,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,illustration3 ,,on ,,the ,,wind4 ,,on ,,yacht ,,sailing ,a ,,simple ,,treatise ,,for ,,beginners ,,upon ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,handling ,,small ,,yachts ,,and ,,boats ,,by ,,thomas ,,fleming ,,day ,editor of ,the ,rudder1 ,author of ,on ,yachts and ,yacht ,handling1 ,hints to ,young ,yacht ,skippers1 ,songs of ,sea and ,sail1 etc4 ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,london3 ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,company #aijd ,,copyright #aijd ,,by ,,thomas ,,fleming ,,day ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,press ,,of ,,thomson ,,co4 #i ,,murray ,,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,contents ,,special ,,remarks #i ,,general ,,remarks #aa ,,the ,,boat ,,and ,,rig #ai ,,the ,,sides ,,and ,,tacks #bc ,,the ,,helm #bg ,,nomenclature ,,of ,,rigging ,,and ,,sail #cc ,,sailing ,,on ,,the ,,wind #ce ,,sailing ,,off ,,the ,,wind #dc ,,reefing ,,and ,,jibing #dh ,,taking ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,boat #eb ,,maneuvers #ef ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,road #fj ,,glossary #fe ,,diagrams ,,and ,,plans #gc ,,list ,,of ,,books #if ,,uniform ,,edition ,,rudder ,,on ,,series ,bound in blue buckram and gold1 #cbmo4 illustrated ,,on ,,yachts ,,and ,,yacht ,,handling4 ,by ,thomas ,fleming ,day4 ,price #a4 ,,on ,,yacht ,,sailing4 ,by ,thomas ,fleming ,day4 ,price #a4 ,,on ,,marine ,,motors ,,and ,,motor ,,launches4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,roberts1 ,m4 ,e4 ,price #a4 ,,on ,,yacht ,,etiquette4 ,second ,edition ,revised4 ,by ,captain ,patterson4 ,price #a4 ,,southward ,,by ,,the ,,inside ,,route4 ,reprint from ,,the ,,rudder4 ,,hints ,,to ,,young ,,yacht ,,skippers4 ,by ,thomas ,fleming ,day4 ,price #a4 ,,preface ,there is no difficulty in the learned writing for the learned1 but it is extremely difficult to compose a work for the instruction of the ignorant4 ,the more comprehensive and exact knowledge the writer has of his subject the more arduous is the effort to express his thoughts in such simplicity as will make it understandable to those who have little or no knowledge of the subject he treats4 ,this is doubly so when the subject is one like sailing--an art whose language is wholly technical and almost totally divorced from the common expressions of life4 ,it is impossible to translate sea language into land language2 nor is it possible to explain the conditions and operations of the art without employing sea terms4 ,in this work ,i have endeavored to avoid as far as is possible the employment of intricate or obscure technical language1 and where it is used have endeavored to explain the meaning and define the application4 ,this book is intended for the use of persons who are supposed to be altogether ignorant of the art of sailing4 ,it is a primer and1 therefore1 is almost absurdly simple and profuse in explanatory details4 ,but my experience as a teacher has taught me that such books cannot be too simple1 and that in order to be understandable they must be loaded with explanations of explanations until nothing is left to explain4 ,to those who know1 this will seem unnecessary1 but it must be remembered that many who will learn from this book1 have not only never handled a sailing boat1 but have never seen one before1 and have but extremely crude notions of how the canvas and helm are employed to drive and direct them4 ,in regard to the glossary3 ,the definitions given are those that define the terms as used in sailing or navigating small craft1 and may have a different meaning when applied to larger vessels4 ,it is very difficult to exactly define many nautical terms1 as they are words in action1 and consequently present different phases1 as they are differently employed4 ,in many cases only one who is a trained seaman can comprehend their exact purport or understand their significant application4 ,,special ,,remarks ,the first question before you start to learn to sail is3 ,do you know how to swim8 ,if you don't1 you have no business in a sailing boat--in fact you have no business on the water4 ,no parent should allow his boy or girl to have a sailboat until they have learned to swim4 ,it is not difficult to learn to swim2 any child can be taught that art in ten days1 and it should be a compulsory course in all our schools4 ,if people knew how to swim1 nine-tenths of the drowning accidents that do happen would not4 ,every summer a large number of young people are drowned in this country through the overturning of boats or by falling overboard4 ,had these persons been taught to swim the majority of them would not have been drowned4 ,a person who can swim has confidence4 ,if suddenly thrown in the water he or she retain their presence of mind1 but if unable to swim they become panic stricken1 and are not only drowned but in their struggles frequently drown others4 ,another custom prolific of accident on the water is the overloading of boats4 ,the green hand should be warned against this practice4 ,never take a lot of people out in a boat1 particularly a sailboat2 especially do not take out women and children1 or men who are not familiar with boats4 ,another thing1 never play the fool in a boat4 ,a man who with others in a boat plays such tricks as rocking or trying to carry large sail in a breeze1 climbing a mast1 or any other silly stunt1 is a fool1 and is not fit to be trusted with any sort of a craft4 ,a properly designed and well-constructed boat is perfectly safe in the hands of a sensible person1 and if properly used be made to give pleasure not only to the owner but to others4 ,sailing is one of the safest of our sports2 very few yachtsmen lose their lives while boating4 ,it is nothing like so dangerous a sport as bicycling1 automobiling or carriage driving4 ,i have met thousands of yachtsmen during my long service in the sport1 but of all my acquaintances ,i can only recall one who was drowned4 ,,general ,,remarks ,if you are going to learn to sail get a small boat4 ,men who learn in large boats seldom become good helmsmen4 ,another thing1 do not learn in what is called a non-capsizable boat2 get a boat that can be upset4 ,the modern outside ballast1 non-capsizable1 finkeel or semi-finkeel1 is a very easy vessel to handle1 and it requires very little skill to sail them2 as a fact1 you don't sail them2 you simply steer them4 ,the old-fashioned1 inside ballast1 capsizable1 long-keel craft was a very different proposition1 and it required considerable skill to handle such properly4 ,it is for this reason that the best sailors we have ever had graduated from the helms of that type of boat4 ,the best boat for a boy to get to learn in is one of not more than twenty feet length2 a fifteen-footer is better4 ,she should be half-decked1 and be of such construction and weight that even if filled she will float4 ,it is better to have a boat that requires little or no ballast4 ,if in a place where the water is generally smooth1 the ,lark type is an excellent craft to learn in2 if where it is rough1 get one of those cheap sailing dories4 ,,the ,,rudder ,skip is also a good boat1 but is somewhat more expensive4 ,another good boat for a beginner is a #ae-;foot1 half-decked1 cat-rigged boat2 a boat with considerable freeboard and a water-tight cockpit4 ,such a boat can be built in first-class style for about #bej or #cjj4 ,i strongly advise the beginner to use the cat rig1 no matter what type of hull he employs4 ,illustration3 ,,wind ,,abeam4 ,many begin in a rowboat1 fitted with a sail4 ,these are generally poor craft1 not being of the proper form for sailing4 ,while they will do1 if nothing better can be had1 they are far inferior to a properly designed sailing dory or a ,lark4 ,if the beginner starts in a poor sailing craft he is apt to get disgusted with the results of his work and give up4 ,after you have learned to handle a boat under cat rig you can get one with a jib1 and learn to sail the more complicated rig4 ,it is not best at first to go in for too many sails1 as it means much more gear and this is apt to confuse the beginner1 and make the task of learning harder4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,a4--,,deck ,,plan ,,of ,,yacht4 ,by starting to learn to sail in a capsizable boat you will gather the first and most important part of sailorizing1 and that is caution1 and you will gain from sailing such a boat that nicety of touch which is the acme of helming skill1 and which can never be acquired in an uncapsizable craft4 ,knowing that inattention to your work will perhaps result in a spill1 you will be constantly on the alert1 and you will learn that by quick and proper movements of the helm you can control and maneuvre your boat so as to keep her on her bottom at all times4 ,if you have your boat ready take a day when the wind is light and steady and get somebody to go with you who understands sailing4 ,let the old hand tend the sheet while you handle the tiller4 ,then sail up and down in a quiet place until you get confidence in the boat and in yourself4 ,this will soon come when you find that you can perform the different sailing maneuvres4 ,it is a good plan after you have the hang of handling the tiller to choose a mark to windward1 and to start and beat up to it1 then turn the mark and run back again4 ,repeat this several times as it will give you practice in sailing both on and off the wind4 ,illustration3 ,,off ,,the ,,wind4 ,if the wind is strong and you feel afraid of the boat1 don't go out1 but wait until the conditions are more favorable to have your first try4 ,if you get afraid or rattled1 as it is called1 by the boat getting a knockdown in a puff1 just let her come up in the wind and rest1 and you will see that she is perfectly safe1 and your courage will soon return4 ,i have taught many--both boys and girls--to sail1 and ,i always put them right at the helm1 and insist upon them staying there4 ,if they get in a tight place the beginner will generally want to give up the helm4 ,at such a time ,i make them retain it1 and by a little judicious advice and a few words of encouragement get them through the difficulty4 ,this at once instills confidence4 ,one of my favorite tricks is when the green hand is approaching the shore on a tack to leave him and go below1 pretending to pay no attention to his actions4 ,if he is good for anything1 he will when the right time arrives go about4 ,once he has done this by himself he is confident1 and will not hesitate to do it again4 ,this is the principal thing to make a beginner understand1 that he must depend upon his own judgment and not rely upon yours4 ,some persons can never be taught to sail4 ,they can learn to steer perhaps1 but never can learn to handle a sailing boat4 ,i have found that comparatively few females can learn to sail1 but when they have the sailor's instinct it is very strongly developed1 and they make