,b>r's ,buffon4 -- ,buffon's ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,conta9+ ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 ,a ,,g5]al ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man1 ,,( ,,! ,,brute ,,creation1 ,,& ,,( ,,vegetables1 ,,m9]als1 c4 c4 ,,f ,,! ,,fr5*4 ,,) ,,notes ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 ,,9 ,,t5 ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 -- ,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,proprietor1 ,,sold ,,& ,,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,symonds1 ,,pat]no/]-,,r[4 ---- #agig4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume4 ,pro( ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,page ,article ,,xi4 ,( ,seas & ,lakes #a ,article ,,xii4 ,( ! ,flux & ,reflux #eh ,article ,,xiii4 ,( ! ,inequalities at ! ,bottom ( ! ,sea1 & ( ,curr5ts #ga ,article ,,xiv4 ,( regul> ,w9ds #hf ,article ,,xv4 ,( irregul> ,w9ds1 ,hurricanes1 & o!r ,ph5om5a1 caus$ by ! ,agitation ( ! ,sea & ,air #ajh ,article ,,xvi4 ,( ,volcanos & ,e>?quakes #acc ,article ,,xvii4 ,( ,new ,isl&s1 ,cav]ns1 ,p]p5dicul> ,clefts1 c4 #aga ,article ,,xviii4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,ra9--( ,m>%es1 ,subt]rane\s ,wood & ,wat] #bje ,article ,,xix4 ,( ! ,*anges ( ,l& into ,sea & ,sea into ,l& #bdg ,conclusion ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? #bea ,hi/ory ( ,animals4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ,animals1 ,vegetables & o!r ,productions ( ,nature #bee ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,( ,reproduction 9 g5]al #bgb ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,( ,nutrition & ,gr[? #bih ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,( ! ,g5]ation ( ,animals #caa ,*apt] ,v4 ,exposition ( ! ,sy/ems 9 ,g5]ation #cbi ,,buffon's ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,,( ,,seas ,,& ,,lakes4 ,! ocean surr\nds ! e>? on all sides1 & p5etrates into ! int]ior p>ts ( diff]5t c\ntries1 (t5 by l>ge op5+s1 & frequ5tly by small /raits2 x =ms m$it]ranean seas1 "s ( :i* p>ticipate ( its motions ( flux & reflux1 & o!rs seem to h no?+ 9 common ) x except ! cont9uity ( wat]4 ,we %all foll[ ! ocean ?r\gh all its ext5t & w9d+s1 enum]at+ at ! same "t all ! m$it]ranean seas1 & endeav\r to di/+ui% !m f ^? :i* %\ld be only call$ bays1 or gulphs1 & lakes4 ,! sea :i* wa%es ! we/]n coa/s ( ,france =ms a gulph betwe5 ,spa9 & ,brita92 ?is gulph1 :i* m>9]s call ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 is v op51 & ! po9t :i* projects f>!/ inl& is betwe5 ,bayonne & ,/4 ,seba/ian2 ano!r great projection is betwe5 ,ro*elle & ,ro*e=t3 ?is gulph beg9s at ,cape ,ortegal1 & ends at ,bre/1 :]e a /rait comm5ces betwe5 ! s\? po9t ( ,brita9 & ,cape ,liz>d4 ,?is /rait1 :i* at fir/ is v l>ge1 =ms a small gulph 9 ,norm&y1 ! mo/ project+ po9t ( :i* is at ,auran*e2 x cont9ues pretty broad until x comes to ! *annel at ! foot ( ,calais1 :]e x is v n>r[2 aft]w>ds x gr[s broad] on a sudd51 & ends betwe5 ! ,texel & ! coa/ ( ,engl& at ,norwi*2 at ! ,texel x =ms a small m$it]ranean sea1 call$ ,zuyd]-zee1 & _m o!r great canals1 :i* are n v deep4 ,aft] t ! ocean =ms a great gulph call$ ! ,g]man ,ocean2 x beg9s at ! nor!rn po9t ( ,scotl&1 runs along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,scotl& & ,engl& z f> z ,norwi*1 f !nce to ! ,texel1 along ! coa/s ( ,holl& & ,g]many1 ,jutl&1 ,norway1 & above ,b]g54 ,?is gulph might be tak5 = a m$it]ranean sea1 because ! ,orkney isl&s p>tly %ut up its op5+1 & seem to be direct$ z if !y 7 a cont9uation ( ! m\nta9s ( ,norway4 ,x =ms a l>ge /rait1 :i* beg9s at ! s\!rn po9t ( ,norway1 & cont9ues v broad to ! ,isl& ( ,zetl&1 :]e x n>r[s all at once1 & =ms betwe5 ! coa/s ( ,sw$51 ! isl&s ( ,d5m>k & ,jutl&1 f\r small /raits2 aft] :i* x wid5s to a small gulph1 ! mo/ project+ po9t ( :i* is at ,lubec3 f !nce x cont9ues pretty broad to ! s\!rn extremity ( ,sw$51 :5 x gr[s broad] & broad]1 & =ms ! ,baltic ,sea1 :i* is a m$it]ranean1 ext5d+ f s\? to nor? ne> #cjj leagues1 compreh5d+ ! gulph ( ,bo?nia1 :i* is 9 fact only a cont9uation ( x4 ,?is sea has two m gulphs1 t ( ,livonia1 ^: mo/ project+ po9t is ne> ,mittau & ,riga1 & t ( ,f9l&1 :i* is an arm ( ! ,baltic1 ext5d+ betwe5 ,livonia & ,f9l& to ,pet]sburgh1 & communicat+ ) ! lake ,ladoga1 & ev5 ) ! lake ,onega1 :i* communicates by ! riv] ,onega to ! ,:ite ,sea4 ,all ?is ext5t ( wat]1 :i* =ms ! ,baltic ,sea1 ! gulphs ( ,bo?nia1 ,f9l&1 & ,livonia1 mu/ be look$ ^u z "o great lake1 support$ by a great numb] ( riv]s :i* x receives1 z ! ,od]1 ! ,vi/ula1 ! ,niem51 ! ,dro9e1 9 ,g]many & ,pol&2 o!r riv]s 9 ,livonia & ,f9l&2 o!rs /ill great]1 :i* come f ,lapl&1 ,tornea1 ! ,calis1 ,lula1 ,pi!a1 ,uma1 & _m o!rs t come f ,sw$54 ,^! riv]s1 :i* are v l>ge1 are m ?an #dj1 includ+ ! riv]s !y receive1 :i* _c fail ( produc+ a quantity ( wat] suffici5t to support ! ,baltic4 ,besides1 ?is sea has no flux nor reflux1 al?\gh x is v n>r[ & v salt4 ,if we consid] also ! be>+ ( ! c\ntry1 & ! numb] ( lakes & morasses 9 ,f9l& & ,sw$51 we %all be incl9$ to look on x n z a sea1 b z a great lake =m$ by ! abundance ( wat]s f ! adjac5t l&s1 & :i* has =c$ a passage ne> ,d5m>k into ! ocean1 :]e 9 fact1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( m>9]s1 !y /ill cont9ue to fl[4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! gulph :i* =ms ! ,g]man ,sea1 & :i* t]m9ates above ,b]g51 ! ocean foll[s ! coa/s ( ,norway1 ,sw$i% ,lapl&1 ,nor? ,lapl&1 & ,muscovy ,lapl&1 at ! ea/]n "p ( :i* x =ms a l>ge /rait1 :i* bord]s a m$it]ranean call$ ! ,:ite ,sea1 :i* may be likewise reg>d$ z a great lake2 = x receives #ab or #ac riv]s1 all v consid]able1 & :i* are m ?an suffici5t to support x2 its wat] is b a little salt4 ,besides1 9 _m p>ts x is v ne> communicat+ ) ! ,baltic ,sea2 x has ev5 a real "o ) ! gulph ( ,f9l&1 =1 by asc5d+ ! riv] ,onega1 we come to a lake ( ! same "n2 f ?is lake ,onega !re are two riv]s ( communication ) ! lake ,ladoga2 ?is la/ communicates by a l>ge arm ) ! gulph ( ,f9l&2 & !re are _m p>ts 9 ,sw$i% ,lapl&1 ! wat]s ( :i* run almo/ indiff]5tly ei!r into ! ,:ite ,sea1 or ! gulphs ( ,bo?nia & ,f9l&2 & all ?is c\ntry be+ full ( lakes & morasses1 ! ,baltic & ,:ite ,seas seem to be ! receptacles ( its wat]s1 & :i* aft]w>ds dis*>ge !mselves into ! ,froz5 & ,g]man ,sea4 ,quitt+ ! ,:ite ,sea1 & coa/+ ! isl& ( ,c&5os & ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,russia1 ! ocean =ms a small arm 9 ! l& at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,petzora4 ,?is arm1 :i* is ab\t #dj leagues long1 by #h or #aj broad1 is r a mass ( wat] =m$ by ! riv] ?an a gulph ( ! sea1 & also has b little saltness4 ,! l& !re =ms a project+ cape1 t]m9at$ by ! small isl&s ( ,maurice & ( ,orange2 & betwe5 ?is promontory & ! l&s :i* bord] ! ,/rait ( ,waigat to ! s\?1 !re is a small gulph ab\t #cj leagues dep? inl&4 ,?is gulph belongs to ! ocean1 & is n =m$ by ! l& wat]s4 ,we aft]w>ds meet ) ,waigat's ,/rait1 :i* is ne>ly "u ! #gj? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,?is /rait is n m ?an #h or #aj leagues long1 & communicates ) ! sea :i* wat]s ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,sib]ia4 ,z ?is /rait is %ut up by ! ice ! greate/ "p ( ! ye>1 x is v difficult to get into ! sea beyond x4 ,! passage has be5 attempt$ 9 va9 by a great numb] ( navigators1 & ^? :o =tunately pass$ x h left u no exact *>ts ( t sea1 :i* !y h t]m$ ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,all t appe>s by ! mo/ rec5t *>ts1 & by ,s5ex's globe ( #agci1 is1 t ?is sea might be entirely m$it]ranean1 & n communicat+ ) ! great sea ( ,t>t>y1 = x appe>s to be enclos$ & b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! c\ntry ( ! ,samoides1 :i* is at pres5t well kn[n1 & :i* ext5ds f ! ,/raits ( ,waigat to ! riv] ,j5isca2 on ! ea/ x is b\nd$ by ,jelmorl&1 on ! we/ by ,nova ,zembla2 & al?\gh we are n acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( ?is sea to ! nor? & nor?-ea/1 yet z !re does n appe> any int]ruption ( ! l&s1 !re is great probability ( its be+ only a m$it]ranean1 & b\nd$ by l& on t side3 :at inde$ proves ?is is1 t by leav+ ,waigat's ,/rait y may coa/ ,nova-,zembla all along its we/]n & nor!rn coa/s z f> z ,cape ,desire2 t aft] hav+ pa/ ?is cape1 keep+ along ! coa/ to ! ea/ ( ,nova ,zembla1 y arrive at a small gulph1 :i* is ab\t ! #ge? c\ntry ( ,jelmorl& 0 discov]$ 9 #affd1 :i* is only a few leagues di/ant f ,nova ,zembla1 s t ! only l& :i* has n yet be5 discov]$ is a small spot ne> ?is little gulph2 & ?is "p is p]haps n ?irty leagues long2 s t if ! ,pacific ,sea communicat$ ) ! ocean x mu/ be at ?is little gulph1 :i* is ! only way by :i* !y c jo92 & z ?is small gulph is 9 ! #ge? degree1 ev5 if ! communication %\ld exi/1 we mu/ always keep five degrees t[>ds ! nor? to ga9 ! great sea4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t if we w\ld acquire ! nor!rn r\te to ,*9a1 x w\ld be mu* bett] to pass by ! nor? ( ,nova ,zembla1 at ! #gg? or #gh? degree1 :]e ! sea is m op51 & has less ice1 ?an to attempt ! road ?r\gh ! icy /rait ( ,waigat1 ) ! unc]ta9ty ( gett+ out ( ?is sea1 :i* !re is s mu* reason to believe m$it]ranean4 ,by foll[+1 !re=e1 ! ocean along ! coa/s ( ,nova ,zembla & ,jelmorl&1 ^! l&s are discov]able z f> z ! m\? ( ,*otanga1 :i* is ab\t ! #gc;d degree1 beyond :i* !re is an unkn[n coa/ ( ab\t #bjj leagues3 we h only an acc\nt ( !m f ! ,muscovites1 :o h travell$ by l& into ^? climates2 !y /ate ! c\ntry to be un9t]rupt$1 h m>k$ out ! riv]s 9 _! *>ts1 & call$ ! p populi palati4 ,?is int]val ( coa/s1 /ill unkn[n1 ext5ds f ! m\? ( ,*otanga to t ( ,kauvo9a1 9 ! #ff? degree ( latitude2 ! ocean !re =ms a bay1 ^: mo/ project+ po9t 9 l& is at ! m\? ( ! ,l51 :i* is a v consid]able riv]4 ,?is bay is v op51 belongs to ! ,t>t>ian sea1 & is call$ ! ,l9*idol91 :]e ! ,muscovites h a :ale fi%]y4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,l5 we may foll[ ! coa/s ( ,t>t>y m ?an #ejj leagues t[>ds ! ea/1 to a p59sula inhabit$ by ! ,s*elates4 ,?is is ! mo/ nor!rn extremity ( ,t>t>y1 & is situate ab\t ! #gb;d degree ( latitude4 ,9 ?is #ejj leagues ! ocean makes no int]ruption by bays nor arms1 only a consid]able elb[ f ! p59sula ( ! ,s*elates to ! m\? ( ! riv] ,korv9ea4 ,?is po9t ( l& also =ms ! ea/]n extremity ( ! old cont95t1 & ^: we/]n is at ,cape ,nor? 9 ,lapl&2 s t ! old cont95t has ab\t #agjj leagues nor!rn coa/s1 compreh5d+ ! s9uosities ( ! bays1 f ,cape ,nor? 9 ,lapl& to ! f>!/ po9t ( l& belong+ to ! ,s*elates1 & ab\t #aajj leagues 9 a /raight l9e4 ,let u n[ take a view ( ! ea/]n coa/s ( ! old cont95t1 beg9n+ at ! f>!/ po9t ( l& :i* ! ,s*elates inhabit1 & desc5d+ t[>ds ! equator4 ,! ocean at fir/ =ms an elb[ betwe5 ! c\ntry ( ! ,s*elates1 & ! l& inhabit$ by ! p call$ ,ts*uts*i1 :i* projects a consid]able way into ! sea4 ,to ! s\? ( ?is isl& x =ms a small bay1 call$ ! ,bay ( ,suctoikret1 & aft]w>ds ano!r small] bay1 :i* projects l an arm #dj or #ej miles into ,kamts*atka2 ! ocean !n ent]s into ! l& by a long /rait1 fill$ ) _m small ,isl&s betwe5 ! s\!rn po9t ( ,kamts*atka & ! nor!rn po9t ( ,jesso1 & =ms a great m$it]ranean1 :i* x is prop] we %\ld n[ trace ?r\gh\t4 ,! fir/ is ! sea ( ,kamts*atka1 9 :i* is a v consid]able isl&1 call$ ,am\r1 or ,love ,isl&4 ,?is sea has an arm to ! nor?-ea/2 b ?is arm1 & ! sea ( ,kamts*atka itself1 might possibly be1 at lea/ 9 "p1 =m$ by ! riv]s1 :i* run !re91 f ! l&s ( ,kamts*atka & f ,t>t>y4 ,be ?is z x w1 ! sea ( ,kamts*atka communicates ) ! sea ( ,corea1 :i* makes ! second "p ( ?is m$it]ranean2 & all ?is sea1 :i* is m ?an #fjj leagues 9 l5g?1 is b\nd$ ^u ! we/ & nor? by ,corea & ,t>t>y1 & on ! ea/ & s\? by ,kamts*atka1 ,jesso1 & ,japan1 )\t hav+ any o!r communication ) ! ocean ?an t ( ! =e-m5tion$ /rait1 = x is n c]ta9 :e!r t :i* is set d[n 9 "s maps betwe5 ,japan & ,jesso really exi/s2 & ev5 if ?is /rait does exi/1 ! sea ( ,kamts*atka & ,corea w /ill be reg>d$ z =m+ a great m$it]ranean1 divid$ f ! ocean on e side1 & c\ld n be tak5 = a bay1 = x has no direct communication ) ! ocean by its s\!rn /rait1 b ) ! sea ( ,*9a1 :i* is r a m$it]ranean ?an a gulph ( ! ocean4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ article1 t ! sea has a con/ant motion f ea/ to we/2 & t consequ5tly ! great ,pacific ,sea made cont9ual ef=ts aga9/ ! ea/]n c\ntries2 an att5tive inspection ( ! globe w confirm ! consequ5ces :i* we h drawn f ?is obs]vation2 = f ,kamts*atka to ,new ,brita91 discov]$ 9 #agjj by ,dampi]1 & :i* is ! #d? or #e? degree 9 ! s\? latitude1 ! ocean appe>s to h wa%$ away "p ( ! l& on ^! coa/s = upw>ds ( #djj leagues1 & consequ5tly ! ea/]n b\nds ( ! old cont95t =m]ly ext5d$ mu* f>!r ?an at pres5t2 = x is rem>kable1 t ,new ,brita9 & ,kamts*atka1 :i* are ! mo/ project+ l&s t[>ds ! ea/1 are "u ! same m]idian4 ,all c\ntries h _! greate/ ext5t f nor? to s\?4 ,kamts*atka rea*es at lea/ #afj leagues f nor? to s\?1 & t po9t :i* is wa%$ by ! ,pacific ,sea on ! ea/1 & on ! o!r by ! m$it]ranean sea above m5tion$1 is divid$ 9 ! direction1 f nor? to s\? by a *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,aft] ^! ! l&s ( ,jesso & ,japan =m ano!r ext5t ( l&1 ^: direction is also nor? & s\?1 ext5d+ upw>ds ( #djj leagues1 betwe5 ! ,great ,sea & t ( ,corea4 ,! *a9 ( m\nta9s ( ,jesso1 & ( ,japan1 _c fail ( be+ direct$ f nor? to s\?1 s9ce ^! l&s1 :i* are #djj leagues 9 ?is direction1 are n m ?an #ej or #fj f ea/ to we/4 ,!re=e ! l&s ( ,kamts*atka1 ,jesso1 & ! ea/]n "p ( ,japan1 mu/ be reg>d$ z contigu\s1 & direct$ f nor? to s\?4 ,/ill pursu+ ! same direction1 aft] hav+ pass$ ,cape ,ava at ,japan1 we meet ) ! isl& ( ,b>nevelt1 & ?ree o!r isl&s1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! direction ( nor? & s\?1 & ext5d ab\t #ajj leagues4 ,we aft]w>ds meet ) ?ree o!r isl&s1 call$ ! isl&s ( ,callanos1 !n ! ,ladrones1 :i* are f\rte5 or fifte5 9 numb]1 all plac$ 9 ! same direction f nor? to s\?1 & all toge!r occupy+ a space ( m ?an #cjj leagues 9 ?is direction1 by s trifl+ a bread?1 t its greate/ does n exce$ sev5 or eight leagues f ea/ to we/4 ,x !re=e appe>s to me t ,kamts*atka1 ,jesso1 ea/]n ,japan1 ! isl&s ( ,b>nevelt1 ! ,callanos1 & ! ,ladrones1 are only ! same *a9 ( m\nta9s1 & ! rema9s ( an old c\ntry1 :i* ! ocean has at "o "t cov]$ & gradually retir$ f4 ,all ^! c\ntries 9 fact appe> to be only m\nta9s1 & ! isl&s to be _! po9ts or peaks1 :ile ! l[ l&s are cov]$ ) ! ocean4 ,:at is relat$ 9 ,lettres ,edifiantes1 appe>s1 to be true1 & t 9 fact a quantity ( isl&s h be5 discov]$1 call$ ! new ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & t _! position is really su* z is giv5 by ,fa!r ,gobi52 & x _c be d\bt$ b t ! mo/ ea/]n ( ^! isl&s are a cont9uation ( ! *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* =ms ! ,ladrones1 = ^! elev5 ea/]n isl&s are all plac$ 9 ! same direction f nor? to s\?1 occupy+ a space ( m ?an #bjj leagues 9 l5g?1 ! broade/ ( :i* is n m ?an #g or #h leagues f ea/ to we/4 ,b if ^! conjectures are ?\ght too presumptu\s1 on acc\nt ( ! great int]vals betwe5 ! isl&s bord]+ on ,cape ,ava1 ,japan1 & ! ,callanos1 & betwe5 ^! isl&s & ! ,ladrones1 & betwe5 ! ,ladrones & ! new ,philipp9es1 ! fir/ ( :i* is 9 fact ab\t #afj leagues1 ! second #ej or #fj1 & ! ?ird ne> #abj1 ,i %all answ] t ! *a9s ( m\nta9s (t5 ext5d mu* f>!r "u ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & t ^! int]vals are small 9 comp>ison ( ! ext5t ( l& :i* ^! m\nta9s 9 ! above direction pres5t1 :i* is #aajj leagues1 comput+ !m f ! int]ior "p ( ,kamts*atka4 ,9 %ort1 if we :olly reject ?is idea1 z to ! quantity ( l& ! ocean mu/ h ga9$ on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ! cont95t1 & on t suit ( m\nta9s1 /ill x mu/ be all[$ t ,kamts*atka1 ,jesso1 ,japan1 ! isl&s ,bonga1 ,tanaxima1 ^? ( ,great ,lequeo1 ,k+'s ,isl&1 ,=mosa1 ,vaif1 ,ba%a1 ,babuyane1 ,lucca1 ,m9dano1 ,gilolo1 c4 & la/ly1 ,gu9ea1 :i* ext5ds to ,new ,brita91 & is situate "u ! same m]idian z ,kamts*atka1 d n =m a cont9uation ( l& ( m ?an #bbjj leagues1 int]rupt$ only by small int]vals1 ! greate/ ( :i* p]haps is n m ?an #bj leagues1 s t ! ocean has =m$ 9 ! l&s ( ! ea/]n cont95t a great bay1 :i* comm5ces at ,kamts*atka & ends at ,new ,brita94 ,?is bay is int]sp]s$ ) _m isl&s1 & has e appe>ance ( hav+ be5 ga9$ f ! l&1 consequ5tly we may suppose1 ) "s probability1 t ! ocean1 by its con/ant motion f ea/ to we/1 has by degrees acquir$ ?is ext5t on ! ea/]n cont95t1 & has =m$ m$it]raneans1 su* z ,kamts*atka1 ,corea1 ,*9a1 & p]haps all ! ,ar*ipelago2 = ! e>? & sea are !re s bl5d$ t x evid5tly appe>s to be an inundat$ c\ntry1 ( :i* we only see ! em95ces & high l&s1 :ile ! l[] are hid "u ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,?is supposition appe>s to be 9 "s measure confirm$ by ! wat] be+ m %all[ ?an 9 o!r seas1 & ! innum]able isl&s resembl+ ! tops ( m\nta9s4 ,if we p>ticul>ly exam9e ^! seas1 we %all f9d ! sea ( ,*9a =ms a v deep bay 9 its nor!rn "p1 :i* comm5ces at ! isl& ( ,fungma1 & t]m9ates at ! fronti] ( ! prov9ce ( ,pek91 ab\t #ej leagues di/ance f t capital ( ! ,*9ese empire4 ,?is bay1 9 its mo/ int]ior & n>r[e/ "p1 is call$ ! ,gulph ( ,*angi4 ,x is v probable t ?is gulph1 & a "p ( ! sea ( ,*9a1 h be5 =m$ by ! ocean1 :i* has subm]g$ all ! anci5t c\ntry1 ( :i* only ! isl&s be=e-m5tion$ are n[ to be se54 ,9 ?is s\!rn "p are ! bays ( ,tonqu9 & ,siam1 ne> :i* is ! p59sula ( ,malacco1 =m$ by a long *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ^: direction is f nor? to s\?1 & ! ,&aman isl&s1 ano!r *a9 ( m\nta9s 9 ! same direction1 & :i* appe> to be only a succession ( ! m\nta9s ( ,sumatra4 ,! ocean aft]w>ds =ms ! great ,gulph ( ,b5gal1 9 :i* we may rem>k1 t ! p59sula ( ,indus =ms a concave curb t[>ds ! ea/1 ne>ly l ! great bay ( ! ea/]n cont95t1 :i* seems to h be5 also produc$ by ! same motion ( ! ocean f ea/ to we/4 ,9 ?is p59sula are ! m\nta9s ( ,gates1 :i* h a direction f nor? to s\?1 z f> z ,cape ,comor91 & ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon seems to h be5 sep>at$ f ?is "p ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,maldiva isl&s are only ano!r *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ^: direction is also ! same4 ,aft] ^! foll[s ! ,arabian ,gulph1 :i* s5ds out f\r arms into ! c\ntry2 ! two greate/ on ! we/]n side1 & ! two smalle/ on ! ea/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! arms on ! ea/ side is ! ,bay ( ,cambaia1 :i* is n above #ej or #fj leagues 9 l5g?3 ?is receives two v consid]able riv]s1 viz4 ! ,tapti & ! ,b>o*e1 :i* ,pietro de ,valle calls ! ,mehi3 ! second arm1 t[>ds ! ea/1 is fam\s = ! velocity & height ( its tides1 :i* are great] ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 & :i* ext5ds = m ?an #ej leagues4 ,_m riv]s fall into ?is gulph1 z ! ,indus1 ! ,pad>1 c4 :i* h br\ght s great a quantity ( e>? & mud to _! m\?s z to raise ! bottom almo/ to a level1 ! incl9ation ( :i* is s g5tle1 t ! tide ext5ds to a v great di/ance4 ,! fir/ arm on ! we/ side 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulph1 :i* spreads m ?an #bej leagues on ! l&2 & ! second is ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* ext5ds m ?an #fhj1 comput+ x f ! isl& ,socotora4 ,^! two arms %\ld be reg>d$ z two m$it]ranean seas1 tak+ !m f beyond ! /raits ( ,ormuz & ,babelm&el3 !y are bo? subject to ! tides1 b ?is is occasion$ by _! be+ s ne> ! equator1 :]e ! motion ( ! tides is mu* great] ?an 9 any o!r climate2 & besides !y are bo? v long & n>r[4 ,! motion ( ! tides is m rapid 9 ! ,r$ ,sea ?an 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulph1 because ! ,r$ ,sea is ne> ?ree times long] & q z n>r[4 ,! ,r$ ,sea does n receive any riv] ^: motion might oppose ! tides1 :]eas ! ,p]sian ,gulph receives ?ree v consid]able ones 9 its mo/ project+ extremity4 ,x appe>s v app>5tly t ! ,r$ ,sea has be5 =m$ by an eruption ( ! ocean1 = ! be>+ ( ! l&s are exactly simil>1 ! coa/s on ea* side ( ! /raits foll[ ! same direction11 & evid5tly appe> to h be5 cut by wat]s4 ,at ! extremity ( ! ,r$ ,sea is t fam\s neck ( l& call$ ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 :i* =ms a b>ri] to ! ,r$ ,sea1 & prev5ts its communication ) ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 a prec$+ article we notic$ ! reasons :i* incl9$ u to ?9k t ! ,r$ ,sea is high] ?an ! ,m$it]ranean1 & t if ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez 0 cut1 an inundation & an augm5tation ( ! latt] might ensue4 ,to :i* we %all subjo91 t if ev5 x %\ld n be agre$ t ! ,r$ ,sea is high] ?an ! ,m$it]ranean1 x _c be d5i$ t !re is nei!r flux nor reflux 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 adjo9+ to ! m\?s ( ! ,nile2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea ! tides are v consid]able1 & raise ! wat] sev]al feet1 :i* circum/ance alone w\ld suffice to s5d a quantity ( wat] into ! ,m$it]ranean if ! ,i/hmus 0 brok54 ,besides1 we h an example on ?is subject quot$ by ,v>5ius1 :o says 9 page #ajj ( 8 ,geography3 ,oceanus ,g]manicus1 qui e/ ,atlantici p>s1 int] ,frisiam ,holl&ium se effund5s1 efficit s9um1 qui et si p>vis sit respectu celebrium s9um m>is1 tam5 ipse dicitur m>e1 alluitque ,holl&i emporium celeb]rimum1 ,am/elodamum4 ,non procul inde abe/ lacus ,h>lem5sis1 qui etiam m>e ,h>lem5se dicitur4 ,hujus altitudo non e/ m9or altitud9e s9us illius ,belgici1 quem diximus mittit ramum ad urbem ,leidam1 ubi 9 v>ias fossas div>icatur4 ,quoniam itaque nec lacus 81 neque s9us ille ,holl&ici m>is inundant adjac5tes agros 7de naturali con/itutione loquor1 non ubi tempe/atibus urg5tur1 propt] quas agg]es facti sunt7 pat] inde1 quod non s9t altiores quam agri ,holl&i4 ,at v]o ,oceanum ,g]manicum esse altiorem quam t]ras hasce1 exp]ti sunt ,leid5ses1 cum suscepiss5t fossam seu alveum ex urbe sua ad ,oceani ,g]manici littora1 prope ,cattorum vicum p]duc]e 7di/antia e/ duorum milli>um7 ut1 recepto p] alveum hunc m>i1 poss5t navigationem in/itu]e 9 ,oceanum ,g]manicum1 h9c 9 v>ias t]r regiones4 ,v]um5imv]o cum magnam jam alvei port em p]feciss5t1 desi/]e coacti sunt1 quoniam turn demum p] obs]vationem cognitem e/1 ,oceani ,g]manici aquam esse altiorem quam agrum int] ,leidam et litus ,oceani i/ius2 unde locus ille1 ubi fod]e desi]unt dicitur1 ,het malle ,gat4 ,oceanus itaque ,g]manicus e/ aliquantum altior quam s9us ille ,holl&icus1 c4 ,!re=e1 z ! ,g]man ,sea is high] ?an t ( ,holl&1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n believe ! ,r$ ,sea may be high] ?an ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,h]odotus & ,diodorus ,siculus speak ( a canal ( communication betwe5 ! ,nile1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ,m4 ,del'isle publi%$ a map 9 #agjd1 9 :i* he traces "o end ( a canal to ! mo/ ea/]n "p ( ! ,nile1 & :i* he judges to be a "p ( t :i* =m]ly jo9$ ! ,nile ) ! ,r$ ,sea4,a ,a ,see ,mem4 de l',acad4 ,sci5ces1 #agcd4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ( a book entitl$1 ,connoisance de l',anci5 ,monde1 or ! ,k ( ! ,old ,_w1 pr9t$ 9 #agjg1 we meet ) ! l s5tim5t2 & x is !re said1 f ,diodorus ,siculus1 t x 0 ,neco1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 :o began ?is canal1 t ,d>ius1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 cont9u$ x1 & t x 0 f9i%$ by ,ptolemy ,,ii4 :o conduct$ x z f> z ! city ,ars9oe1 & t x c\ld be op5$ & %ut :5 !y f\nd x ne$ful4 ,)\t desir+ to d5y ^! circum/ances1 ,i mu/ own1 t to me !y appe> d\btful4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! viol5ce & height ( ! tide 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 w\ld n be necess>ily communicat$ to ?is canal2 x appe>s to me1 at lea/1 t x w\ld h requir$ great precautions to conf9e ! wat]s1 to avoid inundations & to pres]ve ?is canal 9 good repair4 ,?\gh hi/orians ass]t t ?is canal 0 und]tak5 & f9i%$1 yet !y d n tell u ! l5g? ( its duration2 & ! rema9s :i* are pret5d$ to be ev5 n[ p]ceptible1 are p]haps all t 0 ev] done ( x4 ,! "n ( ! ,r$ ,sea has be5 giv5 to ?is arm ( ! ocean1 because x has ! appe>ance ( t col\r 9 e "p :]e corals1 or madrepores1 are met ) at ! bottom4 ,9 ! ,hi/oire ,g5]al des ,voyages1 vol4 i4 pages #aih & #aii1 x is said1 ,be=e he quitt$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,d4 ,jean exam9$ :at might h be5 ! reason :y t "n 0 giv5 to x by ! anci5ts1 & if1 9 fact1 ?is sea diff]$ f o!rs 9 its col\r4 ,he knew t ,pl9y _h giv5 sev]al op9ions on ! orig9 ( ?is "n4 ,"s d]iv$ x f a ,k+ nam$ ,ery?ros1 :o reign$ 9 ^? p>ts1 & :i*1 9 ! ,greek language1 signifies r$4 ,o!rs imag9$ t ! reflection ( ! sun produces a r$di% col\r on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & o!rs t ! wat] 0 naturally r$4 ,! ,portuguese1 :o _h made sev]al voyages to ! entrance ( ! /raits1 ass]t$ t all ! coa/s ( ,arabia 7 v r$1 & t ! s& & du/ :i* ! w9d c>ries into ! sea1 t+$ ! wat] ( ! same col\r4 ,d4 ,jean1 :o exam9$ ! nature ( ! wat]1 & ! qualities ( ! coa/s z f> z ,suez1 ass]ts1 t f> f be+ naturally r$1 ! wat] is ( ! same col\r z 9 o!r seas1 & t ! s& & ! du/ hav+ no?+ r$ 9 !mselves c\ld n give ?is t+e to ! wat]4 ,! e>? ( bo? c\ntries1 he says1 is g5]ally br[n2 x is ev5 black 9 "s places1 & 9 o!rs :ite4 ,on ! coa/s ( ,suaquem1 :]e ! ,portuguese _h n p5etrat$1 he saw ?ree m\nta9s /reak$ ) r$1 b !y 7 ( a v h>d rock1 & ! neighb\r+ c\ntry 0 ( ! common col\r4 ,! tru? is1 t ?is sea is ?r\gh\t ( an uni=m col\r1 :i* is easy to be demon/rat$2 b x mu/ also be own$1 t 9 "s p>ts x appe>s to be r$ ?r\gh *ance1 & 9 o!rs gre5 & :ite2 ! explanation ( :i* ph5om5a is z foll[s3 ,f ,suaquem to ,kossir1 t is1 = ! space ( #acf leagues1 ! sea is fill$ ) %oals & rocks ( coral2 ?is "n is giv5 to !m1 by reason t _! =m & col\r r5d] !m s extremely l coral1 t x requires great circumspection n to be deceiv$4 ,!re are two sorts ( !m1 ! "o :ite & ! o!r r$2 9 _m p>ts !y are cov]$ ) a k9d ( gum1 or glue1 ( a gre51 & 9 o!rs ) a deep orange4 ,n[ ! wat] ( ?is sea is s transp>5t t ! bottom may be se5 at #bj fa?oms deep1 especially f ,suaquem to ! extremity ( ! gulph2 x appe>s1 !re=e1 to take ! col\r ( ! matt]s x cov]s2 z = example1 :5 ! rocks are cov]$ ) a gre5 gum1 ! wat] above appe>s ( a deep] gre5 ?an ! rocks !mselves2 & :5 ! bottom is only s&1 ! wat] appe>s :ite3 s likewise :5 ! rocks are coral1 ! wat] seems to be t+$ ) r$2 & z ^! la/ col\r$ rocks are m frequ5tly met ) !re ?an any o!r1 ,d4 ,jean concludes1 t ! "n ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 affix$ to ! ,arabian ,gulph 9 pref]5ce to ! ,gre5 or ,:ite4 ,he applauds himself on ?is discov]y1 because ! me?od by :i* he asc]ta9$ x left him no room = d\bt4 ,he caus$ a float to be moor$ aga9/ ! rocks 9 ! p>ts :i* 7 n deep en\gh to p]mit vessels to approa* !m1 & ! sailors c\ld (t5 execute 8 ord]s ) facility1 )\t ! sea be+ high] ?an ! /oma* at m ?an half a league f ! rocks4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! /ones & pebbles !y drew up1 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! wat] appe>$ r$1 0 also ( t col\r3 9 ! wat] :i* appe>$ gre51 ! /ones 7 gre51 & if ! wat] appe>$ :ite1 ! bottom 0 :ite s&1 )\t any o!r mixture4 ,! direction ( ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 f ,cape ,gordafu to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 is pretty equal2 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !re are no bays1 except+ an arm on ! coa/ ( ,mel9da1 t might be suppos$ z belong+ to a l>ge "o provid$ ! isl& ( ,madagasc> jo9$ ! cont95t1 :i* mo/ probably 0 =m]ly ! case1 not)/&+ x is n[ divid$ by ! /raits ( ,mosambique4 ,! coa/ be>s ! same direction f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,cape ,negro on ! we/ side ( ,africa2 x has ! appe>ance ( be+ a *a9 ( high m\nta9s1 ext5ds ab\t #ejj leagues1 b conta9s sc>cely any riv]s ( importance4 ,beyond ,cape ,negro h[ev] ! l& is mu* l[]1 & is suppli$ by sev]al consid]able riv]s beside ! ,coanza & ! ,zaire2 & betwe5 t & ,cape ,gonsalvez1 :i* is comput$ to be ab\t #dbj leagues1 !re are ! m\?s ( no less ?an tw5ty-f\r l>ge riv]s2 f ?is la/ ,cape to ,cape ,trois-po9tes x is an op5 bay1 9 ab\t ! c5tre ( :i* is a consid]able projection call$ ,cape ,=mosa4 ,on ! s\!rn side are ! isl&s ,f]n&a1 ,/4 ,?omas1 & ! ,pr9ce's ,isl&1 & :i* !re is reason to suspect are "p ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s f ,rio del ,rey to ! riv] ,jamo]4 ,! wat] turns some:at into ! l& betwe5 ,cape ,trois-po9tes to ,cape ,palmas1 f ! latt] ( :i* x is an op5 sea to ,cape ,tangr92 beyond ?is ,cape !re is a small bay t[>ds ,si]ra ,leona1 & ano!r 9 :i* are ! isl&s ( ,bisagas4 ,we !n come to a consid]able projection into ! ocean call$ ,cape ,v]d2 ( :i* ! isl&s ( t "n are suppos$ to be a cont9uation1 al?\gh x is m probable !y are s ( ,cape ,blanc1 :i* is bo? high] & ext5ds f>!r into ! sea4 ,f ,cape ,blanc to ,cape ,bajador is a m\nta9\s & h>d coa/ to :i* ! ,can>y ,isl&s seem to belong4 ,turn+ f ,africa we f9d an op5 bay ext5d+ to ,portugal1 & 9 ab\t ! c5tre ( :i* are ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] runs ) great rapidity into ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* fl[s almo/ #ijj leagues into ! int]ior "p ( l&1 & is ! cause ( _m curi\s circum/ances2 #a/1 x has no tides1 at lea/ t are visible1 except+ 9 ! ,gulph ( ,v5ice & :at are almo/ imp]ceptible at ,m>seilles & at ,tripoli2 #b;dly1 x surr\nds a numb] ( ext5sive isl&s1 = in/ance1 ,s>d9ia1 ,sicily1 ,corsica1 ,cyprus1 ,majorca1 & ,italy1 :i* is ! l>ge/ kn[n4 ,x has also a f]tile ,ar*ipelago2 inde$ x is f ! ,m$it]ranean ,ar*ipelago1 t all collections ( isl&s h be5 s d5om9at$2 ?is inde$ has ! appe>ance ( belong+ m to ! ,black ,sea ?an ! ,m$it]ranean2 nor is x 9 ! lea/ unlikely t ,greece 0 at "o "t cov]$ ) ! wat]s ( ! ,black ,sea1 :i* empties itself into ! ,m>mora1 & f !nce f9ds its way into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,"s h ass]t$ !re 0 a d\ble curr5t 9 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 ! "o sup]ior1 :i* c>ries ! wat] ( ! ocean into ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! o!r inf]ior1 :i* c>ries !m 9 ! contr>y direction2 b ?is op9ion is evid5tly false1 & contr>y to ! laws ( hydro/atics3 x has likewise be5 ass]t$ to be ! case 9 _m o!r places1 z 9 ! ,bosphorus1 ! /rait ( ,sund1 c4 & ,m>silli relates ev5 exp]im5ts made 9 ! ,bosphorus1 to prove ! tru? ( ^! opposite curr5ts2 b ! exp]im5ts mu/ h be5 badly made1 s9ce ! matt] is totally repugnant to ! nature & motions ( ! wat]s2 besides ,greaves 9 8 ,pyramidography1 page #aja & #ajb1 proves1 by able exp]im5ts1 t !re is no su* ?+ z a curr5t 9 ! ,bosphorus1 ^: direction is opposite to ! sup]ior3 :at may h deceiv$ ,m>silli & o!rs1 is possibly ! circum/ance1 t 9 ! ,bosphorus1 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 & 9 all riv]s :i* fl[ ) rapidity1 !re is a consid]able eddy along ! %ores1 ! direction ( :i* is g5]ally contr>y to ! pr9cipal curr5t ( ! wat]s4 ,let u n[ %ortly trace all ! coa/s ( ! new cont95t4 ,cape ,hold-)-,hope1 ly+ 9 ! #gc;d degree nor? latitude1 is ! mo/ nor!rn l& we are acqua9t$ ) 9 ,new ,gre5l&1 & is n above #afj or #ahj leagues di/ant f ,cape ,nor? 9 ,lapl&4 ,f ?is cape we may foll[ ! coa/ ( ,gre5l& z f> z ! pol> circle1 :]e ! ocean =ms a broad /rait betwe5 ,icel& & ,gre5l&4 ,x is pret5d$ t ?is c\ntry1 adjac5t to ,icel&1 is n ! anci5t ,gre5l& :i* ! ,danes =m]ly possess$ z a prov9ce dep5dant on _! k+dom2 = 9 t !re 7 civiliz$ ,*ri/ians1 :o _h bi%ops1 *ur*es1 & sev]al t[ns :]e9 !y c>ri$ on _! comm]ce4 ,! ,danes also visit$ x frequ5tly1 & z easily z ! ,spani>ds c g to ! ,can>ies3 !re /ill exi/s1 z x is ass]t$1 laws & ord9ances = ! gov]nm5t ( ?is prov9ce1 & ^? n v anci5t3 nev]!less1 )\t attempt+ to div9e h[ ?is c\ntry became absolutely lo/1 x is c]ta9 n ! lea/ trace ( :at we h relat$ is to be met ) 9 ,new ,gre5l&4 ,! p are wild & savage2 !re is no ve/iges ( any edifice2 nor h !y a ^w 9 _! language :i* has an aff9ity ) ! ,dani%2 9 %ort1 !re is no?+ :i* might give u room to judge t ?is is ! same c\ntry4 ,x is ev5 almo/ a des]t1 & surr\nd$ ) ice = ! greate/ "p ( ! ye>4 ,b z ^! l&s are ( a va/ ext5t1 & z ! coa/s h be5 b little frequ5t$ by mod]n navigators1 !y may h miss$ ! spot :]e ! desc5dants ( ^! poli%$ p inhabit2 or ! ice hav+ become m abundant 9 ?is sea1 may prev5t any approa* to ! %ore ne> !m3 nev]!less1 if we c rely on maps1 ?is :ole c\ntry has be5 coa/$1 & accord+ to !m x =ms ne>ly a p59sula1 & at ! extremity ( :i* are ! two /raits ( ,=bi%]s & ( ,friesl&1 :]e x is extremely cold1 al?\gh !y are n high] ?an ! ,orkneys1 t is1 at #fj degrees4 ,betwe5 ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& & t ( ,labrador1 ! ocean =ms a gulph1 & aft]w>ds a l>ge m$it]ranean1 :i* is ! colde/ ( all seas1 & ! coa/s ( :i* are pot p]fectly kn[n4 ,by foll[+ ?is tract due nor?1 we come to ,davis's ,/rait1 :i* leads to ! ,*ri/ian ,sea1 & is t]m9at$ by ,baff9's ,bay1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( =m+ a k9d ( road into ,hudson's ,bay4 ,cumb]l& ,/rait1 :i* z well z ,davis's may lead to ! ,*ri/ian ,sea1 is n>r[] & m liable to be froz53 t ( ,hudson1 ?\gh mu* m to ! s\?1 is also froz5 dur+ "o "p ( ! ye>4 ,a v /rong motion ( ! tide has be5 rem>k$ 9 ^! /raits1 :i* is q contr>y to :at is ! case 9 ! inl& seas ( ,europe1 z nei!r ! ,baltic nor ,m$it]ranean h any2 ?is diff]5ce seems to arise f ! sea's motion1 :i* always mov+ f ea/ to we/1 occasions high1 tides 9 ! ,/raits1 ^: op5+s are turn$ t[>ds ! ea/2 :]eas 9 ^? ( ,europe1 :i* op5 to ! we/1 !re is no motion2 ! ocean by its g5]al motion ent]s into ! fir/1 & avoids ! la/2 & ?is is ! reason t !re are su* viol5t tides 9 ! seas ( ,*9a1 ,corea1 & ,kamts*atka4 ,proce$+ f ,hudson's ,/rait t[>ds ,labrador1 we come to a n>r[ op5+1 9 :i* ,davis1 9 #aehf1 sail$ z f> up z #cj leagues1 & traffick$ ) ! inhabitants1 b no "o has s9ce attempt$ a discov]y ( ?is arm ( ! sea1 & we are only acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry ( ! ,esquimaux ( all ! adjac5t l&4 ,! =t ,pon ,*>tr9 is ! only & ! mo/ nor!rn habitation ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! isl& ( ,newf\ndl& by ! little /rait ( ,belleisle1 :i* is n mu* frequ5t$4 ,z ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,newf\ndl& is 9 ! same direction z ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 we mu/ reg>d ! latt] z a "p ( ! cont95t1 ! same z ,isle-royal appe>s to h be5 a "p ( ,arcadia4 ,!re is no v consid]able dep? ei!r on ! great or o!r banks1 :]e !y fi% = ! cod2 b z !y slant = a di/ance "u wat]1 v viol5t curr5ts are produc$4 ,betwe5 ,cape ,breton & ,newf\ndl& is a v broad ,/rait1 by :i* we ent] a small m$it]ranean1 call$ ! ,gulph ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,?is sea has an arm :i* ext5ds f> into ! c\ntry1 & seems to be only ! m\? ( ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! motion ( ! tides is extremely pla9 9 ?is arm ( ! sea1 & ev5 at ,quebec1 :i* projects m into ! c\ntry1 ! wat]s rise sev]al feet4 ,on quitt+ ! ,gulph ( ,canada1 & foll[+ ! coa/ ( ,arcadia1 we meet ) a small gulph call$ ,bo/on-,bay1 :i* =ms a small squ>e inlet into ! l&4 ,b be=e we trace ?is coa/ f>!r1 x is j to rem>k1 t f ,newf\ndl& to ! mo/ project+ ,antille isl&1 ev5 to ,guiana1 ! ocean =ms a v great bay1 :i* rea*es z f> z ,florida1 at lea/ #ejj leagues4 ,?is bay ( ! new cont95t is simil> to t ( ! old1 ( :i* we h tak5 notice1 :]e ! ocean1 aft] hav+ made a gulph betwe5 ,kamts*atka & ,new ,brita91 aft]w>ds =ms a va/ m$it]ranean1 :i* compreh5ds ! seas ( ,kamts*atka1 ,corea1 ,*9a1 c4 s t 9 ! new cont95t ! ocean1 aft] hav+ =m$ a great gulph betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ,guiana1 =ms a v l>ge m$it]ranean1 ext5d+ f ! ,antilles to ,mexico1 :i* confirms our obs]vations on ! motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/1 = x appe>s t ! ocean has equally ga9$ on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica & ,asia4 ,^! great gulphs 9 ! two cont95ts are "u ! same degrees ( latitude1 & ne>ly ( ! same ext5t4 ,if we exam9e ! position ( ! ,antilles1 beg9n+ at ,tr9idad1 :i* is ! mo/ s\?1 we _c d\bt b t ,tobago1 ,tr9idad1 ! ,gr5ades1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,m>t9ico1 ,m>y ,galante1 ,antigua1 & ,b>badoes1 ) e o!r isl& adjac5t1 at "o "t =m$ a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ^: direction 0 f s\? to nor?1 l t ( ! isl& ( ,newf\ndl&1 & ! c\ntry ( ! ,esquimaux2 aft]w>ds ! direction ( ! ,antilles is f ea/ to we/1 beg9n+ at ,b>badoes1 !n pass+ by ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ,porto ,rico1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ,cuba1 & ne>ly ! same z ,cape ,breton1 ,acadia1 & ,new ,engl&4 ,all ^! isl&s are s adjac5t to ea* o!r1 t !y may be look$ ^u z an int]rupt$ tract ( l&1 & z ! summit ( an ov]fl[n c\ntry n[ possess$ by ! sea4 ,mo/ ( !m 9 fact are only po9ts ( m\nta9s1 & ! sea :i* surr\nds !m is a real m$it]ranean :]e ! motion ( ! flux & reflux is sc>cely m s5sible ?an 9 our ,m$it]ranean1 al?\gh ! op5+s !y pres5t to ! ocean are directly opposite to ! motion ( ! wat]s f ea/ to we/1 :i* mu/ contribute to elevate ! tides 9 ! gulph ( ,mexico2 b z ?is sea is v broad1 ! flux & reflux communicat$ to x by ! ocean1 disp]s+ ov] s l>ge a space1 becomes almo/ ins5sible at ! coa/ ( ,l\isiana1 & _m o!r places4 ,! old & new cont95t appe>1 !re=e1 bo? to h be5 encroa*$ ^u by ! ocean 9 ! same latitudes4 ,bo? h a va/ m$it]ranean & a great numb] ( isl&s1 :i* are situat$ ne>ly 9 ! same latitudes2 ! only diff]5ce is1 t ! old cont95t be+ mu* broad] ?an ! new1 !re is 9 ! we/]n "p ( x a m$it]ranean1 ( :i* no?+ simil> c be f\nd 9 ! new2 b x appe>s t all :i* has happ5$ to ! ea/]n c\ntries ( ! old _w has also happ5$ to ! ea/]n "p ( ! new1 & t ! greate/ revolutions are ne>ly 9 ! middle & t[>ds _! equators1 :]e ! mo/ viol5t motion ( ! ocean is made4 ,! coa/s ( ,guiana1 compreh5d$ betwe5 ! m\? ( ! riv] ,oroonoko & ! ,amazones1 pres5ts no?+ rem>kable1 b ! latt]1 :i* is ! broade/ 9 ! univ]se1 =ms a consid]able ext5t ( wat] ne> ,coropa1 be=e x arrives at ! sea1 by ! two diff]5t m\?s :i* surr\nd ! isl& ( ,caviana4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,amazones to ,cape ,/4 ,ro*e1 ! coa/ runs almo/ /raight ea/2 f ,cape ,/4 ,ro*e to ,/4 ,augu/9e x runs s\?1 & f ,cape ,/4 ,augu/9e to ! ,bay ( ,all ,sa9ts x turns t[>ds ! we/1 s t ?is "p ( ,brazil =ms a consid]able projection 9 ! sea1 :i* directly faces a l projection ( l& 9 ,africa4 ,! ,bay ( ,all ,sa9ts is a small arm ( ! ocean1 runn+ ab\t #ej leagues into ! l&1 & is mu* frequ5t$ by navigators4 ,f ?is bay to ,cape ,/4 ,?omas ! coa/ runs direct s\?1 & aft]w>ds 9 a s\?-we/ direction z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,plata1 :]e ! sea =ms an arm project+ ne>ly #ajj leagues into l&4 ,f !nce to ! extremity ( ,am]ica1 ! ocean =ms a great gulph1 t]m9at$ by ! adjac5t l&s ( ,t]ra del ,fuega1 z ,falkl& ,isl&1 ,cape ,assumption1 & ! l& discov]$ 9 #afga4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is bay is ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 :i* is ! longe/ 9 ! _w1 & :]e ! tides fl[ extremely high4 ,beyond ,magellan is t ( ,la ,maire1 :i* is %ort]1 & at la/ ,cape ,horn1 :i* is ! s\? po9t ( ,am]ica4 ,we mu/ rem>k on ! subject ( ^! po9ts t !y all face ! s\?1 & mo/ ( !m cut by /raits :i* run f ea/ to we/2 ! fir/ is t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* faces ! s\!rn pole1 & is cut by ! ,/rait ( ,magellan2 ! second1 t ( ,gre5l&1 :i* also directly faces ! s\?1 & is also cut f ea/ to we/ by ,=bi%]'s ,/rait2 ! ?ird t ( ,africa1 :i* also faces ! s\?2 & beyond ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope are banks & %oals1 t appe> to h be5 divid$ f x2 ! f\r?1 ! p59sula ( ,india1 :i* is cut by a /rait t =ms ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 & fac+ ! s\? l all ! re/4 ,hi!rto we p]ceive no reason to be giv5 = ?is simil>ity1 & c only rem>k su* are ! facts4 ,f ,t]ra del ,fuega1 all along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ocean v consid]ably p5etrates into ! l&2 & ?is coa/ seems exactly to foll[ ! direction ( ! l(ty m\nta9s :i* cross all ,s\? ,am]ica1 f s\? to nor?1 f ! equator to ! ,arctic ,pole4 ,ne> ! equator ! ocean =ms a consid]able gulph1 beg9n+ at ,cape ,/4 ,francois1 & rea*+ z f> z ,panama1 ! fam\s i/hmus1 :i*1 l t ( ,suez1 prev5ts ! communication ( ! two seas1 & )\t :i* !re w\ld be an entire sep>ation ( ! old & new cont95ts4 ,f !nce to ,cali=nia !re is no?+ rem>kable4 ,betwe5 ! latt] & ,new ,mexico an arm bran*es (f1 call$ ,v]milion ,sea1 at lea/ #bjj leagues 9 l5g?4 ,9 %ort1 ! we/]n coa/s ( ,cali=nia h be5 foll[$ to ! #dc;d degree1 at :i* latitude ,drake1 :o 0 ! fir/ t made ! discov]y ( ! l& to ! nor? ( ,cali=nia1 & :o call$ x ,new ,albion1 0 oblig$1 ?r\gh excessive cold1 to *ange 8 c\rse1 & to an*or 9 a small bay :i* be>s 8 "n1 s t ^! c\ntries h n be5 discov]$ beyond ! #dc;d & #dd? degree1 any m ?an ! l&s pf ,nor? ,am]ica beyond ,moozemlaki "u ! #dh? degree1 & ! ,ass9iboils "u ! #ea/4 ,! c\ntry ( ! fir/ savages ext5ds mu* m to ! we/ ?an ! ea/4 ,all beyond1 ?r\gh\t an ext5t ( m ?an #ajjj leagues 9 l5g?1 & z _m 9 bread?1 is unkn[n1 except+ :at ! ,russians pret5d to h discov]$ 9 _! excursions f ,kamts*atka to ! ea/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ocean1 !re=e1 surr\nds ! :ole e>? )\t any int]ruption1 & ! t\r ( ! globe may be made f ! s\? po9t ( ,am]ica2 b x is n yet kn[n :e!r ! ocean surr\nds ! nor!rn "p ( ! globe 9 ! l mann]2 & all m>9]s :o h attempt$ to g f ,europe to ,*9a by ! nor?-ea/ ( nor?-we/ h alike misc>ri$ 9 _! ent]prises4 ,! lakes diff] f ! m$it]raneans2 ! fir/ d n receive any wat] f ! ocean2 on ! contr>y1 if !y h communication ) ! seas1 !y furni% !m ) wat]4 ,?us ! ,black ,sea1 :i* "s geograph]s h reg>d$ z an arm ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & consequ5tly z an app5dix ( ! ocean1 is only a lake1 because1 9 place ( receiv+ wat] f ! ,m$it]ranean1 x supplies x ) "s1 & fl[s ) rapidity ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus into ! lake call$ ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 & f !nce ?r\gh ! ,/rait ( ! ,d>danelles into ! ,grecian ,sea4 ,! ,black ,sea is ab\t #bej leagues long by #ajj broad1 & x receives a great numb] ( riv]s1 z ! ,danube1 ! ,niep]1 ! ,don1 ! ,boh1 ! ,donjec1 c4 ,! ,don1 :i* unites ) ! ,donjec1 =ms1 be=e x arrives at ! ,black ,sea1 a lake1 call$ ! ,palus ,meotis1 :i* is m ?an #ajj leagues 9 l5g? by #bj or #be broad4 ,! sea ( ,m>mora1 :i* is bel[ ! ,black ,sea1 is a small] lake ?an ! ,palus ,meotis1 be+ n m ?an #ej leagues long & #h or #i broad4 ,"s anci5ts1 & among ! re/ ,diodorus ,siculus1 h ass]t$ t ! ,eux9e1 or ,black ,sea1 0 =m]ly only a l>ge riv] or lake1 & _h no communication ) ! ,grecian sea2 b be+ consid]ably increas$ ) "t by ! riv]s :i* fell into x1 ! wat]s =c$ a passage at fir/ on ! side ( ! ,cyanean isl&s1 & aft]w>ds on ! side ( ! ,hellespont4 ,?is op9ion appe>s to be v probable1 & ! op]ation is easily expla9$2 = suppos+ ! bottom ( ! ,black ,sea 0 =m]ly l[] ?an x is at pres5t1 !n ! riv]s :i* come into x w\ld h rais$ x by ! mud & s& :i* !y br\ght ) !m1 until ! surface ( ! wat] became high] ?an ! l&1 :5 consequ5tly x w\ld h =c$ a passage = itself1 & z ! riv]s /ill cont9ue to br+ s& & e>?1 & at ! same "t ! quantity ( wat] dim9i%es 9 ! riv]s1 9 proportion z ! m\nta9s f :i* !y drew _! s\rces are l[]$1 x may happ5 9 a c\rse ( ye>s t ! ,bosphorus w be aga9 fill$ up2 b z ^! effects dep5d on _m causes1 x is sc>cely possible to give m ?an m]e conjectures !reon4 ,f ?is te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 ,mr4 ,t\rne=t1 9 8 voyage to ! ,levant1 says1 on anci5t au?ority1 t ! ,black ,sea receiv+ ! wat]s ( a great "p ( ,europe & ,asia1 aft] be+ consid]ably increas$1 op5$ itself a passage by ! ,bosphorus1 & aft]w>ds =m$ ! ,m$it]ranean1 or s consid]ably augm5t$ x1 t x became a great sea1 & =c$ itself a road ?r\gh ! /rait ( ,gibralt>1 by :i* ! isl& ( ,atlantis1 m5tion$ by ,plato1 0 entirely ov]fl[$4 ,?is op9ion has no f\ndation1 s9ce we are c]ta9 t x is ! ocean :i* fl[s into ! ,m$it]ranean1 & n ! ,m$it]ranean into ! ocean4 ,besides1 ,m4 ,t\rne=t has n comb9$ two ess5tial facts1 bo? ( :i* he m5tions3 ! fir/ is1 t ! ,black ,sea receives n9e or t5 riv]s1 n "o ( :i* b supplies x ) m ?an ! ,bosphorus ?r[s out3 & ! second1 t ! ,m$it]ranean does n receive m wat] f riv]s ?an ! ,black ,sea1 al?