,,! ,,art ,,( ,,inv5t+ ,,by ,,edw9 ,j4 ,,pr9dle1 ,m4,e41 ,l4,l4,m41 ( ! ,new ,york ,b>4 ,a pap] read at ! #bc;d ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ,may #bh-ca1 #aijf4 ,a pap] pres5t$ at ! #bc;d ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ,may #bh-ca1 #aijf4 ,copyright #aijf4 ,by ,a4 ,i4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,inv5t+4 ,,by ,,edw9 ,j4 ,,pr9dle4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( inv5tion4 ,! poet1 ! arti/1 ! playwright1 ! noveli/ all ex]cise or may ex]cise inv5tion 9 ! production ( _! works4 ,! m]*ant may ex]cise inv5tion 9 ! devis+ ( a new me?od ( sell+ goods4 ,! dep>tm5t /ore 0 an inv5tion ( ?is class4 ,! subject ( my pap] is1 h[ev]1 ! art ( mak+ te*nical inv5tions1 & p>ticul>ly pat5table inv5tions4 ,&1 fir/1 ( its comm]cial importance2 = ! eng9e] is conc]n$ ) ?+s hav+ a comm]cial value4 ,by ! art ( inv5t+1 weal? is creat$ absolutely out ( ideas alone4 ,x usually takes capital to develop an inv5tion & make x productive1 b n always4 ,a notable rec5t example is ,pr(essor ,pup9's load$ telephone l9e4 ,he receiv$ a v l>ge sum ( money1 & 8 exp5ditures1 z ,i und]/&1 7 comp>atively trivial4 ,! c]tificate ( own]%ip ( an inv5tion is a pat5t1 & ! importance ( ! art ( inv5tion w be made app>5t f a brief consid]ation ( :at rights a pat5t conf]s & ( ! "p t pat5ts play 9 ! indu/ries4 ,a pat5t is ! mo/ p]fect =m ( monopoly recogniz$ by ! law4 ,z 0 said 9 a rec5t decision3 ,)9 8 doma91 ! pat5tee is cz>4 ,! p mu/ take ! inv5tion on ! t]ms he dictates or let x alone = sev5te5 ye>s4 ,?is is a necessity f ! nature ( ! grant4 ,cries ( re/ra9t ( trade & impairm5t ( ! fre$om ( sales are unavail+1 because = ! promotion ( ! useful arts ! con/itution & /atutes au?orize ?is v monopoly4 ,!re is an enorm\s am\nt ( weal? 9 ?is c\ntry t is bas$ ^u pat5ts4 ,z an in/ance1 might be m5tion$ ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,%oe ,ma*9]y ,company is1 by means ( pat5ts1 able to control ! sew+ ma*9es ^u :i* n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! welt %oes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are sew$4 ,! ,bell ,telephone ,company1 & ! ,we/+h\se ,air ,brake ,company & _m o!r corporations ( ! fir/ importance built !mselves up on pat5ts4 ,pat5ts h become s well recogniz$ a factor 9 comm]ce t1 9 _m l9es ( manufacture1 conc]ns d n dep5d simply ^u *eapness ( manufacture1 or quality ( product1 to ma9ta9 _! trade1 b !y c\nt on always hav+ a product :i* is at lea/ slightly bett] ?an t ( _! competitors1 & :i* is cov]$ by pat5ts1 s t !y d n h to compete ) an article ( equal m]it4 ,& !y keep a corps ( inv5tors at "w 9 a con/ant ef=t to improve ! product1 s t1 :5 ! pat5ts n[ giv+ protection h expir$1 !y w h a bett] article to (f]1 :i* %all also be protect$ by pat5ts4 ,inv5t+ has become almo/ a recogniz$ pr(ession4 ,_m l>ge conc]ns con/antly employ a l>ge corps ( inv5tors1 at lib]al sal>ies4 ,besides ! inv5tors employ$ by l>ge corporations1 !re are _m inv5tors :o h ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce1 & are free lances1 s to speak4 ,"s inv5tors h become weal?y almo/ solely by _! inv5tions1 su* z ,edison1 ,bell1 ,we/+h\se1 ,m>coni1 ,pup91 ,tesla1 & ,sprague4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! small] manufactur+ conc]ns are built l>gely or :olly ^u ! inv5tions ( _! pr9cipal own]s4 ,aside f ! "q ( f9ancial returns f inv5t+1 ! inv5tor has ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t he is a produc] ( ! mo/ fundam5tal k9d4 ,all mat]ial progress has involv$ ! production ( inv5tions4 ,inv5tors are univ]sally conc$$ to be among ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! human race4 ,! art ( inv5tion is !re=e "o ( great comm]cial & economical importance1 & x