excellent skippers4 ,they are far more fearless than men1 and can invariably be relied upon to carry out orders1 even to the death4 ,,the ,,boat ,,and ,,rig ,having picked out the boat that best suits your ideas and pocket1 start right in and learn all about her4 ,study out her rig1 and learn the proper names of everything from keel to truck4 ,nothing sounds worse than to hear a man who is sailing a boat call the ropes1 spars1 etc41 by wrong names1 and use in speaking of the boat and her actions unnautical language4 ,one of the quickest and easiest ways to learn the nomenclature of the boat is to build and rig a small model4 ,you will in this way not only learn the proper terms but also get an understanding of how a boat is rigged4 ,the first lesson ,i had was in trying to re-rig a topsail schooner1 the model of an old ,u4 ,s4 man-of-war4 ,i was about seven or eight years old1 but having the boat mania stuck to the task1 although it was long and difficult1 and at last1 with the kind assistance of a lady1 succeeded in completing the job4 ,in this way ,i captured at an early age a thorough knowledge of how to rig4 ,you need not make a block model1 just step your mast in a flat board4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,lark4 ,if you are going to buy a boat1 not having the opportunity to borrow or steal one1 look about for a good second-hand craft4 ,this if in fair condition will do to start with1 for you will1 as soon as you have learned1 want a bigger and better one4 ,if you can use tools1 and have the materials and space1 ,i would advise building your own boat1 as by so doing you will gather knowledge that will prove invaluable to you in your after days4 ,but don't build from your own design4 ,such boats are invariably failures4 ,a man must have considerable knowledge of boats before he can design a proper one4 ,a deal of money has been wasted1 and many have been sadly disheartened and made sick of the sport at the outset because they have built a boat after their own plans1 and it has turned out a failure4 ,if you are going to build get one of ,,the ,,rudder ,how-to ,books1 and you will from it be able to construct a good sailing craft for a reasonable price1 with the least amount of labor4 ,if you buy a boat be sure the hull is in good condition1 and that the boat is not a heavy and consistent leaker4 ,also1 find out if the boat will sail on the wind1 for many small boats will not4 ,if the hull is all right1 buy the boat4 ,the condition of the sail and rigging is not so important1 as you can renew these for a few dollars1 and it is better to start off with a new sail and first-class gear4 ,a boat with old canvas and weather-wasted gear will not be satisfactory1 and it is better to spend a few dollars and get these things right4 ,in rigging the boat use as few ropes as possible4 ,a green hand1 like a canoeman1 generally wants to decorate his spars with all the strings he can get on1 but the less rope and the simpler tackles you use the easier will it be to handle the craft4 ,whatever you use be sure it is strong4 ,always use the best cordage you can buy2 the difference in price per pound is only a few cents1 but there is considerable difference in the way the two kinds will work4 ,a rope used for running should render freely through the block4 ,to do this it must be soft and pliable4 ,use blocks with a larger swallow than the rope size you intend to run through them1 then the rope won't stick when it gets swollen with dampness or rain4 ,,the ,,sides ,,and ,,tacks ,the sides of a boat have two sets of names1 the use of which is apt to confuse the green hand1 but if you once clearly understand how these terms are applied you will experience no trouble in properly employing them4 ,the right-hand side of a vessel when standing looking toward the bow is called the starboard side4 ,the left-hand side of a vessel when standing looking toward the bow is called the port side4 ,these names are permanent1 and no matter which way the boat is turned the starboard side is always the starboard side and the port side always the port side4 ,the other names for the sides of a vessel are not permanent1 but are always changing1 shifting from side to side1 as the boat is turned about4 ,their particular position is determined by the direction of the wind4 ,these names are lee side and weather side4 ,illustration3 ,,sailing ,,dories4 ,the weather side is that side of a vessel upon which the wind blows4 ,the lee side is that side of the vessel which is farthest from the wind1 and is1 in a fore-and-aft rigged craft1 the side on which the sail is stretched4 ,now you will understand that1 in consequence of the vessel turning round and presenting first one side to the wind and then the other1 these names are continually shifting from side to side4 ,for instance1 if the wind is blowing on the port--left-hand side--that is the weather side1 and the starboard--right-hand side--is the lee side4 ,turning the vessel round1 so that the wind blows on the starboard side1 that becomes the weather side1 and the port side becomes the lee side4 ,having these sides and their names clearly fixed in your mind you will be able to understand what a tack is4 ,when a vessel is sailing on a wind we say she is on the port tack or starboard tack1 meaning the way she is heading in regard to the direction of the wind4 ,this tack is determined by the side upon which the wind blows4 ,a vessel is on the starboard tack when the wind strikes upon her starboard side and the boom of her mainsail is over on the port side4 ,the reverse of this puts her on the port tack4 ,or1 to be more concise1 when the starboard side is the weather side the boat is on the starboard tack4 ,when the port side is the weather side the boat is on the port tack4 ,,the ,,helm ,a boat or any vessel is steered by a contrivance called a rudder1 which is hung like a door on hinges1 and swings freely from side to side4 ,this rudder is moved by a handle called a tiller1 which is attached to the post and projects forward into the boat4 ,the whole apparatus for steering the boat is called the helm1 but in this chapter1 when we speak of the helm1 it must be understood to mean the tiller4 ,when the helm is put1 i4 e41 pushed in one direction1 the rudder moves in the other4 ,for instance1 if the helm is turned to the right the rudder moves to the left1 and vice versa4 ,the result of such a movement of the helm is to turn the boat's bow in the direction the rudder points1 so that the boat's bow1 or head as we say1 turns the opposite way to the way the tiller is pushed4 ,remember1 that if you put the helm to the left the boat's head will turn to the right2 if you put the helm to the right it will turn to the left4 ,illustration3 ,,shoal-,,draught ,,sloop4 ,the left side of the boat1 as ,i have explained1 is always called the port side2 therefore1 if ,i order you to put your helm to port you must push the tiller toward the left4 ,this will move the rudder toward the starboard side1 and as the boat's bow moves the same way as the rudder it will also move to starboard4 ,but in a sailing vessel1 when going under canvas1 we do not usually order the helm to be put to starboard or port1 but employ terms that derive their signification from the direction of the wind under whose influence the vessel is moving4 ,these terms are up and down1 and a-lee and a-weather4 ,to put the helm up you push the tiller toward the side of the boat on which the wind is blowing4 ,this causes the vessel to move her head away from the wind--to fall off1 as it is called4 ,to put the helm down you push the tiller toward the side on which the sail is4 ,this causes the vessel to move her head toward the wind--to luff1 as it is called4 ,the easiest way to fix these two actions in the wind is this3 ,when a boat is heeled1 i4 e41 tipped1 as she usually is when sailing on the wind1 the helm is put up by moving it toward the high or up side1 and it is put down by moving it toward the low or down side4 ,to put the helm a-weather is the same as putting it up1 or toward the weather side of the boat4 ,to put the helm a-lee is the same as putting it down or toward the lee side of the boat4 ,up--a-weather4 ,down--a-lee4 ,the green hand must get the above information firmly fixed in his mind1 as it will save him lots of future trouble4 ,i have met men who have sailed for years who confuse these orders through not thoroughly understanding what they mean4 ,you will frequently hear a man when conning the helm of a boat--that is1 directing the steering--tell the helmsman to keep off1 meaning by that to put the helm up and cause the boat to move further away from the wind or course which the boat has been holding2 or else he will order the helmsman to luff1 meaning for him to put the helm down1 and bring the boat's bow nearer to the wind4 ,the order to steady or right the helm means to bring the tiller amidships1 or in such position that it does not influence the boat in either direction4 ,large boats are steered by a wheel1 which is simply an apparatus used to give additional power1 so that the helm can be turned easily2 but as we are dealing with small boats using a tiller1 we will not bother at present to understand its working4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,sailing ,,dory4 ,,nomenclature ,,of ,,rigging ,,and ,,sail4 ,,downhaul--,a rope for hauling down a sail4 ,,clewline--,a line used to draw together a sail so that it can be easily furled4 ,,halyards--,the tackles by which a sail is hoisted4 ,,guys--,are ropes used to support or control a spar1 and are either permanent or shifting4 ,on spars they generally act in opposition to the sheet4 ,,topping ,,lift--,a rope or tackle for lifting and holding up the end of a boom4 ,,sheet--,the rope or tackle by which a sail is controlled or trimmed4 ,it is made fast to the clew of the sail1 or to the boom4 ,,shrouds--,ropes generally of wire employed to support a mast or bowsprit by holding it sideways4 ,they are attached to the rail by chain plates1 and are set up with either lanyards or rigging screws4 ,,stays--,ropes used to support or control a spar in a fore-and-aft direction4 ,,luff--,the fore edge of a sail4 ,,leach--,the after edge of a sail4 ,,head--,the upper edge of a sail4 ,,foot--,the lower edge of a sail4 ,,peak--,the upper outer corner of a triangular sail1 also the upper corner of a jib or gaff topsail4 ,in this book the more common name head is used4 ,see sail plans4 ,,throat--,the upper fore corner of a triangular sail1 also called the nock4 ,,tack--,the lower fore corner of a sail4 ,,clew--,the after lower corner of a sail4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,b4--,,beating ,,or ,,sailing ,,to ,,windward4 ,,boat1 ,,dotted ,,lines1 ,,is ,,on ,,starboard ,,tack2 ,,boat1 ,,filled ,,lines1 ,,is ,,on ,,port ,,tack4 ,,sailing ,,on ,,the ,,wind ,sailing on the wind1 or by the wind1 or close-hauled1 is a purely mechanical action1 the motion