\gh x is sev5 or eight times l>g]1 & t :at ! ,bosphorus supplies x ) does n make ! t5? "p ( :at falls into ! ,black ,sea2 h[ !n c\ld ?is t5? "p ( :at falls into a small sea h =m$ n only a l>g] sea1 b h also s greatly increas$ ! wat]s1 z to h brok5 d[n ! l&s at ! /rait ( ,gibralt>1 & ov]fl[ an isl& l>g] ?an ! :ole ( ,europe8 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ?is passage ( ,m4 ,t\rne=t has n _h due reflection4 ,! ,m$it]ranean receives at lea/ t5 times m wat] f ! ocean ?an f ! ,black ,sea1 because ! ,bosphorus is only #hjj feet broad 9 its n>r[e/ "p1 :]eas ! /rait ( ,gibralt> is m ?an #ejjj1 & t1 ev5 suppos+ _! velocity to be equal1 /ill ! dep? ( ! /raits ( ,gibralt> is by f> ! greate/4 ,m4 de ,t\rne=t1 :o ridicules ,polybius on 8 pr$ict+ t ! ,bosphorus w\ld be fill$ up 9 "t1 did n pay suffici5t att5tion to circum/ances1 :5 he ass]t$ t ev5t to be impossible4 ,?is sea receives eight or t5 great riv]s1 & z mo/ ( !m br+ s& & mud1 mu/ x n gradually be *oak$ up8 ,mu/ n ! w9ds & ! natural curr5t ( ! wat]s t[>ds ! ,bosphorus1 convey ?i!r a "p ( ^! matt]s8 ,x is1 !re=e1 v probable t 9 a c\rse ( "t ! ,bosphorus w be fill$1 :5 ! wat]s ( ! riv]s :i* come into ! ,black ,sea %all be gradually dim9i%$2 n[ all riv]s daily dim9i%1 because ! vap\rs collect$ by ! m\nta9s be+ ! fir/ s\rces ( riv]s1 _! quantity mu/ decrease z ! m\nta9s dim9i% 9 height4 ,! ,black ,sea 9 fact receives m wat] f riv]s ?an ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! same au?or obs]ves1 ! greate/ riv]s 9 ,europe fall into ! ,black ,sea1 by means ( ! ,danube1 9 :i* ! riv]s ( ,suabia1 ,franconia1 ,bav>ia1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,moravia1 ,cor9?ia1 ,croatia1 ,bo?nia1 ,s]via1 ,transilvania1 ,walla*ia1 empty !mselves2 ^? ( ,black ,russia & ,podolia1 g into ! same sea by ! ,nie/]2 ^? ( ! s\!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ,pol&1 ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,muscovy1 & ! c\ntry ( ! ,cossacks1 ent] !re9 by ! ,neip] or ! ,bori/h5es2 ! ,tanais & ,copa also fall into ! ,black ,sea by ! ,cimm]ian ,bosphorus2 ! riv]s ( ,m+relia1 ( :i* ,phasis is ! pr9cipal1 also voids itself into ! ,black ,sea1 z does ! ,casalmac1 ! ,sang>is1 & o!r riv]s ( ,asia ,m9or :i* h _! c\rse t[>ds ! nor?2 nev]!less ! ,?racian ,bosphorus1 :i* is ! only outlet f x1 is n comp>able to any ( ^! great riv]s4 ,^! facts prove1 t evaporation alone c>ries (f a v consid]able quantity ( wat]1 & x is f ?is great evaporation f ! ,m$it]ranean t ! ocean cont9ually fl[s ?i!r ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! quantity ( wat] any sea receives2 we %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! bread?1 dep?1 & rapidity ( all ! riv]s :i* ent] !re91 h[ mu* !y increase & dim9i% 9 ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & h[ mu* x loses by evaporation2 ! la/ ( :i* is mo/ difficult2 = ev5 suppos+ x proportional to ! surfaces1 x mu/ be m consid]able 9 a hot ?an 9 a cold climate2 besides1 wat] mix$ ) salt & bitum51 evaporates m sl[ly ?an fre% wat]2 a tr\bl$ sea m quickly ?an "o t is tranquil2 & ! diff]5ce ( dep? has also "s effect3 9 %ort1 s _m circum/ances ent] into ?is !ory ( evaporation t x is sc>cely possible to calculate any exact e/imations on x4 ,! wat] ( ! ,black ,sea appe>s to be less cle> & less sal9e ?an t ( ! ocean4 ,!re are no isl&s 9 x1 & its tempe/s are m viol5t & m dang]\s ?an 9 ! ocean1 because ! :ole body ( its wat]s be+ conta9$ 9 a bason1 :i* has b a small outlet1 :5 !y are agitat$1 !y h a k9d ( :irl+ motion :i* /rikes ! vessels on e side ) an insupportable viol5ce4 ,next to ! ,black ,sea ! greate/ lake 9 ! univ]se is ! ,caspian ,sea1 ^: ext5t 9 l5g? f nor? to s\? is ab\t #cjj leagues1 & sc>cely m ?an fifty broad4 ,?is lake receives ! ,wolga & "s o!r consid]able riv]s1 z ! ,kur1 ! ,faie1 & ! ,gempo2 b :at is s+ul>1 x does n receive any on its ea/]n side2 ! c\ntry on t side be+ only a des]t ( s& almo/ unkn[n4 ,cz> ,pet] ,i4 s5t "s eng9e]s !re to design a *>t ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 :o discov]$ t its figure 0 q diff]5t f t giv5 by =m] geograph]s1 :o _h repres5t$ x to be r\nd1 :]eas x is v long & n>r[4 ,! ea/]n coa/s ( ?is sea1 z well z ! neighb\r+ c\ntry1 7 unkn[n3 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( lake ,aral1 :i* is #ajj leagues di/ant f x t[>ds ! ea/1 0 d\btful1 or at lea/ ?\ght to be a "p ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 s t be=e ! discov]ies ( ! ,cz> !re 0 unkn[n l& 9 ?is climate upw>d ( #cjj leagues long by #ajj or #aej broad4 ,lake ,aral is ne>ly an oblong1 & may be #ij or #ajj leagues long1 by #ej or #fj broad2 x receives two v consid]able riv]s1 ! ,sid]oias & ! ,oxus1 b z well z ! ,caspian has no outlet = its wat]s2 & x be>s ! fur!r resemblance1 = z ! ,caspian receives no riv] on ! ea/1 s lake ,aral receives none on ! we/1 f :i* we may presume1 t =m]ly ^! two lakes 7 b "o1 & t ! riv]s hav+1 by degrees1 dim9i%$1 left a great quantity ( s& & mud1 & :i* =ms ! c\ntry t n[ divides !m4 ,!re are "s small isl&s 9 ! ,caspian1 & its wat]s are mu* less sal9e ?an ^? ( ! ocean2 /orms are "h v dang]\s1 & l>ge vessels are n us$ 9 x = navigation1 because x has _m s& banks1 %oals & rocks scatt]$ "u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,pietro della ,valle says1 ,! l>ge/ vessels employ$ on ! ,caspian ,sea1 along ! coa/s ( ,maz&a 9 ,p]sia1 :]e ! t[n ( ,f]habad /&s1 al?\gh !y are call$ %ips1 appe> small] ?an our ,t>tanes4 ,_! sides are high1 & !y draw b little wat]1 hav+ a flat bottom4 ,!y give ?is =m to _! vessels1 n only because ?is sea is %all[1 b because x is fill$ ) %oals & s& banks2 s t if ! vessels 7 n fabricat$ 9 ?is mann] !y c\ld n be us$ ) safety4 ,inde$1 ,i 0 a/oni%$1 :y at ,f]habad !y fi% only = salmon1 :i* are f\nd at ! m\? ( ! riv]1 "s poor /urgeons1 & o!r sort ( fre% wat] fi%1 ( little value3 ,i attribut$ ! cause ( x to _! ignorance ( ! arts ( fi%+ & navigation until ! ,*am ( ,e/]abad1 ^: resid5ce is at a sea port1 in=m$ me t ! wat]s are s %all[ #bj & #cj leagues f %ore t x 0 impossible to ca/ ! nets ) ! *ance ( tak+ any fi%1 & t x 0 = ?is reason !y gave ! above-m5tion$ =m to _! vessels1 :i* are n m\nt$ ) any cannon1 z b few corsairs & pirates ev] visit ?is sea4 ,/ruys & o!r travell]s h ass]t$1 t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kilan1 !re 7 two gulphs :]e9 ! riv]s ( ! ,caspian 7 +ulph$1 & c>ri$ aft]w>ds by subt]ranean canals into ! ,p]sian ,gulph4 ,de ,f] & o!r geograph]s h ev5 m>k$ out ^! gulphs 9 _! maps1 nev]!less we are assur$ by ! p s5t by ! ,cz> t !y d n exi/4,b ,b ,see ,mem4 ,acad4 ,sci5ces1 #agba4 ,! circum/ance ( will[ leaves be+ se5 9 great quantities on ! ,p]sian ,gulph1 & :i* are suppos$ by ! same au?ors to come f ! ,caspian ,sea because !re are no su* trees on ! ,p]sian ,gulph1 is fully z improbable z _! subt]rane\s gulphs1 & :i* ,gemelli ,c>]i1 z well z ! ,muscovites1 ass]ts are entirely imag9>y3 9 fact1 ! ,caspian is ne> "o ?ird small] ?an ! ,black ,sea1 :i* la/ also receives mu* m wat] by riv]s ?an ! =m]3 ! evaporation !re=e is suffici5t to c>ry (f all its wat]1 nor is x necess>y to suppose subt]rane\s gulphs 9 ! ,caspian any m ?an 9 ! ,black ,sea4 ,!re are lakes :i* d n receive any riv]s1 & f :i* none g out4 ,!re are o!rs :i* bo? receive & dis*>ge & "s t only receive !m4 ,! ,caspian ,sea1 lake ,aral1 & ! ,dead ,sea1 are ( ! la/ k9d2 !y receive ! wat]s ( _m riv]s1 & conta9 !m4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or !re is a small lake ( ! l k9d1 & "o mu* l>g] 9 ,p]sia1 on :i* ! t[n ( ,m>ago /&s2 its figure is oval1 & x is ab\t t5 or twelve leagues long1 by six or sev5 broad2 x receives ! riv] ,tauris1 :i* is n v consid]able4 ,!re is also a simil> small lake 9 ,greece1 ab\t #ab or #ae leagues f ,lepanto1 :i* are ! only lakes ( t k9d kn[n 9 ,asia4 ,9 ,europe !re is n "o :i* is consid]able2 9 ,africa !re are _m small ones1 z ^? :i* receive ! riv]s ,ghir1 ,zez1 ,t\gu$\t1 & ,tasilet4 ,^! f\r lakes are pretty ne> ea* o!r1 & situate t[>ds ! fronti]s ( ,b>b>y ne> ! des]ts ( ,z>a2 !re is ano!r situat$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ,kov>1 :i* receives ! riv] ( ,b]doa4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e !re are m lakes ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 n "o ( ?is k9d is kn[n1 at lea/ if we except two small collections ( wat] =m$ by rivulets1 ! "o ne> ,guatimapo1 & ! o!r "s leagues f ,realnuevo1 bo? 9 ,mexico4 ,b 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 at ,p]u1 !re are two contigu\s lakes1 "o ( :i*1 lake ,titicaca1 is v l>ge1 & receives a riv] ^: s\rce is n v remote f ,cusco1 & f :i* no riv] issues3 !re is "o small] 9 ,tucuman1 :i* receives ! riv] ,sala2 & ano!r l>g] 9 ! same c\ntry1 :i* receives ! riv] ,santiago1 & ?ree or f\r o!rs betwe5 ,tucuman & ,*ili4 ,! lakes :i* receive no riv]s1 & f :i* no riv]s issue1 are great] 9 numb] ?an ^? j spok5 (2 ^! lakes are k9ds ( pools :]e ! ra9 wat] collects2 or may proce$ f subt]rane\s wat]s1 :i* issue 9 =m ( spr+s1 9 l[ places1 :]e !y _c aft]w>ds f9d any dra94 ,! riv]s :i* ov]fl[ may likewise leave /agnate wat]s 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* may rema9 = a long "t1 & only be repl5i%$ by o!r inundations4 ,! sea has (t5 inundat$ l&s & =m$ sal9e lakes !re91 l t at ,ha>lem1 & _m o!rs 9 ,holl&1 to :i*1 no o!r orig9 c be attribut$2 or by los+ its natural motion1 might quit "s l&1 & leav+ wat] 9 ! l[e/ places may h =m$ lakes1 :i* h cont9u$ to be support$ by ra9s4 ,9 ,europe !re are _m small lakes ( ?is k9d1 z 9 ,irel&1 ,jutl&1 ,italy1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,grisons1 ,pol&1 ,muscovy1 ,f9l&1 & 9 ,greece4 ,b all ^! lakes are v inconsid]able4 ,9 ,asia !re is "o ne> ! ,euphrates1 9 ! des]t ( ,irac1 m ?an #ae leagues long3 ano!r 9 ,p]sia ne>ly ( ! same ext5t1 & on :i* ! t[ns ( ,kelat1 ,tetuan1 ,va/an1 & ,van1 are situat$2 ano!r small "o 9 ,*orazan ne> ,f]rior2 ano!r 9 ,indep5d5t ,t>t>y1 call$ ,lake ,levi2 two 9 ,muscovy ,t>t>y1 ano!r 9 ,co*9*9a1 & "o 9 ,*9a v l>ge1 & n f> di/ant f ,nank92 ?is la/1 nev]!less1 communicates ) ! adjac5t sea1 by a canal sev]al leagues 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,africa !re is a small lake ( ! same k9d 9 ! k+dom ( ,morocco2 ano!r ne> ,alex&ria1 :i* appe>s to h be5 left by ! sea2 ano!r v consid]able "o =m$ by ! ra9 9 ! des]t ,az>ad1 ab\t ! #cj? degree latitude2 ?is lake is eight or t5 leagues long2 ano!r /ill l>g] on :i* ! t[n ( ,gaoga is situate1 9 ! #bg? degree2 ano!r mu* small]1 ne> ! t[n ( ,kanum1 "u ! #cj? degree2 "o ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,gambia2 _m m 9 ,congo1 ab\t ! #b;d or #c;d degree ( s\? latitude2 two m 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,caffrees1 "o call$ ! ,lake ,rufumbo1 ( no great l5g?1 & ano!r 9 ! prov9ce ( ,arbuta1 :i* is p]haps ! greate/ lake ( ?is k9d1 be+ ab\t #be leagues 9 l5g? by sev5 or eight 9 bread?2 !re is also "o ( ^! lakes at ,madagasc>1 ne> ! ea/ side1 ab\t ! #bi? degree ( s\? latitude4 ,9 ,am]ica !re is "o ( ^! lakes 9 ! middle ( ! p59sula ( ,florida1 9 its c5tre is an isl& call$ ,s]ope2 ! lake ( ,mexico is also ( ?is k9d1 ?is is almo/ r\nd1 & ab\t #aj leagues diamet]2 !re is ano!r /ill l>g] 9 ,new ,spa91 #be leagues di/ant f ! coa/ ( ,campea*y ,bay1 & ano!r small] 9 ! same c\ntry ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,"s travell]s h ass]t$ t !re 0 9 ! inl& p>ts ( ,guiana a v great lake ( t k9d2 x is call$ ! ,gold5 ,lake1 or ,lake ,p>ima4 ,!y h relat$ surpris+ ?+s ( ! ri*es ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntry1 & ( ! quantity ( gold du/ t is f\nd 9 ?is lake4 ,!y give x an ext5t ( m ?an #djj leagues 9 l5g?1 & #abe 9 bread?4 ,no riv]1 !y say1 goes out nor ent]s !re92 al?\gh _m geograph]s h m>k$ ?is lake 9 _! maps1 x is n probable !re is any su* exi/+4 ,b ! mo/ g5]al & l>ge/ lakes are ^? :i* receive & give rise to o!r great riv]s3 z _! numb] is v great ,i %all speak only ( ! mo/ consid]able1 or ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,beg9n+ at ,europe1 we h 9 ,switz]l& ! lake ( ,g5eva1 ,con/ance1 c42 9 ,hung>y1 ! lake ,balaton2 9 ,lavonia1 a l>ge lake1 & :i* sep>ates ?is prov9ce f ,russia2 9 ,f9l&1 ! lake ,lapw]t1 :i* is v long1 & is divid$ into _m arms1 & lake ,oula1 :i* is ( a r\nd figure2 9 ,muscovy1 lake ,ladoga1 m ?an #be leagues long by above #ab broad4 ,lake ,onega is z long1 b n s broad4 ,lakes ,ilm5 & ,belozo1 f :5ce issue "o ( ! s\rces ( ! ,wolga2 ! ,iwan-,os]o1 f :5ce issues "o ( ! s\rces ( ! ,don3 two o!r lakes f :5ce ! ,vitzogda d]ives its orig92 9 ,lapl&1 ! lake f :i* issues ! riv] ,kimi2 ano!r mu* l>g] ne> ! coa/ ( ,w>dhus1 & _m o!rs1 f :5ce issue ! riv]s ,lula1 ,pi!a1 & ,uma4 ,^! are n v consid]able4 ,9 ,norway two m ( ne>ly ! same size z ^? ( ,lapl&3 9 ,sw$51 lake ,v5]1 :i* is z l>ge a lake z ,mel]1 on :i* ,/ockholm is situat$2 & two o!rs less consid]able2 "o is ne> ,eveldal1 & ! o!r ne> ,l9cop94 ,9 ,sib]ia1 9 ,muscovy1 & 9 ,indep5d5t ,t>t>y1 !re are a great numb] ( ^! lakes1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ! great lake ,b>aba1 :i* is m ?an #ajj leagues long1 & ^: wat]s fall into ! ,irtis2 ! great lake ,e/raguel1 ! s\rce ( ! same riv]3 _m o!r small]1 ! s\rces ( ! ,j5isca2 ! great lake ,kita1 ! s\rce ( ! ,oby2 ano!r l>g]1 ! s\rce ( ! ,ang>a2 lake ,baical1 :i* is m ?an #gj leagues long1 & is =m$ by ! same riv] ,ang>a2 lake ,pehu1 f :i* issues ! riv] ,urack1 c4 ,9 ,*9a & ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 lake ,dalai1 f :5ce issues ! l>ge riv] ,argus1 :i* falls into ! riv] ,am\r2 ! lake ( ! ?ree m\nta9s1 ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,helum2 ! lakes ,c9hal1 ,cokmor1 & ,sorama1 ! s\rces ( ! riv] ,honaho2 two o!r lakes adjac5t to ! riv] ,nank91 c4 ,9 ,tonqu91 lake ,guadag1 :i* is v consid]able4 ,9 ,india1 ! lake ,*iamat1 f :5ce issues ! riv] ,laquia1 adjac5t to ! s\rces ( ! riv]s ,ava1 ,long5u1 c4 ,?is lake is m ?an #dj leagues broad by #ej long4 ,!re is ano!r at ! orig9 ( ! ,ganges2 & "o bord]+ on ,ca%m]e is ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,indus1 c4 ,9 ,africa is lake ,cav>1 & two or ?ree o!rs adjac5t to ! m\? ( ,s5egal riv]4 ,lakes ,gu>da & ,sigismus make b "o lake1 ( a triangul> =m1 ab\t #ajj leagues long by #ge broad1 & conta9 a v consid]able isl&4 ,9 ?is lake ! ,nig] loses its "n1 & takes t ( ,s5egal1 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 t[>ds ! s\rce1 we meet ) ano!r consid]able lake1 call$ ,b\rn\1 :]e ! ,nig] aga9 loses its "n1 = ! riv] :i* comes !re9 is call$ ,gamb>u4 ,9 ,e?iopia1 at ! s\rces ( ! ,nile1 is ! great lake ,gambia1 upw>ds ( #ej leagues long4 ,!re are also _m lakes on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 :i* appe> to h be5 =m$ by ! sea1 & !re are only a few less] lakes 9 ! rema9+ "p ( ,africa4 ,nor? ,am]ica may be /yl$ ! c\ntry ( lakes2 ! greate/ are lake ,sup]ior1 upw>ds ( #abe leagues long by #ej broad2 lake ,huron1 upw>ds ( #ajj leagues long by #dj broad2 lake ,illionois1 :i*1 compreh5d+ ! ,bay ( ,puanto1 is q z ext5sive z lake ,huron2 lakes ,erio1 & ,ont>io1 toge!r upw>ds ( #hj leagues long1 f #bj to #be broad2 ! lake ,mi/as91 to ! nor? ( ,quebec1 is ab\t #ej leagues 9 l5g?2 & lake ,*ampla91 to ! s\? ( x1 is ne>ly ( ! same ext5t2 lake ,alemipigon1 & ! lake ,*ri/9aux1 bo? to ! nor? ( lake ,sup]ior1 are also v consid]able2 ! lake ,ass9iboils conta9s _m isl&s1 & is upw>ds ( #ge leagues long2 !re are also1 indep5d5t ( t ( ,mexico1 two l>ge lakes 9 t c\ntry1 ! "o call$ ,nic>agua1 9 ! prov9ce ( t "n1 :i* is upw>ds ( #gj leagues long4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re is a small lake1 ! s\rce ( ! ,m>agnon1 & ano!r l>g] :i* is ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,p>aguay2 also ! lake ,titic>es1 :i* falls into ! riv] ,plata2 two small] lakes :i* fl[ into ! same riv]2 & "s o!rs1 n v consid]able1 9 ! inl& "p ( ,*ili4 ,all lakes f :i* riv]s d]ive _! orig91 ^? :i* fall into ! c\rse ( riv]s1 & :i* c>ry _! wat] !reto1 are n salt4 ,almo/ all ^?1 on ! contr>y1 :i* receive riv]s )\t o!rs issu+ !re\t1 are salt2 ?is seems to fav\r ! op9ion t ! saltness ( ! sea arises f ! salts :i* riv]s wa% f ! e>?1 & cont9ually convey into x2 = evaporation _c c>ry (f fix$ salts1 & consequ5tly ^? :i* riv]s c>ry into ! sea rema9 !re94 ,al?\gh riv] wat] appe>s to ta/e fre%1 we well "k t x conta9s a small quantity ( salt1 & 9 c\rse ( "t might h acquir$ su* a consid]able degree1 z to occasion ! pres5t saltness ( ! sea1 & :i* mu/ /ill cont9ue increas+4 ,x is ?us1 !re=e1 z ,i imag9e1 t ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,caspian1 lake ,aral1 c4 h become salt4 ,) respect to lakes1 :i* d n receive any riv]1 nor f :i* does any issue1 are ei!r fre% or salt1 accord+ to _! diff]5t orig9s2 ^? ne> ! sea are g5]ally salt1 & ^? remote f x are fre%1 because ! "o has be5 =m$ by ! inundations ( ! sea1 & ! o!rs proce$ f spr+s ( fre% wat]4 ,! lakes any ways rem>kable are ! ,dead ,sea1 ! wat]s ( :i* conta9 mu* m bitum5 ?an salt3 x is call$ ! ,bitum5 ( ,judea1 b is no o!r ?an ! ,asphaltes1 :i* has caus$ "s au?ors to call x ! ,asphaltic ,lake4 ,! l&s :i* bord] ?is lake conta9 a great quantity ( ?is bitum52 & _m h suppos$1 z ! poets feign ( lake ,av]nus1 t no fi% c\ld live !re91 & birds :i* attempt$ to fly ov] x 7 suffocat$2 b nei!r ( ^! lakes produce su* mortal ev5ts2 fi% live 9 bo?1 birds pass ov] !m1 & m5 ba! !re9 )\t ! lea/ dang]4 ,at ,boleslaw1 9 ,bohemia1 !re is said to be a lake1 :]e9 are holes1 ^: dep? is unfa?omable1 f :i* impetu\s w9ds issue1 :i* are c>ri$ ov] all ,bohemia1 & 9 w9t] raise pieces ( ice ( an #ajj weight 9 ! air4 ,a petrifi$ lake 9 ,icel& is also m5tion$2 & lake ,neagh1 9 ,irel&1 has also ! same prop]ty2 b ^! petrifactions are no o!r ?an incru/ations1 l ^? made by ! wat] ( ,arcueil4 ,,article ,,xii1 ,,( ,,! ,,flux ,,& ,,reflux4 ,wat] has b "o natural motion2 l o!r fluids x always desc5ds f ! high] into ! l[] places1 unless ob/ruct$ by "s int]v5+ ob/acle4 ,:5 x rea*es ! l[e/ place x rema9s !re calm & motionless1 at lea/ )\t "s =eign causes :i* agitates & di/urbs x4 ,all ! wat]s ( ! ocean are collect$ 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 ( c\rse ! motions ( ! sea mu/ proce$ f ext]nal causes1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ! flux & reflux1 :i* is alt]natively made 9 a contr>y direction1 & f :i* results a g5]al & cont9ual motion 9 ! sea f ea/ to we/4 ,^! two motions h a con/ant & regul> relation ) ! motions ( ! moon4 ,:5 ! moon is new1 or at ! full1 ?is motion f ea/ to we/ is m s5sible1 z well z t ( ! tides1 :i* ^u mo/ %ores ebb & fl[ e six h\rs & a half3 t x is always high tide :5ev] ! moon is at ! m]idian1 :e!r above or bel[ ! horizon ( ! place2 & l[ tide :5 ! moon rises or sets4 ,! motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/ is con/ant & inv>iable1 because ! ocean 9 its flux moves f ea/ to we/1 & impels t[>ds ! we/ a great quantity ( wat]1 & ! reflux seems to be made 9 a contr>y direction1 by reason ( ! small quantity ( wat] !n driv5 t[>ds ! we/2 ! flux1 !re=e1 mu/ r be reg>d$ z a swell+1 & ! reflux z a subsid+ ( ! wat]1 :i* in/ead ( its di/urb+ ! motion f ea/ to we/1 produces & cont9ually re/ores x1 al?\gh 9 fact x is /rong] dur+ ! rise1 & weak] dur+ ! fall1 f ! above reason4 ,! pr9cipal circum/ances ( ?is motion are1 #a4 ,t x is m s5sible :5 ! moon is new1 or at ! full1 ?an 9 ! quadratures3 9 spr+ & 9 autumn x is also m viol5t ?an at any o!r "t ( ! ye>2 & x is weak] 9 ! sol/ices1 :i*1 is occasion$ by ! comb9ation ( ! attraction ( ! moon & sun4 #b4 ,! w9d (t5 alt]s ! direction & quantity ( ?is motion1 p>ticul>ly t :i* con/antly bl[s f ! same qu>t]4 ,x is ! same ) respect to l>ge riv]s :i* convey _! wat]s into ! sea & produce a curr5t !re1 (t5 ext5d+ sev]al leagues1 :i* is /ronge/ :5 ! direction ( ! w9d agrees ) ! g5]al motion4 ,( ?is we h an example 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :]e ! motion f ea/ to we/ is con/ant & v p]ceptible4 #c4 ,we mu/ rem>k t :5 "o "p ( a fluid moves1 ! :ole mass receives ! motion2 n[ 9 ! motion ( ! tides a great "p ( ! ocean moves 9 a v s5sible mann]1 & consequ5tly ! ocean is agitat$ by ?is motion ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,p]fectly to compreh5d ?is we mu/ att5d to ! nature ( ! p[] :i* produces ! tides4 ,we h obs]v$ t ! moon acts ^u ! e>? by a p[] call$ attraction by "s1 & by o!rs gravity3 ?is =ce p5etrates ?r\gh ! globe1 is exactly proportion$ to ! quantity ( matt]1 & decreases z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance increases4 ,let u next exam9e :at mu/ happ5 to ! wat]s :5 ! moon is at ! m]idian ( any "o place4--,! surface ( ! wat]s be+ imm$iately "u ! moon is !n ne>] t planet ?an any o!r "p ( ! globe2 h5ce ?is "p ( ! sea mu/ be elevat$ t[>ds ! moon1 by =m+ an em95ce1 ! summit ( :i* mu/ be opposite to ! moon's c5tre2 = ! =mation ( ?is em95ce ! wat]s at ! bottom1 z well z at ! surface1 contribute _! %>e1 9 proportion to ! proximity !y are 9 ( ! moon1 :i* acts ^u !m 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>es ( _! di/ances3 ?us ! surface ( t "p ( ! sea is fir/ rais$2 ! surface ( ! neighb\r+ p>ts w be likewise elevat$1 b to a less height1 & ! wat] at ! bottom ( all ^! p>ts w be rais$ by ! same cause2 s t all ?is "p ( ! sea gr[+ high] & =m+ an em95ce1 x is necess>y t ! wat] ( ! remote p>ts1 & on :i* ?is =ce ( attraction does n act1 proce$s ) precipitation to replace ! wat]s :i* are ?us elevat$ & drawn t[>ds ! moon4 ,?is is :at produces ! flux1 or high tide1 :i* is m or less s5sible on diff]5t coa/s1 & :i* agitates ! sea n only at its surface b ev5 to ! greate/ dep?s4 ,! reflux1 or ebb1 happ5s aft]w>ds by ! natural incl9ation ( ! wat]1 = :5 ! moon no long] uses its p[]1 ! wat] :i* 0 rais$ by ?is =eign p[] retakes its level1 & returns to ! %ores & places x _h be5 =c$ to quit4 ,:5 ! moon passes to ! antipode1 or opposite m]idian1 ! same effect ensues1 ?\gh f a diff]5t cause1 ,9 ! fir/ case ! wat]s rise because !y are ne>] ! planet ?an any o!r p>ts ( ! globe2 & 9 ! second x is f ! contr>y reason1 !y rise because %e is ! mo/ remote f !m2 & ?is x is easily p]ceiv$ mu/ produce ! same effect1 = ! wat]s ( ?is "p be+ less attract$ ?an ^? ( ! opposite hemisph]e1 !y w naturally rec$e & =m an em95ce1 ! summit ( :i* w answ] to ! po9t ( ! lea/ action t is directly opposite to ! moon's /ation1 or :]e %e 0 ?irte5 h\rs be=e4 ,:5 ! moon arrives at ! horizon ! tide is ebb1 ! sea is !n 9 its natural /ate1 & ! wat] 9 a direct equilibrium2 b :5 %e is at ! opposite m]idian ?is equilibrium c no long] exi/1 s9ce ! wat]s ( ! "p opposite to ! moon be+ at ! greate/ di/ance possible f h]1 !y are less attract$ ?an ! rema9+ "p ( ! globe1 & h5ce _! relative weight1 :i* always reta9s !m 9 an equilibrium1 impels !m t[>ds ! opposite po9t to ! moon4 ,?us 9 ! two cases1 :5 ! moon is at ! m]idian ( a place1 or at ! opposite m]idian1 ! wat] mu/ be rais$ ne>ly to ! same height1 & consequ5tly fall & rise1 :5 ! moon is at ! horizon ei!r at h] ris+ or sett+4 ,?us a motion1 su* z we h j m5tion$1 necess>ily di/urbs ! :ole mass ( ! sea1 & agitates x ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t & dep?2 & if ?is motion appe>s ins5sible 9 ! op5 seas1 x is nev]!less no less real2 b z ! w9ds _c ruffle ! bottom 9 an equal degree ) ! surface1 ! motion ( ! tides is necess>ily m regul> !re1 al?\gh direct$ alt]nately 9 ! same mann] z at ! top4 ,f ?is alt]native motion ( flux & reflux !re results1 z already obs]v$1 a cont9ual motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/1 because ! moon1 :i* produces ! tides1 proce$s f ea/ to we/1 & successively act+ 9 ! same direction1 ! wat] foll[s h] c\rse4 ,?is motion is mo/ consid]able 9 all sraits2 = example1 at ! /raits ( ,magellan ! wat] rises ne>ly #bj feet1 & cont9ues s = six h\rs1 :]eas ! reflux la/s only two,c1 & ! wat] runs t[>ds ! we/4 ,?is evid5tly proves t ! reflux is n equal to ! flux1 & t f bo? !re results a motion t[>ds ! we/1 mu* /rong] 9 ! "t ( ! flux ?an 9 t ( ! reflux4 ,?is is ! reason t 9 op5 seas1 remote f l&1 ! tides are only felt by ! g5]al motion ( ! wat]s f ea/ to we/4 ,c ,see ,n>bor\gh's ,voyage4 ,! tides are /rong] 9 ! torrid zone betwe5 ! tropics ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! ocean3 !y are also m s5sible 9 places :i* ext5d f ea/ to we/1 9 long & n>r[ gulphs1 & on ! coa/s :]e !re & isles & promontories4 ,! greate/ kn[n flux is at "o ( ! m\?s ( ! riv] ,indus1 :]e ! wat] rises ?irty feet4 ,x rises also v rem>kably ne> ,malays1 9 ! /raits ( ,sund1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ,nelson's ,bay1 at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 on ! coa/s ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,banama1 9 ! ,gulph ( ,b5gal1 c4 ,! motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/ is m s5sible 9 p>ticul> places4 ,m>9]s h obs]v$ x 9 sail+ f ,india to ,madagasc> & ,africa2 x is also v p]ceptible 9 ! ,pacific ,sea1 & betwe5 ! ,malaccas & ,brazil3 b ?is motion is mo/ viol5t 9 ! ,/raits2 = example1 ! wat]s are c>ri$ ) su* great =ce 9 t direction ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,magellan t x is felt to a great di/ance 9 ! ,atlantic2 & x is suppos$ t ?is caus$ ,magellan to conjecture !re 0 a /rait by :i* ! two seas _h a communication4 ,9 ! ,manilla /raits1 & 9 all ! *annels :i* divide ! ,maldivian isl&s1 ! sea fl[s f ea/ to we/1 z well z 9 ! ,gulph ( ,mexico1 betwe5 ,cuba & ,jucatan4 ,9 ! gulph ( ,p>ia ?is motion is s viol5t t ! /rait is call$ ! ,dragon's ,m\?4 ,9 ! ,canadian & ,t>t>ian ,seas x fl[s also ) viol5ce1 z well z 9 ! ,/rait ( ,waigat1 ?r\gh :i* x conveys enorm\s masses ( ice into ! nor!rn seas ( ,europe4 ,! ,pacific ,ocean fl[s f ea/ to we/1 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,java2 ! sea ( ,japan fl[s t[>ds ,*9a1 ! ,indian ,ocean fl[s t[>ds ! we/1 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,java & o!r ,indian isl&s2 we _c1 !re=e1 d\bt t ! sea has a con/ant & g5]al motion f ea/ to we/1 & x is c]ta9 ! ,atlantic fl[s t[>ds ,am]ica1 & t ! ,pacific ,sea goes f x1 z is evid5t at ,cape ,curr5t betwe5 ,lima & ,panama4 ,9 %ort1 ! alt]natives ( ! flux & reflux are regul>ly made 9 six h\rs & a half on mo/ coa/s1 ?\gh at diff]5t h\rs1 accord+ to ! climate & position ( ! l&s3 ?us ! sea coa/s are cont9ually beat5 by ! waves :i* at ea* "t wa% away "s small p>ts ( _! matt]s1 :i* !y transport to a di/ance1 & deposit at ! bottom ( ! sea2 s likewise ! waves convey1 & leave on ! l[] %ores1 %ells1 s&s1 c4 ^! by degrees =m horizontal /rata1 :i* accumulat+1 become d[ns & hills1 exactly simil> to o!rs1 bo? z to =m & int]nal composition4 ,f ?is con/ant action1 ! sea naturally %uts itself out f ! l[e/ coa/s1 & ga9s ^u ! highe/4 ,to give an idea ( ! ef=ts ( a tr\bl$ sea aga9/ coa/s1 ,i %all relate a fact :i* has be5 affirm$ to me by a cr$itable p]son1 & :i* ,i ! readi] gave cr$it to1 hav+ se5 some?+ ne>ly simil>4 ,9 ! pr9cipal isl&s ( ! ,orkneys !re are coa/s compos$ ( rocks p]p5dicul>ly divid$ to ! surface ( ! sea1 to ! height ( ne> #bjj feet4 ,! tides 9 ?is place rise v consid]able1 z is common 9 all p>ts :]e !re are project+ l&s & isl&s2 b :5 ! w9d is v /rong1 & ! sea swells at ! same "t1 ! motion is s great1 & ! agitation s viol5t1 t ! wat] rises to ! summit ( ^! rocks1 & falls aga9 9 ! =m ( ra93 x ?r[s to ?is great height gravel & /ones f ! foot ( ! rocks1 & "s ( !m ev5 broad] ?an ! h&4 ,9 ! port ( ,liv\rne1 :]e ! sea is mu* m calm1 ,i saw a tempe/ 9 ,decemb]1 #agca1 :]e9 !y 7 oblig$ to cut d[n ! ma/s ( "s vessels t _h be5 =c$ f _! an*ors by ! w9d1 & driv5 into ! road4 ,! sea swell$ above ! =tifications1 :i* 7 ( a consid]able height1 & z ,i 0 on "o ( ! mo/ project+ works1 ,i c\ld n rega9 ! t[n be=e ,i 0 wett$ by ! sea-wat] mu* m ?an ,i c\ld h be5 by ! mo/ pl5tiful ra94 ,^! examples are suffici5t to %ew ) :at viol5ce ! sea acts aga9/ "s coa/s4 ,?is cont9ual agitation de/roys & dim9i%es by degrees ! l&4 ,! wat] c>ries away all ^! matt]s1 & deposits !m z soon z x arrives at a "p :]e ! tr\bl$ sea subsides into a calm4 ,9 tempe/u\s wea!r ! wat] is f\l1 f ! mixture ( matt]s deta*$ f ! %ore & bottom ( ! sea1 :i* !n ca/s on ! coa/s a numb] ( ?+s t x br+s f a di/ance1 & :i* are nev] met ) b aft] /orms2 z amb]gris on ! we/ ( ,irel&1 & yell[ amb] on ^? ( ,pom]ania1 cocoa-nuts on ! coa/s ( ,india1 c4 & sometimes pumice & o!r s+ul> /ones4 ,we c quote on ?is occasion a circum/ance relat$ 9 ! new travels to ! ,am]ican ,isl&s4 ,be+ at ,/4 ,dom+o1 says ! au?or1 among o!r ?+s !y gave me "s light /ones1 :i* ! sea br\ght to ! coa/ :5 !re _h be5 /rong s\!rly w9ds2 !re 0 "o two feet & a half long by eighte5 broad1 & "o ?ick1 :i* did n q weigh five p\nds3 !y are z :ite z sn[1 mu* h>d] ?an pumice1 ( a f9e consi/5cy1 hav+ no appe>ance ( be+ por\s1 b :5 ?r[n into wat]1 reb\nd$ l a ball ?r[n on ! gr\nd1 & x 0 ) great difficulty !y c\ld be =c$ "u ! wat] ) ! h&4 ,! /one mu/ h be5 a v f9e & close-gra9$ pumice1 :i* _h issu$ f "s volcano1 & :i* ! sea _h convey$1 z x transports amb]gris1 cocoa-nuts1 common pumice-/one1 se$s ( plants1 ru%es1 c4 ,obs]vations ( ?is k9d h be5 g5]ally made on ! coa/s ( ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,! sea by its g5]al motion f ea/ to we/ mu/ convey ! productions ( our coa/ to ^? ( ,am]ica2 & x is by "s irregul> motions t ! productions ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 z well z ! nor!rn climates1 are br\ght ^u our %ores4 ,!re is a great appe>ance t ! w9ds cause ^? effects2 l>ge spots h (t5 be5 obs]v$ 9 ! high seas1 f> f %ore1 cov]$ ) pumice-/ones2 !y c\ld only come f ! volcanoes 9 isl&s or on ! cont95t1 & :i* ! curr5t _h transport$ to ! middle ( ! seas4 ,be=e ! s\!rn "p ( ,am]ica 0 kn[n1 & 9 ! "t :5 ! ,india ,sea 0 ?\ght to h no communication ) our ocean1 appe>ances ( ?is k9d af=d$ ! fir/ supposition ( x4 ,! alt]native motion ( ! flux & reflux1 & ! con/ant motion ( ! sea f ca/ to we/1 pres5ts diff]5t ph5om5a 9 diff]5t climates1 accord+ to ! be>+ ( ! l& & ! height ( ! coa/s4 ,!re are p>ts :]e ! g5]al motion f ea/ to we/ is n p]ceptible2 !re are o!rs :]e ! sea has ev5 a contr>y motion1 z on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,b ^! contr>y motions are occasion$ by ! w9ds1 by ! position ( ! l&s1 by ! wat]s ( l>ge riv]s1 & by ! disposition ( ! bottom ( ! sea2 all ^! causes produce curr5ts :i* alt]1 & (t5 *ange ! g5]al motion 9 _m p>ts ( ! sea2 b z ! motion f ea/ to we/ is ! greate/1 mo/ g5]al & con/ant1 x mu/ also produce ! greate/ effects1 & all tak5 toge!r1 ! sea mu/ ga9 gr\nd t[>ds ! we/1 & lose x t[>ds ! ea/2 al?\gh x may happ5 t on ^? coa/s :]e ! we/ w9ds bl[ dur+ ! greate/ "p ( ! ye>1 z 9 ,france & ,engl&1 ! sea may ga9 on ! ea/1 yet ^! p>ticul> exceptions d n de/roy ! effect ( ! g5]al cause4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,inequalities ,,at ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,sea1 ,,& ,,( ,,curr5ts4 ,! coa/s ( ! sea may be di/+ui%$ into ?ree k9ds1 #a/1 ! elevat$ coa/s1 :i* are rocks & h>d /ones1 g5]ally divid$ p]p5dicul>ly1 & :i* rise sometimes to ! height ( #g or #hjj feet4 #b;d1 ,! l[ coa/s1 "s ( :i* are almo/ level ) ! surface ( ! wat]1 & o!rs ris+ ) a mod]ate elevation1 (t5 b\nd$ by rocks at ! wat]'s edge1 =m+ %elves & break]s1 :i* r5d] ! approa* to %ore v difficult & dang]\s4 #c;dly1 ,d[ns1 :i* are coa/s =m$ by s& :i* ! sea accumulates1 or br\ght or deposit$ by riv]s2 ^! d[ns =m hills m or less elevat$1 accord+ to ! accumulat$ s&4 ,! coa/s ( ,italy are bord]$ by sev]al sorts ( m>ble & /one2 ^! rocks appe> at a di/ance z s _m pill>s ( m>ble p]p5dicul>ly divid$4 ,! coa/s ( ,france f ,bre/ to ,b\rdeaux are almo/ surr\nd$ ) rocks j at ! wat]'s edge1 :i* occasion dang]\s break]s4 ,! coa/s ( ,engl&1 ,spa91 & _m o!rs1 are also bord]$ ) rocks & h>d /one2 except+ "s p>ts :i* are made use ( = bays1 ports1 & hav5s4 ,! dep? ( wat] along ! coa/s is 9 proportion to _! elevation4 ,! inequalities at ! bottom ( ! sea ne> ! coa/s1 correspond also ) ! inequalities ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd along ! %ore4 ,a celebrat$ navigator has made ! foll[+ obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,i h con/antly rem>k$1 t :]e ! coa/s are def5d$ by /eep rocks1 ! sea is !re v deep1 & seldom af=ds a probability ( an*or+2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :]e ! gr\nd incl9es f ! coa/ to ! sea1 h[ev] elevat$ x may be fur!r inl&1 ! bottom is good !re1 & consequ5tly admits ( an*orage4 ,accord+ to ! declivity ( l&1 z x approa*es ! wat]'s edge1 s we g5]ally f9d our an*or gr\nd1 & ei!r approa* or keep at a di/ance f %ore agreeable to ! /eepness ( ! l&2 = ,i nev] saw or he>d ( a coa/ :]e ! l& is ( a cont9ual height1 )\t "s vallies ly+ int]mix$ ) ! high-l&s2 !y are ! subsid+ ( l[ l&s1 & af=d good an*or+1 ! e>? be+ lodg$ deep "u wat]2 = ?is reason x is we f9d good h>b\rs ^u coa/s :i* ab\nd ) /eep cliffs1 because ! l& has subsid$ betwe5 !m4 ,b ,:]e ! decl5sions f ! hills is n )9 l& b t[>ds ! ma9 sea1 z at ,*ili & ,p]u1 & ! coa/s are ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 z 9 ! c\ntries runn+ f ! ,&es1 x is v deep1 & has sc>cely any creeks or h>b\rs4 ,! coa/s ( ,gallicia1 ,portugal1 ,newf\ndl&1 ! isl&s ( ,juan ,f]n&o & ,/4 ,hel5a1 c4 are some:at simil> to ^? ( ,p]u1 yet good h>b\rs are n s sc>ce1 z !re is always good an*orage :]e !re are %ort ridges ( l&4 ,9 g5]al ! l& "u wat] seems to be exactly proportion$ to ! ris+ ( ! contigu\s "p above1 & !re=e1 :]e ! l&s ^u ! %ores are /eep1 !re is b little security = %ips1 !y be+ v easily driv5 f _! moor+s2 yet al?\gh /eep cliffs d5ote ?is disadvantage1 !y assure u ( ?is b5efit also1 t we c sail close to !m ) safety1 besides be+ able to see !m at a consid]able di/ance2 :]eas l[ l&s are frequ5tly n discov]$ until we are ne>1 & always exp]i5ce ! haz>d ( runn+ agr\nd4 ,?is fact ( good an*orage :]e ! l&s on ! coa/ are l[1 might be illu/rat$ by _m in/ances 9 ! bays ( ,campea*y1 ,honduras1 ,panama2 ! coa/s ( ,portobella1 ,c>?ag5a1 ,gu9ea1 ,calli=nia1 ,*9a1 ,corom&el1 c4 b go+ into p>ticul>s w\ld be almo/ endless1 z ,i v seldom f\nd x o!rwise ?an t deep wat]s & high %ores w5t toge!r1 z well z l[ l&s & %all[ seas4 ,! fact !re=e ( !re be+ consid]able m\nta9s1 & o!r inequalities1 at ! bottom ( ! sea is fully confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( navigators4 ,div]s also assure u1 !re are small] inequalities =m$ by rocks1 & t x is mu* ! colde/ 9 ! vallies ( ! sea4 ,9 g5]al ! dep?s 9 great seas1 z we h already obs]v$1 increase proportionably to _! di/ance f %ore4 ,by ,mr4 ,bua*e's *>t ( t "p ( ! ocean betwe5 ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,am]ica1 & by ! divisions he has giv5 ( ! sea f ,cape ,tagr9 to ,rio-,gr&e1 !re appe>s to be simil> inequalities 9 ! ocean to ^? on l&4 ,t ! ,albrolhos1 :]e !re are "s rocks at ! surface ( ! wat]1 are only ! tops ( v l>ge & l(ty m\nta9s1 ( :i* ,dolph9 isl& is "o ( ! highe/ peaks4 ,t ! isl&s ( ,cape de ,v]d are also ! tops ( m\nta9s t !re are a great numb] ( %oals 9 ! sea1 :i* r\nd ! ,albrolhos desc5ds ev5 to unkn[n dep?s4 ,) respect to ! quality ( ! diff]5t soils :i* =m ! bottom ( ! sea1 z we mu/ rely on div]s & ! plumb1 we c say no?+ exact or precise conc]n+ x2 we only "k t !re are p>ts cov]$ ) mud to a consid]able ?ickness1 on :i* an*ors h no hold2 9 ^! p>ts probably ! mud ( riv]s are deposit$4 ,9 o!r p>ts are s&s simil> to ^? on l&4 ,9 o!rs are %ells1 heap$ up toge!r1 madrepores1 corals1 & o!r productions ( insects1 :i* beg9 to unite & appe> l /ones2 9 o!rs are fragm5ts ( /ones1 gravel1 & (t5 entire /ones & m>ble4 ,= example1 9 ! ,maldivian isl&s ! build+s are made ( a h>d /one weigh$ up f sev]al fa?oms "u wat]4 ,at ,m>seilles v good m>ble is obta9$ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i*1 s f> f wa/+ & spoil+ /one & m>ble1 9 our disc\rse on m9]als1 we %all prove !y are =m$ & pres]v$ !re92 :]eas ! sun1 e>?1 air1 & ra9 wat]1 corrupts & de/roys !m4 ,! bottom ( ! sea mu/ be compos$ ( ! same matt]s z our habitable l&1 because ! v same sub/ances are conta9$ 9 ! "o z ! o!r2 places are f\nd at ! bottom ( ! sea1 cov]$ ) %ells1 madrepores1 & o!r productions ( sea matt]s1 z we meet ) on e>? an inf9ity ( qu>ries & banks ( *alk & o!r matt]s replete ) ! same sort ( %ells1 madrepores1 c4 s t 9 all respects ! dry p>ts ( ! globe resemble ^? cov]$ by ! wat]1 bo? 9 composition ( matt]s1 & inequalities ( ! sup]fices4 ,x is to ^! inequalities at ! bottom ( ! sea1 we mu/ attribute ! orig9 ( curr5ts1 = if ! bottom 0 equal & level1 !re w\ld be no o!r curr5t ?an ! g5]al motion f ea/ to we/1 & a few o!rs :i* might be caus$ by ! action ( ! w9ds2 b a c]ta9 pro( t mo/ curr5ts are produc$ by ! flux & reflux1 & direct$ by ! inequalities at ! bottom ( ! sea1 is1 t !y regul>ly foll[ ! tides1 & *ange _! direction at ea* ebb & fl[4 ,see ,pietra della ,valle on ! subject ( ! curr5ts ( ! gulph ( ,cambay1 & ! acc\nts ( all navigators1 :o unanim\sly ass]t t 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! flux & reflux ( ! sea is ! mo/ viol5t1 ! curr5ts are also mo/ rapid4 ,!re=e x _c be d\bt$ b t ! tides produce curr5ts ^: direction always answ]s t ( ! opposite hills & all m\nta9s betwe5 :i* !y fl[4 ,curr5ts produc$ by w9ds1 also foll[ ! direction ( ^? hills :i* are "u ! wat]1 seldom runn+ opposite to ! w9d :i* produces !m1 any m ?an ^? :i* are occasion$ by ! tides foll[ ! direction ( _! orig9al cause4 ,to give a cle> idea ( ! productions ( curr5ts1 we %all fir/ obs]ve !y are to be met ) 9 e sea2 t "s are rapid1 & o!rs sl[2 t "s are ( great ext5t1 bo? 9 l5g? & bread?1 & o!rs %ort & n>r[2 t ! same cause1 :e!r ! w9d or tides1 :i* produces ^! curr5ts1 frequ5tly gives to ea* ( !m a velocity & direction v diff]5t2 t a nor? w9d1 = example1 :i* %\ld give ! wat] "o g5]al motion t[>ds ! s\?1 on ! contr>y1 produces a numb] ( curr5ts1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & v diff]5t bo? 9 ext5t & direction2 "s fl[+ t[>ds ! s\?1 o!rs s\?-ea/1 & o!rs s\?-we/2 "s are v rapid1 o!rs sl[2 "s long & broad1 o!rs %ort & n>r[2 9 fact1 _! motions are s v>i\s t we h no idea left ( _! orig9al cause4 ,:5 a contr>y w9d succe$s1 all ^! curr5ts take an opposite c\rse1 & foll[ 9 a contr>y direction1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z w\ld be ! case ^u l& betwe5 two opposite & adjac5t hills1 provid$ x 0 cov]$ ) wat]1 z is se5 at ! ,maldiva & all ! isl&s ( ! ,indian seas1 :]e ! curr5ts run1 & ! w9ds bl[1 = six mon?s 9 a contr>y direction4 ,! same rem>k has be5 made on curr5ts betwe5 %oals & s&banks4 ,9 g5]al all curr5ts1 :e!r caus$ by ! motion ( flux or reflux1 or ! action by ! w9d2 h ! same ext5t & direction ?r\gh\t _! :ole c\rse1 yet diff] f ea* o!r 9 mo/ respects1 :i* c proce$ only f ! inequalities ( ! hills1 m\nta9s1 & vallies1 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 x be+ c]ta9 t ! curr5t betwe5 two isl&s foll[s ! direction ( ! coa/s2 & ! same is obs]vable betwe5 banks ( s&1 %oals1 c4 we mu/1 !re=e1 look on ! hills & m\nta9s ( ! bottom ( ! sea z banks :i* direct ! curr5t2 & h5ce a curr5t is a riv]1 ! bread? ( :i* is det]m9$ by t ( ! valley ?r\gh :i* x fl[s3 its rapidity dep5ds on ! =ce :i* produces x1 comb9$ ) ! bread?1 ( ! int]val ?r\gh :i* x mu/ pass3 & its direction is trac$ by ! position ( ! hills & inequalities betwe5 :i* x mu/ take its c\rse4 ,we %all n[ give a reason = ! s+ul> correspond5ce betwe5 ! angles ( m\nta9s & hills1 :i* are to be met ) 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,we h already rem>k$ t :5 a riv]1 c4 =ms an elb[1 "o ( ! bord]s =ms on "o side a projection inl&1 & ! o!r =ms a po9t f l&1 & t ?r\gh all ! s9uosities ( _! c\rse ?is correspond5ce is always f\nd4 ,?is fact is f\nd$ on ! laws ( hydro/atics4 ,x w\ld be easy to demon/rate ! cause ( ?is effect2 b x is suffici5t t x is g5]al & univ]sally kn[n1 & t all ! _w may be conv9c$ ( x by _! own eyes1 t :5 ! banks ( a riv] =m a projection inl& to ! left h&1 ! o!r %ore =ms a projection f l& to ! "r4 ,h5ce ! curr5ts ( ! sea mu/ be look$ ^u z great riv]s1 subject to ! "s laws z ^? on l&1 & w1 l !m1 =m 9 ! ext5t ( _! c\rse _m s9uosities1 ^: projections or angles w correspond2 & z ! banks ( curr5ts are hills & m\nta9s1 above or bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 !y w h giv5 ^! em95ces ! same =m z is rem>k$ on ! %ores ( riv]s2 !re=e we mu/ n be a/oni%$ t our hills & m\nta9s1 :i* h be5 =m]ly cov]$ by ! sea1 & =m$ by ! s$im5ts :i* ! wat]s h left1 %\ld1 by ! motion ( its curr5ts1 h tak5 ?is regul> figure1 & all ! angles are alt]nately opposite2 !y h be5 ! %ores ( ! curr5ts or riv]s ( ! sea1 & h !re=e necess>ily tak5 a figure & direction simil> to ^? ( ! %ores ( ! riv]s ( ! e>?4 ,?is alone1 indep5d5t ( ! o!r pro(s we h giv51 w\ld be suffici5t to ev9ce t ! e>? ( our cont95t & isl&s h be5 cov]$ ) wat]s ( ! ocean1 & d\btless ?r[s great light ^u ! ,!ory :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to prove well f\nd$2 = x 0 n suffici5t to h prov$ t ! /rata ( ! e>? 7 =m$ by ! s$im5ts ( ! sea2 t ! m\nta9s 7 elevat$ by ! successive accumulation ( su* s$im5ts2 & t !y 7 compos$ ( %ells & o!r m>9e productions2 b x requir$ also a reason :y ! angles ( m\nta9s s exactly correspond2 ?is c\ld only be done by an inve/igation into ! real cause1 :i* _h n hi!rto be5 attempt$1 & :i*1 be+ unit$ ) ! re/1 =ms a body ( pro(s z complete z may be _h 9 physics1 & e/abli%es my ,!ory to be f\nd$ on facts1 indep5d5t ( all hypo!sis4 ,! pr9cipal curr5ts ( ! ocean are ^? obs]v$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,sea1 ne> ,gu9ea4 ,!y ext5d f ,cape ,v]d to ! ,bay ( ,f]n&es4 ,_! motion is f we/ to ea/2 t is contr>y to ! g5]al motion ( ! sea4 ,^! curr5ts are s rapid t vessels sail 9 two days f ,m\ra to ,rio de ,b591 a c\rse ( #aej leagues2 b !y require six or sev5 weeks to return2 nor w\ld x be possible to get out ( ^! climates if advantage 0 n tak5 ( ! tempe/u\s w9ds :i* sudd5ly rise 9 !m2 b !re are entire seasons dur+ :i* vessels _c /ir1 ! sea be+ cont9ually calm1 except+ :at arises f ! curr5ts1 :i* is always direct$ t[>ds ! coa/s1 & nev] ext5d m ?an #bj leagues f %ore4 ,ne> ,sumatra !re are rapid curr5ts1 :i* fl[ f s\? to nor?1 & :i* probably =m$ ! gulph at ,malacca4 ,!re are also consid]able curr5ts betwe5 ,java & ,magellan1 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ! isl& ( ,madagasc>1 especially on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,natal & ! ,cape4 ,9 ! ,pacific ,sea1 on ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 & ! re/ ( ,am]ica1 ! sea moves f s\? to nor?1 & a s\? w9d cont9ually bl[+ !re seems to be ! cause4 ,! l motion is obs]v$ on ! coa/s ( ,brazil2 f ,cape ,/4 ,augu/9e to ! ,antilles2 f ! m\? ( ! ,manilla /rait to ! ,philipp9e isl&s2 & 9 ! port ( ,kubuxiu at ,japan,d4 ,d ,see ,v>54 ,geography1 page #adj4 ,!re are viol5t curr5ts 9 ! sea adjac5t to ! ,maldivian isl&s2 & betwe5 ^? isl&s ^! curr5ts fl[1 z already obs]v$1 con/antly = six mon?s f ea/ to we/1 & dur+ ! o!r six mon?s !y foll[ ! direction ( ! monsoons1 & x is probable !y are produc$ by ^? w9ds4 ,we speak "h only ( curr5ts1 ^: ext5t & rapidity are v consid]able1 = 9 e sea !re are an inf9ity ( curr5ts1 ?