,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus ,a ,critical ,/udy ( its ,progress ,f ,reim>us to ,wr$e ,by ,alb]t ,s*weitz] ,privatdoc5t 9 ,new ,te/am5t ,/udies 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg ,translat$ ,by ,w4 ,montgom]y1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,d4 ,) a ,preface by ,f4 ,c4 ,burkitt1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,norrisian ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ,second ,engli% ,edition ,london ,adam & ,*>les ,black #aiaa ,,cont5ts ,preface ,i4 ,! ,problem ,,ii4 ,h]mann ,samuel ,reim>us ,,iii4 ,! ,lives ,( ,jesus ,( ,! ,e>li] ,rationalism ,,iv4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,fictiti\s ,lives ,( ,jesus ,v4 ,fully ,develop$ ,rationalism--,paulus ,,vi4 ,! ,la/ ,phase ,( ,rationalism--,hase ,& ,s*lei]ma*] ,,vii4 ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss--,! ,man ,& ,8 ,fate ,,viii4 ,/rauss's ,fir/ 8,life ,( ,jesus0 ,,ix4 ,/rauss's ,oppon5ts ,& ,support]s ,x4 ,! ,m>can ,hypo!sis ,,xi4 ,bruno ,bau]4 ,! ,fir/ ,sceptical ,life ,( ,jesus ,,xii4 ,fur!r ,imag9ative ,lives ,( ,jesus ,,xiii4 ,r5an ,,xiv4 ,! 8,lib]al0 ,lives ,( ,jesus ,,xv4 ,! ,es*atological ,"q ,,xvi4 ,! ,/ruggle ,aga9/ ,es*atology ,,xvii4 ,que/ions ,reg>d+ ,! ,aramaic ,language1 ,rabb9ic ,p>allels1 ,& ,buddhi/ic ,influ5ce ,,xviii4 ,! ,position ,( ,! ,subject ,at ,! ,close ,( ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,,xix4 ,?or\ghgo+ ,scepticism ,& ,?or\ghgo+ ,es*atology ,,xx4 ,results ,index ,( ,au?ors ,& ,works ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,fir/ ,edition publi%$ ,m>* #aiaj ,,preface ,! book "h translat$ is (f]$ to ! ,engli%speak+ public 9 ! belief t x sets be=e !m1 z no o!r book has ev] done1 ! hi/ory ( ! /ruggle :i* ! be/equipp$ intellects ( ! mod]n _w h gone ?r\gh 9 endeav\r+ to realise = !mselves ! hi/orical p]sonality ( our ,"l4 ,e "o n[adays is aw>e t traditional ,*ri/ian doctr9e ab\t ,jesus ,*ri/ is encompass$ ) difficulties1 & t _m ( ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,gospels appe> incr$ible 9 ! light ( mod]n views ( hi/ory & nature4 ,b :5 ! alt]native ( 8,jesus or ,*ri/0 is put =w>d1 z x has be5 9 a rec5t publication1 or :5 we are bidd5 to *oose betwe5 ! ,jesus ( hi/ory & ! ,*ri/ ( dogma1 few except pr(ess$ /ud5ts "k :at a protean & kaleidoscopic figure ! 8,jesus ( hi/ory0 is4 ,l ! ,*ri/ 9 ! ,apocryphal ,acts ( ,john1 ,he has appe>$ 9 diff]5t =ms to diff]5t m9ds4 8,we "k ,him "r well10 says ,pr(essor ,we9el47#a7 ,:at a claim6 ,among ! _m bold p>adoxes enunciat$ 9 ?is hi/ory ( ! ,que/1 !re is "o t meets u at ! outset1 ab\t :i* a few words may be said "h1 if only to enc\rage ^? to p]sev]e to ! end :o might o!rwise be repell$ halfway--! p>adox t ! greate/ attempts to write a ,life ( ,jesus h be5 writt5 ) hate47#b7 ,x is 9 full accordance ) ?is fai? t ,dr4 ,s*weitz] gives1 9 p>agraph aft] p>agraph1 ! undilut$ expression ( ! views ( m5 :o agree only 9 _! unfl9*+ desire to atta9 hi/orical tru?4 ,we are n accu/om$ to be s ru?less 9 ,engl&4 ,we sometimes t5d to =get t ! ,gospel has mov$ ! _w1 & we ?9k our fai? & devotion to x s t5d] & delicate a ?+ t x w break1 if x be n h&l$ ) ! utmo/ circumspection4 ,s we become dom9at$ by phrases & afraid ( !m4 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] is n afraid ( phrases1 if only !y h be5 beat5 out by real contact ) facts4 ,& ^? :o read to ! end w see t ! crude s>casm ( ,reim>us & ! unfl9*+ scepticism ( ,bruno ,bau] are n introduc$ m]ely to %ock & by way ( contra/4 ,ea* 9 8 own way made a real contribution to our und]/&+ ( ! greate/ hi/orical problem 9 ! hi/ory ( our race4 ,we see n[ t ! object ( attack 0 n ! hi/orical ,jesus aft] all1 b a tempor>y idea ( ,him1 inadequate because x did n truly repres5t ,him or ! _w 9 :i* ,he liv$4 ,& by he>+ ! writ]s' *>act]i/ic phrases1 uncompromis+ z !y may be1 by look+ at ?+s = a mom5t f _! own po9t ( view1 diff]5t z x may be f ours1 we are able to be m j1 n only to ^! m5 ( a pa/ age1 b also to ! great ,problem t occupi$ !m1 z x also occupies u4 ,=1 z ,fa!r ,tyrrell has be5 po9t+ out 9 8 la/ mo/ impressive message to u all1 ,*ri/ianity is at ! ,cross ,roads4 ,if ! ,figure ( our ,"l is to mean any?+ = u we mu/ realise x = ourselves4 ,mo/ ,engli% read]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h be5 too long cont5t ) ! r\gh & ready ,h>mony ( ! ,f\r ,gospels t !y unconsci\sly con/ruct4 ,?is k9d ( 8,h>mony0 is n a v conv9c+ picture :5 look$ into1 if only because x almo/ always conflicts ) inconv5i5t /atem5ts ( ! ,gospels !mselves1 /atem5ts t h be5 omitt$ f ! 8,h>mony01 n on any reason$ !ory1 b simply f inadv]t5ce or ! difficulty ( fitt+ !m 94 ,we treat ! ,life ( our ,"l too mu* z x is treat$ 9 ! ,liturgical 8,gospels01 z a simple s]ies ( disconnect$ anecdotes4 ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s book does n pret5d to be an imp>tial survey4 ,he has 8 own solution ( ! problems1 & x is n to be expect$ t ,engli% /ud5ts w endorse ! :ole ( 8 view ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory1 any m ?an 8 ,g]man fell[work]s h done4 ,b valuable & sugge/ive z ,i believe 8 con/ructive "w to be 9 its ma9 outl9es1 ,i v5ture to ?9k 8 grasp ( ! nature & complexity ( ! great ,que/ is ev5 m rem>kable1 & 8 exposition ( x _c fail to /imulate u 9 ,engl&4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s solution or t ( 8 oppon5ts1 we too h to reckon ) ! ,son ( ,man :o 0 expect$ to come be=e ! apo/les _h gone ov] ! cities ( ,israel1 ! ,son ( ,man :o w\ld come 9 ,8 ,k+dom be=e "s t he>d our ,"l speak %\ld ta/e dea?1 ! ,son ( ,man :o came to give ,8 life a ransom = _m1 :om !y w\ld see h]eaft] com+ ) ! cl\ds ( heav54 8,:o is ?is ,son ( ,man80 ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s book is an attempt to give ! full hi/orical value & ! true hi/orical sett+ to ^! fundam5tal words ( ! ,gospel ( ,jesus4 ,our fir/ duty1 ) ! ,gospel z ) e o!r anci5t docum5t1 is to int]pret x ) ref]5ce to its own "t4 ,! true view ( ! ,gospel w be t :i* expla9s ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! fir/ c5tury & ! second c5tury1 r ?an t :i* seems to h spiritual & imag9ative value = ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,yet ,i _c refra9 f po9t+ out "h "o feature ( ! !ory ( ?or\ghgo+ es*atology1 :i* may appeal to ^? :o are accu/om$ to ! v5]able =ms ( anci5t ,*ri/ian aspiration & wor%ip4 ,x may well be t absolute tru? _c be embodi$ 9 human ?\ght & t its expression mu/ always be clo!d 9 symbols4 ,x may be t we h to translate ! hopes & fe>s ( our spiritual ance/ors into ! language ( our new _w4 ,we h to le>n1 z ! ,*ur* 9 ! second c5tury _h to le>n1 t ! ,end is n yet1 t ,new ,j]usalem1 l all o!r objects ( s5se1 is an image ( ! tru? r ?an ! tru? itself4 ,b at lea/ we are beg9n+ to see t ! apocalyptic vision1 ! ,new ,age :i* ,god is to br+ 91 is no m]e embroid]y ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ! he>t ( its en?usiasm4 ,& !re=e ! expectations ( v9dication & judgm5t to come1 ! imag]y ( ! ,messianic ,fea/1 ! 8o!r worldl9ess0 aga9/ :i* s _m eloqu5t words 7 said 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 are n to be reg>d$ z regrettable accretions foi/$ on by sup]/ition to ! pure morality ( ! orig9al ,gospel4 ,^! ideas are ! ,*ri/ian ,hope1 to be allegoris$ & 8spiritualis$0 by u = our own use :5ev] necess>y1 b n to be giv5 up s long z we rema9 ,*ri/ians at all4 ,books :i* tea* u boldly to tru/ ! evid5ce ( our docum5ts1 & to accept ! es*atology ( ! ,*ri/ian ,gospel z be+ hi/orically ! es*atology ( ,jesus1 help u at ! same "t to reta9 a real mean+ & use = ! anci5t phrases ( ! ,te ,deum1 & = ! m$iaeval /ra9 ( 8,j]usalem ! ,gold540 ,f4 ,c4 ,burkitt4 ,cambridge1 #aiaj4 ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,:51 at "s future day1 our p]iod ( civilisation %all lie1 clos$ & complet$1 be=e ! eyes ( lat] g5]ations1 ,g]man !ology w /& out z a great1 a unique ph5om5on 9 ! m5tal & spiritual life ( our "t4 ,= n[h]e save 9 ! ,g]man temp]am5t c !re be f\nd 9 ! same p]fection ! liv+ complex ( conditions & factors--( philosophic ?\ght1 critical acum51 hi/orical insight1 & religi\s feel+--)\t :i* no deep !ology is possible4 ,& ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ,g]man !ology is ! critical inve/igation ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,:at x has accompli%$ "h has laid d[n ! conditions & det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ! religi\s ?9k+ ( ! future4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( doctr9e its "w has be5 negative2 x has1 s to speak1 cle>$ ! site = a new edifice ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,9 describ+ h[ ! ideas ( ,jesus 7 tak5 possession ( by ! ,greek _s1 x 0 trac+ ! gr[? ( t :i* mu/ necess>ily become /range to u1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 has become /range to u4 ,( its ef=ts to create a new dogmatic we sc>cely ne$ to h ! hi/ory writt52 x is alive )9 u4 ,x is no d\bt int]e/+ to trace h[ mod]n ?\ghts h f\nd _! way into ! anci5t dogmatic sy/em1 !re to comb9e ) et]nal ideas to =m new con/ructions2 x is int]e/+ to p5etrate into ! m9d ( ! ?9k] 9 :i* ?is process is at "w2 b ! real tru? ( t :i* "h meets u z hi/ory we exp]i5ce )9 ourselves4 ,z 9 ! monad ( ,leibnitz ! :ole univ]se is reflect$1 s we intuitively exp]i5ce )9 u1 ev5 ap>t f any cle> hi/orical k1 ! successive /ages ( ! progress ( mod]n dogma1 f rationalism to ,rits*l4 ,?is exp]i5ce is true k1 all ! tru] because we are consci\s ( ! :ole z some?+ indef9ite1 a sl[ & difficult movem5t t[>ds a goal :i* is /ill %r\d$ 9 obscurity4 ,we h n yet arriv$ at any reconciliation betwe5 hi/ory & mod]n ?\ght--only betwe5 halfway hi/ory & halfway ?\ght4 ,:at ! ultimate goal t[>ds :i* we are mov+ w be1 :at ?is some?+ is :i* %all br+ new life & new regulative pr9ciples to com+ c5turies1 we d n "k4 ,we c only dimly div9e t x w be ! mighty de$ ( "s mighty orig9al g5ius1 ^: tru? & rightness w be prov$ by ! fact t we1 work+ at our poor half ?+1 w oppose him might & ma9--we :o imag9e we long = no?+ m eag]ly ?an a g5ius p[]ful en\gh to op5 up ) au?ority a new pa? = ! _w1 see+ t we _c succe$ 9 mov+ x =w>d along ! track :i* we h s labori\sly prep>$4 ,= ?is reason ! hi/ory ( ! critical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus is ( high] intr9sic value ?an ! hi/ory ( ! /udy ( anci5t dogma or ( ! attempts to create a new "o4 ,x has to describe ! mo/ trem5d\s ?+ :i* ! religi\s consci\sness has ev] d>$ & done4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( dogma ,g]man !ology settl$ its acc\nt ) ! pa/2 9 its attempt to create a new dogmatic1 x 0 endeav\r+ to keep a place = ! religi\s life 9 ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t2 9 ! /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus x 0 work+ = ! future--9 pure fai? 9 ! tru?1 n see+ :]eunto x wr\ght4 ,moreov]1 we are "h deal+ ) ! mo/ vital ?+ 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!re came a ,man to rule ov] ! _w2 ,he rul$ x = good & = ill1 z hi/ory te/ifies2 ,he de/roy$ ! _w into :i* ,he 0 born2 ! spiritual life ( our own "t seems l to p]i% at ,8 h&s1 = ,he leads to battle aga9/ our ?\ght a ho/ ( dead ideas1 a gho/ly army ^u :i* dea? has no p[]1 & ,himself de/roys aga9 ! tru? & goodness :i* ,8 ,_s creates 9 u1 s t x _c rule ! _w4 ,t ,he cont9ues1 not)/&+1 to reign z ! alone ,great & alone ,true 9 a _w ( :i* ,he d5i$ ! cont9uance1 is ! prime example ( t anti!sis betwe5 spiritual & natural tru? :i* und]lies all life & all ev5ts1 & 9 ,him em]ges into ! field ( hi/ory4 ,x is only at fir/ sight t ! absolute indiff]5ce ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity t[>ds ! life ( ! hi/orical ,jesus is disconc]t+4 ,:5 ,paul1 repres5t+ ^? :o recognise ! signs ( ! times1 did n desire to "k ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 t 0 ! fir/ expression ( ! impulse ( selfpres]vation by :i* ,*ri/ianity cont9u$ to be guid$ = c5turies4 ,x felt t ) ! introduction ( ! hi/oric ,jesus into its fai?1 !re w\ld arise some?+ new1 some?+ :i* _h n be5 =ese5 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! ,ma/] ,himself1 & t !reby a contradiction w\ld be br\ght to light1 ! solution ( :i* w\ld con/itute "o ( ! great problems ( ! _w4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 0 !re=e "r to live :olly 9 ! future ) ! ,*ri/ :o 0 to come1 & to pres]ve ( ! hi/oric ,jesus only deta*$ say+s1 a few miracles1 ,8 dea? & resurrection4 ,by aboli%+ bo? ! _w & ! hi/orical ,jesus x escap$ ! inn] division describ$ above1 & rema9$ consi/5t 9 its po9t ( view4 ,we1 on our "p1 h reason to be grateful to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is attitude !y h h&$ d[n to u1 n biographies ( ,jesus b only ,gospels1 & t !re=e we possess ! ,idea & ! ,p]son ) ! m9imum ( hi/orical & contempor>y limitations4 ,b ! _w cont9u$ to exi/1 & its cont9uance br\ght ?is "o sid$ view to an end4 ,! supramundane ,*ri/ & ! hi/orical ,jesus ( ,naz>e? _h to be br\ght toge!r into a s+le p]sonality at once hi/orical & rais$ above "t4 ,t 0 accompli%$ by ,gno/icism & ! ,logos ,*ri/ology4 ,bo?1 f opposite /&po9ts1 because !y 7 seek+ ! same goal1 agre$ 9 sublimat+ ! hi/orical ,jesus into ! supramundane ,idea4 ,! result ( ?is developm5t1 :i* foll[$ on ! discr$it+ ( es*atology1 0 t ! hi/orical ,jesus 0 aga9 introduc$ into ! field ( view ( ,*ri/ianity1 b 9 su* a way t all ju/ification =1 & int]e/ 91 ! inve/igation ( ,8 life & hi/orical p]sonality 7 done away )4 ,greek !ology 0 z indiff]5t 9 reg>d to ! hi/orical ,jesus :o lives conceal$ 9 ! ,gospels z 0 ! e>ly es*atological !ology4 ,m ?an t1 x 0 dang]\s to ,him2 = x creat$ a new sup]naturalhi/orical ,gospel1 & we may consid] x =tunate t ! ,synoptics 7 already s firmly e/abli%$ t ! ,f\r? ,gospel c\ld n ou/ !m2 in/ead1 ! ,*ur*1 z ?\gh f ! inn] necessity ( ! anti!ses :i* n[ began to be a con/ructive elem5t 9 h] ?\ght1 0 oblig$ to set up two anti!tic ,gospels alongside ( "o ano!r4 ,:5 at ,*alc$on ! ,we/ ov]came ! ,ea/1 its doctr9e ( ! two natures dissolv$ ! unity ( ! ,p]son1 & !reby cut (f ! la/ possibility ( a return to ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,! selfcontradiction 0 elevat$ into a law4 ,b ! ,manhood 0 s f> admitt$ z to pres]ve1 9 appe>ance1 ! rights ( hi/ory4 ,?us by a deception ! =mula kept ! ,life prison] & prev5t$ ! lead+ spirits ( ! ,re=mation f grasp+ ! idea ( a return to ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,?is dogma _h fir/ to be %att]$ be=e m5 c\ld once m g out 9 que/ ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 be=e !y c\ld ev5 grasp ! ?\ght ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,t ! hi/oric ,jesus is some?+ diff]5t f ! ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,two ,natures seems to u n[ self evid5t4 ,we c1 at ! pres5t day1 sc>cely imag9e ! long agony 9 :i* ! hi/orical view ( ! life ( ,jesus came to bir?4 ,& ev5 :5 ,he 0 once m recall$ to life1 ,he 0 /ill1 l ,laz>us ( old1 b\nd h& & foot ) graveclo!s--! graveclo!s ( ! dogma ( ! ,dual ,nature4 ,hase relates1 9 ! preface to 8 fir/ ,life ( ,jesus 7#ahbi71 t a wor?y old g5tleman1 he>+ ( 8 project1 advis$ him to treat 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! human1 9 ! second ( ! div9e ,nature4 ,!re 0 a f9e simplicity ab\t t4 ,b does n ! simplicity cov] a pres5tim5t ( ! revolution ( ?\ght = :i* ! hi/orical me?od ( /udy 0 prep>+ ! way--a pres5tim5t :i* ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 ! "w did n %>e 9 ! same measure8 ,x 0 =tunate t !y did n2 = o!rwise h[ c\ld !y h _h ! c\rage to g on8 ,! hi/orical inve/igation ( ! life ( ,jesus did n take its rise f a purely hi/orical int]e/2 x turn$ to ! ,jesus ( hi/ory z an ally 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! tyranny ( dogma4 ,aft]w>ds :5 x 0 fre$ f ?is x s\ght to pres5t ! hi/oric ,jesus 9 a =m intelligible to its own "t4 ,= ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i ,he 0 ! tool ( a secret ord]4 ,!y wrote "u ! impression ( ! imm5se influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,ord] ( ! ,illum9ati7#c7 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,= ,re9h>d1 ,hess1 ,paulus1 & ! re/ ( ! rationali/ic writ]s ,he is ! admirable reveal] ( true virtue1 :i* is co9cid5t ) "r reason4 ,?us ea* successive epo* ( !ology f\nd its own ?\ghts 9 ,jesus2 t 01 inde$1 ! only way 9 :i* x c\ld make ,him live4 ,b x 0 n only ea* epo* t f\nd its reflection 9 ,jesus2 ea* individual creat$ ,him 9 accordance ) 8 own "*4 ,!re is no hi/orical task :i* s reveals a man's true self z ! writ+ ( a ,life ( ,jesus4 ,no vital =ce comes into ! figure unless a man brea!s into x all ! hate or all ! love ( :i* he is capable4 ,! /rong] ! love1 or ! /rong] ! hate1 ! m lifel is ! figure :i* is produc$4 ,= hate z well z love c write a ,life ( ,jesus1 & ! greate/ ( !m are writt5 ) hate3 t ( ,reim>us1 ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 & t ( ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss4 ,x 0 n s mu* hate ( ! ,p]son ( ,jesus z ( ! sup]natural nimbus ) :i* x 0 s easy to surr\nd ,him1 & ) :i* ,he _h 9 fact be5 surr\nd$4 ,!y 7 eag] to picture ,him z truly & purely human1 to /rip f ,him ! robes ( spl5d\r ) :i* ,he _h be5 app>ell$1 & clo! ,him once m ) ! co>se g>m5ts 9 :i* ,he _h walk$ 9 ,galilee4 ,& _! hate %>p5$ _! hi/orical insight4 ,!y advanc$ ! /udy ( ! subject m ?an all ! o!rs put toge!r4 ,b = ! (f5ce :i* !y gave1 ! sci5ce ( hi/orical !ology w\ld n h /ood :]e x does today4 8,x mu/ ne$s be t (f5ces come2 b woe to t man by :om ! (f5ce come?40 ,reim>us evad$ t woe by keep+ ! (f5ce to himself & pres]v+ sil5ce dur+ 8 lifetime--8 "w1 8,! ,aims ( ,jesus & ,8 ,disciples10 0 only publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 by ,less+4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,/rauss1 :o1 z a "y man ( tw5tysev51 ca/ ! (f5ce op5ly 9 ! face ( ! _w1 ! woe fulfill$ itself4 ,8 8,life ( ,jesus0 0 8 ru94 ,b he did n cease to be pr\d ( x 9 spite ( all ! mis=tune t x br\ght him4 8,i might well be> a grudge aga9/ my book10 he writes tw5tyfive ye>s lat] 9 ! preface to ! 8,conv]sations ( ,ulri* von ,hutt5107#d7 8= x has done me mu* evil 7#8,& rightly s6' ! pi\s w exclaim74 ,x has exclud$ me f public tea*+ 9 :i* ,i took pleasure & = :i* ,i _h p]haps "s tal5t2 x has torn me f natural relation%ips & driv5 me into unnatural ones2 x has made my life a lonely "o4 ,& yet :5 ,i consid] :at x w\ld h meant if ,i _h refus$ to utt] ! ^w :i* lay ^u my s\l1 if ,i _h suppress$ ! d\bts :i* 7 at "w 9 my m9d--!n ,i bless ! book :i* has d\btless done me griev\s h>m outw>dly1 b :i* pres]v$ ! inw>d heal? ( my m9d & he>t1 &1 ,i d\bt n1 has done ! same = _m o!rs also40 ,be=e him1 ,bahrdt _h 8 c>e] brok5 9 consequ5ce ( reveal+ 8 beliefs conc]n+ ! ,life ( ,jesus2 & aft] him1 ,bruno ,bau]4 ,x 0 easy = !m1 resolv$ z !y 7 to op5 ! way ev5 ) seem+ blasphemy4 ,b ! o!rs1 ^? :o tri$ to br+ ,jesus to life at ! call ( love1 f\nd x a cruel task to be hone/4 ,! critical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus has be5 = !ology a s*ool ( hone/y4 ,! _w _h nev] se5 be=e1 & w nev] see aga91 a /ruggle = tru? s full ( pa9 & r5unciation z t ( :i* ! ,lives ( ,jesus ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s conta9 ! cryptic record4 ,"o mu/ read ! successive ,lives ( ,jesus ) :i* ,hase foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! /udy f ! 'tw5ties to ! 'sev5ties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to get an inkl+ ( :at x mu/ h co/ ! m5 :o liv$ ?r\gh t decisive p]iod really to ma9ta9 t 8c\rage\s fre$om ( inve/igation0 :i* ! great ,j5a pr(essor1 9 ! preface to 8 fir/ ,life ( ,jesus1 claims = 8 rese>*es4 ,"o sees 9 him ! m>ks ( ! /ruggle ) :i* he gives up1 bit by bit1 ?+s :i*1 :5 he wrote t preface1 he nev] dream$ he w\ld h to surr5d]4 ,x 0 =tunate = ^! m5 t _! sympa?ies sometimes obscur$ _! critical vision1 s t1 )\t becom+ ins9c]e1 !y 7 able to take :ite cl\ds = di/ant m\nta9s4 ,t 0 ! k9dly fate ( ,hase & ,beys*lag4 ,! p]sonal "* ( ! /udy is n only due1 h[ev]1 to ! fact t a p]sonality c only be awak5$ to life by ! t\* ( a p]sonality2 x lies 9 ! ess5tial nature ( ! problem itself4 ,= ! problem ( ! life ( ,jesus has no analogue 9 ! field ( hi/ory4 ,no hi/orical s*ool has ev] laid d[n canons = ! inve/igation ( ?is problem1 no pr(essional hi/orian has ev] l5t 8 aid to !ology 9 deal+ ) x4 ,e ord9>y me?od ( hi/orical inve/igation proves inadequate to ! complexity ( ! conditions4 ,! /&>ds ( ord9>y hi/orical sci5ce are "h inadequate1 its me?ods n imm$iately applicable4 ,! hi/orical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus has _h to create its own me?ods = itself4 ,9 ! con/ant succession ( unsuccessful attempts1 five or six problems h em]g$ side by side :i* toge!r con/itute ! fundam5tal problem4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no direct me?od ( solv+ ! problem 9 its complexity2 all t c be done is to exp]im5t cont9u\sly1 />t+ f def9ite assumptions2 & 9 ?is exp]im5tation ! guid+ pr9ciple mu/ ultimately re/ ^u hi/orical intuition4 ,! cause ( ?is lies 9 ! nature ( ! s\rces ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & 9 ! "* ( our k ( ! contempor>y religi\s _w ( ?\ght4 ,x is n t ! s\rces are 9 !mselves bad4 ,:5 we h once made up our m9ds t we h n ! mat]ials = a complete ,life ( ,jesus1 b only = a picture ( ,8 public m9i/ry1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re are few *>act]s ( antiquity ab\t :om we possess s mu* indubitably hi/orical in=mation1 ( :om we h s _m au!ntic disc\rses4 ,! position is mu* m fav\rable1 = in/ance1 ?an 9 ! case ( ,socrates2 = he is pictur$ to u by lit]>y m5 :o ex]cis$ _! creative ability ^u ! portrait4 ,jesus /&s mu* m imm$iately be=e u1 because ,he 0 depict$ by simple ,*ri/ians )\t lit]>y gift4 ,b at ?is po9t !re arises a tw(old difficulty4 ,!re is fir/ ! fact t :at has j be5 said applies only to ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 :ile ! f\r?1 z reg>ds its "*1 hi/orical data1 & disc\rse mat]ial1 =ms a _w ( its own4 ,x is writt5 f ! ,greek /&po9t1 :ile ! fir/ ?ree are writt5 f ! ,jewi%4 ,& ev5 if "o c\ld get ov] ?is1 & reg>d1 z has (t5 be5 done1 ! ,synoptics & ! ,f\r? ,gospel z /&+ 9 some?+ ( ! same relation to "o ano!r z ,x5ophon does to ,plato z s\rces = ! life ( ,socrates1 yet ! complete irreconcilability ( ! hi/orical data w\ld compel ! critical inve/igator to decide f ! fir/ 9 fav\r ( "o s\rce or ! o!r4 ,once m x is f\nd true t 8,no man c s]ve two ma/]s40 ,?is /r+5t dilemma 0 n recognis$ f ! beg9n+2 its em]g5ce is "o ( ! results ( ! :ole c\rse ( exp]im5t4 ,! second difficulty reg>d+ ! s\rces is ! want ( any ?read ( connexion 9 ! mat]ial :i* !y (f] u4 ,:ile ! ,synoptics are only collections ( anecdotes 79 ! be/1 hi/orical s5se ( ! ^w71 ! ,gospel ( ,john--z /&s on record 9 its clos+ words--only pr(esses to give a selection ( ! ev5ts & disc\rses4 ,f ^! mat]ials we c only get a ,life ( ,jesus ) yawn+ gaps4 ,h[ are ^! gaps to be fill$8 ,at ! wor/ ) phrases1 at ! be/ ) hi/orical imag9ation4 ,!re is really no o!r means ( arriv+ at ! ord] & inn] connexion ( ! facts ( ! life ( ,jesus ?an ! mak+ & te/+ ( hypo!ses4 ,if ! tradition pres]v$ by ! ,synopti/s really includes all t happ5$ dur+ ! "t t ,jesus 0 ) ,8 disciples1 ! attempt to discov] ! connexion mu/ succe$ soon] or lat]4 ,x becomes m & m cle> t ?is presupposition is indisp5sable to ! inve/igation4 ,if x is m]ely a =tuit\s s]ies ( episodes t ! ,evangeli/s h h&$ d[n to u1 we may give up ! attempt to arrive at a critical recon/ruction ( ! life ( ,jesus z hopeless4 ,b x is n only ! ev5ts :i* lack hi/orical connexion2 we are )\t any indication ( a ?read ( connexion 9 ! actions & disc\rses ( ,jesus1 because ! s\rces give no h9t ( ! "* ( ,8 selfconsci\sness4 ,!y conf9e !mselves to outw>d facts4 ,we only beg9 to und]/& ^! hi/orically :5 we c m5tally place !m 9 an intelligible connexion & conceive !m z ! acts ( a cle>ly def9$ p]sonality4 ,all t we "k ( ! developm5t ( ,jesus & ( ,8 ,messianic selfconsci\sness has be5 arriv$ at by a s]ies ( work+ hypo!ses4 ,our conclusions c only be consid]$ valid s long z !y are n f\nd incompatible ) ! record$ facts z a :ole4 ,x may be ma9ta9$ by ! aid ( argum5ts drawn f ! s\rces t ! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus und]w5t a developm5t dur+ ! c\rse ( ,8 public m9i/ry2 x may1 ) equally good gr\nds1 be d5i$4 ,= 9 bo? cases ! argum5ts are bas$ ^u little details 9 ! n>rative 9 reg>d to :i* we d n "k :e!r !y are purely accid5tal1 or :e!r !y belong to ! ess5ce ( ! facts4 ,9 ea* case1 moreov]1 ! exp]im5tal work+ out ( ! hypo!sis leads to a conclusion :i* compels ! rejection ( "s ( ! actual data ( ! s\rces4 ,ea* view equally involves a viol5t treatm5t ( ! text4 ,fur!rmore1 ! s\rces exhibit1 ea* )9 itself1 a /rik+ contradiction4 ,!y ass]t t ,jesus felt ,himself to be ! ,messiah2 & yet f _! pres5tation ( ,8 life x does n appe> t ,he ev] publicly claim$ to be s4 ,!y attribute to ,him1 t is1 an attitude :i* has absolutely no connexion ) ! consci\sness :i* !y assume t ,he possess$4 ,b once admit t ! outw>d acts are n ! natural expression ( ! selfconsci\sness & all exact hi/orical k is at an end2 we h to d ) an isolat$ fact :i* is n ref]able to any law4 ,?is be+ s1 ! only way ( arriv+ at a conclusion ( any value is to exp]im5t1 to te/1 by work+ !m out1 ! two hypo!ses--t ,jesus felt ,himself to be ! ,messiah1 z ! s\rces ass]t1 or t ,he did n feel ,himself to be s1 z ,8 conduct implies2 or else to try to conjecture :at k9d ( ,messianic consci\sness ,8 mu/ h be51 if x left ,8 conduct & ,8 disc\rses unaffect$4 ,= "o ?+ is c]ta93 ! :ole acc\nt ( ! la/ days at ,j]usalem w\ld be un9telligible1 if we _h to suppose t ! mass ( ! p _h a %ad[ ( a suspicion t ,jesus held ,himself to be ! ,messiah4 ,aga91 :]eas 9 g5]al a p]sonality is to "s ext5t def9$ by ! _w ( ?\ght :i* x %>es ) its contempor>ies1 9 ! case ( ,jesus ?is s\rce ( in=mation is z unsatisfactory z ! docum5ts4 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ! contempor>y ,jewi% _w ( ?\ght8 ,to t "q no cle> answ] c be giv54 ,we d n "k :e!r ! expectation ( ! ,messiah 0 g5]ally curr5t or :e!r x 0 ! fai? ( a m]e sect4 ,) ! ,mosaic religion z su* x _h no?+ to d4 ,!re 0 no organic connexion betwe5 ! religion ( legal obs]vance & ! future hope4 ,fur!r1 if ! es*atological hope 0 g5]ally curr5t1 0 x ! prophetic or ! apocalyptic =m ( t hope8 ,we "k ! ,messianic expectations ( ! prophets2 we "k ! apocalyptic picture z drawn by ,daniel1 &1 foll[+ him1 by ,eno* & ! ,psalms ( ,solomon be=e ! com+ ( ,jesus1 & by ! ,apocalypses ( ,ezra & ,b>u* ab\t ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,b we d n "k :i* 0 ! popul> =m2 nor1 suppos+ t bo? 7 comb9$ into "o picture1 :at ?is picture really look$ l4 ,we "k only ! =m ( es*atology :i* meets u 9 ! ,gospels & 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les2 t is to say1 ! =m :i* x took 9 ! ,*ri/ian community 9 consequ5ce ( ! com+ ( ,jesus4 ,& to comb9e ^! ?ree--! prophetic1 ! ,late,jewi% apocalyptic1 & ! ,*ri/ian--has n prov$ possible4 ,ev5 suppos+ we c\ld obta9 m exact in=mation reg>d+ ! popul> ,messianic expectations at ! "t ( ,jesus1 we %\ld /ill n "k :at =m !y assum$ 9 ! selfconsci\sness ( ,"o :o knew ,himself to be ! ,messiah b held t ! "t 0 n yet come = ,him to reveal ,himself z su*4 ,we only "k _! aspect f )\t1 z a wait+ = ! ,messiah & ! ,messianic ,age2 we h no clue to _! aspect f )9 z factors 9 ! ,messianic selfconsci\sness4 ,we possess no psy*ology ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,evangeli/s h no?+ to tell u ab\t x1 because ,jesus told !m no?+ ab\t x2 ! s\rces = ! contempor>y spiritual life in=m u only conc]n+ ! es*atological expectation4 ,= ! =m ( ! ,messianic selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus we h to fall back ^u conjecture4 ,su* is ! "* ( ! problem1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 hi/orical exp]im5t mu/ "h take ! place ( hi/orical rese>*4 ,t be+ s1 x is easy to und]/& t to take a survey ( ! /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus is to be confront$1 at fir/ sight1 ) a sc5e ( ! mo/ b\ndless confusion4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts are repeat$ ) con/antly v>y+ modifications sugge/$ by ! results furni%$ by ! subsidi>y sci5ces4 ,mo/ ( ! writ]s1 h[ev]1 h no suspicion t !y are m]ely repeat+ an exp]im5t :i* has (t5 be5 made be=e4 ,"s ( !m discov] ?is 9 ! c\rse ( _! "w to _! own great a/oni%m5t--x is s1 = in/ance1 ) ,wr$e1 :o recognises t he is work+ out1 ?\gh d\btless ) a cle>] consci\sness ( 8 aim1 an idea ( ,bruno ,bau]'s47#e7 ,if old ,reim>us 7 to come back aga91 he might confid5tly give himself out to be ! late/ ( ! mod]ns1 = 8 "w re/s ^u a recognition ( ! exclusive importance ( es*atology1 su* z only recurs aga9 9 ,johannes ,weiss4 ,progress1 too1 is curi\sly fitful1 ) long int]vals ( m>k+ "t betwe5 ! advances4 ,f ,/rauss d[n to ! 'n9eties !re 0 no real progress1 if "o takes into consid]ation only ! complete ,lives ( ,jesus :i* appe>$4 ,b a numb] ( sep>ate problems took a m cle>ly def9$ =m1 s t 9 ! end ! g5]al problem sudd5ly mov$ =w>d1 z x seem$1 ) a j]k4 ,!re is really no common /&>d by :i* to judge ! works ) :i* we h to d4 ,x is n ! mo/ ord]ly n>ratives1 ^? :i* weave 9 consci5ti\sly e detail ( ! text1 :i* h advanc$ ! /udy ( ! subject1 b precisely ! ecc5tric ones1 ^? t take ! greate/ lib]ties ) ! text4 ,x is n by ! mass ( facts t a writ] sets d[n alongside ( "o ano!r z possible--because he writes easily & !re is no "o !re to contradict him1 & because facts on pap] d n come into collision s %>ply z !y d 9 reality--x is n 9 t way t he %[s 8 p[] ( recon/ruct+ hi/ory1 b by t :i* he recognises z impossible4 ,! con/ructions ( ,reim>us & ,bruno ,bau] h no solidity2 !y are m]e products ( ! imag9ation4 ,b !re is mu* m hi/orical p[] 9 _! cle> grasp ( a s+le def9ite problem1 :i* has bl9d$ !m to all else1 ?an !re is 9 ! circum/antial works ( ,beys*lag & ,b]n>d ,weiss4 ,b once "o has accu/om$ oneself to look = c]ta9 def9ite l&m>ks amid ?is app>5t welt] ( confusion "o beg9s at la/ to discov] 9 vague outl9e ! c\rse foll[$1 & ! progress made1 by ! critical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,x falls1 imm$iately1 into two p]iods1 t be=e ,/rauss & t aft] ,/rauss4 ,! dom9ant int]e/ 9 ! fir/ is ! "q ( miracle4 ,:at t]ms are possible betwe5 a hi/orical treatm5t & ! acceptance ( sup]natural ev5ts8 ,) ! adv5t ( ,/rauss ?is problem f\nd a solution1 viz41 t ^! ev5ts h no rightful place 9 ! hi/ory1 b are simply my?ical elem5ts 9 ! s\rces4 ,! way 0 ?us ?r[n op54 ,mean:ile1 alongside ( ! problem ( ! sup]natural1 o!r problems _h be5 dimly appreh5d$4 ,reim>us _h drawn att5tion to ! contempor>y es*atological views2 ,hase1 9 8 fir/ ,life ( ,jesus 7#ahbi71 _h s\ght to trace a developm5t 9 ! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,b on ?is po9t a cle> view 0 impossible1 because all ! /ud5ts ( ! subject 7 /ill bas+ _! op]ations ^u ! h>mony ( ! ,synoptics & ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 :i* means t !y _h n s f> felt ! ne$ ( a hi/orically intelligible outl9e ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,"h1 too1 ,/rauss 0 ! lightbr+]4 ,b ! transi5t illum9ation 0 de/9$ to be obscur$ by ! ,m>can hypo!sis17#f7 :i* n[ came to ! front4 ,! necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 ,john & ! ,synopti/s 0 fir/ fully e/abli%$ by ! ,tb+5 s*ool2 & ! "r relation ( ?is "q to ! ,m>can hypo!sis 0 subsequ5tly %[n by ,holtzmann4 ,:ile ^! discussions ( ! prelim9>y lit]>y que/ions 7 9 progress ! ma9 hi/orical problem ( ! life ( ,jesus 0 sl[ly ris+ into view4 ,! "q began to be moot$3 :at 0 ! significance ( es*atology = ! m9d ( ,jesus8 ,) ?is problem 0 associat$1 9 virtue ( an inn] connexion :i* 0 n at fir/ suspect$1 ! problem ( ! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! 'n9eties x 0 g5]ally felt t1 9 ! solution giv5 to ?is dual problem1 an 9 "s measure assur$ k ( ! outw>d & inw>d c\rse ( ! life ( ,jesus _h be5 rea*$4 ,at ?is po9t ,johannes ,weiss reviv$ ! compreh5sive claim ( ,reim>us on behalf ( es*atology2 & sc>cely _h criticism adju/$ its attitude to ?is "q :5 ,wr$e r5ew$ ! attempt ( ,bau] & ,volkm> to elim9ate altoge!r ! ,messianic elem5t f ! life ( ,jesus4 ,we are n[ once m 9 ! mid/ ( a p]iod ( great activity 9 ! /udy ( ! subject4 ,on ! "o side we are (f]$ a hi/orical solution1 on ! o!r a lit]>y4 ,! "q at issue is3 ,is x possible to expla9 ! contradiction betwe5 ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus & ,8 non,messianic disc\rses & actions by means ( a conception ( ,8 ,messianic consci\sness :i* w make x appe> t ,he c\ld n h act$ o!rwise ?an z ! ,evangeli/s describe2 or mu/ we endeav\r to expla9 ! contradiction by tak+ ! non,messianic disc\rses & actions z our fix$ po9t1 d5y+ ! reality ( ,8 ,messianic selfconsci\sness & reg>d+ x z a lat] int]polation ( ! beliefs ( ! ,*ri/ian community into ! life ( ,jesus8 ,9 ! latt] case ! ,evangeli/s are suppos$ to h attribut$ ^! ,messianic claims to ,jesus because ! e>ly ,*ur* held ,him to be ! ,messiah1 b to h contradict$ !mselves by describ+ ,8 life z x actually 01 viz41 z ! life ( a prophet1 n ( "o :o held ,himself to be ! ,messiah4 ,to put x briefly3 ,does ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! hi/orical p]sonality ( ,jesus lie 9 ! hi/ory itself1 or only 9 ! way 9 :i* x is repres5t$ 9 ! s\rces8 ,?is alt]native w be discuss$ 9 all ! critical /udies ( ! next few ye>s4 ,once cle>ly pos$ x compels a decision4 ,b no "o c really und]/& ! problem :o has n a cle> notion ( ! way 9 :i* x has %ap$ itself 9 ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation2 no "o c ju/ly criticise1 or appraise ! value (1 new contributions to ! /udy ( ?is subject unless he kn[s 9 :at =ms !y h be5 pres5t$ be=e4 ,! hi/ory ( ! /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus has hi!rto receiv$ surpris+ly little att5tion4 ,hase1 9 8 ,life ( ,jesus ( #ahbi1 briefly records ! previ\s attempts to deal ) ! subject4 ,fri$ri* von ,ammon1 himself "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ /ud5ts 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 9 8 8,progress ( ,*ri/ianity107#g7 gives "s in=mation 8reg>d+ ! mo/ notable biographies ( ,jesus ( ! la/ fifty ye>s40 ,9 ! ye> #ahfe ,uhlhorn treat$ toge!r ! ,lives ( ,jesus ( ,r5an1 ,s*5kel1 & ,/rauss2 9 #ahgf ,hase1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,jesus10 gave ! only complete lit]>y hi/ory ( ! subject27#h7 9 #ahib ,uhlhorn ext5d$ 8 =m] lecture to include ! works ( ,keim1 ,delff1 ,beys*lag1 & ,weiss27#i7 9 #ahih ,frantz5 describ$1 9 a %ort essay1 ! progress ( ! /udy s9ce ,/rauss27#aj7 9 #ahii & #aijj ,bald5sp]g] gave1 9 ! ,!ologis*e ,runds*au1 a survey ( ! mo/ rec5t publications27#aa7 ,we9el's book1 8,jesus 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury10 naturally only gives an analysis ( a few classical works2 ,otto ,s*mi$el's lecture on ! 8,ma9 ,problems ( ! ,critical ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus0 7#aijb7 m]ely sket*es ! hi/ory ( ! subject 9 broad outl9e47#ab7 ,ap>t f scatt]$ notices 9 hi/ories ( !ology ?is is practically all ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,!re is room = an attempt to br+ ord] into ! *aos ( ! ,lives ( ,jesus4 ,hase made +5i\s comp>isons betwe5 !m1 b he 0 unable to gr\p !m accord+ to inn] pr9ciples1 or to judge !m ju/ly4 ,weisse is = him a feebl] desc5dant ( ,/rauss1 ,bruno ,bau] is ! victim ( a fanta/ic imag9ation4 ,x w\ld inde$ h be5 difficult = ,hase to discov] 9 ! works ( 8 "t any pr9ciple ( division4 ,b n[1 :5 ! lit]>y & es*atological me?ods ( solution h l$ to complem5t>y results1 :5 ! po/,/raussian p]iod ( inve/igation seems to h rea*$ a provisional close1 & ! goal to :i* x has be5 t5d+ has become cle>1 ! "t seems ripe = ! attempt to trace g5etically 9 ! successive works ! %ap+ ( ! problem z x n[ confronts u1 & to give a sy/ematic hi/orical acc\nt ( ! critical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,our endeav\r w be to furni% a graphic description ( all ! attempts to deal ) ! subject2 & n to dismiss !m ) /ock phrases or traditional labels1 b to %[ cle>ly :at !y really did to advance ! =mulation ( ! problem1 :e!r _! contempor>ies recognis$ x or n4 ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple _m fam\s ,lives ( ,jesus :i* h prolong$ an hon\r$ exi/5ce ?r\gh _m successive editions1 w make b a poor figure1 :ile o!rs1 :i* h receiv$ scant notice1 w appe> great4 ,beh9d ,success comes ,tru?1 & h] rew>d is ) h]4 ,,ii4 ,,h]mann ,,samuel ,,reim>us 8,von dem ,zwecke ,jesu und se9] ,jng]40 ,no* e9 ,fragm5t des ,wolf5bttels*5 ,ung5annt54 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,got?old ,ephraim ,less+4 ,brauns*weig1 #aggh1 #bgf pp4 7,! ,aims ( ,jesus & ,8 ,disciples4 ,a fur!r ,in/alm5t ( ! anonym\s ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts4 ,publi%$ by ,got?old ,ephraim ,less+4 ,brunswick1 #aggh47 ,johann ,salomo ,seml]4 ,beantwortung d] ,fragm5te e9es ,ung5annt5 insbesond]e vom ,zwecke ,jesu und se9] ,jng]4 7,reply to ! anonym\s ,fragm5ts1 especially to t entitl$ 8,! ,aims ( ,jesus & ,8 ,disciples407 ,halle1 #aggi1 #dcb pp4 ,be=e ,reim>us1 no "o _h attempt$ to =m a hi/orical conception ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,lu!r _h n s mu* z felt t he c>$ to ga9 a cle> idea ( ! ord] ( ! record$ ev5ts4 ,speak+ ( ! *ronology ( ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple1 :i* 9 ,john falls at ! beg9n+1 9 ! ,synopti/s ne> ! close1 ( ,jesus' public life1 he rem>ks3 8,! ,gospels foll[ no ord] 9 record+ ! acts & miracles ( ,jesus1 & ! matt] is n1 aft] all1 ( mu* importance4 ,if a difficulty arises 9 reg>d to ! ,holy ,scripture & we _c solve x1 we mu/ j let x alone40 ,:5 ! ,lu!ran !ologians began to consid] ! "q ( h>monis+ ! ev5ts1 ?+s 7 /ill worse4 ,osi&] 7#adihaeeb71 9 8 8,h>mony ( ! ,gospels10 ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple t if an ev5t is record$ m ?an once 9 ! ,gospels1 9 diff]5t connexions1 x happ5$ m ?an once & 9 diff]5t connexions4 ,! daught] ( ,jairus 0 !re=e rais$ f ! dead sev]al times2 on "o occasion ,jesus all[$ ! devils :om ,he ca/ out ( a s+le demoniac to ent] into a h]d ( sw9e1 on ano!r occasion1 ^? :om ,he ca/ out ( two demoniacs2 !re 7 two cleans+s ( ! ,temple1 & s =?47#ac7 ,! correct view ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels z be+ int]dep5d5t 0 fir/ =mulat$ by ,griesba*4 ,! only ,life ( ,jesus writt5 prior to ! "t ( ,reim>us :i* has any int]e/ = u1 0 compos$ by a ,jesuit 9 ! ,p]sian language4 ,! au?or 0 ! ,indian mission>y ,hi]onymus ,xavi]1 nephew ( ,francis ,xavi]1 & x 0 design$ = ! use ( ,akb>1 ! ,moghul ,emp]or1 :o1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h become ! mo/ p[]ful pot5tate 9 ,h9du/an4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,p]sian text 0 br\ght to ,europe by a m]*ant1 & 0 translat$ into ,lat9 by ,l\is de ,dieu1 a !ologian ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 ^: int5tion 9 publi%+ x 0 to discr$it ,ca?olicism47#ad7 ,x is a skilful falsification ( ! life ( ,jesus 9 :i* ! omissions1 & ! additions tak5 f ! ,apocrypha1 are inspir$ by ! sole purpose ( pres5t+ to ! op5 m9d$ rul] a glori\s ,jesus1 9 :om !re %\ld be no?+ to (f5d him4 ,?us !re _h be5 no?+ to prep>e ! _w = a "w ( su* p[] z t ( ,reim>us4 ,x is true1 !re _h appe>$ e>li]1 9 #agfh1 a ,life ( ,jesus by ,johann ,jakob ,hess7#ae7 7#agdaahbh71 writt5 f ! /&po9t ( ! old] rationalism1 b x reta9s s mu* sup]naturalism & foll[s s mu* ! l9es ( a p>aphrase ( ! ,gospels1 t !re 0 no?+ to indicate to ! _w :at a ma/] /roke ! _s ( ! "t 0 prep>+4 ,n mu* is kn[n ab\t ,reim>us4 ,= 8 contempor>ies he _h no exi/5ce1 & x 0 ,/rauss :o fir/ made 8 "n kn[n 9 lit]ature47#af7 ,he 0 born 9 ,hamburg on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb]1 #afid1 & sp5t 8 life !re z a pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,languages4 ,he di$ 9 #agfh4 ,sev]al ( 8 writ+s appe>$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 all ( !m ass]t+ ! claims ( rational religion z aga9/ ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*2 "o ( !m1 = example1 be+ an essay on 8,! ,lead+ ,tru?s ( ,natural ,religion40 ,8 magnum opus1 h[ev]1 :i* laid ! hi/oric basis ( 8 attacks1 0 only circulat$1 dur+ 8 lifetime1 among 8 acqua9tances1 z an anonym\s manuscript4 ,9 #aggd ,less+ began to publi% ! mo/ important portions ( x1 & up to #aggh _h publi%$ sev5 fragm5ts1 !reby involv+ himself 9 a qu>rel ) ,goetze1 ! ,*ief ,pa/or ( ,hamburg4 ,! manuscript ( ! :ole1 :i* runs to #djjj pages1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,hamburg municipal libr>y4 ,! foll[+ are ! titles ( ,fragm5ts :i* he publi%$3 ,! ,tol]ation ( ! ,dei/s4 ,! ,decry+ ( ,reason 9 ! ,pulpit4 ,! impossibility ( a ,revelation :i* all m5 %\ld h good gr\nds = believ+4 ,! ,pass+ ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,%[+ t ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 n writt5 to reveal a ,religion4 ,conc]n+ ! /ory ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! ,aims ( ,jesus & ,8 disciples4 ,! monograph on ! pass+ ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea is "o ( ! able/1 wittie/1 & mo/ acute :i* has ev] be5 writt54 ,x exposes all ! impossibilities ( ! n>rative 9 ! ,prie/ly ,codex1 & all ! inconsi/5cies :i* arise f ! comb9ation ( v>i\s s\rces2 al?\gh ,reim>us has n ! slighte/ inkl+ t ! sep>ation ( ^! s\rces w\ld af=d ! real solution ( ! problem4 ,to say t ! fragm5t on 8,! ,aims ( ,jesus & ,8 ,disciples0 is a magnific5t piece ( "w is b>ely to d x ju/ice4 ,?is essay is n only "o ( ! greate/ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( criticism1 x is also a ma/]piece ( g5]al lit]ature4 ,! language is z a rule crisp & t]se1 po9t$ & epigrammatic--! language ( a man :o is n 8engag$ 9 lit]>y composition0 b is :olly conc]n$ ) ! facts4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 x rises to heights ( passionate feel+1 & !n x is z ?\gh ! fires ( a volcano 7 pa9t+ lurid pictures ^u d>k cl\ds4 ,seldom has !re be5 a hate s eloqu5t1 s l(ty a scorn2 b !n x is seldom t a "w has be5 writt5 9 ! j consci\sness ( s absolute a sup]iority to contempor>y op9ion4 ,& )al1 !re is dignity & s]i\s purpose2 ,reim>us's "w is no pamphlet4 ,less+ c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 accept its /&po9t4 ,8 idea ( revelation1 & 8 conception ( ! ,p]son ( ,jesus1 7 mu* deep] ?an ^? ( ! ,fragm5ti/4 ,he 0 a ?9k]2 ,reim>us only a hi/orian4 ,b ?is 0 ! fir/ "t t a really hi/orical m9d1 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! s\rces1 _h und]tak5 ! criticism ( ! tradition4 ,x 0 ,less+'s greatness t he grasp$ ! significance ( ?is criticism1 & felt t x mu/ lead ei!r to ! de/ruction or to ! reca/+ ( ! idea ( revelation4 ,he recognis$ t ! introduction ( ! hi/orical elem5t w\ld trans=m & deep5 rationalism4 ,conv9c$ t ! fateful mom5t _h arriv$1 he disreg>d$ ! scruples ( ,reim>us's family & ! objections ( ,nicolai & ,m5delssohn1 &1 ?\gh inw>dly trembl+ = t :i* he himself held sacr$1 he flung ! tor* ) 8 own h&4 ,seml]1 at ! close ( 8 refutation ( ! fragm5t1 ridicules its editor 9 ! foll[+ apologue4 8,a prison] 0 once br\ght be=e ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,london on a *>ge ( arson4 ,he _h be5 se5 com+ d[n f ! upp] /ory ( ! burn+ h\se4 #8,ye/]day1' s ran 8 def5ce1 #8ab\t f\r o'clock ,i w5t into my neighb\r's /oreroom & saw !re a burn+ c&le :i* ! s]vants _h c>elessly =gott54 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! night x w\ld h burn$ d[n1 & set fire to ! /airs4 ,to make sure t ! fire %\ld break out 9 ! day"t1 ,i ?rew "s /raw ^u x4 ,! flames bur/ out at ! skylight1 ! fireeng9es came hurry+ up1 & ! fire1 :i* 9 ! night might h be5 dang]\s1 0 promptly ext+ui%$4' #8,:y did y n y\rself pick up ! c&le & put x out8' ask$ ! ,"l ,mayor4 #8,if ,i _h put out ! c&le ! s]vants w\ld n h le>n$ to be m c>eful2 n[ t !re has be5 su* a fuss ab\t x1 !y w n be s c>eless 9 future4' #8,odd1 v odd1' said ! ,"l ,mayor1 #8he is n a crim9al1 only a little weak 9 ! head4' ,s he _h him %ut up 9 ! madh\se1 & !re he lies to ?is day40 ,! /ory is extraord9>ily apposite--only t ,less+ 0 n mad2 he knew q well :at he 0 do+4 ,8 object 0 to %[ h[ an unse5 enemy _h pu%$ 8 p>allels up to ! v walls1 & to summon to ! def5ce 8"s "o :o %\ld be z ne>ly ! ideal def5d] ( religion z ! ,fragm5ti/ 0 ! ideal assailant40 ,once1 ) prophetic insight into ! future1 he says3 8,! ,*ri/ian traditions mu/ be expla9$ by ! inn] tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & no writt5 traditions c give x t inn] tru?1 if x does n itself possess x40 ,reim>us takes z 8 />t+po9t ! "q reg>d+ ! cont5t ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus4 8,we are ju/ifi$10 he says1 89 draw+ an absolute di/9ction betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les 9 _! writ+s & :at ,jesus ,himself 9 ,8 own lifetime proclaim$ & taught40 ,:at belongs to ! prea*+ ( ,jesus is cle>ly to be recognis$4 ,x is conta9$ 9 two phrases ( id5tical mean+1 8,rep5t1 & believe ! ,gospel10 or1 z x is put else:]e1 8,rep5t1 = ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&40 ,! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 mu/ h[ev] be und]/ood 8accord+ to ,jewi% ways ( ?\ght40 ,nei!r ,jesus nor ! ,bapti/ ev] expla9 ?is expression2 !re=e !y mu/ h be5 cont5t to h x und]/ood 9 its kn[n & cu/om>y s5se4 ,t means t ,jesus took ,8 /& )9 ! ,jewi% religion1 & accept$ its ,messianic expectations )\t 9 any way correct+ !m4 ,if ,he gives a new developm5t to ?is religion x is only 9 s f> t ,he proclaims z ne> at h& ! realisation ( ideals & hopes :i* 7 alive 9 ?\s&s ( he>ts4 ,!re 0 ?us no ne$ = detail$ in/ruction reg>d+ ! nature ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav52 ! cate*ism & confession ( ! ,*ur* at its comm5cem5t consi/$ ( a s+le phrase4 ,belief 0 n difficult3 8!y ne$ only believe ! ,gospel1 namely t ,jesus 0 ab\t to br+ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god407#ag7 ,z !re 7 _m among ! ,jews :o 7 already wait+ = ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 x 0 no wond] t 9 a few days1 nay 9 a few h\rs1 "s ?\s&s believ$1 al?\gh !y _h be5 told only t ,jesus 0 ! promis$ prophet4 ,?is 0 ! sum total ( :at ! disciples knew ab\t ! ,k+dom ( ,god :5 !y 7 s5t out by _! ,ma/] to proclaim its com+4 ,_! he>]s w\ld naturally ?9k ( ! cu/om>y mean+ ( ! t]m & ! hopes :i* atta*$ !mselves to x4 8,! purpose ( s5d+ out su* propag&i/s c\ld only be t ! ,jews :o groan$ "u ! ,roman yoke & _h long *]i%$ ! hope ( deliv]ance %\ld be /irr$ up all ov] ,judaea & assemble !mselves 9 _! ?\s&s40 ,jesus mu/ h kn[n1 too1 t if ! p believ$ ,8 mess5g]s !y w\ld look ab\t = an e>?ly deliv]] & turn to ,him = ?is purpose4 ,! ,gospel1 !re=e1 meant no?+ m or less to all :o he>d x ?an t1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,jesus1 ! ,k+dom ( ,messiah 0 ab\t to be br\ght 94 ,= !m !re 0 no difficulty 9 accept+ ! belief t ,he 0 ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ,god1 = ?is belief did n involve any?+ metaphysical4 ,! nation 0 ! ,son ( ,god2 ! k+s ( ! cov5antp 7 ,sons ( ,god2 ! ,messiah 0 9 a pre em95t s5se ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?us ev5 9 ,8 ,messianic claims ,jesus rema9$ 8)9 ! limits ( humanity40 ,! fact t ,he did n ne$ to expla9 to ,8 contempor>ies :at ,he meant by ! ,k+dom ( ,god con/itutes a difficulty = u4 ,! p>ables d n enlight5 u1 = !y presuppose a k ( ! conception4 8,if we c\ld n ga!r f ! writ+s ( ! ,jews "s fur!r in=mation z to :at 0 und]/ood at t "t by ! ,messiah & ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ^! po9ts ( prim>y importance w\ld be v obscure & incompreh5sible40 8,if1 !re=e1 we desire to ga9 a hi/orical und]/&+ ( ,jesus' tea*+1 we mu/ leave beh9d :at we le>n$ 9 our cate*ism reg>d+ ! metaphysical ,div9e ,son%ip1 ! ,tr9ity1 & simil> dogmatic conceptions1 & g out into a :olly ,jewi% _w ( ?\ght4 ,only ^? :o c>ry ! tea*+s ( ! cate*ism back into ! prea*+ ( ! ,jewi% ,messiah w arrive at ! idea t ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( a new religion4 ,to all unprejudic$ p]sons x is manife/ t ,jesus _h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( do+ away ) ! ,jewi% religion & putt+ ano!r 9 its place40 ,f ,matt4 v4 #ah x is evid5t t ,jesus did n break ) ! ,law1 b took ,8 /& ^u x unres]v$ly4 ,if !re 0 any?+ at all new 9 ,8 prea*+1 x 0 ! righte\sness :i* 0 requisite = ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! righte\sness ( ! ,law w no long] suffice 9 ! "t ( ! com+ ,k+dom2 a new & deep] morality mu/ come into be+4 ,?is dem& is ! only po9t 9 :i* ! prea*+ ( ,jesus w5t beyond ! ideas ( ,8 contempor>ies4 ,b ?is new morality does n d away ) ! ,law1 = ,he expla9s x z a fulfilm5t ( ! old comm&m5ts4 ,8 foll[]s1 no d\bt1 broke ) ! ,law lat] on4 ,!y did s1 h[ev]1 n 9 pursuance ( a comm& ( ,jesus1 b "u ! pressure ( circum/ances1 at ! "t :5 !y 7 =c$ out ( ,judaism & oblig$ to f\nd a new religion4 ,jesus %>$ ! ,jewi% racial exclusiv5ess :olly & unres]v$ly4 ,accord+ to ,matt4 x4 #e ,he =bade ,8 disciples to decl>e to ! ,g5tiles ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ,8 purpose did n embrace !m4 ,_h x be5 o!rwise1 ! hesitation ( ,pet] 9 ,acts x4 & xi41 & ! necessity ( ju/ify+ ! conv]sion ( ,cornelius1 w\ld be incompreh5sible4 ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] are no evid5ce t ,jesus int5d$ to f\nd a new religion4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! g5u95ess ( ! comm& to baptize 9 ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai is que/ionable1 n only z a say+ ascrib$ to ! ris5 ,jesus1 b also because x is univ]sali/ic 9 outlook1 & because x implies ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity &1 consequ5tly1 ! metaphysical ,div9e ,son%ip ( ,jesus4 ,9 ?is x is inconsi/5t ) ! e>lie/ traditions reg>d+ ! practice ( baptism 9 ! ,*ri/ian community1 = 9 ! e>lie/ times1 z we le>n f ! ,acts & f ,paul1 x 0 ! cu/om to baptize1 n 9 ! "n ( ! ,tr9ity1 b 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 ! ,messiah4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 x is que/ionable :e!r ,baptism really goes back to ,jesus at all4 ,he ,himself baptiz$ no "o 9 ,8 own lifetime1 & nev] comm&$ any ( ,8 conv]ts to be baptiz$4 ,s we _c be sure ab\t ! orig9 ( ,baptism1 ?\gh we c be sure ( its mean+4 ,baptism 9 ! "n ( ,jesus signifi$ only t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah4 8,= ! only *ange :i* ! tea*+ ( ,jesus made 9 _! religion 0 t :]eas !y _h =m]ly believ$ 9 a ,deliv]] ( ,israel :o 0 to come 9 ! future1 !y n[ believ$ 9 a ,deliv]] :o 0 already pres5t40 ,! 8,"l's ,supp]10 aga91 0 no new in/itution1 b m]ely an episode at ! la/ ,pas*al ,meal ( ! ,k+dom :i* 0 pass+ away1 & 0 int5d$ 8z an anticipatory celebration ( ! ,passov] ( ! ,new ,k+dom40 ,a ,"l's ,supp] 9 our s5se1 8cut loose f ! ,passov]10 w\ld h be5 inconceivable to ,jesus1 & n less s to ,8 disciples4 ,x is useless to appeal to ! miracles1 any m ?an to ! 8,sacram5ts10 z evid5ce = ! f\nd+ ( a new religion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h to rememb] :at happ5s 9 ! case ( miracles h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,t ,jesus effect$ cures1 :i* 9 ! eyes ( ,8 contempor>ies 7 miracul\s1 is n to be d5i$4 ,_! purpose 0 to prove ,him to be ! ,messiah4 ,he =bade ^! miracles to be made kn[n1 ev5 9 cases :]e !y c\ld n possibly be kept hidd51 8) ! sole purpose ( mak+ p m eag] to talk ( !m40 ,o!r miracles1 h[ev]1 h no basis 9 fact1 b owe _! place 9 ! n>rative to ! feel+ t ! miracle/ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ be repeat$ 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 b on a gr&] scale4 ,he did no really miracul\s works2 o!rwise1 ! dem&s = a sign w\ld be incompreh5sible4 ,9 ,j]usalem :5 all ! p 7 look+ eag]ly = an ov]:elm+ manife/ation ( ,8 ,messiah%ip1 :at a trem5d\s effect a miracle w\ld h produc$6 ,if only a s+le miracle _h be5 publicly1 conv9c+ly1 und5iably1 p]=m$ by ,jesus be=e all ! p on "o ( ! great days ( ! ,fea/1 su* is human nature t all ! p w\ld at once h flock$ to ,8 /&>d4 ,= ?is popul> upris+1 h[ev]1 ,he wait$ 9 va94 ,twice ,he believ$ t x 0 ne> at h&4 ,! fir/ "t 0 :5 ,he 0 s5d+ out ! disciples & said to !m3 8,ye %all n h gone ov] ! cities ( ,israel be=e ! ,son ( ,man comes0 7,matt4 x4 #bc74 ,he ?\ght t1 at ! prea*+ ( ! disciples1 ! p w\ld flock to ,him f e qu>t] & imm$iately proclaim ,him ,messiah2 b ,8 expectation 0 disappo9t$4 ,! second "t1 ,he ?\ght to br+ ab\t ! decisive issue 9 ,j]usalem4 ,he made ,8 entry rid+ on an ass's colt1 t ! ,messianic prophecy ( ,ze*>iah might be fulfill$4 ,& ! p actually did cry 8,hosanna to ! ,son ( ,david60 ,rely+ on ! support ( ,8 foll[]s ,he might n[1 ,he ?\ght1 bid defiance to ! au?orities4 ,9 ! temple ,he arrogates to ,himself supreme p[]1 & 9 gl[+ words calls = an op5 revolt aga9/ ! ,sanh$r9 & ! ,ph>isees1 on ! gr\nd t !y h %ut ! doors ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 & =bidd5 o!rs to g 94 ,!re is no d\bt1 n[1 t ,he w c>ry ! p ) ,him6 ,confid5t 9 ! success ( ,8 cause1 ,he closes ! great inc5di>y h>angue 9 ,matt4 xxiii4 ) ! words 8,truly f h5ce=? ye %all n see me aga9 until ye %all say ,bless$ is he t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l02 t is1 until !y %\ld hail ,him z ,messiah4 ,b ! p 9 ,j]usalem refus$ to rise1 z ! ,galilaeans _h refus$ at ! "t :5 ! disciples 7 s5t out to r\se !m4 ,! ,c\ncil prep>$ = vigor\s action4 ,! volunt>y concealm5t by :i* ,jesus _h ?\ght to :et ! eag]ness ( ! p became involunt>y4 ,be=e ,8 arre/ ,he 0 ov]:elm$ ) dread1 & on ! cross ,he clos$ ,8 life ) ! words 8,my ,god6 my ,god6 :y ha/ ,?\ =sak5 me80 8,?is av[al _c1 )\t viol5ce1 be int]pret$ o!rwise ?an z mean+ t ,god _h n aid$ ,him 9 ,8 aim & purpose z ,he _h hop$4 ,t %[s t x _h n be5 ,8 purpose to suff] & die1 b to e/abli% an e>?ly k+dom & deliv] ! ,jews f political oppression--& 9 t ,god's help _h fail$ ,him40 ,= ! disciples ?is turn ( affairs meant ! de/ruction ( all ! dreams = ! sake ( :i* !y _h foll[$ ,jesus4 ,= if !y _h giv5 up any?+ on ,8 acc\nt1 x 0 only 9 ord] to receive x aga9 an hundr$fold :5 !y %\ld op5ly take _! places 9 ! eyes ( all ! _w z ! fri5ds & m9i/]s ( ! ,messiah1 z ! rul]s ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,jesus nev] disabus$ !m ( ?is s5su\s hope1 b1 on ! contr>y1 confirm$ !m 9 x4 ,:5 ,he put an end to ! qu>rel ab\t preem95ce1 & :5 ,he answ]$ ! reque/ ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ,he did n attack ! assumption t !re 7 to be ?rones & p[]1 b only address$ ,himself to ! "q h[ m5 7 9 ! pres5t to e/abli% _! claims to t position ( au?ority4 ,all ?is implies t ! "t ( ! fulfilm5t ( ^! hopes 0 n ?\ght ( by ,jesus & ,8 disciples z at all remote4 ,9 ,matt4 xvi4 #bh1 = example1 ,he says3 8,truly ,i say unto y !re are "s /&+ "h :o %all n ta/e ( dea?1 till !y see ! ,son ( man com+ 9 8 k+dom40 ,!re is no ju/ification = twi/+ ?is ab\t or expla9+ x away4 ,x simply means t ,jesus promises ! fulfilm5t ( all ,messianic hopes be=e ! end ( ! exi/+ g5]ation4 ,?us ! disciples 7 prep>$ = any?+ r ?an t :i* actually happ5$4 ,jesus _h nev] said a ^w to !m ab\t ,8 dy+ & ris+ aga91 o!rwise !y w\ld n h s play$ ! c[>d at ,8 dea?1 nor h be5 s a/oni%$ at ,8 8resurrection40 ,! ?ree or f\r say+s ref]r+ to ^! ev5ts mu/ !re=e h be5 put into ,8 m\? lat]1 9 ord] to make x appe> t ,he _h =ese5 ^! ev5ts 9 ,8 orig9al plan4 ,h[1 !n1 did !y get ov] ?is app>5tly annihilat+ bl[8 ,by fall+ back ^u ! second =m ( ! ,jewi% ,messianic hope4 ,hi!rto _! ?\ghts1 l ^? ( _! ,ma/]1 _h be5 dom9at$ by ! political ideal ( ! prophets--! scion ( ,david's l9e :o %\ld appe> z ! political deliv]] ( ! nation4 ,b alongside ( t !re exi/$ ano!r ,messianic expectation :i* transf]r$ ev]y?+ to ! sup]natural sph]e4 ,appe>+ fir/ 9 ,daniel1 ?is expectation c /ill be trac$ 9 ! ,apocalypses1 9 ,ju/9's 8,dialogue ) ,trypho10 & 9 c]ta9 ,rabb9ic say+s4 ,accord+ to ^!--,reim>us makes use especially ( ! /atem5ts ( ,trypho--! ,messiah is to appe> twice2 once 9 human l[l9ess1 ! second "t ^u ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,:5 ! fir/ sy/ema1 z ,reim>us calls x1 0 annihilat$ by ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ! disciples br\ght =w>d ! second1 & ga!r$ foll[]s :o %>$ _! expectation ( a second com+ ( ,jesus ! ,messiah4 ,9 ord] to get rid ( ! difficulty ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 !y gave x ! significance ( a spiritual r$emption--:i* _h n previ\sly ent]$ _! field ( vision or t ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,b ?is spiritual int]pretation ( ,8 dea? w\ld n h help$ !m if !y _h n also inv5t$ ! resurrection4 ,imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 inde$1 su* an idea 0 f> f _! ?\ghts4 ,!y 7 9 deadly fe> & kept close )9 doors4 8,soon1 h[ev]1 "o & ano!r v5tures to slip out4 ,!y le>n t no judicial se>* is be+ made = !m40 ,!n !y consid] :at is to be done4 ,!y did n take k9dly to ! idea ( return+ to _! old haunts2 on _! j\rney+s ! companions ( ! ,messiah _h =gott5 h[ to "w4 ,!y _h se5 t ! prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god w keep a man4 ,ev5 :5 !y _h be5 s5t out )\t wallet or money !y _h n lack$4 ,! wom5 :o are m5tion$ 9 ,luke viii4 #b1 #c1 _h made x _! bus9ess to make good provision = ! ,messiah & ,8 future m9i/]s4 ,:y n1 !n1 cont9ue ?is mode ( life8 ,!y w\ld surely f9d a suffici5t numb] ( fai?ful s\ls :o w\ld jo9 !m 9 direct+ _! hopes t[>ds a second com+ ( ! ,messiah1 & :ile await+ ! future glory1 w\ld %>e _! possessions ) !m4 ,s !y /ole ! body ( ,jesus & hid x1 & proclaim$ to all ! _w t ,he w\ld soon return4 ,!y prud5tly wait$1 h[ev]1 = fifty days be=e mak+ ?is ann\ncem5t1 9 ord] t ! body1 if x %\ld be f\nd1 might be unrecognisable4 ,:at 0 mu* 9 _! fav\r 0 ! complete disorganisation ( ! ,jewi% /ate4 ,_h !re be5 an effici5t police adm9i/ration ! disciples w\ld n h be5 able to plan ?is fraud & organise _! communi/ic fell[%ip4 ,b1 z x 01 ! new society 0 n ev5 subject$ to any annoyance 9 consequ5ce ( ! rem>kable dea? ( a m>ri$ c\ple :o 7 buri$ f ! apo/les' h\se1 & ! bro!rhood 0 ev5 all[$ to confiscate _! prop]ty to its own uses4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! hope ( ! ,p>\sia 0 ! fundam5tal ?+ 9 primitive ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 a product ( t hope mu* m ?an ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,accord+ly1 ! ma9 problem ( primitive dogmatics 0 ! delay ( ! ,p>\sia4 ,already 9 ,paul's "t ! problem 0 press+1 & he _h to set to "w 9 #b ,!ssalonians to discov] all possible & impossible reasons :y ! ,second ,com+ %\ld be delay$4 ,reim>us m]cilessly exposes ! position ( ! apo/le1 :o 0 oblig$ to fob p (f someh[ or o!r4 ,! au?or ( #b ,pet] has a mu* cle>] notion ( :at he w\ld be at1 & und]takes to re/ore ! confid5ce ( ,*ri/5dom once = all ) ! sophism ( ! ?\s& ye>s :i* are 9 ! sight ( ,god z "o day1 ignor+ ! fact t 9 ! promise ! reckon+ 0 by man's ye>s1 n by ,god's4 8,nev]!less x s]v$ ! turn ( ! ,apo/les s well ) ^? simple e>ly ,*ri/ians1 t aft] ! fir/ believ]s _h be5 bemus$ ) x1 & ! p]iod orig9ally fix$ _h elaps$1 ! ,*ri/ians ( lat] g5]ations1 includ+ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 c\ld cont9ue ev] aft] to fe$ !mselves ) empty hopes40 ,! say+ ( ,*ri/ ab\t ! g5]ation :i* %\ld n die out be=e ,8 return cle>ly fixes ?is ev5t at no v di/ant date4 ,b s9ce ,jesus has n yet appe>$ ^u ! cl\ds ( heav5 8^! words mu/ be /ra9$ into mean+1 n t g5]ation1 b ! ,jewi% p4 ,?us by exegetical art !y are sav$ = ev]1 = ! ,jewi% race w nev] die out40 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 8! !ologians ( ! pres5t day skim lightly ov] ! es*atological mat]ial 9 ! ,gospels because x does n *ime 9 ) _! views1 & assign to ! com+ ( ,*ri/ ^u ! cl\ds q a diff]5t purpose f t :i* x be>s 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les40 ,inasmu* z ! nonfulfilm5t ( its es*atology is n admitt$1 our ,*ri/ianity re/s ^u a fraud4 ,9 view ( ?is fact1 :at is ! evid5tial value ( any miracle1 ev5 if x c\ld be held to be au!ntic8 8,no miracle w\ld prove t two & two make five1 or t a circle has f\r angles2 & no miracles1 h[ev] num]\s1 c\ld remove a contradiction :i* lies on ! surface ( ! tea*+s & records ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,nor is !re any weight 9 ! appeal to ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 = ! cases 9 :i* ,mat!w c\nt]signs x ) ! words 8t ! ,scripture might be fulfill$0 are all artificial & unreal2 & = _m incid5ts ! /age 0 set by ,jesus1 or ,8 disciples1 or ! ,evangeli/s1 ) ! delib]ate purpose ( pres5t+ to ! p a sc5e f ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 ,! sole argum5t :i* c\ld save ! cr$it ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld be a pro( t ! ,p>\sia _h really tak5 place at ! "t = :i* x 0 ann\nc$2 & obvi\sly no su* pro( c be produc$4 ,su* is ,reim>us' recon/ruction ( ! hi/ory4 ,we c well und]/& t 8 "w mu/ h giv5 (f5ce :5 x appe>$1 = x is a polemic1 n an objective hi/orical /udy4 ,b we h no "r simply to dismiss x 9 a ^w1 z a ,dei/ic production1 z ,otto ,s*mi$el1 = example1 does27#ah7 x is "t t ,reim>us came to 8 own1 & t we %\ld recognise a hi/orical p]=mance ( no mean ord] 9 ?is piece ( ,dei/ic polemics4 ,8 "w is p]haps ! mo/ spl5did a*ievem5t 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! hi/orical inve/igation ( ! life ( ,jesus1 = he 0 ! fir/ to grasp ! fact t ! _w ( ?\ght 9 :i* ,jesus mov$ 0 ess5tially es*atological4 ,!re is "s ju/ification = ! animosity :i* flames up 9 8 writ+4 ,?is hi/orical tru? _h tak5 possession ( 8 m9d ) su* ov]:elm+ =ce t he c\ld no long] und]/& 8 contempor>ies1 & c\ld n away ) _! pr(ession t _! beliefs 71 z !y pr(ess$ to be1 directly d]iv$ f ! prea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,:at add$ to ! (f5ce 0 t he saw ! es*atology 9 a wrong p]spective4 ,he held t ! ,messianic ideal :i* dom9at$ ! prea*+ ( ,jesus 0 t ( ! political rul]1 ! son ( ,david4 ,all 8 o!r mi/akes are ! consequ5ce ( ?is fundam5tal error4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 a m]e make%ift hypo!sis to d]ive ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity f an impo/ure4 ,hi/orical sci5ce 0 n at t "t suffici5tly advanc$ to lead ev5 ! man :o _h div9$ ! fundam5tally es*atological "* ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus onw>d to ! hi/orical solution ( ! problem2 x ne$$ m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s to fill 9 ! *asm :i* ,reim>us _h be5 =c$ to bridge ) t make%ift hypo!sis ( 84 ,9 ! light ( ! cle> p]ception ( ! elem5ts ( ! problem :i* ,reim>us _h atta9$1 ! :ole movem5t ( !ology1 d[n to ,johannes ,weiss1 appe>s retrograde4 ,9 all its "w ! !sis is ignor$ or obscur$ t ,jesus1 z a hi/orical p]sonality1 is to be reg>d$1 n z ! f\nd] ( a new religion1 b z ! f9al product ( ! es*atological & apocalyptic ?\ght ( ,late ,judaism4 ,e s5t5ce ( ,johannes ,weiss's ,die ,pr$igt ,jesu vom ,rei*e ,gottes 7#ahib7 is a v9dication1 a rehabilitation1 ( ,reim>us z a hi/orical ?9k]4 ,ev5 s ! travell] on ! pla9 sees f af> ! di/ant range ( m\nta9s4 ,!n he loses sight ( !m aga94 ,8 way w9ds sl[ly upw>ds ?r\gh ! valleys1 draw+ ev] ne>] to ! peaks1 until at la/1 at a turn ( ! pa?1 !y /& be=e him1 n 9 ! %apes :i* !y _h seem$ to take f ! di/ant pla91 b 9 _! actual =ms4 ,reim>us 0 ! fir/1 aft] eighte5 c5turies ( misconception1 to h an inkl+ ( :at es*atology really 04 ,!n !ology lo/ sight ( x aga91 & x 0 n until aft] ! lapse ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s t x came 9 view ( es*atology once m1 n[ 9 its true =m1 s f> z t c be hi/orically det]m9$1 & only aft] x _h be5 l$ a/ray1 almo/ to ! la/1 9 all its hi/orical rese>*es by ! sole mi/ake ( ,reim>us--! assumption t ! es*atology 0 e>?ly & political 9 "*4 ,?us !ology %>$ at lea/ ! error ( ! man :om x knew only z a ,dei/1 n z an hi/orian1 & ^: true greatness 0 n recognis$ ev5 by ,/rauss1 ?\gh he rais$ a lit]>y monum5t to him4 ,! solution (f]$ by ,reim>us may be wrong2 ! data ( obs]vation f :i* he />ts out are1 beyond "q1 "r1 because ! prim>y datum ( all is g5u9ely hi/orical4 ,he recognis$ t two sy/ems ( ,messianic expectation 7 pres5t side by side 9 ,late ,judaism4 ,he endeav\r$ to br+ !m into mutual relations 9 ord] to repres5t ! actual movem5t ( ! hi/ory4 ,9 s do+ he made ! mi/ake ( plac+ !m 9 consecutive ord]1 ascrib+ to ,jesus ! political ,son(,david conception1 & to ! ,apo/les1 aft] ,8 dea?1 ! apocalyptic sy/em bas$ on ,daniel1 in/ead ( sup]impos+ "o ^u ! o!r 9 su* a way t ! ,messianic ,k+ might co9cide ) ! ,son ( ,man1 & ! anci5t prophetic conception might be inscrib$ )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! ,danieldesc5d$ apocalyptic1 & rais$ along ) x to ! sup]s5su\s plane4 ,b :at matt]s ! mi/ake 9 comp>ison ) ! fact t ! problem 0 really grasp$8 ,reim>us felt t ! abs5ce 9 ! prea*+ ( ,jesus ( any def9ition ( ! pr9cipal t]m 7! ,k+dom ( ,god71 9 conjunction ) ! great & rapid success ( ,8 prea*+ con/itut$ a problem1 & he =mulat$ ! conception t ,jesus 0 n a religi\s f\nd] & tea*]1 b purely a prea*]4 ,he br\ght ! ,synoptic & ,johann9e n>ratives into h>mony by practically leav+ ! latt] out ( acc\nt4 ,! attitude ( ,jesus t[>ds ! law1 & ! process by :i* ! disciples came to take up a fre] attitude1 0 grasp$ & expla9$ by him s accurately t mod]n hi/orical sci5ce does n ne$ to add a ^w1 b w\ld be well pleas$ if at lea/ half ! !ologians ( ! pres5t day _h got z f>4 ,fur!r1 he recognis$ t primitive ,*ri/ianity 0 n some?+ :i* grew1 s to speak1 out ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b t x came into be+ z a new creation1 9 consequ5ce ( ev5ts & circum/ances :i* add$ some?+ to t prea*+ :i* x did n previ\sly conta92 & t ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 9 ! hi/orical s5se ( ^! t]ms1 7 n in/itut$ by ,jesus1 b creat$ by ! e>ly ,*ur* on ! basis ( c]ta9 hi/orical assumptions4 ,aga91 ,reim>us felt t ! fact t ! 8ev5t ( ,ea/]0 0 fir/ proclaim$ at ,p5teco/ con/itut$ a problem1 & he s\ght a solution = x4 ,he recognis$1 fur!r1 t ! solution ( ! problem ( ! life ( ,jesus calls = a comb9ation ( ! me?ods ( hi/orical & lit]>y criticism4 ,he felt t m]ely to emphasise ! "p play$ by es*atology w\ld n suffice1 b t x 0 necess>y to assume a creative elem5t 9 ! tradition1 to :i* he ascrib$ ! miracles1 ! /ories :i* turn on ! fulfilm5t ( ,messianic prophecy1 ! univ]sali/ic traits & ! pr$ictions ( ! passion & ! resurrection4 ,l ,wr$e1 too1 he feels t ! prescription ( sil5ce 9 ! case ( miracles ( heal+ & ( c]ta9 communications to ! disciples con/itutes a problem :i* dem&s solution4 ,/ill m rem>kable is 8 eye = exegetical detail4 ,he has an unfail+ in/9ct = pregnant passages l ,matt4 x4 #bc1 xvi4 #bh1 :i* are crucial = ! int]pretation ( l>ge masses ( ! hi/ory4 ,! fact is !re are "s :o are hi/orians by ! grace ( ,god1 :o f _! "m's womb h an in/9ctive feel+ = ! real4 ,!y foll[ ?r\gh all ! intricacy & confusion ( report$ fact ! pa?way ( reality1 l a /ream :i*1 despite ! rocks t encumb] its c\rse & ! w9d+s ( its valley1 f9ds its way inevitably to ! sea4 ,no erudition c supply ! place ( ?is hi/orical in/9ct1 b erudition sometimes s]ves a useful purpose1 inasmu* z x produces 9 its possessors ! pleas+ belief t !y are hi/orians1 & ?us secures _! s]vices = ! cause ( hi/ory4 ,9 tru? !y are at be/ m]ely do+ ! prelim9>y spade"w ( hi/ory1 collect+ = a future hi/orian ! dry bones ( fact1 f :i*1 ) ! aid ( 8 natural gift1 he c recall ! pa/ to life4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! way 9 :i* erudition seeks to s]ve hi/ory is by suppress+ hi/orical discov]ies z long z possible1 & lead+ out into ! field to oppose ! "o true view an army ( possibilities4 ,by array+ ^! 9 support ( "o ano!r x f9ally imag9es t x has creat$ out ( possibilities a liv+ reality4 ,?is ob/ructive erudition is ! special pr]ogative ( !ology1 9 :i*1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 a truly m>vell\s s*ol>%ip (t5 s]ves only to bl9d ! eyes to elem5t>y tru?s1 & to cause ! artificial to be pref]r$ to ! natural4 ,& ?is happ5s n only ) ^? :o delib]ately %ut _! m9ds aga9/ new impressions1 b also ) ^? ^: purpose is to g =w>d1 & to :om _! contempor>ies look up z lead]s4 ,x 0 a typical illu/ration ( ?is fact :5 ,seml] rose up & slew ,reim>us 9 ! "n ( sci5tific !ology47#ai7 ,reim>us _h discr$it$ progressive !ology4 ,/ud5ts--s ,seml] tells u 9 8 preface--became unsettl$ & s\ght o!r call+s4 ,! great ,halle !ologian--born 9 #agbe--! pione] ( ! hi/orical view ( ! ,canon1 ! precursor ( ,baur 9 ! recon/ruction ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 0 urg$ to d away ) ! (f5ce4 ,z ,orig5 ( yore ) ,celsus1 s ,seml] takes ,reim>us s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 9 su* a way t if 8 "w 7 lo/ x c\ld be recov]$ f ! refutation4 ,! fact 0 t ,seml] _h no?+ 9 ! nature ( a complete or wellarticulat$ argum5t to oppose to him2 !re=e he inaugurat$ 9 8 reply ! 8,yes1 b0 !ology1 :i* !reaft]1 = m ?an ?ree g5]ations1 :ile x took1 itself1 ! mo/ v>i\s modifications1 imag9$ t x _h f9ally got rid ( ,reim>us & 8 discov]y4 ,reim>us--s ran ! wat*word ( ! gu]rilla w>f>e :i* ,seml] wag$ aga9/ him--_c be "r1 = he is "osid$4 ,jesus & ,8 disciples employ$ two me?ods ( tea*+3 "o s5su\s1 pictorial1 drawn f ! sph]e ( ,jewi% ideas1 by :i* !y adapt$ _! mean+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! multitude1 & endeav\r$ to raise !m to a high] way ( ?9k+2 & alongside ( t a purely spiritual tea*+ :i* 0 indep5d5t ( t k9d ( imag]y4 ,bo? me?ods ( tea*+ cont9u$ to be us$ side by side1 because !re 7 always contempor>y repres5tatives ( ! two degrees ( capability & ! two k9ds ( temp]am5t4 8,?is is hi/orically s c]ta9 t ! ,fragm5ti/'s attack mu/ inevitably be defeat$ at ?is po9t1 because he takes acc\nt only ( ! s5su\s repres5tation40 ,b 8 attack 0 n defeat$4 ,:at happ5$ 0 t1 ow+ to ! respect 9 :i* ,seml] 0 held1 & ! absolute incapacity ( contempor>y !ology to ov]take ! long /ride =w>d made by ,reim>us1 8 "w 0 neglect$1 & ! /imulus :i* x 0 capable ( imp>t+ fail$ to take effect4 ,he _h no pr$ecessors2 nei!r _h he any disciples4 ,8 "w is "o ( ^? supremely great works :i* pass & leave no trace1 because !y are be=e _! "t2 to :i* lat] g5]ations pay a j tribute ( admiration1 b owe no gratitude4 ,inde$ x w\ld be tru] to say t ,reim>us hung a mill/one ab\t ! neck ( ! ris+ !ological sci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,he av5g$ himself on ,seml] by %ak+ 8 fai? 9 hi/orical !ology & ev5 9 ! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,by ! end ( ! eigh? decade ( ! c5tury ! ,halle pr(essor 0 beg9n+ to retrace 8 /eps1 0 becom+ m & m disloyal to ! cause :i* he _h =m]ly s]v$2 & he f9ally w5t s f> z to give 8 approval to ,wlln]'s edict = ! regulation ( religion 7#aghh74 ,8 fri5ds attribut$ ?is *ange ( front to s5ility--he di$ #agia4 ,?us ! magnific5t ov]ture 9 :i* are ann\nc$ all ! motifs ( ! future hi/orical treatm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus breaks (f ) a sudd5 discord1 rema9s isolat$ & incomplete1 & leads to no?+ fur!r4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,lives ,,( ,,jesus ,,( ,,! ,,e>li] ,,rationalism ,johann ,jakob ,hess4 ,ges*i*te d] drei letzt5 ,leb5sjahre ,jesu4 7,hi/ory ( ! ,la/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ! ,life ( ,jesus47 #c vols41 #adjj pp4 ,leipzig,zuri*1 #agfhaggb2 #crd ed41 #aggd ff42 #g? ed41 #ahbc ff4 ,franz ,volkm> ,re9h>d4 ,v]su* b] d5 ,plan1 wel*5 d] ,/ift] d] *ri/li*5 ,religion zum ,be/5 d] ,m5s*heit entw>f4 7,essay ^u ! ,plan :i* ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion adopt$ = ! ,b5efit ( ,mank9d47 #ejj pp4 #agha2 #d? ed41 #agih2 #e? ed41 #ahcj4 ,our acc\nt is bas$ on ! #d? ed4 ,! #e? conta9s supplem5t>y matt] by ,heubn]4 ,ern/ ,augu/ ,opitz4 ,prea*] at ,zs*eppel94 ,ges*i*te und ,*>act]zge ,jesu4 7,hi/ory ( ,jesus1 ) a ,del9eation ( ,8 ,"*47 ,j5a & ,leipzig1 #ahab4 #dhh pp4 ,johann ,adolph ,jakobi4 ,sup]9t5d5t at ,walt]%aus54 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu fr d5k5de und gemtvolle ,les]1 #ahaf4 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus = ?\ghtful & sympa!tic read]s47 ,a second volume1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! apo/olic age1 foll[$ 9 #ahah4 ,johann ,gottfri$ ,h]d]4 ,vom ,erls] d] ,m5s*54 ,na* uns]n drei er/5 ,evangeli54 7,! ,r$eem] ( m51 z portray$ 9 our fir/ ?ree ,gospels47 #agif4 ,von ,gottes ,sohn1 d] ,welt ,heil&4 ,na* ,johannes ,evangelium4 7,! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,savi\r ( ! ,_w1 z portray$ by ,john's ,gospel47 ,accompani$ by a rule = ! h>monisation ( our ,gospels on ! basis ( _! orig9 & ord]4 ,riga1 publi%$ by ,h>tkno*1 #agig4 ,see ,h]d]'s complete works1 ed4 ,suphan1 vol4 xix4 ,t ?or\ghgo+ !ological rationalism :i* accepts only s mu* ( religion z c ju/ify itself at ! b> ( reason1 & :i* conceives & repres5ts ! orig9 ( religion 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 0 prec$$ by a rationalism less complete1 z yet n :olly dissociat$ f a simplem9d$ sup]naturalism4 ,its po9t ( view is "o at :i* x is almo/ impossible = ! mod]n man to place himself4 ,"h1 9 a s+le consci\sness1 or?odoxy & rationalism lie /ratifi$ 9 successive lay]s4 ,"h1 to *ange ! metaphor1 rationalism surr\nds religion )\t t\*+ x1 &1 l a lake surr\nd+ "s anci5t ca/le1 mirrors its image ) curi\s refractions4 ,?is halfdevelop$ rationalism 0 consci\s ( an impulse--x is ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( !ology t ?is impulse manife/s itself--to write ! ,life ( ,jesus2 at fir/ )\t any suspicion :i!r ?is und]tak+ w\ld lead x4 ,no rude h&s 7 to be laid ^u ! doctr9al conception ( ,jesus2 at lea/ ^! writ]s _h no int5tion ( lay+ h&s ^u x4 ,_! purpose 0 simply to ga9 a cle>] view ( ! c\rse ( our ,"l's e>?ly & human life4 ,! !ologians :o und]took ?is task ?\ght ( !mselves z m]ely writ+ an hi/orical supplem5t to ! life ( ! ,god,man ,jesus4 ,^! 8,lives0 are1 !re=e1 compos$ accord+ to ! prescription ( ! 8good old g5tleman0 :o 9 #ahbi advis$ ! "y ,hase to treat fir/ ( ! div9e1 & !n ( ! human side ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! battle ab\t miracle _h n yet begun4 ,b miracle no long] plays a "p ( any importance2 x is a firmly e/abli%$ pr9ciple t ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 & religion 9 g5]al1 hold _! place solely 9 virtue ( _! inn] reasonabl5ess1 n by ! support ( outw>d evid5ce4 ,! only ?+ t is really rationali/ic 9 ^! old] works is ! treatm5t ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,ev5 ^? t reta9 ! l>ge/ %>e ( sup]naturalism are z completely undogmatic z ! m advanc$ 9 _! reproduction ( ! disc\rses ( ! ,great ,tea*]4 ,all ( !m make x a pr9ciple to lose no opportunity ( r$uc+ ! numb] ( miracles2 :]e !y c expla9 a miracle by natural causes1 !y d n hesitate = a mom5t4 ,b ! delib]ate rejection ( all miracles1 ! elim9ation ( ev]y?+ sup]natural :i* intrudes itself into ! life ( ,jesus1 is /ill to seek4 ,t pr9ciple 0 fir/ consi/5tly c>ri$ ?r\gh by ,paulus4 ,) ^! e>li] writ]s x dep5ds on ! degree ( enlight5m5t ( ! individual :e!r ! irr$ucible m9imum ( ! sup]natural is l>g] or small]4 ,moreov]1 ! p]iod ( ?is old] rationalism1 l e p]iod :5 human ?\ght has be5 /rong & vigor\s1 is :olly unhi/orical4 ,:at x is look+ = is n ! pa/1 b itself 9 ! pa/4 ,= x1 ! problem ( ! life ( ,jesus is solv$ ! mom5t x succe$s 9 br++ ,jesus ne> to its own "t1 9 portray+ ,him z ! great tea*] ( virtue1 & %[+ t ,8 tea*+ is id5tical ) ! intellectual tru? :i* rationalism deifies4 ,! temporal limits ( ?is half&half rationalism are difficult to def9e4 ,= ! hi/orical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus ! fir/ l&m>k :i* x (f]s is ! "w ( ,hess1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agfh4 ,b x held its gr\nd = a long "t side by side ) rationalism prop]1 :i* fail$ to drive x f ! field4 ,a sev5? edition ( ,hess's ,life ( ,jesus appe>$ z late z #ahbc2 :ile a fif? edition ( ,re9h>d's "w saw ! light 9 #ahcj4 ,& :5 ,/rauss /ruck ! dea?bl[ ( out& out rationalism1 ! half&half rationalism did n p]i% ) x1 b alli$ itself ) ! neosup]naturalism :i* ,/rauss's treatm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus _h call$ into be+2 & x /ill prolongs an obscure exi/5ce 9 a c]ta9 section ( cons]vative lit]ature1 ?\gh x has lo/ its be/ *>act]i/ics1 its simplem9d$ness & hone/y4 ,^! old] rationali/ic ,lives ( ,jesus are1 f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view1 among ! lea/ pleas+ ( all !ological productions4 ,! s5tim5tality ( ! portraiture is b\ndless4 ,b\ndless1 also1 & /ill m objectionable1 is ! want ( respect = ! language ( ,jesus4 ,he mu/ speak 9 a rational & mod]n fa%ion1 & accord+ly all ,8 utt]ances are reproduc$ 9 a /yle ( ! mo/ polite mod]nity4 ,none ( ! spee*es are all[$ to /& z !y 7 spok52 !y are tak5 to pieces1 p>aphras$1 & exp&$1 & sometimes1 ) ! view ( mak+ !m really lively1 !y are reca/ 9 ! m\ld ( a freely inv5t$ dialogue4 ,9 all ^! ,lives ( ,jesus1 n a s+le "o ( ,8 say+s reta9s its au!ntic =m4 ,& yet we mu/ n be unju/ to ^! writ]s4 ,:at !y aim$ at 0 to br+ ,jesus ne> to _! own "t1 & 9 s do+ !y became ! pione]s ( ! hi/orical /udy ( ,8 life4 ,! defects ( _! "w 9 reg>d to ae/hetic feel+ & hi/orical grasp are outweigh$ by ! attractiv5ess ( ! purposeful1 unprejudic$ ?9k+ :i* "h awak5s1 /ret*es itself1 & beg9s to move ) fre$om4 ,johann ,jakob ,hess 0 born 9 #agda & di$ 9 #ahbh4 ,aft] work+ z a curate = sev5te5 ye>s he became "o ( ! assi/ant cl]gy at ! ,fraum9/] at ,zuri*1 & lat] 8,anti/es10 presid5t1 ( ! cantonal synod4 ,9 ?is capacity he guid$ ! de/9ies ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,zuri* safely ?r\gh ! tr\bl\s times ( ! ,revolution4 ,he 0 n a deep ?9k]1 b 0 well read & n )\t ability4 ,z a man1 he did spl5did "w4 ,8 ,life ( ,jesus /ill keeps l>gely to ! l9es ( a p>aphrase ( ! ,gospels2 inde$1 he calls x a p>aphras+ hi/ory4 ,x is bas$ ^u a h>moniz+ comb9ation ( ! f\r ,gospels4 ,! matt] ( ! ,synoptic n>ratives is1 z 9 all ! ,lives ( ,jesus prior to ,/rauss--) ! sole exception ( ,h]d]'s--fitt$ m or less arbitr>ily into ! int]vals betwe5 ! ,passov]s 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,9 reg>d to miracles1 he admits t ^! are a /umbl+block4 ,b !y are ess5tial to ! ,gospel n>rative & to revelation2 _h ,jesus be5 only a moral tea*] & n ! ,son ( ,god !y w\ld n h be5 necess>y4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to prize miracles = _! own sake1 b to look prim>ily to _! e?ical tea*+4 ,x 01 he rem>ks1 ! mi/ake ( ! ,jews to reg>d all ! acts ( ,jesus solely f ! po9t ( view ( _! /range & miracul\s "*1 & to =get _! moral tea*+2 :]eas we1 f di/a/e = miracle z su*1 run ! risk ( exclud+ f ! ,gospel hi/ory ev5ts :i* are b\nd up ) ! ,gospel revelation4 ,above all1 we mu/ reta9 ! sup]natural bir? & ! bodily resurrection1 because on ! =m] dep5ds ! s9lessness ( ,jesus1 on ! latt] ! c]ta9ty ( ! g5]al resurrection ( ! dead4 ,! temptation ( ,jesus 9 ! wild]ness 0 a /ratagem ( ,satan by :i* he hop$ to discov] 8:e!r ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 really s extraord9>y a p]son t he w\ld h cause to fe> ,him40 ,! resurrection ( ,laz>us is au!ntic4 ,b ! ,gospel n>rative is rationalis$ :5ev] x c be done4 ,x 0 n ! demons1 b ! ,gad>5e demoniacs !mselves1 :o ru%$ among ! sw9e4 ,al>m$ by _! fury ! :ole h]d plung$ ov] ! precipice into ! lake & 7 dr[n$2 :ile by ?is accommodation to ! fix$ idea ( ! demoniacs1 ,jesus effect$ _! cure4 ,p]haps1 too1 ,hess conjectures1 ! ,"l desir$ to te/ ! ,gad>5es1 & to see :e!r !y w\ld atta* great] importance to ! good de$ done to two ( _! numb] ?an to ! loss ( _! sw9e4 ,?is explanation1 re9=c$ by its moral1 held its gr\nd 9 !ology = "s sixty ye>s & pass$ ov] into a r\nd doz5 ,lives ( ,jesus4 ,?is plan ( 8pres5t+ ea* occurr5ce 9 su* a way t :at is valuable & in/ructive 9 x imm$iately /rikes ! eye0 is foll[$ out by ,hess s fai?fully t all cle>ness ( impression is de/roy$4 ,! p>ables are b>ely recognisable1 swa!d1 z !y are1 9 ! mummy wrapp+s ( 8 p>aphrase2 & 9 mo/ cases _! mean+ is completely trave/i$ by ! e?ical or hi/orical allusions :i* he f9ds 9 !m4 ,! p>able ( ! p\nds is expla9$ z ref]r+ to a man :o w5t1 l ,ar*elaus1 to ,rome to obta9 ! k+%ip1 :ile 8 subjects intrigu$ beh9d 8 back4 ,( ! peculi> beauty ( ! spee* ( ,jesus n a trace rema9s4 ,! p>able ( ! ,s[]1 = in/ance1 beg9s3 8,a c\ntryman w5t to s[ 8 field1 :i* lay beside a c\ntryroad1 & 0 "h & !re r rocky1 & 9 "s places we$y1 b 9 g5]al 0 well cultivat$1 & _h a good sort ( soil40 ,! beatitude ^u ! m\rn]s appe>s 9 ! foll[+ guise3 8,happy are !y :o amid ! adv]sities ( ! pres5t make ! be/ ( ?+s & submit !mselves ) pati5ce2 = su* m51 if !y d n see bett] times "h1 %all c]ta9ly else:]e receive com=t & consolation40 ,! "q address$ by ! ,ph>isees to ,john ! ,bapti/1 & 8 answ]1 are giv5 dialoguewise1 9 fu/ian ( ?is k9d3--,! ,ph>isees3 8,we are direct$ to enquire ( y1 9 ! "n ( our presid5t1 :o y pr(ess to be8 ,z p are at pres5t expect+ ! ,messiah1 & seem n indispos$ to accept y 9 t capacity1 we are ! m anxi\s t y %\ld decl>e y\rself ) reg>d to y\r vocation & p]son40 ,john3 8,! conclusion might h be5 drawn f my disc\rses t ,i 0 n ! ,messiah4 ,:y %\ld p attribute su* l(ty pret5sions to me80 etc4 ,9 ord] to give ! ,gospels ! true lit]>y flav\r1 a *>act]isation is tack$ on to ea* ( ! p]sons ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ! case ( ! disciples1 = in/ance1 ?is runs3 8,!y _h s\nd common s5se1 b v limit$ insight2 ! capacity to receive tea*+1 b an incapacity = reflective ?\ght2 a k ( _! own weakness1 b a difficulty 9 gett+ rid ( old prejudices2 s5sibility to "r feel+1 b weakness 9 foll[+ out a pre det]m9$ moral plan40 ,! simple/ occurr5ces give occasion = s5tim5tal portraiture4 ,! say+ 8,except ye become z little *ildr50 is introduc$ 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion3 8,jesus call$ a boy :o 0 /&+ ne>4 ,! boy came4 ,jesus took 8 h& & told him to /& beside ,him1 ne>] ?an any ( ,8 disciples1 s t he _h ! =emo/ place among !m4 ,!n ,jesus ?rew ,8 arm r\nd ! boy & press$ him t5d]ly to ,8 brea/4 ,! disciples look$ on 9 a/oni%m5t1 wond]+ :at ?is meant4 ,!n ,he expla9$ to !m10 etc4 ,9 ^! expansions ,hess does n always escape ! ludicr\s4 ,! say+ ( ,jesus 9 ,john x4 #i1 8,i am ! door10 takes on ! foll[+ =m3 8,no "o1 :e!r he be %eep or %eph]d1 c come into ! fold 7if1 t is to say1 he foll[s ! "r way7 except 9 s f> z he kn[s me & is admitt$ by me1 & includ$ among ! flock40 ,re9h>d's "w is on a di/9ctly high] level4 ,! au?or 0 born 9 #agec4 ,9 #agib1 aft] he _h work$ = f\rte5 ye>s z ,doc5t 9 ,witt5b]g1 he 0 appo9t$ ,s5ior ,c\rt ,*apla9 at ,dresd54 ,he di$ 9 #ahab4 8,i am1 z y "k1 a v prosaic p]son10 writes ,re9h>d to a fri5d1 & 9 ^! words he has giv5 an admirable *>act]isation ( himself4 ,! writ]s :o *iefly appeal to him are ! anci5t morali/s2 he ackn[l$ges t he has le>n$ m f !m ?an f a 8collegium homileticum40 ,9 8 celebrat$ 8,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics0 7#e vols41 #aghhahae7 he makes copi\s use ( !m4 ,8 s]mons--!y fill ?irtyfive volumes1 & 9 _! day 7 reg>d$ z models--%[ "s p[] & dep? ( ?\ght1 b are all ca/ 9 ! same m\ld4 ,he seems to h be5 haunt$ by a fe> t x might "s "t befall him to admit into 8 m9d a ?\ght :i* 0 my/ical or vision>y1 n ju/ifiable by ! laws ( logic & ! canons ( ! critical reason4 ,) all 8 philosophis+ & rationalis+1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 pill>s ( ! sup]naturali/ic view ( hi/ory rema9 = him immovable4 ,at fir/ sight "o might be incl9$ to suppose t he frankly %>$ ! belief 9 miracle4 ,he m5tions ! rais+ ( ! wid['s son1 & ( ,laz>us1 & accepts z an au!ntic say+ ! comm& ( ! ris5 ,jesus to baptize all nations4 ,b if we look m closely1 we f9d t he delib]ately br+s v few miracles into 8 n>rative1 & ! def9ition by :i* he dis9tegrates ! conception ( miracle f )9 leaves no d\bt z to 8 own position4 ,:at he says is ?is3 8,all t :i* we call miracul\s & sup]natural is to be und]/ood z only relatively s1 & implies no?+ fur!r ?an an obvi\s exception to :at c be br\ght ab\t by natural causes1 s f> z we "k !m & h exp]i5ce ( _! capacity4 ,a cauti\s ?9k] w n v5ture 9 any s+le in/ance to pron\nce an ev5t to be s extraord9>y t ,god c\ld n h br\ght x ab\t by ! use ( second>y causes1 b mu/ h int]v5$ directly40 ,! case /&s simil>ly ) reg>d to ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,re9h>d assumes x1 b 8 8,life0 is n direct$ to prove x2 x leads only to ! conclusion t ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity is to be reg>d$ z a wond]ful 8div9e0 tea*]4 ,9 ord] to prove ,8 uniqu5ess1 ,re9h>d has to %[ t ,8 plan = ! welf>e ( mank9d 0 some?+ incomp>ably high] ?an any?+ :i* h]o or sage has ev] /riv5 =4 ,re9h>d makes ! fir/ attempt to give an acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* %\ld be hi/orical 9 ! s5se t all dogmatic consid]ations %\ld be exclud$4 8,above all ?+s1 let u collect & exam9e ! indications :i* we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ,8 companions reg>d+ ! designs :i* ,he _h 9 view40 ,! plan ( ,jesus %[s its greatness above all 9 its univ]sality4 ,re9h>d is well aw>e ( ! difficulty rais$ 9 ?is connexion by ^? say+s :i* ass]t ! pr]ogative ( ,israel1 & he discusses !m at l5g?4 ,he f9ds ! solution 9 ! assumption t ,jesus 9 ,8 own lifetime naturally conf9$ ,himself to work+ among ,8 own p1 & 0 cont5t to indicate ! future univ]sal developm5t ( ,8 plan4 ,) ! int5tion 8( introduc+ a univ]sal *ange1 t5d+ to ! b5efit ( ! :ole human race10 ,jesus atta*es ,8 tea*+ to ! ,jewi% es*atology4 ,x is only ! =m ( ,8 tea*+1 h[ev]1 :i* is affect$ by ?is1 s9ce ,he gives an entirely diff]5t significance to ! t]ms ,k+dom ( ,heav5 & ,k+dom ( ,god1 ref]r+ !m to a univ]sal e?ical reorganisation ( mank9d4 ,b ,8 plan 0 entirely indep5d5t ( politics4 ,he nev] bas$ ,8 claims ^u ,8 ,davidic desc5t4 ,?is 01 inde$1 ! reason :y ,he held alo( f ,8 family4 ,ev5 ! entry into ,j]usalem _h no ,messianic significance4 ,8 plan 0 s entirely non political t ,he w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 h welcom$ ! sev]ance ( all connexion betwe5 ! /ate & religion1 9 ord] to avoid ! risk ( a conflict betwe5 ^! two p[]s4 ,re9h>d expla9s ! volunt>y dea? ( ,jesus z due to ?is endeav\r4 8,he quitt$ ! /age ( ! _w by s e>ly & %ameful a dea? because ,he wi%$ to de/roy at once & = ev] ! mi/ak5 impression t ,he 0 aim+ at ! f\ndation ( an e>?ly k+dom1 & to turn ! ?\ghts1 wi%es1 & ef=ts ( ,8 disciples & companions into ano!r *annel40 ,9 ord] to make ! ,k+dom ( ,god a practical reality1 x 0 necess>y = ,him to dissociate x f all ! =ces ( ?is _w1 & to br+ morality & religion into ! close/ connexion4 8,! law ( love 0 ! indissoluble bond by :i* ,jesus = ev] unit$ morality ) religion40 8,moral in/ruction 0 ! pr9cipal cont5t & ! v ess5ce ( all ,8 disc\rses40 ,8 ef=ts 87 direct$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a purely e?ical organisation40 ,x 0 important1 !re=e1 to ov]?r[ sup]/ition & to br+ religion )9 ! doma9 ( reason4 ,fir/ ( all ! prie/hood mu/ be depriv$ = ev] ( its influ5ce4 ,!n an improvem5t ( ! social condition ( mank9d mu/ be introduc$1 s9ce ! level ( morality dep5ds ^u social conditions4 ,jesus 0 a social re=m]4 ,?r\gh ! atta9m5t ( 8! highe/ p]fection ( :i* ,society is capable1 univ]sal peace0 0 8gradually to be br\ght ab\t40 ,b ! po9t ( prim>y importance = ,him 0 ! alliance ( religion ) reason4 ,reason 0 to ma9ta9 its fre$om by ! aid ( religion1 & religion 0 n to be )drawn f ! critical judgm5t ( reason3 all ?+s 7 to be te/$1 & only ! be/ reta9$4 8,f ^! data x is easy to det]m9e ! *>act]i/ics ( a religion :i* is to be ! religion ( all mank9d3 x mu/ be e?ical1 intelligible1 & spiritual40 ,aft] ! plan ( ,jesus has be5 exp\nd$ on ^! l9es1 ,re9h>d %[s1 9 ! second "p ( 8 "w1 t1 prior to ,jesus1 no great man ( antiquity _h devis$ a plan ( b5efic5ce ( a scope comm5surate ) ! :ole human race4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ! conclusion is drawn t ,jesus is ! uniquely div9e ,tea*]4 ,b be=e ! au?or c v5ture to draw ?is conclusion1 he feels x necess>y fir/ to %[ t ! plan ( ,jesus 0 no *im]a4 ,if we 7 oblig$ to admit its impracticability ,jesus w\ld h to be rank$ ) ! vision>ies & en?usia/s2 & ^!1 h[ev] noble & virtu\s1 c only injure ! cause ( rational religion4 8,vision>y en?usiasm & enlight5$ reason--:o t kn[s any?+ ( ! human m9d c conceive ^! two z unit$ 9 a s+le s\l80 ,b ,jesus 0 no vision>y en?usia/4 8,) :at calmness1 selfma/]y1 & cool det]m9ation does ,he ?9k out & pursue ,8 div9e purpose80 ,by ! tru?s :i* ,he reveal$ & decl>$ to be div9e communications ,he did n desire to put pressure ^u ! human m9d1 b only to guide x4 8,x w\ld be impossible to %[ a m consci5ti\s respect & a m delicate consid]ation = ! rights ( human reason ?an is %[n by ,jesus4 ,he w conqu] only by conv9c+40 8,he is will+ to be> ) contradiction1 & condesc5ds to meet ! mo/ irrational objections & ! mo/ illnatur$ misrepres5tations ) ! mo/ incr$ible pati5ce40 ,x 0 well = ,re9h>d t he _h no suspicion h[ full ( en?usiasm ,jesus 01 & h[ ,he trod reason "u ,8 feet6 ,b :at k9d ( relation 0 !re betwe5 ?is rational religion taught by ,jesus & ! ,*ri/ian !ology :i* ,re9h>d accept$8 ,h[ does he h>monise ! symbolical view ( ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] :i* he "h exp\nds ) ecclesia/ical doctr9e8 ,h[ does he pass f ! conception ( ! div9e tea*] to t ( ! ,son ( ,god8 ,?is is a "q :i* he does n feel himself oblig$ to answ]4 ,= him ! "o circle ( ?\ght revolves freely )9 ! o!r1 b !y nev] come into contact ) ea* o!r4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! pres5tation ( ! tea*+1 ! ,life ( ,jesus by ,opitz foll[s ! same l9es z t ( ,re9h>d4 ,x is disfigur$1 h[ev]1 by a numb] ( lapses ( ta/e1 & by a crass sup]naturalism 9 ! description ( ! miracles & exp]i5ces ( ! ,great ,tea*]4 ,jakobi writes 8= ?\ghtful & sympa!tic read]s40 ,he recognises t mu* ( ! miracul\s is a lat] addition to ! facts1 b he has a root$ di/ru/ ( ?or\ghgo+ rationalism1 8^: w\ldbe helpful explanations are (t5 /rang] ?an ! miracles !mselves40 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( miracle mu/ be ma9ta9$1 b n = ! purpose ( f\nd+ belief ^u x3 8! miracles 7 n int5d$ to au!nticate ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b to surr\nd ,8 life ) a gu>d ( hon\r407#bj7 ,:e!r ,h]d]1 9 8 two ,lives ( ,jesus1 is to be class$ ) ! old] rationali/s is a "q to :i* ! answ] mu/ be 8,yes1 & ,no10 z 9 ! case ( e attempt to classify ^? m5 ( lonely greatness :o /& ap>t f _! contempor>ies1 b :o nev]!less are n 9 all po9ts 9 advance ( !m4 ,prop]ly speak+1 he has really no?+ to d ) ! rationali/s1 s9ce he is di/+ui%$ f !m by ! dep? ( 8 insight & 8 p[] ( arti/ic appreh5sion1 & he is f> f %>+ _! lack ( ta/e4 ,fur!r1 8 horizon embraces problems ( :i* rationalism1 ev5 9 its develop$ =m1 nev] came 9 sight4 ,he recognises t all attempts to h>monise ! ,synopti/s ) ,john are unavail+2 a conclusion :i* he _h av[$ e>li] 9 8 8,lett]s ref]r+ to ! ,/udy ( ,!ology407#ba7 ,he grasps ?is incompatibility1 x is true1 r by ! aid ( poetic1 ?an ( critical insight4 8,s9ce !y _c be unit$10 he writes 9 8 8,life ( ,jesus accord+ to ,john10 8!y mu/ be left /&+ indep5d5tly1 ea* evangeli/ ) 8 own special m]it4 ,man1 ,ox1 ,lion1 & ,eagle1 !y advance toge!r1 support+ ! ?rone ( glory1 b !y refuse to coalesce into a s+le =m1 to unite into a ,diatess>on40 ,b to him belongs ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ & ! only s*ol>1 prior to ,/rauss1 to recognise t ! life ( ,jesus c be con/ru$ ei!r accord+ to ! ,synopti/s1 or accord+ to ,john1 b t a ,life ( ,jesus bas$ on ! f\r ,gospels is a mon/rosity4 ,9 view ( ?is intuitive hi/orical grasp1 x is n surpris+ t ! comm5t>ies ( ! !ologians 7 an abom9ation to him4 ,! f\r? ,gospel is1 9 8 view1 n a primitive hi/orical s\rce1 b a prote/ aga9/ ! n>r[ness ( ! 8,pale/9ian ,gospels40 ,x gives free play1 z ! circum/ances ( ! "t dem&$1 to ,greek ideas4 8,!re 0 ne$1 9 addition to ^? e>li]1 purely hi/orical ,gospels1 ( a ,gospel at once !ological & hi/orical1 l t ( ,john10 9 :i* ,jesus %\ld be pres5t$1 n z ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 8b z ! ,savi\r ( ! ,_w40 ,! additions & omissions ( ?is ,gospel are alike skilfully plann$4 ,x reta9s only ^? miracles :i* are symbols ( a cont9u\s p]man5t miracle1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,savi\r ( ! ,_w works con/antly1 un9t]mitt5tly1 among m54 ,! ,johann9e miracles are n !re = _! own sakes4 ,! cures ( demoniacs are n ev5 repres5t$ among !m4 ,^! _h no int]e/ = ! ,graeco,roman _w1 & ! ,evangeli/ 0 unwill+ 8t ?is ,pale/9ian sup]/ition %\ld become a p]man5t feature ( ,*ri/ianity1 to be a reproa* ( sc(f]s or a belief ( ! fooli%40 ,8 record+ ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us is1 9 spite ( ! sil5ce ( ! ,synopti/s1 easily explicable4 ,! latt] c\ld n yet tell ! /ory 8)\t expos+ a family :i* 0 /ill liv+ ne> ,j]usalem to ! fury ( t hatr$ :i* _h sworn ) an oa? to put ,laz>us to dea?40 ,john1 h[ev]1 c\ld rec\nt x )\t scruple1 8= by ?is "t ,j]usalem 0 probably 9 ru9s1 & ! hospitable family ( ,be?any 7 p]haps already ) _! ,fri5d 9 ! o!r _w40 ,?is mo/ nave ( explanations is reproduc$ 9 a :ole s]ies ( ,lives ( ,jesus4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,synopti/s1 ,h]d] grasps ! problem ) ! same intuitive insight4 ,m>k is no epitomi/1 b ! creator ( ! ar*etype ( ! ,synoptic repres5tation4 8,! ,gospel ( ,m>k is n an epitome2 x is an orig9al ,gospel4 ,:at ! o!rs h1 & he has n1 has be5 add$ by !m1 n omitt$ by him4 ,consequ5tly ,m>k is a witness to an orig9al1 %ort] ,gospels*eme1 to :i* ! additional matt] ( ! o!rs ought prop]ly to be reg>d$ z a supplem5t40 ,m>k is ! 8unornam5t$ c5tral column1 or pla9 f\ndation /one1 on :i* ! o!rs re/40 ,! bir?/ories ( ,mat!w & ,luke are 8a new gr[? to meet new ne$s40 ,! diff]5t t5d5cies1 also1 po9t to a lat] p]iod4 ,m>k is /ill comp>atively fri5dly t[>ds ! ,jews1 because ,*ri/ianity _h n yet sep>at$ itself f ,judaism4 ,mat!w is m ho/ile t[>ds !m because 8 ,gospel 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ,*ri/ians _h giv5 up ! hope ( ma9ta9+ amicable relations ) ! ,jews & 7 groan+ "u ! pressure ( p]secution4 ,x is = t reason t ! ,jesus ( ! ,mat?aean disc\rses lays s mu* /ress ^u ,8 second com+1 & presupposes ! rejection ( ! ,jewi% nation z some?+ already 9 be+1 a sign ( ! approa*+ end4 ,pure hi/ory1 h[ev]1 is z little to be look$ = 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels z 9 ! f\r?4 ,!y are ! sacr$ epic ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 & model ! hi/ory ( _! h]o ^u ! prophetic words ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ?is view1 also1 ,h]d] is a precursor ( ,/rauss4 ,9 ess5ce1 h[ev]1 ,h]d] repres5ts a prote/ ( art aga9/ !ology4 ,! ,gospels1 if we are to f9d ! life ( ,jesus 9 !m1 mu/ be read1 n ) p$antic le>n+1 b ) ta/e4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 miracles cease to (f5d4 ,nei!r ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 nor pr$ictions ( ,jesus1 nor miracles1 c be adduc$ z evid5ce = ! ,gospel2 ! ,gospel is its own evid5ce4 ,! miracles /& outside ! possibility ( pro(1 & belong to m]e 8,*ur* belief10 :i* ought to lose itself m & m 9 ! pure ,gospel4 ,yet miracles1 9 a limit$ s5se1 are to be accept$ on ! gr\nd ( ! hi/oric evid5ce4 ,to refuse to admit ?is is to be l ! ,indian k+ :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ice because he _h nev] se5 any?+ l x4 ,jesus1 9 ord] to help ,8 miraclelov+ age1 reconcil$ ,himself to ! necessity ( p]=m+ miracles4 ,b1 9 any case1 ! reality ( a miracle is ( small mom5t 9 comp>ison ) its symbolic value4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 ,h]d]1 ?\gh 9 8 grasp ( _m problems he 0 m ?an a g5]ation 9 advance ( 8 "t1 belongs to ! primitive rationali/s4 ,he all[s ! sup]natural to intrude into ! ev5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & does n feel t ! adoption ( ! hi/orical /&po9t involves ! necessity ( do+ away ) miracle4 ,he contribut$ mu* to ! cle>+ up ( ideas1 b by evad+ ! "q ( miracle he slurr$ ov] a difficulty :i* ne$$ to be fac$ & solv$ be=e x %\ld be possible to ent]ta9 ! hope ( =m+ a really hi/orical conception ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,9 read+ ,h]d] "o is apt to fancy t x w\ld be possible to pass /raight on to ,/rauss4 ,9 reality1 x 0 necess>y t a v prosaic _s1 ,paulus1 %\ld int]v5e1 & %\ld attack ! "q ( miracle f a purely hi/orical /&po9t1 be=e ,/rauss c\ld give expression to ! ideas ( ,h]d] 9 an effectual way1 i4e4 9 su* a way z to produce (f5ce4 ,! fact is t 9 !ology ! mo/ revolution>y ideas are swall[$ q readily s long z !y smoo? _! passage by a few small concessions4 ,x is only :5 a spicule ( bone /&s out ob/9ately & causes *ok+ t !ology beg9s to take note ( dang]\s ideas4 ,/rauss is ,h]d] ) j t little bone /ick+ out--! absolute d5ial ( miracle on hi/orical gr\nds4 ,t is to say1 ,/rauss is a ,h]d] :o has beh9d him ! uncompromis+ rationalism ( ,paulus4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,fictiti\s ,,lives ,,( ,,jesus ,k>l ,fri$ri* ,bahrdt4 ,briefe b] die ,bibel im ,volk/on4 ,e9e ,wo*5s*rift von e9em ,pr$ig] auf dem ,l&e4 7,popul> ,lett]s ab\t ! ,bible4 ,a weekly pap] by a c\ntry cl]gyman47 ,j4 ,fr4 ,do/1 ,halle1 #aghb4 #haf pp4 ,ausfhrung des ,plans und ,zwecks ,jesu4 ,9 ,brief5 an ,wahrheit su*5de ,les]4 7,an ,explanation ( ! ,plans & ,aims ( ,jesus4 ,9 lett]s address$ to read]s :o seek ! tru?47 #aa vols41 embrac+ #cjjj pp4 ,augu/ ,mylius1 ,b]l91 #aghdagib4 ,?is "w is a sequel to ! ,popul> ,lett]s ab\t ! ,bible4 ,die smtli*5 ,r$5 ,jesu aus d5 ,evangeli/5 ausgezog54 7,! ,:ole ( ! ,disc\rses ( ,jesus1 extract$ f ! ,gospels47 ,b]l91 #aghf4 ,k>l ,he9ri* ,v5tur9i4 ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te des gross5 ,prophet5 von ,naz>e?4 7,a ,nonsup]natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?47 ,be?lehem 7,cop5hag571 #a/ ed41 #ahjjahjb2 #bnd ed41 #ahjf4 #d vols41 embrac+ #bgjj pp4 ,! "w appe>$ anonym\sly4 ,! description giv5 bel[ is bas$ on ! #bnd ed41 :i* %[s dep5d5ce1 9 "s ( ! exegetical details1 ^u ! !n rec5tly publi%$ comm5t>ies ( ,paulus4 ,x is /range to notice h[ (t5 9 ! hi/ory ( our subject a few imp]fectly equipp$ freelances h attack$ & attempt$ to c>ry ! decisive positions be=e ! ord]$ ranks ( pr(essional !ology h pu%$ _! advance to ^! decisive po9ts4 ,?us1 x 0 ! fictiti\s 8,lives0 ( ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i :i*1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? & beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies1 fir/ attempt$ to apply1 ) logical consi/5cy1 a nonsup]natural int]pretation to ! miracle /ories ( ! ,gospel4 ,fur!r1 ^! writ]s 7 ! fir/ :o1 in/ead ( cont5t+ !mselves ) ! simple reproduction ( ! successive sections ( ! ,gospel n>rative1 endeav\r$ to grasp ! inn] connexion ( cause & effect 9 ! ev5ts & exp]i5ces ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,s9ce !y f\nd no su* connexion indicat$ 9 ! ,gospels1 !y _h to supply x = !mselves4 ,! p>ticul> =m :i* _! explanation takes--! hypo!sis ( a secret society ( :i* ,jesus is ! tool--is1 x is true1 r a sorry make%ift4 ,yet1 9 a s5se1 ^! ,lives ( ,jesus1 = all _! col\r+ ( fiction1 are ! fir/ :i* des]ve ! "n4 ,! rationali/s1 & ev5 ,paulus1 conf9e !mselves to describ+ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i make a bold attempt to pa9t ! portrait ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,x is n surpris+ t _! portraiture is at once crude & fanta/ic1 l ! e>lie/ attempts ( art to repres5t ! human figure 9 liv+ movem5t4 ,k>l ,fri$ri* ,bahrdt 0 born 9 #agda at ,bis*(sw]da4 ,end[$ ) brilliant abilities1 he made1 ow+ to a bad upbr++ & an undiscipl9$ s5su\s nature1 a mis]able failure4 ,aft] be+ fir/ ,cate*i/ & aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ,extraord9>y ( ,sacr$ ,philology at ,leipzig1 he 01 9 #agff1 reque/$ to resign on acc\nt ( sc&al\s life4 ,aft] v>i\s adv5tures1 & aft] hold+ = a "t a pr(essor%ip at ,giess51 he receiv$ "u ,fr$]ick's m9i/] ,z$litz au?orisation to lecture at ,halle4 ,!re he lectur$ to ne>ly n9e hundr$ /ud5ts :o 7 attract$ by 8 inspir+ eloqu5ce4 ,! gov]nm5t upheld him1 9 spite ( 8 s]i\s fail+s1 ) ! d\ble motive ( annoy+ ! faculty & ma9ta9+ ! fre$om ( le>n+4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,bahrdt _h to resign 8 po/1 & took to keep+ an inn at a v9ey>d ne> ,halle4 ,by ridicul+ ,wlln]'s edict 7#aghh71 he br\ght on himself a ye> ( conf9em5t 9 a =tress4 ,he di$ 9 disrepute1 9 #agib4 ,bahrdt _h begun z an or?odox cl]ic4 ,9 ,halle he gave up 8 belief 9 revelation1 & endeav\r$ to expla9 religion on ! gr\nd ( reason4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! 8,popul> ,lett]s ab\t ! ,bible10 :i* 7 aft]w>ds cont9u$ 9 ! fur!r s]ies1 8,an ,explanation ( ! ,plans & ,aims ( ,jesus40 ,8 treatm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus has be5 too sev]ely c5sur$4 ,! "w is n )\t passages :i* %[ a real dep? ( feel+1 especially 9 ! cont9ually recurr+ explanations reg>d+ ! relation ( belief 9 miracle to true fai?1 9 :i* ! actual description ( ! life ( ,jesus lies emb$d$4 ,& ! rem>ks ab\t ! tea*+ ( ,jesus are n always commonplace4 ,b ! p>aph]nalia ( dialogues ( port5t\s l5g? make x1 z a :ole1 =mless & in>ti/ic4 ,! introduction ( a galaxy ( imag9>y *>act]s--,h>am1 ,s*imah1 ,avel1 ,limmah1 & ! l--is no?+ less ?an bewild]+4 ,bahrdt f9ds ! key to ! explanation ( ! life ( ,jesus 9 ! appe>ance 9 ! ,gospel n>rative ( ,nicodemus & ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,!y are n disciples ( ,jesus1 b belong to ! upp] classes2 :at rle1 !n1 c !y h play$ 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 & h[ came !y to int]c$e on ,8 behalf8 ,!y 7 ,ess5es4 ,?is ,ord] _h secret memb]s 9 all ranks ( society1 ev5 9 ! ,sanh$r94 ,x _h set itself ! task ( deta*+ ! nation f its s5su\s ,messianic hopes & lead+ x to a high] k ( spiritual tru?s4 ,x _h ! mo/ widespread ramifications1 ext5d+ to ,babylon & to ,egypt4 ,9 ord] to deliv] ! p f ! limitations ( ! national fai?1 :i* c\ld only lead to di/urbance & insurrection1 !y mu/ f9d a ,messiah :o w\ld de/roy ^! false ,messianic expectations4 ,!y 7 !re=e on ! lookout = a claimant ( ! ,messiah%ip :om !y c\ld make subs]vi5t to _! aims4 ,jesus came "u ! notice ( ! ,ord] imm$iately aft] ,8 bir?4 ,z a *ild ,he 0 wat*$ ov] at e /ep by ! ,bre?r54 ,at ! fea/s at ,j]usalem ,alex&rian ,jews1 secret memb]s ( ! ,ess5e ,ord]1 put !mselves into communication ) ,him1 expla9$ to ,him ! falsity ( ! prie/s1 inspir$ ,him ) a horror ( ! bloody sacrifices ( ! ,temple1 & made him acqua9t$ ) ,socrates & ,plato4 ,?is is set =? 9 dialogues ( a hundr$ pages long4 ,at ! /ory ( ! dea? ( ,socrates1 ! boy bur/s into a tempe/ ( sobs :i* ,8 fri5ds are unable to calm4 ,he longs to emulate ! m>tyrdea? ( ! great ,a!nian4 ,on ! m>ketplace at ,naz>e? a my/]i\s ,p]sian gives ,him two sov]eign rem$ies--"o = affections ( ! eye1 ! o!r = n]v\s disord]s4 ,8 fa!r does 8 be/ = ,him1 tea*+ ,him1 along ) ,8 c\s9 ,john1 aft]w>ds ! ,bapti/1 ab\t virtue & immortality4 ,a prie/ belong+ to ! ,ess5e ,ord]1 :o makes _! acqua9tance disguis$ z a %eph]d1 & takes "p 9 _! conv]sations1 leads ! lads deep] into ! k ( wisdom4 ,at twelve ye>s old1 ,jesus is already s f> advanc$ t ,he argues ) ! ,scribes 9 ! ,temple conc]n+ miracles1 ma9ta9+ ! !sis t !y are impossible4 ,:5 !y feel !mselves ready to appe> 9 public ! two c\s9s take c\nsel toge!r h[ !y c be/ help ! p4 ,!y agree to op5 ! eyes ( ! p reg>d+ ! tyranny & hypocrisy ( ! prie/s4 ,?r\gh ,h>am1 a prom95t memb] ( ! ,ess5e ,ord]1 ,luke ! physician is introduc$ to ,jesus & places all 8 sci5ce at ,8 disposal4 ,9 ord] to produce any effect !y 7 oblig$ to practise accommodation to ! sup]/itions ( ! p1 & introduce _! wisdom to !m "u ! g>b ( folly1 9 ! hope t1 beguil$ by its attractive ext]ior1 ! p w\ld admit into _! m9ds ! revelation ( rational tru?1 & aft] a "t be able to emancipate !mselves f sup]/ition4 ,jesus1 !re=e1 sees ,himself oblig$ to appe> 9 ! rle ( ! ,messiah ( popul> expectation1 & to make up ,8 m9d to "w by means ( miracles & illusions4 ,ab\t ?is ,he felt ! grave/ scruples4 ,he 0 oblig$1 h[ev]1 to obey ! ,ord]2 & ,8 scruples 7 quiet$ by ! rem9d] ( ! l(ty end :i* 0 to be rea*$ by ^! means4 ,at la/1 :5 x is po9t$ out to ,him t ev5 ,moses _h foll[$ ! same plan1 ,he submits to ! necessity4 ,! influ5tial ,ord] und]takes ! duty ( /agemanag+ ! miracles1 & t ( ma9ta9+ ,8 fa!r4 ,on ! reception ( ,jesus into ! numb] ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,fir/ ,degree ( ! ,ord] x is made kn[n to ,him t ^! ,bre?r5 are b\nd to face dea? 9 ! cause ( ! ,ord]2 b t ! ,ord]1 on its "p1 und]takes s to use ! ma*9]y & influ5ce at its disposal t ! la/ extremity %all always be avoid$ & ! ,bro!r my/]i\sly pres]v$ f dea?4 ,!n beg9s ! clev]ly /ag$ drama by means ( :i* ! p are to be conv]t$ to rational religion4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,ord] are divid$ into ?ree classes3 ,! ,baptiz$1 ,! ,disciples1 ,! ,*os5 ,ones4 ,! ,baptiz$ receive only ! usual popul> tea*+2 ! ,disciples are admitt$ to fur!r k1 b are n entru/$ ) ! highe/ my/]ies2 ! ,*os5 ,ones1 :o 9 ! ,gospels are also spok5 ( z 8,angels10 are admitt$ into all wisdom4 ,z ! ,apo/les 7 only memb]s ( ! ,second ,degree1 !y _h n ! smalle/ suspicion ( ! secret ma*9]y :i* 0 at "w4 ,_! "p 9 ! drama ( ! ,life ( ,jesus 0 t ( zeal\s 8sup]s40 ,! ,gospels :i* !y compos$ !re=e report1 9 p]fect good fai?1 miracles :i* 7 really clev] illusions produc$ by ! ,ess5es1 & !y depict ! life ( ,jesus only z se5 by ! populace f ! outside4 ,x is !re=e n always possible = u to discov] h[ ! ev5ts :i* !y record z miracles actually came ab\t4 ,b :e!r !y took place 9 "o way or ano!r--& z to ?is we c sometimes get a clue f a h9t 9 ! text--x is c]ta9 t 9 all cases ! process 0 natural4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ,bahrdt rem>ks3 8,x is m reasonable "h to ?9k ( a ?\s& ways by :i* ,jesus might h _h suffici5t supplies ( bread at h&1 & by ! di/ribution ( x h %am$ ! disciples' lack ( c\rage1 ?an to believe 9 a miracle40 ,! explanation :i* he himself pref]s is t ! ,ord] _h collect$ a great quantity ( bread 9 a cave & ?is 0 gradually h&$ out to ,jesus1 :o /ood at ! conceal$ entrance & took "s e "t ! apo/les 7 occupi$ 9 di/ribut+ ! =m] supply to ! multitude4 ,! walk+ on ! sea is to be expla9$ by suppos+ t ,jesus walk$ t[>ds ! disciples ov] ! surface ( a great float+ raft2 :ile !y1 n be+ able to see ! raft1 mu/ ne$s suppose a miracle4 ,:5 ,pet] tri$ to walk on ! wat] he fail$ mis]ably4 ,! miracles ( heal+ are to be attribut$ to ! art ( ,luke4 ,he also call$ ! att5tion ( ,jesus to rem>kable cases ( app>5t dea?1 :i* ,he !n took 9 h&1 & re/or$ ! app>5tly dead to _! sorr[+ fri5ds4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 ! ,"l nev] fail$ expressly to in=m ! disciples t ! p]sons 7 n really dead4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 did n p]mit ?is assurance to deprive !m ( _! fai? 9 ! miracle :i* !y felt !y _h !mselves witness$4 ,9 tea*+1 ,jesus _h two me?ods3 "o1 exot]ic1 simple1 = ! _w2 ! o!r1 esot]ic1 my/ic1 = ! initiate4 8,no att5tive read] ( ! ,bible10 says ,bahrdt1 8c fail to notice t ,jesus made use ( two diff]5t /yles ( spee*4 ,sometimes ,he spoke s pla9ly & 9 su* univ]sally intelligible language1 & decl>$ tru?s s simple & s well adapt$ to ! g5]al compreh5sion ( mank9d t ev5 ! simple/ c\ld foll[ ,him4 ,at o!r times he spoke s my/ically1 s obscurely1 & 9 s veil$ a fa%ion t words & ?\ghts alike baffl$ ! und]/&+s ( ord9>y p1 & ev5 by m practis$ m9ds 7 n to be grasp$ )\t close reflection1 s t we are told 9 ,john vi4 #fj t #8_m ( ,8 disciples1 :5 !y he>d ?is1 said1 ,?is is an h>d say+2 :o c he> x8' ,& ,jesus ,himself did n d5y x1 b only told !m t ! reason ( _! n und]/&+ ,8 say+s lay 9 _! prejudices1 :i* made !m int]pret ev]y?+ lit]ally & mat]ially1 & ov]look ! e?ical mean+ :i* und]lay ,8 figurative language40 ,mo/ ( ^! my/ical disc\rses are to be f\nd 9 ,john1 :o seems to h pres]v$ = u ! great] "p ( ! secret tea*+ imp>t$ to ! initiate4 ,! key to ! und]/&+ ( ?is esot]ic tea*+ is to be f\nd1 !re=e1 9 ! prologue to ,john's ,gospel1 & 9 ! say+s ab\t ! new bir?4 8,to be born aga90 is id5tical ) ! degree ( p]fection :i* 0 atta9$ 9 ! highe/ class ( ! ,bro!rhood4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,ord] met on appo9t$ days 9 caves among ! hills4 ,:5 we are told 9 ! ,gospels t ,jesus w5t alone into a m\nta9 to pray1 ?is means t ,he repair$ to "o ( ^! secret ga!r+s1 b ! disciples1 ( c\rse1 knew no?+ ab\t t4 ,! ,ord] _h its hidd5 caves ev]y:]e2 9 ,galilee z well z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem4 8,only by s5su\s means c s5su\s ideas be ov]come40 ,! ,jewi% ,messiah mu/ die & rise aga91 9 ord] t ! false conceptions ( ! ,messiah :i* 7 *]i%$ by ! multitude might be de/roy$ 9 ! mom5t ( _! fulfilm5t--t is1 might be spiritualis$4 ,nicodemus1 ,h>am1 & ,luke met 9 a cave 9 ord] to take c\nsel h[ !y might br+ ab\t ! dea? ( ,jesus 9 a way fav\rable to _! plans4 ,luke gu>ante$ t by ! aid ( p[]ful drugs :i* he w\ld give ,him ! ,"l %\ld be enabl$ to endure ! utmo/ pa9 & suff]+ & yet resi/ dea? = a long "t4 ,nicodemus und]took s to "w matt]s 9 ! ,sanh$r9 t ! execution %\ld foll[ imm$iately ^u ! s5t5ce1 & ! crucifi$ rema9 only a %ort "t ^u ! cross4 ,at ?is mom5t ,jesus ru%$ into ! cave4 ,he _h sc>cely _h "t to replace ! /one :i* conceal$ ! entrance1 s closely _h ,he be5 pursu$ ov] ! rocks by hir$ assass9s4 ,he ,himself is firmly resolv$ to die1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ,he %all n be simply assass9at$1 or ! :ole plan fails4 ,if ,he falls by ! assass9's knife1 no resurrection w be possible4 ,9 ! end1 ! piece is /ag$ to p]fection4 ,jesus provokes ! au?orities by ,8 triumphal ,messianic entry4 ,! unsuspect$ ,ess5es 9 ! c\ncil urge on ,8 arre/ & secure ,8 condemnation--?\gh ,pilate almo/ fru/rates all _! plans by acquitt+ ,him4 ,jesus1 by utt]+ a l\d cry & imm$iately aft]w>ds b[+ ,8 head1 %[s e appe>ance ( a sudd5 dea?4 ,! c5turion has be5 brib$ n to all[ any ( ,8 bones to be brok54 ,!n comes ,joseph ( ,rama?1 z ,bahrdt pref]s to call ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 & removes ! body to ! cave ( ! ,ess5es1 :]e he imm$iately comm5ces measures ( resuscitation4 ,z ,luke _h prep>$ ! body ( ! ,messiah by means ( /r5g!n+ m$ic9es to resi/ ! fe>ful illusage :i* ,he _h gone ?r\gh--! be+ dragg$ ab\t & beat5 & f9ally crucifi$--^! ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success4 ,9 ! cave ! mo/ /r5g!n+ nutrim5t 0 suppli$ to ,him4 8,s9ce ! hum\rs ( ! body 7 9 a ?or\ghly heal?y condition1 ,8 w\nds heal$ v readily1 & by ! ?ird day ,he 0 able to walk1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! w\nds made by ! nails 7 /ill op540 ,on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day !y =c$ away ! /one :i* clos$ ! m\? ( ! grave4 ,z ,jesus 0 desc5d+ ! rocky slopes ! wat* awak5$ & took to flight 9 al>m4 ,"o ( ! ,ess5es appe>$1 9 ! g>b ( an angel1 to ! wom5 & ann\nc$ to !m ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! ,"l appe>$ to ,m>y4 ,at ! s\nd ( ,8 voice %e recognises ,him4 8,!reupon ,jesus tells h] t ,he is go+ to ,8 ,fa!r 7to heav5--9 ! my/ic s5se ( ! ^w--t is to say1 to ! ,*os5 ,ones 9 _! peaceful dwell+s ( tru? & bless$ness--to ! circle ( ,8 fai?ful fri5ds1 among :om ,he cont9u$ to live1 unse5 by ! _w1 b /ill work+ = ! advancem5t ( ,8 purpose74 ,he bade h] tell ,8 disciples t ,he 0 alive40 ,f ,8 place ( concealm5t ,he appe>$ sev]al times to ,8 disciples4 ,f9ally ,he bade !m meet ,him at ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ne> ,be?any1 & !re took leave ( !m4 ,aft] exhort+ !m1 & embrac+ ea* ( !m 9 turn1 ,he tore ,himself away f !m & walk$ away up ! m\nta94 8,!re /ood ^? poor m51 amaz$--beside !mselves ) sorr[--& look$ aft] ,him z long z !y c\ld4 ,b z ,he m\nt$ high]1 ,he ent]$ ev] deep] into ! cl\d :i* lay ^u ! hilltop1 until f9ally ,he 0 no long] to be se54 ,! cl\d receiv$ ,him out ( _! sight40 ,f ! m\nta9 ,he return$ to ! *ief lodge ( ! ,bro!rhood4 ,only at r>e int]vals did ,he aga9 int]v5e 9 active life--z on ! occasion :5 ,he appe>$ to ,paul ^u ! road to ,damascus4 ,b1 ?\gh unse51 ,he cont9u$ to direct ! de/9ies ( ! community until ,8 dea?4 ,v5tur9i's 8,nonsup]natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?0 is relat$ to ,bahrdt's "w z ! f9i%$ picture to ! sket*4 ,k>l ,he9ri* ,v5tur9i 0 born at ,brunswick 9 #agfh4 ,on ! completion ( 8 !ological /udies he va9ly endeav\r$ to secure a po/ z ,doc5t 9 ! !ological faculty at ,helm/adt1 or z ,libr>ian at ,wolf5bttel4 ,8 life 0 blameless & 8 p]sonal piety beyond reproa*1 b he 0 consid]$ to be too free 9 8 ideas4 ,! ,duke ( ,brunswick 0 p]sonally well dispos$ t[>ds him1 b did n v5ture to give him a po/ on ! tea*+ /aff 9 face ( ! opposition ( ! consi/ories4 ,he 0 r$uc$ to e>n+ a b>e pittance by lit]>y "w1 & f9ally 9 #ahjf 0 ?ankful to accept a small liv+ 9 ,hordorf ne> ,brunswick4 ,he !n ab&on$ !ological writ+ & devot$ 8 en]gies to record+ ! ev5ts ( contempor>y hi/ory1 ( :i* he publi%$ a ye>ly *ronicle--a proce$+ :i* "u ! ,napoleonic rgime 0 n always unatt5d$ ) risk1 z he m ?an once _h occasion to exp]i5ce4 ,he cont9u$ ?is und]tak+ till #ahda4 ,9 #ahdi dea? releas$ him f 8 tasks4 ,v5tur9i's fundam5tal assumption is t x 0 impossible1 ev5 = ! noble/ _s ( mank9d1 to make ,himself und]/ood by ! ,judaism ( ,8 "t except by clo?+ ,8 spiritual tea*+ 9 a s5su\s g>b calculat$ to please ! ori5tal imag9ation1 8&1 9 g5]al1 by br++ ,8 high] spiritual _w into su* relations ) ! l[] s5su\s _w ( ^? :om ,he wi%$ to tea* z 0 necess>y to ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 aims40 8,god's ,mess5g] 0 morally b\nd to p]=m miracles = ! ,jews4 ,^! miracles _h an e?ical purpose1 & 7 especially design$ to c\nt]act ! impression made by ! suppos$ miracles ( ! deceiv]s ( ! p1 & ?us to ha/5 ! ov]?r[ ( ! k+dom ( ,satan40 ,= mod]n m$ical sci5ce ! miracles are n miracul\s4 ,he nev] heal$ )\t m$icam5ts & always c>ri$ ,8 8portable m$ic9e *e/0 ) ,him4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,syropho5ician woman's daught]1 = example1 we c /ill detect 9 ! n>rative a h9t ( ! actual c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! "m expla9s ! case to ,jesus4 ,aft] enquir+ :]e h] dwell+ 0 he made a sign to ,john1 & cont9u$ to hold h] 9 conv]sation4 ,! disciple w5t to ! daught] & gave h] a s$ative1 & :5 ! "m return$ %e f\nd h] *ild cur$4 ,! rais+s f ! dead 7 cases ( coma4 ,! naturemiracles 7 due to a pr(\nd acqua9tance ) ! p[]s ( ,nature & ! ord] ( h] processes4 ,!y involve =ek r ?an control4 ,_m miracle /ories re/ on obvi\s misund]/&+s4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl] ?an ! explanation ( ! miracle at ,cana4 ,jesus _h br\ght ) ,him z a w$d+gift "s j>s ( good w9e & _h put !m aside 9 ano!r room4 ,:5 ! w9e 0 f9i%$ & ,8 "m became anxi\s1 ,he /ill all[$ ! gue/s to wait a little1 z ! /one vessels = purification _h n yet be5 fill$ ) wat]4 ,:5 t _h be5 done ,he ord]$ ! s]vants to p\r out "s ( 8 w9e1 b to tell no "o :5ce x came4 ,:5 ,john1 z an old man1 wrote 8 ,gospel1 he got all ?is r mix$ up--_h n inde$ obs]v$ x v closely at ! "t1 8_h p]haps be5 ! lea/ ?