,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,progress ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,its ,,orig9 ,,& ,,gr[? ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,bury ,regius ,pr(essor ,( ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,& ,fell[ ,( ,k+'s ,college1 ,9 ,! ,univ]sity ,( ,cambridge ,d$icat$ to ! memories ( ,*>les ,francois ,ca/el de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 ,m>ie ,jean ,anto9e ,nicolas ,c>itat de ,condorcet1 ,augu/e ,comte1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & o!r optimi/s m5tion$ 9 ?is volume4 ,tantane uos g5]is t5uit fiducia ue/ri8 ,,preface ,we may believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ,progress or we may n1 b 9 ei!r case x is a matt] ( int]e/ to exam9e ! orig9s & trace ! hi/ory ( :at is n[1 ev5 %\ld x ultimately prove to be no m ?an an idolum saeculi1 ! animat+ & controll+ idea ( we/]n civilisation4 ,= ! e>?ly ,progress ( humanity is ! g5]al te/ to :i* social aims & !ories are submitt$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! phrase ,,civilisation ,,& ,,progress has become /]eotyp$1 & illu/rates h[ we h come to judge a civilisation good or bad accord+ z x is or is n progressive4 ,! ideals ( lib]ty & democracy1 :i* h _! own anci5t & indep5d5t ju/ifications1 h s\ght a new /r5g? by atta*+ !mselves to ,progress4 ,! conjunctions ( lib]ty & progress1 democracy & progress1 meet u at e turn4 ,socialism1 at an e>ly /age ( its mod]n developm5t1 s\ght ! same aid4 ,! fri5ds ( ,m>s1 :o _c be> ! prospect ( p]petual peace1 ma9ta9 t w> is an indisp5sable in/rum5t ( ,progress4 ,x is 9 ! "n ( ,progress t ! doctr9aires :o e/abli%$ ! pres5t reign ( t]ror 9 ,russia pr(ess to act4 ,all ?is %[s ! preval5t feel+ t a social or political !ory or programme is h>dly t5able if x _c claim t x h>monises ) ?is controll+ idea4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ,europeans foll[$ a diff]5t guid+ />4 ,! idea ( a life beyond ! grave 0 9 control1 & ! great ?+s ( ?is life 7 conduct$ ) ref]5ce to ! next4 ,:5 m5's deepe/ feel+s react$ m /eadily & p[]fully to ! idea ( sav+ _! s\ls ?an to any o!r1 h>mony ) ?is idea 0 ! te/ by :i* ! opportun5ess ( social !ories & in/itutions 0 judg$4 ,mona/icism1 = in/ance1 ?rove "u its aegis1 :ile lib]ty ( consci5ce _h no *ance4 ,) a new idea 9 control1 ?is has be5 rev]s$4 ,religi\s fre$om has ?riv5 "u ! aegis ( ,progress2 mona/icism c make no appeal to x4 ,= ! hope ( an ultimate happy /ate on ?is planet to be enjoy$ by future g5]ations--or ( "s /ate1 at lea/1 t may relatively be consid]$ happy--has replac$1 z a social p[]1 ! hope ( felicity 9 ano!r _w4 ,belief 9 p]sonal immortality is /ill v widely ent]ta9$1 b may we n fairly say t x has ceas$ to be a c5tral & guid+ idea ( collective life1 a crit]ion by :i* social values are measur$8 ,_m p d n believe 9 x2 _m m reg>d x z s unc]ta9 t !y c\ld n reasonably p]mit x to affect _! lives or op9ions4 ,^? :o believe 9 x are d\btless ! majority1 b belief has _m degrees2 & "o c h>dly be wrong 9 say+ t1 z a g5]al rule1 ?is belief does n possess ! imag9ations ( ^? :o hold x1 t _! emotions react to x feebly1 t x is felt to be remote & unreal1 & has comp>atively seldom a m direct influ5ce on conduct ?an ! ab/ract argum5ts to be f\nd 9 treatises on morals4 ,"u ! control ( ! idea ( ,progress ! e?ical code recognis$ 9 ! ,we/]n _w has be5 re=m$ 9 mod]n times by a new pr9ciple ( f>-rea*+ importance :i* has emanat$ f t idea4 ,:5 ,isocrates =mulat$ ! rule ( life1 ,d unto o!rs1 he probably did n mean to include among o!rs slaves or savages4 ,! ,/oics & ! ,*ri/ians ext5d$ its application to ! :ole ( liv+ humanity4 ,b 9 late ye>s ! rule has receiv$ a va/ly great] ext5sion by ! inclusion ( ! unborn g5]ations ( ! future4 ,?is pr9ciple ( duty to po/]ity is a direct coroll>y ( ! idea ( ,progress4 ,9 ! rec5t w> t idea1 involv+ ! moral obligation ( mak+ sacrifices = ! sake ( future ages1 0 con/antly appeal$ to2 j z 9 ! ,crusades1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic w>s ( our m$ieval ance/ors1 ! idea ( human de/9ies !n 9 ! asc5dant lur$ ?\s&s to h>d%ip & dea?4 ,! pres5t attempt to trace ! g5esis & gr[? ( ! idea 9 broad outl9e is a purely hi/orical inquiry1 & any discussion ( ! great issue :i* is involv$ lies outside its mode/ scope4 ,occasional criticisms on p>ticul> =ms :i* ! cre$ ( ,progress assum$1 or on argum5ts :i* 7 us$ to support x1 are n int5d$ z a judgm5t on its g5]al validity4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 make two obs]vations "h4 ,! d\bts :i* ,mr4 ,balf\r express$ ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago1 9 an ,address deliv]$ at ,glasg[1 h n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 answ]$4 ,& x is probable t _m p1 to :om six ye>s ago ! notion ( a sudd5 decl9e or break-up ( our we/]n civilisation1 z a result n ( cosmic =ces b ( its own developm5t1 w\ld h appe>$ almo/ fanta/ic1 w feel mu* less confid5t to-day1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! lead+ nations ( ! _w h in/itut$ a league ( peoples = ! prev5tion ( w>1 ! measure to :i* s _m high prie/s ( ,progress h look$ =w>d z mean+ a long /ride =w>d on ! road to ,utopia4 ,! prepond]ance ( ,france's "p 9 develop+ ! idea is an out/&+ feature ( its hi/ory4 ,france1 :o1 l anci5t ,greece1 has always be5 a nurs+-"m ( ideas1 be>s ! pr9cipal responsibility = its gr[?2 & if x is ,fr5* ?\ght t w p]si/5tly claim our att5tion1 ?is is n due to an arbitr>y pref]5ce on my "p or to neglect ( speculation 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,bury4 ,janu>y1 #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,"s ,,int]pretations ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory3 ,,bod9 ,,& ,,le ,,roy ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,utility ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,k3 ,,bacon ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,c>tesianism ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,deg5]ation3 ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,& ,,mod]ns ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,k3 ,,font5elle ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,g5]al ,,progress ,,( ,,man3 ,,abbe ,,de ,,sa9t-,,pi]re ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,new ,,conceptions ,,( ,,hi/ory3 ,,montesquieu1 ,,voltaire1 ,,turgot ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,encyclopa$i/s ,,& ,,economi/s ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,0 ,,civilisation ,a ,,mi/ake8 ,,r\sseau1 ,,*a/ellux ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,ye> #bddj ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution3 ,,condorcet ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,progress ,,9 ,,engl& ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,g]man ,,speculations ,,on ,,progress ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,france ,,aft] ,,! ,,revolution ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,a ,,law ,,( ,,progress3 ,i4 ,,sa9t-,,simon ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,se>* ,,= ,a ,,law ,,( ,,progress3 ,,ii4 ,,comte ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution>y ,,movem5t 7#ahcj-ahea7 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,mat]ial ,,progress3 ,,! ,,exhibition ,,( #ahea ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,evolution ,,epilogue ,,app5dix3 ,,notes ,,to ,,! ,,text ,pro(read]s note3 ^! notes h be5 int]sp]s$ 9 ! ma9 text z ,footnotes ,,introduction ,:5 we say t ideas rule ! _w1 or ex]cise a decisive p[] 9 hi/ory1 we are g5]ally ?9k+ ( ^? ideas :i* express human aims & dep5d = _! realisation on ! human w1 su* z lib]ty1 tol]ation1 equality ( opportunity1 socialism4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 p>tly realis$1 & !re is no reason :y any ( !m %\ld n be fully realis$1 9 a society or 9 ! _w1 if x 7 ! unit$ purpose ( a society or ( ! _w to realise x4 ,!y are approv$ or condemn$ because !y are held to be good or bad1 n because !y are true or false4 ,b !re is ano!r ord] ( ideas t play a great "p 9 det]m9+ & direct+ ! c\rse ( man's conduct b d n dep5d on 8 w--ideas :i* be> ^u ! my/]y ( life1 su* z ,fate1 ,provid5ce1 or p]sonal immortality4 ,su* ideas may op]ate 9 important ways on ! =ms ( social action1 b !y involve a "q ( fact & !y are accept$ or reject$ n because !y are believ$ to be useful or injuri\s1 b because !y are believ$ to be true or false4 ,! idea ( ! progress ( humanity is an idea ( ?is k9d1 & x is important to be q cle> on ! po9t4 ,we n[ take x s mu* = grant$1 we are s consci\s ( con/antly progress+ 9 k1 arts1 organis+ capacity1 utilities ( all sorts1 t x is easy to look ^u ,progress z an aim1 l lib]ty or a _w-f$]ation1 :i* x only dep5ds on our own ef=ts & good-w to a*ieve4 ,b ?\gh all increases ( p[] & k dep5d on human ef=t1 ! idea ( ! ,progress ( humanity1 f :i* all ^! p>ticul> progresses d]ive _! value1 raises a def9ite "q ( fact1 :i* man's wi%es or lab\rs _c affect any m ?an 8 wi%es or lab\rs c prolong life beyond ! grave4 ,?is idea means t civilisation has mov$1 is mov+1 & w move 9 a desirable direction4 ,b 9 ord] to judge t we are mov+ 9 a desirable direction we %\ld h to "k precisely :at ! de/9ation is4 ,to ! m9ds ( mo/ p ! desirable outcome ( human developm5t w\ld be a condition ( society 9 :i* all ! inhabitants ( ! planet w\ld enjoy a p]fectly happy exi/5ce4 ,b x is impossible to be sure t civilisation is mov+ 9 ! "r direction to realise ?is aim4 ,c]ta9 features ( our progress may be urg$ z presumptions 9 its fav\r1 b !re are always (fsets1 & x has always be5 easy to make out a case t1 f ! po9t ( view ( increas+ happ9ess1 ! t5d5cies ( our progressive civilisation are f> f desirable4 ,9 %ort1 x _c be prov$ t ! unkn[n de/9ation t[>ds :i* man is advanc+ is desirable4 ,! movem5t may be ,progress1 or x may be 9 an undesirable direction & !re=e n ,progress4 ,?is is a "q ( fact1 & "o :i* is at pres5t z insoluble z ! "q ( p]sonal immortality4 ,x is a problem :i* be>s on ! my/]y ( life4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if x is admitt$ to be probable t ! c\rse ( civilisation has s f> be5 9 a desirable direction1 & su* z w\ld lead to g5]al felicity if ! direction 7 foll[$ f> en\gh1 x _c be prov$ t ultimate atta9m5t dep5ds entirely on ! human w4 ,= ! advance might at "s po9t be arre/$ by an insup]able wall4 ,take ! p>ticul> case ( k1 z to :i* x is g5]ally tak5 = grant$ t ! cont9uity ( progress 9 ! future dep5ds altoge!r on ! cont9uity ( human ef=t 7assum+ t human bra9s d n deg5]ate74 ,?is assumption is bas$ on a /rictly limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,sci5ce has be5 advanc+ )\t int]ruption dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s2 e new discov]y has l$ to new problems & new me?ods ( solution1 & op5$ up new fields = exploration4 ,hi!rto m5 ( sci5ce h n be5 compell$ to halt1 !y h always f\nd means to advance fur!r4 ,b :at assurance h we t !y w n "o day come up aga9/ impassable b>ri]s8 ,! exp]i5ce ( f\r hundr$ ye>s1 9 :i* ! surface ( nature has be5 successfully tapp$1 c h>dly be said to w>rant conclusions z to ! prospect ( op]ations ext5d+ ov] f\r hundr$ or f\r ?\s& c5turies4 ,take biology or a/ronomy4 ,h[ c we be sure t "s day progress may n come to a dead pause1 n because k is exhau/$1 b because our res\rces = inve/igation are exhau/$--because1 = in/ance1 sci5tific in/rum5ts h rea*$ ! limit ( p]fection beyond :i* x is demon/rably impossible to improve !m1 or because 79 ! case ( a/ronomy7 we come into ! pres5ce ( =ces ( :i*1 unlike gravitation1 we h no t]re/rial exp]i5ce8 ,x is an assumption1 :i* _c be v]ifi$1 t we %all n soon rea* a po9t 9 our k ( nature beyond :i* ! human intellect is unqualifi$ to pass4 ,b x is j ?is assumption :i* is ! light & inspiration ( man's sci5tific rese>*4 ,= if ! assumption is n true1 x means t he c nev] come )9 sight ( ! goal :i* is1 9 ! case ( physical sci5ce1 if n a complete k ( ! cosmos & ! processes ( nature1 at lea/ an immeasurably l>g] & deep] k ?an we at pres5t possess4 ,?us cont9u\s progress 9 man's k ( 8 environm5t1 :i* is "o ( ! *ief conditions ( g5]al ,progress1 is a hypo!sis :i* may or may n be true4 ,& if x is true1 !re rema9s ! fur!r hypo!sis ( man's moral & social p]fectibility1 :i* re/s on mu* less impressive evid5ce4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t he may n rea*1 9 8 psy*ical & social developm5t1 a /age at :i* ! conditions ( 8 life w be /ill f> f satisfactory1 & beyond :i* he w f9d x impossible to progress4 ,?is is a "q ( fact :i* no will+ on man's "p c alt]4 ,x is a "q be>+ on ! my/]y ( life4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! ,progress ( humanity belongs to ! same ord] ( ideas z ,provid5ce or p]sonal immortality4 ,x is true or x is false1 & l !m x _c be prov$ ei!r true or false4 ,belief 9 x is an act ( fai?4 ,! idea ( human ,progress !n is a !ory :i* involves a syn!sis ( ! pa/ & a prophecy ( ! future4 ,x is bas$ on an int]pretation ( hi/ory :i* reg>ds m5 z sl[ly advanc+--p$etemtim progr$i5tes--9 a def9ite & desirable direction1 & inf]s t ?is progress w cont9ue indef9itely4 ,& x implies t1 z ,! issue ( ! e>?'s great bus9ess1 a condition ( g5]al happ9ess w ultimately be enjoy$1 :i* w ju/ify ! :ole process ( civilisation2 = o!rwise ! direction w\ld n be desirable4 ,!re is also a fur!r implication4 ,! process mu/ be ! necess>y outcome ( ! psy*ical & social nature ( man2 x mu/ n be at ! m]cy ( any ext]nal w2 o!rwise !re w\ld be no gu>antee ( its cont9uance & its issue1 & ! idea ( ,progress w\ld lapse into ! idea ( ,provid5ce4 ,z "t is ! v condition ( ! possibility ( ,progress1 x is obvi\s t ! idea w\ld be valueless if !re 7 any cog5t reasons = suppos+ t ! "t at ! disposal ( humanity is likely to rea* a limit 9 ! ne> future4 ,if !re 7 good cause = believ+ t ! e>? w\ld be un9habitable 9 ,a4,d4 #bjjj or #bajj ! doctr9e ( ,progress w\ld lose its mean+ & w\ld automatically disappe>4 ,x w\ld be a delicate "q to decide :at is ! m9imum p]iod ( "t :i* mu/ be assur$ to man = 8 future developm5t1 9 ord] t ,progress %\ld possess value & appeal to ! emotions4 ,! record$ hi/ory ( civilisation cov]s #fjjj ye>s or s1 & if we take ?is z a measure ( our conceptions ( "t-di/ances1 we might assume t if we 7 sure ( a p]iod t5 times z long ahead ( u ! idea ( ,progress w\ld n lose its p[] ( appeal4 ,sixty ?\s& ye>s ( ,,hi/orical "t1 :5 we survey ! *anges :i* h come to pass 9 six ?\s&1 op5s to ! imag9ation a range va/ en\gh to seem almo/ endless4 ,?is psy*ological "q1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be decid$4 ,= sci5ce assures u t ! /ability ( ! pres5t conditions ( ! sol> sy/em is c]tifi$ = _m myriads ( ye>s to come4 ,:atev] gradual modifications ( climate !re may be1 ! planet w n cease to support life = a p]iod :i* transc5ds & fl\ts all ef=ts ( imag9ation4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,,possibility ( ,progress is gu>ante$ by ! high probability1 bas$ on a/ro-physical sci5ce1 ( an imm5se "t to progress 94 ,x may surprise _m to be told t ! notion ( ,progress1 :i* n[ seems s easy to appreh5d1 is ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,x has inde$ be5 claim$ t v>i\s ?9k]s1 bo? anci5t 7= in/ance1 ,s5eca7 & m$ieval 7= in/ance1 ,fri> ,bacon71 _h long ago conceiv$ x4 ,b sporadic obs]vations--su* z man's gradual rise f primitive & savage conditions to a c]ta9 level ( civilisation by a s]ies ( inv5tions1 or ! possibility ( "s future additions to 8 k ( nature--:i* 7 inevitable at a c]ta9 /age ( human reflection1 d n am\nt to an anticipation ( ! idea4 ,! value ( su* obs]vations 0 det]m9$1 & mu/ be e/imat$1 by ! :ole context ( ideas 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,x is f its be>+s on ! future t ,progress d]ives its value1 its int]e/1 & its p[]4 ,y may conceive civilisation z hav+ gradually advanc$ 9 ! pa/1 b y h n got ! idea ( ,progress until y g on to conceive t x is de/9$ to advance indef9itely 9 ! future4 ,ideas h _! intellectual climates1 & ,i propose to %[ briefly 9 ?is ,introduction t ! intellectual climates ( classical antiquity & ! ensu+ ages 7 n propiti\s to ! bir? ( ! doctr9e ( ,progress4 ,x is n till ! sixte5? c5tury t ! ob/acles to its appe>ance def9itely beg9 to be transc5d$ & a fav\rable atmosph]e to be gradually prep>$4 ,footnote3 ,! hi/ory ( ! idea ( ,progress has be5 treat$ briefly & p>tially by v>i\s ,fr5* writ]s2 e4g4 ,comte1 ,c\rs de philosophie positive1 vi4 #cba sqq42 ,bu*ez1 ,introduction a la sci5ce de l'hi/oire1 i4 #ii sqq4 7ed4 #b1 #ahdb72 ,jav>y1 ,de l'idee de progres 7#ahej72 ,rigault1 ,hi/oire de la qu]elle des ,anci5s et des ,mod]nes 7#ahef72 ,b\illi]1 ,hi/oire de la philosophie c>tesi5ne 7#ahed72 ,c>o1 ,problemes de la morale sociale 7#ahgf72 ,bruneti]e1 ,la ,=mation de l'idee de progres1 9 ,etudes critiques1 #e;e s]ie4 ,m rec5tly ,m4 ,jules ,delvaille has attempt$ to trace its hi/ory fully1 d[n to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,8 ,hi/oire de l'idee de progres 7#aiaj7 is plann$ on a l>ge scale2 he is erudite & has read ext5sively4 ,b 8 treatm5t is lack+ 9 ! p[] ( discrim9ation4 ,he /rikes "o z anxi\s to br+ )9 8 net1 z !orici5s du progres1 z _m di/+ui%$ ?9k]s z possible2 & s1 along ) a great deal t is useful & relevant1 we also f9d 9 8 book mu* t is irrelevant4 ,he has n cle>ly se5 t ! di/9ctive idea ( ,progress 0 n conceiv$ 9 antiquity or 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or ev5 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod2 & :5 he comes to mod]n times he fails to br+ out cle>ly ! decisive /eps ( its gr[?4 ,& he does n seem to realise t a man might be progressive )\t believ+ 91 or ev5 ?9k+ ab\t1 ! doctr9e ( ,progress4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,b]keley are examples4 ,9 my ,anci5t ,greek ,hi/orians 7#aiji7 ,i dwelt on ! mod]n orig9 ( ! idea 7p4 #bec sqq474 ,rec5tly ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,murray1 9 a le>n$ app5dix to 8 ,erasmus & ,lu!r1 has develop$ ! !sis t ,progress 0 n grasp$ 9 antiquity 7?\gh he makes an exception ( ,s5eca71--a welcome confirmation4 ,i ,x may1 9 p>ticul>1 seem surpris+ t ! ,greeks1 :o 7 s f]tile 9 _! speculations on human life1 did n hit ^u an idea :i* seems s simple & obvi\s to u z ! idea ( ,progress4 ,b if we try to realise _! exp]i5ce & ! g5]al "* ( _! ?\ght we %all cease to wond]4 ,_! record$ hi/ory did n g back f>1 & s f> z x did g !re _h be5 no impressive s]ies ( new discov]ies sugge/+ ei!r an indef9ite increase ( k or a gr[+ ma/]y ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,9 ! p]iod 9 :i* _! mo/ brilliant m9ds 7 busi$ ) ! problems ( ! univ]se m5 might improve ! build+ ( %ips1 or inv5t new geometrical demon/rations1 b _! sci5ce did little or no?+ to trans=m ! conditions ( life or to op5 any vi/a into ! future4 ,!y 7 9 ! pres5ce ( no facts /rong en\gh to c\nt]act t pr(\nd v5]ation ( antiquity :i* seems natural to mank9d1 & ! ,a!nians ( ! age ( ,p]icles or ( ,plato1 ?\gh !y 7 ?or\ghly1 obvi\sly mod]n comp>$ ) ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 7 nev] self-consci\sly mod]n z we are4 #a4 ,! indications t human civilisation 0 a gradual gr[?1 & t man _h pa9fully work$ 8 way =w>d f a l[ & savage /ate1 c\ld n1 inde$1 escape ! %>p vision ( ! ,greeks4 ,= in/ance1 ,aes*ylus repres5ts m5 z orig9ally liv+ at haz>d 9 sunless caves1 & rais$ f t condition by ,prome!us1 :o taught !m ! arts ( life4 ,9 ,euripides we f9d a simil> recognition ( ! asc5t ( mank9d to a civilis$ /ate1 f primitive b>b>ism1 "s god or o!r play+ ! "p ( ,prome!us4 ,9 su* passages z ^! we h1 x may be said1 ! idea t man has progress$2 & x may fairly be sugge/$ t belief 9 a natural progress lay1 = ,aes*ylus z well z = ,euripides1 beh9d ! poetical fiction ( sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,b ^! recognitions ( a progress 7 n incompatible ) ! widely-spread belief 9 an initial deg5]ation ( ! human race2 nor did x usually appe> z a rival doctr9e4 ,! old leg5d ( a gold5 age ( simplicity1 f :i* man _h fall5 away1 0 g5]ally accept$ z tru?2 & lead+ ?9k]s comb9$ x ) ! doctr9e ( a gradual sequ5ce ( social & mat]ial improvem5ts ,footnote3 ,9 ! ma/]ly survey ( e>ly ,greek hi/ory :i* ,?ucydides prefix$ to 8 "w1 he traces ! social progress ( ! ,greeks 9 hi/orical times1 & f9ds ! key to x 9 ! increase ( weal?4 dur+ ! subsequ5t p]iod ( decl9e4 ,we f9d ! two views ?us comb9$1 = in/ance1 9 ,plato's ,laws1 & 9 ! e>lie/ reason$ hi/ory ( civilisation writt5 by ,dicae>*us1 a pupil ( ,ari/otle4 ,footnote3 ,ari/otle's own view is n v cle>4 ,he ?9ks t all arts1 sci5ces1 & in/itutions h be5 repeat$ly1 or r an inf9ite numb] ( times 7^w 9 ,greek7 discov]$ 9 ! pa/ & aga9 lo/4 ,metaphysics1 xi4 #h ad f942 ,politics1 iv4 #aj1 cp4 ii4 #b4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( times seems to imply ! doctr9e ( cycles4 ,b ! simple life ( ! fir/ age1 9 :i* m5 7 n worn ) toil1 & w> & disease 7 unkn[n1 0 reg>d$ z ! ideal ,/ate to :i* man w\ld lie only too =tunate if he c\ld return4 ,he _h inde$ at a remote "t ill ! pa/ succe$$ 9 ameliorat+ "s ( ! conditions ( 8 lot1 b su* anci5t discov]ies z fire or pl\gh+ or navigation or law-giv+ did n sugge/ ! guess t new inv5tions might lead ultimately to conditions 9 :i* life w\ld be m complex b z happy z ! simple life ( ! primitive _w4 ,b1 if "s relative progress might be admitt$1 ! g5]al view ( ,greek philosoph]s 0 t !y 7 liv+ 9 a p]iod ( inevitable deg5]ation & decay--inevitable because x 0 prescrib$ by ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,we h only an imp]fect k ( ! influ5tial speculations ( ,h]aclitus1 ,py?agoras1 & ,emp$ocles1 b we may take ,plato's t5tative philosophy ( hi/ory to illu/rate ! tr5d & ! prejudices ( ,greek ?\ght on ?is subject4 ,! _w 0 creat$ & set go+ by ! ,deity1 &1 z 8 "w1 x 0 p]fect2 b x 0 n immortal & _h 9 x ! se$s ( decay4 ,! p]iod ( its duration is #gb1jjj sol> ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ?is p]iod ! orig9al uni=mity & ord]1 :i* 7 impress$ ^u x by ! ,creator1 are ma9ta9$ "u 8 guidance2 b !n x rea*es a po9t f :i* x beg9s1 z x 71 to roll back2 ! ,deity has loos5$ 8 grip ( ! ma*9e1 ! ord] is di/urb$1 & ! second #cf1jjj ye>s are a p]iod ( gradual decay & deg5]ation4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 ! _w left to itself w\ld dissolve into *aos1 b ! ,deity aga9 seizes ! helm & re/ores ! orig9al conditions1 & ! :ole process beg9s anew4 ,! fir/ half ( su* a _w-cycle corresponds to ! ,gold5 ,age ( leg5d 9 :i* m5 liv$ happily & simply2 we h n[ un=tunately rea*$ "s po9t 9 ! p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,plato applies ! !ory ( degradation 9 8 /udy ( political communities4 ,footnote3 ,plato's philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! my? ( ! ,/atesman & ! la/ ,books ( ! ,republic4 ,! be/ elucidation ( ^! difficult passages w be f\nd 9 ! notes & app5dix to ,book viii4 9 ,j4 ,adam's edition ( ! ,republic 7#aijb74 ,he conceives 8 own ,utopian ari/ocracy z hav+ exi/$ some:]e t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( ! _w's relapse1 :5 ?+s 7 n s bad1 ,footnote3 ,simil>ly he places ! ideal society :i* he describes 9 ! ,critias #ijjj ye>s be=e ,solon4 ,! /ate :i* he plans 9 ! ,laws is inde$ imag9$ z a practicable project 9 8 own day1 b !n x is only a second-be/4 ,! ideal /ate ( :i* ,ari/otle sket*$ an outl9e 7,politics1 iv4 v47 is n set ei!r 9 "t or 9 place4 & exhibits its gradual det]ioration1 ?r\gh ! successive /ages ( timocracy1 olig>*y1 democracy1 & despotism4 ,he expla9s ?is det]ioration z prim>ily caus$ by a deg5]ation ( ! race1 due to laxity & errors 9 ! ,/ate regulation ( m>riages1 & ! consequ5t bir? ( biologically inf]ior individuals4 ,! !ories ( ,plato are only ! mo/ illu/ri\s example ( ! t5d5cy *>act]i/ic ( ,greek philosophical ?9k]s to idealise ! immutable z possess+ a high] value ?an t :i* v>ies4 ,?is affect$ all _! social speculations4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! ideal ( an absolute ord] 9 society1 f :i*1 :5 x is once e/abli%$1 any deviation mu/ be = ! worse4 ,ari/otle1 consid]+ ! subject f a practical po9t ( view1 laid d[n t *anges 9 an e/abli%$ social ord] are undesirable1 & %\ld be z few & slight z possible4 ,footnote3 ,politics1 ii4 #e4 ,?is prejudice aga9/ *ange exclud$ ! appreh5sion ( civilisation z a progressive movem5t4 ,x did n occur to ,plato or any "o else t a p]fect ord] might be atta9able by a long s]ies ( *anges & adaptations4 ,su* an ord]1 be+ an embodim5t ( reason1 c\ld be creat$ only by a delib]ate & imm$iate act ( a plann+ m9d4 ,x might be devis$ by ! wisdom ( a philosoph] or reveal$ by ! ,deity4 ,h5ce ! salvation ( a community mu/ lie 9 pres]v+ intact1 s f> z possible1 ! in/itutions impos$ by ! enlight5$ lawgiv]1 s9ce *ange meant corruption & disa/]4 ,^! a priori pr9ciples acc\nt = ! admiration ( ! ,sp>tan /ate ent]ta9$ by _m ,greek philosoph]s1 because x 0 suppos$ to h pres]v$ un*ang$ = an unusually long p]iod a sy/em e/abli%$ by an inspir$ legislator4 #b4 ,?us "t 0 reg>d$ z ! enemy ( humanity4 ,horace's v]se1 ,damnosa quid non imm9uit dies8 "t depreciates ! value ( ! _w1 expresses ! pessimi/ic axiom accept$ 9 mo/ sy/ems ( anci5t ?\ght4 ,! !ory ( _w-cycles 0 s widely curr5t t x may almo/ be describ$ z ! or?odox !ory ( cosmic "t among ! ,greeks1 & x pass$ f !m to ! ,romans4 ,footnote3 ,plato's _w-cycle4 ,i h omitt$ details n ess5tial2 e4g4 t 9 ! fir/ p]iod m5 7 born f ! e>? & only 9 ! second propagat$ !mselves4 ,! p]iod ( #cf1jjj ye>s1 kn[n z ! ,great ,platonic ,ye>1 0 probably a ,babylonian a/ronomical p]iod1 & 0 9 any case bas$ on ! ,babylonian sexagesimal sy/em & connect$ ) ! sol> ye> conceiv$ z consi/+ ( #cfj days4 ,h]aclitus seems to h accept$ x z ! duration ( ! _w betwe5 8 p]iodic univ]sal conflagrations4 ,plato d]iv$ ! numb] f pr$ecessors1 b bas$ x on op]ations ) ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e1 ! l5g? ( ! sides ( ! ,py?agorean "r-angl$ triangle4 ,! ,great ,ye> ( ! ,py?agorean ,philolaus seems to h be5 diff]5t1 & t ( ! ,/oics 0 mu* long] 7#f1egj1jjj ye>s74 ,i may ref] "h to ,tacitus1 ,dialogus c4 #af1 z an appreciation ( hi/orical p]spective unusual 9 anci5t writ]s3 ,! f\r hundr$ ye>s :i* sep>ate u f ! anci5ts are almo/ a vani%+ quantity if y comp>e !m ) ! duration ( ! ages4 ,see ! :ole passage1 :]e ! ,magnus ,annus ( #ab1ied ye>s is ref]r$ to4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! ,py?agoreans ,footnote3 ,see ,simplicius1 ,phys4 #gcb1 #bf4 ea* cycle repeat$ to ! m9ute/ p>ticul> ! c\rse & ev5ts ( ! prec$+4 ,if ! univ]se dissolves into ! orig9al *aos1 !re appe>$ to !m to be no reason :y ! second *aos %\ld produce a _w diff]+ 9 ! lea/ respect f its pr$ecessor4 ,! n? cycle w\ld be inde$ num]ically di/9ct f ! fir/1 b o!rwise w\ld be id5tical ) x1 & no man c\ld possibly discov] ! numb] ( ! cycle 9 :i* he 0 liv+4 ,z no end seems to h be5 assign$ to ! :ole process1 ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory w\ld conta9 an endless numb] ( ,trojan ,w>s1 = in/ance2 an endless numb] ( ,platos w\ld write an endless numb] ( ,republics4 ,virgil uses ?is idea 9 8 ,f\r? ,eclogue1 :]e he m$itates a return ( ! ,gold5 ,age3 ,alt] erit tum ,tiphys1 et alt]a quae uehat ,argo ,delectos h]oas2 erunt etiam alt]a bella1 ,atque it]um ad ,troiam magnus mittetur ,a*illes4 ,! p]iodic !ory might be held 9 =ms 9 :i* ?is uncanny doctr9e ( absolute id5tity 0 avoid$2 b at ! be/ x meant an endless monoton\s it]ation1 :i* 0 s+ul>ly unlikely to /imulate speculative int]e/ 9 ! future4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t no ?9k] _h any means ( kn[+ h[ ne> to ! end ( 8 cycle ! pres5t h\r might be4 ,! mo/ influ5tial s*ool ( ! lat] ,greek age1 ! ,/oics1 adopt$ ! !ory ( cycles1 & ! natural psy*ological effect ( ! !ory is vividly reflect$ 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o frequ5tly dwells on x 9 8 ,m$itations4 ,! rational s\l1 he says1 w&]s r\nd ! :ole _w & ?r\gh ! encompass+ void1 & gazes into inf9ite "t1 & consid]s ! p]iodic de/ructions & rebir?s ( ! univ]se1 & reflects t our po/]ity w see no?+ new1 & t our ance/ors saw no?+ great] ?an we h se54 ,a man ( =ty ye>s1 possess+ ! mo/ mod]ate intellig5ce1 may be said to h se5 all t is pa/ & all t is to come2 s uni=m is ! _w4 ,footnote3 xi4 ,i4 ,! cyclical !ory 0 curi\sly reviv$ 9 ! n9ete5?2 c5tury by ,nietzs*e1 & x is int]e/+ to note 8 av[al t x took him a long "t to ov]come ! feel+ ( pessimism :i* ! doctr9e inspir$4 #c4 ,& yet "o ,/oic philosoph] saw cle>ly1 & decl>$ emphatically1 t increases 9 k mu/ be expect$ 9 ! future4 ,!re are _m peoples to-day1 ,s5eca wrote1 :o are ignorant ( ! cause ( eclipses ( ! moon1 & x has only rec5tly be5 demon/rat$ among ourselves4 ,! day w come :5 "t & human dilig5ce w cle> up problems :i* are n[ obscure4 ,we divide ! few ye>s ( our lives unequally betwe5 /udy & vice1 & x w !re=e be ! "w ( _m g5]ations to expla9 su* ph5om5a z comets4 ,"o day our po/]ity w m>vel at our ignorance ( causes s cle> to !m4 ,h[ _m new animals h we fir/ come to "k 9 ! pres5t age8 ,9 "t to come m5 w "k mu* t is unkn[n to u4 ,_m discov]ies are res]v$ = future ages1 :5 our memory w h fad$ f m5's m9ds4 ,we imag9e ourselves initiat$ 9 ! secrets ( nature2 we are /&+ on ! ?re%old ( h] temple4 ,footnote3 ,! quotations f ,s5eca w be f\nd 9 ,naturales ,quae/iones1 vii4 #be & #ca4 ,see also ,epi/4 #fd4 ,s5eca implies cont9uity 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,ari/otle _h /at$ ?is expressly1 po9t+ out t we are indebt$ n only to ! au?or ( ! philosophical !ory :i* we accept z true1 b also to ! pr$ecessors ^: views x has sup]s$$ 7,metaphysics1 i4 ii4 *ap4 #a74 ,b he seems to consid] 8 own sy/em z f9al4 ,b ^! pr$ictions are f> f %[+ t ,s5eca _h ! lea/ inkl+ ( a doctr9e ( ! ,progress ( humanity4 ,su* a doctr9e is %>ply exclud$ by ! pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy & 8 pr(\ndly pessimi/ic view ( human affairs4 ,imm$iately aft] ! passage :i* ,i h quot$ he goes on to enl>ge on ! progress ( vice4 ,are y surpris$ to be told t human k has n yet complet$ its :ole task8 ,:y1 human wick$ness has n yet fully develop$4 ,yet1 at lea/1 x may be said1 ,s5eca believ$ 9 a progress ( k & recognis$ its value4 ,yes1 b ! value :i* he attribut$ to x did n lie 9 any advantages :i* x w\ld br+ to ! g5]al community ( mank9d4 ,he did n expect f x any improvem5t ( ! _w4 ,! value ( natural sci5ce1 f 8 po9t ( view1 0 ?is1 t x op5$ to ! philosoph] a div9e region1 9 :i*1 w&]+ among ! />s1 he c\ld laugh at ! e>? & all its ri*es1 & 8 m9d deliv]$ z x 7 f prison c\ld return to its orig9al home4 ,9 o!r words1 its value lay n 9 its results1 b simply 9 ! intellectual activity2 & !re=e x conc]n$ n mank9d at l>ge b a few *os5 individuals :o1 doom$ to live 9 a mis]able _w1 c\ld ?us deliv] _! s\ls f slav]y4 ,= ,s5eca's belief 9 ! !ory ( deg5]ation & ! hopeless corruption ( ! race is uncompromis+4 ,human life on ! e>? is p]iodically de/roy$1 alt]nately by fire & flood2 & ea* p]iod beg9s ) a gold5 age 9 :i* m5 live 9 rude simplicity1 innoc5t because !y are ignorant n because !y are wise4 ,:5 !y deg5]ate f ?is /ate1 arts & inv5tions promote det]ioration by m9i/]+ to luxury & vice4 ,int]e/+1 !n1 z ,s5eca's obs]vations on ! prospect ( "s future sci5tific discov]ies are1 & !y are unique 9 anci5t lit]ature1 ,footnote3 ,!y are g5]al & def9ite4 ,?is di/+ui%es !m1 = in/ance1 f ,plato's incid5tal h9t 9 ! ,republic z to ! prospect ( ! future developm5t ( solid geometry4 !y 7 f> f adumbrat+ a doctr9e ( ! ,progress ( man4 ,= him1 z = ,plato & ! old] philosoph]s1 "t is ! enemy ( man4 ,footnote3 ,! quotations & ! ref]5ces "h w be f\nd 9 ,nat4 ,quae/4 i4 ,praef42 ,epi/4 #ajd1 ,sec4 #af 7cp4 #aaj1 ,sec4 #h2 #aag1 ,sec4 #bj1 & ! f9e passage 9 #fe1 ,sec4 #af-ba72 ,nat4 ,quae/4 iii4 #bh-cj2 & f9ally ,epi/4 #ij1 ,sec4 #de1 cp4 ,sec4 #ag4 ,?is la/ lett] is a criticism on ,posidonius1 :o ass]t$ t ! arts inv5t$ 9 primitive times 7 due to philosoph]s4 ,s5eca repudiates ?is view3 omnia enim i/a sagacitas hom9um1 non sapi5tia inu5it4 ,s5eca t\*es on ! possibility ( ! discov]y ( new l&s beyond ! ocean 9 a passage 9 8 ,m$ea 7#cgd sqq47 :i* has be5 (t5 quot$3 u5i5t annis secula s]is1 quibus oceanus u9cula r]um laxet et +5s pateat tellus ,tiphysque novos detegat orbes1444 nec sit t]ris ultima ,?ule4 #d4 ,!re 0 h[ev] a s*ool ( philosophical speculation1 :i* might h l$ to ! f\ndation ( a !ory ( ,progress1 if ! hi/orical outlook ( ! ,greeks _h be5 l>g] & if _! temp] _h be5 diff]5t4 ,! ,atomic !ory ( ,democritus seems to u n[1 9 _m ways1 ! mo/ wond]ful a*ievem5t ( ,greek ?\ght1 b x _h a small range ( influ5ce 9 ,greece1 & w\ld h _h less if x _h n conv9c$ ! brilliant m9d ( ,epicurus4 ,! ,epicureans develop$ x1 & x may be t ! views :i* !y put =w>d z to ! hi/ory ( ! human race are ma9ly _! own sup]/ructure4 ,^! philosoph]s reject$ entirely ! doctr9e ( a ,gold5 ,age & a subsequ5t deg5]ation1 :i* 0 manife/ly incompatible ) _! !ory t ! _w 0 me*anically =m$ f atoms )\t ! int]v5tion ( a ,deity4 ,= !m1 ! e>lie/ condition ( m5 resembl$ t ( ! bea/s1 & f ?is primitive & mis]able condition !y labori\sly rea*$ ! exi/+ /ate ( civilisation1 n by ext]nal guidance or z a consequ5ce ( "s initial design1 b simply by ! ex]cise ( human intellig5ce ?r\gh\t a long p]iod4 ,footnote3 ,lucretius v4 #addh sqq4 7:]e ! ^w ,,progress is pron\nc$73 ,usus et impigrae simul exp]i5tia m5tis ,paulatim docuit p$etemtim progr$i5tis4 ,sic unum quicquid paulatim protrahit aetas ,9 m$ium ratioque 9 lum9is erigit oras4 ,namque alid ex alio cl>esc]e et ord9e debet ,artibus1 ad summum donee u5]e cacum54 ,! gradual amelioration ( _! exi/5ce 0 m>k$ by ! discov]y ( fire & ! use ( metals1 ! inv5tion ( language1 ! inv5tion ( weav+1 ! gr[? ( arts & indu/ries1 navigation1 ! developm5t ( family life1 ! e/abli%m5t ( social ord] by means ( k+s1 magi/rates1 laws1 ! f\ndation ( cities4 ,! la/ great /ep 9 ! amelioration ( life1 accord+ to ,lucretius1 0 ! illum9at+ philosophy ( ,epicurus1 :o dispell$ ! fe> ( invisible p[]s & guid$ man f intellectual d>kness to light4 ,b ,lucretius & ! s*ool to :i* he belong$ did n look =w>d to a /eady & cont9u\s process ( fur!r amelioration 9 ! future4 ,!y believ$ t a "t w\ld come :5 ! univ]se w\ld fall into ru9s1 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #ie4 b ! int]v5+ p]iod did n int]e/ !m4 ,l _m o!r philosoph]s1 !y ?\ght t _! own philosophy 0 ! f9al ^w on ! univ]se1 & !y did n contemplate ! possibility t important advances 9 k might be a*iev$ by subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,&1 9 any case1 _! scope 0 entirely individuali/ic2 all _! speculations 7 subsidi>y to ! aim ( r5d]+ ! life ( ! individual z tol]able z possible "h & n[4 ,_! philosophy1 l ,/oicism1 0 a philosophy ( resignation2 x 0 ?or\ghly pessimi/ic & !re=e incompatible ) ! idea ( ,progress4 ,lucretius himself all[s an und]ly+ feel+ ( scepticism z to ! value ( civilisation occasionally to escape4 ,footnote3 ,8 eadem sunt omnia semp] 7iii4 #ide7 is ! con/ant refra9 ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,inde$1 x might be said t 9 ! m5tality ( ! anci5t ,greeks !re 0 a /ra9 :i* w\ld h r5d]$ !m indispos$ to take su* an idea s]i\sly1 if x _h be5 prop\nd$4 ,no p]iod ( _! hi/ory c\ld be describ$ z an age ( optimism4 ,!y 7 nev]1 by _! a*ievem5ts 9 art or lit]ature1 9 ma!matics or philosophy1 exalt$ into self-complac5cy or lur$ into sett+ high hopes on human capacity4 ,man has res\rcefulness to meet ev]y?+--words 9 ,greek1--!y did n g fur!r ?an t4 ,?is in/9ctive pessimism ( ! ,greeks _h a religi\s t+e :i* p]haps ev5 ! ,epicureans f\nd x h>d entirely to expunge4 ,!y always felt t !y 7 9 ! pres5ce ( unkn[n incalculable p[]s1 & t subtle dang]s lurk$ 9 human a*ievem5ts & ga9s4 ,horace has tak5 ?is feel+ z ! motif ( a criticism on man's inv5tive p[]s4 ,a voyage ( ,virgil sugge/s ! reflection t 8 fri5d's life w\ld n be expos$ to haz>ds on ! high seas if ! art ( navigation _h nev] be5 discov]$--if man _h submissively respect$ ! limits impos$ by nature4 ,b man is audaci\s3 ,nequiquam deus abscidit ,prud5s oceano dissociabili ,t]ras4 ,9 va9 a wise god sev]'d l&s ,by ! dissociat+ sea4 ,da$alus violat$ ! air1 z ,h]cules invad$ hell4 ,! discov]y ( fire put u 9 possession ( a =bidd5 secret4 ,is ?is unnatural conque/ ( nature safe or wise8 ,nil mortalibus ardui e/3 ,man f9ds no feat too h>d or high2 ,heav5 is n safe f man's desire4 ,our ra% designs move ,jove to ire1 ,he d>es n lay 8 ?und] by4 ,! ?\ght ( ?is ode ,footnote3 i4 #c4 r\ghly expresses :at w\ld h be5 ! in/9ctive s5se ( ?\ghtful ,greeks if ! idea ( ,progress _h be5 pres5t$ to !m4 ,x w\ld h /ruck !m z audaci\s1 ! !ory ( m5 unduly elat$ & p]il\sly at ease 9 ! pres5ce ( unkn[n incalculable p[]s4 ,?is feel+ or attitude 0 connect$ ) ! idea ( ,moira4 ,if we 7 to "n any s+le idea z g5]ally controll+ or p]vad+ ,greek ?\ght f ,hom] to ! ,/oics1 ,footnote3 ,! ,/oics id5tifi$ ,moira ) ,pronoia1 9 accordance ) _! !ory t ! univ]se is p]meat$ by ?\ght4 x w\ld p]haps be ,moira1 = :i* we h no equival5t4 ,! common r5d]+ fate is mislead+4 ,moira meant a fix$ ord] 9 ! univ]se2 b z a fact to :i* m5 mu/ b[1 x _h en\gh 9 common ) fatality to dem& a philosophy ( resignation & to h9d] ! creation ( an optimi/ic atmosph]e ( hope4 ,x 0 ?is ord] :i* kept ?+s 9 _! places1 assign$ to ea* its prop] sph]e & function1 & drew a def9ite l9e1 = in/ance1 betwe5 m5 & gods4 ,human progress t[>ds p]fection--t[>ds an ideal ( omnisci5ce1 or an ideal ( happ9ess1 w\ld h be5 a break+ d[n ( ! b>s :i* divide ! human f ! div9e4 ,human nature does n alt]2 x is fix$ by ,moira4 #e4 ,we c see n[ h[ x 0 t speculative ,greek m9ds nev] hit on ! idea ( ,progress4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! limit$ hi/orical exp]i5ce did n easily sugge/ su* a syn!sis2 & 9 ! second place1 ! axioms ( _! ?\ght1 _! suspici\sness ( *ange1 _! !ories ( ,moira1 ( deg5]ation & cycles1 sugge/$ a view ( ! _w :i* 0 ! v anti!sis ( progressive developm5t4 ,epicurean1 philosoph]s made inde$ :at might h be5 an important /ep 9 ! direction ( ! doctr9e ( ,progress1 by disc>d+ ! !ory ( deg5]ation1 & recognis+ t civilisation _h be5 creat$ by a s]ies ( successive improvem5ts a*iev$ by ! ef=t ( man alone4 ,b "h !y /opp$ %ort4 ,= !y _h _! eyes fix$ on ! lot ( ! individual "h & n[1 & _! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( humanity 0 /rictly subord9ate to ?is p]sonal int]e/4 ,! value ( _! recognition ( human progress 9 ! pa/ is condition$ by ! g5]al t5or & purpose ( _! !ory ( life4 ,x 0 simply "o item 9 _! demon/ration t man ow$ no?+ to sup]natural int]v5tion & _h no?+ to fe> f sup]natural p[]s4 ,x is h[ev] no accid5t t ! s*ool ( ?\ght :i* /ruck on a pa? t might h l$ to ! idea ( ,progress 0 ! mo/ uncompromis+ enemy ( sup]/ition t ,greece produc$4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! e/abli%m5t ( ,roman rule & ord] 9 a l>ge "p ( ! kn[n _w1 & ! civilis+ ( b>b>ian peoples1 c\ld n fail to h op5$ to ! imag9ation ( "s ( ^? :o reflect$ on x 9 ! days ( ,virgil or ( ,s5eca1 a vi/a into ! future4 ,b !re 0 no *ange 9 ! conditions ( life likely to sugge/ a bright] view ( human exi/5ce4 ,) ! loss ( fre$om pessimism increas$1 & ! ,greek philosophies ( resignation 7 ne$$ m ?an ev]4 ,^? :om !y c\ld n satisfy turn$ _! ?\ghts to new my/ical philosophies & religions1 :i* 7 little int]e/$ 9 ! e>?ly de/9ies ( human society4 ,,ii #a4 ,! idea ( ! univ]se :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! g5]al ori5tation ( m5's ?\ghts 7 incompatible ) "s ( ! fundam5tal assumptions :i* are requir$ by ! idea ( ,progress4 ,accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian !ory :i* 0 work$ out by ! ,fa!rs1 & especially by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! :ole movem5t ( hi/ory has ! purpose ( secur+ ! happ9ess ( a small portion ( ! human race 9 ano!r _w2 x does n po/ulate a fur!r developm5t ( human hi/ory on e>?4 ,= ,augu/9e1 z = any m$ieval believ]1 ! c\rse ( hi/ory w\ld be satisfactorily complete if ! _w came to an end 9 8 own lifetime4 ,he 0 n int]e/$ 9 ! "q :e!r any gradual amelioration ( society or increase ( k w\ld m>k ! p]iod ( "t :i* might /ill rema9 to run be=e ! day ( ,judgm5t4 ,9 ,augu/9e's sy/em ! ,*ri/ian era introduc$ ! la/ p]iod ( hi/ory1 ! old age ( humanity1 :i* w\ld endure only s long z to enable ! ,deity to ga!r 9 ! pr$e/9$ numb] ( sav$ p4 ,?is !ory might be comb9$ ) ! widely-spread belief 9 a mill5nium on e>?1 b ! conception ( su* a disp5sation does n r5d] x a !ory ( ,progress4 ,aga91 ! m$ieval doctr9e appreh5ds hi/ory n z a natural developm5t b z a s]ies ( ev5ts ord]$ by div9e int]v5tion & revelations4 ,if humanity _h be5 left to g its own way x w\ld h drift$ to a highly undesirable port1 & all m5 w\ld h incurr$ ! fate ( ev]la/+ mis]y f :i* sup]natural int]f]5ce rescu$ ! m9ority4 ,a belief 9 ,provid5ce might inde$1 & 9 a future age w\ld1 be held along ) a belief 9 ,progress1 9 ! same m9d2 b ! fundam5tal assumptions 7 incongru\s1 & s long z ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce 0 undisput$ly 9 ! asc5dant1 a doctr9e ( ,progress c\ld n arise4 ,& ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 z x 0 develop$ 9 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god1 controll$ ! ?\ght ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 an insup]able ob/acle to ! moral amelioration ( ! race by any gradual process ( developm5t4 ,= s9ce1 s long z ! human species endures on e>?1 e *ild w be born naturally evil & wor?y ( puni%m5t1 a moral advance ( humanity to p]fection is pla9ly impossible4 ,footnote3 ,x may be add$ t1 z ,g4 ,monod obs]v$1 les hommes du moy5 age n'avai5t pas consci5ce des modifications successives que le temps apporte avec lui dans les *oses huma9es 7,revue ,hi/orique1 i4 p4 #h74 #b4 ,b !re are c]ta9 features 9 ! m$ieval !ory ( :i* we mu/ n ignore ! significance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :ile x ma9ta9$ ! belief 9 deg5]ation1 endors$ by ,hebrew my?ology1 x def9itely ab&on$ ! ,greek !ory ( cycles4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>? 0 recognis$ z a unique ph5om5on 9 "t2 x w\ld nev] occur aga9 or any?+ resembl+ x4 ,m important ?an all is ! fact t ,*ri/ian !ology con/ruct$ a syn!sis :i* = ! fir/ "t attempt$ to give a def9ite mean+ to ! :ole c\rse ( human ev5ts1 a syn!sis :i* repres5ts ! pa/ z lead+ up to a def9ite & desirable goal 9 ! future4 ,once ?is belief _h be5 g5]ally adopt$ & prevail$ = c5turies m5 might disc>d x along ) ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce on :i* x re/$1 b !y c\ld n be cont5t to return aga9 to su* views z satisfi$ ! anci5ts1 = :om human hi/ory1 appreh5d$ z a :ole1 0 a tale ( little mean+4 ,footnote3 ,x may be obs]v$ t ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 x4 #ad7 comp>es ! tea*+ 7recta eruditio7 ( ! p ( ,god1 9 ! gradual process ( hi/ory1 to ! education ( an individual4 ,prud5tius has a simil> comp>ison = a diff]5t purpose 7c4 ,symma*um1 ii4 #cae sqq473 ,t>dis semp] processibus aucta ,crescit vita hom9is et longo pr(icit usu4 ,sic aevi mortalis habet se mobilis ordo1 ,sic v>iat natura vices1 infantia repit1 etc4 ,floras 7,epitome1 ad init47 _h already divid$ ,roman hi/ory into f\r p]iods correspond+ to infancy1 adolesc5ce1 manhood1 & old age4 ,!y mu/ seek = "s new syn!sis to replace x4 ,ano!r feature ( ! m$ieval !ory1 p]t95t to our inquiry1 0 an idea :i* ,*ri/ianity took ov] f ,greek & ,roman ?9k]s4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory1 :i* began ) ! conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 !re _h em]g$ ! conception ( ! :ole inhabit$ _w z a unity & totality1 ! idea ( ! :ole human race z "o4 ,we may conv5i5tly call x ! ecum5ical idea--! pr9ciple ( ! ecum5e or inhabit$ _w1 z oppos$ to ! pr9ciple ( ! polis or city4 ,promot$ by ! va/ ext5sion ( ! geographical limits ( ! ,greek _w result+ f ,alex&]'s conque/s1 & by 8 policy ( break+ d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 ,greek & b>b>ian1 ! idea 0 reflect$ 9 ! ,/oic doctr9e t all m5 are bro!rs1 & t a man's true c\ntry is n 8 own p>ticul> city1 b ! ecum5e4 ,footnote3 ,plut>* long ago saw ! connection betwe5 ! policy ( ,alex&] & ! cosmopolitan tea*+ ( ,z5o4 ,de ,alex&ri ,magni virtute1 i4 ,sec4 #f4 ,x soon became famili>1 popul>is$ by ! mo/ popul> ( ! lat] philosophies ( ,greece2 & j z x _h be5 impli$ 9 ! imp]ial aspiration & polity ( ,alex&]1 s x 0 impli$1 /ill m cle>ly1 9 ! imp]ial !ory ( ,rome4 ,! idea ( ! ,roman ,empire1 its !oretical ju/ification1 might be describ$ z ! realisation ( ! unity ( ! _w by ! e/abli%m5t ( a common ord]1 ! unification ( mank9d 9 a s+le _w-embrac+ political organism4 ,! t]m _w1 orbis 7t]r>um71 :i* imp]ial poets use freely 9 speak+ ( ! ,empire1 is m ?an a m]e poetical or patriotic exagg]ation2 x expresses ! idea1 ! unrealis$ ideal ( ! ,empire4 ,!re is a /one f ,halic>nassus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 on :i* ! idea is =mally express$ f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,! inscription is ( ! "t ( ,augu/us1 & ! ,emp]or is designat$ z savi\r ( ! community ( mank9d4 ,!re we h ! notion ( ! human race appreh5d$ z a :ole1 ! ecum5ical idea1 impos+ ^u ,rome ! task describ$ by ,virgil z reg]e imp]io populos1 & m humanely by ,pl9y z ! creation ( a s+le fa!rl& = all ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,footnote3 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 iii4 #f4 #ci4 ,?is idea1 :i* 9 ! ,roman ,empire & 9 ! ,middle ,ages took ! =m ( a univ]sal ,/ate & a univ]sal ,*ur*1 pass$ aft]w>ds into ! conception ( ! int]cohesion ( peoples z contributors to a common pool ( civilisation--a pr9ciple :i*1 :5 ! idea ( ,progress at la/ made its appe>ance 9 ! _w1 0 to be "o ( ! elem5ts 9 its gr[?4 #c4 ,"o rem>kable man1 ! ,franciscan fri> ,rog] ,bacon1 ,footnote3 c4 ,a4,d4 #abaj-ib4 ,( ,bacon's ,opus ,majus ! be/ & only complete edition is t ( ,j4 ,h4 ,bridges1 #b vols4 #ahig 7) an excell5t ,introduction74 ,! associat$ works1 ,opus ,m9us & ,opus ,t]tium1 h be5 edit$ by ,brew]1 ,fr4 ,rog]i ,bacon ,op]a ,in$ita1 #ahei4:o /&s on an isolat$ p9nacle ( 8 own 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 des]ves p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,x has be5 claim$ = him t he ann\nc$ ! idea ( ,progress2 he has ev5 be5 comp>$ to ,condorcet or ,comte4 ,su* claims are bas$ on passages tak5 out ( _! context & indulg5tly int]pret$ 9 ! light ( lat] !ories4 ,!y are n borne out by an exam9ation ( 8 g5]al conception ( ! univ]se & ! aim ( 8 writ+s4 ,8 aim 0 to re=m high] education & introduce into ! univ]sities a wide1 lib]al1 & sci5tific programme ( secul> /udies4 ,8 *ief "w1 ! ,opus ,majus1 0 writt5 = ?is purpose1 to :i* 8 exposition ( 8 own discov]ies 0 subord9ate4 ,x 0 address$ & s5t to ,pope ,clem5t ,,iv41 :o _h ask$ ,bacon to give him an acc\nt ( 8 rese>*es1 & 0 design$ to p]suade ! ,pontiff ( ! utility ( sci5ce f an ecclesia/ical po9t ( view1 & to induce him to sanction an intellectual re=m1 :i* )\t ! approbation ( ! ,*ur* w\ld at t "t h be5 impossible4 ,) great +5uity & res\rcefulness he s\ght to %[ t ! /udies to :i* he 0 devot$--ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 physics1 *emi/ry--7 indisp5sable to an intellig5t /udy ( !ology & ,scripture4 ,?\gh "s ( 8 argum5ts may h be5 urg$ simply to capture ! ,pope's good-w1 !re c be no "q t ,bacon 0 absolutely s9c]e 9 8 view t !ology 0 ! mi/ress 7dom9atrix7 ( ! sci5ces & t _! supreme value lay 9 be+ necess>y to x4 ,x 01 inde$1 on ?is pr9ciple ( ! close int]connection ( all bran*es ( k t ,bacon bas$ 8 plea & 8 s*eme ( re=m4 ,& ! idea ( ! solid>ity ( ! sci5ces1 9 :i* he anticipat$ a lat] age1 is "o ( 8 two *ief claims to be rememb]$4 ,footnote3 ,cp4 ,opus ,t]tium1 c4 iv4 p4 #ah1 omnes sci5tiae sunt connexae et mutuis se fov5t auxiliis sicut p>tes ejusdem totius1 qu>um quaelibet opus suum p]agit non solum propt] se s$ pro aliis4 ,x is ! motif ( ! ,opus ,majus1 & x w\ld h be5 m fully elaborat$ if he _h liv$ to complete ! encyclopa$ic "w1 ,scriptum ,pr9cipale1 :i* he _h only begun be=e 8 dea?4 ,8 o!r title to fame is well-kn[n4 ,he realis$1 z no man _h done be=e him1 ! importance ( ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 inve/igat+ ! secrets ( nature1 & 0 an almo/ solit>y pione] 9 ! pa?s to :i* 8 great] namesake1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 0 to invite ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,b1 al?\gh ,rog] ,bacon 0 inspir$ by ^! enlight5$ ideas1 al?\gh he ca/ (f _m ( ! prejudices ( 8 "t & boldly revolt$ aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! prevail+ s*ola/ic philosophy1 he 0 nev]!less 9 o!r respects a *ild ( 8 age & c\ld n dis5cumb] himself ( ! curr5t m$ieval conception ( ! univ]se4 ,8 g5]al view ( ! c\rse ( human hi/ory 0 n mat]ially diff]5t f t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,:5 he says t ! practical object ( all k is to assure ! safety ( ! human race1 he expla9s ?is to mean ?+s :i* lead to felicity 9 ! next life4 ,footnote3 ,opus ,majus1 vii4 p4 #cff4 ,x is p]t95t to obs]ve t he n only %>$ 9 ! belief 9 a/rology1 :i* 0 !n univ]sal1 b consid]$ x "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ma!matics4 ,x 0 look$ ^u ) disfav\r by ! ,*ur* z a dang]\s /udy2 ,bacon def5d$ its use 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* itself4 ,he ma9ta9$1 l ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! physiological influ5ce ( ! cele/ial bodies1 & reg>d$ ! planets z signs tell+ u :at ,god has decre$ f et]nity to come to pass ei!r by natural processes or by acts ( human w or directly at 8 own good pleasure4 ,deluges1 plagues1 & e>?quakes 7 capable ( be+ pr$ict$2 political & religi\s revolutions 7 set 9 ! />ry rubric4 ,! exi/5ce ( six pr9cipal religions 0 det]m9$ by ! comb9ations ( ,jupit] ) ! o!r six planets4 ,bacon s]i\sly expect$ ! ext9ction ( ! ,mohamm$an religion be=e ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 on ! gr\nd ( a pr$iction by an ,arab a/rolog]4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 iv4 p4 #bff2 vii4 p4 #chi4 ,"o ( ! greate/ advantages t ! /udy ( a/rological lore w br+ to humanity is t by its means ! date ( ! com+ ( ,anti-,*ri/ may be fix$ ) c]ta9ty1 & ! ,*ur* may be prep>$ to face ! p]ils & trials ( t t]rible "t4 ,n[ ! arrival ( ,anti-,*ri/ meant ! end ( ! _w1 & ,bacon accept$ ! view1 :i* he says 0 held by all wise m51 t we are n f> f ! times ( ,anti-,*ri/4 ,?us ! intellectual re=ms :i* he urg$ w\ld h ! effect1 & no m1 ( prep>+ ,*ri/5dom to resi/ m successfully ! corruption 9 :i* ! rule ( ,anti-,*ri/ w\ld involve ! _w4 ,tru? w prevail1 by :i* he meant sci5ce w make advances1 ?\gh ) difficulty1 until ,anti-,*ri/ & 8 =]unn]s appe>2 & on 8 own %[+ ! int]val w\ld probably be %ort4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ,bacon recurs to ?is subject1 & ! emphasis he lays on x1 %[ t ! appe>ance ( ,anti-,*ri/ 0 a fix$ po9t 9 8 m5tal horizon4 ,:5 he look$ =w>d into ! future1 ! vision :i* confront$ him 0 a sc5e ( corruption1 tyranny1 & /ruggle "u ! reign ( a b>b>\s enemy ( ,*ri/5dom2 & aft] t1 ! end ( ! _w4 ,footnote3 7#a7 ,8 com+ may be fix$ by a/rology3 ,opus ,majus1 iv4 p4 #bfi 7inv5iretur suffici5s suspicio vel magis c]titudo de tempore ,anti*ri/i2 cp4 p4 #djb74 7#b7 ,8 com+ means ! end ( ! _w3 ib4 p4 #bfb4 7#c7 ,we are n f> f x3 ib4 p4 #djb4 ,"o ( ! reasons :i* seem to h made ?is view probable to ,bacon 0 ! irruption ( ! ,mongols into ,europe dur+ 8 lifetime2 cp4 p4 #bfh & vii4 p4 #bcd4 ,ano!r 0 ! preval5t corruption1 especially ( ! cl]gy1 :i* impress$ him deeply2 see ,comp5dium /udii philosophiae1 ed4 ,brew]1 p4 #djb4 7#d7 ,tru? w prevail1 etc43 ,opus ,majus1 i4 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 ,he claim$ = exp]im5tal sci5ce t x w\ld produce inv5tions :i* c\ld be usefully employ$ aga9/ ,anti*ri/3 ib4 vii4 p4 #bba4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t we mu/ appreciate ! obs]vations :i* he made on ! advancem5t ( k4 ,x is our duty1 he says1 to supply :at ! anci5ts h left incomplete1 because we h ent]$ into _! lab\rs1 :i*1 unless we are asses1 c /imulate u to a*ieve bett] results2 ,ari/otle correct$ ! errors ( e>li] ?9k]s2 ,avic5na & ,av]roes h correct$ ,ari/otle 9 "s matt]s & h add$ mu* t is new2 & s x w g on till ! end ( ! _w4 ,& ,bacon quotes passages f ,s5eca's ,physical ,inquiries to %[ t ! acquisition ( k is gradual4 ,att5tion has be5 already call$ to ^? passages1 & x 0 %[n h[ p]v]se x is1 on ! /r5g? ( su* rem>ks1 to claim ,s5eca z a tea*] ( ! doctr9e ( ,progress4 ,! same claim has be5 made = ,bacon ) great] confid5ce1 & x is no less p]v]se4 ,! idea ( ,progress is gl>+ly incongru\s ) 8 vision ( ! _w4 ,if 8 programme ( revolutionis+ secul> le>n+ _h be5 accept$--x fell completely dead1 & 8 "w 0 =gott5 = _m ages1--he w\ld h be5 ! au?or ( a progressive re=m2 b h[ _m re=m]s h !re be5 be=e & aft] ,bacon on ^: m9ds ! idea ( ,progress nev] dawn$8 ,footnote3 ,bacon quotes ,s5eca3 ,see ,opus ,majus1 i4 pp4 #cg1 #ee1 #ad4 ,mu* has be5 made out ( a well-kn[n passage 9 8 %ort ,epi/le de secretis op]ibus artis et naturae et de militate magiae1 c4 iv4 7ed4 ,brew]1 p4 #ecc71 9 :i* he is said to ,,pr$ict inv5tions :i* h be5 realis$ 9 ! locomotives1 /eam navigation1 & a]oplanes ( mod]n times4 ,b ,bacon pr$icts no?+4 ,he is %[+ t sci5ce c inv5t curi\s &1 to ! vulg>1 incr$ible ?+s )\t ! aid ( magic4 ,all ! inv5tions :i* he enum]ates h1 he decl>es1 be5 actually made 9 anci5t times1 ) ! exception ( a fly+-ma*9e 7in/rum5tum vol&i quod non vidi nec hom9em qui vidisset cognovi1 s$ sapi5tem qui hoc artificium excogitavit expl]e cognosco74 ,comp>e ! rem>ks ( ,s4 ,vogl1 ,die ,physik ,rog] ,bacos 7#aijf71 #ih sqq4 #d4 ,?us ,fri> ,bacon's !ories ( sci5tific re=m1 s f> f am\nt+ to an anticipation ( ! idea ( ,progress1 illu/rate h[ impossible x 0 t ?is idea c\ld appe> 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! :ole _s ( m$ieval ,*ri/ianity exclud$ x4 ,! conceptions :i* 7 ent]ta9$ ( ! work+ ( div9e ,provid5ce1 ! belief t ! _w1 surpris$ l a sleep+ h\sehold by a ?ief 9 ! night1 might at any mom5t come to a sudd5 end1 _h ! same effect z ! ,greek !ories ( ! nature ( *ange & ( recurr+ cycles ( ! _w4 ,or r1 !y _h a m p[]ful effect1 because !y 7 n reason$ conclusions1 b dogmas gu>ante$ by div9e au?ority4 ,& m$ieval pessimism z to man's mundane condition 0 d>k] & /]n] ?an ! pessimism ( ! ,greeks4 ,!re 0 ! prospect ( happ9ess 9 ano!r sph]e to comp5sate1 b ?is1 engross+ ! imag9ation1 only r5d]$ x less likely t any "o %\ld ?9k ( speculat+ ab\t man's de/9ies on e>?4 ,,iii #a4 ,! civilis$ c\ntries ( ,europe sp5t ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 pass+ f ! m5tal atmosph]e ( ! ,middle ,ages into ! m5tal atmosph]e ( ! mod]n _w4 ,^! c5turies 7 "o ( ! conspicu\sly progressive p]iods 9 hi/ory1 b ! conditions 7 n fav\rable to ! appe>ance ( an idea ( ,progress1 ?\gh ! intellectual milieu 0 be+ prep>$ 9 :i* t idea c\ld be born4 ,?is progressive p]iod1 :i* is conv5i5tly call$ ! ,r5aissance1 la/$ f ! f\rte5? into ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! great results1 significant = our pres5t purpose1 :i* ! human m9d a*iev$ at ?is /age ( its developm5t 7 two4 ,self-confid5ce 0 re/or$ to human reason1 & life on ?is planet 0 recognis$ z possess+ a value indep5d5t ( any hopes or fe>s connect$ ) a life beyond ! grave4 ,b 9 disc>d+ m$ieval naivete & sup]/ition1 9 assum+ a fre] attitude t[>ds !ological au?ority1 & 9 develop+ a new conception ( ! value ( individual p]sonality1 m5 look$ to ! guidance ( ,greek & ,roman ?9k]s1 & call$ up ! _s ( ! anci5t _w to exorcise ! gho/s ( ! d>k ages4 ,_! m9ds 7 ?us direct$ backw>ds to a pa/ civilisation :i*1 9 ! ard\r ( new discov]y1 & 9 ! reaction aga9/ m$ievalism1 !y en?ron$ z ideal2 & a new au?ority 0 set up1 ! au?ority ( anci5t writ]s4 ,9 g5]al speculation ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance foll[$ ! t5d5cies & adopt$ _m ( ! prejudices ( ,greek philosophy4 ,al?\gh "s great discov]ies1 ) f>-rea*+1 revolution>y consequ5ces1 7 made 9 ?is p]iod1 mo/ active m9ds 7 engag$ 9 r$iscov]+1 elaborat+1 criticis+1 & imitat+ :at 0 old4 ,x 0 n till ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ,r5aissance t speculation began to seek & feel its way t[>ds new po9ts ( dep>ture4 ,x 0 n till !n t a s]i\s reaction set 9 aga9/ ! deep] influ5ces ( m$ieval ?\ght4 #b4 ,to illu/rate ! limitations ( ?is p]iod let u take ,ma*iavelli1 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al ?9k]s t ,italy ev] produc$4 ,!re are c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ,ma*iavelli's sci5ce ( politics1 :i* he has indicat$ incid5tally 9 8 unsy/ematic way1 b :i* are ess5tial to ! compreh5sion ( 8 doctr9es4 ,! fir/ is t at all times ! _w ( human be+s has be5 ! same1 v>y+ inde$ f l& to l&1 b always pres5t+ ! same aspect ( "s societies advanc+ t[>ds prosp]ity1 & o!rs decl9+4 ,^? :i* are on ! upw>d grade w always rea* a po9t beyond :i* !y _c rise fur!r1 b !y w n rema9 p]man5tly on ?is level1 !y w beg9 to decl9e2 = human ?+s are always 9 motion & !re=e mu/ g up or d[n4 ,simil>ly1 decl9+ /ates w ultimately t\* bottom & !n beg9 to asc5d4 ,?us a good con/itution or social organisation c la/ only = a %ort "t4 ,footnote3 ,ma*iavelli's pr9ciple ( advance & decl9e3 ,discorsi1 ii4 ,introduction2 ,i/orie fior5t9e1 v4 ad init4 ,= ! cycle ( con/itutions ?r\gh :i* all /ates t5d to move see ,discorsi1 ii4 #b 7"h we see ! influ5ce ( ,polybius74 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is view ( hi/ory ,ma*iavelli 0 inspir$ & in/ruct$ by ! anci5ts4 ,& x foll[$ f 8 premisses t ! /udy ( ! pa/ is ( ! highe/ value because x enables m5 to see :at is to come2 s9ce to all social ev5ts at any p]iod !re are correspond5ces 9 anci5t times4 ,= ^! ev5ts are due to m51 :o h & always _h ! same passions1 & !re=e ( necessity ! effects mu/ be ! same4 ,footnote3 ,discorsi1 iii4 #dc4 ,aga91 ,ma*iavelli foll[s 8 anci5t ma/]s 9 assum+ z evid5t t a good organisation ( society c be effect$ only by ! delib]ate design ( a wise legislator4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 iii4 #a4 ,! lawgiv] mu/ assume = 8 purposes t all m5 are bad3 ib4 i4 #c4 ,vill>i has useful rem>ks on ^! pr9ciples 9 8 ,ma*iavelli1 ,book ii4 cap4 iii4 ,=ms ( gov]nm5t & religions are ! p]sonal creations ( a s+le bra92 & ! only *ance = a satisfactory con/itution or = a religion to ma9ta9 itself = any l5g? ( "t is con/antly to repress any t5d5cies to dep>t f ! orig9al conceptions ( its creator4 ,x is evid5t t ^! two assumptions are logically connect$4 ,! lawgiv] builds on ! immutability ( human nature2 :at is good = "o g5]ation mu/ be good = ano!r4 ,= ,ma*iavelli1 z = ,plato1 *ange meant corruption4 ,?us 8 fundam5tal !ory exclud$ any conception ( a satisfactory social ord] gradually em]g+ by ! imp]sonal "w ( successive g5]ations1 adapt+ _! in/itutions to _! own *ang+ ne$s & aspirations4 ,x is *>act]i/ic1 & ano!r po9t ( resemblance ) anci5t ?9k]s t he s\ght ! ideal /ate 9 ! pa/--republican ,rome4 ,^! doctr9es1 ! sam5ess ( human nature & ! omnipot5t lawgiv]1 left no room = any?+ resembl+ a !ory ( ,progress4 ,if n held aft]w>ds 9 ! uncompromis+ =m 9 :i* ,ma*iavelli pres5t$ !m1 yet x has well be5 po9t$ out t !y lay at ! root ( "s ( ! mo/ fam\s speculations ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,footnote3 ,vill>i1 loc4 cit4 ,ma*iavelli's sam5ess ( human nature meant t man w\ld always h ! same passions & desires1 weaknesses & vices4 ,?is assumption 0 compatible ) ! widely prevail+ view t man _h deg5]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,f ! exaltation ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity to a position ( unatta9able sup]iority1 especially 9 ! field ( k1 ! deg5]ation ( humanity 0 an easy & natural inf]5ce4 ,if ! ,greeks 9 philosophy & sci5ce 7 au?oritative guides1 if 9 art & lit]ature !y 7 unapproa*able1 if ! ,roman republic1 z ,ma*iavelli ?\ght1 0 an ideal /ate1 x w\ld seem t ! p[]s ( ,nature _h decl9$1 & %e c\ld no long] produce ! same quality ( bra94 ,s long z ?is p>alys+ !ory prevail$1 x is manife/ t ! idea ( ,progress c\ld n appe>4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! sixte5? c5tury m5 began "h & !re1 some:at timidly & t5tatively1 to rebel aga9/ ! tyranny ( antiquity1 or r to prep>e ! way = ! op5 rebellion :i* 0 to break out 9 ! sev5te5?4 ,brea*es 7 made 9 ! pr\d citadel ( anci5t le>n+4 ,cop]nicus und]m9$ ! au?ority ( ,ptolemy & 8 pr$ecessors2 ! anatomical rese>*es ( ,vesalius injur$ ! pre/ige ( ,gal52 & ,ari/otle 0 attack$ on _m sides by m5 l ,telesio1 ,c>dan1 ,ramus1 & ,bruno4 ,footnote3 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! ?9k]s :o 7 rebell+ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle--! mo/ dang]\s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 because he 0 s closely associat$ ) !ological s*ola/icism & 0 support$ by ! ,*ur*--frequ5tly attack$ "u ! /&>d ( "s o!r anci5t ma/]2 e4g4 ,telesio resort$ to ,p>m5ides1 ,ju/us ,lipsius to ! ,/oics1 & ,bruno is "u ! influ5ce ( ,plot9us & ,plato 7,b\illi]1 ,la ,philosophie c>tesi5ne1 vol4 i4 p4 #e74 ,! idea ( developm5t 9 ,bruno has be5 /udi$ by ,m>iupolsky 7,zur ,ges*i*te des ,entwicklungsbegriffs 9 ,b]n] ,/udi51 ,bd4 vi4 #ahig71 :o po9t$ out ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism on 8 ?\ght4 ,9 p>ticul> bran*es ( sci5ce an innovation 0 beg9n+ :i* h]ald$ a radical revolution 9 ! /udy ( natural ph5om5a1 ?\gh ! g5]al significance ( ! prospect :i* ^! rese>*es op5$ 0 b vaguely und]/ood at ! "t4 ,! ?9k]s & m5 ( sci5ce 7 liv+ 9 an intellectual twilight4 ,x 0 ! twilight ( dawn4 ,at "o extremity we h my/icism :i* culm9at$ 9 ! speculations ( ,bruno & ,campanella2 at ! o!r we h ! scepticism ( ,montaigne1 ,*>ron1 & ,san*ez4 ,! bewild]$ condition ( k is indicat$ by ! fact t :ile ,bruno & ,campanella accept$ ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy1 x 0 reject$ by "o :o 9 _m o!r respects may claim to be reckon$ z a mod]n--,i mean ,francis ,bacon4 ,b ! gr[+ t5d5cy to *all5ge ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts does n sev] ?is p]iod f ! _s :i* in=m$ ! ,r5aissance4 ,= x is subord9ate or incid5tal to a m g5]al & important int]e/4 ,to rehabilitate ! natural man1 to claim t he %\ld be ! pilot ( 8 own c\rse1 to ass]t 8 fre$om 9 ! fields ( art & lit]ature _h be5 ! "w ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,x 0 ! problem ( ! lat] ,r5aissance to complete ?is emancipation 9 ! sph]e ( philosophical ?\ght4 ,! bold metaphysics ( ,bruno1 = :i* he aton$ by a fi]y dea?1 (f]$ ! solution :i* 0 mo/ unor?odox & complete4 ,8 deification ( nature & ( man z "p ( nature involv$ ! lib]ation ( humanity f ext]nal au?ority4 ,b o!r speculative m9ds ( ! age1 ?\gh less audaci\s1 7 equally inspir$ by ! idea ( freely int]rogat+ nature1 & 7 all engag$ 9 accompli%+ ! programme ( ! ,r5aissance--! v9dication ( ?is _w z possess+ a value = man indep5d5t ( its relations to any sup]mundane sph]e4 ,! raptures ( ,giordano ,bruno & ! sobrieties ( ,francis ,bacon are "h on common gr\nd4 ,! :ole movem5t 0 a necess>y prelude to a new age ( :i* sci5ce 0 to be ! mi/ress4 ,x is to be not$ t !re 0 a g5]al feel+ ( complac5cy z to ! condition ( le>n+ & intellectual pursuits4 ,?is optimism is express$ by ,rabelais4 ,g>gantua1 9 a lett] to ,pantagruel1 /udy+ at ,p>is1 enl>ges to 8 son on ! va/ improvem5ts 9 le>n+ & education :i* _h rec5tly1 he says1 be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,all ! _w is full ( savants1 le>n$ tea*]s1 l>ge libr>ies2 & ,i am ( op9ion t nei!r 9 ! "t ( ,plato nor ( ,cic]o nor ( ,pap9ian 7 !re su* facilities = /udy z "o sees n[4 ,x is inde$ ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages & lit]atures t ,g>gantua consid]s 9 a lib]al education1 b ! satisfaction at ! pres5t diffusion ( le>n+1 ) ! sugge/ion t "h at lea/ contempor>ies h an advantage ov] ! anci5ts1 is ! significant po9t4 ,footnote3 ,rabelais1 ,book ii4 *ap4 #h4 ,?is satisfaction %9es ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( ,ramus t 9 "o c5tury we h se5 a great] progress 9 m5 & works ( le>n+ ?an our ance/ors _h se5 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! previ\s f\rte5 c5turies4 ,footnote3 ,praefat4 ,s*ol>um ,ma!matic>um1 maiorem doctorum hom9um et op]um prov5tum seculo uno vidimus quam totis antea #ad seculis maiores no/ri vid]5t4 7,ed4 ,basel1 #aefi47 ,footnote #a4 ,guillaume ,po/el obs]v$ 9 8 ,de magi/ratibus ,a!ni5sium lib] 7#aeda7 t ! ages are always progress+ 7secula semp] pr(ic]e71 & e day additions are made to human k1 & t ?is process w\ld only cease if ,provid5ce by w>1 or plague1 or "s cata/rophe 7 to de/roy all ! accumulat$ /ores ( k :i* h be5 transmitt$ f antiquity 9 books 7,praef41 ,b v]so74 ,:at is kn[n ( ! life ( ?is almo/ =gott5 s*ol> has be5 collect$ by ,g4 ,weill 7,de ,gulielmi ,po/elli vita et indole1 #ahib74 ,he visit$ ! ,ea/1 br\ght back ori5tal ,,mss41 & 0 m ?an once imprison$ on *>ges ( h]esy4 ,he dream$ ( conv]t+ ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ( unit+ ! :ole _w "u ! empire ( ,france4 ,9 ?is la/ /age ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* includes ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 soil 0 be+ prep>$ 9 :i* ! idea ( ,progress c\ld g]m9ate1 & our hi/ory ( x orig9 def9itely beg9s ) ! "w ( two m5 :o belong to ?is age1 ,bod91 :o is h>dly kn[n except to special /ud5ts ( political sci5ce1 & ,bacon1 :o is kn[n to all ! _w4 ,bo? _h a m g5]al grasp ( ! significance ( _! own "t ?an any ( _! contempor>ies1 & ?\gh nei!r ( !m discov]$ a !ory ( ,progress1 !y bo? made contributions to ?\ght :i* directly contribut$ to its subsequ5t appe>ance4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,"s ,,int]pretations ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory3 ,,bod9 ,,& ,,le ,,roy #a4 ,x is a long desc5t f ! g5ius ( ,ma*iavelli to ! ,fr5* hi/orian1 ,jean ,bod91 :o publi%$ 8 introduction to hi/orical /udies ,footnote3 ,me?odus ad facilem hi/ori>um cognitionem1 #aeff4 ab\t =ty ye>s aft] ,ma*iavelli's dea?4 ,8 views & 8 me?od diff] widely f ^? ( t great pione]1 :om he attacks4 ,8 read]s 7 n arre/$ by />tl+ novelties or immoral doctr9e2 he is safe1 & dull4 ,b ,bod9 _h a mu* wid] range ( ?\ght ?an ,ma*iavelli1 ^: m9d 0 entirely conc5trat$ on ! !ory ( politics2 & 8 importance = u lies n 9 ! political speculations by :i* he s\ght to prove t mon>*y is ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t ,footnote3 ,les six livres de la ,republique1 #aegf41 b 9 8 attempt to sub/itute a new !ory ( univ]sal hi/ory = t :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he reject$ ! popul> conception ( a gold5 age & a subsequ5t deg5]ation ( mank9d2 & he refut$ ! view1 g5]ally curr5t among m$ieval !ologians1 & bas$ on ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 :i* divid$ ! c\rse ( hi/ory into f\r p]iods correspond+ to ! ,babylonian ,p]sian1 ,mac$onian1 & ,roman mon>*ies1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 to endure till ! day ( ,judgem5t4 ,bod9 sugge/s a division into ?ree great p]iods3 ! fir/1 ( ab\t two ?