\gh ( no great importance4 ,! flux & reflux1 ! w9ds1 & all o!r causes :i* agitate ! wat]s1 produce curr5ts1 m or less p]ceptible1 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,we h obs]v$ t ! bottom ( ! sea1 l ! surface ( ! e>?1 is ov]spread ) m\nta9s int]sect$ ) inequalities & divid$ by banks ( s&4 ,9 all m\nta9\s places curr5ts w be viol5t2 9 all places :]e ! bottom ( ! sea is level !y w be almo/ imp]ceptible2 ! rapidity ( ! curr5t w increase 9 proportion to ! ob/acles ! wat] meets )1 or r to ! contraction ( ! spaces ?r\gh :i* !y incl9e to pass4 ,betwe5 two *a9s ( m\nta9s ! curr5t w be s mu* ! /rong] z ! m\nta9s are ne>4 ,x w be ! same betwe5 two banks ( s&1 or two neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,x is also rem>k$ 9 ! ,indian ocean1 :i* is divid$ ) an inf9ity ( isl&s & banks1 !re are rapid curr5ts ?r\gh\t1 :i* r5d] ! navigation ( t sea dang]\s4 ,x is n inequalities at ! bottom ( ! sea alone :i* =m curr5ts1 b ! coa/s !mselves h a simil> effect1 z ! wat] is repell$ at great] or less] di/ances3 ?is repulsion ( ! wat]s is a k9d ( curr5t :i* circum/ances c r5d] cont9ual & viol5t2 ! oblique position ( a coa/1 ! vic9ity ( a bay1 or ( "s great riv]1 a promontory2 9 "o ^w1 e p>ticul> ob/acle :i* opposes ! g5]al motion1 w always produce a curr5t4 ,n[1 z no?+ is m irregul> ?an ! bottom & bord]s ( ! sea1 we mu/ cease f be+ surpris$ at ! great numb] ( curr5ts :i* e :]e appe>4 ,all curr5ts h a det]m9ate bread?1 :i* dep5ds on t ( ! int]val betwe5 ! two em95ces :i* s]ves x = a b$4 ,! curr5ts fl[ into ! sea z riv]s fl[ on l&1 & !y produce simil> effects4 ,!y =m _! b$1 & give to em95ces correspond+ angles4 ,9 "o ^w1 x is ^! curr5ts :i* holl[$ our vallies1 =m$ our m\nta9s1 & gave to ! surface ( ! e>?1 :5 x 0 "u wat]1 ! =m x n[ reta9s4 ,if any d\bt ( ! correspond5ce ( ! angles ( m\nta9s rema9s1 ,i appeal to ! sight ( e man :o makes ! obs]vation4 ,e travell]1 ) ! smalle/ att5tion1 w p]ceive t ! opposite sides ( a hill exactly correspond4 ,:5ev] ! hills to ! "r ( ! valley =m a projection1 ^? opposite rec$e to ! left4 ,^! hills h also ne>ly ! same elevation1 & x is v r>e to see any great inequality ( height 9 ! two hills sep>at$ by a valley4 ,i c ass]t1 t ! m ,i h look$ on ! circumf]5ce & heights ( hills1 ! m ,i h be5 conv9c$ ( ! correspond5ce ( ! angles1 & ( ! resemblance !y h ) ! b$s & bord]s ( riv]s2 & x is by reit]at$ obs]vations on ?is surpris+ regul>ity & resemblance t my fir/ ideas ( ?is ,!ory ( ! ,e>? arose4 ,let u add to ^! obs]vations t ( ! p>allel & horizontal situation ( ! /rata1 t ( ! %ells be+ disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! e>?1 & incorporat$ 9 e matt]2 & x mu/ be admitt$1 t on a subject l ?is we _c h a great] degree ( probability4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,regul> ,,w9ds4 ,no?+ c appe> m irregul> & v>iable ?an ! =ce & direction ( w9ds 9 our climates2 b !re are c\ntries :]e ?is irregul>ity is n s great1 & o!rs :]e ! w9ds con/antly bl[ 9 "o direction1 & ) almo/ ! same degree ( /r5g?4 ,al?\gh ! motion ( ! air dep5ds on a great numb] ( causes1 !re are nev]!less pr9cipal ones1 ( :i* x is difficult to e/imate ! effects1 because ( ! modifications f second>y causes4 ,! mo/ p[]ful cause is ! heat ( ! sun1 :i* produces successively a consid]able r>efaction 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! atmosph]e1 & gives rise to an ea/ w9d t con/antly bl[s betwe5 ! tropics1 :]e r>efaction is ! greate/4 ,! =ce ( ! sun's attraction1 & ev5 t ( ! moon on ! atmosph]e1 are inconsid]able 9 comp>ison ) t j m5tion$2 x is true1 ?is =ce produces 9 ! air a motion simil> to t ( ! flux & reflux 9 ! sea1 yet x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! air1 because x has a spr+1 & is #hjj times light] ?an wat]1 receives1 by ! action ( ! moon1 a m consid]able motion ?an t ( ! wat]s ( ! sea2 = ! di/ance ( ! moon be+ ! same1 a sea ( any fluid matt] w h ne>ly ! same motion1 because ! =ce :i* produces x p5etrates ! matt]1 & is proportional to its quantity2 ?us a sea ( wat]1 air1 or quicksilv]1 w\ld elevate itself ne>ly to ! same height1 by ! action ( ! sun & moon2 h5ce we see t ! ! influ5ce ( ! planets 9 ! atmosph]e is n consid]able1 & al?\gh x mu/ cause a slight motion ( ! air f ea/ to we/1 ?is motion is ins5sible 9 comp>ison ) t produc$ by ! heat ( ! sun2 b z ! r>efaction w be always greate/ :5 ! sun is at ! z5i?1 ! curr5t ( air mu/ foll[ ! sun1 & =m a con/ant w9d f ea/ to we/4 ,?is w9d bl[s cont9ually ov] ! sea 9 ! torrid zone1 & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! l& betwe5 ! tropics2 x is ?is w9d we feel at ! sun's ris+2 & 9 g5]al ! ea/ w9ds are m frequ5t & impetu\s ?an ! we/2 ?is g5]al w9d f ea/ to we/ ext5ds ev5 beyond ! tropics1 & bl[s s con/antly 9 ! ,pacific ,sea1 t vessels :i* sail f ,acapulco to ! ,philipp9es1 p]=m _! voyage1 :i* is m ?an #bgjj leagues1 )\t any risque1 & almo/ )\t any ne$ ( direct+ _! c\rse4 ,9 ! ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,africa & ,brazil1 ?is w9d is also con/ant3 x is felt also betwe5 ! ,philipp9es & ,africa1 b n 9 s con/ant a mann]1 by reason ( ! isl&s1 & diff]5t ob/acles t are met ) 9 t sea2 = dur+ ! mon?s ( ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 & ,april1 x bl[s betwe5 ! ,mozambique coa/ & ,india1 b dur+ ! o!r mon?s1 x gives place to diff]5t w9ds3 & al?\gh ?is ea/ w9d is less felt on ! coa/s ?an 9 ! op5 sea1 & /ill less 9 ! middle ( cont95ts ?an on ! coa/s2 nev]!less !re are places :]e x bl[s almo/ cont9ually1 z on ! ea/ coa/s ( ,brazil1 on ! coa/s ( ,loango1 9 ,africa1 c4 ,?is ea/ w9d cont9ually bl[+ "u ! l9e1 is ! cause1 t sail+ f ,europe to ,am]ica1 ! c\rse ( ! vessel is direct$ f ! nor? to ! s\?1 along ! coa/s ( ,spa9 & ,africa1 to )9 #bj degrees ( ! equator1 :]e ?is ea/ w9d is met )1 :i* c>ries !m directly to ! coa/s ( ,am]ica4 ,! voyage f ,acapulco to ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 is made 9 two mon?s by ! fav\r ( ?is ea/ w9d3 b ! return f !m to ,acapulco is long] & m difficult4 ,at #bh or #cj degrees on ?is coa/ f ! l9e1 ! we/]n w9d is ne>ly z con/ant1 :i* is ! reason t vessels return+ f ! ,ea/ ,indies to ,europe1 d n foll[ ! same track z 9 go+2 ^? f ,new ,spa9 sail nor? along ! coa/s till !y arrive at ! ,havannah1 & f !nce !y cont9ue nor?w>d1 until !y meet ) ! we/]ly w9ds :i* c>ry !m to ! ,azores & aft]w>ds to ,spa94 ,s likewise 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 ^? :i* return f ! ,philipp9es1 or ,*9a1 to ,p]u1 or ,mexico1 sail nor? z f> z ,japan1 & navigate "u t p>allel to a c]ta9 di/ance f ,cali=nia1 f :5ce1 coa/+ along ,new ,spa91 !y arrive at ,acapulco4 ,^! w9ds d n always bl[ f "o po9t1 b 9 g5]al f ! s\?-ea/ f ,april to ,novemb]1 & f ! nor?-ea/ f ,novemb] to ,april4 ,! ea/ w9d1 by its action1 increases ! g5]al motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/2 x also produces curr5ts :i* are con/ant1 "s fl[+ f ea/ to we/1 o!rs f we/ to ea/2 & f ! ea/ to ! s\?-we/ or nor?-we/1 foll[+ ! direction ( ! em95cies & *a9s ( m\nta9s at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ! vallies t divide !m s]v+ z *annels to ^! curr5ts4 ,! alt]native w9ds :i* bl[ sometimes f ! ea/1 & sometimes f ! s\?1 produce also curr5ts :i* *ange _! direction at ! same "t ) ^! w9ds4 ,! w9ds :i* bl[ cont9ually = "s mon?s1 are g5]ally foll[$ by contr>y w9ds1 & !re=e m>9]s are oblig$ to wait = t :i* is fav\rable to _! voyage4 ,:5 ^! w9ds *ange1 a calm or dang]\s tempe/ g5]ally ensues1 & :i* cont9ues = sev]al days1 sometimes a mon?1 & has be5 kn[n = m ?an two4 ,^! g5]al w9ds caus$ by ! r>efaction ( ! atmosph]e1 are diff]5tly comb9$ & modifi$ by diff]5t causes 9 diff]5t climates4 ,9 t "p ( ! ,atlantic1 "u ! temp]ate zone1 ! nor? w9d bl[s almo/ con/antly dur+ ! mon?s ( ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y1 :i* makes ^? mon?s ! mo/ fav\rable to emb>k f ,europe to ,india1 9 ord] to pass ! l9e by ! aid ( ^! w9ds2 & x is kn[n by exp]i5ce1 t %ips :i* quit ,europe 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* frequ5tly d n arrive soon] at ,brazil ?an ^? :i* sail 9 ! ,octob] foll[+4 ,! nor? w9d almo/ cont9ually reigns dur+ w9t] 9 ,nova ,zembla1 & o!r nor!rn coa/s4 ,! s\? w9d bl[s dur+ ! mon? ( ,july at ,cape de ,v]d1 :5 ! ra9y season1 or w9t] ( ^! climates sets 94 ,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ! nor?-we/ w9d bl[s dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]4 ,at ,patna1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ! nor?-we/ w9d bl[s dur+ ! mon?s ( ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y1 & produces heavy ra9s2 b ! ea/ w9d bl[s dur+ ! o!r n9e mon?s4 ,9 ! ,indian ocean1 betwe5 ,africa & ,india1 z f> z ! ,malacca isl&s1 ! monsoons reign f ea/ to we/ f ,janu>y to ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 ! we/ w9ds beg9 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ or ,septemb]2 dur+ ! int]val ( ,june & ,july1 !re are dreadful tempe/s g5]ally f ! nor? w9ds2 b on ! coa/s ^! w9ds v>y mu* m ?an 9 ! op5 sea4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,guz>at1 & on ! coa/s ( ! neighb\r+ sea1 ! nor? w9ds bl[ f ,m>* till ,septemb]1 & dur+ ! o!r mon?s s\? w9ds almo/ always reign4 ,! ,dut*1 to return f ,java1 g5]ally set sail 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 :5 !y h ! assi/ance ( an ea/]ly w9d :i* is felt z f> z ! #ah? degree ( ,s\? latitude2 aft]w>ds !y meet ) ! s\? w9ds :i* c>ry !m to ,/4 ,hel5a,e4 ,e ,see ,v>54 ,geography1 g5]4 cap4 #bj4 ,!re are regul> w9ds produc$ by ! melt+ ( sn[s1 :i* ! anci5t ,greeks h notic$4 ,dur+ summ] a nor?-ea/ w9d1 & 9 w9t] "o f ! s\?-ea/1 7 notic$ 9 ,greece1 ,?race1 ,mac$onia1 ! ,egean sea1 & z f> z ,egypt & ,africa2 ! same k9d ( w9ds h be5 rem>k$ at ,congo1 at ,guz>at1 & at ! extremity ( ,africa1 :i* are all produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[s4 ,! flux & reflux ( ! sea also produce regul> w9ds :i* rema9 only a few h\rs1 & 9 _m places w9ds are obs]v$ to bl[ f ! l& dur+ night1 & f ! sea dur+ ! day1 z on ! coa/s ( ,new ,spa91 ,congo1 ! ,havannah1 c4 ,! nor? w9ds are pretty regul> 9 ! pol> circles2 b ! ne>] we approa* ! equator1 ! weak] !y become3 a circum/ance equally common to ! two poles4 ,9 ! ,atlantic & ,e?iopian ocean )9 ! tropics !re is an ea/ w9d :i* bl[s all ! ye> )\t any consid]able v>iation1 except+ "s few small places1 :]e x *anges accord+ to circum/ances & ! position ( ! coa/s4 ,fir/1 ne> ! coa/s ( ,africa1 hav+ pass$ ! ,can>y isl&s1 ab\t ! #bh? degree ( nor? latitude1 a fre% w9d bl[+ f ! nor?-ea/ or nor?-nor?-ea/1 is sure to be met )2 ?is w9d accompanies ! vessels to ! #aj? degree ( ! same latitude2 ab\t #ajj leagues f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea2 :]e at ! #d? degree nor? latitude !y meet ) calms & tornadoes4 ,secondly1 9 go+ to ,am]ica by ! ,c>ibbee isl&s1 ?is w9d is f\nd to ve] m & m to ! ea/1 9 proportion z !y approa* ! coa/4 ,?irdly1 ! limits ( ^! v>iable w9ds 9 ! ,atlantic1 are great] on ! ,am]ican coa/s ?an on ^? ( ,africa4 ,a s\? or s\?-we/ w9d bl[s cont9ually all along ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea = a space ( #ejj leagues f ,si]ra ,leona to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas2 ! n>r[e/ "p ( t sea is f ,gu9ea to ,brazil1 be+ n m ?an #ejj leagues across4 ,nev]!less1 %ips :i* sail f ,gu9ea d n direct _! c\rse /raight to ,brazil1 especially :5 !y sail 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 = ! purpose ( tak+ advantage ( ! s\?-ea/ w9ds :i* reign at t "t,f4 ,f ,see ,abridg4 ,phil4 ,tran4 vol4 ,,ii1 page #abi4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean ! ea/ w9d bl[s f ! l& 9 ! ev5+ at ! sun's sett+1 & ! we/ w9d f ! sea at its ris+ 9 ! morn+4 ,! s\? w9d1 :i* is commonly att5d$ ) ra9s1 & :i* g5]ally bl[s at ,p>is1 ,burgundy & ,*ampagne ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 gives place to mild & temp]ate breezes t produce t fair wea!r vulg>ly call$ ! summ] ( ,/4 ,m>t9's4 ,doctor ,li/] pret5ds t ! ea/ w9d t bl[s betwe5 ! tropics all ! ye>1 is produc$ by ! vap\r ( ! plant call$ sea l5til1 :i* is extremely pl5tiful 9 ^? climates1 & t ! diff]5ce ( ! w9ds on ! l& proce$s only f ! diff]5t disposition ( ! trees & =e/s2 & he v s]i\sly gives ?is ridicul\s imag9ation = a cause ( ! w9d1 by say+1 t at noon ! w9d is /ronge/ because ! plants are hott] & respire ! mo/1 & t x bl[s f ea/ to we/1 because all plants1 some:at l sun-fl[]s1 turn & respire ) ! sun4 ,o!r au?ors h m5tion$ ! motion ( ! e>? on its axis z ! cause ( ?is w9d3 ?is op9ion is speci\s2 & e p]son1 ev5 b little initiat$ 9 me*anics1 mu/ compreh5d1 t no fluid :i* surr\nds ! e>? c h a p>ticul> motion f ! rotation ( ! globe2 t ! air c h no o!r motion ?an t ( ! e>?1 & t all turn+ toge!r at "o "t1 ?is rotative motion mu/ be z ins5sible 9 ! atmosph]e1 z x is on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( ! w9ds1 z we h obs]v$1 is ! heat ( ! sun2 on ?is subject we ref] to ,halley's ,treatise 9 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,all causes :i* occasion r>efaction or cond5sation 9 ! air w produce w9ds1 ^: directions w be opposite to ! places :]e is ! greate/ r>efaction or cond5sation4 ,! pressure ( ! cl\ds1 ! exhalations ( ! e>?1 ! inflammation ( meteors1 c4 are causes :i* also produce consid]able agitations 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,ea* ( ^! causes comb9+ 9 diff]5t mann]s1 produces diff]5t effects4 ,x appe>s to me1 !re=e1 a va9 attempt to assign a !ory ( ! w9ds1 = :i* reason ,i %all limit myself to ! /udy ( _! hi/ory4 ,if we c\ld h a c\rse ( obs]vations on ! direction1 p[]1 & v>iation ( ! w9d 9 diff]5t climates2 if ?is c\rse ( obs]vations 0 exact & ext5sive en\gh = u to p]ceive ! result ( ^! vicissitudes ( ! air 9 e c\ntry1 we %\ld arrive at t degree ( k1 f :i* at pres5t we are v remote2 b a %ort "t has pass$ s9ce meteorological obs]vations h be5 made1 & possibly mu* m w pass be=e we "k h[ to employ ! results ( !m1 al?\gh !y are ! only means t we h to arrive at "s positive k on ?is subject4 ,on ! sea ! w9ds are m regul> ?an on l&1 because ! sea is an op5 space1 9 :i* no?+ opposes _! direction1 :ile on l& m\nta9s1 =e/s1 & t[ns1 =m ob/acles :i* *ange _! c\rse4 ,w9ds reflect$ by ! m\nta9s are (t5 z impetu\s z 9 _! fir/ direction3 ^! w9ds are v irregul>1 because _! c\rse dep5ds on ! size1 height1 & situation ( ! m\nta9s :i* reflect !m4 ,! sea w9ds bl[ ) great] p[] ?an ! l& w9ds1 are n s v>iable1 & la/ long]4 ,l& w9ds1 h[ev] viol5t1 h mom5ts ( remission1 & sometimes ( quiet1 b at sea _! curr5ts are con/ant & cont9ual1 )\t any int]ruption4 ,9 g5]al on ! sea ! ea/ w9d1 & ^? :i* come f ! poles1 are /rong] ?an ! we/ & ^? :i* proce$ f ! equator4 ,on ! l& ! we/ & s\? w9ds are m or less viol5t1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! climates4 ,9 spr+ & autumn all w9ds are m viol5t ?an 9 summ] or w9t]1 & = ^! reasons2 fir/1 9 spr+ & autumn are ! highe/ tides1 & consequ5tly ! w9ds t ^! tides produce are mo/ viol5t at ^? seasons2 secondly1 ! motion :i* ! action ( ! sun & moon produce 9 ! air is also great] 9 ! season ( ! equ9oxes2 ?irdly1 ! melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 spr+1 & ! cond5sation ( ! vap\rs t ! sun raises dur+ summ]1 :i* refall 9 pl5tiful ra9s dur+ autumn1 produce1 or at lea/ increase ! w9d2 f\r?ly1 ! *ange f heat to cold1 or f cold to heat1 _c be made )\t increas+ & dim9i%+ consequ5tly ! volume ( air1 :i* alone mu/ produce v high w9ds4 ,contr>y curr5ts are (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! air2 "s cl\ds move 9 "o direction1 :ile o!rs1 :i* are high] or l[]1 move 9 a directly opposite "o2 b ?is contr>iety ( motion does n rema91 be+ commonly produc$ by ! resi/ance ( "s l>ge cl\ds t =ce ! w9d into ano!r c\rse1 b :i* returns aga9 z soon z ! ob/acle is dissipat$4 ,! w9ds are m viol5t 9 m\nta9\s places ?an 9 pla9s1 & increase until we rea* ! common height ( ! cl\ds1 t is to say1 to ab\t "o qu>t]1 or "o ?ird ( a league p]p5dicul> height2 beyond t height ! sky is g5]ally s]5e1 at lea/ dur+ ! summ]1 & ! w9d gradually dim9i%+4 ,x is ev5 ass]t$ to be q ins5sible at ! summit ( ! highe/ m\nta9s2 b ^! summits be+ cov]$ ) sn[ & ice1 x is natural to suppose t ?is region ( air is agitat$ by ! w9d :5 ! sn[ falls1 & only dur+ summ] t ! w9ds are n to be p]ceiv$4 ,9 summ] ! light vap\rs :i* are rais$ above ! summit ( ^! m\nta9s fall 9 ! =m ( dew1 :]eas 9 w9t] !y cond5se & fall 9 sn[ or ice1 :i* 9 w9t] may raise consid]able w9ds1 ev5 at t height4 ,a curr5t ( air increases 9 velocity :]e ! space ( its passage is /rait5$3 ! same w9d :i* 0 mod]ate 9 an op5 pla9 becomes viol5t 9 pass+ ?r\gh a n>r[ passage 9 a m\nta91 or betwe5 two l(ty build+s2 & its mo/ viol5t action is at ! top ( ^! /ructures or m\nta9s1 = air be+ compress$ by ^! ob/acles1 its d5sity & mass becomes increas$1 & z ! velocity rema9s1 ! =ce or mom5tum ( ! w9d naturally becomes mu* /rong]4 ,?is is ! cause t ne> a *ur* or ca/le ! w9ds seem to be /rong] ?an at a di/ance f !m4 ,i h (t5 rem>k$1 t ! w9d reflect$ f a lone build+ is m viol5t ?an ! direct w9d :i* produc$ x4 ,?is c only be occasion$ by ! impell$ air be+ compress$ aga9/ ! build+1 & by t means adds to its =ce4 ,! d5sity ( ! air be+ greate/ at ! surface ( ! e>?1 we might be l$ to imag9e t ! greate/ action ( ! w9d %\ld be !re also2 & ,i inde$ ?9k ?is is really ! case :5 ! sky is s]5e2 b :5 x is cov]$ ) cl\ds1 ! mo/ viol5t action ( ! w9d is at ! height ( ^! cl\ds1 :i* g5]ally fall 9 ra9 or sn[4 ,! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 !re=e1 mu/ be e/imat$1 n only by ! velocity1 b also by ! d5sity ( ! air2 = x w (t5 happ5 t "o w9d1 :i* %all h no m velocity ?an ano!r1 w1 nev]!less1 root up trees & ov]turn build+s1 only f ! air impell$ by ?is w9d be+ d5s]2 & ?is ev9ces ! imp]fection ( ! ma*9es inv5t$ to measure ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,p>ticul> w9ds1 :e!r direct or reflect$1 are m viol5t ?an g5]al ones4 ,! int]rupt$ action ( l&-w9ds dep5ds on ! compression ( ! air1 :i* r5d]s ea* bla/ mu* m viol5t ?an if ! w9d bl[$ uni=mly4 ,a /rong cont9u$ w9d nev] occasions su* disa/]s z ! rage ( ^? produce :i* bl[1 z x 71 by fits2 b we %all give examples !re( 9 ! foll[+ article4 ,we may consid] ! w9ds1 & _! directions1 "u g5]al po9ts ( view1 f :i* possibly we may d]ive useful in/ructions2 = example1 we might divide ! w9ds into zones4 ,! ea/ w9d1 :i* ext5ds to ab\t #be or #cj degrees on ea* side ! equator1 ex]ts its action r\nd ! globe 9 ! torrid zone2 ! nor? w9d almo/ always z con/antly 9 ! frigid zones4 ,!re=e x may be said t ! ea/ w9d occupies ! torrid zone1 ! nor? w9d ! frigid zones1 & ) respect to ! temp]ate zone1 ! w9ds :i* reign !re are m]ely curr5ts ( air produc$ by ^! two w9ds1 ^: direction t5ds to ! ea/]n po9ts4 ,) respect to ! we/]ly w9ds1 :i* (t5 reign 9 ! temp]ate zones1 bo? 9 ! ,pacific & ,atlantic ,oceans1 !y may be reg>d$ z w9ds reflect$ by ! l&s ( ,asia & ,am]ica1 d]iv+ _! orig9 f ! ea/ & nor? w9ds4 ,al?\gh we h said t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! ea/ w9ds reign ar\nd ! globe to ab\t #be or #cj degrees on ea* side ! equator1 x is nev]!less c]ta91 t 9 "s p>ts !y d n ext5d s f>1 & _! direction is n always f ea/ to we/1 = on ?is side ! equator x is ea/-nor?-ea/1 & beyond ! equator x is ea/-s\?-ea/1 & ! fur!r we remove f ! equator ! m ! direction is oblique4 ,! equator is ! l9e "u :i* ! direction ( ! w9d f ea/ to we/ is ! mo/ exact2 = example1 9 ! ,indian ocean1 ! g5]al w9d f ea/ to we/ sc>cely ext5ds beyond #ae degrees4 ,sail+ f ,goa to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ?is w9d is n felt till we h pa/ ! equator2 b aft] arriv+ at ! #ab? degree s\? latitude1 x cont9ues to ! #bh? degree4 ,9 ! sea :i* divides ,africa f ,am]ica !re is an int]val f ! #d? degree nor? latitude to ! #aj? or #aa? degree s\?1 :]e ?is g5]al w9d is n p]ceivable2 b beyond ! #aj? or #aa? degree x reigns z f> z ! #cj?4 ,!re is also mu* exception ) reg>d to ! trade w9ds1 ^: motion is alt]native4 ,"s rema9 a long] or a %ort] "t1 o!rs ext5d to great] or less di/ances2 o!rs are m or less regul>1 & m or less viol5t4 ,v>5ius speaks ?us ( a pr9cipal ph5om5a ( ^! w9ds4 ,9 ! ocean betwe5 ,africa & ,india1 z f> z ! ,malaccas1 ! ea/ w9ds beg9 to reign 9 ,janu>y & la/ to ! beg9n+ ( ,june2 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] ! we/ w9ds beg9 & cont9ue dur+ ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,9 ! int]val ( ^! monsoons1 t is f ! end ( ,june to ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 !re is no w9d on t sea1 b !y h viol5t /orms :i* come f ! nor?4 ,^! w9ds are subject to ! greate/ v>iations ne> ! l&1 = %ips _c dep>t f ! ,malab> coa/1 nor o!r we/]n ports on ! coa/s ( ! p59sula ( ,india1 to sail to ,africa1 ,arabia1 or ,p]sia1 b f ,janu>y to ,april or ,may2 = f ! end ( ,may1 & dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 !re are su* viol5t tempe/s f ! nor? or nor?-ea/ t %ips are n able to keep ! sea4 ,on ! o!r side ( ?is p59sula1 9 ! sea :i* ba!s ! ,corom&el coa/1 ^! tempe/s are n kn[n4 ,to sail f ,java1 ,ceylon1 & _m o!r places1 to ! ,malacca isl&s1 ! mon? ( ,septemb] is ! mo/ prop] "t1 because ! we/ w9d beg9s to bl[ 9 ^! p>ts2 nev]!less1 at #ae degrees s\? ( ! equator1 we lose ?is we/ w9d & meet ) ! g5]al w9ds1 :i* bl[ s\?-ea/4 ,to sail f ,co*9 to ,malacca !y dep>t 9 ,m>*1 because ! we/ w9ds beg9 to bl[ at t "t2 !re=e ^! we/]ly w9ds bl[ at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,indian sea2 & x is necess>y to sail at diff]5t p]iods 9 go+ f ,java to ! ,malaccas1 f ,co*9 to ,malacca1 f ,malacca to ,*9a1 & f ,*9a to ,japan4 ,at ,b&a1 ! we/ w9ds f9i% at ! end ( ,m>*1 calms reign dur+ ,april1 9 ,may ! ea/ w9ds beg9 aga9 ) great viol5ce4 ,at ,ceylon1 ! we/ w9ds beg9 ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 & rema9 till ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 :5 ! ea/ or r nor?-ea/ w9d returns4 ,at ,madagasc>1 f ! middle ( ,april to ! end ( ,may1 ! nor? & nor?-we/ w9ds are con/ant2 b 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 ! ea/ & s\? w9ds reign4 ,f ,madagasc> to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! nor? & collat]al w9ds bl[ dur+ ,m>* & ,april4 ,9 ! ,gulph ( ,b5gal1 ! s\? w9d prevails aft] ! #bj? ( ,april1 be=e :i* "t ! s\?-we/ or nor?-we/ w9ds are pr$om9ant4 ,! we/ w9ds are also viol5t 9 ! sea ( ,*9a1 9 ,june & ,july1 :i* is likewise ! mo/ suitable season to g f ,*9a to ,japan2 b to return f ,japan to ,*9a1 ,febru>y & ,m>* are pref]r$1 because ! ea/ or nor?-ea/ w9ds prevail4 ,!re are w9ds :i* may be reg>d$ z peculi> to c]ta9 coa/s2 = example1 ! s\? w9d is almo/ cont9ually on ! coa/s ( ,*ili & ,p]u2 x beg9s at ! #df? degree s\? latitude1 & ext5ds beyond ,panama1 :i* r5d]s ! voyage f ,lima to ,panama mu* easi] p]=m$ ?an ! return4 ,! we/ w9d bl[s cont9ually on ! ,magellanic coa/s1 & 9 ! /raits ( ,le ,maire4 ,! nor? & nor?-we/ w9ds almo/ cont9ually reign on ! ,malab> coa/4 ,! nor?-we/ w9d is v frequ5t on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,! we/]ly w9ds reign on ! coa/s ( ,japan1 9 ! mon?s ( ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,! alt]native1 or p]iodical w9ds1 :i* we h j be5 speak+ (1 are sea w9ds2 b !re are also l& w9ds :i* are p]iodical1 & return ei!r at a c]ta9 season1 or 9 c]ta9 days1 or ev5 at c]ta9 h\rs2 = example1 on ! ,malab> coa/1 f ,septemb] to ,april a l& w9d bl[s f ! ea/]n side2 x g5]ally comm5ces at midnight1 & f9i%es at noon1 & is n felt beyond #ab or #ae leagues f ! coa/2 & f noon till midnight a g5tle w9d bl[s f ! we/4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,new ,spa91 9 ,am]ica1 & on t ( ,congo1 9 ,africa1 l& w9ds reign dur+ ! night1 & sea w9ds dur+ ! day4 ,at ,jamaica ! w9ds bl[ f all p>ts ( ! coa/ at once dur+ ! night1 & !re=e vessels _c g 91 nor dep>t f x ) safety1 b 9 ! day "t4 ,9 w9t] ! port ( ,co*9 is n to be ent]$1 nor c any vessel quit x1 because ! w9ds bl[ ) su* impetuosity1 t %ips _c rema9 at sea2 & besides ! we/ w9ds1 :i* bl[ ) su* fury1 br+ to ! m\? ( ! riv] s great a quantity ( s& z prev5ts ! possibility ( %ips ( any size f ent]+ x dur+ six mon?s ( ! ye>2 b ! ea/ w9ds :i* bl[ dur+ ! o!r six mon?s repel ^! s&s1 & r5d] ! entrance ( ! riv] free4 ,at ! /rait ( ,babelm&el !re are s\?-ea/ w9ds :i* reign ?r\gh\t ! season1 & are always succe$$ by nor?-ea/4 ,at ,/4 ,dom+o !re are two diff]5t w9ds :i* regul>ly rise almo/ e day1 ! "o a sea w9d proce$+ f ! ea/1 & comm5ces at #aj o'clock 9 ! morn+2 ! o!r a l& w9d comes f ! we/1 rises at six or sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & rema9s all night4 ,!re are _m o!r facts ( ?is nature to be extract$ f travell]s1 ! k ( :i* might p]haps lead to a hi/ory ( ! w9ds1 :i* w\ld be a useful "w equally to navigation & physics4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,,( ,,irregul> ,,w9ds1 ,,hurricanes1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,ph5om5a1 ,,caus$ ,,by ,,! ,,agitation ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,air4 ,! w9ds are m irregul> on ! l& ?an on ! sea1 & 9 high places ?an 9 l[4 ,! m\nta9s n only alt] ! direction ( w9ds1 b ev5 produce "s :i* are ei!r con/ant or v>iable accord+ to diff]5t causes4 ,! melt+ ( sn[ ^u ! summits ( m\nta9s1 g5]ally produces con/ant w9ds1 :i* sometimes rema9 a consid]able "t2 ! vap\rs t are /opt by m\nta9s accumulate !re1 & produce v>iable w9ds1 v frequ5t 9 all climates3 & !re are z _m v>iations 9 ! motions ( air1 z !re are inequalities on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we c !re=e give only examples1 & relate circum/ances :i* are atte/$2 & z we are defici5t 9 a c\rse ( obs]vations on ! v>iation ( w9ds1 & ev5 ( ! seasons 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 we d n pret5d to expla9 all ! causes ( ^! diff]5ces1 b conf9e ourselves to ^? :i* appe> ! mo/ probable4 ,9 /raits1 on all project+ coa/s1 at ! extremity ( all promontories1 p59sulas & capes1 & 9 all n>r[ bays1 /orms are frequ5t2 b )\t ^! !re are "s seas mu* m tempe/u\s ?an o!rs4 ,! ,indian ocean1 ! ,japan & ! ,magellan seas1 t ( ! ,african coa/ beyond ! ,can>ies1 & on ! o!r side t[>ds ! coa/ ( ,natal & ! ,r$ ,sea1 are v liable to /orms4 ,! ,atlantic is m /ormy ?an ! ocean1 :i* f its tranquillity is call$ ! ,pacific ,sea2 ?is sea1 h[ev]1 is n absolutely tranquil1 except betwe5 ! tropics1 = ! ne>] we approa* ! poles1 ! m we are subject to v>iable w9ds1 ^: sudd5 *anges are frequ5tly ! cause ( tempe/s4 ,all cont95ts are subject to v>iable w9ds1 :i* (t5 produce s+ul> effects2 9 ! k+dom ( ,cassimir1 :i* is surr\nd$ by ! m\nta9 ( ,caucasus1 at ! m\nta9 ,pirep9jale1 extraord9>y & sudd5 *anges are exp]i5c$2 we pass1 9 less ?an an h\r's travell+1 f summ] to w9t]2 at ?is place are two w9ds1 a nor? & s\?1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,b]ni]1 we successively feel 9 less ?an #bjj feet di/ance f ea* o!r2 ! position ( ?is m\nta9 mu/ be s+ul>1 & m]it obs]vation4 ,9 ! p59sula ( ,india1 :i* is cross$ f nor? to s\? by ! m\nta9s ( ,gate1 x is w9t] on "o side1 & summ] on ! o!r at ! same "t4 ,! l diff]5ce is met ) on ! two sides ( ,rozalgate ,cape 9 ,arabia2 ! sea to ! nor? ( ! cape is p]fectly tranquil1 :ile 9 ! s\? viol5t tempe/s are exp]i5c$4 ,x is ! same 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon2 w9t] & high w9ds are exp]i5c$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! isl&1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn !re is f9e summ] wea!r4 ,?is contr>iety ( seasons at ! same "t n only happ5s 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,indian cont95t1 b also 9 _m isl&s2 = example1 at ,c]em1 a long isl& 9 ! vic9age ( ,amboyna1 !y h w9t] 9 ! nor!rn "p1 & summ] at ! same "t 9 ! s\!rn1 & ! int]val t divides ! two seasons is n above ?ree or f\r leagues4 ,9 ,egypt !y h a s\? w9d 9 summ]1 s hot z to prev5t respiration1 & raises su* great quantities ( s&1 t ! sky seems cov]$ ) ?ick cl\ds2 ?is s& is s f9e1 & driv5 ) su* =ce1 t x p5etrates ev5 into ! close/ *e/s4 ,:5 ^! w9ds la/ _m days !y cause epidemical diseases1 :i* are (t5 foll[$ by a great mortality4 ,x seldom ra9s 9 ,egypt1 nev]!less e ye> !re are "s days ( ra9 9 ! mon?s ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 ,?ick mi/s are m frequ5t !re ?an ra91 especially 9 ! environs ( ,cairo2 ^! mi/s beg9 9 ,novemb]1 & cont9ue all ! w9t]2 & dur+ ! :ole ye> !re falls s pl5tiful a dew1 ev5 :5 ! sky is s]5e1 t x might be tak5 = a slight ra94 ,9 ,p]sia w9t] beg9s 9 ,novemb] & la/s till ,m>*3 ! cold is int5se en\gh to =m ice3 mu* sn[ falls on ! m\nta9s1 & (t5 a little 9 ! pla9s4 ,f ,m>* to ,may ! w9ds bl[s ) great viol5ce1 & br+ heat ) !m4 ,f ,may to ,septemb]1 ! sky is s]5e1 & ! heat mod]at$ by fre% breezes1 :i* rise e ev5+ & rema9 till morn+4 ,9 autumn !y h viol5t w9ds1 l ^? ( ! spr+2 nev]!less1 al?\gh ^! w9ds are v viol5t !y sc>cely ev] produce tempe/s or hurricanes2 b 9 summ] !re (t5 arises along ! ,p]sian ,gulph a v dang]\s w9d1 call$ by ! natives ,samuel2 x is /ill hott] & m t]rible ?an t ( ,egypt4 ,?is w9d is mortal1 & act+ l an inflam$ vap\r1 x suffocates e p]son un=tunately envelop$ )9 its vortex4 ,9 summ] !re also rises a w9d ( ! same k9d along ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* suffocates m5 & cattle1 & :i* conveys s great a quantity ( s& t _m p]sons conceive ?is sea w 9 "t be *oak$ up ) :at falls !re94 ,!re are (t5 cl\ds ( s& 9 ,arabia :i* d>k5 ! air & =m dang]\s :irlw9ds4 ,at ,v]u ,cruz1 :5 ! hot nor? w9ds bl[1 ! h\ses ( ! t[n are almo/ buri$ "u ! s&4 ,9 summ] hot w9ds rise also at ,negapatam1 9 ! p59sula ( ,india1 likewise at ,petap\li & ,masulapatan4 ,^! burn+ w9ds1 :i* de/roy p1 are =tunately ( %ort duration1 b !y are v viol5t1 & ! great] swiftness !y come ) ! m dreadful are _! heats1 :]eas all o!r w9ds refre% s mu* ! m z _! velocity is great]4 ,?is diff]5ce proce$s f ! degree ( heat 9 ! air1 = :ile ! heat ( ! air is n s great z t ( ! body ( animals1 ! motion ( ! air is refre%+2 b if ! heat ( ! air exce$s t ( ! body1 !n its motion heats & burns4 ,at ,goa ! w9t]1 or r ! ra9y & tempe/u\s season1 is ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 & )\t :i* ra9s ! heat w\ld be p]fectly unsupportable 9 t c\ntry4 ,! ,cape ( ,good ,hope is fam\s = its tempe/s1 & ! s+ul> cl\d :i* produces !m4 ,?is cl\d appe>s at fir/ l a small r\nd spot 9 ! sky1 call$ by ! sailors ! ,ox's ,eye4 ,probably its appe>+ s m9ute is ow+ to its exce$+ great height4 ,( all travell]s :o h spok5 ( ?is cl\d1 ,kolbe appe>s to h ! mo/ exam9$ x ) att5tion2 8 words are1 ,! cl\d se5 on ! m\nta9s ( ! ,table1 or ( ! ,devil1 or ( ! ,w9d1 is compos$1 if ,i am n deceiv$1 ( an inf9ity ( small p>ticles1 impell$ fir/ aga9/ ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cape t[>ds ! ea/1 by ! ea/]ly w9d :i* bl[s dur+ almo/ ! :ole ye> 9 ! torrid zone2 ^! p>ticles are /opt 9 _! c\rse by ^! high m\nta9s1 & collect on _! ea/]n side2 !y !n become visible & =m ^! assemblages ( cl\ds1 :i* be+ incessantly driv5 by ! ea/ w9d1 rise to ! summit ( ^! m\nta9s2 !y d n long rema9 !re at re/1 b be+ oblig$ to advance1 !y +ulph !mselves betwe5 ! hills be=e !m1 :]e !y are b\nd & conf9$ z 9 a canal2 ! w9d presses !m f above1 & ! opposite sides ( ! two m\nta9s reta9 !m 9 a direct l9e3 9 advanc+ !y arrive at ! foot ( a m\nta91 :]e ! c\ntry is a little m op51 !y !n exp&1 & become aga9 invisible2 b !y are %ortly driv5 aga9/ o!r m\nta9s1 by cl\ds :i* are beh9d !m1 & ?us proce$ ) mu* impetuosity1 until !y arrive at ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! ,cape1 :i* are ^? ( ! ,w9d1 or ,table1 :]e !y h to enc\nt] a w9d bl[+ 9 an exact contr>y direction2 ?is occasions a dreadful conflict1 = ! vap\rs be+ impell$ beh9d & repell$ be=e1 produce horrible :irlw9ds ei!r on ! high m\nta9s ( ! ,table1 or adjac5t vallies4 ,:5 ! nor?-we/ w9d yields1 ! s\?-ea/ increases & cont9ues to bl[ ) m or less viol5ce = six mon?s1 x re9=ces itself :ile ! cl\d ( ! ,ox's ,eye is ?ick1 because ! vap\rs collect$ beh9d press =w>d1 & x dim9i%es z soon z its ?ickness is less5$1 because !re are few] p>ticles & less pressure1 & x is entirely l[]$ :5 ! ,ox's ,eye is no long] app>5t1 because no new or n suffici5t vap\rs any long] come f ! ea/4 ,all ! circum/ances att5d+ ?is ph5om5on lead to an hypo!sis1 :i* well expla9s e "p ( !m3 ,fir/1 beh9d ! m\nta9 ( ! ,table we rem>k a tra9 ( light :ite mi/s1 :i* comm5c+ on ! ea/]n desc5t ( ?is m\nta91 incl9e to ! sea1 & occupy ! m\nta9s ( ,/one ?r\gh\t all _! ext5t2 ,i h (t5 contemplat$ ?is tra91 :i* accord+ to my op9ion 0 caus$ by ! rapid passage ( ! vap\r above-m5tion$1 f ! m\nta9s ( ,/one to t ( ! ,table4 ,secondly1 ,^! vap\rs mu/ be extremely emb>rass$ 9 _! road1 by ! frequ5t %ocks & c\nt] %ocks caus$1 n only by ! m\nta9s1 b also by ! s\? & ea/ w9ds :i* reign at places circumjac5t to ! ,cape3 ,i h already spok5 ( ! two m\nta9s call$ ,hang+ ,lip & ,norvege1 situate on ! po9ts ( ,false ,bay2 :5 ! p>ticles :i* ,i conceive are impell$ on ^! m\nta9s by ! ea/]ly w9ds1 !y are repell$ f !m by ! s\?1 :i* c>ry !m on ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s2 !y are /opt !re & appe> l cl\ds1 :i* is (t5 ! case ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,false ,bay4 ,^! cl\ds are frequ5tly v ?ick above ! l& :i* ! ,dut* are 9 possession (1 on ! m\nta9s ( ,/5lt5bor*1 ( ,drak5/e91 & ,/one1 b p>ticul>ly on ! m\nta9s ( ! ,table1 & ( ! ,devil4 ,9 %ort1 :at confirms me 9 my op9ion is1 t con/antly two or ?ree days be=e ! s\?-ea/ w9d bl[s on ! ,lion's ,head1 small black cl\ds are p]ceiv$ above x2 ^! cl\ds1 accord+ to my op9ion1 are compos$ ( ! p>ticles or vap\rs :i* ,i h spok5 (4 ,if ! nor?-we/ w9d prevails :5 !y arrive !re1 !y are /opp$ 9 _! c\rse1 b are nev] driv5 to a great di/ance till ! s\?-ea/ w9ds comm5ce4 ,! fir/ m>9]s :o approa*$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 7 ignorant ( ! effects ( ^! cl\ds1 :i* appe> to =m 9 ! air s sl[ly1 & )\t any motion1 b :i* 9 a mom5t excite ! mo/ dreadful /orms t precipitate ! l>ge/ vessels to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,9 ! c\ntry ( ,natal1 a small cl\d simil> to ! ,ox's ,eye at ! ,cape1 produces ! l effects4 ,9 ! sea betwe5 ,africa & ,am]ica1 especially ne> ! equator1 ^! k9d ( tempe/s v (t5 arise4 ,ne> ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 ?ree or f\r ( ^! /orms sometimes happ5 9 a day2 !y are also caus$ & ann\nc$ by small black cl\ds2 ! re/ ( ! sky be+ g5]ally s]5e1 & ! sea p]fectly calm4 ,! fir/ bla/ :i* issues f ^! cl\ds is furi\s1 & w\ld s9k %ips 9 op5 sea1 if !y did n take ! precaution to furl ! sails4 ,x is pr9cipally 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june ^! tempe/s are exp]i5c$ on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 because no regul> w9d bl[s !re4 ,! /ormy season on ! coa/s ( ,loango is 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 & ,april4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,africa1 at ,cape ( ,g>dafu1 ^! k9ds ( tempe/s rise 9 ,may1 & ! cl\ds :i* produce !m are g5]ally 9 ! nor? l ^? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,all ^! tempe/s are produc$ by w9ds :i* issue f a cl\d1 & :i* h directions ei!r f nor? to s\?1 or nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 c4 b !re are o!r k9ds :i* are /ill m viol5t1 & 9 :i* ! w9ds seem to proce$ f e qu>t] at once2 !y h a :irl+ motion1 :i* no?+ c resi/4 ,a calm g5]ally prec$es ^! horrible tempe/s2 b 9 an in/ant ! fury ( ! w9ds raises ! waves z high z ! cl\ds4 ,!re are p>ts ( ! sea :i* _c be approa*$1 f !re be+ con/antly calms & hurricanes 9 !m4 ,! ,spani>ds h call$ ^! places ,calms & ,tornados2 ! mo/ consid]able are ne> ,gu9ea1 at two or ?ree degrees nor? latitude2 !y are #cjj or #cej leagues 9 l5g? by z _m 9 bread?1 :i* =ms a space ( m ?an #ajj1jjj leagues squ>e4 ,:5 contr>y w9ds come all at once 9 ! same place1 z to a c5tre1 !y produce :irlw9ds by ! contr>iety ( _! motions2 b :5 ^! w9ds meet ) o!rs 9 opposition1 :i* c\nt]balance _! action1 !y !n revolve 9 a consid]able circle1 & occasion a dead calm1 ?r\gh :i* x is impossible = vessels to make _! way4 ,^! places ( ! sea are m>k$ 9 ,s5ex's globes4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! contr>iety ( ! w9ds alone c\ld n produce ?is effect if ! direction ( ! coa/s1 & ! p>ticul> =m ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 did n contribute !reto4 ,i imag9e t ! curr5ts caus$ by ! w9ds1 b direct$ by ! =m ( ! coa/s & ! inequalities ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 end at ^! places1 & t _! opposite & contr>y direction1 9 a pla9 surr\nd$ on all sides by a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 is ! real cause ( ^! tornados4 ,:irlpools appe> to be no o!r ?an ! eddies ( ! wat] =m$ by ! action ( two or m opposite curr5ts4 ,! ,euripus1 s fam\s = ! dea? ( ,ari/otle1 alt]nately absorbs & rejects ! wat] sev5 times 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is :irlpool is ne> ! ,grecian coa/4 ,! ,*>ybdis1 :i* is ne> ! /raits ( ,sicily1 rejects & absorbs ! wat] ?rice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,we are n q c]ta9 z to ! numb] ( alt]native motions 9 ^! :irlpools4 ,doctor ,plac5tia1 9 8 treatise1 says1 t ! ,euripus has irregul> motions = eighte5 or n9ete5 days e mon?1 & regul> ones = ! o!r elev52 t 9 g5]al x swells ab\t "o foot1 & seldom two3 he says likewise t au?ors d n agree z to ! tides ( ! ,euripus2 t "s ass]t x is twice1 "s sev51 o!rs f\rte5 times 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b t ,loirius hav+ exam9$ x att5tively1 obs]v$ x rose regul>ly e six h\rs1 & ) s viol5t a motion1 t x 0 suffici5t to turn ! :eel ( a mill4 ,! greate/ kn[n :irlpool is t 9 ! ,norway sea1 :i* is affirm$ to be upw>ds ( tw5ty leagues 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x absorbs = six h\rs wat]1 :ales1 %ips1 & e ?+ t comes ne> x1 & aft]w>ds returns !m 9 ! same quantity ( "t z x drew !m 94 ,x is n necess>y to suppose !re are holes & abysses 9 ! bottom ( ! sea :i* swall[ up ! wat]s cont9ually2 to assign a reason = :irlpools1 x is well kn[n t :5 wat] has two contr>y directions1 ! comb9ation ( ^! motions produce a :irl+1 & seem to =m a void place 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is ! same ) respect to :irlpools 9 ! sea1 !y are produc$ by two or ?ree contr>y curr5ts2 & z ! flux & reflux1 :i* run e six h\rs 9 contr>y directions1 are ! pr9cipal cause ( curr5ts1 x is n a/oni%+ t :irlpools1 :i* result f !m1 attract & swall[ up all t surr\nds !m1 & aft]w>ds reject all !y h absorb$ 9 ! same portion ( "t4 ,:irlpools1 !re=e1 are produc$ by opposite curr5ts1 & likewise by ! meet+ ( contr>y w9ds4 ,^! :irlw9ds are common 9 ! sea ( ,*9a & ,japan1 ne> ! ,antilles1 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! sea1 p>ticul>ly ne> project+ l&s & high coa/s2 b !y are /ill m frequ5t ^u l&1 & _! effects are sometimes prodigi\s4 ,i h se51 says ,bell>m91 an enorm\s dit* dug up by ! w9d1 & ! e>? !re( c>ri$ to a di/ance2 s t ! place f :5ce x _h be5 tak5 appe>$ a frightful hole1 & ! village ^u :i* x 0 dropp$ 0 entirely buri$ ) x4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 are ! detail ( ! effects ( _m hurricanes1 :i* appe> inconceivable & sc>cely cr$ible1 if ! facts 7 n atte/$ by a great numb] ( intellig5t te/imonies4 ,x is ! same ) respect to wat]-sp\ts1 :i* m>9]s nev] see )\t fe> & amazem5t2 ^! are v frequ5t ne> c]ta9 coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 especially :5 ! sky is cl\dy & ! w9d bl[s at ! same "t f v>i\s coa/s4 ,!y are m common ne> ! coa/s ( ,laodicea1 ,grecgo & ,c>mel1 ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,mo/ ( !m are l>ge cyl9d]s ( wat] :i* fall f ! cl\ds1 al?\gh x appe>s1 :5 we are at "s di/ance1 t ! wat] ( ! sea rises up to ! cl\ds4,g ,g ,see ,%aw's ,travels1 vol4 #b4 p4 #ef4 ,b !re are two k9ds ( wat]-sp\ts1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 allud$ to above1 is no o!r ?an a ?ick compress$ cl\d1 r$uc$ to a small space by contr>y w9ds1 :i*1 bl[+ at ! same "t f _m corn]s1 give x a cyl9dric =m1 & causes ! wat] to fall by its own weight4 ,! quantity ( wat] is s great1 & ! fall s sudd5 & precipitate1 t if un=tunately "o ( ^! sp\ts breaks on a vessel1 x %att]s x to pieces & s9ks x 9 an in/ant4 ,x is ass]t$1 & possibly ) f\ndation1 t ^! sp\ts may be brok5 & de/roy$ by ! commotion :i* ! fir+ ( cannons excites 9 ! air2 :i* answ]s to ! effect ( disp]s+ ?und]-cl\ds by ! r++ ( bells4 ,! o!r k9d ( wat]-sp\t is call$ a typhon1 :i* _m au?ors h conf\nd$ ) ! hurricane1 9 speak+ ( ! /orms ( ! ,*9ese sea1 :i* is 9 fact subject to bo?4 ,! typhon does n desc5d f ! cl\ds1 b rises up f ! sea ) great viol5ce4 ,by :irlw9ds1 s&s1 e>?1 h\ses1 trees1 & animals1 are rais$ 9 ! air1 & transport$ to diff]5t p>ts2 b typhons1 on ! contr>y1 rema9 9 ! same place1 & c only h subt]rane\s fires = _! orig92 = ! sea is !n 9 ! greate/ agitation1 & ! air s /rongly fill$ ) sulphur\s exhalations1 t ! sky appe>s cov]$ ) a copp]-col\r$ cru/1 al?\gh !re are no cl\ds1 & ! sun or />s may be se5 ?r\gh ! vap\r4 ,x is to ^! subt]rane\s fires ! w>m? ( ! sea ( ,*9a 9 w9t] mu/ be attribut$1 z ^! typhons are !re v frequ5t4,h ,h ,see ,acta ,eud4 ,lips4 ,supplem5tum1 vol4 #a4 p4 #dje4 ,!v5ot1 9 8 voyage to ! ,levant1 says1 we saw wat]-sp\ts 9 ! ,p]sian gulph1 betwe5 ! isl&s ,quesomo1 ,l>eca1 & ,ormutz4 ,i ?9k few p h consid]$ wat]-sp\ts ) s mu* att5tion z ,i h done4 ,i %all m5tion my rem>ks ) all possible simplicity1 9 ord] to r5d] !m pla9 & easy to be compreh5d$4 ,! fir/ t we saw appe>$ on ! nor!rn coa/1 betwe5 u & ! isl& ,quesomo1 ab\t a gun-%ot f ! %ip3 we directly p]ceiv$ ! wat] boil$ on ! surface ( ! sea1 & 0 rais$ ab\t a foot3 x 0 :iti%1 & ! top appe>$ l a ?ick black smoke1 s t x prop]ly resembl$ "s burn+ /raw1 :i* only smok$4 ,x made a noise l a torr5t t runs ) rapidity into a deep valley4 ,?is noise 0 mix$ ) ano!r1 simil> to ! hiss+ ( s]p5ts3 a little aft]w>ds we p]ceiv$ some?+ l a d>k pipe1 :i* resembl$ smoke asc5d+ t[>ds ! cl\ds1 turn+ r\nd ) great velocity3 ?is appe>$ ab\t ! ?ickness ( my f+]1 & ! same noise /ill cont9u$4 ,aft] ?is x disappe>$1 hav+ rema9$ some:at less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,?is ov]1 we p]ceiv$ ano!r on ! s\? side1 :i* began 9 ! same mann] z ! prec$+3 directly aft] a ?ird made its appe>ance on ! we/1 & !n a f\r? by its side4 ,! f>!/ ( !m 0 n m ?an a musket-%ot f u4 ,!y all appe>$ l burn+ heaps ( /raw1 a foot & a half or two feet high1 & 7 att5d$ ) ! same noise z ! fir/4 ,we aft]w>ds saw ?ree pipes or canals desc5d+ f ! cl\ds to ! wat]4 ,!y 7 broad at ! top & less5$ d[nw>ds1 some?