+ m]ry himself10 says ,v5tur9i1 & _h believ$ 9 ! miracle ) ! re/4 ,p]haps1 too1 he _h n v5tur$ to ask ,jesus = an explanation1 = he _h only become ,8 disciple a few days be=e4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,ess5e ,ord] _h wat*$ ov] ! *ild ,jesus ev5 9 ,egypt4 ,z ,he grew old] !y took *>ge ( ,8 education along ) t ( ,8 c\s91 ,john1 & tra9$ !m bo? = _! "w z deliv]]s ( ! p4 ,:]eas ! nation z a :ole look$ to an insurrection z ! means ( its deliv]ance1 !y knew t fre$om c\ld only be a*iev$ by means ( a spiritual r5ewal4 ,once ,jesus & ,john met a b& ( insurg5ts3 ,jesus work$ on !m s p[]fully by ,8 f]vid spee* t !y recognis$ ! impi\sness ( _! purpose4 ,"o ( !m sprang t[>ds ,him & laid d[n 8 arms2 x 0 ,simon1 :o aft]w>ds became ,8 disciple4 ,:5 ,jesus 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s old1 &1 ow+ to ! deep exp]i5ces ( ,8 inn] life1 _h really f> outgr[n ! aims ( ! ,ess5e ,ord]1 ,he ent]$ ^u ,8 (fice by dem&+ baptism f ,john4 ,j z ?is 0 tak+ place a ?und]/orm broke1 & a dove1 fright5$ by ! lightn+1 flutt]$ r\nd ! head ( ,jesus4 ,bo? ,jesus & ,john took ?is z a sign t ! h\r appo9t$ by ,god _h come4 ,! temptations 9 ! wild]ness1 & ^u ! p9nacle ( ! ,temple1 7 due to ! ma*9ations ( ! ,ph>isee ,zadok1 :o pret5d$ to ent] into ! plans ( ,jesus & feign$ admiration = ,him 9 ord] ! m surely to entrap ,him4 ,x 0 ,zadok1 too1 :o /irr$ up opposition to ,him 9 ! ,sanh$r94 ,b ,jesus did n succe$ 9 de/roy+ ! old ,messianic belief ) its e>?ly aims4 ,! hatr$ ( ! lead+ circles aga9/ ,him grew1 al?\gh ,he avoid$ ev]y?+ 8t c\ld (f5d _! prejudices40 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,he ev5 =bade ,8 disciples to prea* ! ,gospel beyond ! bord]s ( ,jewi% t]ritory4 ,he paid ! templetax1 also1 al?\gh he _h no fix$ abode4 ,:5 ! collector w5t to ,pet] ab\t x1 ! foll[+ dialogue took place4 ,taxcollector 7draw+ ,pet] aside74 ,tell me1 ,simon1 does ! ,rabbi pay ! didra*ma to ! ,temple treasury1 or %\ld we n tr\ble ,him ab\t x8 ,pet]4 ,:y %\ldn't ,he pay x8 ,:y d y ask8 ,taxcollector4 ,x's be5 ow+ f bo? ( y s9ce la/ ,nisan1 z our books %[4 ,we did n l to rem9d y\r ,ma/]1 out ( rev]5ce4 ,pet]4 ,i'll tell ,him at once4 ,he w c]ta9ly pay ! tax4 ,y ne$ h no fe> ab\t t4 ,taxcollector4 ,t's good4 ,t w put ev]y?+ /raight1 & we %all h no tr\ble ov] our acc\nts4 ,goodbye6 ,:5 ,jesus he>s ( x ,he comm&s ,pet] to g & cat* a fi%1 & to take c>e1 9 remov+ ! hook1 n to te> its m\?1 t x may be fit = salt+ 767 ,9 t case x w d\btless be wor? a /at]4 ,! "t arriv$ :5 an important move mu/ be made4 ,9 full conclave ( ! ,secret ,society x 0 resolv$ t ,jesus %\ld g up to ,j]usalem & !re publicly proclaim ,himself z ! ,messiah4 ,!n ,he 0 to endeav\r to disabuse ! p ( _! e>?ly ,messianic expectations4 ,! triumphal entry succe$$4 ,! :ole p hail$ ,him ) acclamations4 ,b :5 ,he tri$ to sub/itute = _! picture ( ! ,messiah "o ( a diff]5t "*1 & spoke ( times ( sev]e trial :i* %\ld come ^u all1 :5 ,he %[$ ,himself b seldom 9 ! ,temple1 in/ead ( tak+ ,8 place at ! head ( ! p1 !y began to d\bt ,him4 ,jesus 0 sudd5ly arre/$ & put to dea?4 ,"h1 !n1 ! dea? is n1 z 9 ,bahrdt1 a piece ( playact+1 /agemanag$ by ! ,secret ,society4 ,jesus really expect$ to die1 & only to meet ,8 disciples aga9 9 ! et]nal life ( ! o!r _w4 ,b :5 ,he s soon gave up ! gho/1 ,joseph ( ,arima!a 0 mov$ by "s vague premonition to ha/5 at once to ,pontius ,pilate & make reque/ = ,8 body4 ,he (f]s ! ,procurator money4 ,pilate 7/]nly & emphatically73 8,do/ ?\ also mi/ake me8 ,am ,i1 !n1 su* an insatiable mis]8 ,/ill1 ?\ art a ,jew--h[ c\ld ?is p d me ju/ice8 ,"k1 !n1 t a ,roman c hon\r true nobility :]ev] he may f9d x4 7,he sits d[n & writes "s words on a /rip ( p>*m5t47 ,give ?is to ! capta9 ( ! gu>d4 ,?\ %all be p]mitt$ to remove ! body4 ,i ask no?+ = ?is4 ,x is grant$ to !e freely40 8,a t5d] embrace f 8 wife rew>d$ ! noble de$ ( ! ,roman1 :ile ,joseph left ! ,praetorium1 & ) ,nicodemus1 :o 0 impati5tly await+ him1 ha/5$ to ,golgo?a40 ,!re he receiv$ ! body2 he wa%$ x1 ano9t$ x ) spices1 & laid x on a b$ ( moss 9 ! rockhewn grave4 ,f ! blood :i* 0 /ill fl[+ f ! w\nd 9 ! side1 he v5tur$ to draw a hopeful augury1 & s5t ^w to ! ,ess5e ,bre?r54 ,!y _h a hold close by1 & promis$ to wat* ov] ! body4 ,9 ! fir/ f\r&tw5ty h\rs no movem5t ( life %[$ itself4 ,!n came ! e>?quake4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! t]rible commotion a ,bro!r1 9 ! :ite robes ( ! ,ord]1 0 mak+ 8 way to ! grave by a secret pa?4 ,:5 he1 illum9$ by a fla% ( lightn+1 sudd5ly appe>$ above ! grave1 & at ! same mom5t ! e>? %ook viol5tly1 panic seiz$ ! wat*1 & !y fl$4 ,9 ! morn+ ! ,bro!r he>s a s\nd f ! grave3 ,jesus is mov+4 ,! :ole ,ord] ha/5s to ! spot1 & ,jesus is remov$ to _! ,lodge4 ,two bre?r5 rema9 at ! grave--^! 7 ! 8angels0 :om ! wom5 saw lat]4 ,jesus1 9 ! dress ( a g>d5]1 is aft]w>ds recognis$ by ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,lat]1 ,he comes out at int]vals f ! hid+place1 :]e ,he is kept by ! ,bre?r51 & appe>s to ! disciples4 ,aft] =ty days ,he took ,8 leave ( !m3 ,8 /r5g? 0 exhau/$4 ,! f>ewell sc5e gave rise to ! mi/ak5 impression ( ,8 ,asc5sion4 ,f ! hi/orical po9t ( view ^! lives are n su* contemptible p]=mances z might be suppos$4 ,!re is mu* p5etrat+ obs]vation 9 !m4 ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i are "r 9 feel+ t ! connexion ( ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus has to be discov]$2 ! ,gospels give only a s]ies ( occurr5ces1 & (f] no explanation :y !y happ5$ j z !y did4 ,& if1 9 mak+ ,jesus subs]vi5t to ! plans ( a secret society1 !y repres5t$ ,him z n act+ ) p]fect fre$om1 b z %[+ a c]ta9 passivity1 ?is assumption ( !irs 0 to be brilliantly v9dicat$1 a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 by ! es*atological s*ool1 :i* ass]ts ! same rem>kable passivity on ! "p ( ,jesus1 9 t ,he all[s ,8 actions to be det]m9$1 n inde$ by a secret society1 b by ! es*atological plan ( ,god4 ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i 7 ! fir/ to see t1 ( all ,jesus' acts1 ,8 dea? 0 mo/ di/9ctively ,8 own1 because x 0 by ?is t ,he purpos$ to f\nd ! k+dom4 ,v5tur9i's 8,nonsup]natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?0 may almo/ be said to be reissu$ annually d[n to ! pres5t day1 = all ! fictiti\s 8,lives0 g back directly or indirectly to ! type :i* he creat$4 ,x is plagi>is$ m freely ?an any o!r ,life ( ,jesus1 al?\gh practically unkn[n by "n4 ,v4 ,,fully ,,develop$ ,,rationalism--,,paulus ,he9ri* ,eb]h>d ,gottlob ,paulus4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu als ,grundlage e9] re95 ,ges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5tums4 ,heidelb]g1 ,c4 ,f4 ,w9t]4 7,! ,life ( ,jesus z ! ,basis ( a purely ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity47 #ahbh4 #b vols41 #aaib pp4 ,freut eu* mit ,gottes&a*t1 w5n es gewhrt eu* i/1 ,dem1 s kurz er w>1 weltums*aff5d5 ,leb5sgang ,na* ,jahrhund]t5 f]n zu folg51 ,d5ket1 glaubet1 folget des ,vorbildes ,spur6 7,clos+ words ( vol4 ii47 7,rejoice ) grateful devotion1 if unto y 'tis p]mitt$1 ,aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 /ill to foll[ af> (f ,t ,life :i*1 %ort z x 01 *ang$ ! c\rse ( ! ages2 ,?9k ye well1 & believe2 foll[ ! pa? ( our ,patt]n47 ,paulus 0 n ! m]e dryzdu/ rationali/ t he is usually repres5t$ to h be51 b a man ( v v]satile abilities4 ,8 limitation 0 t1 l ,re9h>d1 he _h an unconqu]able di/ru/ ( any?+ t w5t outside ! b\nd>ies ( logical ?\ght4 ,t 0 due 9 "p to ! exp]i5ces ( 8 y\?4 ,8 fa!r1 a deacon 9 ,leonb]g1 halfmy/ic1 halfrationali/1 _h secret difficulties ab\t ! doctr9e ( immortality1 & made 8 wife promise on h] dea?b$ t1 if x 7 possible1 %e w\ld appe> to him aft] h] dea? 9 bodily =m4 ,aft] %e 0 dead he ?\ght he saw h] raise h]self to a sitt+ po/ure1 & aga9 s9k d[n4 ,f t "t onw>ds he firmly believ$ himself to be 9 communication ) dep>t$ spirits1 & he became s dom9at$ by ?is idea t 9 #agga he _h to be remov$ f 8 (fice4 ,8 *ildr5 suff]$ sorely f a rgime ( compulsory spiritualism1 :i* press$ h>de/ ^u ,he9ri* ,eb]h>d ,gottlob1 born 9 #agfa1 :o1 = ! sake ( peace1 0 oblig$ to pret5d to 8 fa!r t he 0 9 communication ) 8 "m's _s4 ,he himself _h inh]it$ only ! rationali/ic side ( 8 fa!r's temp]am5t4 ,z a /ud5t at ! ,tb+5 ,/ift 7!ological in/itute7 he =m$ 8 views on ! writ+s ( ,seml] & ,mi*aelis4 ,9 #aghi he 0 call$ to ,j5a z ,pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,languages1 & succe$$ 9 #agic to ! ?ird ord9>y pr(essor%ip ( !ology4 ,! naturali/ic int]pretation ( miracles :i* he upheld 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 publi%$ 9 #ahjjahjb1 ar\s$ ! indignation ( ! consi/ories ( ,me9+5 & ,eis5a*4 ,b _! petition = 8 removal f ! pr(essor%ip 0 unsuccessful1 s9ce ,h]d]1 :o 0 presid5t ( ! consi/orium1 us$ 8 influ5ce to protect him4 ,9 #agii ,paulus1 z ,prorector1 us$ 8 influ5ce on behalf ( 8 colleague ,fi*te1 :o 0 attack$ on ! gr\nd ( a!ism2 b 9 va91 ow+ to ! passionate conduct ( ! accus$4 ,) ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 & ,wiel&1 ,paulus & 8 wife1 a lively lady ( "s lit]>y tal5ts1 /ood 9 ! mo/ fri5dly relations4 ,:5 ! ,j5a circle began to break up1 he accept$1 9 #ahjc1 an invitation f ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 ,maximilian ,joseph ,,ii41 to g to ,wrzburg z ,konsi/orialrat & pr(essor4 ,!re ! lib]al m9i/]1 ,montgelas1 0 desir\s ( e/abli%+ a univ]sity f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples ( illum9ism--,s*ell+1 ,hufel&1 & ,s*lei]ma*] 7 among ^? :om he contemplat$ appo9t+ z ,doc5ts4 ,"h ! ,ca?olic !ological /ud5ts 7 oblig$ to att5d ! lectures ( ! ,prote/ant pr(essor ( !ology1 z !re 7 no ,prote/ants to =m an audi5ce4 ,8 fir/ c\rse 0 on 8,encyclopdie0 7i4e4 introduction to ! lit]ature ( !ology74 ,! plan fail$4 ,paulus resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip & became 9 #ahjg a memb] ( ! ,bav>ian educational c\ncil 7,s*ulrat74 ,9 ?is capacity he work$ at ! reorganisation ( ! ,bav>ian s*ool sy/em at ! "t :5 ,hegel 0 simil>ly engag$4 ,he gave f\r ye>s to ?is task1 :i* he felt to be laid ^u him z a duty4 ,!n1 9 #ahaa1 he w5t to ,heidelb]g z pr(essor ( !ology2 & he rema9$ !re until 8 dea?1 9 #ahea1 at ! age ( n9ety4 ,"o ( 8 la/ say+s1 a few h\rs be=e he di$1 01 8,i am ju/ifi$ be=e ,god1 ?r\gh my desire to d "r40 ,8 la/ words 71 8,!re is ano!r _w40 ,! =ty ye>s ( 8 ,heidelb]g p]iod 7 rem>kably productive2 !re 0 no dep>tm5t ( k on :i* he did n write4 ,he express$ 8 views ab\t homoeopa?y1 ab\t ! fre$om ( ! ,press1 ab\t academic fre$om1 & ab\t ! duell+ nuisance4 ,9 #ahca1 he wrote ^u ! ,jewi% ,"q2 & !re ! vet]an rationali/ %[$ himself a bitt] anti,semite1 & br\ght ^u himself ! scorn ( ,he9e4 ,on politics & con/itutional que/ions he f\ght = 8 op9ions s op5ly & manfully t he _h to be w>n$ to be m discreet4 ,9 philosophy he took an especially ke5 int]e/4 ,:5 9 ,j5a he _h1 9 conjunction ) ,s*ill]1 busi$ himself 9 ! /udy ( ,kant4 ,he did a p>ticul>ly m]itori\s s]vice 9 prep>+ an edition ( ,sp9oza's writ+s1 ) a biography ( t ?9k]1 9 #ahjc1 at ! "t :5 neo,sp9ozism 0 mak+ its influ5ce felt 9 ,g]man philosophy4 ,he con/itut$ himself ! special gu>dian ( philosophy1 & ! mom5t he detect$ ! slighte/ h9t ( my/icism1 he s\nd$ ! al>m4 ,8 pet av]sion 0 ,s*ell+1 :o 0 born f\rte5 ye>s lat] ?an he1 9 ! v same h\se at ,leonb]g1 & :om he _h met z colleague at ,j5a & at ,wrzburg4 ,! works1 av[$ & anonym\s1 :i* he direct$ aga9/ ?is 8*>latan1 juggl]1 sw9dl]1 & obscuranti/10 z he designat$ him1 fill an entire libr>y4 ,9 #ahda1 ,s*ell+ 0 call$ to ! *air ( philosophy 9 ,b]l91 & 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdaahdb he gave 8 lectures on 8,! ,philosophy ( ,revelation0 :i* caus$ ! ,b]l9 reaction>ies to hail him z _! great ally4 ,! vet]an rationali/--he 0 eighty ye>s old--0 transport$ ) rage4 ,he _h _h ! lectures tak5 d[n = him1 & he publi%$ !m ) critical rem>ks "u ! title 8,! ,philosophy ( ,revelation at l5g? ,reveal$1 & set =? = ,g5]al ,exam9ation1 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,g4 ,paulus0 7,d>m/adt1 #ahdb74 ,s*ell+ 0 furi\s1 & dragg$ 8! impud5t sc\ndrel0 into a c\rt ( law on ! *>ge ( illicit publication4 ,9 ,prussia ! book 0 suppress$4 ,b ! c\rts decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,paulus1 :o coolly expla9$ t 8! philosophy ( ,s*ell+ appe>$ to him an insidi\s attack ^u s\nd reason1 ! unmask+ ( :i* by e possible means 0 a "w ( public utility1 nay1 ev5 a duty40 ,he also secur$ ! result at :i* he aim$2 ,s*ell+ resign$ 8 lecture%ip4 ,9 8 la/ days ! vet]an rationali/ 0 an isolat$ survival f an e>li] age into a p]iod :i* no long] und]/ood him4 ,! new m5 reproa*$ him = /&+ 9 ! old ways2 he accus$ !m ( a want ( hone/y4 ,x 0 j 9 8 immobility & 8 "osid$ness t 8 significance lay4 ,by 8 consi/5t c>ry+ ?r\gh ( ! rationali/ic explanation he p]=m$ a s]vice to !ology m valuable ?an ^? :o ?9k !mselves s va/ly 8 sup]iors are will+ to ackn[l$ge4 ,8 ,life ( ,jesus is awkw>dly arrang$4 ,! fir/ "p gives a hi/orical exposition ( ! ,gospels1 section by section4 ,! second "p is a synopsis int]sp]s$ ) supplem5t>y matt]4 ,!re is no attempt to grasp ! life ( ,jesus z a connect$ :ole4 ,9 t respect he is f> inf]ior to ,v5tur9i4 ,/rictly reg>d$1 8 "w is only a h>mony ( ! gospels ) explanatory comm5ts1 ! gr\nd plan ( :i* is tak5 f ! ,f\r? ,gospel47#bb7 ,! ma9 int]e/ c5tres 9 ! explanations ( ! miracles1 ?\gh ! au?or1 x mu/ be admitt$1 endeav\r$ to gu>d aga9/ ?is4 8,x is my *ief desire10 he writes 9 8 preface1 8t my views reg>d+ ! miracle /ories %\ld n be tak5 z by any means ! pr9cipal ?+4 ,h[ empty w\ld devotion or religion be if "o's spiritual wellbe+ dep5d$ on :e!r "o believ$ 9 miracles or no60 8,! truly miracul\s ?+ ab\t ,jesus is ,himself1 ! purity & s]5e hol9ess ( ,8 "*1 :i* is1 not)/&+1 g5u9ely human1 & adapt$ to ! imitation & emulation ( mank9d40 ,! "q ( miracle is !re=e a subsidi>y "q4 ,two po9ts ( prim>y importance are c]ta9 f ! outset3 7#a7 t unexpla9$ alt]ations ( ! c\rse ( nature c nei!r ov]?r[ nor atte/ a spiritual tru?1 7#b7 t ev]y?+ :i* happ5s 9 nature emanates f ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,! ,evangeli/s int5d$ to relate miracles2 ( t !re c be no d\bt4 ,nor c any "o d5y t 9 _! "t miracles ent]$ into ! plan ( ,god1 9 ! s5se t ! m9ds ( m5 7 to be a/\nd$ & subdu$ by inexplicable facts4 ,?is effect1 h[ev]1 is pa/4 ,9 p]iods to :i* ! miracul\s makes less appeal1 9 view ( ! advance 9 intellectual culture ( ! nations :i* h be5 l$ to accept ,*ri/ianity1 ! und]/&+ mu/ be satisfi$ if ! success ( ! cause is to be ma9ta9$4 ,s9ce t :i* is produc$ by ! laws ( nature is really produc$ by ,god1 ! ,biblical miracles consi/ m]ely 9 ! fact t eyewitnesses report ev5ts ( :i* !y did n "k ! second>y causes4 ,_! k ( ! laws ( nature 0 insuffici5t to enable !m to und]/& :at actually happ5$4 ,= "o :o has discov]$ ! second>y causes1 ! fact rema9s1 z su*1 b n ! miracle4 ,! "q ( miracle1 !re=e1 does n really exi/1 or exi/s only = ^? 8:o are "u ! influ5ce ( ! sceptical delusion t x is possible really to ?9k any k9d ( natural p[]s z exi/+ ap>t f ,god1 or to ?9k ! ,be+ ( ,god ap>t f ! primal pot5tialities :i* unfold !mselves 9 ! nev]ceas+ process ( ,becom+40 ,! difficulty arises f ! 8orig9al s90 ( dissolv+ ! inn] unity ( ,god & nature1 ( d5y+ ! equival5ce impli$ by ,sp9oza 9 8 8,deus sive ,natura40 ,= ! normal intellig5ce ! only problem is to discov] ! second>y causes ( ! 8miracles0 ( ,jesus4 ,x is true !re is "o miracle :i* ,paulus reta9s--! miracle ( ! bir?1 or at lea/ ! possibility ( x2 9 ! s5se t x is ?r\gh holy inspiration t ,m>y receives ! hope & ! p[] ( conceiv+ h] exalt$ ,son1 9 :om ! _s ( ! ,messiah takes up its dwell+4 ,"h he indirectly d5ies ! natural g5]ation1 & reg>ds ! conception z an act ( ! self consci\sness ( ! "m4 ,) ! miracles ( heal+1 h[ev]1 ! case is v simple4 ,sometimes ,jesus work$ ?r\gh ,8 spiritual p[] ^u ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! suff]]2 sometimes ,he us$ m$ic9es kn[n to ,him alone4 ,! latt] applies1 = in/ance1 to ! cures ( ! bl9d4 ,! disciples1 too1 z appe>s f ,m>k vi4 #g & #ac1 7 n s5t out )\t m$icam5ts1 = ! oil ) :i* !y 7 to ano9t ! sick 01 ( c\rse1 ( a m$ic9al "*2 & ! ca/+ out ( evil spirits 0 effect$ p>tly by means ( s$atives4 ,diet & aft]treatm5t play$ a great "p1 ?\gh ! ,evangeli/s say little ab\t ?is because directions on ^! po9ts w\ld n be giv5 publicly4 ,?us1 ! say+1 8,?is k9d goe? n out save by pray] & fa/+10 is int]pret$ z an in/ruction to ! fa!r z to ! way 9 :i* he c\ld make ! sudd5 cure ( ! epileptic into a p]man5t "o1 viz4 by keep+ him to a /rict diet & /r5g!n+ 8 "* by devotional ex]cises4 ,! nature miracles sugge/ _! own explanation4 ,! walk+ on ! wat] 0 an illusion ( ! disciples4 ,jesus walk$ along ! %ore1 & 9 ! mi/ 0 tak5 = a gho/ by ! al>m$ & excit$ occupants ( ! boat4 ,:5 ,jesus call$ to !m1 ,pet] ?rew himself into ! wat]1 & 0 drawn to %ore by ,jesus j z he 0 s9k+4 ,imm$iately aft] tak+ ,jesus into ! boat !y d\bl$ a headl& & drew cle> ( ! /orm c5tre2 !y !re=e suppos$ t ,he _h calm$ ! sea by ,8 comm&4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ! case :]e ,he 0 asleep dur+ ! /orm4 ,:5 !y wak$ ,him ,he spoke to !m ab\t ! w9d & ! wea!r4 ,at t mom5t !y ga9$ ! %elt] ( a hill :i* protect$ !m f ! w9d t swept d[n ! valley2 & !y m>vell$ among !mselves t ev5 ! w9ds & ! sea obey$ _! ,messiah4 ,! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s& is expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,:5 ,jesus saw ! multitude all hung]$1 ,he said to ,8 disciples1 8,we w set ! ri* p among !m a good example1 t !y may %>e _! supplies ) ! o!rs10 & he began to di/ribute ,8 own provisions1 & ^? ( ! disciples1 to ! p :o 7 sitt+ ne> !m4 ,! example _h its effect1 & soon !re 0 pl5ty = e "o4 ,! explanation ( ! transfiguration is some:at m complicat$4 ,:ile ,jesus 0 l+]+ ) a few foll[]s 9 ?is m\nta9\s di/rict ,he _h an int]view ^u a high m\nta9 at night ) two dignifi$look+ m5 :om ,8 ?ree companions took = ,moses & ,elias4 ,^! unkn[n p]sons1 z we le>n f ,luke ix4 #ca1 in=m$ ,him ( ! fate :i* await$ ,him at ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+1 z ! sun 0 ris+1 ! ?ree disciples1 only half awake1 look$ upw>ds f ! holl[ 9 :i* !y _h be5 sleep+ & saw ,jesus ) ! two /rang]s ^u ! high] "p ( ! m\nta91 illum9at$ by ! beams ( ! ris+ sun1 & he>d !m speak1 n[ ( ! fate :i* ?reat5$ ,him 9 ! capital1 n[ ( ! duty ( /eadfa/ness & ! hopes atta*$ !reto1 & f9ally he>d an exhortation address$ to !mselves1 bidd+ !m ev] to hold ,jesus to be ! belov$ ,son ( ! ,deity1 :om !y mu/ obey4444 ,_! dr[s9ess1 & ! cl\ds :i* 9 an autumnal sunrise float to & fro ov] ^? m\nta9s17#bc7 left !m no cle> recollection ( :at _h happ5$4 ,?is only add$ to ! wond] ( ! vague undef9$ impression ( hav+ be5 9 contact ) app>itions f a high] sph]e4 ,! ?ree :o _h be5 ) ,him on ! m\nt nev] arriv$ at any m def9ite k ( ! facts1 because ,jesus =bade !m to speak ( :at !y _h se5 until ! end %\ld come4 ,9 deal+ ) ! rais+s f ! dead ! au?or is 9 8 elem5t4 ,"h he is ready ) ! unfail+ explanation tak5 ov] f ,bahrdt t !y 7 only cases ( coma4 ,^! n>ratives %\ld n be head$ 8rais+s f ! dead10 b 8deliv]ances f premature burial40 ,9 ,judaea1 int]m5t took place ?ree h\rs aft] dea?4 ,h[ _m seem+ly dead p may h return$ to consci\sness 9 _! graves1 & !n h p]i%$ mis]ably6 ,?us ,jesus1 ow+ to a pres5tim5t sugge/$ to ,him by ! fa!r's /ory1 saves ! daught] ( ,jairus f be+ buri$ :ile 9 a cataleptic trance4 ,a simil> pres5tim5t l$ ,him to remove ! cov]+ ( ! bi] :i* ,he met at ! gate ( ,na91 & to discov] traces ( life 9 ! wid['s son4 ,a simil> in/9ct mov$ ,him to ask to be tak5 to ! grave ( ,laz>us4 ,:5 ! /one is roll$ away ,he sees ,8 fri5d /&+ upright & calls to him joyfully1 8,come =?60 ,! ,jewi% love ( miracle 8caus$ ev]y?+ to be ascrib$ imm$iately to ! ,deity1 & second>y causes to be ov]look$2 consequ5tly no ?\ght 0 un=tunately giv5 to ! "q ( h[ to prev5t ^! horrible cases ( premature burial f tak+ place60 ,b :y does x n appe> /range to ,paulus t ,jesus did n enlight5 ,8 c\ntrym5 z to ! crim9al "* ( ov]ha/y burial1 in/ead ( all[+ ev5 8 close/ foll[]s to believe 9 miracle8 ,"h ! hypo!sis condemns itself1 al?\gh x has a f\ndation ( fact1 9 s f> z cases ( premature burial are abnormally frequ5t 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus mu/ be br\ght "u ! same category if we are to hold fa/ to ! facts t ! disciples saw ,him 9 ,8 natural body ) ! pr9t ( ! nails 9 ,8 h&s1 & t ,he took food 9 _! pres5ce4 ,dea? f crucifixion 0 9 fact due to a condition ( rigor1 :i* ext5d$ gradually inw>ds4 ,x 0 ! sl[e/ ( all dea?s4 ,josephus m5tions 9 8 ,contra ,apionem t x 0 grant$ to him z a fav\r by ,titus1 at ,tekoa1 t he might h ?ree crucifi$ m5 :om he knew tak5 d[n f ! cross4 ,two ( !m di$1 b "o recov]$4 ,jesus1 h[ev]1 8di$0 surpris+ly quickly4 ,! l\d cry :i* he utt]$ imm$iately be=e ,8 head sank %[s t ,8 /r5g? 0 f> f be+ exhau/$1 & t :at sup]v5$ 0 only a dea?l trance4 ,9 su* trances ! process ( dy+ cont9ues until corruption sets 94 8,?is alone proves t ! process is complete & t dea? has actually tak5 place40 ,9 ! case ( ,jesus1 z 9 t ( o!rs1 ! vital sp>k w\ld h be5 gradually ext+ui%$1 _h n ,provid5ce my/]i\sly effect$ on behalf ( its fav\rite t :i* 9 ! case ( o!rs 0 sometimes effect$ 9 m obvi\s ways by human skill & c>e4 ,! lance?ru/1 :i* we are to ?9k ( r z a m]e surface w\nd1 s]v$ ! purpose ( a phlebotomy4 ,! cool grave & ! aromatic ungu5ts cont9u$ ! process ( resuscitation1 until f9ally ! /orm & ! e>?quake ar\s$ ,jesus to full consci\sness4 ,=tunately ! e>?quake also _h ! effect ( roll+ away ! /one f ! m\? ( ! grave4 ,! ,"l /ripp$ (f ! graveclo!s & put on a g>d5]'s dress :i* ,he manag$ to procure4 ,t 0 :at made ,m>y1 z we are told 9 ,john xx4 #ae1 take ,him = ! g>d5]4 ,?r\gh ! wom51 ,he s5ds a message to ,8 disciples bidd+ !m meet ,him 9 ,galilee1 & ,himself sets out to g ?i!r4 ,at ,emmaus1 z ! dusk 0 fall+1 ,he met two ( ,8 foll[]s1 :o at fir/ fail$ to recognise ,him because ,8 c\nt5ance 0 s disfigur$ by ,8 suff]+s4 ,b ,8 mann] ( giv+ ?anks at ! break+ ( bread1 & ! nailpr9ts 9 ,8 uplift$ h&s1 reveal$ to !m :o ,he 04 ,f !m ,he le>ns :]e ,8 disciples are1 returns to ,j]usalem1 & appe>s unexpect$ly among !m4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! message po9t+ to ,galilee & ! appe>ances 9 ,j]usalem4 ,?omas 0 n pres5t at ?is fir/ appe>ance1 & at a lat] int]view 0 suff]$ to put 8 h& into ! m>ks ( ! w\nds4 ,x is a misund]/&+ to see a reproa* 9 ! words :i* ,jesus addresses to him4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( 8,bless$ are !y t h n se5 & h believ$08 ,x is a b5$iction ^u ,?omas = :at he has done 9 ! int]e/s ( lat] g5]ations4 8,n[10 ,jesus says1 8?\1 ,?omas1 art conv9c$ because ?\ ha/ s unmi/akably se5 ,me4 ,x is well = ^? :o n[ or 9 ! future %all n see ,me2 = aft] ?is !y c feel a firm conviction1 because ?\ ha/ conv9c$ ?yself s completely t to !e1 ^: h&s h t\*$ ,me1 no possible d\bt c rema9 ( ,my corporeal reanimation40 ,_h x n be5 = ,?omas's peculi> m5tal con/itution we %\ld n h kn[n :e!r :at 0 se5 0 a phantom or a real appe>ance ( ! reanimat$ ,jesus4 ,9 ?is way ,jesus liv$ ) !m = =ty days1 sp5d+ "p ( t "t ) !m 9 ,galilee4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! illtreatm5t :i* ,he _h und]gone1 ,he 0 n capable ( cont9u\s ex]tion4 ,he liv$ quietly & ga!r$ /r5g? = ! brief mom5ts 9 :i* ,he appe>$ among ,8 own foll[]s & taught !m4 ,:5 ,he felt 8 end draw+ ne> ,he return$ to ,j]usalem4 ,on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 9 ! e>ly sunlight1 ,he assembl$ ,8 foll[]s = ! la/ "t4 ,he lift$ up ,8 h&s to bless !m1 & ) h&s /ill rais$ 9 b5$iction ,he mov$ away f !m4 ,a cl\d int]poses itself betwe5 !m & ,him1 s t _! eyes _c foll[ ,him4 ,z he disappe>$ !re /ood be=e !m1 clo!d 9 :ite1 ! two dignifi$ figures :om ! ?ree disciples :o 7 pres5t at ! transfiguration _h tak5 = ,moses & ,elias1 b :o 7 really among ! secret adh]5ts ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem4 ,^! m5 exhort$ !m n to /& wait+ !re b to be up & do+4 ,:]e ,jesus really di$ !y nev] knew1 & s !y came to describe ,8 dep>ture z an asc5sion4 ,?is ,life ( ,jesus is n writt5 )\t feel+4 ,at times1 9 mom5ts ( exaltation1 ! writ] ev5 da%es into v]se4 ,if only ! lack ( all natural ae/hetic feel+ did n ru9 ev]y?+6 ,paulus con/antly falls into a /yle t sets ! tee? on edge4 ,! episode ( ! dea? ( ! ,bapti/ is head$ 8,c\rt&,prie/ intrigues enhance !mselves to a judicial murd]40 ,mu* is spoil$ by a k9d ( banality4 ,in/ead ( 8disciples10 he always says 8pupils10 in/ead ( 8fai?10 8s9c]ity ( conviction40 ,! appeal :i* ! fa!r ( ! lunatic boy addresses to ,jesus1 8,"l1 ,i believe1 help ?\ my unbelief10 runs 8,i am s9c]ely conv9c$2 help me1 ev5 if !re is any?+ lack+ 9 ! s9c]ity ( my conviction40 ,! beautiful say+ 9 ! /ory ( ,m>?a & ,m>y1 8,"o ?+ is ne$ful10 is int]pret$ z mean+ t a s+le c\rse w be suffici5t = ! meal47#bd7 ,! sc5e 9 ! home at ,be?any rejoices 9 ! head+1 8,g5iality ( ,jesus among sympa!tic fri5ds 9 a hospitable family circle at ,be?any4 ,a ,messiah ) no /iff solemnity ab\t ,him40 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation :i* ,paulus discov]s = ! say+ ab\t ! tributemoney3 8,s long z y ne$ ! ,romans to ma9ta9 "s sort ( ord] among y10 says ,jesus1 8y mu/ provide ! means !reto4 ,if y 7 fit to be indep5d5t y w\ld n ne$ to s]ve any "o b ,god40 ,among ! hi/orical problems1 ,paulus is especially int]e/$ 9 ! idea ( ! ,messiah%ip1 & 9 ! motives ( ! betrayal4 ,8 sixtyfive pages on ! hi/ory ( ! conception ( ! ,messiah are a real contribution to ! subject4 ,! ,messianic idea1 he expla9s1 goes back to ! ,davidic k+dom2 ! prophets rais$ x to a high] religi\s plane2 9 ! times ( ! ,maccabees ! ideal ( ! k+ly ,messiah p]i%$ & its place 0 tak5 by t ( ! sup]e>?ly deliv]]4 ,! only mi/ake :i* ,paulus makes is 9 suppos+ t ! po/,maccabean p]iod w5t back to ! political ideal ( ! ,davidic k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he rightly int]prets ! dea? ( ,jesus z ! de$ by :i* ,he ?\ght to w9 ! ,messiah%ip prop] to ! ,son ( ,man4 ,) ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! ,high ,prie/ at ! trial1 he rem>ks t x does n ref] to ! metaphysical ,div9e ,son%ip1 b to ! ,messiah%ip 9 ! anci5t ,jewi% s5se1 & accord+ly ,jesus answ]s by po9t+ to ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,! importance ( es*atology 9 ! prea*+ ( ,jesus is cle>ly recognis$1 b ,paulus proce$s to nullify ?is recognition by mak+ ! ris5 ,"l cut %ort all ! que/ions ( ! disciples 9 reg>d to ?is subject ) ! admonition 8t 9 :atev] way all ?is %\ld come ab\t1 & :e!r soon or late1 _! bus9ess 0 to see t !y _h done _! own "p40 ,h[ did ,judas come to play ! traitor8 ,he believ$ 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus & want$ to =ce ,him to decl>e ,himself4 ,to br+ ab\t ,8 arre/ seem$ to ,judas ! be/ means ( r\s+ ! p to take ,8 side op5ly4 ,b ! c\rse ( ev5ts 0 too rapid = him4 ,ow+ to ! ,fea/ ! news ( ! arre/ spread b sl[ly4 ,9 ! night 8:5 p 7 sleep+ (f ! effects ( ! ,passov] supp]10 ,jesus 0 condemn$2 9 ! morn+1 be=e !y 7 well awake1 ,he 0 hurri$ away to be crucifi$4 ,!n ,judas 0 ov]come ) despair1 & w5t & hang$ himself4 8,judas /&s be=e u 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion z a w>n+ example ( ^? :o all[ _! clev]ness to deg5]ate into cunn+1 & p]suade !mselves t x is p]missible to d evil t good may come--to seek good objects1 :i* !y really value1 by intrigue & *ican]y4 ,& ! und]ly+ cause ( _! errors is t !y h fail$ to ov]come _! passionate desire = selfadvancem5t40 ,su* 0 ! consi/5tly rationali/ic ,life ( ,jesus1 :i* evok$ s mu* opposition at ! "t ( its appe>ance1 & sev5 ye>s lat] receiv$ its dea?bl[ at ! h&s ( ,/rauss4 ,! me?od is doom$ to failure because ! au?or only saves 8 own s9c]ity at ! exp5se ( t ( 8 *>act]s4 ,he makes ! disciples ( ,jesus see miracles :]e !y c\ld n possibly h se5 !m2 & makes ,jesus ,himself all[ miracles to be imag9$ :]e ,he mu/ necess>ily h prote/$ aga9/ su* a delusion4 ,8 exegesis1 too1 is sometimes viol5t4 ,b 9 ?is1 :o has ! "r to judge him8 ,if ! !ologians dragg$ him be=e ! ,"l1 ,he w\ld comm&1 z ( old1 8,let him t is )\t s9 among y ca/ ! fir/ /one at him10 & ,paulus w\ld g =? unh>m$4 ,moreov]1 a numb] ( 8 explanations are "r 9 pr9ciple4 ,! fe$+ ( ! multitudes & ! walk+ on ! sea mu/ be expla9$ someh[ or o!r z misund]/&+s ( some?+ t actually happ5$4 ,& h[ _m ( ,paulus' ideas are /ill go+ ab\t 9 all sorts ( disguises1 & crop up aga9 & aga9 9 comm5t>ies & ,lives ( ,jesus1 especially 9 ^? ( ! 8antirationali/s06 ,n[adays x belongs to ! complete duty ( ! welltra9$ !ologian to r5\nce ! rationali/s & all _! works2 & yet h[ poor our "t is 9 comp>ison ) !irs--h[ poor 9 /rong m5 capable ( loyalty to an ideal1 h[ poor1 s f> z !ology is conc]n$1 9 simple commonplace s9c]ity6 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,phase ,,( ,,rationalism--,,hase ,,& ,,s*lei]ma*] ,k>l ,augu/ ,hase4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu zun*/ fr akademis*e ,/udi54 7,! ,life ( ,jesus1 prim>ily = ! use ( /ud5ts47 #ahbi4 #bje pp4 ,?is "w conta9s a bibliography ( ! e>lie/ lit]ature ( ! subject4 #e? ed41 #ahfe4 ,fri$ri* ,ern/ ,daniel ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 #ahfd4 ,edit$ by ,rt5ik4 ,! edition is bas$ ^u a /ud5t's notebook ( a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ 9 #ahcb4 ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss4 ,d] ,*ri/us des ,glaub5s und d] ,jesus d] ,ges*i*te4 ,e9e ,kritik des ,s*lei]ma*]'s*5 ,leb5s ,jesu4 7,! ,*ri/ ( ,fai? & ! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory4 ,a criticism ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,life ( ,jesus47 #ahfe4 ,9 _! treatm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus1 ,hase & ,s*lei]ma*] are 9 "o respect /ill :olly dom9at$ by rationalism4 ,!y /ill cl+ to ! rationali/ic explanation ( miracle2 al?\gh !y h no long] ! same +5u\s confid5ce 9 x z _! pr$ecessors1 & al?\gh at ! decisive cases !y are cont5t to leave a "qm>k in/ead ( (f]+ a solution4 ,!y might1 9 fact1 be describ$ z ! sceptics ( rationalism4 ,9 ano!r respect1 h[ev]1 !y aim at some?+ beyond ! range ( rationalism1 inasmu* z !y endeav\r to grasp ! inn] connexion ( ! ev5ts ( ,jesus' m9i/ry1 :i* 9 ,paulus _h entirely fall5 out ( sight4 ,_! ,lives ( ,jesus are transitional1 9 ! good s5se ( ! ^w z well z 9 ! bad4 ,9 respect ( progress1 ,hase %[s himself ! great] ( ! two4 ,sc>cely ?irte5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! dea? ( ! great ,j5a pr(essor1 8 ,excell5cy von ,hase1 & already we ?9k ( him z a man ( ! pa/4 ,!ology has vot$ to inscribe 8 "n ^u its records 9 lett]s ( gold--& has pass$ on to ! ord] ( ! day4 ,he 0 no pione] l ,baur1 & he does n meet ! pres5t age on ! foot+ ( a contempor>y1 (f]+ x problems rais$ by him & /ill unsolv$4 ,ev5 8 8,*ur* ,hi/ory10 ) its twelve editions1 has already _h its day1 al?\gh x is /ill ! mo/ brilliantly writt5 "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 & conceals b5ea? its elegance ( =m a massive erudition4 ,he 0 m ?an a !ologian2 he 0 "o ( ! f9e/ monum5ts ( ,g]man culture1 ! liv+ embodim5t ( a p]iod :i* = u lies "u ! sunset gl[ ( ! pa/1 9 ! l& ( 8once ^u a "t40 ,8 pa? 9 life 0 unemb>rass$2 he knew toil1 b n disappo9tm5t4 ,born 9 #ahjj1 he f9i%$ 8 /udies at ,tb+51 :]e he qualifi$ z a ,privat,doc5t 9 #ahbc4 ,9 #ahbdahbe he sp5t elev5 mon?s 9 ! =tress ( ,hoh5asp]g1 :]e he 0 conf9$ = tak+ ! "p ( ! ,burs*5s*aft517#be7 & _h leisure = m$itation & lit]>y plans4 ,9 #ahcj he w5t to ,j5a1 :]e1 ) a ye>ly visit to ,italy to lay 9 a /ore ( sun%9e & r5ew$ /r5g?1 he work$ until #ahij4 ,n )\t a c]ta9 rev]5ce does "o take ?is little textbook ( #bje pages into "o's h&s4 ,?is is ! fir/ attempt by a fully equipp$ s*ol> to recon/ruct ! life ( ,jesus on a purely hi/orical basis4 ,!re is m creative p[] 9 x ?an 9 almo/ any ( 8 lat] works4 ,x manife/s already ! brilliant qualities ( /yle = :i* he 0 di/+ui%$--cle>ness1 t]s5ess1 elegance4 ,:at a contra/ ) t ( ,bahrdt1 ,v5tur9i1 or ,paulus6 ,& yet ! keynote ( ! "w is rationali/ic1 s9ce ,hase has rec\rse to ! rationali/ic explanation ( miracles :]ev] t appe>s possible4 ,he seeks to make ! circum/ances ( ! baptism intelligible by suppos+ ! appe>ance ( a meteor4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! transfiguration1 ! fact :i* is to be reta9$ is t ,jesus1 9 ! company ( two unkn[n p]sons1 appe>$ to ! disciples 9 unaccu/om$ spl5d\r4 ,_! id5tification ( ,8 companions z ,moses & ,elias is a conclusion :i* is n confirm$ by ,jesus1 & ow+ to ! position ( ! eyewitnesses1 is n suffici5tly gu>ante$ by _! te/imony4 ,! abrupt break+ (f ( ! int]view by ! ,ma/]1 & ! injunction ( sil5ce1 po9t to "s secret circum/ance 9 ,8 hi/ory4 ,by ?is h9t ,hase seems to leave room = ! 8secret society0 ( ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i4 ,he makes no difficulty ab\t ! explanation ( ! /ory ( ! /at]4 ,x is only int5d$ to %[ 8h[ ! ,messiah avoid$ (f5ce 9 submitt+ ,himself to ! f9ancial burd5s ( ! community40 ,9 reg>d to ! /ill+ ( ! /orm1 x seems unc]ta9 :e!r ,jesus ?r\gh ,8 k ( nature 0 enabl$ to pr$ict ! end ( ! /orm or :e!r ,he br\ght x ab\t by ! possession ( p[] ov] nature4 ,! 8sceptic ( rationalism0 ?us leaves op5 ! possibility ( miracle4 ,he proce$s some:at simil>ly 9 expla9+ ! rais+s f ! dead4 ,!y c be made intelligible by suppos+ t !y 7 cases ( coma1 b x is also possible to look ^u !m z sup]natural4 ,= ! two great ,johann9e miracles1 ! *ange ( ! wat] into w9e & ! increase ( ! loaves1 no naturali/ic explanation c be admitt$4 ,b h[ unsuccessful is 8 attempt to make ! increase ( ! bread intelligible6 8,:y %\ld n ! bread h be5 increas$80 he asks4 8,if nature e ye> 9 ! p]iod betwe5 se$"t & h>ve/ p]=ms a simil> miracle1 nature might also1 by unkn[n laws1 br+ x ab\t 9 a mom5t40 ,"h crops up ! dang]\s antirationali/ic intellectual sup]naturalism :i* sometimes br+s ,hase & ,s*lei]ma*] v close to ! fronti]s ( ! t]ritory occupi$ by ! dis+5u\s reaction>ies4 ,! crucial po9t is ! explanation ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,a /r+5t pro( t dea? _h actually tak5 place _c1 accord+ to ,hase1 be giv51 s9ce !re is no evid5ce t corruption _h set 91 & t is ! only infallible sign ( dea?4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t ! resurrection 0 only a return to consci\sness aft] a trance4 ,b ! direct impression made by ! s\rces po9ts r to a sup]natural ev5t4 ,ei!r view is compatible ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 8,bo? ! hi/orically possible views--ei!r t ! ,creator gave new life to a body :i* 0 really dead1 or t ! lat5t life reawak5$ 9 a body :i* 0 only seem+ly dead--recognise 9 ! resurrection a manife/ pro( ( ! c>e ( ,provid5ce = ! cause ( ,jesus1 & are !re=e bo? to be recognis$ z ,*ri/ian1 :]eas a ?ird view--t ,jesus gave ,himself up to 8 enemies 9 ord] to defeat !m by ! bold /roke ( a seem+ dea? & a skilfully prep>$ resurrection--is z contr>y to hi/orical criticism z to ,*ri/ian fai?40 ,hase1 h[ev]1 quietly light5s ! difficulty ( ! miracle "q 9 a way :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,= ! rationali/s all miracles /ood on ! same foot+1 & all mu/ equally be aboli%$ by a naturali/ic explanation4 ,if we /udy ,hase c>efully1 we f9d t he accepts only ! ,johann9e miracles z au!ntic1 :]eas ^? ( ! ,synopti/s may be reg>d$ z re/+ ^u a misund]/&+ on ! "p ( ! au?ors1 because !y are n report$ at fir/ h&1 b f tradition4 ,?us ! discrim9ation ( ! two l9es ( ,gospel tradition comes to ! aid ( ! antirationali/s1 & enables !m to get rid ( "s ( ! greate/ difficulties4 ,half playfully1 x might almo/ be said1 !y sket* out ! ideas ( ,/rauss1 )\t ev] suspect+ :at desp]ate e>ne/ ! game w become1 if ! au!nticity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel has to be giv5 up4 ,hase surr5d]s ! bir?/ory & ! 8leg5ds ( ! ,*ildhood0--! expression is 8 own--almo/ )\t /rik+ a bl[4 ,! same fate befalls all ! incid5ts 9 :i* angels figure1 & ! miracles at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,he describes ^! z 8my?ical t\*es40 ,! asc5sion is m]ely 8a my?ical v]sion ( ,8 dep>ture to ! ,fa!r40 ,hase's conception ev5 ( ! nonmiracul\s portion ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus is n free f rationali/ic traits4 ,he indulges 9 ! foll[+ speculations ) reg>d to ! celibacy ( ! ,"l4 8,if ! true gr\nds ( ! celibacy ( ,jesus d n lie hidd5 9 ! special circum/ances ( ,8 y\?1 ! conjecture may be p]mitt$ t ,he f ^: religion 0 to g =? ! ideal view ( m>riage1 s =eign to ! ideas ( antiquity1 f\nd 9 ,8 own "t no he>t wor?y to ent] into ?is cov5ant ) ,him40 ,x is on rationali/ic l9es also t ,hase expla9s ! betrayal by ,judas4 8,a purely intellectual1 worldly1 & unscrupul\s "*1 he desir$ to compel ! hesitat+ ,messiah to f\nd ,8 ,k+dom ^u popul> viol5ce4444 ,x is possible t ,judas 9 8 t]rible bl9dness took t la/ ^w address$ to him by ,jesus1 #8,:at ?\ doe/1 d quickly1' z giv+ cons5t to 8 plan40 ,b ,hase aga9 rises sup]ior to ?is rationali/ic conception ( ! hi/ory :5 he refuses to expla9 away ! ,jewi% elem5ts 9 ! plan & prea*+ ( ,jesus z due to m]e accommodation1 & ma9ta9s ! view t ! ,"l really1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 %>$ ?is ,jewi% sy/em ( ideas4 ,accord+ to ,hase !re are two p]iods 9 ! ,messianic activity ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! fir/ ,he accept$ almo/ )\t res]vation ! popul> ideas reg>d+ ! ,messianic age4 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ,8 exp]i5ce ( ! practical results ( ^! ideas1 ,he 0 l$ to ab&on ?is error1 & 9 ! second p]iod ,he develop$ ,8 own di/9ctive views4 ,"h we meet = ! fir/ "t ! idea ( two diff]5t p]iods 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 :i*1 especially ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,holtzmann & ,keim1 became ! prevail+ view1 & d[n to ,johannes ,weiss1 det]m9$ ! plan ( all ,lives ( ,jesus4 ,hase creat$ ! mod]n hi/oricopsy*ological picture ( ,jesus4 ,! introduction ( ?is m p5etrat+ psy*ology w\ld alone suffice to place him 9 advance ( ! rationali/s4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t is ! ?or\gh way 9 :i* he traces out ! hi/orical & lit]>y consequ5ces ( ?is idea ( developm5t4 ,! apo/les1 he ?9ks1 did n und]/& ?is progress ( ?\ght on ! "p ( ,jesus1 & did n di/+ui% betwe5 ! say+s ( ! fir/ & second p]iods4 ,!y rema9$ w$d$ to ! es*atological view4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus ?is view prevail$ s /rongly 9 ! primitive community ( disciples t !y int]polat$ _! expectations into ! la/ disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,accord+ to ,hase1 ! apocalyptic disc\rse 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 0 orig9ally only a pr$iction ( ! judgm5t ^u & de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 b ?is 0 obscur$ lat] by ! influx ( ! es*atological views ( ! apo/olic community4 ,only ,john rema9$ free f ?is error4 ,!re=e ! nones*atological ,f\r? ,gospel pres]ves 9 _! pure =m ! ideas ( ,jesus 9 ,8 second p]iod4 ,hase rightly obs]ves t ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus plays next to no "p 9 ,8 prea*+1 at any rate at fir/1 & t1 be=e ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 x 0 only 9 mom5ts ( en?usia/ic admiration1 r ?an ) settl$ conviction1 t ev5 ! disciples look$ on ,him z ! ,messiah4 ,?is indication ( ! c5tral importance ( ! decl>ation ( ! ,messiah%ip at ,caes>ea ,philippi is ano!r signpo/ po9t+ out ! direction :i* ! future /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus 0 to foll[4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,life ( ,jesus introduces u to q a diff]5t ord] ( transitional ideas4 ,its value lies 9 ! sph]e ( dogmatics1 n ( hi/ory4 ,n[h]e1 inde$1 is x s cle> t ! great dialectician _h n really a hi/orical m9d ?an precisely 9 8 treatm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus4 ,f ! fir/ x 0 no fav\rable /> :i* presid$ ov] ?is und]tak+4 ,x is true t 9 #ahai ,s*lei]ma*] 0 ! fir/ !ologian :o _h ev] lectur$ ^u ?is subject4 ,b 8 ,life ( ,jesus did n appe> until #ahfd4 ,its publication _h be5 s long delay$1 p>tly because x _h to be recon/ruct$ f /ud5ts' notebooks1 p>tly because imm$iately aft] ,s*lei]ma*]1 9 #ahcb1 _h deliv]$ ! c\rse = ! la/ "t1 x 0 r5d]$ obsolete by ! "w ( ,/rauss4 ,= ! que/ions rais$ by ! latt]'s ,life ( ,jesus1 publi%$ 9 #ahce1 ,s*lei]ma*] _h no answ]1 & = ! w\nds :i* x made1 no heal+4 ,:51 9 #ahfd1 ,s*lei]ma*]'s "w 0 br\ght =? to view l an embalm$ corse1 ,/rauss accord$ to ! dead "w ( ! great !ologian a dignifi$ & /rik+ fun]al oration4 ,s*lei]ma*] is n 9 se>* ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 b ( ! ,jesus ,*ri/ ( 8 own sy/em ( !ology2 t is to say1 ( ! hi/oric figure :i* seems to him appropriate to ! selfconsci\sness ( ! ,r$eem] z he repres5ts x4 ,= him ! empirical has simply no exi/5ce4 ,a natural psy*ology is sc>cely attempt$4 ,he comes to ! facts ) a readymade dialectic app>atus & sets 8 puppets 9 lively action4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s dialectic is n a dialectic :i* g5]ates reality1 l t ( ,hegel1 ( :i* ,/rauss avail$ himself1 b m]ely a dialectic ( exposition4 ,9 ?is lit]>y dialectic he is ! greate/ ma/] t ev] liv$4 ,! limitations ( ! hi/orical ,jesus bo? 9 an upw>d & d[nw>d direction are ^? only :i* apply equally to ! ,jesus ( dogma4 ,! uniqu5ess ( ,8 ,div9e selfconsci\sness is n to be tamp]$ )4 ,x is equally necess>y to avoid ,ebionism :i* does away ) ! ,div9e 9 ,him1 & ,docetism :i* de/roys ,8 humanity4 ,s*lei]ma*] loves to make 8 he>]s %udd] by po9t+ out to !m t ! lea/ false /ep entails precipitation into "o or o!r ( ^! abysses2 or at lea/ w\ld entail x = any "o :o 0 n "u ! guidance ( 8 infallible dialectic4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is dialectic treatm5t1 all ! hi/orical que/ions involv$ 9 ! life ( ,jesus come into view "o aft] ano!r1 b none ( !m is pos$ or solv$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/orian2 !y are 8mom5ts0 9 8 argum5t4 ,he is l a spid] at "w4 ,! spid] lets itself d[n f al(t1 & aft] mak+ fa/ "s support+ ?reads to po9ts bel[1 x runs back to ! c5tre & !re keeps sp9n+ away4 ,y look on fasc9at$1 & be=e y "k x1 y are entangl$ 9 ! web4 ,x is difficult ev5 = a read] :o is /rong 9 ! consci\sness ( possess+ a s\nd] grasp ( ! hi/ory ?an ,s*lei]ma*] to avoid be+ caught 9 ! toils ( t magical dialectic4 ,& h[ l(tily sup]ior ! dialectician is6 ,paulus _h %[n t1 9 view ( ! use ( ! title ,son ( ,man1 ! ,messianic selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus mu/ be int]pret$ 9 accordance ) ! passage 9 ,daniel4 ,on ?is ,s*lei]ma*] rem>ks3 8,i h already said t x is inh]5tly improbable t su* a pr$ilection 7sc4 = ! ,book ( ,daniel7 w\ld h be5 manife/$ by ,*ri/1 because ! ,book ( ,daniel does n belong to ! prophetic writ+s prop]ly scall$1 b to ! ?ird division ( ! ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature40 ,9 8 e/imate ( ! importance to be atta*$ to ! /ory ( ! baptism1 too1 he falls beh9d ! hi/orical k ( 8 day4 8,to lay su* great /ress ^u ! baptism10 he says1 8leads ei!r to ! ,gno/ic view t x 0 only !re t ! unit$ itself ) ,jesus1 or to ! rationali/ic view t x 0 only at ! baptism t ,he became consci\s ( ,8 vocation40 ,b :at does hi/ory c>e :e!r a view is gno/ic or rationali/ic if only x is hi/orical6 ,?is dialectic1 s fatal (t5 to s\nd hi/orical views1 might h be5 expressly creat$ to deal ) ! "q ( miracle4 ,comp>$ ) ,s*lei]ma*]'s discussions all t has be5 writt5 s9ce ^u ?is subject is m]e hone/--or di%one/--bungl+4 ,no?+ new has be5 add$ to :at he says1 & no "o else has succe$$ 9 say+ x ) ! same amaz+ subtlety4 ,x is true1 also1 t no "o else has %[n ! same skill 9 conceal+ h[ mu* 9 ! way ( miracle he ultimately reta9s & h[ mu* he rejects4 ,8 solution ( ! problem is1 9 fact1 n hi/orical1 b dialectical1 an attempt to transc5d ! necessity = a rationali/ic explanation ( miracle :i* does n really succe$ 9 gett+ rid ( x4 ,s*lei]ma*] arranges ! miracles 9 an asc5d+ scale ( probability accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* !y c be se5 to dep5d on ! kn[n influ5ce ( _s ^u organic matt]4 ,! mo/ easily expla9$ are ! miracles ( heal+ 8because we are n )\t analogies to %[ t pa?ological conditions ( a purely functional nature c be remov$ by m5tal influ5ce40 ,b :]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! effect produc$ by ,*ri/ lies outside ! sph]e ( human life1 ! difficulties involv$ become insoluble4 ,to get rid1 9 "s measure1 ( ^! difficulties he makes use ( two exp$i5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he admits t 9 p>ticul> cases ! rationali/ic me?od may h a c]ta9 limit$ application2 9 ! second place he1 l ,hase1 recognises a diff]5ce betwe5 ! miracle /ories !mselves1 reta9+ ! ,johann9e miracles1 b surr5d]+1 m or less completely1 ! ,synoptic miracles z n re/+ on evid5ce ( ! same c]ta9ty & exactness4 ,t he is /ill l>gely "u ! sway ( rationalism c be se5 9 ! fact t he admits on an equal foot+1 z conceptions ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 a return to consci\sness f a trance/ate1 or a sup]natural re/oration to life1 ?\ght ( z a resurrection4 ,he goes s f> z to say t ! decision ( ?is "q has v little int]e/ = him4 ,he fully accepts ! pr9ciple ( ,paulus t ap>t f corruption !re is no c]ta9 indication ( dea?4 8,all t we c say on ?is po9t10 he concludes1 8is t ev5 to ^? ^: bus9ess x 0 to ensure ! imm$iate dea? ( ! crucifi$1 9 ord] t ! bodies might at once be tak5 d[n1 ,*ri/ appe>$ to be really dead1 & ?is1 moreov]1 al?\gh x 0 contr>y to _! expectations1 = x 0 a subject ( a/oni%m5t4 ,x is no use go+ any fur!r into ! matt]1 s9ce no?+ c be asc]ta9$ 9 reg>d to x40 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ,jesus 9 ,8 real body liv$ on = a "t among ,8 foll[]s2 t ! ,f\r? ,gospel requires u to believe4 ,! reports ( ! resurrection are n bas$ ^u 8app>itions40 ,s*lei]ma*]'s own op9ion is :at really happ5$ 0 reanimation aft] app>5t dea?4 8,if ,*ri/ _h only eat5 to %[ t ,he c\ld eat1 :ile ,he really _h no ne$ ( n\ri%m5t1 x w\ld h be5 a pret5ce--some?+ docetic4 ,?is gives u a clue to all ! re/1 tea*+ u to hold firmly to ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ int5ds ,himself to be repres5t$1 & to put d[n all t is miracul\s 9 ! acc\nts ( ! appe>ances to ! prepossessions ( ! disciples40 ,:5 ,he reveal$ himself to ,m>y ,magdal5e ,he _h no c]ta9ty t ,he w\ld frequ5tly see h] aga94 8,he 0 consci\s t ,8 pres5t condition 0 t ( g5u9e human life1 b ,he _h no confid5ce 9 its cont9uance40 ,he bade ,8 disciples meet ,him 9 ,galilee because ,he c\ld !re enjoy great] privacy & fre$om f obs]vation 9 ,8 int]c\rse ) !m4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/ 0 only t ,he no long] %[$ ,himself to ! _w4 8,x 0 possible t a movem5t 9 fav\r ( an e>?ly ,messianic ,k+dom might break out1 & we ne$ only take ?is possibility into acc\nt 9 ord] to expla9 completely :y ,jesus rema9$ 9 su* close retirem5t40 8,x 0 ! premonition ( ! approa*+ end ( ?is second life :i* l$ ,him to return f ,galilee to ,j]usalem40 ,( ! asc5sion he says3 8,"h1 !re=e1 some?+ happ5$1 b :at 0 se5 0 incomplete1 & has be5 conjecturally supplem5t$40 ,! und]ly+ rationali/ic explanation %[s ?r\gh6 ,b if ! condition 9 :i* ,jesus liv$ on aft] ,8 crucifixion 0 8a condition ( reanimation10 by :at "r does ,s*lei]ma*] con/antly speak ( x z a 8resurrection10 z if resurrection & reanimation 7 synonym\s t]ms8 ,fur!r1 is x really true t fai? has no int]e/ :atev] 9 ! "q :e!r x 0 z ris5 f ! dead1 or m]ely z recov]$ f a /ate ( susp5d$ animation1 t ,jesus %[$ ,himself to ,8 disciples8 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 x might seem1 ! rationali/s 7 m /raight=w>d4 ,! mom5t "o tries to take hold ( ?is dialectic x breaks 9 "o's f+]s4 ,s*lei]ma*] w\ld n inde$ h v5tur$ to play s risky a game if he _h n _h a second position to retire to1 bas$ on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,synoptic & ! ,johann9e miracle /ories4 ,9 ?is respect he simplifi$ matt]s = himself1 z comp>$ ) ! rationali/s1 ev5 m ?an ,hase4 ,! miracle at ! baptism is only intelligible 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :]e x is n a "q ( an ext]nal occurr5ce1 b ( a purely subjective exp]i5ce ( ,john1 ) :i* we h no?+ to d4 ,! ,synoptic /ory ( ! temptation has no intelligible mean+4 8,to *ange /ones into bread1 if !re 7 ne$ = x1 w\ld n h be5 a s940 8,a leap f ! ,temple c\ld h _h no attraction = any "o40 ,! miracles ( ! bir? & *ildhood are giv5 up )\t hesitation2 !y d n belong to ! /ory ( ! life ( ,jesus2 & x is ! same ) ! miracles at ,8 dea?4 ,"o might fancy x 0 ,/rauss speak+ :5 ,s*lei]ma*] says3 8,if we give due consid]ation to ! fact t we h c]ta9ly f\nd 9 ^! = ! mo/ "p simple n>ratives ( ! la/ mom5ts ( ,*ri/ two incid5ts1 su* z ! r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! ,temple & ! op5+ ( ! graves1 9 ref]5ce to :i* we _c possibly suppose t !y are lit]al descriptions ( actual facts1 !n we are b\nd to ask ! "q :e!r ! same does n apply to _m o!r po9ts4 ,c]ta9ly ! m5tion ( ! sun's light fail+ & ! consequ5t great d>kness looks v mu* z if x _h be5 import$ by poetic imag9ation into ! simple n>rative40 ,a rebuke c\ld h no possible effect ^u ! w9d & sea4 ,"h we mu/ suppose ei!r an alt]ation ( ! facts or a diff]5t causal connexion4 ,9 ?is way ,s*lei]ma*]--& x 0 = ?is reason t ^! lectures on ! life ( ,jesus became s celebrat$--enabl$ dogmatics1 ?\gh n inde$ hi/ory1 to take a fly+ leap ov] ! miracle "q4 ,:at is *iefly fatal to a s\nd hi/orical view is 8 "osid$ pref]5ce = ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is1 accord+ to him1 only 9 ?is ,gospel t ! consci\sness ( ,jesus is truly reflect$4 ,9 ?is connexion he expressly rem>ks t ( a progress 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 & ( any 8developm5t0 9 ,him1 !re c be no "q4 ,8 developm5t is ! unimp$$ organic unfold+ ( ! idea ( ! ,div9e ,son%ip4 ,= ! outl9e ( ! life ( ,jesus1 also1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is alone au?oritative4 8,! ,johann9e repres5tation ( ! way 9 :i* ! crisis ( ,8 fate 0 br\ght ab\t is ! only cle> "o40 ,! same applies to ! n>rative ( ! resurrection 9 ?is ,gospel4 8,accord+ly1 on ?is po9t also10 s he concludes 8 discussion1 8,i take x z e/abli%$ t ! ,gospel ( ,john is ! n>rative ( an eyewitness & =ms an organic :ole4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,gospels are compilations =m$ out ( v>i\s n>ratives :i* _h aris5 indep5d5tly2 _! disc\rses are composite /ructures1 & _! pres5tation ( ! hi/ory is su* t "o c =m no idea ( ! gr\p+ ( ev5ts40 ,! 8cr[d$ days10 su* z t ( ! s]mon on ! m\nt & ! day ( ! p>ables1 exi/ only 9 ! imag9ation ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,9 reality !re 7 no su* days4 ,luke is ! only "o ( !m :o has "s semblance ( hi/orical ord]4 ,8 ,gospel is compil$ ) mu* insight & critical tact out ( a numb] ( indep5d5t docum5ts1 z ,s*lei]ma*] believ$ himself to h %[n conv9c+ly 9 8 critical /udy ( ,luke's ,gospel1 publi%$ 9 #ahag4 ,x is only on ! gr\nd ( su* a valuation ( ! s\rces t we c arrive at a j e/imate ( ! diff]5t repres5tations ( ! locality ( ! life ( ,jesus4 8,! contradictions10 ,s*lei]ma*] proce$s1 8c\ld n be expla9$ if all our ,gospels /ood equally close to ,jesus4 ,b if ,john /&s clos] ?an ! o!rs1 we may p]haps f9d ! key 9 ! fact t ,john1 too1 m5tions x z a prevail+ op9ion 9 ,j]usalem t ,jesus 0 a ,galilaean1 & t ,luke1 :5 he has got to ! end ( ! sections :i* %[ skilful arrangem5t & are unit$ by simil>ity ( subject1 ga!rs all ! re/ into ! framework ( a j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,foll[+ ?is analogy1 & n rememb]+ t ,jesus _h occasion to g sev]al times a ye> to ,j]usalem1 ! o!r two ga!r$ into "o mass all t happ5$ !re on v>i\s occasions4 ,?is c\ld only h be5 done by ,hell5i/s407#bf7 ,s*lei]ma*] is q ins5sible to ! graphic realism ( ! description ( ! la/ days at ,j]usalem 9 ,m>k & ,mat!w1 & has no suspicion t if only a s+le "o ( ! ,j]usalem say+s 9 ! ,synopti/s is true ,jesus _h nev] be=e spok5 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! gr\nd ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s antipa?y to ! ,synopti/s lies deep] ?an a m]e critical view z to _! composition4 ,! fact is t _! 8picture ( ,*ri/0 does n agree ) t :i* he wi%es to ins]t into ! hi/ory4 ,:5 x s]ves 8 purpose1 he does n %r9k f ! mo/ arbitr>y viol5ce4 ,he aboli%es ! sc5e 9 ,ge?semane because he inf]s f ! sil5ce ( ,john t x _c h tak5 place4 8,! o!r ,evangeli/s10 he expla9s1 8give u an acc\nt ( a sudd5 depression & deep di/ress ( _s :i* fell ^u ,jesus1 & :i* ,he admitt$ to ,8 disciples1 & !y tell u h[ ,he s\ght relief f x 9 pray]1 & aft]w>ds recov]$ ,8 s]5ity & resolution4 ,john passes ov] ?is 9 sil5ce1 & 8 n>rative ( :at imm$iately prec$es is n consi/5t ) x40 ,x is evid5tly a symbolical /ory1 z ! ?ricerepeat$ petition %[s4 8,if !y speak ( su* a depression ( _s1 !y h giv5 ! /ory t =m 9 ord] t ! example ( ,*ri/ might be ! m applicable to o!rs 9 simil> circum/ances40 ,on ^! premises x is possible to write a ,life ( ,*ri/2 x is n possible to write a ,life ( ,jesus4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n by accid5t t ,s*lei]ma*] regul>ly speaks1 n ( ,jesus1 b ( ,*ri/4 ,,vii4 ,,david ,,fri$ri* ,,/rauss--,,! ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,fate ,9 ord] to und]/& ,/rauss "o mu/ love him4 ,he 0 n ! greate/1 & n ! deepe/1 ( !ologians1 b he 0 ! mo/ absolutely s9c]e4 ,8 insight & 8 errors 7 alike ! insight & ! errors ( a prophet4 ,& he _h a prophet's fate4 ,disappo9tm5t & suff]+ gave 8 life its consecration4 ,x unrolls itself be=e u l a trag$y1 9 :i*1 9 ! end1 ! gloom is light5$ by ! mild radiance :i* %9es =? f ! nobility ( ! suff]]4 ,/rauss 0 born 9 #ahjh at ,ludwigsburg4 ,8 fa!r 0 a m]*ant1 ^: bus9ess1 h[ev]1 0 unsuccessful1 s t 8 means /eadily decl9$4 ,! boy took 8 ability f 8 "m1 a good1 selfcontroll$1 s5sible1 pi\s woman1 to :om he rais$ a monum5t 9 8 8,memorial ( a ,good ,"m0 writt5 9 #aheh1 to be giv5 to 8 daught] on h] confirmationday4 ,f #ahba to #ahbe he 0 a pupil at ! 8l[] sem9>y0 at ,blaubeur51 along ) ,fri$ri* ,vis*]1 ,pfiz]1 ,zimm]mann1 ,mrkl91 & ,b9d]4 ,among _! tea*]s 0 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur1 :om !y 7 to meet ) aga9 at ! univ]sity4 ,8 fir/ ye> at ! univ]sity 0 un9t]e/+1 z x 0 only 9 ! foll[+ ye> t ! reorganisation ( ! !ological faculty took place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,baur4 ,! in/ruction 9 ! philosophical faculty 0 almo/ equally unsatisfactory1 s t ! fri5ds w\ld h ga9$ little f ! two ye>s ( philosophical propa$eutic :i* =m$ "p ( ! c\rse prescrib$ = !ological /ud5ts1 if !y _h n comb9$ to prosecute _! philosophical /udies = !mselves4 ,! writ+s ( ,hegel began to ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce ^u !m4 ,= ! philosophical faculty1 ,hegel's philosophy 0 z yet nonexi/5t4 ,^! /ud5t fri5ds 7 mu* addict$ to poetry4 ,two j\rneys :i* ,/rauss made along ) 8 fell[/ud5t ,b9d] to ,we9sb]g to see ,ju/9us ,k]n] made a deep impression ^u him4 ,he _h to make a delib]ate ef=t to escape f ! dream_w ( ! 8,prophetess ( ,prevor/40 ,"s ye>s lat]1 9 a ,lat9 note to ,b9d]1 he speaks ( ,we9sb]g z 8,mecca no/ra407#bg7 ,accord+ to ,vis*]'s picture ( him1 ! tall /ripl+ made an impression ( great *>m1 ?\gh he 0 r %y except ) intimates4 ,he att5d$ lectures ) p$antic regul>ity4 ,baur 0 at t "t /ill imm]s$ 9 ! prolegom5a to 8 sy/em2 b ,/rauss already suspect$ ! direction :i* ! ?\ghts ( 8 "y tea*] 7 to take4 ,:5 ,/rauss & 8 /ud5t fri5ds ent]$ on _! duties z cl]gym51 ! o!rs f\nd great difficulty 9 br++ _! !ological views into l9e ) ! popul> beliefs :i* !y 7 expect$ to prea*4 ,/rauss alone rema9$ free f inn] /ruggles4 ,9 a lett] to ,b9d]7#bh7 ( ! ye> #ahca1 he expla9s t 9 8 s]mons--he 0 !n assi/ant at ,kle9 ,+]%eim ne> ,ludwigsburg--he did n use 8repres5tative notions0 7,vor/ellung51 us$ z a philosophical te*nicality7 su* z t ( ! ,devil1 :i* ! p 7 already prep>$ to disp5se )2 b o!rs :i* /ill appe>$ to be indisp5sable1 su* z ^? ( an es*atological "*1 he m]ely endeav\r$ to pres5t 9 su* a way t ! 8intellectual concept0 7,begriff7 :i* lay beh9d1 might s f> z possible %9e ?r\gh4 8,:5 ,i consid]10 he cont9ues1 8h[ f> ev5 9 intellectual prea*+ ! expression is inadequate to ! true ess5ce ( ! concept1 x does n seem to me to matt] mu* if "o goes ev5 a /ep fur!r4 ,i at lea/ g ab\t ! matt] )\t ! lea/ scruple1 & _c ascribe ?is to a m]e want ( s9c]ity 9 myself40 ,t is ,hegelian logic4 ,aft] be+ = a %ort "t ,deputypr(essor at ,maulbronn1 he took 8 doctor's degree ) a diss]tation on ! 7re/oration ( all ?+s1 ,acts iii4 #ba74 ,?is "w is lo/4 ,f 8 lett]s x appe>s t he treat$ ! subject *iefly f ! religi\s hi/orical po9t ( view47#bi7 ,:5 ,b9d] took 8 doctorate ) a philosophical !sis on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,/rauss1 9 #ahcb1 wrote to him express+ ! op9ion t ! belief 9 p]sonal immortality c\ld n prop]ly be reg>d$ z a consequ5ce ( ! ,hegelian sy/em1 s9ce accord+ to ,hegel1 x 0 n ! subjective _s ( ! individual p]son1 b only ! objective ,_s1 ! selfrealis+ ,idea :i* con/antly embodies itself 9 new creations1 to :i* immortality belongs47#cj7 ,9 ,octob] #ahca he w5t to ,b]l9 to he> ,hegel & ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,novemb] ,hegel1 :om he _h visit$ %ortly be=e1 0 c>ri$ (f by *ol]a4 ,/rauss he>d ! news 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s h\se1 f ,s*lei]ma*] himself1 & is said to h exclaim$1 ) a c]ta9 want ( tact1 consid]+ :o 8 in=mant 03 8,& x 0 to he> him t ,i came to ,b]l960 ,!re 0 no satisfactory basis = a relation%ip betwe5 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,/rauss4 ,!y _h no?+ 9 common4 ,t did n prev5t ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus be+ sometimes describ$ by oppon5ts ( ,s*lei]ma*] z a product ( ! latt]'s philosophy ( religion4 ,inde$1 z late z ! 'sixties1 ,?oluck ?\ght x necess>y to def5d ! memory ( ! great !ologian aga9/ ?is reproa*4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! plan ( ! ,life ( ,jesus arose dur+ ,/rauss's int]c\rse ) ,vatke1 to :om he felt himself /rongly drawn4 ,moreov]1 :at 0 fir/ sket*$ out 0 n prim>ily ! plan ( a ,life ( ,jesus1 b t ( a hi/ory ( ! ideas ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 int5d$ to s]ve z a /&>d by :i* to judge ecclesia/ical dogma4 ,! ,life ( ,jesus 0 orig9ally design$1 x might almo/ be said1 z a m]e prologue to ?is "w1 ! plan ( :i* 0 subsequ5tly c>ri$ out "u ! title1 8,*ri/ian ,!ology 9 its ,hi/orical ,developm5t & 9 its ,antagonism ) ,mod]n ,sci5tific ,k0 7publi%$ 9 #ahdjahda74 ,:5 9 ! spr+ ( #ahcb he return$ to ,tb+5 to take up ! position ( 8,repet5t07#ca7 9 ! !ological college 7,/ift71 ^! plans 7 laid on ! %elf 9 consequ5ce ( 8 preoccupation ) philosophy1 & if ?+s _h gone accord+ to ,/rauss's wi%es1 !y w\ld p]haps nev] h come to fulfilm5t4 ,! 8,repet5ts0 _h ! "r to lecture ^u philosophy4 ,/rauss felt himself call$ ^u to come =w>d z an apo/le ( ,hegel1 & lectur$ ^u ,hegel's logic ) trem5d\s success4 ,zell]1 :o att5d$ ^! lectures1 records ! un=gettable impression :i* !y made on him4 ,besides *ampion+ ,hegel1 ,/rauss also lectur$ ^u ,plato1 & ^u ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy4 ,^! 7 ?ree happy seme/]s4 8,9 my !ology10 he writes 9 a lett] ( #ahcc17cb7 8philosophy occupies su* a pr$om9ant position t my !ological views c only be work$ out to complet5ess by means ( a m ?or\gh /udy ( philosophy1 & ?is c\rse ( /udy ,i am n[ go+ to prosecute un9t]rupt$ly & )\t conc]n+ myself :e!r x leads me back to !ology or n40 ,fur!r on he says3 8,if ,i "k myself rightly1 my position 9 reg>d to !ology is t :at int]e/s me 9 !ology causes (f5ce1 & :at does n cause (f5ce is indiff]5t to me4 ,= ?is reason ,i h refra9$ f deliv]+ lectures on !ology40 ,! philosophical faculty 0 n altoge!r pleas$ at ! success ( ! apo/le ( ,hegel1 & wi%$ to h ! "r ( ! 8,repet5ts0 to lecture on philosophy curtail$4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 took _! /& ^u ! tradition4 ,/rauss 0 desir$ to int]mit 8 lectures until ! matt] %\ld be settl$4 ,he w\ld h lik$ be/ to end ! situation by ent]+ ! philosophical faculty4 ,! o!r 8,repet5ts10 h[ev]1 begg$ him n to d s1 b to cont9ue to *ampion _! rights4 ,x is possible also t ob/acles 7 plac$ 9 ! way ( 8 plan by ! philosophical faculty4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x 0 9 any case n c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,/rauss 0 =c$ back ^u !ology4 ,accord+ to ,hase17#cc7 ,/rauss began 8 /udies = ! ,life ( ,jesus by writ+ a detail$ critical review ( 8 7,hase's7 textbook4 ,he s5t ?is to ,b]l9 to ! ,jahrb*] fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik1 :i*1 h[ev]1 refus$ x4 ,8 resolve to publi% fir/1 in/ead ( ! g5]al "w on ! g5esis ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 a critical /udy on ! life ( ,jesus 0 d\btless det]m9$ by ,s*lei]ma*]'s lectures on ?is subject4 ,:5 9 ,b]l9 he _h procur$ a copy ( a lecture notebook1 & ! read+ ( x incit$ him to opposition4 ,consid]+ its "*1 ! "w 0 rapidly produc$4 ,he wrote x sitt+ at ! w9d[ ( ! ,repet5ts' room1 :i* looks out ^u ! gatewayar*4 ,:5 its two volumes appe>$ 9 #ahce ! "n ( ! au?or 0 :olly unkn[n1 except = "s critical /udies ^u ! ,gospels4 ,?is book1 into :i* he _h p\r$ 8 y\?ful en?usiasm1 r5d]$ him fam\s 9 a mom5t--& utt]ly de/roy$ 8 prospects4 ,among 8 oppon5ts ! mo/ prom95t 0 ,/eudel1 a memb] ( ! !ological faculty1 :o1 z presid5t ( ! ,/ift1 made repres5tations aga9/ him to ! ,m9i/ry1 & succe$$ 9 secur+ 8 removal f ! po/ ( 8,repet5t40 ,! hopes :i* ,/rauss _h plac$ ^u 8 fri5ds 7 disappo9t$4 ,only two or ?ree at mo/ d>$ to publi% any?+ 9 8 def5ce4 ,he fir/ accept$ a transf] to ! po/ ( ,deputypr(essor at ,ludwigsburg1 b 9 less ?an a ye> he 0 glad to give x up1 & he !n return$ to ,/uttg>t4 ,!re he liv$ = sev]al ye>s1 busy+ himself 9 ! prep>ation ( new editions ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 & 9 writ+ answ]s to ! attacks :i* 7 made ^u him4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! '?irties he became consci\s ( a gr[+ impulse t[>ds m positive views4 ,! criticisms ( 8 oppon5ts _h made "s impression ^u him4 ,! second volume ( polemics 0 laid aside4 ,9 its place appe>$ ! ?ird edition ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 #ahchahci1 conta9+ a s]ies ( amaz+ concessions4 ,/rauss expla9s t 9 consequ5ce ( read+ de ,wette's comm5t>y & ,ne&]'s ,life ( ,jesus he _h begun to feel "s hesitation ab\t 8 =m] d\bts reg>d+ ! g5u95ess & cr$ibility ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! hi/oric p]sonality ( ,jesus aga9 began to take on intelligible outl9es = him4 ,^! inconsi/5cies he remov$ 9 ! next edition1 ackn[l$g+ t he did n "k h[ he c\ld s h tempor>ily vacillat$ 9 8 po9t ( view4 ,! matt] admits1 h[ev]1 ( a psy*ological explanation4 ,he long$ = peace1 = he _h suff]$ m ?an 8 enemies suspect$ or 8 fri5ds knew4 ,! ban ( ! outlaw lay heavy ^u 8 s\l4 ,9 ?is _s he compos$ 9 #ahci ! monologues entitl$ ,v]gngli*es und ,bleib5des im ,*ri/5tum 78,transi5t & ,p]man5t ,elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity071 :i* appe>$ aga9 9 ! foll[+ ye> "u ! title ,fri$li*e ,bltt] 78,leaves ( ,peace074 ,= a mom5t x seem$ z ?\gh 8 rehabilitation w\ld be accompli%$4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahci ! noblem9d$ ,hitzig succe$$ 9 gett+ him appo9t$ to ! vacant *air ( dogmatics 9 ,zuri*4 ,b ! or?odox & pieti/ p>ties prote/$ s vehem5tly t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to revoke ! appo9tm5t4 ,/rauss 0 p5sion$ (f1 )\t ev] ent]+ on 8 (fice4 ,ab\t t "t 8 "m di$4 ,9 #ahda he lo/ 8 fa!r4 ,:5 ! e/ate came to be settl$ up1 x 0 f\nd t 8 affairs 7 9 a less unsatisfactory condition ?an _h be5 fe>$4 ,/rauss 0 secure aga9/ want4 ,! success ( 8 second great "w1 8 8,*ri/ian ,!ology0 7publi%$ 9 #ahdjda71 comp5sat$ him = 8 disappo9tm5t at ,zuri*4 ,9 conception x is p]haps ev5 great] ?an ! ,life ( ,jesus2 & 9 dep? ( ?\ght x is to be class$ ) ! mo/ important contributions to !ology4 ,9 spite ( t x nev] attract$ s mu* att5tion z ! e>li] "w4 ,/rauss cont9u$ to be kn[n z ! au?or ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,any fur!r gr\nd ( (f5ce :i* he might give 0 reg>d$ z q subsidi>y4 ,& ! book conta9s matt] = (f5ce 9 no common degree4 ,! po9t to :i* ,/rauss applies 8 criticism is ! way 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian !ology :i* grew out ( ! ideas ( ! anci5t _w has be5 br\ght into h>mony ) ! ,*ri/ianity ( rationalism & ( speculative philosophy4 ,ei!r1 to use 8 own expression1 bo? are s f9ely pulv]is$ 9 ! process--z 9 ! case ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s comb9ation ( ,sp9ozism ) ,*ri/ianity--t x ne$s a %>p eye to r$iscov] ! elem5ts ( ! mixture2 or ! two are %ak5 toge!r l wat] & oil1 9 :i* case ! semblance ( comb9ation is only ma9ta9$ s long z ! %ak+ cont9ues4 ,= ?is crude proc$ure he desires to sub/itute a bett] me?od1 bas$ ^u a prelim9>y hi/orical criticism ( dogma1 9 ord] t ?\ght may no long] h to deal ) ! pres5t =m ( ,*ur* !ology1 b ) ! ideas :i* work$ z liv+ =ces 9 its =mation4 ,?is is brilliantly work$ out 9 detail4 ,! result is n a positive1 b a negative ,hegelian !ology4 ,religion is n conc]n$ ) supra mundane be+s & a div9ely glori\s future1 b ) pres5t spiritual realities :i* appe> z 8mom5ts0 9 ! et]nal be+ & becom+ ( ,absolute ,_s4 ,at ! end ( ! second volume1 :]e battle is jo9$ on ! issue ( p]sonal immortality1 all ^! ideas play _! "p 9 ! /ruggle4 ,p]sonal immortality is f9ally reject$ 9 e =m1 = ! critical reasons :i* ,/rauss _h already set =? 9 ! lett]s ( #ahcb4 ,immortality is n some?+ :i* /ret*es out into ! future1 b simply & solely ! pres5t quality ( ! _s1 its inn] univ]sality1 its p[] ( ris+ above ev]y?+ f9ite to ! ,idea4 ,"h ! ?\ght ( ,hegel co9cides ) t ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 8,! say+ ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 #8,9 ! mid/ ( f9itude to be "o ) ! ,inf9ite1 & to be et]nal 9 a mom5t1' is all t mod]n ?\ght c say ab\t immortality40 ,b nei!r ,s*lei]ma*] nor ,hegel 0 will+ to draw ! natural inf]5ces f _! ultimate position1 or at lea/ !y did n give !m any prom95ce4 ,x is n ! application ( ! my?ological explanation to ! ,gospel hi/ory :i* irrevocably divides ,/rauss f ! !ologians1 b ! "q ( p]sonal immortality4 ,x w\ld be well = !m if !y _h only to deal ) ! ,/rauss ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 & n ) ! ?9k] :o pos$ ?is "q ) inexorable tr5*ancy4 ,!y might !n face ! future m calmly1 reliev$ ( ! anxiety le/ once m ,hegel & ,s*lei]ma*] might rise up 9 "s pi\s b critical _s1 n to speak smoo? ?+s1 b to ask ! ultimate que/ions1 & might =ce !ology to fight its battle ) ,/rauss all ov] aga94 ,at ! v "t :5 ,/rauss 0 beg9n+ to brea! freely once m1 _h turn$ 8 back ^u all attempts at compromise1 & reconcil$ himself to giv+ up tea*+2 & :51 aft] settl+ 8 fa!r's affairs1 he _h ! c]ta9ty ( be+ secure aga9/ p5ury2 at t v "t he s[$ = himself ! se$s ( a new1 immitigable suff]+ by 8 m>riage ) ,agnese ,s*ebe/1 ! fam\s s+]4 ,!y 7 n made = "o ano!r4 ,he c\ld n look to h] = any sympa?y ) 8 plans1 & %e on h] "p 0 repell$ by ! p$antry ( 8 disposition4 ,h\sekeep+ difficulties & ! trials ( a limit$ income add$ ano!r elem5t ( discord4 ,!y remov$ to ,son!im ne> ,heilbronn ) ! idea ( le>n+ to adapt !mselves to "o ano!r f> f ! di/ractions ( ! t[n2 b t did n bett] matt]s4 ,!y liv$ ap>t = a "t1 & aft] "s ye>s !y procur$ a divorce1 cu/ody ( ! *ildr5 be+ assign$ to ! fa!r4 ,! lady took up h] resid5ce 9 ,/uttg>t1 & ,/rauss paid h] an all[ance up to h] dea? 9 #ahgj4 ,:at he suff]$ may be read betwe5 ! l9es 9 ! passage 9 8,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new0 :]e he speaks ( ! sacr$ness ( m>riage & ! admissibility ( divorce4 ,! w\nd bl$ inw>dly4 ,8 m5tal p[]s 7 disabl$4 ,at ?is "t he wrote little4 ,only 9 ! apologue 8,julian ! ,apo/ate1 or ! ,romantici/ on ! ?rone ( ! ,caes>s0--t brilliant satire ^u ,fr$]ic ,william ,,iv41 writt5 9 #ahdg--;is !re a fla% ( ! old _s4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 antipa?y to ! romantic disposition ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia he ent]$ ! li/s 9 #ahdh on behalf ( ! ef=ts ( ! small] ,g]man /ates to =m a unit$ ,g]many1 ap>t f ,au/ria1 "u ! hegemony ( ,prussia4 ,he did n suff] 8 political acum5 to be blunt$ ei!r by p]sonal antipa?ies or by p>ticul>ism4 ,! citiz5s ( ,ludwigsburg wi%$ to h him z _! repres5tative 9 ! ,frank=t p>liam5t1 b ! rural population1 :o 7 pieti/ic 9 sympa?ies1 defeat$ 8 c&idature4 ,in/ead1 8 native t[n s5t him to ! ,wrtemb]g ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,b "h 8 phili/9ism came to ! =e aga94 ,! phrasemong]+ revolution>y p>ty 9 ! *amb] disgu/$ him4 ,he saw himself m & m =c$ to ! 8"r10 & 0 oblig$ to act politically ) m5 ^: reaction>y sympa?ies he 0 f> f %>+4 ,8 con/itu5ts1 mean:ile1 7 ?or\ghly discont5t$ ) 8 attitude4 ,9 ! end ! position became intol]able4 ,x 0 also pa9ful to him to h to reside 9 ,/uttg>t1 :]e he c\ld n avoid meet+ ! woman :o _h br\ght s mu* mis]y into 8 life4 ,fur!r--he himself m5tions ?is po9t 9 8 memoirs--he _h no practice 9 speak+ )\t manuscript1 & cut a poor figure z a debat]4 ,!n came ! 8,blum ,case40 ,rob]t ,blum1 a revolution>y1 _h be5 %ot by c\rt m>tial 9 ,vi5na4 ,! ,wrtemb]g ,*amb] desir$ to vote a public celebration ( 8 fun]al4 ,/rauss did n ?9k !re 0 any gr\nd = mak+ a h]o ( ?is agitator1 m]ely because he _h be5 %ot1 & 0 n incl9$ to blame ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t v sev]ely = met+ out summ>y ju/ice to a di/urb] ( ! peace4 ,8 attitude br\ght on him a vote ( c5sure f 8 con/itu5ts4 ,:51 subsequ5tly1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,*amb] call$ him to ord] = ass]t+ t a previ\s speak] _h 8conceal$ by sleight ( h&0 7wegeskamoti]t1 8juggl$ away07 an important po9t 9 ! debate1 he refus$ to accept ! vote ( c5sure1 resign$ 8 memb]%ip1 & ceas$ to att5d ! diets4 ,z he himself put x1 he 8jump$ out ( ! boat40 ,!n began a p]iod ( re/less w&]+1 dur+ :i* he beguil$ 8 "t ) lit]>y "w4 ,he wrote1 int] alia1 ^u ,less+1 ,hutt51 & ,reim>us1 r$iscov]+ ! la/nam$ = 8 fell[c\ntrym54 ,at ! end ( ! 'sixties he return$ once m to !ology4 ,8 8,life ( ,jesus adapt$ = ! ,g]man ,p0 appe>$ 9 #ahfd4 ,9 ! preface he ref]s to ,r5an1 & freely ackn[l$ges ! great m]its ( 8 "w4 ,! ,prusso,au/rian w> plac$ him 9 a difficult position4 ,8 hi/orical insight made x impossible = him to %>e ! p>ticul>ism ( 8 fri5ds2 on ! contr>y1 he recognis$ t ! way 0 n[ be+ prep>$ = ! realisation ( 8 dream ( #ahdh--;an alliance ( ! small] ,g]man ,/ates "u ! hegemony ( ,prussia4 ,z he made no secret ( 8 op9ions1 he _h ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( receiv+ ! cold %\ld] f m5 :o _h hi!rto loyally /ood by him4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgj x 0 grant$ to him to become ! spokesman ( ! ,g]man p2 ?r\gh a publication on ,voltaire :i* _h appe>$ n long be=e he _h become acqua9t$ ) ,r5an4 ,9 a lett] to ,/rauss1 writt5 aft] ! fir/ battles1 ,r5an made a pass+ allusion to ^! great ev5ts4 ,/rauss seiz$ ! opportunity to expla9 to him1 9 a vigor\s 8op5 lett]0 ( ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 ,g]many's reason & ju/ification = go+ to w>4 ,receiv+ an answ] f ,r5an1 he !n1 9 a second lett]1 ( ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 took occasion to def5d ,g]many's "r to dem& ! cession ( ,alsace1 n on ! gr\nd ( its hav+ =m]ly be5 ,g]man t]ritory1 b = ! def5ce ( h] natural fronti]s4 ,! res\nd+ e*o evok$ by ^! words1 inspir$1 z !y 71 by ! en?usiasm ( ! mom5t1 comp5sat$ him = mu* ( ! obloquy :i* he _h _h to be>4 ,8 la/ "w1 8,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new10 appe>$ 9 #ahgb4 ,once m1 z 9 ! "w on !ology publi%$ 9 #ahdjahda1 he puts to himself ! "q1 ,:at is !re ( p]man5ce 9 ?is artificial comp\nd ( !ology & philosophy1 fai? & ?\ght8 ,b he puts ! "q ) a c]ta9 bitt]ness1 & %[s himself too mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism1 by :i* 8 m9d 0 at t "t dom9at$4 ,! ,hegelian sy/em ( ?\ght1 :i* s]v$ z a firm basis = ! "w ( #ahdj1 has fall5 9 ru9s4 ,/rauss is alone ) 8 own ?\ghts1 endeav\r+ to raise himself above ! new sci5tific _wview4 ,8 p[]s ( ?\ght1 nev]1 = all 8 critical acum51 /rong on ! creative side1 & n[ impair$ by age1 7 unequal to ! task4 ,!re is no =ce & no greatness 9 ! book4 ,to ! "q1 8,are we /ill ,*ri/ians80 he answ]s1 8,no40 ,b to 8 second "q1 8,h we /ill a religion80 he is prep>$ to give an affirmative answ]1 if ! assumption is grant$ t ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 ( selfsurr5d]1 ( inn] fre$om1 :i* has sprung f ! pan!i/ic _wview1 c be call$ religion4 ,b in/ead ( develop+ ! idea ( ?is deep inn] fre$om1 & pres5t+ religion 9 ! =m 9 :i* he _h exp]i5c$ x1 he believes himself oblig$ to (f] "s new con/ruction bas$ ^u ,d>w9ism1 & sets himself to answ] ! two que/ions1 8,h[ are we to und]/& ! _w80 & 8,h[ are we to regulate our lives80--! =m ( ! latt] is some:at lack+ 9 di/9ction--9 a q imp]sonal way4 ,x is only ! s*oolma/] & p$ant 9 him--:o 0 always at ! elb[ ( ! ?9k] ev5 9 8 greate/ works--t f9ds expression "h4 ,x 0 a dead book1 9 spite ( ! _m editions :i* x w5t ?r\gh1 & ! battle :i* rag$ ov] x 01 l ! fi]ce/ ( ! ,hom]ic battles1 a combat ov] ! dead4 ,! !ologians decl>$ ,/rauss bankrupt1 & felt !mselves ri* because !y _h made sure ( n be+ ru9$ by a simil> unimag9ative hone/y4 ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1 f ! height ( 8 w\ldbe ,s*op5hau]ian pessimism1 mock$ at ! fall5 h]o4 ,be=e ! ye> 0 out ,/rauss began to suff] f an int]nal ulc]4 ,= _m mon?s he bore 8 suff]+s ) quiet resignation & inn] s]5ity1 until on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #ahgd1 9 8 native t[n ( ,ludwigsburg1 dea? set him free4 ,a few weeks e>li]1 on ! #bi? ( ,decemb] #ahgc1 8 suff]+s & 8 ?\ghts receiv$ illum9at+ expression 9 ! foll[+ poignant v]ses3-- ,wem i* dieses klage1 ,weiss1 i* klage ni*t2 ,d] i* dieses sage1 ,fhlt1 i* zage ni*t4 ,heute heis/'s v]glimm51 ,wie e9 ,li*t v]glimmt1 ,9 die ,luft v]s*wimm51 ,wie e9 ,ton v]s*wimmt4 ,mge s*wa* wie imm]1 ,ab] hell und re91 ,dies] letzte ,s*imm] ,dies] ,ton nur se947#cd7 ,he 0 buri$ on a /ormy ,febru>y day4 ,,viii4 ,,/rauss',s ,,fir/ 8,,life ,,( ,,jesus0 ,fir/ edition1 #ahce & #ahcf4 #b vols4 #adhj pp4 ,! second edition 0 unalt]$4 ,?ird edition1 ) alt]ations1 #ahchahci4 ,f\r? edition1 agree+ ) ! fir/1 #ahdj4 ,consid]$ z a lit]>y "w1 ,/rauss's fir/ ,life ( ,jesus is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ?+s 9 ! :ole range ( le>n$ lit]ature4 ,9 ov] f\rte5 hundr$ pages he has n a sup]flu\s phrase2 8 analysis desc5ds to ! m9ute/ details1 b he does n lose 8 way among !m2 ! /yle is simple & picturesque1 sometimes ironical1 b always dignifi$ & di/+ui%$4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( ! my?ological explanation to ,holy ,scripture1 ,/rauss po9ts out t ,de ,wette1 ,ei*horn1 ,gabl]1 & o!rs ( 8 pr$ecessors _h long ago freely appli$ x to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & t v>i\s attempts _h be5 made to portray ! life ( ,jesus 9 accordance ) ! critical assumptions ^u :i* 8 und]tak+ 0 bas$4 ,he m5tions especially ,u/]i z "o :o _h help$ to prep>e ! way = him4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,/rauss & ^? :o _h prec$$ him ^u ?is pa? consi/s only 9 ?is1 t prior to him ! conception ( my? 0 nei!r truly grasp$ nor consi/5tly appli$4 ,its application 0 conf9$ to ! acc\nt ( ,jesus' com+ into ! _w & ( ,8 dep>ture f x1 :ile ! real k]nel ( ! evangelical tradition--! sections f ! ,baptism to ! ,resurrection--0 left outside ! field ( its application4 ,my? =m$1 to use ,/rauss's illu/ration1 ! l(ty gateways at ! entrance to1 & at ! exit f1 ! ,gospel hi/ory2 betwe5 ^! two l(ty gateways lay ! n>r[ & crook$ /reets ( ! naturali/ic explanation4 ,! pr9cipal ob/acle1 ,/rauss cont9ues1 :i* b>r$ ! way to a compreh5sive application ( my?1 consi/$ 9 ! supposition t two ( our ,gospels1 ,mat!w & ,john1 7 reports ( eyewitnesses2 & a fur!r difficulty 0 ! (f5ce caus$ by ! ^w my?1 ow+ to its associations ) ! hea!n my?ology4 ,b t any ( our ,evangeli/s 0 an eyewitness1 or /ood 9 su* relations ) eyewitnesses z to make ! intrusion ( my? un?9kable1 is a !sis :i* !re is no extant evid5ce suffici5t to prove4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! e>?ly life ( ! ,"l falls )9 hi/oric times1 & ev5 if only a g5]ation be assum$ to h elaps$ betwe5 ,8 dea? & ! composition ( ! ,gospels2 su* a p]iod w\ld be suffici5t to all[ ! hi/orical mat]ial to become int]mix$ ) my?4 ,no soon] is a great man dead ?an leg5d is busy ) 8 life4 ,!n1 too1 ! (f5ce ( ! ^w my? disappe>s = any "o :o has ga9$ an insight into ! ess5tial "* ( religi\s my?4 ,x is no?+ else ?an ! clo?+ 9 hi/oric =m ( religi\s ideas1 %ap$ by ! unconsci\sly inv5tive p[] ( leg5d1 & embodi$ 9 a hi/oric p]sonality4 ,ev5 on a priori gr\nds we are almo/ compell$ to assume t ! hi/oric ,jesus w meet u 9 ! g>b ( old ,te/am5t ,messianic ideas & primitive ,*ri/ian expectations4 ,! ma9 di/9ction betwe5 ,/rauss & 8 pr$ecessors consi/$ 9 ! fact t !y ask$ !mselves anxi\sly h[ mu* ( ! hi/orical life ( ,jesus w\ld rema9 z a f\ndation = religion if !y d>$ to apply ! conception ( my? consi/5tly1 :ile = him ?is "q _h no t]rors4 ,he claims 9 8 preface t he possess$ "o advantage ov] all ! critical & le>n$ !ologians ( 8 "t )\t :i* no?+ c be accompli%$ 9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory--! inn] emancipation ( ?\ght & feel+ 9 reg>d to c]ta9 religi\s & dogmatic prepossessions :i* he _h e>ly atta9$ z a result ( 8 philosophic /udies4 ,hegel's philosophy _h set him free1 giv+ him a cle> conception ( ! relation%ip ( idea & reality1 lead+ him to a high] plane ( ,*ri/ological speculation1 & op5+ 8 eyes to ! my/ic int]p5etration ( f9itude & inf9ity1 ,god & man4 ,godmanhood1 ! highe/ idea conceiv$ by human ?\ght1 is actually realis$ 9 ! hi/oric p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,b :ile conv5tional ?9k+ supposes t ?is ph5om5al realisation mu/ be p]fect1 true ?\ght1 :i* has atta9$ by g5u9e critical reason+ to a high] fre$om1 kn[s t no idea c realise itself p]fectly on ! hi/oric plane1 & t its tru? does n dep5d on ! pro( ( its hav+ receiv$ p]fect ext]nal repres5tation1 b t its p]fection comes ab\t ?r\gh t :i* ! idea c>ries into hi/ory1 or ?r\gh ! way 9 :i* hi/ory is sublimat$ into idea4 ,= ?is reason x is 9 ! la/ analysis indiff]5t to :at ext5t ,godmanhood has be5 realis$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus2 ! important ?+ is t ! idea is n[ alive 9 ! common consci\sness ( ^? :o h be5 prep>$ to receive x by its manife/ation 9 s5sible =m1 & ( ^: ?\ght & imag9ation t hi/orical p]sonality took su* complete possession1 t = !m ! unity ( ,godhood & manhood assum$ 9 ,him ent]s into ! common consci\sness1 & ! 8mom5ts0 :i* con/itute ! outw>d c\rse ( ,8 life reproduce !mselves 9 !m 9 a spiritual fa%ion4 ,a purely hi/orical pres5tation ( ! life ( ,jesus 0 9 t fir/ p]iod :olly impossible2 :at 0 op]ative 0 a creative rem9isc5ce act+ "u ! impulse ( ! idea :i* ! p]sonality ( ,jesus _h call$ to life among mank9d4 ,& ?is idea ( ,godmanhood1 ! realisation ( :i* 9 e p]sonality is ! ultimate goal ( humanity1 is ! et]nal reality 9 ! ,p]son ( ,jesus1 :i* no criticism c de/roy4 ,h[ev] f> criticism may g 9 prov+ ! reaction ( ! idea ^u ! pres5tm5t ( ! hi/orical c\rse ( ! life ( ,jesus1 ! fact t ,jesus repres5t$ t idea & call$ x to life among mank9d is some?+ real1 some?+ t no criticism c annul4 ,x is alive !nce=w>d--to ?is day1 & = ev] m4 ,x is 9 ?is emancipation ( _s1 & 9 ! consci\sness t ,jesus z ! creator ( ! religion ( humanity is beyond ! rea* ( criticism1 t ,/rauss goes to "w1 & batt]s d[n ! rubble1 assur$ t 8 pick c make no impression on ! /one4 ,he sees evid5ce t ! "t has come = ?is und]tak+ 9 ! condition ( exhau/ion :i* *>act]is$ contempor>y !ology4 ,! sup]naturali/ic explanation ( ! ev5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus _h be5 foll[$ by ! rationali/ic1 ! "o mak+ ev]y?+ sup]natural1 ! o!r sett+ itself to make all ! ev5ts intelligible z natural occurr5ces4 ,ea* _h said all t x _h to say4 ,f _! opposition n[ arises a new solution--! my?ological int]pretation4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic example ( ! ,hegelian me?od--! syn!sis ( a !sis repres5t$ by ! sup]naturali/ic explanation ) an anti!sis repres5t$ by ! rationali/ic int]pretation4 ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus is1 !re=e1 l ,s*lei]ma*]'s1 ! product ( anti!tic conceptions4 ,b :]eas 9 ! latt] ! anti!ses ,docetism & ,ebionism are simply limit+ conceptions1 betwe5 :i* 8 view is /atically susp5d$1 ! syn!sis ) :i* ,/rauss op]ates repres5ts a composition ( =ces1 ( :i* 8 view is ! dynamic resultant4 ,! dialectic is 9 ! "o case descriptive1 9 ! o!r creative4 ,?is ,hegelian dialectic det]m9es ! me?od ( ! "w4 ,ea* incid5t ( ! life ( ,jesus is consid]$ sep>ately2 fir/ z sup]naturally expla9$1 & !n z rationali/ically expla9$1 & ! "o explanation is refut$ by ! o!r4 8,by ?is means10 says ,/rauss 9 8 preface1 8! incid5tal advantage is secur$ t ! "w is fitt$ to s]ve z a rep]tory ( ! lead+ views & discussions ( all p>ts ( ! ,gospel hi/ory40 ,9 e case ! :ole range ( repres5tative op9ions is review$4 ,f9ally ! =c$ int]pretations necessitat$ by ! naturali/ic explanation ( ! n>rative "u discussion drives ! read] back ^u ! sup]naturali/ic4 ,t _h be5 recognis$ by ,hase & ,s*lei]ma*]1 & !y _h felt !mselves oblig$ to make a place = inexplicable sup]natural elem5ts alongside ( ! hi/oric elem5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,contemporane\sly !re _h sprung up 9 all directions new attempts to return by ! aid ( a my/ical philosophy to ! sup]naturali/ic po9t ( view ( our =efa!rs4 ,b 9 ^! ,/rauss recognises only ! la/ desp]ate ef=ts to make ! pa/ pres5t & to conceive ! inconceivable2 & 9 direct opposition to ! reaction>y ineptitudes by means ( :i* critical !ology 0 endeav\r+ to "w its way out ( rationalism1 he sets up ! hypo!sis t ^! inexplicable elem5ts are my?ical4 ,9 ! /ories prior to ! baptism1 ev]y?+ is my?4 ,! n>ratives are wov5 on ! patt]n ( ,old ,te/am5t prototypes1 ) modifications due to ,messianic or messianically int]pret$ passages4 ,s9ce ,jesus & ! ,bapti/ came into contact ) "o ano!r lat]1 x is felt necess>y to repres5t _! p>5ts z hav+ be5 connect$4 ,! attempts to con/ruct ,davidic g5ealogies = ,jesus1 %[ u t !re 0 a p]iod 9 ! =mation ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory dur+ :i* ! ,"l 0 simply reg>d$ z ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 o!rwise g5ealogical /udies ( ?is k9d w\ld n h be5 und]tak54 ,ev5 9 ! /ory ( ! twelve ye>old ,jesus 9 ! temple1 !re is sc>cely m ?an a trace ( hi/orical mat]ial4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! baptism we may take x z c]ta9ly unhi/orical t ! ,bapti/ receiv$ a revelation ( ! ,messianic dignity ( ,jesus1 o!rwise he c\ld n lat] h come to d\bt ?is4 ,:e!r 8 message to ,jesus is hi/orical mu/ be left an op5 "q2 its possibility dep5ds on :e!r ! nature ( 8 conf9em5t admitt$ ( su* communication ) ! out] _w4 ,might n a natural reluctance to all[ ! ,bapti/ to dep>t ?is life )\t at lea/ a dawn+ recognition ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus h "h l$ to ! ins]tion ( a leg5d>y trait into ! tradition8 ,if s1 ! hi/orical residuum w\ld be t ,jesus 0 = a "t "o ( ! adh]5ts ( ! ,bapti/1 & 0 baptiz$ by him1 & t ,he soon aft]w>ds appe>$ 9 ,galilee ) ! same message :i* ,john _h proclaim$1 & ev5 :5 ,he _h outgr[n 8 influ5ce1 nev] ceas$ to hold ,john 9 high e/eem1 z is %[n by ! eulogy :i* ,he pron\nc$ ^u him4 ,b if ! baptism ( ,john 0 a baptism ( rep5tance ) a view to 8him :o 0 to come10 ,jesus _c h held ,himself to be s9less :5 ,he submitt$ to x4 ,o!rwise we %\ld h to suppose t ,he did x m]ely = appe>ance' sake4 ,:e!r x 0 9 ! mom5t ( ! baptism t ! consci\sness ( ,8 ,messiah%ip dawn$ ^u ,him1 we _c tell4 ,?is only is c]ta91 t ! conception ( ,jesus z hav+ be5 end[$ ) ! ,_s at ,8 baptism1 0 indep5d5t (1 & e>li] ?an1 t o!r conception :i* held ,him to h be5 sup]naturally born ( ! ,_s4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 ! ,synopti/s sev]al diff]5t /rata ( leg5d & n>rative1 :i* 9 "s cases int]sect & 9 "s are sup]impos$ "o ^u ! o!r4 ,! /ory ( ! temptation is equally unsatisfactory1 :e!r x be int]pret$ z sup]natural1 or z symbolical ei!r ( an inw>d /ruggle or ( ext]nal ev5ts 7z = example 9 ,v5tur9i's int]pretation ( x1 :]e ! "p ( ! ,tempt] is play$ by a ,ph>isee72 x is simply primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d1 wov5 toge!r out ( ,old ,te/am5t sugge/ions4 ,! call ( ! fir/ disciples _c h happ5$ z x is n>rat$1 )\t _! hav+ kn[n any?+ ( ,jesus be=eh&2 ! mann] ( ! call is modell$ ^u ! call ( ,eli%a by ,elijah4 ,! fur!r leg5d atta*$ to x--,pet]'s miracul\s draught ( fi%es--has aris5 out ( ! say+ ab\t 8fi%]s ( m510 & ! same idea is reflect$1 at a diff]5t angle ( refraction1 9 ,john xxi4 ,! mission ( ! sev5ty is unhi/orical4 ,:e!r ! cleans+ ( ! temple is hi/orical1 or :e!r x arose out ( a ,messianic application ( ! text1 8,my h\se %all be call$ a h\se ( pray]10 _c be det]m9$4 ,! difficulty ( =m+ a cle> idea ( ! circum/ances is n easily to be remov$4 ,h[ freely ! hi/orical mat]ial has be5 work$ up1 is se5 9 ! gr\ps ( /ories :i* h gr[n out ( a s+le incid5t2 z1 = example1 ! ano9t+ ( ,jesus at ,be?any by an unkn[n woman1 out ( :i* ,luke has made an ano9t+ by a p5it5t s9n]1 & ,john an ano9t+ by ,m>y ( ,be?any4 ,z reg>ds ! heal+s1 "s ( !m are c]ta9ly hi/orical1 b n 9 ! =m 9 :i* tradition has pres]v$ !m4 ,! recognition ( ,jesus z ,messiah by ! demons imm$iately ar\ses suspicion4 ,x is d\btless r to be ascrib$ to ! t5d5cy :i* grew up lat] to repres5t ,him z receiv+1 9 ,8 ,messianic "*1 homage ev5 f ! _w ( evil spirits1 ?an to any advantage 9 respect ( cle>ness ( insight :i* di/+ui%$ ! m5tally d]ang$1 9 comp>ison ) _! contempor>ies4 ,! cure ( ! demoniac 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum may well be hi/orical1 b1 9 o!r cases1 ! proc$ure is s (t5 rais$ into ! region ( ! miracul\s t a psy*ical influ5ce ( ,jesus ^u ! suff]] no long] suffices to expla9 x2 ! creative activity ( leg5d mu/ h come 9 to confuse ! acc\nt ( :at really happ5$4 ,"o cure has sometimes giv5 rise to ?ree or f\r n>ratives4 ,sometimes we c /ill recognise ! influ5ces :i* h contribut$ to m\ld a /ory4 ,:51 = example1 ! disciples are unable to heal ! lunatic boy dur+ ,jesus' abs5ce on ! ,m\nt ( ,transfiguration1 we are rem9d$ ( #b ,k+s iv41 :]e ,eli%a's s]vant ,gehazi tries 9 va9 to br+ ! dead boy to life by us+ ! /aff ( ! prophet4 ,! imm$iate heal+ ( leprosy has its prototype 9 ! /ory ( ,naaman ! ,syrian4 ,! /ory ( ! t5 lep]s %[s s cle>ly a didactic t5d5cy t its hi/oric value is !reby r5d]$ d\btful4 ,! cures ( bl9dness all g back to ! case ( ! bl9d man at ,j]i*o4 ,b :o c say h[ f> ?is is itself hi/orical8 ,! cures ( p>alytics1 too1 belong r to ! equipm5t ( ! ,messiah ?an to hi/ory4 ,! cures ?r\gh t\*+ clo!s1 & ! heal+s at a di/ance1 h my? writt5 on _! =eheads4 ,! fact is1 ! ,messiah mu/ equal1 nay1 surpass1 ! de$s ( ! prophets4 ,t is :y rais+s f ! dead figure among ,8 miracles4 ,! nature miracles1 ov] a collection ( :i* ,/rauss puts ! head+ 8,sea,/ories & ,fi%,/ories10 h a mu* l>g] admixture ( ! my?ical4 ,8 oppon5ts took him sev]ely to task = ?is irrev]5t sup]scription4 ,! repetition ( ! /ory ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude ar\ses suspicion reg>d+ ! cr$ibility ( :at is n>rat$1 & at once invalidates ! hypo!sis ( ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,moreov]1 ! incid5t 0 s naturally sugge/$ by ,old ,te/am5t examples t x w\ld h be5 a miracle if su* a /ory _h n f\nd its way into ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,an explanation on ! analogy ( an exp$it$ process ( nature1 is "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! miracle at ,cana also1 to be absolutely reject$4 ,/rauss all[s x to be laugh$ out ( c\rt4 ,! curs+ ( ! figtree & its fulfilm5t g back 9 "s way or o!r to a p>able ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds made into hi/ory4 ,m important ?an ! miracles h]et(ore m5tion$ are ^? :i* h to d ) ,jesus ,himself & m>k ! crises ( ,8 hi/ory4 ,! transfiguration _h to f9d a place 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 because ( ! %9+ ( ,moses' c\nt5ance4 ,9 deal+ ) ! n>ratives ( ! resurrection x is evid5t t we mu/ di/+ui% two diff]5t /rata ( leg5d1 an old] "o1 repres5t$ by ,mat!w1 :i* knew only ( appe>ances 9 ,galilee1 & a lat]1 9 :i* ! ,galilaean appe>ances are exclud$ 9 fav\r ( appe>ances 9 ,j]usalem4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! n>ratives are my?ical4 ,9 any attempt to expla9 !m we are =c$ on "o horn ( ! dilemma or ! o!r--if ! resurrection 0 real1 ! dea? 0 n real1 & vice v]sa4 ,t ! asc5sion is a my? is selfevid5t4 ,su*1 & s radical1 are ! results at :i* ,/rauss's criticism ( ! sup]naturali/ic & ! rationali/ic explanations ( ! life ( ,jesus ultimately arrives4 ,9 read+ ,/rauss's discussions "o is n s mu* /ruck ) _! radical "*1 because ( ! admirable dialectic skill ) :i* he %[s ! total impossibility ( any explanation :i* does n take acc\nt ( my?4 ,on ! :ole1 ! sup]naturali/ic explanation1 :i* at lea/ repres5ts ! pla9 s5se ( ! n>ratives1 comes (f mu* bett] ?an ! rationali/ic1 ! artificiality ( :i* is ev]y:]e remorselessly expos$4 ,! sections :i* we h summ>is$ are f> f hav+ lo/ _! significance at ! pres5t day4 ,!y m>k$ out ! gr\nd :i* is n[ occupi$ by mod]n critical /udy4 ,& !y fill$ 9 ! dea? c]tificates ( a :ole s]ies ( explanations :i*1 at fir/ sight1 h all ! air ( be+ alive1 b are n really s4 ,if ^! cont9ue to haunt pres5tday !ology1 x is only z gho/s1 :i* c be put to flight by simply pron\nc+ ! "n ( ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 & :i* w\ld long ago h ceas$ to 8walk10 if ! !ologians :o reg>d ,/rauss's book z obsolete w\ld only take ! tr\ble to read x4 ,! results s f> consid]$ d n repres5t ! elem5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus :i* ,/rauss 0 prep>$ to accept z hi/orical4 ,he s\ght to make ! b\nd>ies ( ! my?ical embrace ! wide/ possible area2 & x is cle> t he ext5d$ !m too f>4 ,= "o ?+1 he ov]e/imates ! importance ( ! ,old ,te/am5t motives 9 ref]5ce to ! creative activity ( ! leg5d4 ,he does n see t :ile 9 _m cases he has %[n cle>ly en\gh ! s\rce ( ! =m ( ! n>rative 9 "q1 ?is does n suffice to expla9 its orig94 ,d\btless1 !re is my?ical mat]ial 9 ! /ory ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ! /ory is n expla9$ by ref]r+ to ! manna 9 ! des]t1 or ! miracul\s fe$+ ( a multitude by ,eli%a47#ce7 ,! /ory 9 ! ,gospel has f> too mu* individuality = t1 & /&s1 moreov]1 9 mu* too closely articulat$ an hi/orical connexion4 ,x mu/ h z its basis "s hi/orical fact4 ,x is n a my?1 ?\gh !re is my? 9 x4 ,simil>ly ) ! acc\nt ( ! transfiguration4 ,! sub/ratum ( hi/orical fact 9 ! life ( ,jesus is mu* m ext5sive ?an ,/rauss is prep>$ to admit4 ,sometimes he fails to see ! f\ndations1 because he proce$s l an explor] :o1 9 work+ on ! ru9s ( an ,assyrian city1 %\ld cov] up ! mo/ valuable evid5ce ) ! rubbi% ?r[n out f ano!r portion ( ! excavations4 ,aga91 he sometimes rules out /atem5ts by assum+ _! impossibility on purely dialectical gr\nds1 or by play+ (f ! n>ratives "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,! ,bapti/'s message to ,jesus is a case 9 po9t4 ,?is is connect$ ) ! fact t he (t5 fails to realise ! /rong confirmation :i* ! n>ratives d]ive f _! connexion ) ! prec$+ & foll[+ context4 ,t1 h[ev]1 0 only to be expect$4 ,:o ev] discov]$ a true pr9ciple )\t press+ its application too f>8 ,:at really al>m$ 8 contempor>ies 0 n s mu* ! compreh5sive application ( ! my?ical !ory1 z ! g5]al m9+ & sapp+ op]ations :i* !y 7 oblig$ to see br\ght to be> ^u ! ,gospels4 ,9 section aft] section ,/rauss crossexam9es ! reports on e po9t1 d[n to ! m9ute/ detail1 & !n pron\nces 9 :at proportion an alloy ( my? ent]s into ea* ( !m4 ,9 e case ! decision is unfav\rable to ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,/rauss 0 ! fir/ to take ?is view4 ,x is true t1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m d\bts z to ! au!nticity ( ?is ,gospel _h be5 express$1 & ,brets*neid]1 ! fam\s ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t at ,go?a 7#aggfahdh71 _h made a t5tative collection ( !m 9 8 ,probabilia47#cf7 ,! essay made "s /ir at ! "t4 ,b ,s*lei]ma*] ?rew ! aegis ( 8 au?ority ov] ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel1 & x 0 ! fav\rite ,gospel ( ! rationali/s because x conta9$ few] miracles ?an ! o!rs4 ,brets*neid] himself decl>$ t he _h be5 br\ght to a bett] op9ion ?r\gh ! controv]sy4 ,aft] ?is episode ! ,johann9e "q _h be5 %elv$ = fifte5 ye>s4 ,! excitem5t 01 !re=e1 all ! great] :5 ,/rauss reop5$ ! discussion4 ,he 0 oppos+ a dogma ( critical !ology1 :i*1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 is wont to def5d its dogmas ) a t5acity beyond t ( ! ,*ur* itself4 ,! lum9\s haze ( app>5t circum/antiality :i* _h hi!rto prev5t$ m5 f recognis+ ! true "* ( ?is ,gospel is completely dissipat$4 ,/rauss %[s t ! ,johann9e repres5tation ( ! life ( ,jesus is dom9at$ by a !ory1 & t its portraiture %[s ! fur!r developm5t ( ! t5d5cies :i* are p]ceptible ev5 9 ! ,synopti/s4 ,he %[s ?is1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! ,johann9e n>rative ( ! baptism ( ,jesus1 9 :i* critics _h hi!rto se5 ! mo/ cr$ible acc\nt ( :at occurr$1 po9t+ out t x is j 9 ?is pseudosimplicity t ! process ( br++ ,jesus & ! ,bapti/ into ! close/ possible relations rea*es its limit4 ,simil>ly1 9 reg>d to ! call ( ! fir/ disciples1 x is1 accord+ to ,/rauss1 a lat] po/ulate t !y came f ! ,bapti/'s foll[+ & 7 br\ght by him to ! ,"l4 ,/rauss does n scruple ev5 to ass]t t ,john introduces imag9>y *>act]s4 ,if ?is ,gospel relates few] miracles1 ! miracles :i* x reta9s are proportionately great]2 s great1 inde$1 t _! absolutely miracul\s "* is beyond ! %ad[ ( d\bt2 &1 moreov]1 a moral or symbolical significance is add$4 ,"h1 !re=e1 x is no long] ! unconsci\s action ( leg5d :i* selects1 creates1 or gr\ps ! incid5ts1 b a cle>lydet]m9$ apologetic & dogmatic purpose4 ,! "q reg>d+ ! diff]5t repres5tations ( ! locality & *ronology ( ! life ( ,jesus1 _h always be5 decid$1 prior to ,/rauss1 9 fav\r ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,de ,wette makes x an argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ,mat!w's ,gospel t x mi/ak5ly conf9es ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus to ,galilee4 ,/rauss refuses to decide ! "q by simply weigh+ ! *ronological & geographical /atem5ts "o aga9/ ! o!r1 le/ he %\ld be z "osid$ 9 8 own way z ! def5d]s ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 7 9 !irs4 ,on ?is po9t1 he cont5ts himself ) rem>k+ t if ,jesus _h really taught 9 ,j]usalem on sev]al occasions1 x is absolutely un9telligible h[ all k ( ?is c\ld h s completely disappe>$ f ! ,synoptic tradition2 = ,8 go+ up to ! ,passov] at :i* ,he met ,8 dea? is !re repres5t$ z ,8 sole j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q conceivable t if ,jesus _h only once be5 9 ,j]usalem !re w\ld be a t5d5cy = leg5d gradually to make sev]al j\rneys out ( ?is "o1 on ! natural assumption t ,he regul>ly w5t up to ! ,fea/s1 & t ,he w\ld proclaim ,8 ,gospel n m]ely 9 ! remote prov9ce1 b also 9 ! capital4 ,f ! triumphal entry to ! resurrection1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,synoptic & ,johann9e n>ratives is s great t all attempts to h>monise !m are to be reject$4 ,h[ are we to reconcile ! /atem5t ( ! ,synopti/s t ! ovation at ! triumphal entry 0 (f]$ by ,galilaeans :o accompani$ him1 ) t ( ,john1 accord+ to :i* x 0 (f]$ by a multitude f ,j]usalem :i* came out to welcome ,jesus--:o1 moreov]1 accord+ to ,john1 0 n com+ f ,galilee & ,j]i*o--& escort$ ,him into ! city4 ,to suppose t !re 7 two diff]5t triumphal entries is absurd4 ,b ! decision betwe5 ,john & ! ,synopti/s is n bas$ solely ^u _! repres5tation ( ! facts2 ! decisive consid]ation is f\nd 9 ! ideas by :i* !y are respectively dom9at$4 ,john repres5ts a m advanc$ /age ( ! my?opoeic process1 inasmu* z he has sub/itut$ = ! ,jewi% ,messianic conception1 ! ,greek metaphysical conception ( ! ,div9e ,son%ip1 &1 on ! basis ( 8 acqua9tance ) ! ,alex&rian ,logos doctr9e1 ev5 makes ,jesus apply to ,himself ! ,greek speculative conception ( preexi/5ce4 ,! writ] is aw>e ( an already exi/+ dang] f ! side ( a ,gno/ic docetism1 & has himself an apologetic ,*ri/ology to prop\nd1 ?us fight+ ! ,gno/ics z a ,gno/ic ( ano!r k9d4 ,t he is free f es*atological conceptions is n1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 an advantage1 b v mu* ! rev]se4 ,he is n unacqua9t$ ) es*atology1 b delib]ately trans=ms x1 endeav\r+ to sub/itute = ! expectation ( ! ,second ,com+ ( ,*ri/1 z an ext]nal ev5t ( ! future1 ! ?\ght ( ,8 inw>d pres5ce4 ,! mo/ decisive evid5ce ( all is f\nd 9 ! f>ewell disc\rses & 9 ! abs5ce ( all m5tion ( ! spiritual /ruggle 9 ,ge?semane4 ,! int5tion "h is to %[ t ,jesus n only _h a =ekn[l$ge ( ,8 dea?1 b _h long ov]come x 9 anticipation1 & w5t to meet ,8 tragic fate ) p]fect inw>d s]5ity4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is no hi/orical n>rative1 b ! f9al /age ( rev]5t idealisation4 ,! "q is decid$4 ,! ,gospel ( ,john is inf]ior to ! ,synoptics z a hi/orical s\rce j 9 proportion z x is m /rongly dom9at$ ?an !y by !ological & apologetic int]e/s4 ,x is true t ! assignm5t ( ! dom9ant motives is = ,/rauss's criticism ma9ly a matt] ( conjecture4 ,he _c def9e 9 detail ! attitude & t5d5cy ( ?is ,gospel1 because ! developm5t ( dogma 9 ! second c5tury 0 /ill to a great ext5t obscure4 ,he himself admits t x 0 only subsequ5tly1 ?r\gh ! lab\rs ( ,baur1 t ! positions :i* he _h tak5 up 9 #ahce 7 r5d]$ impregnable4 ,& yet x is true to say t ,johann9e /udy has add$ 9 pr9ciple no?+ new to :at 0 said by ,/rauss4 ,he recognis$ ! decisive po9t4 ,) critical acum5 he resign$ ! attempt to base a decision on a comp>ison ( ! hi/orical data1 & all[$ ! !ological "* ( ! two l9es ( tradition to det]m9e ! "q4 ,unless ?is is done ! debate is endless1 = an able man :o has sworn allegiance to ,john w always f9d a ?\s& ways 9 :i* ! ,johann9e data c be reconcil$ ) ^? ( ! ,synopti/s1 & is f9ally prep>$ to /ake 8 life ^u ! exact po9t at :i* ! miss+ acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] mu/ be ins]t$ into ! n>rative4 ,?is *ang$ e/imate ( ,john c>ries ) x a rev]sal ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! ,gospels are suppos$ to h orig9at$4 ,in/ead ( ,john1 ,luke1 ,mat!w1 we h ,mat!w1 ,luke1 & ,john--! fir/ is la/1 & ! la/ fir/4 ,/rauss's unsophi/icat$ in/9ct fre$ ,mat!w f ! humiliat+ vassalage to :i* ,s*lei]ma*]'s ae/hetic _h consign$ him4 ,! practice ( diff]5tiat+ betwe5 ,john & ! ,synopti/s1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,s*lei]ma*] & ,hase _h be5 an elegant amusem5t1 n[ receiv$ unexpect$ support1 & x at la/ became possible = ! /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus to g =w>d4 ,b no soon] _h ,/rauss op5$ up ! way ?an he clos$ x aga91 by refus+ to admit ! priority ( ,m>k4 ,8 attitude t[>ds ?is ,gospel at once provokes opposition4 ,= him ,m>k is an epitomis+ n>rator1 a m]e satellite ( ,mat!w ) no indep5d5t light4 ,8 t]se & graphic /yle makes on ,/rauss an impression ( artificiality4 ,he refuses to believe ?is ,evangeli/ :5 he says t on ! fir/ day at ,cap]naum 8! :ole t[n0 7,m>k i4 #cc7 came toge!r be=e ,pet]'s door1 & t1 on o!r occasions 7,m>k iii4 #bj1 vi4 #ca71 ! press 0 s great t ,jesus & ,8 disciples _h no leisure s mu* z to eat4 8,all v improbable traits10 he rem>ks1 8! abs5ce ( :i* 9 ,mat!w is entirely to 8 advantage1 = :at else are !y ?an leg5d>y exagg]ations80 ,9 ?is criticism he is at "o ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o 9 8 essay on ,luke7#cg7 speaks ( ! unreal vividness ( ,m>k 8:i* (t5 gives 8 ,gospel an almo/ apocryphal aspect40 ,?is prejudice aga9/ ,m>k has a tw(old cause4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is ,gospel ) its graphic details _h r5d]$ great s]vice to ! rationali/ic explanation ( miracle4 ,its description ( ! cure ( ! bl9d man at ,be?saida 7,m>k viii4 #bbbf7--^: eyes ,jesus fir/ ano9t$ ) spittle1 :]eupon he at fir/ saw ?+s dimly1 & !n1 aft] he _h felt ! t\* ( ! ,"l's h& ^u 8 eyes a second "t1 saw m cle>ly--0 a v]itable treasuretrove = rationalism4 ,z ,/rauss is dispos$ to deal mu* m p]emptorily ) ! rationali/s ?an ) ! sup]naturali/s1 he puts ,m>k ^u 8 trial1 z _! accessory be=e ! fact1 & pron\nces ^u him a judgm5t :i* is n entirely unprejudic$4 ,moreov]1 x is n until ! ,gospels are look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( ! plan ( ! hi/ory & ! inn] connexion ( ev5ts t ! sup]iority ( ,m>k is cle>ly realis$4 ,b ?is way ( look+ at ! matt] does n ent] into ,/rauss's purview4 ,on ! contr>y1 he d5ies t !re is any traceable connexion ( ev5ts at all1 & conf9es 8 att5tion to det]m9+ ! proportion ( my? 9 ! cont5t ( ea* sep>ate n>rative4 ,( ! ,synoptic "q he does n1 /rictly speak+1 take any acc\nt4 ,t 0 p>tly due to ! fact t :5 he wrote x 0 9 a ?or\ghly unsatisfactory position4 ,!re 0 a confus$ welt] ( ! mo/ v>i\s hypo!ses4 ,! priority ( ,m>k1 :i* _h _h e>li] *ampions 9 ,koppe17#ch7 ,/orr17#ci7 ,gratz17#dj7 & ,h]d]17#da7 0 n[ ma9ta9$ by ,cr$n] & ,la*mann1 :o saw 9 ,mat!w a comb9ation ( ! logia docum5t ) ,m>k4 ,! 8primitive ,gospel0 hypo!sis ( ,ei*horn1 accord+ to :i* ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels w5t back to a common s\rce1 n id5tical ) any ( !m1 _h become some:at discr$it$4 ,!re _h be5 mu* discussion & v>i\s modifications ( ,griesba*'s 8dep5d5ce !ory10 accord+ to :i* ,m>k 0 piec$ toge!r out ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 & ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,dieges5!orie17#db7 :i* saw ! prim>y mat]ial n 9 a gospel1 b 9 unconnect$ notes2 f ^!1 collections ( n>rative passages 7 aft]w>ds =m$1 :i* 9 ! po/apo/olic p]iod coalesc$ into cont9u\s descriptions ( ! life ( ,jesus su* z ! ?ree :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 our ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,9 ?is matt] ,/rauss is a sceptical eclectic4 ,9 ! ma9 he may be said to comb9e ,griesba*'s !ory ( ! second>y orig9 ( ,m>k ) ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,dieges5!orie1 ! latt] answ]+ to 8 me?od ( treat+ ! sections sep>ately4 ,b :]eas ,s*lei]ma*] _h us$ ! plan ( ,john's ,gospel z a framework into :i* to fit ! indep5d5t n>ratives1 ,/rauss's rejection ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel left him )\t any means ( connect+ ! sections4 ,he makes a po9t1 inde$1 ( %>ply emphasis+ ?is want ( connexion2 & x 0 j ?is t made 8 "w appe> s extreme4 ,! ,synoptic disc\rses1 l ! ,johann9e1 are composite /ructures1 creat$ by lat] tradition out ( say+s :i* orig9ally belong$ to diff]5t times & circum/ances1 arrang$ "u c]ta9 lead+ ideas s z to =m connect$ disc\rses4 ,! s]mon on ! m\nt1 ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! twelve1 ! great p>abledisc\rse1 ! polemic aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 h all be5 gradually =m$ l geological deposits4 ,s f> z ! orig9al juxtaposition may be suppos$ to h be5 "h & !re pres]v$1 ,mat!w is d\btless ! mo/ tru/wor?y au?ority = x4 8,f ! comp>ison :i* we h be5 mak+10 says ,/rauss 9 "o passage1 8we c already see t ! h>d grit ( ^! say+s ( ,jesus 7die krnig5 ,r$5 ,jesu7 has n inde$ be5 dissolv$ by ! flood ( oral tradition1 b !y h (t5 be5 wa%$ away f _! orig9al position & l roll+ pebbles 7,g]lle7 h be5 deposit$ 9 places to :i* !y d n prop]ly belong407#dc7 ,&1 moreov]1 we f9d ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s1 viz4 t ,mat!w is a skilful collector :o1 :ile he is f> f hav+ be5 able always to give ! orig9al connexion1 has at lea/ kn[n h[ to br+ relat$ passages aptly toge!r1 :]eas 9 ! o!r two _m fragm5t>y say+s h be5 left exactly :]e *ance _h deposit$ !m1 :i* 0 g5]ally 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! l>g] masses ( disc\rse4 ,luke1 inde$1 has 9 "s cases made an ef=t to give !m an arti/ic sett+1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 by no means a satisfactory sub/itute = ! natural connexion4 ,x is 9 8 criticism ( ! p>ables t ,/rauss is mo/ extreme4 ,he />ts out f ! assumption t !y h mutually influ5c$ "o ano!r1 & t ^? :i* may possibly be g5u9e h only be5 pres]v$ 9 a second>y =m4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! m>riage supp] ( ! k+'s son1 = example1 he confid5tly assumes t ! conduct ( ! invit$ gue/s1 :o f9ally illtreat$ & slew ! mess5g]s1 & ! "q :y ! gue/ is n we>+ a w$d+g>m5t are second>y features4 ,h[ ext]nal he supposes ! connexion ( ! n>ratives to be is cle> f ! way 9 :i* he expla9s ! juxtaposition ( ! /ory ( ! transfiguration ) ! 8disc\rse :ile desc5d+ ! m\nta940 ,!y h1 he says1 really no?+ to d ) "o ano!r4 ,! disciples on "o occasion ask$ ,jesus ab\t ! com+ ( ,elijah z =]unn]2 ,elijah also appe>s 9 ! /ory ( ! transfiguration3 accord+ly tradition simply gr\p$ ! transfiguration & ! disc\rse toge!r "u ! head+ 8,elijah10 &1 lat] on1 manufactur$ a connexion betwe5 !m4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! "w to purely critical analysis1 ! o/5tati\s avoidance ( any positive expression ( op9ion1 & n lea/1 ! mann] ( reg>d+ ! ,synopti/s z m]e bundles ( n>ratives & disc\rses1 make x difficult--inde$1 /rictly speak+1 impossible--to det]m9e ,/rauss's own di/9ctive conception ( ! life ( ,jesus1 to discov] :at he really ?9ks is mov+ beh9d ! curta9 ( my?4 ,accord+ to ! view tak5 9 reg>d to ?is po9t 8 "w becomes ei!r a negative or a positive life ( ,jesus4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 a numb] ( incid5tal rem>ks :i* conta9 ! sugge/ion ( a positive con/ruction ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,if !y 7 tak5 out ( _! context & br\ght toge!r !y w\ld yield a picture :i* w\ld h po9ts ( contact ) ! late/ es*atological view4 ,/rauss1 h[ev]1 delib]ately re/ricts 8 positive sugge/ions to ^! few deta*$ rem>ks4 ,he foll[s out no l9e to its conclusion4 ,ea* sep>ate problem is inde$ consid]$1 & light is ?r[n ^u x f v>i\s qu>t]s ) mu* critical skill4 ,b he w n v5ture on a solution ( any ( !m4 ,sometimes1 :5 he ?9ks he has gone too f> 9 ! way ( positive sugge/ion1 he delib]ately wipes x all out aga9 ) "s expression ( scepticism4 ,z to ! duration ( ! m9i/ry he w n ev5 (f] a vague conjecture4 ,z to ! connexion ( c]ta9 ev5ts1 no?+ c1 accord+ to him1 be kn[n1 s9ce ! ,johann9e outl9e _c be accept$ & ! ,synopti/s arrange ev]y?+ ) an eye to analogies & association ( ideas1 ?\gh !y flatt]$ !mselves t !y 7 giv+ a *ronologically arrang$ n>rative4 ,f ! cont5ts ( ! n>ratives1 h[ev]1 & f ! monoton\s recurr5ce ( c]ta9 =mulae ( connexion1 x is evid5t t no cle> view ( an organically connect$ :ole c be assum$ to be pres5t 9 _! "w4 ,we h no fix$ po9ts to enable u to recon/ruct ev5 9 a measure ! *ronological ord]4 ,especially int]e/+ is 8 discussion ( ! title 8,son ( ,man40 ,9 ! say+ 8! ,son ( ,man is ,"l also ( ! ,sabba? day0 7,matt4 xii4 #h71 ! expression might1 accord+ to ,/rauss1 simply d5ote 8man40 ,9 o!r passages "o gets ! impression t ,jesus spoke ( ! ,son ( ,man z a sup]natural p]son1 q di/9ct f ,himself1 b id5tifi$ ) ! ,messiah4 ,?is is ! mo/ natural explanation ( ! passage 9 ,matt4 x4 #bc1 :]e he promises ! disciples1 9 s5d+ !m =?1 t !y %all n h gone ov] ! cities ( ,israel be=e ! ,son ( ,man %all come4 ,"h ,jesus speaks ( ! ,messiah z if ,he ,himself 7 8 =]unn]4 ,^! say+s w\ld1 !re=e1 fall 9 ! fir/ p]iod1 be=e ,he knew ,himself to be ! ,messiah4 ,/rauss does n suspect ! significance ( ?is incid5tal rem>k2 x conta9s ! g]m ( ! solution ( ! problem ( ! ,son ( ,man on ! l9es ( ,johannes ,weiss4 ,b imm$iately scepticism triumphs aga94 ,h[ c we tell1 asks ,/rauss1 :]e ! title ,son ( ,man is g5u9e 9 ! say+s ( ,jesus1 & :]e x has be5 ins]t$ )\t special significance1 m]ely f habit8 ,n less insoluble1 9 8 op9ion1 is ! "q reg>d+ ! po9t ( "t at :i* ,jesus claim$ ! ,messianic dignity = ,himself4 8,:]eas 9 ,john10 ,/rauss rem>ks1 8,jesus rema9s con/ant 9 ,8 av[al1 8 disciples & foll[]s con/ant 9 _! conviction1 t ,he is ! ,messiah2 9 ! ,synoptics1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are1 s to speak1 relapses to be obs]v$2 s t1 9 ! case ( ! disciples & ! p g5]ally1 ! conviction ( ,jesus' ,messiah%ip express$ on e>li] occasions1 sometimes1 9 ! c\rse ( ! n>rative1 disappe>s aga9 & gives place to a mu* l[] view ( ,him2 & ev5 ,jesus ,himself1 9 comp>ison ) ,8 e>li] unambigu\s decl>ation1 is m res]v$ on lat] occasions40 ,! acc\nt ( ! confession ( ! ,messiah%ip at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 :]e ,jesus pron\nces ,pet] bless$ because ( 8 confession1 & at ! same "t =bids ! ,twelve to speak ( x1 is un9telligible1 s9ce accord+ to ?is same ,gospel ,8 ,messiah%ip _h be5 moot$ by ! disciples on sev]al previ\s occasions1 & _h be5 ackn[l$g$ by ! demoniacs4 ,! ,synopti/s1 !re=e1 contradict !mselves4 ,!n !re are ! fur!r cases 9 :i* ,jesus =bids ! mak+ kn[n ( ,8 ,messiah%ip1 )\t any reason :atev]4 ,x w\ld1 no d\bt1 be hi/orically possible to assume t x only gradually dawn$ ^u ,him t ,he 0 ! ,messiah--9 any case n until aft] ,8 baptism by ,john1 z o!rwise ,he w\ld h to be suppos$ to h made a pret5ce ^u t occasion--& t z (t5 z ! ?\ght t ,he might be ! ,messiah 0 ar\s$ 9 o!rs by some?+ t occurr$1 & 0 sugge/$ to ,him f )\t1 ,he 0 imm$iately al>m$ at he>+ spok51 al\d & def9itely1 t :i* ,he ,himself _h sc>cely d>$ to *]i% z a possibility1 or 9 reg>d to :i* ,he _h only lately atta9$ to a cle> conviction4 ,f ^! sugge/ions "o ?+ is evid5t1 namely1 t = ,/rauss ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus 0 an hi/orical fact1 & is n to be ref]r$1 z has sometimes be5 suppos$1 to my?4 ,to ass]t t ,/rauss dissolv$ ! life ( ,jesus into my? is1 9 fact1 an absurdity :i*1 h[ev] (t5 x may be repeat$ by p :o h n read 8 book1 or h read x only sup]ficially1 does n become any ! less absurd by repetition4 ,to come to detail1 ,jesus ?\ght ( ,8 ,messiah%ip1 accord+ to ,/rauss1 9 ! =m t ,he1 al?\gh ( human p>5tage1 %\ld aft] ,8 e>?ly life be tak5 up into heav51 & !nce %\ld come aga9 to br+ 9 ,8 ,k+dom4 8,z1 moreov]1 9 ! high] ,jewi% !ology1 imm$iately aft] ! "t ( ,jesus1 ! idea ( ! preexi/5ce ( ! ,messiah 0 pres5t1 ! conjecture naturally sugge/s itself t x 0 also pres5t at ! "t :5 ,jesus' ?\ghts 7 be+ =m$1 & t consequ5tly1 if ,he once began to ?9k ( ,himself z ! ,messiah1 ,he might also h ref]r$ to ,himself ?is feature ( ! ,messianic conception4 ,:e!r ,jesus _h be5 initiat$1 z ,paul 01 into ! wisdom ( ! s*ools 9 su* a way t ,he c\ld draw ?is conception f x1 is no d\bt op5 to "q40 ,9 8 treatm5t ( ! es*atology ,/rauss makes a valiant ef=t to escape f ! dilemma 8ei!r spiritual or political0 9 reg>d to ! ,messianic plans ( ,jesus1 & to make ! es*atological expectation intelligible z "o :i* did n set its hopes ^u human aid1 b on ,div9e int]v5tion4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to a real und]/&+ ( ! es*atological problem4 ,sometimes "o almo/ seems to be read+ ,johannes ,weiss2 z1 = example1 :5 ,/rauss expla9s t ,jesus c\ld promise ,8 foll[]s t !y %\ld sit on ?rones )\t ?9k+ ( a political revolution1 because ,he expect$ a rev]sal ( pres5t conditions to be br\ght ab\t by ,god1 & ref]r$ ?is judicial au?ority & k+ly rule to ! "t ( ! 4 8,jesus1 !re=e1 c]ta9ly expect$ to re/ore ! ?rone ( ,david1 &1 ) ,8 disciples1 to rule ov] a p fre$ f political bondage1 b 9 ?is expectation ,he did n set ,8 hopes on ! sword ( human foll[]s 7,luke xxii4 #ch1 ,matt4 xxvi4 #eb71 b ^u ! legions ( angels :i* ,8 heav5ly ,fa!r c\ld give ,him 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ec74 ,:5 ,he speaks ( ! com+ ( ,8 ,messianic glory1 x is ) angels & heav5ly p[]s t ,he surr\nds ,himself 7,matt4 xvi4 #bg1 xxiv4 #cj ff41 xxv4 #ca74 ,be=e ! maje/y ( ! ,son ( ,man com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 ! nations w submit )\t /rik+ a bl[1 & at ! s\nd ( ! angel's trumpetbla/ w1 ) ! dead :o %all !n arise1 range !mselves be=e ,him & ,8 disciples = judgm5t4 ,all ?is ,jesus did n purpose to br+ ab\t by any arbitr>y action ( ,8 own1 b left x to ,8 heav5ly ,fa!r1 :o alone knew ! "r mom5t = ?is cata/rophic *ange 7,m>k xiii4 #cb71 to give ,him ! signal ( its com+2 & ,he did n wav] 9 ,8 fai? ev5 :5 dea? came ^u ,him be=e its realisation4 ,any "o :o %r9ks f adopt+ ?is view ( ! ,messianic backgr\nd ( ,jesus' plans1 because he fe>s by s do+ to make ,jesus a vision>y en?usia/1 mu/ rememb] h[ exactly ^! hopes correspond$ to ! long*]i%$ ,messianic expectation ( ! ,jews2 & h[ easily1 on ! sup]naturali/ic assumptions ( ! p]iod & among a p :i* pres]v$ s /rict an isolation z ! ,jews1 an ideal :i* 0 9 itself fanta/ic1 if x 7 ! national ideal & _h "s true & good features1 c\ld take possession ( ! m9d ev5 ( "o :o 0 n incl9$ to fanaticism40 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal pro(s t ! prea*+ ( ,jesus 0 es*atologically condition$ is ! ,la/ ,supp]4 8,:510 says ,/rauss1 8,he conclud$ ! celebration ) ! say+1 #8,i w n dr9k h5ce=? ( ! fruit ( ! v9e until ,i dr9k x new ) y 9 my ,fa!r's k+dom1' ,he w\ld seem to h expect$ t 9 ! ,messianic k+dom ! ,passov] w\ld be celebrat$ ) peculi> solemnity4 ,!re=e1 9 assur+ !m t !y %all next p>take ( ! ,fea/1 n 9 ! pres5t age1 b 9 ! new era1 ,he evid5tly expects t )9 a ye>'s "t ! pre,messianic disp5sation w h come to an end & ! ,messianic age w h begun40 ,b x mu/ be admitt$1 ,/rauss imm$iately adds1 t ! def9ite assurance :i* ! ,evangeli/s put into ,8 m\? may aft] all only h be5 9 reality an expression ( pi\s hope4 ,9 a simil> way he qualifies 8 o!r /atem5ts reg>d+ ! es*atological ideas ( ,jesus by recall+ t we _c det]m9e ! "p :i* ! expectations ( primitive ,*ri/ianity may h _h 9 m\ld+ ^! say+s4 ,?us1 = example1 ! op9ions :i* he expresses on ! great ,p>\sia disc\rse 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 are extremely cauti\s4 ,! detail$ prophecies reg>d+ ! ,second ,com+ :i* ! ,synopti/s put into ! m\? ( ,jesus _c be d]iv$ f ,jesus ,himself4 ,! "q sugge/s itself1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,he did n *]i% ! hope1 & make ! promise1 t ,he w\ld "o day appe> 9 glory z ! ,messiah8 8,if 9 any p]iod ( ,8 life ,he held ,himself to be ! ,messiah--& t !re 0 a p]iod :5 ,he did s !re c be no d\bt--& if ,he describ$ ,himself z ! ,son ( ,man1 ,he mu/ h expect$ ! com+ 9 ! cl\ds :i* ,daniel _h ascrib$ to ! ,son ( ,man2 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r ,he ?