,,! ,,*ri/ ,,my? ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,drews1 ,ph4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,te*n4 ,,ho*s*ule1 ,,k>lsruhe ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition 7,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$7 ,,by ,c4 ,,delisle ,,burns1 ,m4,a4 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,,london3 #a ,,adelphi ,,t]race ,,leipzic3 ,,insel/rasse #bj ,,to ,,my ,,fri5d ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,s*neh5 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,editions ,s9ce ,david ,fr$]ick ,/rauss1 9 8 ,life ( ,jesus1 attempt$ = ! fir/ "t to trace ! ,gospel /ories & acc\nts ( miracles back to my?s & pi\s fictions1 d\bts reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus h nev] be5 lull$ to re/4 ,bruno ,bau] also 9 8 ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te und d] ,synoptik] 7#ahda-db1 #bnd ed4 #ahdf71 #a disput$ ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus2 lat]1 9 8 ,*ri/ und die ,cs>51 d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums aus dem rmis*5 ,grie*5tum 7#ahgg71 he attempt$ to %[ t ! life ( ,jesus 0 a pure inv5tion ( ! fir/ evangeli/1 ,m>k1 & to acc\nt = ! :ole ,*ri/ian religion f ! ,/oic & ,alex&r9e culture ( ! second c5tury1 ascrib+ to ,s5eca especially a mat]ial influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ! pres5t day1 enc\rag$ by ! ess5tially negative results ( ! s-call$ critical !ology1 to take up ! subject en]getically1 & !reby to atta9 to results ev5 bold] & m />tl+4 ,9 ,engl& ,john ,m4 ,rob]tson1 9 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology 7#aijj71 9 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 7#aijb71 z well z 9 8 "w ,pagan ,*ri/s3 ,/udies 9 ,comp>ative ,hi]ology 7#aijc71 has trac$ ! picture ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels to a mixture ( my?ological elem5ts 9 hea!nism & ,judaism4 ,9 ,france1 z e>ly z ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,dupuis 7,l'orig9e de t\s les cultes1 #agie7 & ,voltaire 7,les ,ru9es1 #agia7 trac$ back ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian r$emption to a/ral my?s1 :ile mile ,burn\f 7,la sci5ce des religions1 #d? ed41 #ahhe7 & ,ho*>t 7tudes d'hi/oire religieuse1 #ahij7 collect$ important mat]ial = ! cle>+ up ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & by _! results ca/ consid]able d\bt ^u ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,*ri/4 ,9 ,italy ,milesbo 7,emilio ,bossi7 has attempt$ to prove ! non-hi/oricity ( ,jesus 9 8 book ,ges ,*ri/o non mai esi/ito 7#aijd74 ,9 ,holl& ! ,leyd5 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,boll&1 h&l$ ! same matt] 9 a s]ies ( works 7,het ,lijd5 en ,/]v5 van ,jezus ,*ri/us1 #aijg2 ,de ,a*t]grond d] ,evangelin4 ,e5e ,bijdrage tot de k5nis van de ,word+ des ,*ri/5doms1 #aijg2 ,de evangelis*e ,jozua4 ,e5e pog+ tot aanwijz+ van d5 oorsprong des ,*ri/5doms1 #aijg74 ,9 ,pol& ! my?ical "* ( ! /ory ( ,jesus has be5 %[n by ,&rzej ,niemojewski 9 8 book ,bg ,jezus 7#aiji71 :i* re/s on ! a/ral-my?ological !ories ( ,dupuis & ! s*ool ( ,w9ckl]4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,brem5 ,pa/or ,kal?(f1 9 8 "w1 ,das ,*ri/usproblem1 ,grundl9i5 zu e9] ,sozial!ologie 7#aijc71 ?\ght t ! appe>ance ( ! ,*ri/ian religion c\ld be acc\nt$ = )\t ! help ( an hi/orical ,jesus1 simply f a social movem5t ( ! l[] classes "u ! ,empire1 subsequ5tly attempt+ to remove ! "o-sid$ness ( ?is view by 8 "w ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums4 ,neue ,beitrge zum ,*ri/usproblem 7#aijd74 7,cf4 also 8 "w ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 ,e9e ,abre*nung mit ,pr(essor ,d4 ,b\sset1 #aijd47 ,a supplem5t to ! works ( ,kal?(f 9 "q is furni%$ by ,fr4 ,/eudel 9 ,das ,*ri/usproblem und die ,zukunft des ,prote/antismus 7,deuts*e ,wi$]geburt1 #aiji74 ,f9ally1 ! ,am]ican1 ,william ,b5jam9 ,smi?1 9 8 "w1 ,! ,pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus 7#aijf71 has ?r[n s cle> a light ^u a numb] ( important po9ts 9 ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 & elucidat$ s _m topics :i* give u a deep] insight into ! actual correlation ( ev5ts1 t we gradually comm5ce to see cle>ly 9 ?is connection4 ,! "t is pass$1 says ,jli*]1 :5 among ! le>n$ ! "q c\ld be put :e!r an 'hi/orical' ,jesus exi/$ at all4 #b ,! lit]ature cit$ does n appe> to ju/ify ?is ass]tion4 ,on ! contr>y1 t "t seems only comm5c+4 ,inde$1 an unprejudic$ judge might f9d t ev5 ,jli*]'s own essay1 9 :i* he treat$ ( ! s-call$ f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ! ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t1 & 9 :i* he decl>$ x ta/eless to look ^u ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospels z a my?1 speaks r aga9/ ?an = ! hi/orical reality ( ,jesus4 ,= ! re/1 (ficial le>n+ 9 ,g]many1 & especially !ology1 has1 up to ! pres5t1 rema9$1 we may almo/ say1 :olly unmov$ by all ! above-m5tion$ publications4 ,to my m9d x has n yet tak5 up a s]i\s position reg>d+ ,rob]tson4 ,its sp>+ citations ( 8 ,pagan ,*ri/s d n give ! impression t !re c be any talk ( its hav+ a real k ( 8 expositions4 #c ,x has1 moreov]1 pass$ ,kal?(f ov] ) ! mi5 ( a bett] in=m$ sup]iority or pref]ably ) sil5t scorn1 & up to ! pres5t x has avoid$ ) c>e any ?or\ghgo+ exam9ation ( ,smi?4 #d ,& yet su* a di/+ui%$ !ologian z ,pr(essor ,paul ,s*mi$el1 ( ,zri*1 :o furni%$ a =eword to ,smi?'s "w1 laid su* an exam9ation ^u 8 colleagues z a duty ( all !ologians mak+ any claim to a sci5tific temp]1 & /rongly w>n$ !m aga9/ any "u-e/imation ( ,smi?'s highly sci5tific "w6 ,h[ c "o !n confid5tly /& by 8 =m] views1 ,s*mi$el cries to 8 !ological colleagues1 unless he inve/igates :e!r !y h n 9 :ole or 9 "p be5 und]m9$ by ^! new op9ions8 ,or is x a "q ( "s second>y matt] m]ely1 & n r ( exactly :at = ! majority =ms ! fundam5tal "p ( _! ,*ri/ian conviction8 ,b if ^! new op9ions are s completely futile1 !n x mu/ be an easy matt]1 inde$ a m]e no?+1 to %[ ?is4 ,9 ! meantime !re are _m voices :i* speak out aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,9 wide circles ! d\bt gr[s z to ! hi/orical "* ( ! picture ( ,*ri/ giv5 9 ! ,gospels4 ,popul> works writt5 ) a purpose1 su* z ! inve/igations ( ! ,fr5*man ,jacolliot1 work$ up by ,plange into ,jesus e9 ,ind] 7#ahih71 h to s]ve to alleviate ?is ?ir/ = k & confuse views m ?an !y cle> !m4 ,9 a %ort "w1 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums 7#aije71 ,promus has af=d$ a brief rsum ( ! mo/ important matt] be>+ on ! po9t1 )\t any work+ up ( x on its own acc\nt1 & attack$ ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,lately ,k>l ,voll]1 ! prematurely deceas$ ,j5a ,ori5tali/1 9 8 valuable "w1 ,die ,weltreligion5 9 ihrem ges*i*tli*5 ,zusamm5hange 7#aijg71 voic$ ! op9ion t weighty reasons fav\r ?is radical my? int]pretation1 & t no absolutely decisive argum5ts = ! hi/oricity ( ! p]son ( ,jesus c be br\ght =w>d 7op4 cit4 i4 #afc74 ,ano!r ,ori5tali/1 ,p4 ,j5s51 9 8 "w ,das ,gilgames*-,epos 9 d] ,weltlit]atur 7#aijf71 ev5 ?9ks t he c %[ t bo? ! ma9 l9es ( ! ,old ,te/am5t /ory & ! :ole n>rative ( ! life ( ,jesus giv5 9 ! ,gospels are simply v>iations ( ! ,babylonian ,gilgame% ,epic 7ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c471 & consequ5tly a pure my?4 #e ,:ile criticism ( ! ,gospel docum5ts is advanc+ m boldly & always leav+ 9 exi/5ce less ( an hi/orical ,jesus1 ! numb] ( works 9 popul> religi\s lit]ature int5d$ to glorify ,jesus ! man gr[s enorm\sly4 ,^! endeav\r to make up = ! defici5cy 9 c]ta9 hi/orical mat]ial by s5tim5tal phrases & ! deep tone ( conviction2 inde$1 ! rhetoric :i* is dissem9at$ ) ?is design #f seems to f9d m sympa?y 9 proportion z x works ) less hi/orical re/ra9t4 ,& yet le>n+ z su* has long come to ! po9t :5 ! hi/orical ,jesus ?reat5s to disappe> f "u its h&s4 ,! late/ results 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ori5tal my?ology & religion1 ! advances 9 ! comp>ative hi/ory ( religion1 t are associat$ 9 ,engl& ) ! names ( ,fraz] & ,rob]tson especially1 & 9 ,g]many ) ^? ( ,w9ckl]1 ,j]emias1 ,gunkel1 ,j5s51 c41 h s mu* increas$ our k ( ! religi\s position ( ,ne>] ,asia 9 ! la/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 t we are no long] oblig$ to rely exclusively ^u ! ,gospels & ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t = ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 #g ,! critical & hi/orical !ology ( ,prote/antism has itself ?r[n s deep a light ^u ! orig9s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion t ! "q z to ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus loses all p>adox :i* hi!rto may h atta*$ to x 9 ! eyes ( _m4 ,s1 too1 ,prote/ant !ology no long] has any gr\nds = becom+ excit$ if ! "q is answ]$ 9 a s5se oppos$ to its own answ]4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t "w _h hop$ until lately t "o ( ! hi/orians ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld himself arise & extract ! pres5t results ( ! criticisms ( ! ,gospel1 :i* to-day are cle>4 ,^! hopes h n be5 fulfill$4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 !ological circles religi\s views cont9ue to be quietly drawn f ! fact ( an hi/orical ,jesus1 & he is consid]$ z ! impassable height 9 ! religi\s developm5t ( ! individual1 z ?\gh no?+ has occurr$ & ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,jesus 0 only ! m cle>ly e/abli%$ by ! inve/igations ( critical !ology 9 ?is connection4 ,! au?or has accord+ly ?\ght t he %\ld no long] keep back 8 own views1 :i* he long s9ce arriv$ at out ( ! works ( speciali/s1 & has tak5 ^u himself ! ?ankless task ( br++ toge!r ! gr\nds :i* tell aga9/ ! !ory ( an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,:oev]1 ?\gh n a speciali/1 invades ! prov9ce ( any sci5ce1 & v5tures to express an op9ion oppos$ to its (ficial repres5tatives1 mu/ be prep>$ to be reject$ by !m ) ang]1 to be accus$ ( a lack ( s*ol>%ip1 dilettantism1 or want ( me?od1 & to be treat$ z a complete ignoramus4 ,?is has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( all up to n[ :o1 :ile n !ologians1 h express$ !mselves on ! subject ( an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,! l exp]i5ce 0 n sp>$ ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w aft] ! appe>ance ( its fir/ edition4 ,he has be5 accus$ ( lack ( hi/orical tra9+1 bias1 incapacity = any real hi/orical way ( ?9k+1 c41 & x has be5 held up aga9/ him t 9 8 inve/igations _! result 0 settl$ be=eh&--z if ?is 0 n precisely ! case ) !ologians1 :o write on ! subject ( a hi/orical ,jesus1 s9ce x is j ! task ( !ology to def5d & e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,:oev] has look$ ab\t him 9 ! turmoil ( sci5ce kn[s t g5]ally ea* fell[-work] is accu/om$ to reg>d z me?od t only :i* he himself uses z su*1 & t ! fam\s conception ( sci5tific me?od is v (t5 rul$ by po9ts ( view purely casual & p]sonal4 #h ,?us1 = example1 we see ! !ologian ,clem51 9 8 inve/igation into ! me?od ( expla9+ ! ,new ,te/am5t on religi\s-hi/orical l9es1 s]i\sly put ! "q to himself :e!r "o c\ld n disp5se himself f refut+ su* books z f9ally arrive at ! unau!nticity ( all ! ,paul9e epi/les & ! non-hi/oricity ( ! :ole1 or at lea/ ( almo/ ! :ole1 tradition conc]n+ ,jesus2 = example1 n only t ( ,bau]1 b also ^? ( ,j5s5 & ,smi?4 ,?is same ,clem5 advances ! fam\s me?odological axiom3 ,an explanation on religi\s-hi/orical l9es is impossible if x ( necessity leads to unt5able consequ5ces or sets out f su* hypo!ses1 #i obvi\sly ?9k+ "h ( ! d5ial ( an hi/orical ,*ri/4 ,= ! re/1 ! me?od ( critical !ology consi/s1 z is well kn[n1 9 apply+ an already settl$ picture ( ,jesus to ! ,gospels & und]tak+ ! critical sift+ ( _! cont5ts accord+ to ?is measure4 ,?is picture makes ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion m]ely a pi\s prea*] ( morality 9 ! s5se ( pres5t-day lib]alism1 ! repres5tative ( ! noble/ individuality1 ! inc>nation ( ! mod]n ideal ( p]sonality1 or ( "s o!r fa%ionable !ological view4 ,!ologians comm5ce ) ! conviction t ! hi/orical ,jesus 0 a k9d ( anticipation ( mod]n religi\s consci\sness4 ,!y ?9k t !y disc]n ! real hi/orical import ( ! ,gospels 9 _! moral-religi\s k]nel s f> z ?is is good = all "t1 & !y arrive 9 ?is mann] at its /rictly sci5tific conception ( ,jesus by ca/+ out all su* features z d n fit ?is picture1 ?us recognis+ only ! ev]la/+ human & ! mod]n z hi/orical4 #aj ,if "o keeps ?is be=e 8 eyes he w n be p>ticul>ly mov$ by ! talk ab\t me?od & lack ( sci5tific sy/em4 ,"o c\ld !n at mo/ wond] t x %\ld be =bidd5 to philosoph]s p>ticul>ly to h a say 9 !ological matt]s4 ,z ?\gh ! peace at pres5t reign+ betwe5 philosophy & !ology & _! mutual ef=ts at a rappro*em5t did n cle>ly indicate t ^u "o ( ! two sides1 or ^u bo?1 some?+ _c be 9 ord]1 & t consequ5tly x 0 high "t1 if no "o else und]takes x1 = a philosoph] to notice !ology 9 ord] to t]m9ate ! make-believe peace :i* is = bo? s fateful4 ,= :at does ,less+ say8 ,) or?odoxy ,god be ?ank$ "o _h arriv$ at a tol]able und]/&+4 ,betwe5 x & philosophy a p>tition _h be5 rais$ beh9d :i* ea* c\ld cont9ue its way )\t h9d]+ ! o!r4 ,b :at is n[ be+ done8 ,! p>tition is aga9 be+ demoli%$1 & "u ! pretext ( mak+ u reasonable ,*ri/ians we are be+ made unreasonable philosoph]s4 ,! au?or ( ?is book has be5 reproa*$ ) foll[+ 9 x t5d5cies m]ely de/ructive4 ,inde$1 "o gu>dian ( ,zion1 p>ticul>ly inflam$ ) rage1 has ev5 express$ himself to ?is effect1 t ! au?or's rese>*es d n orig9ate 9 a s]i\s desire = k1 b only 9 a wi% to d5y4 ,"o :o1 z ,i h done1 has 9 all 8 previ\s "w emphasis$ ! positive nature ( ! e?ical & religi\s life aga9/ ! d5y+ & de/roy+ _s ( ! age1 :o has 9 8 "w ,die ,religion als ,selb/-,bewus/se9 ,gottes 7#aijf7 s\ght to build up anew f )9 ! %att]$ religi\s outlook ^u ! _w1 :o 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! pres5t "w has left no d\bt rema9+ t he reg>ds ! pres5t fall+ away ( religi\s consci\sness z "o ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( our spiritual life & z a mis=tune = our :ole civilisation1 %\ld be protect$ aga9/ su* reproa*es4 ,9 reality1 ,! ,*ri/ ,my? has be5 writt5 pre-em95tly 9 ! int]e/s ( religion1 f ! conviction t its previ\s =ms no long] suffice = m5 ( to-day1 t above all ! ,jesuanism ( hi/orical !ology is 9 its deepe/ nature irreligi\s1 & t ?is itself =ms ! greate/ h9drance to all real religi\s progress4 ,i agree ) ,e4 v4 ,h>tmann & ,w4 v4 ,s*neh5 9 ! op9ion t ?is s-call$ ,*ri/ianity ( ! lib]al pa/ors is 9 e direction full ( int]nal contradiction1 t x is false ?r\gh & ?r\gh 79 s say+ naturally no individual repres5tative ( ?is movem5t is accus$ ( subjective untru?fulness74 ,i agree t by its mov+ rhetoric & its bold appe>ance ( be+ sci5tific x is sy/ematically und]m9+ ! simple intellectual tru?fulness ( our p2 & t on ?is acc\nt ?is romantic cult ( ,jesus mu/ be combat$ at all co/s1 b t ?is _c be done m effectually ?an by tak+ its basis 9 ! !ory ( ! hi/orical ,jesus #aa f b5ea? its feet4 ,?is "w seeks to prove t m or less all ! features ( ! picture ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 at any rate all ^? ( any important religi\s significance1 be> a purely my?ical "*1 & no op5+ exi/s = seek+ an hi/orical figure beh9d ! ,*ri/ my?4 ,x is n ! imag9$ hi/orical ,jesus b1 if any "o1 ,paul :o is t great p]sonality t call$ ,*ri/ianity into life z a new religion1 & by ! speculative range ( 8 intellect & ! dep? ( 8 moral exp]i5ce gave x ! /r5g? = its j\rney1 ! /r5g? :i* be/[$ ^u x victory ov] ! o!r compet+ religions4 ,)\t ,jesus ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity c be q well und]/ood1 )\t ,paul n s4 ,if 9 spite ( ?is any "o ?9ks t besides ! latt] a ,jesus also _c be disp5s$ )1 ?is c naturally n be oppos$2 b we "k no?+ ( ?is ,jesus4 ,ev5 9 ! repres5tations ( hi/orical !ology he is sc>cely m ?an ! %ad[ ( a %ad[4 ,consequ5tly x is self-deceit to make ! figure ( ?is unique & mighty p]sonality1 to :i* a man may believe he mu/ on hi/orical gr\nds hold fa/1 ! c5tral po9t ( religi\s consci\sness4 ,jesus ,*ri/ may be great & wor?y ( rev]5ce z a religi\s idea1 z ! symbolical p]sonification ( ! unity ( nature 9 ,god & man1 on ! belief 9 :i* ! possibility ( ! r$emption dep5ds4 ,z a purely hi/orical individual1 z lib]al !ology views him1 he s9ks back to ! level ( o!r great hi/orical p]sonalities1 & f ! religi\s po9t ( view is exactly z uness5tial z !y1 inde$1 m capable ( be+ disp5s$ ) ?an !y1 = 9 spite ( all rhetoric he is 9 ! light ( hi/orical !ology ( to-day1 ev5 at be/ only a figure swimm+ obscurely 9 ! mi/s ( tradition4 #ab ,,pr(essor ,,dr4 ,,ar?ur ,,drews4 ,k>lsruhe1 ,janu>y1 #aiaj4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,! "t s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! second edition 0 too %ort = any mat]ial alt]ations to be und]tak5 9 ! ?ird edition n[ appe>+4 ,h[ev]1 ! phraseology "h & !re has be5 improv$ & _m ?+s put m /rongly4 ,above all1 ! fam\s passage 9 ,tacitus & ! passage #a ,cor4 ii4 #bc et seq4 has be5 s h&l$ t its lack ( significance z reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus %\ld n[ appe> m cle>ly ?an hi!rto4 ,t ,paul 9 reality is n a witness = an hi/orical ,jesus & is wrongly consid]$ z ! f\ndation ( ! fai? 9 su* a figure1 %\ld be already e/abli%$ = e unprejudic$ p]son z ! result ( ! discussion s f> on ! ,*ri/ ,my?4 ,! ,prote/ant5blatt f9ds itself n[ compell$ to ! admission t ! hi/orical image ( ! p]son ( ,jesus z a matt] ( fact c no long] be cle>ly recognis$ 7,no4 #f1 #aiaj74 ,h[ !n does x f>e ) ! new bases ( ,s*mi$el8 ,to no refutation ( ! ass]tions :i* ,i repres5t has great] significance be5 hi!rto ascrib$ on ! !ological side ?an to ^? suppos$ supports ( a really sci5tific life ( ,jesus 79 ! discussions ( ! ,*ri/ ,my? ?is has aga9 receiv$ ! /ronge/ expression74 ,& yet ^! bases 7 advanc$ by _! orig9ator obvi\sly ) a view to a conception q diff]5t f m9e1 &1 z ,i h n[ %[n1 d n affect1 g5]ally speak+1 ! view repres5t$ by me reg>d+ ! rise ( ! suppos$ hi/orical picture ( ,jesus4 ,:51 above all1 ! hi/orical ref]5ces to ,jesus are suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 !m1 & ^!1 accord+ to ! ,prote/ant5blatt1 lie l blocks ( granite 9 my pa?--!n ?is is a pure illusion ( ! !ologians4 ,z c be conceiv$1 my ass]tion t a pre-,*ri/ian cult ( ,jesus exi/$ has f\nd ! mo/ decisive rejection4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is = ! mo/ "p only due to ! fact t ! rese>*es 9 ?is connection ( ! ,am]ican1 ,smi?1 & ! ,engli%man1 ,rob]tson1 7 n kn[n1 &1 moreov]1 ! op9ion 0 held t "o ne$ n tr\ble ab\t ^! =eign]s1 :o fur!r 7 n speciali/s4 ,& yet ,gunkel1 9 8 "w ,zum religionsges*i*tli*5 ,v]/ndnis des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 _h already suffici5tly prep>$ t view1 z "o might h ?\ght1 :51 among o!r ?+s1 he decl>es t ev5 be=e ,jesus !re exi/$ 9 ,jewi% syncreti/ic circles a belief 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 #ac ,aga91 x c only be reject$ )\t m ado by su* z seek ! traces ( ! pre-,*ri/ian cult ( ,jesus 9 well-worn places & w only all[ t to be prov$ :i* !y h e/abli%$ by direct orig9al docum5t>y evid5ce be=e _! eyes4 ,9 ?is connection x is =gott5 t we are deal+ ) a secret cult1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we c decide ^u only by indirect means4 ,x is =gott5 also t ! hypo!sis ( a pre-,*ri/ian cult ( ,jesus1 if urg$ ^u u f ano!r qu>t]1 _c be =?) reject$ because x does n suit ! curr5t views1 & because x may be t x is impossible = ! "t be+ to place x beyond all d\bt4 ,:]e ev]y?+ is s hypo!tical1 unc]ta91 & cov]$ ) d>kness1 z is ! case ) ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity1 e hypo!sis %\ld be welcom$ & te/$ :i* appe>s to be 9 "s way or ! o!r suitable = op5+ up a new po9t ( view & cle>+ away ! d>kness4 ,= z ,dunkmann says 9 8 sympa!tic & g5u9e discussion ( ,! ,*ri/ ,my?3 ,irregul>ities & ev5 viol5ces ( comb9ation mu/ be borne 9 sci5ce = ! simple reason t our s\rces are too scanty & full ( contradictions4 ,our hypo!ses w 9 all su* cases h some?+ ra%1 bold1 & surpris+ 9 !m2 if ev5 !y are 9 ! ma9 correct1 i4e41 if !y are irrefutable accord+ to ! me?od ( inve/igation 7,d] hi/oris*e ,jesus1 d] my?ologis*e ,jesus1 und ,jesus d] ,*ri/1 #aiaj1 #ee74 ,b if t v hypo!sis is n e/abli%$1 yet ?is makes no diff]5ce 9 ! fact t !re exi/$ a pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus ,*ri/1 at lea/ z a complex my?1 & ?is q suffices = ! explanation ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology & ! s-call$ orig9al community ( ,j]usalem4 ,i c1 accord+ly1 only reg>d x z a mislead+ ( ! public :5 ! o!r side1 aft] reject+ ! hypo!sis ( a pre-,*ri/ian cult ( ,jesus1 be> !mselves z ?\gh !y _h !reby tak5 away ! f\ndations = ! :ole body ( my views reg>d+ an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,mean:ile ! /orm :i* has be5 rais$ aga9/ my book 9 !ological circles & 9 ! ,press1 & has ev5 l$ to mass meet+s ( prote/ 9 ! ,bus* ,circus & 9 ! ,dom at ,b]l91 %[s me t ,i h hit ! bull's-eye ) my p]=mance & h 9 tru? t\*$ ! sore po9t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! way 9 :i* ! battle is be+ wag$1 ! means by :i* my oppon5ts attempt to disp>age ! au?or ( ,! ,*ri/ ,my?1 or to make me ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( ! public by p]sonal sl&]s1 _! habit ( try+ to injure me by ?r[+ d\bt on my intellectual capabilities1 & to und]m9e my sci5tific hon\r & (ficial position 7,bornemann1 ,be?7--all ?is c only make me m det]m9$ to cont9ue ! "w ( illum9ation t ,i h begun1 & only proves to me t my ,*ri/ ,my? _c be s absolutely unsci5tific & s completely a quantit ngligeable z its oppon5ts are dispos$ to repres5t x4 ,! means by :i* ! ,*ri/ ,my? is oppos$ to-day are exactly ! same z ^? :i* 7 employ$ aga9/ ,/rauss's ,leb5 ,jesu1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ! lea/ result be+ atta9$4 ,i accord+ly await ! fur!r attacks ( ! enemy ) complete coolness ( m9d1 confid5t 9 ! fact t :at is true 9 my book w make its way ( itself1 & t a "w :i*1 l m9e1 has aris5 f s]i\s motives1 & has be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ) a disreg>d ( p]sonal advantages1 _c be lo/ b w be s]viceable to ! spiritual progress ( mank9d4 ,! attacks :i* h s f> come to my notice 9 pamphlets 7,bornemann1 v4 ,sod51 ,delbrck1 ,be?7 & 9 ! ,press h n _h ! effect ( mak+ any weak] my fundam5tal convictions4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h only s]v$ to reveal to me /ill fur!r ! weakness ( ! oppos+ position1 :i* is mu* great] ?an ,i myself _h hi!rto imag9$4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 at all times ready & pleas$--& ,i h %[n ?is too by ! corrections und]tak5 s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w--to give att5tion to real objections & to put "r possible errors4 ,all t matt]s to me is simply ! fact z su*4 ,! "q be=e u 9 ,! ,*ri/ ,my?1 z x is n unnecess>y to po9t out "h once aga91 is a purely sci5tific "o4 ,= possible sugge/ions & advice 9 ?is direction ,i w accord+ly at all times be grateful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am left p]fectly cold by p]sonal sl&]s1 anonym\s ?reats1 & pi\s corrections1 meet+s ( prote/ 9 :i* ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,wor%ip takes "p ) obbligato trombone *oirs & pr(essions ( fai?1 z well z by ! upro> ( ! multitude r\s$ to fanaticism 9 ?is mann] by ! gu>dian ( _! s\ls4 ,!y are ev]y?+ except refutations4 ,,pr(essor ,,dr4 ,,ar?ur ,,drews4 ,k>lsruhe1 ,m>*1 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preface to ! ,fir/ & ,second ,editions #g ,preface to ! ,?ird ,edition #ba ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,jesus #bi ,i4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,p>seeism on ! ,belief 9 a ,messiah #cg ,,ii4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,idea ( a ,m$iator 7,philo7 #df ,,iii4 ,jesus z ,cult-,god 9 ! ,cre$ ( ,jewi% ,sects #ea ,,iv4 ,! ,suff]+s ( ! ,messiah #fd ,v4 ,! ,bir? ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,baptism #hh ,,vi4 ,! ,self-,(f]+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,supp] #abh ,,vii4 ,symbols ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,lamb & ! ,cross #adj ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,jesus #afc ,i4 ,! ,paul9e ,jesus #afe ,,ii4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels #bad a4 ,! ,synoptic ,jesus #bad ,jesus 9 ,secul> ,lit]ature #bcj b4 ,! ,objections aga9/ a ,d5ial ( ! ,hi/oricity ( ! ,synoptic ,jesus #bce c4 ,! ,true ,"* ( ! ,synoptic ,jesus #bfe d4 ,gno/icism & ! ,johann9e ,jesus #bgc ,,! ,,religi\s ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t #bhc ,,! ,,*ri/ ,,my? ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,jesus ,if y see a man undaunt$ by dang]s1 undi/urb$ by passions1 happy :5 =tune fr[ns1 calm 9 ! mid/ ( /orms1 w y n be fill$ ) rev]5ce = him8 ,w y n say t "h is some?+ too great & gr& to be reg>d$ z ( ! same nature z ! trivial body 9 :i* x dwells8 ,a div9e =ce has desc5d$ "h--a heav5ly p[] moves a s\l s wond]ful1 s calm1 "o :i* passes ?r\gh all life z ?\gh x 7 ( small acc\nt1 & smiles at all our hopes & fe>s4 ,no?+ s great c exi/ )\t ! help ( ,god1 & !re=e 9 ! ma9 x belongs to t f :i* x came d[n4 ,j z ! rays ( ! sun t\* ! e>?1 b belong to t f :i* !y are s5t1 s a great & holy _s1 s5t "h t we may h a m intimate k ( deity1 lives inde$ 9 our mid/1 b rema9s 9 contact ) its s\rce4 ,on t x dep5ds1 ?i!r its eyes are turn$1 ?i!r its life t5ds3 among m5 x dwells z a noble gue/4 ,:at !n is ?is s\l8 ,"o :i* relies ^u no goodness b its own4 ,:at is prop] to man is 8 s\l & ! p]fect reason 9 ! s\l3 = man is a rational animal3 !re=e 8 highe/ good is rea*$ :5 he is fill$ ) t ( :i* he is born4 ,) ^! words ! ,roman philosoph] ,s5eca 7#d ,b4,c4-#fe ,a4,d47 portrays ! ideally great & good man t we may be mov$ to imitate him4 #ad ,we mu/ *oose "s good man1 he says1 & always h him be=e our eyes2 & we mu/ live & act z if he 7 wat*+ u4 ,a great numb] ( s9s w\ld rema9 uncommitt$ 7 !re a witness pres5t to ^? ab\t to s94 ,our he>t mu/ h someone :om x hon\rs1 & by ^: example its inn] life c be inspir$4 ,happy is he ^: rev]5ce = ano!r enables him to fa%ion 8 life aft] ! picture liv+ 9 8 memory4 ,we ne$ "s "o ^u ^: life we may model our own3 )\t ! rule y _c correct :at is amiss 7,ep4 #aa74 ,rely on ! m9d ( a great man & deta* y\rself f ! op9ions ( ! mob4 ,hold fa/ to ! image ( ! mo/ beautiful & exalt$ virtue1 :i* mu/ be wor%ipp$ n ) cr[ns b ) sweat & blood 7,ep4 #fg74 ,c\ld we b gaze ^u ! s\l ( a good man1 :at a beautiful picture %\ld we see1 h[ wor?y ( our rev]5ce 9 its l(t9ess & peace4 ,!re w\ld ju/ice %9e =? & c\rage & prud5ce & wisdom3 & humanity1 t r>e virtue1 w\ld p\r its light ov] all4 ,e "o w\ld decl>e him wor?y ( hon\r & ( love4 ,if any "o saw t face1 m l(ty & spl5did ?an any usually f\nd among m51 w\ld he n /& 9 dumb wond] z be=e a ,god1 & sil5tly pray t x might be = 8 good to h se5 x8 ,!n1 ov]come by ! invit+ grace ( ! vision1 he w\ld kneel 9 pray]1 & aft] long m$itation1 fill$ ) wond]+ awe1 he w\ld break =? into ,virgil's words3 ',hail to !e1 :oe'er ?\ art6 ,o light5 ?\ our c>es6' ,!re is no "o1 ,i repeat1 :o w\ld n be inflam$ ) love 7 x giv5 him to gaze ^u su* an ideal4 ,n[ inde$ mu* obscures our vision3 b if we w\ld only make our eyes pure & remove ! veil t cov]s !m1 we %\ld be able to behold virtue ev5 ?\gh cov]$ by ! body1 & cl\d$ by pov]ty1 l[l9ess & %ame4 ,we %\ld see its lovel9ess ev5 ?r\gh ! mo/ sordid veils 7,ep4 #aae74 ,! attitude express$ 9 ^! words 0 widespread 9 ! :ole ( ! civilis$ _w at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,a feel+ ( ! unc]ta9ty ( all ?+s human weigh$ l a gha/ly dream ^u mo/ m9ds4 ,! g5]al di/ress ( ! "t1 ! collapse ( ! nation /ates "u ! r\gh h& ( ! ,roman conqu]ors1 ! loss ( indep5d5ce1 ! unc]ta9ty ( political & social conditions1 ! incessant w>f>e & ! heavy dea?-roll x involv$--all ?is =c$ m5 back ^u _! own inn] life1 & compell$ !m to seek !re = "s support aga9/ ! loss ( out] happ9ess 9 a philosophy :i* rais$ & invigorat$ ! s\l4 ,b ! anci5t philosophy _h sp5t itself4 ,! nave int]play ( nature & _s1 t +5u\s tru/ 9 ext]nal reality :i* _h be5 ! expression ( a y\?ful vig\r 9 ! ,m$it]ranean peoples1 f :i* inde$ ! anci5t civilisation 0 d]iv$1 n[ 0 %att]$4 ,to ! eyes ( m5 at t "t ,nature & ,_s /ood oppos$ z ho/ile & irreconcilable facts4 ,all ef=ts to re/ore ! %att]$ unity 7 fru/rat$ by ! impossibility ( rega9+ ! primitive attitude4 ,a fruitless scepticism :i* satisfi$ no "o1 b out ( :i* no way 0 kn[n1 p>alys$ all joy 9 outw>d or inn] activities1 & prev5t$ m5 f hav+ any pleasure 9 life4 ,!re=e all eyes 7 turn$ t[>ds a sup]natural support1 a direct div9e enlight5m5t1 a revelation2 & ! desire arose ( f9d+ once aga9 ! lo/ c]ta9ty 9 ! ord]+ ( life by dep5d5ce ^u an ideal & sup]human be+4 ,_m saw 9 ! exalt$ p]son ( ! ,emp]or ! inc>nation ( su* a div9e be+4 ,x 0 n !n always pure flatt]y1 b (t5 en\gh ! expression ( real gratitude t[>ds individual ,imp]ial b5efactors1 comb9$ ) a long+ = direct proximity ) & visible pres5ce ( a god1 :i* gave to ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or its great significance ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,roman ,empire4 ,an ,augu/us :o _h put an end to ! horrors ( ! civil w> mu/1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 h appe>$ z a pr9ce ( peace & a savi\r 9 ! utt]mo/ extremity1 :o _h come to r5ew ! _w & to br+ back ! fair days ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,he _h aga9 giv5 to mank9d an aim 9 life & to exi/5ce "s mean+4 ,z ! head ( ! ,roman ,/ate religion1 a p]son ?r\gh ^: h&s ! ?reads ( ! policy ( ! :ole _w pass$1 z ! rul] ( an empire su* z ! _w _h nev] be=e se51 he might well appe> to m5 z a ,god1 z ,jupit] himself come d[n to e>?1 to dwell among m54 ,n[ at l5g? ! "t is pass$1 runs an inscription1 app>5tly ( ! n9? ye> be=e ,*ri/1 f\nd at ,pri5e n long ago1 :5 man _h to lam5t t he _h be5 born4 ,t provid5ce1 :i* directs all life1 has s5t ?is man z a savi\r to u & ! g5]ations to come4 ,he w put an end to all feuds1 & dispose all ?+s nobly4 ,9 8 appe>ance are ! hopes ( ! pa/ fulfill$4 ,all e>li] b5efactors ( mank9d he has surpass$4 ,x is impossible t a great] %\ld come4 ,! bir?day ( ! ,god has br\ght = ! _w ! messages ( salvation 7,gospels7 :i* att5d him4 ,f 8 bir? a new epo* mu/ beg94 #ae ,x 0 n only ! long+ ( mank9d = a new /ructure ( society1 = peace1 ju/ice1 & happ9ess ^u e>?1 :i* lay at ! root ( ! cult ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,deep] m9ds s\ght n only an improvem5t 9 political & social circum/ances1 b felt di/urb$ by ?\ghts ( dea? & ! fate ( ! s\l aft] its p>t+ f its bodily %ell4 ,!y trembl$ at ! expectation ( ! e>ly occurr5ce ( a _w-wide cata/rophe1 :i* w\ld put a t]rible end to all exi/5ce4 ,! apocalyptic frame ( m9d 0 s widespread at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era t ev5 a ,s5eca c\ld n keep 8 ?\ghts f ! e>ly arrival ( ! end ( ! _w4 ,f9ally1 !re also grew up a sup]/iti\s fe> ( evil spirits & ,dmons1 :i* we c sc>cely exagg]ate4 ,& "h no philosophic mus+s c\ld (f] a support to anxi\s m9ds1 b religion alone4 ,seldom 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d has ! ne$ = religion be5 s /rongly felt z 9 ! la/ c5tury be=e & ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,b x 0 n f ! old h]$it>y national religions t deliv]ance 0 expect$4 ,x 0 f ! unre/ra9$ comm+l+ & unification ( all exi/+ religions1 a religi\s syncretism1 :i* 0 specially fur!r$ by acqua9tance ) ! /range1 b on t acc\nt all ! m attractive1 religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,already ,rome _h become a ,pan!on ( almo/ all religions :i* "o c\ld believe1 :ile 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 9 ,ne>] ,asia1 t bre$+-place ( anci5t ,gods & cults1 !re 7 cont9ually appe>+ new1 m d>+ & secret =ms ( religi\s activity4 ,^!1 too1 9 a %ort :ile obta9$ _! place 9 ! consci\sness ( ,we/]n humanity4 ,:]e ! public wor%ip ( ! recognis$ ,gods did n suffice1 m5 s\ght a deep] satisfaction 9 ! numb]less my/ic associations ( t "t1 or =m$ !mselves ) o!rs ( l m9d into private religi\s bodies or pi\s bro!rhoods1 9 ord] to n\ri% 9 ! quiet ( private rituali/ic obs]vance an individual religi\s life ap>t f ! (ficial ,/ate religion4 ,i ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,p>seeism ,,on ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,a ,,messiah ,among no p 0 ! long+ = r$emption s lively & ! expectation ( a spe$y end ( ! _w s /rong z among ! ,jews4 ,s9ce ! ,babylonian captivity 7#ehf-ecf ,b4,c47 ! =m] ,jewi% outlook ^u ! _w _h und]gone a great *ange4 ,fifty ye>s _h be5 sp5t by ! ,israelites 9 ! l& ( ! /rang]4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s aft] _! return to _! own l& !y 7 "u ,p]sian ov]lord%ip4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is !y 7 9 close connection politically & economically ) ! ,a*m5idean ,empire1 & ?is did n cease :5 ,alex&] ov]?rew ! ,p]sian p[] & br\ght ! :ole ,ea/]n _w "u ,greek influ5ce4 ,dur+ ?is l5g?y p]iod ,p]sian modes ( ?9k+ & ,p]sian religi\s views _h influ5c$ 9 _m ways ! old ,jewi% op9ions1 & _h introduc$ a l>ge numb] ( new ideas4 ,fir/ ( all ! extreme dualism ( ! ,p]sians _h impress$ a di/9ctly dual "* ^u ,jewi% ,mono!ism4 ,god & ! _w1 :i* 9 ! old ideas _h (t5 m+l$ ) "o ano!r1 7 sep>at$ & made to /& 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,foll[+ ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 ! old national ,god ,jahwe1 9 imitation ( ! ,p]sian ,ahuramazda 7,ormuzd71 _h develop$ f a ,god ( fire1 light1 & sky into a ,god ( sup]natural purity & hol9ess4 ,surr\nd$ by light & en?ron$ 9 ! ,beyond1 l ,ahuramazda1 ! s\rce ( all life1 ! liv+ ,god held int]c\rse ) 8 creatures ^u ! e>? only ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( a c\rt ( angels4 ,^! mess5g]s ( ,god or int]m$iate be+s 9 c\ntless numb]s mov$ betwe5 heav5 & e>? ^u 8 s]vice4 ,& j z ,angroma9yu 7,ahriman71 ! evil1 0 oppos$ to ,ahuramazda1 ! good1 & ! /ruggle betwe5 d>kness & light1 tru? & falsehood1 life & dea?1 01 accord+ to ,p]sian ideas1 reproduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( e>?ly ev5ts1 s ! ,jews too ascrib$ to ,satan ! rle ( an adv]s>y ( ,god1 a corrupt] ( ! div9e creation1 & made him1 z ,pr9ce ( ?is _w & lead] ( ! =ces ( hell1 measure 8 /r5g? ) ! ,k+ ( ,heav54 #af ,9 ! /ruggle ( ! two oppos+ worlds1 accord+ to ,p]sian ideas1 ,mi?ras /ood 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! _s ( light1 tru?1 & ju/ice1 ! div9e fri5d ( m51 ! m$iator1 deliv]]1 & savi\r ( ! _w4 ,he %>$ 8 (fice ) ,honov]1 ,ahuramazda's ,^w ( creation & revelation2 & inde$ 9 mo/ ?+s _! attributes 7 m+l$4 ,an inc>nation ( fire or ! sun1 above all ( ! /ruggl+1 suff]+1 triumphant light1 :i* presses victori\sly ?r\gh night & d>kness1 ,mi?ras 0 also connect$ ) dea? & immortality1 & pass$ z guide ( s\ls & judge 9 ! "u-_w4 ,he 0 ! div9e son1 ( :om x 0 said t ,ahuramazda _h fa%ion$ him z great & wor?y ( rev]5ce z 8 own self4 ,inde$1 he 0 9 ess5ce ,ahuramazda himself1 proce$+ f 8 sup]natural light1 & giv5 a concrete individuality4 ,z companion 9 creation & protector ( ! _w he kept ! univ]se /&+ 9 its /ruggle aga9/ its enemies4 ,at ! head ( ! heav5ly ho/ he f\ght = ,god1 & ) 8 sword ( flame he drove ! ,dmons ( ,d>kness 9 t]ror back into ! %ad[s4 ,to take "p 9 ?is combat on ! side ( ,god1 to build up ! future k+dom ( ,god by ! "w ( a life-giv+ civilisation1 by ! r5d]+ fruitful ( /]ile wa/es1 ! ext9ction ( noxi\s animals1 & by moral self-education1 seem$ ! prop] end ( human exi/5ce4 ,b :5 ! "t %\ld h be5 fulfill$ & ! pres5t epo* come to an end1 accord+ to ,p]sian belief1 ,ahuramazda 0 !n to raise up f ! se$ ( ,z>a?u/ra1 ! f\nd] ( ?is religion1 ! virg9's son1 ,sao%yant 7,srao%a1 ,sosios*1 :i* signifies ! ,savi\r71 or1 z x ran accord+ to ano!r r5d]+1 ,mi?ras himself %\ld desc5d ^u ! e>? & 9 a la/ fi]ce /ruggle ov]:elm ,angroma9yu & 8 ho/s1 & ca/ !m d[n into ! ,ne!r ,_w4 ,he w\ld !n raise ! dead 9 bodily %ape1 & aft] a ,g5]al ,judgm5t ( ! :ole _w1 9 :i* ! wick$ %\ld be condemn$ to ! puni%m5ts ( hell & ! good rais$ to heav5ly glory1 e/abli% ! mill5nial ,k+dom ( ,peace4 ,hell itself 0 n to la/ = ev]1 = a great reconciliation 0 to be f9ally held out ev5 to ! damn$4 ,!n ,angroma9yu also w\ld make peace ) ,ahuramazda1 & ^u a new e>? b5ea? a new heav5 all 7 to be unit$ to "o ano!r 9 ev]la/+ bless$ness4 ,^! ideas ent]$ ! circle ( ,jewi% ?\ght & !re br\ght ab\t a complete trans=mation ( ! =m] belief 9 a ,messiah4 ,messiah--t is1 ! ,ano9t$ 79 ,greek1 ,*ri/os7--orig9ally signifi$ ! k+ z repres5tative ( ,jahwe be=e ! p & ( ! p be=e ,jahwe4 ,accord+ to #b ,sam4 vii4 #ac sq41 he 0 plac$ 9 ! same relation ( an ob$i5t son to 8 fa!r1 9 :i* ! :ole p 0 consci\s ( /&+4 #ag ,!n ! opposition betwe5 ! holy dignity ( ! ,ano9t$ ( ,god & ! humanly imp]fect p]sonality ( ! ,jewi% k+s l$ to ! ideal ( ! ,messiah be+ transf]r$ to ! future & ! complete realisation ( ! rule ( ,jahwe ov] 8 p be+ expect$ only !n4 ,9 ?is s5se ! anci5t prophets _h already celebrat$ ! ,messiah z an ideal ,k+ ( ! future1 :o w\ld exp]i5ce 9 ! fulle/ s5se ! high assurances ( ,jahwe's fav\r1 ( :i* ,david _h be5 deem$ wor?y1 s9ce he w\ld be completely wor?y ( !m4 ,!y _h describ$ him z ! ,h]o1 :o w\ld be m ?an ,moses & ,jo%ua1 :o w\ld e/abli% ! promis$ glory ( ,israel1 dispose ! p anew1 & br+ ,jahwe's religion ev5 to ! hea!n4 #ah ,!y _h glorifi$ him 9 t he w\ld span ! heav5s afre%1 e/abli% a new e>?1 & make ,israel ,"l ov] all nations4 #ai ,9 ?is !y _h at fir/ und]/ood ! ,messiah only z a human be+1 z a new ,david or ( 8 se$--!ocratic k+1 div9ely fav\r$ pr9ce ( peace & j rul] ov] 8 p1 j z ! ,p]sian ,sao%yant 0 to be a man ( ! se$ ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,9 ?is s5se a ,cyrus1 ! deliv]] ( ! p f ! ,babylonian captivity1 ! rescu] & ov]lord ( ,israel1 _h be5 acclaim$ ,messiah4 #bj ,b j z ,sao%yant _h be5 undesign$ly transfigur$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p into a div9e be+ & made "o ) ! figure ( ,mi?ras1 #ba s also among ! prophets ! ,messiah 0 m & m assign$ ! "p ( a div9e k+4 ,he 0 call$ div9e h]o1 ,fa!r ( ,et]nity1 & ! prophet ,isaiah indulg$ 9 a description ( 8 k+dom ( peace1 9 :i* ! wolf w\ld lie d[n by ! lamb1 m5 w\ld no long] die be=e _! "t1 & w\ld enjoy ! fruit ( _! fields )\t ti!1 :ile "r & ju/ice w\ld reign ^u e>? "u ?is k+ ( a gold5 age z x _h nev] done be=e4 #bb ,secret & sup]natural1 z 0 8 nature1 s %\ld ! bir? ( ! ,messiah be4 ,?\gh a div9e *ild1 he 0 to be born 9 l[ly /ate4 #bc ,! p]sonality ( ! ,messiah m+l$ ) t ( ,jahwe himself1 z ?\gh x 7 ,god himself ( ^: asc5d+ ! ?rone & j\rney heav5w>ds ! ,psalmi/s s+4 #bd ,^! alt]nations ( ! ,messiah betwe5 a human & a div9e nature appe> /ill m cle>ly 9 ! ,jewi% apocalyptics ( ! la/ c5tury be=e & ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,?us ! ,apocalypse ( ,daniel 7ab\t #afe ,b4,c47 speaks ( "o :o z ,son ( ,man w desc5d ^u ! cl\ds ( heav5 & w be br\ght be=e ! ,anci5t ( ,days4 ,! :ole tone ( ! passage leaves no d\bt t ! ,son ( ,man 7b>nasa7 is a sup]human be+ repres5t+ ! ,deity4 ,to him ! maje/y & k+dom ( ,god h be5 entru/$ 9 ord] t1 at ! end ( ! exi/+ epo*1 he %\ld desc5d ^u ! cl\ds ( heav51 surr\nd$ by a troop ( angels1 & e/abli% an ev]la/+ p[]1 a ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,9 ! picture-language ( ,eno* 79 ! la/ decade be=e ,*ri/7 ! ,messiah1 ! ,*os5 ,"o1 ! ,son ( ,man1 appe>s z a sup]natural pre-exi/+ be+1 :o 0 hidd5 9 ,god be=e ! _w 0 creat$1 ^: glory cont9ues f et]nity to et]nity & 8 might f g5]ation to g5]ation1 9 :om ! _s ( wisdom & p[] dwells1 :o judges hidd5 ?+s1 puni%es ! wick$1 b w save ! holy & j4 #be ,inde$1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,esdras 7! s-call$ f\r? ,book ( ,esdras7 expressly combats ! op9ion t ! judgm5t ( ! _w w come ?r\gh ano!r ?an ,god1 & likewise describes ! ,messiah z a k9d ( second ,god1 z ! ,son ( ,god1 z ! human inc>nation ( ! ,godhead4 #bf ,9 all ( ?is ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian beliefs is unmi/akable1 :e!r ^! arose 9 ,iran itself directly1 or :e!r ! idea ( a ,god-appo9t$ k+ & deliv]] ( ! _w 0 borr[$ by ! ,p]sians f ! circle ( ,babylonian ideas4 ,"h ?is conception _h tak5 deep root & 0 appli$ at diff]5t times n[ to ?is k+1 n[ to t4 #bg ,j z 9 ! ,p]sian religion ! image ( ,sao%yant1 s also 9 ! ,jewi% view ! picture ( ! ,messiah wav]$ betwe5 a human k+ ( ! race ( ,david & a sup]natural be+ ( div9e nature desc5d$ f heav54 ,& j z 9 ! ,p]sian repres5tation ( ! com+ ( ,sao%yant & ! f9al victory ( ! ,k+dom ( ,light !re w\ld be a prec$+ p]iod dur+ :i* ?reat5+ signs w\ld appe> 9 ! heav5s1 ! :ole ( nature w\ld f9d itself 9 upheaval & mank9d w\ld be sc\rg$ ) fe>ful plagues1 s also ! ,jewi% ,apocalypse speaks ( ! woes ( ! ,messiah & describes a p]iod ( t]ror :i* w\ld prec$e ! com+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,! com+ ( ! p[] ( ,god 0 look$ ^u z a miracul\s cata/rophe sudd5ly break+ 9 f on high1 z a conflagration ( ! _w foll[$ by a new creation4 ,! ,jewi% agre$ ) ! ,p]sian view 9 ?is also1 t x made a heav5ly k+dom ( undi/urb$ bliss 9 ! light ( ! ev]la/+ life & 9 lik5ess ( ! angels foll[ ! e>?ly _w-wide empire ( ! ,messiah4 ,?is !y imag9$ on exactly ! same l9es z ! ,p]sian ,p>adise4 ,!re w\ld ! holy dr9k ( ! ,wat] ( ,life & n\ri% !mselves on ! fruit :i* hang ^u ! ,tree ( ,life4 ,! wick$1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld be ca/ into hell & suff] 9 fe>ful torm5ts ! j puni%m5t ( _! s9s4 #bh ,! conception ( a resurrection ( ! dead & a la/ judgm5t _h hi!rto be5 /range to ! ,jews4 ,9 pre-exilic days !y all[$ ! body to die & ! s\l aft] dea? to g d[n z a %ad[ )\t feel+ into ,hades 7,%eol71 )\t di/urb+ !mselves fur!r ab\t its fate4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ) ! doctr9e ( ! de/ruction ( ! _w by fire & ! g5]al judgm5t1 ! idea ( p]sonal immortality ent]$ ! _w ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,?us x is said by ,daniel t on ! day ( judgm5t ! dead w rise aga91 "s wak+ to ev]la/+ life1 o!rs to ev]la/+ p]dition4 ,b ! tea*]s w %9e z ! brightness ( heav51 & ^? :o l$ ! multitude to ju/ice z ! />s = ev] & ev]4 #bi ,) ! acceptance ( p]sonal immortality ! :ole tone ( religi\s ?\ght 0 deep5$ & enri*$ 9 ! direction ( ?\ght = ! individual4 ,=m] ,jewi% morality _h be5 ess5tially ( a collective k9d4 ,x 0 n s mu* ! individual z ! p view$ collectively t 0 look$ ^u z ! object ( div9e solicitude4 ,at ?is po9t ! position1 ! road to :i* _h be5 already prep>$ by ! prophets1 0 def9itely e/abli%$1 t ! individual hop$ = a p]sonal religi\s salvation & z a consequ5ce felt 9 direct p]sonal relation%ip ) ,jahwe4 ,god inde$ rema9$1 z ! ,p]sians _h taught !m to und]/& him1 ! sup]human "l ( heav5 en?ron$ 9 pure light1 ! s\rce ( all life1 ! liv+ ,god4 ,8 metaphysical qualities1 h[ev]1 8 dazzl+ glory & unconqu]able might 7 ev] m & m ov]%ad[$ by 8 moral attributes3 goodness1 grace1 & m]cy appe>$ z ! mo/ prom95t features 9 ! "* ( ,jahwe4 ,god seem$ a lov+ fa!r :o leads 8 *ildr5 ?r\gh life ) k9dly c>e1 & )\t ^: cons5t n a hair ( "o ( 8 creatures c\ld be t\*$4 ,! /rong t5d5cy )9 ,judaism1 repres5t$ by ! upp] curr5ts ( ph>isaic rabb9ism1 cont9ually drew ! national b\nd>ies clos]1 & 0 ev] m anxi\sly occupi$ ) a pa9fully /rict obs]vance ( ! lett] ( ! law & a consci5ti\s obs]vance ( rituali/ic ord9ances4 ,e?ics ?reat5$ to be ext+ui%$ "u a sy/em ( conv5tional rules ( an ess5tially juri/ic nature4 ,yet all ! :ile a m human & natural morality 0 aris+1 an inw>d piety1 w>m-he>t$1 popul>1 & s\nd1 :i* broke ?r\gh ! n>r[ limits ( ,jewi% nationalism1 & s5t a fre% curr5t into ! heavy atmosph]e ( (ficial legality4 ,x 0 !n t ! gr\ndwork ( lat] ,*ri/ian e?ics 0 laid 9 ! purifi$ morality ( ! psalms1 aphorisms1 & o!r edificatory writ+s ( a ,job1 ,b>u*1 ,jesus son ( ,sira*1 c4 ,x 0 !n t ! ,jewi% ,mono!ism set itself to ext5d its sway beyond ! b\nd>ies ( its own l& & to ent] into competition ) ! o!r religions ( antiquity1 f :i* x 0 to draw back vanqui%$ only be=e a matur$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,,ii ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,m$iator 7,,philo7 ,) ,alex&]'s conque/ ( ! ,p]sian ,empire ,pale/9e also 0 drawn )9 ! circle ( ,hell5i/ic culture4 ,x 0 at fir/ a vassal /ate ( ! ,egyptian ,ptolemies1 & consequ5tly at ! comm5cem5t ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ came "u ! ov]lord%ip ( ! ,syrian ,seleucids4 ,! cu/oms & intellectual life ( ,greece =c$ _! way into ! quiet isolation ( ! prie/-rul$ ,jewi% /ate & c\ld n be expell$ aga91 despite ! national reaction "u ! ,maccabees aga9/ =eign influ5ces4 ,above all1 h[ev]1 ! disp]sal ( ! ,jews contribut$ to br+ ab\t a settlem5t ( oppos+ views4 ,s9ce ! ,exile ! ,jews _h spread ov] all ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ ,m$it]ranean4 ,"s _h rema9$ 9 ,babylon1 o!rs 7 p]man5tly settl$ especially 9 ! ports z tradesm51 bank]s1 & m]*ants4 ,!y controll$ ! entire money m>ket & trade ( ! ,ea/ ?r\gh _! assidu\s indu/ry1 m]cantile %>pness1 _! lack ( scruples1 & ! t5acity ) :i* !y held toge!r1 support$ !re9 by _! wor%ip 9 common 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,9 ! atmosph]e ( ,greek philosophy & morality a /ill fur!r trans=mation & purification ( ,jahwe took place4 ,all common human & mat]ial l9eam5ts 7 dropp$1 & he develop$ into a spiritual be+ ( p]fect goodness1 su* z ,plato _h describ$ ! ,godhead4 ,"h ! ,jews f\nd !mselves face to face ) ! same problem t _h long occupi$ ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,?is 0 ! reconciliation ( ! sup]natural l(t9ess & alo(ness f ! _w ( _! ,god ) ! dem&s ( ! religi\s consci\sness t requir$ ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,godhead4 ,among ! ideas :i* 7 borr[$ by ,judaism f ! ,p]sian religion belong$ ^? connect$ ) ! m$iatory ,^w4 ,z ! creative p[] ( ! ,godhead1 ! be>] ( revelation & repres5tative ( ,god ^u e>?1 ! expression ! ^w _h already appe>$ 9 aphori/ic lit]ature4 ,"u ,grco-,egyptian influ5ce ! t]m wisdom 7sophia7 _h become ! naturalis$ expression = x4 ,wisdom s]v$ to describe ! activities 9 reg>d to man ( ! ,god :o held alo( f ! _w4 ,9 ?is connection x may be not$ t accord+ to ,p]sian ideas ,wisdom "u ! "n ( ,sp5ta ,armaiti 0 consid]$ z "o ( ! six or sev5 ,ame%a ,sp5tas 7,am%asp&s71 ^? spirits t /ood z a bodygu>d close/ to ! ?rone ( ,god & correspond$ to ! ,jewi% ar*angels4 ,%e 0 consid]$ by ! ,p]sians z ! daught] or sp\se ( ,ahuramazda4 ,already1 9 ! s-call$ ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 writt5 by an ,alex&rian ,jew 9 ! la/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 %e 0 decl>$ to be a sep>ately exi/+ _s 9 close relation to ,god4 ,"u ! guise ( a half-p]sonal1 half-mat]ial be+--a p[] controll+ ! :ole ( nature--%e 0 describ$ z ! pr9ciple ( ! revelation ( ,god 9 ! creation1 ma9t5ance1 & rul+ ( ! _w1 z ! common pr9ciple ( life f on high & z ! int]m$i>y organ ( religi\s salvation4 ,j z ,plato _h s\ght to ov]come ! dualism ( ! ideal & ! mat]ial _w by ! conception ( a _w-s\l1 s ,wisdom 0 int5d$ to s]ve z an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! opposites1 ! ,god ( ! ,jews & 8 creation4 ,^! ef=ts 7 cont9u$ by ! ,alex&rian ,jew ,philo 7#cj ,b4,c4 to #ej ,a4,d471 :o tri$ to br+ ! ,p]so-,jewi% conception ( ! ,^w or ,wisdom into clos] accord ) ! ideas ( ,greek philosophy ?an ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom _h already done4 ,philo1 too1 comm5c$ ) ! opposition betwe5 an unkn[able1 unnameable ,god1 absolutely rais$ above ! _w1 & mat]ial creat$ exi/5ce4 ,he imag9$ ?is opposition bridg$ ov] by means ( p[]s :i*1 z relatively self-exi/+ individuals1 mess5g]s1 s]vants1 & repres5tatives ( ,god1 at "o "t m closely resembl$ ,p]sian angels or ,greek ,dmons1 at ano!r "t ! ,platonic ,ideas1 ! orig9als & patt]ns ( ,god 9 creat+4 ,ess5tially1 h[ev]1 !y bore ! "* ( ! s-call$ ,fructify+ p[]s1 ^? creative =ces :i* infus$ a s\l & design into =mless matt] & by means ( :i* ! ,/oic philosoph]s s\ght to expla9 exi/5ce4 ,z ! fir/ ( ^! int]m$iate =ces1 or1 inde$1 z ! ess5ce ( !m all1 ,philo consid]$ ! ,logos1 efficaci\s reason or ! creative ^w ( ,god4 ,he call$ him ! fir/-born son ( ,god or ! second ,god1 ! repres5tative1 int]pret]1 ambassador1 ,ar*angel ( ,god1 or ,pr9ce ( ,angels4 ,he consid]$ him z ! ,high ,prie/1 :o made int]cession ) ,god = ! _w1 ! affairs ( :i* he repres5t$ be=e him z ! p>aclete1 ! advocate & consol] ( ! _w1 :o 0 ! *annel to x ( ! div9e promises2 z ! tool ) :i* ,god _h fa%ion$ ! _w1 ! orig9al & ideal ( x to :i* ,god _h giv5 effect 9 its creation--t :i* op]at$ 9 all ?+s2 9 a ^w1 z ! s\l or _s ( ! _w1 :i* ! ,/oics _h id5tifi$ ) _! ,god1 b :i* ,philo di/+ui%$ f ! o!r-_w ,div9ity & look$ ^u z 8 revelation & manife/ation4 ,9 ess5ce only an expression = ! sum total ( all div9e =ces & activities1 ! ,logos ( ,philo also 0 sometimes an imp]sonal metaphysical pr9ciple1 simply ! efficacy ( ! ,godhead1 & sometimes an indep5d5t p]sonality di/9ct f ,god4 ,j z ! ,/oics _h p]sonifi$ _! _w-reason 9 ,h]mes1 ! mess5g] ( ! ,gods1 s ! ,egyptians _h rais$ ,amun ,ra's magic ^w ( creation to a self-exi/+ p]sonal m$iatory be+ 9 ,?o? ! guide ( s\ls2 ! ,babylonians1 ! ^w ( fate ( ! great ,god ,m>duk 9 ! %ape ( ,nabu2 ! ,p]sians1 ! ^w ( ,ahuramazda 9 ,vohu mano z well z 9 ! ,sp5ta ,armaiti1 ! good ?\ght ( ! creative ,god4 ,& j z accord+ to ,p]sian ideas x 0 at "o "t ! div9e son & m$iator ,mi?ras1 ! collectivity ( all div9e =ces1 at ano!r ! ideal man ,sao%yant :o appe>$ z ,savi\r & ,deliv]] ( ! _w1 & j z bo? m+l$ 9 "o =m1 s ,philo also at "o "t describ$ ! ,^w z ! collectivity ( all creative ideas1 at ano!r only z ! unembodi$ idea ( man1 ! ideal man1 ! direct div9e image & immat]ial patt]n ( ! mat]ial exempl>s ( humanity1 t is effective !re9 z ! subject ( all religi\s r$emption4 ,inde$1 he occasionally id5tifi$ him ) ! tree ( life 9 ,p>adise1 s9ce bo? 7 ev]la/+ & /ood 9 ! middle4 ,accord+ to ,philo1 man is unable ( 8 own /r5g? to free himself f ! bonds ( e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,all deliv]ance dep5ds ^u ! emancipation ( ! s\l f ! body & its s5su\s desires4 ,9 con=mity ) 8 true spiritual & godlike nature1 to become z p]fect z ,god1 is ! highe/ virtue & at ! same "t true happ9ess4 ,?is is atta9$ by an insight into ! div9e reality ( ?+s1 by :ole-he>t$ tru/ 9 ,god1 by grateful recognition ( ! goodness & love be/[$ by him1 %[+ itself 9 piety t[>ds ,god z well z 9 *>ity & ju/ice t[>ds o!r m54 ,b 9 addition ! ,logos itself mu/ be 9 u & cause = u ! insight into our div9e nature4 ,! ,logos mu/ guide u1 come to ! aid ( our human weakness ) 8 sup]natural /r5g? 9 ! /ruggles aga9/ ! _w & s9 & raise u up to ,god4 ,?us ! apo!osis ( man is ! goal aim$ at 9 all religi\s activity4 ,! ,logos1 h[ev]1 is ! only means to ?is end1 9 s f> z we are rais$ ?r\gh union ) him 9 fai? & love to our true orig9 & life's s\rce1 ! vision ( ,god1 & !reby h p>ticipation 9 8 life4 ,,iii ,,jesus ,,z ,,cult-,,god ,,9 ,,! ,,cre$ ,,( ,,jewi% ,,sects ,all religi\s spirits ( ! "t long$ to secure ?is happy vision & communion ) ,god1 & to obta9 ev5 "h on e>? a =eta/e ( ! heav5ly life4 ,! ,jews s\ght to atta9 ?is end by a pa9fully exact obs]vance ( ! ord9ances ( _! law1 b 9 s do+ !y became entangl$ 9 a me% ( su* m9ute & tiresome regulations t ! m !y appli$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ! law ! m difficult x appe>$4 ,x seem$ to be no long] possible to reconcile ! dem&s ( ev]yday life ) "o's religi\s duties4 ,"s !re=e )drew f ! life ( ! _w & 9 retirem5t & quiet endeav\r$ to devote !mselves exclusively to ! inn] life4 ,9 ,egypt ! ,!rapeutes or ,physicians1 a religi\s association compos$ ( ,jews & _! proselytes1 ) _! headqu>t]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,alex&ria1 s\ght 9 ?is mann]1 z ,philo in=ms u 9 8 "w ,on ! ,contemplative ,life1 to give effect to ! claims ( religion z express$ by ,philo himself4 #cj ,_! religi\s obs]vances resembl$ ^? ( ! ,orphic-,py?agorean sects1 z 9 ab/95ce f fle% & w9e1 admiration = virg9ity1 volunt>y pov]ty1 religi\s fea/s & community s++1 & ! use ( :ite g>m5ts4 ,!y made a deep /udy ( ! my/ical writ+s ( revelation t _h be5 h&$ d[n1 & ^! !y us$ z a guide 9 ! allegorical explanation ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,!y unit$ a contemplative piety ) a common religi\s obs]vance1 & ?us s\ght to /r5g!n !mselves mutually 9 ! c]ta9ty ( religi\s salvation4 ,beyond ! ,jordan ! ,jewi% sect ( ! ,ess5es 7f ! ,syrian ^w *ase1 plural *as5 or *asaja7 _h _! *ief settlem5t4 ,^! call$ !mselves1 z is express$ by _! "n1 ! ,pi\s or ,godfe>+4 ,9 _! e/eem ( temp]ance1 celibacy1 & pov]ty1 _! reprobation ( slav]y1 private prop]ty1 ! tak+ ( oa?s1 & blood-sacrifice1 9 ! hon\r !y paid ! sun z a visible manife/ation ( ! div9e light1 !y agre$ ) ! ,!rapeutes4 ,!y diff]$ f !m1 h[ev]1 9 _! mona/ic organisation & ! regul> mann] 9 :i* ! life ( ! community 0 divid$ among diff]5t classes1 _! /rict subord9ation to sup]iors1 _! ma9t5ance ( a novitiate ( sev]al ye>s1 ! secrecy ( ! traditions ( ! sect1 & _! cultivation ( ! heal+ art & magic4 ,! ,!rapeutes pass$ _! lives 9 leisurely contemplation & spiritual ex]cises2 ! ,ess5es1 on ! o!r h&1 engag$ 9 ! re>+ ( /ock1 f>m+1 & bee-culture1 or !y pursu$ a h&icraft1 & 9 ! c\ntry places or t[ns ( ,juda1 :]e !y (t5 dwelt toge!r 9 h\ses ( ! ord]1 !y liv$ z dwell]s 9 a des]t ! life ( purity & sanctity4 ,bo? sects1 aga91 7 alike 9 expect+ an e>ly end ( ! _w & 9 seek+ to prep>e !mselves = ! reception ( ! promises ( ,god by ! cultivation ( bro!rly dispositions among/ !mselves1 by ju/ice1 good works1 & b5evol5ce t[>ds _! fell[-m51 f9d+ !re9 ! special occupation ( _! lives4 #ca ,( :at nature 7 ! secret traditions ^u :i* ^! sects re/$8 ,we "k f ! ,jewi% hi/orian ,josephus t ! ,ess5es clung to an extreme dualism ( s\l & body1 9 :i*1 inde$1 !y agre$ ) ! o!r religi\s associations ( antiquity4 ,l all my/ical sects1 !y reg>d$ ! body z ! grave & prison-h\se ( ! immortal s\l1 to :i* x _h be5 bani%$ f an e>li] life 9 light & bless$ness4 ,!y also gr\nd$ _! long+ = deliv]ance f ! _w ( s5se & _! /riv+s t[>ds ! glory ( a bett] life ( ! s\l beyond ! grave ^u pessimism 9 reg>d to human exi/5ce4 ,!y ev5 reg>d$ ! p]=mance ( secret rites z a necess>y condition ( r$emption4 ,b 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,ess5es x 0 ess5tial above all to "k ! names ( ! angels & dmons :o op5$ ! passage to ! diff]5t heav5s1 dispos$ "o above ano!r4 ,?is k 0 to be reveal$ to m5 by "o ( ! high] gods1 a god-r$eem]4 ,a conception alli$ to t lay at ! root ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 z well z ( ,philo's "w--! belief 9 ! magic p[] ( ! r$emptive ^w ( ,god1 m+l$ by ! ,ess5es ) _m /range ,egyptian1 ,p]sian1 & ,babylonian +r$i5ts & remov$ f ! sph]e ( philosophic ?\ght to ! region ( a rankly luxuriant sup]/ition4 ,?us ! closely relat$ ,jewi% ,apocalypse _h expressly support$ ! revelation ( a secret div9e wisdom4 #cb ,inde$1 we n[ "k t ?is :ole _w ( ?\ght belong$ to an exce$+ly manifold syncretic religi\s sy/em1 compos$ ( ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 ,jewi%1 & ,greek +r$i5ts1 :i* rul$ ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia 9 ! la/ c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,its foll[]s call$ !mselves ,adoni1 aft] ! "n ( its suppos$ f\nd]1 ,ado 78 ,adonis74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally describ$ z ! ,m&aic religion1 accord+ to ano!r "n = its foll[]s1 ! s-call$ ,m&i 7,gno/ics74 #cc ,( ! numb]less sects into :i* ?is religion split only a few names h come d[n to u1 ( :i* "s play$ a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! h]esies ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity2 = example1 ! ,ophites or ,nass5es1 ! ,ebionites1 ,p]ates1 ,se?ianes1 ,heliogno/ics1 ,sampses1 c4 #cd ,we are ?us mu* bett] acqua9t$ ) _! fundam5tal ideas1 :i* 7 v fanta/ic & complicat$4 ,!y all subscrib$ to ! belief 9 ! r$emption ( ! s\l ( man f its grave ( d>kness by a m$iatory be+1 orig9ally hidd5 9 ,god & !n expressly awak5$ or appo9t$ by him = ?is purpose4 ,9 orig9al ,m&aism he bore ! "n ( ,m& de hajj--t is1 ,gnosis1 or ^w ( life4 ,9 ! =m ( ,hibil-ziw1 ! ,babylonian ,m>duk or ,nabu1 he 0 to desc5d f heav5 ) ! keys !re(1 & by means ( 8 magic obta9 ! dom9ion ( ! _w4 ,he 0 to conqu] ^? dmons t _h fall5 away f ,god1 introduce ! end ( ! _w1 & lead back ! s\ls ( light to ! highe/ ,godhead4 ,z ! ,apocalyptics %[1 ?is view _h num]\s adh]5ts among ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e also4 ,all ^? :o f\nd no satisfaction 9 ! lit]alness ( ! ,ph>asaic beliefs & ! bus9ess-l sup]ficiality ( ! (ficial ,jewi% religion1 f\nd edification 9 ideas ( ?is sort1 :i* excit$ ! imag9ation4 ,!y dealt ) !m z my/]ies1 & s\ght1 z may well be f fe> ( conflicts ) traditional religion1 to keep !m secret f ! public4 #ce ,h5ce x is t we h su* an incomplete k ( ?is side ( ! religi\s life ( ! ,jews4 ,at any rate !y clo!d _! expect$ ,messiah ) ! attributes ( ! ,m&aic ,god ( ,m$iation1 & !y appe>1 z is cle> f ! ,apocalypse ( ,daniel & t ( ,john1 to h tak5 p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! description ( ! sc5e :]e ,god calls 7awakes7 ! ,r$eem] to 8 m$iatory (fice & in/alls him z ,deliv]]1 ,rul] ( ! ,_w1 & ,judge ( ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,we are accu/om$ to look ^u ! ,jewi% religion z /rictly mono!i/ic4 ,9 tru?1 x nev] 01 ev5 9 ! ,mosaic times1 until aft] ! return f ,exile4 ,& ?is is cle>1 9 spite ( ! tr\ble :i* ! compos]s ( ! s-call$ hi/oric books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h tak5 to "w up ! traditions 9 a mono!i/ic s5se & to oblit]ate ! traces ( ! e>ly ,jewi% poly!ism1 by trans=m+ ! anci5t gods into patri>*s1 h]oes1 angels1 & s]vants ( ,jahwe4 ,x 0 n entirely ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 & ,greek op9ions :i* influ5c$ ,judaism 9 a poly!i/ic direction2 f ! beg9n+1 besides ! !ory ( "o ,god1 emphasis$ by ! prie/hood & (ficial _w1 !re exi/$ a belief 9 o!r ,gods4 ,?is con/antly receiv$ fre% n\ri%m5t f =eign influ5ces1 & x appe>s to h be5 *iefly cultivat$ 9 ! secret societies4 ,on ! desc5t ( ! ,israelites into ,canaan ea* tribe br\ght ) x its special ,god1 "u ^: specific guidance x believ$ its de$s 7 accompli%$4 ,by ! re=ms ( ! ,prophets ^! ,gods 7 suppress$2 b ! high] grew ! reg>d = ,jahwe 7app>5tly ! ,god ( ! tribe ( ,judah71 & ! fur!r he 0 9 consequ5ce )drawn f ! _w to an unapproa*able di/ance1 ! m /rongly ! remembrance ( ! anci5t ,gods aga9 arose & assum$ ! =m ( ! recognition ( div9e int]m$iate be+s1 ! s-call$ ,sons ( ,god4 ,9 ^! ! long+ = ! direct pres5ce & visible repres5tation ( ,god s\ght expression4 ,su* appe>s to h be5 ! ,pres5ce1 or ,angel ( ,god1 ) :om ,jacob wre/l$ 9 ! des]t1 #cf :o l$ ! ,israelites out ( ,egypt & w5t be=e !m z a pill> ( flame1 #cg :o f\ght aga9/ _! enemies1 drove ! ,canaanites f _! homes1 #ch held int]c\rse ) ! prophets ,elijah & ,ezekiel1 #ci & /ood by ! p ( ,jahwe 9 e difficulty4 #dj ,he is also call$ ! ,k+ 7,mele*71 or ,son ( ,jahwe1 #da & ?us exactly resembles ! ,babylonian ,m>duk1 ! ,p]sian ,mi?ras1 ! ,pho5ician ,h]cules or ,molo*1 ! fir/-born son ( ,god 7,protogonos71 :o also appe>$ among ! ,orphics "u ! "n ( ,phanes 7i4e41 ,c\nt5ance71 :o wre/les ) ,zeus at ,olympia z ,jacob ) ,jahwe1 &1 l him1 dislocates 8 hip 9 ! /ruggle ) ,hippokoon4 ,9 ! rabb9ic !ology he is comp>$ ) ! my/ic ,metatron1 a be+ relat$ to ! ,logos1 ,! ,pr9ce ( ! ,pres5ce1 ,lead] ( ,angels1 ,"l ( ,lords1 ,k+ ( ,k+s1 ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,way ( ,god4 ,he 0 also call$ ! ,protector1 ,s5t9el1 & ,advocate ( ,israel1 :o lays petitions be=e ,god1 & 9 :om is ! "n ( ! ,"l4 #db ,?us he is id5tical ) t ,angel promis$ 9 ! second ,book ( ,moses1 9 :om also is ! "n ( ,jahwe1 :o 0 to lead ,israel to victory ov] ! ,amorites1 ,hittites1 ,p]izzites1 ,canaanites1 ,hivites1 & ,jebusites4 #dc ,b he1 aga91 is no o!r ?an ,jo%ua1 :o 0 said to h ov]?r[n ^! nations ) ,jahwe's aid4 #dd ,b ,jo%ua himself is app>5tly an anci5t ,ephraimitic ,god ( ! ,sun & ,fruitfulness1 :o /ood 9 close relation to ! ,fea/ ( ! ,pas* & to ! cu/om ( circumcision4 #de ,n[1 _m signs speak 9 fav\r ( ! fact t ,jo%ua or ,jesus 0 ! "n "u :i* ! expect$ ,messiah 0 hon\r$ 9 c]ta9 ,jewi% sects4 ,9 ,ze*4 iii4 ,jo%ua1 :o1 accord+ to ,ezra iii4 #b1 l$ back ! ,jews into _! old homes aft] ! ,babylonian captivity1 j z ! old] ,jo%ua br\ght back ! ,israelites into ,canaan1 ! promis$ l& ( _! fa!rs1 0 inve/$ z ,high ,prie/ by ! ,angel ( ! ,"l1 & promis$ ! cont9uance ( 8 prie/hood s long z he walk$ 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l4 ,9 ,ze*4 vi4 #i-ae ! ,high ,prie/ ,jo%ua is cr[n$ z ,messiah & br\ght into connection ) ! bran* "u :i* ! glory ( ,god's k+dom w come to pass4 ,x is true t 9 ?is passage "u ! title ( ,messiah ,z]ubbabel1 ! lead] ( ! ,jews ( ! race ( ,david1 0 orig9ally und]/ood4 ,9 him ! prophet ?