+ 9 ! %ape ( a trumpet1 or z ! paps ( an animal1 drawn p]p5dicul>ly d[n by a heavy weight4 ,^! canals appe>$ ( a d>ki% :ite1 occasion$1 z ,i ?9k1 by ! wat]s :i* 7 9 !m2 = app>5tly !y 7 =m$ be=e ! wat] ent]$1 z :5 !y 7 empty !y 7 no long] to be se51 l z a cle> glass tube plac$ at "s di/ance be=e our eyes1 is n p]ceptible if x is n fill$ ) "s col\r$ liquor4 ,^! pipes 7 n /rait b crook$ 9 "s places2 !y 7 n ev5 p]p5dicul>1 b f ! cl\ds1 :]e !y 7 jo9$1 to ! p>ts :i* drew 9 ! wat]1 !y 7 v mu* b5t2 & :at is m p>ticul>1 ! cl\d1 to :i* ! second ( ! ?ree 0 fa/5$1 hav+ be5 driv5 by ! w9d1 ?is pipe foll[$ x )\t break+ or quitt+ ! place :]e x drew 9 ! wat]1 & pass+ beh9d ! fir/1 !y _h = "s "t ! =m ( ,/4 ,&rew's cross4 ,at ! beg9n+ nei!r ( !m 0 m ?an an in* 9 ?ickness1 except+ j at ! top1 b aft]w>ds ! fir/ ( ! ?ree increas$ consid]ably4 ,! two o!rs sc>cely rema9$ long] ?an t :i* we saw on ! nor? side4 ,! second1 on ! s\? side1 rema9$ ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 b ! fir/ on t side rema9$ long]1 & gave u "s appreh5sions4 ,at fir/ x 0 n bigg] ?an my f+]1 aft]w>ds x swell$ z ?ick z my arm1 !n z my leg1 & at la/ z ! trunk ( a l>ge tree1 :i* a man might encompass ) bo? 8 arms4 ,we di/9ctly p]ceiv$ wat] ?r\gh ?is transp>5t body1 :i* asc5d$ 9 a s]p5t9e mann]4 ,sometimes x dim9i%$ 9 size at ! top1 & sometimes at ! bottom1 !n x exactly resembl$ a tube ) "s fluid matt] press$ ) ! f+]s1 ei!r above to make ?is liquor desc5d1 or at bottom to cause x to asc5d2 & ,i am p]suad$ t x 0 ! viol5ce ( ! w9d :i* caus$ ^! *anges1 press+ ! pipe 9 a simil> mann]4 ,aft] ?is x dim9i%$ less ?an my arm1 !n return$ z l>ge z my ?igh1 & !n aga9 became v small2 at la/ ,i saw ! wat] t 0 rais$ f ! surface began to l[]1 & ! end ( ! pipe divid$ f x1 :51 by ! *ange ( light f a cl\d1 x 0 lo/ to our sight2 ,i cont9u$1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve :e!r x return$1 because ,i _h rem>k$ t ! pipe ( ! second _h appe>$ to be brok5 9 ! middle1 & directly aft] we saw x :ole4 ,?is we f\nd 0 occasion$ by ! light :i* hid ! half f u1 b ! la/ we saw no m4 ,^! wat]-sp\ts are v dang]\s1 = if !y fall on a vessel !y entangle 9 ! sails s mu* t sometimes !y raise x up1 & aft]w>ds let x fall ) su* viol5ce z to s9k x2 at lea/ if !y d n lift ! vessel up1 !y te> all ! sails1 or let ! wat] !y conta9 fall on x1 & :i* (t5 s9ks x to ! bottom4 ,!re _c be ! lea/ d\bt b x is by simil> accid5ts t _m %ips1 ( :i* we h he>d no acc\nts1 h be5 lo/1 s9ce !re are b few examples ( ^? t we h kn[n1 f c]ta9ty1 to h p]i%$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,i suspect !re are _m optical illusions 9 ! above acc\nt1 b ,i h rec\nt$ !m z relat$1 9 ord] t we might comp>e !m ) ^? ( o!r travell]s4 ,! foll[+ description is by ,m4 ,g5til1 9 8 voyage r\nd ! _w4 ,at elev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ! air be+ fill$ ) cl\ds1 we p]ceiv$ ab\t our vessel1 at a qu>t] ( a mile di/ant1 six wat]-sp\ts1 :i* made a noise simil> to t ( wat] fl[+ 9 subt]rane\s canals1 & increas$ until x resembl$ ! :i/l+ :i* an impetu\s w9d makes among ! cordage ( a %ip4 ,we at fir/ obs]v$ ! wat] to boil up ab\t a foot & a half above ! surface4 ,above ?is boil+ !re appe>$ a mix$ or r a ?ick smoke1 :i* =m$ a k9d ( canal1 t asc5d$ to ! cl\ds4 ,^! canals incl9$ accord+ z ! w9d mov$ ! cl\ds to :i* !y 7 atta*$1 & 9 spite ( ! w9d's impulsion !y n only adh]$ to !m1 b ev5 l5g!n$ & %ort5$ !mselves 9 proportion z ! cl\ds rose high] or l[] 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,^! ph5om5a t]rifi$ u greatly1 & our sailors1 in/ead ( be+ bold]1 fom5t$ _! fe>s by ! dismal tales !y told ea* o!r4 ,if ^! sp\ts1 said !y1 fall on our vessel1 !y w lift h] up1 & !n %e w s9k by ! viol5ce ( h] fall4 ,o!rs cont5d$ 9 a decisive tone1 t !y w\ld n raise ! vessel up1 b if !y met x 9 _! c\rse1 be+ full ( wat]1 ! %ip w\ld break ! communication !y _h ) ! sea1 & ! :ole body ( ! wat] w\ld fall p]p5dicul>ly on ! deck ( ! vessel & split h] to pieces4 ,to prev5t ?is mis=tune ! cannon 0 load$1 ! sailors pret5d+ ! report ( a cannon1 by agitat+ ! air1 dissipat$ ^! ph5om5a2 b we _h no ne$ ( hav+ rec\rse to ?is rem$y1 = :5 !y _h run ab\t t5 m9utes ab\t ! %ip1 "s at a qu>t] ( a league1 o!rs at a less di/ance1 we p]ceiv$ ! canals to gr[ n>r[] by degrees1 till !y got loose f ! surface ( ! sea & !n dissipat$4 ,x appe>s f ! description giv5 by ^! two travell]s1 t wat]-sp\ts are produc$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 by ! action ( a fire or smoke :i* rises f ! bottom ( ! sea ) great =ce1 & t !y are q diff]5t f ^? produc$ by contr>y w9ds4 ,! wat]-sp\ts1 says ,mr4 ,%aw1 :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( see+1 appe>$ z s _m cyl9d]s ( wat]1 :i* fell f ! cl\ds1 al?\gh by ! reflection ( ! columns :i* desc5d1 or by ! drops :i* deta* !mselves f ! wat] !y conta91 x sometimes seems1 especially :5 we are at "s di/ance1 t ! wat] is drawn up f ! sea4 ,to r5d] a reason = ?is ph5om5a we may suppose t ! cl\ds be+ collect$ 9 "o "p by opposite w9ds1 !y =ce !m by press+ !m ) viol5ce to cond5se & desc5d 9 ?is mann]4 ,!re /ill rema9 _m facts to be acquir$ be=e we c give a complete explanation ( ^! ph5om5a2 x appe>s to me1 t if !re are "u ! wat]s ( ! sea1 at p>ticul> places1 soils mix$ ) sulphur1 bitum51 & m9]als1 ^! matt]s may be inflam$ & produce a great quantity ( air1 :i* be+ newly g5]at$ & prodigi\sly r>efi$1 asc5ds ) rapidity1 & may raise ^! wat]-sp\ts f ! sea to ! sky2 s likewise if1 by inflammation1 ! sulphur\s matt]s :i* a cl\d conta9s1 a curr5t ( air is =m$1 :i* desc5ds p]p5dicul>ly f ! cl\ds t[>ds ! sea1 all its wat] may foll[ ! curr5t ( air1 & =m a wat]-sp\t :i* w fall f ! sky ^u ! sea2 b x mu/ be all[$ t ! explanation ( ?is k9d ( wat]-sp\t1 no m ?an t we h giv5 ( ^? produc$ by contr>y w9ds1 is n satisfactory2 & x might be ask$ :y ^! k9ds ( wat]-sp\ts1 :i* fall p]p5dicul>ly f ! cl\ds1 are n z (t5 se5 on ! l& z on ! sea8 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,academy1 anno #agbg1 m5tions a l& wat]-sp\t :i* appe>$ at ,cape/an1 ne> ,bezi]s2 x desc5d$ f a cl\d l a black pill>1 :i* dim9i%$ by degrees1 & at l5g? t]m9at$ 9 a po9t ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x obey$ ! w9d :i* blew f we/ to s\?-we/4 ,x 0 accompani$ ) a v ?ick smoke1 & made a simil> noise to t ( a tr\bl$ sea4 ,x tore up & c>ri$ away trees to ! di/ance ( =ty or fifty feet1 m>k+ its way by a l>ge track1 on :i* ?ree c>riages might h pass$ ea* o!r4 ,!re appe>$ ano!r pill> ( ! same k9d1 b :i* soon jo9$ ! fir/2 & aft] ! :ole _h disappe>$1 a great quantity ( hail fell on ! e>?4 ,?is k9d ( wat]-sp\t appe>s to be /ill diff]5t f ! o!r two3 x is n m5tion$ to h conta9$ wat]2 & x seems1 by :at ,i h relat$1 & by ! explanation giv5 !re( by ,m4 ,&oque1 to ! academy1 t ?is wat]-sp\t 0 only a :irlw9d1 r5d]$ visible by ! du/ & cond5s$ vap\rs :i* x conta9$4 ,9 ! same hi/ory1 anno #agda1 a wat]-sp\t is spok5 (1 se5 on ! lake ( ,g5eva2 ! upp] "p 0 incl9$ to a v black cl\d1 & ! l[]1 :i* 0 n>r[]1 t]m9at$ a little above ! wat]4 ,?is ph5om5on rema9$ only a few m9utes1 &1 at ! mom5t x 0 dissipat$1 a ?ick vap\r 0 p]ceiv$ at ! "p :]e x fir/ appe>$2 ! wat]s ( ! lake boil$ & seem$ to make an ef=t to rise up4 ,! air 0 v calm dur+ ! :ole "t2 & :5 x disappe>$ nei!r w9d nor ra9 ensu$4 ,aft] all we are acqua9t$ )1 says ! hi/orian ( ! academy1 conc]n+ wat]-sp\ts1 is n ?is ano!r pro( t !y are n =m$ by ! conflict ( ! w9ds1 b almo/ always produc$ by volcanos or subt]rane\s vap\rs1 f :i* we "k ! bottom ( ! sea is n exempt8 ,:irlw9ds & hurricanes1 :i* we commonly ?\ght to be ! cause ( ^! appe>ances1 may possibly be only ! effect1 or an accid5tal ev5t !re(4 ,,article ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,volcanos ,,& ,,e>?quakes4 ,! burn+ m\nta9s1 call$ volcanos1 conta9 9 _! b[els1 sulphur1 bitum51 & o!r matt]s ( an inflammable nature1 ! effects ( :i* are m viol5t ?an t ( gunp[d]1 or ev5 ?und]1 & h f ! e>lie/ ages t]rifi$ mank9d1 & desolat$ ! c\ntry4 ,a volcano is an imm5se cannon1 ^: orifice is (t5 m ?an half a league3 f ?is wide m\? are vomit$ =? torr5ts ( smoke & flames1 riv]s ( bitum51 sulphur1 & melt$ metals1 cl\ds ( c9d]s & /ones1 & sometimes x ejects enorm\s rocks to _m leagues di/ance1 :i* human p[]s unit$ c\ld n move2 ! conflagration is s t]rible1 & ! quantity ( burnt1 melt$1 calc9$1 & vitrifi$ matt]s :i* ! m\nta9 ?r[s out1 is s great1 t !y de/roy cities & =e/s1 cov] fields an hundr$ & two hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & sometimes =m hills & m\nta9s1 :i* are only heaps ( ^! matt]s pil$ up toge!r4 ,! action ( ?is fire1 & ! =ce ( its explosion1 is s viol5t1 t x produces by its re-action1 succussions :i* %ake ! e>?1 agitate ! sea1 ov]?r[ m\nta9s1 & de/roy ! mo/ solid t[]s & edifices1 ev5 to v consid]able di/ances4 ,^! effects1 al?\gh natural1 h be5 look$ ^u z prodigies2 & al?\gh we see 9 m9iature1 by fire1 effects ne>ly simil> to ^? ( volcanos1 yet !re is some?+ 9 gr&eur1 ( :atev] nature x may be1 t inv>iably /rikes ! imag9ation & influ5ces ! m9d1 & !re=e ,i am n surpris$ t "s au?ors h tak5 !m = ! v5ts ( a c5tral fire1 & ignorant p = ! m\?s ( ,hell4 ,a/oni%m5t produces fe>1 & fe> is ! "m ( sup]/ition4 ,! natives ( ,icel& imag9e ! ro>+s ( ! volcano are ! cries ( ! damn$1 & its eruptions ! effects ( ! rage ( devils1 & ! despair ( ! wret*$4 ,all its effects1 h[ev]1 arise f fire & smoke3 ve9s ( sulphur1 bitum51 & o!r inflammable matt]s1 are f\nd 9 ! b[els ( m\nta9s1 z well z m9]als & pyrites1 :i* f]m5t :5 expos$ to air or humidity1 & cause explosions proportionate to ! quantity ( inflam$ matt]s4 ,?is is ! j idea ( a volcano1 & x is easy = a philosoph] to imitate ! action ( ^! subt]ranean fires2 = by mix+ toge!r a quantity ( brim/one & iron fil+s1 & bury+ !m 9 ! e>? to a c]ta9 dep?1 a small volcano may be produc$1 ^: effects w be exactly simil>2 = ?is mixture inflames by f]m5tation1 ?r[s (f ! e>? & /ones ) :i* x is cov]$1 & smokes1 flames1 & explodes l a real volcano4 ,9 ,europe are ?ree fam\s volcanos1 ,m\nt tna1 9 ,sicily1 ,m\nt ,hecla1 9 ,icel&1 & ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 ne> ,naples1 9 ,italy4 ,m\nt tna has burnt f "t immemorial1 its eruptions are v viol5t1 & ! quantity ( matt] x ?r[s out is s great t aft] digg+ #fh feet deep1 m>ble pavem5ts1 & ! ve/iges ( an anci5t t[n h be5 f\nd buri$ "u ?is ?ickness ( matt]1 9 ! same mann] z ! city ( ,h]culaneum has be5 cov]$ by ! matt] ?r[n out f ,vesuvius4 ,new m\?s 9 tna 7 op5$ 9 #afej1 #affi1 & at o!r times4 ,we see ! flame & smoke ( ?is volcano f ,malta1 ab\t #fj leagues di/ance2 x smokes cont9ually1 & !re are times :5 x vomits flames1 /ones1 & matt]s ( e k9d ) impetuosity4 ,9 #aecg1 !re 0 an eruption ( ?is volcano1 :i* caus$ an e>?quake 9 ,sicily t cont9u$ = #ab days1 & :i* ov]?rew a numb] ( h\ses & public /ructures2 x ceas$ by ! op5+ ( a new m\?1 ! lava f :i* burnt e ?+ )9 five leagues ( ! m\nta94 ,! c9d]s ?r[n out by ! volcano 7 s abundant1 & eject$ ) s mu* =ce1 t !y 7 driv5 z f> z ,italy2 & vessels at "s di/ance f ,sicily 7 incommod$ by !m4 ,f>elli says ! foot ( ?is m\nta9 is #ajj leagues 9 circumf]5ce4 ,?is volcano has n[ two pr9cipal m\?s1 "o n>r[] ?an ! o!r2 smoke comes cont9ually f !m1 b flames nev] issue b dur+ ! "t ( eruptions2 x is pret5d$ t l>ge /ones h be5 ?r[n out by !m to ! di/ance ( #fj1jjj feet4 ,9 #afhc a viol5t eruption caus$ a t]rible e>?quake 9 ,sicily2 x entirely de/roy$ ! t[n ( ,catanea1 & kill$ m ?an #fj1jjj p]sons 9 t t[n1 besides ^? :i* 7 de/roy$ 9 ! neighb\r+ t[ns & villages4 ,hecla ?r[s out its fires ?r\gh ! ice & sn[ ( a froz5 l&2 its eruptions are nev]!less z viol5t z ^? ( tna1 & o!r volcanos ( s\!rn c\ntries4 ,x ?r[s out c9d]s1 lava1 pumice /ones1 & sometimes boil+ wat]3 x is n inhabitable )9 six leagues ( ?is volcano1 & ! :ole isl& ( ,icel& is v abundant 9 sulphur4 ,! hi/ory ( ! viol5t eruptions ( ,hecla are record$ by ,di?m> ,bleffk54 ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 accord+ to ! hi/orians1 did n beg9 burn+ till ! sev5? ,consulate ( ,titus ,vespasian & ,falvius ,domitian2 ! top be+ op5$1 x at fir/ ?rew out /ones & rocks1 aft]w>ds fire & lava1 :i* burnt two neighb\r+ t[ns1 & emitt$ su* ?ick smoke t x obscur$ ! light ( ! sun4 ,pl9y ! eld]1 desir\s ( exam9+ ?is conflagration ne>]1 0 suffocat$ by ! smoke4,i ,i ,see ! ,epi/le ( ,pl9y1 jun4 to ,tacitus4 ,dion ,cassius relates1 t ?is eruption 0 s viol5t1 t c9d]s & sulphur\s smoke 7 driv5 z f> z ,rome1 & ev5 beyond ! ,m$it]ranean into ,africa4 ,h]aclea 0 "o ( ! two t[ns burn$ by ?is fir/ conflagration ( ,vesuvius1 :i*1 9 ^! latt] times has be5 discov]$ at m ?an #fj feet deep1 ! surface above :i* 0 become1 by l5g? ( "t1 arable l& & fit = culture4 ,! relation ( ! discov]y ( ,h]aclea is 9 ! h&s ( ! public1 & we c only wi% t "s p]son1 v]s$ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 w\ld exam9e ! diff]5t matt]s :i* compose ?is soil ( #fj feet1 att5d+ to _! disposition & situation1 ! alt]ations !y h produc$ or suff]$1 ! direction !y h tak51 & ! h>dness !y h acquir$4 ,!re is an appe>ance t ,naples is situate on a holl[ gr\nd1 fill$ ) burn+ mat]ials1 = ,vesuvius & ,solfat]a seem to h int]ior communications4 ,:5 ,vesuvius ca/s out lava ,solfat]a emits flames1 & :5 ! "o ceases ! o!r is ext+ui%$4 ,! city ( ,naples is situate ne>ly betwe5 !m4 ,"o ( ! la/ & mo/ viol5t eruptions ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius 0 9 ! ye> #agcg4;,j ,! m\nta9 vomit$1 by sev]al m\?s1 l>ge torr5ts ( burn+ metallic matt]s1 :i* disp]s$ !mselves ov] ! c\ntry1 & fl[$ into ! sea4 ,mons4 ,montealegre1 :o communicat$ ?is relation to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 obs]v$1 ) horror1 "o ( ^! riv]s ( fire1 ^: l5g?1 f ! m\nta9 to ! sea1 0 ab\t sev5 miles1 its bread? ab\t #fj feet1 its dep? #be or #cj palms1 & 9 bottoms or vallies #abj3 ! matt] :i* fl[$ 0 l ! scum :i* issues f ! furnace ( a =ge1 c4,k ,j ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 z notic$ by ,mr4 ,smellie1 t ! orig9al ( ?is "w 0 publi%$ by our au?or 9 #agdi1 s9ce :5 ,vesuvius has und]gone sev]al eruptions4 ,k ,see ! ,hi/4 ,acad4 an4 #agcg4 ,9 ,asia1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ocean1 !re are _m volcanos2 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s is ,m\nt ,alb\rs1 ne> ,m\nt ,taurus1 eight leagues f ,h]at2 its summit cont9ually smokes1 & x frequ5tly ?r[s out flames & burn+ matt] 9 su* quantities t ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is cov]$ ) c9d]s4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,t]nate !re is a volcano :i* ?r[s out matt] l pumice-/ones4 ,"s travell]s ass]t t ?is volcano is mo/ furi\s at ! "t ( ! equ9oxes1 because c]ta9 w9ds !n reign !re1 :i* inflame ! matt] t fe$s1 & has f$ ?is fire = a numb] ( ye>s4,l ,l ,see ,arg5sola's ,travels1 vol4 #a1 page #ba4 ,! isl& ( ,t]nate is b sev5 leagues r\nd1 & is only ! summit ( a m\nta92 x gradually asc5ds f ! %ore to ! middle ( ! isl&1 :]e ! volcano rises to a consid]able height1 to ! top ( :i* x is v difficult to atta94 ,_m rills ( sweet wat] desc5d along ! ridge ( ?is m\nta91 & :5 ! air is calm1 & ! season mild1 ?is burn+ gulph is 9 less agitation ?an dur+ /orms & high w9ds4,m ,?is confirms :at ,i h said 9 a =m] article1 & seems to prove t ! fire ( volcanos does n proce$ f any consid]able dep?1 b f ! top1 or at lea/ n f> di/ant f ! summit ( ! m\nta92 = if x 0 n s1 ! high w9ds c\ld n increase _! combu/ion4 ,!re are o!r volcanos 9 ! ,malaccas4 ,9 "o ( ! ,mauritius isl&s1 #gj leagues f ! ,malaccas1 !re is a volcano1 ^: effects are z viol5t z ^? ( ,m\nt ,t]nate4 ,sorca isl&1 "o ( ! ,malaccas1 0 =m]ly inhabit$4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is isl& !re is a l(ty m\nta91 ) a volcano at ! top4 ,9 #afic ?is volcano vomit$ bitum5 & inflam$ matt]s 9 su* a great quantity z to =m a burn+ lake1 & :i* cov]$ ! :ole isl&4,n ,m ,see ! ,travels ( ,s*ut54 ,n ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 ab4 vol4 #aa page #cia4 ,at ,japan1 & 9 ! adjac5t isl&s1 !re are sev]al volcanos1 :i* emit flames dur+ ! night & smoke 9 ! day4 ,at ! ,philipp9e isl&s !re are also burn+ m\nta9s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s volcanos ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,indian ocean1 & ! mo/ rec5t1 is t ne> ! t[n ( ,pan>ucan1 9 ! isl& ( ,java2 x op5$ 9 #aehf1 & at ! fir/ eruption1 x ?rew out an enorm\s quantity ( sulphur1 bitum51 & /ones4 ,! same ye> ,m\nt ,g\napi1 9 ! isl& ( ,b&a1 :i* cont9u$ only sev5te5 ye>s1 op5$ & eject$1 ) a frightful noise1 rocks & matt]s ( e k9d4 ,!re are also "s o!r volcanos 9 ,india1 z at ,sumatra1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,asia1 b ^? are n consid]able4 ,9 ,africa1 !re is a m\nta91 or r a cav]n1 call$ ,b5iguazeval1 ne> ,fez1 :i* always emits smoke1 & sometimes flames4 ,"o ( ! isl&s ( ,cape de ,v]d1 call$ ! ,fuogo1 is only a l>ge m\nta9 :i* burns cont9ually2 ?is volcano ?r[s out c9d]s & /ones2 & ! ,portuguese1 :o h attempt$ sev]al times to erect habitations 9 ?is isl&1 h be5 con/ra9$ to ab&on ! project ?r\gh dread ( ! volcano4 ,! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 consid]$ z "o ( ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! e>?1 ?r[s out fire1 c9d]s1 & l>ge /ones2 f its top rivulets ( melt$ sulphur fl[ across ! sn[1 :]e x =ms ve9s t are di/+ui%able at a great di/ance4 ,9 ,am]ica !re are a great numb] ( volcanos1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p]u & ,mexico2 t ( ,arequipa is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s2 x (t5 causes e>?quakes1 :i* are m common 9 ,p]u ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! volcano ( ,c>rappa & t ( ,malahallo are1 accord+ to ! report ( travell]s1 ! mo/ consid]able1 next to t ( ,arequipa2 b !re are _m o!rs 9 ^! p>ts ( :i* we h no exact k4 ,m4 ,b\gu]1 9 8 voyage to ,p]u1 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ! ye> #agdd1 m5tions two volcanos1 call$ ,cotopaxi & ,pi*9*a2 ! fir/ at "s di/ance f1 ! o!r ne> ! t[n ( ,quito2 he 0 witness ( a conflagration ( ,botopaxi 9 #agdb1 & ( ! orifice :i* 0 made 9 t m\nta92 ?is eruption did no o!r damage ?an melt+ ! sn[ & produc+ su* torr5ts ( wat]1 t 9 less ?an ?ree h\rs inundat$ a tract ( c\ntry #ah leagues 9 ext5t1 & ov]?rew all !y met ) 9 _! way4 ,at ,mexico ! mo/ consid]able volcanos are ,popo*ampe*e1 & ! ,popoatepec2 x 0 ne> ?is la/ t ,cortes pass$ 9 8 voyage to ,mexico2 "s ( ! ,spani>ds asc5d$ to ! top1 :]e !y saw ! m\?1 :i* 0 ab\t half a league 9 circumf]5ce4 ,sulphur\s m\nta9s are also met ) at ,guadal\pe1 ,t]c]a1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,azores2 &1 if we 7 to consid] z volcanos all ^? m\nta9s :i* smoke1 or emit flames1 we might reckon m ?an sixty2 we h only spok5 ( ^? =midable volcanos1 ne> :i* no p]son d>es to inhabit4 ,^! volcanos :i* are 9 su* great numb]s 9 ! ,cordeli]s1 z ,i h =m]ly said1 cause almo/ cont9ual e>?quakes1 :i* prev5t ! natives f build+ ) /one above "o /ory high1 & to con/ruct ! upp] /ories ( _! h\ses ) re$s & light wood4 ,9 ^! m\nta9s are also _m precipices & l>ge v5ts1 ! sides ( :i* are black & burnt1 z 9 ! precipice ( ,m\nt ,ar>at1 9 ,arm5ia1 :i* is call$ ! ,abyss2 ^! abysses are ! m\?s ( ext+ui%$ volcanos4 ,!re 0 lately an e>?quake at ,lima1 ! effects ( :i* 7 dreadful4 ,! t[n ( ,lima & ,port ,callao 7 almo/ entirely swall[$ up2 b ! evil 0 /ill great] at ,callao4 ,! sea rose & cov]$ e build+ 9 t t[n1 dr[n$ all ! inhabitants1 & left only "o s+le t[] rema9+4 ,( tw5ty-five %ips t 7 9 ?is port1 f\r 7 c>ri$ a league ^u l&1 & ! re/ 7 swall[$ up by ! sea4 ,at ,lima1 :i* 0 a l>ge t[n1 !re rema9s only tw5ty-sev5 h\ses /&+2 a great numb] ( p]sons 7 buri$ 9 ! ru9s1 p>ticul>ly monks & religi\s p]sons1 z _! build+s 7 high] & con/ruct$ ( m solid mat]ials ?an ! o!r h\ses4 ,?is mis=tune happ5$ at night1 9 ,octob] #agdf2 ! %ock rema9$ fifte5 m9utes4 ,!re 0 =m]ly ne> ! port ( ,pisca1 9 ,p]u1 a fam\s city1 situate on ! sea %ore1 :i* 0 almo/ entirely de/roy$ by an e>?quake t happ5$ ! #ai? ( ,octob] #afhb1 = ! sea hav+ ext5d$ beyond its common b\nds1 swall[$ up ?is un=tunate place ) e p]son t 0 9 x4 ,if we consult hi/orians & travell]s1 we %all f9d relations ( _m e>?quakes & eruptions ( volcanos1 ^: effects h be5 z t]rible z ^? we h j m5tion$4 ,pesidonius1 :om ,/rabo quotes 9 8 fir/ book1 relates1 t a city 9 ,pho5icia1 ne> ,sidon1 0 swall[$ up by an e>?quake1 ) ! neighb\r+ t]ritory1 & ev5 two ?irds ( ,sidon2 ?is effect 0 n s sudd5 b t _m ( ! inhabitants _h "t to avoid x by flight4 ,?is %ock ext5d$ ?r\gh\t all ,syria1 & z f> z ! ,cyclade isl&s1 & into ,euboea1 :]e ! f\nta9s ( ,are?usa sudd5ly /opp$1 & did n reappe> = _m days aft]1 & !n by _m new spr+s remote f ! old ones2 t ?is e>?quake did n cease f %ak+ ! isl&1 sometimes 9 "o "p & sometimes 9 ano!r1 until ! e>? op5$ 9 ! valley ( ,lepanta1 & eject$ a great quantity ( lava & o!r inflam$ matt]s4 ,pl9y1 9 8 fir/ book1 *ap4 #hd1 relates1 t 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius an e>?quake happ5$ :i* ov]?rew twelve t[ns 9 ,asia3 & 9 8 second book he m5tions a prodigy caus$ by an e>?quake4 ,/4 ,augu/9 records1 t by a great e>?quake !re 7 t[ns ov]?r[n 9 ,lybia4 ,9 ! "t ( ,trajan1 ! t[n ( ,antio*1 & a great "p ( ! adjac5t c\ntry 7 swall[$ up by an e>?quake2 & 9 ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 9 #ebh1 x 0 a second "t de/roy$ by ! same cause1 ) upw>ds ( #dj1jjj ( its inhabitants4 ,sixty ye>s aft]1 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,gregory1 x felt ! effects ( a ?ird e>?quake1 :5 #fj1jjj ( its inhabitants p]i%$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,salad91 9 #aahb1 mo/ ( ! t[ns ( ,syria & ,judea 7 de/roy$ by ! same calamity4 ,9 ,calabria & ,apulia1 !re h be5 m e>?quakes ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 all ! *ur*es & palaces ( ,naples 7 ov]?r[n1 & above #cj1jjj ( its inhabitants kill$2 ! rema9d] 7 oblig$ to live 9 t5ts till h\ses 7 built4 ,9 #afbi1 !re 7 e>?quakes 9 ,apulia1 :i* de/roy$ #gjjj p]sons1 & 9 #afch1 ! t[n ( ,/4 ,euphemia 0 swall[$ up1 & !re rema9s only a /9k+ lake 9 its place4 ,ragusa & ,smyrna1 at ! same "t1 7 also almo/ de/roy$4 ,!re 0 an e>?quake 9 #afib1 :i* ext5d$ into ,engl&1 ,holl&1 ,fl&]s1 ,g]many1 & ,france2 x 0 *iefly felt on ! sea coa/s & ne> l>ge riv]s2 x %ook at lea/ #bfjj squ>e leagues2 x la/$ only two m9utes1 & ! motion 0 m consid]able on m\nta9s ?an 9 vallies4,o ,on ! #aj? ( ,july1 #afhh1 !re 0 an e>?quake at ,smyrna1 :i* began by a motion f we/ to ea/2 ! ca/le 0 at fir/ ov]?r[n1 its f\r walls be+ divid$ & sunk six feet 9 ! sea2 ?is ca/le /ood ^u an i/hmus1 b is at pres5t a real isl&1 ab\t #ajj paces di/ant f ! l&4 ,! walls f ea/ to we/ are fall5 d[n1 ^? f nor? to s\? are yet /&+2 ! city1 :i* is t5 miles f ! ca/le1 0 de/roy$ %ortly aft]2 9 _m places ! e>? op5$1 & subt]rane\s noises 7 he>d2 five or six %ocks 7 felt z night came on1 ! la/ cont9u$ only half a m9ute2 ! %ips 9 ! roads 7 %ak52 ! gr\nd ( ! t[n 0 l[]$ ab\t two feet2 n above a qu>t] ( ! t[n )/ood ! %ock1 & ^? pr9cipally ! h\ses :i* /ood on rocks2 f #ae to #bj1jjj p]sons are comput$ to h be5 buri$ "u ! ru9s4,p ,9 #afie1 an e>?quake 0 felt at ,bologna1 9 ,italy1 & x 0 rem>k$ z a p>ticul> circum/ance1 t ! wat] 0 mu* tr\bl$ a day be=e4,q,r ,o ,see ,ray's ,disc\rses1 page #bgb4 ,p ,see ! ,hi/4 ( ! ,acad4 des ,sci5ces1 anno #afhh4 ,q ,ibid4 anno #afif4 ,r ,see ! ,voyages ( ,m&elso4 ,at ,t]c]a !re happ5$ an e>?quake on ! #d? ( ,may1 #afad1 :i* ov]?rew 9 ! t[n ( ,angra elev5 *ur*es & n9e *apels1 besides private h\ses2 & 9 ! t[n ( ,praya x 0 s t]rible1 t sc>cely an h\se 0 left /&+4 ,on ! #af? ( ,june #afbh1 !re 0 an e>?quake 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ! effects ( :i* 0 s great1 t 9 a place :]e ! sea 0 m ?an #aej fa?oms deep an isl& 0 ?r[n up m ?an a league & a half long1 & upw>ds ( #fj fa?oms high4 ,ano!r happ5$ 9 #afia1 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 :i* began ! #f? ( ,july1 & la/$ till ! #ab? ( ! foll[+ mon?3 ,t]c]a & ,fayal 7 agitat$ ! next morn+ ) s mu* viol5ce1 t !y appe>$ to move2 b ^! frightful %ocks return$ !re only f\r times1 :]eas at ,/4 ,mi*ael !y did n cease a mom5t = sev]al days4 ,! isl&]s quitt$ _! h\ses1 :i* !y saw fall be=e _! eyes1 & rema9$ all ! "t 9 ! fields expos$ to ! injuries ( ! wea!r4 ,! :ole t[n ( ,villa ,franca 0 ov]?r[n to its v f\ndation1 & mo/ ( ! inhabitants buri$ "u its ru9s4 ,9 _m p>ts ! pla9s rose into hills1 & 9 o!rs1 m\nta9s 7 flatt5$ into vallies4 ,a spr+ ( wat] issu$ f ! e>?1 :i* fl[$ = f\r days1 & !n ceas$ all on a sudd54 ,! air & sea1 /ill m agitat$1 res\nd$ ) a noise :i* might h be5 tak5 = ! ro>+ ( a numb] ( wild animals4 ,_m p]sons di$ ) ! fright2 ! %ips 9 ! h>b\r suff]$ dang]\s %ocks1 & ^? :i* 7 at an*or1 or "u sail at #bj leagues di/ant f ! isl&s1 receiv$ great damage4 ,e>?quakes are frequ5t 9 ! ,azores1 & ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e a m\nta9 9 ,/4 ,mi*ael 0 ov]turn$ by "o ( !m4,s ,s ,hi/4 ( ,voyages4 ,9 ,manilla1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #afbg1 an e>?quake levell$ "o ( ! two m\nta9s call$ ,c>vallos1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cagayon2 9 #afde1 "o ?ird ( ! t[n 0 de/roy$ by a l accid5t1 & #cjj p]sons p]i%$4 ,! succe$+ ye> x exp]i5c$ ano!r2 & ! anci5t ,indians say !y 7 m t]rible =m]ly1 :i* 0 ! reason !y build _! h\ses only ( wood2 a cu/om /ill cont9u$1 & :i* ! ,spani>ds foll[4,t ,t ,see le ,voyage de ,gemelli ,c>]i1 page #abj4 ,! quantity ( volcanos 9 ?is isl& confirms t ass]tion2 because at c]ta9 times !y vomit =? flames1 %ake ! e>?1 & p]=m all ! effects ,pl9y attributes to ^? ( ,vesuvius2 t is1 !y *ange ! b$s ( riv]s1 drive back ! adjac5t sea1 fill ) c9d]s ! neighb\r+ pla9s1 & ?r[ out /ones to great di/ances1 ) reports l\d] ?an ^? ( cannons4 ,9 #afdf1 a m\nta9 9 ! isl& ( ,ma*ian split by an e>?quake1 ) a dreadful noise2 f ?is op5+ issu$ a numb] ( flames1 :i* de/roy$ sev]al plantations ) ! inhabitants & all t 0 !re94 ,9 ! ye> #afhe1 ?is prodigi\s crack 0 to be se51 & probably is /ill app>5t2 x is call$ ! pa? ( ,ma*ian1 because x desc5ds f ! top to ! bottom1 l a road holl[$ out1 b :i* at a di/ance appe>s l a pa?4,u ,u ,see ! ,hi/4 ( ! ,conque/ ( ! ,malaccas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,academy m5tions 9 ! foll[+ t]ms1 ! e>?quakes t took place 9 #agjb & #agjc4 ,! e>?quakes began 9 ,italy 9 ,octob] #agjb1 & cont9u$1 till ,july #agjc2 ! c\ntry :i* suff]$ ! mo/ by !m1 & :]e !y began1 is ! t[n ( ,norcia1 ) its dep5d5cies "u ! ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 & ! prov9ce ( ,abruzzo1 :i* are situat$ at ! foot ( ! ,ap5n9es on ! s\? side4 ,!y 7 (t5 accompani$ ) t]rible noises 9 ! air1 :i* also 7 he>d )\t any dreadful effects1 :5 ! sky 0 s]5e4 ,! e>?quake :i* happ5$ on ! #b;d ( ,febru>y #agjc1 0 ! mo/ viol5t2 x 0 accompani$1 at lea/ at ,rome1 ) a great s]5ity ( sky & calmness 9 ! air4 ,x la/$ at ,rome half a m9ute1 & at ,aquila ! capital ( ,abruzzo ?ree h\rs4 ,x de/roy$ ! :ole t[n ( ,aquila1 buri$ #ejjj p]sons "u ! ru9s1 & made great havock 9 ! environs4 ,! vibration ( ! e>?1 accord+ to ! obs]vations made by ! lamps 9 ! *ur*es1 0 f s\? to nor?4 ,x op5$ two places f :5ce issu$ a great quantity ( /ones1 :i* entirely cov]$ x & r5d]$ x b>r52 aft] ! /ones !y ?rew out wat] above ! height ( ! trees2 ?is la/$ half an h\r1 & inundat$ ! adjac5t fields4 ,! wat] 0 :iti%1 l soap suds1 & _h n any rem>kable ta/e4 ,a m\nta9 ne> ,sigillo1 a city tw5ty-two miles di/ant f ,aquila1 _h on its summit a v l>ge pla9 surr\nd$ ) rocks l a wall4 ,! e>?quake ( ! #b;d ( ,febru>y1 *ang$ ?is pla9 into a gulph ( unequal bread?1 ^: greate/ diamet] is tw5ty-five fa?oms & ! lea/ tw5ty2 ! dep? ( x has n be5 discov]$1 al?\gh a l9e #cjj fa?oms has be5 let d[n 9 x4 ,at ! "t ?is op5+ 0 made1 flames 7 se5 to issue out1 & aft]w>ds a great smoke :i* la/$ ?ree days ) "s int]ruptions4 ,at ,g5oa on ! #a/ & #b;d ( ,july #agjc1 !re 7 two slight e>?quakes1 ! la/ 0 felt only by ! p on ! pi]3 at ! same "t ! sea 9 ! port sunk six feet1 & rema9$ s a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! sulphur\s wat] 9 ! road f ,rome to ,tivoli x dim9i%$ two feet & a half1 bo? 9 ! bason & 9 ! canal4 ,9 _m places ( ! pla91 call$ ,te/9e1 ! spr+s & rivulets1 :i* =m$ morasses1 are all dri$ up4 ,! wat]s ( ! lake call$ l',enf] is also l[]$ ?ree feet4 ,9 place ( ! anci5t spr+s new ones h appe>$ at above a league di/ance1 s t possibly !y are ! same wat]s :i* h *ang$ direction,v4 ,v ,anno #agjd1 page #aj4 ,! same e>?quake :i*1 9 #aech1 =m$ ,monti di ,c9]e1 ne> ,pozzoli1 fill$ lake ,lucr9 ) /ones1 e>? & c9d]s1 s t ?is lake is n[ a m>%y gr\nd4,w ,w ,see ,ray's ,disc\rses1 page #ab4 ,!re are e>?quakes also felt at "s di/ance at sea1 says ,mr4 ,%aw2 9 #aggd1 be+ on bo>d ! ,gazella1 an ,alg]9e vessel1 m\nt+ #ej guns1 ?ree viol5t %ocks 7 felt "o aft] ! o!r1 z if e "t a weight ( #bj or #cj tons _h be5 ?r[n on ! balla/4 ,?is happ5$ on a "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean t 0 m ?an #bjj fa?om deep4 ,he relates also1 t o!rs _h felt e>?quakes mu* m consid]able 9 o!r p>ts1 & "o among ! re/ at #dj leagues we/ f ,lisbon4,x ,x ,see ,%aw's ,travels4 ,s*\t51 speak+ ( an e>?quake 9 ! ,malacca isl&s1 says1 t ! m\nta9s 7 %ak51 & ! vessels at an*or 9 #cj or #dj fa?oms wat] 7 %ook1 z if !y _h /ruck aga9/ rocks or banks4 ,exp]i5ce1 cont9ues he1 tea*es u e day t ! same happ5s 9 ! op5 sea1 :]e no bottom is to be met )1 & t %ips are toss$ to & fro by e>?quakes1 ev5 :]e ! sea is tranquil4 ,g5til1 9 8 voyage r\nd ! _w1 speaks ( e>?quakes 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,i h1 says he1 made "s rem>ks on ^! e>?quakes2 fir/1 t half an h\r be=e ! e>? is agitat$ e animal is /ruck ) fe>2 horses snort1 break _! fa/5+s1 & fly f ! /able2 dogs b>k2 birds1 z if /upifi$1 fly into h\ses = safety2 & rats & mice quit _! holes4 ,secondly1 t vessels at an*or are s viol5tly agitat$1 t e "p ( !m seems z if go+ to pieces1 ! cannons =ce !mselves loose1 & ! ma/s break 9 sev]al places4 ,^! facts ,i %\ld sc>cely h giv5 cr$it to if _m unanim\s te/imonies _h n conv9c$ me4 ,i "k ! bottom ( ! sea is a cont9uation ( ! l&1 & t if "o is agitat$ x w communicate to ! o!r2 b ,i c\ld n conceive h[ e "p ( a vessel1 float+ 9 a fluid1 %\ld be affect$ 9 ! same mann] z if %e 0 on ! e>?3 x appe>$ to me t h] motion %\ld h be5 su* z %e exp]i5ces 9 a /orm2 besides1 9 ! circum/ance :i* ,i speak (1 ! surface ( ! sea 0 smoo?1 & !re 0 no w9d4 ,?irdly1 t if ! cav]n ( ! e>?1 :]e ?is subt]rane\s fire is conta9$1 has a direction f nor? to s\?1 & if ! build+s ( an adjac5t t[n are 9 a p>allel l9e ) x1 all ! h\ses are ov]?r[n1 :]eas if ?is ve9 or cav]n executes its effects by ! bread? ( ! t[n1 ! deva/ation ( ! e>?quake1 is mu* less consid]able4,y ,y ,see ,g5til's ,voyages1 vol4 ,i4 page #agb1 c4 ,9 c\ntries subject to e>?quakes1 :5 a new volcano breaks out e>?quakes cease1 & are only felt 9 ! viol5t eruptions ( ! volcano1 z is obs]v$ 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4,z ,z ,see ,abridgem5t ( ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 ,,xi4 page #cjb4 ,! enorm\s ravages produc$ by e>?quakes h made "s naturali/s ?9k t m\nta9s & o!r inequalities ( ! surface ( ! globe 7 only ! effects ( subt]rane\s fires1 & t all ! irregul>ities mu/ be attribut$ to ! viol5t %ocks :i* !y h produc$4 ,?is1 = example1 is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,ray2 he imag9es t all m\nta9s h be5 =m$ by e>?quakes1 or ! explosion ( volcanos1 z ,monti di ,c9]e1 ! new isl& ne> ,santor9i1 c4 b he has n consid]$ t ! slight elevations =m$ by ! eruption ( a volcano1 or by ! action ( an e>?quake1 are n int]nally compos$ ( horizontal /rata1 z all o!r m\nta9s are2 = by digg+ 9 ! ,monti di ,c9]e we meet ) calc9$ /ones1 c9d]s1 burnt e>?s1 metallic dross1 pumice-/ones1 c4 all mix$ & conf\nd$ l a heap4 ,besides1 if e>?quakes & subt]rane\s fires _h produc$ ! great m\nta9s ( ! e>?1 z ! ,cordeli]s1 ,m\nt ,taurus1 ! ,alps1 c4 ! prodigi\s =ce necess>y to raise ^! enorm\s masses might1 at ! same "t1 h de/roy$ a great "p ( ! surface ( ! globe2 & e>?quakes1 requisite to produce su* effects1 mu/ h be5 ( inconceivable viol5ce1 s9ce ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* hi/ory makes m5tion h n _h suffici5t p[] to =m a s+le m\nta92 = example1 9 ! "t ( ,val5tian ,i4 an e>?quake happ5$1 :i* 0 felt ?r\gh\t all ! kn[n _w2,,aa & yet n a m\nta9 0 ?r[n up by x4 ,,aa ,z ,ammianus ,m>cell9us relates1 lib4 #bf4 cap4 #ad4 ,x is nev]!less c]ta91 t al?\gh we might be able to f9d an e>?quake suffici5tly p[]ful to ?r[ up ! highe/ m\nta9s1 x w\ld n be suffici5t to disord] ! re/ ( ! globe4 ,= suppos+ t ! *a9 ( ! highe/ m\nta9s :i* cross ,s\? ,am]ica f ! ,magellanic l&s to ,new ,gr5ada1 & ! ,gulph ( ,d>i51 _h be5 produc$ by an e>?quake1 & !n let u see by calculations ! effect ( ?is explosion4 ,?is *a9 ( m\nta9s is ne> #agjj leagues 9 l5g?1 & commonly #dj 9 bread?1 compreh5d+ ! ,si]as1 :i* are n s l(ty z ! ,&es4 ,! surface !re=e is #fh1jjj squ>e leagues2 ,i suppose ! ?ickness ( ! matt] displac$ by ! e>?quake to be ab\t "o league1 t is1 ! height ( ^! m\nta9s tak5 f ! top to ! cav]ns1 :i* accord+ to ?is hypo!sis mu/ support !m1 is "o league1 !n ,i say1 ! p[] ( an explosion mu/ h rais$ a quantity ( e>? equal to #fh1jjj cubical leagues to a league 9 height4 ,n[ ! action be+ equal to ! re-action1 ?is explosion mu/ h communicat$ ! same motion to ! re/ ( ! globe4 ,! :ole globe consi/s ( #ab1caj1ebc1hja cubical leagues1 f :i* subtract+ #fh1jjj1 !re rema9s #ab1caj1dee1hja cubical leagues1 ! quantity ( :i* motion w be equal to t ( #fh1jjj cubical leagues rais$ "o league2 f :5ce we p]ceive t ! =ce :i* w h be5 great en\gh to elevate #fh1jjj cubical leagues w\ld n h displac$ ! :ole globe a s+le in*4 ,!re w\ld !re=e be no absolute impossibility 9 ! supposition t m\nta9s h be5 rais$ by e>?quakes1 if _! int]nal composition z well z _! ext]nal =m 7 n evid5t pro(s ( _! be+ ! "w ( ! sea4 ,_! int]nal p>ts are compos$ ( regul> & p>allel /rata1 int]m+l$ ) %ells1 & _! ext]nal consi/s ( a figure ^: angles are e :]e correspond5t3 is x cr$ible !n t ?is uni=m composition & regul> =m %\ld h be5 produc$ by irregul> %ocks & sudd5 explosions8 ,b z ?is op9ion has prevail$ among "s philosoph]s1 & z ! nature & effects ( e>?quakes are n well und]/ood1 x may possibly be p]t95t to haz>d a few ideas ) a view ( expla9+ ^? intricate subjects4 ,! e>? has und]gone great *anges on its surface2 we f9d at consid]able dep?s1 holes1 cav]ns1 subt]rane\s rivulets1 & void places1 :i* sometimes communicate by *9ks1 c4 ,!re are two k9ds ( cav]ns2 ! fir/ are ^? produc$ by ! action ( subt]rane\s fires & volcanos2 ! action ( ?is fire uplifts1 burns1 & ?r[s out to a di/ance ! matt]s t are above1 & at ! same "t divides & d]anges ^? :i* are on ! sides1 & ?us produces cav]ns1 grottos1 & irregul> holes1 b :i* h[ev] is only effect$ 9 ! environs ( volcanos2 & ^! k9ds ( cav]ns are m r>e ?an ^? produc$ by wat]4 ,we h already obs]v$ t ! diff]5t /rata :i* compose ! t]re/rial globe are all int]rupt$ by p]p5dicul> fissures3 ! wat]s :i* fall on ! surface desc5d ?r\gh !m2 collect :5 /opp$ by clay1 & =m spr+s & rivulets2 by _! natural prop5sities !y seek out cavities or small vacancies1 & always incl9e to op5 a passage till !y f9d a v5t1 c>ry+ along ) !m s&1 gravel1 & o!r matt]s !y c divide & dissolve2 by degrees1 9 ! int]nal "p ( ! e>? !y =m small tr5*es2 & at la/ issue =? 9 ! =m ( spr+s1 ei!r at ! surface ( ! e>?1 or bottom ( ! sea2 ! matt]s :i* !y c>ry along ) !m1 leave cav]ns ^: ext5t may be v consid]able1 ! orig9 ( :i* is q diff]5t f ^? produc$ by volcanos or e>?quakes4 ,!re are two k9ds ( e>?quakes1 ! "o caus$ by ! action ( subt]rane\s fires1 & ! explosion ( volcanos :i* are only felt at small di/ances at ! "t ( eruptions3 :5 ! matt]s :i* =m subt]rane\s fires f]m5t1 heat1 & inflame1 ! fire makes an ef=t on e side to get out1 & if x does n f9d a natural v5t1 x raises ! e>? above & =ces itself a passage by ?r[+ x out2 su* is ! beg9n+ ( a volcano ^: effects & cont9uation are 9 proportion to ! quantity ( inflammable matt]s !y conta94 ,if ! quantity ( matt]s is n consid]able1 an e>?quake may ensue1 )\t a volcano be+ =m$4 ,! air r>efi$ by ! subt]rane\s fire may also escape ?r\gh small v5ts1 & 9 ?is case !re w be only a %ock )\t any eruption or volcano4 ,b :5 ! inflam$ matt] is 9 great quantities & conf9$ by solid & compress$ bodies1 !n a commotion & volcano is c]ta9 to ensue2 b all ^! commotions =m only ! fir/ k9d ( e>?quakes1 & c only %ake a small space ( gr\nd4 ,a viol5t eruption ( tna w cause1 = example1 an e>?quake ?r\gh\t ! :ole isl& ( ,sicily2 b x w nev] ext5d to ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ leagues4 ,:5 any new m\? bur/s out 9 ,vesuvius1 !re are e>?quakes at ,naples1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! volcano2 b ^! e>?quakes nev] %ake ! ,alps1 nor ext5d into ,france1 or o!r c\ntries remote f ,vesuvius4 ,!re=e e>?quakes produc$ by volcanos1 are limit$ to a small space1 are prop]ly b ! effects ( ! re-action ( ! fire2 & !y %ake ! e>?1 z ! explosion ( a p[d] magaz9e produces a %ock p]ceptible at _m leagues di/ance4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d ( e>?quake v diff]5t 9 its effects1 & p]haps equally s 9 its cause2 su* are felt at great di/ances1 & %ake a long c\rse ( gr\nd1 )\t any new volcano1 or eruption 9 ! old ones appe>+4 ,we h in/ances ( e>?quakes be+ felt at ! same "t 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ev5 9 ,hung>y2 ^! e>?quakes always ext5d m 9 l5g? ?an bread?2 !y %ake a zone ( gr\nd ) great] or less viol5ce 9 diff]5t places1 & are almo/ always accompani$ ) a rumbl+ noise l t ( a coa* roll+ ov] ! /ones ) rapidity4 ,) respect to ! causes ( ?is k9d ( e>?quake1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! explosion ( all inflammable matt]s produces1 l gunp[d]1 a great quantity ( air2 t ?is air by ! heat is 9 a /ate ( v great r>efaction1 & t by its /ate ( compression 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 x mu/ produce v viol5t effects4 ,let u suppose1 t at a dep? ( "o or two hundr$ fa?oms1 pyrites & o!r sulphur\s matt]s are collect$ 9 great quantities1 & t by ! f]m5tation produc$ by ! filtration ( ! wat]1 or o!r causes1 !y inflame2 :at mu/ happ58 ,fir/ ^! matt]s are n plac$ 9 horizontal lay]s1 z are ! anci5t /rata1 :i* h be5 =m$ by ! s$im5t ( ! wat]s2 on ! contr>y1 !y are =m$ 9 p]p5dicul> fissures1 9 cav]ns1 & 9 o!r places :]e ! wat] c p5etrate4 ,inflam+1 !y produce a quantity ( air1 ! spr+ ( :i* be+ compress$ 9 a small space1 l t ( a cav]n1 w n only %ake ! gr\nd directly above1 b w seek out = passages by :i* x may escape4 ,! roads :i* (f] !mselves are cav]ns & tr5*es1 =m$ by subt]rane\s rivulets3 into ^! ! r>efi$ air w precipitate ) viol5ce1 =m 9 !m a /rong w9d1 ! noise ( :i* w be he>d at ! surface1 accompani$ ) %ocks ( ! e>?1 c4 ?is subt]rane\s w9d1 produc$ by ! fire1 w ext5d z f> z ! subt]rane\s cavities1 & cause an agitation m or less viol5t z x is di/ant f ! v5t1 & f9ds ! passages ( a l>g] or less] ext5t3 ?is motion be+ made longitud9al1 ! %ock w be ! same1 & ! e>?quake be felt ?r\gh a long zone ( gr\nd4 ,?is air w n produce any eruption1 or volcano1 because x w f9d suffici5t space to exp&1 or r because x w h f\nd v5ts1 & issue =? 9 =m ( w9d & vap\r4 ,ev5 %\ld x n be all[$ t !re exi/ int]nal passages1 by :i* ! air & vap\rs c pass1 x may be conceiv$ t 9 ! place :]e ! fir/ explosion is made1 ! gr\nd be+ lift$ up to a consid]able height1 t ! mo/ adjo9+ to ?is spot mu/ divide & split 9 an horizontal mann] by ! =ce ( its motion2 & by ?is means passages communicat+ "o ) ! o!r may be op5$ to great di/ances2 & ?is explanation agrees ) e ph5om5a4 ,x is n at ! same mom5t or h\r t an e>?quake is felt 9 two di/ant places4 ,nei!r fire nor eruption att5d ^? e>?quakes :i* are he>d at a di/ance1 & ! noise always m>ks ! progressive motion ( ?is subt]rane\s w9d4 ,?is !ory is confirm$ by two o!r facts2 x is well kn[n t m9es exhale unheal?y air & suffocat+ vap\rs1 indep5d5t ( ! w9d produc$ by ! curr5t ( wat]3 x is also kn[n t !re are holes1 abysses & deep lakes 9 ! e>?1 :i* produce w9ds1 z ! lake ,boleslaw1 9 ,bohemia1 :i* we h already spok5 (4 ,all ?is be+ consid]$1 ,i d n see h[ x c be imag9$ t e>?quakes produce m\nta9s1 s9ce ! cause itself ( ^! e>?quakes are m9]al & sulphur\s matt]s1 :i* are g5]ally f\nd only 9 p]p5dicul> clefts ( m\nta9s & o!r cavities ( ! e>?2 ! greate/ numb] ( :i* h be5 produc$ by ! op]ation ( wat]2 s9ce ?is matt] by inflam+ produces only a mom5t>y explosion & a viol5t w9d :i* foll[s ! subt]rane\s roads ( ! wat]3 s9ce ! duration ( ! e>?quakes at ! surface ( ! e>? is s %ort t _! cause c only be explosion & n a durable fire3 & 9 %ort1 s9ce ^! e>?quakes1 :i* ext5d to a consid]able di/ance1 v f> f rais+ *a9s ( m\nta9s1 d n produce ! smalle/ hills ?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t4 ,e>?quakes are1 9 fact1 mo/ frequ5t 9 places ne> volcanos1 z 9 ,sicily & ,naples1 b x is kn[n1 by obs]vations1 t ! mo/ viol5t e>?quakes happ5 9 ! "t ( ! greate/ eruptions ( volcanos2 t !y are v limit$1 & _c produce a *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,x has be5 sometimes obs]v$1 t ! matt]s ?r[n out ( ,m\nt tna1 aft] lay+ = _m ye>s & aft]w>ds moi/5$ ) ! ra91 h rek9dl$ & ?r[n out flames ) su* viol5t explosions z ev5 to produce a slight %ock4 ,9 a furi\s eruption ( tna 9 #affi1 :i* began ! #aa? ( ,m>*1 ! summit ( ! m\nta9s sunk consid]ably2,,ab :i* proves ! fire ( ?is volcano comes r f ! top ?an f ! bottom ( ! m\nta94 ,borelli is ( ! same op9ion1 & says1 ,t ! fire ( volcanos does n proce$ f ! c5tre1 nor f ! foot ( ! m\nta91 b t x issues f ! summit1 & flames k9dle b at a small dep?4,,ac ,,ab ,see ,trans4 ,phil4 ,abridg$1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #chg4 ,,ac ,borelli1 ,de inc5diis ,montis ,etnae4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 its eruptions1 has ?r[n out great quantities ( boil+ wat]4 ,mr4 ,ray1 :o ?9ks t ! volcanean fire proce$s f a great dep?1 says1 t x is ! wat] ( ! sea :i* communicates by subt]rane\s passages ) ! foot ( ! m\nta92 he gives1 z a pro( ( x1 ! dryness ( ! summit ( ,vesuvius1 & ! agitation ( ! sea at ! "t ( ^! eruptions1 :i* sometimes retreats f ! coa/s1 & leaves ! ,bay ( ,naples almo/ dry4 ,b1 if ^! facts are true1 !y d n prove1 9 a solid mann]1 t ! volcanean fire proce$s f a great dep?2 = ! wat] :i* is ?r[n out is c]ta9ly ra9 wat]1 :i* p5etrates ?r\gh ! fissure1 & collects 9 ! cavities ( ! m\nta9s4 ,rills & rivulets fl[ f ^? conta9+ volcanos z well z o!r l(ty m\nta9s1 & z !y are holl[1 & h be5 m %ak51 x is n a/oni%+ t ! wat] collects 9 _! cav]ns 9 _! int]nal "p1 & t ^! wat]s are ?r[n out 9 ! "t ( eruptions ) o!r matt]s4 ,) respect to ! motion ( ! sea1 x proce$s solely f ! %ock communicat$ to ! wat]s by ! explosion1 :i* causes !m to advance or retreat accord+ to diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! matt]s :i* volcanos g5]ally ?r[ out1 come =? 9 ! =m ( a torr5t ( melt$ m9]als1 :i* inundates all ! environs ( ^? m\nta9s2 ^! riv]s ( liquifi$ matt]s ext5d to consid]able di/ances1 & 9 cool+ =m horizontal or incl9$ /rata1 :i* = position are l ! /rata =m$ by ! s$im5t left by ! wat]s3 b x is v easy to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,fir/1 because /rata ( lava are n ?r\gh\t ( an equal ?ickness3 secondly1 because !y conta9 only matt]s :i* h evid5tly be5 calc9$1 vitrifi$1 or melt$2 & ?irdly1 because !y d n ext5d to any great di/ance4 ,z !re are a great numb] ( volcanos at ,p]u1 & z ! foot ( mo/ ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cordeli]s is cov]$ ) matt]s ?r[n out by eruptions1 x is n a/oni%+ t m>9e %ells are n met ) !re1 z !y mu/ h be5 calc9$ & de/roy$ by ! fire2 b ,i am p]suad$1 if we dig 9 argilace\s e>?1 :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b\rguet1 is ! common e>? ( ! valley ( ,quito1 %ells w\ld be f\nd !re1 z !y are 9 o!r places1 at lea/ :]e ! gr\nd is n cov]$1 l t at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 ) matt]s ?r[n out ( a volcano4 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$1 :y volcanos are all met ) at ! top ( m\nta9s8 ,i ?9k ,i h p>tly giv5 a satisfactory answ] to ?is "q 9 ! prec$+ article1 b ,i h ?\ght x necess>y n to f9i% ?is )\t f>!r expla9+ :at ,i h said on ?is subject4 ,! peaks or po9ts ( m\nta9s 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) s& & e>?1 :i* ! ra9 gradually wa%es along ) x into ! vallies1 & has left only ! rocks & /one1 :i* =ms ! nucleus ( ! m\nta94 ,?is be+ left b>e w h be5 /ill worn by ! injuries ( ! air1 ! fro/ w h loos5$ ! l>ge & small p>ts1 :i* ( c\rse h roll$ to ! bottom4 ,! rocks1 at ! base ( ! summit1 be+ left b>e1 & no long] support$ by ! e>? :i* surr\nd$ !m1 w h giv5 way a little1 & by divid+ "o f ! o!r =m$ small int]vals4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! l[] rocks c\ld n be made )\t communicat+ a great] motion to ! upp]4 ,by ?is means ! nucleus ( ! m\nta9 w\ld be divid$ into an inf9ity ( p]p5dicul> clefts1 f ! summit to ! base ( ! l[] rocks2 ! ra9 w h p5etrat$ into all ^! clefts1 & loos5$1 9 ! inside ( ! m\nta91 all ! m9]al p>ts & o!r matt]s t x c\ld c>ry away or dissolve2 !y w h =m$ pyrites & o!r combu/ible matt]s1 & :5 by l5g? ( "t ^! matt]s 7 accumulat$ 9 great quantities1 !y f]m5t$1 & by inflam+ produc$ explosions & o!r effects ( volcanos2 p]haps likewise1 )9 ! m\nta9s1 !re 7 masses ( ^! m9]al matt]s already =m$ be=e ! ra9 c\ld p5etrate !re92 9 t case1 z soon z holes & clefts 7 made1 :i* gave passages to ! wat] & air1 ^! matt]s inflam$ & =m$ a volcano4 ,none ( ^! motions c\ld be made 9 pla9s1 s9ce all is at re/ & no?