becomes a matt] ( mu* int]e/ to "k h[ inv5tions are produc$4 ,x is my object to attempt an explanation ( ! mann] ( _! production4 ,if x be inquir$ on :at gr\nds ,i (f] an explanation ( ?is app>5tly mo/ difficult subject1 ,i reply t1 9 ! practice ( pat5t law1 ,i h (t5 _h occasion & opportunity to inquire into ! m5tal processes ( inv5tors1 & t ! subject is "o to :i* ,i h giv5 consid]able att5tion4 ,x seems to be popul>ly believ$ t ! inv5tor mu/ be born to 8 "w1 & t su* p are born only occasionally4 ,?is is true1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b ,i am conv9c$ !re are _m p :o1 )\t suspect+ x1 h lat5t inv5tive abilities1 :i* c\ld be put to "w if !y only knew h[ to g ab\t x4 ,! l>ge p]c5tage ( inv5tors 9 ?is c\ntry comp>$ ) all o!r c\ntries1 %[s t ! inv5tive faculty is "o :i* c be cultivat$ to "s ext5t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 +5uity is n :olly a matt] ( race1 = sub/antially ! same blood exi/s 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 b x is ! enc\ragem5t ( our pat5t laws t has /imulat$ ! cultivation ( ?is faculty4 ,! popul> idea seems to be t an inv5tion is produc$ by its inv5tor at a s+le ef=t ( ! imag9ation & complete1 z ,m9]va sprang full gr[n & fully arm$ f ! m9d ( ,jove4 ,x is1 und\bt$ly1 true t e inv5tor mu/ h "s imag9ation or creative faculty1 b1 z ,i %all seek to %[1 ?is faculty may be greatly assi/$ by me?od4 ,:ile reason+ does n con/itute ! :ole ( an inv5tive act1 x c1 s to speak1 cle> ! way & r5d] ! inv5tive act easi] ( accompli%m5t4 ,inv5tion has be5 def9$ z ,9 ! nature ( a guess2 ! m9d leaps across a logical *asm4 ,in/ead ( work+ out a conclusion1 x imag9es x4 ,! c\rts h repeat$ly held t t :i* c\ld be produc$ purely by ! process ( reason+ or inf]5ce1 on ! "p ( "o ord9>ily skill$ 9 ! art is n pat5table1 b t ! imag9ative or creative faculty mu/ some:]e be us$ 9 ! process4 ,! m9d mu/ some:]e leap f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n by means ( ! imag9ation1 & n by m]e inf]5ce 9 mak+ ! inv5tion4 ,b ! inv5tor1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by prop] me?od1 r$uces ! l5g? ( ?is leap to mu* m mod]ate proportions ?an is popul>ly suppos$4 ,t reason+ & rese>* frequ5tly ent] v l>gely into ! inv5tive act 9 aid ( ! creative faculty is ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,tr[bridge1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity :o said3 ,important inv5tions lead+ to widespread improvem5ts 9 ! arts or to new indu/ries d n come by *ance1 or z sudd5 inspiration1 b are 9 almo/ e in/ance ! result ( long & exhau/ive rese>*es by m5 ^: ?or\gh famili>ity ) _! subjects enables !m to see cle>ly ! way to improvem5ts4 ,almo/ all important & successful inv5tions :i* h f\nd _! way into g5]al use & acceptance h be5 ! products ( well-balanc$ & ?\ghtful m9ds1 capable ( pati5t labori\s inve/igation4 ,judge ,drummond1 9 a decision _m ye>s ago1 said3 ,mo/ inv5tions are ! result ( exp]im5t1 trial1 & ef=t1 & few ( !m are work$ out by m]e w4 ,mo/ inv5tions are an evolution f "s previ\sly inv5t$ =m4 ,x has be5 said3 ,we "k exactly h[ ! human m9d works4 ,! unkn[n--or unkn[able--x always conceives 9 t]ms ( ! kn[n4 ,ev5 ! imag9ation conceives 9 t]ms ( :at is already kn[n2 t is1 ! product ( ! imag9ation is a trans=mation ( mat]ial already possess$4 ,imag9ation is ! association 9 new relations ( ideas already possess$ by ! m9d4 ,x is impossible to imag9e t1 ! elem5ts ( :i* are n already kn[n to u4 ,we _c conceive ( a color :i* does n consi/ ( a bl5d+ ( "o or m colors ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,?is evolution ( an inv5tion is m or less logical1 & is (t5 work$ out by logical processes to su* an ext5t t ! /eps or ef=ts ( imag9ation are greatly r$uc$ z comp>$ ) ! ef=t ( produc+ ! inv5tion solely by ! imag9ation4 ,edison is quot$ z hav+ said t any man c become an inv5tor if he has imag9ation & p]t9acity1 t inv5tion is n s mu* inspiration z p]spiration4 ,!re are f\r classes ( protectable inv5tions4 ,^! are ,arts1 ,ma*9es1 ,manufactures1 & ,compositions ( matt]4 ,9 popul> language an art may be said to be any process or s]ies ( /eps or op]ations = accompli%+ a physical or *emical result4 ,examples are1 ! art ( telephon+ by caus+ undulations ( ! electric curr5t correspond+ to ! s\nd waves ( ! spok5 voice4 ,! art ( ca/+ c> :eels1 :i* consi/s 9 direct+ ! metal into ! mold 9 a /ream runn+ tang5tially in/ead ( radially1 s t ! metal 9 ! mold is giv5 a rot>y movem5t1 & ! heavy1 s\nd metal fl[s out to ! rim ( ! :eel1 :ile ! light & defective metal is displac$ t[>d ! c5tre1 :]e x is n subject$ to we>4 ,! t]m ma*9e h>dly ne$s any explanation4 ,x may be said to be an assemblage ( two or m me*anical elem5ts1 hav+ a law ( action ( its own4 ,a manufacture is any?+ made by ! h& ( man1 :i* is nei!r a ma*9e nor a composition ( matt]2 su* z1 a *isel1 a mat*1 or a p5cil4 ,! t]m composition ( matt] cov]s all comb9ations ( two or m sub/ances1 :e!r by me*anical mixture or *emical union1 & :e!r !y be gases1 fluids1 p[d]s or solids2 su* z1 a new cem5t or pa9t4 ,^! def9itions are n legally exact1 b s]ve to illu/rate ! mean+4 ,9 ! mak+ ( all inv5tions :i* d n consi/ 9 ! discov]y ( ! adaptability ( "s means to an end n int5tionally be+ s\ght aft]1 ! fir/ /ep is ! selection ( a problem4 ,! inv5tor %\ld fir/ make c]ta9 t ! problem is bas$ ^u a real ne$4 ,mu* "t & money is sometimes sp5t 9 an ef=t to inv5t some?+ t is n really ne$$4 ,:at already exi/s is good en\gh or is s good t no additional co/ or complication w\ld ju/ify any?+ bett]4 ,! new inv5tion might be objectionable because x w\ld involve c\nt] disadvantages m important ?an its own advantages1 s t a really desirable object is ! fir/ ?+ to be sure (4 ,hav+ select$ a problem1 ! next /ep %\ld be a ?or\gh analysis ( ! old situation1 gett+ at ! reasons = ! faults :i* exi/1 & 9 fact discov]+ ! pres5ce ( faults :i* are n obvi\s to o!rs1 because ( ! t5d5cy to believe t :atev] is1 is "r4 ,!n ! qualities ( ! mat]ial1 & ! laws ( action "u :i* "o mu/ op]ate %\ld be exhau/ively consid]$4 ,x %\ld be consid]$ :e!r ^! laws are really or only app>5tly inflexible4 ,x %\ld be c>efully consid]$ :e!r fur!r improvem5t is possible 9 ! same direction1 & su* consid]ation w (t5 sugge/ ! direction 9 :i* fur!r improvem5t mu/ g1 if a *ange ( direction is necess>y4 ,sometimes ! only possible improvem5t is 9 an opposite direction4 ,a glance at ! acc\nts ( h[ ,james ,watt inv5t$ ! cond5s+ /eam-eng9e w %[ :at a l>ge "p pr(\nd /udy ( ! old eng9e & ( ! laws ( /eam play$ 9 8 inv5tion1 & h[ /rongly !y sugge/$ ! directions ( ! solutions ( 8 difficulties4 ,we n[ come to ! con/ructive "p ( inv5t+1 9 ord] to illu/rate :i*1 ,i w seek to expla9 h[ sev]al inv5tions 71 or c\ld h be51 produc$4 ,! way 9 :i* ! fir/ automatic /eam eng9e 0 produc$ 0 und\bt$ly ?is--& x %[s h[ comp>atively easily a really great inv5tion may sometimes be made4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ,humphrey ,pott]1 a boy1 to turn a /op-cock to let ! /eam into ! cyl9d] & "o to let 9 wat] to cond5se x at c]ta9 p]iods ( ea* /roke ( ! eng9e1 & if ?is 7 n done at ! "r "t1 ! eng9e w\ld /op4 ,he notic$ t ^! movem5ts ( ! /op-cock h&les took place 9 unison ) ! movem5ts ( c]ta9 portions ( ! beam ( ! eng9e4 ,he simply connect$ ! valve h&les ) ! prop] portions ( ! beam by /r+s1 & ! eng9e became automatic--a mo/ ev5tful result4 ,z "o example ( ! evolution ( an inv5tion1 ,i w take an in/rum5t = measur+ & record+ a p]iod ( "t1 kn[n z ! calculograph1 because x l5ds itself ) facility1 to an explanation