\ght he c\ld disc]n t bran* by :i*1 9 accordance ) ,isaiah xi4 #a1 ! ,h\se ( ,david 0 aga9 to obta9 ! rule4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! great hopes set ^u ,z]ubbabel z ,messiah 7 n fulfill$1 a correction 0 made 7& ?is be=e ! ,bible 0 translat$ into ,greek7 9 ! text ( ! prophet1 z foll[s3 ,! "n ( ,z]ubbabel 0 /ruck out1 ! plural *ang$ into ! s+ul>1 s t ,jo%ua alone 0 repres5t$ z hav+ be5 cr[n$1 ! promises reg>d+ ! ,messiah accord+ly also pass+ ov] to him 7,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 #ahhh1 ii4 #abf1 note4 ,hhn1 ,die messianis*5 ,weissagung5 des israel4 ,volkes1 #ahhi1 #fb et sq474 ,jesus 0 a "n giv51 z w be /ill m cle>ly %[n1 n only to ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,ze*>iah & to ! successor ( ,moses1 bo? ( :om 7 said to h l$ ,israel back into its anci5t home1 bo? hav+ a decid$ly ,messianic "*4 ,! "n 9 anci5t times also belong$ to ! ,heal?br+] & ,patron ( ! ,physician--namely1 ,jasios or ,jason1 ! pupil ( ,*iron skill$ 9 heal+ #df--:o 9 g5]al %[s a rem>kable resemblance to ! ,*ri/ian ,r$eem]4 ,consid] also ! significant fact t ?ree times at decisive turn+-po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites a ,jo%ua appe>s :o leads 8 p into _! promis$ home1 into ,canaan & ,j]usalem1 into ! ,k+dom ( ,god--! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,n[1 z ,epiphanius rem>ks 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,h]etics1 ,jesus be>s 9 ! ,hebrew language ! same mean+ z curator1 !rapeutes--t is1 physician & cur]4 ,b ! ,!rapeutes & ,ess5es reg>d$ !mselves z physicians1 &1 above all1 physicians ( ! s\l4 ,x is accord+ly by no means improbable t !y too hon\r$ ! ,god ( _! sect "u ?is "n4 #dg ,we1 moreov]1 read 9 a ,p>isian magic-papyrus rec5tly f\nd & publi%$ by ,wessely 7l9e #caai et sq473 ,i exort !e by ,jesus ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! words are f\nd 9 an o/5sibly ,hebrew ,logos ( t papyrus1 ! tone ( :i* is q anci5t1 moreov] %[s no trace ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 & is ascrib$ by ! transcrib] to ! ,pure1 "u :i* "n1 accord+ to ,diet]i*1 ! ,ess5es or ,!rapeutes are to be und]/ood4 #dh ,! ,jessaes or ,jess5es 7,jessaioi7 nam$ !mselves aft] ,jesus1 or aft] ! bran* f ! root ( ,jesse4 #di ,!y 7 closely connect$ on "o side ) ! ,ess5es & on ! o!r side ) ! ,jewi% sect ( ! ,naz>5es or ,nazoraes 7,nazoraiori71 if !y 7 n absolutely id5tical4 ,^! 71 z ,epiphanius %[s1 9 exi/5ce long be=e ,*ri/1 & _h no k ( him4 #ej ,!y 71 h[ev]1 call$ ,nazoraes 7,naz>5es 7,naz>5os7 is only a l+ui/ic v>iation ( x1 cf4 ,essaes & ,ess5es7 because !y hon\r$ ! ,m$iator ,god1 ! div9e son1 z a protector & gu>dian 7,syrian1 ,nas>y2 ,hebrew1 ,ha-nsr7 7cf4 ! ,protector ( ,israel1 also ! fact t ,mi?ras 0 hon\r$ z ,protector ( ! ,_w74 ,accord+ to ,acts xxiv4 #e ! fir/ foll[]s ( ,jesus 7 also call$ ,nazoraes or ,naz>5es4 ,! expressions ,jesus & ,nazorean 7 !re=e orig9ally ( almo/ l mean+1 & by ! addition ( ! ,nazorean or ,naz>5e ,jesus is n *>act]is$ z ! man ( ,naz>e?1 z ! ,evangeli/s repres5t x1 b z ! ,heal] & ,deliv]]4 ,:e!r !re 0 a place call$ ,naz>e? 9 pre-,*ri/ian days mu/ be consid]$ z at lea/ v d\btful4 ,su* a place is n m5tion$ ei!r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t or 9 ! ,talmud1 :i*1 h[ev]1 m5tions m ?an sixty ,galilean t[ns2 nor1 aga91 by ! ,jewi% hi/orian ,josephus1 nor 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,*eyne believes himself ju/ifi$ by ?is 9 ! conclusion t ,naz>e? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is a pure geographical fiction4 #ea ,x is only 9 ! lat] phases ( ! tradition t ! "n appe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z a place-"n4 ,9 ! e>li] ones ! ,nazorean 7,naz>5e7 only signifies ! foll[] ( a p>ticul> sect1 or is a surname ( ,jesus :i* *>act]ises ! significance atta*$ to him 9 ! ?\ghts ( 8 foll[]s4 ,! ,nazorean appe>s "h only z an integral "p ( ! :ole "n ( ,jesus1 z ,zeus ,x5ios1 ,h]mes ,psy*opompos1 ,apollo ,py?ios1 c41 c4 ,x is appli$ to ,jesus only z ,gu>dian ( ! _w1 ,protector & ,deliv]] ( ,m5 f ! p[] ( s9 & ,dmons1 b )\t any ref]5ce to a q obscure & entirely unkn[n village nam$ ,naz>e?1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 docum5ts beyond any dispute1 only f ! f\r? c5tury on 7see ,eusebius1 ,j]ome1 & ,epiphanius74 ,or :]e else is a sect nam$ aft] ! bir?place ( its f\nd]8 #eb ,moreov]1 ev5 9 ! ,gospels x is n ,naz>e? b ,cap]naum :i* is describ$ z 8 city2 :ile ,naz>e? does n play any "p at all 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,= ! passages ,matt4 xiii4 #ec-eh & ,m>k vi4 #a-f1 accord+ to :i* he _h no success ) 8 miracles 9 8 patris on acc\nt ( ! unbelief ( ! p1 leave ! "q op5 :e!r "u ! "n ( patris "o is to und]/& 8 fa!r-city ,naz>e? or some:]e else4 ,! correspond+ passage1 ,luke iv4 #af-ca1 m5tions ,naz>e?1 x is true1 9 connection ) ?is incid5t2 b x is 9 discrepancy ) ! old] v]sions ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 & x appe>s o!rwise recognisable z a lat] r$action ( ! passages 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 #ec ,n[ ! expression naz> or netz] 9 ! s5se ( twig 7spr\t7 is f\nd n only 9 ! well-kn[n passage ,isaiah xi4 #a1 :]e ! ,messiah is describ$ z ! rod f ! tree ( ,jesse or ! twig f its root4 ,9 f9e1 0 n ! twig look$ ^u z a symbol ( ! ,r$eem] 9 8 "* ( a ,god ( vegetation & life1 z 0 ! case 9 ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ras1 ( ,m51 a god ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,attis1 ,apollo1 #ed c41 & did n ?is idea also make itself felt 9 ! "n ( ! ,naz>eans8 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e1 #ee accord+ly1 does n signify t he 0 to be born 9 ! small village ( ,naz>e?1 :i* probably did n exi/ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 b t he is ! promis$ netz] or ,zemah1 :o makes all new1 & re/ores ! "t :5 "o loads ! o!r b5ea? v9e & fig-tree1 #ef & wond]ful increase w appe>4 #eg ,aga91 ! possibility is n exclud$ ( ! "n ( ! ,naz>eans hav+ be5 confus$ ) t ( ! ,nasiraes 7,nazirites71 ^? holy or d$icat$ ones1 :o 7 a survival 9 ,judea f ! times :5 ! ,israelite tribes 7 nomads4 ,^! s\ght to express _! opposition to ! high] civilisation ( ! conqu]$ l& by patri>*al simplicity & purity ( life1 ab/95ce f ! use ( oil1 w9e1 & ! %e>s1 c4 #eh ,accord+ to ?is1 ,jesus 7,jo%ua7 0 orig9ally a div9ity1 a m$iator1 & ,god ( heal+ ( ^? pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% sect>ies1 ) ref]5ce to :om we are oblig$ to describe ! ,judaism ( ! "t--z reg>ds c]ta9 ( its t5d5cies1 t is--z a syncretic religion4 #ei ,! ,revelation ( ,john also appe>s to be a ,*ri/ian r$action ( an orig9al ,jewi% "w :i* 9 all likelihood belong$ to a pre-,*ri/ian cult ( ,jesus4 ,! ,god ,jesus :i* appe>s 9 x has no?+ to d ) ! ,*ri/ian ,jesus4 ,moreov]1 its :ole range ( ideas is s =eign ev5 to anci5t ,judaism t x c be expla9$ only by ! influ5ce ( hea!n religions ^u ! ,jewi%4 #fj ,x is exactly ! same ) ! s-call$ ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,?is too displays a ,jewi% f\ndation1 & speaks ( a ,jesus 9 ! context ( ! words ( ! supp]1 :o is 9 no wise ! same z ! ,*ri/ian ,r$eem]4 #fa ,x is compreh5sible t ! lat] ,*ri/ians did all !y c\ld 9 ord] to draw ! veil ( =getfulness ov] ^! ?+s4 ,nev]!less ,smi? has succe$$ 9 8 book1 ,! ,pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus1 9 %[+ cle> evid5ces ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( a cult ( an old ,god ,jesus4 ,among o!r ?+s ! phrase ta p]i t\ ,ies\ 7! ?+s conc]n+ ,jesus7 #fb :i* accord+ to all appe>ance has no ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 b only means ! doctr9es conc]n+ him1 & 9 any case c\ld orig9ally only h _h ?is mean+1 involves a pre-,*ri/ian =m ( belief 9 a ,jesus4 ,b ?is po9t is above all support$ by ! circum/ance t ev5 at ! e>lie/ comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian propag&a we meet ) ! "n ( ,jesus us$ 9 su* a mann] z to po9t to a long hi/ory ( t "n4 ,= x is employ$ f ! beg9n+ 9 ! driv+ out ( evil spirits1 a fact t w\ld be q incompreh5sible if its be>] _h be5 m]ely a man4 ,n[ we "k f ! ,gospels & ,acts ( ! ,apo/les t x 0 n only ! disciples ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels1 b also o!rs ev5 9 8 lifetime 7i4e41 ev5 9 ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian propag&a71 heal$ diseases1 & drove out evil spirits 9 ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,f ?is x is to be conclud$ t ! magic ( names 0 associat$ f ( old ) ! conception ( a div9e heal] & protector1 & t ,jesus1 l ,m>duk1 0 a "n = ?is ,god ( ,heal+4 #fc ,judg+ by ?is ! ,p]sian1 b above all ! ,babylonian1 religion mu/ h influ5c$ ! views ( ! above-nam$ sects4 ,= ! sup]/ition reg>d+ names1 ! belief 9 ! magic p[] attribut$ to ! "n ( a div9e be+1 z well z ! belief 9 ,/> ,gods & ,a/ral my?ology1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( ,m&aism1 all h ,babylon z _! home4 ,! ,ess5es also appe> to h ex]cis$ ! magical & heal+ art ( :i* !y boa/$ 9 ! =m ( wond]-work+ & ! driv+ out ( evil spirits by a solemn invocation ( ! "n ( _! ,god ( ,heal+4 #fd ,,iv ,,! ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,! ,,messiah ,9 ! mo/ diff]5t religions ! belief 9 a div9e ,savi\r & ,r$eem] is f\nd b\nd up ) ! conception ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,god1 & ?is idea ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah 0 by no means unkn[n to ! ,jews4 ,x may be ( no importance t 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,esdras #fe ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is spok5 (1 s9ce 9 ! op9ion ( _m ?is "w only appe>$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/2 b ,deut]o-,isaiah too1 dur+ ! ,exile1 describes ! *os5 "o & mess5g] ( ,god z ! suff]+ s]vant ( ,god1 z "o :o _h already appe>$1 al?\gh he _h rema9$ unkn[n & despis$1 _h di$ %amefully & be5 buri$1 b z "o also :o w\ld rise up aga9 9 ord] to fulfil ! spl5d\r ( ! div9e promise4 #ff ,?is br+s to m9d ! suff]+1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ! ,gods ( ,babylon & ( ! :ole ( ,ne>] ,asia2 = example1 ,tammuz1 ,mi?ras1 ,attis1 ,melk>t1 & ,adonis1 ,dionysus1 ! ,cretan ,zeus1 & ! ,egyptian ,osiris4 ,! prophet ,ze*>iah1 moreov]1 speaks ( ! secret murd] ( a ,god ov] :i* ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem w\ld raise _! lam5t1 z 9 ! case ( ,hadad-rimmon 7,rammn7 9 ! valley ( ,megiddon1 t is1 z at ! dea? ( ,adonis1 "o ( ! *ief figures among ! ,gods believ$ 9 by ! ,syrians4 #fg ,ezekiel also describes ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem1 sitt+ be=e ! nor? gate ( ! city & weep+ ov] ,tammuz4 #fh ,! anci5t ,israelites1 too1 7 already well acqua9t$ ) ! suff]+ & dy+ ,gods ( ! neighb\r+ peoples4 ,n[1 inde$1 x is cu/om>y = ,isaiah's s]vant ( ,god to be held to ref] to ! pres5t suff]+s & future glory ( ! ,jewi% p1 & !re is no d\bt t ! prophet und]/ood ! image 9 t s5se4 ,at ! same "t ,gunkel rightly ma9ta9s t 9 ! passage ( ,isaiah ref]r$ to1 ! figure ( a ,god :o dies & rises aga9 /&s 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! ref]5ce to ,israel signifies no?+ m ?an a new symbolical explanation ( ! actual fate ( a ,god4 #fi ,e ye> ! =ces ( nature die away to reawak5 to a new life only aft] a long p]iod4 ,! m9ds ( all peoples us$ to be deeply mov$ by ?is occurr5ce--! dea? :e!r ( nature z a :ole b5ea? ! influ5ce ( ! cold ( w9t]1 or ( vegetable gr[? "u ! p>*+ rays ( ! summ] sun4 ,m5 look$ ^u x z ! fate ( a fair "y ,god ^: dea? !y deeply lam5t$ & ^: rebir? or resurrection !y greet$ ) unre/ra9$ rejoic+4 ,on ?is acc\nt f e>lie/ antiquity !re 0 b\nd up ) ! celebration ( ?is ,god an imitative my/]y "u ! =m ( a rituali/ic repres5tation ( 8 dea? & resurrection4 ,9 ! primitive /ages ( wor%ip1 :5 ! b\nd>ies betwe5 _s & nature rema9$ almo/ entirely indi/9ct1 & man /ill felt himself inw>dly 9 a sympa!tic correspond5ce ) surr\nd+ nature1 x 0 believ$ t "o c\ld ev5 ex]cise an influ5ce ^u nature or help x 9 its int]*ange betwe5 life & dea?1 & turn ! c\rse ( ev5ts to "o's own int]e/4 ,= ?is purpose man 0 oblig$ to imitate x4 ,n[h]e1 says ,fraz]1 to :om we are indebt$ = a se>*+ inquiry into all ideas & rituali/ic cu/oms 9 ?is connection1 7 ^! ef=ts m /rictly & sy/ematically c>ri$ out ?an 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,z f> z names g !y diff]$ 9 diff]5t places1 9 ess5ce !y 7 ev]y:]e alike4 ,a man1 :om ! unre/ra9$ phantasy ( 8 ador]s clo!d ) ! g>m5ts & attributes ( a ,god1 us$ to give 8 life = ! life ( ! _w4 ,aft] he _h p\r$ f 8 own body into ! /agnat+ ve9s ( nature a fre% /ream ( vital en]gy1 he 0 himself deliv]$ ov] to dea? be=e 8 own s9k+ /r5g? %\ld h br\ght ab\t a g5]al ru9 ( ! =ces ( nature1 & 8 place 0 !n tak5 by ano!r1 :o1 l all 8 =]unn]s1 play$ ! ev]-recurr+ drama ( ! div9e resurrection & dea?4 #gj ,ev5 9 hi/oric times ?is 0 frequ5tly c>ri$ out ) liv+ p]sons4 ,^! _h =m]ly be5 ! k+s ( ! c\ntry or ! prie/s ( ! ,god 9 "q1 b _! place 0 n[ tak5 by crim9als4 ,9 o!r cases ! sacrifice ( ! deifi$ man took place only symbolically1 z ) ! ,egyptian ,osiris1 ! ,p]sian ,mi?ras1 ! ,phrygian ,attis1 ! ,syrian ,adonis1 & ! ,t>sic 7,cilician7 ,s&an 7,s&es74 ,9 ^! cases a picture ( ! ,god1 an effigy1 or a sacr$ tree-trunk took ! place ( ! ,god man4 ,suffici5t signs1 h[ev]1 /ill %[ t 9 su* cases x 0 only a "q ( a sub/itute "u mild] =ms ( ritual = ! =m] human victim4 ,?us1 = example1 ! "n ( ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,attis1 be+ also ,attis1 t is1 fa!r1 ! sacrificial self-inflict$ w\nd on ! occasion ( ! great fea/ ( ! ,god 7,m>* #bbnd to #bg?71 & ! spr9kl+ ) 8 blood ( ! picture ( ! ,god t !n took place1 makes u recognise /ill m pla9ly a lat] s(t5+ ( an e>li] cu/om ( self-immolation4 #ga ,) ! idea ( revivify+ dy+ nature by ! sacrifice ( a man 0 associat$ t ( ! scapegoat4 ,! victim did n only repres5t to ! p _! ,god1 b at ! same "t /ood = ! p be=e ,god & _h to expiate by 8 dea? ! misde$s committ$ by !m dur+ ! ye>4 #gb ,z reg>ds ! mann] ( dea?1 h[ev]1 ?is v>i$ 9 diff]5t places betwe5 dea? by 8 own sword or t ( ! prie/1 by ! pyre or ! gibbet 7gall[s74 ,9 ?is way we und]/& ! #ecrd *apt] ( ,isaiah3 ,surely he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s3 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$4 ,b he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities3 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4 ,all we l %eep h gone a/ray2 we h turn$ e "o to 8 own way2 & ! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u all4 ,he 0 oppress$1 yet he humbl$ himself1 & op5$ n 8 m\?2 z a lamb t is l$ to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep t be=e h] %e>]s is dumb2 yea1 he op5$ n 8 m\?4 ,he 0 cut (f out ( ! l& ( ! liv+2 = ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick54 ,& !y made 8 grave ) ! wick$ & ) ! ri* 9 8 dea?2 al?\gh he _h done no viol5ce1 nei!r 0 any deceit 9 8 m\?4 ,:5 ?\ %alt make 8 s\l an (f]+ = s91 he %all see 8 se$1 he %all prolong 8 days1 & ! pleasure ( ! ,"l %all prosp] 9 8 h&4 ,he %all see ( ! travail ( 8 s\l 8 suff]+s1 & %all be satisfi$3 by 8 k %all my righte\s s]vant ju/ify _m1 & he %all be> _! iniquities4 ,!re=e w ,i divide him a portion ) ! great1 & he %all divide ! spoil ) ! /rong2 because he p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?1 & 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors2 yet he b>e ! s9 ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors4 ,"h we obvi\sly h to d ) a man :o dies z an expiatory sacrifice = ! s9s ( 8 p1 & by 8 dea? b5efit+ ! lives ( ! o!rs is on t acc\nt rais$ to be a ,god4 ,inde$1 ! picture ( ! j man suff]+1 all innoc5t z he is1 itself v>ies betwe5 a human & a div9e be+4 ,& n[ let u ent] into ! condition ( ! s\l ( su* an unhappy "o1 :o z ,god man suff]s dea? ^u ! gibbet1 & we und]/& ! words ( ! #bbnd ,psalm3 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 ,:y art ?\ s f> f help+ me1 & f ! words ( my ro>+8 ,o my ,god1 ,i cry 9 ! day "t1 b ?\ answ]e? n2 & 9 ! night season1 & am n sil5t4 ,b ?\ art holy1 ,o ?\ t inhabite/ ! praises ( ,israel4 ,our fa!rs tru/$ 9 !e2 !y tru/$1 & ?\ did/ deliv] !m4 ,!y cri$ unto !e1 & 7 deliv]$2 !y tru/$ 9 ,!e1 & 7 n a%am$4 ,b ,i am a worm1 & no man2 a reproa* ( m51 & despis$ ( ! p4 ,all !y t see me laugh me to scorn3 !y %oot out ! lip1 !y %ake ! lip1 say+1 ,commit ?yself unto ! ,"l1 let him deliv] him3 let him deliv] him1 see+ he delighte? 9 him4444 ,_m bulls h compass$ me3 /rong bulls ( ,ba%an h beset me r\nd4 ,!y gape ^u me ) _! m\?1 z a rav5+ & a ro>+ lion4 ,i am p\r$ out l wat]4 ,& all my bones are out ( jo9t3 my he>t is l wax3 x is melt$ 9 ! mid/ ( my b[els4444 ,!y pi]c$ my h&s & my feet4 ,i may tell all my bones4 ,!y look & />e ^u me3 !y "p my g>m5ts among !m1 & ^u my ve/ure d !y ca/ lots4 ,b be n ?\ f> (f1 ,o ,"l3 ,o ,?\1 my succ\r1 ha/e ,!e to help me4444 ,save me f ! lion's m\?1 yea1 f ! horns ( ! wild ox54444 ,:5 ! poet ( ! psalms wi%$ to describe helplessness 9 its dire/ extremity1 be=e 8 eyes !re came ! picture ( a man1 :o1 hang+ ^u ! gibbet1 calls ^u ,god's aid1 :ile r\nd ab\t him ! p gloat ov] 8 suff]+s1 :i* are to save !m2 & ! att5dants :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! sacrifice divide among !mselves ! co/ly g>m5ts ) :i* ! ,god-k+ _h be5 adorn$4 ,! employm5t ( su* a picture presupposes t ! occurr5ce depict$ 0 n unkn[n to ! poet & 8 public1 :e!r x came be=e _! eyes f acqua9tance ) ! religi\s ideas ( _! neighb\rs or because !y 7 accu/om$ to see x 9 _! own native usages4 ,z a matt] ( fact 9 anci5t ,israel human sacrifices 7 by no means unusual4 ,?is appe>s f numb]less passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & has be5 already exhau/ively set =? by ,ghillany 9 8 book ,die ,m5s*5opf] d] alt5 ,hebrer 7#ahdb71 & by ,daum] 9 8 ,d] ,feu]- und ,molo*di5/ d] alt5 ,hebrer4 ,?us we read 9 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #f-i ( ! sev5 sons ( ! ,h\se ( ,saul1 :o 7 deliv]$ ov] by ,david to ! ,gibeonites1 :o hung !m on ! m\nta9 be=e ! ,"l4 ,?us 0 ,god appeas$ t[>ds ! l&4 #gc ,9 ,numb4 xxv4 #d ,jahwe bade ,moses hang ! *iefs ( ! p to ! ,"l be=e ! sun1 9 ord] t ! bitt] wra? ( ! ,"l might be turn$ f ,israel4 ,& accord+ to ! ,book ( ,jo%ua ?is latt] d$icat$ ! inhabitants ( ! city ( ,a9 to ! ,"l1 & aft] ! capture ( ! city hung _! k+ ^u a tree1 #gd :ile 9 ! t5? *apt] 7#ae-bf7 he ev5 hangs five k+s at "o "t4 ,inde$1 x appe>s t human sacrifice =m$ a regul> "p ( ! ,jewi% religion 9 ! p]iod be=e ! ,exile2 :i* inde$ 0 b to be expect$1 consid]+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ,jahwe & ! ,pho5ician ,baal4 ,jahwe himself 01 moreov]1 orig9ally only ano!r =m ( ! old ,semitic ,fire- & ,sun-,god2 ! ,god-k+ 7,molo* or ,mele*71 :o 0 hon\r$ "u ! image ( a ,bull1 0 repres5t$ at ?is "t z a smok+ furnace #ge & 0 gratifi$ & propitiat$ by human sacrifices4 #gf ,ev5 dur+ ! ,babylonian captivity1 despite ! voices rais$ aga9/ x by "s prophets 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,jewi% /ate1 sacrifices ( ?is k9d 7 (f]$ by ! ,jews2 until !y 7 suppress$ "u ! rule ( ! ,p]sians1 & 9 ! new ,jewi% /ate 7 expressly =bidd54 ,b ev5 !n !y cont9u$ 9 secret & c\ld easily be reviv$ at any "t1 s soon z ! excitem5t ( ! popul> m9d 9 "s "t ( great ne$ seem$ to dem& an extraord9>y victim4 #gg ,n[ ! putt+ to dea? ( a man 9 ! rle ( a div9e rul] 0 9 anci5t times v (t5 connect$ ) ! celebration ( ! new ye>4 ,?is is br\ght to our m9d ev5 at ! pres5t day by ! ,g]man & ,slav cu/om ( ! be>+ out ( dea? at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 :5 a man or an image ( /raw symbolis+ ! old ye> or w9t]1 is tak5 r\nd amid/ lively je/+ & is f9ally ?r[n into ! wat] or c]emonially burnt1 :ile ! ,"l ( ,may1 cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 makes 8 entrance4 ,aga91 ! ,roman ,saturnalia1 celebrat$ 9 ,decemb]1 dur+ :i* a mock k+ wield$ 8 sceptre ov] a _w ( joy & lic5ce & unb\nd$ folly1 & all relation%ips 7 topsy-turvy1 ! ma/]s play+ ! "p ( slaves & vice-v]s1 9 ! mo/ anci5t times us$ to be held 9 ,m>* z a fe/ival ( spr+4 ,& 9 ?is case1 too1 ! k+ ( ! fe/ival _h to pay = 8 %ort reign ) 8 life4 ,9 fact1 ! ,acts ( ,/4 ,dasius1 publi%$ by ,cumont1 %[ t ! bloody cu/om 0 /ill obs]v$ by ! ,roman soldi]s on ! fronti]s ( ! ,empire 9 ! ye> #cjc ,a4,d4 #gh ,9 ,babylon ! ,fea/ ( ! ,sakes correspond$ to ! ,roman ,saturnalia4 ,x 0 o/5sibly a memorial ( ! inroad ( ! ,scy?ian ,sakes into ,ne>] ,asia1 & accord+ to ,fraz] 0 id5tical ) ! v anci5t new ye>'s fe/ival ( ! ,babylonians1 ! ,zakmuk4 ,?is too 0 associat$ ) a rev]sal ( all usual relation%ips4 ,a mock k+1 a crim9al condemn$ to dea?1 0 "h also ! c5tral figure--an unhappy be+1 to :om = a few days 0 accord$ absolute fre$om & e k9d ( pleasure1 ev5 to ! us+ ( ! royal h>em1 until on ! la/ day he 0 dive/$ ( 8 borr[$ dignity1 /ripp$ nak$1 sc\rg$1 & !n burnt4 #gi ,! ,jews ga9$ a k ( ?is fea/ dur+ ! ,babylonian captivity1 borr[$ x f _! oppressors1 & celebrat$ x %ortly be=e _! ,pas* "u ! "n ( ! ,fea/ ( ,purim1 o/5sibly1 z ! ,book ( ,e/h] is at pa9s to po9t out1 z a memorial ( a great dang] f :i* 9 ,p]sia dur+ ! reign ( ,ahasu]us 7,x]xes7 !y 7 sav$ by ! craft ( ,e/h] & h] uncle ,mordecai4 ,j5s51 h[ev]1 has po9t$ out 9 ! ,vi5na ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es #hj t ! basis ( ! n>rative ( ,e/h] is an opposition betwe5 ! *ief ,gods ( ,babylon & ^? ( ho/ile ,elam4 ,accord+ to 8 view "u ! names ( ,e/h] & ,mordecai are hidd5 ! names ( ,i/>1 ! ,babylonian ,goddess ( f]tility1 & ,m>duk1 h] son & belov$4 ,at ,babylon dur+ ! ,fea/ ( ! ,sakes1 "u ! names ( ! ,elamite ,gods ,va%ti & ,haman 7,humman71 !y 7 put out ( ! way z repres5tatives ( ! old or w9try "p ( ! ye> 9 ord] t !y might rise up aga9 "u _! real names & br+ into ! new ye> or ! summ] half ( ! ye>4 #ha ,?us ! ,babylonian k+ ( ! ,sakes also play$ ! "p ( a ,god & suff]$ dea? z su* ^u ! pyre4 ,n[ we h gr\nds = assum+ t ! lat] ,jewi% cu/om at ! ,fea/ ( ,purim ( hang+ ^u a gibbet & burn+ a picture or effigy repres5t+ ! evil ,haman1 orig9ally consi/$1 z at ,babylon1 9 ! putt+ to dea? ( a real man1 "s crim9al condemn$ to dea?4 ,"h1 too1 !n 0 se5 n only a repres5tative ( ,haman1 b "o also ( ,mordecai1 a repres5tative ( ! old z well z ( ! new ye>1 :o 9 ess5ce 0 "o & ! same be+4 ,:ile ! =m] 0 put to dea? at ! ,purim fea/1 ! latt]1 a crim9al *os5 by lot1 0 giv5 8 fre$om on ?is occasion1 clo!d ) ! royal insignia ( ! dead man & hon\r$ z ! repres5tative ( ,mordecai rew>d$ by ,ahasu]us = 8 s]vices4 ,mordecai1 x is said 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 w5t out f ! k+ 9 royal attire1 gold & :ite1 ) a great cr[n ( gold1 & cov]$ ) a robe ( l95 & purple4 ,& ! t[n ( ,susa rejoic$ & 0 m]ry4 #hb ,fraz] has discov]$ t 9 ?is description we h be=e u ! picture ( an old ,babylonian k+ ( ! ,sakes1 :o repres5t$ ,m>duk1 z he ent]$ ! *ief t[n ( ! c\ntry side1 & ?us introduc$ ! new ye>4 ,at ! same "t x appe>s t 9 reality ! procession ( ! mock k+ 0 less s]i\s & impressive ?an ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,e/h] w\ld out ( national vanity make u believe4 ,?us ,lag>de has drawn att5tion to an old ,p]sian cu/om :i* us$ to be obs]v$ e ye> at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,m>*1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o4 #hc ,on ?is occasion a be>dless &1 :5 possible1 "o-ey$ yokel1 nak$1 & accompani$ by a royal body-gu>d & a troop ( outrid]s1 0 conduct$ 9 solemn pomp ?r\gh ! city seat$ ^u an ass1 amid/ ! acclamations ( ! cr[d1 :o bore bran*es ( palm & *e]$ ! mock k+4 ,he _h ! "r to collect contributions f ! ri* p & %opkeep]s along ! r\te :i* he foll[$4 ,"p ( ^! w5t into ! c(f]s ( ! k+1 "p 7 assign$ to ! collector1 & he c\ld )\t m ado appropriate ! prop]ty ( ano!r 9 case ! latt] refus$ 8 dem&s4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 to f9i% 8 progress & disappe> )9 a /rictly limit$ "t1 = 9 default ( ?is he expos$ himself to ! dang] ( be+ seiz$ by ! cr[d & m]cilessly cudgell$ to dea?4 ,p hop$ t f ?is procession ( ! ,be>dless ,"o an e>ly end ( w9t] & a good ye> w\ld result4 ,f ?is x appe>s t "h too we h to d ) "o ( ^? innum]able & multi=m spr+ cu/oms1 :i* at all times & among ! mo/ div]se nations s]v$ to ha/5 ! approa* ( ! bett] season4 ,! ,p]sian ,be>dless ,"o correspond$ ) ! ,babylonian k+ ( ! ,sakes1 & appe>s to h repres5t$ ! dep>t+ w9t]4 ,fraz] concludes f ?is t ! crim9al also :o play$ ! "p ( ! ,jewi% ,mordecai ) simil> pomp rode ?r\gh ! city l ! ,be>dless ,"o1 & _h to pur*ase 8 fre$om ) ! amusem5t :i* he af=d$ ! p4 ,9 ?is connection he recalls a /atem5t ( ,philo accord+ to :i*1 on ! occasion ( ! entry ( ! ,jewi% ,k+ ,agrippa into ,alex&ria1 a half-crazy /reet sweep] 0 solemnly *os5 by ! rabble to be k+4 ,aft] ! mann] ( ! ,be>dless ,"o1 cov]$ ) a robe & be>+ a cr[n ( pap] ^u 8 head & a /ick 9 8 h& = a sceptre1 he 0 treat$ by a troop ( m]ry-mak]s z a real k+4 #hd ,philo calls ! poor wret* ,k>abas4 ,?is is probably only a corruption ( ! ,hebrew "n ,b>abbas1 :i* means ,son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,x 0 accord+ly n ! "n ( an individual1 b ! regul> appellation ( :oev] _h at ! ,purim fea/ to play ! "p ( ,mordecai1 ! ,babylonian ,m>duk1 t is1 ! new ye>4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! orig9al div9e "* ( ! ,jewi% mock k+4 ,= z sons ( ! div9e fa!r all ! ,gods ( vegetation & f]tility ( ,ne>] ,asia suff]$ dea?1 & ! human repres5tatives ( ^! gods _h to give _! lives = ! welf>e ( _! p & ! r5ew$ gr[? ( nature4 #he ,x ?us appe>s t a k9d ( comm+l+ ( ! ,babylonian ,fea/ ( ! ,sakes & ! ,p]sian fea/ ( ! ,be>dless ,"o took place among ! ,jews1 ow+ to _! soj\rn 9 ,babylon "u ,p]sian ov]lord%ip4 ,! releas$ crim9al made 8 procession z ,m>duk 7,mordecai7 ! repres5tative ( ! new life ris+ f ! dead1 b x 0 made 9 ! ridicul\s rle ( ! ,p]sian ,be>dless ,"o--t is1 ! repres5tative ( ! old ye>--:ile ?is latt] 0 likewise repres5t$ by ano!r crim9al1 :o1 z ,haman1 _h to suff] dea? ^u ! gall[s4 ,9 _! acc\nt ( ! la/ ev5ts ( ! life ( ! ,messiah1 ,jesus1 ! cu/om at ! ,jewi% ,purim fea/1 already ref]r$ to1 pass$ ?r\gh ! m9ds ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,!y describ$ ,jesus z ! ,haman1 ,b>abbas z ! ,mordecai ( ! ye>1 & 9 s do+1 on acc\nt ( ! symbol ( ! lamb ( sacrifice1 !y m]g$ ! ,purim fea/ 9 ! fea/ ( ,ea/]1 celebrat$ a little lat]4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 transf]r$ ! fe/ive entry into ,j]usalem ( ! ,be>dless ,"o1 8 ho/ile measures aga9/ ! %opkeep]s & money-*ang]s1 & 8 be+ cr[n$ 9 mock]y z ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 f ,mordecai-,b>abbas to ,haman-,jesus1 ?us anticipat+ symbolically ! occurr5ces :i* %\ld only h be5 complet$ on ! resurrection ( ! ,m>duk ( ! new ye>4 #hf ,accord+ to an old read+ ( ,ma?4 xxvii4 #ah et seq41 :i*1 h[ev]1 has disappe>$ f our texts s9ce ,orig51 ,b>abbas1 ! crim9al set aga9/ ! ,savi\r1 is call$ ,jesus ,b>abbas--t is1 ,jesus1 ! son ( ! ,fa!r4 #hg ,may an indication ( ! true /ate ( ! facts n lie h]e91 & may ! figure ( ,jesus ,b>abbas1 ! ,god ( ! ,ye>1 correspond+ to bo? halves ( ! ye>1 t ( ! sun's c\rse upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 n h sep>at$ into two di/9ct p]sonalities on ! occasion ( ! new ye>'s fea/8 ,! ,jewi% ,pas* 0 a fea/ ( spr+ & ! new ye>1 on ! occasion ( :i* ! fir/fruits ( ! h>ve/ & ! fir/-born ( m5 & bea/s 7 (f]$ to ! ,god ( sun & sky4 ,orig9ally ?is 0 also associat$ ) human sacrifices4 ,"h too su* a sacrifice pass$1 z 0 univ]sal 9 antiquity1 = a means ( expiation1 aton+ = ! s9s ( ! pa/ ye> & ensur+ ! fav\r ( ,jahwe = ! new ye>4 #hh ,z repres5t+ all ! s\ls ( ! fir/-born are giv5 to ,god2 !y are ! means ( union betwe5 ,jahwe & 8 p2 ! latt] c only rema9 = ev] ,jahwe's own provid$ a new g5]ation always (f]s its fir/-born 9 sacrifice to ,god4 ,?is 0 ! *ief dogma ( anci5t ,judaism2 all ! hopes ( ! p 7 fix$ !reon2 ! mo/ f>-rea*+ promises 7 gr\nd$ ^u ! read9ess to sacrifice ! fir/-born4 #hi ,! m valuable su* a victim 01 ! high] ! rank :i* he bore 9 life1 s mu* ! m pleas+ 0 8 dea? to ,god4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y 7 k+s :o1 accord+ to ! ,books ( ,jo%ua & ,samuel1 7 consecrat$ to ! ,"l4 ,inde$1 9 ! case ( ! sev5 sons ( ! h\se ( ,saul :om ,david caus$ to be hung1 ! connection betwe5 _! dea? & ! ,pas* is p]fectly cle>1 :5 x is said t !y di$ be=e ! ,"l at ! "t ( ! b>ley h>ve/ 7i4e41 ( ! ,fea/ ( ! ,pas*74 #ij ,?us !re c\ld be no m efficaci\s sacrifice ?an :5 a k+ or rul] (f]$ 8 fir/-born4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t1 z ,ju/9 in=ms u1 #ia ! bani%$ ,c>?ag9ian g5]al ,maleus caus$ 8 son ,c>talo1 deck$ out z a k+ & prie/1 to be hung 9 sight ( ,c>?age :ile x 0 be+ besieg$ by him1 !reby ca/+ d[n ! besieg]s s mu* t he captur$ ! city aft] a few days4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ! ,c>?ag9ian ,hamilc> at ! siege ( ,agrig5tum 7#djg ,b4,c47 sacrific$ 8 own son1 & t ! ,israelites rel9qui%$ ! conque/ ( ,moab1 :5 ! k+ ( ?is c\ntry (f]$ 8 fir/-born to ! ,gods4 #ib ,"h1 too1 ! human victim seems to h be5 only ! repres5tative ( a div9e "o1 z :51 = example1 ! ,pho5icians 9 ,tyre until ! "t ( ! siege ( t city by ,alex&] sacrific$ ea* ye>1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 a boy to ,kronos1 i4e41 ,melk>t or ,molo* 7k+74 #ic ,?is ,tyrian ,melk>t1 h[ev]1 is ! same z he to :om1 z ,porphyry /ates1 a crim9al 0 annually sacrific$ at ,rhodes4 ,accord+ to ,philo ( ,byblos ! ,god 0 call$ ,israel among ! ,pho5icians1 & on ! occasion ( a great pe/il5ce1 9 ord] to *eck ! mortality1 he is said to h sacrific$ 8 fir/-born son ,jehud 7,judah71 i4e41 ! ,only "o1 hav+ fir/ deck$ him out 9 regal attire4 #id ,?us ,abraham also sacrific$ 8 fir/-born to ,jahwe4 ,abraham 7! great fa!r7 is1 h[ev]1 only ano!r "n = ,israel1 ! mighty ,god4 ,?is 0 ! e>lie/ designation ( ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews1 until x 0 displac$ by ! "n ,jahwe1 be+ only employ$ h5ce=? z ! "n ( ! p belong+ to him4 ,! "n ( 8 son ,isaac 7,ji%k7 m>ks ! latt] out z ! smil+ "o4 ,?is h[ev]1 does n ref]1 z ,goldzi!r #ie ?9ks1 to ! smil+ day or ! morn+ light1 b to ! facial contortions ( ! victim call$ =? by ! pa9s he endur$ f ! flames 9 ! embrace ( ! gl[+ ov54 ,^! contortions 7 anci5tly call$ s>donic laught]1 on acc\nt ( ! sacrifices to ,molo* 9 ,crete & ,s>d9ia4 #if ,:51 z civilisation increas$1 human sacrifices 7 done away ) 9 ,israel1 & ) ! developm5t ( mono!ism ! anci5t ,gods 7 trans=m$ into m51 ! /ory ( ,g5esis xxii4 came into exi/5ce ) ! object ( ju/ify+ hi/orically ! *ange f human to animal victims4 ,! anci5t cu/om accord+ to :i* among/ _m peoples ( antiquity1 k+s1 ! sons ( k+s1 & prie/s 7 n all[$ to die a natural dea?1 b1 aft] ! expiration ( a c]ta9 "t usually fix$ by an oracle1 _h to suff] dea? z a sacrificial victim = ! good ( _! p1 mu/ accord+ly h be5 9 =ce orig9ally 9 ,israel also4 ,?us did ,moses & ,a>on also (f] !mselves = _! p 9 _! capacity ( lead] & high prie/4 #ig ,b s9ce bo?1 & especially ,moses1 pass$ z types ( ! ,messiah1 ! op9ion grew up q naturally t ! expect$ great & mighty lead] & high prie/ ( ,israel1 9 :om ,moses %\ld live aga91 #ih _h to suff] ! holy dea? ( ,moses & ,a>on z sacrificial victims4 #ii ,! view t ! idea ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah 0 unkn[n to ! ,jews _c accord+ly be ma9ta9$4 ,inde$1 9 ,daniel ix4 #bf m5tion is made ( a dy+ ,*ri/4 ,we saw above t among ! ,jews ( ! po/-exilic p]iod ! ?\ght ( ! ,messiah 0 associat$ ) ! p]sonality ( ,cyrus4 ,n[ ( ,cyrus ! /ory goes t ?is mighty ,p]sian k+ suff]$ dea? ^u ! gibbet by ! ord] ( ! ,scy?ian que5 ,tomyris4 #ajj ,b 9 ,ju/9 ! ,jew ,trypho ass]ts t ! ,messiah w suff] & die a dea? ( viol5ce4 #aja ,inde$1 :at is m1 ! ,talmud looks ^u ! dea? ( ! ,messiah 7) ref]5ce to ,isaiah liii47 z an expiatory dea? = ! s9s ( 8 p4 ,f ?is x appe>s t 9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 p 71 at any rate 9 c]ta9 circles ( ,judaism1 famili> ) ! idea ( a suff]+ ,messiah1 suff]+ too z an expiation = human s9s4 #ajb ,! ,rabb9i/s sep>ate m accurately two conceptions ( ! ,messiah4 ,accord+ to "o1 9 ! "* ( a desc5dant ( ,david & a great & div9e h]o he 0 to release ! ,jews f s]vitude1 f\nd ! promis$ _w-wide empire1 & sit 9 judgm5t ov] m54 ,?is is ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah1 ( :i* ,k+ ,david 0 ! ideal4 #ajc ,accord+ to ! o!r he 0 to assemble ! t5 tribes 9 ,galilee & lead !m aga9/ ,j]usalem1 only to be ov]?r[n1 h[ev]1 9 ! battle aga9/ ,gog & ,magog "u ! lead]%ip ( ,armillus on acc\nt ( ,j]oboam's s9--t is1 on acc\nt ( ! secession ( ! ,israelites f ! ,jews4 ,! ,talmud describes ! la/-m5tion$ ,messiah1 9 di/9ction f ! fir/1 z ! son ( ,joseph or ,ephraim4 ,?is is done ) ref]5ce to ! fact t ! k+dom ( ,israel includ$ above all ! tribes ( ,ephraim & ,manasseh1 & t ^! trac$ back _! orig9 to ! my?ical ,joseph4 ,he is ?us ! ,messiah ( ! ,israelites :o _h sep>at$ f ! ,jews1 & especially1 z x appe>s1 ( ! ,sam>itans4 ,?is ,messiah1 ! son ( ,joseph1 x is said1 w (f] himself 9 sacrifice & p\r =? 8 s\l 9 dea?1 & 8 blood w atone = ! p ( ,god4 ,he himself w g to heav54 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ! o!r ,messiah1 ! son ( ,david1 ! ,messiah ( ! ,jews 9 a n>r[] s5se1 w come & fulfil ! promises made to !m1 9 :i* connection ,ze*4 xii4 #aj sq4 & xiv4 #c sq4 seem to h influ5c$ ?is :ole doctr9e4 #ajd ,accord+ to ,dalman1 #aje ! figure ( ! ,messiah b5 ,joseph fir/ appe>$ 9 ! second or ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,b\sset too appe>s to consid] x a lat] tradition1 al?\gh he _c d5y t ! ,jewi% ,apocalypses ( ! end ( ! fir/ ?\s& ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 :i* are ! fir/ to make ext5sive m5tion ( ! matt]1 may h conta9$ v anci5t traditions4 ,accord+ to ,p]sian beliefs1 too1 ,mi?ras 0 ! suff]+ ,r$eem] & m$iator betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 :ile ,sao%yant1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! judge ( ! _w :o w\ld appe> at ! end ( all "t & obta9 ! victory ov] ,ariman 7,armillus74 ,9 ! same way ! ,greek my? di/+ui%$ f ! old] ,dionysus1 ,zagreus1 ! son ( ,p]sephone1 :o di$ a cruel dea? at ! h&s ( ! ,titans1 a y\ng] ,god ( ! same "n1 son ( ,zeus & ,semele1 :o 0 to deliv] ! _w f ! %ackles ( d>kness4 ,precisely ! same relation%ip exi/s betwe5 ,prome!us1 ! suff]+1 & ,h]acles1 ! triumphant deliv]] ( ! _w4 ,we ?us obvi\sly h to d "h ) a v old & wide-spread my?1 & x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out h[ closely ! two figures ( ! ,sam>itan & ,jewi% ,messiahs correspond to ! ,haman & ,m>da*ai ( ! ,jewi% ,purim fea/1 9 ord] to prove ! extreme antiquity ( ?is :ole conception4 ,! ,gospel unit$ into "o ! two figures ( ! ,messiah1 :i* _h be5 orig9ally sep>ate4 ,f ! ,messiah b5 ,joseph x made ! human ,messiah1 born 9 ,galilee1 & sett+ out f !re ) 8 foll[]s = ,j]usalem1 !re to succumb to 8 adv]s>ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! ,messiah b5 ,david x made ! ,messiah ( return & resurrection4 ,at ! same "t x elevat$ & deep5$ ! :ole idea ( ! ,messiah 9 ! highe/ degree by comm+l+ ! conception ( ! self-sacrific+ ,messiah ) t ( ! ,pas*al victim1 & ?is aga9 ) t ( ! ,god :o (f]s 8 own son 9 sacrifice4 ,along ) ! ,jews x look$ ^u ,jesus z ! son ( ,k+ ,david1 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 pres]v+ a remembrance ( ! ,israelite ,messiah 9 t x also gave him ,joseph z fa!r2 & :ile x said ) respect to ! fir/ idea t he 0 born at ,be?lehem1 ! city ( ,david1 x assign$ him 9 connection ) ! latt] ,naz>e? ( ,galilee z 8 bir?place1 & inv5t$ ! ab/ruse /ory ( ! j\rney ( 8 p>5ts to ,be?lehem 9 ord] to be p]fectly imp>tial t[>ds bo? views4 ,& n[1 :o is ?is ,joseph1 z son ( :om ! ,messiah 0 to be a suff]+ & dy+ creature l any ord9>y man8 ,w9ckl] has po9t$ out 9 8 ,ges*i*te ,israels t "u ! figure ( ! ,joseph ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 j z "u t ( ,jo%ua1 an anci5t ,ephraimitic tribal ,god is conceal$4 ,joseph is1 z ,w9ckl] expresses x1 ! h]oic (fspr+ ( ,baal ( ,g>izim1 an (f%oot ( ! ,sun-,god1 to :om at ! same "t *>act]i/ics ( ,tammuz1 ! ,god ( ! ,spr+ ,sun1 are transf]r$4 #ajf ,j z ,tammuz _h to desc5d into ! "u-_w1 s 0 ,joseph ca/ into ! well1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,te/am5t ( ! twelve ,patri>*s1 #ajg he sp5t ?ree mon?s & five days4 ,?is betok5s ! w9t] mon?s & five additional days dur+ :i* ! sun rema9s 9 ! "u-_w4 ,& aga9 he is ca/ into prison2 & j z ,tammuz1 aft] 8 return f ! "u-_w1 br+s a new spr+ to ! e>?1 s does ,joseph1 aft] 8 release f conf9em5t1 introduce a season ( peace & happ9ess = ,egypt4 #ajh ,on ?is acc\nt he 0 call$ 9 ,egypt ,psontomphane*1 t is1 ,deliv]] ( ! ,_w1 9 view ( 8 div9e nature1 & lat] pass$ among ! ,jews also z a prototype ( ! ,messiah4 ,inde$1 x appe>s t ! ,evangeli/s !mselves reg>d$ him 9 su* a light1 = ! /ory ( ! two fell[-prison]s ( ,joseph1 ! bak] & cupbe>] ( ,ph>aoh1 "o ( :om1 z ,joseph =etold1 0 hang$1 #aji :ile ! o!r 0 aga9 receiv$ into fav\r by ! k+1 0 trans=m$ by !m into ! /ory ( ! two robb]s :o 7 execut$ at ! same "t z ,jesus1 "o ( :om mock$ ! ,savi\r :ile ! o!r bes\ght him to rememb] him :5 he ent]$ into 8 heav5ly k+dom4 #aaj ,b ! ,ephraimitic ,jo%ua too mu/ h be5 a k9d ( ,tammuz or ,adonis4 ,8 "n 7,jo%ua1 ,syrian1 ,je%u7 *>act]ises him z savi\r & deliv]]4 ,z su* he also appe>s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f9ally lead+ ! p ( ,israel into ! promis$ l& aft] long privations & suff]+s4 ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% ,cal5d> ! comm5cem5t ( 8 activity 0 ^u ! t5? ( ,nisan1 on :i* ! ,pas*al lamb 0 *os51 & x end$ ) ! ,fea/ ( ! ,pas*4 ,moses introduc$ ! cu/om ( circumcision & ! r$emption ( ! fir/-born male1 & ,jo%ua 0 suppos$ to h reviv$ x4 #aaa ,at ! same "t he is said to h replac$ ! *ild victims1 :i* x _h be5 cu/om>y to (f] to ,jahwe 9 e>ly days1 by ! (f]+ ( ! =esk9 ( ! male & !reby to h e/abli%$ a m humane =m ( sacrificial wor%ip4 ,?is br+s to our m9d ! sub/itution ( an animal victim = a human "o 9 ! /ory ( ,isaac 7,ji%ks74 ,x also br+s to m9d ,jesus :o (f]$ 8 own body 9 sacrifice at ! ,pas* z a sub/itute = ! numb]less bloody sacrifices ( expiation ( prior g5]ations4 ,aga91 accord+ to an anci5t ,arabian tradition1 ! "m ( ,jo%ua 0 call$ ,mirzam 7,m>im1 ,m>ia71 z ! "m ( ,jesus 01 :ile ! "m ( ,adonis bore ! simil> s\nd+ "n ( ,myrrha1 :i* also express$ ! m\rn+ ( ! wom5 at ! lam5t = ,adonis #aab & *>act]is$ ! "m ( ! ,r$eem] ,god z ! "m ( sorr[4 #aac ,b :at is above all decisive is t ! son ( ! ,pl\ghman ,jephunneh1 ,caleb 7i4e41 ! ,dog71 /&s by ,jo%ua's side z a h]o ( equal rank4 ,8 "n po9ts 9 ! same way to ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice1 :5 9 ! m\? ( ! lion ! dog-/> 7,sirius7 rises1 :ile 8 desc5t f ,nun1 ! ,fi% or ,aqu>ius1 indicates ,jo%ua z repres5t+ ! w9t] sol/ice4 #aad ,j z ,jo%ua belong$ to ! tribe ( ,ephraim1 to :i* accord+ to ! ,bless+ ( ,jacob ! ,fi%es ( ! ! ,zodiac ref]1 #aae s ,caleb belong$ to ! tribe ( ,judah1 :i* ,jacob's ,bless+ lik5$ to a lion2 #aaf & :ile ! latt] z ,calub 7,*elub7 has ,%uhah = bro!r1 t is1 ! ,sun desc5d+ into ! k+dom ( %ad[s 7! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e71 #aag 9 l mann] ,jo%ua repres5ts ! ,spr+ ,sun ris+ out ( ! night ( w9t]4 ,!y are ?us bo? relat$ to "o ano!r 9 ! same way z ! annual rise & decl9e ( ! sun1 & z1 accord+ to ,babylonian ideas1 are ,tammuz & ,n]gal1 :o simil>ly typify ! two halves ( ! ye>4 ,:5 ,jo%ua dies at ,timna?-h]es1 ! place ( ! eclipse ( ! ,sun 7i4e41 at ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice1 at :i* ! dea? ( ! ,sun-,god 0 celebrat$ #aah71 he appe>s aga9 z a k9d ( ,tammuz1 :ile ! lam5tation ( ! p at 8 dea? #aai alludes possibly to ! lam5tation at ! dea? ( ! ,sun-,god4 #abj ,x _c be d5i$ aft] all ?is t ! conception ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah 0 ( extreme antiquity among/ ! ,israelites & 0 connect$ ) ! e>lie/ nature-wor%ip1 al?\gh lat] x may inde$ h become re/rict$ & peculi> to c]ta9 exclusive circles4 #aba ,! ,jewi% repres5tative ( ,haman suff]$ dea? at ! ,fea/ ( ,purim on acc\nt ( a crime1 z a des]v$ puni%m5t :i* _h be5 aw>d$ him4 ,! ,messiah ,jesus1 on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! words ( ,isaiah1 took ! puni%m5t ^u himself1 be+ j4 ,he 0 capable ( be+ an expiatory victim = ! s9s ( ! :ole p1 precisely because he lea/ ( all des]v$ su* a fate4 ,plato _h already 9 8 ,republic sket*$ ! picture ( a j man pass+ 8 life unkn[n & unhon\r$ amid/ suff]+ & p]secution4 ,8 righte\sness is put to ! pro( & he rea*es ! highe/ degree ( virtue1 n all[+ himself to be %ak5 9 8 conduct4 ,! j man is sc\rg$1 rack$1 ?r[n into prison1 bl9d$ 9 bo? eyes1 & f9ally1 :5 he has endur$ all ills1 he is execut$1 & he recognises t "o %\ld be det]m9$ n to be j b to appe> s4 ,9 ,ph>isaic circles he pass$ z a j man :o by 8 own undes]v$ suff]+s made recomp5se = ! s9s ( ! o!rs & made matt]s "r = !m be=e ,god1 z1 = example1 9 ! ,f\r? ,book ( ! ,maccabees ! blood ( ! m>tyrs is repres5t$ z ! expiatory (f]+ on acc\nt ( :i* ,god deliv]$ ,israel4 ,! hatr$ ( ! unju/ & godless t[>ds ! j1 ! rew>d ( ! j & ! puni%m5t ( ! unju/1 7 fav\rite !mes = aphori/ic lit]ature1 & !y 7 fully dealt ) 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ! ,alex&rian au?or ( :i* 0 presumably n unacqua9t$ ) ! ,platonic picture ( ! j man4 ,he makes ! godless appe> conv]s+ & weav+ plots aga9/ ! j4 ,let u !n1 he makes !m say1 lie 9 wait = ! righte\s2 because he is n to our lik+ & he is clean contr>y to our do+s2 he upbraide? u ) our (f5d+ ! law & reproa*e? u ) our s9s aga9/ our tra9+4 ,he pr(esse? to h ! k ( ,god2 & he calle? himself ! *ild ( ! ,"l4 ,he prov$ to be to u = ! repro( ( our designs4 ,he is griev\s unto u ev5 to behold3 = 8 life is n l o!r m5's1 8 ways are ( ano!r fa%ion4 ,we are e/eem$ ( him z c\nt]feits2 he ab/a9e? f our ways z f fil?2 he pron\nce? ! end ( ! j to be bless$ & make? 8 boa/ t ,god is 8 fa!r4 ,let u see if 8 words be true3 & let u prove :at w happ5 9 ! end ( him4 ,= if ! j man be ! son ( ,god1 he w help him1 & deliv] him f ! h& ( 8 enemies4 ,let u exam9e him ) despitefulness & torture t we may "k 8 meekness & prove 8 pati5ce4 ,let u condemn him ) a %ameful dea?3 ?us w he be kn[n by 8 words4 #abb ,b ! s\ls ( ! j1 cont9ues ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 are 9 ! h&s ( ,god1 & !re %all no torm5t t\* !m4 ,9 ! sight ( ! unwise !y seem$ to die3 & _! dep>ture is tak5 = mis]y1 & _! go+ f u = utt] de/ruction3 b !y are 9 peace4 ,= ?\gh !y be puni%$ 9 ! sight ( m5 yet is _! hopes full ( immortality4 ,& hav+ be5 a little *a/is$1 !y %all be greatly rew>d$3 = ,god prov$ !m & f\nd !m wor?y = himself4 ,z gold 9 ! furnace ha? he tri$ !m1 & receiv$ !m z a burnt (f]+4 ,& 9 ! "t ( _! visitation !y %all %9e & run to & fro l sp>ks among ! /ubble4 ,!y %all judge ! nations & h dom9ion ov] ! p & _! ,"l w rule = ev]4 #abc ,x c\ld easily be imag9$ t ^! words1 :i* 7 und]/ood by ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom ( ! j man 9 g5]al1 ref]r$ to ! j man p> excell5ce1 ! ,messiah1 ! son ( ,god 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 :o gave 8 life = ! s9s ( 8 p4 ,a reason 0 f\nd at ! same "t = ! %ameful dea? ( ! ,messiah4 ,he di$ ! object ( ! hatr$ ( ! unju/2 he accept$ contempt & scorn z did ! ,haman & ,b>abbas ( ! ,fea/ ( ,purim1 b only 9 ord] t by ?is deep debasem5t he might be rais$ up by ,god1 z is said ( ! j man 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom3 ,t is he :om we _h sometimes 9 d]ision & a prov]b ( reproa*3 ,we fools acc\nt$ 8 life madness & 8 end to be )\t hon\r3 ,n[ is he numb]$ among ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & 8 lot is among ! sa9ts4 #abd ,n[ we und]/& h[ ! picture ( ! ,messiah v>i$ among ! ,jews betwe5 t ( a div9e & t ( a human be+2 h[ he 0 acc\nt$ j among ! evil-do]s2 h[ ! idea became associat$ ) a human be+ t he 0 a ,son ( ,god & at ! same "t ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 & h[ ! idea c\ld arise t 9 8 %ameful & undes]v$ dea? ,god _h (f]$ himself = mank9d4 ,n[ too we c und]/& t he :o di$ _h aft] a %ort :ile to rise aga9 f ! dead1 & ?is 9 ord] to asc5d into heav5 9 spl5d\r & glory & to unite himself ) ,god ! ,fa!r above4 ,^! 7 ideas :i* long be=e ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels 7 spread among ! ,jewi% p1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,9 c]ta9 sects !y 7 *]i%$ z secret doctr9es1 & 7 ! pr9cipal cause t precisely 9 ?is portion ( ! anci5t _w ,*ri/ianity spread s e>ly & ) su* unusual rapidity4 ,v ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,messiah4 ,,! ,,baptism ,x is n only ! idea ( ! j man suff]+1 ( ! ,messiah dy+ ^u ! gibbet1 z ,k+ ( ! ,jews & a crim9al1 & 8 ris+ aga91 :i* belongs to ! c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,! /ories :i* relate to ! miracul\s bir? ( ,jesus & to 8 e>ly =tunes also date back to ?is "t4 ,?us 9 ! ,revelation ( ,john #abe we meet ) ! obvi\sly v anci5t my?ical idea ( ! bir? ( a div9e *ild1 :o is sc>cely br\ght into ! _w be=e he is ?reat5$ by ! ,dragon ( ,d>kness1 b is )drawn 9 "t into heav5 f 8 pursu]2 :]eupon ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael r5d]s ! mon/] h>mless4 ,gunkel ?9ks t ?is conception mu/ be trac$ back to a v anci5t ,babylonian my?4 #abf ,o!rs1 z ,dupuis #abg & ,diet]i*1 h drawn att5tion to its resemblance to ! ,greek my? ( ,leto1 #abh :o1 be=e ! bir? ( ! ,light god ,apollo1 be+ pursu$ by ! ,e>? dragon ,py?o1 0 c>ri$ by ! ,w9d god ,boreas to ,poseidon1 & 0 br\ght safely by ! latt] to ! ,isl& ( ,ortygia1 :]e %e 0 able to br+ =? h] son unmole/$ by ! ho/ile mon/]4 ,o!rs aga91 l ,b\sset1 h comp>$ ! ,egyptian my? ( ,ha?or1 accord+ to :i* ,ha?or or ,isis s5t h] "y son1 ! ,light god ,horus1 flee+ out ( ,egypt ^u an ass be=e ! pursuit ( 8 uncle ,se? or ,typhon4 ,pompeian frescoes repres5t ?is incid5t 9 su* a mann] z to recall feature = feature ! ,*ri/ian repres5tations ( ! flight ( ,m>y ) ! ,*ild ,jesus into ,egypt2 & co9s ) ! picture ( ! flee+ ,leto prove h[ diffus$ ov] ! :ole ( ,ne>] ,asia ?is my? mu/ h be54 ,! ,assyrian pr9ce ,s>gon also1 be+ pursu$ by 8 uncle1 is said to h be5 ab&on$ on ! ,euphrates 9 a basket made ( re$s1 to h be5 f\nd by a wat]-c>ri]1 & to h be5 br\ght up by him--a /ory :i* ! ,jews h int]wov5 into ! acc\nt ( ! life ( _! fabul\s ,moses4 #abi ,& v simil> /ories are relat$ bo? 9 ,ea/ & ,we/1 9 anci5t & 9 lat] times1 ( o!r ,gods1 di/+ui%$ h]oes & k+s1 sons ( ! ,gods1 ( ,zeus1 ,attis1 ,dionysus1 ,o,edipus1 ,p]seus1 ,romulus & ,remus1 ,augu/us1 & o!rs4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,indian ,god-man ,kri%na1 an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 is suppos$ to h be5 s\ght = imm$iately aft] 8 bir? by 8 uncle1 ,k+ ,kansa1 :o _h all ! male *ildr5 ( ! same age 9 8 c\ntry put to dea?1 ! *ild be+ only sav$ f a l fate by tak+ refuge ) a poor h]dsman4 #acj ,?is recalls ,h]odotus's /ory ( ,cyrus1 #aca accord+ to :i* ,a/yages1 ! gr&fa!r ( ,cyrus1 be+ w>n$ by a dream1 ord]$ 8 gr&son to be expos$1 ! latt] be+ sav$ f dea?1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh be+ f\nd by a poor h]dsm5 & be+ br\ght up 9 8 h\se4 ,n[ 9 ,p]sian ! ^w = son is ,cyrus 7,khoro1 #acb ,greek ,kyros71 & ,kyris or ,kiris is ! "n ( ,adonis 9 ,cyprus4 #acc ,?us x appe>s t ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,cyrus came into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! transf] to ,k+ ,cyrus ( "o ( ! my?s conc]n+ ! ,sun-,god1 ! ,god 9 ?is way be+ confus$ ) a human individual4 ,n[ s9ce ,cyrus1 z has be5 said1 0 9 ! eyes ( ! ,jews a k9d ( ,messiah & 0 glorifi$ by !m z su*1 we c und]/& h[ ! dang] ?r\gh :i* ! ,messianic *ild is suppos$ to h pass$ f\nd a place 9 ! ,gospels4 ,aga91 a simil> /ory ( a k+1 :o1 hav+ be5 w>n$ by a dream or oracle1 ord]s ! dea? ( ! *ildr5 born )9 a specifi$ "t1 is f\nd 9 ! ,antiquities ( ,josephus #acd 9 connection ) ! /ory ( ! *ildhood ( ,moses4 ,moses1 h[ev]1 pass$ l ,cyrus = a k9d ( =]unn] & anticipator ( ,*ri/2 & ,*ri/ 0 reg>d$ z a ,moses reappe>+4 #ace ,aga9 ,joab1 ,david's g5]al1 is said to h slaught]$ e male 9 ,edom2 ! "y pr9ce ,hadad1 h[ev]1 escap$ ! massacre by flee+ into ,egypt4 ,"h he grew up & m>ri$ ! si/] ( ! k+1 & aft] ! dea? ( 8 enemy ,k+ ,david he return$ to 8 home4 #acf ,b ,hadad is1 l ,cyrus1 7,kyrus7 a "n ( ! ,syrian ,adonis4 ,ano!r "n ( ,adonis or ,tammuz is ,dd1 ,dodo1 ,daud1 or ,david4 ,?is signifies ! ,belov$ & indicates ! belov$ son ( ! heav5ly fa!r1 :o (f]s himself = mank9d1 or ! ,belov$ ( ! ,que5 ( heav5 7,at>gatis1 ,mylitta1 ,i/>74 #acg ,z is well kn[n1 ,k+ ,david 0 also call$ ! man aft] ! he>t ( ,god1 & !re is no d\bt t *>act]i/ics ( ! div9e ,r$eem] & ,savi\r ( ! same "n h be5 int]m+l$ 9 ! /ory ( ,david 9 ! same way z 9 t ( ,cyrus4 #ach ,accord+ to ,j]emiah xxx4 #h & ,ezekiel xxxiv4 #bb sqq4 & xxxvii4 #ba1 x 0 ,david himself :o w\ld appe> z ! ,messiah & re-e/abli% ,israel 9 its anci5t glory4 ,inde$1 ?is ev5 appe>s to h be5 ! orig9al conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,messiah ,david seems to h be5 *ang$ into a desc5dant ( ,david only ) ! progress ( ! mono!i/ic conception ( ,god1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]sian doctr9e conc]n+ ,sao%yant1 ! man ( ! se$ ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,n[ ,david 0 suppos$ to h be5 born at ,be?lehem4 ,b 9 ,be?lehem !re 01 z ,j]ome in=ms u1 #aci an anci5t grove & sanctu>y ( ! ,syrian ,adonis1 & z ,j]ome himself compla9s ! v place :]e ! ,savi\r fir/ saw ! light res\nd$ ) ! lam5tations ov] ,tammuz4 #adj ,at ,be?lehem1 ! =m] ,ephrata 7i4e41 ,place ( ,a%es71 ,ra*el is said to h br\ght =? ! y\nge/ ( ! twelve mon?-sons ( ,jacob4 ,%e h]self _h *ri/5$ him ,b5oni1 son ( ! woeful lam5t4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 usually call$ ,b5jam91 ! ,"l or ,possessor ( light4 ,9 ! ,bless+ ( ,moses he is also call$ a ,d>l+ ( ! ,"l1 & 8 fa!r ,jacob lov$ him especially4 #ada ,he is ! ,god ( ! new ye> born ( ! a%es ( ! pa/1 at ^: appe>ance lam5t & rejoic+s are comm+l$ "o ) ano!r2 & ?us he is only a =m ( ,tammuz 7,hadad7 br++ to m9d ! ,*ri/ian ,r$eem] 9 t he presid$ ov] ! mon? ( ! ,ram4 #adb ,n[ we und]/& ! prophecy ( ! prophet ,micah3 ,?\ ,be?lehem ,ephra?ah1 :i* art little to be among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 out ( !e %all "o come =? unto me t is to be a rul] 9 ,israel1 ^: go+ =? is f ( old1 f ev]la/+4 #adc ,n[1 too1 ! /ory ( ! slaught] ( ! *ildr5 at ,be?lehem has its backgr\nd 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,x is said 9 ,matt4 ii4 #ah1 ) ref]5ce to ,j]4 xxxi4 #ae1 ,a voice 0 he>d 9 ,ramah1 weep+ & great m\rn+1 ,ra*el weep+ = h] *ildr51 & %e w\ld n be com=t$1 because !y are n4 ,x is ! lam5tation ( ! wom5 ov] ! murd]$ ,adonis :i* 0 rais$ ea* ye> at ,be?lehem4 ,?is 0 trans=m$ by ! ,evangeli/s into ! lam5t ov] ! murd] ( ! *ildr5 :i* took place at ! bir? ( ,hadad :o 0 hon\r$ at ,be?lehem4 #add ,hadad-,adonis is a ,god ( ,vegetation1 a ,god ( ! ris+ sap ( life & ( fruitfulness3 b1 z 0 ! case ) all ,gods ( a simil> nature1 ! ?\ght ( ! fate ( ! sun1 dy+ 9 w9t] & be+ born anew 9 ! spr+1 play$ its "p 9 ! conception ( ?is season ,god ( ,ne>] ,asia4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d may well h pass$ be=e ! m9d ( ,isaiah1 :5 he =etold ! future glory ( ! p ( ,god "u ! image ( a new bir? ( ! sun f out ( ! blackness ( night1 ) ^! prophetic words3 ,arise1 %9e1 = ?y light has come & ! glory ( ! ,"l is ris5 ^u !e4 ,= behold d>kness %all cov] ! e>? & gross d>kness ! peoples3 b ! ,"l %all arise ^u !e1 & 8 glory %all be se5 ^u !e4 ,& nations %all come to ?y light1 & k+s to ! brightness ( ?y ris+4444 ,! abundance ( ! sea %all be turn$ unto !e1 ! weal? ( ! nations %all come unto !e4 ,! multitude ( camels %all cov] !e1 ! drom$>ies ( ,midian & ,ephah4 ,!y all %all come f ,%eba3 !y %all br+ gold & frank9c5ce1 & %all proclaim ! praises ( ! ,"l4 #ade ,z is well kn[n1 lat] g5]ations 7 cont9ually sett+ out ?is idea 9 a /ill m exub]ant =m4 ,! imag9ation ( ! enslav$ & impov]i%$ ,jews fea/$ ^u ! ?\ght t ! nations & _! pr9ces w\ld d homage to ! ,messiah ) gifts1 :ile unc\nt$ treasures p\r$ into ! temple at ,j]usalem3 ,pr9ces %all come out ( ,egypt1 ,e?iopia %all ha/e to /ret* out h] h&s unto ,god4 ,s+ unto ,god ye k+doms ( ! e>?4 #adf ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! ,gospel /ory ( ! ,magi1 :o lay _! treasures at ! feet ( ! new-born ,*ri/ & 8 virg9 "m4 ,b t we h "h 9 reality to d ) ! new bir? ( ! sun at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice appe>s f ! connection betwe5 ! ,magi1 or k+s1 & ! />s4 ,= ^! ,magi are no?+ else ?an ! ?ree />s 9 ! sword-belt ( ,orion1 :i* at ! w9t] sol/ice are oppos$ 9 ! ,we/ to ! con/ellation ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,ea/2 />s :i* accord+ to ,p]sian ideas at ?is "t seek ! son ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav5--t is1 ! lately rejuv5at$ sun1 ,mi?ras4 #adg ,n[1 z x has be5 said1 ,hadad also is a "n ( ! ,sun-,god1 & ! ,hadad ( ! ,old ,te/am5t returns to 8 orig9al home out ( ,egypt1 :i!r he _h fl$ f ,david4 ,?us we c und]/& h[ ,hosea xi4 #a1 ,i call$ my son out ( ,egypt1 c\ld be ref]r$ to ! ,messiah & h[ ! /ory t ,jesus pass$ 8 e>ly y\? 9 ,egypt 0 d]iv$ f x4 #adh ,x may be fairly ask$ h[ x 0 t ! sun came to be ?us hon\r$ by ! p ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ) lam5t at its dea? & rejoic+ at its new bir?4 ,= w9t]1 ! "t ( ! sun's dea?1 9 ^! s\!rn c\ntries (f]$ sc>cely any gr\nds at all = lam5t4 ,x 0 precisely ! be/ "p ( ! ye>4 ,! night1 too1 hav+ reg>d to its coolness aft] ! heat ( ! day1 gave no occasion = desir+ ! new bir? ( ! sun 9 ! morn+4 ,we are compell$ to suppose t 9 ! case ( all ! ,gods ( ?is nature ! idea ( ! dy+ away ( vegetation dur+ ! heat ( ! ye> & its revival _h become int]tw9$ & comm+l$ ) t ( ! decl9+ & reviv+ /r5g? ( ! sun4 ,?us1 f ?is m+l+ ( two di/9ct l9es ( ?\ght1 we h to expla9 ! v>iations ( ! d\ble-natur$ "* ( ! ,sun-,gods & ,vegetation-,gods ( ,we/]n ,asia4 #adi ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! sun c only be reg>d$ f su* a tragic /&po9t 9 a l& :]e1 & 9 ! my?s ( a p = :om1 x possesses 9 reality su* a decisive significance t !re are gr\nds = lam5t+ its abs5ce or lack ( /r5g? dur+ w9t] & = an anxi\s expectation ( its return & revival4 #aej ,b x is *iefly 9 ! highl&s ( ,iran & ! m\nta9\s h9t]l& ( ,asia ,m9or t ?is is ! case to su* an ext5t z to make ?is idea "o ( ! c5tral po9ts ( religi\s belief4 ,ev5 "h x po9ts back to a pa/ "t :5 ! p conc]n$ /ill _h _! dwell+-place along ) ! k9dr$ ,aryan tribes 9 a mu* m nor!rly locality4 #aea ,?us ,mi?ras1 ! ,sol invictus ( ! ,romans1 /ruggl+ victori\sly ?r\gh night & d>kness1 is a ,sun h]o1 :o mu/ h f\nd 8 way into ,p]sia f ! nor?4 ,?is is %[n1 among/ o!r ?+s1 by 8 bir?day be+ celebrat$ on ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 ! day ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,aga91 ! bir? ( ! infant ,dionysus1 :o 0 s closely relat$ to ! season ,gods ( ,ne>] ,asia1 us$ to be celebrat$ z ! fea/ ( ! new bir? ( ! sun at ab\t ! same "t1 ! ,god be+ !n hon\r$ z ,liknites1 z ! infant 9 ! cradle 7! w9n[+-fan74 ,! ,egyptians celebrat$ ! bir? ( ,osiris on ! #f? ( ,janu>y1 on :i* occasion ! prie/s produc$ ! figure ( an infant f ! sanctu>y1 & %[$ x to ! p z a picture ( ! new-born ,god4 #aeb ,t ! ,phrygian ,attis came ?i!r ) ! ,aryans :o made _! way f ,?race into ,asia ,m9or1 & mu/ h _h 8 home orig9ally 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 appe>s at once f ! /rik+ resemblance ( ! my? conc]n+ him ) t ( ! nor!rn my? ( ,bald]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! /ory 9 ,h]odotus ( ,atys1 son ( ,croesus1 :o :ile out bo> hunt+ accid5tly met 8 dea? f ! spe> ( 8 fri5d1 only gives ano!r v]sion ( ! ,attis my?4 ,?is /ory1 h[ev]1 s closely resembles t ( ! dea? ( ,bald]1 giv5 9 ! ,edda1 t ! !ory ( a connection betwe5 !m is inevitably =c$ ^u "o's m9d4 ,9 ! ,edda ! wife ( ,bald] is call$ ,nanna4 ,b ,nanna 7i4e41 "m7 0 accord+ to ,arnobius #aec ! "n ( ! "m ( ! ,phrygian ,attis4 ,n[ ! ,sun & ,summ] ,god ,bald] is only a =m ( ,od91 ! ,fa!r ( ,heav51 ) summ] attributes1 & he too is said1 l ,attis1 ,adonis & ,osiris1 to h met 8 dea? ?r\gh a wild bo>4 ,j z anemones sprang f ! blood ( ! sla9 ,adonis & violets f t ( ,attis1 s also ! blood ( ! murd]$ ,od9 7,hackelb]nd7 is said to h be5 *ang$ into spr+ fl[]s4 #aed ,at ! great fea/ ( ,attis 9 ,m>* a po/ or p9e-tree trunk deck$ ) violets1 on :i* ! picture ( ! ,god 0 hung1 us$ to =m ! c5tral po9t ( ! rite4 ,?is 0 a rem9d] ( ! way 9 :i* 9 anci5t times ! human repres5tative ( ! ,god pass$ f life to dea?1 9 ord] by sacrifice to revive exhau/$ nature4 ,accord+ to ! v]ses ( ! ,eddic ,havamal1 ,od9 says ( himself3-- ,i "k t ,i hang on ! w9d-rock$ tree ,?r\gh\t n9e nights1 ,w\nd$ by ! spe>1 d$icat$ to ,od91 ,i myself to myself4 #aee ,by ?is self-sacrifice & ! agonies :i* he endur$1 ! nor!rn ,god1 too1 obta9$ new /r5g? & life4 ,= on ?is occasion he n only discov]$ ! ,runes ( magic p[]1 ! k ( :i* made him "l ov] nature1 b he obta9$ possession at ! same "t ( ! poetic mead :i* gave him immortality & rais$ ! ,nature ,god to be a ,god ( spiritual creative p[] & ( civilisation4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! same idea z is aga9 f\nd 9 ! cult ( ,attis & 9 ! belief 9 ! dea? ( ! ,god4 ,! relation%ip ( all ^! diff]5t views seems /ill m probable 9 t a sacrificial rite lay at ! root ( ! ,bald] my? also4 ,?is my? is only1 s to speak1 ! text ( a religi\s drama :i* 0 p]=m$ e ye> = ! b5efit ( dy+ nature--a drama 9 :i* a man repres5t+ ! ,god 0 deliv]$ ov] to dea?4 #aef ,z all ?is ref]s to ! fate ( a ,sun ,god1 :o dies 9 w9t] to rise aga9 9 ! spr+1 ! same idea mu/ h be5 associat$ orig9ally ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,ne>] ,asiatic ,gods ( vegetation & fruitfulness1 & ?is idea 0 only alt]$ "u *ang$ climatic conditions into t ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! plant _w1 )\t1 h[ev]1 los+ 9 its new =m its orig9al connection ) ! sun & w9t]4 ,at ! same "t ! my? ( ! ,sun ,god does n take u to ! v basis & ! real k]nel ( ! /ories ( ! div9e *ild's bir?4 ,! ,p]sian religion 0 n s mu* a religion ( ,light & ,sun z ( ,fire1 ! mo/ important & rem>kable manife/ation ( :i* 0 ( c\rse ! sun4 ,dionysus too1 l all ,gods ( ! life-w>m?1 ( ! ris+ plant sap & ( fruitfulness1 0 9 8 deepe/ nature a ,fire ,god4 ,9 ! ,fire ,religion1 h[ev]1 ! bir? ( ! ,god =ms ! c5tre ( all religi\s ideas2 & its =m 0 m exactly fix$ ?r\gh ! peculi> acts by means ( :i* ! prie/ rek9dl$ ! holy fire4 ,= ! mann] 9 :i* ?is occurr$ we h ! olde/ au!ntic te/imony 9 ! religi\s records ( ! ,indian ,aryans4 ,"h ,agni1 z inde$ 8 "n 7ignis1 fire7 betok5s1 pass$ = ! div9e repres5tative ( ! ,fire ,elem5t4 ,8 my/ic bir? 0 sung 9 numb]less passages 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rigv$a4 ,at dawn1 z soon z ! bright5+ morn+ /> 9 ! ea/ ann\nc$ t ! sun 0 ris+1 ! prie/ call$ 8 assi/ants toge!r & k9dl$ ! fire ^u a m\nd ( e>? by rubb+ toge!r two /icks 7aran7 9 :i* ! ,god 0 suppos$ to be hidd54 ,z soon z ! sp>k %one 9 ! mat]nal bosom1 ! s(t und]p>t ( ! wood1 x 0 treat$ z an infant *ild4 ,x 0 c>efully plac$ ^u a little heap ( /raw1 :i* at once took fire f x4 ,on "o side lay ! my/ic c[--t is1 ! milk-pail & a vessel full ( butt]1 z types ( all animal n\ri%m5t--^u ! o!r ! holy ,soma draught1 repres5t+ ! sap ( plants1 ! symbol ( life4 ,a prie/ fann$ x ) a small fan %ap$ l a bann]1 !reby /irr+ up ! fire4 ,! *ild 0 !n rais$ ^u ! alt>4 ,! prie/s turn$ up ! fire ) long-h&l$ spoons1 p\r+ ^u ! flames melt$ butt] 7ghrita7 toge!r ) ! ,soma cup4 ,f ?is "t ,agni 0 call$ ! ano9t$ 7,akta74 ,! fire flick]$ high4 ,! ,god 0 unfold+ 8 maje/y4 ,) 8 flames he sc>$ away ! dmons ( d>kness1 & light$ up ! surr\nd+ %ad[s4 ,all creatures 7 invit$ to come & gaze ^u ! wond]ful spectacle4 ,!n ) pres5ts ! ,gods 7k+s7 ha/5$ f heav5 & ! h]dsm5 f ! fields1 ca/ !mselves d[n 9 deep rev]5ce be=e ! new-born1 pray+ to x & s++ hymns 9 its praise4 ,x grew visibly be=e _! eyes4 ,! new-born ,agni already _h become ! tea*] ( all liv+ creatures1 ! wise/ ( ! wise1 op5+ to mank9d ! secrets ( exi/5ce4 ,!n1 :ile ev]y?