\ght ( ?is z an exaltation :i* %\ld take place ev5 9 ,8 lifetime1 or z some?+ :i* 0 only to take place aft] ,8 dea?4 ,utt]ances l ,matt4 x4 #bc1 xvi4 #bh r sugge/ ! =m]1 b ! possibility rema9s t lat]1 :5 he _h begun to feel t ,8 dea? 0 c]ta91 8 conception took ! latt] =m1 & t ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd 0 spok5 ) ?is 9 view40 ,?us1 ev5 = ,/rauss1 ! problem ( ! ,son ( ,man is already ! c5tral problem 9 :i* are focus$ all ! que/ions reg>d+ ! ,messiah%ip & es*atology4 ,f all ?is x may be se5 h[ /rongly he _h be5 influ5c$ by ,reim>us1 :om1 inde$1 he frequ5tly m5tions4 ,x w\ld be /ill m evid5t if he _h n obscur$ 8 hi/orical views by con/antly br++ ! my?ological explanation into play4 ,! ?\ght ( ! sup]natural realisation ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god mu/ also1 accord+ to ,/rauss1 be ! />t+po9t ( any attempt to und]/& ,jesus' attitude t[>ds ! ,law & ! ,g5tiles1 s f> z t is possible 9 view ( ! conflict+ data4 ,! cons]vative passages mu/ c>ry mo/ weight4 ,!y ne$ n necess>ily fall at ! beg9n+ ( ,8 m9i/ry1 because x is que/ionable :e!r ! hypo!sis ( a lat] p]iod ( increas+ lib]ality 9 reg>d to ! law & ! ,g5tiles c be made probable4 ,!re w\ld be m *ance ( prov+ t ! cons]vative say+s are ! only au!ntic ones1 = unless all ! indications are mislead+ ! t]m9us a quo = ?is *ange ( attitude is ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,he no d\bt look$ =w>d to ! abolition ( ! ,law & ! removal ( ! b>ri]s betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 b only 9 ! future ,k+dom4 8,if t be s10 rem>ks ,/rauss1 8! diff]5ce betwe5 ! views ( ,jesus & ( ,paul consi/$ only 9 ?is1 t :ile ,jesus expect$ ^! limitations to fall away :51 at ,8 second com+1 ! e>? %\ld be r5ew$1 ,paul believ$ himself ju/ifi$ 9 do+ away ) !m 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ^u ! /ill unreg5]at$ e>?40 ,! es*atological passages are !re=e ! mo/ au!ntic ( all4 ,if !re is any?+ hi/oric ab\t ,jesus1 x is ,8 ass]tion ( ! claim t 9 ! com+ k+dom ,he w\ld be manife/$ z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! pr$ictions ( ! passion & resurrection we are on q unc]ta9 gr\nd4 ,! detail$ /atem5ts reg>d+ ! mann] ( ! cata/rophe place x beyond d\bt t we h "h vatic9ia ex ev5tu4 ,o!rwise ! despair ( ! disciples :5 ! ev5ts occurr$ c\ld n be expla9$4 ,yet x is possible t ,jesus _h a prevision ( ,8 dea?4 ,p]haps ! resolve to die 0 ess5tial to ,8 conception ( ! ,messiah%ip & ,he 0 n =c$ !reto by circum/ances4 ,?is we might be able to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty if we _h m exact in=mation reg>d+ ! conception ( ! suff]+ ,messiah 9 contempor>y ,jewi% !ology2 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n available4 ,we d n ev5 "k :e!r ! conception _h ev] exi/$ 9 ,judaism4 8,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x almo/ looks z if no "o among ! ,jews _h ev] ?\ght ( a suff]+ or dy+ ,messiah40 ,! conception c1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly be f\nd 9 lat] passages ( ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,! "q is !re=e insoluble4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to "w ) possibilities4 ,! result ( a full discussion ( ! resolve to suff] & ! significance atta*$ to ! suff]+ is summ$ up by ,/rauss 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 8,9 view ( ^! consid]ations x is possible t ,jesus might1 by a natural process ( ?\ght1 h come to see h[ greatly su* a cata/rophe w\ld contribute to ! spiritual developm5t ( ,8 disciples1 & 9 accordance ) national conceptions1 int]pret$ 9 ! light ( "s ,old ,te/am5t passages1 might h arriv$ at ! idea ( an aton+ p[] 9 ,8 ,messianic dea?4 ,at ! same "t ! explicit utt]ance :i* ! ,synopti/s attribute to ,jesus describ+ ,8 dea? z an aton+ sacrifice1 might well belong r to ! sy/em ( ?\ght :i* grew up aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & ! say+ :i* ! ,f\r? ,gospel puts into ,8 m\? reg>d+ ! relation ( ,8 dea? to ! com+ ( ! ,p>aclete might seem to be prophecy aft] ! ev5t4 ,s t ev5 9 ^! say+s ( ,jesus reg>d+ ! purpose ( ,8 dea?1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! p>ticul> & ! g5]al40 ,/rauss's 8,life ( ,jesus0 has a diff]5t significance = mod]n !ology f t :i* x _h = 8 contempor>ies4 ,= !m x 0 ! "w :i* made an end ( miracle z a matt] ( hi/orical belief1 & gave ! my?ological explanation its due4 ,we1 h[ev]1 f9d 9 x also an hi/orical aspect ( a positive "*1 inasmu* z ! hi/oric ,p]sonality :i* em]ges f ! mi/ ( my? is a ,jewi% claimant ( ! ,messiah%ip1 ^: _w ( ?\ght is purely es*atological4 ,/rauss is1 !re=e1 no m]e de/roy] ( unt5able solutions1 b also ! prophet ( a com+ advance 9 k4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 8 own fault t 8 m]it 9 ?is respect 0 n recognis$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 because 9 8 8,life ( ,jesus = ! ,g]man ,p0 7#ahfd71 :]e he und]took to draw a positive hi/oric picture ( ,jesus1 he r5\nc$ 8 bett] op9ions ( #ahce1 elim9at$ es*atology1 &1 in/ead ( ! hi/oric ,jesus1 portray$ ! ,jesus ( lib]al !ology4 ,,ix4 ,,/rauss',s ,,oppon5ts ,,& ,,support]s ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss4 ,/reits*rift5 zur ,v]teidigung me9] ,s*rift b] das ,leb5,jesu und zur ,*>akt]i/ik d] geg5wrtig5 ,!ologie4 7,replies to criticisms ( my "w on ! ,life ( ,jesus2 ) an e/imate ( pres5tday !ology47 ,tb+51 #ahcg4 ,das ,leb5,jesu1 #cte v]bess]te ,auflage 7#crd revis$ edition74 #ahchahci1 ,tb+54 ,augu/ ,?oluck4 ,die ,glaubwrdigkeit d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te1 zuglei* e9e ,kritik des ,leb5s ,jesu von ,/rauss4 7,! ,cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory1 ) an incid5tal criticism ( ,/rauss's 8,leb5,jesu407 ,hamburg1 #ahcg4 ,aug4 ,wilh4 ,ne&]4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu,*ri/i4 ,hamburg1 #ahcg4 ,dr4 ,ne&]s auf h"h ,v]anlassung abgefas/es ,guta*t5 b] das ,bu* des ,dr4 ,/rauss' 8,leb5,jesu0 und das 9 ,beziehung auf die ,v]breitung desselb5 zu bea*t5de ,v]fahr54 7,dr4 ,ne&]'s report1 drawn up at ! reque/ ( ! au?orities1 ^u ,dr4 ,/rauss's 8,leb5,jesu0 & ! measures to be adopt$ 9 reg>d to its circulation47 #ahcf4 ,leonh>d ,hug4 ,guta*t5 b] das ,leb5,jesu1 kritis* be>beitet von ,d4 ,fr4 ,/rauss4 7,report on ,d4 ,fr4 ,/rauss's critical "w ^u ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,freiburg1 #ahdj4 ,*ri/ian ,gottlob ,wilke4 ,tradition und ,my!4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur hi/oris*5 ,kritik d] kanonis*5 ,evangeli5 b]haupt1 wie insbesond]e zur ,wrdigung des my?is*5 ,idealismus im ,leb5,jesu von ,/rauss4 7,tradition & ,my?4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,g5]al ,hi/orical ,criticism ( ! ,gospels2 ) special ref]5ce to ! my?ical idealism ( ,/rauss's 8,leb5,jesu407 ,leipzig1 #ahcg4 ,augu/ ,ebr>d4 ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te4 7,sci5tific ,criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory47 ,frank=t1 #ahdb4 ,georg ,he9r4 ,aug4 ,ewald4 ,ges*i*te ,*ri/us' und se9] ,zeit4 7,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,times47 #ahee4 ,fif? volume ( ! 8,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel40 ,*ri/oph ,fri$ri* von ,ammon4 ,die ,ges*i*te des ,leb5s ,jesu mit /et] ,rcksi*t auf die vorh&55 ,quell54 7,hi/ory ( ! ,life ( ,jesus ) con/ant ref]5ce to ! extant s\rces47 #c vols4 #ahdbahdg4 ,sc>cely ev] has a book let loose su* a /orm ( controv]sy2 & sc>cely ev] has a controv]sy be5 s b>r5 ( imm$iate result4 ,! f]tilis+ ra9 br\ght up a crop ( toad/ools4 ,( ! =ty or fifty essays on ! subject :i* appe>$ 9 ! next five ye>s1 !re are only f\r or five :i* are ( any value1 & ev5 ( ^! ! value is v small4 ,/rauss's fir/ idea 0 to deal ) ea* ( 8 oppon5ts sep>ately1 & he publi%$ 9 #ahcg ?ree successive ,/reits*rift547#dd7 ,9 ! preface to ! fir/ ( ^! he /ates t he has kept sil5ce = two ye>s f a root$ objection to any?+ 9 ! nature ( reply or c\nt]criticism1 & because he _h little expectation ( any good results f su* controv]sy4 ,^! essays are able1 & are (t5 writt5 ) bit+ scorn1 especially t direct$ aga9/ 8 invet]ate enemy1 ,/eudel ( ,tb+51 ! repres5tative ( intellectual sup]naturalism1 & t aga9/ ,es*5may]1 a pa/or1 also ( ,tb+54 ,to a "w ( ! latt]1 8,! ,isc>iotism ( our ,days0 7#ahce71 he _h ref]r$ 9 ! preface to ! second volume ( 8 ,life ( ,jesus 9 ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,?is (fspr+ ( ! legitimate m>riage betwe5 !ological ignorance & religi\s intol]ance1 bless$ by a sleep walk+ philosophy1 succe$s 9 mak+ itself s completely ridicul\s t x r5d]s any s]i\s reply unnecess>y40 ,b = all 8 s>casm ,/rauss does n %[ himself an adroit debat] 9 ?is controv]sy1 any m ?an 9 lat] times 9 ! ,diet4 ,x is inde$ rem>kable h[ unskill$ 9 polemics is ?is man :o _h produc$ a critical "w ( ! fir/ importance ) almo/ playful ease4 ,if 8 oppon5ts made no ef=t to und]/& him rightly--& _m ( !m c]ta9ly wrote )\t hav+ c>efully /udi$ ! f\rte5 hundr$ pages ( 8 two volumes--,/rauss on 8 "p seem$ to be /rick5 ) a k9d ( unc]ta9ty1 lo/ himself 9 a maze ( detail1 & fail$ to keep cont9ually re=mulat+ ! ma9 problems :i* he _h set up = discussion1 & s compell+ 8 adv]s>ies to face !m fairly4 ,( ^! problems !re 7 ?ree4 ,! fir/ 0 compos$ ( ! relat$ que/ions reg>d+ miracle & my?2 ! second conc]n$ ! connexion ( ! ,*ri/ ( fai? ) ! ,jesus ( hi/ory2 ! ?ird ref]r$ to ! relation ( ! ,gospel ( ,john to ! ,synopti/s4 ,x 0 ! fir/ t attract$ mo/ att5tion2 m ?an half ! critics devot$ !mselves to x alone4 ,ev5 s !y fail$ to get a ?or\gh grasp ( x4 ,! only ?+ t !y cle>ly see is t ,/rauss altoge!r d5ies ! miracles2 ! full scope ( ! my?ological explanation z appli$ to ! traditional records ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & ! ext5t ( ! hi/orical mat]ial :i* ,/rauss is prep>$ to accept1 is /ill a riddle to !m4 ,t is 9 "s measure due1 x mu/ 9 fairness be said1 to ! arrangem5t ( ,/rauss's own "w1 9 :i* ! unconnect$ s]ies ( sep>ate inve/igations makes ! subject unnecess>ily difficult ev5 = "o :o wi%es to d ! au?or ju/ice4 ,! attitude t[>ds miracle assum$ 9 ! anti,/rauss lit]ature %[s h[ f> ! antirationali/ic reaction _h c>ri$ pr(ess$ly sci5tific !ology 9 ! direction ( sup]naturalism4 ,"s significant symptoms _h begun to %[ !mselves ev5 9 ,hase & ,s*lei]ma*] ( a t5d5cy t[>ds ! ov]com+ ( rationalism by a k9d ( intellectual gymna/ic :i* ran "s risk ( fall+ into ins9c]ity4 ,! ess5tial "* ( ?is new k9d ( hi/orical !ology fir/ came to light :5 ,/rauss put x to ! "q1 & =c$ x to sub/itute a pla9 yes or no = ! ambigu\s phrases ) :i* ?is s*ool _h only too quickly accu/om$ itself to evade ! difficulties ( ! problem ( miracle4 ,! mottoes ) :i* ?is new s*ool ( !ology adorn$ ! works :i* x s5t =? aga9/ ! untimely tr\bl] ( _! peace manife/ its complete p]plexity1 & display ! coquetti% resignation ) :i* ! sacr$ le>n+ ( ! "t essay$ to cov] its nak$ness1 aft] x _h succumb$ to ! temptation ( ! s]p5t ins9c]ity4 ,adolf ,h>less ( ,erlang5 *ose ! melan*oly say+ ( ,pascal3 8,t\t t\rne bi5 p\r les lus1 jusqu'aux obscurits de l'criture1 c> ils les honor5t cause des cl>ts div9es qu'ils y voi5t2 et t\t t\rne en mal aux repr\vs1 jusqu'aux cl>ts1 c> ils les blasphm5t cause des obscurits qu'ils n'ent5d5t pas407#de7 ,h]r ,wilhelm ,h(fmann17#df7 deacon at ,w9n5d51 select$ ,bacon's aphorism3 8,animus ad amplitud9em my/]iorum pro modulo suo dilatetur1 non my/]ia ad angu/ias animi con/r+antur40 7,let ! m9d1 s f> z possible1 be exp&$ to ! greatness ( ! my/]ies1 n ! my/]ies contract$ to ! compass ( ! m9d47 ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,osi&]17#dg7 ( ! sem9>y at ,maulbronn1 appeals to ,cic]o3 8,o magna vis v]itatis1 quae contra hom9um +5ia1 calliditatem1 soll]tiam facillime se p] ipsam def5dit40 7,o mighty p[] ( tru?1 :i* aga9/ all ! +5i\s devices1 ! craft & subtlety1 ( m51 easily def5ds itself by its own /r5g?67 ,franz ,baad]1 ( ,muni*17#dh7 ornam5ts 8 "w ) ! reflection3 8,il faut que les hommes soi5t bi5 lo9 de toi1 ,vrit6 puisque tu supporte 7sic67 leur ignorance1 leurs erreurs1 et leurs crimes40 7,m5 mu/ inde$ be f> f !e1 ,o ,tru?1 s9ce ?\ art able to be> ) _! ignorance1 _! errors1 & _! crimes67 ,?oluck7#di7 girds himself ) ! ,ca?olic maxim ( ,v9c5t ( ,l]9s3 8,t5eamus quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus cr$itum e/40 7,let u hold t :i* has be5 believ$ always1 ev]y:]e1 by all47 ,! fe> ( ,/rauss _h1 inde$1 a t5d5cy to inspire ,prote/ant !ologians ) ca?olicis+ ideas4 ,"o ( ! mo/ compet5t review]s ( 8 book1 ,dr4 ,ullmann 9 ! ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 _h express$ ! wi% t x _h be5 writt5 9 ,lat9 to prev5t its do+ h>m among ! p47#ej7 ,an anonym\s dialogue ( ! p]iod %[s u ! s*oolma/] com+ 9 di/ress to ! cl]gyman4 ,he has all[$ himself to be p]suad$ into read+ ! book by 8 acqua9tance ! ,major1 & he is n[ anxi\s to get rid ( ! d\bts :i* x has ar\s$ 9 him4 ,:5 8 cure has be5 safely accompli%$1 ! rev]5d g5tleman dismisses him ) ! foll[+ exhortation3 8,n[ ,i hope t aft] ! exp]i5ce :i* y h _h y w = ! future refra9 f read+ books ( ?is k9d1 :i* are n writt5 = y1 & ( :i* !re is no necessity = y to take any notice2 & = ! refutation ( :i*1 %\ld t be ne$ful1 y h no equipm5t4 ,y may be q sure t any?+ useful or pr(itable = y :i* su* books may conta9 w rea* y 9 due c\rse ?r\gh ! prop] *annel & 9 ! "r way1 &1 t be+ s1 y are "u no necessity to jeop>dise any "p ( y\r peace ( m9d40 ,?oluck's "w pr(ess$ly aims only at pres5t+ a 8hi/orical argum5t = ! cr$ibility ( ! miracle /ories ( ! ,gospels40 8,ev5 if we admit10 he says 9 "o place1 8! sci5tific position t no act c h proce$$ f ,*ri/ :i* transc5ds ! laws ( nature1 !re is /ill room = ! m$iat+ view ( ,*ri/'s miraclework+ activity4 ,?is leads u to ?9k ( my/]i\s p[]s ( nature z op]at+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/--p[]s su* z we h "s p>tial k (1 z1 = example1 ^? magnetic p[]s :i* h surviv$ d[n to our own "t1 l gho/s l+]+ on aft] ! com+ ( day40 ,f ! /&po9t ( ?is spuri\s rationalism he proce$s to take ,/rauss to task = reject+ ! miracles4 8,_h ?is late/ critic be5 able to approa* ! ,gospel miracles )\t prejudice1 9 ! ,_s ( ,augu/9e's decl>ation1 #8d&um e/ deo1 eum aliquid fac]e posse quod nos inve/ig>e non possumus1' he w\ld c]ta9ly--s9ce he is a man :o 9 addition to ! acum5 ( ! s*ol> possesses s\nd common s5se--h come to a diff]5t conclusion 9 reg>d to ^! difficulties4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 he has approa*$ ! ,gospels ) ! conviction t miracles are impossible2 & on t assumption1 x 0 c]ta9 be=e ! argum5t began t ! ,evangeli/s 7 ei!r deceiv]s or deceiv$40 ,ne&]1 9 8 ,life ( ,jesus17#ea7 h&les ! "q ) m delicacy ( t\*1 r 9 ! /yle ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 8,*ri/'s miracles10 he expla9s1 8are to be und]/ood z an influ5c+ ( nature1 human or mat]ial40 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 give s mu* prom95ce z ,s*lei]ma*] _h done to ! difficulty involv$ 9 ! supposition ( an influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u mat]ial nature4 ,he repeats ,s*lei]ma*]'s ass]tions1 b )\t ! impos+ dialectic :i* 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s h&s almo/ comm&s ass5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! miracle at ,cana he rem>ks3 8,we _c inde$ =m any cle> conception ( an effect br\ght ab\t by ! introduction ( a high] creative pr9ciple into ! natural ord]1 s9ce we h no exp]i5ce on :i* to base su* a conception1 b we are by no means compell$ to take ?is extreme view z to :at happ5$2 we may q well suppose t ,*ri/ by an imm$iate influ5ce ^u ! wat] communicat$ to x a high] pot5cy :i* enabl$ x to produce ! effects ( /rong w9e40 ,9 ! case ( all ! miracles he makes a po9t ( seek+ n only ! explanation1 b ! high] symbolical significance4 ,! miracle ( ! figtree--:i* is sui g5]is--has only ?is symbolical significance1 see+ t x is n b5efic5t & creative b de/ructive4 8,x c only be ?\ght ( z a vivid illu/ration ( a pr$iction ( ! ,div9e judgm5t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! symbolic actions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets40 ,) ref]5ce to ! asc5sion & ! resurrection he writes3 8,ev5 ?\gh we c =m no cle> idea ( ! exact way 9 :i* ! exaltation ( ,*ri/ f ! e>? took place--& inde$ !re is mu* t is obscure 9 reg>d to ! e>?ly life ( ,*ri/ aft] ,8 resurrection--yet1 9 its place 9 ! organic unity ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 x is z c]ta9 z ! resurrection1 :i* ap>t f x _c be recognis$ 9 its true significance40 ,t extract is typical ( ,ne&]'s ,life ( ,jesus1 :i* 9 its "t 0 hail$ z a great a*ievem5t1 calculat$ to provide a le>n$ refutation ( ,/rauss's criticism1 & ( :i* a sev5? edition appe>$ z late z #ahgb4 ,! real piety ( he>t ) :i* x is imbu$ _c conceal ! fact t x is a pat*work ( unsatisfactory compromises4 ,x is ! *ild ( despair1 & has p]plexity = godfa!r4 ,"o _c read x )\t pa94 ,ne&]1 h[ev]1 may fairly claim to be judg$1 n by ?is "w1 b by 8 p]sonal attitude 9 ! ,/rauss controv]sy4 ,& "h he appe>s z a magnanim\s & dignifi$ repres5tative ( !ological sci5ce4 ,imm$iately aft] ! appe>ance ( ,/rauss's book1 :i*1 x 0 at once se51 w\ld cause mu* (f5ce1 ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t ask$ ,ne&] to report ^u x1 ) a view to prohibit+ ! circulation1 %\ld !re appe> to be gr\nds = do+ s4 ,he pres5t$ 8 report on ! #ae? ( ,novemb] #ahce1 &1 an inaccurate acc\nt ( x hav+ appe>$ 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 subsequ5tly publi%$ x47#eb7 ,9 x he c5sures ! "w z be+ writt5 f a too purely rationali/ic po9t ( view1 b /rongly urges ! ,gov]nm5t n to suppress x by an edict4 ,he describes x z 8a book :i*1 x mu/ be admitt$1 con/itutes a dang] to ! sacr$ int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*1 b :i* foll[s ! me?od ( endeav\r+ to produce a reason$ conviction by means ( argum5t4 ,h5ce any o!r me?od ( deal+ ) x ?an by meet+ argum5t ) argum5t w appe> 9 ! unfav\rable light ( an arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( sci5ce40 ,9 hold+ t sci5tific !ology w be able by its own /r5g? to ov]?r[ :atev] 9 ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus des]ves to be ov]?r[n1 ,ne&] is at "o ) ! anonym\s writ] ( 8,aphorisms 9 ,def5ce ( ,dr4 ,/rauss & 8 ,"w107#ec7 :o consoles himself ) ,goe!'s say+-- ,das ,t*tige1 au* w5n es fals* i/1 ,wirkt ,tag fr ,tag1 von ,haus zu ,haus2 ,das ,t*tige1 w5n's wahrhaftig i/1 ,wirkt b] alle ,zeit5 h9aus47#ed7 7,/rive h>d1 & ?\gh y\r aim be wrong1 ,y\r "w %all live its little day2 ,/rive h>d1 & = ! tru? be /rong1 ,y\r "w %all live & gr[ = aye47 8,dr4 ,/rauss10 says ?is anonym\s writ]1 8does n repres5t ! au?or's views1 & he on 8 "p _c und]take to def5d ,dr4 ,/rauss's conclusions4 ,b x is cle> to him t ,dr4 ,/rauss's "w consid]$ z a sci5tific production is m sci5tific ?an ! works oppos$ to x f ! side ( religion are religi\s4 ,o!rwise :y are !y s passionate1 s appreh5sive1 s unju/80 ,?is confid5ce 9 pure critical sci5ce 0 n %>$ by ,h]r ,privat ,doc5t ,daniel ,s*5kel ( ,basle1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor at ,heidelb]g4 ,9 a dre>y "w d$icat$ to 8 ,gtt+5 tea*] ,lcke1 on 8,hi/orical ,sci5ce & ! ,*ur*107#ee7 he looks = future salvation t[>ds t middle region :]e fai? & sci5ce int]p5etrate1 & hails ! new sup]naturalism :i* approximates to a sci5tific treatm5t ( ^! subjects 8z a hopeful ph5om5on40 ,he rejoices 9 ! viol5t opposition at ,zuri* :i* l$ to ! cancell+ ( ,/rauss's appo9tm5t1 reg>d+ x z likely to ex]cise an elevat+ influ5ce4 ,a simil>ly l(ty position is tak5 up by ! anonym\s au?or ( 8,dr4 ,/rauss & ! ,zuri* ,*ur*107#ef7 to :i* ,de ,wette contribut$ a preface4 ,?\gh pr(ess+ great e/eem = ,/rauss1 & admitt+ t f ! purely hi/orical po9t ( view he is 9 ! "r1 ! au?or feels b\nd to congratulate ! ,zuri*]s on hav+ refus$ to admit him to ! (fice ( tea*]4 ,! pure rationali/s f\nd x mu* m difficult ?an did ! m$iat+ !ologians1 :e!r ( ! old] or y\ng] s*ool1 to adju/ _! attitude to ! new solution ( ! miracle "q4 ,/rauss himself _h made x difficult = !m by remorselessly expos+ ! absurd & ridicul\s aspects ( _! me?od1 & by refus+ to recognise !m z allies 9 ! battle = tru?1 z !y really 74 ,paulus w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 be>+ him a grudge4 ,b ! inn] greatness ( t man ( h>d ext]ior comes out 9 ! fact t he put 8 p]sonal feel+s 9 ! backgr\nd1 & :5 ,/rauss became ! c5tral figure 9 ! battle = ! purity & fre$om ( hi/orical sci5ce he ignor$ 8 attacks on rationalism & came to 8 def5ce4 ,9 a v rem>kable lett] to ! ,free ,canton ( ,zuri*1 on 8,fre$om 9 ,!ological ,tea*+ & 9 ! ,*oice ( ,tea*]s = ,colleges107#eg7 he urges ! c\ncil & ! p to appo9t ,/rauss because ( ! pr9ciple at /ake1 & 9 ord] to avoid giv+ any enc\ragem5t to ! retrograde movem5t 9 hi/orical sci5ce4 ,x is z ?\gh he felt t ! end ( rationalism _h come1 b t1 9 ! p]son ( ! enemy :o _h defeat$ x1 ! pure love ( tru?1 :i* 0 ! only ?+ t really matt]$1 w\ld triumph ov] all ! =ces ( reaction4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be true to say t ,/rauss _h beat5 rationalism f ! field4 ,9 ,ammon's fam\s ,life ( ,jesus17#eh7 9 :i* ! au?or takes up a v respectful attitude t[>ds ,/rauss1 !re is a vigor\s survival ( a peculi> k9d ( rationalism inspir$ by ,kant4 ,= ,ammon1 a miracul\s ev5t c only exi/ :5 its natural causes h be5 discov]$4 8,! sacr$ hi/ory is subject to ! same laws z all o!r n>ratives ( antiquity40 ,lcke1 9 deal+ ) ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 _h ?r[n out ! "q :e!r ,biblical miracles c\ld be ?\ght ( hi/orically at all1 & 9 s do+ suppos$ t he 0 putt+ _! absolute "* on a firm] basis4 8,we10 says ,ammon1 8give ! opposite answ] f t :i* is expect$2 only hi/orically conceivable miracles c be admitt$40 ,he _c away ) ! con/ant confusion ( fai? & k f\nd 9 s _m writ]s 8:o swim 9 an ocean ( ideas 9 :i* ! real & ! illusory are z insep>able z salt & seawat] 9 ! actual ocean40 ,9 e natural process1 he expla9s1 we h to suppose1 accord+ to ,kant1 an int]p5etration ( natural & sup]natural4 ,= t v reason ! purely sup]natural does n exi/ = our exp]i5ce4 8,x is no d\bt c]ta910 s he lays x d[n on ! l9es ( ,kant's ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 8t e act ( causation :i* goes =? f ,god mu/ be imm$iate1 univ]sal1 & et]nal1 because x is ?\ght z an effect ( ,8 w1 :i* is exalt$ above space & "t & int]p5etrates bo? ( !m1 b )\t aboli%+ !m1 leav+ !m undi/urb$ 9 _! cont9uity & succession4 ,= u m51 !re=e1 all action ( ,god is m$iate1 because we are completely surr\nd$ by "t & space1 z ! fi% is by ! sea or ! bird by ! air1 & ap>t f ^! relations we %\ld be incapable ( app]ception1 & !re=e ( any real exp]i5ce4 ,z free be+s we c1 inde$1 ?9k ( miracle z imm$iately ,div9e1 b we _c p]ceive x z su*1 because t w\ld be impossible )\t see+ ,god1 :i* = wise reasons is =bidd5 to u40 8,9 accordance ) ^! pr9ciples1 we %all hold x to be our duty 9 :at foll[s to call att5tion to ! natural side ev5 ( ! miracles ( ,jesus1 s9ce ap>t f ?is no fact c become an object ( belief40 ,x is only 9 ?is intelligible s5se t ! cures ( ,jesus are to be ?\ght ( z 8miracles40 ,! magnetic =ce1 ) :i* ! m$iat+ !ology makes play1 is to be reject$4 8,! cure ( psy*ical diseases by ! p[] ( ! ^w & ( fai? is ! only k9d ( cure 9 :i* ! /ud5t ( natural sci5ce c f9d any basis = a conjecture reg>d+ ! way 9 :i* ! cures ( ,jesus 7 effect$40 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r miracles ,ammon assumes a k9d ( ,occasionalism1 9 ! s5se t x may h pleas$ ! ,div9e ,provid5ce 8to fulfil 9 fact ! confid5tly spok5 promises ( ,jesus1 & 9 t way to confirm ,8 p]sonal au?ority1 :i* 0 necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,8 doctr9e ( ! ,div9e salvation40 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 he is cont5t to repeat ! rationali/ic explanation1 & portrays a ,jesus :o makes use ( m$ic9es1 all[s ! demoniac himself to ru% ^u ! h]d ( sw9e1 helps a lep]1 :om he sees to be suff]+ only f "o ( ! mild] =ms ( ! disease1 to secure ! public recognition ( 8 be+ legally clean1 & :o ex]ts himself to prev5t by ^w & act ! premature burial ( p]sons 9 a /ate ( trance4 ,! /ory ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude is bas$ on "s occasion :5 !re 0 8a b\ntiful display ( hospitality1 a g5]\s %>+ ( provisions1 inspir$ by ,jesus' pray] ( ?anksgiv+ & ! example :i* ,he set :5 ! disciples 7 incl9$ selfi%ly to hold back _! own supply40 ,! /ory ( ! miracle at ,cana re/s on a m]e misund]/&+1 ^? :o report x n hav+ kn[n t ! w9e :i* ,jesus caus$ to be secretly br\ght =? 0 ! w$d+gift :i* he 0 pres5t+ 9 ! "n ( ! family4 ,z a disciple ( ,kant1 h[ev]1 ,ammon feels oblig$ to refute ! imputation t ,jesus c\ld h done any?+ to promote excess1 & calculates t ! pres5t ( w9e :i* ,jesus _h int5d$ to give ! bridal pair may be e/imat$ z equival5t to n m ?an eighte5 bottles47#ei7 ,he expla9s ! walk+ on ! sea by claim+ = ,jesus an acqua9tance ) 8! art ( tread+ wat]40 ,only 9 reg>d to ! explanation ( ! resurrection does ,ammon break away f rationalism4 ,he decides t ! reality ( ! dea? ( ,jesus is hi/orically prov$4 ,b he does n v5ture to suppose a real reawak5+ to life1 & rema9s at ! /&po9t ( ,h]d]4 ,b ! way 9 :i*1 9 spite ( ! deep] view ( ! conception ( miracle :i* he owes to ,kant1 he con/antly falls back ^u ! mo/ p$e/rian naturali/ic explanations1 & 8 failure to rid himself ( ! prejudice t an actual1 ev5 if n a miracul\s fact mu/ und]lie all ! record$ miracles1 is 9 itself suffici5t to prove t we h "h to d ) a m]e revival ( rationalism3 t is1 ) an unt5able !ory :i* ,/rauss's refutation ( ,paulus _h already relegat$ to ! pa/4 ,x 0 an easi] task = pure sup]naturalism ?an = pure rationalism to come to t]ms ) ,/rauss4 ,= ! =m] ,/rauss 0 only ! enemy ( ! m$iat+ !ology--!re 0 no?+ to fe> f him & mu* to ga94 ,accord+ly ,h5g/5b]g's ,evangelis*e ,kir*5zeitung hail$ ,/rauss's book z 8"o ( ! mo/ gratify+ ph5om5a 9 ! doma9 ( rec5t !ological lit]ature10 & praises ! au?or = hav+ c>ri$ out ) logical consi/5cy ! application ( ! my?ical !ory :i* _h =m]ly be5 re/rict$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t & c]ta9 p>ts only ( ! ,gospel tradition4 8,all t ,/rauss has done is to br+ ! _s ( ! age to a cle> consci\sness ( itself & ( ! necess>y consequ5ces :i* fl[ f its ess5tial "*4 ,he has taught x h[ to get rid ( =eign elem5ts :i* 7 /ill pres5t 9 x1 & :i* m>k$ an imp]fect /age ( its developm5t40 ,he has be5 ! mo/ influ5tial factor 9 ! necess>y process ( sep>ation4 ,!re is no "o ) :om ,h5g/5b]g feels himself m 9 agreem5t ?an ) ! ,tb+5 s*ol>4 ,_h he n %[n ) ! greate/ precision h[ ! results ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1 "o may say1 ( philosophy 9 g5]al1 react$ ^u ,*ri/ian fai?8 8,! relation ( speculation to fai? has n[ come cle>ly to light40 8,two nations10 writes ,h5g/5b]g 9 #ahcf1 8are /ruggl+ 9 ! womb ( our "t1 & two only4 ,!y w be ev] m def9itely oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,unbelief w m & m ca/ (f ! elem5ts ( fai? to :i* x /ill cl+s1 & fai? w ca/ (f its elem5ts ( unbelief4 ,t w be an ine/imable advantage4 ,_h ! ,"t_s cont9u$ to make concessions1 concessions w\ld con/antly h be5 made to x 9 return40 ,!re=e ! man :o 8calmly & delib]ately laid h&s ^u ! ,"l's ano9t$1 undet]r$ by ! vision ( ! millions :o h b[$ ! knee1 & /ill b[ ! knee1 be=e ,8 appe>+10 has 9 8 own way done a s]vice4 ,/rauss on 8 "p escap$ ) relief f ! mu/y atmosph]e ( ! /udy--belov$ by !ology 9 c>petslipp]s--to ! brac+ air ( ,h5g/5b]g's ,kir*5zeitung4 ,9 8 8,replies0 he devotes to x "s fiftyf\r pages4 8,i mu/ admit10 he says1 8t x is a satisfaction to me to h to d ) ! ,evangelis*e ,kir*5zeitung4 ,9 deal+ ) x "o kn[s :]e "o is & :at "o has to expect4 ,if ,h]r ,h5g/5b]g condemns1 he kn[s :y he condemns1 & ev5 "o aga9/ :om he laun*es 8 ana!ma mu/ admit t ! attitude becomes him4 ,any "o :o1 l ! editor ( ! ,evangelis*e ,kir*5zeitung1 has tak5 ^u him ! yoke ( confessional doctr9e ) all its implications1 has paid a price :i* entitles him to ! privilege ( condemn+ ^? :o diff] f 8 op9ions407#fj7 ,h5g/5b]g's only compla9t aga9/ ,/rauss is t he does n g f> en\gh4 ,he w\ld h lik$ to =ce ^u him ! rle ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 & consid]s t if ,/rauss did n1 l ! latt]1 g s f> z to suppose ! apo/les guilty ( delib]ate deceit1 t is n s mu* f any reg>d = ! hi/orical k]nel ( ,*ri/ianity z 9 ord] to mask 8 attack4 ,ev5 9 ,ca?olic !ology ,/rauss's "w caus$ a great s5sation4 ,ca?olic !ology 9 g5]al did n at t "t take up an attitude ( absolute isolation f ,prote/ant s*ol>%ip2 x _h adopt$ f ! latt] num]\s rationali/ic ideas1 & _h be5 especially influ5c$ by ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,?us1 ,ca?olic s*ol>s 7 almo/ prep>$ to reg>d ,/rauss z a common enemy1 aga9/ :om x 0 possible to make common cause ) ,prote/ants4 ,9 #ahcg ,joseph ,mack1 "o ( ! ,pr(essors ( ! ,ca?olic faculty at ,tb+51 publi%$ 8 8,report on ,h]r ,dr4 ,/rauss's ,hi/orical ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus407#fa7 ,9 #ahci appe>$ 8,dr4 ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus1 consid]$ f ! ,ca?olic po9t ( view107#fb7 by ,dr4 ,maurus ,hagel1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ! ,lyceum at ,dill+52 9 #ahdj t lov] ( hypo!ses & d\ghty fight]1 ,johann ,leonh>d ,hug17#fc7 pres5t$ 8 report ^u ! "w47#fd7 ,ev5 ,fr5* ,ca?olicism gave "s att5tion to ,/rauss's "w4 ,?is m>ks an epo*--! introduction ( ! k ( ,g]man critical !ology into ! intellectual _w ( ! ,lat9 nations4 ,9 ! ,revue des deux mondes = ,decemb] #ahch1 ,edg> ,qu9et gave a cle> & accurate acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,hegelian philosophy ^u ! religi\s ideas ( cultur$ ,g]many47#fe7 ,9 an eloqu5t p]oration he lays b>e ! dang] :i* 0 m5ac+ ! ,*ur* f ! nation ( ,/rauss & ,hegel4 ,8 c\ntrym5 ne$ n ?9k t x c\ld be *>m$ away by "s +5i\s =mula2 a mighty ef=t ( ! ,ca?olic _s 0 necess>y1 if x 0 to be successfully oppos$4 8,a new b>b>ian invasion 0 roll+ up aga9/ sacr$ ,rome4 ,! b>b>ians 7 /ream+ f e qu>t] ( ! horizon1 br++ _! /range gods ) !m & prep>+ to beleagu] ! holy city4 ,z1 ( yore1 ,leo w5t =? to meet ,attila1 s n[ let ! ,papacy put on its purple & come =?1 :ile yet !re is "t1 to wave back ) an au?oritative ge/ure ! deva/at+ hordes into t moral wild]ness :i* is _! native home40 ,qu9et might h done bett] /ill if he _h advis$ ! ,pope to issue1 z a c\nt]bla/ to ! unbeliev+ critical "w ( ,/rauss1 ! ,life ( ,jesus :i* _h be5 reveal$ to ! fai? ( ! bless$ ,anna ,ka?>9a ,emm]i*47#ff7 ,h[ ?or\ghly ?is refut$ ,/rauss c be se5 f ! fragm5t issu$ 9 #ahcd1 8,! ,bitt] ,suff]+s ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/10 :]e ev5 ! age ( ,jesus on ! day ( ,8 dea? is exactly giv54 ,on t ,maundy ,?ursday ! #ac? ,nisan1 x 0 exactly ?irty?ree ye>s & eighte5 weeks less "o day4 ,! 8pilgrim0 ,clem5t ,br5tano w\ld c]ta9ly h cons5t$1 _h he be5 ask$1 to all[ 8 notebooks to be us$ 9 ! sacr$ cause1 & to h giv5 to ! _w ! ,life ( ,jesus z x 0 reveal$ to him by ?is vision>y f ! end ( ,july #ahbj day by day = ?ree ye>s1 in/ead ( all[+ ?is treasure to rema9 hidd5 = m ?an tw5ty ye>s long]4 ,he himself ascrib$ to ^! visions ! mo/ /rictly hi/orical "*1 & insi/$ on consid]+ !m n m]ely z reflections on :at _h happ5$1 b z ! imm$iate reflex ( ! facts !mselves1 s t ! picture ( ! life ( ,jesus is giv5 9 !m z 9 a mirror4 ,hug1 x may be m5tion$1 9 8 lectures1 call$ att5tion to ! exact agreem5t ( ! topography ( ! passion /ory 9 ,ka?>9a's vision ) ! description ( ! locality 9 ,josephus4 ,if he _h kn[n h] complete ,life ( ,jesus he w\ld d\btless h express$ 8 admiration = ! way 9 :i* %e h>monises ,john & ! ,synopti/s2 & ) ju/ice1 = ! h>mony is really +5i\s & skilfully plann$4 ,ap>t f ^! m]its1 too1 ?is ,life ( ,jesus1 writt51 x %\ld be obs]v$1 e>li] ?an ,/rauss's1 conta9s a weal? ( int]e/+ in=mation4 ,john at fir/ baptiz$ at ,a5on1 b lat] 0 direct$ to remove to ,j]i*o4 ,! baptisms took place 9 8baptismal spr+s40 ,pet] own$ ?ree boats1 ( :i* "o 0 fitt$ up especially = ! use ( ,jesus1 & c>ri$ a complem5t ( t5 p]sons4 ,=w>d & aft !re 7 cov]$9 spaces :]e all k9ds ( ge> c\ld be kept1 & :]e also !y c\ld wa% _! feet2 along ! sides ( ! boat 7 hung receptacles = ! fi%4 ,:5 ,judas ,isc>iot became a disciple ( ,jesus he 0 tw5tyfive ye>s old4 ,he _h black hair & a r$ be>d1 b c\ld n be call$ really ugly4 ,he _h _h a /ormy pa/4 ,8 "m _h be5 a danc+woman1 & ,judas _h be5 born out ( w$lock1 8 fa!r be+ a milit>y tribune 9 ,damascus4 ,z an infant he _h be5 expos$1 b _h be5 sav$1 & lat] _h be5 tak5 *>ge ( by 8 uncle1 a tann] at ,isc>iot4 ,at ! "t :5 he jo9$ ! company ( ,jesus' disciples he _h squ&]$ all 8 possessions4 ,! disciples at fir/ lik$ him well en\gh because ( 8 read9ess to make himself useful2 he ev5 clean$ ! %oes4 ,! fi% ) ! /at] 9 its m\? 0 s l>ge t x made a full meal = ! :ole company4 ,a "w to :i* ,jesus devot$ special att5tion--?\gh ?is is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels--0 ! reconciliation ( unhappy m>ri$ c\ples4 ,ano!r matt] :i* is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels is ! voyage ( ,jesus to ,cyprus1 ^u :i* ,he ent]$ aft] a f>ewell meal ) ,8 disciples at ! h\se ( ! ,canaaniti% woman4 ,?is voyage took place dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,h]od & ,aretas :ile ! disciples 7 mak+ _! mission>y j\rney 9 ,pale/9e4 ,z !y c\ld n give an eyewitness report ( x !y 7 sil5t2 nor did !y make any m5tion ( ! fea/ to :i* ! ,proconsul at ,salamis invit$ ! ,savi\r4 ,9 reg>d to ano!r j\rney1 also1 :i* ,jesus made to ! l& ( ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 ! 8pilgrim's0 oracle has ! advantage ( kn[+ m ?an ! ,evangeli/s4 ,9 spite ( ^! additional traits a c]ta9 monotony is caus$ by ! fact t ! vision>y1 9 ord] to fill 9 ! tale ( days 9 ! ?ree ye>s1 makes ! p]sons kn[n to u f ! ,gospel hi/ory meet ) ! ,savi\r on sev]al occasions previ\s to ! meet+ n>rat$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,"h ! artificial "* ( ! composition comes out too cle>ly1 ?\gh 9 g5]al a lively imag9ation t5ds to conceal ?is4 ,& yet ^! nave embelli%m5ts & inv5tions h some?+ r attractive ab\t !m2 "o _c h&le ! book )\t a c]ta9 rev]5ce :5 "o ?9ks amid :at pa9s ^! revelations 7 receiv$4 ,if ,br5tano _h publi%$ 8 notes at ! "t ( ! excitem5t produc$ by ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus1 ! "w w\ld h _h a trem5d\s success4 ,z x 01 :5 ! fir/ two volumes appe>$ at ! end ( ! 'fifties1 !re 7 sold 9 "o ye> ?ree ?\s& & sev]al hundr$ copies1 )\t reckon+ ! ,fr5* edition :i* appe>$ contemporane\sly4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 all ! ef=ts ( ! m$iat+ !ology1 ( rationalism & sup]naturalism1 c\ld d no?+ to %ake ,/rauss's conclusion t x 0 all ov] ) sup]naturalism z a factor to be reckon$ ) 9 ! hi/orical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 & t sci5tific !ology1 in/ead ( turn+ back f rationalism to sup]naturalism1 mu/ move /raight onw>d betwe5 ! two & seek out a new pa? = itself4 ,! ,hegelian me?od _h prov$ itself to be ! logic ( reality4 ,) ,/rauss beg9s ! p]iod ( ! nonmiracul\s view ( ! ,life ( ,jesus2 all o!r views exhau/$ !mselves 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ him1 & subsequ5tly ab&on$ position aft] position )\t wait+ to be attack$4 ,! sep>ation :i* ,h5g/5b]g _h hail$ ) su* rejoic+ 0 really accompli%$2 b 9 ! =m t sup]naturalism practically sep>at$ itself f ! s]i\s /udy ( hi/ory4 ,x is n possible to date ! /ages ( ?is process4 ,aft] ! fir/ outbur/ ( excitem5t ev]y?+ seems to g on z quietly z be=e2 ! only diff]5ce is t ! "q ( miracle con/antly falls m & m into ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! mod]n p]iod ( ! /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 :i* beg9s ab\t ! middle ( ! 'sixties1 x has lo/ all importance4 ,t does n mean t ! problem ( miracle is solv$4 ,f ! hi/orical po9t ( view x is really impossible to solve x1 s9ce we are n able to recon/ruct ! process by :i* a s]ies ( miracle /ories arose1 or a s]ies ( hi/orical occurr5ces 7 trans=m$ into miracle /ories1 & ^! n>ratives mu/ simply be left ) a "q m>k /&+ aga9/ !m4 ,:at has be5 ga9$ is only t ! exclusion ( miracle f our view ( hi/ory has be5 univ]sally recognis$ z a pr9ciple ( criticism1 s t miracle no long] conc]ns ! hi/orian ei!r positively or negatively4 ,sci5tific !ologians ( ! pres5t day :o desire to %[ _! 8s5sibility10 ask no m ?an t two or ?ree little miracles may be left to !m--9 ! /ories ( ! *ildhood1 p]haps1 or 9 ! n>ratives ( ! resurrection4 ,& ^! miracles are1 moreov]1 s f> sci5tific t !y h at lea/ no relation to ^? 9 ! text1 b are m]ely spiritless1 mis]able little toydogs ( criticism1 fleabitt5 by rationalism1 too insignificant to d hi/orical sci5ce any h>m1 especially z _! own]s hone/ly pay ! tax ^u !m by ! way 9 :i* !y speak1 write1 & are sil5t ab\t ,/rauss4 ,b ev5 t is bett] ?an ! delusive fa%ion 9 :i* "s writ]s ( ! pres5t day succe$ 9 discuss+ ! n>ratives ( ! resurrection 8z pure hi/orians0 )\t betray+ by a s+le ^w :e!r !y !mselves believe x to be possible or n4 ,b ! reason mod]n !ology c all[ itself ^! lib]ties is t ! f\ndation laid by ,/rauss is un%akable4 ,comp>$ ) ! problem ( miracle1 ! "q reg>d+ ! my?ical explanation ( ! hi/ory takes a v subord9ate place 9 ! controv]sy4 ,few und]/ood :at ,/rauss's real mean+ 02 ! g5]al impression 0 t he entirely dissolv$ ! life ( ,jesus into my?4 ,!re appe>$1 inde$1 ?ree satires ridicul+ 8 me?od4 ,"o %[$ h[1 = ! hi/orical sci5ce ( ! future1 ! life ( ,lu!r w\ld also become a m]e my?17#fg7 ! second treat$ ! life ( ,napoleon 9 ! same way27#fh7 9 ! ?ird1 ,/rauss himself becomes a my?47#fi7 ,m4 ,eugne ,muss>d1 8c&idat au sa9t m9i/re10 made x 8 bus9ess to set at re/ ! m9ds ( ! premi] faculty at ,g5eva by 8 !sis1 ,du sy/me my?ique appliqu l'hi/oire de la vie de ,jsus1 #ahch1 :i* be>s ! +5i\s motto 7n 444 9 cunn+ly devis$ my?s1 #b ,pet] i4 #af74 ,he c]ta9ly did n exagg]ate ! difficulties ( 8 task1 b complac5tly foll[$ up an 8,exposition ( ! ,my?ical ,!ory10 ) a 8,refutation ( ! ,my?ical ,!ory z appli$ to ! ,life ( ,jesus40 ,! only writ] :o really fac$ ! problem 9 ! =m 9 :i* x _h be5 rais$ by ,/rauss 0 ,wilke 9 8 "w 8,tradition & ,my?407#gj7 ,he recognises t ,/rauss _h giv5 an exce$+ly valuable impulse t[>ds ! ov]com+ ( rationalism & sup]naturalism & to ! rejection ( ! abortive m$iat+ !ology4 8,a ke5] criticism w only e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ,gospel1 putt+ :at is t5able on a firm] basis1 sift+ out :at is unt5able1 & %[+ up 9 all its nak$ness ! c\nt]feit !ology ( ! new evangelicalism ) its utt] lack ( und]/&+ & s9c]ity40 ,aga91 8! approval :i* ,/rauss has met )1 & ! excitem5t :i* he has ar\s$1 suffici5tly %[ :at an advantage rationali/ic speculation possesses ov] ! !ological second *ildi%ness ( ! new evangelicals40 ,! "t has come = a rational my/icism1 :i* %all pres]ve undim9i%$ ! hone/y ( ! old rationalism1 mak+ no concessions to sup]naturalism1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ov]com+ ! 8trucul5t rationalism ( ! ,kantian criticism0 by means ( a religi\s conception 9 :i* !re is m w>m? & m pi\s feel+4 ,?is rational my/icism makes x a reproa* aga9/ ! 8my?ical idealism0 ( ,/rauss t 9 x philosophy does viol5ce to hi/ory1 & ! hi/oric ,*ri/ only reta9s ,8 significance z a m]e ideal4 ,a new exam9ation ( ! s\rces is necess>y to decide ^u ! ext5t ( ! my?ical elem5t4 ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w _c1 ,wilke agrees1 h be5 ! "w ( an eyewitness4 8,! pr9cipal argum5t aga9/ its au!nticity is ! abs5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( an eyewitness1 :i* mu/ necess>ily h be5 pres5t 9 a gospel actually compos$ by a disciple ( ! ,"l1 & :i* are n pres5t "h4 ,! n>rative is lack+ 9 precision1 fragm5t>y & leg5d>y1 tradition ev]y:]e manife/ 9 its v =m40 ,!re are discrepancies 9 ! leg5ds ( ! fir/ & second *apt]s1 z well z else:]e1 e4g4 ! /ories ( ! baptism1 ! temptation1 & ! transfiguration4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e !re is a basis ( hi/oric fact1 !re is an admixture ( leg5d>y mat]ial1 z 9 ! n>ratives ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 ,wilke recognises ! pictorial vividness ( _m ( ! descriptions1 & conjectures t 9 "s way or o!r x goes back to ! ,petr9e tradition4 ,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is n an eyewitness2 ! 7accord+ to7 only indicates ! orig9 ( ! tradition2 ! au?or receiv$ x1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 f ! ,apo/le1 b he gave to x ! gno/icis+ dialectical =m ( ! ,alex&rian !ology4 ,z aga9/ ! ,dieges5!orie7#ga7 ,wilke def5ds ! indep5d5ce & orig9ality ( ! individual ,gospels4 8,no "o ( ! ,evangeli/s knew ! writ+ ( any ( ! o!rs1 ea* produc$ an indep5d5t "w drawn f a sep>ate s\rce40 ,9 ! rem>ks on po9ts ( detail 9 ?is "w ( ,wilke's !re is evid5ce ( a rem>kable grasp ( ! critical data2 we already get a h9t ( ! 8ma!matician0 ( ! ,synoptic problem1 :o1 two ye>s lat]1 0 to "w out conv9c+ly ! lit]>y argum5t = ! priority ( ,m>k4 ,b ! hi/orian is q subord9at$ to ! lit]>y critic1 &1 :5 all is said1 ,wilke takes up no cle>ly def9$ position 9 reg>d to ,/rauss's ma9 problem1 z is evid5t f 8 seek+ to reta91 on m or less plausible gr\nds1 a :ole s]ies ( miracles1 among !m ! miracle ( ,cana & ! resurrection4 ,= mo/ ?9k]s ( t p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! "q 8my? or hi/ory0 yield$ 9 int]e/ to ! philosophical "q ( ! relation ( ! hi/orical ,jesus to ! ideal ,*ri/4 ,t 0 ! second problem rais$ by ,/rauss4 ,"s ?\ght to refute him by %[+ t 8 exposition ( ! relation ( ! ,jesus ( hi/ory to ! ideal ,*ri/ 0 n ju/ifi$ ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1 argu+ t ! edifice :i* he _h rais$ 0 n 9 h>mony ) ! gr\ndplan ( ! ,hegelian speculative sy/em4 ,he !re=e felt x necess>y1 9 8 reply to ! review 9 ! ,jahrb*] fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik1 to exp\nd 8! g5]al relation%ip ( ! ,hegelian philosophy to !ological criticism107#gb7 & to express 9 m precise =m ! ?\ghts ^u speculative & hi/orical ,*ri/ology :i* he _h sugge/$ at ! close ( ! second volume ( 8 8,life ( ,jesus40 ,he admits t ,hegel's philosophy is ambigu\s 9 ?is matt]1 s9ce x is n cle> 8:e!r ! evangelical fact z su*1 n inde$ 9 its isolation1 b toge!r ) ! :ole s]ies ( manife/ations ( ! idea 7( ,godmanhood7 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 is ! tru?2 or :e!r ! embodim5t ( ! idea 9 t s+le fact is only a =mula ( :i* consci\sness makes use 9 =m+ its concept40 ,! ,hegelian 8"r10 he says1 repres5t$ by ,m>he9eke & ,gs*el1 emphasises ! positive side ( ! ma/]'s religi\s philosophy1 imply+ t 9 ,jesus ! idea ( ,godmanhood 0 p]fectly fulfill$ & 9 a c]ta9 s5se intelligibly realis$4 8,if ^! m510 ,/rauss expla9s1 8appeal to ,hegel & decl>e t he w\ld n h recognis$ my book z an expression ( 8 mean+1 !y say no?+ :i* is n 9 accordance ) my own convictions4 ,hegel 0 p]sonally no fri5d to hi/orical criticism4 ,x annoy$ him1 z x annoy$ ,goe!1 to see ! hi/oric figures ( antiquity1 on :i* _! ?\ghts 7 accu/om$ lov+ly to dwell1 assail$ by critical d\bts4 ,ev5 if x 0 9 "s cases wrea?s ( mi/ :i* !y took = p9nacles ( rock1 !y did n want to h ?is =c$ ^u _! att5tion1 nor to be di/urb$ 9 ! illusion f :i* !y 7 consci\s ( receiv+ an elevat+ influ5ce40 ,b ?\gh prep>$ to admit t he _h add$ to ! edifice ( ,hegel's religi\s philosophy an annexe ( hi/orical criticism1 ( :i* ! ma/] w\ld h>dly h approv$1 ,/rauss is conv9c$ t he is ! only logical repres5tative ( ,hegel's ess5tial view4 8,! "q :i* c be decid$ f ! /&po9t ( ! philosophy ( religion is n :e!r :at is n>rat$ 9 ! ,gospels actually happ5$ or n1 b :e!r 9 view ( ! tru? ( c]ta9 conceptions x mu/ necess>ily h happ5$4 ,& 9 reg>d to ?is1 :at ,i ass]t is t f ! g5]al sy/em ( ! ,hegelian philosophy x by no means necess>ily foll[s t su* an ev5t mu/ h happ5$1 b t f ! /&po9t ( ! sy/em ! tru? ( t hi/ory f :i* actually ! conception arose is r$uc$ to a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 x may h happ5$1 b x may j z well n h happ5$1 & ! task ( decid+ on ?is po9t may be calmly h&$ ov] to hi/orical criticism40 ,/rauss rem9ds u t1 ev5 accord+ to ,hegel1 ! belief 9 ,jesus z ,godmademan is n imm$iately giv5 ) ,8 appe>+ 9 ! _w ( s5se1 b only arose aft] ,8 dea? & ! removal ( ,8 s5sible pres5ce4 ,! ma/] himself _h ackn[l$g$ ! exi/5ce ( my?ical elem5ts 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus2 9 reg>d to miracle he _h express$ ! op9ion t ! true miracle 0 8,_s40 ,! conception ( ! resurrection & asc5sion z outw>d facts ( s5se 0 n recognis$ by him z true4 ,hegel's au?ority may1 no d\bt1 fairly be appeal$ to by ^? :o believe1 n only 9 an inc>nation ( ,god 9 a g5]al s5se1 8b also t ?is manife/ation ( ,god 9 fle% has tak5 place 9 ?is man 7,jesus7 at ?is def9ite "t & place40444 8,9 mak+ ! ass]tion10 concludes ,/rauss1 8t ! tru? ( ! ,gospel n>rative _c be prov$1 :e!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 f philosophical consid]ations1 b t ! task ( inquir+ into its tru? mu/ be left to hi/orical criticism1 ,i %\ld l to associate myself ) ! #8left w+' ( ! ,hegelian s*ool1 7 x n t ! ,hegelians pref] to exclude me altoge!r f _! bord]s1 & to ?r[ me into ! arms ( o!r sy/ems ( ?\ght--only1 x mu/ be admitt$1 to h me toss$ back to !m l a ball40 ,9 reg>d to ! ?ird problem :i* ,/rauss _h (f]$ = discussion1 ! relation ( ! ,synopti/s to ,john1 !re 0 practically no response4 ,! only "o ( 8 critics :o und]/ood :at 0 at /ake 0 ,h5g/5b]g4 ,he alone p]ceiv$ ! significance ( ! fact t critical !ology1 hav+ admitt$ my?ical elem5ts fir/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & !n 9 ! beg9n+ & end ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 & hav+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! latt] admission1 felt oblig$ to give up ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 reta9+ only ! f\r?1 0 n[ be+ besieg$ by ,/rauss 9 its la/ /ronghold4 8,!y )drew10 says ! ,evangelis*e ,kir*5zeitung1 8into ! ,gospel ( ,john z into a =tress1 & boa/$ t !y 7 safe !re1 ?\gh !y c\ld n suppress a secret consci\sness t !y only held x at ! enemy's pleasure2 n[ ! enemy has appe>$ be=e x2 he is us+ ! same weapons ) :i* he 0 =m]ly victori\s2 ! ,gospel ( ,john is 9 z desp]ate case z =m]ly ! ,synopti/s4 ,! "t has come to make a bold resolve1 a decisive *oice2 ei!r !y mu/ give up ev]y?+1 or else !y mu/ successively reoccupy ! m advanc$ positions :i* at an e>li] date !y _h successively ab&on$40 ,x w\ld be impossible to give a m accurate picture ( ! desp]ate position into :i* ,hase & ,s*lei]ma*] _h br\ght ! m$iat+ !ology by _! +5i\s exp$i5t ( giv+ up ! ,synoptics 9 fav\r ( ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,be=e any dang] ?reat5$1 !y _h ab&on$ ! outworks & )drawn into ! citadel1 oblivi\s ( ! fact t !y !reby expos$ !mselves to ! dang] ( hav+ _! own guns turn$ ^u !m f ! positions !y _h ab&on$1 & be+ oblig$ to surr5d] )\t /rik+ a bl[ ! position ( :i* !y _h boa/$ z impregnable4 ,x is impossible to emphasise /rongly en\gh ! fact t x 0 n ,/rauss1 b ,hase & ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o _h br\ght ! m$iat+ !ology into ?is hopeless position1 9 :i* ! fall ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel c>ri$ ) x ! surr5d] ( ! hi/orical tradition z a :ole4 ,b !re is no position s desp]ate t !ology _c f9d a way out ( x4 ,! m$iat+ !ologians simply ignor$ ! problem :i* ,/rauss _h rais$4 ,z !y _h be5 accu/om$ to d be=e1 s !y cont9u$ to d aft]1 tak+ ! ,gospel ( ,john z ! au!ntic framework1 & fitt+ into x ! sections ( ! ,synoptic n>rative :]ev] place c\ld be/ be f\nd = !m4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,johann9e & ,synoptic repres5tations ( ,jesus' me?od ( tea*+1 says ,ne&]1 is only app>5tly irreconcilable1 & he calls out 9 support ( ?is ass]tion all ! res]ves ( old wornout exp$i5ts & artifices1 among o!rs ! argum5t t ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology is only explicable z a comb9ation ( ! ,synoptic & ,johann9e views4 ,o!r writ]s :o belong to ! same apologetic s*ool1 su* z ,?oluck1 ,ebr>d17#gc7 ,wiesel]17#gd7 ,lange17#ge7 & ,ewald17#gf7 ma9ta9 ! same po9t ( view1 only t _! def5ce is usually mu* less skilful4 ,! only writ] :o really 9 "s measure ent]s into ! difficulties is ,ammon4 ,he1 inde$1 is fully consci\s ( ! diff]5ce1 & ?9ks we _c re/ cont5t ) m]ely recognis+ x1 b mu/ f9d a solution1 ev5 if r a =c$ "o1 8by subord9at+ ! indef9ite *ronological data ( ! ,synopti/s1 ( :om1 aft] all1 only "o 01 or c\ld h be51 an eyewitness1 to ! ord]$ n>rative ( ,john40 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ makes s brief a ref]5ce to ! ,galilaean p]iod because x 0 9 accordance ) 8 plan to give m prom95ce to ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! ,temple & ,8 dialogues ) ! ,scribes z comp>$ to ! p>ables & tea*+ giv5 to ! p4 ,! cleans+ ( ! ,temple falls at ! outset ( ,jesus' m9i/ry2 ,jesus beg9s ,8 ,messianic "w 9 ,j]usalem by ?is action ( mak+ an end ( ! unseemly *aff]+ 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,temple4 ,! "q reg>d+ ! relative au!nticity ( ! reports is decisively settl$ by a comp>ison ( ! two acc\nts ( ! triumphal entry1 because !re x is q evid5t t 8,mat!w1 ! *ief au?ority among ! ,synopti/s1 adapts 8 n>rative to 8 special ,jewi%,messianic /&po9t40 ,accord+ to ,ammon's rationali/ic view1 ! "w ( ,jesus consi/$ precisely 9 ! trans=mation ( ?is ,jewi%,messianic idea into ! conception ( a 8,savi\r ( ! _w40 ,9 ?is lies ! explanation ( ! fate ( ,jesus3 8,! mass ( ! ,jewi% p 7 n prep>$ to receive a ,*ri/ s spiritual z ,jesus 01 s9ce !y 7 n ripe = s l(ty a view ( religion40 ,ammon "h turns 8 ,kantian philosophy to acc\nt4 ,x s]ves especially to expla9 to him ! consci\sness ( preexi/5ce av[$ by ! ,jesus ( ! ,johann9e n>rative z some?+ purely human4 ,we1 too1 he expla9s1 c 8aft] ! _s0 claim an ideal exi/5ce prior to ! spatial creation )\t indulg+ any delusion1 & )\t1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9k+ ( a real exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is way ,jesus is = ,himself a ,biblical idea1 ) :i* ,he has become id5tifi$4 8,! pur] & deep] a man's selfconsci\sness is1 ! ke5] may 8 consci\sness ( ,god become1 until "t disappe>s = him1 & 8 p>tak+ 9 ! ,div9e nature fills 8 :ole s\l40 ,b ,ammon's support ( ! au!nticity ( ,john's ,gospel is1 ev5 f a purely lit]>y po9t ( view1 n s unres]v$ z 9 ! case ( ! o!r oppon5ts ( ,/rauss4 ,9 ! backgr\nd /&s ! hypo!sis t our ,gospel is only a work+ov] ( ! au!ntic ,john1 a sugge/ion 9 reg>d to :i* ,ammon c claim priority1 s9ce he _h made x z e>ly z #ahaa17gg7 n9e ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( ,brets*neid]'s ,probabilia4 ,7 x n = ! +5u\s fa%ion 9 :i* he works ! ,synoptic mat]ial into ! ,johann9e plan1 we might class him ) ,alex&] ,s*weiz] & ,weisse1 :o 9 a simil> way seek to meet ! objections ( ,/rauss by an elaborate !ory ( edit+47#gh7 ,! fir/ /age ( ! discussion reg>d+ ! relation ( ,john to ! ,synopti/s pass$ )\t result4 ,! m$iat+ !ology cont9u$ to hold its positions undi/urb$--&1 /range/ ( all1 ,/rauss himself 0 eag] = a susp5sion ( ho/ilities4 ,x is z ?\gh hi/ory took ! tr\ble to c\nt]sign ! g5u95ess ( ! great critical discov]ies by lett+ ! discov]]s !mselves attempt to cancel !m4 ,z ,kant disfigures 8 critical idealism by mak+ inconsi/5t additions 9 ord] to refute a review] :o _h put him 9 ! same category ) ,b]keley1 s ,/rauss ins]ts additions & retractations 9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,life ( ,jesus 9 def]5ce to ! uncritical works ( ,?oluck & ,ne&]6 ,wilke1 ! only "o ( 8 critics f :om he might h le>n$ some?+1 he ignores4 8,f ! l(ty vantage gr\nd ( ,?oluck's _msid$ k ,i h sometimes1 9 spite ( a slight t5d5cy to v]tigo1 ga9$ a ju/] po9t ( view f :i* to look at "o matt] or ano!r10 is ! av[al :i* he makes 9 ! preface to ?is ill/>r$ edition4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h done no h>m if he _h conf9$ himself to /at+ m exactly "h & !re ! ext5t ( ! my?ical elem5t1 _h increas$ ! numb] ( possible cures1 _h incl9$ a little less to ! negative side 9 exam9+ ! claims ( report$ facts to rank z hi/orical1 & _h be5 a little m circumspect 9 po9t+ out ! factors :i* produc$ ! my?s2 ! s]i\s ?+ 0 t he n[ began to hesitate 9 8 d5ial ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel--! v f\ndation ( 8 critical view4 ,a r5ew$ /udy ( x1 aid$ by ,de ,wette's comm5t>y & ,ne&]'s ,life ( ,jesus1 _h made him 8d\btful ab\t 8 d\bts reg>d+ ! g5u95ess & cr$ibility ( ?is ,gospel40 8,n t ,i am conv9c$ ( its g5u95ess10 he admits1 8b ,i am no long] conv9c$ t x is n g5u9e40 ,he feels b\nd1 !re=e1 to /ate :atev] makes 9 its fav\r1 & to leave op5 a numb] ( possibilities :i* =m]ly he _h n recognis$4 ,! adhesion ( ! fir/ disciples may1 he n[ ?9ks1 h happ5$ ess5tially 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is report$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 9 transf]r+ ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple to ! fir/ p]iod ( ,jesus' m9i/ry1 ,john may be "r z aga9/ ! ,synoptic tradition 8:i* has no decisive evid5ce 9 its fav\r02 9 reg>d to ! "q :e!r ,jesus _h be5 only once1 or sev]al times1 9 ,j]usalem1 8 op9ion n[ is t 8on ?is po9t ! sup]ior circum/antiality ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel _c be conte/$40 ,z reg>ds ! prom95ce all[$ to ! es*atology also all is ton$ d[n & s(t5$4 ,ev]y:]e feeble compromises6 ,b :at l$ ,/rauss to place 8 foot ^u ?is %elv+ pa? 0 ! ess5tially j p]ception t ! ,synopti/s gave him no cle>ly ord]$ plan to set aga9/ t ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 consequ5tly he felt oblig$ to make "s concessions to its /r5g? 9 ?is respect4 ,yet he recognis$ almo/ imm$iately t ! result 0 a m]e pat*work4 ,ev5 9 ! summ] ( #ahci he compla9$ to ,hase 9 conv]sation t he _h be5 deaf5$ by ! clam\r ( 8 oppon5ts1 & _h conc$$ too mu* to !m47#gi7 ,9 ! f\r? edition he retract$ all 8 concessions4 8,! ,babel ( voices ( oppon5ts1 critics1 & support]s10 he says 9 8 preface1 8to :i* ,i _h felt x my duty to li/51 _h confus$ me 9 reg>d to ! idea ( my "w2 9 my dilig5t comp>ison ( v>i\s views ,i _h lo/ sight ( ! ?+ itself4 ,9 ?is way ,i 0 l$ to make alt]ations :i*1 :5 ,i came to consid] ! matt] calmly1 surpris$ myself2 & 9 mak+ :i* x 0 obvi\s t ,i _h done myself an inju/ice4 ,9 all ^! passages ! e>li] text has be5 re/or$1 & my "w has !re=e consi/$1 x might be said1 9 remov+ f my good sword ! not*es :i* _h n s mu* be5 hewn 9 x by ! enemy z gr\nd into x by myself40 ,/rauss's vacillation _h1 !re=e1 n ev5 be5 ( any indirect advantage to him4 ,in/ead ( endeav\r+ to f9d a purposeful connexion 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels by means ( :i* he might te/ ! plan ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 he simply re/ores 8 =m] view unalt]$1 !reby %[+ t 9 ! decisive po9t x 0 incapable ( developm5t4 ,9 ! v ye> 9 :i* he prep>$ 8 improv$ edition1 ,weisse1 9 8 ,evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 _h set up ! hypo!sis t ,m>k is ! gr\nddocum5t1 & _h ?us c>ri$ criticism pa/ ! 8deadpo9t0 :i* ,/rauss _h nev] be5 able to ov]come4 ,^u ,/rauss1 h[ev]1 ! new sugge/ion made no impression4 ,he does1 x is true1 m5tion ,weisse's book 9 ! preface to 8 ?ird edition1 & describes x z 89 _m respects a v satisfactory piece ( "w40 ,x _h appe>$ too late = him to make use ( x 9 8 fir/ volume2 b he did n use x 9 8 second volume ei!r4 ,he _h1 inde$1 a di/9ct antipa?y to ! ,m>can hypo!sis4 ,x 0 un=tunate t 9 ?is controv]sy ! highly important sugge/ions 9 reg>d to v>i\s hi/orical problems :i* _h be5 made incid5tally 9 ! c\rse ( ,/rauss's "w 7 nev] discuss$ at all4 ,! impulse 9 ! direction ( progress :i* might h be5 giv5 by 8 treatm5t ( ! relation ( ,jesus to ! law1 ( ! "q reg>d+ ,8 p>ticul>ism1 ( ! es*atological conception1 ! ,son ( ,man1 & ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 :olly fail$ to take effect1 & x 0 only aft] long & circuit\s w&]+s t !ology aga9 came 9 sight ( ^! problems f an equally fav\rable po9t ( view4 ,9 ?is respect ,/rauss %>$ ! fate ( ,reim>us2 ! positive solutions ( :i* ! outl9es 7 visible beh9d _! negative criticism escap$ obs]vation 9 consequ5ce ( ! (f5ce caus$ by ! negative side ( _! "w2 & ev5 ! au?ors !mselves fail$ to realise _! full significance4 ,x4 ,,! ,,m>can ,,hypo!sis ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse4 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te kritis* und philosophis* be>beitet4 7,a ,critical & ,philosophical ,/udy ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory47 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 ,breitkopf & ,hrtel1 #ahch4 ,vol4 i4 #fad pp4 ,vol4 ii4 #edc pp4 ,*ri/ian ,gottlob ,wilke4 ,d] ,urevangeli/4 7,! ,e>lie/ ,evangeli/47 #ahch4 ,dresd5 & ,leipzig4 #fid pp4 ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse4 ,die ,evangeli5frage 9 ihrem geg5wrtig5 ,/adium4 7,! ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,problem ( ! ,gospels47 ,leipzig1 #ahef4 ,! 8,gospel ,hi/ory0 ( ,weisse 0 writt51 l ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus1 by a philosoph] :o _h be5 driv5 out ( philosophy & =c$ back ^u !ology4 ,weisse 0 born 9 #ahja at ,leipzig1 & became ,pr(essor ,extraord9>y ( ,philosophy 9 ! univ]sity !re 9 #ahbh4 ,9 #ahcg1 f9d+ 8 advance to ! ,ord9>y ,pr(essor%ip b>r$ by ! ,h]b>tians1 he )drew f academic tea*+ & gave himself to ! prep>ation ( ?is "w1 ! plan ( :i* he _h _h 9 m9d = "s "t4 ,hav+ br\ght x to a satisfactory completion1 he began aga9 9 #ahda z a ,privat,doc5t 9 ,philosophy1 & became ,ord9>y ,pr(essor 9 #ahde4 ,f #ahdh onw>ds he lectur$ on ,!ology also4 ,8 "w on 8,philosophical ,dogmatics1 or ! ,philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity107#hj7 is well kn[n4 ,he di$ 9 #ahff1 ( *ol]a4 ,lotze & ,lipsius 7 bo? mu* influ5c$ by him4 ,weisse admir$ ,/rauss & hail$ 8 ,life ( ,jesus z a =w>d /ep t[>ds ! reconciliation ( religion & philosophy4 ,he expresses 8 gratitude to him = cle>+ ! gr\nd ( ! primeval =e/ ( !ology1 ?us r5d]+ x possible = him 7,weisse7 to develop 8 views )\t wa/+ "t ^u polemics1 8s9ce mo/ ( ! views :i* h hi!rto prevail$ may be reg>d$ z hav+ receiv$ ! c\p de grce f ,/rauss40 ,he is at "o ) ,/rauss also 9 8 g5]al view ( ! relations ( philosophy & religion1 hold+ t x is only if philosophy1 by foll[+ its own pa?1 atta9s indep5d5tly to ! conviction ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity t its alliance ) !ology & religion c be welcom$ z advantage\s47#ha7 ,8 "w1 !re=e1 l t ( ,/rauss1 leads up f9ally to a philosophical exposition 9 :i* he %[s h[ = u ! ,jesus ( hi/ory becomes ! ,*ri/ ( fai?47#hb7 ,weisse is ! direct cont9uator ( ,/rauss4 ,/&+ outside ! limitations ( ! ,hegelian =mulae1 he beg9s at ! po9t :]e ,/rauss leaves (f4 ,8 aim is to discov]1 if possible1 "s ?read ( g5]al connexion 9 ! n>ratives ( ! ,gospel tradition1 :i*1 if pres5t1 w\ld repres5t a hi/orically c]ta9 elem5t 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus1 & ?us s]ve z a bett] /&>d by :i* to det]m9e ! ext5t ( my? ?an c possibly be f\nd 9 ! subjective impression ^u :i* ,/rauss relies4 ,/rauss1 by way ( gratitude1 call$ him a dilettante4 ,?is 0 mo/ unju/1 = if any "o des]v$ to %>e ,/rauss's place ( hon\r1 x 0 c]ta9ly ,weisse4 ,! idea t ,m>k's ,gospel might be ! e>lie/ ( ! f\r1 fir/ occurr$ to ,weisse dur+ ! progress ( 8 "w4 ,9 ,m>* #ahcg1 :5 he review$ ,?oluck's 8,cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory10 he 0 z innoc5t ( ?is discov]y z ,wilke 0 at ! same p]iod4 ,b :5 once he _h obs]v$ t ! graphic details ( ,m>k1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z due to an attempt to embelli% an epitomis+ n>rative1 7 too insignificant to h be5 ins]t$ ) ?is purpose1 x became cle> to him t only "o o!r possibility rema9$ op51 viz41 t _! abs5ce 9 ,mat!w & ,luke 0 due to omission4 ,he illu/rates ?is f ! description ( ! fir/ day ( ,jesus' m9i/ry at ,cap]naum4 8,! relation ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/ to ,m>k10 he av]s1 89 ^? portions ( ! ,gospel :i* are common to bo? is1 ) few exceptions1 ma9ly t ( an epitomis]40 ,! decisive argum5t = ! priority ( ,m>k is1 ev5 m ?an 8 graphic detail1 ! composition & arrangem5t ( ! :ole4 8,x is true1 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k %[s v di/9ct traces ( hav+ aris5 out ( spok5 disc\rses1 :i* !mselves 7 by no means ord]$ & connect$1 b disconnect$ & fragm5t>y0--be+1 he means1 9 its orig9al =m bas$ on notes ( ! incid5ts relat$ by ,pet]4 8,x is n ! "w ( an eyewitness1 nor ev5 ( "o :o _h _h an opportunity ( que/ion+ eyewitnesses ?or\ghly & c>efully2 nor ev5 ( d]iv+ assi/ance f inquir]s :o1 on _! "p1 _h made a connect$ /udy ( ! subject1 ) a view to fill+ up ! gaps & plac+ ea* individual "p 9 its "r position1 & s articulat+ ! :ole into an organic unity :i* %\ld be nei!r m]ely inw>d1 nor on ! o!r h& m]ely ext]nal40 ,nev]!less ! ,evangeli/ 0 guid$ 9 8 "w by a j recollection ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ! life ( ,jesus4 8,x is precisely 9 ,m>k10 ,weisse expla9s1 8t a clos] /udy unmi/akably reveals t ! incid5tal rem>ks 7ref]r+ = ! mo/ "p to ! way 9 :i* ! fame ( ,jesus gradually ext5d$1 ! way ! p began to ga!r r\nd ,him & ! sick to besiege ,him71 f> f %utt+ (f & sep>at+ ! diff]5t n>ratives1 t5d r to unite !m ) ea* o!r1 & s give ! impression n ( a s]ies ( anecdotes =tuit\sly ?r[n toge!r1 b ( a connect$ hi/ory4 ,by means ( ^! rem>ks1 & by _m o!r connect+ l9ks :i* he works into ! n>ration ( ! individual /ories1 ,m>k has succe$$ 9 convey+ a vivid impression ( ! /ir :i* ,jesus made 9 ,galilee1 & f ,galilee to ,j]usalem1 ( ! gradual ga!r+ ( ! multitudes to ,him1 ( ! gr[+ int5sity ( loyalty 9 ! inn] circle ( disciples1 & z ! c\nt]p>t ( all ?is1 ( ! gr[+ enmity ( ! ,ph>isees & ,scribes--an impression :i* m]e isolat$ n>ratives1 /rung toge!r )\t any liv+ connexion1 w\ld n h suffic$ to produce40 ,a connexion ( ?is k9d is less cle>ly pres5t 9 ! o!r ,synopti/s1 & is :olly lack+ 9 ,john4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 by itself1 w\ld give u a completely false conception ( ! relation ( ,jesus to ! p4 ,f ! cont5t ( its n>ratives ! read] w\ld =m ! impression t ! attitude ( ! p t[>ds ,jesus 0 ho/ile f ! v fir/1 & t x 0 only 9 isolat$ occasions1 = a brief mom5t1 t ,jesus by ,8 miracul\s acts inspir$ ! p ) a/oni%m5t r ?an admiration2 t1 surr\nd$ by a little company ( disciples he contriv$ = a "t to defy ! enmity ( ! multitude1 & t1 hav+ repeat$ly provok$ x by intemp]ate invective1 he f9ally succumb$ to x4 ,! simplicity ( ! plan ( ,m>k is1 9 ,weisse's op9ion1 a /rong] argum5t = 8 priority ?an ! mo/ elaborate demon/ration2 "o only ne$s to comp>e x ) ! p]v]se design ( ,luke1 :o makes ,jesus und]take a j\rney ?r\gh ,sam>ia4 8,h[10 asks ,weisse1 89 ! case ( a writ] :o does ?+s ( ?is k9d c x be possible at ?is "t ( day to speak s]i\sly ( hi/orical exactitude 9 ! use ( 8 s\rces80 ,to come d[n to detail1 ,weisse's argum5t = ! priority ( ,m>k re/s ma9ly on ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels1 traces ( a common plan are f\nd only 9 ^? p>ts :i* !y h 9 common ) ,m>k1 n 9 ^? :i* are common to !m1 b n to ,m>k also4 #b4 ,9 ^? p>ts :i* ! ?ree ,gospels h 9 common1 ! 8agreem5t0 ( ! o!r two is m$iat$ ?r\gh ,m>k4 #c4 ,9 ^? sections :i* ! ,fir/ & ,?ird ,gospels h1 b ,m>k has n1 ! agreem5t consi/s 9 ! language & incid5ts1 n 9 ! ord]4 ,_! common s\rce1 !re=e1 ! 8,logia0 ( ,mat!w1 did n conta9 any type ( tradition :i* gave an ord] ( n>ration diff]5t f t ( ,m>k4 #d4 ,! div]g5ces ( word+ betwe5 ! two o!r ,synopti/s is 9 g5]al great] 9 ! p>ts :]e bo? h drawn on ! ,logia docum5t ?an :]e ,m>k is _! s\rce4 #e4 ,! fir/ ,evangeli/ reproduces ?is ,logiadocum5t m fai?fully ?an ,luke does2 b 8 ,gospel seems to h be5 ( lat] orig94 ,?is hi/orical argum5t = ! priority ( ,m>k 0 confirm$ 9 ! ye> 9 :i* x appe>$ by ,wilke's "w1 8,! ,e>lie/ ,gospel107#hc7 :i* treat$ ! problem m f ! lit]>y side1 &1 to take an illu/ration f a/ronomy1 suppli$ ! ma!matical confirmation ( ! hypo!sis4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,gospel ( ,john1 ,weisse fully %>$ ! negative views ( ,/rauss4 ,:at is ! use1 he asks1 ( keep+ on talk+ ab\t ! plan ( ?is ,gospel1 see+ t no "o has yet succe$$ 9 %[+ :at t plan is8 ,& = a v good reason3 !re is none4 ,"o w\ld nev] guess f ! ,gospel ( ,john t ,jesus1 until ,8 dep>ture f ,galilee1 _h exp]i5c$ almo/ unbrok5 success4 ,x is no good try+ to expla9 ! want ( plan by say+ t ,john wrote ) ! purpose ( supplem5t+ & correct+ 8 pr$ecessors1 & t 8 omissions & additions 7 det]m9$ by ?is purpose4 ,su* a purpose is betray$ by no s+le ^w 9 ! :ole ,gospel4 ,! want ( plan lies 9 ! v plan itself4 8,x is a fix$ idea1 "o may say1 ) ! au?or ( ?is ,gospel1 :o _h he>d t ,jesus _h fall5 a victim 9 ,j]usalem to ! hatr$ ( ! ,jewi% rul]s1 especially ! ,scribes1 t he mu/ repres5t ,jesus z engag$1 f ,8 fir/ appe>ance onw>d1 9 an unceas+ /ruggle ) #8! ,jews'--:]eas we "k t ! mass ( ! p1 ev5 to ! la/1 9 ,j]usalem itself1 7 on ! side ( ,jesus2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ,8 enemies 7 only able to get ,him into _! p[] by means ( a secret betrayal40 ,9 reg>d to ! graphic descriptions 9 ,john1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 made1 ! case is no bett]4 ,x is ! graphic detail ( a writ] :o desires to "w up a vivid picture1 n ! natural t\*es ( an eyewitness1 & !re are1 moreov]1 actual inconsi/5cies1 z 9 ! case ( ! heal+ at ! pool ( ,be!sda4 ,! circum/antiality is due to ! c>e ( ! au?or n to assume an acqua9tance1 on ! "p ( 8 read]s1 ) ,jewi% usages or ! topography ( ,pale/9e4 8,a consid]able proportion ( ! details are ( su* a "* z inevitably to sugge/ t ! n>rator ins]ts !m because ( ! tr\ble :i* x has co/ him to ori5tate himself 9 reg>d to ! sc5e ( ! action & ! dramatis p]sonae1 8 object be+ to sp>e 8 read]s a simil> difficulty2 ?\gh he does n always g ab\t x 9 ! way be/ calculat$ to effect 8 purpose40 ,! impossibility also t ! hi/oric ,jesus c h prea*$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,johann9e ,*ri/1 is z cle> to ,weisse z to ,/rauss4 8,x is n s mu* a picture ( ,*ri/ t ,john sets =?1 z a conception ( ,*ri/2 8 ,*ri/ does n speak 9 ,8 own ,p]son1 b ( ,8 own ,p]son40 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 8! au?ority ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,*ur* f ! second c5tury to ! n9ete5?0 c>ries too mu* weight ) ,weisse = him to v5ture altoge!r to d5y ! ,johann9e orig9 ( ! ,gospel2 & he seeks a middle pa?4 ,he assumes t ! didactic portions really1 = ! mo/ "p1 g back to ,john ! ,apo/le4 8,john10 he expla9s1 8drawn on by ! int]e/ ( a sy/em ( doctr9e :i* _h =m$ itself 9 8 m9d1 n s mu* z a direct reflex ( ! tea*+ ( 8 ,ma/]1 z on ! basis ( sugge/ions (f]$ by t tea*+ 9 comb9ation ) a c]ta9 creative activity ( 8 own1 endeav\r$ to f9d ?is sy/em also 9 ! tea*+ ( 8 ,ma/]40 ,accord+ly1 ) ?is purpose1 & orig9ally = himself alone1 n ) ! object ( communicat+ x to o!rs1 he made an ef=t to exhibit1 9 ! light ( ?is sy/em ( ?\ght1 :at 8 memory /ill reta9$ ( ! disc\rses ( ! ,"l4 8,! ,johann9e disc\rses1 !re=e1 7 recall$ by a labori\s ef=t ( memory on ! "p ( ! disciple4 ,:5 he f\nd t 8 memoryimage ( 8 ,ma/] 0 ?reat5+ to dissolve into a mi/wrai?1 he endeav\r$ to impress ! picture m firmly 9 8 recollection1 to connect & def9e its rapidly disappe>+ features1 recon/ruct+ x by ! aid ( a !ory evolv$ by himself or drawn f else:]e reg>d+ ! ,p]son & "w ( ! ,ma/]40 ,= ! portrait ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels ! m9d ( ! disciples :o describe ,him is a neutral m$ium2 = ! portrait 9 ,john x is a factor :i* contributes to ! production ( ! picture4 ,! same portrait is outl9$ by ! apo/le 9 ! fir/ epi/le :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,^! t5tative 8essays10 n orig9ally int5d$ = publication1 came1 aft] ! dea? ( ! apo/le1 into ! h&s ( 8 adh]5ts & disciples1 & !y *ose ! =m ( a complete ,life ( ,jesus z t 9 :i* to give !m to ! _w4 ,!y1 !re=e1 add$ n>rative portions1 :i* !y di/ribut$ "h & !re among ! spee*es1 (t5 do+ "s viol5ce to ! latt] 9 ! process4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,weisse is n bl9d to ! fact t ?is hypo!sis ( a ,johann9e basis 9 ! ,gospel is beset ) ! grave/--"o might almo/ say ) insup]able--difficulties4 ,"h is a man :o 0 an imm$iate disciple ( ! ,"l1 "o :o1 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 9 ,acts1 & 9 ! ,paul9e lett]s1 appe>s 9 a "* :i* gives no h9t ( a com+ spiritual metamorphosis1 "o1 moreov]1 :o at a relatively late p]iod1 :5 x might well h be5 suppos$ t 8 developm5t 0 9 all ess5tials clos$ 7at ! "t ( ,paul's visit to ,j]usalem1 :i* falls at lea/ f\rte5 ye>s aft] ,paul's conv]sion71 0 *os51 along ) ,james & ,pet]1 & 9 contra/ ) ! apo/les ( ! ,g5tiles1 ,paul & ,b>nabas1 z an apo/le ( ! ,jews--8h[ is x possible10 asks ,weisse1 8to expla9 & make x intelligible1 t a man ( ^! antec$5ts displays 9 8 ?\ght & spee*1 9 fact 9 8 :ole m5tal attitude1 a ?or\ghly ,hell5i/ic /amp8 ,h[ came he1 ! belov$ disciple1 :o1 accord+ to ?is v ,gospel :i* be>s 8 "n1 0 admitt$ m intimately ?an any o!r into ! confid5ce ( ,jesus1 h[ came he to clo! 8 ,ma/] 9 ?is =eign g>b ( ,hell5i/ic speculation1 & to attribute to ,him ?is ali5 mann] ( spee*8 ,b1 h[ev] difficult ! explanation may be1 :atev] extreme ( improbability may seem to u to be involv$ 9 ! assumption ( ! ,johann9e au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le & ( ^! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! ,gospel1 x is bett] to ass5t to ! improbability1 to submit to ! burd5 ( be+ =c$ to expla9 ! inexplicable1 ?an to set ourselves ob/9ately aga9/ ! weight ( te/imony1 aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,*ur* f ! second c5tury to ! pres5t day40 ,!re c\ld be no bett] argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ?an j su* a def5ce ( its g5u95ess z ?is4 ,9 ?is =m ! hypo!sis may well be de/9$ to lead a h>mless & nev]end+ life4 ,:at matt]s = ! hi/orical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus is simply t ! ,f\r? ,gospel %\ld be rul$ out4 ,& t ,weisse does s ?or\ghly t x is impossible to imag9e its be+ done m ?or\ghly4 ,! spee*es1 9 spite ( _! apo/olic au?ority1 are unhi/orical1 & ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt 9 describ+ ,jesus' sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,z = ! unhappy r$actor1 :o by add+ ! n>rative pictures creat$ ! ,gospel1 all possibility ( 8 reports be+ accurate is r\ndly d5i$1 & z if t 0 n en\gh1 he mu/ put up ) be+ call$ a bungl] into ! b>ga94 8,i h1 to tell ! tru?1 no v high op9ion ( ! lit]>y art ( ! editor ( ! ,johann9e ,gospeldocum5t10 says ,weisse 9 8 8,problem ( ! ,gospels0 ( #ahef1 :i* is ! be/ comm5t>y ^u 8 e>li] "w4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel rem9ds u ( ! /ory t ,fr$]ic ! ,great once appo9t$ an importunate (ficeseek] to ! po/ ( 8,privy ,c\ncillor = ,w>10 on condition t he w\ld nev] presume to (f] a syllable ( advice6 ,! hypo!sis :i* 0 br\ght =w>d ab\t ! same "t by ,alex&] ,s*weiz]17#hd7 ) ! int5tion ( sav+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 did n make any real contribution to ! subject4 ,! read+ ( ! facts :i* =m 8 />t+po9t is almo/ ! exact conv]se ( t ( ,weisse1 s9ce he reg>ds1 n ! spee*es1 b c]ta9 p>ts ( ! n>rative z ,johann9e4 ,t :i* x is possible1 9 8 op9ion1 to ref] to ! apo/le is an acc\nt1 n involv+ any miracles1 ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus at ,j]usalem1 & ! disc\rses :i* ,he deliv]$ !re4 ,! m or less miracul\s ev5ts :i* occur 9 ! c\rse ( x--su* z1 t ,jesus _h se5 ,na?anael "u ! figtree1 knew ! pa/ life ( ! ,sam>itan woman1 & heal$ ! sick man at ! ,pool ( ,be!sda--are ( a simple "*1 & contra/ m>k$ly ) ^? :i* are repres5t$ to h occurr$ 9 ,galilee1 :]e ,jesus turn$ wat] into w9e & f$ a multitude ) a few cru/s ( bread4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 suppose t ?is %ort1 au!ntic1 spiritual ,j]usalem,gospel has _h a ,galilaean ,life ( ,jesus work$ into x1 & ?is expla9s ! inconsi/5cies ( ! repres5tation & ! oscillation betwe5 a s5su\s & a spiritual po9t ( view4 ,?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 _c be made good4 ,s*weiz] 0 oblig$ to ascribe ! reports ( a mat]ial resurrection to ! ,galilaean s\rce1 :]eas ^!1 s9ce !y exclude ! ,galilaean appe>ances ( ,jesus1 mu/ belong to ! ,j]usalem ,gospel2 & accord+ly1 ! :ole di/9ction betwe5 a spiritual & mat]ial ,gospel falls to ! gr\nd4 ,?us ?is hypo!sis at be/ pres]ves ! nom9al au!nticity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 only to deprive x imm$iately ( all value z a hi/orical s\rce4 ,_h ,/rauss calmly exam9$ ! be>+ ( ,weisse's hypo!sis1 he w\ld h se5 t x fully confirm$ ! l9e he _h tak5 9 leav+ ! ,f\r? ,gospel out ( acc\nt1 & he might h be5 less unju/ t[>ds ! hypo!sis ( ! priority ( ,m>k1 = :i* he *]i%$ a bl9d hatr$1 because1 9 its fully develop$ =m1 x fir/ met him 9 conjunction ) seem+ly reaction>y t5d5cies t[>ds ! rehabilitation ( ,john4 ,he nev] 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life got rid ( ! prejudice t ! recognition ( ! priority ( ,m>k 0 id5tical ) a retrograde movem5t t[>ds an uncritical or?odoxy4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n true z reg>ds ,weisse4 ,he is f> f hav+ us$ ,m>k unres]v$ly z a hi/orical s\rce4 ,on ! contr>y1 he says expressly t ! picture :i* ?is ,gospel gives ( ,jesus is drawn by an imag9ative disciple ( ! fai?1 fill$ ) ! glory ( 8 subject1 ^: en?usiasm is consequ5tly sometimes /rong] ?an 8 judgm5t4 ,ev5 9 ,m>k ! my?opoeic t5d5cy is already actively at "w1 s t (t5 ! task ( hi/orical criticism is to expla9 h[ su* my?s c\ld h be5 accept$ by a report] :o /&s z ne> ! facts z ,m>k does4 ,( ! miracula7#he7--s ,weisse d5om9ates ! 8nong5u9e0 miracles1 9 contradi/9ction to ! 8g5u9e0--! fe$+ ( ! multitude is t :i*1 above all o!rs1 cries al\d = an explanation4 ,its hi/orical /r5g? lies 9 its be+ firmly int]wov5 ) ! prec$+ & foll[+ context2 & ?is applies to bo? ! ,m>can n>ratives4 ,x is !re=e impossible to reg>d ! /ory1 z ,/rauss proposes to d1 z pure my?2 x is necess>y to %[ h[1 gr[+ out ( "s incid5t belong+ to t context1 x assum$ its pres5t lit]>y =m4 ,! au!ntic say+ ab\t ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees1 :i*1 9 ,m>k viii4 #ad & #ae1 is connect$ ) ! two miracles ( fe$+ ! multitude1 gives gr\nd = suppos+ t !y re/ ^u a p>abolic disc\rse repeat$ on two occasions1 9 :i* ,jesus spoke1 p]haps ) allusion to ! manna1 ( a miracul\s food giv5 ?r\gh ,him4 ,^! disc\rses 7 lat] trans=m$ by tradition into an actual miracul\s giv+ ( food4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ,weisse endeav\rs to sub/itute = ,/rauss's 8unhi/orical0 conception ( my? a diff]5t conception1 :i* 9 ea* case seeks to discov] a suffici5t hi/orical cause4 ,! miracles at ! baptism ( ,jesus are bas$ ^u ,8 acc\nt ( a vision :i* ,he exp]i5c$ 9 t mom5t4 ,! pres5t =m ( ! /ory ( ! transfiguration has a tw(old orig94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is p>tly bas$ on a real exp]i5ce %>$ by ! ?ree disciples4 ,t !re is an hi/orical fact "h is evid5t f ! way 9 :i* x is connect$ ) ! context by a def9ite indication ( "t4 ,! six days ( ,m>k ix4 #b _c really be connect$1 z ,/rauss w\ld h u suppose1 ) ,ex4 xxiv4 #af27hf7 ! mean+ is simply t betwe5 ! previ\sly report$ disc\rse ( ,jesus & ! ev5t describ$ !re 0 an int]val ( six days4 ,! ?ree disciples _h a wak+1 spiritual vision1 n a dreamvision1 & :at 0 reveal$ 9 ?is vision 0 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,b at ?is po9t comes 9 ! second1 ! my?ico symbolical elem5t4 ,! disciples see ,jesus accompani$1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% ,messianic expectations1 by ^? :om ! p ?\ght ( z ,8 =]unn]s4 ,he1 h[ev]1 turns away f !m1 & ,moses & ,elias1 = :om ! disciples 7 ab\t to build tab]nacles1 = !m to abide 91 disappe>4 ,! my?ical elem5t is a reflection ( ! tea*+ :i* ,jesus imp>t$ to !m on t occasion1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re dawn$ on !m ! spiritual 8significance ( ^? expectations & pr$ictions1 :i* !y 7 to recognise z no long] po9t+ =w>d to a future fulfilm5t1 b z already fulfill$40 ,! high m\nta9 ^u :i*1 accord+ to ,m>k1 ! ev5t took place is n to be und]/ood 9 a lit]al s5se1 b z symbolical ( ! sublimity ( ! revelation2 x is to be s\ght n on ! map ( ,pale/9e1 b 9 ! recesses ( ! _s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ case ( ! =mation ( my? is ! /ory ( ! resurrection4 ,"h1 too1 my? mu/ h atta*$ itself to an hi/orical fact4 ,! fact 9 "q is n1 h[ev]1 ! empty grave4 ,?is only came into ! /ory lat]1 :5 ! ,jews1 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! ,*ri/ian belief 9 ! resurrection1 _h spread abroad ! report t ! body _h be5 /ol5 f ! grave4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is report ! empty grave _h necess>ily to be tak5 up into ! /ory1 ! ,*ri/ian acc\nt n[ mak+ use ( ! fact t ! body ( ,jesus 0 n f\nd z a pro( ( ,8 bodily resurrection4 ,! emphasis laid on ! id5tity ( ! body :i* 0 buri$ ) t :i* rose aga91 ( :i* ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ makes s mu*1 belongs to a "t :5 ! ,*ur* _h to oppose ! ,gno/ic conception ( a spiritual1 incorporeal immortality4 ,! reaction aga9/ ,gno/icism is1 z ,weisse rightly rem>ks1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t factors 9 ! developm5t ( my? 9 ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,z an additional in/ance ( ?is he might h cit$ ! antigno/ic =m ( ! ,johann9e acc\nt ( ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! hi/orical fact 9 ! resurrection8 8,! hi/orical fact10 replies ,weisse1 8is only ! exi/5ce ( a belief--n ! belief ( ! lat] ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! my? ( ! bodily resurrection ( ! ,"l--b ! p]sonal belief ( ! ,apo/les & _! companions 9 ! miracul\s pres5ce ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ 9 ! visions & appe>ances :i* !y exp]i5c$40 8,! "q :e!r ^? extraord9>y ph5om5a :i*1 soon aft] ! dea? ( ! ,"l1 actually & und5iably took place )9 ! community ( ,8 disciples1 re/ ^u fact or illusion--t is1 :e!r 9 !m ! dep>t$ _s ( ! ,"l1 ( ^: pres5ce ! disciples suppos$ !mselves to be consci\s1 0 really pres5t1 or :e!r ! ph5om5a 7 produc$ by natural causes ( a diff]5t k9d1 spiritual & psy*ical1 is a "q :i* _c be answ]$ )\t go+ beyond ! conf9es ( purely hi/orical criticism40 ,! only ?+ :i* is c]ta9 is 8t ! resurrection ( ,jesus is a fact :i* belongs to ! doma9 ( ! spiritual & psy*ic life1 & :i* is n relat$ to outw>d corporeal exi/5ce 9 su* a way t ! body :i* 0 laid 9 ! grave c\ld h %>$ !re940 ,:5 ! disciples ( ,jesus _h _! fir/ vision ( ! glorifi$ body ( _! ,"l1 !y 7 f> f ,j]usalem1 f> f ! grave1 & _h no ?\ght ( br++ t spiritual corporeity into any k9d ( relation ) ! dead body ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,t ! e>lie/ appe>ances took place 9 ,galilee is indicat$ by ! g5u9e conclusion ( ,m>k1 accord+ to :i* ! angel *>ges ! wom5 ) ! message t ! disciples 7 to await ,jesus 9 ,galilee4 ,/rauss's conception ( my?1 :i* fail$ to give x any po9t ( vital connexion ) ! hi/ory1 _h n provid$ any escape f ! dilemma (f]$ by ! rationali/ic & sup]naturali/ic views ( ! resurrection4 ,weisse prep>$ a new hi/orical basis = a solution4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to h&le ! problem f a po9t ( view :i* comb9$ hi/orical ) psy*ological consid]ations1 & he is fully consci\s ( ! novelty & ! f>rea*+ consequ5ces ( 8 attempt4 ,!ological sci5ce did n ov]take him = sixty ye>s2 & ?\gh x did n = ! mo/ "p %>e 8 "osid$ness 9 recognis+ only ! ,galilaean appe>ances1 t does n c\nt = mu*1 s9ce x 0 unable to solve ! problem ( ! d\ble tradition reg>d+ ! appe>ances4 ,8 discussion ( ! "q is1 bo? f ! religi\s & f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 ! mo/ satisfy+ treatm5t ( x ) :i* we are acqua9t$2 ! pomp\s & circumspect utt]ances ( ! v late/ !ology 9 reg>d to ! 8empty grave0 look v poor 9 comp>ison4 ,weisse's psy*ology requires only "o correction--! ins]tion into x ( ! es*atological premise4 ,x is n only ! admixture ( my?1 b ! :ole "* ( ! ,m>can repres5tation1 :i* =bids u to use x )\t res]ve z a s\rce = ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! inv5tor ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis nev] we>ies ( repeat+ t ev5 9 ! ,second ,gospel x is only ! ma9 outl9e ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 n ! way 9 :i* ! v>i\s sections are jo9$ toge!r1 :i* is hi/orical4 ,he does n1 !re=e1 v5ture to write a ,life ( ,jesus1 b beg9s ) a 8,g5]al ,sket* ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory0 9 :i* he gives ! ma9 outl9es ( ! ,life ( ,jesus accord+ to ,m>k1 & !n proce$s to expla9 ! incid5ts & disc\rses 9 ea* sev]al ,gospel 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur47#hg7 ,he avoids ! pr(ess$ly hi/orical =c$ int]pretation ( detail1 :i* lat] repres5tatives ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis1 ,s*5kel 9 p>ticul>1 employ 9 su* di/ress+ fa%ion t ,wr$e's book1 by mak+ an end ( ?is inquisitorial me?od ( extract+ ! ,evangeli/'s te/imony1 may be said to h releas$ ! ,m>can hypo!sis f ! torture*amb]4 ,weisse is free f ^! ov]ref9em5ts4 ,he refuses to divide ! ,galilaean m9i/ry ( ,jesus into a p]iod ( success & a p]iod ( failure & gradual fall+ (f ( adh]5ts1 divid$ by ! controv]sy ab\t legal purity 9 ,m>k vii42 he does n all[ ?is episode to c\nt]balance ! g5]al evid5ce t ,jesus' public "w 0 accompani$ by a con/antly gr[+ success4 ,nor does x occur to him to conceive ! soj\rn ( ! ,"l 9 ,pho5ician t]ritory1 & ,8 j\rney to ! neighb\rhood ( ,caes>ea ,philippi1 z a compulsory )drawal f ,galilee1 an ab&onm5t ( ,8 cause 9 t di/rict1 & to head ! *apt]1 z 0 usual 9 ! second p]iod ( ! exegesis ( ,m>k1 8,flights & ,retirem5ts40 ,he is cont5t simply to /ate t ,jesus once visit$ ^? regions1 & explicitly rem>ks t :ile ! ,synopti/s speak ( ! ,ph>isees & ,scribes z work+ actively aga9/ ,him1 !re is n[h]e any h9t ( a ho/ile movem5t on ! "p ( ! p1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 9 spite ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees ! p are always ready to approve ,him & take ,8 "p2 s mu* s t ,8 enemies c only hope to get ,him into _! p[] by a secret betrayal4 ,weisse does n admit any failure 9 ,jesus' "w1 nor t dea? came ^u ,him f )\t z an inevitable necessity4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 reg>d ! ?\ght ( suff]+ z =c$ ^u ,jesus by outw>d ev5ts4 ,lat] int]pret]s ( ,m>k h (t5 held t ! ess5tial ?+ 9 ! ,"l's resolve to die 0 t by ,8 volunt>y acceptance ( a fate :i* 0 m & m cle>ly reveal+ itself z inevitable1 ,he rais$ x into ! sph]e ( e?icoreligi\s fre$om3 ?is 0 n ,weisse's view4 ,jesus1 accord+ to him1 0 n mov$ by any outw>d circum/ances :5 ,he set out = ,j]usalem 9 ord] to die !re4 ,he did x 9 ob$i5ce to a suprarational high] necessity4 ,we c at mo/ v5ture to conjecture t a cessation ( ,8 miraclework+ p[]1 ( :i* ,he _h become aw>e1 reveal$ to ,him t ! h\r appo9t$ by ,god _h come4 ,he did1 9 fact1 no fur!r miracle 9 ,j]usalem4 ,h[ f> ,isaiah liii4 may h contribut$ to sugge/ ! conception ( su* a dea? be+ a necess>y "p ( ,messiah's "w1 x is impossible to discov]4 ,9 ! popul> expectation !re 0 no ?\ght ( ! ,messiah z suff]+4 ,! ?\ght 0 conceiv$ by ,jesus indep5d5tly1 ?r\gh ,8 deep & p5etrat+ spiritual insight4 ,)\t any ext]nal sugge/ion :atev] ,he ann\nces to ,8 disciples t ,he is to die at ,j]usalem1 & t ,he is go+ ?i!r ) t end 9 view4 ,he j\rney$1 n to ! ,passov]1 b to ,8 dea?4 ,! fact t x took place at ! "t ( ! ,fea/ 01 s f> z ,jesus 0 conc]n$1 accid5tal4 ,! circum/ances ( ,8 entry 7 su* z to sugge/ any?+ r ?an ! fulfilm5t ( ,8 pr$ictions2 b ?\gh ! jubilant multitude surr\nd$ ,him day by day1 z ) a wall ( def5ce1 ,he did n let t make ,him falt] 9 ,8 purpose2 r ,he =c$ ! au?orities to arre/ ,him2 ,he pres]v$ sil5ce be=e ,pilate ) ! delib]ate purpose ( r5d]+ ,8 dea? inevitable4 ,! !ory ( lat] def5d]s ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis t ,jesus1 giv+ up ,8 cause 9 ,galilee = lo/1 w5t up to ,j]usalem to conqu] or die1 is =eign to ,weisse's conception4 ,9 8 view1 ,jesus1 break+ (f ,8 ,galilaean "w :ile ! tide ( success 0 /ill fl[+ /rongly1 j\rney$ to ,j]usalem1 9 ! scorn ( consequ5ce1 ) ! sole purpose ( dy+ !re4 ,x is true !re are "s premonitions ( ! lat] c\rse ( ,m>can exegesis4 ,! ,second ,gospel m5tions no ,passov] j\rneys z fall+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 consequ5tly ! mo/ natural conclusion w\ld be t no ,passov] j\rneys fall )9 t p]iod2 t is1 t ,jesus' m9i/ry began aft] "o ,passov] & clos$ ) ! next1 ?us la/+ less ?an a full ye>4 ,weisse ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t x is impossible to und]/& ! success ( ,8 tea*+ unless we assume a m9i/ry ( sev]al ye>s1 ( m ?an ?ree ye>s1 inde$4 ,m>k does n m5tion ! ,fea/s simply because ,jesus did n g up to ,j]usalem4 8,intr9sic probability is1 9 our op9ion1 s /rongly 9 fav\r ( a duration ( a consid]able numb] ( ye>s1 t we are at a loss to expla9 h[ x is t at lea/ a few unprejudic$ inve/igators h n f\nd 9 ?is a suffici5t reason = dep>t+ f ! traditional op9ion40 ,! acc\nt ( ! mission ( ! ,twelve is also1 on ! gr\nd ( 8intr9sic probability10 expla9$ 9 a way :i* is n 9 accordance ) ! pla9 s5se ( ! words4 8,we d n ?9k10 says ,weisse1 8t x is necess>y to und]/& ?is 9 ! s5se t ,he s5t all ! twelve out at "o "t1 two & two1 rema9+ alone 9 ! meantime2 x is mu* m natural to suppose t ,he only s5t !m out two at a "t1 keep+ ! o!rs ab\t ,him4 ,! object ( ?is mission 0 less ! imm$iate spread+ abroad ( ,8 tea*+ ?an ! prep>ation ( ! disciples !mselves = ! indep5d5t activity :i* !y w\ld h to ex]cise aft] ,8 dea?40 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 ! only s]i\s lib]ties :i* he takes ) ! /atem5ts ( ,m>k4 ,:5 did ,jesus beg9 to ?9k ( ,himself z ! ,messiah8 ,! baptism seems to h m>k$ an epo* 9 reg>d to ,8 ,messianic consci\sness1 b t does n mean t ,he _h n previ\sly begun to h su* ?\ghts ab\t ,himself4 ,9 any case ,he did n on t occasion arrive all at once at t po9t ( ,8 inw>d j\rney :i* ,he _h rea*$ at ! "t ( ,8 fir/ public appe>ance4 ,we mu/ assume a p]iod ( "s duration betwe5 ! baptism & ! beg9n+ ( ,8 m9i/ry--a long] p]iod ?an we %\ld suppose f ! ,synopti/s--dur+ :i* ,jesus ca/ (f ! ,messianic ideas ( ,judaism & atta9$ to a spiritual conception ( ! ,messiah%ip4 ,:5 ,he began to tea*1 ,8 8developm5t0 0 already clos$4 ,lat] int]pret]s ( ,m>k h g5]ally diff]$ f ,weisse 9 assum+ a developm5t 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus dur+ ,8 public m9i/ry4 ,8 conception ( ! ,messiah%ip 0 !re=e fully =m$ :5 ,he began to tea* 9 ,cap]naum2 b ,he did n all[ ! p to see t ,he held ,himself to be ! ,messiah until ,8 triumphal entry4 ,x 0 9 ord] to avoid decl>+ ,8 ,messiah%ip t ,he kept away f ,j]usalem4 8,x 0 only 9 ,galilee & n 9 ! ,jewi% capital t an ext5d$ p]iod ( tea*+ & "w 0 possible = ,him )\t be+ oblig$ to make an explicit decl>ation :e!r ,he 7 ! ,messiah or no4 ,9 ,j]usalem itself ! ,high ,prie/s & ,scribes w\ld soon h put ?is "q to ,him 9 su* a way t ,he c\ld n h avoid$ answ]+ x1 :]eas 9 ,galilee ,he d\btless on m ?an "o occasion cut %ort su* attempts to "q ,him too closely by ! incisiv5ess ( ,8 replies40 ,l ,/rauss1 ,weisse recognises t ! key to ! explanation ( ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus lies 9 ! selfdesignation 8,son ( ,man40 8,we are mo/ c]ta9ly ju/ifi$10 he says1 ) almo/ prophetic insight1 9 8 8,problem ( ! ,gospels10 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 89 reg>d+ ! "q1 :at s5se ! ,div9e ,savi\r desir$ to atta* to ?is pr$icate8--:at1 9 fact1 ,he int5d$ to make kn[n ab\t ,himself by us+ ! title ,son ( ,man--z an ess5tial "q = ! "r und]/&+ ( ,8 tea*+1 & n ( ,8 tea*+ only1 b also ( ! v he>t & inmo/ ess5ce ( ,8 p]sonality40 ,b at ?is po9t ,weisse lets 9 ! clov5 ho( ( t fatal me?od ( int]pretation1 by ! aid ( :i* ! def5d]s ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis :o succe$$ him 7 to wage w>1 ) a k9d ( dull & dogg$ det]m9ation1 aga9/ es*atology1 9 ! int]e/s ( an orig9al & 8spiritual0 conception ( ! ,messiah%ip suppos$ to be held by ,jesus4 ,"u ! obsession ( ! fix$ idea t x 0 _! mission to def5d ! 8orig9ality0 ( ,jesus by ascrib+ to ,him a mod]nis+ trans=mation & spiritualisation ( ! es*atological sy/em ( ideas1 ! def5d]s ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis h imp$$ ! hi/orical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus to an almo/ unbelievable ext5t4 ,! explanation ( ! "n ,son ( ,man _h1 ,weisse expla9s1 hi!rto oscillat$ betwe5 two extremes4 ,"s _h held ! expression to be1 ev5 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus1 equival5t to 8man0 9 g5]al1 an int]pretation :i* _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh2 o!rs _h connect$ x ) ! ,son ( ,man 9 ,daniel1 & suppos$ t 9 us+ ! t]m ,jesus 0 employ+ a ,messianic title und]/ood by & curr5t among ! ,jews4 ,b h[ came ,he to employ only ?is unusual p]iphra/ic "n = ! ,messiah8 ,fur!r1 if ?is "n 7 really a ,messianic title1 h[ c\ld ,he repeat$ly h refus$ ,messianic salutations1 & n until ! triumphal entry suff]$ ! p to hail ,him z ,messiah8 ,! que/ions are rightly ask$2 x is !re=e ! m pity t !y are wrongly answ]$4 ,x foll[s1 ,weisse says1 f ! above consid]ations t ,jesus did n assume an acqua9tance on ! "p ( ,8 he>]s ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ,messianic significance ( ! expression4 8,x 0 !re=e inconte/ably ! int5tion ( ,jesus--& any "o :o consid]s x unwor?y betrays !reby 8 own want ( insight--t ! designation %\ld h some?+ my/]i\s ab\t x1 some?+ :i* w\ld compel ,8 he>]s to reflect ^u ,8 mean+40 ,! expression ,son ( ,man 0 calculat$ to lead !m on to high] conceptions ( ,8 nature & orig91 & !re=e sums up 9 itself ! :ole spiritualisation ( ! ,messiah%ip4 ,weisse1 !re=e1 passionately rejects any sugge/ion1 h[ev] mode/1 t ,jesus' selfdesignation1 ,son ( ,man1 implies any measure ( acceptance ( ! ,jewi% apocalyptic sy/em ( ideas4 ,ewald _h furni%$ =? 8 ,life ( ,jesus7#hh7 ) a weal? ( ,old ,te/am5t le>n+1 & _h made "s halfhe>t$ attempts to %[ ! connexion ( ,jesus' sy/em ( ?\ght ) t ( po/canonical ,judaism1 b )\t tak+ ! matt] s]i\sly & )\t hav+ any suspicion ( ! real "* ( ! es*atology ( ,jesus4 ,b ev5 ^! p>adegr\nd tactics excite ,weisse's indignation2 9 8 book1 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 he reproa*es ,ewald ) fail+ to und]/& 8 task4 ,! real duty ( criticism is1 accord+ to ,weisse1 to %[ t ,jesus _h no "p 9 ^? fanta/ic errors :i* are falsely attribut$ to ,him :5 a lit]al ,jewi% int]pretation is giv5 to ,8 great say+s ab\t ! future ( ! ,son ( ,man1 & to remove all ! ob/acles :i* seem to h prev5t$ hi!rto ! recognition ( ! novel "* & special significance ( ! expression1 ,son ( ,man1 9 ! m\? ( ,him :o1 ( ,8 own free *oice1 appli$ ?is "n to ,himself4 8,h[ long w x be10 he cries1 8be=e !ology at la/ becomes aw>e ( ! deep importance ( its task8 ,hi/orical criticism1 ex]cis$ ) all ! ?or\ghness & imp>tiality :i* alone c produce a g5u9e conviction1 mu/ free ! ,ma/]'s own tea*+ f ! imputation t lies ^u x--! imputation ( %>+ ! errors & false expectations 9 :i*1 z we _c d5y1 ow+ to imp]fect or mi/ak5 und]/&+ ( ! sugge/ions ( ! ,ma/]1 ! ,apo/les1 & ) !m ! :ole e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 became involv$40 ,?is fundam5tal position det]m9es ! rema9d] ( ,weisse's views4 ,jesus _c h %>$ ! ,jewi% p>ticul>ism4 ,he did n hold ! ,law to be b9d+4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,he did n g up to ! ,fea/s4 ,he di/9ctly & repeat$ly express$ ! conviction t ,8 doctr9e 0 de/9$ = ! :ole _w4 ,9 speak+ ( ! p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man ,he 0 us+ a figure--a figure :i* includes 9 a my/]i\s fa%ion all ,8 pr$ictions ( ! future4 ,he did n speak to ,8 disciples ( ,8 resurrection1 ,8 asc5sion1 & ,8 p>\sia z ?ree di/9ct acts1 s9ce ! ev5t to :i* ,he look$ =w>d is n id5tical ) any ( ! ?ree1 b is compos$ ( !m all4 ,! resurrection is1 at ! same "t1 ! asc5sion & p>\sia1 & 9 ! p>\sia ! resurrection & ! asc5sion are also includ$4 8,! "o conclusion to :i* we believe we c po9t ) c]ta9ty is t ,jesus spoke ( ! future ( ,8 "w & ,8 tea*+ 9 a way t impli$ ! consci\sness ( an influ5ce to be cont9u$ aft] ,8 dea?1 :e!r unbrok5ly or int]mitt5tly1 & ! consci\sness t by ?is influ5ce ,8 "w & tea*+ w\ld be pres]v$ f de/ruction & ! f9al victory assur$ to x40 ,! p]sonal pres5ce ( ,jesus :i* ! disciples exp]i5c$ aft] ,8 dea? 0 9 _! view only a p>tial fulfilm5t ( t g5]al promise4 ,! p>\sia appe>$ to !m z /ill await+ fulfilm5t4 ,?\ght ( ?us1 z an isolat$ ev5t1 !y c\ld only conceive x f ! ,jewi% apocalyptic /&po9t1 & !y f9ally came to suppose t !y _h d]iv$ ^! fanta/ic ideas f ! ,ma/] ,himself4 ,9 8 det]m9$ opposition to ! recognition ( es*atology 9 ,/rauss's fir/ ,life ( ,jesus1 ,weisse "h lays d[n ! l9es :i* 7 to be foll[$ by ! 8lib]al0 ,lives ( ,jesus ( ! 'sixties & foll[+ ye>s1 :i* only diff] f him1 n always to _! advantage1 9 _! m elaborate int]pretation ( ! detail ( ,m>k4 ,! only "w1 !re=e1 :i* 0 a consci\s cont9uation ( ,/rauss's1 takes1 9 spite ( its j appreciation ( ! "* ( ! s\rces1 a wrong pa?1 l$ a/ray by ! mi/ak5 idea ( ! 8orig9ality0 ( ,jesus1 :i* x exalts into a canon ( hi/orical criticism4 ,only aft] long & devi\s w&]+s did ! /udy ( ! subject f9d ! "r road aga94 ,! :ole /ruggle ov] es*atology is no?+ else ?an a gradual elim9ation ( ,weisse's ideas4 ,x 0 only ) ,johannes ,weiss t !ology escap$ f ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse4 ,,xi4 ,,bruno ,,bau]4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sceptical ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te des ,johannes4 7,criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory ( ,john47 ,brem51 #ahdj4 #dce pp4 ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te d] ,synoptik]4 7,criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory ( ! ,synoptics47 #c vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahdaahdb2 vol4 i4 #daf pp42 vol4 ii4 #cib pp42 vol4 iii4 #cda pp4 ,kritik d] ,evangeli54 7,criticism ( ! ,gospels47 #b vols41 #ahejahea1 ,b]l94 ,kritik d] ,apo/elges*i*te4 7,criticism ( ,acts47 #ahej4 ,kritik d] ,paul9is*5 ,briefe4 ,b]l91 #ahejaheb4 ,9 ?ree p>ts4 ,philo1 ,/rauss1 ,r5an und das ,ur*ri/5tum4 7,p41 ,s41 ,r41 & ,primitive ,*ri/ianity47 ,b]l91 #ahgd4 #aee pp4 ,*ri/us und die ,cs>54 ,d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums aus dem rmis*5 ,grie*5tum4 7,! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity f ,graeco ,roman ,civilisation47 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 #chg pp4 ,bruno ,bau] 0 born 9 #ahji at ,eis5b]g1 9 ! du*y ( ,sa*s5 ,alt5burg4 ,9 philosophy1 he 0 at fir/ associat$ entirely ) ! ,hegelian 8"r40 ,l ,/rauss1 he receiv$ a /rong impulse f ,vatke4 ,at ?is /age ( 8 developm5t he review$1 9 #ahce & #ahcf1 ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus 9 ! ,jahrb*] fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik1 & wrote 9 #ahch a 8,criticism ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,revelation407#hi7 ,9 #ahcd he _h become ,privat,doc5t 9 ,b]l91 b 9 #ahci he remov$ to ,bonn4 ,he 0 !n 9 ! mid/ ( t intellectual crisis ( :i* ! evid5ce appe>$ 9 8 critical works on ,john & ! ,synoptics4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahda ! ,m9i/]1 ,ei*horn1 reque/$ ! ,faculties ( ! ,prussian ,univ]sities to report on ! "q :e!r ,bau] %\ld be all[$ to reta9 ! v5ia doc5di4 ,mo/ ( !m return$ an evasive answ]1 ,knigsb]g repli$ 9 ! affirmative1 & ,bonn 9 ! negative4 ,9 ,m>* #ahdb ,bau] 0 oblig$ to cease lectur+1 & retir$ to ,rixdorf ne> ,b]l94 ,9 ! fir/ heat ( 8 furi\s indignation ov] ?is treatm5t he wrote a "w ) ! title 8,*ri/ianity ,expos$107#ij7 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 cancell$ be=e publication at ,zuri* 9 #ahdc4 ,he !n turn$ 8 att5tion to secul> hi/ory & wrote on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 on ,napoleon1 on ! ,illum9ism ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 & on ! p>ty /ruggles 9 ,g]many dur+ ! ye>s #ahdbahdf4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! 'fifties he return$ to !ological subjects1 b fail$ to ex]cise any influ5ce4 ,8 "w 0 simply ignor$4 ,radical ?\gh he 0 9 _s1 ,bau] f\nd himself fight+1 at ! end ( ! 'fifties & beg9n+ ( ! 'sixties1 9 ! ranks ( ! ,prussian ,cons]vatives--we are rem9d$ h[ ,/rauss 9 ! ,wrtemb]g ,*amb] 0 simil>ly =c$ to side ) ! reaction>ies4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhb4 ,8 0 a pure1 mode/1 & l(ty "*4 ,at ! "t ( 8 removal f ,b]l9 to ,bonn he 0 j at ! end ( ! tw5ties1 t critical age :5 pupils (t5 surprise _! tea*]s1 :5 m5 beg9 to f9d !mselves & %[ :at !y are1 n m]ely :at !y h be5 taught4 ,9 approa*+ ! inve/igation ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 ,bau] saw1 z he himself tells u1 two ways op5 to him4 ,he might take z 8 />t+ po9t ! ,jewi% ,messianic conception1 & endeav\r to answ] ! "q h[ ! intuitive prophetic idea ( ! ,messiah became a fix$ reflective conception4 ,t 0 ! hi/orical me?od2 he *ose1 h[ev]1 ! o!r1 ! lit]>y me?od4 ,?is />ts f ! opposite side ( ! "q1 f ! end in/ead ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,tak+ fir/ ! ,gospel ( ,john1 9 :i* x is obvi\s t reflective ?\ght has fitt$ ! life ( ! ,jewi% ,messiah into ! frame ( ! ,logos conception1 he !n1 />t+ z x 7 f ! emb\*ure ( ! /ream1 works 8 way upw>ds to ! high gr\nd 9 :i* ! ,gospel tradition takes its rise4 ,! decision 9 fav\r ( ! latt] view det]m9$ ! "* ( ,bau]'s life"w2 x 0 8 task to foll[ out1 to its ultimate consequ5ces1 ! lit]>y solution ( ! problem ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,h[ f> ?is pa? w\ld lead him he did n at fir/ suspect4 ,b he did suspect h[ /rong 0 ! influ5ce ^u ! =mation ( hi/ory ( a dom9ant idea :i* m\lds & %apes x ) a def9ite arti/ic purpose4 ,8 int]e/ 0 especially arre/$ by ,philo1 :o1 )\t kn[+ or int5d+ x1 contribut$ to ! fulfilm5t ( a high] task ?an t ) :i* he 0 imm$iately engag$4 ,bau]'s view is t a speculative pr9ciple su* z ,philo's1 :5 x beg9s to take possession ( m5's m9ds1 influ5ces !m 9 ! fir/ gl[ ( en?usiasm :i* x evokes ) su* ov]ma/]+ p[] t ! j claims ( t :i* is actual & hi/orical _c always secure ! att5tion :i* is _! due4 ,9 ,philo's pupil1 ,john1 we mu/ look1 n = hi/ory1 b = art4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel is 9 fact a "w ( art4 ,?is 0 n[ = ! fir/ "t appreciat$ by "o :o 0 himself an arti/4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 inde$1 _h at an e>li] p]iod tak5 up ! ae/hetic /&po9t 9 consid]+ ?is ,gospel4 ,b he _h us$ x z an apologi/1 proce$+ to exalt ! arti/ic tru? :i* he rightly recognis$ into hi/oric reality1 & 8 critical s5se fail$ him1 precisely because he 0 an ae/hete & an apologi/1 :5 he came to deal ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !re comes =w>d a true arti/1 :o %[s t ! dep? ( religi\s & intellectual insight :i* ,?oluck & ,ne&]1 9 oppos+ ,/rauss1 _h urg$ on behalf ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 is--,*ri/ian art4 ,9 ,bau]1 h[ev]1 ! ae/hete is at ! same "t a critic4 ,al?\gh mu* 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is f9ely 8felt10 l ! op5+ sc5es ref]r+ to ! ,bapti/ & to ,jesus1 :i* ,bau] gr\ps toge!r "u ! head+ 8,! ,circle ( ! ,expectant10 yet 8 art is by no means always p]fect4 ,! au?or :o conceiv$ ^? disc\rses1 ( :i* ! movem5t consi/s 9 a k9d ( tautological return ^u itself1 & :o makes ! p>ables trail out into dragg+ allegories1 is no p]fect arti/4 8,! p>able ( ! ,good ,%eph]d10 says ,bau]1 8is nei!r simple1 nor natural1 nor a true p>able1 b a metaphor1 :i* is1 nev]!less1 mu* too elaborate = a metaphor1 is n cle>ly conceiv$1 &1 f9ally1 9 places %[s mu* too cle>ly ! skeleton ( reflection ov] :i* x is /ret*$40 ,bau] treats1 9 8 "w ( #ahdj17ia7 ! ,f\r? ,gospel only4 ,! ,synoptics he deals ) only 9 a q incid5tal fa%ion1 8z oppos+ armies make demon/rations 9 ord] to provoke ! enemy to a decisive conflict40 ,he breaks (f at ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory ( ! passion1 because "h x w\ld be necess>y to br+ 9 ! ,synoptic p>allels4 8,f ! di/ant heights on :i* ! ,synoptic =ces h tak5 up a m5ac+ position1 we mu/ n[ draw !m d[n into ! pla92 n[ comes ! pit*$ battle betwe5 !m & ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ! "q reg>d+ ! hi/orical "* ( t :i* we h f\nd to be ! ultimate basis ( ! la/ ,gospel1 c n[ at l5g? be decid$40 ,if1 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john1 no smalle/ p>ticle c\ld be f\nd :i* 0 unaffect$ by ! creative reflection ( ! au?or1 h[ w x /& ) ! ,synopti/s8 ,:5 ,bau] broke (f 8 "w ^u ,john 9 ?is abrupt way--= he _h n orig9ally int5d$ to conclude x at ?is po9t--h[ f> did he /ill reta9 a belief 9 ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,synoptics8 ,x looks z if he _h int5d$ to treat !n z ! solid f\ndation1 9 contra/ ) ! fanta/ic /ructure rais$ ^u x by ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,b :5 he began to use 8 pick ^u ! rock1 x crumbl$ away4 ,in/ead ( a diff]5ce ( k9d he f\nd only a diff]5ce ( degree4 ,! 8,criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory ( ! ,synopti/s0 ( #ahda is built on ! site :i* ,/rauss _h levell$4 8,! abid+ influ5ce ( ,/rauss10 says ,bau]1 8consi/s 9 ! fact t he has remov$ f ! pa? ( subsequ5t criticism ! dang] & tr\ble ( a collision ) ! e>li] or?odox sy/em40 ,bau] f9ds 8 mat]ial laid ready to 8 h& by ,weisse & ,wilke4 ,weisse _h div9$ 9 ,m>k ! s\rce f :i* criticism--becom+ b>r5 9 ! "w ( ,/rauss--might draw a new spr+ ( vigor\s life2 & ,wilke1 :om ,bau] places above ,weisse1 _h rais$ ?is happy conjecture to ! level ( a sci5tifically assur$ result4 ,! ,m>can hypo!sis 0 no long] on its trial4 ,b its be>+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ,jesus _h /ill to be det]m9$4 ,:at position d ,weisse & ,wilke take up t[>ds ! hypo!sis ( a tradition ly+ beh9d ! ,gospel ( ,m>k8 ,if x be once admitt$ t ! :ole ,gospel tradition1 s f> z conc]ns its plan1 goes back to a s+le writ]1 :o has creat$ ! connexion betwe5 ! diff]5t ev5ts--= nei!r ,weisse nor ,wilke reg>ds ! connexion ( ! sections z hi/orical--does n ! possibility naturally sugge/ itself t ! n>rative ( ! ev5ts !mselves1 n m]ely ! connexion 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ,m>k1 is to be set d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! au?or ( ! ,gospel8 ,weisse & ,wilke _h n suspect$ h[ great a dang] arises :51 ( ! ?ree witnesses :o repres5t ! tradition1 only "o is all[$ to /&1 & ! tradition is recognis$ & all[$ to exi/ 9 ?is "o writt5 =m only4 ,! triple embankm5t held2 w a s+le "o be> ! /ra98 ,! foll[+ consid]ations h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel compels u to recognise t a ,gospel may h a purely lit]>y orig94 ,?is discov]y dawn$ ^u ,bau] at a "t :5 he 0 /ill dis9cl9$ to accept ,wilke's conclusions reg>d+ ,m>k4 ,b :5 he _h recognis$ ! tru? ( ! latt] he felt compell$ by ! comb9ation ( ! two to accept ! idea t ,m>k also might be ( purely lit]>y orig94 ,= ,weisse & ,wilke ! ,m>can hypo!sis _h n impli$ ?is result1 because !y cont9u$ to comb9e ) x ! wid] hypo!sis ( a g5]al tradition1 hold+ t ,mat!w & ,luke us$ ! collection ( 8,logia10 & also ow$ "p ( _! supplem5t>y matt] to a free use ( float+ tradition1 s t ,m>k1 x might almo/ be said1 m]ely suppli$ !m ) ! =mative pr9ciple by means ( :i* !y might ord] _! mat]ial4 ,b :at if ,papias's /atem5t ab\t ! collection ( 8,logia0 7 wor?less1 & c\ld be %[n to be s by ! lit]>y data8 ,9 t case ,mat!w & ,luke w\ld be purely lit]>y expansions ( ,m>k1 & l him1 purely lit]>y inv5tions4 ,9 ?is connexion ,bau] atta*es decisive importance to ! ph5om5a ( ! bir?/ories4 ,if ^! _h be5 d]iv$ f tradition !y c\ld n diff] f ea* o!r z !y d4 ,if x is sugge/$ t tradition _h produc$ a l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t1 ?\gh mutually consi/5t1 /ories ( ! *ildhood1 out ( :i* ! ,evangeli/s compos$ _! op5+ n>ratives1 ?is also is f\nd to be unt5able1 = ^! n>ratives are n composite /ructures4 ,! sep>ate /ories ( :i* ea* ( ^! two hi/ories ( ! *ildhood consi/s c\ld n h be5 =m$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r2 none ( !m exi/$ by itself2 ea* po9ts to ! o!rs & is in=m$ by a view :i* implies ! :ole4 ,! hi/ories ( ! *ildhood are !re=e n lit]>y v]sions ( a tradition1 b lit]>y inv5tions4 ,if we g on to exam9e ! disc\rse & n>rative mat]ial1 additional to t ( ,m>k1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 a simil> result appe>s4 ,! same /&po9t is regulative ?r\gh\t1 %[+ t ! additions d n consi/ ( oral or writt5 traditional mat]ial :i* has be5 work$ into ! ,m>can plan1 b ( a lit]>y developm5t ( c]ta9 fundam5tal ideas & sugge/ions f\nd 9 ! fir/ au?or4 ,^! developm5ts1 z is %[n by ! acc\nts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! *>ge to ! ,twelve1 are n c>ri$ z f> 9 ,luke z 9 ,mat!w4 ,! additional mat]ial 9 ! latt] seems inde$ to be work$ up f sugge/ions 9 ! =m]4 ,luke ?us =ms ! transition /age betwe5 ,m>k & ,mat!w4 ,! ,m>can hypo!sis1 accord+ly1 n[ takes on ! foll[+ =m4 ,our k ( ! ,gospel hi/ory does n re/ ^u any basis ( tradition1 b only ^u ?ree lit]>y works4 ,two ( ^! are n indep5d5t1 be+ m]ely expansions ( ! fir/1 & ! ?ird1 ,mat!w1 is also dep5d5t ^u ! second4 ,consequ5tly !re is no tradition ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 b only a s+le lit]>y s\rce4 ,b1 if s1 :o is to assure u t ?is ,gospel hi/ory1 ) its ass]tion ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 0 already a matt] ( common k be=e x 0 fix$ 9 writ+1 & did n fir/ become kn[n 9 a lit]>y =m8 ,9 ! latt] case1 "o man w\ld h creat$ out ( g5]al ideas ! def9ite hi/orical tradition 9 :i* ^! ideas are embodi$4 ,! only ?+ t c\ld be set aga9/ ?is lit]>y possibility1 z a hi/orical c\nt]possibility1 w\ld be a pro( t at ! p]iod :5 ! ,gospel hi/ory is suppos$ to take place a ,messianic expectation really exi/$ among ! ,jews1 s t a man :o claim$ to be ! ,messiah & 0 recognis$ z su*1 z ,m>k repres5ts ,jesus to h be51 w\ld be hi/orically conceivable4 ,?is presupposition _h hi!rto be5 unanim\sly accept$ by all writ]s1 no matt] h[ mu* oppos$ 9 o!r respects4 ,!y 7 all satisfi$ 8t be=e ! appe>ance ( ,jesus ! expectation ( a ,messiah prevail$ among ! ,jews02 & 7 ev5 able to expla9 its precise "*4 ,b :]e--ap>t f ! ,gospels--did !y get _! in=mation f8 ,:]e is ! docum5t>y evid5ce ( ! ,jewi% ,messianic doctr9e on :i* t ( ! ,gospels is suppos$ to be bas$8 ,daniel 0 ! la/ ( ! prophets4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds to sugge/ t ! my/]i\s cont5t ( 8 "w rema9$ )\t influ5ce 9 ! subsequ5t p]iod4 ,jewi% lit]ature ends ) ! ,wisdom writ+s1 9 :i* !re is no m5tion ( a ,messiah4 ,9 ! ,,lxx !re is no attempt to translate 9 accordance ) a preconceiv$ picture ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 ! ,apocalypses1 :i* are ( small importance1 !re is ref]5ce to a ,messianic ,k+dom2 ! ,messiah ,himself1 h[ev]1 plays a q subord9ate "p1 & is1 inde$1 sc>cely m5tion$4 ,= ,philo ,he has no exi/5ce2 ! ,alex&rian does n dream ( connect+ ,him ) 8 ,logos speculation4 ,!re rema91 !re=e1 z witnesses = ! ,jewi% ,messianic expectations 9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius1 only ,m>k & 8 imitators4 ,?is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is ( su* a "* t 9 c]ta9 po9ts x contradicts itself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if at ! "t :5 ! ,*ri/ian community 0 =m+ its view ( hi/ory & ! religi\s ideas :i* we f9d 9 ! ,gospels1 ! ,jews _h already possess$ a doctr9e ( ! ,messiah1 !re w\ld h be5 already a fix$ type ( int]pretation ( ! ,messianic passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & x w\ld h be5 impossible = ! same passages to be int]pret$ 9 a totally diff]5t way1 z ref]r+ to ,jesus & ,8 "w1 z we f9d !m int]pret$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,next1 consid] ! repres5tation ( ! ,bapti/'s "w4 ,we %\ld h expect$ him to connect 8 baptism ) ! prea*+ ( 8,him :o 0 to come0--if ?is 7 really ! ,messiah--by baptiz+ 9 ! "n ( ?is 8,com+ ,"o40 ,he1 h[ev]1 keeps !m sep>ate1 baptiz+ 9 prep>ation = ! ,k+dom1 ?\gh ref]r+ 9 8 disc\rses to 8,him :o 0 to come40 ,! e>lie/ ,evangeli/ did n v5ture op5ly to c>ry back into ! hi/ory ! idea t ,jesus _h claim$ to be ! ,messiah1 because he 0 aw>e t 9 ! "t ( ,jesus no g5]al expectation ( ! ,messiah _h prevail$ among ! p4 ,:5 ! disciples 9 ,m>k viii4 #bh report ! op9ions ( ! p conc]n+ ,jesus !y _c m5tion any :o hold ,him to be ! ,messiah4 ,pet] is ! fir/ to atta9 to ! recognition ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,b z soon z ! confession is made ! ,evangeli/ makes ,jesus =bid ,8 disciples to tell ! p :o ,he is4 ,:y is ! attribution ( ! ,messiah%ip to ,jesus made 9 ?is surreptiti\s & inconsi/5t way8 ,x is because ! writ] :o gave ! hi/ory its =m well knew t no "o _h ev] come =w>d publicly on ,pale/9ian soil to claim ! ,messiah%ip1 or _h be5 recognis$ by ! p z ,messiah4 ,! 8reflective conception ( ! ,messiah0 0 n1 !re=e1 tak5 ov] readymade f ,judaism2 t dogma fir/ arose along ) ! ,*ri/ian community1 or r ! mom5t 9 :i* x arose 0 ! same 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian community _h its bir?4 ,moreov]1 h[ unhi/orical1 ev5 on a priori gr\nds1 is ! me*anical way 9 :i* ,jesus at ?is fir/ appe>ance at once sets ,himself up z ! ,messiah & says1 8,behold ,i am ,he :om ye h expect$40 ,9 ess5ce1 ,bau] ?9ks1 !re is n s mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ,/rauss & ,h5g/5b]g4 ,= ,h5g/5b]g ! :ole life ( ,jesus is ! liv+ embodim5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t picture ( ! ,messiah2 ,/rauss1 a less rev]5t c\nt]p>t ( ,h5g/5b]g1 made ! image ( ! ,messiah into a mask :i* ,jesus ,himself 0 oblig$ to assume1 & :i* leg5d aft]w>ds sub/itut$ = ,8 real features4 8,we save ! hon\r ( ,jesus10 says ,bau]1 8:5 we re/ore ,8 ,p]son to life f ! /ate ( inanition to :i* ! apologi/s h r$uc$ x1 & give x once m a liv+ relation to hi/ory1 :i* x c]ta9ly possess$--t c no long] be d5i$4 ,if a conception 0 to become dom9ant :i* %\ld unite heav5 & e>?1 ,god & man1 no?+ m & no?+ less 0 necess>y z a prelim9>y condition1 ?an t a ,man %\ld appe>1 ! v ess5ce ( ^: consci\sness %\ld be ! reconciliation ( ^! anti!ses1 & :o %\ld manife/ ?is consci\sness to ! _w1 & lead ! religi\s m9d to ! sole po9t f :i* its difficulties c be solv$4 ,jesus accompli%$ ?is mighty "w1 b n by prematurely po9t+ to ,8 own ,p]son4 ,in/ead ,he gradually made kn[n to ! p ! ?\ghts :i* fill$ & ent]$ into ! v ess5ce ( ,8 m9d4 ,x 0 only 9 ?is indirect way t ,8 ,p]son--:i* ,he freely (f]$ up 9 ! cause ( ,8 hi/orical vocation & ( ! idea = :i* ,he liv$--cont9u$ to live on 9 s f> z ?is idea 0 accept$4 ,:51 9 ! belief ( ,8 foll[]s1 ,he rose aga9 & liv$ on 9 ! ,*ri/ian community1 x 0 z ! ,son ( ,god :o _h ov]come & reconcil$ ! great anti!sis4 ,he 0 t 9 :i* alone ! religi\s consci\sness f\nd re/ & peace1 ap>t f :i* !re 0 no?+ firm1 tru/wor?y1 & endur+40 8,x 0 only n[ t ! vague1 illdef9$1 prophetic repres5tations 7 focus$ into a po9t2 7 n only fulfill$1 b 7 also unit$ toge!r by a common bond :i* /r5g!n$ & gave great] value to ea* ( !m4 ,) ,8 appe>ance & ! rise ( belief 9 ,him1 a cle> conception1 a def9ite m5tal picture ( ! ,messiah became possible2 & ?us x 0 t a ,*ri/ology7#ib7 fir/ arose40 ,:ile1 !re=e1 at ! close ( ,bau]'s fir/ "w x might h seem$ t x 0 only ! ,gospel ( ,john :i* he held to be a lit]>y creation1 "h ! same ?+ is said ( ! orig9al ,gospel4 ,! only diff]5ce is t we f9d m primitive reflection 9 ! ,synoptics1 & lat] "w 9 ! repres5tation giv5 by ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/2 ! =m] is ( a m practical "*1 ! latt] m dogmatic4 ,nev]!less x is false to ass]t t accord+ to ,bau] ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/ inv5t$ ! ,gospel hi/ory & ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,t is to c>ry back ! ideas ( a lat] p]iod & a fur!r /age ( developm5t into ! orig9al =m ( 8 view4 ,at ! mom5t :51 hav+ dispos$ ( prelim9>ies1 he ent]s on 8 inve/igation1 he /ill assumes t a great1 a unique ,p]sonality1 :o s impress$ m5 by ,8 "* t x liv$ on among !m 9 an ideal =m1 _h awak5$ into life ! ,messianic idea2 & t :at ! orig9al ,evangeli/ really did 0 to portray ! life ( ?is ,jesus--! ,*ri/ ( ! community :i* ,he f\nd$--9 accordance ) ! ,messianic view ( ,him1 j z ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ portray$ x 9 accordance ) ! presupposition t ,jesus 0 ! reveal] ( ! ,logos4 ,x 0 only 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations t ,bau]'s op9ion became m radical4 ,z he goes on1 8 writ+ becomes illtemp]$1 & takes ! =m ( controv]sial dialogues ) 8! !ologians10 :om he apo/rophises 9 a bit+ & injuri\s fa%ion1 & :om he cont9ually reproa*es ) n d>+1 ow+ to _! apologetic prejudices1 to see ?+s z !y really are1 & ) decl9+ to face ! ultimate results ( criticism f fe> t ! tradition might suff] m loss ( hi/oric value ?an religion c\ld be>4 ,9 spite ( ?is hatr$ ( ! !ologians1 :i* is pa?ological 9 "*1 l 8 mean+less punctuation1 8 critical analyses are always exce$+ly acute4 ,"o has ! impression ( walk+ alongside a man :o is reason+ q intellig5tly1 b :o talks to himself z ?\gh possess$ by a fix$ idea4 ,:at if ! :ole ?+ %\ld turn out to be no?