f a plat=m & because my duties z a lawy] h necessitat$ my becom+ v famili> ) ! inv5tion1 & h caus$ me to consid] h[ x 0 probably produc$4 ,& fir/ ! problem3 ,!re 0 mu* occasion to det]m9e & record ! values ( p]iods ( elaps$ "t2 su* z1 ! l5g? ( "t ( a telephone conv]sation2 z ! rev5ue ( ! telephone companies dep5d$ ^u ! accuracy ( ! det]m9ation4 ,all ! previ\s me?ods involv$ ! record+ 9 h\rs & m9utes ! times ( day m>k+ ! initial & ! f9al limits ( ! p]iod to be measur$1 & !n ! subtraction ( ! "o "t ( day f ! o!r4 ,?is subtraction 0 f\nd to be v unreliable z well z exp5sive4 ,! problem !n 0 to devise "s way by :i* ! value ( ! p]iod c\ld be arriv$ at directly & )\t subtraction & also by :i* su* value c\ld be me*anically record$4 ,! prior ma*9e f :i* ! calculograph 0 evolv$ is ! "t-/amp1 a pr9t+ ma*9e hav+ a /ation>y die l a clock dial & hav+ a rotat+ die l ! h& ( ! clock1 z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! small triangle outside ! dial is ! h\r h&1 x be+ plac$ outside ! dial because x is necess>y t ! two h&s %all be at ! level ( ! face ( ! dial & yet be able to pass ea* o!r4 ,! h\r h& may be disreg>d$ "h1 z ! records ne$$ are almo/ nev] an h\r long4 ,! mann] ( us+ ! "t /amp to det]m9e ! value ( an int]val 0 to /amp ! "t ( day at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod1 & !n to /amp ! "t ( day at ! close ( ! p]iod at ano!r place on ! pap]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & f9ally m5tally to subtract ! "o "t ( day f ! o!r to get ! value ( ! p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,"t ,/amp ,record4 ,! inv5tor ( ! new ma*9e conceiv$ ! idea t1 if ! "t-/amp 7 provid$ ) guides or gauges s t ! c>d c\ld be plac$ bo? times 9 ! same position1 & ! two records ( ! "t /amp ?us be sup]impos$ conc5trically 7z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c71 ! value ( ! p]iod w\ld be repres5t$ by ! arc m>k$ (f by ! initial & f9al impr9ts ( ! m9ute h&1 s t1 in/ead ( subtract+ "o record f ano!r1 he _h only to f9d ! value ( ! arc m>k$ (f by c\nt+ ! correspond+ numb] ( m9utes along ! dial4 ,! inv5tor _h ?us gott5 rid ( ! subtraction1 b !re 7 sev]al desirable qualities n yet obta9$4 ,fir/1 he c\ld n tell f ! record alone1 :e!r x 0 ! long] or ! %ort] arc m>k$ (f t 0 ! measure ( ! p]iod4 ,= in/ance1 he c\ld n tell :e!r ! p]iod 0 #g or #ec m9utes4 ,?is 0 because ! two h& or po9t] impr9ts 7 exactly alike except 9 position4 ,s he conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ ! po9t] impr9ts diff]5t 9 appe>ance1 by provid+ ! po9t] die ) a m>k 9 l9e ) ! po9t]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! m>k & po9t] revolve toge!r & ei!r ! dies or ! plat5 are s arrang$ t ! m>k c be pr9t$ )\t ! po9t] at ! initial impr9t & ! po9t] at ! f9al impr9t z 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! m>k be+ pr9t$ or n at ! f9al impr9t1 z desir$4 ,?is c\ld be done ei!r by all[+ ! po9t] die or ! correspond+ portion ( ! plat5 to rema9 retract$ f ! pap] dur+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 #i3bc ,,fig4 #b4 #aj3ae ,initial ,"t ,/amp ,record4 ,f9al ,"t ,/amp ,record4 ,elaps$ ,"t3 #aj3ae-i3bc #eb m9utes4 ,to read ?is record1 h\rs & m9utes mu/ be subtract$ f h\rs & m9utes1 an op]ation liable to mu* error4 ,x c\ld ?us be told ) c]ta9ty f ! record alone :e!r ! long] or ! %ort] arc is ! measure ( ! p]iod1 because ! beg9n+ ( ! arc is t indicat$ by ! impr9t ( ! m>k )\t ! po9t]4 ,!re 0 /ill some?