+ c be displac$4 ,x is n !re=e surpris+ t volcanos are f\nd only 9 high m\nta9s4 ,:5 coal-m9es are op5$1 :i* are g5]ally met ) 9 argile e>?1 at a great dep?1 x sometimes happ5s t ! m9]al sub/ances h tak5 fire3 !re are ev5 m9es ( coal 9 ,scotl&1 ,fl&]s1 c4 :i* h burnt = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! admission ( ! air suffices to produce ?is effect2 b ^! fires produce only slight explosions1 & d n =m volcanos1 because all be+ solid & full 9 ^! places1 fire _c be excit$ l t ( volcanos1 9 :i* !re are cavities & void places :]e ! air p5etrates1 :i* mu/ necess>ily ext5d ! conflagration & augm5t ! action ( ! fire1 s z to produce ! t]rible effects we h j describ$4 ,,article ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,new ,,isl&s1 ,,cav]ns1 ,,p]p5dicul> ,,clefts1 ,c4 ,c4 ,new isl&s are =m$ ei!r sudd5ly by ! action ( subt]rane\s fires1 or g5tly by ! deposit ( ! s$im5t ( wat]s4 ,anci5t hi/orians & mod]n travell]s relate facts on ?is subject :i* put x beyond all k9d ( d\bt4 ,s5eca assures u1 t 9 8 "t ! isl& ,!rasia appe>$ sudd5ly 9 ! sea1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( _m m>9]s :o beheld x4 ,pl9y relates1 t =m]ly ?irte5 isl&s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean sprung at ! same in/ant out ( ! sea1 & t ,rhodes & ,delos are ! pr9cipal ( !m3 x appe>s1 f him1 z well z ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 ,philo1 & o!rs1 t ^! ?irte5 isl&s 7 n produc$ by an e>?quake1 nor by any subt]rane\s explosion1 b t !y 7 =m]ly hid "u ! wat]1 :i* l[]+ left !m uncov]$4 ,delos _h ! "n ( ,pelagia giv5 to x1 f hav+ =m]ly belong$ to ! sea4 ,:e!r ! orig9 ( ^! ?irte5 isl&s is to be attribut$ to ! action ( subt]rane\s fires1 or to "s o!r cause :i* might occasion a s9k+ ( ! wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 is unc]ta94 ,b ,pl9y relates1 t ! isl& ,hi]a1 ne> ,!rasia1 _h be5 =m$ ( f]rug9\s masses1 & e>? ?r[n f ! bottom ( ! sea2 & 9 *apt] #hi1 he speaks ( o!r isl&s =m$ 9 ! l mann]2 b on ?is subject we h m cle> & c]ta9 facts ( lat] date4 ,on ! #bc;d ( ,may #agjg1 at ! sun's ris+1 !re 0 se51 at "s little di/ance f ! isl& ( ,!rasia1 or ,santor9i1 some?+ l a float+ rock 9 ! sea2 "s p]sons1 to satisfy _! curiosity1 w5t t[>ds x1 & f\nd x a %oal :i* _h issu$ f ! bottom ( ! sea2 x increas$ "u _! feet1 & !y br\ght ) !m ! pumice-/one & oy/]s1 :i* ! rock /ill _h atta*$ to its surface4 ,!re 0 a slight e>?quake at ,santor9i two days be=e ?is %oal appe>$3 x increas$ consid]ably till ! #ad? ( ,june1 x 0 !n half a mile r\nd1 & f #bj to #cj feet high2 ! e>? 0 :ite1 & a little argilace\s2 aft] t ! sea became m & m tr\bl$2 vap\rs arose :i* infect$ ! isl& ,santor9i2 & on ! #af? ( ,july sev]al rocks 7 se5 to issue at "o "t f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & unite into "o solid body4 ,?is 0 accompani$ ) a dismal noise1 :i* cont9u$ upw>ds ( two mon?s4 ,flames issu$ f ! new isl&1 :i* kept increas+ 9 circumf]5ce & height1 & ! viol5t explosions frequ5tly ?rew l>ge /ones to m ?an sev5 miles di/ance4 ,! isl& ,santor9i itself 0 deem$ among ! anci5ts z a mod]n production1 & 9 #gbf1 #adbg1 & #aegc1 x increas$ 9 size1 & small isl&s 7 =m$ ne> x4,,ad ,! same volcano1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,s5eca =m$ ! isl& ( ,santor9i1 9 t ( ,pl9y produc$ ,hi]a or ,volcanella1 & 9 our "t ! %oal above-m5tion$4 ,,ad ,see ! ,hi/4 ( ! ,acad4 #agjh1 page #bc1 c4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,octob] #agbj1 ne> ! isl& ,t]c]a1 a v consid]able fire arose out ( ! sea2 "s m>9]s 7 s5t by ! ord] ( ! gov]nor to take a view ( x1 & :o hav+ come ne> x1 p]ceiv$1 on ! #ai? ( ! same mon?1 an isl& :i* appe>$ only z fire & smoke1 ) a prodigi\s quantity ( a%es ?r[n to a di/ance1 z if caus$ by ! =ce ( a volcano1 ) a report l t ( ?und]4 ,an e>?quake happ5$ at ! same "t1 :i* 0 felt 9 ! circumjac5t places1 & great quantities ( pumice-/ones 7 obs]v$ float+ on ! sea ar\nd ! new isl&2 pumice-/ones inde$ h sometimes be5 se5 swimm+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! high seas4,,ae ,,ae ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 ,abridg4 vol4 ,,vi4 "p ii4 page #bed4 ,! hi/orian ( ! academy1 anno #agba1 says on ?is ev5t1 t aft] an e>?quake 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 "o ( ! ,azores1 !re appe>$ betwe5 ?is isl& & ,t]c]a a torr5t ( fire1 :i* gave bir? to two new %oals2 & ! next ye> he gave ! foll[+ detail3 ,m4 de l',isle has in=m$ ! academy ( _m p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! new isl& among ! ,azores1 :i* he receiv$ 9 a lett] f ,m4 de ,montagnac1 consul at ,lisbon4 ,be+ 9 a vessel1 :i* 0 moor$ ! #ah? ( ,septemb] #agba1 be=e ! =tress ( ! t[n ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ,m4 de ,montagnac le>nt ! foll[+ acc\nt f ! pilot3 ,on ! #g? ( ,decemb] #agbj1 at night1 !re 0 a great e>?quake 9 ,t]c]a & ,/4 ,mi*ael1 :i* are ab\t #ah leagues ap>t1 & betwe5 :i* a new isl& sprung up3 x 0 rem>k$ at ! same "t1 t ! po9t ( ! isl& ( ,peak1 #cj leagues di/ant1 & :i* be=e ?rew out fire1 0 sunk & emitt$ none2 b ! new isl& kept ?r[+ out a con/ant ?ick smoke1 & :i* ,i pla9ly p]ceiv$ f ! vessel ,i 0 94 ,! pilot assur$ u t he _h gone r\nd ! isl&1 r[+ z ne> x z he conceiv$ to be safe4 ,on ! s\? side he ?rew a l9e ( sixty fa?oms )\t f9d+ any bottom2 on ! we/ side ! wat] 0 greatly *ang$1 appe>+ :ite1 blue & gre51 & :i* ext5d$ two ?irds ( a league1 :]e x seem$ ready to boil4 ,on ! nor?-we/1 ! "p f :i* ! smoke issu$1 he f\nd1 at #ae fa?oms1 a bottom ( ?ick s&2 he ?rew a /one 9 ! sea1 & :]e x fell ! wat] seem$ to boil & bubble ) impetuosity2 ! bottom 0 s hot t x twice melt$ "s grease fa/5$ at ! end ( ! s\nd+ l9e4 ,! pilot obs]v$ also on t side t smoke issu$ f a small lake b\nd$ by a s& bank4 ,?is isl& is almo/ r\nd & high en\gh to be p]ceiv$ at ! di/ance ( sev5 or eight leagues 9 cle> wea!r4 ,x has s9ce be5 le>nt f a lett] ( ,m4 ,adrian1 ,fr5* consul 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 dat$ ,m>* #agbb1 t ! new isl& _h consid]ably dim9i%$1 t x 0 almo/ level ) ! wat]1 & !re 0 e appe>ance x w\ld n la/ long4 ,x is !re=e by ^!1 & a great numb] ( o!r facts ( a simil> nature1 v evid5t t inflammable matt]s are enclos$ 9 ! e>? "u ! bottom ( ! sea1 & t !y sometimes cause viol5t explosions4 ,! places :]e ?is happ5s might be t]m$ m>9e volcanos1 & :i* diff] f common volcanos only by ! %ortness ( ! duration ( _! effects2 = ! fire hav+ op5$ itself a passage1 ! wat] mu/ p5etrate !re9 & ext+ui% x4 ,! elevation ( new isl&s mu/ consequ5tly leave a void space :i* ! wat] w\ld %ortly occupy1 & ?is new e>?1 :i* is only compos$ ( matt]s ?r[n out by ! m>9e volcano1 mu/ resemble t ( ,monti di ,c9]e & o!r em95cies :i* t]re/rial volcanos h =m$4 ,n[ z ! wat] ru%es 91 dur+ ! viol5ce ( ! explosion1 & fills ! vacancies t x occasions1 t is cle>ly ! reason :y ^! m>9e volcanos act less frequ5tly ?an o!r volcanos1 al?\gh ! causes ( bo? are ! same4 ,^! subt]rane\s1 or sub-m>9e fires are d\btless ! cause ( all ^? ebullitions ( ! sea1 :i* sailors h rem>k$ 9 v>i\s places1 & z well z ( ! wat]-sp\ts we h be=e m5tion$2 !y likewise produce /orms & e>?quakes1 :i* are n less felt on ! sea ?an on ! l&4 ,isl&s =m$ by ^! sub-m>9e volcanos1 are g5]ally compos$ ( pumice-/one1 & calc9$ rocks1 & produce1 l ^? ( ! l&1 viol5t e>?quakes & commotions4 ,fires h be5 (t5 obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,pl9y tells u t ! lake ,?rasim5ia appe>$ inflam$ ov] all its surface4 ,agricola relates t :5 a /one 0 ?r[n into ! lake ,d5/at1 9 ,?ur+ia1 x appe>$1 z x desc5d$ 9 ! wat]1 l a tra9 ( fire4 ,9 %ort1 ! quantities ( pumice-/ones :i* travell]s affirm are met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ! ocean1 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 prove !re are volcanos at ! bottom ( ! sea1 simil> to ^? we are acqua9t$ )1 & :i* diff] n 9 ! lea/ f !m1 nei!r by ! matt]s !y ca/ out1 nor by ! viol5ce ( ! explosion1 b solely by ! r>ity & %ortness ( ! duration ( _! effects4 ,f h5ce we may fairly inf] t ! bottom ( ! sea 9 e respect resembles ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we %all f9d _m connections betwe5 l& & sea volcanos2 bo? are f\nd at ! summit ( m\nta9s4 ,! isl&s ( ,azores & ^? ( ! ,ar*ipelago are only peaks ( m\nta9s1 "s ( :i* rise above ! wat]1 & o!rs are und]nea?4 ,by ! acc\nt ( ! new isl&s among ! ,azores we see t ! "p f :5ce ! smoke issu$ 0 only #ae fa?oms "u wat]1 :i*1 comp>$ ) ! common dep? ( ! ocean1 proves t ev5 ?is "p is ! summit ( a m\nta92 z mu* may be said ( ! new isl& ne> ,santor9i1 :i* c\ld n be any great dep?1 s9ce oy/]s 7 f\nd atta*$ to ! rocks :i* rose above ! wat]4 ,x appe>s also t m>9e-volcanos h1 l ^? ( ! l&1 subt]rane\s communications1 s9ce ! summit ( ! volcano ( ,/4 ,george1 9 ! isl& ,peak1 sunk at ! "t ! new isl& among ! ,azores arose4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$1 t ^! new isl&s nev] appe> b ne> ! old ones1 & t we h no example ( new isl&s 9 ! high seas2 we mu/ !re=e look on !m z a cont9uation ( ! adjac5t isl&s2 & :5 anci5t isl&s h volcanos1 x is n a/oni%+ t ! gr\nd adjac5t %\ld conta9 matt]s prop] to =m !m1 & :i* inflame1 ei!r by f]m5tation alone1 or by ! action ( subt]rane\s w9ds4 ,isl&s produc$ by ! action ( fire & e>?quakes are b few1 b !re are an inf9ite numb] produc$ by ! mud1 s&1 & e>?1 :i* ! riv]s or ! sea transport into diff]5t places4 ,at ! m\? ( riv]s e>? & s& accumulate 9 su* quantities z to =m isl&s ( a mod]ate ext5t4 ,! sea1 retir+ f c]ta9 coa/s1 leaves ! highe/ p>ts ( ! bottom nak$1 :i* =ms s _m new isl&s2 s likewise ! sea1 by ext5d+ itself on c]ta9 %ores1 cov]s ! l[e/ p>ts1 & leaves ! highe/1 :i* appe> z s _m isl&s2 & ?us x is we may acc\nt = !re be+ s few isl&s 9 ! op5 sea1 & s _m bord]+ on ! cont95ts4 ,wat] & fire1 ^: natures appe> s diff]5t & s contr>y1 produce _m simil> effects1 indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> productions ( ^! two elem5ts1 "s ( :i* be> s /rik+ a resemblance z to be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r1 z glass & cry/al1 natural & fictiti\s antimony1 c4 ,!re are 9 nature an inf9ity ( great effects produc$ by !m1 :i* are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$4 ,wat]1 z has be5 obs]v$1 has produc$ m\nta9s & =m$ mo/ isl&s1 :ile o!rs owe _! orig9 to fire4 ,!re are likewise cav]ns1 clefts1 holes1 gulphs1 c4 "s ( :i* owe _! orig9 to subt]rane\s fires1 & o!rs to wat]s4 ,cav]ns are met ) 9 m\nta9s1 & few or none 9 pla9s3 !re are _m 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 & 9 o!r isl&s1 because !y are 9 g5]al only ! tops ( m\nta9s3 cav]ns are =m$ l precipices1 by ! s9k+ ( rocks1 or l>ge abysses1 by ! action ( ! fire2 = to make a cav]n =m a precipice or abyss1 we ne$ only suppose ! tops ( adjac5t rocks _h fall5 toge!r & =m$ an ar*1 :i* mu/ (t5 happ5 :5 _! bottoms are %ak5 & dislodg$ by "t or e>?quakes4 ,cav]ns may be produc$ by ! same causes :i* produce holes1 ! %ak+ & s9k+ ( ! e>?1 & :i* causes are ! explosion ( volcanos1 ! action ( subt]rane\s vap\rs & e>?quakes2 = !y occasion cav]ns1 holes1 & holl[s ( e k9d by _! %ocks & commotion4 ,/4 ,patrick's cav]n 9 ,irel& is n s consid]able z x is fam\s2 x is ! same ) ! ,dog's ,grotto 9 ,italy2 & t :i* ?r[s out fire1 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,b5iguazeval 9 ! k+dom ( ,fez4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,d]by1 9 ,engl&1 !re is a v consid]able cav]n1 mu* l>g] ?an ! fam\s cav]n ( ,beauman1 ne> ! ,black ,=e/1 9 ,brunswick4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by a p]son z respectable = 8 m]it z 8 "n1 ,"l ,morton1 t ?is l>ge cav]n1 call$ ! ,devil's ,hole1 at fir/ pres5ts a v consid]able op5+1 l>g] ?an any *ur* door2 t ?r\gh ?is op5+ a rivulet fl[s2 t 9 advanc+ ! vault ( ! cav]n becomes s l[1 t p]sons :o are desir\s ( cont9u+ _! road are oblig$ to lie flat 9 a boat & be pu%$ ?r\gh ?is n>r[ passage1 :]e ! wat] almo/ t\*es ! ro(2 b aft] hav+ pass$ ?is "p ( ! vault1 ! ar* rises to a consid]able height1 & cont9ues s = "s di/ance1 :5 x s9ks aga9 s l[ z to t\* ! wat]1 & :]e ! cav]n ends4 ,! s\rce ( ! rivulet :i* issues f x sometimes encreases consid]ably3 x transports & heaps up a great quantity ( s& 9 "o "p ( ! cav]n1 :i* is =m$ l a k9d ( alley1 ^: direction is diff]5t f t ( ! pr9cipal cav]n4 ,9 ,c>niola1 ne> ,potpe*io1 is a v spaci\s cav]n1 9 :i* is a l>ge lake4 ,ne> ,adelsp]g is a cav]n1 9 :i* we may travel two ,g]man miles1 & :]e v deep precipices are to be met )4,,af ,!re are also l>ge cav]ns & beautiful grottos "u ! m\nta9s ( ,m5dip1 9 ,wales2 m9es ( lead are f\nd ne> ^! cav]ns1 & :ole oaks at fifte5 fa?oms deep4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,gl\ce/] !re is a v l>ge cav]n1 call$ ,p5 ,p>k-hole1 at ! bottom ( :i* !re is ?irty fa?oms wat]1 & m9es ( lead are also f\nd4 ,,af ,see ,act4 erud4 ,lips4 anno4 #afhi1 page #eeh4 ,! ,devil's ,hole1 & o!r cav]ns1 f :5ce issue l>ge spr+s or rivulets1 h pla9ly !re=e be5 =m$ by ! wat]1 & _! orig9 _c be consid]$ z ! effects ei!r ( e>?quakes or volcanos4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & l>ge/ cav]ns kn[n is t ( ,antip>os1 a description ( :i* is giv5 by ,m4 de ,t\rne=t4 ,we ent] a ru/ic cav]n ab\t ?irty feet broad1 divid$ by "s natural pill>s2 betwe5 two ( :i*1 on ! "r1 ! gr\nd is on a g5tle slope1 & !n becomes m /eep to ! bottom1 ab\t tw5ty feet2 ?is is ! passage to ! grotto1 or int]nal cav]n1 :i* is v d>k1 & _c be ent]$ )\t /oop+ & ! assi/ance ( tor*es4 ,we !n desc5d an horrible precipice by ! assi/ance ( a rope1 fa/5$ at ! entrance1 into ano!r /ill m frightful1 ! bord]s ( :i* are v slipp]y1 ) d>k abysses on ! left4 ,by ! assi/ance ( a ladd] we pass a p]p5dicul> rock1 & !n cont9ue to g ?r\gh places some:at less dang]\s3 b :5 we ?9k ourselves 9 a safe pa?1 we are /opp$ %ort by a trem5d\s ob/ruction1 & are oblig$ to crawl on our h&s & knees1 or slide on our back1 ! l5g? ( a l>ge rock1 & !n desc5d by a ladd]4 ,:5 we are at ! bottom ( ! ladd]1 we /ill h to /umble ov] pieces ( rocks = "s "t1 & !n we rea* ! celebrat$ grotto4 ,x is comput$ to be ?ree hundr$ fa?oms deep f ! surface ( ! e>?1 appe>s to be =ty fa?oms high by fifty broad4 ,x is fill$ ) l>ge beautiful /alactites ( v>i\s =ms1 z well f ! ro( ( ! vault z on ! bottom4,,ag ,,ag ,see ! ,voyage de ,levant1 page #ahh1 & also ,rem>ks 9 a ,j\rney f ,p>is to ,con/ant9ople1 :i* conta9s a copi\s description ( ?is a/oni%+ ph5om5on4 ,9 "p ( ,greece call$ ,livadia 7! ,a*aia ( ! anci5ts7 !re is a l>ge cav]n 9 a m\nta9 :i* 0 =m]ly fam\s = ! oracles ( ,trophonius2 x is betwe5 ! lake ,livadia & ! adjac5t sea2 at ! ne>e/ "p x is ab\t =ty miles2 & !re are =ty subt]rane\s passages across ! rock1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s fl[4,,ah ,,ah ,see ,gordon's ,geography1 #agcc1 page #agi4 ,9 all c\ntries :i* produce sulphur1 volcanos1 & e>?quakes1 !re are cav]ns4 ,! gr\nd ( mo/ ( ! ,ar*ipelago isl&s is cav]n\s2 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ocean1 pr9cipally t ( ! ,malacca's1 appe> to be support$ by vaults & cavities4 ,! l& ,azores1 ! ,can>ies1 ! isl&s ( ,cape de ,v]d1 & 9 g5]al almo/ e small isl&1 is 9 _m p>ts holl[ & cav]n\s2 because ^! isl&s are1 z we h obs]v$1 only po9ts ( m\nta9s :]e consid]able ebullitions are made1 ei!r by ! action ( volcanos1 ( ! wat]1 ( fro/s1 or o!r injuries ( ! wea!r4 ,9 ! ,cordeli]s1 :]e !re are _m volcanos1 & :]e e>?quakes are frequ5t1 !re are also a great numb] ( cav]ns4 ,! fam\s labyr9? ( ! isl& ( ,c&ia1 is n ! "w ( nature alone2 ,m4 de ,t\rne=t assures u t x has evid5tly be5 greatly enl>g$ by m52 & mo/ likely ?is cav]n is n ! only "o :i* has be5 augm5t$ by human lab\r4 ,e day m9es & qu>ries are digg+1 & :5 ab&on$ = a long "t1 x is n easy to discov] :e!r !y h be5 ! productions ( nature1 or =m$ by ! h&s ( m54 ,we "k ( qu>ries ( consid]able ext5t2 = example t ( ,mae/ri*t1 :]e x is said #ej1jjj m5 may conceal !mselves1 & :i* is support$ by upw>ds ( #ajjj pill>s1 tw5ty-f\r feet high1 & ! e>? & rock above is m ?an tw5ty-five fa?oms ?ick4,,ai ,,ai ,see ,abridg4 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 ,,xi4 page #dfa4 ,! salt m9es 9 ,pol& =m /ill great] excavations ?an ! above4 ,!re are g5]ally va/ qu>ries ne> l>ge t[ns4 ,b we _c proce$ f>!r 9 p>ticul>s2 besides1 ! lab\r ( man1 h[ev] great1 w ev] hold b a small place 9 ! hi/ory ( nature4 ,volcanos & wat]s :i* produce cav]ns int]nally1 =m also ext]nal clefts1 precipices1 & abysses4 ,at ,cajeta1 9 ,italy1 !re is a m\nta9 :i* _h =m]ly be5 sep>at$ by an e>?quake1 9 a mann] s z to appe> z if ! division 0 made by ! h&s ( m54 ,we h already spok5 ( ! divisions 9 ! isl& ( ,ma*ian1 ( ! abyss ( m\nt ,az>at1 ( ! gap 9 ! ,cordeli]s1 & t ( ,!rmopyle1 c4 ,to ^! may be add$1 ! gap 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,troglodytes1 9 ,arabia1 :i* nature only sket*$ out1 & :i* ,victor ,amadeus caus$ to be f9i%$4 ,wat] z well z subt]rane\s fires produce consid]able s9k+ ( ! e>?1 fall ( rocks1 & ov]?r[ m\nta9s1 ( :i* we c give _m examples4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,june #agad1 a "p ( ! m\nta9 ( ,diabl]et1 9 ,valois1 fell sudd5ly1 & "s "t aft]1 ! sky be+ s]5e1 x appe>$ to h tak5 a conical figure4 ,fifty-?ree huts belong+ to ! boors 7 de/roy$1 toge!r ) sev]al p & a great _m cattle1 cov]+ a squ>e league ) ! ru9s x occasion$4 ,a pr(\nd d>kness 0 caus$ by ! du/2 ! heaps ( /ones ?r[n toge!r 7 above ?irty p]*es 9 height1 /opp$ ! curr5ts ( ! wat]1 & =m$ new & v deep lakes4 ,9 all ?is !re 0 n ! lea/ trace ( bitum51 sulphur1 lime1 nor consequ5tly any subt]rane\s fire1 & app>5tly ! base ( ?is great rock 0 p]i%$ & r$uc$ to du/4,,aj ,,aj ,hi/oire de l',academie des ,sci5ces1 anno #agae1 p4 #d4 ,we h a rem>kable example ( ^! s9k+s ne> ,folk/one1 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t2 ! hills 9 its environs sunk gradually by an ins5sible motion1 & )\t any e>?quake4 ,^! hills int]nally are rocks & *alk1 & by _! s9k+ !y h ?r[n into ! sea rocks & e>? :i* 7 adjac5t to x4 ,! relation ( ?is fact may be se5 9 ! ,abridgm5t ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 ,,vi4 page #bej4 ,9 #afah1 ! t[n ( ,pleurs1 9 ,valtel9o1 0 buri$ "u ! rocks1 at ! bottom ( :i* x 0 situat$4 ,9 #afgh1 !re 0 a great inundation 9 ,gascony1 caus$ by ! s9k+ ( "s pieces ( "o ( ! ,pyr5nees1 :i* =c$ ! wat] to spr+ =? t 0 conta9$ 9 ! subt]rane\s cav]ns ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,9 #afhj1 !re happ5$ a /ill great] 9 ,irel&1 by ! s9k+ ( a m\nta9 into cav]ns fill$ ) wat]4 ,we may easily conceive ! cause ( ^! effects4 ,x is well kn[n !re are subt]rane\s wat]s 9 an inf9ity ( places2 ^! wat]s c>ry (f by degrees ! s& & e>? ov] :i* !y pass1 consequ5tly may 9 "t de/roy ! b$ ( e>? on :i* ! m\nta9 re/s2 & ?is b$ ( e>? be+ m defici5t on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 ! m\nta9 ( c\rse mu/ be ov]?r[n2 b if ?is base is worn e :]e alike1 ! m\nta9 w s9k & n be ov]?r[n4 ,hav+ rem>k$ on ! s9k+s & o!r *anges on ! e>?1 occasion$ by :at may be call$ ! accid5ts ( nature1 we ought n to pass ov] ! p]p5dicul> clefts f\nd ?r\gh\t ! /rata ( ! e>?3 ^! clefts are p]ceptible n only 9 rocks & qu>ries ( m>ble & /one1 b also 9 clays & e>?s ( e k9d1 :i* h nev] be5 remov$4 ,i call !m p]p5dicul> clefts1 because1 l ! horizontal /rata1 !y are oblique1 by accid5t only4 ,woodw>d & ,ray speak ( ^! clefts1 b 9 a confus$ mann]2 & !y d n t]m !m p]p5dicul> clefts1 because !y ?\ght !y might be indiff]5tly oblique or p]p5dicul>4 ,no au?or has expla9$ ! orig9 ( !m1 al?\gh x is app>5t t !y h be5 produc$1 z we obs]v$ 9 a prec$+ article1 by ! dryness ( ! matt]s :i* compose horizontal b$s4 ,9 :atsoev] mann] ?is dry+ happ5s1 x mu/ h produc$ p]p5dicul> clefts2 = ! matt]s :i* compose ! /rata c\ld n h dim9i%$ 9 size )\t splitt+ 9 a p]p5dicul> direction to ^! /rata4 ,i compreh5d "u ?is "n ( p]p5dicul> clefts all natural sep>ations ( rocks1 z well z ^? :i* may h be5 occasion$ by any convulsive accid5t4 ,:5 "s consid]able motion happ5s to masses ( rocks1 ^! clefts are sometimes f\nd obliquely plac$1 b ?is is because ! mass is ( itself oblique1 & ) a little att5tion x is always easy to discov] t ^! clefts are 9 g5]al p]p5dicul> to ! horizontal /rata1 p>ticul>ly 9 qu>ries ( m>ble1 lime1 /ones1 & all l>ge *a9s ( rocks4 ,m\nta9s int]nally are pr9cipally compos$ ( /one & rocks 9 p>allel b$s3 betwe5 ! horizontal b$s small /rata ( a s(t] matt] ?an /one is f\nd1 & ! p]p5dicul> clefts are fill$ ) s&1 cry/als1 m9]als1 metals1 c4 ^! la/ matt]s are ( a m mod]n =mation ?an ! horizontal b$s 9 :i* we f9d sea-%ells4 ,! ra9s h by degrees loos5$ ! s& & ! e>? on ! upp] p>ts ( m\nta9s1 & h left ! /one & rocks entirely nak$1 9 :i* we readily di/+ui% ! horizontal /rata & p]p5dicul> clefts3 9 pla9s1 on ! contr>y1 ! ra9-wat] & flood hav+ br\ght a consid]able quantity ( e>?1 s&1 gravel1 & o!r su* matt]s1 h =m$ a b$ ( tufa1 s(t & dissoluble /one1 s&1 gravel1 & e>?1 mix$ ) vegetables4 ,^! b$s conta9 no m>9e %ells1 or at lea/ only fragm5ts1 :i* h be5 deta*$ f m\nta9s1 ) gravel & e>?4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ^! new b$s f ! old1 :]e almo/ always a great numb] ( entire %ells are f\nd plac$ 9 _! natural situation4 ,if we obs]ve ! ord] & int]nal disposition ( matt]s 9 a m\nta91 compos$1 = example1 ( common /ones1 or calc9able lapidific matt]s1 we g5]ally f9d a b$ ( gravel "u ! vegetable e>?1 ( ! nature & col\r ( ! /one :i* pr$om9ates 9 ?is gr\nd2 & "u ! gravel we meet ) /one4 ,:5 ! m\nta9 is divid$ by "s tr5*1 or deep cut1 we easily di/+ui% all ! /rata ( :i* x is compos$4 ,ea* horizontal /ratum is sep>at$ by a k9d ( jo9t1 :i* is likewise horizontal1 & _! ?ickness g5]ally increase 9 proportion z !y l[] f ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & are all divid$ v]tically by p]p5dicul> clefts4 ,9 common1 ! fir/ /ratum :i* is met ) "u ! gravel1 & ev5 ! second1 are only ?9n] ?an ! b$s :i* =m ! base ( ! m\nta91 b are s divid$ by p]p5dicul> clefts1 t pieces ( any l5g? are n to be se53 !y p]fectly resemble ! cracks ( gr\nd :i* is v dry1 b g n v f>1 gradually disappe>+ 9 proportion z !y desc5d1 & t[>ds ! bottom !re are no great numb] b :]e !y divide ! /rata 9 a m regul> mann]4 ,^! b$s ( /one are (t5 _m leagues 9 ext5t1 )\t any int]ruption2 we almo/ always meet ) ! same k9d ( /one 9 ! opposite m\nta9s1 :e!r divid$ by a small neck or a valley2 & ! b$s ( /one disappe> only 9 places :]e ! m\nta9 s9ks & becomes level ) "s l>ge pla94 ,sometimes1 betwe5 ! fir/ /ratum ( vegetable e>? & t ( gravel1 m>l is f\nd1 :i* communicates its col\r & o!r qualities to ! o!r two3 !n ! p]p5dicul> clefts ( ! qu>ries :i* are b5ea? are fill$ ) ?is m>l1 :]e x acquires an h>dness 9 appe>ance equal to t ( /one1 b by expos+ x to ! air x crumbles1 s(t5s & becomes ductile4 ,9 mo/ qu>ries ! b$s ( /one =m$ on ! summit ( a m\nta9 are s(t1 & ^? ne> ! base are h>d2 ! fir/ is commonly :ite1 ( s f9e a gra9 z sc>cely to be p]ceiv$2 x becomes m gra9$ & h>d] 9 proportion z x desc5ds1 & ! l[e/ /one is n only h>d] ?an t ( ! upp]1 b x is also clos]1 m compact & heavi] its gra9 is f9e & glossy1 & (t5 brittle1 & breaks z cle> z fl9t4 ,! int]ior "p ( a m\nta9 is !re=e compos$ ( diff]5t b$s ( /one1 ! upp] ( :i* are ( s(t /one & ! l[] ( h>d1 & mu* broad] at ! bottom ?an at ! top2 :i* inde$ almo/ necess>ily foll[s1 =1 z !y become s mu* ! h>d] z !y desc5d1 x may be fairly suppos$ t ! curr5ts & o!r motions ( ! wat] :i* h holl[$ ! vallies & giv5 a %ape to ! turn+s ( a m\nta91 w h lat]ally work$ on ! matt]s ( :i* ! m\nta9 is compos$1 & h worn !m away 9 proportion z !y 7 h>d or s(t4 ,n[ ! upp] /rata be+ ! s(te/1 x w naturally h suff]$ ! greate/ dim9ution4 ,?is is "o ( ! causes to :i* ! incl9ation ( m\nta9s may be attribut$1 & ?is incl9ation w be /ill less /eep 9 proportion z ! e>? & gravel h be5 wa%$ away by ! ra92 & = ^! reasons x is1 t hills & m\nta9s compos$ ( calc9able matt]s1 h an incl9ation mu* less ?an ^? compos$ ( live rock & fl9t 9 l>ge masses2 ! la/ 9 g5]al are ( consid]able heights & ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 because1 9 ^! masses ( vitrifiable matt]s1 ! upp] b$s1 z well z ! l[]1 are ( great h>dness1 & h alike resi/$ ! action ( ! wat]s4 ,:5 on ! top ( a hill1 ^: summit is flat1 & ( a pretty l>ge ext5t1 we meet ) h>d /one directly "u ! /ratum ( vegetable e>?1 we mu/ rem>k1 t :at appe>s to be ! summit1 is n s 9 fact1 b only ! cont9uation ( "s high] hill1 ^: upp] /rata are s(t /one & ! l[] h>d2 & x is ! prolongation ( ^! la/ /rata t we meet ) aga9 at ! top ( ! fir/ hill4 ,on ! summit ( m\nta9s :i* are n surm\nt$ by any consid]able height x is g5]ally only s(t /one1 & we mu/ dig v deep to meet ) h>d4 ,banks ( m>ble are nev] f\nd b betwe5 ^! b$s ( h>d /one1 :i* are div]sely col\r$ by ! metallic e>?s :i* ! ra9 introduces into ! /rata by filtration1 & possibly 9 e c\ntry :]e !re is /one1 m>ble w\ld be f\nd if dug = to a suffici5t dep?2 ,quoto enim loco non suum m>mor inv5itur8 says ,pl9y4 ,9 fact x is a mu* m common /one ?an x is ?\ght to be1 & diff]s f o!r /ones only by ! f95ess ( its gra91 :i* r5d]s x m compact & susceptible ( a brilliant poli%2 & f :i* quality x took its d5om9ation f ! anci5ts4 ,! p]p5dicul> fissures & jo9ts ( qu>ries are (t5 fill$ & incru/$ ) concretions1 :i* are sometimes z transp>5t z cry/al1 ( a regul> figure1 sometimes opaque3 ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! p]p5dicul> clefts1 & p5etrates ev5 ! compact texture ( ! /one2 ! /ones :i* are por\s1 imbibe s great a quantity ( wat]1 t ! fro/ splits & divides !m4 ,! ra9 by filtrat+ ?r\gh ! b$s ( m>le1 /one1 & m>ble1 load !mselves ) e matt] !y c take up or dissolve4 ,^! wat]s at fir/ run along ! p]p5dicul> clefts1 aft]w>ds p5etrate ! b$s ( /one1 & deposit betwe5 ! horizontal jo9ts1 z well z 9 ! p]p5dicul> clefts1 ! matt]s !y h br\ght ) !m1 & =m ^! diff]5t congelations accord+ to ! nature ( ! matt]s !y h deposit$2 = example1 :5 ! wat] filt]s ?r\gh m>le1 *alk1 or s(t /one1 ! matt]s :i* !y deposit are a v pure & f9e m>le1 :i* g5]ally ent]s 9 ! p]p5dicul> cleft ( ! rocks "u ! =m ( a por\s1 s(t sub/ance1 commonly v :ite & light1 :i* naturali/s h call$ ,lac lunac1 or ,m$ulla ,saxi4 ,:5 ^! /reams ( wat]1 load$ ) lapidific matt]1 fl[ ?r\gh ! horizontal jo9ts ( s(t /one or *alk1 ?is matt] atta*es itself to ! surface ( ! blocks ( /one1 & =ms :ite1 scaly1 light1 & spongy cru/2 :i* "s au?ors h nam$ ,m9]al ,ag>ic1 f its resemblance to ,vegetable ,ag>ic3 b if ! /rata are ( common h>d /one1 prop] to make good lime1 ! filt] be+ !n m close1 ! wat] w issue f x load$ ) lapidific matt]1 m pure & homog5e\s1 & ^: molecules unit+ m intimately1 w =m ne>ly concretions ( ! h>dness ( /one1 ) a little transp>5cy1 & we %all f9d on ! surfaces ( ! blocks 9 ^! qu>ries1 /ony incru/ations v>i\sly dispos$1 :i* entirely fill up ! horizontal jo9ts4 ,9 grottos & cavities ( rocks1 :i* may be look$ ^u z ! basons ( p]p5dicul> clefts1 ! div]t$ direction ( ! /reams ( wat]1 give diff]5t =ms to ! concretion :i* result !refrom4 ,!y 9 g5]al h ! appe>ance ( a cone atta*$ to ! top ( ! vault1 al?\gh !y may m prop]ly be consid]$ z holl[ & :ite cyl9d]s1 =m$ by a conc5trical surface2 ^! congelations sometimes desc5d1 by drops1 to ! bottom1 & =m pill>s1 & a ?\s& o!r figures1 z unc\? & ridicul\s z ! names :i* naturali/s h be5 pleas$ to give !m1 su* z1 ,/alactites1 ,/elegmites1 ,osleocollae1 c4 ,:5 ^! concretic juices issue imm$iately f m>ble & h>d /one1 ! lapidific matt] convey$ by ! wat] be+ r dissolv$ ?an loos5$1 ! small con/itu5t p>ts take a regul> figure1 & =m columns1 t]m9at$ by triangul> po9ts1 :i* are transp>5t & consi/ ( oblique /rata2 ?is is call$ ,sp>1 or ,spall4 ,x is g5]ally transp>5t & col\rless1 b :5 ! /one or m>ble1 f :5ce x issues1 conta9s metallic p>ts1 ?is sp> is z h>d z /one2 x dissolves1 l /one1 by acid spirits1 & calc9es ) ! same heat2 !re=e we _c d\bt t x is real /one1 & p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,x might ev5 be said t x is a pure & elem5t>y /one1 "u its prop] & specific =m4 ,mo/ naturali/s nev]!less look on ?is matt] z a direct sub/ance1 exi/+ indep5d5t ( /one2 x is ! lapidific or cry/all9e juice :i*1 accord+ to !m1 n only b9ds ! p>ts ( common /one1 b ev5 ^? ( fl9t4 ,?is juice1 say !y1 con/antly augm5ts ! d5sity ( /ones by reit]at$ filtrations1 & at l5g? conv]ts !m into real fl9t4 ,:5 ?is juice is fix$ 9 sp>1 x cont9ues to receive /ill m pure juices1 :i* increase its d5sity & h>dness1 s t ?is matt] successively becomes glass1 !n cry/al1 & at la/ a p]fect diamond4 ,b if ?is is true1 :y1 9 :ole prov9ces1 does ?is cry/all9e juice =m only /one1 & 9 o!rs no?+ b fl9t8 ,w !y say1 t ! two soils are n ( a l age1 & t ?is juice has n _h "t to circulate & complete ! end ( its natural action8 ,?is is n probable4 ,besides1 f :5ce does ?is juice proce$8 ,if x produces /one & fl9ts1 :at is x t produces ?is juice8 ,x is app>5t t x has no exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ^! matt]s1 :i* ( !mselves c give to ! wat] t p5etrates !m a petrify+ quality1 always relative to _! native & specific "*2 insomu* t :5 x filtrates ?r\gh /ones x =ms sp>1 & :5 x issues f fl9ts1 cry/al3 & !re are z _m diff]5t k9ds ( ?is juice1 z matt]s f :i* !y proce$4 ,exp]i5ce p]fectly agrees ) ?is idea4 ,! wat]s :i* filtrate ?r\gh /one qu>ries1 g5]ally =m s(t & calc9able matt]s l ! /ones !mselves2 on ! contr>y1 ^? :i* spr+ f rock & fl9t =m h>d & vitrifiable congelations1 :i* h all ! o!r prop]ties ( fl9t1 z ! fir/ h all ^? ( /one2 s ! wat]s :i* h p5etrat$ ! b$s ( m9]al & metallic sub/ances produce pyrites1 m>casites1 & gra9s4 ,we h obs]v$1 t we might divide all matt]s into two great classes1 vitrifiable & calc9able2 clay & fl9t1 m>le & /one1 may be look$ ^u z ! two extremes ( ea* ( ^! classes1 ! int]vals ( :i* are fill$ ) an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( ! mixt matt]s t h always "o or o!r ( ^! sub/ances = _! basis4 ,! sub/ances ( ! fir/ class c nev] acquire ! nature & prop]ties ( ! o!r4 ,/one w always be z remote f ! nature ( fl9t1 z pott]s e>? is f m>le2 no kn[n ag5t w ev] be capable ( mak+ !m quit ! comb9ations peculi> to _! nature3 ! c\ntry :i* produces /one & m>ble w rema9 to d s z c]ta9ly z ^? :]e9 !re is only fl9t & granate w nev] h ei!r /one or m>ble4 ,if we obs]ve ! ord] & di/ribution ( matt]s 9 a hill compos$ ( vitrifiable matt]s1 we %all commonly f9d1 "u ! fir/ b$ ( vegetable e>?1 a b$ ( clay1 a vitrifiable matt]1 analog\s to fl9t1 & :i*1 z ,i h obs]v$1 is only a decompos$ vitrifiable s&3 ?is b$ ( argilace\s e>? or s& answ]s to a b$ ( gravel met ) 9 hills compos$ ( calc9able matt]s3 b5ea? :i* we meet ) "s b$s ( free-/one sc>cely ev] m ?an six in*es ?ick1 & divid$ into small pieces by p]p5dicul> clefts4 ,"u ^! b$s are _m o!rs ( ! same matt]s1 & also b$s ( vitrifiable s&1 ! free-/one becomes h>d] & its blocks encrease 9 size 9 proportion z we desc5d2 und]nea? ^! we f9d a v h>d matt] :i* ,i h call$ live rock1 or fl9t 9 l>ge masses1 :i* is s h>d z to resi/ ! file1 grav]1 & acid spirits1 m ?an vitrifiable s&1 & ev5 p[d]$ glass1 on :i* aqua-=tis seems to h "s effect4 ,if /ruck by ano!r h>d body x emits sp>ks1 & exhales a v p5etrat+ smell ( sulphur4 ,?is massy fl9t1 z ,i h t]m$ x1 is g5]ally f\nd ) b$s ( clay1 e>?1 coals1 & vitrifiable s&1 answ]s to ! /rata ( h>d /one & m>bles1 :i* s]ve z a base to hills compos$ ( calc9able matt]s4 ,wat]1 by fl[+ ?r\gh p]p5dicul> clefts1 & by p5etrat+ ! /rata ( ^! vitrifiable s&s1 clays1 & e>?s1 becomes impregnat$ ) ! f9e & mo/ homog5e\s p>ts ( ^! matt]s1 & =ms _m diff]5t concretions1 su* z talcs1 amian?us's1 & v>i\s o!r sub/ances produc$ by di/illations ?r\gh vitrifiable matt]s4 ,fl9t1 not)/&+ its h>dness & d5sity1 has1 l common m>ble & h>d /one1 its exudations1 f :5ce /alactites ( diff]5t k9ds result1 ^: v>ieties ( transp>5cy1 col\rs & configuration1 are accord+ to ! nature ( ! fl9t :i* produces !m1 & ! diff]5t metallic or het]og5e\s matt]s :i* x conta9s4 ,rock cry/al1 all preci\s /ones1 :ite or col\r$1 & ev5 diamonds1 may be reg>d$ z /alactites ( ?is k9d4 ,fl9ts 9 small pieces1 ^: /rata are g5]ally conc5tric1 are also /alactites1 or p>asitical /ones2 f fl9ts ( l>ge dim5sions1 & mo/ f9e opaque /ones1 are only species ( fl9t4 ,matt]s ( a vitrifiable k9d1 z we h obs]v$1 d n produce s great a v>iety ( concretions z ^? ( ! calc9able class2 & ^! concretions1 produc$ by fl9ts1 are almo/ all h>d & preci\s /ones2 :]eas ^? ( ! calc>e\s are only s(t matt]s ( no value4 ,p]p5dicul> clefts are f\nd 9 rocks ( fl9t1 z well z 9 ^? ( m>ble & h>d /one2 !y are sometimes ev5 l>g] !re1 :i* proves t matt] is /ill dry] ?an /one3 hills1 :e!r ( calc9able or vitrifiable matt]s1 are support$ by clay or vitrifiable s&2 ^! are ! common & g5]al matt]s ( :i* ! globe is compos$1 & :i* ,i look on z ! lighte/ p>ts1 or ! scoria ( vitrifi$ matt]1 ) :i* x is int]nally fill$2 ?us all m\nta9s or pla9s h argilace\s e>? or s& = _! common f\ndation4 ,= example1 we see t 9 ! pits at ,am/]dam & ,m>ly la ,ville1 vitrifiable s& 0 bel[ e o!r /ratum4 ,9 mo/ nak$ rocks x is obs]vable t ! sides ( ! p]p5dicul> clefts1 :e!r broad or n>r[1 correspond z exactly z ^? ( a piece ( slit wood4 ,9 ! l>ge qu>ries 9 ,arabia1 :i* are almo/ compos$ ( granate1 ^! p]p5dicul> sep>ations are v frequ5t2 & al?\gh "s are tw5ty or ?irty y>ds wide1 yet ! ridges exactly correspond & leave a deep cavity betwe5 !m4,,ak ,x is v common to f9d 9 p]p5dicul> clefts %ells brok5 9 half1 & ea* piece rema9+ fa/5$ to ! /one on ! opposite side2 :i* proves ^! %ells 7 plac$ 9 ! solid /ratum1 & be=e ! cleft 0 made4,,al ,,ak ,see ,%aw's ,travels1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #hc4 ,,al ,see ,woodw>d1 page #aih4 ,9 "s matt]s ! p]p5dicul> clefts are v wide1 z 9 ! qu>ries quot$ by ,%aw1 :i* p]haps is ! reason t !y are n s frequ5tly met )4 ,9 ! qu>ries ( fl9t & granate1 ! /one may be cut out 9 v l>ge pieces )\t ! smalle/ inconv5i5cy1 z ! obelisks & pill>s se5 at ,rome1 :i* are upw>ds ( sixty1 eighty1 an hundr$1 or "o hundr$ & fifty feet long4 ,x appe>s t ^! l>ge pill>s 7 rais$ f ! qu>ry1 & t !y are to be _h ( any requir$ ?ickness1 z well z "s species ( free-/one4 ,!re are o!r matt]s :]e ^! p]p5dicul> /rata are v n>r[2 z 9 clay1 m>l1 & *alk1 & !y are wid] 9 m>ble & mo/ h>d /ones4 ,"s are imp]ceptible f be+ fill$ ) a matt] ne>ly simil> to t ( ! /one itself1 :i* nev]!less breaks (f ! cont9uity ( ! /one1 & are :at ! workm5 call hairs4 ,i h (t5 rem>k$ t 9 m>ble & /one ^! hairs cross ! blocks entirely1 & diff] f p>ticul> clefts only because _! sep>ation is n complete2 ^! k9d ( clefts are fill$ ) a transp>5t matt]1 :i* is a true sp>4 ,!re are a great numb] ( consid]able clefts 9 ! qu>ries ( free-/one2 ?is proce$s f ^! rocks (t5 re/+ on less solid bases ?an m>ble or calc9able /ones1 :i* g5]ally re/ on clay4 ,!re are _m places :]e free-/one is n to be met ) 9 l>ge masses2 & 9 mo/ qu>ries :]e x is good x lies 9 ! =m ( cubes & p>allel pip$es plac$ on ea* o!r 9 a v irregul> mann]1 z 9 ! hills ( ,fonta9bleau1 :i* at a di/ance appe> to be ! ru9s ( anci5t build+s4 ,?is irregul> disposition proce$s f ! base ( ^! hills be+ compos$ ( s&1 :i* p]mits ! rocks to s9k "o on ! o!r1 p>ticul>ly 9 places t =m]ly h be5 work$1 :i* has occasion$ a great numb] ( clefts & int]vals betwe5 ! blocks2 & we may obs]ve1 9 e c\ntry :]e s& & free-/one ab\nd1 t !re are _m pieces ( rock & l>ge /ones 9 ! middle ( pla9s & vallies2 :]eas 9 a c\ntry consi/+ *iefly ( m>ble & h>d /one1 ^! scatt]$ pieces1 :i* h roll$ f ! hills & m\nta9s1 are v sc>ce1 :i* proce$s only f ! diff]5t solidity ( ! base on :i* ^! /ones re/1 & f ! ext5t ( ! banks ( m>ble & calc9able /one1 :i* is m consid]able ?an t ( free-/one4 ,,article ,,xviii4 ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,ra9--,,( ,,m>%es1 ,,subt]rane\s ,,wood1 ,,& ,,wat]4 ,we h already obs]v$ t ra9s1 & ! curr5ts ( wat] !y produce1 cont9ually deta* f ! heights ( m\nta9s s&1 e>?1 gravel1 c4 :i* !y c>ry into pla9s1 f :5ce ! riv]s convey a "p ( !m into ! sea4 ,pla9s !re=e are successively fill$1 & by degrees rais$ high]1 :ile m\nta9s daily dim9i%4 ,joseph ,blancanus relates v>i\s facts on ?is subject1 :i* 7 ( public notoriety 9 8 "t1 & :i* prove t m\nta9s h be5 consid]ably l[]$4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,d]by1 9 ,engl&1 ! /eeple ( ! village ,crai* 0 n visible 9 #aegb f a c]ta9 m\nta91 on acc\nt ( ! height ( ano!r :i* int]v5$2 9 eighty or an hundr$ ye>s aft]1 n only ?is /eeple b e "p ( ! *ur* became visible f t v spot4 ,dr4 ,plot gives a simil> example ( a m\nta9 betwe5 ,sibb]t(t & ,a%by1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,! ra9 wat]s n only c>ry ) !m ! lighte/ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 z e>?1 gravel1 & small /ones1 b ev5 und]m9e & roll d[n l>ge rocks1 :i* consid]ably dim9i% ! height ( !m4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,wales are v /eep & high1 & ! fragm5ts ( ^! rocks are to be se5 9 l>ge pieces at _! feet1 :i* z well z all fragm5ts ( rocks met ) 9 vallies are ! works ( fro/s & wat]4 ,x is n m\nta9s ( s& & e>? alone :i* ! ra9 causes to s9k1 = !y attack ! h>de/ rocks1 & c>ry ) !m l>ge fragm5ts into ! vallies4 ,9 a valley 9 ,nant-phrancon1 9 #afhe1 a "p ( a l>ge rock1 :i* re/$ on a n>r[ base1 hav+ be5 und]m9$ by ! wat]s1 fell & broke 9 _m pieces1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 9 desc5d+1 tore up a consid]able tr5* 9 ! pla91 & cross$ a small riv] on ! o!r side ( :i* x /opp$4 ,x is to simil> accid5ts we mu/ attribute ! orig9 ( all ! l>ge /ones f\nd adjac5t to ! m\nta9s4 ,we mu/ recollect1 z be=e obs]v$1 t ^! l>ge /ones1 scatt]$ abroad1 are m common 9 c\ntries ^: m\nta9s are compos$ ( s& & free-/one1 ?an 9 ^? :]e _! composition is m>ble & clay1 because s& is a less solid f\ndation ?an clay4 ,to give an idea ( ! quantity ( e>? :i* ! ra9 deta*es f m\nta9s & c>ries into ! vallies1 we %all quote a circum/ance relat$ by ,dr4 ,plot2 he says1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire1 t #ah feet deep 9 ! e>? a great numb] ( pieces ( money _h be5 f\nd1 co9$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 two hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t1 f :i* he concludes t ! gr\nd :i* is m>%y has increas$ above a foot 9 elev5 ye>s1 or an in* & a twelf? e ye>4 ,a simil> obs]vation occurs ) respect to "s trees buri$ sev5te5 feet deep f ! surface "u :i* m$als ( ,julius ,cs> 7 f\nd2 s ! e>?1 br\ght f ! top ( m\nta9s by ! wat]s1 consid]ably increases ! elevation ( ! gr\nd ( pla9s4 ,?is gravel1 s&1 & e>? :i* ! wat]s f m\nta9s convey into pla9s =m /rata1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! anci5t & orig9al /rata ( ! globe4 ,9 ! =m] class mu/ be plac$ ^? ( s(t /one1 gravel1 & s&1 ! gra9s ( :i* are wa%$ & r\nd$2 to ^! may be add$1 ! /rata ( /ones :i* are =m$ by a k9d ( incru/ation2 nei!r ( :i* owe _! orig9 to ! motion or s$im5ts ( ! sea4 ,9 ^! /rata ( s(t & imp]fect /ones are f\nd an inf9ity ( vegetables1 leaves1 l& & riv] %ells1 & small bones ( t]re/rial animals1 b nev] sea %ells1 or o!r m>9e productions2 :i* evid5tly proves1 toge!r ) _! want ( solidity1 t ^! /rata are =m$ on ! surface ( ! dry l&2 & t !y are m mod]n ?an ^? ( m>ble & o!r /ones :i* conta9 %ells1 & 7 orig9ally =m$ by ! sea4 ,all ^! mod]n /ones appe> to be h>d & solid :5 !y are fir/ hewn out1 b :51 expos$ to ! wea!r1 ! air & ra9 pres5tly dissolve !m2 _! sub/ance is s diff]5t f true /one1 t :5 r$uc$ into m9ute p>ts1 to make s& ( !m1 !y are conv]t$ into a k9d ( e>? or clay4 ,/alactites1 & o!r /ony concretions1 :i* ,t\rne=t took = vegetat$ m>ble1 are n real /ones1 no m ?an ^? =m$ by ! incru/ations4 ,we h already %ewn t tufa is n ( anci5t =mation1 & mu/ n be rank$ 9 ! class ( /ones4 ,tufa is an imp]fect matt]1 diff]+ f /one or e>?1 b :i* d]ives its orig9 f bo? by ! means ( ra9 wat]1 z incru/ations d]ive !irs f ! deposit ( ! wat] ( c]ta9 spr+s2 !re=e ! /rata ( ^! matt]s are n anci5t1 nor be5 =m$ l ! re/1 by ! s$im5ts ( ! sea4 ,! /rata ( turf are also mod]n1 & h be5 produc$ by ! successive assemblage ( leaves & o!r p]i%able vegetables1 & :i* are only pres]v$ by a bitum\s e>?4 ,among ^! mod]n /rata we nev] meet ) any m>9e production2 b1 on ! contr>y1 _m vegetables1 bones ( l& animals1 & l& & riv] %ells1 z may be se5 9 ! mead[s1 ne> ,a%by1 9 ! c\nty ( ,nor?ampton1 :]e a great numb] ( snail %ells1 plants1 h]bs1 & _m riv] %ells are f\nd all 9 good pres]vation1 "s feet deep 9 ! e>?1 b n a s+le m>9e %ell among !m4,,am ,,am ,see ,philosophical ,trans4 ,abridg4 ,,xi4 page #bga4 ,^! new /rata h be5 =m$ by ! wat] :i* runs on ! surface ( ! e>?1 (t5 *ang+ situation & disp]s+ on e side4 ,"p ( ^! wat]s p5etrate int]nally & fl[ across ! clefts ( rocks & /ones2 & ! reason we meet ) no wat] 9 high l&s1 no m ?an on ! tops ( hills1 is1 because all elevations are g5]ally compos$ ( /one & rocks1 !re=e to f9d wat] we mu/ dig ?r\gh ! rock till we come to clay1 or firm e>?1 on :i* ^! rocks /&1 & we %all n meet ) any wat] until ! /one is pi]c$ to ! bottom3 !re=e1 :5 ! ?ickness ( ! rock1 :i* mu/ be pi]c$1 is v consid]able1 z 9 l(ty m\nta9s1 :]e !y are (t5 upw>ds ( #ajjj feet 9 height1 x is impossible to dig to _! base1 & ( c\rse to h any wat]4 ,!re are ev5 l>ge p>ts ( l& :]e !re is n any wat]1 z 9 ,arabia ,petrea1 :i* is a des]t :]e no ra9 ev] falls1 :]e ! scor*+ s& cov]s ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 :]e !re is sc>cely any vegetable soil1 :]e ! few plants f\nd are sickly1 & :]e spr+s & wells are s v sc>ce t only five are reckon$ betwe5 ,cairo & ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ! wat] ( !m is salt & bitt]4 ,:5 ! wat]s on ! surface _c f9d v5t to fl[ !y =m m>%es & f5s4 ,! mo/ fam\s m>%es 9 ,europe are ^? ( ,muscovy1 at ! s\rce ( ! ,tanais2 & ^? ( ,savolaxia & ,enasak1 9 ,f9l&2 !re are also "s 9 ,holl&1 ,we/phalia1 & o!r l[ c\ntries3 9 ,asia are ! m>%es ( ! ,euphrates1 ( ,t>t>y1 & ( ! ,palus ,meotis2 nev]!less !re are few] ( !m 9 ,asia & ,africa ?an 9 ,europe b ,am]ica may be said to be b "o cont9u$ m>% ?r\gh\t all its pla9s1 :i* is a great] pro( ( ! mod]n date ( ! c\ntry1 & ( ! small numb] ( inhabitants ?an ( _! want ( indu/ry4 ,!re are v great bogs 9 ,engl&1 especially ne> ! sea 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :i* has lo/ mu* gr\nd on "o side & ga9$ x on ! o!r4 ,9 ! anci5t gr\nd a great numb] ( trees are f\nd buri$ bel[ ! new gr\nd1 :i* has be5 deposit$ !re by ! wat]4 ,! same also are met ) 9 ,scotl&1 p>ticul>ly at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,ness4 ,ne> ,bruges1 9 ,fl&]s1 9 digg+ to ! dep? ( #dj or #ej feet1 a great quantity ( trees 7 f\nd1 z close to ea* o!r z 9 a =e/3 ! trunks1 bran*es1 & leaves1 7 s well pres]v$ t ! diff]5t k9ds 7 easily di/+ui%$4 ,ab\t #ejj ye>s s9ce1 ! l& :]e ^! trees 7 f\nd 0 cov]$ by ! sea1 & be=e t "t !re is no trace or tradition t x ev] exi/$2 nev]!less x mu/ h be5 s1 :5 ^! trees /ood & vegetat$2 !re=e ?is gr\nd1 :i* =m]ly 0 cov]$ ) wood1 has be5 ov]:elm$ by ! sea1 ! wat]s ( :i* has1 by degrees1 deposit$ !re betwe5 #dj & #ej feet ( e>? ^u ! =m] surface1 & !n retir$4 ,a numb] ( subt]rane\s trees h be5 also f\nd at ,y\le1 9 ,york%ire1 #ab miles bel[ ! t[n1 ne> ! riv] ,humb]2 !re are "s l>ge en\gh = build+2 & x is said1 p]haps improp]ly1 t ?is wood is z durable z oak4 ,! p cut !m into long ?9 slips1 & sell !m 9 ! neighb\r+ t[ns1 :]e !y are us$ = light+ ( pipes4 ,all ^! trees appe> brok51 & ! trunks are sep>at$ f ! roots z if !y _h suff]$ ! viol5ce ( a hurricane1 or an inundation4 ,?is wood greatly resembles will[1 x has ! same smell :5 burnt1 & makes *>coal exactly l x4,,an ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man !re is a m>% six miles long by ?ree broad1 x is call$ ,curragh2 subt]rane\s trees1 l will[s1 are f\nd !re1 & al?