+ b a lit]>y inv5tion--n only ! incid5ts & disc\rses1 b ev5 ! ,p]sonality :i* is assum$ z ! />t+po9t ( ! :ole movem5t8 ,:at if ! ,gospel hi/ory 7 only a late imag9>y embodim5t ( a set ( exalt$ ideas1 & ^! 7 ! only hi/orical reality f fir/ to la/8 ,?is is ! idea :i* obsesses 8 m9d m & m completely1 & moves him to contemptu\s laught]4 ,:at1 he mocks1 w ^! apologi/s1 :o are s sure ( ev]y?+1 d !n ) ! %r$s & tatt]s :i* w be all t is left to !m8 ,b at ! outset ( 8 inve/igations ,bau] 0 f> f hold+ su* views4 ,8 purpose 0 really only to cont9ue ! "w ( ,/rauss4 ,! conception ( my? & leg5d ( :i* ! latt] made use is1 ,bau] ?9ks1 mu* too vague to expla9 ?is delib]ate 8trans=mation0 ( a p]sonality4 ,9 ! place ( my? ,bau] !re=e sets 8reflection40 ,! life :i* pulses 9 ! ,gospel hi/ory is too vigor\s to be expla9$ z creat$ by leg5d2 x is real 8exp]i5ce10 only n ! exp]i5ce ( ,jesus1 b ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! repres5tation ( ?is exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,life ( a ,p]son is n ! "w ( a numb] ( p]sons1 b ( a s+le au?or4 ,x is 9 ?is tw(old aspect--z ! composition ( "o man1 embody+ ! exp]i5ce ( _m--t ! ,gospel hi/ory is to be reg>d$4 ,z religi\s art x has a pr(\nd tru?4 ,:5 x is reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view ! difficulties :i* are enc\nt]$ 9 ! endeav\r to conceive x z real imm$iately disappe>4 ,we mu/ take z our po9t ( dep>ture ! belief 9 ! sacrificial dea? & ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,ev]y?+ else atta*es itself to ?is z to its c5tre4 ,:5 ! ne$ arose to fix def9itely ! beg9n+ ( ! manife/ation ( ,jesus z ! ,savi\r--to det]m9e ! po9t ( "t at :i* ! ,"l issu$ =? f obscurity--x 0 natural to connect ?is ) ! "w ( ! ,bapti/2 & ,jesus comes to 8 baptism4 ,:ile ?is is suffici5t = ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/1 ,mat!w & ,luke feel x to be necess>y1 9 view ( ! important consequ5ces involv$ 9 ! connexion ( ,jesus ) ! ,bapti/1 to br+ !m into relation once m by means ( ! "q address$ by ! ,bapti/ to ,jesus1 al?\gh ?is addition is q inconsi/5t ) ! assumptions ( ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/4 ,if he _h conceiv$ ! /ory ( ! baptism ) ! idea ( introduc+ ! ,bapti/ aga9 on a lat] occasion1 & ?is "t1 moreov]1 z a d\bt]1 he w\ld h giv5 x a diff]5t =m4 ,?is is a j obs]vation ( ,bau]'s2 ! /ory ( ! baptism ) ! miracle :i* took place at x1 & ! ,bapti/'s "q1 und]/ood z imply+ a d\bt ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 mutually exclude "o ano!r4 ,! /ory ( ! temptation embodies an exp]i5ce ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?is n>rative repres5ts h] inn] conflicts "u ! =m ( a conflict ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,on h] m>* ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ?is _w %e has to fight ) temptations ( ! devil1 & 9 ! /ory compos$ by ,m>k & ,luke1 & arti/ically f9i%$ by ,mat!w1 %e records a v[ to build only on ! inn] /r5g? ( h] con/itutive pr9ciple4 ,9 ! s]mon on ! m\nt also1 ,mat!w has c>ri$ out ) great] complet5ess t :i* 0 m vaguely conceiv$ by ,luke4 ,x is only :5 we und]/& ! words ( ,jesus z embody+ exp]i5ces ( ! e>ly ,*ur* t _! deep] s5se becomes cle> & :at w\ld o!rwise seem (f5sive disappe>s4 ,! say+1 8,let ! dead bury _! dead10 w\ld n h be5 fitt+ = ,jesus to speak1 & _h ,he be5 a real man1 x c\ld nev] h ent]$ into ,8 m9d to create s unreal & cruel a collision ( duties2 = no comm&1 ,div9e or human1 c\ld h suffic$ to make x "r = a man to contrav5e ! e?ical obligations ( family life4 ,s "h aga91 ! obvi\s conclusion is t ! say+ orig9at$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & 0 int5d$ to inculcate r5unciation ( a _w :i* 0 felt to belong to ! k+dom ( ! dead1 & to illu/rate ?is by an extreme example4 ,! mission ( ! ,twelve1 too1 is1 z an hi/orical occurr5ce1 simply inconceivable4 ,x w\ld h be5 diff]5t if ,jesus _h giv5 !m a def9ite tea*+1 or =m ( belief1 or positive conception ( any k9d1 to take ) !m z _! message4 ,b h[ ill ! *>ge to ! ,twelve fulfils its purpose z a disc\rse ( in/ruction6 ,:at ! disciples ne$$ to le>n1 namely1 :at & h[ !y 7 to tea*1 !y are n told2 & ! disc\rse :i* ,mat!w has compos$1 work+ on ! basis ( ,luke1 implies q a diff]5t set ( circum/ances4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! /ruggles ( ! ,*ur* ) ! _w & ! suff]+s :i* x mu/ endure4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! ref]5ces to suff]+ :i* con/antly recur 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 9 spite ( ! fact t ,8 disciples 7 n endur+ any suff]+s1 & t ! ,evangeli/ _c ev5 make x conceivable z a possibility t ^? be=e ^: eyes ,jesus holds up ! way ( ! ,cross c\ld ev] come into su* a position4 ,! ,twelve1 at any rate1 _h no suff]+s to enc\nt] dur+ _! mission1 & if !y 7 m]ely be+ s5t by ,jesus into ! surr\nd+ di/ricts !y 7 n v likely to meet ) k+s & rul]s !re4 ,t x is a case ( inv5t$ hi/ory is also %[n by ! fact t no?+ is said ab\t ! do+s ( ! disciples1 & !y seem to come back aga9 imm$iately1 ?\gh ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/1 x is true1 to prev5t ?is f be+ too app>5t1 ins]ts at ?is po9t ! /ory ( ! execution ( ! ,bapti/4 ,all ?is is j & acute criticism4 ,! *>ge to ! ,twelve is n a disc\rse ( in/ruction4 ,:at ,jesus !re sets be=e ! disciples !y c\ld n at t "t h und]/ood1 & ! promises :i* ,he makes to !m are n appropriate to _! circum/ances4 ,_m ( ! disc\rses are m]e bundles ( het]og5e\s say+s1 ?\gh ?is is n s mu* ! case 9 ,m>k z 9 ! o!rs4 ,he has n =gott5 t effective polemic consi/s ( %ort1 po9t$1 incisive argum5ts4 ,! o!rs1 z advanc$ !ologians1 are ( op9ion t x is fitt+ to indulge 9 argum5ts :i* h no?+ to d ) ! matt] 9 h&1 or only ! mo/ di/ant connexion ) x4 ,!y =m ! transition to ! disc\rses ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i* usually deg5]ate into an aimless wrangle4 ,9 ! same connexion x is rightly obs]v$ t ! disc\rses ( ,jesus d n advance f po9t to po9t by ! logical developm5t ( an idea1 ! ?\ghts are m]ely /rung toge!r "o aft] ano!r1 ! only connexion1 if connexion !re is1 be+ due to a k9d ( conv5tional m\ld 9 :i* ! disc\rse is ca/4 ,! p>ables1 ,bau] cont9ues1 pres5t difficulties no less great4 ,x is an ineptitude on ! "p ( ! apologi/s to sugge/ t ! p>ables are int5d$ to make ?+s cle>4 ,jesus ,himself contradicts ?is view by say+ bluntly & unambigu\sly to ,8 disciples t to !m x 0 giv5 to "k ! my/]ies ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 b to ! p all ,8 tea*+ mu/ be spok5 z p>ables1 t 8see+ !y might see & n p]ceive1 & he>+ !y might he> & n und]/&40 ,! p>ables 7 !re=e int5d$ only to ex]cise ! intellig5ce ( ! disciples2 & s f> f be+ und]/ood by ! p1 my/ifi$ & repell$ !m2 z if x w\ld n h be5 mu* bett] to ex]cise ! m9ds ( ! disciples 9 ?is way :5 ,he 0 alone ) !m4 ,! disciples1 h[ev]1 d n ev5 und]/& ! simple p>able ( ! ,s[]1 b ne$ to h x int]pret$ to !m1 s t ! ,evangeli/ once m /ultifies 8 own !ory4 ,bruno ,bau] is "r 9 8 obs]vation t ! p>ables (f] a s]i\s problem1 see+ t !y 7 int5d$ to conceal & n to make pla91 & t ,jesus nev]!less taught only 9 p>ables4 ,! "* ( ! difficulty1 h[ev]1 is su* t ev5 lit]>y criticism has no explanation ready4 ,bruno ,bau] admits t he does n "k :at 0 9 ! m9d ( ! ,evangeli/ :5 he compos$ ^! p>ables1 & ?9ks t he _h no v def9ite purpose1 or at lea/ t ! sugge/ions :i* 7 float+ 9 8 m9d 7 n work$ up into a cle>ly ord]$ :ole4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ,bau]'s me?od broke d[n4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 all[ ?is to %ake 8 confid5ce 9 8 read+ ( ! facts1 & he cont9u$ to ma9ta9 x 9 ! face ( a new difficulty :i* he himself br\ght cle>ly to light4 ,m>k1 accord+ to him1 is an arti/ic unity1 ! (fspr+ ( a s+le m9d4 ,h[ !n is x to be expla9$ t 9 addition to o!r less important d\blets x conta9s two acc\nts ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude8 ,"h ,bau] has rec\rse to ! aid ( ,wilke1 :o di/+ui%es our ,m>k f an ,ur,m>kus17#ic7 & ascribes ^! d\blets to lat] int]polation4 ,lat] on he became m & m d\btful ab\t ! arti/ic unity ( ,m>k1 despite ! fact t ?is 0 ! fundam5tal assumption ( 8 !ory1 & 9 ! second edition ( 8 8,criticism ( ! ,gospels10 ( #ahea1 he c>ri$ ?r\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 ! canonical ,m>k & ! ,ur,m>kus4 ,b ev5 suppos+ ! assumption ( a r$action 7 ju/ifi$1 h[ c\ld ! r$actor h conceiv$ ! idea ( add+ to ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude a second :i* is id5tical ) x almo/ to ! v word+8 ,9 any case1 on :at pr9ciple c ,m>k be di/+ui%$ f ,ur,m>kus8 ,!re are no fundam5tal diff]5ces to af=d a ready crit]ion4 ,! di/9ction is purely "o ( subjective feel+1 t is to say1 x is arbitr>y4 ,z soon z ,bau] admits t ! arti/ic unity ( ,m>k1 on :i* he lays s mu* /ress1 has be5 tamp]$ )1 he _c ma9ta9 8 position except by %utt+ 8 eyes to ! fact t x c only be a "q ( ! weav+ 9 ( fragm5ts ( tradition1 n ( ! inv5tions ( an imitator4 ,b if he once admits ! pres5ce ( traditional mat]ials1 8 :ole !ory ( ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/'s hav+ creat$ ! ,gospel falls to ! gr\nd4 ,= ! mom5t he succe$s 9 lay+ ! spectre aga91 & cont9ues to ?9k ( ,m>k z a "w ( art1 9 :i* ! int]polation alt]s no?+4 ,bau] discusses ) great ?or\ghness ^? say+s ( ,jesus 9 :i* ,he =bids ^? :om ,he _h heal$ to noise abroad _! cure4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* !y appe> ^! _c1 he argues1 be hi/orical1 = ,jesus imposes ?is prohibition 9 "s cases :]e x is q mean+less1 s9ce ! heal+ _h tak5 place 9 ! pres5ce ( a multitude4 ,x mu/ !re=e be d]iv$ f ! ,evangeli/4 ,only :5 x is recognis$ z a free creation c its mean+ be disc]n$4 ,x f9ds its explanation 9 ! inconsi/5t views reg>d+ miracle :i* 7 held side by side 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,no d\bt 0 felt t ,jesus _h p]=m$ miracles1 & by ^! miracles _h giv5 evid5ce ( ,8 ,div9e mission4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by ! introduction ( ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 ! ,jewi% dem& = a sign _h be5 s f> limit$1 & ! o!r1 ! spiritual l9e ( evid5ce1 _h become s important1 or at lea/ s indisp5sable1 t x 0 no long] possible to build on ! miracles only1 or to reg>d ,jesus m]ely z a wond]work]2 s 9 "s way or o!r ! importance ascrib$ to miracle mu/ be r$uc$4 ,9 ! graphic symbolism ( ! ,gospel hi/ory ?is anti!sis takes ! =m t ,jesus did miracles--!re 0 no gett+ away f t--b on ! o!r h& ,himself decl>$ t ,he did n wi% to lay any /ress ^u su* acts4 ,z !re are times :5 miracles mu/ hide _! light "u a bu%el1 ,jesus1 on occasion1 =bids t !y %\ld be made kn[n4 ,! o!r ,synopti/s no long] und]/ood ?is !ory ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 & introduc$ ! prohibition 9 passages :]e x 0 absurd4 ,! way 9 :i* ,jesus makes kn[n ,8 ,messiah%ip is bas$ on ano!r !ory ( ! orig9al ,evangeli/4 ,! ord] ( ,m>k c give u no in=mation reg>d+ ! *ronology ( ! life ( ,jesus1 s9ce ?is ,gospel is any?+ r ?an a *ronicle4 ,we _c ev5 ass]t t !re is a delib]ate logic 9 ! way 9 :i* ! sections are connect$4 ,b !re is "o fundam5tal pr9ciple ( arrangem5t :i* comes q cle>ly to light1 viz4 t x 0 only at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 9 ! clos+ p]iod ( ,8 life1 t ,jesus made ,himself kn[n z ! ,messiah1 & t1 !re=e1 ,he 0 n previ\sly held to be s ei!r by ,8 disciples or by ! p4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n 9 ! answ]s ( ! disciples :5 ,jesus ask$ !m :om m5 took ,him to be4 ,! impli$ c\rse ( ev5ts1 h[ev]1 is det]m9$ by art1 n hi/ory--z hi/ory x w\ld be inconceivable4 ,c\ld !re inde$ be a m absurd impossibility8 8,jesus10 says ,bau]1 8mu/ p]=m ^! innum]able1 ^! a/\nd+ miracles because1 accord+ to ! view :i* ! ,gospels repres5t1 ,he is ! ,messiah2 ,he mu/ p]=m !m 9 ord] to prove ,himself to be ! ,messiah--& yet no "o recognises ,him z ! ,messiah6 ,t is ! greate/ miracle ( all1 t ! p _h n long ago recognis$ ! ,messiah 9 ?is wond] work]4 ,jesus c\ld only be held to be ! ,messiah 9 consequ5ce ( do+ miracles2 b ,he only began to d miracles :51 9 ! fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ,he rose f ! dead z ,messiah1 & ! facts t ,he rose z ,messiah & t ,he did miracles1 are "o & ! same fact40 ,m>k1 h[ev]1 repres5ts a ,jesus :o does miracles & :o nev]!less does n !reby reveal ,himself to be ! ,messiah4 ,he 0 oblig$ s to repres5t ,him1 because he 0 consci\s t ,jesus 0 n recognis$ & ackn[l$g$ z ,messiah by ! p1 nor ev5 by ,8 imm$iate foll[]s1 9 ! unhesitat+ fa%ion 9 :i* ^? ( lat] times imag9$ ,him to h be5 recognis$4 ,m>k's conception & repres5tation ( ! matt] c>ri$ back into ! pa/ ! lat] developm5ts by :i* !re f9ally arose a ,*ri/ian community = :i* ,jesus _h become ! ,messiah4 8,m>k is also influ5c$ by an arti/ic in/9ct :i* leads him to develop ! ma9 int]e/1 ! orig9 ( ! fai?1 gradually4 ,x is only aft] ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus has ext5d$ ov] a consid]able p]iod1 & is1 inde$1 draw+ t[>ds its close1 t fai? arises 9 ! circle ( ! disciples2 & x is only lat] /ill1 :51 9 ! p]son ( ! bl9d man at ,j]i*o1 a prototype ( ! great company ( believ]s t 0 to be has hail$ ! ,"l ) a ,messianic salutation1 t1 at ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem1 ! fai? ( ! p sudd5ly rip5s & f9ds expression40 ,x is true1 ?is arti/ic design is completely m>r$ :5 ,jesus does miracles :i* mu/ h made ,him kn[n to e *ild z ! ,messiah4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 blame ,mat!w v mu* if1 :ile he reta9s ?is plan 9 its ext]nal outl9es 9 a k9d ( me*anical way1 he contradicts x some:at awkw>dly by mak+ ,jesus at an e>li] po9t cle>ly designate ,himself z ,messiah & _m recognise ,him z su*4 ,& ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ _c be said to be de/roy+ any v wond]ful "w ( art :5 he gives ! impression t f ! v fir/ any "o :o wi%$ c\ld recognise ,jesus z ! ,messiah4 ,m>k himself does n keep /rictly to 8 own plan4 ,he makes ,jesus =bid ,8 disciples to make kn[n ,8 ,messiah%ip2 h[ !n does ! multitude at ,j]usalem recognise x s sudd5ly1 aft] a s+le miracle :i* !y _h n ev5 witness$1 & :i* 0 9 no way diff]5t f o!rs :i* ,he _h done be=e8 ,if t 8*ance multitude0 9 ,j]usalem 0 capable ( su* sudd5 enlight5m5t x mu/ h fall5 f heav56 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,bau]1 too1 are no?+ less ?an classical4 ,! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi is ! c5tral fact ( ! ,gospel hi/ory2 x gives u a fix$ po9t f :i* to gr\p & criticise ! o!r /atem5ts ( ! ,gospel4 ,at ! same "t x introduces a complication into ! plan ( ! life ( ,jesus1 because x necessitates ! c>ry+ ?r\gh ( ! !ory--(t5 9 ! face ( ! text--t previ\sly ,jesus _h nev] be5 reg>d$ z ! ,messiah2 & lays ^u u ! necessity ( %[+ n only h[ ,pet] _h come to recognise ,8 ,messiah%ip1 b also h[ ,he subsequ5tly became ,messiah = ! multitude--if inde$ ,he ev] did become ,messiah = !m4 ,b ! v fact t x does introduce ?is complication is 9 itself a pro( t 9 ?is sc5e at ,caes>ea ,philippi we h ! "o ray ( light :i* hi/ory %$s ^u ! life ( ,jesus4 ,x is impossible to expla9 h[ any "o c\ld come to reject ! simple & natural idea t ,jesus claim$ f ! fir/ to be ! ,messiah1 if t _h be5 ! fact1 & accept ?is complicat$ repres5tation 9 its place4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! orig9al v]sion4 ,9 po9t+ ?is out1 ,bau] gave = ! fir/ "t ! real pro(1 f int]nal evid5ce1 ( ! priority ( ,m>k4 ,! difficulty involv$ 9 ! conception ( miracle z a pro( ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus is ano!r discov]y ( ,bau]'s4 ,only "h1 in/ead ( prob+ ! "q to ! bottom1 he /ops halfway4 ,h[ d we "k1 he %\ld h gone on to ask1 t ! ,messiah 0 expect$ to appe> z an e>?ly wond]work]8 ,!re is no?+ to t effect 9 ,jewi% writ+s4 ,& d n ! ,gospels !mselves prove t any "o might d miracles )\t sugge/+ to a s+le p]son ! idea t he might be ! ,messiah8 ,accord+ly ! only inf]5ce to be drawn f ! ,m>can repres5tation is t miracles 7 n among ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! ,messiah1 & t x 0 only lat]1 9 ! ,*ri/ian community1 :i* made ,jesus ! miraclework] into ,jesus ! ,messiah1 t ?is connexion betwe5 miracles & ,messiah%ip 0 e/abli%$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! "q ( ! triumphal entry1 too1 ,bau] halts halfway4 ,:]e d we read t ,jesus 0 hail$ z ,messiah ^u t occasion8 ,if ,he _h be5 tak5 by ! p to be ! ,messiah1 ! controv]sy 9 ,j]usalem mu/ h turn$ on ?is p]sonal "q2 b x did n ev5 t\* ^u x1 & ! ,sanh$r9 nev] ?9ks ( sett+ up witnesses to ,jesus' claim to be ! ,messiah4 ,:5 once ,bau] _h expos$ ! hi/orical & lit]>y impossibility ( ,jesus' be+ hail$ by ! p z ,messiah1 he ought to h gone on to draw ! conclusion t ,jesus did n1 accord+ to ,m>k1 make a ,messianic entry into ,j]usalem4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a rem>kable a*ievem5t on ,bau]'s "p to h ?us set =? cle>ly ! hi/orical difficulties ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,"o might suppose t betwe5 ! "w ( ,/rauss & t ( ,bau] !re lay n five1 b fifty ye>s--! critical "w ( a :ole g5]ation4 ,! /]eotyp$ "* ( ! ?ricerepeat$ pr$iction ( ! passion1 :i*1 accord+ to ,bau]1 betrays a c]ta9 pov]ty & feebl5ess ( imag9ation on ! "p ( ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/1 %[s cle>ly1 he ?9ks1 ! unhi/orical "* ( ! utt]ance record$4 ,! fact t ! pr$iction occurs ?ree times1 its def9it5ess increas+ ^u ea* occasion1 proves its lit]>y orig94 ,x is ! same ) ! transfiguration4 ,! gr\p 9 :i* ! h]oic repres5tatives ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets /& z support]s ( ! ,savi\r1 0 modell$ by ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/4 ,9 ord] to place x 9 ! prop] light & to give becom+ spl5d\r to its great subject1 he has introduc$ a numb] ( traits tak5 f ! /ory ( ,moses4 ,bau] pitilessly exposes ! difficulties ( ! j\rney ( ,jesus f ,galilee to ,j]usalem1 & exults ov] ! p]plexities ( ! 8apologi/s40 8,! !ologian10 he says1 8mu/ n boggle at ?is j\rney1 he mu/ j believe x4 ,he mu/ 9 fai? foll[ ! foot/eps ( 8 ,"l6 ,?r\gh ! mid/ ( ,galilee & ,sam>ia--& at ! same "t1 = ,mat!w also claims a he>+1 ?r\gh ,judaea on ! f>!r side ( ,jordan6 ,i wi% him ,bon voyage60 ,! es*atological disc\rses are n hi/ory1 b are m]ely an expansion ( ^? explanations ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ur* ( :i* we h _h a previ\s example 9 ! *>ge to ! ,twelve4 ,an ,evangeli/ :o wrote be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem w\ld h ref]r$ to ! ,temple1 to ,j]usalem1 & to ! ,jewi% p1 9 a v diff]5t way4 ,! /ory ( ,laz>us des]ves special att5tion4 ,did n ,sp9oza say t he w\ld break 8 sy/em 9 pieces if he c\ld be conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ?is ev5t8 ,?is is ! decisive po9t = ! "q ( ! relation betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,john4 ,va9 are all ! ef=ts ( ! apologi/s to expla9 :y ! ,synopti/s d n m5tion ?is miracle4 ,! reason !y ignore x is t x orig9at$ aft] _! "t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/1 & !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) 8 ,gospel4 ,& yet x is ! mo/ valuable ( all1 because x %[s cle>ly ! conc5tric circles ( progressive int5sification by :i* ! developm5t ( ! ,gospel hi/ory proce$s4 8,! ,f\r? ,gospel10 rem>ks ,bau]1 8repres5ts a dead man z hav+ be5 re/or$ to life aft] hav+ be5 f\r days "u ! p[] ( dea?1 & hav+ consequ5tly become a prey to corruption2 ,luke repres5ts ! "y man at ,na9 z be+ re/or$ to life :5 8 body 0 be+ c>ri$ to ! grave2 ,m>k1 ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/1 c only tell u ( ! re/oration ( a dead p]son :o _h ! mom5t be=e succumb$ to an illness4 ,! !ologians h a great deal to say ab\t ! contra/ betwe5 ! canonical & ! apocryphal writ+s1 b !y might h f\nd a simil> contra/ ev5 )9 ! f\r ,gospels1 if ! light _h n be5 s directly 9 _! eyes40 ,! trea*]y ( ,judas1 z describ$ 9 ! ,gospels1 is inexplicable4 ,! ,"l's ,supp]1 consid]$ z an hi/oric sc5e1 is revolt+ & inconceivable4 ,jesus c no m h in/itut$ x ?an ,he c h utt]$ ! say+1 8,let ! dead bury _! dead40 ,9 bo? cases ! objectionabl5ess arises f ! fact t a t5et ( ! e>ly ,*ur* has be5 ca/ into ! =m ( an hi/orical say+ ( ,jesus4 ,a man :o 0 pres5t 9 p]son1 corporeally pres5t1 c\ld n ent]ta9 ! idea ( (f]+ o!rs 8 fle% & blood to eat4 ,to dem& f o!rs t !y %\ld1 :ile he 0 actually pres5t1 imag9e ! bread & w9e :i* !y 7 eat+ to be 8 body & blood1 w\ld be = an actual man :olly impossible4 ,x 0 only :5 ,jesus' actual bodily pres5ce _h be5 remov$1 & only :5 ! ,*ri/ian community _h exi/$ = "s "t1 t su* a conception z is express$ 9 t =mula c\ld h aris54 ,a po9t :i* cle>ly betrays ! lat] composition ( ! n>rative is t ! ,"l does n turn to ! disciples sitt+ ) ,him at table & say1 8,?is is my blood :i* is %$ = y10 b1 s9ce ! words 7 inv5t$ by ! e>ly ,*ur*1 speaks ( ! 8_m0 = :om ,he gives ,himself4 ,! only hi/orical fact is t ! ,jewi% ,passov] 0 gradually trans=m$ by ! ,*ri/ian community into a fea/ :i* _h ref]5ce to ,jesus4 ,z reg>ds ! sc5e 9 ,ge?semane1 ,m>k1 accord+ to ,bau]1 held x necess>y t 9 ! mom5t :5 ! la/ conflict & f9al cata/rophe 7 com+ ^u ,jesus1 ,he %\ld %[ cle>ly by ,8 actions t ,he met ?is fate ( ,8 own free w4 ,! reality ( ,8 *oice c\ld only be made cle> by %[+ ,him fir/ engag$ 9 an inn] /ruggle aga9/ ! acceptance ( ,8 vocation1 be=e %[+ h[ ,he freely submitt$ to ,8 fate4 ,! la/ words ascrib$ to ,jesus by ,m>k1 8,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ,?\ =sak5 me80 7 writt5 )\t ?9k+ ( ! inf]5ces t might be drawn f !m1 m]ely ) ! purpose ( %[+ t ev5 to ! la/ mom5t ( ,8 passion ,jesus fulfill$ ! rle ( ! ,messiah1 ! picture ( ^: suff]+s _h be5 reveal$ to ! ,psalmi/ s long be=eh& by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y n[1 ,bau] ?9ks1 to g into ! contradictions 9 ! /ory ( ! resurrection1 = 8! d\ghty ,reim>us1 ) 8 ?or\ghgo+ hone/y1 has already fully expos$ !m1 & no "o has refut$ him40 ,! results ( ,bau]'s analysis may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ has betray$ ! secret ( ! orig9al ,gospel1 namely1 t x too c be expla9$ on purely lit]>y gr\nds4 ,m>k has 8loos$ u f ! !ological lie40 8,?anks to ! k9dly fate10 cries ,bau]1 8:i* has pres]v$ to u ?is writ+ ( ,m>k by :i* we h be5 deliv]$ f ! web ( deceit ( ?is helli% pseudosci5ce60 ,9 ord] to te> ?is web ( falsehood ! critic & hi/orian mu/1 despite 8 repugnance1 once m take up ! pret5d$ argum5ts ( ! !ologians 9 fav\r ( ! hi/oricity ( ! ,gospel n>ratives & set !m on _! feet1 only to knock !m d[n aga94 ,9 ! end ,bau]'s only feel+ t[>ds ! !ologians 0 "o ( contempt4 8,! expression ( 8 contempt10 he decl>es1 8is ! la/ weapon :i* ! critic1 aft] refut+ ! argum5ts ( ! !ologians1 has at 8 disposal = _! discomfiture2 x is 8 "r to use x2 t puts ! f9i%+ t\* ^u 8 task & po9ts =w>d to ! happy "t :5 ! argum5ts ( ! !ologians %all no m be he>d (40 ,^! outbreaks ( bitt]ness are to be expla9$ by ! feel+ ( repulsion :i* ,g]man apologetic !ology inspir$ 9 e g5u9ely hone/ & ?\ghtful man by ! me?ods :i* x adopt$ 9 oppos+ ,/rauss4 ,h5ce ! fi5di% joy ) :i* he snat*es away ! crut*es ( ?is pseudosci5ce1 hurls !m to a di/ance1 & makes m]ry ov] its helplessness4 ,a furi\s hatr$1 a fi]ce desire to /rip ! !ologians absolutely b>e1 c>ri$ ,bau] mu* f>!r ?an 8 critical acum5 w\ld h l$ him 9 cold blood4 ,bau] hat$ ! !ologians = /ill hold+ fa/ to ! b>b>\s conception t a great man _h =c$ himself into a /]eotyp$ & unspiritual sy/em1 & 9 t way _h set 9 motion great ideas1 :]eas he held t t w\ld h signifi$ ! dea? ( bo? ! p]sonality & ! ideas2 b ?is hatr$ is only ! surface symptom ( ano!r hatr$1 :i* goes deep] ?an !ology1 go+ d[n1 inde$1 to ! v dep?s ( ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! _w4 ,bruno ,bau] hates n only ! !ologians1 b ,*ri/ianity1 & hates x because x expresses a tru? 9 a wrong way4 ,x is a religion :i* has become petrifi$ 9 a transitional =m4 ,a religion :i* ought to h l$ on to ! true religion has usurp$ ! place ( ! true religion1 & 9 ?is petrifi$ =m x holds prison] all ! real =ces ( religion4 ,religion is ! victory ov] ! _w ( ! selfconsci\s ego4 ,x is only :5 ! ego grasps itself 9 its anti!sis to ! _w z a :ole1 & is no long] cont5t to play ! "p ( a m]e 8walk+ g5tleman0 9 ! _wdrama1 b faces ! _w ) indep5d5ce & res]ve1 t ! necess>y conditions ( univ]sal religion are pres5t4 ,^! conditions came into be+ ) ! rise ( ! ,roman ,empire1 9 :i* ! individual sudd5ly f\nd himself helpless & un>m$ 9 face ( a _w 9 :i* he c\ld no long] f9d free play = 8 activities1 b mu/ /& prep>$ at any mom5t to be gr\nd to p[d] by x4 ,! selfconsci\s ego1 recognis+ ?is position1 f\nd itself fac$ by ! necessity ( break+ loose f ! _w & /&+ alone1 9 ord] 9 ?is way to ov]come ! _w4 ,victory ov] ! _w by ali5ation f ! _w--^! 7 ! ideas out ( :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 born4 ,b x 0 n ! true victory ov] ! _w2 ,*ri/ianity rema9$ at ! /age ( viol5t opposition to ! _w4 ,miracle1 to :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion has always appeal$1 & to :i* x gives a q fundam5tal importance1 is ! appropriate symbol ( ?is false victory ov] ! _w4 ,!re are "s wond]fully deep ?\ghts scatt]$ ?r\gh ,bau]'s critical inve/igations4 8,man's realisation ( 8 p]sonality10 he says1 8is ! dea? ( ,nature1 b 9 ! s5se t he c only br+ ab\t ?is dea? by ! k ( ,nature & its laws1 t is to say f )91 be+ himself ess5tially ! annihilation & negation ( ,nature4444 ,_s hon\rs & recognises ! wor? ( ! v ?+ :i* x negates4444 ,_s does n fume & blu/]1 & rage & rave aga9/ ,nature1 z x is suppos$ to d 9 miracle1 = t w\ld be ! d5ial ( its inn] law1 b quietly works its way ?r\gh ! anti!sis4 ,9 %ort ! dea? ( ,nature impli$ 9 ! consci\s realisation ( p]sonality is ! resurrection ( ,nature 9 a nobl] =m1 n ! maltreatm5t1 mock]y1 & insult to :i* x w\ld be expos$ by miracle40 ,n only miracle1 h[ev]1 b ! portrait ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z drawn 9 ! ,gospels1 is a /]eotyp+ ( t false idea ( victory ov] ! _w4 ,! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 ?\ght ( z a really hi/oric figure1 w\ld be a figure at :i* humanity w\ld %udd]1 a figure :i* c\ld only inspire dismay & horror4 ,! hi/orical ,jesus1 if ,he really exi/$1 c only h be5 ,"o :o reconcil$ 9 ,8 own consci\sness ! anti!sis :i* obsess$ ! ,jewi% m9d1 namely ! sep>ation betwe5 ,god & ,man2 ,he _c 9 ! process ( remov+ ?is anti!sis h call$ into exi/5ce a new pr9ciple ( religi\s division & ali5ation2 nor c ,he h %[n ! way ( escape1 by ! pr9ciple ( inw>dness1 f ! bondage ( ! ,law only to impose a new set ( legal fett]s4 ,! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&1 is ,man exalt$ by ! religi\s consci\sness to heav51 :o1 ev5 if ,he comes d[n to e>? to d miracles1 to tea*1 & to suff]1 is no long] true man4 ,! ,son ( ,man ( religion1 ev5 ?\gh ,8 mission be to reconcile1 is man z ali5at$ f himself4 ,?is ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 ! ego exalt$ to heav5 & become ,god1 ov]?rew antiquity1 & conqu]$ ! _w 9 ! s5se t ,he exhau/$ x ( all its vitality4 ,?is magnifi$ ego w\ld h fulfill$ its hi/orical vocation if1 by means ( ! t]rible disorganisation into :i* x ?rew ! real _s ( mank9d1 x _h compell$ ! latt] to come to a k ( itself1 to become self consci\s ) a ?or\ghness & decisiv5ess :i* _h n be5 possible to ! simple _s ( antiquity4 ,x 0 disa/r\s t ! figure :i* /ood = ! fir/ emancipation ( ! ego1 rema9$ alive4 ,t trans=mation ( ! human _s :i* 0 br\ght ab\t by ! enc\nt] ( ! _wp[] ( ,rome ) philosophy 0 repres5t$ by ! ,gospels1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z realis$ 9 a s+le hi/oric ,p]sonality2 & ! /r5g? ( ! _s ( mank9d 0 swall[$ up by ! omnipot5ce ( ! pure absolute ego1 an ego :i* 0 ali5 f actual humanity4 ,! selfconsci\sness ( humanity f9ds itself reflect$ 9 ! ,gospels1 a self1 inde$1 9 ali5ation f itself1 & !re=e a grotesque p>ody ( itself1 b1 aft] all1 9 "s s5se1 itself2 h5ce ! magical *>m :i* attract$ mank9d & en*a9$ x1 &1 s long z x _h n truly f\nd itself1 urg$ x to sacrifice ev]y?+ to grasp ! image ( itself1 to pref] x to all o!r & all else1 c\nt+ all1 z ! apo/le says1 b 8dung0 9 comp>ison ) x4 ,ev5 :5 ! ,roman _w 0 no m1 & a new _w _h come into be+1 ! ,*ri/ s creat$ did n die4 ,! magic ( ,8 en*antm5t became only m t]rible1 & z new /r5g? came flood+ into ! old _w1 ! "t arriv$ :5 x 0 to accompli% its greate/ "w ( de/ruction4 ,_s1 9 its ab/raction1 became a vampire1 ! de/roy] ( ! _w4 ,sap & /r5g?1 blood & life1 x suck$1 to ! la/ drop1 out ( humanity4 ,nature & art1 family1 nation1 /ate1 all 7 de/roy$ by x2 & 9 ! ru9s ( ! fall5 _w ! ego1 exhau/$ by its ef=ts1 rema9$ ! only surviv+ p[]4 ,hav+ made a des]t all ab\t x1 ! ego c\ld n imm$iately create anew1 out ( ! dep?s ( its inn] consci\sness1 nature & art1 nation & /ate2 ! awful process :i* n[ w5t on1 ! only activity ( :i* x 0 n[ capable1 0 ! absorption into itself ( all t _h hi!rto _h life 9 ! _w4 ,! ego 0 n[ ev]y?+2 & yet x 0 a void4 ,x _h become ! univ]sal p[]1 & yet z x brood$ ov] ! ru9s ( ! _w x 0 fill$ ) horror at itself & ) despair at all t x _h lo/4 ,! ego :i* _h dev\r$ all ?+s & 0 /ill a void n[ %udd]$ at itself4 ,"u ! oppression ( ?is awful p[] ! education ( mank9d has be5 go+ on2 "u ?is grim taskma/] x has be5 prep>+ = true fre$om1 prep>+ to r\se itself f ! dep?s ( its di/ress1 to escape f its opposition to itself & ca/ out t ali5 ego :i* is wa/+ its sub/ance4 ,odysseus has n[ return$ to 8 home1 n by fav\r ( ! gods1 n laid on ! %ore 9 sleep1 b awake1 by 8 own ?\ght & 8 own /r5g?4 ,p]*ance1 z ( yore1 he w h ne$ to fight ) ! suitors :o h dev\r$ 8 sub/ance & s\ght to rob him ( all he holds mo/ de>4 ,odysseus mu/ /r+ ! b[ once m4 ,! baleful *>m ( ! selfali5at$ ego is brok5 ! mom5t any "o proves to ! religi\s s5se ( mank9d t ! ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels is its creation & ceases to exi/ z soon z ?is is recognis$4 ,! =mation ( ! ,*ur* & ! aris+ ( ! idea t ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is ! ,messiah are n two diff]5t ?+s1 !y are "o & ! same ?+1 !y co9cide & syn*ronise2 b ! idea 0 only ! imag9ative conception ( ! ,*ur*1 ! fir/ movem5t ( its life1 ! religi\s expression ( its exp]i5ce4 ,! "q :i* has s mu* ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( m5--:e!r ,jesus 0 ! hi/oric ,*ri/ 7 ,messiah7--is answ]$ 9 ! s5se t ev]y?+ t ! hi/orical ,*ri/ is1 ev]y?+ t is said ( ,him1 ev]y?+ t is kn[n ( ,him1 belongs to ! _w ( imag9ation1 t is1 ( ! imag9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 & !re=e has no?+ to d ) any man :o belongs to ! real _w4 ,! _w is n[ free1 & ripe = a high] religion 9 :i* ! ego w ov]come nature1 n by selfali5ation1 b by p5etrat+ x & ennobl+ x4 ,to ! !ologian we may fl+ z a gift ! %r$s ( 8 =m] sci5ce1 :5 we h torn x to pieces2 t w be some?+ to occupy himself )1 t "t may n hang heavy ^u 8 h&s 9 ! new _w ^: adv5t is /eadily draw+ ne>]4 ,?us ! task :i* ,bau] _h set himself at ! beg9n+ ( 8 criticism ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 turn$1 be=e he _h f9i%$1 into some?+ diff]5t4 ,:5 he began1 he ?\ght to save ! hon\r ( ,jesus & to re/ore ,8 ,p]son f ! /ate ( inanition to :i* ! apologi/s _h r$uc$ x1 & hop$ by furni%+ a pro( t ! hi/orical ,jesus c\ld n h be5 ! ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels1 to br+ ,him into a liv+ relation ) hi/ory4 ,?is task1 h[ev]1 0 giv5 up 9 fav\r ( ! l>g] "o ( free+ ! _w f ! dom9ation ( ! ,judaeo,roman idol1 ,jesus ! ,messiah1 & 9 c>ry+ out ?is endeav\r ! !sis t ,jesus ,*ri/ is a product ( ! imag9ation ( ! e>ly ,*ur* is =mulat$ 9 su* a way t ! exi/5ce ( a hi/oric ,jesus becomes problematical1 or1 at any rate1 q indiff]5t4 ,at ! end ( 8 /udy ( ! ,gospels1 ,bau] is incl9$ to make ! decision ( ! "q :e!r !re ev] 0 a hi/oric ,jesus dep5d on ! result ( a fur!r inve/igation :i* he propos$ to make into ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,x 0 n until t5 ye>s lat] 7#ahejahea7 t he accompli%$ ?is task17#id7 & appli$ ! result 9 8 new edition ( ! 8,criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory407#ie7 ,! result is negative3 !re nev] 0 any hi/orical ,jesus4 ,:ile criticis+ ! f\r great ,paul9e ,epi/les1 :i* ! ,tb+5 s*ool fondly imag9$ to be beyond ! rea* ( criticism1 ,bau] %[s1 h[ev]1 8 inability to lay a positive hi/oric f\ndation = 8 view ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! ,epi/les to ! second c5tury is effect$ 9 s arbitr>y a fa%ion t x refutes itself4 ,h[ev]1 ?is "w pr(esses to be only a prelim9>y /udy = a l>g] "o 9 :i* ! new !ory 0 to be fully work$ out4 ,?is did n appe> until #ahgg2 x 0 entitl$ 8,*ri/ & ! ,caes>s2 ,h[ ,*ri/ianity orig9at$ f ,graeco ,roman ,civilisation407#if7 ,! hi/orical basis = 8 !ory1 :i* he "h (f]s1 is ev5 m unsatisfactory ?an t sugge/$ 9 ! prelim9>y "w on ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,!re is no long] any pret5ce ( foll[+ an hi/orical me?od1 ! :ole ?+ works out into an imag9>y picture ( ! life ( ,s5eca4 ,n]o's tutor _h1 ,bau] ?9ks1 already 9 8 inmo/ consci\sness fully atta9$ to inn] opposition to ! _w4 ,!re are expressions 9 8 works :i*1 9 _! my/ical emancipation f ! _w1 prelude ! utt]ances ( ,paul4 ,! same ?\ghts1 s9ce !y belong n to ,s5eca only1 b to 8 "t1 are f\nd also 9 ! works ( ! ?ree poets ( ! ,n]onian p]iod1 ,p]sius1 ,lucan1 & ,petronius4 ,?\gh !y _h b a feeble brea? ( ! div9e afflatus1 !y are int]e/+ witnesses to ! spiritual condition ( ! "t4 ,!y1 too1 contribut$ to ! mak+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,s5eca1 9 spite ( 8 inn] ali5ation f ! _w1 rema9$ 9 active relations ) ! _w4 ,he desir$ to f\nd a k+dom ( virtue ^u e>?4 ,at ! c\rts ( ,claudius & ,n]o he us$ ! arts ( intrigue to fur!r 8 ends1 & ev5 quietly approv$ de$s ( viol5ce :i* he ?\ght likely to s]ve 8 cause4 ,f9ally1 he grasp$ at ! supreme p[]2 & paid ! supreme p5alty4 ,/oicism _h made an attempt to re=m ! _w1 & _h fail$4 ,! great ?9k]s began to despair ( ex]cis+ any influ5ce ^u hi/ory1 ! ,s5ate 0 p[]less1 all public bodies 7 depriv$ ( _! rights4 ,!n a _s ( resignation came ov] ! _w4 ,! ali5ation f ! _w1 :i* 9 ,s5eca _h /ill be5 only half s]i\s1 0 come 9 e>ne/4 ,! "t ( ,n]o & ,domitian 0 a great epo* 9 t hidd5 spiritual hi/ory :i* goes sil5tly =w>d side by side ) ! noisy outw>d hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,/oicism1 9 ?is developm5t1 _h be5 deep5$ by ! introduction ( neo,platonic ideas1 x 0 on its way to become ! ,gospel4 ,b by itself x w\ld n h giv5 bir? to t new ?+4 ,x atta*$ itself z a =mative pr9ciple to ,judaism1 :i* 0 !n j break+ loose f ! limitations ( nationality4 ,bau] po9ts to ,josephus z a type ( ?is new ,roman ,judaism4 ,?is 8neo,roman0 liv$ 9 ! conviction t 8 ,god1 :o _h )drawn f ,8 ,temple1 w\ld take possession ( ! _w1 & make ! ,roman ,empire submit to ,8 law4 ,josephus realis$ 9 8 life t = :i* ! way _h be5 spiritually prep>$ by ,philo4 ,! latt] did n m]ely effect a fusion ( ,jewi% ideas ) ,greek speculations2 he took advantage ( ! univ]sal dom9ion e/abli%$ by ! ,romans to f\nd ^u x 8 spiritual _w4 ,bau] _h already pictur$ him 9 ?is rle 9 8 "w 8,philo1 ,/rauss1 & ,r5an1 & ,primitive ,*ri/ianity40 ,?us 0 ! new religion =m$4 ,! _s ( x came f ! we/1 ! outw>d frame 0 furni%$ by ,judaism4 ,! new movem5t _h two foci1 ,rome & ,alex&ria4 ,philo's 8,!rapeutae0 7 real p2 !y 7 ! =]unn]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"u ,trajan ! new religion began to be kn[n4 ,pl9y's lett] ask+ = in/ructions z to h[ to deal ) ! new movem5t is its c]tificate ( bir?--! orig9al =m ( ! lett]1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 n ! pres5t =m1 :i* has und]gone edit+ at ! h&s ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! lit]>y process by :i* ! orig9 ( ! movem5t 0 ?r[n back to an e>li] date 9 hi/ory la/$ ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,:5 ?is late/ "w ( ,bau]'s appe>$ he _h long be5 reg>d$ by !ologians z an ext9ct =ce2 nay1 m1 _h be5 =gott54 ,& he _h n ev5 kept 8 promise4 ,he _h n succe$$ 9 %[+ :at t high] =m ( victory ov] ! _w 01 :i* he decl>$ sup]ior to ,*ri/ianity2 & 9 place ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus he _h f9ally set up a hybrid ?+1 labori\sly comp\nd$ out ( two p]sonalities ( s little sub/ance z ^? ( ,s5eca & ,josephus4 ,t 0 ! end ( 8 great und]tak+4 ,b x 0 a mi/ake to bury1 along ) ! ,bau] ( ! second p]iod1 also ! ,bau] ( ! fir/ p]iod1 ! critic--= ! latt] 0 n dead4 ,x 01 inde$1 no?+ less ?an a mis=tune t ,/rauss & ,bau] appe>$ )9 s %ort a "t ( "o ano!r4 ,bau] pass$ practically unnotic$1 because e "o 0 preoccupi$ ) ,/rauss4 ,ano!r un=tunate ?+ 0 t ,bau] ov]?rew ) 8 p[]ful criticism ! hypo!sis :i* attribut$ real hi/orical value to ,m>k1 s t x lay = a long "t disreg>d$1 & !re ensu$ a b>r5 p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s 9 ! critical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,! only critic ) :om ,bau] c be comp>$ is ,reim>us4 ,ea* ex]cis$ a t]rify+ & disabl+ influ5ce ^u 8 "t4 ,no "o else _h be5 s ke5ly consci\s z !y ( ! extreme complexity ( ! problem (f]$ by ! life ( ,jesus4 ,9 view ( ?is complexity !y f\nd !mselves compell$ to seek a solution outside ! conf9es ( v]ifiable hi/ory4 ,reim>us1 by f9d+ ! basis ( ! /ory ( ,jesus 9 a delib]ate impo/ure on ! "p ( ! disciples2 ,bau]1 by po/ulat+ an orig9al ,evangeli/ :o inv5t$ ! hi/ory4 ,on ?is gr\nd x 0 j t !y %\ld lose _! case4 ,b 9 dismiss+ ! solutions :i* !y (f]$1 _! contempor>ies also dismiss$ ! problems :i* _h necessitat$ su* solutions2 !y dismiss$ !m because !y 7 z little able to grasp z to remove ^! difficulties4 ,b ! "t is pa/ = pron\nc+ judgm5t ^u ,lives ( ,*ri/ on ! gr\nd ( ! solutions :i* !y (f]4 ,= u ! great m5 are n ^? :o solv$ ! problems1 b ^? :o discov]$ !m4 ,bau]'s 8,criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory0 is wor? a good doz5 ,lives ( ,jesus1 because 8 "w1 z we are only n[ com+ to recognise1 aft] half a c5tury1 is ! able/ & mo/ complete collection ( ! difficulties ( ! ,life ( ,jesus :i* is any:]e to be f\nd4 ,un=tunately1 by ! indep5d5t1 ! too l(tily indep5d5t way 9 :i* he develop$ 8 ideas1 he de/roy$ ! possibility ( _! influ5c+ contempor>y !ology4 ,! %aft :i* he _h driv5 into ! m\nta9 broke d[n beh9d him1 s t x ne$$ ! "w ( a :ole g5]ation to lay b>e once m ! ve9s ( ore :i* he _h /ruck4 ,8 contempor>ies c\ld n suspect t ! abnormality ( 8 solutions 0 due to ! int5sity ) :i* he grasp$ ! problems z problems1 & t he _h become bl9d to hi/ory by exam9+ x too microscopically4 ,?us = 8 contempor>ies he 0 a m]e ecc5tric4 ,b 8 ecc5tricity conceal$ a p5etrat+ insight4 ,no "o else _h z yet grasp$ ) ! same complet5ess ! idea t primitive ,*ri/ianity & e>ly ,*ri/ianity 7 n m]ely ! direct outcome ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 n m]ely a tea*+ put into practice1 b m1 mu* m1 s9ce to ! exp]i5ce ( :i* ,jesus 0 ! subject !re alli$ itself ! exp]i5ce ( ! _ws\l at a "t :5 its body--humanity "u ! ,roman ,empire--lay 9 ! ?roes ( dea?4 ,s9ce ,paul1 no "o _h appreh5d$ s p[]fully ! my/ic idea ( ! sup] s5sible 4 ,bau] transf]r$ x to ! hi/orical plane & f\nd ! 8body ( ,*ri/0 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,,xii4 ,,fur!r ,,imag9ative ,,lives ,,( ,,jesus ,*>les ,*ri/ian ,h5nell4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums4 7,an ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity47 #ahdj4 ,) a preface by ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss4 ,engli% edition1 #ahch4 ,wi*tige ,en?llung5 b] die wirkli*e ,todes>t ,jesu4 ,na* e9em alt5 zu ,alex&ria gefund55 ,manuskripte von e9em ,zeitg5oss5 ,jesu aus dem heilig5 ,ord5 d] ,esser4 7,important ,disclosures conc]n+ ! ,mann] ( ,jesus' ,dea?4 ,f an anci5t ,,ms4 f\nd at ,alex&ria1 writt5 by a contempor>y ( ,jesus belong+ to ! sacr$ ,ord] ( ! ,ess5es47 #ahdi4 #e? ed41 ,leipzig4 7,anonym\s47 ,hi/oris*e ,en?llung5 b] die wirkli*5 ,ereignisse d] ,geburt und ,jug5d ,jesu4 ,als ,=tsetzung d] zu ,alex&ria aufgefund55 alt5 ,urkund5 aus dem ,esserord54 7,hi/orical ,disclosures conc]n+ ! real circum/ances ( ! ,bir? & ,y\? ( ,jesus4 ,a ,cont9uation ( ! anci5t ,ess5e ,,ms4 discov]$ at ,alex&ria47 #ahdi4 #bnd ed41 ,leipzig4 ,augu/ ,fri$ri* ,gfrr]4 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5tums4 7,critical ,hi/ory ( ,primitive ,*ri/ianity47 ,vol4 i4 #a/ ed41 #ahca2 #bnd1 #ahce4 ,"p i4 #edc pp42 ,"p ii4 #djf pp4 ,vol4 ii4 #ahch4 ,"p i4 #deb pp42 ,"p ii4 #dag pp4 ,ri*>d von d] ,alm4 7,pseudonym ( ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,ghillany47 ,!ologis*e ,briefe an die ,gebildet5 d] deuts*5 ,nation1 #ahfc4 7,!ological ,lett]s to ! ,cultur$ ,classes ( ! ,g]man ,p1 #ahfc47 ,vol4 i4 #ibi pp42 ,vol4 ii4 #fef pp42 ,vol4 iii4 #hjb pp4 ,ludwig ,noack4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu auf ,grund frei] ges*i*tli*] ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,evangelium und die ,evangeli54 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus on ! ,basis ( a free ,hi/orical ,inquiry reg>d+ ! ,gospel & ! ,gospels47 #bnd ed41 #ahgf1 ,mannheim4 ,book i4 #bea pp42 ,book ii4 #ahg pp42 ,book iii4 #chf pp42 ,book iv4 #bhe pp4 ,/rauss c h>dly be said to h done himself hon\r by contribut+ a preface to ! translation ( ,h5nell's "w1 :i* is no?+ m ?an ,v5tur9i's 8,nonmiracul\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?0 trick$ out ) a fanta/ic p>aph]nalia ( le>n+47#ig7 ,! two s]ies ( 8,important ,disclosures0 also are really 8convey$0 ) no p>ticul> ability f t classic romance ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 b t did n prev5t _! mak+ some?+ ( a s5sation at ! "t :5 !y appe>$47#ih7 ,jesus1 accord+ to 8 n>rative1 0 ! son ( a memb] ( ! ,ess5e ,ord]4 ,! *ild 0 wat*$ ov] by ! ,ord] & prep>$ = ,8 future mission4 ,he ent]$ on ,8 public m9i/ry z a tool ( ! ,ess5es1 :o aft] ! crucifixion took ,him d[n f ! cross & resuscitat$ ,him4 ,^! 8,disclosures0 only pres]ve ! m ext]nal features ( ,v5tur9i's repres5tation4 ,8 ,life ( ,jesus _h be5 m ?an a m]e romance1 x _h be5 an imag9ative solution ( problems :i* he _h intuitively p]ceiv$4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! ,=]unn] ( rationali/ic criticism4 ,! problems :i* ,v5tur9i _h intuitively p]ceiv$ 7 n solv$ ei!r by ! rationali/s1 or by ,/rauss1 or by ,weisse4 ,^! writ]s _h n succe$$ 9 provid+ t ( :i* ,v5tur9i _h dream$--a liv+ purposeful connexion betwe5 ! ev5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus--or 9 expla9+ ,8 ,p]son & ,"w z hav+ a relation1 ei!r positive or negative1 to ! circum/ances ( ,late ,judaism4 ,v5tur9i's plan1 h[ev] fanta/ic1 connects ! life ( ,jesus ) ,jewi% hi/ory & contempor>y ?\ght mu* m closely ?an any o!r ,life ( ,jesus1 = t connexion is ( c\rse vital to ! plot ( ! romance4 ,9 ,weisse's 8,gospel ,hi/ory0 criticism _h delib]ately r5\nc$ ! attempt to expla9 ,jesus directly f ,judaism1 f9d+ itself unable to e/abli% any connexion betwe5 ,8 tea*+s & contempor>y ,jewi% ideas4 ,! way 0 !re=e once m op5 to ! imag9ation4 ,accord+ly sev]al imag9ative ,lives prelud$ a new era 9 ! /udy ( ! subject1 9 s f> z !y endeav\r$ to und]/& ,jesus on ! basis ( purely ,jewi% ideas1 9 "s cases z affirm+ ^!1 9 o!rs z oppos+ !m 9 fav\r ( a m spiritual conception4 ,9 ,gfrr]1 ,ri*>d von d] ,alm1 & ,noack1 beg9s ! skirmi%+ prep>atory to ! future battle ov] es*atology47#ii7 ,augu/ ,fri$ri* ,gfrr]1 born 9 #ahjc at ,calw1 0 8,repet5t0 at ! ,tb+5 !ological sem9>y at ! "t :5 ,/rauss 0 /udy+ !re4 ,aft] be+ curate at ! pr9cipal *ur* 9 ,/uttg>t = a ye> he gave up1 9 #ahcj1 ! cl]ical pr(ession 9 ord] to devote himself :olly to 8 cl]ical /udies4 ,by t "t he _h ab&on$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 "w1 he describes ,*ri/ianity z a sy/em :i* n[ only ma9ta9s itself by ! =ce ( cu/om1 aft] hav+ comm5d$ itself to antiquity 8by ! hope ( ! my/ic ,k+dom ( ! future _w & hav+ rul$ ! middle ages by ! fe> ( ! same future40 ,by enunciat+ ?is view he has made an end1 he ?9ks1 ( all highfly+ ,hegelian ideas1 & be+ ?us fre$ f all speculative prejudices he feels himself 9 a position to approa* 8 task f a purely hi/orical /&po9t1 ) a view to %[+ h[ mu* ( ,*ri/ianity is ! creation ( "o exceptional ,p]sonality1 & h[ mu* belongs to ! "t 9 :i* x arose4 ,9 ! fir/ volume he describes h[ ! trans=mation ( ,jewi% !ology 9 ,alex&ria react$ ^u ,pale/9ian !ology1 & h[ x came to its climax 9 ,philo4 ,! great ,alex&rian anticipat$1 accord+ to ,gfrr]1 ! ideas ( ,paul4 ,8 8,!rapeutae0 are id5tical ) ! ,ess5es4 ,at ! same p]iod ,judaea 0 kept 9 a f]m5t by a s]ies ( ris+s1 to all ( :i* ! inc5tive 0 f\nd 9 ,messianic expectations4 ,!n ,jesus appe>$4 ,! ?ree po9ts to be inve/igat$ 9 ,8 hi/ory are3 :at end ,he _h 9 view2 :y ,he di$2 & :at modifications ,8 "w und]w5t at ! h&s ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! second volume1 entitl$ 8,! ,sacr$ ,leg5d10 does n1 h[ev]1 c>ry out ?is plan4 ,! works ( ,/rauss & ,weisse necessitat$ a new me?od ( treatm5t4 ,! fame ( ,/rauss's a*ievem5t /irr$ ,gfrr] to emulation1 & ,weisse1 ) 8 priority ( ,m>k & rejection ( ,john1 mu/ be refut$4 ,! "w is !re=e almo/ a polemic aga9/ ,weisse = 8 8want ( hi/oric s5se10 & ends 9 sett+ up views :i* _h n ent]$ into ,gfrr]'s m9d at ! "t :5 he wrote 8 fir/ volume4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,papias reg>d+ ! ,synopti/s1 :i* ,weisse foll[$1 are n des]v+ ( cr$5ce4 ,= a :ole g5]ation & m ! tradition ab\t ,jesus _h pass$ f m\? to m\?1 & x _h absorb$ mu* t 0 leg5d>y4 ,luke 0 ! fir/--z 8 preface %[s--:o *eck$ t process1 & und]took to sep>ate :at 0 g5u9e f :at 0 n4 ,he is ! mo/ tru/wor?y ( ! ,evangeli/s1 = he keeps closely to 8 s\rces & adds no?+ ( 8 own1 9 contra/ ) ,mat!w :o1 writ+ at a lat] date1 us$ s\rces ( less value & inv5t$ matt] ( 8 own1 :i* ,gfrr] f9ds especially 9 ! /ory ( ! passion 9 ?is ,gospel4 ,! lat5ess ( ,mat!w is also evid5t f 8 t5d5cy to c>ry ov] ! ,old ,te/am5t into ! ,new4 ,9 ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\rces are s consci5ti\sly treat$ t ,gfrr] f9ds no difficulty 9 analys+ ! n>rative into its compon5t p>ts1 especially z he always has a purely in/9ctive feel+ 8:5ev] a diff]5t w9d beg9s to bl[40 ,bo? ,gospels1 h[ev]1 7 writt5 long aft] ! de/ruction ( ! holy city1 s9ce !y d n draw _! mat]ial f ! ,j]usalem tradition1 b 8f ! ,*ri/ian leg5ds :i* _h gr[n up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias10 & 9 consequ5ce 8mi/ak5ly transf]r$ ! sc5e ( ,jesus' m9i/ry to ,galilee40 ,= ?is reason x is n surpris+ 8t ev5 d[n into ! second c5tury _m ,*ri/ians _h d\bts ab\t ! tru? ( ! ,synoptics & v5tur$ to express _! d\bts40 ,su* d\bts only ceas$ :5 ! ,*ur* became firmly e/abli%$ & began to use its au?ority to suppress ! objections ( individuals4 ,m>k is ! e>lie/ witness to d\bts )9 ! primitive ,*ri/ian community reg>d+ ! cr$ibility ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,luke & ,mat!w are = him n yet sacr$ books2 he desires to reconcile _! inconsi/5cies1 & at ! same "t to produce 8a ,gospel compos$ ( mat]ials ( :i* ! au!nticity c\ld be ma9ta9$ ev5 aga9/ ! d\bt]s40 ,= ?is reason he omits mo/ ( ! disc\rses1 ignores ! bir?/ory1 & ( ! miracles reta9s only ^? :i* 7 mo/ deeply emb$d$ 9 ! tradition4 ,8 ,gospel 0 probably produc$ betwe5 #aaj & #abj4 ,! 8non g5u9e0 conclusion 0 a lat] addition1 b by ! ,evangeli/ himself4 ,?us ,m>k proves t ! ,synopti/s conta9 leg5d>y matt] ev5 ?\gh !y are sep>at$ f ! ev5ts :i* !y relate only by a g5]ation & a half1 or at mo/ two g5]ations4 ,to %[ t !re is no?+ /range 9 ?is1 ,gfrr] gives a long catalogue ( miracles f\nd 9 hi/orians :o 7 contempor>ies ( ! ev5ts :i* !y describe1 & 9 "s cases 7 conc]n$ 9 !m--9 ?is connexion ,cortez af=ds him a ri* /oreh\se ( mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all objections aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel collapse mis]ably4 ,x is true t1 l ! o!rs1 x (f]s no hi/orically accurate report ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,x pictures ,him z ! ,logos,*ri/ & makes ,him speak 9 ?is "*2 :i* ,jesus c]ta9ly did n d4 ,inadv]t5tly ! au?or makes ,john ! ,bapti/ speak 9 ! same way4 ,t does n matt]1 h[ev]1 = ! hi/orical conditions are rightly repres5t$2 rightly1 because ,j]usalem 0 ! sc5e ( ! great] "p ( ! m9i/ry1 & ! five ,johann9e miracles are to be reta9$4 ,! heal+ ( ! nobleman's son1 t ( ! lame man at ! pool ( ,be!sda1 & t ( ! man bl9d f bir? happ5$ j z !y are told4 ,! /ory ( ! miracle at ,cana re/s on a misund]/&+1 = ! w9e :i* ,jesus provid$ 0 really ! w$d+gift :i* ,he _h br\ght ) ,him4 ,9 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us a real case ( app>5t dea? is comb9$ ) a polemical exagg]ation ( x1 ! re/oration to life becom+1 9 ! c\rse ( controv]sy ) ! ,jews1 an actual resurrection4 ,hav+ ?us won free1 dragg+ ,john along ) him1 f ! toils ( ! ,hegelian d5ial ( miracle--only1 x is true1 by ! aid ( ,v5tur9i--& be+ prep>$ to expla9 ! fe$+ ( ! multitude on ! mo/ commonplace rationali/ic l9es1 he may well boa/ t he has 8driv5 ! d\bt conc]n+ ! ,f\r? ,gospel into a v small corn]40 8,! mis]able era ( negation10 cries ,gfrr]1 8is n[ at an end2 affirmation beg9s4 ,we are asc5d+ ! ea/]n m\nta9s f :i* ! pure airs ( heav5 brea! ^u ! _s4 ,our guide %all be hi/orical ma!matics1 a sci5ce :i* is z yet kn[n to few1 & has n be5 appli$ by any "o to ! ,new ,te/am5t40 ,?is 8ma!matic0 ( ,gfrr]'s consi/s 9 develop+ 8 :ole argum5t out ( a s+le po/ulate4 ,let x be grant$ to him t all o!r claimants ( ! ,messiah%ip--,gfrr]1 9 defiance ( ! evid5ce ( ,josephus1 makes all ! lead]s ( revolt 9 ,pale/9e claimants ( ! ,messiah%ip--7 put to dea? by ! ,romans1 :]eas ,jesus 0 crucifi$ by ,8 own p3 x foll[s t ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus 0 n political1 b spiritual4 ,he _h decl>$ ,himself to be 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! long$= ,messiah1 b 9 ano!r s5se ,he 0 n s4 ,8 prea*+ mov$ 9 ! sph]e ( ,philonian ideas2 al?\gh ,he did n z yet explicitly apply ! ,logos doctr9e1 x 0 implicit 9 ,8 ?\ght1 s t ! disc\rses ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel h an ess5tial tru?4 ,all ,messianic conceptions1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ! judgm5t1 ! future _w1 are sublimat$ into ! spiritual region4 ,! resurrection ( ! dead becomes a pres5t et]nal life4 ,! say+ 9 ,john v4 #bd1 8,he t he>e? my ^w1 & believe? on ,him t s5t me1 ha? et]nal life & come? n into judgm5t2 b is pass$ f dea? into life10 is ! only au!ntic "p ( t disc\rse4 ,! ref]5ce :i* foll[s to ! com+ judgm5t & ! resurrection ( ! dead is a ,jewi% int]polation4 ,jesus did n believe t ,he ,himself 0 to rise f ! dead4 ,nev]!less1 ! 8resurrection0 is hi/oric2 ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 a memb] ( ! ,ess5e ,ord]1 ^: tool ,jesus unconsci\sly 01 _h brib$ ! ,romans to make ! crucifixion ( ,jesus only a pret5ce1 & to crucify two o!rs ) ,him 9 ord] to di/ract att5tion f ,him4 ,aft] ,he 0 tak5 d[n f ! cross1 ,joseph remov$ ,him to a tomb ( 8 own :i* _h be5 hewn out = ! purpose 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! cross1 & succe$$ 9 resuscitat+ ,him4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* grew out ( ! ,ess5e ,ord] by giv+ a fur!r developm5t to its ideas1 & x is impossible to expla9 ! organisation ( ! ,*ur* )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! regulations ( ! ,ord]4 ,! "w closes ) a rhapsody on ! ,*ur* & its developm5t into ! ,papal sy/em4 ,gfrr] ?us works into ,v5tur9i's plan a quantity ( mat]ial drawn f ,philo4 ,8 fir/ volume w\ld h l$ "o to expect a m orig9al & sci5tific result4 ,b ! au?or is "o ( ^? 8epileptics ( criticism0 = :om criticism is n a natural & heal?y means ( arriv+ at a result1 b :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fits ( criticism to :i* !y are subject1 & :i* !y ev5 endeav\r to int5sify1 fall into a condition ( exhau/ion1 9 :i* ! ne$ = "s fix$ po9t becomes s imp]ative t !y create x = !mselves by self sugge/ion--z !y previ\sly did _! criticism--& !n flatt] !mselves t !y h really f\nd x4 ,?is ne$ = a fix$ po9t c>ri$ ! =m] rival ( ,/rauss into ,ca?olicism1 = :i* 8 8,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*0 7#ahdaahdf7 already %[s a /rong admiration4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ?is "w ,gfrr] became ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg4 ,9 #ahdh he 0 active 9 ! ,g]man ,p>liam5t 9 endeav\r+ to promote a reunion ( ! ,prote/ants ) ! ,ca?olics4 ,9 #ahec he w5t ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,8 family _h already gone ov]1 at ,/rassburg1 dur+ ! revolution>y p]iod4 ,9 ! conflict ( ! *ur* ) ! ,bad5 ,gov]nm5t he vehem5tly support$ ! claims ( ! ,pope4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfa4 ,incomp>ably bett] & m ?or\gh is ! attempt to write a ,life ( ,jesus embodi$ 9 ! 8,!ological ,lett]s to ! ,cultur$ ,classes ( ! ,g]man ,nation40 ,_! writ] takes ,gfrr]'s /udies z 8 />t+ po9t1 b in/ead ( spiritualis+ unju/ifiably he v5tures to conceive ! ,jewi% _w ( ?\ght 9 :i* ,jesus liv$ 9 its simple realism4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to place ! es*atology recognis$ by ,/rauss & ,reim>us 9 an hi/orical sett+--t ( ,v5tur9i's plan--& to write a ,life ( ,jesus entirely gov]n$ by ! idea ( es*atology4 ,! au?or1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,ghillany1 0 born 9 #ahjg at ,erlang54 ,8 fir/ /udies 7 9 !ology4 ,8 rationali/ic views1 h[ev]1 compell$ him to ab&on ! cl]ical pr(ession4 ,he became libr>ian at ,nuremb]g 9 #ahda & engag$ 9 controv]sial writ+ ( an antior?odox "*1 b di/+ui%$ himself also by hi/orical "w ( out/&+ m]it4 ,a ye> aft] ! publication ( ! 8,!ological ,lett]s10 :i* he issu$ "u ! pseudonym ( ,ri*>d von d] ,alm1 he publi%$ a collection ( 8,! ,op9ions ( ,hea!n & ,*ri/ian ,writ]s ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,c5turies ab\t ,jesus ,*ri/0 7#ahfd71 a "w :i* gives evid5ce ( a rem>kable range ( read+4 ,9 #ahee he remov$ to ,muni* 9 ! hope ( obta9+ a po/ 9 ! diplomatic s]vice1 b 9 spite ( 8 solid acquirem5ts he did n succe$4 ,no "o w\ld v5ture to appo9t a man ( su* outspok5 antiecclesia/ical views4 ,he di$ 9 #ahgf4 ,z reg>ds ! "q ( ! s\rces1 ,ghillany occupies v ne>ly ! ,tb+5 /&po9t1 except t he holds ,mat!w to be lat] ?an ,luke1 & ,m>k to be extract$1 n f ^! ,gospels 9 _! pres5t =m1 b f _! s\rces4 ,john is n au!ntic4 ,! wor%ip (f]$ to ,jesus aft] ,8 dea? by ! ,*ri/ian community is1 accord+ to ,ghillany1 n d]iv$ f pure ,judaism1 b f a ,judaism influ5c$ by ori5tal religions4 ,! influ5ce ( ! cult ( ,mi?ra1 = example1 is unmi/akable4 ,9 x1 z 9 ,*ri/ianity1 we f9d ! virg9bir?1 ! />1 ! wise m51 ! cross1 & ! resurrection4 ,7 x n = ! human sacrifice ( ! ,mi?ra cult1 ! idea :i* is op]ative 9 ! ,supp]1 ( eat+ & dr9k+ ! fle% & blood ( ! ,son ( ,man1 w\ld be inexplicable4 ,! :ole ,ea/]n _w 0 at t "t impregnat$ ) ,gno/ic ideas1 :i* c5tr$ 9 ! revelation ( ! ,div9e 9 ! human4 ,9 ?is way !re arose1 = example1 a ,sam>itan ,gnosis1 indep5d5t ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,*ri/ianity itself is a species ( ,gnosis4 ,9 any case ! metaphysical conception ( ! ,div9e ,son%ip ( ,jesus is ( second>y orig94 ,if ,he 0 9 any s5se ! ,son ( ,god = ! disciples1 !y c only h ?\ght ( ?is son%ip 9 a ,gno/ic fa%ion1 & suppos$ t ! 8highe/ angel10 ! ,son ( ,god1 _h tak5 up ,8 abode 9 ,him4 ,john ! ,bapti/ _h probably come =? f among ! ,ess5es1 & he prea*$ a spiritualis$ ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,he held himself to be ,elias4 ,jesus' aims 7 orig9ally simil>2 ,he came =w>d 89 ! cause ( s\nd religi\s tea*+ = ! p40 ,he made no claim to ,davidic desc5t2 t is to be cr$it$ to dogmatic !ology4 ,simil>ly ,papias is wrong 9 ascrib+ to ,jesus ! crude es*atological expectations impli$ 9 ! say+ ab\t ! miracul\s v9e 9 ! ,messianic ,k+dom4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,jesus held ,himself to be ,messiah & expect$ ! e>ly com+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,8 tea*+ is ,rabb9ic2 all ,8 ideas h _! s\rce 9 contempor>y ,judaism1 ^: _w ( ?\ght we c recon/ruct f ! ,rabb9ic writ+s2 = ev5 if ^! only became fix$ at a lat] p]iod1 ! ?\ghts on :i* !y are bas$ 7 already curr5t 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,ano!r s\rce ( great importance is ,ju/9's 8,dialogue ) ! ,jew ,trypho40 ,! />t+po9t 9 int]pret+ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus is ! idea ( rep5tance4 ,9 ! tractate 8,sanh$r90 we f9d3 8,! set "t ( ! ,messiah is already "h2 ,8 com+ dep5ds n[ ^u rep5tance & good works4 ,rabbi ,eleaz] says1 #8,:5 ! ,jews rep5t !y %all be r$eem$4' 0 ,! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an obs]ves1 on ,ze*4 x4 #c1 #d17ajj7 8,! ,messiah is already born1 b rema9s 9 concealm5t because ( ! s9s ( ! ,hebrews40 ,we f9d ! same ?\ghts put into ! m\? ( ,trypho 9 ,ju/94 ,9 ! same ,t>gum ( ,jona?an1 ,isa4 liii4 is int]pret$ ) ref]5ce to ! suff]+s ( ! ,messiah4 ,judaism1 !re=e1 0 n unacqua9t$ ) ! idea ( a suff]+ ,messiah4 ,he 0 n id5tifi$1 h[ev]1 ) ! heav5ly ,messiah ( ,daniel4 ,! ,rabbis di/+ui%$ two ,messiahs1 "o ( ,israel & "o ( ,judah4 ,fir/ ! ,messiah ( ! ,k+dom ( ,israel1 d5om9at$ ! ,son ( ,joseph1 0 to come f ,galilee to suff] dea? at ! h&s ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ord] to make atonem5t = ! s9s ( ! ,hebrew nation4 ,only aft] t w\ld ! ,messiah pr$ict$ by ,daniel1 ! son ( ,david1 ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 appe> 9 glory ^u ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,f9ally1 ,he also1 aft] two&sixty weeks ( ye>s1 %\ld be tak5 away1 s9ce ! ,messianic ,k+dom1 ev5 z conceiv$ by ,paul1 0 only a tempor>y sup]natural condition ( ! _w4 ,! ,messianic expectation1 be+ direct$ to sup]natural ev5ts1 _h no political "*1 & "o :o knew ,himself to be ! ,messiah c\ld nev] dream ( us+ e>?ly means = ! atta9m5t ( ,8 ends2 ,he w\ld expect all ?+s to be br\ght ab\t by ! ,div9e int]v5tion4 ,9 ?is respect ,ghillany grasps cle>ly ! "* ( ! es*atology ( ,jesus--m cle>ly ?an any "o _h ev] done be=e4 ,! rle ( ! ,messiah1 :o prior to ,8 sup]natural manife/ation rema9s 9 concealm5t ^u e>?1 is !re=e passive4 ,he :o is consci\s ( a ,messianic vocation does n seek to f\nd a ,k+dom among m54 ,he waits ) confid5ce4 ,he issues =? f ,8 passivity ) ! sole purpose ( mak+ atonem5t1 by vic>i\s suff]+1 = ! s9s ( ! p1 9 ord] t x may be possible = ,god to br+ ab\t ! new condition ( ?+s4 ,if1 9 spite ( ! rep5tance ( ! p & ! occurr5ce ( ! signs :i* po9t$ to its be+ at h&1 ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom %\ld be delay$1 ! man :o is consci\s ( a ,messianic vocation mu/1 by ,8 dea?1 compel ! int]v5tion ( ,god4 ,8 vocation 9 ?is _w is to die4 ,br\ght )9 ! l9es ( ^! reflections ! ,life ( ,jesus %apes itself z foll[s4 ,jesus 0 ! tool ( a my/ical sect alli$ to ! ,ess5es1 ! head ( :i* 0 d\btless t ,joseph ( ,arima!a :o makes s sudd5 & /rik+ an appe>ance 9 ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,?is p>ty desir$ to br+ ab\t ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 by my/ical means1 :]eas ! mass ( ! p1 l$ a/ray by ! ,ph>isees1 ?\ght to =ce on its com+ by means ( a ris+4 ,9 ! prea*] ( a spiritual ,k+dom ( ,heav51 :o 0 resolv$ to g to dea? = ,8 cause1 ! my/ical p>ty discov]$ ,messiah ! son ( ,joseph1 & !y recognis$ t ,8 dea? 0 necess>y to make possible ! com+ ( ! heav5ly ,messiah pr$ict$ by ,daniel4 ,t ,jesus ,himself 0 ! ,messiah ( ,daniel1 t ,he w\ld imm$iately rise aga9 9 ord] to asc5d to ,8 heav5ly ?rone1 & w\ld come !nce ) ! ho/s ( heav5 to e/abli% ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 ^! p did n !mselves believe4 ,b !y enc\rag$ ,him 9 ?is belief1 ?9k+ t ,he w\ld h>dly commit ,himself to a sacrificial dea? f :i* !re 0 to be no resurrection4 ,x 0 left unc]ta9 to ,8 m9d :e!r ,jehovah w\ld be cont5t ) ! rep5tance ( ! p1 9 s f> z x _h tak5 place1 z realis+ ! necess>y condition = ! br++ 9 ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 or :e!r an atonem5t by blood1 (f]$ by ! dea? ( ,messiah ! son ( ,joseph1 w\ld be ne$ful4 ,x _h be5 expla9$ to ,him t :5 ! calculat$ ye> ( grace arriv$1 ,he mu/ g up to ,j]usalem & endeav\r to r\se ! ,jews to ,messianic en?usiasm 9 ord] to compel ,jehovah to come to _! aid ) ,8 heav5ly ho/s4 ,f ! action ( ,jehovah x c\ld !n be discov]$ :e!r ! prea*+ ( rep5tance & baptism w\ld suffice to make atonem5t = ! p be=e ,god or n4 ,if ,jehovah did n appe>1 a deep] atonem5t mu/ be made2 ,jesus mu/ pay ! p5alty ( dea? = ! s9s ( ! ,jews1 b on ! ?ird day w\ld rise aga9 f ! dead & asc5d to ! ?rone ( ,god & come aga9 !nce to f\nd ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 8,any "o c see10 concludes ,ghillany1 8t our view af=ds a v natural explanation ( ! anxiety ( ! disciples1 ! susp5se ( ,jesus ,himself1 & ! pray]1 #8,if x be possible let ?is cup pass f me4' 0 8,x 0 app>5tly only t[>ds ! close ( ,8 life t ,jesus reveal$ to ! disciples ! possibility t ! ,son ( ,man might h to suff] & die be=e ,he c\ld f\nd ! ,messianic ,k+dom40 ,) ?is possibility be=e ,him1 ,he came to ,j]usalem & !re await$ ! ,div9e int]v5tion4 ,mean:ile ,joseph ( ,arima!a l5t 8 aid t[>ds secur+ ,8 condemnation 9 ! ,sanh$r94 ,he mu/ die on ! day ( ! ,passov]2 on ! day ( ! ,prep>ation ,he mu/ be at h& & ready 9 ,j]usalem4 ,he held1 ) ,8 disciples1 a lovefea/ aft] ! ,ess5e cu/om1 n a ,pas*al meal1 & 9 do+ s associat$ ?\ghts ( ,8 dea? ) ! break+ ( bread & ! p\r+ out ( ! w9e4 8,he did n lay ^u ,8 disciples any injunction to cont9ue ! celebration ( a fea/ ( ?is k9d until ! "t ( ,8 return1 because ,he ?\ght ( ,8 resurrection & ,8 heav5ly glory z ab\t to take place aft] ?ree days4 ,b :5 ,8 return 0 delay$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians atta*$ ^! say+s ( ,8 ab\t ! bread & w9e to _! ,ess5e lovefea/1 & expla9$ ?is common meal ( ! community z a commemoration ( ! ,la/ ,supp] ( ,jesus & ,8 disciples1 a memorial ,fea/ 9 hon\r ( _! ,savi\r1 ! celebration ( :i* mu/ be cont9u$ until ,8 com+40 ,:5 ! arm$ b& came to arre/ ,him1 ,jesus surr5d]$ to ,8 fate4 ,pilate almo/ set ,him free1 hold+ ,him to be a m]e en?usia/ :o plac$ ,8 hopes only 9 ! ,div9e int]v5tion4 ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 av]t+ ?is dang]4 8,ev5 on ! cross ,jesus seems to h cont9u$ to hope = ! ,div9e int]v5tion1 z is evid5c$ by ! cry1 #8,my ,god6 ,my ,god6 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8' 0 ,joseph ( ,arima!a provid$ = ,8 burial4 ,! belief 9 ,8 resurrection re/s ^u ! visions ( ! disciples1 :i* are to be expla9$ by _! int5se desire = ! ,p>\sia1 ( :i* ,he _h giv5 !m ! promise4 ,aft] sett+ _! affairs 9 ord] 9 ,galilee !y return$ at ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/ to ,j]usalem1 :i* !y _h left 9 al>m1 9 ord] !re to await ! ,p>\sia 9 company ) o!r ,galilaean believ]s4 ,! confession ( fai? ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian community 0 ! simple/ conceivable3 ,jesus ! ,messiah _h come1 n z a temporal conqu]or1 b z ! ,son ( ,man =etold by ,daniel1 & _h di$ = ! s9s ( ! p4 ,9 o!r respects !y 7 /rict ,jews1 kept ! ,law1 & 7 con/antly 9 ! ,temple4 ,only ! community ( goods & ! bro!rhoodmeal are ( an ,ess5e "*4 8,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! orig9al community 9 ,j]usalem 0 ?us a mixture ( ,zealotism & ,my/icism :i* did n include any :olly new elem5t1 & ev5 9 its conception ( ! ,messiah _h no?+ peculi> to itself except ! belief t ! ,son ( ,man pr$ict$ by ,daniel _h already come 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 444 t ,he 0 n[ en?ron$ at ! "r h& ( ,god1 & w\ld aga9 appe> z ! expect$ ,son ( ,man ^u ! cl\ds ( heav5 accord+ to ,daniel's prophecy40 ,jesus1 !re=e1 _h triumph$ ov] ! my/ical p>ty :o desir$ to make use ( ,him 9 ! "* ( ,messiah ! son ( ,joseph--_! ,messiah1 ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man1 _h n come4 ,jesus1 9 virtue ( :at ,he _h done1 _h tak5 ,8 place bo? 9 heav5 & 9 e>?4 ,h[ mu* ( ,v5tur9i's plan is "h reta9$8 ,only ! 8my/ical "p0 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( sett+ ! action ( ! drama 9 motion4 ,all ! re/ ( x1 ! rationali/ic "p1 has be5 transmut$ into an hi/orical conception4 ,miracle & trick]y1 along ) ! /ageplay resurrection1 h be5 purg$ away 9 ! fires ( ,/rauss's criticism4 ,!re rema9s only a fundam5tal conception :i* has a c]ta9 greatness--a bro!rhood :i* looks = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 appo9ts "o ( its memb]s to und]go z ,messiah an aton+ dea?1 t ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 = :i* ! "t is at h&1 may n be delay$4 ,?is bro!rhood is ! only fictiti\s elem5t 9 ! :ole con/ruction--mu* z 9 ! primitive /eameng9e ! valves 7 /ill work$ by h& :ile ! re/ ( ! ma*9]y 0 actuat$ by its own motivep[]4 ,s 9 ?is ,life ( ,jesus ! motivep[] is drawn entirely f hi/orical s\rces1 & ! want ( an automatic />t+ arrangem5t is a m]e ana*ronism4 ,/rike out ! sup]flu\s rle ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 & ! di/9ction ( ! two ,messiahs1 :i* is n cle> ev5 9 ! ,rabbis1 & sub/itute ! simple hypo!sis t ,jesus1 9 ! c\rse ( ,8 ,messianic vocation1 :5 ,he ?9ks ! "t = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom has arriv$1 goes freely to ,j]usalem1 &1 z x 71 compels ! secul> p[] to put ,him to dea?1 9 ord] by ?is act ( atonem5t to w9 = ! _w ! imm$iate com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 & = ,himself ! glory ( ! ,son ( ,man--make ^! *anges1 & y h a life ( ,jesus 9 :i* ! motivep[] is a purely hi/orical =ce4 ,x is impossible to indicate briefly all ! p>ts ( :i* ! seem+ly complicat$1 b 9 reality impressively simple1 me*anism ( ?is ,life ( ,jesus is compos$4 ,! conduct ( ,jesus1 alike 9 its resolution & 9 its hesitation1 becomes cle>1 & n less s t ( ! disciples4 ,all f>fet*$ hi/orical +5uity is disp5s$ )4 ,jesus acts 8because ,8 h\r is come40 ,?is decisive plac+ ( ! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ! 8la/ "t0 7cf4 #a ,pet] i4 #bj 7 is an hi/orical a*ievem5t )\t p>allel4 ,n less s is ! plac+ ( ! ?\ght ( ! passion 9 its prop] es*atological sett+ z an act ( atonem5t4 ,:]e _h ! "* & orig9 ( ! primitive community ev] be5 br\ght into su* cle> connexion ) ! dea? ( ,jesus8 ,:o _h ev] be=e s e>ne/ly consid]$ ! problem :y ! ,*ri/ian community arose 9 ,j]usalem & n 9 ,galilee8 8,b ! solution is too simple1 &1 moreov]1 is n f\nd$ on a sev]ely sci5tific *a9 ( reason+1 b on hi/orical intuition & exp]im5t1 ! simple exp]im5t ( introduc+ ! ,life ( ,jesus into ! ,jewi% es*atological _w ( ?\ght0--s ! !ologians repli$1 or s1 at lea/1 !y might h repli$ if !y _h tak5 ?is curi\s "w s]i\sly1 if1 inde$1 !y _h read x at all4 ,b h[ 7 !y to suspect t 9 a book :i* seem$ to aim at f\nd+ a new ,dei/ic ,*ur*1 & :i* w5t out ) ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/ into ! des]t ( ! mo/ b>r5 natural religion1 a valuable hi/orical conception might be f\nd8 ,x is true t no "o suspect$ at t "t t 9 ! =gott5 "w ( ,reim>us !re lay a dang]\s hi/orical discov]y1 a k9d ( explosive mat]ial su* z c only be collect$ by ^? :o /& free f e responsibility t[>ds hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 :o h ab&on$ e prejudice1 9 ! good s5se z well z 9 ! bad--& ^: "o desire 9 reg>d to ! ,gospel hi/ory is to be 8spirits t con/antly d5y407#aja7 ,su* ?9k]s1 if !y h hi/orical gifts1 de/roy artificial hi/ory 9 ! cause ( true hi/ory &1 will+ evil1 d good--if x be admitt$ t ! discov]y ( tru? is good4 ,if ?is negative "w is a good ?+1 ! au?or ( ! 8,lett]s to ! ,g]man ,p0 p]=m$ a di/+ui%$ s]vice1 = 8 negation is radical4 ,! new ,*ur* :i* 0 to be f\nd$ on ?is hi/oric ov]com+ ( hi/oric ,*ri/ianity 0 to comb9e 8only :at 0 accord+ to reason 9 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity40 ,f ,judaism x 0 to take ! belief 9 "o sole1 spiritual1 p]fect ,god2 f ,*ri/ianity ! requirem5t ( bro!rly love to all m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 to elim9ate :at 0 contr>y to reason 9 ea*3 f ,judaism ! ritual sy/em & ! sacrifices2 f ,*ri/ianity ! deification ( ,jesus & ! tea*+ ( r$emption ?r\gh ,8 blood4 ,h[ comes s completely unhi/orical a temp]am5t to be comb9$ ) s hi/orical an intellect8 ,8 ,jesus1 aft] all1 has no individuality2 ,he is a m]e es*atological ma*9e4 ,9 accordance ) ! confession ( fai? ( ! new ,*ur* ( :i* ,ghillany dream$1 ! cal5d> ( ! ,fea/s is to be trans=m$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,fea/ ( ! ,deity1 ! fir/ & second ( ,janu>y4 #b4 ,fea/ ( ! ,dignity ( ,man & ,bro!rly ,love1 fir/ & second ( ,april4 #c4 ,fea/ ( ! ,div9e ,bless+ 9 ,nature1 fir/ & second ( ,july4 #d4 ,fea/ ( ,immortality1 fir/ & second ( ,octob]4 ,ap>t f ^! eight ,fea/ days1 & ! ,sundays1 all ! o!r days ( ! ye> are work+ days4 ,f ! ord] ( div9e s]vice we may note ! foll[+3 8,! s]mon1 :i* %\ld beg9 ) in/ruction & exhortation & close ) consolation & enc\ragem5t1 mu/ n la/ long] ?an half an h\r40 ,! s]ies ( ,lives ( ,jesus :i* comb9e criticism ) fiction is clos$ by ,noack's ,/ory ( ,jesus4 ,a free?9k] l ,ghillany1 b lack+ ! f9ancial indep5d5ce :i* a k9dly fate _h conf]r$ ^u ! latt]1 ,noack l$ a life :i* may prop]ly be describ$ z a con/ant m>tyrdom1 light5$ only by 8 int5se love ( !ological /udies1 :i* nev]!less 7 responsible = all 8 tr\bles4 ,born 9 #ahai1 ( a cl]ical family 9 ,hesse1 he became 9 #ahdb ,pa/or's assi/ant & tea*] ( religion at ,worms 9 ! ,hessian ,palat9ate4 ,! ,d>m/adt reaction>ies drove him out ( ?is position 9 #ahdd )\t 8 hav+ giv5 any gr\nd ( (f5ce4 ,9 #ahdi he became 8,repet5t0 9 ,philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,giess5 at a sal>y ( f\r hundr$ guld54 ,9 #ahee he 0 promot$ to be ,pr(essor ,extraord9>y )\t hav+ 8 sal>y rais$4 ,9 #ahgj1 at ! age ( #ea1 he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant at ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y & receiv$ at ! same "t ! title ( ,ord9>y ,pr(essor4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhe4 ,he 0 an extremely prolific writ]1 always +5i\s1 & possess$ ( wide k1 b he nev] did any?+ ( real p]man5t value ei!r 9 philosophy or !ology4 ,he 0 n )\t critical acum51 b !re 0 too mu* ( ! poet 9 him2 a critical discov]y 0 an incitem5t to an imag9ative recon/ruction ( ! hi/ory4 ,9 #ahgjahga he publi%$1 aft] _m prelim9>y /udies1 8 *ief "w1 8,f ! ,jordan ,upl&s to ,golgo?a2 f\r books on ! ,gospel & ! ,gospels407#ajb7 ,x pass$ unnotic$4 ,attribut+ its failure to ! excitem5t ar\s$ by ! w>1 :i* ou/$ all o!r int]e/s1 he issu$ a revis$ edition 9 #ahgf "u ! title 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus1 on ! ,basis ( ,free ,hi/orical ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,gospel & ! ,gospels107#ajc7 b ) h>dly great] success4 ,& yet ! fundam5tal critical ideas :i* c be detect$ b5ea? ?is n>rative1 9 spite ( its hav+ ! =m ( fiction1 give ?is "w a significance su* z ! contempor>y ,lives ( ,jesus :i* won ! applause ( !ologians did n possess4 ,x is ! only ,life ( ,jesus hi!rto produc$ :i* is writt5 consi/5tly f ! ,johann9e po9t ( view f beg9n+ to end4 ,/rauss _h n1 aft] all1 9 ,noack's op9ion1 conclusively %[n ! absolute incompatibility ( ! ,synoptics ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 nei!r he nor any o!r critic _h felt ! full difficulty ( ! "q :y ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ %\ld be at pa9s to inv5t ! num]\s j\rneys to ! ,fea/s1 see+ t ! developm5t ( ! ,logos ,*ri/ology did n necess>ily involve any alt]ation ( ! sc5e ( ! m9i/ry2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld1 "o might ?9k1 h be5 ! fir/ c>e ( ! ,evangeli/ to inweave 8 novel !ory ) ! famili> tradition 9 ord] to avoid discr$it+ 8 n>rative 9 advance by 8 innovations4 ,noack's conclusion is t ! inconsi/5cy is n due to a s+le au?or2 x is ! result ( a long process ( r$action 9 :i* v>i\s div]g5t t5d5cies h be5 at "w4 ,b z ! ,f\r? ,gospel is n ! logical t]m9us ( ! process ( alt]ation1 ! only alt]native is to place x at ! beg9n+4 ,:at we h to seek 9 x is ! orig9al ,gospel f :i* ! process ( trans=m+ ! tradition />t$4 ,!re is also ano!r l9e ( argum5t bas$ on ! contradictions 9 ! ,gospel tradition :i* leads to ! hypo!sis t we h to d ) r$actions ( ! ,gospels4 ,ei!r ,jesus 0 ! ,jewi% ,messiah ( ! ,synoptics1 or a ,son ( ,god 9 ! ,greek1 spiritual s5se1 ^: self consci\sness mu/ be int]pret$ by means ( ! ,logos doctr9e3 ,he _c h be5 bo? at ! same "t4 ,b x is inconceivable t a ,jewi% claimant ( ! ,messiah%ip w\ld h be5 left unmole/$ up to ! la/1 & h _h virtually to =ce ! au?orities to put him to dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,he 7 a simple en?usia/ claim+ to be a ,son ( ,god1 a man :o liv$ only = 8 own 8selfconsci\sness10 ,he might f ! beg9n+ h tak5 up ?is attitude )\t be+ 9 any way mole/$1 except by ! scorn ( m54 ,9 ?is respect also1 !re=e1 ! primitive ,gospel :i* we c recov] f ,john has ! advantage4 ,x 0 only lat] t ?is 8,son ( ,god0 became ! ,jewi% ,messiah4 ,we arrive at ! primitive ,johann9e writ+ :5 we cancel 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel all ,jewi% doctr9e & all miracles47#ajd7 ,its date is ! ye> #fj & x 0 compos$ by--,judas1 ! belov$ disciple4 ,?is primitive ,gospel receiv$ little modification & /ill %[s cle>ly 8! wond]ful reality ( its hi/ory40 ,x aims only at giv+ a section ( ,jesus' hi/ory1 a repres5tation ( ,8 attitude ( m9d & _s4 ,) 8simple +5u\sness0 x gives1 8along ) ! k]nel ( ! hi/orical mat]ial ( ! ,gospel1 ,jesus' ?\ghts ab\t ,8 own ,p]son 9 ! my/]i\s oracul> say+s & deeply ?\ghtful & mov+ disc\rses by :i* ! ,naz>5e /irr$ r ?an enlight5$ ! _w40 ,ev5ts ( a /rik+ "* 71 h[ev]1 abs5t f x4 ,! fe$+ ( ! multitude 0 repres5t$ 9 x z effect$ by natural means4 ,x 0 a philan?ropic fe$+ ( a multitude :i* c]ta9ly did n numb] ?\s&s1 ! numb]s are a lat] ins]tion2 ,jesus f$ !m ) bread & fi% :i* ,he pur*as$ f a 8sutl]lad40 ,! heal+ ( ! lame man at ! pool ( ,be!sda 0 ! unmask+ ( a mal+]]1 :om ! ,"l expos$ & ord]$ to dep>t4 ,z ,he _h bidd5 him c>ry 8 b$1 & x 0 on ! ,sabba?1 ?is br\ght ,him into conflict ) ! au?orities4 ,8 only 8acts0 7 acts ( selfrevelation--my/ical say+s :i* ,he ?rew out to ! p4 8,! problem :i* meets u 9 ,8 hi/ory is 9 tru? a psy*ological problem1 h[1 namely1 ,8 exalt$ view ( ,himself came to be accept$ z ! pure/ & highe/ tru?--9 ,8 lifetime1 x is true1 only by a limit$ circle ( disciples1 b aft] ,8 dep>ture by a con/antly gr[+ multitude ( believ+ foll[]s40 ,! gospel ( ! belov$ disciple ,judas made its way quietly into ! _w1 und]/ood by few1 ev5 z ,jesus ,himself _h be5 und]/ood by a few only4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 accord+ to ,noack1 appe>$ ! orig9al =m ( ,luke1 :i* we c recon/ruct f :at is kn[n ( ,m>cion's ,luke47#aje7 ,?is ,evangeli/ is "u ,paul9e influ5ce1 & writes ) an apologetic purpose4 ,he desires to refute ! calumny t ,jesus 0 8possess$ ( a devil10 & he does ?is by mak+ ,him ca/ out devils4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t miracle =c$ itself into ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,b ?is primitive ,luke1 z ,noack recon/ructs x by comb9+ ! /atem5ts ( ! ,fa!rs reg>d+ ,m>cion's ,gospel1 kn[s no?+ ( ,jesus' j\rney to ,j]usalem to die4 ,?is circum/ance is ( capital importance to ,noack1 because 9 ! c\rse ( 8 attempt to br+ ! topography ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel into h>mony ) t ( ! ,synoptics he _h arriv$ at ! rem>kable result t ! ,johann9e ,*ri/ work$ 9 ,galilee1 n 9 ,judaea4 ,on ! basis ( ! ,onoma/icon ( ,eusebius--:i* ,noack1 ) ! aid ( topographical traditions d]iv$ f ! ,crusad]s & /atem5ts ( ,mohamm$an writ]s1 int]prets ) a recklessness :i* is no?+ %ort ( crim9al--,cana & ,be?any 7,be?ab>a7 7 n 9 ! latitude ( ,j]usalem1 b 8ne> ! head wat]s ( ! ,jordan 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,jordan valley be=e x fl[s into ! lake ( ,huleh4 ,!re1 9 ,coele,syria1 on ! s\!rn slope ( ,h]mon1 0 ! sc5e ( ,john ! ,bapti/'s lab\rs2 !re ,jesus began ,8 m9i/ry2 ?i!r ,he return$ to die40 8,x is 9 ! ,galilaean di/rict :i* =ms ! sc5e ( ! ,song ( ,solomon t ! read] ( ?is book mu/ be prep>$ to f9d ! ,golgo?a ( ! cross40 ,t is ! s5t5ce ) :i* ,noack's acc\nt ( ! ,life ( ,jesus op5s4 ,?is alludes to an idea :i* _h already be5 work$ out 9 8 8,/udies on ! ,song ( ,solomon107#ajf7 namely1 t ! m\nta9 c\ntry surr\nd+ ! upp] ,jordan 0 ! preexilic ,judaea1 & t ! 8city ( ,david0 0 situat$ !re4 ,! ,jews on _! return f exile _h at fir/ endeav\r$ to rebuild t ,coele,syrian city ( ,david ) ! ru9s ( ,solomon's ,temple1 b _h be5 driv5 away f x & _h !n tak5 ! desp]ate resolution to build ! temple ( ,z]ubbabel ^u ! high plateau ly+ f> to ! s\? ( anci5t ,israel4 ,ezra ! ,scribe int]polat$ ! =g]y on ! gr\nd ( :i* ?is site began to be accept$ z ! =m] city ( ,david4 ,"u ! ,syrian oppression all remembrance ( ! anci5t city ( ,david entirely disappe>$4 ,?is fanta/ic edifice1 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* ! wilde/ etymologies play a "p1 is f\nd$ on ! j recognition t a reconciliation ( ,john ) ! ,synopti/s c only be effect$ by transf]r+ "s ( ! ,johann9e localities to ! ,nor?2 b ?is involves n only f9d+ ,be?any1 ,arima!a & ! o!r places1 b ev5 ! sc5e ( ,jesus' dea? 9 ?is di/rict4 ,! brook ,k$ron conv5i5tly becomes ! 8brook ( ,c$>s40 ,= fifty ye>s ! two e>lie/ ,evangeli/s1 9 spite ( _! pov]ty ( incid5t1 suffic$ = ! ne$s ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! 8fire ( ,jesus0 0 f$ *iefly by ! ,paul9e ,gospel4 ,! orig9al =m ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke accord+ly became ! />t+po9t ( ! next /age ( developm5t4 ,?us arose ! ,gospel ( ,m>k4 ,m>k 0 n a native ( ,pale/9e1 b a man ( ,roman extraction liv+ 9 ,decapolis1 :o _h n ! slighte/ k ( ! localities 9 :i* ! life ( ,jesus 0 really pass$4 ,he und]took1 ab\t ! ye> #acj1 89 ! int]e/ ( ! new ,*ri/ian settlem5t at ,j]usalem 9 ,hadrian's "t1 delib]ately & consci\sly to trans=m ! orig9al plan ( ! ,gospel hi/ory & to repres5t ! ,"l z crucifi$ at ,j]usalem40 ,! man :o f ! ye> #acb onw>d1 z ,m>k ! ,bi%op1 prea*$ ! ^w ( ! ,crucifi$ to a ,g5tile ,*ri/ian community amid ! ru9s ( ! holy city1 _h previ\sly1 z ,m>k ! ,evangeli/1 tak5 c>e t a prophet %\ld n p]i% out ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 compos+ 8 ,gospel he made use1 9 addition to ,luke1 ( a traditional s\rce :i* he f\nd 9 ,decapolis4 ,he delib]ately omitt$ ! frequ5t j\rneys to ,j]usalem :i* 7 /ill f\nd 9 ! orig9al ,luke1 & ins]t$ in/ead ,jesus' j\rney to ,8 dea?4 ,he x 01 also1 :o made ! ,naz>ite into ! ,naz>5e1 lay+ ! sc5e ( ,jesus' y\? 9 ,naz>e?4 ,to ! cures ( demoniacs he add$ magical acts su* z ! fe$+ ( ! multitude & ! resurrection4 ,9 ,mat!w1 :o appe>$ ab\t #ace1 leg5d & fiction riot un*eck$4 ,9 addition1 ,jewi% p>ables & say+s are put into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 :]eas ,he really _h no?+ to d ) ! ,jewi% _w ( ideas4 ,= if any?+ is c]ta91 x is t ! moral maxims ( ! late/ ,gospel are ( a di/9ctively ,jewi% orig94 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ! orig9als ( ,john & ,luke und]w5t r$action4 ,! r$action ( ! ,logos ,gospel 0 complet$ by ! addition ( ! tw5tyfir/ *apt]2 ! la/ r$action ( ,luke 0 p]haps c>ri$ out by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 fre% f complet+ 8 8,dialogue ) ,trypho06 ,?us ,john & ,luke are1 9 ?is f9al =m1 :i* is full ( contradictions1 ! late/ ,gospels1 & ! say+ is fulfill$ ab\t ! fir/ be+ la/1 & ! la/ fir/4 ,arbitr>y z ^! sugge/ions are1 !re is nev]!less some?+ impressive 9 ! attempt to expla9 ! rem>kable inconsi/5cies :i* are f\nd )9 ! ,gospel tradition by consid]ations relat+ to its orig9 & developm5t4 ,despite all 8 f>fet*$ ideas1 ,noack really /&s high] ?an "s ( 8 contempor>ies :o %[$ m prud5ce 9 _! !ological ent]prises1 & ab\t t "t 7 e>n+ ! applause ( ! faculty1 & quiet+ ! m9ds ( ! laity1 by p]=m+ once m ! old conjur+ trick--assi/$ by "s new feats ( leg]dema9--( h>monis+ ,john ) ! ,synopti/s 9 su* a way z to produce a ,life ( ,jesus :i* c\ld be turn$ to ! s]vice ( ecclesia/ical !ology4 ,! outl9e ( ! public ,life ( ,jesus1 z recon/ruct$ by ,noack1 is z foll[s4 ,x la/$ f e>ly 9 ! ye> #ce to ! #ad? ,nisan ( ! ye> #cg1 & began 9 ! mom5t :5 ,jesus reveal$ ,8 consci\sness ( :at ,he 04 ,we d n "k h[ long previ\sly ,he _h *]i%$ x 9 secret4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,bapti/ help$ to br+ ab\t ?is revelation4 ,?is is ! only "p :i* he plays 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,he 0 nei!r a prea*] ( rep5tance1 nor an ,elias1 nor ! =]unn] ( ,jesus1 nor a m]e signpo/ po9t+ to ! ,messiah1 su* z ! second>y tradition makes him out to be4 ,simil>ly ev]y?+ t is ,messianic 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus is second>y4 ,! l9es ( ,8 ?\ght 7 guid$ by ! ,greek ideas ab\t sons ( ,god1 = ! soil ( nor!rn ,galilee 0 saturat$ ) ^! ideas4 ,o!r s\rces :i* contribut$ some?+ 7 ! p]sonification ( ! ,div9e ,wisdom 9 ! 8,wisdom ,lit]ature0 & "s ( ,philo's doctr9es4 ,jesus became ! son ( ,god 9 an ec/atic trance6 ,_h n ,philo recognis$ ec/asy z ! la/ & highe/ means ( ris+ to union ) ! ,div9e8 ,jesus' temp]am5t1 accord+ to ,noack1 0 predispos$ to ec/asy1 s9ce ,he 0 born out ( w$lock4 ,"o :o _h ?is burd5 ^u ,8 _s may well h e>ly tak5 refuge 9 ,8 own ?\ghts1 above ! cl\ds1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,god ( ,8 fa!rs4 ,assail$ 9 a ?\s& ways by ! cruelty ( ! _w1 x w\ld seem to ,him z ?\gh ,8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 ?\gh unse51 0 /ret*+ out to ,him ! arms ( consolation4 ,imag9ation1 :i* ev] m]cifully light5s = m5 ! yoke ( mis]y1 *>m$ ! fa!rless *ild out ( ,8 e>?ly suff]+s & put into ,8 h& a col\r$ glass ?r\gh :i* ,he saw ! _w & life 9 a false light4 ,ec/atic en?usiasm _h c>ri$ ,him up to ! dizzy height ( spiritual union ) ! ,fa!r 9 ,heav54 ,a hundr$ times ,he 0 ca/ d[n out ( ,8 dreams into ! h>d _w ( reality1 to exp]i5ce once m ,8 e>?ly di/resses1 b ev] anew ,he won ,8 way by fa/+1 vigil1 & pray] to ! />ry heav5 ( ec/asy4 8,jesus10 ,noack expla9s1 8_h 9 ?\ght project$ ,himself beyond ,8 e>?ly nativity & ris5 to ! conception t ,8 ego _h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e ?is e>?ly body 9 :i* ,he /ood visibly ^u ! /age ( ! _w4 ,he felt t ,8 ego _h _h be+ & life be=e ,he became inc>nate ^u e>?4444 ,?is new conception ( ,himself1 born ( ,8 solit>y mus+s1 0 incorporat$ into ! v sub/ance ( ,8 natural p]sonal ego4 ,a new ego _h sup]s$$ ! old natural1 corporeally condition$ ego40 ,ambition1 too1 came into play--! high ambition to d ,god a s]vice by ! (f]+ up ( ,himself4 ,! passion ( selfsacrifice is *>act]i/ic ( a consci\sness su* z ?is4 ,accord+ to ! docum5t :i* und]lies ! ,johann9e ,gospel x 0 n 9 consequ5ce ( outw>d ev5ts t ,jesus took ,8 resolve to die4 8,x 0 ! lat] ,gospel tradition :i* exhibit$ ,8 fate z an inevitable consequ5ce ( ,8 conflict ) a _w imp]vi\s to spiritual impression40 ,9 ! orig9al ,gospel t fate 0 freely embrac$ f ! outset z belong+ to ! vocation ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,only by ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! ?\ght ( dea? c\ld a life :i* = two ye>s walk$ ! razor edge ( su* dizzy dreams h be5 pres]v$ f fall+4 ,! conviction1 or p]haps r ! in/9ctive feel+1 t ! rle ( a ,son ( ,god ^u e>? 0 n "o to be ma9ta9$ = decades 0 ! necess>y c\nt]poise to ! en?usiasm ( ,jesus' _s4 ,f ! fir/ ,he 0 z mu* at home ) ! ?\ght ( dea? z ) ,8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,?is ,son ( ,man--accord+ to ,noack's int]pretation ! title is equival5t to ,son ( ,hope--requires ( ! multitude t !y %all take ,8 l(ty dream = solid reality4 8,he reveal$ ,8 message f heav5 to ! _w at ! ,pas*al ,fea/ ( ! ye> #ce1 by ?r[+ out a *all5ge to ! ,sadducaean hi]>*y 9 ,j]usalem40 ,9 ! "t betwe5 ,john's removal f ! sc5e & ,john's dea?1 !re falls ! visit ( ,jesus to ,sam>ia & a soj\rn 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,8 ,galilaean home4 ,at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! autumn ( t ye>1 ! heal+ ( ! lame man at ! pool ( ,be!sda l$ to a brea* ) ! ,sabbatic regulations ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,lat] on1 9 consequ5ce ( ,8 g5]\s fe$+ ( ! multitude 9 ! ,gaulonite tablel&1 !re is an attempt to make ,him into a ,messianic ,k+2 :i* ,he1 h[ev]1 repudiates4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,passov] 9 ,galilee 9 ! ye> #cf1 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum1 ,he te/s ! spiritual insight ( ^? :o may1 ,he hopes1 be ripe = ! high] tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,son ( ,god made fle%1 by ! t\*/one ( ,8 my/ical words ab\t ! bread ( life4 ,at ! next ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 9 ! city ( ,zion1 ,he makes a la/ desp]ate attempt to move m5's he>ts by ! p>able ( ! ,good ,%eph]d :o is ready to lay d[n ,8 life = ,8 %eep1 ! p ( ,israel4 ,b ,8 adv]s>ies are remorseless2 !y w\nd ,him to ! v dep?s ( ,8 _s by br++ to ,him ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 & ask+ ,him :at !y are to d ) h]4 ,:5 ?is "q 0 sprung ^u ,him1 ,he saw 9 a mom5t ! public humiliation design$ by ,8 adv]s>ies4 ,all eyes 7 turn$ ^u ,him1 & = a few mom5ts ! emb>rassm5t ( ,"o :o 0 usually s selfpossess$ 0 pat5t to all4 ,he /oop$ z ?\gh ,he desir$ to write ) ,8 f+] ^u ! gr\nd4 ,0 x %ame at ,8 di%on\rable bir? t compell$ ,him ?us to l[] ,8 gaze8 ,b ! pa9ful sil5ce ( expectation among ! spectators did n la/ long4 ,8 adv]s>ies repeat$ _! "q1 ,he rais$ ,8 head & spoke ! undy+ words3 8,let him t is )\t s9 among y ca/ ! fir/ /one at h]40 ,inc5s$ by ,8 con/ant ref]5ces to ,8 heav5ly ,son%ip1 !y endeav\r at la/ to /one ,him4 ,he flees f ! ,temple & takes refuge 9 ! ,jordan upl&s4 ,8 purpose is1 at ! next ,passov]1 t ( ! ye> #cg1 "h 9 ! m\nta9s :i* 7 bless$ z ,joseph's portion1 to (f] ,8 aton+ dea? z t ( ! true pas*al lamb1 & ) ?is act to quit ! /age ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,he rema9$ 9 hid+ 9 ord] to avoid ! risk ( assass9ation by ! emiss>ies ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,9 ,be?any ,he receives ! my/]i\s visit ( ! ,greeks1 :o d\btless desir$ to tempt ,him to raise ! /&>d ( revolt z a claimant ( ! ,messiah%ip1 b ,he refuses to be %ak5 9 ,8 det]m9ation to die4 ,! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet signifies _! baptism ) wat]1 t !y might !reaft] receive ! baptism ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,judas1 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 :o 0 a man ( mu* res\rce1 help$ ,him to avoid be+ arre/$ z a di/urb] ( ! peace by arrang+ t ! 8betrayal0 %\ld take place on ! ev5+ be=e ! ,passov]1 9 ord] t ,jesus might die1 z ,he desir$1 on ! day ( ! ,passov]4 ,= ?is s]vice ( love he 01 9 ! second>y tradition1 torn f ! bosom ( ! ,"l & br&$ z a traitor4 ,,xiii4 ,,r5an ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,la ,vie de ,jsus4 #ahfc4 ,p>is1 ,mi*el ,lvy ,frres4 #dfb pp4 ,e4 de ,press5s4 ,jsus,*ri/1 son temps1 sa vie1 son uvre4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 #fhd pp4 ,erne/ ,r5an 0 born 9 #ahbc at ,trgui] 9 ,brittany4 ,int5d$ = ! prie/hood1 he ent]$ ! sem9>y ( ,/4 ,sulpice 9 ,p>is1 b !re1 9 consequ5ce ( read+ ! ,g]man critical !ology1 he began to d\bt ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity & ( its hi/ory4 ,9 ,octob] #ahde1 %ortly be=e ! "t arriv$ = him to be orda9$ a subdeacon1 he left ! sem9>y & began to "w = 8 liv+ z a private tea*]4 ,9 #ahdi he receiv$ a gov]nm5t grant to enable him to make a j\rney to ,italy = ! prosecution ( 8 /udies1 ! fruits ( :i* appe>$ 9 8 ,av]ros et l',av]rosme 7,p>is1 #aheb72 9 #ahef he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,acadmie des ,inscriptions2 9 #ahfj he receiv$ f ,napolon ,,iii4 ! means to make a j\rney to ,pho5icia & ,syria4 ,aft] 8 return 9 #ahfb he obta9$ ! pr(essor%ip ( ,semitic ,languages at ! ,collge de ,france4 ,b ! widespread indignation ar\s$ by 8 ,life ( ,jesus1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 =c$ ! ,gov]nm5t to remove him f 8 (fice4 ,he refus$ a po/ z ,libr>ian ( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 & liv$ 9 retirem5t until ! ,republic ( #ahga re/or$ him to 8 pr(essor%ip4 ,9 politics1 z 9 religion1 8 position 0 some:at indef9ite4 ,9 religion he 0 no long] a ,ca?olic2 av[$ free?\ght 0 too plebeian = 8 ta/e1 & 9 ,prote/antism ! multiplicity ( sects repell$ him4 ,simil>ly 9 politics1 9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! fall ( ! ,empire1 he 0 9 turn ,royali/1 ,republican1 & ,bonap>ti/4 ,at bottom he 0 a sceptic4 ,he di$ 9 #ahib1 already half =gott5 by ! public2 until 8 impos+ fun]al & int]m5t 9 ! ,pan?on recall$ him to its memory4 ,l ,/rauss1 ,r5an design$ 8 ,life ( ,jesus to =m "p ( a complete acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & dogma ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,8 purpose1 h[ev]1 0 purely hi/orical2 x 0 no "p ( 8 project to set up1 on ! basis ( ! hi/ory1 a new sy/em ( dogma1 z ,/rauss _h desir$ to d4 ,?is plan 0 n only conceiv$1 b c>ri$ out4 ,les ,aptres appe>$ 9 #ahff2 ,/4 ,paul 9 #ahfi2 ,l',ant,*ri/ 9 #ahgc2 ,les vangiles 9 #ahgg2 ,l'glise *rti5ne 9 #ahgi2 ,m>c,aurle et la f9 du monde antique 9 #ahha4 ,sev]al ( ^! works 7 m valuable ?an ! "o :i* op5$ ! s]ies1 b = ! _w ,r5an cont9u$ to be ! au?or ( ! ,vie de ,jsus1 & ( t alone4 ,he plann$ ! "w at ,gaza1 & he d$icat$ x to 8 si/] ,h5riette1 :o di$ soon aft]1 9 ,syria1 & lies buri$ at ,byblus4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,life ( ,jesus = ! ,ca?olic _w1 :i* _h sc>cely be5 t\*$--! ,lat9 peoples lea/ ( all--by ! two & a half g5]ations ( critical /udy :i* _h be5 devot$ to ! subject4 ,x is true1 ,/rauss's "w _h be5 translat$ into ,fr5*17#ajg7 b x _h made only a pass+ /ir1 & t only among a little circle ( intellectuals4 ,n[ came a writ] ) ! *>act]i/ic ,fr5* m5tal acc5t1 :o gave to ! ,lat9 _w 9 a s+le book ! result ( ! :ole process ( ,g]man criticism4 ,b ,r5an's "w m>k$ an epo*1 n = ! ,ca?olic _w only1 b = g5]al lit]ature4 ,he laid ! problem :i* _h hi!rto occupi$ only !ologians be=e ! :ole cultur$ _w4 ,& n z a problem1 b z a "q ( :i* he1 by means ( 8 hi/orical sci5ce & ae/hetic p[] ( reviv+ ! pa/1 c\ld provide a solution4 ,he (f]$ 8 read]s a ,jesus :o 0 alive1 :om he1 ) 8 arti/ic imag9ation1 _h met "u ! blue heav5 ( ,galilee1 & ^: l9eam5ts 8 inspir$ p5cil _h seiz$4 ,m5's att5tion 0 arre/$1 & !y ?\ght to see ,jesus1 because ,r5an _h ! skill to make !m see blue skies1 seas ( wav+ corn1 di/ant m\nta9s1 gleam+ lilies1 9 a l&scape ) ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>e? = its c5tre1 & to he> ) him 9 ! :isp]+ ( ! re$s ! et]nal melody ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,yet ! ae/hetic feel+ = nature :i* gave bir? to ?is ,life ( ,jesus 01 x mu/ be confess$1 nei!r pure nor pr(\nd4 ,x is a /&+ enigma :y ,fr5* art1 :i* 9 pa9t+ grasps nature ) a directness & vig\r1 ) an objectivity 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 su* z is sc>cely to be f\nd 9 ! art ( any o!r nation1 has 9 poetry treat$ x 9 a fa%ion :i* sc>cely ev] goes beyond ! lyrical & s5tim5tal1 ! artificial1 ! subjective1 9 ! wor/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,r5an is no exception to ?is rule1 any m ?an ,lam>t9e or ,pi]re ,loti4 ,he looks at ! l&scape ) ! eye ( a decorative pa9t] seek+ a motif = a lyrical composition ^u :i* he is engag$4 ,b t 0 n notic$ by ! _m1 because !y1 aft] all1 7 accu/om$ to h nature dress$ up = !m1 & _h _h _! ta/e s corrupt$ by a c]ta9 k9d ( lyricism t !y _h lo/ ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 tru? & artificiality4 ,ev5 ^? :o might h notic$ x 7 s a/oni%$ & delight$ at be+ %[n ,jesus 9 ! ,galilaean l&scape t !y 7 cont5t to yield to ! en*antm5t4 ,along ) ?is artificial feel+ = nature a good _m o!r ?+s 7 accept$ )\t "q4 ,!re is sc>cely any o!r "w on ! subject :i* s ab\nds 9 lapses ( ta/e--& ^? ( ! mo/ di/ress+ k9d--z ,r5an's ,vie de ,jsus4 ,x is ,*ri/ian art 9 ! wor/ s5se ( ! t]m--! art ( ! wax image4 ,! g5tle ,jesus1 ! beautiful ,m>y1 ! fair ,galilaeans :o =m$ ! ret9ue ( ! 8amiable c>p5t]10 might h be5 tak5 ov] 9 a body f ! %opw9d[ ( an ecclesia/ical art emporium 9 ! ,place ,/4 ,sulpice4 ,nev]!less1 !re is some?+ magical ab\t ! "w4 ,x (f5ds & yet x attracts4 ,x w nev] be q =gott51 nor is x ev] likely to be surpass$ 9 its own l9e1 = nature is n prodigal ( ma/]s ( /yle1 & r>ely is a book s directly born ( en?usiasm z t :i* ,r5an plann$ among ! ,galilaean hills4 ,! essay on ! s\rces ( ! ,life ( ,jesus ) :i* x op5s is itself a lit]>y ma/]piece4 ,) a k9d ( ef=tless ease he makes 8 read]s acqua9t$ ) ! criticism ( ,/rauss1 ( ,baur1 ( ,reuss1 ( ,colani4 ,he does n argue1 b simply sets ! result vividly be=e ! read]1 :o f9ds himself at once at home 9 ! new _w ( ideas4 ,he avoids any h>d or gl>+ effects2 by means ( t skilful transition f po9t to po9t :i* ,wagn] 9 "o ( 8 lett]s praises z ! highe/ art1 ev]y?+ is surr\nd$ ) atmosph]e4 ,b h[ mu* trick]y & illusion !re is 9 ?is art6 ,9 a few /rokes he indicates ! relation ( ,john to ! ,synopti/s2 ! dilemma is made cle>1 x seems z if "o horn or ! o!r mu/ be *os54 ,!n he beg9s by artful t\*es to s(t5 d[n ! contra/4 ,! disc\rses ( ,john are n au!ntic2 ! hi/orical ,jesus _c h spok5 ?us4 ,b :at ab\t ! /atem5ts ( fact8 ,"h ,r5an decl>es himself conv9c$ by ! graphic pres5tm5t ( ! passion /ory4 ,t\*es l 8x 0 night10 8!y _h light$ a fire ( coals10 8! coat 0 )\t seam10 _c h be5 inv5t$4 ,!re=e ! ,gospel mu/ 9 "s way g back to ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,x is possible1 nay c]ta91 t :5 z an old man he read ! o!r ,gospels1 he 0 displeas$ by c]ta9 inaccuracies1 & p]haps vex$ t he 0 giv5 s small a place 9 ! hi/ory4 ,he began to dictate a numb] ( ?+s :i* he _h bett] means ( kn[+ ?an ! o!rs2 p>tly1 too1 ) ! purpose ( %[+ t 9 _m cases :]e ,pet] only _h be5 m5tion$ he also _h play$ a "p1 & inde$ ! pr9cipal "p4 ,sometimes 8 recollection 0 q fre%1 sometimes x _h be5 modifi$ by "t4 ,:5 he wrote d[n ! disc\rses1 he _h =gott5 ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>e? & ! w9some words :i* he _h li/5$ to ^u its %ores4 ,he 0 n[ liv+ 9 q a diff]5t _w4 ,! ev5ts ( ! ye> #gj de/roy$ 8 hopes ( ! return ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,8 ,jewi% prejudices fell away1 & z he 0 /ill "y1 he adapt$ himself to ! syncreti/ic1 philosophic1 gno/ic environm5t amid :i* he f\nd himself 9 ,ephesus4 ,?us ev5 ,jesus' _w ( ?\ght took on a new %ape = him2 al?\gh ! disc\rses are p]haps r to be ref]r$ to 8 s*ool ?an to himself4 ,b1 :5 all is said1 ,john rema9s ! be/ biograph]4 ,or1 to put x m accurately1 :ile all ! ,gospels are biographies1 !y are leg5d>y biographies1 ev5 ?\gh !y come d[n f ! fir/ c5tury4 ,_! texts ne$ int]pretation1 & ! clue to ! int]pretation c be suppli$ by ae/hetic feel+4 ,!y mu/ be subject$ to a g5tle pressure to br+ !m toge!r1 & make !m coalesce into a unity 9 :i* all ! data are happily comb9$4 ,h[ ?is is to be done ,r5an %[s lat] 9 8 description ( ! dea? ( ,jesus4 8,sudd5ly10 he says1 8,jesus gave a t]rible cry 9 :i* "s ?\ght !y he>d #8,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s1' b :i* o!rs1 ^: ?\ghts 7 runn+ on ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 report$ z #8,x is f9i%$4' 0 ,! au!ntic say+s ( ,jesus are m or less selfevid5c+4 ,com+ 9 contact ) "o ( !m amid ! welt] ( het]og5e\s traditions1 y feel a ?rill ( recognition4 ,!y leap =? & take _! prop] place1 :]e _! vivid p[] becomes app>5t4 ,= "o :o writes ! life ( ,jesus on ,8 native soil1 ! ,gospels are n s mu* s\rces ( in=mation z inc5tives to revelation4 8,i _h10 ,r5an av[s1 8a fif? ,gospel be=e my eyes1 mutilat$ 9 p>ts1 b /ill legible1 & tak+ x = my guide ,i saw beh9d ! n>ratives ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 in/ead ( an ideal ,be+ ( :om x might be ma9ta9$ t ,he _h nev] exi/$1 a glori\s human c\nt5ance full ( life & movem5t40 ,x is ?is ,jesus ( ! fif? ,gospel t he desires to portray4 ,9 look+ at ! picture1 ! read] mu/ n all[ ! vex$ "q ( miracle to di/ract him & di/urb ! prop] frame ( m9d4 ,! au?or refuses to ass]t ei!r ! possibility or ! impossibility ( miracle1 b speaks only z an hi/orian4 8,we d n say miracle is impossible1 we say only t !re has nev] be5 a satisfactorily au!nticat$ miracle40 ,9 view ( ! me?od ( treatm5t adopt$ by ,r5an !re c1 ( c\rse1 be no "q ( an hi/orical plan4 ,he br+s 9 ea* say+ at ! po9t :]e x seems mo/ appropriate4 ,none ( !m is pass$ ov]1 b none ( !m appe>s 9 its hi/orical sett+4 ,he %ifts individual incid5ts hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y fa%ion4 ,= example1 ! com+ ( ,jesus' "m to seek ,him 79 ! belief t ,he is beside ,himself7 mu/ belong to ! lat] "p ( ,jesus' life1 s9ce x is out ( tone ) ! happy innoc5ce ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,c]ta9 sc5es are transpos$ f ! lat] p]iod to ! e>li]1 because !y are n gloomy en\gh = ! lat] "t4 ,o!rs aga9 are made ! basis ( an unw>rant$ g5]alisation4 ,x is n en\gh t ,jesus once rode ^u an ass :ile ! disciples 9 ! intoxication ( joy ca/ _! g>m5ts 9 ! way2 accord+ to ,r5an1 ,he con/antly rode ab\t1 ev5 9 ,galilee1 ^u a mule1 8t fav\rite rid+animal ( ! ,ea/1 :i* is s docile & surefoot$ & ^: great d>k eyes1 %ad$ by long la%es1 are full ( g5tl5ess40 ,sometimes ! disciples surr\nd$ ,him ) ru/ic pomp1 us+ _! g>m5ts by way ( c>pet+4 ,!y laid !m ^u ! mule :i* c>ri$ ,him1 or spread !m be=e ,him on ! way4 ,sc5es ( little significance are sometimes elaborately describ$ by ,r5an :ile m important ones are b>ely t\*$ on4 8,"o day1 inde$10 he rem>ks 9 describ+ ! fir/ visit to ,j]usalem1 8ang] seems to h1 z ! say+ goes1 ov]ma/]$ ,him2 ,he /ruck "s ( ! mis]able *aff]]s ) ! sc\rge1 & ov]?rew _! tables40 ,su* is ! incid5tal fa%ion 9 :i* ! cleans+ ( ! temple 0 br\ght 94 ,9 ?is way x is possible to smuggle 9 a miracle )\t giv+ any fur!r explanation ( x4 ,! miracle at ,cana is br\ght1 by means ( ! foll[+ unobtrusive turn ( phrase1 into ! acc\nt ( ! p]iod ( success 9 ,galilee4 8,"o ( ,8 miracles 0 done by ,jesus = ! sole purpose ( increas+ ! happ9ess ( a w$d+p>ty 9 a little c\ntry t[n40 ,?is ,life ( ,jesus is introduc$ by a k9d ( prelude4 ,jesus _h be5 liv+ 9 ,galilee be=e ,he came to ! ,bapti/2 :5 ,he he>d ( ! latt]'s success ,he w5t to him ) ,8 little company ( foll[]s4 ,!y 7 bo? "y1 & ,jesus became ! imitator ( ! ,bapti/4 ,=tunately ! latt] soon disappe>$ f ! sc5e1 = 8 influ5ce on ,jesus 0 9 "s respects injuri\s4 ,! ,galilaean tea*] 0 on ! v]ge ( los+ ! sunny religion :i* ,he _h le>n$ f ,8 only tea*]1 ! glori\s natural sc5]y :i* surr\nd$ ,8 home1 & ( becom+ a gloomy ,jewi% fanatic4 ,b ?is influ5ce fell away f ,him aga92 :5 ,he return$ to ,galilee ,he became ,himself once m4 ,! only ?+ :i* ,he _h ga9$ f ,john 0 "s k ( ! art ( prea*+4 ,he _h le>n$ f him h[ to influ5ce masses ( m54 ,f t "t =w>d ,he prea*$ ) mu* m p[] & ga9$ great] asc5dancy ov] ! p4 ,) ! return to ,galilee beg9s ! fir/ act ( ! piece4 ,! /ory ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity is a pa/oral play4 ,bau]1 9 8 8,philo1 ,/rauss1 & ,r5an10 writes ) bit+ s>casm3 8,r5an1 :o is at once ! au?or ( ! play1 ! /agemanag]1 & ! director ( ! !atre1 gives ! signal to beg91 & at a sign f him ! electric lights are put on full p[]1 ! ,b5gal fires fl>e up1 ! footlights are turn$ high]1 & :ile ! flutes & %awms ( ! or*e/ra /rike up ! ov]ture1 ! p ent] & take _! places among ! bu%es & by ! %ore ( ! ,lake40 ,& h[ confid+ !y 71 ?is g5tle & peaceful company ( ,galilaean fi%] folk6 ,& ,he1 ! "y c>p5t]1 conjur$ ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 d[n to e>? = a ye>1 by ! spell ( ! inf9ite t5d]ness :i* radiat$ f ,him4 ,a company ( m5 & wom51 all ( ! same y\?ful integrity & simple innoc5ce1 became ,8 foll[]s & con/antly repeat$ 8,?\ art ! ,messiah40 ,by ! wom5 ,he 0 m belov$ ?an ,he ,himself lik$1 b f ,8 passion = ! glory ( ,8 ,fa!r ,he 0 cont5t to attract ^! 8fair creatures0 7belles cratures7 & suff]$ !m to s]ve ,him1 & ,god ?r\gh ,him4 ,?ree or f\r devot$ ,galilaean wom5 con/antly accompani$ ,him & /rove ) "o ano!r = ! pleasure 7le plaisir7 ( li/5+ to ,8 tea*+ & att5d+ to ,8 com=t4 ,"s ( !m 7 weal?y & us$ _! means to enable ! 8amiable0 7*>mant7 prophet to live )\t ne$+ to practise ,8 h&icraft4 ,! mo/ devot$ ( all 0 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ^: disord]$ m9d _h be5 heal$ by ! influ5ce ( ! pure & graci\s beauty 7p> la beaut pure et d\ce7 ( ! "y ,rabbi4 ,?us ,he rode1 on ,8 longeyela%$ g5tle mule1 f village to village1 f t[n to t[n4 ,! sweet !ology ( love 7la dlicieuse ?ologie de l'am\r7 won ,him all he>ts4 ,8 prea*+ 0 g5tle & mild 7suave et d\ce71 full ( nature & ! fragrance ( ! c\ntry4 ,:]ev] ,he w5t ! p kept fe/ival4 ,at m>riages ,he 0 a welcome gue/2 to ! fea/s :i* ,he gave ,he invit$ wom5 :o 7 s9n]s1 & publicans l ! good ,zac*aeus4 8,! ,fr5*man10 rem>ks ,noack1 8takes ! mummi$ figure ( ! ,galilaean ,rabbi1 :i* criticism has exhum$1 end[s x ) life & en]gy1 & br+s ,him ^u ! /age1 fir/ amid ! lu/re ( ! e>?ly happ9ess :i* x 0 ,8 pleasure to be/[1 & !n 9 ! mov+ aspect ( "o doom$ to suff]40 ,:5 ,jesus goes up to ! ,passov] at ! end ( ?is fir/ ye>1 ,he comes into conflict ) ! ,rabbis ( ! capital4 ,! 8w9some tea*]1 :o (f]$ =giv5ess to all on ! sole condition ( lov+ ,him10 f\nd 9 ! capital p ^u :om ,8 *>m _h no effect4 ,:5 ,he return$ to ,galilee ,he _h entirely ab&on$ ,8 ,jewi% beliefs1 & a revolution>y ard\r gl[$ 9 ,8 he>t4 ,! second act beg9s4 8,! action becomes m s]i\s & gloomy1 & ! pupil ( ,/rauss turns d[n ! footlights ( 8 /age407#ajh7 ,! er/:ile 8w9some morali/0 has become a transc5d5tal revolution>y4 ,up to ?is po9t ,he _h ?\ght to br+ ab\t ! triumph ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god by natural means1 by tea*+ & influ5c+ m54 ,! ,jewi% es*atology /ood vaguely 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,n[ x becomes prom95t4 ,! t5sion set up betwe5 ,8 purely e?ical ideas & ^! es*atological expectations gives ,8 words f ?is "t =w>d a special =ce4 ,! p]iod ( joy\s simplicity is pa/4 ,ev5 ! "* ( ! h]o loses its simplicity4 ,9 ! fur!rance ( ,8 cause ,he becomes a wond]work]4 ,x is true t ev5 be=e ,he _h sometimes practis$ innoc5t arts su* z ,joan ( ,arc made use ( lat]47#aji7 ,he _h1 = in/ance1 pret5d$ to "k ! unspok5 ?\ghts ( "o :om ,he desir$ to w91 _h rem9d$ him1 p]haps1 ( "s exp]i5ce ( :i* he *]i%$ ! memory4 ,he all[$ ! p to believe t ,he receiv$ k ( c]ta9 matt]s ?r\gh a k9d ( revelation4 ,f9ally1 x came to be :isp]$ t ,he _h spok5 ) ,moses & ,elias ^u ! m\nta9s4 ,b ,he n[ f9ds ,himself compell$ to adopt 9 e>ne/ ! rle :i* ,he _h =m]ly tak51 z x 71 9 play4 ,aga9/ ,8 w ,he is compell$ to f\nd ,8 "w ^u miracle4 ,he mu/ face ! alt]native ( ei!r r5\nc+ ,8 mission or becom+ a ?aumaturge4 ,he cons5t$1 !re=e1 to play an active "p 9 _m miracles4 ,9 ?is a/ute fri5ds gave ,him _! aid4 ,at ,be?any some?+ happ5$ :i* c\ld be reg>d$ z a rais+ ( ! dead4 ,p]haps ?is miracle 0 arrang$ by ,laz>us himself4 ,:5 v ill he _h all[$ himself to be wrapp$ 9 ! c]em5ts ( ! dead & laid 9 ! grave4 ,8 si/]s s5t = ,jesus & br\ght ,him to ! tomb4 ,he desir$ to look once m ^u ,8 fri5d1 & :51 ov]come ) grief1 ,he cri$ 8 "n al\d1 ,laz>us came =? f ! grave4 ,:y %\ld ! bro!r & si/]s h hesitat$ to provide a miracle = ! ,ma/]1 9 ^: miraclework+ p[] !y1 inde$1 believ$8 ,:]e1 !n1 0 ,r5an's allegiance to 8 8hon\r$ ma/]0 ,/rauss1 :5 he ?us enroll$ himself among ! rationali/s8 ,on ^! l9es ,jesus play$ ,8 "p = eighte5 mon?s1 f ! ,ea/] ( #ca to ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ( #cb4 ,h[ great is ! *ange f ! g5tle tea*] ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt6 ,8 disc\rse takes on a c]ta9 h>dness ( tone4 ,9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum ,he drives _m f ,him1 (f5d$ by ! say+ ab\t eat+ & dr9k+ ,8 fle% & blood4 ,! 8extreme mat]ialism ( ! expression10 :i* 9 ,him _h always be5 ! natural c\nt]poise to ! 8extreme idealism ( ! ?\ght10 becomes m & m pron\nc$4 ,8 8,k+dom ( ,god0 0 inde$ /ill ess5tially ! k+dom ( ! poor1 ! k+dom ( ! s\l1 ! great spiritual k+dom2 b ,he n[ prea*$ x z ! k+dom ( ! apocalyptic writ+s4 ,& yet 9 ! v mom5t :5 ,he seems to be /ak+ ev]y?+ ^u a sup]natural fulfilm5t ( ,8 hopes1 ,he provides ) rem>kable presci5ce ! basis ( a p]man5t ,*ur*4 ,he appo9ts ! ,twelve ,apo/les & in/itutes ! fell[%ipmeal4 ,x is c]ta91 ,r5an ?9ks1 t ! 8,supp]0 0 n fir/ in/itut$ on t la/ ev5+2 ev5 9 ! second ,galilaean p]iod ,he mu/ h practis$ ) ,8 foll[]s ! my/ic rite ( ! ,break+ ( ,bread1 :i* 9 "s way symbolis$ ,8 dea?4 ,by ! end ( ?is p]iod ,he _h ca/ (f all e>?ly ambitions4 ,no?+ ( e>? exi/$ = ,him any m4 ,a /range long+ = p]secution & m>tyrdom _h tak5 possession ( ,him4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! resolve to (f] an atonem5t = ! s9s ( ,8 p :i* famili>is$ ,him ) ! ?\ght ( dea?2 x 0 =c$ ^u ,him by ! k t ,he _h ent]$ ^u a pa? 9 :i* x 0 impossible = ,him to su/a9 ,8 rle = m ?an a few mon?s1 or p]haps ev5 weeks4 ,s ,he sets out = ,j]usalem1 outw>dly a h]o1 inw>dly half 9 despair because ,he has turn$ aside f ,8 true pa?4 ,! g5tle1 fai?ful1 longeyela%$ mule be>s ,him1 amid ! acclamations ( ! multitude1 ?r\gh ! gate ( ! capital4 ,! ?ird act beg9s3 ! /age is d>k & becomes con/antly d>k]1 until at la/1 ?r\gh ! d>kness ( ! sc5e1 !re is fa9tly visible only ! figure ( a woman--( h] :o 9 h] deep grief beside ! grave 0 by h] vision to call to life aga9 ,him :om %e lov$4 ,!re 0 d>kness1 too1 9 ! s\ls ( ! disciples1 & 9 t ( ! ,ma/]4 ,! bitt] jeal\sy betwe5 ,judas & ,john made "o ( !m a traitor4 ,z = ,jesus1 ,he _h ,8 h\r ( gloom to fight ?r\gh 9 ,ge?semane4 ,= a mom5t ,8 human nature awak5$ 9 ,him2 all t ,he ?\ght ,he _h sla9 & put beh9d ,him = ev] rose up & confront$ ,him z ,he knelt !re ^u ! gr\nd4 8,did ,he rememb] ! cle> brooks ( ,galilee at :i* ,he might h slak$ ,8 ?ir/--! v9e & ! figtree b5ea? :i* ,he might h re/$--! maid5s :o w\ld p]haps h be5 will+ to love ,him8 ,did ,he regret ,8 too exalt$ nature8 ,did ,he1 a m>tyr to ,8 own greatness1 weep t ,he _h n rema9$ ! simple c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?8 ,we d n "k60 ,he is dead4 ,r5an1 z ?\gh he /ood 9 ,pre ,la*aise1 commission$ to pron\nce ! f9al allocution ov] a memb] ( ! ,academy1 apo/rophises ,him ?us3 8,re/ n[1 amid ,?y glory1 noble pione]4 ,?\ conqu]or ( dea?1 take ! sceptre ( ,?y ,k+dom1 into :i* s _m c5turies ( ,?y wor%ipp]s %all foll[ ,!e1 by ! highway :i* ,?\ ha/ op5$ up40 ,! bell r+s2 ! curta9 beg9s to fall2 ! sw+seats tilt4 ,! epilogue is sc>cely he>d3 8,jesus w nev] h a rival4 ,8 religion w aga9 & aga9 r5ew itself2 ,8 /ory w call =? endless te>s3 ,8 suff]+s w s(t5 ! he>ts ( ! be/2 e successive c5tury w proclaim t among ! sons ( m5 !re ha? n aris5 a great] ?an ,jesus40 ,! book pass$ ?r\gh eight editions 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,! writ+s ( ^? :o oppos$ x _h an equal vogue4 ,t ( ,freppel _h rea*$ its twelf? edition 9 #ahfd47aaj7 ,_! "n 0 legion4 ,:atev] wore a s\tane & c\ld wield a p5 *>g$ aga9/ ,r5an1 ! bi%ops lead+ ! van4 ,! tone ( ^! attacks 0 n always v elevat$1 nor _! logic v pr(\nd4 ,9 mo/ cases ! writ]s 7 only conc]n$ to def5d ! ,deity ( ,*ri/17#aaa7 & ! miracles1 & are satisfi$ t !y h done s :5 !y h po9t$ out "s ( ! gl>+ inconsi/5cies 9 ,r5an's "w4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 among ^! refutations we cat* ! tone ( a l(ti] e?ical _s :i* has recognis$ ! fundam5tal weakness ( ! "w1 ! lack ( any def9ite e?ical pr9ciples 9 ! writ]'s outlook ^u life47#aab7 ,!re 7 "s inde$ :o 7 n cont5t ) a refutation2 !y w\ld gladly h se5 active measures tak5 aga9/ ,r5an4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ embitt]$ adv]s>ies1 ,amade ,nicolas17#aac7 reckons up 9 an app5dix to 8 "w ! maximum p5alties au?oris$ by ! exi/+ enactm5ts aga9/ free ?\ght1 & w\ld welcome ! application ( ! law ( ! #be? ( ,m>* #ahbb1 accord+ to :i* five ye>s' imprisonm5t c\ld be impos$ = ! crime ( 8insult+ or mak+ ridicul\s a religion recognis$ by ! /ate40 ,r5an 0 def5d$ by ! ,sicle1 ! ,dbats1 at t "t ! lead+ ,fr5* newspap]1 & ! ,temps1 9 :i* ,s*]] publi%$ five articles ^u ! book4 ,ev5 ! ,revue des deux mondes1 :i* _h =m]ly rais$ a w>n+ voice aga9/ ,/rauss1 all[$ itself to g ) ! /ream1 & publi%$ 9 its ,augu/ numb] ( #ahfc a critical analysis by ,havet7#aad7 :o hail$ ,r5an's "w z a great a*ievem5t1 & criticis$ only ! inconsi/5cies by :i* he _h endeav\r$ to s(t5 d[n ! radical "* ( 8 und]tak+4 ,lat] on ! ,revue *ang$ its attitude & sid$ ) ,r5an's oppon5ts4 ,9 ! ,prote/ant camp !re 0 an ev5 ke5] s5se ( di/a/e ?an 9 ! ,ca?olic = ! s5tim5tal gloss :i* ,r5an _h spread ov] 8 "w to make x attractive to ! multitude by its iridesc5t col\rs4 ,9 f\r rem>kable lett]s ,a?anase ,coqu]el ! y\ng] took ! au?or to task = ?is47#aae7 ,f ! /&po9t ( or?odox s*ol>%ip ,e4 de ,press5s condemn$ him27#aaf7 & proce$$ )\t loss ( "t to refute him 9 a l>gescale ,life ( ,jesus47#aag7 ,he 0 answ]$ by ,alb]t ,rville17#aah7 :o claims recognition = ,r5an's s]vices to criticism4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! ris+ ,fr5* s*ool ( critical !ology 0 disappo9t$ 9 ,r5an4 ,_! spokesman 0 ,colani4 8,?is is n ! ,*ri/ ( hi/ory1 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,synoptics10 he writes 9 #ahfd 9 ! ,revue de ?ologie1 8b ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ?\gh )\t ,8 metaphysical halo1 & pa9t$ ov] ) a bru% :i* has be5 dipp$ 9 ! melan*oly blue ( mod]n poetry1 9 ! rose ( ! eighte5? c5tury idyll1 & 9 ! grey ( a moral philosophy :i* seems to be d]iv$ f ,la ,ro*ef\cauld40 8,9 express+ ?is op9ion10 he adds1 8,i believe ,i am speak+ 9 ! "n ( ^? :o belong to :at is kn[n z ! new ,prote/ant !ology1 or ! ,/rassburg s*ool4 ,we op5$ ,m4 ,r5an's book ) sympa!tic int]e/2 we clos$ x ) deep disappo9tm5t407#aai7 ,! ,/rassburg s*ool _h good cause to compla9 ( ,r5an1 = he _h trampl$ _! gr[+ crops4 ,!y _h j begun to ar\se "s int]e/1 & sl[ly & surely to ex]cise an influ5ce ^u ! :ole spiritual life ( ,france4 ,sa9te,beuve _h call$ att5tion to ! "w ( ,reuss1 ,colani1 ,rville1 & ,s*]]4 ,o!rs ( ! s*ool 7 ,mi*el ,nicolas ( ,montauban & ,gu/ave d',ei*?al4 ,nefftz]1 ! editor ( ! ,temps1 :o 0 at ! same "t a prophet ( com+ political ev5ts1 def5d$ _! cause 9 ! ,p>isian lit]>y _w4 ,! ,revue g]manique ( t p]iod1 ! influ5ce ( :i* ^u ,fr5* lit]ature c h>dly be ov] e/imat$1 0 _! sworn ally4 ,!n came ,r5an & ?rew public op9ion into a f]m5t ( excitem5t4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( criticism1 & ( progress 9 religi\s ?\ght1 0 associat$ ) 8 "n1 & 0 !reby discr$it$4 ,by 8 untimely & ov]easy popul>isation ( ! ideas ( ! critical s*ool he ru9$ _! quiet "w4 ,! excitem5t r\s$ by 8 book swept away all t _h be5 done by ^? noble & l(ty spirits1 :o n[ f\nd !mselves involv$ 9 a /ruggle ) ! outrag$ or?odoxy ( ,p>is1 & 7 h>d put to x to def5d !mselves4 ,ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day ,r5an's "w =ms ! greate/ h9drance to any s]i\s advance 9 ,fr5* religi\s ?\ght4 ,! excitem5t ar\s$ ^u ! o!r side ( ! ,rh9e 0 sc>cely less ?an 9 ,p>is4 ,)9 a ye> !re appe>$ five diff]5t ,g]man translations1 & _m ( ! ,fr5* criticisms ( ,r5an 7 also translat$47#abj7 ,! ,g]man ,ca?olic press 0 wildly excit$27#aba7 ! ,prote/ant press 0 m re/ra9$1 m incl9$ to give ! au?or a fair he>+1 & ev5 v5tur$ to express admiration ( ! hi/orical m]its ( 8 p]=mance4 ,beys*lag7#abb7 saw 9 ,r5an an advance ^u ,/rauss1 inasmu* z = him ! life ( ,jesus z n>rat$ 9 ! ,gospels1 :ile n1 inde$1 9 any s5se sup]natural1 is nev]!less hi/orical4 ,= a c]ta9 s*ool ( !ology1 !re=e1 ,r5an 0 a deliv]] f ,/rauss2 !y 7 especially grateful to him = 8 def5ce1 sophi/ical ?\gh x 01 ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,weizsck] express$ 8 admiration4 ,/rauss1 f> f direct+ 8 8,life ( ,jesus = ! ,g]man ,p10 ) :i* he 0 !n occupi$1 aga9/ ! sup]ficial & frivol\s ,fr5* treatm5t ( ! subject--z has sometimes be5 alleg$--hail$ ,r5an 9 8 preface z a k9dr$ _s & ally1 & 8%ook h&s ) him across ! ,rh9e40 ,lu?>dt17#abc7 h[ev]1 rema9$ inexorable4 8,:at is !re lack+ 9 ,r5an's "w80 he asks4 ,& he replies1 8,x lacks consci5ce40 ,t is a j judgm5t4 ,f ?is lack ( consci5ce1 ,r5an has n be5 scrupul\s :]e he ought to h be5 s4 ,!re is a k9d ( ins9c]ity 9 ! book f beg9n+ to end4 ,r5an pr(esses to depict ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ?\gh he does n believe 9 ! au!nticity or ! miracles ( t ,gospel4 ,he pr(esses to write a sci5tific "w1 & is always ?9k+ ( ! great public & h[ to int]e/ x4 ,he has ?us fus$ toge!r two works ( disp>ate "*4 ,! hi/orian f9ds x h>d to =give him = n go+ m deeply into ! problem ( ! developm5t 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus1 ) :i* he 0 br\ght face to face by ! emphasis :i* he laid on es*atology1 & = (f]+ 9 place ( a solution ! highlycol\r$ phrases ( ! noveli/4 ,nev]!less1 ?is "w w always reta9 a c]ta9 int]e/1 bo? = ,fr5*m5 & = ,g]mans4 ,! ,g]man is (t5 s completely fasc9at$ by x z to lose 8 p[] ( criticism1 because he f9ds 9 x ,g]man ?\ght 9 a novel & piquant =m4 ,conv]sely ! ,fr5*man discov]s 9 x1 beh9d ! famili> =m1 :i* is "h h&l$ 9 su* a ma/]ly fa%ion1 ideas belong+ to a _w :i* is =eign to him1 ideas :i* he c nev] completely assimilate1 b :i* yet cont9ually attract him4 ,9 ?is d\ble "* ( ! "w lies its imp]i%able *>m4 ,& its weakness8 ,t x is writt5 by "o to :om ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 to ! la/ some?+ =eign1 :o _h n read x f 8 y\? up 9 ! "mtongue1 :o 0 n accu/om$ to brea! freely 9 its simple & pure _w1 b mu/ p]fume x ) s5tim5tality 9 ord] to feel himself at home 9 x4 ,,xiv4 ,,! 8,,lib]al0 ,,lives ,,( ,,jesus ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu fr das deuts*e ,volk be>beitet4 7,a ,life ( ,jesus = ! ,g]man ,p47 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 #fca pp4 ,d] ,*ri/us des ,glaub5s und d] ,jesus d] ,ges*i*te4 ,e9e ,kritik des ,s*lei]ma*]'s*5 ,leb5s ,jesu4 7,! ,*ri/ ( ,fai? & ! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory1 a ,criticism ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,life ( ,jesus47 ,b]l91 #ahfe4 #bbc pp4 ,app5dix1 pp4 #bbdbdj4 ,d] ,s*5kel's*e ,h&el 9 ,bad54 7,! ,s*5kel ,affair 9 ,bad547 ,a correct$ repr9t f ,no4 #dda ( ! ,national,zeitung1 ( ! #ba/ ,septemb] #ahfd4 ,die ,halb5 und die ,ganz54 7,! ,halfwayers & ! ,:oleway ers47 #ahfe4 ,daniel ,s*5kel4 ,das ,*>akt]bild ,jesu4 7,! ,portrait ( ,jesus47 ,wiesbad51 #ahfd 7ed4 #a & #b74 #dje pp4 ,f\r? edition1 ) a preface oppos+ ,/rauss's 8,d] alte und d] neue ,glaube0 7,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new71 #ahgc4 ,k>l ,he9ri* ,weizsck]4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 ihre ,quell5 und d5 ,gang ihr] ,entwicklung4 7,/udies 9 ! ,gospel ,hi/ory1 its ,s\rces & ! ,progress ( its ,developm5t47 ,go?a1 #ahfd4 #ehj pp4 ,he9ri* ,julius ,holtzmann4 ,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli54 ,ihr ,ursprung und ges*i*tli*] ,*>akt]4 7,! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,_! ,orig9 & ,hi/orical ,"*47 ,leipzig1 #ahfc4 #ead pp4 ,!odor ,keim4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a4 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus ( ,naz>a47 #c vols41 ,zuri*2 vol4 i41 #ahfg1 #ddf pp42 vol4 ii41 #ahga1 #faf pp42 vol4 iii41 #ahgb1 #ffg pp4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu4 ,zuri*1 #ahgb4 #cih pp4 ,k>l ,hase4 ,ges*i*te ,jesu4 ,na* akademis*5 ,vorlesung54 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus4 ,academic ,lectures1 revis$47 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 #fab pp4 ,willibald ,beys*lag4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,fir/ ,"p3 ,prelim9>y ,inve/igations1 #ahhe1 #dej pp4 ,second ,"p3 ,n>rative1 #ahhf1 #die pp42 #bnd ed41 #ahhgahhh4 ,b]nh>d ,weiss4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 #a/ ed41 #b vols41 #ahhb2 #bnd ed41 #ahhd4 ,fir/ vol41 d[n to ! ,bapti/'s "q1 #eef pp4 ,second vol41 #fag pp4 8,my hope is10 writes ,/rauss 9 conclud+ ! preface ( 8 new ,life ( ,jesus1 8t ,i h writt5 a book z ?or\ghly well adapt$ = ,g]mans z ,r5an's is = ,fr5*m540 ,he 0 mi/ak52 9 spite ( its title ! book 0 n a book = ! p4 ,x _h no?+ new to (f]1 & :at x did (f] 0 n 9 a =m calculat$ to become popul>4 ,x is true ,/rauss1 l ,r5an1 0 an arti/1 b he did n write1 l an imag9ative noveli/1 ) a con/ant eye to effect4 ,8 art 0 unpret5ti\s1 ev5 au/]e1 appeal+ to ! few1 n to ! _m4 ,! p dem& a complete & vivid picture4 ,r5an _h giv5 !m a figure :i* 0 !atrical no d\bt1 b full ( life & movem5t1 & !y _h be5 grateful to him = x4 ,/rauss c\ld n d t4 ,ev5 ! arrangem5t ( ! "w is ?or\ghly un=tunate4 ,9 ! fir/ "p1 :i* be>s ! title 8,! ,life ( ,jesus10 he attempts to comb9e into a h>moni\s portrait su* ( ! hi/orical data z h "s claim to be consid]$ hi/orical2 9 ! second "p he traces ! 8,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,my?ical ,hi/ory ( ,jesus40 ,fir/1 !re=e1 he te>s d[n f ! tree ! ivy & ! ri* gr[? ( creep]s1 lay+ b>e ! worn & corrod$ b>k2 !n he fa/5s ! fad$ gr[?s to ! /em aga91 & describes ! nature1 orig91 & *>act]i/ics ( ea* di/9ct species4 ,h[ va/ly diff]5t1 h[ mu* m full ( life1 _h be5 ! "w ( #ahce6 ,!re ,/rauss _h n divid$ ! creep]s f ! /em4 ,! /ra9+ /r5g? :i* upheld ?is weal? ( creep]s 0 b vaguely suspect$4 ,beh9d ! bill[y mi/s ( leg5d we caught f "t to "t a mom5t>y glimpse ( ! gigantic figure ( ,jesus1 z ?\gh lit up by a lightn+fla%4 ,x 0 no complete & h>moni\s picture1 b x 0 full ( sugge/ions1 ri* 9 ?\ghts ?r[n out c>elessly1 ri* 9 contradictions ev51 out ( :i* ! imag9ation c\ld create a portrait ( ,jesus4 ,x is j ?is weal? ( sugge/ion t is lack+ 9 ! second picture4 ,/rauss is try+ n[ to give a def9ite portrait4 ,9 ! inevitable process ( h>monis+ & modell+ to scale he is oblig$ to reject ! f9e/ ?\ghts ( ! previ\s "w because !y w n fit 9 exactly2 "s ( !m are alt]$ out ( recognition1 "s are fil$ away4 ,!re is want+1 too1 t p]fect fre%ness z ( ! spr+ :i* is only f\nd :5 ?\ghts h b newly come into fl[]4 ,! writ+ is no long] spontane\s2 "o feels t ,/rauss is sett+ =? ?\ghts :i* h rip5$ ) 8 m9d & gr[n old ) x1 & n[ along ) _! def9it5ess ( =m h tak5 on a c]ta9 /iffness4 ,!re are n[ no h9t$ possibilities1 full ( promise1 to dance gaily ?r\gh ! movem5t ( 8 dialectic2 all is sob] reason--a ?\ght too sob]4 ,r5an _h "o advantage ov] ,/rauss 9 t he wrote :5 ! mat]ial 0 fre% to him--"o might almo/ say /range to him--& 0 capable ( call+ up 9 him ! response ( vivid feel+4 ,= a popul> book1 too1 x lacks t liv+ int]play ( reflection ) n>ration )\t :i* ! ord9>y read] fails to get a grip ( ! hi/ory4 ,! fir/ ,life ( ,jesus _h be5 ri* 9 ?is respect1 s9ce x _h be5 /eep$ 9 ! ,hegelian !ory reg>d+ ! realisation ( ! ,idea4 ,9 ! meantime ,/rauss _h se5 ! ,hegelian philosophy fall f its high e/ate1 & himself _h f\nd no way ( reconcil+ hi/ory & idea1 s t 8 pres5t ,life ( ,jesus 0 a m]e objective pres5tm5t ( ! hi/ory4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n adapt$ to make any impression ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,9 reality x is m]ely an exposition1 9 m or less popul> =m1 ( ! writ]'s e/imate ( :at _h be5 done 9 ! /udy ( ! subject dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 & %[s :at he _h le>nt & :at he _h fail$ to le>n4 ,z reg>ds ! ,synoptic "q he _h le>nt no?+4 ,9 8 op9ion ! criticism ( ! ,gospels has 8run to se$40 ,he treats ) a pity+ contempt bo? ! e>li] & ! m rec5t def5d]s ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis4 ,weisse is a dilettante2 ,wilke _h fail$ to make any impression on him2 ,holtzmann's "w 0 z yet unkn[n to him4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ ye> he dis*>g$ ! vials ( 8 wra? ^u ! man :o _h bo? /r5g!n$ ! f\ndations & put on ! cop+/one ( ! new hypo!sis4 8,our lions ( ,/4 ,m>k1 old] & y\ng]10 he says 9 ! app5dix to 8 criticism ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,life ( ,jesus1 8may ro> z l\d z !y l1 s long z !re are six solid reasons aga9/ ! priority ( ,m>k to set aga9/ e "o ( _! flimsy argum5ts 9 its fav\r--& !y !mselves supply u ) a /ore ( c\nt]argum5ts 9 ! %ape ( admissions ( lat] edit+ & s =?4 ,! :ole !ory appe>s to me a tempor>y ab]ration1 l ! 'music ( ! future' or ! antivacc9ation movem5t2 & ,i s]i\sly believe t x is ! same ord] ( m9d :i*1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 falls a victim to ! "o delusion or ! o!r40 ,b he mu/ n be suppos$1 he says1 to take ! critical molehills ?r[n up by ,holtzmann = v]itable m\nta9s4 ,aga9/ su* oppon5ts he does n scruple to seek aid f ,s*lei]ma*]1 ^: unbias$ b decid$ op9ion _h ascrib$ a t]ti>y "* to ,m>k4 ,ev5 ,gfrr]'s view t ,m>k adapt$ 8 ,gospel to ! ne$s ( ! ,*ur* by leav+ out ev]y?+ :i* 0 op5 to objection 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 is good en\gh to be br\ght to be> aga9/ ! bat ey$ p>tisans ( ,m>k4 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur is reproa*$ = hav+ giv5 too mu* weight to ! 8t5d5cy0 !ory 9 8 criticism ( ! ,gospels2 & also = hav+ tak5 sugge/ions ( ,/rauss's & work$ !m out1 suppos+ t he 0 (f]+ some?+ new :5 he 0 really only amplify+4 ,9 ! end he _h only giv5 a criticism ( ! ,gospels1 n ( ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,b ?is irritation aga9/ 8 old tea*] is imm$iately allay$ :5 he comes to speak ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,"h ! tea*] has c>ri$ to a successful issue ! campaign :i* ! pupil _h begun4 ,/rauss feels compell$ to 8express 8 gratitude = ! "w done by ! ,tb+5 s*ool on ! ,johann9e "q40 ,he himself _h only be5 able to deal ) ! negative side ( ! "q--to %[ t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 n an hi/orical s\rce1 b a !ological inv5tion2 !y _h dealt ) x positively1 & _h assign$ ! docum5t to its prop] place 9 ! evolution ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,!re is only "o po9t ) :i* he qu>rels4 ,baur _h made ! ,f\r? ,gospel too completely spiritual1 8:]eas ! fact is10 says ,/rauss1 8t x is ! mo/ mat]ial ( all40 ,x is true1 ,/rauss expla9s1 t ! ,evangeli/ />ts out to int]pret miracle & es*atology symbolically2 b he halts halfway & falls back ^u ! miracul\s1 enhanc+ ! pr(ess$ fact 9 proportion z he makes x spiritually m significant4 ,beside ! spiritual return ( ,jesus 9 ! ,p>aclete he places ,8 return 9 a mat]ial body1 be>+ ! m>ks ( ! w\nds2 beside ! inw>d pres5t judgm5t1 a future outw>d judgm5t2 & ! fact t he sees ! "o 9 ! o!r1 f9ds ! "o pres5t & visible 9 ! o!r1 is j :at con/itutes ! my/ical "* ( 8 ,gospel4 ,?is my/icism attracts ! mod]n _w4 8,! ,johann9e ,*ri/1 :o 9 ,8 descriptions ( ,himself seems to be always outdo+ ,himself1 is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! mod]n believ]1 :o 9 ord] to rema9 a believ] mu/ cont9ually outd himself2 ! ,johann9e miracles :i* are always be+ int]pret$ spiritually1 & at ! same "t rais$ to a high] pit* ( ! miracul\s1 :i* are c\nt$ & docum5t$ 9 e possible way1 & yet mu/ n be consid]$ ! true gr\nd ( fai?1 are at once miracles & no miracles4 ,we mu/ believe !m1 & yet c believe )\t !m2 9 %ort !y exactly meet ! ta/e ( ! pres5t day1 :i* delights to involve itself 9 contradictions & is too le?>gic & want+ 9 c\rage = any cle> insight or decid$ op9ion on religi\s matt]s40 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ! ,/rauss ( ! second ,life ( ,jesus has no "r to criticise ! ,f\r? ,gospel = sublimat+ ! hi/ory1 = he himself gives :at is no?+ else ?an a spiritualisation ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,synoptics4 ,& he does x 9 su* an arbitr>y fa%ion t "o is compell$ to ask h[ f> he does x ) a good consci5ce4 ,a typical case is ! exposition ( ,jesus' answ] to ! ,bapti/'s message4 8,is x possible10 ,jesus means1 8t y fail to f9d 9 ,me ! miracles :i* y expect f ! ,messiah8 ,& yet ,i daily op5 ! eyes ( ! spiritually bl9d & ! e>s ( ! spiritually deaf1 make ! lame walk erect & vigor\s1 & ev5 give new life to ^? :o are morally dead4 ,any "o :o und]/&s h[ mu* great] ^! spiritual miracles are1 w n be (f5d$ at ! abs5ce ( bodily miracles2 only su* an "o c receive1 & is wor?y (1 ! salvation :i* ,i am br++ to mank9d40 ,"h ! fundam5tal weakness ( 8 me?od is cle>ly %[n4 ,! vaunt$ app>atus = ! evaporation ( ! my?ical does n "w q satisfactorily4 ,! ultimate product ( ?is process 0 expect$ to be a ,jesus :o %\ld be ess5tial man2 ! actual product1 h[ev]1 is ,jesus ! hi/orical man1 a be+ ^: looks & say+s are /range & unfamili>4 ,/rauss is too purely a critic1 too little ( ! creative hi/orian1 to recognise ?is /range be+4 ,t ,jesus really liv$ 9 a _w ( ,jewi% ideas & held ,himself to be ,messiah 9 ! ,jewi% s5se is = ! writ] ( ! ,life ( ,jesus an impossibility4 ,! deposit :i* resi/s ! *emical process = ! elim9ation ( my?1 he mu/ !re=e break up ) ! hamm]4 ,h[ diff]5t f ! ,/rauss ( #ahce6 ,he _h !n recognis$ es*atology z ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ,jesus' _w ( ?\ght1 & 9 "s incid5tal rem>ks _h made /rik+ applications ( x4 ,he _h1 = example1 propos$ to reg>d ! ,la/ ,supp] n z ! in/itution ( a fea/ = com+ g5]ations1 b z a ,pas*al meal1 at :i* ,jesus decl>$ t ,he w\ld next p>take ( ! ,pas*al bread & ,pas*al w9e along ) ,8 disciples 9 ! heav5ly k+dom4 ,9 ! second ,life ( ,jesus ?is view is giv5 up2 ,jesus did f\nd a fea/4 8,9 ord] to give a liv+ c5tre ( unity to ! society :i* x 0 ,8 purpose to f\nd1 ,jesus desir$ to in/itute ?is di/ribution ( bread & w9e z a fea/ to be con/antly repeat$40 ,"o might be read+ ,r5an4 ,?is *ange ( attitude is typical ( mu* else4 ,/rauss is n 9 ! lea/ disquiet$ by f9d+ himself at "o ) ,s*lei]ma*] 9 ^! attempts to spiritualise4 ,on ! contr>y1 he appeals to him4 ,he %>es1 he says1 ,s*lei]ma*]'s conviction 8t ! unique selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus did n develop z a consequ5ce ( ,8 conviction t ,he 0 ! ,messiah2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 a consequ5ce ( ,8 selfconsci\sness t ,he arriv$ at ! view t ! ,messianic prophecies c\ld po9t to no "o b ,himself40 ,! mom5t es*atology ent]$ into ! consci\sness ( ,jesus x came 9 contact ) a high] pr9ciple :i* ov]ma/]$ x & gradually dissolv$ x4 8,_h ,jesus appli$ ! ,messianic idea to ,himself be=e ,he _h _h a pr(\nd religi\s consci\sness to :i* to relate x1 d\btless x w\ld h tak5 possession ( ,him s p[]fully t ,he c\ld nev] h escap$ f its influ5ce40 ,we mu/ suppose ! ideality1 ! conc5tration ^u t :i* 0 inw>d1 ! det]m9ation to sep>ate religion1 on ! "o h&1 f politics1 & on ! o!r1 f ritual1 ! s]5e consci\sness ( be+ able to atta9 to peace ) ,god & ) ,himself by purely spiritual means--all ?is we mu/ suppose to h rea*$ a c]ta9 rip5ess1 a c]ta9 security1 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus1 be=e ,he p]mitt$ ,himself to ent]ta9 ! ?\ght ( ,8 ,messiah%ip1 & ?is we may believe is ! reason :y ,he grasp$ x 9 s indep5d5t & individual a fa%ion4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 ,/rauss has become ! pupil ( ,weisse4 ,ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 he expla9s1 we f9d two conceptions1 a m ideal & a m practical4 ,jesus holds consi/5tly to ! fir/1 ,he describes ,himself z ! ,son ( ,man because ?is designation 8conta9s ! sugge/ion ( humility & l[l9ess1 ( ! human & natural40 ,at ,j]usalem1 ,jesus1 9 giv+ ,8 int]pretation ( ,psalm cx41 8made m]ry ov] ! ,davidic desc5t ( ! ,messiah40 ,he desir$ 8to be ,messiah 9 ! s5se ( a pati5t tea*] ex]cis+ a quiet influ5ce40 ,z ! opposition ( ! p grew m int5se1 ,he took up "s ( ! features ( ,isaiah liii4 into ,8 conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,( ,8 resurrection1 ,jesus c only h spok5 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,x is h>dly cr$ible t "o :o 0 pure man c\ld h arrogat$ to himself ! position ( judge ( ! _w4 ,/rauss w\ld l be/ to ascribe all ! es*atology to ! di/ort+ m$ium ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 b he does n v5ture to c>ry ?is ?r\gh ) logical consi/5cy4 ,he takes x z c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,jesus1 ev5 ?\gh x sometimes seems z if ,he did n expect ! ,k+dom to be realis$ 9 ! pres5t1 b 9 a future1 _wera1 & to be br\ght ab\t by ,god 9 a sup]natural fa%ion1 nev]!less sets ab\t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,k+dom by purely spiritual influ5ce4 ,) ?is end 9 view ,he leaves ,galilee1 :5 ,he judges ! "t to be ripe1 9 ord] to "w on a l>g] scale4 8,9 case ( an unfav\rable issue1 ,he reckons on ! influ5ce :i* a m>tyrdea? has nev] fail$ to ex]cise 9 giv+ mom5tum to a l(ty idea40 ,h[ f> ,he _h advanc$1 :5 ,he ent]$ on ! fateful j\rney to ,j]usalem1 9 %ap+ ,8 plan1 & especially 9 organis+ ! company ( adh]5ts :o _h ga!r$ ab\t ,him1 x is impossible to det]m9e ) any exactness4 ,he p]mitt$ ! triumphal entry because ,he did n desire to decl9e ! role ( ! ,messiah 9 e aspect ( x4 ,ow+ to ?is arbitr>y spiritualisation ( ! ,synoptic ,jesus1 ,/rauss's picture is 9 ess5ce mu* m unhi/orical ?an ,r5an's4 ,! latt] _h n ne$$ to d5y t ,jesus _h done miracles1 & he _h be5 able to sugge/ an explanation ( h[ ,jesus came 9 ! end to fall back ^u ! es*atological sy/em ( ideas4 ,b at :at a price6 ,by portray+ ,jesus z at v>iance ) ,himself1 a h]o brok5 9 _s4 ,?is price is too high = ,/rauss4 ,arbitr>y z 8 treatm5t ( hi/ory is1 he nev] loses ! intuitive feel+ t 9 ,jesus' selfconsci\sness !re is a unique abs5ce ( /ruggle2 t ,he does n be> ! sc>s :i* are f\nd 9 ^? natures :i* w9 _! way to fre$om & purity ?r\gh /rife & conflict1 t 9 ,him !re is no trace ( ! h>dness1 h>%ness1 & gloom :i* cleave to su* natures ?r\gh\t life1 b t ,he 8is manife/ly a beautiful nature f ! fir/40 ,?us1 = all ,/rauss's awkw>d1 arbitr>y h&l+ ( ! hi/ory he is great] ?an ! rival7#abd7 :o c\ld manufacture hi/ory ) su* skill4 ,nev]!less1 f ! po9t ( view ( !ological sci5ce1 ?is "w m>ks a /&/ill4 ,t 0 ! net result ( ! ?irty ye>s ( critical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus = ! man :o _h inaugurat$ x s impressively4 ,?is 0 ! only fruit :i* foll[$ ^? blossoms s full ( promise ( ! fir/ ,life ( ,jesus4 ,x is significant t 9 ! same ye> !re appe>$ ,s*lei]ma*]'s lectures on ! ,life ( ,jesus1 :i* _h n se5 ! light = =ty ye>s1 because1 z ,/rauss himself rem>k$ 9 8 criticism ( ! resurrect$ "w1 x _h nei!r anodyne nor dress+ = ! w\nds :i* 8 fir/ ,life ( ,jesus _h made47#abe7 ,! w\nds1 h[ev]1 _h cicatris$ 9 ! meantime4 ,x is true ,/rauss is a j judge1 & makes ample ackn[l$gm5t ( ! greatness ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s a*ievem5t47#abf7 ,he blames ,s*lei]ma*] = sett+ up 8 8presuppositions 9 reg>d to ,*ri/0 z an hi/orical canon1 & consid]+ x a pro( t a /atem5t is unhi/orical if x does n squ>e ) ^? presuppositions4 ,b does n ! purely human1 b to a c]ta9 ext5t unhi/orical1 man1 :o is to be ! ultimate product ( ! process ( elim9at+ my?1 s]ve ,/rauss z 8 8!oretic ,*ri/0 :o det]m9es ! pres5tm5t ( 8 hi/orical ,jesus8 ,does he n %>e ) ,s*lei]ma*] ! errone\s1 artificial1 8d\ble0 con/ruction ( ! consci\sness ( ,jesus8 ,& :at ab\t _! views ( ,m>k8 ,:at fundam5tal diff]5ce is !re1 :5 all is said1 betwe5 ,s*lei]ma*]'s derationalis$ ,life ( ,jesus & ,/rauss's8 ,c]ta9ly ?is second ,life ( ,jesus w\ld n h fright5$ ,s*lei]ma*]'s away into hid+ = ?irty ye>s4 ,s ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,life ( ,jesus might n[ safely v5ture =? into ! light4 ,!re 0 no reason :y x %\ld feel itself a /rang] at ?is p]iod1 & x _h no ne$ to be a%am$ ( itself4 ,its rationali/ic bir?m>ks 7 conceal$ by its brilliant dialectic47#abg7 ,& ! only real advance 9 ! meantime 0 ! g5]al recognition t ! ,life ( ,jesus 0 n to be int]pret$ on rationali/ic1 b on hi/orical l9es4 ,all o!r1 m def9ite1 hi/orical results _h prov$ m or less illusory2 !re is no vitality 9 !m4 ,! works ( ,r5an1 ,/rauss1 ,s*5kel1 ,weizsck]1 & ,keim are 9 ess5ce only diff]5t ways ( c>ry+ out a s+le gr\ndplan4 ,to read !m "o aft] ano!r is to be simply appall$ at ! /]eotyp$ uni=mity ( ! _w ( ?\ght 9 :i* !y move4 ,y feel t y h read exactly ! same ?+ 9 ! o!rs1 almo/ 9 id5tical phrases4 ,to obta9 ! works ( ,s*5kel & ,weizsck] y only ne$ to weak5 d[n 9 ,/rauss ! %>p discrim9ation betwe5 ,john & ! ,synopti/s s f> z to all[ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel be+ us$ to "s ext5t z an hi/orical s\rce 89 ! high] s5se10 & to put ! hypo!sis ( ! priority ( ,m>k 9 place ( ! ,tb+5 view adopt$ by ,/rauss4 ,! latt] is an ext]nal op]ation & does n ess5tially modify ! view ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 s9ce by admitt+ ! ,johann9e s*eme ! ,m>can plan is aga9 di/urb$1 & ,/rauss's arbitr>y spiritualisation ( ! ,synoptics comes to some?+ n v diff]5t f ! acceptance ( t 89 a high] s5se hi/orical ,gospel0 alongside ( !m4 ,! :ole discussion reg>d+ ! s\rces is only loosely connect$ ) ! process ( arriv+ at ! portrait ( ,jesus1 s9ce ?is portrait is fix$ f ! fir/1 be+ det]m9$ by ! m5tal atmosph]e & religi\s horizon ( ! 'sixties4 ,!y all portray ! ,jesus ( lib]al !ology2 ! only diff]5ce is t "o is a little m consci5ti\s 9 8 col\r+ ?an ano!r1 & "o p]haps has a little m ta/e ?an ano!r1 or is less conc]n$ ab\t ! consequ5ces4 ,! desire to escape 9 "s way f ! alt]native betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,john 0 native to ! ,m>can hypo!sis4 ,weisse _h endeav\r$ to effect ?is by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! s\rces 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel47#abh7 ,s*5kel & ,weizsck] are m mode/4 ,!y d n feel ! ne$ ( any cle> lit]>y view ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ( any critical discrim9ation betwe5 orig9al & second>y elem5ts 9 x2 !y are cont5t to use z hi/orical :atev] _! in/9ct leads !m to accept4 8,ap>t f ! f\r? ,gospel10 says ,s*5kel1 8we %\ld miss 9 ! portrait ( ! ,r$eem] ! unfa?omable dep?s & ! inaccessible heights40 8,jesus10 to quote 8 aphorism1 80 n always ?us 9 reality1 b ,he 0 s 9 tru?40 ,s9ce :5 h hi/orians _h ! "r to di/+ui% betwe5 reality & tru?8 ,t 0 "o ( ! bad habits :i* ! au?or ( ?is *>act]isation ( ,jesus br\ght ) him f 8 e>li] dogmatic tra9+4 ,weizsck]7#abi7 expresses himself ) m circumspection4 8,we possess10 he says1 89 ! ,f\r? ,gospel g5u9e apo/olic rem9isc5ces z mu* z 9 any "p ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels2 b betwe5 ! facts on :i* ! rem9isc5ces are bas$ & _! reproduction 9 lit]>y =m !re lies ! developm5t ( _! possessor into a great my/ic1 & ! influ5ce ( a philosophy :i* "h = ! fir/ "t unit$ itself 9 ?is way ) ! ,gospel2 !y ne$1 !re=e1 to be critically exam9$2 & ! hi/orical tru? ( ?is gospel1 great z x is1 mu/ n be measur$ ) a pa9ful lit]ality40 ,"o wond]s :y bo? ^! writ]s appeal to ,holtzmann1 see+ t !y practically ab&on ! ,m>can plan :i* he _h work$ out at ! end ( 8 v ?or\gh exam9ation ( ?is ,gospel4 ,!y d n accept z suffici5t ! controv]sy reg>d+ ! c]emonial regulations 9 ,m>k vii4 :i*1 ) ! rejection at ,naz>e?1 con/itute1 9 ,holtzmann's view1 ! turn+po9t ( ! ,galilaean m9i/ry1 b f9d ! cause ( ! *ange ( attitude on ! "p ( ! p r 9 ! ,johann9e disc\rse ab\t eat+ & dr9k+ ! fle% & blood ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,! section ,m>k x4xv41 :i* has a c]ta9 unity1 !y int]pret 9 ! light ( ! ,johann9e tradition1 f9d+ 9 x traces ( a previ\s m9i/ry ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem & int]weav+ ) x ! ,johann9e /ory ( ! ,passion4 ,accord+ to ,s*5kel ! la/ visit to ,j]usalem mu/ h be5 ( consid]able duration4 ,:5 confront$ ) ,john1 ! admission may be wrung f ! ,synopti/s t ,jesus did n travel /raight ?r\gh ,j]i*o to ! capital1 b work$ fir/ = a consid]able "t 9 ,judaea4 ,/rauss t>tly obs]ves t he _c see :at ! au?or ( ! 8*>act]isation0 /ood to ga9 by und]writ+ ,holtzmann's ,m>can hypo!sis47#acj7 ,weizsck] is /ill bold] 9 mak+ int]polations f ! ,johann9e tradition4 ,he places ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple1 9 contradiction to ,m>k1 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,jesus' m9i/ry1 on ! gr\nd t 8x be>s ! "* ( a fir/ appe>ance1 a bold de$ ) :i* to op5 ,8 c>e]40 ,he fails to obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t if ?is act really took place at ?is po9t ( "t1 ! :ole developm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus :i* ,holtzmann _h s +5i\sly trac$ 9 ,m>k1 is at once ?r[n into confusion4 ,9 describ+ ! la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 ,weizsck] is n cont5t to ins]t ! ,m>can /ones into ! ,johann9e cem5t2 he goes f>!r & expressly /ates t ! great f>ewell disc\rses ( ,jesus to ,8 disciples agree ) ! ,synoptic disc\rses to ! disciples spok5 dur+ ! la/ days1 h[ev] completely !y ( all o!rs be> ! peculi> /amp ( ! ,johann9e diction4 ,?us 9 ! second p]iod ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis ! same spectacle meets u z 9 ! e>li]4 ,! hypo!sis has a lit]>y exi/5ce1 inde$ x is c>ri$ by ,holtzmann to su* a degree ( demon/ration t x c no long] be call$ a m]e hypo!sis1 b x does n succe$ 9 w9n+ an assur$ position 9 ! critical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,x is commonl& n yet tak5 into cultivation4 ,t is due 9 no small measure to ! fact t ,holtzmann did n "w out ! hypo!sis f ! hi/orical side1 b r on lit]>y l9es1 recall+ ,wilke--z a k9d ( problem 9 ,synoptic ari?metic--& 9 8 preface expresses diss5t f ! ,tb+5 s*ool1 :o desir$ to leave no alt]native betwe5 ,john on ! "o side & ! ,synoptics on ! o!r1 :]eas he approves ! attempt to evade ! dilemma 9 "s way or o!r1 & ?9ks he c f9d 9 ! didactic n>rative ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ! traces ( a developm5t ( ,jesus simil> to t portray$ 9 ! ,synoptics1 & has !re=e no fundam5tal objection to ! use ( ,john alongside ( ! ,synoptics4 ,9 tak+ up ?is position1 h[ev]1 he does n desire to be und]/ood z mean+ t 8x w\ld be to ! int]e/s ( sci5ce to ?r[ ,synoptic & ,johann9e passages toge!r indiscrim9ately & ?us con/ruct a life ( ,jesus out ( !m40 8,x w\ld be mu* bett] fir/ to recon/ruct sep>ately ! ,synoptic & ,johann9e pictures ( ,*ri/1 compos+ ea* ( its own di/9ctive mat]ial4 ,x is only :5 ?is has be5 done t x is possible to make a fruitful comp>ison ( ! two40 ,exactly ! same position _h be5 tak5 up sixtysev5 ye>s be=e by ,h]d]4 ,9 ,holtzmann's case1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple 0 /at$ ) s _m qualifications t ! adh]5ts ( 8 view read into x ! p]mission to comb9e1 9 a picture treat$ 89 ! gr& /yle10 ,synoptic ) ,johann9e passages4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! plan :i* ,holtzmann f9ally evolv$ out ( ,m>k 0 mu* too f9edrawn to be> ! weight ( ! rema9d] ( ! ,synoptic mat]ial4 ,he di/+ui%es sev5 /ages 9 ! ,galilaean m9i/ry17#aca7 ( :i* ! really decisive "o is ! six?1 9 :i* ,jesus leaves ,galilee & goes nor?w>d1 s t ,s*5kel & ,weizsck] are ju/ifi$ 9 di/+ui%+ practically only two great ,galilaean p]iods1 ! fir/ ( :i*--d[n to ! controv]sy ab\t c]emonial purity--!y di/+ui% z ! p]iod ( success1 ! second--d[n to ! dep>ture f ,judaea--z ! p]iod ( decl9e4 ,:at attract$ ^! writ]s to ! ,m>can hypo!sis 0 n s mu* ! au!ntification :i* x gave to ! detail ( ,m>k1 ?\gh !y 7 will+ en\gh to accept t1 b ! way 9 :i* ?is ,gospel l5t itself to ! a priori view ( ! c\rse ( ! life ( ,jesus :i* !y unconsci\sly br\ght ) !m4 ,!y appeal$ to ,holtzmann because he %[$ su* wond]ful skill 9 extract+ f ! ,m>can n>rative ! view :i* comm5d$ itself to ! _s ( ! age z manife/$ 9 ! 'sixties4 ,holtzmann read into ?is ,gospel t ,jesus _h endeav\r$ 9 ,galilee to f\nd ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 an ideal s5se2 t ,he conceal$ ,8 consci\sness ( be+ ! ,messiah1 :i* 0 con/antly gr[+ m assur$1 until ,8 foll[]s %\ld h atta9$ by inn] enlight5m5t to a high] view ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ( ! ,messiah2 t almo/ at ! end ( ,8 ,galilaean m9i/ry ,he decl>$ ,himself to !m z ! ,messiah at ,caes>ea ,philippi2 t on ! same occasion ,he at once began to picture to !m a suff]+ ,messiah1 ^: l9eam5ts gradually became m & m di/9ct 9 ,8 m9d amid ! gr[+ opposition :i* ,he enc\nt]$1 until f9ally1 ,he communicat$ to ,8 disciples ,8 decision to put ! ,messianic cause to ! te/ 9 ! capital1 & t !y foll[$ ,him ?i!r & saw h[ ,8 fate fulfill$ itself4 ,x 0 ?is fundam5tal view :i* made ! success ( ! hypo!sis4 ,holtzmann1 n less ?an 8 foll[]s1 believ$ t he _h discov]$ x 9 ! ,gospel itself1 al?\gh ,/rauss1 ! passionate oppon5t ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis1 took ess5tially ! same view ( ! developm5t ( ,jesus' ?\ght4 ,b ! way 9 :i* ,holtzmann exhibit$ ?is *>act]i/ic view ( ! 'sixties z aris+ naturally out ( ! detail ( ,m>k1 0 s p]fect1 s arti/ically *>m+1 t ?is view appe>$ h5ce=w>d to be insep>ably b\nd up ) ! ,m>can tradition4 ,sc>cely ev] has a description ( ! life ( ,jesus ex]cis$ s irresi/ible an influ5ce z t %ort outl9e--x embraces sc>cely tw5ty pages--) :i* ,holtzmann closes 8 exam9ation ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,?is *apt] became ! cre$ & cate*ism ( all :o h&l$ ! subject dur+ ! foll[+ decades4 ,! treatm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus _h to foll[ ! l9es "h laid d[n until ! ,m>can hypo!sis 0 deliv]$ f its bondage to t a priori view ( ! developm5t ( ,jesus4 ,until !n any "o might appeal to ! ,m>can hypo!sis1 mean+ !reby only t g5]al view ( ! inw>d & outw>d c\rse ( developm5t 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 & might treat ! rema9d] ( ! ,synoptic mat]ial h[ he *ose1 comb9+ ) x1 at 8 pleasure1 mat]ial drawn f ,john4 ,! victory1 !re=e1 belong$1 n to ! ,m>can hypo!sis pure & simple1 b to ! ,m>can hypo!sis z psy*ologically int]pret$ by a lib]al !ology4 ,! po9ts ( di/9ction betwe5 ! ,weissian & ! new int]pretation are z foll[s3--,weisse is sceptical z reg>ds ! detail2 ! new ,m>can hypo!sis v5tures to base conclusions ev5 ^u incid5tal rem>ks 9 ! text4 ,accord+ to ,weisse !re 7 n di/9ct p]iods ( success & failure 9 ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 ! new ,m>can hypo!sis confid5tly affirms ?is di/9ction1 & goes s f> z to place ! soj\rn ( ,jesus 9 ! p>ts beyond ,galilee "u ! head+ 8,flights & ,retirem5ts407#acb7 ,! e>li] ,m>can hypo!sis expressly d5ies t outw>d circum/ances influ5c$ ! resolve ( ,jesus to die2 accord+ to ! lat]1 x 0 ! opposition ( ! p1 & ! impossibility ( c>ry+ out ,8 mission on o!r l9es :i* =c$ ,him to ent] on ! pa? ( suff]+47#acc7 ,! ,jesus ( ,weisse's view has complet$ ,8 developm5t at ! "t ( ,8 appe>ance2 ! ,jesus ( ! new int]pretation ( ,m>k cont9ues to develop 9 ! c\rse ( ,8 public m9i/ry4 ,!re is complete agreem5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! rejection ( es*atology4 ,= ,holtzmann1 ,s*5kel1 & ,weizsck]1 z = ,weisse1 ,jesus desires 8to f\nd an inw>d k+dom ( rep5tance407#acd7 ,x 0 ,israel's duty1 accord+ to ,s*5kel1 to believe 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom :i* ,jesus proclaim$4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 unable to believe 9 x1 & x 0 = ?is reason t ,jesus c5sur$ him--= x is 9 ?is s5se t ,s*5kel und]/&s ! say+ ab\t ! greate/ among ^? born ( wom5 :o is nev]!less ! lea/ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 8,s ne> ! light & yet %utt+ 8 eyes to its beams--is !re n "s blame "h1 an und5iable lack ( spiritual & moral receptivity80 ,jesus makes ,messianic claims only 9 a spiritual s5se4 ,he does n grasp at sup]human glory2 x is ,8 purpose to be> ! s9 ( ! :ole p1 & ,he und]goes baptism 8z a humble memb] ( ! national community40 ,8 :ole tea*+ consi/s1 :5 once ,he ,himself has atta9$ to cle> consci\sness ( ,8 vocation1 9 a con/ant /ruggle to root out f ! he>ts ( ,8 disciples _! !ocratic hopes & to effect a trans=mation ( _! traditional ,messianic ideas4 ,:51 on ,simon's hail+ ,him z ! ,messiah1 ,he decl>es t fle% & blood has n reveal$ x to him1 ,he means1 accord+ to ,s*5kel1 8t ,simon has at ?is mom5t ov]come ! false ,messianic ideas1 & has recognis$ 9 ,him ! e?ical & spiritual deliv]] ( ,israel40 8,t ,jesus pr$ict$ a p]sonal1 bodily1 ,second ,com+1 9 ! brightness ( ,8 heav5ly spl5d\r & surr\nd$ by ! heav5ly ho/s1 to e/abli% an e>?ly k+dom1 is n only n prov$1 x is absolutely impossible40 ,8 purpose is to e/abli% a community ( :i* ,8 disciples are to be ! f\ndation1 & by means ( ?is community to br+ ab\t ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,he c1 !re=e1 only h spok5 ( ,8 return z an imp]sonal return 9 ! ,_s4 ,! lat] expon5ts ( ! ,m>can view 7 no d\bt g5]ally incl9$ to reg>d ! return z p]sonal & corporeal4 ,= ,s*5kel1 h[ev]1 x is hi/orically c]ta9 t ! real mean+ ( ! es*atological disc\rses is m fai?fully pres]v$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ?an 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,9 8 anxiety to elim9ate any en?usia/ic elem5ts f ! repres5tation ( ,jesus1 he ends by draw+ a b\rgeois ,messiah :om he might h extract$ f ! oldfa%ion$ rationali/ic "w ( ! wor?y ,re9h>d4 ,he feels b\nd to save ! cr$it ( ,jesus by %[+ t ! entry into ,j]usalem 0 n int5d$ z a provocation to ! gov]nm5t4 8,x is only by mak+ ?is supposition10 he expla9s1 8t we avoid ca/+ a slur ^u ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a con/ant trait 9 ,8 "* t ,he nev] unnecess>ily expos$ ,himself to dang]1 & nev]1 except = ! mo/ press+ reasons1 did ,he give any support to ! suspicions :i* 7 aris+ aga9/ ,him2 ,he avoid$ provok+ ,8 oppon5ts to dra/ic measures by any ov]t act direct$ aga9/ !m40 ,ev5 ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple 0 n an act ( viol5ce b m]ely an attempt at re=m4 ,s*5kel is able to give ^! explanations because he kn[s ! mo/ secret ?\ghts ( ,jesus & is !re=e no long] b\nd to ! text4 ,he kn[s1 = example1 t imm$iately aft] ,8 baptism ,he atta9$ to ! k 8t ! way ( ! ,law 0 no long] ! way ( salvation = ,8 p40 ,jesus _c !re=e h utt]$ ! say+ ab\t ! p]man5ce ( ! ,law 9 ,m>k v4 #ah4 ,9 ! controv]sies ab\t ! ,sabba? 8,he proclaims fre$om ( wor%ip40 ,z "t w5t on1 ,he began to take ! hea!n _w into ! scope ( ,8 purpose4 8,! h>d say+ address$ to ! ,canaanite woman repres5ts r ! pr\d & exclusive _s ( ,ph>isaism ?an ! _s ( ,jesus40 ,x 0 a te/ ( fai?1 ! success ( :i* _h a decisive influ5ce ^u ,jesus' attitude t[>ds ! hea!n4 ,h5ce=? x is obvi\s t ,he is fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds !m4 ,he travels ?r\gh ,sam>ia & e/abli%es a community !re4 ,9 ,j]usalem ,he op5ly calls ! hea!n to ,him4 ,at c]ta9 fea/s :i* !y _h arrang$ = t purpose1 "s ( ! lead]s ( ! p set a trap = ,him1 & betray$ ,him into lib]al say+s 9 reg>d to ! ,g5tiles :i* seal$ ,8 fate4 ,?is 0 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! ,ma/]1 :o1 accord+ to ,s*5kel1 8saw ) a cle> eye into ! future hi/ory ( ! _w10 & knew t ! fall ( ,j]usalem mu/ take place 9 ord] to close ! !ocratic era & give ! ,g5tiles free access to ! univ]sal community ( ,*ri/ians :i* ,he 0 to f\nd4 8,?is p]iod ,he describ$ z ! p]iod ( ,8 com+1 z 9 a s5se ,8 ,second ,adv5t ^u e>?40 ,! same g5]al proc$ure is foll[$ by ,weizsck] 9 8 8,gospel ,hi/ory10 ?\gh 8 "w is ( a mu* high] quality ?an ,s*5kel's4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! s\rces is "o ( ! cle>e/ t has ev] be5 writt54 ,9 ! description ( ! life ( ,jesus1 h[ev]1 ! unhesitat+ comb9ation ( mat]ial f ! ,f\r? ,gospel ) t ( ! ,synoptics r confuses ! picture4 ,& :]eas ,r5an only (f]s ! results ( ! complet$ process1 ,weizsck] works out 81 x might almo/ be said1 "u ! eyes ( ! read]1 :i* makes ! arbitr>y "* ( ! proce$+ only ! m obvi\s4 ,b 9 8 attitude t[>ds ! s\rces ,weizsck] is :olly free f ! irresponsible caprice 9 :i* ,s*5kel indulges4 ,f "t to "t1 too1 he gives a h9t ( unsolv$ problems 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,= example1 9 treat+ ( ! decl>ation ( ,jesus to ,8 judges t ,he w\ld come z ! ,son ( ,man ^u ! cl\ds ( heav51 he rem>ks h[ surpris+ x is t ,jesus c\ld s (t5 h us$ ! designation ,son ( ,man on e>li] occasions )\t be+ accus$ ( claim+ ! ,messiah%ip4 ,x is true t ?is is a m]e scrap+ ( ! keel ^u a s&bank1 by :i* ! /e]sman does n all[ himself to be turn$ f 8 c\rse1 = ,weizsck] concludes t ! "n ,son ( ,man1 9 spite ( its use 9 ,daniel1 8_h n become a g5]ally curr5t or really popul> designation ( ! ,messiah40 ,b ev5 ?is fa9t suspicion ( ! difficulty is a welcome sign4 ,mu* emphasis1 9 fact1 9 practice r too mu* emphasis1 is laid on ! pr9ciple t 9 ! great disc\rses ( ,jesus ! /ructure is n hi/orical2 !y are only collections ( say+s =m$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! ,*ri/ian community 9 lat] times4 ,9 ?is ,weizsck] is sometimes n less arbitr>y ?an ,s*5kel1 :o repres5ts ! ,"l's ,pray] z giv5 by ,jesus to ! disciples only 9 ! la/ days at ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 an axiom ( ! s*ool t ,jesus c\ld n h deliv]$ disc\rses su* z ! ,evangeli/s record4 ,if ,s*5kel's picture ( ,jesus' "* attract$ mu* m att5tion ?an ,weizsck]'s "w1 t is ma9ly due to ! art ( lively popul> pres5tation by :i* x is di/+ui%$4 ,! writ] kn[s well h[ to keep ! read]'s int]e/ awake by ! use ( excit+ headl9es4 ,cat*words ab\nd1 & arre/ ! e>1 = !y are ! cat*words ab\t :i* ! religi\s controv]sies ( ! "t revolv$4 ,!re is nev] f> to look = ! moral ( ! hi/ory1 & ! ,jesus "h portray$ c be imag9$ plung+ into ! mid/ ( ! debates 9 any m9i/]ial conf]5ce4 ,! moralis+1 x mu/ be admitt$1 sometimes becomes ! occasion ( ! feeble/ ineptitudes4 ,jesus s5t out ,8 disciples two & two2 ?is is = ,s*5kel a m>vell\s exhibition ( wisdom4 ,! ,"l design$1 !reby1 to %[ t 9 ,8 op9ion 8no?+ is m inimical to ! int]e/s ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god ?an individualism1 selfw1 selfpleas+40 ,s*5kel entirely fails to recognise ! sup]b irony ( ! say+ t 9 ?is life all t a man gives up = ! sake ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god is repaid a hundr$fold 9 p]secutions1 9 ord] t 9 ! ,com+ ,age he may receive et]nal life z 8 rew>d4 ,he int]pret$ x z mean+ t ! suff]] %all be comp5sat$ by love2 8 fell[ ,*ri/ians w endeav\r to make x up to him1 & w (f] him _! own possessions s freely t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is bro!rly love1 he w soon h1 = ! h\se :i* he has lo/1 a hundr$ h\ses1 = ! lo/ si/]s1 bro!rs1 & s =?1 a hundr$ si/]s1 a hundr$ bro!rs1 a hundr$ fa!rs1 a hundr$ mo!rs1 a hundr$ f>ms4 ,s*5kel =gets to add t1 if ?is is to be ! int]pretation ( ! say+1 ! p]secut$ man mu/ also receive ?r\gh ?is comp5sat+ love1 a hundr$ wives47#ace7 ,?is want ( insight into ! l>g5ess1 ! />tl+ orig9ality1 ! selfcontradictor9ess1 & ! t]rible irony 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus1 is n a peculi>ity ( ,s*5kel's2 x is *>act]i/ic ( all ! lib]al ,lives ( ,jesus f ,/rauss's d[n to ,osk> ,holtzmann's47#acf7 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,!y _h to transpose a way ( envisag+ ! _w :i* belong$ to a h]o & a dream] to ! plane ( ?\ght ( a rational b\rgeois religion4 ,b 9 ,s*5kel's repres5tation1 ) its popul> appeal1 ?is banality is p>ticul>ly obtrusive4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 :at made ! success ( ! book 0 n its popul> *>act]i/ics1 :e!r good or bad1 b ! enmity :i* x drew d[n ^u ! au?or4 ,! ,basle ,privat,doc5t :o1 9 8 "w ( #ahci1 _h congratulat$ ! ,zuri*]s on hav+ reject$ ,/rauss1 n[1 z ,pr(essor & ,director ( ! ,sem9>y at ,heidelb]g1 came v ne> be+ adjudg$ wor?y ( ! m>tyr's cr[n himself4 ,he _h be5 at ,heidelb]g s9ce #ahea1 aft] hold+ = a %ort "t ,de ,wette's *air at ,basle4 ,at 8 fir/ com+ a mildly reaction>y !ology might h claim$ him z its own4 ,he gave x a "r to d s by ! way 9 :i* he work$ aga9/ ! philosoph]1 ,kuno ,fis*]1 9 ! ,high] ,consi/ory4 ,b 9 ! /ruggles ov] ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur* he *ang$ 8 position4 ,z a def5d] ( ! rights ( ! laity he rang$ himself on ! m lib]al side4 ,aft] 8 great victory 9 ! ,g5]al ,synod ( #ahfa1 9 :i* ! new con/itution ( ! ,*ur* 0 e/abli%$1 he call$ a ,g]man ,prote/ant assembly at ,frank=t1 9 ord] to set on foot a g5]al movem5t = ,*ur* re=m4 ,?is assembly met 9 #ahfc1 & l$ to ! =mation ( ! ,prote/ant ,association4 ,:5 ! ,*>akt]bild ,jesu appe>$1 fri5d & foe 7 alike surpris$ at ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ,s*5kel advocat$ ! m lib]al views4 8,s*5kel's book10 compla9$ ,lu?>dt1 9 a lecture at ,leipzig17#acg7 8has ar\s$ a pa9ful int]e/4 ,we _h le>nt to "k him 9 _m aspects2 we 7 n prep>$ = su* an apo/asy f 8 own pa/4 ,h[ long is x s9ce he br\ght ab\t ! dismissal ( ,kuno ,fis*] f ,heidelb]g because he saw 9 ! pan!ism ( ?is philosoph] a dang] to ,*ur* & ,/ate8 ,x is /ill fre% 9 our memory t x 0 he :o 9 ! ye> #aheb drew up ! report ( ! ,!ological ,faculty ( ,heidelb]g ^u ! ecclesia/ical controv]sy rais$ by ,pa/or ,dlon at ,brem51 9 :i* he d5i$ ,dlon's ,*ri/ianity on ! gr\nd t he _h assail$ ! doctr9es ( orig9al s91 ( ju/ification by fai?1 ( a liv+ & p]sonal ,god1 ( ! et]nal ,div9e ,son%ip ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & ( ! cr$ibility ( ! holy ,scriptures40 ,& n[ ?is same ,s*5kel 0 misus+ ! ,life ( ,jesus z a weapon 9 8p>ty polemics06 ,! agitation aga9/ him 0 eng9e]$ f ,b]l91 :]e 8 successful attack ^u ! illib]al con/itution ( ! ,*ur* _h n be5 =giv54 ,"o hundr$ & sev5te5 ,bad5 cl]ics sign$ a prote/ decl>+ ! au?or unfitt$ to hold (fice z a !ological tea*] 9 ! ,bad5 ,*ur*4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,g]many ! pa/ors agitat$ aga9/ him4 ,x 0 especially dem&$ t he %\ld be imm$iately remov$ f 8 po/ z ,director ( ! ,sem9>y4 ,a c\nt]prote/ 0 issu$ by ! ,durla* ,conf]5ce 9 ! ,july ( #ahfd1 9 :i* ,blunts*li & ,holtzmann vigor\sly def5d$ him4 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\ncil support$ him1 & ! /orm gradually di$ away1 especially :5 ,s*5kel 9 two 8,def5ces0 skilfully s(t5$ d[n ! impression made by 8 "w1 & endeav\r$ to quiet ! public m9d by po9t+ out t he _h only attempt$ to set =? "o side ( ! tru?47#ach7 ,! position ( ! prospective m>tyr 0 n r5d]$ any m easy by ,/rauss4 ,9 an app5dix to 8 criticism ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,life ( ,jesus he settl$ acc\nts ) 8 old antagoni/47#aci7 ,he recognises no sci5tific value :atev] 9 ! "w4 ,none ( ! ideas develop$ 9 x are new4 ,"o might fairly say1 he ?9ks1 8t ! conclusions :i* h giv5 (f5ce _h be5 c>ri$ d[n ! ,neck> f ,tb+5 to ,heidelb]g1 & _h !re be5 salvag$ by ,h]r ,s*5kel--9 a some:at sodd5 & det]iorat$ condition1 x mu/ be admitt$--& incorporat$ into ! edifice :i* he 0 con/ruct+40 ,fur!r1 ,/rauss c5sures ! book = its want ( frankness1 its half&half "*1 :i* manife/s itself especially 9 ! way 9 :i* ! au?or cl+s to or?odox phraseology4 8,ov] & ov] aga9 he gives criticism ) "o h& all t x c possibly ask1 & !n takes back ) ! o!r :atev] ! int]e/s ( fai? seem to dem&2 ) ! con/ant result t :at is tak5 back is f> too mu* = criticism & n ne>ly en\gh = fai?40 8,9 ! future10 he concludes1 8x w be said ( ! sev5 hundr$ ,durla*]s t !y f\ght l palad9s to prev5t ! enemy f captur+ a /&>d :i* 0 really no?+ b a pat*$ di%cl\t40 ,s*5kel di$ 9 #ahhe aft] sev]e suff]+s4 ,z a critic he lack$ indep5d5ce1 & 01 !re=e1 always incl9$ to compromises2 9 controv]sy he 0 vehem5t4 ,?\gh he did no?+ rem>kable 9 !ology1 ,g]man ,prote/antism owes him a va/ debt = act+ z its tribune 9 ! 'sixties4 ,t 0 ! la/ "t t any popul> excitem5t 0 ar\s$ 9 connexion ) ! critical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus2 & x 0 a m]e /orm 9 a teacup4 ,moreov]1 x 0 ! man & n 8 "w t ar\s$ ! excitem5t4 ,h5ce=? public op9ion 0 almo/ entirely indiff]5t to any?+ :i* appe>$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! great fundam5tal "q :e!r hi/orical criticism 0 to be appli$ to ! life ( ,jesus _h be5 decid$ 9 connexion ) ,/rauss's fir/ "w on ! subject4 ,if "h & !re indignation ar\s$ by a ,life ( ,jesus br\ght inconv5i5ces to ! au?or & pr(it to ! publi%]1 t 0 connect$ 9 e case ) purely ext]nal & incid5tal circum/ances4 ,public op9ion 0 n disquiet$ = a mom5t by ,volkm> & ,wr$e1 al?\gh !y are mu* m extreme ?an ,s*5kel4 ,mo/ ( ! ,lives ( ,jesus :i* foll[$ _h1 x is true1 no?+ v excit+ ab\t !m4 ,!y 7 m]e v>iants ( ! type e/abli%$ dur+ ! 'sixties1 v>iants ( :i* ! m9ute diff]5ces 7 only disc]nible by !ologians1 & :i* 7 o!rwise exactly alike 9 arrangem5t & result4 ,z a contribution to criticism1 ,keim's7#adj7 8,hi/ory ( ,jesus ( ,naz>a0 0 ! mo/ important ,life ( ,jesus :i* appe>$ 9 a long p]iod4 ,x is n ( mu* consequ5ce t he believes 9 ! priority ( ,mat!w1 s9ce 8 pres5tm5t ( ! hi/ory foll[s ! g5]al l9es ( ! ,m>can plan1 :i* is pres]v$ also 9 ,mat!w4 ,he gives x z 8 op9ion t ! life ( ,jesus is to be recon/ruct$ f ! ,synoptics1 :e!r ,mat!w has ! fir/ place or ,m>k4 ,he sket*es ! developm5t ( ,jesus 9 bold l9es4 ,z e>ly z 8 inaugural address at ,zuri*1 deliv]$ on ! #ag? ( ,decemb] #ahfj1 :i*1 %ort z x 01 made a p[]ful impression ^u ,holtzmann z well z ^u o!rs1 he _h set up ! !sis t ! ,synoptics 8artlessly1 almo/ aga9/ _! w1 %[ u unconsci\sly 9 incid5tal1 unobtrusive traits ! progressive developm5t ( ,jesus z y\? & man407#ada7 ,8 lat] works are ! developm5t ( ?is sket*4 ,8 gr&iose /yle gave ! keynote = ! arti/ic treatm5t ( ! portrait ( ,jesus 9 ! 'sixties4 ,8 phrases & expressions became classical4 ,e "o foll[s him 9 speak+ ( ! 8,galilaean spr+ tide0 9 ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,on ! ,johann9e "q he takes up a cle>ly def9$ position1 d5y+ ! possibility ( us+ ! ,f\r? ,gospel side by side ) ! ,synoptics z an hi/orical s\rce4 ,he goes v f> 9 f9d+ special significance 9 ! details ( ! ,synopti/s1 especially :5 he is anxi\s to discov] traces ( want ( success 9 ! second p]iod ( ,jesus' m9i/ry1 s9ce ! plan ( 8 ,life ( ,jesus dep5ds on ! %>p anti!sis betwe5 ! p]iods ( success & failure4 ,! :ole ( ! second half ( ! ,galilaean p]iod consi/s = him 9 8flights & retirem5ts40 8,beset by con/antly r5ew$ al>ms & h9drances1 ,jesus left ! sc5e ( ,8 e>li] "w1 left ,8 dwell+place at ,cap]naum1 & accompani$ only by a few fai?ful foll[]s1 9 ! end only by ! ,twelve1 s\ght 9 all directions = places ( refuge = long] or %ort] p]iods1 9 ord] to avoid & elude ,8 enemies40 ,keim frankly admits1 inde$1 t !re is n a syllable 9 ! ,gospels to sugge/ t ^! j\rneys are ! j\rneys ( a fugitive4 ,b in/ead ( all[+ t to %ake 8 conviction1 he abuses ! n>rators & sugge/s t !y desir$ to conceal ! tru?4 8,^! flights10 he says1 87 no d\bt inconv5i5t to ! ,evangeli/s4 ,mat!w is "h ! franke/1 b 9 ord] to re/ore ! impression ( ,jesus' greatness he transf]s to ?is p]iod ! greate/ miracles4 ,! lat] ,evangeli/s are almo/ completely sil5t ab\t ^! retirem5ts1 & leave u to suppose t ,jesus made ,8 j\rneys to ,caes>ea ,philippi & ! neighb\rhood ( ,tyre & ,sidon 9 ! middle ( w9t] f m]e pleasure 9 travel1 or = ! ext5sion ( ! ,gospel1 & t ,he made ,8 la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem )\t any ext]nal necessity1 entirely 9 consequ5ce ( ,8 free decision1 ev5 ?\gh ! expectation ( dea? :i* !y ascribe to ,him goes f> to c\nt]act ! impression ( complete fre$om40 ,:y d !y ?us correct ! hi/ory8 8,! motive 0 ! same difficulty :i* draws f u also ! "q1 #8,is x possible t ,jesus %\ld flee8' 0 ,keim answ]s 8,yes40 ,"h ! lib]al psy*ology comes cle>ly to light4 8,jesus fl$10 he expla9s1 8because ,he desir$ to pres]ve ,himself = ,god & man1 to secure ! cont9uance ( ,8 m9i/ry to ,israel1 to defeat z long z possible ! d>k designs ( ,8 enemies1 to c>ry ,8 cause to ,j]usalem1 & !re1 :ile act+1 z x 0 ,8 duty to d1 ) prud5ce & =esight 9 8 relations ) m51 to recognise cle>ly1 by ! ,div9e sil5ce or ! ,div9e action1 :at ! ,div9e purpose really 01 :i* c\ld n be recognis$ 9 a mom5t4 ,he acts l a man :o kn[s ! duty bo? ( exam9ation & action1 :o kn[s ,8 own wor? & :at is due to ,him & ,8 obligations t[>ds ,god & man407#adb7 ,9 reg>d to ! "q ( es*atology1 h[ev]1 ,keim does ju/ice to ! texts47#adc7 ,he admits t es*atology1 8a ,k+dom ( ,god clo!d ) mat]ial spl5d\rs10 =ms an integral "p ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus f ! fir/2 8t ,he nev] reject$ x1 & !re=e nev] by a s call$ advance trans=m$ ! s5su\s ,messianic idea into a purely spiritual "o40 8,jesus does n uproot f ! m9ds ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee _! belief 9 ! ?rones on ,8 "r h& & ,8 left2 ,he does n hesitate to make ,8 entry into ,j]usalem 9 ! "* ( ! ,messiah2 ,he ackn[l$ges ,8 ,messiah%ip be=e ! ,c\ncil )\t mak+ any c>eful res]vations2 ^u ! cross ,8 title is ,! ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 ,he consoles ,himself & ,8 foll[]s ) ! ?\ght ( ,8 return z an e>?ly rul]1 & leaves ) ,8 disciples1 )\t mak+ any attempt to *eck x1 ! belief1 :i* long surviv$1 9 a future e/abli%m5t or re/oration ( ! ,k+dom 9 an ,israel deliv]$ f bondage40 ,keim rem>ks ) mu* ju/ice 8t ,/rauss _h be5 wrong 9 reject+ 8 own e>li] & m correct =mula10 :i* comb9$ ! es*atological & spiritual elem5ts z op]at+ side by side 9 ! plan ( ,jesus4 ,keim1 h[ev]1 himself 9 ! end all[s ! spiritual elem5ts practically to cancel ! es*atological4 ,he admits1 x is true1 t ! expression ,son ( ,man :i* ,jesus uses designat$ ! ,messiah 9 ! s5se ( ,daniel's prophecy1 b he ?9ks t ^! pictorial repres5tations 9 ,daniel did n repel ,jesus because ,he int]pret$ !m spiritually1 & 8int5d$ to describe ,himself z belong+ to mank9d ev5 9 ,8 ,messianic (fice40 ,to solve ! difficulty ,keim assumes a developm5t4 ,jesus' consci\sness ( ,8 vocation _h be5 /r5g!n$ bo? by success & by disappo9tm5t4 ,z "t w5t on ,he prea*$ ! ,k+dom n z a future ,k+dom1 z at fir/1 b z "o :i* 0 pres5t 9 ,him & ) ,him1 & ,he decl>es ,8 ,messiah%ip m & m op5ly be=e ! _w4 ,he ?9ks ( ! ,k+dom z und]go+ developm5t1 b n ) an unlimit$1 inf9ite horizon z ! mod]ns suppose2 ! horizon is b\nd$ by ! es*atology4 8,= h[ev] easy x may be to read mod]n ideas into ! p>ables ( ! draught ( fi%es1 ! mu/>d se$ & ! leav51 :i*1 tak5 by !mselves1 seem to sugge/ ! duration contemplat$ by ! mod]n view1 x is nev]!less indubitable t ,jesus1 l ,paul1 by no means looks =w>d to s protract$ an e>?ly developm5t2 on ! contr>y1 no?+ appe>s m cle>ly f ! s\rces ?an t ,he ?\ght ( its t]m z rapidly approa*+1 & ( ,8 victory z nigh at h&2 & look$ to ! la/ decisive ev5ts1 ev5 to ! day ( judgm5t1 z ab\t to occur dur+ ! lifetime ( ! exi/+ g5]ation1 includ+ ,himself & ,8 apo/les40 8,x 0 ! ov]ma/]+ pressure ( circum/ances :i* held ,him prison] )9 ! limitations ( ?is obsolete belief40 ,:5 ,8 confid5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,8 ,k+dom came into collision ) b>ri]s :i* ,he c\ld n pass1 :5 ,8 belief 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god grew dim1 ! purely es*atological ideas won ! upp] h&1 8& if we may suppose t x 0 precisely ?is ?\ght ( ! imm95t decisive action ( ,god1 tak+ possession ( ,8 m9d ) r5ew$ =ce at ?is po9t1 :i* /eel$ ,8 human c\rage1 & r\s$ ,him to a passion ( selfsacrifice ) ! hope ( sav+ f ! judgm5t :atev] might /ill be sav$1 we may welcome ,8 adoption ( ^! n>r[] ideas z 9 accordance ) ! goodwill ( ,god1 :i* c\ld only by ?is means ma9ta9 ! fail+ /r5g? ( its human in/rum5t & secure ! spoils ( ! ,div9e w>f>e--! s\ls ( m5 subdu$ & conqu]$ by ,him40 ,! ?\ght :i* _h hov]$ be=e ! m9d ( ,r5an1 b :i* 9 8 h&s _h become only ! motive ( a romance--une ficelle d roman z ! ,fr5* express x--0 realis$ by ,keim4 ,no?+ deep] or m beautiful has s9ce be5 writt5 ab\t ! developm5t ( ,jesus4 ,less critical 9 "* is ,hase's 8,hi/ory ( ,jesus107#add7 :i* sup]s$$ 9 #ahgf ! v>i\s editions ( ! ,h&book on ! ,life ( ,jesus :i* _h fir/ appe>$ 9 #ahbi4 ,! "q ( ! use ( ,john's ,gospel side by side ) ! ,synoptics he leaves 9 susp5se1 & speaks 8 la/ ^w on ! subject 9 ! =m ( a p>able4 8,if ,i may be all[$ to use an av[$ly p>abolic =m ( spee*1 ! relation ( ,jesus to ! two /reams ( ,gospel tradition may be illu/rat$ z foll[s4 ,once !re appe>$ ^u e>? a heav5ly ,be+4 ,accord+ to ,8 fir/ ?ree biograph]s ,he goes ab\t m or less incognito1 9 ! long g>m5t ( a ,rabbi1 a =ceful popul> figure1 some:at ,judaic 9 spee*1 only occasionally1 almo/ unm>k$ by ,8 biograph]s1 po9t+ ) a smile beyond ?is brief int]lude to ,8 home4 ,9 ! description left by ,8 fav\rite disciple1 ,he has ?r[n (f ! tal> ( ! ,rabbi1 & /&s be=e u 9 ,8 native "*1 b 9 bitt] & angry /rife ) ^? :o took (f5ce at ,8 magnific5t simplicity1 & !n lat]--x mu/ be confess$1 m attractively--9 deep emotion at p>t+ ) ^? :om1 dur+ ,8 pilgrimage on e>?1 ,he _h made ,8 fri5ds1 ?\gh !y did n rightly und]/& ,8 /range1 une>?ly spee*40 ,?is is ,hase's way1 always to avoid a f9al decision4 ,! fifty ye>s ( critical /udy ( ! subject :i* he _h witness$ & tak5 "p 9 _h made him circumspect1 sometimes almo/ sceptical4 ,b 8 notes ( int]rogation d n repres5t a cov]t sup]naturalism l ^? 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus ( #ahbi4 ,hase _h be5 p5etrat$ by ! influ5ce ( ,/rauss & _h adopt$ f him ! belief t ! true life ( ,jesus lies beyond ! rea* ( criticism4 8,x is n my bus9ess10 he says to 8 /ud5ts 9 an introductory lecture1 8to recoil 9 horror f ?is or t ?\ght1 or to express x ) emb>rassm5t z be+ dang]\s2 ,i w\ld n =bid ev5 ! en?usiasm ( d\bt & de/ruction :i* makes ,/rauss s /rong & ,r5an s s$uctive40 ,x is left unc]ta9 :e!r ,jesus' consci\sness ( ,8 ,messiah%ip rea*es back to ! days ( ,8 *ildhood1 or :e!r x arose 9 ! e?ical developm5t ( ,8 rip5+ manhood4 ,! concealm5t ( ,8 ,messianic claims is ascrib$1 z by ,s*5kel & o!rs1 to pa$agogic motives2 x 0 necess>y t ,jesus %\ld fir/ educate ! p & ! disciples up to a high] e?ical view ( ,8 (fice4 ,9 ! /ress :i* he lays ^u ! es*atology ,hase has po9ts ( aff9ity ) ,keim1 = :om he _h prep>$ ! way 9 8 ,life ( ,jesus ( #ahbi1 9 :i* he _h be5 ! fir/ to ass]t a developm5t 9 ,jesus 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,he at fir/ fully %>$ ! ,jewi% es*atological views1 b lat] advanc$ to a m spiritual conception4 ,9 8 ,life ( ,jesus ( #ahgf he is prep>$ to make ! es*atology ! dom9ant feature 9 ! la/ p]iod also1 & does n hesitate to repres5t ,jesus z dy+ 9 ! en?usia/ic expectation ( return+ ^u ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,he feels himself driv5 to ?is by ! es*atological ideas 9 ! la/ disc\rses4 8,jesus' cle> & def9ite say+s10 he decl>es1 8) ! :ole context ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 spok5 & und]/ood1 h be5 =c+ me to ?is conclusion = ye>s pa/40 8,t l(ty ,messianic dream mu/ !re=e cont9ue to hold its place1 s9ce ,jesus1 influ5c$ z mu* by ! idea ( ! ,messianic glories tak5 ov] f ! beliefs ( ,8 p z by ,8 own religi\s exaltation1 c\ld n ?9k ( ! victory ( ,8 ,k+dom except z closely connect$ ) ,8 own p]sonal action4 ,b t 0 only a misund]/&+ due to ! unconsci\s poesy ( a highrang+ religi\s imag9ation1 ! e?ical mean+ ( :i* c\ld only be realis$ by a long hi/orical developm5t4 ,*ri/ c]ta9ly came aga9 z ! greate/ p[] on e>?1 & ,8 p[]1 along ) ,8 ^w1 is con/antly judg+ ! _w4 ,he fac$ ! suff]+s :i* lay imm$iately be=e ,him ) ,8 eyes fix$ ^u ?is great future40 ,! *ief excell5ce ( ,beys*lag's ,life ( ,jesus consi/s 9 its arrangem5t47#ade7 ,he fir/1 9 ! volume ( prelim9>y inve/igations1 discusses ! problems1 s t ! n>rative is dis5cumb]$ ( all explanations1 & by virtue ( ! au?or's admirable /yle becomes a pure "w ( art1 :i* rivets ! int]e/ ( ! read] & almo/ causes ! want ( a consi/5t hi/orical conception to be ov]look$4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t 9 reg>d to ! two decisive que/ions ,beys*lag is delib]ately inconsi/5t4 ,al?\gh he recognises t ! ,gospel ( ,john has n ! "* ( an ess5tially hi/orical s\rce1 8be+1 r1 a brilliant subjective portrait10 8a didactic1 q z mu* z an hi/orical "w10 he produces 8 ,life ( ,jesus by 8comb9+ & mortis+ toge!r ,synoptic & ,johann9e elem5ts40 ,! same unc]ta9ty prevails 9 reg>d to ! recognition ( ! def9itely es*atological "* ( ,jesus' sy/em ( ideas4 ,beys*lag gives a v l>ge place to es*atology1 s t 9 ord] to comb9e ! spiritual ) ! es*atological view 8 ,jesus has to pass ?r\gh ?ree /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ ,he prea*es ! ,k+dom z some?+ future1 a sup]natural ev5t :i* 0 to be look$ =w>d to1 mu* z ! ,bapti/ prea*$ x4 ,!n ! response :i* 0 call$ =? on all h&s by ,8 prea*+ l$ ,him to believe t ! ,k+dom 0 9 "s s5se already pres5t1 8t ! ,fa!r1 :ile ,he delays ! outw>d manife/ation ( ! ,k+dom1 is caus+ x to come ev5 n[ 9 quiet & unnotic$ ways by a humble gradual gr[?1 & ! great ?\ght ( ,8 p>ables1 :i* dom9ates ! :ole middle p]iod ( ,8 public life1 ! resemblance ( ! ,k+dom to mu/>d se$ or leav51 comes to bir? 9 ,8 m9d40 ,z ,8 failure becomes m & m c]ta91 8! c5tre ( gravity ( ,8 ?\ght is %ift$ to ! _w beyond ! grave1 & ! picture ( a glori\s return to conqu] & to judge ! _w rises be=e ,him40 ,! peculi> int]weav+ ( ,synoptic & ,johann9e ideas leads to ! result t1 betwe5 ! two1 ,beys*lag 9 ! end =ms no cle> conception ( ! es*atology1 & makes ,jesus ?9k 9 a half,johann9e1 half,synoptic fa%ion4 8,x is a consequ5ce ( ,jesus' pr(\nd conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god z some?+ ess5tially gr[+ t ,he reg>ds its f9al p]fection n z a /ate ( re/1 b r z a liv+ movem5t1 z a process ( becom+1 & s9ce ,he reg>ds ?is process z a cosmic & sup]natural process 9 :i* hi/ory f9ds its consummation1 & yet z aris+ entirely out ( ! e?ical & hi/orical process1 ,he comb9es elem5ts f ea* into ! same prophetic conception40 ,an es*atology ( ?is k9d is n matt] = hi/ory4 ,9 ! acceptance ( ! 8miracles0 ,beys*lag goes to ! utmo/ limits all[$ by criticism2 9 consid]+ ! possibility ( "o or ano!r ( ! record$ rais+s f ! dead he ev5 f9ds himself )9 ! bord]s ( rationali/ t]ritory4 ,:e!r ,b]nh>d ,weiss's7#adf7 is to be numb]$ ) ! lib]al ,lives ( ,jesus is a "q to :i* we may answ] 8,yes2 b along ) ! faults ( ^! x has "s o!rs 9 addition40 ,weiss %>es ) ! au?ors ( ! lib]al 8,lives0 ! assumption t ,m>k design$ to set =? a def9ite 8view ( ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus10 & on ! /r5g? ( t believes himself ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ a v f>rea*+ significance to ! details (f]$ by ?is ,evangeli/4 ,! arbitr>9ess ) :i* he c>ries out ?is !ory is q z unb\nd$ z ,s*5kel's1 & 9 8 fondness = ! 8argum5t f sil5ce0 he ev5 surpasses him4 ,al?\gh ,m>k nev] all[s a s+le ^w to escape him ab\t ! motives ( ! nor!rn j\rneys1 ,weiss is s clev] at read+ betwe5 ! l9es t ! motives are 8q suffici5tly0 cle> to him4 ,! object ( ^! j\rneys 01 accord+ to 8 explanation1 8t ! p might h an opportunity1 undi/ract$ by ! imm$iate impression ( ,8 words & actions1 to make up _! m9ds 9 reg>d to ! que/ions :i* !y _h put to ,him s press+ly & inescapably 9 ! la/ days ( ,8 public m9i/ry2 !y mu/ !mselves draw _! own conclusions alike f ! decl>ations & f ! conduct ( ,jesus4 ,only by ,jesus' remov+ ,himself = a "t f _! mid/ c\ld !y come to a cle> decision z to _! attitude to ,jesus40 ,?is mod]n psy*ologis+1 h[ev]1 is closely comb9$ ) a dialectic :i* seeks to %[ t !re is no irreconcilable opposition betwe5 ! belief 9 ! ,son ( ,god & ,son ( ,man :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ has always confess$1 & a critical inve/igation ( ! "q h[ f> ! details ( ,8 life h be5 accurately pres]v$ by tradition1 & h[ !y are to be hi/orically int]pret$4 ,t means t ,weiss is go+ to cov] up ! difficulties & /umbl+blocks ) ! mantle ( ,*ri/ian *>ity :i* he has wov5 out ( ! mo/ plausible ( ! traditional sophi/ries4 ,z a dialectical p]=mance on ^! l9es 8 ,life ( ,jesus rivals 9 importance any except ,s*lei]ma*]'s4 ,on po9ts ( detail !re are _m int]e/+ hi/orical obs]vations4 ,:5 all is said1 "o c only regret t s mu* k & s mu* ability h be5 exp5d$ 9 ! s]vice ( s hopeless a cause4 ,:at 0 ! net result ( ^! lib]al ,lives ( ,jesus8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! cle>+ up ( ! relation betwe5 ,john & ! ,synoptics4 ,t seems surpris+1 s9ce ! *ief repres5tatives ( ?is s*ool1 ,holtzmann1 ,s*5kel1 ,weizsck]1 & ,hase1 took up a m$iat+ position on ?is "q1 n to speak ( ,beys*lag & ,weiss1 = :om ! possibility ( reconciliation betwe5 ! two l9es ( tradition is an accept$ datum = ecclesia/ical & apologetic reasons4 ,b ! v attempt to hold ! position made cle> its inh]5t unt5ability4 ,! def5ce ( ! comb9ation ( ! two traditions exhau/$ itself 9 ! ef=ts ( ^! its critical *ampions1 j z ! acceptance ( ! sup]natural 9 hi/ory exhau/$ itself 9 !--to judge f ! approval ( ! _m--victori\s /ruggle aga9/ ,/rauss4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ,weizsck]1 l ,holtzmann17#adg7 advanc$ to ! rejection ( any possibility ( reconciliation1 & gave up ! ,f\r? ,gospel z an hi/orical s\rce4 ,! second dem& ( ,/rauss's fir/ ,life ( ,jesus 0 n[--at la/--conc$$ by sci5tific criticism4 ,t does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t no fur!r attempts at reconciliation appe>$ !nce=w>d4 ,0 ev] a /reet s clos$ by a cordon t "o or two isolat$ individuals did n get ?r\gh8 ,& to dodge ?r\gh ne$s1 aft] all1 no special intellig5ce1 or special c\rage4 ,mu/ we nev] speak ( a victory s long z a s+le enemy rema9s alive8 ,individual attempts to comb9e ,john ) ! ,synoptics :i* appe>$ aft] ?is decisive po9t are 9 "s cases des]v+ ( special att5tion1 z = example1 ,w5dt's7#adh7 acute /udy ( ! 8,tea*+ ( ,jesus10 :i* has all ! importance ( a full treatm5t ( ! 8,life40 ,b ! v way 9 :i* ,w5dt grapples ) 8 task %[s t ! ma9 issue is already decid$4 ,all he c d is to fight a skilful & det]m9$ re>gu>d action4 ,x is n ! ,f\r? ,gospel z x /&s1 b only a 8gr\nddocum5t0 on :i* x is bas$1 :i* he1 9 common ) ,weiss1 ,alex&] ,s*weiz]1 & ,r5an1 w\ld h to be recognis$ 8alongside ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k & ! ,logia ( ,mat!w z an hi/orically tru/wor?y tradition reg>d+ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus10 & :i* may be us$ along ) ^? two writ+s 9 =m+ a picture ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,= ,w5dt !re is no long] any "q ( an int]weav+ & work+ up toge!r ( ! individual sections ( ,john & ! ,synopti/s4 ,he takes up mu* ! same /&po9t z ,holtzmann occupi$ 9 #ahfc1 b he provides a mu* m compreh5sive & well te/$ basis = x4 ,9 ! end !re is no su* v great diff]5ce betwe5 ,w5dt & ! writ]s :o _h advanc$ to ! conviction ( ! irreconcilability ( ! two traditions4 ,w5dt refuses to give up ! ,f\r? ,gospel altoge!r2 !y1 on _! "p1 won only a half victory because !y did n z a matt] ( fact escape f ! ,johann9e int]pretation ( ! ,synoptics4 ,by means ( _! psy*ological int]pretation ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels !y make = !mselves an ideal ,f\r? ,gospel1 9 ! int]e/s ( :i* !y reject ! exi/+ ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,!y w he> no?+ ( ! spiritualis$ ,johann9e ,*ri/1 & refuse to ackn[l$ge ev5 to !mselves t !y h only depos$ ,him 9 ord] to put 9 ,8 place a spiritualis$ ,synoptic ,jesus ,*ri/1 t is1 a man :o claim$ to be ! ,messiah1 b 9 a spiritual s5se4 ,all ! developm5t :i* !y discov] 9 ,jesus is 9 ! la/ analysis only an evid5ce ( ! t5sion betwe5 ! ,synoptics1 9 _! natural lit]al s5se1 & ! 8,f\r? ,gospel0 :i* is extract$ f !m by an artificial int]pretation4 ,! fact is1 ! sep>ation betwe5 ! ,synoptics & ! ,f\r? ,gospel is only ! fir/ /ep to a l>g] result :i* necess>ily foll[s f x--! complete recognition ( ! fundam5tally es*atological "* ( ! tea*+ & influ5ce ( ! ,m>can & ,mat?aean ,jesus4 ,inasmu* z !y suppress$ ?is consequ5ce1 ,holtzmann1 ,s*5kel1 ,hase1 & ,weizsck]1 ev5 aft] _! critical conv]sion1 /ill lay "u ! spell ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ( a mod]n1 ideal ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is only :5 ! es*atological "q is decid$ t ! problem ( ! relation ( ,john to ! ,synoptics is f9ally laid to re/4 ,! lib]al ,lives ( ,jesus grasp$ _! incompatibility only f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 n 9 its full hi/orical significance4 ,!re is ano!r result 9 ! acceptance ( :i* ! critical s*ool _h /opp$ halfway4 ,if ! ,m>can plan be accept$1 x foll[s t1 sett+ aside ! ref]5ces to ! ,son ( ,man 9 ,m>k ii4 #aj & #bh1 ,jesus _h nev]1 previ\s to ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 giv5 ,himself out to be ! ,messiah or be5 recognis$ z su*4 ,! p]ception ( ?is fact m>ks "o ( ! greate/ advances 9 ! /udy ( ! subject4 ,?is result1 once accept$1 ought necess>ily to h sugge/$ two que/ions3 9 ! fir/ place1 :y ,jesus d[n to t mom5t _h made a secret ( ,8 ,messiah%ip ev5 to ,8 disciples2 9 ! second place1 :e!r at any "t1 &1 if s1 :5 & h[1 ! p 7 made acqua9t$ ) ,8 ,messianic claims4 ,z a fact1 h[ev]1 by ! application ( t ill />r$ psy*ologis+ bo? que/ions 7 smo!r$2 t is to say1 a %am answ] 0 giv5 to !m4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z selfevid5t t ,jesus _h conceal$ ,8 ,messiah%ip f ,8 disciples = s long 9 ord] 9 ! meantime to br+ !m1 )\t _! be+ aw>e ( x1 to a high] spiritual conception ( ! ,messiah2 x 0 reg>d$ z equally self evid5t t 9 ! la/ weeks ! ,messianic claims ( ,jesus c\ld no long] be hidd5 f ! p1 b t ,he did n op5ly av[ !m1 b m]ely all[$ !m to be div9$1 9 ord] to lead up ! multitude to ! recognition ( ! high] spiritual "* ( ! (fice :i* ,he claim$ = ,himself4 ,^! +5i\s psy*ologi/s nev] seem$ to p]ceive t !re is n a ^w ( all ?is 9 ,m>k2 b t !y _h read x all into "s ( ! mo/ contradictory & inexplicable facts 9 ! ,gospels1 & _h ?us creat$ a ,messiah :o bo? wi%$ to be ,messiah & did n wi% x1 & :o 9 ! end1 s f> z ! p 7 conc]n$1 bo? 0 & 0 n ! ,messiah4 ,?us ^! writ]s _h only recognis$ ! importance ( ! sc5e at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 !y _h n v5tur$ to attack ! g5]al problem ( ,jesus' attitude 9 reg>d to ! ,messiah%ip1 & _h n reflect$ fur!r on ! mutually contradictory facts t ,jesus purpos$ to be ! ,messiah & yet did n come =w>d publicly 9 t "*4 ,?us !y _h sidetrack$ ! /udy ( ! subject1 & bas$ all _! hopes ( progress on an int5sive exegesis ( ! detail ( ,m>k4 ,!y ?\ght !y _h no?+ to d b to occupy a conqu]$ t]ritory1 & nev] suspect$ t along ! :ole l9e !y _h only won a half victory1 nev] hav+ ?\ght out to ! end ei!r ! es*atological "q or ! fundam5tal hi/orical "q ( ! attitude ( ,jesus to ! ,messiah%ip4 ,!y 7 n disquiet$ by ! ob/9ate p]si/5ce ( ! discussion on ! es*atological "q4 ,!y ?\ght x 0 m]ely a skirmi% ) a few unorganis$ gu]rillas2 9 reality x 0 ! advancegu>d ( ! army ) :i* ,reim>us 0 ?reat5+ _! flank1 & :i* "u ! lead]%ip ( ,johannes ,weiss 0 to br+ !m to s dang]\s a pass4 ,& :ile !y 7 endeav\r+ to avoid ?is turn+ movem5t !y fell into ! ambu% :i* ,bruno ,bau] _h laid 9 _! re>3 ,wr$e held up ! ,m>can hypo!sis & dem&$ ! pass^w = ! !ory ( ! ,messianic consci\sness & claims ( ,jesus to :i* x 0 act+ z convoy4 ,! es*atological & ! lit]>y s*ool1 f9d+ !mselves ?us oppos$ to a common enemy1 naturally =m$ an alliance4 ,! object ( _! comb9$ attack 0 n ! ,m>can outl9e ( ! life ( ,jesus1 :i*1 9 fact1 !y bo? accept1 b ! mod]n 8psy*ological0 me?od ( read+ betwe5 ! l9es ( ! ,m>can n>rative4 ,"u ! cross fire ( ^! allies t idea ( developm5t :i* _h be5 ! /ronge/ entr5*m5t ( ! lib]al critical ,lives ( ,jesus1 & :i* !y _h be5 desp]ately endeav\r+ to /r5g!n d[n to ! v la/1 0 f9ally bl[n to atoms4 ,b ! /rik+ ?+ ab\t ^! lib]al critical ,lives ( ,jesus 0 t !y unconsci\sly prep>$ ! way = a deep] hi/orical view :i* c\ld n h be5 rea*$ ap>t f !m4 ,a deep] und]/&+ ( a subject is only br\ght to pass :5 a !ory is c>ri$ to its utmo/ limit & f9ally proves its own inadequacy4 ,!re is ?is 9 common betwe5 rationalism & ! lib]al critical me?od1 t ea* _h foll[$ out a !ory to its ultimate consequ5ces4 ,! lib]al critical s*ool _h c>ri$ to its limit ! explanation ( ! connexion ( ! actions ( ,jesus1 & ( ! ev5ts ( ,8 life1 by a 8natural0 psy*ology2 & ! conclusions to :i* !y _h be5 driv5 _h prep>$ ! way = ! recognition t ! natural psy*ology is n "h ! hi/orical psy*ology1 b t ! latt] mu/ be d$uc$ f c]ta9 hi/orical data4 ,?us ?r\gh ! m]itori\s & magnific5tly s9c]e "w ( ! lib]al critical s*ool ! a priori 8natural0 psy*ology gave way to ! es*atological4 ,t is ! net result1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 ( ! /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus 9 ! po/,/raussian p]iod4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,es*atological ,,"q ,timo?e ,colani4 ,jsus,*ri/ et les croyances messianiques de son temps4 ,/rassburg1 #ahfd4 #bee pp4 ,gu/av ,volkm>4 ,jesus ,naz>5us und die er/e *ri/li*e ,zeit1 mit d5 beid5 er/5 ,erzhl]n4 7,jesus ! ,naz>5e & ! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ) ! two e>lie/ n>rators ( ,8 life47 ,zuri*1 #ahhb4 #djc pp4 ,wilhelm ,weiff5ba*4 ,d] ,wi$]kunftsg$anke ,jesu4 7,jesus' ,conception ( ,8 ,second ,com+47 #ahgc4 #dbd pp4 ,w4 ,bald5sp]g]4 ,das ,selb/bewus/se9 ,jesu im ,li*te d] messianis*5 ,h(fnung5 se9] ,zeit4 7,! ,selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus 9 ! ,light ( ! ,messianic ,hopes ( ,8 "t47 ,/rassburg1 #ahhh4 #bnd ed41 #ahib1 #bhb pp42 #crd ed4 pt4 i4 #bdj pp4 ,johannes ,weiss4 ,die ,pr$igt ,jesu vom ,rei*e ,gottes4 7,! ,prea*+ ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god47 #ahib4 ,gtt+54 #fg pp4 ,second revis$ & enl>g$ edition1 #aijj1 #baj pp4 ,s long z x 0 m]ely a "q ( e/abli%+ ! di/9ctive "* ( ! ?\ght ( ,jesus z comp>$ ) ! anci5t prophetic & ,danielic conceptions1 & s long z ! only available /oreh\se ( ,rabb9ic & ,late,jewi% ideas 0 ,lightfoot's ,horae ,hebraicae et ,talmudicae 9 quatuor ,evangeli/as17#adi7 x 0 /ill possible to *]i% ! belief t ! prea*+ ( ,jesus c\ld be conceiv$ z some?+ :i* 01 9 ! la/ analysis1 indep5d5t ( all contempor>y ideas4 ,b aft] ! /udies ( ,hilg5feld & ,dillmann7#aej7 _h made kn[n ! ,jewi% apocalyptic 9 its fundam5tal *>act]i/ics1 & ! ,jewi% pseudepigrapha 7 no long] look$ on z 8=g]ies10 b z repres5tative docum5ts ( ! la/ /age ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 ! necessity ( tak+ acc\nt ( !m 9 int]pret+ ! ?\ght ( ,jesus became m & m emphatic4 ,almo/ two decades 7 to pass1 h[ev]1 be=e ! full significance ( ?is mat]ial 0 realis$4 ,x might almo/ h seem$ z if x 0 to meet ?is attack by anticipation t ,colani wrote 9 #ahfd 8 "w1 ,jsus,*ri/ et les croyances messianiques de son temps4 ,timo?e ,colani 0 born 9 #ahbd at ,lem 7,aisne71 /udi$ 9 ,/rassburg & became pa/or !re 9 #ahea4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfd he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,pa/oral ,!ology 9 ,/rassburg 9 spite ( "s attempt$ opposition to ! appo9tm5t on ! "p ( ! or?odox p>ty 9 ,p>is1 :i* 0 !n gr[+ 9 /r5g?4 ,! ev5ts ( ! ye> #ahgj left him )\t a po/4 ,z he _h no prospect ( be+ call$ to a pa/orate 9 ,france1 he became a m]*ant4 ,9 consequ5ce ( "s un=tunate bus9ess op]ations he lo/ all 8 prop]ty4 ,9 #ahge he obta9$ a po/ z libr>ian at ! ,sorbonne4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhh4 ,h[ f> 0 ,jesus a ,jew8 ,t 0 ! />t+po9t ( ,colani's /udy4 ,accord+ to him !re 0 a complete lack ( homog5eity 9 ! ,messianic hopes *]i%$ by ! ,jewi% p 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 s9ce ! prophetic conception1 accord+ to :i* ! ,k+dom ( ! ,messiah belong$ to ! pres5t _word]1 & ! apocalyptic1 :i* transf]r$ x to ! future age1 _h n yet be5 br\ght into any k9d ( unity4 ,! g5]al expectation 0 focus$ r ^u ! ,=]unn] ?an ^u ! ,messiah4 ,jesus ,himself 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ,8 public m9i/ry1 up to ,m>k viii41 _h nev] designat$ ,himself z ! ,messiah1 = ! expression ,son ( ,man c>ri$ no ,messianic associations = ! multitude4 ,8 fundam5tal ?\ght 0 t ( p]fect communion ) ,god2 only little by little1 z ! success ( ! prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom m & m impress$ ,8 m9d1 did ,8 consci\sness take on a ,messianic col\r+4 ,9 face ( ! undiscipl9$ expectations ( ! p ,he con/antly repeats 9 ,8 p>ables ( ! gr[? ( ! ,k+dom1 ! ^w 8pati5ce40 ,by reveal+ ,himself z ! ,"l ( ?is spiritual k+dom ,he makes an end ( ! oscillation betwe5 ! s5su\s & ! spiritual 9 ! curr5t expectations ( ! future bless$ness4 ,he po9ts to mank9d z a :ole1 n m]ely to ! *os5 p1 z ! p ( ! ,k+dom1 & sub/itutes = ! apocalyptic cata/rophe an organic developm5t4 ,by ,8 int]pretation ( ,psalm cx41 9 ,m>k xii4 #cecg1 ,he makes kn[n t ! ,messiah has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ,davidic k+%ip4 ,x 0 only ) difficulty t ,he came to resolve to accept ! title ( ,messiah2 ,he knew :at a weight ( national prejudices & national hopes hung ^u x4 ,b ,he is 8,messiah ! ,son ( ,man02 ,he creat$ ?is expression 9 ord] !reby to make kn[n ,8 l[l9ess4 ,9 ! mom5t 9 :i* ,he accept$ ! (fice ,he regi/]$ ! resolve to suff]4 ,8 purpose is1 to be ! suff]+1 n ! triumphant1 ,messiah4 ,x is to ! influ5ce :i* ,8 ,passion ex]cises ^u ! s\ls ( m5 t ,he looks = ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ,8 ,k+dom4 ,?is spiritual conception ( ! ,k+dom _c possibly be comb9$ ) ! ?\ght ( a glori\s ,second ,com+1 = if ,jesus _h held ?is latt] view ,he mu/ necess>ily h ?\ght ( ! pres5t life z only a k9d ( prologue to t second exi/5ce4 ,nei!r ! ,jewi%1 nor ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian es*atology z repres5t$ 9 ! es*atological disc\rses 9 ! ,gospels1 c1 !re=e1 9 ,colani's op9ion1 belong to ! prea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,t ,he %\ld sometimes h made use ( ! imag]y associat$ ) ! ,jewi% expectations ( ! future is1 ( c\rse1 only natural4 ,b ! es*atology occupies f> too important a place 9 ! tradition ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus to be expla9$ z a m]e symbolical mode ( expression4 ,x =ms a sub/antial elem5t ( t prea*+4 ,a spiritualisation ( x w n meet ! case4 ,!re=e1 if ! conviction has be5 arriv$ at on o!r gr\nds t ,jesus' prea*+ did n foll[ ! l9es ( ,jewi% es*atology1 !re is only "o possible way ( deal+ ) x1 & t is by excis+ x f ! text on critical gr\nds4 ,! only elem5t 9 ! prea*+ ( ,jesus :i* c1 9 ,colani's op9ion1 be call$ 9 any s5se 8es*atological0 0 ! conviction t !re w\ld be a wide ext5sion ( ! ,gospel ev5 )9 ! exi/+ g5]ation1 t ,g5tiles %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,k+dom1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]al want ( receptivity t[>ds ! message ( salvation1 judgm5t %\ld come ^u ! nations4 ,^! views ( ,colani furni% him ) a basis ^u :i* to decide on ! g5u95ess or o!rwise ( ! es*atological disc\rses4 ,among ! say+s put into ! m\? ( ,jesus :i* mu/ be reject$ z impossible are3 ! promise1 9 ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve1 ( ! imm95t com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man1 ,matt4 x4 #bc2 ! promise to ! disciples t !y %\ld sit ^u twelve ?rones judg+ ! tribes ( ,israel1 ,matt4 xix4 #bh2 ! say+ ab\t ,8 return 9 ,matt4 xxiii4 #ci2 ! f9al es*atological say+ at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bi1 8! ,papiasl ,*iliasm ( :i* is unwor?y ( ,jesus02 & ! pr$iction ( ,8 com+ on ! cl\ds ( heav5 ) :i* ,he closes ,8 ,messianic confession be=e ! ,c\ncil4 ,! apocalyptic disc\rses 9 ,m>k xiii41 ,matt4 xxiv41 & ,luke xxi4 are int]polat$4 ,a ,jewi%,*ri/ian apocalypse ( ! fir/ c5tury1 probably compos$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 has be5 int]wov5 ) a %ort exhortation :i* ,jesus gave on ! occasion :5 ,he pr$ict$ ! de/ruction ( ! temple4 ,accord+ to ,colani1 !re=e1 ,jesus did n expect to come aga9 f ,heav5 to complete ,8 "w4 ,x 0 complet$ by ,8 dea?1 & ! purpose ( ! com+ ( ! ,_s 0 to make manife/ its completion4 ,/rauss & ,r5an _h ent]$ ^u ! pa? ( expla9+ ,jesus' prea*+ f ! hi/ory ( ! "t by ! assumption ( an int]mixture 9 x ( ,jewi% ideas1 b x 0 n[ recognis$ 8t ?is pa? is a culdesac1 & t criticism mu/ turn r\nd & get out ( x z quickly z possible40 ,! new feature ( ,colani's view 0 n s mu* ! uncompromis+ rejection ( es*atology z ! cle> recognition t its rejection 0 n a matt] to be dispos$ ( 9 a phrase or two1 b necessitat$ a critical analysis ( ! text4 ,! sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! ,synoptic apocalypse 0 a contribution to criticism ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhb ,volkm> took up ?is attempt afre%1 at lea/ 9 its ma9 features47#aea7 ,8 con/ruction re/s ^u two ma9 po9ts ( support2 ^u 8 view ( ! s\rces & 8 conception ( ! es*atology ( ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,9 8 view ! sole s\rce = ! ,life ( ,jesus is ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 :i* 0 8probably writt5 exactly 9 ! ye> #gc10 five ye>s aft] ! ,johann9e apocalypse4 ,! o!r two ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels belong to ! second c5tury1 & c only be us$ by way ( supplem5t4 ,luke dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury2 :ile ,mat!w is reg>d$ by ,volkm>1 z by ,wilke1 z be+ a comb9ation ( ,m>k & ,luke1 & is relegat$ to ! end ( ?is fir/ decade4 ,! "w is 9 8 op9ion a revision ( ! ,gospel tradition 89 ! _s ( t primitive ,*ri/ianity :i*1 :ile con/antly oppos+ ! t5d5cy ( ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles to make light ( ! ,law1 0 nev]!less s f> univ]sali/ic t1 />t+ f ! old legal gr\nd1 x made ! fir/ /eps t[>ds a ca?olic unity40 ,once ,mat!w has be5 set aside 9 ?is way1 ! lit]>y elim9ation ( ! es*atology foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse2 ! mu* small] elem5t ( disc\rse 9 ,m>k c (f] no s]i\s resi/ance4 ,z reg>ds ! ,messianic expectations ( ! "t1 !y 71 9 ,volkm>'s op9ion1 su* t ,jesus c\ld n possibly h come =w>d ) ,messianic claims4 ,! ,messianic ,son ( ,man1 ^: aim 0 to f\nd a sup]e>?ly ,k+dom1 only arose 9 ,judaism "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,! contempor>ies ( ,jesus knew only ! political ideal ( ! ,messianic ,k+4 ,& woe to any "o :o conjur$ up ^! hopes6 ,! ,bapti/ _h done s by 8 too f]v5t prea*+ ab\t rep5tance & ! ,k+dom1 & _h be5 promptly put out ( ! way by ! ,tetr>*4 ,! v]sion f\nd ev5 9 ,m>k1 :i* repres5ts t x 0 on ,h]odias' acc\nt1 & at h] daught]'s petition1 t ,john 0 behead$1 is a lat] int]pretation :i*1 accord+ to ,volkm>1 is evid5tly false on *ronological gr\nds1 s9ce ! ,bapti/ 0 dead be=e ,h]od took ,h]odias z 8 wife4 ,_h ,jesus desir$ ! ,messiah%ip1 ,he c\ld only h claim$ x 9 ?is political s5se4 ,! alt]native is to suppose t ,he did n desire x4 ,volkm>'s contribution to ! subject consi/s 9 ! =mulat+ ( ?is cleancut alt]native4 ,colani _h inde$ recognis$ ! alt]native1 b _h n tak5 up a consi/5t attitude 9 reg>d to x4 ,"h1 t way ( escape f ! difficulty is b>r$1 :i* sugge/s t ,jesus set ,himself up z ,messiah1 b 9 ano!r ?an ! popul> s5se4 ,:at may be call$ ,jesus' ,messianic consci\sness consi/$ solely 89 kn[+ ,himself to be fir/born among _m bre?r51 ! ,son ( ,god aft] ! ,_s1 & consequ5tly feel+ ,himself enabl$ & impell$ to br+ ab\t t reg5]ation ( ,8 p :i* alone c\ld make x wor?y ( deliv]ance40 ,x is 9 any case cle>ly evid5t f ,paul1 f ! ,apocalypse1 & f ,m>k1 8! ?ree docum5t>y witnesses emanat+ f ! circle ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus dur+ ! fir/ c5tury1 t x 0 only aft] ,8 crucifixion t ,jesus 0 hail$ z ! ,*ri/2 nev] dur+ ,8 e>?ly life40 ,! elim9ation ( ! es*atology ?us leads also to ! elim9ation ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,if we are told 9 ,m>k viii4 #bi t ,simon ,pet] 0 ! fir/ among m5 to hail ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 x is to be notic$1 ,volkm> po9ts out1 t ! ,evangeli/ places ?is confession at a "t :5 ,jesus' "w 0 ov] & ! ?\ght ( ,8 ,passion fir/ appe>s2 & if we desire fully to und]/& ! au?or's purpose we mu/ fix our att5tion on ! ,"l's comm& n to make kn[n ,8 ,messiah%ip until aft] ,8 resurrection 7,m>k viii4 #cj1 ix4 #i & #aj71 :i* is a h9t t we are to date ,jesus' ,messiah%ip f ,8 dea?4 ,= ,m>k is no m]e nave *ronicl]1 b a consci\s arti/ int]pret+ ! hi/ory2 sometimes1 inde$1 a p[]ful epic writ] 9 ^: "w ! hi/orical & ! poetic are int]m+l$4 ,?us ! conclusion is t ,m>k1 9 agreem5t ) ,paul1 repres5ts ,jesus z becom+ ! ,messiah only z a consequ5ce ( ,8 resurrection4 ,he really appe>$1 & ,8 fir/ appe>ance 0 to ,pet]4 ,:5 ,pet] on t night ( t]ror fl$ f ,j]usalem to take refuge 9 ,galilee1 ,jesus1 accord+ to ! my/ic pr$iction ( ,m>k xiv4 #bh & xvi4 #g1 w5t be=e him4 8,he 0 con/antly pres5t to 8 _s1 until on ! ?ird day ,he manife/$ ,himself be=e 8 eyes1 9 ! heav5ly appe>ance :i* 0 also v\*saf$ to ! la/ ( ! apo/les 'z he 0 9 ! way'--& ,pet]1 enraptur$1 gave expression to ! cle> conviction ) :i* ! :ole life ( ,jesus _h inspir$ him 9 ! cry ',?\ art ! ,*ri/4'0 ,! hi/orical ,jesus !re=e f\nd$ a community ( foll[]s )\t advanc+ any claims to ! ,messiah%ip4 ,he desir$ only to be a re=m]1 ! spiritual deliv]] ( ! p ( ,god1 to realise ^u e>? ! ,k+dom ( ,god :i* !y 7 all seek+ 9 ! beyond1 & to ext5d ! reign ( ,god ov] all nations4 8,! ,k+dom ( ,god is d\btless to w9 its f9al & decisive victory by ! almighty aid ( ,god2 our duty is to see to its beg9n+s0--t is1 accord+ to ,volkm>1 ! lesson :i* ,jesus tea*es u 9 ! p>able ( ! ,s[]4 ,! e?ic ( ?is ,k+dom 0 n yet confus$ by any es*atological ideas4 ,x 0 only :51 z ! ye>s w5t on1 ! expectation ( ! ,p>\sia rose to a high pit* ( int5sity t 8m>riage & ! br++ up ( *ildr5 came to be reg>d$ z sup]flu\s1 & 7 consequ5tly ?\ght ( z signs ( an absorption 9 e>?ly int]e/s :i* 0 out ( h>mony ) ! ne> approa* to ! goal ( ^! hopes40 ,jesus _h r5ew$ ! f\ndations on :i* 8! family0 0 bas$ & _h made x1 9 turn1 a corn] /one ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ev5 z ,he _h consecrat$ ! common meal by mak+ x a love fea/4 ,9 mo/ ?+s ,jesus 0 cons]vative4 ,! ritual wor%ip ( ! ,god ( ,israel rema9$ = ,him always a sacr$ ?+4 ,b 9 spite ( t ,he )drew m & m f ! synagogue1 ! sc5e ( ,8 e>lie/ prea*+1 & taught 9 ! h\ses ( ,8 disciples4 8,he _h le>n$ to fulfil ! law z implicit 9 "o highe/ comm&m5t & supreme pr9ciple1 !re=e '9 _s & 9 tru?'2 b ,he nev]1 z appe>s f all ! evid5ce1 decl>$ x to be aboli%$40 8,we may be equally c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,jesus1 :ile ,he ass]t$ ! abid+ validity ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 nev] explicitly decl>$ t ( ! ,mosaic ,law z a :ole4 ,! abs5ce ( any su* say+ f ! tradition reg>d+ ,jesus made x possible = ,paul to take 8 decisive /ep =w>d40 ,z reg>ds ! ,gospel disc\rses ab\t ! ,p>\sia1 x is easy to recognise t1 ev5 9 ,m>k1 ^! 8are "o & all ! "w ( ! n>rator1 ^: purpose is edification4 ,he connects 8 "w z closely z possible ) ! ,apocalypse1 :i* _h appe>$ "s five ye>s e>li]1 9 ord] to emphasise1 9 contra/ to x1 ! high] tru?40 ,jesus' own hope1 9 all its cle>ness & complete orig9ality1 is record$ 9 ! p>ables ( ! se$ gr[+ secretly & ! gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 & 9 ! say+ ab\t ! immortality ( ,8 words4 ,no?+ beyond ?is is 9 any way c]ta91 h[ev] rem>kable ! say+ 9 ,m>k ix4 #a may be1 t ! look$= consummation is to take place dur+ ! lifetime ( ! exi/+ g5]ation4 8,x is only ! fact t ,m>k is prec$$ by '! book ( ! ,bir? 7& ,hi/ory7 ( ,*ri/ accord+ to ,mat!w'--n only 9 ! ,scriptures1 b also 9 m5's m9ds1 :i* 7 dom9at$ by x z ! #8fir/ ,gospel'--:i* has caus$ x to be tak5 z selfevid5t t ,jesus1 kn[+ ,himself f ! fir/ to be ! ,messiah1 expect$ ,8 ,p>\sia solely f heav51 & !re=e )1 or 91 ! cl\ds ( heav54444 ,b s9ce ,he :o 0 ?\ght ( z by bir? ! ,son ( ,god1 is n[ ?\ght ( z ! ,son ( ,man1 born an ,israelite1 & becom+ ! ,son ( ,god aft] ! _s only at ,8 baptism1 ! hope t looks to ! cl\ds ( heav5 _c be1 or at lea/ ought n to be1 any long] expla9$ o!rwise ?an z an en?usia/ic dream40 ,if1 ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 'eighties1 a s extreme !ory on ! o!r side c\ld1 )\t opposition1 occupy all ! po9ts ( vantage1 x is evid5t t ! !ory :i* gave es*atology its due place 0 mak+ b sl[ progress4 ,x 0 n t any "o _h be5 disput+ ! gr\nd ) x1 b t all its op]ations 7 *>act]is$ by a n]v\s timidity4 ,& ^! hesitations are n to be laid to ! acc\nt ( ^? :o did n p]ceive ! approa* ( ! decisive conflict1 or refus$ to accept battle1 l ! foll[]s ( ,reuss1 = in/ance1 :o 7 satisfi$ ) ! hypo!sis t ?\ghts ab\t ! ,la/ ,judgm5t _h =c$ _! way into ! au!ntic disc\rses ( ,jesus ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! city27#aeb7 ev5 ^? :o l ,weiff5ba* are fully conv9c$ t 8! es*atological "q1 & 9 p>ticul> ! "q ( ! ,second ,com+1 :i* 9 _m qu>t]s has up to ! pres5t be5 treat$ z a noli me tang]e1 mu/ soon] or lat] become ! battlegr\nd ( ! greate/ & mo/ decisive ( !ological controv]sies0--ev5 ^? :o %>$ ?is conviction /opp$ halfway on ! road on :i* !y _h ent]$4 ,weiff5ba*'s7#aec7 "w1 8,jesus' ,conception ( ,8 ,second ,com+10 publi%$ 9 #ahgc1 sums up ! results ( ! previ\s discussions ( ! subject4 ,he names z among ^? :o ascribe ! expectation ( ! ,p>\sia1 9 ! s5su\s =m 9 :i* x meets u 9 ! docum5ts1 to a misund]/&+ ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus on ! "p ( ! disciples & ! writ]s :o 7 dep5d5t ^u !m--,s*lei]ma*]1 ,bleek1 ,holtzmann1 ,s*5kel1 ,colani1 ,baur1 ,hase1 & ,mey]4 ,among ^? :o ma9ta9$ t ! ,p>\sia =m$ an integral "p ( ,jesus' tea*+1 he cites ,keim1 ,weizsck]1 ,/rauss1 & ,r5an4 ,he consid]s t ! readie/ way to advance ! discussion w be by und]tak+ a critical review ( ! attempt to analyse ! great ,synoptic disc\rse ab\t ! future 9 :i* ,colani _h l$ ! way4 ,! "q ( ! ,p>\sia is l1 ,weiff5ba* sugge/s1 a vessel :i* has become firmly w$g$ betwe5 rocks4 ,any attempt to get x afloat aga9 w be useless until a new *annel is f\nd = x4 ,8 detail$ discussions are devot$ to endeav\r+ to discov] ! relation betwe5 ! decl>ations reg>d+ ! ,second ,com+ & ! pr$ictions ( ! ,passion4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 analysis ( ! great prophetic disc\rse he rejects ! sugge/ion made by ,weisse 9 8 ,evangeli5frage ( #ahef1 t ! es*atological "* ( ! disc\rse results f ! way 9 :i* x is put toge!r2 t :ile ! say+s 9 _! pres5t mosaic l comb9ation c]ta9ly h a ref]5ce to ! la/ ?+s1 ea* ( !m individually 9 its orig9al context might well be> a natural s5se4 ,9 ,colani's hypo!sis ( conflation ! sugge/ion 0 to be reject$ t x 0 n 8,ur,m>kus10 b ! au?or ( ! ,synoptic apocalypse :o 0 responsible = ! work+ 9 ( ! 8,little ,apocalypse407#aed7 ,x 0 an unsatisfactory feature ( ,weizsck]'s position7#aee7 t he insi/$ on reg>d+ ! 8,little ,apocalypse0 z ,jewi%1 n ,jewi%,*ri/ian2 ,pfleid]] _h di/+ui%$ %>ply :at belongs to ! ,evangeli/ f ! 8,little ,apocalypse10 & _h s\ght to prove t ! purpose ( ! ,evangeli/ 9 ?us break+ up ! latt] & work+ x into a disc\rse ( ,jesus 0 to tone d[n ! es*atological hopes express$ 9 ! disc\rse1 because !y _h rema9$ unfulfill$ ev5 at ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 & to ret>d ! rapid developm5t ( ! apocalyptic process by ins]t+ betwe5 its successive phases passages f a diff]5t disc\rse47#aef7 ,weiff5ba* c>ries ?is s]ies ( t5tative sugge/ions to its logical conclusion1 advanc+ ! view t ! l9k ( connexion betwe5 ! ,jewi%,*ri/ian ,apocalypse & ! ,gospel mat]ial 9 :i* x is emb$d$ is ! ?\ght ( ! ,second ,com+4 ,?is 0 ! ?\ght :i* gave ! impulse f )\t t[>ds ! transmutation ( ,jewi% into ,jewi%,*ri/ian es*atology4 ,jesus mu/ h giv5 expression to ! ?\ght ( ,8 ne> return2 & ,jewi%,*ri/ianity subsequ5tly pa9t$ x ov] ) ! col\rs ( ,jewi% es*atology4 ,9 develop+ ?is !ory1 ,weiff5ba* ?\ght t he _h succe$$ 9 solv+ ! problem :i* _h be5 fir/ critically =mulat$ by ,keim1 :o is con/antly emphasis+ ! idea t ! es*atological hopes ( ! disciples c\ld n be expla9$ m]ely f _! ,judaic pre suppositions1 b t "s inc5tive to ! =mation ( ^! hopes mu/ be s\ght 9 ! prea*+ ( ,jesus2 o!rwise primitive ,*ri/ianity & ! life ( ,jesus w\ld /& side by side unconnect$ & unexpla9$1 & 9 t case we mu/ give up all hope 8( di/+ui%+ ! sure ^w ( ! ,"l f ,israel's re/less speculations ab\t ! future40 ,:5 ! ,jewi%,*ri/ian ,apocalypse has be5 elim9at$1 we arrive at a disc\rse1 spok5 on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 9 :i* ,jesus exhort$ ,8 disciples to wat*fulness1 9 view ( ! ne>1 b nev]!less undef9$1 h\r ( ! return ( 8! ,ma/] ( ! ,h\se40 ,9 ?is disc\rse1 !re=e1 we h a /&>d by :i* criticism may te/ all ! es*atological say+s & disc\rses4 ,weiff5ba* has ! m]it ( hav+ ga!r$ toge!r all ! es*atological mat]ial ( ! ,synoptics & exam9$ x 9 ! light ( a def9ite pr9ciple4 ,9 ,colani ! mat]ial 0 incomplete1 & in/ead ( a critical pr9ciple he (f]$ only an arbitr>y exegesis :i* p]mitt$ him1 = example1 to conceive ! wat*fulness on :i* ! es*atological p>ables con/antly insi/ z only a vivid expression = ! s5se ( responsibility 8:i* weighs ^u ! life ( man40 ,& yet ! outcome ( ?is attempt ( ,weiff5ba*'s1 :i* beg9s ) s mu* real promise1 is 9 ! end :olly unsatisfactory4 ,! 8au!ntic ?\ght ( ! return0 :i* he takes z 8 /&>d has = its sole cont5t ! expectation ( a visible p]sonal return 9 ! ne> future 8free f all m or less fanta/ic apocalyptic & ,jewi%,*ri/ian speculations ab\t ! future40 ,t is to say1 ! :ole ( ! es*atological disc\rses ( ,jesus are to be judg$ by ! /&>d ( a col\rless1 unreal figm5t ( !ology4 ,:atev] _c be squ>$ ) t is to be decl>$ spuri\s & cut away6 ,accord+ly ! es*atological clos+ say+ at ! ,la/ ,supp] is /igmatis$ z a 8,*ilia/ic,cap]naitic07#aeg7 di/ortion ( a 8normal0 promise ( ! ,second ,com+2 ! idea ( ! 1 ,matt4 xix4 #bh1 is said to be :olly =eign to ,jesus' _w ( ?\ght2 x is impossible1 too1 t ,jesus c h ?\ght ( ,himself z ! ,judge ( ! _w1 = ! ,jewi% & ,jewi%,*ri/ian es*atology does n ascribe ! conduct ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t to ! ,messiah2 t is fir/ done by ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 & especially by ,paul4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ! lat] es*atology :i* set ! ,son ( ,man on ! ?rone ( ,8 glory & prep>$ 8! twelve ?rones ( judgm5t = ! disciples40 ,! hi/orian ought only to admit su* ( ! say+s ab\t be>+ rule 9 ! ,messianic ,k+dom z c be int]pret$ 9 a spiritual1 nons5su\s fa%ion4 ,9 ! end ,weiff5ba*'s critical pr9ciple proves to be m]ely a bludgeon ) :i* he goes sealhunt+ & clubs ! def5celess ,synoptic say+s "r & left4 ,:5 8 "w is done y see be=e y a des]t isl& /rewn ) quiv]+ corpses4 ,nev]!less ! slaught] 0 n aimless1 or at lea/ x 0 n )\t result4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x did really appe>1 z a byproduct ( ! critical processes1 t ,jesus' disc\rses ab\t ! future _h no?+ to d ) an hi/orical prevision ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 :]eas ! supposition t !y _h1 _h hi!rto be5 tak5 z selfevid5t1 ! pr$iction ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem be+ reg>d$ z ! hi/oric nucleus ( ,jesus' disc\rses reg>d+ ! future1 to :i* ! idea ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t _h subsequ5tly atta*$ itself4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! introduction ( ! conv]se op9ion1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly e/abli%$ z correct2 namely1 t ,jesus =esaw1 inde$1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 b n ! hi/orical de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! next place1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 critical exam9ation ( ! es*atological mat]ial1 ,weiff5ba* /umbles ^u ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve 9 ,matt4 x41 & f9ds himself face to face ) ! fact t ! disc\rse :i* he 0 expect$ to reg>d z a disc\rse ( in/ruction 0 really no?+ ( ! k9d1 b a collection ( es*atological say+s4 ,z he _h tak5 ov] along ) ! ,m>can hypo!sis ! closely connect$ view ( ! composite "* ( ! ,synoptic disc\rses1 he does n all[ himself to be misl$1 b reg>ds ?is inappropriate *>ge to ! ,twelve z no?+ else ?an an impossible anticipation & a bold ana*ronism4 ,he kn[s t he is at "o 9 ?is ) ,holtzmann1 ,colani1 ,bleek1 ,s*olt51 ,mey]1 & ,keim1 :o also made ! disc\rse ( in/ruction end at ! po9t beyond :i* !y f9d x impossible to expla9 x1 & reg>d ! pr$ictions ( p]secution z only possible 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus4 8,= ^! pr$ictions10 to express ,weiff5ba*'s view 9 ! words ( ,keim1 8are too mu* at v>iance ) ! ess5tially graci\s & happy mood :i* sugge/$ ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples1 & reflect in/ead ! lurid gloom ( ! fi]ce conflicts ( ! lat] p]iod & ! sadness ( ! f>ewell disc\rses40 ,x 0 a good ?+ t ,bruno ,bau] did n he> ?is *orus4 ,if he _h1 he w\ld h ask$ ,weiff5ba* & 8 allies :e!r ! poor fragm5t t rema9$ aft] ! critical dissection ( ! 8*>ge to ! ,twelve0 0 8a disc\rse ( in/ruction10 & if 9 view ( ^! difficulties !y c\ld n realise :y he _h refus$1 ?irty ye>s be=e1 to believe 9 ! 8disc\rse ( in/ruction40 ,b ,bruno ,bau] he>d no?+3 & s _! blissful unconsci\sness la/$ = ne>ly a g5]ation long]4 ,! expectation ( ,8 ,second ,com+1 repeat$ly express$ by ,jesus t[>ds ! close ( ,8 life1 is on ?is hypo!sis au!ntic2 x 0 pa9t$ ov] by ! primitive ,*ri/ian community ) ! col\rs ( its own es*atology1 9 consequ5ce ( ! delay ( ! ,p>\sia2 & 9 view ( ! mission to ! ,g5tiles a m cauti\s conception ( ! ne>ness ( ! "t comm5d$ itself2 nay1 :5 ,j]usalem _h fall5 & ! 8signs ( ! end0 :i* _h be5 suppos$ to be discov]$ 9 ! horrors ( ! ye>s #fh & #fi _h pass$ )\t result1 ! return ( ,jesus 0 relegat$ to a di/ant future by ! aid ( ! doctr9e t ! ,gospel mu/ fir/ be prea*$ to all ! hea!n4 ,?us ! ,p>\sia1 :i* accord+ to ! ,jewi%,*ri/ian es*atology belong$ to ! pres5t age1 0 transf]r$ to ! future4 8,) ?is comb9ation & mak+ co9cid5t--!y 7 n s at ! fir/--( ! ,second ,com+1 ! end ( ! _w1 & ! f9al ,judgm5t1 ! idea ( ! ,second ,com+ rea*$ ! la/ & highe/ /age ( its developm5t40 ,weiff5ba*'s view1 z we h se51 empties ,jesus' expectation ( ,8 return ( almo/ all its cont5t1 & to t is due ! fact t 8 inve/igation did n prove s useful z x might h done4 ,8 purpose is1 foll[+ sugge/ions ?r[n out by ,s*lei]ma*] & ,weisse1 to prove ! id5tity ( ! pr$ictions ( ! ,second ,com+ & ( ! ,resurrection1 & he takes z 8 />t+po9t ! obs]vation t ! conduct ( ! disciples aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus =bids u to suppose t ! ,resurrection _h be5 pr$ict$ 9 cle> & unambigu\s say+s1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,second ,com+ co9cides 9 po9t ( "t ) ! pr$ictions ( ! ,resurrection1 & ! pr$ictions bo? ( ! ,second ,com+ & ( ! ,resurrection /& 9 organic connexion ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ,8 approa*+ dea?4 ,! two are !re=e id5tical4 ,x 0 only aft] ! dea? ( _! ,ma/] t ! disciples diff]5tiat$ ! ?\ght ( ! ,resurrection f t ( ! ,second ,com+4 ,! ,resurrection did n br+ !m t :i* ! ,second ,com+ _h promis$2 b x produc$ ! result t ! es*atological hopes1 :i* ,jesus _h ) difficulty succe$$ 9 damp+1 flam$ up aga9 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 disciples4 ,! spiritual pres5ce ( ! ,deliv]] :o _h manife/$ ,himself to !m did n seem to !m to be ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise ( ! ,second ,com+2 b ! expectation ( ! latt]1 be+ br\ght into contact ) ! flame ( es*atological hope ) :i* _! he>ts 7 afire1 0 fus$1 & ca/ into a =m q diff]5t f t 9 :i* x _h be5 d]iv$ f ! words ( ,jesus4 ,t is all f9ely obs]v$4 ,= ! fir/ "t x _h dawn$ ^u hi/orical criticism t ! great "q is t conc]n+ ! id5tity or diff]5ce ( ! ,p>\sia & ! ,resurrection4 ,b ! man :o _h be5 ! fir/ to grasp t ?\ght1 & :o _h und]tak5 8 :ole /udy ) ! special purpose ( work+ x out1 0 too mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! spiritualis$ es*atology ( ,s*lei]ma*] & ,weisse to be able to assign ! "r values 9 ! solution ( 8 equation4 ,&1 )al1 he is too mu* incl9$ to play ! apologi/ z a subsidi>y rle4 ,he is n cont5t m]ely to r5d] ! hi/ory intelligible2 he is1 by 8 own confession1 urg$ on by ! hope t p]haps a way may be f\nd ( caus+ t 8error0 ( ,jesus to disappe> & prov+ x to be an illusion due to ! want ( a suffici5tly close /udy ( ,8 disc\rses4 ,b ! hi/orian simply mu/ n be an apologi/2 he mu/ leave t to ^? :o come aft] him & he may d s ) a quiet m9d1 = ! apologi/s1 z we le>n f ! hi/ory ( ! ,lives ( ,jesus1 c get ! bett] ( any hi/orical result :atev]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q unnecess>y t ! hi/orian %\ld all[ himself to be l$ a/ray by foll[+ an apologetic wo'!wisp4 ,te*nically reg>d$1 ! mi/ake on :i* ,weiff5ba*'s inve/igation made %ipwreck 0 ! failure to br+ ! ,jewi% apocalyptic mat]ial into relation ) ! ,synoptic data4 ,if he _h done ?is1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = him to extract an absolutely unreal & unhi/orical conception ( ! ,second ,com+ out ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,! task :i* ,weiff5ba* _h neglect$ rema9$ undone--to ! detrim5t ( !ology--until ,bald5sp]g]7#aeh7 repair$ ! omission4 ,8 book1 8,! ,selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus 9 ! ,light ( ! ,messianic ,hopes ( ,8 ,"t107#aei7 publi%$ 9 #ahhh1 made its impression by reason ( ! fullness ( its mat]ial4 ,:]eas ,colani & ,volkm> _h /ill be5 able to d5y ! exi/5ce ( a fully =m$ ,messianic expectation 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ! g5esis ( ! expectation 0 n[ fully trac$ out1 & x 0 %[n t ! _w ( ?\ght :i* meets u 9 ,daniel _h won ! victory1 t ! 8,son ( ,man0 ,messiah ( ! ,similitudes ( ,eno* 0 ! la/ product ( ! ,messianic hope prior to ! "t ( ,jesus2 & t !re=e ! fully develop$ ,danielic s*eme ) its unbridgeable *asm betwe5 ! pres5t & ! future _w furni%$ ! outl9e )9 :i* all fur!r & m detail$ traits 7 ins]t$4 ,! hon\r ( hav+ effectively pione]$ ! way = ?is discov]y belongs to ,s*r]47#afj7 ,bald5sp]g] adopts 8 ideas1 b sets !m =? 9 a mu* m direct way1 because he1 9 contra/ ) ,s*r]1 gives no sy/em ( ,messianic expectation--& !re nev] 9 reality 0 a sy/em--b is cont5t to picture its _msid$ gr[?4 ,he does n1 x is true1 escape "s m9or inconsi/5cies4 ,= example1 ! idea ( a 8political ,messiah%ip10 :i* is really set aside by 8 hi/orical treatm5t1 crops up "h & !re1 z ?\gh ! au?or _h n entirely got rid ( x himself4 ,b ! impression made by ! book z a :ole 0 ov]p[]+4 ,nev]!less ?is book does n exactly fulfil ! promise ( its title1 any m ?an ,weiff5ba*'s4 ,! read] expects t n[ at la/ ,jesus' say+s ab\t ,himself w be consi/5tly expla9$ 9 ! light ( ! ,jewi% ,messianic ideas1 b t is n done4 ,= ,bald5sp]g]1 in/ead ( trac+ d[n & work+ out ! conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god held by ,jesus z a product ( ! ,jewi% es*atology1 at lea/ by way ( try+ :e!r t me?od w\ld suffice1 takes x ov] direct f mod]n hi/orical !ology4 ,he assumes z selfevid5t t ,jesus' conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god _h a d\ble "*1 t ! es*atological & spiritual elem5ts 7 equally repres5t$ 9 x & mutually condition$ "o ano!r1 & t ,jesus !re=e began1 9 pursuance ( ?is conception1 to f\nd a spiritual invisible ,k+dom1 al?\gh ,he expect$ its fulfilm5t to be effect$ by sup]natural means4 ,consequ5tly !re mu/ also h be5 a duality 9 ,8 religi\s consci\sness1 9 :i* ^! two conceptions _h to be comb9$4 ,jesus' ,messianic consci\sness sprang1 accord+ to ,bald5sp]g]1 8f a religi\s root02 t is to say1 ! ,messianic consci\sness 0 a special modification ( a self consci\sness 9 :i* a pure1 spiritual1 unique relation to ,god 0 ! fundam5tal elem5t2 & f ?is arises ! possibility ( a spiritual trans=mation ( ! ,jewi%,messianic selfconsci\sness4 ,9 mak+ ^! assumptions1 ,bald5sp]g] does n ask himself :e!r x is n possible t = ,jesus ! purely ,jewi% consci\sness ( a transc5d5tal ,messiah%ip may itself h be5 religi\s1 nay ev5 spiritual1 j z well z ! ,messiah%ip re/+ on a vague1 indef9ite1 col\rless s5se ( union ) ,god :i* mod]n !ologians arbitr>ily attribute to ,him4 ,aga91 in/ead ( arriv+ at ! two conceptions1 ,k+dom ( ,god & ,messianic consci\sness1 purely empirically1 by an unbias$ comp>ison ( ! ,synoptic passages ) ! ,late,jewi% conceptions1 ,bald5sp]g]1 9 ?is foll[+ ,holtzmann1 br+s !m into 8 !ory 9 ! dual =m 9 :i* contempor>y !ology1 n[ becom+ fa9tly t+$ ) es*atology1 (f]$ !m to him4 ,consequ5tly1 ev]y?+ has to be adapt$ to ?is duality4 ,jesus1 = example1 9 apply+ to ,himself ! title ,son ( ,man1 ?9ks n only ( ! transc5d5tal significance :i* x has 9 ! ,jewi% apocalyptic1 b gives x at ! same "t an e?icoreligi\s col\r+4 ,f9ally1 ! duality is expla9$ by an application ( ! g5etic me?od1 9 :i* ! 8c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus0 is trac$ out4 ,! hi/orical psy*ology ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis "h %[s its p[] ( adapt+ itself to es*atology4 ,f ! fir/1 to foll[ ! c\rse ( ,bald5sp]g]'s exposition1 ! es*atological view influ5c$ ,jesus' expectation ( ! ,k+dom & ,8 ,messianic consci\sness4 ,9 ! wild]ness1 aft] ! dawn ( ,8 ,messianic consci\sness at ,8 baptism1 ,he _h reject$ ! ideal ( ! ,messianic k+ ( ,david's l9e & put away all w>like ?\ghts4 ,!n ,he began to f\nd ! ,k+dom ( ,god by prea*+4 ,= a "t ! spiritualis$ idea ( ! ,k+dom 0 dom9ant 9 ,8 m9d1 ! ,messianic es*atological idea fall+ r into ! backgr\nd4 ,b ,8 sil5ce reg>d+ ,8 ,messianic (fice 0 p>tly due to pa$agogic reasons1 8s9ce ,he desir$ to lead ,8 he>]s to a m spiritual conception ( ! ,k+dom & s to obviate a possible political movem5t on _! "p & ! consequ5t int]v5tion ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t40 ,9 addition to ?is ,he _h also p]sonal reasons = n reveal+ ,himself :i* only disappe>$ 9 ! mom5t :5 ,8 dea? & ,second ,com+ became "p ( ,8 plan2 previ\s to t ,he did n "k h[ & :5 ! ,k+dom 0 to come4 ,prior to ! confession at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 ! disciples 8_h only a fa9t & vague suspicion ( ! ,messianic dignity ( _! ,ma/]40 ,?is 0 8r ! prep>atory /age ( ,8 ,messianic "w40 ,objectively1 x may be describ$ 8z ! p]iod ( gr[+ emphasis ^u ! spiritual *>act]i/ics ( ! ,k+dom1 & ( resign$ wait+ & wat*+ = its outw>d manife/ation 9 glory2 subjectively1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus1 x may be *>act]is$ z ! p]iod ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,8 religi\s conviction ( ,8 ,messiah%ip & ! traditional rationali/ic ,messianic belief40 ,?is fir/ p]iod op5s out into a second 9 :i* ,he _h atta9$ to p]fect cle>ness ( vision & complete inn] h>mony4 ,by ! acceptance ( ! idea ( suff]+1 ,jesus' inn] peace is enhanc$ to ! highe/ degree conceivable4 8,by ?r[+ ,himself ^u ! ?\ght ( dea? ,he escap$ ! l+]+ unc]ta9ty z to :5 & h[ ,god w\ld fulfil ,8 promise44440 8,! com+ ( ! ,k+dom 0 fix$ d[n to ! ,second ,com+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,n[ ,he v5tur$ to reg>d ,himself z ! ,son ( ,man :o 0 to be ! future ,judge ( ! _w1 = ! suff]+ & dy+ ,son ( ,man 0 closely associat$ ) ! ,son ( ,man surr\nd$ by ! ho/ ( heav54 ,w\ld ! p accept ,him z ,messiah8 ,he n[1 9 ,j]usalem1 put ! "q to !m 9 all its %>pness & burn+ actuality2 & ! p 7 mov$ to en?usiasm4 ,b s soon z !y saw t ,he :om !y _h hail$ ) su* acclamation 0 nei!r able nor will+ to fulfil _! ambiti\s dreams1 a reaction set 940 ,?us1 accord+ to ,bald5sp]g]1 !re 0 an int]action betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! psy*ological ev5ts4 ,& t is "r6--if only ! ma*9]y 7 n s complicat$1 & a 8developm5t0 _h n to be gr\nd out ( x at :atev] co/4 ,b ?is1 & ! :ole mann] ( treatm5t 9 ! second "p1 encumb]$ z x is ) p>5!tic qualifications1 0 r5d]$ inevitable by ! adoption ( ! two a=esaid n purely hi/orical conceptions4 ,sometimes1 too1 "o gets ! impression t ! au?or felt t he ow$ x to ! s*ool to :i* he belong$ to advance no ass]tion )\t add+ ! limitations :i* sci5tifically secure x aga9/ attack4 ,?us on e page he digs himself into an entr5*$ position1 ) palisades ( footnotes--9 fact ! book actually ends ) a footnote4 ,b ! conception :i* und]lay ! :ole 0 s full ( vig\r t 9 spite ( ! ?\ghts n be+ always completely work$ out1 x produc$ a p[]ful impression4 ,bald5sp]g] _h p]suad$ !ology at lea/ to admit ! hypo!sis--:e!r x took up a positive or negative position 9 reg>d to x--t ,jesus possess$ a fullydevelop$ es*atology4 ,he ?us provid$ a new basis = discussion & gave an impulse to ! /udy ( ! subject su* z x _h n receiv$ s9ce ! 'sixties1 at lea/ n 9 ! same degree ( en]gy4 ,p]haps ! v limitations ( ! "w1 due z !y 7 to its introduction ( mod]n ideas1 r5d]$ x bett] adapt$ to ! _s ( ! age1 & consequ5tly m influ5tial1 ?an if x _h be5 *>act]is$ by t rigor\s ma9t5ance ( a s+le po9t ( view :i* 0 ab/ractly requisite = ! prop] treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,x 0 precisely ! rejection ( ?is rigor\s consi/5cy :i* enabl$ x to ga9 gr\nd = ! cause ( es*atology4 ,b ! consi/5t treatm5t f a s+le po9t ( view 0 b\nd to come2 & x came f\r ye>s lat]4 ,9 pass+ f ,weiff5ba* & ,bald5sp]g] to ,johannes ,weiss7#afa7 ! read] feels l an explor] :o aft] we>y w&]+s ?r\gh bill[y seas ( re$grass at l5g? rea*es a wood$ tract1 & in/ead ( swamp feels firm gr\nd b5ea? 8 feet1 in/ead ( yield+ ru%es sees ar\nd him ! /eadfa/ trees4 ,at la/ !re is an end ( 8qualify+ clause0 !ology1 ( ! 8& yet10 ! 8on ! o!r h&10 ! 8not)/&+06 ,! read] _h to foll[ ! o!rs /ep by /ep1 mak+ 8 way ov] e footbridge & gang plank :i* !y laid d[n1 foll[+ all ! me&]+s 9 :i* !y indulg$1 & mu/ nev] let g _! h&s if he wi%$ to come safely ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( spiritual & es*atological ideas :i* !y suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus4 ,9 ,weiss !re are none ( ^! devi\s pa?s3 8behold ! l& lies be=e !e40 ,8 8,prea*+ ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god107#afb7 publi%$ 9 #ahib1 has1 on its own l9es1 an importance equal to t ( ,/rauss's fir/ ,life ( ,jesus4 ,he lays d[n ! ?ird great alt]native :i* ! /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus _h to meet4 ,! fir/ 0 laid d[n by ,/rauss3 ei!r purely hi/orical or purely sup]natural4 ,! second _h be5 work$ out by ! ,tb+5 s*ool & ,holtzmann3 ei!r ,synoptic or ,johann9e4 ,n[ came ! ?ird3 ei!r es*atological or nones*atological6 ,progress always consi/s 9 tak+ "o or o!r ( two alt]natives1 9 ab&on+ ! attempt to comb9e !m4 ,! pione]s ( progress h !re=e always to reckon ) ! law ( m5tal in]tia :i* manife/s itself 9 ! majority--:o always g on believ+ t x is possible to comb9e t :i* c no long] be comb9$1 & 9 fact claim x z a special m]it t !y1 9 contra/ ) ! 8"osid$0 writ]s1 c d ju/ice to ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,"o mu/ j let !m be1 till _! "t is ov]1 & resign oneself n to see ! end ( x1 s9ce x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! complete victory ( "o ( two hi/orical alt]natives is a matt] ( two full !ological g5]ations4 ,?is rem>k is made 9 ord] to expla9 :y ! "w ( ,johannes ,weiss did n imm$iately make an end ( ! m$iat+ views4 ,ano!r reason p]haps 0 t1 accord+ to ! usual canons ( !ological au?or%ip1 ! book 0 mu* too %ort--only sixtysev5 pages--& too simple to all[ its full significance to be realis$4 ,& yet x is precisely ?is simplicity :i* makes x "o ( ! mo/ important works 9 hi/orical !ology4 ,x seems to break a spell4 ,x closes "o epo* & beg9s ano!r4 ,weiff5ba* _h fail$ to solve ! problem ( ! ,second ,com+1 ,bald5sp]g] t ( ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus1 because bo? ( !m all[$ a false conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god to keep its place among ! data4 ,! g5]al conception ( ! ,k+dom 0 fir/ rightly grasp$ by ,johannes ,weiss4 ,all mod]n ideas1 he insi/s1 ev5 9 _! subtle/ =ms1 mu/ be elim9at$ f x2 :5 ?is is done1 we arrive at a ,k+dom ( ,god :i* is :olly future2 z is inde$ impli$ by ! petition 9 ! ,"l's pray]1 8,?y ,k+dom come40 ,be+ /ill to come1 x is at pres5t purely supramundane4 ,x is pres5t only z a cl\d may be said to be pres5t :i* ?r[s its %ad[ ^u ! e>?2 its ne>ness1 t is to say1 is recognis$ by ! p>alysis ( ! ,k+dom ( ,satan4 ,9 ! fact t ,jesus ca/s out ! demons1 ! ,ph>isees are bidd5 to recognise1 accord+ to ,matt4 xii4 #bebh1 t ! ,k+dom ( ,god is already come ^u !m4 ,?is is ! only s5se 9 :i* ,jesus ?9ks ( ! ,k+dom z pres5t4 ,he does n 8e/abli% x10 ,he only proclaims its com+4 ,he ex]cises no 8,messianic functions10 b waits1 l o!rs1 = ,god to br+ ab\t ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom by sup]natural means4 ,he does n ev5 "k ! day & h\r :5 ?is %all come to pass4 ,! mission>y j\rney ( ! disciples 0 n design$ = ! ext5sion ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 b only z a means ( rapidly & widely mak+ kn[n its ne>ness4 ,b x 0 n s ne> z ,jesus ?\ght4 ,! imp5it5ce & h>dness ( he>t ( a great "p ( ! p1 & ! implacable enmity ( ,8 oppon5ts1 at l5g? conv9c$ ,him t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god c\ld n yet take place1 t su* p5it5ce z _h be5 %[n hi!rto 0 n suffici5t1 & t a mighty ob/acle1 ! guilt ( ! p1 mu/ fir/ be put away4 ,x becomes cle> to ,him t ,8 own dea? mu/ be ! ransomprice4 ,he dies1 n = ! community ( ,8 foll[]s only1 b = ! nation2 t is :y ,he always speaks ( ,8 aton+ dea? z 8= _m10 n 8= y40 ,aft] ,8 dea? ,he w\ld come aga9 9 all ! spl5d\r & glory ) :i*1 s9ce ! days ( ,daniel1 m5's imag9ations _h surr\nd$ ! ,messiah1 & ,he 0 to come1 moreov]1 )9 ! lifetime ( ! g5]ation to :i* ,he _h proclaim$ ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! sett+ up ( ! ,k+dom 0 to be prec$$ by ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,9 describ+ ! ,messianic glory ,jesus makes use ( ! traditional picture1 b ,he does s ) mode/y1 re/ra9t1 & sobriety4 ,!re9 consi/s ,8 greatness4 ,) political expectations ?is ,k+dom has no?+ :atev] to d4 8,to hope = ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! transc5d5tal s5se :i* ,jesus atta*es to x1 & to raise a revolution1 are two ?+s z diff]5t z fire & wat]40 ,! transc5d5tal "* ( ! expectation consi/s precisely 9 ?is1 t ! ,/ate & all e>?ly in/itutions1 conditions1 & b5efits1 z belong+ to ! pres5t age1 %all ei!r n exi/ at all 9 ! com+ ,k+dom1 or %all exi/ only 9 a sublimat$ =m4 ,h5ce ,jesus _c prea* to m5 a special e?ic ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 b only an e?ic :i* 9 ?is _w makes m5 free f ! _w & prep>$ to ent] unimp$$ into ! ,k+dom4 ,t is :y ,8 e?ic is ( s completely negative a "*2 x is1 9 fact1 n s mu* an e?ic z a p5it5tial discipl9e4 ,! m9i/ry ( ,jesus is !re=e n 9 pr9ciple diff]5t f t ( ,john ! ,bapti/3 !re c be no "q ( a f\nd+ & developm5t ( ! ,k+dom )9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,:at di/+ui%es ! "w ( ,jesus f t ( ! ,bapti/ is only ,8 consci\sness ( be+ ! ,messiah4 ,he awoke to ?is consci\sness at ,8 baptism4 ,b ! ,messiah%ip :i* ,he claims is n a pres5t (fice2 its ex]cise belongs to ! future4 ,on e>? ,he is only a man1 a prophet1 z 9 ! view impli$ 9 ! spee*es 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 8,son ( ,man0 is !re=e1 9 ! passages :]e x is au!ntic1 a purely es*atological designation ( ! ,messiah1 ?\gh we _c tell :e!r ,8 he>]s und]/ood ,him z speak+ ( ,himself 9 ,8 future rank & dignity1 or :e!r !y ?\ght ( ! ,son ( ,man z a be+ q di/9ct f ,himself1 ^: com+ ,he 0 only proclaim+ 9 advance4 8,! sole object ( ?is argum5t is to prove t ! ,messianic self consci\sness ( ,jesus1 z express$ 9 ! title #8,son ( ,man1' %>es 9 ! transc5d5tal apocalyptic "* ( ,jesus' idea ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & _c be sep>at$ f t idea40 ,! only p>tially correct evaluation ( ! factors 9 ! problem ( ! ,life ( ,jesus :i* ,bald5sp]g] _h tak5 ov] f contempor>y !ology1 & :i* _h hi!rto prev5t$ hi/orical sci5ce f obta9+ a solution ( t problem1 _h n[ be5 correct$ f ! hi/ory itself1 & x 0 n[ only necess>y to ins]t ! correct$ data into ! calculation4 ,"h is ! po9t at :i* x is fitt+ to recall ,reim>us4 ,he 0 ! fir/1 & inde$1 be=e ,johannes ,weiss1 ! only writ] :o recognis$ & po9t$ out t ! prea*+ ( ,jesus 0 purely es*atological4 ,x is true t 8 conception ( ! es*atology 0 primitive1 & t he appli$ x n z a con/ructive1 b z a de/ructive pr9ciple ( criticism4 ,b read 8 /atem5t ( ! problem 8) ! signs *ang$10 & ) ! necess>y d$uction = ! primitive "* ( ! es*atology1 & y h ! view ( ,weiss4 ,ghillany1 too1 has a claim to be rememb]$4 ,:5 ,weiss ass]ts t ! "p play$ by ,jesus 0 n ! active rle ( e/abli%+ ! ,k+dom1 b ! passive rle ( wait+ = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom2 & t x 01 9 a s5se1 only by ! acceptance ( ,8 suff]+s t ,he em]g$ f t passivity2 he is only ass]t+ :at ,ghillany _h ma9ta9$ ?irty ye>s be=e ) ! same argum5ts & ) ! same decisiv5ess4 ,b ,weiss places ! ass]tion on a sci5tifically unassailable basis4 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,aga9/ ,,es*atology ,wilhelm ,b\sset4 ,jesu ,pr$igt 9 ihrem ,geg5satz zum ,jud5tum4 ,e9 religionsges*i*tli*] ,v]glei*4 7,! ,anti!sis betwe5 ,jesus' ,prea*+ & ,judaism4 ,a ,religi\s,hi/orical ,comp>ison47 ,gtt+51 #ahib4 #acj pp4 ,eri* ,haupt4 ,die es*atologis*5 ,aussag5 ,jesu 9 d5 synoptis*5 ,evangeli54 7,! ,es*atological ,say+s ( ,jesus 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels47 #ahie4 #afg pp4 ,paul ,w]nle4 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion4 ,tb+5,leipzig1 #aija2 #bnd ed41 #aijd1 #daj pp4 ,emil ,s*r]4 ,das messianis*e ,selb/bewus/se9 ,jesu,*ri/i4 #aijc4 ,akademis*e ,fe/r$e4 7,! ,messianic ,selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus ,*ri/47 #bd pp4 ,wilhelm ,br&t4 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te und d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums auf ,grund e9] ,kritik d] ,b]i*te b] das ,leid5 und die ,auf]/ehung ,jesu4 7,! ,gospel ,hi/ory & ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,bas$ ^u a ,critical ,/udy ( ! ,n>ratives ( ! ,suff]+s & ,resurrection ( ,jesus47 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 #eia pp4 ,adolf ,jli*]4 ,die ,glei*nisr$5 ,jesu4 7,! ,p>ables ( ,jesus47 ,vol4 i41 #ahhh1 #bia pp42 vol4 ii41 #ahii1 #fdc pp4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! important books are %ort4 ,! sixtysev5 pages ( ,johannes ,weiss are answ]$ by ,b\sset7#afc7 9 a b>e hundr$ & ?irty4 ,p began to see t ! elaborate ,lives ( ,jesus :i* _h hi!rto held ! field1 & enjoy$ an immortality ( revis$ editions1 only mask$ ! fact t ! /udy ( ! subject 0 at a /&/ill2 & t ! t$i\s reh&l+ ( problems :i* _h be5 solv$ s f> z !y 7 capable ( solution only s]v$ z an excuse = n grappl+ ) ^? :i* /ill rema9$ unsolv$4 ,?is conviction is express$ by ,b\sset at ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w4 ,! criticism ( ! s\rces1 he says1 is f9i%$1 & its results may be reg>d$1 s f> z ! ,life ( ,jesus is conc]n$1 z provisionally complete4 ,! sep>ation betwe5 ,john & ! ,synopti/s has be5 secur$4 ,= ! ,synopti/s1 ! twodocum5t hypo!sis has be5 e/abli%$1 accord+ to :i* ! s\rces are a primitive =m ( ,m>k1 & a collection ( 8logia40 ,a c]ta9 int]e/ might /ill atta* to ! attempt to arrive at ! primitive k]nel ( ,m>k2 b ! attempt has a priori s little prospect ( success t x 0 almo/ a wa/e ( "t to cont9ue to "w at x4 ,x w\ld be a mu* m important ?+ to get rid ( ! feel+ ( unc]ta9ty & artificiality 9 ! ,lives ( ,jesus4 ,:at is n[ *iefly want$1 ,b\sset ?9ks1 is 8a firmlydrawn & life l portrait :i*1 ) a few bold /rokes1 %\ld br+ out cle>ly ! orig9ality1 ! =ce1 ! p]sonality ( ,jesus40 ,x is evid5t t ! c5tre ( ! problem has n[ be5 rea*$4 ,t is :y ! writ+ becomes s t]se4 ,! masses ( ?\ght c only be manuvr$ "h 9 a close =mation su* z ,weiss gives !m4 ,! loose ord] ( discursive exegetical discussions ( sep>ate passages is n[ no long] 9 place4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds fur!r progress 0 ! simple "o ( m>%all+ ! passages 9 su* a way z to ga9 a s+le consi/5t impression f !m4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ,b\sset is z ready z ,johannes ,weiss to admit ! importance = ! m9d ( ,jesus ( ! es*atological 8!n0 & 8n[40 ,! reali/ic s*ool1 he ?9ks1 are p]fectly "r 9 endeav\r+ to relate ,jesus1 )\t apologetic or !ological inconsi/5cies1 to ! backgr\nd ( contempor>y ideas4 ,lat]1 9 #aija1 he 0 to make x a reproa* aga9/ ,h>nack's 8,:at is ,*ri/ianity80 7,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums7 t x did n give suffici5t importance to ! backgr\nd ( contempor>y ?\ght 9 its acc\nt ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus47#afd7 ,he goes on to ask1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! fir/ en?usiasm ov] ! discov]y ( ?is g5u9ely hi/orical way ( look+ at ?+s %\ld n be foll[$ by "s 8second ?\ghts0 ( a deep] "*4 ,accept+ ! position laid d[n by ,johannes ,weiss1 we mu/ ask1 he ?9ks1 :e!r ?is purely hi/orical criticism1 by ! exclusive emphasis :i* x has laid ^u es*atology1 has n all[$ ! 8ess5tial orig9ality & p[] ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus to slip ?r\gh its f+]s10 & clos$ its grasp in/ead ^u contempor>y conceptions & imag9ations :i* are (t5 ( a q special "*4 ,! ,late,jewi% es*atology 01 accord+ to ,b\sset1 by no means a homog5e\s sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,reali/ic & transc5d5tal elem5ts /& side by side 9 x1 unreconcil$4 ,! g5u9e popul> belief ( ,late ,judaism /ill clung q naively to ! e>?ly reali/ic hopes ( =m] times1 & _h nev] be5 able to rise to ! purely transc5d5tal regions :i* are ! *>act]i/ic habitat ( apocalyptic4 ,! rejection ( ! _w is nev] c>ri$ out consi/5tly2 some?+ ( ! ,jewi% national ideal always rema9s4 ,& = ?is reason ,late ,judaism made no progress t[>ds ! ov]com+ ( p>ticul>ism4 ,probably1 ,b\sset holds1 ?is ,apocalyptic ?\ght is n ev5 g5u9ely ,jewi%2 z he ably argu$ 9 ano!r "w1 !re 0 a consid]able /ra9 ( ,p]sian influ5ce 9 x47#afe7 ,! dualism1 ! transf]5ce to ! transc5d5tal region ( ! future hope1 ! conception ( ! _w :i* appe>s 9 ,jewi% apocalyptic1 are ( ,iranian r ?an ,jewi% orig94 ,two ?