+ to be desir$4 ,! c\nt+ ( ! m9utes along ! measur+ arc 0 a wa/e ( "t1 if ! value ( ! arc c\ld 9 "s way be directly indicat$4 ,if ! h& 7 set back to #ab o'clock = ! initial impr9t1 ! f9al impr9t w\ld %[ ! h& po9t+ directly at ! m9ute ^: numb] on ! dial is ! value ( ! p]iod1 & x w\ld n ev5 be necess>y to c\nt4 ,b ! sett+ ( ! h& back to z]o w\ld prev5t its mak+ ! f9al impr9t ( any previ\sly begun record1 s t ! ma*9e c\ld only be us$ = "o record at a "t4 ,x 0 desirable to h a ma*9e t w\ld record any numb] ( ov]lapp+ int]vals at ! same "t1 s t "o ma*9e w\ld record ! int]vals ( all ! telephone conv]sations "u ! control ( a s+le op]ator1 or r ( two op]ators1 because bo? ( !m c\ld rea* ! same ma*9e4 ,s x w\ldn't d to set ! h& back to z]o1 z ! h& mu/ rotate con/antly & uni=mly4 ,!n :y n set ! z]o up to ! h& at ea* initial impr9t8 ,?is meant mak+ ! dial rotatable1 z well z ! h&4 ,x gave an initial record l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,subtraction elim9at$ b c\nt+ /ill requir$ & unc]ta9ty :e!r elaps$ p]iod is #g or #ec m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,h& & z]o m>k revolv+ )9 /ation>y dial4 ,! inv5tor !n ?\ght ( secur+ ! dial to ! po9t] die s t !y w\ld revolve toge!r1 ! z]o ( ! dial be+ 9 l9e ) ! po9t]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is w\ld obviate ! necessity ( sett+ ! z]o ( ! dial up to ! po9t] at ! initial impr9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,initial impr9t ( z]o m>k alone & f9al impr9t ( h& 7& z]o74 ,elaps$ "t1 #h m9utes4 ,no subtraction & no unc]ta9ty z to :i* impr9t fir/1 b c\nt+ /ill requir$4 ,b aga9 ! improvem5t involv$ a difficulty4 ,z ! dial rotat$1 its f9al impressions w\ld nev] regi/] ) its initial impressions & w\ld !re=e always de/roy !m4 ,z ! fir/ impr9t ( ! dial 0 ! only useful "o1 & z ! second impr9t only made tr\ble1 ! inv5tor conceiv$ ! idea ( n mak+ any impr9t ( ! dial at ! close ( ! p]iod1 & ?is he accompli%$ by mak+ ! annul> portion ( ! plat5 cov]+ ! dial s t x c\ld be advanc$ to pr9t or n z desir$4 ,z ! z]o ( ! dial always m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! measur+ arc1 x s]v$ ! same purpose z ! m>k 9 l9e ) ! po9t]1 & ! latt] c\ld n[ be omitt$4 ,! f9al ma*9e !n consi/s simply ( a revolv+ die :i*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 consi/s ( a graduat$ & progressively numb]$ dial1 hav+ a po9t] revolv+ 9 l9e ) ! z]o1 & ! ma*9e has a plat5 consi/+ ( an inn] circul> portion ov] ! po9t] & an annul> portion ov] ! dial1 ea* portion be+ op]at$ by a sep>ate h&le s t ! dial c be pr9t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod & ! po9t] alone1 at its close4 ,! f9al record has an initial impr9t ( ! dial1 ,fig4 #i;a1 ! z]o ( ! dial %[+ ! position ( ! po9t] at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod1 & a f9al impr9t ( ! po9t] alone1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i;b1 ! complete f9al record1 ,fig4 #i;c1 consi/+ ( ! sup]imposition ( ^! two records1 & %[+ ! po9t] 9 l9e ) t graduation ^: numb] is ! value ( ! p]iod4 ,"h is a record n only involv+ no subtraction & no unc]ta9ty b n ev51 c\nt+ 9 its record1 &1 z x 0 made )\t di/urb+ ! motions ei!r ( ! po9t] or dial1 any numb] ( records ( o!r p]iods c\ld h be5 begun or f9i%$ :ile ! ma*9e 0 measur+ ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,dial mov$ up to initial position ( z]o m>k4 ,elaps$ "t1 #aa m9utes4 ,no subtraction1 no c\nt+1 no unc]ta9ty2 b only "o record possible at a "t4 ,hid+ all ! int]m$iate /eps 9 ! evolution ( ?is inv5tion1 x seems ! result ( spontane\s creation1 b consid]+ ! /eps 9 _! successive ord]1 x w be se5 t ! inv5tion is an evolution f ! "t-/amp2 t logic r5d]$ ! ef=t ( ! imag9ation at any "o /ep small by comp>ison1 & t ! individual /eps might be well )9 ! capacity ( a p]son to :om ! spontane\s creation ( ! f9al inv5tion might be utt]ly impossible4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ example ( ! evolution ( an inv5tion is t ( ! cord-knott] ( ! self-b9d+ h>ve/]4 ,! problem "h 0 to devise a me*anism :i* w\ld take place ( ! human h&s 9 ty+ a