\gh !y are #ah or #bj feet high1 !y are1 nev]!less1 firm on _! roots4,,ao ,trees are met ) 9 almo/ e morass1 bog1 & m>%1 9 ,som]set1 ,*e/]1 ,lanca/]1 & ,/af=d4 ,!re are "s places :]e trees are f\nd "u ! e>?1 :i* h be5 cut1 saw$1 squ>$1 & work$ by ! lab\r ( man2 & ev5 w$ges & saws h likewise be5 f\nd by !m4 ,betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,bromley1 9 ! c\nty ( ,l9coln1 !re are l(ty hills ( f9e light s&1 :i* ! ra9 & w9d sweep away1 leav+ uncov]$ ! roots ( l>ge will[ trees1 on :i* ! impression ( ! axe is exce$+ly pla94 ,^! hills1 )\t d\bt1 h be5 =m$ l d[ns1 by ! accumulation ( s&1 :i* ! wat]s ( ! sea has br\ght !re & deposit$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,a great numb] ( ^! subt]rane\s trees are also f\nd 9 ! m>%y l&s ( ,holl&1 ,friesl&1 & ne> ,gron+51 f :5ce ! turfs :i* !y burn are dug4 ,,an ,see ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,no4 #bbh4 ,,ao ,see ,ray's ,disc\rses1 page #bcb4 ,9 ! e>? are f\nd trees ( almo/ e k9d1 z will[s1 oaks1 firs1 asp9s1 bea*1 yew1 a%1 haw?orn1 c4 ,9 ! f5s ( ,l9coln1 along ! riv] ,ouse1 & 9 ,hatfield-,*ace1 9 ! c\nty ( ,york1 ^! trees are z /raight z we see !m 9 a =e/4 ,! oaks are v h>d & us$ 9 build+s2 !y are said to la/ a long "t1 b :i* ,i mu/ d\bt1 z all trees t are dug out ( ! e>?1 at lea/ all ^? :i* ,i h se51 :e!r oak or o!rs1 lose1 9 dry+1 all ! solidity1 :i* !y appe>$ to h at fir/4 ,! a% is t5d]1 & soon crumbles to du/4 ,!re are _m trees :i* h cle>ly be5 %ap$ & saw$ by m51 & ! hat*ets1 sometimes f\nd ne> !m1 resemble1 9 =m1 ! knives anci5tly us$ 9 sacrifices4 ,besides trees1 nuts1 acorns1 c4 are met ) 9 great quantities1 9 _m o!r f5ny p>ts ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 z well z ! morasses ( ,france1 ,sw$51 ,savoy1 & ,italy4,,ap ,,ap ,see ,transactions ,philosophical ,abridg4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #bah1 c4 ,9 ! city ( ,mod5a1 & f\r miles r\nd1 :atev] "p ( ! e>? is dug1 to ! dep? ( sixty-?ree feet1 & !n bor$ five m ) an aug]1 ! wat] spr+s out ) su* great =ce1 t ! well is fill$ in/antly2 & ?is wat] cont9ues always ! same1 nei!r dim9i%+ nor increas+ by ra9 nor draught4 ,:at is m rem>kable 9 ?is gr\nd1 :5 we rea* ! dep? ( f\rte5 feet1 we f9d ! ru9s ( an anci5t t[n1 z pav$ /reets1 h\ses1 diff]5t pieces ( mosaic "w1 c4 ,aft] ?is is a v solid gr\nd1 :i* appe>s to h nev] be5 /irr$2 yet bel[ x we f9d a moi/ e>? mix$ ) vegetables2 & at tw5ty-six feet entire trees1 z filb]ds ) nuts !reon1 & a great quantity ( bran*es & leaves4 ,at tw5ty-eight feet is a /ratum ( *alk mix$ ) %ells1 & ?is b$ is elev5 feet 9 ?ickness2 aft] ?is we aga9 meet ) vegetables2 & s on alt]natively to ! dep? ( sixty-?ree1 feet1 :5 !re is a b$ ( s& mix$ ) gravel & %ells1 l ^? =m$ on ! coa/s ( ! ,italian sea2 ^! successive b$s are always met ) 9 ! same ord]1 :]esoev] x has be5 dug1 & v (t5 ! aug] meets ) l>ge trunks ( trees1 :i* ! workm5 bore ?r\gh ) mu* lab\r4 ,bones ( animals1 coals1 fl9t1 & pieces ( iron are also f\nd4 ,ramazz9i1 :o relates ^! circum/ances1 ?9ks t ! gulph ( ,v5ice =m]ly ext5d$ beyond ,mod5a1 &1 t by ! s$im5ts ( riv]s 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 assi/$ p]haps by ! inundations ( ! sea1 ?is gr\nd has be5 =m$4 ,i %all no long] dwell on ! v>ieties 9 ! =mation ( mod]n /rata1 x suffices to h %ewn t !y h be5 produc$ by no o!r causes ?an ! runn+ & /agnate wat]s1 :i* are ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 & t !y are nei!r s h>d nor solid z ! anci5t /rata :i* are =m$ "u ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,,article ,,xix4 ,,( ,,! ,,*anges ,,( ,,l& ,,into ,,sea ,,& ,,sea ,,into ,,l&4 ,by :at has be5 said 9 ! ,articles ,i1 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 & ,,ix1 x appe>s t great & g5]al *anges h happ5$ to ! t]re/rial globe2 & x is z c]ta91 f :at we h relat$ 9 o!r articles1 t ! surface ( ! e>? has und]gone p>ticul> alt]ations4 ,al?\gh ! ord]1 or succession1 ( ^! p>ticul> alt]ations is n p]fectly kn[n1 yet we are acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal causes2 we c ev5 di/+ui% _! diff]5t effects2 & if we c\ld collect all ! facts1 :i* ,natural & ,civil ,hi/ory furni%es on ! subject ( ! revolutions :i* h happ5$ to ! surface ( ! e>?1 we d n d\bt b t ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? :i* we h1 laid d[n w\ld receive additional support4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ^! alt]ations is ! motion ( ! sea2 a motion x has endur$ f ! e>lie/ ages2 = s9ce ! sun1 moon1 e>?1 wat]s1 air1 c4 h exi/$ f ! "t ( ! creation1 ! effects ( ! tides1 ! motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/1 z well z t ( ! w9ds & curr5ts1 mu/ h be5 felt = ! same space2 & if ev5 we %\ld suppose ! axis ( ! globe _h =m]ly ano!r incl9ation1 & t ! cont95ts1 z well z ! sea1 _h ano!r disposition1 x does n de/roy ! motion ( flux & reflux1 nor alt] ! cause & effects ( ! w9ds3 x is suffici5t t ! imm5se quantity ( wat]s1 :i* fill ! va/ space ( ! sea1 is f\nd 9 "s "p on ! globe ( ! e>?1 = :]ev] !y _h be5 collect$ !y w\ld h /ill be5 subject to ! same motions1 & produc$ simil> effects4 ,:5 x 0 once suppos$ t our cont95t 0 =m]ly ! bottom ( ! sea1 !re 0 soon no d\bt rema9+ !reon4 ,! deva/ations ( ! sea1 :i* are e :]e to be met )2 ! horizontal situation ( ! /rata ( ! e>?2 & ! correspond5ce ( hills & m\nta9s1 appe> z s _m conv9c+ pro(s2 = by exam9+ ! pla9s1 vallies1 & hills1 we cle>ly p]ceive t ! surface ( ! e>? has be5 =m$ by ! wat]s4 ,x is equally evid5t1 :5 we look into ! int]ior p>ts ( ! e>?1 t ^? /ones :i* conta9 sea-%ells1 h be5 =m$ by ! s$im5ts ( ! wat]s1 s9ce ! %ells are f\nd fill$ ) ! same matt] z t :i* surr\nds !m2 & la/ly1 by reflect+ on ! correspond+ angles ( opposite hills1 we _c d\bt t _! directions are ! works ( ! curr5ts ( ! sea4 ,x is true1 t s9ce ! e>? has be5 left uncov]$1 ! orig9al =m ( ! surface has be5 con/antly *ang+2 ! m\nta9s h dim9i%$ 9 height2 ! pla9s h be5 elevat$2 ! angles ( hills become m obtuse2 _m matt]s wa%$ away by floods1 or riv]s1 h tak5 a r\nd %ape2 b$s ( gravel1 s(t /one1 c4 h be5 =m$2 b ! ess5tial matt] is /ill rema9+1 ! anci5t =m is /ill app>5t1 & ,i am p]suad$ t all ! _w may be conv9c$ by _! own inspection ( :at has be5 advanc$ on ?is subject2 & :oev] att5ds to ! obs]vations & pro(s ,i h giv51 w n d\bt1 ! e>? 0 =m]ly cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & t x is ! curr5ts ( ! sea :i* h giv5 to ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! =m we at pres5t p]ceive4 ,! pr9cipal motion ( ! sea is1 z we h already obs]v$1 f ea/ to we/4 ,x also appe>s t ! sea has ga9$ above #ejj leagues ( gr\nd on ! ea/]n coa/s ( bo? ! old & new cont95ts2 = ! pro(s ( :i* we ref] to ^? giv5 9 ,article ,,xi4 & %all only add !reto1 t all /raits :i* jo9 two seas1 are direct$ f ea/ to we/2 ! /raits ( ,magellan1 ,frobi%]1 ( ,hudson1 ( ,ceylon1 & ^? ( ! seas ( ,corea & ,kamts*atka h all ?is direction1 & appe> to h be5 =m$ by ! curr5ts ( ! wat]s1 :i* be+ impell$ f ea/ to we/1 op5$ ^! passages 9 ! same direction1 & 9 :i* !y pres]ve a m consid]able motion ?an 9 any o!r2 = 9 ^! /raits !re are high & viol5t tides1 :]eas 9 ^? situat$ on ! we/]n coa/s1 l t ( ,gibralt>1 ,sund1 c4 ! motion ( ! tides is almo/ ins5sible4 ,! inequalities ( ! bottom ( ! sea *ange ! direction ( ! wat]'s motion2 !y h be5 successively produc$ by ! s$im5ts ( ! wat]1 & by matt]s transport$ by ! tides or o!r motions2 = we d n consid] ! motion ( ! tides z ! sole cause ( ^? inequalities1 b only z ! pr9cipal & fir/1 because x is ! mo/ con/ant & acts )\t int]ruption2 ! action ( ! w9ds is ano!r cause2 ! action ( :i* beg9n+ at ! surface1 ext5ds to consid]able dep?s1 z is pla9 f ! matt]s t are loos5$ & ?r[n up by a /orm f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & :i* nev] happ5s b 9 tempe/u\s wea!r4 ,we h already m5tion$ t betwe5 ! tropics1 & ev5 "s degrees beyond !m1 an ea/ w9d cont9ually bl[s2 ?is w9d1 :i* contributes to ! g5]al motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/1 is z anci5t z ! flux & reflux1 s9ce x dep5ds on ! r>efaction ( ! air1 produc$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,"h !n are two unit$ causes ( motion1 ! greate/ ( :i* is ne> ! equator4 ,! fir/1 ! tides :i* are m s5sibly felt 9 s\!rn latitudes3 & ! second1 ! ea/ w9d :i* bl[s cont9ually 9 ! same climates4 ,^! two causes h concurr$1 ev] s9ce ! =mation ( ! globe1 to produce a motion 9 ! wat]s f ea/ to we/1 & to agitate !m m 9 t "p ( ! globe ?an 9 all ! re/4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! greate/ inequalities ( ! surface ( ! globe are f\nd betwe5 ! tropics4 ,! "p ( ,africa1 compreh5d$ betwe5 ^! two circles1 is only a gr\p ( m\nta9s ^: diff]5t *a9s ext5d = ! mo/ "p f ea/ to we/1 z is evid5t f ! direction ( ! great riv]s ( ?is "p ( ! _w2 x is ! same ) ^? p>ts ( ,asia & ,am]ica :i* are compris$ betwe5 ! tropics4 ,f ! comb9ation ( ! g5]al motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/1 ) ! flux & reflux ( ! curr5ts1 & ! w9ds1 an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t effects has result$1 bo? on ! bottom ( ! sea1 & on ! coa/s4 ,v>5ius says1 x is v probable t ! gulphs & /raits h be5 =m$ by ! reit]at$ ef=ts ( ! ocean aga9/ ! l&2 t ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 ! gulphs ( ,arabia1 ,b5gal1 & ,cambay1 h be5 =m$ by ! eruption ( ! wat]s1 z well z ! /raits betwe5 ,sicily & ,italy1 betwe5 ,ceylon & ,india1 betwe5 ,greece & ,euboea1 & t x is ! same ) respect to ! /raits ( ! ,manillas1 ,magellan1 c4 t "o pro( ( ^! eruptions1 & t ! sea has =sak5 diff]5t l&s is1 t b few isl&s are to be met ) 9 ! great seas1 & nev] a great numb] ( isl&s close to ea* o!r2 t 9 ! imm5se space occupi$ by ! ,pacific sea1 n above two or ?ree small isl&s are to be f\nd t[>ds ! middle ( x2 t 9 ! va/ ,atlantic ocean1 betwe5 ,africa & ! ,brazils1 we only f9d ! small isl&s ( ,/4 ,hel5a & ,asc5sion2 b t all isl&s are ne> ! great cont95ts1 z ^? ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 ne> ! cont95ts ( ,europe & ,asia1 ! ,can>ies1 ne> ,africa1 all ! isl&s ( ! ,indian sea1 ne> ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia2 ! ,antille isl&s1 close to t ( ,am]ica1 & t only ! ,azores lie at any great di/ance 9 ! sea betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! inhabitants ( ,ceylon say1 t _! isl& 0 sep>at$ f ! p59sula ( ,india by an eruption ( ! ocean2 & ?is popul> tradition is v probable4 ,x is also imag9$ ! isl& ( ,sumatra has be5 sep>at$ f ! cont95t1 & ! great numb] ( %oals & s& banks are a /rong pro( ( x4 ,! ,malab>s ass]t1 t ! ,maldivian isl&s =m$ a "p ( ! cont95t ( ,india1 & 9 g5]al x may be reasonably suppos$ t all ! ea/]n isl&s h be5 divid$ f ! cont95ts by eruptions ( ! ocean4,,aq ,,aq ,see ,v>5ius ,geography1 page #bjc1 #bag1 & #bbj4 ,!re is an appe>ance t =m]ly ! isl& ( ,great ,brita9 0 "p ( ! cont95t1 & t ,engl& 0 jo9$ to ,france2 ! simil>ity ( ! /ones on ! two coa/s1 & ! n>r[ness ( ?is /rait seem pla9ly to indicate x4 ,by suppos+1 says ,dr4 ,wallis1 t ,engl& =m]ly communicat$ ) ,france1 by an i/hmus betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais1 x mu/ foll[ t ! sea w\ld be c>ri$ aga9/ bo? sides ( x ) great viol5ce by ! tides twice 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! ,g]man ocean1 :i* is betwe5 ,engl& & ,holl&1 /rik+ ( x on ! ea/]n side1 & t ( ,france on ! we/1 w\ld be suffici5t 9 "t to we> away s n>r[ a neck ( l&1 z we h suppos$4 ,! tides act+ ) great viol5ce1 n only aga9/ ?is i/hmus b also aga9/ ! coa/s ( ,france & ,engl&1 mu/ h wa%$ away a great quantity ( s&1 e>?1 & clay1 f e "p aga9/ :i* ! sea 0 =c$3 b1 be+ /opt 9 its c\rse1 x w\ld n deposite1 z might be suppos$1 _! s$im5ts aga9/ ?is i/hmus1 b transport$ !m into ! great pla9 t n[ =ms ,romney ,m>%1 :i* is eight miles long by f\r broad2 = :osoev] has se5 ?is pla91 _c d\bt b t x 0 =m]ly cov]$ ) ! sea1 z x w\ld be /ill ov]fl[$ by spr+ tides if x 0 n = ! ,dikes ( ,dim*ur*4 ,! ,g]man sea mu/ h act$ 9 ! same mann] aga9/ ?is i/hmus1 & ! coa/s ( ,engl& & ,fl&]s w\ld convey its s$im5ts into ,holl& & ,zeal&1 ! gr\nd ( :i*1 ?\gh =m]ly cov]$ ) wat]1 is n[ =ty feet above4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 ! ,g]man sea mu/ h fill$ up t l>ge valley1 :]e ! riv] ,/\r actually fl[s = m ?an #bj miles1 beg9n+ at ,s&wi*1 pass+ ,cant]bury1 ,*a?am1 ,*ilham z f> z ,a%=d4 ,at ?is place ! gr\nd is mu* high] ?an x 0 =m]ly1 s9ce at ,*a?am ! bones ( an hippopotamus 7 f\nd sev5te5 feet deep 9 ! e>?1 toge!r ) an*ors & m>9e %ells4 ,x is v probable ! sea may =m new l&1 by br++ & deposit+1 at p>ticul> places1 s&1 e>?1 mud1 c4 = 9 ! isl& ( ,orkney1 :i* is adjac5t to ,romney ,m>%1 !re 0 a tract ( l[ l& cont9ually 9 dang] ( be+ inundat$ by ! riv] ,ro!r2 b 9 less ?an #fj ye>s ?is gr\nd has be5 consid]ably elevat$ by quantities ( e>? & mud be+ br\ght ?i!r e tide1 & ! *annel ?r\gh :i* x ent]s1 9 less ?an fifty ye>s has deep5$ s mu* z to admit ( ! reception ( l>ge vessels1 :]eas at t "t x 0 a =d ov] :i* p might pass4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! s& bank 0 =m$ :i* ext5ds obliquely f ! coa/ ( ,norfolk to t ( ,zeal&4 ,?is bank =ms t "p :]e ! tides ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5* sea meet1 s9ce ! i/hmus has be5 brok51 & :]e ! e>? & s& are deposit$ :i* are wa%$ away f ! coa/s2 nor is x by any means improbable b t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is bank may become an i/hmus4,,ar ,,ar ,see ,abridgm5t ( ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 ,,ii4 page #bbg4 ,!re is a great appe>ance1 says ,ray1 t ! isl& ( ,great ,brita9 0 =m]ly jo9$ to ,france1 & =m$ "p ( t cont95t3 b x is n kn[n :e!r its sep>ation 0 caus$ by an e>?quake1 an eruption ( ! ocean1 or by ! lab\r ( man2 b t ?is isl& =m$ "p ( ! cont95t is evid5t1 f ! rocks & coa/s ( bo? be+ ( ! same nature1 compos$ ( ! same matt]s1 & exactly ( ! same height2 ! l5g? ( ! rocks1 along ^! coa/s1 are also ne>ly ! same1 ab\t six miles on ei!r side4 ,! little bread? ( ! *annel1 :i* 9 ?is "p is n m ?an tw5ty-f\r ,engli% miles1 & its %all[ness1 comp>atively ) ! neighb\r+ sea1 is ano!r reason to suppose t ,engl& has be5 divid$ f ,france by accid5t4 ,we may add to ^! pro(s1 t !re 7 =m]ly wolves & be>s 9 ?is isl&2 x is n to be presum$ t !y c\ld swim ov]1 nor t m5 transport$ su* de/ructive animals2 = 9 g5]al we f9d ! noxi\s animals ( ! cont95t 9 ! adjac5t isl&s1 & nev] 9 ^? :i* are sep>at$ f !m by a great di/ance2 z ! ,spani>ds rem>k$ :5 !y l&$ 9 ,am]ica4,,z ,,z ,see ,ray's ,disc\rses1 page #bjh4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 a great inundation happ5$ by an eruption ( ! sea 9 "p ( ,fl&]s4 ,9 #addf by a l eruption #aj1jjj p]sons 7 dr[n$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ,dordre*t1 & m ?an #ajj1jjj r\nd ,dull>t1 ,friezel&1 & 9 ,zeal&4 ,9 ^! la/ two prov9ces upw>ds ( #cjj villages 7 ov]fl[$2 ! tops ( _! t[]s & /eeples are /ill to be se5 ris+ out ( ! wat]4 ,f ! coa/s ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,holl& & ,g]many1 ! sea has retreat$ 9 _m p>ts4 ,hub]t ,?omas relates1 9 8 description ( ,liege1 t ! sea =m]ly surr\nd$ ! walls ( ! city ( ,tongres1 :i* is n[ m ?an #ce leagues di/ant f x2 ?is he proves by _m eligible reasons1 &1 among o!rs1 he says2 t 9 8 "t ! iron r+s1 to :i* ! %ips 7 moor$1 7 to be se5 rema9+ 9 ! walls4 ,we may likewise look on z l&s des]t$ by ! sea1 ! f5s ( ,l9coln 9 ,engl&1 ,prov5ce 9 ,france1 & :i* has also v consid]ably retreat$ f ! m\? ( ! ,rhone s9ce ! ye> #affe4 ,9 ,italy a consid]able tract ( l& has be5 ga9$ at ! m\? ( ! ,arno2 & ,rav5na1 =m]ly a sea-port1 is no long] a m>itime t[n4 ,holl& appe>s to be an entire new c\ntry1 :]e ! surface ( ! e>? is almo/ on a level ) ! sea1 al?\gh ! l& is consid]ably elevat$ by ! daily deposit ( mud & e>? f ! ,rh9e1 ,maese1 c4 = x 0 =m]ly comput$ t ! gr\nd ( ,holl& 01 9 _m places1 #ej feet l[] ?an ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x is ass]t$1 t 9 ! ye> #hfj1 a furi\s tempe/ drove on ! coa/ s great a quantity ( s& t x %ut up ! m\? ( ! ,rh9e1 ne> ! ,cat1 & t ?is riv] inundat$ ! :ole c\ntry1 tore up trees & h\ses1 &1 at la/1 empti$ itself into ! *annel ( ! ,maese4 ,9 #adba ano!r inundation sep>at$ ! t[n ( ,dordre*t f ! ma9 l&1 subm]g$ #gb villages1 _m ca/les1 & dr[n$ #ajj1jjj s\ls1 beside a great numb] ( cattle4 ,! dyke ( ,yssel 0 brok5 9 #afch by ! ice br\ght d[n by ! ,rh9e1 :i*1 hav+ %ut up ! passage ( ! wat]1 made an op5+ ( "s fa?oms1 & a great "p ( ! prov9ce 0 ov]fl[$ be=e ! brea* c\ld be repair$4 ,9 #afhb !re 0 a simil> inundation 9 ! prov9ce ( ,zeal&1 :i* de/roy$ upw>ds ( #cj villages1 & dr[n$ a consid]able numb] ( p & cattle1 f _! be+ surpris$ by ! wat]s 9 ! night4 ,x 0 a =tunate circum/ance = ,holl& t a s\? w9d oppos$ ! inroad ( ! sea1 = x 0 s greatly swell$ t ! wat] 0 #ah feet high] ?an ! highe/ gr\nd ( ! prov9ce4,,at ,,at ,see ! ,hi/orical ,voyages ( ,europe1 vol ,v4 page #gj4 ,at ,hi!1 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t1 ! h>b\r has fill$ up 9 defiance ( e exp5ce & precaution t 0 made to prev5t x4 ,a surpris+ numb] ( sea-%ells1 c4 are met ) = sev]al miles r\nd1 :i* 7 =m]ly heap$ toge!r1 & :i* are n[ cov]$ by e>?1 & are beautiful mead[s4 ,on ! o!r side ! sea has ga9$ 9 sev]al places1 z = in/ance1 ! ,goodw9 ,s&s1 :i* 0 an e/ate belong+ to an ,e>l ( t "n1 b at pres5t is no m ?an s& cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ! sea3 ?us ! sea 9 _m places ga9s on ! l& & loses 9 o!rs1 accord+ to ! diff]5t situation ( ! coa/s1 & o!r circum/ances4,,au ,,au ,see ,abridg4 ,philosophical ,trans4 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #bcd4 ,on ,m\nt ,/ella1 9 ,portugal1 is a lake 9 :i* ! wrecks ( %ips h be5 f\nd1 not)/&+ ?is m\nta9 is m ?an #ab leagues f ! sea4,,av ,sab9ius1 9 8 ,comm5t>ies on ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 says1 t 9 ! ye> #adfj a %ip1 ) its an*ors1 0 f\nd 9 a m9e ( ! ,alps4 ,,av ,see ,gordon's ,geography1 page #adi4 ,x is n 9 ,europe alone we meet ) ^! vicissitudes ( l& into sea & sea into l&2 o!r p>ts ( ! _w might furni% m rem>kable1 & 9 a great] numb]1 if inve/igat$ ) precision4 ,calecut 0 =m]ly a fam\s city & ! capital ( a k+dom ( t "n2 at pres5t x is only a trifl+ t[n1 meanly built1 & b ?9ly inhabit$3 ! sea1 :i* = a c5tury has ga9$ greatly on ?is coa/1 has ov]fl[$ ! greate/ "p ( ! old city1 ) a beautiful =tress ( /one :i* 0 !re94 ,vessels at pres5t moor on _! ru9s1 & ! port is fill$ ) a great numb] ( %oals1 & on :i* %ips are frequ5tly wreck$4,,aw ,,aw ,see ,lett]s ,edifiantes ,recueil #aa4 page #ahg4 ,! prov9ce ( ,jucatan1 a p59sula 9 ! gulph ( ,mexico1 0 =m]ly a "p ( ! sea4 ,?is neck ( gr\nd ext5ds #ajj leagues 9 l5g?1 & is n m ?an #be leagues at its greate/ bread?4 ,! air is p]fectly hot & moi/4 ,al?\gh !re are nei!r rivulets nor riv]s ?r\gh\t s long a space1 ! wat] is e :]e s nigh ! surface z to furni% pl5ty2 &1 by op5+ ! e>?1 s great a numb] ( %ells are f\nd z to leave no d\bt t ?is great ext5t may be reg>d$ z a place :i* =m]ly 0 "p ( ! sea4 ,! inhabitants ( ,malab> pret5d t =m]ly ! ,maldivian isl&s 7 atta*$ to ! ,indian cont95t1 & t ! viol5ce ( ! sea has divid$ !m f x4 ,! numb] ( ^! isl&s is s great1 & "s ( ! *annels1 :i* sep>ate !m1 are s n>r[1 t ! boltsprits ( vessels :i* pass !m te> (f ! leaves ( ! trees on ea* side1 & 9 "s places an active man1 by hold+ by ! bran* ( a tree1 may leap into ano!r isl&4,,ax ,,ax ,see ! ,dut* ,travels to ! ,ea/-,indies1 page #bgd4 ,! cocoa-trees1 :i* are at ! bottom ( ! sea1 is a pro( t ! ,maldivians 7 =m]ly "p ( ! cont95t3 cocoa-nuts are (t5 deta*$ f !m & ?r[n on ! %ore by a /orm4 ,x is imag9$ t ! isl& ( ,ceylon 0 =m]ly unit$ to ! cont95t1 & t ! curr5ts1 :i* are extremely rapid 9 _m p>ts ( ,india1 h divid$ t z well z ,rammanakoil1 & _m o!r isl&s4,,ay ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t ! isl& ( ,ceylon has lo/ #cj or #dj leagues ( gr\nd t[>ds ! nor?-we/ side1 :i* ! sea has ga9$4 ,,ay ,see ! ,dut* ,travels to ! ,ea/-,indies1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dhf4 ,x appe>s t ! sea has rec5tly =sak5 a great "p ( ! project+ l&s & isl&s ( ,am]ica4 ,we h j obs]v$1 t ! gr\nd ( ,jucatan is fill$ ) %ells4 ,x is ! same ) ! l[ l&s ( ,m>t9ico & ! o!r ,antille isl&s4 ,! inhabitants h t]m$ ! e>? bel[ ! surface lime1 because !y make _! lime ) ^! %ells1 consid]able banks ( :i* are f\nd imm$iately "u ! vegetable e>?4 ,9 ! new voyages to ! isl&s ( ,am]ica x is said1 lime1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! l& ( ,guadal\pe1 :5 ! e>? is turn$ up1 is ( ! same k9d z t drawn out ( ! sea1 ! reason ( :i* is difficult to be assign$4 ,might x n be possible1 t all ! ext5t ( gr\nd1 :i* composes ?is isl&1 01 9 =m] times1 only a high gr\nd fill$ ) lime-plants1 :i* hav+ gr[n & fill$ ! void spaces t 7 occupi$ by ! wat]1 h rais$ up ! gr\nd1 oblig$ ! wat] to retire1 & leave all ! sup]ficies dry8 ,?is conjecture1 z extraord9>y z at fir/ x may appe>1 has1 nev]!less1 no?+ impossible 9 x2 & if ! p :o reside !re 7 to dig 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? !y w\ld discov] :at ! real soil is1 & by t means de/roy or /r5g!n my conjecture4 ,!re are "s l&s :i* are sometimes cov]$ ) wat] & sometimes uncov]$1 z _m isl&s 9 ,norway1 ,scotl&1 ,maldivias1 ! gulph ( ,cambaya1 c4 ,! ,baltic has1 by little & little1 ga9$ a great "p ( ,pom]ania1 & cov]$ & de/roy$ ! fam\s port ( ,v9eta4 ,s likewise ! sea ( ,norway has project$ into ! cont95t1 & =m$ _m small isl&s4 ,! ,g]man sea has project$ into ,holl& ne> ,cat1 insomu* t ! ru9s ( an anci5t citadel ( ! ,romans1 :i* 0 =m]ly on ! coa/1 are n[ v f> 9 ! sea4 ,! m>%y gr\nds 9 ! ,isle ( ,ely1 9 ,engl&1 & ^? 9 ,prov5ce1 9 ,france1 are1 on ! contr>y1 z we h obs]v$1 l& :i* ! sea has ab&on$4 ,d[ns h be5 =m$ by ! sea-w9ds1 :i* h ?r[n & accumulat$ e>?1 s&1 %ells1 c4 on ! %ore4 ,= example1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,france1 ,spa91 & ,africa1 durable & viol5t we/]ly w9ds reign1 :i* impel ! wat]s t[>ds ! %ore ) great impetuosity1 & on :i* coa/s d[ns are v frequ5t4 ,9 ! l mann] ! ea/]ly w9ds1 :5 !y rema9 any long "t1 s /rongly drive ! wat]s f ! coa/s ( ,syria & ,pho5icia t ! *a9 ( rocks1 :i* are cov]$ ) wat] dur+ ! we/]ly w9ds1 are left q dry4 ,?us d[ns are nev] compos$ ( /one1 or m>ble1 l m\nta9s =m$ 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 because !y h n be5 long en\gh "u ! wat]4 ,9 our disc\rse on m9]als we %all %ew t ! sea possesses ! p[] ( petrifaction1 & t ! /ones =m$ 9 ! e>? are q diff]5t f ^? =m$ 9 ! sea4 ,:5 ,i _h j f9i%$ my ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 :i* ,i compos$ 9 #agdd1 ,i receiv$ f ,mons4 ,b>r]e1 8 diss]tation on ! orig9 ( figur$ /ones1 & ,i 0 pleas$ to f9d myself ( ! same op9ion ) ?is able naturali/1 on ! subject ( ! =mation ( d[ns1 & ! "t ! wat] rema9$ on ! e>? :i* we inhabit2 he rec\nts _m alt]ations :i* h happ5$ to ! sea coa/s3 ,aiguis-mortes1 :i* is n[ m ?an a league & a half f ! sea1 0 a port 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,l\is3 ,psalmodi 0 an isl& 9 #hae1 & at pres5t x is inl& two leagues f ! sea4 ,x is ! same ) respect to ,maguelone4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! v9ey>ds ( ,agde1 0 =ty ye>s ago cov]$ by ! sea3 & 9 ,spa9 ! sea has consid]ably retreat$ )9 a %ort space ( "t f ,blancs1 ,badalona1 ! m\? ( ! riv] ,vobregat1 ,cape ,tortosa1 along ! coa/s ( ,val5tia1 c4 ,! sea may =m hills & m\nta9s 9 _m diff]5t mann]s2 fir/1 by ! transportations ( e>?1 s&1 & %ells1 f "o place to ano!r2 secondly1 by deposit+ s$im5ts1 consi/+ ( small p>ticles deta*$ f ! coa/s & bottom1 & :i* x might h transport$ f a consid]able di/ance2 & la/ly1 by s&1 mud1 & o!r articles1 :i* ! sea w9ds (t5 drive aga9/ coa/s1 d[ns & hills may be produc$1 :i* ! wat] =sak+1 by degrees1 become p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,! d[ns ( ,fl&]s & ,holl& are ( ?is k9d1 be+ only hills compos$ ( s& & %ells1 :i* ! sea w9ds h driv5 t[>ds ! l&4 ,mons4 ,b>r]e quotes ano!r example :i* m]its a place 9 ?is "w4 ,! sea1 by its motion1 deta*es f its bottom an inf9ity ( plants1 %ells1 slime1 & s&1 :i* ! waves & w9ds cont9ually drive t[>ds ! %ore4 ,n[1 all ^! diff]5t op]ations mu/ cont9ually =m new /rata1 elevate ! b$s ( e>?1 gradually rais+ d[ns & hills1 retr5*+ ! b\nds ( ! ocean1 & by t means ext5d+ ! l&s on ! cont95ts4 ,x is visible t new /rata h be5 successively =m$ by ! same reit]at$ motion ( ! wat]s f ! deposition ( s$im5ts & o!r con/ant causes f "t immemorial2 ( :i* ,i f9d /rong pro(s 9 ! diff]5t b$s ( fossils1 %ells1 & o!r m>9e productions f\nd 9 ,r\ssillon ne> ! village ( ,naffiac1 ab\t sev5 or eight leagues f ! sea2 ^! b$s ( %ells :i* are incl9$ f ! we/ to ! ea/1 & 9 diff]5t angles1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by banks ( s& & e>?1 are sometimes f "o & a half to two or ?ree feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!y appe> z if spr9kl$ ) salt 9 dry wea!r1 & =m toge!r hillocks f tw5ty-five to ?irty fa?oms 9 height3 n[ a long *a9 ( hills ( su* an height c only be =m$ gradually1 & at diff]5t successions ( "t4 ,su* might be ! effect ( an univ]sal deluge1 :i* mu/ h di/urb$ all nature2 b :i* c\ld n h giv5 a regul> =m to ^! diff]5t b$s ( fossil %ells1 b w\ld h jumbl$ !m toge!r )\t any ord] or regul>ity4 ,on ?is subject ,i am p]fectly ( ! same op9ion z ,m4 ,b>r]e1 except+ z to ! =mation ( m\nta9s1 :i* ,i _c agree ought to be entirely attribut$ to ! causes :i* occasion ! ocean to ga9 ^u ! l& on "s p>ts1 & lose x ^u o!rs4 ,z ,i am1 on ! contr>y1 ( op9ion1 ,i c\ld produce _m conv9c+ argum5ts to prove t mo/ ( ! em95cies se5 on ! surface ( ! e>? h be5 actually =m$ 9 ! sea itself4 ,fir/1 because !y h a correspond5ce ( saillant & return+ angles1 :i* necess>ily implies ! cause we h assign$1 t is1 ! motion ( ! curr5ts4 ,secondly1 because d[ns & hills1 :i* are =m$ by ! mat]ials t ! sea br+s on its %ores1 are n compos$ ( m>ble & h>d /one1 l common hills2 ! %ells also 9 ! =m] are g5]ally only fossils1 :]eas 9 ! latt]1 ! petrifaction is compleat2 besides ! b$s ( e>? are n s horizontal 9 d[ns z 9 ! hills compos$ ( m>ble & h>d /one1 b are m or less incl9$1 z 9 ! hills ( ,naffiac1 :]eas 9 ! hills & m\nta9s1 =m$ "u ! wat] by ! s$im5t ( ! sea1 ! /rata are always p>allel1 & v (t5 horizontal1 & ! %ells & o!r m>ble are entirely petrifi$4 ,i h no d\bt ( prov+ t m>ble & o!r calc9able matt]s1 :i* are almo/ all compos$ ( madrepores1 a/roites1 & %ells1 h acquir$ _! h>dness & p]fection at ! bottom ( ! sea2 on ! contr>y1 gravel1 s(t /ones1 incru/ations1 /alactites1 c4 :i* are also calc9able & f\nd 9 ! e>?1 & =m$ s9ce our cont95t has be5 discov]$1 _c acquire ?is degree ( h>dness & petrifaction :i* m>ble or h>d /ones h4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,academy = #agjh1 may be se5 ! obs]vations ( ,saulmon1 on ! subject ( ! galets f\nd 9 _m places4 ,^! galets are r\nd & flat fl9ts v smoo?1 & :i* are ca/ on ! %ores by ! sea4 ,at ,bayeux1 & at ,prutel1 :i* are a league f ! sea1 we f9d !m 9 digg+ wells or pits4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,bonneuil1 ,broie1 & ,quesny1 :i* are eighte5 leagues f ! sea1 are all cov]$ ) galets2 !y are also f\nd 9 ! valley ( ,cl]mont 9 ,beauvois4 ,m4 ,saulmon likewise relates1 t a hole1 #af feet deep1 0 bor$ horizontally into ! bea* ( ,tresport1 :i* is s(t e>?1 & t x entirely disappe>$ 9 #cj ye>s3 s t if ! sea always encroa*es alike1 x w\ld ga9 half a league 9 #ab1jjj ye>s4 ,! motions ( ! sea are !re=e ! pr9cipal causes ( ! alt]ations :i* h happ5$1 & :i* daily happ5 on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b !re are _m1 o!r causes1 :i*1 ?\gh less consid]able1 contribute to ^? *anges4 ,runn+ wat]s1 riv]s1 /reams1 ! melt+ ( sn[1 torr5ts1 fro/s1 c4 h occasion$ _m *anges2 ! ra9s h dim9i%$ ! height ( m\nta9s2 riv]s & rivulets h rais$ pla9s1 & /opp$ up ! sea at _! m\?s2 ! melt+ ( sn[1 & torr5ts1 h dug holl[s 9 vallies2 & ! fro/s h split rocks & sep>at$ !m f _! =m] /ations4 ,we might quote an inf9ity ( examples on ! alt]ations ^! causes h occasion$4 ,v>5ius says1 t riv]s convey into ! sea great quantities ( e>?1 :i* !y deposit at a great] or less di/ance f ! coa/s1 accord+ to ! rapidity ( _! curr5ts2 ^! e>?s fall to ! bottom ( ! sea1 &1 at fir/1 =m ^? small banks :i* daily encrease1 become %oals1 &1 at la/1 =m isl&s1 :i* are f]tile & inhabitable4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ! isl&s ( ! ,nile are =m$1 z well z ^? ( ,/4 ,laur5ce1 ! ,isle ( ,l&a1 situate on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,coanza1 ! isl& ( ,norway1 c4,,az ,to ^! may be add$ ! isl& ( ,trong ,m+1 at ,*9a1 :i* has be5 gradually =m$ by ! e>? t ! riv] ,nank9 has br\ght & deposit$ x at its m\?4 ,?is isl& is m ?an #bj leagues long by five or six broad4,,ba ,,az ,see ,v>5ni ,geograph4 page #bad4 ,,ba ,see ,lett]s ,edifiantes1 ,recueil xi4 page #bcd4 ,! ,po1 ,tr5to1 ,a!sis1 & o!r riv]s ( ,italy1 br+ ) !m great quantities ( e>?s into ! lakes ( ,v5ice1 especially dur+ ! "t ( inundations1 :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 mu/ fill !m up4 ,9 _m places !y are n[ dry at l[ wat]1 &1 except+ ! canals1 :i* are kept up at a great exp5ce1 h no dep? ( wat]4 ,at ! m\?s ( ! ,nile1 ! ,ganges1 ! ,indus1 ! ,plata1 ! ,nank91 & ( _m o!r riv]s1 ! e>? & s& deposit$ =m consid]able banks4 ,l\b]e1 9 8 ,voyage to ,siam1 says1 t ! banks ( s& & e>? daily increase at ! m\?s ( ! great riv]s ( ,asia1 insomu* t ! navigation ( !m becomes e day m difficult1 & w "o day be impassable4 ,! same rem>k may be made ( ! l>ge riv]s ( ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,wolga1 :i* has m ?an #gj m\?s 9 ! ,caspian sea1 & ( ! ,danube1 :i* has sev5 9 ! ,black sea1 c4 ,z x seldom ra9s 9 ,egypt ! regul> inundations ( ! ,nile proce$ f ! torr5ts :i* fall !re9 f ,e?iopa4 ,^! annually br+ ) !m great quantities ( mud1 :i* !y n only deposit on ! l& ( ,egypt b ev5 ?r[ to a consid]able di/ance 9 ! sea1 & ?us lay ! f\ndation ( a new l&1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 arises !refrom2 =1 by s\nd+ ) ! lead1 we f9d1 at m ?an #bj leagues di/ance f ! coa/1 ! mud ( ! ,nile at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & :i* is e ye> increas+4 ,l[] ,egypt1 :]e,,bb ,dela at pres5t /&s1 0 =m]ly a gulph ( ! sea4 ,hom] tells u t ! isl& ( ,ph>os 0 #bd h\rs voyage f ,egypt1 & at pres5t x is almo/ contigu\s to x4 ,! soil ( ,egypt has n ! same dep? ( good gr\nd ?r\gh\t its ext5t1 x less5s z we approa* ! sea4 ,ne> ! bord]s ( ! ,nile !re is sometimes ne> ?irty feet dep? ( good e>?1 :]eas at ! extremity ( ! inundation !re is sc>cely m ?an sev5 in*es4,,bc ,! t[n ( ,damietta1 at pres5t m ?an #aj miles f ! sea1 9 #abdc 0 a sea-port4 ,! t[n ( ,fooah1 :i*1 #cjj ye>s ago1 0 situate at ! m\? ( ! ,canopic1 a bran* ( ! ,nile1 is n[ m ?an sev5 leagues f x4 ,)9 #dj ye>s ! sea has retreat$ half a league f be=e ,rosetta & ,id]n4 ,,bb ,see ,diodorus de ,suc1 lib4 #c4 ,ari/otle1 lib4 #a4 ( ,meteors1 h4 xiv4 ,h]odotus1 f4 #d1 #e1 c4 ,,bc ,see ,%aw's ,travels1 vol4 ,,ii4 page #ahe1 & #ahf4 ,! great riv]s ( ,am]ica1 & ev5 ^? :i* h be5 b lately discov]$1 h suff]$ great alt]ations at _! m\?s4 ,*>levoix1 speak+ ( ! riv] ,mississipi1 says1 t at its m\?1 bel[ ,new ,orleans1 ! c\ntry =ms a po9t ( l& :i* does n appe> to be v anci5t1 = by digg+ b a little into ! e>? wat] is met )2 besides1 ! quantity ( small isl&s :i* h rec5tly be5 =m$ at all ! m\?s ( ?is riv]1 leaves no d\bt ( ?is neck ( l& be+ =m$ aft] ! same mann]4 ,x appe>s c]ta91 says he1 t :5 ,m4 de la ,salle w5t d[n ! ,mississipi1 to ! sea1 ! m\? ( ?is riv] 0 n z x is at ?is pres5t "t4 ,! ne>] we approa* t[>ds ! sea1 adds he1 ! m x becomes p]ceptible1 ! b> has sc>cely any wat] 9 mo/ ( ! small outlets :i* ! riv] has op5$1 & :i* h multipli$ s greatly f ! trees t are c>ri$ along ) ! curr5ts1 "o ( :i* /opt 9 a "p :]e x is %all[1 w entangle hundr$s4 ,i h se51 cont9ues he1 #bjj leagues f ,new ,orleans1 collections ( trees1 "o ( :i* w\ld h fill$ all ! timb]-y>ds ( ,p>is4 ,no?+ c set !m free2 ! mud :i* ! riv] br+s d[n s]ves to cem5t1 &1 by degrees1 cov]s !m4 ,ea* inundation leaves a new /ratum1 &1 aft] #aj ye>s1 %rubs & vegetables gr[ !reon3 aft] ?is mann] mo/ po9ts & isl&s are =m$1 :i* s (t5 *ange ! c\rse ( riv]s4,,bd ,,bd ,see ,*>levoix ,travels1 vol4 ,,ii4 page #ddj4 ,nev]!less all ! *anges :i* riv]s cause are v sl[1 & become n consid]able till aft] a long s]ies ( ye>s3 b quick & sudd5 *anges h happ5$ by inundations & e>?quakes4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian prie/s1 #fjj ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ass]t$1 accord+ to ! ,timu ( ,plato1 t !re 0 a great isl& ne> ,h]cules ,pill>s2 call$ ,atlantis1 :i* 0 l>g] ?an ,lybia & ,asia tak5 toge!r2 & t ?is isl& 0 buri$ "u ! wat]s ( ! ocean aft] a great e>?quake4 ,traditur ,a!ni5sis civitas re/itisse olim innum]is ho/ium copiis qu1 ex ,atlantico m>i pr(ect1 prope cunctam ,europam ,asiamque obs$]unt2 tunc enim fretum illud navigabile hab5s 9 ore et quasi ve/ibulo ejus insulam quam ,h]culis columnas cognom9ant2 f]turque insula illa ,lybi simul et ,asi ,major fuisse1 p] quam ad alias proximas insulas patebat aditus1 atque ex insulis ad omnem cont95tem conspectu jac5tem v]o m>i vic9am3 s$ intr os ipsum portes augu/o s9u traditur1 pelagus illud v]um m>e1 t]ra quoque illa v] erat cont95s1 c4 ,po/ hc +5ti t]r motu jugique diei unius et noctis illuvione factum e/1 ut t]ra dehisc5s omnis illos bellicosos absorb]et1 et ,atlantis insula sub va/o gurgite m]g]etur4 ,plato 9 ,timu4 ,?is anci5t tradition is n absolutely contr>y to all probability4 ,! e>?s :i* 7 absorb$ by ! wat]s are p]haps ^? :i* jo9 ,irel& to ! ,azores1 & ^? to ! cont95t ( ,am]ica2 = 9 ,irel& !re are ! same fossils1 %ells1 & m>9e productions z 9 ,am]ica1 "s ( :i* are diff]5t f any f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ,eusebius relates two te/imonies on ! subject ( deluges3 "o ( :i* is ,melo1 :o says t ! pla9s ( ,syria _h =m]ly be5 laid "u wat]2 ! o!r is ,abyd5us1 :o says1 t 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,sisi?rus !re 0 a great deluge1 :i* _h be5 pr$ict$ by ,saturnus1 ,plut>* ,de ,sole/ia ,animalium4 ,ovid1 & o!r my?ologi/s1 speak ( ! deluge ( ,deucalion1 :i*1 accord+ to !m1 0 9 ,!ssaly1 ab\t #gjj ye>s f ! univ]sal deluge4 ,x is also ass]t$ t !re _h be5 "o m anci5t 9 ,attica1 9 ! "t ( ,ogiges1 ab\t #bcj ye>s be=e t ( ,deucalion4 ,9 ! ye> #ajie !re 0 a deluge 9 ,syria1 :i* dr[n$ a numb] ( p4,,be ,9 #aafd !re 0 s consid]able a "o 9 ,friezel&1 t all m>itime coa/s 7 cov]$1 & sev]al ?\s&s ( ! inhabitants dr[n$4,,bf ,9 #abah !re 0 ano!r inundation :i* de/roy$ ne> an hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,!re are a multitude ( o!r examples ( great inundations1 l t ( #afjd 9 ,engl&1 & _m m4 ,,be ,see ,al/$4 ,*ron4 *ap4 #be4 ,,bf ,see ,krank1 ,lib4 #e1 cap4 #d4 ,a ?ird cause ( ! *ange on ! surface ( ! globe1 are impetu\s w9ds4 ,!y n only =m d[ns & hills on ! sea %ores1 b !y (t5 /op & *oak up riv]s1 & *ange _! directions2 !y te> up cultivat$ l&1 de/roy trees1 ov]?r[ edifices1 & cov] entire c\ntries ) s&4 ,we h an example ( ^! inundations ( s& on ! coa/s ( ,britany 9 ,france3 ! hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,academy at ,p>is1 anno #agbb1 makes m5tion ( x 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,9 ! environs ( ,/4 ,paul de ,leon1 9 ,l[] ,britany1 !re is a qu>t] ne> ! sea1 :i* be=e ! ye> #afff1 0 inhabit$2 b is s no long]1 by reason ( a s& :i* cov]s x to ! height ( m ?an tw5ty feet1 & :i* ga9s gr\nd e ye>4 ,reckon+ f t "t x has proce$$ upw>ds ( six leagues into ! c\ntry1 & is n[ n m ?an ab\t half a league f ,/4 ,paul1 s t accord+ to all appe>ance t t[n mu/ soon be des]t$4 ,! tops ( "s /eeples & *imnies are /ill se5 peep+ out ( ?is sea ( s&2 ! inhabitants ( ! int]r$ villages h always _h suffici5t "t to quit _! h\ses 9 safety4 ,an ea/ or nor? w9d increases ?is calamity1 by rais+ up a s& ( a v f9e nature1 :i* sweeps x away 9 su* great quantities1 & ) su* velocity1 t ,m4 ,desl&es1 to :om ! academy are indebt$ = ?is obs]vation1 :5 walk+ 9 t c\ntry dur+ an ea/ w9d1 0 oblig$1 f "t to "t1 to wipe x (f 8 hat & cloa?s !y 7 s load$ ) s&1 & felt s heavy4 ,besides1 :5 ?is w9d is viol5t1 x ?r[s ?is s& ov] a small arm ( ! sea into ,rosc(1 a small port mu* frequ5t$ by =eign vessels2 ! s& collects 9 _! /reets to ! height ( two feet1 & ! inhabitants are oblig$ to h x c>t$ away4 ,!re are _m f]rug9\s p>ticles 9 ?is s&1 :i* are easily discov]$ by a magnet4 ,! coa/ :i* furni%es ?is s& ext5ds f ,/4 ,paul z f> z ,pl\efoat1 some:at m ?an f\r leagues4 ,! disposition ( ! place is su* t only ! ea/ or ! nor?-ea/ w9d c convey ! s& ov] ! l&s4 ,x is easy to be conceiv$ h[ ! s&1 convey$ & accumulat$ by ! w9d 9 "o "p1 c aga9 be tak5 up by ! same w9d & c>ri$ f>!r1 & t ! s& c ?us advance into & cov] ! c\ntry :ile ! m9e :i* furni%es x cont9ues unexhau/$2 = )\t ?is ! s&1 by advanc+1 w\ld always dim9i% 9 height1 & w\ld cease its de/ructive ravages4 ,n[ x is b too possible t ! sea ?r[s up or deposits new s& 9 ! place f :5ce ! w9d raises x up1 & !re=e ! dreadful effects may long cont9ue4 ,! disa/] is b ( mod]n date1 possibly ! %oal :i* furni%es x has n yet a suffici5t quantity to lift itself above ! surface ( ! sea1 or p]haps ! sea has b j left x uncov]$4 ,!re has be5 "s alt]ation on ! coa/1 & ! sea at pres5t rea*es1 at high wat]1 half a league beyond c]ta9 rocks t =m]ly x nev] pass$4 ,?is unhappy prov9ce ju/ifies :at ! anci5t & mod]n travell]s relate conc]n+ ! tempe/s ( s& 9 ! des]ts ( ,arabia1 9 :i* cities & armies h be5 envelop$ & de/roy$4 ,mr4 ,%aw tells u t ! ports ( ,laodicea1 ,jebila1 ,tortosa1 ,r[ada1 ,tripoli1 ,tyre1 ,acra1 & ,jaffa1 are all fill$ up ) s& br\ght ?i!r by ! great waves :i* beat on t side ( ! ,m$it]ranean :5 ! we/ w9d bl[s impetu\sly4,,bg ,,bg ,see ,%aw's ,travels1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,x is useless to give a great] numb] ( examples ( ! alt]ations t h happ5$ on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,fire1 air1 & wat]1 produce cont9ual *anges1 :i* become v consid]able by "t4 ,x is n f g5]al causes alone1 ^: effects are p]iodical & regul>1 t ! sea successively takes ! place ( ! e>?1 & =sakes its own dom9ions4 ,!re are a numb] ( p>ticul> causes :i* contribute to ^! mutations1 su* z e>?quakes1 inundations1 s9k+ ( m\nta9s1 c4 ,?us ! mo/ solid ?+1 at lea/ to our conception1 l ! re/ ( nature1 und]goes cont9ual & p]petual vicissitudes4 ,,conclusion ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,by ! pro(s we h giv5 9 ,articles ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 x appe>s c]ta9 t ! :ole ( ! pres5t dry l& 0 =m]ly cov]$ by ! sea4 ,x appe>s also z c]ta91 f ,article ,,xii4 t ! flux & reflux1 & o!r motions ( ! ocean1 cont9ually deta*1 f ! side & ! bottom ( ! sea1 %ells & matt]s ( e k9d1 "s "p ( :i* are deposit$ 9 o!r places 9 =m ( s$im5ts1 & :i* are ! orig9 ( ! p>allel & horizontal /rata e :]e to be met )4 ,we h prov$ 9 ,article ,,ix4 t ! inequalities ( ! globe h be5 caus$ by ! motion ( ! sea1 & t m\nta9s h be5 produc$ by ! successive masses & heap+s ( ! s$im5ts we h j describ$4 ,x is evid5t by ,article ,,xiii4 t ! curr5ts1 :i* at fir/ foll[$ ! direction ( ^! inequalities1 aft]w>ds gave to !m all ! figure :i* !y at pres5t pres]ve2 t is1 t alt]nate correspond5ce ( ! saliant angles always oppos$ to ! return+ angles4 ,x appe>s likewise by ,articles ,,viii4 & ,,xviii4 t ! greate/ "p ( ! matt]s :i* ! sea has deta*$ f its sides & bottom 71 :5 deposit$ z s$im5ts1 9 =m ( a f9e impalpable p[d]1 :i* p]fectly fill$ ! cavities ( ! %ells1 :e!r x 0 ( ! same nature or only analog\s to t ) :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,x is c]ta91 f ,article ,,xvii4 t ! horizontal /rata :i* h be5 produc$ by ! accumulation ( s$im5ts1 & :i* at fir/ 7 9 a s(t /ate1 acquir$ h>dness 9 proportion z !y became dry1 & t ?is dry+ has produc$ p]p5dicul> clefts1 :i* cross ! horizontal /rata4 ,x is impossible to d\bt1 aft] p]us+ ! facts 9 ! ,articles ,x4 ,,xi4 ,,xiv4 ,,xv4 ,,xvi4 ,,xvii4 ,,xviii4 & ,,xix4 t an inf9ite numb] ( revolutions1 p>ticul> *anges & alt]ations1 h happ5$ on ! surface ( ! globe1 z well f ! natural motion ( ! wat]s ( ! sea z by ! effects ( ra91 fro/1 runn+ wat]s1 w9ds1 subt]rane\s fires1 e>?quakes1 inundations1 c4 & t consequ5tly ! sea has alt]nately *ang$ places ) ! e>?1 especially 9 ! e>lie/ times aft] ! creation1 :5 ! t]re/rial matt]s 7 mu* s(t] ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,x mu/ nev]!less be ackn[l$g$1 t we c b v1 imp]fectly judge ( ! succession ( natural revolutions2 t we c /ill less judge ( ! cause ( accid5ts1 *anges1 & alt]ations2 t ! defect ( hi/orical monum5ts deprives u ( ! k ( p>ticul> facts1 & exp]i5ce & "t is defici5t to u4 ,we d n pay any consid]ation t1 ?\gh ! "t ( our exi/5ce is v limit$1 nature proce$s 9 h] regul> c\rse4 ,we w\ld cond5se into our mom5t>y exi/5ce ! transactions ( ages pa/ & to come1 )\t reflect+ t ?is in/ant ( "t1 nay ev5 human life itself1 is only a s+le fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! acts ( ! ,almighty4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,animals4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,a ,,comp>ison ,,betwe5 ,,animals1 ,,vegetables1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,productions ,,( ,,nature4 ,amid/ ! inf9ite numb] ( objects t (f] !mselves to our view1 & ) :i* ! surface ( ! e>? is e :]e cov]$1 ,animals hold ! fir/ rank bo? on acc\nt ( _! =mation1 & _! evid5t sup]iority ov] vegetables & o!r matt]s4 ,animals1 by _! s5ses1 =m1 motion1 & _m o!r prop]ties1 h a m intimate connection ) ^? ?+s :i* surr\nd !m ?an vegetables2 & ! latt]1 by _! figure1 gr[?1 & v>iety ( compon5t p>ts1 h also a ne>] relation ) ext]nal objects1 ?an ei!r m9]als or /ones1 :i* h n any k9d ( life or motion4 ,by ?is numb] ( prop]ties x is1 t ! animal claims pre-em95ce ov] ! vegetable1 & ! vegetable ov] ! m9]al4 ,man1 to consid] him by 8 mat]ial =m alone1 is only sup]ior to ! brute creation by possess+ "s few peculi> prop]ties1 su* z ^? giv5 to him by 8 tongue & h&s2 & al?\gh ! works ( ! ,creator are 9 !mselves equally p]fect1 ! animal1 accord+ to our mode ( p]ception1 is ! mo/ complete1 & man ! mo/ p]fect animal4 ,:at v>iety ( spr+s1 :at =ces1 & :at me*anical motions are enclos$ 9 ?is small "p ( matt] :i* composes ! body ( an animal8 ,:at prop]ties1 :at h>mony1 & :at correspond5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts8 ,h[ _m comb9ations1 arrangem5ts1 causes1 effects1 & pr9ciples1 conspire to complete "o end1 & :i* we "k only to be results s v difficult to compreh5d1 t !y only cease f be+ m>vell\s by ! long cu/om ( n reflect+ on !m8 ,nev]!less1 h[ev] admirable ?is "w appe>s1 x is n ! individual t is ! mo/ wond]ful2 b x is 9 ! succession1 reproduction1 & duration ( species1 t nature becomes inconceivable4 ,?is faculty ( reproduction1 :i* resides alone 9 animals & vegetables2 ?is k9d ( unity always subsi/+1 & seem+ly et]nal2 ?is procreative p[]1 :i* p]petually ex]cises itself )\t be+ de/roy$1 is a my/]y1 ! dep? ( :i* we are n enabl$ to fa?om4 ,inanimate bodies1 ev5 ! /ones & dirt "u our feet1 h "s prop]ties2 _! exi/5ce alone supposes a great numb]2 & ! lea/ organic matt] has an inf9ity ( relations ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,we %all n say1 ) "s philosoph]s1 t matt]1 "u :atev] =m x may be1 is s5sible ( its exi/5ce & relative faculties4 ,?is is a metaphysical "q1 & ( :i* we d n "h propose to treat1 x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t n hav+ a p]fect k ( our own relation ) ext]nal objects1 we _c d\bt t inanimate matt]s are /ill m ignorant2 besides1 z our s5sations d n 9 ! lea/ resemble ! objects :i* cause !m1 we mu/ conclude1 by analogy1 t inanimate matt] has nei!r s5tim5t1 s5sation1 nor a consci\sness ( its exi/5ce2 to attribute any ( ^! faculties to x1 w\ld be giv+ x ! p[] ( ?\ght1 action1 & p]ception1 ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z we ?9k1 act1 & feel1 :i* is z mu* repugnant to reason z x is to religion4 ,inanimate bodies be+ =m$ ( e>? & du/1 we h1 ( c\rse1 "s prop]ties 9 common ) !m1 b !y are m]ely relative to :at arises f g5]al matt]1 su* z ext5t1 imp5etrability1 weight1 c4 b z ^! prop]ties1 purely mat]ial1 make no impression ( !mselves1 z !y exi/ entirely indep5d5t1 & d n at all affect u1 we _c consid] !m z a "p ( our be+2 x is !re=e ! organization1 ! s\l1 & ! life1 :i* con/itute our exi/5ce4 ,matt]1 consid]$ 9 ?is light1 is less ! pr9cipal ?an ! accessor4 ,x is a =eign expansion1 ! union ( :i* is unkn[n1 & ! pres5ce hurtful to u2 & ?