\s& ye>s1 9 :i* ! ,s\?-,ea/]n peoples 7 pr$om9ant2 ! second1 ( ! same duration1 9 :i* ^? :om he calls ! ,middle 7,m$it]ranean7 peoples came to ! front2 ! ?ird1 9 :i* ! ,nor!rn nations :o ov]?rew ,rome became ! lead]s 9 civilisation4 ,ea* p]iod is /amp$ by ! psy*ological "* ( ! ?ree racial gr\ps4 ,! note ( ! fir/ is religion1 ( ! second practical sagacity1 ( ! ?ird w>f>e & inv5tive skill4 ,?is division actually anticipates ! syn!sis ( ,hegel4 ,footnote3 ,hegel's division is 7#a7 ! ,ori5tal1 7#b7 a1 ! ,greek1 b1 ! ,roman1 & 7#c7 ! ,g]manic worlds4 ,b ! int]e/+ po9t is t x is bas$ on an?ropological consid]ations1 9 :i* climate & geography are tak5 into acc\nt2 &1 not)/&+ ! crud5ess ( ! :ole exposition & ! intrusion ( a/rological argum5ts1 x is a new /ep 9 ! /udy ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,footnote3 ,climates & geography4 ,! fulle/ discussion w be f\nd 9 ! ,republique1 ,book v4 cap4 i4 ,"h ,bod9 anticipat$ ,montesquieu4 ,!re 0 inde$ no?+ new 9 ! pr9ciple2 x _h be5 recognis$ by ,hippocrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,polybius1 & o!r ,greeks1 & 9 a lat] age by ,rog] ,bacon4 ,b ,bod9 fir/ develop$ & appli$ x me?odically4 ,?is "p ( 8 "w 0 ignor$1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,montesquieu's speculations on ! physical factors 9 hi/ory 7 applaud$ z a new discov]y4 ,i h said t ,bod9 reject$ ! !ory ( ! deg5]ation ( man1 along ) ! tradition ( a previ\s age ( virtue & felicity4 ,footnote3 ,see especially ,me?odus1 cap4 v4 pp4 #abd1 #acj1 #acf4 ,! reason :i* he alleg$ aga9/ x is important4 ,! p[]s ( nature h always be5 uni=m4 ,x is illegitimate to suppose t %e c\ld at "o "t produce ! m5 & conditions po/ulat$ by ! !ory ( ! gold5 age1 & n produce !m at ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 ,bod9 ass]ts ! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5t & undim9i%+ capacities ( nature1 &1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel1 ?is pr9ciple 0 significant4 ,x is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! doctr9e ( ! immutability ( human ?+s assum$ by ,ma*iavelli4 ,! human sc5e has va/ly *ang$ s9ce ! primitive age ( man2 if t s-call$ gold5 age c\ld be revok$ & comp>$ ) our own1 we %\ld consid] x iron4 ,footnote3 ,me?odus1 cap4 ,,vii4 p4 #cec4 ,= hi/ory l>gely dep5ds on ! w ( m51 :i* is always *ang+2 e day new laws1 new cu/oms1 new in/itutions1 bo? secul> & religi\s1 come into be+1 & new errors4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 cap4 ,i4 p4 #ab4 ,b 9 ?is *ang+ sc5e we c obs]ve a c]ta9 regul>ity1 a law ( oscillation4 ,rise is foll[$ by fall1 & fall by rise2 x is a mi/ake to ?9k t ! human race is always det]iorat+4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 cap4 ,,vii4 p4 #cfa3 cum aet]na quadam lege naturae conv]sio r]um omnium velut 9 orbem r$ire videatur1 ut aeque vitia virtutibus1 ignoratio sci5tiae1 turpe hone/o consequ5s sit1 atque t5ebrae luci1 fallunt qui g5us hom9um semp] det]ius seipso evad]e putant4 ,if t 7 s1 we %\ld long ago h rea*$ ! l[e/ /age ( vice & iniquity4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re has be51 ?r\gh ! s]ies ( oscillations1 a gradual asc5t4 ,9 ! ages :i* h be5 fooli%ly designat$ z gold & silv] m5 liv$ l ! wild bea/s2 & f t /ate !y h sl[ly rea*$ ! humanity ( mann]s & ! social ord] :i* prevail to-day4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 p4 #cef4 ,?us ,bod9 recognises a g5]al progress 9 ! pa/4 ,t is no?+ new2 x 0 ! view1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,epicureans4 ,b mu* _h pass$ 9 ! _w s9ce ! philosophy ( ,epicurus 0 alive1 & ,bod9 _h to consid] twelve hundr$ ye>s ( new vicissitudes4 ,c\ld ! ,epicurean !ory be br\ght up to date8 #b4 ,bod9 deals ) ! "q almo/ entirely 9 respect to human k4 ,9 def9itely d5y+ ! deg5]ation ( man1 ,bod9 0 only express+ :at _m ?9k]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h be5 com+ to feel1 ?\gh timidly & obscurely4 ,! philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce1 :o criticis$ ! anci5ts 9 special dep>tm5ts1 did n =mulate any g5]al view on ! privileg$ position ( antiquity4 ,bod9 0 ! fir/ to d s4 ,k1 lett]s1 & arts h _! vicissitudes1 he says2 !y rise1 increase1 & n\ri%1 & !n langui% & die4 ,aft] ! decay ( ,rome !re 0 a long fall[ p]iod2 b ?is 0 foll[$ by a spl5did revival ( k & an intellectual productivity :i* no o!r age has exce$$4 ,! sci5tific discov]ies ( ! anci5ts des]ve high praise2 b ! mod]ns h n only ?r[n new light on ph5om5a :i* !y _h incompletely expla9$1 !y h made new discov]ies ( equal or inde$ great] importance4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! m>9]'s compass :i* has made possible ! circumnavigation ( ! e>? & a univ]sal comm]ce1 :]eby ! _w has be5 *ang$1 z x 71 into a s+le /ate4 ,footnote3 ,c>dan _h already signalis$ ! compass1 pr9t+1 & gunp[d] z ?ree mod]n inv5tions1 to :i* ! :ole ( antiquity has no?+ equal to %[4 ,he adds1 ,i pass ov] ! o!r inv5tions ( ?is age :i*1 ?\gh wond]ful1 =m r a developm5t ( anci5t arts ?an surpass ! intellects ( our ance/ors4 ,de subtilitate1 lib4 #c ad init4 7,op]a1 iii4 p4 #fji74 ,take ! advances we h made 9 geography & a/ronomy2 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]2 ! developm5t ( ! wooll5 & o!r indu/ries4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ alone c be set aga9/ any?+ t ! anci5ts a*iev$4 ,footnote3 ,me?odus1 cap4 ,,vii41 pp4 #cei-fa4 ,bod9 also po9ts out t !re 0 an improvem5t1 9 "s respects1 9 mann]s & morals s9ce ! e>ly ,roman ,empire2 = in/ance1 9 ! abolition ( gladiatorial spectacles 7p4 #cei74 ,an inf]5ce f all ?is1 obvi\s to a mod]n read]1 w\ld be t 9 ! future !re w be simil> oscillations1 & new inv5tions & discov]ies z rem>kable z any t h be5 made 9 ! pa/4 ,b ,bod9 does n draw ?is inf]5ce4 ,he conf9es himself to ! pa/ & pres5t1 & has no ^w to say ab\t ! vicissitudes ( ! future4 ,b he is n haunt$ by any vision ( ! end ( ! _w1 or ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/2 ?ree c5turies ( humanism lay betwe5 him & ,rog] ,bacon4 #c4 ,& yet ! influ5ce ( m$ievalism1 :i* x _h be5 ! "w ( ^? ?ree c5turies to ov]come1 0 /ill p]vasively !re4 ,/ill m ! au?ority ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :i* _h be5 set up by ! revival ( le>n+1 01 )\t _! realis+ x1 heavy ev5 ^u ?9k]s l ,bod91 :o did n scruple freely to criticise anci5t au?ors4 ,& s1 9 8 ?\ghtful attempt to f9d a clew to univ]sal hi/ory1 he 0 hamp]$ by !ological & cosmic !ories1 ! legacy ( ! pa/4 ,x is significant ( ! tr5d ( 8 m9d t :5 he is discuss+ ! p]iodic decl9e ( sci5ce & lett]s1 he sugge/s t x may be due to ! direct action ( ,god1 puni%+ ^? :o misappli$ useful sci5ces to ! de/ruction ( m54 ,b 8 speculations 7 p>ticul>ly compromis$ by 8 belief 9 a/rology1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( humani/s l ,petr>*1 ,a5eas ,sylvius1 & ,pico to discr$it x1 reta9$ its hold ov] ! m9ds ( _m em95t1 o!rwise emancipat$1 ?9k]s ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,footnote3 ,bod9 0 also a firm believ] 9 sorc]y4 ,8 ,la ,demonomanie 7#aegh7 is a monum5t ( sup]/ition4 ,"h ,bod9 is 9 ! company ( ,ma*iavelli & ,"l ,bacon4 ,b n cont5t ) ! doctr9e ( a/ral influ5ce on human ev5ts1 he s\ght ano!r key to hi/orical *anges 9 ! influ5ce ( numb]s1 reviv+ ! ideas ( ,py?agoras & ,plato1 b work+ !m out 9 a way ( 8 own4 ,he enum]ates ! durations ( ! lives ( _m fam\s m51 to %[ t !y c be express$ by p[]s ( #g & #i1 or ! product ( ^! numb]s4 ,o!r numb]s :i* h special virtues are ! p[]s ( #ab1 ! p]fect numb] ,footnote3 ,i4e4 a numb] equal to ! sum ( all its factors4 #dif1 & v>i\s o!rs4 ,he gives _m examples to prove t ^! my/ic numb]s det]m9e ! durations ( empires & und]lie hi/orical *ronology4 ,= in/ance1 ! duration ( ! ori5tal mon>*ies f ,n9us to ! ,conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! ,great 0 #agbh 7 #ab cub$7 ye>s4 ,he gives ! ,roman republic f ! f\ndation ( ,rome to ! battle ( ,actium #gbi 7#i cub$7 ye>s4 ,footnote3 ,me?odus1 cap4 v4 pp4 #bfe sqq4 #d4 ,f a believ] 9 su* a !ory1 :i* illu/rates ! limitations ( m5's outlook on ! _w 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 we c\ld p]haps h>dly expect a vision ( ,progress4 ,! be/ t c be said = x is t1 bo? "h & 9 8 a/rological cre$1 ,bod9 is crudely attempt+ to br+ human hi/ory into close connection ) ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 & to e/abli% ! view t ! :ole _w is built on a div9e plan by :i* all ! p>ts are intimately int]relat$4 ,footnote3 ,cp4 ,baudrill>t1 ,j4 ,bod9 et son temps1 p4 #adh 7#ahec74 ,?is monograph is *iefly devot$ to a full analysis ( ,la ,republique4 ,he is c>eful1 h[ev]1 to avoid fatalism4 ,he ass]ts1 z we h se51 t hi/ory dep5ds l>gely on ! w ( m54 ,& he comes ne>] to ! idea ( ,progress ?an any "o be=e him2 he is on ! ?re%old4 ,= if we elim9ate 8 a/rological & ,py?agorean speculations1 & v>i\s !ological p>5!ses :i* d n di/urb 8 argum5t1 8 "w ann\nces a new view ( hi/ory :i* is optimi/ic reg>d+ man's c>e] on e>?1 )\t any ref]5ce to 8 de/9ies 9 a future life4 ,& 9 ?is optimi/ic view !re are ?ree p>ticul> po9ts to note1 :i* 7 ess5tial to ! subsequ5t gr[? ( ! idea ( ,progress4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! decisive rejection ( ! !ory ( deg5]ation1 :i* _h be5 a p]petual ob/acle to ! appreh5sion ( t idea4 ,secondly1 ! unres]v$ claim t 8 own age 0 fully equal1 & 9 "s respects sup]ior1 to ! age ( classical antiquity1 9 respect ( sci5ce & ! arts4 ,he leaves ! anci5ts rev]5tly on _! p$e/al1 b he erects ano!r p$e/al = ! mod]ns1 & x is r high]4 ,we %all see ! import ( ?is :5 we come to consid] ! intellectual movem5t 9 :i* ! idea ( ,progress 0 aft]w>ds to em]ge4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 he _h a conception ( ! common int]e/ ( all ! peoples ( ! e>?1 a conception :i* correspond$ to ! old ecum5ical idea ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ,footnote3 ,see above1 p4 #bc4 b _h n[ a new significance ?r\gh ! discov]ies ( mod]n navigators4 ,he speaks repeat$ly ( ! _w z a univ]sal /ate1 & sugge/s t ! v>i\s races1 by _! peculi> aptitudes & qualities1 contribute to ! common good ( ! :ole4 ,?is idea ( ! solid>ity ( peoples 0 to be an important elem5t 9 ! gr[? ( ! doctr9e ( ,progress4 ,footnote3 ,republique1 ,book v4 cap4 #a 7p4 #fij2 ed4 #aeic72 ,me?odus1 cap4 vi4 p4 #aid2 cap4 vii4 p4 #cfj4 ,^! ideas 7 9 ! air4 ,ano!r ,fr5*man1 ! classical s*ol>1 ,l\is ,le ,roy1 translator ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 put =w>d simil> views 9 a "w ( less celebrity1 ,on ! ,vicissitude or ,v>iety ( ! ,?+s 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,footnote3 ,de la vicissitude ou v>iete des *oses en l'univ]s1 #aegg1 #bnd ed4 7:i* ,i h us$71 #aehd4 ,x conta9s a survey ( great p]iods 9 :i* p>ticul> peoples atta9$ an exceptional /ate ( dom9ion & prosp]ity1 & x anticipates lat] hi/ories ( civilisation by dwell+ b slightly on political ev5ts & br++ into prom95ce human a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce1 philosophy1 & ! arts4 ,beg9n+ ) ! advance ( man f primitive rud5ess to ord]$ society--a sket* bas$ on ! conjectures ( ,plato 9 ! ,protagoras--,le ,roy reviews ! hi/ory1 & e/imates ! m]its1 ( ! ,egyptians1 ,assyrians & ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 ,romans & ,s>ac5s1 & f9ally ( ! mod]n age4 ,! facts1 he ?9ks1 e/abli% ! proposition t ! art ( w>f>e1 eloqu5ce1 philosophy1 ma!matics1 & ! f9e arts1 g5]ally fl\ri% & decl9e toge!r4 ,b !y d decl9e4 ,human ?+s are n p]petual2 all pass ?r\gh ! same cycle--beg9n+1 progress1 p]fection1 corruption1 end4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n expla9 ! succession ( empires 9 ! _w1 ! *anges ( ! sc5e ( prosp]ity f "o p or set ( peoples to ano!r4 ,le ,roy f9ds ! cause 9 provid5tial design4 ,god1 he believes1 c>es = all p>ts ( ! univ]se & has di/ribut$ excell5ce 9 arms & lett]s n[ to ,asia1 n[ to ,europe1 aga9 to ,africa1 lett+ virtue & vice1 k & ignorance travel f c\ntry to c\ntry1 t all 9 _! turn may %>e 9 good & bad =tune1 & none become too pr\d ?r\gh prolong$ prosp]ity4 ,b :at ( ! mod]n age 9 ,we/]n ,europe8 ,x is fully ! equal1 he assev]s1 ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ages ( ! pa/1 & 9 "s respects x is sup]ior4 ,almo/ all ! lib]al & me*anical arts ( antiquity1 :i* _h be5 lo/ = ab\t #abjj ye>s1 h be5 re/or$1 & !re h be5 new inv5tions1 especially pr9t+1 & ! m>9]'s compass1 & ,i w\ld give ! ?ird place to gunn]y b t x seems inv5t$ r = ! ru9 ?an = ! utility ( ! human race4 ,9 our k ( a/ronomy & cosmography we surpass ! anci5ts4 ,we c affirm t ! :ole _w is n[ kn[n1 & all ! races ( m52 !y c int]*ange all _! commodities & mutually supply _! ne$s1 z inhabitants ( ! same city or _w-/ate4 ,& h5ce !re has be5 a notable increase ( weal?4 ,vice & suff]+1 inde$1 are z grave z ev]1 & we are afflict$ by ! tr\ble ( h]esies2 b ?is does n prove a g5]al det]ioration ( morals4 ,if t invet]ate compla9t1 ! refra9 *ant$ by old m5 9 e age1 7 true1 ! _w w\ld already h rea*$ ! extreme limit ( wick$ness1 & integrity w\ld h disappe>$ utt]ly4 ,s5eca long ago made ! "r criticism4 ,hoc maiores no/ri que/i sunt1 hoc nos qu]imur1 hoc po/]i no/ri qu]5tur1 ev]sos esse mores4444 ,at i/a /ant loco eodem4 ,p]haps ,le ,roy 0 ?9k+ p>ticul>ly ( t curi\s book ! ,apology = ,h]odotus1 9 :i* ! em95t ,greek s*ol>1 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 expos$ ) ,calv9i/ic prejudice ! iniquities ( mod]n times & ! corruption ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,footnote3 ,l',introduction au traite de la con=mite des m]veilles anci5nes avec les mod]nes1 ou traite prep>atif a l',apologie p\r ,h]odote1 ed4 ,ri/elhub]1 #b vols41 #ahgi4 ,! book 0 publi%$ 9 #aeff4 ,b if we are to judge by pa/ exp]i5ce1 does x n foll[ t ?is mod]n age mu/ g ! same way z ! great ages ( ! pa/ :i* x rivals or ev5 surpasses8 ,our civilisation1 too1 hav+ rea*$ p]fection1 w inevitably decl9e & pass away3 is n ?is ! cle> lesson ( hi/ory8 ,le ,roy does n %irk ! issue2 x is ! po9t to :i* 8 :ole exposition has l$ & he puts x vividly4 ,if ! memory ( ! pa/ is ! in/ruction ( ! pres5t & ! premonition ( ! future1 x is to be fe>$ t hav+ rea*$ s great excell5ce1 p[]1 wisdom1 /udies1 books1 indu/ries w decl9e1 z has happ5$ 9 ! pa/1 & disappe>--confusion succe$+ to ! ord] & p]fection ( to-day1 rud5ess to civilisation1 ignorance to k4 ,i already =esee 9 imag9ation nations1 /range 9 =m1 complexion1 & co/ume1 ov]:elm+ ,europe--l ! ,go?s1 ,huns1 ,v&als1 ,lomb>ds1 ,s>ac5s ( old--de/roy+ our cities & palaces1 burn+ our libr>ies1 deva/at+ all t is beautiful4 ,i =esee 9 all c\ntries w>s1 dome/ic & =eign1 factions & h]esies :i* w pr(ane all ?+s human & div9e2 fam9es1 plagues1 & floods2 ! univ]se approa*+ an end1 _w-wide confusion1 & ! return ( ?+s to _! orig9al *aos4 ,footnote3 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! age t 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ! au?or goes beyond ! issue & contemplates ! possibility :i* /ill haunt$ m5's m9ds t ! end ( ! _w might n be f> (f4 ,b hav+ conduct$ u to ?is pessimi/ic conclusion ,le ,roy f9ds x repugnant1 & is unwill+ to acquiesce 9 x4 ,l an emb>rass$ dramati/ he escapes f ! knot :i* he has ti$ by introduc+ ! deus ex ma*9a4 ,h[ev] mu* ^! ?+s proce$ accord+ to ! fatal law ( ! _w1 & h _! natural causes1 yet ev5ts dep5d pr9cipally on ,div9e ,provid5ce :i* is sup]ior to nature & alone kn[s ! pr$et]m9$ times ( ev5ts4 ,t is to say1 x dep5ds1 aft] all1 on ,provid5ce :e!r ! argum5t f pa/ exp]i5ce is valid4 ,:o kn[s :e!r ! mod]n age may n prove ! exception to ! law :i* has hi!rto prevail$8 ,let u act z if x w\ld4 ,?is is ! practical moral t ,le ,roy en=ces 9 ! la/ book ( 8 diss]tation4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be p>alys$ or dismay$ by ! de/9ies ( pa/ civilisations1 b mu/ "w h>d to transmit to po/]ity all t has be5 a*iev$1 & augm5t ! discov]ies ( ! pa/ by new rese>*es4 ,= k is inexhau/ible4 ,let u n be s simple z to believe t ! anci5ts h kn[n & said ev]y?+ & left no?+ to _! successors4 ,or t nature gave !m all h] fav\rs 9 ord] to rema9 /]ile ev] aft]4 ,"h ,le ,roy lays d[n ,bod9's pr9ciple :i* 0 to be ass]t$ m urg5tly 9 ! foll[+ c5tury--! p]man5ce ( natural =ces4 ,nature is ! same n[ z always1 & c produce z great intellects z ev]4 ,! elem5ts h ! same p[]1 ! con/ellations keep _! old ord]1 m5 are made ( ! same mat]ial4 ,!re is no?+ to h9d] ! bir? 9 ?is age ( m5 equal 9 bra9s to ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 or ,hippocrates4 ,philosophically1 ,le ,roy's conclusion is lame en\gh4 ,we are ask$ to set aside ! data ( exp]i5ce & act on an (f-*ance4 ,b ! det]m9ation ( ! optimi/ to escape f ! logic ( 8 own argum5t is significant4 ,he has no conception ( an increas+ purpose or und]ly+ unity 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 b he ?9ks t ,provid5ce--! old ,provid5ce ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o arrang$ ! ev5ts ( ,roman hi/ory ) a view to ! com+ ( ,*ri/--may1 = "s unkn[n reason1 prolong indef9itely ! mod]n age4 ,he is obey+ ! in/9ct ( optimism & confid5ce :i* 0 already beg9n+ to create ! appropriate atmosph]e = ! intellectual revolution ( ! com+ c5tury4 ,8 book 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 b nei!r 9 ,france nor 9 ,engl& _h x ! same influ5ce z ! speculations ( ,bod94 ,b x ins9uat$1 z ! read] w h obs]v$1 ! same ?ree views :i* ,bod9 taught1 & mu/ h help$ to propagate !m3 t ! _w has n deg5]at$2 t ! mod]n age is n inf]ior to classical antiquity2 & t ! races ( ! e>? =m n[ a sort ( mundane republic4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,utility ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,k3 ,,bacon #a4 ,among ! great precursors ( a new ord] ( ?\ght ,francis ,bacon occupies a unique position4 ,he drew up a def9ite programme = a great ,r5ovation ( k2 he is m cle>ly consci\s ?an 8 contempor>ies ( ! necessity ( break+ ) ! pa/ & mak+ a completely new />t2 & 8 :ole me?od ( ?\ght seems intellectually ne>] to u ?an ! speculations ( a ,bruno or a ,campanella4 ,h5ce x is easy to und]/& t he is (t5 reg>d$1 especially 9 8 own c\ntry1 z m ?an a precursor1 z ! fir/ philosoph]1 ( ! mod]n age1 def9itely )9 its prec9cts4 ,footnote3 ,g]man critics h be5 g5]ally sev]e on ,bacon z defici5t 9 ! sci5tific _s4 ,kuno ,fis*]1 ,baco van ,v]ulam 7#ahef74 ,liebig1 ,ueb] ,francis ,bacon van ,v]ulam und die ,me?ode d] ,natur=s*ung 7#ahfc74 ,lange 7,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus1 i4 #aie7 speaks ( die ab]glaubis*e und eitle ,unwiss5s*aftli*keit ,bacos4 ,x is n inde$ a matt] ( fundam5tal importance h[ we classify ^! m5 :o /ood on ! bord] ( two worlds1 b x mu/ be recognis$ t if 9 _m respects ,bacon is 9 advance ( contempor>ies :o _c be dissociat$ f ! ,r5aissance1 9 o!r respects1 su* z belief 9 a/rology & dreams1 he /&s on ! same gr\nd1 & 9 "o ess5tial po9t--:i* might almo/ be tak5 z ! te/ ( m5tal progress at ?is p]iod--,bruno & ,campanella h out/ripp$ him4 ,= him ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo work$ 9 va92 he ob/9ately adh]$ to ! old geoc5tric sy/em4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! pr9ciple :i* he laid d[n 9 8 ambiti\s programme = ! re=m ( sci5ce--t exp]im5t is ! key = discov]+ ! secrets ( nature--0 n a new revelation4 ,we ne$ n dwell on ! fact t he _h be5 anticipat$ by ,rog] ,bacon2 = ! ideas ( t wond]ful ?9k] _h fall5 dead 9 an age :i* 0 n ripe = !m4 ,b ! direct int]rogation ( nature 0 already recognis$ bo? 9 practice & 9 !ory 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,:at ,bacon did 0 to insi/ ^u ! pr9ciple m /rongly & explicitly1 & to =mulate x m precisely4 ,he cl>ifi$ & expla9$ ! progressive ideas :i* inspir$ ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! la/ p]iod ( ! ,european ,r5aissance1 f :i* he _c1 ,i ?9k1 be dissociat$4 ,b 9 cle>+ up & def9+ ^! progressive ideas1 he made a contribution to ! developm5t ( human ?\ght :i* _h f>-rea*+ importance & has a special significance = our pres5t subject4 ,9 ! hopes ( a /eady increase ( k1 bas$ on ! application ( new me?ods1 he _h be5 anticipat$ by ,rog] ,bacon1 & fur!r back by ,s5eca4 ,b ) ,francis ,bacon ?is idea ( ! augm5tation ( k has an entirely new value4 ,= ,s5eca ! exploration ( nature 0 a means ( escap+ f ! sordid mis]ies ( life4 ,= ! fri> ( ,ox=d ! pr9cipal use ( increas+ k 0 to prep>e = ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/4 ,francis ,bacon s\nd$ ! mod]n note2 = him ! end ( k is utility4 ,footnote2 ,! passages specially ref]r$ to are3 ,de ,aug4 ,sc4 vii4 i2 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #ha & #c4 #b4 ,! pr9ciple t ! prop] aim ( k is ! amelioration ( human life1 to increase m5's happ9ess & mitigate _! suff]+s--commodis humanis ins]vire--0 ! guid+ /> ( ,bacon 9 all 8 intellectual lab\r4 ,he decl>$ ! advancem5t ( ! happ9ess ( mank9d to be ! direct purpose ( ! works he _h writt5 or design$4 ,he consid]$ t all 8 pr$ecessors _h gone wrong because !y did n appreh5d t ! f9is sci5t>um1 ! real & legitimate goal ( ! sci5ces1 is ! end[m5t ( human life ) new inv5tions & ri*es2 & he made ?is ! te/ = def9+ ! comp>ative values ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( k4 ,! true object1 !re=e1 ( ! inve/igation ( nature is n1 z ! ,greek philosoph]s held1 speculative satisfaction1 b to e/abli% ! reign ( man ov] nature2 & ?is ,bacon judg$ to be atta9able1 provid$ new me?ods ( attack+ ! problems 7 introduc$4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( 8 d>+ act 9 br++ natural sci5ce d[n f ! cl\ds & assign+ to h] ! function ( m9i/]+ to ! mat]ial conv5i5ce & com=t ( man1 we may criticise ,bacon = 8 doctr9e t e bran* ( sci5ce %\ld be pursu$ ) a s+le eye t[>ds practical use4 ,ma!matics1 he ?\ght1 %\ld conduct h]self z a humble1 if necess>y1 h&maid1 )\t any aspirations ( h] own4 ,b x is n ?us t ! great progress 9 man's comm& ov] nature s9ce ,bacon's age has be5 effect$4 ,_m ( ! mo/ valuable & surpris+ ?+s :i* sci5ce has succe$$ 9 do+ = civilisation w\ld nev] h be5 p]=m$ if ea* bran* ( k 7 n guid$ by its own indep5d5t ideal ( speculative complet5ess4 ,footnote3 ,?is 0 to be well expla9$ by ,font5elle1 ,preface sur l'utilite des ma!matiques1 9 ,oeuvres 7ed4 #agbi71 iii1 ,i sqq4 ,b ?is does n invalidate ,bacon's pragmatic pr9ciple1 or dim9i% ! importance ( ! fact t 9 lay+ d[n ! utilit>ian view ( k he contribut$ to ! creation ( a new m5tal atmosph]e 9 :i* ! !ory ( ,progress 0 aft]w>ds to develop4 #c4 ,bacon's respect = ! anci5ts & 8 famili>ity ) _! writ+s are app>5t on almo/ e page he wrote4 ,yet x 0 "o ( 8 pr9cipal endeav\rs to %ake (f ! yoke ( _! au?ority1 :i* he recognis$ to be a fatal ob/acle to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,tru? is n to be s\ght 9 ! good =tune ( any p>ticul> conjuncture ( "t2 its atta9m5t dep5ds on exp]i5ce1 & h[ limit$ 0 !irs4 ,9 _! age ! k bo? ( "t & ( ! _w 0 conf9$ & meagre2 !y _h n a ?\s& ye>s ( hi/ory wor?y ( t "n1 b m]e fables & anci5t traditions2 !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) b a small portion ( ! regions & c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,footnote3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #hd2 #ef1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd4 ,9 all _! sy/ems & sci5tific speculation !re is h>dly "o s+le exp]im5t t has a t5d5cy to assi/ mank9d4 ,_! !ories 7 f\nd$ on op9ion1 & !re=e sci5ce has rema9$ /ation>y = ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s2 :]eas me*anical arts1 :i* are f\nd$ on nature & exp]i5ce1 gr[ & increase4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,bacon po9ts out t ! ^w antiquity is mislead+1 & makes a rem>k :i* w frequ5tly recur 9 writ]s ( ! foll[+ g5]ations4 ,antiquitas seculi iuv5tus mundi2 :at we call antiquity & are accu/om$ to rev]e z su* 0 ! y\? ( ! _w4 ,b x is ! old age & increas+ ye>s ( ! _w--! "t 9 :i* we are n[ liv+--t des]ves 9 tru? to be call$ antiquity4 ,we are really ! anci5ts1 ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 y\ng] ?an we1 9 respect to ! age ( ! _w4 ,& z we look to an old man = great] k ( ! _w ?an f a "y man1 s we h good reason to expect f> great] ?+s f our own age ?an f antiquity1 because 9 ! meantime ! /ock ( k has be5 increas$ by an endless numb] ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,"t is ! great discov]]1 & tru? is ! daught] ( "t1 n ( au?ority4 ,take ! ?ree inv5tions :i* 7 unkn[n to ! anci5ts-pr9t+1 gunp[d]1 & ! compass4 ,^! h *ang$ ! appe>ance & /ate ( ! :ole _w2 fir/ 9 lit]ature1 !n 9 w>f>e1 & la/ly 9 navigation2 & innum]able *anges h be5 !nce d]iv$1 s t no empire1 sect1 or /> appe>s to h ex]cis$ a great] p[] or influ5ce on human affairs ?an ^! me*anical discov]ies4 ,footnote3 ,nov4 ,org4 #abi4 ,we h se5 t ^! ?ree inv5tions _h already be5 class$ toge!r z out/&+ by ,c>dan & ,le ,roy4 ,!y also appe> 9 ,campanella4 ,bod91 z we saw1 includ$ !m 9 a long] li/4 ,x 0 p]haps ! results ( navigation & ! exploration ( unkn[n l&s t impress$ ,bacon m ?an all1 z !y _h impress$ ,bod94 ,let me quote "o passage4 ,x may truly be affirm$ to ! hon\r ( ^! times1 & 9 a virtu\s emulation ) antiquity1 t ?is great build+ ( ! _w _h nev] ?r\gh-lights made 9 x till ! age ( u & our fa!rs4 ,= al?\gh !y ! anci5ts _h k ( ! antipodes444 yet t m\ght be by demon/ration1 & n 9 fact2 & if by travel1 x require? ! voyage b ( half ! e>?4 ,b to circle ! e>?1 z ! heav5ly bodies d1 0 n done nor ent]pris$ till ^! lat] times3 & !re=e ^! times may ju/ly be> 9 _! ^w444 plus ultra 9 prec$5ce ( ! anci5t non ultra4444 ,& ?is pr(ici5ce 9 navigation & discov]ies may plant also an expectation ( ! fur!r pr(ici5ce & augm5tation ( all sci5ces1 because x may seem t !y are orda9$ by ,god to be coevals1 t is1 to meet 9 "o age4 ,= s ! prophet ,daniel1 speak+ ( ! latt] times =etelle?1 ,plurimi p]transibunt1 et multiplex erit sci5tia3 z if ! op5ness & ?r\gh-passage ( ! _w & ! increase ( k 7 appo9t$ to be 9 ! same ages2 z we see x is already p]=m$ 9 great "p3 ! le>n+ ( ^! lat] times n mu* giv+ place to ! =m] two p]iods or returns ( le>n+1 ! "o ( ! ,grecians1 ! o!r ( ! ,romans4 ,footnote3 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 ii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,9 all ?is we h a def9ite recognition ( ! fact t k progresses4 ,bacon did n come into close qu>t]s ) ! hi/ory ( civilisation1 b he has ?r[n out "s obs]vations :i* am\nt to a r\gh syn!sis4 ,footnote3 ,advancem5t1 ii4 #a1 #f2 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #gh1 #gi1 #he4 ,l ,bod91 he divid$1 hi/ory into ?ree p]iods--7#a7 ! antiquities ( ! _w2 7#b7 ! middle "p ( "t :i* compris$ two sections1 ! ,greek & ! ,roman2 7#c7 mod]n hi/ory1 :i* includ$ :at we n[ call ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ?is sequ5ce ?ree p>ticul> epo*s /& out z f]tile 9 sci5ce & fav\rable to progress--! ,greek1 ! ,roman1 & our own--& sc>cely two c5turies c ) ju/ice be assign$ to ea*4 ,! o!r p]iods ( "t are des]ts1 s f> z philosophy & sci5ce are conc]n$4 ,rome & ,greece are two exempl> ,/ates ( ! _w = arms1 le>n+1 moral virtue1 policy1 & laws4 ,b ev5 9 ^? two great epo*s little progress 0 made 9 natural philosophy4 ,= 9 ,greece moral & political speculation absorb$ m5's m9ds2 9 ,rome1 m$itation & lab\r 7 wa/$ on moral philosophy1 & ! greate/ intellects 7 devot$ to civil affairs4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! ?ird p]iod1 ! /udy ( !ology 0 ! *ief occupation ( ! ,we/]n ,european nations4 ,x 0 actually 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod t ! mo/ useful discov]ies = ! com=t ( human life 7 made1 s t1 to say ! tru?1 :5 contemplation & doctr9al sci5ce began1 ! discov]y ( useful works ceas$4 ,s mu* = ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d1 dur+ :i* _m ?+s conspir$ to make progress 9 ! subjugation ( nature sl[1 fitful1 & =tuit\s4 ,:at ( ! future8 ,bacon's answ] is3 if ! errors ( ! pa/ are und]/ood & avoid$ !re is e hope ( /eady progress 9 ! mod]n age4 ,b x might be ask$4 ,is !re n some?+ 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s :i* det]m9es epo*s ( /agnation & vig\r1 "s =ce aga9/ :i* man's und]/&+ & w are impot5t8 ,is x n true t 9 ! revolutions ( ages !re are floods & ebbs ( ! sci5ces1 :i* fl\ri% n[ & !n decl9e1 & t :5 !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t !y c proce$ no fur!r8 ,?is doctr9e ( ,returns or ricorsi ,footnote3 ,bod9's conv]siones4 is d5\nc$ by ,bacon z ! greate/ ob/acle to ! advancem5t ( k1 creat+1 z x does1 diffid5ce or despair4 ,he does n =mally refute x1 b he m>%als ! reasons = an optimi/ic view1 & ^! reasons supply ! dispro( ,! facts on :i* ! fatali/ic doctr9e ( ,returns is bas$ c be expla9$ )\t resort+ to any my/]i\s law4 ,footnote3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #ib sqq4 ,progress has n be5 /eady or cont9u\s on acc\nt ( ! prejudices & errors :i* h9d]$ m5 f sett+ to "w 9 ! "r way4 ,! difficulties 9 advanc+ did n arise f ?+s :i* are n 9 our p[]2 !y 7 due to ! human und]/&+1 :i* wa/$ "t & lab\r on improp] objects4 ,9 proportion z ! errors :i* h be5 committ$ imp$$ ! pa/1 s d !y af=d reason to hope = ! future4 #d4 ,b w ! new p]iod ( advance1 :i* ,bacon expect$ & /rove to secure1 be ( indef9ite duration8 ,he does n consid] ! "q4 ,8 view t he liv$ 9 ! old age ( ! _w implies t he did n anticipate a va/ tract ( "t be=e ! end ( mank9d's c>e] on e>?4 ,& an or?odox ,*ri/ian ( t "t c\ld h>dly be expect$ to pr$ict4 ,! impression we get is t1 9 8 sangu9e en?usiasm1 he imag9$ t a prud5t int]rogation ( nature c\ld extort all h] secrets 9 a few g5]ations4 ,z a re=m] he 0 s engag$ 9 ! imm$iate prospect ( results t 8 imag9ation did n turn to ! possibilities ( a remot] future1 ?\gh ^! w\ld logically foll[ f 8 recognition ( ! insep>able propriety ( "t :i* is ev] m & m to disclose tru?4 ,he hopes ev]y?+ f 8 own age 9 :i* le>n+ has made h] ?ird visitation to ! _w1 a p]iod :i* he is p]suad$ w f> surpass t ( ,grecian & ,roman le>n+4 ,footnote3 ,advancem5t1 ii4 #bd4 ,if he c\ld h revisit$ ,engl& 9 #agjj & survey$ :at sci5ce _h p]=m$ s9ce 8 dea? 8 hopes might h be5 m ?an satisfi$4 ,b1 animat$ ?\gh he 0 ) ! progressive _s1 z ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h be5 be=e him1 all t he says ( ! prospects ( an increase ( k fails to am\nt to ! !ory ( ,progress4 ,he prep>es ! way1 he leads up to x2 b 8 conception ( 8 own "t z ! old age ( humanity excludes ! conception ( an indef9ite advance 9 ! future1 :i* is ess5tial if ! !ory is to h significance & value4 ,& 9 reg>d to progress 9 ! pa/1 ?\gh he is cle>] & m emphatic ?an ,bod91 he h>dly adds any?+ to :at ,bod9 _h obs]v$4 ,! novelty ( 8 view lies n 9 8 recognition ( ! advance ( k & its p[] to advance /ill fur!r1 b 9 ! purpose :i* he assign$ to x4 ,footnote3 ,campanella held its purpose to be ! contemplation ( ! wisdom ( ,god2 cp41 = in/ance1 ,de s5su r]um1 ,bk4 iv4 epilogus1 :]e ! _w is describ$ z /atua ,dei altissimi 7p4 #cgj2 ed4 #afbj74 ,! end ( ! sci5ces is _! usefulness to ! human race4 ,to increase k is to ext5d ! dom9ion ( man ov] nature1 & s to increase 8 com=t & happ9ess1 s f> z ^! dep5d on ext]nal circum/ances4 ,to ,plato or ,s5eca1 or to a ,*ri/ian dream+ ( ! ,city ( ,god1 ?is doctr9e w\ld seem mat]ial & trivial2 & its ann\ncem5t 0 revolution>y3 = x impli$ t happ9ess on e>? 0 an end to be pursu$ = its own sake1 & to be secur$ by co-op]ation = mank9d at l>ge4 ,?is idea is an axiom :i* any g5]al doctr9e ( ,progress mu/ presuppose2 & x =ms ,bacon's great contribution to ! gr\p ( ideas :i* r5d]$ possible ! subsequ5t rise ( t doctr9e4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ rememb] t by ,bacon1 z by mo/ ( 8 ,elizabe?an contempor>ies1 ! doctr9e ( an active int]v5+ ,provid5ce1 ! ,provid5ce ( ,augu/9e1 0 tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 & gov]n$ m or less _! conceptions ( ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,b1 ,i ?9k1 we may say t ,bacon1 :ile he =mally ackn[l$g$ x1 did n press x or emphasise x4 ,footnote3 ,see ,advancem5t1 iii4 ,,ii4 ,on ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e on hi/orical writ+ 9 ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury see ,fir?1 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7,proc4 ( ,briti% ,academy1 vol4 viii41 #aiai71 p4 #h4 #e4 ,bacon illu/rat$ 8 view ( ! social importance ( sci5ce 9 8 sket* ( an ideal /ate1 ! ,new ,atlantis4 ,he complet$ only a "p ( ! "w1 & ! fragm5t 0 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,footnote3 ,9 #afbg4 ,x 0 compos$ ab\t #afbc4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,*ri/ianopolis ( ,johann ,val5t9 ,&reae 7#aehf-afed71 :i* _h appe>$ 9 ,lat9 9 #afad1 & conta9$ a plan = a sci5tific college to re=m ! civilis$ _w4 ,&reae1 :o 0 acqua9t$ bo? ) ,m & ) ,campanella1 plac$ 8 ideal society 9 an isl& :i* he call$ ,caph> ,salama 7! "n ( a village 9 ,pale/9e74 ,&reae's "w _h also a direct influ5ce on ! ,nova ,solyma ( ,samuel ,gott 7#afdh74 ,see ! ,introduction ( ,f4 ,e4 ,held to 8 edition ( ,*ri/ianopolis 7#aiaf74 ,9 ,mac>ia1 ano!r imag9>y /ate ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7,a description ( ! fam\s ,k+doms ( ,mac>ia1 #afda1 by ,h>tlib71 ! pursuit ( sci5ce is n a feature4 ,x is evid5t t ! pr$om9at+ int]e/ t mov$ 8 imag9ation 0 diff]5t f t :i* guid$ ,plato4 ,:ile ,plato aim$ at secur+ a p]man5t solid ord] f\nd$ on immutable pr9ciples1 ! design ( ,bacon 0 to enable 8 imag9>y community to a*ieve dom9ion ov] nature by progressive discov]ies4 ,! heads ( ,plato's city are metaphysicians1 :o regulate ! welf>e ( ! p by ab/ract doctr9es e/abli%$ once = all2 :ile ! mo/ important feature 9 ! ,new ,atlantis is ! college ( sci5tific inve/igators1 :o are always discov]+ new tru?s :i* may alt] ! conditions ( life4 ,"h1 ?\gh only 9 a re/rict$ field1 an idea ( progressive improvem5t1 :i* is ! note ( ! mod]n age1 comes 9 to modify ! idea ( a fix$ ord] :i* exclusively prevail$ 9 anci5t speculation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n ignore ! fact t ,bacon's ideal society is e/abli%$ by ! same k9d ( ag5cy z ! ideal societies ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,x has n develop$2 x 0 fram$ by ! wisdom ( an orig9al legislator ,solamona4 ,9 ?is x resembles ! o!r imag9>y commonweal?s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! organisation ( ,m's ,utopia is fix$ initially once = all by ! lawgiv] ,utopus4 ,! orig9 ( ,campanella's ,civitas ,solis is n expressly /at$1 b !re c be no d\bt t he conceiv$ its in/itutions z creat$ by ! fiat ( a s+le lawgiv]4 ,h>r+ton1 9 8 ,oceana1 argues ) ,ma*iavelli t a commonweal?1 to be well turn$1 mu/ be ! "w ( "o man1 l a book or a build+4 ,footnote3 ,h>r+ton1 ,oceana1 pp4 #gg-h1 #crd ed4 7#agdg74 ,:at measure ( lib]ty ,bacon w\ld h grant$ to ! p ( 8 p]fect /ate we _c say2 8 "w breaks (f be=e he comes to describe _! condition4 ,b we receive ! impression t ! gov]nm5t he conceiv$ 0 /rictly pat]nal1 ?\gh p]haps less rigor\s ?an ! !ocratic despotism :i* ,campanella1 "u ,plato's influ5ce1 set up 9 ! ,city ( ! ,sun4 ,b ev5 ,campanella has ?is 9 common ) ,m--& we may be sure t ,bacon's conception w\ld h agre$ "h--t !re are no h>d-&-fa/ l9es betwe5 ! classes1 & ! welf>e & happ9ess ( all ! inhabitants is imp>tially consid]$1 9 contra/ ) ,plato's s*eme 9 ! ,laws1 :]e ! artisans & manual lab\r]s 7 an inf]ior ca/e exi/+ less = _! own sake ?an = ! sake ( ! community z a :ole4 ,footnote3 ,?is h[ev] does n apply to ! ,republic1 z is s commonly ass]t$4 ,see ! j criticisms ( ,a4 ,a4 ,trev]1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,economic ,?\ght 7,*icago1 #aiaf71 #di sqq4 ,x may f9ally be po9t$ out t ^! ?ree imag9>y commonweal?s /& toge!r z a gr\p1 m>k$ by a human] temp] ?an ! anci5t1 & also by ano!r common *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es !m1 on "o h&1 f ! ideal /ates ( ,plato &1 on ! o!r1 f mod]n sket*es ( desirable societies4 ,plato & ,ari/otle conceiv$ _! con/ructions )9 ! geographical limits ( ,hellas1 ei!r 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! pres5t4 ,m1 ,bacon1 & ,campanella plac$ !irs 9 di/ant seas1 & ?is remot5ess 9 space help$ to create a c]ta9 illusion1 ( reality4 ,footnote3 ,civitas ,solis1 p4 #dfa 7ed4 #afbj74 ,expectancy ( end ( _w3 ,ib4 p4 #dee4 ,! mod]n plan is to project ! p]fect society into a p]iod ( future "t4 ,! device ( ,m & 8 successors 0 sugge/$ by ! m>itime explorations ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies2 ! lat] me?od 0 a result ( ! rise ( ! idea ( ,progress4 ,footnote3 ,simil>ly ! ideal communi/ic /ates imag9$ by ,euem]us & ,iambulus 9 ! s\!rn seas ow$ _! geographical positions to ! popul> int]e/ 9 seaf>+ 9 ! ,indian ,ocean 9 ! age aft] ,alex&]4 ,"o wond]s :e!r ,campanella knew ! acc\nt ( ! fictiti\s j\rney ( ,iambulus to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,sun1 9 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #ee-fj4 #f4 ,a ^w or two m may be said ab\t ! ,city ( ! ,sun4 ,campanella 0 z e>ne/ a believ] 9 ! int]rogation ( nature z ,bacon1 & ! place :i* sci5ce & le>n+ hold 9 8 /ate 7al?\gh rese>* is n s prom95t z 9 ! ,new ,atlantis71 & ! sci5tific tra9+ ( all ! citiz5s1 are a capital feature4 ,! progress 9 inv5tions1 to :i* sci5ce may look =w>d1 is sugge/$4 ,! m5 ( ! ,city ( ! ,sun h already discov]$ ! "o art :i* ! _w seem$ to lack--! art ( fly+2 & !y expect soon to inv5t ocul> in/rum5ts :i* w enable !m to see ! invisible />s & auricul> in/rum5ts = he>+ ! h>mony ( ! sph]es4 ,campanella's view ( ! pres5t conditions & prospects ( k is h>dly less sangu9e ?an t ( ,bacon1 & *>act]i/ically he confirms 8 optimism by a/rological data4 ,if y only knew :at _! a/rolog]s say ab\t ! com+ age4 ,our times1 !y ass]t1 h m hi/ory 9 a hundr$ ye>s ?an ! :ole _w 9 f\r ?\s&4 ,m books h be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c5tury ?an 9 five ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,!y dwell on ! wond]ful inv5tions ( pr9t+1 ( artill]y1 & ( ! use ( ! magnet1--cle> signs ( ! times--& also in/rum5ts = ! assembl+ ( ! inhabitants ( ! _w into "o fold1 & %[ t ^! discov]ies 7 condition$ by /ell> influ5ces4 ,b ,campanella is n v sure or cle> ab\t ! future4 ,a/rology & !ology cause him to hesitate4 ,l ,bacon1 he dreams ( a great ,r5ovation & sees t ! conditions are propiti\s1 b 8 fai? is n secure4 ,! a/ronom]s ( 8 imag9>y /ate scrut9ise ! />s to discov] :e!r ! _w w p]i% or n1 & !y believe 9 ! oracul> say+ ( ,jesus t ! end w come l a ?ief 9 ! night4 ,!re=e !y expect a new age1 & p]haps also ! end ( ! _w4 ,! new age ( k 0 ab\t to beg94 ,campanella1 ,bruno1 & ,bacon /&1 z x 71 on ! br9k ( ! divid+ /ream1 t5duntque manus ripae ult]ioris amore4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,c>tesianism ,if we are to draw any useful l9es ( dem>cation 9 ! cont9u\s flux ( hi/ory we mu/ neglect anticipations & ann\ncem5ts1 & we ne$ n scruple to say t1 9 ! realm ( k & ?\ght1 mod]n hi/ory beg9s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ubiquit\s rebellion aga9/ tradition1 a new /&>d ( cle> & precise ?\ght :i* affects ev5 lit]>y expression1 a fl[ ( ma!matical & physical discov]ies s rapid t t5 ye>s add$ m to ! sum ( k ?an all t _h be5 add$ s9ce ! days ( ,ar*im$es1 ! introduction ( organis$ co-op]ation to increase k by ! in/itution ( ! ,royal ,society at ,london1 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 ,obs]vatories--realis+ ,bacon's ,atlantic dream--*>act]ise ! op5+ ( a new era4 ,= ! ideas ) :i* we are conc]n$1 ! sev5te5? c5tury c5tres r\nd ,desc>tes1 :om an ,engli% admir] describ$ z ! gr& secret>y ( ,nature4 ,footnote3 ,joseph ,glanvill1 ,vanity ( ,dogmatis+1 p4 #baa1 #fd ,?\gh 8 brilliant ma!matical discov]ies 7 ! sole p]man5t contribution he made to k1 ?\gh 8 metaphysical & physical sy/ems are only ( hi/orical int]e/1 8 g5ius ex]cis$ a m ext5sive & trans=m+ influ5ce on ! future developm5t ( ?\ght ?an any o!r man ( 8 c5tury4 ,c>tesianism affirm$ ! two positive axioms ( ! supremacy ( reason1 & ! inv>iability ( ! laws ( nature2 & its in/rum5t 0 a new rigor\s analytical me?od1 :i* 0 applicable to hi/ory z well z to physical k4 ,! axioms _h de/ructive coroll>ies4 ,! immutability ( ! processes ( nature collid$ ) ! !ory ( an active ,provid5ce4 ,! supremacy ( reason %ook ! ?rones f :i* au?ority & tradition _h tyrannis$ ov] ! bra9s ( m54 ,c>tesianism 0 equival5t to a decl>ation ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ,man4 ,x 0 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,c>tesian _s t a !ory ( ,progress 0 to take %ape4 #a4 ,let u look back4 ,we saw t all ! rem>ks ( philosoph]s prior to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* h be5 claim$ z enunciations ( ! idea ( ,progress1 am\nt m]ely to recognitions ( ! obvi\s fact t 9 ! c\rse ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( m5 !re h be5 advances & improvem5ts 9 k & arts1 or t we may look = "s improvem5ts 9 ! future4 ,!re is n "o ( !m t adumbrates a !ory t c be call$ a !ory ( ,progress4 ,we h se5 sev]al reasons :y ! idea c\ld n em]ge 9 ! anci5t or 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,nor c\ld x h easily appe>$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,c]ta9 prelim9>y conditions 7 requir$1 & ^! 7 n fulfill$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,s long z m5 believ$ t ! ,greeks & ,romans _h atta9$1 9 ! be/ days ( _! civilisation1 to an intellectual plane :i* po/]ity c\ld nev] hope to rea*1 s long z ! au?ority ( _! ?9k]s 0 set up z unimpea*able1 a !ory ( deg5]ation held ! field1 :i* exclud$ a !ory ( ,progress4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,bacon & ,desc>tes to lib]ate sci5ce & philosophy f ! yoke ( t au?ority2 & at ! same "t1 z we %all see1 ! rebellion began to spread to o!r fields4 ,ano!r condition = ! organisation ( a !ory ( ,progress 0 a frank recognition ( ! value ( mundane life & ! subs]vi5ce ( k to human ne$s4 ,! secul> _s ( ! ,r5aissance prep>$ ! _w = ?is new valuation1 :i* 0 =mulat$ by ,bacon1 & has develop$ into mod]n utilit>ianism4 ,!re 0 yet a ?ird prelim9>y condition4 ,!re c be no c]ta9ty t k w cont9ually progress until sci5ce has be5 plac$ on sure f\ndations4 ,& sci5ce does n re/ = u on sure f\ndations unless ! inv>iability ( ! laws ( nature is admitt$4 ,if we d n accept ?is hypo!sis1 if we consid] x possible t ! uni=mities ( ! natural _w may be *ang$ f "t to "t1 we h no gu>antee t sci5ce c progress indef9itely4 ,! philosophy ( ,desc>tes e/abli%$ ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is ! palladium ( sci5ce2 & ?us ! ?ird prelim9>y condition 0 fulfill$4 #b4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance p]iod ! au?ority ( ! ,greeks & ,romans _h be5 supreme 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( fur!r free developm5t x 0 necess>y t ?is au?ority %\ld be weak5$4 ,bacon & o!rs _h begun ! movem5t to break d[n ?is tyranny1 b ! influ5ce ( ,desc>tes 0 weighti] & m decisive1 & 8 attitude 0 m uncompromis+4 ,he _h none ( ,bacon's rev]5ce = classical lit]ature2 he 0 pr\d ( hav+ =gott5 ! ,greek :i* he _h le>n$ z a boy4 ,! inspiration ( 8 "w 0 ! idea ( break+ %>ply & completely ) ! pa/1 & con/ruct+ a sy/em :i* borr[s no?+ f ! dead4 ,he look$ =w>d to an advancem5t ( k 9 ! future1 on ! basis ( 8 own me?od & 8 own discov]ies1 ,footnote3 ,cf4 = in/ance 8 rem>ks on m$ic9e1 at ! end ( ! ,disc\rs de la me?ode4 & he conceiv$ t ?is intellectual advance w\ld h f>-rea*+ effects on ! condition ( mank9d4 ,! fir/ title he _h propos$ to give to 8 ,disc\rse on ,me?od 0 ,! ,project ( a ,univ]sal ,sci5ce :i* c elevate our ,nature to its highe/ degree ( ,p]fection4 ,he reg>d$ moral & mat]ial improvem5t z dep5d+ on philosophy & sci5ce4 ,! ju/ification ( an indep5d5t attitude t[>ds antiquity1 on ! gr\nd t ! _w is n[ old] & m mature1 0 becom+ a curr5t view4 ,footnote3 ,desc>tes wrote3 ,non e/ quod antiquis multum tribuamus propt] antiquitatem1 s$ nos potius iis s5iores dic5di4 ,jam enim s5ior e/ mundus quam tune majoremque habemus r]um exp]i5tiam4 7,a fragm5t quot$ by ,baillet1 ,vie de ,desc>tes1 viii4 #aj47 ,passages to ! same effect occur 9 ,malebran*e1 ,arnauld1 & ,nicole4 7,see ,b\illi]1 ,hi/oire de la philosophie c>tesi5ne1 i4 #dhb-c47 ,a passage 9 ,la ,mo! ,le ,vay]'s essay ,sur l'op9iatrete 9 ,orasius ,tub]o 7ii4 #bah7 is 9 po9t1 if1 z seems probable1 ! date ( t "w is #afcb-cc4 ,"s def] to ! anci5ts & all[ !mselves to be l$ by !m l *ildr52 o!rs hold t ! anci5ts liv$ 9 ! y\? ( ! _w1 & x is ^? :o live to-day :o are really ! anci5ts1 & consequ5tly ought to c>ry mo/ weight4 ,see ,rigault1 ,hi/oire de la qu]elle des ,anci5s et des ,mod]nes1 p4 #eb4 ,! passage ( ,pascal occurs 9 ! ,fragm5t d'un traite du vide1 n publi%$ till #aggi 7n[ includ$ 9 ! ,p5sees1 ,premi]e ,p>tie1 ,art4 ,i71 & !re=e )\t influ5ce on ! orig9ation ( ! !ory ( progress4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ,guillaume ,colletet _h 9 #afcf express$ a simil> view 7,bruneti]e1 ,etudes critiques1 v4 #ahe-f74 ,desc>tes express$ x l ,bacon1 & x 0 tak5 up & repeat$ by _m :om ,desc>tes influ5c$4 ,pascal1 :o till #afed 0 a man ( sci5ce & a conv]t to ,c>tesian ideas1 put x 9 a /rik+ way4 ,! :ole sequ5ce ( m5 7he says7 dur+ s _m c5turies %\ld be consid]$ z a s+le man1 cont9ually exi/+ & cont9ually le>n+4 ,at ea* /age ( 8 life ?is univ]sal man pr(it$ by ! k he _h acquir$ 9 ! prec$+ /ages1 & he is n[ 9 8 old age4 ,?is is a full]1 & probably an indep5d5t1 developm5t ( ! comp>ison ( ! race to an individual :i* we f\nd 9 ,bacon4 ,x occurs 9 a fragm5t :i* rema9$ unpubli%$ = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 & is (t5 quot$ z a recognition1 n ( a g5]al progress ( man1 b ( a progress 9 human k4 ,to ^? :o reproa*$ ,desc>tes ) disrespect t[>ds anci5t ?9k]s he might h repli$ t1 9 repudiat+ _! au?ority1 he 0 really pay+ !m ! complim5t ( imitation & act+ f> m 9 _! own _s ?an ^? :o slavi%ly foll[$ !m4 ,pascal saw ?is po9t4 ,:at c be m unju/1 he wrote1 ?an to treat our anci5ts ) great] consid]ation ?an !y %[$ t[>ds _! own pr$ecessors1 & to h = !m ?is incr$ible respect :i* !y des]ve f u only because !y ent]ta9$ no su* reg>d = ^? :o _h ! same advantage 7( antiquity7 ov] !m8 ,footnote3 ,p5sees1 ib4 ,at ! same "t ,pascal recognis$ t we are indebt$ to ! anci5ts = our v sup]iority to !m 9 ! ext5t ( our k4 ,!y rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t1 & ! slighte/ ef=t enables u to m\nt high]2 s t we f9d ourselves on a l(ti] plane ) less tr\ble & less glory4 ,! attitude ( ,desc>tes 0 v diff]5t4 ,aspir+ to beg9 ab integro & re=m ! f\ndations ( k1 he ignor$ or made little ( :at _h be5 a*iev$ 9 ! pa/4 ,he attempt$ to cut ! ?reads ( cont9uity z ) ! %e>s ( ,atropos4 ,?is illusion ,footnote3 ,he may be reproa*$ himself ) s*ola/icism 9 8 metaphysical reason+4 h9d]$ him f /at+ a doctr9e ( ! progress ( k z o!rwise he might h done4 ,= any su* doctr9e mu/ take acc\nt ( ! pa/ z well z ( ! future4 ,b a !ory ( progress 0 to gr[ out ( 8 philosophy1 ?\gh he did n con/ruct x4 ,x 0 to be develop$ by m5 :o 7 imbu$ ) ! ,c>tesian _s4 #c4 ,! !ological _w 9 ,france 0 at fir/ divid$ on ! "q :e!r ! sy/em ( ,desc>tes c\ld be reconcil$ ) or?odoxy or n4 ,! ,jesuits said no1 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,oratory said yes4 ,! ,jans5i/s ( ,port ,royal 7 en?usia/ic ,c>tesians4 ,yet x 0 probably ! influ5ce ( ! great spiritual =ce ( ,jans5ism t did mo/ to *eck ! imm$iate spread ( ,c>tesian ideas4 ,x 0 prepond]ant 9 ,france = fifty ye>s4 ,! date ( ! ,disc\rse ( ,me?od is #afcg4 ,! ,augu/9us ( ,jans5ius 0 publi%$ 9 #afdj1 & 9 #afdc ,arnauld's ,frequ5t ,communion made ,jans5ism a popul> p[]4 ,! ,jans5i/ movem5t 0 9 ,france 9 "s measure :at ! ,puritan movem5t 0 9 ,engl&1 & x caught hold ( s]i\s m9ds 9 mu* ! same way4 ,! ,jesuits _h und]tak5 ! task ( mak+ ,*ri/ianity easy1 ( f9d+ a compromise betwe5 worldl9ess & religion1 & !y flood$ ! _w ) a casui/ic lit]ature design$ = ?is purpose4 ,ex op9ionum v>ietate jugum ,*ri/i suavius deportatur4 ,! doctr9e ( ,jans5ius 0 direct$ aga9/ ?is corruption ( fai? & morals4 ,he ma9ta9$ t !re c be no compromise ) ! _w2 t casui/ry is incompatible ) morality2 t man is naturally corrupt2 & t 9 8 mo/ virtu\s acts "s corruption is pres5t4 ,n[ ! significance ( ^! two =ces--! /]n ideal ( ! ,jans5i/s & ! casui/ry ( ! ,jesuit tea*]s--is t !y bo? attempt$ to meet1 by oppos$ me?ods1 ! wave ( lib]t9e ?\ght & conduct :i* is a noticeable feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* society f ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 to t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,footnote3 ,= ! preval5ce ( lib]t9e ?\ght 9 ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury see ! "w ( ! ,p]e ,g>asse1 ,la ,doctr9e curieuse des beaux esprits de ce temps ou pret5dus tels1 etc4 7#afbc74 ,cp4 also ,bruneti]e's illum9at+ /udy1 ,jans5i/es et ,c>tesi5s 9 ,etudes critiques1 #dme s]ie4 ,?is lib]t9ism _h its philosophy1 a sort ( philosophy ( nature1 ( :i* ! mo/ brilliant expon5ts 7 ,rabelais & ,moli]e4 ,! maxim1 ,be true to nature1 0 evid5tly oppos$ %>ply to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & x 0 associat$ ) sceptical views :i* prevail$ widely 9 ,france f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,jesuits s\ght to make t]ms by say+ virtually3 ,our religi\s pr9ciples & y\r philosophy ( nature are n aft] all s incompatible 9 practice4 ,:5 x comes to ! application ( pr9ciples1 op9ions diff]4 ,!ology is z ela/ic z y l4 ,d n ab&on y\r religion on ! gr\nd t h] yoke is h>d4 ,jans5ius & 8 foll[]s1 on ! o!r h&1 f\ght uncompromis+ly ) ! lic5ti\s _s ( ! "t1 ma9ta9+ ! au/]e/ dogmas & d5\nc+ any compromise or condesc5sion4 ,& _! doctr9e _h a wond]ful success1 & p5etrat$ ev]y:]e4 ,few ( ! great lit]>y m5 ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 escap$ x4 ,its influ5ce c be trac$ 9 ! ,maximes ( ,la ,ro*ef\cauld & ! ,c>act]es ( ,la ,bruy]e4 ,x 0 ?r\gh its influ5ce t ,moli]e f\nd x difficult to get "s ( 8 plays /ag$4 ,x expla9s ! fact t ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 h[ev] corrupt1 0 decor\s comp>$ ) ! c\rts ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,l\is ,,xv42 a sev]e /&>d 0 set up1 if x 0 n obs]v$4 ,! g5ius ( ,pascal made ! =tunes ( ,jans5ism4 ,he outliv$ 8 ,c>tesianism & became its mo/ influ5tial spokesman4 ,8 ,prov9ciales 7#afef7 r5d]$ ab/ruse que/ions ( !ology m or less intelligible1 & invit$ ! g5]al public to pron\nce an op9ion on !m4 ,8 lucid exposition int]e/$ e "o 9 ! ab/ruse problem1 ,is man's fre$om su* z n to r5d] grace sup]flu\s8 ,b ,pascal p]ceiv$ t casui/ry 0 n ! only enemy t m5ac$ ! true _s ( religion = :i* ,jans5ism /ood4 ,he came to realise t ,c>tesianism1 to :i* he 0 at fir/ drawn1 0 pr(\ndly oppos$ to ! fundam5tal views ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 ,p5sees are ! fragm5ts ( a "w :i* he design$ 9 def5ce ( religion1 & x is easy to see t ?is def5ce 0 to be specially direct$ aga9/ ! ideas ( ,desc>tes4 ,pascal 0 p]fectly "r ab\t ! ,c>tesian conception ( ! ,univ]se1 ?\gh ,desc>tes might pret5d to mitigate its t5d5cies1 & 8 f]v5t disciple1 ,malebran*e1 might attempt to prove t x 0 m or less reconcilable ) or?odox doctr9e4 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ab\t ! special metaphysical t5ets ( ,desc>tes4 ,! two axioms :i* he laun*$ ^u ! _w--! supremacy ( reason1 & ! inv>iability ( natural laws--/ruck directly at ! f\ndations ( or?odoxy4 ,pascal 0 attack+ ,c>tesianism :5 he made 8 memorable attempt to discr$it ! au?ority ( reason1 by %[+ t x is feeble & deceptive4 ,x 0 a natural consequ5ce ( 8 *ang$ attitude t he %\ld speak 79 ! ,p5sees7 9 a mu* less confid5t tone ab\t ! m>* ( sci5ce ?an he _h spok5 9 ! passage :i* ,i quot$ above4 ,& x 0 natural t he %\ld be pessimi/ic ab\t social improvem5t1 & t1 keep+ 8 eyes fix$ on 8 c5tral fact t ,*ri/ianity is ! goal ( hi/ory1 he %\ld take only a slight & subsidi>y int]e/ 9 amelioration4 ,! prepond]ant influ5ce ( ,jans5ism only began to wane dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & till !n x seems to h be5 successful 9 c\nt]act+ ! diffusion ( ! ,c>tesian ideas4 ,c>tesianism beg9s to become active & p[]ful :5 ,jans5ism is beg9n+ to decl9e4 ,& x is j !n t ! idea ( ,progress beg9s def9itely to em]ge4 ,! atmosph]e 9 ,france 0 fav\rable = its reception4 #d4 ,! ,c>tesian me*anical !ory ( ! _w & ! doctr9e ( inv>iable law1 c>ri$ to a logical conclusion1 exclud$ ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce4 ,?is doctr9e 0 already 9 s]i\s dang]4 ,p]haps no article ( fai? 0 m insi/5tly attack$ by sceptics 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & none 0 m vital4 ,! und]m9+ ( ! !ory ( ,provid5ce is v intimately connect$ ) our subject2 = x 0 j ! !ory ( an active ,provid5ce t ! !ory ( ,progress 0 to replace2 & x 0 n till m5 felt indep5d5t ( ,provid5ce t !y c\ld organise a !ory ( ,progress4 ,bossuet 0 conv9c$ t ! "q ( ,provid5ce 0 ! mo/ s]i\s & press+ among all ! que/ions ( ! day t 7 at issue betwe5 or?odox & h]etical ?9k]s4 ,bruneti]e1 8 f]v5t admir]1 has nam$ him ! !ologian ( ,provid5ce1 & has %[n t 9 all 8 writ+s ?is doctr9e is a lead+ note4 ,x is s\nd$ 9 8 e>ly s]mons 9 ! fifties1 & x is ! !me ( 8 mo/ ambiti\s "w1 ! ,disc\rse on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afha4 ,footnote2 ,x has be5 %[n t on "o h& he controv]ts ,sp9oza's ,tractatus !ologico-politicus1 & on ! o!r ! dang]\s me?ods ( ,ri*>d ,simon1 "o ( ! precursors ( mod]n biblical criticism4 ,bruneti]e1 op4 cit4 #gd-he4 ,?is book1 :i* has receiv$ high praise f ^? :o mo/ he>tily diss5t f its conclusions1 is 9 its ma9 issue a re/atem5t ( ! view ( hi/ory :i* ,augu/9e _h work$ out 9 8 memorable book4 ,! :ole c\rse ( human exp]i5ce has be5 guid$ by ,provid5ce = ! sake ( ! ,*ur*2 t is1 = ! sake ( ! ,*ur* to :i* ,bossuet belong$4 ,reg>d$ z a philosophy ( hi/ory ! ,disc\rse may seem little m ?an ! !ory ( ! ,de ,civitate ,dei br\ght up to date2 b ?is is its lea/ important aspect4 ,we %all fail to und]/& x unless we recognise t x 0 a pragmatical1 opportune "w1 design$ = ! ne$s ( ! "t1 & ) express ref]5ces to curr5t t5d5cies ( ?\ght4 ,"o ma9 motive ( ,bossuet 9 8 lifelong conc]n = ,provid5ce 0 8 conviction t ! doctr9e 0 ! mo/ p[]ful *eck on immorality1 & t to d5y x 0 to remove ! /ronge/ re/ra9t on ! evil side ( human nature4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! free-liv+ p ( ! "t welcom$ ! argum5ts :i* call$ ,provid5ce 9 "q1 & ,bossuet believ$ t to *ampion ,provid5ce 0 ! mo/ effici5t means ( oppos+ ! lib]t9e t5d5cies ( 8 day4 ,no?+1 he decl>$ 9 "o ( 8 s]mons 7#affb71 has appe>$ m insuff]able to ! arrogance ( lib]t9es ?an to see !mselves cont9ually "u ! obs]vation ( ?is ev]-wat*ful eye ( ,provid5ce4 ,!y h felt x z an importunate compulsion to recognise t !re is 9 ,heav5 a sup]ior =ce :i* gov]ns all our movem5ts & *a/ises our loose actions ) a sev]e au?ority4 ,!y h wi%$ to %ake (f ! yoke ( ?is ,provid5ce1 9 ord] to ma9ta91 9 indep5d5ce1 an untea*able lib]ty :i* moves !m to live at _! own fancy1 )\t fe>1 discipl9e1 or re/ra9t4 ,passage f ,bossuet1 quot$ by ,bruneti]e1 op4 cit4 #eh4 ,bossuet 0 ?us work+ 9 ! same cause z ! ,jans5i/s4 ,he _h himself come "u ! influ5ce ( ,desc>tes1 ^: "w he always reg>d$ ) ! deepe/ respect4 ,! cauti\sness ( ! ma/] _h done mu* to disguise ! insidi\s dang]s ( 8 ?\ght1 & x 0 9 ! h&s ( ^? disciples :o develop$ 8 sy/em & s\ght to reconcile x at all po9ts ) or?odoxy t 8 ideas display$ _! true nature4 ,malebran*e's philosophy reveal$ ! incompatibility ( ,provid5ce--9 ! ord9>y acceptation--) immutable natural laws4 ,if ! ,deity acts ^u ! _w1 z ,malebran*e ma9ta9$1 only by means ( g5]al laws1 ,8 fre$om is aboli%$1 ,8 omnipot5ce is endang]$1 ,he is subject to a sort ( fatality4 ,:at w become ( ! ,*ri/ian belief 9 ! value ( pray]s1 if ,god _c adapt or modify1 on any giv5 occasion1 ! g5]al ord] ( nature to ! ne$s ( human be+s8 ,^! are "s ( ! argum5ts :i* we f9d 9 a treatise compos$ by ,f5elon1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,bossuet1 to demon/rate t ! doctr9e ( ,malebran*e is inconsi/5t ) piety & or?odox religion4 ,!y 7 "r4 ,c>tesianism 0 too /rong a w9e to be decant$ into old bottles4 ,footnote3 ,f5elon's ,refutation ( ,malebran*e's ,traite de la nature et de la grace 0 n publi%$ till #ahbj4 ,?is "w ( ,malebran*e also provok$ a controv]sy ) ,arnauld1 :o urg$ simil> argum5ts4 ,malebran*e's doctr9e ( :at he calls div9e ,provid5ce 0 closely connect$ ) 8 philosophical optimism4 ,x enabl$ him to ma9ta9 ! p]fection ( ! univ]se4 ,admitt+ ! obvi\s tru? t ! _w exhibits _m imp]fections1 & all[+ t ! ,creator c\ld h produc$ a bett] result if he _h employ$ o!r means1 ,malebran*e argu$ t1 9 judg+ ! _w1 we mu/ take into acc\nt n only ! result b ! me?ods by :i* x has be5 produc$4 ,x is ! be/ _w1 he ass]ts1 t c\ld be fram$ by g5]al & simple me?ods2 & g5]al & simple me?ods are ! mo/ p]fect1 & alone wor?y ( ! ,creator4 ,!re=e1 if we take ! me?ods & ! result toge!r1 a m p]fect _w is impossible4 ,! argum5t 0 +5i\s1 ?\gh full ( assumptions1 b x 0 "o :i* c\ld only satisfy a philosoph]4 ,x is little consolation to creatures suff]+ f ! actual imp]fections ( ! sy/em into :i* !y are born to be told t ! _w might h be5 free f ^? defects1 only 9 t case !y w\ld n h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t x 0 creat$ & conduct$ on !oretically sup]ior pr9ciples4 ,?\gh ,malebran*e's conception 0 only a metaphysical !ory1 metaphysical !ories h usually _! pragmatic aspects2 & ! !ory t ! univ]se is z p]fect z x c\ld be m>ks a /age 9 ! gr[? ( intellectual optimism :i* we c trace f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a view :i* c\ld appeal to ! educat$ public 9 ,france1 = x h>monis$ ) ! g5]al _s ( self-complac5cy & hopefulness :i* prevail$ among ! high] classes ( society 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,= !m ! conditions ( life "u ! new despotism _h become f> m agreeable ?an 9 previ\s ages1 & x 0 9 a _s ( optimism t !y devot$ !mselves to ! enjoym5t ( luxury & elegance4 ,! exp]i5ce ( :at ! royal au?ority c\ld a*ieve enc\rag$ m5 to imag9e t "o enlight5$ w1 ) a c5tralis$ adm9i/ration at its comm&1 might accompli% endless improvem5ts 9 civilisation4 ,!re 0 no age _h ev] be5 m glori\s1 no age m agreeable to live 94 ,! _w _h begun to ab&on ! !ory ( corruption1 deg5]ation1 & decay4 ,"s ye>s lat] ! optimi/ic !ory ( ! p]fection ( ! univ]se f\nd an abl] expon5t 9 ,leibnitz1 :om ,did]ot calls ! fa!r ( optimism4 ,footnote3 ,see p>ticul>ly ,monadologie1 ad f94 publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 ,g]man #agbj1 9 ,lat9 #agbh2 ,!odicee1 ,section #cda 7#agaj72 & ! pap]1 ,de r]um orig9atione radicali1 writt5 9 #afig1 b n publi%$ till #ahdj 7,op]a philosophica1 ed4 ,erdmann1 p4 #adg sqq74 ,! ,creator1 be=e ,he act$1 _h consid]$ all possible worlds1 & _h *os5 ! be/4 ,he might h *os5 "o 9 :i* humanity w\ld h be5 bett] & happi]1 b t w\ld n h be5 ! be/ possible1 = ,he _h to consid] ! int]e/s ( ! :ole univ]se1 ( :i* ! e>? ) humanity is only an insignificant "p4 ,! evils & imp]fections ( our small _w are negligible 9 comp>ison ) ! happ9ess & p]fection ( ! :ole cosmos4 ,leibnitz1 ^: !ory is d$uc$ f ! ab/ract proposition t ! ,creator is p]fect1 does n say t n[ or at any giv5 mom5t ! univ]se is z p]fect z x c\ld be2 its m]it lies 9 its pot5tialities2 x w develop t[>ds p]fection ?r\gh\t inf9ite "t4 ,! optimism ( ,leibnitz !re=e conc]ns ! univ]se z a :ole1 n ! e>?1 & w\ld obvi\sly be q consi/5t ) a pessimi/ic view ( ! de/9ies ( humanity4 ,he does inde$ believe t x w\ld be impossible to improve ! univ]sal ord]1 n only = ! :ole1 b = ourselves 9 p>ticul>1 & incid5tally he notes ! possibility t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! human race may rea* a great] p]fection ?an we c imag9e at pres5t4 ,b ! significance ( 8 speculation & t ( ,malebran*e lies 9 ! fact t ! old !ories ( deg5]ation are def9itely ab&on$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,deg5]ation3 ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,& ,,mod]ns #a4 ,outside ! circle ( sy/ematic ?9k]s ! preval5t !ory ( deg5]ation 0 be+ *all5g$ e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! *all5ge l$ to a lit]>y w>1 :i* 0 wag$ = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s 9 ,france & ,engl&2 ov] ! comp>ative m]its ( ! anci5ts & ! mod]ns4 ,x 0 9 ! matt] ( lit]ature1 & especially poetry1 t ! qu>rel 0 mo/ acrimoni\s1 & t ! int]e/ ( ! public 0 mo/ ke5ly ar\s$1 b ! able/ disputants ext5d$ ! debate to ! g5]al field ( k4 ,! qu>rel ( ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns us$ commonly to be dismiss$ z a curi\s & r ridicul\s episode 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,footnote3 ,! be/ & fulle/ "w on ! subject is ,rigault's ,hi/oire de la qu]elle des ,anci5s et des ,mod]nes 7#ahef74 ,augu/e ,comte 01 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! fir/ to call att5tion to "s ( its wid] be>+s4 ,! qu>rel1 inde$1 has consid]able significance 9 ! hi/ory ( ideas4 ,x 0 "p ( ! rebellion aga9/ ! intellectual yoke ( ! ,r5aissance2 ! cause ( ! ,mod]ns1 :o 7 ! aggressors1 repres5t$ ! lib]ation ( criticism f ! au?ority ( ! dead2 &1 not)/&+ ! p]v]sities ( ta/e ( :i* !y 7 guilty1 _! polemic1 ev5 on ! purely lit]>y side1 0 di/9ctly important1 z ,m4 ,bruneti]e has conv9c+ly %[n1 ,footnote3 ,see 8 ,l'evolution des g5res dans l'hi/oire de la litt]ature4 9 ! developm5t ( ,fr5* criticism4 ,b ! =m 9 :i* ! critical que/ions 7 rais$ =c$ ! debate to t\* ^u a problem ( great] mom5t4 ,! "q1 ,c ! m5 ( to-day cont5d on equal t]ms ) ! illu/ri\s anci5ts1 or are !y intellectually inf]ior8 impli$ ! l>g] issue1 ,has nature exhau/$ h] p[]s2 is %e no long] capable ( produc+ m5 equal 9 bra9s & vig\r to ^? :om %e once produc$2 is humanity play$ out1 or are h] =ces p]man5t & inexhau/ible8 ,! ass]tion ( ! p]man5ce ( ! p[]s ( nature by ! *ampions ( ! ,mod]ns 0 ! direct contradiction ( ! !ory ( deg5]ation1 & !y und\bt$ly contribut$ mu* t[>ds br++ t !ory into discr$it4 ,:5 we grasp ?is x w n be surpris+ to f9d t ! fir/ cle> ass]tions ( a doctr9e ( progress 9 k 7 provok$ by ! controv]sy ab\t ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns4 ,al?\gh ! great sc5e ( ! controv]sy 0 ,france1 ! "q _h be5 expressly rais$ by an ,italian1 no less a p]son ?an ,aless&ro ,tassoni1 ! accompli%$ au?or ( t fam\s ironical poem1 ,la ,sec*ia rapita1 :i* c>icatur$ ! epic poets ( 8 day4 ,he 0 b5t on expos+ ! prejudices ( 8 "t & utt]+ new doctr9e1 & he creat$ great sc&al 9 ,italy by 8 attacks on ,petr>*1 z well z on ,hom] & ,ari/otle4 ,! e>lie/ comp>ison ( ! m]its ( ! anci5ts & ! mod]ns w be f\nd 9 a volume ( ,miscellane\s ,?\ghts :i* he publi%$ 9 #afbj4 ,footnote3 ,dieci libri di p5si]i div]si 7,c>pi1 #afbj74 ,! fir/ n9e books _h appe>$ 9 #afab4 ,! t5? conta9s ! comp>ison4 ,rigault 0 ! fir/ to connect ?is "w ) ! hi/ory ( ! controv]sy4 ,he speaks ( ! "q z a matt] ( curr5t dispute1 ,footnote3 ,x 0 incid5tal to ! controv]sy :i* arose ov] ! m]its ( ,tasso's ,j]usalem ,deliv]$4 ,t ! subject _h be5 discuss$ long be=e may be inf]r$ f a rem>k ( ,e/i5ne 9 8 ,apology = ,h]odotus1 t :ile "s ( 8 contempor>ies c>ry _! admiration ( antiquity to ! po9t ( sup]/ition1 o!rs depreciate & trample x und]foot4 on :i* he proposes to give an imp>tial decision by in/itut+ a compreh5sive comp>ison 9 all fields1 !oretical1 imag9ative1 & practical4 ,he beg9s by criticis+ ! a priori argum5t t1 z arts are br\ght to p]fection by exp]i5ce & long lab\r1 ! mod]n age mu/ necess>ily h ! advantage4 ,?is reason+1 he says1 is uns\nd1 because ! same arts & /udies are n always un9t]rupt$ly pursu$ by ! mo/ p[]ful intellects1 b pass into inf]ior h&s1 & s decl9e or are ev5 ext+ui%$1 z 0 ! case 9 ,italy 9 ! decrepitude ( ! ,roman ,empire1 :5 = _m c5turies ! arts fell bel[ m$iocrity4 ,or1 to phrase x o!rwise1 ! argum5t w\ld be admissible only if !re 7 no brea*es ( cont9uity4 ,footnote3 ,tassoni argues t a decl9e 9 all pursuits is inevitable :5 a c]ta9 po9t ( excell5ce has be5 rea*$1 quot+ ,velleius ,pat]culus 7i4 #ag73 difficilisque 9 p]fecto mora e/ naturalit]que quod proc$]e non pote/ rec$it4 ,9 draw+ 8 comp>ison ,tassoni seeks to make good 8 claim t he is n an advocate4 ,b :ile he aw>ds sup]iority "h & !re to ! anci5ts1 ! mod]ns on ! :ole h mu* ! be/ ( x4 ,he takes a wide en\gh survey1 includ+ ! mat]ial side ( civilisation1 ev5 co/ume1 9 contra/ ) "s ( ! lat] controv]siali/s1 :o n>r[$ ! field ( debate to lit]ature & art4 ,tassoni's ,?\ghts 7 translat$ into ,fr5*1 & ! book 0 probably kn[n to ,boisrob]t1 a dramati/ :o is *iefly rememb]$ = ! "p he took 9 f\nd+ ! ,academie francaise4 ,he deliv]$ a disc\rse be=e t body imm$iately aft] its in/itution 7,febru>y #bf1 #afce71 9 :i* he made a viol5t & app>5tly scurril\s attack on ,hom]4 ,?is disc\rse k9dl$ ! controv]sy 9 ,france1 & ev5 /ruck a *>act]i/ic note4 ,hom]--already sev]ely h&l$ by ,tassoni--0 to be ! special t>get = ! arr[s ( ! ,mod]ns1 :o felt t1 if !y c\ld succe$ 9 discr$it+ him1 _! cause w\ld be won4 ,?us ! gauntlet 0 flung--& x is important to note ?is--be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,disc\rse ( ,me?od 7#afcg72 b ! influ5ce ( ,desc>tes made itself felt ?r\gh\t ! controv]sy1 & ! mo/ prom95t mod]ns 7 m5 :o _h assimilat$ ,c>tesian ideas4 ,?is seems to be true ev5 ( ,desm>ets de ,sa9t ,sorl91 :o1 a good _m ye>s aft] ! disc\rse ( ,boisrob]t1 op5$ ! campaign4 ,sa9t ,sorl9 _h become a fanatical ,*ri/ian2 t 0 "o reason = hat+ ! anci5ts4 ,footnote3 ,= ! views ( ,sa9t ,sorl9 see ! ,preface to 8 ,clovis & 8 ,traite p\r jug] des poefes grecs1 lat9s1 et francais1 *ap4 iv4 7#afgj74 ,cp4 ,rigault1 ,hi/4 de la qu]elle1 p4 #ajf4 ,! polemic ( ,sa9t ,sorl9 ext5d$ ov] ab\t five ye>s 7#affi-gc74 ,he 0 also1 l ,boisrob]t1 a bad poet2 t 0 ano!r4 ,8 !sis 0 t ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity (f]$ subjects f> m inspir+ to a poet ?an ^? :i* _h be5 treat$ by ,hom] & ,sophocles1 & t ,*ri/ian poetry mu/ be> (f ! palm f pagan4 ,8 own ,clovis & ,m>y ,magdal5e or ! ,triumph ( ,grace 7 ! demon/ration ( ,hom]'s defeat4 ,few h ev] he>d ( ^! productions2 h[ _m h read !m8 ,curi\sly1 ab\t ! same "t an epic 0 be+ compos$ 9 ,engl& :i* might h giv5 to ! fooli% cont5tions ( ,sa9t ,sorl9 "s illusory plausibility4 ,b ! lit]>y dispute does n conc]n u "h4 ,:at does conc]n u is t ,sa9t ,sorl9 0 aw>e ( ! wid] aspects ( ! "q1 ?