knot 9 a cord ^: ends _h me*anically be5 br\ght toge!r ar\nd a bundle ( gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,dial ) po9t] at z]o revolv+ toge!r4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to select ! knot :i* c\ld be ti$ by ! simple/ motions4 ,! knot :i* ! inv5tor select$ is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & is a =m ( b[-knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,dial ) po9t] at z]o revolv+ toge!r1 z]o m>k on po9t] be+ replac$ by z]o ( dial4 ,! problem 0 to f9d h[ ?is knot c\ld be ti$ ) ! smalle/ numb] ( f+]s1 mak+ ! smalle/ numb] ( simple movem5ts4 ,z anyone w\ld ord9>ily tie ev5 ?is simple knot1 ! movem5ts w\ld be s num]\s & complex z to seem impossible ( p]=mance by me*anism4 ,! inv5tor1 by /udy ( 8 problem1 f\nd t ?is knot c\ld be ti$ by ! use ( only two f+]s ( "o h&1 & by v simple movem5ts4 ,! knot w be/ be und]/ood by foll[+ ! motions ( ^! f+]s 9 ty+ ! knot4 ,us+ ! fir/ & second f+]s ( ! "r h&1 !y are fir/ swept outw>d & backw>d 9 a circul> pa? aga9/ ! two /r&s ( ! cord to be ti$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i;a4 ,initial ,impr9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i;b4 ,f9al ,impr9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i;c4 ,complete ,record4 ,simple1 direct-read+ record4 ,no subtraction1 no c\nt+1 no unc]ta9ty4 ,any numb] ( ov]lapp+ p]iods record$ on "o ma*9e4 ,! f+]s cont9ue 9 _! circul> motion backw>d1 s t ! /r&s ( ! cord are wrapp$ ar\nd ^! f+]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,cont9u+ _! circul> motion1 ! f+]s approa* ! /r&s ( ! cord betwe5 ! twi/$ portion & a "p ( ! ma*9e :i* holds ! ends ( ! cord1 & ! f+]s spread ap>t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 s t !y c pass ov] & grasp ! /r&s ?us approa*$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! f+]s !n draw back ?r\gh ! loop :i* has be5 =m$ ab\t !m1 ! f+]s hold+ ! grasp$ portion ( ! /r&s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! knot is f9i%$ by ! completion ( ! retract+ movem5t ( ! f+]s ?r\gh ! loop1 ?us =m+ ! b[ ( ! knot z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! inv5tor f\nd t "o f+] c\ld h a purely rot>y movem5t1 z if x 7 fix$ on ! arm & unable to move indep5d5tly ( ! arm1 & ! movem5t be+ z if ! arm rotat$ l a %aft1 b ! second f+] mu/ be fur!r capable ( mov+ t[>d & f ! fir/ f+] to p]=m ! op5+ movem5t ( ,fig4 #ac1 & ! clos+ movem5t ( ,fig4 #ad by :i* x grasps ! cord4 ,! inv5tor accord+ly1 f 8 exhau/ive analysis ( 8 problem1 & 8 inv5tion or discov]y ( ! prop] f+] motions1 _h fur!r only to devise ! v simple me*anical device illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag to replace 8 f+]s4 ,! index f+] ( ! h& is repres5t$ by ! f+] ,s1 :i* is integral ) ! %aft ,v4 ,! second f+] ( ! h& is repres5t$ by ! f+] ,u1 :i* is pivot$ to ! fir/ f+] by ! p9 s4 ,! grasp+ movem5t ( ! f+] ,u is accompli%$ by a spr+ ,v' be>+ on ! %ank ,u'1 & its op5+ movem5t is caus$ by ! travel ( an anti-friction roll ,u1 on ! re> end ( ! pivot$ f+]1 ov] a cam ,v1 on ! be>+ ( ! %aft4 ,! %aft is rotat$ by ! turn+ ( a bevel p9ion ,w on ! %aft ?r\gh ! action ( an int]mitt5t ge>4 ,! necessity ( draw+ ! f+]s backw>d to accompli% ! movem5t betwe5 ,figs4 #ad & #af 0 avoid$ by caus+ ! ti$ bundle to h a motion away f ! f+]s z x is expell$ f ! ma*9e1 ! relative motion betwe5 ! f+]s & ! knot be+ ! same z if ! f+]s drew back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,?us ! accompli%m5t ( a seem+ly almo/ impossible function 0 r5d]$ me*anically simple by an evolution f ! human h&1 aft] an exhau/ive & +5i\s analysis ( ! conditions involv$4 ,x w be se5 f ! examples ,i h giv5 t ! con/ructive "p ( inv5t+ consi/s ( evolution1 & x is ! association ( previ\sly kn[n elem5ts 9 new relations 7us+ ! t]m elem5ts 9 its broade/ s5se74 ,! results ( su* new association may1 !mselves1 be treat$ z elem5ts ( ! next /age ( developm5t1 b 9 ! la/ analysis no?