\ght1 :i* is ! con/itu5t pr9ciple ( our be+1 is v probably entirely indep5d5t4 ,we exi/1 !re=e1 )\t kn[+ h[1 & we ?9k )\t kn[+ :y2 b :atev] is ! mann] ( our be+ or ?9k+1 :e!r our s5sations are true or false1 ! result ( !m are n less c]ta94 ,?is ord] ( ideas1 ?is tra9 ( ?\ghts1 :i* int]nally exi/ f ourselves1 al?\gh v diff]5t f ! objects t cause !m1 give rise to ! mo/ real affections1 & occasion relations ) ext]nal objects1 :i* we may consid] z real aff9ities1 s9ce !y are inv>iable1 & always ! same4 ,! human species1 !re=e1 may be said to hold ! fir/ rank 9 ! ord] ( nature1 ! brute creation ! second1 vegetables ! ?ird1 & m9]als ! la/2 = al?\gh we _c cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 our animal & spiritual qualities1 & al?\gh ! brute creation are end[$ ) ! same s5ses1 possess ! same pr9ciples ( life & motion1 & p]=m a numb] ( actions l man1 yet !y h n ! relation ) ext]nal objects 9 ! same ext5sive mann] we h1 & consequ5tly ! resemblance mu/ fail 9 v>i\s respects4 ,! di/ance is great] betwe5 man & vegetables1 & /ill m s f m9]als1 z vegetables possess a degree ( animation1 :ile m9]als are de/itute ( e pr9ciple t t5ds to organization4 ,to compose1 !re=e1 ! hi/ory ( an animal1 we mu/ fir/ nicely inspect into ! g5]al ord] ( 8 p>ticul> relations1 & aft]w>ds di/+ui% ^? he has 9 common ) vegetables & m9]als4 ,an animal has no?+ 9 common ) a m9]al1 except+ g5]al prop]ties ( matt]2 8 nature & oeconomy are totally diff]5t3 ! m9]al is a m]e s5seless & inactive matt]1 )\t organization1 faculties1 or p[] ( reproduction2 a dead mass1 fit only to be trod "u foot by man & animals2 ev5 ! mo/ preci\s metals are ?us consid]$ by ! philosoph]1 z !y possess b an arbitr>y value1 subord9ate to ! w1 & dep5d5t on ! conv5tion ( m54 ,9 an animal all ! p[]s ( nature are unit$2 ! prop]ties by :i* x is animat$ are peculi> to x2 by its s5ses x c w1 act1 det]m9e1 & communicate ) ! mo/ di/ant objects3 its body is a c5tre1 to :i* e ?+ is connect$2 a po9t :]e ! :ole univ]se is reflect$2 a _w 9 m9iature4 ,^! are ! prop]ties :i* peculi>ly belong to x2 ^? :i* x possesses 9 common ) vegetables are ! faculties ( gr[?1 expansion1 reproduction1 & increase4 ,! mo/ app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 animals & vegetables seems to be ! faculty ( mov+ f place to place1 :i* animals are end[$ ) & vegetables n4 ,x is true we are n acqua9t$ ) any vegetable t has a s+le progressive motion2 & !re are _m k9ds ( animals1 z oy/]s1 c4 to :i* ?is motion seems to h be5 d5i$2 ! di/9ction1 !re=e1 is nei!r g5]al nor necess>y4 ,a m ess5tial diff]5ce might be drawn f ! faculty ( s5sation2 b s5sation includes su* a v>iety ( ideas1 t we ought n to m5tion ! ^w )\t giv+ "s explication2 = if by s5sation we und]/& only a motion1 occasion$ by a *eck or resi/ance1 we %all f9d ! s5sitive-plant is also possess$ ( x2 if1 on ! contr>y1 we w\ld h x signify to appreh5d & comp>e ideas1 we are n c]ta9 t brute animals possess x2 if x is all[$ to dogs1 elephants1 c4 ^: actions seem to result f ! same causes z ^? ( m51 x mu/ be d5i$ to an inf9ite numb] ( o!rs1 especially to ^? :i* seem to be motionless4 ,if we c\ld give to oy/]s1 = example1 ! same faculty ( s5sation z to dogs1 ?\gh 9 an inf]ior degree1 :y %\ld we n all[ x to vegetables 9 a /ill less] degree8 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 animals & vegetables is n1 !re=e1 g5]al1 nor well decid$4 ,a ?ird diff]5ce seems to arise f _! me?od ( fe$+4 ,animals1 by ! means ( c]ta9 ext]nal organs1 seize ^? ?+s :i* are agreeable to !m3 !y seek _! pa/ure & *use _! food4 ,plants are r$uc$ to ! necessity ( receiv+ su* nutrim5t z ! e>? furni%es3 !y h no div]sity 9 ! mann] ( procur+ x2 no *oice 9 ! k9d1 b ! humidity ( ! e>? is _! only alim5t2 nev]!less1 if we att5d to ! organization & action ( roots & leaves1 we %all pres5tly discov] t !re are 9 ^? p>ts ext]nal organs1 :i* vegetables make use ( to obta9 _! food2 t ! root avoids & turns f an ob/acle1 or ve9 ( bad e>?1 to seek = "o t is bett]2 t !y divide _! fibres1 & ev5 g s f> z to *ange _! =m to procure nutrim5t = ! plant4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & vegetables _c1 !re=e1 be e/abli%$ on ! mann] 9 :i* !y receive _! nutrim5t4 ,?is inve/igation induces u to conclude t !re is no absolute ess5tial & g5]al diff]5ce betwe5 animals & vegetables1 b t nature desc5ds1 by degrees imp]ceptibly f an animal :i* is ! mo/ p]fect1 to t :i* is ! lea/1 & f ! latt] to ! vegetable4 ,! wat] polypus may !re=e be consid]$ z ! l9e :]e ! animal creation ends & t ( plants beg94 ,if1 aft] hav+ exam9$ ! di/9ctions1 we se>* aft] ! resemblances betwe5 animals & vegetables1 we %all f9d ! p[] ( reproduction is g5]al1 & v ess5tial to bo?2 a faculty :i* w\ld almo/ lead u to suppose t animals & vegetables are ne>ly ( ! same ord] ( be+s4 ,a second resemblance may be drawn f ! expansion ( _! p>ts1 a prop]ty :i* is common to bo?2 = vegetables gr[ z well z animals1 & if ! mann] 9 :i* !y exp& is diff]5t1 x is n totally nor ess5tially s1 s9ce !re are v consid]able p>ts 9 animals1 z ! bones1 ! hair1 ! nails1 ! horns1 c4 ^: expansion is a p]fect & real vegetation2 & ! foetus1 at its fir/ =mation1 may be said r to vegetate ?an live4 ,a ?ird resemblance arises f !re be+ "s animals :i* propagate l plants1 & by ! same me?od4 ,! multiplication ( ! v9e-frett]1 :i* is made )\t copulation1 is l t ( plants by se$s2 & t ( polypuses1 by cutt+ !m1 resembles ! multiplication ( trees by slips4 ,we c !n ass]t ) great] f\ndation1 t animals & vegetables are be+s ( ! same ord]1 & t nature passes f "o to ! o!r by ins5sible l9ks2 s9ce ! prop]ties :]e9 !y resemble ea* o!r are g5]al & ess5tial1 & ^? on :i* !y diff] conf9$ & p>ticul>4 ,if we comp>e animals & vegetables by o!r lights1 = example1 by numb]1 situation1 size1 =m1 c4 we %all draw fre% inductions f !m4 ,! numb] ( ! animal species is mu* great] ?an t ( plants4 ,9 ! class ( insects alone !re are a great] numb] ( species ?an !re are k9ds ( plants on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,animals likewise mu* less resemble ea* o!r ?an plants2 & x is ?is resemblance among ! latt] :i* makes ! difficulty ( kn[+ & disc]n+ !m1 & has giv5 rise to s _m botanical sy/ems2 & x is = ?is reason t m lab\r has be5 be/[$ on t ?an on zoology4 ,besides1 !re is ano!r advantage ( kn[+ ! species ( animals1 & di/+ui%+ !m "o f ano!r1 :i* is by reg>d+ ^? z "o & ! same species1 :o1 by means ( copulation1 produce & p]petuate be+s l !mselves2 & z a diff]5t species1 ^? f a connection betwe5 :om no?+ is produc$1 or ^: product are unlike _! p>5ts4 ,?us a fox w be a diff]5t species f a dog1 if no?+ results f a copulation ( a male & female ( ^! two animals1 & :5 ev5 !re %\ld result a bip>tite animal1 or a k9d ( mule1 :i* _c g5]ate1 t w be suffici5t to e/abli% ! fox & dog ( two diff]5t species4 ,!re is n ! same advantage to be _h 9 plants1 = al?\gh "s h pret5d$ to discov] sexes1 & al?\gh divisions ( bre$s h be5 e/abli%$ by ! p>ts ( fecundation2 yet1 z ^! di/9ctions nei!r are s c]ta91 nor s app>5t z 9 animals1 & ! production ( plants is made 9 _m modes1 t ! sex has no "p 91 & :]e ! p>ts ( fecundation are n necess>y1 ?is idea _c be made use ( ) any success2 x is only on a misappreh5d$ analogy t ?is sexual me?od has be5 pret5d$ to di/+ui% all ! diff]5t species ( plants4 ,not)/&+ ! numb] ( animals is great] ?an t ( plants1 yet t is n ! case ) respect to ! numb] ( individuals 9 ea* species4 ,9 animals z well z 9 plants1 ! numb] ( individuals is mu* great] 9 ! small species ?an 9 ! l>ge4 ,flies are1 p]haps1 a million times m num]\s ?an elephants2 s likewise !re are m k9ds ( plants ?an trees2 b1 if we comp>e ! quantity ( individuals 9 ea* species1 we %all f9d t ! plant is m abundant ?an ! animal2 = example1 quadrup$s br+ =? b a small numb] ( "y1 & at consid]able di/ances ( "t2 trees1 on ! contr>y1 produce e ye>1 a great quantity4 ,x may be said t ?is comp>ison is n exact1 & to r5d] x s1 we %\ld comp>e ! quantity ( se$s produc$ by a tree1 ) a quantity ( g]ms conta9$ 9 ! sem5 ( an animal1 & !n1 p]haps1 we %\ld f9d1 t animals are /ill m abundant 9 _! se$ ?an vegetables4 ,b x %\ld be consid]$ t x is possible by collect+ & s[+ all ! se$s ( an elm1 = in/ance1 t we might h #ajj1jjj "y ones f ! product ( a s+le ye>2 & t %\ld we supply a horse ) z _m m>es z he c\ld cov] 9 "o ye>1 !re w\ld be a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! production ( ! animal & t ( ! vegetable4 ,i %all n exam9e into ! quantity ( g]ms2 fir/1 because we are n acqua9t$ ) x 9 ! animal creation3 & secondly1 because possibly !re is ! same numb] ( sem9al %oots 9 ! vegetable3 = ! se$ ( a vegetable is n a g]m1 be+ z p]fect a production z ! foetus ( an animal1 & to :i*1 l t1 a great] expansion is only want+4 ,to my comp>ison may likewise be oppos$ ! prodigi\s multiplication ( c]ta9 k9ds ( insects3 z ! bee 9 p>ticul>1 "o ( :i* w produce ?irty or =ty ?\s&4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ,i speak 9 g5]al ( animals comp>$ ) vegetables2 & besides1 ?is example ( bees1 :i* p]haps is ! greate/ multiplication among animals1 does n con/itute a pro( aga9/ :at we h obs]v$2 = ( ?irty or =ty ?\s& flies produc$ by ! female bee1 !re is b few females2 fifte5 hundr$1 or two ?\s& males1 & all ! re/ moles1 or r neutral flies1 )\t sex1 & incapable ( procreat+4 ,x mu/ be own$1 t 9 insects1 fi%1 & %ell-fi%1 !re are species :i* seem to be v abundant2 oy/]s1 h]r+s1 fleas1 beetles1 c4 are p]haps 9 z great numb]s z mosses & ! mo/ common plants2 b on ! :ole1 ! greate/ numb] ( ! animal species is less abundant ?an ! vegetable2 & by comp>+ diff]5t k9ds ( plants ) ea* o!r1 !re is n f\nd su* great diff]5ces 9 ! numb]1 z 9 ! animal species2 "s ( :i* br+ =? a prodigi\s numb]1 & o!rs only a few2 :]eas ! numb] ( productions 9 plants is always v great ?r\gh\t4 ,by :at we h obs]v$1 x appe>s t ! smalle/ & base/ species seem to be ! mo/ prolific3 ! mo/ m9ute are ! mo/ pl5tiful z well 9 animals z 9 plants1 & 9 proportion z ! animals are m p]fect1 !y appe> to decrease 9 numb] ( individuals4 ,c x be ?\ght1 t c]ta9 =ms ( ! body1 z ^? ( quadrup$s & birds1 requisite = ! p]fection ( s5sation1 w\ld co/ nature m organic p>ticles ?an ! production ( less important animals8 ,let u n[ pass to ! comp>ison ( animals & vegetables1 ) respect to situation1 =m1 & size4 ,! e>? is ! only place :]e9 vegetables c subsi/4 ,! greate/ numb] gr[ above ! surface1 & are atta*$ to ! soil by roots4 ,"s1 z truffles1 are entirely cov]$ ) e>?1 & a few gr[ "u ! wat]1 b all require ! surface ( ! e>? to exi/ ^u4 ,animals1 on ! contr>y1 are m g5]ally disp]s$2 "s dwell on ! surface1 & o!rs 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 "s live at ! bottom1 & o!rs swim 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean3 "s exi/ 9 ! air1 o!rs dwell 9 ! int]nal p>ts ( plants1 on ! bodies ( m5 & o!r animals1 liquors1 & ev5 /ones are n )\t !m4 ,by ! use ( ! microscope1 a great numb] ( new species ( animals h be5 discov]$3 b s+ul> z x may appe>1 we h n f\nd m ?an "o or two new species ( plants by ! help ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,! small moss is1 p]haps1 ! only microscopical plant spok5 (2 & we might1 !re=e1 imag9e t nature refus$ to produce v small plants1 :ile %e =m$ animalcules ) pr(usion2 b we might deceive ourselves by adopt+ ?is op9ion )\t exam9ation1 & our error might arise f plants1 9 fact1 resembl+ ea* o!r m ?an animals2 s t ?is mold9ess1 :i* we only take = a v m9ute moss1 may possibly be a k9d ( =e/ or g>d51 fill$ ) abundance ( v>i\s plants1 al?\gh we are unable to m>k ! diff]5ce4 ,by comp>+ ! size ( animals & plants !re w be f\nd a great inequality1 = ! di/ance is mu* great] betwe5 ! size ( a :ale & "o ( ^! microscope animals1 ?an betwe5 ! highe/ oak & ! moss we are n[ speak+ (4 ,al?\gh bulk be only a relative attribute1 x may1 nev]!less1 be useful to inspect into ! extreme b\nd>ies nature has allott$ to h] productions4 ,9 bigness animals & plants seem to h a ne> equality2 a l>ge :ale & a l>ge tree =ms a volume n v diff]5t2 :]eas1 among ! small x has be5 ass]t$ !re are animals s v m9ute t a million ( !m unit$ toge!r1 w\ld n equal1 9 size1 ! smalle/ moss-plant ev] se54 ,! mo/ g5]al & mo/ s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 animals & vegetables is t ( figure1 = ! =m ( animals1 al?\gh inf9itely v>i$1 has n any resemblance to t ( plants2 & al?\gh ! polypus w1 l plants1 reproduce by cutt+1 & may be reg>d$ z ! l9k betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 n only by ! mode ( _! reproduction b also by _! ext]nal =m1 nev]!less ! figure ( ! animal is s diff]5t f ! ext]nal =m ( a plant t x is difficult to be deceiv$ !re94 ,"s animals =m ?+s resembl+ plants or fl[]s1 b plants nev] produce any ?+ l an animal2 & ^? admirable insects :i* produce & =m ! coral1 w\ld n h be5 tak5 = fl[]s if coral _h n be5 reg>d$ z a plant4 ,?us ! errors :]e9 we might fall1 by comp>+ plants ) animals1 w nev] h any influ5ce b on a few objects :i* compose ! l9k betwe5 bo?1 & ! m obs]vations we %all make ! m we %all be conv9c$ t ! ,creator has n plac$ a fix$ l9e betwe5 animals & vegetables2 t ^! two species ( organiz$ be+s h _m m common prop]ties ?an real diff]5ces2 t ! production ( an animal does n require ( nature m1 & possibly1 less ex]tion ?an t ( a vegetable2 t 9 g5]al ! production ( organiz$ be+s does n require ex]tion1 & t1 9 %ort1 ! liv+ animat$ nature1 in/ead ( compos+ a metaphysical degree ( be+s1 is a physical prop]ty1 common to all matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,or ,,bh,,reproduction ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,,bh ,?is ^w is us$ by ! au?or 9 an enl>g$ s5se ( propagation1 = z g5]ation applies to animat$ be+s1 s by ?is he includes ! vegetable z well z animal sy/em4 ,we %all n[ make a m m9ute inspection into ?is common prop]ty ( animal & vegetable nature2 ?is p[] ( produc+ its resemblance2 ?is *a9 ( successive individuals1 :i* con/itutes ! real exi/5ce ( ! species2 & )\t atta*+ ourselves to ! g5]ation ( man1 or to t ( any p>ticul> k9d ( animal1 let u inspect ! ph5om5as ( reproduction 9 g5]al1 let u collect facts1 & enum]ate ! diff]5t me?ods nature makes use ( to r5ew organiz$ be+s4 ,! fir/1 & z we ?9k ! mo/ simple me?od1 is1 to collect 9 "o body an inf9ite numb] ( resembl+ organic bodies1 & s to compose its sub/ance1 t !re is n a "p ( x :i* does n conta9 a g]m ( ! same species1 & :i* consequ5tly ( itself might become a :ole1 resembl+ t ( :i* x con/itutes a "p4 ,?is prep>ation seems to suppose a prodigi\s wa/e1 & to c>ry ) x pr(usion2 yet x is a v common munific5ce ( nature1 & :i* manife/s itself ev5 9 ! mo/ common & inf]ior k9ds1 su* z worms1 polypuses1 elms1 will[s1 gooseb]ry-trees1 & _m o!r plants & insects1 ea* "p ( :i* conta9s a :ole1 & by ! s+le effect ( expansion alone may become a plant1 or an insect4 ,by consid]+ organiz$ be+s 9 ?is po9t ( view1 an individual is a :ole1 uni=mly organiz$ 9 all its p>ts2 a comp\nd ( an inf9ity ( resembl+ figures & simil> p>ts1 an assemblage ( g]ms1 or small individuals ( ! same k9d1 :i* c exp& 9 ! same mode accord+ to circum/ances1 & =m new bodies1 compos$ l ^? f :5ce !y proce$4 ,by exam9+ ?is idea ?or\ghly1 we %all discov] a connection betwe5 animals1 vegetables1 & m9]als1 :i* we c\ld n expect4 ,salts1 & "s o!r m9]als1 are compos$ ( p>ts resembl+ ea* o!r1 & to all t composes !m2 a gra9 ( salt is a cube1 compos$ ( an inf9ity ( small] cubes1 :i* we may easily p]ceive by a microscope2 ^! are also compos$ ( o!r cubes /ill small]1 z may be p]ceiv$ ) a bett] microscope2 & we _c d\bt1 b t ! primitive & con/itut+ p>ticles ( ?is salt are likewise cubes s exce$+ly m9ute z to escape our sight1 & our imag9ation4 ,animals & plants :i* c multiply by all _! p>ts1 are organiz$ bodies1 ( :i* ! primitive & con/itut+ p>ts are also organic & simil>1 ( :i* we disc]n ! aggregate quantity1 b _c p]ceive ! primitive p>ts only by reason & analogy4 ,?is leads u to believe t !re is an inf9ity ( organic p>ticles actually exi/+ & liv+ 9 nature1 ! sub/ance ( :i* is ! same ) t ( organiz$ bodies4 ,z we h j obs]v$1 9 a /ructure ( a simil> k9d1 ?\gh ( inanimate matt]1 t x 0 compos$ ( an inf9ity ( p>ticles :i* h a p]fect semblance to ! :ole body1 & z !re mu/ p]haps be millions ( small cubes ( accumulat$ salts to =m a s5sible individual gra9 ( sea-salt1 s likewise millions ( organic p>ticles1 l ! :ole1 are requir$ to =m "o out ( t multiplicity ( g]ms conta9$ 9 an elm1 or a polypus2 & z we mu/ sep>ate1 bruise1 & dissolve a cube ( sea-salt to p]ceive1 by means ( cry/allization1 ! small cubes ( :i* x is compos$2 we mu/ likewise sep>ate ! p>ts ( an elm or polypus to discov]1 by means ( vegetation & expansion1 ! small elms or polypuses conta9$ 9 ^? p>ts4 ,! difficulty ( giv+ way to ?is idea arises f a prejudice /rongly e/abli%$1 t !re is no me?od ( judg+ ( ! complex1 except by ! simple1 & t1 to conceive ! organic con/itution ( a body we mu/ r$uce x to its simple & unorganiz$ p>ts1 & t x is m easy to conceive h[ a cube is compos$ ( o!r cubes ?an h[ "o polypus is compos$ ( o!rs2 b if we att5tively exam9e :at is meant by simple & complex1 we %all !n f9d t 9 ?is1 z 9 e ?+ else1 ! plan ( nature is q diff]5t f ! v r\gh draught ( x =m$ by our ideas4 ,our s5ses1 z is well kn[n1 d n furni% u ) exact repres5tations ( ext]nal objects1 insomu* t if we are desir\s ( e/imat+1 judg+1 comp>+1 measur+1 c4 we are oblig$ to h rec\rse to =eign assi/ance1 to rules1 pr9ciples1 in/rum5ts1 c4 ,all ^! helps are ! works ( human k1 & p>take m or less ( ! ab/raction ( our ideas2 ?is ab/raction1 !re=e1 is :at is call$ ! simple1 & ! difficulty ( r$uc+ !m to ?is ab/raction1 ! complex4 ,ext5t1 = example1 be+ a g5]al & ab/ract$ prop]ty f nature1 is n v complex2 nev]!less1 to =m a judgm5t ( x1 we h suppos$ ext5ts )\t dep?1 )\t bread?1 & ev5 po9ts )\t any ext5t at all4 ,all ^! ab/ractions h be5 inv5t$ = ! support ( our judgm5t1 & ! few def9itions made use ( 9 geometry h occasion$ a v>iety ( prejudices & false conclusions4 ,all t c be r$uc$ by ^! def9itions are t]m$ simple1 & all t _c be readily r$uc$ are call$ complex2 f h5ce a triangle1 a squ>e1 a circle1 a cube1 c4 are simple subjects1 z well z all curves1 ^: geometrical laws we are acqua9t$ )2 b all t we _c r$uce by ^! ab/ract$ figures & laws are complex4 ,we d n consid] t ^! geometrical figures exi/ only 9 our imag9ation2 t !y are n to be f\nd 9 nature1 or1 at lea/1 if !y are discov]able !re1 x is because %e exhibits e possible =m1 & t x is m difficult & r>e to f9d simple figures ( an equilat]al pyramid1 or an exact cube 9 nature1 ?an comp\nd$ =ms ( a plant or an animal4 ,9 ev]y?+1 !re=e1 we take ! ab/ract = ! simple1 & ! real = ! complex4 ,9 ,nature1 on ! contr>y1 ! ab/ract has no exi/5ce1 e ?+ is comp\nd$2 we %all nev]1 ( c\rse1 p5etrate into ! intimate /ructure ( bodies3 we _c1 !re=e1 pron\nce on :at is complex 9 a great] or less] degree1 except+ by ! great] or less] ea* subject has to ourselves & to ! re/ ( ! univ]se2 f :i* reason x is we judge t ! animal is m comp\nd$ ?an ! vegetable1 & ! vegetable m ?an ! m9]al4 ,?is notion is j ) relation to u1 b we "k n1 9 reality1 :e!r ! animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al1 is ! mo/ simple or complex2 & we are ignorant :e!r a globule1 or a cube1 is m indebt$ = an ex]tion ( nature1 ?an a se$ or an organic p>ticle4 ,if we w\ld =m conjectures on ?is subject1 we might suppose t ! mo/ common & num]\s ?+s are ! mo/ simple b !n animals w\ld be ! mo/ simple1 s9ce ! numb] ( _! k9d f> exce$s t ( plants or m9]als4 ,b )\t tak+ up m "t on ?is discussion1 x is suffici5t to h %ewn t ! op9ions we commonly h ( ! simple & complex are ideas ( ab/raction1 t !y _c be appli$ to ! comp\nd productions ( nature1 & t :5 we attempt to r$uce e be+ to elem5ts ( a regul> figure1 or to prismatic1 cubical1 or globul> p>ticles1 we sub/itute our own imag9ations 9 ! place ( realities2 t ! =ms ( ! con/itut+ p>ticles ( diff]5t bodies are absolutely unkn[n to u1 & t1 consequ5tly1 we c suppose1 t an organiz$ body is compos$ ( organic p>ticles1 z well z t a cube is compos$ ( o!r cubes4 ,we h no o!r rule to judge by ?an exp]i5ce4 ,we p]ceive t a cube ( sea-salt is compos$ ( o!r cubes1 & t an elm consi/s ( o!r small] elms1 because1 by tak+ an end ( a bran*1 or root1 or a piece ( ! wood sep>at$ f ! trunk1 or a se$1 !y w alike produce a new tree4 ,x is ! same ) respect to polypuses1 & "s o!r k9ds ( animals1 :i* we c multiply by cutt+ (f1 & sep>at+ any ( ! diff]5t p>ts2,,bi & s9ce our rule = judg+ 9 bo? is ! same1 :y %\ld we judge diff]5tly ( !m8 ,,bi ,see ,supplem5t to ?is ,"w1 conta9+ ,hi/ory ( ,birds1 ,fi%1 ,insects1 c4 vol4 ,v4 p4 #cgg4 ,x !re=e appe>s v probable1 by ! above reasons1 t !re really exi/s 9 nature a numb] ( small organiz$ be+s1 alike1 9 e respect1 to ! l>ge organiz$ bodies se5 9 ! _w2 t ^! small organiz$ be+s are compos$ ( liv+ organic p>ticles1 :i* are common to animals & vegetables1 & are _! primitive & incompatible p>ticles1 t ! assemblage ( ^! p>ticles =m an animal or plant1 & consequ5tly t reproduction1 or g5]ation1 is only a *ange ( =m made by ! addition ( ^! resembl+ p>ts alone1 & t dea? or dissolution is no?+ m ?an a sep>ation ( ! same p>ticles4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is we appreh5d !re w n rema9 a d\bt1 aft] read+ ! pro(s we %all give 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,besides1 if we reflect on ! mann] 9 :i* trees gr[1 & consid] h[ s consid]able a volume c arise f s small an orig91 we %all be conv9c$ t x proce$s f ! simple addition ( small resembl+ organiz$ p>ticles4 ,a gra9 produces a "y tree1 :i* x conta9$ 9 m9iature4 ,at ! summit ( ?is small tree a bud is =m$1 :i* conta9s ! "y tree = ! succe$+ ye>1 & ?is bud is an organic "p1 resembl+ ! "y tree ( ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,a simil> bud appe>s ! second ye>1 conta9+ a tree = ! ?ird2 & ?us1 successively1 z long z ! tree cont9ues gr[+1 at ! extremity ( ea* bran* new buds w =m1 conta9+ "y trees l t ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,?us x is evid5t1 t trees are compos$ ( small organiz$ bodies1 simil> to !mselves1 & t ! :ole individual is =m$ by ! union ( small resembl+ individuals4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 7 n all ^! organiz$ bodies conta9$ 9 ! se$1 & may n ! ord] ( _! expansion be trac$ f t s\rce1 = ! bud :i* fir/ appe>$ 0 evid5tly surm\nt$ by ano!r simil> bud1 :i* 0 n exp&$ till ! second ye>1 & soon to ! ?ird2 & consequ5tly ! se$ may be said really to conta9 all ! buds1 or "y trees t w\ld be produc$ = a hundr$ ye>s1 or till ! dissolution ( ! tree itself8 ,?is se$ x is also pla9 n only conta9$ all ! small organiz$ bodies :i* "o day mu/ con/itute ! individual tree1 b also e se$1 e individual1 & e succession ( se$s & individuals1 to ! total de/ruction ( ! species4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal difficulty1 & we %all exam9e x ) ! /ricte/ att5tion4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! se$ produces by ! s+le expansion ( ! bud1 or g]m1 x conta9s1 a "y tree ! fir/ ye>1 & t ?is tree exi/$ 9 m9iature 9 t bud1 b x is n equally c]ta9 t ! bud ( ! second ye>1 & ^? ( ! succe$+1 7 all conta9$ 9 ! fir/ se$1 no m ?an t e organiz$ body & se$1 :i* mu/ succe$ to ! end ( ! _w1 or to ! de/ruction ( ! species1 7 s4 ,?is op9ion supposes a progress to inf9ity1 & =ms1 ( ea* individual1 a s\rce ( et]nal g5]ations4 ,! fir/ se$1 9 t case1 mu/ h conta9$ e plant ( its k9d :i* h exi/$ or ev] w exi/2 & ! fir/ man mu/ actually & individually h conta9$ 9 8 lo9s e man :i* has or w appe> on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,ea* se$1 & ea* animal1 agreeable to ?is op9ion1 mu/ h possess$ )9 an inf9ite po/]ity4 ,b ! m we suff] ourselves to w&] into ^! k9d ( reason+s1 ! m we lose ! sight ( tru? 9 ! labyr9? ( inf9ity2 & in/ead ( cle>+ up & solv+ ! "q1 we confuse & involve x 9 m obscurity2 x is plac+ ! object out ( sight1 & aft]w>ds say+ x is impossible to see x4 ,let u inve/igate a little ^! ideas ( inf9ite progression & expansion4 ,f :5ce d !y arise8 ,:at d !y repres5t8 ,! ideas ( inf9ity c only spr+ f an idea ( t :i* is limit$1 = x is 9 t mann] we h an idea ( an inf9ity ( succession1 a geometrical inf9ity3 ea* individual is an unit1 _m individuals compose a f9ite numb]1 & ! :ole species is ! inf9ite multitude4 ,?us 9 ! same mann] z a geometrical inf9ity may be demon/rat$ n to exi/1 s we may be assur$ t an inf9ite progression or expansion does n exi/2 t x is only an ab/ract idea1 a retr5*m5t ( ! idea ( f9ity1 ( :i* we take away ! limits t necess>ily t]m9ate all size2 & t1 ( c\rse1 we mu/ reject f philosophy e op9ion :i* leads to an idea ( ! actual exi/5ce ( geometrical or ari?metical inf9ity4 ,! p>tizans1 !re=e1 ( ?is op9ion mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t _! inf9ity ( succession & multiplication is1 9 fact1 only an indet]m9ate or indef9ite numb]2 a numb] great] ?an any we c h an idea (1 b :i* is n inf9ite4 ,?is be+ grant$1 !y w tell u1 t ! fir/ se$ ( an elm1 = example1 :i* does n weigh a gra91 really conta9s all ! organic p>ticles necess>y = ! =mation ( ?is1 & e o!r tree ( ! same k9d :i* ev] %all appe>4 ,b :at d !y expla9 to u by ?is answ]8 ,is x n cutt+ ! knot in/ead ( unty+ x1 & elud+ ! "q :5 x %\ld be resolv$4 ,:5 we ask h[ be+s are multipli$8 & x is answ]$ t ?is multiplication 0 compleatly made 9 ! fir/ body1 is x n ackn[l$g+ t !y are ignorant h[ x is made1 & r5\nc+ ! w ( conceiv+ x8 ,! "q is ask$1 h[ "o body produces its l8 & x is answ]$1 t ! :ole 0 creat$ at once4 ,c we receive ?is z a solution8 = :e!r "o or a million ( g5]ations h pass$ ! l difficulty rema9s1 & s f> f expla9+ ! supposition ( an indef9ite numb] ( g]ms1 increases ! obscurity1 & r5d]s x incompreh5sible4 ,i own1 t 9 ?is circum/ance1 x is easi] to />t objections ?an to e/abli% probabilities1 & t ! "q ( reproduction is ( su* subtle nature1 z possibly nev] to be fully resolv$2 b !n we %\ld se>* :e!r x is totally inscrutable1 & by t exam9ation1 we %all discov] all t is possible to be kn[n ( ! subject2 or at lea/1 :y we mu/ rema9 ignorant ( x4 ,!re are two k9ds ( que/ions1 "s belong+ to ! fir/ causes1 ! o!rs h only p>ticul> effects2 = example1 if x is ask$1 :y matt] is imp5etrable8 x mu/ ei!r rema9 unansw]$1 or be repli$ to by say+1 matt] is imp5etrable1 because x is imp5etrable4 ,x w be ! same ) respect to all ! g5]al qualities ( matt]1 :e!r relative to gravity1 ext5sion1 motion or re/2 no o!r reply c be giv51 & we %all n be surpris$ t su* is ! case1 if we att5tively consid]1 t 9 ord] to give a reason = a ?+1 we mu/ h a diff]5t subject f :i* we may d$uce a comp>ison1 & !re=e if ! reason ( a g5]al cause is ask$1 t is1 ( a quality :i* belongs to all 9 g5]al1 & ( :i* we h no subject to :i* x does n belong1 we are consequ5tly unable to reason ^u x2 f !nce x is demon/rable1 x w\ld be useless to make su* enquiries1 s9ce we %\ld g aga9/ ! supposition t quality is g5]al & univ]sal4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! reason ( a p>ticul> effect dep5ds imm$iately on "o ( ! g5]al causes above m5tion$1 & :e!r x p>takes ( ! g5]al effect imm$iately1 or by a *a9 ( o!r effects1 ! "q w be equally solv$1 provid$ we di/9ctly p]ceive ! dep5d5ce ^! effects h on ea* o!r1 & ! connections !re are betwe5 !m4 ,b if ! p>ticul> effect1 ( :i* we enquire ! reason1 does n appe> to dep5d on ^! g5]al effects1 nor to h any analogy ) o!r kn[n effects1 !n ?is effect1 be+ ! only "o ( its k9d1 & hav+ no?+ 9 common ) o!r effects1 at lea/ kn[n to u1 ! "q is insolvable3 because1 n hav+1 9 ?is po9t1 any kn[n subject :i* has any connection ) t we w\ld expla91 !re is no?+ f :5ce we c draw ! reason s\ght aft]4 ,:5 ! reason ( a g5]al cause is dem&$1 x is unansw]able1 because x exi/s 9 e object2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reason ( a s+ul> or isolat$ effect is n f\nd1 because n any ?+ kn[n has ! same qualities4 ,we _c expla9 ! reason ( a g5]al effect1 )\t discov]+ "o m g5]al2 :]eas ! reason ( an isolat$ effect may be expla9$ by ! discov]y ( "s o!r relative effect1 :i* al?\gh we are ignorant ( at pres5t1 *ance or exp]i5ce may br+ to light4 ,besides ^!1 !re is ano!r k9d ( "q1 :i* may be call$1 ! "q ( fact4 ,= example4 ,:y d trees1 dogs1 c4 exi/8 ,all ^! fact que/ions are totally insoluble1 = ^? :o answ] !m by f9al causes d n consid] t !y take ! effect = ! cause2 ! connection p>ticul> objects h ) u hav+ no influ5ce on _! orig94 ,moral aff9ity c nev] become a physical reason4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ^! que/ions :]e ! :y is us$1 f ^? :]e ! h[ is employ$1 & m s f ^? :]e ! h[ _m is m5tion$4 ,:y is always relative to ! cause ( ! effect1 or to ! effect itself4 ,h[ is relative to ! mode f :i* ! effect spr+s1 & ! h[ _m has relation only to ! proportionate quantity ( ! effect4 ,all ^! di/9ctions be+ expla9$1 let u proce$ to exam9e ! "q conc]n+ ! reproduction ( bodies4 ,if x is ask$1 :y animals & vegetables reproduce8 we %all cle>ly discov]1 t ?is be+ a "q ( fact1 x is insolvable1 & useless to endeav\r at ! solution ( x4 ,b if x is ask$1 h[ animals & vegetables reproduce2 we reply by relat+ ! hi/ory ( ! g5]ation ( e species ( animal1 & ( ! reproduction ( ea* di/9ct vegetable2 b1 aft] hav+ run ov] all ! me?ods ( an animal eng5d]+ its resemblance1 accompani$ ev5 ) ! mo/ exact obs]vations1 we %all f9d x has only taught u facts )\t indicat+ causes2 & t ! app>5t me?ods :i* ,nature makes use ( = reproduction1 d n appe> to h any connection ) ! effects result+ !refrom2 we %all be /ill oblig$ to ask1 :at is ! secret mode by :i* %e enables diff]5t bodies to propagate _! own species8 ,?is "q is v diff]5t f ! fir/ & second2 x gives lib]ty ( enquiry & admits ! employm5t ( imag9ation1 & !re=e is n insolvable1 = x does n imm$iately belong to a g5]al cause2 nor is x entirely a "q ( fact1 = provid$ we c conceive a mode ( reproduction dep5d5t ^u1 or n repugnant to1 orig9al causes1 we %all h ga9$ a satisfactory answ]2 & ! m x %all h a connection ) o!r effects ( nature1 ! bett] f\ndation w x be rais$ ^u4 ,by ! "q itself x is1 !re=e1 p]mitt$ to =m hypo!ses1 & to select t :i* %all appe> to h ! greate/ analogy ) ! o!r ph5om5a ( nature4 ,b we mu/ exclude f ! numb] all ^? :i* supposes ! ?+ already done2 = example1 su* z suppose t all ! g]ms ( ! same species 7 conta9$ 9 ! fir/ se$1 or t e reproduction is a new creation1 & imm$iate effect ( ! ,almighty's w2 because ^! hypo!ses are que/ions ( fact1 & on :i* x is impossible to reason4 ,we mu/ also reject e hypo!sis :i* might h f9al causes = its object2 su* z1 we might say1 t reproduction is made 9 ord] = ! liv+ to supply ! place ( ! dead1 t ! e>? may be always cov]$ ) vegetables1 & peopl$ ) animals2 t man may f9d pl5ty = 8 subsi/5ce1 c4 because ^! hypo!ses1 in/ead ( expla9+ ! effects by physical causes1 are f\nd$ only on arbitr>y connections & moral agreem5ts4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n rely on ^! absolute axioms & physical problems1 :i* s _m p h improp]ly made use (1 z pr9ciples2 = example1 !re is no fecundation made ap>t f ! body1 nulla foecondatio extra corpus2 e liv+ ?+ is produc$ f an egg2 all g5]ation supposes sexes1 c4 ,we mu/ n take ^! maxims 9 an absolute s5se1 b consid] !m only z signify+ ?+s g5]ally p]=m$ 9 "o p>ticul> mode r ?an 9 any o!r4 ,let u1 !re=e1 se>* aft] an hypo!sis :i* has n any ( ^? defects1 & by :i* we _c fall into any ( ^! inconv5i5ces2 if1 !n1 we d n succe$ 9 ! explanation ( ! me*anical p[] ,nature makes use ( to effect ! reproduction ( be+s1 we %all1 at lea/1 arrive at some?+ m probable ?an :at has hi!rto be5 advanc$4 ,z we c make m\lds1 by :i* we c give to ! ext]nal p>ts ( bodies :atev] figure we please1 let u suppose ,nature c =m ! same1 by :i* %e n only be/[s on bodies ! ext]nal figure b also ! int]nal4 ,w\ld n ?is be "o mode by :i* reproduction may be p]=m$8 ,let u1 !n1 consid] on :at f\ndation ?is supposition is rais$3 let u exam9e if x conta9s any ?+ contradictory1 & aft]w>ds we %all discov] :at consequ5ces may be d]iv$ f x4 ,?\gh our s5ses are only judges ( ! ext]nal p>ts ( bodies1 we p]fectly compreh5d ext]nal affection & diff]5t figures4 ,we c also imitate ,nature1 by repres5t+ ext]nal figures by diff]5t modes1 z by pa9t+1 sculpture1 & m\lds2 b al?\gh our s5ses are only judges ( ext]nal qualities1 we "k !re are int]nal qualities1 "s ( :i* are g5]al1 z gravity4 ,?is quality1 or p[]1 does n act relatively to surfaces1 b proportionably to ! masses1 or quantities ( matt]2 !re is1 !re=e1 v active qualities 9 ,nature1 :i* ev5 p5etrate bodies to ! mo/ int]nal p>ts2 b we %all nev] ga9 a p]fect idea ( ^! qualities1 because1 n be+ ext]nal1 !y _c fall )9 ! compass ( our s5ses2 b we c comp>e _! effects1 & d$uce analogies !refrom1 to answ] = ! effect ( simil> qualities4 ,if our eyes1 in/ead ( repres5t+ to u ! surface ( objects only1 7 s =m$ z to %ew u ! int]nal p>ts alone1 we %\ld !n h cle> ideas ( ! latt]1 )\t ! smalle/ k ( ! =m]4 ,9 ?is supposition ! int]nal m\lds1 :i* ,i h suppos$ to be made use ( by ,nature1 might be z easily se5 & conceiv$ z ! m\lds = ext]nal figures4 ,9 t case we %\ld h modes ( imitat+ ! int]nal p>ts ( bodies z we n[ h = ! ext]nal4 ,^! int]nal m\lds1 al?\gh we _c acquire1 ,nature may be possess$ (1 z %e is ( ! qualities ( gravity1 :i* p5etrate to ! int]nal p>ticles ( matt]4 ,! supposition ( ^! m\lds be+ =m$ on good analogies x only rema9s = u to exam9e if x includes any contradiction4 ,x may be argu$ t ! expression ( an int]nal m\ld includes two contradictory ideas2 t ! idea ( a m\ld c only be relat$ to ! surface1 & t ! int]nal1 accord+ to ?is1 mu/ h a connection ) ! :ole mass1 &1 !re=e1 x might z well be call$ a massive surface z an int]nal m\ld4 ,i admit1 t :5 we are ab\t to repres5t ideas :i* h n hi!rto be5 express$1 we are oblig$ to make use ( t]ms :i* seem contradictory2 = ?is reason philosoph]s h (t5 employ$ =eign t]ms on su* occasions1 in/ead ( apply+ ^? 9 common use1 & :i* h a receiv$ signification2 b ?is artifice is useless1 s9ce we c %ew ! opposition is only 9 ! words1 & t !re is no?+ contradictory 9 ! idea4 ,n[ ,i affirm t a simple idea _c conta9 a contradiction1 t is1 :5 we c =m an idea ( a ?+2 if ?is idea is simple x _c be comp\nd$2 x _c include any o!r idea1 &1 consequ5tly1 x w conta9 no?+ opposite nor contr>y4 ,simple ideas are n only ! prim>y appreh5sions :i* /rike u by ! s5ses1 b also ! prim>y comp>isons :i* =m f ^? appreh5sions2 = ! fir/ appreh5sion1 itself is always a comp>ison4 ,! idea ( ! size ( an object1 or ( its remot5ess1 necess>ily includes a comp>ison ) bulk or di/ance 9 g5]al2 !re=e1 :5 an idea only includes comp>ison x mu/ be reg>d$ z simple1 & f t circum/ance1 z conta9+ no?+ contradictory4 ,su* is ! idea ( ! int]nal m\ld4 ,!re is a quality 9 ,nature1 call$ gravity1 :i* p5etrates ! int]nal p>ts ( bodies4 ,i take ! idea ( int]nal m\ld relatively to ?is quality1 &1 !re=e1 includ+ only comp>ison1 x be>s n any contradiction4 ,let u n[ see ! consequ5ces t may be d$uc$ f ?is supposition2 let u also se>* aft] facts correspond+ !re)1 z x w become s mu* ! m probable1 z ! numb] ( analogies %all be great]4 ,let u beg9 by unfold+ ?is idea ( int]nal m\lds1 & by expla9+ 9 :at mann] we und]/& x1 we %all be br\ght to conceive ! modes ( reproduction4 ,nature1 9 g5]al1 seems to h a great] t5d5cy to life ?an dea?1 & to organize bodies z mu* z possible2 ! multiplication ( g]ms1 :i* may be inf9itely encreas$1 is a pro( ( x2 & we may ass]t ) safety1 t if all matt] is n organiz$1 x is because organiz$ be+s de/roy ea* o!r2 or we c augm5t z mu* z we please ! quantity ( liv+ & vegetat+ be+s1 b we _c augm5t ! quantity ( /ones or o!r inanimate matt]s4 ,?is seems to indicate t ! mo/ common "w ( ,nature is ! production ( ! organic "p1 & 9 :i* h] p[] kn[s no b\nds4 ,to r5d] ?is intelligible1 let u make a calculation ( :at a s+le g]m might produce4 ,! se$ ( an elm1 :i* does n weigh ! hundr$? "p ( an ounce1 at ! end ( #ajj ye>s w produce a tree ^: volume w be #fj cubic feet4 ,at ! t5? ye> ?is tree w h produc$ #ajjj se$s1 :i* be+ all s[n1 at ! end ( #ajj ye>s w\ld ea* h also a volume equal to #fj cubic feet4 ,?us 9 #aaj ye>s !re is produc$ m ?an #fj1jjj cubic feet ( organiz$ matt]2 #aj ye>s m !re w be #aj1jjj1jjj ( fa?oms1 )\t includ+ ! #aj1jjj encreas$ e ye>1 :i* w\ld make #ajj1jjj m2 & t5 ye>s aft] !re w be ?ree times t numb]2 ?us 9 #acj ye>s a s+le %oot w produce a volume ( organiz$ matt]1 :i* w\ld fill up a space ( #ajjj cubic leagues2 #aj ye>s aft] x w\ld compreh5d a #a1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #aj ye>s m #a1jjj1jjj times #a1jjj1jjj cubic leagues2 s t 9 #aej ye>s ! :ole t]re/rial globe might be entirely conv]t$ into "o s+le k9d ( organiz$ matt]4 ,9 ?is production ( organiz$ body ,nature w\ld "k no b\nds1 if x 7 n = ! resi/ance ( matt]s :i* are n susceptible ( organization1 & ?is proves t %e does n incl9e to =m inanimate b organiz$ be+s1 & t 9 ?is %e nev] /ops b :5 irresi/ible inconv5i5ces are oppos$ !reto4 ,:at we h already said on ! se$ ( an elm may be said ( any o!r2 & x w\ld be easy to demon/rate1 t if we 7 to hat* e egg produc$ by h5s = ! space ( #cj ye>s1 !re w\ld be a suffici5t numb] ( f[ls to cov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! k9d ( calculations demon/rate t organic =mation is ! mo/ common "w ( ,nature1 &1 app>5tly1 t :i* co/s h] ! lea/ lab\r4 ,b ,i w g f>!r2 ! g5]al division :i* we ought to make ( matt] seems to me to be 9 liv+ & dead matt]1 in/ead ( organiz$ & brute2 ! brute is only t matt] produc$ by ! dea? ( animals or vegetables2 ,i c\ld prove x by t enorm\s quantity ( %ells1 & o!r ca/-(f matt]s ( liv+ animals1 :i* compose ! pr9cipal "p ( /ones1 m>ble1 *alk1 m>le1 e>?1 turf1 & o!r sub/ances1 :i* we call brute matt]1 & :i* are only ! ru9s ( dead animals or vegetables2 b a reflection1 :i* seems to me well f\nd$1 w1 p]haps1 make x bett] und]/ood4 ,hav+ m$itat$ on ! activity ( ,nature to produce organiz$ bodies1 & se5 t h] p[]1 9 ?is respect1 is n limit$2 hav+ prov$ t inf9ity ( organic liv+ p>ticles1 :i* con/itute life1 mu/ exi/2 hav+ %ewn t ! liv+ body co/s ! lea/ tr\ble to ,nature1 ,i n[ se>* aft] ! pr9cipal causes ( dea? & de/ruction1 & ,i f9d t bodies 9 g5]al1 :i* h ! p[] ( conv]t+ matt] into _! prop] sub/ance1 & to assimilate ! p>ts ( o!r bodies1 are ! greate/ de/roy]s4 ,fire1 = example1 turns into its own sub/ance almo/ e species ( matt]1 & is ! greate/ means ( de/ruction kn[n to u4 ,animals seem to p>ticipate ( ! qualities ( flame2 _! int]nal heat is a k9d ( fire2 !re=e1 aft] fire1 animals are ! greate/ de/roy]s1 & !y assimilate & conv]t into _! own sub/ance e matt] :i* may s]ve !m = food3 b al?\gh ^! two causes ( de/ruction are v consid]able1 & _! effects p]petually incl9e to ! annihilation ( organiz$ be+s1 ! cause ( reproduction is inf9itely m p[]ful & active2 %e seems to borr[1 ev5 f de/ruction itself1 means to multiply1 s9ce assimilation1 :i* is "o cause ( dea?1 is at ! same "t a necess>y means ( produc+ life4 ,to de/roy an organiz$ be+ is1 z we h obs]v$1 only to sep>ate ! organic p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$2 ^! p>ticles rema9 sep>at$ till !y are re-unit$ by "s active p[]4 ,b :at is ?is active p[]8--,x is ! p[] :i* animals & vegetables h to assimilate ! matt] t s]ves !m = food2 & is n ?is ! same1 or at lea/ has x n great connection ) t :i* is ! cause ( reproduction8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,nutrition ,,& ,,gr[?4 ,! body ( an animal is a k9d ( int]nal m\ld1 9 :i* ! nutritive matt] assimilates itself ) ! :ole 9 su* a mann] t1 )\t *ang+ ! ord] & proportion ( ! p>ts1 ea* receives an augm5tation1 & x is ?is augm5tation ( bulk :i* "s h call$ expansion1 because !y imag9$ e difficulty w\ld be remov$ by ! supposition t ! animal 0 completely =m$ 9 ! embryo1 & t x w\ld be easy to conceive t its p>ts w\ld exp&1 or unfold 9 proportion z x w\ld increase by ! addition ( accessory matt]4 ,b if we w\ld h a cle> idea ( ?is augm5tation & expansion1 h[ c x be done o!rwise ?an by consid]+ ! animal body1 & ea* ( its p>ts1 z s _m int]nal m\lds :i* receive ! accessory matt] 9 ! ord] t results f ! position ( all _! p>ts8 ,?is expansion _c be made by ! addition to ! surfaces alone1 b1 on ! contr>y1 by an intimate susception :i* p5etrates ! mass1 & ?us increases ! size ( ! p>ts1 )\t *ang+ ! =m1 f :5ce x is necess>y t ! matt] :i* s]ves = ?is expansion %\ld p5etrate ! int]nal "p 9 all its dim5sions2 x is also z necess>y t ?is p5etration be made 9 a c]ta9 ord] & proportion1 s t no "o po9t c receive m ?an ano!r1 )\t :i* "s p>ts w\ld exp& quick] ?an o!rs1 & ! =m be entirely *ang$4 ,n[ :at c prescribe ?is rule to accessory matt]1 & con/ra9 x to arrive p]petually & proportionally to e po9t ( ! int]nal p>ts1 except we conceive an int]nal m\ld8 ,x !re=e appe>s c]ta9 t ! body ( an animal or vegetable is an int]nal m\ld ( a con/ant =m1 b :]e _! masses may augm5t proportionably1 by ! ext5sion ( ?is m\ld 9 all its ext]nal & int]nal dim5sions4 ,t ?is ext5sion also is made by ! intus-susception ( any accessory or =eign matt] :i* p5etrates ! int]nal "p1 & becomes simil> to ! =m & id5tical sub/ance ) ! matt] ( ! m\lds !mselves4 ,b ( :at nature is ?is matt] :i* ! animal or vegetable assimilates ) its own sub/ance8 :at c be ! nature ( t p[] :i* gives x ! activity & necess>y motion to p5etrate ! int]nal m\ld8 & if su* a p[] does exi/1 mu/ x n be simil> to t by :i* ! int]nal m\ld itself w\ld be produc$8 ,^! ?ree que/ions include all t c be desir$ on ?is subject1 & seem to dep5d on ea* o!r s mu*1 t ,i am p]suad$ ! reproduction ( an animal or vegetable _c be expla9$ 9 a satisfactory mann]1 if a cle> idea ( ! mode ( ! op]ation ( nutrition is n obta9$2 we mu/1 !re=e1 exam9e ^! ?ree que/ions sep>ately1 9 ord] to comp>e ! consequ5ces result+ !refrom4 ,! fir/1 :i* relates to ! nutritive nature ( ?is matt]1 is 9 "p resolv$ by ! reasons we h already giv51 & w be fully demon/rat$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,we w %ew t !re exi/s an inf9ity ( liv+ organic p>ticles 9 ,nature2 t _! production is ( little exp5ce to ,nature1 s9ce _! exi/5ce is con/ant & inv>iable1 & t ! causes ( dea? only sep>ate )\t de/roy+ !m4 ,!re=e ! matt] :i* ! animal or vegetable assimilates is an organic matt] ( ! same nature z ! animal or vegetable itself1 & :i* consequ5tly c augm5t ! size )\t *ang+ ! =m or quality ( ! matt] ( ! m\ld1 s9ce x is 9 fact ( ! same =m & quality z t :i* x is con/itut$ )4 ,?us1 9 ! quantity ( alim5ts :i* ! animal takes to support life1 & to keep its organs 9 play1 & 9 ! sap1 :i* ! vegetable takes up by its roots & leaves1 !re is a great "p ?r[n (f by transpiration1 secretion1 & o!r excretory modes1 & only a small portion reta9$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! p>ts & _! expansion4 ,x is v probable1 t 9 ! body ( an animal or vegetable !re is =m$ a sep>ation ( ! brute p>ticles ( ! alim5ts & ! organic2 t ! fir/ are c>ri$ (f by ! causes j m5tion$2 t only organic p>ticles rema91 & t ! di/ribution ( !m is made by means ( "s active p[] :i* conducts !m to e "p 9 an exact proportion1 insomu* t nei!r receive m or less ?an is ne$ful = its equal nutrition1 gr[?1 or expansion4 ,! second "q1 ,:at c be ! active p[] :i* causes ?is organic matt] to p5etrate & incorporate itself ) ?is int]nal m\ld8 ,by ! prec$+ *apt] x appe>s1 t !re exi/s 9 ,nature p[]s relative to ! int]nal "p ( matt]1 & :i* h no relation ) its ext]nal qualities4 ,^! p[]s1 z already obs]v$1 w nev] come "u our cognizance1 because _! action is made on ! int]nal "p ( ! body1 :]eas our s5ses _c rea* beyond :at is ext]nal2 x is !re=e evid5t1 t we %all nev] h a cle> idea ( ! p5etrat+ p[]s1 nor ( ! mann] by :i* !y act2 b x is n less c]ta9 t !y exi/1 ?an t by _! means mo/ effects ( ,nature are produc$2 we mu/ attribute to !m ! effects ( nutrition & expansion1 :i* _c be effect$ by any o!r means ?an ! p5etration ( ! mo/ intimate recesses ( ! orig9al m\ld3 9 ! same mode z gravity p5etrates all p>ts ( matt]1 s ! p[] :i* impels or attracts ! organic p>ticles ( food1 p5etrates into ! int]nal p>ts ( organiz$ bodies1 & z ^? bodies h a c]ta9 =m1 :i* we call ! int]nal m\ld1 ! organic p>ticles1 impell$ by ! action ( ! p5etrat+ =ce1 _c ent] !re9 b 9 a c]ta9 ord] relative to ?is =m1 :i* consequ5tly x _c *ange1 b only augm5t its dim5sions1 & ?us produce ! gr[? ( organiz$ bodies2 & if 9 ! organiz$ body1 exp&$ by ?is means1 !re are "s p>ticles ^: ext]nal & int]nal =ms are l t ( ! :ole body1 f ^? reproduction w proce$4 ,! ?ird "q1 ,is x n by a simil> p[] ! int]nal m\ld itself is reproduc$8 ,x appe>s1 t x is n only a simil> b ! same p[] :i* causes expansion & reproduction1 = 9 an organiz$ body :i* exp&s1 if !re is "s p>ticle l ! :ole1 x is suffici5t = t p>ticle to become "o day an organiz$ body itself1 p]fectly simil> to t ( :i* x made a "p4 ,?is p>ticle w n at fir/ pres5t a figure /rik+ en\gh = u to comp>e ) ! :ole body2 b :5 sep>at$ f t body1 & receiv+ prop] n\ri%m5t1 x w beg9 to exp&1 & 9 a %ort "t pres5t a simil> be+1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 z ! body f :i* x _h be5 sep>at$3 ?us a will[ or polypus1 :i* conta9 m organic p>ticles simil> to ! :ole ?an mo/ o!r sub/ances1 if cut into ev] su* a numb] ( pieces1 f ea* piece w spr+ a body simil> to t f :5ce x 0 divid$4 ,n[ 9 a body1 e p>ticle ( :i* is l itself1 ! organization is ! mo/ simple1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]2 = x is only ! repetition ( ! same =m1 & a composition ( simil> figures1 all organiz$ alike4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! mo/ simple bodies1 or ! mo/ imp]fect k9ds1 are reproduc$ ) ! greate/ ease1 & 9 ! greate/ pl5ty2 :]eas1 if an organiz$ body conta9s only "s few p>ticles l itself1 !n1 z su* alone c arrive to ! second expansion1 consequ5tly ! reproduction w be m difficult1 & n s abundant 9 numb]2 ! organization ( ^! bodies w also be m comp\nd$1 because ! m ! organiz$ p>ts diff] f ! :ole1 ! m ! organization ( ?is body w be p]fect1 & ! m difficult ! production w be4 ,n\ri%m5t1 expansion1 & propagation1 !n1 are ! effects ( "o & ! same cause4 ,! organiz$ body is n\ri%$ by ! p>ticles ( alim5ts analog\s to x2 x exp&s by ! intimate susception ( organical p>ts :i* agree ) x1 & x propagates because x conta9s "s orig9al p>ticles :i* resemble itself4 ,x only rema9s to exam9e1 :e!r ^! simil> organic p>ticles come into ! organiz$ body by nutrim5t1 or :e!r !y 7 !re be=e1 & h an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,if we suppose ! latt]1 we %all fall 9 ) ! doctr9e ( ! inf9ity ( p>ts1 or simil> g]ms conta9$ "o 9 ! o!r2 ! insuffici5cy & absurdity ( :i* hypo!sis we h already %ewn2 we mu/ !re=e conclude t simil> p>ts are extract$ f ! food2 & aft] :at has be5 said1 we hope to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! organic molecules are =m$1 & h[ ! m9ute p>ticles unite4 ,!re is1 z we h said1 a sep>ation ( ! p>ts 9 ! nutrim5t2 ! organic f ^? analog\s to ! animal or vegetable1 by transpiration & o!r excretory modes2 ! organical rema9 & s]ve = ! expansion & nutrim5t ( ! body4 ,b ^! organic p>ts mu/ be ( v>i\s k9ds1 & z ea* "p ( ! body receives only ^? simil> to itself1 & t 9 due proportion1 x is v natural to imag9e1 t ! sup]fluity ( ?is organic matt] w be s5t back f e "p ( ! body into "o or m places1 :]e all ^! organical molecules unit+1 =m small organiz$ bodies l ! fir/1 & to :i* no?