+ ar\nd him grew bright & ! sun rose ov] ! horizon1 ! ,god1 wrea!d 9 a cl\d ( smoke1 ) ! noise ( d>t+ flames1 asc5d$ to heav51 & 0 unit$ !re ) ! heav5ly light4 #aeg ,?us 9 anci5t ,india ! holy fire 0 k9dl$ anew ea* morn+1 & hon\r$ ) rituali/ic obs]vances 7,agnihotra74 ,?is took place1 h[ev]1 ) special c]emony at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 :5 ! days began aga9 to increase 7,agni/oma74 ,!y !n celebrat$ ! end ( ! "t ( d>kness1 ! ,pitryana1 or "t ( ! ,manes1 dur+ :i* ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods _h be5 at a /&/ill4 ,!n ! ,angiras1 ! prie/ly s+]s1 summon$ ! ,gods to be pres5t1 greet+ ) l\d song ! beg9n+ ( ! holy season1 ! ,devayana1 ) :i* ! new light arose4 ,agni & ! o!r ,gods aga9 return$ to m51 & ! prie/s ann\nc$ to ! p ! joyful tid+s 7,evangelium7 t ! ,light ,god _h be5 born aga94 ,z ,hillebr& has %[n1 ?is fe/ival also indicates ! memory ( an e>li] home 9 ! ,nor? :5ce ! ,aryan tribes _h migrat$1 s9ce 9 ,india1 :]e ! %orte/ & longe/ days only diff] by ab\t f\r h\rs1 no reason exi/s = celebrat+ ! return ( ! light4 #aeh ,inde$1 x appe>s t we h to d "h ) a rite :i* rea*es back into ! v orig9s ( all human civilisation1 & pres]ves ! memory ( ! discov]y ( fire 9 ! mid/ ( ! horrors ( ! ,/one ,age4 ,!re is no d\bt t we h be=e u 9 ! ,v$ic ,agni ,cult ! orig9al s\rce ( all ! /ories ( ! bir? ( ! ,fire-,gods & ,sun-,gods4 ,^! ,gods usually ent] life 9 d>kness & concealm5t4 ,?us ! ,cretan ,zeus 0 born 9 a cav]n1 ,mi?ras1 ,dionysus1 & ,h]mes 9 a gloomy grotto1 ,horus 9 ! /able 7temple7 ( ! holy c[ 7,isis7--,jesus1 too1 0 born at dead ( night 9 a l[ly /able #aei at ,be?lehem4 ,! orig9al gr\nd = ?is consi/s 9 ! fact t ,agni1 9 ! =m ( a sp>k1 comes into exi/5ce 9 ! d>k holl[ ( ! hole bor$ 9 ! /ick4 ,! ,hymns ( ! ,rigv$a (t5 speak ( ?is secret bir? & ( ! concealm5t ( ,agni4 ,!y describe ! ,gods z !y set out 9 ord] to seek ! infant4 ,!y make ! ,angiras discov] x ly+ 9 concealm5t1 & x gr[s up 9 hid+4 #afj ,b ! idea ( ! ,fire-,god be+ born 9 a /able is also =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,rigv$a4 ,= n only are ! vessels ( milk & butt] ready = ! ano9t+ comp>$ ) c[s1 b ,u%as1 too1 ! ,goddess ( ,dawn1 :o is pres5t at ! bir?1 is call$ a r$ mil*-c[1 & ( m5 x is said t !y flock$ l c[s to a w>m /able to see ,agni1 :om 8 "m held lov+ly ^u h] lap4 #afa ,x is a common fundam5tal feature ( all ,nature religions t !y di/+ui% betwe5 ! p>ticul> & ! g5]al1 betwe5 e>?ly & heav5ly ev5ts1 betwe5 human acts & natural occurr5ces z little z !y d betwe5 ! spiritual & natural4 ,! ,agni ,cult %[s1 z does ! ,v$ic religion 9 g5]al1 ?is int]play ( ! e>?ly & heav5ly _w1 ( ! microcosmic individual & ! macrocosm4 ,! k9dl+ ( ! fire ^u ! e>? at ! same "t betok5$ ! ris+ ( ! great light ( ! skies1 ! sun4 ,! fire ^u ! alt> did n m]ely repres5t b actually 0 ! sun1 ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly ,agni 7 "o4 ,?us x 0 t ! nations ( antiquity 7 able to ?9k ( transf]r+ e>?ly ev5ts into heav51 & conv]sely 7 able to read e>?ly ev5ts 9 heav5ly occurr5ces su* z ! relations ( ! />s to "o ano!r4 ,x 0 on ?is t a/rology re/$4 ,ev5 ! anci5t ,fire ,wor%ip appe>s 9 v e>ly times to h be5 trans=m$ into a/rology1 & :at 0 9 ! beg9n+ a simple act ( wor%ip 0 g5]alis$ by ! prie/s 9 a macrocosmic s5se & 0 transf]r$ to ! />ry heav5s z a =eca/4 ,?us ! alt> or place ( sacrifice ^u :i* ! sacr$ fire 0 k9dl$ 0 enl>g$ into ! ,vault ( ! ,sph]es or ,grotto ( ! ,planets4 ,?r\gh ?is ! sun complet$ its annual j\rney among ! twelve signs ( ! ,zodiac1 & 9 s do+ assum$ successively ! =m & fulfill$ ! functions ( t con/ellation ) :i* x ent]$ into a/ronomical relations4 ,! metaphorical "n ( /able = ! place ( sacrifice atta9s a new significance f ! fact t ! sun dur+ a c]ta9 epo* ( ! _w 7some?+ betwe5 #cjjj & #hjj ,b4,c47 at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ pass$ ?r\gh ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull1 & at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice comm5c$ its c\rse betwe5 ! ,ox 7,bull7 & ! ,great ,be>1 :i* anci5tly 0 also call$ ! ,ass4 #afb ,! bir? ( ! ,god is said to h be5 9 secret because x took place at night4 ,8 "m is a virg9 s9ce at midnight ( ! w9t] sol/ice ! con/ellation ( ! ,virg9 is on ! ea/]n horizon4 #afc ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,draco1 ! ,dragon 7! snake ,py?o71 rises up ov] ,libra1 ! ,balance1 & seems to pursue ! ,virg94 ,f ?is comes ! /ory ( ! ,w9t] ,dragon ?reat5+ ,leto1 or ,apollo2 or1 z x is also f\nd 9 ! ,my? ( ,osiris & ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 ! /ory ( ! pursuit ( ! *ild ( light by a ho/ile pr9ciple 7,a/yages1 ,h]od1 c474 #afd ,unkn[n & 9 concealm5t ! *ild gr[s up4 ,?is ref]s to ! c\rse ( ! sun z x yet /&s l[ 9 ! heav5s4 ,or l ,s>gon1 ,dionysus1 or ,moses x is ca/ 9 a basket ^u ! wat]s ( "s great /ream or ( ! sea1 s9ce ! sun 9 its w&]+s ?r\gh ! ,zodiac has next to pass ?r\gh ! s-call$ wat]y region1 ! signs ( ! ,wat]-c>ri] & ! ,fi%es1 ! ra9y season ( w9t]4 ,?us c ! fate ( ! new-born be read 9 ! sky4 ,! prie/s 7,magi7 ca/ 8 horoscope l t ( any o!r *ild4 ,!y greet 8 bir? ) l\d rejoic+s1 br+ him myrrh1 inc5se & co/ly pres5ts1 :ile prophesy+ = him a glori\s future4 ,! e>?ly ,agni is completely absorb$ 9 ! heav5ly "o2 & 9 ! /udy ( ! great ev5ts :i* are portray$ 9 ! sky1 ! simple act ( sacrificial wor%ip1 :i* _h orig9ally furni%$ ! opportunity = ?is :ole range ( ideas1 gradually fell into oblivion4 #afe ,x has be5 (t5 ma9ta9$ t ,indian influ5ces h work$ ^u ! developm5t ( ! /ory ( ! *ildhood ( ,jesus1 & 9 ?is connection we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( ,buddhism4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! resemblances betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ,buddhi/ leg5ds are s close t we c sc>cely imag9e x to be a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,jesus & ,buddha are bo? said to h be5 born ( a pure virg91 hon\r$ by heav5ly spirits at _! bir?1 pray$ to by k+s & load$ ) pres5ts4 ,happy is ! :ole _w1 s+ ! ,gods "u ! =m ( "y ,brahm9s at ! bir? ( ! *ild--z we are told 9 ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1 ! leg5d>y biography ( ,buddha1 dat+ f be=e ,*ri/1 = he is inde$ born :o br+s salvation & w e/abli% ! _w 9 bless$ness4 ,he is born :o w d>k5 sun & moon by ! spl5d\r ( 8 m]its & w put all d>kness to flight4 ,! bl9d see1 ! deaf he>1 ! dem5t$ are re/or$ to reason4 ,no natural crimes afflict u any long]1 = ^u ! e>? m5 h become righte\s4 ,gods & m5 c 9 future approa* ea* o!r )\t ho/ility1 s9ce he w be ! guide ( _! pilgrimage4 #aff ,j z ! significance ( ,jesus 0 ann\nc$ be=eh& by ,simeon1 9 ! same way accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ leg5d1 ! ,se] ,asita =esees 9 8 own m9d ! greatness ( ! *ild & bur/s into te>s s9ce he w n see him 9 ! spl5d\r ( 8 maturity & w h no "p 9 8 "w ( r$emption4 ,aga91 j z ,jesus #afg ev5 9 8 e>ly y\? a/oni%$ ! le>n$ by 8 wisdom1 s ,pr9ce ,siddh>ta 7,buddha7 put all 8 tea*]s at s*ool to %ame by 8 sup]ior k1 & s on4 ,! ,buddhi/ leg5d itself1 h[ev]1 goes back to a /ill old] =m1 :i* is ! ,v$ic ,agni ,cult4 ,all its v>i\s features are "h pres]v$ 9 _! simple/ =m & 9 _! orig9al relation to ! sacrificial wor%ip ( ! ,fire-,god4 ,?is 0 ! natural s\rce ( ! ,indian & ,*ri/ian leg5ds1 & x 0 ! orig9al ( ^? my?s :i* ! ,evangeli/ work$ up = 8 own purposes1 :i* accord+ to ,pfleid]] belong$ to ! common tribal prop]ty ( ! national sagas ( ,ne>] ,asia4 #afh ,aga91 x c\ld ! m easily reappe> 9 ! ,evangeli/s' v]sion ( ! /ory ( ! *ildhood ( ,jesus1 s9ce ! sacrificial act _h be5 re-int]pret$ my?ologically1 & ! correspond+ my?s trans=m$ into a/rology1 &1 z x 71 writt5 ) />ry lett]s ^u ! sky1 :]e !y c\ld be read )\t tr\ble by ! mo/ di/ant peoples ( antiquity4 ,! my? ( ,kri%na (f]s a *>act]i/ic example ( ! mann] 9 :i* 9 ,india a sacrificial cult is *ang$ into a my?4 ,l ,a/yages & ,h]od1 9 ord] to w>d (f ! dang] aris+ f 8 si/]'s son1 ( :i* he _h be5 w>n$ by an oracle1 ,k+ ,kansa caus$ 8 si/] & h] husb& ,vasudewa to be ca/ into prison4 ,"h1 9 ! d>kness ( a dungeon1 ,kri%na comes into ! _w z ,jesus did 9 ! /able at ,be?lehem4 ,! ne>] ! h\r ( bir? approa*es ! m beautiful ! "m becomes4 ,soon ! :ole dungeon is fill$ ) light4 ,rejoic+ *oirs s\nd 9 ! air1 ! wat]s ( ! riv]s & brooks make sweet music4 ,! ,gods come d[n f heav5 & bless$ spirits dance & s+ = joy4 ,at midnight 8 "m ,dewaki 7i4e41 ! div9e7 br+s ! *ild into ! _w1 at ! comm5cem5t ( a new epo*4 ,! p>5ts !mselves fall d[n be=e him & pray1 b a voice f heav5 admoni%es !m to convey him f ! ma*9ations ( ! tyrant to ,gokala1 ! l& ( ! c[1 & to ex*ange him = ! daught] ( ! h]dsman ,n&a4 ,imm$iately ! *a9s fall f ! fa!r's h&s1 ! dungeon doors are op5$1 & he passes out into fre$om4 ,ano!r ,*ri/oph]1 he be>s ! *ild ^u 8 %\ld]s ?r\gh ! riv] ,yamuna1 ! wat]s ( :i* rec$e 9 rev]5ce be=e ! son ( ,god1 & he ex*anges ,kri%na = ! new-born daught] ( ,n&a4 ,he !n returns to ! dungeon1 :]e ! *a9s aga9 imm$iately fa/5 ( _! own accord ^u 8 limbs4 ,kansa n[ makes 8 way into ! dungeon4 ,9 va9 ,dewaki entreats h] bro!r to leave h] ! *ild4 ,he is on ! po9t ( te>+ x =cibly f h] h&s :5 x disappe>s be=e 8 eyes1 & ,kansa gives ! ord] t all newly-born *ildr5 9 8 c\ntry "u ! age ( two ye>s %all be kill$4 ,at ,ma?ura 9 ,gokala ,kri%na grew up unkn[n among poor h]dsm54 ,:ile yet 9 8 cradle he _h betray$ 8 div9e orig9 by /rangl+1 l ,h]cules1 a dreadful snake :i* crawl$ ^u him4 ,he causes a/oni%m5t to e "o by 8 precosity & l(ty wisdom4 ,z he gr[s up he becomes ! d>l+ ( ! h]dsm5 & playmate ( ,gopias1 ! milkmaid2 he p]=ms ! mo/ a/oni%+ miracles4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! "t _h come he arose & slew ,kansa4 ,he !n f\ght ! frightful ,"t ,snake ,kaliyanaga1 ( ! ?\s& heads 7! ,hydra 9 ! my? ( ,h]cules1 ! ,py?on 9 t ( ,apollo71 :i* poison$ ! surr\nd+ air ) its pe/il5tial brea?2 & he busi$ himself 9 ^w & de$ z a protector ( ! poor & proclaim] ( ! mo/ p]fect tea*+4 ,8 greate/ act1 h[ev]1 0 8 desc5t into ! ,und]world4 ,"h he ov]p[]$ ,yama1 ! d>k ,god ( dea?1 obta9$ f him a recognition ( 8 div9e p[]1 & l$ back ! dead ) him to a new life4 ,?us he 0 a b5efactor ( mank9d by 8 h]oic /r5g? & miracul\s p[]1 lead+ ! pure/ life1 heal+ ! sick1 br++ ! dead back to life1 disclos+ ! secrets ( ! _w1 & )al humbly condesc5d+ to wa% ! feet ( ! ,brahm9s4 ,kri%na f9ally di$ ( an arr[ w\nd :i* he su/a9$ accid5tally & 9 an un=ese5 mann] on 8 heel--! only vuln]able "p ( 8 body 7cf4 ,a*illes1 ,bald]1 ,adonis1 & ,osiris74 ,:ile dy+ he deliv]$ ! prophecy t ?irty-six ye>s aft] 8 dea? ! f\r? ,epo* ( ! ,_w1 ,caliyuga1 ! ,iron ,age1 w\ld beg91 9 :i* m5 w\ld be bo? unhappy & wick$4 ,b accord+ to ,brahm9 tea*+ ,kri%na w return at ! end ( all "t1 :5 bodily & moral ne$ w h rea*$ its highe/ pit* ^u ! e>?4 ,9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 he w appe> ^u 8 :ite /e$4 ,) a comet 9 8 "r h& z a sword ( flame he w de/roy ! old e>? by fire1 f\nd+ a new e>? & a new heav51 & e/abli%+ a gold5 age ( purity & p]fection 9 :i* !re w be no?+ b pure joy & bless$ness4 ,?is rem9ds u /rongly ( ! ,p]sian ,es*atology1 ( ,mi?ras & ,sao%yant1 & ( ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptics4 ,b foll[+ ! anci5t sacr$ poem1 ! ,b>ta ,*a/ram1 ! =m] conception z well z ! doctr9e ( a ,messiah re/ ^u a prophecy accord+ to :i* ,vi%nu ,jesudu 767 0 to be born a ,brahm9 9 ! city ( ,skambelam4 ,he 0 to hold int]c\rse ) m5 z a ,god1 to purify ! e>? f s91 mak+ x ! abode ( ju/ice & tru?1 & to (f] a sacrifice 7self-sacrifice874 ,b /ill m /rik+ are ! resemblances ( ! ,kri%na my? ) ! ,gospels4 ,does any connection betwe5 ! two exi/8 ,! "q is h>d to answ] because1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty 9 all ,indian citation ( dates1 ! age ( ! /ory ( ,kri%na _c be settl$4 ,9 ! olde/ ,indian lit]ature1 ! ,v$as1 ,kri%na appe>s to be ! "n ( a ,dmon4 ,9 ! ,mahbbhrata1 ! great ,indian h]oic epic1 he plays inde$ a prom95t "p1 & is "h on ! po9t ( assum+ ! place ( ! ,god ,indra4 ,! age ( ! poem1 h[ev]1 is debatable1 al?\gh x is probably ( pre-,buddhi/ orig94 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! ,kri%na my? is ! ,puranas1 especially ! ,bhagavat ,purana & ,vi%nu ,p>ana4 ,b s9ce ! antiquity ( ^! also is unc]ta91 & _! mo/ mod]n portions presumably belong only to ! eigh? or n9? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 a decision z to ! date ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,kri%na my? c only be arriv$ at f int]nal evid5ce4 ,n[ ! ,pantanjalis ,mahbha%ya1 i4e41 ,great ,comm5t>y1 ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 %[s t ! /ory ( ,kansa's dea? at ! h&s ( ,kri%na 0 at t "t well kn[n 9 ,india1 & 0 ev5 ! subject ( a religi\s drama4 ,?us ! /ory ( ! bir? at lea/ ( ,kri%na1 :o _h already be5 rais$ to be a ,cult ,god ( ! ,h9doos1 _c h be5 unkn[n4 ,! o!r portions ( ! my?1 h[ev]1 belong z a :ole to ! g5]al circle ( ,indian ideas1 & are 9 "p only transf]r$ f o!r ,gods to ,kri%na4 ,?us1 = example1 ! miracul\s bir? ( ! div9e *ild 9 ! d>kness1 8 precosity1 8 upbr++ among ! h]dsm51 & 8 fri5d%ip ) ,gopias1 rem9d u ( ,agni1 ! ,god ( ,fire & ,h]dsm51 :o also is describ$ 9 ! ,rigv$a z a fri5d & lov] ( ! maid5s 7( ! ,cl\d ,wom5874 ,8 combat ) ! ,"t ,snake1 on ! o!r h&1 is copi$ f ! fight ( ,indra ) ! wick$ dragon ,vritra or ,ahi4 ,aga91 9 8 capacity z purifi] & deliv]] ( ! _w f evil & dmons ! ,god be>s su* a /rik+ resemblance to ,h]cules1 t ,mega/h5es1 ! ambassador ( ,seleucus at ! c\rt ( ! k+ at ,pataliputra1 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 simply id5tifi$ him ) ! latt]4 ,no imp>tial critic ( ! matt] c n[ d\bt t ! ,kri%na my? 0 9 exi/5ce & 0 popul>is$ long be=e ,*ri/ianity appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,! great importance1 h[ev]1 :i* ! ,god possesses 9 pres5t-day ,india may h be5 atta9$ only dur+ ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! ,puranas may h be5 compos$ only aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,gospels2 = _! be+ writt5 d[n lat] proves no?+ aga9/ ! antiquity ( ! matt] !y conta94 ,x appe>s t ev5 ,buddhism did n obta9 its correspond+ leg5ds direct f ! ,v$as1 b ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! ,kri%na my?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,buddhism is c]ta9ly at lea/ f\r hundr$ ye>s old] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 x mu/ be assum$ t x 0 ! =m] :i* introduc$ ! ,kri%na my? to ,*ri/ianity1 & n vice v]s1 if we are n to consid] ! ,babylonian-,m&aic religion z ! int]m$i>y betwe5 ,kri%na & ,*ri/4 #afi ,= ! re/ ! supposition ( ,indian influ5ces 9 ! ,gospel /ory is n by any means an improbable "o4 ,x is pure !ological prejudice1 re/+ ^u a complete ignorance ( ! conditions ( national int]c\rse 9 anci5t times1 :5 x is d5i$1 z1 = example1 by ,clem5 9 8 ,religionsges*i*tli*5 ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts 7#aiji71 t ! ,gospels 7 influ5c$ by ,indian ideas1 or :5 only a dep5d5ce ! o!r way ab\t is all[$2 #agj & ?is al?\gh ,buddha left to 8 disciples1 z "o ( ! highe/ precepts1 ! practice ( mission>y activity1 & al?\gh z e>ly z #djj ,b4,c4 m5tion is made 9 ,indian s\rces ( ,buddhi/ mission>ies 9 ,bactria4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat] we read ( ,buddhi/ mona/]ies 9 ,p]sia4 ,inde$1 9 ! la/ c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,buddhi/ mission 9 ,p]sia _h made su* progress t ,alex&] ,polyhi/or actually speaks ( a p]iod dur+ :i* ,buddhism fl\ri%$ 9 t c\ntry1 & be>s witness to ! spread ( ! ,m5dicant ,ord]s 9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ,p]sia4 ,buddhism also rea*$ ,syria & ,egypt at t "t ) ! trade c>avans2 z we h to suppose a frequ5t ex*ange ( w>es & ideas betwe5 ,india & ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 especially aft] ! campaigns ( ,alex&]4 ,communication took place1 n only ov]l& by way ( ,p]sia1 b by sea z well4 ,indian ?\ght made advances 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/1 :]e ,alex&ria1 ! ,london & ,antw]p ( antiquity1 & a headqu>t]s ( ,jewi% syncretism1 fav\r$ ! ex*ange ( ideas4 ,) ! r$iscov]y ( ! ,s\?-we/ ,monsoon at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/ ! int]c\rse by sea betwe5 ,india & ! ,we/]n _w assum$ /ill great] dim5sions4 ,?us ,pl9y speaks ( great trad+ fleets sett+ out annually = ,india & ( num]\s ,indian m]*ants :o _h _! fix$ abode 9 ,alex&ria4 ,indian embassies came to ,rome z e>ly z ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,! r5[n ( ,indian piety caus$ ! au?or ( ! ,p]egr9us ,proteus to *oose ! ,indian ,calanus z an example ( hol9ess4 ,inde$1 s lively 0 ! ,we/]n _w's int]e/ 9 ! intellectual life ( ,india1 t ! libr>y at ,alex&ria1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ! geograph] ,erato/h5es "u ,ptolemy ,eu]getes 7#bdf ,b4,c471 0 adm9i/]$ ) special reg>d to ,indian /udies4 ,! mona/ic organisation ( ! ,ess5es 9 ,pale/9e also v probably po9ts to ,buddhi/ influ5ce4 ,aga91 al?\gh ! ,rigv$a1 :i* conta9s ! gr\ndwork ( all ,indian religions1 may h be5 unkn[n 9 ,ne>] ,asia1 yet ! ,fire ,wor%ip ( ! ,mazda religion at any rate rea*es back to ! "t be=e ! division betwe5 ! ,indian & ,p]sian ,aryans4 ,c]ta9 fundam5tal ideas1 !re=e1 ( ! ,fire ,religion may ?r\gh ,p]sian influ5ces on ,ne>] ,asia h be5 kn[n to ! surr\nd+ peoples4 #aga ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,m&aic religion conta9s mu* t is ,indian4 ,?is is ! less /range consid]+ t ! headqu>t]s & c5tre ( ,m&aism 0 9 ,s\!rn ,babylonia2 & ! anci5t settlem5ts ( ! ,m&i1 close to ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 7 easily rea*$ by sea f ,india4 ,moreov]1 f anci5t times ,babylonian trade w5t d[n to ,india & ,ceylon4 #agb ,consequ5tly x is by no means improbable t ! _m rem>kable resemblances betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,indian religions re/ ^u mutual influ5ces4 ,inde$1 9 "o case ! borr[+ ( a ,m&aic idea f ,india c be look$ ^u z q c]ta94 ,! ,lalita ,vi/>a beg9s ) a description ( ,buddha's ante-natal life 9 heav54 ,he tea*es ! ,gods ! law1 ! et]nal tru? ( salvation1 & ann\nces to !m 8 int5tion ( desc5d+ into ! bosom ( an e>?ly woman 9 ord] to br+ r$emption to mank9d4 ,9 va9 ! ,gods endeav\r to hold him back & cl+ weep+ to 8 feet3 ,noble man1 if ?\ rema9e/ "h no long]1 ?is abode ( heav5 w be bright no m4 ,he leaves !m1 h[ev]1 a successor1 & consecrates him solemnly to be ! possessor ( ! future dignity ( ,buddha3 ,noble man1 ?\ art he :o w be end[$ aft] me ) ! p]fect intellig5ce ( a ,buddha4 #agc ,man 7,puru%a7 is ?us "h ! usual "n = ! div9e nature ( ,buddha de/9$ = individual inc>nations4 ,x is also call$ ! great man 7,mahapuru%a7 or ! victori\s "l 7,cakrav>t974 ,"h we h ! orig9al ( ! ,m&aic son ( man1 :om we meet ) 9 ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptics 7,daniel1 ,eno*1 ,ezra71 a figure :i* plays s great a "p 9 ! primitive ,gospel records ( ,*ri/ianity1 & has call$ =? s _m explanations4 ,& ! ,elcesaitic ,gno/ics tea* a l doctr9e :5 !y imag9e ! son ( man1 or ,*ri/1 z a heav5ly _s & k+ ( ! _w to come :o became inc>nate fir/ 9 ,adam1 !n 9 ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob & s on1 9 ord] f9ally to appe> by a sup]natural virg9-bir? 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 & to illum9e ! d>k e>? by 8 true message ( salvation4 #agd ,( all ! ,gods ( ! ,rigv$a ,agni be>s ! close/ relation%ip to ! ,p]so-,jewi% ,messiah1 & x is he also :o /&s close/ to man's s\l4 ,he is rightly call$ k+ ( ! univ]se1 z ,god ( ,gods1 :o creat$ ! _w & call$ into life all be+s t are ^u x4 ,he is ! "l ( ! heav5ly ho/s1 ! gu>dian ( ! cosmic ord] & judge ( ! _w1 :o is pres5t z an invisible witness ( all human acts1 :o z a kn[] ( nature works 9 e liv+ ?+1 & z a p>ty to all e>?ly secrets illum9ates ! unkn[n4 ,s5t d[n by 8 fa!r1 ! ,sky-,god or ,sun-,god1 he appe>s z ! light ( ! _w4 ,he releases ?is _w f ! ,p[]s ( ,d>kness & returns to 8 fa!r ) ! ,bann] ( ,smoke 9 8 h& z a tok5 ( victory4 ,agni blazes =? 9 ! lightn+ fla% f out ( ! wat]cl\d1 ! sea ( ! sky1 9 ord] to annihilate ! ,dmons ( ,d>kness & to release oppress$ humanity f ! fe> ( its torm5tors4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,isaiah xi41 #d1 ! ,messiah too w burn 8 enemies ) ! fi]y brea? ( 8 m\?2 & 9 ?is he is cle>ly a ,fire-,god4 ,aga91 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,esdras 7*ap4 xiii47 ! ,se] beholds ! ,son ( ,man 7,puru%a7 rise up f out ( ! sea1 fly ^u ! cl\ds ( heav51 de/roy ! ho/ile =ces by ! /ream ( fire :i* proce$$ f 8 m\?1 free ! scatt]$ ,israelites f _! captivity & lead !m back into _! c\ntry4 #age ,b ?is fir/-born son ( ! ,sun-,god & ! ,sky-,god is at ! same "t ! fa!r & ance/or ( m51 ! fir/ man 7,puru%a71 ! head ( ! community ( mank9d1 ! gu>dian ( ! h\se & ( ! dome/ic flock1 :o keeps f ! ?re%old ! evil spirits & ! enemies :o lurk 9 ! d>kness4 ,agni ent]s ! dwell+s ( m5 z gue/1 fri5d 7,mitra71 companion1 bro!r & consol] ( ^? :o hon\r him4 ,he is ! mess5g] betwe5 ?is _w & ! beyond1 communicat+ ! wi%es ( m5 to ! ,gods above1 & ann\nc+ to m5 ! w ( ! ,gods4 ,he is a m$iator betwe5 ,god & m5 :o makes a report to ! ,gods ( ev]y?+ ( :i* he becomes aw>e among mank9d4 ,al?\gh inde$ he takes rev5ge = ! m5's faults yet he is a graci\s ,god1 dispos$ to =give1 9 8 capacity ( an expiatory1 propitiatory & r$eem+ p[]1 aton+ = _! s9s & br++ !m ! div9e grace4 ,f9ally1 he is also ! guide ( s\ls--he conducts ! ,gods d[n to ! sacrifices (f]$ by man & makes ready = m5 ! pa? ^u :i* he leads !m up to ,god4 ,& :5 _! "t has come he1 z ! purify+ fire1 consumes _! bodies & c>ries t :i* is immortal to heav54 #agf ,agni's fa!r is1 z has be5 said1 ! sky1 or r ! light1 ! sun1 ! s\rce ( all w>m? & life ^u ! e>?4 ,he be>s ! "n ( ,savit>1 :i* means creator or mov]1 is call$ ! "l ( creation1 ! fa!r ( all life1 ! liv+ "o1 or ! heav5ly fa!r simply4 #agg ,at ! same "t ,tva%t> also passes z ! fa!r ( ,agni4 ,8 "n *>act]ises him simply z modell] 7_w-modell]7 or "w-ma/]1 div9e arti/1 skilful smi?1 or c>p5t]1 9 :i* capacity he %>p5s ,brihaspati's axe1 &1 inde$1 is himself repres5t$ ) a hat*et 9 8 h&4 #agh ,he appe>s to h atta9$ ?is rle z be+ ! discov]] ( ! artificial k9dl+ ( fire1 by means ( :i* any fa%ion+ 7weld+71 any art 9 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w became possible1 z be+ ! prep>] ( ! app>atus = obta9+ fire by friction or rotation--! fire cradle--:i* consi/$ ( c>efully *os5 wood ( a specifi$ =m & k9d4 ,f9ally1 ! production ( fire is ascrib$ to ,mat>ivan also1 ! ,god ( ! ,w9d id5tical ) ,vayu1 because fire _c burn )\t air1 & x is ! motion ( ! breeze :i* fans ! glimm]+ sp>k4 #agi ,all ( ^! diff]5t figures are id5tical ) "o ano!r1 & c mutually take ! place "o ( ano!r1 = !y are all only diff]5t manife/ations ( w>m?4 ,x is ?is :i* reveals itself z well 9 ! lightn+ ( ! sky & motion ( ! air1 z 9 ! glimm]+ ( ! fire1 & n only z ! pr9ciple ( life1 b also z t ( ?\ght & ( k or ! ^w 7,vc1 ,v$a71 appe>+ on ! "o side z ! productive1 life-giv+1 & fructify+ p[] ( nature1 on ! o!r z ! creative1 inspir+ _s4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 among ! anci5ts1 ! ,god ( life & f]tility 0 9 8 ess5tial nature a ,fire-,god1 & :y ! ?ree figures ( ! div9e fa!r1 son1 & _s1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ces ( _! functions1 c\ld be look$ ^u )\t inconsi/5cy z "o & ! same be+4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,jesus1 too1 _h ?ree fa!rs1 namely1 8 heav5ly fa!r1 ,jahwe1 ! ,holy ,_s1 & also 8 e>?ly fa!r1 ,joseph4 ,! latt] is also a "w-ma/]1 artizan1 or c>p5t]1 z ! ^w tekton indicates4 ,simil>ly1 ,k9yras1 ! fa!r ( ,adonis1 is said to h be5 "s k9d ( artizan1 a smi? or c>p5t]4 ,t is to say1 he is suppos$ to h inv5t$ ! hamm] & ! lev] & ro(+ z well z m9+4 ,9 ,hom] he appe>s z ! mak] ( ! +5i\s coat ( mail :i* ,agamemnon receiv$ f him z a gue/-fri5d4 #ahj ,! fa!r ( ,h]mes also is an artizan4 ,n[ ,h]mes closely resembles ,agni z well z ,jesus4 ,he is ! good mess5g]1 ! ,euangelos2 t is1 ! proclaim] ( ! joyful message ( ! r$emption ( s\ls f ! p[] ( dea?4 ,he is ! ,god ( sacrifices1 & z su* m$iator betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,he is ! guide ( s\ls 7,psy*opompos7 & bridegroom ( s\ls 7belov$ ( ,psy*e74 ,he is also a ,god ( f]tility1 a gu>dian ( ! flocks1 :o is repres5t$ 9 art z ! good %eph]d1 ! be>] ( ! ram1 a guide ^u ! roads ( e>?1 a ,god ( ! door-h+e 7,/rophaios7 & gu>dian ( ! door1 #aha a god ( heal+ z well z ( spee*1 ! model ( all human reason1 9 :i* capacity he 0 id5tifi$ by ! ,/oics ) ! ,logos t dwelt )9 ! _w4 #ahb ,j z 9 ! ,rigv$a ,tva%t> /&s ) ,savit>1 ! div9e fa!r ( ,agni1 & ,joseph ! c>p5t] ) ,jahwe1 z fa!r ( ! div9e m$iator1 s ! div9e artific]1 ,hephai/os1 ^: connection ) ,tva%t> is obvi\s1 is look$ ^u toge!r ) ,zeus1 ! fa!r ( heav51 z ! begett] ( ,h]mes4 #ahc ,n[ if ,joseph1 z we h already se51 0 orig9ally a ,god1 ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus1 0 a ,goddess4 ,"u ! "n ( ,maya %e is ! "m ( ,agni1 i4e41 ! pr9ciple ( mo!rhood & creation simply1 z :i* %e is 9 ! ,rigv$a at "o "t repres5t$ by ! fire-produc+ wood1 ! s(t pi?1 9 :i* ! fire-/ick 0 :irl$2 at ano!r z ! e>?1 ) :i* ! sky has mat$4 ,%e appe>s "u ! same "n z ! "m ( ,buddha z well z ( ! ,greek ,h]mes4 ,%e is id5tical ) ,maira 7,ma]a7 z1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 viii4 #ab1 #dh1 ! ,pleiad ,maia1 wife ( ,hephai/os1 0 call$4 ,%e appe>s among ! ,p]sians z ! virg9 "m ( ,mi?ras4 ,z ,myrrha %e is ! "m ( ! ,syrian ,adonis2 z ,semiramis1 "m ( ! ,babylonian ,n9us 7,m>duk74 ,9 ! ,arabic leg5d %e appe>s "u ! "n ( ,mirzam z "m ( ! my?ical savi\r ,jo%ua1 :ile ! ,old ,te/am5t gives ?is "n to ! virg9 si/] ( t ,jo%ua :o 0 s closely relat$ to ,moses2 &1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 #ahd ,m]ris 0 ! "n ( ! ,egyptian pr9cess :o f\nd ,moses 9 a basket & became 8 fo/]-"m4 ,aft] all ?is x seems r nave to believe t ! p>5ts ( ! hi/orical ,jesus 7 call$ ,joseph & ,m>y1 & t 8 fa!r 0 a c>p5t]4 ,9 reality ! :ole ( ! family & home life ( ! ,messiah1 ,jesus1 took place 9 heav5 among ! ,gods4 ,x 0 only r$uc$ to t ( a human be+ 9 l[ly circum/ances by ! fact t ,paul describ$ ! desc5t ( ! ,messiah ^u ! e>? z an assumption ( pov]ty & a rel9qui%m5t ( 8 heav5ly spl5d\r4 #ahe ,h5ce1 :5 ! my? 0 trans=m$ into hi/ory1 ,*ri/ 0 turn$ into a poor man 9 ! economic s5se ( ! ^w1 :ile ,joseph1 ! div9e artific] & fa!r ( ! sun1 became an ord9>y c>p5t]4 ,n[ x is a feature :i* recurs 9 all ! religions ( ,ne>] ,asia t ! son ( ! div9e virg9 "m is at ! same "t ! belov$ ( ?is ,goddess 9 ! sexual s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?is is ! case n only ) ,semiramis & ,n9us1 ,i/> & ,tammuz1 ,at>gatis 7,aphrodite7 & ,adonis1 ,cybele & ,attis1 b also ) ,aphrodite 7,maia7 & ,h]mes1 #ahf ,maia & ,iasios1 "o ( ! ,cabiri1 id5tical ) ,h]mes or ,cadmus1 :o 0 sla9 by 8 fa!r1 ,zeus1 ) a lightn+ /roke1 b 0 rais$ aga9 & plac$ 9 ! sky z a con/ellation4 #ahg ,we may conclude f ! connection betwe5 ,iasios & ,jo%ua t a simil> relation%ip exi/$ betwe5 ! latt] & 8 "m ,mirzam4 ,inde$1 a glimm] ( ?is possibly appe>s ev5 9 ! ,gospels 9 ! relation%ip ( ! v>i\s ,m>ies to ,jesus1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ^! writ+s1 !y are transf]r$ into q a diff]5t sph]e & giv5 o!r emotional connections4 #ahh ,n[ 9 ,hebrew ! ^w _s 7rua*7 is ( fem99e g5d]4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 look$ ^u by ! ,nass5es & ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians z ! "m ( ,jesus4 ,inde$1 x appe>s t 9 _! view ! bir? ( ! div9e son 0 only consummat$ by ! baptism & ! desc5t ( ! ,_s4 ,accord+ to ! ,gospels :i* we possess1 on ! occasion ( ! baptism 9 ! ,jordan a voice f above utt]$ ^! words3 ,?\ art my belov$ son2 9 !e ,i am well pleas$4 #ahi ,on ! o!r h&1 9 an old] read+ ( ! passage 9 "q 9 ,luke1 :i* 0 9 use z late z ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 x runs1 9 agreem5t ) ,psalm ii4 #g3 ,?\ art my son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e4 ,9 ?is case ! _s :o speaks ^! words is reg>d$ z a female be+4 ,?is is %[n by ! dove :i* desc5ds f heav51 = ?is 0 ! holy bird1 ! symbol ( ! ,"m ,goddess ( ,ne>] ,asia4 #aij ,b x 0 n ! ,nass5es alone 7,ophites7 :o call$ ! ,holy ,_s ! fir/ ^w & ! "m ( all liv+ ?+s3 #aia o!r ,gno/ic sects1 su* z ! ,val5t9ians1 reg>d$ ! ,_s :i* desc5d$ 9 ! %ape ( a dove z ! ^w ( ! "m f above1 ( wisdom4 #aib ,view$ 9 ?is s5se1 baptism also pass$ 9 ! ,my/]ies z a new bir?4 ,inde$1 its ,greek "n1 photisma or photisms 7i4e41 illum9ation71 cle>ly indicates its orig9 9 fire-wor%ip4 ,?us1 :5 ,ju/9 #aic too speaks ( a flame appe>+ at ! baptism ( ,jesus1 he alludes !reby to ! connection betwe5 t solemn act & ! bir? ( a ,fire-,god4 #aid ,ephrem1 ! ,syrian compos] ( hymns1 makes ! ,bapti/ say to ,jesus3 ,a tongue ( fire 9 ! air awaits !e beyond ! ,jordan4 ,if ?\ foll[e/ x & wilt be baptiz$1 !n und]take to purify ?yself1 = :o c seize a burn+ fire ) 8 h&s8 ,?\ :o art all fire h m]cy ^u me4 #aie ,9 ,luke iii4 #af & ,matt4 iii4 #aa x is said 9 ! same s5se3 ,i inde$ baptize y ) wat]2 b !re come? he t is mighti] ?an ,i4444 ,he %all baptize y ) ! ,holy ,gho/ & ) fire4 ,& 9 ,luke xii4 #di sq4 we read ! words3 ,i came to ca/ fire ^u ! e>?3 & :at w ,i1 if x is already k9dl$8 ,b ,i h a baptism to be baptiz$ )4 ,"h is a ref]5ce to fire fall+ ^u ! eyes & be+ made to blaze up by baptism1 t is1 ! p\r+ on ( a n\ri%+ liquid1 z we h se5 9 ! wor%ip ( ,agni4 #aif ,j z ,john1 :o 0 closely relat$ to ! ,ess5es1 baptiz$ ! p5it5ts 9 ! ,jordan 9 ! op5 air1 s also ! ,m&i1 ^: connection ) ! ,ess5es is extremely probable1 us$ to p]=m baptisms 9 fl[+ wat] only1 on :i* acc\nt !y 7 also call$ ! ,*ri/ians ( ,john 9 lat] times4 ,?is cu/om among !m 0 obvi\sly connect$ ) ! fact t ,hibil ,ziw1 :o 0 v5]at$ by !m z a ,r$eem]1 0 a =m ( ,m>duk1 & ! latt] 0 a son ( ! great ,wat]-,god1 ,ea2 he ?us incorporat$ ! heal+ & cleans+ p[]s ( wat] 9 himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z has be5 already said1 ! ano9t+ ( ! ,god 9 ! ,agni ,cult ) milk1 melt$ butt]1 & ! fluid ,soma1 s]v$ to /r5g!n ! vital p[]s ( ! div9e *ild & to br+ ! sp>ks slumb]+ 9 ! fire-wood to a blaze4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is idea 0 also pres5t 9 ! baptism z x 0 usually practis$ 9 ! my/ic cults4 ,by baptism ! newly admitt$ memb] 0 inw>dly enlight5$4 ,(t5 en\gh1 too1 = example1 9 ! ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ras1 ) ! c]emony !re 0 also associat$ ! actual fla%+ =? ( a light1 ! production ( ! ,cult ,god himself manife/$ 9 light4 #aig ,by ?is means ! fai?ful 7 born aga91 9 ! same way z ,agni 0 baptiz$ at 8 bir?1 & !reby enabl$ to %9e =? brightly & to reveal ! disord] ( ! _w hidd5 9 ! d>kness4 ,! _w 0 swall[$ up1 veil$ 9 d>kness1 ,light appe>$1 :5 ,agni 0 born4 #aih ,%9+ brightly1 ,agni fla%es =? f> & wide1 ,he makes ev]y?+ pla9 9 spl5d\r4 #aii ,a complete und]/&+ ( ! baptism 9 ! ,jordan c only be atta9$ if "h1 too1 we take into consid]ation ! translation ( ! baptism into a/rological t]ms4 ,9 o!r words1 x appe>s t ,john ! ,bapti/1 z we meet him 9 ! ,gospels1 0 n an hi/orical p]sonage4 ,ap>t f ! ,gospels he is m5tion$ by ,josephus only1 #bjj & ?is passage1 al?\gh x 0 kn[n to ,orig5 #bja 9 e>ly days1 is expos$ to a /rong suspicion ( be+ a =g]y by "s ,*ri/ian h&4 #bjb ,aga91 ! acc\nt 9 ! ,gospels ( ! relations betwe5 ,john & ,jesus is full ( obscurities & contradictions1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,/rauss4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 disappe> z soon z we recognise t "u ! "n ,john1 :i* 9 ,hebrew means pleas+ to ,god1 is conceal$ ! ,babylonian ,wat]-,god1 ,oannes 7,ea74 ,baptism is connect$ ) 8 wor%ip1 & ! baptism ( ,jesus 9 ! ,jordan repres5ts ! reflection ^u e>? ( :at orig9ally took place among ! />s4 ,t is to say1 ! sun beg9s its ye>ly c\rse ) a baptism1 ent]+ z x does1 imm$iately aft] its bir?1 ! con/ellations ( ! ,wat]-c>ri] & ! ,fi%es4 ,b ?is cele/ial ,wat] ,k+dom1 9 :i* ea* ye> ! day-/> is purifi$ & born aga91 is ! ,eridanus1 ! heav5ly ,jordan or ,ye>-,/ream 7,egyptian1 i>o or i]o1 ! riv]71 :]e9 ! orig9al baptism ( ! div9e ,savi\r ( ! _w takes place4 #bjc ,on ?is acc\nt x is said 9 ! hymn ( ,ephrem on ! ,epiphany ( ! div9e ,son3 ,john /epp$ =w>d & ador$ ! ,son1 ^: =m 0 envelop$ 9 a /range light1 & :5 ,jesus _h receiv$ ! baptism he imm$iately asc5d$1 & 8 light %one ov] ! _w4 #bjd ,9 ! ,syrian ,baptismal ,liturgy1 pres]v$ to u "u ! "n ( ,sev]us1 we read ! words3 ,i1 he said1 baptize ) wat]1 b he :o comes1 ) ,fire & ,_s1 t _s1 namely1 :i* desc5d$ f on high ^u 8 head 9 ! %ape ( a dove1 :o has be5 baptiz$ & has aris5 f ! mid/ ( ! wat]s1 ^: light has gone up ov] ! e>?4 ,accord+ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,john 0 n himself ! light2 b he gave te/imony ( ! light1 t true light :i* lighte? e man com+ into ! _w1 by :om ! _w 0 made & ( ^: fulness we h all receiv$ grace4 #bje ,9 ?is ! ref]5ce to ! sun is unmi/akable1 :ile ! /ory ( ,john's bir? #bjf is copi$ f t ( ! ,sun-,gods ,isaac #bjg & ,samson4 #bjh ,9 ,john1 ! ,bapti/ himself is call$ by ,jesus a burn+ & %9+ lamp1 #bji & he himself rem>ks1 :5 he he>s ( ! num]\s foll[+ ( ,jesus1 he mu/ increase b ,i mu/ decrease1 #baj a spee* :i* probably at fir/ ref]r$ to ! summ] sol/ice1 :5 ! sun1 hav+ rea*$ ! highe/ po9t 9 its c\rse1 ent]s ! w9t] hemisph]e & loses /r5g? day by day4 ,john is said to h be5 born six mon?s be=e ,jesus4 #baa ,?is1 too1 po9ts to ! fact t bo? are ess5tially id5tical1 t !y are only ! diff]5t halves ( ! ye>1 repres5t+ ! sun z ris+ & sett+1 ^! two phases be+ relat$ to "o ano!r z ,caleb & ,jo%ua1 ,n]gal & ,tammuz1 c4 ,john ! ,bapti/ is repres5t$ z we>+ a cloak ( camel-hair1 ) a lea!rn girdle ab\t 8 lo9s4 #bab ,?is br+s to m9d ! g>b ( ! prophet ,elijah1 #bac to :om ,jesus himself lik5$ him4 #bad ,b ,elijah1 :o pass$ among ! ,jews = a =]unn] ( ! ,messiah1 is a =m ( ,sun-,god transf]r$ to hi/ory4 ,9 o!r words1 he is ! same z ! ,greek ,helios1 ! ,g]man ,heljas1 & ,ossetic ,ilia1 ) :om he co9cides 9 mo/ important po9ts1 or at any rate *>act]i/ics ( ?is ,god h be5 transf]r$ to ! figure ( ! prophet4 #bae ,accord+ to ,babylonian ideas correspond+ to ! baptism ( wat] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! efficaci\s p[] ( ! sun1 0 ! baptism ( fire1 :5 x 0 at ! height ( its annual c\rse1 at ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice1 & its passage 0 aga9 incl9$ d[nw>ds4 #baf ,?is idea1 too1 is f\nd 9 ! ,gospels1 9 ! /ory ( ! transfiguration ( ,jesus ^u ! m\nta94 #bag ,x takes precisely ! same place 9 ! context ( 8 life-ye>1 z depict$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 z ! ,sun's baptism ( fire 9 ! ,babylonian _w sy/em1 s9ce x too m>ks ! highe/ & turn+-po9t 9 ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian ,savi\r4 ,on ?is occasion ,moses & ,elijah appe>$ ) ! ,savi\r1 :o %one l a pill> ( fire1 & 8 g>m5ts became gli/5+1 exce$+ :ite1 l unto sn[1 s z no full] on e>? c :it5 !m4 ,& !re came a cl\d :i* ov]%ad[$ ! ?ree disciples :om ,jesus _h tak5 ) him on to ! m\nta94 ,& a voice came f ! cl\d1 say+1 ,?is is my belov$ ,son1 he> ye him4 ,z at ! baptism1 s "h1 too1 0 ,jesus proclaim$ by a heav5ly voice z ! ,son or belov$ ( ,god1 or r ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,z ! latt] is 9 ,hebrew ( ! fem99e g5d]1 x consequ5tly appe>s t 9 ?is passage we h be=e u a p>allel to ! baptism ( ,jesus 9 ! ,jordan4 ,! incid5t is g5]ally look$ ^u z ?\gh by x 0 emphasis$ ! high] significance ( ,jesus 9 comp>ison ) ! two *ief repres5tatives ( ! old ord]1 & z ?\gh ,jesus 0 extoll$ be=e ,moses & ,elijah by ! transfiguration4 ,"h too1 h[ev]1 ! ,sun-,god1 ,helios1 is obvi\sly conceal$ b5ea? ! =m ( ! ,israelite ,elijah4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,*ri/ianity *ang$ ! old places ( wor%ip ( ,zeus & ,helios ^u em95ces into *apels ( ,elijah2 & ,moses is no o!r ?an ! ,moon-,god1 ! ,m5 ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,& he has be5 introduc$ into ! /ory because ! div9e lawgiv]s 9 almo/ all my?ologies are ! same z ! moon1 ! measur] ( "t & regulator ( all t happ5s 7cf4 ,manu among ! ,indians1 ,m9os among ! ,greeks1 ,m5 7,m97 among ! ,egyptians74 #bah ,accord+ to ,ju/91 #bai ,david is suppos$ to h made ! prophecy t ,*ri/ w\ld be born be=e ! sun & ! moon4 ,! sun & moon (t5 appe> ^u ! pictures ( ! ,ne>] ,asiatic ,r$eem]1 ,god 7e4g41 ,mi?ras71 pal+ be=e ! spl5d\r ( ! "y ,light-,god1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( ,buddha1 #bbj & z1 accord+ to ! n>rative ( ! ,rigv$a1 also happ5$ at ! bir? ( ! ,*ild ,agni4 ,accord+ly we h be=e u 9 ! /ory ( ! transfiguration 9 ! ,gospels only ano!r view ( ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ! ,light-,god or ,fire-,god1 su* z lies at ! root ( ! /ory ( ! baptism ( ! ,*ri/ian ,savi\r4 #bba ,& ) ! ?\ght ( ! new bir? ( ! ,savi\r is associat$ t ( ! baptism ( ,jesus1 & p>ticul>ly t ( ! fire-baptism1 ( :i* ! sun p>takes at ! height ( its p[]4 #bbb ,,vi ,,! ,,self-,,(f]+ ,,( ,,! ,,messiah4 ,,! ,,supp] ,l ,baptism1 ! sacram5t ( ! ,supp]1 ! p>tak+ ( ! sacr$ ho/ & w9e 79 place ( :i* among c]ta9 sects wat] is also f\nd71 has its prec$5t 9 ! mo/ anci5t fire-wor%ip4 ,:5 ! sacr$ fire _h be5 k9dl$ ^u ! alt>1 ! fai?ful 7 accu/om$1 z ! ,rigv$a %[s1 to sit d[n 9 ord] to p>take ( ! sacr$ cake prep>$ f meal & butt]1 ! symbol ( all solid food1 & ( ! ,soma cup1 ! symbol ( all liquid n\ri%m5t4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ,agni dwelt invisible )9 ^! sub/ances3 9 ! meal z ?\gh 9 ! conc5trat$ heat ( ! sun1 9 ! ,soma1 s9ce ! dr9k 9 its fi]y nature & invigorat+ p[] disclos$ ! nature ( ! ,god ( ,fire & ,life4 ,p>ticipation !re9 op5$ to ! fai?ful communion ) ,agni4 ,!reby !y 7 incorporat$ ) ! ,god4 ,!y felt !mselves trans=m$ into him1 rais$ above ! actuality ( e day1 & z memb]s ( a common body1 z ?\gh ( "o he>t & "o s\l1 inflam$ by ! same feel+ ( int]dep5d5ce & bro!rhood4 ,!n "s su* hymn z foll[s w\ld m\nt t[>ds heav5 f _! brea/s ov]fl[+ ) ?ankfulness3-- ,oh great ,agni1 true-m9d$ ,?\ do/ inde$ unite all4 ,enk9dl$ on ! place ( wor%ip ,br+ u all t is good4 ,unit$ly come1 unit$ly speak1 ,& let y\r he>ts be "o1 ,j z ! old ,gods ,= _! "p are ( "o m9d4 ,l are _! designs1 l _! assembly1 ,l _! disposition1 unit$ _! ?\ghts4 ,s pray ,i also to y ) l pray]1 ,& sacrifice unto y ) l sacrifice4 ,! l design y h inde$1 ,& y\r he>ts are unit$4 ,let y\r ?\ghts be 9 unison1 ,t y may be happily jo9$ toge!r4 #bbc ,:ile ! fai?ful by p>tak+ ( ! sacr$ cake & ! fi]y ,soma cup unit$ !mselves ) ! ,god & 7 fill$ ) 8 _s1 ! sacrificial gifts :i* _h be5 br\ght to him burnt ^u ! alt>s4 ,^! consi/$ likewise ( ,soma & ,sacr$ ,cake1 & caus$ ! sacr$ banquet to be ( su* a k9d t x 0 p>tak5 ( by ,agni & m5 toge!r4 ,! ,god 0 at & pres5t 9 ! banquet d$icat$ to him4 ,he consum$ ! gifts1 trans=m$ !m into flame1 & 9 sweet-smell+ smoke bore !m ) him up to heav54 ,"h !y 7 p>tak5 ( by ! o!r div9e be+s & f9ally by ! ,fa!r ( ,heav5 himself4 ,?us ,agni became n m]ely an ag5t at ! sacrifice1 a my/ic sacrificial prie/1 b1 s9ce ! sacrificial gifts simply conta9$ him 9 mat]ial =m1 a sacrific]1 :o (f]$ 8 own body 9 sacrifice4 #bbd ,:ile man sacrific$ ,god1 ,god at ! same "t sacrific$ himself4 ,inde$1 ?is sacrifice 0 "o 9 :i* ,god 0 n only ! subject b also ! object1 bo? sacrific] & sacrific$4 ,x 0 a common mode ( ?9k+ among ! ,indians1 says ,max ,mll]1 to look ^u ! fire on ! alt> z at ! same "t subject & object ( ! sacrifice4 ,! fire burnt ! (f]+ & 0 accord+ly ! prie/ z x 74 ,! fire bore ! (f]+ to ! ,gods & 0 accord+ly a m$iator betwe5 ,god & m54 ,b ! fire also repres5t$ some?+ div9e4 ,x 0 a ,god1 & if hon\r 0 paid to ?is ,god1 ! fire 0 at once subject & object ( ! sacrifice4 ,out ( ?is arose ! fir/ idea1 t ,agni sacrific$ to himself1 t is1 t he br\ght 8 own (f]+ to himself1 !n1 t he br\ght himself z a victim--out ( :i* ! lat] leg5ds grew4 #bbe ,! sacrifice ( ! ,god is a sacrific+ ( ! ,god4 ,! g5itive 9 ?is s5t5ce is 9 "o case to be und]/ood 9 an objective1 9 ! o!r 9 a subjective s5se4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sacrifice :i* man (f]s to ! ,god is a sacrifice :i* ! ,god br+s1 & ?is sacrifice ( ! ,god is at ! same "t "o 9 :i* ! ,god (f]s himself z victim4 ,9 ! ,rigv$a ,agni1 z ,god ( ,prie/s & ,sacrifices1 also be>s ! "n ( ,vivak>man1 i4e41 ,consummator ( ,all4 ,hymn x41 #ha also describes him z ! creator ( ! _w1 :o call$ ! _w into exi/5ce1 & 9 s do+ gave 8 own body 9 sacrifice4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! _w1 accord+ to x4 #hb1 repres5ts no?+ exi/+ ext]ior to him1 b ! v manife/ation ( ,vivak>man1 9 :i* at ! creation he z x 7 appe>$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,puru%a1 ! fir/ man1 is repres5t$ z he out ( ^: body ! _w 0 =m$4 #bbf ,b ,puru%a is1 z we h se51 ! prototype ( ! ,m&aic & apocalyptic son ( man4 ,h]e9 lies ! confirmation ( ! fact t ! son ( man is none o!r ?an ,agni1 ! mo/ human ( ! ,v$ic ,gods4 ,9 ! ,mazda religion ! fir/ mortals 7 call$ ,me%ia & ,me%iane1 ! ance/ors ( fall5 mank9d1 :o expect _! r$emption at ! h&s ( ano!r ,me%ia4 ,?is mean+ ( ! ^w ,messiah 0 n /range to ! ,jews too1 :5 !y plac$ ! latt] z ! new ,adam 9 ! middle ( ! ages4 ,adam1 h[ev]1 also means man4 #bbg ,! ,messiah accord+ly1 z ! new ,adam1 0 = !m too only a r5ewal ( ! fir/ man 9 a l(ti] & bett] =m4 ,?is idea1 t mank9d ne$$ to be r5ew$ by ano!r typical repres5tative ( itself1 goes back 9 ! la/ resort to ,india1 :]e1 aft] ! dismemb]m5t ( ,puru%a1 a man arose 9 ! p]son ( ,manu or ,manus4 ,he 0 to be ! j k+1 ! fir/ lawgiv] & e/abli%] ( civilisation1 desc5d+ aft] 8 dea? to rule z judge 9 ! "u-_w 7cf4 ! ,cretan ,m9os74 ,b ,manu1 ^: "n aga9 meant no m ?an man or human be+ 7,manu%a71 pass$ z son ( ,agni4 ,inde$1 he 0 ev5 completely id5tifi$ ) him1 s9ce life1 _s1 & fire to ! m9d ( primitive man are int]*angeable ideas1 al?\gh x is _s & intellig5ce :i* are express$ "u ! "n ( ,manu 7,man to measure1 to exam9e74 #bbh ,we ?us also obta9 a new reason = ! fact t ! div9e ,r$eem] is a human be+4 ,we also und]/& n only :y ! fir/-born son ( ,god 01 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! :ole ( ,ne>] ,asiatic syncretism1 ! pr9ciple ( ! creation ( ! _w1 b also :y ! r$emption :i* he br\ght man c\ld be = ?is reason look$ ^u z a div9e self-sacrifice4 #bbi ,! sacrifice ( ! ,god on ! "p ( mank9d is a sacrifice ( ! ,god himself--x is only by ?is means t ! community betwe5 ,god & man 0 complet$4 ,! ,god (f]s sacrifice = man1 :ile man (f]s sacrifice = ,god4 ,inde$1 m ?an ?is1 he (f]s himself = mank9d1 he gives 8 own body t man may reap ! fruit ( 8 sacrifice4 ,! div9e son (f]s himself z a victim4 ,s5t d[n by ! fa!r ^u ! e>? 9 ! =m ( light & w>m?1 he ent]s m5 z ! quick5+ & life-giv+ _s "u ! appe>ance ( bread & w9e4 ,he consumes himself 9 ! fire & unites man ) ! fa!r above1 9 t by 8 disposal ( 8 own p]sonality he removes ! sep>ation & diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?us ,agni ext+ui%es ! ho/ility betwe5 ,god & man1 ?us he consumes _! s9s 9 ! gl[ ( 8 fi]y nature1 spiritualis+ & illum9at+ !m inw>dly4 ,?r\gh ! invigorat+ p[] ( ! fire-wat] he raises m5 above ! actuality ( e day to ! s\rce ( _! exi/5ce & by 8 own sacrifice obta9s = !m a life ( bless$ness 9 heav54 ,9 ! sacrifice1 too1 ,god & man are id5tifi$4 ,!re9 ,god desc5ds to man & man is rais$ to ,god4 ,t is ! common ?\ght :i* _h already f\nd expression 9 ! ,rigv$a1 :i* lat] =m$ ! special my/]y ( ! secret cults & religi\s unions ( ,ne>] ,asia1 :i* lay at ! root ( ! sacram5t ( ! ,supp]1 :i* gu>ante$ to man ! c]ta9ty ( a bless$ life 9 ! beyond1 & reconcil$ him to ! ?\ght ( bodily dea?4 #bcj ,agni is accord+ly no?+ else ?an ! bodily w>m? 9 individuals1 & z su* ! subject ( _! motions & ?\ghts1 ! pr9ciple ( life1 _! s\l4 ,:5 ! body gr[s cold 9 dea? ! w>m? ( life leaves x1 ! eyes ( ! dead g up to ! sun1 8 brea? into ! w9d2 8 s\l1 h[ev]1 asc5ds t[>ds heav5 :]e ! fa!rs dwell1 into ! k+dom ( ev]la/+ light & life4 #bca ,inde$1 s great is ! p[] ( ,agni1 ! div9e physician & savi\r ( ! s\l1 #bcb t he1 z ! ,god ( all creative p[]1 c1 by m]ely lay+ on 8 h&s1 ev5 call ! dead back to life4 #bcc ,ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we meet ) ! idea ( a sacram5tal meal4 ,?is is po9t$ to 9 ,g5esis xiv4 #ah sqq41 :5 ,mel*is$ek1 ! pr9ce ( peace 7,k+ ( ,salem71 ! prie/ ( ,god ,mo/ ,high1 prep>es = ,abraham a meal ( bread & w9e1 & at x imp>ts to him ! bless+ ( ! ,"l ,god4 ,= ,mel*is$ek1 ! rul] ( ,salem1 ! city ( peace1 ! ,k+ ( ,ju/ice1 z he is call$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 is ev5 9 ?is book pla9ly describ$ z an anci5t ,god3 )\t fa!r1 )\t "m1 )\t g5ealogy1 hav+ nei!r beg9n+ ( days nor end ( life1 b made l unto ! ,son ( ,god1 he abide? a prie/ cont9ually4 #bcd ,s also ! ,prophet ,j]emiah speaks ( holy fea/s1 consi/+ ( cake & w9e1 ( nightly sacrifices ( burnt-(f]+s & liquids1 :i* 7 (f]$ to ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 7i4e41 ! ,moon7 & o!r ,div9ities4 #bce ,isaiah1 too1 is indignant aga9/ ^? :o prep>e a dr9k+-fea/ = ,god & make liquid (f]+s to ,m5i4 #bcf ,n[ ,m5i is none o!r ?an ,m51 ! ,moon-,god ( ,asia ,m9or1 & z su* is id5tical ) ,sel5e-,m5e1 ! ,goddess ( ! ,moon 9 ! ,orphic hymns4 ,l h] he is a be+ ( a dual sex1 at once ,que5 & ,k+ ( ,heav54 ,consequ5tly a liquid sacrifice appe>s to h be5 (f]$ by all ! p ( ,ne>] ,asia 9 hon\r ( ! ,moon4 ,z ,moon-,god 7,deus ,lunus7 & z relat$ to ,m5i1 9 ^: wor%ip a sacram5tal meal also plays ! *ief "p1 ,agni appe>s 9 ! ,v$as "u ! "n ( ,manu1 ,manus1 or ,soma4 ,he too is a be+ ( dual sex4 ,( ?is we are aga9 rem9d$ :5 ,philo1 ! ,rabb9ic speculation ( ! ,kabbala1 z well z ! ,gno/ics ascribe to ! fir/ man 7,adam ,kadmon7 two faces & ! =m ( a man & woman1 until ,god sep>at$ ! two sexes f "o ano!r4 #bcg ,accord+ to ?is we %\ld probably look ^u ! fire-wor%ip 9 ,asia ,m9or also z ! f\ndation ( ! sacram5tal meal4 ,obvi\sly we h to d ) a meal ( ?is k9d 9 ! br++ 9 ( ! s-call$ %ew-bread4 ,e ,sabba? twelve cakes 7 laid by ! prie/s ^u ! pure table be=e ! ,"l1 & x %all be = ,a>on & 8 sons1 & !y %all eat x 9 a holy place1 = x is mo/ holy unto him ( ! (f]+s ( ! ,"l1 by a p]petual /atute4 #bch ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ?is meal1 presid$ ov] by ! ,high ,prie/ z repres5tative ( ,a>on1 0 p>tak5 ( by twelve o!r prie/s1 & ,rob]tson rightly sees h]e9 ! ,jewi% prototype ( ! ,*ri/ian ,supp] & ( ! numb] ( apo/les--! ,twelve--pres5t at x4 ,b ! ,high ,prie/ ,a>on is a p]sonification ( ! ,jewi% ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant1 t is1 ( ! visible expression ( ! ,cov5ant betwe5 ,god & man1 "o ( ! *ief prototypes ( ! ,messiah4 ,& if ! self-(f]+ ( ! ,messiah1 z we h se5 above 7p4 #gh71 has its prec$5t 9 ! self-(f]+ ( ,a>on1 s also ! great solemnity ( ! ,a>onic sacrificial meal w\ld n be want+ 9 ! /ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,r$eem]4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,jo%ua too1 ! ,jesus ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :om we h le>nt to recognise z an anci5t ,ephraimitic ,god ( ! ,sun & ,fruitfulness1 0 accompani$ 9 8 passage ( ! ,jordan by twelve assi/ants1 "o f ea* tribe4 ,& he is said aft] circumcis+ ! p to h celebrat$ ! ,pas*al ,fea/ on ! o!r bank4 #bci ,h5ce1 tak+ into acc\nt :at has be5 said above conc]n+ ,jo%ua1 we are probably ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ ! conclusion t 8 "n 0 p]man5tly connect$ ) ! p>tak+ ( ! ,ea/] lamb4 #bdj ,9 any case ! s-call$ ,supp] ( ,*ri/ianity did n only lat] take its place z ! c5tral po9t ( religi\s activity1 b f ! beg9n+ x held ?is c5tral position 9 ! cults ( ^? sects out ( :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 develop$4 ,x 0 ! po9t ( cry/allisation1 ! highe/ po9t1 ( ! o!r rituali/ic acts1 9 a way ! g]m cell out ( :i* 9 association ) ! idea ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,god ,r$eem] ! ,*ri/ian outlook ^u ! _w has gr[n4 ,j z 9 ! ,v$ic ,agni ,cult ! sacrifice (f]$ by m5 to _! ,god 0 a self-sacrifice ( ?is ,god z well 9 a subjective z 9 an objective s5se2 j z ! p>ticipat+ 9 common ( ! sacrificial gifts s]v$ ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! sacrifice 9 an inw>d s5se _! v own1 & !reby mak+ !m imm$iate p>ticipators 9 its efficacy1 s1 too1 ! ,*ri/ian p>takes 9 ! bread ( ! body ( 8 ,god & 9 ! w9e dr9ks 8 blood 9 ord] to become z x 7 himself ,god4 ,! ,evangeli/s make ! ,supp] co9cide ) ! ,fea/ ( ! ,pas*1 because orig9ally a man 0 immolat$ on ?is occasion2 & he1 z ! fir/-born & mo/ valuable ( sacrificial gifts1 took ! place ( ! ,god :o (f]$ himself 9 sacrifice4 #bda ,! celebration ( sacram5tal fea/s 0 v widespread ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( antiquity4 ,!y 7 among ! mo/ important acts ( wor%ip 9 ! ,my/ic religions1 above all 9 connection ) ! idea ( ! ,savi\r 7,sot]7 & ,god ( ,sacrifices1 :o gave 8 life = ! _w4 ,?us ,mi?ras1 ! ,p]sian ,agni1 is said to h celebrat$ 9 a la/ meal ) ,helios & ! o!r companions ( 8 toils ! end ( _! common /ruggle4 ,^? initiat$ into ! ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ras also celebrat$ ?is occurr5ce by common fea/s 9 :i* !y /rove to unite !mselves 9 a my/ic mann] ) ! ,god4 ,saos 7,saon or ,samon71 ! son ( ,zeus or ,h]mes1 ! ,god ( ,heal+1 & a nymph1 rem9ds u ( ! "n ( ,mi?ras1 rejuv5at$ & ris5 aga91 ( ,sao%yant or ,sosio%4 ,he is said to h f\nd$ ! ,my/]ies 9 ,samo?race1 & appe>s to be id5tical ) ! my?ical ,sabus1 :o is suppos$ to h giv5 8 "n to ! ,sab9es1 to h f\nd$ ,italian civilization1 & to h inv5t$ w9e4 #bdb ,8 "n *>act]ises him z ! sacrific] 7,scr41 ,savana1 sacrifice72 & he appe>s to be a ,we/]n =m ( ,agni1 ! ,god ( ,sacrifices & prep>] ( ! ,soma1 s9ce ,dionysus also bore ! surname ( ,saos or ,saotes &1 z di/ributor ( ! w9e1 is suppos$ to h %$ 8 blood = ! salvation ( ! _w1 to h di$ & to h ris5 aga91 & ?us has a prototype 9 ! ,v$ic ,agni4 ,) ,saos are connect$ ,iasios 7,jasion71 ! son & belov$ ( ,demet] or ,aphrodite 7,maia71 & ( ,zeus or ! div9e artific] ,hephai/os 7,tva%t>74 ,j z ,saos e/abli%$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,cabiri1 ,iasios is said to h e/abli%$ ! wor%ip ( ,demet] 9 ,samo?race4 ,9 ?is connection he is id5tifi$ ) ,h]mes-,cadmus1 ! div9e sacrificial prie/ 7,kadmilos1 i4e41 ,s]vant ( ,god7 ( ! ,samo?racian religion 7cf4 ,adam-,kadmon ( ! ,kabbala & ! ,gno/ics1 :o is connect$ bo? ) ,agni-,manu & ,jesus74 ,accord+ to ,us5] 8 "n is connect$ ) ! ,greek ia/he91 to cure1 & consequ5tly *>act]ises its be>] z savi\r4 ,b ?is is also ! real mean+ ( ! "n ,jason1 ^: be>]1 a =m ( ! patron ( physicians1 ,asclepios 7,helios71 w&]s ab\t z a physician1 exorcis] ( demons & f\nd] ( holy rites1 & 0 v5]at$ z ,god ( ,heal+ 9 ! :ole ( ,ne>] ,asia & ,greece4 #bdc ,! my? also connects him ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! wor%ip ( ! twelve ,gods4 #bdd ,n[1 ,iasios 7,jason7 is only a ,greek =m ( ! "n ,jo%ua 7,jesus74 ,j z ,jo%ua cross$ ! ,jordan ) twelve assi/ants & celebrat$ ! ,pas* 7lamb7 on ! fur!r bank1 j z ,jesus 9 8 capacity ( div9e physician & wond]-work] w&]s ?r\gh ,galilee 7! di/rict ( ,galil67 ) twelve disciples1 & goes to ,j]usalem at ! ,pas* 9 ord] to eat ! ,ea/] lamb !re ) ! ,twelve1 s does ,jason set out ) twelve companions 9 ord] to fet* ! gold5 fleece ( ! lamb f ,col*is4 #bde ,& j z ,jason1 aft] ov]com+ innum]able dang]s1 successfully leads 8 companions to _! goal & back aga9 to ! homes !y s long$ =1 s does ,jo%ua lead ! p ( ,israel into ! promis$ l& :]e milk & honey fl[1 & s ,jesus %[s 8 foll[]s ! way to _! true home1 ! k+dom ( heav51 ! l& ( _! fa!rs1 :5ce ! s\l orig9ally came & :i!r aft] ! completion ( its j\rney ?r\gh life x returns4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t 9 all ( ^! cases we h to d ) "o & ! same my?--! my? ( ! ,sav+ ,sun & ,rejoic] ( ! peoples1 z x 0 spread among all ! peoples ( antiquity1 b especially 9 ,ne>] ,asia4 ,we c sc>cely d\bt t ! /ories 9 "q orig9ally ref]r$ to ! annual j\rney ( ! sun ?r\gh ! twelve signs ( ! ,zodiac4 ,ev5 ! names 7,iasios1 ,jason1 ,jo%ua1 ,jesus2 cf4 also ,vi%nu ,jesudu1 see above7 agree1 & _! common root is conta9$ also 9 ! "n ,jao 7,jahwe71 f :i* ,jo%ua is d]iv$4 ,jao or ,jehu1 h[ev]1 0 a my/ical "n ( ,dionysus among ! ,greeks1 & he1 l ,vi%nu ,jesudu 7,kri%na71 ,jo%ua1 & ,jesus1 roam$ ab\t 9 8 capacity ( travell+ physician & r$eem] ( ! _w4 #bdf ,( all ( ^! w&]+ ,heal]s1 ,physicians1 & ,deliv]]s x is true t !y 7 hon\r$ 9 ! ,my/]ies by sacram5tal meals & (f]$ ! fai?ful bo? ! *alice ( corporal & spiritual heal+ & ! bread ( life4 ,,vii ,,symbols ,,( ,,! ,,messiah3 ,,! ,,lamb ,,& ,,! ,,cross ,( a great numb] ( modes ( expression & images 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we "k t !y orig9at$ f ! common treasury ( ! languages ( ! secret sects ( ! ,ori5t1 hav+ _! s\rce above all 9 ,m&aism & ! ,mi?raic religion4 ,?us ! rock1 ! wat]1 ! bread1 ! book1 or ! light ( life1 #bdg ! second dea?1 ! v9e1 ! good %eph]d1 c41 are simply expressions :i* 9 "p are kn[n also by ! ,rigv$a & !re belong to ! ideas gr\p$ ab\t ,agni1 ! ,god ( ,fire1 ,life1 & ,%eph]ds4 ,( ! latt]1 too1 z ( ,jesus1 x is said t he loses n a s+le "o ( ! flock entru/$ to 8 c>e1 #bdh = ,pu%an1 to :om ! hymn 9 ?is connection is address$1 is only a =m ( ,agni4 ,9 its symbols also ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ianity co9cides ) ,indian ?\ght 9 su* a /rik+ mann] t x c sc>cely be expla9$ z *ance4 ,?us ! horse1 #bdi ! h>e1 & ! peacock1 :i* play s great a "p 9 symbolic pictures ( ! catacombs1 po9t to an ultimately ,v$ic orig91 :]e !y all /& 9 connection ) ! nature ( ,agni4 ,aga91 ! ,fi% 0 already to be f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,fire ,wor%ip & appe>s to h "h orig9ally repres5t$ ,agni swimm+ 9 ! wat] ( ! cl\ds1 ! ocean ( heav54 #bej ,9 ! hymn ( ! ,rigv$a itself ,agni is (t5 invok$ z ! ,bull4 ,?is 0 probably orig9ally a simple nature symbol1 ! ,bull z image ( ! /r5g? ( ! ,god2 !n ! ,fire-,god & ,sun-,god1 9 8 capacity ( prep>] ( ! ,soma cup1 0 id5tifi$ ) ! moon 7,manu71 ^: cresc5ts 7 tak5 z ! horns ( a bull4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! image ( ! ,bull 0 driv5 out by t ( ! ,ram4 ,z e>ly z 9 ! ,rigv$a !re is frequ5t m5tion ( ! ,god's bann] ( smoke4 ,?us he 0 accu/om$ to be repres5t$ lead+ a ram ) a bann] 9 8 h& or simply ) a bann] 9 8 h& ) ! picture ( a ram ^u x1 j z ,*ri/ is portray$ "u ! %ape ( a ram or lamb be>+ a bann] l a cross4 ,ab\t ! ye> #hjj ,b4,c4 ! sun1 ! heav5ly ,agni1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 at ! comm5cem5t ( spr+ 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull1 ent]$ 7z a consequ5ce ( ! advance ( equality betwe5 day & night7 t ( ! ,ram4 ,?us x became1 accord+ to a/rological modes ( ?\ght1 itself a ram4 #bea ,:ile x _h =m]ly1 9 ! %ape ( a bull1 op5$ ! spr+ & releas$ ! _w f ! p[] ( w9t]--an image :i* 0 /ill reta9$ 9 ! ,mi?ras ,cult--^! functions 7 n[ transf]r$ to ! ram1 & ?is became a symbol ( ! ,god & ! bea/ (f]$ 9 expiatory sacrifices4 ,n[ ! con/ellation ( ! ,ram 0 describ$ by ! ,p]sians 9 a ^w :i* c\ld also mean lamb4 ,9 o!r cases also ! lamb (t5 took ! place ( ! ram 9 ! sacrificial wor%ip ( ,ne>] ,asia2 = example1 among ! ,jews1 :o 7 accu/om$ to consume ! ,pas*al lamb at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 9 spr+4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! my/ical lamb 9 ! ,revelation ( ,john 7:i* is sc>cely an orig9al ,*ri/ian "w1 b %[s signs ( a pre-,*ri/ian ,cult ( ,jesus #beb71 be+ depict$ by sev5 horns or rays 9 a way :i* r implies ! idea ( a ram4 ,! fif? *apt] ( ,revelation describes ! lamb 9 its quality ( heav5ly victim ( expiation4 ,no "o c op5 ! book ) ! sev5 seals1 :i* ,god holds 9 8 "r h&1 9 :i* ! fate ( ! _w appe>s to be writt51 b ! lamb alone succe$s 9 s do+--,9 ! mid/ ( ! f\r-&-tw5ty eld]s :o1 clad 9 :ite g>m5ts & ) cr[ns on _! heads1 sit ar\nd ! div9e ?rone1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! f\r bea/s :o sit ar\nd x1 ! lamb1 sudd5ly & )\t any?+ happ5+1 /&s z ?\gh x _h be5 sla91 hav+ sev5 horns & sev5 eyes :i* are ! sev5 spirits ( ,god1 s5t =? into all ! e>?4 ,& :5 he _h tak5 ! book ! f\r liv+ creatures & ! f\r-&-tw5ty eld]s fell d[n be=e ! lamb1 hav+ ea* "o a h>p1 & gold5 b[ls full ( inc5se1 :i* are ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,& !y s+ a new song say+1 ,wor?y art ?\ to take ! book & to op5 ! seals !re(1 = ?\ wa/ sla9 & did/ pur*ase unto ,god ) ?y blood m5 ( e tribe1 & tongue1 & p1 & nation1 & made/ !m to be unto our ,god a k+dom & prie/s2 & !y reign ^u ! e>?4 #bec ,! sc5e recalls to m9d ! self-(f]+ ( ,agni 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,gods1 ,prie/s1 & victims1 & ! asc5sion ( ! ,god :i* !n took place4 ,j z ! sacrifice ( ! lamb 9 ,revelation ref]s to ! entrance ( ! sun into ! con/ellation ( ! ,ram1 & ! victory ( light ov] w9try d>kness & ! beg9n+ ( a new life :i* x h]alds1 s 7 my/ic sacrifices ( bulls & rams 9 ! o!r ,sun ,cults ( ,ne>] ,asia1 especially 9 ^? ( ,attis & ,mi?ras1 v cu/om>y = purposes ( expiation or new bir?4 ,on ^! occasions ! bea/ 0 immolat$ :ile /&+1 & ! blood :i* p\r$ 9 /reams f ! victim 0 look$ ^u z a means ( cleans+ & ( life-giv+4 ,9 any case1 ?r\gh\t ,revelation ! lamb plays ! "p ( ! heav5ly fire reveal+ ,god's illum9atory nature1 unfold+ 8 wisdom & enlight5+ ! _w4 ,z x is said ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem3 ,& ! city ne$$ no sun & no moon to %9e ^u h]1 = ! glory ( ,god illum9$ h]1 & h] light is ! lamb4 #bed ,aga91 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! fir/ c5tury1 at ,ea/]1 a lamb 0 solemnly slaught]$ ^u an alt> & its blood collect$ 9 a *alice4 #bee ,accord+ly 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity ! comp>ison ( ,*ri/ ) ! light & ! lamb 0 a v fav\rite "o4 ,above all ! ,gospel ( ,john makes ! wide/ use ( x4 ,z _h already be5 done 9 ! ,v$ic ,cult ( ,agni1 "h too 7 id5tifi$ ) ,*ri/ ! creative ^w ( ,god t _h exi/$ be=e ! _w--! life1 ! light1 & ! lamb4 ,& he 0 also call$ ! light ( ! _w t came to light up ! d>kness rul+ ^u ! e>?1 z well z ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :o bore ! s9s ( ! _w4 #bef ,& inde$ ! ,lat9 expression = lamb 7agnus7 also expresses its relation to ! anci5t ,fire-,god & its sanctity z a sacrificial animal4 ,= its root is connect$ ) ignis 7,scr4 agni1 ! purify+ fire1 & yagna1 victim71 & also1 accord+ to ,fe/us ,pompeius1 ) ! ,greek hagnos1 pure1 consecrat$1 & hagni/es1 ! expiator4 #beg ,9 ?is s5se ,agnus ,dei1 ! ,lamb ( ,god1 z ,*ri/ is v frequ5tly call$1 is 9 fact no?+ else ?an ,agni ,deus1 s9ce ,agnus /&s 9 a c]ta9 measure z ! ,lat9 translation = ,agni4 #beh ,b 9 ,india at ! s-call$ ,hulfea/1 at ! spr+ equ9ox1 a ram 7lamb7 us$ to be solemnly burnt z an expiatory victim repres5t+ ,agni4 ,! crucifixion ( ,jesus1 z w likewise appe>1 is 9 a c]ta9 s5se only ! symbol ( ! burn+ ( ! div9e lamb1 :i* by its dea? r$eems man f s94 ,9 bo? cases ! lamb ref]s to ! lamb ( ! ,zodiac1 ! con/ellation ( ! ,ram1 into :i* ! sun ent]s at ! "t ( ! spr+ equ9ox1 & ) :i* consequ5tly1 9 accordance ) ! a/rological way ( look+ at ?+s1 x is bl5d$1 & :i* is z ?\gh burnt up by x4 ,?us 7 complet$ ! victory ( ! ,sun ,fire 7,agni7 ov] ! night ( w9t] & ! resurrection ( nature to a new life1 ?is cosmic process f9d+ its reflection 9 ! sacrifice ^u e>? ( a lamb 7agnus74 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/ ! lamb 9 association ) light & fire 0 among ! mo/ popul> images 9 ecclesia/ical language & symbolism4 ,! hea!n ,romans us$ to hang bull r\nd ! necks ( _! *ildr5 z amulets4 ,! ,*ri/ians us$ consecrat$ wax5 lambs1 :i* 7 manufactur$ out ( ! rema9s ( ! ,ea/] c&les ( ! prec$+ ye> & di/ribut$ dur+ ,ea/] week4 ,! belief !n atta*$ itself to ^! ,agnus ,dei's1 t if !y 7 pres]v$ 9 a h\se !y gave protection aga9/ lightn+ & fire4 ,above all ! lamps (f]$ a conv5i5t opportunity = symbolis+ ,*ri/ z a light1 & ?us mak+ use ( ! image ( ! lamb4 #bei ,! motif ( ! lamb ) ! cross is also f\nd v frequ5tly 9 old ,*ri/ian art ^u glass b[ls1 s>cophagi1 & articles ( use ( all k9ds4 ,& inde$ 9 su* cases ! cross is sometimes f\nd ^u ! head or %\ld]1 sometimes at ! side ( ! lamb or ev5 beh9d him1 :ile a nimbus 9 ! %ape ( a disc ( sunlight surr\nds 8 head & po9ts to ! light nature ( ! lamb4 ,! nimbus1 too1 is an old ,indian symbol1 & ?us indicates t ! :ole conception 0 borr[$ f ! circle ( ,indian ideas4 ,lat] ! lamb is also f\nd ^u ! cross itself1 & inde$ at ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two arms surr\nd$ by ! disc ( sunlight4 ,?is seems to po9t to ! ,savi\r's dea? ^u ! cross1 ! cross "h appe>+ to be und]/ood z ! gibbet4 ,b is x really c]ta9 t ! cross 9 ! _w ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght possess$ ?is significance f ! beg9n+ z ! in/rum5t by means ( :i* ,jesus 0 put to dea?8 ,9 ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom x passes z a settl$ matt] t ,jesus di$ ^u ! cross2 b ?is has ! %ape1 z x is usually repres5t$ among pa9t]s1 ( ! s-call$ ,lat9 cross1 9 :i* ! horizontal crosspiece is %ort] ?an ! v]tical beam4 ,on :at !n does ! op9ion re/ t ! cross is ! gibbet8 ,! ,evangeli/s !mselves give u no in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,! ,jews describ$ ! in/rum5t :i* !y made use ( 9 executions by ! expression wood or tree4 ,"u ?is description x (t5 occurs 9 ! ,greek translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* ! gibbet is r5d]$ by xlon1 ! same expression be+ also f\nd 9 ! ,gospels4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! gibbet is describ$ z /aurs 7i4e41 /ake71 s mu* s t /aurs & xlon pass = synonyms4 ,! ,lat9 translation ( bo? ^! words is crux4 ,by ?is ! ,romans und]/ood any app>atus = ! execution ( m5 g5]ally1 )\t ?9k+1 h[ev]1 z a rule ( any?+ else ?an a /ake or gall[s 7patibulum1 /ipes7 ^u :i*1 z ,livy tells u1 ! del9qu5t 0 b\nd ) *a9s or ropes & s deliv]$ ov] to dea?4 #bfj ,t ! me?od ( execution 9 ,pale/9e diff]$ 9 any way f ?is is n 9 any way %[n4 ,among ! ,jews also ! condemn$ us$ to be hang$ ^u a simple /ake or beam1 & expos$ to a l+]+ dea? f heat1 hung]1 & ?ir/1 z well z f ! natural t5sion ( 8 muscles4 ,to fa/5 to ! cross 7/aur\n1 afig]e cruci7 accord+ly does n mean ei!r 9 ,ea/ or ,we/ to crucify 9 our s5se1 b at fir/ simply to torture or m>tyr1 & lat] to hang ^u a /ake or gall[s4 ,& 9 ?is connection x appe>s t ! pi]c+ ( h&s & feet ) nails1 at lea/ at ! "t at :i* ! execution ( ,jesus is suppos$ to h occurr$1 0 some?+ q unusual1 if x 0 ev] employ$ at all4 ,! expressions prospassaleue9 & prosl\n1 moreov]1 usually signify only to fa/51 to hang ^u a nail1 b n at all to nail to 9 ! special s5se requir$4 #bfa ,!re is n !n ! lea/ occasion = assum+ t accord+ to orig9al ,*ri/ian views an exception to ?is mode ( proce$+ 0 made at ! execution ( ,jesus4 ,! only place 9 ! ,gospels :]e !re is any m5tion ( ! m>ks ( ! nails 7viz41 ,john xx4 #be7 belongs1 z does ! :ole ,gospel1 to a relatively lat] "t1 & appe>s1 z does s mu* 9 ,john1 z a m]e /r5g!n+ & exagg]ation ( ! orig9al /ory4 ,= example1 ,luke xxiv4 #ci1 ^u :i* ,john is bas$1 does n speak at all ( nail-m>ks1 b m]ely ( ! m>ks ( ! w\nds :i* ! condemn$ mu/ naturally h receiv$ z a consequ5ce ( be+ fa/5$ to ! /ake4 ,accord+ly ! idea t ,*ri/ 0 nail$ to ! cross 0 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ianity by no means ! rul+ "o4 ,ambrose1 = example1 only speaks ( ! cords ( ! cross & ! ligatures ( ! passion 7usque ad crucis laqueos ac retia passionis71 #bfb & consequ5tly knew no?