being the result of opposing two forces1 the wind pressure and the water pressure4 ,the wind pressing on the canvas forces the boat sideways1 her form causes the water to resist this movement1 and as it is easier for her to progress in the direction of her length she moves that way4 ,her sails being arranged so as to transfer this movement in the direction of the bow1 she moves ahead4 ,it is to prevent her going sideways that a boat is given a keel or centerboard4 ,in sailing to windward a boat's sails are trimmed flat--that is1 the sheet is hauled in until the foot of the sail lies nearly parallel to the line of the keel4 ,how close to being parallel depends largely upon the form of the hull1 an easily driven model being able to sail with a flatter sheet than one of coarser dimensions4 ,no rule can be laid down for trimming the sheets of a boat when sailing on the wind1 it depending upon the form of the vessel1 the strength of the wind1 and the condition of the water4 ,as the movement of the boat is dependent upon the pressure exerted upon her canvas by the wind1 it is necessary that the wind strike the sail on one side and fill it1 and that it exert this pressure in a constant manner4 ,therefore1 the boat's bow cannot be kept pointing in the direction of the wind1 but must be made to approach it at an angle4 ,this angle1 in a good sailing vessel1 is one of #de degrees1 or four points by compass4 ,let us suppose that the wind is blowing from the ,north4 ,now1 if the boat's bow is pointed ,north the current of air will pass along both sides of her sail and exert no pressure upon the canvas1 acting just as it does upon the fly of a flag4 ,but if we turn her head slowly round to the ,west we will find that the breeze begins to press on the canvas1 gradually filling it until when her bow is pointed ,northwest1 or four points away from the wind1 the whole sail will be distended with pressure4 ,she is now said to be on a tack or board1 and will move ahead in the direction ,northwest4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,c4 ,,beating ,,to ,,windward--,,long ,,leg ,,and ,,short ,,leg4 ,but let us suppose that the point we wish to reach is directly ,north4 ,if we continue sailing on this ,northwest tack we can never reach it4 ,in order to do so we must have the boat move in another direction4 ,four points1 or forty-five degrees1 on the other side of ,north is the direction ,northeast4 ,if our boat will fill her sail with a ,north wind when pointed ,northwest she will also necessarily fill it when pointed ,northeast4 ,but how are we to get her into a position so that she will point ,northeast8 ,by performing a maneuvre which is called tacking or going about4 ,to do this we put the helm down1 or a-lee--that is1 push the tiller toward the side on which the sail is1 the rudder going in the opposite direction4 ,in consequence of this the boat's bow begins to move toward the ,north4 ,as it does so the wind leaves the sail1 the canvas shakes1 and then as her head swings past ,north the sail begins to fill again1 with the breeze on the opposite side1 until when she at last points ,northeast it is rap full once more4 ,that is what is called tacking a vessel4 ,if we continue to tack1 remaining for an equal distance on each board or leg1 the boat will gradually approach the ,north point by a zig-zag movement1 until she reaches it4 ,sometimes1 owing to the wind not being directly ahead1 we are able to remain longer on one tack than on the other4 ,this is what is called making a long and short leg4 ,to properly sail a boat on the wind requires constant and minute attention to the helm and the canvas4 ,the best way for the new hand is to sit low down in the cockpit to leeward of the tiller2 this places him nearly under the boom4 ,let him look up and watch his sail just at the throat2 here is where it will shake first4 ,to sail the boat close he must just keep that portion of the sail shaking--or lifting as it is termed4 ,after a few days at this work he will get so that he can tell instinctively by the feel of the boat just where she is1 and will be able to keep her close without constantly watching the luff4 ,some skippers sail a boat by the jib luff1 sitting to windward to see it2 others by the feel of the wind on the face4 ,this is a good guide at night when you cannot see the sail4 ,but those things will come to the novice in time4 ,you should constantly practice altering the sheets of your boat1 until you find out under which trim she goes best4 ,you can mark the positions of the sheets by inserting between the strands of the rope a bit of colored worsted2 also alter the position of the weights1 either ballast or live1 until you get the boat to her proper trim1 as this has much to do with a boat sailing well to windward4 ,if when trimmed to sail on the wind a boat shows herself to be hard on the helm it may be the result of her form1 of the position of her ballast1 or centerboard1 or through having too much after sail4 ,if she gripes--that is1 tries to go up in the wind--slack off a little mainsheet1 and if she has a jib trim it flatter4 ,if she tries to do the other thing run off to leeward2 ease the jib sheets4 ,the worst fault a boat can have is that of carrying a lee helm4 ,never buy a slack-headed boat2 they are an abomination4 ,in rough-water sailing a boat going to windward wants her sheet eased4 ,do not trim the sails dead flat1 nor try to sail the boat very close to the wind2 give her what is called a good full1 and keep her moving all the time4 ,remember1 that every wave is a hill that the boat has to climb over1 and she needs all the drive possible in order to do it4 ,you must learn how to help her with the helm to take these seas easily1 first by luffing and then by bearing away4 ,a man can only become a good windward helmsman by constant practice and by paying attention to every detail4 ,he must have a quick eye1 a firm hand and plenty of grit and strength4 ,illustration3 ,,going ,,free4 ,,sailing ,,off ,,the ,,wind ,sailing off the wind1 or going free1 is a different action from that of sailing on the wind4 ,sailing free is purely a natural movement1 complicated by the fact that a vessel1 owing to her weight obliging her to rest in the water1 cannot move as freely as a fabric wholly sustained by the air4 ,the fact that friction of the water retards her so that she moves at a less speed than the wind that presses her onward permits of her being steered4 ,another complication that effects the speed of a vessel going free is the unevenness of the water1 the effect of the wind raising surface waves2 these greatly retard and hamper her movements4 ,if1 instead of rising in waves the sea remained smooth a sailing vessel could be driven nearly as fast as the wind moves1 as is the case with ice boats1 which on smooth ice move as fast as the wind4 ,in sailing to windward the faster a vessel moves the more pressure the wind exerts upon her sail4 ,in sailing to leeward this is just the reverse2 the faster she goes the less pressure the wind exerts4 ,in the first action she is constantly approaching the source of the wind1 in the second receding from it4 ,for instance1 if the wind is blowing at the rate of #bj miles an hour and a vessel sailing before it makes #aj miles an hour the pressure in her sails will only be equal to a rate of #aj miles4 ,in calculating how much sail to carry the young yachtsman must remember this3 ,that a windward breeze is nearly double the wind's velocity1 that a leeward breeze is equal to the wind's velocity minus the boat's speed2 so that more sail can be carried off the wind that can be carried on it4 ,the amount of sail that can be carried off the wind depends largely upon the form of the boat and the height and action of the sea4 ,if the boat is of a good form for running and the water smooth you can carry all the sail her spars will stand and she can be steered under4 ,but if she is a bad runner1 a boat that roots--goes down by the head--or chokes up forward1 she will do better with less sail4 ,on all boats there is a time when they reach their maximum speed running and when they will go along easier and better with less canvas4 ,to do her best when running a boat should be kept on an even line--that is1 level in the water1 and not be allowed to shove her head up or drop her stern down4 ,in straight stem boats with very little fullness in the forward sections the weight of the crew should be kept aft1 as they have a tendency to root--shove their bows down--but in boats with long1 full overhangs the weights should be kept forward1 as the shape of these craft causes them to shove out the bow and depress and drag the after end4 ,the most difficult helming of a boat is off the wind in a tall following sea1 and great care is necessary then in steering a vessel4 ,if the sea is very heavy and the wind strong do not try to run directly before it1 but beat to leeward1 first taking the wind on one quarter1 and then on the other4 ,if you run dead before1 be careful not to let the boat sheer off the helm on either side1 or she will be brought by the lee or broach to4 ,if she is brought by the lee her mainsail will jibe over4 ,you must watch your boat carefully1 and you will soon learn to anticipate her next movement1 first by noticing the wave that passes1 and second by the feeling how she lifts on the one just overtaking her4 ,as soon as the stern lifts she will begin to yaw1 as it is called1 and then you must at once check this movement by altering the position of the rudder to prevent her swinging too far4 ,this is what is called meeting her with the helm4 ,one piece of advice when running before a sea3 ,never get frightened or rattled1 and never look behind you1 for the sight of a big sea curling up just ready to drop on the stern will scare any one but a hardened sea-dog4 ,always carry enough sail to keep the boat racing with the waves1 or you are liable to get pooped4 ,but do not carry too much sail1 for if you do the boat when on top of a wave if struck1 as she usually is in such position by a hard puff1 is likely to become unmanageable and get away from you4 ,if you have a boat with a jib1 set that and sheet it flat amidships2 this when she tries to broach to will fill and drive her head off4 ,if she steers hard trim your mainsheet aft and it will ease her4 ,lowering the peak and topping up the boom will also ease the steering4 ,always top up the boom if the sea is heavy1 so as to prevent the end of the spar striking the water4 ,never in heavy weather square the main boom right off2 always keep it away from the rigging4 ,the light sails commonly employed off the wind are the spinnaker and balloon jib4 ,the former is of very little use except with the wind dead aft--that is1 directly behind4 ,the moment you have to guy the boom forward to make it draw it loses its power and the balloon jib is a better sail to use4 ,do not have these sails cut too large1 as they are then unhandy