\gh he 0 n s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,antiquity1 he says1 0 n s happy or s le>n$ or s ri* or s /ately z ! mod]n age1 :i* is really ! mature old age1 & z x 7 ! autumn ( ! _w1 possess+ ! fruits & ! spoils ( all ! pa/ c5turies1 ) ! p[] to judge ( ! inv5tions1 exp]i5ces1 & errors ( pr$ecessors1 & to pr(it by all t4 ,! anci5t _w 0 a spr+ :i* _h only a few fl[]s4 ,nature inde$1 9 all ages1 produces p]fect works b x is n s ) ! creations ( man1 :i* require correction2 & ! m5 :o live late/ mu/ excel 9 happ9ess & k4 ,"h we h bo? ! ass]tion ( ! p]man5ce ( ! =ces ( nature & ! idea1 already express$ by ,bacon & o!rs1 t ! mod]n age has advantages ov] antiquity comp>able to ^? ( old age ov] *ildhood4 #b4 ,h[ s]i\sly ! "q betwe5 ! ,mod]ns & ! ,anci5ts--on ^: behalf ,boileau _h come =w>d & cross$ swords ) ,sa9t ,sorl9--0 tak5 is %[n by ! fact t ,sa9t ,sorl91 be=e 8 dea?1 solemnly bequea!d ! *ampion%ip ( ! ,mod]ns to a y\ng] man1 ,*>les ,p]rault4 ,we %all see h[ he fulfill$ ! tru/4 ,x is illu/rat$ too by a book :i* appe>$ 9 ! sev5ties1 ,les ,entreti5s d',ari/e et ,eug5e1 by ,b\h\rs1 a mundane & popul> ,jesuit ,fa!r4 ,9 "o ( ^! dialogues ! "q is rais$1 b ) a curi\s caution & evasiv5ess1 :i* sugge/s t ! au?or 0 afraid to commit himself2 he did n wi% to make enemies4 ,footnote3 ,rigault notes t he makes "o contribution to ! subject1 ! idea t ! tor* ( civilisation has pass$ f c\ntry to c\ntry1 9 diff]5t ages1 e4g4 f ,greece to ,rome1 & rec5tly f ,italy to ,france4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ! ,italians 7 fir/ 9 doctr9e & politesse4 ,! pres5t c5tury is = ,france :at ! la/ 0 = ,italy3 ,we h all ! esprit & all ! sci5ce1 all o!r c\ntries are b>b>\s 9 comp>ison 7p4 #bci1 ed4 #aghb1 ,am/]dam74 ,b1 z we %all see1 he _h be5 anticipat$ by ,hakewill1 ^: "w 0 unkn[n to ,rigault4 ,! g5]al atmosph]e 9 ,france1 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 0 propiti\s to ! cause ( ! ,mod]ns4 ,m5 felt t x 0 a great age1 comp>able to ! age ( ,augu/us1 & few w\ld h pref]r$ to h liv$ at any o!r "t4 ,_! lit]>y arti/s1 ,corneille1 & !n ,rac9e & ,moli]e1 appeal$ s /rongly to _! ta/e t !y c\ld n assign to !m any rank b ! fir/4 ,!y 7 impati5t ( ! claims to unatta9able excell5ce advanc$ = ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! anci5ts1 said ,moli]e1 are ! anci5ts1 we are ! p ( to-day4 ,?is might be ! motto ( ,desc>tes1 & x probably express$ a v g5]al feel+4 ,x 0 9 #afhg t ,*>les ,p]rault--:o is bett] rememb]$ = 8 collection ( fairy-tales ?an = ! lead+ role :i* he play$ 9 ?is controv]sy--publi%$ 8 poem on ,! ,age ( ,l\is ! ,great4 ,! enlight5m5t ( ! pres5t age surpasses t ( antiquity1--?is is ! !me4 ,la docte ,antiquite dans t\te sa duree ,a l'egal de nos j\rs ne fut po9t eclairee4 ,p]rault adopts a m polite attitude to la belle antiquite ?an ,sa9t ,sorl91 b 8 criticism is m insidi\s4 ,greek & ,roman m5 ( g5ius1 he sugge/s1 7 all v well 9 _! own times1 & might be consid]$ div9e by our ance/ors4 ,b n[adays ,plato is r tiresome2 & ! inimitable ,hom] w\ld h writt5 a mu* bett] epic if he _h liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,great4 ,! important passage1 h[ev]1 9 ! poem is t 9 :i* ! p]man5t p[] ( nature to produce m5 ( equal tal5t 9 e age is affirm$4 ,a =m] les esprits comme a =m] les corps ,la ,nature en t\t temps fait les mesmes ef=ts2 ,son etre e/ immuable1 et cette =ce aisee ,dont elle produit t\t ne s'e/ po9t epuisee2 44444 ,de cette mesme ma9 les =ces inf9ies ,produis5t en t\t temps de semblables g5ies4 ,! ,age ( ,l\is ! ,great 0 a brief decl>ation ( fai?4 ,p]rault foll[$ x up by a compreh5sive "w1 8 ,comp>ison ( ! ,anci5ts & ! ,mod]ns 7,p>allele des ,anci5s et des ,mod]nes71 :i* appe>$ 9 f\r p>ts dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s 7#afhh-afif74 ,art1 eloqu5ce1 poetry ! sci5ces1 & _! practical applications are all discuss$ at l5g?2 & ! discussion is ?r[n into ! =m ( conv]sations betwe5 an en?usia/ic *ampion ( ! mod]n age1 :o conducts ! debate1 & a devotee ( antiquity1 :o f9ds x difficult n to admit ! argum5ts ( 8 oppon5t1 yet ob/9ately p]si/s 9 8 own views4 ,p]rault bases 8 !sis on ^? g5]al consid]ations :i* we h met incid5tally 9 e>li] writ]s1 & :i* 7 n[ almo/ commonplaces among ^? :o paid any att5tion to ! matt]4 ,k advances ) "t & exp]i5ce2 p]fection is n necess>ily associat$ ) antiquity2 ! late/ com]s h inh]it$ f _! pr$ecessors & add$ new acquisitions ( _! own4 ,b ,p]rault has ?\ght out ! subject me?odically1 & he draws conclusions :i* h only to be ext5d$ to am\nt to a def9ite !ory ( ! progress ( k4 ,a p>ticul> difficulty _h done mu* to h9d] a g5]al admission ( progressive improvem5t 9 ! pa/4 ,! proposition t ! po/]ior is bett] & ! late com]s h ! advantage seem$ to be incompatible ) an obvi\s hi/orical fact4 ,we are sup]ior to ! m5 ( ! d>k ages 9 k & arts4 ,grant$4 ,b w y say t ! m5 ( ! t5? c5tury 7 sup]ior to ! ,greeks & ,romans8 ,to ?is "q--on :i* ,tassoni _h already t\*$--,p]rault replies3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!re are brea*es ( cont9uity4 ,! sci5ces & arts are l riv]s1 :i* fl[ = "p ( _! c\rse und]gr\nd1 & !n1 f9d+ an op5+1 spr+ =? z abundant z :5 !y plung$ b5ea? ! e>?4 ,long w>s1 = in/ance1 may =ce peoples to neglect /udies & ?r[ all _! vig\r into ! m urg5t ne$s ( self-pres]vation2 a p]iod ( ignorance may ensue b ) peace & felicity k & inv5tions w beg9 aga9 & make fur!r advances4 ,footnote3 ,! passages 9 ,p]rault's ,p>allele specially ref]r$ to 9 ! text w be f\nd 9 vol4 i4 pp4 #ce-g1 #fj-fa1 #fg1 #bca-c4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t he does n1 claim any sup]iority 9 tal5ts or bra9 p[] = ! mod]ns4 ,on ! contr>y1 he takes 8 /& on ! pr9ciple :i* he _h ass]t$ 9 ! ,age ( ,l\is ! ,great1 t nature is immutable4 ,%e /ill produces z great m5 z ev]1 b %e does n produce great]4 ,! lions ( ! des]ts ( ,africa 9 our days d n diff] 9 fi]c5ess f ^? ! days ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ! be/ m5 ( all times are equal 9 vig\r4 ,x is _! "w & productions t are unequal1 &1 giv5 equally fav\rable conditions1 ! late/ mu/ be ! be/4 ,= sci5ce & ! arts dep5d ^u ! accumulation ( k1 & k necess>ily increases z "t goes on4 ,b c\ld ?is argum5t be appli$ to poetry & lit]>y art1 ! field ( battle 9 :i* ! bellig]5ts1 includ+ ,p]rault himself1 7 mo/ deeply int]e/$8 ,x might prove t ! mod]n age 0 capable ( produc+ poets & m5 ( lett] no less excell5t ?an ! anci5t ma/]s1 b did x prove t _! works mu/ be sup]ior8 ,! objection did n escape ,p]rault1 & he answ]s x +5i\sly4 ,x is ! function ( poetry & eloqu5ce to please ! human he>t1 & 9 ord] to please x we mu/ "k x4 ,is x easi] to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! human he>t ?an ! secrets ( nature1 or w x take less "t8 ,we are always mak+ new discov]ies ab\t its passions & desires4 ,to take only ! trag$ies ( ,corneille y w f9d !re f9] & m delicate reflections on ambition1 v5geance1 & jeal\sy ?an 9 all ! books ( antiquity4 ,at ! close ( 8 ,p>allel1 h[ev]1 ,p]rault1 :ile he decl>es ! g5]al sup]iority ( ! mod]ns1 makes a res]vation 9 reg>d to poetry & eloqu5ce = ! sake ( peace4 ,! discussion ( ,p]rault falls f> %ort ( embody+ a full idea ( ,progress4 ,n only is he exclusively conc]n$ ) progress 9 k--?\gh he implies1 inde$1 )\t develop+1 ! doctr9e t happ9ess dep5ds on k--b he has no eyes = ! future1 & no int]e/ 9 x4 ,he is s impress$ ) ! advance ( k 9 ! rec5t pa/ t he is almo/ incapable ( imag9+ fur!r progression4 ,read ! j\rnals ( ,france & ,engl&1 he says1 & glance at ! publications ( ! ,academies ( ^! great k+doms1 & y w be conv9c$ t )9 ! la/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s m discov]ies h be5 made 9 natural sci5ce ?an ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( le>n$ antiquity4 ,i own t ,i consid] myself =tunate to "k ! happ9ess we enjoy2 x is a great pleasure to survey all ! pa/ ages 9 :i* ,i c see ! bir? & ! progress ( all ?+s1 b no?+ :i* has n receiv$ a new increase & lu/re 9 our own times4 ,our age has1 9 "s sort1 arriv$ at ! summit ( p]fection4 ,& s9ce = "s ye>s ! rate ( ! progress is mu* sl[] & appe>s almo/ ins5sible--z ! days seem to cease l5g!n+ :5 ! sol/ice is ne>--x is pleasant to ?9k t probably !re are n _m ?+s = :i* we ne$ envy future g5]ations4 ,indiff]5ce to ! future1 or ev5 a c]ta9 scepticism ab\t x1 is ! note ( ?is passage1 & accords ) ! view t ! _w has rea*$ its old age4 ,! idea ( ! progress ( k1 :i* ,p]rault exp\nds1 is /ill incomplete4 #c4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is developm5t 9 ,france1 ! doctr9e ( deg5]ation _h be5 attack$1 & ! comp>ison ( ! anci5ts ) ! mod]ns incid5tally rais$1 9 ,engl&4 ,a div9e nam$ ,george ,hakewill publi%$ 9 #afbg a folio ( six hundr$ pages to confute ! common error t\*+ ,nature's p]petual & univ]sal decay4 ,footnote3 ,an ,apologie or ,decl>ation ( ! ,p[] & ,provid5ce ( ,god 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w1 consi/+ 9 an ,exam9ation & ,c5sure ( ! common ,err\r1 etc4 7#afbg1 #afcj1 #afce74 ,he & 8 p$antic book1 :i* brea!s ! atmosph]e ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 are completely =gott52 & ?\gh x ran to ?ree editions1 x c h>dly h attract$ ! att5tion ( _m except !ologians4 ,! writ]'s object is to prove t ! p[] & provid5ce ( ,god 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w are n consi/5t ) ! curr5t view t ! physical univ]se1 ! heav5s & ! elem5ts1 are und]go+ a process ( decay1 & t man is deg5]at+ physically1 m5tally1 & morally4 ,8 argum5ts 9 g5]al are futile z well z t$i\s4 ,b he has pr(it$ by read+ ,bod9 & ,bacon1 ^: ideas1 x w\ld appe>1 7 already agitat+ !ological m9ds4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! anci5ts & ! mod]ns arises 9 a g5]al refutation ( ! doctr9e ( decay1 z naturally z ! "q ( ! /ability ( ! p[]s ( nature arises 9 a comp>ison betwe5 ! anci5ts & mod]ns4 ,hakewill prote/s aga9/ excessive admiration ( antiquity1 j because x enc\rages ! op9ion ( ! _w's decay4 ,he gives 8 argum5t a mu* wid] scope ?an ! ,fr5* controv]siali/s4 ,= him ! field ( debate includes n only sci5ce1 arts1 & lit]ature1 b physical qualities & morals4 ,he seeks to %[ t m5tally & physically !re has be5 no decay1 & t ! morals ( mod]n ,*ri/5dom are imm5sely sup]ior to ^? ( pagan times4 ,!re has be5 social progress1 due to ,*ri/ianity2 & !re has be5 an advance 9 arts & k4 ,multa dies u>iusque labor mutabilis aeui ,rettulit 9 melius4 ,hakewill1 l ,tassoni1 surveys all ! arts & sci5ces1 & concludes t ! mod]ns are equal to ! anci5ts 9 poetry1 & 9 almo/ all o!r ?+s excel !m4 ,footnote3 ,among mod]n poets equal to ! anci5ts1 ,hakewill signalises ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,sp5s]1 ,m>ot1 ,rons>d1 ,ario/o1 ,tasso 7,book iii4 *ap4 #h1 ,section #c74 ,"o ( ! argum5ts :i* he urges aga9/ ! !ory ( deg5]ation is pragmatic--its p>alys+ effect on human en]gy4 ,! op9ion ( ! _w's univ]sal decay quails ! hopes & blunts ! edge ( m5's endeav\rs4 ,& ! ef=t to improve ! _w1 he implies1 is a duty we owe to po/]ity4 ,let n !n ! va9 %ad[s ( ! _w's fatal decay keep u ei!r f look+ backw>d to ! imitation ( our noble pr$ecessors or =w>d 9 provid+ = po/]ity1 b z our pr$ecessors wor?ily provid$1 = u1 s let our po/]ity bless u 9 provid+ = !m1 x be+ /ill z unc]ta9 to u :at g5]ations are /ill to ensue1 z x 0 to our pr$ecessors 9 _! ages4 ,we note ! sugge/ion t hi/ory may be conceiv$ z a sequ5ce ( improvem5ts 9 civilisation1 b we note also t ,hakewill "h is fac$ by ! ob/acle :i* ,*ri/ian !ology (f]$ to ! logical expansion ( ! idea4 ,x is unc]ta9 :at g5]ations are /ill to ensue4 ,rog] ,bacon /ood be=e ! same dead wall4 ,hakewill ?9ks t he is liv+ 9 ! la/ age ( ! _w2 b h[ long x %all la/ is a "q :i* _c be resolv$1 x be+ "o ( ^? secrets :i* ! ,almighty ha? lock$ up 9 ! cab9et ( ,8 own c\nsel4 ,yet he consoles himself & 8 read]s ) a consid]ation :i* sugge/s t ! end is n yet v ne>4 ,footnote3 ,see ,book i4 *ap4 #b1 ,section #d1 p4 #bd4 ,x is agre$ ^u all sides by ,div9es t at lea/ two signs =]unn+ ! _w's end rema9 unaccompli%$--! subv]sion ( ,rome & ! conv]sion ( ! ,jews4 ,& :5 !y %all be accompli%$ ,god only kn[s1 z yet 9 man's judgm5t !re be+ little appe>ance ( ! "o or ! o!r4 ,x 0 well to be assur$ t nature is n decay+ or man deg5]at+4 ,b 0 ! doctr9e t ! end ( ! _w does n dep5d ^u ! law ( nature1 & t ! gr[? ( human civilisation may be cut (f at any mom5t by a fiat ( ! ,deity1 less calculat$ to quail ! hopes & blunt ! edge ( m5's endeav\rs8 ,hakewill ass]t$ ) confid5ce t ! univ]se w be sudd5ly wreck$ by fire4 ,una dies dabit exitio4 ,0 ! prospect ( an arre/ :i* might come ! day aft] to-morr[ likely to induce m5 to ex]t !mselves to make provision = po/]ity8 ,! significance ( ,hakewill lies 9 ! fact t he made ! curr5t !ory ( deg5]ation1 :i* /ood 9 ! way ( all possible !ories ( progress1 ! object ( a special inquiry4 ,& 8 book illu/rates ! close connection betwe5 t !ory & ! dispute ov] ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns4 ,x _c be said t he has add$ any?+ valuable to :at may be f\nd 9 ,bod9 & ,bacon on ! developm5t ( civilisation4 ,! g5]al syn!sis ( hi/ory :i* he attempts is equival5t to !irs4 ,he describes ! hi/ory ( k & arts1 & all ?+s besides1 z exhibit+ a k9d ( circul> progress1 by :i* he means t !y h a bir?1 gr[?1 n\ri%+1 fail+ & fad+1 & !n )9 a :ile aft] a resurrection & refl\ri%+4 ,footnote3 ,book iii4 *ap4 #f1 ,section i1 p4 #bei4 ,9 ?is me?od ( progress ! lamp ( le>n+ pass$ f "o p to ano!r4 ,x pass$ f ! ,ori5tals 7,*aldeans & ,egyptians7 to ! ,greeks2 :5 x 0 ne>ly ext+ui%$ 9 ,greece x began to %9e afre% among ! ,romans2 & hav+ be5 put out by ! b>b>ians = ! space ( a ?\s& ye>s x 0 relit by ,petr>* & 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 /at+ ?is view ( circul> progress1 ,hakewill comes p]il\sly ne> to ! doctr9e ( ,ricorsi or ,returns :i* _h be5 sev]ely d5\nc$ by ,bacon4 ,9 "o po9t inde$ ,hakewill goes f> beyond ,bod94 ,x 0 sugge/$1 z we saw1 by ! ,fr5* ?9k] t 9 "s respects ! mod]n age is sup]ior 9 conduct & morals to antiquity1 b he said little on ! matt]4 ,hakewill develops ! sugge/ion at great l5g? into a sev]e & p>tial impea*m5t ( anci5t mann]s & morals4 ,unju/ & unconv9c+ ?\gh 8 argum5ts are1 & inspir$ by !ological motives1 8 !sis nev]!less des]ves to be not$ z an ass]tion ( ! progress ( man 9 social morality4 ,bacon1 & ! ?9k]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury g5]ally1 conf9$ _! views ( progress 9 ! pa/ to ! intellectual field4 ,hakewill1 ?\gh he ov]%ot ! m>k & said no?+ actually wor? rememb]+1 nev]!less anticipat$ ! l>g] problem ( social progress :i* 0 to come to ! front 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 #d4 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s t foll[$ ! appe>ance ( ,hakewill's book mu* _h happ5$ 9 ! _w ( ideas1 & :5 we take up ,glanvill's ,plus ultra1 or ! ,progress & ,advancem5t ( ,k s9ce ! days ( ,ari/otle1 ,footnote3 ,! title is evid5tly sugge/$ by a passage 9 ,bacon quot$ above1 p4 #ee4 we brea! a diff]5t atmosph]e4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #affh1 & its purpose 0 to def5d ! rec5tly f\nd$ ,royal ,society :i* 0 attack$ on ! gr\nd t x 0 inimical to ! int]e/s ( religion & s\nd le>n+4 ,= ! ,ari/otelian tradition 0 /ill /rongly entr5*$ 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* & ,univ]sities1 not)/&+ ! influ5ce ( ,bacon2 & ! ,royal ,society1 :i* realis$ ! romantic model ( ,bacon's society ( exp]im5t]s1 repudiat$ ! s*ola/ic pr9ciples & me?ods associat$ ) ,ari/otle's "n4 ,glanvill 0 "o ( ^? latitud9>ian cl]gym51 s common 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o 7 conv9c$ t religi\s fai? mu/ accord ) reason1 & 7 unwill+ to abate 9 its fav\r any ( reason's claims4 ,he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,bacon1 ,desc>tes1 & ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s1 & no "o 0 m en?usia/ic ?an he 9 foll[+ ! new sci5tific discov]ies ( 8 "t4 ,un=tunately = 8 reputation he _h a weak side4 ,enlight5$ ?\gh he 01 he 0 a firm believ] 9 wit*craft1 & he is *iefly rememb]$ n z an admir] ( ,desc>tes & ,bacon1 & a *ampion ( ! ,royal ,society1 b z ! au?or ( ,saducismus ,triumphatus1 a monum5t ( sup]/ition1 :i* probably contribut$ to *eck ! gradual gr[? ( disbelief 9 wit*es & app>itions4 ,8 ,plus ultra is a review ( mod]n improvem5ts ( useful k4 ,x is conf9$ to ma!matics & sci5ce1 9 accordance ) its purpose ( ju/ify+ ! ,royal ,society2 & ! discov]ies ( ! pa/ sixty ye>s enable ! au?or to pres5t a f> m impos+ picture ( mod]n sci5tific progress ?an 0 possible = ,bod9 or ,bacon4 ,footnote3 ,bacon inde$ c\ld h made out a m impressive picture ( ! new age if he _h /udi$ ma!matics & tak5 ! pa9s to ma/] ! evid5ce :i* 0 revolutionis+ a/ronomy4 ,glanvill _h ! advantage ( compreh5d+ ! importance ( ma!matics = ! advance ( physical sci5ce4 ,he _h absorb$ ,bacon's doctr9e ( utility4 ,8 _s is display$ 9 ! rem>k t m gratitude is due to ! unkn[n inv5tor ( ! m>9]s' compass ?an to a ?\s& ,alex&]s & ,caes>s1 or to t5 times ! numb] ( ,ari/otles4 ,& he really did m = ! increase ( k & ! advantage ( ! _w by ?is "o exp]im5t ?an ! num]\s subtile disput]s t h liv$ ev] s9ce ! erection ( ! s*ool ( talk+4 ,glanvill1 h[ev]1 9 8 complac5cy ) :at has already be5 accompli%$1 is n misl$ into ov]-e/imat+ its importance4 ,he kn[s t x is inde$ little comp>$ ) ! ideal ( atta9able k4 ,! human design1 to :i* x is ! function ( ! ,royal ,society to contribute1 is laid z l[1 he says1 z ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( nature1 & rea*es z high z ! upp]mo/ /orey ( ! univ]se1 ext5ds to all ! v>ieties ( ! great _w1 & aims at ! b5efit ( univ]sal mank9d4 ,su* a "w c only proce$ sl[ly1 by ins5sible degrees4 ,x is an und]tak+ :]e9 all ! g5]ations ( m5 are conc]n$1 & our own age c hope to d little m ?an to remove useless rubbi%1 lay 9 mat]ials1 & put ?+s 9 ord] = ! build+4 ,we mu/ seek & ga!r1 obs]ve & exam9e1 & lay up 9 bank = ! ages t come aft]4 ,^! l9es on ! va/ness ( ! "w sugge/ to ! read] t a va/ future w be ne$$ = its accompli%m5t4 ,glanvill does n dwell on ?is1 b he implies x4 ,he is evid5tly unemb>rass$ by ! !ological consid]ations :i* weigh$ s heavily on ,hakewill4 ,he does n tr\ble himself ) ! "q :e!r ,anti-,*ri/ has /ill to appe>4 ,! diff]5ce 9 g5]al outlook betwe5 ^! two cl]gym5 is an indication h[ ! _w _h travell$ 9 ! c\rse ( =ty ye>s4 ,ano!r po9t 9 ,glanvill's little book des]ves att5tion4 ,he takes into 8 prospect ! inhabitants ( ! ,transatlantic _w2 !y1 too1 are to %>e 9 ! b5efits :i* %all result f ! subjugation ( nature4 ,by ! ga9+ t mighty cont95t & ! num]\s fruitful isles beyond ! ,atlantic1 we h obta9$ a l>g] field ( nature1 & h !reby an advantage = m ph5om5a1 & m helps bo? = k & = life1 :i* 'tis v l t future ages w make bett] use ( to su* purposes ?an ^? hi!rto h done2 & t sci5ce also may at la/ travel into ^? p>ts & enri* ,p]u ) a m preci\s treasure ?an t ( its gold5 m9es1 is n improbable4 ,sprat1 ! ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 9 8 int]e/+ ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 s s5sible & lib]al--publi%$ %ortly be=e ,glanvill's book1--also contemplates ! ext5sion ( sci5ce ov] ! _w4 ,speak+ ( ! prospect ( future discov]ies1 he ?9ks x w p>tly dep5d on ! enl>gem5t ( ! field ( we/]n civilisation if ?is me*anic g5ius :i* n[ prevails 9 ^! p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom %all happ5 to spread wide among/ ourselves & o!r civil nations1 or if by "s good fate x %all pass f>!r on to o!r c\ntries t 7 yet nev] fully civilis$4 ,?is !n be+ imag9'd1 t !re may "s lucky tide ( civility fl[ into ^? l&s :i* are yet salvage1 !n w a d\ble improvem5t !nce arise bo? 9 respect ( ourselves & !m4 ,= ev5 ! pres5t skilful p>ts ( mank9d w be !reby made m skilful1 & ! o!r w n only increase ^? arts :i* we %all be/[ ^u !m1 b w also v5ture on new se>*es !mselves4 ,he expects mu* f ! new conv]ts1 on ! gr\nd t nations :i* h be5 taught h prov$ m capable ?an _! tea*]s1 appeal+ to ! case ( ! ,greeks :o outdid _! ea/]n ma/]s1 & to t ( ! peoples ( mod]n ,europe :o receiv$ _! light f ! ,romans b h well nigh d\bl$ ! anci5t /ock ( trades deliv]$ to _! keep+4 #e4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #affj & ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #afff made physical sci5ce fa%ionable 9 ,london & ,p>is4 ,macaulay1 9 8 *>act]i/ic way1 describes h[ dreams ( p]fect =ms ( gov]nm5t made way = dreams ( w+s ) :i* m5 7 to fly f ! ,t[] to ! ,abbey1 & ( d\ble-keel$ %ips :i* 7 nev] to f\nd] 9 ! fi]ce/ /orm4 ,all classes 7 hurri$ along by ! prevail+ s5tim5t4 ,cavali] & ,r\ndhead1 ,*ur*man & ,puritan 7 = once alli$4 ,div9es1 juri/s1 /atesm51 nobles1 pr9ces1 swell$ ! triumph ( ! ,baconian philosophy4 ,! se$s s[n by ,bacon _h at la/ begun to rip51 & full cr$it 0 giv5 to him by ^? :o f\nd$ & acclaim$ ! ,royal ,society4 ,! ode :i* ,c[ley address$ to t in/itution might h be5 entitl$ an ode 9 hon\r ( ,bacon1 or /ill bett]--= ! poet seiz$ ! ess5tial po9t ( ,bacon's lab\rs--a hymn on ! lib]ation ( ! human m9d f ! yoke ( ,au?ority4 ,bacon has broke t sc>-cr[ ,deity4 ,dryd5 himself1 9 ! ,annus ,mirabilis1 _h turn$ aside f 8 subject1 ! defeat ( ! ,dut* & ,engl&'s ma/]y ( ! seas1 to pay a complim5t to ! ,society1 & to prophesy man's ma/]y ( ! univ]se4 ,in/ruct$ %ips %all sail to ri* comm]ce1 ,by :i* remote/ regions are alli$2 ,:i* makes "o city ( ! univ]se1 ,:]e "s may ga9 & all may be suppli$4 ,!n we ^u our globe's la/ v]ge %all g1 ,& view ! ocean lean+ on ! sky1 ,f !nce our roll+ neighb\rs we %all "k1 ,& on ! lun> _w securely pry4 ,footnote3 ,x may be not$ t ,john ,wilk9s 7,bi%op ( ,*e/]7 publi%$ 9 #afch a little book entitl$ ,discov]y ( a ,new ,_w1 argu+ t ! moon is inhabit$4 ,a fur!r edition appe>$ 9 #afhd4 ,he attempt$ to compose a univ]sal language 7,sprat1 ,hi/4 ( ,royal ,society1 p4 #bea74 ,8 ,m]cury or ! ,secret & ,swift ,mess5g] 7#afda7 conta9s proposals = a univ]sal script 7*ap4 #ac74 ,!re is also an +5i\s sugge/ion = ! communication ( messages by s\nd1 :i* might be describ$ z an anticipation ( ! ,morse code4 ,wilk9s & ano!r div9e1 ,se? ,w>d1 ! ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 belong$ to ! gr\p ( m5 :o f\nd$ ! ,royal ,society4 ,m5 did n look f> into ! future2 !y did n dream ( :at ! _w might be a ?\s& or t5 ?\s& ye>s h5ce4 ,!y seem to h expect$ quick results4 ,ev5 ,sprat ?9ks t ! absolute p]fection ( ! true philosophy is n f> (f1 see+ t ?is fir/ great & necess>y prep>ation = its com+--! in/itution ( sci5tific co-op]ation--has be5 accompli%$4 ,sup]ficial & transi5t ?\gh ! popul> en?usiasm 01 x 0 a sign t an age ( intellectual optimism _h begun1 9 :i* ! sci5ce ( nature w\ld play a lead+ role4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,k3 ,,font5elle #a4 ,n9e mon?s be=e ! fir/ "p ( ,p]rault's "w appe>$ a y\ng] & m brilliant man _h =mulat$1 9 a %ort tract1 ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! doctr9e ( ! progress ( k4 ,x 0 ,font5elle4 ,font5elle 0 an anima naturalit] mod]na4 ,tra9$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,desc>tes1 he 0 "o ( ^? :o1 ?\gh l ,desc>tes himself1 too critical to swe> by a ma/]1 appreciat$ unres]v$ly ! value ( ! ,c>tesian me?od4 ,sometimes1 he says1 a great man gives ! tone to 8 age2 & ?is is true ( ,desc>tes1 :o c claim ! glory ( hav+ e/abli%$ a new art ( reason+4 ,he sees ! effects 9 lit]ature4 ,! be/ books on moral & political subjects are di/+ui%$ by an arrangem5t & precision :i* he traces to ! esprit geometrique *>act]i/ic ( ,desc>tes4 ,footnote3 ,sur l'utilite des ma!matiques el de la physique 7,oeuvres1 iii4 p4 #f1 ed4 #agbi74 ,font5elle himself _h ?is geometrical m9d1 :i* we see at its be/ 9 ,desc>tes & ,hobbes & ,sp9oza4 ,he _h inde$ a consid]able aptitude = lett]s4 ,he wrote poor v]ses1 & c\ld n di/+ui% good poetry f bad4 ,t p]haps 0 ! defect ( l'esprit geometrique4 ,b he wrote lucid prose4 ,!re 0 an ironical side to 8 temp]1 & he _h an +5i\s p>adoxical wit1 :i* he indulg$1 ) no little felicity1 9 8 e>ly "w1 ,dialogues ( ! ,dead4 ,^! conv]sations1 ?\gh !y %[ no dramatic p[] & are simply a vehicle = ! au?or's satirical criticisms on life1 are writt5 ) a light t\*1 & are full ( surprises & unexpect$ turns4 ,! v *oice ( ! int]locutors %[s a curi\s fancy1 :i* we d n associate ) ! geometrical intellect4 ,desc>tes is confront$ ) ! ,?ird ,false ,demetrius1 & we wond] :at ! g\rmet ,apicius w f9d to say to ,galileo4 #b4 ,9 ! ,dialogues ( ! ,dead1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afhc1 ! ,anci5t & ,mod]n controv]sy is t\*$ on m ?an once1 & x is ! subject ( ! conv]sation betwe5 ,socrates & ,montaigne4 ,socrates ironically pr(esses to expect t ! age ( ,montaigne w %[ a va/ improvem5t on 8 own2 t m5 w h pr(it$ by ! exp]i5ce ( _m c5turies2 & t ! old age ( ! _w w be wis] & bett] regulat$ ?an its y\?4 ,montaigne assures him t x is n s1 & t ! vigor\s types ( antiquity1 l ,p]icles1 ,ari/ides1 & ,socrates himself1 are no long] to be f\nd4 ,to ?is ass]tion ,socrates opposes ! doctr9e ( ! p]man5ce ( ! =ces ( ,nature4 ,nature has n deg5]at$ 9 h] o!r works2 :y %\ld %e cease to produce reasonable m58 ,he goes on to obs]ve t antiquity is enl>g$ & exalt$ by di/ance3 ,9 our own day we e/eem$ our ance/ors m ?an !y des]v$1 & n[ our po/]ity e/eems u m ?an we des]ve4 ,!re is really no diff]5ce betwe5 our ance/ors1 ourselves1 & our po/]ity4 ,c'e/ t\j\rs la meme *ose4 ,b1 objects ,montaigne1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t ?+s 7 always *ang+2 t diff]5t ages _h _! diff]5t *>act]s4 ,are !re n ages ( le>n+ & ages ( ignorance1 rude ages & polite8 ,true1 replies ,socrates1 b ^! are only ext]nalities4 ,! he>t ( man does n *ange ) ! fa%ions ( 8 life4 ,! ord] ( ,nature rema9s con/ant 7l'ordre g5]al de la ,nature a l'air bi5 con/ant74 ,?is conclusion h>monises ) ! g5]al _s ( ! ,dialogues4 ,! p]man5ce ( ! =ces ( ,nature is ass]t$1 b = ! purpose ( dismiss+ ! :ole controv]sy z r futile4 ,else:]e mod]n discov]ies1 l ! circulation ( ! blood & ! motions ( ! e>?1 are criticis$ z useless2 add+ no?+ to ! happ9ess & pleasures ( mank9d4 ,m5 acquir$1 at an e>ly p]iod1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( useful k1 to :i* !y h add$ no?+2 s9ce !n !y h be5 sl[ly discov]+ ?+s t are unnecess>y4 ,nature has n be5 s unju/ z to all[ "o age to enjoy m pleasures ?an ano!r4 ,& :at is ! value ( civilisation8 ,x m\lds our words1 & emb>rasses our actions2 x does n affect our feel+s4 ,footnote3 ,see ! dialogues ( ,h>vey ) ,erasi/ratus 7a ,greek physician ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c472 ,galileo ) ,apicius2 ,montezuma ) ,f]n&o ,cortez4 ,"o might h>dly h expect$ ! au?or ( ^! ,dialogues to come =w>d a few ye>s lat] z a *ampion ( ! ,mod]ns1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 ! d$icatory epi/le to ,lucian1 he comp>$ ,france to ,greece4 ,b he 0 s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ! debat$ "q1 z an intellectual problem1 & 9 ,janu>y #afhh he publi%$ 8 ,digression on ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns1 a %ort pamphlet1 b weighti] & m sugge/ive ?an ! l>ge "w ( 8 fri5d ,p]rault1 :i* began to appe> n9e mon?s lat]4 #c4 ,! "q ( pre-em95ce betwe5 ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns is r$ucible to ano!r4 ,7 trees 9 anci5t times great] ?an to-day8 ,if !y 71 !n ,hom]1 ,plato1 & ,demo/h5es _c be equall$ 9 mod]n times2 if !y 7 n1 !y c4 ,font5elle /ates ! problem 9 ?is succ9ct way at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,digression4 ,! p]man5ce ( ! =ces ( ,nature _h be5 ass]t$ by ,sa9t ,sorl9 & ,p]rault2 !y _h (f]$ no pro(1 & _h us$ ! pr9ciple r incid5tally & by way ( illu/ration4 ,b ! :ole inquiry h+$ on x4 ,if x c be %[n t man has n deg5]at$1 ! cause ( ! ,mod]ns is practically won4 ,! issue ( ! controv]sy mu/ be decid$ n by rhetoric b by physics4 ,& ,font5elle (f]s :at he reg>ds z a =mal ,c>tesian pro( ( ! p]man5ce ( natural =ces4 ,if ! ,anci5ts _h bett] intellects ?an ours1 ! bra9s ( t age mu/ h be5 bett] arrang$1 =m$ ( firm] or m delicate fibres1 full] ( animal spirits4 ,b if su* a diff]5ce exi/$1 ,nature mu/ h be5 m vigor\s2 & 9 t case ! trees mu/ h pr(it$ by t sup]ior vig\r & h be5 l>g] & f9]4 ,! tru? is t ,nature has 9 h] h&s a c]ta9 pa/e :i* is always ! same1 :i* %e is ev] turn+ ov] & ov] aga9 9 a ?\s& ways1 & ( :i* %e =ms m51 animals1 & plants4 ,%e has n =m$ ,hom]1 ,demo/h5es1 & ,plato ( a f9] or bett] knead$ clay ?an our poets1 orators1 & philosoph]s4 ,d n object t m9ds are n mat]ial4 ,!y are connect$ by a mat]ial bond ) ! bra91 & x is ! quality ( ?is mat]ial bond t det]m9es intellectual diff]5ces4 ,b al?\gh natural processes d n *ange f age to age1 !y diff] 9 _! effects 9 diff]5t climates4 ,x is c]ta9 t z a result ( ! reciprocal dep5d5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 all p>ts ( ! mat]ial _w1 diff]5ces ( climate1 :i* s cle>ly affect ! life ( plants1 mu/ also produce "s effect on human bra9s4 ,may x n be said !n t1 9 consequ5ce ( climatic conditions1 anci5t ,greece & ,rome produc$ m5 ( m5tal qualities diff]5t f ^? :i* c\ld be produc$ 9 ,france8 ,oranges gr[ easily 9 ,italy2 x is m difficult to cultivate !m 9 ,france4 ,font5elle replies t art & cultivation ex]t a mu* great] influ5ce on human bra9s ?an on ! soil2 ideas c be transport$ m easily f "o c\ntry to ano!r ?an plants2 & z a consequ5ce ( comm]ce & mutual influ5ce1 peoples d n reta9 ! orig9al m5tal peculi>ities due to climate4 ,?is may n be true ( ! extreme climates 9 ! torrid & glacial zones1 b 9 ! temp]ate zone we may disc\nt entirely climatic influ5ce4 ,! climates ( ,greece & ,italy & t ( ,france are too simil> to cause any s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,greeks or ,lat9s & ! ,fr5*4 ,sa9t ,sorl9 & ,p]rault _h argu$ directly f ! p]man5ce ( vig\r 9 lions or trees to ! p]man5ce ( vig\r 9 man4 ,if trees are ! same z ev]1 bra9s mu/ also be ! same4 ,b :at ab\t ! m9or premiss8 ,:o kn[s t trees are precisely ! same8 ,x is an indemon/rable assumption t oaks & bee*es 9 ! days ( ,socrates & ,cic]o 7 n slightly bett] trees ?an ! oaks & bee*es ( to-day4 ,font5elle saw ! weakness ( ?is reason+4 ,he saw t x 0 necess>y to prove t ! trees1 no less ?an human bra9s1 h n deg5]at$4 ,b 8 a priori pro( is simply a /atem5t ( ! ,c>tesian pr9ciple ( ! /ability ( natural processes1 :i* he put 9 a ?or\ghly unsci5tific =m4 ,! /ability ( ! laws ( nature is a necess>y hypo!sis1 )\t :i* sci5ce w\ld be impossible4 ,b "h x 0 put to an illegitimate use4 ,= x means t1 giv5 precisely ! same conditions1 ! same physical ph5om5a w occur4 ,font5elle !re=e 0 b\nd to %[ t conditions _h n alt]$ 9 su* a way z to cause *anges 9 ! quality ( nature's organic productions4 ,he did n d ?is4 ,he did n take into consid]ation1 = in/ance1 t climatic conditions may v>y f age to age z well z f c\ntry to c\ntry4 #d4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ! natural equality ( ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns1 ,font5elle inf]r$ t :atev] diff]5ces exi/ are due to ext]nal conditions--7#a7 "t2 7#b7 political in/itutions & ! e/ate ( affairs 9 g5]al4 ,! anci5ts 7 prior 9 "t to u1 !re=e !y 7 ! au?ors ( ! fir/ inv5tions4 ,= t1 !y _c be reg>d$ z our sup]iors4 ,if we _h be5 9 _! place we %\ld h be5 ! inv5tors1 l !m2 if !y 7 9 ours1 !y w\ld add to ^? inv5tions1 l u4 ,!re is no great my/]y 9 t4 ,we mu/ impute equal m]it to ! e>ly ?9k]s :o %[$ ! way & to ! lat] ?9k]s :o pursu$ x4 ,if ! anci5t attempts to expla9 ! univ]se h be5 rec5tly replac$ by ! discov]y ( a simple sy/em 7! ,c>tesian71 we mu/ consid] t ! tru? c\ld only be rea*$ by ! elim9ation ( false r\tes1 & 9 ?is way ! numb]s ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ! ideas ( ,plato1 ! qualities ( ,ari/otle1 all s]v$ indirectly to advance k4 ,we are "u an obligation to ! anci5ts = hav+ exhau/$ almo/ all ! false !ories t c\ld be =m$4 ,enlight5$ bo? by _! true views & by _! errors1 x is n surpris+ t we %\ld surpass !m4 ,b all ?is applies only to sci5tific /udies1 l ma!matics1 physics1 & m$ic9e1 :i* dep5d p>tly on correct reason+ & p>tly on exp]i5ce4 ,me?ods ( reason+ improve sl[ly1 & ! mo/ important advance :i* has be5 made 9 ! pres5t age is ! me?od inaugurat$ by ,desc>tes4 ,be=e him reason+ 0 loose2 he introduc$ a m rigid & precise /&>d1 & its influ5ce is n only manife/ 9 our be/ works on physics & philosophy1 b is ev5 disc]nible 9 books on e?ics & religion4 ,we mu/ expect po/]ity to excel u z we excel ! ,anci5ts1 ?r\gh improvem5t ( me?od1 :i* is a sci5ce 9 itself--! mo/ difficult & lea/ /udi$ ( all--& ?r\gh increase ( exp]i5ce4 ,evid5tly ! process is endless 7il e/ evid5t que t\t cela n'a po9t de f971 & ! late/ m5 ( sci5ce mu/ be ! mo/ compet5t4 ,b ?is does n apply to poetry or eloqu5ce1 r\nd :i* ! controv]sy has mo/ viol5tly rag$4 ,= poetry & eloqu5ce d n dep5d on correct reason+4 ,!y dep5d pr9cipally on vivacity ( imag9ation1 & vivacity ( imag9ation does n require a long c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 or a great multitude ( rules1 to atta9 all ! p]fection ( :i* x is capable4 ,su* p]fection might be atta9$ 9 a few c5turies4 ,if ! anci5ts did a*ieve p]fection 9 imag9ative lit]ature1 x foll[s t !y _c be surpass$2 b we h no "r to say1 z _! admir]s are fond ( pret5d+1 t !y _c be equall$4 #e4 ,besides ! m]e nature ( "t1 we h to take into acc\nt ext]nal circum/ances 9 consid]+ ?is "q4 ,if ! =ces ( nature are p]man5t1 h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t 9 ! b>b>\s c5turies aft] ! decl9e ( ,rome--! t]m ,middle ,ages has n yet come into curr5cy--ignorance 0 s d5se & deep8 ,?is brea* ( cont9uity is "o ( ! plausible argum5ts ( ! advocates ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,^? ages1 !y say1 7 ignorant & b>b>\s because ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s _h ceas$ to be read2 z soon z ! /udy ( ! classical models reviv$ !re 0 a r5aissance ( reason & good ta/e4 ,t is true1 b x proves no?+4 ,nature nev] =got h[ to m\ld ! head ( ,cic]o or ,livy4 ,%e produces 9 e age m5 :o might be great m52 b ! age does n always all[ !m to ex]t _! tal5ts4 ,inundations ( b>b>ians1 univ]sal w>s1 gov]nm5ts :i* disc\rage or d n fav\r sci5ce & art1 prejudices :i* assume all v>iety ( %apes--l ! ,*9ese prejudice aga9/ dissect+ corpses--may impose long p]iods ( ignorance or bad ta/e4 ,b obs]ve t1 ?\gh ! return to ! /udy ( ! anci5ts reviv$1 z at "o /roke1 ! ae/hetic ideals :i* !y _h creat$ & ! le>n+ :i* !y _h accumulat$1 yet ev5 if _! works _h n be5 pres]v$ we %\ld1 ?\gh x w\ld h co/ u _m long ye>s ( lab\r1 h discov]$ = ourselves ideas ( ! true & ! beautiful4 ,:]e %\ld we h f\nd !m8 ,:]e ! anci5ts !mselves f\nd !m1 aft] mu* grop+4 #f4 ,! comp>ison ( ! life ( collective humanity to ! life ( a s+le man1 :i* _h be5 drawn by ,bacon & ,pascal1 ,sa9t ,sorl9 & ,p]rault1 conta9s or illu/rates an important tru? :i* be>s on ! :ole "q4 ,font5elle puts x ?us4 ,an educat$ m9d is1 z x 71 compos$ ( all ! m9ds ( prec$+ ages2 we might say t a s+le m9d 0 be+ educat$ ?r\gh\t all hi/ory4 ,?us ?is secul> man1 :o has liv$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 has _h 8 infancy 9 :i* he 0 absorb$ by ! mo/ urg5t ne$s ( life2 8 y\? 9 :i* he succe$$ pretty well 9 ?+s ( imag9ation l poetry & eloqu5ce1 & ev5 began to reason1 b ) m c\rage ?an solidity4 ,he is n[ 9 ! age ( manhood1 is m enlight5$1 & reasons bett]2 b he w\ld h advanc$ fur!r if ! passion = w> _h n di/ract$ him & giv5 him a di/a/e = ! sci5ces to :i* he has at la/ return$4 ,figures1 if !y are press$1 are dang]\s2 !y sugge/ unw>rantable conclusions4 ,x may be illum9ative to lik5 ! developm5t ( humanity to ! gr[? ( an individual2 b to inf] t ! human race is n[ 9 its old age1 m]ely on ! /r5g? ( ! comp>ison1 is obvi\sly unju/ifiable4 ,t is :at ,bacon & ! o!rs _h done4 ,! fallacy 0 po9t$ out by ,font5elle4 ,f 8 po9t ( view1 an old age ( humanity1 :i* if x meant any?+ meant decay z well z ! wisdom ( exp]i5ce1 0 contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5ce ( natural =ces4 ,man1 he ass]ts1 w h no old age4 ,he w be always equally capable1 ( a*iev+ ! successes ( 8 y\?2 & he w become m & m exp]t 9 ! ?+s :i* become ! age ( virility4 ,or to drop metaphor1 m5 w nev] deg5]ate4 ,9 ages to come we may be reg>d$--say 9 ,am]ica--) ! same excess ( admiration ) :i* we reg>d ! anci5ts4 ,we might pu% ! pr$iction fur!r4 ,9 /ill lat] ages ! int]val ( "t :i* divides u f ! ,greeks & ,romans w appe> s relatively small to po/]ity t !y w classify u & ! anci5ts z virtually contempor>y2 j 9 ! same way z we gr\p toge!r ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ?\gh ! ,romans 9 _! own day 7 mod]ns 9 relation to ! ,greeks4 ,9 t remote p]iod m5 w be able to judge )\t prejudice ! comp>ative m]its ( ,sophocles & ,corneille4 ,unreasonable admiration = ! anci5ts is "o ( ! *ief ob/acles to progress 7le progres des *oses74 ,philosophy n only did n advance1 b ev5 fell into an abyss ( un9telligible ideas1 because1 ?r\gh devotion to ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 m5 s\ght tru? 9 8 enigmatic writ+s in/ead ( seek+ x 9 nature4 ,if ! au?ority ( ,desc>tes 7 ev] to h ! same =tune1 ! results w\ld be no less disa/r\s4 #g4 ,?is memorable bro*ure exhibits1 )\t p$antry1 p]spicu\s arrangem5t & ! geometrical precision on :i* ,font5elle rem>k$ z "o ( ! notes ( ! new epo* introduc$ by ,desc>tes4 ,x displays too ! au?or's op5-m9d$ness1 & 8 read9ess to foll[ :]e ! argum5t leads4 ,he is able already to look beyond ,c>tesianism2 he kn[s t x _c be f9al4 ,no man ( 8 "t 0 m op5-m9d$ & free f prejudice ?an ,font5elle4 ,?is quality ( m9d help$ him to turn 8 eyes to ! future4 ,p]rault & 8 pr$ecessors 7 absorb$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,desc>tes 0 too mu* engag$ 9 8 own orig9al discov]ies to d m ?an ?r[ a pass+ glance at po/]ity4 ,n[ ! prospect ( ! future 0 "o ( ! two elem5ts :i* 7 /ill ne$$ to fa%ion ! !ory ( ! progress ( k4 ,all ! conditions = su* a !ory 7 pres5t4 ,bod9 & ,bacon1 ,desc>tes & ! *ampions ( ! ,mod]ns--! reaction aga9/ ! ,r5aissance1 & ! />tl+ discov]ies ( sci5ce--_h prep>$ ! way2 progress 0 e/abli%$ = ! pa/ & pres5t4 ,b ! !ory ( ! progress ( k includes & acquires its value by includ+ ! indef9ite future4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 by ,font5elle4 ,! idea _h be5 almo/ exclud$ by ,bacon's mislead+ metaphor ( old age1 :i* ,font5elle expressly rejects4 ,man w h no old age2 8 intellect w nev] deg5]ate2 & ! s\nd views ( intellectual m5 9 successive g5]ations w cont9ually add up4 ,b progress mu/ n only be conceiv$ z ext5d+ indef9itely into ! future2 x mu/ also be conceiv$ z necess>y & c]ta94 ,?is is ! second ess5tial feature ( ! !ory4 ,! !ory w\ld h little value or significance1 if ! prospect ( progress 9 ! future dep5d$ on *ance or ! unpr$ictable discretion ( an ext]nal w4 ,font5elle ass]ts implicitly ! c]ta9ty ( progress :5 he decl>es t ! discov]ies & improvem5ts ( ! mod]n age w\ld h be5 made by ! anci5ts if !y ex*ang$ places ) ! mod]ns2 = ?is am\nts to say+ t sci5ce w progress & k increase indep5d5tly ( p>ticul> individuals4 ,if ,desc>tes _h n be5 born1 "s "o else w\ld h done 8 "w2 & !re c\ld h be5 no ,desc>tes be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,=1 z he says 9 a lat] "w1 ,footnote3 ,preface des elem5s de la geometrie de l'inf9i 7,o,euvres1 x4 p4 #dj1 ed4 #agij74 !re is an ord] :i* regulates our progress4 ,e sci5ce develops aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( prec$+ sci5ces h develop$1 & only !n2 x has to await its turn to bur/ its %ell4 ,font5elle1 !n1 0 ! fir/ to =mulate ! idea ( ! progress1 ( k1 z a complete doctr9e4 ,at ! mom5t ! import & f>-rea*+ effects ( ! idea 7 n realis$1 ei!r by himself or by o!rs1 & 8 pamphlet1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! company ( a p]v]se !ory ( pa/oral poetry1 0 acclaim$ m]ely z an able def5ce ( ! ,mod]ns4 #h4 ,if ! !ory ( ! indef9ite progress ( k is true1 x is "o ( ^? tru?s :i* 7 orig9ally e/abli%$ by false reason+4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ on a pr9ciple :i* exclud$ deg5]ation1 b equally exclud$ evolution2 & ! :ole conception ( nature :i* ,font5elle _h le>n$ f ,desc>tes is long s9ce dead & buri$4 ,b x is m important to obs]ve t ?is pr9ciple1 :i* seem$ to secure ! indef9ite progress ( k1 disabl$ ,font5elle f sugge/+ a !ory ( ! progress ( society4 ,! inv>iability ( nature1 z he conceiv$ x1 0 true ( ! emotions & ! w1 z well z ( ! intellect4 ,x impli$ t man himself w\ld be psy*ically always ! same--unalt]able1 incurable4 ,l'ordre g5]al de la ,nature a ,fair bi5 con/ant4 ,8 op9ion ( ! human race 0 express$ 9 ! ,dialogues ( ! ,dead1 ,footnote3 ,x may be se5 too 9 ! ,plurality ( ,worlds4 & x nev] seems to h v>i$4 ,! _w consi/s ( a multitude ( fools1 & a m]e h&ful ( reasonable m54 ,m5's passions w always be ! same & w produce w>s 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/4 ,civilisation makes no diff]5ce2 x is little m ?an a v5e]4 ,ev5 if !ory _h n /ood 9 8 way1 ,font5elle 0 ! la/ man :o 0 likely to dream dreams ( social improvem5t4 ,he 0 temp]am5tally an ,epicurean1 ( ! same ref9$ /amp z ,epicurus himself1 & he enjoy$ ?r\gh\t 8 long life--he liv$ to ! age ( a hundr$--! tranquillity :i* 0 ! true ,epicurean ideal4 ,he 0 nev] tr\bl$ by dome/ic c>es1 & 8 own mode/ ambition 0 satisfi$ :51 at ! age ( =ty1 he 0 appo9t$ p]man5t ,secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,he 0 n ! man to let 8 m9d dwell on ! woes & evils ( ! _w2 & ! follies & p]v]sities :i* cause !m int]e/$ him only s f> z !y provid$ mat]ial = 8 wit4 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t ! au?or ( ! !ory ( ! progress ( k1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds to exp& into a g5]al !ory ( human ,progress1 w\ld n h all[$ t ?is ext5sion 0 legitimate2 ?\gh x 0 ?r\gh ?is ext5sion t ,font5elle's idea acquir$ human value & int]e/ & became a =ce 9 ! _w4 #i4 ,font5elle did a good deal m ?an =mulate ! idea4 ,he re9=c$ x by %[+ t ! prospect ( a /eady & rapid increase ( k 9 ! future 0 c]tifi$4 ,! po/ulate ( ! immutability ( ! laws ( nature1 :i* has be5 ! indisp5sable basis = ! advance ( mod]n sci5ce1 is fundam5tal ) ,desc>tes4 ,b ,desc>tes did n explicitly insi/ on x1 & x 0 ,font5elle1 p]haps m ?an any "o else1 :o made x curr5t co94 ,t 0 a s]vice p]=m$ by ! disciple2 b he seems to h be5 orig9al 9 introduc+ ! fruitful idea ( ! sci5ces z conf$]ate & intimately int]connect$ ,footnote3 ,rog] ,bacon1 z we saw1 _h a glimpse ( ?is pr9ciple42 n =m+ a numb] ( isolat$ doma9s1 z hi!rto1 b con/itut+ a sy/em 9 :i* ! advance ( "o w contribute to ! advance ( ! o!rs4 ,he expos$ ) ma/]ly ability ! reciprocal relations ( physics & ma!matics4 ,no man ( 8 day _h a m compreh5sive view ( all ! sci5ces1 ?\gh he made no orig9al contributions to any4 ,8 curiosity 0 univ]sal1 & z ,secret>y ( ! ,academy he 0 oblig$1 accord+ to 8 own high /&>d ( 8 duty1 to keep abrea/ ( all t 0 be+ done 9 e bran* ( k4 ,t 0 possible !n2 x w\ld be impossible n[4 ,9 ! fam\s s]ies ( obitu>y disc\rses :i* he deliv]$ on savants :o 7 memb]s ( ! ,academy1 ,font5elle probably ?\ght t he 0 contribut+ to ! realisation ( ?is ideal ( solid>ity1 = !y am\nt$ to a *ronicle ( sci5tific progress 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,!y are free f te*nicalities & extraord9>ily lucid1 & !y appeal$ n only to m5 ( sci5ce1 b to ^? ( ! educat$ public :o possess$ "s sci5tific curiosity4 ,?is br+s u to ano!r important role ( ,font5elle--! role ( int]pret] ( ! _w ( sci5ce to ! _w outside4 ,x is closely relat$ to our subject4 ,= ! popul>isation ( sci5ce1 :i* 0 to be "o ( ! features ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 9 fact a condition ( ! success ( ! idea ( ,progress4 ,t idea c\ld n ins9uate itself into ! public m9d & become a liv+ =ce 9 civilis$ societies until ! mean+ & value ( sci5ce _h be5 g5]ally grasp$1 & ! results ( sci5tific discov]y _h be5 m or less diffus$4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( physical sci5ce did m ?an any?+ else to conv]t ! imag9ations ( m5 to ! g5]al doctr9e ( ,progress4 ,be=e ! lat] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! rem>kable physical discov]ies ( rec5t date _h h>dly escap$ beyond academic circles4 ,b an int]e/ 9 ^! subjects began to become ! fa%ion 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,sci5ce 0 talk$ 9 ! salons2 ladies /udi$ me*anics & anatomy4 ,moli]e's play1 ,les ,femmes savantes1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afgb1 is "o ( ! fir/ indications4 ,9 #afhf ,font5elle publi%$ 8 ,conv]sations on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 9 :i* a savant expla9s ! new a/ronomy to a lady 9 ! p>k ( a c\ntry h\se4 ,footnote3 ,! ,m>quise ( ! ,plurality ( ,worlds is suppos$ to be ,madame de la ,mesang]e1 :o liv$ ne> ,r\51 ,font5elle's bir?place4 ,he 0 a fri5d & a frequ5t visitor at h] *ateau4 ,see ,maigron1 ,font5elle1 p4 #db4 ,! ,engli% translation ( #afhh 0 by ,glanvill4 ,a new translation 0 publi%$ at ,dubl9 z late z #agfa4 ,x is ! fir/ book--at lea/ ! fir/ t has any claim to be rememb]$--9 ! lit]ature ( popul> sci5ce1 & x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+4 ,x met ) ! success :i* x des]v$4 ,x 0 repr9t$ aga9 & aga91 & x 0 almo/ imm$iately translat$ into ,engli%4 ,! significance ( ! ,plurality ( ,worlds is inde$ mu* great] ?an t ( a pione] "w 9 popul>isation & a model 9 ! art ( mak+ te*nical subjects int]e/+4 ,we mu/ rememb] t at ?is "t ! belief t ! sun revolves r\nd ! e>? /ill prevail$4 ,only ! few knew bett]4 ,! cosmic revolution :i* is associat$ ) ! names ( ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo 0 sl[ 9 produc+ its effects4 ,x 0 reject$ by ,bacon2 & ! condemnation ( ,galileo by ! ,*ur* made ,desc>tes1 :o dread$ no?+ s mu* z a collision ) ! ecclesia/ical au?orities unwill+ to insi/ on x4 ,footnote3 ,cp4 ,b\illi]1 ,hi/oire de la philosophie c>tesi5ne1 i4 p4 #db-c4 ,milton's ,raphael1 9 ! ,eigh? ,book ( ,p>adise ,lo/ 7publi%$ #affg71 does n v5ture to affirm ! ,cop]nican sy/em2 he expla9s x sympa!tically1 b leaves ! "q op54 ,footnote3 ,masson 7,milton's ,poetical ,works1 vol4 #b7 obs]ves t ,milton's life 7#afjh-gd7 co9cides ) ! p]iod ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two sy/ems 7p4 #ij74 ,milton's fri5ds1 ! ,smectymnians1 9 answ] to ,bi%op ,hall's ,humble ,remon/rance 7#afda71 _h cit$ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e z an unque/ionable in/ance ( a supreme absurdity4 ,masson has "s apposite rem>ks on ! influ5ce ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ^u ! ?9k+s & imag9ations ( mank9d ev]y:]e on all subjects :atsoev] till ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,font5elle's book 0 an ev5t4 ,x disclos$ to ! g5]al public a new picture ( ! univ]se1 to :i* m5 w\ld h to accu/om _! imag9ations4 ,we may p]haps be/ conceive all t ?is *ange meant by suppos+ :at a diff]5ce x w\ld make to u if x 7 sudd5ly discov]$ t ! old sy/em :i* ,cop]nicus upset 0 true aft] all1 & t we _h to ?9k ourselves back into a /rictly limit$ univ]se ( :i* ! e>? is ! c5tre4 ,! loss ( its privileg$ position by our own planet2 its degradation1 f a cosmic po9t ( view1 to insignificance2 ! necessity ( admitt+ ! probability t !re may be _m o!r inhabit$ worlds--all ?is _h consequ5ces rang+ beyond ! field ( a/ronomy4 ,x 0 z if a man :o dream$ t he 0 liv+ 9 ,p>is or ,london %\ld awake to discov] t he 0 really 9 an obscure isl& 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & t ! ,pacific ,ocean 0 immeasurably va/] ?an he _h imag9$4 ,! ,m>quise1 9 ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 reacts to ! />tl+ illum9ation3 ,voila l'univ]s si gr& que je m'y p]ds1 je ne sais plus ou je suis2 je ne suis plus ri54--,la t]re e/ si effroyablem5t petite6 ,su* a revolution 9 cosmic values c\ld n fail to ex]t a p5etrat+ influ5ce on human ?\ght4 ,! privileg$ position ( ! e>? _h be5 a capital feature ( ! :ole doctr9e1 z to ! univ]se & man's de/9ies1 :i* _h be5 taught by ! ,*ur*1 & x _h made t doctr9e m speci\s ?an x might o!rwise h seem$4 ,?\gh ! ,*ur*es c\ld re=m _! tea*+ to meet ! new situation1 ! fact rema9$ t ! ,*ri/ian s*eme s\nd$ less plausible :5 ! c5tral importance ( ! human race 0 %[n to be an illusion4 ,w\ld man1 /ripp$ ( 8 cosmic pret5sions1 & f9d+ himself lo/ 9 ! imm5sities ( space1 inv5t a m mode/ !ory ( 8 de/9ies conf9$ to 8 own little e>?--si effroyablem5t petite8 ,! eighte5? c5tury answ]$ ?is "q by ! !ory ( ,progress4 #aj4 ,font5elle is "o ( ! mo/ repres5tative ?9k]s ( t p]iod--we h no di/+ui%+ "n = x--:i* lies betwe5 ! *>act]i/ic ?9k]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! *>act]i/ic ?9k]s ( ! eighte5?4 ,x is a p]iod ( ov] sixty ye>s1 beg9n+ ab\t #afhj1 = ?\gh ,montesquieu & ,voltaire 7 writ+ long be=e #agdj1 ! great influ5tial works ( ! age ( illum9ation beg9 ) ! ,esprit des lois 9 #agdh4 ,! intellectual task ( ?is int]v5+ p]iod 0 to turn to acc\nt ! ideas provid$ by ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 & use !m z solv5ts ( ! ideas h&$ d[n f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we might almo/ call x ! ,c>tesian p]iod =1 ?\gh ,desc>tes 0 dead1 x 0 9 ^! ye>s t ,c>tesianism p]=m$ its task & trans=m$ human ?\ght4 ,:5 we speak ( ,c>tesianism we d n mean ! metaphysical sy/em ( ! ma/]1 or any ( 8 p>ticul> views su* z t ( innate ideas4 ,we mean ! g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* 7 to leave an abid+ impression on ! texture ( ?\ght3 ! supremacy ( reason ov] au?ority1 ! /ability ( ! laws ( ,nature1 rigor\s /&>ds ( pro(4 ,font5elle 0 f> f accept+ all ! views ( ,desc>tes1 :om he does n scruple to criticise2 b he 0 a true ,c>tesian 9 ! s5se t he 0 deeply imbu$ ) ^! pr9ciples1 :i* g5]at$1 to use an expression ( 8 own1 des especes de rebelles1 qui conspirai5t contre l'ignorance et les prejuges dom9ants4 ,footnote3 ,eloge de ,m4 ,lem]y4 ,& ( all ^! rebels aga9/ rul+ prejudices he probably did m ?an any s+le man to exhibit ! consequ5ces ( ! ,c>tesian ideas & drive !m home4 ,! ,plurality ( ,worlds 0 a contribution to ! task ( trans=m+ ?\ght & aboli%+ anci5t error2 b ! ,hi/ory ( ,oracles :i* appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> 0 m *>act]i/ic4 ,x 0 a free adaptation ( an unreadable ,lat9 treatise by a ,dut*man1 :i* 9 ,font5elle's skilful h&s becomes a vehicle = apply+ ,c>tesian solv5ts to !ological au?ority4 ,! !sis is t ! ,greek oracles 7 a sac]dotal impo/ure1 & n1 z ecclesia/ical tradition said1 ! "w ( evil spirits1 :o 7 /rick5 sil5t at ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! effect 0 to discr$it ! au?ority ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh ! writ] has ! discretion to repudiate su* an int5tion4 ,= ! publication 0 risky2 & tw5ty ye>s lat] a ,jesuit ,fa!r wrote a treatise to confute x1 & expos$ ! secret poison1 ) consequ5ces :i* might h be5 disa/r\s = ,font5elle if he _h n _h p[]ful fri5ds among ! ,jesuits !mselves4 ,font5elle _h none ( ! impetuosity ( ,voltaire1 & aft] ! publication ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,oracles he conf9$ 8 criticism ( tradition to ! field ( sci5ce4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t les *oses =t etablies ne peuv5t etre attaquees que p> degrez4 ,footnote3 ,eloge de ,m4 ,lem]y4 ,! secret poison1 ( :i* ,font5elle prep>$ ?is rem>kable dose ) a t\* :i* rem9ds u ( ,voltaire1 0 be+ adm9i/]$ 9 ! same ,c>tesian p]iod1 & ) simil> precautions1 by ,bayle4 ,l ,font5elle1 ?is great sceptic1 ! fa!r ( mod]n incr$ulity z he 0 call$ by ,joseph de ,mai/re1 /ood betwe5 ! two c5turies & belong$ to bo?4 ,l ,font5elle1 he took a gloomy view ( humanity2 he _h no fai? 9 t goodness ( human nature :i* 0 to be a *>act]i/ic dogma ( ! age ( illum9ation4 ,b he 0 unt\*$ by ! discov]ies ( sci5ce2 he took no int]e/ 9 ,galileo or ,newton2 & :ile ! mo/ important "w ( ,font5elle 0 ! int]pretation ( ! positive advances ( k1 ,bayle's 0 entirely subv]sive4 ,! pr9ciple ( un*angeable laws 9 nature is intimately connect$ ) ! gr[? ( ,deism :i* is a note ( ?is p]iod4 ,! function ( ! ,deity 0 virtually conf9$ to orig9at+ ! ma*9e ( nature1 :i*1 once regulat$1 0 set beyond any fur!r int]f]5ce on ,8 "p1 ?\gh ,8 exi/5ce might be necess>y = its cons]vation4 ,a view s %>ply oppos$ to ! curr5t belief c\ld n h made way z x did )\t a p5etrat+ criticism ( ! curr5t !ology4 ,su* criticism 0 p]=m$ by ,bayle4 ,8 works 7 a s*ool = rationalism = ab\t sev5ty ye>s4 ,he suppli$ to ! ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,engli% z well z ,fr5*1 a magaz9e ( subv]sive argum5ts1 & he help$ to emancipate morality bo? f !ology & f metaphysics4 ,?is intellectual revolution>y movem5t1 :i* 0 propagat$ 9 salons z well z by books1 %ook ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce :i* ,bossuet _h s eloqu5tly exp\nd$4 ,x meant ! en?ronem5t ( reason--,c>tesian reason--be=e ^: sev]e tribunal hi/ory z well z op9ions 7 tri$4 ,new rules ( criticism 7 introduc$1 new /&>ds ( pro(4 ,:5 ,font5elle obs]v$ t ! exi/5ce ( ,alex&] ! ,great c\ld n be /rictly demon/rat$ & 0 no m ?an highly probable1 ,footnote3 ,plurality des mondes1 sixieme soir4 x 0 an undesign$ w>n+ t tradition w\ld receive %ort %rift at ! h&s ( m5 tra9$ 9 analytical ,c>tesian me?ods4 #aa4 ,t ! issue betwe5 ! claims ( antiquity & ! mod]n age %\ld h be5 debat$ indep5d5tly 9 ,engl& & ,france indicates t ! controv]sy 0 an inevitable incid5t 9 ! lib]ation ( ! human _s f ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury ! debate 9 ,france ar\s$ att5tion 9 ,engl& & l$ to a lit]>y qu>rel1 less important b n less acrimoni\s ?an t :i* rag$ 9 ,france4 ,sir ,william ,temple's ,essay1 ,wotton's ,reflexions1 & ,swift's satire ! ,battle ( ! ,books are ! ?ree out/&+ works 9 ! episode1 :i* is h[ev] *iefly rememb]$ on acc\nt ( its connection ) ,b5tley's ma/]ly exposure ( ! fabricat$ lett]s ( ,phal>is4 ,! lit]>y debate 9 ,france1 inde$1 c\ld n h fail$ to rev]b]ate across ! ,*annel2 = nev] p]haps did ! lit]>y _w 9 ,engl& foll[ ) m int]e/1 or appreciate m ke5ly ! productions ( ! great ,fr5* writ]s ( ! "t4 ,9 describ+ ,w's c(fee-h\se1 :i* 0 frequ5t$ by ,dryd5 & all :o pret5d$ to be int]e/$ 9 polite lett]s1 ,macaulay says1 !re 0 a faction = ,p]rault & ! mod]ns1 a faction = ,boileau & ! anci5ts4 ,9 ! discussions on ?is subject a rem>kable ,fr5*man :o _h long liv$ 9 ,engl& z an exile1 ,m4 de ,sa9t ,evremond1 mu/ h con/antly tak5 "p4 ,! disjo9t$ pieces ( :i* ,sa9t ,evremond's writ+s consi/ are t$i\s & sup]ficial1 b !y reveal a m9d ( mu* cultivation & consid]able common s5se4 ,8 judgem5t on ,p]rault's ,p>allel is t ! au?or has discov]$ ! defects ( ! anci5ts bett] ?an he has made out ! advantage ( ! mod]ns2 8 book is good & capable ( cur+ u ( abundance ( errors4 ,footnote3 ,9 a lett] to ! ,du*ess ( ,maz>91 ,works1 ,eng4 tr41 iii4 #dah4 ,he 0 n a p>tisan4 ,b 8 fri5d1 ,sir ,william ,temple1 excit$ by ! ,fr5* depreciations ( antiquity1 ru%$ into ! li/s ) great] c\rage ?an discretion4 ,temple 0 ill equipp$ = ! controv]sy1 ?\gh 8 ,essay on ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,le>n+ 7#afij7 is f> f des]v+ ! disda9 ( ,macaulay1 :o describes its matt] z ludicr\s & contemptible to ! la/ degree4 ,footnote3 ,! only po9t 9 x :i* ne$ be not$ "h is t ! au?or que/ion$ ! cog5cy ( ,font5elle's argum5t1 t ! =ces ( nature be+ p]man5t human ability is 9 all ages ! same4 ,may !re n1 he asks1 _m circum/ances concur to "o production t d n to any o!r 9 "o or _m ages8 ,font5elle speaks ( trees4 ,x is conceivable t v>i\s conditions & accid5ts may produce an oak1 a fig1 or a plane-tree1 t %all des]ve to be r5[n$ 9 /ory1 & %all n p]haps be p>allel$ 9 o!r c\ntries or times4 ,may n ! same h happ5$ 9 ! production1 gr[?1 & size ( wit & g5ius 9 ! _w1 or 9 "s p>ts or ages ( x1 & f _m m circum/ances t contribut$ t[>ds x ?an :at may concur to ! /up5d\s gr[? ( a tree or animal8 ,& x mu/ be confess$ t ! mo/ useful result ( ! ,essay 0 ! answ] :i* x provok$ f ,wotton4 ,= ,wotton _h a f> wid] range ( k1 & a m judici\s m9d1 ?an any ( ! o!r controv]siali/s1 ) ! exception ( ,font5elle2 & 9 k ( antiquity he 0 ,font5elle's sup]ior4 ,8 inquiry /&s out z ! mo/ s5sible & unprejudic$ contribution to ! :ole debate4 ,he accepts z j ! reason+ ( ,font5elle z to ! comp>ative =ce ( ! g5iuses ( m5 9 ! sev]al ages ( ! _w & ( ! equal =ce ( m5's und]/&+s absolutely consid]$ 9 all times s9ce le>n+ fir/ began to be cultivat$ among/ mank9d4 ,b ?is is n incompatible ) ! !sis t 9 "s bran*es ! anci5ts excell$ all :o came aft] !m4 ,= x is n necess>y to expla9 su* excell5ce by ! hypo!sis t !re 0 a p>ticul> =ce ( g5ius evid5tly disc]nible 9 =m] ages1 b ext9ct long s9ce1 & t nature is n[ worn out & sp5t4 ,!re is an alt]native explanation4 ,!re may h be5 special circum/ances :i* might suit ) ^? ages :i* did exce$ ours1 & ) ^? ?+s :]e9 !y did exce$ u1 & ) no o!r age nor ?+ besides4 ,b we mu/ beg9 our inquiry by %>ply di/+ui%+ two fields ( m5tal activity--! field ( art1 includ+ poetry1 oratory1 ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & /atu>y2 & ! field ( k1 includ+ ma!matics1 natural sci5ce1 physiology1 ) all _! dep5d5cies4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ gr\p !re is room = v>iety ( op9ion2 b ! sup]iority ( ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 poetry & lit]>y /yle may be admitt$ )\t prejudice to ! m5tal equality ( ! mod]ns1 = x may be expla9$ p>tly by ! g5ius ( _! languages & p>tly by political circum/ances--= example1 9 ! case ( oratory1 ,footnote3 ,?is _h be5 not$ by ,font5elle 9 8 ,digression4 by ! practical necessity ( eloqu5ce4 ,b z reg>ds ! o!r gr\p1 k is n a matt] ( op9ion or ta/e1 & a def9ite judgem5t is possible4 ,wotton !n proce$s to review sy/ematically ! field ( sci5ce1 & easily %[s1 ) m complet5ess & precision ?an ,p]rault1 ! sup]iority ( mod]n me?ods & ! enorm\s /rides :i* _h be5 made4 ,z to ! future1 ,wotton expresses himself cauti\sly4 ,x is n easy to say :e!r k w advance 9 ! next age proportionally to its advance 9 ?is4 ,he has "s fe>s t !re may be a fall+ away1 because anci5t le>n+ has /ill too great a hold ov] mod]n books1 & physical & ma!matical /udies t5d to be neglect$4 ,b he ends 8 ,reflexions by ! speculation t "s future age1 ?\gh p]haps n ! next1 & 9 a c\ntry n[ possibly little ?\ght (1 may d t :i* our great m5 w\ld be glad to see done2 t is to say1 may raise real k1 ^u f\ndations laid 9 ?is age1 to ! utmo/ possible p]fection to :i* x may be br\ght by mortal m5 9 ?is imp]fect /ate4 ,! di/9ction1 on :i* ,wotton insi/$1 betwe5 ! sci5ces :i* require ages = _! developm5t & ! imag9ative arts :i* may rea* p]fection 9 a %ort "t _h be5 recognis$ by ,font5elle1 ^: argum5t on ?is po9t diff]s f t ( 8 fri5d ,p]rault4 ,= ,p]rault cont5d$ t 9 lit]ature & art1 z well z 9 sci5ce1 lat] g5]ations c1 ?r\gh ! advantage ( "t & long] exp]i5ce1 atta9 to a high] excell5ce ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,font5elle1 on ! o!r h&1 held t poetry & eloqu5ce h a re/rict$ field1 & t !re=e !re mu/ be a "t at :i* !y rea* a po9t ( excell5ce :i* _c be exce$$4 ,x 0 8 p]sonal op9ion t eloqu5ce & hi/ory actually rea*$ ! highe/ possible p]fection 9 ,cic]o & ,livy4 ,b nei!r ,font5elle nor ,wotton came into close qu>t]s ) ! problem :i* 0 rais$--n v cle>ly1 x is true--by ,p]rault4 ,is !re developm5t 9 ! v>i\s species ( lit]ature & art8 ,d !y pr(it & enri* !mselves by ! g5]al advance ( civilisation8 ,p]rault1 z we h se51 ?rew out ! sugge/ion t increas$ exp]i5ce & psy*ological /udy enabl$ ! mod]ns to p5etrate m deeply into ! recesses ( ! human s\l1 & !re=e to br+ to a high] p]fection ! treatm5t ( ! "*1 motives1 & passions ( m54 ,?is sugge/ion admits ( be+ ext5d$4 ,9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,revolt ( ,islam1 ,%elley1 describ+ 8 own intellectual & ae/hetic exp]i5ces1 writes3 ,! poetry ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 & mod]n ,italy1 & our own c\ntry1 has be5 to me l ext]nal nature1 a passion & an enjoym5t4444 ,i h consid]$ poetry 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se2 & h read ! poets & ! hi/orians & ! metaphysicians ^: writ+s h be5 accessible to me--& h look$ ^u ! beautiful & maje/ic sc5]y ( ! e>?--z common s\rces ( ^? elem5ts :i* x is ! prov9ce ( ! ,poet to embody & comb9e4 ,& he app5ds a note3 ,9 ?is s5se !re may be su* a ?+ z p]fectibility 9 works ( fiction1 not)/&+ ! concession (t5 made by ! advocates ( human improvem5t1 t p]fectibility is a t]m applicable only to sci5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 all ! increases ( human exp]i5ce1 f age to age1 all ! speculative adv5tures ( ! intellect1 provide ! arti/1 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation1 ) m abundant s\rces = ae/hetic treatm5t4 ,z ye>s g on1 life 9 its wide/ s5se (f]s m & m mat]ials :i* x is ! prov9ce ( ! ,poet to embody & comb9e4 ,?is is evid5tly true2 & w\ld x n seem to foll[ t lit]ature is n exclud$ f p>ticipat+ 9 ! common developm5t ( civilisation8 ,"o ( ! late/ ( ! *ampions ( ! ,mod]ns1 ! ,abbe ,t]rasson1 ma9ta9$ t to sep>ate ! g5]al view ( ! progress ( ! human m9d 9 reg>d to natural sci5ce1 & 9 reg>d to belles-lettres1 w\ld be a fitt+ exp$i5t to a man :o _h two s\ls1 b x is useless to him :o has only "o4 ,footnote3 ,abbe ,t]rasson1 #afgj-agej4 ,8 ,philosophie applicable a tons les objets de l'esprit et de la raison 0 issu$ po/hum\sly 9 #aged4 ,8 ,diss]tation critique sur l',iliade appe>$ 9 #agae4;,he put ! matt] 9 too ab/ract a way to c>ry conviction2 b ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 to judge t he 0 n entirely wrong4 ,= ! "q 01 z we %all see1 rais$ anew by ,madame de ,/ael1 & ! !ory 0 f9ally to em]ge t art & lit]ature1 l laws & in/itutions1 are an expression ( society & !re=e inextricably l9k$ ) ! o!r elem5ts ( social developm5t--a !ory1 x may be obs]v$1 :i* :ile x has discr$it$ ! habit ( consid]+ works ( art 9 a vacuum1 dateless & deta*$1 z !y 7 g5]ally consid]$ by critics ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 leaves ! ae/hetic problem mu* :]e x 04 ,p]rault's sugge/ion z to ! enri*m5t ( ! mat]ial ( ! arti/ by new acquisitions w\ld h s]v$ to br+ lit]ature & art into ! g5]al field ( human developm5t1 )\t compromis+ ! di/9ction on :i* ,wotton & o!rs insi/$ betwe5 ! natural sci5ces & ! ae/hetic arts4 ,b t di/9ction1 emphatically endors$ by ,voltaire1 _h ! effect ( exclud+ lit]ature & art f ! view ( ^? :o 9 ! eighte5? c5tury recognis$ progress 9 ! o!r activities ( man4 #ab4 ,x is notable t 9 ?is lit]>y controv]sy ! ,mod]ns1 ev5 ,font5elle1 seem curi\sly neglig5t ( ! import ( ! !ory :i* !y 7 prop\nd+ ( ! intellectual progress ( man4 ,!y treat x almo/ incid5tally1 z "p ( ! case = ! def5ce1 n z an imm5sely important conclusion4 ,its be>+s 7 m def9itely realis$ by ! ,abbe ,t]rasson1 :om ,i h j nam$4 ,a geomet] & a ,c>tesian1 he took "p 9 ! controv]sy 9 its late/ /age1 :5 ,la ,motte & ,madame ,daci] 7 ! pr9cipal antagoni/s4 ,! human m9d1 he said1 has _h its infancy & y\?2 its maturity began 9 ! age ( ,augu/us2 ! b>b>ians arre/$ its c\rse till ! ,r5aissance2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?r\gh ! illum9at+ philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 x pass$ beyond ! /age :i* x _h atta9$ 9 ! ,augu/an age1 & ! eighte5? c5tury %\ld surpass ! sev5te5?4 ,c>tesianism is n f9al2 x has its place 9 a developm5t4 ,x 0 made possible by previ\s speculations1 & x w be succe$$ by o!r sy/ems4 ,we mu/ n pursue ! analogy ( humanity ) an individual man & anticipate a p]iod ( old age4 ,= unlike ! individual1 humanity be+ compos$ ( all ages1 is always ga9+ in/ead ( los+4 ,! age ( maturity w la/ indef9itely1 because x is a progressive1 n a /ation>y1 maturity4 ,lat] g5]ations w always be sup]ior to ! e>li]1 = progress is a natural & necess>y effect ( ! con/itution ( ! human m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,progress ,,( ,,man3 ,,abbe ,,de ,,sa9t-,,pi]re ,! revolution>y speculations on ! social & moral condition ( man :i* 7 ! out/&+ feature ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 & began ab\t #agej1 7 ! developm5t ( ! intellectual movem5t ( ! sev5te5?1 :i* _h *ang$ ! outlook ( speculative ?\ght4 ,x 0 "o cont9u\s rationali/ic movem5t4 ,9 ! days ( ,rac9e & ,p]rault m5 _h be5 complac5tly consci\s ( ! enlight5m5t ( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 liv+1 & z "t w5t on1 ?is consci\sness became /rong] & acut]2 x is a note ( ! age ( ,voltaire4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$1 ! contra/ betwe5 ?is m5tal enlight5m5t & ! d>k backgr\nd--! social evils & mis]ies ( ! k+dom1 ! gross misgov]nm5t & oppression--began to ins9uate itself into m5's m9ds4 ,:at 0 ! value ( ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce1 & ! improvem5t ( ! arts ( life1 if life itself c\ld n be ameliorat$8 ,0 n "s radical recon/ruction possible1 9 ! social fabric1 correspond+ to ! radical recon/ruction inaugurat$ by ,desc>tes 9 ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce & 9 ! me?ods ( ?\ght8 ,ye> by ye> ! obscurantism ( ! rul+ p[]s became m gl>+1 & ! mo/ gift$ ?9k]s1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury1 began to conc5trate _! bra9s on ! problems ( social sci5ce & to turn ! light ( reason on ! nature ( man & ! roots ( society4 ,!y wr\ght ) unscrupul\s resolution & ) f>-rea*+ effects4 ,) ! ext5sion ( rationalism into ! social doma91 x came ab\t naturally t ! idea ( intellectual progress 0 enl>g$ into ! idea ( ! g5]al ,progress ( man4 ,! transition 0 easy4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t social evils 7 due nei!r to innate & incorrigible disabilities ( ! human be+ nor to ! nature ( ?+s1 b simply to ignorance & prejudices1 !n ! improvem5t ( 8 /ate1 & ultimately ! atta9m5t ( felicity1 w\ld be only a matt] ( illum9at+ ignorance & remov+ errors1 ( increas+ k & diffus+ light4 ,! gr[? ( ! univ]sal human reason--a ,c>tesian phrase1 :i* _h figur$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,malebran*e--mu/ assure a happy de/9y to humanity4 ,betwe5 #afij & #agdj ! conception ( an indef9ite progress ( enlight5m5t _h be5 mak+ its way 9 ,fr5* intellectual circles1 & mu/ (t5 h be5 a topic ( discussion 9 ! salons1 = in/ance1 ( ,madame de ,lamb]t1 ,madame de ,t5c91 & ,madame ,dup91 :]e ,font5elle 0 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s gue/s4 ,to ! same circle belong$ 8 fri5d ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 & x is 9 8 writ+s t we fir/ f9d ! !ory wid5$ 9 its compass to embrace progress t[>ds social p]fection4 ,footnote3 ,= 8 life & works ! be/ book is ,j4 ,dr\et's monograph1 ,l',abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re3 l'homme et l'oeuvre 7#aiab71 b on "s po9ts ,g\my's old] /udy 7#ahei7 is /ill wor? consult+4 ,i h us$ ! edition ( 8 works 9 #ab volumes publi%$ dur+ 8 lifetime at ,rott]dam1 #agcc-cg4 #a4 ,he 0 br\ght up on ,c>tesian pr9ciples1 & he idealis$ ,desc>tes some:at z ,lucretius idealis$ ,epicurus4 ,b he _h no aptitude = philosophy1 & he priz$ physical sci5ce only z f> z x directly adm9i/]$ to ! happ9ess ( m54 ,he 0 a natural utilit>ian1 & p]haps no "o 0 ev] m consi/5t 9 mak+ utility ! crit]ion ( all actions & !ories4 ,apply+ ?is /&>d he oblit]at$ f ! roll ( great m5 mo/ ( ^? :om common op9ion places among ! greate/4 ,alex&]1 ,julius ,caes>1 ,*>lemagne receive %ort %rift f ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,voltaire1 ,lettres sur les ,anglais1 xii41 :]e ,newton is acclaim$ z ! greate/ man :o ev] liv$4 ,he 0 sup]ficial 9 8 k bo? ( hi/ory & ( sci5ce1 & 8 conception ( utility 0 n>r[ & a little vulg>4 ,great !oretical discov]]s l ,newton & ,leibnitz he sets 9 a l[] rank ?an +5i\s p]sons :o us$ _! sci5tific skill to fa%ion "s small conv5i5ce ( life4 ,monum5ts ( art1 l ,notre ,dame1 possess$ little value 9 8 eyes comp>$ ) a road1 a bridge1 or a canal4 ,l mo/ ( 8 di/+ui%$ contempor>ies he 0 a ,dei/4 ,on 8 dea?b$ he receiv$ ! usual rites ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 h\sehold1 & !n told ! prie/ t he did n believe a ^w ( all t4 ,8 real views are transp>5t 9 "s ( 8 works ?r\gh ! conv5tional disguises 9 :i* prud5t writ]s ( ! "t 7 wont to wrap _! assaults on or?odoxy4 ,to attack ,mohamm$anism by argum5ts :i* are equally applicable to ,*ri/ianity 0 a device = propagat+ rationalism 9 days :5 x 0 dang]\s to propagate x op5ly4 ,?is is :at ! ,abbe did 9 8 ,disc\rse aga9/ ,mohamm$anism4 ,aga91 9 8 ,physical ,explanation ( an ,app>ition he rem>ks3 ,to dim9i% our fanatical proclivities1 x w\ld be useful if ! ,gov]nm5t 7 to e/abli% an annual prize1 to be aw>d$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 = ! be/ explanation1 by natural laws1 ( ! extraord9>y effects ( imag9ation1 ( ! prodigies relat$ 9 ,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature1 & ( ! pret5d$ miracles told by ,prote/ants1 ,s*ismatics1 & ,mohamm$ans4 ,! au?or c>efully keeps on ! "r side ( ! f5ce4 ,no ,ca?olic au?orities c\ld take exception to ?is4 ,b no intellig5t read] c\ld fail to see t all miracles 7 attack$4 ,! miracles accept$ by ! ,prote/ants 7 also believ$ 9 by ! ,ca?olics4 ,he 0 "o ( ! rem>kable figures ( 8 age4 ,we might almo/ say t he 0 a new type--a n9ete5? c5tury humanit>ian & pacifi/ 9 an eighte5? c5tury environm5t4 ,he 0 a born re=m]1 & he devot$ 8 life to ! con/ruction ( s*emes = increas+ human happ9ess4 ,he introduc$ ! ^w bi5faisance into ! curr5cy ( ! ,fr5* language1 & b5efic5ce 0 9 8 eyes ! sovran virtue4 ,!re 7 few dep>tm5ts ( public affairs 9 :i* he did n po9t out ! defici5cies & devise +5i\s plans = improvem5t4 ,mo/ ( 8 num]\s writ+s are projets--s*emes ( re=m 9 gov]nm5t1 economics1 f9ance1 education1 all work$ out 9 detail1 & all aim+ at ! increase ( pleasure & ! dim9ution ( pa94 ,! ,abbe's nimble intellig5ce _h a weak side1 :i* mu/ h some:at compromis$ 8 influ5ce4 ,he 0 s confid5t 9 ! reasonabl5ess ( 8 projects t he always believ$ t if !y 7 fairly consid]$ ! rul+ p[]s c\ld n fail to adopt !m 9 _! own int]e/s4 ,x is ! nature ( a re=m] to be sangu9e1 b ! optimism ( ,sa9t-,pi]re t\*$ naivete4 ,?