+ ( nails hav+ be5 us$ 9 ?is case4 #bfc ,if we consid] t ! crucifixion ( ,jesus corresponds to ! hang+ ( ,attis1 ,osiris1 & s =?1 & t ! idea ( ! gibbet$ gods ( ,ne>] ,asia call$ =? & fix$ ! ,*ri/ian view2 if we rememb] t ,haman1 ! prototype ( ,jesus at ! ,purim fea/1 0 also hang$ ^u a gall[s1 #bfd !n x becomes d\bly improbable t our pres5t ideas on ! matt] correspond to ! views ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,= al?\gh we h no direct picture ( ! hang+ ( ^? ,gods1 yet we possess repres5tations ( ! execution ( ,m>syas by ,apollo1 9 :i* ! ,god has 8 rival haul$ up on to a tree by ropes r\nd 8 wri/s1 :i* h be5 b\nd toge!r4 #bfe ,b ,m>syas1 ! inv5tor ( ! flute1 ! fri5d & guide ( ,cybele 9 ! se>* = ! lo/ ,attis1 is no o!r ?an ! latt] himself1 or at any rate a p]sonality v ne> ak9 to ,attis4 #bff ,x is n difficult to conclude t ,attis too1 or ! man :o repres5t$ him 9 ! rites1 0 hung 9 ! same mann] to ! /ake or tree-trunk & ?us put to dea?4 ,?us x seems t orig9ally ! mann] ( dea? ( ! ,jewi% ,messiah 0 imag9$ 9 ! same way1 & s ! hea!ns too call$ ! new ,god 9 scorn ! ,hang$ ,"o4 ,h[1 !n1 did ! idea come into exi/5ce t ,jesus did n die ^u a simple gall[s1 b r ^u wood hav+ ! well-kn[n =m ( ! cross8 ,x arose out ( a misund]/&+1 f consid]+ z ! same & m+l+ two ideas :i* 7 orig9ally di/9ct b describ$ by ! same ^w wood1 tree1 xlon1 lignum1 arbor4 ,?is ^w signifies1 z we h already said1 on ! "o h& inde$ ! /ake or gall[s 7/aurs1 crux7 ^u :i* ! crim9al 0 execut$2 b ! same ^w1 correspond+ to ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 also ref]r$ to ! wood1 ! tree ( life1 :i* 0 suppos$ to /& 9 ,p>adise4 ,accord+ to ! ,revelation ( ,john x 0 to s]ve z food = ! holy 9 ! new ,p>adise to come1 #bfg & x 0 hon\r$ by ! ,*ri/ians z ! seal & gu>antee ( _! salvation "u ! =m ( ! my/ic cross or ,tau4 ,9 all private religi\s associations & secret cults ( lat] antiquity ! memb]s made use ( a secret sign ( recognition or union4 ,?is !y c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! =m1 9 "s cases1 ( wood51 bronze1 or silv] amulets hung r\nd ! neck or conceal$ b5ea? ! clo!s1 9 o!rs wov5 9 _! g>m5ts1 or tattoo$ ^u ! =ehead1 neck1 brea/1 h&s1 c4 ,among ^! signs 0 ! cross1 & x 0 usually describ$ "u ! "n ,tau1 aft] ! lett] ( ! old ,pho5ician alphabet4 ,su* an application ( ! cross to my/ic or religi\s ends rea*es back into grey antiquity4 ,f ( old ! cross 0 9 use 9 ! cult ( ! ,egyptian ,gods1 especially ( ,isis & ,horus4 ,x 0 also f\nd among ! ,assyrians & ,p]sians1 s]v+1 z ! pictures %[1 9 "p z ! m>k & ornam5t ( di/+ui%$ p]sons1 su* z prie/s & k+s1 9 "p also z a religi\s attribute 9 ! h&s ( ! ,gods & _! wor%ipp]s4 ,accord+ to "s x 0 ! sign :i* ,jahwe ord]$ ! ,israelites to pa9t ^u _! doors ) ! blood ( ! lamb :5 he s5t ! angel ( dea? to de/roy ! fir/-born ( _! ,egyptian oppressors4 ,x play$ a simil> "p also 9 ,isaiah #bfh & ,ezekiel1 #bfi :5 x 0 a "q ( sep>at+ ! god-fe>+ ,israelites f ! cr[d ( o!r m5 :om ,jahwe purpos$ to de/roy4 ,:5 ! ,israelites 7 press$ 9 battle by ! ,amalekites ,moses is said to h be5 help$ by ,a>on & ,hur to /ret* out 8 arms 9 ! %ape ( t magic sign1 & ?us to h r5d]$ possible a victory = 8 p ov] _! enemies4 #bgj ,among ! o!r nations ( antiquity also--! ,greeks1 ,?racians1 ! ,gauli% ,druids1 & s on--! ,tau 0 appli$ 9 a simil> mann] to rituali/ic & my/ic ends4 ,x appe>s z an ornam5t on ! images ( ! mo/ diff]5t div9ities & h]oes--e4g41 ,apollo1 ,dionysus1 ,demet]1 ,diana 7! ,pho5ician ,a/>te74 ,x is also f\nd ^u innum]able ,greek1 ,roman1 ,egyptian1 & ,pho5ician co9s1 ^u vases1 pictures1 jewell]y1 c4 ,9 ,alex&ria ! ,*ri/ians f\nd x *isell$ ^u ! /one :5 ! temple ( ,s]apis 0 de/roy$1 9 #cia4 ,9 ?is temple ,s]apis himself 0 repres5t$ ( sup]human size1 ) arms out/ret*$ 9 ! =m ( a cross1 z ?\gh embrac+ ! univ]se4 ,9 ,rome ! ,ve/al virg9s wore ! cross ^u a ribbon r\nd ! neck4 ,inde$1 x ev5 s]v$ z an ornam5t ^u ! weapons ( ! ,roman legions & ^u ! /&>ds ( ! cavalry long be=e ,con/ant9e1 by 8 well-kn[n vision1 gave occasion = its be+ expressly introduc$ "u ! =m ( ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ into ! army z a milit>y sign4 #bga ,b 9 ! ,nor? also we f9d ! cross1 n only 9 ! %ape ( ! hook$-cross & ! ?ree-arm$ cross 7,triskele71 b also 9 ! =m ( ,?or's hamm]1 ^u runic1 /ones1 weapons1 ut5sils1 ornam5ts1 amulets1 c4 ,& :5 ! hea!ns ( ! ,nor?1 z ,snorre in=ms u1 m>k$ !mselves 9 ! h\r ( dea? ) a spe>1 !y scrat*$ ^u _! bodies "o ( ! sacr$ signs t has be5 m5tion$1 9 do+ :i* !y d$icat$ !mselves to ,god4 #bgb ,t "h we h to d ) a sun symbol is easily recognis$ :]ev] ! simple1 equally-arm$ cross appe>s duplicat$ ) an oblique cross hav+ ! same po9t ( int]section ) x1 eight ray /> symbol1 or :]e x has ! %ape ( a p]p5dicul> :i* is cut symmetrically by two o!r l9es cross+ "o ano!r1 six ray /> symbol4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ?is symbol ( a sun %$d+ its rays is f\nd ^u numb]less co9s & illu/rations1 9 :i* x is obvi\s t a ref]5ce to ! sun is int5d$--e4g41 ^u ! co9s ( ! ,egyptian ,ptolemies1 ( ! city ,gods ( ,rome1 ( ,augu/us & ! ,flavian ,cs>s4 ,"h ! ,sun sign appe>s to h be5 adopt$ z a consequ5ce ( ! fus+ ( ! ,sun ,cult ( lat] antiquity ) ! cult ( ! ,emp]or4 ,mu* m frequ5t1 h[ev]1 is ! simple ,tau1 sometimes1 inde$1 9 a %ape ) equal limbs 7,greek cross71 1 sometimes ) ! upright bel[ l5g!n$ 7,lat9 cross71 sometimes upright1 sometimes oblique 7,/4 ,&rew's cross71 1 sometimes1 aga91 l ! ,greek lett] ,tau1 ,t1 sometimes 9 ! %ape ( ! s-call$ mirror ( ,v5us1 ,v5us symbol1 9 :i* ! r+ pla9ly ref]s to ! sun1 sometimes 9 t ( ! ,sva/ika1 or hook$ cross1 swa/ika1 sometimes )1 sometimes )\t a circle1 & s on4 ,a =m made up ( ! oblique & ! r+ cross ( ! ,egyptians 7s-call$ ,key ( ! ,nile7 is ! cross kn[n "u ! description ( ! ,monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d x 0 fir/ employ$ by ,con/ant9e on acc\nt ( 8 vision2 & ecclesia/ical writ]s1 especially on ! ,ca?olic side1 try ev5 to-day to support ?is view1 9 spite ( all facts4 ,= ?is =m ( ! cross also is cle>ly ( pre-,*ri/ian orig91 & _h its prototype 9 ! anci5t ,bactrian ,lab>um cross1 z is f\nd1 = example1 ^u ! co9s ( ! ,bactrian k+ ,hippo/ratos 7ab\t #acj ,b4,c471 ( ! ,egyptian ,ptolemies1 ( ,mi?ridates1 ^u ,attic ,tetradra*ma1 c4 #bgc ,aft] ! c>eful inve/igations on ?is subject :i* h be5 und]tak5 by ,fr5* savants especially1 !re c be no d\bt t we h be=e u 9 ?is s-call$ seal ( ! ,gods & religi\s p]sonalities a symbol ( ! creative =ce ( nature1 ( ! resurrection & ! new life1 a pl$ge ( div9e protection 9 ?is _w & ( ev]la/+ bless$ness aft]4 ,z su* x appe>s ^u hea!n s>cophagi & tomb/ones2 & on ?is acc\nt 9 "s cases _! ,*ri/ian "* is too quickly assum$4 ,moreov]1 ! cross has be5 pres]v$ 9 pres5t-day musical notation z ! sign ( ! rais+ ( a note1 #bgd :ile its use 9 ! ,my/]ies & private ,cult associations is au?ority = ! /atem5t t precisely 9 ^! ! ?\ght ( a new-bir? & resurrection 9 company ) ! h]o ( ! association or ,god ( ! union /ood z a c5tral po9t ( fai?4 ,"o und]/&s ! pa9ful feel+ ( ! ,*ri/ians at ! fact t ! private sign us$ by !m & _! special sacram5ts 7 9 use among all ! secret cults ( antiquity4 ,!y c\ld expla9 ?is to !mselves only z ! "w ( spiteful dmons & an evil imitation ( ,*ri/ian usages on ! hea!ns' "p4 #bge ,9 reality ! symbol ( ! cross is mu* old] ?an ,*ri/ianity2 &1 inde$1 ! sign ( ! cross is f\nd associat$ 9 a special mann] ) ! cult ( div9ities ( nature or life ) its alt]nations ( bir?1 blossom+1 & decay1 repres5tatives ( ! f]tility & creative =ce ( nature1 ! ,light-,gods & ,sun-,gods subject$ to dea? & triumph+ victori\sly ov] x4 ,x is only z su*1 z ,gods :o di$ & rose aga91 t !y 7 div9ities ( ! s\l & s ( ! ,my/]ies & pi\s frat]nities4 ,! idea ( ! s\l1 h[ev]1 is f\nd ev]y:]e 9 nature religion consid]$ z be+ connect$ ) ! w>m? ( life & ) fire1 j z ! sun 0 hon\r$ z ! highe/ div9ity &1 s to speak1 z ! visible manife/ation ( ! _w-s\l solely on acc\nt ( its fi]y nature4 ,%\ld n1 !n1 ! symbol ( life1 :i* 9 its develop$ =m pla9ly ref]s to ! sun1 9 its simple/ & orig9al %ape po9t to ! fire1 ?is e>lie/ ph5om5on ( all religi\s wor%ip8 ,naturally1 inde$1 diff]5t views c be held z to :at ! v>i\s =ms ( ! cross betok54 ,?us1 = example1 accord+ to ,burn\f1 ,s*liemann1 & o!rs1 ! ,sva/ika repres5ts ! fire's cradle1 i4e41 ! pi? ( ! wood1 f :i* 9 olde/ times 9 ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two arms ! fire 0 produc$ by :irl+ r\nd an ins]t$ /ick4 #bgf ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! view mo/ widespread at ! pres5t day1 x simply symbolises ! twirl+ movem5t :5 mak+ ! fire1 & on ?is1 too1 re/s its application z symbol ( ! sun's c\rse4 #bgg ,ho*>t consid]s ! cross 9 ! %ape ( ! ,greek ,tau z ! ins]t$ /ick 7praman?a7 ( ! ,v$ic prie/s4 #bgh ,v likely1 h[ev]1 ?is =m arose simply ?r\gh ! id5tity ( s\nd betwe5 ! ,greek & ,pho5ician lett]1 ! ,greeks hav+ int]*ang$ ! l-s\nd+ =eign lett] ) _! own ,tau4 ,t ! cross g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 is connect$ ) ! ,fire ,cult1 & t bo? p>ts ( ! sign orig9ally conta9$ a ref]5ce to ! pieces ( wood 7aran7 ( :i* 9 mo/ anci5t times use 0 made to produce fire1 has be5 plac$ beyond d\bt by ! inve/igations into ! matt]4 ,?is is confirm$ int] alia by ! use ( ! symbol 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,ve/als1 ! ,roman fire-prie/esses4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! wide ext5t ( ! symbol ( ! cross4 ,n only among ! peoples ( antiquity & 9 ,europe1 b also 9 ,asia among ! ,indians & ,*9ese1 x is 9 use f anci5t times4 ,9 ,am]ica1 too1 among ! ,mexicans & ,incas1 x play$ a "p 9 wor%ip long be=e ! arrival ( ,europeans4 ,9 ! same way is expla9$ ! close association ( t symbol ) ! prie/ly (fice & k+ly dignity1 :i* 0 itself (t5 connect$ ) t (fice2 simil>ly ! intimate relations betwe5 ! sign ( ! cross & ! ,gods ( ,f]tility1 ,vegetation1 & ,seasons4 ,= all ( ^! 71 z repres5tatives ( ! w>m? ( life & ! s\l's brea?1 9 _! deepe/ nature1 ,fire-,gods special aspects1 clos] *>act]isations & connections ( t "o div9ity1 ( :om ! olde/ =m kn[n to u is 9 ! ,v$ic ,agni1 & 9 ^: s]vice ! prie/s ( all peoples & times grew to _! ov]:elm+ /r5g?4 #bgi ,julius ,firmicus ,mat]nus 0 ?us q "r :5 he decl>$ t ,mi?ras1 ^: foll[]s bore ! sign ( ! cross ^u _! =eheads & at _! communion-meal _h ! cross1 impr9t$ ^u ! holy loaf1 be=e _! eyes1 0 an anci5t ,fire-,god4 #bhj ,b if ! cross is ! symbol ( fire & also ( ! ,m$iator ,god1 :o br+s e>? & heav5 into connection1 !n ! reason c be f\nd :y ,plato 9 ! ,timu makes ! ,_w ,s\l 9 ! =m ( a ,*i1 i4e41 an oblique cross1 /ret*$ betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 #bha ,!n1 inde$1 x is n /range t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury reg>d$ z an inspiration ( ! devil ,plato's doctr9e ( ! m$iatory (fice ( ! d\ble-natur$ ,_w ,s\l1 :i*1 accord+ to t philosoph]1 0 =m$ f a mixture ( ideal & s5sible matt]4 ,x is n /range t a ,ju/91 ! mo/ fooli% ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs 7,rob]tson71 c\ld actually ass]t t ,plato borr[$ ! idea1 z well z t ( a _w-conflagration1 f--,moses4 #bhb ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t also1 z 0 %[n above1 we meet ! cross4 ,"h x s]v$ z a m>k ( recognition & di/9ction ( ! ,god-fe>+ ,israelites f ! hea!n1 & z a magic sign4 ,) a simil> significance we meet x aga9 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,revelation ( ,john x appe>s z ! seal 7sphrags7 ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,by x "h1 too1 are ! *os5 ones ( ,israel m>k$ (f f ! re/ ( mank9d :om judgm5t has ov]tak54 ,at ! same "t1 x is said t ?is sign is impr9t$ ^u ! =eheads ( ! inhabitants ( ! true ,j]usalem4 #bhc ,9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,ephesians x is said ( ! believ]s 9 ,*ri/ t !y 7 seal$ be=e ,god by ! my/ic sign ^u _! =eheads1 h&s1 or feet4 ,! sign ?us s]ves !m z a pl$ge ( r$emption4 #bhd ,aga91 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas ix4 #h1 ! cross conta9$ 9 ! lett] ,t is expressly int]pret$ z 7*>is7 grace4 ,"u ! =m ( ! ,greek ,tau ! cross appe>s dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 especially among ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,egypt1 & accord+ to _m 0 a symbol ( ,adonis or ,tammuz4 #bhe ,n[ s9ce ! expressions xlon & /aurs1 lignum & crux1 7 ( d\ble significance & d5ot$ bo? ! seal ( religi\s salvation & ! gibbet1 x is possible t ! two diff]5t significations became ( !mselves id5tical 9 ! m9ds ( ! fai?ful4 #bhf ,?is 0 possible s mu* ! m easily s9ce ! biblical acc\nt plac$ by ! side ( ! tree ( life 9 ,p>adise a tree ( dea?1 ! fateful tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 acc\ntable = ! dea? ( ,adam & s ( ! :ole ( mank9d1 & z su* made ! comp>ison possible ) ! wood ^u :i* ,jesus di$4 ,we meet aga9 ) a special =m ( ! cross 9 ! old ,assyrian or ,babylonian s-call$ my/ical tree ( my/]y1 :i* 0 also a symbol ( life4 ,among ! ,p]sians x appe>s to h _h "s ref]5ce to ! holy ,haoma tree2 & "h1 too1 z well z 9 ,india1 :]e x 0 connect$ ) ! ,bodhi tree1 "u :i* ,sakyamuni by 8 dev\t humility rose to be a ,buddha1 x 0 repres5t$ 9 ! artificial %ape ( a _m-arm$ cross4 #bhg ,"o & ! same ^w1 !n 7xlon1 crux71 betok5s bo? ! gibbet & ! pl$ge ( life4 ,*ri/ himself appe>s z ! true ,tree ( ,life1 z ! orig9al ( t miracul\s tree ! sight ( :i* gave life to ! fir/ man 9 ,p>adise1 :i* w be ! food ( ! bless$ 9 ! _w to come1 & is repres5t$ symbolically by ! my/ical cross4 ,x 0 easy to unite ! ideas connect$ ) ^? expressions1 to look ^u ! seal ( ,*ri/ 7to semeion t\ /aur\1 signum crucis7 z ! cross ^u :i* he suff]$1 & vice-v]s1 & to ascribe to ! wood ^u :i* ,jesus is suppos$ to h di$1 ! %ape ( ! my/ic sign1 ! ,tau1 or cross4 ,! hea!ns _h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ! /ake ^u :i* _! ,gods 7 hang$ bo? z ! repres5tative ( ! ,god 9 "q & ! symbol ( life & fruitfulness4 ,= example1 ! /ake furni%$ ) f\r oblique /icks 7l a telegraph po/71 :i* w5t by ! "n ( ! tatu1 tat1 dad1 or d$ & 0 plant$ at ! fea/ ( ,osiris 9 ,egypt1 (t5 _h a r\gh picture ( ! ,god pa9t$ ^u x1 z also ! p9e-tree trunk ( ,attis1 9 :i* connection ! idea t ! se$ conta9$ 9 ! cones ( ! rock-p9e f ( old _h s]v$ m5 z food1 :ile ! sap f\nd 9 !m 0 prep>$ into an intoxicat+ dr9k 7,soma71 play$ its "p4 #bhh ,we are rem9d$ also ( ! ,g]manic cu/om ( ! plant+ ( ! may-tree4 ,?is 0 n only a symbol ( ! ,spr+ ,god1 b also repres5t$ ! life be/[$ by him4 ,9 ! same way ! cross did n appe> to ! ,*ri/ians orig9ally z ! =m ( ! gibbet ^u :i* ,god di$1 b z ! tree ( life1 ! symbol ( ! new bir? & r$emption4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! ^w = ! my/ical sign 0 id5tical ) ! expression = ! gibbet1 ! d\ble mean+ l$ to ! gibbet ( ,jesus be+ look$ ^u z ! symbol ( life & r$emption1 & ! idea ( ! gibbet 0 m+l$ ) t ( ! cross1 ! %ape ( ! latt] be+ imag9$ = ! =m]4 ,z ,ju/9 9 8 conv]sation ) ! ,jew ,trypho in=ms u1 ! ,jews us$ to run a spit l5g?wise ?r\gh ! :ole body ( ! ,pas*al lamb & ano!r cross-wise ?r\gh its brea/1 ^u :i* ! =efeet 7 fa/5$1 s t ! two spits made ! %ape ( a cross4 ,?is 0 to !m obvi\sly n a symbol ( execution b r ! sign ( reconcilem5t ) ,jahwe & ( ! new life !reon dep5d+4 ,= ! ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]1 :o comp>$ _! ,savi\r ) ! ,pas*al lamb1 ?is may h be5 an additional cause = ! above-m5tion$ comm+l+ ( ideas1 & ?is may h /r5g!n$ !m 9 ! conception t _! ,god di$ ^u ! cross4 ,! ,phrygians1 moreov]1 accord+ to ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 at ! ,spr+ ,fea/ ( ,attis1 us$ to fa/5 a ram or lamb at ! foot ( ! fig-tree trunk on :i* ! image ( _! ,god 0 hung4 #bhi ,9 agreem5t ) ?is view is ! fact t ! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ,*ri/ 9 connection ) ! cross _h = _! subject n ! suff]+ & crucifi$1 b ! miracul\s ,savi\r triumph+ ov] sickness & dea?4 ,he appe>$ z a y\?ful ,god ) ! ,book ( ! ,law1 ! ,gospel1 9 8 h&1 ! lamb at 8 feet1 ! cross ^u 8 head or 9 8 "r h&1 j z ! hea!n ,gods1 a ,jupit]1 or "s cr[n$ rul]1 us$ to be depict$ ) a cross-%ap$ sceptre4 ,or ,jesus' head 0 plac$ be=e ! cross1 & ?is 9 ! orb ( ! sun--& exactly at ! po9t ( int]section ( ! arms ( ! cross1 ?us at ! place :]e "o o!rwise f9ds ! lamb4 ,ev5 ! ,*ur*1 probably ) a "r feel+ ( ! id5tity ( ,agnus & ,agni1 & 9 ord] to remove ! connection ( ideas !re9 conta9$1 9 ! ye> #fib1 by ! ,qu9isext ,synod 79 ,trullo71 =bade ! pictures ( ! lamb & requir$ ! repres5tation to be ( ! ,savi\r's human %ape4 ,9 spite ( ?is ev5 !n !y did n repres5t ! ,crucifi$ 9 ! pres5t-day s5se ( ! ^w1 b portray$ ,*ri/ 9 ! =m ( "o /&+ be=e ! cross pray+ ) out/ret*$ arms4 ,or he 0 %[n ris5 f ! grave1 or /&+ ^u ! ,gospels at ! foot ( ! cross1 out ( ?is aris+ lat] ! support = ! feet 9 ! pictures ( him crucifi$4 ,"h he 0 repres5t$ ) op5 eyes1 ) 8 head encircl$ by ! sun's orb4 ,9 all ( ^! diff]5t repres5tations accord+ly ! cross only br\ght aga9 be=e ! eyes 9 symbolical =m :at 0 at ! same "t express$ by ! figure ( ,*ri/ /&+ at ! cross1 j z at ! fea/s ( ,osiris or ,attis ! ,god 0 d\bly repres5t$1 bo? 9 8 true %ape 7z image or puppet7 & 9 ! symbolical =m ( ! ,jatu or p9e-tree trunk4 ,?is mode ( depict+ ,*ri/ la/$ a long :ile1 ev5 ?\gh z e>ly z ! fif? or six? c5tury m5tion is made ( crucifixion1 & 9 arbitr>y int]pretation ( ,psa4 xxii4 #ag he 0 depict$ ) ! m>ks ( ! nails4 ,=1 z has be5 said1 crux betok5s bo? ! gibbet & ! my/ical sign1 & ! m>ks ( ! nails s]v$ to symbolise ! ,savi\r's triumph ov] pa9 & dea?4 ,an ivory plate 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ,london1 m5tion$ & copi$ by ,kraus1 #bij is consid]$ ! olde/ repres5tation ( a crucifixion 9 our pres5t s5se4 ,x is said to be ( fif?-c5tury orig94 ,?is assignm5t ( date is1 h[ev]1 j z unc]ta9 z ! o!r1 accord+ to :i* ! m9iature f ! ,syrian ,gospel manuscript ( ! monk ,rabula ( ! mona/]y ( ,zagba 9 ,mesopotamia1 :i* also has ! crucifixion = subject & is to be f\nd 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,laur5ziana at ,flor5ce1 is assign$ to ! ye> #ehf4 ,9 any case1 z a g5]al rule until ! elev5? c5tury x 0 n ! dead b ! liv+ ,*ri/ :o 0 depict$ be=e or on ! cross4 ,consequ5tly an illu/ration 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,laur5ziana ( ab\t ! date #ajfj is consid]$ z ! fir/ c]ta9 example ( a dead crucifi$ ,*ri/4 #bia ,! conception ( ,*ri/ be+ put to dea? ^u ! cross is1 comp>atively speak+1 a late "o4 ,! connection ( ,*ri/ ) ! cross 0 orig9ally n a reproduction ( ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,x r symbolises1 z 9 ! anci5t ,my/]ies1 precisely ! rev]se--! victory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,cult-,god ov] dea?--! idea ( resurrection & life4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t ! above-m5tion$ juxtaposition ( ! cross & lamb mu/ h express$ ! same idea4 ,"h1 too1 ! cross 0 orig9ally only ! symbol ( fire & life4 ,! lamb encircl$ by ! sun's orb ref]s to ! c]emonial burn+ ( ! lamb at ! spr+ equ9ox z an expiatory sacrifice & z a pl$ge ( a new life4 ,x appe>s ! m pla9ly to be a figure ( ,agni 7,agnus71 s9ce x is usually plac$ exactly at ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two arms--t is1 at ! place :5ce ! div9e sp>k fir/ issu$ at ! k9dl+ ( ! fire ) ! two aran4 #bib ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,jesus ,i ,,! ,,paul9e ,,jesus ,! fai? 9 a ,jesus _h be5 = a long "t 9 exi/5ce among innum]able ,m&aic sects 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :i* diff]$ 9 _m ways f ea* o!r1 be=e ?is fai? obta9$ a def9ite %ape 9 ! religion ( ,jesus1 & its adh]5ts became consci\s ( _! religi\s peculi>ities & _! div]g5ce f ! (ficial ,jewi% religion4 ,! fir/ evid5ce ( su* a consci\sness1 & also ! fir/ brilliant outl9e ( a new religion develop$ ) ,jesus z its c5tral idea1 lies 9 ! epi/les ( ! t5t-mak] ( ,t>sus1 ! pilgrim-apo/le ,paul4 ,( ! epi/les 9 8 "n :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 t to ! ,hebrews is q c]ta9ly n ,paul's4 ,b also ! two epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians1 t to ! ,ephesians1 z well z ! s-call$ pa/oral epi/les 7to ,timo?y1 ,titus1 & ,philemon71 are consid]$ by ! ov]:elm+ majority ( !ologians to be =g]ies2 & also ! au!nticity ( ! epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,philippians is negativ$ by consid]ations ( great weight4 ,b ) all ! m c]ta9ty mod]n critical !ologians believe t ,paul 0 ! writ] ( ! f\r great didactic epi/les--"o to ! ,galatians1 two to ! ,cor9?ians1 & "o to ! ,romans2 & !y are wont to set aside all suspicion ( ^! epi/les z a grave error ( hi/orical hyp]criticism4 ,9 opposition to ?is view ! au!nticity ( ev5 ^! epi/les is conte/$1 ap>t f ,bruno ,bau]1 especially by ,dut* !ologians1 by ,pi]son1 ,loman1 von ,mau51 ,meyboom1 ,mat!s1 & o!rs2 &1 9 addition1 rec5tly ! ,b]n !ologian ,r4 ,/eck1 & ,b4 ,w4 ,smi?1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,tulane ,univ]sity ( ,new ,orleans1 ) :om ! late ,pa/or ,alb]t ,kal?(f ( ,brem5 0 associat$1 h conte/$ ! traditional view ) objections t des]ve consid]ation4 ,!y h attempt$ to prove ! ,paul9e epi/les1 z a lit]>y product1 to be ! "w ( a :ole s*ool ( second-c5tury !ologians1 au?ors :o ei!r simultane\sly or successively wrote = ! gr[+ ,*ur*4 ,?is mu* is c]ta9--a conclusive pro( t ,paul 0 really ! au?or ( ! epi/les curr5t 9 8 "n _c be giv54 ,) reg>d to ?is x mu/ always rema9 a gr\nd = d\bt t ,luke1 :o accompani$ ,paul on 8 mission>y travels1 0 completely sil5t z to su* lit]>y activity ( ! apo/le2 & ?is1 al?\gh he devot$ ! greate/ portion ( 8 acc\nt 9 ! ,acts to ,paul's activities4 #bic ,also ! pro( giv5 by ,smi?1 t ! ,paul9e epi/les 7 z yet completely unkn[n 9 ! fir/ c5tury a4d41 t 9 p>ticul> ! exi/5ce ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is n te/ifi$ to be=e ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 mu/ speak s]i\sly aga9/ ,paul's au?or%ip1 & is evid5ce t ^? epi/les _c be accept$ z ! prim>y s\rce ( ! ,paul9e doctr9es4 ,= ?is reason x c 9 no way be ass]t$ t ! critical !ology ( la/ c5tury has sci5tifically & beyond "q e/abli%$ #bid ! au!nticity ( ! ,paul9e writ+s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! anci5t _w 0 n z yet 9 possession ( ! idea ( lit]>y individuality 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,at t "t innum]able works 7 circulat$ be>+ fam\s names1 ^: au?ors _h nei!r at ! "t nor probably at any "t any?+ to d ) ! m5 :o bore ^? names4 ,_m su* productions 7 circulat$ among ! memb]s ( ,sects ( antiquity1 :i* pass$1 = example1 "u ! names ( ,orpheus1 ( ,py?agoras1 ( ,zoroa/]1 c41 & !reby s\ght to procure ! canonical acceptance ( _! cont5ts6 ,( ! works ( ! ,old ,te/am5t nei!r ! ,psalms1 nor ! ,prov]bs1 nor ! s-call$ ,prea*]1 nor ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 c be connect$ ) ! hi/orical k+s ,david & ,solomon1 ^: names !y be>2 & ! prophet ,daniel is j su* a fictiti\s p]sonality z ! ,eno* & ! ,ezra ( ! ,apocalypses kn[n "u _! names4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ ,five ,books ( ,moses are ! lit]>y product ( an age mu* lat] ?an ! "o 9 :i* ,moses is suppos$ to h liv$1 :ile ,jo%ua is ! "n ( an old ,israelite ,god aft] :om ! book 9 "q is call$4 #bie ,!re has nev] any:]e be5 su* a ,moses z ! "o describ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! possibility ( ! s-call$ ,paul9e epi/les hav+ be5 ! "w ( lat] !ologians1 & ( hav+ be5 *ri/5$ 9 ! "n ( ,paul1 ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 only to increase _! au?ority 9 ! community1 is !re=e by no means exclud$2 especially :5 we consid] h[ exub]antly lit]>y falsifications & pi\s frauds fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & at o!r times also1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,inde$1 at t "t !y ev5 d>$1 z is %[n by ,*ri/ian docum5ts ( ! second c5tury1 to alt] ! v text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & !reby1 z !y us$ to say1 to elucidate x4 ,already 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,m>cion1 ! ,gno/ic1 reproa*$ ! ,*ur* ) possess+ ! ,paul9e epi/les only 9 a g>bl$ =m1 & :o c say :e!r x 0 a false accusation8 ,he himself und]took to re/ore ! correct text by excisions & completions4 #bif ,b let u leave completely on "o side ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,paul9e epi/les1 a "q absolute agreem5t on :i* w probably nev] be atta9$1 = ! simple reason t we lack any c]ta9 basis = its decision4 ,in/ead ( ?is let u turn r to :at we le>n f ^! epi/les conc]n+ ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,!re we meet 9 ! fir/ place ) ! fact1 te/ifi$ to by ,paul himself1 t ! ,savi\r reveal$ himself 9 p]son to him1 & at ! same "t caus$ him to ent] 8 s]vice 7,gal4 i4 #ab74 ,x 01 z is /at$ 9 ! ,acts1 on ! way to ,damascus t sudd5ly !re %one r\nd ab\t him a light out ( heav51 :ile a voice summon$ him to cease 8 =m] p]secution ( ! community ( ! ,messiah1 & reveal$ itself to him z ,jesus4 #big ,!re is no ne$ to d\bt ! fact itself2 b to see 9 x a pro( ( ! hi/orical ,jesus is res]v$ = ^? !ologians :o h discov]$ ! spl5did conception ( an objective vision1 bas+ ! objective reality ( ! vision 9 "q on ,paul's life 9 ! des]t4 ,x 0 obvi\sly only an inn] vision1 :i* ! vision>y & epileptic ,paul attribut$ to ,jesus2 & = ?is reason x proves no?+ z to ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus :5 he asks1 #a ,cor4 ix4 #a1 ,h ,i n se5 our ,"l ,jesus8 & rem>ks1 #a ,cor4 xv4 #i1 ,la/ ( all he appe>$ to me also4 ,x only proves ! dilemma ( !ologians on ! :ole "q t !y h rec5tly ass]t$ t ,paul1 not)/&+ 8 own prote/ations 7,gal4 i471 mu/ h _h a p]sonal k ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 z o!rwise on ! occasion at ,damascus he c\ld n h recognis$ ! features & voice ( ! transfigur$ ,jesus1 n be+ already acqua9t$ ) !m f "s o!r qu>t]6 ,) equal ju/ice we might ass]t t ! hea!ns also1 :o _h visions ( _! ,gods1 mu/ previ\sly h kn[n !m p]sonally1 z o!rwise !y c\ld n h kn[n t ,zeus or ,a!ne or any o!r def9ite ,god _h appe>$ to !m4 ,9 ! ,acts we read only ( an app>ition ( light :i* ,paul saw1 & ( a voice :i* call$ to him1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/ ?\ me8 ,is ! supposition ref]r$ to necess>y to acc\nt = ! fact t ,paul1 ! p]secutor ( ,jesus1 ref]r$ ! voice & ! vision to ,jesus8 ,! case is simil> ) ,paul's te/imony z to ^? :o1 l him1 saw ! ,savi\r aft] 8 dea?4 #bih ,x is possible t ! p conc]n$ saw some?+1 t !y saw a ,jesus ris5 up 9 heav5ly transfiguration2 b t ?is 0 ! ,jesus ( ! s-call$ hi/orical !ology1 ^: exi/5ce is h]eby e/abli%$1 ev5 its support]s w\ld n 9 all probability insi/ ^u2 = 9 _! view ! hi/orical ,jesus _h 9 no way ris5 f ! dead3 b "h also !re w\ld only be "q ( a purely subjective vision ( ! ec/atically excit$ disciples4 ,moreov]1 ! passage ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 9 "q 7#e-aa7 seems cle>ly to be "o at lea/ v mu* int]polat$1 if x is n entirely an aft]-ins]tion4 ,?us1 ! ,ris5 ,jesus is said to h be5 se5 by m ?an five hundr$ ,bre?r5 at once4 ,b ( ?is ! f\r ,gospels "k no?+2 & also1 accord+ to xv4 #e1 t ! twelve _h ! vision1 w\ld lead u to suspect t x 0 fir/ ins]t$ 9 ! text at a mu* lat] date4 #bii ,paul himself nev] disguis$ ! fact t he _h se5 ,jesus1 n ) mortal eyes1 b only ) ^? ( ! ,_s1 z an inn] revelation4 ,x has pleas$ ,god1 he says 7,gal4 i4 #af71 to reveal 8 ,son )9 me4 #cjj ,he confesses t ! ,gospel prea*$ by him 0 n ( m51 t he nei!r receiv$ nor le>nt x f any man1 b t he _h obta9$ x directly f ! heav5ly ,*ri/ & 0 inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 #cja ,he seems also to h _h no int]e/ at all 9 giv+ accurate in=mation z to ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 z to 8 =tunes & tea*+s4 ,:5 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion he fir/ returns to ,j]usalem1 he visits only ,pet] & makes ! acqua9tance ( ,james dur+ ! f\rte5 days ( 8 /ay !re1 tr\bl+ himself ab\t none ( ! o!r apo/les4 #cjb ,b :51 f\rte5 ye>s aft]1 he meets ) ! ,fir/ ,apo/les 9 ! s-call$ ,c\ncil ( ! ,apo/les 9 ,j]usalem1 he does n set ab\t le>n+ f !m1 b tea*+ !m & procur+ f !m recognition ( 8 own mission>y activity2 & he himself decl>es t he spoke ) !m only on ! me?od ( proclaim+ ! ,gospel1 b n on its religi\s cont5t or on ! p]sonality ( ! hi/oric ,jesus4 #cjc ,c]ta9ly t ,james ^: acqua9tance ,paul made 9 ,j]usalem is designat$ by him z ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l2 #cjd & f ?is x seems to foll[ t ,jesus mu/ h be5 an hi/orical p]son4 ,! expression ,bro!r1 h[ev]1 is possibly 9 ?is case1 z s (t5 9 ! ,gospels1 #cje only a g5]al expression to designate a foll[] ( ,jesus1 z ! memb]s ( a religi\s society 9 antiquity frequ5tly call$ ea* o!r ,bro!r & ,si/] among !mselves4 #a ,cor4 ix4 #e runs3 ,h we i4e41 ,paul & ,b>nabas n also "r to take ab\t ) u a wife t is a si/]1 ev5 z ! o!r ,apo/les & ,bro!rs ( ! ,"l & ,cephas8 ,!re x is evid5t t ! expression by no means necess>ily ref]s to bodily relation%ip1 b t ,bro!r s]ves only to designate ! foll[]s ( ! religion ( ,jesus4 #cjf ,accord+ly ,j]ome seems to h hit ! tru? exactly :51 comm5t+ on ,gal4 i4 #ai1 he writes3 ,james 0 call$ ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l on acc\nt ( 8 great "* ?\gh ! ,paul9e epi/les c]ta9ly %[ ! opposite ( ?is1 ( 8 incomp>able fai? & extraord9>y wisdom4 ,! o!r ,apo/les 7 z a matt] ( fact also call$ ,bro!rs1 b he 0 specially s call$1 because ! ,"l at 8 dea? _h confid$ to him ! sons ( 8 "m 7i4e41 ! memb]s ( ! community at ,j]usalem74 #cjg ,& h[ !n %\ld ,paul h met ) a physical bro!r ( t v ,jesus :om1 z w be %[n1 he c\ld only treat z a my? 9 o!r respects8 ,! ?+ is1 consid]$ n[ purely psy*ologically1 s improbable t no conclusion c 9 any case be drawn f ! expression conc]n+ ,james z ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l z to ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus2 especially 9 view ( ! fact t !ologians f ! second c5tury to ! pres5t day h be5 unable to come to an agreem5t z to ! true blood-relation%ip betwe5 ,james & ,jesus4 #cjh ,moreov]1 if we consid] h[ ! glorification ( ,james came into fa%ion 9 anti-,paul9e circles ( ! second c5tury1 & h[ cu/om>y x 0 to connect ! *ief ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem z closely z possible ) ,jesus himself 7e4g41 ,hegesippus1 9 ! s-call$ ,epi/les ( ,clem5t1 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 c471 ! suspicion =ces itself on u t ! ,paul9e m5tion ( ,james z ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l is p]haps only an aft]-ins]tion 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 9 ord] !reby to h ! bodily relation%ip betwe5 ,james & ,jesus confirm$ by ,paul himself4 #cji ,jesus' p>5ts are n hi/orical p]sonalities 7see above1 #aag ff472 & x is probably ! same ) 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,also ,paul nev] ref]s to ! te/imony ( ! bro!rs or ( ! disciples ( ,jesus conc]n+ _! ,ma/]2 ?\gh ?is w\ld h be5 mo/ reasonable _h !y really kn[n any m ( ,jesus ?an he himself did4 ,he bases1 z ,kal?(f ju/ly objects1 n a s+le "o ( 8 mo/ incisive polemical argum5ts aga9/ ! adh]5ts ( ! law on ! gr\nd t he _h ! hi/orical ,jesus on 8 side2 b he gives 8 own detail$ !ological ideas )\t m5tion+ an hi/orical ,jesus1 he gives a gospel ( ,*ri/1 n ! gospel :i* he _h he>d at fir/1 second1 or ?ird h& conc]n+ a human individual ,jesus4 #caj ,f ,paul1 !re=e1 !re is no?+ ( a detail$ nature to be le>nt ab\t ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,! apo/le does inde$ occasionally ref] to ! words & op9ions ( ! ,"l1 z ) reg>d to ! prohibition ( divorce1 #caa or to ! "r ( ! apo/les to be f$ by ! community4 #cab ,b z ! exact words are n giv5 !re is no express ref]5ce to an hi/orical individual ( ! "n ( ,jesus2 & s we are p]suad$ t we "h h to d ) m]e rules ( a community su* z 7 curr5t & _h canonical significance ev]y:]e 9 ! religi\s unions z ,words ( ! ,ma/]1 i4e41 ( ! patrons & celebrities ( ! community 7cf4 ! autos epha3 he himself1 viz41 ! ,ma/]1 has said x ( ! ,py?agoreans74 ,only once1 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc sq41 :]e ,paul quotes ! words at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 does ! apo/le app>5tly ref] to an exp]i5ce ( ! hi/orical ,jesus3 ,! ,"l ,jesus1 9 ! night 9 :i* he 0 betray$1 took bread1 c4 #cac ,un=tunately "h we h to d ) :at is cle>ly a lat] ins]tion4 ,! passage is obscure ?r\gh\t 7v]s4 #bc-cb71 & ?r\gh its viol5t & confus+ int]ruption ( ! ,paul9e l9e ( ?\ght may be recognis$ z an aft]-ins]tion 9 ! orig9al text1 z is ev5 ackn[l$g$ by _m on ! !ological side4 #cad ,paul says t he _h obta9$ ^! ?+s f ! ,"l himself4 ,does ?is mean t !y 7 directly reveal$ to him by ! transfigur$ ,jesus8 ,x seems mu* m reasonable to believe t he took !m f a religion already exi/+4 ,?is c\ld inde$ ref] at mo/ only to ! words ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! words 9 ! night 9 :i* he 0 betray$ are c]ta9ly an addition4 ,!y w d nei!r 9 ! connection ( a revelation nor ( an exi/+ religion1 b /& !re completely by !mselves z a ref]5ce to a real ev5t 9 ! life ( ,jesus2 & s1 = ?is alone1 !y =m mu* too small a basis = te/imony z to its hi/orical tru?4 #cae ,all expressions conc]n+ ,jesus :i* are f\nd 9 ,paul are accord+ly ( no consequ5ce = ! hypo!sis ( an hi/orical p]son ( t "n4 ,! s-call$ words ( ! ,"l quot$ by him ref] to q unimportant po9ts 9 ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ,paul is j z sil5t on ^? po9ts 9 :i* mod]n critical !ology f9ds ! p>ticul> greatness & importance ( ?is tea*+2 z1 e4g41 on ,jesus' confid5ce 9 ! div9e goodness ( ! ,fa!r1 8 comm& ( ! love ( our neighb\rs z ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,law1 8 s]mon ab\t humility & *>ity1 8 w>n+ aga9/ ! ov]-e/eem ( worldly goods1 c41 z on ,jesus' p]sonality1 8 tru/ 9 ,god1 & 8 activity among 8 p4 #caf ,paul did n give himself ! lea/ tr\ble to br+ ! ,savi\r z a man ne>] to 8 read]s4 ,he seems to "k no?+ ( any miracul\s p[] 9 ,jesus4 ,he says no?+ ( 8 sympa?y ) ! poor & oppress$1 ?\gh surely j ?is w\ld h be5 specially adapt$ to turn ! he>ts ( m5 t[>ds 8 ,jesus & to make an impression on ! multitude t s\ght = miracles4 ,all ! moral-religi\s precepts & exhortations ( ,jesus are nei!r employ$ by ,paul z a means ( proselytis+ = him1 nor 9 any way us$ to place 8 individuality 9 opposition to 8 prophetic precursors 9 a "r light1 z is ! case 9 ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! pres5t day4 ,?us1 j ^? ?\ghts1 :i* ,prote/ant !ologians claim z ! p>ticul> doma9 ( _! hi/orical ,jesus1 appe> 9 ! epi/les indep5d5tly ( ?is ,jesus1 z individual moral effusions ( ! apo/olic consci\sness2 :ile ,*ri/ian social rules1 :i* ! same !ologians consid] additions to ! /ory1 are introduc$ directly z rules ( ! ,"l4 ,= ?is reason ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,paul9e epi/les may r be cit$ z a case aga9/ critical !ologians ?an s]ve z a pro( = ! hi/orical ,jesus 9 _! s5se4 #cag ,ev5 s zeal\s a *ampion ( ?is !ology z ,w]nle mu/ admit3 ,we le>n f ,paul lea/ ( all conc]n+ ! p]son & life ( ,jesus4 ,7 all 8 epi/les lo/ we %\ld "k n mu* less ( ,jesus ?an at pres5t4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 ?is v au?or consoles himself ) ! consid]ation t 9 a c]ta9 s5se ,paul gave u ev5 m ?an ! mo/ exact & ! mo/ copi\s records c\ld give4 ,we le>n f him t a man 787 ,jesus1 9 spite ( 8 dea? on ! cross1 0 able to develop su* a p[] aft] 8 dea?1 t ,paul knew himself to be ma/]$1 r$eem$1 & bless$ by him2 & ?is 9 s m>k$ a way t he sep>at$ 8 own life & ! :ole _w into two p>ts3 )\t ,jesus1 ) ,jesus4 ,?is is a fact :i*1 expla9 x z we may1 purely z a fact excites our wond] 767 & compels u to ?9k highly ( ,jesus4 #cah ,:at does excite our wond] is ?is /yle ( hi/orical demon/ration4 ,& !n h[ peculi> x is to read1 f ! sil5ce ( an au?or l ,paul conc]n+ ! hi/orical ,jesus1 an argum5t 9 its fav\r6 ,z if x does n r prove ! unimportance ( su* a p]sonality = ! g5esis ( ,*ri/ianity6 ,z if ! fact t ,paul erect$ a religi\s-metaphysical ?\ght con/ruction ( und\bt$ magnific5ce mu/ necess>ily be bas$ on ! ov]:elm+ impression ( ! p]son ( ,jesus1 ( ! same ,jesus ( :om ,paul _h no p]sonal k at all6 ,! disciples--:o are suppos$ to h be5 9 t\* ) ,jesus = _m ye>s--,paul /r5u\sly avoid$1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is ,jesus no o!r signs are to be f\nd 9 8 epi/les b su* z may h q a diff]5t mean+4 ,or did ,paul1 z hi/orical !ology says1 reveal m ( ,jesus 9 8 s]mons ?an he did 9 ! epi/les8 ,surely t c\ld only be ma9ta9$ aft] x 0 fir/ e/abli%$ t 9 8 acc\nt ,paul _h 9 view any hi/orical ,jesus at all4 ,?is seems to be completely problematic4 ,! humanity ( ,jesus /&s z ! c5tral po9t ( ! ,paul9e idea4 ,& yet ! ,jesus pa9t$ by ,paul is n a man1 b a purely div9e p]sonality1 a heav5ly _s )\t fle% & blood1 an un9dividual sup]human phantom4 ,he is ! ,son ( ,god made manife/ 9 ,paul2 ! ,messiah =etold by ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptics2 ! pre-exi/+ ,son ( ,man ( ,daniel & 8 foll[]s2 ! spiritual ideal man z he appe>$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jews influ5c$ by ,platonic ideas2 :om also ,philo knew z ! metaphysical prototype ( ord9>y s5sual humanity & ?\ght he _h f\nd typifi$ to 9 ,g54 i4 #bg4 ,he is ! great man ( ! ,indian leg5ds1 :o 0 suppos$ to h appe>$ also 9 ,buddha & 9 o!r ,r$eem] figures--! ,puru%a ( ! ,v$ic ,brahmans1 ! ,m& de hajj & ,hibil ,ziw ( ! ,m&aic religion influ5c$ by ,indian ideas1 ! tribe-,god ( syncretis$ ,judaism4 ,! k :i* ,paul has ( ?is ,be+ is = ?is reason n an ord9>y acqua9tance f tea*+s1 b a ,gnosis1 an imm$iate consci\sness1 a k inspir$2 & all ! /atem5ts :i* he makes conc]n+ x fall )9 ! sph]e ( !osophy1 ( religi\s speculation or metaphysics1 b n ( hi/ory4 ,z we h /at$1 ! belief 9 su* a ,jesus _h be5 = a long "t ! prop]ty ( ,jewi% sects1 :5 ,paul succe$$1 on ! gr\nd ( 8 a/\nd+ p]sonal exp]i5ces1 9 draw+ x into ! light f ! privacy ( religi\s arcana1 & sett+ x up z ! c5tral po9t ( a new religion di/9ct f ,judaism4 ,!re 0 already 9 _! m9ds a fai? 9 a div9e reveal]1 a div9e-human activity1 9 salvation to be obta9$ ?r\gh sacram5ts4 #cai ,among ! neighb\r+ hea!n peoples = a v long "t1 & 9 ,jewi% circles at lea/ s9ce ! days ( ! prophets1 !re _h exi/$ a belief 9 a div9e m$iator1 a ,son ( ,god1 a ,fir/-born ( all creation1 9 :om 0 made all t exi/s1 :o came d[n ^u e>?1 humbl$ himself 9 tak+ on a human =m1 suff]$ = mank9d a %ameful dea?1 b rose aga9 victori\s1 & 9 8 elevation & transfiguration simultane\sly r5ew$ & spiritualis$ ! :ole e>?4 #cbj ,!n ,paul appe>$--9 an age :i* 0 p]meat$ z no o!r ) a long+ = r$emption2 :i*1 ov]:elm$ by ! gloom ( its ext]nal relations1 0 possess$ ) ! fe> ( evil p[]s2 :i*1 p5etrat$ ) t]ror ( ! imm95t end ( ! _w1 0 anxi\sly await+ ?is ev5t & _h lo/ fai? 9 ! sav+ p[] ( ! old religion--!n he gave su* an expression to t belief z made x appe> ! only means ( escape f ! confusion ( pres5t exi/5ce4 ,c ! assumption ( an hi/orical ,jesus 9 ! s5se ( ! traditional conception really be necess>y1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! fact t m5 fl$ impetu\sly to ?is new religion ( ,paul's8 ,is x ev5 probable t ! intellig5t populations ( ! sea-ports ( ,asia ,m9or & ,greece1 among :om 9 p>ticul> ,paul prea*$ ! ,gospel ( ,jesus1 w\ld h turn$ t[>ds ,*ri/ianity = ! reason t at "s "t or o!r1 t5 or tw5ty ye>s be=e1 an it9]ant prea*] ( ! "n ( ,jesus _h made an ov]p[]+ impression on ignorant fi%]-folk & workm5 9 ,galilee or ,j]usalem by 8 p]sonal be>+ & 8 tea*+s1 & _h be5 believ$ by !m to be ! expect$ ,messiah1 ! r5[n$ div9e m$iator & r$eem] ( ! _w8 ,paul did n prea* ! man ,jesus1 b ! heav5ly spiritual be+1 ,*ri/4 #cba ,! public to :i* ,paul turn$ consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( ,g5tiles2 & to ^! ! conception ( a spiritual be+ pres5t$ no difficulties4 ,x c\ld h no /r5g!n+1 no gu>antee1 ( its tru?1 ?r\gh pro( ( ! manhood ( ,jesus4 ,if ! ,*ri/ians ( ! beg9n+ ( our own hi/orical epo* _h only be5 able to ga9 fai? 9 ! ,god ,*ri/ ?r\gh ! ,man ,jesus1 ,paul w\ld h turn$ 8 att5tion f t :i*1 to him1 p>ticul>ly matt]$2 he w\ld h obscur$ ! individual mean+ ( 8 ,gospel & br\ght 8 :ole religi\s speculation into a false position1 by sub/itut+ a man ,jesus = ! ,god-man ,jesus z he und]/ood him4 #cbb ,paul is said to h be5 born 9 ! ,greek city ( ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia1 ! son ( ,jewi% p>5ts4 ,at t "t ,t>sus 01 l ,alex&ria1 an important seat ( ,greek le>n+4 ,"h fl\ri%$ ! s*ool ( ! y\ng] ,/oics1 ) its mixture ( old ,/oic1 ,orphic1 & ,platonic ideas4 ,"h ! e?ical pr9ciples ( t s*ool 7 prea*$ 9 a popul> =m1 9 /reet & m>ket-place1 by orators ( ! p4 ,x 0 n at all necess>y = ,paul1 br\ght up 9 ! au/]ity ( ! ,jewi% religion ( ! ,law1 to visit ! lecture-rooms ( ! ,/oic tea*]s 9 ord] to ga9 a k ( ,/oic views1 = 9 ,t>sus x 0 z ?\gh ! air 0 fill$ ) t doctr9e4 ,paul 0 c]ta9ly acqua9t$ ) x4 ,x sank s deeply into 8 m9d1 p]haps unkn[n to himself1 t 8 epi/les are full ( ! expressions & ideas ( ! ,/oic philosoph] ,s5eca1 & to ?is are due ! ef=ts :i* h be5 made to make ,s5eca a pupil ( ,paul's1 or ! rev]se1 to make ,paul a pupil ( ,s5eca's4 ,a correspond5ce exi/s1 :i* is admitt$ly a =g]y1 pret5d+ to h pass$ betwe5 ! two4 ,t>sus1 9 spite ( its ,ea/]n "*1 0 a city saturat$ ) ,greek le>n+ & ways ( ?\ght1 b n ^! alone4 ,! religi\s ideas & motives ( ! "t f\nd also a fruitful soil !re4 ,9 ,t>sus ! ,hittite ,s&an 7,s>danapal7 0 wor%ipp$1 a human be+ ^u :om ,dionysus _h be/[$ ! godhead ( life & fecundity1 :o 0 id5tifi$ by ! ,greeks ei!r ) ,zeus1 or ) ,h]acles1 ! div9e ,son ( ! ,fa!r ,zeus4 ,he pass$ z ! f\nd] ( ! city1 & 0 repres5t$ z a be>d$ man ) bun*es ( grapes & e>s ( corn1 ) a d\ble-head$ axe 9 8 "r h&1 /&+ on a lion or a fun]al pyre2 & e ye> x 0 ! cu/om = a human repres5tative ( ! ,god1 or 9 lat] times 8 effigy1 to be c]emoni\sly burnt on a pyre4 #cbc ,b ,t>sus 0 also at ! same "t a c5tre = ! my/]y-religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,! wor%ip ( ,mi?ras1 9 p>ticul>1 fl\ri%$ !re1 ) its doctr9e ( ! my/ic dea? & re-bir? ( ^? receiv$ into ! communion1 :o 7 !reby purifi$ f ! guilt ( _! pa/ life & won a new immortal life 9 ! ,_s2 ) its sacr$ fea/1 at :i* ! believ]s ent]$ into a communion ( life ) ,mi?ra by p>tak+ ( ! consecrat$ bread & *alice2 ) its conception ( ! magic effect ( ! victim's blood1 :i* wa%$ away all s9s2 & ) its ard5t desire = r$emption1 purification1 & sanctification ( ! s\l4 #cbd ,paul 0 n unaffect$ by ^! & simil> ideas4 ,8 conception ( ! my/ic significance ( ,*ri/'s dea? %[s t2 9 :i* conception ! :ole ( ?is type ( religi\s ?\ght is express$1 al?\gh 9 a new sett+4 ,inde$1 ! expression 7,gal4 iii4 #bg71 9 :i* ! baptiz$ are said to h put on ,*ri/1 seems to be borr[$ directly f ! ,mi?raic ,my/]ies4 ,= 9 ^!1 accord+ to a primitive animi/ic cu/om1 ! initiat$ ( diff]5t degrees us$ to be pres5t 9 ! masks ( bea/s1 repres5t+ ,god's exi/5ce "u div]se attributes2 t is1 !y us$ to put on ! ,"l 9 ord] to place !mselves 9 inn]mo/ communion ) him4 ,aga91 ! ,paul9e expression1 t ! consecrat$ *alice & bread at ! ,"l's ,supp] are ! communion ( ! blood & body ( ,*ri/1 #cbe rem9ds u too =cibly ( ! me?od ( expression 9 ! ,my/]ies = ?is agreem5t to be purely a co9cid5ce4 #cbf ,if 9 su* circum/ances ,paul1 ! citiz5 ( ,t>sus1 he>d ( a ,jewi% ,god ( ! "n ( ,jesus1 ! ideas :i* 7 connect$ ) him 7 9 no way q new & unaccu/om$4 ,ne>] ,asia 01 inde$1 z we h se51 fill$ ) ! idea ( a "y & beautiful ,god1 :o reanimat$ ,nature by 8 dea?2 ) popul> leg5ds connect$ ) 8 viol5t end & glori\s resurrection3 & n m]ely 9 ,t>sus1 b also 9 ,cyprus & 9 c\ntless o!r places ( ! ,we/]n ,asiatic civilis$ _w1 !re 0 ! ye>ly celebration 9 mo/ impressive fa%ion ( ! fea/ ( ?is ,god1 :o 0 call$ ,tammuz1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,dionysus1 ,osiris1 c4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 0 ! celebration m magnific5t ?an at ,antio*1 ! ,syrian capital4 ,b at ,antio*1 if we may believe ! ,acts #cbg on ?is po9t1 ! ,gospel ( ,jesus _h be5 prea*$ ev5 be=e ,paul4 ,m5 ( ,cyprus & ,cyr5e are said to h spok5 !re ! ,^w ( ! dead & ris5 ,*ri/1 n only to ! ,jews b also to ! ,greeks1 & !y are said to h conv]t$ _m ( ! hea!ns to ! new ,"l4 ,! ,acts tells u ?is aft] x has rec\nt$ ! p]secution ( ! community ( ! ,messiah at ,j]usalem2 repres5t+ ! spread+ ( ! ,gospel z a consequ5ce ( ! disp]sion ( ! community t foll[$ ! p]secution4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ,cyprus--:]e ,adonis 0 p>ticul>ly wor%ipp$1 at ,paphos--& ,cyr5e 7 v e>ly c5tres f :i* mission>ies c>ri$ abroad ! fai? 9 ,*ri/4 #cbh ,consequ5tly ! ,gospel 0 9 orig9 no?+ b a ,judais$ & spiritualis$ ,adonis cult4 #cbi ,^? e>lie/ mission>ies ( :om we he> w\ld n h attack$ ! fai? ( ! ,syrian hea!ns3 !y w\ld h decl>$ t ,*ri/1 ! ,messiah1 ! ,god ( ! ,jewi% religions1 0 ,adonis3 ,*ri/ is ! ,"l6 ,!y w\ld only h attempt$ to draw ! old native religion ( ,adonis into ! ,jewi% sph]e ( ?\ght1 & by ?is means to c>ry on ! ,jewi% propag&a :i* !y c\ld f9d ev]y:]e at "w1 & :i* develop$ an efficacy ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our epo* su* z x _h nev] be=e possess$4 ,!y w\ld c>ry on ! propag&a1 n 9 ! s5se ( ! /rict /&po9t ( ! ,law1 b ( ! ,jewi% ,apocalypses & _! religi\s tea*+s4 #ccj ,su* a man z ,paul1 :o _h be5 educat$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,gamaliel z a tea*] ( ! ,law ( ! /rict ,ph>isaical sort1 c\ld n inde$ calmly look on :ile ! hea!n belief 9 ,adonis1 :i* he mu/ surely1 ev5 9 8 native city ( ,t>sus1 h despis$ z a blasphem\s sup]/ition1 0 unit+ itself1 9 ! new religi\s sects1 ) ! ,jewi% conceptions4 ,curs$ is he :o is hung ^u ! tree1 s x /ood writt5 9 ! ,law2 #cca & ! c]emony ( ! purification--at :i* "o crim9al 0 hung1 amid ! insults ( ! p1 z ! scapegoat ( ! old ye>1 :ile ano!r 0 set free z ,mordecai1 & driv5 ) regal hon\rs ?r\gh ! city1 be+ rev]$ z repres5tative ( ! new ye>--mu/ h be5 9 8 eyes only ano!r pro( ( ! disgrace ( ! tree1 & ( ! blasphem\s "* ( a belief t hon\r$ 9 ! hang$ man ! div9e ,savi\r ( ! _w1 ! ,messiah expect$ by ! ,jews4 ,!n on a sudd5 !re came ov] him z x 7 enlight5m5t4 ,:at if ! fe/ivals ( ! ,syrian ,adonis1 ( ! ,phrygian ,attis1 & s on1 really treat$ ( ! self-sacrifice ( a ,god :o laid d[n 8 life = ! _w8 ,! guiltless m>tyrdom ( an upright man z expiatory means to ! ju/ification ( 8 p 0 also n unkn[n to ! adh]5ts ( ! ,law s9ce ! days ( ! ,maccabean m>tyrs4 ,! suff]+ s]vant ( ,god1 z ,isaiah _h portray$ him1 sugge/s z q probable ! idea t1 j z among ! hea!n peoples1 9 ,israel also an individual might r5ew ! life ( all o!rs by 8 volunt>y sacrifice4 ,might x n be true1 z ! adh]5ts ( ! ,jesus-religions ma9ta9$1 t ! ,messiah 0 really a s]vant ( ,god1 & _h already accompli%$ ! "w ( r$emption by 8 own volunt>y dea?8 ,accord+ to ! hea!n view1 ! p 7 aton$ = by ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( _! ,god1 & t ju/ification ( all 9 ! sight ( ! ,godhead took place :i* ! pi\s ,ph>isee expect$ f ! /rict fulfilm5t ( ! ,jewi% ,law4 ,& yet1 :5 ,paul comp>$ ! righte\sness actually a*iev$ by himself & o!rs ) ! ideal ( righte\sness = :i* !y /rove1 z x 0 requir$ 9 ! ,law1 !n t]ror at ! greatness ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! ideal & ! reality mu/ h seiz$ him2 & at ! same "t he might well h despair$ ( ! div9e righte\sness1 :i* requir$ ( ! p ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,law1 :i* weigh$ ! p d[n ) ! ?\ght ( ! imm95t end ( ! _w1 & :i*1 ?r\gh ! v nature ( its comm&s1 exclud$ ! possibility ( ! ,messiah meet+ on 8 arrival1 z he %\ld h done1 ) a righte\s p4 ,7 ^? :o expect$ ! sanctification ( humanity n f ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,law1 b imm$iately1 ?r\gh an infusion ( ,god himself1 really s mu* 9 ! wrong8 ,x 0 n unusual among ! hea!n peoples = a man to be sacrific$1 9 ! place ( ! ,deity1 z a symbolical repres5tative2 al?\gh already at ! "t ( ,paul x 0 ! cu/om to repres5t ! self-sacrific+ ,god only by an effigy1 in/ead ( a real man4 ,! important po9t1 h[ev]1 0 n ?is1 b ! idea :i* lay at ! f\ndation ( ?is div9e self-sacrifice4 ,& ?is 0 n affect$ by ! victim's be+ a crim9al1 :o 0 kill$ 9 ! rle ( ! guiltless & upright man1 & by ! volunt>9ess ( 8 dea? be+ completely fictiti\s4 ,might x n also be1 z ! believ]s 9 ,jesus ass]t$1 t ! ,messiah 0 n /ill to be expect$1 & t only on ! gr\nd ( human righte\sness2 b t r he _h already appe>$1 & _h already accompli%$ ! righte\sness unatta9able by ! individual ?r\gh 8 %ameful dea? & 8 glori\s resurrection8 ,! mom5t 9 :i* ?is idea fla%$ ?r\gh ,paul's m9d 0 ! mom5t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity z ,paul's religion4 ,! =m 9 :i* he grasp$ t conception 0 t ( an ,inc>nation ( ,god2 & at ! same "t ?is =m 0 su* t he introduc$ ) x q a new impulse into ! =m] mode ( ?\ght4 ,accord+ to ! hea!n conception a ,god did inde$ sacrifice himself = 8 p1 )\t !reby ceas+ to be ,god2 & "h ! man sacrific$ 9 ! place ( ,god 0 consid]$ m]ely z a *ance repres5tative ( ! self-sacrific+ ,god4 ,accord+ to ! old view ( ! ,jewi% fai? x 0 really ! ,son ( ,man1 a be+ ( human nature1 :o 0 to come d[n f heav5 & effect ! "w ( r$emption1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ a real man & )\t suff]+ & dy+ 9 human =m4 ,) ,paul1 on ! contr>y1 ! /ress lay j on ?is1 t ! ,r$eem] %\ld be himself really a man1 & t ! man sacrific$ 9 ,god's place %\ld be equally ! ,god appe>+ 9 human =m3 ! man 0 n m]ely a repres5tation ( ,god's z a cele/ial & sup]natural be+1 b ,god himself appe>+ 9 human =m4 ,god himself becomes man1 & !reby a man is exalt$ to ! ,deity1 &1 z expiatory repres5tative = 8 p1 c unite mank9d ) ,god4 #ccb ,! man :o is sacrific$ = 8 p repres5ts on ! "o h& 8 p 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 b on ! o!r h& ! ,god sacrific+ himself = mank9d 9 ! eyes ( ?is p4 ,& !reby1 9 ! idea ( ! repres5tative expiatory victim1 ! sep>ation betwe5 ,god & ,man is blott$ out1 & bo? fuse directly 9 ! conception ( ! ,god-man4 ,god becomes man1 & by ?is means mank9d is enabl$ to become ,god4 ,! man is sacrific$ z well 9 ! place ( ,god z 9 t ( mank9d1 & s unites bo? contradictories 9 a unity )9 himself4 ,x is evid5t t 9 reality x 0 m]ely a new sett+ to ! old conception ( ! repres5tative self-sacrifice ( ,god--9 :i* ! g5itive is to be tak5 bo? 9 its subjective & objective s5se4 ,no hi/orical p]sonality1 :o %\ld1 s to say1 h liv$ z an example ( ! ,god-man1 0 9 any way necess>y to produce t ,paul9e developm5t ( ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,= ! *ance p]sonalities ( ! m5 repres5t+ ! ,god came "u consid]ation j z little = ,paul z = ! hea!ns2 & :5 he also1 ) ! o!r ,jews1 designat$ ! ,messiah ,jesus z ! bodily desc5dant ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%1 #ccc i4e41 z a man2 :5 he treat$ him z born ( woman1 he ?\ght n at all ( any concrete individuality1 :i* _h at a c]ta9 "t embodi$ ! div9ity )9 itself1 b purely ( ! idea ( a ,messiah 9 ! fle%2 j z ! suff]+ s]vant ( ,god ( ,isaiah1 ev5 9 spite ( ! connection ( ?is idea ) an actually accompli%$ human sacrifice1 _h possess$ only an ideal imag9>y or typical significance4 ,! objection is always be+ rais$ t ,paul mu/ h conceiv$ ( ,jesus z an hi/orical individual because he designates him z ! bodily desc5dant ( ,david1 & makes him born ( woman 7,gal4 iv4 #d74 ,b h[ else c\ld he h be5 born8 7,cf4 ,job xiv4 #a47 ,! br++ into prom95ce ! bir? f woman1 z well z ! g5]al emphasis laid by ! ,apo/le on ! humanity ( ,jesus1 is direct$ aga9/ ! ,gno/ics 9 ! ,cor9?ian community1 b proves no?+ :atsoev] z to ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,& ! desc5t f ,david 0 "p ( ! traditional *>act]i/ics ( ! ,messiah2 s t ,paul c\ld say x ( ,jesus )\t ref]r+ to a real desc5dant ( ,david4 ,b ev5 less is prov$ by ,paul's1 9 ,gal4 iii4 #a1 reproa*+ ! ,galatians ) hav+ se5 ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ set =? op5ly2 we w\ld !n h to decl>e also t !re 0 an actual devil & a hell1 because ^! are set =? to ! fai?ful by ! c>etak]s ( _! s\ls :5 prea*+4 ,"h !n lies ! explanation = ! fact t ! man ,jesus rema9$ an intangible phantom to ,paul1 & t he c speak ( ,*ri/ z a man1 )\t ?9k+ ( an hi/orical p]sonality 9 ! s5se ( ! lib]al !ology ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ideal man1 z ,paul repres5t$ ,jesus to himself--! ess5ce ( all human exi/5ce--! human race consid]$ z a p]son1 :o repres5t$ humanity to ,god1 j z ! man sacrific$ 9 8 rle _h repres5t$ ! ,deity to ! p--! ,man on :om alone r$emption dep5d$--is & rema9s a metaphysical ,be+--j z ! ,idea ( ,plato or ! ,logos ( ,philo are none ! less metaphysical exi/5ces because ( _! desc5t into ! _w ( ! s5ses & ( _! assum+ 9 x a def9ite individual corporality4 ,& :at ,paul tea*es conc]n+ ! man ,jesus is only a detail$ developm5t & deep5+ ( :at ! ,m&i believ$ ( _! ,m& de hajj or ,hibil ,ziw1 & ( :at ! ,jewi% religions "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,apocalypses involv$ 9 _! my/]i\s doctr9es ( ! ,messiah4 ,= ,paul ! desc5t1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,jesus repres5t$ an et]nal b n an actual /ory 9 "t2 & s to se>* ,paul = ! signs ( an hi/orical ,jesus is to misund]/& ! *ief po9t 9 8 religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,god1 ! fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 awak5$ 8 son & s5t him d[n ^u ! e>? = ! r$emption ( mank9d4 ,al?\gh orig9ally "o ) ,god1 & = t reason himself a div9e be+1 ,*ri/ nev]!less r5\nc$ 8 orig9al sup]natural exi/5ce4 ,9 contradiction to 8 real ,be+ he *ang$ 8 spiritual nature = ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle%1 gave up 8 heav5ly k+dom = ! pov]ty & mis]y ( human exi/5ce1 & came to mank9d 9 ! =m ( a s]vant1 be+ f\nd 9 fa%ion z a man1 9 ord] to br+ r$emption4 #ccd ,= man is unable to obta9 religi\s salvation ?r\gh himself alone4 ,9 him ! _s is b\nd to ! fle%1 8 div9e sup]s5sible ,be+ is b\nd d[n to ! mat]ial ( s5sible actuality1 & = t reason he is subject by nature to mis=tune & s94 ,all fle% is necess>ily s9ful fle%4 ,man is compell$ to s9 j 9 s f> z he is a be+ ( ! fle%4 ,adam1 moreov]1 is ! orig9ator ( all human s9 only = ! reason t he 0 9 ! fle%--t is1 a f9ite ,be+ imprison$ 9 corporality4 ,probably ,god gave ! ,law unto mank9d1 9 ord] to %[ !m ! "r pa? 9 _! obscurity2 & !reby op5$ ! possibility ( be+ decl>$ righte\s or ju/ifi$ be=e 8 c\rt1 ?r\gh ! fulfilm5t ( 8 comm&s2 b x is impossible to keep ! comm&m5ts 9 _! full sev]ity4 ,& yet only ! ceaseless fulfilm5t ( ! :ole ,law c save mank9d f ju/ice4 ,we are all s9n]s4 #cce ,s ! ,law inde$ awak5$ ! k ( guilt1 & br\ght s9 to light ?r\gh its violation2 b x has at ! same "t increas$ ! guilt4 #ccf ,x has %[n itself to be a /rict tea*] & taskma/] 9 righte\sness1 )\t1 h[ev]1 itself lead+ to righte\sness4 ,s little has x prov$ to be ! desir$ means ( salvation1 t x may equally be said ( x t x 0 giv5 by ,god n = ! purpose ( sav+ mank9d1 b only to make x /ill m mis]able4 ,consequ5tly ,paul w\ld r attribute ! m$iation ( ! ,law ( ,moses n to ,god himself b to 8 angels1 9 ord] to relieve ,god ( ! guilt ( ! ,law4 #ccg ,?is circum/ance is ( s mu* ! m consequ5ce = mank9d1 because ! s9 ar\s$ by ! ,law unresi/+ly drew dea? 9 its tra92 & t depriv$ !m also ( ! la/ possibility ( becom+ equal to _! high] spiritual nature4 ,s is man plac$ midway betwe5 light & d>kness--a pitiable ,be+4 ,8 _s1 t is k9 ) ,god1 draws him upw>ds2 & ! evil _s & dmons drag him d[nw>ds1 ! evil spirits :o rule ?is _w & :o lure him into s9--& :o are at bottom no?+ b my?ical p]sonifications ( man's s9ful & fle%ly desires4 ,*ri/ n[ ent]s ?is _w ( d>kness & ( s94 ,z a man among m51 he ent]s ! sph]e ov] :i* ! fle% & s9 h p[]1 & mu/ die z o!r m54 ,b = ! inc>nate ,god dea? is n :at x is 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,= him x is only ! lib]ation f ! incongru\s condition ( ! fle%4 ,:5 ,*ri/ dies1 he m]ely /rips (f ! fett]s ( ! fle% & leaves ! prison ( ! body1 leaves ! sph]e ov] :i* s91 dea?1 & evil spirits hold _! sway4 ,he1 ! ,god-man1 dies to ! s91 :i* 0 once unkn[n to him1 once & = all4 ,by prevail+ ov] ! p[] ( dea? 9 8 resurrection1 ! ,son rega9s1 by means ( dea?1 8 orig9al individual exi/5ce1 p]petual life 9 & ) ! ,fa!r4 #cch ,?us also does he atta9 ma/]y ov] ! ,law1 = ?is rules only 9 s f> z !re are fle%ly m5 ( e>?1 & ceases to hold good = him at ! mom5t :5 ,*ri/ raises himself above ! fle% & returns to 8 pure spiritual nature4 ,7 !re ! possibility = mank9d ( simil>ly dy+ to _! fle%1 !n w\ld !y be r$eem$1 z ,*ri/ 01 f s91 dea?1 & ! ,law4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 su* a possibility4 ,x lies 9 ?is3 ev5 ,*ri/ himself is no?+ b ! idea ( ! human race conceiv$ z a p]sonality1 ! ,platonic idea ( ,humanity p]sonifi$1 ! ideal man z a metaphysical ess5ce2 & s 9 8 fate ! fate ( all mank9d is fulfill$4 ,9 ?is s5se ! say+ holds1 ,if "o has di$ = all1 !n h !y all di$4 #cci ,9 ord] to become p>tak]s ( ! fruit ( ?is ,jesus' dea?1 x is c]ta9ly necess>y t ! individual man become really "o ) ,*ri/2 t he ent] into an inn] unity ) ! repres5tative1 ) ! div9e type ( ! human race1 n m]ely subjectively1 b objectively & actually2 & ?is takes place1 accord+ to ,paul1 by means ( fai?4 ,fai?1 z ,paul und]/&s x1 is n a purely ext]nal belief 9 ! actuality ( ,jesus' dea? z a victim & ( 8 resurrection1 b ! turn+ ( ! :ole man to ,jesus1 ! spiritual unification ) him & ! div9e disposition produc$ !reby1 f :i* ! correspond+ moral action proce$s ( itself4 ,x is only 9 ?is s5se t ,paul sets fai? above works z dem&$ by ! ,law4 ,an action t does n proce$ f fai?1 f ! deepe/ conviction ( ! div9e1 has no religi\s value1 be x ev] s con=mable to ! lett] ( ! ,law4 ,t is a view :i* ,paul completely %>$ ) ! ,/oic philosophy ( 8 age1 & :i* 0 at t "t be+ br\ght m & m to ! front 9 ! m advanc$ circles ( ! old civilisation4 ,man is ju/ifi$ n ?r\gh ! ,law1 n ?r\gh works1 b ?r\gh fai?2 fai?1 ev5 )\t works1 is reckon$ z righte\sness4 #cdj ,x is only ano!r expression = ! same ?\ght :5 ,paul says t ,god ju/ifies man1 n accord+ to 8 m]it & actions1 b gratuit\sly1 ( 8 grace4 ,9 ! conception ( ! ,jewi% religion ( ! ,law ! idea ( ju/ification has a purely juridical significance4 ,rew>d "h answ]s exactly to m]it4 ,ju/ification is no?+ b an obligation accord+ to an irrevocable /&>d4 ,9 ,paul's new conception x is1 on ! contr>y1 a natural product ( ,god's m]cy4 ,b m]cy consi/s f9ally 9 ?is1 t ,god ( 8 own accord sacrific$ 8 ,son1 s t mank9d may %>e 9 ! effects ( 8 "w ( r$emption by fai? 9 him1 & by ! unity ) him ?us br\ght ab\t4 ,b fai? is only "o way ( becom+ "o ) ,*ri/2 & real unity ) him mu/ also be ext]nally effect$4 ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] mu/ be add$ to fai?4 ,!re ,paul directly foll[s ! ,my/]ies & _! sacram5tal conception ( man's unification ) ! deity2 & %[s ! connection ( 8 own doctr9es ) ^? ( ! hea!n religions4 ,by 8 baptism1 8 imm]sion & disappe>ance 9 ! dep?s ( ! wat]1 man is buri$ 9 dea? ) ,*ri/4 ,9 t he rises once m f ! wat]1 ! resurrection ) ,*ri/ to a new life is fulfill$1 n m]ely 9 a symbolic b also 9 a magical my/ic fa%ion4 #cda ,& ,*ri/ is z x 7 put on #cdb ?r\gh ,baptism1 s t h5ce=? ! baptiz$ is1 no long] pot5tially b actually1 "o ) ,*ri/2 ,*ri/ is 9 him1 & he is 9 ,*ri/4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] is inde$ on "o h& a fea/ ( frat]nal love & recollection1 9 memory ( ! ,savi\r2 j z ! adh]5ts ( ,mi?ras us$ to hold _! love-fea/s 7,agape7 9 memory ( _! ,god's p>t+ fea/ ) 8 own p4 #cdc ,b on ! o!r h& x is a my/ic communion ( ! blood & body ( ,*ri/1 ?r\gh ! dr9k+ ( ! sacram5tal *alice & ! eat+ ( ! sacram5tal bread--a my/ic communion 9 no o!r s5se ?an t 9 :i* ! hea!ns ?\ght !y ent]$ into inn] connection ) _! ,gods ?r\gh sacrificial fea/s1 & 9 :i* savages g5]ally ev5 to-day believe t ?r\gh ! eat+ ( ano!r's fle%1 be x bea/'s or man's1 & ?r\gh ! dr9k+ ( 8 blood1 !y become p>tak]s ( ! p[] resid+ 9 him4 #cdd ,ev5 = ,paul baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] are to su* an ext5t purely natural processes or magic practices1 t he does n object to ! hea!n cu/om ( baptiz+1 by proxy1 liv+ ,*ri/ians = dead ones2 & 9 8 op9ion unwor?y eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! ,"l's ,supp] produce sickness & dea?4 #cde ,9 ?is respect1 consequ5tly1 !re c be no talk ( a transc5d+ ( ! naturalism ( ! hea!n my/]ies 9 ,paul2 & to attribute to him a mu* high] or m spiritual conception ( ! sacram5t ?an ! hea!ns _h seems difficult to reconcile ) 8 express /atem5ts4 #cdf ,n[ ,*ri/1 z already /at$1 is = ,paul only a compreh5sive expression = ! ideal totality ( m51 :i* is !re9 repres5t$ z an individual p]sonal be+4 ,x is cle>ly ! ,platonic idea ( humanity1 & no?