and cannot be kept properly sheeted4 ,never sheet running sails down hard2 give them plenty of lift1 especially light jibs4 ,a small spinnaker is a great help in steering a boat when running before a strong breeze4 ,,reefing ,,and ,,jibing ,by reefing is meant the means by which a sail is reduced in size by rolling up and tying part of it down to a spar4 ,the sail that you will have to reef is the mainsail1 as the jib on a small boat is generally too little to be bothered with in that way4 ,you will notice on a sail1 stretching across it from luff to leach1 a band1 or sometimes two or three bands1 in which are inserted short lengths of small line4 ,this is the reef band1 and the small lengths of rope are called points1 or knittles4 ,at either end of the band in the edge of the sail you will find a hole--or cringle1 as it is called4 ,the hole at the after end in the leach of the sail is for the pendant1 a small rope that hauls the canvas aft or back towards the stern4 ,the hole at the fore end in the luff of the sail is for the tack1 a short length of rope that ties the luff of the sail down to the boom4 ,there are two ways of reefing4 ,the first and easiest way1 which can be performed when the boat is at anchor or lying to a dock1 is to hoist the sail up until the reef band is as high as the boom2 then take the tack and pass the ends round the boom1 pass the ends back again through the cringle several times1 if it will go1 and then tie hard4 ,having the tack fast1 haul out on the pendant1 which should be rove through a beehole or cheek block on the boom2 pull on this until the sail's foot is out taut1 but do not pull until the cloth is strained4 ,when the foot is out taut make the pendant fast2 then take a short piece of rope and pass it round the boom and pendant just at the cringle and through that hole4 ,tie this down hard4 ,this is called the clew lashing4 ,always put on a clew lashing1 as it will save the sail from being torn4 ,having the tack and pendant fast1 begin to tie in the points4 ,get all the slack canvas on one side and roll it up tight2 then pass one end of the reef point through between the lacing and the sail1 not round the boom4 ,tie the point ends together with a bow knot1 which is a reef knot with the loop caught in the tie4 ,pull all your points taut1 but be sure and put the same strain on all4 ,begin to tie in the middle first1 and then work toward both ends4 ,to shake out a reef reverse these operations4 ,first untie the points1 then the clew lashing1 then slack in the pendant1 and last cast loose the tack lashing4 ,be careful to untie all the points1 because if you do not you are liable to tear the sail when hoisting it4 ,before shaking out a reef1 if you have a topping lift fitted pull up on that so as to take the weight of the boom off the sail4 ,if the air is damp1 or rain or spray knocking about1 don't haul the sail out very taut or tie the points down hard1 as the wet will cause the rope and canvas to shrink and strain the sail out of shape4 ,never leave reefs tied in sail when stowed1 as the canvas will mildew and rot4 ,jibing is the operation of passing a boom sail over from one side of the boat to the other when sailing off the wind4 ,a great deal of nonsense has been written and talked about jibing1 and it is commonly supposed to be a very dangerous maneuvre4 ,so it is1 if carried out by incompetent persons or reckless fools in a bad boat1 but if common sense and caution are used there is no danger whatever in jibing a sail at any time4 ,the first and most important thing is to keep control of the sheet1 and to have as little of it out as possible when the sail goes over4 ,in order to do this you must use the helm with great care to bring the boat slowly round4 ,if it is blowing hard top up the boom and lower the peak2 in this way you can always safely jibe4 ,to jibe3 ,haul in the sheet slowly but steadily1 and when well aft carefully put the helm up until the wind strikes the fore side of the sail4 ,as the boom swings across right the helm and then put it the other way1 so as to catch the boat as she swings off4 ,if you have to jibe all standing--what is called a ,north ,river jibe--that is1 with the sheet all off--just as soon as boom goes over put your helm hard the other way2 this will throw the boat's head so the wind will strike the fore side of the sail and break the force of the swing4 ,it is a very dangerous method1 unless you are a skillful skipper1 and should never be employed except in an emergency4 ,never jibe in a seaway with the sheet off2 at such time it is better to lower the peak4 ,,taking ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,boat ,you must not only learn to sail1 but you must learn to take care of your boat1 to keep her neat and clean1 and have everything above and below decks in shipshape order4 ,nothing looks worse than a slovenly kept and dirty yacht2 a boat with fag ends of rope hanging about1 loose and tangled messes of gear1 sails not properly stowed1 and a general air of untidiness apparent everywhere4 ,the first attribute of good seamanship is order4 ,therefore1 if you want to be considered a skillful sailor1 keep your boat both above and below decks in shipshape fashion4 ,to do this means considerable work4 ,it is no easy job to take proper care of even a small yacht1 but if you regularly attend to the work you will find it come easier as you grow more familiar and used to the task4 ,in the first place1 the boat should be kept pumped out if she has a leak1 as most boats have2 next1 her decks and cockpit should be thoroughly scrubbed and kept as clean as possible2 the paint round the house and rails washed regularly1 and her topsides looked to at least once a week4 ,next1 keep good watch over the gear2 don't let the ends of the ropes get fagged out2 keep them whipped4 ,always1 after coming in from a sail1 coil down and clear up all the ends of the gear4 ,keep your rodes and warps neatly coiled or ,flemished1 and not heaped in a tangled mass1 thrown in any way4 ,take up on your tackles so that ropes don't swing loose1 but be careful not to take up too hard1 if you are not staying on the boat1 because if dampness or rain sets in the rope will absorb the moisture and swell1 causing it to contract and shrink lengthways4 ,this not only is bad for the cordage1 but in small vessels it frequently strains and distorts the spars4 ,if you have to leave your boat for several days with no one to care for her1 do not stow your sails too tightly2 roll them up loosely1 and gasket so that they cannot shake out if it comes on to blow4 ,if sails are furled in hard rolls the dampness in the canvas will cause them to sweat and rot2 canvas to keep good wants the air4 ,sail covers are not good things to use1 unless they are frequently removed1 so as to let the air and sun get at the sails4 ,if your boat is rigged with metal blocks1 turnbuckles1 etc41 these should be frequently oiled and greased1 as should also the gooseneck and the jaws of the gaff4 ,by keeping rust and verdigris off the working parts of these things you will increase their length of service and always have them in good working order4 ,the steering gear1 if you use a wheel1 should be frequently inspected and oiled4 ,if you use a tiller see that it is in good condition and not split or weakened where it is attached to the head of the rudder post4 ,steering gear accidents are more frequent than any others1 and sometimes lead to disagreeable consequences4 ,the chain plates1 and the shrouds where they go over the mast should be looked at1 and also the bobstay and other headgear4 ,make a practice of going over your rigging at least once a week during the season1 and you will be less likely to meet with any mishaps or accidents through something unexpectedly giving way4 ,nothing looks better or reflects more credit on a young yacht sailor than to have his boat from truck to keel in first-class order4 ,it is a certain sign that he understands his business1 takes an interest in sport1 and is a thorough and skilled sailorman4 ,of course1 he cannot if he only spends1 say1 two days out of the week on board keep the boat up to the highest notch of completeness and order as a yacht is kept that carries a professional crew1 but he can keep her neat and clean by giving a few hours of his time to the task4 ,but to make the work easy let him refrain from covering his deck with brass or other fancy gewgaws4 ,stick to things that don't need polishing2 the less brass the less work4 ,another thing ,i would point out to you1 and that is1 when painting the decks or cockpit of a boat do not use light-colored paints4 ,one reason for this is that a light color shows every speck of dirt and never can be made to look clean1 especially if the boat is harbored in places where the water is muddy or dirty2 the other reason is that light paint reflects the sun and is very trying on the eyes4 ,for cockpit1 decks and the top of cabin houses1 use a dark shade of green1 grey or slate2 green is the best for the eyes4 ,,maneuvers ,,to ,,tack3 ,when ready to tack first put the helm up slightly so as to give the boat a good full1 then put it down slowly and steadily4 ,as the vessel's bow comes into the wind1 right the helm1 and then as she falls off catch her with the helm before she gets too far away from the wind4 ,if the water is rough and the boat shows an inclination to miss-stay1 give her a good full1 slacking the sheet slightly to help her get headway1 then as you put the helm down1 haul in smartly on the sheet4 ,,to ,,tack ,a ,,sloop3 ,a sloop or any rig carrying headsails can be tacked as follows3 ,when ready to go about1 ease the jib sheet1 putting down the helm at the same time2 as the boat's head comes into the wind1 haul in the same sheet that you just eased1 so as to get that sail aback2 as she swings off slack the weather sheet and haul aft the lee one4 ,,to ,,tack ,a ,,yawl3 ,proceed same as for tacking a sloop1 but to aid her haul dead-flat the mizzen before putting the helm down4 ,in a light air and a lob of sea when a yawl refuses to go round1 you can sometimes cause her to stay by lighting up the jib and hauling the mizzen boom up on the weather side4 ,,tacking ,,small ,,boats3 ,small open boats such as dingeys and skiffs which are slow at staying can be materially helped by moving the weight of the crew forward as they come to the wind1 and again aft as they fall off4 ,,miss-,,staying3 ,our modern yachts unlike the old fashioned kind seldom miss-stay1 except when attempted to tack in a heavy seaway4 ,the cause of miss-staying is generally either carelessness or haste4 ,always give the boat a good full and have way on her before you put the helm down4 ,if a boat miss-stay and get in irons do not jam the helm hard over1 but keep it amidship until she gathers stern-way then move it over slowly4 ,remember that the helm when a boat is going stern first acts the opposite to what it does when she is going ahead4 ,if a centerboard boat pull up the board4 ,if she still refuses to fill1 drop the peak4 ,,to ,,wear3 ,wearing or veering is the opposite of tacking4 ,in a heavy sea when there is danger of a boat miss-staying it is better to wear4 ,to wear1 get your sheet in flat1 then put the helm up slowly and as she pays-off1 ease the sheet gradually4 ,to wear a yawl ease off the mizzen1 keep the mainsail flat1 and haul the jib a-weather4 ,in a centerboard boat haul up the board4 ,in a catboat if she refuse to wear drop the peak4 ,,to ,,anchor3 ,the one prime rule of anchoring is never to let go the anchor until the boat has stopped going ahead and is beginning to go sternwards4 ,in this way you prevent the anchor being turned over1 and brought foul of the hawser4 ,always give an anchor plenty of line or scope as it is called4 ,six times the depth of water is sufficient under ordinary conditions4 ,in bad weather give all you can spare4 ,,to ,,get ,,underway3 ,if at anchor before making sail heave in short on your hawser or chain1 but be careful not to take in enough to trip the hook1 then cast loose and hoist the sail1 when ready heave in and break the anchor out of the bottom4 ,,to ,,cast3 ,to cast a vessel is to turn her head from an anchorage or mooring so as to make her go off on a chosen tack4 ,this is sometimes necessary when anchored between other vessels or close to shore4 ,supposing it is necessary in order to clear to take the port tack3 ,haul your mainsail over to starboard1 putting your helm the same way4 ,this wall cause her to make a sternboard and her bow will fall off to port4 ,a surer way if at a mooring is to pass a light line to the buoy2 carry this aft outside of the rigging to the starboard quarter1 then let go the mooring warp and haul in on the spring line4 ,this will cause her head to pay off to port2 when on the course let go the spring4 ,to cast her to starboard reverse these proceedings4 ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,road ,the rules of the road are the rules governing the movements of vessels when underway4 ,they are laws enacted by an agreement between all maritime nations1 and obedience to them is compulsory4 ,if in case of a collision1 it is proved that one of the parties has violated a rule of the road1 the damages lie against the violator4 ,yachtsmen should thoroughly learn and understand these rules1 and should always maintain and obey them4 ,a steam vessel is any vessel propelled by machinery--this includes naphtha1 gasolene1 kerosene and electric launches4 ,a sailing vessel is a vessel wholly propelled by sails4 ,an auxiliary yacht when using her engines1 no matter whether she has sail set or not is a steam vessel4 ,if not using her engine she is a sailing vessel4 ,steam vessels must keep out of the way of sailing vessels2 sailing vessels must keep out of the way of row-boats4 ,vessels of all kinds1 when underway1 must keep clear of anchored craft or craft lying idle or hove-to4 ,overtaking vessels must keep clear of vessels overtaken4 ,a sailing vessel overtaking a launch must keep clear of the launch4 ,when two sailing vessels are approaching one another1 so as to involve risk of collision1 one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows3 ,a vessel which is running free shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close-hauled4 ,a vessel which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close-hauled on the starboard tack4 ,when both are running free1 with the wind on different sides1 the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other4 ,when both are running free1 with the wind on the same side1 the vessel which is to the windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to the leeward4 ,a vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other vessel4 ,,running ,,lights4 ,a sailing vessel1 when running at night1 carries a green light on her starboard side1 and a red light on her port side4 ,such lights are generally carried in the rigging1 about six feet above the rail4 ,a rowboat must carry a white light in a lantern to show when in danger of being run down4 ,a steam vessel carries the same lights as a sailing vessel1 with the addition of a white light at the foremast head1 or on launches on top of the pilot house4 ,a steam vessel1 when towing another vessel1 carries two white lights2 if she is towing more than one vessel1 tandem fashion1 she shall carry three white lights4 ,,anchor ,,lights4 ,a vessel when at anchor must keep burning a white light1 throwing an unbroken flare in every direction2 this light should be hoisted above the deck the height of the vessel's breadth4 ,all lights must be carried from sunset to sunrise2 no other lights should be shown4 ,,fog ,,signals4 ,a steam vessel must be provided with a whistle operated by steam or air4 ,a sailing vessel must be provided with a horn4 ,in fog1 mist1 falling snow1 or heavy rainstorms1 whether by day or night1 the signals described shall be used3 ,a steam vessel underway shall sound1 at intervals of not more than one minute1 a prolonged blast4 ,a sailing vessel underway shall sound1 at intervals of not more than one minute1 when on the starboard tack1 one blast2 when on the port tack1 two blasts in succession1 and when with the wind abaft the beam1 three blasts in succession4 ,a vessel when at anchor shall1 at intervals of not more than one minute1 ring the bell rapidly for about five seconds4 ,a steam vessel when towing shall1 instead of the signal prescribed above1 at intervals of not more than one minute1 sound three blasts in succession1 namely1 one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts4 ,a vessel towed may give this signal and she shall not give any other4 ,all rafts or other water craft1 not herein provided for1 navigating by hand power1 horse-power1 or by the current of the river1 shall sound a blast of the fog horn1 or equivalent signal1 at intervals of not more than one minute4 ,,steam ,,vessel ,,signals4 ,one blast--,i am directing my course to starboard4 ,two blasts--,i am directing my course to port4 ,three blasts--,i am going astern4 ,the vessel that blows first has the right of way4 ,passing through narrow channels a vessel must keep to that bank of the fairway which is on her starboard hand4 ,,glossary ,,aback--,said of a sail when the wind blows on the back or wrong side of it and forces the boat sternwards4 ,,abaft--,towards the stern1 as abaft the mast4 ,,abeam--,at right angles to the length of the vessel1 as a dock is abeam when it bears directly off one side4 ,,aboard--,on the vessel1 as come aboard1 get the anchor aboard1 etc4 ,,about--,to go about is to tack4 ,,adrift--,broken loose1 as the boat is adrift1 the sheet is adrift1 etc4 ,,aft--,back or behind1 as come aft1 haul the mainsheet aft1 meaning to pull it towards the stern4 ,,after--,as after sails1 meaning the sails set behind the mast4 ,in a sloop the mainsail is an after sail and the jib a foreward one4 ,,ahead--,in front of1 as a buoy is ahead when steering towards it4 ,a-,,lee--,an order to put the helm over towards the lee side4 ,the helm is hard a-lee when it is as far over towards the lee side as it will go4 ,,aloft--,up above4 ,,alongside--,close to the side4 ,,amidships--,in line with the keel4 ,,anchor--,the instrument used to hold a vessel to the bottom1 usually made of iron4 ,,astern--,behind the vessel4 ,,athwart--,across1 as athwartships1 meaning that a thing is lying across the vessel4 ,,avast--,an order to stop4 ,a-,,weather--,an order to put the helm towards the windward side4 ,,ballast--,weight placed in or hung to the bottom of a boat to keep her upright4 ,,beating--,tacking4 ,sailing towards the source of the wind by making a series of tacks4 ,,becalmed--,being without enough wind to propel the boat4 ,,beehole--,a hole bored in a spar for a rope to pass through and move freely4 ,,belay--,to make a rope fast to cleat or pin4 ,,bend--,to bend is to fasten1 as to bend a sail1 i4 e41 lace it to the spars4 ,bend the cable1 meaning to fasten it to the anchor4 ,,bight--,the slack or loop of a rope4 ,,bilge--,the inside of the lower part of the bottom of a boat1 where the water she leaks in stands4 ,,binnacle--,a box for the steering compass which can be lighted at night4 ,,blocks--,the instrument through which ropes are rove so as to facilitate the hoisting and trimming of the sails1 called by landsmen pulleys4 ,,board--,a tack4 ,,bobstay--,a rope generally of wire extending from the end of the bowsprit to the stem to hold the spar down4 ,,bolt-,,rope--,the rope sewn round the edge of a sail to strengthen it4 ,,boom--,the spar used to extend the foot of the mainsail or foresail4 ,,bow--,the forward end of a boat4 ,,bowsprit--,the spar thrust out from the bow upon which the jib is set4 ,,burgee--,the ensign or house flag of a yacht club4 ,,by ,,the ,,head--,a boat is said to be by the head1 when she is drawing more water forward than aft1 or is out of trim owing to her bows being overloaded and depressed4 ,,by ,,the ,,stern--,the opposite to by the head4 ,,by ,,the ,,wind--,same as on the wind1 or close-hauled4 ,,cable--,a rope or chain used to anchor a boat4 ,,capsize--,to upset4 ,,cast ,,off--,to loosen1 as cast off that line4 ,,casting--,to pay a boat's head off from a mooring by getting the sails aback or by using a spring line4 ,,cat ,,rig--,a vessel with one mast1 placed right in the bow1 and carrying a single sail4 ,,centerboard--,a keel that can be lifted up and down4 ,it is hung in a trunk or box which is built up inside the boat to keep the water out4 ,,cleat--,a piece of wood1 iron or brass used to fasten or belay ropes to4 ,,clews--,the corners of a sail4 ,,close-,,hauled--,a vessel is close-hauled when she is sailing as close to the wind as possible4 ,,coil--,to gather a rope into a series of circles so that it will roll out again without getting tangled4 ,,con--,to direct a helmsman how to steer4 ,,course--,the direction or path which a boat sails4 ,,cringle--,an eye worked in the bolt rope of a sail for a small line to pass through4 ,,crotch--,two pieces of wood put together like a pair of scissors and used to hold the boom up when the vessel is at anchor4 ,,downhaul--,a rope used to haul a sail down4 ,,draught--,the depth of water necessary to float a boat1 the amount in feet and inches a vessel's hull is immersed4 ,,drift--,to move sideways or sternways1 as when a boat is becalmed4 ,the drift of a tide or current is its velocity4 ,,ensign--,the national flag always flown furthest aft1 either from the gaff end or on a flagpole over the stern4 ,,fathom--,six feet4 ,a measure used by seamen principally to designate depths of water4 ,,flukes--,the broad1 arrow-shaped parts of an anchor4 ,,fore--,the part of a vessel nearest to the bow4 ,,fore ,,and ,,aft--,parallel to the keel4 ,a fore-and-after is a vessel without square sails like a sloop or schooner4 ,,foul--,entangled or caught1 as a rope is foul1 meaning it is caught in someway4 ,to foul another boat is to run into it4 ,,furl--,to roll up and make sails fast so that the wind cannot distend them4 ,,gaff--,the spar that extends the head of a main or foresail4 ,,gasket--,a short piece of rope used to tie up sails with1 frequently called a stop4 ,,gripe--,a boat is said to gripe when she tries to force her bow up in the wind1 and has to be held off by putting the helm up4 ,,halyards--,ropes used to hoist a sail4 ,,hanks--,rings made fast to the luff of a jib to hold it to the stay up which it is hoisted4 ,on small boats snap-hooks are generally used4 ,,haul--,to pull4 ,,heel--,a vessel is said to heel when she leans to one side4 ,this term is often confused with careen4 ,,helm--,the tiller4 ,,hitch--,to hitch is to make fast4 ,a hitch is a simple turn of rope used to make fast with4 ,,hove-,,to--,brought to the wind and kept stationary by having the sails trimmed so that part of the canvas pushes the vessel backward and part pushes her forward2 often confused with lying-to4 ,,hull--,the body of a vessel4 ,,irons--,a vessel is in irons when having lost steerageway she refuses to obey the helm4 ,,jibing--,passing a sail from one side to the other when a vessel is sailing free4 ,,keel--,the largest and lowest timber of a vessel1 upon which the hull is erected4 ,,leach--,the after edge of a sail4 ,,leeward--,the direction toward which the wind is blowing4 ,,long ,,leg--,the tack upon which a vessel in beating to windward remains longest1 owing to her point of destination not lying directly in the wind4 ,see diagram4 ,,log--,the record kept of a vessel's work4 ,a ship's diary4 ,also an instrument for ascertaining a vessel's speed through the water4 ,,luff--,the fore edge of a sail1 also an order to bring a vessel closer to the wind4 ,,lying-,,to--,a vessel is lying-to when she is brought close to the wind under short sail and allowed to ride out a storm4 ,see hove-to4 ,,moor--,to anchor a vessel with two or more anchors4 ,to tie up to a mooring4 ,,mooring--,a permanent anchor4 ,,near--,a vessel is said to be near when her sails are not properly full of wind1 owing to her being steered too close4 ,,miss-,,stay--,to fail to tack or go about4 ,,off ,,and ,,on--,when beating to windward to approach the land on one tack and leave it on the other4 ,,overhaul--,to haul a rope through a block so as to see it all clear4 ,to overtake another vessel4 ,,painter--,the rope attached to the bow of boat by which it is made fast4 ,,part--,to part a rope is to break it4 ,,pay ,,off--,to pay off is to recede from the wind or from a dock4 ,,peak ,,up--,to peak up a sail is to haul on the peak halyards so as to elevate the outer end of the gaff4 ,,pooping--,a vessel is said to be pooped when1 owing to her not moving fast enough ahead1 the sea breaks over her stern4 ,,port--,the left-hand side of a vessel looking forward1 formerly called larboard4 ,designating color1 red4 ,,preventer--,a rope used to prevent the straining or breaking of a spar or sail4 ,,pennant--,a narrow flag1 also a short piece of rope commonly spelled pendant4 ,,quarter--,see diagram ,a4 ,,rake--,the inclination of a spar out of the perpendicular4 ,,reef--,to reduce a sail by rolling up and tying part of it to a spar4 ,,reeve--,to pass a rope through a block4 ,,ride--,as to ride at anchor4 ,,right--,a vessel is said to right when after being on her side she regains an upright position4 ,,right ,,the ,,helm--,to put it amidships4 ,,rode--,a hawser used to anchor with4 ,,scope--,the length of cable a vessel is riding to when at anchor4 ,,serve--,to wind cord or canvas round a rope or spar to protect it from chafing4 ,,seize--,to make fast by taking a number of turns with small line4 ,,sheer--,to sheer is to move away from the proper course4 ,the sheer of a vessel is the fore-and-aft curve of the deck line4 ,,ship--,to ship is to take on board4 ,,shiver--,to shake the canvas by bringing the luff in the wind4 ,,slack--,the part of a rope that hangs loose4 ,,slip--,to slip is to let go of a cable without taking it on board4 ,,snub--,to check the cable when running out4 ,,sound--,to try the depth of water by casting the lead4 ,,spill--,to throw the wind out of a sail by putting the helm down or by easing the sheet4 ,,spring--,to spring a spar is to crack it4 ,,spring--,a rope used to cast or turn a vessel4 ,,stand ,,on--,to keep a course--to proceed in the same direction4 ,,stand-,,by--,to be ready for action1 as stand-by to let go the anchor4 ,,starboard--,the right-hand side looking forward4 ,designating color1 green4 ,,steer--,to direct a vessel by employing the helm4 ,,stow--,to furl4 ,properly speaking1 a boom sail or any sail that lowers down is stowed4 ,square sails are furled4 ,,swig--,to haul a rope by holding a turn round a cleat and pulling off laterally4 ,,tack--,to beat to windward4 ,see diagram4 ,,tackle--,an assemblage of blocks and rope used to hoist and control sails1 lift spars1 etc4 ,,taut--,tight4 ,,tender--,the small boat carried by a yacht generally called a dingey4 ,,tow--,to drag behind4 ,,truck--,the uttermost upper end of the mast through which the signal halyard is rove4 ,,unbend--,to untie1 as--unbend the cable4 ,,wake--,the furrow left by the passage of the vessel through the water4 ,,wear ,,or ,,veer--,the opposite of tacking--to turn from the wind4 ,,warp--,a hawser used to make fast with4 ,to warp is to haul or move a vessel by pulling on such a rope4 ,,watch--,a division of the crew1 also the space of time they are on duty4 ,,way--,a vessel's progress through the water4 ,to get underway--to set sail1 to move off4 ,,weather--,to weather a vessel or object is to pass to windward of it4 ,,weather ,,side--,the side upon which the wind blows4 ,,weather ,,shore--,the weather shore is the shore from off of which the wind blows if viewed from the sea1 but it is the shore upon which the wind blows if viewed from the land4 ,,weigh ,,or ,,way--,to way the anchor is to lift it from the bottom4 ,,wind',s ,,eye--,the exact direction from which the wind blows4 ,,windward--,toward the place from where the wind comes4 ,to go to windward of another vessel is to pass between her and the source of the wind4 ,,yaw--,to swerve from side to side as a vessel does when running free4 ,diagrams and ,plans ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,d4--,,boat1 ,,from #a ,,to #f1 ,,is ,,bearing ,,away ,,or ,,keeping ,,off ,,from ,,the ,,wind2 ,,boat1 ,,from #h ,,to #ac1 ,,is ,,luffing ,,or ,,nearing ,,the ,,wind4 ,,diagram ,c4 #a--;,close-hauled on port tack4 #b--,wind forward of the beam4 #c--,wind abeam4 #d-- abaft the beam4 #e-- on the quarter4 #f-- astern4 #g-- dead astern4 #h--;,jibed over to starboard tack4 #i--,wind on the quarter4 #aj-- abaft the beam4 #aa-- abeam4 #ab-- forward of the beam4 #ac--;,close-hauled on starboard tack4 ,illustration3 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,cat ,,boat4 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,cat ,,boat4 #a--;,hull4 #b--;,cabin house4 #c--,main mast4 #d-- boom4 #e-- gaff4 #f--;,companionway or hatch4 #g--,main sheet4 #h--,topping lift4 #i--,lazy jacks4 #aj--,peak halyards4 #ab-- bridle4 #aa--,throat #ac--;,jaws of gaff4 #ae--;,head stay4 #af--,shroud4 #ag--,strut4 #ah--;,bitts4 #ai--;,cockpit4 ,illustration3 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,cat ,,boat4 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,cat ,,boat4 #a--,mainsail4 #b-- luff4 #c-- leach4 #d-- head4 #e-- foot4 #f--,mainsail throat4 #g-- peak4 #h-- tack4 #i-- clew4 ,illustration3 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,pole ,,mast ,,sloop4 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,sloop4 #a--;,freeboard4 #b--,rail4 #c--,mast4 #d--,main boom4 #e--;,gaff4 #f--;,bowsprit4 #g--;,bobstay4 #h--,strut4 #i--,main sheet4 #aj--,peak halyards4 #aa--,throat #ab--,topping lift4 #ac--,lazy jacks4 #ad--,preventer or shifting backstay4 #ae--;,gaff jaws4 #af--;,boom jaws or gooseneck4 #ag--,shroud to hounds4 #ah-- to mast head4 #ai--,peak halyard bridle4 #bj--;,fore stay4 #ba--;,jib stay4 #bb--;,fore staysail halyards4 #bc--;,jib halyards4 #bd--;,cockpit coaming4 ,illustration3 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,pole ,,mast ,,sloop4 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,pole ,,mast ,,sloop4 #a--,mainsail4 #d-- peak4 #e-- throat4 #f-- tack4 #g-- clew4 #b--;,fore staysail4 #h-- head4 #i--;,fore staysail tack4 #aj-- clew4 #c--;,jib4 #aa-- head4 #ab-- tack4 #ac-- clew4 ,illustration3 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,topsail ,,sloop4 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,topsail ,,sloop4 #a--,mainsail4 #f-- peak4 #g-- throat4 #h-- tack4 #i-- clew4 #b--;,fore staysail4 #aj-- head4 #aa-- tack4 #ab-- clew4 #c--;,jib4 #ac-- head4 #ad--;,jib tack4 #ae-- clew4 #d--;,jib topsail4 #af-- head4 #ag-- tack4 #ah-- clew4 #e--,topsail4 #ai-- head4 #bj-- clew4 #ba-- tack4 ,illustration3 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,yawl4 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,yawl4 #a--;,hull4 #b--;,cabin house4 #c--;,cockpit rail or coaming4 #d--,main mast4 #e--,mizzen mast4 #f--,main boom4 #g-- gaff4 #h--,mizzen boom4 #i-- gaff4 #aj--,main sheet4 #aa--,mizzen #ab--,main peak halyards4 #ac--,main throat halyards4 #ad--,mizzen peak #ae-- throat #af--,main topping lift4 #ag--,mizzen #ah--,main shrouds4 #ai--,mizzen #bj--;,jib stay4 #ba-- halyards4 #bb--;,bowsprit4 #bc--;,bobstay4 #bd--;,boomkin4 #be-- stay4 ,illustration3 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,yawl4 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,yawl4 #a--,mainsail4 #d-- peak4 #e-- tack4 #f-- throat4 #h-- clew4 #b--,mizzen4 #i-- peak4 #aj--,mizzen throat4 #aa-- tack4 #ab-- clew4 #c--;,jib4 #ac-- head4 #ad-- tack4 #ae-- clew4 ,illustration3 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,ketch4 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,ketch4 #a--,mainsail4 #g-- peak4 #h-- throat4 #i-- tack4 #aj-- clew4 #b--,mizzen4 #aa-- peak4 #ab-- throat4 #ac-- tack4 #ad-- clew4 #c--;,fore staysail4 #ae-- head4 #af-- tack4 #ag--;,fore staysail clew4 #d--;,jib4 #ah-- head4 #ai-- tack4 #bj-- clew4 #e--;,jib topsail4 #ba-- head4 #bb-- tack4 #bc-- clew4 #f--,topsail4 #bd-- head4 #be-- clew4 #bf-- tack4 ,illustration3 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,schooner4 ,,spar ,,and ,,rigging ,,plan ,,of ,,schooner4 #a--;,freeboard4 #b--,rail4 #c--;,cabin house4 #d--,wheel4 #e--;,fore hatch4 #f-- mast4 #g-- topmast4 #h-- truck4 #i-- doublings4 #aj--,main mast4 #aa-- topmast4 #ab-- truck4 #ac--;,head of main mast and doublings4 #ad--;,fore boom4 #ae-- gaff4 #af--,main boom4 #ag-- gaff4 #ah--;,fore sheet4 #ai-- peak halyards4 #bj-- throat #ba-- peak halyard bridles4 #bb--,main sheet4 #bc-- peak halyards4 #bd-- throat #be-- peak halyard bridles4 #bf--;,fore topping lift4 #bg--,main #bh--,preventer backstay or runner4 #bi--,topmast preventer backstay4 #cj--;,bowsprit4 #ca--;,bobstay4 #cb--;,fore