\s&s might h agre$ ) 8 view t ! celibacy ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy 0 an un:olesome in/itution1 b :5 he drew up a proposal = its abolition & imag9$ t ! ,pope1 unable to resi/ 8 argum5ts1 w\ld imm$iately adopt x1 !y might be excus$ = putt+ him d[n z a crank :o c\ld h>dly be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,! =m 9 :i* he put =w>d 8 memorable s*eme = ! abolition ( w> exhibits ! same sangu9e simplicity4 ,all 8 plans1 ,r\sseau obs]v$1 %[$ a cle> vision ( :at _! effects w\ld be1 b he judg$ l a *ild ( means to br+ !m ab\t4 ,b 8 abilities 7 great1 & 8 actual influ5ce 0 consid]able4 ,x w\ld h be5 great] if he _h possess$ ! gift ( /yle4 #b4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ to plan a def9ite s*eme = e/abli%+ a p]petual peace4 ,long ago ,em]ic ,cruce _h giv5 to ! _w a proposal = a univ]sal league1 includ+ n only ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ,europe1 b ! ,turks1 ,p]sians1 & ,t>t>s1 :i* by means ( a c\rt ( arbitration sitt+ at ,v5ice %\ld ensure ! settlem5t ( all disputes by peaceful means4 ,footnote3 ,le ,n\veau ,cynee 7,p>is1 #afbc74 ,x has rec5tly be5 repr9t$ ) an ,engli% translation by ,t4 ,w4 ,bal*1 ,philadelphia 7#aiji74 ,! consequ5ce ( univ]sal peace1 he said1 w be ! arrival ( t beautiful c5tury :i* ! anci5t !ologians promise aft] !re h roll$ by six ?\s& ye>s4 ,= !y say t !n ! _w w live happily & 9 repose4 ,n[ x happ5s t t "t has ne>ly expir$1 & ev5 if x is n1 x dep5ds only on ! ,pr9ces to give be=eh& ?is happ9ess to _! peoples4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury1 o!rs _h v5tilat$ simil> projects 9 obscure publications1 b ! ,abbe does n ref] to any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he 0 n bl9d$ by ! sup]ficial brilliancy ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 to ! g5]al mis]y :i* ! ambiti\s w>-policy ( t sovran br\ght bo? ^u ,france & ^u h] enemies4 ,8 ,annales politiques are a useful correction to ! ,siecle de ,l\is ,quatorze4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ! great /ruggle ( ! ,spani% ,succession t he turn$ 8 att5tion to w> & came to ! conclusion t x is an unnecess>y evil & ev5 an absurdity4 ,9 #agab he att5d$ ! congress at ,utre*t 9 ! capacity ( secret>y to ,c>d9al de ,polignac1 "o ( ! ,fr5* delegates4 ,8 exp]i5ces !re confirm$ 8 optimi/ic m9d 9 ! p]suasion t p]petual peace 0 an aim :i* might readily be realis$2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he publi%$ ! memoir :i* he _h be5 prep>+1 9 two volumes1 to :i* he add$ a ?ird f\r ye>s lat]4 ,?\gh he appe>s n to h kn[n ! "w ( ,cruce he did n claim orig9ality4 ,he %elt]$ 8 proposal "u an augu/ "n1 entitl+ x ,project ( ,h5ry ! ,great to r5d] ,peace ,p]petual1 expla9$ by ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! great design ascrib$ to ,h5ry ,,iv4 by ,sully1 & aim$ at ! abasem5t ( ! p[] ( ,au/ria3 a f$]ation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,/ates ( ,europe arrang$ 9 gr\ps & "u a sovran ,diet1 :i* w\ld regulate int]national affairs & arbitrate 9 all qu>rels4 ,footnote3 ,x is describ$ 9 ,sully's ,memoires1 ,book ,,xxx4 ,sa9t-,pi]re1 ignor+ ! fact t ,sully's object 0 to elim9ate a rival p[]1 made x ! text = 8 own s*eme ( a p]petual alliance ( all ! sovrans ( ,europe to gu>antee to "o ano!r ! pres]vation ( _! /ates & to r5\nce w> z a means ( settl+ _! diff]5ces4 ,he drew up ! t]ms ( su* an alliance1 & tak+ ! ,european p[]s "o by "o demon/rat$ t x 0 ! pla9 int]e/ ( ea* to sign ! articles4 ,once ! articles 7 sign$ ! gold5 age w\ld beg94 ,footnote3 ,= ,sully's gr& ,design comp>e ! int]e/+ article ( ,sir ,ge(frey ,butl] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,octob] #aiai4 ,x is n to our pres5t purpose to comm5t on ?is plan :i* ! au?or ) 8 *>act]i/ic simplicity s]i\sly press$ ^u ! att5tion ( /atesm54 ,x is easy to criticise x 9 ! light ( subsequ5t hi/ory1 & to see t1 if ! impossible _h happ5$ & ! exp]im5t _h be5 tri$ & succe$$1 x might h caus$ m suff]+ ?an all ! w>s f t day to ?is4 ,= x 0 bas$ on a p]petuation ( ! political /atus quo 9 ,europe4 ,x assum$ t ! exi/+ political di/ribution ( p[] 0 p]fectly satisfactory & con=mable to ! be/ int]e/s ( all ! peoples conc]n$4 ,x w\ld h h9d]$ ! ,p>tition ( ,pol&1 b x w\ld h ma9ta9$ ! ,au/rian oppression ( ,italians4 ,! project also secur$ to ! sovrans ! h]itage ( _! au?ority & gu>d$ aga9/ civil w>s4 ,?is assum$ t ! v>i\s exi/+ con/itutions 7 fundam5tally j4 ,! realisation ( ! s*eme w\ld h p]petuat$ all ! evils ( autocratic gov]nm5ts4 ,its au?or did n p]ceive t ! radical evil 9 ,france 0 irresponsible p[]4 ,x ne$$ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv4 & ! failure ( attempts at re=m "u 8 successor to br+ ?is home4 ,! ,abbe ev5 ?\ght t an increase ( ! despotic au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t 0 desirable1 provid$ ?is 7 accompani$ by an increase 9 ! enlight5m5t & virtue ( its m9i/]s4 ,9 #agbi he publi%$ an abridgm5t ( 8 s*eme1 & "h he looks beyond its imm$iate results to its value = di/ant po/]ity4 ,no "o1 he says1 c imag9e or =esee ! advantages :i* su* an alliance ( ,european /ates w yield to ,europe five hundr$ ye>s aft] its e/abli%m5t4 ,n[ we c see ! fir/ beg9n+s1 b x is beyond ! p[]s ( ! human m9d to disc]n its inf9ite effects 9 ! future4 ,x may produce results m preci\s ?an any?+ hi!rto exp]i5c$ by man4 ,he supports 8 argum5t by obs]v+ t our primitive ance/ors c\ld n =esee ! improvem5ts :i* ! c\rse ( ages w\ld br+ 9 _! rudim5t>y arrangem5ts = secur+ social ord]4 #c4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re's ideas ab\t ,progress 7 a by-product ( 8 p>ticul> s*emes4 ,9 #aggc he publi%$ a ,project to ,p]fect ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,/ates1 & "h he sket*$ 8 view ( ! progressive c\rse ( civilisation4 ,! old leg5d ( ! gold5 age1 :5 m5 7 p]fectly happy1 succe$$ by ! ages ( silv]1 bronze1 & iron1 exactly rev]ses ! tru? ( hi/ory4 ,! age ( iron came fir/1 ! infancy ( society1 :5 m5 7 poor & ignorant ( ! arts2 x is ! pres5t condition ( ! savages ( ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,! age ( bronze ensu$1 9 :i* !re 0 m security1 bett] laws1 & ! inv5tion ( ! mo/ necess>y arts began4 ,!re foll[$ ! age ( silv]1 & ,europe has n yet em]g$ f x4 ,our reason has inde$ rea*$ ! po9t ( consid]+ h[ w> may be aboli%$1 & is ?us approa*+ ! gold5 age ( ! future2 b ! art ( gov]nm5t & ! g5]al regulation ( society1 not)/&+ all ! improvem5ts ( ! pa/1 is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,yet all t is ne$$ is a %ort s]ies ( wise reigns 9 our ,european /ates to rea* ! age ( gold or1 9 o!r words1 a p>adise on e>?4 ,a few wise reigns4 ,! ,abbe %>$ ! illusion ( _m t gov]nm5t is omnipot5t & c be/[ happ9ess on m54 ,! imp]fections ( gov]nm5ts 71 he 0 conv9c$1 *iefly due to ! fact t hi!rto ! able/ intellects _h n be5 d$icat$ to ! /udy ( ! sci5ce ( gov]n+4 ,! mo/ ess5tial "p ( 8 project 0 ! =mation ( a ,political ,academy :i* %\ld d = politics :at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces did = ! /udy ( nature1 & %\ld act z an advisory body to m9i/]s ( /ate on all que/ions ( ! public welf>e4 ,if ?is proposal & "s o!rs 7 adopt$1 he believ$ t ! gold5 age w\ld n long be delay$4 ,^! obs]vations--h>dly m ?an obit] dicta--%[ t ,sa9t-,pi]re's g5]al view ( ! _w 0 m\ld$ by a conception ( civilisation progress+ t[>ds a goal ( human happ9ess4 ,9 #agcg he publi%$ a special "w to expla9 ?is conception3 ! ,obs]vations on ! ,cont9u\s ,progress ( ,univ]sal ,reason4 ,he recurs to ! comp>ison ( ! life ( collective humanity to t ( an individual1 &1 l ,font5elle & ,t]rasson1 acc5tuates ! po9t :]e ! analogy fails4 ,we may reg>d our race z compos$ ( all ! nations t h be5 & w be--& assign to x diff]5t ages4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! race is t5 ?\s& ye>s old a c5tury w be :at a s+le ye> is 9 ! life ( a c5t5>ian4 ,b !re is ?is prodigi\s diff]5ce4 ,! mortal man gr[s old & loses 8 reason & happ9ess ?r\gh ! enfeeblem5t ( 8 bodily ma*9e2 :]eas ! human race1 by ! p]petual & inf9ite succession ( g5]ations1 w f9d itself at ! end ( t5 ?\s& ye>s m capable ( gr[+ 9 wisdom & happ9ess ?an x 0 at ! end ( f\r ?\s&4 ,at pres5t ! race is app>5tly n m ?an sev5 or eight ?\s& ye>s old1 & is only 9 ! infancy ( human reason1 comp>$ ) :at x w be five or six ?\s& ye>s h5ce4 ,& :5 t /age is rea*$1 x w only h ent]$ on :at we may call its fir/ y\?1 :5 we consid] :at x w be :5 x is a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s old] /ill1 cont9ually gr[+ 9 reason & wisdom4 ,"h we h = ! fir/ "t1 express$ 9 def9ite t]ms1 ! vi/a ( an imm5sely long progressive life 9 front ( humanity4 ,civilisation is only 9 its infancy4 ,bacon1 l ,pascal1 _h conceiv$ x to be 9 its old age4 ,font5elle & ,p]rault seem to h reg>d$ x z 9 its virility2 !y set no t]m to its duration1 b !y did n dwell on future prospects4 ,! ,abbe 0 ! fir/ to fix 8 eye on ! remote de/9ies ( ! race & "n imm5se p]iods ( "t4 ,x did n occur to him to consid] t our de/9ies are b\nd up ) ^? ( ! sol> sy/em1 & t x is useless to op]ate ) mill5nial p]iods ( progress unless y are assur$ ( a correspond+ /ability 9 ! cosmic environm5t4 ,z a te/ ( ! progress :i* reason has already made1 ,sa9t-,pi]re ass]ts t a comp>ison ( ! be/ ,engli% & ,fr5* works on morals & politics ) ! be/ works ( ,plato & ,ari/otle proves t ! human race has made a s5sible advance4 ,b t advance w\ld h be5 inf9itely great] 7 x n t ?ree g5]al ob/acles ret>d$ x & ev51 at "s times & 9 "s c\ntries1 caus$ a retrogression4 ,^! ob/acles 7 w>s1 sup]/ition1 & ! ,jeal\sy ( rul]s :o fe>$ t progress 9 ! sci5ce ( politics w\ld be dang]\s to !mselves4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! imp$im5ts x 0 only 9 ! "t ( ,bod9 & ,bacon t ! human race began to />t anew f ! po9t :i* x _h rea*$ 9 ! days ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,s9ce !n ! rate ( progress has be5 accel]at$1 & ?is has be5 due to sev]al causes4 ,! expansion ( sea comm]ce has produc$ m weal?1 & weal? means great] leisure1 & m writ]s & read]s4 ,9 ! second place1 ma!matics & physics are m /udi$ 9 colleges1 & _! t5d5cy is to lib]ate u f subjection to ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts4 ,aga91 ! f\ndation ( sci5tific ,academies has giv5 facilities bo? = communicat+ & = correct+ new discov]ies2 ! art ( pr9t+ provides a means = diffus+ !m2 &1 f9ally1 ! habit ( writ+ 9 ! vulg> tongue makes !m accessible4 ,! au?or might also h ref]r$ to ! mod]n ef=ts to popul>ise sci5ce1 9 :i* 8 fri5d ,font5elle _h be5 "o ( ! lead]s4 ,he proce$s1 9 ?is connection1 to lay d[n a r d\btful pr9ciple1 t 9 any two c\ntries ! diff]5ce 9 enlight5m5t betwe5 ! l[e/ classes w correspond to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mo/ highly educat$ classes4 ,at pres5t1 he says1 ,p>is & ,london are ! places :]e human wisdom has rea*$ ! mo/ advanc$ /age4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! t5 be/ m5 ( ! highe/ class at ,ispahan or ,con/ant9ople w be inf]ior 9 _! k ( politics & e?ics to ! t5 mo/ di/+ui%$ sages ( ,p>is or ,london4 ,& ?is w be true 9 all classes4 ,! ?irty mo/ intellig5t *ildr5 ( ! age ( f\rte5 at ,p>is w be m enlight5$ ?an ! ?irty mo/ intellig5t *ildr5 ( ! same age at ,con/ant9ople1 & ! same proportional diff]5ce w be true ( ! l[e/ classes ( ! two cities4 ,b :ile ! progress ( speculative reason has be5 rapid1 practical reason--! di/9ction is ! ,abbe's--has made little advance4 ,9 po9t ( morals & g5]al happ9ess ! _w is app>5tly mu* ! same z ev]4 ,our m$iocre savants "k tw5ty times z mu* z ,socrates & ,confucius1 b our mo/ virtu\s m5 are n m virtu\s ?an !y4 ,! gr[? ( sci5ce has add$ mu* to ! arts & conv5i5ces ( life1 & to ! sum ( pleasures1 & w add m4 ,! progress 9 physical sci5ce is "p ( ! progress ( ! univ]sal human reason1 ^: aim is ! augm5tation ( our happ9ess4 ,b !re are two o!r sci5ces :i* are mu* m important = ! promotion ( happ9ess--,e?ics & ,politics--& ^!1 neglect$ by m5 ( g5ius1 h made little way 9 ! c\rse ( two ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is a grave mis=tune t ,desc>tes & ,newton did n devote !mselves to p]fect+ ^! sci5ces1 s incomp>ably m useful = mank9d ?an ^? 9 :i* !y made _! great discov]ies4 ,!y fell into a prevail+ error z to ! comp>ative values ( ! v>i\s doma9s ( k1 an error to :i* we mu/ also ascribe ! fact t :ile ,academies ( ,sci5ces & ,belles-,lettres exi/ !re are no su* in/itutions = ,politics or ,e?ics4 ,by ^! argum5ts he e/abli%es to 8 own satisfaction t !re are no irremovable ob/acles to ! ,progress ( ! human race t[>ds happ9ess1 no h9drances t c\ld n be ov]come if gov]nm5ts only saw eye to eye ) ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,sup]/ition is already on ! decl9e2 !re w\ld be no m w>s if 8 simple s*eme = p]man5t peace 7 adopt$4 ,let ! ,/ate imm$iately f\nd ,political & ,e?ical ,academies2 let ! able/ m5 consecrate _! tal5ts to ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t2 & 9 a hundr$ ye>s we %all make m progress ?an we %\ld make 9 two ?\s& at ! rate we are mov+4 ,if ^! ?+s are done1 human reason w h advanc$ s f> 9 two or ?ree mill5niums t ! wise/ m5 ( t age w be z f> sup]ior to ! wise/ ( to-day z ^! are to ! wise/ ,african savages4 ,?is p]petual & unlimit$ augm5tation ( reason w "o day produce an increase 9 human happ9ess :i* w\ld a/oni% u m ?an our own civilisation w\ld a/oni% ! ,kaffirs4 #d4 ,! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re 0 inde$ t]ribly at ease 9 confront+ ! deepe/ & mo/ complex problems :i* *all5ge ! intellect ( man4 ,he _h no notion ( _! dep? & complexity1 & he lightly essay$ !m1 treat+ human nature1 z if x 7 an ab/raction1 by a me?od :i* he w\ld d\btless h describ$ z ,c>tesian4 ,he 0 simply op]at+ ) ! ideas :i* 7 all r\nd him 9 a society saturat$ ) ,c>tesianism1--supremacy ( human reason1 progressive enlight5m5t1 ! value ( ?is life = its own sake1 & ! /&>d ( utility4 ,giv5 ^! ideas & ! p>ticul> bias ( 8 own m9d1 x requir$ no great +5uity to advance f ! ?\ght ( ! progress ( sci5ce to ! ?\ght ( progress 9 man's moral nature & 8 social conditions4 ,! omnipot5ce ( gov]nm5ts to m\ld ! de/9ies ( peoples1 ! possibility ( ! creation ( enlight5$ gov]nm5ts1 & ! indef9ite progress ( enlight5m5t--all articles ( 8 belief--7 ! t]ms ( an argum5t ( ! sorites =m1 :i* x 0 a simple matt] to develop 9 8 brief treatise4 ,b we mu/ n d him inju/ice4 ,he 0 a mu* m consid]able ?9k] ?an po/]ity = a long "t 0 will+ to believe4 ,x is easy to ridicule "s ( 8 projets1 & dismiss him z a crank :o 0 also some:at ( a bore4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 is t _m ( 8 s*emes 7 s\nd & valuable4 ,8 economic ideas1 :i* he ?\ght out = himself1 7 9 advance ( 8 "t1 & he has ev5 be5 describ$ by a rec5t writ] z un contempora9 eg>e au xviii siecle4 ,"s ( 8 f9ancial proposals 7 put into practice by ,turgot4 ,b 8 significance 9 ! developm5t ( ! revolution>y ideas :i* 7 to ga9 control 9 ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury has h>dly be5 appreciat$ yet1 & x 0 imp]fectly appreciat$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,x is easy to see :y4 ,8 !ories are buri$ 9 8 multitud9\s projets4 ,if1 in/ead ( work+ out ! details ( endless p>ticul> re=ms1 he _h built up g5]al !ories ( gov]nm5t & society1 economics & education1 !y might h _h no m intr9sic value1 b he w\ld h be5 recognis$ z ! precursor ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s4 ,= 8 pr9ciples are !irs4 ,! omnipot5ce ( gov]nm5t & laws to m\ld ! morals ( peoples2 ! subord9ation ( all k to ! goddess ( utility2 ! deification ( human reason2 & ! doctr9e ( ,progress4 ,8 crude utilit>ianism l$ him to depreciate ! /udy ( ma!matical & physical sci5ces--not)/&+ 8 v5]ation = ,desc>tes--z comp>atively useless1 & he despis$ ! f9e arts z wa/e ( "t & toil :i* might be bett] sp5t4 ,he _h no k ( natural sci5ce & he _h no arti/ic susceptibility4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! ,encyclopa$ia did n g s f>1 b !y t5d$ 9 ?is direction4 ,!y 7 cold & indiff]5t t[>ds speculative sci5ce1 & !y 7 incl9$ to set high] value on artisans ?an on arti/s4 ,9 8 religi\s ideas ! ,abbe diff]$ f ,voltaire & ! lat] social philosoph]s 9 "o important respect1 b ?is v diff]5ce 0 a consequ5ce ( 8 utilit>ianism4 ,l !m he 0 a ,dei/1 z we saw2 he _h imbib$ ! _s ( ,bayle & ! doctr9e ( ! ,engli% rationali/s1 :i* 7 p5etrat+ ,fr5* society dur+ ! lat] "p ( 8 life4 ,8 ,god1 h[ev]1 0 m ?an ! creator & organis] ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s1 he 0 also ! ,dieu v5geur et remun]ateur 9 :om ,voltaire believ$4 ,b "h 8 fai? 0 l>g] ?an ,voltaire's4 ,= :ile ,voltaire ref]r$ ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds to ?is life1 ! ,abbe believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 9 heav5 & hell4 ,he ackn[l$g$ t immortality c\ld n be demon/rat$1 t x 0 only probable1 b he clung to x firmly & ev5 intol]antly4 ,x is cle> f 8 writ+s t 8 affection = ?is doctr9e 0 due to its utility1 z an auxili>y to ! magi/rate & ! tutor1 & also to ! consid]ation t ,p>adise w\ld add to ! total ( human happ9ess4 ,b ?\gh 8 religion _h m articles1 he 0 z det]m9$ a foe ( sup]/ition z ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 & ! re/4 ,he did n g s f> z !y 9 aggressive rationalism--he belong$ to an old] g5]ation--b 8 pr9ciples 7 ! same4 ,! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re ?us repres5ts ! transition f ! e>li] ,c>tesianism1 :i* 0 occupi$ ) purely intellectual problems1 to ! lat] ?\ght ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* conc5trat$ itself on social problems4 ,he anticipat$ ! humani/ic _s ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s1 :o 7 to make man1 9 a new s5se1 ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,he orig9at$1 or at lea/ 0 ! fir/ to proclaim1 ! new cre$ ( man's de/9ies1 indef9ite social progress4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,new ,,conceptions ,,( ,,hi/ory3 ,,montesquieu1 ,,voltaire1 ,,turgot ,! !ory ( human ,progress c\ld n be durably e/abli%$ by ab/ract argum5ts1 or on ! sl5d] f\ndations laid by ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,x mu/ ultimately be judg$ by ! evid5ce af=d$ by hi/ory1 & x is n accid5tal t1 contemporane\sly ) ! adv5t ( ?is idea1 ! /udy ( hi/ory und]w5t a revolution4 ,if ,progress 0 to be m ?an ! sangu9e dream ( an optimi/ x mu/ be %[n t man's c>e] on e>? _h n be5 a *apt] ( accid5ts :i* might lead any:]e or n[h]e1 b is subject to discov]able laws :i* h det]m9$ its g5]al r\te1 & w secure 8 arrival at ! desirable place4 ,hi!rto a c]ta9 ord] & unity _h be5 f\nd 9 hi/ory by ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( provid5tial design & f9al causes4 ,new pr9ciples ( ord] & unity 7 ne$$ to replace ! pr9ciples :i* rationalism _h discr$it$4 ,j z ! advance ( sci5ce dep5d$ on ! po/ulate t physical ph5om5a are subject to inv>iable laws1 s if any conclusions 7 to be drawn f hi/ory "s simil> po/ulate z to social ph5om5a 0 requir$4 ,x 0 ?us 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al movem5t ( ?\ght t ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury new l9es ( inve/igation 7 op5$ lead+ to sociology1 ! hi/ory ( civilisation1 & ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,montesquieu's ,de l'esprit des lois1 :i* may claim to be ! p>5t "w ( mod]n social sci5ce1 ,voltaire's ,essai sur les moeurs1 & ,turgot's plan ( a ,hi/oire univ]selle beg9 a new era 9 man's vision ( ! pa/4 #a4 ,montesquieu 0 n among ! apo/les ( ! idea ( ,progress4 ,x nev] secur$ any hold ^u 8 m9d4 ,b he _h gr[n up 9 ! same intellectual climate 9 :i* t idea 0 produc$2 he _h be5 nurtur$ bo? on ! dissolv+1 dialectic ( ,bayle1 & on ! ,c>tesian enunciation ( natural law4 ,& 8 "w contribut$ to ! s]vice1 n ( ! doctr9e ( ! pa/1 b ( ! doctr9e ( ! future4 ,= he attempt$ to ext5d ! ,c>tesian !ory to social facts4 ,he laid d[n t political1 l physical1 ph5om5a are subject to g5]al laws4 ,he _h already conceiv$ ?is1 8 mo/ /rik+ & important idea1 :5 he wrote ! ,consid]ations on ! ,greatness & ,decad5ce ( ! ,romans 7#agcd71 9 :i* he attempt$ to apply x3 ,x is n ,=tune :o gov]ns ! _w1 z we see f ! hi/ory ( ! ,romans4 ,!re are g5]al causes1 moral or physical1 :i* op]ate 9 e mon>*y1 raise x1 ma9ta9 x1 or ov]?r[ x2 all t occurs is subject to ^! causes2 & if a p>ticul> cause1 l ! accid5tal result ( a battle1 has ru9$ a /ate1 !re 0 a g5]al cause :i* made ! d[nfall ( ?is /ate ensue f a s+le battle4 ,9 a ^w1 ! pr9cipal movem5t 7l'allure pr9cipale7 draws ) x all ! p>ticul> occurr5ces4 ,b if ?is excludes ,=tune x also disp5ses ) ,provid5ce1 design1 & f9al causes2 & "o ( ! effects ( ! ,consid]ations :i* ,montesquieu _c h ov]look$ 0 to discr$it ,bossuet's treatm5t ( hi/ory4 ,! ,esprit des lois appe>$ f\rte5 ye>s lat]4 ,among books :i* h ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce on ?\ght few are m disappo9t+ to a mod]n read]4 ,! au?or _h n ! gift ( :at might be call$ logical ar*itecture1 & 8 "w produces ! effect ( a collection ( ideas :i* he 0 unable to co-ord9ate 9 ! cl>ity ( a sy/em4 ,a new pr9ciple1 ! op]ation ( g5]al causes1 is en?ron$2 b1 beyond ! obvi\s di/9ction ( physical & moral1 !y are n classifi$4 ,we h no gu>antee t ! moral causes are fully enum]at$1 & ^? :i* are orig9al are n di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are d]iv$4 ,! g5]al cause :i* ,montesquieu impresses mo/ cle>ly on ! read]'s m9d is t ( physical environm5t--geography & climate4 ,! influ5ce ( climate on civilisation 0 n a new idea4 ,9 mod]n times1 z we h se51 x 0 notic$ by ,bod9 & recognis$ by ,font5elle4 ,! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re appli$ x to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ,mohamm$an religion1 & ! ,abbe ,du ,bos 9 8 ,reflexions on ,poetry & ,pa9t+ ma9ta9$ t climate helps to det]m9e ! epo*s ( art & sci5ce4 ,*>d9 9 8 ,travels1 a book :i* ,montesquieu /udi$1 _h also appreciat$ its importance4 ,b ,montesquieu drew g5]al att5tion to x1 & s9ce he wrote1 geographical conditions h be5 recognis$ by all inquir]s z an influ5tial factor 9 ! developm5t ( human societies4 ,8 own discussion ( ! "q did n result 9 any useful conclusions4 ,he did n det]m9e ! limits ( ! action ( physical conditions1 & a read] h>dly kn[s :e!r to reg>d !m z fundam5tal or accessory1 z det]m9+ ! c\rse ( civilisation or only p]turb+ x4 ,sev]al ?+s gov]n m51 he says1 climate1 religion1 laws1 precepts ( gov]nm5t1 hi/orical examples1 morals1 & mann]s1 :5ce is =m$ z _! result a g5]al m9d 7esprit g5]al74 ,?is co-ord9ation ( climate ) products ( social life is *>act]i/ic ( 8 unsy/ematic ?\ght4 ,b ! rem>k :i* ! au?or w5t on to make1 t !re is always a correlation betwe5 ! laws ( a p & its esprit g5]al1 0 important4 ,x po9t$ to ! !ory t all ! products ( social life are closely int]relat$4 ,9 ,montesquieu's "t p 7 "u ! illusion t legislation has an almo/ unlimit$ p[] to modify social conditions4 ,we h se5 ?is 9 ! case ( ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,montesquieu's conception ( g5]al laws %\ld h be5 an antidote to ?is belief4 ,x _h h[ev] less effect on 8 contempor>ies ?an we might h expect$1 & !y f\nd m to _! purpose 9 :at he said ( ! influ5ce ( laws on mann]s4 ,!re may be some?+ 9 ,comte's sugge/ion t he c\ld n give 8 conception any real consi/5cy or vig\r1 j because he 0 himself unconsci\sly "u ! influ5ce ( excessive fai? 9 ! effects ( legislative action4 ,a fundam5tal defect 9 ,montesquieu's treatm5t ( social ph5om5a is t he ab/ract$ !m f _! relations 9 "t4 ,x 0 8 m]it to attempt to expla9 ! correlation ( laws & in/itutions ) hi/orical circum/ances1 b he did n di/+ui% or connect /ages ( civilisation4 ,he 0 incl9$ to conf\nd1 z ,sorel has obs]v$1 all p]iods & con/itutions4 ,:atev] be ! value ( ! idea ( ,progress1 we may agree ) ,comte t1 if ,montesquieu _h grasp$ x1 he w\ld h produc$ a m /rik+ "w4 ,8 book ann\nces a revolution 9 ! /udy ( political sci5ce1 b 9 _m ways belongs itself to ! pre-,montesquieu era4 #b4 ,9 ! same ye>s 9 :i* ,montesquieu 0 busy on ! composition ( ! ,esprit des lois1 ,voltaire 0 writ+ 8 ,age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & 8 ,essay on ! ,mann]s & ,m9d ( ,nations1 & on ! ,pr9cipal ,facts ( ,hi/ory f ,*>lemagne to ! ,dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,! =m] "w1 :i* ev]ybody reads /ill1 appe>$ 9 #agea4 ,p>ts ( ! ,essay1 :i* has long s9ce fall5 into neglect1 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,m]cure de ,france betwe5 #agde & #agea2 x 0 issu$ complete 9 #agef1 along ) ! ,age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :i* 0 its cont9uation4 ,if we add ! ,precis ( ! ,reign ( ,l\is ,,xv4 7#agfi71 & obs]ve t ! ,introduction & fir/ f\rte5 *apt]s ( ! ,essay sket* ! hi/ory ( ! _w be=e ,*>lemagne1 & t ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,am]ica are includ$ 9 ! survey1 ,voltaire's "w am\nts to a complete survey ( ! civilisation ( ! _w f ! e>lie/ times to 8 own4 ,if ,montesquieu f\nd$ social sci5ce1 ,voltaire creat$ ! hi/ory ( civilisation1 & ! ,essay1 = all its limitations1 /&s out z "o ( ! consid]able books ( ! c5tury4 ,9 8 ,age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 he ann\nc$ t 8 object 0 to pa9t n ! actions ( a s+le man1 b ! m9d ( m5 7l'esprit des hommes7 9 ! mo/ enlight5$ age t _h ev] be51 & t ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces 0 an ess5tial "p ( 8 subject4 ,9 ! same way he propos$ 9 ! ,essay to trace l'hi/oire de l'esprit huma91 n ! details ( facts1 & to %[ by :at /eps man advanc$ f ! b>b>\s ru/icity ( ! times ( ,*>lemagne & 8 successors to ! polit5ess ( our own4 ,to d ?is1 he said1 0 really to write ! hi/ory ( op9ion1 = all ! great successive social & political *anges :i* h trans=m$ ! _w 7 due to *anges ( op9ion4 ,prejudice succe$$ prejudice1 error foll[$ error2 at la/1 ) "t m5 came to correct _! ideas & le>n to ?9k4 ,! motif ( ! book is1 briefly1 t w>s & religions h be5 ! great ob/acles to ! progress ( humanity1 & t if !y 7 aboli%$1 ) ! prejudices :i* eng5d] !m1 ! _w w\ld rapidly improve4 ,we may believe1 he says1 t reason & indu/ry w always progress m & m2 t ! useful arts w be improv$2 t ( ! evils :i* h afflict$ m51 prejudices1 :i* are n _! lea/ sc\rge1 w gradually disappe> among all ^? :o gov]n nations1 & t philosophy1 univ]sally diffus$1 w give "s consolation to human nature = ! calamities :i* x w exp]i5ce 9 all ages4 ,?is inde$ is n ! tone ( ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,voltaire's optimism 0 always temp]$ ) cynicism4 ,b ! idea ( ,progress is !re1 ?\gh mod]ately conceiv$4 ,& x is bas$ on ! same pr9ciple--univ]sal reason implant$ 9 man1 :i* subsi/s 9 spite ( all ! passions :i* make w> on x1 9 spite ( all ! tyrants :o w\ld dr[n x 9 blood1 9 spite ( ! impo/]s :o w\ld annihilate x by sup]/ition4 ,& ?is 0 c]ta9ly 8 consid]$ view4 ,8 common s5se prev5t$ him f indulg+ 9 ,utopian speculations ab\t ! future2 & 8 cynicism con/antly l$ him to use ! language ( a pessimi/4 ,b at an e>ly /age ( 8 c>e] he _h tak5 up arms = human nature aga9/ t sublime misan?rope ,pascal1 :o writes aga9/ human nature almo/ z he wrote aga9/ ! ,jesuits2 & he return$ to ! attack at ! end ( 8 life4 ,n[ ,pascal's ,p5sees en%r9$ a !ory ( life--! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 ! idea t ! object ( life is to prep>e = dea?--:i* 0 /]nly oppos$ to ! _s ( ,progress4 ,voltaire in/9ctively felt t ?is 0 an enemy t _h to be dealt )4 ,9 a light] ve9 he _h ma9ta9$ 9 a well-kn[n poem1 ,le ,monda91 ,footnote3 #agef4 ! value ( civilisation & all its effects1 includ+ luxury1 aga9/ ^? :o regrett$ ! simplicity ( anci5t times1 ! gold5 age ( ,saturn4 ,o le bon temps que ce siecle de f]6 ,life 9 ,p>is1 ,london1 or ,rome to-day is inf9itely pref]able to life 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,d'un bon v9 frais ou la m\sse ou la seve ,ne gratta po9t le tri/e gosi] d',eve4 ,la soie et l'or ne brillai5t po9t *ez eux4 ,admirez-v\s p\r cela nos aieux8 ,il leur manquait l'indu/rie et l'aisance3 ,e/-ce v]tu8 c'etait pure ignorance4 ,to return to ! ,essay1 x flung d[n ! gage ( battle to t conception ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w :i* _h be5 brilliantly repres5t$ by ,bossuet's ,disc\rs sur l'hi/oire univ]selle4 ,?is "w 0 con/antly 9 ,voltaire's m9d4 ,he po9t$ out t x _h no claim to be univ]sal2 x relat$ only to f\r or five peoples1 & especially ! little ,jewi% nation :i* 0 unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! _w or ju/ly despis$1 b :i* ,bossuet made ! c5tre ( int]e/1 z if ! f9al cause ( all ! great empires ( antiquity lay 9 _! relations to ! ,jews4 ,he _h ,bossuet 9 m9d :5 he said we w speak ( ! ,jews z we w\ld speak ( ,scy?ians or ,greeks1 weigh+ probabilities & discuss+ facts4 ,9 8 new p]spective ! significance ( ,hebrew hi/ory is = ! fir/ "t r$uc$ to mod]ate limits4 ,b x 0 n only 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ?\gh c5tral1 po9t t ,voltaire *all5g$ ,bossuet's view4 ,he elim9at$ f9al causes altoge!r1 & ,provid5ce plays no "p on 8 hi/orical /age4 ,"h 8 "w re9=c$ ! tea*+ ( ,montesquieu4 ,o!rwise ,montesquieu & ,voltaire entirely diff]$ 9 _! me?ods4 ,voltaire conc]n$ himself only ) ! causal en*a9m5t ( ev5ts & ! imm$iate motives ( m54 ,8 int]pretation ( hi/ory 0 conf9$ to ! discov]y ( p>ticul> causes2 he did n consid] ! op]ation ( ^? l>g] g5]al causes :i* ,montesquieu inve/igat$4 ,montesquieu s\ght to %[ t ! vicissitudes ( societies 7 subject to law2 ,voltaire believ$ t ev5ts 7 det]m9$ by *ance :]e !y 7 n consci\sly guid$ by human reason4 ,! elem5t ( *ance is conspicu\s ev5 9 legislation3 almo/ all laws h be5 in/itut$ to meet pass+ ne$s1 l rem$ies appli$ =tuit\sly1 :i* h cur$ "o pati5t & kill o!rs4 ,on ,voltaire's !ory1 ! developm5t ( humanity might at any mom5t h be5 div]t$ into a diff]5t c\rse2 b :atev] c\rse x took ! nature ( human reason w\ld h ensur$ a progress 9 civilisation4 ,yet ! read] ( ! ,essay & ,l\is ,,xiv4 might well h come away ) a feel+ t ! security ( ,progress is frail & prec>i\s4 ,if =tune has gov]n$ ev5ts1 if ! rise & fall ( empires1 ! succession ( religions1 ! revolutions ( /ates1 & mo/ ( ! great crises ( hi/ory 7 decid$ by accid5ts1 is !re any cog5t gr\nd = believ+ t human reason1 ! pr9ciple to :i* ,voltaire attributes ! advance ( civilisation1 w prevail 9 ! long run8 ,civilisation has be5 organis$ "h & !re1 n[ & !n1 up to a c]ta9 po9t2 !re h be5 eras ( rapid progress1 b h[ c we be sure t ^! are n episodes1 !mselves also =tuit\s8 ,= gr[? has be5 foll[$ by decay1 progress by regress2 c x be said t hi/ory1 au?orises ! conclusion t reason w ev] ga9 su* an asc5dancy t ! play ( *ance w no long] be able to ?w>t h] w8 ,is su* a conclusion m ?an a hope1 unsanction$ by ! data ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 m]ely "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! age ( illum9ation8 ,voltaire & ,montesquieu ?us rais$ fundam5tal que/ions ( great mom5t = ! doctr9e ( ,progress1 que/ions :i* belong to :at 0 soon to be kn[n z ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 a "n inv5t$ by ,voltaire1 ?\gh h>dly meant by him 9 ! s5se :i* x aft]w>ds assum$4 #c4 ,six ye>s be=e ,voltaire's ,essay 0 publi%$ 9 its complete =m a "y man 0 plann+ a "w on ! same subject4 ,turgot is hon\rably rememb]$ z an economi/ & adm9i/rator1 b if he _h ev] writt5 ! ,disc\rses on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory :i* he design$ at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree 8 position 9 hi/orical lit]ature might h ov]%ad[$ 8 o!r claims to be rememb]$4 ,we possess a p>tial sket* ( its plan1 :i* is supplem5t$ by two lectures he deliv]$ at ! ,sorbonne 9 #agej2 s t we "k 8 g5]al conceptions4 ,he _h assimilat$ ! ideas ( ! ,esprit des lois1 & x is probable t he _h read ! p>ts ( ,voltaire's "w :i* _h appe>$ 9 a p]iodical4 ,8 "w1 l ,voltaire's1 0 to be a *all5ge to ,bossuet's view ( hi/ory2 8 purpose 0 to trace ! =tunes ( ! race 9 ! light ( ! idea ( ,progress4 ,he occasionally ref]s to ,provid5ce b ?is is no m ?an a prud5t lip-s]vice4 ,provid5ce has no functions 9 8 s*eme4 ,! "p :i* x play$ 9 ,bossuet is usurp$ by ^? g5]al causes :i* he _h le>n$ f ,montesquieu4 ,b 8 sy/ematic m9d w\ld h organis$ & classifi$ ! ideas :i* ,montesquieu left some:at confus$4 ,he criticis$ ! inductions drawn 9 ! ,esprit des lois conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( climate z ha/y & exagg]at$2 & he po9t$ out t ! physical causes c only produce _! effects by act+ on ! hidd5 pr9ciples :i* contribute to =m our m9d & "*4 ,x foll[s t ! psy*ical or moral causes are ! fir/ elem5t to consid]1 & x is a fault ( me?od to try to evaluate physical causes till we h exhau/$ ! moral1 & are c]ta9 t ! ph5om5a _c be expla9$ by ^! alone4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( societies mu/ be bas$ on psy*ology2 & = ,turgot1 z = all 8 progressive contempor>ies1 psy*ology meant ! philosophy ( ,locke4 ,g5]al necess>y causes1 !re=e1 :i* we %\ld r call conditions1 h det]m9$ ! c\rse ( hi/ory--! nature ( man1 8 passions1 & 8 reason1 9 ! fir/ place2 & 9 ! second1 8 environm5t1--geography & climate4 ,b its c\rse is a /rict sequ5ce ( p>ticul> causes & effects1 :i* b9d ! /ate ( ! _w 7at a giv5 mom5t7 to all ^? :i* h prec$$ x4 ,turgot does n discuss ! "q ( free-w1 b 8 causal cont9uity does n exclude ! free action ( great m54 ,he conceives univ]sal hi/ory z ! progress ( ! human race advanc+ z an imm5se :ole /eadily1 ?\gh sl[ly1 ?r\gh alt]nat+ p]iods ( calm & di/urbance t[>ds great] p]fection4 ,! v>i\s units ( ! entire mass d n move ) equal /eps1 because nature is n imp>tial ) h] gifts4 ,"s m5 h tal5ts d5i$ to o!rs1 & ! gifts ( nature are sometimes develop$ by circum/ances1 sometimes left buri$ 9 obscurity4 ,! inequalities 9 ! m>* ( nations are due to ! inf9ite v>iety ( circum/ances2 & ^! inequalities may be tak5 to prove t ! _w _h a beg9n+1 = 9 an et]nal duration !y w\ld h disappe>$4 ,b ! developm5t ( human societies has n be5 guid$ by human reason4 ,m5 h n consci\sly made g5]al happ9ess ! end ( _! actions4 ,!y h be5 conduct$ by passion & ambition & h nev] kn[n to :at goal !y 7 mov+4 ,= if reason _h presid$1 progress w\ld soon h be5 arre/$4 ,to avoid w> peoples w\ld h rema9$ 9 isolation1 & ! race w\ld h liv$ divid$ = ev] into a multitude ( isolat$ gr\ps1 speak+ diff]5t tongues4 ,all ^! gr\ps w\ld h be5 limit$ 9 ! range ( _! ideas1 /ation>y 9 sci5ce1 art1 & gov]nm5t1 & w\ld nev] h ris5 above m$iocrity4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*9a is an example ( ! results ( re/rict$ int]c\rse among peoples4 ,?us ! unexpect$ conclusion em]ges1 t )\t unreason & inju/ice !re w\ld h be5 no progress4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ?is argum5t is unt5able4 ,! hypo!sis assumes t reason is 9 control among ! primitive peoples1 & at ! same "t supposes t its p[] w\ld completely disappe> if !y attempt$ to engage 9 peaceful int]c\rse4 ,b ?\gh ,turgot has put 8 po9t 9 an unconv9c+ =m1 8 purpose 0 to %[ t z a matt] ( fact ! tumultu\s & dang]\s passions h be5 driv+-=ces :i* h mov$ ! _w 9 a desirable direction till ! "t %\ld come = reason to take ! helm4 ,?us1 :ile ,turgot might h subscrib$ to ,voltaire's ass]tion t hi/ory is l>gely un ramas de crimes1 de folies1 et de malheurs1 8 view ( ! significance ( man's suff]+s is diff]5t & almo/ approa*es ! facile optimism ( ,pope--:atev] is1 is "r4 ,he reg>ds all ! race's actual exp]i5ces z ! indisp5sable me*anism ( ,progress1 & does n regret its mi/akes & calamities4 ,_m *anges & revolutions1 he obs]ves1 may seem to h _h mo/ mis*iev\s effects2 yet e *ange has br\ght "s advantage1 = x has be5 a new exp]i5ce & !re=e has be5 in/ructive4 ,man advances by committ+ errors4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce %[s 7z ,font5elle _h po9t$ out7 t tru? is rea*$ ov] ! ru9s ( false hypo!ses4 ,! difficulty pres5t$ by p]iods ( decad5ce & b>b>ism succe$+ epo*s ( enlight5m5t is met by ! ass]tion t 9 su* d>k times ! _w has n /ood /ill2 !re has really be5 a progression :i*1 ?\gh relatively inconspicu\s1 is n unimportant4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* are ! prom95t case1 !re 7 improvem5ts 9 me*anical arts1 9 comm]ce1 9 "s ( ! habits ( civil life1 all ( :i* help$ to prep>e ! way = happi] times4 ,"h ,turgot's view ( hi/ory is %>ply oppos$ to ,voltaire's4 ,he consid]s ,*ri/ianity to h be5 a p[]ful ag5t ( civilisation1 n a h9d]] or an enemy4 ,_h he execut$ 8 design1 8 "w might well h furni%$ a notable makeweight to ! view held by ,voltaire1 & aft]w>ds m judicially develop$ by ,gibbon1 t ! triumph ( b>b>ism & religion 0 a calamity = ! _w4 ,turgot also prop\nd$ two laws ( developm5t4 ,he obs]v$ t :5 a p is progress+1 e /ep x takes causes an accel]ation 9 ! rate ( progress4 ,& he anticipat$ ,comte's fam\s law ( ! ?ree /ages ( intellectual evolution1 ?\gh )\t giv+ x ! ext5sive & fundam5tal significance :i* ,comte claim$ = x4 ,be=e man und]/ood ! causal connection ( physical ph5om5a1 no?+ 0 s natural z to suppose !y 7 produc$ by intellig5t be+s1 invisible & resembl+ ourselves2 = :at else w\ld !y h resembl$8 ,t is ,comte's !ological /age4 ,:5 philosoph]s recognis$ ! absurdity ( ! fables ab\t ! gods1 b _h n yet ga9$ an insight into natural hi/ory1 !y ?\ght to expla9 ! causes ( ph5om5a by ab/ract expressions su* z ess5ces & faculties4 ,t is ! metaphysical /age4 ,x 0 only at a lat] p]iod1 t by obs]v+ ! reciprocal me*anical action ( bodies hypo!ses 7 =m$ :i* c\ld be develop$ by ma!matics & v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!re is ! positive /age4 ,! obs]vation assur$ly does n possess ! f>-rea*+ importance :i* ,comte atta*$ to x2 b :atev] value x has1 ,turgot des]ves ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to /ate x4 ,! notes :i* ,turgot made = 8 plan p]mit u to conjecture t 8 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory w\ld h be5 a great] & m pr(\nd "w ?an ! ,essay ( ,voltaire4 ,x w\ld h embodi$ 9 a dige/$ =m ! ideas ( ,montesquieu to :i* ,voltaire paid little att5tion1 & ! au?or w\ld h elaborat$ ! intimate connection & mutual int]action among all social ph5om5a--gov]nm5t & morals1 religion1 sci5ce1 & arts4 ,:ile 8 g5]al !sis co9cid$ ) t ( ,voltaire--! gradual advance ( humanity t[>ds a /ate ( enlight5m5t & reasonabl5ess1--he made ! idea ( ,progress m vital2 = him x 0 an organis+ conception1 j z ! idea ( ,provid5ce 0 = ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,bossuet an organis+ conception1 :i* gave hi/ory its unity & mean+4 ,! view t man has ?r\gh\t be5 bl9dly mov+ 9 ! "r direction is ! c\nt]p>t ( :at ,bossuet repres5t$ z a div9e plan wr\ght out by ! actions ( m5 :o are ignorant ( x1 & is %>ply oppos$ to ! views1 ( ,voltaire & ! o!r philosoph]s ( ! day :o ascrib$ ,progress exclusively to human reason consci\sly /riv+ aga9/ ignorance & passion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,encyclopa$i/s ,,& ,,economi/s #a4 ,! intellectual movem5t :i* prep>$ ,fr5* op9ion = ! ,revolution & suppli$ ! pr9ciples = recon/itut+ society may be describ$ z humani/ic 9 ! s5se t man 0 ! c5tre ( speculative int]e/4 ,"o consid]ation especially t we ought nev] to lose f sight1 says ,did]ot1 is t1 if we ev] bani% a man1 or ! ?9k+ & contemplative be+1 f above ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?is pa!tic & sublime spectacle ( nature becomes no m ?an a sc5e ( melan*oly & sil5ce444 ,x is ! pres5ce ( man t gives its int]e/ to ! exi/5ce ( o!r be+s444 ,:y %\ld we n make him a common c5tre8444 ,man is ! s+le t]m f :i* we ought to set out4 ,footnote3 ,! passage f ,did]ot's article ,encyclop$ie is giv5 z translat$ by ,morley1 ,did]ot1 i1 #ade4 ,h5ce psy*ology1 morals1 ! /ructure ( society1 7 ! subjects :i* rivet$ att5tion in/ead ( ! l>g] supra-human problems :i* _h occupi$ ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 & ,leibnitz4 ,x matt]$ little :e!r ! univ]se 0 ! be/ t c\ld be con/ruct$2 :at matt]$ 0 ! relation ( man's own little _w to 8 w & capacities4 ,physical sci5ce 0 important only 9 s f> z x c\ld help social sci5ce & m9i/] to ! ne$s ( man4 ,! close/ analogy to ?is developm5t ( ?\ght is n (f]$ by ! ,r5aissance1 to :i* ! description ,,humani/ic has be5 conv5tionally appropriat$1 b r by ! age ( illum9ation 9 ,greece 9 ! latt] half ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 repres5t$ by ,protagoras1 ,socrates1 & o!rs :o turn$ f ! ultimate problems ( ! cosmos1 hi!rto ! ma9 /udy ( philosoph]s1 to man1 8 nature & 8 works4 ,9 ?is revis$ =m ( an?ropo-c5trism we see h[ ! g5]al movem5t ( ?\ght has in/9ctively adapt$ itself to ! a/ronomical revolution4 ,on ! ,ptolemaic sy/em x 0 n incongru\s or absurd t man1 "l ( ! c5tral doma9 9 ! univ]se1 %\ld reg>d himself z ! mo/ important cosmic creature4 ,?is is ! view1 implicit 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme1 :i* _h be5 con/ruct$ on ! old errone\s cosmology4 ,:5 ! true place ( ! e>? 0 %[n & man f\nd himself 9 a t9y planet atta*$ to "o ( innum]able sol> worlds1 8 cosmic importance c\ld no long] be ma9ta9$4 ,he 0 r$uc$ to ! condition ( an insect creep+ on a tas de b\e1 :i* ,voltaire s vividly illu/rat$ 9 ,micromegas4 ,b man is res\rceful2 words 9 ,greek4 ,displac$1 along ) 8 home1 f ! c5tre ( ?+s1 he discov]s a new means ( re/or+ 8 self-importance2 he int]prets 8 humiliation z a deliv]ance4 ,f9d+ himself 9 an insignificant isl& float+ 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 he decides t he is at la/ ma/] ( 8 own de/9ies2 he c fl+ away ! old equipm5t ( f9al causes1 orig9al s91 & ! re/2 he c con/ruct 8 own *>t &1 b\nd by no cosmic s*eme1 he ne$ take ! univ]se into acc\nt only 9 s f> z he judges x to be to 8 own pr(it4 ,or1 if he is a philosoph]1 he may say t1 aft] all1 ! univ]se = him is built out ( 8 own s5sations1 & t by virtue ( ?is relativity an?ropo-c5trism is re/or$ 9 a new & m effective =m4 ,built out ( 8 own s5sations3 = ! philosophy ( ,locke 0 n[ triumphant 9 ,france4 ,i h us$ ! t]m ,c>tesianism to designate1 n ! metaphysical doctr9es ( ,desc>tes 7innate ideas1 two sub/ances1 & ! re/71 b ! great pr9ciples :i* surviv$ ! pass+ ( 8 metaphysical sy/em--! supremacy ( reason1 & ! immutability ( natural laws1 n subject to provid5tial int]v5tions4 ,^! pr9ciples /ill controll$ ?\ght1 b ! p>ticul> views ( ,desc>tes on m5tal ph5om5a 7 sup]s$$ 9 ,france by ! psy*ology ( ,locke1 ^: influ5ce 0 e/abli%$ by ,voltaire & ,condillac4 ,! doctr9e t all our ideas are d]iv$ f ! s5ses lay at ! root ( ! :ole !ory ( man & society1 9 ! light ( :i* ! revolution>y ?9k]s1 ,did]ot1 ,helvetius1 & _! fell[s1 criticis$ ! exi/+ ord] & expos$ ! reign+ prejudices4 ,?is s5sationalism 7:i* w5t beyond :at ,locke himself _h really meant7 involv$ ! /rict relativity ( k & l$ at once to ! old pragmatic doctr9e ( ,protagoras1 t man is ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,& ! _s ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 di/9ctly pragmatic4 ,! advantage ( man 0 _! pr9ciple1 & ! value ( speculation 0 judg$ by its def9ite s]vice to humanity4 ,! value & rights ( tru? are f\nd$ on its utility1 :i* is ! unique measure ( man's judgem5ts1 "o ?9k] ass]ts2 ano!r decl>es t ! useful circumscribes ev]y?+1 l'utile circonscrit t\t2 ano!r lays d[n t to be virtu\s is to be useful2 to be vici\s is to be useless or h>mful2 t is ! sum ( morality4 ,helvetius1 anticipat+ ,b5?am1 works out ! !ory t utility is ! only possible basis ( e?ics4 ,bacon1 ! utilit>ian1 0 extoll$ l ,locke4 ,footnote3 ,! passages quot$ on utility are f d',holba*1 ,sy/ems de la nature1 i4 c4 #ab1 p4 #bbd2 c4 #ae1 p4 #cab2 ,did]ot1 ,de ,i'int]pretation de la nature 9 ,o,euvres1 ii4 p4 #ac2 ,raynal1 ,hi/oire des deux ,indes1 vii4 p4 #daf4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! tea*+ may be illu/rat$ f ! ,essay on ,man1 by ,anto9e ,riv>ol1 :om ,burke call$ ! ,tacitus ( ! ,revolution4 ,! virtues are only virtues because !y are useful to ! human race4 ,o,euvres *oisis 7ed4 de ,lescure71 i4 p4 #baa4 ,z1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 8 influ5ce _h inspir$ ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,society1 s n[ 8 "n 0 invok$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! ,encyclopa$ia4 ,footnote3 ,see d',alemb]t's tribute to him 9 ! ,disc\rs prelim9aire4 ,b5ea? all philosophical speculation !re is an und]curr5t ( emotion1 & 9 ! ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?is emotional =ce 0 /rong & ev5 viol5t4 ,!y aim$ at practical results4 ,_! "w 0 a calculat$ campaign to trans=m ! pr9ciples & ! _s ( gov]nm5ts & to de/roy sac]dotalism4 ,! problem = ! human race be+ to rea* a /ate ( felicity by its own p[]s1 ^! ?9k]s believ$ t x 0 soluble by ! gradual triumph ( reason ov] prejudice & k ov] ignorance4 ,viol5t revolution 0 f> f _! ?\ghts2 by ! diffusion ( k !y hop$ to create a public op9ion :i* w\ld compel gov]nm5ts to *ange ! t5or ( _! laws & adm9i/ration & make ! happ9ess ( ! p _! guid+ pr9ciple4 ,! optimi/ic confid5ce t man is p]fectible1 :i* means capable ( indef9ite improvem5t1 inspir$ ! movem5t z a :ole1 h[ev] greatly p>ticul> ?9k]s might diff] 9 _! views4 ,belief 9 ,progress 0 _! su/a9+ fai?1 al?\gh1 occupi$ by ! imm$iate problems ( amelioration1 !y left x r vague & ill-def9$4 ,! ^w itself is seldom pron\nc$ 9 _! writ+s4 ,! idea is treat$ z subord9ate to ! o!r ideas 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x _h gr[n up3 ,reason1 ,nature1 ,humanity1 ,illum9ation 7lumi]es74 ,x has n yet ent]$ ^u an indep5d5t life ( its own & receiv$ a di/9ct label1 ?\gh x is already a vital =ce4 ,9 review+ ! influ5ces :i* 7 =m+ a new public op9ion dur+ ! =ty ye>s be=e ! ,revolution1 x is conv5i5t = ! pres5t purpose to gr\p toge!r ! ?9k]s 7includ+ ,voltaire7 associat$ ) ! ,encyclopa$ia1 :o repres5t$ a critical & consci\sly aggressive =ce aga9/ traditional !ories & exi/+ in/itutions4 ,! con/ructive ?9k] ,r\sseau 0 n less aggressive1 b he /&s ap>t & oppos$1 by 8 ho/ility to mod]n civilisation4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ di/+ui% ! s*ool ( ,economi/s1 also re=m]s & optimi/s1 b ( m cons]vative temp] ?an ! typical ,encyclopa$i/s4 #b4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia 7#agea-agfe7 has rightly be5 pron\nc$ ! c5tral "w ( ! rationali/ic movem5t :i* made ! ,france ( #aghi s diff]5t f ! ,france ( #agae4 ,footnote3 ,! g5]al views :i* gov]n$ ! "w may be ga!r$ f d',alemb]t's introductory disc\rse & f ,did]ot's article ,encyclop$ie4 ,an int]e/+ sket* ( ! pr9cipal contributors w be f\nd 9 ,morley's ,did]ot1 i4 *ap4 v4 ,ano!r mod]n /udy ( ! ,encyclopa$ic movem5t is ! monograph ( ,l4 ,ducros1 ,les ,encyclopidi/es 7#aijj74 ,helvetius has rec5tly be5 ! subject ( a /udy by ,alb]t ,keim 7,helvetius1 sa vie et son oeuvre1 #aijg74 ,among o!r works :i* help ! /udy ( ! speculations ( ?is age f v>i\s po9ts ( view may be m5tion$3 ,m>ius ,r\/an1 ,les ,philosophes et la societe francaise au xviii siecle7#aijf72 ,esp9as1 ,la ,philosophie sociale du xviii siecle et la ,revolution 7#ahih72 ,li*t5b]g]1 ,le ,socialisme au xviii siecle7#ahie74 ,i h n m5tion$ 9 ! text ,b\llang] 7#agbb-ageh71 :o contribut$ to ! ,encyclopa$ia ! article on ,political ,economy 7:i* has no?+ to d ) economics b treats ( anci5t !ocracies72 ! emphasis laid on 8 views on progress by ,bu*ez 7op4 cit4 i4 ,,iii sqq47 is q excessive4 ,x 0 ! organis$ section ( a va/ propag&a1 speculative & practical1 c>ri$ on by m5 ( ! mo/ v>i\s views1 mo/ ( :om 7 associat$ directly ) x4 ,z has well be5 obs]v$1 x did = ! rationalism ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france mu* :at ! ,=tnightly ,review1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,mr4 ,morley 7f #ahfh to #ahhb7 did = t ( ! n9ete5? 9 ,engl&1 z an organ = ! p5etrat+ criticism ( traditional beliefs4 ,if ,did]ot1 :o direct$ ! ,encyclopa$ia ) ! assi/ance ( d',alemb]t ! ma!matician1 _h liv$ a hundr$ ye>s lat] he w\ld probably h edit$ a j\rnal4 ,we saw t ! solid>ity ( ! sci5ces 0 "o ( ! conceptions associat$ ) ! !ory ( intellectual progress1 & t ! popul>isation ( k 0 ano!r4 ,bo? ^! conceptions inspir$ ! ,encyclopa$ia1 :i* 0 to ga!r up & conc5trate ! illum9ation ( ! mod]n age4 ,x 0 to e/abli% ! l9es ( communication among all dep>tm5ts1 to enclose 9 ! unity ( a sy/em ! inf9itely v>i\s bran*es ( k4 ,& x 0 to be a libr>y ( popul> in/ruction4 ,b x 0 also int5d$ to be an organ ( propag&a4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! intellectual revolution x is 9 "s ways ! successor ( ! ,diction>y ( ,bayle1 :i*1 two g5]ations be=e1 collect$ ! mat]ial ( w> to demoli% traditional doctr9es4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia c>ri$ on ! campaign aga9/ au?ority & sup]/ition by indirect me?ods1 b x 0 ! "w ( m5 :o 7 n sceptics l ,bayle1 b _h ideals1 positive purposes1 & social hopes4 ,!y 7 n only confid5t 9 reason & 9 sci5ce1 b mo/ ( !m _h also a m or less def9ite belief 9 ! possibility ( an advance ( humanity t[>ds p]fection4 ,z "o ( _! own b& aft]w>ds rem>k$1 !y 7 less occupi$ 9 enl>g+ ! b\nds ( k ?an 9 spread+ ! light & mak+ w> on prejudice4 ,footnote3 ,condorcet1 ,esquisse1 p4 #bjf 7ed4 #ahbb74 ,! views ( ! individual contributors diff]$ greatly1 & !y _c be call$ a s*ool1 b !y agre$ s f> 9 common t5d5cies t !y 7 able to =m a co-op]ative alliance4 ,! propag&a ( :i* ! ,encyclopa$ia 0 ! c5tre 0 re9=c$ by ! indep5d5t publications ( "s ( ! lead+ m5 :o collaborat$ or 7 closely connect$ ) _! circle1 notably ^? ( ,did]ot himself1 ,b>on d',holba*1 & ,helvetius4 #c4 ,! optimism ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s 0 really bas$ on an int5se consci\sness ( ! enlight5m5t ( _! own age4 ,! progressiv5ess ( k 0 tak5 z axiomatic1 b 0 !re any gu>antee t ! light1 n[ conf9$ to small circles1 c\ld ev] enlight5 ! _w & reg5]ate mank9d8 ,!y f\nd ! gu>antee !y requir$1 n 9 an induction f ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( ! race1 b 9 an a priori !ory3 ! indef9ite malleability ( human nature by education & in/itutions4 ,?is _h be51 z we saw1 assum$ by ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,x p]vad$ ! speculation ( ! age1 & 0 =mally d$uc$ f ! s5sational psy*ology ( ,locke & ,condillac4 ,x 0 develop$1 9 an extreme =m1 9 ! "w ( ,helvetius1 ,de l'esprit 7#ageh74 ,9 ?is book1 :i* 0 to ex]t a l>ge influ5ce 9 ,engl&1 ,helvetius s\ght1 among o!r ?+s1 to %[ t ! sci5ce ( morals is equival5t to ! sci5ce ( legislation1 & t 9 a well-organis$ society all m5 are capable ( ris+ to ! highe/ po9t ( m5tal developm5t4 ,intellectual & moral inequalities betwe5 man & man arise entirely f diff]5ces 9 education & social circum/ances4 ,g5ius itself is n a gift ( nature2 ! man ( g5ius is a product ( circum/ances--social1 n physical1 = ,helvetius rejects ! influ5ce ( climate4 ,x foll[s t if y *ange education & social in/itutions y c *ange ! "* ( m54 ,! error ( ,helvetius 9 ignor+ ! irremovable physical diff]5ces betwe5 individuals1 ! v>ieties ( c]ebral organisation1 0 at once po9t$ out by ,did]ot4 ,?is error1 h[ev]1 0 n ess5tial to ! g5]al !ory ( ! immeasurable p[] ( social in/itutions ov] human "*1 & o!r ?9k]s did n fall into x4 ,all alike1 inde$1 7 bl9d to ! factor ( h]$ity4 ,b ! !ory 9 its collective application conta9s a tru? :i* n9ete5? c5tury critics1 biass$ by _! /udies 9 h]$ity1 h be5 prone to ov]look4 ,! social inh]itance ( ideas & emotions to :i* ! individual is submitt$ f infancy is m important ?an ! t5d5cies physically transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild4 ,! p[] ( education & gov]nm5t 9 m\ld+ ! memb]s ( a society has rec5tly be5 illu/rat$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! psy*ological trans=mation ( ! ,g]man p 9 ! life ( a g5]ation4 ,x foll[$ f ! !ory exp\nd$ by ,helvetius t !re is no impassable b>ri] betwe5 ! advanc$ & ! /ation>y or retrograde races ( ! e>?4 ,footnote3 ,! mo/ in=m+ discussion ( ! relations betwe5 ! ,advanc$ & ,backw>d races is ,bryce's ,romanes ,lecture 7#aijb74 ,true morality1 ,b>on d',holba* wrote1 %\ld be ! same = all ! inhabitants ( ! globe4 ,! savage man & ! civilis$2 ! :ite man1 ! r$ man1 ! black man2 ,indian & ,european1 ,*9aman & ,fr5*man1 ,negro & ,lapp h ! same nature4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are only modifications ( ! common nature produc$ by climate1 gov]nm5t1 education1 op9ions1 & ! v>i\s causes :i* op]ate on !m4 ,m5 diff] only 9 ! ideas !y =m ( happ9ess & ! means :i* !y h imag9$ to obta9 x4 ,"h aga9 ! eighte5? c5tury !ori/s held a view :i* c no long] be dismiss$ z absurd4 ,"s are com+ r\nd to ! op9ion t enorm\s diff]5ces 9 capacity :i* seem fundam5tal are a result ( ! diff]5ces 9 social inh]itance1 & t ^! aga9 are due to a long sequ5ce ( hi/orical circum/ances2 & consequ5tly t !re is no p 9 ! _w doom$ by nature to p]petual inf]iority or irrevocably disqualifi$ by race f play+ a useful "p 9 ! future ( civilisation4 #d4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! possibility ( indef9itely m\ld+ ! *>act]s ( m5 by laws & in/itutions--:e!r comb9$ or n ) a belief 9 ! natural equality ( m5's faculties--laid a f\ndation on :i* ! !ory ( ! p]fectibility ( humanity c\ld be rais$4 ,x m>k$1 !re=e1 an important /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,progress4 ,x gave1 moreov]1 a new & l>g] cont5t to t doctr9e by its applicability1 n only to ! peoples :i* are at pres5t 9 ! van ( civilisation1 b also to ^? :i* h lagg$ f> beh9d & may appe> irreclaimably b>b>\s--?us pot5tially includ+ all humanity 9 ! prospect ( ! future4 ,turgot _h already conceiv$ ! total mass ( ! human race mov+ always sl[ly =w>d2 he _h decl>$ t ! human m9d ev]y:]e conta9s ! g]ms ( progress & t ! inequality ( peoples is due to ! inf9ite v>iety ( _! circum/ances4 ,?is enl>g+ conception 0 calculat$ to add /r5g? to ! idea ( ,progress1 by rais+ x to a syn!sis compreh5d+ n m]ely ! we/]n civilis$ nations b ! :ole human _w4 ,int]e/ 9 ! remote peoples ( ! e>?1 9 ! unfamili> civilisations ( ! ,ea/1 9 ! untutor$ races ( ,am]ica & ,africa1 0 vivid 9 ,france 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ev]yone kn[s h[ ,voltaire & ,montesquieu us$ ,hurons or ,p]sians to hold up ! glass to ,we/]n mann]s & morals1 z ,tacitus us$ ! ,g]mans to criticise ! society ( ,rome4 ,b v few ev] look into ! sev5 volumes ( ! ,abbe ,raynal's ,hi/ory ( ! ,two ,indies :i* appe>$ 9 #aggb4 ,x is h[ev]1 "o ( ! rem>kable books ( ! c5tury4 ,its imm$iate practical importance lay 9 ! array ( facts :i* x furni%$ to ! fri5ds ( humanity 9 ! movem5t aga9/ negro slav]y4 ,b x 0 also an effective attack on ! ,*ur* & ! sac]dotal sy/em4 ,! au?or's me?od 0 ! same :i* 8 great] contempor>y ,gibbon employ$ on a l>g] scale4 ,a hi/ory ( facts 0 a m =midable indictm5t ?an any declamatory attack4 ,raynal br\ght home to ! consci5ce ( ,europeans ! mis]ies :i* _h befall5 ! natives ( ! ,new ,_w ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian conqu]ors & _! prie/s4 ,he 0 n inde$ an en?usia/ic prea*] ( ,progress4 ,he is unable to decide betwe5 ! comp>ative advantages ( ! savage /ate ( nature & ! mo/ highly cultivat$ society4 ,b he obs]ves t ! human race is :at we wi% to make x1 t ! felicity ( man dep5ds entirely on ! improvem5t ( legislation2 & 9 ! survey ( ! hi/ory ( ,europe to :i* ! la/ ,book ( 8 "w is devot$1 8 view is g5]ally optimi/ic4 ,footnote3 cp4 ,raynal1 ,hi/oire1 vii4 #bad1 #bef4 ,?is book 0 fir/ publi%$ anonym\sly2 ! au?or's "n appe>$ 9 ! edition ( #aghj4 #e4 ,b>on d',holba* _h a m p[]ful bra9 ?an ,helvetius1 b 8 writ+s _h probably less influ5ce1 ?\gh he 0 ! spiritual fa!r ( two prom95t ,revolution>ies1 ,heb]t & ,*aumette4 ,8 ,sy/em ( ,nature 7#aggj7 develops a purely naturali/ic !ory ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* ! preval5t ,deism is reject$3 !re is no ,god2 mat]ial ,nature /&s out alone1 self-suffic+1 dom9is privata sup]bis4 ,! book sugge/s h[ ! ,lucretian !ory ( developm5t might h l$ to ! idea ( ,progress4 ,b x s5t a *illy %ock to ! he>ts ( _m & probably conv9c$ few4 ,! effective "p 0 ! outspok5 & passionate indictm5t ( gov]nm5ts & religions z causes ( mo/ ( ! mis]ies ( mank9d4 ,x is 9 o!r works1 especially 9 8 ,social ,sy/em1 t 8 views ( ,progress are to be s\ght4 ,man is simply a "p ( nature2 he has no privileg$ position1 & he is born nei!r good nor bad4 ,erras1 z ,s5eca said1 si exi/umas vitia nobiscum esse3 sup]v5]unt1 +e/a sunt4 ,footnote3 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #abd4 ,we are made good or bad by education1 public op9ion1 laws1 gov]nm5t2 & "h ! au?or po9ts to ! significance ( ! in/9ct ( imitation z a social =ce1 :i* a mod]n writ]1 ,m4 ,t>de1 has work$ into a sy/em4 ,! evils1 :i* are due to ! errors ( tyranny & sup]/ition1 ! =ce ( tru? w gradually dim9i% if x _c completely bani% !m2 = our gov]nm5ts & laws may be p]fect$ by ! progress ( useful k4 ,b ! process w be a long "o3 c5turies ( cont9u\s m5tal ef=t 9 unravell+ ! causes ( social ill-be+ & repeat$ exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! rem$ies 7des exp]i5ces reit]ees de la societe74 ,9 any case we _c look =w>d to ! atta9m5t ( an un*angeable or unqualifi$ felicity4 ,t is a m]e *im]a incompatible ) ! nature ( a be+ ^: feeble ma*9e is subject to d]angem5t & ^: ard5t imag9ation w n always submit to ! guidance ( reason4 ,sometimes to enjoy1 sometimes to suff]1 is ! lot ( man2 to enjoy m (t5 ?an to suff] is :at con/itutes well-be+4 ,d',holba* 0 a /rict det]m9i/2 he left no room = freewill 9 ! rigor\s succession ( cause & effect1 & ! pages 9 :i* he drives home ! !ory ( causal necessity are /ill wor? read+4 ,f 8 naturali/ic pr9ciples he inf]r$ t ! di/9ction betwe5 nature & art is n fundam5tal2 civilisation is z rational z ! savage /ate4 ,"h he 0 at "o ) ,ari/otle4 ,all ! successive inv5tions ( ! human m9d to *ange or p]fect man's mode ( exi/5ce & r5d] x happi] 7 only ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 ess5ce & t ( ! exi/5ces :i* act ^u him4 ,all we d or ?9k1 all we are or %all be1 is only an effect ( :at univ]sal nature has made u4 ,art is only nature act+ by ! aid ( ! in/rum5ts :i* %e has fa%ion$4 ,footnote3 ,! passages ( d',holba* specially ref]r$ to are3 ,sy/eme social1 i4 #a1 p4 #ac2 ,sy/4 de la nature1 i4 #f1 p4 #hh2 ,sy/4 soc4 i4 #ae1 p4 #bga2 ,sy/4 de la n4 i4 #a1 p4 #c4 ,progress1 !re=e1 is natural & necess>y1 & to criticise or condemn x by appeal+ to nature is only to divide ! h\se ( nature aga9/ itself4 ,if d',holba* _h press$ 8 logic fur!r1 he w\ld h tak5 a m indulg5t & calm] view ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,he w\ld h ackn[l$g$ t in/itutions & op9ions to :i* mod]n reason may give %ort %rift 7 natural & useful 9 _! day1 & w\ld h recognis$ t at any /age ( hi/ory ! h]itage ( ! pa/ is no less necess>y to progress ?an ! solv5t p[] ( new ideas4 ,mo/ ?9k]s ( 8 "t 7 incl9$ to judge ! pa/ c>e] ( humanity ana*roni/ically4 ,all ! ?+s t _h be5 done or ?\ght :i* c\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 ! new age ( enlight5m5t1 7 reg>d$ z gratuit\s & inexcusable errors4 ,! traditions1 sup]/itions1 & cu/oms1 ! :ole code ( fraud & woe transmitt$ f ! pa/1 weigh$ !n too heavily 9 ,france to all[ ! s*ool ( re=m to d imp>tial ju/ice to _! orig9s4 ,!y felt a sort ( res5tm5t aga9/ hi/ory4 ,d',alemb]t said t x w\ld be well if hi/ory c\ld be de/roy$2 & ! g5]al t5d5cy 0 to ignore ! social memory & ! common h]itage ( pa/ exp]i5ces :i* m\ld a human society & make x some?+ v diff]5t f a m]e collection ( individuals4 ,belief 9 ,progress1 h[ev]1 took no extravagant =m4 ,x did n beguile d',holba* or any o!r ( ! lead+ ?9k]s ( ! ,encyclopa$ia epo* into optimi/ic dreams ( ! future :i* might await mank9d4 ,!y _h a mu* cle>] conception ( ob/acles ?an ! good ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,helvetius agrees ) d',holba* t progress w be sl[1 & ,did]ot is wav]+ & sceptical ( ! "q ( indef9ite social improvem5t4 ,footnote3 ,de l'esprit1 ,disc4 ii4 cc4 #bd1 #be4 #f4 ,! re=m]s ( ! ,encyclopa$ia gr\p 7 n alone 9 dissem9at+ ! idea ( ,progress4 ,ano!r gr\p ( ?9k]s1 :o widely diff]$ 9 _! pr9ciples1 ?\gh "s ( !m _h contribut$ articles to ! ,encyclopa$ia1 ,footnote3 ,quesnay & ,turgot1 :o1 ?\gh n pr(ess$ly a ,physiocrat1 held ! same views z ! sect4 also did mu* to make x a p[]4 ,! rise ( ! special /udy ( ,economics 0 "o ( ! mo/ significant facts 9 ! g5]al tr5d ( ?\ght t[>ds ! analysis ( civilisation4 ,economical /ud5ts f\nd t 9 seek+ to discov] a true !ory ( ! production1 di/ribution1 & employm5t ( weal?1 !y c\ld n avoid ! consid]ation ( ! con/itution & purpose ( society4 ,! problems ( production & di/ribution c\ld n be divorc$ f political !ory3 production raises ! "q ( ! functions ( gov]nm5t & ! limits ( its int]v5tion 9 trade & indu/ry2 di/ribution involve que/ions ( prop]ty1 ju/ice1 & equality4 ,! employm5t ( ri*es leads into ! doma9 ( morals4 ,! ,fr5* ,economi/s or ,physiocrats1 z !y 7 aft]w>ds call$1 :o =m$ a def9ite s*ool be=e #agfj--,quesnay ! ma/]1 ,mirabeau1 ,m]ci] de la ,rivi]e1 & ! re/--envisag$ _! special subject f a wide philosophical po9t ( view2 _! g5]al economic !ory 0 equival5t to a !ory ( human society4 ,!y laid d[n ! doctr9e ( a ,natural ,ord] 9 political communities1 & f x !y d$uc$ _! economic tea*+4 ,!y assum$1 l ! ,encyclopa$i/s1 t ! end ( society is ! atta9m5t ( t]re/rial happ9ess by its memb]s1 & t ?is is ! sole purpose ( gov]nm5t4 ,! object ( a treatise by ,m]ci] de la ,rivi]e ,footnote3 ,l'ordre naturel et ess5tiel des societes politiqes1 #agfg4 7a conv5i5t exposition ( ! views ( ! sect7 is1 9 8 own words1 to discov] ! natural ord] = ! gov]nm5t ( m5 liv+ 9 organis$ communities1 :i* w assure to !m temporal felicity3 an ord] 9 :i* ev]y?+ is well1 necess>ily well1 & 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( all are s p]fectly & intimately consolidat$ t all are happy1 f ! rul] to ! lea/ ( 8 subjects4 ,b 9 :at does ?is happ9ess consi/8 ,8 answ] is t humanly speak+1 ! greate/ happ9ess possible = u consi/s 9 ! greate/ possible abundance ( objects suitable to our enjoym5t & 9 ! greate/ lib]ty to pr(it by !m4 ,& lib]ty is necess>y n only to enjoy !m b also to produce !m 9 ! greate/ abundance1 s9ce lib]ty /imulates human ef=ts4 ,ano!r condition ( abundance is ! multiplication ( ! race2 9 fact1 ! happ9ess ( m5 & _! numb]s are closely b\nd up toge!r 9 ! sy/em ( nature4 ,f ^! axioms may be d$uc$ ! ,natural ,ord] ( a human society1 ! reciprocal duties & rights ^: en=cem5t is requir$ = ! greate/ possible multiplication ( products1 9 ord] to procure to ! race ! greate/ sum ( happ9ess ) ! maximum population4 ,n[1 individual prop]ty is ! indisp5sable condition = full enjoym5t ( ! products ( human lab\r2 prop]ty is ! measure ( lib]ty1 & lib]ty is ! measure ( prop]ty4 ,h5ce1 to realise g5]al happ9ess x is only necess>y to ma9ta9 prop]ty & consequ5tly lib]ty 9 all _! natural ext5t4 ,! fatal error :i* has made hi/ory :at x is has be5 ! failure to recognise ?is simple fact2 = aggression & conque/1 ! causes ( human mis]ies1 violate ! law ( prop]ty :i* is ! f\ndation ( happ9ess4 ,! practical inf]5ce 0 t ! *ief function ( gov]nm5t 0 to protect prop]ty & t complete fre$om %\ld be left to private ent]prise to exploit ! res\rces ( ! e>?4 ,all w\ld be well if trade & indu/ry 7 all[$ to foll[ _! natural t5d5cies4 ,?is is :at 0 meant by ,physiocracy1 ! supremacy ( ! ,natural ,ord]4 ,if rul]s obs]v$ ! limits ( _! true functions1 ,m]ci] ?\ght t ! moral effect w\ld be imm5se4 ,! public sy/em ( gov]nm5t is ! true education ( moral man4 ,regis ad exemplum totus componitur orbis4 ,footnote3 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! ,physiocratic doctr9e z to ! relative values ( agriculture & comm]ce :i* ,adam ,smi? 0 soon to criticise d n conc]n u2 nor is x necess>y to repeat ! obvi\s criticisms on a !ory :i* virtually r$uc$ ! sci5ce ( society to a sci5ce ( production & di/ribution4 ,:ile !y advocat$ a ?or\gh re=m ( ! pr9ciples :i* rul$ ! fiscal policy ( gov]nm5ts1 ! ,economi/s 7 n ideali/s1 l ! ,encyclopa$ic philosoph]s2 !y s[$ no se$s ( revolution4 ,_! />t+-po9t 0 t :i* is1 n t :i* ought to be4 ,&1 ap>t f _! n>r[] po9t ( view1 !y diff]$ f ! philosoph]s 9 two v important po9ts4 ,!y did n believe t society 0 ( human in/itution1 & !re=e !y did n believe t !re c\ld be any d$uctive sci5ce ( society bas$ simply on man's nature4 ,moreov]1 !y held t inequality ( condition 0 "o ( its immutable features1 immutable because x is a consequ5ce ( ! inequality ( physical p[]s4 ,b !y believ$ 9 ! future progress ( society t[>ds a /ate ( happ9ess ?r\gh ! increase ( opul5ce :i* w\ld itself dep5d on ! gr[? ( ju/ice & lib]ty2 & !y insi/$ on ! importance ( ! increase & diffusion ( k4 ,_! influ5ce 9 promot+ a belief 9 ,progress is v\*$ = by ,condorcet1 ! fri5d & biograph] ( ,turgot4 ,z ,turgot /&s ap>t f ! ,physiocrats 7) :om inde$ he did n id5tify himself7 by 8 wid] views on civilisation1 x might be suspect$ t x is ( him t ,condorcet 0 *iefly ?9k+4 ,yet we ne$ n limit ! scope ( 8 /atem5t :5 we rememb] t z a sect ! ,economi/s assum$ z _! fir/ pr9ciple ! eudaemonic value ( civilisation1 decl>$ t temporal happ9ess is atta9able1 & ?rew all _! weight into ! scales aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,regress :i* _h f\nd a p[]ful advocate 9 ,r\sseau4 #g4 ,by lib]ty ! ,economi/s meant economic lib]ty4 ,nei!r !y nor ! philosoph]s nor ,r\sseau1 ! fa!r ( mod]n democracy1 _h any j conception ( :at political lib]ty means4 ,!y contribut$ mu* to its realisation1 b _! own ideas ( x 7 n>r[ & imp]fect4 ,!y nev] *all5g$ ! pr9ciple ( a despotic gov]nm5t1 !y only cont5d$ t ! despotism mu/ be enlight5$4 ,! pat]nal rule ( a ,joseph or a ,ca!r9e1 act+ "u ! advice ( philosoph]s1 seem$ to !m ! ideal solution ( ! problem ( gov]nm5t2 & :5 ! progressive & dis9t]e/$ ,turgot1 :om !y might reg>d z "o ( !mselves1 0 appo9t$ f9ancial m9i/] on ! accession ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 x seem$ t _! ideal 0 ab\t to be realis$4 ,8 spe$y fall dispell$ _! hopes1 b did n tea* !m ! secret ( lib]ty4 ,!y _h no qu>rel ) ! pr9ciple ( ! c5sor%ip1 ?