+ else2 j z ,philo p]sonifi$ ! div9e intellig5ce & made ?is coalesce ) ! ideal man1 ) ! idea ( humanity4 #cdg ,z 9 ! ,platonic view ! union ( man ) ! ideal takes place ?r\gh love1 ?r\gh imm$iate intellectual p]ception on ! basis ( ideal k1 & ! contradiction betwe5 ! _w ( s5se & ! _w ( ideas is ov]come by ! same means2 z also !reby man is rais$ to memb]%ip 9 ! cosmos ( ideas2 9 j su* a mann]1 accord+ to ,paul1 ,*ri/ians unite toge!r by means ( fai? & ! sacram5ts into con/itutive mom5ts ( ! ideal humanity4 ,?us !y realise ! idea ( humanity1 & ent] into a my/ic communion ) ,jesus1 :o himself1 z we h already said1 repres5ts ?is idea 9 its unit$ compass4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t all t is fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/ is equally exp]i5c$ along ) him1 9 my/]i\s fa%ion1 by ^? m5 :o are unit$ ) him4 ,consequ5tly !y c n[ be t]m$ memb]s ( ! "o body ( ,*ri/1 :o is its head or ,s\l2 & ?is inde$ 9 ! same s5se z ) ,plato ! diff]5t ideas =m b memb]s & mom5ts ( ! "o _w ( ideas1 & _! plurality is de/roy$ 9 ! unity ( ! compreh5sive & det]m9+ idea ( ! ,"o or ! ,good4 ,j :at an elevation ( ! _s to ! _w ( ideas is = ,plato1 ! union ( mank9d ) ,*ri/ is = ,paul4 ,:at ! man actually 9 possession ( k1 ! wise man1 is = ! =m]1 ,*ri/ is = ! latt]4 ,:at is !re call$ ,eros--! m$iator ( ! unity betwe5 ! _w ( ideas & ! s5se-_w1 ( ,be+ & ,consci\s ,be+1 ( objective & subjective ?\ght1 & at ! same "t ! v ess5ce ( all objective ?\ght--is "h call$ ,*ri/4 ,eros is call$ by ,plato ! son ( ri*es & pov]ty1 :o be>s ! nature & signs ( bo?3 ,he is q poor1 runs ar\nd b>efoot & homeless1 & mu/ sleep on ! nak$ e>? )\t a ro(1 9 ! op5 air1 at ! doors & on ! /reets1 9 con=mity ) 8 "m's nature4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he is nei!r mortal nor immortal1 at "o mom5t he is fl\ri%+ & full ( life1 at ano!r he is we>y & dies away1 & all t (t5 on ! self-same day2 b ev] he rises up aga9 9 life 9 con=mity ) 8 fa!r's nature4 #cdh ,s also ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ conta9s all ! fulness ( ! ,godhead #cdi & is himself ! ,son ( ,god2 yet nev]!less ,*ri/ debases himself1 takes on ! =m ( a s]vant1 becomes ,man1 & dies1 !reby plac+ himself 9 direct opposition to 8 real nature1 b only to rise aga9 cont9ually 9 ea* individual man & all[ mank9d to p>ticipate 9 8 own life4 ,& z ,*ri/ 79 #a ,tim4 ii4 #e7 is ! m$iator betwe5 ,god & m51 s also ! ,platonic ,eros is midway betwe5 ! immortal & ! mortal4 ,eros1 ,o ,socrates1 is a daimon1 a great daimon1 & ev]y?+ ( ?is nature is int]m$iate betwe5 ,god & man4 ,! daimon transf]s to ! ,gods :at comes f man1 & to man :at comes f ! ,gods2 f ! "o pray] & sacrifice1 f ! o!r ! ord]s & rew>ds = ! sacrifice4 ,midway1 he fills ! gap betwe5 ! immortal & ! mortal1 & ev]y?+ is ?r\gh him b\nd into "o :ole4 ,by 8 m$iation is dissem9at$ e prophecy & ! religi\s skill :i* has ref]5ce to sacrifice1 sanctification1 sacr$ maxims1 & ea* pr$iction & magic spell4 ,god himself does n mix ) mank9d1 b all int]c\rse & all spee* betwe5 ,god & man1 z well 9 wak+ z 9 sleep1 takes place 9 ! way m5tion$4 ,:oev] has exp]i5c$ ?is1 9 him is ! daimon4 ,9 ?is connection we recall to our m9ds t ,eros appe>s 9 ! ,timu "u ! "n ( ! _w-s\l1 & ?is is suppos$ by ,plato to h ! =m ( an oblique cross4 #cej ,! ,platonic ,eros is ! my?ical p]sonification ( ! conception t ! contemplation ( ,be+ 7obj4 g547 z su* is at ! same "t a contemplation ( ,be+'s 7sub4 g5472 or t 9 ! contemplation ( ! ,ideas ! subjective ?\ght ( ! ,philosoph] & ! objective ideal ,reality z x 7 meet ea* o!r f two sides & fuse directly into a unity4 #cea ,x is ?us only ! sci5tific & !oretical =mulation ( ! fundam5tal idea ( ! old ,aryan ,fire ,cult4 ,accord+ to ?is ! sacrifice ( ,agni--t is1 ! victim :i* man (f]s to ,god--is z su* equally ,agni's sacrifice1 ! victim :i* ,god (f]s1 & 9 :i* he sacrifices himself = humanity4 ,x is 9 agreem5t ) ?is t accord+ to ,paul ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 z !y take place 9 ! consci\sness ( ! believ]1 repres5t a dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ z a div9e p]sonality3 man dies & lives aga9 ) ,*ri/1 & ,god & man are completely fus$ toge!r 9 ! believ]4 ,z mank9d by ?is means becomes a memb] ( ! ,body ( ,*ri/1 s 9 ! ,v$ic conception ! p>tak] ( ! ,fire-,god's sacrifice1 by ! ta/+ ( ! blood & ! eat+ ( ! sacr$ bread1 is associat$ ) a my/ic body1 & is infus$ ) ! "o ,_s ( ,god1 :i* de/roys 8 s9s 9 its sacr$ fire1 & fl[s ?r\gh him ) new life-p[]4 ,9 ,india1 f ! cult ( ! ,fire-,god & ! complete unity ( ,god & man !reby atta9$1 ,brahmanism 0 develop$1 & ga9$ an influ5ce ov] all ! ,indian peoples4 ,9 ,plato intellectual contemplation =m$ ! basis ( cognition4 ,he plac$ ! wise man at ! head ( ! social organism1 & reg>d$ ! philosoph] z ! only man fitt$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,& ! future developm5t ( ! ,*ur* z a ,communion ( ,sa9ts appe>s already 9 ! ,paul9e conception ( ! fai?ful z ! ,body ( ,*ri/1 9 :i* ! ,idea ( ! human race 7,*ri/7 is realis$1 z ! k+dom ( ,god ^u e>?1 z ! true humanity1 z ! mat]ial appe>ance ( ! div9e ideal man1 to belong to :i* is mank9d's duty1 & )\t :i* x is impossible = man to live 9 8 real ideal nature4 ,anci5t philosophy _h attempt$ until n[ 9 va9 to ov]come ! contradiction betwe5 ! s5se-_w & ! _w ( ideas1 & to de/roy ! unc]ta9ty ( human ?\ght & life :i* results f ?is contradiction4 ,f ! "t ( ,plato x _h work$ at ! problem ( unit+1 )\t contradiction1 ,nature & ,_s1 ^: contradictory nature _h fir/ be5 br\ght to notice by ! f\nd] ( metaphysical idealism4 ,religion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,my/]y ,cults1 _h tri$ to solve 9 a practical way ! problem t seem$ insoluble by ab/ract means1 & _h s\ght to secure = man a new basis & re/+-place by means ( devotion & revelation--a my/ic s9k+ into ! dep?s ( ,god4 ,b ,paul's ,*ri/ianity fir/ gave a =m to all ?is obscure desire1 a =m :i* unit$ ! ?rills & joy ( my/ic ec/asy ) ! c]ta9ty ( a compreh5sive religi\s view ( ! _w1 & enlight5$ m5 z to ! deepe/ mean+ ( _! emotional impulse t[>ds c]ta9ty3 man obta9s unity ) ,god & c]ta9ty z to ! true reality1 n by an ab/ract dialectic1 z ,plato suppos$2 n by logical insight into ! cosmos 9 ! s5se ( an ab/ract k atta9able only by ! few1 b ?r\gh fai?1 ?r\gh ! div9e act ( r$emption4 ,to adopt ?is int]nally1 !reby to live ) x directly--?is alone c give man ! possibility ( em]g+ f ! unc]ta9ty & d>kness ( corporeal exi/5ce into ! cle> light ( ! spiritual4 ,all c]ta9ty ( ! true or ess5tial be+ is consequ5tly a c]ta9ty ( fai?1 & !re is no high] c]ta9ty ?an t :i* is giv5 to m5 9 fai? & piety4 ,z ,*ri/ di$ & 0 !reby fre$ f ! bonds ( ! body & ( ! _w1 s also mu/ man die 9 ! _s4 ,he mu/ lay aside ! burd5 ( ?is body1 ! real cause ( all 8 e?ical & intellectual %ortcom+s4 ,he mu/ inw>dly rise ) ,*ri/ & be born aga91 !reby tak+ "p 9 8 spiritual c]titude & ga9+ toge!r ) ! ,life 9 ! ,_s salvation f all 8 pres5t %ortcom+s4 ,x is true t outw>dly ! body /ill exi/s1 ev5 aft] ! inn] act ( r$emption has tak5 place4 ,ev5 :5 ! man :o di$ ) ,*ri/ has aris5 & has become a new man1 he is nev]!less /ill subject to corporeal limitations4 ,! r$eem$ man is /ill 9 ! _w & mu/ fight ) its influ5ces4 ,b :at man ga9s 9 ! union ) ! body ( ,*ri/ is ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 :i* holds ! memb]s ( ! body toge!r1 %[s itself to be active 9 ev]y?+ :i* belongs to ! body1 & acts 9 man z a sup]natural p[]4 ,?is _s1 z x dwells h5ce=? 9 ! r$eem$ man1 works & directs & drives him on to e action2 lifts man 9 idea f> above all ! limitations ( 8 fle%ly nature2 /r5g!ns him 9 8 weakness2 %[s him exi/5ce 9 a new light1 s t h5ce=? he feels himself no long] b\nd2 gives him ! victory ov] ! p[]s ( e>?1 & enables him to anticipate1 ev5 9 ?is life1 ! bless$ness ( 8 real & f9al r$emption 9 a life to come4 #ceb ,b ! _s ( ,*ri/ z su* is equally ! div9e _s4 ,s t ! r$eem$1 z !y receive ! _s ( ,*ri/1 are ! sons ( ,god himself1 & ?is is express$ by say+ t ) ! _s !y inh]it ! glori\s fre$om ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 #cec ,=1 z ,paul says1 ! ,"l is ! _s2 b :]e ! _s is1 !re is fre$om4 #ced ,s t :5 ! ,*ri/ian feels himself trans=m$ into a new creature1 equipp$ ) p[] ( k & ( virtue1 ble/ 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 victori\s /r5g? ov] c>nal desires1 & w9s 8 peace 9 fai?1 ?is is only ! consequ5ce ( a sup]human _s work+ 9 him4 ,h5ce ! ,*ri/ian virtues ( ,bro!rly ,love1 ,humility1 ,ob$i5ce1 c41 are necess>y consequ5ces ( ! possession ( ! ,_s3 ,if we live by ! ,_s1 by ! ,_s let u also walk4 #cee ,& if ! fai?ful sudd5ly develop a fulness ( new & wond]ful p[]s1 :i* exce$ man's ord9>y nature--su* z facility 9 tongues1 9 prophecy1 & 9 ! heal+ ( ! sick--?is is1 9 ! sup]/iti\s view ( ! age1 only to be expla9$ by ! indwell+ activity ( a sup]natural _s-be+ t has ent]$ man f ! outside4 ,c]ta9ly x does n seem cle>1 9 ! ,paul9e conception ( ! r$emption1 h[ ?is heav5ly _s c at ! same "t be ! _s ( man--h[ x c be active 9 man )\t remov+ ! p>ticul> & orig9al _s ( man1 & )\t r$uc+ ! individual to a passive tool1 to a lifeless puppet )\t self-det]m9ation & responsibility2 h[ ! man possess$ by su* a _s c nev]!less feel himself free & r$eem$ by ! ,_s4 ,= x is 9 tru? an ali5 _s1 "o t does n 9 ess5ce belong to him1 :i* ent]s man ?r\gh ! union ) ,*ri/4 ,yet x is suppos$ to be ! _s1 n m]ely ( ! individual man1 b also ,*ri/'s p]sonal _s4 ,"o & ! same _s putt+ on a cele/ial body ( light mu/ be en?ron$ on ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 & mu/ also be on e>? ! _s ( ^? :o believe 9 x1 sett+ itself to "w 9 !m z ! s\rce ( ,gnosis1 ( full my/ic k2 &1 z ! p[] ( ,god1 z ! _s ( salvation1 mu/ produce 9 !m sup]natural effects4 #cef ,x mu/ be on ! "o h& an objective & actual _s-be+ :i* 9 ,*ri/ becomes man1 dies1 & rises aga92 & on ! o!r h& an inn] subjective p[]1 :i* produces 9 ea* individual man ! ext9ction ( ! fle% & a new bir? :i* is to be %>$ by ! fai?ful z ! fruit ( _! individual r$emption4 ,t is p]haps compreh5sible 9 ! mode ( ?\ght ( an age = :i* ! idea ( p]sonality _h z yet no def9ite mean+1 & :i* consequ5tly saw no contradiction 9 ?is1 t a p]sonal ,*ri/-_s %\ld at ! same "t inhabit a numb] ( individual spirits2 & :i* did n diff]5tiate betwe5 ! "o1 or r ! cont9ual1 act ( r$emption by ,god & its cont9ual temporal repetition 9 ! individual4 ,we c und]/& ?is only if ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ is a purely metaphysical be+4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 q incompreh5sible if ,paul is suppos$ to h ga9$ 8 idea ( ! m$iator ( salvation f any exp]i5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus & 8 actual dea?4 ,only because 9 8 doctr9e ( ! sav+ p[] ( ! ,*ri/-_s ,paul _h ?\ght ( no p>ticul> human p]sonality c\ld he imag9e ! imman5ce ( ! div9e 9 ! _w to be m$iat$ by t _s4 ,only because he connect$ no o!r idea ) ! p]sonality ( ,jesus ?an ! ,book ( ,wisdom or ,philo did ) _! p>ticul> imman5ce pr9ciples1 does he decl>e t ,*ri/ br+s ab\t salvation4 ,s t ,*ri/1 z ! pr9ciple ( r$emption1 is = ,paul only an allegorical or symbolical p]sonality & n a real "o4 ,he is a p]sonality su* z 7 ! hea!n deities1 :o pass$ z g5]al cosmic p[]s )\t prejudice to _! appe>+ 9 human =m4 ,p]sonality is = ,paul only ano!r mode ( express+ ! sup]natural spirituality & direct$ activity ( ! pr9ciple ( r$emption1 9 di/9ction f ! bl9dly work+ p[]s & mat]ial realities ( religi\s naturalism4 ,x s]ves m]ely to sugge/ spirituality to an age :i* c\ld only repres5t _s z a mat]ial fluid4 ,x corresponds simply to ! popul> conception ( ! pr9ciple ( r$emption1 :i* treat$ ?is z b\nd up ) ! idea ( a human be+4 ,b x 9 no way ref]r$ to a real hi/orical individual1 %[+1 9 fact1 j by ! unc]ta9ty & fluctuation ( ! idea1 h[ f> ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( r$emption 0 f be+ connect$ ) a def9ite hi/orical reality4 ,n because he s highly e/eem$ & rev]$ ,jesus z an hi/orical p]sonality did ,paul make ,*ri/ ! be>] & m$iator ( r$emption1 b because he knew no?+ at all ( an hi/orical ,jesus1 ( a human individual ( ?is "n1 to :om he w\ld h be5 able to transf] ! "w ( r$emption4 ,fai?ful disciples1 ,wr$e consid]s1 c\ld n s easily believe t ! man :o _h sat ) !m at table 9 ,cap]naum1 or _h j\rney$ ov] ! ,sea ( ,galilee ) !m1 0 ! creator ( ! _w4 ,= ,paul ?is ob/acle 0 abs5t4 #ceg ,b ,paul is nev]!less suppos$ to h met ,james1 ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & to h _h deal+s ) him :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h modifi$ 8 view ( ,jesus1 if "h !re 7 really "q ( a corporeal bro!rhood4 ,:at a wond]ful idea our !ologians mu/ h ( a man l ,paul if !y ?9k t x c\ld ev] h occurr$ to him to connect su* trem5d\s conceptions ) a human individual ,jesus z he does ) 8 ,*ri/6 ,x is true t !re is a type ( religi\s ec/asy 9 :i* ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & ,god is completely lo/ sight (2 &1 especially at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 9 ! p]iod ( ,cs>-wor%ip & ( ! deepe/ religi\s sup]/ition1 x 0 n 9 itself unusual to deify1 aft] 8 dea?1 a man :o 0 highly e/eem$4 ,a great lack ( reason1 a great m5tal confusion1 an imm5se flight ( imag9ation1 w\ld be necess>y to trans=m a man n long dead1 :o 0 /ill cle>ly rememb]$ by 8 relatives & contempor>ies1 n m]ely into a div9e h]o or demi-god1 b into ! _w-=m+ spiritual pr9ciple1 into ! metaphysical m$iator ( r$emption & ! second ,god4 ,& if1 z ev5 ,wr$e ackn[l$ges 9 ! above-quot$ words1 p]sonal k ( ,jesus 0 really an ob/acle to 8 apo!osis1 h[ is x to be expla9$ t ! ,fir/ ,apo/les at ,j]usalem took no exception to t repres5tation ( ,paul's8 ,!y surely knew :o ,jesus _h be52 !y knew ! ,ma/] ?r\gh _m ye>s' cont9ual w&]+ ) him4 ,& h[ev] highly !y may always h ?\ght ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 h[ev] intimately !y may h jo9$ 9 _! m9ds ! memory ( ! man ,jesus ) ! prevail+ idea ( ! ,messiah1 accord+ to ! preval5t !ological op9ion1 ev5 !y are suppos$ to h ris5 9 no way to su* a b\ndless deification ( _! ,"l & ,ma/] z ,paul und]took a comp>atively %ort :ile aft] ,jesus' dea?4 ,paul already believ$ 9 su* a heav5ly ,be+1 9 a div9e ,*ri/1 be=e he believ$ 9 ,jesus4 #ceh ,! tru? is t he nev] believ$ at all 9 ! ,jesus ( lib]al !ology4 ,! man ,jesus already belong$ to 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/1 s f> z ,*ri/'s act ( r$emption 0 suppos$ to consi/ 9 8 humbl+ himself & becom+ man--& no hi/orical ,jesus 0 necess>y = t4 ,= ,paul also1 j z = ! :ole hea!n _w1 ! man actually sacrific$ 9 ,god's place 0 at be/ m]ely a *ance symbol ( ! ,god pres5t+ himself z victim4 ,h5ce x _c be said t ! man ,jesus 0 b ! be>] ( all ! great attributes1 :i* z su* _h be5 long s9ce det]m9$2 #cei or1 z ,gunkel puts x1 t ! en?usia/ic disciples _h transf]r$ to him all t ! =m] ,judaism _h be5 wont to ascribe to ! ,messiah2 & t consequ5tly ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 spite ( its unhi/orical nature1 0 nev]!less a mighty hymn :i* ,hi/ory s+s to ,jesus7674 #cfj ,if we once agree z to ! exi/5ce ( a pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus--& ev5 ,gunkel1 ap>t f ,rob]tson & ,smi?1 has work$ = ! recognition ( ?is fact--!n ?is c 9 ! fir/ place produce no?+ b a /rong suspicion aga9/ ! hi/orical ,jesus2 & x seems a despair+ subt]fuge ( ! critical !ology to seek to f9d capital1 f ! exi/5ce ( a pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus1 = ! unique significance ( _! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,*ri/'s life & dea? are = ,paul nei!r ! moral a*ievem5t ( a man nor 9 any way hi/orical facts1 b some?+ sup]-hi/orical1 ev5ts 9 ! sup]s5sible _w4 #cfa ,fur!r1 ! man ,jesus comes 9 "q = ,paul1 j z did ! suff]+ s]vant ( ,god = ,isaiah1 exclusively z an ,idea1 & 8 dea? is1 l 8 resurrection1 b ! purely ideal condition :]eby r$emption is br\ght ab\t4 ,if ,*ri/ ha? n be5 rais$1 y\r fai? is va94 #cfb ,on ?is decl>ation has till n[ be5 f\nd$ ! *ief pro( t an hi/orical ,jesus 0 to ,paul ! pre-supposition ( 8 doctr9e4 ,b really t decl>ation 9 ,paul's m\? po9ts to no?+ b ! fai? ( 8 contempor>ies1 :o expect$ natural & religi\s salvation f ! resurrection ( _! ,god1 :e!r he 7 call$ ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,dionysus1 ,osiris1 or any?+ else4 ,! fact is !re=e settl$1 t ,paul knew no?+ ( an hi/orical ,jesus2 & t ev5 if he _h kn[n any?+ ( him1 ?is ,jesus 9 any case plays no "p = him1 & ex]cis$ no influ5ce ov] ! developm5t ( 8 religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,let u consid] ! importance ( ?is3 ! v man f :om we d]ive ! fir/ writt5 te/imony z to ,*ri/ianity1 :o 0 ! fir/ 9 any way to e/abli% x z a new religion diff]+ f ,judaism1 on ^: tea*+s alone ! :ole fur!r developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght has dep5d$--?is ,paul knew absolutely no?+ ( ,jesus z an hi/orical p]sonality4 ,9 fact1 ) p]fect ju/ice f 8 po9t ( view he 0 ev5 compell$ to excuse himself1 :5 o!rs wi%$ to enlight5 him z to su* a p]sonality6 ,at ! pres5t day x w be ackn[l$g$ by all s5sible p t1 z ,ed4 von ,h>tmann decl>$ m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 )\t ,paul ! ,*ri/ian movem5t w\ld h disappe>$ 9 ! s&1 j z ! _m o!r ,jewi% religions h done--at be/ to af=d int]e/ to inve/igators z an hi/orical curiosity--& ,paul _h no k ( ,jesus6 ,! =mation & developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion began long be=e ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels appe>$1 & 0 complet$ indep5d5tly ( ! hi/orical ,jesus ( !ology4 ,!ology has no ju/ification = treat+ ,*ri/ianity m]ely z ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,*ri/1 z x n[ is suffici5tly evid5t2 nor %\ld x pres5t a view ( ! life & doctr9es ( an ideal man ,jesus z ! ,*ri/ian religion4 #cfc ,! "q rais$ at ! beg9n+1 z to :at we le>n f ,paul ab\t ! hi/orical ,jesus1 has f\nd its answ]--no?+4 ,!re is little value1 !n1 9 ! objection to ! disbeliev]s 9 su* a ,jesus :i* is rais$ on ! !ological side 9 triumphant tones3 t ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus is mo/ c]ta9ly e/abli%$ by ,paul4 ,?is objection comes1 9 fact1 ev5 f su* p z reg>d ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 o!r respects1 ) mo/ evid5tly sceptical views4 ,! tru? is t ! ,paul9e epi/les conta9 no?+ :i* w\ld =ce u to ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus2 & probably no "o w\ld f9d su* a p]son 9 !m if t belief 0 n previ\sly e/abli%$ 9 him4 ,x mu/ be consid]$ t1 if ! ,paul9e epi/les /ood 9 ! edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :]e !y really belong--t is1 be=e ! ,gospels--h>dly any "o w\ld ?9k t ,jesus1 z he !re meets him1 0 a real man & _h w&]$ on ! e>? 9 fle% & blood2 b he w\ld 9 all probability only f9d !re9 a detail$ developm5t ( ! suff]+ s]vant ( ,god1 & w\ld conclude t x 0 an irruption ( hea!n religi\s ideas into ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,our !ologians are1 h[ev]1 s /rongly conv9c$ ( x a priori--t ! ,paul9e repres5tation ( ,*ri/ actually arose f ! figure ( ,jesus w&]+ on e>?--t ev5 ,m4 ,brckn] confesses1 9 ! preface to 8 "w1 t he _h be5 himself a/oni%$ 767 at ! result ( 8 inquiry--! indep5d5ce ( ! ,paul9e repres5tation ( ,*ri/ f ! hi/orical p]sonality1 ,jesus4 #cfd ,*ri/ianity is a syncretic religion4 ,x belongs to ^? multi=m religi\s movem5ts :i* at ! comm5cem5t ( our era 7 /ruggl+ ) "o ano!r = ! ma/]y4 ,sett+ out f ! ,apocalyptic idea & ! expectation ( ! ,messiah among ! ,jewi% sects1 x 0 borne on ! tide ( a mighty social agitation1 :i* f\nd its c5tre & its po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! religi\s sects & ,my/]y communities4 ,its adh]5ts conceiv$ ! ,messiah n m]ely z ! ,savi\r ( s\ls1 b z deliv]] f slav]y1 f ! lot ( ! poor & ! oppress$1 & z ! be>] ( a new ju/ice4 #cfe ,x borr[$ ! *ief "p ( its doctr9e1 ! specific po9t 9 :i* x diff]$ f ord9>y ,judaism1 ! c5tral idea ( ! ,god sacrific+ himself = mank9d1 f ! neighb\r+ peoples1 :o _h br\ght d[n ?is belief into ,asia1 9 connection ) fire-wor%ip1 f its e>li] home 9 ! ,nor?4 ,only 9 s f> z t fai? po9ts 9 ! end to an ,aryan orig9 c x be said t ,jesus 0 an ,aryan2 any fur!r /atem5ts on ?is po9t1 su* z1 = example1 ,*amb]la9 makes 9 8 ,grundlag5 des neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]ts1 are pure fancies1 & re/ on a complete misund]/&+ ( ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,*ri/ianity1 z ! religion ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,"l1 :o secul>is$ ! ,jewi% ,law by 8 volunt>y dea? ( expiation1 did n arise 9 ,j]usalem1 b1 if any:]e1 9 ! ,syrian capital ,antio*1 "o ( ! pr9cipal places ( ! wor%ip ( ,adonis4 ,= x 0 at ,antio* :]e1 accord+ to ! ,acts1 #cff ! "n ,*ri/ians 0 fir/ us$ = ! adh]5ts ( ! new religion1 :o _h till !n be5 usually call$ ,naz>5es4 #cfg ,t c]ta9ly is 9 %>pe/ contradiction to tradition1 accord+ to :i* ,*ri/ianity is suppos$ to h aris5 9 ,j]usalem & to h be5 !nce spread abroad among ! hea!n4 ,b ,luke's te/imony z to ! aris+ ( ! community ( ! ,messiah at ,j]usalem & ! spread+ ( ! ,gospel f t place c lay no claim to hi/orical significance4 ,ev5 ! acc\nt ( ! disciples' exp]i5ce at ,ea/] & ( ! fir/ appe>ances aft] ! ,resurrection1 f _! contradictory & confus$ "* appe> to be leg5d>y inv5tions4 #cfh ,unhi/orical1 & 9 contradiction to ! in=mation on ?is po9t giv5 by ,mat!w & ,m>k1 is ! /atem5t t ! disciples /ay$ 9 ,j]usalem aft] ,jesus' dea?1 :i* is ev5 ref]r$ by ,luke to an express comm& ( ! dead ma/]4 #cfi ,unhi/orical is ! assemblage at ,p5teco/ & ! wond]ful miracle ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i*1 z ev5 ,clem5 agrees1 probably orig9at$ f ! ,jewi% leg5ds1 accord+ to :i* ! giv+ ( ! ,law on ,s9ai 0 made 9 sev5ty diff]5t languages1 9 ord] t x might be und]/ood by all peoples4 #cgj ,b also ,/eph5's execution & ! consequ5t p]secution ( ! community at ,j]usalem are leg5d>y inv5tions4 #cga ,! great tr\ble :i* ,luke takes to repres5t ,j]usalem z ! po9t :5ce ! ,*ri/ian movem5t set out1 cle>ly betrays ! t5d5cy ( ! au?or ( ! ,acts to misrepres5t ! activity ( ! ,*ri/ian propag&a1 :i* really emanat$ f _m c5tres1 z a bur/+ out ( ! ,gospel f "o focus4 ,x is meant to produce ! impression t ! new religion spread f ,j]usalem ov] ! :ole _w l an explosion2 & ?us its almo/ simultane\s appe>ance 9 ! :ole ( ,ne>] ,asia is expla9$4 ,= ?is reason dev\t ,jews ( all nations 7 assembl$ 9 ,j]usalem at ,p5teco/1 & c\ld und]/& ea* o!r 9 spite ( _! diff]5t languages4 ,= ?is reason ,/eph5 0 /on$1 & ! motive giv5 = t p]secution :i* 9 "o mom5t scatt]$ ! fai?ful 9 all directions4 #cgb ,n[ x is c]ta9ly probable t !re 0 9 ,j]usalem1 j z 9 _m o!r places1 a community ( ! ,messiah :i* believ$ 9 ,jesus z ! ,god sacrific+ himself = humanity4 ,b ! "q is :e!r ?is belief1 9 ! community at ,j]usalem1 re/$ on a real man ,jesus2 & :e!r x is correct to reg>d ?is community1 "s ( ^: memb]s 7 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,jesus1 & :o 7 ! fai?ful companions ( 8 w&]+s1 z ! orig9al community 9 ! s5se ( ! fir/ g]m & po9t ( dep>ture ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t4 ,we may believe1 ) ,fras]1 t a ,jewi% prophet & it9]ant prea*]1 :o by *ance 0 nam$ ,jesus1 0 seiz$ by 8 oppon5ts1 ! or?odox ,jews1 on acc\nt ( 8 revolution>y agitation1 & 0 behead$ z ! ,haman ( ! curr5t ye>1 !reby giv+ occasion = ! f\ndation ( ! community at ,j]usalem4 #cgc ,aga9/ ?is x may be said t our in=mants z to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian propag&a c]ta9ly v>y1 n[ mak+ "o ass]tion1 n[ ano!r1 )\t c>+ :e!r ^! are contradictory2 & !y all /rive to make up = ! lack ( any c]ta9 k by unmi/akable inv5tions4 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,jesus 01 z ,smi? decl>es1 pre-,*ri/ian1 a religion :i* 0 spread among ! ,jews & especially ! ,greeks )9 ! limits ( ! c5tury #ajj ,b4,c4 to #ajj ,a4,d41 m or less secretly1 & wrapp$ up 9 ',my/]ies1' !n we c und]/& bo? ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity ov] s wide a sph]e z almo/ ! :ole ( ,ne>] ,asia1 & also ! fact t ev5 ! e>lie/ in=mants z to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t _h no?+ c]ta9 to tell4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems q irreconcilable ) ! view ( a c]ta91 def9ite1 local1 & p]sonal po9t ( dep>ture = ! new doctr9e4 #cgd ,! objection w be rais$3 :at ab\t ! ,gospels8 ,!y1 at lea/1 cle>ly tell ! /ory ( a human individual1 & are inexplicable1 ap>t f ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,! "q consequ5tly arises z to ! s\rce f :i* ! ,gospels d]iv$ a k ( ?is ,jesus2 = on ?is alone ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus c re/4 ,,ii ,,! ,,jesus ,,( ,,! ,,gospels ,h[ev] widely views may diff] ev5 n[ 9 ! sph]e ( ,gospel criticism1 all really compet5t inve/igators agree on "o po9t ) r>e unanimity3 ! ,gospels are n hi/orical docum5ts 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b cre$s1 religi\s books1 lit]>y docum5ts reveal+ ! m9d ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,_! purpose is consequ5tly n to give in=mation z to ! life & tea*+s ( ,jesus :i* w\ld correspond to reality1 b to awak5 belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,messiah s5t f ,god = ! r$emption ( 8 p1 to /r5g!n & def5d t belief aga9/ attacks4 ,& z cre$s !y conf9e !mselves naturally to rec\nt+ su* words & ev5ts z h any significance = ! fai?2 & !y h ! greate/ int]e/ 9 s arrang+ & repres5t+ ! facts z to make !m accord ) ! cont5t ( t fai?4 7a7 ,! ,synoptic ,jesus4 ,( ! num]\s ,gospels :i* 7 /ill curr5t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 z is well kn[n1 only f\r h come d[n to u4 ,! o!rs 7 n embodi$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 & consequ5tly fell into oblivion4 ,( ^! at mo/ a few names & isolat$ & insignificant fragm5ts rema9 to u4 ,?us we "k ( a ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 ( ,?omas1 ( ,b>?olomew1 ,pet]1 ! twelve apo/les1 c4 ,( our f\r ,gospels1 two be> ! names ( apo/les & two ! names ( companions & pupils ( apo/les1 viz41 ,m>k & ,luke4 ,9 ?is1 ( c\rse1 x is 9 no way meant t !y 7 really writt5 by ^! p]sons4 ,accord+ to ,*ryso/om ^! names 7 fir/ assign$ to !m t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,& ! titles d n run3 ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 ( ,m>k1 & s on1 b accord+ to ,mat!w1 accord+ to ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john2 s t !y indicate at mo/ only ! p]sons or s*ools ^: p>ticul> conception ( ! ,gospel !y repres5t4 ,( ^! ,gospels1 aga91 t ( ,john ranks z ! late/4 ,x presupposes ! o!rs1 & %[s su* a dogmatic t5d5cy1 t x _c be consid]$ ! s\rce ( ! /ory4 ,( ! rema9+ ,gospels1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! simil>ity z to =m & matt] h be5 t]m$ ,synoptic 7i4e41 su* z mu/ be dealt ) 9 connection ) ea* o!r & ?us only give a real idea ( ! ,savi\r's p]sonality71 t ( ,m>k is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! olde/4 ,mat!w & ,luke rely on ,m>k1 & all ?ree1 accord+ to ! prevail+ view1 are indebt$ to a common ,aramaic s\rce1 :]e9 ,jesus' didactic s]mons are suppos$ to h be5 conta9$4 ,tradition po9ts to ,john ,m>k1 ! nephew ( ,b>nabas1 pupil ( ,pet]1 & ,paul's companion on 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney & lat] a %>] 9 ! captivity at ,rome1 z ! au?or ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k4 ,x is believ$ t ?is 0 writt5 %ortly aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7#gj7--;i4e41 at lea/ =ty ye>s aft] ,jesus' dea? 7674 ,?is tradition dep5ds ^u a note ( ! ,*ur* hi/orian ,eusebius 7d4 ab\t #cdj ,a4,d471 accord+ to :i* ,papias1 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis 9 ,asia ,m9or1 le>nt f ! eld] ,john t ,m>k _h set =? :at he _h he>d f ,pet]1 & :at ?is latt] _h 9 turn he>d f ! ,"l4 ,on acc\nt ( its indirect nature & ( ,eusebius' notori\s unreliability ?is note is n a v tru/wor?y "o1 #cge & belief 9 x %\ld disappe> 9 view ( ! fact t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k _h no idea ( ! spot :]e ,jesus is suppos$ to h liv$4 ,& yet ,m>k is suppos$ to h be5 born 9 ,j]usalem & to h be5 a mission>y6 ,z ,w]nle %[s 9 8 "w1 ,die ,quell5 des ,leb5s ,jesu1 ,m>k /&s q f> f ! life ( ,jesus bo? 9 "t & place7672 inde$1 he has no cle> idea ( ,jesus' do+s & c\rse ( life4 #cgf ,& ,wr$e confirms ?is 9 8 "w1 ,das ,messias-geheimnis 7#aija71 probably ! cle>e/ & deepe/ inquiry into ! fundam5tal problem ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k :i* we possess4 ,jesus is = ,m>k at once ! ,messiah & ! ,son ( ,god4 ,fai? 9 ?is dogma mu/ be ar\s$1 x mu/ be e/abli%$ & def5d$4 ,! :ole ,gospel is a def5ce4 ,m>k wi%es to lead all 8 read]s1 among :om he c\nts ! ,hea!ns & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 to ! recognition ( :at ! hea!n c5turion said1 ',truly ?is man 0 ! ,son ( ,god6' #cgg ,! :ole acc\nt is direct$ to ?is end4 #cgh ,m>k's ma9 pro( = ?is purpose is t ( miracles4 ,jesus' doctr9es are ) ,m>k ( s mu* less importance ?an 8 miracles1 t we nev] le>n exactly :at ,jesus prea*$4 ,consequ5tly ! hi/orical portrait is v obscure3 ,jesus' p]son is di/ort$ into ! grotesque & ! fanta/ic767 #cgi ,n only does ,m>k (t5 introduce 8 own ?\ght into ! tradition ab\t ,jesus1 & s prove p]fectly wrong1 & inde$ absurd1 ! view held1 = in/ance1 by ,w]nle1 t ,jesus _h int5tionally made use ( an obscure mann] ( spee* & _h spok5 9 p>ables & riddles s z n to be und]/ood by ! p2 #chj b also ! connection :i* he has e/abli%$ betwe5 ! acc\nts1 :i* _h fir/ gone f m\? to m\? = a long "t 9 isolation1 is a p]fectly disconnect$ & ext]nal "o4 ,at fir/ ! /ories report$ by ,m>k 7 totally disconnect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,!re is no evid5ce at all ( _! hav+ foll[$ ea* o!r 9 ! pres5t ord]7674 #cha ,s t only ! matt]1 n :at ,m>k made ( x1 is ( hi/orical value4 #chb ,s+le /ories1 disc\rses1 & phrases are b\nd into a :ole by ,m>k2 & (t5 en\gh x may be se5 t we h "h a tradition :i* 0 fir/ built up 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ianity long aft] ,jesus' dea?4 ,exp]i5ces 7 at fir/ gradually fa%ion$ into a /ory--& ! miracle-/ories may especially be reg>d$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 spite ( all ^! trimm+s & alt]ations1 & 9 spite ( ! fact t nei!r 9 ! words ( ,jesus nor 9 ! /ories is x = ! mo/ "p any long] possible to sep>ate ! actual f ! traditional1 :i* = =ty ye>s 0 n put into writ+--9 spite ( all ?is1 ! hi/orical value ( ! traditions giv5 u by ,m>k is v highly e/imat$4 ,= n only is ! g5]al impression ( p[]1 orig9ality1 & creation valuable1 :i* is giv5 9 ?is acc\nt ( ,m>k's1 b also !re are s _m individual phrases correspond+ to reality4 ,num]\s acc\nts1 mom5t>y pictures & rem>ks1 speak = !mselves4 ,! mode/y & +5u\sness7671 ! fre%ness & joy767 ) :i* ,m>k rec\nts all ?is1 %[ di/9ctly t he is "h ! report] ( a valid tradition1 & t he writes no?+ b :at eye-witnesses h told him7674 ,& s f9ally1 9 spite ( all1 ?is ,gospel rema9s an extraord9>ily valuable "w1 a collection ( old & g5u9e mat]ial1 :i* is loosely arrang$ & plac$ "u a few lead+ conceptions2 produc$ p]haps by t ,m>k :om ! ,new ,te/am5t kn[s1 & ( :om ,papias he>d f ! m\? ( ! eld] ,john4 #chc ,"o does n tru/ "o's eyes ) ?is /yle ( attempt+ to set up ,m>k z an ev5 half-cr$ible hi/orical s\rce4 ,?is attempt w rem9d u only too =cibly ( ,wr$e's ironical rem>ks :5 he is mak+ fun ( ! decisions z y l x t fl\ri% 9 ! /udy ( ,jesus' life4 ,?is /udy1 says ,wr$e1 suff]s f psy*ological sugge/ion1 & ?is is "o /yle ( hi/orical solution4 #chd ,"o believes t he c secure ?is1 ano!r t1 z ! hi/orical nucleus ( ! ,gospel2 b nei!r has objective pro(s = 8 ass]tions4 #che ,if we wi% to "w ) an hi/orical nucleus1 we mu/ really make c]ta9 ( a nucleus4 ,! :ole po9t is1 t 9 an anecdote or phrase some?+ is prov$1 :i* makes any o!r explanation ( ! matt] "u consid]ation improbable1 or at lea/ d\btful4 #chf ,x seems v que/ionable1 aft] 8 radical criticism ( ! hi/orical cr$ibility ( ,m>k's ,gospel1 t ,wr$e saw 9 x su* a hi/orical k]nel--?\gh ?is is suppos$ by ,w]nle to speak = itself4 ,moreov]1 ,wr$e's op9ion ( ! hi/orian ,m>k is n ess5tially diff]5t f ,w]nle's4 ,9 8 op9ion1 = example1 ,jesus' disciples1 z ! ,gospel portrays !m1 ) _! want ( intellig5ce bord]+ on idiocy1 _! folly1 & _! ambigu\s conduct z reg>ds _! ,ma/]1 are n real figures4 #chg ,he also conc$es1 z we h /at$1 t ,m>k _h no real idea ( ! hi/orical life ( ,jesus1 #chh ev5 if pallid fragm5ts767 ( su* an idea ent]$ into 8 sup]hi/orical fai?-conception4 ,! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 he says1 has 9 ?is s5se a place among ! hi/ories ( dogma4 #chi ,! belief t 9 x ! developm5t ( ,jesus' public life is /ill p]ceptible appe>s to be decay+4 #cij ,x w\ld inde$ be 9 ! highe/ degree desirable t su* a ,gospel 7 n ! olde/4 #cia ,?us1 !n1 does ,m>k /& z an hi/orical s\rce4 ,aft] ?is we c\ld h>dly hope to be mu* /r5g!n$ 9 our belief 9 ,jesus' hi/orical reality by ! o!r two ,synoptics4 ,( ^!1 ,luke's ,gospel mu/ h be5 writt51 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury1 by an unkn[n ,g5tile ,*ri/ian2 & ,mat!w's is n ! "w ( a s+le au?or1 b 0 produc$--& unmi/akably 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*--by v>i\s h&s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 #cib ,b n[ bo?1 z we h said1 are bas$ on ,m>k4 ,& ev5 if 9 _! repres5tations !y h atta9$ a c]ta9 peculi> value :i* is want+ 9 ,m>k--e4g41 a great] numb] ( ,jesus' p>ables & words--ev5 if !y h embelli%$ ! /ory ( 8 life by ! addition ( leg5d>y passages 7e4g41 ( ! hi/ory ( ! "t prec$+ ! ,savi\r1 ( _m additions to ! acc\nt ( ! ,passion & ,resurrection1 c471 ?is _c q e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,x is true t ,w]nle takes ! view t 9 ?is respect old traditions h be5 pres]v$ ) wond]ful fidelity by bo? ! ,evangeli/s2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he conc$es z to c]ta9 ( ,luke's acc\nts t ev5 if he _h us$ old traditions !y ne$ n h be5 z yet writt51 & c]ta9ly !y ne$ n h be5 hi/orically reliable4 ,x seems r peculi> :51 leav+ completely on "o side ! hi/orical value ( ! tradition1 he emphatically decl>es t ev5 su* a /rong int]e/1 z 9 8 op9ion ! ,evangeli/s _h 9 ! %ap+ & =mation ( _! acc\nt1 c\ld n 9 any way set aside ! wor? ( its ri* treasure ( p>ables & /ories1 ?r\gh :i* ,jesus himself 6 speaks to u ) fre%ness & orig9ality 7674 ,he also /rangely sums up at ! end1 t ! peculi> value ( bo? ,gospels1 9 spite ( _! v mix$ nature1 has claim en\gh on our gratitude7674 #cic ,?is surely is simply to make use ( ! ,gospels' lit]>y or o!r value 9 ! int]e/ ( ! belief 9 _! hi/orical cr$ibility4 ,b !re is /ill ! collection ( say+s1 t great au?ority on ! matt]1 f :i* all ! ,synoptics1 & especially ,luke & ,mat!w1 are suppos$ to h d]iv$ ! mat]ial = _! decl>ations ab\t ,jesus4 ,un=tunately ?is is to u a completely unkn[n quantity1 z we "k nei!r :at ?is great au?ority treats (1 nor ! arrangem5t ( ! matt] 9 x1 nor its text4 ,we c only say t ?is collection 0 writt5 9 ! ,aramaic tongue1 & ! arrangem5t ( its matt] 0 n app>5tly *ronological1 b accord+ to ! simil>ity ( its cont5ts4 ,aga91 x is d\btful :e!r ! collection 0 a s+le "w1 produc$ by "o individual2 or :e!r x _h _h a hi/ory be=e x came to ,luke & ,mat!w4 ,all ! same1 ! collection conta9s su* a valuable numb] ( ! ,"l's words1 t 9 all probability an eye-witness 0 its au?or 7674 #cid ,z = ! spee*es ( ,jesus con/ruct$ f x1 !y 7 nev] really made z spee*es by ,jesus1 b owe ! juxtaposition ( _! cont5ts entirely to ! h& ( ! compil]4 ,?us ! mu* admir$ ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is con/ruct$ by plac+ toge!r individual phrases ( ,jesus1 :i* belong to all p]iods ( 8 life1 p]haps made 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,! ideas runn+ ?r\gh x & connect+ ! p>ts are n ^? ( ,jesus1 b r ^? ( ! orig9al community2 nev]!less1 ! hi/orical value ( ^! spee*es is1 on ! :ole1 v great inde$4 ,toge!r ) ! ',"l's words' ( ,m>k !y give u ! true/ insight into ! _s ( ! ,gospel7674 #cie ,su* are ! au?orities = ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus6 ,if we survey all t rema9s ( ! ,gospels1 ?is does inde$ appe> q scanty1 or1 speak+ pla9ly1 pitiable4 ,w]nle consoles himself )1 ,if only x is c]ta9 & reliable4 ,yes1 if6 ,& if only x 0 able to give u an answ] to ! *ief "q3 ,:o 0 ,jesus8 #cif ,?is mu* is c]ta93 a ,life ( ,jesus _c be writt5 on ! basis ( ! te/imony be=e u4 ,probably all pres5t-day !ologians are agre$ on ?is po9t2 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t !m produc+ new essays on x1 at any rate = ! p1 ?us mak+ up = ! lack ( hi/orical reliability by edify+ effusions & rhetorical phrases4 ,!re is no lack ( valuable hi/orical matt]1 ( /ones = ! con/ruction ( ,jesus' life2 !y lie be=e u pl5tifully4 ,b ! plan = ! con/ruction is lo/ & completely irretrievable1 because ! olde/ disciples _h no occasion = su* an hi/orical connection1 b r claim$ ob$i5ce to ! isolat$ words & acts1 s f> z !y ar\s$ fai?4 ,b w\ld !y h be5 less fai?-ar\s+ if !y _h be5 arrang$ connect$ly1 w\ld ! cr$ibility ( ! acc\nts ( ,jesus h be5 dim9i%$ & n mu* r increas$1 if ! ,evangeli/s _h tak5 ! tr\ble to give u "s m in=mation z to ,jesus' real life8 ,z ?+s /& at pres5t1 h>dly two ev5ts are rec\nt$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ! ,gospels1 or ev5 9 ! same connection4 ,inde$1 ! diff]5ces & contradictions--& ?is n only z to unimportant ?+s1 su* z names1 times & places1 c4--are s great t ^! lit]>y docum5ts ( ,*ri/ianity c h>dly be surpass$ 9 confusion4 #cig ,b ev5 ?is is1 accord+ to ,w]nle1 n s great a pity1 if only we c discov] ) suffici5t cle>ness1 :at ,jesus' actions & wi%es 7 on important po9ts4 #cih ,un=tunately we are n 9 a position to d ev5 ?is4 ,= ! ultimate s\rce ( our in=mation1 :i* we arrive at 9 our exam9ation ( ! au?orities is completely unkn[n to u--! ,aramaic collection ( say+s1 & ^? v old traditions f :i* ,m>k is suppos$ to h d]iv$ 8 production1 glean+s ( :i* h be5 pres]v$ = u by ,luke & ,mat!w4 ,b ev5 if we knew ^! also1 we w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly n h come to ,jesus himself4 ,!y conta9 ! possibility ( dispute & misrepres5tation4 ,!y rec\nt 9 ! fir/ place ! fai? ( ! olde/ ,*ri/ians1 a fai? :i* arose 9 ! c\rse ( f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & moreov] *ang$ mu* 9 t "t4 #cii ,s t at mo/ we "k only ! fai? ( ! e>lie/ community4 ,we see h[ ?is community s\ght to make cle> to itself ?r\gh ,jesus its belief 9 ! ,resurrection1 h[ x s\ght to prove to itself & to o!rs ! div9e nature ( ,jesus by ! recital ( tales ( miracles & ! l4 ,:at ,jesus himself ?\ght1 :at he did1 :at he taught1 :at 8 life 01 &--might we say x8--:e!r he ev] liv$ at all--t is n to be le>nt f ! ,gospels1 &1 accord+ to all ! prec$+ discussion1 _c be settl$ f !m ) la/+ c]ta9ty4 ,( c\rse ! lib]al !ologian1 = :om ev]y?+ is compatible ) an hi/orical ,jesus1 has _m res\rces4 ,he expla9s t all ! =m] discussion has n t\*$ ! ma9 po9t1 & t ?is po9t is--,:at 0 ,jesus' attitude to ,god1 to ! _w1 & to mank9d8 ,:at answ] did he give to ! que/ions3 ,:at matt]s 9 ! eyes ( ,god8 & ,:at is religion8 ,?is %\ld indicate t ! solution ( ! problem is conta9$ 9 :at has prec$$1 & t ?is solution is unkn[n to u4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,w]nle kn[s x1 & exam9es x 9 ! cle> light ( day4 ,f 8 num]\s p>ables & s]mons & f c\ntless mom5t>y recollections x comes to u z cle>ly & di/9ctly z if ,jesus 7 our contempor>y 64 ,no man on e>? c say t x is ei!r unc]ta9 or obscure h[ ,jesus ?\ght on ?is po9t1 :i* is to u viz41 to ! lib]al !ologians ev5 at ! pres5t day ! *ief po9t4 ,& if ,*ri/ianity has =gott5 = a ?\s& ye>s :at its ,ma/] desir$ fir/ & be=e all1 to-day i4e41 aft] ! cle> solutions ( critical !ology x %9es on u once m f ! ,gospels z cle>ly & wond]fully1 z if ! sun 7 newly ris51 driv+ be=e its conqu]+ rays all ! phantoms & %ad[s ( night4 #djj ,& s ,w]nle himself1 to :om we owe ?is consol+ assurance1 has writt5 a "w1 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion 7#aija71 :i* is highly e/eem$ 9 !ological circles1 & 9 :i* he has giv5 a detail$ acc\nt1 9 a tone ( ov]:elm+ assurance1 ( ! inn]mo/ ?\ghts1 views1 words1 & tea*+s ( ,jesus & ( 8 foll[]s1 j z if he _h be5 actually pres5t4 ,we mu/ be c>eful ( our language4 ,^! are inde$ ! views ( a man :o mu/ be tak5 s]i\sly1 ) :om we h be5 deal+ above1 a %9+ light ( 8 sci5ce6 ,! (t5 cit$ "w on ,die ,quell5 des ,leb5s ,jesu belongs to ! s]ies ( ,popul> ,books on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 :i* conta9s ! qu9tess5ce ( pres5t-day !ological /udy1 & :i* is int5d$ = ! wide/ circles int]e/$ & in/ruct$ 9 religion4 ,we may suppose1 probably ) ju/ice1 t t "w expresses :at ! lib]al !ology ( our day wi%es ! memb]s ( ! community subject to x to "k & to believe4 ,or is x only t ! popul> books on ! hi/ory ( religion place ! intellectual /&>d ( _! read]s s l[ t !y ?9k !y c /r5g!n ! educat$ 9 _! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus by productions su* z ,w]nle's8 ,we consid] ! m sci5tifically elaborat$ works ( o!r important !ologians on ! same subject4 ,we ?9k ( ,beys*lag1 ,h>nack1 ,b]n>d ,weiss1 ( ,pfleid]]1 ,jli*]1 & ,holtzmann4 ,we consult ,b\sset1 :o def5d$ aga9/ ,kal?(f1 ) su* great det]m9ation & w>m?1 ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,ev]y:]e !re is ! same half-comic1 half-pa!tic drama3 on ! "o h& ! evangelical au?orities are depreciat$ & ! in=mation is criticis$ away to su* an ext5t t h>dly any?+ positive rema9s f x2 on ! o!r h& !re is a pa!tic en?usiasm = ! s-call$ hi/orical k]nel4 ,!n comes praise = ! s-call$ critical !ology & its c\rage\s tru?fulness1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ultimately consi/s only 9 decl>+ evid5t my?s & leg5ds to be su*4 ,?is 0 kn[n = a long "t previ\sly among ! unprejudic$4 ,!re usually foll[s a hymn to ,jesus ) ec/atic rais+ ( ! eyes1 z if all ! /atem5ts conc]n+ him 9 ! ,gospels /ill _h validity4 ,:at !n does ,hausra? say8--,to conceal ! miracul\s p>ts ( ! evangelical acc\nts & !n to give out ! re/ z hi/orical1 has n hi!rto pass$ z criticism4 #dja ,c we object to ,ca?olic !ology because x looks ) op5 pity on ! :ole ( ,prote/ant criticism1 & reproa*es x ) ! inconsi/5cy1 incomplet5ess1 & lack ( results1 :i* is ! m>k ( all its ef=ts to discov] ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 #djb ,is x n "r 9 rejoic+ at ! bl[ :i* ,prote/antism has su/a9$ & f :i* x mu/ necess>ily suff] ?r\gh all su* attempts at accept+ ! ,gospels z basis = a belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus8 ,c]ta9ly :at ,ca?olic !ologians br+ =w>d 9 fav\r ( ! hi/orical ,jesus is s completely devoid ( any criticism or ev5 ( any g5u9e desire to elucidate ! facts1 t x w\ld be do+ !m too mu* hon\r to make any m detail$ exam9ation ( _! works on ?is po9t4 ,= !m ! :ole problem has a v simple solution 9 ?is3 ! exi/5ce ( ! hi/orical ,jesus =ms ! unavoidable presupposition ( ! ,*ur*1 ev5 ?\gh e hi/orical fact %\ld regi/] its veto aga9/ x2 & z "o ( its writ]s has put x1 t is at bottom ! long-e/abli%$ & unanim\s view ( all our inquiries into ! subject "u discussion3 ,! hi/orical te/imony = ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospels is z old1 z ext5sive1 & z well e/abli%$ z x is = v few o!r books ( anci5t lit]ature 64 ,if we d n wi% to be inconsi/5t we _c "q _! au!nticity4 ,_! cr$ibility is beyond "q2 = _! au?ors 7 eye-witnesses ( ! ev5ts 6 relat$1 or !y ga9$ _! in=mation f su*2 !y 7 z compet5t judges 6 z m5 lov+ ! tru? c well be2 !y c\ld1 & 9 fact 7 oblig$ to speak ! tru?4 #djc ,h[ di/+ui%$1 z comp>$ ) ?is k9d ( !ologian1 ,kal?(f seems6 ,x is true t we are oblig$ to all[ = ! "o-sid$ness & insuffici5cy ( 8 positive work+ out ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( 8 attempt to expla9 x1 on ! basis ( ,m>k's h&l+ ( ! /ory1 purely on ! l9es ( social motives1 & to repres5t ,*ri/ z ! m]e reflection ( ! ,*ri/ian community & ( its exp]i5ces4 ,q c]ta9ly he is wrong 9 id5tify+ ! biblical ,pilate ) ,pl9y1 ! gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia "u ,trajan1 & 9 ! pro( bas$ on ?is2 & ?is because 9 all probability ,pl9y's lett] to ! ,emp]or is a lat] ,*ri/ian =g]y4 #djd ,b ,kal?(f is q "r 9 :at he says ab\t mod]n critical !ology & its hi/orical ,jesus4 ,! critical !ologians may ?9k !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ ?is emb>rass+ oppon5t z incompet5t1 or 9 ignor+ him on acc\nt ( ! mi/ak5 basis ( argum5t2 b all ! ef=ts made ) su* great p]sev]ance & p5etration by hi/orical !ologians to d]ive f ! au?orities be=e u pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a man ,jesus 9 ! traditional s5se h l$1 z ,kal?(f v ju/ly says1 to a purely negative conclusion4 ,! num]\s passages 9 ! ,gospels :i* ?is !ology1 9 ma9ta9+ its hi/orical ,jesus1 is oblig$ to place on "o side & pass ov]1 /& f a lit]>y po9t ( view exactly on ! same foot+ z ^? passages f :i* x con/ructs its hi/orical ,jesus2 & consequ5tly !y claim hi/orical value equal to ^! latt]4 ,! ,synoptic ,*ri/1 9 :om mod]n !ology ?9ks x f9ds ! *>act]i/ics ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 /&s n a hair's bread? ne>] to a human int]pretation ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ! ,*ri/ ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,:at ! ,epigones ( lib]al !ology ?9k !y c di/il f ?is ,synoptic ,*ri/ z hi/orical ess5ce has hi/orical value only z a monum5t ( ma/]ly sophi/ry1 :i* has produc$ its f9e/ examples 9 ! "n ( !ological sci5ce4 #dje ,hi/orical rese>* %\ld n h s long set ap>t f all o!r hi/ory t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity z ! special doma9 ( !ology & h&$ x ov] to *ur*m51 z if = ! decision ( ! que/ions on ?is po9t q special tal5t 0 necess>y--a tal5t f> beyond ! ord9>y sph]e ( sci5ce & "o :i* 0 only possess$ by ! ,*ur* !ologian4 ,! _w w\ld !n long s9ce h done ) ! :ole lit]ature ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,! s\rces :i* give in=mation ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity are ( su* a k9d t1 consid]+ ! pres5t /&>d ( hi/orical rese>*1 no hi/orian w\ld c>e to und]take an attempt to produce ! biography ( an hi/orical ,*ri/4 #djf ,!y are1 we c add1 ( su* a nature t a real hi/orian1 :o meets !m )\t a previ\s conviction or expectation t he w f9d an hi/orical ,jesus 9 x1 _c = a mom5t d\bt t he has "h to d ) religi\s fiction1 #djg ) my? 9 an hi/orical =m1 :i* does n ess5tially diff] f o!r my?s & leg5ds--su* z p]haps ! leg5d ( ,tell4 ,supplem5t3 ,jesus 9 ,secul> ,lit]ature4 ,!re seems to be b little hope ( consid]ably add+ to ! weight ( ! reasons 9 fav\r ( ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus by cit+ docum5ts ( secul> lit]ature4 ,z is well kn[n1 only two passages ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian ,josephus1 & "o 9 ea* ( ! ,roman hi/orians1 ,tacitus & ,suetonius1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,z = ! te/imony ( ,josephus 9 8 ,antiquities1 :i* 0 writt5 #ic ,a4,d41 ! fir/ passage 7viz41 xviii4 #c1 #c7 is s evid5tly an aft]-ins]tion ( a lat] age1 t ev5 ,roman ,ca?olic !ologians d n v5ture to decl>e x au!ntic1 ?\gh !y always attempt1 ) pitiful navet1 to support ! cr$ibility ( pre-,*ri/ian docum5ts ( ?is type4 #djh ,b ! o!r passage1 too 7xx4 #i1 #a71 :i* /ates t ,james 0 execut$ "u ! au?ority ( ! prie/ ,ananos 7,a4,d4 #fb71 & ref]s to him z ! ,bro!r ( ,jesus1 ! s-call$ ,*ri/1 9 ! op9ion ( em95t !ologians su* z ,cr$n]1 #dji ,s*r]1 #daj c41 mu/ be reg>d$ z a =g]y2 #daa b ev5 if its au!nticity 7 e/abli%$ x w\ld /ill prove no?+ 9 fav\r ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,=1 fir/1 x leaves x undecid$ :e!r a bodily relation%ip is indicat$ by ! ^w ,bro!r1 or :e!r1 z is mu* m likely1 ! ref]5ce is m]ely to a religi\s bro!rhood 7see above1 #agj sq474 ,secondly1 ! passage only ass]ts t !re 0 a man ( ! "n ( ,jesus :o 0 call$ ,*ri/1 & ?is is 9 no way extraord9>y 9 view ( ! fact t at ! "t ( ,josephus1 & f> into ! second c5tury1 _m gave !mselves out z ! expect$ ,messiah4 #dab ,! ,roman hi/orians' te/imony is 9 no bett] case ?an t ( ,josephus4 ,x is true t ,tacitus writes 9 8 ,annals 7xv4 #dd71 9 connection ) ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,n]o 7#fd71 t ! f\nd] ( ?is sect1 ,*ri/1 0 execut$ 9 ,tib]ius' reign by ! procurator ,pontius ,pilate2 & ,suetonius /ates 9 8 biography ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 *ap4 xxv41 t he drove out ( ,rome ! ,jews1 :o _h caus$ great di/urbances at ! in/igation ( ,*re/us4 ,:at does ?is prove8 ,are we s c]ta9 t ! passage cit$ f ,tacitus z to ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,n]o is n aft] all a lat] ins]tion & falsification ( ! orig9al text8 ,?is is inde$ ! case1 judg+ f ,ho*>t's spl5did & exhau/ive inquiry4 ,9 fact1 ev]y?+ po9ts to ! idea t ! fir/ p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :i* is previ\sly m5tion$ by no writ]s1 ei!r ,jewi% or hea!n1 is no?+ b ! product ( a ,*ri/ian's imag9ation 9 ! fif? c5tury4 #dac ,b let u admit ! au!nticity ( ,tacitus' ass]tion2 let u suppose also t by ,suetonius' ,*re/us is really meant ,*ri/ & n a popul> ,jewi% riot] ( t "n2 let u suppose t ! unre/ ( ! ,jews 0 n connect$ ) ! expectation ( ! ,messiah1 or t ! ,roman hi/orian1 9 8 ignorance ( ! ,jewi% dreams ( ! future1 did n imag9e a lead] ( ! "n ( ,*re/us4 #dad ,c writ]s ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 at :i* "t ! tradition 0 already =m$ & ,*ri/ianity _h made its appe>ance 9 ,hi/ory z a p[]1 be reg>d$ z indep5d5t au?orities = facts :i* are suppos$ to h tak5 place long be=e ! bir? ( ! ,tradition8 ,tacitus c at mo/ h he>d t ! ,*ri/ians 7 foll[]s ( a ,*ri/ :o 0 suppos$ to h be5 execut$ "u ,pontius ,pilate4 ,t 0 probably ev5 at t "t 9 ! ,gospels--& ne$ n1 !re=e1 be a real fact ( hi/ory4 ,& if x has be5 prov$1 accord+ to ,momms51 t ,tacitus took 8 mat]ial f ! protocols ( ! ,s5ate & imp]ial ar*ives1 !re has equally be51 on ! o!r h&1 a mo/ def9ite c\nt]-ass]tion t he nev] consult$ ^! au?orities4 #dae ,lately1 ,tacitus prov+ to be slightly inconsi/5t1 x has be5 usual to ref] to ,pl9y's lett] to ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 ass]t+ t ! hi/orical ,jesus is c]tifi$ to 9 ?is4 ,! lett] h+es on ! "q ( :at ,pl9y's attitude z ,gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia mu/ be to ! ,*ri/ians2 s t naturally ! ,*ri/ians are mu* spok5 (1 & once ev5 !re is m5tion ( ,*ri/1 ^: foll[]s s+ alt]nate hymns to him z to a ,god 7quasi deo74 ,b ,jesus z an hi/orical p]son is n once m5tion$ 9 ! :ole lett]2 & ,*ri/ 0 ev5 = ,paul a ,quasi-god1 a be+ fluctuat+ betwe5 man & ,god4 ,:at !n is prov$ by ! lett] ( ,pl9y z to ! hi/orical nature ( ,jesus8 ,x only proves ! lib]al !ologians' dilemma ov] ! :ole "q1 t !y ?9k !y c cite ^! witnesses aga9 & aga9 = /r5g!n+ ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus1 z1 e4g4 ,melhorn does 9 8 "w ,wahrheit und ,di*tung im ,leb5 ,jesu 79 ,aus ,natur und ,gei/eswelt1 #aijf71 try+ to make x appe> t ^! witnesses are 9 any way wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,joh4 ,weiss also--accord+ to ! newspap] acc\nt--9 8 lecture on ,*ri/ 9 ! ,b]l9 vacation-c\rse ( ,m>*1 #aiaj1 confess$ t /atem5ts f secul> lit]ature z to ! hi/orical nature ( ,jesus :i* are absolutely free ( objection are v f> f hav+ be5 au!nticat$4 ,ev5 an or?odox !ologian l ,kropats*eck writes 9 ! ,kreuzzeitung 7,april #g1 #aiaj73 ,x is well kn[n t ! non-,*ri/ian writ]s 9 a v /rik+ way ignore ! appe>+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! few small notices 9 ,tacitus1 ,suetonius1 c41 are easily enum]at$4 ,?\gh we date our *ronology f him1 8 adv5t made no impression at all on ! great hi/orians ( 8 age4 ,! ,talmud gives a ho/ile c>icature ( 8 adv5t :i* has no hi/orical value4 ,! ,jewi% hi/orian1 ,flavius ,josephus1 f :om we might h expect$ in=mation ( ! fir/ rank1 is absolutely sil5t4 ,we are ref]r$ to our ,gospels1 z ,paul also says little ( ! life ( ,jesus2 & we c und]/& h[ x is t attempts are always be+ made to remove him1 z an hi/orical p]son1 f ! pa/4 ,! objection to ?is1 t ! secul> writ]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y give no positive te/imony = ,jesus' hi/orical exi/5ce1 h nev] br\ght x 9 "q1 is ( v little /r5g?4 ,= ! writ+s consid]$ 9 x1 viz41 ,ju/9's conv]sation ) ! ,jew ,trypho1 z well z ! polemical "w ( ,celsus aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 bo? belong to ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury1 :ile ! passages 9 ! ,talmud ref]r$ to are probably ( a lat] date1 & all ^! passages are m]ely bas$ on ! tradition4 ,s t ?is pro( f sil5ce is 9 reality no pro(4 ,x is1 r1 necess>y to expla9 :y ! :ole ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ap>t f ! ,gospels1 seems to "k no?+ ( ,jesus z an hi/orical p]sonality4 ,! ,fr5*man ,ho*>t ridicules ! !ological attitude3 ,x seems t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 lose a "p ( _! brilliant "* 9 ! /udy ( m>tyrology4 ,let u leave x to ,g]man !ologians to /udy hi/ory 9 _! way4 ,we ,fr5*m5 wi% ?r\gh\t our inquiries to pres]ve our cle>ness ( m9d & heal?y common-s5se4 ,let u n inv5t new leg5ds ab\t ,n]o3 !re are really too _m already4 #daf 7b7 ,! ,objections aga9/ a ,d5ial ( ! ,hi/oricity ( ! ,synoptic ,jesus4 ,!re ! matt] ends3 we "k no?+ ( ,jesus1 ( an hi/orical p]sonality ( t "n to :om ! ev5ts & spee*es record$ 9 ! ,gospels ref]4 ,9 default ( any hi/orical c]ta9ty ! "n ( ,jesus has become = ,prote/ant !ology an empty vessel1 into :i* t !ology p\rs ! cont5t ( its own m$itations4 #dag ,& if !re is any excuse = ?is1 x is t t "n has nev] at any "t be5 any?+ b su* an empty vessel3 ,jesus1 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,deliv]]1 ,savi\r1 ,physician ( oppress$ s\ls1 has be5 f fir/ to la/ a figure borr[$ f my?1 to :om ! desire = r$emption & ! nave fai? ( ! ,we/]n ,asiatic peoples h transf]r$ all _! conceptions ( ! s\l's welf>e4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is ,jesus 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics _h be5 det]m9$ ev5 be=e ! evangelical ,jesus4 ,ev5 ,we9el1 "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s & en?usia/ic adh]5ts ( ! mod]n ,jesus-wor%ip1 confesses t ,*ri/ology 0 almo/ complet$ be=e ,jesus came on e>?4 #dah ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 m]ely ! g5]al frame & outl9es ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus :i* _h be5 det]m9$ 9 ! ,messiah-fai?1 9 ! idea ( a div9e _s s5t f ,god1 ( ! ,son ( ,man ( ,daniel & ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptics1 c41 n m]ely t ?is vague idea 0 fill$ out ) new cont5t ?r\gh ! ,r$eem]-wor%ip ( ! neighb\r+ hea!n peoples4 ,besides ?is1 _m ( ! individual traits ( ! ,jesus-figure 7 pres5t1 "s 9 hea!n my?ology1 "s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & !y 7 tak5 !nce & work$ into ! evangelical repres5tation4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! /ory ( ! twelve-ye> old ,jesus 9 ! ,temple4 ,:o w\ld h inv5t$ ?is /ory8 asks ,j]emias4 ,nev]!less1 he ?9ks x probable t 9 ?is ,luke 0 ?9k+ ( ,philo's description ( ! life ( ,moses2 he calls to m9d t ,plut>* gives u a q simil> /atem5t conc]n+ ,alex&]1 ^: life 0 consci\sly decorat$ ) all ! traits ( ! ,ori5tal ,k+-r$eem]4 #dai ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! acc\nt comes f a ,buddhi/ orig94 ,! acc\nt ( ! temptation ( ,jesus also s\nds v mu* l ! temptation ( ,buddha1 s f> z x is n d]iv$ f ! temptation ( ,z>a?u/ra by ,ahriman #dbj or ! temptation ( ,moses by ! devil1 ( :i* ! ,rabbis told1 #dba :ile ,jesus is said to h ent]$ ^u 8 m9i/ry 9 8 ?irtie? ye>1 #dbb because at t age ! ,levite 0 fitt$ = 8 sacr$ (fice4 #dbc ,till !n 7i4e41 till 8 baptism7 we le>n no?+ ( ,jesus' life4 ,simil>ly ,isa4 liii4 #b1 jumps f ! e>ly y\? ( ! ,s]vant ( ,god 7,he grew up z a t5d] plant1 z a root out ( a dry gr\nd3 he ha? no =m nor comel9ess1 is despis$ & reject$ ( m57 /raight to 8 passion & dea?2 :ile ! ,gospels attempt to fill 9 ! int]val f ,jesus' baptism up to 8 passion by pa9t+ 9 fur!r s-call$ ,messianic passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,words ( ,jesus4 ,we "k h[ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians lik$ to r$iscov] _! fai? 9 ! ,scriptures & see x pr$ict$1 & ) :at zeal !y consequ5tly /udi$ ! ,old ,te/am5t & alt]$ ! hi/ory ( _! ,jesus to make x agree ) ^? pr$ictions1 ?us r5d]+ x valuable z corroboration ( _! own notions4 ,9 ?is connection x has be5 %[n above h[ ! ride ( ! be>dless "o influ5c$ ! collection ( ! tribute & 8 direct attack on ! %opkeep]s & money-*ang]s 9 ! evangelical acc\nt ( ,jesus' adv5t to ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 #dbd ,b ! m detail$ developm5t ( ?is sc5e is det]m9$ by ,ze*4 ix4 #i1 ,mal4 iii4 #a-c1 & ,isa4 i4 #aj sqq41 & ! words plac$ 9 ,jesus' m\? on ?is occasion are tak5 f ,isa4 lvi4 #g & ,j]4 vii4 #a sqq41 s t ?is mo/ important ev5t 9 ,jesus' life c lay no claim to hi/orical actuality4 #dbe ,& aga9 ! acc\nt ( ! betrayal1 ( ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 & ( ,judas' dea?1 h _! s\rce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 viz41 9 ! betrayal & dea? ( ,ahitophel4 #dbf ,to :at ext5t 9 p>ticul> ! figures ( ,moses1 ) ref]5ce to ,deut4 xviii4 #ae & xxxiv4 #aj1 ( ,jo%ua1 ( ,elijah & ,eli%a1 influ5c$ ! portrayal ( ! evangelical ,jesus has also be5 trac$ ev5 by ! !ological p>ty4 #dbg ,jesus has to beg9 8 activities ?r\gh baptism 9 ! ,jordan1 because ,moses _h begun 8 lead]%ip ( ,israel ) ! passage ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea & ,jo%ua at ! "t ( ! ,passov] l$ ! p ?r\gh ! ,jordan1 & ?is passage 7( ! sun ?r\gh ! wat]y regions ( ! sky7 0 reg>d$ z baptism4 #dbh ,he has to walk on ! wat]1 ev5 z ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 & ,elias walk$ dry%od ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,he has to awak5 ! dead1 l ,elijah2 #dbi to surr\nd himself ) twelve or sev5ty disciples & apo/les1 j z ,moses _h surr\nd$ himself ) twelve *iefs ( ! p & sev5ty eld]s1 & z ,jo%ua _h *os5 twelve assi/ants at ! passage ( ! ,jordan2 #dcj he has to be transfigur$1 #dca & to asc5d into heav5 l ,moses #dcb & ,elijah4 #dcc ,elijah 7,eli-s*a7 & ,jeho-s*ua 7,jo%ua1 ,jesus7 agree ev5 9 _! names1 s t on ?is gr\nd alone x w\ld n h be5 /range if ! ,prophet ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h s]v$ z prototype ( 8 evangelical namesake4 #dcd ,n[ ,jesus places himself 9 _m ways above ! ,mosaic ,law1 especially above ! comm&s z to food1 #dce & 9 ?is at lea/ "o might f9d a trait answ]+ to reality4 ,b 9 ! ,rabb9ical writ+s we f9d3 ,x is writt51 #dcf ! ,"l sets loose t :i* is b\nd2 = e creature t passes z unclean 9 ?is _w1 ! ,"l w pron\nce clean 9 ! next4 #dcg ,s t simil>ly ! disposition ( ! ,law belongs to ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ,messiah1 & _c be hi/orical ( ,jesus1 because if x 7 ! attitude ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians to ,paul on acc\nt ( 8 disposition ( ! ,law w\ld be incompreh5sible4 #dch ,! contr>y attitude1 :i* is likewise repres5t$ by ,jesus1 #dci 0 already =ese5 9 ! ,messianic expectation4 ,= :ile "s hop$ = a light5+ & am5dm5t ( ! ,law by ! ,messiah1 o!rs ?\ght ( its aggravation & completion4 ,9 ,micah iv4 #e ! ,messiah 0 to ex]t 8 activity1 n m]ely among ! ,jews1 b also among ! ,g5tiles1 & ! welf>e ( ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah 0 to ext5d also to ! latt]4 ,accord+ to ,isaiah lx4 & ,ze*>iah xiv41 on ! contr>y1 ! ,g5tiles 7 to be subject$ & br\ght to no?+1 & only ! ,jews 7 wor?y ( p>ticipation 9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,= t reason ,jesus _h to decl>e himself ) l det]m9ation = bo? conceptions1 #ddj )\t any attempt be+ made to reconcile ! contradiction conta9$ 9 ?is4 #dda ,t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 7 call$ ,joseph & ,m>y1 & t 8 fa!r 0 a c>p5t]1 7 det]m9$ by tradition1 j z ! "n ( 8 bir?place1 ,naz>e?1 0 occasion$ by ! "n ( a sect 7,naz>aios ,protector71 or by ! fact t "o sect hon\r$ ! ,messiah z a bran* ( ! root ( ,jesse 7naz> ,isai74 #ddb ,x 0 a ,messianic tradition t he began 8 activity 9 ,galilee & w&]$ ab\t z ,physician1 ,savi\r1 ,r$eem]1 & ,prophet1 z m$iator ( ! union ( ,israel1 & z "o :o br\ght light to ! ,g5tiles1 n z an impetu\s oppressor full ( inconsid]ate /r5g?1 b z "o :o assum$ a lov+ t5d]ness = ! weak & despair+4 #ddc ,he heals ! sick1 com=ts ! afflict$1 & proclaims to ! poor ! ,gospel ( ! ne>ness ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,t is connect$ ) ! w&]+ ( ! sun ?r\gh ! twelve ,signs ( ! ,zodiac 7,galil circle71 & is bas$ on ,isa4 xxxv4 #e sqq41 xlii4 #a-g1 xlix4 #i sqq41 z well z on ,isa4 lxi4 #a1 a passage :i* ,jesus himself1 accord+ to ,luke iv4 #af sqq41 began 8 tea*+ 9 ,naz>e? by expla9+4 #ddd ,he _h to meet ) opposition 9 8 "w ( salvation1 & nev]!less endure pati5tly1 because ( ,isa4 #a4 #e4 ,naturally ,jesus1 beh9d ^: human nature 0 conceal$ a ,god1 & to :om ! pilgrim ,savi\r ,jason correspond$1 #dde 0 oblig$ to reveal 8 true nature by miracul\s heal+1 & c\ld n take a subord9ate place 9 ?is reg>d among ! cognate hea!n ,god-r$eem]s4 ,at mo/ we may wond] t ev5 9 ?is ! ,old ,te/am5t _h to /& #ddf z a model1 & t ,jesus' do+s nev] surpass ^? :i* ! hea!ns praise 9 _! gods & h]oes1 e4g41 ,asclepius4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ,tacitus #ddg ev5 ! ,emp]or ,vespasian accompli%$ su* miracles at ,alex&ria1 :]e1 on be+ p]si/5tly press$ by ! p1 he heal$ bo? a lame man & a bl9d1 & ?is almo/ 9 ! same way z ,jesus did1 by moi/5+ _! eyes & *eeks ) spittle2 :i* in=mation is corroborat$ also by ,suetonius #ddh & ,dio ,cassius4 #ddi ,b ! mo/ m>vell\s ?