\ghts are especially *>act]i/ic ( ,b\sset's position2 fir/1 t ?is transc5d5talis+ ( ! future impli$ a spiritualisation ( x2 secondly1 t 9 po/exilic ,judaism !re 0 always an und]curr5t ( a pur] & m spontane\s piety1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is especially to be trac$ 9 ! ,psalms4 ,into a dead _w1 :]e a k9d ( incubus seems to /ifle all naturalness & spontaneity1 !re comes a liv+ ,man4 ,accord+ to ! =mulae ( ,8 prea*+ & ! designations :i* ,he applies to ,himself1 ,he seems at fir/ sight to id5tify ,himself ) ?is _w r ?an to oppose x4 ,b ^! conceptions & titles1 especially ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,son ( ,man1 mu/ be provisionally left 9 ! backgr\nd1 s9ce !y1 z be+ conceptions tak5 ov] f ! pa/1 conceal r ?an reveal :at is mo/ ess5tial 9 ,8 p]sonality4 ,! prim>y ne$ is to discov]1 beh9d ! ph5om5al1 ! real "* ( ! p]sonality & prea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! />t+po9t mu/ !re=e be ! simple fact t ,jesus came z a liv+ ,man into a dead _w4 ,he is liv+1 because 9 contra/ ) ,8 contempor>ies ,he has a liv+ idea ( ,god4 ,8 fai? 9 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god is ,jesus' mo/ ess5tial act4 ,x signifies a brea* ) ! transc5d5tal ,jewi% idea ( ,god1 & an unconsci\s inn] negation ( ! ,jewi% es*atology4 ,jesus1 !re=e1 walks ?r\gh a _w :i* d5ies ,8 own es*atology l a man :o has firm gr\nd "u 8 feet4 ,t :i* on a sup]ficial view appe>s to be es*atological prea*+ turns out to be ess5tially a r5ewal ( ! old prophetic prea*+ ) its positive e?ical emphasis4 ,jesus is a manife/ation ( t anci5t spontane\s piety ( :i* ,b\sset _h %[n ! exi/5ce 9 ,late ,judaism4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic ?+ 9 ! "* ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 is ,8 joy 9 life4 ,x is true t if1 9 endeav\r+ to und]/& ,him1 we take primitive ,*ri/ianity z our />t+po9t1 we might conceive ( ?is joy 9 life z ! complem5t ( ! es*atological mood1 z ! extreme expression ( indiff]5ce to ! _w1 :i* c z well enjoy ! _w z flee x4 ,b ! purely es*atological attitude1 ?\gh x reappe>s 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 does n give ! "r clue = ! int]pretation ( ! "* ( ,jesus z a :ole4 ,8 joy 9 ! _w 0 real1 a g5u9e outcome ( ,8 new type ( piety4 ,x prev5t$ ! eudaemoni/ic es*atological idea ( rew>d1 :i* "s ?9k !y f9d 9 ,jesus' prea*+1 f ev] really becom+ an elem5t 9 x4 ,jesus is be/ und]/ood by contra/+ ,him ) ! ,bapti/4 ,john 0 a prea*] ( rep5tance ^: eyes 7 fix$ ^u ! future4 ,jesus did n all[ ! ?\ght ( ! ne>ness ( ! end to rob ,him ( ,8 simplicity & spontaneity1 & 0 n crippl$ by ! reflection t ev]y?+ 0 transitory1 prep>atory1 a m]e means to an end4 ,8 prea*+ ( rep5tance 0 n gloomy & =bidd+2 x 0 ! proclamation ( a new righte\sness1 ( :i* ! wat*word 01 8,ye %all be p]fect z y\r ,fa!r 9 ,heav5 is p]fect40 ,he desires to communicate ?is p]sonal piety by p]sonal influ5ce4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,bapti/ ,he nev] aims at influ5c+ masses ( m51 b r avoids x4 ,8 "w 0 accompli%$ ma9ly among little gr\ps & individuals4 ,he left ! task ( c>ry+ ! ,gospel f> & wide z a legacy to ! community ( ,8 foll[]s4 ,! mission ( ! ,twelve1 conceiv$ z a mission = ! rapid & widespread ext5sion ( ! ,gospel1 is n to be us$ to expla9 ,jesus' me?ods ( tea*+2 ! n>rative ( x re/s on an 8obscure & un9telligible tradition40 ,?is g5u9e joy 9 life 0 n unnotic$ by ! contempor>ies ( ,jesus :o contra/$ ,him z 8a glutton\s man & a w9ebibb]10 ) ! ,bapti/4 ,!y 7 vaguely consci\s t ! :ole life ( ,jesus 0 8su/a9$ by ! feel+ ( an absolute anti!sis betwe5 ,himself & ,8 times40 ,he liv$ n 9 anxi\s expectation1 b 9 *e]ful gladness1 because by ! native /r5g? ( ,8 piety ,he _h br\ght pres5t & future into "o4 ,free f all extravagant ,jewi% delusions ab\t ! future1 ,he 0 n p>alys$ by ! conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ to make ?is future pres5t4 ,he has a peculi> conviction ( its com+ :i* gives ,him c\rage to 8m>ry0 ! pres5t ) ! future4 ,! pres5t z contra/$ ) ! beyond is = ,him no m]e %ad[1 b tru? & reality2 life is n = ,him a m]e illusion1 b is *>g$ ) a real & valuable mean+4 ,8 own "t is ! ,messianic "t1 z ,8 answ] to ! ,bapti/'s "q %[s4 8,& x is among ! mo/ c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! ,gospel t ,jesus 9 ,8 e>?ly life ackn[l$g$ ,himself z ,messiah bo? to ,8 disciples & to ! ,high,prie/1 & made ,8 entry into ,j]usalem z su*40 ,he c1 !re=e1 fully recognise ! wor? ( ! pres5t4 ,x is n true t ,he taught t ?is _w's goods 7 9 !mselves bad2 :at ,he said 0 only t !y mu/ n be put fir/4 ,inde$ ,he gives a new value to life by tea*+ t man _c be righte\s 9 isolation1 b only 9 ! fell[%ip ( love4 ,& z1 moreov]1 ! righte\sness :i* ,he prea*es is "o ( ! goods ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ,he _c h ?\ght ( ! ,k+dom z :olly transc5d5tal4 ,! ,reign ( ,god beg9s = ,him 9 ! pres5t era4 ,8 consci\sness ( be+ able to ca/ out demons 9 ! _s ( ,god because ,satan's k+dom on e>? is at an end is only ! sup]naturali/ic expression = some?+ ( :i* ,he also possesses an e?ical consci\sness1 namely1 t 9 ! new social righte\sness ! ,k+dom ( ,god is already pres5t4 ,?is pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom 0 n1 h[ev]1 cle>ly expla9$ by ,jesus1 b 0 set =? 9 p>adoxes & p>ables1 especially 9 ! p>ables ( ,m>k iv4 ,:5 we f9d ! ,evangeli/1 9 imm$iate connexion ) ^! p>ables1 ass]t+ t ! aim ( ! p>ables 0 to my/ify & conceal1 we may conclude t ! basis ( ?is !ory is ! fact t ^! p>ables conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 7 n und]/ood4 ,9 effect+ ?is tacit trans=mation ,jesus is act+ 9 accordance ) a t5d5cy ( ! "t4 ,apocalyptic is itself a spiritualisation ( ! anci5t ,israeliti% hopes ( ! future1 & ,jesus only c>ries ?is process to its completion4 ,he raises ,late ,judaism above ! limitations 9 :i* x 0 involv$1 sep>ates out ! remnant ( national1 political1 & s5su\s ideas :i* /ill clung to ! expectation ( ! future 9 spite ( its hav+ be5 spiritualis$ by apocalyptic1 & breaks ) ! ,jewi% p>ticul>ism1 ?\gh )\t provid+ a !oretical basis = ?is /ep4 ,?us1 9 spite (1 nay ev5 because (1 ,8 opposition to x1 ,jesus 0 ! fulfill] ( ,judaism4 ,9 ,him 7 unit$ ! anci5t & vigor\s prophetic religion & ! impulse :i* ,judaism itself _h begun to feel t[>ds ! spiritualisation ( ! future hope4 ,! transc5d5tal & ! actual meet 9 a unity :i* is full ( life & /r5g?1 creative n reflective1 & !re=e n ne$+ to set aside ! anci5t traditional ideas by didactic explanations1 b ov]com+ !m almo/ unconsci\sly by ! tru? :i* lies 9 ?is p>adoxical union4 ,! hi/orical =mula embodi$ 9 ,b\sset's clos+ s5t5ce runs ?us3 8,! ,gospel develops "s ( ! deep]ly+ motifs ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b x prote/s aga9/ ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( ,judaism40 ,su* ( ! und]ly+ assumptions ( ?is con/ruction z invite *all5ge lie op5 to inspection1 & d n ne$ to be pa9fully dis5tangl$ f a web ( exegesis2 t is "o ( ! m]its ( ! book4 ,! *ief po9ts to be qu]i$ are z foll[s3-- ,is x ! case t ! apocalypses m>k ! introduction ( a process ( spiritualisation appli$ to ! anci5t ,israeliti% hopes8 ,a picture ( ! future is n spiritualis$ simply by be+ project$ ^u ! cl\ds4 ,?is elevation to ! transc5d5tal region signifies1 on ! contr>y1 ! transf]5ce to a place ( safety ( ! eudaemoni/ic aspirations :i* h n be5 fulfill$ 9 ! pres5t1 & :i* are expect$1 by way ( comp5sation1 f ! o!r _w4 ,! apocalyptic conception is s f> f be+ a spiritualisation ( ! future expectations1 t x repres5ts on ! contr>y ! la/ desp]ate ef=t ( a /rongly eudaemoni/ic popul> religion to raise to heav5 ! e>?ly goods f :i* x _c make up its m9d to "p4 ,next we mu/ ask3 ,is x really necess>y to assume ! exi/5ce ( s wide rea*+ a ,p]sian influ5ce 9 ,jewi% es*atology8 ,! ,jewi% dualism & ! sublimation ( its hope h become hi/orical j because1 ow+ to ! fate ( ! nation1 ! religi\s life ( ! pres5t & ! fair future :i* 0 logically b\nd up ) x became m & m widely sep>at$1 temporally & locally1 until at la/ only its dualism & ! sublimation ( its hope enabl$ ! nation to survive its disappo9tm5t4 ,aga91 is x hi/orically p]missible to treat ! lead+ ideas ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 :i* be> s cle>ly ! m>ks ( ! contempor>y m\ld ( ?\ght1 z ( second>y importance = ! inve/igation1 & to endeav\r to trace ,jesus' ?\ghts f )9 outw>ds & n f )\t inw>ds8 ,fur!r1 is !re really 9 ,judaism no t5d5cy t[>ds ! ov]com+ ( p>ticul>ism8 ,has n its es*atology1 z %ap$ by ! deut]oprophetic lit]ature1 a univ]sali/ic outlook8 ,did ,jesus ov]come p>ticul>ism 9 pr9ciple o!rwise ?an x is ov]come 9 ,jewi% es*atology1 t is to say1 ) ref]5ce to ! future8 ,:at is !re to prove t ,jesus' di/9ctive fai? 9 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god ev] exi/$ indep5d5tly1 & n z an alt]native =m ( ! hi/oricallycondition$ ,messianic consci\sness8 ,9 o!r words1 :at is !re to %[ t ! 8religi\s attitude0 ( ,jesus & ,8 ,messianic consci\sness are any?+ else ?an id5tical1 temporally & conceptually1 s t ! fir/ mu/ always be und]/ood z condition$ by ! second8 ,aga91 is ! say+ ab\t ! glutton\s man & w9ebibb] a suffici5t basis = ! contra/ betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,bapti/8 ,is n ,jesus' prea*+ ( rep5tance gloomy z well z ! ,bapti/'s8 ,:]e d we read t ,he1 9 contra/ ) ! ,bapti/1 avoid$ deal+ ) masses ( m58 ,:]e did ,he give 8! community ( ,8 disciples0 m>*+ ord]s to g f> & wide 9 ! s5se requir$ by ,b\sset's argum5t8 ,:]e is !re a ^w to tell u t ,he ?\ght ( ,8 "w among individuals & little gr\ps ( m5 z ! mo/ important feature ( ,8 m9i/ry8 ,are we n told ! exact contr>y1 t ,he 8taught0 ,8 disciples z little z ,he did ! p8 ,is !re any ju/ification = *>act]is+ ! mission>y j\rney ( ! ,twelve1 j because x directly contradicts ?is view1 z 8an obscure & un9telligible tradition80 ,is x s c]ta9 t ,jesus made a ,messianic entry into ,j]usalem1 & t1 accord+ly1 ,he decl>$ ,himself to ! disciples & to ! ,high ,prie/ z ,messiah 9 ! pres5t1 & n 9 a purely future s5se8 ,:at are ! say+s :i* ju/ify u 9 mak+ ! attitude ( opposition :i* ,he took up t[>ds ! ,rabb9ic legalism into a 8s5se ( ! absolute opposition betwe5 ,himself & ,8 p08 ,! v 8absolute10 ) its r+ ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 is suspici\s4 ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 are subsidi>y positions4 ,! decisive po9t is3 ,c ,b\sset make good ! ass]tion t ,jesus' joy 9 life 0 a m or less unconsci\s inn] prote/ aga9/ ! purely es*atological _w r5\nc+ religi\s attitude1 ! primal expression ( t 8absolute0 anti!sis to ,judaism8 ,is x n ! case t ,8 attitude t[>ds e>?ly goods 0 :olly condition$ by es*atology8 ,t is to say1 7 n e>?ly goods empti$ ( any ess5tial value 9 su* a way t joy 9 ! _w & indiff]5ce to ! _w 7 simply ! f9al expression ( an ironic attitude :i* _h be5 sublimat$ into pure s]5ity4 ,t is ! "q ^u ! answ] to :i* dep5ds ! decision :e!r ,b\sset's position is t5able or n4 ,x is n 9 fact t5able1 = ! opposite view has at its disposal inexhau/ible res]ves ( _wr5\nc+1 _wcontemn+ say+s1 & ! few utt]ances :i* might possibly be int]pret$ z express+ a purely positive joy 9 ! _w1 des]t & g ov] to ! enemy1 because !y textually & logically belong to ! o!r set ( say+s4 ,f9ally1 ! promise ( e>?ly happ9ess z a rew>d1 to :i* ,b\sset _h d5i$ a position 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 also falls ^u 8 re>1 & t 9 ! v mom5t :5 he is seek+ to prove f ! say+1 8,seek ye fir/ ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ,8 righte\sness1 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y10 t = ,jesus ?is _w's goods are n 9 !mselves evil1 b are only to be giv5 a second>y place4 ,"h ! eudaemonism is writt5 on ! =ehead ( ! say+1 s9ce ! receiv+ ( ^! ?+s--we mu/ rememb]1 too1 ! 8hundr$fold0 9 ano!r passage--is future1 n pres5t1 & w only 8come0 at ! same "t z ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,all pres5t goods1 on ! o!r h&1 s]ve only to support life & r5d] possible an undi/ract$ attitude ( wait+ 9 pi\s hope = t future1 & !re=e are n ?\ght ( z ga9s1 b purely z a gift ( ,god1 to be *e]fully & freely enjoy$ z a =eta/e ( ^? bless+s :i* ! elect are to enjoy 9 ! future ,div9e disp5sation4 ,! loss ( ?is position decides ! fur!r po9t t if !re is any sugge/ion 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus t ! future ,k+dom ( ,god is 9 "s s5se pres5t1 x is n to be und]/ood z imply+ an anti es*atological acceptance ( ! _w1 b m]ely z a ph5om5on indicative ( ! extreme t5sion ( ! es*atological consci\sness1 j 9 ! same way z ,8 joy 9 ! _w4 ,b\sset has a k9d ( indirect recognition ( ?is 9 8 rem>k t ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god is only ass]t$ by ,jesus z a k9d ( p>adox4 ,if ! ass]tion ( its pres5ce indicat$ t acceptance ( ! _w =m$ "p ( ,jesus' sy/em ( ?\ght1 x w\ld be at v>iance ) ,8 es*atology4 ,b ! p>adoxical "* ( ! ass]tion is due precisely to ! fact t ,8 acceptance ( ! _w is b ! la/ expression ( ! complet5ess ) :i* ,he rejects x4 ,b :at d critical cavils matt] 9 ! case ( a book ( :i* ! =ce1 ! influ5ce1 ! greatness1 dep5ds ^u its _s8 ,x is great because x recognises--:at is s r>ely recognis$ 9 !ological works--! po9t :]e ! ma9 issue really lies2 9 ! "q1 namely1 :e!r ,jesus prea*$ & work$ z ,messiah1 or :e!r1 z foll[s if a prom95t place is giv5 to es*atology1 z ,colani _h long ago recognis$1 ,8 c>e]1 hi/orically reg>d$1 0 only ! c>e] ( a prophet ) an und]curr5t ( ,messianic consci\sness4 ,z a consequ5ce ( grasp+ ! "q 9 its full significance1 ,b\sset rejects all ! little devices by :i* previ\s writ]s _h endeav\r$ to relate ,jesus' m9i/ry to ,8 times1 ea* "o prescrib+ at :at po9t ,he 0 to connect ,himself ) x1 & ( c\rse proce$+ 9 8 book to repres5t ,him z connect+ ,himself ) x 9 precisely t way4 ,b\sset recognises t ! supreme importance ( es*atology 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus is n to be got rid ( by :ittl+ away a little po9t "h & !re1 & rubb+ x smoo? ) critical s&pap] until x is capable ( reflect+ a diff]5t ?\ght1 b only by fully admitt+ x1 :ile at ! same "t c\nt]act+ x by ass]t+ a my/]i\s elem5t ( _wacceptance 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus1 & conceiv+ ,8 :ole tea*+ z a k9d ( alt]nat+ curr5t betwe5 positive & negative poles4 ,?is is ! la/ possible s9c]e attempt to limit ! exclusive importance ( es*atology 9 ! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 an attempt s gallant1 s brilliant1 t its failure is almo/ tragic2 "o c\ld h wi%$ success to ! book1 to :i* ,c>lyle might h /ood sponsor4 ,t x is inspir$ by ! _s ( ,c>lyle1 t x v9dicates ! orig9al =ce ( a great ,p]sonality aga9/ ! attempt to dissolve x into a cong]ies ( contempor>y conceptions1 !re9 lies at once its greatness & its weakness4 ,b\sset v9dicates ,jesus1 n = hi/ory1 b = ,prote/antism1 by mak+ ,him ! h]oic repres5tative ( a deeply religi\s acceptance ( ! goods ( life amid an apocalyptic _w4 ,8 /udy is n unhi/orical1 b suprahi/orical4 ,! _s ( ,jesus 0 9 fact _waccept+ 9 ! s5se t ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies x advanc$ hi/orically to ! acceptance ( ! _w1 s9ce no?+ c appe> ph5om5ally :i* is n 9 "s s5se ideally pres5t f ! fir/4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ! hi/orical ,jesus 0 purely & exclusively _wr5\nc+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! problem :i* ,b\sset has put on ! blackbo>d = ! es*atological s*ool to solve is to be successfully solv$1 ! solution is to be s\ght on o!r1 m objectively hi/orical1 l9es4 ,t ! decision ( ! "q :e!r ,jesus' prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god is :olly es*atological or only p>tly es*atological1 is prim>ily to be s\ght 9 ,8 e?ical tea*+1 is recognis$ by all ! critics ( ,bald5sp]g] & ,weiss4 ,!y diff] only 9 ! importance :i* !y assign to es*atology4 ,b no o!r writ] has grasp$ ! problem z cle>ly z ,b\sset4 ,! ,p>isian ,ehrh>dt emphasises es*atology v /rongly 9 8 "w 8,! ,fundam5tal ,"* ( ! ,prea*+ ( ,jesus 9 ,relation to ! ,messianic ,hopes ( ,8 ,p & ,8 own ,messianic ,consci\sness407#aff7 ,nev]!less he ass]ts ! pres5ce ( a tw(old e?ic 9 ,jesus' tea*+3 es*atology did n attempt to evacuate ev]y?+ else ( all value1 b all[$ ! natural & e?ical goods ( ?is _w to hold _! place1 z belong+ to a _w ( ?\ght :i* resi/$ its encroa*m5ts4 ,a mu* m negative attitude is tak5 up by ,alb]t ,rville 9 8 ,jsus de ,naz>e?47#afg7 ,accord+ to him bo? ,apocalyptic & ,messianism are =eign bodies 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* h be5 =c$ into x by ! pressure ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,jesus w\ld nev] ( ,8 own motion h tak5 up ! rle ( ,messiah4 ,w5dt1 too1 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,lehre ,jesu1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aijc1 held 9 ! ma9 to ! fundam5tal idea ( ! fir/1 ! #ahij1 edition2 namely1 t ,jesus 9 view ( ,8 purely religi\s relation to ,god c\ld n d o!rwise ?an trans=m1 f )9 outw>ds1 ! traditional conceptions1 ev5 ?\gh !y seem to be traceable 9 _! actual contempor>y =m on ! surface ( ,8 tea*+4 ,he _h already1 9 #ahic1 9 ! ,*ri/li*e ,welt cle>ly exp\nd$1 & def5d$ aga9/ ,weiss1 8 view ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god z already pres5t = ! ?\ght ( ,jesus4 ,! effect :i* ,bald5sp]g] & ,weiss _h ^u ,weiff5ba*7#afh7 0 to cause him to br+ out 9 full /r5g? ! apologetic aspect :i* _h be5 some:at held 9 *eck 9 8 "w ( #ahgc by ! ?or\ghness ( 8 exegesis4 ,! apocalyptic ( ?is y\ng] s*ool1 :i* 0 no long] will+ to believe t 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus ! ,p>\sia meant no?+ m ?an an issu+ f dea? clo!d ) p[]1 is on all gr\nds to be reject$4 ,x assumes1 s9ce ?is expectation 0 n fulfill$1 an error on ! "p ( ,jesus4 ,x is bett] to re/ cont5t ) n be+ able to see q cle>ly4 ,protect$ by a simil> arm\r1 ! successive editions ( ,b]nh>d ,weiss's ,life ( ,jesus w5t _! way unmole/$ d[n to #aijb4 ,n ) an apologetic purpose1 b on ! basis ( an orig9al religi\s view1 ,titius1 9 8 "w on ! ,new ,te/am5t doctr9e ( bless$ness1 develops ! tea*+ ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god z a pres5t good47#afi7 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahie1 appe>$ ,e4 ,haupt's "w on 8,! ,es*atological ,say+s ( ,jesus 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels407#agj7 ,9 contradi/9ction to ,b\sset he takes z 8 />t+po9t ! es*atological passages1 exam9+ ea* sep>ately & modulat+ !m back to ! ,johann9e key4 ,x is s delicately & +5i\sly done t ! read+ ( ! book is an ae/hetic pleasure :i* makes "o 9 ! end q =get ! apologetic motif 9 ord] to surr5d] oneself completely to ! au?or's my/ical sy/em ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,x is1 inde$1 n ! lea/ s]vice ( ! es*atological s*ool t x compels mod]n !ology1 :i* is s mu* preoccupi$ ) hi/ory1 to reveal :at is its own z its own4 ,es*atology makes x impossible to attribute mod]n ideas to ,jesus & !n by way ( 8,new ,te/am5t ,!ology0 take !m back f ,him z a loan1 z ev5 ,rits*l n s long ago did ) su* navet4 ,johannes ,weiss1 9 cutt+ himself loose1 z an hi/orian1 f ,rits*l1 & recognis+ t 8! real roots ( ,rits*l's ideas are to be f\nd 9 ,kant & ! illum9i/ !ology107#aga7 introduc$ ! la/ decisive phase ( ! process ( sep>ation betwe5 hi/orical & 8mod]n0 !ology4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( es*atology1 critical !ology 01 9 ! la/ resort1 )\t a pr9ciple ( discrim9ation1 s9ce x possess$ no reag5t capable ( infallibly sep>at+ out mod]n ideas on ! "o h& & g5u9ely anci5t ,new ,te/am5t ideas on ! o!r4 ,! application ( ! crit]ion has n[ begun4 ,:at w be ! issue1 ! future alone c %[4 ,b ev5 n[ we c recognise t ! sep>ation 0 n only ( advantage to hi/orical !ology2 = mod]n !ology1 ! manife/ation ( ! mod]n _s z x really is1 0 /ill m important4 ,only :5 x became consci\s ( its own inmo/ ess5ce & ( its "r to exi/1 only :5 x fre$ itself f its illegitimate hi/orical ju/ification1 :i*1 leap+ ov] ! c5turies1 appeal$ directly to an hi/orical exposition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 only !n c\ld x unfold its full weal? ( ideas1 :i* _h be5 hi!rto rootb\nd by a false hi/oricity4 ,x 0 n by *ance t 9 ,b\sset's reply a c]ta9 affirmation ( life1 some?+ expressive ( ! g5ius ( ,prote/antism1 cries al\d z nev] be=e 9 any !ological "w ( ?is g5]ation1 or t 9 ,haupt's "w ,g]man my/icism int]weaves its my/]i\s h>monies ) ! ,johann9e motif4 ,! contribution ( ,prote/antism to ! int]pretation ( ! _w _h nev] be5 made s manife/ 9 any "w prior to ,weiss's4 ,! mod]n _s is "h break+ 9 wrea?s ( foam ^u ! %>p cliffs ( ! rockb\nd es*atological _wview ( ,jesus4 ,to put x m prosaically1 mod]n !ology is at la/ ab\t to become s9c]e4 ,b ?is is s f> only a prophecy ( ! future4 ,if we are to speak ( ! pres5t x mu/ be fully admitt$ t ev5 hi/orical sci5ce1 :5 x desires to cont9ue ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity beyond ! life ( ,jesus1 _c help prote/+ aga9/ ! "osid$ness ( ! es*atological _w ( ?\ght ( ! 8,f\nd]40 ,x f9ds itself oblig$ to di/+ui% 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus 8p]man5t elem5ts & transitory elem5ts0 :i*1 be+ int]pret$1 means es*atological & n ess5tially es*atological mat]ials2 o!rwise x c get no f>!r4 ,= if ,jesus' _w ( ?\ght 0 :olly & exclusively es*atological1 !re c only h aris5 out ( x1 z ,reim>us long ago ma9ta9$1 an exclusively es*atological primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,b h[ a community ( t k9d c\ld give bir? to ! ,greek nones*atological !ology no ,*ur* hi/ory & no hi/ory ( dogma has s f> %[n4 ,in/ead ( t !y all--,h>nack1 ) ! mo/ consummate hi/orical ability--lay d[n f ! v fir/1 alongside ( ! ma9 l9e int5d$ = 8contempor>y views0 traffic1 a relief l9e = ! accommodation ( ?r\gh tra9s ( 8nontemporally limit$ ideas02 & at ! po9t :]e primitive ,*ri/ian es*atology becomes ( less importance !y swit* (f ! tra9 to ! relief l9e1 aft] slipp+ ! c>riages :i* are n int5d$ to g beyond t /ation4 ,?is proc$ure has n[ be5 r5d]$ impossible = !m by ,weiss1 :o leaves no place 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus = any?+ b ! s+lel9e traffic ( es*atology4 ,if1 dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 any "o _h attempt$ to c>ry out 9 a "w on a l>ge scale ! plan ( ,/rauss & ,r5an1 l9k+ up ! hi/ory ( ! life ( ,jesus ) ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & ,new ,te/am5t !ology ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( dogma1 ! imm5se difficulties :i* ,weiss _h rais$ )\t suspect+ x1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 sixtysev5 pages1 w\ld h become cle>ly app>5t4 ,! problem ( ! ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity took on q a new aspect :5 ! tre/le bridge ( mod]n ideas connect+ ! es*atological e>ly ,*ri/ianity ) ,greek !ology broke d[n "u ! weight ( ! newlydiscov]$ mat]ial1 & x became necess>y to seek )9 ! hi/ory itself an explanation ( ! way 9 :i* an exclusively es*atological sy/em ( ideas came to admit ,greek influ5ces1 &--:at is mu* m difficult to expla9--h[ ,hell5ism1 on its "p1 f\nd any po9t ( contact ) an es*atological sect4 ,! new problem is z yet h>dly recognis$1 mu* less grappl$ )4 ,! few :o s9ce ,weiss's "t h s\ght to pass ov] f ! life ( ,jesus to e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 h act$ l m5 :o f9d !mselves on an ice floe :i* is sl[ly divid+ into two pieces1 & :o leap f "o to ! o!r be=e ! cleft gr[s too wide4 ,h>nack1 9 8 8,:at is ,*ri/ianity80 almo/ entirely ignores ! contempor>y limitations ( ,jesus' tea*+1 & />ts out ) a ,gospel :i* c>ries him d[n )\t difficulty to ! ye> #ahii4 ,! antihi/orical viol5ce ( ?is proc$ure is1 if possible1 /ill m pron\nc$ 9 ,w]nle4 ,! 8,beg9n+s ( our ,religion07#agb7 beg9s by putt+ ! ,jewi% es*atology 9 a conv5i5t po/ure = ! com+ op]ation by urg+ t ! idea ( ! ,messiah1 s9ce !re 0 no appropriate place = x 9 connexion ) ! ,k+dom ( ,god or ! new ,e>?1 _h become obsolete = ! ,jews !mselves4 ,! inadequat5ess ( ! ,messianic idea = ! purposes ( ,jesus is !re=e selfevid5t4 8,8 :ole life long0--z if we knew any m ( x ?an ! few mon?s ( ,8 public m9i/ry6--8,he lab\r$ to give a new & high] cont5t to ! ,messianic title :i* ,he _h adopt$40 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is endeav\r ,he disc>d$ 8! ,messiah ( ! ,zealots0--by t is meant ! political nontransc5d5t ,messianic ideal4 ,z if we _h any k ( ! exi/5ce ( su* an ideal 9 ! "t ( ,jesus6 ,! /atem5ts ( ,josephus sugge/1 & ! conduct ( ,pilate at ! trial ( ,jesus confirms ! conclusion1 t 9 none ( ! ris+s did a claimant ( ! ,messiah%ip come =w>d1 & ?is %\ld be pro( en\gh t !re did n exi/ at t "t a political es*atology alongside ( ! transc5d5tal1 & inde$ x c\ld n on inn] gr\nds subsi/ alongside ( x4 ,t 01 aft] all1 ! ?+ :i* ,weiss _h %[n mo/ cle>ly6 ,jesus1 !re=e1 _h dismiss$ ! ,messiah ( ! ,zealots2 ,he _h n[ to turn ,himself into ! 8wait+0 ,messiah ( ! ,rabbis4 ,yet ,he does n altoge!r accept ?is rle1 = ,he works actively z ,messiah4 ,8 /ruggle ) ! ,messianic conception c\ld n b end 9 trans=m+ x4 ,?is trans=m$ conception is introduc$ by ,jesus to ! p at ,8 entry into ,j]usalem1 s9ce ,8 *oice ( ! ass to be> ,him inscrib$ z a motto1 s to speak1 ov] ! demon/ration ! prophecy ( ! ,messiah :o %\ld be a br+] ( peace4 ,a few days lat] ,he gives ! ,scribes to und]/& by ,8 enigmatic words ) ref]5ce to ,m>k xii4 #cg1 t ,8 ,messiah%ip has no?+ to d ) ,davidic desc5t & all t t impli$4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god 0 n1 ( c\rse1 = ,him1 accord+ to ,w]nle1 a purely es*atological entity2 ,he saw 9 _m ev5ts evid5ce t x _h already dawn$4 ,w]nle's only real concession to ! es*atological s*ool is ! admission t ! ,k+dom always rema9$ = ,jesus a sup]natural entity4 ,! belief 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom 01 x seems1 only a phase 9 ! developm5t ( ,jesus4 ,:5 confront$ ) gr[+ opposition ,he ab&on$ ?is belief aga91 & ! sup]e>?ly future "* ( ! ,k+dom 0 all t rema9$4 ,at ! end ( ,8 c>e] ,jesus e/abli%es a connexion betwe5 ! ,messianic conception1 9 its f9al trans=mation1 & ! ,k+dom1 :i* _h reta9$ its es*atological "*2 ,he goes to ,8 dea? = ! ,messiah%ip 9 its new significance1 b ,he goes on believ+ 9 ,8 spe$y return z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,?is expectation ( ,8 ,p>\sia z ,son ( ,man1 :i* only em]ges imm$iately be=e ,8 exit f ! _w--:5 x c no long] emb>rass ! au?or 9 8 acc\nt ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus--is ! only po9t 9 :i* ,jesus does n ov]come ! inadequacy ( ! ,messianic idea ) :i* ,he _h to deal4 8,at ?is po9t ! fanta/ic conception ( ,late ,judaism1 ! magically trans=m$ _w ( ! anci5t popul> belief1 ?ru/s itself incongru\sly into ,jesus' great & simple consci\sness ( ,8 vocation40 ,?us ,w]nle takes ) him only s mu* ( ,apocalyptic z he c safely c>ry ov] into e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,once he has got safely across1 he drags ! re/ ov] aft] him4 ,he %[s t 9 & ) ! titles & expressions borr[$ f apocalyptic ?\ght1 ,messiah1 ,son ( ,god1 ,son ( ,man1 :i* 7 all at bottom s inappropriate to ,jesus1 e>ly ,*ri/ianity slipp$ 9 aga9 8ei!r ! old ideas or new ones misund]/ood40 ,9 po9t+ ?is out he _c refra9 f ! cu/om>y sigh ( regret--^! apocalyptic titles & expressions 87 f ! fir/ a mis=tune = ! new religion40 ,"o may well ask h[ ,w]nle has discov]$ 9 ! prea*+ ( ,jesus any?+ t c be call$1 hi/orically1 a new religion1 & :at w\ld h become ( ?is new religion ap>t f its apocalyptic hopes & its apocalyptic dogma8 ,we answ]3 )\t its int5se es*atological hope ! ,gospel w\ld h p]i%$ f ! e>?1 cru%$ by ! weight ( hi/oric cata/rophes4 ,b1 z x 01 by ! mighty p[] ( evok+ fai? :i* lay 9 x1 es*atology made good 9 ! d>ke/ times ,jesus' say+s ab\t ! imp]i%ability ( ,8 words1 & di$ z soon z ^! say+s _h br\ght =? new life ^u a new soil4 ,:y !n make su* a compla9t aga9/ x8 ,! trag$y does n consi/ 9 ! modification ( primitive ,*ri/ianity by es*atology1 b 9 ! fate ( es*atology itself1 :i* has pres]v$ = u all t is mo/ preci\s 9 ,jesus1 b mu/ itself )]1 because ,he di$ ^u ! cross ) a l\d cry1 despair+ ( br++ 9 ! new heav5 & ! new e>?--t is ! real trag$y4 ,& n a trag$y to be dismiss$ ) a !ologian's sigh1 b a lib]at+ & lifegiv+ influ5ce1 l e great trag$y4 ,= 9 its dea?pangs es*atology bore to ! ,greek g5ius a wond]*ild1 ! my/ic1 s5su\s1 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( immortality1 & consecrat$ ,*ri/ianity z ! religion ( immortality to take ! place ( ! sl[ly dy+ civilisation ( ! anci5t _w4 ,b x is n only ^? :o want to f9d a way f ! prea*+ ( ,jesus to e>ly ,*ri/ianity :o are consci\s ( ! peculi> difficulties rais$ by ! recognition ( its purely ,jewi% es*atological "*1 b also ^? :o wi% to recon/ruct ! connexion backw>ds f ,jesus to ,judaism4 ,= example1 ,wellhaus5 & ,s*r] repudiate ! results arriv$ at by ! es*atological s*ool1 :i*1 on its "p1 bases itself ^u _! rese>*es into ,late ,judaism4 ,wellhaus51 9 8 8,israeliti% & ,jewi% ,hi/ory107#agc7 gives a picture ( ,jesus :i* lifts ,him out ( ! ,jewi% frame altoge!r4 ,! ,k+dom :i* ,he desires to f\nd becomes a pres5t spiritual entity4 ,to ! ,jewi% es*atology ,8 prea*+ /&s 9 a q ext]nal relation1 = :at 0 9 ,8 m9d 0 r a fell[%ip ( spiritual m5 engag$ 9 seek+ a high] righte\sness4 ,he did n really desire to be ! ,messiah1 & 9 ,8 inmo/ he>t _h r5\nc$ ! hopes ( ,8 p4 ,if ,he call$ ,himself ,messiah1 x 0 9 view ( a high] ,messianic ideal4 ,= ! p ,8 acceptance ( ! ,messiah%ip d5ot$ ! sup]session ( _! own v diff]5tly col\r$ expectation4 ,! transc5d5tal ev5ts become imman5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! apocalyptic ,judgm5t ( ! ,_w1 he reta9s only ! s]mon pres]v$ by ,john ab\t ! inw>d & con/ant process ( sep>ation4 ,al?\gh n to ! same ext5t1 ,s*r] also1 9 8 view ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 is /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,9 an inaugural disc\rse ( #aijc7agd7 he decl>es t 9 8 op9ion !re is a c]ta9 opposition betwe5 ,judaism & ! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 s9ce ! latt] conta9s some?+ absolutely new4 ,8 ,messiah%ip is only ! temporally limit$ expression ( a unique1 g5]ally e?ical1 consci\sness ( be+ a *ild ( ,god1 :i* has a c]ta9 analogy ) ! relation ( all ,god's *ildr5 to _! ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,! reason = ,8 res]ve 9 reg>d to ,8 ,messiah%ip 01 accord+ to ,s*r]1 ,jesus' fe> ( k9dl+ 8political en?usiasm02 f ! same motive ,he repudiates 9 ,m>k xii4 #cg all claim to be ! ,messiah ( ,david's l9e4 ,! ideas ( ! ,messiah & ! ,k+dom ( ,god at lea/ und]w5t a trans=mation 9 ,8 use ( !m4 ,if 9 ,8 e>li] prea*+ ,he only ann\nces ! ,k+dom z some?+ future1 9 ,8 lat] prea*+ ,he emphasises ! ?\ght t 9 its beg9n+s x is already pres5t4 ,t x is precisely ! repres5tatives ( ! /udy ( ,late ,judaism :o lift ,jesus out ( ! ,late,jewi% _w ( ?\ght1 is n 9 itself a surpris+ ph5om5on4 ,x is only an expression ( ! fact t "h some?+ new & creative ent]s into an uncreative age1 & ( ! cle> consci\sness t ?is ,p]sonality _c be resolv$ into a complex ( contempor>y ideas4 ,! problem ( :i* !y are consci\s is ! same z ,b\sset's4 ,b ! "q _c be avoid$ :e!r ! viol5t sep>ation ( ,jesus f ,late ,judaism is a real solution1 or :e!r ! v ess5ce ( ,jesus' creative p[] does n consi/1 n 9 tak+ out "o or o!r ( ! p>ts ( ! es*atological ma*9]y1 b 9 do+ :at no "o _h previ\sly done1 namely1 9 sett+ ! :ole ma*9]y 9 motion by ! application ( an e?icoreligi\s motive p[]4 ,to p]ceive ! unsatisfactor9ess ( ! trans=mation hypo!sis x is only necess>y to ?9k ( all ! conditions :i* w\ld h to be realis$ 9 ord] to make x possible to trace1 ev5 9 g5]al outl9e1 ! evid5ce ( su* a trans=mation 9 ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,all ^! solutions ( ! es*atological "q />t f ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 & x 01 inde$1 f ?is po9t ( view t ,johannes ,weiss _h /at$ ! problem4 ,! f9al decision ( ! "q is n1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd "h1 b 9 ! exam9ation ( ! :ole c\rse ( ,jesus' life4 ,on :i* ( ! two presuppositions1 ! assumption t ,8 life 0 completely dom9at$ by es*atology1 or ! assumption t ,he repudiat$ x1 d we f9d x easie/ to und]/& ! connexion ( ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 ,8 fate1 & ! em]g5ce ( ! expectation ( ! ,p>\sia 9 ! community ( ,8 disciples8 ,! works :i* 9 ! exam9ation ( ! connexion ( ev5ts foll[ a critical proc$ure are few & f> betwe54 ,! av]age 8,life ( ,jesus0 %[s 9 ?is respect an inconceivable /upidity4 ,! fir/1 aft] ,bruno ,bau]1 to apply critical me?ods to ?is po9t 0 ,volkm>2 betwe5 ,volkm> & ,wr$e ! only writ] :o "h %[$ himself critical1 t is sceptical1 0 ,w4 ,br&t4 ,8 "w on ! 8,gospel ,hi/ory07#age7 appe>$ 9 #ahic1 a ye> aft] ,johannes ,weiss's "w & 9 ! same ye> z ,b\sset's reply4 ,9 ?is book ! "q ( ! absolute1 or only p>tial1 dom9ance ( es*atology is answ]$ on ! gr\nd ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ,jesus' life4 ,br&t goes to "w ) a truly ,c>tesian scepticism4 ,he fir/ exam9es all ! possibilities t ! report$ ev5t did n happ5 9 ! way 9 :i* x is report$ be=e he is satisfi$ t x really did happ5 9 t way4 ,be=e he c accept ! /atem5t t ,jesus di$ ) a l\d outcry1 he has to satisfy 8 critical consci5ce by ! foll[+ consid]ation3 8,! /atem5t reg>d+ ?is cry1 is1 s f> z ,i c see1 to be be/ expla9$ by suppos+ t x 0 really utt]$40 ,! burial ( ,jesus owes its acceptance z hi/ory to ! foll[+ reflection4 8,we hold ,joseph ( ,arima!a to be an hi/orical p]son2 b ! only reason :i* ! n>rative has = pres]v+ 8 "n is t he buri$ ,jesus4 ,!re=e ! "n gu>antees ! fact40 ,b ! mom5t ! slighte/ possibility pres5ts itself t ! ev5t happ5$ 9 a diff]5t way1 ,br&t decl9es to be held by any s$uctions ( ! text1 & makes 8 own 8probably0 into an hi/orical fact4 ,= in/ance1 he ?9ks x unlikely t ,pet] 0 ! only "o to smite ) ! sword2 s ! hi/ory is imm$iately rectifi$ by ! phrase 8t sword/roke 0 d\btless n ! only "o1 o!r disciples also mu/ h press$ to ! front40 ,t ,jesus 0 fir/ condemn$ by ! ,sanh$r9 at a nightsitt+1 & t ,pilate 9 ! morn+ confirm$ ! s5t5ce1 seems to him on v>i\s gr\nds impossible4 ,x is !re=e decid$ t we h "h to d only ) a comb9ation devis$ by 8a ,*ri/ian f among ! ,g5tiles40 ,9 ?is way ! 8mu/ h be5's0 & 8may h be5's0 ex]cise a v]itable reign ( t]ror ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,yet t does n prev5t ! g5]al contribution ( ! book to criticism f be+ a v rem>kable "o4 ,especially 9 reg>d to ! trial ( ,jesus1 x br+s to light a :ole s]ies ( previ\sly unsuspect$ problems4 ,br&t is ! fir/ writ] s9ce ,bau] :o d>es to ass]t t x is an hi/orical absurdity to suppose t ,pilate1 :5 ! p dem&$ f him ! condemnation ( ,jesus1 answ]$3 8,no1 b ,i w release y ano!r in/ead ( ,him40 ,z 8 />t+po9t he takes ! complete contra/ betwe5 ! ,johann9e & ,synoptic traditions1 & ! inh]5t impossibility ( ! =m] is prov$ 9 detail4 ,! ,synoptic tradition goes back to ,m>k alone4 ,8 ,gospel is1 z 0 also held by ,bruno ,bau]1 & aft]w>ds by ,wr$e1 a suffici5t basis = ! :ole tradition4 ,b ?is ,gospel is n a purely hi/orical s\rce1 x is also1 & 9 a v mu* l>g] degree1 poetic inv5tion4 ,( ! real hi/ory ( ,jesus b little is pres]v$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,_m ( ! scall$ say+s ( ! ,"l are c]ta9ly to be pron\nc$ spuri\s1 a few are probably to be recognis$ z g5u9e4 ,b ! !ory ( ! 8poetic inv5tion0 ( ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/ is n consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 because ,br&t does n take z 8 crit]ion1 z ,wr$e did lat]1 a def9ite pr9ciple on :i* ,m>k is suppos$ to h con/ruct$ 8 ,gospel1 b decides ea* case sep>ately4 ,consequ5tly ! mo/ important feature ( ! "w lies 9 ! exam9ation ( detail4 ,jesus di$ & 0 believ$ to h ris5 aga93 ?is is ! only absolutely c]ta9 in=mation t we h reg>d+ ,8 8,life40 ,& accord+ly ?is is ! crucial in/ance = te/+ ! wor? ( ! ,gospel tradition4 ,x is only on ! basis ( an elaborate criticism ( ! acc\nts ( ! suff]+ & resurrection ( ,jesus t ,br&t und]takes to give a sket* ( ! life ( ,jesus z x really 04 ,:at 01 !n1 s f> z appe>s f ,8 life1 ,jesus' attitude t[>ds es*atology8 ,x 01 accord+ to ,br&t1 a selfcontradictory attitude4 8,he believ$ 9 ! ne> approa* ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & yet1 z ?\gh its "t 7 /ill f> di/ant1 ,he und]takes ! tra9+ ( disciples4 ,he 0 a tea*] & yet is said to h held ,himself to be ! ,messiah40 ,! duality lies n s mu* 9 ! tea*+ itself2 x is r a cleavage betwe5 ,8 conviction & consci\sness on ! "o h&1 & ,8 public attitude on ! o!r4 ,to ?is obs]vation we h to add a second1 namely1 t ,jesus _c possibly dur+ ! la/ few days at ,j]usalem h come =w>d z ,messiah4 ,critics1 ) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( ,bruno ,bau]1 _h only cursorily t\*$ on ?is "q4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! la/ few days 9 ,j]usalem does n at all sugge/ a ,messianic claim on ! "p ( ,jesus1 inde$ x directly contradicts x4 ,only imag9e :at w\ld h happ5$ if ,jesus _h come be=e ! p ) su* claims1 or ev5 if su* ?\ghts _h be5 s mu* z attribut$ to ,him6 ,on ! o!r side1 ( c\rse1 we h ! report ( ! ,messianic entry1 9 :i* ,jesus n only accept$ ! homage (f]$ to ,him z ,messiah1 b w5t out ( ,8 way to invite x2 & ! p mu/ !re=e f t po9t onw>ds h reg>d$ him z ,messiah4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is contradiction 9 ! n>rative1 all ,lives ( ,jesus slur ov] ! passage1 & seem to repres5t t ! p sometimes suspect$ ,jesus' ,messiah%ip1 sometimes did n suspect x1 or !y adopt "s o!r simil> exp$i5t4 ,br&t1 h[ev]1 rigor\sly drew ! logical inf]5ce4 ,s9ce ,jesus did n /& & prea* 9 ! temple z ,messiah1 ,he _c h ent]$ ,j]usalem z ,messiah4 ,!re=e 8! wellkn[n ,messianic entry is n hi/orical40 ,t is also impli$ by ! mann] ( ,8 arre/4 ,if ,jesus _h come =w>d z a ,messianic claimant1 ,he w\ld n simply h be5 arre/$ by ! civil police2 ,pilate w\ld h _h to suppress a revolt by milit>y =ce4 ,?is admission implies ! surr5d] ( "o ( ! mo/ *]i%$ prejudices ( ! anties*atological s*ool1 namely1 t ,jesus rais$ ! ?\ghts ( ! p to a high] conception ( ,8 ,messiah%ip1 & consequ5tly to a spiritual view ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 or at lea/ tri$ s to raise !m4 ,b we _c assume ?is to h be5 ,8 int5tion1 s9ce ,he does n all[ ! multitude to suspect ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,?us ! conception ( a 8trans=mation0 becomes unt5able z a means ( reconcil+ es*atological & nones*atological elem5ts4 ,& z a matt] ( fact--t is ! /roke ( critical g5ius 9 ! book--,br&t lets ! two g =w>d side by side )\t any attempt at reconciliation2 = ! reconciliation :i* w\ld be possible if "o _h only to deal ) ! tea*+ ( ,jesus becomes impossible :5 "o has to take 9 ,8 life z well4 ,= ,br&t ! life ( ,jesus is ! life ( a ,galilaean tea*] :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! es*atology ) :i* ! p]iod 0 s fully *>g$1 0 = a "t & to a c]ta9 ext5t set at v>iance ) ,himself & :o met ,8 fate = t reason4 ,?is conception is at bottom id5tical ) ,r5an's4 ,b ! /roke ( g5ius 9 leav+ ! gap betwe5 es*atological & nones*atological elem5ts unbridg$ sets ?is "w1 z reg>ds its critical f\ndation & hi/orical pres5tm5t1 high above ! smoo? romance ( ! latt]4 ,! c\rse ( ,jesus' life1 accord+ to ,br&t1 0 !re=e z foll[s3 ,jesus 0 a tea*]2 n only s1 b ,he took disciples 9 ord] to tra9 !m to be tea*]s4 8,?is is 9 itself suffici5t to %[ !re 0 a p]iod 9 ,8 life 9 :i* ,8 "w 0 n det]m9$ by ! ?\ght ( ! imm$iate ne>ness ( ! decisive mom5t4 ,he s\ght m51 !re=e1 :o might become ,8 fell[work]s4 ,he began to tra9 disciples :o1 if ,he did n ,himself live to see ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 w\ld be able aft] ,8 dea? to c>ry on ! "w ( educat+ ! p along ! l9es :i* ,he _h laid d[n40 8,!n !re occurr$ 9 ,judaea an ev5t ( :i* ! rum\r spread l wildfire ?r\gh\t ,pale/9e4 ,a prophet arose--a ?+ :i* _h n happ5$ = c5turies--a man :o came =w>d z an envoy ( ,god2 & ?is prophet proclaim$ ! imm$iate com+ ( ! reign ( ,god3 #8,rep5t t ye may escape ! wra? ( ,god4' 0 ,! ,bapti/'s great s]mon on rep5tance falls1 accord+ to ,br&t1 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,we mu/ assume1 he ?9ks1 t be=e ,john came =w>d 9 ?is dramatic fa%ion he _h be5 a tea*]1 & at t p]iod ( 8 life _h numb]$ ,jesus among 8 pupils4 ,nev]!less 8 life previ\s to 8 public appe>ance mu/ h be5 a r obscure "o4 ,:5 he sudd5ly laun*$ out into ?is es*atological prea*+ ( rep5tance 8he seem$ l an ,elijah :o _h long ago be5 rapt away f ! e>? & n[ appe>$ once m40 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ,jesus _h to conc5trate ,8 activity1 = ! "t 0 %ort4 ,if ,he desir$ to effect any?+ & s f> z possible to make ! p1 be=e ! com+ ( ! end1 ob$i5t to ! w ( ,god1 ,he mu/ make ,j]usalem ! />t+po9t ( ,8 "w4 8,only f ?is c5tral position1 & only ) ! help ( an au?ority :i* _h at its disposal ! :ole synagogal sy/em1 c\ld ,he effect )9 a %ort "t mu*1 p]haps all1 ( :at 0 ne$ful4 ,s ,he det]m9$ on j\rney+ to ,j]usalem ) ?is end 9 view1 & ) ! fix$ resolve !re to c>ry into effect ! w ( ,god40 ,! j\rney to ,j]usalem 0 n !re=e a pilgrimage ( dea?4 8,s long z we are oblig$ to take ! ,gospels z a true reflection ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus we mu/ recognise ) ,weizsck] t ,jesus did n g to ,j]usalem 9 ord] to be put to dea? !re1 nor did ,he g to keep ! ,fea/4 ,bo? suppositions are exclud$ by ! vig\r ( 8 action 9 ,j]usalem1 & ! bright col\rs ( hope ) :i* ! picture ( t p]iod 0 pa9t$ 9 ! recollection ( ^? :o _h witness$ x40 ,we _c !re=e reg>d ! pr$ictions ( ! ,passion z hi/orical1 or 8at mo/ we might p]haps suppose t ,jesus 9 ! consci\sness ( ,8 innoc5ce may h said to ,8 disciples3 ',if ,i %\ld die1 may ,god = ! sake ( ,my blood be m]ciful to y & to ! p4'0 ,he w5t to ,j]usalem1 !n1 to fulfil ! w ( ,god4 8,x 0 ,god's w t ! prea*+ by :i* alone ! p c\ld be inw>dly r5ew$ & made into a real p ( ,god %\ld be recognis$ & organis$ by ! national & religi\s au?orities4 ,to effect ?is ?r\gh ! exi/+ au?orities1 or to realise x 9 "s o!r way1 su* 0 ! task :i* ,jesus felt ,himself call$ on to p]=m40 ,) 8 eyes ^u ?is goal1 beh9d :i* lay ! ne> approa* ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ,he set ,8 face t[>ds ,j]usalem4 8,b no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t out ( ! belief t ,he 0 engag$ 9 a "w :i* ,god _h will$1 !re %\ld arise an ev] /rong] belief 9 ,8 p]sonal vocation40 ,x 0 ?us t ! ,messianic consci\sness ent]$ into ,jesus' ?\ghts4 ,8 conviction ( ,8 vocation _h no?+ to d ) a political ,messiah%ip1 x 0 only gradually f ! developm5t ( ev5ts t ,he 0 able to draw ! inf]5ce t ,he 0 de/9$ to ! ,messianic sov]eignty1 8x may h become m & m cle> to ,him1 b x did n become a matt] ( absolute c]ta9ty40 ,x 0 only amid opposition1 9 deep dejection1 9 consequ5ce ( a p[]ful inn] reaction aga9/ circum/ances1 t ,he came to recognise ,himself ) full conviction z ! ano9t$ ( ,god4 ,:5 x began to be bruit$ ab\t t ,he 0 ! ,messiah1 ! rul]s _h ,him arre/$ & h&$ ,him ov] to ! ,procurator4 ,judas ! traitor 8_h only be5 a %ort "t among ,8 foll[]s1 & only 9 ^? unquiet days at ,j]usalem :5 ! ,ma/] _h sc>cely any opportunity = private int]c\rse ) him & = le>n+ really to "k him4 ,he _h n be5 ) ,jesus dur+ ! ,galilaean days1 & ,jesus 0 consequ5tly no?+ m to him ?an ! future rul] ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god40 ,aft] ,8 dea? ! disciples 8c\ld n1 unless some?+ occurr$ to re/ore _! fai?1 cont9ue to believe 9 ,8 ,messiah%ip40 ,jesus _h tak5 away ) ,him 9 ,8 dea? ! hopes :i* !y _h set ^u ,him1 especially z ,he _h n =etold ,8 dea?1 mu* less ,8 resurrection4 8,at fir/1 !re=e1 x w\ld be all 9 fav\r ( ,8 memory if ! disciples rememb]$ t ,he ,himself _h nev] op5ly & def9itely decl>$ ,himself to be ! ,messiah40 ,!y return$ to ,galilee4 8,simon ,pet]1 & p]haps ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 :o aft]w>ds rank$ along ) him z a pill> ( ! ,*ur*1 resolv$ to cont9ue t prep>ation = _! "w :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ by _! j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,x seem$ to !m t if !y 7 once m on ,galilaean soil ! days :i* !y _h sp5t 9 ! inhospitable ,j]usalem w\ld cease to oppress _! spirits ) ! lead5 weight ( sorr[ful recollection4444 ,"o might almo/ say t !y _h to make up _! m9ds to give up ,jesus ! au?or ( ! attempt to take ,j]usalem by /orm2 b = ,jesus ! graci\s g5tle ,galilaean tea*] !y kept a w>m place 9 _! he>ts40 ,s love wat*$ ov] ! dead until hope 0 rek9dl$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t promises & came to reawak5 ,him4 8,! fir/ :o1 9 an en?usia/ic vision1 saw ?is wi% fulfill$ 0 ,simon ,pet]40 ,?is 8resurrection0 has no?+ to d ) ! empty grave1 :i*1 l ! :ole n>rative ( ! ,j]usalem appe>ances1 only came into ! tradition lat]4 ,! fir/ appe>ances took place 9 ,galilee4 ,x 0 !re t ! ,*ur* 0 f\nd$4 ,?is attempt to grasp ! connexion ( ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus f a purely hi/orical po9t ( view is "o ( ! mo/ important t h ev] be5 made 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( /udy4 ,if x _h be5 put 9 a purely con/ructive =m1 ?is criticism w\ld h made an impression unequall$ by any o!r ,life ( ,jesus s9ce ,r5an's4 ,b 9 t case x w\ld h lo/ t free play ( ideas :i* ! critical recognition ( ! unbridg$ gap admits4 ,! es*atological "q is n1 x is true1 decid$ by ?is inve/igation4 ,x %[s ! impossibility ( ! previ\s attempts to e/abli% a pres5t ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 b x %[s1 too1 t ! que/ions1 :i* are really hi/orical que/ions1 conc]n+ ! public attitude ( ,jesus1 are f> f be+ solv$ by ass]t+ ! exclusively es*atological "* ( ,8 prea*+1 b t new difficulties are always pres5t+ !mselves4 ,x 0 p]haps n s mu* ?r\gh ^! g5]al e?icoreligi\s hi/orical discussions z 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 exegetical problems :i* unexpect$ly came to light t !ologians became consci\s t ! old conception ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 0 n t5able1 or 0 only t5able by viol5t means4 ,on ! assumption ( ! modifi$ es*atological "* ( ,8 tea*+1 ,jesus is /ill a tea*]2 t is to say1 ,he speaks 9 ord] to be und]/ood1 9 ord] to expla91 & has no secrets4 ,b if ,8 tea*+ is ?r\gh\t es*atological1 !n ,he is a prophet1 :o po9ts 9 my/]i\s spee* to a com+ age1 ^: words conceal secrets & (f] enigmas1 & are n int5d$ to be und]/ood always & by ev]ybody4 ,att5tion 0 n[ turn$ to a numb] ( passages 9 :i* ! "q arises :e!r ,jesus _h any secrets to keep or n4 ,?is "q pres5ts itself 9 connexion ) ! v e>lie/ ( ! p>ables4 ,9 ,m>k iv4 #aa1 #ab x is di/9ctly /at$ t ! p>ables spok5 9 ! imm$iate context embody ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 an obscure & un9telligible =m1 9 ord] t ^? = :om x is n int5d$ may he> )\t und]/&+4 ,b ?is is n borne out by ! "* ( ! p>ables !mselves1 s9ce we at lea/ f9d 9 !m ! ?\ght ( ! con/ant & victori\s developm5t ( ! ,k+dom f small beg9n+s to its p]fect developm5t4 ,aft] ! passage _h _h to suff] _m ?+s f con/antly r5ew$ attempts to weak5 d[n or expla9 away ! /atem5t1 ,jli*]1 9 8 "w ^u ! ,p>ables17#agf7 releas$ x f ^! tortures1 left ,jesus ! p>ables 9 _! natural mean+1 & put d[n ?is un9telligible say+ ab\t ! purpose ( ! p>abolic =m ( disc\rse to ! acc\nt ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,he w\ld r1 to use 8 own expression1 remove a little /one f ! masonry ( tradition ?an a diamond f ! imp]i%able cr[n ( hon\r :i* belongs to ,jesus4 ,yes1 b1 = all t1 x is an arbitr>y assumption :i* damages ! ,m>can hypo!sis m ?an w be readily admitt$4 ,:at 0 ! reason1 or :at 0 ! mi/ake :i* l$ ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/ to =m s repell5t a !ory reg>d+ ! purpose ( ! p>ables8 ,is ! progressive exagg]ation ( ! contra/ betwe5 veil$ & op5 spee*1 to :i* ,jli*] (t5 appeals1 suffici5t to acc\nt = x8 ,h[ c ! ,evangeli/ h inv5t$ su* a !ory1 :5 he imm$iately proce$s to invalidate x by ! rationalis+1 r commonplace explanation ( ! p>able ( ! ,s[]8 ,b]nh>d ,weiss1 n be+ s mu* "u ! influ5ce ( mod]n !ology z to feel b\nd to recognise ! pa$agogic purpose 9 ,jesus1 gives ! text its due1 & admits t ,jesus int5d$ to use ! p>abolic =m ( disc\rse z a means ( sep>at+ receptive f unreceptive he>]s4 ,he does n say1 h[ev]1 :at k9d ( secret1 intelligible only to ! pr$e/9$1 0 conceal$ 9 ^! p>ables :i* seem cle> z daylight4 ,t 0 be=e ,johannes ,weiss _h /at$ ! es*atological "q4 ,b\sset1 9 8 criticism ( ! es*atological !ory17#agg7 is oblig$ to fall back ^u ,jli*]'s me?od 9 ord] to ju/ify ! rationalis+ mod]n way ( expla9+ ^! p>ables z po9t+ to a ,k+dom ( ,god actually pres5t4 ,x is true ,jli*]'s explanation ( ! way 9 :i* ! !ory arose does n satisfy him2 he pref]s to assume t ! basis ( ?is false !ory ( ,m>k's is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! p>ables conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom rema9$ un9telligible to ! contempor>ies ( ,jesus4 ,b we may fairly ask t he %\ld po9t out ! connect+ l9k betwe5 t failure to und]/& & ! inv5tion ( a say+ l ?is1 :i* implies s v mu* m6 ,if !re are no bett] gr\nds ?an t = call+ 9 "q ,m>k's !ory ( ! p>ables1 !n ! p>ables ( ,m>k iv41 ! only ones f :i* x is possible to extract ! admission ( a pres5t ,k+dom ( ,god1 rema9 :at !y 7 be=e1 namely1 my/]ies4 ,! second volume ( ,jli*]'s 8,p>ables07#agh7 f\nd ! es*atological "q already 9 possession ( ! field4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,jli*] does ab&on 8! h]et(ore curr5t me?od ( mod]nis+ ! p>ables10 :i* f9ds 9 "o aft] ano!r ( !m only its own fav\rite conception ( ! sl[ & gradual developm5t ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is = ,jli*] a completely sup]natural idea2 x is to be realis$ )\t human help & indep5d5tly ( ! attitude ( m51 by ! sole p[] ( ,god4 ,! p>ables ( ! mu/>d se$ & ! leav5 are n int5d$ to tea* ! disciples ! necessity & wisdom ( a developm5t occupy+ a consid]able "t1 b are design$ to make cle> & vivid to !m ! idea t ! p]iod ( p]fect+ & fulfilm5t w foll[ ) sup]e>?ly necessity ^u t ( imp]fection4 ,b 9 g5]al ! new problem plays no v special "p 9 ,jli*]'s exposition4 ,he takes up1 x might almo/ be said1 9 relation to ! p>ables1 too indep5d5t a position z a religi\s ?9k] to c>e to und]/& !m aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( a :olly diff]5t _wview1 & does n hesitate to exclude f ! au!ntic disc\rses ( ,jesus :atev] does n suit him4 ,?is is ! fate1 = in/ance1 ( ! p>able ( ! wick$ husb&m5 9 ,m>k xii4 ,he f9ds 9 x traits :i* read l vatic9ia ex ev5tu1 & sees !re=e 9 ! :ole ?+ only a prophetically express$ 8view ( ! hi/ory z x pres5t$ itself to an av]age man :o _h be5 pres5t at ! crucifixion ( ,jesus & nev]!less believ$ 9 ,him z ! ,son ( ,god40 ,b ?is absolute me?od ( explanation1 indep5d5t ( any traditional ord] ( "t or ev5ts1 makes x impossible = ! au?or to draw f ! p>ables any g5]al sy/em ( tea*+4 ,he makes no di/9ction betwe5 ! ,galilaean my/ical p>ables & ! polemical1 m5ac+ ,j]usalem p>ables4 ,= in/ance1 he supposes ! p>able ( ! ,s[]1 :i* accord+ to ,m>k 0 ! v fir/ ( ,jesus' p>abolic disc\rses1 to h be5 spok5 z ! result ( a melan*oly review ( a prec$+ p]iod ( "w1 & z express+ ! conviction1 /amp$ ^u ,8 m9d by ! facts1 8t x 0 9 accordance ) high] laws t ! ^w ( ,god %\ld h to reckon ) defeats z well z victories40 ,accord+ly he adopts 9 ! ma9 ! explanation :i* ! ,evangeli/ gives 9 ,m>k iv4 #acbj4 ,! p>able ( ! se$ gr[+ secretly is turn$ to acc\nt 9 fav\r ( ! 8pres5t0 ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,jli*] has an incomp>able p[] ( /rik+ fire out ( e "o ( ! p>ables1 b ! flame is ( a diff]5t col\r f t :i* x %[$ :5 ,jesus pron\nc$ ! p>ables be=e ! en*ant$ multitude4 ,! problem pos$ by ,johannes ,weiss 9 connexion ) ! tea*+ ( ,jesus is treat$ by ,jli*] only s f> z x has a direct int]e/ = ! creative indep5d5ce ( 8 own religi\s ?\ght4 ,alongside ( ! p>abolic disc\rses ( ,m>k iv4 we h n[ to place1 z a newly discov]$ problem1 ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ out ( ! ,twelve 9 ,matt4 x4 ,up to ! "t ( ,johannes ,weiss x _h be5 possible to re/ cont5t ) transplant+ ! gloomy say+s reg>d+ p]secutions to ! la/ p]iod ( ,jesus' life2 b n[ !re 0 ! fur!r difficulty to be met t :ile s ha/y a proclamation ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god is q reconcilable ) an exclusively es*atological "* ( ! prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom1 ! mom5t ?is is at all m9imis$ x becomes un9telligible1 n to m5tion ! fact t 9 ?is case no?+ c be made ( ! say+ ab\t ! imm$iate com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ,matt4 x4 #bc4 ,z ?\gh he felt ! /]n eye ( old ,reim>us ^u him1 ,b\sset ha/5s 9 a footnote to ?r[ ov]bo>d ! :ole report ( ! mission ( ! ,twelve z an 8obscure & un9telligible tradition40 ,n cont5t ) t1 he adds3 8,p]haps ! :ole n>rative is m]ely an expansion ( "s direction ab\t missionis+ giv5 by ,jesus to ! disciples 9 view ( a lat] "t40 ,be=e1 x 0 only ! disc\rse :i* 0 unhi/orical2 n[ x is ! :ole acc\nt ( ! mission--at lea/ if we may assume t "h1 z is usual ) !ologians ( all times1 ! au?or's real op9ion is express$ 9 ! footnote1 & 8 mo/ *]i%$ op9ion ( all introduc$ ) 8p]haps40 ,b h[ mu* hi/orical mat]ial w rema9 to mod]n !ologians 9 ! ,gospels if !y are =c$ to ab&on x :olesale f _! objection to pure es*atology8 ,if all ! pron\ncem5ts ( ?is k9d to :i* ! repres5tatives ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis h committ$ !mselves 7 collect$ toge!r1 !y w\ld make a book :i* w\ld be mu* m damag+ ev5 ?an t book ( ,wr$e's :i* dropp$ a bomb into _! mid/4 ,a ?ird problem is (f]$ by ! say+ 9 ,matt4 xi4 #ab1 ab\t 8! viol5t0 :o1 s9ce ! "t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 8take ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 by =ce10 :i* raises fre% difficulties = ! exegetical art4 ,x is true t if art suffic$1 we %\ld n h long to wait = ! solution 9 ?is case4 ,we %\ld be ask$ to cont5t ourselves ) "o or o!r ( ! artificial solutions ) :i* exegetes h be5 accu/om$ f ( old to f9d a way r\nd ?is difficulty4 ,usually ! say+ is claim$ z support+ ! 8pres5ce0 ( ! ,k+dom4 ,?is is ! l9e tak5 by ,w5dt1 ,w]nle1 & ,arnold ,mey]47#agi7 ,accord+ to ! la/ nam$ x means3 8,f ! days ( ,john ! ,bapti/ x has be5 possible to get possession ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god2 yea1 ! righte\s are e day e>n+ x = _! own40 ,b no explanation has h]et(ore succe$$ 9 mak+ x 9 any degree intelligible h[ ,jesus c\ld date ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom f ! ,bapti/1 :om 9 ! same brea? ,he places outside ( ! ,k+dom1 or :y1 9 ord] to express s simple an idea1 ,he uses su* entirely unnatural & inappropriate expressions z 8rape0 & 8wre/ to !mselves40 ,! full difficulties ( ! passage are fir/ exhibit$ by ,johannes ,weiss47#ahj7 ,he re/ores x to its natural s5se1 accord+ to :i* x means t s9ce t "t ! ,k+dom suff]s1 or is subject$ to1 viol5ce1 & 9 ord] to be able to und]/& x lit]ally he has to take x 9 a condemnatory s5se4 ,foll[+ ,alex&] ,s*weiz]17#aha7 he sums up 8 int]pretation 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,jesus describes1 & 9 ! =m ( ! description %[s ,8 condemnation (1 a viol5t ,zealoti/ic ,messianic movem5t :i* has be5 9 progress s9ce ! days ( ! ,bapti/47#ahb7 ,b ?is explanation aga9 makes ,jesus express a v simple mean+ 9 a v obscure phrase4 ,& :at indication is !re t ! s5se is condemnatory8 ,:]e d we he> any?+ m ab\t a ,zealotic ,messianic movem5t1 ( :i* ! ,bapti/ =m$ ! />t+po9t8 ,8 prea*+ c]ta9ly (f]$ no inc5tive to su* a movem5t1 & ,jesus' attitude t[>ds ! ,bapti/ is else:]e1 ev5 9 ,j]usalem1 entirely "o ( approval4 ,moreov]1 a condemnatory say+ ( ?is k9d w\ld n h be5 clos$ ) ! di/9ctive =mula3 8,he t ha? e>s to he> let him he>0 7,matt4 xi4 #ae71 :i* else:]e1 cf4 ,m>k iv4 #i1 indicates a my/]y4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 accept ! conclusion t we really d n und]/& ! say+1 t we 8h n e>s to he> x10 t we d n "k suffici5tly well ! ess5tial "* ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 to und]/& :y ,jesus describes ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom z a do+ viol5cetox1 :i* has be5 9 progress s9ce ! days ( ! ,bapti/1 especially z ! he>]s !mselves d n seem to h c>$1 or be5 able1 to und]/& :at 0 ! connexion ( ! com+ ) ! viol5ce2 nor d we "k :y ,he expects !m to und]/& h[ ! ,bapti/ is id5tical ) ,elias4 ,b ! problem :i* became mo/ prom95t ( all ! new problems rais$ by es*atology1 0 ! "q conc]n+ ! ,son ( ,man4 ,x _h become a dogma ( !ology t ,jesus us$ ! t]m ,son ( ,man to veil ,8 ,messiah%ip2 t is to say1 e !ologian f\nd 9 ?is t]m :atev] mean+ he atta*$ to ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 ! human1 humble1 e?ical1 unpolitical1 unapocalyptic1 or :atev] o!r "* 0 held to be appropriate to ! or?odox 8trans=m$0 ,messiah%ip4 ,! ,danielic ,son ( ,man ent]$ into ! conception only s f> z x c\ld d s )\t endang]+ ! o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,confront$ ) ! ,similitudes ( ,eno*1 !ologians fell back ^u ! exp$i5t ( assum+ !m to be spuri\s1 or at lea/ work$ov] 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se 9 ! ,son ( ,man passages1 j z ! old] hi/ory ( dogma got rid ( ! ,ignatian lett]s1 ( :i* x c\ld make no?+1 by d5y+ _! g5u95ess4 ,b once ! ,jewi% es*atology 0 s]i\sly appli$ to ! explanation ( ! ,son ( ,man conception1 all 0 *ang$4 ,a new dilemma pres5t$ itself2 ei!r ,jesus us$ ! expression1 & us$ x 9 a purely ,jewi% apocalyptic s5se1 or ,he did n use x at all4 ,al?\gh ,bald5sp]g] did n /ate ! dilemma 9 its full tr5*ancy1 ,hilg5feld ?\ght x necess>y to def5d ,jesus aga9/ ! suspicion ( hav+ borr[$ ,8 sy/em ( ?\ght & ,8 selfdesignation f ,jewi% ,apocalypses47#ahc7 ,orello ,cone1 too1 w n admit t ! expression ,son ( ,man has only apocalyptic sugge/ion 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus1 b w h x int]pret$ accord+ to ,m>k ii4 #aj & #bh1 :]e ,8 pure humanity is ! idea :i* is emphasis$47#ahd7 ,oort holds1 m logically1 t ,jesus did n use x1 b t ! disciples took ! expression f 8! ,gospel0 & put x into ! m\? ( ,jesus47#ahe7 ,johannes ,weiss =mulat$ ! problem cle>ly1 & propos$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! two passages :]e ,son ( ,man means man 9 g5]al1 only ^? %\ld be recognis$ 9 :i* ! significance atta*$ to ! t]m 9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypses is dem&$ by ! context4 ,by s do+ he set !ology a problem calculat$ to keep x occupi$ = _m ye>s4 ,n _m inde$ at fir/ recognis$ ! problem4 ,*>les1 h[ev]1 meets x 9 a bold fa%ion1 propos+ to reg>d ! ,son ( ,man1 9 ,jesus' usage ( ! title1 z a conception 9 :i* ! ,messiah ( ! ,book ( ,eno* & ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l 9 ,isaiah are unit$ into "o47#ahf7 ,mo/ writ]s1 h[ev]1 did n free !mselves f inconsi/5cies4 ,!y want$ at "o & ! same "t to make ! apocalyptic elem5t dom9ant 9 ! expression1 & to hold t ,jesus c\ld n h tak5 ! conception ov] unalt]$1 b mu/ h trans=m$ x 9 "s way4 ,^! inconsi/5cies necess>ily result f ! assumption ( ,weiss's oppon5ts t ,jesus int5d$ to designate ,himself z ,messiah 9 ! actual pres5t4 ,= s9ce ! expression ,son ( ,man has 9 itself only an apocalyptic s5se ref]r+ to ! future1 !y _h to inv5t ano!r s5se applicable to ! pres5t1 :i* ,jesus might h ins]t$ into x4 ,9 all ^! le>n$ discussions ( ! title ,son ( ,man ?is op]ation is assum$ to h be5 p]=m$4 ,accord+ to ,b\sset1 ,jesus creat$1 & embodi$ 9 ?is t]m1 a new =m ( ! ,messianic ideal :i* unit$ ! sup]e>?ly ) ! human & l[ly4 ,9 any case1 he ?9ks1 ! t]m has a mean+ applicable 9 ?is pres5t _w4 ,jesus uses x at once to conceal & to sugge/ ,8 ,messianic dignity4 ,h[ consci\s ,b\sset1 nev]!less1 is ( ! difficulty is evid5t f ! fact t 9 discuss+ ! mean+ ( ! title he rem>ks t ! ,messianic significance mu/ h be5 ( subord9ate importance 9 ! e/imation ( ,jesus1 & _c h =m$ ! basis ( ,8 actions1 o!rwise ,he w\ld h laid m /ress ^u x 9 ,8 prea*+4 ,z if ! t]m ,son ( ,man _h n meant = ,8 contempor>ies all ,he ne$$ to say6 ,b\sset's essay on ,jewi% ,apocalyptic17#ahg7 publi%$ 9 #aijc1 seeks ! solution 9 a r diff]5t direction1 by po/pon+1 namely1 to ! v la/ possible mom5t ! adoption ( ?is selfdesignation4 8,9 all probability ,jesus 9 a few isolat$ say+s t[>ds ! close ( ,8 life hit ^u ?is title ,son ( ,man z a means ( express+1 9 ! face ( ! ?\ght ( defeat & dea?1 :i* =c$ itself ^u ,him1 ,8 confid5ce 9 ! abid+ victory ( ,8 p]son & ,8 cause40 ,if ?is is s1 ! emphasis mu/ be pr9cipally on ! triumphant apocalyptic aspects ( ! title4 ,ev5 ?is belat$ adoption ( ! title ,son ( ,man is m ?an ,br&t is will+ to admit1 & he holds x to be improbable t ,jesus us$ ! expression at all4 ,x w\ld be m natural1 he ?9ks1 to suppose t ! ,evangeli/ ,m>k introduc$ ?is selfdesignation1 z he introduc$ s mu* else1 into ! ,gospel on ! gr\nd ( ! figurative apocalyptic disc\rses 9 ! ,gospel4 ,j :5 +5uity appe>$ to h exhau/$ itself 9 attempts to solve ! mo/ difficult ( ! problems rais$ by ! es*atological s*ool1 ! hi/orical discussion sudd5ly seem$ ab\t to be r5d]$ objectless4 ,philology ent]$ a caveat4 ,9 #ahif appe>$ ,lietzmann's essay ^u 8,! ,son ( ,man10 :i* consi/$ ( an inve/igation ( ! l+ui/ic basis ( ! enigmatic selfdesignation4 ,,xvii4 ,,que/ions ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,aramaic ,,language1 ,,rabb9ic ,,p>allels1 ,,& ,,buddhi/ic ,,influ5ce ,arnold ,mey]4 ,jesu ,mutt]spra*e4 7,! ,"m ,tongue ( ,jesus47 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 #aff pp4 ,hans ,lietzmann4 ,d] ,m5s*5sohn4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie4 7,! ,son ( ,man4 ,a ,contribution to ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology47 ,freiburg1 #ahif4 #ie pp4 ,j4 ,wellhaus54 ,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te4 7,hi/ory ( ,israel & ! ,jews47 #crd ed41 #ahig2 #d? ed41 #aija4 #cid pp4 ,gu/af ,dalman4 ,grammatik des jdis*pal/95sis*5 ,aramis*4 7,gramm> ( ,jewi%,pale/9ian ,aramaic47 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,die ,worte ,jesu4 ,mit ,b]cksi*tigung des na*kanonis*5 jdis*5 ,s*rifttums und d] aramis*5 ,spra*e4 7,! ,say+s ( ,jesus consid]$ 9 connexion ) ! po/canonical ,jewi% writ+s & ! ,aramaic ,language47 ,i4 ,introduction & c]ta9 lead+ conceptions3 ) an app5dix on ,messianic texts4 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 #cji pp4 ,a4 ,wns*e4 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,erlut]ung d] ,evangeli5 aus ,talmud und ,midras*4 7,new ,contributions to ! ,explanation ( ! ,gospels1 f ,talmud & ,midra%47 ,gtt+51 #ahgh4 #eff pp4 ,f]d9& ,web]4 ,sy/em d] altsynagogal5 pal/95sis*5 ,!ologie4 7,sy/em ( ,!ology ( ! ,anci5t ,pale/9ian ,synagogue47 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 #cii pp4 #bnd ed41 #ahig4 ,rudolf ,seydel4 ,das ,evangelium ,jesu 9 se95 ,v]hltniss5 zur ,buddha,sage und ,buddha,lehre4 7,! ,gospel ( ,jesus 9 its relations to ! ,buddha,leg5d & ! ,tea*+ ( ,buddha47 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 #ccg pp4 ,die ,buddha,leg5de und das ,leb5 ,jesu na* d5 ,evangeli54 ,erneute ,prfung ihres geg5seitig5 ,v]hltnisses4 7,! ,buddha,leg5d & ! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ! ,gospels4 ,a ,new ,exam9ation ( _! ,mutual ,relations47 #bnd ed41 #ahig4 #abi pp4 ,only s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,dalman's ,gramm> ( ,jewi% ,pale/9ian ,aramaic 9 #ahid h we really kn[n :at 0 ! dialect 9 :i* ! ,beatitudes ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7 spok54 ,?is "w closes a discussion :i* _h be5 proce$+ = c5turies on a l9e p>allel to t ( !ology prop]1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! cle> description ( ,arnold ,mey]1 ran its c\rse some:at z foll[s47#ahh7 ,! "q reg>d+ ! language spok5 by ,jesus _h be5 vigor\sly discuss$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,up till t "t no "o _h kn[n :at to make ( ! tradition record$ by ,eusebius t ! spee* ( ! apo/les _h be5 8,syrian0 s9ce ! di/9ction betwe5 ,syrian1 ,hebrew1 & 8,*aldee0 0 n und]/ood & all ?ree designations 7 us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,light 0 fir/ ?r[n ^u ! "q by ,joseph ,ju/us ,scalig] 7 #afji74 ,9 ! ye> #aeee1 ,joh4 ,alb4 ,widman/adt1 ,*ancellor ( ,f]d9& ,i41 _h publi%$ ! ,syriac translation ( ! ,bible 9 fulfilm5t ( ! wi%es ( an old s*ol> ( ,bologna1 ,!seus ,ambrosius1 :o _h left him ! manuscript z a sacr$ legacy4 ,he himself & 8 contempor>ies believ$ t 9 ?is !y _h ! ,gospel 9 ! "mtongue ( ,jesus1 until ,scalig]1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 gave a cle> sket* ( ! ,syrian dialects1 di/+ui%$ ,syriac f ,*aldee1 & fur!r drew a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,babylonian ,*aldee & ,jewi% ,*aldee ( ! ,t>gums1 & 9 ! language ( ! ,t>gums itself di/+ui%$ an e>li] f a lat] /ratum4 ,! apo/les spoke1 accord+ to ,scalig]1 a ,galilaean dialect ( ,*aldaic1 or accord+ to ! m correct nom5clature introduc$ lat]1 foll[+ a sugge/ion ( ,scalig]'s1 a dialect ( ,aramaic1 &1 9 addition to t1 ! ,syriac ( ,antio*4 ,next1 ,hugo ,grotius put 9 a /rong plea = a di/9ction betwe5 ,jewi% & ,antio*ian ,syriac4 ,into ! confusion caus$ at t "t by ! use ( ! t]m 8,hebrew0 "s ord] 0 introduc$ by ! ,leyd5 ,calv9i/ic pr(essor ,claude ,saumaise1 :o1 writ+ 9 ,fr5*1 emphasis$ ! po9t t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs1 :5 !y speak ( ,hebrew1 mean ,syriac1 s9ce ,hebrew _h become completely unkn[n to ! ,jews ( t p]iod4 ,brian ,walton1 ! editor ( ! ,london polyglot1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #afeg1 suppos$ t ! dialect ( ,onkelos & ,jona?an 0 ! language ( ,jesus1 be+ "u ! impression t bo? ^! ,t>gums 7 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,! gr[+ k ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ,hebrew & ,aramaic did n prev5t ! ,vi5na ,jesuit ,in*(] 7 #afdh7 f ma9ta9+ t ,jesus spoke--,lat96 ,! ,"l _c h us$ any o!r language ^u e>?1 s9ce ?is is ! language ( ! sa9ts 9 heav54 ,on ! ,prote/ant side1 ,vossius1 oppos+ ,ri*>d ,simon1 endeav\r$ to e/abli% ! !sis t ,greek 0 ! language ( ,jesus1 be+ p>tly inspir$ by ! apologetic purpose ( prev5t+ ! au!nticity ( ! disc\rses & say+s ( ,jesus f be+ weak5$ by suppos+ !m to h be5 translat$ f ,aramaic into ,greek1 b also rightly recognis+ ! importance :i* ! ,greek language mu/ h assum$ at t "t 9 nor!rn ,pale/9e1 ?r\gh :i* !re pass$ su* important trade r\tes4 ,?is view 0 br\ght up aga9 by ! ,neapolitan legal s*ol>1 ,dom9icus ,diodati1 9 8 book ,de ,*ri/o ,graece loqu5te1 #agfg1 :o add$ "s int]e/+ mat]ial conc]n+ ! importance ( ! ,greek language at ! p]iod & 9 ! native di/rict ( ,jesus4 ,b five ye>s lat]1 9 #aggb1 ?is view 0 ?or\ghly refut$ by ,giamb]n>do de ,rossi17#ahi7 :o argu$ conv9c+ly t among a p s sep>ate & s cons]vative z ! ,jews ! native language _c possibly h be5 :olly driv5 out4 ,! apo/les wrote ,greek = ! sake ( =eign read]s4 ,9 ! ye> #agib1 ,johann ,adrian ,bolt51 8fir/ collegiate pa/or at ! pr9cipal *ur* 9 ,altona0 7 #ahjg71 made ! fir/ attempt to retranslate ! say+s ( ,jesus into ! orig9al tongue47#aij7 ,! c]ta9ly orig9al ,greek ( ! ,epi/les & ! ,johann9e lit]ature 0 a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! attempt to recognise no language save ,aramaic z kn[n to ,jesus & ,8 disciples4 ,paulus ! rationali/1 !re=e1 s\ght a middle pa?1 & expla9$ t :ile ! ,aramaic dialect 0 inde$ ! native language ( ,jesus1 ,greek _h become s g5]ally curr5t among ! population ( ,galilee1 & /ill m ( ,j]usalem1 t ! f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity c\ld use ?is language :5 !y f\nd x ne$ful to d s4 ,8 ,ca?olic contempor>y1 ,hug1 came to a simil> conclusion4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,aramaic--kn[n d[n to ! "t ( ,mi*aelis z 8,*aldee07#aia7--0 m ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,! v>i\s bran*es ( ?is language & ! hi/ory ( its progress became m or less cle>ly recognisable4 ,kautzs*'s gramm> ( ,biblical ,aramaic7#aib7 7#ahhd7 & ,dalman's7#aic7 "w embody ! result ( ^! /udies4 8,! ,aramaic language10 expla9s ,mey]1 8is a bran* ( ! ,nor? ,semitic1 ! l+ui/ic /ock to :i* also belong ! ,assyrio,babylonian language 9 ! ,ea/1 & ! ,canaaniti% languages1 includ+ ,hebrew1 9 ! ,we/1 :ile ! ,s\? ,semitic languages--! ,arabic & ,ae?iopic--=m a gr\p by !mselves40 ,! us]s ( ^! languages1 ! ,aramaeans1 7 seat$ 9 hi/oric times betwe5 ! ,babylonians & ,canaanites1 ! area ( _! di/ribution ext5d+ f ! foot ( ,lebanon & ,h]mon 9 a nor? ea/]ly direction z f> z ,mesopotamia1 :]e 8,aram ( ! two riv]s0 =ms _! ea/]nmo/ prov9ce4 ,_! immigration into ^! regions =ms ! ?ird epo* ( ! ,semitic migrations1 :i* probably la/$ f #afjj ,b4,c4 d[n to #fjj4 ,! ,aramaic /ates _h no great /ability4 ,! mo/ important ( !m 0 ! k+dom ( ,damascus1 :i* at a c]ta9 p]iod 0 s dang]\s an enemy to nor!rn ,israel4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ! ,aramaean dyna/ies 7 cru%$1 l ! two ,israeliti% k+doms1 betwe5 ! upp] & ne!r mill/ones ( ,babylon & ,egypt4 ,9 ! "t ( ! successors ( ,alex&]1 !re arose 9 ^! regions ! ,syrian k+dom2 :i* 9 turn gave place to ! ,roman p[]4 ,b l+ui/ically ! ,aramaeans conqu]$ ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,aramaic became ! language ( comm]ce & diplomacy1 z ,babylonian _h be5 dur+ ! second4 ,x 0 only ! rise ( ,greek z a univ]sal language :i* put a t]m to ^! conque/s ( ! ,aramaic4 ,9 ! ye> #gja ,b4,c4 ,aramaic _h n yet p5etrat$ to ,judaea4 ,:5 ! rab%akeh 7(fic]7 s5t by ,s5na*]ib address$ ! envoys ( ,hezekiah 9 ,hebrew1 !y begg$ him to speak ,aramaic 9 ord] t ! m5 ^u ! wall might n und]/&47#aid7 ,= ! po/exilic p]iod ! ,aramaic edicts 9 ! ,book ( ,ezra & inscriptions on ,p]sian co9s %[ t ?r\gh\t wide di/ricts ( ! new empire ,aramaic _h made good its position z ! language ( common int]c\rse4 ,its doma9 ext5d$ f ! ,eux9e s\?w>ds z f> z ,egypt1 & ev5 into ,egypt itself4 ,sam>ia & ! ,hauran adopt$ x4 ,only ! ,greek t[ns & ,pho5icia resi/$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,aramaic ^u ,jewi% lit]ature beg9s to be noticeable ab\t ! ye> #fjj4 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 writ+ 9 a =eign l& 9 an ,aramaic environm5t1 are ! fir/ witnesses to its supremacy4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry1 ow+ to ! immigration ( =eign coloni/s aft] ! de/ruction ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 x _h already ga9$ a hold ^u ! common p4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 writt5 9 ! ye> #afg ,b4,c41 ! ,hebrew & ,aramaic languages alt]nate4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 we ought to assume an ,aramaic gr\nddocum5t z ! basis ( ?is "w4 ,at :at "t ,aramaic became ! common popul> spee* 9 ! po/exilic community we _c exactly discov]4 ,"u ,nehemiah 8,judaean10 t is to say1 ,hebrew1 0 /ill spok5 9 ,j]usalem2 9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees ,aramaic seems to h :olly driv5 out ! anci5t national language4 ,evid5ce = ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! occurr5ce ( ,aramaic passages 9 ! ,talmud1 f :i* x is evid5t t ! ,rabbis us$ ?is language 9 ! religi\s in/ruction ( ! p4 ,! provision t ! text1 aft] be+ read 9 ,hebrew1 %\ld be int]pret$ to ! p1 may q well rea* back into ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,! fir/ evid5ce = ! practice is 9 ! ,mi%na1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,9 ! "t ( ,jesus ?ree languages met 9 ,galilee--,hebrew1 ,aramaic1 & ,greek4 ,9 :at relation !y /ood to ea* o!r we d n "k1 s9ce ,josephus1 ! only writ] :o c\ld h told u1 fails u 9 ?is po9t1 z he s (t5 does else:]e4 ,he in=ms u t :5 act+ z an envoy ( ,titus he spoke to ! p ( ,j]usalem 9 ! ance/ral language1 & ! ^w he uses is 4 ,b ! v ?+ we %\ld l to "k--:e!r1 namely1 ?is language 0 ,aramaic or ,hebrew1 he does n tell u4 ,we are left 9 ! same unc]ta9ty by ! passage 9 ,acts 7xxii4 #b7 :i* says t ,paul spoke to ! p 1 !reby ga9+ _! att5tion1 = !re is no indication :e!r ! language 0 ,aramaic or ,hebrew4 ,= ! writ]s ( t p]iod 8,hebrew0 simply means ,jewi%4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 be sure 9 :at relation ! anci5t ,hebrew sacr$ language & ! ,aramaic ( ord9>y int]c\rse /ood to "o ano!r z reg>ds religi\s writ+s & religi\s in/ruction4 ,did ! ord9>y man m]ely le>n by he>t a few v]ses1 pray]s1 & psalms8 ,or 0 ,hebrew1 z ! language ( ! cultus1 also curr5t 9 wid] circles8 ,dalman gives a numb] ( examples ( works writt5 9 ,hebrew 9 ! c5tury :i* witness$ ! bir? ( ,*ri/3 8,a ,hebrew orig9al10 he says1 8mu/ be assum$ 9 ! case ( ! ma9 "p ( ! ,ae?iopic book ( ,eno*1 ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 ,f\r? ,ezra1 ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 & = ! ,jewi% gr\nddocum5t ( ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ( :i* ,m4 ,ga/] has discov]$ a ,hebrew manuscript40 ,! fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees1 too1 seems to him to g back to a ,hebrew orig9al4 ,nev]!less1 he holds x to be impossible t synagogue disc\rses int5d$ = ! p c h be5 deliv]$ 9 ,hebrew1 or t ,jesus taught o!rwise ?an 9 ,aramaic4 ,franz ,delitzs*'s view1 on ! o!r h&1 is t ,jesus & ! disciples taught 9 ,hebrew2 & t is ! op9ion ( ,res* also4 ,adolf ,neubau]17#aie7 ,read] 9 ,rabb9ical ,hebrew at ,ox=d1 attempt$ a compromise4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly ! case1 he ?\ght1 t 9 ! "t ( ,jesus ,aramaic 0 spok5 ?r\gh\t ,pale/9e2 b :]eas 9 ,galilee ?is language _h an exclusive dom9ance1 & ! k ( ,hebrew 0 conf9$ to texts le>n$ by he>t1 9 ,j]usalem ,hebrew _h r5ew$ itself by ! adoption ( ,aramaic elem5ts1 & a k9d ( ,neo,hebraic language _h aris54 ,?is solution at lea/ te/ifies to ! difficulty ( ! "q4 ,! fact is t f ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t x is (t5 difficult to make out :e!r ! und]ly+ words are ,hebrew or ,aramaic4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,dalman rem>ks--) ref]5ce to ! "q :e!r ! /atem5t ( ,papias ref]s to a ,hebrew or an ,aramaic 8primitive ,mat!w0--t x is difficult 8to produce pro( ( an ,aramaic z di/9ct f a ,hebrew s\rce1 because x is (t5 ! case 9 ,biblical ,hebrew1 & /ill m (t5 9 ! idiom ( ! ,mi%na1 t ! same expressions & =ms ( phrase are possible z 9 ,aramaic40 ,delitzs*'s7#aif7 8retranslation0 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t into ,hebrew is !re=e hi/orically ju/ifi$4 ,b ! "q ab\t ! language ( ,jesus mu/ n be confus$ ) ! problem ( ! orig9al language ( ! primitive =m ( ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! latt]1 ,dalman ?9ks t ! tradition ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur* reg>d+ an e>li] ,aramaic =m ( ! ,gospel mu/ be consid]$ z lack+ confirmation4 8,x is only 9 ! case ( ,jesus' own words t an ,aramaic orig9al =m is und5iable1 & x is only = ^! t ,e>ly ,*ur* tradition ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,semitic docum5t>y s\rce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! "r & duty ( ,biblical s*ol>%ip to inve/igate ! =m :i* ! say+s ( ,jesus mu/ h tak5 9 ! orig9al & ! s5se :i* 9 ?is =m !y mu/ h convey$ to ,jewi% he>]s40 ,t ,jesus spoke ,aramaic1 ,mey] has %[n by collect+ all ! ,aramaic expressions :i* occur 9 ,8 prea*+47#aig7 ,he consid]s ! 8,abba0 9 ,ge?semane decisive1 = ?is means t ,jesus pray$ 9 ,aramaic 9 ,8 h\r ( bitt]e/ ne$4 ,aga9 ! cry f ! cross 01 accord+ to ,m>k xv4 #cd1 also ,aramaic3 1 1 4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 !re=e mo/ famili> to ,him 9 an ,aramaic translation1 o!rwise ?is =m ( ! ,psalm passage w\ld n h come to ,8 lips at ! mom5t ( dea?4 ,x is a q indep5d5t "q :e!r ,jesus c\ld speak1 or at lea/ und]/&1 ,greek4 ,accord+ to ,josephus ! k ( ,greek 9 ,pale/9e at t "t1 ev5 among educat$ ,jews1 c only h be5 ( a q elem5t>y "*4 ,he himself _h to le>n x labori\sly 9 ord] to be able to write 9 x4 ,8 8,jewi% ,w>0 0 fir/ writt5 9 ,aramaic = 8 fell[c\ntrym52 ! ,greek edition 01 by 8 own av[al1 n int5d$ = !m4 ,9 ano!r passage1 x is true1 he seems to imply a k (1 & int]e/ 91 =eign languages ev5 among p 9 humble life47#aih7 ,an analogy1 :i* is 9 _m respects v close1 to ! l+ui/ic conditions 9 ,pale/9e 0 (f]$ by ,alsace "u ,fr5* rule 9 ! 'sixties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"h1 too1 ?ree languages met 9 ! same di/rict4 ,! ,high,g]man ( ,lu!r's translation ( ! ,bible 0 ! language ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,alemannic dialect 0 ! usual spee* ( ! p1 :ile ,fr5* 0 ! language ( culture & ( gov]nm5t adm9i/ration4 ,?is rem>kable analogy w\ld be r 9 fav\r--if analogy c be admitt$ to h any weight 9 ! "q--( ,delitzs* & ,res*1 s9ce ! ,biblical ,high,g]man1 al?\gh nev] spok5 9 social int]c\rse1 /rongly influ5c$ ! ,alemannic dialect--al?\gh ?is 01 on ! o!r h&1 q un9flu5c$ by ,mod]n ,high,g]man--b did n all[ x to p5etrate into ,*ur* or s*ool1 !re ma9ta9+ = itself an undivid$ sway4 ,fr5* made "s progress1 b only 9 c]ta9 circles1 & rema9$ entirely exclud$ f ! religi\s sph]e4 ,! ,alsatians ( ! poor] classes :o c\ld at t "t h repeat$ ! ,"l's ,pray] or ! ,beatitudes 9 ,fr5* w\ld n h be5 difficult to c\nt4 ,! ,lu!ran translation /ill holds its own to "s ext5t aga9/ ! ,fr5* translation ) ! old] g5]ation ( ! ,alsatian community 9 ,p>is1 :i* has 9 o!r respects become completely ,fr5*--s /rong is ! influ5ce ( a =m] ecclesia/ical language ev5 among ^? :o h left _! native home4 ,!re is "o factor1 h[ev]1 :i* is n repres5t$ 9 ! analogy2 ! influ5ce ( ! ,greekspeak+ ,jews ( ! ,diaspora1 :o ga!r$ to ! ,fea/s at ,j]usalem1 ^u ! ext5sion ( ! ,greek language 9 ! "mc\ntry4 ,jesus1 !n1 spoke ,galilaean ,aramaic1 :i* is kn[n to u z a sep>ate dialect f writ+s ( ! f\r? to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,= ! ,judaean dialect we h m & e>li] evid5ce4 ,we h lit]>y monum5ts 9 x f ! fir/ to ! ?ird c5tury4 8,x is v probable10 ,dalman ?9ks1 8t ! popul> dialect ( ,nor!rn ,pale/9e1 aft] ! f9al fall ( ! ,judaean c5tre ( ! ,aramaic,jewi% culture1 :i* foll[$ on ! ,b>,co*ba ris+1 spread ov] almo/ ! :ole ( ,pale/9e40 ,! retranslations into ,aramaic are !re=e ju/ifi$4 ,aft] ,j4 ,a4 ,bolt5's attempt _h rema9$ = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ! only "o ( its k9d1 ! exp]im5t has be5 r5ew$ 9 our own "t by ,j4 ,t4 ,m>%all1 ,e4 ,ne/le1 ,j4 ,wellhaus51 ,arnold ,mey]1 & ,gu/af ,dalman2 9 ! case ( ,m>%all & ,ne/le ) ! subsidi>y purpose ( endeav\r+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( an ,aramaic docum5t>y s\rce4 ,^! retranslations fir/ attract$ _! due me$ ( att5tion f !ologians 9 connexion ) ! ,son(,man "q4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 h !ologians exp]i5c$ su* a surprise z 0 sprung ^u !m by ,hans ,lietzmann's essay 9 #ahif47aii7 ,jesus _h nev]1 s ran ! !sis ( ! ,bonn c&idate 9 !ology1 appli$ to ,himself ! title ,son ( ,man1 because 9 ! ,aramaic ! title did n exi/1 & on l+ui/ic gr\nds c\ld n h exi/$4 ,9 ! language :i* ,he us$1 0 m]ely a p]iphrasis = 8a man40 ,t ,jesus meant ,himself :5 ,he spoke ( ! ,son ( ,man1 none ( ,8 he>]s c\ld h suspect$4 ,lietzmann _h n be5 )\t pr$ecessors47#bjj7 ,gilb]t ,gnbr>d1 :o di$ ,ar*bi%op ( ,aix z long ago z #aeig1 _h emphasis$ ! po9t t ! t]m ,son ( ,man %\ld n be int]pret$ ) ref]5ce solely to ,*ri/1 b to ! race ( mank9d4 ,hugo ,grotius ma9ta9$ ! same position ev5 m emphatically4 ,) a q mod]n "osid$ness1 ,paulus ! rationali/ ma9ta9$ 9 8 comm5t>ies & 9 8 ,life ( ,jesus t accord+ to ,ezek4 ii4 #a 8,b>na%0 meant man 9 g5]al4 ,jesus1 he ?\ght1 :5ev] ,he us$ ! expression ! ,son ( ,man1 po9t$ to ,himself & ?us gave x ! s5se ( 8?is man40 ,9 tak+ ?is l9e he gives up ! g5]al ref]5ce to mank9d z a :ole = :i* ,m>k ii4 #bh is g5]ally cit$ z ! classical passage4 ,! sugge/ion t ! t]m ,son ( ,man 9 its apocalyptic signification 0 fir/ attribut$ to ,jesus at a lat] "t & t ! passages :]e x occurs 9 ?is s5se are !re=e suspici\s1 0 fir/ put =w>d by ,fr4 ,aug4 ,fritzs*e4 ,he hop$ 9 ?is way to get rid ( ,matt4 x4 #bc4 ,de ,lag>de1 l ,paulus1 emphatically ass]t$ t ,son ( ,man only meant man4 ,b in/ead ( ! clumsy explanation ( ! rationali/ he gave ano!r & a m pleas+ "o1 namely1 t ,jesus by *oos+ ?is title design$ to ennoble mank9d4 ,wellhaus51 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,israel & ( ! ,jews0 7#ahid71 rem>k$ on x z /range t ,jesus %\ld h call$ ,himself 8! ,man40 ,b4 ,d4 ,e]dmans1 tak+ ! apocalyptic significance ( ! t]m z 8 />t+po9t1 attempt$ to c>ry out consi/5tly ! !ory ( ! lat] int]polation ( ?is title into ! say+s ( ,jesus47#bja7 ,?us ,lietzmann _h pr$ecessors2 b !y 7 n s 9 any real s5se4 ,!y _h ei!r />t$ out f ! ,m>can passage :]e ! ,son ( ,man is describ$ z ! ,"l ( ! ,sabba?1 & endeav\r$ arbitr>ily to int]pret all ! ,son(,man passages 9 ! same s5se2 or !y assum$ )\t suffici5t gr\nds t ! title ,son ( ,man 0 a lat] int]polation4 ,! new idea consi/$ 9 comb9+ ! two attempts1 & decl>+ ! passages ab\t ! ,son ( ,man to be l+ui/ically & hi/orically impossible1 see+ t1 on l+ui/ic gr\nds1 8son ( man0 means 8man40 ,arnold ,mey] & ,wellhaus5 express$ !mselves 9 ! same s5se z ,lietzmann4 ,! passages :]e ,jesus uses ! expression 9 an unmi/akably ,messianic s5se are1 accord+ to !m1 to be put d[n to ! acc\nt ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,! only passages :i* 9 _! op9ion are hi/orically t5able are ! two or ?ree 9 :i* ! expression d5otes man 9 g5]al1 or is equival5t to ! simple 8,i40 ,^! latt] 7 felt to be a difficulty by ! ,*ur* :5 x came to ?9k 9 ,greek1 s9ce ?is way ( speak+ ( oneself 0 /range to !m2 consequ5tly ! expression appe>$ to !m delib]ately enigmatic & only capable ( be+ int]pret$ 9 ! s5se :i* x be>s 9 ,daniel4 ,! ,son(,man conception1 argu$ ,lietzmann1 :5 he aga9 approa*$ ! "q two ye>s lat]1 _h aris5 9 a ,hell5i/ic environm5t17#bjb7 on ! basis ( ,dan4 vii4 #ac2 ,n4 ,s*midt17#bjc7 too1 saw 9 ! apocalyptic ,b>,na%a passages :i* foll[ ! revelation ( ! ,messiah%ip at ,caes>ea ,philippi an int]polation f ! lat] apocalyptic !ology4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,p4 ,s*mi$el /ill wi%$ to make x a ,messianic designation1 & to take x z be+ hi/orical 9 ?is s5se ev5 9 passages 9 :i* ! t]m man 8gave a possible s5se407#bjd7 ,h4 ,gunkel ?\ght t x 0 possible to translate ,b>,na%a simply by 8man10 & nev]!less hold to ! hi/oricity ( ! expression z a selfdesignation ( ,jesus4 ,jesus1 he sugge/s1 _h borr[$ ?is enigmatic t]m1 :i* goes back to ,dan4 vii4 #ac1 f ! my/ical apocalyptic lit]ature1 mean+ !reby to indicate t ,he 0 ! ,man ( ,god 9 contra/ to ! ,man ( ,s947#bje7 ,holtzmann felt a k9d ( relief 9 h&+ ov] to ! philologi/s ! ob/9ate problem :i* s9ce ! "t ( ,bald5sp]g] & ,weiss _h caus$ s mu* tr\ble to !ologians1 & want$ to po/pone ! hi/orical discussion until ! ,aramaic exp]ts _h settl$ ! l+ui/ic "q4 ,t happ5$ soon] ?an 0 expect$4 ,9 #ahih ,dalman decl>$ 9 8 epo*mak+ "w 7,die ,worte ,jesu7 t he c\ld n admit ! l+ui/ic objections to ! use ( ! expression ,son ( ,man by ,jesus4 8,biblical ,aramaic10 he says1 8does n diff] 9 ?is respect f ,hebrew4 ,! simple & n is ! t]m = man40444 ,x 0 only lat] t ! ,jewi%,galilaean dialect1 l ! ,pale/9ian,*ri/ian dialect1 us$ = man1 ?\gh 9 bo? idioms ! simple occurs 9 ! s5se ( 8"s "o40 8,9 view ( ! :ole facts ( ! case10 he cont9ues1 8:at has to be said is t ,jewi%,pale/9ian ,aramaic ( ! e>li] p]iod us$ = #8man1' & occasionally to designate a plurality ( m5 makes use ( ! expression 4 ,! s+ul> 0 n curr5t1 & 0 only us$ 9 imitation ( ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,bible1 :]e belongs to ! poetic diction1 & is1 moreov]1 n ( v frequ5t occurr5ce40 8,x is10 he says else:]e1 8by no means a sign ( a s\nd hi/orical me?od1 in/ead ( work+ pati5tly at ! solution ( ! problem1 to ha/5 l ,oort & ,lietzmann to ! conclusion t ! abs5ce ( ! expression 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,epi/les is a pro( t ,jesus did n use x ei!r1 b t !re 0 some:]e or o!r a ,hell5i/ic community 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur* :i* _h a pr$ilection = ?is "n1 & (t5 made ,jesus speak ( ,himself 9 ! ,gospel n>rative 9 ! ?ird p]son1 9 ord] to f9d an opportunity ( br++ x 940 ,s ! ox5 turn$ back ) ! ark into ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,x 0 a case ( return+ to ! />t+po9t & decid+ on hi/orical gr\nds 9 :at s5se ,jesus _h us$ ! expression47#bjf7 ,b ! possibilities 7 r$uc$ by ! way 9 :i* ,lietzmann _h pos$ ! problem1 s9ce ! int]pretations accord+ to :i* ,jesus _h us$ x 9 a veil$ e?ical ,messianic s5se1 to indicate ! e?ical & spiritual trans=mation ( all ! es*atological conceptions1 7 n[ manife/ly incapable ( (f]+ any conv9c+ argum5t aga9/ ! radical d5ial ( ! use ( ! expression4 ,bald5sp]g] rightly rem>k$ 9 a review ( ! :ole discussion t ! "q :i* 0 ultimately at /ake 9 ! combat ov] ! title ,son ( ,man 0 ! "q :e!r ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah or no1 & t ,dalman1 by 8 pro( ( its l+ui/ic possibility1 _h sav$ ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus47#bjg7 ,b :at k9d ( ,messiah%ip8 ,is x any o!r k9d ?an ! future ,messiah%ip ( ! apocalyptic ,son ( ,man :i* ,johannes ,weiss _h ass]t$8 ,did ,jesus mean any?+ diff]5t by ! ,son ( ,man f t :i* 0 meant by ! apocalyptic writ]s8 ,to put x o!rwise3 beh9d ! ,son(,man problem !re lies ! g5]al "q :e!r ,jesus c h describ$ ,himself z a pres5t ,messiah2 = ! fundam5tal difficulty is t ,he1 a man ^u e>?1 %\ld give ,himself out to be ! ,son ( ,man1 & at ! same "t app>5tly give to t title a q diff]5t s5se f t :i* x previ\sly possess$4 ,! *ampion ( ! l+ui/ic possibility ( ?is selfdesignation made ! la/ s]i\s attempt to r5d] ! trans=mation ( ! conception hi/orically conceivable4 ,he argues t ,jesus _c h us$ x z a m]e mean+less expression1 a p]iphrasis = ! simple ,i47#bjh7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m _c h be5 und]/ood by ! disciples z an exalt$ title1 or at lea/ only 9 ! s5se t ! title indicative ( exaltation is p>adoxically connect$ ) ! title indicative ( humility4 8,we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 t1 = ! ,synoptic ,evangeli/s1 #8,man's ,son' 0 no title ( hon\r = ! ,messiah1 b--z x mu/ necess>ily appe> to a ,hell5i/--a veil+ ( ,8 ,messiah%ip "u a "n :i* emphasises ! humanity ( its be>]40 ,= !m x 0 n ! ref]5ces to ! suff]+s ( 8,man's ,son0 t 7 p>adoxical1 b ! ref]5ces to ,8 exaltation3 t 8,man's ,son0 %\ld be put to dea? is n wond]ful2 :at is wond]ful is ,8 8com+ aga9 ^u ! cl\ds ( heav540 ,if ,jesus call$ ,himself ! ,son ( ,man1 ! only conclusion :i* c\ld be drawn by ^? t he>d ,him 01 8t = "s reason or o!r ,he desir$ to describe ,himself z a ,man p> excell5ce40 ,!re is no reason to ?9k ( ! ,heav5ly ,son ( ,man ( ! ,similitudes ( ,eno* & ,f\r? ,ezra2 t conception c\ld h>dly be pres5t to ! m9ds ( ,8 auditors4 8,h[ 0 "o :o 0 n[ walk+ ^u e>?1 to come f heav58 ,he w\ld h ne$$ fir/ to be translat$ ?i!r4 ,"o :o _h di$ or be5 rapt away f e>? might be br\ght back to e>? aga9 9 ?is way1 or a be+ :o _h nev] be=e be5 ^u e>?1 might be conceiv$ z desc5d+ ?i!r40 ,b if1 on ! "o h&1 ! title ,son ( ,man 0 n to be und]/ood ap>t f ! ref]5ce to ! passage 9 ,daniel1 :ile on ! o!r ,jesus s designat$ ,himself z a man actually pres5t ^u e>?1 8:at 0 really impli$ 0 t ,he 0 ! man 9 :om ,daniel's vision ( #8"o l unto a ,son ( ,man' 0 be+ fulfill$40 ,he c\ld n c]ta9ly expect f ,8 he>]s a complete und]/&+ ( ! selfdesignation4 8,we are d\btless ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t 9 us+ x1 ,he int5tionally (f]$ !m an enigma :i* *all5g$ fur!r reflection ^u ,8 ,p]son40 ,accord+ to ,pet]'s confession ! "n 0 intelligible to ! disciples z com+ f ,dan4 vii4 #ac1 & obvi\sly indicat+ ,him :o 0 de/9$ to ! sov]eignty ( ! _w4 ,jesus calls ,himself ! ,son ( ,man1 8n z mean+ ! l[ly "o1 b z a scion ( ! human race ) its human weakness1 :om nev]!less ,god w make ,"l ( ! _w2 & x is v probable t ,jesus f\nd ! ,son ( ,man ( ,dan4 vii4 9 ,ps4 viii4 #e ff4 also40 ,say+s reg>d+ humiliation & suff]+ c\ld be atta*$ to ! title j z well z ref]5ces to exaltation4 ,= s9ce ! 8,*ild ( ,man0 has plac$ ,himself ^u ! ?rone ( ,god1 ,he is 9 reality no long] a m]e man1 b rul] ov] heav5 & e>?1 8! ,"l40 ,?is attempt ( ,dalman's has ! same significance 9 reg>d to ! "q ( ! ,messiah%ip z ,b\sset's _h = ! e?ical "q4 ,j z 9 ,b\sset's view ! ,k+dom ( ,god 01 9 a p>adoxical way1 aft] all proclaim$ z pres5t1 s "h ! selfdesignation 8,son ( ,man0 is reta9$ by a p>adox z convey+ ! s5se ( a pres5t ,messiah%ip4 ,b ! docum5ts d n give any support to ?is assumption2 on ! contr>y !y contradict x at e po9t4 ,accord+ to ,dalman x 0 n ! pr$ictions ( ! passion ( ! ,son ( ,man :i* s\nd$ p>adoxical to ! disciples1 b ! pr$ictions ( ,8 exaltation4 ,b we are di/9ctly told t :5 ,he spoke ( ,8 passion !y did n und]/& ! say+4 ,! pr$ictions ( ,8 exaltation1 h[ev]1 !y und]/ood s well t )\t tr\bl+ !mselves fur!r ab\t ! pr$ictions ( ! suff]+s1 !y began to dispute :o %\ld be greate/ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 & :o %\ld h 8 ?rone close/ to ! ,son ( ,man4 ,& if x is once admitt$ t ,jesus took ! designation f ,daniel1 :at gr\nd is !re = ass]t+ t ! purely es*atological transc5d5tal significance :i* ! t]m _h tak5 on 9 ! ,similitudes ( ,eno* & reta9s 9 ,f\r? ,ezra _h no exi/5ce = ,jesus8 ,?us1 by a long r\ndab\t1 criticism has come back to ,johannes ,weiss47#bji7 ,8 es*atological solution ( ! ,son(,man "q--! elem5ts ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,/rauss's fir/ ,life ( ,jesus--is ! only possible "o4 ,dalman expresses ! same idea 9 ! =m ( a "q4 8,h[ c\ld "o :o 0 actually walk+ ! e>? come d[n f heav58 ,he w\ld h ne$$ fir/ to be translat$ ?i!r4 ,"o :o _h di$ or be5 rapt away f e>? might possibly be br\ght back to e>? 9 ?is way40 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t we h only to obs]ve fur!r t ,jesus1 f ! 8confession ( ,pet]0 onw>ds1 always speaks ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 connexion ) dea? & resurrection4 ,t is to say1 t once ! disciples "k 9 :at relation ,he /&s to ! ,son ( ,man1 ,he uses ?is title to sugge/ ! mann] ( ,8 return3 z ! sequel to ,8 dea? & resurrection ,he w return to ! _w aga9 z a sup]human ,p]sonality4 ,?us ! purely transc5d5tal use ( ! t]m sugge/$ by ,dalman z a possibility turns out to be ! hi/orical reality4 ,broadly speak+1 !re=e1 ! ,son(,man problem is bo? hi/orically solvable & has be5 solv$4 ,! au!ntic passages are ^? 9 :i* ! expression is us$ 9 t apocalyptic s5se :i* goes back to ,daniel4 ,b we h to di/+ui% two diff]5t uses ( ! t]m accord+ to ! degree ( k assum$ 9 ! he>]s4 ,if ! secret ( ,jesus is unkn[n to !m1 !n 9 t case !y und]/& simply t ,jesus is speak+ ( ! 8,son ( ,man0 & ,8 com+ )\t hav+ any suspicion t ,he & ! ,son ( ,man h any connexion4 ,x w\ld be ?us1 = in/ance1 :5 9 s5d+ out ! disciples 9 ,matt4 x4 #bc1 ,he ann\nc$ ! imm95ce ( ! appe>+ ( ! ,son ( ,man2 or :5 ,he pictur$ ! judgm5t :i* ! ,son ( ,man w\ld hold 7,matt4 xxv4 #cadf71 if we may imag9e x to h be5 spok5 to ! p at ,j]usalem4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! secret is kn[n to ! he>]s4 ,9 t case !y und]/& t ! t]m ,son ( ,man po9ts to ! position to :i* ,he ,himself is to be exalt$ :5 ! pres5t era passes into ! age to come4 ,x 0 ?us1 no d\bt1 9 ! case ( ! disciples at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 & ( ! ,high ,prie/ to :om ,jesus1 aft] answ]+ 8 dem& ) ! simple 8,yea0 7,m>k xiv4 #fb71 goes on imm$iately to speak ( ! exaltation ( ! ,son ( ,man to ! "r h& ( ,god1 & ( ,8 com+ ^u ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,jesus did n1 !re=e1 veil ,8 ,messiah%ip by us+ ! expression ,son ( ,man1 mu* less did ,he trans=m x1 b ,he us$ ! expression to ref]1 9 ! only possible way1 to ,8 ,messianic (fice z de/9$ to be realis$ at ,8 8com+10 & did s 9 su* a mann] t only ! initiat$ und]/ood t ,he 0 speak+ ( ,8 own com+1 :ile o!rs und]/ood ,him z ref]r+ to ! com+ ( a ,son ( ,man :o 0 o!r ?an ,himself4 ,! passages :]e ! title has n ?is apocalyptic ref]5ce1 or :]e1 previ\s to ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 ,jesus 9 speak+ to ! disciples equates ! ,son ( ,man ) ,8 own 8ego10 are to be expla9$ z ( lit]>y orig94 ,?is set ( second>y occurr5ces ( ! title has no?+ to d ) 8,e>ly ,*ur* !ology02 x is m]ely a "q ( ph5om5a ( translation & tradition4 ,9 ! say+ ab\t ! ,sabba? 9 ,m>k ii4 #bh1 & p]haps also 9 ! say+ ab\t ! "r to =give s9s 9 ,m>k ii4 #aj1 ,son ( ,man d\btless /ood 9 ! orig9al 9 ! g5]al s5se ( 8man10 b 0 lat]1 c]ta9ly by our ,evangeli/s1 und]/ood z ref]r+ to ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,9 o!r passages tradition1 foll[+ ! analogy ( ^? passages 9 :i* ! title is au!ntic1 put 9 place ( ! simple ,i--express$ 9 ! ,aramaic by 8! man0--! selfdesignation 8,son ( ,man10 z we c cle>ly %[ by comp>+ ,matt4 xvi4 #ac1 8,:o d m5 say t ! ,son ( ,man is80 ) ,m>k viii4 #bg1 8,:o d m5 say t ,i am80 ,?ree passages call = special discussion4 ,9 ! /atem5t t a man may be =giv5 = blasphemy aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man1 b n = blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s1 9 ,matt4 xii4 #cb1 ! 8,son ( ,man0 may be au!ntic4 ,b ( c\rse x w\ld n1 ev5 9 t case1 give any h9t t 8,son ( ,man designates ! ,messiah 9 ,8 humiliation0 z ,dalman wi%$ to inf] f ! passage1 b w\ld mean t ,jesus 0 speak+ ( ! ,son ( ,man1 "h z else:]e1 9 ! ?ird p]son )\t ref]5ce to ,himself1 & 0 ?9k+ ( a contemptu\s d5ial ( ! ,p>\sia su* z might h be5 utt]$ by a ,sadducee4 ,b if we take into acc\nt ! p>allel 9 ,m>k iii4 #bh & #bi1 :]e blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is spok5 ( )\t any m5tion ( blasphemy aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man1 x seems m natural to take ! m5tion ( ! ,son ( ,man z a second>y int]polation1 d]iv$ f ! same l9e ( tradition1 p]haps f ! same h&1 z ! 8,son ( ,man0 9 ! "q to ! disciples at ,caes>ea ,philippi4 ,! two o!r say+s1 ! "o ab\t ! ,son ( ,man 8:o ha? n :]e to lay ,8 head10 ,matt4 viii4 #bj1 & t ab\t ! ,son ( ,man :o mu/ submit to ! reproa* ( be+ a glutton & a w9ebibb]1 ,matt4 xi4 #ai1 belong toge!r4 ,if we assume x to be possible1 9 con=mity ) ! say+ ab\t ! purpose ( ! p>ables 9 ,m>k iv4 #aa & #ab1 t ,jesus sometimes spoke words :i* ,he did n int5d to be und]/ood1 we may--if we are unwill+ to accept ! supposition ( a lat] p]iphrasis = ! ego1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be ! mo/ natural explanation--recognise 9 ^! say+s two obscure decl>ations reg>d+ ! ,son ( ,man4 ,!y w\ld !n be suppos$ to h meant 9 ! orig9al =m1 :i* is no long] cle>ly recognisable1 t ! ,son ( ,man w\ld 9 "s way ju/ify ! conduct ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,b ! way 9 :i* ?is idea is express$ 0 n su* z to make x easy = ,8 he>]s to id5tify ,him ) ! ,son ( ,man4 ,moreov]1 x 0 = !m a conception impossible to realise1 s9ce ,jesus 0 a natural1 & ! ,son ( ,man a sup]natural1 be+2 & ! es*atological s*eme ( ?+s _h n provid$ = a man :o at ! end ( ! exi/+ era %\ld h9t to o!rs t at ! great trans=mation ( all ?+s ,he w\ld be manife/$ z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,?is case pres5t$ itself only 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & x creat$ a prep>atory /age ( es*atology :i* does n answ] to any traditional s*eme4 ,t act ( ! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus by :i* ,he recognis$ ,himself 9 ,8 e>?ly exi/5ce z ! future ,messiah is ! act 9 :i* es*atology supremely affirms itself4 ,at ! same "t1 s9ce x br+s1 spiritually1 t :i* is to come1 into ! unalt]$ pres5t1 into ! exi/+ era1 x is ! end ( es*atology4 ,= x is its 8spiritualisation10 a spiritualisation ( :i* ! ultimate consequ5ce 0 to be t all its 8sup]s5su\s0 elem5ts 7 to be realis$ only spiritually 9 ! pres5t e>?ly conditions1 & all t is affirm$ z sup]s5su\s 9 ! transc5d5tal s5se 0 to be reg>d$ z only ! ru9$ rema9s ( an es*atological _wview4 ,! ,messianic secret ( ,jesus is ! basis ( ,*ri/ianity1 s9ce x involves ! denationalis+ & ! spiritualisation ( ,jewi% es*atology4 ,yet m4 ,x is ! primal fact1 ! />t+po9t1 ( a process :i* manife/s itself1 inde$1 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b _c fully "w itself out ev5 "h1 ( a movem5t 9 ! direction ( inw>dness :i* br+s all religi\s magnitudes into ! "o indivisible spiritual pres5t1 & :i* ,*ri/ian dogmatic has n v5tur$ to c>ry to its completion4 ,! ,messianic consci\sness ( ! uniquely great ,man ( ,naz>e? sets up a /ruggle betwe5 ! pres5t & ! beyond1 & introduces t resolute absorption ( ! beyond by ! pres5t1 :i* 9 look+ back we recognise z ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( :i* we are consci\s 9 ourselves z ! ess5ce ( religi\s progress & exp]i5ce--a process ( :i* ! end is n yet 9 sight4 ,9 ?is s5se ,jesus did 8accept ! _w0 & did /& 9 conflict ) ,judaism4 ,prote/antism 0 a /ep--a /ep on :i* hung weighty consequ5ces--9 ! progress ( t 8acceptance ( ! _w0 :i* 0 con/antly develop+ itself f )94 ,by a mighty revolution :i* 0 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( t great primal act ( ! consci\sness ( ,jesus1 ?\gh 9 opposition to "s ( ! mo/ c]ta9 ( ,8 say+s1 e?ics became _waccept+4 ,b x w be a mighti] revolution /ill :5 ! la/ rema9+ ru9s ( ! sup]s5su\s o!rworldly sy/em ( ?\ght are swept away 9 ord] to cle> ! site = a new spiritual1 purely real & pres5t _w4 ,all ! inconsi/5t compromises & con/ructions ( mod]n !ology are m]ely an attempt to /ave (f ! f9al expulsion ( es*atology f religion1 an inevitable b a hopeless attempt4 ,t proleptic ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 9 reality ! only possible actualisation ( ! ,messianic idea1 c>ries ^! consequ5ces ) x inexorably & unfail+ly4 ,at t la/ cry ^u ! cross ! :ole es*atological sup]s5su\s _w fell 9 ^u itself 9 ru9s1 & !re rema9$ z a spiritual reality only t pres5t spiritual _w1 b\nd z x is to s5se1 :i* ,jesus by ,8 all p[]ful ^w _h call$ into be+ )9 ! _w :i* ,he contemn$4 ,t la/ cry1 ) its despair+ ab&onm5t ( ! es*atological future1 is ,8 real acceptance ( ! _w4 ,! 8,son ( ,man0 0 buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( ! fall+ es*atological _w2 !re rema9$ alive only ,jesus 8! ,man40 ,?us ^! two ,aramaic synonyms include 9 !mselves1 z 9 a symbol ( reality1 all t 0 to come4 ,if !ology has f\nd x s h>d a task to arrive at an hi/orical compreh5sion ( ! secret ( ?is selfdesignation1 ?is is due to ! fact t ! "q is n a purely hi/orical "o4 ,9 ?is ^w !re lies ! trans=mation ( a :ole sy/em ( ?\ght1 ! inexorable consequ5ce ( ! elim9ation ( es*atology f religion4 ,x 0 only 9 ?is future =m1 n z actual1 t ,jesus spoke ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,mod]n !ology keeps on endeav\r+ to discov] 9 ! title ( ,son ( ,man1 :i* is b\nd up ) ! future1 a humanis$ pres5t ,messiah%ip4 ,x does s 9 ! conviction t ! recognition ( a purely future ref]5ce 9 ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus w\ld lead 9 ! la/ result to a modification ( ! hi/oric basis ( our fai?1 :i* has itself become hi/orical1 & !re=e true & selfju/ify+4 ,! recognition ( ! claims ( es*atology signifies = our dogmatic a burn+ ( ! boats by :i* x felt itself able to return at any mom5t f ! "t ( ,jesus direct to ! pres5t4 ,"o po9t t is wor?y ( notice 9 ?is connexion is ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! tradition4 ,! ,evangeli/s1 writ+ 9 ,greek1 & ! ,greekspeak+ ,e>ly ,*ur*1 c h>dly h reta9$ an und]/&+ ( ! purely es*atological "* ( t selfdesignation ( ,jesus4 ,x _h become = !m m]ely an indirect me?od ( selfdesignation4 ,& nev]!less ! ,evangeli/s1 especially ,m>k1 record ! say+s ( ,jesus 9 su* a way t ! orig9al significance & application ( ! designation 9 ,8 m\? is /ill cle>ly recognisable1 & we are able to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ! isolat$ cases 9 :i* ?is selfdesignation 9 ,8 disc\rses is ( a second>y orig94 ,?us ! use ( ! t]m ,son ( ,man--:i*1 if we admitt$ ! sweep+ proposal ( ,lietzmann & ,wellhaus5 to cancel x ev]y:]e z an int]polation ( ,greek ,e>ly ,*ur* !ology1 w\ld ?r[ d\bt on ! :ole ( ! ,gospel tradition--becomes a pro( ( ! c]ta9ty & tru/wor?9ess ( t tradition4 ,we may1 9 fact1 say t ! progressive recognition ( ! es*atological "* ( ! tea*+ & action ( ,jesus c>ries ) x a progressive ju/ification ( ! ,gospel tradition4 ,a s]ies ( passages & disc\rses :i* _h be5 endang]$ because f ! mod]n !ological po9t ( view :i* _h be5 made ! crit]ion ( ! tradition !y appe>$ to be )\t mean+1 are n[ secur$4 ,! /one :i* ! critics reject$ has become ! corn]/one ( ! tradition4 ,if ,aramaic s*ol>%ip appe>s 9 reg>d to ! ,son(,man "q among ! oppon5ts ( ! ?or\ghgo+ es*atological view1 x takes no o!r position 9 connexion ) ! retranslations & 9 ! application ( illu/rative p>allels f ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,9 look+ at ! e>li] works 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 "o is /ruck ) ! smallness ( ! result 9 proportion to ! lab\r exp5d$4 ,! names t call = m5tion "h are ^? ( ,john ,lightfoot1 ,*ri/ian ,s*ttg51 ,joh4 ,g]h4 ,meus*51 ,j4 ,jak4 ,wett/e91 ,f4 ,nork1 ,franz ,delitzs*1 ,c>l ,siegfri$1 & ,a4 ,wns*e47#baj7 ,b ev5 a "w l ,f4 ,web]'s ,sy/em d] altsynagogal5 pal/95sis*5 ,!ologie17#baa7 :i* does n conf9e itself to s+le say+s & ?\ghts1 b aims at exhibit+ ! ,rabb9ic sy/em ( ?\ght z a :ole1 ?r[s1 9 ! ma91 b little light on ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus4 ,! ,rabb9ic p>ables supply1 accord+ to ,jli*]1 b little ( value = ! explanation ( ! p>ables ( ,jesus47#bab7 ,9 ?is me?od ( disc\rse1 ,jesus is s pre em95tly orig9al1 t any o!r productions ( ! ,jewi% p>abolic lit]ature are l /unt$ und]gr[? beside a great tree2 ?\gh t has n prev5t$ ,8 orig9ality f be+ *all5g$ 9 ?is v dep>tm5t1 bo? 9 e>li] times & at ! pres5t4 ,z e>ly z #afdh1 ,rob]t ,%]+ham1 ( ,cambridge17#bac7 sugge/$ t ! p>ables 9 ,matt4 xx4 #a ff41 xxv4 #a ff41 & ,luke xvi41 7 d]iv$ f ,talmudic s\rces1 an op9ion aga9/ :i* ,j4 ,b4 ,c>pzov1 ! y\ng]1 rais$ a prote/2 9 #ahci1 ,f4 ,nork ass]t$1 9 8 "w on 8,rabb9ic ,s\rces & ,p>allels = ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ+s10 t ! be/ ?\ghts 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus are to be attribut$ to ,8 ,jewi% tea*]s2 9 #ahhj ! ,dut* ,rabbi1 ,t4 ,tal1 ma9ta9$ ! !sis t ! p>ables ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are all borr[$ f ! ,talmud47#bad7 ,!ories ( ?is k9d _c be refut$1 because !y lack ! f\ndation necess>y to any !ory :i* is to be capable ( be+ rationally discuss$--t ( pla9 common s5se47#bae7 ,we possess1 h[ev]1 really sci5tific attempts to def9e m closely ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus by ! aid ( ! ,rabb9ic language & ,rabb9ic ideas 9 ! works ( ,arnold ,mey] & ,dalman4 ,x _c inde$ be said t ! obscure say+s :i* =m ! problem ( pres5tday exegesis are 9 all cases made cle>] by !m1 mu* z we may admire ! compreh5sive k ( ^! s*ol>s4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 !y become m obscure ?an be=e4 ,accord+ to ,mey]1 = in/ance1 ! "q ( ,jesus :e!r ,8 disciples c dr9k ( ,8 cup1 & be baptiz$ ) ,8 baptism means1 if put back into ,aramaic1 8,c y dr9k z bitt] a dr9k z ,i2 c y eat z %>ply salt$ meat z ,i807#baf7 ,nor does ,dalman's ,aramaic retranslation help u mu* ) ! say+ ab\t ! viol5t :o take ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 by =ce4 ,accord+ to him1 x is n spok5 ( ! fai?ful1 b ( ! rul]s ( ?is _w1 & ref]s to ! epo* ( ! ,div9e rule :i* has be5 introduc$ by ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/4 ,no "o c viol5tly possess himself ( ! ,div9e reign1 & ,jesus c !re=e only mean t viol5ce is done to x 9 ! p]son ( its subjects4 ,on ?is x mu/ be rem>k$1 t if ! say+ really means ?is1 x is ab\t z appropriate to its sett+ z a rock 9 ! sky4 ,jesus is n speak+ ( ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/4 ,by ! days ( ,john ! ,bapti/ ,he means ! "t ( 8 public m9i/ry4 ,x is equally op5 to "q :e!r 9 putt+ t crucial "q reg>d+ ! ,messiah 9 ,m>k xii4 #cg ,he really int5d$ to %[1 z ,dalman ?9ks1 8t physical desc5t f ,david 0 n ( decisive importance--x did n belong to ! ess5ce ( ! ,messiah%ip40 ,b a po9t 9 reg>d to :i* ,dalman's rem>ks are ( great value = ! recon/ruction ( ! life ( ,jesus is ! entry into ,j]usalem4 ,dalman ?9ks t ! simple 8,hosanna1 bless$ be he t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l0 7,m>k xi4 #i7 0 :at ! p really %\t$ 9 acclamation1 & t ! additional words 9 ,m>k & ,mat!w are simply an int]pretative expansion4 ,?is acclamation did n itself conta9 any ,messianic ref]5ce4 ,?is expla9s 8:y ! entry into ,j]usalem 0 n made a c\nt 9 ! *>ge urg$ aga9/ ,him be=e ,pilate40 ,! ev5ts ( 8,palm ,sunday0 only receiv$ _! di/9ctively ,messianic col\r lat]4 ,x 0 n ! ,messiah1 b ! prophet & wond]work] ( ,galilee :om ! p hail$ ) rejoic+ & accompani$ ) invocations ( bless+47#bag7 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! value ( ,dalman's "w lies less 9 ! solutions :i* x (f]s ?an 9 ! problems :i* x raises4 ,by its v ?or\gh discussions x *all5ges hi/orical !ology to te/ its mo/ *]i%$ assumptions reg>d+ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 & make sure :e!r !y are really s c]ta9 & selfevid5t4 ,?us1 9 opposition to ,s*r]1 he d5ies t ! ?\ght ( ! preexi/5ce 9 heav5 ( all ! good ?+s belong+ to ! ,k+dom ( ,god 0 at all g5]ally curr5t 9 ! ,late,jewi% _w ( ideas1 & ?9ks t ! occasional ref]5ces7#bah7 to a preexi/+ ,j]usalem1 :i* %all f9ally be br\ght d[n to ! e>?1 d n suffice to e/abli% ! !ory4 ,simil>ly1 he ?9ks x d\btful :e!r ,jesus us$ ! t]ms 8?is _w 7age710 8! _w 7age7 to come0 9 ! es*atological s5se :i* is g5]ally atta*$ to !m1 & d\bts1 on l+ui/ic gr\nds1 :e!r !y c h be5 us$ at all4 ,ev5 ! use ( or = 8_w0 _c be prov$4 ,9 ! pre ,*ri/ian p]iod !re is mu* reason to d\bt its occurr5ce1 ?\gh 9 lat] ,jewi% lit]ature x is frequ5t4 ,! expression 9 ,matt4 xix4 #bh1 is specifically ,greek & _c be reproduc$ 9 ei!r ,hebrew or ,aramaic4 ,x is v /range t ! use :i* ,jesus makes ( ,am5 is unkn[n 9 ! :ole ( ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,accord+ to ! prop] idiom ( ! language 8 is nev] us$ to emphasise "o's own spee*1 b always ) ref]5ce to ! spee*1 pray]1 b5$iction1 oa?1 or curse ( ano!r40 ,jesus1 !re=e1 if ,he us$ ! expression 9 ?is s5se1 mu/ h giv5 x a new mean+ z a =mula ( assev]ation1 9 place ( ! oa? :i* ,he =bade4 ,all ^! acute obs]vations are m>k$ by ! g5]al t5d5cy :i* 0 obs]vable 9 ! int]pretation ( ! t]m ,son ( ,man1 t is1 by ! endeav\r s to weak5 d[n ! es*atological conceptions ( ! ,k+dom & ! ,messiah1 t ! hypo!sis ( a mak+pres5t & spiritualis+ ( ^! conceptions 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus might appe> inh]5tly & l+ui/ically possible & natural4 ,! polemic aga9/ ! preexi/5t realities ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god is int5d$ to %[ t = ,jesus ! ,reign ( ,god is a pres5t b5efit1 :i* c be s\ght aft]1 giv51 possess$1 & tak54 ,ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,dalman1 a t5d5cy _h %[n itself to lay less emphasis1 9 connexion ) ! hope ( ! future1 ^u ! national ,jewi% elem5t4 ,jesus =c$ ?is elem5t /ill f>!r into ! backgr\nd1 & gave a m decid$ prom95ce to ! purely religi\s elem5t4 8,= ,him ! reign ( ,god 0 ! ,div9e p[]1 :i* f ?is "t onw>d 0 /eadily to c>ry =w>d ! r5ewal ( ! _w1 & also ! r5ew$ _w1 into :i* m5 %all "o day ent]1 :i* ev5 n[ (f]s itself1 & !re=e c be grasp$ & receiv$ z a pres5t good40 ,! sup]natural com+ ( ! ,k+dom is only ! f9al /age ( ! com+ :i* is n[ be+ inw>dly spiritually br\ght ab\t by ! prea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,?\gh ,he may p]haps h spok5 ( 8?is0 _w & ! 8_w to come10 ^! expressions _h 9 ,8 use ( !m no v special importance4 ,x is = ,him less a "q ( an anti!sis betwe5 8!n0 & 8n[10 ?an ( e/abli%+ a connexion betwe5 !m by :i* ! transition f "o to ! o!r is to be effect$4 ,x is ! same 9 reg>d to ,jesus' consci\sness ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 8,9 ,jesus' view10 says ,dalman1 8! p]iod be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,reign ( ,god 0 organically connect$ ) ! actual p]iod ( ,8 ,reign40 ,he 0 ! ,messiah because ,he knew ,himself to /& 9 a unique e?icoreligi\s relation to ,god4 ,8 ,messiah%ip 0 n some?+ :olly incompreh5sible to ^? ab\t ,him4 ,if r$emption 0 reg>d$ z be+ close at h&1 ! ,messiah mu/ be assum$ to be 9 "s s5se already pres5t4 ,!re=e ,jesus is bo? directly & indirectly spok5 ( z ,messiah4 ,?us ! mo/ important "w 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aramaic s*ol>%ip %[s cle>ly ! anties*atological t5d5cy :i* *>act]is$ x f ! beg9n+4 ,! "w ( ,lietzmann1 ,mey]1 ,wellhaus51 & ,dalman1 =ms a di/9ct episode 9 ! g5]al resi/ance to es*atology4 ,t ,aramaic s*ol>%ip %\ld h tak5 up a ho/ile attitude t[>ds ! es*atological sy/em ( ?\ght ( ,jesus lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! ?\ghts :i* x takes z its /&>d ( comp>ison 7 only r$uc$ to writ+ long aft] ! p]iod ( ,jesus1 &1 moreov]1 9 a lifeless & di/ort$ =m1 at a "t :5 ! apocalyptic temp] no long] exi/$ z ! liv+ c\nt]poise to ! legal righte\sness1 & ?is legal righte\sness _h all[$ only s mu* ( ,apocalyptic to survive z c\ld be br\ght into direct connexion ) x4 ,9 fact1 ! di/ance betwe5 ,jesus' _w ( ?\ght & ?is =m ( ,judaism is z great z t :i* sep>ates x f mod]n ideas4 ,?us 9 ,dalman mod]nis+ t5d5cies & ,aramaic s*ol>%ip 7 able to comb9e 9 conduct+ a criticism ( ! es*atology 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 9 :i* ! mod]n man ?\ght ! ?\ghts & ! exp]t 9 ,aramaic =mulat$ & support$ !m1 yet )\t be+ able 9 ! end to make any impression ^u ! wellr\nd$ :ole =m$ by ,jesus' es*atological prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,:e!r ,aramaic s*ol>%ip w contribute to ! inve/igation ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus along o!r l9es & 9 a direct & positive fa%ion1 only ! future c %[4 ,b c]ta9ly if !ologians w give he$ to ! "qm>ks s acutely plac$ by ,dalman1 & recognise x z "o ( _! fir/ duties to te/ c>efully :e!r a ?\ght or a connexion ( ?\ght is l+ui/ically or inh]5tly ,greek1 & only ,greek1 9 "*1 !y w d]ive a notable advantage f :at has already be5 done 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aramaic /udy4 ,b if ! s]vice r5d]$ by ,aramaic /udies has be5 hi!rto ma9ly indirect1 no success :atev] has att5d$1 or seems likely to att5d1 ! attempt to apply ,buddhi/ ideas to ! explanation ( ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus4 ,x c\ld only inde$ appe> to h "s prospect ( success if we c\ld make up our m9ds to foll[ ! example ( ! au?or ( "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ( fictiti\s lives ( ,*ri/ 9 putt+ ,jesus to s*ool to ! ,buddhi/ prie/s2 9 :i* case ! six ye>s :i* ,monsieur ,nicolas ,not[its* allots to ?is purpose1 w\ld c]ta9ly be none too mu* = ! completion ( ! c\rse47#bai7 ,if imag9ation boggles at ?is1 !re rema9s no possibility ( %[+ t ,buddhi/ ideas ex]cis$ any direct influ5ce ^u ,jesus4 ,t ,buddhism may h _h "s k9d ( influ5ce ^u ,late ,judaism & ?us indirectly ^u ,jesus is n inh]5tly impossible1 if we are prep>$ to recognise ,buddhi/ic influ5ce on ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian civilisations4 ,b x is unprov$1 unprovable1 & un?9kable1 t ,jesus d]iv$ ! sugge/ion ( ! new & creative ideas :i* em]ge 9 ,8 tea*+ f ,buddhism4 ,! mo/ t c be done 9 ?is direction is to po9t to c]ta9 analogies4 ,= ! p>ables ( ,jesus1 ,buddhi/ p>allels 7 sugge/$ by ,r5an & ,havet47#bbj7 ,h[ little ^! analogies mean 9 ! eyes ( a cauti\s obs]v] is evid5t f ! attitude :i* ,max ,mll] took up t[>ds ! "q4 8,t !re are />tl+ co9cid5ces betwe5 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity10 he rem>ks 9 "o passage17#bba7 8_c be d5i$2 & x mu/ likewise be admitt$ t ,buddhism exi/$ at lea/ f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/ianity4 ,i g ev5 fur!r & say t ,i %\ld be extremely grateful if anybody w\ld po9t out to me ! hi/orical *annels ?r\gh :i* ,buddhism _h influ5c$ e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,i h be5 look+ = su* *annels all my life1 b hi!rto ,i h f\nd none4 ,:at ,i h f\nd is t = "s ( ! mo/ />tl+ co9cid5ces !re are hi/orical antec$5ts on bo? sides2 & if we once "k ^! antec$5ts ! co9cid5ces become f> less />tl+40 ,a ye> be=e ,max ,mll] =mulat$ 8 impression 9 ^! t]ms1 ,rudolf ,seydel7#bbb7 _h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! analogies :i* _h be5 notic$ by suppos+ ,*ri/ianity to h be5 influ5c$ by ,buddhism4 ,he di/+ui%es ?ree di/9ct classes ( analogies3 #a4 ,^? ( :i* ! po9ts ( resemblance c )\t difficulty be expla9$ z due to ! influ5ce ( simil> s\rces & motives 9 ! two cases4 #b4 ,^? :i* %[ a s special & unexpect$ agreem5t t x appe>s artificial to expla9 x f ! action ( simil> causes1 & ! dep5d5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r comm5ds itself z ! mo/ natural explanation4 #c4 ,^? 9 :i* !re exi/s a reason = ! occurr5ce ( ! idea only )9 ! sph]e ( "o ( ! two religions1 or 9 :i* at lea/ x c v mu* m easily be conceiv$ z orig9at+ )9 ! "o ?an )9 ! o!r1 s t ! inexplicability ( ! ph5om5on )9 ! "o doma9 gives gr\nd = seek+ its s\rce )9 ! o!r4 ,?is la/ class dem&s a lit]>y explanation ( ! analogy4 ,seydel !re=e po/ulates1 alongside ( primitive =ms ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 a ?ird s\rce1 8a poeticapocalyptic ,gospel ( v e>ly date :i* fitt$ its ,*ri/ian mat]ial into ! frame ( a ,buddhi/ type ( ,gospel1 trans=m+1 purify+1 & ennobl+ ! mat]ial tak5 f ! =eign b relat$ lit]ature by a k9d ( rebir? inspir$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,_s40 ,mat!w & ,luke1 especially ,luke1 foll[ ?is poetic ,gospel up to ! po9t :]e hi/oric s\rces become m abundant1 & ! primitive =m ( ,m>k beg9s to dom9ate _! n>rative4 ,b ev5 9 lat] p>ts ! influ5ce ( ?is poetical s\rce1 :i* z an indep5d5t docum5t 0 subsequ5tly lo/1 cont9u$ to make itself felt4 ,! /ronge/ po9t ( support = ?is hypo!sis1 if a m]e conjecture c be describ$ z su*1 is f\nd by ,seydel 9 ! introductory n>ratives 9 ,luke4 ,n[ x is n inh]5tly impossible t ,buddhi/ leg5ds1 :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r 7 widely curr5t 9 ! ,ea/1 may h contribut$ m or less to ! =mation ( ! my?ical prelim9>y hi/ory4 ,:o kn[s ! laws ( ! =mation ( leg5d8 ,:o c foll[ ! c\rse ( ! w9d :i* c>ries ! se$ ov] l& & sea8 ,b 9 g5]al x may be said t ,seydel actually refutes ! hypo!sis :i* he is def5d+4 ,if ! mat]ial :i* he br+s =w>d is all t !re is to sugge/ a relation betwe5 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 wait+ until new discov]ies are made 9 t qu>t] be=e ass]t+ ! necessity ( a ,buddhi/ primitive ,gospel4 ,t w n prev5t a succession ( !osophic ,lives ( ,jesus f f9d+ _! acc\nt 9 ,seydel's classical "w4 ,seydel inde$ deliv]$ himself into _! h&s1 because he did n entirely avoid ! ra% assumption ( !osophic 8hi/orical sci5ce0 t ,jewi% es*atology c be equat$ ) ,buddhi/ic4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 9 ! second edition ( 8 "w1 8,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t107#bbc7 r\ndly ass]ts t !re c be no "q ( any relation ( ,jesus to ,buddha1 nor ( any indebt$ness ei!r 9 ,8 tea*+ or 9 ! lat] m\ld+ ( ! /ory ( ,8 life1 b only ( a p>allel =mation ( my?4 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,osk> ,holtzmann4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,tb+51 #aija4 #dag pp4 ,das ,messianittsbewus/se9 ,jesu und se9e neue/e ,be/reitung4 ,vortrag4 7,! ,messianic ,consci\sness ( ,jesus & ! mo/ rec5t d5ial ( x4 ,a ,lecture47 #aijb4 #bf pp4 7,aga9/ ,wr$e47 ,w> ,jesus ,ek/atik]8 7,0 ,jesus an ec/atic87 ,tb+51 #aijc4 #aci pp4 ,paul ,wilhelm ,s*midt4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu4 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus47 ,freiburg4 #ahii4 #age pp4 7#d? impression47 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu4 ,erlut]t4 ,mit drei ,k>t5 von ,pr(4 ,k4 ,furr] 7,zri*74 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus4 ,prelim9>y ,discussions4 ,) ?ree maps by ,pr(4 ,k4 ,furr] ( ,zuri*47 ,tb+51 #aijd4 #dad pp4 ,otto ,s*mi$el4 ,die ,hauptprobleme d] ,leb5,jesu,=s*ung4 7,! ma9 ,problems 9 ! ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,tb+51 #aijb4 #ga pp4 #bnd ed41 #aijf4 ,h]mann ,freih]r von ,sod54 ,die wi*tig/5 ,frag5 im ,leb5 ,jesu4 7,! mo/ important ,que/ions ab\t ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,vacation ,lectures4 ,b]l91 #aijd4 #aaa pp4 ,gu/av ,fr5ss54 ,hillig5lei4 ,b]l91 #aije1 pp4 #dfbeic3 8,die ,h&s*rift40 78,! ,manuscript0--9 :i* a ,life ( ,jesus1 writt5 by "o ( ! *>act]s ( ! /ory1 is giv5 9 full47 ,otto ,pfleid]]4 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 se9e ,s*rift5 und ,lehr5 9 ges*i*tli*em ,zusamm5hang bes*rieb54 7,primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,its ,docum5ts & ,doctr9es 9 _! ,hi/orical ,context47 #bnd ed4 ,b]l91 #aijb4 ,vol4 i41 #fif pp4 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,ur*ri/5tums4 7,h[ ,primitive ,*ri/ianity arose47 ,muni*1 #aije4 #bee pp4 ,alb]t ,kal?(f4 ,das ,*ri/us,problem4 ,grundl9i5 zu e9] ,sozial!ologie4 7,! ,*ri/problem4 ,! ,gr\ndplan ( a ,social ,!ology47 ,leipzig1 #aijb4 #hg pp4 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums4 ,neue ,beitrge zum ,*ri/us ,problem4 7,h[ ,*ri/ianity arose4 ,new contributions to ! ,*ri/ problem47 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 #aee pp4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,das ,*ri/5tum des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts4 7,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47 #bnd revis$ edition ( 8,lett]s on ! ,*ri/ian ,religion40 ,sa*sa9!,h>z1 #aije4 #caa pp4 ,de ,jonge4 ,jes*ua4 ,d] klassis*e jdis*e ,mann4 ,z]/rung des kir*li*51 ,en?llung des jdis*5 ,jesus,bildes4 ,b]l91 #aijd4 #aab pp4 7,je%ua4 ,! ,classical ,jewi% ,man4 ,9 :i* ! ,jewi% picture ( ,jesus is unveil$1 & ! ecclesia/ical picture de/roy$47 ,wolfgang ,kir*ba*4 ,0 lehrte ,jesus8 ,zwei ,urevangeli54 7,:at 0 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus8 ,two ,primitive ,gospels47 ,b]l91 #ahig4 #bdh pp4 #bnd revis$ & greatly enl>g$ edition1 #aijb1 #cci pp4 ,alb]t ,dulk4 ,d] ,irrgang des ,leb5s ,jesu4 ,9 ges*i*tli*] ,auffassung d>ge/ellt4 7,! ,error ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,an ,hi/orical ,view47 #a/ "p1 #ahhd1 #cie pp42 #bnd "p1 #ahhe1 #cjb pp4 ,paul de ,rgla4 ,jesus von ,naz>e?4 ,g]man by ,a4 ,j4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 #dce pp4 ,erne/ ,bosc4 ,la ,vie sotrique de ,jsus de ,naz>e? et les orig9es ori5tales du *ri/ianisme4 7,! secret ,life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & ! ,ori5tal ,orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity47 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,! ideal ,life ( ,jesus ( ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is ! ,life :i* ,he9ri* ,julius ,holtzmann did n write--b :i* c be piec$ toge!r f 8 comm5t>y on ! ,synoptic ,gospels & 8 ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology47#bbd7 ,x is ideal because1 = "o ?+1 x is unwritt51 & arises only 9 ! idea ( ! read] by ! aid ( 8 own imag9ation1 &1 = ano!r1 because x is trac$ only 9 ! mo/ g5]al outl9e4 ,:at ,holtzmann gives u is a sket* ( ! public m9i/ry1 a critical exam9ation ( details1 & a full acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,he provides1 !re=e1 ! plan & ! prep>$ build+ mat]ial1 s t any "o c c>ry out ! con/ruction 9 8 own way & on 8 own responsibility4 ,! cem5t & ! mort> are n provid$ by ,holtzmann2 e "o mu/ decide = himself h[ he w comb9e ! tea*+ & ! life1 & arrange ! details )9 ea*4 ,we may recall ! fact t ,weisse1 too1 ! o!r f\nd] ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis1 avoid$ writ+ a ,life ( ,jesus1 because ! difficulty ( fitt+ ! details into ! gr\ndplan appe>$ to him s great1 n to say insup]able4 ,x is j ?is mode/y :i* con/itutes 8 greatness & ,holtzmann's4 ,?us ! ,m>can hypo!sis ends1 z x _h begun1 ) a c]ta9 hi/orical scepticism47#bbe7 ,! subord9ates1 x is true1 d n all[ !mselves to be di/urb$ by ! *ange ( attitude at headqu>t]s4 ,!y keep busily at "w4 ,t is _! "r1 & !re9 consi/s _! significance4 ,by keep+ on try+ to take ! positions1 & con/antly fail+1 !y furni% a practical pro( t ! plan ( op]ations work$ out by ! g5]al /aff is n capable ( be+ c>ri$ out1 & %[ :y x is s1 & :at k9d ( new tactics w h to be evolv$4 ,! cr$it ( hav+ writt5 a life ( ,*ri/ :i* is /rictly sci5tific1 9 its own way v rem>kable1 & yet =$oom$ to failure1 belongs to ,osk> ,holtzmann47#bbf7 ,he has complete confid5ce 9 ! ,m>can plan1 & makes x 8 task to fit all ! say+s ( ,jesus into ?is framework1 to %[ 8:at c belong to ea* p]iod ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 & :at _c40 ,8 me?od is to give free play to ! magnetic p[] ( ! mo/ important passages 9 ! ,m>can text1 mak+ o!r say+s ( simil> import deta* !mselves f _! pres5t connexion & come & gr\p !mselves r\nd ! ma9 passages4 ,= example1 ! controv]sy ) ! scribes at ,j]usalem reg>d+ ! *>ge ( do+ miracles by ! help ( ,satan 7,m>k iii4 #bbcj7 belongs1 accord+ to ,holtzmann1 z reg>ds cont5t & *ronology1 to ! same p]iod z ! controv]sy1 9 ,m>k vii41 ab\t ! ord9ances ( m5 :i* results 9 ,jesus be+ 8oblig$ to take to flight02 ! woes pron\nc$ ^u ,*oraz91 ,be?saida1 & ,cap]naum1 :i* n[ foll[ on ! eulogy ^u ! ,bapti/ 7,matt4 xi4 #babc71 & are accord+ly repres5t$ z hav+ be5 spok5 at ! "t ( ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve1 are drawn by ! same k9d ( magnetic =ce into ! neighb\rhood ( ,m>k vii41 & 8express v cle>ly ! attitude ( ,jesus at ! "t ( ,8 )drawal f ! sc5e ( ,8 e>li] m9i/ry40 ,! say+ 9 ,matt4 vii4 #f ab\t n giv+ t :i* is holy to ! dogs or ca/+ pe>ls be=e sw9e1 does n belong to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 b to ! "t :5 ,jesus1 aft] ,caes>ea ,philippi1 =bids ! disciples to reveal ! secret ( ,8 ,messiah%ip to ! multitude2 ,jesus' action 9 curs+ ! figtree s t x %\ld h5ce=? br+ no fruit to its own]1 :o 0 p]haps a poor man1 is to be br\ght into relation ) ! words spok5 on ! ev5+ be=e1 ) ref]5ce to ! lavi% exp5diture involv$ 9 ,8 ano9t+1 8,! poor ye h always ) y10 ! po9t be+ t ,jesus n[1 89 ! cle> consci\sness ( ,8 approa*+ dea?1 feels ,8 own wor?10 & dismisses 8! cont+5cy ( ev5 ! poor hav+ to lose some?+ = ,8 sake0 ) ! words 8x does n matt]407#bbg7 ,all ^! transpositions & new connexions mean1 x is cle>1 a great deal ( int]nal & ext]nal viol5ce to ! text4 ,a fur!r s]vice r5d]$ by ?is v ?or\gh "w ( ,osk> ,holtzmann's1 is t ( %[+ h[ mu* read+ betwe5 ! l9es is necess>y 9 ord] to con/ruct a ,life ( ,jesus on ! basis ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis 9 its mod]n int]pretation4 ,x is ?us1 = in/ance1 t ! au?or mu/ h acquir$ ! k t ! controv]sy ab\t ! ord9ances ( purification 9 ,m>k vii4 =c$ ! p 8to *oose betwe5 ! old & ! new religion0--9 :i* case x is no wond] t _m 8turn$ back f foll[+ ,jesus40 ,:]e are we told t !re 0 any "q ( an old & a new 8religion08 ,! disciples c]ta9ly did n ?9k ( ?+s 9 ?is way1 z is %[n by _! conduct at ! "t ( ,8 dea? & ! disc\rses ( ,pet] 9 ,acts4 ,:]e d we read t ! p turn$ away f ,jesus8 ,9 ,m>k vii4 #ag & #bd all t is said is1 t ,jesus left ! p1 & 9 ,m>k vii4 #cc ! same multitude is /ill assembl$ :5 ,jesus returns f ! 8bani%m5t0 into :i* ,holtzmann relegates ,him4 ,osk> ,holtzmann decl>es t we _c tell :at 0 ! size ( ! foll[+ :i* accompani$ ,jesus 9 ,8 j\rney nor?w>ds1 & is incl9$ to assume t o!rs besides ! ,twelve %>$ ,8 exile4 ,! ,evangeli/s1 h[ev]1 say cle>ly t x 0 only ! 1 t is1 ! ,twelve1 :o 7 ) ,him4 ,! value :i* ?is special k1 indep5d5t ( ! text1 has = ! au?or1 becomes evid5t a little f>!r on4 ,aft] ,pet]'s confession ,jesus calls ! 8multitude0 to ,him 7,m>k viii4 #cd7 & speaks to !m ( ,8 suff]+s & ( tak+ up ! cross & foll[+ ,him4 ,?is 8multitude0 ,holtzmann wants to make 8! :ole company ( ,jesus' foll[]s10 8to :i* belong$1 n only ! ,twelve :om ,jesus _h =m]ly s5t out to prea*1 b _m o!rs also40 ,! k drawn f outside ! text is !re=e requir$ to solve a difficulty 9 ! text4 ,b h[ did ,8 companions 9 exile1 ! remnant ( ! previ\s multitude1 !mselves become a multitude1 ! same multitude z be=e8 ,w\ld x n be bett] to admit t we d n "k h[1 9 a ,g5tile c\ntry1 a multitude c\ld sudd5ly rise out ( ! gr\nd z x 71 cont9ue ) ,him until ,m>k ix4 #cj1 & !n disappe> into ! e>? z sudd5ly z !y came1 leav+ ,him to pursue ,8 j\rney t[>ds ,galilee & ,j]usalem alone8 ,ano!r ?+ :i* ,osk> ,holtzmann kn[s is t x requir$ a good deal ( c\rage = ,pet] to hail ,jesus z ,messiah1 s9ce ! 8exile w&]+ ab\t ) 8 small foll[+ 9 a ,g5tile c\ntry0 answ]$ 8s badly to ! g5]al picture :i* p _h =m$ ( ! com+ ( ! ,messiah40 ,he kn[s too1 t 9 ! mom5t ( ,pet]'s confession1 8,*ri/ianity 0 complete0 9 ! s5se t 8a community sep>ate f ,judaism & c5tr+ ab\t a new ideal1 !n arose40 ,?is 8community0 frequ5tly appe>s f ?is po9t onw>ds4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t x 9 ! n>ratives1 :i* "k only ! ,twelve & ! p4 ,osk> ,holtzmann's k ev5 ext5ds to dialogues :i* are n report$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,aft] ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 ! m9ds ( ! disciples 71 accord+ to him1 preoccupi$ by two que/ions4 8,h[ did ,jesus "k t ,he 0 ! ,messiah80 & 8,:at w be ! future fate ( ?is ,messiah80 ,! ,"l answ]$ bo? que/ions4 ,he spoke to !m ( ,8 baptism1 & 8d\btless 9 close connexion ) t0 ,he told !m ! /ory ( ,8 temptation1 dur+ :i* ,he _h laid d[n ! l9es :i* ,he 0 det]m9$ to foll[ z ,messiah4 ,( ! transfiguration1 ,osk> ,holtzmann c /ate ) confid5ce1 8t x m]ely repres5ts ! inn] exp]i5ce ( ! disciples at ! mom5t ( ,pet]'s confession40 ,h[ is x !n t ,m>k expressly dates t sc5e1 plac+ x 7ix4 #b7 six days aft] ! disc\rse ( ,jesus ab\t tak+ up ! cross & foll[+ ,him8 ,! fact is t ! "t indications ( ! text are treat$ z nonexi/5t :5ev] ! ,m>can hypo!sis requires an ord] det]m9$ by inn] connexion4 ,! /atem5t ( ,luke t ! transfiguration took place eight days aft]1 is dismiss$ 9 ! rem>k 8! motive ( ?is indication ( "t is d\btless to be f\nd 9 ! use ( ! ,gospel n>ratives = read+ 9 public wor%ip2 ! idea 0 t ! section ab\t ! transfiguration %\ld be read on ! ,sunday foll[+ t on :i* ! confession ( ,pet] =m$ ! lesson40 ,:]e did ,osk> ,holtzmann sudd5ly discov] ?is in=mation ab\t ! ord] ( ! 8,sunday lessons0 at ! "t :5 ,luke's ,gospel 0 writt58 ,x 0 d\btless f ! same private s\rce ( in=mation t ! au?or d]iv$ 8 k reg>d+ ! gradual developm5t ( ! ?\ght ( ! ,passion 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus4 8,aft] ! confession ( ,pet] at ,caes>ea ,philippi10 he expla9s1 8,jesus' dea? became = ,him only ! necess>y po9t ( transition to ! glory beyond4 ,9 ! disc\rse ( ,jesus to :i* ! reque/ ( ,salome gave occasion1 ! dea? ( ,jesus already appe>s z ! means ( sav+ _m f dea?1 because ,8 dea? makes possible ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,at ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]1 ,jesus reg>ds ,8 imm95t dea? z ! m]itori\s de$ by :i* ! bless+s ( ! ,new ,cov5ant1 ! =giv5ess ( s9s & victory ov] s91 are p]man5tly secur$ to ,8 #8community4' ,we see ,jesus con/antly becom+ m & m at home ) ! idea ( ,8 dea? & con/antly giv+ x a deep] int]pretation40 ,any "o :o is less skill$ 9 read+ ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus1 & m simple & natural 9 8 read+ ( ! text ( ,m>k1 _c fail to obs]ve t ,jesus speaks 9 ,m>k x4 #de ( ,8 dea? z an expiation1 n z a means ( sav+ o!rs f dea?1 & t at ! ,"l's ,supp] !re 0 no ref]5ce to ,8 8community10 b only to ! inexplicable 8_m10 :i* is also ! ^w 9 ,m>k x4 #de4 ,we ought to admit freely t we d n "k :at ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus ab\t ,8 dea? 7 at ! "t ( ! fir/ pr$iction ( ! ,passion aft] ,pet]'s confession2 & to be on our gu>d aga9/ ! 8orig9al s90 ( !ology1 t ( exalt+ ! argum5t f sil5ce1 :5 x happ5s to be useful1 to ! rank ( positive realities4 ,is !re n a c]ta9 irony 9 ! fact t ! application ( 8natural0 psy*ology to ! explanation ( ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus compels ! assumption ( suprahi/orical private in=mation su* z ?is8 ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i h>dly read m subjective int]pretations into ! text ?an _m mod]n ,lives ( ,jesus2 & ! hypo!sis ( ! secret society1 :i* aft] all did recognise & d ju/ice to ! inexplicability f an ext]nal /&po9t ( ! relation ( ev5ts & ( ! conduct ( ,jesus1 0 9 _m respects m hi/orical ?an ! psy*ological l9ks ( connexion :i* our mod]nis+ hi/orians discov] )\t hav+ any f\ndation = !m 9 ! text4 ,9 ! end ?is supplem5t>y k de/roys ! hi/oricity ( ! simple/ sections4 ,osk> ,holtzmann v5tures to conjecture t ! heal+ ( ! bl9d man at ,j]i*o 8is to be und]/ood z a symbolical repres5tation ( ! conv]sion ( ,zac*aeus10 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is f\nd only 9 ,luke4 ,"h !n ! def5d] ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis rejects ! incid5t by :i* ! ,evangeli/ expla9s ! en?usiasm ( ! entry into ,j]usalem1 n to m5tion t ,luke tells u no?+ :atev] ab\t a conv]sion ( ,zac*aeus1 b only t ,jesus 0 invit$ to 8 h\se & graci\sly accept$ ! invitation4 ,x w\ld be some?+ if ?is almo/ ,alex&rian symbolical exegesis contribut$ 9 "s way to ! removal ( difficulties & to ! solution ( ! ma9 "q1 t1 namely1 ( ! pres5t or future ,messiah1 ! pres5t or future ,k+dom4 ,osk> ,holtzmann lays great /ress ^u ! es*atological "* ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus reg>d+ ! ,k+dom1 & assumes t1 at lea/ at ! beg9n+1 x w\ld n h be5 natural = ,8 he>]s to und]/& t ,jesus1 ! h]ald ( ! ,messiah1 0 ,himself ! ,messiah4 ,nev]!less1 he is ( op9ion t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! pres5ce ( ,jesus impli$ ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+dom1 t ,pet] & ! re/ ( ! disciples1 advanc+ beyond ! ideas ( ! multitude1 recognis$ ,him z ,messiah1 t ?is recognition ought to h be5 possible = ! p also1 &1 9 t case1 w\ld h be5 8! /ronge/ inc5tive to ab&on evil ways10 & 8t ,jesus at ! "t ( ,8 entry into ,j]usalem seems to h felt t 9 ,isa4 lxii4 #aa7bbh7 !re 0 a direct comm& n to )hold ! k ( ,8 ,messiah%ip f ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem40 ,b if ,jesus made a ,messianic entry ,he mu/ !reaft] h giv5 ,himself out z ,messiah1 & ! :ole controv]sy w\ld necess>ily h turn$ ^u ?is claim4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case4 ,accord+ to ,holtzmann1 all t ! he>]s c\ld make out ( t crucial "q = ! ,messiah%ip 9 ,m>k xii4 #cecg 0 only 8t ,jesus cle>ly %[$ f ! ,scriptures t ! ,messiah 0 n 9 reality ! son ( ,david407#bbi7 ,b h[ 0 x t ! ,messianic en?usiasm on ! "p ( ! p did n lead to a ,messianic controv]sy1 9 spite ( ! fact t ,jesus 8f ! fir/ came =w>d 9 ,j]usalem z ,messiah08 ,?is difficulty ,o4 ,holtzmann seems to be try+ to provide aga9/ :5 he rem>ks 9 a footnote3 8,we h no evid5ce t ,jesus1 ev5 dur+ ! la/ soj\rn 9 ,j]usalem1 0 recognis$ z ,messiah except by ^? :o belong$ to ! inn] circle ( disciples4 ,! repetition by ! *ildr5 ( ! acclamations ( ! disciples 7,matt4 xxi4 #ae & #af7 c h>dly be consid]$ ( mu* importance 9 ?is connexion40 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,jesus ent]$ ,j]usalem z ,messiah1 b except = ! disciples & a few *ildr5 no "o recognis$ ,8 entry z hav+ a ,messianic significance6 ,b ,m>k /ates t _m spread _! g>m5ts ^u ! way1 & o!rs pluck$ d[n bran*es f ! trees & /rew$ !m 9 ! way1 & t ^? t w5t be=e & ^? t foll[$ aft]1 cri$ 8,hosanna60 ,! ,m>can n>rative mu/ !re=e be kept out ( sight = ! mom5t 9 ord] t ! ,life ( ,jesus z conceiv$ by ! mod]n ,m>can hypo!sis may n be endang]$4 ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! evid5ce ( sup]natural k & ! selfcontradictions ( ?is ,life ( ,jesus z a matt] = c5sure1 b r z a pro( ( ! m]its ( ,o4 ,holtzmann's "w47#bcj7 ,he has writt5 ! la/ l>gescale ,life ( ,jesus1 ! only "o :i* ! ,m>can hypo!sis has produc$1 & aims at provid+ a sci5tific basis = ! assumptions :i* ! g5]al l9es ( t hypo!sis compel him to make2 & 9 ?is process x becomes cle>ly app>5t t ! connexion ( ev5ts c only be c>ri$ ?r\gh at ! decisive passages by viol5t treatm5t1 or ev5 by rejection ( ! ,m>can text 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis4 ,^! m]its d n belong 9 ! same measure to ! o!r mod]n ,lives ( ,jesus1 :i* foll[ m or less ! same l9es4 ,!y are %ort sket*es1 9 "s cases bas$ on lectures1 & _! brevity makes !m p]haps m lively & conv9c+ ?an ,holtzmann's "w2 b !y take = grant$ j :at he felt x necess>y to prove4 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt's7#bca7 ,ges*i*te ,jesu 7#ahii71 :i* z a "w ( lit]>y art has few rivals among !ological works ( rec5t ye>s1 conf9es itself to pure n>rative4 ,! volume ( prolegom5a :i* appe>$ 9 #aijd1 & is int5d$ to exhibit ! f\ndations ( ! n>rative1 treats ( ! s\rces1 ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ( ! ,son ( ,man1 & ( ! ,law4 ,x makes ! mo/ ( ! weak5+ ( ! es*atological /&po9t :i* is manife/$ 9 ! second edition ( ,johannes ,weiss's 8,prea*+ ( ,jesus10 b x does n give suffici5t prom95ce to ! difficulties ( recon/ruct+ ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,nei!r ,otto ,s*mi$el's 8,! ,pr9cipal ,problems ( ! ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus10 nor von ,sod5's 8,vacation ,lectures0 on 8,! ,pr9cipal ,que/ions 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus0 fulfils ! promise ( its title47#bcb7 ,!y bo? aim r at solv+ new problems propos$ by !mselves ?an at re/at+ ! old ones & add+ new4 ,!y hope to meet ! views ( ,johannes ,weiss by /rongly emphasis+ ! es*atology1 & ?9k !y c escape ! critical scepticism ( writ]s l ,volkm> & ,br& by assum+ an 8,ur ,m>kus40 ,_! view is1 !re=e1 t ) a few modifications dictat$ by ! es*atological & sceptical s*ool1 ! traditional conception ( ! ,life ( ,jesus is /ill t5able1 :]eas x is j ! a priori presuppositions ( ?is conception1 hi!rto held to be selfevid5t1 :i* con/itute ! ma9 problems4 8,x is selfevid5t10 says von ,sod5 9 "o passage1 89 view ( ! inn] connexion 9 :i* ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,messiah /ood 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! p 444 t 9 all classes ! "q mu/ h be5 discuss$1 s t ,jesus c\ld n p]man5tly h avoid$ _! "q1 #8,:at ( ! ,messiah8 ,art ?\ n ,he8' 0 ,:]e1 9 ! ,synoptics1 is !re a ^w to %[ t ?is is 8selfevid5t08 ,:5 ! disciples 9 ,m>k viii4 tell ,jesus 8:om m5 held ,him to be10 none ( !m sugge/s t any "o _h be5 tempt$ to reg>d ,him z ! ,messiah4 ,& t 0 %ortly be=e ,jesus set out = ,j]usalem4 ,f ! day :5 ! envoys ( ! ,scribes f ,j]usalem fir/ appe>$ 9 ! nor?1 ! easily influ5c$ ,galilaean multitude began1 accord+ to von ,sod51 8to wav]40 ,h[ does he "k t ! ,galilaeans 7 easily influ5c$8 ,h[ does he "k !y 8wav]$08 ,! ,gospels tell u nei!r "o nor ! o!r4 ,! dem& = a sign 01 to quote von ,sod5 aga91 a dem& = a pro( ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 8,yet ano!r indication10 adds ! au?or1 8t lat] ,*ri/ianity1 9 putt+ s high a value on ! miracles ( ,jesus z a pro( ( ,8 ,messiah%ip1 dep>t$ widely f ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus40 ,be=e levell+ reproa*es ( ?is k9d aga9/ lat] ,*ri/ianity1 x w\ld be well to po9t to "s passage ( ,m>k or ,mat!w 9 :i* !re is m5tion ( a dem& = a sign z a pro( ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,:5 ! appe>ance ( ,jesus 9 ! s\?--we are /ill foll[+ von ,sod5--ar\s$ ! ,messianic expectations ( ! p1 z !y _h =m]ly be5 ar\s$ 9 ,8 native c\ntry1 8!y once m fail$ to und]/& ! correction ( !m :i* ,jesus _h made by ! mann] ( ,8 entry & ,8 conduct 9 ,j]usalem40 ,!y are unable to und]/& ?is 8transvaluation ( values10 & z (t5 z ! impression made by ,8 p]sonality sugge/$ ! ?\ght t ,he 0 ! ,messiah1 !y became d\btful aga94 ,:]e9 consi/$ ! correction ( ! ,messianic expectation giv5 at ! triumphal entry8 ,0 x t ,he rode ^u an ass8 ,w\ld x n be bett] if mod]n hi/orical !ology1 in/ead ( always mak+ ! p 8gr[ d\btful10 7 to gr[ a little d\btful ( itself1 & beg9 to look = ! evid5ce ( t 8transvaluation ( values0 :i*1 accord+ to !m1 ! contempor>ies ( ,jesus 7 n able to foll[8 ,von ,sod5 also possesses special in=mation ab\t ! 8peculi> hi/ory ( ! orig90 ( ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,he kn[s t x 0 subsidi>y to a prim>y g5]al religi\s consci\sness ( ,son%ip4 ,! rise ( ?is ,messianic consci\sness implies1 9 its turn1 ! 8trans=mation ( ! conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & expla9s h[ 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus ?is conception 0 bo? pres5t & future40 ,! greatness ( ,jesus is1 he ?9ks1 to be f\nd 9 ! fact t = ,him ?is ,k+dom ( ,god 0 only a 8limit+ conception0--! ultimate goal ( a gradual process ( approximation4 8,to ! "q :e!r x 0 to be realis$ "h or 9 ! beyond ,jesus w\ld h answ]$1 z ,he answ]$ a simil> "q1 #8,t1 no man kn[e?2 no1 n ! ,son4' 0 ,z if ,he _h n answ]$ t "q 9 ! petition 8,?y ,k+dom come0--suppos+ t su* a "q c\ld ev] h occurr$ to a contempor>y--9 ! s5se t ! ,k+dom 0 to pass f ! beyond into ! pres5t6 ,?is mod]n hi/orical !ology w n all[ ,jesus to h =m$ a 8!ory0 to expla9 ,8 ?\ghts ab\t ,8 passion4 8,= ,him ! c]ta9ty 0 amply suffici5t2 #8,my dea? w effect :at ,my life has n be5 able to accompli%4' 0 ,is !re !n no !ory impli$ 9 ! say+ ab\t ! 8ransom = _m10 & 9 t ab\t 8,my blood :i* is %$ = _m = ! =giv5ess ( s9s10 al?\gh ,jesus does n expla9 x8 ,h[ does von ,sod5 "k :at 0 8amply suffici5t0 = ,jesus or :at 0 n8 ,otto ,s*mi$el goes s f> z to d5y t ,jesus gave di/9ct expression to an expectation ( suff]+2 ! mo/ ,he c h done--& ?is is only a 8p]haps0--is to h h9t$ at x 9 ,8 disc\rses4 ,9 /rong contra/ ) ?is confid5ce 9 committ+ !mselves to hi/orical conjectures /&s ! scepticism ) :i* von ,sod5 & ,s*mi$el approa* ! ,gospels4 8,x is at once evid5t10 says ,s*mi$el1 8t ! great gr\ps ( disc\rses 9 ,mat!w1 su* z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,sev5 ,p>ables ( ! ,k+dom1 & s =?1 7 n arrang$ 9 ?is ord] 9 ! s\rce 7! ,logia71 /ill less by ,jesus ,himself4 ,! ord] is1 d\btless1 due to ! ,evangeli/4 ,b :at is ! answ] to ! "q1 #8,on :at gr\nds is ?is 8at once0 cle>8' 07#bcc7 ,von ,sod5's pron\ncem5t is ev5 m radical4 8,9 ! composition ( ! disc\rses10 he says1 8no reg>d is paid 9 ,mat!w1 any m ?an 9 ,john1 to ! suppos$ audi5ce1 or to ! po9t ( "t 9 ! life ( ,jesus to :i* !y are attribut$40 ,z e>ly z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt we f9d ref]5ces to p]secutions1 & w>n+s aga9/ false prophets4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! *>ge to ! ,twelve1 !re are also w>n+s1 :i* und\bt$ly belong to a lat] "t4 ,intimate say+s1 evid5tly int5d$ = ! inn] circle ( disciples1 h ! wide/ publicity giv5 to !m4 ,b :y %\ld :atev] is incompreh5sible to u be unhi/orical8 ,w\ld x n be bett] simply to admit t we d n und]/& c]ta9 connexions ( ideas & turns ( expression 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus8 ,b in/ead ev5 ( mak+ an analytical exam9ation ( ! app>5t connexions1 & /at+ !m z problems1 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus & ! sections ( ! ,gospels are trick$ out ) +5i\s head+s :i* h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 von ,sod5 heads ! ,beatitudes 7,matt4 v4 #cab71 8,:at ,jesus br+s to m510 ! foll[+ v]ses 7,matt4 v4 #acaf71 8,:at ,he makes ( m540 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,jesus10 %[s himself a pa/ ma/] 9 ?is art4 8,! rights ( ! wife0 is ! title ( ! dialogue ab\t divorce1 z if ! "q at /ake _h be5 = ,jesus ! equality ( ! sexes1 & n simply & solely ! sanctity ( m>riage4 8,sun%9e = ! *ildr50 is 8 head+ = ! sc5e :]e ,jesus takes ! *ildr5 9 ,8 arms--z if ! purpose ( ,jesus _h be5 to prote/ aga9/ sev]ity 9 ! upbr++ ( *ildr54 ,aga91 he br+s toge!r ! /ories ( ! man :o mu/ fir/ bury 8 fa!r1 ( ! ri* "y man1 ( ! dispute ab\t prec$5ce1 ( ,zac*aeus1 & o!rs :i* h equally little connexion "u ! head+ 8,discipl9e = ,jesus' foll[]s40 ,^! (t5 brilliant creations ( artificial connexions ( ?\ght give a curi\s attractiv5ess to ! works ( ,s*midt & von ,sod54 ,! latt]'s survey ( ! ,gospels is a really delightful p]=mance4 ,b ?is k9d ( ?+ is n consi/5t ) pure objective hi/ory4 ,dispos+ 9 ?is l(ty fa%ion ( ! connexion ( ev5ts1 ,s*mi$el & von ,sod5 d n f9d x difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ,m>k & 8,ur ,m>kus02 t is1 to reta9 j s mu* ( ! ,gospel z w fit 9 to _! con/ruction4 ,s*mi$el feels sure t ,m>k 0 a skilful writ]1 & t ! r$actor 0 8a ,*ri/ian ( ,paul9e sympa?ies40 ,accord+ to 8,ur,m>kus10 to :i* ,m>k iv4 #cc belongs1 ! ,"l speaks 9 p>ables 9 ord] t ! p may und]/& ,him ! bett]2 8x 0 only by ! r$actor t ! ,paul9e !ory ab\t h>d5+ _! he>ts 7,rom4 ix4xi47 0 int]polat$1 9 ,m>k iv4 #aj ff41 & ! mean+ ( ,m>k iv4 #cc 0 ?us obscur$40 ,x is high "t t in/ead ( m]ely ass]t+ ,paul9e influ5ces 9 ,m>k "s pro( ( ! ass]tion %\ld be giv54 ,:at k9d ( appe>ance w\ld ,m>k h pres5t$ if x _h really pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( a ,paul9e ,*ri/ian8 ,von ,sod5's analysis is no less confid5t4 ,! ?ree out/&+ miracles1 ! /ill+ ( ! /orm1 ! ca/+ out ( ! legion ( devils1 ! ov]com+ ( dea? 7,m>k iv4 #cev4 #dc71 ! romantically told /ory ( ! dea? ( ! ,bapti/ 7,m>k vi4 #agbi71 ! /ory ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitudes 9 ! des]t1 ( ,jesus' walk+ on ! wat]1 & ( ! transfiguration ^u an high m\nta91 & ! heal+ ( ! lunatic boy--all ^! are da%$ 9 ) a broad bru%1 & (f] _m analogies to ,old ,te/am5t /ories1 & "s sugge/ions ( ,paul9e conceptions1 & reflections ( exp]i5ces ( individual believ]s & ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 8,all ^! passages 71 d\btless1 fir/ writt5 d[n by ! compil] ( our ,gospel40 ,b h[ c ,s*mi$el & von ,sod5 fail to see t !y are head+ /raight = ,bruno ,bau]'s position8 ,!y ass]t t !re is no di/9ction ( pr9ciple betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ! ,johann9e & ! ,synoptic disc\rses are compos$3 ! recognition ( ?is 0 ,bruno ,bau]'s />t+po9t4 ,!y propose to f9d exp]i5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian community & ,paul9e tea*+ reflect$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k2 ,bruno ,bau] ass]t$ ! same4 ,! only diff]5ce is t he 0 consi/5t1 & ext5d$ 8 criticism to ^? portions ( ! ,gospel :i* d n pres5t ! /umbl+block ( ! sup]natural4 ,:y %\ld ^! n also conta9 ! !ology & ! exp]i5ces ( ! community trans=m$ into hi/ory8 ,is x only because !y rema9 )9 ! limits ( ! natural8 ,! real difficulty consi/s 9 ! fact t all ! passages :i* von ,sod5 ascribes to ! r$actor /&1 9 spite ( _! my?ical col\r+1 9 a closelyknit hi/orical connexion2 9 fact1 ! hi/orical connexion is n[h]e s close4 ,h[ c any "o cut out ! fe$+ ( ! multitudes & ! transfiguration z n>ratives ( second>y orig9 )\t de/roy+ ! :ole ( ! hi/orical fabric ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k8 ,or 0 x ! r$actor :o creat$ ! plan ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 z von ,sod5 seems to imply87#bcd7 ,b 9 t case h[ c a mod]n ,life ( ,jesus be f\nd$ on ! ,m>can plan8 ,h[ mu* ( ,m>k is1 9 ! end1 hi/orical8 ,:y %\ld n ,pet]'s confession at ,caes>ea ,philippi h be5 d]iv$ f ! !ology ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 j z well z ! transfiguration8 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi is m )9 ! limits ( ! possible1 :]eas ! sc5e ^u ! m\nta9 has a sup]natural col\r+4 ,b is ! incid5t at ,philippi s entirely natural8 ,:5ce does ,pet] "k t ,jesus is ! ,messiah8 ,?is semiscepticism is !re=e q unju/ifiable1 s9ce 9 ,m>k natural & sup]natural bo? /& 9 an equally good & close hi/orical connexion4 ,ei!r1 !n1 "o mu/ be completely sceptical l ,bruno ,bau]1 & *all5ge )\t exception all ! facts & connexions ( ev5ts ass]t$ by ,m>k2 or1 if "o means to f\nd an hi/orical ,life ( ,jesus ^u ,m>k1 "o mu/ take ! ,gospel z a :ole because ( ! plan :i* runs "r ?r\gh x1 accept+ x z hi/orical & !n endeav\r+ to expla9 :y c]ta9 n>ratives1 l ! fe$+ ( ! multitude & ! transfiguration1 are ba!d 9 a sup]natural light1 & :at is ! hi/orical basis :i* und]lies !m4 ,a division betwe5 ! natural & sup]natural 9 ,m>k is purely arbitr>y1 because ! sup]natural is an ess5tial "p ( ! hi/ory4 ,! m]e fact t he has n adopt$ ! my?ical mat]ial ( ! *ildhood /ories & ! po/resurrection sc5es ought to h be5 accept$ z evid5ce t ! sup]natural mat]ial :i* he does embody belongs to a category ( its own & _c be simply reject$ z due to ! inv5tion ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian community4 ,x mu/ belong 9 "s way to ! orig9al tradition4 ,osk> ,holtzmann realises t to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,accord+ to him ,m>k is a writ] 8:o embodi$ ! mat]ials :i* he receiv$ f ! tradition m fai?fully ?an discrim9at+ly40 8,t :i* 0 relat$ z a symbol ( inn] ev5ts1 he takes z hi/ory--9 ! case1 = example1 ( ! temptation1 ! walk+ on ! sea1 ! transfiguration ( ,jesus40 8,aga9 9 o!r cases he has made a rem>kable occurr5ce into a sup]natural miracle1 z 9 ! case ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude1 :]e ,jesus' c\rage\s love & ready organis+ skill ov]came a mom5t>y difficulty1 :]eas ! ,evangeli/ repres5ts x z an amaz+ miracle ( ,div9e omnipot5ce40 ,osk> ,holtzmann is ?us m cauti\s ?an von ,sod54 ,he is incl9$ to see 9 ! mat]ial :i* he wi%es to exclude f ! hi/ory1 n s mu* inv5tions ( ! ,*ur* z mi/ak5 %ap+ ( hi/ory by ,m>k1 & 9 ?is way he gets back to g5u9e oldfa%ion$ rationalism4 ,9 ! fe$+ ( ! multitude ,jesus %[$ 8! confid5ce ( a c\rage\s h\sewife :o kn[s h[ to provide skilfully = a great cr[d ( *ildr5 f small res\rces40 ,p]haps 9 a future "w ,osk> ,holtzmann w be less res]v$1 n = ! sake ( !ology1 b ( national wellbe+1 & w in=m 8 contempor>ies :at k9d ( dome/ic economy x 0 :i* made x possible = ! ,"l to satisfy ) five loaves & two fi%es sev]al ?\s& hungry m54 ,mod]n hi/orical !ology1 !re=e1 ) its ?reequ>t]s scepticism1 is left at la/ ) only a torn & tatt]$ ,gospel ( ,m>k 9 its h&s4 ,"o w\ld naturally suppose t ^! prelim9>y op]ations ^u ! s\rce w\ld lead to ! production ( a ,life ( ,jesus ( a simil>ly fragm5t>y "*4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! outl9e is /ill ! same z 9 ,s*5kel's day1 & ! confid5ce ) :i* ! con/ruction is c>ri$ out is n less complete4 ,only ! cat*words ) :i* ! n>rative is enliv5$ h be5 *ang$1 be+ n[ tak5 9 "p f ,nietzs*e4 ,! lib]al ,jesus has giv5 place to ! ,g]manic ,jesus4 ,?is is a figure :i* has z little to d ) ! ,m>can hypo!sis z ! 8lib]al0 ,jesus _h :i* prec$$ x2 o!rwise x c\ld n s easily h surviv$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k z an hi/orical s\rce4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ?is pr(ess$ly hi/orical ,jesus is n a purely hi/orical figure1 b "o :i* has be5 artificially transplant$ into hi/ory4 ,z =m]ly 9 ,r5an ! romantic _s creat$ ! p]sonality ( ,jesus 9 its own image1 s at ! pres5t day ! ,g]manic _s is mak+ a ,jesus aft] its own lik5ess4 ,:at is admitt$ z hi/oric is j :at ! ,_s ( ! "t c take out ( ! records 9 ord] to assimilate x to itself & br+ out ( x a liv+ =m4 ,fr5ss5 betrays ! secret ( 8 tea*]s :5 9 ,hillig5lei he confid5tly sup]scribes ! n>rative drawn f ! 8late/ critical inve/igations0 ) ! title 8,! ,life ( ! ,savi\r portray$ accord+ to ,g]man rese>* z ! basis = a spiritual rebir? ( ! ,g]man nation407#bce7 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,life ( ,jesus ( ! 8,manuscript07#bcf7 is unsatisfactory bo? sci5tifically & arti/ically1 j because x aims at be+ at once sci5tific & arti/ic4 ,if only ,fr5ss51 ) 8 /rongly lifeaccept+ in/9ct1 :i* gives to 8 ?9k+1 at lea/ 9 8 e>lie/ writ+s :]e he reveals himself )\t artificiality1 su* a wond]ful simplicity & =ce1 _h d>$ to read 8 ,jesus boldly f ! orig9al records1 )\t foll[+ mod]n hi/orical !ology 9 all its me&]+s6 ,he w\ld h be5 able to =ce 8 way ?r\gh ! und]wood well en\gh if only he _h be5 cont5t to break ! bran*es t got 9 8 way1 in/ead ( always wait+ until "s "o w5t 9 front to dis5tw9e !m = him4 ,! dep5d5ce to :i* he surr5d]s himself is really di/ress+4 ,9 read+ almo/ e p>agraph "o c tell :e!r ,kai ,jans 0 look+1 z he wrote x1 into ,osk> ,holtzmann or ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt or von ,sod54 ,fr5ss5 resigns ! dramatic sc5e ( ! heal+ ( ! bl9d man at ,j]i*o4 ,:y8 ,because at ?is po9t he 0 li/5+ to ,holtzmann1 :o proposes to reg>d ! heal+ ( ! bl9d man z only a symbolical repres5tation ( ! 8conv]sion ( ,zac*aeus40 ,fr5ss5's ma/]s h robb$ him ( all creative spontaneity4 ,he does n p]mit himself to discov] motifs = himself1 b conf9es himself to work+ ov] & treat+ 9 crud] col\rs ^? :i* he f9ds 9 8 tea*]s4 ,& s9ce he _c veil 8 assumptions 9 ! cauti\s1 c>efully modulat$ language ( ! !ologians1 ! faults ( ! mod]n treatm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus appe> 9 him exagg]at$ an hundr$fold4 ,! viol5t dislocation ( n>ratives f _! connexion1 & ! =c+ ^u !m ( a mod]n int]pretation1 becomes a mania ) ! writ] & a torture to ! read]4 ,! range ( k n drawn f ! text is inf9itely increas$4 ,kai ,jans sees ,jesus aft] ! temptation c[]+ b5ea? ! br[ ( ! hill 8a poor lonely man1 torn by fe>ful d\bts1 a man 9 ! deepe/ di/ress40 ,he kn[s too t !re 0 (t5 great dang] t ,jesus w\ld 8betray ! ',fa!r 9 heav5' & g back to ,8 village to take up ,8 h&icraft aga91 b n[ z a man ) a torn & di/ract$ s\l & a consci5ce tortur$ by ! gnaw+s ( remorse40 ,! pupil is n cont5t1 z 8 tea*]s _h be51 m]ely to make ! p sometimes believe 9 ,jesus & sometimes d\bt ,him2 he makes ! en?usia/ic e>?ly ,messianic belief ( ! p 8tug & te>0 at ,jesus ,himself4 ,sometimes "o is tempt$ to ask :e!r ! au?or 9 8 zeal 8to use consci5ti\sly ! results ( ! :ole range ( sci5tific criticism0 has n =gott5 ! ma9 ?+1 ! /udy ( ! ,gospels !mselves4 ,& is all ?is sci5ce suppos$ to be new87#bcg7 ,is ?is picture ( ,jesus really ! outcome ( ! late/ criticism8 ,has x n be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! '=ties1 s9ce ,weisse's criticism ( ! ,gospel hi/ory8 ,is x n 9 pr9ciple ! same z ,r5an's1 only t ,g]manic lapses ( ta/e "h take ! place ( ,gallic1 & 8,g]man art = ,g]man p107#bch7 "h q out ( place1 has done its be/ to remove f ! picture e trace ( fidelity8 ,kai ,jans' 8,manuscript0 repres5ts ! limit ( ! process ( dim9i%+ ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,weisse left ,him /ill "s greatness1 some?+ unexpla9$1 & did n v5ture to apply to ev]y?+ ! petty /&>ds ( inquisitive mod]n psy*ology4 ,9 ! 'sixties psy*ology became m confid5t & ,jesus small]2 at ! close ( ! c5tury ! confid5ce ( psy*ology is at its greate/ & ! figure ( ,jesus at its smalle/--s small1 t ,fr5ss5 v5tures to let ,8 life be project$ & writt5 by "o :o is 9 ! mid/ ( a love affair6 ,?is human life ( ,jesus is to be 8he>t/irr+0 f beg9n+ to end1 & 89 no respect to g beyond human /&>ds06 ,& ?is ,jesus :o 8racks ,8 bra9s & %apes ,8 plans0 is to contribute to br+ ab\t a rebir? ( ! ,g]man p4 ,h[ c\ld ,he8 ,he is ,himself only a phantom creat$ by ! ,g]manic m9d 9 pursuit ( a religi\s wo'!wisp4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to d inju/ice to ,fr5ss5's pres5tation1 & to ! :ole ( ! confid5t1 unconsci\sly mod]nis+ criticism ( :i* he "h acts z ! m\?piece4 ,^! writ]s h ! great m]it ( hav+ br\ght c]ta9 cultur$ circles ne>] to ,jesus & made !m m sympa!tic t[>ds ,him4 ,_! fault lies 9 _! confid5ce1 :i* has bl9d$ !m to :at ,jesus is & is n1 :at ,he c & _c d1 s t 9 ! end !y fail to und]/& 8! signs ( ! times0 ei!r z hi/orians or z m5 ( ! pres5t4 ,if ! ,jesus :o owes ,8 bir? to ! ,m>can hypo!sis & mod]n psy*ology 7 capable ( reg5]at+ ! _w ,he w\ld h done x long ago1 = ,he is ne>ly sixty ye>s old & 8 late/ portraits are mu* less lifel ?an ^? drawn by ,weisse1 ,s*5kel1 & ,r5an1 or by ,keim1 ! mo/ brilliant pa9t] ( !m all4 ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s mod]n hi/orical !ology has m & m adapt$ itself to ! ne$s ( ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,m & m1 ev5 9 ! be/ class ( works1 x makes use ( attractive headl9es z a means ( pres5t+ its results 9 a lively =m to ! masses4 ,intoxicat$ ) its own +5uity 9 inv5t+ ^!1 x becomes m & m confid5t 9 its cause1 & has come to believe t ! _w's salvation dep5ds 9 no small measure ^u ! spread+ ( its own 8assur$ results0 broadca/ among ! p4 ,x is "t t x %\ld beg9 to d\bt itself1 to d\bt its 8hi/orical0 ,jesus1 to d\bt ! confid5ce ) :i* x has look$ to its own con/ruction = ! moral & religi\s reg5]ation ( our "t4 ,its ,jesus is n alive1 h[ev] ,g]manic !y may make ,him4 ,x 0 no accid5t t ! *ief prie/ ( 8,g]man art = ,g]man p0 f\nd himself at "o ) ! mod]n !ologians & (f]$ !m 8 alliance4 ,s9ce ! 'sixties ! critical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ,g]many has be5 unconsci\sly "u ! influ5ce ( an impos+ mod]n religi\s nationalism 9 art4 ,x has be5 deflect$ by x z by an und]gr\nd magnetic curr5t4 ,x 0 9 va9 t a few purely hi/orical inve/igators uplift$ _! voices 9 prote/4 ,! process _h to "w itself out4 ,= hi/orical criticism _h become1 9 ! h&s ( mo/ ( ^? :o practis$ x1 a secret /ruggle to reconcile ! ,g]manic religi\s _s ) ! ,_s ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?47#bci7 ,x 0 conc]n$ = ! religi\s int]e/s ( ! pres5t4 ,!re=e its error _h a k9d ( greatness1 x 0 9 fact ! greate/ ?+ ab\t x2 & ! sev]ity ) :i* ! pure hi/orian treats x is 9 proportion to 8 respect = its _s4 ,= ?is ,g]man critical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus is an ess5tial "p ( ,g]man religion4 ,z ( old ,jacob wre/l$ ) ! angel1 s ,g]man !ology wre/les ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e? & w n let ,him g until ,he bless x--t is1 until ,he w cons5t to s]ve x & w suff] ,himself to be drawn by ! ,g]manic _s into ! mid/ ( our "t & our civilisation4 ,b :5 ! day breaks1 ! wre/l] mu/ let ,him g4 ,he w n cross ! =d ) u4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? w n suff] ,himself to be mod]nis$4 ,z an hi/oric figure ,he refuses to be deta*$ f ,8 own "t4 ,he has no answ] = ! "q1 8,tell u ,?y "n 9 our spee* & = our day60 ,b ,he does bless ^? :o h wre/l$ ) ,him1 s t1 ?\gh !y _c take ,him ) !m1 yet1 l m5 :o h se5 ,god face to face & receiv$ /r5g? 9 _! s\ls1 !y g on _! way ) r5ew$ c\rage1 ready to d battle ) ! _w & its p[]s4 ,b ! hi/oric ,jesus & ! ,g]manic _s _c be br\ght toge!r except by an act ( hi/oric viol5ce :i* 9 ! end injures bo? religion & hi/ory4 ,a "t w come :5 our !ology1 ) its pride 9 its hi/orical "*1 w get rid ( its rationali/ic bias4 ,?is bias leads x to project back into hi/ory :at belongs to our own "t1 ! eag] /ruggle ( ! mod]n religi\s _s ) ! ,_s ( ,jesus1 & seek 9 hi/ory ju/ification & au?ority = its beg9n+4 ,! consequ5ce is t x creates ! hi/orical ,jesus 9 its own image1 s t x is n ! mod]n _s influ5c$ by ! ,_s ( ,jesus1 b ! ,jesus ( ,naz>e? con/ruct$ by mod]n hi/orical !ology1 t is set to "w ^u our race4 ,!re=e bo? ! !ology & its picture ( ,jesus are poor & weak4 ,its ,jesus1 because ,he has be5 measur$ by ! petty /&>d ( ! mod]n man1 at v>iance ) himself1 n to say ( ! mod]n c&idate 9 !ology :o has made %ipwreck2 ! !ologians !mselves1 because in/ead ( seek+1 = !mselves & o!rs1 h[ !y may be/ br+ ! ,_s ( ,jesus 9 liv+ p[] into our _w1 !y keep cont9ually =g+ new portraits ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 & ?9k !y h accompli%$ some?+ great :5 !y h drawn an ,oh6 ( a/oni%m5t f ! multitude1 su* z ! cr[ds ( a great city emit on cat*+ sight ( a new adv]tisem5t 9 col\r$ lights4 ,anyone :o1 admir+ ! =ce & au?ority ( g5u9e rationalism1 has got rid ( ! nave selfsatisfaction ( mod]n !ology1 :i* is 9 ess5ce only ! deg5]ate (fspr+ ( rationalism ) a t9cture ( hi/ory1 rejoices 9 ! feebl5ess & smallness ( its pr(ess$ly hi/orical ,jesus1 rejoices 9 all ^? :o are beg9n+ to d\bt ! tru? ( ?is portrait1 rejoices 9 ! ov]sev]ity ) :i* x is attack$1 rejoices to take a %>e 9 its de/ruction4 ,^? :o h begun to d\bt are _m1 b mo/ ( !m only make kn[n _! d\bts by _! sil5ce4 ,!re is "o1 h[ev]1 :o has spok5 out1 & "o ( ! greate/--,otto ,pfleid]]47#bdj7 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,ur*ri/5tum1 publi%$ 9 #ahhg1 he /ill %>$ ! curr5t conceptions & con/ructions1 except t he held ! cr$ibility ( ,m>k to be m affect$ ?an 0 usually suppos$ by hypo!tical ,paul9e influ5ces4 ,9 ! second edition7#bda7 8 positive k has be5 gr\nd d[n 9 ! /ruggle ) ! sceptics--x is ,br&t :o has especially affect$ him--& ) ! p>tisans ( es*atology4 ,?is is ! fir/ advancegu>d action ( mod]n !ology com+ into t\* ) ! troops ( ,reim>us & ,bruno ,bau]4 ,pfleid]] accepts ! purely es*atological conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god & holds also t ! e?ics ( ,jesus 7 :olly condition$ by es*atology4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! "q ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus he takes 8 /& ) ! sceptics4 ,he rejects ! hypo!sis ( a ,messiah :o1 z be+ a 8spiritual ,messiah10 conceals ,8 claim1 b on ! o!r h&1 he _c accept ! es*atological ,son(,man ,messiah%ip hav+ ref]5ce to ! future1 :i* ! es*atological s*ool f9ds 9 ! utt]ances ( ,jesus1 s9ce x implies prophecies ( ,8 suff]+1 dea?1 & resurrection :i* criticism _c admit4 8,in/ead ( f9d+ ! explanation ( h[ ! ,messianic title arose 9 ! reflections ( ,jesus ab\t ! dea? :i* lay be=e ,him10 he is incl9$ to f9d x 8r 9 ! reflection ( ! ,*ri/ian community ^u ! cata/rophic dea? & exaltation ( its ,"l aft] ?is _h actually tak5 place40 ,ev5 ! ,m>can n>rative is n hi/ory4 ,! scepticism 9 reg>d to ! ma9 s\rce1 ) :i* writ]s l ,osk> ,holtzmann1 ,s*mi$el1 & von ,sod5 conduct a k9d ( intellectual flirtation1 is "h erect$ into a pr9ciple4 8,x mu/ be recognis$10 says ,pfleid]]1 8t 9 respect ( ! reca/+ ( ! hi/ory "u !ological influ5ces1 ! :ole ( our ,gospels /& 9 pr9ciple on ! same foot+4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,m>k1 ! o!r two ,synopti/s1 & ,john is only relative--a di/9ction ( degree correspond+ to diff]5t /ages ( !ological reflection & ! developm5t ( ! ecclesia/ical consci\sness40 ,if only ,bruno ,bau] c\ld h liv$ to see ?is triumph ( 8 op9ions6 ,pfleid]]1 h[ev]1 is consci\s t scepticism1 too1 has its difficulties4 ,he wi%es1 inde$1 to reject ! confession ( ,jesus be=e ! ,sanh$r9 8because its hi/oricity is n well e/abli%$ 7none ( ! disciples 7 pres5t to he> x1 & ! apocalyptic prophecy :i* is add$1 ,m>k xiv4 #fb1 is c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! ideas ( ! primitive ,*ur*702 on ! o!r h&1 he is incl9$ to admit z possibilities--?\gh m>k+ !m ) a note ( int]rogation--t ,jesus may h accept$ ! homage ( ! ,passov] pilgrims1 & t ! controv]sy ) ! ,scribes ab\t ! ,son ( ,david _h "s k9d ( ref]5ce to ,jesus ,himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he takes x = grant$ t ,jesus did n prophesy ,8 dea?1 on ! gr\nd t ! arre/1 trial1 & betrayal mu/ h la9 outside all possibility ( calculation ev5 = ,him4 ,all ^!1 he ?9ks1 came ^u ,jesus q unexpect$ly4 ,! only ?+ t ,he might h appreh5d$ 0 8an attack by hir$ assass9s10 & x is to ?is t ,he ref]s 9 ! say+ ab\t ! two swords 9 ,luke xxii4 #cf & #ch1 see+ t two swords w\ld h suffic$ z a protection aga9/ su* an attack z t1 ?\gh h>dly = any?+ fur!r4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he rem>ks 9 ?is connexion t 8?is has be5 con/antly ov]look$0 9 ! romances deal+ ) ! ,life ( ,jesus1 he does inju/ice to ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i1 s9ce accord+ to !m ! *ief conc]n ( ! secret society 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus 0 to protect ,jesus f ! assass9ation ) :i* ,he 0 m5ac$1 & to secure ,8 =mal arre/ & trial by ! ,sanh$r94 ,_! view ( ! hi/orical situation is !re=e id5tical ) ,pfleid]]'s1 viz4 t assass9ation 0 possible1 b t adm9i/rative action 0 unexpect$ & is inexplicable4 ,b h[ is ?is ,jesus to be connect$ ) primitive ,*ri/ianity8 ,h[ did ! primitive ,*ur*'s belief 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus arise8 ,to t "q ,pfleid]] c give no o!r answ] ?an t ( ,volkm> & ,br&t1 t is to say1 none4 ,he labori\sly br+s toge!r wood1 /raw1 & /ubble1 b :]e he gets ! fire f to k9dle ! :ole into ! ard5t fai? ( primitive ,*ri/ianity he is unable to make cle>4 ,accord+ to ,alb]t ,kal?(f17#bdb7 ! fire light$ itself--,*ri/ianity arose--by spontane\s combu/ion1 :5 ! inflammable mat]ial1 religi\s & social1 :i* _h collect$ toge!r 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 came 9 contact ) ! ,jewi% ,messianic expectations4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? nev] exi/$2 & ev5 suppos+ ,he _h be5 "o ( ! num]\s ,jewi% ,messiahs :o 7 put to dea? by crucifixion1 ,he c]ta9ly did n f\nd ,*ri/ianity4 ,! /ory ( ,jesus :i* lies be=e u 9 ! ,gospels is 9 reality only ! /ory ( ! way 9 :i* ! picture ( ,*ri/ arose1 t is to say1 ! /ory ( ! gr[? ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,!re is !re=e no problem ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 b only a problem ( ! ,*ri/4 ,kal?(f has n inde$ always be5 s negative4 ,:5 9 ! ye> #ahhj he gave a s]ies ( lectures on ! ,life ( ,jesus he felt himself ju/ifi$ 89 tak+ z 8 basis )\t fur!r argum5t ! g5]ally accept$ results ( mod]n !ology40 ,aft]w>ds he became s completely d\btful ab\t ! ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% :om he _h at t "t depict$ be=e 8 he>]s t he wi%$ to exclude ,him ev5 f ! regi/] ( !ological lit]ature1 & omitt$ to ent] ^! lectures 9 ! li/ ( 8 writ+s1 al?\gh !y _h appe>$ 9 pr9t47#bdc7 ,8 qu>rel ) ! hi/orical ,jesus ( mod]n !ology 0 t he c\ld f9d no connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,life ( ,jesus con/ruct$ by ! latt] & primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,mod]n !ology1 he rem>ks 9 "o passage1 ) great ju/ice1 f9ds itself oblig$ to assume1 at ! po9t :]e ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* beg9s1 8an imm$iate decl5sion f1 & falsification (1 a pure orig9al pr9ciple10 & t 9 s do+ 8x is des]t+ ! recognis$ me?ods ( hi/orical sci5ce40 ,if !n we _c trace ! pa? f its beg9n+ onw>ds1 we _h bett] try to "w backw>ds1 endeav\r+ fir/ to def9e 9 ! !ology ( ! primitive ,*ur* ! values :i* we %all look to f9d aga9 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,9 t he is "r4 ,mod]n hi/orical !ology w n h refut$ him until x has expla9$ h[ ,*ri/ianity arose out ( ! life ( ,jesus )\t call+ 9 t !ory ( an initial 8,fall0 ( :i* ,h>nack1 ,w]nle1 & all ! re/ make use4 ,until ?is mod]n !ology has made x 9 "s measure intelligible h[1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,jewi% ,messiahsect1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 9 e direction at once1 ,graeco,roman popul> ,*ri/ianity arose2 until at lea/ x has describ$ ! popul> ,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ ?ree g5]ations1 x mu/ conc$e to all hypo!ses :i* fairly face ?is problem & endeav\r to solve x _! =mal "r ( exi/5ce4 ,! criticism :i* ,kal?(f directs aga9/ ! 8positive0 acc\nts ( ! ,life ( ,jesus is1 9 "p1 v mu* to ! po9t4 8,jesus10 he says 9 "o place1 8has be5 made ! receptacle into :i* e !ologian p\rs 8 own ideas40 ,he rightly rem>ks t if we foll[ 8! ,*ri/0 backw>ds f ! ,epi/les & ,gospels ( ! ,new ,te/am5t "r to ! apocalyptic vision ( ,daniel1 we always f9d 9 ,him sup]human traits alongside ( ! human4 8,nev] & n[h]e10 he insi/s1 8is ,he t :i* critical !ology has endeav\r$ to make out ( ,him1 a purely natural man1 an indivisible hi/orical unit40 8,! title ( ',*ri/' _h be5 rais$ by ! ,messianic apocalyptic writ+s s completely into ! sph]e ( ! h]oic t x _h become impossible to apply x to a m]e hi/orical man40 ,bruno ,bau] _h urg$ ! same consid]ations ^u ! !ology ( 8 "t1 decl>+ x to be un?9kable t a man c\ld h aris5 among ! ,jews & decl>$ 8,i am ! ,messiah40 ,b ! un=tunate ?+ is t ,kal?(f has n work$ ?r\gh ,bruno ,bau]'s criticism1 & does n appe> to assume x z a basis1 b rema9s /&+ halfway in/ead ( ?9k+ ! que/ions ?r\gh to ! end z t ke5 critic did4 ,accord+ to ,kal?(f x w\ld appe> t1 ye> 9 ye> out1 !re 0 a con/ant succession ( ,messianic di/urbances among ! ,jews & ( crucifi$ claimants ( ! ,messiah%ip4 8,!re _h be5 _m a ',*ri/1'0 he says 9 "o place1 8be=e !re 0 any "q ( a ,jesus 9 connexion ) ?is title40 ,h[ does ,kal?(f "k t8 ,if he _h fairly consid]$ & felt ! =ce ( ,bruno ,bau]'s argum5ts1 he w\ld nev] h v5tur$ on ?is ass]tion2 he w\ld h le>n$ t x is n only hi/orically unprov$1 b intr9sically impossible4 ,b ,kal?(f 0 9 f> too great a hurry to pres5t to 8 read]s a description ( ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !re) ( ! picture ( ! ,*ri/1 to absorb ?or\ghly ! criticism ( 8 great pr$ecessor4 ,he soon leads 8 read] away f ! high road ( criticism into a morass ( speculation1 9 ord] to arrive by a %ort cut at ,graeco,roman primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! tr\ble is t :ile ! guide walks lightly & safely1 ! ord9>y man1 weigh$ d[n by ! pressure ( hi/orical consid]ations1 s9ks to rise no m4 ,! conjectural argum5t :i* ,kal?(f foll[s out is 9 itself acute1 & =ms a suitable p5dant to ,bau]'s recon/ruction ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,bau] propos$ to d]ive ,*ri/ianity f ! ,graeco,roman philosophy2 ,kal?(f1 recognis+ t ! orig9 ( popul> ,*ri/ianity con/itutes ! ma9 "q1 takes z 8 />t+po9t ! social movem5ts ( ! "t4 ,9 ! ,roman ,empire1 s runs 8 argum5t1 among ! oppress$ masses ( ! slaves & ! populace1 eruptive =ces 7 conc5trat$ "u high t5sion4 ,a communi/ic movem5t arose1 to :i* ! influ5ce ( ! ,jewi% elem5t 9 ! prolet>iat gave a ,messianic,apocalyptic col\r+4 ,! ,jewi% synagogue influ5c$ ,roman social conditions s t 8! crude social f]m5t at "w 9 ! ,roman ,empire amalgamat$ itself ) ! religi\s & philosophical =ces ( ! "t to =m ! new ,*ri/ian social movem5t40 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s _h le>n$ 9 ! synagogue to con/ruct 8p]sonifications40 ,! :ole ,late,jewi% lit]ature re/s ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,?us 8! ,*ri/0 became ! ideal h]o ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 8f ! socioreligi\s /&po9t ! figure ( ,*ri/ is ! sublimat$ religi\s expression = ! sum ( ! social & e?ical =ces :i* 7 at "w at a c]ta9 p]iod40 ,! ,"l's ,supp] 0 ! memorial fea/ ( ?is ideal h]o4 8,z ! ,*ri/ to ^: ,p>\sia ! community looks =w>d ?is ,h]ogod ( ! community be>s )9 ,himself ! capacity = expansion into ! ,god ( ! univ]se1 into ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,*ur*1 :o is id5tical 9 ess5tial nature ) ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,?us ! belief 9 ! ,*ri/ br\ght ! ,messianic hope ( ! future into ! m9ds ( ! masses1 :o _h already a c]ta9 organisation1 & by direct+ _! ?\ghts t[>ds ! future x won all ^? :o 7 sick ( ! pa/ & despair+ ab\t ! pres5t40 ,! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus repres5t exp]i5ces ( ! community4 8,= a ,jew crucifi$ "u ,pontius ,pilate !re 0 c]ta9ly no resurrection4 ,all t is possible is a vague hypo!sis ( a vision lack+ all hi/orical reality1 or an escape into ! vagu5esses ( !ological phraseology4 ,b = ! ,*ri/ian community ! resurrection 0 some?+ real1 a matt] ( fact4 ,= ! community z su* 0 n annihilat$ 9 t p]secution3 x drew f x1 r1 new /r5g? & life40 ,b :at ab\t ! f\ndations ( ?is impos+ /ructure8 ,= :at he has to tell u ab\t ! condition ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! social organisation ( ! prolet>iat 9 ! "t ( ,trajan--= x 0 !n t ! ,*ur* fir/ came out into ! light--we may leave ! responsibility ) ,kal?(f4 ,b we mu/ inquire m closely h[ he br+s ! ,jewi% apocalyptic into contact ) ! ,roman prolet>iat4 ,communism1 he says1 0 common to bo?4 ,x 0 ! bond :i* unit$ ! apocalyptic 8o!rworldl9ess0 ) reality4 ,! only difficulty is t ,kal?(f omits to produce any pro( out ( ! ,jewi% apocalypses t communism 0 8! fundam5tal economic idea ( ! apocalyptic writ]s40 ,he op]ates f ! fir/ ) a special prep>ation ( apocalyptic ?\ght1 ( a sociali/ic or ,hell5i/ic "*4 ,messianism is suppos$ to h tak5 its rise f ! ,deut]onomic re=m z 8a social !ory :i* /rives to realise itself 9 practice40 ,! apocalyptic ( ,daniel arose1 accord+ to him1 "u ,platonic influ5ce4 8,! figure ( ! ,messiah ?us became a human figure2 x lo/ its specifically ,jewi% traits40 ,he is ! heav5ly prototypal ideal man4 ,along ) ?is ?\ght1 & simil>ly d]iv$ f ,plato1 ! conception ( immortality makes its appe>ance 9 apocalyptic47#bdd7 ,?is ,platonic apocalyptic nev] _h any exi/5ce1 or at lea/1 to speak ) ! utmo/ possible caution1 its exi/5ce mu/ n be ass]t$ 9 ! abs5ce ( all pro(4 ,b1 suppos+ x 7 admitt$ t ,jewi% apocalyptic _h "s aff9ity = ! ,hell5ic _w1 t x 0 ,platonic & communi/ic1 h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t ! ,gospels1 :i* describe ! g5esis ( ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ianity1 imply a ,galilaean & n a ,roman environm5t8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,kal?(f says1 !y d imply a ,roman environm5t4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,gospel hi/ory is laid 9 ,pale/9e1 b x is drawn 9 ,rome4 ,! agr>ian conditions impli$ 9 ! n>ratives & p>ables are ,roman4 ,a v9ey>d ) a w9epress ( its own c\ld only be f\nd1 accord+ to ,kal?(f1 on ! l>ge ,roman e/ates4 ,s1 too1 ! legal conditions4 ,! "r ( ! cr$itor to sell ! debtor1 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 is a feature ( ,roman1 n ( ,jewi% law4 ,pet] ev]y:]e symbolises ! ,*ur* at ,rome4 ,! confession ( ,pet] _h to be transf]r$ to ,caes>ea ,philippi because ?is t[n1 8z ! seat ( ! ,roman adm9i/ration10 symbolis$ = ,pale/9e ! political pres5ce ( ,rome4 ,! woman ) ! issue 0 p]haps ,poppaea ,sab9a1 ! wife ( ,n]o1 8:o 9 view ( h] /rong lean+ t[>ds ,judaism might well be describ$ 9 ! symbolical /yle ( ! apocalyptic writ+s z ! woman :o t\*$ ! hem ( ,jesus' g>m5t40 ,! /ory ( ! unfai?ful /ew>d alludes to ,pope ,callixtus1 :o1 :5 ! slave ( a ,*ri/ian 9 high position1 0 condemn$ to ! m9es = ! crime ( embezzlem5t2 t ( ! woman :o 0 a s9n] ref]s to ,m>cia1 ! p[]ful mi/ress ( ,commodus1 at ^: int]cession ,callixtus 0 releas$1 to be advanc$ soon aft]w>ds to ! bi%opric ( ,rome4 8,^! two n>ratives1 !re=e10 ,kal?(f sugge/s1 8:i* v cle>ly allude to ev5ts well kn[n at t "t1 & d\btless mu* discuss$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian community1 7 admitt$ into ! ,gospel to express ! views ( ! ,*ur* reg>d+ ! life/ory ( a ,roman bi%op :i* _h run its c\rse "u ! eyes ( ! community1 & !reby to give to ! ev5ts !mselves ! ,*ur*'s sanction & int]pretation40 ,kal?(f does n1 un=tunately1 m5tion :e!r ?is is a case ( simple1 +5u\s1 or ( consci\s1 didactic1 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian imag9ation4 ,t k9d ( criticism is a ca/+ out ( ,satan by ! aid ( ,beelzebub4 ,if he 0 go+ to inv5t on ?is scale1 ,kal?(f ne$ n h f\nd any difficulty 9 accept+ ! figure ( ,jesus evolv$ by mod]n !ology4 ,"o feels annoy$ ) him because1 :ile 8 !sis is +5i\s1 &1 z aga9/ 8mod]n !ology0 has a consid]able measure ( ju/ification1 he has work$ x out 9 s un9t]e/+ a fa%ion4 ,he has no "o b himself to blame = ! fact t in/ead ( lead+ to ! "r explanation1 x only introduc$ a we>isome & unproductive controv]sy47#bde7 ,9 ! end !re rema9s sc>cely a %ade ( di/9ction betwe5 ,kal?(f & 8 oppon5ts4 ,!y want to br+ _! 8hi/orical ,jesus0 into ! mid/ ( our "t4 ,he wants to d ! same ) 8 8,*ri/40 8,a secul>is$ ,*ri/10 he says1 8z ! type ( ! selfdet]m9$ man :o amid /rife & suff]+ c>ries ?r\gh victori\sly1 & fully realises1 ,8 own p]sonality 9 ord] to give ! inf9ite fullness ( love :i* ,he be>s )9 ,himself z a bless+ to mank9d--a ,*ri/ su* z t c awak5 to new life ! antique ,*ri/type ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he is no long] ! ,*ri/ ( ! s*ol>1 ( ! ab/ract !ological ?9k] ) 8 s*ola/ic rules & me?ods4 ,he is ! p's ,*ri/1 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ord9>y man1 ! figure 9 :i* all ^? p[]s ( ! human s\l :i* are mo/ natural & simple--& !re=e mo/ exalt$ & div9e--f9d an expression at once s5sible & spiritual40 ,b t is precisely ! description ( ! ,jesus ( mod]n hi/orical !ology2 :y1 !n1 make ?is long r\ndab\t ?r\gh scepticism8 ,! ,*ri/ ( ,kal?(f is no?+ else ?an ! ,jesus ( ^? :om he combats 9 su* a l(ty fa%ion2 ! only diff]5ce is t he draws 8 figure ( ,*ri/ 9 r$ ink on blott+pap]1 & because x is r$ 9 col\r & smudgy 9 outl9e1 wants to make out t x is some?+ new4 ,x is on e?ical gr\nds t ,edu>d von ,h>tmann7#bdf7 refuses to accept ! ,jesus ( mod]n !ology4 ,he f9ds fault ) x because 9 its anxiety to reta9 a p]sonality :i* w\ld be ( value to religion x does n suffici5tly di/+ui% betwe5 ! au!ntic & ! 8hi/orical0 ,jesus4 ,:5 criticism has remov$ ! pa9t+sov] & ret\*+s to :i* ?is au!ntic portrait ( ,jesus has be5 subject$1 x rea*es1 accord+ to him1 an unrecognisable pa9t+ bel[1 9 :i* x is impossible to discov] any cle> lik5ess1 lea/ ( all "o ( any religi\s use & value4 ,7 x n = ! t5acity & ! simple fidelity ( ! epic tradition1 no?+ :atev] w\ld h rema9$ ( ! hi/oric ,jesus4 ,:at has rema9$ is m]ely ( hi/orical & psy*ological int]e/4 ,at ,8 fir/ appe>ance ! hi/oric ,jesus 01 accord+ to ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 almo/ 8an imp]sonal be+10 s9ce ,he reg>d$ ,himself s exclusively z ! vehicle ( ,8 message t ,8 p]sonality h>dly came into ! "q4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 ,he develop$ a ta/e = glory & = wond]ful de$s1 & fell at la/ into a condition ( 8abnormal exaltation ( p]sonality40 ,9 ! end ,he decl>es ,himself to ,8 disciples & be=e ! c\ncil z ,messiah4 8,:5 ,he felt ,8 dea? draw+ nigh ,he /ruck ! balance ( ,8 life1 f\nd ,8 mission a failure1 ,8 p]son & ,8 cause ab&on$ by ,god1 & di$ ) ! unansw]$ "q on ,8 lips1 #8,my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8' 0 ,x is significant t ,edu>d von ,h>tmann has n fall5 into ! mi/ake ( ,s*op5hau] & _m o!r philosoph]s1 ( id5tify+ ! pessimism ( ,jesus ) ! ,indian speculative pessimism ( ,buddha4 ,! pessimism ( ,jesus1 he says1 is n metaphysical1 x is 8a pessimism ( indignation10 born ( ! intol]able social & political conditions ( ! "t4 ,von ,h>tmann also cle>ly recognises ! significance ( es*atology1 b he does n def9e its "* q correctly1 s9ce he bases 8 impressions solely on ! ,talmud1 h>dly mak+ any use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ( ,eno*1 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 ,b>u*1 or ,f\r? ,ezra4 ,he has an irritat+ way ( /ill us+ ! "n 8,jehovah40 ,l ,reim>us--von ,h>tmann's positions are simply mod]nis$ ,reim>us--he is anxi\s to %[ t ,*ri/ian !ology has lo/ ! "r 8to treat ! ideal ,k+dom ( ,god z belong+ to itself40 ,jesus & ,8 tea*+1 s f> z !y h be5 pres]v$1 belong to ,judaism4 ,8 e?ic is = u /range & full ( /umbl+blocks4 ,he despises "w1 prop]ty1 & ! duties ( family life4 ,8 gospel is fundam5tally plebeian1 & completely excludes ! idea ( any ari/ocracy except 9 s f> z x cons5ts to plebeianise itself1 & ?is is true n only z reg>ds ! ari/ocracy ( rank1 prop]ty1 & =tune1 b also ! ari/ocracy ( intellect4 ,von ,h>tmann _c resi/ ! temptation to accuse ,jesus ( 8,semitic h>%ness10 f9d+ ! evid5ce ( ?is *iefly 9 ,m>k iv4 #ab1 :]e ,jesus decl>es t ! purpose ( ,8 p>ables 0 to obscure ,8 tea*+ & cause ! he>ts ( ! p to be h>d5$4 ,8 judgm5t ^u ,jesus is3 8,he _h no g5ius1 b a c]ta9 tal5t :i*1 9 ! complete abs5ce ( any s\nd education1 produc$ 9 g5]al only mod]ate results1 & 0 n suffici5t to pres]ve ,him f num]\s weaknesses & s]i\s errors2 at he>t a fanatic & a transc5d5tal en?usia/1 :o 9 spite ( an inborn k9dl9ess ( disposition hates & despises ! _w & ev]y?+ x conta9s1 & holds any int]e/ 9 x to be injuri\s to ! sole true1 transc5d5tal int]e/2 an amiable & mode/ y\? :o1 ?r\gh a rem>kable concat5ation ( circum/ances arriv$ at ! idea1 :i* 0 at t "t epidemic17#bdg7 t ,he 0 ,himself ! expect$ ,messiah1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is met ,8 fate40 ,x is to be regrett$ t a m9d l ,edu>d von ,h>tmann's %\ld n h got beyond ! ext]nals ( ! hi/ory1 & made an ef=t to grasp ! simple & impressive greatness ( ! figure ( ,jesus 9 its es*atological sett+2 & t he %\ld imag9e he has dispos$ ( ! /rang5ess :i* he f9ds 9 ,jesus :5 he has made x z small z possible4 ,& yet 9 ano!r respect !re is some?+ satisfactory ab\t 8 book4 ,x is ! op5 /ruggle ( ! ,g]manic _s ) ,jesus4 ,9 ?is battle ! victory w re/ ) true greatness4 ,o!rs want$ to make peace be=e ! /ruggle1 or ?\ght t !ologians c\ld fight ! battle alone1 & sp>e _! contempor>ies ! d\bts ab\t ! hi/orical ,jesus ?r\gh :i* x 0 necess>y to pass 9 ord] to rea* ! et]nal ,jesus--& to ?is end !y kept prea*+ reconciliation :ile fight+ ! battle4 ,!y c\ld only prea* x on a basis ( po/ulates1 & po/ulates make poor prea*+6 ,?us1 ,jli*]1 = example1 9 8 late/ sket*es ( ! ,life ( ,jesus7#bdh7 di/+ui%es betwe5 8,jewi% & supra,jewi%0 9 ,jesus1 & holds t ,jesus transf]r$ ! ideal ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 8to ! solid gr\nd ( ! pres5t1 br++ x into ! c\rse ( hi/orical ev5ts10 & fur!r 8associat$ ) ! ,k+dom ( ,god0 ! idea ( developm5t :i* 0 utt]ly oppos$ to all ,jewi% ideas ab\t ! ,k+dom4 ,jli*] also desires to raise 8! /ronge/ prote/ aga9/ ! poor little def9ition ( ,8 prea*+ :i* makes x consi/ 9 no?+ fur!r ?an an ann\ncem5t ( ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom1 & an exhortation to ! rep5tance necess>y z a condition = atta9+ ! ,k+dom40 ,b :5 has a prote/ aga9/ ! pure tru? ( hi/ory ev] be5 ( any avail8 ,:y proclaim peace :]e !re is no peace1 & attempt to put back ! clock ( "t8 ,is x n en\gh t ,s*lei]ma*] & ,rits*l succe$$ aga9 & aga9 9 mak+ !ology s5d on e>? peace in/ead ( a sword1 & does n ! weakness ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght z comp>$ ) ! g5]al culture ( our "t result f ! fact t x did n face ! battle :5 x ought to h fac$ x1 b p]si/$ 9 appeal+ to a c\rt ( arbitration on :i* all ! sci5ces 7 repres5t$1 b :i* x _h successfully brib$ 9 advance8 ,n[ !re comes to jo9 ! philosoph]s a juri/4 ,h]r ,doctor jur4 ,de ,jonge l5ds 8 aid to ,edu>d von ,h>tmann 9 8de/roy+ ! ecclesia/ical10 & 8unveil+ ! ,jewi% picture ( ,jesus407#bdi7 ,de ,jonge is a ,jew by bir?1 baptiz$ 9 #ahhi1 :o on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #aijb aga9 sep>at$ himself f ! ,*ri/ian communion & 0 desir\s ( be+ receiv$ back 8) c]ta9 evangelical res]vations0 into ! ,jewi% community4 ,9 spite ( 8 fai?ful obs]vance ( ! ,law1 ?is 0 refus$4 ,n[ he is wait+ 8until 9 ! ,synagogue ( ! tw5tie? c5tury a fre$om ( consci5ce is accord$ to him equal to t :i* 9 ! fir/ c5tury 0 enjoy$ by ,john1 ! belov$ disciple ( ,jes*ua ( ,naz>e?40 ,9 ! meantime he beguiles ! p]iod ( wait+ by describ+ ,jesus & ,8 e>lie/ foll[]s 9 ! "* ( patt]n ,jews1 & sets !m to "w 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 8,jewi% views ) evangelical res]vations40 ,x is ! col\rless1 *>act]less ,jesus ( ! ,sup]9t5d5ts & ,konsi/orialrats :i* especially ar\ses 8 enmity4 ,) ?is figure he contra/s 8 own ,jesus1 ! man ( holy ang]1 ! man ( holy calm1 ! man ( holy melan*oly1 ! ma/] ( dialectic1 ! imp]i\s rul]1 ! man ( high gifts & practical ability1 ! man ( inexorable consi/5cy & re=m+ vig\r4 ,jesus 01 accord+ to ,de ,jonge1 a pupil ( ,hillel4 ,he dem&$ volunt>y pov]ty only 9 special cases1 n z a g5]al pr9ciple4 ,9 ! case ( ! ri* "y man1 ,he knew 8t ! prop]ty :i* he _h inh]it$ 0 d]iv$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case f impure s\rces :i* mu/ be cut (f at once & = ev]40 ,b h[ does ,de ,jonge "k t ,jesus knew ?is8 ,a writ] :o is attack+ ! common !ological picture ( ,jesus1 & :o displays 9 ! process1 z ,de ,jonge does1 n only wit & address1 b hi/orical intuition1 ought n to fall into ! error ( ! !ology ) :i* he is at feud2 he ought to use sob] hi/ory z 8 weapon aga9/ ! supplem5t>y k :i* 8 oppon5ts seem to f9d betwe5 ! l9es1 in/ead ( meet+ x ) an esot]ic hi/orical k ( 8 own4 ,de ,jonge kn[s t ,jesus possess$ prop]ty inh]it$ f ,8 fa!r3 8,"o pro( may s]ve :]e _m might be giv5--! ha/y flight into ,egypt ) 8 :ole family to escape f ,h]od1 & ! long soj\rn 9 t c\ntry40 ,de ,jonge kn[s--he is "h1 h[ev]1 foll[+ ! ,gospel ( ,john1 to :i* he ev]y:]e gives ! pref]5ce--t ,jesus 0 betwe5 =ty & fifty ye>s old at ! "t ( ,8 fir/ com+ =w>d publicly4 ,! /atem5t 9 ,luke iii4 #bc1 t ,he 0 ?irty ye>s old1 c only mislead ^? :o d n rememb] t ,luke 0 a portrait pa9t] & only meant t 8,jes*ua1 9 consequ5ce ( ,8 glori\s beauty & ,8 ev]y\?ful appe>ance1 look$ t5 ye>s y\ng] ?an ,he really 040 ,de ,jonge kn[s also t ,jesus1 at ! "t :5 ,he fir/ em]g$ f obscurity1 0 a wid[] & _h a little son--! 8lad0 ( ,john vi4 #i1 :o _h ! five b>ley loaves & two fi%es1 0 9 fact ,8 son4 ,?is & _m o!r ?+s ! au?or f9ds 9 8! glori\s ,john40 ,accord+ to ,de ,jonge too we ought to ?9k ( ,jesus z ! ari/ocratic ,jew1 m accu/om$ to a dress coat ?an to a workman's bl\se1 some?+ ( an exp]t1 z appe>s f "s ( ! p>ables1 9 matt]s ( ! table1 & conn+ ! m5u ) int]e/ :5 ,he d9$ ) 8privyf9ance c\ncillor0 ,zac*aeus4 ,b ?is is to mod]nise m di/ress+ly ?an ev5 ! !ologians6 ,de ,jonge's "osid$ pref]5ce = ! ,f\r? ,gospel is %>$ by ,kir*ba*'s book1 8,:at did ,jesus tea*807#bej7 b "h ev]y?+1 in/ead ( be+ judais$1 is spiritualis$4 ,kir*ba* does n seem to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,noack's 8,hi/ory ( ,jesus10 o!rwise he w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to repeat ! same exp]im5t )\t ! latt]'s t\* ( g5ius & ) mu* less skill & k4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus is int]pret$ on ! l9es ( ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,! say+1 8,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t10 is to be und]/ood z if x 7 d]iv$ f ! same sy/em ( ?\ght z ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason40 ,jesus always us$ ! words 8dea?0 & 8life0 9 a purely metaphorical s5se4 ,et]nal life is = ,him n a life 9 ano!r _w1 b 9 ! pres5t4 ,he speaks ( ,himself z ! ,son ( ,god1 n z ! ,jewi% ,messiah4 ,son ( ,man is only ! e?ical explanation ( ,son ( ,god4 ,! only reason :y a ,son(,man problem has aris51 is because ,mat!w translat$ ! anci5t t]m ,son ( ,man 9 ! orig9al collection ( ,logia 8) extreme lit]ality40 ,! great disc\rse ( ,matt4 xxiii4 ) its w>n+s & ?reat5+s is1 accord+ to ,kir*ba*1 m]ely 8a patriotic oration 9 :i* ,jesus gives expression 9 mov+ words to ,8 opposition to ! ,ph>isees & ,8 inborn love ( ,8 native l&40 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus is n ascetic1 x closely resembles ! real tea*+ ( ,epicurus1 8t is1 ! rejection ( all false metaphysics1 & ! result+ condition ( bless$ness1 ( mak>ia40 ,! only purpose ( ! dem& address$ to ! ri* "y man 0 to try him4 8,if ! y\?1 in/ead ( sl9k+ away deject$ly because he 0 call$ ^u to sell all 8 goods1 _h repli$1 confid5t 9 ! possession ( a ri* fund ( c\rage1 en]gy1 ability1 & k1 #8,"r gladly4 ,x w n g to my he>t to "p ) my little bit ( prop]ty2 if ,i'm n to h x1 :y !n ,i c d )\t x1' ! ,rabbi w\ld probably 9 t case n h tak5 him at 8 ^w1 b w\ld h said1 #8,"y man1 ,i l y4 ,y h a good *ance be=e y1 y may d some?+ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & 9 any case = ,my sake y may atta* y\rself to ,me by way ( trial4 ,we c talk ab\t y\r /ocks & bonds lat]4' 0 ,f9ally1 ,kir*ba* succe$s1 ?\gh only1 x mu/ be admitt$1 by ! aid ( "s r awkw>d phraseology1 9 spiritualis+ ,john vi4 8,x is n ! body10 he expla9s1 8( ! long dep>t$ ?9k]1 :o app>5tly atta*$ no importance :atev] to ! "q ( p]sonal survival1 t we1 :o und]/& ,him 9 ! "r ,greek s5se1 #8eat'2 9 ! s5se :i* ,he int5d$1 we eat & dr9k1 & absorb into ourselves1 ,8 tea*+1 ,8 _s1 ,8 sublime conception ( life1 by con/antly recall+ !m 9 connexion ) ! symbol ( bread & fle%1 ! symbol ( blood1 ! symbol ( wat]407#bea7 ,wor?less z ,kir*ba*'s ,life ( ,jesus is f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 x is q compreh5sible z a phase 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! mod]n view ( ! _w & ,jesus4 ,! aim ( ! "w is to reta9 ,8 significance = a metaphysical & nonascetic "t2 & s9ce x is n possible to d ?is 9 ! case ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 ! au?or d5ies ,8 exi/5ce 9 fav\r ( an apocryphal ,jesus4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,life(,jesus lit]ature on ! ?re%old ( ! new c5tury ev5 9 ! productions ( pr(ess$ly hi/orical & sci5tific !ology1 to subord9ate ! hi/orical int]e/ to ! int]e/ ( ! g5]al _wview4 ,& ^? :o 8wre/ ! ,k+dom ( ,heav50 are beg9n+ to wre/ ,jesus ,himself along ) x4 ,m5 :o h no qualifications = ! task1 ^: ignorance is no?+ less ?an crim9al1 :o l(tily ana!matise sci5tific !ology in/ead ( mak+ !mselves 9 "s measure acqua9t$ ) ! rese>*es :i* x has c>ri$ out1 feel impell$ to write a ,life ( ,jesus1 9 ord] to set =? _! g5]al religi\s view 9 a portrait ( ,jesus :i* has n ! fa9te/ claim to be hi/orical1 & ! mo/ f>fet*$ ( ^! f9d fav\r1 & are eag]ly absorb$ by ! multitude4 ,x w\ld be some?+ to be ?ankful = if all ^! ,lives ( ,jesus 7 bas$ on z def9ite an idea & z acute hi/orical obs]vation z we f9d 9 ,alb]t ,dulk's 8,! ,error ( ! ,life ( ,jesus407#beb7 ,9 ,dulk ! /ory ( ! fate ( ,jesus is also ! /ory ( ! fate ( religion4 ,! ,galilaean tea*]1 ^: true "* 0 m>k$ by deep religi\s inw>dness1 0 doom$ to de/ruction f ! mom5t :5 ,he set ,himself ^u ! dizzy heights ( ! div9e son%ip & ! es*atological expectation4 ,he di$ 9 despair1 hav+ va9ly expect$1 d[n to ! v la/1 a 8telegram f heav540 ,religion z a :ole c only avoid ! same fate by r5\nc+ all transc5d5tal elem5ts4 ,! va/ numb]s ( imag9ative ,lives ( ,jesus %r9k into rem>kably small compass on a close exam9ation4 ,:5 "o kn[s two or ?ree ( !m1 "o kn[s !m all4 ,!y h sc>cely alt]$ s9ce ,v5tur9i's "t1 except t "s ( ! cures p]=m$ by ,jesus are h&l$ 9 ! mod]n ,lives f ! po9t ( view ( ! rec5t inve/igations 9 hypnotism & sugge/ion47#bec7 ,accord+ to ,paul de ,rgla7#bed7 ,jesus 0 born out ( w$lock4 ,joseph1 h[ev]1 gave %elt] & protection to ! "m4 ,de ,rgla dwells on ! beauty ( ! *ild4 8,8 eyes 7 n exceptionally l>ge1 b 7 wellop5$1 & 7 %ad$ by long1 silky1 d>kbr[n eyela%es1 & r deepset4 ,!y 7 ( a bluegrey col\r1 :i* *ang$ ) *ang+ emotions1 tak+ on v>i\s %ades1 especially blue & br[ni% grey40 ,he & ,8 disciples 7 ,ess5es1 z 0 also ! ,bapti/4 ,t implies t ,he 0 no long] a ,jew 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,8 prea*+ dealt ) ! rights ( man1 & put =w>d sociali/ic & communi/ic dem&s3 ,8 religion 9 ! pure consci\sness ( communion ) ,god4 ,) es*atology ,he _h no?+ :atev] to d1 x 0 fir/ int]polat$ into ,8 tea*+ by ,mat!w4 ,! miracles are all to be expla9$ by sugge/ion & hypnotism4 ,at ! m>riage at ,cana1 ,jesus notic$ t ! gue/s 7 tak+ too mu*1 & !re=e secretly bade ! s]vants p\r out wat] in/ead ( w9e :ile ,he ,himself said1 8,dr9k1 ?is is bett] w9e40 ,9 ?is way ,he succe$$ 9 sugge/+ to a "p ( ! company t !y 7 really dr9k+ w9e4 ,! fe$+ ( ! multitude is expla9$ by /rik+ out a c\ple ( n\ghts f ! numb]s2 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us by suppos+ x a case ( premature burial4 ,jesus ,himself :5 tak5 d[n f ! cross 0 n dead1 & ! ,ess5es succe$$ 9 reanimat+ ,him4 ,8 "w is inspir$ ) hatr$ aga9/ ,ca?olicism1 b ) a real rev]5ce = ,jesus4 ,ano!r m]e v>iant ( ! plan ( ,v5tur9i is ! fictiti\s ,life ( ,jesus ( ,pi]re ,nahor47#bee7 ,! s5tim5tal descriptions ( nature & ! long dialogues *>act]i/ic ( ! ,lives ( ,jesus ( a hundr$ ye>s ago are "h aga9 9 full =ce4 ,aft] ,john _h already begun to prea* 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ,jesus1 9 company ) a di/+ui%$ ,brahm9 :o possess$ prop]ty at ,naz>e? & _h an influ5tial foll[+ 9 ,j]usalem1 made a j\rney to ,egypt & 0 !re indoctr9at$ into all k9ds ( ,egyptian1 ,ess5e1 & ,indian philosophy1 ?us giv+ ! au?or1 or r ! au?oress1 an opportunity to develop h] ideas on ! philosophy ( religion 9 didactic dialogues4 ,:5 ,he soon aft]w>ds beg9s to "w 9 ,galilee ! "y tea*] is mu* aid$ by ! fact t1 at ! in/ance ( ,8 fell[travell]1 ,he _h acquir$ f ,egyptian m5dicants a practical acqua9tance ) ! secrets ( hypnotism4 ,by ,8 skill ,he heal$ ,m>y ( ,magdala1 a di/+ui%$ c\rtesan ( ,tib]ias4 ,!y _h met be=e at ,alex&ria4 ,aft] be+ cur$ %e left ,tib]ias & w5t to live 9 a small h\se1 inh]it$ f h] "m1 at ,magdala4 ,jesus ,himself nev] w5t to ,tib]ias1 b ! social _w ( t place took an int]e/ 9 ,him1 & (t5 _h itself r[$ to ! bea* :5 ,he 0 prea*+4 ,ri* & pi\s ladies us$ to inquire ( ,him :]e ,he ?\ght ( prea*+ to ! p on a giv5 day1 & s5t baskets ( bread & dri$ fi% to ! spot :i* ,he indicat$1 t ! multitude might n suff] hung]4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! /ories ab\t ! fe$+ ( ! multitudes2 ! p _h no idea :5ce ,jesus sudd5ly obta9$ ! supplies :i* ,he caus$ ,8 disciples to di/ribute4 ,:5 he became aw>e t ! prie/s _h resolv$ ^u ,8 dea?1 ,he made ,8 fri5d ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 a lead+ man among ! ,ess5es1 promise t he w\ld take ,him d[n f ! cross z soon z possible & lay ,him 9 ! grave )\t o!r witnesses4 ,only ,nicodemus 0 to be pres5t4 ,on ! cross ,he put ,himself into a cataleptic trance2 ,he 0 tak5 d[n f ! cross seem+ly dead1 & came to ,himself aga9 9 ! grave4 ,aft] appe>+ sev]al times to ,8 disciples he set out = ,naz>e? & dragg$ ,8 way pa9fully ?i!r4 ,) a la/ ef=t ,he rea*es ! h\se ( ,8 my/]i\s old ,indian tea*]4 ,at ! door ,he falls helpless1 j z ! morn+ dawns4 ,! old slavewoman recognises ,him & c>ries ,him into ! h\se1 :]e ,he dies4 8,! s]5e solemn night )drew & day broke 9 bl9d+ spl5d\r beh9d ,tib]ias40 ,nikolas ,not[its*7#bef7 f9ds 9 ,luke i4 #hj 78,& ! *ild grew 444 & 0 9 ! des]ts until ! day ( 8 %ew+ unto ,israel07 a 8gap 9 ! life ( ,jesus10 9 spite ( ! fact t ?is passage ref]s to ! ,bapti/1 & proposes to fill x by putt+ ,jesus to s*ool ) ! ,brahm9s & ,buddhi/s f ,8 ?irte5? to ,8 tw5tyn9? ye>4 ,z evid5ce = ?is he ref]s to /atem5ts ab\t ,buddhi/ wor%ip ( a c]ta9 ,issa :i* he pr(esses to h f\nd 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,little ,?ibet4 ,! :ole ?+ is1 z 0 %[n by ! exp]ts1 a b>efac$ sw9dle & an impud5t inv5tion4 ,to ! fictiti\s ,lives ( ,jesus belong also 9 ! ma9 ! !osophical 8,lives10 :i* equally play fa/ & loose ) ! hi/ory1 ?\gh "h ) a view to prov+ t ,jesus _h absorb$ ! ,egyptian & ,indian !osophy1 & _h be5 indoctr9at$ ) 8occult sci5ce40 ,! !osophi/s1 h[ev]1 h ! advantage ( escap+ ! dilemma betwe5 reanimation aft] a trance & resurrection1 s9ce !y are conv9c$ t x 0 possible = ,jesus to reassume ,8 body aft] ,he _h really di$4 ,b 9 ! t\*+ up & embelli%m5t ( ! ,gospel n>ratives !y outd ev5 ! romanc]s4 ,erne/ ,bosc17#beg7 writ+ z a !osophi/1 makes x ! *ief aim ( 8 "w to describe ! ori5tal orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & v5tures to ass]t t ,jesus 0 n a ,semite1 b an ,aryan4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel is1 ( c\rse1 ! basis ( 8 repres5tation4 ,he does n hesitate1 h[ev]1 to appeal also to ! anonym\s 8,revelations0 publi%$ 9 #ahdi1 :i* are a m]e plagi>ism f ,v5tur9i4 ,a "w :i* is writt5 ) "s ability & ) mu* out(!way le>n+ is 8,did ,jesus live #ajj ,b4,c4807#beh7 ,! au?or comp>es ! ,*ri/ian tradition ) ! ,jewi%1 & f9ds 9 ! latt] a rem9isc5ce ( a ,jesus :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ,jannaeus 7#ajdgf ,b4,c474 ,?is p]son 0 transf]r$ by ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/ to ! lat] p]iod1 ! attempt be+ facilitat$ by ! fact t dur+ ! procurator%ip ( ,pilate a false prophet _h attract$ "s att5tion4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 only pr(esses to (f] x z a hypo!sis1 & apologises 9 advance = ! (f5ce :i* x is likely to cause4 ,,xix4 ,,?or\ghgo+ ,,scepticism ,,& ,,?or\ghgo+ ,,es*atology ,w4 ,wr$e4 ,das ,messiasgeheimnis 9 d5 ,evangeli54 ,zuglei* e9 ,beitrag zum ,v]/ndnis des ,m>kusevangeliums4 7,! ,messianic ,secret 9 ! ,gospels4 ,=m+ a contribution also to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k47 ,gtt+51 #aija4 #bhf pp4 ,alb]t ,s*weitz]4 ,das ,messianitts und ,leid5sgeheimnis4 ,e9e ,skizze des ,leb5s ,jesu4 7,! ,secret ( ! ,messiah%ip & ! ,passion4 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,tb+5 & ,leipzig1 #aija4 #aji pp4 ,! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! "w ( ,wr$e7#bei7 & ! 8,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus0 is n m surpris+ 9 reg>d to ! "t ( _! appe>ance ?an 9 reg>d to ! "* ( _! cont5ts4 ,!y appe>$ ^u ! selfsame day1 _! titles are almo/ id5tical1 & _! agreem5t 9 ! criticism ( ! mod]n hi/orical conception ( ! life ( ,jesus ext5ds sometimes to ! v phraseology4 ,& yet !y are writt5 f q diff]5t /&po9ts1 "o f ! po9t ( view ( lit]>y criticism1 ! o!r f t ( ! hi/orical recognition ( es*atology4 ,x seems to be ! fate ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis t at ! decisive p]iods its problems %\ld always be attack$ simultane\sly & indep5d5tly f ! lit]>y & ! hi/orical sides1 & ! results decl>$ 9 two diff]5t =ms :i* corroborate ea* o!r4 ,s x 0 9 ! case ( ,weisse & ,wilke2 s x is aga9 n[1 :51 reta9+ ! assumption ( ! priority ( ,m>k1 ! hi/oricity ( ! hi!rto accept$ view ( ! life ( ,jesus1 bas$ ^u ! ,m>can n>rative1 is call$ 9 "q4 ,! mean+ ( t is t ! lit]>y & ! es*atological view1 :i* h hi!rto be5 m>*+ p>allel1 on ei!r flank1 to ! advance ( mod]n !ology1 h n[ unit$ _! =ces1 br\ght !ology to a halt1 surr\nd$ x1 & compell$ x to give battle4 ,t 9 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s s mu* has be5 writt5 9 :i* ?is envelop+ movem5t has be5 ignor$ does n alt] ! real position ( mod]n hi/orical !ology 9 ! lea/4 ,! fact is des]v+ ( notice t dur+ ?is p]iod ! /udy ( ! subject has n made a /ep 9 advance1 b has kept mov+ to & fro ^u ! old l9es ) we>isome it]ation1 & has ?r[n itself ) excessive zeal into ! "w ( popul>isation1 simply because x 0 incapable ( advanc+4 ,& ev5 if x pr(esses gratitude to ,wr$e = ! v int]e/+ hi/orical po9t :i* he has br\ght into ! discussion1 & is also will+ to admit t ?or\ghgo+ es*atology has advanc$ ! solution ( _m problems1 ^! are m]e demon/rations :i* are q inadequate to raise ! blockade ( mod]n !ology by ! alli$ =ces4 ,suppos+ t only a half--nay1 only a ?ird--( ! critical argum5ts :i* are common to ,wr$e & ! 8,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus0 are s\nd1 !n ! mod]n hi/orical view ( ! hi/ory is :olly ru9$4 ,! read] ( ,wr$e's book _c help feel+ t "h no qu>t] is giv52 & any "o :o goes c>efully ?r\gh ! pres5t writ]'s 8,sket*0 mu/ come to see t betwe5 ! mod]n hi/orical & ! es*atological ,life ( ,jesus no compromise is possible4 ,?or\ghgo+ scepticism & ?or\ghgo+ es*atology may1 9 _! union1 ei!r de/roy1 or be de/roy$ by mod]n hi/orical !ology2 b !y _c comb9e ) x & enable x to advance1 any m ?an !y c be advanc$ by x4 ,we are confront$ ) a decisive issue4 ,z ) ,/rauss's 8,life ( ,jesus10 s ) ! surpris+ agreem5t 9 ! critical basis ( ^! two s*ools--we are n "h consid]+ ! respective solutions :i* !y (f]--!re has ent]$ into ! doma9 ( ! !ology ( ! day a =ce ) :i* x _c possibly ally itself4 ,its :ole t]ritory is ?reat5$4 ,x mu/ ei!r reconqu] x /ep by /ep or else surr5d] x4 ,x has no long] ! "r to advance a s+le ass]tion until x has tak5 up a def9ite position 9 reg>d to ! fundam5tal que/ions rais$ by ! new criticism4 ,mod]n hi/orical !ology is no d\bt /ill f> f recognis+ ?is4 ,x is w>n$ t ! dyke is lett+ 9 wat] & s5ds a c\ple ( masons to repair ! leak2 z if ! leak did n mean t ! :ole masonry is und]m9$1 & mu/ be rebuilt f ! f\ndation4 ,to v>y ! metaphor1 !ology comes home to f9d ! brok]'s m>ks on all ! furniture & goes on z be=e q com=tably1 ignor+ ! fact x w lose ev]y?+ if x does n pay its debts4 ,! critical objections :i* ,wr$e & ! 8,sket*0 agree 9 br++ aga9/ ! mod]n treatm5t ( ! subject are z foll[s4 ,9 ord] to f9d 9 ,m>k ! ,life ( ,jesus ( :i* x is 9 se>*1 mod]n !ology is oblig$ to read betwe5 ! l9es a :ole ho/ ( ?+s1 & ^? (t5 ! mo/ important1 & !n to foi/ !m ^u ! text by means ( psy*ological conjecture4 ,x is det]m9$ to f9d evid5ce 9 ,m>k ( a developm5t ( ,jesus1 a developm5t ( ! disciples1 & a developm5t ( ! out] circum/ances2 & pr(esses 9 s do+ to be only reproduc+ ! views & indications ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re is n a ^w ( all ?is 9 ! ,evangeli/1 & :5 8 int]pret]s are ask$ :at are ! h9ts & indications on :i* !y base _! ass]tions !y h no?+ to (f] save argum5ta e sil5tio4 ,m>k kn[s no?+ ( any developm5t 9 ,jesus2 he kn[s no?+ ( any pa$agogic consid]ations :i* are suppos$ to h det]m9$ ! conduct ( ,jesus t[>ds ! disciples & ! p2 he kn[s no?+ ( any conflict 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus betwe5 a spiritual & a popul>1 political ,messianic ideal2 he does n "k1 ei!r1 t 9 ?is respect !re 0 any diff]5ce betwe5 ! view ( ,jesus & t ( ! p2 he kn[s no?+ ( ! idea t ! use ( ! ass at ! triumphal entry symbolis$ a nonpolitical ,messiah%ip2 he kn[s no?+ ( ! idea t ! "q ab\t ! ,messiah's be+ ! ,son ( ,david _h some?+ to d ) ?is alt]native betwe5 political & nonpolitical2 he does n "k1 ei!r1 t ,jesus expla9$ ! secret ( ! passion to ! disciples1 nor t !y _h any und]/&+ ( x2 he only kn[s t f fir/ to la/ !y 7 9 all respects equally want+ 9 und]/&+2 he does n "k t ! fir/ p]iod 0 a p]iod ( success & ! second a p]iod ( failure2 he repres5ts ! ,ph>isees & ,h]odians z 7f iii4 #f onw>ds7 resolv$ ^u ! dea? ( ,jesus1 :ile ! p1 d[n to ! v la/ day :5 ,he prea*$ 9 ! temple1 are en?usia/ically loyal to ,him4 ,all ^! ?+s ( :i* ! ,evangeli/ says no?+--& !y are ! f\ndations ( ! mod]n view--%\ld fir/ be prov$1 if prov$ !y c be2 !y ought n to be simply read into ! text z some?+ self evid5t4 ,= x is j ^? ?+s :i* appe> s selfevid5t to ! prevail+ critical temp] :i* are 9 reality ! lea/ evid5t ( all4 ,ano!r hi!rto selfevid5t po9t--! 8hi/orical k]nel0 :i* x has be5 cu/om>y to extract f ! n>ratives--mu/ be giv5 up1 until x is prov$1 if x is capable ( pro(1 t we c & ought to di/+ui% betwe5 ! k]nel & ! husk4 ,we may take all t is report$ z ei!r hi/orical or unhi/orical1 b1 9 respect ( ! def9ite pr$ictions ( ! passion1 dea?1 & resurrection1 we ought to give up tak+ ! ref]5ce to ! passion z hi/orical & lett+ ! re/ g2 we may accept ! idea ( ! aton+ dea?1 or we may reject x1 b we ought n to ascribe to ,jesus a feeble1 anaemic v]sion ( ?is idea1 :ile sett+ d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! ,paul9e !ology ! int]pretation ( ! passion :i* we actually f9d 9 ,m>k4 ,:atev] ! results obta9$ by ! aid ( ! hi/orical k]nel1 ! me?od pursu$ is ! same2 8x is deta*$ f its context & trans=m$ into some?+ diff]5t40 8,x f9ally comes to ?is10 says ,wr$e1 8t ea* critic reta9s :atev] portion ( ! traditional say+s c be fitt$ into 8 con/ruction ( ! facts & 8 conception ( hi/orical possibility & rejects ! re/40 ,! psy*ological explanation ( motive1 & ! psy*ological connexion ( ! ev5ts & actions :i* su* critics h propos$ to f9d 9 ,m>k1 simply d n exi/4 ,t be+ s1 no?+ is to be made out ( 8 acc\nt by ! application ( a priori psy*ology4 ,a va/ quantity ( treasures ( s*ol>%ip & erudition1 ( art & artifice1 :i* ! ,m>can hypo!sis has ga!r$ into its /oreh\se 9 ! two g5]ations ( its exi/5ce to aid x 9 con/ruct+ its life ( ,jesus has become wor?less1 & c be ( no fur!r s]vice to true hi/orical rese>*4 ,!ology has be5 simplifi$4 ,:at w\ld become ( x if t did n happ5 e hundr$ ye>s or s8 ,& ! simplification 0 badly ne$$1 = no "o s9ce ,/rauss _h cle>$ away its imp$im5ta4 ,?or\ghgo+ scepticism & ?or\ghgo+ es*atology1 betwe5 !m1 are compell+ !ology to read ! ,m>can text aga9 ) simplicity ( m9d4 ,! simplicity consi/s 9 disp5s+ ) ! connect+ l9ks :i* x has be5 accu/om$ to discov] betwe5 ! sections ( ! n>rative 7p]icopes71 9 look+ at ea* "o sep>ately1 & recognis+ t x is difficult to pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,! mat]ial ) :i* x has hi!rto be5 usual to sold] ! sections toge!r into a life ( ,jesus w n /& ! temp]ature te/4 ,expos$ to ! cold air ( critical scepticism x cracks2 :5 ! furnace ( es*atology is heat$ to a c]ta9 po9t ! sold]+s melt4 ,9 bo? cases ! sections all fall ap>t4 ,=m]ly x 0 possible to book ?r\ghtickets at ! supplem5t>y psy*ologicalk (fice :i* enabl$ ^? travell+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,life(,jesus con/ruction to use express tra9s1 ?us avoid+ ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ to /op at e little /ation1 *ange1 & run ! risk ( miss+ _! connexion4 ,?is ticket (fice is n[ clos$4 ,!re is a /ation at ! end ( ea* section ( ! n>rative1 & ! connexions are n gu>ante$4 ,! fact is1 x is n simply t !re is no v obvi\s psy*ological connexion betwe5 ! sections2 9 almo/ e case !re is a positive break 9 ! connexion4 ,& !re is a great deal 9 ! ,m>can n>rative :i* is inexplicable & ev5 selfcontradictory4 ,9 _! /atem5t ( ! problems rais$ by ?is want ( connexion ,wr$e & ! 8,sket*0 are 9 ! mo/ exact agreem5t4 ,t ^! difficulties are n artificially con/ruct$ has be5 %[n by our survey ( ! hi/ory ( ! attempts to write ! ,life ( ,jesus1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ^! problems em]ge "o aft] ano!r1 aft] ,bruno ,bau] _h by anticipation grasp$ !m all 9 _! complexity4 ,h[ d ! demoniacs "k t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god8 ,:y does ! bl9d man at ,j]i*o address ,him z ! ,son ( ,david1 :5 no "o else kn[s ,8 ,messianic dignity8 ,h[ 0 x t ^! occurr5ces did n give a new direction to ! ?\ghts ( ! p 9 reg>d to ,jesus8 ,h[ did ! ,messianic entry come ab\t8 ,h[ 0 x possible )\t provok+ ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,roman g>rison ( occupation8 ,:y is x z completely ignor$ 9 ! subsequ5t controv]sies z if _h nev] tak5 place8 ,:y 0 x n br\ght up at ! trial ( ,jesus8 8,! ,messianic acclamation at ! entry into ,j]usalem10 says ,wr$e1 8is 9 ,m>k q an isolat$ incid5t4 ,x has no sequel1 nei!r is !re any prep>ation = x be=eh&40 ,:y does ,jesus 9 ,m>k iv4 #ajab speak ( ! p>abolic =m ( disc\rse z design$ to conceal ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 :]eas ! explanation :i* ,he proce$s to give to ! disciples has no?+ my/]i\s ab\t x8 ,:at is ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god8 ,:y does ,jesus =bid ,8 miracles to be made kn[n ev5 9 cases :]e !re is no app>5t purpose = ! prohibition8 ,:y is ,8 ,messiah%ip a secret & yet no secret1 s9ce x is kn[n1 n only to ! disciples1 b to ! demoniacs1 ! bl9d man at ,j]i*o1 ! multitude at ,j]usalem--:i* mu/1 z ,bruno ,bau] expresses x1 8h fall5 f heav50--& to ! ,high ,prie/8 ,:y does ,jesus fir/ reveal ,8 ,messiah%ip to ! disciples at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 n at ! mom5t :5 ,he s5ds !m =? to prea*8 ,h[ does ,pet] "k )\t hav+ be5 told by ,jesus t ! ,messiah%ip belongs to 8 ,ma/]8 ,:y mu/ x rema9 a secret until ! 8resurrection08 ,:y does ,jesus indicate ,8 ,messiah%ip only by ! title ,son ( ,man8 ,& :y is x t ?is title is s f> f prom95t 9 primitive ,*ri/ian !ology8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t t ,jesus at ,j]usalem discov]$ a difficulty 9 ! fact t ! ,messiah 0 describ$ z at once ,david's son & ,david's ,"l8 ,h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t ,jesus _h to op5 ! eyes ( ! p to ! greatness ( ! ,bapti/'s (fice1 subsequ5tly to ! mission ( ! ,twelve1 & to enlight5 ! disciples !mselves 9 reg>d to x dur+ ! desc5t f ! m\nt ( transfiguration8 ,:y %\ld ?is be describ$ 9 ,matt4 xi4 #ad & #ae z a my/]y difficult to grasp 78,if ye c receive x0 444 8,he t ha? e>s to he>1 let him he>078 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! say+ t he t is lea/ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is great] ?an ! ,bapti/8 ,does ! ,bapti/1 !n1 n ent] into ! ,k+dom ( ,heav58 ,h[ is ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 subject$ to viol5ce s9ce ! days ( ! ,bapti/8 ,:o are ! viol5t8 ,:at is ! ,bapti/ int5d$ to und]/& f ! answ] ( ,jesus8 ,:at importance 0 atta*$ to ! miracles by ,jesus ,himself8 ,:at (fice mu/ !y h caus$ ! p to attribute to ,him8 ,:y is ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ out ( ! ,twelve fill$ ) pr$ictions ( p]secutions :i* exp]i5ce _h giv5 no reason to anticipate1 & :i* did n1 z a matt] ( fact1 occur8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! say+ 9 ,matt4 x4 #bc ab\t ! imm95t com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man1 see+ t ! disciples aft] all return$ to ,jesus )\t its be+ fulfill$8 ,:y does ,jesus leave ! p j :5 ,8 "w among !m is mo/ successful1 & j\rney nor?w>ds8 ,:y _h ,he1 imm$iately aft] ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve1 manife/$ a desire to )draw ,himself f ! multitude :o 7 long+ = salvation8 ,h[ does ! multitude m5tion$ 9 ,m>k viii4 #cd sudd5ly appe> at ,caes>ea ,philippi8 ,:y is its pres5ce no long] impli$ 9 ,m>k ix4 #cj8 ,h[ c\ld ,jesus possibly h travell$ unrecognis$ ?r\gh ,galilee1 & h[ c\ld ,he h avoid$ be+ ?rong$ 9 ,cap]naum al?\gh ,he /ay$ at 8! h\se08 ,h[ came ,he s sudd5ly to speak to ,8 disciples ( ,8 suff]+ & dy+ & ris+ aga91 )\t1 moreov]1 expla9+ to !m ei!r ! natural or ! moral 8:]e=e08 8,!re is no trace ( any attempt on ! "p ( ,jesus10 says ,wr$e1 8to break ?is /range ?\ght gradually to ,8 disciples 444 ! pr$iction is always flung d[n be=e ! disciples )\t prep>ation1 x is1 9 fact1 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ^! say+s t all attempt to aid ! und]/&+ ( ! disciples is lack+40 ,did ,jesus j\rney to ,j]usalem ) ! purpose ( work+ !re1 or ( dy+ !re8 ,h[ comes x t 9 ,m>k x4 #ci1 ,he holds out to ! sons ( ,zeb$ee ! prospect ( dr9k+ ,8 cup & be+ baptiz$ ) ,8 baptism8 ,& h[ c ,he1 aft] speak+ s decid$ly ( ! necessity ( ,8 dea?1 ?9k x possible 9 ,ge?semane t ! cup might yet pass f ,him8 ,:o are ! undef9$ 8_m10 = :om1 accord+ to ,m>k x4 #de & xiv4 #bd1 ,8 dea? %all s]ve z a ransom87#bfj7 ,h[ came x t ,jesus alone 0 arre/$8 ,:y 7 no witnesses call$ at ,8 trial to te/ify t ,he _h giv5 ,himself out to be ! ,messiah8 ,h[ is x t on ! morn+ aft] ,8 arre/ ! temp] ( ! multitude seems to be completely *ang$1 s t no "o /irs a f+] to help ,him8 ,9 :at =m does ,jesus conceive ! resurrection1 :i* ,he promises to ,8 disciples1 to be comb9$ ) ! com+ on ! cl\ds ( heav51 to :i* ,he po9ts ,8 judge8 ,9 :at relation d ^! pr$ictions /& to ! prospect held out at ! "t ( ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve1 b n realiz$1 ( ! imm$iate appe>ance ( ! ,son ( ,man8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! fur!r pr$iction on ! way to ,ge?semane 7,m>k xiv4 #bh7 t aft] ,8 resurrection ,he w g be=e ! disciples into ,galilee8 ,h[ is ! o!r v]sion ( ?is say+ 7,m>k xvi4 #g7 to be expla9$1 accord+ to :i* x means1 z spok5 by ! angel1 t ! disciples are to j\rney to ,galilee to h _! fir/ meet+ ) ! ris5 ,jesus !re1 :]eas1 on ! lips ( ,jesus1 x betok5$ t1 j z n[ z a suff]] ,he 0 go+ be=e !m f ,galilee to ,j]usalem1 s1 aft] ,8 resurrection1 ,he w\ld g be=e !m f ,j]usalem to ,galilee8 ,& :at 0 to happ5 !re8 ,^! problems 7 cov]$ up by ! naturali/ic psy*ology z by a light sn[drift4 ,! sn[ has melt$1 & !y n[ /& out f ! n>ratives l black po9ts ( rock4 ,x is no long] all[able to avoid ^! que/ions1 or to solve !m1 ea* by itself1 by s(t5+ !m d[n & giv+ !m an int]pretation by :i* ! report$ facts acquire a q diff]5t significance f t :i* !y be> = ! ,evangeli/4 ,ei!r ! ,m>can text z x /&s is hi/orical1 & !re=e to be reta9$1 or x is n1 & !n x %\ld be giv5 up4 ,:at is really unhi/orical is any s(t5+ d[n ( ! word+1 & ! mean+ :i* x naturally be>s4 ,! sceptical & es*atological s*ools1 h[ev]1 g /ill f>!r 9 company4 ,if ! connexion 9 ,m>k is really no connexion1 x is important to try to discov] :e!r any pr9ciple c be discov]$ 9 ?is want ( connexion4 ,c any ord] be br\ght into ! *aos8 ,to ?is ! answ] is 9 ! affirmative4 ,! complete want ( connexion1 ) all its selfcontradictions1 is ultimately due to ! fact t two repres5tations ( ! life ( ,jesus1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( ,8 public m9i/ry1 are "h cru%$ into "o2 a natural & a delib]ately sup]natural repres5tation4 ,a dogmatic elem5t has intrud$ itself into ! description ( ?is ,life--some?+ :i* has no conc]n ) ! ev5ts :i* =m ! outw>d c\rse ( t ,life4 ,?is dogmatic elem5t is ! ,messianic secret ( ,jesus & all ! secrets & concealm5ts :i* g along ) x4 ,h5ce ! irrational & selfcontradictory features ( ! pres5tation ( ,jesus1 out ( :i* a rational psy*ology c make only some?+ :i* is unhi/orical & does viol5ce to ! text1 s9ce x mu/ necess>ily get rid ( ! con/ant want ( connexion & selfcontradiction :i* belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! n>rative1 & portray a ,jesus :o 0 ! ,messiah1 n "o :o at once 0 & 0 n ,messiah1 z ! ,evangeli/ depicts ,him4 ,:5 rational psy*ology conceives ,him z "o :o 0 ,messiah1 b n 9 ! s5se expect$ by ! p1 t is a concession to ! selfcontradictions ( ! ,m>can repres5tation2 :i*1 h[ev]1 does ju/ice nei!r to ! text nor to ! hi/ory :i* x records1 s9ce ! ,gospel does n conta9 ! fa9te/ h9t t ! contradiction 0 ( ?is nature4 ,up to ?is po9t--up to ! complete recon/ruction ( ! sy/em :i* runs ?r\gh ! disconnect$ness1 & ! trac+ back ( ! dogmatic elem5t to ! ,messianic secret--!re ext5ds a close agreem5t betwe5 ?or\ghgo+ scepticism & ?or\ghgo+ es*atology4 ,! critical argum5ts are id5tical1 ! con/ruction is analog\s & bas$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! def5d]s ( ! mod]n psy*ological view _c1 !re=e1 play (f "o s*ool aga9/ ! o!r1 z "o ( !m propos$ to d1 b mu/ deal ) !m bo? at once4 ,!y diff] only :5 !y expla9 :5ce ! sy/em t runs ?r\gh ! disconnect$ness comes4 ,"h ! ways divide1 z ,bau] saw long ago4 ,! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! public life ( ,jesus & ,8 ,messianic claim lies ei!r 9 ! nature ( ! ,jewi% ,messianic conception1 or 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,!re is1 on ! "o h&1 ! es*atological solution1 :i* at "o /roke raises ! ,m>can acc\nt z x /&s1 ) all its disconnect$ness & inconsi/5cies1 into g5u9e hi/ory2 & !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 ! lit]>y solution1 :i* reg>ds ! incongru\s dogmatic elem5t z int]polat$ by ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/ into ! tradition & !re=e /rikes out ! ,messianic claim altoge!r f ! hi/orical ,life ( ,jesus4 ,t]tium non datur4 ,b 9 "s respects x really h>dly matt]s :i* ( ! two 8solutions0 "o adopts4 ,!y are bo? m]ely wood5 t[]s erect$ ^u ! solid ma9 build+ ( ! cons5ti5t critical induction :i* (f]s ! enigmas detail$ above to mod]n hi/orical !ology4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ?is connexion t ,wr$e's scepticism is j z con/ructive z ! es*atological outl9e ( ! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ! 8,sket*40 ,bruno ,bau] *ose ! lit]>y solution because he ?\ght t we _h no evid5ce = an es*atological expectation exi/+ 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,wr$e1 ?\gh he foll[s ,johannes ,weiss 9 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,jewi% es*atological ,messianic expectation1 f9ds 9 ! ,gospel only ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,messiah4 8,if ,jesus10 he ?9ks1 8really knew ,himself to be ! ,messiah & designat$ ,himself z su*1 ! g5u9e tradition is s closely int]wov5 ) lat] accretions t x is n easy to recognise x40 ,9 any case1 ,jesus _c1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 h spok5 ( ,8 ,messianic ,com+ 9 ! way :i* ! ,synopti/s report4 ,! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 z we f9d x 9 ! ,gospels1 is a product ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian !ology correct+ hi/ory accord+ to its own conceptions4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to di/+ui% 9 ,m>k betwe5 ! report$ ev5ts :i* con/itute ! outw>d c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 & ! dogmatic idea :i* claims to lay d[n ! l9es ( its inw>d c\rse4 ,! pr9ciple ( division is f\nd 9 ! contradictions4 ,! record$ ev5ts =m1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 ! foll[+ picture4 ,jesus came =w>d z a tea*]17#bfa7 fir/ & pr9cipally 9 ,galilee4 ,he 0 surr\nd$ by a company ( disciples1 w5t ab\t ) !m1 & gave !m in/ruction4 ,to "s ( !m ,he accord$ a special confid5ce4 ,a l>g] multitude sometimes atta*$ itself to ,him1 9 addition to ! disciples4 ,he is fond ( disc\rs+ 9 p>ables4 ,besides ! tea*+ !re are ! miracles4 ,^! make a /ir1 & ,he is ?rong$ by ! multitudes4 ,he gives special att5tion to ! cases ( demoniacs4 ,he is 9 su* close t\* ) ! p t ,he does n hesitate to associate ev5 ) publicans & s9n]s4 ,t[>ds ! ,law ,he takes up an attitude ( "s fre$om4 ,he enc\nt]s ! opposition ( ! ,ph>isees & ! ,jewi% au?orities4 ,!y set traps = ,him & endeav\r to br+ ab\t ,8 fall4 ,f9ally !y succe$1 :5 ,he v5tures to %[ ,himself n only on ,judaean soil1 b 9 ,j]usalem4 ,he rema9s passive & is condemn$ to dea?4 ,! ,roman adm9i/ration supports ! ,jewi% au?orities4 8,! texture ( ! ,m>can n>rative z we "k x10 cont9ues ,wr$e1 8is n complete until to ! w>p ( ^! g5]al hi/orical notions !re is add$ a /rong weft ( ideas ( a dogmatic "*10 ! sub/ance ( :i* is t 8,jesus1 ! be>] ( a special (fice to :i* ,he 0 appo9t$ by ,god10 becomes 8a high]1 sup]human be+40 ,if ?is is ! case1 h[ev]1 !n ! motives ( ,8 conduct are n d]iv$ f human *>act]i/ics1 human aims & necessities4 8,! "o motive :i* runs ?r\gh\t is r a ,div9e decree :i* lies beyond human und]/&+4 ,?is ,he seeks to fulfil alike 9 ,8 actions & ,8 suff]+s4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus is accord+ly sup]natural40 ,on ?is assumption ! want ( und]/&+ ( ! disciples to :om ,he communicates1 )\t comm5t>y1 unconnect$ portions ( ?is sup]natural k becomes natural & explicable4 ,! p are1 moreov]1 ess5tially 8nonreceptive ( revelation40 8,x is ^! motifs & n ^? :i* are inh]5tly hi/orical :i* give movem5t & direction to ! ,m>can n>rative4 ,x is !y t give ! g5]al col\r4 ,on !m naturally dep5ds ! ma9 int]e/1 x is to !m t ! ?\ght ( ! writ] is really direct$4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! g5]al picture (f]$ by ! ,gospel is n an hi/orical repres5tation ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,only "s fad$ remnants ( su* an impression h be5 tak5 ov] into a suprahi/orical religi\s view4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,gospel ( ,m>k belongs to ! hi/ory ( dogma40 ,! two conceptions ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 ! natural & ! sup]natural1 are br\ght1 n )\t inconsi/5cies1 into a k9d ( h>mony by means ( ! idea ( int5tional secrecy4 ,! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus is conceal$ 9 ,8 life z 9 a clos$ d>k lant]n1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n q clos$--o!rwise "o c\ld n see t x 0 !re--& all[s a few bright beams to escape4 ,! idea ( a secret :i* mu/ rema9 a secret until ! resurrection ( ,jesus c\ld only arise at a "t :5 no?+ 0 kn[n ( a ,messianic claim ( ,jesus dur+ ,8 life ^u e>?3 t is to say1 at a "t :5 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus 0 ?\ght ( z beg9n+ ) ! resurrection4 ,b t is a weighty piece ( indirect hi/orical evid5ce t ,jesus did n really pr(ess to be ! ,messiah at all4 ,! positive fact :i* is to be inf]r$ f ?is is t ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus produc$ a sudd5 revolution 9 ,8 disciples' conception ( ,him4 8,! resurrection0 is = ,wr$e ! real ,messianic ev5t 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,:o is responsible1 !n1 = introduc+ ?is s+ul> feature1 s de/ructive ( ! real hi/orical connexion1 into ! life ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 9 reality t ( a tea*]8 ,x is q impossible1 ,wr$e argues1 t ! idea ( ! ,messianic secret is ! inv5tion ( ,m>k4 8,a ?+ l t is n done by a s+le individual4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 a view :i* 0 curr5t 9 c]ta9 circles1 & 0 held by a consid]able numb]1 ?\gh n necess>ily p]haps by a v great numb] ( p]sons4 ,to say ?is is n to d5y t ,m>k _h a %>e & p]haps a consid]able %>e 9 ! creation ( ! view :i* he sets =? 444 ! motifs !mselves are d\btless n1 9 "p at lea/1 peculi> to ! ,evangeli/1 b ! concrete embodim5t ( !m is c]ta9ly 8 own "w2 & to ?is ext5t we may speak ( a special ,m>can po9t ( view :i* manife/s itself "h & !re4 ,:]e ! l9e is to be drawn betwe5 :at is traditional & :at is individual _c always be det]m9$ ev5 by a c>eful exam9ation direct$ to ?is end4 ,we mu/ leave x comm+l$1 z we f9d x40 ,! ,m>can n>rative has !re=e aris5 f ! impulse to give a ,messianic =m to ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus4 ,?is impulse 01 h[ev]1 re/ra9$ by ! impression & tradition ( ! non,messianic "* ( ! life ( ,jesus1 :i* 7 /ill /rong & vivid1 & x 0 !re=e n able :olly to reca/ ! mat]ial1 b c\ld only bore its way into x & =ce x ap>t1 z ! roots ( ! bramble dis9tegrate a rock4 ,9 ! ,gospel lit]ature :i* arose on ! basis ( ,m>k ! ,messianic secret becomes gradually ( m subord9ate importance & ! life ( ,jesus m ,messianic 9 "*1 until 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ,he op5ly comes be=e ! p ) ,messianic claims4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( ?is con/ruction we mu/ n atta* too mu* importance to its a priori assumptions & difficulties4 ,9 ?is respect ,wr$e's position is mu* m prec>i\s ?an t ( 8 precursor ,bruno ,bau]4 ,accord+ to ! latt] ! int]polation ( ! ,messianic secret is ! p]sonal1 absolutely orig9al act ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,wr$e ?9ks ( x z a collective act1 repres5t+ ! new conception z m\ld$ by ! tradition be=e x 0 fix$ by ! ,evangeli/4 ,t is v mu* m difficult to c>ry ?r\gh4 ,tradition alt]s its mat]ials 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* we f9d !m alt]$ 9 ,m>k4 ,tradition trans=ms f )\t4 ,m>k's way ( draw+ secret ?reads ( a diff]5t mat]ial ?r\gh ! texture ( ! tradition1 )\t o!rwise alt]+ x1 is purely lit]>y1 & c\ld only be ! "w ( an individual p]son4 ,a creative tradition w\ld h c>ri$ out ! !ory ( ! ,messianic secret 9 ! life ( ,jesus mu* m boldly & logically1 t is to say1 at once m arbitr>ily & m consi/5tly4 ,! only alt]native is to di/+ui% two /ages ( tradition 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 a naive1 freelywork+1 e>li] /age1 & a m artificial lat] /age conf9$ to a small] circle ( a m lit]>y "*4 ,wr$e does1 z a matt] ( fact1 propose to f9d 9 ,m>k traces ( a simpl] & bold] trans=mation :i*1 leav+ aside ! ,messianic secret1 makes ,jesus an op5lypr(ess$ ,messiah1 & is !re=e ( a di/9ct orig9 f ! conception ( ! secret ,*ri/4 ,to ?is tradition may belong1 he ?9ks1 ! entry into ,j]usalem & ! confession be=e ! ,high ,prie/1 s9ce ^! n>ratives 8naively0 imply an op5ly av[$ ,messiah%ip4 ,! ^w 8naively0 is out ( place "h2 a really naive tradition :i* int5d$ to repres5t ! entry ( ,jesus z ,messianic w\ld h done s 9 q a diff]5t way f ,m>k1 & w\ld n h /ultifi$ itself s curi\sly z we f9d done ev5 9 ,mat!w1 :]e ! ,galilaean ,passov] pilgrims1 aft] ! 8,messianic entry10 answ] ! "q ( ! p ( ,j]usalem z to :o x 0 :om !y 7 acclaim+1 ) ! words 8,?is is ! ,prophet ,jesus f ,naz>e? ( ,galilee0 7,matt4 xxi4 #aa74 ,! tradition1 too1 :i* makes ,jesus ackn[l$ge ,8 ,messiah%ip be=e ,8 judges is n 8naive0 9 ,wr$e's s5se1 =1 if x 71 x w\ld n repres5t ! ,high ,prie/'s k ( ,jesus' ,messiah%ip z some?+ s extraord9>y & peculi> to himself t he c cite witnesses only = ! say+ ab\t ! ,temple1 n ) ref]5ce to ,jesus' ,messianic claim1 & bases 8 condemnation only on ! fact t ,jesus 9 answ] to 8 "q ackn[l$ges ,himself z ,messiah--& ,jesus does s1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 z 9 o!r passages1 ) an appeal to a future ju/ification ( ,8 claim4 ,! confession be=e ! c\ncil is !re=e any?+ b a 8naive repres5tation ( an op5ly av[$ ,messiah%ip40 ,! ,messianic /atem5ts 9 ^! two passages pres5t precisely ! same rem>kable "* z 9 all ! o!r cases to :i* ,wr$e draws att5tion4 ,we h n "h to d ) a diff]5t tradition1 ) a cle> ,messianic light /ream+ 9 ?r\gh ! w9d[pane1 b1 j z else:]e1 ) ! rays ( a d>k lant]n4 ,! real po9t is t ,wr$e _c br+ ^! two passages )9 ! l9es ( ! !ory ( secrecy1 & practically admits ?is by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a second & r div]g5t l9e ( tradition4 ,:at conc]ns u is to note t ?is !ory does n suffice to expla9 ! two facts 9 "q1 ! k ( ,jesus' ,messiah%ip %[n by ! ,galilaean ,passov] pilgrims at ! "t ( ! entry into ,j]usalem1 & ! k ( ! ,high ,prie/ at ,8 trial4 ,we c only t\* on ! "q :e!r any "o :o wi%$ to date back 9 "s way or o!r ! ,messiah%ip into ! life ( ,jesus c\ld n h done x mu* m simply by mak+ ,jesus give ,8 close/ foll[]s "s h9ts reg>d+ x4 ,:y does ! rem\ld] ( ! hi/ory1 in/ead ( do+ t1 h rec\rse to a sup]natural k on ! "p ( ! demoniacs & ! disciples8 ,= ,wr$e rightly rem>ks1 z ,bruno ,bau] & ! 8,sket*0 also d1 t ! incid5t ( ,caes>ea ,philippi1 z repres5t$ by ,m>k1 involves a miracle1 s9ce ,jesus does n1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 reveal ,8 ,messiah%ip to ,pet]2 x is ,pet] :o reveals x to ,jesus 7,m>k viii4 #bi74 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 makes nons5se ( ! :ole !ory ab\t ! disciples' want ( und]/&+4 ,x w n !re=e fit into ! concealm5t !ory1 & ,wr$e1 z a matt] ( fact1 feels oblig$ to give up t !ory z reg>ds ?is incid5t4 8,?is sc5e10 he rem>ks1 8c h>dly h be5 creat$ by ,m>k himself40 ,x also1 !re=e1 belongs to ano!r tradition4 ,"h1 !n1 is a ?ird ,messianic fact :i* _c be br\ght )9 ! l9es ( ,wr$e's 8lit]>y0 !ory ( ! ,messianic secret4 ,& ^! ?ree facts are precisely ! mo/ important ( all3 ,pet]'s confession1 ! ,entry into ,j]usalem1 & ! ,high ,prie/'s k ( ,jesus' ,messiah%ip6 ,9 ea* case ,wr$e f9ds himself oblig$ to ref] ^! to tradition in/ead ( to ! lit]>y conception ( ,m>k47#bfb7 ,?is tradition und]m9es 8 lit]>y hypo!sis1 = ! conception ( a tradition always involves ! possibility ( g5u9e hi/orical elem5ts4 ,h[ greatly ?is inescapable intrusion ( tradition weak5s ! !ory ( ! lit]>y int]polation ( ! ,messiah%ip into ! hi/ory1 becomes evid5t :5 we consid] ! /ory ( ! passion4 ,! repres5tation t ,jesus 0 publicly put to dea? z ,messiah because ,he _h publicly ackn[l$g$ ,himself to be s1 mu/1 l ! ,high ,prie/'s k ( ,8 claim1 be ref]r$ to ! o!r tradition :i* has no?+ to d ) ! ,messianic secret1 b boldly ant$ates ! ,messiah%ip )\t employ+ any f9esse ( t k9d4 ,b t /rongly t5ds to confirm ! hi/oricity ( ?is tradition1 & ?r[s ! burd5 ( pro( ^u ^? :o d5y x4 ,x is :olly indep5d5t ( ! hypo!sis ( secrecy1 & 9 fact directly oppos$ to x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 9 spite ( all ! difficulties1 ! repres5tation t ,jesus 0 condemn$ to dea? on acc\nt ( ,8 ,messianic claims is dragg$ by ma9 =ce into ! !ory ( secrecy1 ! "q arises3 ,:at int]e/ _h ! p]sons :o set up ! lit]>y !ory ( secrecy1 9 repres5t+ ,jesus z hav+ be5 op5ly put to dea? z ,messiah & 9 consequ5ce ( ,8 ,messianic claims8 ,& ! answ] is3 8,none :atev]3 q ! contr>y40 ,= 9 do+ s ! !ory ( secrecy /ultifies itself4 ,z ?\gh "o 7 to develop a photographic plate ) pa9ful c>e &1 j :5 "o _h f9i%$1 fl+ op5 ! %utt]s1 s1 on ?is hypo!sis1 ! natural ,messianic light sudd5ly %9es into ! room :i* ought to be light$ only by ! rays ( ! d>k lant]n4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! !ory ( secrecy ab&on$ ! me?od :i* x _h hi!rto foll[$ 9 reg>d to ! traditional mat]ial4 ,= if ,jesus 0 n condemn$ & crucifi$ at ,j]usalem z ,messiah1 a tradition mu/ h exi/$ :i* pres]v$ ! tru? ab\t ! la/ conflicts1 & ! motives ( ! condemnation4 ,?is is suppos$ to h be5 "h completely set aside by ! !ory ( ! secret ,messiah%ip1 :i*1 in/ead ( draw+ its delicate ?reads ?r\gh ! old] tradition1 has simply sub/itut$ its own repres5tation ( ev5ts4 ,b 9 t case :y n d away ) ! rema9d] ( ! public m9i/ry8 ,:y n at lea/ get rid ( ! public appe>ance at ,j]usalem8 ,h[ c ! crud5ess ( me?od %[n 9 ! case ( ! passion be h>monis$ ) ! skilful cons]vatism t[>ds ! non,messianic tradition :i* x is obvi\s t ! 8,m>can circle0 has scrupul\sly obs]v$ else:]e8 ,if accord+ to ! orig9al tradition1 ( :i* ,wr$e admits ! exi/5ce1 ,jesus w5t to ,j]usalem n to die1 b to "w !re1 ! dogmatic view1 accord+ to :i* ,he w5t to ,j]usalem to die1 mu/ h /ruck out ! :ole acc\nt ( ,8 soj\rn 9 ,j]usalem & ,8 dea?1 9 ord] to put some?+ else 9 its place4 ,:at we n[ read 9 ! ,gospels conc]n+ ^? la/ days 9 ,j]usalem _c be d]iv$ f ! orig9al tradition1 = "o :o came to "w1 &1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 8to "w ) decisive effect10 w\ld n h ca/ all ,8 prea*+ into ! =m ( obscure p>ables ( judgm5t & m9atory disc\rses4 ,t is a /yle ( spee* :i* c\ld be adopt$ only by "o :o 0 det]m9$ to =ce 8 adv]s>ies to put him to dea?4 ,!re=e ! n>rative ( ! la/ days ( ,jesus mu/ be1 f beg9n+ to end1 a creation ( ! dogmatic idea4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,wr$e1 "h 9 agreem5t ) ,weisse1 8sees gr\nds = ass]t+ t ! soj\rn at ,j]usalem is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,gospels 9 a v mu* abridg$ & weak5$ v]sion40 ,t is a euphemi/ic expression1 = if x 0 really ! dogmatic idea :i* 0 responsible = repres5t+ ,jesus z be+ condemn$ z ,messiah1 x is n a m]e case ( 8abridg+ & weak5+ d[n10 b ( displac+ ! tradition 9 fav\r ( a new "o4 ,b if ,jesus 0 n condemn$ z ,messiah1 on :at gr\nds 0 ,he condemn$8 ,&1 aga91 :at int]e/ _h ^? ^: conc]n 0 to make ! ,messiah%ip a secret ( ,8 e>?ly life1 9 mak+ ,him die z ,messiah1 contr>y to ! receiv$ tradition8 ,& :at int]e/ c\ld ! tradition h _h 9 falsify+ hi/ory 9 t way8 ,ev5 admitt+ t ! pr$iction ( ! passion to ! disciples is ( a dogmatic "*1 & is to be reg>d$ z a creation ( primitive ,*ri/ian !ology1 ! hi/oric fact t ,he di$ w\ld h be5 a suffici5t fulfilm5t ( ^? say+s4 ,t ,he 0 publicly condemn$ & crucifi$ z ,messiah has no?+ to d ) ! fulfilm5t ( ^? pr$ictions1 & goes f> beyond x4 ,to take a m g5]al po9t3 :at int]e/ _h primitive !ology 9 dat+ back ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus to ! "t ( ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry8 ,none :atev]4 ,paul %[s u ) :at complete indiff]5ce ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus 0 reg>d$ by primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,! disc\rses 9 ,acts %[ an equal indiff]5ce1 s9ce 9 !m also ,jesus fir/ becomes ! ,messiah by virtue ( ,8 exaltation4 ,to date ! ,messiah%ip e>li] 0 n an und]tak+ :i* (f]$ any advantage to primitive !ology1 9 fact x w\ld only h rais$ difficulties = x1 s9ce x involv$ ! hypo!sis ( a dual ,messiah%ip1 "o ( e>?ly humiliation & "o ( future glory4 ,! fact is1 if "o reads ?r\gh ! e>ly lit]ature "o becomes aw>e t s long z !ology _h an es*atological ori5tation & 0 dom9at$ by ! expectation ( ! ,p>\sia ! "q ( h[ ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 8_h be50 ! ,messiah n only did n exi/1 b 0 impossible4 ,primitive !ology is simply a !ology ( ! future1 ) no int]e/ 9 hi/ory6 ,x 0 only ) ! decl9e ( es*atological int]e/ & ! *ange 9 ! ori5tation ( ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 connect$ !re) t an int]e/ 9 ! life ( ,jesus & ! 8hi/orical ,messiah%ip0 arose4 ,t is to say1 ! ,gno/ics1 :o 7 ! fir/ to ass]t ! ,messiah%ip ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 & :o 7 oblig$ to ass]t x precisely because !y d5i$ ! es*atological conceptions1 =c$ ?is view ^u ! !ology ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*1 & compell$ x to create 9 ! ,logos ,*ri/ology an un,gno/ic m\ld 9 :i* to ca/ ! speculative conception ( ! hi/orical ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus2 & t is :at we f9d 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,prior to ! anti,gno/ic controv]sies we f9d 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature no consci\s dat+ back ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus to ,8 e>?ly life1 & no !ological int]e/ at "w ^u ! dogmatic reca/+ ( ,8 hi/ory47#bfc7 ,x is !re=e difficult to suppose t ! ,messianic secret 9 ,m>k1 t is to say1 9 ! v e>lie/ tradition1 0 d]iv$ f primitive !ology4 ,! ass]tion ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus 0 :olly indep5d5t ( ! latt]4 ,! in/9ct :i* l$ ,bruno ,bau] to expla9 ! ,messianic secret z ! lit]>y inv5tion ( ,m>k himself 0 !re=e q correct4 ,once suppose t tradition & primitive !ology h any?+ to d ) ! matt]1 & ! !ory ( ! int]polation ( ! ,messiah%ip into ! hi/ory becomes almo/ impossible to c>ry ?r\gh4 ,b ,wr$e's greatness consi/s precisely 9 ! fact t he 0 compell$ by 8 acute p]ception ( ! significance ( ! critical data to set aside ! purely lit]>y v]sion ( ! hypo!sis & make ,m>k1 s to speak1 ! in/rum5t ( ! lit]>y realisation ( ! ideas ( a def9ite intellectual circle )9 ! sph]e ( primitive !ology4 ,! positive difficulty :i* confronts ! sceptical !ory is to expla9 h[ ! ,messianic beliefs ( ! fir/ g5]ation arose1 if ,jesus1 ?r\gh\t ,8 life1 0 = all1 ev5 = ! disciples1 m]ely a 8tea*]10 & gave ev5 ,8 intimates no h9t ( ! dignity :i* ,he claim$ = ,himself4 ,x is difficult to elim9ate ! ,messiah%ip f ! 8,life ( ,jesus10 especially f ! n>rative ( ! passion2 x is m difficult /ill1 z ,keim saw long ago1 to br+ x back aga9 aft] its elim9ation f ! 8,life0 into ! !ology ( ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,9 ,wr$e's acute & logical ?9k+ ?is difficulty seems to leap to light4 ,s9ce ! ,messianic secret 9 ,m>k is always connect$ ) ! resurrection1 ! date at :i* ! ,messianic belief ( ! disciples arose mu/ be ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 8,b ! idea ( dat+ ! ,messiah%ip f ! resurrection is c]ta9ly n a ?\ght ( ,jesus1 b ( ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,x presupposes ! ,*ur*'s exp]i5ce ( ! appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus40 ,! psy*ologi/ w say t ! 