+ is want+ b ! mode ( expansion = !m to become individuals ( ! same species2 = e "p ( ! body s5d+ back organiz$ p>ts1 l ^? ( :i* !y !mselves are compos$1 x is necess>y1 t f ! union ( all ^! p>ts1 !re %\ld result organiz$ bodies l ! fir/4 ,?is be+ admitt$1 may we n conclude ?is is ! reason :y1 dur+ ! "t ( expansion & gr[?1 organiz$ bodies _c produce1 because ! p>ts :i* exp& absorb ! :ole ( ! organic molecules :i* belong to !m1 & n hav+ any sup]flu\s p>ts1 consequ5tly are incapable ( reproduction4 ,?is explanation ( nutrition & reproduction w n probably be receiv$ by ^? :o admit b ( a c]ta9 numb] ( me*anical pr9ciples1 & reject all :i* d n dep5d on !m2 & z :at has be5 said ( nutrition & expansion comes "u ! latt] description1 !y w possibly treat x z unwor?y dep5dance4 ,b ,i am q ( a diff]5t op9ion f ^! philosoph]s2 = x appe>s to me t1 by admitt+ only a c]ta9 numb] ( me*anical pr9ciples1 !y d n see h[ greatly !y contract ! b\nds ( philosophy1 & t = "o ph5om5on t c be expla9$ by a sy/em s conf9$1 a ?\s& w\ld be f\nd exce$+ its limits4 ,! idea ( expla9+ e ph5om5on 9 nature by me*anical pr9ciples 0 c]ta9ly a great & beautiful ex]tion1 & :i* ,desc>tes fir/ attempt$4 ,b ?is idea is only a project1 & if prop]ly f\nd$1 h we ! means ( p]=m+ x8 ,^! me*anical pr9ciples are ! ext5t ( matt]1 its imp5etrability1 its motion1 its ext]nal figure1 its divisibility1 & ! communication ( movem5t by impulsion1 by ela/icity1 c4 ,! p>ticul> ideas ( ea* ( ^! qualities we h acquir$ by our s5ses1 & reg>d !m z pr9ciples1 because !y are g5]al & belong to all matt]4 ,b are we c]ta9 ^! qualities are ! only ones :i* matt] possesses1 or r1 mu/ we n ?9k ^! qualities1 :i* we take = pr9ciples1 are only modes ( p]ception2 & t if our s5ses 7 diff]5tly =m$1 we %\ld discov] 9 matt]1 qualities diff]5t f ^? :i* we h enum]at$8 ,to admit only ^? qualities to matt] :i* are kn[n to u1 seems to be a va9 & unf\nd$ pret5sion4 ,matt] may h _m g5]al qualities :i* we %all ev] be ignorant (2 %e may also h o!rs t human assiduity may discov]1 9 ! same mann] z has rec5tly be5 done ) respect to gravity1 :i* alike exi/s 9 all matt]4 ,! cause ( impulsion1 & su* o!r me*anical pr9ciples1 w always be z impossible to f9d out z t ( attraction1 or su* o!r g5]al quality4 ,f h5ce is x n v reasonable to say1 t me*anical pr9ciples are no?+ b g5]al effects1 :i* exp]i5ce has po9t$ out to u 9 matt]1 & t e "t a new g5]al effect is discov]$1 ei!r by reflection1 comp>ison1 measure1 or exp]i5ce1 a new me*anical pr9ciple w be ga9$1 :i* may be us$ ) z mu* c]ta9ty & advantage z any we are n[ acqua9t$ )8 ,! defect ( ,ari/otle's philosophy 0 mak+ use ( p>ticul> effects z common causes2 & t ( ,desc>tes 9 mak+ use ( only a few g5]al effects z causes1 & exclud+ all ! re/4 ,! philosophy :i* appe>s to me w\ld be ! lea/ defici5t1 is t :]e g5]al effects are only made use ( = causes1 & seek+ to augm5t ! numb] ( !m1 by endeav\r+ to g5]alize p>ticul> effects4 ,9 my explanation ( expansion & reproduction1 ,i admit ! receiv$ me*anical pr9ciples1 ! p5etrat+ =ce ( weight1 &1 by analogy1 ,i h /rove to po9t out t !re are o!r p5etrat+ p[]s exi/+ 9 organiz$ bodies1 :i* exp]i5ce has confirm$4 ,i h prov$ by facts1 t matt] incl9es to organization1 & t !re exi/s an inf9ite numb] ( organic p>ticles4 ,i h !re=e only g5]aliz$ "s obs]vations1 )\t hav+ advanc$ any ?+ contr>y to me*anical pr9ciples1 :5 t t]m is us$ z x ought to be und]/ood1 z d5ot+ ! g5]al effects ( ,nature4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,animals4 ,z human & animal organization is ! mo/ p]fect & comp\nd$1 _! propagation is also ! mo/ difficult & lea/ abundant2 ,i "h except ^? animals :i*1 l ! fre%-wat] polypus or worms1 are reproduc$ f _! divid$ p>ts1 z trees are by slips1 or plants by _! divid$ roots or suck]s2 also ^? :i* may be f\nd to multiply )\t copulation2 x appe>s to me t ! nature ( ^? h be5 suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 & f :i*1 9 e k9d :]e an individual produces its resemblance1 x is easy to d$uce ! explanation ( ! reproduction f expansion & nutrition4 ,b h[ %all we apply ?is mode ( reason+ to ! g5]ation ( man & animals di/+ui%$ by sexes1 & :]e ! concurr5ce ( two individuals is requir$8 ,we und]/&1 by :at has j be5 advanc$1 h[ ea* individual c produce its l2 b we d n conceive h[ a male & a female produces a ?ird4 ,be=e ,i answ] ?is "q1 ,i _c avoid obs]v+1 t all ^? :o h writt5 ^u ?is subject h conf9$ _! sy/ems to ! g5]ation ( man & animals1 )\t pay+ any att5tion to o!r k9ds ( g5]ation :i* ,nature pres5ts u )1 & reproduction 9 g5]al2 & z ! g5]ation ( man & animals is ! mo/ complicat$ ( all k9ds1 _! rese>*es h be5 att5d$ ) great disadvantages1 n only by attack+ ! mo/ difficult po9t1 b also by hav+ no subject ( comp>ison1 f :i* !y c\ld draw a solution ( ! "q4 ,to ?is x is t ,i pr9cipally attribute ! little success ( _! lab\rs2 b by ! road ,i h tak5 we may arrive at ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( e k9d ( g5]ation 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,! g5]ation ( man w s]ve u = an example4 ,i take him 9 8 infancy1 & ,i conceive t ! expansion & gr[? ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 body be+ made by ! intimate p5etration ( organic molecules analog\s to ea* ( its p>ts1 all ^! organic molecules are absorb$ 9 8 e>lie/ ye>s1 & s]ve only = ! expansion & augm5tation ( 8 v>i\s memb]s1 consequ5tly !re is little or no sup]fluity until ! expansion is entirely complet$2 & ?is is ! reason :y *ildr5 are incapable ( propagation2 b :5 ! body has atta9$ ! greate/ "p ( its gr[?1 x beg9s to h no long] ne$ ( s great a quantity ( organic p>ticles1 & ! sup]fluity1 !re=e1 is s5t back f ea* "p ( ! body into ! de/9$ res]voirs = its reception4 ,^! res]voirs are ! te/icles & sem9al vessels1 & x is at ?is p]iod t ! expansion ( ! body is ne>ly complet$1 :5 ! comm5cem5t ( pub]ty is dat$1 & e circum/ance indicates ! sup]abundance ( nutrim5t2 ! voice alt]s & takes a deep] tone2 ! be>d beg9s to appe>1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body are cov]$ ) hair2 ^? p>ts :i* are appo9t$ = g5]ation take a quick gr[?2 ! sem9al liquor fills ! prep>$ res]voirs1 & :5 ! pl5titude is too great1 ev5 )\t any provocation1 & dur+ ! "t ( sleep1 x emits f ! body4 ,9 ! female ?is sup]abundance is m /rongly m>k$1 x discov]s itself by p]iodical evacuation1 :i* beg9 & end ) ! faculty ( propagat+1 by ! quick gr[? ( ! brea/s1 & by an attraction 9 ! sexual p>ts1 z %all be expla9$4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! organical molecules1 s5t f e "p ( ! body into ! te/icles & sem9al vessels ( ! male1 & into ! ov>ium ( ! female1 =ms !re ! sem9al liquor1 :i* is1 z has be5 obs]v$1 9 bo? sexes1 a k9d ( extract ( e "p ( ! body4 ,^! organical molecules1 in/ead ( unit+ & =m+ an individual1 l ! "o 9 :i* !y are conta9$1 c only unite :5 ! sem9al liquors ( ! two sexes are mix$2 & :5 !re is m organical molecules ( ! male ?an ( ! female1 9 su* mixture ! produce w be a male2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :5 !re is m ( ! female !n a female w be ! result4 ,i d n mean to say t ! organic molecules ( ei!r c\ld unite to =m small organiz$ bodies ( !mselves1 b t x is necess>y a mixture ( ! sem9al fluid ( bo? sexes %\ld take place1 & t x is only ^? =m$ 9 t mixture :i* c exp& & become individuals4 ,^! small mov+ bodies1 call$ sp]matic animals1 are se51 by a microscope1 9 ! sem9al liquor ( e male1 & are1 probably1 small organiz$ bodies1 proce$+ f ! individual :i* conta9s !m1 b :i* _c exp& or produce any ?+ ( !mselves4 ,we %all ev9ce t !re are ! same 9 ! sem9al liquor ( ! female1 & %all indicate ! place :]e ?is liquor is to be f\nd4 ,x is v possible t organical molecules are1 at fir/1 only a k9d ( foetus ( a small organiz$ body1 9 :i* !re are only ess5tial p>ts4 ,we %all n ent] into a detail ( pro(s1 9 ?is respect1 b cont5t ourselves ) rem>k+1 t ! pret5d$ sp]matic animals1 :i* we h be5 speak+ (1 might possibly be b imp]fectly organiz$1 or t ^! pret5d$ animals are only liv+ organic p>ticles1 common bo? to animals & vegetables1 or1 at mo/1 only ! fir/ union ( ^? p>ticles4 ,b let u return to our pr9cipal object4 ,h[ c we conceive1 x may be ask$1 t ! sup]flu\s p>ticles c be s5t back f e "p ( ! body1 & aft]w>ds unite :5 ! sem9al liquor ( ! two sexes are mix$8 ,besides1 is x c]ta9 t ?is mixture is made8 ,has x n be5 pret5d$ t ! female did n furni% any fluid ( ?is k9d8 ,is x c]ta9 t ! liquor ( ! male ent]s ! matrix1 c4 ,to ! fir/ "q ,i answ]1 if :at ,i h said on ! subject ( ! p5etration ( ! int]nal m\ld by organic molecules1 9 nutrition or expansion1 be well und]/ood1 x w easily be conceiv$ t ^! molecules1 n be+ able any long] to p5etrate ^? p>ts !y did be=e1 !y w be necessitat$ to take a diff]5t road1 & consequ5tly arrive at "s "p1 z ! te/icles or sem9al vessels2 = to expla9 ! animal economy1 & ! diff]5t movem5ts ( ! human body1 solely by me*anical pr9ciples1 is ! same z if a man w\ld give an acc\nt ( a picture by %utt+ 8 eyes & feel+ on x2 = x is evid5t t nei!r ! circulation ( ! blood1 nor ! motion ( ! muscles1 nor ! animal functions1 c be expla9$ by impulsion1 nor o!r common laws ( me*anics3 x is z evid5t t nutrition1 expansion1 & reproduction1 is made by o!r laws1 :y !re=e n admit ( act+ & p5etrat+ p[]s on ! masses ( bodies1 s9ce we h examples ( x 9 gravity1 9 magnetical attractions1 & 9 *emical aff9ities8 ,& z we are n[ conv9c$ by facts1 & ! multitude ( con/ant & uni=m obs]vations1 t !re exi/s 9 nature p[]s :i* d n act by ! mode ( impulsion1 :y %\ld we n make use ( ^? p[]s z me*anical pr9ciples8 ,:y %\ld we exclude !m f ! explanations ( effects1 :i* we are conv9c$ !y produce8 ,:y %\ld we be conf9$ to employ only ! p[] ( impulsion8 ,is n ?is l judg+ ( a picture by ! t\*1 & expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( ! mass by ^? ( ! surface1 & ! p5etrat+ p[] by sup]ficial action8 ,is n ?is mak+ use ( "o s5se in/ead ( ano!r2 &1 on ! :ole1 is x n conf9+ ! faculty ( reason+ on a small numb] ( me*anical pr9ciples1 totally inadequate to foll[ ! v>i\s productions ( nature4 ,b ^? p5etrat+ p[]s be+ once admitt$1 is x n natural to suppose t ! mo/ analog\s p>ticles w unite & b9d !mselves intimately toge!r2 t ea* "p ( ! body w appropriate ! mo/ agreeable to itself1 & t f ! sup]fluity ( all ^! p>ticles !re w be =m$ a sem9al fluid1 :i* w conta9 all ! organic molecules necess>y to =m a small organiz$ body1 p]fectly l t f :i* ?is fluid is extract$8 ,a p[] l t :i* 0 necess>y to make !m p5etrate into ea* "p1 & produce expansion1 may be suffici5t to collect !m 9 an organiz$ =m1 l t ( ! body 9 :i* !y orig9at$4 ,i conceive1 t 9 ! alim5ts we take !re is a great quantity ( organical molecules1 :i* ne$s no s]i\s pro(1 s9ce we live on animals & vegetables1 :i* are organiz$ sub/ances4 ,9 ! /oma* & inte/9es a sep>ation is made ( ! gross p>ts1 :i* are ?r[n (f by ! excretories4 ,! *yle1 :i* is ! pure/ "p ( ! alim5t1 ent]s into ! lacteal vessels1 & f !nce is transport$ into e "p ( ! body4 ,by ! motion ( ! circulation x purifies itself f all inorganical molecules1 :i* are ?r[n (f by secretion & transpiration2 b ! organic p>ticles rema91 because !y are analog\s to ! blood1 & t f !nce !re is a p[] ( aff9ity :i* reta9s !m aft]w>ds2 = z ! :ole mass ( blood passes _m times ?r\gh ! body1 ,i appreh5d1 t 9 ?is cont9ual circulation e p>ticul> "p ( ! body attracts ! p>ticles mo/ analog\s to x1 )\t int]rupt+ ! c\rse ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is mann] e "p is exp&$ & n\ri%$1 n1 z x is commonly said1 by a simple addition ( ! p>ts1 & a sup]ficial increase1 b by an intimate p5etration ( sub/ance1 produc$ by a p[] :i* acts on e po9t ( ! mass2 & :5 ! p>ts ( ! body are at a c]ta9 gr[?1 & almo/ fill$ ) ^! analog\s p>ticles1 z _! sub/ance is become m solid1 ,i conceive !y !n lose ! faculty ( attract+ or receiv+ ^? p>ticles1 b z ! circulation w cont9ue to c>ry !m to e "p ( ! body1 :i* n be+ any long] able to admit !m z be=e1 mu/ necess>ily be deposit$ 9 "s p>ticul> "p1 z 9 ! te/icles or sem9al vessels4 ,?is fluid extract ( ! male1 :5 mix$ ) t ( ! female1 ! simil> p>ticles1 possess+ a p5etrat+ =ce1 unite & =m a small organiz$ body l "o ( ! two sexes1 & no m ?an expansion is want+ to r5d] x a simil> individual1 & :i* x aft]w>ds receives 9 ! womb ( ! female4 ,! second "q1 ,:e!r ! female has really a sem9al liquor simil> to ! male8 dem&s "s discussion4 ,i %all fir/ obs]ve1 z a c]ta9 matt]1 t if su* a fluid exi/s1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! emission ( ! female is made is n s app>5t z by ! male1 be+ 9 g5]al reta9$ )9 ! body4,,bj ,! anci5ts s little d\bt$ ( ! female hav+ a sem9al liquor1 t x 0 by ! diff]5t mode ( its emission t !y di/+ui%$ ! male f ! female4 ,b physicians1 :o h endeav\r$ to expla9 g5]ation by ! egg1 or by sp]matic animalcules1 ins9uate t females h no p>ticul> fluid1 t we h be5 deceiv$ by tak+ ! mucus = ! sem9al1 & t ! supposition ( ! anci5ts ^u ?is subject 0 de/itute ( all f\ndation4 ,nev]!less ?is fluid does exi/1 & x has only be5 d\bt$ by ^? :o *ose to give way to sy/ems1 & f ! difficulty ( discov]+ ! p>ts :i* s]ve = its res]voirs4 ,! fluid :i* issues f ! gl&s at ! neck ( ! womb1 & at ! orifice ( ! ure?ra1 has no app>5t res]voir1 & z x fl[s outw>dly x _c be ?\ght to be ! prolific liquor1 s9ce x _c concur 9 ! =mation ( ! foetus :i* is p]=m$ )9 ! matrix4 ,! prolific fluid ( ! female mu/ h a res]voir 9 ano!r "p4 ,x fl[s ev5 9 great pl5ty1 al?\gh su* a quantity is n necess>y1 no m ?an 9 ! male1 = ! production ( ! embryo4 ,x is suffici5t = propagation if ev] s little ( ! male fluid ent]s ! matrix1 s x meets ) ! smalle/ drop ( t ( ! female2 !re=e ! obs]vations ( "s anatomi/s1 :o h pret5d$ t ! sem9al liquor ( ! male does n ent] ! womb1 makes no?+ aga9/ :at we h advanc$1 especially z o!r anatomi/s1 :o rely on obs]vations1 h pret5d$ ! contr>y4 ,b ! subject w be bett] discuss$ 9 ! subsequ5t pages4 ,,bj ,quod intra se sem5 jacit fm9a vocatur2 quod 9 hac jacit1 mas1 ,ari/otle1 art4 #ah de ,animalibus4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 answ]s to possible objections1 let u n[ look into ! reasons :i* may s]ve z pro(s to our explanation4 ,! fir/ is d]iv$ f ! analogy !re is betwe5 expansion & reproduction2 expansion _c be expla9$ 9 a satisfactory mann]1 )\t employ+ ^? p5etrat+ p[]s1 & ^? aff9ities or attractions we h already made use ( to expla9 ! =mation ( small organiz$ be+s1 resembl+ ! great ones :i* conta9 !m4 ,a second analogy is1 t nutrition & reproduction are bo? n only produc$ by ! same effici5t1 b also by ! same mat]ial cause1 ! organic p>ticles ( ! nutrim5t4 ,& a pro( t x is ! sup]fluity ( ^? p>ticles :i* s]ves = reproduction1 is ! body n be+ 9 a condition to propagate be=e !y h done gr[+2 & we daily see 9 dogs1 & o!r animals1 :o m exactly foll[ ! laws ( nature ?an we1 t !y ne>ly atta9 _! full gr[? be=e !y attempt to copulate1 & by :i* we may "k :e!r a dog w increase any m or n2 = we may be assur$ he w n aft] be+ 9 a condition to eng5d]4 ,x is ano!r pro( t ! sup]flu\s nutrim5t =ms ! sem9al liquor1 t eunu*s1 & all mutilat$ animals1 gr[ l>g] or ?ick] ?an ^? :o h n t defici5cy4 ,! sup]abundance ( nutrim5t n be+ able to evacuate1 = ! defect ( prop] organs1 alt]s ! habit ( ! body2 ! ?ighs & haun*es ( eunu*s gr[ v l>ge3 ! reason is evid5t2 aft] _! body has atta9$ ! common size1 if ! sup]flu\s organic molecules f\nd an issue1 z 9 o!r m51 ?is gr[? w\ld no long] increase2 b z !re are no long] organs = ! emission ( ! sem9al fluid1 :i* is no m ?an ! sup]flu\s matt] :i* s]v$ = gr[? rema9s1 x endeav\rs to exp& ! p>ts beyond _! usual dim5sions4 ,n[ x is kn[n1 t ! gr[? ( ! bones is made by ! extremities1 :i* are s(t & spongy1 & :5 !y h once acquir$ solidity1 !y are no long] capable ( ext5sion2 & = ?is reason1 ! sup]flu\s organic p>ticles c only exp& ! spongy extremities ( bones1 :i* causes ! ?ighs1 knees1 c4 ( eunu*s to ?ick5 s consid]ably4 ,b :at m /rongly proves ! tru? ( our explanation1 is ! resemblance ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts4 ,a son1 9 g5]al1 m resembles 8 fa!r ?an 8 "m1 & ! daught] m h] "m ?an h] fa!r2 because a man has a great] resemblance to a man ?an to a woman1 & a woman resembles m a woman ?an a man1 9 respect to ! :ole habitude ( ! body2 b = ! features & p>ticul> habits1 *ildr5 sometimes resemble ! fa!r1 sometimes ! "m1 & sometimes bo?4 ,!y w h1 = example1 ! fa!r's eyes1 & ! m\? ( ! "m1 or ! complexion ( ! latt]1 & ! size ( ! =m]2 :i* is impossible to be conceiv$1 unless x is admitt$ t bo? p>5ts h contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! *ild1 & t consequ5tly !re 0 a mixture ( ! two sem9al fluids4 ,i ackn[l$ge t resemblances rais$ _m difficulties 9 my own m9d2 be=e ,i _h maturely exam9$ ! "q ( g5]ation1 ,i 0 prepossess$ ) ideas ( a mix$ sy/em1 by :i* x appe>$ t ,i c\ld expla9 9 a probable mann] e ph5om5a1 except+ resemblances1 & ^! ,i ?\ght ,i _h f\nd v speci\s reasons to d\bt1 & :i* deceiv$ me a long "t1 until hav+ m9utely obs]v$1 ) all ! exactness ,i 0 capable (1 a great numb] ( families1 & especially ! mo/ num]\s1 ,i h n be5 able to resi/ ! multiplicity ( pro(s2 x is only aft] be+ fully conv9c$ 9 ?is respect1 t ,i h began to ?9k diff]5tly1 & to cr$it :at ,i n[ believe to be ! fact4 ,besides1 al?\gh ,i _h f\nd ! mode to avoid ^? argum5ts t w\ld be made on ! subject ( mulattos1 mongrels1 & mules1 ,i c\ld n be prev5t$ f obs]v+ t e explanation1 :]e a reason c\ld be giv5 = ! ph5om5a1 _c be satisfactory2 & ,i am n[ p]fectly conv9c$ t ! objections :i* might be us$ ) respect to !m1 z well z p>ticul> p>5tal resemblances1 in/ead ( oppos+ w\ld confirm my explanation4 ,i n[ proce$ to draw "s consequ5ces4 ,9 y\? ! sem9al fluid is less abundant1 al?\gh m /imulat+2 its quantity encreases to a c]ta9 age1 because 9 proportion z we approa* t age1 ! p>ts ( ! body become m solid1 admit less nutrim5t1 s5d back a great] quantity to ! common res]voirs1 & consequ5tly produce a great] abundance ( sem9al fluid4 ,:5 ! ext]nal organs h n be5 us$1 p]sons ( a middl+ age1 & ev5 old m51 m easily eng5d] ?an "y ones4 ,?is is evid5t 9 ! vegetable sy/em1 ! old] a tree is1 ! m fruit or se$ x produces4 ,"y p :o emit1 or =ce irritation1 draw a great] quantity ( sem9al fluid t[>ds ! organs ( g5]ation ?an w\ld naturally arrive !re1 ! consequ5ce is1 !y cease f gr[+1 become ?91 & fall at l5g? into consumptions1 & t because !y lose by premature1 & too (t5 reit]at$ evacuations1 ! necess>y sub/ance = ! gr[? & nutrition ( e "p ( ! body4 ,^? ^: bodies are ?9 )\t emaciation1 or fle%y )\t be+ fat1 are ! mo/ vigor\s2 z soon z ! sup]abundant nutrim5t has begun to =m fat1 x is always at ! exp5ce ( ! sem9al fluid1 & o!r faculties ( g5]ation4 ,:5 also1 n only ! gr[? ( e "p ( ! body is entirely complet$1 b ! bones are gr[n solid1 ! c>tilages beg9 to ossify1 ! membranes h receiv$ all ! solidity possible1 ! fibres are become h>d & r\gh1 & at l5g? e "p ( ! body c no long] sc>cely admit ( nutrim5t1 ! fat consid]ably increases1 & ! quantity ( sem9al fluid dim9i%es1 because ! sup]flu\s p>ticles1 /opp$ 9 e "p ( ! body1 & ! fibres1 hav+ no long] any suppl5ess or ela/icity1 _c return x into ! res]voirs ( g5]ation4 ,! sem9al liquor n only becomes m abundant till a c]ta9 age1 b x also becomes ?ick]1 & conta9s a great] quantity ( matt] "u ! same bulk4 ,a p]son1 v obs]vant 9 ?is po9t1 assur$ me t ! sem9al fluid is z heavy aga9 z ! blood1 & consequ5tly specifically heavi] ?an any o!r fluid ( ! body4 ,:5 a man is 9 good heal? ! evacuation ( ?is fluid produces an appetite1 & he soon feels ! necessity ( repair+1 by a new nutrim5t1 ! loss ( ! old2 f :5ce x may be conclud$1 t ! mo/ efficaci\s *eck to e k9d ( luxury is ab/95ce & fa/+4 ,a numb] ( o!r ?+s rema9 to be said on ?is subject1 b :i* ,i h treat$ ( 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,man2 h[ev]1 be=e ,i entirely close1 ,i %all make "s few obs]vations4 ,! greate/ "p ( animals d n seek = copulation until !y are ne>ly arriv$ at _! full gr[?2 ^? :i* h only a p>ticul> season 9 ! ye> h only sem9al liquor at t "t4 ,a v capable obs]v] ( ,nature,,bk n only saw ?is liquor =m+ 9 ! roe ( a ,calm>1 b ev5 obs]v$ ! sp]matic animals & ! roe itself1 :i* h no exi/5ce till ! mon? ( ,octob]1 ! "t :5 ! ,calm> spawns on ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 :]e ,mr4 ,ne$ham made ^! obs]vations4 ,z soon z ! season is ov] nei!r sem9al liquor nor sp]matic animals are long] se5 9 ! milt1 :i* !n dries up & becomes imp]ceptible till ! season returns 9 ! succe$+ ye>1 :5 ! sup]flu\s nutrim5t r5ews ! milt1 & fills x z be=e4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! /ag we h an opportunity ( rem>k+ on ! diff]5t effects ( rutt+2 ! mo/ g5]al is1 ! increas$ size ( ! animal2 & 9 ^? k9ds ( animals ^: rutt+ or spawn+ is only made at great int]vals1 ! ext5uation ( ! body is proportionably great4 ,,bk ,mr4 ,ne$ham's ,new ,microscopical ,discov]ies1 ,london1 #agde4 ,z wom5 are small] & weak] ?an m51 ( a m delicate temp]am5t1 & eat mu* less1 x is natural to imag9e t _! sup]flu\s organic p>ticles are n s pl5tiful2 f h5ce _! sem9al liquor w be weak]1 & less 9 quantity1 ?an t ( m54 ,s9ce1 likewise1 ! sem9al liquor ( females conta9s few] organic p>ticles ?an t ( males1 mu/ !re n result a great] numb] ( males ?an females f ! mixture ( ^! two liquors8 ,?is is really ! case1 = :i* x has hi!rto be5 ?\ght impossible to f9d a reason4 ,ab\t a sixte5? m male *ildr5 are born ?an females2 & we f9d t ! same cause produces ! same effect 9 all k9ds ( animals on :i* we h be5 able to make ?is obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,g5]ation4 ,plato,,bl n only expla9s ! g5]ation ( man1 animals1 plants1 & elem5ts1 b ev5 t ( heav5 & ! gods1 by reflect$ repres5tations & images extract$ f ! ,div9e ,creator1 :i*1 by an h>monic motion1 are rang$ accord+ to ! prop]ties ( numb]s 9 ! mo/ p]fect ord]4 ,! univ]se1 accord+ to him1 is a copy ( ! ,deity3 "t1 space1 motion1 & matt]1 are images ( 8 attributes2 & second>y & p>ticul> causes are results ( num]ical & h>monical qualities ( ^? repres5tations4 ,! _w is ! mo/ p]fect be+1 & to h a complete p]fection x 0 necess>y t x conta9$ e o!r animal1 e possible repres5tation1 & e imag9able =m1 ( ! creative faculty4 ,! ess5ce ( all g5]ation consi/s 9 ! unity & h>mony ( ! numb] ,?ree1 or ( ! triangle1 viz4 t :i* g5]ates1 t 9 :i* g5]ation is p]=m$1 & t :i* is eng5d]$4 ,! succession ( individuals 9 ! species is only a fugitive image ( ! immutable et]nity ( ?is triangul> h>mony1 ! univ]sal prototype ( e exi/5ce & e g5]ation2 = ?is reason two individuals are requir$ to produce a ?ird1 & x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial ord] ( fa!r1 "m1 & *ild4 ,,bl ,see ! ,timu4 ,?is philosoph] is a pa9t] only ( ideas2 dis5gag$ f matt] he elevates into ! regions ( ab/raction1 &1 los+ sight ( s5sible objects1 p]ceives & contemplates ! intellectual alone4 ,"o cause1 "o end1 & "o sole mode1 =m ! :ole ( 8 p]ceptions4 ,god is ! cause1 p]fection ! end1 & h>monic repres5tations ! modes4 ,:at c be a m sublime idea6 ,?is plan ( philosophy is replete ) simplicity1 & ! views truly noble6 b h[ void & de/itute = speculation8 ,we are n purely spiritual be+s1 nor h we ! p[] to give a real exi/5ce to our ideas4 ,conf9$ to matt]1 our r dep5d5t on :at causes our s5sations1 ! real sub/ance c nev] be produc$ by ! ab/ract$4 ,i answ] ,plato 9 8 own language1 ,! ,creator realizes e ?+ he conceives2 8 p]ceptions eng5d] exi/5ce3 ! creat$ be+1 on ! contr>y1 conceives no?+ by retr5*+ !m b f reality1 & ! production ( 8 ideas d n am\nt to any ?+4 ,let u !n cont5t ourselves ) a m humble & m mat]ial philosophy2 & by keep+ )9 ! sph]e ,nature has allott$ u1 let u exam9e ! ra% /eps & ! rapid flight ( ^? :o attempt to so> beyond x4 ,all ?is ,py?agorean philosophy1 :i* is purely intellectual1 turns entirely on two pr9ciples1 "o ( :i* is false & ! o!r prec>i\s3 ^? are1 ! real p[] ( ab/raction1 & ! actual exi/5ce ( f9al causes4 ,to take numb]s = real be+s2 to say t unity is a g5]al individual1 :i* n only repres5ts e individual1 b ev5 communicates exi/5ce to !m2 to pret5d t unity has ! actual p[] to eng5d] ano!r unity ne>ly simil> to itself1 & con/itut+ two individuals1 two sides ( a triangle1 :i* c h no b\nd or p]fection )\t a ?ird side1 or by a ?ird individual1 :i* !y necess>ily eng5d]4 ,to reg>d numb]s1 geometrical l9es1 & metaphysical ab/ractions1 z effici5t & real physical causes1 on :i* ! =mation ( ! elem5ts1 ! g5]ation ( animals & plants1 & all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature dep5d1 seems to me to be ! mo/ absurd abuse ( reason1 & ! greate/ ob/acle t c be put aga9/ ! advancem5t ( our k4 ,besides1 :at c be m false ?an su* suppositions8 ,admitt+1 ) ,plato & ,malebran*e1 t matt] does n exi/1 t ext]nal objects are only ideal images ( ! creative faculty1 & t we p]ceive e ?+ 9 ! ,deity1 mu/ x be conclud$ f !nce t our ideas %\ld be ( ! same ord] z ^? ( ! ,creator1 or t !y c produce exi/5ces8 ,are n we dep5d5t on our s5sations8 ,:e!r ! objects t cause !m are real or n2 :e!r ?is cause ( our s5sations exi/s outw>dly or inw>dly2 :e!r x be ! ,creator or matt] we p]ceive1 :at does x signify to u8 ,are we less c]ta9 ( be+ always affect$ 9 ! same mann] by ! same causes8 ,h n our s5sations an inv>iable ord] ( exi/5ce1 & a necess>y relation betwe5 !m & ! objects8 ,?is1 !re=e1 is :at mu/ con/itute ! pr9ciples ( our philosophy2 & :at has no relation ) x is va91 useless1 & false 9 ! application4 ,c a triangul> h>mony =m ! sub/ance ( ! elem5ts8 ,is fire1 z ,plato affirms1 an acute triangle1 & light & heat prop]ties ( ?is triangle8 ,air & wat]1 are !y rectangul> & equilat]al triangles8 ,is ! =m ( ! t]re/rial elem5t a squ>e1 because1 be+ ! lea/ p]fect ( all ! f\r elem5ts1 x rec$es z mu* z possible f a triangle )\t los+ its ess5ce8 ,d ! male & female embrace only to complete ! triangle ( g5]ation8 ,^! platonic ideas h two v diff]5t aspects4 ,9 speculation !y seem to fl[ f noble & sublime pr9ciples1 b 9 application no?+ b false & pu]ile consequ5ces c be drawn f !m4 ,is x difficult to discov] t our ideas proce$ only f our s5ses8 t ! ?+s we look on z real & exi/+ are ^? ( :i* our s5ses h always r5d]$ u ! same te/imony8 t ^? :i* we conceive to h c]ta9 exi/5ce are ^? :i* ev] pres5t !mselves 9 ! same ord]8 t consequ5tly our ideas1 v f> f be+ ! causes ( ?+s1 are only effects1 & s f> f resembl+ p>ticul> ?+s1 become less simil> to ! objects z !y are m g5]al2 t at l5g? our m5tal ab/ractions are only negative be+s1 :i* d n exi/ ev5 intellectually b by ! retr5*m5t :i* we make ( s5sible qualities to real be+s4 ,f h5ce is x n pla9 t ab/ractions c nev] become pr9ciples1 nei!r ( exi/5ce nor real k8 on ! contr>y1 our k c only proce$ f ! results ( prop]ly comp>+ our s5sations4 ,^! results are :at is t]m$ exp]i5ce1 ! sole s\rce ( all real sci5ce4 ,! adoption ( e o!r pr9ciple is an abuse1 & e edifice built on ab/ract$ ideas is a temple f\nd$ on error4 ,error be>s a mu* m ext5d$ signification 9 philosophy ?an 9 morality3 9 morals a ?+ may be false1 only because x is misrepres5t$4 ,metaphysical falsehood consi/s n 9 misrepres5tation alone1 b 9 cr$it+ t :i* has no exi/5ce1 & ev5 9 n be+ ( any mode :atev]4 ,x is 9 ?is k9d ( error1 ( ! fir/ ord]1 t ! ,platoni/s1 ! ,sceptics1 & ! ,egoti/s h fall5 into1 _! false suppositions h obscur$ ! natural light ( tru?1 cl\d$ reason1 & ret>d$ ! advancem5t ( philosophy4 ,! second pr9ciple made use ( by ,plato1 & by mo/ ( ! speculative philosoph]s1 is a f9al cause4 ,nev]!less1 to r$uce ?is pr9ciple to its j value1 a s+le mom5t ( reflection is only requisite4 ,to say !re is light because we h eyes1 & s\nds because we h e>s1 or to say t we h e>s & eyes because !re is light & s\nd1 is x n exactly ! same ?+8 %all we ev] discov] any ?+ by ?is mode ( explanation8 ,is x n evid5t t f9al causes are only arbitr>y relations & moral ab/ractions1 :i* %\ld impose on u /ill less ?an metaphysical ab/ractions1 because _! orig9 is less noble & a m false supposition2 & al?\gh ,leibnitz has endeav\r$ to raise ?is pr9ciple to ! highe/ degree by ! "n ( suffici5t reason1 & ,plato has repres5t$ x by ! mo/ flatt]+ portrait1 "u ! title ( p]fection1 yet x _c prev5t our see+ x z trifl+ & prec>i\s4 ,are we bett] acqua9t$ ) ! effects ( ,nature1 f be+ told t no?+ is made )\t a reason1 or t all is made 9 view ( p]fection8 ,:at is ?is suffici5t reason8 :at is ?is p]fection8 are !y n moral be+s creat$ by intellects purely human8 are !y n arbitr>y relations :i* we h g5]aliz$8 on :at are !y f\nd$8 on moral aff9ities :i*1 f> f produc+ any physical or real exi/5ce1 only alt] ! reality & conf\nd ! objects ( our s5sations1 p]ceptions & k1 ) ^? ( our s5tim5ts1 our passions & our wills4 ,i c\ld adduce _m argum5ts on ?is subject1 b ,i d n pret5d to make a treatise on philosophy1 & %all return to physics1 f :i* ! ideas ( ,plato on univ]sal g5]ation made me digress4 ,ari/otle1 :o 0 z great a philosoph] z ,plato & a mu* bett] physician1 in/ead ( los+ himself 9 ! region ( hypo!ses1 reli$1 on ! contr>y1 on collect$ facts1 & speaks 9 a m intelligible language4 ,matt]1 :i* is only a capacity ( receiv+ =ms1 takes 9 g5]ation a =m l t ( ! individual :i* furni%es x2 & ) respect to ! g5]ation ( animals t h sexes1 he ?9ks t ! male alone furni%es ! prolific pr9ciple1 & t ! female af=ds no?+ t c be look$ ^u z su*4,,bm ,= ?\gh he says else:]e1 speak+ ( animals 9 g5]al1 t ! female emits a sem9al fluid )9 h]self1 yet he does n reg>d t z a prolific pr9ciple3 nev]!less1 accord+ to him1 ! m5/rual blood s]ves = ! =mation1 gr[?1 & nutrim5t ( ! foetus1 b ! effici5t pr9ciples exi/ only 9 ! sem9al fluid ( ! male1 :i* does n act l matt]1 b z ! cause4 ,av]rhois1 ,avic5na1 & o!r philosoph]s1 :o foll[$ ! s5tim5ts ( ,ari/otle1 h s\ght = reasons to prove t females h no prolific fluid2 !y urge1 t z females h a m5/rual fluid t 0 necess>y & suffici5t = g5]ation1 x does n appe> natural to suppose !y possess any o!r2 p>ticul>ly because x beg9s to appe>1 l ! sem9al fluid 9 ! males1 at ! age ( pub]ty2 besides1 cont9ue !y1 if females h really a sem9al & prolific fluid1 :y d !y n produce )\t ! approa* ( ! male1 s9ce !y conta9 ! prolific pr9ciple z well z ! matt] necess>y = ! nutrim5t & gr[? ( ! embryo8 ,?is la/ reason seems to be ! only "o :i* m]its any att5tion4 ,! m5/rual blood seems to be necess>y = ! support1 nutrim5t1 & gr[? ( ! foetus1 b x c h no "p 9 ! fir/ =mation1 :i* is made by ! mixture ( two fluids alike prolific4 ,females !re=e may h1 z well z ! males1 a prolific fluid = ! =mation ( ! embryo1 besides ! m5/rual blood = its nutrim5t & expansion2 & c]ta9ly a female be+ possess$ ( a prolific fluid1 extract$ f all p>ts ( h] body1 z well z ! necess>y means ( n\ri%m5t & expansion1 x is no impossible imag9ation t %e w\ld produce females )\t any communication ) ! male4 ,x mu/ be all[$1 t ?is metaphysical reason+ :i* ! ,ari/otelians adopt to prove t females h no prolific fluid1 may become ! mo/ consid]able objection t c be made aga9/ all sy/ems ( g5]ation1 & p>ticul>ly aga9/ our explanation4 ,,bm ,see ,ari/otle1 de g54 lib4 i4 cap4 #bj & lib4 xi4 cap4 #d4 ,let u suppose1 x may be said1 z y h attempt$ to prove1 t ! sup]flu\s organic molecules are s5t back into ! te/icles & sem9al vessels ( ! male1 :y1 by ! p[] ( y\r suppos$ attract+ =ces1 d !y n =m small organiz$ be+s1 p]fectly resembl+ ! male8 & = ! same reason simil> be+s 9 ! female8 ,if y answ]1 t !re is an appe>ance t ! liquor ( ! male conta9s only males1 & t ( ! female only females1 b t all ^! p]i% = want ( ! necess>y means = expansion1 & t !re are only ^? =m$ by ! mixture ( bo? :i* c exp& & come into ! _w2 may we n be ask$ :y ?is mode ( g5]ation1 :i* is ! mo/ complicat$1 difficult1 & lea/ abundant1 is t :i* ,nature pref]s 9 s /rik+ a mann]1 t almo/ all animals multiply by ?is mode ( communication ( ! male ) ! female8 ,i %all cont5t myself at pres5t ) answ]+1 t ! fact is su* z we h repres5t$ x2 ! objection becomes a fact "q2 to :i*1 z we h obs]v$1 !re is no o!r solution to be giv5 ?an t ( ! fact itself4 ,x may be insi/$1 x is ! mo/ complicat$ mode ( production2 yet ?is mode1 :i* appe>s ! mo/ complicat$ to u1 is c]ta9ly ! mo/ simple = nature1 because1 z we h rem>k$1 :at happ5s ! mo/ (t51 h[ev] difficult x may appe> to our ideas1 mu/ 9 reality be ! mo/ simple2 :i* does n prev5t u f conceiv+ x to be complex1 z we judge ( x accord+ to t k :i* our s5ses & reflections c give u !reon4 ,! ass]tion ( ! ,ari/otelians1 t females h no prolific fluid1 mu/ fall to ! gr\nd1 if we pay att5tion to ! resemblance ( *ildr5 to _! mo!rs1 ( mules to ! female t produces !m1 ( mongrels & mulattos1 all ( :i* resemble m ! "m ?an ! fa!r4 ,if1 besides ^!1 we consid] ! organs ( females are1 l ^? ( ! males1 =m$ s z to prep>e & receive ! sem9al fluid1 we %all be readily p]suad$ t su* a fluid mu/ exi/1 :e!r x resides 9 ! sp]matic vessels1 ! te/icles1 or 9 ! matrix3 or :e!r x issues1 :5 provok$1 by ! passages ( de ,graaf1 situat$ at ! neck1 & ne> ! ext]nal orifice ( ! ure?ra4 ,b x is "r "h to exam9e ! ideas ( ,ari/otle m g5]ally on ! subject ( g5]ation1 because ?is great philosoph] has writt5 ! mo/ on ! subject1 & treat$ x ! mo/ g5]ally4 ,he di/+ui%es animals into ?ree classes2 fir/1 ^? :i* h blood1 &1 except+ "s few1 multiply by copulation2 ! second1 ^? :i* h no blood1 b1 be+ at ! same "t bo? male & female1 produce ( !mselves1 & )\t copulation2 & ?irdly1 ^? br$ by putrefaction1 :i* d n owe _! orig9 to p>5ts ( any k9d4 ,i %all fir/ rem>k1 t ?is division mu/ n be admitt$ (2 = ?\gh 9 fact all k9ds ( animals :i* h blood are compos$ ( males & females1 x is n equally true1 t animals :o h no blood are = ! mo/ "p male & female 9 "o2 = we are only acqua9t$ ) ! snail & worm on e>? :i* are 9 ?is /ate2 nor c we asc]ta9 :e!r all %ell-fi%1 & o!r animals :i* h no blood1 be h]maphrodites4 ,) respect to ^? animals :i* he says proce$ f putrefaction1 z he has n enum]at$ !m1 _m exceptions occur2 = mo/ ( ! k9ds :i* ! anci5ts ?\ght eng5d]$ by putrefaction h be5 discov]$ by ! mod]ns to be ! produce ( eggs4 ,aft] ?is he makes a second division ( animals2 ^? :i* h ! faculty ( mov+ !mselves progressively1 z walk+1 fly+1 swimm+1 & ^? :i* h no su* faculty4 ,all animals :i* c move1 & h blood1 h sexes2 b ^? :i*1 l oy/]s1 are adh]5t1 or :o sc>cely move at all1 h no sex1 & are1 9 ?is respect l plants1 di/+ui%$ only1 z he says1 into males & females by diff]5ce ( size4 ,x is n yet asc]ta9$ :e!r %ell-fi% h sexes or n2 !re are 9 ! oy/]-k9d fruitful individuals1 & o!rs :i* are n s2 ^? :i* are fruitful are di/+ui%$ by a delicate bord] :i* surr\nds ! body ( ! oy/]1 & !y are call$ males4,,bn ,,bn ,see ! obs]vation ( ,m4 ,desl&es1 9 ! ,tracte de la ra9e1 ,p>is1 #agdg4 ,b to proce$1 ! male1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 includes ! pr9ciple ( g5]ative1 motion1 & ! female conta9s ! mat]ial p>ts ( g5]ation4 ,! organs :i* s]ve = ?is purpose are diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t k9d ( animals2 ! pr9cipal are ! te/icles 9 ! males1 & ! matrix 9 ! females4 ,quadrup$s1 birds1 & cetace\s animals1 h te/icles2 fi% & s]p5ts are depriv$ ( !m2 b !y h bo? prop] conduits to receive & prep>e ! se$4 ,^! ess5tial p>ts are always d\ble1 bo? 9 ! male & female1 & s]ve 9 males to /op ! motion ( ! blood1 :i* =ms ! se$4 ,?is he proves by ! example ( birds1 ^: te/icles swell 9 ! season ( _! am\rs1 & dim9i% s greatly :5 ?is season is ov] t !y are sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,all quadrup$s1 z horses1 ox51 c4 :i* are clo!d ) hair1 & cetace\s fi%es1 z dolph9s & :ales1 are vivip>\s2 b c>tilag9\s animals1 & vip]s1 are n truly vivip>\s1 because !y produce an egg )9 !mselves be=e ! live animal appe>s4 ,ovip>\s animals are ( two k9ds1 ^? :i* produce p]fect eggs1 z birds1 liz>ds1 turtles1 c4 & ^? :i* produce imp]fect eggs1 z fi%es1 ^: eggs augm5t & come to p]fection aft] !y h be5 laid 9 ! wat] by ! female2 & 9 all k9ds ( ovip>\s animals1 except+ birds1 ! females are g5]ally l>g] ?an ! males1 z fi%es1 liz>ds1 c4 ,aft] hav+ m5tion$ ^! g5]al v>ieties 9 animals1 ,ari/otle beg9s ) exam9+ ! op9ion ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 t ! se$1 z well ( ! male z ( ! female1 proce$$ f all p>ts ( ! body2 he decl>es aga9/ ?is op9ion1 because1 he says1 al?\gh *ildr5 (t5 resemble _! fa!rs & mo!rs1 !y also sometimes resemble _! gr&fa!rs2 &1 besides1 !y resemble _! p>5ts by ! voice1 hair1 nails1 c>riage1 & mann] ( walk+4 ,n[ ! se$1 he cont9ues1 _c proce$ f ! hair1 voice1 nails1 or any ext]nal quality1 l t ( walk+2 !re=e *ildr5 d n resemble _! p>5ts because ! se$ comes f e "p ( ! body1 b = "s o!r reason4 ,x appe>s to me unnecess>y "h to po9t out ! weakness ( ^! argum5ts2 ,i %all only obs]ve t x appe>s to me ?is great man expressly s\ght aft] me?ods to sep>ate himself f ! s5tim5ts ( ^? philosoph]s :o prec$$ him2 & ,i am p]suad$1 t :oev] reads 8 treatise on g5]ation ) att5tion1 w discov] t a /rong design ( giv+ a new sy/em1 diff]5t f t ( ! anci5ts1 oblig$ him always to give ! pref]5ce to ! lea/ probable reasons1 & to elude1 z mu* z he c\ld1 ! =ce ( pro(s1 :5 !y 7 contr>y to 8 g5]al pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle ! sem9al liquor is secret$ f ! blood2 & ! m5/rua1 9 females1 is a simil> secretion1 & ! only "o :i* s]ves = ! purpose ( g5]ation4 ,females1 he says1 h no o!r prolific liquor2 !re is1 !re=e1 no mixture ( t ( ! male ) t ( ! female4 ,he pret5ds to prove ?is f "s wom5 conceiv+ )\t receiv+ ! lea/ pleasure1 & because few wom5 emit ?is liquor ext]nally dur+ copulation2 t 9 g5]al ^? :o are br[n1 & h a mascul9e appe>ance1 d n emit at all1 yet eng5d] equally ) ^? :o are m fair 9 complexion & fem99e 9 appe>ance1 & ^: emissions are consid]able4 ,?us he concludes woman furni%es no?+ b ! m5/rual4 ,?is blood is ! matt] ( g5]ation2 & ! sem9al fluid ( ! male does n contribute z matt] b z =m2 x is ! effici5t cause1 ! pr9ciple ( motion2 x is to g5]ation :at ! sculptor is to a block ( m>ble3 ! liquor ( ! male is ! sculptor1 ! m5/rual blood ! m>ble1 & ! foetus ! image4 ,! m5/rual blood receives f ! male se$ a k9d ( s\l1 :i* gives life & motion4 ,?is s\l is nei!r mat]ial nor immat]ial1 because x c nei!r act ^u matt] nor ent] 9 g5]ation z matt]1 ! m5/rual blood be+ all t is necess>y = t purpose4 ,x is1 says our philosoph]1 a _s1 ^: sub/ance is l t ( ! />ry region4 ,! he>t is ! fir/ "w ( ?is s\l2 x conta9s 9 itself ! pr9ciple ( its own gr[?2 & x has ! p[] to arrange ! o!r memb]s4 ,! m5/rual blood conta9s e o!r pr9ciple ( all ! p>ts ( ! foetus3 ! s\l1 or _s1 ( ! male se$1 makes ! he>t beg9 to act1 & t communicates ! p[] ( br++ ! o!r visc]a to action2 & ?us1 successively1 is e "p ( ! animal unfold$ & br\ght into motion4 ,all ?is appe>$ v cle> to our philosoph]2 !re only rema9$ to him "o d\bt1 :i* 01 :e!r ! he>t 0 realiz$ be=e ! blood2 & 9 fact he _h reason = ?is d\bt2 =1 al?\gh he _h adopt$ ! op9ion ( ! he>t exi/+ fir/1 ,h>vey has s9ce pret5d$1 by reasons ( ! same k9d z ^? us$ by ,ari/otle1 t x 0 n ! he>t b ! blood :i* is fir/ realiz$4 ,?is is ! sy/em t great philosoph] has giv5 u ( g5]ation1 & ,i %all leave x to ! op9ion ( ! read] :e!r t ( ! anci5ts1 :i* he rejects1 c be m obscure or m absurd ?an 82 nev]!less1 8 sy/em has be5 foll[$ by mo/ ( ! le>n$4 ,h>vey has n only adopt$ ! ideas ( ,ari/otle1 b has add$ new ones ( ! same k9d4 ,z ?is sy/em ( g5]ation is ( ! same k9d z ! re/ ( ,ari/otle's philosophy1 :]e =m & matt] are ! gr& pr9ciples2 :]e ! vegetative & s5sitive are ! active be+s 9 ,nature2 & :]e f9al causes are real objects2 ,i am n surpris$ t x has be5 receiv$ by s*ola/ic au?ors2 b x is a/oni%+ t s able a physician & obs]v] ( ,nature z ,h>vey 01 %\ld be c>ri$ away ) ! /ream1 :ile e physician foll[$ ! op9ion ( ,hippocrates & ,gal52 :i* we %all expla9 9 ord]4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 imbibe a disadvantage\s idea ( ,ari/otle f ! above exposition ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,g5]ation4 ,x w\ld be l judg+ ( ,desc>tes by 8 ,treatise on ,man4 ,! explanations :i* ^! two philosoph]s give ( ! =mation ( ! foetus %\ld n be consid]$ z complete sy/ems on ! subject ( g5]ation2 !y are r g5]al consequ5ces drawn f _! philosophical pr9ciples4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume4 ,transcrib] ,note ,non-/&>d capitalization has be5 reta9$4 ,hyph5ation 0 /&>diz$4 ,all obvi\s typographical corrections made4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( *anges 7 also made3 ,page ,*ange #dg ,add$ miss+ endquote fir/ p>agraph #ej ,h>leim 0 *ang$ to ,ha>lem #eh :i* 0 add$3 444 causes :i* agitates & di/urbs x 444 #aee ,add$ miss+ endquote fir/ p>agraph #bbe ,add$ miss+ endquote fir/ p>agraph #bdf ,timaeo 0 *ang$ to ,timu4