+ is t ! miracles ( ,jesus h be5 f\nd wor? m5tion+ by ! critical !ology1 & t !re is an e>ne/ se>* = an hi/orical nucleus1 :i* might probably und]lie !m4 ,all ! individual *>act]i/ics cit$ above are1 h[ev]1 unimportant 9 comp>ison ) ! acc\nt ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ( ! ,passion1 dea? 7on ! cross71 & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,& yet :at is giv5 u on ^! po9ts is q c]ta9ly unhi/orical2 ^! p>ts ( ! ,gospels owe _! orig91 z we h /at$1 m]ely to cult-symbolism & to ! my? ( ! dy+ & ris+ div9e ,savi\r ( ! ,we/]n ,asiatic religions4 ,no g5ius 0 necess>y = _! inv5tion1 z ev]y?+ 0 giv53 ! d]ision1 #dej ! flagellation1 bo? ! ?ieves1 ! cry+ out on ! cross1 ! sponge ) v9eg> 7,psa4 lxix4 #bb71 ! pi]c+ ) a lance1 #dea ! soldi]s ca/+ dice = ! dead man's g>m5ts1 also ! wom5 at ! place ( execution & at ! grave1 ! grave 9 a rock1 are f\nd 9 j ! same =m 9 ! wor%ip ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,mi?ras1 & ,osiris4 ,ev5 ! ,savi\r c>ry+ 8 cross is copi$ f ,h]cules 7,simon ( ,cyr5e71 #deb be>+ ! pill>s crosswise1 z well z f ! /ory ( ,isaac1 :o c>ri$ 8 own wood to ! alt> on :i* he 0 to be sacrific$4 #dec ,b :]e ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels h really f\nd some?+ new1 e4g41 9 ! acc\nt ( ,jesus' trial1 ( ! ,roman & ,jewi% proc$ure1 !y h work$ x out 9 su* an ignorant way1 & to "o :o kn[s some?+ ab\t x betray s significantly ! purely fictiti\s nature ( _! acc\nt1 t "h really !re is no?+ to wond] at except p]haps ! navet ( ^? :o /ill consid] t acc\nt hi/orical1 & pique !mselves a little on _! hi/orical exactness & sci5tific me?od4 #ded ,is n ,rob]tson p]haps "r aft] all 9 consid]+ ! :ole /atem5t ( ! la/ fate ( ,jesus to be ! rewrit+ ( a dramatic ,my/]y-play1 :i* among ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians ( ! l>g] cities foll[$ ! sacram5tal meal on ,ea/] ,day8 ,we "k :at a great rle 0 play$ by dramatic repres5tations 9 num]\s cults ( antiquity1 & h[ !y came into especial use 9 connection ) ! v5]ation ( ! suff]+ & ris+ ,god-r$eem]s4 ,?us 9 ,egypt ! passion1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,osiris & ! bir? ( ,horus2 at ,eleusis ! se>*+ & lam5tation ( ,demet] = h] lo/ ,p]sephone & ! bir? ( ,iac*us2 at ,l]n 9 ,argolis & _m o!r places ! fate ( ,dionysus 7,zagreus72 9 ,sicyon ! suff]+ ( ,adra/os1 :o ?rew himself on to ! fun]al pyre ( 8 fa!r ,h]cules2 at ,amycl ! pass+ away ( ,nature & its new life 9 ! fate ( ,hyac9?3 ^! 7 celebrat$ 9 fe/al pageants & sc5ic repres5tations1 to say no?+ ( ! fea/s ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,mi?ras1 ,attis1 & ,adonis4 ,c]ta9ly ,mat!w's acc\nt1 xx4-xxviii4 7) ! exception ( v]ses #aa-ae 9 ! la/ *apt]71 ) its connect$ sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 :i* c\ld n possibly h actually foll[$ ea* o!r l ?is--,supp]1 ,ge?semane1 betrayal1 passion1 ,pet]'s d5ial1 ! crucifixion1 burial1 & resurrection--?r\gh\t gives "o ! impression ( a *a9 ( isolat$ dramatic sc5es4 ,& ! close ( ! ,gospel agrees v well ) ?is conception1 = ! p>t+ words & exhortations ( ,jesus to 8 p are a v suitable end+ to a drama4 #dee ,if we all[ ?is1 an explanation is giv5 ( ! cle>ness :i* is s g5]ally prais$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,gospels by ! !ologians & _! foll[+1 & :i* _m ?9k suffici5t by itself to prove ! hi/orical nature ( ! ,synoptic repres5tation ( ,jesus4 ,( c\rse1 ,wr$e has already w>n$ u n too ha/ily to consid] cle>ness a sign ( hi/orical tru?4 ,a writ+ may h a v second>y1 ev5 apocryphal "*1 & yet %[ mu* cle>ness4 ,! "q always is h[ ?is 0 obta9$4 #def ,w]nle & ,wr$e q agree t at lea/ 9 ,m>k's production ! cle>ness is ( no acc\nt at all1 :ile cle>ness 9 ! o!r ,gospels is f\nd j 9 ^? p>ts :i* admitt$ly belong to ! sph]e ( leg5d4 ,& h[ cle>ly & concretely d n our au?ors ( ! v>i\s ,lives ( ,jesus1 n to m5tion ,r5an1 or our m9i/]s 9 ! pulpits describe ! ev5ts ( ! ,gospels1 ) h[ _m small & attractive traits d !y n decorate ^! ev5ts1 9 ord] t !y %\ld h a great] effect on _! li/5]s6 ,?is k9d ( cle>ness & p]sonal /amp is really no?+ b a matt] ( ! lit]>y skill & imag9ation ( ! au?ors 9 "q4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & n m]ely ! hi/orical writ+s1 are also full ( a mo/ cle> ability = n>ration & ( mo/ individual *>act]i/ics1 :i* prove h[ mu* ! ,rabb9ical writ]s 9 ,pale/9e knew ( ?is side ( lit]>y activity4 ,or is any?+ want+ to ! cle>ness & individual *>act]isation1 to :i* ,kal?(f also has allud$1 ( ! t\*+ /ory ( ,ru?2 ( ! picture ( ! prophet ,jonah1 ( ,judi?1 ,e/h]1 ,job1 c8 ,& !n ! /ories ( ! patri>*s--! pi\s ,abraham1 ! good-natur$1 n>r[-m9d$ ,esau1 ! cunn+ ,jacob1 & _! respective wives--or1 to take "o case1 h[ cle> is n ! meet+ ( ,abraham's s]vant ) ,rebecca at ! well6 #deg ,or let u consid] ,moses1 ,elijah1 ,samson--great figures :o 9 _! mo/ ess5tial traits demon/rably belong to my? & religi\s fable6 ,if 9 prea*+ our m9i/]s c g s vividly into ! details ( ! /ory ( ! ,savi\r t f\nta9s ( poetry are op5$ & !re /ream =? f _! lips cle> acc\nts ( ,jesus' goodness ( he>t1 ( 8 h]oic greatness1 & ( 8 read9ess = ! sacrifice1 h[ mu* m w\ld ?is h be5 s at fir/ 9 ! ,*ri/ian community1 :5 ! new religion 0 /ill 9 its y\?1 :5 ! fai? 9 ! ,messiah 0 z yet unweak5$ by sceptical d\bts1 & :5 ! he>t ( man 0 /ill fill$ ) ! desire = imm$iate & f9al r$emption8 ,& ev5 if we are confront$ ) a ho/ ( m9or traits1 :i* _c s easily be acc\nt$ = by religi\s motives & poetic imag9ation1 mu/ ^! all ref] to ! same real p]sonality8 ,may !y n be bas$ on ev5ts :i* are v f> f be+ necess>ily exp]i5ces ( ! lib]al !ology's hi/orical ,jesus8 ,ev5 ,edw>d v4 ,h>tmann1 :o is g5]ally cont5t to adh]e to ! hi/orical ,jesus1 sugge/s ! possibility t sev]al hi/orical p]sonages1 :o liv$ at q diff]5t times1 h contribut$ concrete individual *>act]i/ics to ! picture ( ,jesus4 #deh ,!re is a great deal ( talk ab\t ! un9v5table 9 ! evangelical repres5tation4 ,von ,sod5 ev5 goes s f> z to base 8 *ief pro( = ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus on ?is individuality t _c be inv5t$4 #dei ,z if !re 0 any su* ?+ z :at _c be inv5t$ = m5 ) imag9ation6 ,& z if all ! significant details ( ,jesus' life 7 n inv5t$ on ! l9es ( ! s-call$ ,messianic passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 hea!n my?ology1 & 9 ! import$ conceptions ( ! ,messiah6 ,! "p t is pr(ess$ly un9v5table %r9ks cont9u\sly ! m assidu\sly criticism busies itself ) ! ,gospels2 & ! ^w c at pres5t apply only to side-issues & matt]s ( no importance4 ,we are inde$ fac$ ) ! /range fact1 t all ! ess5tial "p ( ! ,gospels1 ev]y?+ :i* is ( importance = religi\s fai?1 su* z especially ! passion1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,jesus1 is demon/rably inv5t$ & my?ical2 b su* p>ts z c at be/ only be hi/orical because ( _! suppos$ un9v5table nature are ( no importance = ! "* ( ! ,gospel repres5tation6 ,n[1 x has be5 %[n t ! ,gospel picture ( ,jesus is n )\t defici5cies4 ,we may see a pro( #dfj ( ! hi/orical nature ( ! ev5ts ref]r$ to 9 small traits1 z1 = example1 9 ,jesus' tempor>y inability to p]=m miracles1 #dfa ! circum/ance t he is n repres5t$ z omnisci5t1 #dfb ! attitude ( 8 relatives to him4 #dfc ,s ! !ologian ,s*mi$el set up fir/ five & !n n9e passages z cle>ly cr$ible1 & pron\nc$ ^! to be ! basis ( a really sci5tific k ( ,jesus4 ,! passages are ,m>k x4 #ag sqq4 7,:y calle/ ?\ me good871 ,matt4 xii4 #ca sqq4 7,! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ %all n be =giv571 ,m>k iii4 #ba 7,he is beside himself71 ,m>k xiii4 #cb 7,b ! day & ! h\r is kn[n to no man71 ,m>k xv4 #bd 7,my ,god1 :y has ?\ =sak5 me871 ,m>k vi4 #e 7,& he c\ld !re d no mighty "w71 ,m>k viii4 #ab 7,!re %all no sign be giv5 unto ?is g5]ation71 ,m>k viii4 #ad-ba 7,reproa*+ ! disciples on ! occasion ( ! lack ( bread71 ,matt4 xi4 #e 7,! bl9d see1 ! lame walk74 ,all ^! bases evid5tly h a firm support only on ! supposition t ! ,gospels are meant to pa9t a /a9less ideal1 a ,god1 t !y are at mo/ b a conception1 su*1 p]haps1 z has be5 set up by ,bruno ,bau]4 ,b !y are useless f ! po9t ( view int5d$1 z portray+ a man4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,evangeli/s' int5tion 0 to pa9t ! cele/ial ,*ri/ ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ! ,god-man1 ! ab/ract _s-be+1 z a completely real man = ! eyes ( ! fai?ful1 to place him on ! gr\nd ( hi/orical reality1 & s to treat s]i\sly ,paul's idea ( humanity1 !y 7 oblig$ to give him also human *>act]i/ics4 ,& ^! c\ld be ei!r inv5t$ afre% or tak5 f ! actual life ( hon\r$ tea*]s1 9 :i* ! fact is ackn[l$g$ t1 ev5 = ! noble/ & be/ ( m51 !re are h\rs ( despair & grief1 t ! prophet is wor? no?+ 9 8 own fa!rl&1 or is ev5 unkn[n to 8 ne>e/ relatives4 ,ev5 ! prophet ,elijah1 ! ,old ,te/am5t precursor ( ! ,messiah1 :o has 9 _m ways det]m9$ ! picture ( ,jesus1 is said to h _h mom5ts ( despair 9 :i* he want$ to die1 till ,god /r5g!n$ him anew to ! fulfilm5t ( 8 vocation4 #dfd ,moreov]1 ,m>k x4 #ag 0 a commonplace 9 all anci5t philosophy f ! "t ( ,plato1 & ga9$ t =m by an alt]ation ( ! orig9al text 7,a4 ,pott1 ,d] ,text des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts na* se9] ges*4 ,entwicklung 9 ,aus ,natur und ,gei/eswelt1 #aijf1 p4 #fc1 sq472 ,m>k xiv4 #bd is tak5 f ! #bbnd ,psalm1 :i* has also 9 o!r respects det]m9$ ! details ( ! acc\nt ( ! crucifixion4 ,m>k iii4 #ba is1 z ,s*lei]ma*] %[$ & ,/rauss corroborat$1 a pure inv5tion ( ! ,evangeli/1 ! words ( ! ,ph>isees be+ put into _! m\?s1 z _! op9ion1 9 ord] to expla9 ,jesus' answ] by ! ass]tion ( 8 k9%ip 7,/rauss1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 i4 #fib2 cf4 also ,psa4 lix4 #a3 ,i am become a /rang] unto my bre?r51 & an ali5 unto my "m's *ildr574 ,matt4 xi4 #e is bas$ on ,isaiah xxxv4 #e1 xlii4 #g1 xlix4 #i1 lxi4 #a1 :i* runs 9 ! ,septuag9t3 ,! _s ( ! ,"l is ^u me2 because ! ,"l ha? ano9t$ me to prea* good tid+s unto ! poor2 he ha? s5t me to b9d up ! brok5-he>t$1 to proclaim lib]ty to ! captives1 & to ! bl9d ! op5+ ( _! eyes2 to proclaim ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l1 & ! day ( v5geance ( our ,god2 to com=t all t m\rn4 #dfe ,s*mi$el's n9e bases consequ5tly are at mo/ te/imony to a lo/ glory2 b ! con/ruction ( a really sci5tific life ( ,jesus _c possibly arise f !m4 #dff ,cle>ness ( exposition1 !n1 c nev] af=d a pro( ( ! hi/orical nature ( ! matt] conc]n$4 ,& h[ easily is n ?is cle>ness import$ by u into ! evangelical in=mation6 ,we are br\ght up 9 ! atmosph]e ( ^! tales1 & c>ry ab\t ) u1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+ ,*ri/ianity1 an imag9>y picture ( !m1 :i* we unwitt+ly introduce into our read+ ( ! ,gospels4 ,& h[ subjective & dep5d5t on ! read]'s ta/e ! impression ( cle>ness giv5 by ! ,gospel picture ( ,jesus is1 to :at a great ext5t p]sonal pr$ilections come 91 is evid5c$ by ?is fact1 t a ,voll]s c\ld n discov] 9 ! ,gospels any real man ( fle% & blood1 b only a %ad[y image1 :i* he analys$ into a ?aumaturgical 7! miracle-work]7 & a sot]iological 7! ,savi\r7 "p4 #dfg ,9 opposition to ! ef=ts ( ! hi/orical !ology to give ,jesus a unique position above t ( all o!r f\nd]s ( religions1 ,voll]s ju/ly rem>ks h[ difficult x mu/ be = ! purely hi/orical treatm5t to recognise ^! & simil> ass]tions4 ,! improbability1 n to say impossibility1 ( ! sot]iological picture is too obvi\s4 ,at bottom ?is picture ( critical !ology is no?+ b ! contempor>y trans=mation ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s ideal man2 :at mu/ h a hundr$ ye>s ago appe>$ compreh5sible z ! product ( a ref9$ ,moravianism1 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 is n[adays a m]e avoidance ( an op5 & hon\rable analysis f ! po9t ( view t prevails outside ( !ology1 & is pr9cipally kn[n 9 ! sph]es ( ,nature & ( ,hi/ory4 ,:o w\ld d5y t ! tone ( ! cate*ism & ( ! pulpit1 t full-s\nd+ words ( _m mean+s1 ev5 ! concealm5t & gloss+ ov] ( unpleasant admissions1 play a "p 9 ?is sph]e su* z !y c\ld nev] h 9 9 any o!r sci5ce8 ,we are !n r$uc$ to ! individual maxims & s]mons ( ,jesus4 ,^! mu/ be prov$ to be intelligible only z ! p]sonal exp]i5ces & ?\ghts ( "o supreme individual4 ,un=tunately j ?is1 z has already be5 prov$1 seems peculi>ly d\btful4 ,z = ,jesus' s]mons1 we h already und]/ood f ,w]nle t !y 7 9 any case n receiv$ f ,jesus 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 b 7 subsequ5tly compil$ by ! ,evangeli/s f isolat$ & occasional maxims ( 84 #dfh ,^! s+le phrases & occasional utt]ances ( ,jesus are suppos$ to h be5 tak5 9 ! la/ resort p>tly f oral tradition1 p>tly f ! ,aramaic collection--t great s\rce ( ,w]nle's--:i* 0 translat$ into ,greek by ! ,gospels4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is s\rce has be5 e/abli%$ only v indirectly1 & we "k absolutely no?+ m ( x4 ,b x is self-evid5t t ev5 9 ! translation f "o language into ano!r mu* ( ! orig9ality ( ^? words ( ! ,"l mu/ h be5 lo/2 &1 z may be %[n1 ! diff]5t ,evangeli/s h translat$ ! same words q diff]5tly4 ,:e!r x w be possible to recon/ruct ! orig9al "w1 z critical !ology is /riv+ to d1 f ! mat]ial be=e u1 seems v que/ionable4 ,& we are giv5 no gu>antee t we h to d ) actual words ( ! ,"l z !y 7 conta9$ 9 ! ,aramaic collection4 ,ev5 if ! ,evangeli/ is suppos$ to h express$ ! orig9al mean+1 :at is to assure u t ?is phrase 0 spok5 by ,jesus j 9 ?is way1 & n 9 o!r connections1 if ev5 ! phrases 7 tak5 d[n z soon z utt]$8 ,b ?is is admitt$ly suppos$ n to h occurr$ till aft] ,jesus' dea?1 aft] 8 ,messianic significance 0 cle>ly recognis$1 & aft] p 7 mak+ ef=ts to g back 9 memory to ! ,ma/]'s figure & pres]ve ( 8 say+s any t 7 s]viceable4 ,b\sset1 inde$1 9 8 "w1 ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8--:i* 0 direct$ aga9/ ,kal?(f--has ref]r$ to ! good ,ori5tal memory ( ! disciples4 ,all :o "k ! ,ea/ f p]sonal exp]i5ce are 9 tol]able agreem5t on "o po9t1 viz41 h[ little an ,ori5tal is able to repeat :at he has he>d or exp]i5c$ 9 a true & objective fa%ion4 ,consequ5tly !re are 9 ! ,ea/ no hi/orical traditions 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 b all important ev5ts are decorat$ l a novel1 & are *ang$ accord+ to ! necessities ( ! mom5t4 ,su* maxims1 inde$1 z ,love y\r enemies1 ,to give is m bless$ ?an to receive1 ,no "o b ,god is good1 ,bless$ are ! poor1 ,y are ! light ( ! _w1 ,give to ,cs> t :i* is ,cs>'s1 c41 once he>d may be n easily =gott51 z ! !ological phrase runs4 ,b also !y are n ( su* a k9d t ! ,jesus ( lib]al !ology 0 necess>y = _! inv5tion4 ,we ne$ n "h take into consid]ation h[ _m ( ,jesus' expressions may h be5 import$ into ! ,gospels f ! ,my/]y drama1 ) ^: exi/5ce we mu/ nev]!less reckon1 & f :i* phrases may h be5 *ang$ into say+s ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,su* obscure & high-fl[n passages z1 e4g41 ,matt4 x4 #cb sq42 xi4 #ae-cj1 xxvi4 #fd1 & xxviii4 #ah1 give "o ! impression ( com+ f ! m\? ( ,god's repres5tative on ! /age2 & ?is probability is fur!r increas$ :5 we meet q simil> expressions1 su* z ( ! light burd5 & ! easy yoke1 9 ! ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ras or ( ,isis4 #dfi ,b\sset admits t all ! individual words :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u z expressions ( ,jesus are m$iat$ by ! tradition ( a community1 & h pass$ ?r\gh _m h&s4 #dgj ,!y are1 z ,/rauss has obs]v$1 l pebbles :i* ! waves ( tradition h roll$ & poli%$1 sett+ !m d[n "h & !re & unit+ !m to ?is & t mass4 ,we are1 ,/eck rem>ks1 absolutely c]ta9 ( no s+le ^w ( ! ,gospels--t x 0 spok5 by ,jesus j 9 ?is way & 9 no o!r4 #dga ,x w\ld be v difficult1 ?9ks ,voll]s1 to ref] ev5 "o expression1 "o p>able1 "o act ( ?is ideal man to ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ) hi/orical c]ta9ty1 let u say ) ! same c]ta9ty ) :i* we attribute ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians to ! ,apo/le ,paul1 or expla9 ! ,johann9e ,logos z ! product ( ,greek philosophy4 #dgb ,ev5 "o ( ! lead]s ( ,prote/ant or?odoxy1 ,pr(essor ,khl]1 ( ,halle1 admitt$1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,kir*li*e ,monatsblatt fr ,rhe9l& und ,we/fal51 9 a !ological conf]5ce held 9 ,dortmund1 t we possess no s+le au!ntic ^w ( ,jesus4 ,any attempt1 su* z ,*amb]la9 has made1 to ga!r f ! tradition a c]ta9 nucleus ( words ( ,jesus1 is consequ5tly mi/ak52 & if no?+ is to be a crit]ion b "o's p]sonal feel+s1 x w\ld be bett] to confess at once t "h !re c be no talk ( any k9d ( decision4 ,x is1 !n1 settl$ t we _c ) c]ta9ty trace back to an hi/orical ,jesus any s+le "o ( ! expressions ( ! ,"l t h come d[n to u4 ,ev5 ! olde/ au?ority1 ! ,aramaic collection1 may h conta9$ m]ely ! tradition ( a community4 ,c we !n ?9k t ! support]s ( an hi/orical ,jesus are "r 9 treat+ x z no?+ m ?an a crude s9 aga9/ all hi/orical me?ods1 z some?+ mo/ mon/r\s & unsci5tific1 if "o draws ! only possible inf]5ce f ! result ( ! criticism ( ! ,gospels1 & disputes ! exi/5ce at any "t ( an hi/orical ,jesus8 ,!re may aft] all h be5 su* a collection ( words ( ! ,"l 9 ! olde/ ,*ri/ian communities2 b mu/ we und]/& by ?is words ( a def9ite human individual8 ,may !y n r h be5 words :i* _h an au?oritative & canonical acceptation 9 ! community1 be+ ei!r specially important or cong5ial to x1 & :i* 7 = ?is reason attribut$ to ! ,"l--t is1 to ! h]o ( ! association or cult1 ,jesus8 ,x has be5 g5]ally agre$ t ?is 0 ! case1 = example1 ) ! directions z to action 9 ! case ( qu>rels among ! memb]s ( ! community #dgc & ) reg>d to divorce4 #dgd ,let u also recall to our m9ds ! words ( ! ,"l 9 ! o!r cult-associations ( antiquity1 ! autos epha ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,& h[ _m p>ticul>ly popul>1 impressive1 & fav\rite say+s 7 curr5t 9 antiquity be>+ ! names ( "o ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 )\t any "o dream+ ( ascrib+ to !m an hi/orical signification6 ,h[ !n c x be any?+ b ha/y & uncritical to give out ! words ( ! ,"l 9 ! collection1 :i* are ! basis ( ,jesus' s]mons 9 ! ,gospels1 z say+s ( "o def9ite ,rabbi--t is1 ( ! hi/orical ,jesus8 ,"o may h z high an op9ion ( ,jesus' words z "o likes3 ! "q is :e!r ,jesus1 ev5 ! ,jesus ( lib]al !ology1 is _! spiritual fa!r1 or :e!r !y are n aft] all 9 ! same position z ! psalms or say+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* are curr5t 9 ! names ( ,david & ,solomon1 & ( :i* we "k q positively t _! au?ors 7 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,b p]haps ^? say+s & s]mons ( ,jesus are ( su* a nature t !y c\ld only arise f ! hi/orical ,jesus8 ,( a great numb] bo? ( isolat$ say+s & p>ables ( ,jesus--& among ^! inde$ ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ admir$1 = example1 ! p>able ( ! good ,sam>itan1 ^: moral cont5t co9cides ) ,deut4 xxix4 #a-d1 ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 #dge ( ! man t s[$--we "k t !y 7 borr[$ #dgf p>tly f ,jewi% philosophy1 p>tly f oral tradition ( ! ,talmud1 & p>tly f o!r s\rces4 ,9 any case !y h no claim to orig9ality4 #dgg ,?is holds good ev5 ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* is1 z has be5 %[n by ,jewi% s*ol>s 9 p>ticul>1 & z ,rob]tson has once m prov$1 a m]e pat*work tak5 f anci5t ,jewi% lit]ature1 &1 toge!r ) ! ,"l's ,pray]1 conta9s n a s+le ?\ght :i* has n its prototype 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! anci5t philosophical maxims ( ! ,jewi% p4 #dgh ,moreov]1 ! rema9+ portions1 ^: g5esis f any o!r qu>t] is at lea/ z yet unprov$1 is n at all ( su* a nature t x c\ld only h aris5 9 ! m9d ( su* a p]sonality z ! !ological ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,at bottom1 inde$1 he nei!r said nor taught any?+ beyond ! pur] morality ( contempor>y ,judaism--to say no?+ at all ( ! ,/oics & ( ! o!r e?ical tea*]s ( antiquity1 9 p>ticul> ^? ( ! ,indians4 ,! grave/ suspicion ( _! novelty & orig9ality is awak5$ at ! ,gospels' emphasis+ ! novelty & significance ( ,jesus' say+s by ! anci5ts said--b ,i say unto y2 attempt+ !reby to make an artificial contradiction ) ! =m] spiritual & moral /&po9t ( ,judaism1 ev5 9 places :]e only a look at ! ,old ,te/am5t is necess>y to conv9ce u t su* a contradiction does n exi/1 z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! love ( ,god & ( "o's neighbor4 #dgi ,moreov]1 our cultivat$ rev]5ce = ,jesus & ! ov]:elm+ glorification ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) him has surr\nd$ a great _m ( ! words ( ! ,"l ) a glitt] ( importance :i* /&s 9 no relation to _! real value1 & :i* !y w\ld nev] h obta9$ _h !y be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 ano!r connection or "u "s o!r "n4 ,let u only ?9k h[ mu* t is 9 itself q trivial & insignificant has be5 rais$ to q an unju/ifiable importance m]ely ?r\gh ! use ( ! pulpit & ! consecration ( div9e s]vice4 ,ev5 ?\gh our !ologians are n already tir$ ( extoll+ ! uniqu5ess1 incomp>ability1 & maje/y ( ,jesus' words & p>ables1 !y might nev]!less j = once consid] h[ mu* t is ( little wor?1 h[ mu* t is mi/ak51 spiritually insignificant & morally insuffici5t1 ev5 absolutely d\btful1 !re is 9 :at ,jesus prea*$4 #dhj ,9 ?is connection x has always be5 ! cu/om to ext5uate ! tradition by ref]r+ to ! inexactitude or to fly 9 ! face ( any g5u9e hi/orical me?od by tortu\s elucidations ( ! passages 9 "q1 by unmean+ ref]5ces to ! temporal & educational limitations ev5 ( ! sup]man1 & by suppression ( ! disagreeable p>ts4 ,h[ mu* tr\ble h n our !ologians tak51 & d !y n ev5 n[ take1 to %[ ev5 "o s+le po9t 9 ,jesus' doctr9es :i* may ju/ify _! decl>+ ) a good consci5ce 8 uniqu5ess 9 ! s5se und]/ood by !m1 & may ju/ify _! rais+ _! purely human ,jesus z high z possible above 8 own age6 ,n "o ( all ! passages quot$ to ?is end has be5 all[$ to rema94 ,! ,synoptic ,jesus taught nei!r a new & l(ti] morality1 nor a new meekness1 nor a deep5$ consci\sness ( ,god2 nei!r ! inde/ructible value ( ! individual s\ls ( m5 9 ! pres5t-day individuali/ic s5se1 nor ev5 fre$om z aga9/ ! ,jewi% ,law1 nor ! imman5ce ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 nor any?+ else1 t surpass$ ! capabilities ( ano!r intellectually di/+ui%$ man ( 8 age4 ,ev5 ! love1 ! g5]al love1 ( "o's neighb\r1 ! prea*+ ( :i* is ) ! great] portion ( ! laity ! *ief claim to v5]ation possess$ by ! hi/orical ,jesus1 9 ! ,synoptics plays no v important "p 9 ,jesus' moral conception ( life2 gov]n+ no wid] sph]e ?an _h already be5 all[$ x 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #dha ,& if ! pulpit eloqu5ce ( n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s has nev]!less attempt$ to lay /ress on ?is po9t1 x is because x c\nts on ! fai?ful n hav+ 9 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,gospels1 & on _! peacefully p]mitt+ ! ,gospel ( ,john1 ! "o & only gospel ( love1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n suppos$ to be hi/orical1 to be sub/itut$ = ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,& s we actually see ! glorification ( ,jesus' doctr9es :i*1 a %ort "t ago1 fl\ri%$ s luxuriantly1 appe>+ rec5tly 9 m & m mod]ate t]ms4 #dhb ,?us x 0 = a "t cu/om>y 9 !ology1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,holtzmann & ,h>nack1 to consid] ! e?ical deep5+ & return ( ,god's fa!rly love z ! ess5tially new & significant po9t 9 ,jesus' glad tid+s1 & to write ab\t x 9 unctu\s phrases4 ,rec5tly1 ev5 ?is seems to h be5 ab&on$1 z1 = example1 ,wr$e op5ly confesses1 ) respect to ! filiation to ,god1 t ?is conception exi/$ 9 ,judaism v long be=e ,*ri/2 also t ,jesus did n especially prea* ,god z ! lov+ ,fa!r ( ea* individual1 t inde$ he did n once place 9 ! =egr\nd ! "n ( ,god z ! ,fa!r4 #dhc ,b s mu* ! m decid$ly is ref]5ce made to ! enorm\s effects :i* att5d$ ,jesus' appe>ance1 & ! attempt is made to prove f !m 8 surpass+ greatness1 uniqu5ess1 & hi/orical reality4 ,z if ,z>a?u/ra1 ,buddha1 & ,mohamm$ _h a*iev$ less1 z if ! effects :i* proce$ f a p]son mu/ /& 9 a c]ta9 relation to 8 human significance1 & z if ^? effects 7 to be ascrib$ to ! hi/orical & n r to ! my?ical ,jesus--t is1 to ! idea ( ! ,god sacrific+ himself = humanity6 ,z a matt] ( fact1 8 fai? 9 ! imm$iate proximity ( ! ,messianic k+dom ( ,god1 & ! dem& = a *ange ( life bas$ on ?is1 :i* is really unique 9 ! traditional ,jesus1 is )\t any religi\s & e?ical significance = u1 & is at mo/ only ( int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* "p ( 8 tea*+ z is /ill ( importance to u is n unique1 & only has ! reputation ( be+ s because we are accu/om$ by a !ological education to treat x 9 ! light ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmatic metaphysics ( r$emption4 ,plato1 ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 ,laotse1 or ,buddha 9 _! e?ical views are n beh9d ,jesus ) 8 egoi/ical pseudo-morals1 8 bas+ moral action on ! expectation ( rew>d & puni%m5t 9 ! future1 8 n>r[-m9d$ nationalism1 :i* !ologians 9 va9 attempt to debate away & to conceal2 & 8 obscure my/icism1 :i* /rives to atta9 a special importance = its maxims by my/]i\s ref]5ces to 8 heav5ly ,fa!r4 #dhd ,& z = ! great impression :i* ,jesus is suppos$ to h made on 8 own p & on ! foll[+ age1 & )\t :i* ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is suppos$ to be inexplicable1 ,kal?(f has %[n ) ju/ice t ! ,gospels d n 9 any way reflect ! impression :i* a p]son produc$1 b only su* z ! acc\nts ( ,jesus' p]sonality w\ld h made on ! memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,ev5 ! /ronge/ impression proves no?+ z to ! hi/orical tru? ( ^! acc\nts4 ,ev5 an acc\nt ( a fictiti\s p]sonage may produce ! deepe/ impression on a community if x is giv5 9 hi/orical t]ms4 ,:at an impression ,goe!'s ,w]!r produc$1 ?\gh ! :ole _w knew t x 0 only a romance6 ,yet x /irr$ up c\ntless disciples & imitators4 #dhe ,9 ?is we h at ! same "t a refutation ( ! popul> objection t to d5y ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus is to misund]/& ! significance ( p]sonality 9 ! hi/orical life ( peoples & religions4 ,c]ta9ly1 z ,mehlhorn says1 active devotion above all is enk9dl$ to p]sons 9 :om ?is p]sonality /rikes u 9 an evid5t1 elevat+1 & animat+ way4 #dhf ,b 9 ord] to enk9dle devotion & fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! elevat+ p]sonality ( a ,paul suffic$1 :e!r or n he 0 ! au?or ( ! epi/les curr5t 9 8 "n2 ! mission>y activity ( apo/les1 work+1 l him1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,jesus-cre$1 0 en\gh1 s9ce !y mov$ f place to place1 &1 (t5 und]go+ great p]sonal sacrifice & privation1 ) dang] to _! own lives dem&$ adoration ( ! new ,god4 ,^? 9 ne$ ( r$emption c\ld nev] f9d any real religi\s support outside ( ! fai? 9 a div9e r$eem]1 !y c\ld nev] f9d satisfaction & deliv]ance b 9 ! idea ( ! ,god sacrific+ himself = mank9d--! ,god ^: r$eem+ p[] & ^: di/9ct sup]iority to ! o!r ,my/]y-deities ! apo/les c\ld portray 9 su* a lively & /rik+ fa%ion4 ,t an idea c only be effective & fruitful by means ( a great p]sonality is a b>r5 =mula4 #dhg ,9 ?9k+ !y c ) ?is argum5t support _! fai? 9 an hi/orical ,jesus lib]al !ologians avail !mselves ( an irrelevant bit ( mod]n /reet-philosophy )\t notic+ t 9 _! case x proves no?+ at all4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! great p]sonality :i* gave to ,mi?raism su* an efficacy t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era x 0 able to conqu] f ! ,ea/ almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,we/ & to make x d\btful = a "t :e!r ! _w 0 to be ,mi?raic or ,*ri/ian8 ,9 su* influ5tial religions z ^? ( ,dionysus & ,osiris1 or inde$ 9 ,brahmanism1 we _c speak ( great p]sonalities z _! f\nd]s2 & z = ,z>a?u/ra1 ! pret5d$ f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian1 & ,moses1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,israelite religion1 !y are n hi/orical p]sons2 :ile ! views ( diff]5t inve/igators diff] z to ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ! reput$ f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 9 ! above-m5tion$ religions ! p>ticul> ideas w\ld h be5 br\ght =w>d by brilliant individuals1 & ! movem5ts dep5d+ on !m w\ld h be5 fir/ organis$ & r5d]$ effective by m5 ( en]gy & purpose4 ,b ! "q is :e!r p]sons ( ?is type are necess>ily great1 ev5 unique1 9 ! s5se ( lib]al !ology1 9 ord] to be successful4 ,s t to set aside ,paul1 ^: inspir+ p]sonality gift$ ) a g5ius = organisation we "k f 8 epi/les1--to set him aside 9 fav\r ( an imag9>y ,jesus1 to base ! importance ( ! ,*ri/ian religion on ! uniqu5ess ( its suppos$ f\nd]1 & to base ?is uniqu5ess 9 turn on ! importance ( ! religi\s movem5t :i* result$ f x1 is to ab&on ! critical /&po9t & to turn ab\t 9 circles4 ,x is an empty ass]tion1 says ,ltzelb]g]1 )\t any real f\ndation1 t ! inv5tion ( su* a p]son z ! ,gospels give u 9 _! ,jesus w\ld h be5 q impossible1 z we f9d 9 him su* a peculi> & %>ply def9$ "* t imag9ation w\ld nev] h be5 able to inv5t & adh]e to x4 ,= ! p]sonality :i* meets u 9 ! ,gospels is by no means "o t is %>ply drawn & true to itself2 b ! /ory %[s u r a man :o f q diff]5t m5tal t5d5cies spoke n[ "o way & n[ ano!r1 & is p]fectly diff]5t 9 ! fir/ & f\r? ,gospels4 ,only ) ! greate/ tr\ble c a homog5e\s & coh]5t :ole be =m$ f ! descriptions 9 ! ,gospels4 ,s t we are absolutely wrong 9 conclud+ f ! orig9ality ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels to _! hi/orical cr$ibility4 ,! conclusion is mu* m ju/ifiable t if su* a p]son ) su* a life-hi/ory & su* spee* _h /ood at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! hi/ory ( its developm5t mu/ h be5 q a diff]5t "o1 j z ! hi/ory ( ,judaism w\ld h be5 diff]5t if a ,moses ) 8 ,law _h /ood at its head4 #dhh ,& n[ if we comp>e ! praises ( ,buddha 9 ! ,lalita ,vi/>a ) ! description ( ,jesus' p]sonality giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we w be conv9c$ h[ simil>ly--ev5 if we exclude ! hypo!sis ( a direct influ5ce--& "u :at l conditions ! k9dr$ religion took %ape3 ,9 ! _w ( creatures1 :i* 0 long afflict$ by ! evils ( natural corruption1 ?\ did/ appe>1 ,o k+ ( physicians1 :o r$eeme/ u f all evil4 ,at ?y approa*1 ,o guide1 unre/ disappe>s1 & gods & m5 are fill$ ) heal?4 ,?\ art ! protector1 ! firm f\ndation1 ! *ief1 ! lead] ( ! _w1 ) ?y g5tle & b5evol5t disposition4 ,?\ art ! be/ ( physicians1 :o br+e/ ! p]fect means ( salvation & heale/ suff]+4 ,di/+ui%$ by ?y compassion & sympa?y1 ?\ gov]ne/ ! ?+s ( ! _w4 ,di/+ui%$ by ?y /r5g? ( m9d & good works1 completely pure1 ?\ ha/ atta9$ to p]fection1 &1 ?yself r$eem$1 ?\ wilt1 z ! prophet ( ! f\r tru?s1 r$eem o!r creatures also4 ,! p[] ( ! ,evil ,"o has be5 ov]come by wisdom1 c\rage1 & humility4 ,?\ ha/ br\ght x ab\t1--! highe/ & immortal glory4 ,we greet !e z ! conqu]or ( ! army ( ! ,deceiv]4 ,?\ ^: ^w is )\t fault1 :o free/ f error & passion1 ha/ trod ! pa? ( et]nal life2 ?\ do/ des]ve 9 heav5 & on e>? hon\r & homage unp>allel$4 ,?\ quick5e/ ,gods & m5 ) ?y cle> words4 ,by ! beams :i* g =? f !e ?\ art ! conqu]or ( ?is univ]se1 ! ,ma/] ( ,gods & m54 ,?\ did/ appe>1 ,light ( ! ,law1 de/roy] ( mis]y & ignorance1 completely fill$ ) humility & maje/y4 ,sun1 moon1 & fires no long] %9e be=e !e & ?y fulness ( imp]i%able glory4 ,?\ :o tea*e/ u to "k tru? f falsehood1 gho/ly lead] ) ! sweete/ voice1 ^: _s is calm1 ^: passions are controll$1 ^: he>t is p]fectly at re/1 :o tea*e/ :at %\ld be taught1 :o br+e/ ab\t ! union ( gods & m53 ,i greet !e1 ,sakhyamuni1 z ! greate/ ( m51 z ! wond] ( ! ?ree ?\s& worlds1 :o des]ve/ hon\r & homage 9 heav5 & on e>?1 f ,gods & m56 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! uniqu5ess ( ,jesus1 into :i* ! future div9ity ( ! ,_w-r$eem] has disappe>$ = mod]n critical !ology1 & into :i* x has /riv5 to import all ! s5tim5tal consid]ations :i* once belong$ to ! ,god-man 9 ! s5se ( ! ,*ur* dogma8 ,no?+ is m negative ?an ! result ( ! inquiry into ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :o appe>$ z ! ,messiah1 :o proclaim$ ! morals ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 :o f\nd$ ! k+dom ( heav5 ^u e>?1 & di$ to give consecration to 8 acts1 nev] exi/$4 ,he is a figure :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,rationalism1 re/or$ by ,lib]alism1 & pa9t$ ov] ) hi/orical sci5ce by mod]n !ologians4 ,) ^! words ( ! !ologian ,s*weitz] #dhi ! pres5t inquiry may be said to agree4 ,9 fact1 9 ! ,gospels we h no?+ b ! expression ( ! consci\sness ( a community4 ,9 ?is respect ! view support$ by ,kal?(f is completely "r4 ,! life ( ,jesus1 z portray$ by ! ,synoptics1 m]ely br+s to an expression 9 hi/orical g>b ! metaphysical ideas1 religi\s hopes1 ! out] & inn] exp]i5ces ( ! community :i* _h ,jesus = its cult-god4 ,8 op9ions1 /atem5ts1 & p>ables only reflect ! religi\s-moral conceptions1 ! tempor>y s5tim5ts1 ! ca/+ d[n & ! joy ( victory1 ! hate & ! love1 ! judgm5ts & prejudices ( ! memb]s ( ! community1 & ! diff]5ces & contradictions 9 ! ,gospels prove to be ! develop+ mat]ial ( ! conception ( ! ,messiah 9 diff]5t communities & at diff]5t times4 ,*ri/ takes j ! same position 9 ! religi\s-social bro!rhoods :i* are nam$ aft] him z ,attis has 9 ! ,phrygian1 ,adonis 9 ! ,syrian1 ,osiris 9 ! ,egyptian1 ,dionysus1 ,h]cules1 ,h]mes1 ,asclepius1 c41 9 ! ,greek cult-associations4 ,he is b ano!r =m ( ^! club-gods or patrons ( communities1 & ! cult devot$ to him %[s 9 ess5tials ! same =ms z ^? devot$ to ! div9ities above nam$4 ,! place ( ! bloody expiatory sacrifice ( ! believ]s 9 ,attis1 :]e9 !y und]w5t baptism ( blood 9 _! ye>ly ,m>* fe/ival1 & :]e9 !y obta9$ ! =giv5ess ( _! s9s & 7 born aga9 to a new life1 0 9 ,rome ! ,hill ( ! ,vatican4 ,9 fact1 ! v spot on :i* 9 ,*ri/ian times ! ,*ur* ( ,pet] grew above ! s-call$ grave ( ! apo/le4 ,x 0 at bottom m]ely an alt]ation ( ! "n1 n ( ! matt]1 :5 ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,attis bl5d$ 8 rle ) t ( ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,*ri/-cult spread itself f ?is new po9t f> ov] ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire4 7c7 ,! ,true ,"* ( ! ,synoptic ,jesus4 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels leave op5 ! "q :e!r !y treat ( a man made ,god or ( a ,god made man4 ,! =ego+ acc\nt has %[n t ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is to be und]/ood only z a ,god made man4 ,! /ory ( 8 life1 z pres5t$ 9 ! ,gospels1 is ! r5d]+ into hi/ory ( a primitive religi\s my?4 ,mo/ ( ! great h]oes ( ! leg5d1 :i* passes z hi/orical1 are simil> inc>nate ,gods--su* z ,jason1 ,h]cules1 ,a*illes1 ,!seus1 ,p]seus1 ,siegfri$1 c42 9 ^! we h no?+ b ! old ,aryan sun--*ampion 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness & ( dea?4 ,t primitive ,gods 9 ! view ( a lat] age %\ld become m51 )\t1 h[ev]1 ceas+ to be clo!d ) ! glam\r ( ! deity1 is to su* an ext5t ! ord9>y process1 t ! rev]se1 ! elevation ( m5 to ,gods1 is z a rule only f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( human civilisation1 or 9 p]iods ( moral & social decay1 :5 fawn+ s]vility & wor?less flatt]y fa%ion a prom95t man1 ei!r dur+ 8 life or aft] 8 dea?1 into a div9e be+4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ ,bible ,/ory conta9s num]\s examples ( su* ,god made m53 ! patri>*s1 ,joseph1 ,jo%ua1 ,samson1 ,e/h]1 ,mordecai1 ,haman1 ,simon ,magus1 ! magician ,elymas1 c41 7 orig9ally pure ,gods1 & 9 ! description ( _! lives old ,semitic />-my?s & sun-my?s obta9$ a hi/orical g>b4 ,if we _c d\bt t ,moses1 ! f\nd] ( ! old cov5ant1 0 a fictiti\s figure1 & t 8 hi/ory 0 inv5t$ by ! prie/s at ,j]usalem only = ! purpose ( sanction+ & bas+ on 8 au?ority ! law ( ! prie/s nam$ aft] him2 if = ?is end ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel 0 falsifi$1 & ! f9al ev5t 9 ! religi\s developm5t ( ,israel1 i4e41 ! giv+ ( ! ,law1 0 plac$ at ! beg9n+--:y _c :at 0 possible ) ,moses h be5 repeat$ 9 ! case ( ,jesus8 ,:y may n also ! f\nd] ( ! new cov5ant z an hi/orical p]son belong entirely to pi\s leg5d8 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 #dij ! ,greeks also *ang$ an old ,pho5ician ,god1 ,h]cules1 = national reasons1 into a native h]o1 ! son ( ,amphitryon1 & incorporat$ him 9 _! own sph]e ( ideas4 ,let u consid] h[ /rong ! impulse 01 especially among ,ori5tals1 to make hi/ory ( purely int]nal exp]i5ces & ideas4 ,to c>ry hi/orical matt] into ! sph]e ( my?1 & to conceive my? z hi/ory1 is1 z is %[n by ! inve/igations ( ,w9ckl]1 ,s*rad]1 ,j5s51 c41 = ! ,ori5tals su* a matt] ( c\rse1 t1 z reg>ds ! acc\nts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is h>dly possible to di/+ui% _! g5u9ely hi/orical nucleus f its quasi-hi/orical cov]+4 ,& x is m especially ! ,semitic ?\ght ( antiquity :i* proves to be completely unable to di/+ui% my?ical phantasy f real ev5t6 ,x is1 inde$1 too (t5 said t ! ,semite produc$ & possess$ no my?ology ( 8 own1 z ,r5an ass]t$2 & no d\bt at all is possible t !y c\ld n pres]ve z su* & deal ) ! my?ical figures & ev5ts :5cesoev] !y d]iv$ !m1 b always t5d$ to translate !m into human =m & to associate !m ) def9ite places & times4 ,! ,god ( ! ,semites is associat$ ) place & object1 he is a ,g5ius loci1 says ,w9ckl]4 #dia ,b if ev] a my? requir$ to be clo!d 9 ! g>m5t ( place & ! metaphysical ideas conta9$ 9 x to be sep>at$ into a s]ies ( hi/orical ev5ts1 x 0 c]ta9ly ! my? ( ! ,god sacrific+ himself = humanity1 :o soj\rn$ among m5 9 human =m1 suff]$ ) ! re/ ( m5 & di$1 return+1 aft] victori\sly ov]com+ ! d>k p[]s ( dea?1 to ! div9e seat :5ce he set out4 ,we und]/& h[ ! ,god ,jesus1 consequ5t on 8 symbolical unification ) ! man sacrific$ 9 8 /ead1 c\ld come to be made human1 & h[ on ?is basis ! fai? 9 ! resurrection ( ,god 9 ! =m ( an hi/orical p]son c\ld arise4 ,b h[ ! rev]se process c\ld take place1 h[ ! man ,jesus c\ld be elevat$ into a ,god1 or c\ld ev] fuse ) an already exi/+ ,god ( l "n into ! div9e-human r$eem]--inde$1 ! ,deity--t is & rema9s1 z we h already said1 a psy*ological puzzle4 ,! only way to solve x is to ref] to ! inscrutable secrets ( ! ,div9e w4 ,9 :at o!r way c we expla9 h[ t simple *ild ( man1 z he has be5 describ$1 c\ld s v soon aft] 8 dea? be elevat$ into t my/ical be+ ( imag9ation1 into t cele/ial ,*ri/1 z he meets u 9 ! epi/les ( ,paul8 ,!re c only h be5 at mo/ sev51 probably ?ree1 ye>s1 accord+ to a rec5t e/imate h>dly "o ye>1 betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jesus & ! comm5cem5t ( ,paul's activity4 #dib ,& ?is %ort "t is suppos$ to h suffic$ to trans=m ! man ,jesus into ! ,paul9e ,*ri/6 ,& n only ,paul is suppos$ to h be5 able to d ?is2 ev5 ,jesus' imm$iate disciples1 :o sat ) him at ! same table1 ate & drank ) him1 kn[+ !n :o ,jesus 01 are suppos$ to h decl>$ !mselves 9 agreem5t ) ?is1 & to h pray$ to him :om !y _h always se5 pray+ to ! ,fa!r6 ,c]ta9ly 9 antiquity ! deification ( a man 0 no?+ extraord9>y3 ,plato & ,ari/otle 71 aft] _! dea?1 hon\r$ by _! pupils z god-l be+s2 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 ,alex&]1 ! ,ptolemies1 c41 _h div9e hon\rs r5d]$ to !m ev5 dur+ _! lives4 ,b ?is /yle ( deification is completely diff]5t f t :i* is suppos$ to h be5 allott$ to ,jesus4 ,x is m]ely an expression ( p]sonal gratitude & atta*m5t1 ( ov]fl[+ s5tim5t & *>act]less flatt]y1 & nev] obta9$ any detail$ !ological =mulation4 ,x 0 ! basis = no new religion4 ,s*op5hau] has v ju/ly po9t$ out ! contradiction betwe5 ,paul's apo!osis ( ,jesus & usual hi/orical exp]i5ce1 & rem>k$ t f ?is consid]ation c\ld be drawn an argum5t aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! ,paul9e epi/les4 #dic ,9 fact1 ,holtzmann consid]s1 ) ref]5ce to ?is ass]tion ( ! philosoph]'s1 ! "q :e!r ! figure ( ,jesus atta9+ su* colossal dim5sions 9 ,paul's sight may n be tak5 to e/abli% ! di/ance betwe5 ! two z t ( only a few ye>s1 if !re 0 n imm$iate temporal contact1 z ! "q mo/ wor?y ( discussion1 :i* ! critics ( ! ,dut* s*ool h prop\nd$ = consid]ation4 #did ,accord+ to ! preval5t view ( critical !ologians1 z pres5t$ ev5 by ,pfleid]]1 ! app>itions ( ! ,"l1 :i* aft] ,jesus' dea? 7 se5 by ! disciples :o _h fl$ f ,j]usalem1 ! ec/atic vision>y exp]i5ces1 9 :i* !y ?\ght !y saw _! crucifi$ ,ma/] liv+ & rais$ up to heav5ly glory1 7 ! occasion ( _! fai? 9 ! resurrection1 & consequ5tly ( _! fai? 9 ,jesus' div9e rle z ,r$eem]4 #die ,pa?ological /ates ( ov]-excit$ m5 & hy/]ical wom5 are !n suppos$ to =m ! hi/orical f\ndation = ! g5esis ( ! ,*ri/ian religion6 ,& ) su* op9ions !y ?9k !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 look+ d[n on ! rationali/ ( ! eighte5?-c5tury ,enlight5m5t ) supreme contempt1 & 9 boa/+ ( ! dep? to :i* _! religi\s-hi/orical insight rea*es6 ,b if we really admit1 ) hi/orical !ology1 ?is m ?an d\btful explanation1 :i* degrades ,*ri/ianity into ! m]ely *ance product ( m5tal excitem5t1 at once ! fur!r "q arises z to h[ ! new religion ( ! small community ( ! ,messiah at ,j]usalem 0 able to spread itself abroad ) su* a/\nd+ rapidity t1 ev5 s soon z at mo/ two decades aft] ,jesus' dea?1 we meet ) ,*ri/ian communities n only ov] ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia1 b also 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ! coa/-t[ns ( ,greece1 ev5 9 ,italy1 at ,puteoli1 & 9 ,rome2 & ?is at a "t :5 z yet n a l9e _h be5 writt5 ab\t ! ,jewi% ,rabbi4 #dif ,ev5 ! !ologian ,s*weitz] is oblig$ to confess ( hi/orical !ology t until x has 9 "s way expla9$ h[ x 0 t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,jewi% sect ( ! ,messiah1 ,greek & ,roman popul> ,*ri/ianity appe>$ at all po9ts simultane\sly1 x mu/ admit a =mal "r ( exi/5ce to all hypo!ses1 ev5 ! mo/ extravagant1 :i* seek to attack & solve ?is problem4 #dig ,if 9 all ?is x is %[n to be possible1 or ev5 probable1 t 9 ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels we h n a deifi$ man1 b r a humanis$ ,god1 !re rema9s b to f9d an answ] to ! "q z to :at ext]nal reasons l$ to ! transplant+ ( ! ,god ,jesus into ! soil ( hi/orical actuality & ! r$uction ( ! et]nal or sup]-hi/orical fact ( 8 r$eem+ dea? & ( 8 resurrection into a s]ies ( temporal ev5ts4 ,?is "q is answ]$ at once if we turn our att5tion to ! motives pres5t 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian communities kn[n to u1 :i* motives appe> 9 ! ,acts & 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les4 ,f ^! s\rces we "k at :at an e>ly /age an opposition arose betwe5 ,paul's ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity & ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 ! *ief seat ( :i* 0 at ,j]usalem1 & :i* = ?is reason1 z we c und]/&1 claim$ = itself a special au?ority4 ,z long z ! =m] p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 ov] ^: conv]sion !y c\ld n at fir/ rejoice too mu*1 #dih did n ob/ruct o!rs & seem$ to ju/ify 8 apo/olic activity by 8 success among ! ,g5tiles1 !y left him to g 8 way4 ,b :5 ,paul %[$ 8 indep5d5ce by 8 res]ve be=e ! ,bro!rs at ,j]usalem1 & began to attract ! feel+s ( ^? at ,j]usalem by 8 abrogation ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 !n !y comm5c$ to treat him ) suspicion1 to place e ob/acle 9 ! way ( 8 mission>y activity1 & to attempt1 l$ by ! zeal\s ,james1 to br+ ! ,paul9e communities "u _! own gov]nm5t4 ,!n1 seek+ a title = ! practice ( ! apo/olic vocation1 !y f\nd x 9 ?is--t e "o :o wi%$ to te/ify to ,*ri/ mu/ himself h se5 him aft] 8 resurrection4 ,b ,paul c\ld v ju/ly object t to him also ! transfigur$ ,jesus _h appe>$4 #dii ,!n !y made ! ju/ification = ! apo/olic vocation consi/ 9 ?is1 t an apo/le mu/ n only h se5 ,*ri/ ris5 up1 b mu/ also h eat5 & drunk ) him4 #ejj ,?is inde$ 0 n applicable 9 ! case ( ,judas1 :o 9 ! ,acts i4 #af is nev]!less c\nt$ among ! apo/les2 & x 0 also nev] ass]t$ ( ,mat?ias1 :o 0 *os5 9 ! =m]'s /ead1 t he _h be5 a witness ( ,jesus' resurrection4 ,mu* less ev5 does he seem to h fulfill$ ! condition to :i* advance 0 made 9 ! developm5t ( ! orig9al idea1 i4e41 t an apo/le ( ,jesus %\ld h be5 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! liv+ ,jesus1 t he %\ld h belong$ to ! ,fir/ ,apo/les & h be5 pres5t z eye-witness & he>] ( ,jesus' words f ! "t ( ,john's baptism up to ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion4 #eja ,n[ ,seuf]t has %[n t ! passage ( ! ,acts ref]r$ to is m]ely a con/ruction1 a transf]5ce ( lat] conditions to an e>li] epo*2 & t ! :ole po9t ( x is to p>alyse ,paul's mission to ! ,g5tiles & to e/abli% ! title ( ! ,jew-,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem z high] ?an t ( 8 foll[]s4 ,if ) ?is purpose1 z ,seuf]t %[$1 ! organisation ( ! ,apo/le%ip ( ,twelve arose--an organisation :i* has no satisfactory basis or f\ndation 9 ! ,gospels or 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les--!n x is f ?is purpose also t we c f9d cause = ! ,god ,jesus to become a human f\nd] ( ! apo/le%ip4 ,an apo/le 0 to be only su* an "o z _h se5 & he>d ,jesus himself1 or _h le>nt f ^? :o _h be5 8 imm$iate disciples4 ,a lit]ature ( ,judaism arose :i* _h at q an e>ly /age ! close/ int]e/ 9 ! hi/orical det]m9ation ( ,jesus' life2 & ?is =m$ ! l[e/ /ratum on :i* our canonical ,gospels are bas$4 #ejb ,judaism 9 g5]al1 & ! =m ( x at ,j]usalem 9 p>ticul>1 ne$$ a legal title on :i* to base its comm&+ position z contra/$ ) ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul2 & s its f\nd]s 7 oblig$ to h be5 companions ( ,jesus 9 p]son1 & to h be5 select$ = _! vocation by him4 ,= ?is reason ,jesus c\ld n rema9 a m]e ,god1 b _h to be drawn d[n into hi/orical actuality4 ,seuf]t ?9ks t ! trac+ ( ! ,apo/le%ip ( ,twelve back to an hi/orical ,jesus1 & ! sett+ up ( ! dem& = an apo/le ( ,jesus to h be5 a companion ( 8 j\rney+1 took place 9 ,paul's lifetime 9 ! six?1 or p]haps ev5 9 ! fif? decade4 #ejc ,9 ?is he presupposes ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus1 :ile ! ,paul9e epi/les !mselves conta9 no?+ to lead "o to believe t ! trans=mation ( ! ,jesus-fai? into hi/ory took place 9 ,paul's lifetime4 ,9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity exactly ! same incid5t took place "h1 on ! soil ( ,pale/9e & at ,j]usalem1 z took place lat] 9 et]nal ,rome1 :5 ! bi%op ( ?is city1 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 "r ( supremacy 9 ! ,*ur*1 proclaim$ himself to be ! direct successor ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 & caus$ ! possession ( ! keys to h be5 giv5 to ?is latt] by ,jesus himself4 #ejd ,s t !re 7 v mundane & v practical reasons :i* aft] all gave ! impulse = ! ,god ,jesus to be trans=m$ into an hi/orical individual1 & = ! c5tral po9t ( 8 action1 ! crisis 9 8 life1 8 dea? & 8 resurrection1 :i* alone affect$ religi\s consid]ations1 to be plac$ 9 ! capital ( ! ,jewi% /ate1 ! ,city ( ,god1 ! ,holy ,city ( ,david1 ( ! ance/ors ( ! ,messiah1 ) :i* n[ ! ,jews connect$ religi\s salvation4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is fiction succe$ & ma9ta9 its gr\nd1 s t x 0 able to become an absolutely vital "q = ! new religion1 an inde/ructible dogma1 a self-evid5t fact1 s t its v call+ 9 "q seems to ! critical !ologians ( our "t a p]fect absurdity8 ,be=e we c answ] ?is "q we mu/ turn our att5tion to ! ,gno/ic movem5t & its relations to ! gr[+ ,*ur*4 7d7 ,gno/icism & ! ,johann9e ,jesus4 ,*ri/ianity 0 orig9ally develop$ f ,gno/icism 7,m&aism74 ,! ,paul9e religion 0 only "o =m ( ! _m syncretis+ ef=ts to satisfy contempor>y humanity's ne$ ( r$emption by a fusion ( religi\s conceptions d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,s mu* ! great] 0 ! dang] :i* ?reat5$ to spr+ up on ?is side ( ! y\?ful ,*ur*4 ,gno/icism agre$ ) ,*ri/ianity 9 its pessimi/ic valuation ( ! _w1 9 its belief 9 ! inability ( man to obta9 religi\s salvation by himself1 9 ! necessity = a div9e m$iation ( ,life4 ,l ,*ri/ianity1 x expect$ ! deliv]ance ( ! oppress$ s\ls ( m5 by a sup]natural ,r$eem]4 ,he came d[n f ,heav5 ^u e>? & assum$ a human =m1 e/abli%+1 ?r\gh a my/ic union ) himself1 ! connection betwe5 ! sph]es ( heav5 & e>?4 ,he !reby gu>antees to mank9d an et]nal life 9 a bliss to come4 ,gno/icism also involves a completely duali/ic philosophy 9 its opposition ( ,god & _w1 ( _s & matt]1 ( s\l & body1 c42 b all its ef=ts are direct$ to ov]com+ ^! contradictions by sup]natural m$iation & magical contrivances4 ,x treats ! ,gnosis1 ! k1 ! prop] insight into ! coh]5ce ( ?+s1 z ! necess>y condition ( r$emption4 ,! individual mu/ "k t 8 s\l comes f ,god1 t x is only tempor>ily conf9$ 9 ?is prison ( ! body1 & t x is int5d$ = some?+ high] ?an to be lo/ "h 9 ! obscurity ( ignorance1 ( evil & ( s92 s t he is already fre$ f ! trammels ( ! fle%1 & f9ds a new life = himself4 ,! ,god-,r$eem] desc5d$ ^u e>? to imp>t ?is k to mank9d2 & ,gno/icism pl$ges itself1 on ! basis ( ! revelation receiv$ directly f ,god1 to op5 to ^? :o /rive = ! highe/ k all ! heights & dep?s ( ,heav5 & ( e>?4 ,?is ,gno/icism ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/ 0 a wond]fully opalesc5t & intricate /ructure--half religi\s speculation1 half religion1 a mixture ( ,!osophy1 uncritical my?ological sup]/ition1 & deep religi\s my/icism4 ,9 x ,babylonian beliefs z to ,gods & />s1 ,p>see my?ology1 & ,indian doctr9es ( metempsy*osis & ,k>ma 7 comb9$ ) ,jewi% !ology & ,my/]y-rites ( ,we/]n ,asia2 & ?r\gh ! :ole blew a brea? ( ,hell5ic philosophy1 :i* *iefly /rove to fix ! fanta/ic creatures ( speculation 9 a compreh5sible =m1 & to "w up ! confusion ( ,ori5tal lic5ce & extravagance ( ?\ght into ! =m ( a philosophical view ( ! _w4 ,! ,gno/ics also call$ _! m$iat+ deity1 z we h already se5 ( ! ,m&aic sect ( ! ,nass5es1 ,jesus1 & indulg$ 9 a picture r5d]+ ( 8 pre-worldly exi/5ce & sup]natural div9e maje/y4 ,!y agre$ ) ! ,*ri/ians t ,jesus _h be5 human4 ,! extravagant metaphysical conception :i* !y _h ( ,jesus at ! same "t prev5t$ !m f deal+ s]i\sly ) ! idea ( 8 manhood4 ,s t !y ei!r ma9ta9$ t ! cele/ial ,*ri/ _h atta*$ himself to ! man ,jesus 9 a purely ext]nal way1 & inde$1 fir/ on ! occasion ( ! baptism 9 ! ,jordan1 & only tempor>ily1 i4e41 up to ! ,passion--x be+ only ! man ,jesus :o suff]$ dea? 7,basilides1 ,c]9?us72 or !y ?\ght ( ,jesus z hav+ assum$ m]ely a gho/ly body--& consequ5tly ?\ght t all 8 human actions took place m]ely z pure appe>ance 7,saturn9us1 ,val5t9us1 ,m>cion74 ,b h[ little !y manag$ to p5etrate into ! c5tre ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( r$emption & to value ! fundam5tal significance ( ! ,*ri/-figure1 is %[n by ! fact t !y ?\ght ( ,*ri/ m]ely z "o m$iator among c\ntless o!rs4 ,x is %[n also by ! romantic & florid description ( ! spirits or ons1 :o are suppos$ to travel backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 lead+ _! lives ap>t4 ,^! play$ a great "p 9 ! ,gno/ic sy/ems4 ,x 0 a matt] ( c\rse t ! ,*ri/ian fai? _h to take exception to su* a fanta/ic & ext]nal treatm5t ( ! idea ( ! ,god-man4 ,! ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity 0 di/9ct f ,gno/icism1 ) :i* x 0 mo/ closely connect$1 j 9 ?is1 t x 0 9 e>ne/ ) ! manhood ( ,jesus4 ,x 0 /ill m s]i\s t ! ,gno/ics comb9$ ) _! extreme dualism an outspok5ly anti-,jewi% "*4 ,= ?is 9 ! close relation%ip betwe5 ,gno/icism & ,*ri/ianity w\ld necess>ily fright5 ! ,jews f ! ,gospel1 & incite only too _m aga9/ ! "y religion4 ,b ! ,jews =m$ ! factor ) :i* e>ly ,*ri/ianity _h fir/ ( all to reckon4 ,9 addition to ?is ! ,gno/ics1 f ! /&po9t ( _! spirituali/ic conception ( ,god1 turn$ to contempt ( ! _w & asceticism4 ,!y comm5d$ sexual cont95ce1 reject$ m>riage1 & wi%$ to "k no?+ ei!r ( ,*ri/'s or ( man's bodily resurrection4 ,b 9 ! ,we/ no propag&a ( an ascetic religion c\ld succe$4 ,& yet ev5 ) ! ,gno/ics1 z is s (t5 ! case1 asceticism only too frequ5tly deg5]at$ into unbridl$ voluptu\sness & lib]t9age1 & ! spiritual pride ( ^? *os5 by ,god to k1 :o 7 rais$ above ! ,mosaic ,law1 ?reat5$ completely to te> ap>t ! connection ) ,judaism by its radical criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ?is ,gno/icism n only und]m9$ ! moral life ( ! communities1 b also br\ght ! ,gospel into discr$it 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,z an indep5d5t religion1 :i* expressly oppos$ all o!r wor%ips1 & ! adh]5ts ( :i* )drew f ! religi\s practices ( ! ,/ate1 ev5 f any political activity :atsoev]1 ,*ri/ianity br\ght on itself ! suspicion ( ! au?orities & ! hate ( ! p1 & incurr$ ! prohibition ( new religions & secret sects 7lex ,julia maje/atis74 #eje ,s t ,gno/icism1 by tak+ x f its ,jewi% native soil1 drove ,*ri/ianity into a conflict ) ! ,roman civil laws4 ,all ^! dang]s1 :i* ?reat5$ ,*ri/ianity f ! ,gno/ic movem5t1 7 set aside 9 "o /roke by ! recognition ( ! true manhood ( ,jesus1 ! ass]tion ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,?is pres]v$ ! connection1 s important = ! unh9d]$ spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ) ,judaism & its reveal$ legality--! het]onom\s & rituali/ic "* ( :i* _h inde$ be5 %[n by ,paul1 & ! moral cont5t ( :i* 0 nev]!less adh]$ to by ! ,*ri/ians ev5 lat]4 ,x 0 made possible1 9 default ( any previ\s writt5 docum5ts ( revelation1 ev5 yet to reg>d ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ess5tials z ! au?oritative book ( ! new fai?1 & z a prep>atory te/imony to ! f9al revelation :i* appe>$ 9 ,jesus4 ,& mo/ ( all1 x put a *eck on ,gno/ic phantasy1 9 draw+ toge!r ! p]plex+ plurality ( ! ,gno/ic ons into ! "o figure ( ! ,_w-r$eem] & ,savi\r ,*ri/1 9 mak+ ! *ief dogma ! r$eem+ sacrificial dea? ( ! ,messiah1 & 9 conc5trat+ ! religi\s man's att5tion on ?is *ief turn+-po9t ( all ! hi/orical ev5ts4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y ! ,apologi/s & ,fa!rs ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,ignatius1 ,polyc>p1 ,ju/91 ,ir5u1 c41 spoke ) su* decision 9 fav\r ( ! actuality & true manhood ( ,jesus4 ,x 0 n p]haps a bett] hi/orical k :i* caus$ !m to d ?is1 b ! life-in/9ct ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* knew only too well t its own position & ! prosecution ( its religi\s task1 9 contra/ ) ! excitem5ts ( ,gno/icism & its s$uctive attempts to expla9 ! _w1 0 dep5d5t on ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,r$eem]4 ,s ! hi/orical ,jesus 0 f ! beg9n+ a dogma1 a fiction1 caus$ by ! religi\s & practical social ne$s1 ( ! gr[+ & /ruggl+ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?is ,jesus has1 inde$1 l$ x to victory2 n1 h[ev]1 z an hi/orical reality1 b z an idea2 or1 9 o!r words1 n an hi/orical ,jesus1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 a really human individual1 b ! pure idea ( su* a p]son1 is ! patron-sa9t1 ! ,g5ius ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 ! man :o enabl$ x to ov]come ,gno/icism1 ,mi?raism1 & ! o!r religions ( ! ,r$eem]-,gods ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! importance ( ! f\r? ,gospel re/s 9 hav+ br\ght to a f9al close ^! ef=ts ( ! ,*ur* to make hi/ory ( ! ,r$eem]-figure ,*ri/4 ,begun "u ! visible influ5ce ( ! ,gno/ic conception ( ! process ( r$emption1 x meets ,gno/icism lat] z ano!r ,gospel2 inde$1 x seems saturat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! ,gno/ic attitude & outlook4 ,to a c]ta9 degree x %>es ) ,gno/icism its anti-,jewi% "*4 ,b at ! same "t x adh]es1 ) ! ,synoptics1 to ,jesus' hi/orical activity1 & seeks to e/abli% a k9d ( m$iation betwe5 ! ess5tially metaphysical conception ( ! ,gno/ics & ! ess5tially human conception ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,! au?or :o wrote ! ,gospel 9 ! "n ( ,john1 ! fav\rite disciple ( ,jesus1 probably ab\t #adj ,a4,d41 agrees ) ,gno/icism 9 its duali/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,on "o side is ! _w1 ! k+dom ( d>kness1 deceit1 & evil1 9 deadly enmity to ! div9e k+dom ( light1 ! k+dom ( tru? & life4 ,at ! head ( ! div9e k+dom is ,god1 :o is himself ,light1 ,tru?1 ,life1 & ,_s--foll[+ ,p>see ?\ght4 ,at ! head ( ! k+dom ( e>? is ,satan 7,angroma9yu74 ,9 ! middle1 betwe5 !m1 is plac$ man4 ,b mank9d is also divid$1 z all ! re/ ( exi/5ce1 into two ess5tially diff]5t k9ds4 ,! s\ls ( ! "o "p ( mank9d are d]iv$ f ,god1 ^? ( ! o!r f ,satan4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,god are by nature de/9$ = ! good & are fit = r$emption4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,satan--among :om ,john1 9 agreem5t ) ! ,gno/ics1 c\nts ! ,jews be=e all--are n susceptible ( any?+ div9e & are assign$ to et]nal damnation4 ,9 ord] to accompli% r$emption1 ,god1 f pure ,love = ! _w1 select$ ,monog5es1 8 only-begott5 ,son1 t is1 ! only be+ :i*1 z ! *ild ( ,god1 0 produc$ n by o!r be+s1 b by ,god himself4 ,! au?or ( ! ,gospel fuses ,monog5es ) ! ,philonic ,logos1 :o 9 ! ,gno/ic conception 0 only "o ( c\ntless o!r ons1 & 0 a son ( ,monog5es1 ! div9e reason1 & s only a gr&son ( ,god4 ,at ! same "t1 he transf]s ! :ole pl]oma--! plurality ( ! ons into :i*1 9 ! ,gno/ic conception1 ! div9e reality 0 divid$--to ! s+le pr9ciple ( ! ,logos1 def9es ! ,logos z ! unique be>] ( ! :ole fulness ( div9e glory1 z ! pre-exi/5t creator ( ! _w2 & calls him also1 s9ce he is 9 ess5ce id5tical ) ,god 8 ,fa!r1 ! s\rce ( life1 ! light1 ! tru?1 & ! _s ( ! univ]se4 ,& h[ !n does ! ,logos br+ ab\t r$emption8 ,he becomes fle%1 t is1 he assumes ! =m ( ! man ,jesus1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ceas+ to be ! sup]natural ,logos1 & z su* br+s to m5 ! ,life :i* he himself is1 by reveal+ wisdom & love4 ,z reveal] ( wisdom he is ! light ( ! _w2 he op5s to m5 ! secret ( _! filial relation to ,god2 he tea*es !m1 by kn[+ ,god1 to und]/& !mselves & ! _w2 he collects ab\t himself ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 :o are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! _w1 9 a unit$ & bro!rly society2 & gives !m1 9 imitat+ 8 own p]sonality1 ! light ( life--t is1 he inw>dly enlight5s & elevates !m4 ,z reveal] ( love he n only assumes ! human =m & ! r5unciation ( 8 div9e bliss connect$ ) x1 b z a good %eph]d he lays d[n 8 life = 8 flock2 he saves !m f ! p[] ( ,satan1 f ! t]rors ( d>kness1 & sacrifices himself = 8 p1 9 ord] ?r\gh ?is highe/ te/imony ( 8 love = m51 ?r\gh ! complete surr5d] ( 8 life1 to rega9 ! life :i* he really is1 & to return to 8 cele/ial glory4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s "w ( r$emption1 t m5 by fai? & love become inw>dly unit$ ) him & s ) ,god2 :]eby !y ga9 ! life 9 ! high] _s4 ,= ?\gh ,*ri/ himself may return to ,god1 8 _s /ill lives on e>?4 ,z ! second ,p>aclete or ag5t1 ! ,_s proce$s ) ! ,savi\r's "w ( r$emption1 ar\ses & /r5g!ns ! fai? 9 ,*ri/ & ! love = him & = ! ,bro!rhood1 !reby m$iat+ = !m ! ,life1 & lead+ !m aft] _! dea? into ! et]nal bliss4 ,9 all ?is ! influ5ce ( ,gno/icism & ( ! ,philonic doctr9e ( ! ,logos is unmi/akable1 & x is v probable t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel 0 influ5c$ by ! recollection1 /ill liv+ at ,ephesus1 ( ! ,ephesian ,h]aclitus' ,logos1 9 8 atta*m5t to ,philo & to ! latt]'s m detail$ exposition ( ! ,hell5ic ,logos-philosophy4 ,b he fundam5tally diff]s f ,philo & ,gno/icism 9 8 ass]tion t ! ,logos 0 made fle%1 soj\rn$ on e>? 9 ! figure ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & suff]$ dea?4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! ,evangeli/ is m p]si/5t 9 ?is ass]tion ?an successful 9 del9eat+ a real man1 not)/&+ 8 use ( ! ,synoptic acc\nts ( ! p]sonal fate ( ,jesus4 ,! idea ( ! div9e nature ( ! ,savi\r is ! "o t prevails 9 8 writ+s4 ,! hi/orical picture :i* came d[n to him 0 =cibly rectifi$1 & ! p]sonality ( ,jesus 0 work$ up into some?+ s wond]ful1 extraord9>y1 & sup]natural t1 if we 7 9 possession ( ! f\r? ,gospel alone1 9 all probability ! idea w\ld h>dly h occurr$ to any "o t x 0 a treatm5t ( ! life-/ory ( an hi/orical individual4 ,& yet 9 ?is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,johann9e & ! ,synoptic ,gospels is only a slight "o4 ,= ! ,synoptic ,jesus also is n really a man1 b a sup]man1 ! orig9al ,*ri/ian community's ,god-man1 cult-h]o1 & m$iator ( salvation4 ,& if x is settl$ t ! qu>rel betwe5 ! ,*ur* tea*]s & ! ,gno/ic h]etics h+$1 n on ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 9 :i* !y agre$1 b r on ! k9d & degree ( 8 humanity1 !n ?is p>adoxical fact is by itself suffici5t to corroborate ! ass]tion t ! div9ity ( ! m$iator ( r$emption 0 ! only orig9ally det]m9$ & self-evid5t presupposition ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian fai?2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 8 humanity 0 d\btful ev5 9 ! e>lie/ times1 & = ?is reason alone c\ld become a subject ( ! bitt]e/ /rife4 ,inde$1 ev5 ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel did n br+ ab\t a real fusion betwe5 ! human p]son ,jesus & ! my?ological p]son1 ! ,gno/ic ,son ( ,god1 :o ) ,philo wav]$1 also 9 ! =m ( ! ,logos1 betwe5 imp]sonal be+ & allegorical p]sonality4 ,all ! ef=ts to r5d] compreh5sible ! int]fusion ( ! div9e & ! human 9 ! unity ( ! p]sonal1 its basis 7ess5ce7 be+ div9e1 its appe>ance a human life ( ,jesus1 are fru/rat$ ev5 ) ! s-call$ ,john by "o fact4 ,?is fact is t a ,logos consid]$ z a p]son c nev] be at once a human p]sonality & yet h z its basis & ess5ce a div9e p]sonality1 b c only be demoniacally possess$ by ?is latt]1 & c nev] be ?is latt] itself4 ,& s1 z ,pfleid]] says1 ! ,johann9e ,*ri/ wav]s ?r\gh\t betwe5 a sublime tru? & a gho/ly mon/rosity2 ! =m]1 9 s f> z he repres5ts ! ideal ( ! ,son ( ,god1 & s ! religion ( mank9d1 sep>at$ f all ! accid5ts & limits ( individuality & nationality1 ( space & "t--& ! latt] s f> z he is ! my?ical cov]+ ( a ,god soj\rn+ on e>? 9 human =m4 #ejf ,x is true t ?is fusion ( ! ,gno/ic ,son ( ,god & ! ,philonic ,logos ) ! ,synoptic ,jesus fir/ fix$ ! hazy unc]ta9ty ( my?ological speculation & ab/ract ?