! new results w\ld be q z /rik+ z ! old4 ,9 ,g]many ! c9ematographic laboratory might be atta*$ to ! _w-fam$ te/+ laboratory at ,*>lott5burg4 ,at pres5t1 al?\gh ! record+ in/rum5ts 9 use are ( a mo/ mod]n & p]fect description1 !re are innum]able in/ances :]e improvem5t might be effect$ by photographic me?ods4 ,! ,g]man milit>y au?orities 7 n sl[ to appreciate ! value ( ,pr(essor ,cranz's sy/em ( photograph+ projectiles 9 flight4 ,directly ! initial exp]im5ts 7 conclud$ ! "w 0 tak5 up by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 p>ticul>s ( ! app>atus employ$ & its me?od ( op]ation h be5 publi%$1 ! ess5tial details h be5 kept secret4 ,x is admitt$ t ! me?od evolv$ by ,cranz is imp]fect 9 c]ta9 features1 b ! au?orities h ! g]m ( a useful inv5tion1 & are n[ develop+ x indep5d5tly4 ,9 ,italy also ! value ( ! c9ematograph is be+ appreciat$ 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e has e/abli%$ a special dep>tm5t ( photography & c9ematography 9 ,rome1 aft] p]sonal inve/igation ( ! utility ( ! inv5tion dur+ ! naval manoeuvres4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica has be5 no m progressive ?an ,great ,brita9 9 giv+ recognition to animat$ photography1 b !re are indications t ?is le?>gic attitude is to be ab&on$4 ,c]ta9 influ5tial int]e/s h sugge/$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a c9ematographic bureau ( /&>ds1 emphasis+ ! usefulness ( ! inv5tion = supply+ measurem5ts ( "t & "w4 ,ap>t f ?is movem5t o!r indep5d5t en?usia/s h recomm5d$ ! =mation ( mov+-picture laboratories 9 connection ) ! v>i\s tra9+ in/itutions1 s t /ud5ts might be tra9$ on ! correct l9es4 ,d\btless ! p]fection ( cont9u\s-record c9ematography1 & ( cam]as capable ( work+ at ! highe/ spe$s1 w /imulate ! movem5t1 = !y provide a me?od ( gett+ in=mation :i* ev5 ! c9ematograph has n hi!rto be5 able to give4 ,!re are a ?\s& problems incid5tal to indu/ry & comm]ce :i* n[ defy solution1 b c\ld be solv$ by animat$ photography4 ,aviation1 :i* at pres5t is occupy+ ! att5tion ( e nation1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,! me*anical "p ( ! sci5ce has be5 inve/igat$ m9utely b little progress has be5 made 9 /udy+ ! effect ( ! air ^u ! planes1 s z to discov] ! be/ =ms ( cutt+ edge4 ,pres5t endeav\r is cont5t to "w ^u ! results obta9$ by ,m>ey ) 8 *ronophotographic app>atus "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,no attempt has be5 made to asc]ta9 :e!r x is possible to improve ^u 8 "w1 or to det]m9e :e!r ! data he ga!r$ is 9 ne$ ( modification4 ,ano!r field ( inve/igation is 9 reg>d to ! te/+ ( metals1 woods1 & o!r mat]ials1 to discov] _! behavi\r "u v>y+ degrees ( /ra94 ,a national c9ematographic laboratory ne$ n be exp5sive ei!r to e/abli% nor to ma9ta94 ,! ,m>ey ,in/itute might be tak5 z a model4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,m>ey1 9 #aije1 ! means ( c>ry+ on ! in/itution 7 completely reorganis$4 ,! "w x 0 accompli%+ 0 recognis$ z be+ too valuable to be all[$ to cease4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t took up ! "q & decid$ to grant an annual subv5tion ( #ifj 7#d1hjj74 ,! ,g]man1 ,swiss1 ,russian1 & o!r ,gov]nm5ts1 z well z v>i\s sci5tific