+ is inv5t$ or creat$ absolutely out ( no?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,x mu/ also be app>5t1 t pure reason & me?od1 :ile n tak+ ! place ( ! inv5tive faculty1 c cle> ! way = ! ex]cise ( t faculty & v greatly r$uce ! dem&s ^u x4 ,:]e x is desir$ to make a broadly new inv5tion on fundam5tally diff]5t l9es f ^? be=e--hav+ fir/ /udi$ ! art to f9d ! results ne$$1 ! qualities ( ! mat]ial or o!r absolutely controll+ conditions %\ld be exhau/ively consid]$2 b at ! "t ( mak+ ! inv5tive ef=t1 ! details %\ld be dismiss$ f ! m9d ( h[ results already obta9$ 9 ! art 7 gott54 ,"o %\ld endeavor to conceive h[ he w\ld accompli% ! desir$ result if he 7 attempt+ ! problem be=e any "o else _h ev] solv$ x4 ,9 o!r words1 he %\ld endeavor to provide himself ) ! idea elem5ts on :i* ! imag9ation w op]ate1 b to dismiss f 8 m9d z mu* z possible ! old ways 9 :i* ^! elem5ts h be5 associat$1 & ?us leave 8 imag9ation free to associate !m 9 orig9al &1 z to be hop$1 bett] relations ?an be=e4 ,he %\ld inv5t all ! means he c possibly inv5t to accompli% ! desir$ result1 & %\ld !n1 be=e exp]im5t+1 g to ! art to see :e!r or n ^! means h be=e be5 inv5t$4 ,he w\ld probably f9d t "s ( ! elem5ts1 at lea/1 h be5 bett] work$ out ?an he has work$ !m out4 ,( c\rse1 me*anical diction>ies1 & o!r s\rces ( me*anical elem5ts & movem5ts w be f\nd useful 9 arriv+ at means = accompli%+ c]ta9 ( ! motions1 if ! inv5tion be a ma*9e4 ,_m important inv5tions h be5 made by p]sons ^: occupation is :olly disconnect$ ) ! art 9 :i* !y are inv5t+1 because _! m9ds 7 n prejudic$ by :at _h already be5 done4 ,:ile su* an ef=t is likely to possess m orig9ality ?an t on ! "p ( a p]son 9 ! art1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 less probability ( its be+ ?or\ghly practical4 ,! m9d well /or$ ) ! old ways ( solv+ ! problem w1 ( c\rse1 be less likely to repeat any ( ! mi/akes ( ! e>li] inv5tors1 b x w also n be z apt to /rike out on di/9ctly orig9al l9es4 ,x is s full1 already1 ( ! old =ms ( association ( ! elem5ts z to be less likely to ?9k ( associat+ !m 9 broadly new relations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,no?+ %\ld be consid]$ impossible until x has be5 conclusively work$ out or tri$ by exp]im5ts :i* leave no room = d\bt4 ,x is no suffici5t reason = believ+ a ?+ won't "w because immemorial tradition1 or ^? skill$ 9 ! art1 say x w n "w4 ,_m an important improvem5t has be5 condemn$ z impracticable1 by ^? 9 ! art1 be=e x has be5 tri$4 ,a conception :i* an inv5tor has be5 /riv+ = unsuccessfully w sometimes come to him at a "t ( unaccu/om$ m5tal /imulation4 ,! slight /imulation ( ! movem5t ( a tra9 ( c>s1 & ! s\nd ( music1 h be5 kn[n to produce ?is effect4 ,! sub-consci\s m9d1 aft] hav+ be5 prep>$ by a full consid]ation ( ! problem to be solv$1 w sometimes solve ! problem )\t consci\s ef=t1 on ! "p ( ! inv5tor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! cord-knott]4 ,9 inv5t+ a ma*9e to op]ate ^u any giv5 mat]ial1 ! logical way is to "w f ! tool to ! p[]4 ,! tool or tools %\ld fir/ be inv5t$1 & ! motions det]m9$ :i* are to be giv5 to !m4 ,! prop] ge>+ or p>ts to produce f ! p[] ea* motion = ea* tool %\ld !n be inv5t$4 ,x %\ld !n be consid]$ if p>ts ( ea* tra9 ( ge>+ _c be comb9$1 s z to make "o "p d ! "w ( a "p 9 ea* tra92 9 %ort1 to r$uce ! ma*9e to its l[e/ t]ms4 ,occasionally a me*anism w be inv5t$ :i* is exce$+ly +5i\s1 b :i* x is aft]w>ds se5 h[ to simplify1 greatly at ! exp5se ( its app>5t +5uity4 ,?is simplification w be at ! sacrifice ( ! pride ( ! inv5tor1 b su* consid]ations z *eapness1 durability & c]ta9ty ( action leave no *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,x w sometimes be f\nd t a s+le "p c be made to actuate sev]al p>ts1 by ! int]position ( elem5ts :i* rev]se ! motion tak5 f su* "p1 or :i* take only a compon5t ( ! motion ( su* "p1 or ! resultant ( ! motion ( su* "p & "s o!r "p4 ,:]e a ma*9e involves ! conjo9t action ( sev]al =ces1 x c be m ?or\ghly /udi$1 if x is f\nd !re are positions ( ! ma*9e 9 :i* "o =ce or motion only is 9 op]ation1 ! effect ( ! o!rs 9 su* position be+ elim9at$1 & ?us ! elem5ts mak+ up ! resultant effect c be intellig5tly controll$4 ,! draw+ bo>d c be made a great s\rce ( economy 9 produc+ inv5tions4 ,if ! ?ree pr9cipal views ( all ! ess5tially diff]5t positions ( ! p>ts ( a ma*9e are drawn1 x w (t5 be f\nd t defects w be br\ght to light :i* w\ld n o!rwise h be5 obs]v$ until ! ma*9e 0 put into ! metal4 ,x is desirable to see ! :ole inv5tion cle>ly 9 ! m9d be=e beg9n+ to draw1 b if t _c be done1 x is (t5 ( great assi/ance to draw :at c be se51 & ! cle>] p]ception giv5 by ! /udy ( ! p>ts already drawn1 assi/s ! m9d 9 ! conception ( ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,if ! improvem5t :i* x is s\ght to make is a process1 x %\ld fir/ be consid]$ :e!r any radically diff]5t process c be conceiv$ (1 & if s1 :e!r or n x is bett] ?an ! old process1 & ! reason = its defects1 & :e!r x is possible to cure ^? defects4 ,if ! old process appe>s to be 9 ! "r g5]al direction1 x %\ld be consid]$ :e!r "o ( ! old /eps _c ) advantage be replac$ by a new "o1 or :e!r ! ord] ( p]=m+ ! /eps _c be *ang$ to advantage4 ,i h 9 m9d "o process 9 :i* a rev]sal ( ! ord] ( /eps result$ 9 giv+ ! product c]ta9 desirable qualities :i* _h be=e be5 s\ght =1 b c\ld n be obta9$4 ,x is sometimes desirable n only to inv5t a good process ( produc+ a product1 b to control all feasible processes ( produc+ ! product4 ,su* a case occurr$ :]e ! product itself _h be5 pat5t$1 & x 0 desirable to ext5d ! monopoly beyond ! "t :5 ! pat5t on ! product %\ld expire4 ,!re 7 two /eps or op]ations :i* 7 ess5tial to ! production ( ! product1 & ! inv5tor1 by ref]5ce to p]mutations1 saw t !re 7 b ?ree ord]s 9 :i* ^? /eps c\ld be p]=m$2 fir/1 ! ord] ,a-,b1 !n ! ord] ,b-,a1 & !n bo? /eps toge!r4 ,! ord] ,a-,b 0 ! old ord]1 :i* did n produce an article hav+ ! desir$ qualities4 ,! inv5tor !re=e1 proce$$ to inv5t ways by :i* ! /eps c\ld be p]=m$ toge!r1 & !n by :i* !y c\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! rev]se ord]1 & ! pat5t+ su* two processes w\ld cov] g5]ically all possible ways ( mak+ ! article & secure ! desir$ result ( putt+ himself 9 position to control ! monopoly aft] ! pat5t on ! article _h expir$1 because no "o c\ld make ! article )\t us+ "o ( 8 two processes4 ,9 inv5t+ compositions ( matt] !re is "o inv5tor :o1 if he is seek+ = a c]ta9 result1 w take a *emical diction>y & make e possible comb9ation ( e sub/ance t c\ld by any possibility be an +r$i5t ( t :i* he desires to produce4 ,x is z if he 7 seek+ to locate a ve9 ( m9]al 9 a giv5 t]ritory1 &1 in/ead ( obs]v+ ! geographical & geological =mation1 & ?us seek+ to arrive at ! mo/ probable location ( ! ve91 he %\ld dig up e foot ( e>? ?r\gh\t ! :ole t]ritory1 9 ord] f9ally to locate ! ve94 ,?is me?od is exce$+ly exhau/ive1 b does n appeal to "o z involv+ mu* ex]cise ( ! inv5tive faculties4 ,inv5t+ has become s mu* ( a sci5ce1 t if "o is will+ to sp5d suffici5t "t & money to enable a compet5t corps ( inv5tors to g at ! matt] exhau/ively1 almo/ any possible inv5tion involv+ b a reasonable advance 9 ! art c be p]fect$4 ,transcib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation errors repair$4 ,! second copyright notice be=e ! text beg9s has be5 *ang$ f #aijc to #aijf to mat* ! fir/ notice on ! title page4