\gh !y wri!d "u its tyranny2 !y did n want to aboli% x4 ,!y only compla9$ t x 0 us$ aga9/ reason & light1 t is aga9/ _! own writ+s2 &1 if ! ,conseil d',etat or ! ,p>lem5t _h suppress$ ! works ( _! obscuranti/ oppon5ts1 !y w\ld h congratulat$ !mselves t ! _w 0 m>*+ quickly t[>ds p]fection4 ,footnote3 ,! pr9ciple t intol]ance on ! "p ( ! wise & /rong t[>ds ! ignorant & weak is a good ?+ is n ali5 to ! _s ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k any ( !m expressly ass]t$ x4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury x 0 =mulat$ by ,col9s1 a ,belgian 7au?or ( two works on social sci5ce1 #aheg-fj71 :o believ$ t an autocratic gov]nm5t suppress+ lib]ty ( consci5ce is ! mo/ effective in/rum5t ( ,progress4 ,x is possible t democracy may yet try ! exp]im5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,0 ,,civilisation ,a ,,mi/ake8 ,,r\sseau1 ,,*a/ellux4 #a4 ,! optimi/ic !ory ( civilisation 0 n un*all5g$ by rationali/s4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#agej7 9 :i* ,turgot trac$ an outl9e ( hi/orical ,progress at ! ,sorbonne1 ,r\sseau laid be=e ! ,academy ( ,dijon a !ory ( hi/orical ,regress4 ,?is ,academy _h (f]$ a prize = ! be/ essay on ! "q :e!r ! revival ( sci5ces & arts _h contribut$ to ! improvem5t ( morals4 ,! prize 0 aw>d$ to ,r\sseau4 ,five ye>s lat] ! same le>n$ body propos$ ano!r subject = inve/igation1 ! orig9 ( ,inequality among m54 ,r\sseau aga9 compet$ b fail$ to w9 ! prize1 ?\gh ?is second essay 0 a f> m rem>kable p]=mance4 ,! view common to ^! two disc\rses1 t social developm5t has be5 a gigantic mi/ake1 t ! f>!r man has travell$ f a primitive simple /ate ! m unhappy has 8 lot become1 t civilisation is radically vici\s1 0 n orig9al4 ,ess5tially ! same issue _h be5 rais$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t =m1 by ,m&eville's ,fable ( ! ,bees1 ! sc&al\s book :i* aim$ at prov+ t x is n ! virtues & amiable qualities ( man t are ! cem5t ( civilis$ society1 b ! vices ( its memb]s :i* are ! support ( all trades & employm5ts4 ,footnote3 ,! exp&$ edition 0 publi%$ 9 #agbc4 ,9 ^! vices1 he said1 we mu/ look = ! true orig9 ( all arts & sci5ces2 ! mom5t evil ceases ! society mu/ be spoil$1 if n totally dissolv$4 ,! significance ( ,m&eville's book lay 9 ! *all5ge x flung to ! optimi/ic doctr9es ( ,"l ,%aftesbury1 t human nature is good & all is = ! be/ 9 ?is h>moni\s _w4 ,! ideas he _h =m$1 wrote ,m&eville1 ( ! goodness & excell5cy ( our nature 7 z romantic & *im]ical z !y are beautiful & amiable2 he lab\r$ h>d to unite two contr>ies t c nev] be reconcil$ toge!r1 innoc5ce ( mann]s & worldly greatness4 ,( ^! two views ,r\sseau accept$ "o & reject$ ! o!r4 ,he agre$ ) ,%aftesbury z to ! natural goodness ( man2 he agre$ ) ,m&eville t innoc5ce ( mann]s is incompatible ) ! conditions ( a civilis$ society4 ,he 0 an optimi/ 9 reg>d to human nature1 a pessimi/ 9 reg>d to civilisation4 ,9 8 fir/ ,disc\rse he beg9s by appreciat+ ! speci\s spl5d\r ( mod]n enlight5m5t1 ! voyages ( man's intellect among ! />s1 & !n goes on to assev] t 9 ! fir/ place m5 h lo/1 ?r\gh _! civilisation1 ! orig9al lib]ty = :i* !y 7 born1 & t arts & sci5ce1 fl++ g>l&s ( fl[]s on ! iron *a9s :i* b9d !m1 make !m love _! slav]y2 & secondly t !re is a real depravity b5ea? ! fair semblance & our s\ls are corrupt$ z our sci5ces & arts advance to p]fection4 ,nor is ?is only a mod]n ph5om5on2 ! evils due to our va9 curiosity are z old z ! _w4 ,= x is a law ( hi/ory t morals fall & rise 9 correspond5ce ) ! progress & decl9e ( ! arts & sci5ces z regul>ly z ! tides answ] to ! phases ( ! moon4 ,?is law is exemplifi$ by ! =tunes ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,*9a1 to ^: civilisations ! au?or opposes ! comp>ative happ9ess ( ! ignorant ,p]sians1 ,scy?ians1 & anci5t ,g]mans4 ,luxury1 dissolut5ess1 & slav]y h be5 always ! *a/isem5t ( ! ambiti\s ef=ts we h made to em]ge f ! happy ignorance 9 :i* ! ,et]nal ,wisdom _h plac$ u4 ,!re is ! !ological doctr9e ( ! tree ( ,ed5 9 a new %ape4 ,r\sseau's attempt to %[ t ! cultivation ( sci5ce produces specific moral evils is feeble1 & has little +5uity2 x is a declamation r ?an an argum5t2 & 9 ! end he makes concessions :i* undo ! effect ( 8 impea*m5t4 ,! essay did n e/abli% ev5 a plausible case1 b x 0 p>adoxical & sugge/ive1 & attract$ m att5tion ?an ,turgot's ?\ghtful disc\rse 9 ! ,sorbonne4 ,d',alemb]t deem$ x wor?y ( a c\rte\s expression ( diss5t2 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,disc4 ,prel4 to ! ,encyclopa$ia4 & ,voltaire satiris$ x 9 8 ,timon4 #b4 ,9 ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality ,r\sseau dealt m directly ) ! effect ( civilisation on happ9ess4 ,he propos$ to expla9 h[ x came ab\t t "r ov]came ! primitive reign ( might1 t ! /rong 7 induc$ to s]ve ! weak1 & ! p to pur*ase a fanci$ tranquillity at ! price ( a real felicity4 ,s he /at$ 8 problem2 & to solve x he _h to consid] ! /ate ( nature :i* ,hobbes _h conceiv$ z a /ate ( w> & ,locke z a /ate ( peace4 ,r\sseau imag9es our fir/ savage ance/ors liv+ 9 isolation1 w&]+ 9 ! =e/s1 occasionally co-op]at+1 & diff]+ f ! animals only by ! possession ( a faculty = improv+ !mselves 7la faculte de se p]fectionn]74 ,aft] a /age 9 :i* families liv$ alone 9 a m or less settl$ condition1 came ! =mation ( gr\ps ( families1 liv+ toge!r 9 a def9ite t]ritory1 unit$ by a common mode ( life & su/5ance1 & by ! common influ5ce ( climate1 b )\t laws or gov]nm5t or any social organisation4 ,x is ?is /ate1 :i* 0 rea*$ only aft] a long p]iod1 n ! orig9al /ate ( nature1 t ,r\sseau consid]s to h be5 ! happie/ p]iod ( ! human race4 ,?is p]iod ( ! developm5t ( human faculties1 hold+ a j mean betwe5 ! indol5ce ( ! primitive /ate & ! petulant activity ( our self-love1 mu/ be ! happie/ & mo/ durable epo*4 ,! m we reflect on x1 ! m we f9d t ?is /ate 0 ! lea/ expos$ to revolutions & ! be/ = man2 & t he c h left x only ?r\gh "s fatal *ance :i*1 = ! common advantage1 %\ld nev] h occurr$4 ,! example ( ! savages :o h almo/ all be5 f\nd 9 ?is /ate seems to be> out ! conclusion t humanity 0 made to rema9 9 x = ev]1 t x 0 ! true y\? ( ! _w1 & t all fur!r progresses h be5 s _m /eps1 app>5tly t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! individual1 & really t[>ds ! decrepitude ( ! species4 ,he ascribes to metallurgy & agriculture ! fatal resolution :i* br\ght ?is ,arcadian exi/5ce to an end4 ,agriculture entail$ ! orig9 ( prop]ty 9 l&4 ,moral & social inequality 7 introduc$ by ! man :o fir/ enclos$ a piece ( l& & said1 ,?is is m9e1 & f\nd p simple en\gh to believe him4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( civil society4 ,! g5]al argum5t am\nts to ?is3 ,man's faculty ( improv+ himself is ! s\rce ( 8 o!r faculties1 includ+ 8 sociability1 & has be5 fatal to 8 happ9ess4 ,! circum/ances ( 8 primeval life fav\r$ ! gr[? ( ?is faculty1 & 9 mak+ man sociable !y made him wick$2 !y develop$ ! reason ( ! individual & !reby caus$ ! species to det]iorate4 ,if ! process _h /opp$ at a c]ta9 po9t1 all w\ld h be5 well2 b man's capacities1 /imulat$ by =tuit\s circum/ances1 urg$ him onw>d1 & leav+ beh9d him ! peaceful ,arcadia :]e he %\ld h rema9$ safe & cont5t1 he set out on ! fatal road :i* l$ to ! calamities ( civilisation4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ,r\sseau 9 8 description ( ^? calamities :i* he attributes to weal? & ! artificial conditions ( society4 ,8 indictm5t 0 too g5]al & rhetorical to make mu* impression4 ,9 tru?1 a m p[]ful & compreh5sive case aga9/ civilis$ society 0 drawn up ab\t ! same "t1 ?\gh ) a v diff]5t motive1 by "o ^: ?\ght repres5t$ all t 0 oppos$ to ,r\sseau's tea*+4 ,burke's e>ly "w1 ,a ,v9dication ( ,natural ,society1 ,footnote3 ,a4,d4 #agef4 0 writt5 to %[ t all ! objections :i* ,dei/s l ,bol+broke urg$ aga9/ artificial religion c\ld be br\ght ) great] =ce aga9/ artificial society1 & he work$ out 9 detail a hi/orical picture ( ! evils ( civilisation :i* is f> m tell+ ?an ,r\sseau's g5]alities4 ,footnote3 ,9 8 admirable edition ( ,! ,political ,writ+s ( ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau 7#aiae71 p4 #hi1 ,vaughan sugge/s t 9 ,r\sseau's lat] works we may possibly detect ! fir/ fa9t beg9n+s ( a belief 9 ,progress1 & attributes ?is to ! influ5ce ( ,montesquieu4 #c4 ,if civilisation has be5 ! curse ( man1 x might seem t ! logical c\rse = ,r\sseau to recomm5d 0 its de/ruction4 ,?is 0 ! inf]5ce :i* ,voltaire drew 9 ,timon1 to laugh ! :ole !ory out ( c\rt4 ,b ,r\sseau did n sugge/ a movem5t to de/roy all ! libr>ies & all ! works ( art 9 ! _w1 to put to dea? or sil5ce all ! savants1 to pull d[n ! cities1 & burn ! %ips4 ,he 0 n a m]e dream]1 & 8 ,arcadia 0 no m ?an a ,utopian ideal1 by ! light ( :i* he conceiv$ t ! society ( 8 own day might be correct$ & trans=m$4 ,he atta*$ 8 hopes to equality1 democracy1 & a radical *ange 9 education4 ,equality3 ?is revolution>y idea 0 ( c\rse q compatible ) ! !ory ( ,progress1 & 0 soon to be closely associat$ ) x4 ,b x is easy to und]/& t ! two ideas %\ld fir/ h appe>$ 9 antagonism to ea* o!r4 ,! advance ( k & ! increase ( man's p[] ov] nature _h virtually pr(it$ only a m9ority4 ,:5 ,font5elle or ,voltaire vaunt$ ! illum9ation ( _! age & glorifi$ ! mod]n revolution 9 sci5tific ?\ght1 !y took acc\nt only ( a small class ( privileg$ p4 ,high] education1 ,voltaire obs]v$1 is n = cobbl]s or kit*5maids2 on n'a jamais pret5du eclair] les cordonni]s et les s]vantes4 ,! !ory ( ,progress _h s f> left ! masses out ( acc\nt4 ,r\sseau contra/$ ! spl5d\r ( ! ,fr5* c\rt1 ! luxury ( ! opul5t1 ! enlight5m5t ( ^? :o _h ! opportunity ( education1 ) ! h>d lot ( ! ignorant mass ( peasants1 ^: toil paid = ! luxury ( _m ( ! idle enlight5$ p :o amus$ !mselves at ,p>is4 ,! horror ( ?is contra/1 :i* left ,voltaire cold1 0 ! poignant motive :i* inspir$ ,r\sseau1 a man ( ! p1 9 con/ruct+ 8 new doctr9e4 ,! exi/+ inequality seem$ an inju/ice :i* r5d]$ ! self-complac5cy ( ! age revolt+4 ,if ?is is ! result ( progressive civilisation1 :at is progress wor?8 ,! next /ep is to decl>e t civilisation is ! causa malorum & t :at is nam$ progress is really regress4 ,b ,r\sseau f\nd a way ( circumv5t+ pessimism4 ,he ask$ himself1 _c equality be realis$ 9 an organis$ /ate1 f\nd$ on natural "r8 ,! ,social ,contract 0 8 answ]1 & !re we c see ! liv+ idea ( equality deta*+ itself f ! dead !ory ( degradation4 ,footnote3 ,! consi/5cy ( ! ,social ,contract ) ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality has be5 mu* debat$4 ,!y deal ) two di/9ct problems1 & ! ,social ,contract does n m>k any *ange 9 ! au?or's views4 ,?\gh x 0 n publi%$ till #agfb he _h be5 work+ at x s9ce #agec4 ,arcadianism1 :i* 0 ?us only a side-issue = ,r\sseau1 0 ! extreme expression ( t5d5cies :i* appe> 9 ! speculations ( o!r ?9k]s ( ! day4 ,morelly & ,mably argu$ 9 fav\r ( a rev]sion to simpl] =ms ( life4 ,!y contemplat$ ! f\ndation ( sociali/ic communities by reviv+ in/itutions & practices :i* belong$ to a pa/ p]iod ( social evolution4 ,mably1 inspir$ by ,plato1 ?\ght x possible by legislation to con/ruct a /ate ( antique patt]n4 ,footnote3 ,= ,mably's political doctr9es see ,gu]ri]'s monograph1 ,l',abbe de ,mably 7#ahhf71 :]e x is %[n t among ! !ories :i* det]m9$ 9 advance ! c\rse ( ! ev5ts ( #aghi ! ,abbe's play$ a role :i* has n be5 duly recognis$4 ,!y ascrib$ evils ( civilisation to inequality aris+ f ! exi/5ce ( private prop]ty1 b ,morelly reject$ ! view ( ! bold sophi/ ,r\sseau t sci5ce & art 7 to blame4 ,he ?\ght t aid$ by sci5ce & le>n+ man might rea* a /ate bas$ on communism1 resembl+ ! /ate ( nature b m p]fect1 & he plann$ an ideal con/itution 9 8 romance ( ! ,float+ ,isl&s4 ,footnote3 ,naufrage des isles flottantes ou ,basiliade du celebre ,pilpai 7#agec74 ,x beg9s3 je *ante le regne aimable de la ,v]ite et de la ,nature4 ,morelly's o!r "w1 ,code de la ,nature1 appe>$ 9 #agee4 ,diff]5t z ^! views 71 !y repres5t ! idea ( regress2 !y imply a condemnation ( ! t5d5cies ( actual social developm5t & recomm5d a return to simpl] & m primitive conditions4 ,ev5 ,did]ot1 ?\gh he _h little sympa?y ) ,utopian speculations1 0 attract$ by ! idea ( ! simplification ( society1 & met ,r\sseau s f> z to decl>e t ! happie/ /ate 0 a mean betwe5 savage & civilis$ life4 ,i am conv9c$1 he wrote1 t ! indu/ry ( man has gone too f> & t if x _h /opp$ long ago & if x 7 possible to simplify ! results1 we %\ld n be ! worse4 ,i believe !re is a limit 9 civilisation1 a limit m con=mable to ! felicity ( man 9 g5]al & f> less di/ant f ! savage /ate ?an is imag9$2 b h[ to return to x1 hav+ left x1 or h[ to rema9 9 x1 if we 7 !re8 ,i "k n4 ,footnote3 ,refutation de l'ouvrage d',helvetius 9 ,o,euvres ii4 p4 #dca4 ,else:]e 7p4 #bhg7 he argues t 9 a community )\t arts & indu/ries !re are few] crimes ?an 9 a civilis$ /ate1 b m5 are n s happy4 ,8 picture ( ! savages ( ,tahiti 9 ! ,supplem5t au voyage de ,b\ga9ville 0 n s]i\sly meant1 b x illu/rates ! fact t 9 c]ta9 moods he felt ! fasc9ation ( ,r\sseau's ,arcadia4 ,d',holba* met all ^! !ories by po9t+ out t human developm5t1 f ! /ate ( nature to social life & ! ideas & commodities ( civilisation1 is itself natural1 giv5 ! innate t5d5cy ( man to improve 8 lot4 ,to return to ! simpl] life ( ! =e/s--or to any bygone /age--w\ld be d5atur] l'homme1 x w\ld be contr>y to nature2 & if he c\ld d s1 x w\ld only be to recomm5ce ! c>e] begun by 8 ance/ors & pass aga9 ?r\gh ! same successive phases ( hi/ory4 ,footnote3 ,sy/4 soc4 i4 #af1 p4 #aij4 ,!re 01 inde$1 "o "q :i* caus$ "s emb>rassm5t to believ]s 9 ,progress4 ,! increase ( weal? & luxury 0 evid5tly a sali5t feature 9 mod]n progressive /ates2 & x 0 cle> t !re 0 an intimate connection betwe5 ! gr[? ( k & ! gr[? ( comm]ce & indu/rial arts1 & t ! natural progress ( ^! meant an ev]-increas+ accumulation ( ri*es & ! practice ( m ref9$ luxury4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 :e!r luxury is injuri\s to ! g5]al happ9ess occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! philosoph]s4 ,footnote3 ,d',holba*1 ib4 iii4 #g2 ,did]ot1 art4 ,luxe 9 ! ,encylopa$ia2 ,helvetius1 ,de l'esprit1 i4 #c4 ,if x is injuri\s1 does x n foll[ t ! =ces on :i* admitt$ly ,progress dep5ds are lead+ 9 an undesirable direction8 ,%\ld !y be ob/ruct$1 or is x wis] to let ?+s foll[ _! natural t5d5cy 7laiss] all] les *oses suivant leur p5te naturelle78 ,voltaire accept$ weal? ) all its consequ5ces4 ,d',holba* prov$ to 8 satisfaction t luxury always l$ to ! ru9 ( nations4 ,did]ot & ,helvetius array$ ! argum5ts :i* c\ld be urg$ on bo? sides4 ,p]haps ! mo/ reasonable contribution to ! subject 0 an essay ( ,hume4 #d4 ,x is obvi\s t ,r\sseau & all o!r !ori/s ( ,regress w\ld be def9itely refut$ if x c\ld be prov$ by an hi/orical inve/igation t 9 no p]iod 9 ! pa/ _h man's lot be5 happi] ?an 9 ! pres5t4 ,su* an inquiry 0 und]tak5 by ! ,*evali] de ,*a/ellux4 ,8 book ,on ,public ,felicity1 or ,consid]ations on ! lot ( ,m5 9 ! v>i\s ,epo*s ( ,hi/ory1 appe>$ 9 #aggb & _h a wide circulation4 ,footnote3 ,!re 0 a new edition 9 #aggf ) an important additional *apt]4 ,x is a survey ( ! hi/ory ( ! we/]n _w & aims at prov+ ! c]ta9ty ( future ,progress4 ,x betrays ! influ5ce bo? ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s & ( ! ,economi/s4 ,*a/ellux is conv9c$ t human nature c be indef9itely m\ld$ by in/itutions2 t enlight5m5t is a necess>y condition ( g5]al happ9ess2 t w> & sup]/ition1 = :i* gov]nm5ts & prie/s are responsible1 are ! pr9cipal ob/acles4 ,b he attempt$ to d :at none ( 8 ma/]s _h done1 to te/ ! "q me?odically f ! data ( hi/ory4 ,turgot1 & ,voltaire 9 8 way1 _h trac$ ! gr[? ( civilisation2 ! orig9ality ( ,*a/ellux lay 9 conc5trat+ att5tion on ! eudaemonic issue1 9 exam9+ ea* hi/orical p]iod = ! purpose ( discov]+ :e!r p on ! :ole 7 happy & enviable4 ,has !re ev] be5 a "t1 he inquir$1 9 :i* public felicity 0 great] ?an 9 our own1 9 :i* x w\ld h be5 desirable to rema9 = ev]1 & to :i* x w\ld n[ be desirable to return8 ,he beg9s by bru%+ away ! hypo!sis ( an ,arcadia4 ,we "k really no?+ ab\t primitive man1 !re is n suffici5t evid5ce to au?orise conjectures4 ,we "k man only z he has exi/$ 9 organis$ societies1 & if we are to condemn mod]n civilisation & its prospects1 we mu/ f9d our t]m ( comp>ison n 9 an imag9>y gold5 age b 9 a kn[n hi/orical epo*4 ,& we mu/ be c>eful n to fall into ! mi/akes ( confus+ public prosp]ity ) g5]al happ9ess1 & ( consid]+ only ! duration or aggr&isem5t ( empires & ignor+ ! lot ( ! common p4 ,8 survey ( hi/ory is summ>y & sup]ficial en\gh4 ,he gives reasons = believ+ t no peoples f ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,assyrians to ! ,europeans ( ! ,r5aissance c be judg$ happy4 ,yet :at ab\t ! ,greeks8 ,!irs 0 an age ( enlight5m5t4 ,9 a few pages he exam9es _! laws & hi/ory1 & concludes1 ,we are compell$ to ackn[l$ge t :at is call$ ! bel age ( ,greece 0 a "t ( pa9 & torture = humanity4 ,& 9 anci5t hi/ory1 g5]ally1 slav]y alone suffic$ to make man's condition a hundr$ times worse ?an x is at pres5t4 ,! mis]ies ( life 9 ! ,roman p]iod are ev5 m app>5t ?an 9 ! ,greek4 ,:at ,engli%man or ,fr5*man w\ld tol]ate life z liv$ 9 anci5t ,rome8 ,x is int]e/+ to rememb] t f\r ye>s lat] an ,engli%man :o _h an incomp>ably wid] & deep] k ( hi/ory decl>$ x to be probable t 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es civilis$ ,europe enjoy$ great] happ9ess ?an at any o!r p]iod4 ,rome decl9$ & ,*ri/ianity came4 ,its purpose 0 n to r5d] m5 happy on e>?1 & we d n f9d t x made rul]s less av>ici\s or less sangu9>y1 peoples m pati5t or quiet1 crimes r>]1 puni%m5ts less cruel1 treaties m fai?fully obs]v$1 or w>s wag$ m humanely4 ,! conclusion is t x is only ^? :o are pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! pa/ :o c regret ! good old times4 ,?r\gh\t ?is survey ,*a/ellux does n1 l ,turgot1 make any attempt to %[ t ! race 0 progress+1 h[ev] sl[ly4 ,on ! contr>y1 he sets ! beg9n+ ( cont9u\s ,progress 9 ! ,r5aissance--"h agree+ ) d',alemb]t & ,voltaire4 ,! intellectual movem5t1 :i* orig9at$ !n & result$ 9 ! enlight5m5t ( 8 own day1 0 a condition ( social progress4 ,b alone x w\ld n h be5 en\gh1 z is prov$ by ! fact t ! intellectual brilliancy ( ! great age ( ,greece ex]t$ no b5efic5t effects on ! well-be+ ( ! p4 ,nor inde$ 0 !re any p]ceptible improvem5t 9 ! prospect ( happ9ess = ! p at l>ge dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 not)/&+ ! progress ( sci5ce & ! arts4 ,b ! t]rible w>s ( ?is p]iod exhau/$ ,europe1 & ?is f9ancial exhau/ion has suppli$ ! requisite conditions = atta9+ a measure ( felicity nev] realis$ 9 ! pa/4 ,peace is an advantage\s condition = ! progress ( reason1 b especially :5 x is ! result ( ! exhau/ion ( peoples & _! satiety ( fight+4 ,frivol\s ideas disappe>2 political bodies1 l organisms1 h ! c>e ( self-pres]vation impress$ ^u !m by pa92 ! human m9d1 hi!rto ex]cis$ on agreeable objects1 falls back ) m en]gy on useful objects2 a m successful appeal c be made to ! rights ( humanity2 & pr9ces1 :o h become cr$itors & debtors ( _! subjects1 p]mit !m to be happy 9 ord] t !y may be m solv5t or m pati5t4 ,?is is n v lucid or conv9c+2 b ! ma9 po9t is t intellectual enlight5m5t w\ld be ineffective )\t ! co-op]ation ( political ev5ts1 & no political ev5ts w\ld p]man5tly help humanity )\t ! progress ( k4 ,public felicity consi/s--,*a/ellux foll[s ! ,economi/s--9 ext]nal & dome/ic peace1 abundance & lib]ty1 ! lib]ty ( tranquil enjoym5t ( "o's own2 & ord9>y signs ( x are fl\ri%+ agriculture1 l>ge populations1 & ! gr[? ( trade & indu/ry4 ,he is at pa9s to %[ ! sup]iority ( mod]n to anci5t agriculture1 & he avails himself ( ! rese>*es ( ,hume to prove ! comp>atively great] popul\sness ( mod]n ,european c\ntries4 ,z = ! prospect ( peace1 he takes a curi\sly optimi/ic view4 ,a sy/em ( alliances has made ,europe a sort ( conf$]at$ republic1 & ! balance ( p[] has r5d]$ ! design ( a univ]sal mon>*y1 su* z t :i* ,l\is ,,xiv4 essay$1 a *im]a4 ,footnote3 ,s ,riv>ol1 writ+ 9 #aghc 7,o,euvres1 i4 pp4 #d & #eb73 ,nev] did ! _w (f] su* a spectacle4 ,europe has rea*$ su* a high degree ( p[] t hi/ory has no?+ to comp>e ) x4 ,x is virtually a f$]ative republic1 compos$ ( empires & k+doms1 & ! mo/ p[]ful t has ev] exi/$4 ,all ! p[]ful nations are burd5$ ) debt4 ,w>1 too1 is a mu* m difficult ent]prise ?an x us$ to be2 e campaign ( ! k+ ( ,prussia has be5 m ardu\s ?an all ! conque/s ( ,attila4 ,x looks z if ! ,peace ( #agfb-c possess$ elem5ts ( f9ality4 ,! *ief dang] he disc]ns 9 ! ov]seas policy ( ! ,engli%--auri sacra fames4 ,div9ation ( ?is k9d has nev] be5 happy2 a great] ?9k]1 ,augu/e ,comte1 0 to v5ture on m dogmatic pr$ictions ( ! cessation ( w>s1 :i* ! ev5t 0 no less utt]ly to belie4 ,z = equality among m51 ,*a/ellux admits its desirability1 b obs]ves t !re is pretty mu* ! same am\nt ( happ9ess 7le bonheur se comp5se assez7 9 ! diff]5t classes ( society4 ,c\rti]s & m9i/]s are n happi] ?an husb&m5 & artisans4 ,inequalities & disportions 9 ! lots ( individuals are n incompatible ) a positive measure ( felicity4 ,!y are inconv5i5ces incid5t to ! p]fectibility ( ! species1 & !y w be elim9at$ only :5 ,progress rea*es its f9al t]m4 ,! be/ t c be done to rem$y !m is to accel]ate ! ,progress ( ! race :i* w conduct x "o day to ! greate/ possible happ9ess2 n to re/ore a /ate ( ignorance & simplicity1 f :i* x w\ld aga9 escape4 ,! g5]al argum5t ( ! book may be resum$ briefly4 ,felicity has nev] be5 realis$ 9 any p]iod ( ! pa/4 ,no gov]nm5t1 h[ev] e/eem$1 set be=e itself to a*ieve :at ought to be ! sole object ( gov]nm5t1 ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] ( individuals4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t 9 human hi/ory1 intellectual enlight5m5t1 o!r circum/ances =tunately concurr+1 has br\ght ab\t a condition ( ?+s1 9 :i* ?is object c no long] be ignor$1 & !re is a prospect t x w gradually ga9 ! asc5dant4 ,9 ! meantime1 ?+s h improv$2 ! diffusion ( k is daily ameliorat+ m5's lot1 & f> f envy+ any age 9 ! pa/ we ought to consid] ourselves mu* happi] ?an ! anci5ts4 ,we may wond] at ?is writ]'s easy confid5ce 9 apply+ ! crit]ion ( happ9ess to diff]5t societies4 ,yet ! difficulty ( su* comp>isons 01 ,i believe1 fir/ po9t$ out by ,comte4 ,footnote3 ,c\rs de philosophie positive1 iv4 #cgi4 ,x is impossible1 he says1 to comp>e two /ates ( society & det]m9e t 9 "o m happ9ess 0 enjoy$ ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! happ9ess ( an individual requires a c]ta9 degree ( h>mony betwe5 8 faculties & 8 environm5t4 ,b !re is always a natural t5d5cy t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( su* an equilibrium1 & !re is no means ( discov]+ by argum5t or by direct exp]i5ce ! situation ( a society 9 ?is respect4 ,!re=e1 he concludes1 ! "q ( happ9ess mu/ be elim9at$ f any sci5tific treatm5t ( civilisation4 ,*a/ellux won a rem>kable success4 ,8 "w 0 highly prais$ by ,voltaire1 & 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 ,italian1 & ,g]man4 ,x cond5s$1 on a s+le issue1 ! optimi/ic doctr9es ( ! philosoph]s1 & appe>$ to give !m a m solid hi/orical f\ndation ?an ,voltaire's ,essay on ,mann]s _h suppli$4 ,x provid$ ! optimi/s ) new argum5ts aga9/ ,r\sseau1 & mu/ h done mu* to spread & confirm fai? 9 p]fectibility4 ,footnote3 ,soon aft] ! publication ( ! book ( ,*a/ellux--?\gh ,i d n sugge/ any direct connection--a society ( ,illum9ati1 :o also call$ !mselves ! ,p]fectibili/s1 0 f\nd$ at ,+old/adt1 :o propos$ to effect a pacific trans=mation ( humanity4 ,see ,jav>y1 ,de l'idee de progres1 p4 #gc4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,ye> #bddj #a4 ,! lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ,france did n look f> =w>d into ! future or attempt to trace ! def9ite l9es on :i* ! human race might be expect$ to develop4 ,!y cont5t$ !mselves ) pr9ciples & vague g5]alities1 & !y _h no illusions z to ! sl[ness ( ! process ( social amelioration2 a rational morality1 ! condition ( improvem5t1 0 only 9 its infancy4 ,a passage 9 a "w ( ! ,abbe ,morellet probably reflects fai?fully en\gh ! com=table ?\gh n extravagant optimism :i* 0 curr5t4 ,footnote3 ,reflexions sur les avantages d'ecrire et d'imprim] sur les mati]es de l'adm9i/ration 7#agfd72 9 ,melanges1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ee4 ,morellet held1 l d',holba*1 t society is only ! developm5t & improvem5t ( nature itself 7ib4 p4 #f74 ,let u hope = ! amelioration ( man's lot z a consequ5ce ( ! progress ( ! enlight5m5t 7des lumi]es7 & lab\rs ( ! educat$ 7des g5s in/ruits72 let u tru/ t ! errors & ev5 ! inju/ices ( our age may n rob u ( ?is consol+ hope4 ,! hi/ory ( society pres5ts a cont9u\s alt]nation ( light & d>kness1 reason & extravagance1 humanity & b>b>ism2 b 9 ! succession ( ages we c obs]ve good gradually increas+ 9 ev] great] proportion4 ,:at educat$ man1 if he is n a misan?rope or misl$ by va9 declamations1 w\ld really wi% he _h liv$ 9 ! b>b>\s & poetical "t :i* ,hom] pa9ts 9 su* fair & t]rify+ col\rs8 ,:o regrets t he 0 n born at ,sp>ta among ^? pret5d$ h]oes :o made x a virtue to insult nature1 practis$ !ft1 & glori$ 9 ! murd] ( a ,helot2 or at ,c>?age1 ! sc5e ( human sacrifices1 or at ,rome amid ! proscriptions or "u ! rule ( a ,n]o or a ,caligula8 ,let z agree t man advances1 ?\gh sl[ly1 t[>ds light & happ9ess4 ,b ?\gh ! mo/ influ5tial writ]s 7 sob] 9 speculat+ ab\t ! future1 x is significant ( _! effectiv5ess 9 diffus+ ! idea ( ,progress t n[ = ! fir/ "t a prophetic ,utopia 0 con/ruct$4 ,hi!rto1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 ideal /ates 7 ei!r project$ into ! remote pa/ or set 9 "s di/ant1 vaguely-kn[n region1 :]e fancy c\ld build freely4 ,to project !m into ! future 0 a new ?+1 & :5 9 #aggj ,seba/i5 ,m]ci] describ$ :at human civilisation w\ld be 9 ,a4,d4 #bddj1 x 0 a tell+ sign ( ! p[] :i* ! idea ( ,progress 0 beg9n+ to ex]cise4 #b4 ,m]ci] has be5 rememb]$1 or r =gott51 z an inf]ior dramati/4 ,he 0 a good deal m1 & ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,becl>d into 8 life & works enable u to appreciate him4 ,if x is an ov]/atem5t to say t 8 s\l reflect$ 9 m9iature ! v s\l ( 8 age1 ,footnote3 ,l4 ,becl>d1 ,seba/i5 ,m]ci]1 sa vie1 son oeuvre1 son temps 7#aijc71 p4 vii4 he 0 assur$ly "o ( its *>act]i/ic products4 ,he rem9ds u 9 "s ways ( ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 :o 0 "o ( 8 h]oes4 ,all 8 activities 7 urg$ by ! dream ( a humanity reg5]at$ by reason1 all 8 en]gy devot$ to br++ ab\t its accompli%m5t4 ,sa9t-,pi]re's idea ( p]petual peace inspir$ an e>ly essay on ! sc\rge ( w>4 ,! !ories ( ,r\sseau ex]cis$ at fir/ an irresi/ible attraction1 b mod]n civilisation _h too /rong a hold on him2 he 0 too ,p>isian 9 temp] to acquiesce = long 9 ! doctr9e ( ,arcadianism4 ,he compos$ a book on ,! ,savage to illu/rate ! text t ! true /&>d ( morality is ! he>t ( primitive man1 & to prove t ! be/ ?+ we c\ld d is to return to ! =e/2 b 9 ! process ( writ+ x he seems to h come to ! conclusion t ! :ole doctr9e 0 fallaci\s4 ,footnote3 ,m]ci]'s e>ly essay3 ,des malheurs de la gu]re et des avantages de la paix 7#agff74 ,on ! savage3 ,l'homme sauvage 7#agfg74 ,= ! opposite !sis see ! ,songes philosophiques 7#agfh74 ,he describes a /ate ( p]fect happ9ess 9 a planet :]e be+s live 9 p]petual contemplation ( ! inf9ite4 ,he appreciates ! "w ( philosoph]s f ,socrates to ,leibnitz1 & describes ,r\sseau z /&+ be=e ! swell+ /ream1 b curs+ x4 ,x may be suspect$ t ! writ+s ( ,leibnitz _h mu* to d ) ,m]ci]'s conv]sion4 ,! trans=mation ( 8 op9ions 0 ! "w ( a few mon?s4 ,he !n came =w>d ) ! opposite !sis t all ev5ts h be5 ord]$ = man's felicity1 & he began to "w on an imag9>y picture ( ! /ate to :i* man might f9d 8 way )9 sev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,l'an #bddj 0 publi%$ anonym\sly at ,am/]dam 9 #aggj4 ,footnote3 ,! au?or's "n fir/ appe>$ 9 ! #crd ed41 #agii4 ,a ,g]man translation1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,weisse1 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #aggb4 ,! ,engli% v]sion1 by ,dr4 ,hoop]1 appe>$ 9 ! same ye>1 & a new edition 9 #ahjb2 ! translator *ang$ ! title to ,memoirs ( ! ye> ,two ?\s& five hundr$4 ,its circulation 9 ,france 0 rigor\sly =bidd51 because x impli$ a m]ciless criticism ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 ,london & ,neu*atel1 & translat$ into ,engli% & ,g]man4 #c4 ,z ! motto ( 8 prophetic vision ,m]ci] takes ! say+ ( ,leibnitz t ! pres5t is pregnant ( ! future4 ,?us ! phase ( civilisation :i* he imag9es is propos$ z ! outcome ( ! natural & inevitable m>* ( hi/ory4 ,! _w ( ,a4,d4 #bddj 9 :i* a man born 9 ! eighte5? c5tury :o has slept an en*ant$ sleep awakes to f9d himself1 is compos$ ( nations :o live 9 a family concord r>ely int]rupt$ by w>4 ,b ( ! _w at l>ge we he> little2 ! imag9ation ( ,m]ci] is conc5trat$ on ,france1 & p>ticul>ly ,p>is4 ,he is satisfi$ ) kn[+ t slav]y has be5 aboli%$2 t ! rivalry ( ,france & ,engl& has be5 replac$ by an inde/ructible alliance2 t ! ,pope1 ^: au?ority is /ill augu/1 has r5\nc$ 8 errors & return$ to ! cu/oms ( ! primitive ,*ur*2 t ,fr5* plays are p]=m$ 9 ,*9a4 ,! *anges 9 ,p>is are a suffici5t index ( ! g5]al trans=mation4 ,! con/itution ( ,france is /ill mon>*ical4 ,its population has increas$ by "o half2 t ( ! capital rema9s ab\t ! same4 ,p>is has be5 rebuilt on a sci5tific plan2 its sanit>y arrangem5ts h be5 br\ght to p]fection2 x is well lit2 & e provision has be5 made = ! public safety4 ,private hospitality is s l>ge t inns h disappe>$1 b luxury at table is consid]$ a revolt+ crime4 ,tea1 c(fee1 & tobacco are no long] import$4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ! book comm]ce 0 aboli%$4 ,!re is no sy/em ( cr$it2 ev]y?+ is paid = 9 ready money1 & ?is practice has l$ to a rem>kable simplicity 9 dress4 ,m>riages are contract$ only ?r\gh mutual incl9ation2 d[ries h be5 aboli%$4 ,education is gov]n$ by ! ideas ( ,r\sseau1 & is direct$1 9 a n>r[ _s1 to ! promotion ( morality4 ,italian1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 & ,spani% are taught 9 s*ools1 b ! /udy ( ! classical languages has disappe>$2 ,lat9 does n help a man to virtue4 ,hi/ory too is neglect$ & disc\rag$1 = x is ! disgrace ( humanity1 e page be+ cr[d$ ) crimes & follies4 ,!atres are gov]nm5t in/itutions1 & h become ! public s*ools ( civic duties & morality4 ,footnote3 ,9 #agfi ,m]ci] began to c>ry out 8 programme ( compos+ & adapt+ plays = in/ruction & edification4 ,8 !ory ( ! true functions ( ! !atre he expla9$ 9 a special treatise1 ,du !atre ou ,n\vel ,essai sur l'art dramatique 7#aggc74 ,! lit]>y records ( ! pa/ _h be5 almo/ all delib]ately de/roy$ by fire4 ,x 0 f\nd exp$i5t to d away ) useless & p]nici\s books :i* only obscur$ tru? or conta9$ p]petual repetitions ( ! same ?+4 ,a small closet 9 ! public libr>y suffic$ to hold ! anci5t books :i* 7 p]mitt$ to escape ! conflagration1 & ! majority ( ^! 7 ,engli%4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re 7 plac$ next ^? ( ,f5elon4 ,8 p5 0 weak1 b 8 he>t 0 sublime4 ,sev5 ages h giv5 to 8 great & beautiful ideas a j maturity4 ,8 contempor>ies reg>d$ him z a vision>y2 8 dreams1 h[ev]1 h become realities4 ,! importance ( m5 ( lett]s z a social =ce 0 a fav\rite !me ( ,m]ci]1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #bddj ?is w be duly recognis$4 ,b ! ,/ate control :i* weigh$ ^u !m s heavily 9 #aggj is n to be entirely aboli%$4 ,!re is no prev5tive c5sor%ip to h9d] publication1 b !re are c5sors4 ,!re are no f9es or imprisonm5t1 b !re are admonitions4 ,& if any "o publi%es a book def5d+ pr9ciples :i* are consid]$ dang]\s1 he is oblig$ to g ab\t 9 a black mask4 ,!re is a /ate religion1 ,deism4 ,!re is probably no "o :o does n believe 9 ,god4 ,b if any a!i/ 7 discov]$1 he w\ld be put ?r\gh a c\rse ( exp]im5tal physics4 ,if he rema9$ obdurate 9 8 rejection ( a palpable & salut>y tru?1 ! nation w\ld g into m\rn+ & bani% him f its bord]s4 ,e "o has to "w1 b lab\r no long] resembles slav]y4 ,z !re are no monks1 nor num]\s dome/ics1 nor useless valets1 nor "w-m5 employ$ on ! production ( *ildi% luxuries1 a few daily h\rs ( lab\r are suffici5t = ! public wants4 ,c5sors inquire into m5's capacities1 assign tasks to ! unemploy$1 & if man be f\nd fit = no?+ b ! consumption ( food he is bani%$ f ! city4 ,^! are "s ( ! lead+ features ( ! ideal future to :i* ,m]ci]'s imag9ation rea*$4 ,he did n put x =w>d z a f9al t]m4 ,lat] ages1 he said1 w g fur!r1 = :]e c ! p]fectibility ( man /op1 arm$ ) geometry & ! me*anical arts & *emi/ry8 ,b 9 8 scanty prophecies ( :at sci5ce might effect he %[$ curi\sly little res\rce4 ,! tru? is t ?is _h n mu* int]e/ = him1 & he did n see t sci5tific discov]ies might transmute social conditions4 ,! _w ( #bddj1 its intol]ably docile & virtu\s society1 reflects two capital weaknesses 9 ! speculation ( ! ,encyclopa$i/ p]iod3 a failure to all[ = ! /r5g? ( human passions & int]e/s1 & a defici5t appreciation ( ! mean+ ( lib]ty4 ,mu* z ! re=m]s acclaim$ & f\ght = tol]ation1 !y did n g5]ally compreh5d ! value ( ! pr9ciple4 ,!y did n see t 9 a society organis$ & gov]n$ by ,reason & ,ju/ice !mselves1 ! unres]v$ tol]ation ( false op9ions w\ld be ! only palladium ( progress2 or t a doctr9aire ,/ate1 compos$ ( p]fectly virtu\s & def]5tial p1 w\ld arre/ developm5t & /ifle origiality1 by its ung5ial if mild tyranny4 ,m]ci]'s is no exception to ! rule t ideal societies are always repell5t2 & !re are probably few :o w\ld n r be set d[n 9 ,a!ns 9 ! days ( ! vile ,ari/ophanes1 ^: works ,m]ci] condemn$ to ! flames1 ?an 9 8 ,p>is ( #bddj4 #d4 ,t ,bohemian man ( lett]s1 ,re/if de la ,bretonne1 ^: un$ify+ novels ! ,p>isians ( #bddj w\ld assur$ly h reject$ f _! libr>ies1 publi%$ 9 #agij a h]oic com$y repres5t+ h[ m>riages w\ld be arrang$ 9 ! ye> #bjjj1 by :i* epo* he conceiv$ t all social equalities w\ld h disappe>$ 9 a frat]nal society & tw5ty nations be alli$ to ,france "u ! wise supremacy ( our well-belov$ mon>* ,l\is ,francois ,,xxii4 ,x 0 ! ,revolution t conv]t$ ,re/if to ! conception ( ,progress1 = hi!rto 8 ma/] _h be5 ,r\sseau2 b x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! motif & title ( 8 play 7 sugge/$ by ! romance ( ,m]ci]4 ,l'an #bddj & ,l'an #bjjj are ! fir/ examples ( ! prophetic fiction :i* ,mr4 ,edw>d ,bellamy's ,look+ ,backw>d 0 to popul>ise a hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,! ,c\nt de ,volney's ,ru9s 0 ano!r popul> pres5tation ( ! hopes :i* ! !ory ( ,progress _h awak5$ 9 ,france4 ,al?\gh ! "w 0 n publi%$ till aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution1 ,footnote3 ,les ,ru9es des empires1 #aghi4 ,an ,engli% translation ran to a second edition 7#agie74 ! plan _h be5 conceiv$ "s ye>s be=e4 ,volney 0 a travell]1 deeply int]e/$ 9 ori5tal & classical antiquities1 &1 l ,l\is ,le ,roy1 he approa*$ ! problem ( man's de/9ies f ! po9t ( view ( a /ud5t ( ! revolutions ( empires4 ,! book op5s ) melan*oly reflections amid ! ru9s ( ,palmyra4 ,?us p]i% ! works ( m51 & ?us d nations & empires vani% away444 ,:o c assure u t desolation l ?is w n "o day be ! lot ( our own c\ntry8 ,"s travell] l himself w sit by ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 ! ,?ames1 or ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 amid sil5t ru9s1 & weep = a p inurn$ & _! greatness *ang$ into an empty "n4 ,has a my/]i\s ,deity pron\nc$ a secret mal$iction aga9/ ! e>?8 ,9 ?is disconsolate mood he is visit$ by an app>ition1 :o unveils ! causes ( m5's mis=tunes & %[s t !y are due to !mselves4 ,man is gov]n$ by natural inv>iable laws1 & he has only to /udy !m to "k ! spr+s ( 8 de/9y1 ! causes ( 8 evils & _! rem$ies4 ,! laws ( 8 nature are self-love1 desire ( happ9ess1 & av]sion to pa92 ^! are ! simple & prolific pr9ciples ( ev]y?+ t happ5s 9 ! moral _w4 ,man is ! artific] ( 8 own fate4 ,he may lam5t 8 weakness & folly2 b he has p]haps /ill m reason to be confid5t 9 8 en]gies :5 he recollects f :at po9t he has set out & to :at heights he has be5 capable ( elevat+ himself4 ,! sup]natural visitant pa9ts a r rosy picture ( ! anci5t ,egyptian & ,assyrian k+doms4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to inf] f _! sup]ficial spl5d\r t ! inhabitants g5]ally 7 wise or happy4 ,! t5d5cy ( man to ascribe p]fection to pa/ epo*s is m]ely ! discoloration ( 8 *agr94 ,! race is n deg5]at+2 its mis=tunes are due to ignorance & ! mis-direction ( self-love4 ,two pr9cipal ob/acles to improvem5t h be5 ! difficulty ( transmitt+ ideas f age to age1 & t ( communicat+ !m rapidly f man to man4 ,^! h be5 remov$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! press is a memorable gift ( cele/ial g5ius4 ,9 "t all m5 w come to und]/& ! pr9ciples ( individual happ9ess & public felicity4 ,!n !re w be e/abli%$ among ! peoples ( ! e>? an equilibrium ( =ces2 !re w be no m w>s1 disputes w be decid$ by arbitration1 & ! :ole species w become "o great society1 a s+le family gov]n$ by ! same _s & by common laws1 enjoy+ all ! felicity ( :i* human nature is capable4 ,! accompli%m5t ( ?is w be a sl[ process1 s9ce ! same leav5 w h to assimilate an enorm\s mass ( het]og5e\s elem5ts1 b its op]ation w be effectual4 ,"h ! g5ius int]rupts 8 prophecy & exclaims1 turn+ t[>d ! we/1 ,! cry ( lib]ty utt]$ on ! f>!r %ores ( ! ,atlantic has rea*$ to ! old cont95t4 ,a prodigi\s movem5t is !n visible to _! eyes 9 a c\ntry at ! extremity ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 tyrants are ov]?r[n1 legislators elect$1 a code ( laws is draft$ on ! pr9ciples ( equality1 lib]ty1 & ju/ice4 ,! lib]at$ nation is attack$ by neighb\r+ tyrants1 b h] legislators propose to ! o!r peoples to hold a g5]al assembly1 repres5t+ ! :ole _w1 & weigh e religi\s sy/em 9 ! balance4 ,! proce$+s ( ?is congress foll[1 & ! book breaks (f incomplete4 ,x is n an arre/+ book2 to a read] ( ! pres5t day x is positively t$i\s2 b x suit$ contempor>y ta/e1 &1 appe>+ :5 ,france 0 confid5t t h] ,revolution w\ld r5ovate ! e>?1 x appeal$ to ! hopes & s5tim5ts ( ! movem5t4 ,x made no contribution to ! doctr9e ( ,progress1 b x und\bt$ly help$ to popul>ise x4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution3 ,,condorcet ,i4 ,! au?ority :i* ! advanc$ ?9k]s ( ,france ga9$ among ! middle classes dur+ ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 promot$ by ! influ5ce ( fa%ion4 ,! new ideas ( philosoph]s1 rationali/s1 & m5 ( sci5ce _h int]e/$ ! nobles & high] classes ( society = two g5]ations1 & 7 a common subject ( discussion 9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ salons4 ,voltaire's intimacy ) ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ! relations ( d',alemb]t & ,did]ot ) ! ,empress ,ca!r9e1 conf]r$ on ^! m5 ( lett]s1 & on ! ideas = :i* !y /ood1 a pre/ige :i* c>ri$ great weight ) ! b\rgeoisie4 ,humbl] p1 too1 7 z am5able z ! great to ! s$uction ( !ories :i* suppli$ simple keys to ! univ]se ,footnote3 ,ta9e said ( ! ,contrat ,social t x r$uces political sci5ce to ! /rict application ( an elem5t>y axiom :i* r5d]s all /udy unnecess>y 7,la ,revolution1 vol4 i4 c4 iv4 ,sec4 iii474 & assum$ t ev]ybody 0 capable ( judg+ = himself on ! mo/ difficult problems4 ,z well z ! ,encyclopa$ia1 ! works ( ne>ly all ! lead+ ?9k]s 7 writt5 = ! g5]al public n m]ely = philosoph]s4 ,! policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 suppress+ ^! dang]\s publications did n h9d] _! diffusion1 & gave !m ! attraction ( =bidd5 fruit4 ,9 #aggj ! avocat g5]al 7,segui]7 ackn[l$g$ ! futility ( ! policy4 ,! philosoph]s1 he said1 h ) "o h& s\ght to %ake ! ?rone1 ) ! o!r to upset ! alt>s4 ,_! purpose 0 to *ange public op9ion on civil & religi\s in/itutions1 & ! revolution has1 s to speak1 be5 effect$4 ,hi/ory & poetry1 romances & ev5 diction>ies1 h be5 infect$ ) ! poison ( incr$ulity4 ,_! writ+s are h>dly publi%$ 9 ! capital be=e !y inundate ! prov9ces l a torr5t4 ,! contagion has spread into work%ops & cottages4 ,footnote3 ,rocqua91 ,l',esprit revolutionnaire avant la ,revolution1 p4 #bgh4 ,! contagion spread1 b ! (ficial :o wrote ^! words did n see t x 0 successful because x 0 opportune1 & t ! m9ds ( m5 7 prep>$ to receive ! se$ ( revolution>y ideas by ! unspeakable corruption ( ! ,gov]nm5t & ! ,*ur*4 ,z ,voltaire rem>k$ ab\t ! same "t1 ,france 0 becom+ ,encyclopa$i/1 & ,europe too4 #b4 ,! influ5ce ( ! subv]sive & rationali/ic ?9k]s 9 br++ ab\t ! ev5ts ( #aghi has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ by hi/orians4 ,! tru? probably lies 9 ! succ9ct /atem5t ( ,acton t ! conflu5ce ( ,fr5* !ory ) ,am]ican example caus$ ! ,revolution to break out :5 x did4 ,! !ori/s aim$ at re=m1 n at political revolution2 & x 0 ! /imulus ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,rights ( #aggd & ! subsequ5t victory ( ! ,colonies t precipitat$ ! convulsion1 at a "t :5 ! c\ntry _h a bett] prospect ( improvem5t ?an x ev] _h be=e #aggd1 :5 ,l\is ,,xvi4 came to ! ?rone4 ,b ! !ories _h prep>$ ,france = radical *anges1 & !y guid$ ! phases ( ! ,revolution4 ,! lead]s _h all ! optimism ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s2 yet ! mo/ p[]ful s+le =ce 0 ,r\sseau1 :o1 ?\gh he d5i$ ,progress & blasphem$ civilisation1 _h promulgat$ ! doctr9e ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 giv+ x an attractive appe>ance ( ma!matical precision2 & to ?is doctr9e ! revolution>ies atta*$ _! optimi/ic hopes4 ,footnote3 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ,robespi]re1 to :om ! doctr9es ( ,r\sseau 7 oracles1 c\ld break out into admiration ( ! progress ( civilis$ man1 z he did 9 ! op5+ passage ( 8 spee* ( #g? ,may #agid4 propos+ ! decree = ! wor%ip ( ! ,supreme ,be+ 7see ! text 9 ,/eph51 ,orators ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ii4 #cia-ib74 ,! !ory ( equality seem$ no long] m]ely speculative2 = ! ,am]ican con/itution 0 f\nd$ on democratic equality1 :]eas ! ,engli% con/itution1 :i* be=e _h seem$ ! ne>e/ approximation to ! ideal ( fre$om1 0 f\nd$ on inequality4 ,! philosophical polemic ( ! ma/]s 0 wag$ ) weapons ( viol5ce by ! disciples4 ,*aumette & ,heb]t1 ! foll[]s ( d',holba*1 7 de/roy$ by ! disciples ( ,r\sseau4 ,9 ! "n ( ! cre$ ( ! ,vicaire ,savoy>d ! ,jacob9 ,club %att]$ ! bu/ ( ,helvetius4 ,mably & ,morelly _h _! disciples 9 ,babeuf & ! sociali/s4 ,a naive confid5ce t ! political upheaval meant reg5]ation & inaugurat$ a reign ( ju/ice & happ9ess p]vad$ ,france 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,revolution1 & f\nd a /rik+ expression 9 ! c]emonies ( ! univ]sal ,f$]ation 9 ! ,*amp-de-,m>s on #ad? ,july #agij4 ,! fe/ival 0 !atrical en\gh1 decre$ & arrang$ by ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 b ! en?usiasm & optimism ( ! p :o ga!r$ to swe> loyalty to ! new ,con/itution 7 g5u9e & spontane\s4 ,consci\sly or subconsci\sly !y 7 "u ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ,progress :i* lead]s ( op9ion _h = sev]al decades be5 ins9uat+ into ! public m9d4 ,x did n occur to !m t _! oa?s & frat]nal embraces did n *ange _! m9ds or he>ts1 & t1 z ,ta9e rem>k$1 !y rema9$ :at ages ( political subjection & "o age ( political lit]ature _h made !m4 ,! assumption t new social ma*9]y c\ld alt] human nature & create a heav5 ^u e>? 0 to be swiftly & t]ribly confut$4 ,po/ u>ios casus et tot discrim9a r]um u5imus 9 ,latium1 b ,latium 0 to be ! sc5e ( sangu9>y /ruggles4 ,ano!r alli$ & fundam5tal fallacy1 into :i* all ! philosoph]s & ,r\sseau _h m or less fall51 0 reflect$ & expos$ by ! ,revolution4 ,!y _h consid]$ man 9 vacuo4 ,!y _h n se5 t ! :ole developm5t ( a society is an enorm\s =ce :i* _c be talk$ or legislat$ away2 !y _h ignor$ ! p[] ( social memory & hi/orical traditions1 & misvalu$ ! /r5g? ( ! l9ks :i* b9d g5]ations toge!r4 ,s ! ,revolution>ies imag9$ t !y c\ld break abruptly ) ! pa/1 & t a new me?od ( gov]nm5t1 con/ruct$ on ma!matical l9es1 a con/itution 7to use words ( ,burke7 ready made & ready arm$1 mature 9 its bir?1 a p]fect goddess ( wisdom & ( w>1 hamm]$ by our blacksmi? midwives out ( ! bra9 ( ,jupit] himself1 w\ld create a condition ( idyllic felicity 9 ,france1 & t ! arrival ( ! mill5nium dep5d$ only on ! adoption ( ! same pr9ciples by o!r nations4 ,! illusions creat$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man on ! #d? ( ,augu/ di$ sl[ly "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,t]ror2 b ?\gh ! hopes ( ^? :o believ$ 9 ! spe$y reg5]ation ( ! _w 7 beli$1 "s ( ! ?\ghtful did n lose he>t4 ,!re 0 "o at lea/ :o did n wav] 9 8 fai? t ! movem5t 0 a giant's /ep on ! pa? ( man t[>ds ultimate felicity1 h[ev] f> he _h /ill to travel4 ,condorcet1 "o ( ! y\ng] ,encyclopa$i/s1 sp5t ! la/ mon?s ( 8 life1 "u ! m5ace ( ! guillot9e1 9 project+ a hi/ory ( human ,progress4 #c4 ,condorcet 0 ! fri5d & biograph] ( ,turgot1 & x 0 n unfitt+ t he %\ld resume ! design ( a hi/ory ( civilisation1 9 ! light ( ! idea ( ,progress1 = :i* ,turgot _h only left lum9\s sugge/ions4 ,he did n execute ! plan1 b he complet$ an elaborate sket* 9 :i* ! controll+ ideas ( ! s*eme are fully set =?4 ,8 pr9ciples are to be f\nd almo/ entirely 9 ,turgot4 ,b !y h a new significance = ,condorcet4 ,he has giv5 !m w+s4 ,he has emphasis$1 & made d$uctions4 ,turgot wrote 9 ! calm _s ( an inquir]4 ,condorcet spoke ) ! v]ve ( a prophet4 ,he 0 prophesy+ "u ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,x is amaz+ t ! optimi/ic ,sket* ( a ,hi/orical ,picture ( ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,m9d %\ld h be5 compos$ :5 he 0 hid+ f ,robespi]re 9 #agic4 ,footnote3 ,publi%$ 9 #agie4 ,condorcet 0 p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s1 ( :om he _h be5 "o1 & 8 attitude to ,*ri/ianity 0 t ( ,voltaire & ,did]ot4 ,turgot _h treat$ ! receiv$ religion respectfully4 ,he _h ackn[l$g$ ,provid5ce1 &1 ?\gh ! place :i* he assign$ to ,provid5ce 0 t ( a sort ( honor>y ,presid5t ( ! developm5t ( civilisation :o might disappe> )\t affect+ ! proce$+s1 !re 0 a real diff]5ce betwe5 8 views & ^? ( 8 fri5d z to ! role ( ,*ri/ianity & ! civilisation ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a m important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ?9k]s is connect$ ) ! diff]5t circum/ances 9 :i* !y wrote4 ,turgot did n believe 9 ! necessity ( viol5t *anges2 he ?\ght t /eady re=ms "u ! exi/+ regime w\ld d wond]s = ,france4 ,be=e ! ,revolution ,condorcet _h agre$1 b he 0 swept away by its en?usiasm4 ,! victory ( lib]ty 9 ,am]ica & ! increas+ volume ( ! movem5t aga9/ slav]y--"o ( ! causes :i* mo/ deeply /irr$ 8 he>t--_h height5$ 8 natural optimism & confirm$ 8 fai? 9 ! dogma ( ,progress4 ,he felt ! exhil>ation ( ! belief t he 0 liv+ ?r\gh "o ( ! greate/ revolutions ( ! human race1 & he delib]ately design$ 8 book to be opportune to a crisis ( mank9d1 at :i* a picture ( revolutions ( ! pa/ w be ! be/ guide4 ,feel+ t he is p]sonally doom$1 he consoles himself ) brood+ on ! "t1 h[ev] remote1 :5 ! sun w %9e on an e>? ( none b freem51 ) no ma/] save reason2 = tyrants & slaves1 prie/s & _! /upid or hypocritical tools1 w all h disappe>$4 ,he is n satisfi$ ) affirm+ g5]ally ! c]ta9ty ( an indef9ite progress 9 enlight5m5t & social welf>e4 ,he sets himself to ?9k out its nature1 to =eca/ its direction1 & det]m9e its goal1 & insi/s1 z 8 pr$ecessors _h nev] done1 on ! prospects ( ! di/ant future4 #d4 ,8 ambiti\s design is1 9 8 own words1 to %[ ! successive *anges 9 human society1 ! influ5ce :i* ea* in/ant ex]ts on ! succe$+ in/ant1 & ?us1 9 its successive modifications1 ! advance ( ! human species t[>ds tru? or happ9ess4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 ?is is an impossible design1 & to put x =w>d z a practical proposition is z if a man 7 to decl>e 8 int5tion ( writ+ a m9ute di>y ( ! life ( ,julius ,caes> f 8 bir? to 8 dea?4 ,by /at+ 8 purpose 9 su* t]ms1 ,condorcet reveals t he _h no notion ( ! limitations :i* conf9e our k ( ! pa/1 & t ev5 if he _h conceiv$ a m mode/ & practicable programme he w\ld h be5 incapable ( execut+ x4 ,8 =mula1 h[ev]1 is wor? rememb]+4 ,= ! unatta9able ideal :i* x expresses rem9ds u h[ _m p]iods & passages ( human exp]i5ce mu/ always rema9 books ) sev5 seals4 ,condorcet di/+ui%$ t5 p]iods ( civilisation1 ( :i* ! t5? lies 9 ! future1 b he has n ju/ifi$ 8 divisions & 8 epo*s are n co-ord9ate 9 importance4 ,yet 8 arrangem5t ( ! map ( hi/ory is rem>kable z an attempt to m>k its sections n by great political *anges b by important /eps 9 k4 ,! fir/ ?ree p]iods--! =mation ( primitive societies1 foll[$ by ! pa/oral age1 & ! agricultural age--conclude ) ! inv5tion ( alphabetic writ+ 9 ,greece4 ,! f\r? is ! hi/ory ( ,greek ?\ght1 to ! def9ite division ( ! sci5ces 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 ! fif? k progresses & suff]s obscuration "u ,roman rule1 & ! six? is ! d>k age :i* cont9ues to ! "t ( ! ,crusades4 ,! significance ( ! sev5? p]iod is to prep>e ! human m9d = ! revolution :i* w\ld be a*iev$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ) :i* ! eigh? p]iod op5s4 ,"s ( ! be/ pages ( ! book develop ! va/ consequ5ces ( ?is inv5tion4 ,! sci5tific revolution effect$ by ,desc>tes beg9s a new p]iod1 :i* is n[ clos$ by ! creation ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,! idea ( ! progress ( k _h creat$ ! idea ( social ,progress & rema9$ its f\ndation4 ,x 0 !re=e logical & inevitable t ,condorcet %\ld take advance 9 k z ! clew to ! m>* ( ! human race4 ,! hi/ory ( civilisation is ! hi/ory ( enlight5m5t4 ,turgot _h ju/ifi$ ?is axiom by =mulat+ ! cohesion ( all modes ( social activity4 ,condorcet insi/s on ! indissoluble union betwe5 intellectual progress & t ( lib]ty1 virtue1 & ! respect = natural rights1 & on ! effect ( sci5ce 9 ! de/ruction ( prejudice4 ,all errors 9 politics & e?ics h sprung1 he ass]ts1 f false ideas :i* are closely connect$ ) errors 9 physics & ignorance ( ! laws ( nature4 ,& 9 ! new doctr9e ( ,progress he sees an in/rum5t ( enlight5m5t :i* is to give ! la/ bl[ to ! tott]+ edifice ( prejudices4 ,x w\ld n be useful to analyse ,condorcet's sket* or dwell on 8 obsolete errors & ! defects ( 8 hi/orical k4 ,8 slight picture ( ! ,middle ,ages reflects ! famili> view ( all ! eighte5? c5tury philosoph]s4 ,! only contribution to social amelioration :i* he c discov] 9 a p]iod ( ne>ly a mill5nium is ! abolition ( dome/ic slav]y4 ,& s ?is p]iod appe>s z an int]ruption ( ! onw>d m>*4 ,8 inability to appreciate ! hi/orical role ( ! ,roman ,empire exhibits m surpris+ ignorance & prejudice4 ,b ^! p>ticul> defects are l>gely due to a fundam5tal error :i* runs ?r\gh 8 :ole book & 0 inh]5t 9 ! social speculations ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s4 ,condorcet1 l all 8 circle1 ignor$ ! prepond]ant "p :i* in/itutions h play$ 9 social developm5t4 ,s f> z he consid]$ !m at all1 he saw 9 !m ob/acles to ! free play ( human reason2 n ! spontane\s expression ( a society correspond+ to its ne$s or embody+ its ideals1 b r ma*9]y delib]ately contriv$ = oppress+ ! masses & keep+ !m 9 *a9s4 ,he did n see t if ! ,progress 9 :i* he believ$ is a reality1 its possibility dep5ds on ! in/itutions & traditions :i* give to societies _! /ability4 ,9 ! foll[+ g5]ation1 x w\ld be po9t$ out t he fell into a manife/ contradiction :5 he prais$ ! relative p]fection rea*$ 9 "s ,european c\ntries 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & at ! same "t condemn$ z em95tly retrograde all ! doctr9es & in/itutions :i* _h be5 previ\sly 9 control4 ,footnote3 ,comte4 ,c\rs de philosophie positive1 iv4 #bbh4 ,?is error is closely connect$ ) ! o!r error1 previ\sly notic$1 ( conceiv+ man ab/ract$ f 8 social environm5t & ex]cis+ 8 reason 9 vacuo4 #e4 ,! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( civilisation has1 9 ,condorcet's eyes1 two uses4 ,x enables u to e/abli% ! fact ( ,progress1 & x %\ld enable u to det]m9e its direction 9 ! future1 & !reby to accel]ate ! rate ( progression4 ,by ! facts ( hi/ory & ! argum5ts !y sugge/1 he und]takes to %[ t nature has set no t]m to ! process ( improv+ human faculties1 & t ! advance t[>ds p]fection is limit$ only by ! duration ( ! globe4 ,! movem5t may v>y 9 velocity1 b x w nev] be retrograde s long z ! e>? occupies its pres5t place 9 ! cosmic sy/em & ! g5]al laws ( ?is sy/em d n produce "s cata/rophe or *ange :i* w\ld deprive ! human race ( ! faculties & res\rces :i* x has hi!rto possess$4 ,!re w be no relapse into b>b>ism4 ,! gu>antees aga9/ ?is dang] are ! discov]y ( true me?ods 9 ! physical sci5ces1 _! application to ! ne$s ( m51 ! l9es ( communication :i* h be5 e/abli%$ among !m1 ! great numb] ( ^? :o /udy !m1 & f9ally ! art ( pr9t+4 ,& if we are sure ( ! cont9u\s progress ( enlight5m5t1 we may be sure ( ! cont9u\s improvem5t ( social conditions4 ,x is possible to =esee ev5ts1 if ! g5]al laws ( social ph5om5a are kn[n1 & ^! laws c be inf]r$ f ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,by ?is /atem5t ,condorcet ju/ifies 8 bold attempt to sket* 8 t5? p]iod ( human hi/ory :i* lies 9 ! future2 & ann\nces ! idea :i* 0 9 ! next g5]ation to be work$ out by ,comte4 ,b he _c be said to h d$uc$ himself any law ( social developm5t4 ,8 =eca/ ( ! future is bas$ on ! ideas & t5d5cies ( 8 own age4 ,footnote3 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! able/ ( m$ieval ,arabic hi/orians1 ,ibn ,khaldun 7f\rte5? c5tury71 _h claim$ t if hi/ory is sci5tifically /udi$ future ev5ts may be pr$ict$4 ,ap>t f sci5tific discov]ies & ! g5]al diffusion ( a k ( ! laws ( nature on :i* moral improvem5t dep5ds1 he includes 9 8 prophetic vision ! cessation ( w> & ! realisation ( ! less famili> idea ( ! equality ( ! sexes4 ,if he 7 alive to-day1 he c\ld po9t ) triumph to ! fact t ( ^! f>-rea*+ projects "o is be+ accompli%$ 9 "s ( ! mo/ progressive c\ntries & ! o!r is look$ ^u z an atta9able aim by /atesm5 :o are n vision>ies4 ,! equality ( ! sexes 0 only a logical inf]5ce f ! g5]al doctr9e ( equality to :i* ,condorcet's social !ory is r$ucible4 ,= him ! goal ( political progress is equality2 equality is to be ! aim ( social ef=t--! ideal ( ! ,revolution4 ,= x is ! multitude ( m5 t mu/ be consid]$--! mass ( work]s1 n ! m9ority :o live on _! lab\rs4 ,hi!rto !y h be5 neglect$ by ! hi/orian z well z by ! /atesman4 ,! true hi/ory ( humanity is n ! hi/ory ( "s m54 ,! human race is =m$ by ! mass ( families :o subsi/ almo/ entirely on ! fruits ( _! own "w1 & ?is mass is ! prop] subject ( hi/ory1 n great m54 ,y may e/abli% social equality by means ( laws & in/itutions1 yet ! equality actually enjoy$ may be v incomplete4 ,condorcet recognises ?is & attributes x to ?ree pr9cipal causes3 inequality 9 weal?2 inequality 9 position betwe5 ! man ^: means ( subsi/5ce are assur$ & c be transmitt$ to 8 family & ! man ^: means dep5d on 8 "w & are limit$ by ! t]m ( 8 own life ,footnote3 ,he look$ =w>d to ! mitigation ( ?is inequality by ! developm5t ( life insurance :i* 0 !n com+ to ! front42 & inequality 9 education4 ,he did n propose any radical me?ods = deal+ ) ^! difficulties1 :i* he ?\ght w\ld dim9i% 9 "t1 )\t1 h[ev]1 entirely disappe>+4 ,he 0 too deeply imbu$ ) ! views ( ! ,economi/s to be s$uc$ by ! !ories ( ,r\sseau1 ,mably1 ,babeuf1 & o!rs1 into advocat+ communism or ! abolition ( private prop]ty4 ,besides equality among ! individuals compos+ a civilis$ society1 ,condorcet contemplat$ equality among all ! peoples ( ! e>?1--a uni=m civilisation ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & ! oblit]ation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 advanc$ & retrograde races4 ,! backw>d peoples1 he prophesi$1 w climb up to ! condition ( ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 = no p is condemn$ nev] to ex]cise its reason4 ,if ! dogma ( ! p]fectibility ( human nature1 ungu>d$ by any re/rictions1 is grant$1 ?is is a logical inf]5ce1 & we h already se5 t x 0 "o ( ! ideas curr5t among ! philosoph]s4 ,condorcet does n hesitate to add to 8 picture adv5tur\s conjectures on ! improvem5t ( man's physical organisation1 & a consid]able prolongation ( 8 life by ! advance ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,we ne$ only note ?is4 ,m int]e/+ is ! pr$iction t1 ev5 if ! compass ( ! human be+'s c]ebral p[]s is inalt]able1 ! range1 precision1 & rapidity ( 8 m5tal op]ations w be augm5t$ by ! inv5tion ( new in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,! design ( writ+ a hi/ory ( human civilisation 0 premature1 & to h produc$ a survey ( any durable value w\ld h requir$ ! equipm5t ( a ,gibbon4 ,condorcet 0 n ev5 z well equipp$ z ,voltaire4 ,footnote3 ,b z he wrote )\t books ! ,sket* 0 a m>vell\s t\r de =ce4 ,! significance ( 8 ,sket* lies 9 ?is1 t t[>ds ! close ( an intellectual movem5t x conc5trat$ att5tion on ! mo/ important1 ?\gh hi!rto n ! mo/ prom95t1 idea :i* t movem5t _h dissem9at$1 & z x 7 (ficially ann\nc$ human ,progress z ! lead+ problem t claim$ ! int]e/ ( mank9d4 ,) him ,progress 0 associat$ intimately ) p>ticul> eighte5? c5tury doctr9es1 b ^! 7 n ess5tial to x4 ,x 0 a liv+ idea2 x surviv$ ! compromis+ !ories :i* began to fall into discr$it aft] ! ,revolution1 & 0 explor$ f new po9ts ( view4 ,condorcet1 h[ev]1 w$d$ ?\gh 8 m9d 0 to ! unt5able views ( human nature curr5t 9 8 epo* & 8 circle1 did n %>e ! t5d5cy ( lead+ philosoph]s to reg>d hi/ory z an unpr(itable record ( folly & crime :i* x w\ld be well to oblit]ate or =get4 ,he recognis$ ! int]pretation ( hi/ory z ! key to human developm5t1 & ?is pr9ciple controll$ subsequ5t speculations on ,progress 9 ,france4 #f4 ,cabanis1 ! physician1 0 ,condorcet's lit]>y executor1 & a no less ard5t believ] 9 human p]fectibility4 ,look+ at life & man f 8 own special po9t ( view1 he saw 9 ! /udy ( ! physical organism ! key to ! intellectual & moral improvem5t ( ! race4 ,x is by k ( ! relations betwe5 8 physical /ates & moral /ates t man c atta9 happ9ess1 ?r\gh ! enl>gem5t ( 8 faculties & ! multiplication ( enjoym5ts1 & t he w be able to grasp1 z x 71 ! inf9ite 9 8 brief exi/5ce by realis+ ! c]ta9ty ( indef9ite progress4 ,8 doctr9e 0 a logical ext5sion ( ! !ories ( ,locke & ,condillac4 ,if our k is :olly d]iv$ f s5sations1 our s5sations dep5d on our s5sory organs1 & m9d becomes a function ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! ev5ts ( ! ,revolution qu5*$ 9 him z little z 9 ,condorcet ! sangu9e confid5ce t x 0 ! op5+ ( a new era = sci5ce & art1 & !reby = ! g5]al ,progress ( man4 ,! pres5t is "o ( ^? great p]iods ( hi/ory to :i* po/]ity w (t5 look back ) gratitude4 ,footnote3 ,picavet1 ,les ,ideologues1 p4 #bjc4 ,cabanis 0 born 9 #ageg & di$ 9 #ahjh4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! c\p d'etat ( ! #ah? ( ,brumaire 7#agii7 :i* 0 to lead to ! despotism ( ,napoleon4 ,he imag9$ t x w\ld t]m9ate oppression1 & 0 z en?usia/ic = x z he & ,condorcet _h be5 = ! ,revolution t5 ye>s be=e4 ,y philosoph]s1 he wrote1 ,footnote3 ,ib4 p4 #bbd4 ^: /udies are direct$ to ! improvem5t & happ9ess ( ! race1 y no long] embrace va9 %ad[s4 ,hav+ wat*$1 9 alt]nat+ moods ( hope & sadness1 ! great spectacle ( our ,revolution1 y n[ see ) joy ! t]m9ation ( its la/ act2 y w see ) rapture ?is new era1 s long promis$ to ! ,fr5* p1 at la/ op51 9 :i* all ! b5efits ( nature1 all ! creations ( g5ius1 all ! fruits ( "t1 lab\r1 & exp]i5ce w be utilis$1 an era ( glory & prosp]ity 9 :i* ! dreams ( y\r philan?ropic en?usiasm %\ld end by be+ realis$4 ,x 0 an ov]-sangu9e & *>act]i/ic greet+ ( ! eighte5? to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,cabanis 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^? ?9k]s :o1 liv+ into ! new p]iod1 took c>e t ! ideas ( _! own g5]ation %\ld n be ov]:elm$ 9 ! ris+ flood ( reaction4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,progress ,,9 ,,engl& #a4 ,! idea ( ,progress c\ld n help cross+ ! ,*annel4 ,france & ,engl& _h be5 at w> 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !y 7 at w> 9 ! la/1 & _! conflict = supremacy 0 ! lead+ feature ( ! int]national hi/ory ( ! :ole c5tury4 ,b at no p]iod 0 !re m con/ant intellectual intimacy or m m>k$ reciprocal influ5ce betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,x 0 a commonplace t ,p>is & ,london 7 ! two great foci ( civilisation1 & !y nev] lo/ t\* ( ea* o!r 9 ! intellectual sph]e4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal works ( lit]ature t appe>$ 9 ei!r c\ntry 7 promptly translat$1 & "s ( ! ,fr5* books1 :i* ! c5sor%ip r5d]$ x dang]\s to publi% 9 ,p>is1 7 pr9t$ 9 ,london4 ,x 0 n inde$ to be expect$ t ! !ory %\ld h ! same k9d ( success1 or ex]t ! same k9d ( effect 9 ,engl& z 9 ,france4 ,engl& _h h] revolution beh9d h]1 ,france _h h]s be=e h]4 ,engl& enjoy$ :at 7 !n consid]$ l>ge political lib]ties1 ! envy ( o!r l&s2 ,france groan$ "u ! tyranny ( wor?less rul]s4 ,! ,engli% con/itution satisfi$ ! nation1 & ! s]i\s abuses :i* w\ld n[ appe> to u intol]able 7 n suffici5t to awak5 a passionate desire = re=ms4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ,briti% ?\ght 0 to see salvation 9 ! /ability ( exi/+ in/itutions1 & to reg>d *ange ) suspicion4 ,n[ passionate desire = re=m 0 ! animat+ =ce :i* propagat$ ! idea ( ,progress 9 ,france4 ,& :5 ?is idea is translat$ f ! atmosph]e ( combat1 9 :i* x 0 develop$ by ,fr5* m5 ( lett]s1 into ! calm climate ( ,engl&1 x appe>s l a cold reflection4 ,aga91 ,engli% ?9k]s 7 g5]ally incl9$ to hold1 ) ,locke1 t ! prop] function ( gov]nm5t is pr9cipally negative1 to pres]ve ord] & def5d life & prop]ty1 n to aim directly at ! improvem5t ( society1 b to secure ! conditions 9 :i* m5 may pursue _! own legitimate aims4 ,mo/ ( ! ,fr5* !ori/s believ$ 9 ! possibility ( m\ld+ society indef9itely by political action1 & re/$ _! hopes = ! future n only on ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce1 b on ! enlight5$ activity ( gov]nm5ts4 ,?is diff]5ce ( view t5d$ to give to ! doctr9e ( ,progress 9 ,france m practical significance ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,b o!rwise ,briti% soil 0 ready to receive ! idea4 ,!re 0 ! same optimi/ic temp] among ! com=table classes 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,%aftesbury1 ! ,dei/1 _h /ruck ?is note at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury by 8 sangu9e !ory1 :i* 0 express$ 9 ,pope's banal phrase3 ,:atev] is1 is "r1 & 0 work$ into a sy/em by ,hut*eson4 ,?is optimism p5etrat$ into or?odox circles4 ,progress1 f> f appe>+ z a rival ( ,provid5ce1 0 discuss$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ianity by ! ,scot* !ologian1 ,turnbull4 ,footnote3 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 #agdj4 #b4 ,! !ory ( ! indef9ite progress ( civilisation left ,hume cold4 ,!re is little gr\nd1 he argu$1 to suppose t ! _w is et]nal or incorruptible4 ,x is probably mortal1 & mu/ !re=e1 ) all ?+s 9 x1 h its infancy1 y\?1 manhood1 & old age2 & man w %>e 9 ^! *anges ( /ate4 ,we mu/ !n expect t ! human species %\ld1 :5 ! _w is 9 ! age ( manhood1 possess great] bodily & m5tal vig\r1 long] life1 & a /rong] incl9ation & p[] ( g5]ation4 ,b x is impossible to det]m9e :5 ?is /age is rea*$4 ,= ! gradual revolutions are too sl[ to be disc]nible 9 ! %ort p]iod kn[n to u by hi/ory & tradition4 ,physically & 9 m5tal p[]s m5 h be5 pretty mu* ! same 9 all kn[n ages4 ,! sci5ces & arts h fl\ri%$ n[ & h aga9 decay$1 b :5 !y rea*$ ! highe/ p]fection among "o p1 ! neighb\r+ peoples 7 p]haps :olly unacqua9t$ ) !m4 ,we are !re=e unc]ta9 :e!r at pres5t man is advanc+ to 8 po9t ( p]fection or decl9+ f x4 ,footnote3 ,essay on ! ,popul\sness ( ,anci5t ,nations1 ad init4 ,! argum5t is some:at surpris+ 9 an eighte5? c5tury ?9k] l ,hume1 b x did n prev5t him f recognis+ ! sup]iority ( mod]n to anci5t civilisation4 ,?is sup]iority =ms inde$ ! m9or premiss 9 ! g5]al argum5t by :i* he confut$ ! commonly receiv$ op9ion z to ! popul\sness ( anci5t nations4 ,he insi/$ on ! improvem5ts 9 art & indu/ry1 on ! great] lib]ty & security enjoy$ by mod]n m54 ,to "o :o consid]s coolly on ! subject1 he rem>k$1 x w appe> t human nature 9 g5]al really enjoys m lib]ty at pres5t 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y gov]nm5t ( ,europe ?an x ev] did dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( anci5t times4 ,footnote3 ,! ju/ification ( ?is /atem5t 0 ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ,europe4 ,he discuss$ _m ( ! problems ( civilisation1 especially ! conditions 9 :i* ! arts & sci5ces fl\ri%1 ,footnote3 ,essay on ! ,rise ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 & drew "s g5]al conclusions1 b he 0 too sceptical to suppose t any g5]al syn!sis ( hi/ory is possible1 or t any consid]able *ange = ! bett] 9 ! mann]s ( mank9d is likely to occur4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,essay on ! ,idea ( a ,p]fect ,commonweal?1 ad init4 ,! greate/ "w deal+ ) social problems1 t ,brita9 produc$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 ,adam ,smi?'s ,weal? ( ,nations1 & 8 lum9\s exposition ( ! effects ( ! division ( lab\r 0 ! mo/ consid]able contribution made by ,briti% ?9k]s ( ! age to ! /udy ( human developm5t4 ,x is mu* m ?an a treatise on economic pr9ciples2 x conta9s a hi/ory ( ! gradual economic progress ( human society1 & x sugge/s ! expectation ( an indef9ite augm5tation ( weal? & well-be+4 ,smi? 0 entirely at "o ) ! ,fr5* ,economi/s on ! value ( opul5ce = ! civilisation & happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,b x 0 indirectly p]haps t 8 "w contribut$ mo/ effectively to ! doctr9e ( ! ,progress ( collective mank9d4 ,footnote3 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 t ! doctr9e ( ! rights ( man lies 9 ! backgr\nd ( ,adam ,smi?'s speculations4 ,8 tea*+ t ! free comm]cial int]c\rse ( all ! peoples ( ! _w1 unfett]$ by gov]nm5t policies1 0 to ! greate/ advantage ( ea*1 pres5t$ an ideal ( ! economic solid>ity ( ! race1 :i* 0 "o elem5t 9 ! ideal ( ,progress4 ,& ?is pr9ciple soon began to affect practice4 ,pitt assimilat$ x :5 he 0 a "y man1 & x is "o ( ! di/9ctions ( 8 /atesman%ip t he endeav\r$ to apply ! doctr9es ( 8 ma/] s f> z ! prevail+ prejudices w\ld all[ him4 #c4 ,a few writ]s ( less weight & fame ?an ,hume or ,smi? expressly /udi$ hi/ory 9 ! light ( ,progress4 ,x w\ld n help u1 9 foll[+ ! gr[? ( ! idea1 to analyse ! works ( ,f]guson1 ,dunb>1 or ,prie/ley4 ,footnote3 ,9 8 ,essay on ! ,hi/ory ( ,civil ,society ,adam ,f]guson treat$ ! gr[? ( civilisation z due to ! progressive nature ( man1 :i* insi/s on c>ry+ him =w>d to limits impossible to asc]ta94 ,he =mulat$ ! process z a movem5t f simplicity to complexity1 b contribut$ little to its explanation4 ,b ,i w quote "o passage f ,prie/ley1 ! mo/ em95t ( ! ?ree1 & ! mo/ en?usia/ic = ! ,progress ( man4 ,z ! division ( lab\r--! *ief pr9ciple ( organis$ society--is c>ri$ fur!r he anticipates t 444 nature1 includ+ bo? its mat]ials & its laws1 w be m at our comm&2 m5 w make _! situation 9 ?is _w abundantly m easy & com=table2 !y w probably prolong _! exi/5ce 9 x & w gr[ daily m happy4444 ,?us1 :atev] 0 ! beg9n+ ( ?is _w1 ! end w be glori\s & p>adisiacal beyond :at our imag9ations c n[ conceive4 ,extravagant z "s p may suppose ^! views to be1 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld %[ !m to be fairly sugge/$ by ! true !ory ( human nature & to arise f ! natural c\rse ( human affairs4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage ( ,prie/ley occurs 9 8 ,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t & on ! ,nature ( ,political1 ,civil1 & ,religi\s ,lib]ty 7#agfh1 #bnd ed4 #agga71 pp4 #b-d4 ,8 ,lectures on ,hi/ory & ,g5]al ,policy appe>$ 9 #aghh4 ,prie/ley 0 a /rict utilit>ian1 :o held t !re is no?