stay4 #cc--;,fore staysail halyards4 #cd--;,jib stay4 #ce-- halyards4 #cf-- topsail stay4 #cg-- halyards4 #ch--,triatic stay4 #ci--,spring stay4 #dj--,main topmast stay4 ,illustration3 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,schooner4 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of ,,schooner4 #a--,mainsail4 #i-- peak4 #aj-- throat4 #aa-- tack4 #ab-- clew4 #b--;,fore sail4 #ac-- peak4 #ad-- tack4 #ae-- clew4 #c--;,fore staysail4 #af-- head4 #ag-- tack4 #ah-- clew4 #d--;,jib4 #ai-- head4 #bj-- tack4 #ba-- clew4 #e--;,jib topsail4 #bb-- head4 #bc--;,jib topsail tack4 #bd-- clew4 #f--,main topsail4 #be-- head4 #bf-- clew4 #bg-- tack4 #g--;,fore topsail4 #bh-- head4 #bi-- clew4 #h--,main topmast staysail4 #cj-- head4 #ca--,upper tack4 #cb--,lower tack4 #cc--;,clew4 ,,list ,,of ,,books4 ,the following books are recommended to the young yachtsman4 ,from them he can obtain information of value1 and a study of their pages will materially aid him in gaining a thorough knowledge of the seaman's art3 ,on ,yachts and ,yacht ,handling ,day ,hints to ,young ,yacht ,skippers ,day ,small ,boat ,sailing ,knight ,boat ,sailor's ,manual ,qualtrough ,knots and ,splices ,jutsum ,canoe ,handling ,vaux ,elements of ,navigation ,henderson ,how to ,swim ,dalton ,,the ,,rudder ,the policy of ,,the ,,rudder is to give to yachtsmen a thoroughly practical periodical1 dealing with the sport of yachting in all its phases1 and especially to furnish them with the designs and plans of vessels adapted to their wants in all localities4 ,in each issue is a design of a sailing or power craft1 and at least four times a year a complete set of working drawings is given1 so that the unskilled can try a hand at building with a certainty of making a success of the attempt4 ,in the last two years over #ejj boats have been built from designs printed in the magazine1 and in almost every case have given satisfaction4 ,outside of the strictly practical1 the magazine has always a cargo of readable things in the way of cruises and tales1 while its illustrations are noted for their novelty and beauty4 ,the editor desires to increase the size of the magazine and to add to its features4 ,in order to do this it is necessary that it be given the hearty support of all who are interested in the sport4 ,the cost of a subscription1 #b a year rolled or #b4ej mailed flat1 is as low as it is possible to make it and furnish a first-class publication1 and he asks yachtsmen to subscribe1 as in that way they can materially assist him in keeping the magazine up to its present standard of excellence4 #b a year rolled #b4ej a year flat ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,company #i ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,how to ,remit3 ,the cheapest way is to send post-office or express money order1 payable to the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,company4 ,if bank check is more convenient1 include #aj;c4 for bank exchange2 if postage stamps or bills1 letter must be ,,registered1 ,,otherwise ,,at ,,sender',s ,,risk4 ,,rudder ,,on ,,series ,on ,yachts and ,yacht ,handling ,,by ,,thomas ,,fleming ,,day ,the first volume of a series of technical books that will be an invaluable addition to every yachtsman's library4 ,,contents ,illustration ,on ,seamanship ,on ,boats in ,general ,on ,one-,man ,boats ,on ,seagoing ,boats ,on ,sails as an ,auxiliary ,on ,reefing ,on ,anchors and ,anchoring ,on ,rigging ,on ,stranding ,in this book ,mr4 ,day has dropped all technical terms that are apt to be confusing to the novice1 and has made a simple explanation of the handling and care of a boat4 ,the book is written in a most interesting way4 ,the chapters on anchors alone is worth more than the price of the book4 ,price1 #a4jj postpaid ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co4 ,nine ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,hints to ,young ,yacht ,skippers ,by ,,thomas ,,fleming ,,day ,hints on buying1 rigging1 keeping1 handling1 maneuvering1 repairing1 canvasing and navigating small yachts and boats4 ,experience compounded with common sense and offered in a condensed form4 ,illustrated with drawings and plans4 ,blue cloth1 uniform in size to ,rudder-,,on-,series books4 ,price ,one ,dollar ,prepaid ,send for complete ,catalog of ,books for ,the ,yachtsman's ,library ,the ,rudder ,pub4 ,co41 #i ,murray ,street ,new ,york ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,canoe ,,handling ,,and ,,sailing ,,by ,c4 ,,bowyer ,,vaux 7,dot7 ,the ,canoe--history1 uses1 limitations and varieties2 practical management and care1 and relative facts4 ,new and revised edition with additional matter4 ,illustrated1 cloth1 #afh pages ,price1 postpaid1 #a4jj ,,small ,,boat ,,sailing ,by ,,knight ,a very readable and instructive book containing useful information of all types of craft4 ,price1 postpaid1 #a4ej ,,yacht ,,sails ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,handle ,,them ,by ,,captain ,,howard ,,patterson ,a comprehensive treatise on working and racing sail2 how they are made2 the running rigging belonging to them2 the manner in which they are confined to there respective spars1 stays1 etc42 the way they are bent and unbent1 etc4 ,a book as applicable for the small boat as for the large yacht4 ,it should be in the library of every ,corinthian sailor4 ,illustrated4 ,convenient size for the pocket4 ,price1 postpaid1 #a4jj ,,elements ,,of ,,yacht ,,design ,by ,,norman ,l4 ,,skene1 ,s4 ,b4 ,a simple and satisfactory explanation of the art of designing yachts4 ,contents--,general ,discussions1 ,methods of ,calculations1 ,displacement1 ,the ,lateral ,plane1 ,design1 ,stability1 ,ballast1 ,the ,sail ,plan1 ,construction4 ,fully ,illustrated with ,diagrams and ,tables4 ,price1 postpaid1 #b4jj ,,the ,,rudder ,,pub4 ,,company1 #i ,murray ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,how ,,to ,,swim ,,by ,,capt4 ,,davis ,,dalton ,champion ,long-distance ,swimmer of the ,world4 ,chief ,inspector of the ,u4 ,s4 ,volunteer ,life-,saving ,corps1 etc4 ,a practical treatise upon the art of natation1 together with instruction as to the best methods of saving persons imperilled in the water1 and of resuscitating those apparently drowned4 ,with #ca illustrations4 #abmo41 #abj pages ,price1 postpaid1 #a4jj ,,elements ,,of ,,navigation ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,henderson ,this little book1 a very clever abridgement and complication of the heavier works of several authorities1 is one that has had quite an extensive sale1 and has met with universal approval4 ,it is very clearly and very carefully written1 and the explanations of the problems are so lucid that no man should be forgiven who fails to understand them4 ,i have seen many books of this kind intended for beginners1 but to my mind this is the best of the lot1 and ,i recommend it to those who are anxious to study navigation4--,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,rudder4 ,price1 postpaid1 #a4jj ,,knots ,,and ,,splices ,by ,,captain ,,jutsum ,how to make them2 showing various strands in different colors in course of construction4 ,also tables of strength of ropes1 wire rigging1 chains1 etc4 ,price1 postpaid1 #a4jj ,,the ,,boat ,,sailors' ,,manual ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,qualtrough1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a complete treatise of the management of sailing boats of all kinds and under all conditions of weather4 ,price1 postpaid1 #a4ej ,,the ,,rudder ,,pub4 ,,company1 #i ,murray ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,rudder ,,how-,,to ,,series ,how to ,build a ,racer for #ej ,,the ,,world-,,famous ,,lark ,illustration ,simplest1 safest and fastest boat that can be built4 #af feet over all2 #e feet beam4 ,the working plans are such that a boy can build from them4 ,the plans were published in #ahih1 and since then some #a1jjj boats have been built from them4 ,the book has numerous illustrations of boats in and after construction1 and also gives experience of builders in all parts of the world4 ,bound in cloth1 size of page #i #ab inches4 ,large1 clearly-drawn plans4 ,price #a4jj postpaid ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co4 ,nine ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,rudder ,,how-,,to ,,series ,how to ,build a ,racing ,sloop ,,the ,,world-,,wide ,,winning ,,swallow ,illustration ,most successful small racing machine ever designed4 ,a prize-winner in ,america1 ,europe1 ,asia and ,australia4 ,has defeated boats designed by ,herreshoff1 ,gardner1 ,payne and a host of other designers4 ,no trouble to build if directions are followed4 ,materials costs about #ajj2 sometimes less4 ,book contains story of ,swallow's work4 ,bound in cloth1 size of page #i #ab in4 ,large clearly-drawn plans4 ,price1 #a4jj postpaid ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co4 ,nine ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,how to ,build a ,skipjack ,illustration ,complete plans and directions for building a #ai-;foot sloop1 the materials of which will cost less than #ajj2 and pictures of numerous boats that have been built in all parts of the world from these plans4 ,bound in cloth1 size of page #i #ab inches4 ,large clearly-drawn plans4 ,price1 #a4jj postpaid ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co4 ,nine ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,how to ,build a ,knockabout ,illustration ,the most wholesome type of boat for all-around cruising and racing4 #cb feet over all2 #bj feet w4 l42 #aj feet beam2 #bj inches draught4 ,stanch1 fast and powerful4 ,easily handled by one man4 ,full working drawings and plans1 with descriptive illustrations and instructions for building4 ,bound in cloth1 size of page #i x #ab inches4 ,large1 clearly-drawn plans4 ,price #a4jj postpaid ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co4 ,nine ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,the ,latest ,how-,to ,book ,how to build a ,,rowboat ,full plans for a #aj-;foot1 #ab-;foot and #ad-;foot ,rowing ,craft ,price1 postpaid1 to any part #a4jj of the world ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co4 ,nine ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york ,city ,,rudder ,,how-,,to ,,series ,how to ,build a ,model ,yacht ,,how ,,to ,,sail ,a ,,model ,,yacht1 ,,how ,,to ,,cut ,,and ,,make ,,sails ,illustration ,complete and understandable description of the process of model building1 profusely illustrated with drawings4 ,everything is explained fully and clearly4 ,good book for a beginner2 excellent for an old hand4 ,lines and plans of several fast boats by different designers4 ,plans of skiff used to follow models4 ,bound in cloth1 size of page #i #ab inches4 ,large1 clearly-drawn plans4 ,price #a4jj postpaid ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co4 ,nine ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,rudder ,,what-,,to ,,series ,designs and