\ght 9 ! cle> =m & liv+ individuality ( ! p]sonal m$iator ( r$emption4 ,x br\ght ?is p]sonality ne>] to ! he>ts ( ! fai?ful ?an any o!r figure ( religi\s belief1 & !reby procur$ = ! ,*ri/ian cult-god ,jesus1 9 8 pure humanity1 8 ov]fl[+ goodness & b5evol5ce1 su* a pr$om9ance ov] 8 div9e competitors1 ,mi?ras1 ,attis1 & o!rs1 t by ! side ( ,jesus ^! fad$ away into empty %ad[s4 ,! ,gno/ic ideal man1 t is1 ! ,platonic idea1 & ! moral ideal ( man m]g$ 9 him directly into a unity4 ,! miracle ( ! union ( ,god & man1 ov] :i* ! anci5t _w _h s hotly & s fruitlessly disput$1 seem$ to h f\nd its realisation 9 ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ 0 ! ,wise man ( ! ,/oic philosophy1 9 :om 0 unit$ = !m all t is mo/ hon\rable 9 man2 m ?an ?is1 he 0 ! ,god-man1 z he _h be5 prea*$ & dem&$ by ,s5eca = ! moral elevation ( mank9d4 #ejg ,! _w 0 consequ5tly s ready to receive & s well prep>$ = 8 fundam5tal ideas t we easily see :y ! ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity took its /& on ! human p]sonality ( its r$eem+ pr9ciple ) almo/ m decision ?an on ! div9e "* ( ,jesus4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ! maje/y & sublimity1 9 spite ( ! immeasurable significance :i* ! acc5tuation ( ! true humanity ( ,jesus has _h = ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 x rema9s true t on ! o!r h& x is j ?is :i* is ! s\rce ( all ! insoluble contradictions1 ( all ! insurm\ntable difficulties f :i* ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w suff]s4 ,?is is ! reason :y t great idea1 :i* ,*ri/ianity br\ght to ! consci\sness ( ! m5 ( ! ,we/1 & ?r\gh :i* x conqu]$ ,judaism--! idea ( ! ,god-man--0 utt]ly de/roy$1 & ! true cont5t ( ?is religion 0 obscur$1 hidd51 & misrepres5t$ 9 su* disa/r\s fa%ion1 t to-day x is no long] possible to ass5t to its doctr9e ( r$emption )\t ! sacrifice ( ! intellect4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,9 ! op9ion ( lib]al !ologians1 n ! ,god b r ! man ,jesus =ms ! valuable religi\s ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 #ejh ,9 say+ ?is x says no?+ less ?an t ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom up to ! pres5t day--t is1 till ! appe>ance ( a ,h>nack1 ,b\sset1 ,w]nle1 & o!rs ( l m9d--0 9 error ab\t itself1 & did n recognise its own ess5ce4 ,= ,*ri/ianity1 z ! pres5t acc\nt %[s1 f ! v fir/ conceiv$ ! ,god ,jesus1 or r ! ,god-man1 ! ,inc>nate1 ! ,god-r$eem]1 suff]+ ) man & sacrific+ himself = humanity1 z ! c5tral po9t ( its doctr9e4 ,! decl>ation ( ! real manhood ( ,jesus appe>s1 on ! o!r h&1 b z an aft]-concession ( ?is religion to out] circum/ances1 wrung f x only lat] by its oppon5ts1 & s expressly *ampion$ by x only because ( its =m+ ! unavoidable condition ( its p]man5ce 9 hi/ory & ( its practical success4 ,only ! ,god1 !re=e1 n ! man ,jesus1 c be t]m$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is 9 fact ! fundam5tal error ( ! lib]al !ology to ?9k t ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* took its rise f an hi/orical individual1 f ! man ,jesus4 ,! view is becom+ m common t ! orig9al ,*ri/ian movem5t "u ! "n ( ,jesus w\ld h rema9$ an insignificant & transi5t movem5t )9 ,judaism b = ,paul1 :o fir/ gave x a religi\s view ( ! _w by 8 metaphysics ( r$emption1 & :o by 8 break ) ! ,jewi% ,law really f\nd$ ! new religion4 ,x w n be long be=e ! fur!r concession is f\nd necess>y1 t an hi/orical ,jesus1 z ! ,gospels portray him1 & z he lives 9 ! m9ds ( ! lib]al !ologians ( to-day1 nev] exi/$ at all2 s t he nev] f\nd$ ! insignificant & dim9utive community ( ! ,messiah at ,j]usalem4 ,x w be necess>y to conc$e t ! ,*ri/-fai? arose q indep5d5tly ( any hi/orical p]sonality kn[n to u2 t inde$ ,jesus 0 9 ?is s5se a product ( ! religi\s social s\l & 0 made by ,paul1 ) ! requir$ am\nt ( re9t]pretation & recon/ruction1 ! *ief int]e/ ( ^? communities f\nd$ by him4 ,! hi/orical ,jesus is n e>li] b lat] ?an ,paul2 & z su* he has always exi/$ m]ely z an idea1 z a pi\s fiction 9 ! m9ds ( memb]s ( ! community4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ) its f\r ,gospels is n previ\s to ! ,*ur*1 b ! latt] is antec$5t to !m2 & ! ,gospels are ! d]ivatives1 consequ5tly =m+ a support = ! propag&a ( ! ,*ur*1 & be+ )\t any claim to hi/orical significance4 ,no?+ at all1 z ,kal?(f %[s1 is to be ga9$ = ! und]/&+ ( ,*ri/ianity f ! completely mod]n view t religion is an entirely p]sonal life & exp]i5ce4 ,religion is su* p]sonal life only 9 an age :i* is diff]5tiat$ into p]sonalities2 x is su* only 9 s f> z ?is diff]5tiation has be5 accompli%$4 ,f ! v beg9n+ religion makes its appe>ance z a ph5om5on ( social life2 x is a gr\p-religion1 a folk-religion1 a ,/ate religion2 & ?is social "* is naturally transf]r$ to ! free associations :i* are =m$ )9 ! limits ( tribe & ! ,/ate4 ,! talk ab\t p]sonality z ! c5tre ( all religi\s life is ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity absurd & unhi/orical1 = ! reason t ,*ri/ianity grew up 9 religi\s associations1 9 communities4 ,f ?is social religion our p]sonal religion has only be5 develop$ 9 a hi/ory la/+ c5turies4 ,only aft] great /ruggles has p]sonal religion be5 able to succe$ aga9/ an ess5tially old] =m4 ,:at dev\t p ( to-day call ,*ri/ianity1 a religion ( ! individual1 a pr9ciple ( p]sonal salvation1 w\ld h be5 an (f5ce & an absurdity to ! :ole ( anci5t ,*ri/5dom4 ,x w\ld h be5 to x ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* 0 nev] to be =giv52 = ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 ! _s ( ! ,*ur*'s unity1 ! connection ( ! religi\s community1 ! _s ( ! subord9ation ( ! flock to ! %eph]d4 ,= ?is reason individual religion exi/$ 9 old ,*ri/5dom only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! association ( ! community ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a private sett+ up ( "o's own religion 0 h]esy1 sep>ation f ! body ( ,*ri/4 #eji ,we _c refuse to conc$e to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 bo? ,roman & ,greek1 t 9 ?is respect x has mo/ fai?fully pres]v$ ! _s ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/5dom4 ,?is alone is to-day :at ,*ri/ianity 9 ess5ce once 0--! religion ( an association 9 ! s5se to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,?us ,ca?olicism ju/ly ref]s to tradition = ! tru? ( its religi\s view ( ! _w & = ! correctness ( its hi]>*ical claims4 ,b ,ca?olicism itself beyond d\bt fir/ e/abli%$ ?is tradition 9 its own int]e/s4 ,x tea*es also an hi/orical ,jesus1 b cle>ly "o t is hi/orical m]ely by tradition1 & ( ^: actual hi/orical exi/5ce n ! lea/ indication has yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,prote/antism1 on ! o!r h&1 is completely unhi/oric 9 pass+ (f ! ,gospels z ! s\rces1 z ! reveal$ basis ( ! fai? 9 ,*ri/1 z if !y _h aris5 indep5d5tly ( ! ,*ur* & repres5t$ ! true beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,consequ5tly "o _c base "o's religi\s fai? on ! ,gospel & wi% nev]!less to /& outside ( t community1 s9ce ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t c only pass z ! expression ( ! community's life4 ,"o _c !re=e be ,*ri/ian 9 ! s5se ( ! orig9al community )\t oblit]at+ "o's own p]sonality & unit+ oneself z a memb] ) ! ,body ( ,*ri/--t is1 ) ! ,*ur*4 ,! _s ( ob$i5ce & humility1 :i* ,*ri/ dem&$ ( 8 foll[]s1 is no?+ b ! _s ( subord9ation to ! sy/em ( rules ( conduct obs]v$ by ! society ( wor%ip pass+ "u 8 "n4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! orig9al s5se is no?+ b--,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity2 & ?is is ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! "w ( r$emption accompli%$ by ! ,god-man ,*ri/ 9 8 ,*ur* & by means ( ! organisation infus$ ) 8 _s4 ,on purely religi\s gr\nds ! wrongly s-call$ ,ca?olicism c\ld v probably disp5se ) ! fiction ( an hi/orical ,jesus1 & g back to ,paul's /&po9t be=e ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels1 if x c\ld h fai? to-day 9 its my?ological conception1 ( ! ,god sacrific+ himself = mank9d1 )\t t fiction4 ,9 its pres5t =m1 h[ev]1 x /&s or falls z a ,*ur* ) ! belief 9 ! hi/orical tru? ( ! ,god-r$eem]2 because all ! ,*ur*'s hi]>*ical claims & au?ority are bas$ on ?is au?ority hav+ be5 entru/$ to h] by an hi/orical ,jesus ?r\gh ! apo/les4 ,ca?olicism relies = ?is1 z x has be5 said1 on tradition4 ,b ,ca?olicism itself call$ ?is tradition into life1 j z ! prie/s at ,j]usalem work$ up ! tradition ( an hi/orical ,moses 9 ord] to trace back to him _! claim to au?ority4 ,x is ! ,irony ( ,_w-,hi/ory t t v tradition soon aft]w>ds =c$ ! ,*ur*1 ) reg>d to ! hi/orical ,*ri/1 to conceal its real nature f ! cr[d1 & to =bid ! laity to read ! ,gospels1 on acc\nt ( ! contradiction betwe5 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* & ! traditional ,*ri/ x _h produc$4 ,b ! position ( ,prote/antism is ev5 m contradictory & m desp]ate ?an t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 view ( our insight into ! fictiti\s "* ( ! ,gospels4 ,= ,prote/antism has no means b hi/ory = ! f\ndation ( its religi\s metaphysics2 & hi/ory1 view$ imp>tially1 leads away f ^? roots ( ,*ri/ianity to :i* ,prote/antism /rives1 in/ead ( t[>ds !m4 ,if ?is is true ( ,prote/ant or?odoxy x is ev5 m true ( t =m ( ,prote/antism :i* ?9ks x c ma9ta9 ,*ri/ianity ap>t f its metaphysical doctr9e ( r$emption because ?is doctr9e is no long] suitable to ! age4 ,lib]al ,prote/antism is & wi%es to be no?+ b a m]e fai? 9 ! hi/orical p]sonality ( a man :o is suppos$ to h be5 born #a1ijj ye>s ago 9 ,pale/9e1 & ?r\gh 8 exempl>y life to h become ! f\nd] ( a new religion2 be+ crucifi$ & dy+ 9 conflict ) ! au?orities at ,j]usalem1 be+ rais$ up !n z a ,god 9 ! m9ds ( 8 en?usia/ic disciples4 ,x is a fai? 9 ! lov+ ,god ! ,fa!r1 because ,jesus is suppos$ to h believ$ 9 him2 9 ! p]sonal immortality ( man1 because ?is is suppos$ to h be5 ! presupposition ( ,jesus' appe>ance & doctr9es2 9 ! incomp>able value ( moral in/ructions1 because !y /& 9 a book :i* is suppos$ to h be5 produc$ "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! prophet ( ,naz>e?4 ,lib]al ,prote/antism supports morality on ?is1 t ,jesus 0 su* a good man1 & t = ?is reason x is necess>y = ea* individual man to foll[ ! call ( ,jesus4 ,b x bases ! fai? 9 ,jesus once & = all on ! hi/orical significance ( ! ,gospels2 ?\gh x _c conceal f itself1 aft] c>eful consid]ation1 t ! belief 9 _! hi/orical value re/s on extremely weak gr\nds1 & t we "k no?+ ( t ,jesus1 n ev5 t he ev] liv$4 ,9 any case we "k no?+ :i* c\ld be ( influ5tial religi\s significance1 & :i* c\ld n be put toge!r j z well or bett] f o!r less d\btful s\rces4 #eaj ,x is pi]c$ to ! he>t by ! d5ial ( ! hi/orical p]sonality ( ,jesus1 n1 l ,ca?olicism1 m]ely z a ,*ur*1 b 9 its v ess5ce1 z a ,religion4 ,& z to its real religi\s k]nel x consi/s 9 a few f9e-s\nd+ phrases & "s scatt]$ ref]5ces to a metaphysics :i* 0 once liv+1 b :i* is n[ degrad$ into a m]e ornam5t = mode/ m9ds4 ,& aft] dispos+ ( its w\ld-be hi/orical value !re is left only a dimly sm\ld]+ sp>k ( homeless s5tim5ts1 :i* w\ld suit any /yle ( religi\s fai?4 ,lib]al ,prote/antism proclaims itself z ! really mod]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,confront$ by ! philosophic _s ( our day1 x lays /ress ^u hav+ no philosophy4 ,x sets aside all religi\s speculation z ,my?1 if possible ) ref]5ce to ,kant1 z ?is is mod]n1 )\t notic+ t x is itself mo/ deeply imb$d$ 9 my?ology ) its hi/orical ,jesus4 ,x believes t1 9 its exclusive rev]5ce = ! man ,jesus1 x has br\ght ,*ri/ianity to ! height ( pres5t culture4 ,z to ?is ,/5del ju/ly says3 ,( ! :ole apologetic art ) :i* ! mod]n ,jesus-!ology und]takes to save ,*ri/ianity = our "t1 x c be said t !re is no hi/orical religion :i* c\ld n j z well be br\ght into accord ) ! mod]n m9d z t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #eaa ,we h no occasion to weep = ! complete collapse ( su* a religion4 ,?is =m ( ,*ri/ianity has already be5 prov$ by ,h>tmann to be wor?less f ! religi\s po9t ( view2 #eab & x is only a pro( ( ! fasc9at+ p[] ( phrases1 ( ! laxity 9 our cre$s1 & ! ?\ghtlessness ( ! mob 9 religi\s matt]s1 t x is ev5 yet alive4 ,= su* reasons x is ev5 all[$1 "u ! lead ( ! s-call$ critical !ology1 to proclaim itself z ! pure ,*ri/ianity1 n[ kn[n = ! fir/ "t4 ,?us x f9ds sympa?y4 ,?is unsy/ematic collection ( ?\ghts1 arbitr>ily select$ f ! view ( ! _w & ( life giv5 by ! ,gospels1 :i* ev5 s requires to be rhetorically puff$ out & arti/ically modifi$ be=e x is made acceptable to ! pres5t age1--?is unspeculative doctr9e ( r$emption1 :i* at bottom is unc]ta9 ( itself1--?is s5tim5tal1 /hetic1 ,jesus-wor%ip ( a ,h>nack1 ,b\sset1 & ! re/ on :om ,w4 v4 ,s*neh5 s pitilessly broke 8 lance2 #eac ?is :ole s-call$ ,*ri/ianity ( cultur$ pa/ors & a laity 9 ne$ ( r$emption1 w\ld h long s9ce come to grief ?r\gh its pov]ty ( ideas1 its sick5+ sweetness1 if x 7 n consid]$ necess>y to ma9ta9 ,*ri/ianity at all co/s1 7 x ev5 t ( ! complete deprivation ( its spiritual cont5t4 ,! recognition ( ! fact t ! hi/orical ,jesus has no religi\s int]e/ at all1 b at mo/ conc]ns hi/orians & philologi/s1 is inde$ at pres5t comm5c+ to make its way into wid] circles4 #ead ,if "o only knew a way out ( ! difficulty6 ,if "o 7 only n afraid ( foll[+ a cle> lead j because "o might !n possibly be =c$ beyond ! exi/+ religion 9 ! c\rse ( 8 ideas--z ! example ( ,kal?(f %[$6 ,if only "o _h n su* a fe>ful respect = ! pa/ & su* a t5d] hi/oric unconsci\sness & su* imm5se respect = ! hi/orical basis ( exi/+ religion6 ,! ref]5ce to hi/ory & ! s-call$ hi/orical cont9uity ( ! religi\s developm5t is inde$ on ! face ( x m]ely a way out ( a difficulty1 & ano!r way ( putt+ ! fact t "o is n desir$ to draw ! consequ5ces ( 8 presuppositions4 ,z if !re c /ill be talk ( a hi/orical basis :]e !re is no hi/ory1 b pure my?6 ,z if ! pres]vation ( hi/orical cont9uity c\ld consi/ 9 ma9ta9+ z hi/ory :at are my?ical fictions1 j because !y h hi!rto pass$ = hi/oric tru?1 ?\gh we h se5 ?r\gh _! purely fictiti\s & unreal "*6 ,z if ! difficulty ( ! r$emption ( pres5t-day civilisation f ! *aos ( sup]/ition1 social deceit1 c[>dice1 & intellectual s]vitude :i* are connect$ ) ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity1 lay 9 a purely spiritual sph]e & n r 9 ! s5tim5t1 9 ! slov5ly piety1 9 ! heavy weight ( anci5t tradition1 above all 9 ! economic1 social1 & practical relations :i* unite our *ur*es ) ! pa/6 ,fai? 9 ! future ( ,*ri/ianity is /ill built n s mu* on ! p]suasive inn] tru? ( its doctr9e1 b mu* m on ! inborn religi\s feel+ ( ! memb]s ( ! community1 on ! religi\s education 9 s*ool & home1 & ! consequ5t increas+ /ore ( metaphysical & e?ical ideas1 on protection by ! ,/ate &--on ! law ( in]tia 9 ! spiritual life ( ! mob4 ,= ! re/1 9 pulpit1 9 p>i% pap]s1 & 9 public life1 a me?od ( expression is us$ :i* is n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( or?odoxy1 b is s adapt$ z to all[ e man to ?9k :at he deems be/ = himself4 ,we are en?usia/ically told t ?us we are able to keep ! rudd]less %ip ( ,prote/antism /ill a :ile above wat]1 & t we h reconcil$ fai? ) mod]n culture 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ( religi\s developm5t 7 completely 9 error4 ,is no o!r c\rse op5 to u b a complete break ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( r$emption8 ,?is doctr9e1 h[ev]--su* 0 ! result ( our previ\s exam9ation--is indep5d5t ( ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,its c5tre ( gravity lies 9 ! conception ( ! inc>nation ( ,god1 :o suff]s 9 ! _w b is f9ally victori\s ov] ?is suff]+2 & ?r\gh union ) :om ,mank9d also prevails ov] ! _w & ga9s a new life 9 a high] sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,t ! =m ( ?is div9e ,r$eem] ( ! _w coalesc$1 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 ) t ( a man ,jesus2 t1 consequ5t on ?is1 ! act ( r$emption 0 fix$ z to "t & place1 is only ! consequ5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* ! new religion appe>$4 ,= ?is reason x c only claim1 9 & = itself1 a transi5t practical significance1 & n a special religi\s value2 :ile on ! o!r h& x has become ! doom ( ,*ri/ianity t j ?is mak+ into hi/ory ( ! pr9ciple ( r$emption makes x impossible = u /ill to ackn[l$ge ?is religion4 ,b !n ! pres]vation ( hi/orical cont9uity or ! fur!r developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its prop] s5se probably does n consi/ 9 sep>at+ ?is *ance hi/orical side ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( r$emption f its connection ) ! :ole ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w & sett+ x up by itself1 b only 9 go+ back to ! ess5tial & fundam5tal idea ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & /at+ its metaphysical doctr9e ( r$emption 9 a mann] m ne>ly answ]+ to ! ideas ( ! day4 ,f ! conception ( a p]sonal ,god-r$eem] arose ! possibility ( sacrific+ a man 9 ,god's place1 & ( see+ ! div9e & ideal man1 t is1 ! ,idea ( ,man1 9 an actual man4 ,f ! gr[+ ,*ur*'s desire = au?ority1 f its opposition to ,gno/ic phantasy ) its intellectual volatilis+ ( ! religi\s-moral k]nel ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( r$emption1 & f ! wi% n to give up ! hi/orical connection ) ,judaism on opportuni/ gr\nds1 arose ! necessity ( portray+ ! div9e-human expiatory sacrifice z ! sacrifice ( an hi/orical p]son :o _h aris5 9 ,judaism4 ,all ^! diff]5t reasons1 :i* l$ to ! =mation ( ! belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus1 h no =ce ) u1 p>ticul>ly aft] x has be5 %[n t ! p]sonality ( ! pr9ciple ( r$emption1 ?is fundam5tal presupposition ( ! evangelical hi/ory1 is 9 ! end to blame = all ! contradictions & %ortcom+s ( t religion4 ,to lead back to its real ess5ce ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( r$emption c consequ5tly mean no?+ b plac+ ! idea ( ! ,god-man1 z x lies at ! basis ( t doctr9e1 9 ! c5tral po9t ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w1 ?r\gh ! /ripp+ (f ( ! my?ical p]sonality ( ! ,logos4 ,god mu/ become man1 s t ,man c become ,god & be r$eem$ f ! b\nds ( ! f9ite4 ,! idea ( ,man :i* is realis$ 9 ! _w mu/ itself be a div9e idea1 an idea ( ! ,deity1 & s ,god mu/ be ! common root & ess5ce ( all individual m5 & ?+s2 only !n may ,man atta9 8 exi/5ce 9 ,god & fre$om f ! _w1 ?r\gh ?is consci\sness ( 8 sup]natural div9e ess5ce4 ,man's consci\sness ( himself & ( 8 true ess5ce mu/ itself be a div9e consci\sness4 ,man1 & inde$ e man1 mu/ be a purely f9ite ph5om5on1 an individual limitation1 ! clo?+ ( ! ,deity ) a human =m4 ,9 possibility he is a ,god-man1 to be born aga9 an actual ,god-man ?r\gh 8 moral activity1 & consequ5tly to become really "o ) ,god4 ,9 ?is conception all ! contradictions ( ,*ri/ian dogmatism are solv$1 & ! k]nel ( its doctr9e ( r$emption is pres]v$ )\t be+ dive/$ ( its true significance by ! introduction ( my?ical phantasy or ( hi/orical co9cid5ces1 z is ! case 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,if we are /ill to use ! language ( ! pa/1 & to call ! div9e ess5ce ( mank9d ! imman5t ,godhead1 ,*ri/1 !n any advance ( religion c only consi/ 9 ! developm5t & work+ out ( ?is inn] ,*ri/1 t is1 ( ! spiritual-moral t5d5cies dwell+ 9 mank9d1 9 ! c>ry+ ( x back to its absolute & div9e basis1 b n 9 ! hi/orical p]sonification ( ?is inn] human nature4 ,any reality ( ! ,god-man consequ5tly consi/s 9 ,*ri/'s activity 9 ,man1 9 ! prov+ ( 8 true self1 ( 8 p]sonal1 spiritual ess5ce1 9 ! rais+ ( "o's self to p]sonality on ! gr\nd ( ,man's div9e nature1 b n 9 ! magical efficacy ( an ext]nal div9e p]sonality4 ,?is1 inde$1 is no?+ b ! religi\s ideal ( mank9d1 :i* m5 h project$ on to an hi/orical figure1 9 ord] to assure !mselves ( ! reality ( ! ideal4 ,x is n true t x is ess5tial to ! religi\s consci\sness to consid] its ideal 9 human =m1 & t = ?is reason ! hi/orical ,jesus is indisp5sable = ! religi\s life4 ,7 ?is true1 religion w\ld n be1 9 pr9ciple1 9 a position to raise itself above ! my?ical & primitive /age ( ,god's ext]nality & appe>ance to ! s5ses1 & to conqu] ^! ,gods1 work+ !m m & m into ! =ms ( an inn] nature4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! ess5ce ( religi\s developm5t4 ,religion w\ld o!rwise be conf9$ to a l[] prov9ce 9 ! human life ( ! _s2 & x w\ld be ov]?r[n :5ev] ! fiction ( t projection & sep>ation ( ,god f "o's own self 0 se5 ?r\gh4 ,x is only to or?odox ,*ri/ianity t x is necess>y to repres5t ! ,god 9 ,man z a ,god outside ( ,man1 z ! unique p]sonality ( a hi/orical ,god-man2 & t because x /ill rema9s ) "o foot 9 religi\s naturalism & my?ology1 & ! hi/orical circum/ances ( ano!r age occasion$ ! *oice ( t repres5tation & falsification ( ! idea ( ! ,god-man4 ,to ?9k ( ! _w's activity z ,god's activity2 ( mank9d's developm5t1 fill$ ) /ruggles & suff]+s1 z ! /ory ( a div9e /ruggle & ,passion2 ( ! _w-process z ! process ( a ,god1 :o 9 ea* individual creature fights1 suff]s1 conqu]s & dies1 s t he may ov]come ! limitations ( ! f9ite 9 ! religi\s consci\sness ( man & anticipate 8 future triumph ov] all ! suff]+ ( ! _w--t is ! real ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( r$emption4 ,to revive 9 ?is s5se ! fundam5tal conception f :i* ,*ri/ianity sprang--& :i* is indep5d5t ( any hi/orical ref]5ce--is1 inde$1 to return to ?is religi\s />t+-po9t4 ,prote/antism1 on ! contr>y1 :i* repudiates ,paul's religion & sets up ! ,gospels z ! f\ndation ( its belief1 nev]!less does n g beh9d ,*ri/ianity's developm5t into ! ,*ur*1 back to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 b rema9s always )9 ?is developm5t1 & deceives itself if x ?9ks t x c prevail ov] ! ,*ur* f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,gospel4 #eae ,9 su* an int]pretation & developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian conception ( r$emption hi/orical cont9uity is pres]v$ j z decid$ly z x is 9 ! "o-sid$ mak+ into hi/ory ( t ?\ght on ! side ( lib]al ,prote/antism4 ,:at is 9 opposition to x is1 on ! "o h&1 completely unhi/orical belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus2 on ! o!r h&1 ! prejudice aga9/ ! imman5t ,god1 or aga9/ ,pan!ism4 ,b ?is prejudice is bas$ entirely on t fiction ( an hi/orical m$iator & ! hypo!sis conta9$ !re9 ( a duali/ic sep>ation ( _w & ,god4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! moni/ic conception--:o began to organise !mselves a %ort "t ago--%\ld be cle>] z to ! significance ( t conception ?an !y are = ! mo/ "p ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,!y mu/ p]ceive t ! true doctr9e ( unity c only be ! doctr9e ( ! all 9 "o4 ,!re mu/ be an ideali/ic monism 9 opposition to ! naturali/ic monism ( ,haeckel1 :i* is preval5t ev5 to-day4 ,?is monism mu/ n exclude b include ,god's exi/5ce2 & its pres5t unfruitful negation ( all religion mu/ deep5 into a positive & religi\sly valuable view ( ! _w4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 w x be able to effect a g5u9e sep>ation f ! ,*ur*1 & ! moni/ic movem5t1 /ill 9 its *ildhood1 may lead to an inn] improvem5t & r5ovation ( our spiritual life 9 g5]al4 ,x requires mu* %ort-sight$ness on ! "p ( ! expon5ts ( a purely hi/orical ,*ri/ianity to suppose t ! s\lless & poor fai? 9 ! p]sonal1 or z x is consid]$ bett] express$ to-day1 9 ! liv+ ,god1 9 fre$om & immortality1 support$ by ! au?ority ( ! unique p]sonality ( a man ,jesus :o di$ two ?\s& ye>s ago1 w be 9 a position p]man5tly to satisfy religi\s ne$s1 ev5 :5 ! metaphysic ( r$emption1 /ill connect$ ) x at all po9ts1 & ! pi\s attitude bas$ ^u ?is are completely /ripp$ (f f x4 ,! e>li] ! or?odox ,*ri/ians1 by giv+ up _! sup]/ition 9 an hi/orical ,jesus1 & ! ,moni/s1 by sacrific+ _! equally fatal sup]/ition 9 ! sole reality ( matt] & 9 ! r$eem+ tru?s ( physical sci5ce :i* alone c give happ9ess1 come to a mutual reconciliation1 ! bett] x w be = bo?4 ,! m surely we %all avoid ! total oblit]ation ( ! religi\s consci\sness2 & ! civilis$ nations ( ,europe w be sav$ f ! loss ( _! spiritual balla/--t[>ds :i* loss !re seems at ! pres5t day to be a cont9u\s movem5t on all sides4 ,at pres5t !re are only two possibilities--ei!r to look on quietly :ile ! tidal wave ( naturalism1 gett+ ev] m p[]ful f day to day1 sweeps away ! la/ ve/ige ( religi\s ?\ght1 or to transf] ! s9k+ fire ( religion to ! gr\nd ( ,pan!ism1 9 a religion indep5d5t ( any ecclesia/ical gu>dian%ip4 ,! "t ( duali/ic ,!ism has gone by4 ,at pres5t all ! advanc+ spirits1 9 sph]es mo/ widely diff]5t1 concur 9 /riv+ t[>ds ,monism4 ,?is /riv+ is s deeply gr\nd$ & s well w>rant$1 t ! ,*ur* w n be able to suppress x = ev]4 #eaf ,! *ief ob/acle to a moni/ic religion & attitude is ! belief1 irreconcilable ) reason or hi/ory1 9 ! hi/orical reality ( a unique1 ideal1 & unsurpassable ,r$eem]4 ,,notes #a ,cf4 also 8 ,kritik d] ,evangeli51 #b vols4 7#ahej-ea74 #b ,kultur d4 ,geg5w>t3 ,ges*4 d4 *ri/l4 ,religion1 #bnd ed41 #aiji1 #dg4 #c ,! same is true ( ,clem51 :o1 judg+ by 8 ,religionsges*i*tl4 ,erklrung d4 ,n4,t4 7#aiji71 appe>s to be acqua9t$ ) ,rob]tson's ma/]piece1 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 only f a w\ld-be witty notice ( ,rville1 & fur!rmore only cites ! au?or :5 he ?9ks he c demoli% him ) ease4 #d ,a4 ,hausra?1 9 8 "w ,jesus u4 die neute/am5tli*5 ,s*rift/ell]1 vol4 i4 7#aijh71 (f]s a /rik+ example ( h[ light a matt] our !ologians make x to ov]?r[ ! attacks ( ! oppon5ts ( an hi/orical ,jesus4 ,9 sc>cely ?ree pages at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 comp5di\s "w he rejects ! my? !ory ( ,bruno ,bau] ) ! fav\rite appeal to a few individual & hi/orical features ( ! ,gospel tradition :i* are intr9sically ( no significance1 f9i%+ up ?is refutation ) a reckless citation f ,we9el :i* proves no?+ = ! hi/orical "* ( ,jesus4 #e ,cf4 also 8 "w ,moses1 ,jesus1 ,paulus4 ,drei sag5 v>iant5 des babylonis*5 ,gottm5s*5 ,gilgames*1 #bnd ed41 #aiji4 #f ,cf41 = example1 ,jesus ,vi] ,vortrge1 geh4 9 ,frankf4 #aiaj4 #g ,9 o!r respects ! progress 9 ! prov9ce ( religi\s hi/ory is n s great z ,i =m]ly believ$ ,i c\ld assume4 ,t is to say1 9 ess5tials mod]n le>n+ 9 ?is connection has only br\ght facts to light & giv5 a new focus to po9ts ( view :i* 7 already possess$ 7cf4 ,dupuis & ,volney7 by ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! tw5ties & =ties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury inve/igations1 unprejudic$ & indep5d5t ( !ology1 _h already rea*$ 9 ! case ( "s ( _! repres5tatives1 su* z ,gfrr]1 ,ltzelb]g]1 ,ghillany1 ,nork1 & o!rs1 ! po9t :i* is to-day aga9 repres5t$ by ! mo/ advanc$ le>n+4 ,! revolution ( #ahdh & ! reaction consequ5t on x 9 ecclesia/ical matt]s !n aga9 %ook1 on acc\nt ( _! radical t5d5cy1 ^? views :i* _h be5 already arriv$ at4 ,! lib]al ,prote/antism1 too1 t rose z a recoil aga9/ or?odoxy 9 its ef=t to "w out ! hi/orical ,jesus z ! k]nel ( ,*ri/ianity on its "p _h no int]e/ 9 aga9 br++ up ! old results4 ,inde$1 x actually makes x a reproa* to a p]son ( ! pres5t day if he quotes ! works ( ^? e>li] inve/igators1 & rem9ds him t religi\s le>n+ did n beg9 only ) ! mod]n ,coryphaei1 ) ,holtzmann1 ,h>nack1 c4 ,:oev] looks ^u ?+s f ?is po9t ( view c mo/ probably agree 9 ! melan*oly reflection ( a review] ( ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,*ri/ ,my?1 :5 he says ) ref]5ce to ! late/ inve/igations3 ,app>5tly ! :ole le>n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury s f> z relates to inve/igations into ! mov+ =ces ( civilisation & national upheavals w be consid]$ by future rese>* z an ars5al ( errors 7,o4 ,haus] 9 ! ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,augu/ #h1 #aiji74 #h ,x has also be5 reckon$ z a want ( me?od 9 ?is "w t ,i h (t5 made use ( a cauti\s & re/ra9$ mode ( expression1 t ,i h spok5 ( m]e suppositions & employ$ locutions su* z x appe>s1 c41 :5 x has be5 = ! "t be+ impossible = sci5ce or myself to give complete c]ta9ty to an ass]tion4 ,?is reproa* s\nds /range 9 ! m\?s ( su* z plume !mselves ^u sci5tific me?od4 ,= ,i %\ld ?9k t x 0 inde$ m sci5tific 9 ! giv5 cases to express oneself 9 ! mann] *os5 by me1 ?an by an unmeasur$ c]ta9ty 9 ass]tions to puff out pure suppositions into und\bt$ facts4 ,i mu/ leave su* a mode ( proce$+ to ! hi/orical !ologians4 ,!y "w purely ) hypo!ses4 ,all _! endeav\rs to obta9 an hi/orical k]nel f ! ,gospels re/ ^u conjectures simply4 ,above ev]y?+1 _! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity simply f an hi/orical ,jesus is1 9 spite ( ! c]ta9ty & self-confid5ce ) :i* x comes out1 a pure hypo!sis1 & t ( v d\btful value4 ,= t 9 reality ! new religion %\ld h be5 call$ into life by ! all-subdu+ influ5ce ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus & its accompanim5ts1 ! visions & halluc9ations ( ! disciples work$ up into ec/asies1 is s improbable1 & ! :ole view is psy*ologically s assailable1 &1 moreov]1 s futile1 t ev5 a lib]al !ologian l ,gunkel decl>es x entirely insuffici5t 7,zum religionsgesi*tl4 ,v]/ndnis d4 ,n4,t41 #hi sq474 ,) ?is explanation1 h[ev]1 /&s or falls ! :ole mod]n ,jesus-religion4 ,= if !y _c %[ h[ ! ,paul9e & ,johann9e ,*ri/ology c\ld develop f ! m]e exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,jesus1 if ?is n[ =ms ! problem ( problems ( ,new ,te/am5t rese>* 7,gunkel1 op4 cit471 !n _! :ole conception ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity disappe>s into air1 & !y h no "r to hold up aga9/ o!rs :o seek a bett] explanation ! p>tially hypo!tical "* ( ! views advanc$ by !m4 #i ,op4 cit41 #aj sq4 #aj ,cf4 ,k4 ,dunkmann1 ,d] hi/oris*e ,jesus1 d] my?ologis*e ,*ri/us1 und ,jesus d] ,*ri/ 7#aiaj74 ,cf4 also ,pfleid]]1 ,das ,*ri/usbild des ur*ri/li*5 ,glaub5s 9 religionsges*i*tli*] ,beleu*tung 7#aijc71 #f sq4 ,"h1 too1 x is po9t$ out t mod]n sci5tific !ology 9 its description ( ! figure ( ,*ri/ proce$s 9 any?+ b an unprejudic$ mann]4 ,out ( ! belief 9 ,*ri/ z conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x only draws =? :at is acceptable to pres5t modes ( ?9k+--pass+ ov] ev]y?+ else & read+ 9 mu* t is its own--9 ord] to con/ruct an ideal ,*ri/ accord+ to mod]n ta/e4 ,pfleid]] decl>es x a great illusion to believe t ! pictures ( ,*ri/ 9 works su* z ,h>nack's ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums1 ea* diff]5tly drawn accord+ to ! peculi>ities ( _! compos]s1 b all m or less 9 ! mod]n /yle1 are ! result ( sci5tific hi/orical rese>*1 & are relat$ to ! old conceptions ( ,*ri/ l tru? to error4 ,"o %\ld1 he says1 be reasonable & hon\rable en\gh to confess t bo? ! mod]n & ! antique conceptions ( ,*ri/ are alike creations ( ! common religi\s _s ( _! times & sprung f ! natural ne$ ( fai? to fix its special pr9ciple 9 a typical figure & to illu/rate x4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two correspond to ! diff]5ces ( ! times1 ! =m] a simple my?ical ,epic1 ! latt] a s5tim5tal & consci\s ,romance4 ,9 ! same s5se ,alb4 ,s*weitz] also *>act]ises ! fam\s me?od ( hi/orical !ology z a cont9ual exp]im5tation accord+ to settl$ hypo!ses 9 :i* ! lead+ ?\ght re/s 9 ! la/ resort ^u an intuition 7,von ,reim>us bis ,wr$e1 #aijf74 ,inde$1 ,we9el himself1 :o _c hold up aga9/ ! au?or ) suffici5t scorn 8 lack ( me?od & 8 dilettantism has to confess t ! same blemi%es :i* 9 8 op9ion *>act]ise dilettantism are to be f\nd ev5 9 ! mo/ prom95t repres5tatives ( hi/orical !ology1 9 a ,wr$e or a ,wellhaus54 ,he reproa*es bo? ( ^! ) ! fact t 9 _! rese>*es s]i\s faults ( a g5]al nature & 9 me?od are pres5t 7#ba74 ,he advises ! greate/ prud5ce 9 respect to ,wellhaus5's ,gospel ,comm5t>ies on acc\nt ( _! s]i\s g5]al blemi%es 7#bf74 ,he objects to ,wr$e t to be consi/5t he mu/ himself g ov] to radical dilettantism 7#bb74 ,he *>ges ,s*weitz] actually ) dilettantism & bl9d bias :i* cause e lit]>y consid]ation to be lack+ 7#be sq474 ,inde$1 he f9ds himself1 9 face ( ! dilettante endeav\rs to d5y ! hi/orical ,jesus1 compell$ ev5 to admit t lib]al !ology = ! future mu/ le>n to express itself ) m caution & to exhibit m surely ! me?od ( religi\s hi/orical comp>ison 7#ad74 ,he blames ,gunkel = imprud5ce 9 decl>+ ,*ri/ianity to be a syncretic religion1 & dem&s t ! hi/orical works ( lib]al !ology %\ld be cle>] 9 _! results & m conv9c+ 9 _! me?ods 7#af74 ,he says t ! me?od :i* !y employ is at pres5t n sure & cle> en\gh s9ce x has be5 spok5 ( g5]ally 9 v loose if n mislead+ t]ms1 & he confesses3 ,we h app>5tly n made ! measure1 accord+ to :i* we decide ^u :at is au!ntic & :at n s 9 ! tradition1 s pla9 t x c always be recognis$ ) security 7#bi74 ,n[1 if matt]s are 9 su* a position1 we non-!ologians ne$ n take too tragically ! reproa* ( dilettantism & lack ( sci5tific me?od1 s9ce x appe>s v mu* z ?\gh hi/orical !ology1 ) ! exception at mo/ ( ,h]r ,we9el1 has no sure me?od4 #aa ,cf4 ,w4 v4 ,s*neh51 ,d] mod]ne ,jesuskultus1 #bnd ed41 #aijg1 p4 #da1 a "w ) :i* ev5 a ,pfleid]] has agre$ 9 ! ma9 po9ts2 also ! same au?or's ,fr4 ,naumann vor dem ,bankrott des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijg4 #ab ,! excursus on ,! ,leg5d ( ,pet] :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 & !re appe>s to h be5 r misund]/ood1 has rec5tly 7#aiaj7 appe>$ m closely work$ out & reason$ 9 an indep5d5t =m 9 ! ,neu] ,frankfurt] ,v]lag "u ! title ,die ,petrus ,leg5de4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,my?ologie des ,*ri/5tums4 #ac ,op cit41 #hb4 #ad ,ep4 ad ,luc4 #da4 #ae ,e4 v4 ,momms5 & ,wilam[itz 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,g]man ,ar*ological ,in/itute1 xxiii4 ,"p iii42 ,*ri/l4 ,welt1 #ahii1 ,no4 #eg4 ,comp>e z a specially *>act]i/ic expression ( t p]iod's long+ = r$emption ! fam\s ,f\r? ,eclogue ( ,virgil4 ,also ,j]emias1 ,babylonis*es im ,neu5 ,te/am5t1 #aije1 pp4 #eg sqq4 ,lietzmann1 ,d] ,wel!il&1 #aiji4 #af ,x is c]ta9 t ! old ,israelite ,jahwe only atta9$ t spiritualis$ "* = :i* he is n[adays extoll$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]sians' imageless wor%ip ( ,god4 ,all ef=ts to con/ruct1 9 spite ( ?is admission1 a qualitative diff]5ce betwe5 ,jahwe & ,ahuramazda1 z1 = example1 ,/ave does 9 8 "w 7,d] ,e9fluss des ,p>sismus auf das ,jud5tum1 #ahih1 #abb sq47 are unavail+4 ,accord+ to ,/ave1 ! conception ( good & evil is n grasp$ 9 ,mazdeism 9 all its purity & tru?1 b has be5 confus$ ) ! natural4 ,b is t di/9ction grasp$ 9 all its purity 9 ,judaism ) its rituali/ic legality8 ,inde$1 has x come to a really pure realisation ev5 9 ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* piety & atta*m5t to ! ,*ur* s (t5 pass z id5tical ideas8 ,let u give to ea* religion its due1 & cease to be subtle 9 draw+ su* artificial di/9ctions 9 fav\r ( our own--di/9ctions :i* fall into no?+ness be=e e unprejudic$ consid]ation4 #ag ,exod4 iv4 #bb2 ,deut4 xxxii4 #f2 ,hosea xi4 #a4 #ah ,isa4 xlix4 #f1 #h4 #ai ,id4 li4 #af4 #bj ,isa4 xliv4 #bh1 xlv4 #a sq4 #ba ,cumont1 ,textes et monum5ts figurs relatifs aux my/res de ,mi?ra1 #ahii1 vol4 i4 #ahh4 #bb ,isa4 xi4 #fe1 #ag sqq4 #bc ,isa4 ix4 #f2 ,micah v4 #a4 #bd ,psa4 xlvii4 #f1 #i1 lvii4 #ab4 #be ,*4 xlv4-li4 #bf ,*4 vi4 #a sqq4 #bg ,cf4 ,gunkel1 ,zum religionsges*4 ,v]/ndnis des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aijc1 p4 #bc1 note #d4 #bh ,revelation xxii42 cf4 ,pfleid]]1 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum4 ,se9e ,s*rift5 und se9e ,lehr51 #bnd edit41 #aijb1 vol4 ii4 #ed sqq4 #bi ,dan4 xii4 #c4 #cj ,! ass]tion advanc$ by ,grtz & ,lucius t ! "w m5tion$ is a =g]y ( a f\r?-c5tury ,*ri/ian foi/$ ^u ,philo ) ! object ( recomm5d+ ! ,*ri/ian ,ascesis1 & t a sect ( ,!rapeutes nev] exi/$1 c n[ be consid]$ dispos$ (1 s9ce its refutation by ,massebiau & ,conybe>e4 ,cf4 ,pfleid]]1 ,ur*ri/5tum1 ii4 #e sq4 #ca ,cf4 z reg>ds ! ,ess5es1 ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,jesu ,*ri/i1 #ahih1 ,,ii4 #egc-ehd4 #cb ,reg>d+ ! connection betwe5 ! ,ess5es & ! ,apocalypse1 cf4 ,hilg5feld1 ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptik1 #aheg1 p4 #bec sqq4 #cc ,on ?is po9t1 cf4 ,br&t1 ,die m&is*e ,religion1 #ahii2 ,real5zyklop1 f4d4 prote/4 ,!ologie u4 ,kir*e1 xii4 #afj sqq42 ,gunkel1 op4 cit41 #ah sqq4 #cd ,cf4 ,hilg5feld1 ,ketz]ges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5tums1 #ahhd4 #ce ,gunkel1 op4 cit41 #bi4 #cf ,g54 xxxii4 #bd4 #cg ,numb4 xx4 #af2 ,exod4 xiii4 #ba4 #ch ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ad2 #b ,sam4 v4 #bc4 #ci #a ,k+s i4 #c2 ,ezek4 xliii4 #e4 #dj ,isa4 lxiii4 #i sqq4 #da ,psa4 ii4 #db ,cf4 ,ghillany1 ,die ,m5s*5opf] d] alt5 ,hebrer1 #ahdb1 #cbf-ccd2 ,eis5m5g]1 ,entdecktes ,jud5tum1 #agaa1 i4 #caa1 #cie sqq4 ,also ,mov]s1 ,die ,phnizi]1 #ahda2 i4 #cih sq4 #dc ,exod4 xxiii4 #bj sqq4 #dd ,jos4 xxiv4 #aa4 #de ,jos4 v4 #b-aj4 ,! unhi/orical nature ( ,jo%ua is admitt$ also by ,/ade4 ,/ade c\nts him an ,ephraimitic my?1 recall+ to m9d 9 s do+ t ! ,sam>itans possess$ an apocryphal book ( ! same "n 9 place ( our ,book ( ,jo%ua 7,ges*4 d4 ,volkes ,israel1 #ahhg1 i4 #fd sqq41 #ace74 ,! ,sam>itan ,book ( ,jo%ua 7,*ronicum ,sam>itanum1 publi%$ #ahdh7 0 writt5 9 ,arabic dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ,egypt1 & is bas$ ^u an old "w compos$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 conta9+ /ories :i* 9 "p d n appe> 9 our ,book ( ,jo%ua4 #df ,t ! hypo!sis ( ,smi? "h m5tion$ is q admissible f ! l+ui/ic po9t ( view has lately be5 ma9ta9$ by ,s*mi$el 9 opposition to ,we9el 7,prote/ant5bl41 #aiaj1 ,no4 #ag1 #dch74 #dg ,epiph41 ,hresiol4 xxix4 #dh ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #cg sq41 #ed4 #di ,isa4 ii4 #a4 ,cf4 ,epiphanius1 op4 cit4 #ej ,id4 xxix4 #f4 #ea ,enc4 ,bibl41 art4 ,naz>e?4 #eb ,s9ce ha-nosrm 0 a v usual t]m = gu>dians or protectors1 x foll[s t :5 ! t]m or its ,greek equival5t hoi ,nazoraioi 0 us$ ! adoption ( its well-kn[n mean+ 0 unavoidable4 ,ev5 if ! "n 0 really d]iv$ f ! village ( ,naz>e?1 no "o w\ld h ?\ght ( x4 ,e "o w\ld h unavoidably /ruck at once ^u ! curr5t mean+4 ,if a class ( p]sons 0 call$ protectors1 e "o w\ld und]/& t z mean+ t !y protect$ some?+4 ,no "o w\ld hit ^u x to d]ive _! "n f an o!rwise unkn[n village nam$ ,protection 7,smi?1 op4 cit41 #dg74 #ec ,cf4 9 ?is connection ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #cf sq41 #db sqq4 #ed ,cf4 ,cumont1 op4 cit41 #aie sq4 #ee ,matt4 ii4 #be4 #ef ,ze*4 iii4 #aj4 #eg ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 #ef2 cf4 also #cc & #df1 notes4 #eh ,rob]tson1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 #aijb1 #i sqq4 #ei ,gunkel1 op4 cit41 #cd4 #fj ,id41 op4 cit41 #ci-fc2 cf4 also ,rob]tson1 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #aijc1 #aee seq4 #fa ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 #aef4 #fb ,m>k v4 #bg2 ,luke xxiv4 #ai2 ,acts xviii4 #be1 xxviii4 #ca4 #fc ,luke ix4 #di1 x4 #ag2 ,acts iii4 #af2 ,james v4 #ad sq4 ,= m details reg>d+ ,"n magic1 see ,w4 ,heitmll]1 ,im ,nam5 ,jesu1 #aijc4 #fd ,cf4 on :ole subject ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 #aec-afj4 #fe ,*4 vii4 #bi4 #ff ,isa4 iii4 #fg ,*4 xii4 #aj sqq42 cf4 ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 i4 #aif4 #fh ,*4 viii4 #ad4 #fi ,op4 cit41 #gh4 #gj ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #aijj1 ii4 #aif sq4 #ga ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #aijh1 #abh sqq4 #gb ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i41 iii4 #bj sq4 #gc ,v]se #ad4 #gd ,op4 cit41 viii4 #bd-bi4 #ge #a ,g54 xv4 #ag4 #gf ,ghillany1 op4 cit41 #adh1 #aie1 #bgi1 #bii1 #cah sqq4 ,cf4 especially ! *apt] ,d] alte hebris*e ,nationalgott ,jahve1 #bfd sqq4 #gg ,j4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #adj-adh4 ,x _c be suffici5tly insi/$ ^u t x 0 only "u ,p]sian influ5ce t ,jahwe 0 sep>at$ f ! ,gods ( ! o!r ,semitic races1 f ,baal1 ,melk>t1 ,molo*1 ,*emo%1 c41 ) :om hi!rto he _h be5 almo/ completely id5tifi$2 also t x 0 only ?r\gh be+ work$ ^u by ,hell5i/ic civilisation t he became t unique ,god1 ( :om we usually ?9k on he>+ ! "n4 ,! idea ( a special religi\s position ( ! ,jewi% p1 ! expression ( :i* 0 ,jahwe1 above all belongs to ^? my?s ( religi\s hi/ory :i* "o repeats to ano!r )\t ?\ght1 b :i* sci5ce %\ld f9ally put out ( ! way4 #gh ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #ach-adf4 #gi ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #dhj sqq4 #hj ,,vi4 #dg sqq41 #bji sqq4 #ha ,cf4 ,gunkel1 ,s*pfung und ,*aos 9 ,urzeit und ,endzeit1 #ahie4 #cji sq4 ,e4 ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1 #aijb1 #ead-ebj4 #hb ,*4 viii4 #ae4 ,cf4 also vi4 #h1 #i4 #hc ,abh&lung5 d4 ,kgl4 ,ges4 d4 ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,gtt+51 xxxiv4 #hd ,cf4 also ,p4 ,w5dl&1 ,zts*r4 ,h]mes1 xxxiii41 #ahih1 #age sqq41 & ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 #ach1 note #a4 #he ,9 ! same way ! ,phrygian ,attis1 ^: "n *>act]ises him z himself ! fa!r1 0 also hon\r$ z ! son1 belov$ & sp\se ( ,cybele1 ! "m ,goddess4 ,he ?us v>i$ betwe5 a ,fa!r ,god1 ! high ,k+ ( ,heav51 & ! div9e ,son ( t ,god4 #hf ,fraz]1 op4 cit41 iii4 #ach-bjj4 ,cf4 also ,rob]tson1 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #acf-adj4 #hg ,keim1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #ahgc1 #cca note4 #hh ,ghillany1 op4 cit41 #eaj sqq4 #hi ,id4 #eje4 #ij #b ,sam4 xxi4 #i2 cf4 ,lev4 xxiii4 #aj-ad4 #ia ,hi/41 xviii4 #g4 #ib #b ,k+s iii4 #bg4 #ic ,hi/4 ,nat41 xxxiv4 #d1 #bf4 #id ,m5tion$ 9 ,eusebius1 ,praep>atio ,evangelica1 i4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #cjc sq4 #ie ,d] ,my?us bei d5 ,hebrern1 #ahgf1 #aji-aac4 #if ,cf4 ,ghillany1 op4 cit41 #dea sqq42 ,daum]1 op4 cit41 #cd sqq41 #aaa4 #ig ,numb4 xx4 #bb sqq41 xxvii4 #ab sqq41 xxxiii4 #cg sqq41 ,deut4 xxxii4 #dh sqq4 ,cf4 ,ghillany1 op4 cit41 #gji-gba4 #ih ,deut4 xviii4 #ae4 #ii ,cf4 ,heb4 v4 #ajj ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #dd4 #aja ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryphone1 cap4 xc4 #ajb ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 ii4 #eee4 ,cf4 also ,wns*e1 ,die ,leid5 des ,messias1 #ahgj4 #ajc ,see above1 page #dj sqq4 #ajd ,cf4 ,eis5m5g]1 op4 cit41 ii4 #gbj sqq42 ,gfrr]1 ,das ,jahrhund]t des ,heils1 #ahch1 ii4 #bfj sqq42 ,ltzelb]g]1 ,die kir*l4 ,tradition b] d5 ,apo/el ,johannes u4 s4 ,s*rift51 #ahdj1 #bbd-bbi2 ,dalman1 ,d] leid5de und d] /]b5de ,messias d] ,synagoge im er/5 na**ri/li*5 ,jahrtaus5d1 #ahhh2 ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums1 im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 #aijc1 #bah sq42 ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 #dj sq4 #aje ,op4 cit41 #ba4 #ajf ,op4 cit41 #ga sq4 #ajg ,kautzs*1 ,pseudoepigraph51 #ejj4 #ajh ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit41 #fg-gg4 ,cf4 also ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 #dj1 & 8 ,das ,alte ,te/am5t im ,li*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 #aijd1 #bci sq4 #aji ,g54 xl4 #aaj ,luke xxiii4 #ci-dc2 cf4 also ,isa4 lxxx4 #ab4 #aaa ,jos4 v4 #b sqq4 #aab ,amos viii4 #aj2 cf4 ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #bdc4 #aac ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #aeg4 #aad ,numb4 xiv4 #aae ,id4 xiii4 #i2 ,g54 xlviii4 #af4 #aaf ,id4 xiii4 #g2 ,g54 xlix4 #i4 #aag #a ,*ron4 iv4 #aa4 #aah ,judges ii4 #i4 #aai ,id4 iv4 #abj ,cf4 ,nork1 ,realwrt]bu*1 #ahdc-e1 ii4 #cja sq4 #aba ,cf4 on :ole subject ,m>t9 ,brckn]1 ,d] /]b5de und auf]/eh5de ,got!il& 9 d5 ori5talis*5 ,religion5 und ihr ,v]hltnis zum ,*ri/5tum4 ,religionsges*4 ,volksb*]1 #aijh4 #abb ,*4 ii4 #ab-bj4 #abc ,*4 iii4 #a-h4 #abd ,*4 v4 #c-e4 #abe ,*4 xii4 #abf ,zum religionsges*4 ,v]/4 d4 ,n4,t41 #ed4 #abg ,l'orig9e de t\s les cultes1 #agie1 v4 #acc4 #abh ,abraxas1 #aag4 #abi ,cf4 reg>d+ ! my?ical nature ( ,moses1 :o is to be look$ ^u z an (f%oot ( ,jahwe & ,tammuz1 ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit41 #hf-ie4 #acj ,cf4 also ,o4 ,pfleid]]1 ,das ,*ri/usbild des ur*ri/li*5 ,glaub5s 9 religionsges*4 ,beleu*tung1 #aijc1 #cg4 ,also ,j]emias1 ,das ,a4,t4 im ,li*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 #bed4 #aca ,i4 #ajg4 #acb ,cf4 ,plut>*1 ,artax]xes1 *4 i4 #acc ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #bbh4 #acd ,,ii4 #i1 #b4 #ace ,b\sset1 ,das ,jud5tum1 #bbj4 #acf #a ,k+s xi4 #ad sq4 #acg ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 u4 d4 ,a4,t41 #bbe4 #ach ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit41 #agb sqq41 ,j]emias1 ,das ,a4,t4 im ,li*te d4 a4 ,o41 #bnd4 ed41 #dhh sqq42 cf4 also ,ba5ts*1 ,david und se9 ,zeitalt]4 ,wiss5s*aft u4 ,bildung1 #aijg4 #aci ,ep4 viii4 #c4 #adj ,id4 xlii4 #eh4 #ada ,*4 v4 #a4 #adb ,g54 xxxv4 #aa-ai2 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #ab2 ,g54 xliv4 #bf4 #adc ,cf4 ,nork1 ,realwrt]bu*1 i4 #bdj sq4 #add ,! o!r fam\s prophecy suppos$ to ref] to ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 viz41 ,isaiah vii4 #ad1 is at pres5t no long] reg>d$ z su* by _m4 ,! passage obvi\sly does n ref] to ! ,messiah4 ,?is is %[n by a glance at ! text1 & x w\ld h>dly h be5 consid]$ s long z be>+ t mean+1 if any "o _h tak5 ! tr\ble to read x 9 its context4 ,consid] ! situation4 ,que5 ,rez9 ( ,syria & ,pekah ( ,israel m>* aga9/ ! ,jewi% ,k+ ,ahaz1 :o is !re=e mu* tr\bl$4 ,at ! comm& ( ,jahwe ! prophet goes to ! k+ 9 ord] to exhort him to c\rage1 & urges him to pray = a sign ( ! happy outcome ( ! fight4 ,he1 h[ev]1 refuses to tempt ,god4 ,!reupon ,isaiah himself gives him a sign4 ,behold1 he says1 a virg9 %all conceive & be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel1 ,god be ) u4 ,be=e ! *ild %all "k to refuse ! evil & *oose ! good1 ! l& ^: two k+s ?\ abhorre/ %all be =sak54 ,& undi/urb$ by ! fact t ?is prophecy = ! mom5t c give b little enc\ragem5t to ! k+1 ,isaiah goes ) ! help ( two witnesses767 to a prophetess & gets h] ) *ild 9 ord] to make 8 words true7674 ,! text does n say 9 :at relation%ip ! woman /ood to ,isaiah4 ,! ,hebrew ^w ,almah may mean "y woman z well z virg94 ,! ,septuag9t1 h[ev]1 ?\ghtlessly mak+ ! passage ref] to ! ,messiah1 & hav+ be=e its eyes v possibly ! /ories ( ! miracul\s bir? ( ! hea!n ,r$eem] ,gods1 translates ! ^w /raightway by virg91 )\t ?9k+ :at possible light x !reby ?rew ^u ,isaiah4 #ade ,*4 lx4 #a sqq4 #adf ,psa4 lxviii4 #cb sq4 #adg ,dupuis1 op4 cit41 #bfh4 #adh ,matt4 i4 #ad sq4 #adi ,! fea/s ( ! ,gods 9 "q also correspond to ?is 9 "*4 ,!y fell ^u ! sol/ice 7! bir?day or day ( dea? ( ! sun71 s f> z _! connection ) ! sun 0 emphasiz$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^u ! equ9oxes1 s f> z _! connection ) vegetation 0 conc]n$1 s[+ & h>ve/ 7 br\ght into prom95ce4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 dea? & reappe>ance 7 jo9$ 9 "o s+le fea/1 & ?is 0 celebrat$ at ! "t 9 spr+ :5 day & night 7 ( equal l5g?1 :5 vegetation 0 at its highe/1 & 9 ! ,ea/ ! h>ve/ 0 begun4 ,cf4 ,j]emias1 ,babylonis*es im ,n4,t41 #aj sq4 #aej ,"o %\ld comp>e ! description giv5 by ,hommel ( ! climate ( ,babylonia 7op4 cit41 #ahf7 ) ! picture ( ! natural occurr5ces :i*1 accord+ to ,gunkel1 gave occasion = ! my? ( ! bir? ( ,m>duk1 & ! ?reat5+ ( ! *ild by ! ,w9t] ,dragon1 ,timat4 ,be=e spr+ desc5ds to ! e>? f heav51 w9t] has _h its grim 767 rule ^u ! e>?4 ,m5 p9e away 79 ! c\ntry ( ! two riv]s67 b5ea? its sway1 & look up to heav5 wond]+ if deliv]ance w n come4 ,! my? consoles !m ) ! /ory t ! ,god ( spr+ :o w ov]?r[ w9t] has already be5 born4 ,! ,god ( w9t] :o kn[s = :at he is de/9$ is 8 enemy1 & w\ld be v pleas$ if he c\ld dev\r him4 ,& w9t] at pres5t rul+ is mu* /rong] ?an ! weak *ild4 ,b 8 endeav\r to get rid ( 8 enemy comes to n\ght4 ,d y !n want to "k :y he is s grim8 ,he kn[s t he has only a %ort "t4 ,8 might is already brok5 al?\gh we may be yet unaw>e ( x4 ,! ye> has already *ang$ to spr+4 ,! *ild gr[s up 9 heav52 ! days become long]1 ! light ( ! sun /rong]4 ,z soon z he is gr[n up he desc5ds & ov]?r[s 8 old enemy4 ',only tru/ 9 ,god )\t despair1 spr+ mu/ come' 7,s*pfung und ,*aos1 #chi sq474 #aea ,dupuis has already po9t$ ?is out1 op4 cit41 #aeb4 #aeb ,macrobius1 ,saturnal41 i4 #ah1 i4 #cd-ce4 #aec ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #f & #ac4 #aed ,cf4 ,simrock1 ,h&bu* d] deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 #ahgd1 #bja & #bbe4 #aee ,op4 cit41 #ach4 ,! transfix+ ( ! victim ) ! holy lance1 z we meet x 9 ,john xix4 #cd1 appe>s to be a v old sacrificial cu/om1 :i* is f\nd among ! mo/ diff]5t races4 ,= example1 bo? among ! ,scy?ian tribes 9 ,albania 9 ! wor%ip ( ,a/>te 7,/rabo7 & 9 ,salamis1 on ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 9 t ( ,molo* 7,eusebius1 ,praep4 ,evang41 iv4 #af74 ,! lance ?ru/1 says ,ghillany1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,savi\r's dea?1 0 n giv5 ) ! object ( te/+ :e!r ! suff]] 0 /ill alive1 b 0 9 ord] to correspond ) ! old me?od ( sacrific+4 ,! legs 7 n brok5 because ! victim c\ld n be mutilat$4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! corpse _h to be tak5 d[n1 j z ,jo%ua only all[$ ! k+s sacrific$ to ! sun to rema9 until ev5+ ^u ! cross 7op4 cit41 #eeh74 #aef ,fraz]1 op4 cit41 #cde sq4 ,f4 ,kauffmann1 ,bald] ,my?us u4 ,sage na* ihr5 di*t]is*5 u4 religis5 ,elem5t5 unt]su*t1 #aijb1 #bff sq4 #aeg ,rigv4 v4 #a1 v4 #b1 iii4 #a1 vii4 #ab1 i4 #if1 c4 #aeh ,hillebr&1 ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 #ahia-aijb1 ii4 #ch sq4 #aei ,accord+ to e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 su* z ,ju/9 & ,orig51 ,jesus also came into ! _w 9 a cave1 & ,j]ome compla9s 7,epi/4 lviii47 t 9 8 "t ! hea!ns celebrat$ ! fea/ ( ! bir? ( ,tammuz at ,be?lehem 9 ! same cave 9 :i* ,jesus 0 born4 #afj ,i4 #gb1 #b2 v4 #aa1 #f2 v4 #b1 #a2 iii4 #a1 #ad2 i4 #fe1 #a2 x4 #df1 #b4 #afa ,,iii4 #a1 #g2 iii4 #i1 #g2 v4 #a1 #a2 v4 #b1 #a1 & #b2 iii4 #g1 #b2 x4 #d1 #b1 & #c4 #afb ,cf4 ,volney1 ,die ,ru951 #agia 7,reclam71 note #hc to *ap4 xiii4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! infant ,*ri/ 0 repres5t$ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian pictures ly+ 9 8 "m's lap or 9 a cradle betwe5 an ,ox & an ,ass4 #afc ,j]emias1 ,babylonis*es im ,neu5 ,te/am5t1 #ce1 note #a4 ,cf4 ,dupuis1 op4 cit41 #aaa sqq4 #afd ,dupuis1 op4 cit41 #adc sq4 #afe ,cf4 also ,w9ckl]1 ,die babylonis*e ,gei/eskultur ,wiss5s*aft u4 ,bildung1 #aijg4 ,j]emias1 ,babylonis*es im ,n4,t41 #fb sqq4 ,! a/ral ref]5ces ( ! ,*ri/ my? are v beautifully %[n 9 ! ,?omakapelle at ,k>lsruhe1 :]e ! ,ma/] has depict$ 9 co/ly pr(usion & unconsci\s insight ! *ief po9ts ( ! ,gospel hi/ory 9 connection ) ! signs ( ! ,zodiac & ! />s--! riddle ( ! ,*ri/ /ory & its solution6 ,z is well kn[n1 ! !ological faculty 9 ,heidelburg conf]r$ an honor>y doctorate ( !ology ^u ! ,ma/]4 #aff ,le ,lalita ,vi/>a1 traduit du sanscrit en franais1 i4 #gf sqq4 #afg ,fur!r 9 ,r4 ,seydel1 ,die ,buddhaleg5de u4 das ,leb5 ,jesu1 #bnd ed41 #ahig1 & 9 8 ,das ,evangelium von ,jesus 9 se9em ,v]hltnis zur ,buddhasage u4 ,buddhaleg5de1 #ahhb4 ,also ,van d5 ,b]gh van ,eys+a1 ,indis*e ,e9flsse auf evang4 ,erzhlung51 #bnd ed41 #aiji4 ,cf4 also ,o4 ,pfleid]]1 ,das ,*ri/usbild1 #bc sqq4 #afh ,ur*ri/5tum1 i4 #daa sq4 #afi ,rob]tson1 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #aijj1 #abi-cjb4 #agj ,op4 cit41 #be sqq41 #bci-bdd2 cf41 on ! o!r h&1 ,paul ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu erlut]t1 #aijd1 #af4 #aga ,cf4 also ,seydel1 ,evangelium von ,jesus1 #cje sqq42 ,buddha-,leg5de1 #df sqq4 ,also mile ,burn\f1 ,la ,sci5ce des ,religions1 #d? ed41 #ahhe1 #aje4 #agb ,r4 ,kessl]1 ,real5z4 f4 prot4 ,!ol4 u4 ,kir*e1 xii4 #afc4 #agc ,f\caux1 ,le ,lalita ,vi/>a1 i4 #dj4 #agd ,hippolytus1 op4 cit41 #i1 #aj2 ,epiphanius1 op4 cit41 #cj1 #ec4 #age ,cf4 ,pfleid]]1 ,*ri/usbild1 #ad sq4 #agf ,cf4 also ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion2 ,b]gaigne1 ,la religion vdique d'aprs les hymnes du ,rigv$a1 #ahgh-hc2 ,holtzmann1 ,agni na* d5 ,vor/ellung5 des ,mahbhrata1 #ahgh4 #agg ,rgv4 iii4 #a1 #i1 #aj4 #agh ,id4 ii4 #bc2 i4 #g2 xcv4 #b1 #e2 x4 #b1 #g2 viii4 #bi1 #c4 #agi ,id4 iii4 #e1 #aj2 i4 #adh1 #a4 ,cf4 also ,adalb4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]trankes1 #bnd ed41 #ahhf-i4 ,9 ,mazdeism also ! light is indissolubly connect$ ) ! air1 pass+ z ?is does z its be>]4 ,cf4 ,f4 ,cumont1 ,textes et monum5ts1 i4 #bbh1 ii4 #hg sq41 & 8 ,my/res de ,mi?ra4 #ahj ,il41 xi4 #bj2 cf4 ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #bdb sq4 #aha ,cf4 ,john x4 #c1 #g1 #i4 #ahb ,o4 ,gruppe1 ,grie*4 ,my?ologie1 #aijj1 ii4 #acbh1 note #aj4 #ahc ,id41 op4 cit41 #acjg4 ,accord+ to ! ,arabian leg5d ,fa!r ,abraham1 also1 :o "h plays ! "p ( a savi\r & r$eem]1 0 "u ! "n ( ,?>e1 a skilful ma/] workman1 und]/&+ h[ to cut arr[s f any wood1 & be+ specially occupi$ ) ! prep>ation ( idols 7,sepp1 ,das ,heid5tum und dess5 ,b$eutung fr das ,*ri/5tum1 #ahec1 iii4 #hb74 #ahd ,praep4 ,evang41 ix4 #bg4 #ahe #b ,cor4 viii4 #i4 #ahf ,gruppe1 op4 cit41 #acbb1 #acca4 #ahg ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?ol41 #ahid1 #gge sq41 #hee4 #ahh ,rob]tson1 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #cbb4 #ahi ,matt4 iii4 #ag2 ,m>k i4 #aa2 ,luke iii4 #bb4 #aij ,ph]$a or ,ph]$et1 ! dove1 is ! ,*aldaic root ( ! "n ,aphrodite1 z ! ,goddess 9 ! c> drawn by two doves 0 call$ among ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! :ole ( ,ne>] ,asia ! cult ( doves 0 connect$ ) t ( ! ,"m ,goddess4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! dove z a symbol ( innoc5ce or purity is also ! bird ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 :o is (t5 comp>$ to "o4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,protevangelium ( ,james %e is actually call$ a dove :i* ne/$ 9 ! temple1 a pla9 ref]5ce to ! dove cult ( ! ,syrian ,aphrodite or ,at>gatis 7,a/>te1 ,a/>o?74 #aia ,ir5u1 i4 #bh4 #aib ,hippolytus iv4 #ce4 ,?is br+s to m9d t1 accord+ to ,p]sian ideas also1 besides ! ,tr9ity ( ,heav5 7,ahuramazda71 ,sun1 ,fire 7,mi?ras71 & ,air 7,_s1 ^w1 ,honov]1 ,sp5ta ,armaiti71 ! e>? /ood z a f\r? pr9ciple 7,anahita1 ,anaitis1 ,tanit74 ,?is /ood 9 ! same relation to ,mi?ras z ,i/> to ,tammuz1 ,cybele to ,attis1 ,at>gatis to ,adonis1 ,maya to ,agni1 ,aphrodite to ,h]mes1 ,m>y to ,jesus1 c41 becom+ id5tical1 h[ev]1 usually ) ! ^w ( ,god1 ! holy _s 7,cumont1 op4 cit41 ii4 #hg sq474 #aic ,dialog41 #hh4 #aid ,"o _c !re=e say1 z is usual1 t ,m>k1 9 :om ! /ory ( ! bir? giv5 9 ,mat!w & ,luke is n f\nd1 knew no?+ ( a sup]natural bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! n>rative ( ! baptism is ! hi/ory ( 8 bir?1 :ile ! correspond+ n>rative ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s only came into exi/5ce lat]1 :5 ! orig9al s5se ( ! /ory ( ! baptism 9 ,m>k 0 no long] und]/ood4 #aie ,quot$ 9 ,us5]1 ,religionsges*4 ,unt]su*ung51 #ahhi1 i4 #fd4 #aif ,?us ,mi?ras also 0 said to h be5 born on ! bank ( a riv]1 j z ,jesus receiv$ baptism 9 or ne> ! ,jordan4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,rock-born 0 usually repres5t$ ) a tor* 9 8 left & a sword or knife 9 8 "r h& 7,cumont1 ,my/4 d4 ,mi?ra1 #ig74 ,?is recalls to m9d ! words ( ,jesus 9 ,matt4 x4 #cd3 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b a sword4 #aig ,cf4 ,wobb]m91 ,religionsges*4 ,/udi5 zur ,frage d] ,bee9flussung des ,ur*ri/5tums dur* das antike ,my/]i5wes51 #ahif1 #aed sqq4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* also surr\nd$ ! act ( baptism ) an unusual spl5d\r ( lights & c&les4 ,n only 0 ! ,h\se ( ,god lit up on ?is occasion 9 a fe/ive mann]1 b ea* individual to be baptiz$ _h to c>ry a burn+ c&le4 ,! s]mons :i* h come d[n to u deliv]$ on ! fea/ ( ! ,epiphany1 ! fea/ ( ! bir? & baptism ( ! ,savi\r :i* 9 e>li] days fell toge!r7671 excel 9 ! description ( ! spl5d\r ( ! lights2 inde$1 ! day ( ! fea/ itself 0 actually call$ ! day ( lights or ! lights 7phota74 #aih ,rgv4 x4 #hh1 #b4 #aii ,id4 v4 #b1 #i4 #bjj ,antiq41 xviii4 #e1 #b4 #bja ,contra ,celsum1 i4 #dg4 #bjb ,graetz calls x a %ameless int]polation 7,ges*4 d4 ,jud51 #ahhh1 iii4 #bgh74 ,cf4 ,j4 ,*r4 ,k4 v4 ,h(mann1 ,die heilig5 ,s*rift5 des ,n4,t41 vii4 ,tl4 #c1 #ahgf1 #d2 ,s*r]1 ,ges*4 d5 jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,jesu1 i4 #dch1 note4 #bjc ,cf4 ,sepp41 op4 cit41 i4 #afh sqq4 #bjd ,cf4 ,us5]1 op4 cit41 #fb4 #bje ,i4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #af2 cf4 ,matt4 iv4 #af4 #bjf ,luke i4 #e sqq4 #bjg ,g54 xvii4 #af sqq4 #bjh ,judges1 xiii4 #b sqq4 #bji ,john v4 #ce4 #baj ,id4 iii4 #cj4 #baa ,luke i4 #bf4 #bab ,matt4 iii4 #d4 #bac #b ,k+s i4 #h4 #bad ,matt4 xi4 #ad4 #bae ,cf4 ,nork1 ,realwrt]bu*1 i4 #dea sqq4 ,! ,bapti/ ,john 9 ! ,gospels also appe>s z ! =]unn]1 ann\nc]1 h]ald1 & prep>] ( ! way = ,jesus1 & x appe>s t ! position ( ,a>on 9 reg>d to ,moses1 he be+ giv5 ! latt] z a m\?piece or h]ald1 has help$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,bapti/'s figure4 ,a simil> position is tak5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t by ! ,angel ( ! ,c\nt5ance1 ! mess5g]1 m$iator1 ambassador1 & ,beg9n+ ( ! way ( ,god1 ! rabb9ic ,metatron1 :om we saw e>li] 0 id5tical ) ,jo%ua 7see above1 p4 #ef sq474 ,9 ! ,syro-,pho5ician & ! ,greek ,my/]ies ,cadmus1 ,kadmilos1 or ,kadmiel1 a =m ( ! div9e mess5g] & m$iator ,h]mes1 also call$ ,iasios 7,jo%ua71 correspond$ to him1 8 "n lit]ally mean+ he :o goes be=e ,god or prophesies ( him1 ! ann\nc]1 h]ald1 or =]unn] ( ! com+ ,god 7cf4 ,s*ell+1 ,die ,got!it5 von ,samo?rake ,ww41 i4 #h1 #ceh1 #cib sqq474 ,ezra ii4 #dj1 #ci1 & ,nehem4 vii4 #dc1 call ,kadmiel a ,levite1 he be+ always nam$ toge!r ) ! ,high ,prie/ ,jo%ua4 ,x is probably only ano!r "n ( ! latt] himself1 & *>act]ises him z s]vant & h]ald ( ,god4 ,n[ ,kadmiel is ! discov]] ( writ+ & ! e/abli%] ( civilisation1 & 9 s f> id5tical ) ,oannes1 ! ,babylonian ,wat]-man & ,baptism-,god 7,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #eah sqq474 ,c ,oannes 7,johannes7 ! ,bapti/ 9 ?is way h become ,kadmiel1 ! =]unn] & prep>] ( ! way ( ,jesus1 :o ann\nc$ 8 ne> arrival1 & ! ,god ,jesus1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 h divid$ into two diff]5t figures1 t ( ,jo%ua-,kadmiel 7,johannes7 & ! ,messiah ,jesus8 ,9 ?is reg>d x is c]ta9ly n )\t significance t ! figure ( ! ,high ,prie/ ,jo%ua 9 ,ze*>iah wav]s betwe5 ! ,messiah 7,zemah7 & a m]e =]unn] ( ! latt]4 ,john's "q to ,jesus1 ,art ?\ he t come?1 or look we = ano!r8 7,matt4 xi4 #c7 is exactly ! "q :i* /rikes ! read] 9 read+ ! correspond+ passage ( ,ze*>iah4 ,possibly ! pres5ce ( ! dove at ! baptism 9 ! ,jordan obta9s 9 ?is way a /ill clos] explanation1 = ,semiramis1 ! ,dove ,goddess1 is ! sp\se ( ,oannes 7,n9us72 ,john & ! dove accord+ly are ! p>5ts1 :o are pres5t at ! bir? ( ! div9e son4 ,b ! viol5t dea? ( ,john at ,h]od's comm& & ! head ( ! prophet ^u ! di% h prototypes 9 ! my? ( ,cadmus4 ,= ! head ( ! latt] is suppos$ to h be5 cut (f by 8 bro!r & to h be5 buri$ ^u a braz5 %ield1 a cult /ory :i* plays a "p especially 9 ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,cabiri ,gods1 to :om ,cadmus belongs 7cf4 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie d] alt5 ,vlk]1 #ahbj1 ii4 #ccc74 ,accord+ to ,josephus 7op4 cit47 ,john 0 put to dea? because ,h]od fe>$ political disord]s f 8 appe>ance1 :ile ,mat!w makes him fall a victim to ,h]od's rev5ge1 ! latt] hav+ be5 c5sur$ by ,john = 8 crim9al m>riage ) ! wife ( 8 bro!r4 ,moreov]1 ! prophet ,elijah1 :o accuses ,ahab ( hav+ yield$ to 8 wife ,jezebel & ( hav+ murd]$ ,nabo? 7#a ,k+s xxi471 z well z ! prophet ,na?an1 :o reproa*es ,david = hav+ kill$ ,uriah & hav+ m>ri$ 8 wife 7#b ,sam4 xii41 cf4 also ,e/h] v4 #g1 #b71 are also prototypes4 ,accord+ to ?is a religi\s movem5t or sect mu/1 9 ! m9ds ( po/]ity1 h be5 cond5s$ into ! figure ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,its foll[]s1 :o closely resembl$ ! ,ess5es1 9 view ( ! imm95t ne>ness ( ! k+dom ( heav51 exhort$ m5 to a conv]sion ( m9d1 look$ ^u ! ,messiah 9 ! s5se ( ,daniel ess5tially z ! ,god appo9t$ 7awak5$7 judge ov] ! liv+ & ! dead1 & s\ght by baptism to apply to ! p5it5ts ! magic effects :i* %\ld fl[ f ! "n ( _! ,cult ,god ,johannes 7,oannes71 ! ,babylonian-,m&aic ,baptism & ,wat]-,god4 ,! /]n & gloomy "* ( ?is sect may h be5 reflect$ 9 ! "* sket* ( ! ,john 9 ! ,gospels1 & betwe5 x & ! sect ( ,jesus _m collisions1 disagreem5ts1 & conv]sions appe> to h tak5 place 7,matt4 xi4 #a sq42 ,luke vii4 #ah sqq42 ,john i4 #cg74 ,possibly ! sect ( ,jesus 0 orig9ally only an excresc5ce f1 & a developm5t (1 ! conception :i* ! disciples ( ,john _h ( ! ,messiah1 z is indicat$ by ! suppos$ blood relation%ip betwe5 ,jesus & ,john4 ,at any rate1 ! adh]5ts ( ! =m] 9 _! belief 9 ! suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ! ,messiah felt t _! po9t ( view 0 high] & m p]fect z comp>$ ) t ( ,john's disciples1 :o d n appe> to h ris5 ess5tially above ! g5]al ideas ( ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptics4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w iii4 #ac ,jesus came out ( ,galilee1 ! ,galilee ( ! ,hea!ns1 to ! baptism ( ,john4 ,h]e9 ! orig9al hea!ni% orig9 ( ! fai? ( ,jesus 0 po9t$ to4 ,! p :i* sat 9 d>kness h se5 a great light4 ,to !m :i* sat 9 ! region & %ad[ ( dea?1 to !m did light spr+ up 7,matt4 iv4 #af2 cf4 ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #ie74 ,! opposition ( ! two diff]5t sects 01 at any rate1 s great t ,john's disciples ne$$ a fur!r in/ruction & a new baptism 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus to receive ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 ord] to be receiv$ into ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,= example1 ! twelve at ,ephesus1 :o _h simply receiv$ ! baptism ( ,john1 z well z ! eloqu5t & lit]>y ,alex&rian1 ,apollo1 :o none ! less proclaim$ ! message ( salvation 7ta p]i t\ ,ies\7 7,acts xviii4 #bd sqq41 xix4 #a-g74 #baf ,cf41 ,sepp1 ,heid5tum1 i4 #agj sq41 #aij sq42 ,w9ckl]1 ,die babylonis*e ,gei/eskultur1 #hi1 #ajj sq4 ,by ?is ref]5ce ( ! ,gospel /ory to ! sun's c\rse x appe>s t ! activity ( ,jesus f 8 baptism 9 ! ,jordan to 8 dea?1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ! ,synoptics1 only cov]$ a ye>4 ,x is ! my?ological ye> ( ! sun's c\rse ?r\gh ! ,wat]y ,region 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y until ! complete exhau/ion ( its /r5g? 9 ,decemb]4 #bag ,m>k ix4 #b-g4 #bah ,! horns 7cresc5t7 :i* he also %>es ) ,jahwe1 z ! ,syrian ,hadah %[s 7,w9ckl]1 ,ges*4 ,israels1 ii4 #id71 recalls to m9d ! ,moon nature ( ,moses4 ,moses is1 z reg>ds 8 "n1 ! ,wat]-draw]4 ,! moon is1 h[ev]1 accord+ to antique views1 m]ely ! wat]-/>1 ! disp5s] ( ! dew & ra91 & ! root ma 7mo71 :i*1 9 ! "n ( ,moses1 ref]s to wat]1 is also conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s expressions = ! moon4 #bai ,contra ,tryph41 xlvi4 #bbj ,cf4 above1 #aab4 #bba ,burn\f1 op4 cit41 #aie sq4 #bbb ,t 9 ! clos] description ( ?is occurr5ce ,old ,te/am5t ideas h _h _! "p has already be5 advanc$ by o!rs4 ,?us 9 ! transfiguration ( ,jesus ! transfiguration ( ,moses ^u ,s9ai )\t d\bt pass$ be=e ! m9d ( ! n>rator4 ,& j z ,jesus took ) him 8 ?ree *ief disciples on to ! m\nt ( transfiguration1 s ,moses took 8 ?ree tru/$ foll[]s1 ,a>on1 ,nadab1 & ,abihu1 to p>take 9 ! vision ( ,jahwe 7,/rauss1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 ii4 #bfi sqq474 #bbc ,rgv4 x4 #aia2 cf4 i4 #gb1 #e4 #bbd ,id4 iii4 #bh1 vi4 #aa4 #bbe ,max ,mll]1 ,e9leitung 9 die v]gl4 ,religionswiss5s*aft1 note to p4 #bai4 #bbf ,rigv4 x4 #ij4 #bbg ,! ,rigv$a describes ,puru%a z a gigantic be+ 7cf4 ! ,eddic ,ymir7 :o cov]s ! e>? ^u all sides & /ret*es t5 f+]s beyond4 ,! ,talmud1 too 7,*agiga1 xii4 #a71 ascribes to ! fir/ man ,adam a gigantic size1 rea*+ z he did ) 8 head to heav5 & ) 8 feet to ! end ( ! _w4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ,epiphanius 7,ha]es4 xix4 #d71 ! ,ess5es made ! size ( ,*ri/ too1 ! second ,adam1 /ret* an immeasurable di/ance4 #bbh ,9 ,hebrew ,messiah means ! ano9t$4 ,b ,agni too z ,god ( ,sacrifices be>s ! "n ( ! ano9t$1 akta 7above1 p4 #ii74 ,inde$1 x appe>s z ?