+ intr9sically excell5t 9 ju/ice & v]acity ap>t f _! relation to happ9ess4 ,! degree ( public happ9ess is measur$ by ! excell5ce ( religion1 sci5ce1 gov]nm5t1 laws1 arts1 comm]ce1 conv5i5ces ( life1 & especially by ! degrees ( p]sonal security & p]sonal lib]ty4 ,9 all ^! ! anci5ts 7 inf]ior1 & !re=e !y enjoy$ less happ9ess4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ,europe is va/ly pref]able to :at x 0 9 any =m] p]iod4 ,& ! plan ( ?is div9e drama is op5+ m & m4 ,9 ! future1 ,k w increase & accumulate & diffuse itself to ! l[] ranks ( society1 :o1 by degrees1 w f9d leisure = speculation2 & look+ beyond _! imm$iate employm5t1 !y w consid] ! complex ma*9e ( society1 & 9 "t und]/& x bett] ?an ^? :o n[ write ab\t x4 ,see 8 ,lectures1 pp4 #cga1 #chh sqq41 #ebh-ec4 ,! ,engli% ?9k] did n %>e all ! views ( 8 ,fr5* ma/]s4 ,z a ,unit>ian1 he reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity z a great rem$y ( vice & ignorance1 "p ( ! div9e plan2 & he ascrib$ to gov]nm5t a less] role ?an !y 9 ! improvem5t ( humanity4 ,he held1 = in/ance1 t ! /ate %\ld n int]f]e 9 education1 argu+ t ?is art 0 /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 & t ! int]v5tion ( ! civil p[] might /]eotype a bad sy/em4 ,n less significant1 ?\gh less influ5tial1 ?an ! writ+s ( ,prie/ley & ,f]guson 0 ! "w ( ,james ,dunb>1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,ab]de51 entitl$ ,essays on ! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d 9 ,rude & ,cultivat$ ,ages 7#bnd ed41 #agha74 ,he conceiv$ hi/ory z progressive1 & inquir$ into ! g5]al causes :i* det]m9e ! gradual improvem5ts ( civilisation4 ,he dealt at l5g? ) ! effects ( climate & local circum/ances1 b unlike ! ,fr5* philosoph]s did n ignore h]$ity4 ,:ile he did n ent] ^u any discussion ( future developm5ts1 he ?rew out incid5tally ! idea t ! _w may be unit$ 9 a league ( nations4 ,po/]ity1 he wrote1 may contemplate1 f a concurr5ce ( v>i\s causes & ev5ts1 "s ( :i* are ha/5+ into light1 ! great] "p1 or ev5 ! :ole habitable globe1 divid$ among nations free & indep5d5t 9 all ! int]ior functions ( gov]nm5t1 =m+ "o political & comm]cial sy/em 7p4 #bhg74 ,dunb>'s 0 an optimi/ic book1 b 8 optimism 0 m cauti\s ?an ,prie/ley's4 ,^! are 8 f9al words3 ,if human nature is liable to deg5]ate1 x is capable ( proportionable improvem5t f ! collect$ wisdom ( ages4 ,x is pleasant to inf] f ! actual progress ( society1 ! glori\s possibilities ( human excell5ce4 ,&1 if ! pr9ciples c be assembl$ into view1 :i* mo/ directly t5d to div]sify ! g5ius & "* ( nations1 "s !ory may be rais$ on ^! f\ndations t %all acc\nt m sy/ematically = pa/ occurr5ces & af=d "s op5+s & anticipations into ! ev5tual hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! problem ( d>k ages1 :i* an advocate ( ,progress mu/ expla91 0 wav$ away by ,prie/ley 9 8 ,lectures on ,hi/ory ) ! obs]vation t !y help ! subsequ5t advance ( k by break+ ! progress ( au?ority4 ,footnote3 ,?is 0 d\btless sugge/$ to him by "s rem>ks ( ,hume 9 ,! ,rise ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,?is is n mu* ( a plea = su* p]iods view$ z ma*9]y 9 a ,provid5tial plan4 ,! great hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* 9 ! words ( its au?or describes ! triumph ( b>b>ism & religion1 _h be5 complet$ be=e ,prie/ley's ,lectures appe>$1 & x is rem>kable t he takes no acc\nt ( x1 ?\gh x might seem to be a "w ) :i* a !ory ( ,progress mu/ come to t]ms4 ,yet ! sceptical hi/orian ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 :o 0 m at home 9 ,fr5* lit]ature ?an any ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 0 n oppos$ to ! !ory ( ,progress1 & he ev5 /ates x 9 a mod]ate =m4 ,hav+ giv5 reasons = believ+ t civilis$ society w nev] aga9 be ?reat5$ by su* an irruption ( b>b>ians z t :i* oppress$ ! arms & in/itutions ( ,rome1 he all[s u to acquiesce 9 ! pleas+ conclusion t e age ( ! _w has increas$1 & /ill increases1 ! real weal?1 ! happ9ess1 ! k & p]haps ! virtue ( ! human race4 ,! discov]ies ( anci5t & mod]n navigators1 & ! dome/ic hi/ory or tradition ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations1 repres5t ! ,,human ,,savage1 nak$ bo? 9 m9d & body1 & de/itute ( laws1 ( arts1 ( ideas1 & almo/ ( language4 ,f ?is abject condition1 p]haps ! primitive & univ]sal /ate ( man1 he has gradually aris5 to comm& ! animals1 to f]tilise ! e>?1 to trav]se ! ocean1 & to measure ! heav5s4 ,8 progress 9 ! improvem5t & ex]cise ( 8 m5tal & corporeal faculties has be5 irregul> & v>i\s1 inf9itely sl[ 9 ! beg9n+1 & increas+ by degrees ) r$\bl$ velocity2 ages ( labori\s asc5t h be5 foll[$ by a mom5t ( rapid d[nfall2 & ! sev]al climates ( ! globe h felt ! vicissitudes ( light & d>kness4 ,yet ! exp]i5ce ( f\r ?\s& ye>s %\ld enl>ge our hopes & dim9i% our appreh5sions2 we _c det]m9e to :at height ! human species may aspire 9 _! advances t[>ds p]fection2 b x may safely be presum$ t no p1 unless ! face ( nature is *ang$1 w relapse into _! orig9al b>b>ism4 ,footnote3 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 xxxviii4 ad f94 ,b ,gibbon treats ! :ole subject z a speculation1 & he treats x )\t ref]5ce to any ( ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ,fr5* ?9k]s _h bas$ _! !ory4 ,he admits t 8 reasons = hold+ t civilisation is secure aga9/ a b>b>\s cataclysm may be consid]$ fallaci\s2 & he also contemplates ! ev5tuality t ! fabric ( sci5ces & arts1 trade & manufacture1 law & policy1 might be decay$ by "t4 ,if s1 ! gr[? ( civilisation w\ld h to beg9 aga91 b n ab initio4 ,= ! m useful or at lea/ m necess>y arts1 :i* d n require sup]ior tal5ts or national subord9ation = _! ex]cise1 & :i* w>1 comm]ce1 & religi\s zeal h spread among ! savages ( ! _w1 w\ld c]ta9ly survive4 ,^! rem>ks are no m ?an obit] dicta b !y %[ h[ ! doctr9e ( ,progress 0 influ5c+ ^? :o 7 temp]am5tally ! lea/ likely to subscribe to extravagant !ories4 #d4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution evok$ a sympa!tic movem5t among ,engli% progressive ?9k]s :i* occasion$ ! ,gov]nm5t no little al>m4 ,! diss5t+ m9i/] ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,price1 ^: ,obs]vations on ,civil ,lib]ty 7#aggf71 def5d+ ! action ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 _h enjoy$ an imm5se success1 prea*$ ! s]mon :i* provok$ ,burke to write 8 ,reflections2 & ,prie/ley1 no less en?usia/ic 9 welcom+ ! ,revolution1 repli$ to ,burke4 ,! ,gov]nm5t resort$ to tyrann\s measures2 "y m5 :o sympa?is$ ) ! ,fr5* movem5t & agitat$ = re=ms at home 7 s5t to ,botany ,bay4 ,pa9e 0 prosecut$ = 8 ,rights ( ,man1 :i* directly prea*$ revolution4 ,b ! mo/ important speculative "w ( ! "t1 ,william ,godw9's ,political ,ju/ice1 escap$ ! c5sor%ip because x 0 n publi%$ at a popul> price4 ,footnote3 ,godw9 _h help$ to get ,pa9e's book publi%$ 9 #agia1 & he 0 intimate ) ! gr\p ( revolution>y spirits :o 7 p]secut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,a good acc\nt ( ! episode w be f\nd 9 ,brails=d's ,%elley1 ,godw91 & _! ,circle4 ,! ,enquiry conc]n+ ,political ,ju/ice1 begun 9 #agia1 appe>$ 9 #agic4 ,! second edition1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 %[s ! influ5ce ( ,condorcet's ,sket*1 :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! meantime4 ,godw9 says t 8 orig9al idea 0 to produce a "w on political sci5ce to sup]s$e ,montesquieu4 ,! note ( ,montesquieu's political philosophy 0 respect = social in/itutions4 ,godw9's pr9ciple 0 t social in/itutions are entirely p]nici\s1 t !y p]petuate h>mful prejudices1 & are an almo/ insup]able ob/acle to improvem5t4 ,if he p>ticul>ly d5\nc$ mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 he reg>d$ all gov]nm5t z evil1 & held t social progress w\ld consi/1 n 9 ! re=mation ( gov]nm5t1 b 9 its abolition4 ,:ile he recognis$ t man _h progress$ 9 ! pa/1 he consid]$ hi/ory ma9ly a sequ5ce ( horrors1 & he 0 incapable ( a calm survey ( ! c\rse ( civilisation4 ,9 ,engli% in/itutions he saw no?+ t did n outrage ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice & b5evol5ce4 ,! pres5t /ate ( humanity is ab\t z bad z x c\ld be4 ,x is easy to see ! deep influ5ce :i* ! tea*+ ( ,r\sseau ex]cis$ on ,godw94 ,)\t accept+ ! !ory ( ,arcadia ,godw9 foll[$ him 9 unsp>+ condemnation ( exi/+ conditions4 ,r\sseau & ,godw9 are ! two great *ampions 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ( ! toil+ & suff]+ masses4 ,b ,godw9 drew ! logical conclusion f ,r\sseau's premisses :i* ,r\sseau hesitat$ to draw himself4 ,! ,fr5* ?9k]1 :ile he extoll$ ! an>*ical /ate ( uncivilis$ society1 & d5\nc$ gov]nm5t z "o ( ! s\rces ( its corruption1 nev]!less s\ght ! rem$y 9 new social & political in/itutions4 ,godw9 said boldly1 gov]nm5t is ! evil2 gov]nm5t mu/ g4 ,humanity c nev] be happy until all political au?ority & social in/itutions disappe>4 ,n[ ! peculi>ity ( ,godw9's position z a doctr9aire ( ,progress lies 9 ! fact t he ent]ta9$ ! same pessimi/ic view ( "s important sides ( civilisation z ,r\sseau1 & at ! same "t adopt$ ! !ories ( ,r\sseau's oppon5ts1 especially ,helvetius4 ,8 survey ( human conditions seems to lead inevitably to pessimism2 !n he turns r\nd & proclaims ! doctr9e ( p]fectibility4 ,! explanation ( ?is argum5t 0 ! psy*ological !ory ( ,helvetius4 ,he taught1 z we saw1 & ,godw9 develop$ ! view 9 8 own way1 t ! natures & *>act]s ( m5 are m\ld$ entirely by _! environm5t--n physical1 b intellectual & moral environm5t1 & !re=e c be indef9itely modifi$4 ,a man is born into ! _w )\t innate t5d5cies4 ,8 conduct dep5ds on 8 op9ions4 ,alt] m5's op9ions & !y w act diff]5tly4 ,make _! op9ions con=mable to ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 & y w h a j & b5evol5t society4 ,virtue1 z ,socrates taught1 is simply a "q ( k4 ,! situation1 !re=e1 is n hopeless4 ,= x is n due to ! radical nature ( man2 x is caus$ by ignorance & prejudice1 by gov]nm5ts & in/itutions1 by k+s & prie/s4 ,trans=m ! ideas ( m51 & society w be trans=m$4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph] consid]$ t a re=m$ sy/em ( educat+ *ildr5 w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful means = promot+ progress & br++ ab\t ! reign ( reason2 & ,condorcet work$ out a s*eme ( univ]sal /ate education4 ,?is 0 entirely oppos$ to ,godw9's pr9ciples4 ,/ate s*ools w\ld only be ano!r in/rum5t ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( a gov]nm5t1 worse ev5 ?an a /ate ,*ur*4 ,!y w\ld /r5g!n ! poison\s influ5ce ( k+s & /atesm51 & e/abli% in/ead ( aboli%+ prejudices4 ,he seems to h reli$ entirely on ! private ef=ts ( enlight5$ ?9k]s to effect a gradual conv]sion ( public op9ion4 ,9 8 /udy ( ! p]fectibility ( man & ! prospect ( a future reign ( g5]al ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 ,godw9 0 ev5 m vision>y ?an ,condorcet1 z 9 8 political views he 0 m radical ?an ! ,revolutioni/s4 ,condorcet _h at lea/ s\ght to connect 8 picture ( ! future ) a reason$ survey ( ! pa/1 & to f9d a *a9 ( connection1 b ! p]fectibility ( ,godw9 hung 9 ! air1 support$ only by an ab/ract !ory ( ! nature ( man4 ,x c h>dly be said t he contribut$ any?+ to ! !oretical problem ( civilisation4 ,8 significance is t he proclaim$ 9 ,engl& at an opportune mom5t1 & 9 a m impressive & />tl+ way ?an a sob] apo/le l ,prie/ley1 ! cre$ ( progress taught by ,fr5* philosoph]s1 ?\gh consid]ably modifi$ by 8 own an>*ical op9ions4 #e4 ,p]fectibility1 z exp\nd$ by ,condorcet & ,godw91 enc\nt]$ a dra/ic criticism f ,mal?us1 ^: ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population appe>$ 9 its fir/ =m anonym\sly 9 #agih4 ,condorcet _h =ese5 an objection :i* might be rais$ z fatal to ! realisation ( 8 future /ate4 ,w n ! progress ( indu/ry & happ9ess cause a /eady increase 9 population1 & mu/ n ! "t come :5 ! numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ! globe w surpass _! means ( subsi/5ce8 ,condorcet did n grapple ) ?is "q4 ,he cont5t$ himself ) say+ t su* a p]iod mu/ be v f> away1 & t by !n ! human race w h a*iev$ improvem5ts ( :i* we c n[ sc>cely =m an idea4 ,simil>ly ,godw91 9 8 fancy picture ( ! future happ9ess ( mank9d1 notices ! difficulty & %irks x4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! habitable globe are n[ uncultivat$4 ,! p>ts already cultivat$ are capable ( immeasurable improvem5t4 ,myriads ( c5turies ( /ill increas+ population may pass away & ! e>? be /ill f\nd suffici5t = ! subsi/5ce ( its inhabitants4 ,mal?us argu$ t ^! writ]s lab\r$ "u an illusion z to ! actual relations betwe5 population & ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,9 pres5t conditions ! numb]s ( ! race are only kept f increas+ f> beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce by vice1 mis]y1 & ! fe> ( mis]y4 ,footnote3 ,?is obs]vation _h be5 made 7z ,hazlitt po9t$ out7 be=e ,mal?us by ,rob]t ,wallace 7see ,a ,diss]tation on ! ,numb]s ( ,mank9d1 p4 #ac1 #agec74 ,x 0 ano!r book ( ,wallace t sugge/$ ! difficulty to ,godw94 ,9 ! conditions imag9$ by ,condorcet & ,godw9 ^! *ecks are remov$1 & consequ5tly ! population w\ld increase ) great rapidity1 d\bl+ itself at lea/ 9 tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,b ! products ( ! e>? increase only 9 an ari?metical progression1 & 9 fifty ye>s ! food supply w\ld be too small = ! dem&4 ,?us ! oscillation betwe5 numb]s & food supply w\ld recur1 & ! happ9ess ( ! species w\ld come to an end4 ,godw9 & 8 adh]5ts c\ld reply t "o ( ! *ecks on ov]-population is prud5tial re/ra9t1 :i* ,mal?us himself recognis$1 & t ?is w\ld come m ext5sively into op]ation ) t progress ( enlight5m5t :i* _! !ory assum$4 ,footnote3 ,?is is urg$ by ,hazlitt 9 8 criticism ( ,mal?us 9 ! ,_s ( ! ,age4 ,b ! criticisms ( ,mal?us dealt a tr5*ant bl[ to ! doctr9e t human reason1 act+ ?r\gh legislation & gov]nm5t1 has a virtually indef9ite p[] ( modify+ ! condition ( society4 ,! difficulty1 :i* he /at$ s vividly & def9itely1 0 well calculat$ to discr$it ! doctr9e1 & to sugge/ t ! developm5t ( society c\ld be modifi$ by ! consci\s ef=ts ( man only )9 re/rict$ limits4 ,footnote3 ,! rec5t conclusions ( ,mr4 ,knibbs1 /ati/ician to ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia1 9 vol4 i4 ( 8 ,app5dix to ! ,c5sus ( ! ,commonweal?1 h an int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,i quote f an article 9 ! ,times ( ,augu/ #e1 #aiah3 ,an em95t geograph]1 ! late ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,rav5/e91 "s ye>s ago1 :5 ! population ( ! e>? 0 e/imat$ at #adjj million1 =etold t ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury population w\ld h rea*$ a limit beyond :i* increase w\ld be disa/r\s4 ,mr4 ,knibbs is n s pessimi/ic & is mu* m precise2 ?\gh he def]s ! disa/r\s culm9ation1 he has no d\bt z to its inevitability4 ,! limits ( human expansion1 he assures u1 are mu* ne>] ?an popul> op9ion imag9es2 ! difficulty ( food supplies w soon be mo/ grave2 ! exhau/ion ( s\rces ( en]gy necess>y = any notable increase ( population1 or advance 9 ! /&>ds ( liv+1 or bo? comb9$1 is p]il\sly ne>4 ,! pres5t rate ( increase 9 ! _w's population _c cont9ue = f\r c5turies4 #f4 ,! ,essay ( ,mal?us aft]w>ds became "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,utilit>ian sect1 & x is int]e/+ to notice :at ,b5?am himself ?\ght ( p]fectibility4 ,ref]r+ to ! optimi/ic views ( ,*a/ellux & ,prie/ley on progressive amelioration he obs]v$ t ^! glori\s expectations rem9d u ( ! gold5 age ( poetry4 ,= p]fect happ9ess belongs to ! imag9>y region ( philosophy & mu/ be class$ ) ! univ]sal elixir & ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,!re w always be jeal\sies ?r\gh ! unequal gifts ( nature & ( =tune2 int]e/s w nev] cease to cla% & hatr$ to ensue2 pa9ful lab\r1 daily subjection1 a condition ne>ly alli$ to indig5ce1 w always be ! lot ( numb]s2 9 art & poetry ! s\rces ( novelty w probably be exhau/$4 ,b ,b5?am 0 f> f be+ a pessimi/4 ,?\gh he believes t we %all nev] make ?is _w ! abode ( happ9ess1 he ass]ts t x may be made a mo/ delightful g>d5 comp>$ ) ! savage =e/ 9 :i* m5 s long h w&]$4 ,footnote3 ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #aic seq4 #g4 ,! book ( ,mal?us 0 welcom$ at ! mom5t by all ^? :o _h be5 ?or\ghly fright5$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution & saw 9 ! mod]n philosophy1 z x 0 call$1 a s]i\s dang] to society4 ,footnote3 ,bo? ,hazlitt & ,%elley ?\ght t ,mal?us 0 play+ to ! boxes1 by sophisms calculat$ to lull ! oppressors ( mank9d into a security ( ev]la/+ triumph 7,revolt ( ,islam1 ,preface74 ,b5?am ref]s 9 8 ,book ( ,fallacies 7,works1 ii4 p4 #dfb7 to ! unpopul>ity ( ! views ( ,prie/ley1 ,godw91 & ,condorcet3 to aim at p]fection has be5 pron\nc$ to be utt] folly or wick$ness4 ,vice & mis]y & ! inexorable laws ( population 7 a gods5d to rescue ! /ate f ! precipice ( p]fectibility4 ,we c und]/& ! al>m occasion$ to believ]s 9 ! e/abli%$ con/itution ( ?+s1 = ,godw9's "w--n[ virtually =gott51 :ile ,mal?us is /ill appeal$ to z a discov]] 9 social sci5ce--produc$ an imm5se effect on impressionable m9ds at ! "t4 ,all :o priz$ lib]ty1 sympa?is$ ) ! d[ntrodd51 & 7 capable ( fall+ 9 love ) social ideals1 hail$ ,godw9 z an evangeli/4 ,no "o1 said a contempor>y1 0 m talk$ (1 m look$ up to1 m s\ght aft]2 & :]ev] lib]ty1 tru?1 ju/ice 0 ! !me1 8 "n 0 n f> (f4 ,"y graduates left ! ,univ]sities to ?r[ !mselves at ! feet ( ! new ,gamaliel2 /ud5ts ( law & m$ic9e neglect$ _! pr(essional /udies to dream ( ! r5ovation ( society & ! m>* ( m9d4 ,godw9 c>ri$ ) him all ! mo/ sangu9e & fe>less und]/&+s ( ! "t4 ,footnote3 ,hazlitt1 ,_s ( ! ,age3 article on ,godw9 7writt5 9 #ahad74 ,! mo/ fam\s ( 8 disciples 7 ! poets ,wordswor?1 ,col]idge1 ,s\!y1 & aft]w>ds ,%elley4 ,wordswor? _h be5 an ard5t sympa?is] ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,9 its e>ly days he _h visit$ ,p>is3 ,an emporium !n ,( gold5 expectations & receiv+ ,freights e day f a new _w ( hope4 ,he became a ,godw9ian 9 #agie1 :5 ! ,t]ror _h de/roy$ 8 fai? 9 ,revolution>y ,france4 ,s\!y1 :o _h come "u ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau1 0 initiat$ by ,col]idge into ,godw9's !ories1 & 9 _! utopian en?usiasm !y =m$ ! design ( f\nd+ a pantisocratic settlem5t 9 ,am]ica1 to %[ h[ happ9ess c\ld be realis$ 9 a social environm5t 9 :i* duty & int]e/ co9cide & consequ5tly all are virtu\s4 ,! plan anticipat$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,ow5 & ,cabet2 b ! pantisocrats did n exp]i5ce ! disappo9tm5ts ( ! sociali/s1 = x 0 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,col]idge & ,s\!y z well z ,wordswor? soon ab&on$ _! ,godw9ian doctr9es4 ,footnote3 ,9 lett]s ( #agig & #agih ,col]idge repudiat$ ! ,fr5* doctr9es & ,godw9's philosophy4 ,see ,ce/re1 ,la ,revolution francaise et les poetes anglais 7#aghi-ahji71 pp4 #chi1 #dad4 ,!y _h1 to use a phrase ( ,hazlitt1 lo/ _! way 9 ,utopia1 & !y gave up ! ab/ract & me*anical view ( society :i* ! ,fr5* philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury taught1 = an organic conception 9 :i* hi/oric s5tim5t & ! wisdom ( our ance/ors _h _! due place4 ,wordswor? c\ld pres5tly look back & criticise 8 ,godw9ian phase z t ( ,a pr\d & mo/ presumptu\s confid5ce ,9 ! transc5d5t wisdom ( ! age ,& its disc]nm5t4 ,footnote3 ,excursion1 ,book ii4 ,he & ,s\!y became cons]vative pill>s ( ! /ate4 ,yet ,s\!y1 reaction>y z he 0 9 politics1 nev] ceas$ to believe 9 social ,progress4 ,footnote3 ,see 8 ,colloquies2 & ,%elley1 writ+ 9 #ahaa1 says t ,s\!y looks =w>d to a /ate :5 all %all be p]fect$ & matt] become subject$ to ! omnipot5ce ( m9d 7,d[d51 ,life ( ,%elley1 i4 p4 #bab74 ,comp>e bel[1 p4 #cbe4 ,amelioration 0 inde$ to be effect$ by sl[ & cauti\s re=ms1 ) ! aid ( ! ,*ur*1 b ! intellectual ab]rations ( 8 y\? _h left an abid+ impression4 ,:ile ^! poets 7 sitt+ at ,godw9's feet1 ,%elley 0 /ill a *ild4 ,b he came across ,political ,ju/ice at ,eton2 9 8 lat] life he r]ead x almo/ e ye>2 & :5 he m>ri$ ,godw9's daught] he 0 m ,godw9ian ?an ,godw9 himself4 ,hazlitt1 writ+ 9 #ahad1 says t ,godw9's reputation _h sunk bel[ ! horizon1 b ,%elley nev] ceas$ to believe 9 8 !ory1 ?\gh he came to see t ! reg5]ation ( man w\ld be a mu* sl[] process ?an he _h at fir/ imag9$4 ,9 ! immature poem ,que5 ,mab ! philosophy ( ,godw9 0 beh9d 8 description ( ! future1 & x 0 beh9d ! long] & m ambiti\s poems ( 8 matur] ye>s4 ,! city ( gold1 ( ! ,revolt ( ,islam1 is ,godw9's future society1 & he describes t poem z an exp]im5t on ! temp] ( ! public m9d z to h[ f> a ?ir/ = a happi] condition ( moral & political society survives1 among ! enlight5$ & ref9$1 ! tempe/s :i* h %ak5 ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,z to ,prome!us ,unb\nd 8 biograph] obs]ves3 ,footnote3 ,d[d51 ib4 ii4 p4 #bfd4 ,else:]e ,d[d5 rem>ks on ! s+ul> ins5sibility ( ,%elley's m9d to ! wisdom or s5tim5t ( hi/ory 7i4 p4 #ee74 ,all ! glitt]+ fallacies ( ,political ,ju/ice--n[ suffici5tly t>ni%$--toge!r ) all its enc\rag+ & /imulat+ tru?s1 may be f\nd 9 ! caput mortuum left :5 ! critic has r$uc$ ! poetry ( ! ,prome!us to a s]ies ( doctr9aire /atem5ts4 ,! same dream inspir$ ! f9al *orus ( ,hellas4 ,%elley 0 ! poet ( p]fectibility4 #h4 ,! attraction ( p]fectibility rea*$ beyond ! ranks ( m5 ( lett]s1 & 9 ,rob]t ,ow51 ! b5evol5t mill[n] ( ,lan>k1 x _h an apo/le :o bas$ ^u x a v diff]5t !ory f t ( ,political ,ju/ice & became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n socialism4 ,! success ( ! idea ( ,progress has be5 promot$ by its association ) socialism4 ,footnote3 ,! ^w 0 indep5d5tly inv5t$ 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,an article 9 ! ,poor ,man's ,gu>dian 7a p]iodical edit$ by ,h4 ,he!r+ton1 aft]w>ds by ,bront]re ,o',bri571 ,aug4 #bd1 #ahcc1 is sign$ ,a ,sociali/2 & 9 #ahcd socialisme is oppos$ to individualism by ,p4 ,l]\x 9 an article 9 ! ,revue ,encyclop$ique4 ,! ^w is us$ 9 ! ,new ,moral ,_w1 & f #ahcf 0 appli$ to ! ,ow5ites4 ,see ,dolleans1 ,rob]t ,ow5 7#aijg71 p4 #cje4 ,! fir/ phase ( socialism1 :at has be5 call$ its s5tim5tal phase1 0 orig9at$ by ,sa9t-,simon 9 ,france & ,ow5 9 ,engl& at ab\t ! same "t2 ,m>x 0 to br+ x d[n f ! cl\ds & make x a =ce 9 practical politics4 ,b bo? 9 its e>li] & 9 its lat] =ms ! economical doctr9es re/ ^u a !ory ( society dep5d+ on ! assumption1 h[ev] disguis$1 t social in/itutions h be5 solely responsible = ! vice & mis]y :i* exi/1 & t in/itutions & laws c be s *ang$ z to aboli% mis]y & vice4 ,t is pure eighte5? c5tury doctr9e2 & x pass$ f ! revolution>y doctr9aires ( t p]iod to ! con/ructive sociali/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,ow5 le>n$ x probably f ,godw91 & he did n disguise x4 ,8 num]\s works en=ce x ad nauseam4 ,he began ! propagation ( 8 gospel by 8 ,new ,view ( ,society1 or ,essays on ! =mation ( ! human "*1 prep>atory to ! developm5t ( a plan = gradually ameliorat+ ! condition ( mank9d1 :i* he d$icat$ to ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t4 ,footnote3 #crd ed4 #ahag4 ,! ,essays _h appe>$ sep>ately 9 #ahac-ad4 ,"h he lays d[n t any g5]al "*1 f ! be/ to ! wor/1 may be giv5 to any community1 ev5 to ! _w at l>ge1 by ! application ( prop] means2 :i* means are to a great ext5t at ! comm& & "u ! control ( ^? :o h influ5ce 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,footnote3 ,p4 #ai4 ,! /r+ on :i* he cont9ually h>ps is t x is ! c>d9al error 9 gov]nm5t to suppose t m5 are responsible = _! vices & virtues1 & !re=e = _! actions & *>act]s4 ,^! result f education & in/itutions1 & c be trans=m$ automatically by trans=m+ ^? ag5cies4 ,ow5 f\nd$ sev]al %ort-liv$ j\rnals to diffuse 8 !ories4 ,! fir/ numb] ( ! ,new ,moral ,_w 7#ahcd-cf7 ,footnote3 ,?is 0 n a j\rnal1 b a s]ies ( pamphlets :i* appe>$ 9 #ahcf-ahdd4 ,o!r publications ( ,ow5 73 ,outl9e ( ! ,rational ,sy/em ( ,society 7#f? ed41 ,le$s1 #ahdj72 ,! ,revolution 9 ! ,m9d & ,practice ( ! ,human ,race1 or ! com+ *ange f ,irrationality to ,rationality 7#ahdi72 ,! ,future ( ! ,human ,race1 or a great1 glori\s & peaceful ,revolution1 ne> at h&1 to be effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( dep>t$ spirits ( good & sup]ior m5 & wom5 7#ahec72 ,! ,new ,exi/5ce ( ,man ^u ,e>?1 ,p>ts i4-viii41 #ahed-ee4 proclaim$ ! approa* ( an ideal society 9 :i* !re w be no ignorance1 no pov]ty1 & no *>ity--a sy/em :i* w ensure ! happ9ess ( ! human race ?r\gh\t all future ages1 to replace "o :i*1 s long z x %all be ma9ta9$1 mu/ produce mis]y to all4 ,8 own exp]im5tal attempt to f\nd su* a society on a m9iature scale 9 ,am]ica prov$ a ludicr\s failure4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ^! sociali/ !ories ! conception ( ,progress z indef9ite t5ds to vani% or to lose its significance4 ,if ! mill5nium c be br\ght ab\t at a /roke by a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( society1 ! goal ( developm5t is a*iev$2 we %all h rea*$ ! t]m1 & %all h only to live 9 & enjoy ! ideal /ate--a m5ag]ie ( happy m54 ,!re w be room = fur!r1 p]haps indef9ite1 advance 9 k1 b civilisation 9 its social "* becomes /able & rigid4 ,once man's ne$s are p]fectly satisfi$ 9 a h>moni\s environm5t !re is no /imulus to cause fur!r *anges1 & ! dynamic "* ( hi/ory disappe>s4 ,!ories ( ,progress are ?us diff]5tiat+ into two di/9ct types1 correspond+ to two radically oppos$ political !ories & appeal+ to two antagoni/ic temp]am5ts4 ,! "o type is t ( con/ructive ideali/s & sociali/s1 :o c "n all ! /reets & t[]s ( ! city ( gold1 :i* !y imag9e z situat$ j r\nd a promontory4 ,! developm5t ( man is a clos$ sy/em2 its t]m is kn[n & is )9 rea*4 ,! o!r type is t ( ^? :o1 survey+ ! gradual asc5t ( man1 believe t by ! same int]play ( =ces :i* h conduct$ him s f> & by a fur!r developm5t ( ! lib]ty :i* he has f\ght to w91 he w move sl[ly t[>ds conditions ( increas+ h>mony & happ9ess4 ,"h ! developm5t is indef9ite2 its t]m is unkn[n1 & lies 9 ! remote future4 ,individual lib]ty is ! motive =ce1 & ! correspond+ political !ory is lib]alism2 :]eas ! fir/ doctr9e naturally leads to a symmetrical sy/em 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ! /ate is prepond]ant1 & ! individual has little m value ?an a cog 9 a well-oil$ :eel3 8 place is assign$2 x is n 8 "r to g 8 own way4 ,( ?is type ! pr9cipal example t is n sociali/ic is1 z we %all see1 ! philosophy ( ,comte4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,g]man ,,speculations ,,on ,,progress #a4 ,! philosophical views curr5t 9 ,g]many dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! psy*ology ( ,locke 0 9 fa%ion 9 ,france & be=e ! g5ius ( ,kant op5$ a new pa?1 7 bas$ on ! sy/em ( ,leibnitz4 ,we might !re=e expect to f9d a !ory ( ,progress develop$ !re1 p>allel to ! developm5t 9 ,france ?\gh re/+ on diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,= ,leibnitz1 z we saw1 provid$ 9 8 cosmic optimism a basis = ! doctr9e ( human ,progress1 & he _h himself incid5tally po9t$ to x4 ,?is developm5t1 h[ev]1 0 delay$4 ,x 0 only t[>ds ! close ( ! p]iod--:i* is commonly kn[n z ! age ( ,illum9ation--t ,progress came to ! front1 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! reason4 ,wolf 0 ! lead+ successor & int]pret] ( ,leibnitz4 ,he con/ra9$ t ?9k]'s ideas into a compact logical sy/em :i* sway$ ,g]many till ,kant swept x away4 ,9 su* cases x usually happ5s t "s /rik+ doctr9es & t5d5cies ( ! ma/] are acc5tuat$ & en=c$1 :ile o!rs are suff]$ to drop out ( sight4 ,s x 0 "h4 ,9 ! ,wolfian sy/em1 ,leibnitz's conception ( developm5t 0 suff]$ to drop out ( sight1 & ! dynamic elem5t :i* animat$ 8 speculation disappe>$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he _h laid d[n t ! sum ( motive =ces 9 ! physical _w is con/ant4 ,8 disciples proce$$ to ! inf]5ce t ! sum ( morality 9 ! e?ical _w is con/ant4 ,?is dogma obvi\sly elim9ates ! possibility ( e?ical improvem5t = collective humanity4 ,& s we f9d ,m5delssohn1 :o 0 ! popul> expon5t ( ,wolf's philosophy1 decl>+ t progress is only = ! individual2 b t ! :ole ( humanity "h bel[ 9 ! c\rse ( "t %all always progress & p]fect itself seems to me n to h be5 ! purpose ( ,provid5ce4 ,footnote3 ,see ,bock1 ,jakob ,wegel9 als ,ges*i*t/heoretik]1 9 ,leipsig] ,/udi51 ix4 #d1 pp4 #bc-g 7#aijb74 ,! publication ( ! ,n\veaux ,essais 9 #agfe induc$ "s ?9k]s to turn f ! dry bones ( ,wolf to ! _s ( ,leibnitz himself4 ,& at ! same "t ,fr5* ?\ght 0 p5etrat+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! influ5ces ! f9al phase ( ! ,g]man ,illum9ation is m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( two or ?ree works 9 :i* ,progress is a pr$om9at+ idea4 ,we see ?is reaction aga9/ ,wolf & 8 /atic s*ool 9 a little "w publi%$ by ,h]d] 9 #aggd--;a philosophy ( hi/ory = ! cultivation ( mank9d4 ,!re is cont9u\s developm5t1 he decl>es1 & "o p builds ^u ! "w ( ano!r4 ,we mu/ judge pa/ ages1 n by ! pres5t1 b relatively to _! own p>ticul> conditions4 ,:at exi/s n[ 0 nev] possible be=e1 = ev]y?+ t man accompli%es is condition$ by "t1 climate1 & circum/ances4 ,six ye>s lat] ,less+'s pamphlet on ! ,education ( ! ,human ,race appe>$1 c\*$ 9 ! =m ( aphori/ic /atem5ts1 & to a mod]n read]1 "o may v5ture to say1 s+ul>ly want+ 9 argum5tative =ce4 ,! !sis is t ! drama ( hi/ory is to be expla9$ z ! education ( man by a progressive s]ies ( religions1 a s]ies n yet complete1 = ! future w produce ano!r revelation to lift him to a high] plane ?an t to :i* ,*ri/ has drawn him up4 ,?is int]pretation ( hi/ory proclaim$ ,progress1 b assum$ an ideal & appli$ a measure v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s4 ,! goal is n social happ9ess1 b a full compreh5sion ( ,god4 ,philosophy ( religion is made ! key to ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! "w does n am\nt to m ?an a sugge/ion = a new syn!sis1 b x 0 opportune & arre/+4 ,h]d] mean:ile _h be5 ?9k+1 & 9 #aghd he gave ! ,g]man _w 8 survey ( man's c>e]--,ideas ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,humanity4 ,9 ?is fam\s "w1 9 :i* we c m>k ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* ?9k]s1 especially ,montesquieu1 z well z ( ,leibnitz1 he attempt$1 ?\gh on v diff]5t l9es1 ! same task :i* ,turgot & ,condorcet plann$1 a univ]sal hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,! ,deity design$ ! _w b nev] int]f]es 9 its process1 ei!r 9 ! physical cosmos or 9 human hi/ory4 ,human hi/ory itself1 civilisation1 is a purely natural ph5om5on4 ,ev5ts are /rictly en*a9$2 cont9uity is unbrok52 :at happ5$ at any giv5 "t c\ld h happ5$ only !n1 & no?+ else c\ld h happ5$4 ,h]d]'s rigid det]m9ism n only excludes ,voltaire's *ance b also suppresses ! free play ( man's intellig5t w4 ,man _c guide 8 own de/9ies2 8 actions & =tunes are det]m9$ by ! nature ( ?+s1 8 physical organisation & physical environm5t4 ,! fact t ,god exi/s 9 inactive ease h>dly affects ! fatali/ic complexion ( ?is philosophy2 b x is p]haps a mitigation t ! _w 0 made = man2 humanity is its f9al cause4 ,! v>iety ( ! phases ( civilisation t h appe>$ on e>? is due to ! fact t ! possible manife/ations ( human nature are v num]\s & t !y mu/ all be realis$4 ,! l[] =ms are ^? 9 :i* ! be/1 :i* means ! mo/ human1 faculties ( our nature are undevelop$4 ,! highe/ has n yet be5 realis$4 ,! fl[] ( humanity1 captive /ill 9 its g]m1 w blossom out "o day into ! true =m ( man l unto ,god1 9 a /ate ( :i* no t]re/rial man c imag9e ! greatness & ! maje/y4 ,footnote3 ,ide51 v4 #e4 ,h]d] is n a sy/ematic ?9k]--inde$ 8 "w ab\nds 9 contradictions--& he has n made x cle> h[ f> ?is full epiphany results f ! exp]i5ces ( mank9d 9 prec$+ phases4 ,he believes t life is an education = humanity 7he has tak5 ! phrase ( ,less+71 t good progressively develops1 t reason & ju/ice become m p[]ful4 ,?is is a doctr9e ( ,progress1 b he di/9ctly opposes ! hypo!sis ( a f9al & unique /ate ( p]fection z ! goal ( hi/ory1 :i* w\ld imply t e>li] g5]ations exi/ = ! sake ( ! lat] & suff] 9 ord] to ensure ! felicity ( remote po/]ity--a !ory :i* (f5ds 8 s5se ( ju/ice & fitness4 ,on ! contr>y1 man c realise happ9ess equally 9 e /age ( civilisation4 ,all =ms ( society are equally legitimate1 ! imp]fect z well z ! p]fect2 all are ends 9 !mselves1 n m]e /ages on ! way to some?+ bett]4 ,& a p :i* is happy 9 "o ( ^! inf]ior /ates has a p]fect "r to rema9 9 x4 ,?us ! ,progress :i* ,h]d] sees is1 to use 8 own geometrical illu/ration1 a sequ5ce ( unequal & brok5 curves1 correspond+ to diff]5t maxima & m9ima4 ,ea* curve has its own equation1 ! hi/ory ( ea* p is subject to ! laws ( its own environm5t2 b !re is no g5]al law controll+ ! :ole c>e] ( humanity4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 xv4 #c4 ,! p[] ( ideas 9 hi/ory1 :i* ,h]d] fail$ to appreciate1 0 recognis$ by a contempor>y savant f :om he might h le>n$4 ,jakob ,wegel91 a ,swiss1 _h1 at ! invitation ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 settl$ 9 ,b]l91 :]e he sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life & devot$ 8 /udy to ! !ory ( hi/ory4 ,8 m]it 0 to h p]ceiv$ t ext]nal facts are p5etrat$ & gov]n$ by spiritual =ces & guid+ ideas1 & t ! ess5tial & p]man5t 9 hi/ory is condition$ by ! nature & developm5t ( ideas4 7,di]au]1 quot$ by ,bock1 op4 cit4 p4 #ac47 ,he believ$ 9 ! progressive developm5t ( mank9d z a :ole1 b z 8 le>n$ bro*ures seem to h ex]t$ no influ5ce1 x w\ld be useless "h to exam9e m closely 8 views1 :i* are buri$ 9 ! transactions ( ! ,prussian ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ,switz]l& he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau & d',alemb]t4 ,aft] he mov$ to ,b]l9 7#agfe7 he fell "u t ( ,leibnitz4 ,x may be not$ 7#a7 t he deprecat$ attempts at writ+ a univ]sal hi/ory z premature until an adequate k ( facts _h be5 ga9$1 & ?is w\ld dem& long prelim9>y lab\rs2 7#b7 t he discuss$ ! "q :e!r hi/ory is an indef9ite progression or a s]ies ( con/ant cycles1 & decid$ = ! =m] view4 7,memoire sur le c\rs p]iodique1 #aghe74 ,bock's monograph is ! be/ /udy ( ,wegel92 b see also ,fl9t's obs]vations 9 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4 7#ahgd74 ,h]d] br\ght d[n 8 hi/orical survey only z f> z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ ,footnote3 ,jav>y1 ,de l'idee de progres1 p4 #fi4 t if he _h come d[n fur!r he might h compreh5d$ ! possibility ( a delib]ate trans=mation ( societies by ! intellig5t action ( ! human w--an hi/orical =ce to :i* he does n d ju/ice1 app>5tly because he fanci$ x incompatible ) /rict causal sequ5ce4 ,! value ( 8 "w does n lie 9 ! philosophical pr9ciples :i* he appli$4 ,nor 0 x a useful contribution to hi/ory2 ( him x has be5 said1 z ( ,bossuet1 t facts b5t l grass "u 8 feet4 ,footnote3 ,j\ffroy1 ,melanges1 p4 #ha4 ,b x 0 a notable attempt to d = human ph5om5a :at ,leibnitz 9 8 ,!odicy s\ght to d = ! cosmos1 & x po9t$ ! way to ! rationali/ic philosophies ( hi/ory :i* 7 to be a feature ( ! speculations ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 #b4 ,! %ort essay ( ,kant1 :i* he clumsily call$ ! ,idea ( a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory on a ,cosmopolitical ,plan1 ,footnote3 #aghd4 ,?is "w ( ,kant 0 translat$ by ,de ,qu9cey 7,works1 vol4 ix4 #dbh sqq41 ed4 ,masson71 :o is responsible = cosmopolitical z ! r5d]+ ( weltburg]li*4 approa*es ! problems rais$ by ! hi/ory ( civilisation f a new po9t ( view4 ,he />ts ) ! pr9ciple ( inv>iable law4 ,on any !ory ( free w1 he says1 human actions are z completely "u ! control ( univ]sal-laws ( nature z any o!r physical ph5om5a4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by /ati/ics4 ,regi/]s ( bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages %[ t ^! ev5ts occur ) z mu* con=mity to laws ( nature z ! oscillations ( ! wea!r4 ,x is ! same ) ! great sequ5ce ( hi/orical ev5ts4 ,tak5 alone & individually1 !y seem incoh]5t & lawless2 b view$ 9 _! connection1 z due to ! action n ( individuals b ( ! human species1 !y d n fail to reveal a regul> /ream ( t5d5cy4 ,pursu+ _! own (t5 contradictory purposes1 individual nations & individual m5 are unconsci\sly promot+ a process to :i* if !y p]ceiv$ x !y w\ld pay little reg>d4 ,individual m5 d n obey a law4 ,!y d n obey ! laws ( in/9ct l animals1 nor d !y obey1 z rational citiz5s ( ! _w w\ld d1 ! laws ( a preconc]t$ plan4 ,if we look at ! /age ( hi/ory we see scatt]$ & occasional indications ( wisdom1 b ! g5]al sum ( m5's actions is a web ( folly1 *ildi% vanity1 & (t5 ev5 ( ! idle/ wick$ness & _s ( de/ruction4 ,! problem = ! philosoph] is to discov] a mean+ 9 ?is s5seless curr5t ( human actions1 s t ! hi/ory ( creatures :o pursue no plan ( _! own may yet admit ( a sy/ematic =m4 ,! clew to ?is =m is suppli$ by ! pr$ispositions ( human nature4 ,i h /at$ ?is problem almo/ 9 ,kant's words1 & z he might h /at$ x if he _h n introduc$ ! conception ( f9al causes4 ,8 use ( ! po/ulate ( f9al causes )\t ju/ify+ x is a defect 9 8 essay4 ,he id5tifies :at he well calls a /ream ( t5d5cy ) a natural purpose4 ,he makes no attempt to %[ t ! succession ( ev5ts is su* t x _c be expla9$ )\t ! po/ulate ( a purpose4 ,8 solution ( ! problem is gov]n$ by ?is conception ( f9ality1 & by ! unw>rant$ assumption t nature does no?+ 9 va94 ,he lays d[n t all ! t5d5cies to :i* any creature is pr$ispos$ by its nature mu/ 9 ! end be develop$ p]fectly & agreeably to _! f9al purpose4 ,^? pr$ispositions 9 man :i* s]ve ! use ( 8 reason are !re=e de/9$ to be fully develop$4 ,?is de/9y1 h[ev]1 _c be realis$ 9 ! individual2 x c only be realis$ 9 ! species4 ,= reason works t5tatively1 by progress & regress4 ,ea* man w\ld require an inord9ate l5g? ( "t to make a p]fect use ( 8 natural t5d5cies4 ,!re=e1 z life is %ort1 an incalculable s]ies ( g5]ations is ne$$4 ,! means :i* nature employs to develop ^! t5d5cies is ! antagonism :i* 9 man's social /ate exi/s betwe5 8 greg>i\s & 8 antigreg>i\s t5d5cies4 ,8 antigreg>i\s nature expresses itself 9 ! desire to =ce all ?+s to comply to 8 own hum\r4 ,h5ce ambition1 love ( hon\r1 av>ice4 ,^! 7 necess>y to raise mank9d f ! savage to ! civilis$ /ate4 ,b = ^! antisocial prop5sities m5 w\ld be g5tle z %eep1 & an ,arcadian life w\ld arise1 ( p]fect h>mony & mutual love1 su* z mu/ suffocate & /ifle all tal5ts 9 _! v g]ms4 ,nature1 kn[+ bett] ?an man :at is good = ! species1 orda9s discord4 ,%e is to be ?ank$ = competition & enmity1 & = ! ?ir/ ( p[] & weal?4 ,= )\t ^! ! f9al purpose ( realis+ man's rational nature w\ld rema9 unfulfill$4 ,?is is ,kant's answ] to ,r\sseau4 ,! full realisation ( man's rational nature is possible only 9 a univ]sal civil society f\nd$ on political ju/ice4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( su* a society is ! highe/ problem = ! human species4 ,kant contemplates1 z ! political goal1 a conf$]ation ( /ates 9 :i* ! utmo/ possible fre$om %all be unit$ ) ! mo/ rigor\s det]m9ation ( ! b\nd>ies ( fre$om4 ,is x reasonable to suppose t a univ]sal or cosmopolitical society ( ?is k9d w come into be+2 & if s1 h[ w x be br\ght ab\t8 ,political *anges 9 ! relations ( /ates are g5]ally produc$ by w>4 ,w>s are t5tative endeav\rs to br+ ab\t new relations & to =m new political bodies4 ,are comb9ations & recomb9ations to cont9ue until by pure *ance "s rational self-support+ sy/em em]ges8 ,or is x possible t no su* condition ( society may ev] arrive1 & t ultimately all progress may be ov]:elm$ by a hell ( evils8 ,or1 f9ally1 is ,nature pursu+ h] regul> c\rse ( rais+ ! species by its own spontane\s ef=ts & develop+1 9 ! app>5tly wild succession ( ev5ts1 man's orig9ally implant$ t5d5cies8 ,kant accepts ! la/ alt]native on ! gr\nd t x is n reasonable to assume a f9al purpose 9 p>ticul> natural processes & at ! same "t to assume t !re is no f9al purpose 9 ! :ole4 ,?us 8 !ory ( ,progress dep5ds on ! hypo!sis ( f9al causes4 ,x foll[s t to trace ! hi/ory ( mank9d is equival5t to unravell+ a hidd5 plan ( ,nature = accompli%+ a p]fect civil con/itution = a univ]sal society2 s9ce a univ]sal society is ! sole /ate 9 :i* ! t5d5cies ( human nature c be fully develop$4 ,we _c det]m9e ! orbit ( ! developm5t1 because ! :ole p]iod is s va/ & only a small fraction is kn[n to u1 b ?is is en\gh to %[ t !re is a def9ite c\rse4 ,kant ?9ks t su* a cosmopolitical hi/ory1 z he calls x1 is possible1 & t if x 7 writt5 x w\ld give u a clew op5+ up a consolatory prospect into futurity1 9 :i* at a remote di/ance we %all discov] ! human species seat$ ^u an em95ce won by inf9ite toil1 :]e all ! g]ms are unfold$ :i* nature has implant$ & its own de/9ation ^u ?is e>? accompli%$4 #c4 ,b to see ! full be>+ ( ,kant's discussion we mu/ und]/& its connection ) 8 e?ics4 ,= 8 e?ical !ory is ! f\ndation & ! motive ( 8 speculation on ,progress4 ,! progress on :i* he lays /ress is moral amelioration2 he ref]s little to sci5tific or mat]ial progress4 ,= him morality 0 an absolute obligation f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( reason4 ,su* an obligation presupposes an end to be atta9$1 & ?is end is a reign ( reason "u :i* all m5 obey+ ! moral law mutually treat ea* o!r z ends 9 !mselves4 ,su* an ideal /ate mu/ be reg>d$ z possible1 because x is a necess>y po/ulate ( reason4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x may be se5 t ,kant's speculation on univ]sal hi/ory is really a discussion :e!r ! ideal /ate1 :i* is requir$ z a subjective po/ulate 9 ! int]e/ ( e?ics1 is likely to be realis$ objectively4 ,n[1 ,kant does n ass]t t because our moral reason mu/ assume ! possibility ( ?is hypo!tical goal civilisation is !re=e mov+ t[>ds x4 ,t w\ld be a fallacy into :i* he 0 incapable ( fall+4 ,civilisation is a ph5om5on1 & any?+ we "k ab\t x c only be inf]r$ f exp]i5ce4 ,8 argum5t is t !re are actual indications ( progress 9 ?is desirable direction4 ,he po9t$ to ! contempor>y gr[? ( civil lib]ty & religi\s lib]ty1 & ^! are conditions ( moral improvem5t4 ,s f> 8 argum5t co9cides 9 pr9ciple ) t ( ,fr5* !ori/s ( ,progress4 ,b ,kant goes on to apply to ^! data ! debatable conception ( f9al causes1 & to inf] a purpose 9 ! developm5t ( humanity4 ,only ?is inf]5ce is put =w>d z a hypo!sis1 n z a dogma4 ,x is probable t :at h9d]$ ,kant f broa*+ 8 !ory ( ,progress ) z mu* confid5ce z ,condorcet 0 8 p]ception t no?+ c\ld be decisively affirm$ ab\t ! c\rse ( civilisation until ! laws ( its movem5t _h be5 discov]$4 ,he saw t ?is 0 a matt] = sci5tific inve/igation4 ,he says expressly t ! laws are n yet kn[n1 & sugge/s t "s future g5ius may d = social ph5om5a :at ,kepl] & ,newton did = ! heav5ly bodies4 ,z we %all see1 ?is is precisely :at "s ( ! lead+ ,fr5* ?9k]s ( ! next g5]ation w attempt to d4 ,b cauti\sly ?\gh he fram$ ! hypo!sis ,kant evid5tly consid]$ ,progress probable4 ,he recognis$ t ! mo/ difficult ob/acle to ! moral advance ( man lies 9 w> & ! burd5s :i* ! possibility ( w> imposes4 ,& he sp5t mu* ?\ght on ! means by :i* w> might be aboli%$4 ,he publi%$ a philosophical essay on ,p]petual ,peace1 9 :i* he =mulat$ ! articles ( an int]national treaty to secure ! disappe>ance ( w>4 ,he consid]$ t1 :ile a univ]sal republic w\ld be ! positive ideal1 we %all probably h to be cont5t$ ) :at he calls a negative sub/itute1 consi/+ 9 a f$]ation ( peoples b\nd by a peace-alliance gu>antee+ ! indep5d5ce ( ea* memb]4 ,b to assure ! p]man5ce ( ?is sy/em x is ess5tial t ea* /ate %\ld h a democratic con/itution4 ,= su* a con/itution is bas$ on individual lib]ty & civil equality4 ,all ^! *anges %\ld be br\ght ab\t by legal re=ms2 revolutions--he 0 writ+ 9 #agie---;_c be ju/ifi$4 ,we see ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau's ,social ,contract & t ( ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 ) ^: works ,kant 0 acqua9t$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t x 0 ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* ?\ght1 s p[]ful 9 ,g]many at ?is p]iod1 t turn$ ,kant's m9d t[>ds ^! speculations1 :i* belong to ! late/ p]iod ( 8 life & =m a sort ( app5dix to 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,! !ory ( ,progress1 ! idea ( univ]sal re=m1 ! doctr9e ( political equality--,kant exam9$ all ^! conceptions & appropriat$ !m to ! s]vice ( 8 own highly metaphysical !ory ( e?ics4 ,9 ?is new association _! _s 0 *ang$4 ,9 ,france1 z we saw1 ! !ory ( ,progress 0 g5]ally associat$ ) e?ical views :i* c\ld f9d a metaphysical basis 9 ! s5sationalism ( ,locke4 ,a moral sy/em :i* might be built on s5sation1 z ! prim>y m5tal fact1 0 work$ out by ,helvetius4 ,b ! pr9ciple t ! supreme law ( conduct is to obey nature _h come d[n z a practical philosophy f ,rabelais & ,montaigne ?r\gh ,moli]e to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 re9=c$ by ! !ory ( ! natural goodness ( man4 ,jans5ism _h /ruggl$ aga9/ x & 0 defeat$4 ,aft] !ology x 0 ! turn ( metaphysics4 ,kant's moral imp]ative m>k$ ! next /age 9 ! conflict ( ! two opposite t5d5cies :i* seek natural & ultra-natural sanctions = morality4 ,h5ce ! idea ( progress _h a diff]5t significance = ,kant & = its ,fr5* expon5ts1 ?\gh 8 p>ticul> view ( ! future possibly 9 /ore = ! human species co9cid$ 9 "s ess5tial po9ts ) !irs4 ,b 8 !ory ( life gives a diff]5t atmosph]e to ! idea4 ,9 ,france ! atmosph]e is emphatically eudaemonic2 happ9ess is ! goal4 ,kant is an uncompromis+ oppon5t ( eudaemonism4 ,if we take enjoym5t or happ9ess z ! measure1 x is easy1 he says1 to evaluate life4 ,its value is less ?an no?+4 ,= :o w\ld beg9 "o's life aga9 9 ! same conditions1 or ev5 9 new natural conditions1 if "o c\ld *oose !m oneself1 b ( :i* enjoym5t w\ld be ! sole end8 ,!re 01 9 fact1 a /rongly-m>k$ ve9 ( pessimism 9 ,kant4 ,"o ( ! able/ m5 ( ! y\ng] g5]ation :o 7 br\ght up on 8 sy/em f\nd$ ! philosophical pessimism--v diff]5t 9 range & dep? f ! s5tim5tal pessimism ( ,r\sseau--:i* 0 to play a rem>kable "p 9 ,g]man ?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,footnote3 ,kant's pessimism has be5 /udi$ at l5g? by von ,h>tmann1 9 ,zur ,ges*i*te und ,begrundung des ,pessimismus 7#ahhj74 ,s*op5hau]'s unpleasant conclusion t ( all conceivable worlds ?is is ! wor/1 is "o ( ! speculations = :i* ,kant may be held ultimately responsible4 ,footnote3 ,s*op5hau] recognis$ progress social1 economic1 & political1 b z a fact t conta9s no gu>antee ( happ9ess2 on ! contr>y1 ! developm5t ( ! intellig5ce increases suff]+4 ,he ridicul$ ! optimi/ic ideals ( com=table1 well-regulat$ /ates4 ,8 views on hi/orical developm5t h be5 collect$ by ,g4 ,sp>l9sky1 ,s*op5hau]s ,v]haltnis zur ,ges*i*te1 9 ,b]n] ,/udi5 s4 ,philosophie1 ,bd4 lxxii4 7#aiaj74 #d4 ,kant's consid]ations on hi/orical developm5t are an app5dix to 8 philosophy2 !y are n a necess>y "p1 wr\ght into ! wo( ( 8 sy/em4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) 8 successors ! ,ideali/s1 = :om 8 sy/em 0 ! po9t ( dep>ture1 ?\gh !y reject$ its ess5tial feature1 ! limitation ( human ?\ght4 ,) ,fi*te & ,hegel progressive developm5t 0 directly d$uc$ f _! pr9ciples4 ,if _! p>ticul> int]pretations ( hi/ory h no p]man5t value1 x is significant t1 9 _! ambiti\s attempts to expla9 ! univ]se a priori1 hi/ory 0 conceiv$ z progressive1 & _! philosophies did mu* to re9=ce a conception :i* on v diff]5t pr9ciples 0 mak+ its way 9 ! _w4 ,b ! progress :i* _! sy/ems involv$ 0 n b\nd up ) ! int]e/ ( human happ9ess1 b /ood out z a fact :i*1 :e!r agreeable or n1 is a consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ?\ght4 ,! process ( ! univ]se1 z x appe>$ to ,fi*te1 ,footnote3 ,fi*te's philosophy ( hi/ory w be f\nd 9 ,die ,grundzuge des geg5w>tig5 ,zeitalt]s 7#ahjf71 lectures :i* he deliv]$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahjd-e4 t5ds to a full realisation ( fre$om2 t is its end & goal1 b a goal t always rec$es4 ,x c nev] be rea*$2 = its full atta9m5t w\ld mean ! complete suppression ( ,nature4 ,! process ( ! _w1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 an indef9ite approximation to an unatta9able ideal3 fre$om is be+ p]petually realis$ m & m2 & ! _w1 z x asc5ds 9 ?is direction1 becomes m & m a realm ( reason4 ,:at ,fi*te means by fre$om may be be/ expla9$ by its opposition to in/9ct4 ,a man act+ in/9ctively may be act+ q reasonably1 9 a way :i* any "o fully consci\s ( all ! implications & consequ5ces ( ! action w\ld judge to be reasonable4 ,b 9 ord] t 8 actions %\ld be free he mu/ himself be fully consci\s ( all ^? implications & consequ5ces4 ,x foll[s t ! end ( mank9d ^u e>? is to rea* a /ate 9 :i* all ! relations ( life %all be ord]$ accord+ to reason1 n in/9ctively b ) full consci\sness & delib]ate purpose4 ,?is end %\ld gov]n ! e?ical rules ( conduct1 & x det]m9es ! necess>y /ages ( hi/ory4 ,x gives u at once two ma9 p]iods1 ! e>lie/ & ! late/3 ! e>lie/1 9 :i* m5 act reasonably by in/9ct1 & ! late/1 9 :i* !y are consci\s ( reason & try to realise x fully4 ,b be=e rea*+ ?is f9al /age !y mu/ pass ?r\gh an epo* 9 :i* reason is consci\s ( itself1 b n regnant4 ,& to rea* ?is !y mu/ h emancipat$ !mselves f in/9ct1 & ?is process ( emancipation means a f\r? epo*4 ,b !y c\ld n h want$ to emancipate !mselves unless !y _h felt in/9ct z a s]vitude impos$ by an ext]nal au?ority1 & !re=e we h to di/+ui% yet ano!r epo* :]e9 reason is express$ 9 au?orit>ian in/itutions to :i* m5 bl9dly submit4 ,9 ?is way ,fi*te d$uces five hi/orical epo*s3 two 9 :i* progress is bl9d1 two 9 :i* x is free1 & an int]m$iate 9 :i* x is /ruggl+ to consci\sness4 ,footnote3 ,fir/ ,epo*3 t ( in/9ctive reason2 ! age ( innoc5ce4 ,second3 t ( au?orit>ian reason4 ,?ird3 t ( enfran*isem5t2 ! age ( scepticism & unregulat$ lib]ty4 ,f\r?3 t ( consci\s reason1 z sci5ce4 ,fif?3 t ( regnant reason1 z art4 ,b !re are no lock$ gates betwe5 ^! p]iods2 !y ov]lap & m+le2 ea* may h "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ano!r2 & 9 ea* !re is a vangu>d lead+ ! way & a re>gu>d lagg+ beh9d4 ,at pres5t 7#ahjd7 we are 9 ! ?ird age2 we h brok5 ) au?ority1 b d n yet possess a cle> & discipl9$ k ( reason4 ,footnote3 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 ,fi*te ma9ta9$ 9 8 patriotic ,disc\rses to ! ,g]man ,nation 7#ahjg7 t 9 #ahjd man _h cross$ ! ?re%old ( ! f\r? epo*4 ,he ass]t$ t ! progress ( culture & sci5ce w dep5d h5ce=w>d *iefly on ,g]many4 ,fi*te has d$uc$ ?is s*eme purely a priori )\t any ref]5ce to actual exp]i5ce4 ,! philosoph]1 he says1 foll[s ! a priori ?read ( ! _w-plan :i* is cle> to him )\t any hi/ory2 & if he makes use ( hi/ory1 x is n to prove any?+1 s9ce 8 !ses are already prov$ indep5d5tly ( all hi/ory4 ,hi/orical developm5t is ?us pres5t$ z a necess>y progress t[>ds a goal :i* is kn[n b _c be rea*$4 ,& ?is fact z to ! de/9y ( ! race con/itutes ! basis ( morality1 ( :i* ! fundam5tal law is to act 9 su* a way z to promote ! free realisation ( reason ^u e>?4 ,x has be5 claim$ by a rec5t critic t ,fi*te 0 ! fir/ mod]n philosoph] to humanise morals4 ,he completely reject$ ! individuali/ic conception :i* und]lay ,kantian z well z ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,he ass]t$ t ! true motive ( morality is n ! salvation ( ! individual man b ! ,progress ( humanity4 ,9 fact1 ) ,fi*te ,progress is ! pr9ciple ( e?ics4 ,t ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( ascetic sa9tl9ess deta*$ f society has no moral value is a pla9 coroll>y f ! idea ( e>?ly ,progress4 ,footnote3 ,x4 ,leon1 ,la ,philosophie de ,fi*te 7#aijb71 pp4 #dgg-i4 ,"o o!r po9t 9 ,fi*te's survey ( hi/ory des]ves notice--! social role ( ! savant4 ,x is ! function ( ! savant to discov] ! tru?s :i* are a condition ( moral progress2 he may be said to inc>nate reason 9 ! _w4 ,we %all see h[ ?is idea play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! social s*emes ( ,sa9t-,simon & ,comte4 ,footnote3 ,fi*te1 ,ueb] die ,be/immung des ,gelehrt5 7#agid74 #e4 ,hegel's philosophy ( hi/ory is bett] kn[n ?an ,fi*te's4 ,l ,fi*te1 he d$uc$ ! phases a priori f 8 metaphysical pr9ciples1 b he condesc5d$ to review 9 "s detail ! actual ph5om5a4 ,he conceiv$ ! f9al cause ( ! _w z ,_s's consci\sness ( its own fre$om4 ,! ambigu\s t]m fre$om is virtually equival5t to self-consci\sness1 & ,hegel def9es ,univ]sal ,hi/ory z ! description ( ! process by :i* ,_s or ,god comes to ! consci\sness ( its own mean+4 ,?is fre$om does n mean t ,_s c\ld *oose at any mom5t to develop 9 a diff]5t way2 its actual developm5t is necess>y & is ! embodim5t ( reason4 ,fre$om consi/s 9 fully recognis+ ! fact4 ,( ! p>ticul> features :i* di/+ui% ,hegel's treatm5t1 ! fir/ is t he id5tifies hi/ory ) political hi/ory1 ! developm5t ( ! /ate4 ,art1 religion1 philosophy1 ! creations ( social man1 belong to a diff]5t & high] /age ( ,_s's self-revelation4 ,footnote3 ,! ?ree phases ( ,_s are 7#a7 subjective2 7#b7 objective2 7#c7 absolute4 ,psy*ology1 e4g41 is includ$ 9 7#a71 law & hi/ory 9 7#b71 religion 9 7#c74 ,9 ! second place1 ,hegel ignores ! primitive prehi/oric ages ( man1 & sets ! beg9n+ ( 8 developm5t 9 ! fully-gr[n civilisation ( ,*9a4 ,he conceives ! ,_s z cont9ually mov+ f "o nation to ano!r 9 ord] to realise ! successive /ages ( its self-consci\sness3 f ,*9a to ,india1 f ,india to ! k+doms ( ,we/]n ,asia2 !n f ! ,ori5t to ,greece1 !n to ,rome1 & f9ally to ! ,g]manic _w4 ,9 ! ,ea/ m5 knew only t ,,"o is free1 ! political *>act]i/ic 0 despotism2 9 ,greece & ,rome !y knew t ,,"s are free1 & ! political =ms 7 ari/ocracy & democracy2 9 ! mod]n _w !y "k t ,,all are free1 & ! political =m is mon>*y4 ,! fir/ p]iod1 he comp>$ to *ildhood1 ! second to y\? 7,greece7 & manhood 7,rome71 ! ?ird to old age1 old b n feeble4 ,! ?ird1 :i* includes ! m$ieval & mod]n hi/ory ( ,europe1 designat$ by ,hegel z ! ,g]manic _w--= ! ,g]man _s is ! _s ( ! mod]n _w--is also ! f9al p]iod4 ,9 x ,god realises 8 fre$om completely 9 hi/ory1 j z 9 ,hegel's own absolute philosophy1 :i* is f9al1 ,god has completely und]/ood 8 own nature4 ,& "h is ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ories ( ,fi*te & ,hegel4 ,bo? saw ! goal ( human developm5t 9 ! realisation ( fre$om1 b1 :ile ) ,fi*te ! developm5t nev] ends z ! goal is unatta9able1 ) ,hegel ! developm5t is already complete1 ! goal is n only atta9able b has n[ be5 atta9$4 ,?us ,hegel's is :at we may call a clos$ sy/em4 ,hi/ory has be5 progressive1 b no pa? is left op5 = fur!r advance4 ,hegel views ?is conclusion ( developm5t ) p]fect complac5cy4 ,to mo/ m9ds t are n intoxicat$ ) ! ,absolute x w seem t1 if ! pres5t is ! f9al /ate to :i* ! evolution ( ,_s has conduct$1 ! result is s+ul>ly inadequate to ! gigantic process4 ,b 8 sy/em is em95tly inhuman4 ,! happ9ess or mis]y ( individuals is a matt] ( supreme indiff]5ce to ! ,absolute1 :i*1 9 ord] to realise itself 9 "t1 ru?lessly sacrifices s5ti5t be+s4 ,! _s ( ,hegel's philosophy1 9 its be>+ on social life1 0 ?us antagoni/ic to ,progress z a practical doctr9e4 ,progress !re _h be51 b ,progress _h done its "w2 ! ,prussian mon>*ical /ate 0 ! la/ ^w 9 hi/ory4 ,kant's cosmopolitical plan1 ! lib]alism & individualism :i* 7 implicit 9 8 ?\ght1 ! democracies :i* he contemplat$ 9 ! future1 are all ca/ aside z a misconception4 ,once ! ne$s ( ! ,absolute ,_s h be5 satisfi$1 :5 x has se5 its full p[] & spl5d\r reveal$ 9 ! ,hegelian philosophy1 ! _w is z good z x c be4 ,social amelioration does n matt]1 nor ! moral improvem5t ( m51 nor ! increase ( _! control ov] physical =ces4 #f4 ,! o!r great repres5tative ( ,g]man idealism1 :o took 8 dep>ture f ,kant1 also saw 9 hi/ory a progressive revelation ( div9e reason4 ,b x 0 ! processes ( nature1 n ! c>e] ( humanity1 t absorb$ ! be/ en]gies ( ,s*ell+1 & ! elaboration ( a philosophical idea ( organic evolution 0 ! prom95t feature ( 8 speculation4 ,8 influ5ce--& x 0 wide1 rea*+ ev5 sci5tific biologi/s--lay *iefly 9 diffus+ ?is idea1 & he ?us contribut$ to ! =mation ( a !ory :i* 0 aft]w>ds to place ! idea ( ,progress on a m impos+ base4 ,footnote3 ,s*ell+'s views notori\sly v>i$ at v>i\s /ages ( 8 c>e]4 ,9 8 ,sy/em ( ,transc5d5tal ,idealism 7#ahjj7 he di/+ui%$ ?ree hi/orical p]iods1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* ! ,absolute reveals itself z ,fate1 9 ! second z ,nature1 9 ! ?ird z ,provid5ce1 & ass]t$ t we are /ill liv+ 9 ! second1 :i* began ) ! expansion ( ,rome 7,w]ke1 i4 #c1 p4 #fjc74 ,9 ?is context he says t ! conception ( an inf9ite progressivity is includ$ 9 ! conception ( hi/ory1 b adds t ! p]fectibility ( ! race _c be directly inf]r$4 ,= x may be said t man has no prop] hi/ory b turns r\nd on a :eel ( ,ixion4 ,! difficulty ( e/abli%+ ! fact ( ,progress f ! c\rse ( ev5ts lies 9 discov]+ a crit]ion4 ,s*ell+ rejects ! crit]ion ( moral improvem5t & t ( advance 9 sci5ce & arts z unpractical or mislead+4 ,b if we see ! sole object ( hi/ory 9 a gradual realisation ( ! ideal /ate1 we h a measure ( ,progress :i* c be appli$2 ?\gh x _c be prov$ ei!r by !ory or by exp]i5ce t ! goal w be atta9$4 ,?is mu/ rema9 an article ( fai? 7ib4 #eib sqq474 ,s*ell+ influ5c$1 among o!rs1 8 contempor>y ,krause1 a less famili> "n1 :o work$ out a philosophy ( hi/ory 9 :i* ?is idea is fundam5tal4 ,krause conceiv$ hi/ory1 :i* is ! expression ( ! ,absolute1 z ! developm5t ( life2 society z an organism2 & social gr[? z a process :i* c be d$uc$ f ab/ract biological pr9ciples4 ,footnote3 ,krause divid$ man's e>?ly c>e] into ?ree ,ages--infancy1 gr[?1 & maturity4 ,! second ( ^! falls into ?ree p]iods *>act]is$ by 7#a7 poly!ism1 7#b7 mono!ism 7,middle ,ages71 7#c7 scepticism & lib]ty1 & we are n[ 9 ! ?ird ( ^! p]iods4 ,! ?ird ,age w witness ! union ( humanity 9 a s+le social organism1 & ! univ]sal acceptance ( pan5!ism 7! doctr9e ( ! unity ( all 9 ,god71 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ,krause's philosophy & religion4 ,b ?\gh ?is w be ! f9al /age on ! e>?1 ,krause contemplates an ult]ior c>e] ( humanity 9 o!r sol> sy/ems4 ,krause nev] attract$ att5tion 9 ,engl&1 b he ex]t$ "s influ5ce 9 ,france & ,spa91 & especially 9 ,belgium1 not)/&+ ! grotesque j>gon 9 :i* he obscur$ 8 ?\ghts4 ,see ,fl9t1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 pp4 #dgd-e4 ,fl9t's acc\nt ( 8 speculations is indulg5t4 ,! ma9 ideas ( 8 philosophy ( hi/ory w be f\nd 9 ! ,introduction a la philosophie 7ed4 #b1 #ahhj7 ( ,g4 ,tib]ghi51 a ,belgian disciple4 ,all ^! transc5d5t speculations _h ?is 9 common t !y pret5d$ to discov] ! necess>y c\rse ( human hi/ory on metaphysical pr9ciples1 indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,b x has be5 rightly d\bt$ :e!r ?is alleg$ indep5d5ce 0 g5u9e4 ,we may "q :e!r any ( !m w\ld h produc$ ! same sequ5ce ( p]iods ( hi/ory1 if ! actual facts ( hi/ory _h be5 to !m a seal$ book4 ,inde$ we may be sure t !y 7 surreptiti\sly & subconsci\sly us+ exp]i5ce z a guide1 :ile !y imag9$ t ab/ract pr9ciples 7 entirely responsible = _! conclusions4 ,& ?is is equival5t to say+ t _! ideas ( progressive movem5t 7 really d]iv$ f t idea ( ,progress :i* ! ,fr5* ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h attempt$ to base on exp]i5ce4 ,! influ5ce1 direct & indirect1 ( ^! ,g]man philosoph]s rea*$ f> beyond ! n>r[ circle ( ! bac*ants or ev5 ! w&be>]s ( idealism4 ,!y did mu* to e/abli% ! notion ( progressive developm5t z a category ( ?\ght1 almo/ z famili> & indisp5sable z t ( cause & effect4 ,!y help$ to diffuse ! idea ( an increas+ purpose 9 hi/ory4 ,augu/9e or ,bossuet might inde$ h spok5 ( an increas+ purpose1 b ! purpose ( _! speculations 0 subsidi>y to a future life4 ,! purpose ( ! ,g]man ideali/s c\ld be fulfill$ 9 e>?ly conditions & requir$ no !ory ( p]sonal immortality4 ,?is atmosph]e ( ?\ght affect$ ev5 intellig5t reaction>ies :o wrote 9 ! int]e/ ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,progressive developm5t is admitt$ 9 ! lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory ( ,fri$ri* von ,s*legel4 ,footnote3 ,translat$ into ,engli% 9 #b vols41 #ahce4 ,he d5\nc$ ,condorcet1 & oppos$ to p]fectibility ! corruptible nature ( man4 ,b he ass]t$ t ! philosophy ( hi/ory is to be f\nd 9 ! pr9ciples ( social progress4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit4 ii1 p4 #aid1 sqq4 ,^! pr9ciples are ?ree3 ! hidd5 ways ( ,provid5ce emancipat+ ! human race2 ! freewill ( man2 & ! p[] :i* ,god p]mits to ! ag5ts ( evil1--pr9ciples :i* ,bossuet c\ld endorse1 b ! novelty is t "h !y are array$ z =ces ( ,progress4 ,9 fact1 ! po9t ( von ,s*legel's pret5ti\s1 unillum9at+ book is to rehabilitate ,*ri/ianity by mak+ x ! key to t new conception ( life :i* _h tak5 %ape among ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*4 #g4 ,z biological developm5t 0 "o ( ! con/ant preoccupations ( ,goe!1 ^: doctr9e ( metamorphosis & types help$ to prep>e ! way = ! evolution>y hypo!sis1 we might h expect$ to f9d him int]e/$ 9 !ories ( social progress1 9 :i* !ories ( biological developm5t f9d a logical ext5sion4 ,b ! ,fr5* speculations on ,progress did n t\* 8 imag9ation2 !y left him cool & sceptical4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 9 conv]sation ) ,eck]mann1 he made "s rem>ks :i* indicate 8 attitude4 ,footnote3 ,gespra*e mit ,goe!1 #bc ,oktob] #ahbh4 ',! _w w n rea* its goal s quickly z we ?9k & wi%4 ,! ret>d+ demons are always !re1 int]v5+ & resi/+ at e po9t1 s t1 ?\gh !re is an advance on ! :ole1 x is v sl[4 ,live long] & y w f9d t ,i am "r4' ',! developm5t ( humanity1' said ,eck]mann1 'appe>s to be a matt] ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4' ',:o kn[s8' ,goe! repli$1 'p]haps ( millions4 ,b let humanity la/ z long z x w1 !re w always be h9drances 9 its way1 & all k9ds ( di/ress1 to make x develop its p[]s4 ,m5 w become m clev] & disc]n+1 b n bett] nor happi] nor m en]getic1 at lea/ except = limit$ p]iods4 ,i see ! "t com+ :5 ,god w take no m pleasure 9 ! race1 & mu/ aga9 proce$ to a rejuv5at$ creation4 ,i am sure t ?is w happ5 & t ! "t & h\r 9 ! di/ant future are already fix$ = ! beg9n+ ( ?is epo* ( rejuv5ation4 ,b t "t is c]ta9ly a long way (f1 & we c /ill = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s enjoy ourselves on ?is de> old play+-gr\nd1 j z x is4' ,t is at once a pla9 rejection ( p]fectibility1 & an op9ion t intellectual developm5t is no highroad to ! gates ( a gold5 city4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,france ,,aft] ,,! ,,revolution #a4 ,! failure ( ! ,revolution to fulfil ! vision>y hopes :i* _h dazzl$ ,france = a brief p]iod--a failure int5sifi$ by ! horrors t _h att5d$ ! exp]im5t--0 foll[$ by a reaction aga9/ ! philosophical doctr9es & t5d5cies :i* _h inspir$ its lead]s4 ,=ces1 :i* ! eighte5? c5tury _h und]rat$ or endeav\r$ to suppress1 em]g$ 9 a new %ape1 & x seem$ = a :ile z if ! new c5tury might def9itely turn its back on its pr$ecessor4 ,!re 0 an intellectual rehabilitation ( ,ca?olicism1 :i* w always be associat$ ) ! names ( f\r ?9k]s ( exceptional tal5t1 ,*ateaubri&1 ,de ,mai/re1 ,bonald1 & ,lam5nais4 ,b ! out/&+ fame ( ^! great reaction>ies mu/ n mislead u into exagg]at+ ! rea* ( ?is reaction4 ,! _s & t5d5cies ( ! pa/ c5tury /ill p]si/$ 9 ! circles :i* 7 mo/ p]man5tly influ5tial4 ,_m em95t savants :o _h be5 imbu$ ) ! ideas ( ,condillac & ,helvetius1 & _h tak5 "p 9 ! ,revolution & surviv$ x1 7 active "u ! ,empire & ! re/or$ ,mon>*y1 /ill true to ! _s ( _! ma/]s1 & comm&+ influ5ce by ! value ( _! sci5tific "w4 ,m4 ,picavet's labori\s rese>*es into ! activities ( ?is s*ool ( ?9k]s has help$ u to und]/& ! transition f ! age ( ,condorcet to ! age ( ,comte4 ,! two c5tral figures are ,cabanis1 ! fri5d ( ,condorcet1 ,footnote3 ,he has already claim$ our notice1 above1 p4 #bae4 & ,de/utt de ,tracy4 ,m4 ,picavet has gr\p$ ar\nd !m1 along ) _m obscur] names1 ! great sci5tific m5 ( ! "t1 l ,laplace1 ,bi*at1 ,lam>ck1 z all 9 ! direct l9e ( eighte5? c5tury ?\ght4 ,ideologi/s he calls !m4 ,footnote3 ,ideology is n[ sometimes us$ to convey a criticism2 = in/ance1 to contra/ ! me?ods ( ,lam>ck ) ^? ( ,d>w94 ,ideology1 ! sci5ce ( ideas1 0 ! ^w inv5t$ by de ,tracy to di/+ui% ! inve/igation ( ?\ght 9 accordance ) ! me?ods ( ,locke & ,condillac f old-fa%ion$ metaphysics4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! ideologi/s 0 to apply reason to obs]v$ facts & es*ew a priori d$uctions4 ,?9k]s ( ?is s*ool _h an influ5tial organ1 ! ,decade philosophique1 ( :i* ,j4 ,b4 ,say ! economi/ 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s 9 #agid4 ,! ,in/itut1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,conv5tion1 0 cr[d$ ) ideologi/s1 & may be said to h cont9u$ ! "w ( ! ,encyclopa$ia4 ,footnote3 ,picavet1 op4 cit4 p4 #fi4 ,! memb]s ( ! #bnd ,class ( ! ,in/itut1 t ( moral & political sci5ce1 7 s pr$om9antly ,ideological t ! di/ru/ ( ,napoleon 0 excit$1 & he aboli%$ x 9 #ahjc1 di/ribut+ its memb]s among ! o!r ,classes4 ,^! m5 _h a firm fai? 9 ! indef9ite progress ( k1 g5]al enlight5m5t1 & social reason4 #b4 ,?us ! ideas ( ! sophi/s ( ! age ( ,voltaire 7 alive 9 ! speculative _w1 n )/&+ political1 religi\s1 & philosophical reaction4 ,b _! limitations 7 to be transc5d$1 & acc\nt tak5 ( facts & aspects :i* _! philosophy _h ignor$ or m9imis$4 ,! value ( ! reaction>y movem5t lay 9 press+ ^! facts & aspects on ! att5tion1 9 reop5+ *amb]s ( ! human _s :i* ! age ( ,voltaire _h lock$ & seal$4 ,! idea ( ,progress 0 p>ticul>ly conc]n$ 9 ! g5]al *ange ( attitude1 intellectual & emotional1 t[>ds ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a fre% int]e/ 9 ! great age ( ! ,*ur* 0 a natural "p ( ! religi\s revival1 b ext5d$ f> beyond ! circle ( ard5t ,ca?olics4 ,x 0 a *>act]i/ic feature1 z e "o kn[s1 ( ! ,romantic movem5t4 ,x did n affect only creative lit]ature1 x occupi$ speculative ?9k]s & /imulat$ hi/orians4 ,= ,guizot1 ,mi*elet1 & ,augu/e ,comte1 z well z = ,*ateaubri& & ,victor ,hugo1 ! ,middle ,ages h a significance :i* ,fr5*m5 ( ! previ\s g5]ation c\ld h>dly h compreh5d$4 ,we saw h[ t p]iod _h emb>rass$ ! fir/ pione]s :o attempt$ to trace ! c\rse ( civilisation z a progressive movem5t1 h[ lightly !y pass$ ov] x1 h[ unconv9c+ly !y expla9$ x away4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! m$ieval "q 0 pos$ 9 su* a way t any "o :o und]took to develop ! doctr9e ( ,progress w\ld h to explore x m s]i\sly4 ,madame de ,/ael saw ?is :5 %e wrote h] book on ,lit]ature consid]$ 9 its ,relation to ,social ,in/itutions 7#ahja74 ,%e 0 !n "u ! influ5ce ( ,condorcet & an ard5t believ] 9 p]fectibility1 & ! "w is an attempt to ext5d ?is !ory1 :i* %e te/ifies 0 fall+ into discr$it1 to ! realm ( lit]ature4 ,%e saw t1 if man regress$ in/ead ( progress+ = t5 c5turies1 ! case = ,progress 0 gravely compromis$1 & %e s\ght to %[ t ! ,middle ,ages contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! intellectual faculties & to ! expansion ( civilisation1 & t ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 an indisp5sable ag5t4 ,?is cont5tion t ,progress 0 un9t]rupt$ is an advance on ,condorcet & an anticipation ( ,sa9t-,simon & ,comte4 ,a m eloqu5t & p]suasive voice 0 rais$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> f ! ranks ( reaction4 ,*ateaubri&'s ,g5ie du ,*ri/ianisme appe>$ 9 #ahjb1 amid/ ! ru9s ( our temples1 z ! au?or aft]w>ds said1 :5 ,france 0 issu+ f ! *aos ( h] revolution4 ,x 0 a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ! _s ( ! eighte5? c5tury :i* _h treat$ ,*ri/ianity z a b>b>\s sy/em ^: fall 0 dem&$ 9 ! "n ( ,progress4 ,b x 0 mu* m ?an polemic4 ,*ateaubri& array$ argum5ts 9 support ( or?odox dogmas1 orig9al s91 primitive deg5]ation1 & ! re/2 b ! appeal ( ! book did n lie 9 its logic1 x lay 9 ! appreciation ( ,*ri/ianity f a new po9t ( view4 ,he approa*$ x 9 ! _s ( an arti/1 z an ae/hete1 n z a philosoph]1 & s f> z he prov$ any?