plans of many of the best boats whose lines have appeared in ,,the ,,rudder during the last nine years4 ,invaluable to the man who is planning to build4 ,it will save him time1 money and worry4 ,should be in every yachtsman's library as a book of reference4 ,handy and handsome4 ,the ,cat ,book ,containing the designs and plans of twelve ,cabin ,cats ,price1 #a4jj ,the ,yawl ,book ,contains designs and plans of twelve ,yawl-,rigged ,boats ,price1 #a4jj ,the ,schooner ,book ,contains the designs of twelve ,schooner-,rigged ,yachts ,price1 #a4jj ,the ,racer ,book ,contains the designs and plans of twelve ,racing ,yachts ,price1 #a4jj ,the ,cabin ,plan ,book ,containing accommodation plans of twenty sail craft ,price1 #a4jj ,,sent ,,anywhere4 ,,express ,,prepaid ,send postal for ,catalogue of ,yachting and ,boatbuilding ,books ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,co41 #i ,,murray ,,street1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,technical ,,and ,,practical ,amateur ,sailing4 ,by ,biddle #a4ej ,art and ,science of ,sailmaking4 ,by ,sadler #e4jj ,a ,text-,book on ,marine ,motors4 ,by ,captain ,du ,boulay #b4ej ,astronomy for ,everybody4 ,by ,s4 ,newcombe #b4jj2 by express paid1 #b4ae ,american ,merchant's ,marine4 ,by ,marvin #b4jj2 8 8 #b4bb ,american ,yachting4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,stephens #b4jj2 by mail #b4ae ,a1 ,b1 ,c of ,swimming4 ,by ex-,captain of a ,london ,swimming ,club 4#ej ,a ,b ,c of ,motoring 4#ej ,aids to ,stability4 ,by ,h4 ,owen #a4ej ,a ,manual of ,mechanical ,drawing4 ,by ,p4 ,d4 ,johnson #b4jj ,boat ,sailor's ,manual4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,qualtrough #a4ej ,building ,model ,boats4 ,by ,p4 ,n4 ,hasluck 4#ej ,canoe ,handling4 ,by ,c4 ,b4 ,vaux #a4jj ,coast ,pilot for ,atlantic ,coast1 ,illustrated #a4be ,coast ,pilot for the ,lakes4 ,by ,scott #a4ej ,corinthian ,yachtsman #a4ej ,canvas ,canoes--,how to ,build ,them4 ,by ,field 4#ej ,canoe ,cruising and ,camping4 ,by ,p4 ,d4 ,frazer #a4jj ,canoe and ,camera4 ,by ,steele #a4jj ,canoe and ,boatbuilding for ,amateurs4 ,by ,stevens #b4jj ,canoe and ,camp ,cookery4 ,by ,seneca #a4jj ,dry ,batteries4 ,by a ,dry ,battery ,expert 4#be ,eldredge's ,tide-,book 4#ej ,elements of ,navigation4 ,by ,henderson #a4jj ,elements of ,yacht ,design4 ,by ,norman ,l4 ,skene #b4jj ,fore-and-,aft ,seamanship 4#ej ,gas ,engine ,handbook4 ,by ,roberts4 #bnd edition #a4ej ,gas ,engines and ,their ,troubles #a4ej ,handbook of ,naval ,gunnery4 ,by ,radford #b4jj ,,rudder ,,how-,,to ,,series-- ,how to ,build a ,racer for #ej #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,skip ,jack #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,racing ,sloop #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,knockabout #a4jj ,how to ,build a #c ,h4 ,p4 ,motor #b4ej ,how to ,build a ,motor ,launch #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,model ,yacht #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,flattie or ,sharpie #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,shoal-,draught ,sloop #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,speed ,launch #a4jj ,how to ,build a ,row ,boat #a4jj ,how to ,make ,knots1 ,bends and ,splices 4#ej ,how to ,swim4 ,by ,capt4 ,dalton #a4jj ,hints to ,beginners in ,amateur ,yacht ,designing #a4jj ,illustrated ,coast ,pilot4 ,by ,n4 ,l4 ,stebbins #a2 by mail #a4be ,kedge ,anchor4 ,by ,patterson #a4jj ,knots and ,splices4 ,by ,capt4 ,jutsum #a4jj ,long ,island ,sound ,yacht ,racing ,association ,rules 4#be ,lloyds' ,yacht ,register1 #aijd #g4ej ,lucas' ,questions and ,answers for ,marine ,engineers #b4jj ,model ,engines and ,small ,boats4 ,by ,hopkins #a4be ,masting and ,rigging4 ,by ,robert ,kipping #a4jj ,model ,yachts4 ,by ,grosvenor #b4jj ,manual of the ,canvas ,canoe4 ,by ,webb #a4be ,marine ,engineers--,how to ,become ,one4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,constantine #b4ej ,mechanics' and ,engineers' ,pocketbook4 ,by ,charles ,h4 ,haswell #d4jj ,manual of ,yacht and ,boat ,sailing4 ,by ,dixon ,kemp #ab4jj ,modern ,seamanship4 ,by ,knight #f4jj ,mechanical ,drawing4 ,by ,hawkins #b4jj ,motor ,rules ,american ,power ,boat ,association 4#be ,modern ,practice of ,shipbuilding ,iron and ,steel4 ,by ,thearle 7#b vols47 #e4be ,navigation for ,yachtsmen4 ,by ,v4 ,j4 ,english1 ,r4 ,n4 #g4ej ,naval ,militiaman's ,guide4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,barnard #a4be ,navigation ,simplified4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,mc,arthur #a4jj ,naval ,architecture4 ,a ,manual on ,laying-,off4 ,by ,watson #e4jj ,,rudder ,,on ,,series-- ,on ,yachts and ,yacht ,handling4 ,by ,t4 ,f4 ,day #a4jj ,on ,marine ,motors and ,motor ,launches4 ,by ,roberts #a4jj ,on ,yacht ,etiquette4 ,by ,patterson #a4jj ,southward by the ,inside ,route #a4jj ,hints to ,young ,yacht ,skippers #a4jj ,power-,boat ,rules 4#be ,practical ,boatbuilding4 ,by ,nelson #a4jj ,practical ,boat ,sailing4 ,by ,davies #b4jj ,patterson's ,illustrated ,nautical ,encyclopdia #c4jj ,practical ,boat ,sailing4 ,by ,frazar #a4jj ,practical ,shipbuilding4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,holmes #af4jj ,practical ,seamanship4 ,by ,todd ,whall #h4jj ,rules1 etc41 ,yacht ,racing ,association of ,long ,island ,sound 4#be ,rules and ,regulations for ,construction of ,yachts1 ,lloyds #b4jj ,supplements to ,small ,yachts4 ,by ,stephens #d4jj ,sails and ,sailmaking #a4be ,self-,instruction in the ,practice and ,theory of ,navigation4 ,by the ,earl of ,dunraven #g4jj ,ships and ,boats4 ,by ,william ,bland #a4jj ,small ,boat ,sailing4 ,by ,knight #a4ej ,small ,yachts4 ,by ,kunhardt #aj4jj ,small ,yacht ,construction and ,rigging4 ,by ,linton ,hope #c4jj ,steam ,yachts and ,launches4 ,by ,kunhardt #c4jj ,stebbins' ,coast ,pilot #a4jj2 by mail #a4be ,small ,accumulators4 ,by ,marshall 4#ej ,simple ,elements of ,navigation4 ,by ,young #b4ej ,southward by the ,inside ,route #a4jj ,signalling ,international ,code ,signals 4#ej ,scott's ,coast ,pilot for the ,lakes #a4ej ,star ,atlas4 ,brown's #a4ej ,theoretical ,naval ,architecture4 ,by ,atwood #b4ej ,the ,sailors' ,pocketbook4 ,admiral ,bedford #d4jj ,the ,nation's ,navy4 ,by ,morris #a4ej ,torpedoes and ,torpedo ,vessels4 ,by ,lieut4 ,g4 ,e4 ,armstrong #a4ej ,the ,practical ,engineer4 ,pocketbook 4#ej ,the ,professor on ,shipboard #a4jj ,the ,yachting ,record of ,long ,island ,sound for #aijj and #aija each #a4jj ,the ,yachtsman's ,kedge ,anchor #a4jj ,tables for ,constructing ,ships' ,lines4 ,by ,hogg #b4jj ,the ,sailors' ,hand ,book4 ,by ,admiral ,bedford #c4ej ,,the ,,rudder-- ,monthly1 a year1 rolled #b4jj 8 8 flat #b4ej ,bound volume1 #ahif1 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,american ,power ,boat ,association 4#be ,,sea ,,stories ,a ,deep ,water ,voyage4 ,by ,paul ,e4 ,stevenson #a4be ,a ,loyal ,traitor4 ,by ,james ,barnes #a4ej ,a ,noble ,haul4 ,by ,w4 ,clark ,russell 4#ej ,a ,sack of ,shakings4 ,by ,frank ,t4 ,bullen #a4ej ,a ,sailor's ,log4 ,by ,evans #b4jj ,a ,strange ,elopement4 ,by ,w4 ,clark ,russell #a4jj ,a ,voyage at ,anchor4 ,by ,w4 ,clark ,russell cloth #a4jj2 paper 4#ej ,a ,year in a ,yawl4 ,by ,r4 ,doubleday #a4be ,american ,fights and ,fighters4 ,by ,cyrus ,townsend ,brady #a4ej ,american ,merchant's ,ships and ,sailors4 ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,abbott #bjj2 by ex4 #b4ag ,around the ,world in the ,yacht ,sunbeam4 ,by ,lady ,brassey #b4ej ,a ,gunner ,aboard the ,yankee #a4be ,by ,way of ,cape ,horn4 ,by ,paul ,eve ,stevenson #a4ge ,buccaneers and ,pirates of our ,coast4 ,by ,frank ,r4 ,stockton #a4ej ,brethren of the ,coast4 ,by ,kirk ,munroe #a4ej ,capt4 ,titus4 ,by ,clay ,emery 4#ge ,capt4 ,simeon's ,store4 ,by ,george ,e4 ,wasson #a4ej ,corona and ,coronet4 ,by ,mabel ,loomis ,todd #b4jj ,cruise of the ,alerte4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,knight #a4be ,cruise of the ,cachalot4 ,by ,frank ,t4 ,bullen 4#ej ,cruise of the ,falcon4 ,by ,knight #a4ej ,dog ,watches at ,sea4 ,by ,stanton ,h4 ,king #a4ej ,deep ,sea ,vagabonds4 ,by ,albert ,sounichsen #a4ej ,down ,channel4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,mc,mullen #a4ej ,down ,west4 ,by ,h4 ,v4 ,willyams #a4ej ,four ,months in a ,sneak ,box4 ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,bishop #a4ej ,for ,love of ,country4 ,by ,cyrus ,townsend ,brady #a4be ,for ,freedom of the ,sea4 ,by ,cyrus ,townsend ,brady #a4ej ,in the ,sargasso ,sea4 ,by ,t4 ,a4 ,janiver #a4be ,in the ,south ,seas4 ,by ,robert ,l4 ,stevenson #a4ej ,in ,pirate ,waters4 ,by ,kirk ,munroe #a4be ,john ,ship1 ,mariner4 ,by ,knarf ,elivas 4#ej ,life of ,john ,mc,gregor #b4jj ,moby ,dick2 or1 ,the ,white ,whale4 ,by ,melville #a4be ,many ,cargoes4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,jacobs #a4jj ,more ,cargoes4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,jacobs #a4jj ,omoo4 ,a real ,romance of the ,south ,sea4 ,by ,melville #a4be ,on ,many ,seas4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,hamblen #a4ej ,out of ,gloucester4 ,by ,connolly #a4ej ,paul ,jones1 ,founder of the ,american ,navy4 ,by ,buell 7#b vols47 #c4jj ,rob ,roy on the ,baltic4 ,by ,john ,mac,gregor #a4ej ,round the ,horn before the ,mast4 ,by ,lubbock #b4ae ,songs of ,sea and ,sail4 ,by ,thos4 ,fleming ,day #a4ej ,sailing ,alone ,around the ,world4 ,by ,capt4 ,joshua ,slocum #b4jj ,sea ,scamps4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,roland #a4ej ,the ,falcon1 ,baltic4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,knight #a4be ,the ,cruise of the ,golden ,wave4 ,by ,w4 ,n4 ,oscar #a4be ,the ,cruise of the ,petrel4 ,by ,t4 ,jenkins ,hains #a4ej ,the ,grip of ,honor4 ,by ,cyrus ,townsend ,brady #a4ej ,the ,log of a ,sea ,waif4 ,by ,frank ,t4 ,bullen #a4ej ,the ,mate of the ,good ,ship ,york4 ,by ,russell #a4ej ,the ,nation's ,navy4 ,by ,morris #a4ej ,the ,port of ,missing ,ships4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,spear #a4be ,the ,south ,seas4 ,by ,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson #a4ej ,the ,story of ,america's ,cup4 ,by ,c4 ,p4 ,tower ,paper #be;c42 cloth 4#ej ,the ,story of a ,yankee ,boy4 ,by ,hamblen #a4ej ,the ,wind ,jammers4 ,by ,t4 ,jenkins ,hains #a4be ,the ,wrecker4 ,by ,robert ,l4 ,stevenson #a4ej ,voyage of the ,paper ,canoe4 ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,bishop #a4ej ,any of the above sent by express in the ,united ,states or ,canada on receipt of price4 ,send postal for complete catalogue4 ,,how ,,to ,,remit3 ,the cheapest way is to send post-office or express money order1 payable to ,,the ,,rudder ,,publishing ,,company4 ,if bank check is more convenient1 include #aj cents for bank exchange2 if postage stamps or bills1 letter must be ,,registered1 ,,otherwise ,,at ,,sender',s ,,risk4 ,the ,rudder ,publishing ,co41 #i ,murray ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious typographical and punctuation errors were repaired4