in/itutions ( all nations1 also decid$ to subscribe regul>ly to its support4 ,9 ?is way1 ) ! addition ( "s private subscriptions1 ab\t #a1ejj 7#g1ejj7 is contribut$ annually4 ,o!r contributions are made 9 k9d1 su* z ! film1 all ( :i* is giv5 by ! firm ( ,lumire4 ,consid]+ ! "w accompli%$ by ! ,m>ey ,in/itute x is ma9ta9$ v economically4 ,! annual exp5ses av]age ab\t #a1bjj or #f1jjj4 ,! paid /aff comprises ! assi/ant sub-director & an assi/ant1 two highly skill$ me*anics1 & "o or two m9or (ficials1 ! important po/s be+ fill$ honor>ily4 ,private inve/igators are enc\rag$ to use ! ,in/itute & its equipm5t4 ,! sci5tific in/itutions ( ! diff]5t c\ntries are giv5 c]ta9 facilities 9 return = a small paym5t4 ,?us an annual subscription ( #dj 7#bjj7 entitles ! repres5tative ( an in/itution to ! wide/ use ( ! laboratory4 ,he is n only giv5 free & unre/rict$ use ( all ! app>atus1 b is provid$ ) a b$room1 s t 8 exp5ses are r$uc$ to disbursem5ts ^u meals & o!r p]sonal requirem5ts4 ,ev]y?+ requisite = 8 /udy1 z well z accessories1 su* z light1 film1 develop]s1 etc41 are provid$ free ( *>ge4 ,! laboratory is well provid$ ) all sorts ( appliances4 ,!re are cam]as ( v>i\s designs adapt$ to special classes ( "w1 d>k rooms = develop+1 rooms = exp]im5ts1 a work%op ) skill$ me*anics1 a libr>y /ock$ ) lit]ature be>+ ^u c9ematography & its relation to ! sci5ces1 & a l>ge & l(ty hall furni%$ ) a projector & scre54 ,z ! ,in/itute /&s 9 its own gr\nds ( ov] #c1jjj squ>e y>ds1 !re are ample facilities = out-door inve/igations4 ,! exp]im5t] at ?is ,in/itution has advantages plac$ at 8 disposal :i* w n be f\nd else:]e 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! majority ( ! appliances h be5 design$ by ! /aff me*anics1 & 9 _! manufacture extreme +5uity has be5 display$4 ,mu* ( ! app>atus might possibly provide an income 9 ! =m ( royalties if x 7 comm]cially exploit$4 ,b x is a rule ( ! ,in/itute t no in/rum5t may be pat5t$4 ,its "w is = ! b5efit ( all4 ,und\bt$ly ! ne> future w see ! f\ndation ( national c9ematographic laboratories 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,! value ( animat$ photography is n yet appreciat$4 ,directly ! sci5ces realise its significance1 & see t x con/itutes an indisp5sable aid to inve/igation & rese>*1 ! inv5tion w be giv5 ! recognition x des]ves4 ,!n x w be turn$ into m useful *annels ?an at pres5t4 ,individual inve/igation w be enc\rag$1 & discov]ies m wond]ful ?an any ( :i* we "k w be made4 ,,index ,a]oscope1 !1 h& cam]a1 #ee-eg ,aldri*1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g41 & ! use ( micro-motion1 #agf ,alpha cam]a1 #bb-bc ,aurora ,borealis1 attempt to film !1 #ahf ,automatic cam]as4 ,see "u ,cam]as4 ,bruce1 ,colonel1 /udy ( sleep+ sickness1 #aie ,bull1 ,m4 ,luci51 optical illusions expla9$1 #if-ajg2 exp]im5ts ) a bee1 #aai-abj2 cont9u\s-record cam]a1 #acg2 /udy ( balli/ics1 #aij ,cam]as1 automatic1 #ed-ei2 co/ (1 #g-aj1 #bb-bd2 directions = use1 #ce-ej2 h& cam]a1 #ej-ec2 high spe$ cam]as1 #aji1 #aab-aaf1 #aah-abj2 me*anism expla9$1 #be-cd ,c>diograph1 !1 #bdi ,c>vallo1 ,m4 ,m4 ,j41 #adg-adh2 app>atus describ$ & illu/rat$1 #adi-aeb2 sci5tific exp]im5ts1 #aed-aef ,*ronophotography1 #acf-adf2 discov]y (1 #bdi2 ! *ronoscope1 #aaa-aab ,*ronoscope1 !1 #aaa-aab ,c9ematography-- 7a7 = ! amateur1 attractions & opportunities1 #a-ab1 #ba-cd1 #ib-ic1 #abe1 #acc-acd1 #bab-bac1 #bbj-bba2 picture plays1 #bbe-bcg 7b7 sci5tific value (4 ,see ,sci5tific inve/igation4 7c7 ,educational value4 ,see ,educational films4 7d7 9 conjunction ) ! ,x-rays4 ,see ,radio-c9ematography4 7e7 9 conjunction ) ! microscope4 ,see ,micro-c9ematography4 ,claw1 !1 #bf-bg2 movem5t describ$1 #bi-cj2 s+le claw1 #ca ,com&on1 ,dr4 ,jean1 #adg-adh2 sy/em describ$ & illu/rat$ #aeg-afj2 inve/igations ) ultra-microscope describ$ & illu/rat$1 #afh-agb1 #aie ,cont9u\s records4 ,see ,records1 cont9u\s4 ,cooke l5s1 #bc ,cranz1 ,dr41 ( ,b]l91 milit>y academy1 #aji2 app>atus inv5t$ by1 #aij-aic1 #bed ,crookes' tube1 #aec ,dallmey] l5s1 #bc ,da/re1 ,dr41 ( ! ,sorbonne1 #agb ,dem5y1 ,georges1 #adc2 inve/igation ) ! cont9u\s record1 #add-ade ,develop+4 ,see "u ,film4 ,driv+ ge>1 #ca-cb ,drum1 !1 #gf ,ea/man ,company1 /ock1 #fc1 #gh2 develop+ solution1 #gj ,educational films1 #bji-bbc ,e9?ov51 ,pr(essor 7,dut* sci5ti/71 #acg2 *ronophotography1 #adb ,equilibrator ( h& cam]a1 #ef ,exp]im5ts & inve/igations3 /udy ( bact]ia1 #afh-agb2 film+ ( a bee1 #bai2 ) cont9u\s records1 #adj-ade2 /udy ( functions ( dige/ion1 #aed-aef2 flight ( projectiles1 #aia-aic2 film+ ( a k+fi%]1 #bag-bah2 9 micro-motion1 #agg-ahj2 by an oph?almic surgeon1 #aic2 gr[? ( plants1 #abd-abi2 te*nical1 #ahg1 #ahh-ahi4 ,see also ,sci5tific inve/igations4 ,exposure1 l5g? (1 #dc-dg ,film 7unexpos$71 co/1 #ab2 description1 #aa2 develop+1 #fe-gd1 #gh2 dry+1 #ge-gg2 ,ea/man /ock1 #fc2 fix+1 #gd-ge2 ! indicator1 #db2 load+ ! box1 #ce-cg2 matt film1 #ch-ci2 ?read+1 #bh-bi 7ill471 #ci-da2 pr9t+1 #gi-ic2 special = ,c>vallo app>atus1 #aec2 w9d+1 #gg ,film jo9t]1 #cg ,film-pictures3 prices1 #e-g1 #bag-bba ,fix+-ba?1 =mula1 #gd ,focus-lamp1 #hi ,focuss+1 #cj-ca1 #ch2 effect ( l5g? ( exposure1 #dg ,=mul3 ,ea/man develop]1 #gj2 re/ra9] = ov]-expos$ films1 #ga2 fix+ ba?2 #gd2 soak+ solution1 #ge ,fr5* ,cradle ( ,c9ematography1 #bea ,f*s1 ,dr4 ,otto1 inve/igations1 #ahh-aij ,gate1 !1 describ$1 #bi ,gaumont1 ,company1 picture plays1 #bda ,g5eva /op movem5t1 #bf ,gilbre?1 ,mr4 ,frank ,b41 #adc2 micro-motion /udy1 #age-ahd ,graphic ,me?od1 ,!1 book by ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey1 #bdi ,great ,:ite ,sc\rge1 ,! 7film71 #bbb ,gun1 photographic1 #bej ,hamlet1 film+ ( play1 #bdb ,h& cam]a4 ,see "u ,cam]as4 ,heal? films1 #bbb-bbc ,h]kom]1 ,sir ,hub]t von1 & picture plays1 #bdc-bdg ,high-spe$ cam]as4 ,see "u ,cam]as4 ,illum9ant1 #acj-acb1 #aij2 9 micro-c9ematography1 #afg1 #agj ,int]national ,in/itution = ,c9ematographic ,rese>*1 #bej-bea4 ,see also ,m>ey ,in/itute4 ,int]rupt]1 #aeh-aei2 ( ,cranz app>atus1 #aia ,iris diaphragm1 use illu/rat$1 #de2 table ( /ops1 #df-dg ,janns5's a/ronomical revolv]1 #bdi-bej ,jury autocam1 #eh-ei ,jury duplex1 #hj2 pr9t+ app>atus1 #hb-he ,jury outfit1 #aj ,ke>ton1 ,mr4 ,*]ry1 jungle pictures1 #e1 #ec2 use ( a]oscope1 #ee ,l5s1 !1 #bc-be2 iris diaphragm1 #dc-dg2 = radio-c9ematography1 #afj ,life ( a ,moorh5 7film71 #bba ,life ,t>get1 !1 app>atus1 #bja-bjg ,lumire ,bro!rs1 #agb1 #bef ,m>ey1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,j41 #aaa-aad1 #bdi-bej2 physiological rese>*1 #aie ,m>ey ,in/itute1 f\nd+ (1 #bdh-beb2 lat] developm5t1 #bef-beh2 micro-c9ematography1 #aff-afh2 radio-c9ematography1 #adg-aef2 sl[-movem5t records1 #abe-acj ,mason1 ,j4 ,c4 ,bee1 films ( insect life1 #bai ,matt film1 #ch-ci ,me*anics & c9ematography1 #ahg-aij ,micro-c9ematography1 #afa-agc ,micro-motion /udy1 #agd-ahd ,milit>y value ( c9ematography1 #aig-bjh ,motograph ,film ,co41 educational films1 #bbj ,movem5t1 book by ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey1 #ahe ,movem5t1 int]mitt5t1 #bf-ca ,movies1 !1 #bb ,muybridge1 inve/igator1 #bej ,national ,c9ematographic ,laboratories1 a plea =1 #bdh1 #beb-bef ,national ,physical ,laboratory at ,t$d+ton1 #bec ,new ,engl& ,butt ,co41 #agf-ahj ,new ,era cam]a1 #bb ,newman1 ,mr4 ,frank ,a41 #bag ,nogus1 ,m4 ,m4 ,p41 cam]a describ$ & illu/rat$1 #aad2 claw motion device1 #aec ,odograph1 !1 #bdi ,"o-turn-"o-picture1 pr9ciple1 #abe1 #acc ,optical illusion1 #ac-ad2 illusions describ$ & expla9$1 #ie-ajg ,out-position ( claw1 #bi ,ov]-expos$ film1 re/ra9] =1 #ga ,pat]son & ,musgrave1 ,messrs41 #aih-bja ,pa? ,frres1 #aef1 #afi ,paul1 ,mr4 ,rob]t1 #bf ,p]si/5ce ( vision1 law (1 #ad1 #abb ,photographic gun1 #bej ,photo play4 ,see ,picture play4 ,physiological ,in/itute1 ,p>is1 #aie ,picture palace z illu/rat$ newspap]1 #b ,picture play1 #bbd-bbf2 h9ts on con/ruction1 #bbg-bcd2 w>n+ to amateurs1 #bcd-bce2 comm]cial value1 #bce-bcg ,p9 frame1 #fg-fh 7ill47 ,pneumograph1 !1 #bdi ,pr9t+1 #gi-ic ,proszynski1 ,kasimir de1 #ed-ee ,pun*1 !1 #db ,radio-c9ematography1 #adg-afj ,ra9ey1 ,paul1 #i ,rapid movem5t1 record (1 #ajh-aaf2 projection (1 #aag-abb ,records1 cont9u\s1 #acf2 app>atus1 #acg-ach2 sci5tific exp]im5ts )1 #aci-adf ,re9=c$ scre51 #aeh ,revolv]1 a/ronomical1 #bdi-bej ,ries1 ,dr4 ,j41 inve/igations1 #afh ,rob]tson1 ,sir ,=bes1 9 picture play1 #bdb ,ross l5s1 #bc ,ruby light1 !1 #fh ,sci5tific inve/igation1 #ahe-aif4 ,see also "u ,exp]im5ts & inve/igations4 ,sl[ movem5ts1 record & projection (1 #abd-acc ,soak+ solution =mula1 #ge ,spe$1 photographic & project+1 #af-bj2 sl[+ d[n1 #ajh-abc2 spe$+ up1 #abd-acd ,spitta1 ,dr41 #afd ,spoolw9d]1 #gg ,sprocket1 #bh 7ill47 ,/ock1 #cd ,/r+ galvanomet]1 #acg ,swat ! ,fly1 heal? film1 #bbb ,!rmograph1 !1 #bdi ,"t regi/ration1 tun+-=k1 #ajc-ajg2 *ronoscope1 #aaa-aab ,trick films1 difficulties (1 #f ,tripod1 #cb-cd ,tun+-=k control1 #ajc-ajg ,view f9d]1 !1 #di ,williamson1 ,mr4 ,james1 #bd2 micro-c9ematographic /udies1 #afd ,williamson outfit1 #aj2 cam]a1 #h1 #bd-bh 7ill472 pr9t]1 #hj1 #he-hg 7ill472 focuss+1 #cj1 #ch1 #dg2 m\nt+1 #ca2 driv+ ge>1 #cb2 iris diaphragm1 #dc-df ,x-rays & c9ematography4 ,see ,radio-c9ematography4 ,zeiss-,tess> l5s1 #bc-bd1 #dc ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew1 ,,co4 ,,ld41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,& ,,tonbridge4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,page #aih fusilade *ang$ to fusillade4 7,z ! pap] became p]=at$ "u ! fusillade x 0 roll$ up47 ,inconsi/5t use ( ,moor-h5 & ,moorh5 0 /&>dis$ to ,moorh54