+ he prov$ t ,*ri/ianity is valuable because x is beautiful1 n because x is true4 ,he aim$ at %[+ t x c en*ant] l'ame aussi div9em5t que les dieux de ,virgile et d',hom]e4 ,he might call to 8 help ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 b x 0 on ,dante1 ,milton1 ,rac9e t 8 case 0 really bas$4 ,! book is an apologia1 f ! ae/hetic /&po9t ( ! ,romantic s*ool4 ,dieu ne def5d pas les r\tes fleuries qu& elles s]v5t a rev5ir a lui4 ,x 0 a matt] ( c\rse t ! def5d] ( orig9al s9 %\ld reject ! doctr9e ( p]fectibility4 ,:5 man atta9s ! highe/ po9t ( civilisation1 wrote ,*ateaubri& 9 ! ve9 ( ,r\sseau1 he is on ! l[e/ /air ( morality2 if he is free1 he is rude2 by civilis+ 8 mann]s1 he =ges himself *a9s4 ,8 he>t pr(its at ! exp5se ( 8 head1 8 head at ! exp5se ( 8 he>t4 ,&1 ap>t f consid]ations ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 ! "q ( ,progress _h little int]e/ = ! ,romantic s*ool4 ,victor ,hugo1 9 ! fam\s ,preface to 8 ,cromwell 7#ahbg71 :]e he w5t m deeply ?an ,*ateaubri& into ! contra/s betwe5 anci5t & mod]n art1 reviv$ ! old lik5ess ( mank9d to an individual man1 & decl>$ t classical antiquity 0 ! "t ( its virility & t we are n[ spectators ( its impos+ old age4 ,f o!r po9ts ( view p[]ful intellects 7 rev]t+ to ! ,middle ,ages & eag] to blot out ! :ole developm5t ( mod]n society s9ce ! ,re=mation1 z ! ,encyclopa$ic philosoph]s _h wi%$ to blot out ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ideal ( ,bonald1 ,de ,mai/re1 & ,lam5nais 0 a sac]dotal gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & ! ,engli% con/itution 0 h>dly less (f5sive to _! m9ds ?an ! ,revolution :i* ,de ,mai/re d5\nc$ z satanic4 ,advocates z !y 7 ( ! dead sy/em ( !ocracy1 !y contribut$1 h[ev]1 to ! advance ( ?\ght1 n only by =c+ m$ieval in/itutions on ! notice ( ! _w b also by _! p]ception t society _h be5 treat$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 too me*anical a way1 t in/itutions gr[1 t ! conception ( individual m5 dive/$ ( _! life 9 society is a mislead+ ab/raction4 ,!y put ?is 9 extravagant & unt5able =ms1 b !re 0 a l>ge measure ( tru? 9 _! criticism1 :i* did its "p 9 help+ ! n9ete5? c5tury to revise & transc5d ! results ( eighte5? c5tury speculation4 ,9 ?is reaction>y lit]ature we c see ! /ruggle ( ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 decl9+ be=e ! doctr9e ( ,progress1 to ga9 ! upp]-h& aga94 ,*ateaubri&1 ,bonald1 ,de ,mai/re1 ,lam5nais firmly held ! dogma ( an orig9al gold5 age & ! degradation ( man1 & d5\nc$ ! :ole tr5d ( progressive ?\ght f ,bacon to ,condorcet4 ,^! writ]s 7 unconsci\sly help+ ,condorcet's doctr9e to assume a new & less que/ionable %ape4 ,footnote3 ,bonald inde$ 9 8 treatise ,de p\voir adopt$ ! idea ( developm5t & appli$ x to religion 7z ,newman did aft]w>ds7 = ! purpose ( condemn+ ! ,re=mation z a retrograde movem5t4 #c4 ,along ) ! discov]y ( ! ,middle ,ages came ! discov]y ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,9 ! intellectual comm]ce betwe5 ! two c\ntries 9 ! age ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,france _h be5 exclusively ! giv]1 ,g]many ! recipi5t4 ,x 0 due1 above all1 to ,madame de ,/ael t ! tide began to fl[ ! o!r way4 ,among ! writ]s ( ! ,napoleonic epo*1 ,madame de ,/ael is easily fir/ 9 critical tal5t & intellectual bread?4 ,h] /udy ( ! ,revolution %[$ a m dispassionate appreciation ( t convulsion ?an any ( h] contempor>ies 7 capable ( =m+4 ,b h] *ef-d'oeuvre is h] /udy ( ,g]many1 ,de l',allemagne1 ,footnote3 ,a4,d4 #ahac4 :i* reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( a _w ( art & ?\ght1 unsuspect$ by ! ,fr5* public4 ,)9 ! next tw5ty ye>s ,h]d] & ,less+1 ,kant & ,hegel 7 ex]t+ _! influ5ce at ,p>is4 ,%e did 9 ,france :at ,col]idge 0 do+ 9 ,engl& = ! k ( ,g]man ?\ght4 ,madame de ,/ael _h rais$ anew ! "q :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & answ]$ 9 ! negative by ,voltaire3 is !re progress 9 ae/hetic lit]ature8 ,h] e>ly book on ,lit]ature _h cle>ly def9$ ! issue4 ,%e did n propose ! !sis t !re is any progress or improvem5t 7z "s ( ! ,mod]ns _h cont5d$ 9 ! fam\s ,qu>rel7 9 arti/ic =m4 ,)9 ! limits ( _! own ?\ght & emotional exp]i5ce ! anci5ts a*iev$ p]fection ( expression1 & p]fection _c be surpass$4 ,b z ?\ght progresses1 z ! sum ( ideas increases & society *anges1 fre% mat]ial is suppli$ to art1 !re is a new developm5t ( s5sibility :i* enables lit]>y arti/s to compass new k9ds ( *>m4 ,! ,g5ie du ,*ri/ianisme embodi$ a comm5t>y on h] cont5tion1 m arre/+ ?an any %e c\ld h]self h furni%$4 ,"h ! reaction>y jo9$ h&s ) ! disciple ( ,condorcet1 to prove t !re is progress 9 ! doma9 ( art4 ,madame de ,/ael's ma/]piece1 ,g]many1 0 a fur!r impressive illu/ration ( ! !sis t ! lit]ature ( ! mod]n ,european nations repres5ts an advance on classical lit]ature1 9 ! s5se t x s\nds notes :i* ! ,greek & ,roman ma/]s _h n he>d1 rea*es dep?s :i* !y _h n conjectur$1 unlocks *amb]s :i* to !m 7 clos$1--z a result ( ! progressive exp]i5ces ( ! human s\l4 ,footnote3 ,g]man lit]ature 0 inde$ already kn[n1 9 "s measure1 to read]s ( ! ,decade philosophique1 & ,kant _h be5 /udi$ 9 ,france long be=e #ahac1 ! ye> ( ! publication ( ,de l',allemagne4 ,see ,picavet1 ,les ,ideologues1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote3 ,we c see ! effect ( h] doctr9e 9 ,guizot's rem>ks 7,hi/oire de la civilisation en ,europe1 #b;e lecon7 :]e he says ( mod]n lit]atures t s\s le po9t de vue du fond des s5tim5ts et des idees elles sont plus =tes et plus ri*es ?an ! anci5t4 ,on voit que l'ame huma9e a ete remuee sur un plus gr& nombre de po9ts a une plus gr&e pr(ondeur--& to ?is v fact he ascribes _! comp>ative imp]fection 9 =m4 ,?is view is bas$ on ! g5]al propositions t all social ph5om5a closely coh]e & t lit]ature is a social ph5om5on2 f :i* x foll[s t if !re is a progressive movem5t 9 society g5]ally1 !re is a progressive movem5t 9 lit]ature4 ,h] books 7 true to ! !ory2 !y inaugurat$ ! me?ods ( mod]n criticism1 :i* /udies lit]>y works 9 relation to ! social backgr\nd ( _! p]iod4 #d4 ,france1 !n1 "u ! ,b\rbon ,re/oration began to seek new light f ! obscure pr(undities ( ,g]man speculation :i* ,madame de ,/ael proclaim$4 ,h]d]'s ,ideas 7 translat$ by ,edg> ,qu9et1 ,less+'s ,education by ,eug5e ,rodrigues4 ,c\s9 sat at ! feet ( ,hegel4 ,at ! same "t a new ma/]1 full ( sugge/iv5ess = ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 0 discov]$ 9 ,italy4 ,! ,sci5za nuova ( ,vico 0 translat$ by ,mi*elet4 ,! book ( ,vico 0 n[ a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,i did n m5tion him 9 8 *ronological place1 because he ex]cis$ no imm$iate influ5ce on ! _w4 ,8 ?\ght 0 an ana*ronism 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x appeal$ to ! n9ete5?4 ,he did n ann\nce or conceive any !ory ( ,progress1 b 8 speculation1 bewild]+ en\gh & confus$ 9 its exposition1 conta9$ pr9ciples :i* seem$ pr$e/9$ to =m ! basis ( su* a doctr9e4 ,8 aim 0 t ( ,cabanis & ! ideologi/s1 to set ! /udy ( society on ! same basis ( c]titude :i* _h be5 secur$ = ! /udy ( nature ?r\gh ! "w ( ,desc>tes & ,newton4 ,footnote3 ,vico has sometimes be5 claim$ z a !ori/ ( ,progress1 b incorrectly4 ,see ,b4 ,croce1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,giambatti/a ,vico 7,eng4 tr41 #aiac71 p4 #acb--;an indisp5sable aid to ! /udy ( ,vico4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,sci5za nuova appe>$ 9 #agbe2 ! second1 :i* 0 a new "w1 9 #agcj4 ,vico influ5c$ ,ballan*e1 a writ] :o enjoy$ a consid]able repute 9 8 day4 ,he taught ! progressive developm5t ( man t[>ds lib]ty & equality )9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* he reg>d$ z f9al4 ,8 ,pal+5esie sociale appe>$ 9 #ahbc-cj4 ,8 fundam5tal idea 0 t ! explanation ( ! hi/ory ( societies is to be f\nd 9 ! human m9d4 ,! _w at fir/ is felt r ?an ?\ght2 ?is is ! condition ( savages 9 ! /ate ( nature1 :o h no political organisation4 ,! second m5tal /ate is imag9ative k1 poetical wisdom2 to ?is corresponds ! high] b>b>ism ( ! h]oic age4 ,f9ally1 comes conceptual k1 & ) x ! age ( civilisation4 ,^! are ! ?ree /ages ?r\gh :i* e society passes1 & ea* ( ^! types det]m9es law1 in/itutions1 language1 lit]ature1 & ! *>act]s ( m54 ,vico's /r5u\s rese>*es 9 ! /udy ( ,hom] & e>ly ,roman hi/ory 7 und]tak5 9 ord] to get at ! po9t ( view ( ! h]oic age4 ,he insi/$ t x c\ld n be und]/ood unless we transc5d$ our own ab/ract ways ( ?9k+ & look$ at ! _w ) primitive eyes1 by a =c$ ef=t ( imag9ation4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t hi/ory _h be5 vitiat$ by ! habit ( ignor+ psy*ological diff]5ces1 by ! failure to recapture ! anci5t po9t ( view4 ,"h he 0 f> 9 advance ( 8 own times4 ,conc5trat+ 8 att5tion above all on ,roman antiquity1 he adopt$--n altoge!r advantage\sly = 8 sy/em--! revolutions ( ,roman hi/ory z ! typical rule ( social developm5t4 ,! succession ( ari/ocracy 7= ! e>ly k+%ip ( ,rome & ,hom]ic royalty are m]ely =ms ( ari/ocracy 9 ,vico's view71 democracy1 & mon>*y is ! necess>y sequ5ce ( political gov]nm5ts4 ,mon>*y 7! ,roman ,empire7 corresponds to ! highe/ =m ( civilisation4 ,:at happ5s :5 ?is is rea*$8 ,society decl9es into an an>*ical /ate ( nature1 f :i* x aga9 passes into a high] b>b>ism or h]oic age1 to be foll[$ once m by civilisation4 ,! dissolution ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! b>b>ian invasions are foll[$ by ! ,middle ,ages1 9 :i* ,dante plays ! "p ( ,hom]2 & ! mod]n p]iod ) its /rong mon>*ies corresponds to ! ,roman ,empire4 ,?is is ,vico's pr9ciple ( reflux4 ,if ! !ory 7 s\nd1 x w\ld mean t ! civilisation ( 8 day mu/ aga9 relapse into b>b>ism & ! cycle beg9 aga94 ,he did n himself /ate ?is conclusion directly or v5ture on any pr$iction4 ,x is obvi\s h[ readily 8 doctr9e c\ld be adapt$ to ! conception ( ,progress z a spiral movem5t4 ,evid5tly ! correspond+ p]iods 9 8 cycles are n id5tical or really homog5e\s4 ,:atev] po9ts ( lik5ess may be discov]$ betwe5 e>ly ,greek or ,roman & m$ieval societies1 ! po9ts ( unlik5ess are /ill m num]\s & manife/4 ,mod]n civilisation diff]s 9 fundam5tal & f>-rea*+ ways f ,greek & ,roman4 ,x is absurd to pret5d t ! g5]al movem5t br+s man back aga9 & aga9 to ! po9t f :i* he />t$1 & !re=e1 if !re is any value 9 ,vico's reflux1 x c only mean t ! movem5t ( society may be reg>d$ z a spiral asc5t1 s t ea* /age ( an upw>d progress corresponds1 9 c]ta9 g5]al aspects1 to a /age :i* has already be5 trav]s$1 ?is correspond5ce be+ due to ! psy*ical nature ( man4 ,a conception ( ?is k9d c\ld n be appreciat$ 9 ,vico's day or by ! next g5]ation4 ,! ,sci5za nuova lay 9 ,montesquieu's libr>y1 & he made no use ( x4 ,b x 0 natural t x %\ld ar\se int]e/ 9 ,france at a "t :5 ! new ideali/ic philosophies ( ,g]many 7 attract+ att5tion1 & :5 ,fr5*m51 ( ! ideological s*ool1 7 seek+1 l ,vico himself1 a syn!tic pr9ciple to expla9 social ph5om5a4 ,diff]5t ?\gh ,vico 0 9 8 po9t ( dep>ture z 9 8 me?ods f ! ,g]man ideali/s1 8 speculations nev]!less _h some?+ 9 common ) !irs4 ,bo? alike expla9$ hi/ory by ! nature ( m9d :i* necess>ily det]m9$ ! /ages ( ! process2 ,vico z little z ,fi*te or ,hegel took eudaemonic consid]ations into acc\nt4 ,! diff]5ce 0 t ! ,g]man ?9k]s s\ght _! pr9ciple 9 logic & appli$ x a priori1 :ile ,vico s\ght 8 9 concrete psy*ology & engag$ 9 labori\s rese>* to e/abli% x a po/]iori by ! actual data ( hi/ory4 ,b bo? speculations sugge/$ t ! c\rse ( human developm5t corresponds to ! fundam5tal "* ( m5tal processes & is n div]t$ ei!r by ,provid5tial int]v5tion or by free acts ( human w4 #e4 ,^! =eign influ5ces co-op]at$ 9 det]m9+ ! t5d5cies ( ,fr5* speculation 9 ! p]iod ( ! re/or$ mon>*y1 :]eby ! idea ( ,progress 0 plac$ on new basem5ts & became ! head/one ( new religions4 ,be=e we consid] ! f\nd]s ( sects1 we may glance briefly at ! views ( "s em95t savants :o _h ga9$ ! e> ( ! public be=e ! ,july ,revolution--,j\ffroy1 ,c\s91 & ,guizot4 ,c\s91 ! *ief lum9>y 9 ! sph]e ( pure philosophy 9 ,france 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 drew 8 inspiration f ,g]many4 ,he 0 pr(ess$ly an eclectic1 b 9 ! ma9 8 philosophy 0 ,hegelian4 ,he might end[ ,god ) consci\sness & speak ( ,provid5ce1 b he reg>d$ ! _w-process z a necess>y evolution ( ?\ght1 & he saw1 n 9 religion b 9 philosophy1 ! highe/ expression ( civilisation4 ,9 #ahbh he deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures on ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,he divid$ hi/ory into ?ree p]iods1 ea* gov]n$ by a ma/] idea3 ! fir/ by ! idea ( ! inf9ite 7! ,ori5t72 ! second by t ( ! f9ite 7classical antiquity72 ! ?ird by t ( ! relation ( f9ite to inf9ite 7! mod]n age74 ,z ) ,hegel1 ! future is ignor$1 progress is conf9$ )9 a clos$ sy/em1 ! highe/ circle has already be5 rea*$4 ,z an oppon5t ( ! ideologi/s & ! s5sational philosophy on :i* !y f\nd$ _! speculations1 ,c\s9 appeal$ to ! or?odox & all ^? to :om ,voltairianism 0 an accurs$ ?+1 & = a g5]ation he ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce4 ,b 8 "w--& ?is is ! important po9t = u--help$ to diffuse ! idea1 :i* ! ideologi/s 7 diffus+ on v diff]5t l9es--t human hi/ory has be5 a progressive developm5t4 ,progressive developm5t 0 also ! !me ( ,j\ffroy 9 8 slight b sugge/ive introduction to ! philosophy ( hi/ory 7#ahbe71 ,footnote3 ,reflexions sur la philosophie de l'hi/oire1 9 ,melanges philosophiques1 #bnd edition1 #ahch4 9 :i* he pos$ ! same problem :i*1 z we %all see1 ,sa9t-,simon & ,comte 7 simultane\sly attempt+ to solve4 ,he _h n fall5 "u ! glam\r ( ,g]man idealism1 & 8 results h m aff9ity ) ,vico's ?an ) ,hegel's4 ,he beg9s ) "s simple consid]ations :i* conduct to ! d\btful conclusion t all ! hi/orical *anges 9 man's condition are due to ! op]ation ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,! hi/orian's bus9ess is to trace ! succession ( ! actual *anges4 ,! bus9ess ( ! philosoph] ( hi/ory is to trace ! succession ( ideas & /udy ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! two developm5ts4 ,?is is ! true philosophy ( hi/ory3 ! glory ( our age is to und]/& x4 ,n[ x is admitt$ to-day1 he says1 t ! human intellig5ce obeys inv>iable laws1 s t a fur!r problem rema9s4 ,! actual succession ( ideas has to be d$uc$ f ^! necess>y laws4 ,:5 t d$uction is effect$--a long "t h5ce--hi/ory w disappe>2 x w be m]g$ 9 sci5ce4 ,j\ffroy !n pres5t$ ! _w ) :at he calls ! ,,fatality ,,( ,,intellectual ,,developm5t1 to take ! place ( ,provid5ce or ,de/9y4 ,x is a fatality1 he is c>eful to expla91 :i*1 s f> f compromis+1 presupposes individual lib]ty4 ,= x is n l ! fatality ( s5sual impulse :i* guides ! brute creation4 ,:at x implies is ?is3 if a ?\s& m5 h ! same idea ( :at is good1 ?is idea w gov]n _! conduct 9 spite ( _! passions1 because1 be+ reasonable & free1 !y are n bl9dly submissive to passion1 b c delib]ate & *oose4 ,?is explanation ( hi/ory z a necess>y developm5t ( society correspond+ to a necess>y succession ( ideas diff]s 9 two important po9ts f ! explanations ( ,hegel & ,c\s94 ,! succession ( ideas is n conceiv$ z a transc5d5t logic1 b is det]m9$ by ! laws ( ! ,,human m9d & belongs to ! doma9 ( psy*ology4 ,"h ,j\ffroy is on ! same gr\nd z ,vico4 ,9 ! second place1 x is n a clos$ sy/em2 room rema9s = an indef9ite developm5t 9 ! future4 #f4 ,:ile ,c\s9 0 disc\rs+ on philosophy at ,p>is 9 ! days ( ! la/ ,b\rbon k+1 ,guizot 0 draw+ cr[d$ audi5ces to 8 lectures on ! hi/ory ( ,european civilisation1 ,footnote3 ,hi/oire de la civilisation en ,europe4 & ! keynote ( ^! lectures 0 ,progress4 ,he approa*$ x ) a fre% m9d1 un5cumb]$ ) any ( ! philosophical !ories :i* _h att5d$ & help$ its gr[?4 ,civilisation1 he said1 is ! supreme fact s f> z man is conc]n$1 ! fact p> excell5ce1 ! g5]al & def9ite fact 9 :i* all o!r facts m]ge4 ,& civilisation means progress or developm5t4 ,! ^w awak5s1 :5 x is pron\nc$1 ! idea ( a p :i* is 9 motion1 n to *ange its place b to *ange its /ate1 a p ^: condition is exp&+ & improv+4 ,! idea ( progress1 developm5t1 seems to me to be ! fundam5tal idea conta9$ 9 ! ^w ,,civilisation4 ,!re we h ! mo/ important positive idea ( eighte5? c5tury speculation1 /&+ =? deta*$ & indep5d5t1 no long] b\nd to a sy/em4 ,fifty ye>s be=e1 no "o w\ld h dream$ ( def9+ civilisation l t & c\nt+ on ! imm$iate acquiesc5ce ( 8 audi5ce4 ,b progress has to be def9$4 ,x does n m]ely imply ! improvem5t ( social relations & public well-be+4 ,france 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 0 beh9d ,holl& & ,engl& 9 ! sum & di/ribution ( well-be+ among individuals1 & yet %e c claim t %e 0 ! mo/ civilis$ c\ntry 9 ^? ages4 ,! reason is t civilisation also implies ! developm5t ( ! individual life1 ( m5's private faculties1 s5tim5ts1 & ideas4 ,! progress ( man !re=e includes bo? ^! developm5ts4 ,b !y are intimately connect$4 ,we may obs]ve h[ moral re=m]s g5]ally recomm5d _! proposals by promis+ social amelioration z a result1 & t progressive politicians ma9ta9 t ! progress ( society necess>ily induces moral improvem5t4 ,! connection may n always be app>5t1 & at diff]5t times "o or o!r k9d ( progress pr$om9ates4 ,b "o is foll[$ by ! o!r ultimately1 ?\gh x may be aft] a long int]val1 = la ,provid5ce a ses aises dans le temps4 ,! rise ( ,*ri/ianity 0 "o ( ! crises ( civilisation1 yet x did n 9 its e>ly /ages aim at any improvem5t ( social conditions2 x did n attack ! great inju/ices :i* 7 wr\ght 9 ! _w4 ,x meant a great crisis because x *ang$ ! beliefs & s5tim5ts ( individuals2 social effects came aft]w>ds4 ,! civilisation ( mod]n ,europe has gr[n ?r\gh a p]iod ( fifte5 c5turies & is /ill progress+4 ,! rate ( progress has be5 sl[] ?an t ( ,greek civilisation1 b on ! o!r h& x has be5 cont9u\s1 un9t]rupt$1 & we c see ! vi/a ( an imm5se c>e]4 ,! effects ( ,guizot's doctr9e 9 propagat+ ! idea ( ,progress 7 all ! great] = its divorce f philosophical !ory4 ,he did n t\* p]plex+ que/ions l fatality1 or discuss ! g5]al plan ( ! _w2 he did n attempt to rise above common-s5se2 & he did n essay any premature s*eme ( ! univ]sal hi/ory ( man4 ,8 ma/]ly survey ( ! social hi/ory ( ,europe exhibit$ progressive movem5t z a fact1 9 a p]iod 9 :i* to ! ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury x _h be5 almo/ invisible4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 f> f prov+ t ,progress is ! key to ! hi/ory ( ! _w & human de/9ies4 ,! equation ( civilisation ) progress rema9s an assumption4 ,= ! "q at once arises3 ,c civilisation rea* a /ate ( equilibrium f :i* no fur!r advance is possible2 & if x c1 does x cease to be civilisation8 ,is ,*9ese civilisation mis-call$1 or has !re be5 "h too a progressive movem5t all ! "t1 h[ev] sl[8 ,su* que/ions 7 n rais$ by ,guizot4 ,b 8 view ( hi/ory 0 effective 9 help+ to e/abli% ! association ( ! two ideas ( civilisation & progress1 :i* to-day is tak5 = grant$ z evid5tly true4 #g4 ,! views ( ^! em95t ?9k]s ,c\s91 ,j\ffroy1 & ,guizot %[ t--q ap>t f ! doctr9es ( ideologi/s & ( ! positivi/s1 ,sa9t-,simon & ,comte1 ( :om ,i h /ill to speak--!re 0 a common tr5d 9 ,fr5* ?\ght 9 ! ,re/oration p]iod t[>ds ! conception ( hi/ory z a progressive movem5t4 ,p]haps !re is no bett] illu/ration ( ! infecti\sness ( ?is conception ?an 9 ! ,hi/orical ,/udies :i* ,*ateaubri& gave to ! _w 9 #ahca4 ,he _h le>n$ mu*1 f books z well z f politics1 s9ce he wrote ! ,,g5ius ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,he _h ga9$ "s acqua9tance ) ,g]man philosophy & ) ,vico4 ,& 9 ?is "w ( 8 advanc$ age he accepts ! idea ( ,progress1 s f> z x c\ld be accept$ by an or?odox son ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he believes t ! advance ( k w lead to social progress1 & t society1 if x seems sometimes to move backw>d1 is always really mov+ =w>d4 ,bossuet1 = :om he _h no ^w ( criticism ?irty ye>s be=e1 he n[ convicts ( an impos+ error4 ,t great man1 he writes1 has conf9$ hi/orical ev5ts 9 a circle z rigor\s z 8 g5ius4 ,he has imprison$ !m 9 an inflexible ,*ri/ianity--a t]rible hoop 9 :i* ! human race w\ld turn 9 a sort ( et]nity1 )\t progress or improvem5t4 ,! admission f su* a qu>t] %[s eloqu5tly h[ ! w9d 0 sett+4 ,! notions ( developm5t & cont9uity :i* 7 to control all dep>tm5ts ( hi/orical /udy 9 ! lat] n9ete5? c5tury 7 at ! same "t be+ indep5d5tly promot$ by ! "y hi/orical s*ool 9 ,g]many :i* is associat$ ) ! names ( ,ei*horn1 ,savigny1 & ,niebuhr4 ,_! view t laws & in/itutions are a natural gr[? or ! expression ( a p's m9d1 repres5ts ano!r dep>ture f ! ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a repudiation ( t univ]sal reason :i* desir$ to re=m ! _w & its peoples indiscrim9ately )\t tak+ any acc\nt ( _! national hi/ories4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,a ,,law ,,( ,,progress3 ,i4 ,,sa9t-,,simon ,amid ! intellectual movem5ts 9 ,france describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ! idea ( ,progress pass$ into a new phase ( its gr[?4 ,hi!rto x _h be5 a vague optimi/ic doctr9e :i* enc\rag$ ! idealism ( re=m]s & revolution>ies1 b c\ld n guide !m4 ,x _h wait$ l a h&maid on ! ab/ractions ( ,nature & ,reason2 x _h h>dly realis$ an indep5d5t life4 ,! "t _h come = sy/ematic attempts to probe its mean+ & def9itely to asc]ta9 ! direction 9 :i* humanity is mov+4 ,kant _h said t a ,kepl] or a ,newton 0 ne$$ to f9d ! law ( ! movem5t ( civilisation4 ,sev]al ,fr5*m5 n[ und]took to solve ! problem4 ,!y did n solve x2 b ! new sci5ce ( sociology 0 f\nd$2 & ! idea ( ,progress1 :i* presid$ at its bir?1 has be5 its pr9cipal problem ev] s9ce4 #a4 ,! ?ree ?9k]s :o claim$ to h discov]$ ! secret ( social developm5t _h also 9 view ! practical object ( rem\ld+ society on g5]al sci5tific pr9ciples1 & !y became ! f\nd]s ( sects1 ,f\ri]1 ,sa9t-,simon1 & ,comte4 ,!y all ann\nc$ a new era ( developm5t z a necess>y sequel ( ! pa/1 an inevitable & desirable /age 9 ! m>* ( humanity1 & del9eat$ its features4 ,comte 0 ! successor ( ,sa9t-,simon1 z ,sa9t-,simon himself 0 ! successor ( ,condorcet4 ,f\ri] /&s q ap>t4 ,he claim$ t he broke entirely new gr\nd1 & ackn[l$g$ no ma/]s4 ,he reg>d$ himself z a ,newton = :om no ,kepl] or ,galileo _h prep>$ ! way4 ,! mo/ important & sane/ "p ( 8 "w 0 ! s*eme = organis+ society on a new pr9ciple ( indu/rial co-op]ation4 ,8 g5]al !ory ( ! univ]se & man's de/9ies :i* lay beh9d 8 practical plans is s fanta/ic t x s\nds l ! dream ( a lunatic4 ,yet _m accept$ x z ! apocalypse ( an evangeli/4 ,f\ri] 0 mov$ by ! f>-rea*+ effects ( ,newton's discov]y to seek a law :i* w\ld coord9ate facts 9 ! moral _w z ! pr9ciple ( gravitation _h co-ord9at$ facts 9 ! physical _w1 & 9 #ahjh he claim$ to h f\nd ! secret 9 :at he call$ ! law ( ,passional ,attraction4 ,footnote3 ,!orie des quatre m\vem5ts et des de/9ees g5]ales4 ,g5]al acc\nts ( 8 !ories w be f\nd 9 ,*>les ,f\ri]1 sa vie et sa !orie1 by 8 disciple ,dr4 ,*4 ,pell>9 7#bnd ed41 #ahdc71 & 9 ,fl9t1 ,hi/4 ( ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,france1 etc41 pp4 #djh sqq4 ,! human passions h hi!rto be5 s\rces ( mis]y2 ! problem = man is to make !m s\rces ( happ9ess4 ,if we "k ! law :i* gov]ns !m1 we c make su* *anges 9 our environm5t t none ( ! passions w ne$ to be curb$1 & ! free indulg5ce ( "o w n h9d] or compromise ! satisfaction ( ! o!rs4 ,8 wor?less law = h>monis+ ! passions )\t re/ra9+ !m ne$ n deta9 u4 ,! /ructure ( society1 by :i* he propos$ to realise ! b5efits ( 8 discov]y1 0 bas$ on co-op]ation1 b 0 n sociali/ic4 ,! family z a social unit 0 to be replac$ by a l>g] unit 7,,phalange71 economically self-suffic+1 & consi/+ ( ab\t #ahjj p]sons1 :o 7 to live toge!r 9 a va/ build+ 7,,phalan/]e71 surr\nd$ by a doma9 suffici5t to produce all !y requir$4 ,private prop]ty is n aboli%$2 ! community w include bo? ri* & poor2 all ! products ( _! "w are di/ribut$ 9 %>es accord+ to ! lab\r1 tal5ts1 & capital ( ea* memb]1 b a fix$ m9imum is assur$ to e "o4 ,! s*eme 0 actually tri$ on a small scale ne> ! =e/ ( ,ramb\illet 9 #ahcb4 ,?is trans=mation ( society1 :i* is to h ! effect ( introduc+ h>mony among ! passions1 w m>k ! beg9n+ ( a new epo*4 ,! duration ( man's e>?ly c>e] is #ha1jjj ye>s1 ( :i* #ejjj h elaps$4 ,he w n[ ent] ^u a long p]iod ( increas+ h>mony1 :i* w be foll[$ by an equal p]iod ( decl9e--l ! way up & ! way d[n ( ,h]aclitus4 ,8 brief pa/1 ! age ( 8 infancy1 has be5 m>k$ by a decl9e ( happ9ess lead+ to ! pres5t age ( civilisation :i* is ?or\ghly bad--"h we see ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau--& f x ,f\ri]'s discov]y is ! clue to lead humanity =? into ! epo* 9 :i* h>mony beg9s to em]ge4 ,b m5 :o h liv$ 9 ! bad ages ne$ n be piti$1 & ^? :o live to-day ne$ n be pessimi/ic4 ,= ,f\ri] believ$ 9 metempsy*osis1 & c\ld tell y1 z if he 7 ! private secret>y ( ! ,deity calculat+ ! ari?metical details ( ! cosmic plan1 h[ _m v happy1 tol]ably happy1 & unhappy lives fall to ! lot ( ea* s\l dur+ ! :ole #ha1jjj ye>s4 ,nor does ! prospect end ) ! life ( ! e>?4 ,! s\l ( ! e>? & ! human s\ls atta*$ to x w live aga9 9 comets1 planets1 & suns1 on a sy/em ( :i* ,f\ri] knew all ! p>ticul>s4 ,footnote3 ,details w be f\nd 9 ! ,!orie de l'unite univ]selle1 orig9ally publi%$ "u ! title ,association dome/ique-agricole 9 #ahbb4 ,^! silly speculations w\ld n des]ve ev5 ?is slight indication ( _! purport 7 x n t ,f\ri] f\nd$ a sect & _h a consid]able body ( devot$ foll[]s4 ,8 discov]y 0 acclaim$ by ,b]ang]3 ,f\ri] n\s dit3 ,sors de la fange1 ,peuple en proie aux deceptions1 ,travaille1 gr\pe p> phalange1 ,dans un c]cle d'attractions2 ,la t]re1 apres tant de desa/res1 ,=me avec le ciel un hym51 ,et la loi qui regit les a/res1 ,donne la paix au g5re huma94 ,t5 ye>s aft] 8 dea? 7#ahcg7 an ,engli% writ] tells u t ! social !ory ( ,f\ri] is at ! pres5t mom5t engross+ ! att5tion & excit+ ! appreh5sions ( ?9k+ m51 n only 9 ,france b 9 almo/ e c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,footnote3 ,r4 ,blakey1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bic 7#ahdh74 ,f\ri]1 born #aggb1 di$ 9 #ahcg4 ,8 pr9cipal disciple 0 ,victor ,consid]ant4 ,grotesque z 0 ! !oretical backgr\nd ( 8 doctr9es1 he help$ to famili>ise ! _w ) ! idea ( indef9ite ,progress4 #b4 ,! imag9ation ( poets has plac$ ! gold5 age 9 ! cradle ( ! human race4 ,x 0 ! age ( iron !y %\ld h bani%$ !re4 ,! gold5 age is n beh9d u1 b 9 front ( u4 ,x is ! p]fection ( social ord]4 ,our fa!rs h n se5 x2 our *ildr5 w arrive !re "o day1 & x is = u to cle> ! way = !m4 ,! ,comte de ,sa9t-,simon1 :o wrote ^! words 9 #ahad1 0 "o ( ! lib]al nobles :o _h imbib$ ! ideas ( ! ,voltairian age & sympa?is$ ) ! _s ( ! ,revolution4 ,9 8 lit]>y c>e] f #ahjc to 8 dea? 9 #ahbe he pass$ ?r\gh sev]al phases ( ?\ght1 ,footnote3 ,!y are trac$ 9 ,g4 ,weill's valuable monograph1 ,sa9t-,simon et son oeuvre1 #ahid4 b 8 *ief ma/]s 7 always ,condorcet & ! physiologi/s1 f :om he d]iv$ 8 two guid+ ideas t e?ics & politics dep5d ultimately on physics & t hi/ory is progress4 ,condorcet _h int]pret$ hi/ory by ! progressive movem5t ( k4 ,t1 ,sa9t-,simon said1 is ! true pr9ciple1 b ,condorcet appli$ x n>r[ly1 & committ$ two errors4 ,he did n und]/& ! social import ( religion1 & he repres5t$ ! ,middle ,ages z a useless int]ruption ( ! =w>d movem5t4 ,"h ,sa9t-,simon le>n$ f ! religi\s reaction4 ,he saw t religion has a natural & legitimate social role & _c be elim9at$ z a m]e p]v]sity4 ,he exp\nd$ ! doctr9e t all social ph5om5a coh]e4 ,a religi\s sy/em1 he said1 always corresponds to ! /age ( sci5ce :i* ! society :]e9 x appe>s has rea*$2 9 fact1 religion is m]ely sci5ce clo!d 9 a =m suitable to ! emotional ne$s :i* x satisfies4 ,& z a religi\s sy/em is bas$ on ! contempor>y phase ( sci5tific developm5t1 s ! political sy/em ( an epo* corresponds to ! religi\s sy/em4 ,!y all hang toge!r4 ,m$ieval ,europe does n repres5t a tempor>y triumph ( obscurantism1 useless & deplorable1 b a valuable & necess>y /age 9 human progress4 ,x 0 a p]iod 9 :i* an important pr9ciple ( social organisation 0 realis$1 ! "r relation ( ! spiritual & temporal p[]s4 ,x is evid5t t ^! views trans=m$ ! !ory ( ,condorcet into a m acceptable %ape4 ,s long z ! m$ieval tract ( "t appe>$ to be an awkw>d episode1 contribut+ no?+ to ! =w>d movem5t b r ?w>t+ & ret>d+ x1 ,progress 0 expos$ to ! criticism t x 0 an arbitr>y syn!sis1 only p>tly borne out by hi/orical facts & supply+ no gu>antees = ! future4 ,& s long z rationali/s ( ! ,encyclopa$ic s*ool reg>d$ religion z a tiresome product ( ignorance & deceit1 ! social philosophy :i* lay beh9d ! !ory ( ,progress 0 condemn$ z unsci5tific2 because1 9 defiance ( ! close cohesion ( social ph5om5a1 x refus$ to admit t religion1 z "o ( ! *ief ( ^? ph5om5a1 mu/ itself p>ticipate & co-op]ate 9 ,progress4 ,condorcet _h sugge/$ t ! value ( hi/ory lies 9 af=d+ data = =esee+ ! future4 ,sa9t-,simon rais$ ?is sugge/ion to a dogma4 ,b prevision 0 impossible on ,condorcet's unsci5tific me?od4 ,9 ord] to =etell1 ! law ( ! movem5t mu/ be discov]$1 & ,condorcet _h n f\nd or ev5 s\ght a law4 ,! eighte5? c5tury ?9k]s _h left ,progress a m]e hypo!sis bas$ on a v insuffici5t induction2 _! successors s\ght to lift x to ! rank ( a sci5tific hypo!sis1 by discov]+ a social law z valid z ! physical law ( gravitation4 ,?is 0 ! object bo? ( ,sa9t-,simon & ( ,comte4 ,! law :i* ,sa9t-,simon educ$ f hi/ory 0 t epo*s ( organisation or con/ruction1 & epo*s ( criticism or revolution1 succe$ ea* o!r alt]nately4 ,! m$ieval p]iod 0 a "t ( organisation1 & 0 foll[$ by a critical1 revolution>y p]iod1 :i* has n[ come to an end & mu/ be succe$$ by ano!r epo* ( organisation4 ,hav+ discov]$ ! clew to ! process1 ,sa9t-,simon is able to pr$ict4 ,z our k ( ! univ]se has rea*$ or is rea*+ a /age :i* is no long] conjectural b ,,positive 9 all dep>tm5ts1 society w be trans=m$ accord+ly2 a new ,,physici/ religion w sup]s$e ,*ri/ianity & ,deism2 m5 ( sci5ce w play ! role ( organis]s :i* ! cl]gy play$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,z ! goal ( ! developm5t is social happ9ess1 & z ! work+ classes =m ! majority1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! goal w be ! amelioration ( ! lot ( ! work+ classes4 ,?is w be ! pr9cipal problem ( gov]nm5t 9 reorganis+ society1 & ,sa9t-,simon's solution ( ! problem 0 socialism4 ,he reject$ ! wat*words ( lib]alism--democracy1 lib]ty1 & equality--) z mu* disda9 z ,de ,mai/re & ! reaction>ies4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( a future age ( gold1 :i* ,i quot$ above1 is tak5 f a pamphlet :i* he issu$1 9 conjunction ) 8 secret>y1 ,augu/9 ,?i]ry ! hi/orian1 aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon4 ,footnote3 ,de la reorganisation de la societe europe5ne1 p4 #aaa 7#ahad74 ,9 x he reviv$ ! idea ( ! ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re = ! abolition ( w>1 & propos$ a new organisation ( ,europe m ambiti\s & ,utopian ?an ! ,abbe's league ( /ates4 ,at ?is mom5t he saw 9 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 :i* ! re/or$ ,b\rbons 7 e/abli%+ 9 ,france1 a sovran rem$y = political disord]1 & he imag9$ t if ?is political sy/em 7 introduc$ 9 all ! /ates ( ,europe a long /ep w\ld h be5 tak5 to ! p]petuation ( peace4 ,if ! old enemies ,france & ,engl& =m$ a close alliance !re w\ld be little difficulty 9 creat+ ultimately a ,european /ate l ! ,am]ican ,commonweal?1 ) a p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t supreme ov] ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,"h is ! g]m ( ! idea ( a p>liam5t ( man4 #c4 ,sa9t-,simon1 h[ev]1 did n con/ruct a def9ite sy/em = ! atta9m5t ( social p]fection4 ,he left x to disciples to develop ! doctr9e :i* he sket*$4 ,9 ! ye> ( 8 dea? 7#ahbe7 ,ol9de ,rodrigues & ,enfant9 f\nd$ a j\rnal1 ! ,producteur1 to pres5t to humanity ! "o ?+ :i* humanity1 9 ! op9ion ( _! ma/]1 !n mo/ ne$$1 a new g5]al doctr9e4 ,footnote3 ,! be/ /udy ( ! ,sa9t-,simonian s*ool is t ( ,g4 ,weill1 ,l',ecole sa9t-simoni5ne1 son hi/oire1 son influ5ce jusqu'a nos j\rs 7#ahif71 to :i* ,i am mu* indebt$4 ,hi/ory %[s t peoples h be5 mov+ f isolation to union1 f w> to peace1 f antagonism to association4 ,! programme = ! future is association sci5tifically organis$4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! ,middle ,ages (f]$ ! example ( a great social organisation re/+ on a g5]al doctr9e4 ,! mod]n _w mu/ also be a social organisation1 b ! g5]al doctr9e w be sci5tific1 n religi\s4 ,! spiritual p[] mu/ reside1 n 9 prie/s b 9 savants1 :o w direct ! progress ( sci5ce & public education4 ,ea* memb] ( ! community w h 8 place & duties assign$ to him4 ,society consi/s ( ?ree classes ( work]s--indu/rial work]s1 savants1 & arti/s4 ,a commission ( em95t work]s ( ea* class w det]m9e ! place ( e individual accord+ to 8 capacities4 ,complete equality is absurd2 inequality1 bas$ on m]it1 is reasonable & necess>y4 ,x is a mod]n error to di/ru/ /ate au?ority4 ,a p[] direct+ national =ces is requisite1 to propose great ideas & to make ! innovations necess>y = ,progress4 ,su* an organisation w promote progress 9 all doma9s3 9 sci5ce by co-op]ation1 9 indu/ry by cr$it1 & 9 art too1 = arti/s w le>n to express ! ideas & s5tim5ts ( _! own age4 ,!re are signs already ( a t5d5cy t[>ds some?+ ( ?is k9d2 its realisation mu/ be procur$1 n by revolution b by gradual *ange4 ,9 ! au?orit>ian "* ( ! organisation to :i* ^! apo/les ( ,progress wi%$ to entru/ ! de/9ies ( man we may see ! influ5ce ( ! great !ocrat & antagoni/ ( ,progress1 ,joseph de ,mai/re4 ,he taught !m ! necessity ( a /rong c5tral p[] & ! dang] ( lib]ty4 ,b ! fulle/ exposition ( ! ,sa9t-,simonian doctr9e ( developm5t 0 giv5 by ,baz>d1 "o ( ! *ief disciples1 a few ye>s lat]4 ,footnote3 ,exposition de la doctr9e sa9t-simoni5ne1 #b vols41 #ahcj-a4 ,! human race is conceiv$ z a collective be+ :i* unfolds its nature 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 accord+ to a law--! law ( ,progress--:i* may be call$ ! physiological law ( ! human species1 & 0 discov]$ by ,sa9t-,simon4 ,x consi/s 9 ! alt]nation ( ,,organic & ,,critical epo*s4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,globe1 :i* became an organ ( ,sa9t-,simonism 9 #ahca1 ,enfant9 ann\nc$ a new pr9ciple 7,weill1 op4 cit4 #ajg74 ,he def9$ ! law ( hi/ory z ! h>mony1 ceaselessly progressive1 ( fle% & _s1 ( indu/ry & sci5ce1 ( ea/ & we/1 ( woman & man4 ,! role ( woman play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! tea*+ ( ! sect4 ,sa9t-,simon's law ( organic & critical ages 0 def9itely accept$ by ,h4 de ,f]ron1 a ?9k] :o did n belong to ! s*ool1 z late z #ahfg4 ,see 8 ,!orie du progres1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc4 ,9 an organic epo* m5 disc]n a de/9ation & h>monise all _! en]gies to rea* x4 ,9 a critical epo* !y are n consci\s ( a goal1 & _! ef=ts are disp]s$ & discordant4 ,!re 0 an organic p]iod 9 ,greece be=e ! age ( ,socrates4 ,x 0 succe$$ by a critical epo* la/+ to ! b>b>ian invasions4 ,!n came an organic p]iod 9 ! homog5e\s societies ( ,europe f ,*>lemagne to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & a new critical p]iod op5$ ) ,lu!r & has la/$ till to-day4 ,n[ x is "t to prep>e ! adv5t ( ! organic age :i* mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,! mo/ sali5t fact obs]vable 9 hi/ory is ! cont9ual ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( association1 9 ! s]ies ( family1 city1 nation1 sup]national ,*ur*4 ,! next t]m mu/ be a /ill va/] association compreh5d+ ! :ole race4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! incomplet5ess ( association1 ! exploitation ( ! weak by ! /rong has be5 a capital feature 9 human societies1 b its successive =ms exhibit a gradual mitigation4 ,cannibalism is foll[$ by slav]y1 slav]y by s]fdom1 & f9ally comes indu/rial exploitation by ! capitali/4 ,?is late/ =m ( ! oppression ( ! weak dep5ds on ! "r ( prop]ty1 & ! rem$y is to transf] ! "r ( inh]it+ ! prop]ty ( ! individual f ! family to ! /ate4 ,! society ( ! future mu/ be sociali/ic4 ,! new social doctr9e mu/ n only be diffus$ by education & legislation1 x mu/ be sanction$ by a new religion4 ,*ri/ianity w n s]ve1 = ,*ri/ianity is f\nd$ on a dualism betwe5 matt] & _s1 & has laid a curse on matt]4 ,! new religion mu/ be moni/ic1 & its pr9ciples are1 briefly3 ,god is "o1 ,god is all t is1 all is ,god4 ,he is univ]sal love1 reveal+ itself z m9d & matt]4 ,& to ?is triad correspond ! ?ree doma9s ( religion1 sci5ce1 & indu/ry4 ,9 comb9+ _! !ory ) a philosophical religion ! ,sa9t-,simonian s*ool 0 n only true to its ma/]'s tea*+ b obey+ an a/ute in/9ct4 ,z a purely secul> movem5t = ! trans=mation ( society1 _! doctr9e w\ld n h reap$ ! same success or inspir$ ! same en?usiasm4 ,!y 7 probably influ5c$ too by ! pamphlet ( ,less+ to :i* ,madame de ,/ael _h invit$ att5tion1 & :i* "o ( ,sa9t-,simon's disciples translat$4 ,! =tunes ( ! s*ool1 ! life ( ! community at ,m5ilmontant "u ! direction ( ,enfant91 ! p]secution1 ! h]esies1 ! disp]sion1 ! attempt to propagate ! movem5t 9 ,egypt1 ! philosophical activity ( ,enfant9 & ,lemonni] "u ! ,second ,empire1 d n claim our att5tion2 ! curi\s /ory is told 9 ,m4 ,weill's admirable monograph4 ,footnote3 ,x may be notic$ t ,sa9t-,simonians came to ! front 9 public c>e]s aft] ! revolution ( #ahdh2 e4g4 ,c>not1 ,reynaud1 ,*>ton4 ,! sect is n[ ext9ct1 b its influ5ce 0 wide 9 its day1 & x propagat$ fai? 9 ,progress z ! key to hi/ory & ! law ( collective life4,footnote3 ,two able conv]ts to ! ideas ( ,sa9t-,simon sec$$ f ! s*ool at an e>ly /age 9 consequ5ce ( ,enfant9's ab]rations3 ,pi]re ,l]\x1 :om we %all meet aga91 & ,p4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bu*ez1 :o 9 #ahcc publi%$ a ?\ghtful ,introduction a la sci5ce de l'hi/oire1 :]e hi/ory is def9$ z a sci5ce ^: end is to =esee ! social future ( ! human species 9 ! ord] ( its free activity 7vol4 i4 p4 #fj14 ed4 #b1 #ahdb74 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,a ,,law ,,( ,,progress3 ,,ii4 ,,comte #a4 ,augu/e ,comte did m ?an any prec$+ ?9k] to e/abli% ! idea ( ,progress z a lum9>y :i* c\ld n escape m5's vision4 ,! brilliant sugge/ions ( ,sa9t-,simon1 ! writ+s ( ,baz>d & ,enfant91 ! vag>ies ( ,f\ri]1 might be dismiss$ z curi\s r ?an s]i\s propositions1 b ! massive sy/em wr\ght out by ,comte's speculative g5ius--8 organic s*eme ( human k1 8 elaborate analysis ( hi/ory1 8 new sci5ce ( sociology--0 a great fact ) :i* ,european ?\ght 0 =c$ to reckon4 ,! s\l ( ?is sy/em 0 ,progress1 & ! mo/ important problem he set out to solve 0 ! det]m9ation ( its laws4 ,8 orig9ality is n dimm$ by ! fact t he ow$ to ,sa9t-,simon m ?an he aft]w>ds admitt$ or ?an 8 disciples h be5 will+ to all[4 ,he collaborat$ ) him = sev]al ye>s1 & at ?is "t en?usia/ically ackn[l$g$ ! intellectual /imulus he receiv$ f ! eld] savant4 ,footnote3 ,comte collaborat$ ) ,sa9t-,simon f #ahah-ahbb4 ,! f9al rupture came 9 #ahbd4 ,! "q ( _! relations is cle>$ up by ,weill 7,sa9t-,simon1 *ap4 xi474 ,on ! qu>rel see also ,o/wald1 ,augu/e ,comte 7#aiad71 #ac sqq4 ,b he d]iv$ f ,sa9t-,simon mu* m ?an ! /imulation ( 8 ?\ghts 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,he 0 indebt$ to him = "s ( ! *>act]i/ic ideas ( 8 own sy/em4 ,he 0 indebt$ to him = ! pr9ciple :i* lay at ! v basis ( 8 sy/em1 t ! social ph5om5a ( a giv5 p]iod & ! intellectual /ate ( ! society coh]e & correspond4 ,! conception t ! com+ age 0 to be a p]iod ( organisation l ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! idea ( ! gov]nm5t ( savants1 are pure ,sa9t-,simonian doctr9e4 ,& ! fundam5tal idea ( a ,,positive philosophy _h be5 appreh5d$ by ,sa9t-,simon long be=e he 0 acqua9t$ ) 8 y\?ful associate4 ,b ,comte _h a m me?odical & sci5tific m9d1 & he ?\ght t ,sa9t-,simon 0 premature 9 draw+ conclusions z to ! re=mation ( societies & indu/ries be=e ! positive philosophy _h be5 con/ruct$4 ,he publi%$--he 0 !n only tw5ty-two--9 #ahbb a ,plan ( ! sci5tific op]ations necess>y = ! re-organisation ( society1 :i* 0 publi%$ "u ano!r title two ye>s lat] by ,sa9t-,simon1 & x 0 ov] ?is t ! fri5ds qu>rell$4 ,?is "w conta9s ! pr9ciples ( ! positive philosophy :i* he 0 soon to beg9 to "w out2 x ann\nces already ! law ( ! ,?ree ,/ages4 ,! fir/ volume ( ! ,c\rs de philisophie positive appe>$ 9 #ahcj2 x took him twelve ye>s m to complete ! exposition ( 8 sy/em4 ,footnote3 ,) vol4 vi41 #ahdb4 #b4 ,! law ( ,?ree ,/ages is famili> to _m :o h nev] read a l9e ( 8 writ+s4 ,t m5 fir/ attempt$ to expla9 natural ph5om5a by ! op]ation ( imag9>y deities1 !n s\ght to int]pret !m by ab/ractions1 & f9ally came to see t !y c\ld only be und]/ood by sci5tific me?ods1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t--?is 0 a g5]alisation :i* _h already be5 ?r[n out by ,turgot4 ,comte adopt$ x z a fundam5tal psy*ological law1 :i* has gov]n$ e doma9 ( m5tal activity & expla9s ! :ole /ory ( human developm5t4 ,ea* ( our pr9cipal conceptions1 e bran* ( k1 passes successively ?r\gh ^! ?ree /ates :i* he names ! !ological1 ! metaphysical1 & ! positive or sci5tific4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! m9d inv5ts2 9 ! second1 x ab/racts2 9 ! ?ird1 x submits itself to positive facts2 & ! pro( t any bran* ( k has rea*$ ! ?ird /age is ! recognition ( inv>iable natural laws4 ,b1 grant+ t ?is may be ! key to ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 ( physics1 say1 or botany1 h[ c x expla9 ! hi/ory ( man1 ! sequ5ce ( actual hi/orical ev5ts8 ,comte replies t hi/ory has be5 gov]n$ by ideas2 ! :ole social me*anism is ultimately bas$ on op9ions4 ,?us man's hi/ory is ess5tially a hi/ory ( 8 op9ions2 & ^! are subject to ! fundam5tal psy*ological law4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t all bran*es ( k are n 9 ! same /age simultane\sly4 ,"s may h rea*$ ! metaphysical1 :ile o!rs are /ill lagg+ beh9d 9 ! !ological2 "s may h become sci5tific1 :ile o!rs h n pass$ f ! metaphysical4 ,?us ! /udy ( physical ph5om5a has already rea*$ ! positive /age2 b ! /udy ( social ph5om5a has n4 ,! c5tral aim ( ,comte1 & 8 great a*ievem5t 9 8 own op9ion1 0 to raise ! /udy ( social ph5om5a f ! second to ! ?ird /age4 ,:5 we proce$ to apply ! law ( ! ?ree /ages to ! g5]al c\rse ( hi/orical developm5t1 we are met at ! outset by ! difficulty t ! advance 9 all ! doma9s ( activity is n simultane\s4 ,if at a giv5 p]iod ?\ght & op9ions are p>tly 9 ! !ological1 p>tly 9 ! metaphysical1 & p>tly 9 ! sci5tific /ate1 h[ is ! law to be appli$ to g5]al developm5t8 ,"o class ( ideas1 ,comte says1 mu/ be select$ z ! crit]ion1 & ?is class mu/ be t ( social & moral ideas1 = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 social sci5ce occupies ! highe/ rank 9 ! hi]>*y ( sci5ces1 on :i* he laid great /ress4 ,footnote3 ,c\rs de phil4 pos4 v4 #bfg4 ,law ( cons5sus3 op4 cit4 iv4 #cdg sqq41 #cfd1 #eje1 #gba1 #gce4 ,9 ! second1 ^? ideas play ! pr9cipal "p = ! majority ( m51 & ! mo/ ord9>y ph5om5a are ! mo/ important to consid]4 ,:51 9 o!r classes ( ideas1 ! advance is at any "t m rapid1 ?is only means an indisp5sable prep>ation = ! ensu+ p]iod4 ,! movem5t ( hi/ory is due to ! deeply root$ ?\gh complex in/9ct :i* pu%es man to ameliorate 8 condition incessantly1 to develop 9 all ways ! sum ( 8 physical1 moral1 & intellectual life4 ,& all ! ph5om5a ( 8 social life are closely cohesive1 z ,sa9t-,simon _h po9t$ out4 ,by virtue ( ?is cohesion1 political1 moral1 & intellectual progress are insep>able f mat]ial progress1 & s we f9d t ! phases ( 8 mat]ial developm5t correspond to intellectual *anges4 ,! pr9ciple ( cons5sus or solid>ity1 :i* secures h>mony & ord] 9 ! developm5t1 is z important z ! pr9ciple ( ! ?ree /ages :i* gov]ns ! onw>d movem5t4 ,?is movem5t1 h[ev]1 is n 9 a "r l9e1 b displays a s]ies ( oscillations1 unequal & v>iable1 r\nd a mean motion :i* t5ds to prevail4 ,! ?ree g5]al causes ( v>iation1 accord+ to ,comte1 are race1 climate1 & delib]ate political action 7su* z ! retrograde policies ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate or ,napoleon74 ,b :ile !y cause deflections & oscillation1 _! p[] is /rictly limit$2 !y may accel]ate or ret>d ! movem5t1 b !y _c inv]t its ord]2 !y may affect ! int5sity ( ! t5d5cies 9 a giv5 situation1 b _c *ange _! nature4 #c4 ,9 ! demon/ration ( 8 laws by ! actual c\rse ( civilisation1 ,comte adopts :at he calls ! happy artifice ( ,condorcet1 & treats ! successive peoples :o pass on ! tor* z if !y 7 a s+le p runn+ ! race4 ,?is is a rational fiction1 = a p's true successors are ^? :o pursue its ef=ts4 ,&1 l ,bossuet & ,condorcet1 he conf9$ 8 review to ,european civilisation2 he consid]$ only ! ,,elite or advance gu>d ( humanity4 ,he deprecat$ ! introduction ( ,*9a or ,india1 = in/ance1 z a confus+ complication4 ,he ignor$ ! ,,roles ( ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 ,mohamm$anism4 ,8 syn!sis1 !re=e1 _c claim to be a syn!sis ( univ]sal hi/ory2 x is only a syn!sis ( ! movem5t ( ,european hi/ory4 ,9 accordance ) ! law ( ! ?ree /ages1 ! developm5t falls into ?ree great p]iods4 ,! fir/ or ,!ological came to an end ab\t ,a4,d4 #adjj1 & ! second or ,metaphysical is n[ ne>+ its close1 to make way = ! ?ird or ,positive1 = :i* ,comte 0 prep>+ ! way4 ,! ,!ological p]iod has itself ?ree /ages1 9 :i* ,feti%ism1 ,poly!ism1 & ,mono!ism successively prevail4 ,! *ief social *>act]i/ics ( ! ,poly!i/ic p]iod are ! in/itution ( slav]y & ! co9cid5ce or confusion ( ! spiritual & temporal p[]s4 ,x has two /ages3 ! !ocratic1 repres5t$ by ,egypt1 & ! milit>y1 repres5t$ by ,rome1 betwe5 :i* ,greece /&s 9 a r emb>rass+ & uneasy position4 ,! initiative = ! passage to ! ,mono!i/ic p]iod came f ,judaea1 & ,comte attempts to %[ t ?is c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,8 analysis ( ?is p]iod is ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( 8 survey4 ,! *ief feature ( ! political sy/em correspond+ to mono!ism is ! sep>ation ( ! spiritual & temporal p[]s2 ! function ( ! spiritual p[] be+ conc]n$ ) education1 & t ( ! temporal ) action1 9 ! wide s5ses ( ^? t]ms4 ,! defects ( ?is dual sy/em 7 due to ! irrational !ology4 ,b ! !ory ( papal infallibility 0 a great /ep 9 intellectual & social progress1 by provid+ a f9al jurisdiction1 )\t :i* society w\ld h be5 tr\bl$ incessantly by conte/s aris+ f ! vague =mulae ( dogmas4 ,"h ,comte _h le>n$ f ,joseph de ,mai/re4 ,b t ?9k] w\ld n h be5 edifi$ :5 ,comte w5t on to decl>e t 9 ! passage f poly!ism to mono!ism ! religi\s _s _h really decl9$1 & t "o ( ! m]its ( ,ca?olicism 0 t x augm5t$ ! doma9 ( human wisdom at ! exp5se ( div9e inspiration4 ,footnote3 ,c\rs de philosophic positive1 vi4 #ced4 ,if x be said t ! ,ca?olic sy/em promot$ ! empire ( ! cl]gy r ?an ! int]e/s ( religion1 ?is 0 all to ! good2 = x plac$ ! practical use ( religion 9 ! provisional elevation ( a noble speculative corporation em95tly able to direct op9ions & morals4 ,b ,ca?olic mono!ism c\ld n escape dissolution4 ,! metaphysical _s began to op]ate p[]fully on ! notions ( moral philosophy1 z soon z ! ,ca?olic organisation 0 complete2 & ,ca?olicism1 because x c\ld n assimilate ?is intellectual movem5t1 lo/ its progressive "* & /agnat$4 ,! decay began 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :]e ,comte dates ! beg9n+ ( ! ,metaphysical p]iod--a p]iod ( revolution & disord]4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ! movem5t is spontane\s & unconsci\s2 f ! sixte5? till to-day x has proce$$ "u ! direction ( a philosophical _s :i* is negative & n con/ructive4 ,?is critical philosophy has only accel]at$ a decomposition :i* began spontane\sly4 ,= z !ology progresses x becomes less consi/5t & less durable1 & z its conceptions become less irrational1 ! int5sity ( ! emotions :i* !y excite decreases4 ,feti%ism _h deep] roots ?an poly!ism & la/$ long]2 & poly!ism surpass$ mono!ism 9 vig\r & vitality4 ,yet ! critical philosophy 0 necess>y to exhibit ! gr[+ ne$ ( solid reorganisation & to prove t ! decay+ sy/em 0 incapable ( direct+ ! _w any long]4 ,logically x 0 v imp]fect1 b x 0 ju/ifi$ by its success4 ,! de/ructive "w 0 ma9ly done 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 & ,bayle1 ( :om ,hobbes 0 ! mo/ effective4 ,9 ! eighte5? all prom95t ?9k]s p>ticipat$ 9 develop+ ?is negative movem5t1 & ,r\sseau gave x ! practical /imulus :i* sav$ x f deg5]at+ into an unfruitful agitation4 ,( p>ticul> importance 0 ! great fallacy1 :i* ,helvetius propagat$1 t human intellects are equal4 ,?is error 0 requir$ = ! full developm5t ( ! critical doctr9e4 ,= x support$ ! dogmas ( popul> sovranty & social equality1 & ju/ifi$ ! pr9ciple ( ! "r ( private judgem5t4 ,^! ?ree pr9ciples--popul> sovranty1 equality1 & :at he calls ! "r ( free exam9ation--are 9 ,comte's eyes vici\s & an>*ical4,footnote #a ,op4 cit4 iv4 #cf-ch4 ,b x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld be promulgat$1 because ! transition f "o organis$ social sy/em to ano!r _c be direct2 x requires an an>*ical int]regnum4 ,popul> sovranty is oppos$ to ord]ly in/itutions & condemns all sup]ior p]sons to dep5d5ce on ! multitude ( _! inf]iors4 ,equality1 obvi\sly an>*ical 9 its t5d5cy1 & obvi\sly untrue 7=1 z m5 are n equal or ev5 equival5t to "o ano!r1 _! rights _c be id5tical71 0 simil>ly necess>y to break d[n ! old in/itutions4 ,! univ]sal claim to ! "r ( free judgem5t m]ely consecrates ! transitional /ate ( unlimit$ lib]ty 9 ! int]im betwe5 ! decl9e ( !ology & ! arrival ( positive philosophy4 ,comte fur!r rem>ks t ! fall ( ! spiritual p[] _h l$ to an>*y 9 int]national relations1 & if ! _s ( nationality 7 to prevail too f>1 ! result w\ld be a /ate ( ?+s inf]ior to t ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b ,comte says = ! metaphysical _s 9 ,france t ) all its vices x 0 m dis5gag$ f ! prejudices ( ! old !ological regime1 & ne>] to a true rational positivism ?an ei!r ! ,g]man my/icism or ! ,engli% empiricism ( ! same p]iod4 ,! ,revolution 0 a necessity1 to disclose ! *ronic decomposition ( society f :i* x result$1 & to lib]ate ! mod]n social elem5ts f ! grip ( ! anci5t p[]s4 ,comte has praise = ! ,conv5tion1 :i* he contra/s ) ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly ) its political fictions & inconsi/5cies4 ,he po9t$ out t ! great vice 9 ! metaphysics ( ! crisis--t is1 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! revolution>ies--lay 9 conceiv+ society out ( relation to ! pa/1 9 ignor+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & borr[+ f ,greek & ,roman society retrograde & contradictory ideals4 ,napoleon re/or$ ord]1 b he 0 m injuri\s to humanity ?an any o!r hi/orical p]son4 ,8 moral & intellectual nature 0 incompatible ) ! true direction ( ,progress1 :i* involves ! ext9ction ( ! !ological & milit>y regime ( ! pa/4 ,?us 8 "w1 l ,julian ! ,apo/ate's1 exhibits an in/ance ( deflection f ! l9e ( ,progress4 ,!n came ! p>liam5t>y sy/em ( ! re/or$ ,b\rbons :i* ,comte designates z a political ,utopia1 de/itute ( social pr9ciples1 a fooli% attempt to comb9e political retrogression ) a /ate ( p]man5t peace4 #d4 ,! critical doctr9e has p]=m$ its hi/orical function1 & ! "t has come = man to ent] ^u ! ,positive /age ( 8 c>e]4 ,to enable him to take ?is /ep =w>d1 x is necess>y t ! /udy ( social ph5om5a %\ld become a positive sci5ce4 ,z social sci5ce is ! highe/ 9 ! hi]>*y ( sci5ces1 x c\ld n develop until ! two bran*es ( k :i* come next 9 ! scale1 biology & *emi/ry1 assum$ a sci5tific =m4 ,?is has rec5tly be5 a*iev$1 & x is n[ possible to f\nd a sci5tific sociology4 ,?is sci5ce1 l me*anics & biology1 has its /atics & its dynamics4 ,! fir/ /udies ! laws ( co-exi/5ce1 ! second ^? ( succession2 ! fir/ conta9s ! !ory ( ord]1 ! second t ( progress4 ,! law ( cons5sus or cohesion is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( social /atics2 ! law ( ! ?ree /ages is t ( social dynamics4 ,comte's survey ( hi/ory1 ( :i* ,i h briefly indicat$ ! g5]al "*1 exhibits ! application ( ^! sociological laws4 ,! capital feature ( ! ?ird p]iod1 :i* we are n[ approa*+1 w be ! organisation ( society by means ( sci5tific sociology4 ,! _w w be guid$ by a g5]al !ory1 & ?is means t x mu/ be controll$ by ^? :o und]/& ! !ory & w "k h[ to apply x4 ,!re=e society w revive ! pr9ciple :i* 0 realis$ 9 ! great p]iod ( ,mono!ism1 ! di/9ction ( a spiritual & a temporal ord]4 ,b ! spiritual ord] w consi/ ( savants :o w direct social life n by !ological fictions b by ! positive tru?s ( sci5ce4 ,!y w adm9i/] a sy/em ( univ]sal education & w draw up ! f9al code ( e?ics4 ,!y w be able1 m effectively ?an ! ,*ur*1 to protect ! int]e/s ( ! l[] classes4 ,comte's conviction t ! _w is prep>$ = a trans=mation ( ?is k9d is bas$ pr9cipally on signs ( ! decl9e ( ! !ological _s & ( ! milit>y _s1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! two ma9 ob/acles to ! reign ( reason4 ,ca?olicism1 he says1 is n[ no m ?an an impos+ hi/orical ru94 ,z = milit>ism1 ! epo* has arriv$ 9 :i* s]i\s & la/+ w>f>e among ! ,,elite nations w totally cease4 ,! la/ g5]al cause ( w>f>e has be5 ! competition = colonies4 ,b ! colonial policy is n[ 9 its decad5ce 7) ! tempor>y exception ( ,engl&71 s t we ne$ n look = future tr\ble f ?is s\rce4 ,! v sophism1 sometimes put =w>d to ju/ify w>1 t x is an in/rum5t ( civilisation1 is a homage to ! pacific nature ( mod]n society4 ,we ne$ n foll[ fur!r ! details ( ,comte's =eca/ ( ! ,positive p]iod1 except to m5tion t he did n contemplate a political f$]ation4 ,! great ,european nations w develop ea* 9 its own way1 ) _! sep>ate temporal organisations4 ,b he contemplat$ ! int]v5tion ( a common spiritual p[]1 s t all nationalities "u ! direction ( a homog5e\s speculative class w contribute to an id5tical "w1 9 a _s ( active ,european patriotism1 n ( /]ile cosmopolitanism4 ,comte claim$1 l ,sa9t-,simon1 t ! data ( hi/ory1 sci5tifically int]pret$1 af=d ! means ( prevision4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ he fail$ himself z a div9]2 h[ utt]ly he misappreh5d$ ! vitality ( ,ca?olicism1 h[ completely 8 prophecy z to ! cessation ( w>s 0 beli$ by ! ev5t4 ,he liv$ to see ! ,crimean w>4 ,footnote3 ,he di$ 9 #aheg4 ,z a div9] he fail$ z completely z ,sa9t-,simon & ,f\ri]1 ^: dream t ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld see ! beg9n+ ( an epo* ( h>mony & happ9ess 0 to be fulfill$ by a deadly /ruggle betwe5 capitalism & lab\r1 ! civil w> 9 ,am]ica1 ! w> ( #ahgj1 ! ,commune1 ,russian pogroms1 ,arm5ian massacres1 & f9ally ! univ]sal cata/rophe ( #aiad4 #e4 ,= ! compreh5sion ( hi/ory we h p]haps ga9$ z little f ,comte's positive laws z f ,hegel's metaphysical categories4 ,bo? ?9k]s _h /udi$ ! facts ( hi/ory only slightly & p>tially1 a r s]i\s drawback :i* enabl$ !m to impose _! own con/ructions ) ! great] ease4 ,hegel's me?od ( a ,,priori syn!sis 0 enjo9$ by 8 philosophical !ory2 b 9 ,comte we also f9d a t5d5cy to a ,,priori treatm5t4 ,he expressly rem>ks t ! *ief social features ( ! ,mono!i/ic p]iod might almo/ be con/ruct$ a ,,priori4 ,! law ( ! ,?ree ,/ages is discr$it$4 ,x may be cont5d$ t g5]al ,progress dep5ds on intellectual progress1 & t !ology1 metaphysics1 & sci5ce h common roots1 & are ultimately id5tical1 be+ m]ely phases 9 ! movem5t ( ! intellig5ce4 ,b ! law ( ?is movem5t1 if x is to rank z a sci5tific hypo!sis1 mu/ be prop]ly d$uc$ f kn[n causes1 & mu/ !n be v]ifi$ by a comp>ison ) hi/orical facts4 ,comte ?\ght t he fulfill$ ^! requirem5ts1 b 9 bo? respects 8 demon/ration 0 defective4 ,footnote3 ,criticism ( ,comte's assumption t civilisation beg9s ) animism3 ,web]'s criticisms f ?is po9t ( view are tell+ 7,le ,ry?me du progres1 #gc-ie74 ,he obs]ves t if ,comte _h n left ! practical & active side ( intellig5ce 9 ! %ade & consid]$ only its speculative side1 he c\ld n h =mulat$ ! law ( ! ,?ree ,/ages4 ,he w\ld h se5 t ! positive explanation ( ph5om5a has play$ 9 e p]iod a prepond]ant role1 ?\gh lat5t1 9 ! m>* ( ! human m9d4 ,web] himself sugge/s a s*eme ( two /ates 7correspond+ to ! two-sid$ness ( ! intellect71 te*nical & speculative1 practical & !oretical1 ?r\gh ! alt]nation ( :i* intellectual progress has be5 effect$4 ,! fir/ /age 0 probably practical 7he calls x proto-te*nic74 ,x is to be rememb]$ t :5 ,comte 0 con/ruct+ 8 sy/em palaeontology 0 9 its infancy4 ,! grave/ weakness p]haps 9 8 hi/orical sket* is ! gratuit\s assumption t man 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( 8 exi/5ce _h animi/ic beliefs & t ! fir/ phase ( 8 progress 0 controll$ by feti%ism4 ,!re is no valid evid5ce t feti%ism is n a relatively late developm5t1 or t 9 ! myriads ( ye>s /ret*+ back beyond our e>lie/ records1 dur+ :i* m5 decid$ ! future ( ! human species by _! te*nical inv5tions & ! discov]y ( fire1 !y _h any views :i* c\ld be call$ religi\s or !ological4 ,! psy*ology ( mod]n savages is no clew to ! m9ds ( ! p :o wr\ght tools ( /one 9 ! _w ( ! mammo? & ! ,,rh9oc]os ,,ti*irh9us4 ,if ! fir/ /age ( man's developm5t1 :i* 0 ( su* critical importance = 8 de/9ies1 0 pre-animi/ic1 ,comte's law ( progress fails1 = x does n cov] ! gr\nd4 ,9 ano!r way1 ,comte's sy/em may be criticis$ = fail+ to cov] ! gr\nd1 if x is reg>d$ z a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,9 accordance ) ! happy artifice ( ,condorcet1 he assumes t ! gr[? ( ,european civilisation is ! only hi/ory t matt]s1 & disc>ds entirely ! civilisations1 = in/ance1 ( ,india & ,*9a4 ,?is assumption is mu* m ?an an artifice1 & he has n sci5tifically ju/ifi$ x4 ,footnote3 ,a propos ( ! view t only ,european civilisation matt]s x has be5 well obs]v$ t human hi/ory is n unit>y b plurali/ic3 ,f4 ,j4 ,tegg>t1 ,! ,processes ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #bd 7#aiah74 ,! read] ( ! ,,philosophie ,,positive w also obs]ve t ,comte has n grappl$ ) a fundam5tal "q :i* has to be fac$ 9 unravell+ ! wo( ( hi/ory or seek+ a law ( ev5ts4 ,i mean ! "q ( cont+5cy4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t cont+5cy does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! doctr9e ( det]m9ism2 x is compatible ) ! /ricte/ int]pretation ( ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,a p>ticul> example may be tak5 to %[ :at x implies4 ,footnote3 ,on cont+5cy & ! *apt] ( accid5ts see ,c\rnot1 ,consid]ations sur la m>*e des idees et des ev5em5ts dans les temps mod]nes 7#ahgb71 i4 #af sqq4 ,i h discuss$ ! subject & giv5 "s illu/rations 9 a %ort pap]1 entitl$ ,cleopatra's ,nose1 9 ! ,annual ( ! ,rationali/ ,press ,association = #aiaf4 ,x may plausibly be argu$ t a milit>y dictator%ip 0 an inevitable sequ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,?is may n be true1 b let u assume x4 ,let u fur!r assume t1 giv5 ,napoleon1 x 0 inevitable t he %\ld be ! dictator4 ,b ,napoleon's exi/5ce 0 due to an indep5d5t causal *a9 :i* _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! c\rse ( political ev5ts4 ,he might h di$ 9 8 boyhood by disease or by an accid5t1 & ! fact t he surviv$ 0 due to causes :i* 7 simil>ly indep5d5t ( ! causal *a9 :i*1 z we are assum+1 l$ necess>ily to an epo* ( mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( a man ( 8 g5ius & "* at ! giv5 mom5t 0 a cont+5cy :i* pr(\ndly affect$ ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,if he _h n be5 !re ano!r dictator w\ld h grasp$ ! helm1 b obvi\sly w\ld n h done :at ,napoleon did4 ,x is cle> t ! :ole hi/ory ( man has be5 modifi$ at e /age by su* cont+5cies1 :i* may be def9$ z ! collisions ( two indep5d5t causal *a9s4 ,voltaire 0 p]fectly "r :5 he emphasis$ ! role ( *ance 9 hi/ory1 ?\gh he did n realise :at x meant4 ,?is factor w\ld expla9 ! oscillations & deflections :i* ,comte admits 9 ! movem5t ( hi/orical progression4 ,b ! "q arises :e!r x may n also h once & aga9 def9itely alt]$ ! direction ( ! movem5t4 ,c ! factor be reg>d$ z virtually negligible by ^? :o1 l ,comte1 are conc]n$ ) ! l>ge p]spective ( human developm5t & n ) ! details ( an episode8 ,or 0 ,r5\vi] "r 9 pr9ciple :5 he ma9ta9$ ! real possibility t ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts f ! ,emp]or ,n]va to ! ,emp]or ,*>lemagne might h be5 radically diff]5t f :at x actually 08 ,footnote3 ,he illu/rat$ ?is proposition by a fanciful recon/ruction ( ,european hi/ory f #ajj to #hjj ,a4,d4 9 8 ,,u*ronie1 #ahgf4 ,he cont5d$ t !re is no def9ite law ( progress3 ,! true law lies 9 ! equal possibility ( progress or regress = societies z = individuals4 #f4 ,x does n conc]n u "h to exam9e ! defects ( ,comte's view ( ! c\rse ( ,european hi/ory4 ,b x int]e/s u to obs]ve t 8 syn!sis ( human ,progress is1 l ,hegel's1 :at ,i h call$ a clos$ sy/em4 ,j z 8 own absolute philosophy m>k$ = ,hegel ! highe/ & ultimate t]m ( human developm5t1 s = ,comte ! com+ society ^: organisation he adumbrat$ 0 ! f9al /ate ( humanity beyond :i* !re w\ld be no fur!r movem5t4 ,x w\ld take "t to p]fect ! organisation1 & ! p]iod w\ld witness a cont9u\s increase ( k1 b ! ma9 *>act]i/ics 7 def9itely fix$4 ,comte did n conceive t ! di/ant future1 c\ld he survive to exp]i5ce x1 c\ld conta9 any surprises = him4 ,8 !ory ( ,progress ?us diff]$ f ! eighte5? c5tury views :i* vaguely contemplate an indef9ite developm5t & only pr(ess to indicate "s g5]al t5d5cies4 ,he expressly repudiat$ ?is notion ( ,,indef9ite progress2 ! data1 he said1 ju/ify only ! inf]5ce ( ,,cont9u\s progress1 :i* is a diff]5t ?+4 ,a second po9t 9 :i* ,comte 9 8 view ( ,progress diff]$ f ! ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! prec$+ age is ?is4 ,condorcet & 8 pr$ecessors reg>d$ x exclusively f ! eudaemonic po9t ( view4 ,! goal ( ,progress = !m 0 ! atta9m5t ( human felicity4 ,) felicity ,comte is h>dly m conc]n$ ?an ,hegel4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a full] h>mony betwe5 m5 & _! environm5t 9 ! ?ird /age w no d\bt mean happ9ess4 ,b ?is consid]ation lies outside ! !ory1 & to introduce x w\ld only intrude an unsci5tific elem5t into ! analysis4 ,! c\rse ( developm5t is det]m9$ by intellectual ideas1 & he treats ^! z indep5d5t (1 & indiff]5t to1 eudaemonic motives4 ,a ?ird po9t to be not$ is ! au?orit>ian "* ( ! regime ( ! future4 ,comte's ideal /ate w\ld be z ill to live 9 = any un=tunate be+ :o values p]sonal lib]ty z a !ocracy or any sociali/ic ,utopia4 ,he _h z little sympa?y ) lib]ty z ,plato or z ,bossuet1 & less ?an ! eighte5? c5tury philosoph]s4 ,?is feature1 common to ,comte & ! ,sa9t-,simonians1 0 p>tly due to ! reaction aga9/ ! ,revolution1 b x also result$ f ! logic ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,if sociological laws are positively e/abli%$ z c]ta9ly z ! law ( gravitation1 no room is left = op9ion2 "r social conduct is def9itely fix$2 ! prop] functions ( e memb] ( society admit ( no "q2 !re=e ! claim to lib]ty is p]v]se & irrational4 ,x is ! same argum5t :i* "s mod]n expon5ts ( ,eug5ics use to advocate a /ate tyranny 9 ! matt] ( human bre$+4 ,:5 ,comte 0 writ+1 ! progressive movem5t 9 ,europe 0 t[>ds increase ( lib]ty 9 all its =ms1 national1 civic1 political1 & economical4 ,on "o h& !re 0 ! agitation = ! release ( oppress$ nationalities1 on ! o!r ! gr[? ( lib]alism 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,! aim ( ! lib]alism ( t p]iod 0 to re/rict ! functions ( gov]nm5t2 its _s 0 di/ru/ ( ! /ate4 ,z a political !ory x 0 defective1 z mod]n ,lib]als ackn[l$ge1 b x 0 an important expression ( ! feel+ t ! int]e/s ( society are be/ fur!r$ by ! free int]play ( individual actions & aims4 ,x ?us implicitly conta9$ or po9t$ to a !ory ( ,progress %>ply oppos$ to ,comte's3 t ! realisation ( ! fulle/ possible measure ( individual lib]ty is ! condition ( ensur+ ! maximum ( en]gy & effectiv5ess 9 improv+ our environm5t1 & !re=e ! condition ( atta9+ public felicity4 ,"r or wrong1 ?is !ory reckons ) fundam5tal facts ( human nature :i* ,comte ignor$4 #g4 ,comte sp5t ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life 9 compos+ ano!r huge "w1 on social reorganisation4 ,x includ$ a new religion1 9 :i* ,humanity 0 ! object ( wor%ip1 b made no o!r important addition to ! speculations ( 8 e>li] manhood1 ?\gh he develop$ !m fur!r4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy 0 n a book t took ! public by /orm4 ,we are told by a compet5t /ud5t ( social !ories 9 ,france t ! au?or's "n 0 little kn[n 9 8 own c\ntry till ab\t #ahee1 :5 8 greatness began to w9 recognition1 & 8 influ5ce to op]ate4 ,footnote3 ,weill1 ,hi/4 du m\vem5t social1 p4 #ba4 ,ev5 !n 8 "w c h>dly h be5 widely read4 ,b ?r\gh m5 l ,littre & ,ta9e1 ^: conceptions ( hi/ory 7 m\ld$ by 8 tea*+1 & m5 l ,mill1 :om he /imulat$1 z well z ?r\gh ! disciples :o adopt$ ,positivism z a religion1 8 lead+ pr9ciples1 deta*$ f 8 sy/em1 became curr5t 9 ! _w ( speculation4 ,footnote3 ,! influ5ce ( ,comte4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ideas filt] ?r\gh1 z x 71 und]gr\nd & em]ge oblivi\s ( _! s\rce is illu/rat$ by ! ,g]man hi/orian ,lampre*t's !ory ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,he survey$ ! hi/ory ( a p z a s]ies ( :at he call$ typical p]iods1 ea* ( :i* is m>k$ by a collective psy*ical "* express+ itself 9 e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,he nam$ ?is a diapason4 ,lampre*t _h nev] read ,comte1 & he imag9$ t ?is pr9ciple1 on :i* he bas$ 8 kulturhi/oris*e ,me?ode1 0 orig9al4 ,b 8 psy*ical diapason is ! psy*ical cons5sus ( ,comte1 ^: sy/em1 z we h se51 dep5d$ on ! proposition t a giv5 social organisation corresponds 9 a def9ite way to ! contempor>y /age ( m5tal developm5t2 & ,comte _h d]iv$ ! pr9ciple f ,sa9t-,simon4 ,cf4 8 pamphlet ,die kulturhi/oris*e ,me?ode 7#aijj74 ,! succession ( typical p]iod 0 work$ out = ,g]many 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,p4 ,he laid ! f\ndations ( sociology1 conv9c+ _m m9ds t ! hi/ory ( civilisation is subject to g5]al laws1 or1 9 o!r words1 t a sci5ce ( society is possible4 ,9 ,engl& ?is idea 0 /ill a novelty :5 ,mill's ,sy/em ( ,logic appe>$ 9 #ahdc4 ,! publication ( ?is "w1 :i* attempt$ to def9e ! rules = ! inve/igation ( tru? 9 all fields ( inquiry & to provide te/s = ! hypo!ses ( sci5ce1 0 a consid]able ev5t1 :e!r we reg>d its value & range or its prolong$ influ5ce on education4 ,mill1 :o _h foll[$ rec5t ,fr5* ?