\gh ! ,greek ,*ri/1 z a translation ( ,messiah1 /&s 9 relation to ,agni4 ,= ! ,god ov] :om at 8 bir? 0 p\r$ milk or ! holy ,soma cup & sacrificial butt]1 bore ! surname ( ,h>i among ! memb]s ( ! cult4 ,! ^w signifi$ orig9ally ! brightness produc$ by ano9t+ ) fat & oil4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,greek ,*>is1 an epi!t ( ,aphrodite1 & is conta9$ 9 ! v]b *rio1 to ano9t1 ( :i* ,*ri/os is ! p>ticipial =m 7cf4 ,cox1 ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 #aijc1 #bg1 #bed74 #bbi ,! ,bhagavadgta %[s t ! idea ( a self-sacrifice 0 associat$ ) ,kri%na also1 :om we h already le>nt to recognise z a =m ( ,agni1 & t 8 becom+ man 0 reg>d$ z su* a sacrifice4 ,x 7ii4 #af7 runs3 ,i am ! act ( sacrifice1 ! sacrifice ( ,god & ( man4 ,i am ! sap ( ! plant1 ! words1 ! sacrificial butt] & fire1 & at ! same "t ! victim4 ,& 9 viii4 #d ,kri%na says ( himself3 ,my pres5ce 9 nature is my transitory be+1 my pres5ce 9 ! ,gods is ,puru%a 7i4e41 my exi/5ce z ,puru%a71 my pres5ce 9 ! sacrifices is myself incorporat$ 9 ?is body4 ,b ,mi?ras too (f]s himself = mank9d4 ,= ! bull ^: dea? at ! h&s ( ! ,god takes ! c5tral position 9 all ! repres5tations ( ,mi?ras 0 orig9ally none o!r ?an ! ,god himself--! sun 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull1 at ! spr+ equ9ox--! sacrifice ( ! bull accord+ly be+ also a symbol ( ! ,god :o gives 8 own life1 9 ord] by 8 dea? to br+ a new1 ri*] & bett] life4 ,mi?ras1 too1 p]=ms ?is self-sacrifice1 al?\gh 8 he>t /ruggles aga9/ x1 at ! comm& ( ! ,god ( ,heav51 :i* is br\ght to him by a rav51 ! mess5g] ( ! ,god ( ,gods4 7cf4 ,cumont1 op4 cit41 #ih sqq474 ,& j z accord+ to ,v$ic ideas ,puru%a 0 torn 9 pieces by ! ,gods & ,dmons & ! _w made out ( 8 p>ts1 s too accord+ to ,p]sian views ! ,_w ,bull ,abudad or ! ,bull ,man ,gayom>t at ! beg9n+ ( creation is suppos$ to h %$ 8 blood = ! _w1 to live aga9 z ,mi?ras 7,sepp41 op4 cit41 i4 #ccj1 ii4 #f sq474 #bcj ,cumont1 ,my/4 de ,mi?ra1 #aja4 #bca ,rgv4 x4 #af4 #bcb ,id4 x4 #af1 #f4 #bcc ,id4 lx42 cf4 also ,burn\f1 op4 cit41 #agf sqq4 #bcd ,op4 cit41 vii4 #c4 ,he is ,jahwe1 ! ,k+ ( ,j]u-,salem itself 7,josephus1 ,ant41 x4 #b71 & corresponds to ! ,pho5ician ,molo* 7,mele*7 ,sidyk1 :o (f]$ 8 only born son1 ,jehud1 to ! p z an expiation4 ,cf4 supra1 p4 #gg4 #bce ,op4 cit41 xix4 #ac1 xxxii4 #bi1 xliv4 #ag1 xvi4 #be4 #bcf ,op4 cit41 lxv4 #aa4 #bcg ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,g]manic fir/ man1 ,mannus1 accord+ to ,tacitus1 0 a son ( ! h]maphrodite ,?ui/o4 #bch ,lev4 xxiv4 #e-i4 #bci ,jos4 iv4 #a sqq42 *4 v4 #bdj ,?us ,helios also1 ! ,greek ,sun-,god1 ! heav5ly physician & savi\r1 annually prep>$ ! ,sun's ,table 9 nature1 caus+ ! fruit to rip51 ! heal+ h]bs to gr[1 & invit+ mortals to ! life-giv+ fea/4 ,?is ,table ( ! ,sun 0 always spread 9 ! l& ( ! happy & long-liv+ ,e?iopians2 ev5 ! twelve ,gods j\rney$ ?i!r ea* ye> ) ,zeus = twelve days1 i4e41 9 ! la/ ,octave ( ! old & new ye>1 z ?\gh to ! fea/ ( ,agape 7,sepp41 op4 cit41 i4 #bge74 ,= ! re/ ! numb] twelve _h ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( antiquity 9 connection ) su* c]emonial fea/s a typical signification4 ,= example1 among ! ,a!nians1 ^: common religi\s fea/s 7 celebrat$ annually on ! occasion ( ! spr+ sacrifices2 also among ! ,jews at lea/ twelve p]sons _h to be assembl$ r\nd ! table ( ! ,ea/] ,lamb 7,sepp41 op4 cit41 ii4 #cac sqq474 #bda ,ghillany1 op4 cit41 #eaj sqq4 #bdb ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?ol41 #cih1 #hej1 & 8 ,rm4 ,my?ol41 #bge4 #bdc ,/rabo1 xi4 #b2 ,ju/91 xlii4 #c4 #bdd ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?olog41 #aaj4 #bde ,x is wor? :ile to obs]ve t ! ,high ,prie/ ,jo%ua return$ to ,j]usalem at ! head ( twelve eld]s 7,ezra ii4 #b2 ,nehem4 vii4 #g4 ,cf4 ,/ade1 ,ges*4 d4 ,v4 ,israel1 ii4 #ajb74 #bdf ,cf4 ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #eci sqq42 ,sepp41 ,heid5tum1 #bga1 #dba4 #bdg ,cf4 ,j]emias1 ,babyl4 im ,n4,t41 #fi-hj4 #bdh ,rgv4 vi4 #ed4 #bdi ,cf4 ,! ,hymns to ,dadhikra1 iv4 #ch-dj4 #bej ,cf4 ,burn\f1 op4 cit41 #aif4 ,! connection betwe5 ! ,fire-,god & wat] is ( extreme antiquity4 ,z is well kn[n1 9 ! ,edda ,loki seeks to escape ! pursuit ( ! ,gods 9 ! %ape ( a salmon2 ,hephai/os1 too1 aft] be+ ca/ =? f heav5 rema9s conceal$ 9 ! sea until ,dionysus br+s him out2 9 ,rome on ! #bbnd ( ,augu/ fi% f ! ,tib] us$ to be sacrific$ to ,vulcan1 be+ ca/ liv+ into ! fire 9 repres5tation ( ! s\ls ( m5 7,prell]1 ,rm4 ,my?ol41 ii4 #aea74 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r or to :at degree ! relations ( ! sun to ! con/ellation ( ! ,fi%es h influ5c$ ^! images4 ,z reg>ds ,babylon1 :]e a/rology und]w5t ! mo/ accurate developm5t1 ?is c inde$ be look$ ^u z c]ta94 ,"h ,ea 7,oannes71 ! ,god ( ,wat] & ( ,life1 ! fa!r ( ! ,r$eem] ,god ,m>duk1 0 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a fi%4 ,aga91 x 0 n only to ! ,phili/9ian ,dagon t fi% z well z doves 7 sacr$ 7above1 p4 #aah71 b also to ! ,syrian ,at>gatis1 ! latt] hav+ borne1 z 0 said1 ! ,i*?us1 or fi%1 & ! wor%ip ( fi% be+ connect$ ) devotion to h] 7,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #agd sqq474 ,9 ,egypt ,horus 0 ! div9e fi%1 be+ repres5t$ ) a fi%-tail & hold+ a cross 9 ! h&4 ,b ! ,jo%ua ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :om we believe we see ! ,israelite orig9al ( ! ,*ri/ian ,savi\r1 0 also call$ a ,son ( ! ,fi% 7,nun1 ,n9us1 a =m ( ,m>duk1 ^: sp\se or belov$1 ,semiramis1 is also a ,fi% ,div9ity & is ! same z ,d]keto 7,at>gatis71 ! ,syrian ,"m ,goddess47 ,! ,rabb9i/s call$ ! ,messiah son ( ,joseph 7see above1 p4 #hj sq471 ,dag 7,dagon7 ! ,fi%1 & made him to be born ( a fi%2 t is1 !y expect$ 8 bir? "u ! con/ellation ( ! ,fi%es1 on :i* acc\nt ! ,jews 7 long accu/om$ to immolate a fi% on expiatory fea/s4 ,f9ally1 ! fi% is also ,vi%nu's symbol1 9 ^: wor%ip baptism ( wat] takes an important place4 ,aga91 ! ,god is said 9 ! =m ( a fi% to h come to ! rescue ( ! pi\s ,manu1 ! only j man ( 8 "t1 ! ,indian ,noah1 & to h /e]$ ! ,ark ?r\gh ! flood1 ?us ensur+ to mank9d its cont9uation4 ,x is n difficult to suppose t ?is idea z well influ5c$ ! symbols ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ,m&aic 7,gno/ic7 *annels4 ,at any rate1 x _c be admitt$ at all t ! symbol ( ! fi% fir/ arose out ( a m]e play on lett]s s f> z ! =mula ,jes\s ,*ri/os ,!\ ,huios ,sot] repres5ts 9 five words ! expression ( ! qu9tess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7cf4 van d5 ,b]gh van ,eys+a1 ,zts*r4 d4 ,deut*5 ,morg5lnd4 ,gesells*aft ,b41 ix41 #aijf1 #baj sqq474 #bea ,cf4 ,iambli*us1 ,de ,symbol4 ,aegyptiorum1 ii4 #g4 #beb ,gunkel1 op4 cit41 #cb4 sq42 ,rob]tson1 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #ace sq4 #bec ,op4 cit41 v4 #f sq4 #bed ,rev4 xxi4 #bc4 #bee ,hat*1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhh1 #cjj4 #bef ,john i4 #g1 #ab2 ix4 #e2 xii4 #cf1 #df4 #beg ,sepp41 i4 #cec4 #beh ,burn\f1 op4 cit41 #ahf sq4 #bei ,cf41 = example1 ,f4 ,x4 ,kraus1 ,ges*i*te d4 *ri/l4 ,kun/1 i4 #aje4 #bfj ,hi/4 ,rom41 i4 #bf4 #bfa ,cf4 ,zckl]1 ,das ,kreuz ,*ri/i1 #ahge1 #fb sqq42 ,ho*>t1 tudes d'hi/oire religieuse1 #ahij1 *ap1 x41 ,la crucifix4 #bfb ,ar+hi1 ,roma subt]ranea1 vi4 *4 #bc1 ,de ,c]vo4 #bfc ,cf4 on ! o!r h& ,ju/91 ,apol41 i4 #ce4 #bfd ,e/h] v4 #ad1 vii4 #aj4 #bfe ,cf4 ! picture ( ,m>syas hang+ ^u a tree-trunk 9 ! collection ( antiquities at ,k>lsruhe2 also ! illu/rations 9 ,p4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 erlut]t1 #aijd4 #bff ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #fhg2 ,nork1 ,reallexikon1 ii4 #abb sq42 ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #ahe sq4 #bfg ,rev4 ii4 #g1 xxii4 #b4 #bfh lxvi4 #ai4 #bfi ix4 #c1 #d4 #bgj ,exod4 xvii4 #aj sqq4 #bga ,= p>ticul>s see ,zckl]1 op4 cit41 #g sqq42 also ,ho*>t1 op4 cit41 *ap1 viii41 ,le symbole de la croix2 ,g4 de ,mortillet1 ,le signe de la croix avant le *ri/ianisme1 #ahff2 ,m\rant ,brock1 ,la croix pay5ne et *rti5ne1 #ahha2 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,la migration des symboles1 #ahia4 #bgb ,h5ry ,pet]s51 b] d5 ,gottesdi5/ u4 d5 ,gtt]glaub5 des ,nord5s whr5d d] ,heid5zeit1 #ahhb1 #ci sqq4 #ie sqq4 #bgc ,zckl]1 op4 cit41 #ba sqq4 #bgd ,w9ckl]1 ,die babyl4 ,gei/eskultur1 #hb4 #bge ,t]tullian1 ,contra ,ha]eses1 #dj4 #bgf ,burn\f1 op4 cit41 #bdj4 #bgg ,goblet d',alviella1 op4 cit41 #fa4 sqq4 ,cf4 also ,ludw4 ,mll]1 ,det saakaldte ,hagekors ,anv5delse og ,betydn+ i ,oldtid51 #ahgg4 #bgh ,op4 cit41 #bif4 #bgi ,"o feels ! words ( ,revelation quot$ above br\ght to 8 m9d3 ,& made/ !m to be unto our ,god a k+dom & prie/s2 & !y reign ^u ! e>?6 #bhj ,de errore pr(anae religionis1 i4 #e4 #bha ,op4 cit41 #dh4 #bhb ,apolog41 i4 *4 #fj4 #bhc ,,iii4 #ab1 vii4 #c sqq41 ix4 #d1 xiv4 #a1 xx4 #d1 xxii4 #d4 #bhd ,gal4 vi4 #ag2 ,ephes4 i4 #ac sq4 #bhe ,m\rant ,brock1 op4 cit41 #agg sqq41 #agh sqq4 #bhf ,s also 9 ,t]tullian :51 ) ref]5ce to ! passage ( ,ezekiel above quot$ 7ix4 #e71 he describes ! ,greek lett] ,tau z our ! ,*ri/ians' k9d ( cross 7no/ra species crucis71 n because x _h ! %ape ( ! gibbet ^u :i* ,jesus is suppos$ to h di$1 b because x repres5t$ ! seal or sign ^u ! inhabitants ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 7,contra ,m>cionem1 iii4 #bb74 ,& :5 9 ! same "w 7iii4 #ah7 he expla9s ! horns ( ! unicorn 7ox87 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bless+ ( ,moses 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #ag7 z ! two arms ( ! cross1 ?is happ5s only = ! reason t ! sign ( union & uplift+ & ! gibbet became comm+l$ 9 8 fancy into ! "o & ! same =m 7cf4 also ,adv4 ,judaeos1 #aj1 & ,ju/91 ,dial41 #ia2 also ,ho*>t1 op4 cit41 #cfe-cfi74 #bhg ,zckl]1 op4 cit41 #ad sq4 #bhh ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #agd sq41 #bgf sqq4 #bhi ,cf4 on ! :ole subject ,ho*>t1 op4 cit41 #cei sqq42 ,p4 ,s*midt1 ,ges*4 ,jesu1 #chf-cid4 ,9 spite ( all 8 ef=ts ,zckl] has n succe$$ 9 prov+ t ,jesus 0 nail$ to a piece ( wood hav+ ! =m ( a f\r-arm$ cross4 ,! ass]tion t ?is =m ( gibbet 0 borr[$ by ! ,romans f ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & 0 ! usual "o 9 late pre-,*ri/ian days1 is simply a figm5t ( ! imag9ation4 ,all passages usually br\ght =w>d 9 support ( ?is traditional view ei!r prove no?+1 z ! appeal to ,luke xxiv4 #ci1 ,john xx4 #bj & #be1 or !y ref] to ! symbol1 n to ! gibbet ( ! cross1 & consequ5tly _c s]ve to support ! usual view ( ! matt] 7,zckl]1 op4 cit41 especially #gh2 #dca sqq474 #bij ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,kun/1 #agd4 #bia ,cf4 ,detzel1 ,*ri/l4 ,ikonographie1 #ahid1 #cib sqq42 ,ho*>t1 op4 cit41 #cgh sqq4 #bib ,moreov]1 ! s-call$ ,flabellum1 ! fan1 :i* 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian pictures ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ a s]vant holds be=e ! *ild1 %[s ! connection ( ! ,*ri/ ,cult & t ( ,agni4 ,?is fan1 :i* 0 9 use 9 div9e s]vice ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur* z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 _c be = ! driv+ away ( insects or = cool+ purposes1 z is usually consid]$1 = ?is w\ld obvi\sly be 9 contradiction to ! w9t] bir? ( ! ,savi\r4 ,x ref]s to ! fann+ ( ! div9e sp>k 9 ! anci5t ,indian fire-wor%ip4 ,9 ?is s5se x has be5 reta9$ until ! pres5t day 9 ! ,greek & ,arm5ian rites1 9 :i* dur+ ! ,mass ! fan is wav$ to & fro ov] ! alt>4 ,a synopsis ( all ! facts & illu/rations be>+ on ! matt] are to be f\nd 9 ,a4 ,malv]t's ,wiss5s*aft und ,religion1 #aijd4 #bic ,( c\rse ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is1 & rema9s 9 spite ( all mod]n attempts at v9dication 7,h>nack71 a v untru/wor?y hi/orical docum5t1 & ! in=mation x gives z to ,paul's life is = ! mo/ "p m]e fiction4 ,we ne$ n g s f> z ,j5s51 :o disputes ! exi/5ce at any "t ( an hi/orical ,paul 7,moses1 ,jesus1 ,paulus4 ,drei ,sag5v>iant5 des babylonis*5 ,gottm5s*5 ,gilgames*1 #b ,aufl41 #aiji71 b w nev]!less n be able to avoid ! view t ! description ( ,paul1 z ,bruno ,bau] has already %[n1 repres5ts an orig9al1 9 any case v mu* work$ ov]1 & 9 ! op9ion ( _m only a copy ( ! orig9al1 :i* prec$$ x 9 ! portrayal ( ! *ief ( ! apo/les1 ,pet] 7cf41 on ! hi/orical value ( ! ,acts1 also ,e4 ,zell]1 ,die ,apg4 na* ihrem ,inhalt und ,ursprung kritis* unt]su*t1 #ahed74 #bid ,cf4 ,h4 ,jordan1 ,jesus und die mod]n5 ,jesusbild]4 ,bibl4 ,zeit- u4 ,/reitfrag51 #aiji1 #cf4 #bie ,to create au?ors :o h nev] writt5 a lett]1 to =ge :ole s]ies ( books1 to date ! mo/ rec5t production back into grey antiquity1 to cause ! well-kn[n philosoph]s to utt] op9ions diametrically oppos$ to _! real views1 ^! & simil> ?+s 7 q common dur+ ! la/ c5tury be=e & ! fir/ aft] ,*ri/4 ,p c>$ little at t "t ab\t ! au?or ( a "w1 if only its cont5ts 7 9 h>mony ) ! ta/e & ne$s ( ! age 7,e4 ,zell]1 ,vortrge u4 ,abhdlg41 #ahfe1 #bih sq474 ,x 0 at t "t a fav\rite practice to write lett]s = fam\s m54 ,a collection ( n less ?an #adh lett]s 0 attribut$ to ! tyrant ,phal>is1 :o rul$ ,agrig5tum 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,beys*lag has prov$ t !y 7 ascrib$ to him 9 ! "t ( ,anton9us4 ,simil>ly ! lett]s attribut$ to ,plato1 to ,euripides & o!rs1 are spuri\s4 ,x w\ld h be5 inde$ /range if ?is cu/om ( ! age _h n ga9$ an influ5ce ov] ! gr[+ ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 = su* =g]y w\ld be produc$ mo/ easily 9 ! religi\s sph]e1 s9ce x 0 "h n a "q ( produc+ p>ticul> ?\ghts1 b ( be+ an organ ( ! common religi\s _s work+ 9 ! individual 7,/eck1 op4 cit41 #chd sq42 cf4 also ,holtzmann1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4,t41 #b ,aufl41 #bbc sqq474 #bif ,e4 ,vis*]1 ,die ,paulusbriefe1 ,rel4 ,volksb41 #aijd1 #fi sq4 #big ,op4 cit41 ix4 #c sqq4 #bih #a ,cor4 xv4 #e sqq4 #bii ,cf4 ,w4 ,seuf]t1 ,d] ,ursprung und die ,b$eutung des ,apo/olates 9 d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e d] er/5 ,jahrhund]te1 #ahhg1 #df1 #aeg4 #cjj ,an attempt is n[ be+ made to prove ! contr>y1 cit+ #b ,cor4 v4 #af1 :i* runs3 ,:]e=e we h5ce=? "k no man aft] ! fle%3 ev5 ?\gh we h kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 yet n[ we "k him s no m4 ,! passage has be5 mo/ diff]5tly expla9$4 ,accord+ to ,baur ! ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% ref]s to ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 ! expect$ k+ & e>?ly ,savi\r ( ! ,jews f political & social di/ress1 9 :om ev5 ,paul believ$ at an e>li] date2 & ! mean+ ( ! passage quot$ is t ?is s5su\s & e>?ly conception ( ! ,messiah _h giv5 place 9 him to ! spiritual conception 7,die ,*ri/usp>tei 9 d] kor4 ,geme9de ,tb4 ,zts*r41 #ahca1 #d ,heft1 #ij74 ,accord+ to ,he9rici ! ev5 ?\gh we h kn[n is n a positive ass]tion ( a po9t ( view :i* _h once det]m9$ 8 judgm5t ( ,*ri/1 b a hypo!tical in/ance1 :i* excludes a false po9t ( view )\t ass]t+ any?+ z to its actuality 7,komm5t1 #bhi74 ,accord+ to ,beys*lag ! passage is to be und]/ood z ass]t+ t ,paul _h se5 ,jesus at ,j]usalem dur+ 8 life on e>?4 ,b ) ,paul !re is no talk ( a m]e see+1 b r ( a kn[+4 ,ltg]t disproves all ^! diff]5t hypo!ses ) ! argum5t t ! words aft] ! fle% ref] n to ,*ri/ b to ! v]b4 ,! apo/le no long] kn[s any "o 'aft] ! fle%1' & s he no long] kn[s ,jesus ?us4 ,at an e>li] /age 8 k ( ,*ri/ 0 'aft] ! fle%4' ,at t "t he did n h ! _s ( ,god :i* made him able to see 9 ,jesus ! ,son ( ,god4 ,paul !n is n protect+ himself f ! ,jews1 :o d5i$ him a p]sonal k ( ,jesus1 b f ! ,pneumatics1 :o d5i$ him a pneumatic k ( ,jesus 7,freiheitspr$igt und ,s*w>mgei/] 9 ,kor9?1 #aijh1 #ee-eh74 #cja ,gal4 i4 #aa1 #ab2 #a ,cor4 ii4 #aj2 #b ,cor4 iv4 #f4 #cjb ,gal4 i4 #ag-ai4 #cjc ,gal4 ii4 #a sqq4 #cjd ,id4 i4 #ai4 #cje ,matt4 xxviii4 #aj2 ,m>k xiii4 #cc sqq42 ,john xx4 #ag4 #cjf ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,dut* s*ool ( !ologians1 :om ,s*lg] foll[s 9 8 essay1 ,das ,wort krios 7,h]r7 9 ,se9] ,bezi*ung auf ,gott od] ,jesus ,*ri/us 7,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1 #cc1 #ahii1 ,"p ,i471 ?is m5tion ( ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l does n come f ,paul2 z accord+ to ,s*lg]1 all ! passages 9 #a ,cor41 :i* speak ( ,jesus "u ! title ,kurios1 are int]polat$4 ,mission>y travels ( ,bro!rs ( ,jesus are unkn[n to u f any o!r qu>t]1 & are also 9 !mselves improbable 7op4 cit41 #df2 cf4 also ,/eck1 op4 cit41 #bgb sq474 #cjg ,simil>ly ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 i4 #ce2 cf4 ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #ah sq4 #cjh ,cf4 z to ?is ,sieff]t 9 ,real5zyklop4 f4 prot4 ,!ol4 und ,kir*e "u ,james4 ,9 ,ezr4 ii4 #b & #i !re is also m5tion ( ,bro!rs ( ! ,high ,prie/ ,jo%ua1 by :i* only ! prie/s subord9ate to him seem to be meant2 & 9 ,ju/9 7,dial c4 ,tryph41 #ajf7 ! apo/les are collectively spok5 ( z ,bro!rs ( ,jesus4 ,simil>ly 9 ,rev4 xii4 #ag1 ^? :o keep ! ^w ( ,god & be> te/imony to ,jesus ,*ri/ are spok5 ( z *ildr5 ( ! heav5ly woman & also z ,bro!rs & ,si/]s ( ! ,div9e ,r$eem]1 :om ! dragon attempts to swall[ up toge!r ) 8 "m4 ,z ,revelation owes its orig9 to a pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus-cult1 ! designation ( pi\s bro!rs ( a community z physical bro!rs ( ,jesus seems also to h be5 cu/om>y 9 t cult1 antec$5t to ! ,paul9e epi/les & ! ,gospels4 #cji ,?is is actually ! view ( ! ,dut* s*ool ( !ologians4 #caj ,a4 ,kal?(f1 ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 ,e9e ,abre*nung mit ,pr(4 ,d4 ,b\sset1 #aijd1 #ag4 #caa #a ,cor4 vii4 #aj4 #cab ,id4 ix4 #ad4 #cac #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc4 #cad ,cf4 ,br&t1 ,die evangel4 ,ges*i*te u4 d4 ,ursprung d4 ,*ri/5tums1 #ahic1 #bif4 ,s*lg] also agrees ) ! ,dut* s*ool1 & produces tell+ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! view t #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc-cb is an int]polation4 ,9 our op9ion1 he says1 ! op5+ words1 ',= ,i receiv$ ( ! ,"l1' betray ! same attempt z c be se5 9 vii4 #aj & ix4 #ad--;& probably ! attempt ( "o & ! same int]polator--to trace back ,*ur* in/itutions & regulations to ! au?ority ( ! ,"l1 ( ! ,kurios4 ,9 ! ?ree cases 9 :i* ! latt] is m5tion$ he is call$ '! ,"l1' :i* is a fact well wor?y ( consid]ation 9 view ( ! usual designation4 ,s*lg] also %[s t v]se #cb is a v appropriate conclusion to v]se #bb2 :ile z !y /& n[ ! logical connection is brok5 9 a =cible mann] by ! int]polation ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! int]polation ( #bc-cb is to be f\nd1 ,s*lg] ?9ks1 9 ! fact t 9 v]se #cc z 9 v]se #bb ! ,cor9?ians are address$ 9 ! second p]son1 :ile 9 v]ses #ca & #cb ! fir/ p]son plural is us$ 7op4 cit41 #da sq474 ,9 view ( ^! notori\s facts we c h>dly und]/& h[ ,g]man !ologians c ) su* decision adh]e to ! au!nticity ( ! passage1 reproa*+ ^? :o conte/ x ) faults 9 me?od4 ,z aga9/ ?is view ( !irs ,s*lg] ju/ly objects t ,ref]5ces to words & ev5ts f ! life ( ,jesus are s isolat$ 9 ! ,paul9e writ+s t we are entitl$ to & =c$ to raise ! "q z to ea* su* ref]5ce1 :e!r x is n ! reflection ( a lat] age1 ( an age :i* already plac$ confid5ce 9 ! ,gospel lit]ature1 t br\ght ,jesus' au?ority into ! text 7,s*lg]1 op4 cit41 #cf74 ,& ! critical !ologians are conv9c$ t ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are work$ ov] to a great ext5t1 rectifi$ to accord ) ! ,*ur*1 & 9 _m places int]polat$4 ,b :5 "s "o else br+s ?is to publicity1 & d>es to d\bt ! au!nticity ( a passage1 !y imm$iately raise a great outcry1 & accuse him ( wilfully misrepres5t+ ! text2 z if !re 7 ev5 "o s+le su* passage on :i* ! views ( critics are n div]g5t6 #cae ,m4 ,brckn]'s op9ion also is t ! ,paul9e acc\nt ( ! sc5e at ! ,la/ ,supp] is 9 all probability n a purely hi/orical "o1 b is a dogmatic repres5tation ( ! fe/ival4 ,& he adds3 ,9 any case j on acc\nt ( its religi\s importance ?is sc5e _c be cit$ to prove ,paul's acqua9tance ) ! details ( ,jesus' life 7,die ,ent/ehung d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie1 #aijc1 #dd74 ,cf4 also ,rob]tson1 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #chh sq4 #caf ,holtzmann has1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 an essay 9 ! ,*ri/li*e ,welt 7,no4 #g1 #aiaj7 rec5tly attempt$ to prove ! contr>y1 cit+ f ,paul a numb] ( moral exhortations1 c41 :i* are 9 accord ) ,jesus' words 9 ! ,gospels4 ,b 9 ?is argum5t !re is a presupposition1 :i* %\ld surely be previ\sly prov$1 t ! ,gospels receiv$ _! correspond+ cont5t f ,jesus & n1 on ! contr>y1 f ,paul's epi/les4 ,x is admitt$ t !y 7 9 _m o!r respects influ5c$ by ,paul9e ideas4 ,moreov]1 all ! moral maxims cit$ h _! p>allels 9 contempor>y ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 s t !y ne$ n necess>ily be ref]r$ back to an hi/orical ,jesus2 also1 su* is _! nature1 t !y might be advanc$ by any "o1 i4e41 !y are m]e e?ical commonplaces )\t any individual col\r+4 ,?us we f9d ! ,rabbis 9 agreem5t ) ,rom4 xiii4 #h sq4 & ,gal4 v4 #ad1 :i* ,holtzmann traces back to ,matt4 vii4 #ab3 ,br+ n on ?y neighb\r t :i* displeases !e2 ?is is our :ole doctr9e4 ,rom4 xiii4 #g has its p>allel n only 9 ,matt4 xxii4 #ba1 b also 9 ! ,talmud1 :i* runs3 ,e "o is b\nd to fulfil 8 obligations to ,god ) ! l exactness z ^? to m54 ,give to ,god 8 due2 = all t ?\ ha/ is f him4 ,rom4 xii4 #ba runs 9 ! ,sanh$r93 ,x is bett] to be p]secut$ ?an to p]secute1 bett] to be calumniat$ by ano!r ?an to sl&]4 ,s t ! rem>k ne$ n necess>ily be bas$ on ,matt4 v4 #ci2 9 fact1 ! la/-nam$ passage is n f\nd at all 9 ! /&>d ,,mss41 9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus & ,vaticanus4 ,! phrase1 to remove m\nta9s 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #b74 is a g5]al ,rabb9ical "o = extoll+ ! p[] ( a tea*]'s diction1 & s c\ld easily be transf]r$ to ! p[] ( fai?4 ,s also ! phrase1 ,m>k ix4 #ej1 ,h salt 9 y\rselves1 & be at peace "o ) ano!r--:i* ,rom4 xii4 #ah is suppos$ to resemble--is a well-kn[n ,rabb9ical expression4 ,matt4 v4 #ci sq41 :i* is suppos$ to accord ) #a ,cor4 vi4 #g1 runs 9 ! ,talmud3 ,if any "o desires ?y donkey1 give him also ! saddle4 ,matt4 vii4 #a-e1 on :i* ,rom4 ii4 #a & xiv4 #d are suppos$ to be bas$1 equally recalls ! ,talmud3 ,:o ?9ks fav\rably ( 8 neighb\r br+s x ab\t t fair judgm5ts are also made ( him4 ,let y\r judgm5t ( y\r neighb\r be completely good4 ,ev5 z "o measures1 ) ! same measure %all x also be measur$ unto him4 ,rom4 xiv4 #ac & #a ,cor4 viii4 #g-ac ne$ n necess>ily be an allusion to ,jesus' t5d] consid]ation = ^? :o are ru9$ by sc&al1 z we f9d 9 ! ,talmud3 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] t ! evil-m9d$ _h be5 born bl9d1 s t !y w\ld n h br\ght evil into ! _w 7cf4 also ,nork1 ,rabb9is*e ,quell5 und ,p>allel5 zu neute/am5tli*5 ,s*rift/ell51 #ahci74 ,& does ,paul's usual phrase ( greet+1 f ,god our ,fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 really conta9 ! av[al ( ! ,fa!r-,god prea*$ by ,*ri/8 ,= ! connection ( ! div9e ,son & be>] ( salvation ) ! ,fa!r-,god is a g5]al my?ological =mula :i* occurs 9 all ! diff]5t religions--witness ! relation betwe5 ,m>duk & ,ea1 ,h]acles & ,zeus1 ,mi?ras & ,ormuzd1 ,bald] & ,od94 ,:at !n does x mean :5 ,paul speaks ( ! meekness & humility ( ,*ri/1 :o liv$ n = 8 own pleasure1 :o made no fame = himself1 b 0 submissive1 assum$ ! =m ( a s]vant1 & 0 ob$i5t to ! w ( 8 fa!r1 ev5 to ! dea? ( ! cross8 ,all ^! traits are reproduc$ directly f ! description ( ! suff]+ s]vant ( ,god 9 ,isaiah1 :i* we "k _h a great "p 9 %ap+ ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,meekness1 humility1 *>itabl5ess1 & ob$i5ce are ! specific virtues ( ! pi\s ( ,paul's "t4 ,x 0 a matt] ( c\rse = ,*ri/ also1 ! ideal prototype ( good & pi\s m51 to be end[$ ) ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,abraham 0 ob$i5t :5 he sacrific$ 8 son ,isaac2 & s 0 ! latt] to 8 fa!r1 be+ also submissive 9 himself br++ ! wood to ! alt> & giv+ himself up will+ly to ! sacrificial knife4 ,& we "k :at a significant rle ! /ory ( ,isaac's sacrifice has always play$ 9 ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,jews4 ,moreov]1 ! hea!n r$eem] deities--,m>duk1 ( ! ,m&aic ,hibil ,ziw1 ,mi?ras & ,h]acles--7 also ob$i5t 9 com+ d[n ^u e>? at ! bidd+ ( _! heav5ly fa!r1 bur/ ! gates ( dea?1 & gave !mselves up1 9 ! case ( ,mi?ras1 ev5 to be sacrific$2 & ,h]acles s]v$ mank9d 9 ! position ( a s]vant1 f\ght ) ! mon/]s & horrors ( hell1 & assum$ ! h>de/ tasks at ! w ( o!rs4 #cag ,kal?(f1 ,die ,ent/ehung d4 ,*ri/5tums1 #aijd1 #ae4 #cah ,p4 ,w]nle1 ,die ,quell5 des ,leb5s ,jesu1 ,religionsges*4 ,volksb*]1 #b ,aufl41 #d4 #cai ,gunkel1 op4 cit41 #ic4 #cbj ,gunkel also takes ! view t be=e ,jesus !re 0 a belief 9 ,*ri/'s dea? & resurrection curr5t 9 ,jewi% syncretic circles 7op4 cit41 #hb74 ,n[ we h already se5 7p4 #eg7 t ! t]m ,*ri/ is ( v simil> significance to ,jesus4 ,s t x is n at all necess>y to believe1 z ,gunkel ass]t$ 9 ! ,d>m/adt discussion1 t ,paul 9 speak+ ( ,jesus te/ifies to an hi/orical figure1 because ,jesus is ! "n ( a p]son4 ,jesus ,*ri/ is simply a d\ble expression = "o & ! same idea--t is1 = ! idea ( ! ,messiah1 ,savi\r1 ,physician1 & ,r$eem]2 & x is n at all improbable1 z ,smi? supposes1 t ! contradictions 9 ! conception ( ! ,messiah 9 two diff]5t sects or sph]es ( ?\ght f\nd _! settlem5t 9 ! juxtaposition ( ! two names4 #cba ,n ! tea*]1 n ! miracle-work]1 n ! fri5d ( ! publicans & s9n]s1 n ! oppon5t ( ! ,ph>isees1 is ( importance = ,paul4 ,x is ! crucifi$ & ris5 ,son ( ,god alone 7,w]nle1 op4 cit41 #e74 #cbb ,inde$1 ! hi/orical ,jesus 9 ! s5se ( ! ,rits*lian s*ool w\ld h be5 = ,paul an absurdity4 ,! ,paul9e !ology has to d r ) ! exp]i5ces ( a heav5ly be+1 :i* h1 & w yet h1 extraord9>y significance = humanity 7,m4 ,brckn]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie1 #aijc1 #ab74 ,brckn] also consid]s x settl$ t ,jesus' life on e>? _h no int]e/ at all = ,paul 7op4 cit41 #df74 ,paul did n tr\ble himself ab\t ,jesus' life on e>?1 & :at he may "h & !re h le>nt conc]n+ x1 ) few exceptions1 rema9$ indiff]5t to him 7#db74 ,brckn] also %[s t ! passages :i* are cit$ to contradict ?is prove no?+ z to ,paul's m detail$ acqua9tance ) ,jesus' life on e>? 7#da sqq474 ,he claims to h giv5 ! hi/orical demon/ration 9 8 "w t ! ,*ri/ian religion is at bottom indep5d5t ( 'unc]ta9 hi/orical tru?s' 7,preface74 ,& 9 spite ( ?is he _c z a !ologian free himself f ! conception ( an hi/orical ,jesus ev5 ) reg>d to ,paul1 ?\gh he is1 nev]!less1 n 9 a position to %[ :]e & to :at ext5t ! hi/orical ,jesus _h a really decid$ influ5ce ov] ,paul4 #cbc ,mov]s1 op4 cit41 #dch sqq42 ,fras]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #db1 #dc1 #dg1 #fj1 #gi sq4 #cbd ,cumont1 ,textes et monum5ts1 c41 i4 #bdj2 ,pfleid]]1 ,ur*ri/5tum1 i4 #bi sqq4 #cbe #a ,cor4 x4 #af4 #cbf ,pfleid]]1 op4 cit41 #de4 #cbg xi4 #ai sqq4 #cbh ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #ba sq4 #cbi ,cf4 ,zimm]n1 ,zum ,/reit um die ,*ri/usmy!1 #bc4 #ccj ,i am ! ,a & ! ,o1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 ! ,revelation ( ,john makes ! ,messiah say 7i4 #h474 ,is !re n at ! same "t 9 ?is a conceal$ ref]5ce to ,adonis8 ,! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! fir/ & la/ lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 =m toge!r ! "n ( ,adonis--,ao 7,aoos7 z ! old ,dorians call$ ! ,god1 :5ce ,cilicia is also call$ ,aoa4 ,a son ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite 7,maia7 is said 7,s*ol4 ,!ocr41 #ae1 #ajj7 to h be5 call$ ,golgos4 ,8 "n is connect$ ) ! phallic cones 7,greek1 golgoi71 z !y 7 erect$ on heights 9 hon\r ( ! "m div9ities ( ,we/]n ,asia1 :o 7 !mselves1 probably on ?is acc\nt1 call$ ,golgoi & golgon anssa 7,que5s ( ! ,golgoi71 & is ! same z ! ,hebraic plural ,golgo?a 7,sepp1 ,heid5tum1 i4 #aeg sq474 ,f9ally1 0 ! place ( skulls an old ,jebusite place ( wor%ip ( ,adonis "u ! "n ( ,golgos1 & 0 ! cone ( rock1 on :i* /atue ( ,v5us 0 erect$ 9 ! "t ( ,hadrian1 select$ = ! place ( execution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,savi\r because x 0 connect$ ) ! remembrance ( ! real sacrifice ( a man 9 ! rle ( ,adonis 7,tammuz78 #cca ,deut4 xxi4 #bc4 #ccb ,we notice t already 9 ^! di/9ctions ! g]ms ( ^? endless & absurd disputes conc]n+ ! nature ( ! ,god-man lie conceal$1 :i* lat]1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 tore ,*ri/5dom into c\ntless sects & h]esies1 & :i* gave ! occasion = ! rise ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma4 #ccc ,rom4 i4 #c4 #ccd ,rom4 viii4 #c2 #b ,cor4 viii4 #i2 ,phil4 ii4 #g sq4 #cce ,gal4 iii4 #aj sqq42 ,rom4 iii4 #i4 #ccf ,rom4 iii4 #bj1 iv4 #ae1 v4 #bj1 vii41 sqq4 #ccg ,gal4 iii4 #ai sqq4 #cch ,rom4 vi4 #i sq4 #cci ,id4 v4 #ad4 #cdj ,rom4 iv4 #c sqq4 #cda ,rom4 vi4 #c sqq4 #cdb ,gal4 iii4 #bg4 #cdc ,cf4 above1 p4 #acg4 #cdd #a ,cor4 x4 #af sqq41 xi4 #bc-bg4 #cde #a ,cor4 x4 #c sqq41 #af-ba4 #cdf ,cf41 e4g41 ,pfleid]]1 op4 cit41 #ccc4 #cdg ,cf4 above1 p4 #di sqq4 #cdh ,plato1 ,symposium1 c4 #bb4 #cdi ,col4 ii4 #i4 #cej ,op4 cit41 #hj4 #cea ,cf4 my "w1 ,plot9 und d] ,unt]gang d] antik5 ,weltans*auung1 #aijg4 #ceb ,gal4 ii4 #bj2 ,rom4 viii4 #d1 #bf4 #cec ,id4 viii4 #ad sqq4 #ced #b ,cor4 iii4 #ag4 #cee ,gal4 v4 #bf4 #cef #a ,cor4 ii4 #i1 #ad2 ,rom4 xii4 #b4 #ceg ,op4 cit41 #hf4 #ceh ,wr$e1 ,id4 #cei ,id4 #cfj ,op4 cit41 #id4 #cfa ,wr$e1 op4 cit41 #he4 #cfb #a ,cor4 xv4 #ag4 #cfc ,cf4 z to ! :ole "q my essay on ,paulus u4 ,jesus 7,das ,freie ,wort ( ,decemb]1 #aiji74 #cfd ,x is true t o!r !ologians ?9k diff]5tly on ?is po9t1 z1 e4g41 ,fe9e 9 8 book1 ,jesus ,*ri/us und ,paulus 7#aijb71 decl>es t ,paul _h int]e/$ himself v mu* 9 ga9+ a di/9ct & compreh5sive picture ( ,jesus' activity & p]sonality 767 7#bbi74 #cfe ,kal?(f has 9 8 writ+s laid especial /ress on ?is social significance ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,cf4 also ,/eudel1 ,das ,*ri/5tum und die ,zukunft des ,prote/antismus 7,deuts*e ,wi$]geburt1 iv41 #aiji1 #bf sq471 & ,kautsky1 ,d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijh4 #cff xl4 #bf4 #cfg ,9 ! same way ,voll]s also1 9 8 "w on ,die ,weltreligion5 7#aijg71 seeks to expla9 ! fai? ( ! orig9al ,*ri/ian sects 9 ,jesus' dea? & resurrection z a bl5d ( ! ,adonis 7,attis7 & ,*ri/ fai?s4 ,he reg>ds ?is z ! ess5ce ( t fai?1 t ! exi/+ views ( ! ,messiah & ! ,resurrection 7 transf]r$ to "o & ! same p]son2 & %[s f ?is ( :at great importance x mu/ be t ?is fai? met a well-prep>$ gr\nd1 9 ,nor? ,syria1 ,anatolia1 & ,egypt1 :]e x naturally spread4 ,b he treats ! ,jewi% ,diaspora ( ^! l&s z ! natural m$iator ( ! new prea*+ or message ( ,salvation 7,gospel71 & f9ds a pro( ( 8 view 9 ?is1 t ! sph]e ( ! greate/ d5sity ( ! ,diaspora almo/ completely co9cides ) ^? l&s :]e ! gr[+ & ris+ y\?ful ,god 0 hon\r$1 & t ^! same di/ricts are also ! places 9 :i* we meet1 only a g5]ation aft] ,jesus' dea?1 ! mo/ num]\s1 fl\ri%+1 & fruitful communities ( ! new =m ( belief4 ,x is ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean or ,levant9e horse-%oe %ap$ l9e :i* /ret*es f ,ephesus & ,bi?ynia ?r\gh ,anatolia to ,t>sus & ,antio*1 !nce ?r\gh ,syria & ,pale/9e by way ( ! cult-c5tres ,buba/es & ,sais to ,alex&ria4 ,almo/ directly 9 ! middle ( ^! l&s lies ,aphaka1 :]e 0 ! *ief sanctu>y ( ! ,"l ,adonis1 & a little s\? ( ?is spot lies ! c\ntry :]e ! ,savi\r ( ! ,gospels 0 born 7op4 cit41 #aeb74 #cfh ,cf4 ,o4 ,pfleid]]1 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums1 #aije1 #aji sqq4 #cfi ,luke xxiv4 #cc1 xlix4 #eb2 ,acts i4 #d1 #h1 #ab sqq4 #cgj ,religionsges*4 ,erklrung d4 ,n4,t41 #bfa4 ,cf4 also ,joel iii4 #a & ,isa4 xxviii4 #aa1 & ! ,buddhi/ acc\nt ( ! fir/ s]mon ( ,buddha3 ,gods & m5 /ream$ up to him1 & all li/5$ brea?lessly to ! words ( ! tea*]4 ,ea* ( ! c\ntless li/5]s believ$ t ! wise man look$ at him & spoke to him 9 8 own language2 ?\gh x 0 ! dialect ( ,magadha :i* he spoke4 ,seydel1 ,evangelium von ,jesus1 #bdh2 ,buddha-,leg5de1 #ib sq4 #cga ,/eph5's s-call$ m>tyrdom1 ^: fea/ falls on ,decemb] #bf?1 ! day aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 owes its exi/5ce to a/rology1 & re/s on ! con/ellation ( ,corona 7,gr41 ,/ephanos71 :i* becomes visible at ?is "t on ! ea/]n horizon 7,dupuis1 op4 cit41 #bfg74 ,h5ce ! well-kn[n phrase to inh]it ! m>tyr's cr[n4 ,ev5 ! !ologian ,baur has f\nd x /range t ! ,jewi% ,sanh$r91 :i* c\ld n c>ry into effect any dea? s5t5ce )\t ! ass5t ( ! ,roman gov]nor1 %\ld completely set aside ?is =mality 9 ! case ( ,/eph52 & he has cle>ly %[n h[ ! :ole acc\nt ( ,/eph5's m>tyrdom is p>allel$ ) ,*ri/'s dea? 7,baur1 ,paulus1 #be sqq474 #cgb ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #bc-ca4 #cgc ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #aig4 #cgd ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #cj sq4 #cge ,z to ! small value ( ,papias' /atem5t1 cf4 ,gfrr]1 ,die heilige ,sage1 #ahch1 i4 #c-bc2 also ,ltzelb]g]1 ,die kir*l4 ,tradition b] d5 ,apo/el ,johannes1 #gf-ic4 ,! :ole /ory1 accord+ to :i* ,m>k receiv$ ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! ,gospel nam$ aft] him f ,pet]1 is bas$ on #a ,pet] v4 #ac1 & m]ely s]ves ! purpose ( increas+ ! hi/orical value ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k4 ,z ! fir/ ,gospel 0 believ$ to be ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,mat!w1 & ! second 7,luke7 ! "w ( an assi/ant ( ,paul1 x 0 v easy to ascribe to ! ?ird 7,m>k7 at lea/ a simil> orig9 z ! second1 i4e41 to trace x back 9 an analog\s way to ,pet]2 z x w\ld h seem$ natural = ! *ief ( ! apo/les1 longe/ dead1 to h _h 8 own ,gospel1 "o d$icat$ to him1 z well z ,paul4 ,! passage #a ,pet] v4 #ac1 ,my son ,m>k salute? y1 gave a suitable opportunity = be/[+ a "n on ! book1 7,gfrr]1 op4 cit41 #ae2 cf4 also ,br&t1 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te u4 d4 ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums1 #ahic1 #ece sq47 #cgf ,op4 cit41 #eh4 #cgg xv4 #ci4 #cgh #fj4 #cgi ,id4 #chj ,! prop] explanation = ?is %\ld lie 9 ! fact t ! ,jesus-fai? 0 set up z a sect-fai? & n = outsid]s4 #cha #fc sqq4 #chb #fh4 #chc #gj4 #chd #c4 #che ,x /rikes ! read]1 :o /&s ap>t f ! controv]sy1 z comical to f9d ! matt] *>act]is$ 9 ! !ological works on ! subject z und\bt$ly hi/orical1 di/9ct hi/orical fact1 true acc\nt ( hi/ory1 & s =?2 & to consid] t :at holds = "o z hi/orically c]ta9 is set aside by ano!r z q c]ta9ly unhi/orical4 ,:]e is ! fam\s me?od ( :i* ! critical !ologians are s pr\d 9 opposition to ! laity1 :o all[ !mselves to =m judgm5ts z to ! hi/orical wor? or wor?lessness ( ! ,gospels8 #chf ,wr$e1 op4 cit41 #ia4 #chg #ajd4 #chh #abi4 #chi #aca4 #cij #adh4 #cia #adh4 #cib ,cf4 ,pfleid]]1 ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums1 #bjg1 #bac4 ,all e/imates z to ! "t at :i* ! ,gospels 7 produc$ re/ entirely on suppositions1 9 :i* po9ts ( view q diff]5t f t ( purely hi/orical int]e/ g5]ally pr$om9ate4 ,?us x has be5 ! cu/om on ! ,ca?olic side to pron\nce1 n ,m>k or ,luke1 b ,mat!w1 to be ! olde/ s\rce4 ,pro(s = ?is are also giv5--naturally1 z x is inde$ ! ,*ur* ,gospel3 x conta9s ! fam\s passage 7xvi4 #ah1 #ai7 ab\t ,pet]'s possession ( ! keys2 h[1 !n1 %\ld ?is n be ! olde/8 ,& lately ,h>nack 7,beitrge zur ,e9l4 9 das ,n4,t41 iii41 ,die ,apo/elges*i*te1 #aijh7 has tri$ to prove t ! ,acts1 ) ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 _h be5 already produc$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #fj ,a4,d4 ,b he does n d>e to come to a real decision2 & 8 reasons are oppos$ by j z weighty ones :i* are aga9/ t possibility sugge/$ by him 7op4 cit41 #bai sqq474 ,su* is1 fir/1 ! fact t all ! o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s :i* belong to ! fir/ c5tury1 z ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 evid5tly "k no?+ ( !m4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 writt5 ab\t #if ,a4,d41 we read t ,jesus *ose z 8 own apo/les1 z m5 :o 7 to proclaim 8 ,gospel1 ( all m5 ! mo/ evil1 to %[ t he _h come to call1 n ! righte\s1 b s9n]s1 to rep5tance 7iv474 ,z to ?is ,ltzelb]g] v ju/ly rem>ks1 ,t is m ev5 ?an our ,gospels say4 ,= ^! are cont5t to prove t ,jesus did n come = ! righte\s by say+ t he ate ) publicans & 0 ano9t$ by wom5 ( evil life2 :ile 9 ?is ,epi/le ev5 ! ,apo/les mu/ be mo/ wick$ s9n]s1 s t grace may %9e =? to !m4 ,?is passage 0 q c]ta9ly writt5 nei!r by an ,apo/le nor by a pupil ( an ,apo/le2 & also x 0 n writt5 aft] our ,gospels1 b at a "t :5 ! le>n$ ,ma/]s ( ! ,*ur* _h /ill a free h& to %[ _! _s & +5uity 9 giv+ =m to ! evangelical /ory 7,die hi/4 ,tradition1 #bcf sq474 ,b also ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t1 :i* mu/ h be5 writt5 at ab\t ! same "t1 is completely sil5t z to ! ,gospels1 :ile ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 :i* p]haps also belongs to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 cites ,*ri/'s words1 su* z /& 9 ! ,gospels1 b n z say+s ( ,jesus4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ,h>nack1 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les is ! ,*ri/ian elaboration ( an e>ly ,jewi% docum5t2 :5ce we may conclude t its ,words ( ,*ri/ h a simil> orig9 9 ,jewi% ?\ght to t f :i* ! ,gospels obta9$ !m4 7,cf4 ,ltzelb]g]1 op4 cit41 #bei-bga47 #cic #ha4 #cid #ga4 #cie #ha sq4 #cif ,id4 #cig ,! laity has1 z is well kn[n1 b a slight suspicion ( ?is4 ,s ,s4 ,e4 ,v]us' ,v]glei*5de b]si*t d] vi] ,evangeli5 7#ahig71 ) ! comm5t>y1 is to be recomm5d$4 #cih #hc4 #cii #hc4 #djj #he sq4 #dja ,jesus u4 d4 neute/am5tl4 ,s*rift/ell]1 ii4 #dc4 ,let u take ! f9al p>agraph 9 ,e4 ,pet]s5's ,die wund]b>e ,geburt des ,heil&es1 :i* rea*es ! z5i? 9 prov+ ! my?ical nature ( ! evangelical acc\nt ( ! ,savi\r's bir?3 ,if1 n because we wi% x1 b because we are =c$ to d s by ! necessity ( ,hi/ory1 we remove ! s5t5ce1 ',conceiv$ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y'--,jesus nev]!less rema9s ! ',son ( ,god4' ,he rema9s su* because he exp]i5c$ ,god z 8 fa!r1 & because he /&s at ,god's side = u4 ,also1 9 spite ( our sett+ aside ! miracul\s bir? z unhi/orical1 we are q ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ ',?\ art ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god4' ,m4 ,brckn] speaks simil>ly at ! close ( 8 o!rwise excell5t "w4 ,d] /]b5de und auf]/eh5de ,got!il&4 ,= ! p]son to :om su* phraseology is n--futile1 !re is no help4 #djb ,cf4 ,jesus ,*ri/us1 a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #aijh4 #djc ,s*f]1 ,die ,evangeli5 und die ,evangeli5kritik1 #aijh1 #abc4 ,! /ory ( ! ,*ur*'s developm5t 9 ! fir/ c5tury is a /ory ( %ameless lit]>y falsifications1 ( r\gh viol5ce 9 matt]s ( fai?1 ( unlimit$ trial ( ! cr$5ce ( ! masses4 ,s t = ^? :o "k hi/ory ! it]ation ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! age raises at mo/ b an ironical smile4 ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 #aiaj4 #djd ,cf4 ,ho*>t1 tudes au sujet de la p]scution des ,*rti5s s\s ,nron1 #ahhe1 cp4 #d4 #dje ,a4 ,kal?(f1 ,das ,*ri/usproblem1 ,grundzge zu e9] ,sozial!ologie1 #aijb1 #ad sq4 #djf ,kal?(f1 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums3 ,neue ,beitrge zum ,*ri/usproblem1 #aijd1 #h4 #djg ,if v4 ,sod5 7,hat ,jesus gelebt8 vii4 #de7 has prov$ wrong ! comp>ison ) ! ,tell-leg5d1 & ?9ks ,i h probably once m =gott5 t ,s*ill] fir/ trans=m$ a v meagre leg5d1 :i* 0 b\nd up 9 a s+le incid5t1 f grey antiquity into a liv+ picture1 he c "k nei!r ,ts*udi nor ,j4 v4 ,mll]4 ,cf4 ,h]tslet1 ,d] ,trepp5witz d] ,weltges*i*te1 #f ,aufl41 #aije1 #baf sqq4 #djh ,! passage runs3 ,at ?is "t liv$ ,jesus1 a wise man1 if he may be call$ a man1 = he accompli%$ miracles & 0 a tea*] ( m5 :o joy\sly embrace ! tru?1 & he f\nd a great foll[+ among ,jews & ,greeks4 ,?is "o 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,al?\gh at ! accusation ( ! lead+ m5 ( our p ,pilate s5t5c$ him to ! cross1 ^? :o _h fir/ lov$ him rema9$ /ill fai?ful4 ,= he appe>$ aga9 to !m on ! ?ird day1 ris5 aga9 to a new life1 z ! prophets ( ,god _h =etold ( him1 ) a ?\s& o!r prophecies4 ,aft] him are call$ ! ,*ri/ians1 ^: sect has n come to an end4 #dji ,e9l4 ins ,n4,t41 #ahcf1 #eha4 #daj ,ges*4 d4 jd4 ,volkes1 i4 #edh4 #daa ,orig51 ?\gh he collect$ all ,josephus' ass]tions :i* c\ld s]ve z support to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 does n "k ! passage1 b probably ano!r1 9 :i* ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 repres5t$ z a puni%m5t = ,james' execution1 :i* is c]ta9ly a =g]y4 #dab ,cf4 ,kal?(f1 ,ent/ehung d4 ,*r41 #af sq4 ,z to ! :ole matt]1 ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 #edd-edi4 #dac ,v4 ,sod5 proves ! contr>y 9 8 "w1 ,hat ,jesus gelebt8 7#aiaj71 9 ord] to %[ ! reliability ( ,drew's ass]tions1 f ,clem5t's lett] ( #if ,a4,d41 f ,dionysius ( ,cor9? 7ab\t #agj7 f ,t]tullion & ,eusebius 7e>ly f\r? c5tury1 n ?ird1 z v4 ,sod5 writes72 & wi%es to p]suade 8 read]s t ! p]secution "u ,n]o is te/ifi$ to4 ,! au!nticity ( ! lett] ( ,clem5t is1 h[ev]1 q unc]ta91 & has be5 mo/ actively combat$1 f its fir/ publication 9 #afcc till ! pres5t day1 by inve/igators ( repute1 su* z ,seml]1 ,baur1 ,s*wegl]1 ,volkm>1 ,keim1 c4 ,b z = ! above-cit$ au?ors1 ! unimportance ( _! ass]tions on ! po9t is s /rik+ly exhibit$ by ,ho*>t t we h no "r to call !m up z witnesses = ! au!nticity ( ! passage ( ,tacitus4 #dad ,cf4 ,ho*>t1 op4 cit41 #bhj sqq42 ,h4 ,s*ill]1 ,ges*4 d4 rm4 ,kais]zeit1 #ddg1 note4 #dae ,consult+ ! ar*ives has be5 b little cu/om>y among anci5t hi/orians2 & ,tacitus has be/[$ b little consid]ation on ! ,acta ,diurna & ! protocols ( ! ,s5ate 7,h&b4 d4 klass4 ,alt]tumsw41 viii41 #b ,abt41 ,aft4 #b1 "u ,tacitus74 ,moreov]1 ! difficulties ( ! passage f ,tacitus h be5 fully realis$ by ,g]man hi/orians 7,h4 ,s*ill]1 op4 cit41 #ddi2 ,de4 ,ges*4 d4 rm4 ,kais]rei*es unt] d] ,regi]ung des ,n]o1 #ahgb1 #dcd sqq41 #ehc sq471 ev5 if !y d n g5]ally g z f> z to say t ! passage is completely unau!ntic1 z ,volney did at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7,ru951 ,reclam1 #bgf74 ,cf4 also ,arnold1 ,die n]onis*e ,*ri/5v]folgung4 ,e9e hi/ori*e ,unt]su*ung zur ,ges*i*te d4 lte/5 ,kir*e1 #ahhh4 ,! au?or does inde$ adh]e to ! au!nticity ( ! passage 9 ,tacitus1 b z a matt] ( fact he presupposes x r ?an attempts to prove x2 :ile 9 _m isolat$ reflections he gives an op9ion aga9/ ! correctness ( ! acc\nt giv5 by ,tacitus1 & busies himself pr9cipally 9 disprov+ false inf]5ces connect$ ) t passage1 su* z ! connection ( ! ,n]onic p]secution ) ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,! conceivable possibility t ! p]secution actually took place1 b t at all ev5ts ! s5t5ce ( ,tacitus may be a ,*ri/ian int]polation1 ,arnold seems nev] to h consid]$4 #daf ,op4 cit41 #bbg4 #dag ,kal?(f1 ,*ri/usproblem1 #ag4 #dah ,we9el1 ,jesus im #ai ,jahrhund]t1 #aijg1 #fh4 #dai ,babylonis*es im ,neu5 ,te/am5t1 #aji sq4 #dbj ,z]dus*t ,nameh1 *4 xxvi4 #dba ,gfrr]1 ,jahrhund]t des ,heils1 ,"p ,,ii41 #chj sqq4 #dbb ,luke iii4 #bc4 #dbc ,numb4 iv4 #c4 #dbd ,matt4 xxi4 #ab sqq4 #dbe ,ze*4 xiv4 #ba runs 9 ! ,t>gum translation3 ,e vessel 9 ,j]usalem w be consecrat$ to ! ,"l1 c41 & at t "t !re w no long] be %opkeep]s 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,"l4 ,9 ?is !re may h be5 a fur!r inducem5t = ! ,evangeli/s to /ate t ,jesus *ases ! tradesm5 f ! ,temple4 #dbf #b ,sam4 xvii4 #bc2 cf4 also ,ze*4 xi4 #ab sq42 ,psa4 xli4 #aj4 #dbg ,gfrr]1 ,jahr4 d4 ,heils1 ii4 #cah sqq4 #dbh ,cf4 #a ,cor4 x4 #a sq4 #dbi #b ,k+s iv4 #ai sqq4 #dcj ,numb4 i4 #dd2 ,jos4 iii4 #ab2 iv4 #a sqq4 ,cf4 ,petrus-leg5de1 #ea sq4 #dca ,cf4 p4 #abg1 note4 #dcb ,josephus1 ,antiq41 iv4 #h1 #dh2 ,philo1 ,vita ,mos41 iii4 #dcc #b ,k+s ii4 #aa4 #dcd ,e4g4 also ! acc\nt ( ! arre/ ( ,jesus 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ea sqq47 cf4 #b ,k+s vi4 #aj-bb4 #dce ,matt4 ix4 #aa sq41 xii4 #h sq41 xv4 #a sqq41 #aa & #bj1 xxviii4 #ah4 #dcf ,psa4 cxlvi4 #g4 #dcg ,b]e%i? ,rabba zu ,g54 xli4 #a4 #dch ,cf4 esp4 ,acts xi4 #b sqq4 #dci ,matt4 v4 #ag sqq4 #ddj ,id4 viii4 #aa sqq41 x4 #e1 xxiii4 #cd sqq41 xxviii4 #ai sqq4 #dda ,cf4 ,ltzelb]g]1 ,jesus1 0 er w> und wollte1 #ahdb1 #af sqq4 #ddb ,cf4 above1 #ei sqq4 #ddc ,x is giv5 z a reason = 8 appe>+ fir/ 9 ,galilee t ! ,galileans 7 fir/ l$ into exile1 & s %\ld fir/ be com=t$1 z all div9e action con=ms to ! law ( requital 7,gfrr]1 ,jahr4 d4 ,heils1 #bcj sq4 ,cf4 also ,isa4 viii4 #bc74 #ddd ,cf4 above1 #agc sq4 #dde ,see above1 #aga4 #ddf ,exod4 xvi4 #ag sqq42 ,numb4 xxi4 #a sqq42 ,exod4 vii4 #ag sqq4 #a ,k+s xvii4 #e sqq4 #ddg ,hi/41 iv4 #ha4 #ddh ,vespasian1 vii4 #ddi lxvi4 #h4 #dej ,isa4 #a4 #f sq4 #dea ,ze*4 xii #aj4 #deb ,cf4 ,petrusleg5de1 #bd4 #dec ,g54 xxvi4 #f2 cf4 also ,t]tullian1 ,adv4 ,jud41 #aj4 #ded ,cf4 = ?is ,br&t1 ,die ,evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 esp4 #ec sqq4 ,ev5 su* a cauti\s inve/igator z ,gfrr] confesses t1 aft] 8 se>*+ exam9ation ( ! hi/orical cont5t ( ! ,synoptics1 he is oblig$ to close ) ! sad admission t _! te/imony does n give suffici5t assurance to enable u to pron\nce any?+ !y conta9 to be true1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 ) a good hi/orical consci5ce4 ,9 ?is x is by no means ass]t$ t _m may n ?9k _! views correct1 b only t we _c rely on !m suffici5tly to re/ a te*nically correct pro( on !m alone4 ,!y tell u too _m ?+s :i* are purely leg5d>y1 & too _m o!rs :i* are at lea/ suspici\s1 = a prud5t hi/orian to feel ju/ifi$ 9 a con/ruction bas$ on _! ^w alone4 ,?is admission may be disagreeable--x is also unpleasant to me--b x is g5u9e1 & x is dem&$ by ! rules :i* hold ev]y:]e be=e a good tribunal1 & 9 ! sph]e ( hi/ory 7,die hl4 ,sage1 #ahch1 ii4 #bdc74 #dee ,?is is ! case ) ! correspond+ acc\nt 9 ,m>k1 :ile 9 ,luke ! dramatic pres5tation seems to be m work$ away1 & ! coh]5ce1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( descriptions & episodes 7disciples at ,emmaus7 be>s m ! "* ( a simple n>rative4 ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #ahf sqq42 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory1 #hg sqq4 ,! fact t 9 almo/ all repres5tations ( ?is k9d bo? ! sc5e at ,ge?semane & ! words spok5 by ,jesus usually s]ve z signs ( 8 p]sonality 7e4g4 also ,b\sset's ,jesus--,rel4 ,volksb41 #aijd1 #ef71 %[s :at we mu/ ?9k ( ! hi/orical value ( ! acc\nts ( ! life ( ,jesus2 especially :5 we consid] t c]ta9ly no li/5]s 7 !re1 & ,jesus _c himself h told 8 exp]i5ce to 8 disciples1 z ! arre/ is suppos$ to h tak5 place on ! spot4 #def ,messiasgeheimnis1 #adc4 #deg ,g54 xxiv4 #deh ,e4 v4 ,h>tmann1 ,das ,*ri/5tum des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aije1 #bb4 #dei ,op4 cit4 #dfj ,cf4 ,h4 ,jordan1 ,jesus und die mod]n5 ,jesusbild]1 ,bibl4 ,zeit- u4 ,/reitfrag51 #aiji1 #ch4 #dfa ,m>k vi4 #a sq4 #dfb ,m>k xiii4 #cb4 #dfc ,m>k iii4 #bj4 #dfd #a ,k+s xix42 cf4 also ,isa4 xlii4 #d4 #dfe ,cf4 ,br&t1 op4 cit41 #eec sq4 #dff ,h]tle9 treats ( ^! ,bases ( ,s*mi$el 9 ! ,prot4 ,monat%eft51 #aijf1 #chf sq42 cf4 also ,s*mi$el's reply4 #dfg ,op4 cit41 #ada4 #dfh ,b\sset agrees ) ?is 9 8 "w ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 7#aija74 ,jesus' spee*es are = ! mo/ "p creations ( ! communities1 plac$ toge!r by ! community f isolat$ words ( ,jesus4 ,9 ?is1 ap>t f all ! re/1 !re 0 a p[]ful & decid$ alt]ation ( ! spee*es 7#dg sqq474 #dfi ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #dbd sqq41 #dbi4 #dgj ,op4 cit41 #dc4 #dga ,prote/4 ,monat%efte1 #aijc1 ,mrzheft4 #dgb ,op4 cit41 #afa sq4 #dgc ,matt4 xviii4 #ae sqq4 #dgd ,id4 xxix4 #c sqq4 #dge ,cf4 ,pfleid]]1 ,ur*ri/5tum1 i4 #ddg sq42 van d5 ,b]gh van ,eys+a1 op4 cit41 #eg sqq4 #dgf ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #ajg sqq4 #dgg ,cf4 ,nork1 ,rabb9is*e ,quell5 und ,p>allel5 zu neute/am5tli*5 ,s*rift/ell51 #ahci4 #dgh ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #ddj-deg4 #dgi ,cf4 v4 ,h>tmann1 op4 cit41 #aca-adc4 ,x w always be a tell+ argum5t aga9/ ! hi/orical nature ( ! say+s ( ,jesus t ,paul seems to "k no?+ ( !m1 t he nev] ref]s to !m exactly2 & t ev5 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 ) ! exception ( a few rem>ks 9 ,clem5t & ,polyc>p1 ! ,apo/les & ,fa!rs 9 all _! admonitions1 consolations1 & reprim&s1 nev] make use ( ,jesus' say+s to give great] =ce to _! own words4 #dhj ,v4 ,h>tmann1 op4 cit41 #dd sq4 #dha ,let u he> :at ,clem5 says aga9/ ?is3 ,9 its r$uction ( ! ,law to ! ,comm&m5t ( love1 ?\gh ?is 0 already prom95t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 6 & ev5 e>li] _h "h & !re 6 be5 *>act]is$ z ! *ief ,comm&m5t1 ,*ri/ianity is completely orig9al 64 ,& = ,jesus ! subord9ation ( religi\s duties to moral 0 consequ5t on ?is1 ?\gh 9 ?is respect he w\ld h be5 equally influ5c$ by ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7op4 cit41 #ace sq474 #dhb ,we mu/ 7z reg>ds ! moral ideals ( ,jesus7 pay j z mu* att5tion to :at he does n treat (1 to :at he set aside1 z to :at he clung to1 inde$1 sett+ x 9 opposition to all ! re/4 ,at lea/ ?is wond]fully sure selection is ,jesus' own4 ,we may produce analogies = ea* individual ?+1 b ! :ole is unique & _c be inv5t$ 7v4 ,sod51 op4 cit41 #ea sq474 ,?is me?od1 practis$ by lib]al !ology1 ( extoll+ _! ,jesus z aga9/ all o!r mortals1 & ( rais+ him up to a uniqu5ess 9 ! absolute s5se1 c make inde$ b a small impression on ! imp>tial4 #dhc ,wr$e1 ,paulus1 #ia4 #dhd ,we admit t besides ! es*atological gr\nd+ ( 8 moral dem&s1 ,jesus also makes use occasionally ( expressions t pass beyond ! idea ( rew>d4 ,b !y are q isolat$--z1 e4g41 ,matt4 v4 #dh1 ,be ye p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r 9 ,heav5 is p]fect1 a phrase :i* is1 moreov]1 9 accord ) ,lev4 xi4 #dd & xix4 #c--;& )\t any fundam5tal significance4 ,9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> ev5 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 t ,diamond 9 ! ,cr[n ( ,jesus' e?ics1 ! idea ( rew>d & puni%m5t is preval5t 7,matt4 v4 #ab & #df2 vi4 #a1 #d1 #f1 #ad1 #ah2 v4 #bj2 vi4 #ae2 vii4 #a1 c474 ,views may /ill diff] widely z to :e!r x is hi/orically correct to e/imate1 z ,we9el w\ld l to1 ,jesus' e?ics 9 ?is connection really by ! few say+s :i* g beyond t idea4 7,cf4 v4 ,h>tmann1 op4 cit41 #aaf-abd47 ,! fav\rite decl>ation1 h[ev]1 is q unhi/orical1 t ,jesus 0 ! fir/ :o introduc$ into ! _w ! pr9ciple ( active love2 & t ! ,/oics1 z ,we9el repres5ts1 only taught ! do+ away ) all our passions1 ev5 t ( love2 or inde$ t ,jesus1 :o wi%$ salvation only to b5efit ! ,jews1 :o =bade 8 p to walk 9 ! ways ( ! ,g5tiles1 & :o hesitat$ to comply ) ! ,canaanite woman's pray]1 rais$ to ! highe/ degree ( s9c]ity ! altrui/ic ideal1 & t 9 pr9ciple he broke d[n ! b\nd>ies betwe5 peoples & cre$s ) 8 ,love ?y enemy1 7,we9el1 op4 cit41 #ee1 #eg74 ,z aga9/ ?is cf4 ! foll[+ passage f ,s5eca3 ,ev]y?+ :i* we mu/ d & avoid may be r$uc$ to ?is %ort =mula ( human obligation3 ,we are memb]s ( a mighty body4 ,nature has made u k9dr$1 hav+ produc$ u f ! same /uff & = ! same ends4 ,%e has implant$ 9 u a mutual love1 & has arrang$ x socially4 ,%e has f\nd$ "r & equity4 ,because ( h] comm&s to d evil is worse ?an to suff] evil4 ,h&s ready to aid are rais$ at h] call4 ,let t v]se be 9 our m\?s & our he>ts3 ,i am a man1 no?+ human d ,i despise6 ,human life consi/s 9 well-do+ & /riv+4 ,x w be cem5t$ into a society ( g5]al aid n by fe> b by mutual love4 ,:at is ! rightly con/itut$1 good & high-m9d$ s\l1 b a ,god liv+ z a gue/ 9 a human body8 ,su* a s\l may appe> j z well 9 a knight z 9 a fre$man or 9 a slave4 ,we c so> upw>ds to heav5 f any corn]4 ,make ?is y\r rule1 to treat ! l[] classes ev5 z y w\ld wi% ! high] to treat y4 ,ev5 if we are slaves1 we may yet be free 9 _s4 ,! slaves are m51 inf]ior relatives1 fri5ds2 inde$1 our fell[-slaves 9 a l submission to ! tyranny ( fate4 ,a fri5d%ip bas$ on virtue exi/s betwe5 ! good man & ,god1 yes1 m ?an a fri5d%ip1 a k9%ip & lik5ess2 = ! good man is really 8 pupil1 imitator1 & scion1 diff]+ f ,god only because ( ! cont9uance ( "t4 ,him ! maje/ic fa!r br+s up1 a little sev]ely1 z is ! /rict fa!r's wont4 ,god *]i%es a fa!rly affection t[>ds ! good man1 & loves him de>ly4 ,if y wi% to imitate ! gods1 give also to ! ungrateful2 = ! sun rises ev5 on ! ungodly & ! seas lie op5 ev5 to ! pirate1 ! w9d bl[s n only 9 fav\r ( ! good1 & ! ra9 falls ev5 on ! fields ( ! unju/4 ,if y wi% to h ! gods well-dispos$ t[>ds y1 be good3 he has en\gh1 :o hon\rs & :o imitates !m4 ,cf4 also ,epictetus3 ,d>e1 rais+ y\r eyes to ,god1 to say1 ,h5ce=? make use ( me to :at end ?\ wilt6 ,i ass5t1 ,i am ?9e1 ,i draw back f no?+ :i* ?y w int5ds4 ,lead me :i!rsoev] ?\ wilt6 ,= ,i hold ,god's w to be bett] ?an m9e4 7,cf4 also ,matt4 xxvi4 #ci47 #dhe ,kautsky1 ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums1 #ag4 #dhf ,op4 cit41 #c4 #dhg ,h[ is x conceivable1 ev5 ,pfleid]] asks1 t ! new community %\ld h fa%ion$ itself f ! *aos ( mat]ial )\t "s def9ite fact1 "s f\ndation-giv+ ev5t :i* c\ld =m ! nucleus = ! g5esis ( ! new ideas8 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! case ( a new hi/orical developm5t ! p[]s & impulses :i* are pres5t 9 ! cr[d are fir/ direct$ to a def9ite end & fa/5$ into an organism t c survive by ! purpose-giv+ action ( h]oic p]sonalities4 ,& s ! impulse = ! =mation ( ! ,*ri/ian community mu/ h come f "s def9ite po9t1 :i*1 f ! te/imony ( ! ,apo/le ,paul & ( ! e>lie/ ,gospels1 we c only f9d 9 ! life & dea? ( ,jesus 7,ent/ehung des ,*r41 #aa74 ,b t ! te/imony = an hi/orical ,jesus is n te/imony1 & t ! def9ite fact1 ! f\ndation-giv+ ev5t1 is to be look$ =1 if any:]e1 9 ,paul himself & n[h]e else--su* is ! c5tral po9t ( all ?is analysis4 #dhh ,op4 cit41 #fa sq4 #dhi ,von ,reim>us bis ,wr$e1 #cif4 #dij ii4 #dd4 #dia ,ges*4 ,israels1 ii4 #a sqq4 #dib ,holtzmann1 ,zum ,!ma ',jesus und ,paulus' 7,prot4 ,monat%eft1 iv41 #aijj1 #dfe74 #dic ,p>]ga1 ii4 #ahj4 #did ,neute/4 ,!ol4 ii4 #d4 ,cf4 ,r4 ,h4 ,grtzma*]3 ,i/ das lib]ale ,*ri/usbild mod]n8 ,bibl4 ,zeit- und ,/reitfrag51 #ci sq4 #die ,pfleid]]1 ,ent/ehung d4 ,*r41 #ajh sqq4 #dif ,cf4 ,/5del1 op4 cit41 #bb4 #dig ,von ,reim>us bis ,wr$e1 #cac4 #dih ,gal4 i4 #bd4 #dii #a ,cor4 ii4 #a2 #b ,cor4 xix4 #i4 #ejj ,acts i4 #c1 x4 #da4 #eja ,acts i4 #ba sq4 #ejb ,seuf]t1 ,d] ,ursprung und die ,b$eutung des ,apo/olates 9 d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e d] er/5 ,jahrhund]te1 #ahhg1 #adc4 ,cf4 also my ,petrusleg5de1 9 :i* ! unhi/orical nature ( ! disciples & apo/les is %[n1 #ej sqq4 #ejc ,op4 cit41 #db4 #ejd ,cf4 my "w ,die ,petrusleg5de4 #eje ,cf4 ,hausra?1 ,jesus und die neute/am5tl4 ,s*rift/ell]1 ii4 #bjc sqq4 #ejf ,ent/ehung d4 ,*r41 #bci4 #ejg ,cf4 above1 p4 #ca4 sqq4 #ejh ,cf4 ,arnold ,mey]1 ,0 uns ,jesus heute i/4 ,rel4 ,volksb41 #aijg--;a v impressive pres5tation ( ! lib]al ,prote/ant po9t ( view2 also ,we9el1 ,jesus im #ait5 ,jahrhund]t4 #eji ,ent/ehung d4 ,*r41 #ih sq4 #eaj ,we9el1 inde$1 resolutely d5ies t ?is is a real *>act]i/ic ( lib]al ,prote/antism1 & ass]ts t he has look$ = x 9 va9 9 any lib]al !ologian's book4 ,b he ne$ only look 9 ,a4 ,mey]'s "w1 :i* is cit$ by me1 to f9d my idea confirm$4 ,!re x is said ( ,jesus int] alia3 ,n only %\ld we move & live 9 8 love1 b we are z he 01 ( ! fai? t ?is love w ov]come ! _w1 t x is ! mean+1 end1 & true cont5t ( ! _w2 t ! p[] :i* uni=mly & omnipot5tly fills & guides ! _w1 is no?+ b ! ,god 9 :om he believ$ 0 ,jesus !n a ,pan!i/81 & :om he calls 8 heav5ly fa!r4 ,z he believ$1 s let u also1 t :oev] tru/s 9 ?is ,god & lives 9 8 love has f\nd ! mean+ ( life & ! p[] :i* pres]ves him 9 "t & 9 et]nity4 ,jesus 0 ! f\nd] ( our religion1 ( our fai?1 & ( our inn] life 7#ca74 ,accord+ to ,mey]1 ,jesus attracts u by 8 mann]1 8 ,be+1 8 love & 8 fai?1 we feel ourselves b\nd to him1 become k9 ) him & s live by 8 /r5g?2 he is call$ ! voice ( ,god to u1 our r$eem]1 & s =?4 ,^? are simply expressions :i* appli$ to ,god h at lea/ a valid mean+1 b appli$ to ! hi/orical man ,jesus are no?+ b phrases1 & are to be expla9$ purely psy*ologically f ! fact t lib]alism 9 hon\r+ ! unique man ,jesus does nev]!less unwitt+ly all[ ! belief 9 8 div9ity to come into play4 ,9 ?is atmosph]e1 obscur$ ) phrases1 ! s-call$ !ology ( lib]al ,prote/antism moves4 ,moreov]1 ,we9el himself quotes a s5t5ce ( ,h]rmann ) approval1 :i* also gives expression to ! idea t ,jesus is = ,prote/ant lib]alism a k9d ( demon/ration ( ,god 7#hj71 & he adds himself3 ,x may inde$ be t our conception ( ! significance ( ,jesus has (t5 be5 express$ unskilfully en\gh4 ,x may be t 9 disc\rses1 lectures1 or o!r popul> ways ( speak+ some?+ is at times said :i* may be s clumsily put z to give occasion = su* ?+s to be said4 ,inde$1 he himself ma9ta9s reg>d+ ,jesus3 ,:oev] places ! ideal ( 8 life 9 him1 he exp]i5ces ,god 9 him 7#hd74 ,he also f9ds t ! desire = ,god ( ! ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,semites1 & ,g]mans c\ld be /ill$ 9 him4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ^! expressions & ! :ole tone :i* x pleases ,h]r ,we9el to adopt t[>ds ! oppon5ts ( 8 /&po9t1 x appe>s "t to rem9d him once aga9 ( ,e4 v4 ,h>tmann's ,die ,selb/z]setzung des ,*ri/5tums 7x is obvi\s he has only a ?ird-h& acqua9tance ) ! au?or ^: po9t ( view he calls ,neo-,buddhism1 c\nt+ him among ! support]s ( ! morality ( pity67 & especially ( ! *apt] on ,die ,irreligiositt des lib]al5 ,prote/antismus4 ,"h1 9 connection ) ! lack ( metaphysics display$ by lib]al ,prote/antism 7& admitt$ ev5 by ,we9el7 & ! latt]'s pr9ciple ( love1 he says3 ,if we trans=m ! :ole ( religion into ,e?ics & s(t5 d[n ! :ole ( ,e?ics into love1 we !reby r5\nce ev]y?+ t is 9 religion besides love1 & ev]y?+ :i* makes love religi\s4 ,we !reby confess t ! impulse ( love is rais$ into religion s9ce religion prop]ly s call$ has be5 lo/4 ,x is true religion is n a %>k1 z ! inquisitors ?\ght1 b at ! same "t x is n a sea-nettle4 ,a %>k c at lea/ be t]rify+1 a sea-nettle is always feeble4 ,lib]al ,prote/antism1 z ,h>tmann sums x up1 consi/s ( a %apeless1 poor1 %all[ metaphysic1 :i* is conceal$ z f> z possible f critical eyes2 ( a wor%ip successfully fre$ f all my/]y1 b "o t has become !reby by no means incapable ( be+ object$ to2 ( an ,e?ics =cibly sep>at$ f ,metaphysics & on t acc\nt irreligi\s4 ,x re/s ^u a view ( ! _w :i* by its worldl9ess & optimi/ic cont5tm5t ) ! _w is by no means 9 a position to give bir? to a religion1 & :i* soon] or lat] w all[ ! remnants ( religi\s feel+ :i* x br\ght ) x to be smo!r$ 9 worldly ease4 #eaa ,op4 cit41 #ci4 #eab ,cf4 ,e4 v4 ,h>tmann1 ,die ,selb/z]setzung des ,*ri/5tums und die ,religion d] ,zukunft1 #bnd ed41 #ahgd1 especially *aps4 vi4 & vii4 #eac ,cf4 ,w4 v4 ,s*neh51 ,d] mod]ne ,jesuskultus1 #bnd ed41 #aijf2 also ,naumann vor dem ,bank]ott des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijg4 #ead ,cf4 my "w1 ,die ,religion als ,selb/bewus/se9 ,gottes1 #aijf1 #aii sq4 #eae ,cf4 my "w1 ,die ,religion als ,selb/bewus/se9 ,gottes1 9 :i* ! attempt has be5 made to =m a g5]al religi\s view ( ! _w 9 ! s5se m5tion$4 #eaf ,cf4 ,d] ,monismus1 d>ge/ellt 9 ,beitrg5 se9] ,v]tret]1 #b vols41 #aijh4