\ght att5tively & 0 p>ticul>ly impress$ by ! sy/em ( ,comte1 recognis$ t a new me?od ( inve/igat+ social ph5om5a _h be5 inaugurat$ by ! ?9k]s :o set out to discov] ! law ( human progression4 ,he proclaim$ & welcom$ x z sup]ior to previ\s me?ods1 & at ! same "t po9t$ out its limitations4 ,till ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 he said1 g5]alisations on man & society h err$ by implicitly assum+ t human nature & society w = ev] revolve 9 ! same orbit & exhibit virtually ! same ph5om5a4 ,?is is /ill ! view ( ! o/5tati\sly practical vot>ies ( common s5se 9 ,great ,brita92 :]eas ! m reflective m9ds ( ! pres5t age1 analys+ hi/orical records m m9utely1 h adopt$ ! op9ion t ! human race is 9 a /ate ( necess>y progression4 ,! reciprocal action betwe5 circum/ances & human nature1 f :i* social ph5om5a result1 mu/ produce ei!r a cycle or a trajectory4 ,:ile ,vico ma9ta9$ ! conception ( p]iodic cycles1 8 successors h univ]sally adopt$ ! idea ( a trajectory or progress1 & are endeav\r+ to discov] its law4 ,footnote3 ,philosophical writ]s 9 ,engl& 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury paid m att5tion to ,c\s9 ?an to ,comte or ,sa9t-,simon4 ,j4 ,d4 ,morell1 9 8 =gott5 ,hi/ory & ,critical ,view ( ,speculative ,philosophy 7#ahdf71 says t eclecticism is ! philosophy ( human progress 7vol4 ii4 #fce1 #bnd ed474 ,he conceiv$ ! movem5t ( humanity z t ( a spiral1 ev] t5d+ to a high] p]fection 7#fch74 ,b !y h fall5 into a misconception 9 imag9+ t if !y c f9d a law ( uni=mity 9 ! succession ( ev5ts !y c inf] ! future f ! pa/ t]ms ( ! s]ies4 ,= su* a law w\ld only be an empirical law2 x w\ld n be a causal law or an ultimate law4 ,h[ev] rigidly uni=m1 !re is no gu>antee t x w\ld apply to ph5om5a outside ^? f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,x mu/ itself dep5d on laws ( m9d & "* 7psy*ology & e?ology74 ,:5 ^? laws are kn[n & ! nature ( ! dep5d5ce is expla9$1 :5 ! det]m9+ causes ( all ! *anges con/itut+ ! progress are und]/ood1 !n ! empirical law w be elevat$ to a sci5tific law1 !n only w x be possible to pr$ict4 ,?us ,mill ass]t$ t if ! advanc$ ?9k]s :o are engag$ on ! subject succe$ 9 discov]+ an empirical law f ! data ( hi/ory1 x may be conv]t$ into a sci5tific law by d$uc+ x a priori f ! pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,9 ! meantime1 he argu$ t :at is already kn[n ( ^? pr9ciples ju/ifies ! important conclusion t ! ord] ( g5]al human progression w ma9ly dep5d on ! ord] ( progression 9 ! intellectual convictions ( mank9d4 ,?r\gh\t 8 exposition ,mill uses progress 9 a neutral s5se1 )\t imply+ t ! progression necess>ily means improvem5t4 ,social sci5ce has /ill to demon/rate t ! *anges det]m9$ by human nature d mean improvem5t4 ,b 9 w>n+ ! read] ( ?is he decl>es himself to be p]sonally an optimi/1 believ+ t ! g5]al t5d5cy1 sav+ tempor>y exceptions1 is 9 ! direction ( a bett] & happi] /ate4 #h4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ,footnote3 ,9 lat] editions ( ! ,logic4 ,mill 0 able to say t ! conception ( hi/ory z subject to g5]al laws _h pass$ into ! doma9 ( newspap] & ord9>y political discussion4 ,buckle's ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,civilisation ,,9 ,,engl& ,footnote3 #b ,vol4 i4 appe>$ 9 #aheg1 vol4 ii4 9 #ahfa4 :i* enjoy$ an imm$iate success1 did a great deal to popul>ise ! idea4 ,9 ?is /imulat+ "w ,buckle took ! fact ( ,progress = grant$2 8 purpose 0 to inve/igate its causes4 ,consid]+ ! two g5]al conditions on :i* all ev5ts dep5d1 human nature & ext]nal nature1 he arriv$ at two conclusions3 7#a7 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( hi/ory ! influ5ce ( man's ext]nal environm5t is ! m decisive factor2 b z "t goes on ! roles are gradually inv]t$1 & n[ x is 8 own nature t is pr9cipally responsible = 8 developm5t4 7#b7 ,progress is det]m9$1 n by ! emotional & moral faculties1 b by ! intellect2 ,footnote3 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,j\ffroy1 ,comte1 & ,mill2 ,buckle popul>is$ x4 ! emotional & moral faculties are /ation>y1 & !re=e religion is n a decisive influ5ce 9 ! onw>d movem5t ( humanity4 ,i pl$ge myself to %[ t ! progress ,europe has made f b>b>ism to civilisation is entirely due to its intellectual activity4444 ,9 :at may be call$ ! innate & orig9al morals ( mank9d !re is1 s f> z we are aw>e1 no progress4 ,footnote3 ,buckle has be5 v unju/ly treat$ by "s critics1 b has f\nd an able def5d] 9 ,mr4 ,j4,m4 ,rob]tson 7,buckle & 8 ,critics 7#ahie774 ,! rem>ks ( ,b5n 7,hi/ory ( ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ii4 #ahb sqq47 are wor? read+4 ,buckle 0 conv9c$ t social ph5om5a exhibit ! same undeviat+ regul>ity z natural ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is belief he 0 *iefly influ5c$ by ! inve/igations ( ! ,belgian /ati/ician ,quetelet 7#ahce74 ,/ati/ics1 he said1 has already ?r[n m light on ! /udy ( human nature ?an all ! sci5ces put toge!r4 ,f ! regul>ity ) :i* ! same crimes recur 9 ! same /ate ( society1 & _m o!r con/ant av]ages1 he inf]r$ t all actions ( individuals result directly f ! /ate ( society 9 :i* !y live1 & t laws are op]at+ :i*1 if we take l>ge en\gh numb]s into acc\nt1 sc>cely und]go any s5sible p]turbation4 ,footnote3 ,kant _h already appeal$ to /ati/ics 9 a simil> s5se2 see above1 p4 #bdc4 ,?us ! evid5ce ( /ati/ics po9ts to ! conclusion t progress is n det]m9$ by ! acts ( individual m51 b dep5ds on g5]al laws ( ! intellect :i* gov]n ! successive /ages ( public op9ion4 ,! totality ( human actions at any giv5 "t dep5ds on ! totality ( k & ! ext5t ( its diffusion4 ,!re we h ! !ory t hi/ory is subject to g5]al laws 9 its mo/ unqualifi$ =m1 bas$ on a fallaci\s view ( ! significance ( /ati/ical facts4 ,buckle's attempt to %[ ! op]ation ( g5]al laws 9 ! actual hi/ory ( man 0 disappo9t+4 ,:5 he w5t on to review ! concrete facts ( ! hi/orical process1 8 own political pr9ciples came into play1 & he 0 m conc]n$ ) d5\nc+ ! t5d5cies ( :i* he did n approve ?an ) extricat+ g5]al laws f ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,8 comm5ts on religi\s p]secution & ! obscurantism ( gov]nm5ts & *ur*es 7 in/ructive & timely1 b !y did n d mu* to exhibit a set ( rigid laws gov]n+ & expla9+ ! c\rse ( human developm5t4 ,! doctr9e t hi/ory is "u ! irresi/ible control ( law 0 also popul>is$ by an ,am]ican physiologi/1 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ^: ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,europe appe>$ 9 #ahfd & 0 widely read4 ,8 />t+-po9t 0 a sup]ficial analogy betwe5 a society & an individual4 ,social advancem5t is z completely "u ! control ( natural law z a bodily gr[?4 ,! life ( an individual is a m9iature ( ! life ( a nation1 & p>ticles 9 ! individual organism answ] to p]sons 9 ! political organism4 ,bo? h ! same epo*s--infancy1 *ildhood1 y\?1 manhood1 old age--& !re=e ,european progress exhibits five phases1 designat$ z ,cr$ulity1 ,inquiry1 ,fai?1 ,reason1 ,decrepitude4 ,drap]'s conclusion 0 t ,europe1 n[ 9 ! f\r? p]iod1 is ha/5+ to a long p]iod ( decrepitude4 ,! prospect did n dismay him2 decrepitude is ! culm9ation ( ,progress1 & means ! organisation ( national intellect4 ,t has already be5 a*iev$ 9 ,*9a1 & %e owes to x h] well-be+ & longevity4 ,europe is inevitably ha/5+ to become :at ,*9a is4 ,9 h] we may see :at we %all be l :5 we are old4 ,judg$ by any /&>d1 ,drap]'s "w is mu* inf]ior to ,buckle's1 b bo? ^! books1 utt]ly diff]5t ?\gh !y 7 9 bo? conception & treatm5t1 p]=m$ a simil> function4 ,ea* 9 its own way diffus$ ! view :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ,france1 t civilisation is progression &1 l nature1 subject to g5]al laws4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution>y ,,movem5t 7#ahcj-ahea7 #a4 ,9 #ahej !re appe>$ at ,p>is a small book by ,m4 ,a4 ,jav>y1 ) ! title ,,de ,l',,idee ,,du ,,progres4 ,its int]e/ lies 9 ! express recognition t ,progress 0 ! *>act]i/ic idea ( ! age1 ard5tly receiv$ by "s1 hotly d5\nc$ by o!rs4 ,footnote3 ,lam>t9e d5\nc$ 9 8 mon?ly j\rnal ,le ,conseill] du peuple1 vol4 i4 7#ahdi71 all ! progressive gospels ( ! day1 sociali/1 communi/1 ,sa9t-,simonian1 ,f\ri]i/1 ,ic>ian--9 fact e s*ool ( social re=m s9ce ! ,fir/ ,republic--z purely mat]iali/ic1 sprung f ! cold se$ ( ! c5tury ( ,helvetius 7pp4 #bbd1 #bhg74 ,if !re is any idea1 he says1 t belongs prop]ly to "o c5tury1 at lea/ by ! importance accord$ to x1 & t1 :e!r accept$ or n1 is famili> to all m9ds1 x is ! idea ( ,progress conceiv$ z ! g5]al law ( hi/ory & ! future ( humanity4 ,he obs]ves t "s1 intoxicat$ by ! spectacle ( ! mat]ial improvem5ts ( mod]n civilisation & ! results ( sci5ce1 set no limits to man's p[] or 8 hopes2 :ile o!rs1 unable to d5y ! facts1 say t ?is progress s]ves only ! l[] "p ( human nature1 & refuse to look ) complac5cy on a movem5t :i* means1 !y ass]t1 a cont9u\s decad5ce ( ! nobl] "p4 ,to :i* x is repli$ t1 ,if moral decad5ce is a fact1 x is only transi5t2 x is a necess>y phase ( a developm5t :i* means moral progress 9 ! end1 = x is due to ! process by :i* ! beliefs1 ideas1 & in/itutions ( ! pa/ disappe> & make way = new & bett] pr9ciples4 ,& ,jav>y notes a prevail+ t5d5cy 9 ,france to int]pret e contempor>y movem5t z progressive1 :ile all ! social doctr9aires ju/ify _! p>ticul> re=ms by invok+ ! law ( ,progress4 ,x 0 q true t dur+ ! ,july mon>*y ne>ly all s]i\s speculations on society & hi/ory 7 relat$ to t idea4 ,x 0 common to ,mi*elet & ,qu9et1 :o saw 9 ! m>* ( civilisation ! gradual triumph ( lib]ty2 to ,l]\x & ,cabet1 :o prea*$ humanit>ian communism2 to ,l\is ,blanc & to ,pr\dhon2 to ! b\rgeois1 :o 7 satisfi$ ) ! regime ( ,l\is ,philippe & grew ri*1 foll[+ ! precept ( ,guizot1 z well z to ! work]s :o ov]?rew x4 ,x is significant t ! j\rnal ( ,l\is ,blanc1 9 :i* he publi%$ 8 book on ! ,,organisation ,,( ,,"w 7#ahci71 0 entitl$ ,,revus ,,des ,,progres4 ,! political "q z to ! due limits betwe5 gov]nm5t & individual fre$om 0 discuss$ 9 t]ms ( ,progress3 is p]sonal lib]ty or /ate au?ority ! effici5t means ( progress+8 ,! metaphysical "q ( necessity & freewill acquir$ a new int]e/3 is ,progress a fatality1 indep5d5t ( human purposes1 det]m9$ by g5]al1 ineluctable1 hi/orical laws8 ,qu9et & ,mi*elet argu$ vigor\sly aga9/ ! optimism ( ,c\s91 :o ) ,hegel held t hi/ory is j :at x ought to be & c\ld n be improv$4 #b4 ,among ! compet+ !ories ( ! "t1 & %>ply oppos$ to ! views ( ,comte1 0 ! idea1 d]iv$ f ! ,revolution1 t ! _w is mov+ t[>ds univ]sal equality & ! oblit]ation ( class di/9ctions1 t ?is is ! true direction ( ,progress4 ,?is view1 repres5t$ by lead]s ( ! popul> movem5t aga9/ ! b\rgeois asc5d5cy1 d]iv$ p[]ful re9=cem5t f "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ political ?9k]s ( ! day4 ,! appe>ance ( de ,tocqueville's r5[n$ /udy ( ,am]ican democracy 0 ! ev5t ( #ahcd4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t he _h discov]$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic ! answ] to ! "q :i!r ! _w is t5d+4 ,9 ,am]ican society he f\nd t equality ( conditions is ! g5]at+ fact on :i* e o!r fact dep5ds4 ,he conclud$ t equality is ! goal ( humanity1 provid5tially design$4 ,! gradual developm5t ( equality ( conditions has ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( a provid5tial fact4 ,x is univ]sal1 x is p]man5t1 x eludes human p[]2 all ev5ts & all m5 s]ve ?is developm5t4444 ,?is :ole book has be5 writt5 "u ! impression ( a sort ( religi\s t]ror produc$ 9 ! au?or's s\l by ! view ( ?is irresi/ible revolution :i* = s _m c5turies has be5 m>*+ across all ob/acles1 & :i* is to-day se5 /ill advanc+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ru9s x has made4444 ,if ! m5 ( our "t 7 br\ght to see t ! gradual & progressive developm5t ( equality is at once ! pa/ & ! future ( _! hi/ory1 ?is s+le discov]y w\ld give t developm5t ! sacr$ "* ( ! w ( ! sovran ma/]4 ,"h we h a view ( ! direction ( ,progress & ! mean+ ( hi/ory1 pret5d+ to be bas$ ^u ! /udy ( facts & ann\nc$ ) ! mo/ int5se conviction4 ,& beh9d x is ! fatali/ic doctr9e t ! movem5t _c be arre/$ or div]t$2 t x is useless to /ruggle aga9/ x2 t m51 :atev] !y may d1 _c deflect ! clock-l motion regulat$ by a p[] :i* de ,tocqueville calls ,provid5ce b to :i* 8 read]s might give "s o!r "n4 #c4 ,x has be5 conjectur$1 ,footnote3 ,georges ,sorel1 ,les ,illusions du progres1 pp4 #bdg-h 7#aijh74 & seems probable en\gh1 t de ,tocqueville's book 0 "o ( ! influ5ces :i* wr\ght ^u ! m9d ( ,pr\dhon4 ,! speculations ( ?is rem>kable man1 :o1 l ,sa9t-,simon & ,comte1 s\ght to f\nd a new sci5ce ( society1 attract$ g5]al att5tion 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! appreciation by ,weill 9 ,hi/oire du m\vem5t social en ,france #aheb-aiaj 7#aiaa1 ed4 #b71 p4 #da3 ,le gr&e ecriva9 revolutionnaire et an>*i/e n'etait au fond ni un revolutionnaire ni un an>*i/e1 mais un re=mateur pratique et mod]e qui a fait illusion p> le ton vibrant de ses pamphlets c5tre la societe capitali/e4,8 ho/ility to religion1 8 notori\s dictum t prop]ty is !ft1 8 gospel ( an>*y1 & ! defiant1 precipit\s phrases 9 :i* he clo!d 8 ideas1 creat$ an impression t he 0 a dang]\s anti-social revolution>y4 ,b :5 8 ideas are /udi$ 9 _! context & translat$ into sob] language1 !y are n s unreasonable4 ,not)/&+ 8 communi/ic !ory ( prop]ty & 8 ideal ( equality1 he 0 a /rong individuali/4 ,he held t ! future ( civilisation dep5ds on ! en]gy ( individuals1 t lib]ty is a condition ( its advance1 & t ! end to be kept 9 view is ! e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice1 :i* means equality4 ,he saw ! difficulty ( reconcil+ lib]ty ) complete equality1 b hop$ t ! incompatibility w\ld be ov]come by a gradual r$uction ( ! natural diff]5ces 9 m5's capacities4 ,he said1 ,i am an an>*i/1 b 8 an>*y only meant t ! "t w\ld come :5 gov]nm5t w\ld be sup]flu\s1 :5 e human be+ c\ld be tru/$ to act wisely & morally )\t a re/ra9+ au?ority or ext]nal sanctions4 ,nor 0 he a ,utopian4 ,he compreh5d$ t su* a trans=mation ( society w\ld be a long1 sl[ process1 & he condemn$ ! s*ools ( ,sa9t-,simon & ,f\ri] = imag9+ t a mill5nium might be realis$ imm$iately by a *ange ( organisation4 ,he tells u t all 8 speculations & controv]sial activities are p5etrat$ ) ! idea ( ,progress1 :i* he describ$ z ! railway ( lib]ty2 & 8 radical criticism on curr5t social !ories1 :e!r cons]vative or democratic1 0 t !y did n take ,progress s]i\sly ?\gh !y invok$ x4 ,:at dom9ates 9 all my /udies1 :at =ms _! beg9n+ & end1 _! summit & _! base1 _! reason1 :at makes my orig9ality z a ?9k] 7if ,i h any71 is t ,i affirm ,progress resolutely1 irrevocably1 & ev]y:]e1 & d5y ! ,absolute4 ,all t ,i h ev] writt51 all ,i h d5i$ or affirm$1 ,i h writt51 d5i$ or affirm$ 9 ! "n ( "o unique idea1 ,progress4 ,my adv]s>ies1 on ! o!r h&1 are all p>tisans ( ! ,absolute1 ,,9 ,,omni ,,g5]e1 ,,casu1 ,,et ,,num]o1 to use ! phrase ( ,sgan>elle4 ,footnote3 ,philosophie du progres1 ,premi]e lettre 7#ahea74 #d4 ,a vague confid5ce 9 ,progress _h la9 beh9d & enc\rag$ ! revolution ( #aghi1 b 9 ! revolution ( #ahdh ! idea 0 def9itely en?ron$ z ! regnant pr9ciple4 ,x presid$ ov] ! session ( ! ,committee :i* drew up ! ,con/itution ( ! second ,republic4 ,arm& ,m>ra/1 ! mo/ important ( ! m5 :o fram$ t docum5t1 bas$ ! measure ( univ]sal suffrage ^u ! invisible law :i* rules societies1 ! law ( progress :i* has be5 s long d5i$ b :i* is root$ 9 ! nature ( man4 ,8 argum5t 0 ?is3 ,revolutions are due to ! repression ( progress1 & are ! expression & triumph ( a progress :i* has be5 a*iev$4 ,b su* convulsions are an undesirable me?od ( progress+2 h[ c !y be avoid$8 ,only by organis+ ela/ic in/itutions 9 :i* new ideas ( amelioration c easily be incorporat$1 & laws :i* c be accommodat$ )\t /ruggle or friction to ! rise ( new op9ions4 ,:at is ne$$ is a flexible gov]nm5t op5 to ! p5etration ( ideas1 & ! key to su* a gov]nm5t is univ]sal suffrage4 ,footnote3 ,m>ra/1 ! invisible law2 ,oui1 he cont9ues1 t\te societe e/ progressive1 p>ce que t\t individu e/ educable1 p]fectible2 on peut mesur]1 limit]1 peut-etre les facultes d'un individu2 on ne saurait limit]1 mesur] ce que peuv5t1 dans l'ordre des idees1 les intellig5ces dont les produits ne s'aj\t5t pas seulem5t mais se fecond5t et se multipli5t dans une progression indef9ie4 ,no4 #cic ,republique francoise4 ,assemblee nationale4 ,projet de ,con/itution444 prec$e p> un rapport fait au nom de la ,commission p> le citoy5 ,arm& ,m>ra/4 ,seance du #cj a\t1 #ahdh4 ,univ]sal suffrage 0 practical politics1 b ! success ( ! revolution flutt]$ agreeably all ! mansions ( ,utopia1 & social re=m]s ( e type s\ght to improve ! occasion4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! political /ruggles ( #ahdh ! names are writt5 ( ,pr\dhon1 ( ,victor ,consid]ant ! disciple ( ,f\ri]1 ( ,pi]re ,l]\x ! humanit>ian communi/1 & 8 devot$ pupil ,george ,s&4 ,! *ief title ( ,l]\x to be rememb]$ is j 8 influ5ce ov] ! s\l ( ! great noveli/4 ,h] lat] romances are p]vad$ by ideas d]iv$ f 8 tea*+4 ,8 communism 0 vague & ineffectual1 b he 0 "o ( ! m9or =ces 9 ! ?\ght ( ! p]iod1 & !re are "s features 9 8 !ory :i* des]ve to be po9t$ out4 ,l]\x _h begun z a memb] ( ! ,sa9t-,simonian s*ool1 b he div]g$ into a pa? ( 8 own4 ,he re9/at$ ! ideal ( equality :i* ,sa9t-,simon reject$1 & made ! approa* to t ideal ! measure ( ,progress4 ,! mo/ significant process 9 hi/ory1 he held1 is ! gradual break+ d[n ( ca/e & class3 ! process is n[ approa*+ its completion2 today ,,man is synonym\s ) ,,equal4 ,9 ord] to advance to ! city ( ! future we mu/ h a =ce & a lev]4 ,man is ! =ce1 & ! lev] is ! idea ( ,progress4 ,x is suppli$ by ! /udy ( hi/ory :i* displays ! improvem5t ( our faculties1 ! increase ( our p[] ov] nature1 ! possibility ( organis+ society m efficaci\sly4 ,b ! =ce & ! lev] are n en\gh4 ,a fulcrum is also requir$1 & ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! solid>ity ( ! human race4 ,b ?is conception meant = ,l]\x some?+ diff]5t f :at is ord9>ily meant by ! phrase1 a deep] & ev5 my/ical bond4 ,human solid>ity 0 a coroll>y f ! pan!i/ic religion ( ! ,sa9t-,simonians1 b ) ,l]\x1 z ) ,f\ri]1 x 0 d]iv$ f ! m difficult doctr9e ( pal+5esis4 ,we ( ?is g5]ation1 he believ$1 are n m]ely ! sons & desc5dants ( pa/ g5]ations1 we are ! pa/ g5]ations !mselves1 :i* h come to bir? aga9 9 u4 ,?r\gh _m pages ( ! two volumes ,footnote3 ,de l'humanite1 #ahdj 7d$icat$ to ,b]ang]74 9 :i* he set =? 8 !sis1 ,l]\x exp5d$ mu* useless le>n+ 9 endeav\r+ to e/abli% ?is doctr9e1 :i*1 7 x true1 might be ! c5tral pr9ciple 9 a new religion ( humanity1 a trans=m$ ,py?agoreanism4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! attractiv5ess ( pal+5esis to a believ] 9 ,progress3 = x w\ld provide a solution ( ! anomaly t g5]ations aft] g5]ations are sacrific$ = ! sake ( po/]ity1 & s appe> to h no value 9 !mselves4 ,believ]s 9 ,progress1 :o are s5sitive to ! suff]+s ( mank9d1 pa/ & pres5t1 ne$ a /oical resolution to face ?is fact4 ,we saw h[ ,h]d] refus$ to accept x4 ,a pan!i/ic fai?1 l t ( ! ,sa9t-,simonian ,*ur*1 may help "s1 x _c d m1 to a /oical acquiesc5ce4 ,! pal+5esis ( ,l]\x or ,f\ri] removes ! radical inju/ice4 ,! m5 ( ea* g5]ation are sacrific$ & suff] = ! sake ( _! desc5dants1 b z _! desc5dants are !mselves come to life aga91 !y are really suff]+ 9 _! own int]e/s4 ,!y w !mselves rea* ! desirable /ate to :i* ! sl[1 pa9ful process ( hi/ory is t5d+4 ,b pal+5esis1 not)/&+ all ! anci5t op9ions & traditions t ! rese>*es ( ,l]\x might mu/]1 c\ld c>ry little conviction to ^? :o 7 ceas+ to believe 9 ! famili> doctr9e ( a future life deta*$ f e>?1 & ,madame ,dudevant 0 8 only di/+ui%$ conv]t4 #e4 ,! asc5d5cy ( ! idea ( ,progress among ?\ghtful p 9 ,france 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury is illu/rat$ by ! "w :i* ,erne/ ,r5an compos$ "u ! imm$iate impression ( ! ev5ts ( #ahdh4 ,he desir$ to und]/& ! significance ( ! curr5t revolution>y doctr9es1 & 0 at once involv$ 9 speculation on ! future ( humanity4 ,?is is ! purport ( ,l',,av5ir ,,de ,,la ,,sci5ce4 ,footnote3 ,l',av5ir de la sci5ce--,p5sees de 7#ahdh74 ,publi%$ 9 #ahij4 ,footnote3 ,! asc5d5cy ( ! idea ( ,progress at ?is epo* may be fur!r illu/rat$ by ,e4 ,pelletan's ,pr(ession de foi du dix-neuvieme siecle1 #aheb 7#d? ed41 #aheg71 :]e ,progress is describ$ z ! g5]al law ( ! univ]se2 & by ,jean ,reynaud's ,philosophie religieuse3 ,t]re et ciel 7#crd ed41 #aheh71 a religi\s b n or?odox book1 :i* acclaims ! sovran pr9ciple ( p]fectibility 7cp4 p4 #ach74 ,i may ref] also to ! rhetorical pages ( ,e4 ,va*]ot on ! ,doctr9e du progres1 pr9t$ 7z "p ( an essay on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory7 9 8 ,essais de philosophie critique 7#ahfd74 ,! au?or 0 !n conv9c$ t hi/ory has a goal1 & t mank9d t5ds p]petually1 ?\gh 9 an oscillat+ l9e1 t[>ds a m p]fect /ate1 ?r\gh ! gr[+ dom9ion ( reason ov] in/9ct & caprice4 ,he takes ! ,fr5* ,revolution z ! critical mom5t 9 :i* humanity fir/ came to "k itself4 ,t revolution 0 ! fir/ attempt ( man to take ! re9s into 8 own h&s4 ,all t w5t be=e we may call1 ) ,ow51 ! irrational p]iod ( human exi/5ce4 ,we h n[ come to a po9t at :i* we mu/ *oose betwe5 two fai?s4 ,if we despair ( reason1 we may f9d a refuge f utt] scepticism 9 a belief 9 ! ext]nal au?ority ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,if we tru/ reason1 we mu/ accept ! m>* ( ! human m9d & ju/ify ! mod]n _s4 ,& x c be ju/ifi$ only by prov+ t x is a necess>y /ep t[>ds p]fection4 ,r5an affirm$ 8 belief 9 ! second alt]native1 & felt confid5t t sci5ce--includ+ philology1 on ! human be>+s ( :i* he enl>g$1--philosophy1 & art w\ld ultimately enable m5 to realise an ideal civilisation1 9 :i* all w\ld be equal4 ,! /ate1 he said1 is ! ma*9e ( ,progress1 & ! ,sociali/s are "r 9 =mulat+ ! problem :i* man has to solve1 ?\gh _! solution is a bad "o4 ,= individual lib]ty1 :i* socialism w\ld s]i\sly limit1 is a def9ite conque/1 & ought to be pres]v$ inviolate4 ,r5an wrote ?is "w 9 #ahdh & #ahdi1 b did n publi% x at ! "t4 ,he gave x to ! _w =ty ye>s lat]4 ,^? =ty ye>s _h robb$ him ( 8 e>ly optimism4 ,he cont9ues to believe t ! un=tunate conditions ( our race might be ameliorat$ by sci5ce1 b he d5\nces ! view t m5 c ev] be equal4 ,inequality is writt5 9 nature2 x is n only a necess>y consequ5ce ( lib]ty1 b a necess>y po/ulate ( ,progress4 ,!re w always be a sup]ior m9ority4 ,he criticises himself too = hav+ fall5 into ! error ( ,hegel1 & assign$ to man an unduly important place 9 ! univ]se4 ,footnote3 ,r5an1 speak+ ( ! ,sociali/s1 paid a high tribute to ,baz>d 7,l',av5ir de la sci5ce1 p4 #ajd74 ,on ! o!r h&1 he criticis$ ,comte sev]ely 7p4 #adi74 ,r5an return$ to speculation on ! future 9 #ahfc1 9 a lett] to ,m4 ,m>cell9-,b]!lot 7publi%$ 9 ,dialogues et fragm5ts philosophiques1 #ahgf73 ,que s]a ,ie monde qu& un million de fois se s]a reproduit ce qui s'e/ passe depuis #agfc qu& la *imie1 au lieu de quatre-v+t ans de progres1 en aura c5t millions8 7p4 #ahc74 ,& aga9 9 ! ,dialogues writt5 9 #ahga 7ib471 :]e x is laid d[n t ! end ( humanity is to produce great m53 le gr& oeuvre s'accomplira p> la sci5ce1 non p> la democratic4 ,ri5 sans gr&s hommes2 le salut se f]a p> des gr&s hommes 7p4 #ajc74 ,9 #ahij !re 0 no?+ left ( ! s5tim5tal socialism :i* he _h /udi$ 9 #ahdh2 x _h be5 bl[n away by ! cold w9d ( sci5tific socialism :i* ,m>x & ,engels creat$4 ,& ,r5an _h come to ?9k t 9 ?is new =m socialism w\ld triumph4 ,footnote3 ,he reckon$ )\t ! new =ces1 oppos$ to socialism z well z to p>liam5t>y democracy1 repres5t$ by ,bakun9 & m5 l ,georges ,sorel4 ,he _h criticis$ ,comte = believ+ t man lives exclusively by sci5ce1 or r little v]bal tags1 l geometrical !orems1 dry =mulae4 ,0 he satisfi$ by ! concrete doctr9e ( ,m>x t all ! ph5om5a ( civilisation at a giv5 p]iod are det]m9$ by ! me?ods ( production & di/ribution :i* !n prevail8 ,b ! future ( socialism is a m9or issue1 & ! ultimate goal ( humanity is q unc]ta94 ,ce qu'il y a de consolant1 c'e/ qu'on arrive necessairem5t quelque "p4 ,we may console ourselves ) ! c]ta9ty t we mu/ get some:]e4 #f4 ,pr\dhon describ$ ! idea ( ,progress z ! railway ( lib]ty4 ,x c]ta9ly suppli$ motive p[] to social ideals :i* 7 repugnant & al>m+ to ! au?orities ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,at ! ,vatican x 0 cle>ly se5 t ! idea 0 a p[]ful eng9e driv5 by an enemy2 & 9 ! fam\s ,,syllabus ( errors :i* ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 flung 9 ! face ( ! mod]n _w at ! end ( #ahfd1 ,progress _h ! hon\r ( be+ c5sur$4 ,! eightie? error1 :i* closes ! li/1 runs ?us3 ,romanus ,pontifex pote/ ac debet cum progressu1 cum lib]alismo et cum rec5ti civilitate sese reconcili>e et compon]e4 ,! ,roman ,pontiff c1 & ought to1 be reconcil$ & come to t]ms ) progress1 ) lib]alism1 & ) mod]n civilisation4 ,no wond]1 see+ t ,progress 0 invok$ to ju/ify e movem5t t (f5d$ ! no/rils ( ! ,vatican--lib]alism1 tol]ation1 democracy1 & socialism4 ,& ! ,roman ,*ur* well und]/ood ! intimate connection ( ! idea ) ! advance ( rationalism4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,mat]ial ,,progress3 ,,! ,,exhibition ,,( #ahea #a4 ,x is n easy = a new idea ( ! speculative ord] to p5etrate & in=m ! g5]al consci\sness ( a community until x has assum$ "s ext]nal & concrete embodim5t or is recomm5d$ by "s /rik+ mat]ial evid5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ,progress bo? ^! conditions 7 fulfill$ 9 ! p]iod #ahbj to #ahej4 ,9 ! ,sa9t-,simonian ,*ur*1 & 9 ! attempts ( ,ow5 & ,cabet to f\nd ideal societies1 p saw practical ent]prises inspir$ by ! idea4 ,!y might h no sympa?y ) ^! ent]prises1 b _! att5tion 0 attract$4 ,& at ! same "t !y 7 witness+ a rapid trans=mation ( ! ext]nal conditions ( life1 a movem5t to ! cont9uation ( :i* !re seem$ no reason = sett+ any limit 9 ! future4 ,! spectacul> results ( ! advance ( sci5ce & me*anical te*nique br\ght home to ! m9d ( ! av]age man ! conception ( an indef9ite increase ( man's p[] ov] nature z 8 bra9 p5etrat$ h] secrets4 ,?is evid5t mat]ial progress :i* has cont9u$ incessantly ev] s9ce has be5 a ma9/ay ( ! g5]al belief 9 ,progress :i* is preval5t to-day4 ,engl& 0 ! lead] 9 ?is mat]ial progress1 ( :i* ! p>ticul>s are famili> & ne$ n be enum]at$ "h4 ,! discov]y ( ! p[] ( /eam & ! pot5tialities ( coal revolutionis$ ! conditions ( life4 ,m5 :o 7 born at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury _h se51 be=e !y _h pass$ ! age ( ?irty1 ! rapid developm5t ( /eam navigation1 ! illum9ation ( t[ns & h\ses by gas1 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ railway4 ,x 0 j be=e ?is ev5t1 ! op5+ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway1 :i* %[$ h[ ma*9]y w\ld abbreviate space z x _h ,,sir ,,?omas ,,m1 ,,or ,,colloquies ,,on ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,society 7#ahbi74 ,!re we see ! effect ( ! new =ce on 8 imag9ation4 ,/eam1 he says1 w gov]n ! _w next1444 & %ake x too be=e its empire is e/abli%$4 ,! biograph] ( ,nelson devotes a :ole conv]sation to ! subject ( /eam & w>4 ,b ! !me ( ! book is ! "q ( moral & social progress1 on :i* ! au?or incl9es to ! view t ! _w w cont9ue to improve1 ev5 z x has hi!rto be5 cont9ually improv+2 & t ! progress ( k & ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity w br+ ab\t at la/1 :5 m5 become ,*ri/ian 9 reality z well z 9 "n1 some?+ l t ,utopian /ate ( :i* philosoph]s h lov$ to dream4 ,?is admission ( ,progress1 cauti\s ?\gh x 01 circumscrib$ by res]ves & compromis$ by hesitations1 com+ f su* a cons]vative pill> ( ,*ur* & ,/ate z ,s\!y1 is a notable sign ( ! times1 :5 we rememb] t ! idea 0 /ill associat$ !n ) revolution & h]esy4 ,x is significant too t at ! same "t an octog5>ian ma!matician ( ,ab]de5 0 compos+ a book on ! same subject4 ,hamilton's ,,progress ,,( ,,society is n[ utt]ly =gott51 b x mu/ h contribut$ 9 its day to propagat+ ! same mod]ate view ( ,progress1 consi/5t ) or?odoxy1 :i* ,s\!y held4 ,! belief ( ! p]fectibility ( human nature & ! atta9m5t ( a gold5 age 9 :i* vice & mis]y h no place1 w only be ent]ta9$ by an en?usia/2 b an inquiry into ! means ( improv+ our nature & enl>g+ our happ9ess is consi/5t ) sob] reason1 & is ! mo/ important subject1 m]ely human1 t c engage ! m9d ( man4 ,footnote3 ,p4 #ac4 ,! book 0 publi%$ po/hum\sly by ,murray 9 #ahcj1 a ye> aft] ! au?or's dea?4 ,footnote3 ,progress ( ,society4 ,! phrase 0 becom+ common2 e4g4 ,russell's ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,europe 7#ahbb7 has ! sub-title ,a view ( ! ,progress ( ,society1 etc4 ,! didactic poem ( ,payne ,knight1 ,! ,progress ( ,civil ,society 7#agif71 a v dull p]=mance1 0 q unaffect$ by ! dreams ( ,prie/ley or ,godw94 ,x 0 t[>ds ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ,progress1 )\t any qualify+ phrase1 came into use4 #b4 ,we h be5 told by ,t5nyson t :5 he w5t by ! fir/ tra9 f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/] 7#ahcj7 he ?\ght t ! :eels ran 9 grooves4 ,!n ,i made ?is l9e3 ,let ! great _w sp9 = ev] d[n ! r++ grooves ( *ange4 ,footnote3 ,see ,t5nyson1 ,memoir by 8 ,son1 vol4 i4 p4 #aie4 ,,locksley ,,hall1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdb1 illu/rates h[ ! idea ( ,progress _h begun to creep into ! imag9ation ( ,engli%m54 ,?\gh subsidi>y to a love /ory1 x is ! true !me ( ! poem4 ,! pulsation ( eag] int]e/ 9 ! t]re/rial de/9ies ( humanity1 ! l>ge excitem5t ( liv+ 9 a wondr\s ,"m-age1 dreams ( ! future1 quick5 ! passion ( ! h]o's y\?4 ,8 disappo9tm5t 9 love dis5*ants him2 he sees ! rev]se side ( civilisation1 b at la/ he f9ds an anodyne = 8 palsi$ he>t 9 a m sob] v]sion ( 8 e>li] fai?1 a *a/5$ belief 9 8 ,"m-age4 ,he c at lea/ disc]n an increas+ purpose 9 hi/ory1 & c be sure t ! ?\ghts ( m5 are wid5$ ) ! process ( ! suns4 ,! novelty ( ! poem lay 9 f9d+ a ca?>tic cure = a private sorr[1 n 9 religion or 9 nature1 b 9 ! mod]n idea ( ,progress4 ,x may be said to m>k a /age 9 ! c>e] ( ! idea4 ,! view ( civilisation :i* ,t5nyson took z 8 ,,motif _h no revolution>y implications1 sugge/$ no impati5ce or ang] ) ! pa/4 ,! />tl+ prospect unfold+ itself be=e ! long result ( "t1 & hi/ory is ju/ifi$ by ! promise ( to-day3 ,! c5turies beh9d me l a fruitful l& repos$4 ,v diff]5t 0 ! _s 9 :i* ano!r great poet compos$1 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s lat]1 a wond]ful hymn ( ,progress4 ,victor ,hugo's ,,ple9 ,,ceil1 9 8 epic ,,la ,,leg5de ,,des ,,siecles1,footnote3 ,a4,d4 #ahei4 ann\nces a new era ( ! _w 9 :i* man1 ! triumphant rebel1 deliv]$ f 8 pa/1 w move freely =w>d on a glori\s way4 ,! poet is inspir$ n by fai? 9 a cont9u\s developm5t ?r\gh\t ! ages1 b by ! old _s ( ! ,revolution1 & he sees 9 ! pa/ only a heavy *a9 :i* ! race at la/ fl+s (f4 ,! horrible pa/ has gone1 n to return3 ce monde e/ mort2 & ! poem is at once a paean on man's victori\s rebellion aga9/ x & a di?yramb on ! prospect ( 8 future4 ,man is imag9$ z driv+ ?r\gh ! heav5s an a]ial c> to :i* ! f\r w9ds are h>ness$1 m\nt+ above ! cl\ds1 & ?reat5+ to trav]se ! e!r4 ,sup]be1 il plane1 avec un hymne en ses agres2 ,et l'on voit voir pass] la /rophe du progres4 ,il e/ la nef1 il e/ le ph>e6 ,l'homme enf9 pr5d son sceptre et jette son baton4 ,et l'on voit s'envol] le calcul de ,newton ,monte sur l'ode de ,p9d>e4 ,b if ?is vision =e%ad[s ! conque/ ( ! air1 its significance is symbolic r ?an lit]al1 &1 l ,p9d> *eck+ ! /e$s ( 8 song1 ,hugo returns to e>?3 ,pas si lo96 pas si haut6 r$esc5dons4 ,re/ons ,l'homme1 re/ons ,adam2 mais non l'homme a tatons1 ,mais non l',adam tombe6 ,t\t autre reve alt]e ,l'espece d'ideal qui convi5t a la t]re4 ,cont5tons-n\s du mot3 meilleur6 ecrit p>t\t4 ,dawn has appe>$1 aft] six ?\s& ye>s 9 ! fatal way1 & man1 fre$ by ! invisible h& f ! weight ( 8 *a9s1 has emb>k$ = new %ores3 ,ou va-t-il ce navire8 ,,ii va1 de j\r vetu1 ,a l'av5ir div9 et pur1 a la v]tu1 ,a la sci5ce qu'on voit luire1 ,a la mort des fleaux1 a l'oubli g5]eux1 ,a l'abondance1 au caime1 au rire1 a l'homme heureux1 ,il va1 ce glorieux navire4 ,oh6 ce navire fait le voyage sacre6 ,c'e/ l'asc5sion bleue a son premi] degre2 ,hors de l'antique et vil decombre1 ,hors de la pesanteur1 c'e/ l'av5ir fonde2 ,c'e/ le de/9 de l'homme a la f9 evade1 ,qui leve l'ancre et sort de l'ombre6 ,! union ( humanity 9 a univ]sal commonweal?1 :i* ,t5nyson _h express$ z ! ,p>liam5t ( ,man1 ! ,f$]ation ( ! ,_w1 ! goal ( _m !ori/s ( ,progress1 becomes 9 ,hugo's imag9ation some?+ m sublime4 ,! magic %ip ( man's de/9y is to compass ! cosmopolis ( ! ,/oics1 a t]re/rial ord] 9 h>mony ) ! :ole univ]se4 ,nef magique et supreme6 elle a1 ri5 qu'eri m>*ant1 ,*ange le cri t]re/re en pur et joyeux *ant1 ,rajeuni les races fletries1 ,etabli l'ordre vrai1 montre le *em9 sur1 ,dieu ju/e6 et fait entr] dans l'homme tant d'azur ,qu'elle a supprime les patries6 ,faisant a l'homme avec le ciel une cite1 ,une p5see avec t\te l'imm5site1 ,elle abolit les vieilles regles2 ,elle abaisse les monts1 elle annule les t\rs2 ,spl5dide1 elle introduit les peuples1 m>*eurs l\rds1 ,dans la communion des aigles4 #c4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahej railway transport spread ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & 0 introduc$ on ! ,cont95t1 & electricity 0 subdu$ to man's use by ! inv5tion ( telegraphy4 ,! great ,exhibition ( ,london 9 #ahea 01 9 "o ( its aspects1 a public recognition ( ! mat]ial progress ( ! age & ! gr[+ p[] ( man ov] ! physical _w4 ,its aim1 said a contempor>y1 0 to seize ! liv+ scroll ( human progress1 inscrib$ ) e successive conque/ ( man's intellect4,footnote3 ,ed9burgh ,review 7,octob] #ahea71 p4 #efb1 9 a review ( ! ,(ficial ,catalogue ( ! ,exhibition4 ,! ,pr9ce ,consort1 :o orig9at$ ! ,exhibition1 expla9$ its significance 9 a public spee*3 ,nobody :o has paid any att5tion to ! peculi> features ( our pres5t era w d\bt = a mom5t t we are liv+ at a p]iod ( mo/ wond]ful transition1 :i* t5ds rapidly to accompli% t great end to :i* inde$ all hi/ory po9ts--,,! ,,realisation ,,( ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,mank9d4444 ,! di/ances :i* sep>at$ ! diff]5t nations & p>ts ( ! globe are rapidly vani%+ be=e ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n inv5tion1 & we c trav]se !m ) incr$ible ease2 ! languages ( all nations are kn[n1 & _! acquirem5ts plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody2 ?\ght is communicat$ ) ! rapidity1 & ev5 by ! p[]1 ( lightn+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,,great ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,division ,,( ,,lab\r1 :i* may be call$ ! mov+ p[] ( civilisation1 is be+ ext5d$ to all bran*es ( sci5ce1 indu/ry1 & art444 ,g5tlem51 ! ,exhibition ( #ahea is to give u a true te/ & a liv+ picture ( ! po9t ( developm5t at :i* ! :ole ( mank9d has arriv$ 9 ?is great task1 & a new />t+-po9t f :i* all nations w be able to direct _! fur!r ex]tions4 ,footnote3 ,m>t91 ,life ( ! ,pr9ce ,consort 7ed4 #c71 iii4 p4 #bdg4 ,! spee* 0 deliv]$ at a banquet at ! ,mansion ,h\se on ,m>* #ba1 #ahej4 ,! po9t emphasis$ "h is ! solid>ity ( ! _w4 ,! ,exhibition is to br+ home to m5's consci\sness ! community ( all ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,! assembl$ peoples1 wrote ,?ack]ay1 9 8 ,may-day ,ode1 ,footnote3 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,times1 ,april #cj1 #ahea4 ,! ,exhibition 0 op5$ on ,may ,i4 ,see ! sumptu\s banquet set1 ,! bro!rhood ( nations met ,ar\nd ! fea/4 ,& ?is 0 ! note /ruck 9 ! lead+ article ( ! ,times on ! op5+ day3 ,! fir/ morn+ s9ce ! creation t all peoples h assembl$ f all p>ts ( ! _w & done a common act4 ,x 0 claim$ t ! ,exhibition signifi$ a new1 intellig5t1 & moral movem5t :i* m>ks a great crisis 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & =e%ad[s univ]sal peace4 ,engl&1 said ano!r writ]1 produc$ ,bacon & ,newton1 ! two philosoph]s :o fir/ l5t direction & =ce to ! /ream ( indu/rial sci5ce2 we h be5 ! fir/ also to give ! wide/ possible base to ! wat*-t[] ( int]national progress1 :i* seeks ! =mation ( ! physical well-be+ ( man & ! ext9ction ( ! mean] jeal\sies ( comm]ce4,footnote3 ,ed9burgh ,review1 loc4 cit4 ,^! quotations %[ t ! great ,exhibition 0 at ! "t optimi/ically reg>d$1 n m]ely z a record ( mat]ial a*ievem5ts1 b z a demon/ration t humanity 0 at la/ well on its way to a bett] & happi] /ate1 ?r\gh ! fall+ ( b>ri]s & ! result+ insight t ! int]e/s ( all are closely int]lock$4 ,a vi/a 0 sugge/$1 at ! end ( :i* f>-sight$ p might ?9k !y disc]n$ ,t5nyson's ,f$]ation ( ! ,_w4 #d4 ,s9ce ! ,exhibition1 we/]n civilisation has advanc$ /eadily1 & 9 "s respects m rapidly ?an any sob] m9d c\ld h pr$ict$--civilisation1 at lea/1 9 ! conv5tional s5se1 :i* has be5 n badly def9$ z ! developm5t ( mat]ial ease1 ( education1 ( equality1 & ( aspirations to rise & succe$ 9 life4 ,footnote3 ,b4 ,kidd1 ,social ,evolution1 p4 #cfh4 ,! mo/ /rik+ advance has be5 9 ! te*nical conv5i5ces ( life--t is1 9 ! control ov] natural =ces4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to enum]ate ! discov]ies & inv5tions s9ce #ahej :i* h abridg$ space1 economis$ "t1 eas$ bodily suff]+1 & r$uc$ 9 "s ways ! friction ( life1 ?\gh !y h increas$ x 9 o!rs4 ,?is un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( te*nical inv5tions1 proce$+ concurr5tly ) imm5se enl>gem5ts ( all bran*es ( k1 has gradually accu/om$ ! lea/ speculative m9d to ! conception t civilisation is naturally progressive1 & t cont9u\s improvem5t is "p ( ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,s f> ! hopes ( #ahea h be5 fulfill$4 ,b aga9/ all ?is te*nical progress1 ) ! enorm\s expansion ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 dazzl+ to ! man 9 ! m>ket-place :5 he pauses to reflect1 h to be set ! exploitation & suff]+s ( indu/rial work]s1 ! di/ress ( int5se economic competition1 ! heavi] burd5s ( prep>ation = mod]n w>4 ,! v increase ( mat]ial ease seem$ unavoidably to involve conditions inconsi/5t ) univ]sal happ9ess2 & ! communications :i* l9k$ ! peoples ( ! _w toge!r modifi$ ! me?ods ( w>f>e in/ead ( br++ peace4 ,t\tes nos m]veilleuses inv5tions sont aussi puissantes p\r le mal que p\r le bi54 ,footnote3 ,h4 de ,f]ron1 ,!orie du progres 7#ahfg71 ii4 #dci4 ,"o fact inde$ might be tak5 z an index t humanity 0 morally advanc+--! abolition ( slav]y 9 ,am]ica at ! price ( a long & sangu9>y w>4 ,yet "s triumphs ( philan?ropy h>dly seem$ to endang] ! conclusion t1 :ile k is indef9itely progressive1 !re is no good reason = sangu9e hopes t man is p]fectible or t univ]sal happ9ess is atta9able4 ,a ?\ghtful writ] obs]v$1 discuss+ ,progress 9 #ahfd1 t ! innum]able individual /eps 9 ! gr[? ( k & bus9ess organisation h n be5 comb9$1 s f>1 to produce a g5]al advance 9 ! happ9ess ( life2 ea* /ep br+s increase ( pressure4 ,footnote3 ,lotze1 ,microcosmus 7,eng4 tr471 vol4 ii4 p4 #cif4 ,yet 9 spite ( all adv]se facts & _m em95t diss5t]s ! belief 9 social ,progress has on ! :ole prevail$4 ,?is triumph ( optimism 0 promot$ by ! victory ( a revolution>y hypo!sis 9 ano!r field ( inquiry1 :i* sudd5ly electrifi$ ! _w4 ,footnote3 ,aga9/ ,lotze we might set _m op9ions :i* d n seem to h be5 influ5c$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,= in/ance1 ! optimism ( ,m4 ,m>cell9-,b]!lot 9 a lett] to ,r5an 9 #ahfc4 ,he says 7,r5an1 ,dialogues1 p4 #bcc7 t "o ( ! g5]al results ( hi/orical /udy is ! fact ( ! incessant progress ( human societies 9 sci5ce1 9 mat]ial conditions1 & 9 morality1 ?ree correlatives4444 ,societies become m & m civilis$1 & ,i w v5ture to say m & m virtu\s4 ,! sum ( good is always increas+1 & ! sum ( evil dim9i%+1 9 ! same measure z ! sum ( tru? increases & ! sum ( ignorance dim9i%es4 ,9 #ahfg ,em]son deliv]$ an address at ,h>v>d on ! ,progress ( ,culture 7pr9t$ 9 8 ,lett]s & ,social ,aims71 9 :i* he enum]ates optimi/ically ! indications ( social advance3 ! new scope ( social sci5ce2 ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t & ( imprisonm5t = debt3 ! improvem5t ( prisons2 ! ef=ts = ! suppression ( intemp]ance1 vice1 etc41 & asks3 ,:o w\ld live 9 ! /one age1 or ! bronze1 or ! iron1 or ! lacu/r9e8 ,:o does n pref] ! age ( /eel1 ( gold1 ( coal1 petroleum1 cotton1 /eam1 electricity1 & ! spectroscope8 ,! discursive ,?\ghts on ! ,future ( ! ,human ,race1 publi%$ 9 #ahff1 by ,w4 ,ellis 7#ahjj-ha71 a disciple ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 w\ld h be5 rem>kable if x _h appe>$ half a c5tury e>li]4 ,he is unt\*$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 & argues on common-s5se gr\nds t ,progress is inevitable4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,evolution #a4 ,9 ! sixties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! idea ( ,progress ent]$ ^u ! ?ird p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! ,,fir/ p]iod1 up to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 x _h be5 treat$ r casually2 x 0 tak5 = grant$ & receiv$ no se>*+ exam9ation ei!r f philosoph]s or f hi/orians4 ,9 ! ,,second p]iod its imm5se significance 0 appreh5d$1 & a se>* began = a g5]al law :i* w\ld def9e & e/abli% x4 ,! /udy ( sociology 0 f\nd$1 & at ! same "t ! impressive results ( sci5ce1 appli$ to ! conv5i5ces ( life1 adv]tis$ ! idea4 ,x h>monis$ ) ! notion ( developm5t :i* _h become curr5t bo? 9 natural sci5ce & 9 metaphysics4 ,sociali/s & o!r political re=m]s appeal$ to x z a gospel4 ,by #ahej x 0 a famili> idea 9 ,europe1 b 0 n yet univ]sally accept$ z obvi\sly true4 ,! notion ( social ,progress _h be5 gr[+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! notion ( biological developm5t1 b ?is developm5t /ill seem$ a highly prec>i\s speculation4 ,! fixity ( species & ! creation ( man1 def5d$ by p[]ful int]e/s & prejudices1 7 attack$ b 7 n %ak54 ,! hypo!sis ( organic evolution 0 mu* 9 ! same position z ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!n 9 #ahei ,d>w9 int]v5$1 l ,galileo4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species *ang$ ! situation by disprov+ def9itely ! dogma ( fixity ( species & assign+ real causes = trans=mism4 ,:at might be set aside be=e z a brilliant guess 0 elevat$ to ! rank ( a sci5tific hypo!sis1 & ! foll[+ tw5ty ye>s 7 enliv5$ by ! /ruggle ar\nd ! evolution ( life1 aga9/ prejudices *iefly !ological1 result+ 9 ! victory ( ! !ory4 ,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species l$ to ! ,,?ird /age ( ! =tunes ( ! idea ( ,progress4 ,we saw h[ ! helioc5tric a/ronomy1 by de?ron+ man f 8 privileg$ position 9 ! univ]se ( space & ?r[+ him back on 8 own ef=ts1 _h help$ t idea to compete ) ! idea ( a busy ,provid5ce4 ,he n[ suff]s a new degradation )9 ! compass ( 8 own planet4 ,evolution1 %e>+ him ( 8 glory z a rational be+ specially creat$ to be ! "l ( ! e>?1 traces a humble p$igree = him4 ,& ?is second degradation 0 ! decisive fact :i* has e/abli%$ ! reign ( ! idea ( ,progress4 #b4 ,evolution itself1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 does n necess>ily mean1 appli$ to society1 ! movem5t ( man to a desirable goal4 ,x is a neutral1 sci5tific conception1 compatible ei!r ) optimism or ) pessimism4 ,accord+ to diff]5t e/imates x may appe> to be a cruel s5t5ce or a gu>antee ( /eady amelioration4 ,& x has be5 actually int]pret$ 9 bo? ways4 ,9 ord] to base ,progress on ,evolution two di/9ct argum5ts are requir$4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t social life obeys ! same g5]al laws ( evolution z nature1 & also t ! process involves an increase ( happ9ess1 !n ,progress w\ld be z valid a hypo!sis z ! evolution ( liv+ =ms4 ,d>w9 _h conclud$ 8 treatise ) ^! words3 ,z all ! liv+ =ms ( life are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ^? :i* liv$ long be=e ! ,silurian epo*1 we may feel c]ta9 t ! ord9>y succession by g5]ation has nev] once be5 brok51 & t no cataclysm has desolat$ ! :ole _w4 ,h5ce we may look ) "s confid5ce to a secure future ( equally inappreciable l5g?4 ,& z natural selection works solely by & = ! good ( ea* be+1 all corporeal & m5tal environm5ts w t5d to progress t[>ds p]fection4 ,"h ! evolutioni/ /ruck ! note ( optimism4 ,& he sugge/$ t laws ( ,progress w\ld be f\nd 9 o!r qu>t]s ?an ^? :]e !y _h hi!rto be5 s\ght4 ,! able/ & mo/ influ5tial developm5t ( ! argum5t f evolution to ,progress 0 ! "w ( ,sp5c]4 ,he ext5d$ ! pr9ciple ( evolution to sociology & e?ics1 & 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s int]pret] ( x 9 an optimi/ic s5se4 ,he _h be5 an evolutioni/ long be=e ,d>w9's decisive int]v5tion1 & 9 #ahea he _h publi%$ 8 ,social ,/atics1 :i*1 al?\gh he _h n yet work$ out ! evolution>y laws :i* he began to =mulate soon aft]w>ds & 0 /ill a !i/1 exhibits ! g5]al tr5d ( 8 optimi/ic philosophy4 ,progress "h appe>s z ! basis ( a !ory ( e?ics4 ,! title indicates ! influ5ce ( ,comte1 b ! argum5t is %>ply oppos$ to ! _s ( ,comte's tea*+1 & sociology is treat$ 9 a new way4 ,footnote3 ,social ,/atics1 or ! ,conditions ,ess5tial to ,human ,happ9ess specifi$1 & ! fir/ ( !m develop$1 is ! full title4 ,sp5c] beg9s by argu+ t ! con/ancy ( human nature1 s frequ5tly alleg$1 is a fallacy4 ,= *ange is ! law ( all ?+s1 ( e s+le object z well z ( ! univ]se4 ,nature 9 its inf9ite complexity is ev] gr[+ to a new developm5t4 ,x w\ld be /range if1 9 ?is univ]sal mutation1 man alone 7 un*angeable1 & x is n true4 ,he also obeys ! law ( indef9ite v>iation4 ,contra/ ! h\seless savages ) ,newtons & ,%akespe>es2 betwe5 ^! extremes !re are c\ntless degrees ( diff]5ce4 ,if !n humanity is indef9itely v>iable1 p]fectibility is possible4 ,9 ! second place1 evil is n a p]man5t necessity4 ,= all evil results f ! non-adaptation ( ! organism to its conditions2 ?is is true ( ev]y?+ t lives4 ,& x is equally true t evil p]petually t5ds to disappe>4 ,9 virtue ( an ess5tial pr9ciple ( life1 ?is non-adaptation ( organisms to _! conditions is ev] be+ rectifi$1 & "o or bo? cont9ue to be modifi$ until ! adaptation is p]fect4 ,& ?is applies to ! m5tal z well z to ! physical sph]e4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w m5 suff] _m evils1 & ?is %[s t _! *>act]s are n yet adju/$ to ! social /ate4 ,n[ ! qualification requisite = ! social /ate is t ea* individual %all h su* desires only z may fully be satisfi$ )\t tr5*+ ^u ! ability ( o!rs to obta9 simil> satisfaction4 ,?is qualification is n yet fulfill$1 because civilis$ man reta9s "s ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* 7 suitable = ! conditions ( 8 e>li] pr$atory life4 ,he ne$$ "o moral con/itution = 8 primitive /ate1 he ne$s q ano!r = 8 pres5t /ate4 ,! resultant is a process ( adaptation :i* has be5 go+ on = a long "t1 & w g on = a long "t to come4 ,civilisation repres5ts ! adaptations :i* h already be5 accompli%$4 ,progress means ! successive /eps ( ! process4 ,t by ?is process man w ev5tually become suit$ to 8 mode ( life1 ,sp5c] has no d\bts4 ,all excess & defici5cy ( suitable faculties mu/ disappe>2 9 o!r words1 all imp]fection4 ,! ultimate developm5t ( ! ideal man is logically c]ta9--z c]ta9 z any conclusion 9 :i* we place ! mo/ implicit fai?2 = in/ance1 t all m5 w die4 ,"h is ! !ory ( p]fectibility ass]t$1 on new gr\nds1 ) a confid5ce n less assur$ ?an t ( ,condorcet or ,godw94 ,progress !n is n an accid5t1 b a necessity4 ,civilisation is a "p ( nature1 be+ a developm5t ( man's lat5t capabilities "u ! action ( fav\rable circum/ances :i* 7 c]ta9 at "s "t or o!r to occur4 ,"h ,sp5c]'s argum5t assumes a f9al cause4 ,! ultimate purpose ( creation1 he ass]ts1 is to produce ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess1 & to fulfil ?is aim x is necess>y t ea* memb] ( ! race %\ld possess faculties enabl+ him to exp]i5ce ! highe/ enjoym5t ( life1 yet 9 su* a way z n to dim9i% ! p[] ( o!rs to receive l satisfaction4 ,be+s ?us con/itut$ _c multiply 9 a _w t5ant$ by inf]ior creatures2 ^!1 !re=e1 mu/ be dispossess$ to make room2 & to dispossess !m aborig9al man mu/ h an inf]ior con/itution to beg9 )2 he mu/ be pr$atory1 he mu/ h ! desire to kill4 ,9 g5]al1 giv5 an unsubdu$ e>?1 & ! human be+ appo9t$ to ov]spread & occupy x1 !n1 ! laws ( life be+ :at !y are1 no o!r s]ies ( *anges ?an t :i* has actually occurr$ c\ld h occurr$4 ,! argum5t might be put 9 a =m free f ! assumption ( a f9al cause1 & )\t introduc+ ! conception ( a div9e ,provid5ce :i* 9 ?is "w ,sp5c] adopt$1 ?\gh 9 8 lat] philosophy x 0 sup]s$$ by ! conception ( ! ,unkn[able exi/+ beh9d all ph5om5a4 ,b ! ,,role ( ! ,div9e rul] is simply to set 9 motion immutable =ces to realise 8 design4 ,9 ! moral z 9 ! mat]ial _w accumulat$ evid5ce is gradually g5]at+ ! conviction t ev5ts are n at bottom =tuit\s1 b t !y are wr\ght out 9 a c]ta9 inevitable way by un*ang+ =ces4 ,! optimism ( ,sp5c]'s view c\ld n be surpass$4 ,aft] pati5t /udy1 he writes1 ?is *aos ( ph5om5a into ! mid/ ( :i* he man 0 born has begun to g5]alise itself to him2 in/ead ( confusion he beg9s to disc]n ! dim outl9es ( a gigantic plan4 ,no accid5ts1 no *ance1 b ev]y:]e ord] & complet5ess ,"o by "o exceptions vani%1 & all becomes sy/ematic4 ,always t[>ds p]fection is ! mighty movem5t--t[>ds a complete developm5t & a m unmix$ good2 subord9at+ 9 its univ]sality all petty irregul>ities & fall+s back1 z ! curvature ( ! e>? subord9ates m\nta9s & valleys4 ,ev5 9 evils ! /ud5t le>ns to recognise only a /ruggl+ b5efic5ce4 ,b above all he is /ruck ) ! inh]5t suffic+ness ( ?+s4 ,b ! movem5t t[>ds h>mony1 ! elim9ation ( evil1 w n be effect$ by ideali/s impos+ _! con/ructions ^u ! _w or by au?orit>ian gov]nm5ts4 ,x means gradual adaptation1 gradual psy*ological *ange1 & its life is individual lib]ty4 ,x proce$s by ! give & take ( oppos$ op9ions4 ,guizot _h said1 ,progress1 & at ! same "t resi/ance4 ,& ,sp5c] conceives t resi/ance is b5eficial1 s long z x comes f ^? :o hone/ly ?9k t ! in/itutions !y def5d are really ! be/ & ! propos$ innovations absolutely wrong4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,sp5c]'s doctr9e ( p]fectibility re/s on an entirely diff]5t basis f ! doctr9e ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is "o ?+ to d$uce x f an ab/ract psy*ology :i* holds t human nature is unresi/+ly pla/ic 9 ! h&s ( ! legislator & ! in/ructor4 ,x is ano!r to argue t human nature is subject to ! g5]al law ( *ange1 & t ! process by :i* x sl[ly b cont9u\sly t5ds to adapt itself m & m to ! conditions ( social life--*ildr5 inh]it+ ! acquir$ aptitudes ( _! p>5ts--po9ts to an ultimate h>mony4 ,"h pr(itable legislation & education are auxili>y to ! process ( unconsci\s adaptation1 & respond to ! psy*ological *anges 9 ! community1 *anges :i* reveal !mselves 9 public op9ion4 #c4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ t5 ye>s ,sp5c] 0 inve/igat+ ! g5]al laws ( evolution & plann+ 8 ,syn!tic ,philosophy :i* 0 to expla9 ! developm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,footnote3 ,9 an article on ,progress3 its ,law & ,cause1 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,april #aheg1 ,sp5c] expla9$ t social progress1 rightly und]/ood1 is n ! increase ( mat]ial conv5i5ces or wid5+ fre$om ( action1 b *anges ( /ructure 9 ! social organism :i* entail su* consequ5ces1 & proce$$ to %[ t ! gr[? ( ! individual organism & ! gr[? ( civilisation obey ! same law ( advance f homog5eity to het]og5eity ( /ructure4 ,"h he us$ progress 9 a neutral s5se2 b recognis+ t a ^w is requir$ :i* has no teleological implications 7,autobiography1 i4 #ejj71 he adopt$ evolution six mon?s lat] 9 an article on ,transc5d5tal ,physiology 7,national ,review1 ,oct4 #aheg74 ,9 8 /udy ( organic laws ,sp5c] 0 indirectly influ5c$ by ! ideas ( ,s*ell+ ?r\gh von ,ba]4 ,he aim$ at %[+ t laws ( *ange are discov]able :i* control all ph5om5a alike1 inorganic1 biological1 psy*ical1 & social4 ,9 ! light ( ?is hypo!sis ! actual progression ( humanity is e/abli%$ z a necess>y fact1 a sequel ( ! g5]al cosmic movem5t & gov]n$ by ! same pr9ciples2 &1 if t progression is %[n to involve increas+ happ9ess1 ! !ory ( ,progress is e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ section ( ! "w1 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples1 appe>$ 9 #ahfb4 ,! ,,biology1 ! ,,psy*ology1 & f9ally ! ,,sociology1 foll[$ dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s2 & ! syn!sis ( ! _w-process :i* ^! volumes lucidly & p]suasively develop$1 probably did m ?an any o!r "w1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 bo? to drive home ! significance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution & to raise ! doctr9e ( ,progress to ! rank ( a commonplace tru? 9 popul> e/imation1 an axiom to :i* political rhetoric might effectively appeal4 ,_m ( ^? :o 7 allur$ by ,sp5c]'s gigantic syn!sis h>dly realis$ t 8 !ory ( social evolution1 ( ! gradual psy*ical improvem5t ( ! race1 dep5ds ^u ! validity ( ! assumption t p>5ts transmit to _! *ildr5 faculties & aptitudes :i* !y h !mselves acquir$4 ,on ?is "q exp]ts notori\sly diff]4 ,"s day x w probably be def9itely decid$1 & p]haps 9 ,sp5c]'s fav\r4 ,b ! !ory ( cont9u\s psy*ical improvem5t by a process ( nature enc\nt]s an obvi\s difficulty1 :i* did n escape "s critics ( ,sp5c]1 9 ! prom95t fact ( hi/ory t e great civilisation ( ! pa/ progress$ to a po9t at :i* in/ead ( advanc+ fur!r x /ood /ill & decl9$1 to become ! prey ( y\ng] societies1 or1 if x surviv$1 to /agnate4 ,arre/1 decad5ce1 /agnation has be5 ! rule4 ,x is n easy to reconcile ?is ph5om5on ) ! !ory ( m5tal improvem5t4 ,! receptive attitude ( ! public t[>ds su* a philosophy z ,sp5c]'s _h be5 made possible by ,d>w9's discov]ies1 :i* 7 re9=c$ by ! gr[+ sci5ce ( palaeontology & ! accumulat+ mat]ial evid5ce ( ! great antiquity ( man4 ,by ! simultane\s advances ( geology & biology man's p]spective 9 "t 0 revolutionis$1 j z ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy _h revolutionis$ 8 p]spective 9 space4 ,_m ?\ghtful & _m ?\ghtless p 7 ready to disc]n--z ,huxley sugge/$--9 man's long progress ?r\gh ! pa/1 a reasonable gr\nd ( fai? 9 8 atta9m5t ( a nobl] future4 & ,w9wood ,reade1 a "y ,african travell]1 exhibit$ x 9 a vivid book z a long-drawn-out m>tyrdom4 ,b he 0 a disciple ( ,sp5c]1 & 8 hopes = ! future 7 z bright z 8 picture ( ! pa/ 0 d>k4 ,,! ,,m>tyrdom ,,( ,,man1 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 0 s widely read t x rea*$ an eigh? edition twelve ye>s lat]1 & may be c\nt$ z "o ( ! ag5cies :i* popul>is$ ,sp5c]'s optimism4 ,t optimism 0 n endors$ by all ! contempor>y lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,lotze _h ass]t$ emphatically 9 #ahfd t human nature w n *ange1 & aft]w>ds he saw no reason to alt] 8 conviction4 ,nev] "o fold & "o %eph]d1 nev] "o uni=m culture = all mank9d1 nev] univ]sal nobl5ess4 ,our virtue & happ9ess c only fl\ri% amid an active conflict ) wrong4 ,if e /umbl+-block 7 smoo!d away1 m5 w\ld no long] be l m51 b l a flock ( innoc5t brutes1 fe$+ on good ?+s provid$ by nature z at ! v beg9n+ ( _! c\rse4 ,footnote3 ,microcosmus1 ,bk4 vii4 #e ad f94 7,eng4 trans4 p4 #cjj74 ,! fir/ ,g]man edition 7?ree vols47 appe>$ 9 #ahef-fd1 ! ?ird1 f :i* ! ,engli% translation 0 made1 9 #ahgf4 ,lotze 0 optimi/ic z to ! durability ( mod]n civilisation3 ,no "o w pr(ess to =ekn[ ! future1 b z f> z m5 may judge x seems t 9 our days !re arc great] safegu>ds ?an !re 7 9 antiquity aga9/ unju/ifiable excesses & aga9/ ! ext]nal =ces :i* might endang] ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( civilisation4 ,b ev5 if we reject ) ,sp5c] ! old dictum1 endors$ by ,lotze z by ,font5elle1 t human nature is immutable1 ! dictum ( ultimate h>mony enc\nt]s ! foll[+ objection4 ,if ! social environm5t 7 /able1 x is easy to argue1 x c\ld be admitt$ t man's nature1 v>iable ,,ex ,,hypo!si1 c\ld gradually adapt itself to x1 & t f9ally a def9ite equilibrium w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,b ! environm5t is cont9ually *ang+ z ! consequ5ce ( man's v ef=ts to adapt himself2 e /ep he takes to h>monise 8 ne$s & 8 conditions produces a new discord & confronts him ) a new problem4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no reason to believe t ! reciprocal process :i* goes on 9 ! gr[? ( society betwe5 m5's natures & ! environm5t !y are cont9ually modify+ w ev] rea* an equilibrium1 or ev5 t1 z ! "* ( ! discords *anges1 ! suff]+ :i* !y cause dim9i%es4 ,9 fact1 ^u ! neutral fact ( evolution a !ory ( pessimism may be built up z speci\sly z a !ory ( optimism4 ,& su* a !ory 0 built up ) great p[] & ability by ! ,g]man philosoph] ,e4 von ,h>tmann1 ^: ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,unconsci\s appe>$ 9 #ahfi4 ,leav+ aside 8 metaphysics & 8 grotesque !ory ( ! de/9y ( ! univ]se1 we see "h & 9 8 subsequ5t works h[ plausibly a conv9c$ evolutioni/ c\ld revive ! view ( ,r\sseau t civilisation & happ9ess are mutually antagoni/ic1 & t ,progress means an increase ( mis]y4 ,huxley himself1 ,footnote3 ,see ,agno/icism 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7,feb4 #ahhi72 ,gov]nm5t3 ,an>*y or ,regim5tation1 ib4 7,may #ahij72 ,essays on ,evolution & ,e?ics 7#ahid74 "o ( ! mo/ em95t int]pret]s ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 did n1 9 8 late ye>s at lea/1 ent]ta9 v sangu9e views ( mank9d4 ,i "k ( no /udy :i* is s sadd5+ z t ( ! evolution ( humanity z x is set =? 9 ! annals ( hi/ory4444 ,man is a brute1 only m intellig5t ?an o!r brutes2 & ev5 ! be/ ( mod]n civilisations appe>s to me to exhibit a condition ( mank9d :i* nei!r embodies any wor?y ideal nor ev5 possesses ! m]it ( /ability4 ,!re may be "s hope ( a l>ge improvem5t1 b o!rwise he w\ld welcome a k9dly comet to sweep ! :ole affair away4 ,& he came to ! f9al conclusion t su* an improvem5t c\ld only set 9 by delib]ately resi/+1 in/ead ( co-op]at+ )1 ! processes ( nature4 ,social progress means ! *eck+ ( ! cosmic process at e /ep & ! sub/itution = x ( ano!r :i* may be call$ ! e?ical process4 ,footnote3 ,huxley consid]s progress exclusively f an e?ical1 n f an eudaemonic po9t ( view4 ,h[ 9 a few c5turies c man hope to ga9 ! ma/]y ov] ! cosmic process :i* has be5 at "w = millions ( ye>s8 ,! !ory ( evolution enc\rages no mill5nial anticipations4 ,i h quot$ ^! views to illu/rate t evolution l5ds itself to a pessimi/ic z well z to an optimi/ic int]pretation4 ,! "q :e!r x leads 9 a desirable direction or n is answ]$ accord+ to ! temp]am5t ( ! inquir]4 ,9 an age ( prosp]ity & self-complac5cy ! affirmative answ] 0 readily receiv$1 & ! t]m evolution attract$ to itself 9 common spee* ! implications ( value :i* belong to ,progress4 ,x may be notic$ t ! self-complac5cy ( ! age 0 promot$ by ! popul>isation ( sci5tific k4 ,a rapidly gr[+ dem& 7especially 9 ,engl&7 = books & lectures1 mak+ ! results ( sci5ce accessible & int]e/+ to ! lay public1 is a rem>kable feature ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & to supply ?is dem& 0 a remun]ative ent]prise4 ,?is popul> lit]ature expla9+ ! wond]s ( ! physical _w 0 at ! same "t subtly flu%+ ! imag9ations ( m5 ) ! consci\sness t !y 7 liv+ 9 an era :i*1 9 itself va/ly sup]ior to any age ( ! pa/1 ne$ be burd5$ by no fe> ( decl9e or cata/rophe1 b tru/+ 9 ! b\ndless res\rces ( sci5ce might securely defy fate4 #d4 ,x 0 said 9 #ahha by an ,am]ican writ] 7:o /rongly diss5t$ f ,sp5c]'s !ory7 t ! curr5t view 0 fatali/ic4 ,see ,h5ry ,george1 ,progress & ,pov]ty4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ^? ( ! g5]al public :o optimi/ically accept$ evolution )\t go+ v deeply into ! "q really believ$ t ! future ( man is tak5 entirely out ( 8 h&s & is det]m9$ exclusively by ! nature ( ! cosmic process4 ,bagehot 0 a writ] :o _h a good deal ( influ5ce 9 8 day2 & 9 ,physics & ,politics 7#ahgb71 :]e he discusses ,progress1 !re is no sugge/ion ( fatalism4 ,9 ,france1 ! *ief philosophical writ]s :o accept$ ,progress z a fact prote/$ aga9/ a fatali/ic int]pretation 7,r5\vi]1 ,c\rnot1 ,c>o2 & cf4 ,l4 ,c>rau's article on ,progress 9 ! ,revue des deux ,mondes 7,oct4 #ahge774 ,progress 0 discuss$ by ,fiske 9 8 ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy 7#ahgd71 vol4 ii4 #aib sqq4 ,= him 7p4 #bja7 ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( social progress is ! cont9u\s weak5+ ( selfi%ness & ! cont9u\s /r5g!n+ ( sympa?y4 ,?us 9 ! sev5ties & eighties ( ! la/ c5tury ! idea ( ,progress 0 becom+ a g5]al article ( fai?4 ,"s might hold x 9 ! fatali/ic =m t humanity moves 9 a desirable direction1 :atev] m5 d or may leave undone2 o!rs might believe t ! future w dep5d l>gely on our own consci\s ef=ts1 b t !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s to disappo9t ! prospect ( /eady & indef9ite advance4 ,! majority did n inquire too curi\sly into su* po9ts ( doctr9e1 b receiv$ x 9 a vague s5se z a com=table addition to _! convictions4 ,b x became a "p ( ! g5]al m5tal outlook ( educat$ p4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison deliv]$ 9 #ahhi at ,man*e/] an eloqu5t disc\rse on ! ,new ,era1 9 :i* ! dom9ant note is ! fai? 9 human progress 9 lieu ( cele/ial rew>ds ( ! sep>ate s\l1 8 g5]al argum5t c\ld appeal to imm5sely wid] circles ?an ! ,positivi/s :om he 0 specially address+4 ,! dogma--= a dogma x rema9s1 9 spite ( ! confid5ce ( ,comte or ( ,sp5c] t he _h made x a sci5tific hypo!sis--has produc$ an important e?ical pr9ciple4 ,consid]ation = po/]ity has ?r\gh\t hi/ory op]at$ z a motive ( conduct1 b feebly1 occasionally1 & 9 a v limit$ s5se4 ,) ! doctr9e ( ,progress x assumes1 logically1 a prepond]at+ importance2 = ! c5tre ( int]e/ is transf]r$ to ! life ( future g5]ations :o are to enjoy conditions ( happ9ess d5i$ to u1 b :i* our lab\rs & suff]+s are to help to br+ ab\t4 ,if ! doctr9e is held 9 an extreme fatali/ic =m1 !n our duty is to resign ourselves *e]fully to sacrifices = ! sake ( unkn[n desc5dants1 j z ord9>y altruism enjo9s ! *e]ful acceptance ( sacrifices = ! sake ( liv+ fell[-creatures4 ,w9wood ,reade indicat$ ?is :5 he wrote1 ,our own prosp]ity is f\nd$ on ! agonies ( ! pa/4 ,is x !re=e unju/ t we also %\ld suff] = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are to come8 ,b if x is held t ea* g5]ation c by its own delib]ate acts det]m9e = good or evil ! de/9ies ( ! race1 !n our duties t[>ds o!rs rea* out ?r\gh "t z well z ?r\gh space1 & our contempor>ies are only a negligible fraction ( ! neighb\rs to :om we owe obligations4 ,! e?ical end may /ill be =mulat$1 ) ! ,utilit>ians1 z ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]2 only ! greate/ numb] includes1 z ,kidd obs]v$1 ! memb]s ( g5]ations yet unborn or un?\ght (4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! moral code1 if x is n yet conspicu\s 9 treatises on ,e?ics1 has 9 late ye>s be5 obta9+ recognition 9 practice4 #e4 ,)9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ne>ly e civilis$ c\ntry has produc$ a l>ge lit]ature on social sci5ce1 9 :i* indef9ite ,progress is g5]ally assum$ z an axiom4 ,b ! law ^: inve/igation ,kant designat$ z ! task = a ,newton1 :i* ,sa9t-,simon & ,comte did n f9d1 & to :i* ,sp5c]'s evolution>y =mula w\ld /& 9 ! same relation z x /&s to ! law ( gravitation1 rema9s /ill undiscov]$4 ,to exam9e or ev5 glance at ?is lit]ature1 or to speculate h[ !ories ( ,progress may be modifi$ by rec5t philosophical speculation1 lies beyond ! scope ( ?is volume1 :i* is only conc]n$ ) trac+ ! orig9 ( ! idea & its gr[? up to ! "t :5 x became a curr5t cre$4 ,look+ back on ! c\rse ( ! inquiry1 we note h[ ! hi/ory ( ! idea has be5 connect$ ) ! gr[? ( mod]n sci5ce1 ) ! gr[? ( rationalism1 & ) ! /ruggle = political & religi\s lib]ty4 ,! precursors 7,bod9 & ,bacon7 liv$ at a "t :5 ! _w 0 consci\sly emancipat+ itself f ! au?ority ( tradition & x 0 be+ discov]$ t lib]ty is a difficult !oretical problem4 ,! idea took def9ite %ape 9 ,france :5 ! old s*eme ( ! univ]se _h be5 %att]$ by ! victory ( ! new a/ronomy & ! pre/ige ( ,provid5ce1 ,,cuncta ,,sup]cilio ,,m\5tis1 0 pal+ be=e ! maje/y ( ! immutable laws ( nature4 ,!re began a sl[ b /eady re9/atem5t ( ! k+dom ( ?is _w4 ,! o!rworldly dreams ( !ologians1 ceux qui r5iai5t la t]re p\r patrie1 :i* _h rul$ s long lo/ _! p[]1 & m5's e>?ly home aga9 ins9uat$ itself into _! affections1 b ) ! new hope ( its becom+ a place fit = reasonable be+s to live 94 ,we h se5 h[ ! belief t our race is travell+ t[>ds e>?ly happ9ess 0 propagat$ by "s em95t ?9k]s1 z well z by "s n v =tunate p]sons :o _h a good deal ( "t on _! h&s4 ,& all ^! high-prie/s & inc5se-be>]s to :om ! cre$ owes its success 7 rationali/s1 f ! au?or ( ! ,hi/oire des oracles to ! philosoph] ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,,epilogue ,9 a*iev+ its asc5d5cy & unfold+ its mean+1 ! ,idea ( ,progress _h to ov]come a psy*ological ob/acle :i* may be describ$ z ,,! ,,illusion ,,( ,,f9ality4 ,x is q easy to fancy a /ate ( society1 va/ly diff]5t f ours1 exi/+ 9 "s unkn[n place l heav52 x is mu* m difficult to realise z a fact t ! ord] ( ?+s ) :i* we are famili> has s little /ability t our actual desc5dants may be born into a _w z diff]5t f ours z ours is f t ( our ance/ors ( ! plei/oc5e age4 ,! illusion ( f9ality is /rong4 ,! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages w\ld h f\nd x h>d to imag9e t a "t 0 n f> (f 9 :i* ! ,la/ ,judgem5t w\ld h ceas$ to ar\se any emotional int]e/4 ,9 ! sph]e ( speculation ,hegel1 & ev5 ,comte1 illu/rate ?is psy*ological limitation3 !y did n recognise t _! own sy/ems c\ld n be f9al any m ?an ! sy/em ( ,ari/otle or ( ,desc>tes4 ,x is sci5ce1 p]haps1 m ?an any?+ else--! wond]ful hi/ory ( sci5ce 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s--t has help$ u to transc5d ?is illusion4 ,b if we accept ! reason+s on :i* ! dogma ( ,progress is bas$1 mu/ we n c>ry !m to _! full conclusion8 ,9 escap+ f ! illusion ( f9ality1 is x legitimate to exempt t dogma itself8 ,mu/ n x1 too1 submit to its own negation ( f9ality8 ,w n t process ( *ange1 = :i* ,progress is ! optimi/ic "n1 compel ,progress too to fall f ! comm&+ position 9 :i* x is n[1 ) app>5t security1 en?ron$8 words 9 ,greek444 ,a day w come1 9 ! revolution ( c5turies1 :5 a new idea w usurp its place z ! direct+ idea ( humanity4 ,ano!r />1 unnotic$ n[ or invisible1 w climb up ! intellectual heav51 & human emotions w react to its influ5ce1 human plans respond to its guidance4 ,x w be ! crit]ion by :i* ,progress & all o!r ideas w be judg$4 ,& x too w h its successor4 ,9 o!r words1 does n ,progress itself sugge/ t its value z a doctr9e is only relative1 correspond+ to a c]ta9 n v advanc$ /age ( civilisation2 j z ,provid5ce1 9 its day1 0 an idea ( relative value1 correspond+ to a /age some:at less advanc$8 ,or w x be said t ?is argum5t is m]ely a disconc]t+ trick ( dialectic play$ "u cov] ( ! d>kness 9 :i* ! issue ( ! future is safely hidd5 by ,horace's prud5t god8