8resurrection exp]i5ces10 h[ev] !y may be conceiv$1 are only intelligible z bas$ ^u ! expectation ( ! resurrection1 & ?is aga9 z bas$ on ref]5ces ( ,jesus to ! resurrection4 ,b leav+ psy*ology aside1 let u accept ! resurrection exp]i5ces ( ! disciples z a pure psy*ological miracle4 ,ev5 s1 h[ c ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus h sugge/$ to ! disciples ! idea t ,jesus1 ! crucifi$ tea*]1 0 ! ,messiah8 ,ap>t f any expectations1 h[ c ?is conclusion h result$ = !m f ! m]e 8fact ( ! resurrection08 ,! fact ( ! appe>ance did n by any means imply x4 ,9 c]ta9 circles1 inde$1 accord+ to ,m>k vi4 #adaf1 9 ! v highe/ qu>t]s1 ! resurrection ( ! ,bapti/ 0 believ$ 92 b t did n make ,john ! ,bapti/ ! ,messiah4 ,! inexplicable ?+ is t1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 ! disciples began at once to ass]t confid5tly & unanim\sly t ,he 0 ! ,messiah & w\ld be=e long appe> 9 glory4 ,b h[ did ! appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus sudd5ly become = !m a pro( ( ,8 ,messiah%ip & ! basis ( _! es*atology8 ,t ,wr$e fails to expla91 & s makes ?is 8ev5t0 an 8hi/orical0 miracle :i* 9 reality is h>d] to believe ?an ! sup]natural ev5t4 ,any "o :o holds 8hi/orical0 miracles to be j z impossible z any o!r k9d1 ev5 :5 !y occur 9 a critical & sceptical "w1 w be =c$ to ! conclusion t ! ,messianic es*atological significance atta*$ to ! 8resurrection exp]i5ce0 by ! disciples implies "s k9d ( ,messianic es*atological ref]5ces on ! "p ( ! hi/orical ,jesus :i* gave to ! 8resurrection0 its ,messianic es*atological significance4 ,"h ,wr$e himself1 ?\gh )\t admitt+ x1 po/ulates "s ,messianic h9ts on ! "p ( ,jesus1 s9ce he conceives ! judgm5t ( ! disciples ^u ! resurrection to h be5 n analytical1 b syn!tic1 inasmu* z !y add some?+ to x1 & t1 inde$1 ! ma9 ?+1 :i* 0 n impli$ 9 ! conception ( ! ev5t z su*4 ,"h aga9 ! m]it ( ,wr$e's contribution to criticism consi/s 9 ! fact t he takes ! position z x is & does n try to improve x artificially4 ,bruno ,bau] & o!rs suppos$ t ! belief 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus _h sl[ly solidifi$ out ( a k9d ( gase\s /ate1 or _h be5 =c$ into primitive !ology by ! lit]>y inv5tion ( ,m>k4 ,wr$e1 h[ev]1 feels himself oblig$ to base x ^u an hi/orical fact1 &1 moreov]1 ! same hi/orical fact :i* is po9t$ to by ! say+s 9 ! ,synoptics & ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,b 9 s do+ he creates an almo/ insurm\ntable difficulty = 8 hypo!sis4 ,we c only briefly ref] to ! "q :at =m ! acc\nts ( ! resurrection mu/ h tak5 if ! hi/oric fact :i* und]lay !m 0 ! fir/ surpris$ appreh5sion & recognition ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus on ! "p ( ! disciples4 ,! ,messianic tea*+ w\ld necess>ily 9 t case h be5 someh[ or o!r put into ! m\? ( ! ris5 ,jesus4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 completely abs5t1 because x 0 already conta9$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus dur+ ,8 e>?ly life4 ,! !ory ( ,messianic secrecy mu/ !re=e h rem\ld$ n m]ely ! /ory ( ! passion1 b also t ( ! resurrection1 remov+ ! revelation ( ! ,messiah%ip to ! disciples f ! latt] 9 ord] to ins]t x into ! public m9i/ry6 ,wr$e1 moreov]1 w only take acc\nt ( ! ,m>can text z x /&s1 n ( ! hi/orical possibility t ! 8futuri/ic ,messiah%ip0 :i* meets u 9 ! my/]i\s utt]ances ( ,jesus goes back 9 "s =m to a s\nd tradition4 ,fur!r he does n take ! es*atological "* ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus into 8 calculations1 b works on ! false assumption t he c analyse ! ,m>can text 9 & by itself & s discov] ! pr9ciple on :i* x is compos$4 ,he c>ries out exp]im5ts on ! law ( cry/allisation ( ! n>rative mat]ial 9 ?is ,gospel1 b in/ead ( do+ s 9 ! natural & hi/orical atmosph]e he does x 9 an atmosph]e artificially neutralis$1 :i* conta9s no trace ( contempor>y conceptions47#bfd7 ,consequ5tly ! conclusion bas$ on ! sum ( 8 obs]vations has 9 x some?+ arbitr>y4 ,ev]y?+ :i* conflicts ) ! rational con/ruction ( ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory is ref]r$ directly to ! !ory ( ! concealm5t ( ! ,messianic secret4 ,b 9 ! c>ry+ out ( t !ory a numb] ( self contradictions1 )\t :i* x c\ld n subsi/1 mu/ be recognis$ & not$4 ,?us1 = example1 all ! prohibitions17#bfe7 :atev] !y may ref] to1 ev5 includ+ ! comm& n to make kn[n ,8 miracles1 are ref]r$ to ! same category z ! injunction n to reveal ! ,messianic secret4 ,b :at ju/ification is !re = t8 ,x presupposes t accord+ to ,m>k ! miracles c\ld be tak5 z pro(s ( ! ,messiah%ip1 an idea ( :i* !re is no h9t :atev] 9 ,m>k4 8,! miracles10 ,wr$e argues1 8are c]ta9ly us$ by ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians z evid5ce ( ! nature & significance ( ,*ri/4444 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t to ! fact t ,m>k1 n less ?an ,mat!w1 ,luke1 & ,john1 mu/ h held ! op9ion t ! miracles ( ,jesus enc\nt]$ a widespread & ard5t ,messianic expectation40 ,9 ,john ?is ,messianic significance ( ! miracles is c]ta9ly assum$2 b !n ! really es*atological view ( ?+s has "h fall5 into ! backgr\nd4 ,x seems inde$ z if g5u9e es*atology exclud$ ! ,messianic int]pretation ( ! miracles4 ,9 ,mat!w ! miracles ( ,jesus h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! pro( ( ! ,messiah%ip1 b1 z is evid5t f ! say+ ab\t ,*oraz9 & ,be?saida1 ,matt4 xi4 #bjbd1 are only an exhibition ( m]cy int5d$ to awak5 rep5tance1 or1 accord+ to ,matt4 xii4 #bh1 an indication ( ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,!y h z little to d ) ! ,messianic (fice z 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les47#bff7 ,9 ,m>k1 f fir/ to la/1 !re is n a s+le syllable to sugge/ t ! miracles h a ,messianic significance4 ,ev5 admitt+ ! possibility t ! 8miracles ( ,jesus enc\nt]$ an ard5t ,messianic expectation10 t does n necess>ily imply a ,messianic significance 9 !m4 ,to ju/ify t conclusion requires ! pre supposition t ! ,messiah 0 expect$ to be "s k9d ( an e>?ly man :o %\ld d miracles4 ,?is is presuppos$ by ,wr$e1 by ,bruno ,bau]1 & by mod]n !ology 9 g5]al1 b x has n be5 prov$1 & x is at v>iance ) es*atology1 :i* pictur$ ! ,messiah to itself z a heav5ly be+ 9 a _w :i* 0 already be+ trans=m$ into some?+ supramundane4 ,! assumption t ! clue to ! explanation ( ! comm& n to make kn[n ! miracles is to be f\nd 9 ! necessity ( gu>d+ ! secret ( ! ,messiah%ip is1 !re=e1 n ju/ifi$4 ,! miracles are connect$ ) ! ,k+dom & ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom1 n ) ! ,messiah4 ,b ,wr$e is oblig$ to ref] ev]y?+ to ! ,messianic secret1 because he leaves ! prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom out ( acc\nt4 ,! same process is repeat$ 9 ! discussion ( ! veil+ ( ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! p>ables ( ,m>k iv4 ,! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom is = ,wr$e ! secret ( ,jesus' ,messiah%ip4 8,we h le>n$ 9 ! meantime10 he says1 8t "o ma9 elem5t 9 ?is my/]y is t ,jesus is ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,if ,jesus1 accord+ to ,m>k1 conceals 8 ,messiah%ip1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 int]pret+ ! 9 ! light ( ?is fact40 ,t is "o ( ! weake/ po9ts 9 ,wr$e's :ole !ory4 ,:]e is !re any h9t ( ?is 9 ^! p>ables8 ,& :y %\ld ! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god conta9 )9 x z "o ( its pr9cipal features ! secret ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus8 8,m>k's acc\nt ( ,jesus' p>abolic tea*+10 he concludes1 8is completely unhi/orical10 because x is directly oppos$ to ! ess5tial nature ( ! p>ables4 ,! ultimate reason1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 :y ?is :ole view ( ! p>ables arose1 0 simply 8because ! g5]al op9ion 0 already 9 exi/5ce t ,jesus _h reveal$ ,himself to ! disciples1 b conceal$ ,himself f ! multitude40 ,in/ead ( simply admitt+ t we are unable to discov] :at ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom 9 ,m>k iv4 is1 any m ?an we c und]/& :y x mu/ be veil$1 & numb]+ x among ! unsolv$ problems ( ,jesus' prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom1 ,wr$e =ces ?is *apt] inside ! l9es ( 8 !ory ( ! veil$ ,messiah%ip4 ,! desire ( ,jesus to be alone1 too1 & rema9 unrecognis$ 7,m>k vii4 #bd & ix4 #cj ff47 is suppos$ to h "s k9d ( connexion ) ! veil+ ( ! ,messiah%ip4 ,he ev5 br+s ! multitude1 :i* 9 ,m>k x4 #dg ff4 rebukes ! bl9d begg> at ,j]i*o :o cri$ out to ,jesus1 into ! s]vice ( 8 !ory 444 on ! gr\nd t ! begg> _h address$ ,him z ,son ( ,david4 ,b all ! n>rative says is t !y told him to hold 8 peace--to cease mak+ an outcry--n t !y did s because ( 8 address+ ,jesus z 8,son ( ,david40 ,9 an equally arbitr>y fa%ion ! surpris+ introduction ( ! 8multitude0 9 ,m>k viii4 #cd1 aft] ! incid5t ( ,caes>ea ,philippi1 is dragg$ into ! !ory ( secrecy47#bfg7 ,wr$e does n feel ! possibility or impossibility ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! multitude 9 ?is locality z an hi/orical problem1 any m ?an he grasps ! sudd5 )drawal ( ,jesus f ,8 public m9i/ry z prim>ily an hi/orical "q4 ,m>k is = him a writ] :o is to be judg$ f a pa?ological po9t ( view1 a writ] :o1 dom9at$ by ! fix$ idea ( introduc+ ev]y:]e ! ,messianic secret ( ,jesus1 is always creat+ my/]i\s & un9telligible situations1 ev5 :5 ^! d n directly s]ve ! int]e/s ( 8 !ory1 & :o 9 "s ( 8 descriptions1 writes 9 a r 8fairytale0 /yle4 ,:5 all is said1 8 treatm5t ( ! hi/ory sc>cely diff]s f t ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/4 ,! abs5ce ( hi/orical prepossessions :i* ,wr$e skilfully assumes 9 8 exam9ation ( ! connexion 9 ,m>k is n really complete4 ,he is b\nd to ref] ev]y?+ inexplicable to ! pr9ciple ( ! concealm5t ( ! ,messiah%ip1 :i* is ! only pr9ciple t he recognises 9 ! dogmatic /ratum ( ! n>rative1 & is consequ5tly oblig$ to d5y ! hi/oricity ( su* passages1 :]eas 9 reality ! veil+ ( ! ,messiah%ip is only involv$ 9 a few places & is !re indicat$ 9 cle> & simple words4 ,he is unwill+ to recognise t !re is a second1 wid] circle ( my/]y :i* has to d1 n ) ,jesus' ,messiah%ip1 b ) ,8 prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom1 ) ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! wid] s5se1 & t )9 ?is second circle !re lie a numb] ( hi/orical problems1 above all ! mission ( ! ,twelve & ! inexplicable ab&onm5t ( public activity on ! "p ( ,jesus :i* foll[$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,8 mi/ake consi/s 9 endeav\r+ by viol5t me?ods to subsume ! m g5]al1 ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 "u ! m special1 ! my/]y ( ! ,messiah%ip1 in/ead ( ins]t+ ! latt] z ! small] circle1 )9 ! wid]1 ! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,z he does n deal ) ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 he has no occasion to take acc\nt ( ! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,t is ! m rem>kable because correspond+ to "o fundam5tal idea ( ! ,messianic secret !re is a p>allel1 m g5]al dogmatic conception 9 ,jesus' prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,= if ,jesus 9 ,matt4 x4 gives ! disciples no?+ to take ) !m on _! mission b pr$ictions ( suff]+2 if at ! v beg9n+ ( ,8 m9i/ry ,he closes ! ,beatitudes ) a bless+ ^u ! p]secut$2 if 9 ,m>k viii4 #cd ff4 ,he w>ns ! p t !y w h to *oose betwe5 life & life1 betwe5 dea? & dea?2 if1 9 %ort1 f ! fir/1 ,he loses no opportunity ( prea*+ ab\t suff]+ & foll[+ ,him 9 ,8 suff]+s2 t is j z mu* a matt] ( dogma z ,8 own suff]+s & pr$ictions ( suff]+s4 ,= 9 bo? cases ! necessity ( suff]+1 ! necessity ( fac+ dea?1 is n 8a necessity ( ! hi/orical situation10 n a necessity :i* arises out ( ! circum/ances2 x is an ass]tion put =? )\t empirical basis1 a prophecy ( /orm :ile ! sky is blue1 s9ce nei!r ,jesus nor ! p to :om ,he spoke 7 und]go+ any p]secution2 & :5 ,8 fate ov]took ,him n ev5 ! disciples 7 involv$ 9 x4 ,x is di/9ctly rem>kable t1 except = a few meagre ref]5ces1 ! enigmatic "* ( ,jesus' con/ant pr$ictions ( suff]+ has n be5 discuss$ 9 ! ,life(,jesus lit]ature47#bfh7 ,:at has n[ to be done1 !re=e1 is1 9 contradi/9ction to ,wr$e1 to make a critical exam9ation ( ! dogmatic elem5t 9 ! life ( ,jesus on ! assumption t ! atmosph]e ( ! "t 0 saturat$ ) es*atology1 t is1 to keep 9 ev5 clos] t\* ) ! facts ?an ,wr$e does1 & moreov]1 to proce$1 n f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 b f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 c>efully consid]+ :e!r ! dogmatic elem5t is n precisely ! hi/orical elem5t4 ,=1 aft] all1 :y %\ld n ,jesus ?9k 9 t]ms ( doctr9e1 & make hi/ory 9 action1 j z well z a poor ,evangeli/ c d x on pap]1 "u ! pressure ( ! !ological int]e/s ( ! primitive community4 ,once aga91 h[ev]1 we mu/ repeat t ! critical analysis & ! ass]tion ( a sy/em runn+ ?r\gh ! disord] are ! same 9 ! es*atological z 9 ! sceptical hypo!sis1 only t 9 ! es*atological analysis a numb] ( problems come m cle>ly to light4 ,! two con/ructions are relat$ l ! bones & c>tilage ( ! body4 ,! g5]al /ructure is ! same1 only t 9 ! case ( ! "o a solid sub/ance1 lime1 is di/ribut$ ev5 9 ! m9ute/ portions1 giv+ x firmness & solidity1 :ile 9 ! o!r case ?is is lack+4 ,?is re9=c+ sub/ance is ! es*atological _wview4 ,h[ is x to be expla9$ t ,wr$e1 9 spite ( ! es*atological s*ool1 9 spite ( ,johannes ,weiss1 c\ld1 9 critically inve/igat+ ! connect+ pr9ciple ( ! life ( ,jesus1 simply leave es*atology out ( acc\nt8 ,! blame re/s ) ! es*atological s*ool itself1 = x appli$ ! es*atological explanation only to ! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 & n ev5 to ! :ole ( ?is1 b only to ! ,messianic secret1 in/ead ( us+ x also to ?r[ light ^u ! :ole public "w ( ,jesus1 ! connexion & want ( connexion betwe5 ! ev5ts4 ,x repres5t$ ,jesus z ?9k+ & speak+ es*atologically 9 "s ( ! mo/ important passages ( ,8 tea*+1 b = ! re/ gave z unes*atological a pres5tation ( ,8 life z mod]n hi/orical !ology _h done4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus & ! hi/ory ( ,jesus 7 set 9 diff]5t keys4 ,in/ead ( de/roy+ ! mod]nhi/orical s*eme ( ! life ( ,jesus1 or subject+ x to a rigor\s exam9ation1 & !reby und]tak+ ! p]=mance ( a highly valuable s]vice to criticism1 ! es*atological !ory conf9$ itself )9 ! limits ( ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology1 & left x to ,wr$e to reveal "o aft] ano!r by a labori\s purely critical me?od ! difficulties :i* f its po9t ( view x might h grasp$ hi/orically at a s+le glance4 ,x inevitably foll[s t ,wr$e is unju/ to ,johannes ,weiss & ,johannes ,weiss t[>ds ,wr$e47#bfi7 ,x is q inexplicable t ! es*atological s*ool1 ) its cle> p]ception ( ! es*atological elem5t 9 ! prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 did n also hit ^u ! ?\ght ( ! 8dogmatic0 elem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus4 ,es*atology is simply 8dogmatic hi/ory0--hi/ory z m\ld$ by !ological beliefs--:i* breaks 9 ^u ! natural c\rse ( hi/ory & abrogates4 x4 ,is x n ev5 a priori ! only conceivable view t ! conduct ( "o :o look$ =w>d to ,8 ,messianic 8,p>\sia0 9 ! ne> future %\ld be det]m9$1 n by ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 b by t expectation8 ,! *aotic confusion ( ! n>ratives ought to h sugge/$ ! ?\ght t ! ev5ts _h be5 ?r[n into ?is confusion by ! volcanic =ce ( an incalculable p]sonality1 n by "s k9d ( c>elessness or freak ( ! tradition4 ,a v little consid]ation suffices to %[ t !re is some?+ q incompreh5sible 9 ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus tak5 z a :ole4 ,accord+ to ,m>k x la/$ less ?an a ye>1 = s9ce he speaks ( only "o ,passov]j\rney we may conclude t no o!r ,passov] fell )9 ! p]iod ( ,jesus' activity z a tea*]4 ,if x is propos$ to assume t ,he all[$ a ,passov] to g by )\t go+ up to ,j]usalem1 ,8 adv]s>ies1 :o took ,him to task ab\t h&wa%+s & ab\t rubb+ ! e>s ( corn on ! ,sabba?1 w\ld c]ta9ly h made a mo/ s]i\s matt] ( ?is1 & we %\ld h to suppose t ! ,evangeli/ = "s reason or o!r ?\ght fit to suppress ! fact4 ,t is to say1 ! burd5 ( pro( lies ^u ^? :o ass]t a long] duration = ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,until !y h succe$$ 9 prov+ x1 we may assume some?+ l ! foll[+ c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,jesus1 9 go+ up to a ,passov]1 came 9 contact ) ! movem5t initiat$ by ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ,judaea1 &1 aft] ! lapse ( a little "t--if we br+ into ! reckon+ ! =ty days' soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness m5tion$ 9 ,m>k i4 #ac1 a few weeks lat]--appe>$ 9 ,galilee proclaim+ ! ne> approa* ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ,m>k ,he _h kn[n ,himself s9ce ,8 baptism to be ! ,messiah1 b f ! hi/orical po9t ( view t does n matt]1 s9ce hi/ory is conc]n$ ) ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! ,messiah%ip1 n ) inw>d psy*ological processes47#bgj7 ,?is "w ( prea*+ ! ,k+dom 0 cont9u$ until ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve2 t is to say1 at ! mo/ = a few weeks4 ,p]haps 9 ! say+ 8! h>ve/ is great b ! lab\r]s are few10 ) :i* ,jesus closes ,8 "w prior to s5d+ =? ! disciples1 !re lies an allusion to ! actual /ate ( ! natural fields4 ,! flock+ ( ! p to ,him aft] ! ,mission ( ! ,twelve1 :5 a great multitude ?rong$ ab\t ,him = sev]al days dur+ ,8 j\rney along ! nor!rn %ore ( ! lake1 c be m naturally expla9$ if ! h>ve/ _h j be5 br\ght 94 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is c]ta9 t ,jesus1 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 initial success1 left ,galilee1 j\rney$ nor?w>ds1 & only resum$ ,8 "w z a tea*] 9 ,judaea on ! way to ,j]usalem6 ,( ,8 8public m9i/ry10 !re=e1 a l>ge section falls out1 be+ cancell$ by a p]iod ( inexplicable concealm5t2 x dw9dles to a few weeks ( prea*+ "h & !re 9 ,galilee & ! few days ( ,8 soj\rn 9 ,j]usalem47#bga7 ,b 9 t case ! public life ( ,jesus becomes practically un9telligible4 ,! explanation t ,8 cause 9 ,galilee 0 lo/1 & t ,he 0 oblig$ to flee1 has n ! slighte/ f\ndation 9 ! text47#bgb7 ,t 0 recognis$ ev5 by ,keim1 ! inv5tor ( ! successful & unsuccessful p]iods 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 z is %[n by 8 sugge/ion t ! ,evangeli/s _h int5tionally remov$ ! traces ( failure f ! decisive p]iod :i* l$ up to ! nor!rn j\rney4 ,! controv]sy ov] ! wa%+ ( h&s 9 ,m>k vii4 #abc1 to :i* appeal is always made1 is really a defeat = ! ,ph>isees4 ,! !ory ( ! 8des]tion ( ! ,galilaeans10 :i* appe>s ) m or less arti/ic v>iations 9 all mod]n ,lives ( ,jesus1 owes its exi/5ce n to any o!r confirmatory fact1 b simply to ! circum/ance t ,m>k makes ! simple /atem5t3 8,& ,jesus dep>t$ & w5t into ! region ( ,tyre0 7vii4 #bd7 )\t (f]+ any explanation ( ?is decision4 ,! only conclusion :i* ! text w>rants is t ,m>k m5tion$ no reason because he knew ( none4 ,! decision ( ,jesus did n re/ ^u ! record$ facts1 s9ce x ignores ^!1 b ^u consid]ations ly+ outside ! hi/ory4 ,8 life at ?is p]iod 0 dom9at$ by a 8dogmatic idea0 :i* r5d]$ ,him indiff]5t to all else 444 ev5 to ! happy & successful "w z a tea*] :i* 0 op5+ be=e ,him4 ,h[ c\ld ,jesus ! 8tea*]0 ab&on at t mom5t a p s anxi\s to le>n & s eag] = salvation8 ,8 action sugge/s a d\bt :e!r ,he really felt ,himself to be a 8tea*]40 ,if all ! controv]sial disc\rses & say+s & answ]s to que/ions1 :i* 7 s to speak wrung f ,him1 7 subtract$ f ! sum ( ,8 utt]ances1 h[ mu* ( ! didactic prea*+ ( ,jesus w\ld be left ov]8 ,b ev5 ! suppos$ didactic prea*+ is n really t ( a 8tea*]10 s9ce ! purpose ( ,8 p>ables 01 accord+ to ,m>k iv4 #ajab1 n to reveal1 b to conceal1 & ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god ,he spoke only 9 p>ables 7,m>k iv4 #cd74 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 ext5d+ ! !ory ( concealm5t1 simply because x is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! fir/ p>able1 to all ! p>ables :i* ,he ev] spoke1 = x is nev] m5tion$ aga94 ,x c\ld h>dly inde$ be appli$ to ! p>ables ) a moral1 l t1 = in/ance1 ( ! pe>l ( great price4 ,x is equally inapplicable to ! p>ables ( com+ judgm5t utt]$ at ,j]usalem1 9 :i* ,he explicitly exhorts ! p to be prep>$ & wat*ful 9 view ( ! com+ ( judgm5t & ( ! ,k+dom4 ,b "h too x is des]v+ ( notice t ,jesus1 :5ev] ,he desires to make kn[n any?+ fur!r conc]n+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god ?an j its ne> approa*1 seems to be conf9$1 z x 7 by a high] law1 to ! p>abolic =m ( disc\rse4 ,x is z ?\gh1 = reasons :i* we _c grasp1 ,8 tea*+ lay "u c]ta9 limitations4 ,x appe>s z a k9d ( accessory aspect ( ,8 vocation4 ,?us x 0 possible = ,him to give up ,8 "w z a tea*] ev5 at ! mom5t :5 x promis$ ! greate/ success4 ,accord+ly ! fact ( ,8 always speak+ 9 p>ables & ( ,8 tak+ ?is inexplicable resolution bo? po9t back to a my/]i\s pre supposition :i* greatly r$uces ! importance ( ,jesus' "w z a tea*]4 ,"o reason = ?is limitation is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ,m>k iv4 #ajab1 viz4 pr$e/9ation6 ,jesus kn[s t ! tru? :i* ,he (f]s is exclusively = ^? :o h be5 def9itely *os51 t ! g5]al & public ann\ncem5t ( ,8 message c\ld only ?w>t ! plans ( ,god1 s9ce ! *os5 are already w9n+ _! salvation f ,god4 ,only ! phrase1 8,rep5t = ! ,k+dom ( ,god is at h&0 & its v>iants belong to ! public prea*+4 ,& ?is1 !re=e1 is ! only message :i* ,he commits to ,8 disciples :5 s5d+ !m =?4 ,:at ?is rep5tance1 supplem5t>y to ! law1 ! special e?ic ( ! int]val be=e ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom 7,int]imse?ik7 is1 9 its positive acceptation1 ,he expla9s 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,b all t goes beyond t simple phrase mu/ be publicly pres5t$ only 9 p>ables1 9 ord] t ^? only1 :o are %[n to possess pr$e/9ation by hav+ ! initial k :i* enables !m to und]/& ! p>ables1 may receive a m advanc$ k1 :i* is imp>t$ to !m 9 a measure correspond+ to _! orig9al degree ( k3 8,unto him t ha? %all be giv51 & f him t ha? n %all be tak5 away ev5 t :i* he ha?0 7,m>k iv4 #bdbe74 ,! pr$e/9>ian view goes along ) ! es*atology4 ,x is pu%$ to its utmo/ consequ5ces 9 ! clos+ incid5t ( ! p>able ( ! m>riage ( ! ,k+'s son 7,matt4 xxii4 #aad7 :]e ! man :o1 9 response to a publicly issu$ invitation1 sits d[n at ! table ( ! ,k+1 b is recognis$ f 8 appe>ance z n call$1 is ?r[n out into p]dition4 8,_m are call$ b few are *os540 ,! e?ical idea ( salvation & ! pr$e/9>ian limitation ( acceptance to ! elect are con/antly 9 conflict 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus4 ,9 "o case1 h[ev]1 ,he f9ds relief 9 ! ?\ght ( pr$e/9ation4 ,:5 ! ri* "y man turn$ away1 n hav+ /r5g? to give up 8 possessions = ! sake ( foll[+ ,jesus z he _h be5 comm&$ to d1 ,jesus & ,8 disciples 7 =c$ to draw ! conclusion t he1 l o!r ri* m51 0 lo/1 & c\ld n ent] into ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,b imm$iately aft]w>ds ,jesus makes ! sugge/ion1 8,) m5 x is impossible1 b n ) ,god1 = ) ,god all ?+s are possible0 7,m>k x4 #agbg74 ,t is1 ,he w n give up ! hope t ! "y man1 9 spite ( appe>ances1 :i* are aga9/ him1 w be f\nd to h belong$ to ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 solely 9 virtue ( ! secret allp[]ful w ( ,god4 ,( a 8conv]sion0 ( ! "y man !re is no "q4 ,9 ! ,beatitudes1 on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5t is rev]s$2 ! pr$e/9ation is inf]r$ f its outw>d manife/ation4 ,x may seem to u inconceivable1 b !y are really pr$e/9>ian 9 =m4 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s6 ,bless$ are ! meek6 ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s6--t does n mean t by virtue ( _! be+ poor 9 _s1 meek1 peacelov+1 !y des]ve ! ,k+dom4 ,jesus does n int5d ! say+ z an injunction or exhortation1 b z a simple /atem5t ( fact3 9 _! be+ poor 9 _s1 9 _! meekness1 9 _! love ( peace1 x is made manife/ t !y are pr$e/9$ to ! ,k+dom4 ,by ! possession ( ^! qualities !y are m>k$ z belong+ to x4 ,9 ! case ( o!rs 7,matt4 v4 #ajab7 ! pr$e/9ation to ! ,k+dom is made manife/ by ! p]secutions :i* befall !m 9 ?is _w4 ,^! are ! light ( ! _w1 :i* already %9es among m5 = ! glory ( ,god 7,matt4 v4 #adae74 ,! k+dom _c be 8e>n$02 :at happ5s is t m5 are call$ to x1 & %[ !mselves to be call$ to x4 ,on c>eful exam9ation x appe>s t ! idea ( rew>d 9 ! say+s ( ,jesus is n really an idea ( rew>d1 because x is reliev$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( pr$e/9ation4 ,= ! pres5t x is suffici5t to note ! fact t ! es*atologico pr$e/9>ian view br+s a my/]i\s elem5t ( dogma n m]ely into ! tea*+1 b also into ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,to take ano!r po9t1 :at is ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god8 ,x mu/ consi/ ( some?+ m ?an m]ely its ne> approa*1 & some?+ ( extreme importance2 o!rwise ,jesus w\ld be "h indulg+ 9 m]e my/]ymong]+4 ,! say+ ab\t ! c&le :i* ,he puts ^u ! /&1 9 ord] t :at 0 hidd5 may be reveal$ to ^? :o h e>s to he>1 implies t ,he is mak+ a trem5d\s revelation to ^? :o und]/& ! p>ables ab\t ! gr[? ( ! se$4 ,! my/]y mu/ !re=e conta9 ! explanation :y ! ,k+dom mu/ n[ come1 & h[ m5 are to "k h[ ne> x is4 ,= ! g5]al fact t x is v ne> _h already be5 op5ly proclaim$ bo? by ! ,bapti/ & by ,jesus4 ,! my/]y1 !re=e1 mu/ consi/ ( some?+ m ?an t4 ,9 ^! p>ables x is n ! idea ( developm5t1 b ( ! app>5t abs5ce ( causation :i* occupies ! =emo/ place4 ,! description aims at sugge/+ ! "q1 h[1 & by :at p[]1 incomp>ably great & glori\s results c be infallibly produc$ by an insignificant fact )\t human aid4 ,a man s[$ se$4 ,mu* ( x 0 lo/1 b ! little t fell into good gr\nd br\ght =? a h>ve/--?irty1 sixty1 an hundr$fold--:i* left no trace ( ! loss 9 ! s[+4 ,h[ did t come ab\t8 ,a man s[s se$ & does n tr\ble any fur!r ab\t x--_c inde$ d any?+ to help x1 b he kn[s t aft] a def9ite "t ! glori\s h>ve/ :i* arises out ( ! se$ w /& be=e him4 ,by :at p[] is t effect$8 ,an extremely m9ute gra9 ( mu/>d se$ is plant$ 9 ! e>? & !re necess>ily arises out ( x a great bu%1 :i* _c c]ta9ly h be5 conta9$ 9 ! gra9 ( se$4 ,h[ 0 t8 ,:at ! p>ables emphasise is1 !re=e1 s to speak1 ! 9 itself negative1 inadequate1 "* ( ! initial fact1 ^u :i*1 z by a miracle1 !re foll[s 9 ! appo9t$ "t1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,god1 "s great ?+4 ,!y lay /ress n ^u ! natural1 b ^u ! miracul\s "* ( su* occurr5ces4 ,b :at is ! initial fact ( ! p>ables8 ,x is ! s[+4 ,x is n said t by ! man :o s[s ! se$ ,jesus means ,himself4 ,! man has no importance4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! mu/>d se$ he is n ev5 m5tion$4 ,all t is ass]t$ is t ! initial fact is already pres5t1 z c]ta9ly pres5t z ! "t ( ! s[+ is pa/ at ! mom5t :5 ,jesus speaks4 ,t be+ s1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god mu/ foll[ z c]ta9ly z h>ve/ foll[s se$s[+4 ,z a man believes 9 ! h>ve/1 )\t be+ able to expla9 x1 simply because ! se$ has be5 s[n2 s ) ! same absolute confid5ce he may believe 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,& ! initial fact :i* is symbolis$8 ,jesus c only mean a fact :i* 0 actually 9 exi/5ce--! movem5t ( rep5tance evok$ by ! ,bapti/ & n[ int5sifi$ by ,8 own prea*+4 ,t necess>ily involves ! br++ 9 ( ! ,k+dom by ! p[] ( ,god2 z man's s[+ necessitates ! giv+ ( ! h>ve/ by ! same ,inf9ite ,p[]4 ,any "o :o kn[s ?is sees ) diff]5t eyes ! corn gr[+ 9 ! fields & ! h>ve/ rip5+1 = he sees ! "o fact 9 ! o!r1 & awaits along ) ! e>?ly h>ve/ ! heav5ly1 ! revelation ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,if we look into ! ?\ght m closely we see t ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god is n only symbolically or analogically1 b also really & temporally connect$ ) ! h>ve/4 ,! h>ve/ rip5+ ^u e>? is ! la/6 ,) x comes also ! ,k+dom ( ,god :i* br+s 9 ! new age4 ,:5 ! reap]s are s5t into ! fields1 ! ,"l 9 ,heav5 w cause ,8 h>ve/ to be reap$ by ! holy angels4 ,if ! ?ree p>ables ( ,m>k iv4 conta9 ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & are !re=e capable ( be+ summ$ up 9 a s+le =mula1 ?is c be no?+ else ?an ! joyful exhortation3 8,ye :o h eyes to see1 read1 9 ! h>ve/ :i* is rip5+ ^u e>?1 :at is be+ prep>$ 9 heav560 ,! eag] es*atological hope 0 to reg>d ! natural process z ! la/ ( its k9d1 & to see 9 x a special significance 9 view ( ! ev5t ( :i* x 0 to give ! signal4 ,! analogical & temporal p>allelism becomes complete if we assume t ! movem5t initiat$ by ! ,bapti/ began 9 ! spr+1 & notice t ,jesus1 accord+ to ,matt4 ix4 #cg & #ch1 be=e s5d+ out ! disciples to make a spe$y proclamation ( ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 utt]$ ! rem>kable say+ ab\t ! ri* h>ve/4 ,x seems l a f9al expression ( ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! p>ables ab\t ! se$ & its promise1 & f9ds its mo/ natural explanation 9 ! supposition t ! h>ve/ 0 actually at h&4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is attempt to div9e hi/orically ! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 !re is "o ?+ t _c be got away f1 viz4 t ! initial fact to :i* ,jesus po9ts1 "u ! figure ( ! s[+1 is someh[ or o!r connect$ ) ! es*atological prea*+ ( rep5tance1 :i* _h be5 begun by ! ,bapti/4 ,t may be ! m confid5tly ass]t$ because ,jesus 9 ano!r my/]i\s say+ describes ! days ( ! ,bapti/ z a "t :i* makes prep>ation = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 8,f ! days ( ,john ! ,bapti/10 ,he says 9 ,matt4 xi4 #ab1 8ev5 until n[1 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is subject$ to viol5ce1 & ! viol5t wre/ x to !mselves40 ,! say+ has no?+ to d ) ! ent]+ ( individuals into ! ,k+dom2 x simply ass]ts1 t s9ce ! com+ ( ! ,bapti/ a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons are engag$ 9 =c+ on & compell+ ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,jesus' expectation ( ! ,k+dom is an expectation bas$ ^u a fact :i* ex]cises an active influ5ce ^u ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,x 0 n ,he1 & n ! ,bapti/ :o 87 work+ at ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom02 x is ! ho/ ( p5it5ts :i* is wr++ x f ,god1 s t x may n[ come at any mom5t4 ,! es*atological insight ( ,johannes ,weiss made an end ( ! mod]n view t ,jesus f\nd$ ! ,k+dom4 ,x did away ) all activity1 z ex]cis$ ^u ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & made ! "p ( ,jesus purely a wait+ "o4 ,n[ ! activity comes back into ! prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom1 b ?is "t es*atologically condition$4 ,! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god :i* ,jesus unveils 9 ! p>ables ab\t confid5t expectation 9 ,m>k iv41 & decl>es 9 s _m words 9 ! eulogy on ! ,bapti/ 7,matt4 xi471 am\nts to ?is1 t 9 ! movem5t to :i* ! ,bapti/ gave ! fir/ impulse1 & :i* /ill cont9u$1 !re 0 an initial fact :i* 0 draw+ aft] x ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 9 a fa%ion :i* 0 miracul\s1 un9telligible1 b unfail+ly c]ta91 s9ce ! suffici5t cause = x lay 9 ! p[] & purpose ( ,god4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,jesus 9 ^! p>ables1 z well z 9 ! relat$ say+ at ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve1 uses ! =mula1 8,he t ha? e>s to he>1 let him he>0 7,m>k iv4 #bc & ,matt4 xi4 #ae71 !reby signify+ t 9 ?is utt]ance !re lies conceal$ a sup]natural k conc]n+ ! plans ( ,god1 :i* only ^? :o h e>s to he>--t is1 ! =eorda9$--c detect4 ,= o!rs ^! say+s are un9telligible4 ,if ?is g5u9ely 8hi/orical0 int]pretation ( ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god is correct1 ,jesus mu/ h expect$ ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom at h>ve/ "t4 ,& t is j :at ,he did expect4 ,x is = t reason t ,he s5ds out ,8 disciples to make kn[n 9 ,israel1 z spe$ily z may be1 :at is ab\t to happ54 ,t 9 ?is ,he is actuat$ by a dogmatic idea1 becomes cle> :5 we notice t1 accord+ to ,m>k1 ! mission ( ! ,twelve foll[$ imm$iately on ! rejection at ,naz>e?4 ,! unreceptiv5ess ( ! ,naz>5es _h made no impression ^u ,him2 ,he 0 only a/oni%$ at _! unbelief 7,m>k vi4 #f74 ,?is passage is (t5 int]pret$ to mean t ,he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d ,8 miracle work+ p[] fail ,him4 ,!re is no h9t ( t 9 ! text4 ,:at ,he is a/oni%$ at is1 t 9 ,8 native t[n !re 7 s few believ]s1 t is1 elect1 kn[+ z ,he does t ! ,k+dom ( ,god may appe> at any mom5t4 ,b t fact makes no diff]5ce :atev] to ! ne>ness ( ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,! ,evangeli/1 !re=e1 places ! rejection at ,naz>e? & ! mission ( ! ,twelve side by side1 simply because he f\nd !m 9 ?is temporal connexion 9 ! tradition4 ,if he _h be5 work+ by 8association ( ideas10 he w\ld n h arriv$ at ?is ord]4 ,! want ( connexion1 ! impossibility ( apply+ any natural explanation1 is j :at is hi/orical1 because ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory 0 det]m9$1 n by outw>d ev5ts1 b by ! decisions ( ,jesus1 & ^! 7 det]m9$ by dogmatic1 es*atological consid]ations4 ,to h[ great an ext5t ?is 0 ! case 9 reg>d to ! mission ( ! ,twelve is cle>ly se5 f ! 8*>ge0 :i* ,jesus gave !m4 ,he tells !m 9 pla9 words 7,matt4 x4 #bc71 t ,he does n expect to see !m back 9 ! pres5t age4 ,! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man1 :i* is logically & temporally id5tical ) ! dawn ( ! ,k+dom1 w take place be=e !y %all h complet$ a ha/y j\rney ?r\gh ! cities ( ,israel to ann\nce x4 ,t ! words mean ?is & no?+ else1 t !y ought n to be 9 any way weak5$ d[n1 %\ld be suffici5tly evid5t4 ,?is is ! =m 9 :i* ,jesus reveals to !m ! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,a few days lat]1 ,he utt]s ! say+ ab\t ! viol5t :o1 s9ce ! days ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 are =c+ on ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,x is equally cle>1 & "h ! dogmatic consid]ations :i* guid$ ! resolutions ( ,jesus become /ill m prom95t1 t ?is pr$iction 0 n fulfill$4 ,! disciples return$ to ,him2 & ! appe>+ ( ! ,son ( ,man _h n tak5 place4 ,! actual hi/ory disav[$ ! dogmatic hi/ory on :i* ! action ( ,jesus _h be5 bas$4 ,an ev5t ( sup]natural hi/ory :i* mu/ take place1 & mu/ take place at t p>ticul> po9t ( "t1 fail$ to come ab\t4 ,t 0 = ,jesus1 :o liv$ :olly 9 ! dogmatic hi/ory1 ! fir/ 8hi/orical0 occurr5ce1 ! c5tral ev5t :i* clos$ ! =m] p]iod ( ,8 activity & gave ! com+ p]iod a new "*4 ,to ?is ext5t mod]n !ology is ju/ifi$ :5 x di/+ui%es two p]iods 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus2 an e>li]1 9 :i* ,he is surr\nd$ by ! p1 a lat] 9 :i* ,he is 8des]t$0 by !m1 & travels ab\t ) ! ,twelve only4 ,x is a s\nd obs]vation t ! two p]iods are %>ply di/+ui%$ by ! attitude ( ,jesus4 ,to expla9 ?is diff]5ce ( attitude1 :i* !y ?\ght !mselves b\nd to acc\nt = on natural hi/orical gr\nds1 !ologians ( ! mod]n hi/orical s*ool inv5t$ ! !ory ( gr[+ opposition & wan+ support4 ,weisse1 no d\bt1 _h express$ himself 9 direct opposition to ?is !ory47#bgc7 ,keim1 :o gave x its place 9 !ology1 0 aw>e t 9 sett+ x up he 0 go+ aga9/ ! pla9 s5se ( ! texts4 ,lat] writ]s lo/ ?is consci\sness1 j z 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospel ! significance ( ! ,messianic secret 9 ,m>k gradually fad$ away2 !y imag9$ t !y c\ld f9d ! basis ( fact = ! !ory 9 ! texts1 & did n realise t !y only believ$ 9 ! des]tion ( ! multitude & ! 8flights & retirem5ts0 ( ,jesus because !y c\ld n o!rwise expla9 hi/orically ! alt]ation 9 ,8 conduct1 ,8 )drawal f public "w1 & ,8 resolve to die4 ,! ?or\ghgo+ es*atological s*ool makes bett] "w ( x4 ,!y recognise 9 ! nonoccurr5ce ( ! ,p>\sia promis$ 9 ,matt4 x4 #bc1 ! 8hi/oric fact10 9 ! e/imation ( ,jesus1 :i* 9 "s way det]m9$ ! alt]ation 9 ,8 plans1 & ,8 attitude t[>ds ! multitude4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( 8,*ri/ianity0 d[n to ! pres5t day1 t is to say1 ! real inn] hi/ory ( x1 is bas$ on ! delay ( ! ,p>\sia1 ! nonoccurr5ce ( ! ,p>\sia1 ! ab&onm5t ( es*atology1 ! progress & completion ( ! 8dees*atologis+0 ( religion :i* has be5 connect$ !re)4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! nonfulfilm5t ( ,matt4 x4 #bc is ! fir/ po/ponem5t ( ! ,p>\sia4 ,we h !re=e "h ! fir/ significant date 9 ! 8hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity02 x gives to ! "w ( ,jesus a new direction1 o!rwise inexplicable4 ,"h we recognise also :y ! ,m>can hypo!sis1 9 con/ruct+ its view ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 f\nd itself oblig$ to h rec\rse m & m to ! help ( mod]n psy*ology1 & ?us necess>ily became m & m unhi/orical4 ,! fact :i* alone makes possible an und]/&+ ( ! :ole1 is lack+ 9 ?is ,gospel4 ,)\t ,matt4 x4 & xi4 ev]y?+ rema9s enigmatic4 ,= ?is reason ,bruno ,bau] & ,wr$e are 9 _! own way ! only consi/5t repres5tatives ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis f ! po9t ( view ( hi/orical criticism1 :5 !y arrive at ! result t ! ,m>can acc\nt is inh]5tly un9telligible4 ,keim1 ) 8 /rong s5se ( hi/orical reality1 rightly felt t ! plan ( ! ,life ( ,jesus %\ld n be con/ruct$ exclusively on ! basis ( ,m>k4 ,! recognition t ,m>k alone gives an inadequate basis1 is m important ?an any 8,ur,m>kus0 !ories1 = :i* x is impossible to discov] a lit]>y f\ndation1 or f9d an hi/orical use4 ,a simple induction f ! 8facts0 takes u beyond ,m>k4 ,9 ! disc\rsemat]ial ( ,mat!w1 :i* ! mod]nhi/orical s*ool ?\ght !y c\ld sift 9 "h & !re1 :]ev] !re seem$ to be room = x1 !re lie hidd5 c]ta9 facts--facts :i* nev] happ5$ b are all ! m important = t4 ,:y ,m>k describes ! ev5ts & disc\rses 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mission ( ! ,twelve ) su* c>eful au!ntication is a lit]>y "q :i* ! hi/orical /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus may leave op52 ! m s s9ce1 ev5 z a lit]>y "q1 x is insoluble4 ,! pr$iction ( ! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man is n ! only "o :i* rema9$ unfulfill$4 ,!re is ! pr$iction ( suff]+s :i* is connect$ ) x4 ,to put x m accurately1 ! pr$iction ( ! appe>+ ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ,matt4 x4 #bc runs up into a pr$iction ( suff]+s1 :i*1 work+ up to a climax1 =ms ! rema9d] ( ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples4 ,?is pr$iction ( suff]+s has z little to d ) objective hi/ory z ! pr$iction ( ! ,p>\sia4 ,consequ5tly1 none ( ! ,lives ( ,jesus1 :i* foll[ ! l9es ( a natural psy*ology1 f ,weisse d[n to ,osk> ,holtzmann1 c make any?+ ( x47#bgd7 ,!y ei!r /rike x out1 or transf] x to ! la/ 8gloomy epo*0 ( ! life ( ,jesus1 reg>d x z an un9telligible anticipation1 or put x d[n to ! acc\nt ( 8primitive !ology10 :i* s]ves z a scrapheap = ev]y?+ = :i* !y _c f9d a place 9 ! 8hi/orical life ( ,jesus40 ,9 ! texts x is q evid5t t ,jesus is n speak+ ( suff]+s aft] ,8 dea?1 b ( suff]+s :i* w befall !m z soon z !y h gone =? f ,him4 ,! dea? ( ,jesus is n "h presuppos$1 b only ! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man1 & x is impli$ t ?is w occur j aft] ^! suff]+s & br+ !m to a close4 ,if ! !ology ( ! primitive ,*ur* _h rem\ld$ ! tradition1 z is always be+ ass]t$1 x w\ld h made ,jesus give ,8 foll[]s directions = _! conduct aft] ,8 dea?4 ,t we d n f9d any?+ ( ?is k9d is ! be/ pro( t !re c be no "q ( a rem\ld+ ( ! ,life ( ,jesus by primitive !ology4 ,h[ easy x w\ld h be5 = ! ,e>ly ,*ur* to scatt] "h & !re ?r\gh ! disc\rses ( ,jesus directions :i* 7 only to be appli$ aft] ,8 dea?6 ,b ! simple fact is t x did n d s4 ,! suff]+s ( :i* ! prospect is held out at ! s5d+ =? are d\bly1 trebly1 nay f\r times ov]1 unhi/orical4 ,9 ! fir/ place--& ?is is ! only po9t :i* mod]n hi/orical !ology has notic$--because !re is n a %ad[ ( a sugge/ion 9 ! outw>d circum/ances ( any?+ :i* c\ld =m a natural occasion = su* pr$ictions (1 & exhortations relat+ to1 suff]+s4 ,9 ! second place--& ?is has be5 ov]look$ by mod]n !ology because x _h already decl>$ !m to be unhi/orical 9 its own *>act]i/ic fa%ion1 viz4 by /rik+ !m out--because !y 7 n fulfill$4 ,9 ! ?ird place--& ?is has n ent]$ into ! m9d ( mod]n !ology at all--because ^! say+s 7 spok5 9 ! close/ connexion ) ! promise ( ! ,p>\sia & are plac$ 9 ! close/ connexion ) t ev5t4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 because ! description ( t :i* is to befall ! disciples is q )\t any basis 9 exp]i5ce4 ,a "t ( g5]al diss5sion w beg91 9 :i* bro!rs w rise up aga9/ bro!rs1 & fa!rs aga9/ sons & *ildr5 aga9/ _! p>5ts to cause !m to be put to dea? 7,matt4 x4 #ba74 ,& ! disciples 8%all be hat$ ( all m5 = ,8 "n's sake40 ,let !m /rive to hold out to ! 8end10 t is1 to ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man1 9 ord] t !y may be sav$ 7,matt4 x4 #bb74 ,b :y %\ld !y sudd5ly be hat$ & p]secut$ = ! "n ( ,jesus1 see+ t ?is "n play$ no "p :atev] 9 _! prea*+8 ,t is simply inconceivable4 ,! relation ( ,jesus to ! ,son ( ,man1 ! fact1 t is to say1 t x is ,he :o is to be manife/$ z ,son ( ,man1 mu/ !re=e 9 "s way or o!r become kn[n 9 ! int]val2 n1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! disciples1 b by "s o!r means ( revelation4 ,a k9d ( sup]natural illum9ation w sudd5ly make kn[n all t ,jesus has be5 keep+ secret reg>d+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ,8 position 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,?is illum9ation w arise z sudd5ly & )\t prep>ation z ! _s ( /rife4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ,jesus pr$icts to ! disciples 9 ! same disc\rse t to _! own surprise a sup]natural wisdom w sudd5ly speak f _! lips1 s t x w be n !y b ! ,_s ( ,god :o w answ] ! great ones ( ! e>?4 ,z ! ,_s is = ,jesus & e>ly ,*ri/ian !ology some?+ concrete :i* is to desc5d ^u ! elect among mank9d only 9 consequ5ce ( a def9ite ev5t--! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s :i*1 accord+ to ! prophecy ( ,joel1 %\ld prec$e ! day ( judgm5t--,jesus mu/ h anticipat$ t ?is w\ld occur dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! disciples1 9 ! mid/ ( ! "t ( /rife & confusion4 ,to put x diff]5tly2 ! :ole ( ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve1 tak5 9 ! cle> s5se ( ! words1 is a pr$iction ( ! ev5ts ( ! 8"t ( ! end10 ev5ts :i* are imm$iately at h&1 9 :i* ! sup]natural es*atological c\rse ( hi/ory w break ?r\gh into ! natural c\rse4 ,! expectation ( suff]+s is !re=e doctr9al & unhi/orical1 z is1 precisely 9 ! same way1 ! expectation ( ! p\r+ =? ( ! ,_s utt]$ at ! same "t4 ,! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man is to be prec$$ accord+ to ! ,messianic dogma by a "t ( /rife & confusion--z x 71 ! bir? ?roes ( ! ,messiah--& ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t accord+ to ,joel iii4 & iv4 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 along ) ! miracul\s signs1 =ms ! prelude to ! judgm5t2 & also1 t 9 ! same context1 ,joel iii4 #ac1 ! judgm5t is describ$ z ! h>ve/day ( ,god47#bge7 ,"h we h a rem>kable p>allel to ! say+ ab\t ! h>ve/ 9 ,matt4 ix4 #ch1 :i* =ms ! introduction to ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples4 ,!re is only "o po9t 9 :i* ! pr$ict$ c\rse ( es*atological ev5ts is incomplete3 ! appe>ance ( ,elias is n m5tion$4 ,jesus c\ld n prophesy to ! disciples ! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man )\t po9t+ !m1 at ! same "t1 to ! prees*atological ev5ts :i* mu/ fir/ occur4 ,he mu/ op5 to !m a "p ( ! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 viz4 ! ne>ness ( ! h>ve/1 t !y might n be tak5 by surprise & caus$ to d\bt by ^! ev5ts4 ,?us ?is disc\rse is hi/orical z a :ole & d[n to ! smalle/ detail precisely because1 accord+ to ! view ( mod]n !ology1 x mu/ be judg$ unhi/orical4 ,x is1 9 fact1 full ( es*atological dogma4 ,jesus _h no ne$ to in/ruct ! disciples z to :at !y 7 to tea*2 = !y _h only to utt] a cry4 ,b conc]n+ ! ev5ts :i* %\ld sup]v5e1 x 0 necess>y t ,he %\ld give !m in=mation4 ,!re=e ! disc\rse does n consi/ ( in/ruction1 b ( pr$ictions ( suff]+s & ( ! ,p>\sia4 ,t be+ s1 we may judge ) :at "r ! mod]n psy*ological !ology dismisses ! great ,mat?aean disc\rses (fh& z m]e 8composite /ructures40 ,j let any "o try to %[ h[ ! ,evangeli/ :5 he 0 rack+ 8 bra9s ov] ! task ( mak+ a 8disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples10 half by ! me?od ( piec+ x toge!r out ( traditional say+s & 8primitive !ology10 & half by inv5t+ x1 light$ on ! curi\s idea ( mak+ ,jesus speak entirely ( inopportune & unpractical matt]s2 & ( !n go+ on to provide ! evid5ce t !y nev] happ5$4 ,! =etell+ ( ! suff]+s t belong to ! es*atological di/ress is "p & p>cel ( ! prea*+ ( ! approa* ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 x embodies ! secret ( ! ,k+dom4 ,x is = t reason t ! ?\ght ( suff]+ appe>s at ! end ( ! ,beatitudes & 9 ! clos+ petition ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,= ! :i* is !re 9 view is n an individual psy*ological temptation1 b ! g5]al es*atological "t ( tribulation1 f :i* ,god is bes\ght to exempt ^? :o pray s e>ne/ly = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 & n to expose !m to t tribulation by way ( putt+ !m to ! te/4 ,!re foll[$ nei!r ! suff]+s1 nor ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 nor ! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,! disciples return$ safe & s\nd & full ( a pr\d satisfaction2 = "o promise _h be5 realis$--! p[] :i* _h be5 giv5 !m ov] ! demons4 ,b f ! mom5t :5 !y rejo9$ ,him1 all ,8 ?\ghts & ef=ts 7 devot$ to gett+ rid ( ! p 9 ord] to be alone ) !m 7,m>k vi4 #cjcc74 ,previ\sly1 dur+ _! abs5ce1 ,he _h1 almo/ 9 op5 spee*1 taught ! multitude conc]n+ ! ,bapti/1 conc]n+ t :i* 0 to prec$e ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 & conc]n+ ! judgm5t :i* %\ld come ^u ! imp5it5t1 ev5 ^u :ole t[ns ( !m 7,matt4 xi4 #bjbd71 because1 9 spite ( ! miracles :i* !y _h witness$1 !y _h n recognis$ ! day ( grace & dilig5tly us$ x = rep5tance4 ,at ! same "t ,he _h rejoic$ be=e !m ov] all ^? :om ,god _h enlight5$ t !y might see :at 0 go+ =w>d2 & _h call$ !m to ,8 side 7,matt4 xi4 #becj74 ,& n[ sudd5ly1 ! mom5t ! disciples return1 ,8 "o ?\ght is to get away f ! p4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 foll[ ,him & ov]take ,him on ! %ores ( ! lake4 ,he puts ! ,jordan betwe5 ,himself & !m by cross+ to ,be?saida4 ,!y also come to ,be?saida4 ,he returns to ,cap]naum4 ,!y d ! same4 ,s9ce 9 ,galilee x is impossible = ,him to be alone1 & ,he absolutely mu/ be alone1 ,he 8slips away0 to ! nor?4 ,once m mod]n !ology 0 "r3 ,he really does flee2 n1 h[ev]1 f ho/ile ,scribes1 b f ! p1 :o dog ,8 foot/eps 9 ord] to await 9 ,8 company ! appe>+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ( ! ,son ( ,man--to await x 9 va947#bgf7 ,9 ,/rauss's fir/ ,life ( ,jesus ! "q is ?r[n out :e!r1 9 view ( ,matt4 x4 #bc1 ,jesus did n ?9k ( ,8 ,p>\sia z a trans=mation :i* %\ld take place dur+ ,8 lifetime4 ,ghillany bases 8 "w on ?is possibility z on an e/abli%$ hi/orical fact4 ,dalman takes ?is hypo!sis to be ! necess>y correlative ( ! int]pretation ( ! selfdesignation ,son ( ,man on ! basis ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypses4 ,if ,jesus1 he argues1 designat$ ,himself 9 ?is futuri/ic s5se z ! ,son ( ,man :o comes f ,heav51 ,he mu/ h assum$ t ,he w\ld fir/ be transport$ ?i!r4 8,a man :o _h di$ or be5 rapt away f ! e>? might p]haps be br\ght into ! _w aga9 9 ?is way1 or "o :o _h nev] be5 on e>? might s desc5d ?i!r40 ,b z ?is conception ( trans=mation & removal seems to ,dalman unt5able 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 he treats x z a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! es*atological int]pretation ( ! title4 ,b :y8 ,if ,jesus z a man walk+ 9 a natural body ^u e>?1 pr$icts to ,8 disciples ! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! imm$iate future1 ) ! secret conviction t ,he ,himself 0 to be reveal$ z ! ,son ( ,man1 ,he mu/ h made precisely ?is assumption t ,he w\ld fir/ be sup]naturally remov$ & trans=m$4 ,he ?\ght ( ,himself z any "o mu/ :o believes 9 ! imm$iate com+ ( ! la/ ?+s1 z liv+ 9 two diff]5t conditions3 ! pres5t1 & ! future condition into :i* ,he is to be transf]r$ at ! com+ ( ! new sup]natural _w4 ,we le>n lat] t ! disciples on ! way up to ,j]usalem 7 entirely possess$ by ! ?\ght ( :at !y %\ld be :5 ?is trans=mation took place4 ,!y cont5d z to :o %all h ! highe/ position 7,m>k ix4 #cc72 ,james & ,john wi% ,jesus to promise !m 9 advance ! ?rones on ,8 "r h& & on ,8 left 7,m>k x4 #cecg74 ,he1 moreov]1 does n rebuke !m = indulg+ su* ?\ghts1 b only tells !m h[ mu*1 9 ! pres5t age1 ( s]vice1 humiliation1 & suff]+ is necess>y to con/itute a claim to su* places 9 ! future age1 & t x does n 9 ! la/ resort belong to ,him to allot ! places on ,8 left & on ,8 "r1 b t !y %all be giv5 to ^? = :om !y are prep>$2 !re=e1 p]haps n to any ( ! disciples 7,m>k x4 #dj74 ,at ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ! k & w ( ,jesus are ?w>t$ & limit$ by ! pr$e/9>ianism :i* is b\nd up ) es*atology4 ,x is q mi/ak51 h[ev]1 to speak z mod]n !ology does1 ( ! 8s]vice0 "h requir$ z belong+ to ! 8new e?ic ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god40 ,!re is = ,jesus no e?ic ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 = 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god all natural relation%ips1 ev51 = example1 ! di/9ction ( sex 7,m>k xii4 #be & #bf71 are aboli%$4 ,temptation & s9 no long] exi/4 ,all is 8reign10 a 8reign0 :i* has gradations--,jesus speaks ( ! 8lea/ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god0--accord+ z x has be5 det]m9$ 9 ea* individual case f all et]nity1 & accord+ z ea* by 8 selfhumiliation & refusal to rule 9 ! pres5t age has prov$ 8 fitness = be>+ rule 9 ! future ,k+dom4 ,= ! l(ti] /ations1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to h prov$ oneself 9 p]secution & suff]+4 ,accord+ly1 ,jesus asks ! sons ( ,zeb$ee :e!r1 s9ce !y claim ^! ?rones on ,8 "r h& & on ,8 left1 !y feel !mselves /rong en\gh to dr9k ( ,8 cup & be baptiz$ ) ,8 baptism 7,m>k x4 #ch74 ,to s]ve1 to humble oneself1 to incur p]secution & dea?1 belong to 8! e?ic ( ! int]im0 j z mu* z does p5it5ce4 ,!y are inde$ only a high] =m ( p5it5ce4 ,a vivid es*atological expectation is !re=e impossible to conceive ap>t f ! idea ( a metamorphosis4 ,! resurrection is only a special case ( ?is metamorphosis1 ! =m 9 :i* ! new condition ( ?+s is realis$ 9 ! case ( ^? :o are already dead4 ,! resurrection1 ! metamorphosis1 & ! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man take place simultane\sly1 & are "o & ! same act47#bgg7 ,x is !re=e q indiff]5t :e!r a man loses 8 life %ortly be=e ! ,p>\sia 9 ord] to 8f9d 8 life10 if t is :at is orda9$ = him2 t signifies only t he w und]go ! es*atological metamorphosis ) ! dead in/ead ( ) ! liv+4 ,! ,paul9e es*atology recognises bo? conceptions side by side1 9 su* a way1 h[ev]1 t ! resurrection is subord9at$ to ! metamorphosis4 8,behold1 ,i %ew y a my/]y10 he says 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ea ff42 8we %all n all sleep1 b we %all all be *ang$4 ,9 a mom5t1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 at ! la/ trump3 = ! trumpet %all s\nd1 & ! dead %all be rais$ incorruptible1 & we %all be *ang$40 ,! apo/le himself desires to be "o ( ^? :o live to exp]i5ce ! metamorphosis & to be clo!d ) ! heav5ly mode ( exi/5ce 7#b ,cor4 v4 #a ff474 ,! metamorphosis1 h[ev]1 & ! resurrection are1 = ^? :o are 89 ,*ri/10 connect$ ) a be+ caught up into ! cl\ds ( heav5 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #ae ff474 ,!re=e ,paul also makes "o & ! same ev5t ( ! metamorphosis1 resurrection1 & translation4 ,9 seek+ clues to ! es*atology ( ,jesus1 s*ol>s h pass$ ov] ! es*atology :i* lies close/ to x1 t ( ,paul4 ,b :y8 ,is x n id5tical ) t ( ,jesus1 at lea/ 9 s f> t bo? are 8,jewi% es*atology08 ,did n ,reim>us long ago decl>e t ! es*atology ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian community 0 id5tical ) ! ,jewi%1 & only w5t beyond x 9 claim+ a def9ite k on a s+le po9t :i* 0 uness5tial to ! nature & c\rse ( ! expect$ ev5ts1 9 kn[+1 t is1 :o ! ,son ( ,man %\ld be8 ,t ,*ri/ians drew no di/9ction betwe5 _! own es*atology & ! ,jewi% is evid5t f ! :ole "* ( ! e>li] apocalyptic lit]ature1 & n lea/ f ! ,apocalypse ( ,john6 ,aft] all1 :at alt]ation did ! belief t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,man :o 0 to be reveal$ make 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( ! c\rse ( apocalyptic ev5ts8 ,f ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature little help is to be d]iv$ t[>ds ! und]/&+ ( ! _w ( ?\ght 9 :i* ,jesus liv$1 & ,8 view ( ,8 own ,p]son4 ,! late/ rese>*es may be said to h made t cle>4 ,a few moral maxims1 a few halt+ p>ables--t is all t c be produc$ 9 ! way ( p>allels4 ,ev5 ! conception :i* is !re sugge/$ ( ! hidd5 com+ & "w ( ! ,messiah is ( little importance4 ,we f9d ! same ideas 9 ! m\? ( ,trypho 9 ,ju/9's dialogue1 & t makes _! ,jewi% "* d\btful4 ,t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? knew ,himself to be ! ,son ( ,man :o 0 to be reveal$ is = u ! great fact ( ,8 selfconsci\sness1 :i* is n to be fur!r expla9$1 :e!r !re _h be5 any k9d ( prep>ation = x 9 contempor>y !ology or n4 ,! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus _c 9 fact be illu/rat$ or expla9$2 all t c be expla9$ is ! es*atological view1 9 :i* ! ,man :o possess$ t selfconsci\sness saw reflect$ 9 advance ! com+ ev5ts1 bo? ^? ( a m g5]al "*1 & ^? :i* especially relat$ to ,himself47#bgh7 ,! es*atology ( ,jesus c !re=e only be int]pret$ by ! aid ( ! curi\sly int]mitt5t ,jewi% apocalyptic lit]ature ( ! p]iod betwe5 ,daniel & ! ,b>,co*ba ris+4 ,:at else1 inde$1 are ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ! ,paul9e lett]s1 ! ,*ri/ian apocalypses ?an products ( ,jewi% apocalyptic1 belong+1 moreov]1 to its greate/ & mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod8 ,hi/orically reg>d$1 ! ,bapti/1 ,jesus1 & ,paul are simply ! culm9at+ manife/ations ( ,jewi% apocalyptic ?\ght4 ,! usual repres5tation is ! exact conv]se ( ! tru?4 ,writ]s describe ,jewi% es*atology 9 ord] to illu/rate ! ideas ( ,jesus4 ,b :at is ?is 8,jewi% es*atology0 aft] all8 ,x is an es*atology ) a great gap 9 x1 because ! culm9at+ p]iod1 ) ! docum5ts :i* relate to x1 has be5 left out4 ,! true hi/orian w describe ! es*atology ( ! ,bapti/1 ( ,jesus1 & ( ,paul 9 ord] to expla9 ,jewi% es*atology4 ,x is no?+ less ?an a mis=tune = ! sci5ce ( ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology t no real attempt has hi!rto be5 made to write ! hi/ory ( ,jewi% es*atology z x really 02 t is1 ) ! inclusion ( ! ,bapti/1 ( ,jesus1 & ( ,paul47#bgi7 ,all ?is has _h to be said 9 ord] to ju/ify ! app>5tly self evid5t ass]tion t ,m>k1 ,mat!w1 & ,paul are ! be/ s\rces = ! ,jewi% es*atology ( ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,!y repres5t a phase1 :i* ev5 9 detail is selfexplanatory1 ( t ,jewi% apocalyptic hope :i* manife/$ itself f "t to "t4 ,we are1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 fir/ recon/ruct+ ! ,jewi% apocalyptic ( ! "t indep5d5tly out ( ^! docum5ts1 t is to say1 9 br++ ! details ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus into an es*atological sy/em1 & !n on ! basis ( ?is sy/em endeav\r+ to expla9 ! app>5tly disconnect$ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,8 public life4 ,! l9es ( connection :i* run backw>ds t[>ds ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 ,eno*1 & ,daniel1 & =w>ds t[>ds ! apocalypses ( ,b>u* & ,eno*1 are extremely important = ! und]/&+ ( c]ta9 g5]al conceptions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is impossible to ov]emphasise ! uniqu5ess ( ! po9t ( view f :i* ! es*atology ( ! "t ( ! ,bapti/1 ( ,jesus1 & ( ,paul pres5ts itself to u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m5 feel !mselves s close to ! com+ ev5ts t !y only see :at lies ne>e/ to !m1 ! imag9ative developm5t ( detail entirely ceases4 ,9 ! second place1 x appe>s to u z ?\gh se51 s to speak1 f )91 pass$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p[]ful m9ds l ^? ( ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus4 ,t is :y x is s great & simple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a c]ta9 complication arises f ! fact t x n[ int]sects actual hi/ory4 ,all ^! are orig9al features ( x1 :i* are n f\nd 9 ! ,jewi% apocalyptic writ+s ( ! prec$+ & foll[+ p]iods1 & t is :y ^! docum5ts give u s little help 9 reg>d to ! *>act]i/ic detail ( ! es*atology ( ,jesus & ,8 contempor>ies4 ,a fur!r po9t to be notic$ is t ! es*atology ( ! "t ( ,jesus %[s ! influ5ce ( ! es*atology ( ! anci5t prophets 9 a way :i* is n p>allel$ ei!r be=e or aft]4 ,comp>e ! ,synoptic es*atology ) t ( ! ,psalms ( ,solomon4 ,9 place ( ! legal righte\sness1 :i*1 s9ce ! return f ! exile1 _h =m$ ! l9k ( connexion betwe5 ! pres5t & ! future1 we f9d ! prophetic e?ic1 ! dem& = a g5]al rep5tance1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! ,apocalypses ( ,b>u* & ,ezra we see1 especially 9 ! !ological "* ( ! latt]1 ! p]si/5t traces ( ?is e?ical deep5+ ( apocalyptic4 ,b ev5 9 individual conceptions ! apocalyptic ( ! ,bapti/1 & ( ! p]iod :i* he introduces1 rea*es back to ! es*atology ( ! prophetic writ+s4 ,! p\r+ =? ( ! _s1 & ! figure ( ,elias1 :o comes aga9 to e>?1 play a great rle 9 x4 ,! difficulty is1 inde$1 consci\sly felt ( comb9+ ! two es*atologies1 & br++ ! prophetic )9 ! ,danielic4 ,h[1 x is ask$1 c ! ,son ( ,david be at ! same "t ! ,danielic ,son(,man ,messiah1 at once ,david's son & ,david's ,"l8 ,x is inadequate to speak ( a syn!sis ( ! two es*atologies4 ,:at has happ5$ is no?+ less ?an ! rem\ld+1 ! elevation1 ( ! ,daniel,eno* apocalyptic by ! _s & conceptions belong+ to ! anci5t prophetic hope4 ,a great simplification & deep5+ ( es*atology beg9s to %[ itself ev5 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon4 ,! conception ( righte\sness :i* ! writ] applies is1 9 spite ( its legal aspect1 ( an e?ical1 prophetic "*4 ,x is an es*atology associat$ ) great hi/orical ev5ts1 ! es*atology ( a ,ph>isaism :i* is fight+ = a cause1 & has !re=e a c]ta9 inw>d greatness47#bhj7 ,betwe5 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon & ! appe>ance ( ! ,bapti/ !re lies ! decad5ce ( ,ph>isaism4 ,at ?is po9t !re sudd5ly appe>s an es*atological movem5t deta*$ f ,ph>isaism1 :i* 0 decl9+ into an ext]nal legalism1 a movem5t re/+ on a basis ( its own1 & ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ! anci5t prophets4 ,! ultimate diff]5tia ( ?is es*atology is t x 0 n1 l ! o!r apocalyptic movem5ts1 call$ into exi/5ce by hi/orical ev5ts4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,daniel 0 call$ =? by ! religi\s oppression ( ,antio*us27#bha7 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon by ! civil /rife at ,j]usalem & ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,roman p[] "u ,pompey27#bhb7 ,f\r? ,ezra & ,b>u* by ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem47#bhc7 ,! apocalyptic movem5t 9 ! "t ( ,jesus is n connect$ ) any hi/orical ev5t4 ,x _c be said1 z ,bruno ,bau] rightly p]ceiv$1 t we "k any?+ ab\t ! ,messianic expectations ( ! ,jewi% p at t "t47#bhd7 ,on ! contr>y1 ! indiff]5ce %[n by ! ,roman adm9i/ration t[>ds ! movem5t proves t ! ,romans knew no?+ ( a condition ( great & g5]al ,messianic excitem5t among ! ,jewi% p4 ,! conduct ( ! ,ph>isaic p>ty also1 & ! indiff]5ce ( ! great mass ( ! p1 %[ t !re c h be5 no "q at t "t ( a national movem5t4 ,:at is really rem>kable ab\t ?is wave ( apocalyptic en?usiasm is ! fact t x 0 call$ =? n by ext]nal ev5ts1 b solely by ! appe>ance ( two great p]sonalities1 & subsides ) _! disappe>ance1 )\t leav+ among ! p g5]ally any trace1 except a feel+ ( hatr$ t[>ds ! new sect4 ,! ,bapti/ & ,jesus are n1 !re=e1 borne ^u ! curr5t ( a g5]al es*atological movem5t4 ,! p]iod (f]s no ev5ts calculat$ to give an impulse to es*atological en?usiasm4 ,!y !mselves set ! times 9 motion by act+1 by creat+ es*atological facts4 ,x is ?is mighty creative =ce :i* con/itutes ! difficulty 9 grasp+ hi/orically ! es*atology ( ,jesus & ! ,bapti/4 ,in/ead ( lit]>y artifice speak+ out ( a di/ant imag9>y pa/1 !re n[ ent] into ! field ( es*atology m51 liv+1 act+ m54 ,x 0 ! only "t :5 t ev] happ5$ 9 ,jewi% es*atology4 ,!re is sil5ce all ar\nd4 ,! ,bapti/ appe>s1 & cries3 8,rep5t1 = ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&40 ,soon aft] t comes ,jesus1 & 9 ! k t ,he is ! com+ ,son ( ,man lays hold ( ! :eel ( ! _w to set x mov+ on t la/ revolution :i* is to br+ all ord9>y hi/ory to a close4 ,x refuses to turn1 & ,he ?r[s ,himself ^u x4 ,!n x does turn2 & cru%es ,him4 ,in/ead ( br++ 9 ! es*atological conditions1 ,he has de/roy$ !m4 ,! :eel rolls onw>d1 & ! mangl$ body ( ! "o immeasurably great ,man1 :o 0 /rong en\gh to ?9k ( ,himself z ! spiritual rul] ( mank9d & to b5d hi/ory to ,8 purpose1 is hang+ ^u x /ill4 ,t is ,8 victory & ,8 reign4 ,^! consid]ations reg>d+ ! di/9ctive "* ( ! ,synoptic es*atology 7 necess>y 9 ord] to expla9 ! significance ( ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples & ! disc\rse :i* ,jesus utt]$ ^u t occasion4 ,jesus' purpose is to set 9 motion ! es*atological developm5t ( hi/ory1 to let loose ! f9al woes1 ! confusion & /rife1 f :i* %all issue ! ,p>\sia1 & s to introduce ! supramundane phase ( ! es*atological drama4 ,t is ,8 task1 = :i* ,he has au?ority "h bel[4 ,t is :y ,he says 9 ! same disc\rse1 8,?9k n t ,i am come to s5d peace on ! e>?2 ,i am n come to s5d peace1 b a sword0 7,matt4 x4 #cd74 ,x 0 ) a view to ?is initial movem5t t ,he *ose ,8 disciples4 ,!y are n ,8 help]s 9 ! "w ( tea*+2 we nev] see !m 9 t capacity1 & ,he did n prep>e !m to c>ry on t "w aft] ,8 dea?4 ,! v fact t ,he *ooses j twelve %[s t x is a dogmatic idea :i* ,he has 9 m9d4 ,he *ooses !m z ^? :o are de/9$ to hurl ! firebr& into ! _w1 & are aft]w>ds1 z ^? :o h be5 ! comrades ( ! unrecognis$ ,messiah1 be=e ,he came to ,8 ,k+dom1 to be ,8 associates 9 rul+ & judg+ x47#bhe7 ,b :at 0 to be ! fate ( ! future ,son ( ,man dur+ ! ,messianic woes ( ! la/ times8 ,x appe>s z if x 0 appo9t$ = ,him to %>e ! p]secution & ! suff]+4 ,he says t ^? :o %all be sav$ mu/ take _! cross & foll[ ,him 7,matt4 x4 #ch71 t ,8 foll[]s mu/ be will+ to lose _! lives = ,8 sake1 & t only ^? :o 9 ?is "t ( t]ror confess _! allegiance to ,him1 %all be confess$ by ,him be=e ,8 heav5ly ,fa!r 7,matt4 x4 #cb74 ,simil>ly1 9 ! la/ ( ! ,beatitudes1 ,he _h pron\nc$ ^? bless$ :o 7 despis$ & p]secut$ = ,8 sake 7,matt4 v4 #aa1 #ab74 ,z ! future be>] ( ! supreme rule ,he mu/ g ?r\gh ! deepe/ humiliation4 ,!re is dang] t ,8 foll[]s may d\bt ,him4 ,!re=e1 ! la/ words ( ,8 message to ! ,bapti/1 j at ! "t :5 ,he _h s5t =? ! ,twelve1 is1 8,bless$ is he :osoev] %all n be (f5d$ 9 me0 7,matt4 xi4 #f74 ,if ,he makes a po9t ( famili>is+ o!rs ) ! ?\ght t 9 ! "t ( tribulation !y may ev5 lose _! lives1 ,he mu/ h recognis$ t ?is possibility 0 /ill m /rongly pres5t 9 ,8 own case4 ,x is possible t 9 ! enigmatic say+ ab\t ! disciples fa/+ 8:5 ! bridegroom is tak5 away f !m0 7,m>k ii4 #bj71 !re is a h9t ( :at ,jesus expect$4 ,9 t case suff]+1 dea?1 & resurrection mu/ h be5 closely unit$ 9 ! ,messianic consci\sness f ! fir/4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 viz4 t ! ?\ght ( suff]+ =m$ "p1 at ! "t ( ! s5d+ =? ! disciples1 ( ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 & t 9 ! =m t ,jesus & all ! elect 7 to be br\ght l[ 9 ! at ! "t ( ! dea?/ruggle aga9/ ! evil _w p[] :i* w\ld arise aga9/ !m2 br\ght d[n1 x might be1 ev5 to dea?4 ,x matt]$ z little 9 ,8 own case z 9 t ( o!rs :e!r at ! "t ( ! ,p>\sia ,he %\ld be "o ( ^? :o %\ld be metamorphos$1 or "o :o _h di$ & ris5 aga94 ,! "q arises1 h[ev]1 h[ ?is selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus c\ld rema9 conceal$4 ,x is true ! miracles _h no?+ to d ) ! ,messiah%ip1 s9ce no "o expect$ ! ,messiah to come z an e>?ly miraclework] 9 ! pres5t age4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld h be5 ! greate/ ( miracles if any "o _h recognis$ ! ,messiah 9 an e>?ly miraclework]4 ,h[ f> ! cries ( ! demoniacs :o address$ ,him z ,messiah 7 intelligible by ! p mu/ rema9 an op5 "q4 ,:at is cle> is t ,8 ,messiah%ip did n become kn[n 9 ?is way ev5 to ,8 disciples4 ,& yet 9 all ,8 spee* & action ! ,messianic consci\sness %9es =?4 ,"o might1 inde$1 speak ( ! acts ( ,8 ,messianic consci\sness4 ,! ,beatitudes1 nay1 ! :ole ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ) ! au?oritative 8,i0 = ev] break+ ?r\gh1 be> witness to ! high dignity :i* ,he ascrib$ to ,himself4 ,did n ?is 8,i0 set ! p ?9k+8 ,:at mu/ !y h ?\ght :51 at ! close ( ?is disc\rse1 ,he spoke ( p :o1 at ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 w\ld call ^u ,him z ,"l1 & appeal to ! works t !y _h done 9 ,8 "n1 & :o yet 7 de/9$ to be reject$ because ,he w\ld n recognise !m 7,matt4 vii4 #babc78 ,:at mu/ !y h ?\ght ( ,him :5 ,he pron\nc$ ^? bless$ :o 7 p]secut$ & despis$ = ,8 sake 7,matt4 v4 #aa1 #ab78 ,by :at au?ority did ?is man =give s9s 7,m>k ii4 #e ff478 ,9 ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples ! 8,i0 is /ill m prom95t4 ,he dem&s ( m5 t 9 ! trials to come !y %all confess ,him1 t !y %all love ,him m ?an fa!r or "m1 be> _! cross aft] ,him1 & foll[ ,him to ! dea?1 s9ce x is only = su* t ,he c entreat ,8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r 7,matt4 x4 #cb ff474 ,admitt+ t ! expression 8,heav5ly ,fa!r0 conta9$ no riddle = ! li/5+ disciples1 s9ce ,he _h taught !m to pray 8,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 ,heav510 we h /ill to ask :o 0 ,he ^: yea or nay %\ld prevail ) ,god to det]m9e ! fate ( m5 at ! ,judgm5t8 ,& yet !y f\nd x h>d1 nay impossible1 to ?9k ( ,him z ,messiah4 ,!y guess$ ,him to be a prophet2 "s ?\ght ( ,elias1 "s ( ,john ! ,bapti/ ris5 f ! dead1 z appe>s cle>ly f ! answ] ( ! disciples at ,caes>ea ,philippi47#bhf7 ,! ,messiah 0 a sup]natural p]sonality :o 0 to appe> 9 ! la/ times1 & :o 0 n expect$ ^u e>? be=e t4 ,at ?is po9t a difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,h[ c\ld ,jesus be ,elias = ! p8 ,did !y n hold ,john ! ,bapti/ to be ,elias8 ,n 9 ! lea/6 ,jesus 0 ! fir/ & ! only p]son :o attribut$ ?is (fice to him4 ,&1 moreov]1 ,he decl>es x to ! p z some?+ my/]i\s1 difficult to und]/&--8,if ye c receive x1 ?is is ,elias1 :i* 0 = to come4 ,he t ha? e>s to he>1 let him he>0 7,matt4 xi4 #ad1 #ae74 ,9 mak+ ?is revelation ,he is communicat+ to !m a piece ( sup]natural k1 op5+ up a "p ( ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,!re=e ,he uses ! same =mula ( emphasis z :5 mak+ kn[n 9 p>ables ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 7,m>k iv474 ,! disciples 7 n ) ,him at ?is "t1 & !re=e did n le>n :at 0 ! rle ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,:5 a little lat]1 9 desc5d+ f ! m\nt ( transfiguration ,he pr$ict$ to ! ?ree :o =m$ ! inn] circle ( ,8 foll[]s ! resurrection ( ! ,son ( ,man1 !y came to ,him ) difficulties ab\t ! ris+ f ! dead--h[ c\ld ?is be possible :51 accord+ to ! ,ph>isees & ,scribes1 ,elias mu/ fir/ come8--:]eupon ,jesus expla9s to !m t ! prea*] ( rep5tance :om ,h]od _h put to dea? _h be5 ,elias 7,m>k ix4 #aaac74 ,:y did n ! p take ! ,bapti/ to be ,elias8 ,9 ! fir/ place no d\bt because he did n describe himself z su*4 ,9 ! next place because he did no miracle6 ,he 0 only a natural man )\t any evid5ce ( sup]natural p[]1 only a prophet4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 & t 0 ! decisive po9t1 he _h himself po9t$ =w>d to ! com+ ( ,elias4 ,he :o 0 to come1 he :om he prea*$1 0 n ! ,messiah1 b ,elias4 ,he describes him1 n z a sup]natural p]sonality1 n z a judge1 n z "o :o w be manife/$ at ! unveil+ ( ! heav5ly _w1 b z "o :o 9 8 "w %all resemble himself1 only mu* great]--"o :o1 l himself1 baptizes1 ?\gh ) ! ,holy ,_s4 ,_h x ev] be5 repres5t$ z ! "w ( ! ,messiah to baptize8 ,be=e ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 s x 0 inf]r$ f ,joel1 ! great outp\r+ ( ! ,_s 0 to take place2 be=e ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 s taught ,mala*i1 ,elias 0 to come4 ,until ^! ev5ts _h occurr$ ! manife/ation ( ! ,son ( ,man 0 n to be look$ =4 ,m5's ?\ghts 7 fix$1 !re=e1 n on ! ,messiah1 b ^u ,elias & ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s47#bhg7 ,! ,bapti/ 9 8 prea*+ comb9es bo? ideas1 & pr$icts ! com+ ( ! ,great ,"o :o %all 8baptize ) ! ,holy ,_s10 i4e4 :o br+s ab\t ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s4 ,8 own prea*+ 0 only design$ to secure t at ,8 com+ t ,great ,"o %\ld f9d a community sanctifi$ & prep>$ to receive ! ,_s4 ,:5 he he>d 9 ! prison ( "o :o did great wond]s & signs1 he desir$ to le>n ) c]ta9ty :e!r ?is 0 8he :o 0 to come40 ,if ?is "q is tak5 z ref]r+ to ! ,messiah%ip ! :ole n>rative loses its mean+1 & x upsets ! !ory ( ! ,messianic secret1 s9ce 9 ?is case at lea/ "o p]son _h become aw>e1 indep5d5tly1 ( ! (fice :i* belong$ to ,jesus1 n to m5tion all ! ineptitudes involv$ 9 mak+ ! ,bapti/ "h speak 9 d\bt & confusion4 ,moreov]1 on ?is false int]pretation ( ! "q ! po9t ( ,jesus' disc\rse is lo/1 = 9 ?is case x is n cle> :y ,he says to ! p aft]w>ds1 8,if ye c receive x1 ,john himself is ,elias40 ,?is revelation presupposes t ,jesus & ! p1 :o _h he>d ! "q :i* _h be5 address$ to ,him1 also gave x its only natural mean+1 ref]r+ x to ,jesus z ! be>] ( ! (fice ( ,elias4 ,t ev5 ! fir/ ,evangeli/ gives ! episode a ,messianic sett+ by introduc+ x ) ! words 8,:5 ,john he>d 9 ! prison ( ! works ( ! ,*ri/0 does n alt] ! facts ( ! body ( ! n>rative4 ,! sequel directly contradicts ! introduction4 ,& ?is int]pretation fully expla9s ! evasive answ] ( ,jesus1 9 :i* exegesis has always recognis$ a c]ta9 res]ve )\t ev] be+ able to make x intelligible :y ,jesus did n simply s5d him ! message1 8,yes1 ,i am he0--:]eto1 h[ev]1 accord+ to mod]n !ology1 ,he w\ld h ne$$ to add1 8b ano!r k9d ( ,messiah f him :om y expect40 ,! fact 01 ! ,bapti/ _h put ,him 9 an extremely difficult position4 ,he c\ld n answ] t ,he 0 ,elias if ,he held ,himself to be ! ,messiah2 on ! o!r h& ,he c\ld n1 & w\ld n1 disclose to him1 & /ill less to ! mess5g]s & ! li/5+ multitude1 ! secret ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,!re=e ,he s5ds ?is obscure message1 :i* only conta9s a confirmation ( ! facts :i* ,john _h already he>d & closes ) a w>n+1 come :at may1 n to be (f5d$ 9 ,him4 ,( ?is ! ,bapti/ 0 to make :at he c\ld4 ,x matt]$1 9 fact1 little h[ ,john und]/ood ! message4 ,! "t 0 mu* m advanc$ ?an he suppos$2 ! hamm] ( ! _w's clock _h ris5 to /rike ! la/ h\r4 ,all t he ne$$ to "k 0 t he _h no cause to d\bt4 ,9 reveal+ to ! p ! true (fice ( ! ,bapti/1 ,jesus unveil$ to !m almo/ ! :ole my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & ne>ly disclos$ ! secret ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,= if ,elias 0 already pres5t1 0 n ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom close at h&8 ,& if ,john 0 ,elias1 :o 0 ,jesus8444 ,!re c\ld only be "o answ]3 ! ,messiah4 ,b ?is seem$ impossible1 because ,messiah 0 expect$ z a sup]natural p]sonality4 ,! eulogy on ! ,bapti/ is1 hi/orically reg>d$1 id5tical 9 cont5t ) ! pr$iction ( ! ,p>\sia 9 ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples4 ,= aft] ! com+ ( ,elias !re mu/ foll[ imm$iately ! judgm5t & ! o!r ev5ts belong+ to ! la/ "t4 ,n[ we c und]/& :y 9 ! enum]ation ( ! ev5ts ( ! la/ "t 9 ! disc\rse to ! ,twelve ! com+ ( ,elias is n m5tion$4 ,we see "h1 too1 h[1 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus1 ,messianic doctr9e =ces its way into hi/ory & simply aboli%es ! hi/oric aspect ( ! ev5ts4 ,! ,bapti/ _h n held himself to be ,elias1 ! p _h n ?\ght ( attribut+ ?is (fice to him2 ! description ( ,elias did n fit him at all1 s9ce he _h done none ( ^? ?+s :i* ,elias 0 to d3 & yet ,jesus makes him ,elias1 simply because ,he expect$ ,8 own manife/ation z ,son ( ,man1 & be=e t x 0 necess>y t ,elias mu/ fir/ h come4 ,& ev5 :5 ,john 0 dead ,jesus /ill told ! disciples t 9 him ,elias _h come1 al?\gh ! dea? ( ,elias 0 n contemplat$ 9 ! es*atological doctr9e1 & 0 9 fact un?9kable1 ,b ,jesus mu/ someh[ drag or =ce ! es*atological ev5ts into ! framework ( ! actual occurr5ces4 ,?us ! conception ( ! 8dogmatic elem5t0 9 ! n>rative wid5s 9 an unsuspect$ fa%ion4 ,& ev5 :at be=e seem$ natural becomes on a clos] exam9ation doctr9al4 ,! ,bapti/ is made into ,elias solely by ! =ce ( ,jesus' ,messianic consci\sness4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>ds1 imm$iately ^u ! return ( ! disciples1 ,he spoke & act$ be=e _! eyes 9 a way :i* presuppos$ ! ,messianic secret4 ,! p _h be5 dogg+ 8 /eps2 at a lonely spot on ! %ores ( ! lake !y surr\nd$ ,him1 & ,he 8taught !m ab\t _m ?+s0 7,m>k vi4 #cjcd74 ,! day 0 draw+ to a close1 b !y held closely to ,him )\t tr\bl+ ab\t food4 ,9 ! ev5+1 be=e s5d+ !m away1 ,he f$ !m4 ,weisse1 long ago1 _h con/antly emphasis$ ! fact t ! fe$+ ( ! multitude 0 "o ( ! greate/ hi/orical problems1 because ?is n>rative1 l t ( ! transfiguration1 is v firmly rivet$ to its hi/orical sett+ &1 !re=e1 imp]atively dem&s explanation4 ,h[ is ! hi/orical elem5t 9 x to be got at8 ,c]ta9ly n by seek+ to expla9 ! app>5tly miracul\s 9 x on natural l9es1 by repres5t+ t at ! bidd+ ( ,jesus p br\ght out ! baskets ( provisions :i* !y _h be5 conceal+1 &1 ?us import+ into ! tradition a natural fact :i*1 s f> f be+ h9t$ at 9 ! n>rative1 is actually exclud$ by x4 ,our solution is t ! :ole is hi/orical1 except ! clos+ rem>k t !y 7 all fill$4 ,jesus di/ribut$ ! provisions :i* ,he & ,8 disciples _h ) !m among ! multitude s t ea* receiv$ a v little1 aft] ,he _h fir/ (f]$ ?anks4 ,! significance lies 9 ! giv+ ( ?anks & 9 ! fact t !y _h receiv$ f ,him consecrat$ food4 ,because ,he is ! future ,messiah1 ?is meal becomes )\t _! k ! ,messianic fea/4 ,) ! morsel ( bread :i* ,he gives ,8 disciples to di/ribute to ! p ,he consecrates !m z p>tak]s 9 ! com+ ,messianic fea/1 & gives !m ! gu>antee t !y1 :o _h %>$ ,8 table 9 ! "t ( ,8 obscurity1 w\ld also %>e x 9 ! "t ( ,8 glory4 ,9 ! pray] ,he gave ?anks n only = ! food1 b also = ! com+ ,k+dom & all its bless+s4 ,x is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,"l's pray]1 :]e ,he s /rangely ins]ts ! petition = daily bread betwe5 ! petitions = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom & = deliv]ance f ! 4 ,! fe$+ ( ! multitude 0 m ?an a lovefea/1 a fell[%ip meal4 ,x 0 f ! po9t ( view ( ,jesus a sacram5t ( salvation4 ,we nev] realise suffici5tly t 9 a p]iod :5 ! judgm5t & ! glory 7 expect$ z close at h&1 "o ?\ght aris+ out ( ?is expectation mu/ h acquir$ special prom95ce--h[1 namely1 9 ! pres5t "t a man c\ld obta9 a gu>antee ( com+ sca!less ?r\gh ! judgm5t1 ( be+ sav$ & receiv$ into ! ,k+dom1 ( be+ sign$ & seal$ = deliv]ance amid ! com+ trial1 z ! ,*os5 ,p 9 ,egypt _h a sign reveal$ to !m f ,god by means ( :i* !y might be manife/ z ^? :o 7 to be sp>$4 ,b once we d realise ?is1 we c und]/& :y ! ?\ght ( sign+ & seal+ runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! apocalyptic lit]ature4 ,x is f\nd z e>ly z ! n9? *apt] ( ,ezekiel4 ,!re1 ,god is mak+ prep>ation = judgm5t4 ,! day ( visitation ( ! city is at h&4 ,b fir/ ! ,"l calls unto 8! man clo!d ) l95 :o _h ! writ]'s inkhorn by 8 side0 & said unto him1 8,g ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! city1 ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ,j]usalem1 & set a m>k ^u ! =eheads ( ! m5 t sigh & t cry = all ! abom9ations t be done 9 ! mid/ !re(40 ,only aft] t does ,he give comm& to ^? :o are *>g$ ) ! judgm5t to beg91 add+1 8,b come n ne> any man ^u :om is ! m>k0 7,ezek4 ix4 #d & #f74 ,9 ! fifte5? ( ! ,psalms ( ,solomon17#bhh7 ! la/ es*atological writ+ be=e ! movem5t initiat$ by ! ,bapti/1 x is expressly said 9 ! description ( ! judgm5t t 8! sa9ts ( ,god be> a sign ^u !m :i* saves !m40 ,9 ! ,paul9e !ology v /rik+ prom95ce is giv5 to ! ?\ght ( be+ seal$ unto salvation4 ,! apo/le is consci\s ( be>+ ab\t ) him 9 8 body 8! m>ks ( ,jesus0 7,gal4 vi4 #ag71 ! 8dy+0 ( ,jesus 7#b ,cor4 iv4 #aj74 ,?is sign is receiv$ 9 baptism1 s9ce x is a baptism 8into ! dea? ( ,*ri/02 9 ?is act ! recipi5t is 9 a c]ta9 s5se really buri$ ) ,him1 & !nce=? walks among m5 z "o :o belongs1 ev5 "h bel[1 to ris5 humanity 7,rom4 vi4 #a ff474 ,baptism is ! seal1 ! e>ne/ ( ! _s1 ! pl$ge ( t :i* is to come 7#b ,cor i4 #bb2 ,eph4 i4 #ac1 #ad1 iv4 #cj74 ,?is conception ( baptism z a 8salvation0 9 view ( t :i* 0 to come goes d[n ?r\gh ! :ole ( anci5t !ology4 ,its prea*+ might really be summ$ up 9 ! words1 8,keep y\r baptism holy & )\t blemi%40 ,9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas ev5 ! spirits ( ! m5 ( ! pa/ mu/ receive 8! seal1 :i* is ! wat]0 9 ord] t !y may 8be> ! "n ( ,god ^u !m40 ,t is :y ! t[] is built ov] ! wat]1 & ! /ones :i* are br\ght up out ( ! deep are roll$ ?r\gh ! wat] 7,vis4 iii4 & ,sim4 ix4 #af74 ,9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john ! ?\ght ( ! seal+ /&s prom95tly 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! locu/s receive p[] to hurt ^? only :o h n ! seal ( ,god on _! =eheads 7,rev4 ix4 #d1 #e74 ,! bea/ 7,rev4 xiii4 #af ff47 compels m5 to be> 8 m>k2 only ^? :o w n accept x are to reign ) ,*ri/ 7,rev4 xx4 #d74 ,! *os5 hundr$ & =tyf\r ?\s& be> ! "n ( ,god & ! "n ( ! ,lamb ^u _! =eheads 7,rev4 xiv4 #a74 8,assurance ( salvation0 9 a "t ( es*atological expectation dem&$ "s k9d ( security = ! future ( :i* ! e>ne/ c\ld be possess$ 9 ! pres5t4 ,& ) ?is ! pr$e/9>ian ?\ght ( election 0 9 complete accord4 ,if we f9d ! ?\ght ( be+ seal$ unto salvation previ\sly 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! same signification 9 ,paul1 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 & d[n to ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 x may be assum$ 9 advance t x w be f\nd 9 "s =m or o!r 9 ! s /rongly es*atological tea*+ ( ,jesus & ! ,bapti/4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 to dom9ate completely ! es*atological prea*+ ( ! ,bapti/1 = ?is prea*+ does n conf9e itself to ! decl>ation ( ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom1 & ! dem& = rep5tance1 b leads up to an act to :i* x gives a special ref]5ce 9 relation to ! =giv5ess ( s9s & ! outp\r+ ( ! _s4 ,x is a mi/ake to reg>d baptism ) wat] z a 8symbolic act0 9 ! mod]n s5se1 & make ! ,bapti/ decry 8 own w>es by say+1 8,i baptize only ) wat]1 b ! o!r c baptize ) ! ,holy ,_s40 ,he is n contra/+ ! two baptisms1 b connect+ !m--he :o is baptiz$ by him has ! c]ta9ty t he w %>e 9 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s :i* %all prec$e ! judgm5t1 & at ! judgm5t %all receive =giv5ess ( s9s1 z "o :o is sign$ ) ! m>k ( rep5tance4 ,! object ( be+ baptiz$ by him is to secure baptism ) ! ,_s lat]4 ,! =giv5ess ( s9s associat$ ) baptism is proleptic2 x is to be realis$ at ! judgm5t4 ,! ,bapti/ himself did n =give s947#bhi7 ,if he _h done s1 h[ c\ld su* (f5ce h be5 tak5 :5 ,jesus claim$ = ,himself ! "r to =give s9s 9 ! pres5t 7,m>k ii4 #aj74 ,! baptism ( ,john 0 !re=e an es*atological sacram5t po9t+ =w>d to ! p\r+ =? ( ! _s & to ! judgm5t1 a provision = 8salvation40 ,h5ce ! wra? ( ! ,bapti/ :5 he saw ,ph>isees & ,sadducees cr[d+ to 8 baptism3 8,ye g5]ation ( vip]s1 :o ha? w>n$ y to flee f ! wra? to come8 ,br+ =? n[ fruits meet = rep5tance0 7,matt4 iii4 #g1 #h74 ,by ! reception ( baptism1 t is1 !y are sav$ f ! judgm5t4 ,z a cleans+ unto salvation x is a div9e in/itution1 a reveal$ means ( grace4 ,t is :y ! "q ( ,jesus1 :e!r ! baptism ( ,john 0 f heav5 or f m51 plac$ ! ,scribes at ,j]usalem 9 s awkw>d a dilemma 7,m>k xi4 #cj74 ,! au?ority ( ,jesus1 h[ev]1 goes f>!r ?an t ( ! ,bapti/4 ,z ! ,messiah :o is to come ,he c give ev5 "h bel[ to ^? :o ga!r ab\t ,him a "r to p>take 9 ! ,messianic fea/1 by ?is di/ribution ( food to !m2 only1 !y d n "k :at is happ5+ to !m & ,he _c solve ! riddle = !m4 ,! supp] at ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>e? 0 a veil$ es*atological sacram5t4 ,nei!r ! disciples nor ! multitude und]/ood :at 0 happ5+1 s9ce !y did n "k :o ,he 0 :o ?us made !m ,8 gue/s47#bij7 ,?is meal mu/ h be5 trans=m$ by tradition into a miracle1 a result :i* may h be5 9 "p due to ! ref]5ces to ! wond]s ( ! ,messianic fea/ :i* 7 d\btless conta9$ 9 ! pray]s1 n to speak ( ! es*atological en?usiasm :i* !n prevail$ univ]sally4 ,did n ! disciples believe t on ! same ev5+1 :5 !y _h be5 comm&$ to take ,jesus into _! %ip at ! m\? ( ! ,jordan1 to :i* po9t ,he _h walk$ along ! %ore--did !y n believe t !y saw ,him come walk+ t[>ds !m ^u ! waves ( ! sea8 ,! impulse to ! introduction ( ! miracul\s into ! n>rative came f ! un9telligible elem5t ) :i* ! m5 :o surr\nd$ ,jesus 7 at ?is "t confront$47#bia7 ,! ,la/ ,supp] at ,j]usalem _h ! same sacram5tal significance z t at ! lake4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! meal ,jesus1 aft] giv+ ?anks1 di/ributes ! bread & w9e4 ,?is _h z little to d ) ! satisfaction ( hung] z ! di/ribution to ! ,galilaean believ]s4 ,! act ( ,jesus is an end 9 itself1 & ! significance ( ! celebration consi/s 9 ! fact t x is ,he ,himself :o makes ! di/ribution4 ,9 ,j]usalem1 h[ev]1 !y und]/ood :at 0 meant1 & ,he expla9$ x to !m explicitly by tell+ !m t ,he w\ld dr9k no m ( ! fruit ( ! v9e until ,he drank x new 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! my/]i\s images :i* ,he us$ at ! "t ( ! di/ribution conc]n+ ! aton+ significance ( ,8 dea? d n t\* ! ess5ce ( ! celebration1 !y are only disc\rses accompany+ x4 ,on ?is int]pretation1 !re=e1 we may ?9k ( ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] z f ! fir/ es*atological sacram5ts 9 ! es*atological movem5t :i* lat] deta*$ itself f ,judaism "u ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t expla9s :y we f9d !m bo? 9 ,paul & 9 ! e>lie/ !ology z sacram5tal acts1 n z symbolic c]emonies1 & f9d !m dom9at+ ! :ole ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,ap>t f ! assumption ( ! es*atological sacram5ts1 we c only make ! hi/ory ( dogma beg9 ) a 8fall0 f ! e>li] pur] !ology into ! sacram5tal magical1 )\t be+ able to adduce a s+le syllable 9 support ( ! idea t aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] exi/$ ev5 = an h\r z symbolical actions--,paul1 inde$1 makes ?is supposition :olly impossible4 ,9 any case ! adoption ( ! baptism ( ,john 9 ,*ri/ian practice _c be expla9$ except on ! assumption t x 0 ! sacram5t ( ! es*atological community1 a reveal$ means ( secur+ 8salvation0 :i* 0 n alt]$ 9 ! slighte/ by ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,h[ else c\ld we expla9 ! fact t baptism1 )\t any comm&m5t ( ,jesus1 & )\t ,jesus' ev] hav+ baptiz$1 0 tak5 ov]1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 into ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 giv5 a special ref]5ce to ! receiv+ ( ! ,_s8 ,x is no use propos+ to expla9 x z hav+ be5 in/itut$ z a symbolical repetition ( ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ?\ght ( z 8an ano9t+ to ! ,messiah%ip40 ,!re is n a s+le passage 9 anci5t !ology to support su* a !ory4 ,& we may po9t also to ! fact t ,paul nev] ref]s to ! baptism ( ,jesus 9 expla9+ ! "* ( ,*ri/ian baptism1 nev]1 9 fact1 makes any di/9ct ref]5ce to x4 ,& h[ c\ld baptism1 if x _h be5 a symbolical repetition ( ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ev] h acquir$ ?is magicsacram5tal s5se ( 8salvation08 ,no?+ %[s m cle>ly ?an ! dual "* ( anci5t baptism1 :i* makes x ! gu>antee bo? ( ! reception ( ! ,_s & ( deliv]ance f ! judgm5t1 t x is no?+ else ?an ! es*atological baptism ( ,john ) a s+le diff]5ce4 ,baptism ) wat] & baptism ) ! ,_s are n[ connect$ n only logically1 b also 9 po9t ( "t1 see+ t s9ce ! day ( ,p5teco/ ! p]iod ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s is pres5t4 ,! two portions ( ! es*atological sacram5t :i* 9 ! ,bapti/'s prea*+ 7 di/+ui%$ 9 po9t ( "t--because he did n expect ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s until "s future p]iod--are n[ br\ght toge!r1 s9ce "o es*atological condition--! baptism ) ! ,_s--is n[ pres5t4 ,! 8,*ri/ianis+0 ( baptism consi/$ 9 ?is & 9 no?+ else2 ?\gh ,paul c>ri$ x a /age f>!r :5 he =m$ ! conception ( baptism z a my/ic p>tak+ 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,?us ! ?or\ghgo+ es*atological int]pretation ( ! ,life ( ,jesus puts into ! h&s ( ^? :o are recon/ruct+ ! hi/ory ( dogma 9 ! e>lie/ times an explanation ( ! conception ( ! sacram5ts1 ( :i* !y _h be5 able hi!rto only to note ! pres5ce z an x ( :i* ! orig9 0 undiscov]able1 & = :i* !y possess$ no equation by :i* x c\ld be evaluat$4 ,if ,*ri/ianity z ! religion ( hi/orically reveal$ my/]ies 0 able to lay hold ^u ,hell5ism & ov]come x1 ! reason ( ?is 0 t x 0 already 9 its purely es*atological beg9n+s a religion ( sacram5ts1 a religion ( es*atological sacram5ts1 s9ce ,jesus _h recognis$ a ,div9e in/itution 9 ! baptism ( ,john1 & _h ,himself p]=m$ a sacram5tal action 9 ! di/ribution ( food at ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>e? & at ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,?is be+ s1 ! fe$+ ( ! multitude also belongs to ! dogmatic elem5t 9 ! hi/ory4 ,b no "o _h previ\sly recognis$ x z :at x really 01 an indirect disclosure ( ! ,messianic secret1 j z no "o _h und]/ood ! full significance ( ,jesus' description ( ! ,bapti/ z ,elias4 ,b h[ does ,pet] at ,caes>ea ,philippi "k ! secret ( 8 ,ma/]8 ,:at he !re decl>es is n a conviction :i* _h gradually dawn$ on him1 & sl[ly gr[n ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( probability & c]ta9ty4 ,! real "* ( ?is incid5t has be5 int]pret$ ) rem>kable p5etration by ,wr$e4 ,! incid5t itself1 he says1 is to be und]/ood 9 q z sup]natural a fa%ion 9 ,m>k z 9 ,mat!w4 ,b on ! o!r h& "o does n receive ! impression t ! writ] int5ds to repres5t ! confession z a m]it or a discov]y ( ,pet]4 8,= accord+ to ! text ( ,m>k1 ,jesus %[s no trace ( joy or surprise at ?is confession4 ,8 only answ] consi/s ( ! comm& to say no?+ ab\t ,8 ,messiah%ip40 ,keim1 :om ,wr$e quotes1 _h receiv$ a simil> impression f ! ,m>can acc\nt1 & _h suppos$ t ,jesus _h actually f\nd ! confession ( ,pet] inopportune4 ,h[ is all ?is to be expla9$--! sup]natural k ( ,pet] & ! r curt fa%ion 9 :i* ,jesus receives 8 decl>ation8 ,x might be wor? :ile to put ! /ory ( ! transfiguration side by side ) ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 s9ce !re ! ,div9e ,son%ip ( ,jesus is 8a second "t0 reveal$ to ! 8?ree10 ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 & ! revelation is made sup]naturally by a voice f heav54 ,x is r /rik+ t ,m>k does n seem to be consci\s t he is report+ some?+ :i* ! disciples knew already4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! actual transfiguration ,pet] /ill addresses ,jesus simply z ,rabbi 7,m>k ix4 #e74 ,& :at does x mean :5 ,jesus1 dur+ ! desc5t f ! m\nta91 =bids !m to speak to any man conc]n+ t :i* !y h se5 until aft] ! resurrection ( ! ,son ( ,man8 ,t w\ld exclude ev5 ! o!r disciples :o knew only ! secret ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,b :y %\ld !y n be told ( ! ,div9e confirmation ( t :i* ,pet] _h decl>$ at ,caes>ea ,philippi & ,jesus _h 8admitt$08 ,:at has ! transfiguration to d ) ! resurrection ( ! dead8 ,& :y are ! ?\ghts ( ! disciples sudd5ly busi$1 n ) :at !y h se51 n ) ! fact t ! ,son ( ,man %all rise f ! dead1 b simply ) ! possibility ( ! ris+ f ! dead1 ! difficulty be+ t ,elias 0 n yet pres5t8 ,^? :o see 9 ! transfiguration a projection backw>ds ( ! ,paul9e !ology into ! ,gospel hi/ory d n realise :at are ! pr9cipal po9ts & difficulties ( ! n>rative4 ,! problem lies 9 ! conv]sation dur+ ! desc5t4 ,aga9/ ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 aga9/ ,8 ris+ f ! dead1 !y h only "o objection to sugge/3 ,elias _h n yet come4 ,we see "h1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! importance ( ! revelation :i* ,jesus _h made to ! p 9 decl>+ to !m ! secret t ! ,bapti/ is ,elias4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! es*atological expectation no "o c\ld recognise ,elias 9 ! ,bapti/1 unless he knew ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,& no "o c\ld believe 9 ! ,messiah%ip & 8resurrection0 ( ,jesus1 t is1 9 ,8 ,p>\sia1 )\t presuppos+ t ,elias _h 9 "s way or o!r already come4 ,?is 0 !re=e ! prim>y difficulty ( ! disciples1 ! /umbl+block :i* ,jesus mu/ remove = !m by mak+ ! same revelation conc]n+ ! ,bapti/ to !m z to ! p4 ,x is also once m abundantly cle> t expectation 0 direct$ at t "t prim>ily to ! com+ ( ,elias47#bib7 ,b s9ce ! :ole es*atological movem5t arose out ( ! ,bapti/'s prea*+1 ! natural conclusion is t by 8him :o 0 to come aft]0 & baptize ) ! ,holy ,_s ,john meant1 n ! ,messiah1 b ,elias4 ,b if ! nonappe>ance ( ,elias 0 ! prim>y difficulty ( ! disciples 9 connexion ) ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus & all t x impli$1 :y does x only /rike ! 8?ree10 & moreov]1 all ?ree ( !m toge!r1 n[1 & n at ,caes>ea ,philippi87#bic7 ,h[ c\ld ,pet] !re h decl>$ x & "h be /ill lab\r+ ) ! re/ ov] ! difficulty :i* /ood 9 ! way ( 8 own decl>ation8 ,to make ! n>rative coh]5t1 ! transfiguration1 z be+ a revelation ( ! ,messiah%ip1 ought to prec$e ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi4 ,n[ let u look at ! connexion 9 :i* x actually occurs4 ,x falls 9 t inexplicable section ,m>k viii4 #cd;ix4 #cj 9 :i* ! multitude sudd5ly appe>s 9 ! company ( ,jesus :o is soj\rn+ 9 a ,g5tile di/rict1 only to disappe> aga91 equally enigmatically1 aft]w>ds1 :5 ,he sets out = ,galilee1 in/ead ( accompany+ ,him back to _! own c\ntry4 ,9 ?is section ev]y?+ po9ts to ! situation dur+ ! days at ,be?saida aft] ! return ( ! disciples f _! mission4 ,jesus is surr\nd$ by ! p1 :ile :at ,he desires is to be alone ) ,8 imm$iate foll[]s4 ,! disciples make use ( ! heal+ p[]s :i* ,he _h be/[$ ^u !m :5 s5d+ !m =?1 & h ! exp]i5ce ( f9d+ t !y are n 9 all cases adequate 7,m>k ix4 #adbi74 ,! m\nta9 to :i* ,he takes ! 8?ree0 is n a m\nta9 9 ! nor?1 or z "s h sugge/$1 an imag9>y m\nta9 ( ! ,evangeli/1 b ! same to :i* ,jesus w5t up to pray & to be alone on ! ev5+ ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude 7,m>k vi4 #df & ix4 #b74 ,! h\se to :i* ,he goes aft] ,8 return f ! transfiguration is !re=e to be plac$ at ,be?saida4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* po9ts to a soj\rn at ,be?saida aft] ! fe$+ ( ! multitude is ! /ory ( ! heal+ ( ! bl9d man at ,be?saida 7,m>k viii4 #bbbf74 ,! circum/ances1 !re=e1 :i* we h to presuppose are t ,jesus is surr\nd$ & ?rong$ by ! p at ,be?saida4 ,9 ord] to be alone ,he once m puts ! ,jordan betwe5 ,himself & ! multitude1 & goes ) ! 8?ree0 to ! m\nta9 :]e ,he _h pray$ aft] ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* we c und]/& h[ ! p fail$ to foll[ ,him1 & ,he 0 able really to c>ry out ,8 plan4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is /ory be torn out ( its natural context & its sc5e remov$ to ,caes>ea ,philippi1 :]e x is bo? on ext]nal & int]nal gr\nds impossible8 ,:at we ne$ to notice is ! ,m>can acc\nt ( ! ev5ts :i* foll[$ ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples4 ,we h two /ories ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude ) a cross+ ( ! lake aft] ea* 7,m>k vi4 #caef1 ,m>k viii4 #abb71 two /ories ( ,jesus go+ away t[>ds ! nor? ) ! same motive1 t ( be+ alone & unrecognis$4 ,! fir/ "t1 aft] ! controv]sy ab\t ! wa%+ ( h&s1 ,8 c\rse is direct$ t[>ds ,tyre 7,m>k vii4 #bdcj71 ! second "t1 aft] ! dem& = a sign1 he goes into ! di/rict ( ,caes>ea ,philippi 7,m>k viii4 #bg74 ,! sc5e ( ! controv]sy ab\t ! wa%+ ( h&s is "s locality 9 ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>e? 7,m>k vi4 #ec ff72 ,dalmanu?a is nam$ z ! place :]e ! sign 0 dem&$ 7,m>k viii4 #aj ff474 ,! mo/ natural conclusion is to id5tify ! two cases ( fe$+ ! multitude1 & ! two j\rneys nor?w>ds4 ,9 t case we %\ld h 9 ! section ,m>k vi4 #ca;ix4 #cj1 two sets ( n>ratives work$ into "o ano!r1 bo? rec\nt+ h[ ,jesus1 aft] ! disciples came back to ,him1 w5t ) !m f ,cap]naum to ! nor!rn %ore ( ! lake1 0 !re surpris$ by ! multitude1 & aft] ! meal :i* ,he gave !m1 cross$ ! ,jordan by boat to ,be?saida1 /ay$ !re = a :ile1 & !n return$ aga9 by %ip to ! c\ntry ( ,g5nes>e?1 & 0 !re aga9 ov]tak5 & surr\nd$ by ! p2 !n aft] "s controv]sial enc\nt]s ) ! ,scribes1 :o at ! report ( ,8 miracles _h come d[n f ,j]usalem 7,m>k vii4 #a71 left ,galilee & aga9 w5t nor?w>ds47#bid7 ,! seams at ! jo9+ ( ! n>ratives c be recognis$ 9 ,m>k vii4 #ca1 :]e ,jesus is sudd5ly transf]r$ f ! nor? to ,decapolis1 & 9 ! say+ 9 ,m>k viii4 #ad ff41 :i* makes explicit ref]5ce to ! two miracles ( fe$+ ! multitude4 ,:e!r ! ,evangeli/ himself work$ ^! two sets ( n>ratives toge!r1 or :e!r he f\nd !m already unit$1 _c be det]m9$1 & is n ( any direct hi/orical int]e/4 ,! disord] is 9 any case s complete t we _c fully recon/ruct ea* ( ! sep>ate sets ( n>ratives4 ,! ext]nal reasons :y ! n>ratives ( ,m>k viii4 #cd;ix4 #cj1 ( :i* ! sc5e is on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! lake1 are plac$ 9 ?is way aft] ! incid5t ( ,caes>ea ,philippi are n difficult to grasp4 ,! section conta9s an impressive disc\rse to ! p on foll[+ ,jesus 9 ,8 suff]+s1 crucifixion1 & dea? 7,m>k viii4 #cd;ix4 #a74 ,= ?is reason ! :ole s]ies ( sc5es is atta*$ to ! revelation ( ! secret ( ! suff]+ ( ! ,son ( ,man2 & ! r$actor did n /op to ?9k h[ ! p c\ld sudd5ly appe>1 & z sudd5ly disappe> aga94 ,! /atem5t1 too1 8,he call$ ! p ) ! disciples0 7,m>k viii4 #cd71 help$ to mislead him into ins]t+ ! section at ?is po9t1 al?\gh ?is v rem>k po9ts to ! circum/ances ( ! "t j aft] ! return ( ! disciples1 :5 ,jesus 0 sometimes alone ) ! disciples1 & sometimes calls ! eag] multitude ab\t ,him4 ,! :ole sc5e belongs1 !re=e1 to ! days :i* ,he sp5t at ,be?saida1 & orig9ally foll[$ imm$iately ^u ! cross+ ( ! lake1 aft] ! fe$+ ( ! multitude4 ,x 0 aft] ,jesus _h be5 six days surr\nd$ by ! p1 n six days aft] ! revelation at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 t ! 8transfiguration0 took place 7,m>k ix4 #b74 ,on ?is assumption1 all ! difficulties ( ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi are cle>$ up 9 a mom5t2 !re is no long] any?+ /range 9 ! fact t ,pet] decl>es to ,jesus :o ,he really is1 :ile ,jesus appe>s nei!r surpris$ nor especially rejoic$ at ! insight ( ,8 disciple4 ,! transfiguration _h1 9 fact1 be5 ! revelation ( ! secret ( ! ,messiah%ip to ! ?ree :o con/itut$ ! inn] circle ( ! disciples47#bie7 ,& ,jesus _h n ,himself reveal$ x to !m2 :at _h happ5$ 01 t 9 a /ate ( rapture common to !m all1 9 :i* !y _h se5 ! ,ma/] 9 a glori\s transfiguration1 !y _h se5 ,him talk+ ) ,moses & ,elias & _h he>d a voice f heav5 say+1 8,?is is my belov$ ,son1 he> ye ,him40 ,we mu/ always make a fre% ef=t to realise to ourselves1 t ,jesus & ,8 imm$iate foll[]s 71 at t "t1 9 an en?usia/ic /ate ( int5se es*atological expectation4 ,we mu/ picture !m among ! p1 :o 7 fill$ ) p5it5ce = _! s9s1 & ) fai? 9 ! ,k+dom1 h\rly expect+ ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 & ! revelation ( ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,man1 see+ 9 ! eag] multitude itself a sign t _! reckon+ ( ! "t 0 correct2 ?us ! psy*ological conditions 7 pres5t = a common ec/atic exp]i5ce su* z is describ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! transfiguration4 ,9 ?is ec/asy ! 8?ree0 he>d ! voice f heav5 say+ :o ,he 04 ,!re=e1 ! ,mat?aean report1 accord+ to :i* ,jesus praises ,simon 8because fle% & blood h n reveal$ x to him1 b ! ,fa!r :o is 9 heav510 is n really at v>iance ) ! brief] ,m>can acc\nt1 s9ce x rightly indicates ! s\rce ( ,pet]'s k4 ,nev]!less ,jesus 0 a/oni%$4 ,= ,pet] "h disreg>d$ ! comm& giv5 dur+ ! desc5t f ! m\nt ( transfiguration4 ,he _h 8betray$0 to ! ,twelve ,jesus' consci\sness ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,"o receives ! impression t ,jesus did n put ! "q to ! disciples 9 ord] to reveal ,himself to !m z ,messiah1 & t by ! impulsive spee* ( ,pet]1 ^u ^: sil5ce ,he _h c\nt$ because ( ,8 comm&1 & to :om ,he _h n specially address$ ! "q1 ,he 0 =c$ to take a diff]5t l9e ( action 9 reg>d to ! ,twelve f :at ,he _h int5d$4 ,x is probable t ,he _h nev] _h ! int5tion ( reveal+ ! secret ( ,8 ,messiah%ip to ! disciples4 ,o!rwise ,he w\ld n h kept x f !m at ! "t ( _! mission1 :5 ,he did n expect !m to return be=e ! ,p>\sia4 ,ev5 at ! transfiguration ! 8?ree0 d n le>n x f ,8 lips1 b 9 a /ate ( ec/asy1 an ec/asy :i* ,he %>$ ) !m4 ,at ,caes>ea ,philippi x is n ,he1 b ,pet]1 :o reveals ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t ,jesus did n volunt>ily give up ,8 ,messianic secret2 x 0 wrung f ,him by ! pressure ( ev5ts4 ,h[ev] t may be1 f ,caes>ea ,philippi onw>ds x 0 kn[n to ! o!r disciples ?r\gh ,pet]2 :at ,jesus ,himself reveal$ to !m1 0 ! secret ( 8 suff]+s4 ,pfleid]] & ,wr$e 7 q "r 9 po9t+ to ! cle> & def9ite pr$ictions ( ! suff]+1 dea?1 & resurrection z ! hi/orically inexplicable elem5t 9 our reports1 s9ce ! necessity ( ,jesus' dea?1 by :i* mod]n !ology endeav\rs to make ,8 resolve & ,8 pr$ictions intelligible1 is n a necessity :i* arises out ( ! hi/orical c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,!re 0 n pres5t any natural gr\nd = su* a resolve on ! "p ( ,jesus4 ,_h ,he return$ to ,galilee1 ,he w\ld imm$iately h _h ! multitudes flock+ aft] ,him aga94 ,9 ord] to make ! hi/orical possibility ( ! resolve to suff] & ! pr$iction ( ! suff]+s 9 "s measure intelligible1 mod]n !ology has to ignore ! pr$iction ( ! resurrection :i* is b\nd up ) !m1 = ?is is 8dogmatic40 ,t is1 h[ev]1 n p]missible4 ,we mu/1 z ,wr$e insi/s1 take ! words z !y are1 & mu/ n ev5 indulge 9 +5i\s explanations ( ! 8?ree days40 ,!re=e1 ! resolve to suff] & to die are dogmatic2 !re=e1 accord+ to him1 !y are unhi/orical1 & only to be expla9$ by a lit]>y hypo!sis4 ,b ! ?or\ghgo+ es*atological s*ool says !y are dogmatic1 & !re=e hi/orical2 because !y f9d _! explanation 9 es*atological conceptions4 ,wr$e held t ! ,messianic conception impli$ 9 ! ,m>can n>rative is n ! ,jewi% ,messianic conception1 j because ( ! ?\ght ( suff]+ & dea? :i* x involves4 ,no /ress mu/ be laid on ! fact t 9 ,f\r? ,ezra vii4 #bi ! ,*ri/ dies & rises aga91 because ,8 dea? takes place at ! end ( ! ,messianic ,k+dom47#bif7 ,! ,jewi% ,messiah is ess5tially a glori\s be+ :o %all appe> 9 ! la/ "t4 ,true1 b ! case 9 :i* ! ,messiah %\ld be pres5t1 prior to ! ,p>\sia1 %\ld cause ! f9al tribulations to come ^u ! e>?1 & %\ld ,himself und]go !m1 does n arise 9 ! ,jewi% es*atology z describ$ f )\t4 ,x fir/ arises ) ! selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,!re=e1 ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah has no in=mation to give u ^u ?is po9t4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ,jesus' resolve to suff]1 we mu/ fir/ recognise t ! my/]y ( ?is suff]+ is involv$ 9 ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 s9ce ! ,k+dom _c come until ! has tak5 place4 ,?is c]ta9ty ( suff]+ is q indep5d5t ( ! hi/oric circum/ances1 z ! beatitude on ! p]secut$ 9 ! s]mon on ! m\nt1 & ! pr$ictions 9 ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve1 cle>ly %[4 ,jesus' pr$iction ( ,8 own suff]+s at ,caes>ea ,philippi is precisely z un9telligible1 precisely z dogmatic1 & !re=e precisely z hi/orical z ! pr$iction to ! disciples at ! "t ( _! mission4 ,! 8mu/ be0 ( ! suff]+s is ! same--! com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 & ( ! ,p>\sia1 :i* are dep5d5t ^u ! hav+ fir/ tak5 place4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ,jesus' ?\ghts conc]n+ ,8 own suff]+s 7 includ$ 9 ! m g5]al ?\ght ( ! suff]+s :i* =m$ "p ( ! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! exhortations to hold /eadfa/ly to ,him 9 ! "t ( trial1 & n to lose fai? 9 ,him1 c]ta9ly t5d$ to sugge/ t ,he ?\ght ( ,himself z ! c5tral po9t amid ^! conflicts & confusions1 & reckon$ on ! possibility ( ,8 own dea? z mu* z on t ( o!rs4 ,^u ?is po9t no?+ m def9ite c be said1 s9ce ! my/]y ( ,jesus' own suff]+s does n deta* itself f ! my/]y ( ! suff]+s connect$ ) ! ,k+dom ( ,god until aft] ! ,messianic secret is made kn[n at ,caes>ea ,philippi4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t1 = ,him1 suff]+ 0 always associat$ ) ! ,messianic secret1 s9ce ,he plac$ ,8 ,p>\sia at ! end ( ! pre ,messianic tribulations 9 :i* ,he 0 to h ,8 "p4 ,! suff]+1 dea?1 & resurrection ( :i* ! secret 0 reveal$ at ,caes>ea ,philippi are n !re=e 9 !mselves new or surpris+47#big7 ,! novelty lies 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are conceiv$4 ,! tribulation1 s f> z ,jesus is conc]n$1 is n[ connect$ ) an hi/oric ev5t3 ,he w g to ,j]usalem1 !re to suff] dea? at ! h&s ( ! au?orities4 ,= ! future1 h[ev]1 ,he no long] speaks ( ! g5]al tribulation :i* ,he is to br+ ^u ! e>?1 nor ( ! suff]+s :i* await ,8 foll[]s1 nor ( ! suff]+s 9 :i* !y mu/ rally r\nd ,him4 ,9 ! pr$ictions ( ! passion !re is no ^w ( t2 at ,j]usalem !re is no ^w ( t4 ,?is ?\ght disappe>s once = all4 ,9 ! secret ( ,8 passion :i* ,jesus reveals to ! disciples at ,caes>ea ,philippi ! pre,messianic tribulation is = o!rs set aside1 aboli%$1 conc5trat$ ^u ,himself alone1 & t 9 ! =m t !y are fulfill$ 9 ,8 own passion & dea? at ,j]usalem4 ,t 0 ! new conviction t _h dawn$ ^u ,him4 ,he mu/ suff] = o!rs 444 t ! ,k+dom might come4 ,?is *ange 0 due to ! nonfulfilm5t ( ! promises made 9 ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,twelve4 ,he _h ?\ght !n to let loose ! f9al tribulation & s compel ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,& ! cataclysm _h n occurr$4 ,he _h expect$ x also aft] ! return ( ! disciples4 ,9 ,be?saida1 9 speak+ to ! multitude :i* ,he _h consecrat$ by ! =eta/e ( ! ,messianic fea/1 z also to ! disciples at ! "t ( _! mission1 ,he _h turn$ _! ?\ghts to ?+s to come & _h adjur$ !m to be prep>$ to suff] ) ,him1 to give up _! lives1 n to be a%am$ ( ,him 9 ,8 humiliation1 s9ce o!rwise ! ,son ( ,man w\ld be a%am$ ( !m :5 ,he came 9 glory 7,m>k viii4 #cd;ix4 #a747bih7 ,9 leav+ ,galilee ,he ab&on$ ! hope t ! f9al tribulation w\ld beg9 ( itself4 ,if x delays1 t means t !re is /ill some?+ to be done1 & yet ano!r ( ! viol5t mu/ lay viol5t h&s ^u ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! movem5t ( rep5tance _h n be5 suffici5t4 ,:51 9 accordance ) ,8 commission1 by s5d+ =? ! disciples ) _! message1 he hurl$ ! firebr& :i* %\ld k9dle ! fi]y trials ( ! ,la/ ,"t1 ! flame w5t out4 ,he _h n succe$$ 9 s5d+ ! sword on e>? & /irr+ up ! conflict4 ,& until ! "t ( trial _h come1 ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom & ,8 own manife/ation z ,son ( ,man 7 impossible4 ,t meant--n t ! ,k+dom 0 n ne> at h&--b t ,god _h appo9t$ o!rwise 9 reg>d to ! "t ( trial4 ,he _h he>d ! ,"l's ,pray] 9 :i* ,jesus & ,8 foll[]s pray$ = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom--& at ! same "t1 = deliv]ance f ! 4 ,! "t ( trial 0 n come2 !re=e ,god 9 ,8 m]cy & omnipot5ce _h elim9at$ x f ! s]ies ( es*atological ev5ts1 & appo9t$ to ,him ^: commission _h be5 to br+ x ab\t1 in/ead to accompli% x 9 ,8 own p]son4 ,z ,he :o 0 to rule ov] ! memb]s ( ! ,k+dom 9 ! future age1 ,he 0 appo9t$ to s]ve !m 9 ! pres5t1 to give ,8 life = !m1 ! _m 7,m>k x4 #de & xiv4 #bd71 & to make 9 ,8 own blood ! atonem5t :i* !y w\ld h _h to r5d] 9 ! tribulation4 ,! ,k+dom c\ld n come until ! debt :i* weigh$ ^u ! _w 0 dis*>g$4 ,until !n1 n only ! n[ liv+ believ]s1 b ! *os5 ( all g5]ations s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w wait = _! manife/ation 9 glory--,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob & all ! c\ntless unkn[n :o %\ld come f ! ,ea/ & f ! ,we/ to sit at tables ) !m at ! ,messianic fea/ 7,matt4 viii4 #aa74 ,! enigmatic = :om ,jesus dies are ^? pr$e/9$ to ! ,k+dom1 s9ce ,8 dea? mu/ at la/ compel ! ,com+ ( ! ,k+dom47#bii7 ,?is ?\ght ,jesus f\nd 9 ! prophecies ( ,isaiah1 :i* spoke ( ! suff]+ ,s]vant ( ! ,"l4 ,! my/]i\s description ( ,him :o 9 ,8 humiliation 0 despis$ & misund]/ood1 :o1 nev]!less be>s ! guilt ( o!rs & aft]w>ds is made manife/ 9 :at ,he has done = !m1 po9ts1 ,he feels1 to ,himself4 ,& s9ce ,he f\nd x !re set d[n t ,he mu/ suff] unrecognis$1 & t ^? = :om ,he suff]$ %\ld d\bt ,him1 ,8 suff]+ %\ld1 nay mu/1 rema9 a my/]y4 ,9 t case ^? :o d\bt$ ,him w\ld n br+ condemnation ^u !mselves4 ,he no long] ne$s to adjure !m = _! own sakes to be fai?ful to ,him & to /& by ,him ev5 amid reproa* & humiliation2 ,he c calmly pr$ict to ,8 disciples t !y %all all be (f5d$ 9 ,him & %all flee 7,m>k xiv4 #bf1 #bg72 ,he c tell ,pet]1 :o boa/s t he w die ) ,him1 t be=e ! dawn he %all d5y ,him ?rice 7,m>k xiv4 #bica72 all t is s set d[n 9 ! ,scripture4 ,!y mu/ d\bt ,him4 ,b n[ !y %all n lose _! bless$ness1 = ,he be>s all s9s & transgressions4 ,t1 too1 is buri$ 9 ! atonem5t :i* ,he (f]s4 ,!re=e1 also1 !re is no ne$ = !m to und]/& ,8 secret4 ,he spoke ( x to !m )\t any explanation4 ,x is suffici5t t !y %\ld "k :y ,he goes up to ,j]usalem4 ,!y1 on _! "p1 are ?9k+ only ( ! com+ trans=mation ( all ?+s1 z _! conv]sation %[s4 ,! prospect :i* ,he has op5$ up to !m is cle> en\gh2 ! only ?+ t !y d n und]/& is :y ,he mu/ fir/ die at ,j]usalem4 ,! fir/ "t t ,pet] v5tur$ to speak to ,him ab\t x1 ,he _h turn$ on him ) cruel h>%ness1 _h almo/ curs$ him 7,m>k viii4 #cb1 #cc72 f t "t =w>d !y no long] d>$ to ask ,him any?+ ab\t x4 ,! new ?\ght ( ,8 own passion has its basis !re=e 9 ! au?ority ) :i* ,jesus 0 arm$ to br+ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! f9al tribulation4 ,e?ically reg>d$1 ,8 tak+ ! suff]+ ^u ,himself is an act ( m]cy & compassion t[>ds ^? :o w\ld o!rwise h _h to be> ^! tribulations1 & p]haps w\ld n h /ood ! te/4 ,hi/orically reg>d$1 ! ?\ght ( ,8 suff]+s involves ! same l(ty treatm5t bo? ( hi/ory & es*atology z 0 manife/$ 9 ! id5tification ( ! ,bapti/ ) ,elias4 ,= n[ ,he id5tifies ,8 condemnation & execution1 :i* are to take place on natural l9es1 ) ! pr$ict$ pre,messianic tribulations4 ,?is imp]i\s =c+ ( es*atology into hi/ory is also its de/ruction2 its ass]tion & ab&onm5t at ! same "t4 ,t[>ds ,passov]1 !re=e1 ,jesus sets out = ,j]usalem1 solely 9 ord] to die !re47#cjj7 8,x is10 says ,wr$e1 8beyond "q ! op9ion ( ,m>k t ,jesus w5t to ,j]usalem because ,he _h decid$ to die2 t is obvi\s ev5 f ! details ( ! /ory40 ,x is !re=e a mi/ake to speak ( ,jesus z 8tea*+0 9 ,j]usalem4 ,he has no int5tion ( do+ s4 ,z a prophet ,he =etells 9 veil$ p>abolic =m ! (f5ce :i* mu/ come 7,m>k xii4 #aab71 exhorts m5 to wat* = ! ,p>\sia1 pictures ! nature ( ! judgm5t :i* ! ,son ( ,man %all hold1 &1 = ! re/1 ?9ks only h[ ,he c s provoke ! ,ph>isees & ! rul]s t !y w be compell$ to get rid ( ,him4 ,t is :y ,he viol5tly cleanses ! ,temple1 & attacks ! ,ph>isees1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p1 ) passionate invective4 ,f ! revelation at ,caes>ea ,philippi onw>d1 all t belongs to ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 9 ! /rict s5se1 are ! ev5ts :i* lead up to ,8 dea?2 or1 to put x m accurately1 ! ev5ts 9 :i* ,he ,himself is ! sole actor4 ,! o!r ?+s :i* happ51 ! que/ions :i* are laid be=e ,him = decision1 ! episodic incid5ts :i* occur 9 ^? days1 h no?+ to d ) ! real 8,life ( ,jesus10 s9ce !y contribute no?+ to ! decisive issue1 b m]ely =m ! anecdotic fr+es ( ! real outw>d & inw>d ev5t1 ! delib]ate br++ d[n ( dea? ^u ,himself4 ,x is 9 tru? surpris+ t ,he succe$$ 9 trans=m+ into hi/ory ?is resolve :i* _h its roots 9 dogma1 & really dy+ alone4 ,is x n almo/ un9telligible t ,8 disciples 7 n involv$ 9 ,8 fate8 ,n ev5 ! disciple :o smote ) ! sword 0 arre/$ along ) ,him 7,m>k xiv4 #dg72 ,pet]1 recognis$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,high ,prie/'s h\se z "o :o _h be5 ) ,jesus ! ,naz>5e1 is all[$ to g free4 ,= a mom5t inde$1 ,jesus believes t ! 8?ree0 are de/9$ to %>e ,8 fate1 n f any outw>d necessity1 b because !y _h pr(ess$ !mselves able to suff] ! la/ extremities ) ,him4 ,! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 :5 ,he ask$ !m :e!r1 9 ord] to sit at ,8 "r h& & ,8 left1 !y are prep>$ to dr9k ,8 cup & be baptiz$ ) ,8 baptism1 _h decl>$ t !y 71 & !reupon ,he _h pr$ict$ t !y %\ld d s 7,m>k x4 #ch1 #ci74 ,pet] aga9 _h t v night1 9 spite ( ! w>n+ ( ,jesus1 sworn t he w\ld g ev5 unto dea? ) ,him 7,m>k xiv4 #cj1 #ca74 ,h5ce ,he is consci\s ( a high] possibility t ^! ?ree are to g ?r\gh ! trial ) ,him4 ,he takes !m ) ,him to ,ge?semane & bids !m rema9 ne> ,him & wat* ) ,him4 ,& s9ce !y d n p]ceive ! dang] ( ! h\r1 ,he adjures !m to wat* & pray4 ,!y are to pray t !y may n h to pass ?r\gh ! trial 7 7 s9ce1 ?\gh ! _s is will+1 ! fle% is weak4 ,amid ,8 own sore di/ress ,he is anxi\s ab\t !m & _! capacity to %>e ,8 trial z !y _h decl>$ _! will+ness to d47#cja7 ,"h also x is once m made cle> t = ,jesus ! necessity ( ,8 dea? is gr\nd$ 9 dogma1 n 9 ext]nal hi/orical facts4 ,above ! dogmatic es*atological necessity1 h[ev]1 !re /&s ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 :i* is b\nd by no limitations4 ,z ,jesus 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] _h taught ,8 foll[]s to pray = deliv]ance f ! 1 & z 9 ,8 fe>s = ! ?ree ,he bids !m pray = ! same ?+1 s n[ ,he ,himself prays = deliv]ance1 ev5 9 ?is la/ mom5t :5 ,he kn[s t ! arm$ b& :i* is com+ to arre/ ,him is already on ! way4 ,lit]al hi/ory does n exi/ = ,him1 only ! w ( ,god2 & ?is is exalt$ ev5 above es*atological necessity4 ,b h[ did ?is exact agreem5t betwe5 ! fate ( ,jesus & ,8 pr$ictions come ab\t8 ,:y did ! au?orities /rike at ,him only1 n at ,8 :ole foll[+1 n ev5 at ! disciples8 ,he 0 arre/$ & condemn$ on acc\nt ( ,8 ,messianic claims4 ,b h[ did ! ,high ,prie/ "k t ,jesus claim$ to be ! ,messiah8 ,& :y does he put ! accusation z a direct "q )\t call+ witnesses 9 support ( x8 ,:y 0 ! attempt fir/ made to br+ up a say+ ab\t ! ,temple :i* c\ld be int]pret$ z blasphemy 9 ord] to condemn ,him on ?is gr\nd 7,m>k xiv4 #egei78 ,be=e t aga91 z is evid5t f ,m>k's acc\nt1 !y _h br\ght up a :ole cr[d ( witnesses 9 ! hope ( secur+ evid5ce suffici5t to ju/ify ,8 condemnation2 & ! attempt _h n succe$$4 ,x 0 only aft] all ^! attempts _h fail$ t ! ,high ,prie/ br\ght 8 accusation conc]n+ ! ,messianic claim1 & he did s )\t cit+ ! ?ree necess>y witnesses4 ,:y s8 ,because he _h n got !m4 ,! condemnation ( ,jesus dep5d$ on ,8 own admission4 ,t 0 :y !y _h endeav\r$ to convict ,him ^u o!r *>ges47#cjb7 ,?is :olly un9telligible feature ( ! trial confirms :at is evid5t also f ! disc\rses & attitude ( ,jesus at ,j]usalem1 viz4 t ,he _h n be5 held by ! multitude to be ! ,messiah1 t ! idea ( ,8 mak+ su* claims _h n = a mom5t occurr$ to !m--lay 9 fact = !m q beyond ! range ( possibility4 ,!re=e ,he _c h made a ,messianic entry4 ,accord+ to ,havet1 ,br&t1 ,wellhaus51 ,dalman1 & ,wr$e ! ovation at ! entry _h no ,messianic "* :atev]4 ,x is :olly mi/ak51 z ,wr$e q rightly rem>ks1 to repres5t matt]s z if ! ,messianic ovation 0 =c$ ^u ,jesus--t ,he accept$ x ) inn] repugnance & 9 sil5t passivity4 ,= t w\ld involve ! supposition t ! p _h = a mom5t reg>d$ ,him z ,messiah & !n aft]w>ds _h %[n !mselves z completely )\t any suspicion ( ,8 ,messiah%ip z ?\gh !y _h 9 ! int]val drunk ( ! wat]s ( ,le!4 ,! exact opposite is true3 ,jesus ,himself made ! prep>ations = ! ,messianic entry4 ,its ,messianic features 7 due to ,8 arrangem5ts4 ,he made a po9t ( rid+ ^u ! ass1 n because ,he 0 we>y1 b because ,he desir$ t ! ,messianic prophecy ( ,ze*4 ix4 #i %\ld be secretly fulfill$4 ,! entry is !re=e a ,messianic act on ! "p ( ,jesus1 an action 9 :i* ,8 consci\sness ( ,8 (fice breaks ?r\gh1 z x did at ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples1 9 ! explanation t ! ,bapti/ 0 ,elias1 & 9 ! fe$+ ( ! multitude4 ,b o!rs c h _h no suspicion ( ! ,messianic significance ( t :i* 0 go+ on be=e _! eyes4 ,! entry into ,j]usalem 0 !re=e ,messianic = ,jesus1 b n ,messianic = ! p4 ,b :at 0 ,he = ! p8 ,"h ,wr$e's !ory t ,he 0 a tea*] aga9 refutes itself4 ,9 ! triumphal entry !re is m ?an ! ovation (f]$ to a tea*]4 ,! jubilations h ref]5ce to 8,him :o is to come02 x is to ,him t ! acclamations are (f]$ & because ( ,him t ! p rejoice 9 ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom1 z 9 ,m>k1 ! cries ( jubilation %[2 = "h1 z ,dalman rightly rem>ks1 !re is actually no m5tion ( ! ,messiah4 ,jesus !re=e made ,8 entry into ,j]usalem z ! ,prophet1 z ,elias4 ,t is confirm$ by ,mat!w 7xxi4 #aa71 al?\gh ,mat!w gives a ,messianic col\r+ to ! entry itself by br++ 9 ! acclamation 9 :i* ,he 0 designat$ ! ,son ( ,david1 j z1 conv]sely1 he reports ! ,bapti/'s "q rightly1 & introduces x wrongly1 by mak+ ! ,bapti/ he> ( ! 8works ( ! ,*ri/40 ,0 ,m>k consci\s1 "o wond]s1 t x 0 n a ,messianic entry t he 0 report+8 ,we d n "k4 ,x is n inh]5tly impossible t1 z ,wr$e ass]ts1 8he _h no real view conc]n+ ! hi/orical life ( ,jesus10 did n "k :e!r ,jesus 0 recognis$ z ,messiah1 & took no int]e/ 9 ! "q f an hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,=tunately = u6 ,= t is :y he simply h&s on tradition & does n write a ,life ( ,jesus4 ,! ,m>can hypo!sis w5t a/ray 9 conceiv+ ?is ,gospel z a ,life ( ,jesus writt5 ) ei!r complete or p>tial hi/orical consci\sness1 & int]pret+ x on ^! l9es1 on ! sole gr\nd t x only br+s 9 ! "n ,son ( ,man twice prior to ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi4 ,! ,life ( ,jesus _c be arriv$ at by foll[+ ! arrangem5t ( a s+le ,gospel1 b only on ! basis ( ! tradition :i* is pres]v$ m or less fai?fully 9 ! e>lie/ pair ( ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,que/ions ( lit]>y priority1 inde$ lit]>y que/ions 9 g5]al1 h 9 ! la/ resort1 z ,keim rem>k$ long ago1 no?+ to d ) ! ga9+ ( a cle> idea ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 s9ce ! ,evangeli/s _h n !mselves a cle> idea ( x be=e _! m9ds2 x c only be arriv$ at hypo!tically by an exp]im5tal recon/ruction bas$ on ! necess>y inn] connexion ( ! incid5ts4 ,b :o c\ld possibly h _h 9 e>ly times a cle> conception ( ! ,life ( ,jesus8 ,ev5 its mo/ critical mom5ts 7 totally un9telligible to ! disciples :o _h !mselves %>$ 9 ! exp]i5ces1 & :o 7 ! only s\rces = ! tradition4 ,!y 7 simply swept ?r\gh ^! ev5ts by ! mom5tum ( ! purpose ( ,jesus4 ,t is :y ! tradition is incoh]5t4 ,! reality _h be5 incoh]5t too1 s9ce x 0 only ! secret ,messianic selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus :i* creat$ alike ! ev5ts & _! connexion4 ,e ,life ( ,jesus rema9s !re=e a recon/ruction on ! basis ( a m or less accurate insight into ! nature ( ! dynamic selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus :i* creat$ ! hi/ory4 ,! p1 :atev] ,m>k may h ?\ght1 did n (f] ,jesus a ,messianic ovation at all2 x 0 ,he :o1 9 ! conviction t !y 7 :olly unable to recognise x1 play$ ) ,8 ,messianic self consci\sness be=e _! eyes1 j z ,he did at ! "t aft] ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples1 :51 z n[1 ,he ?\ght ! end at h&4 ,x 0 9 ! same way1 too1 t ,he clos$ ! invective aga9/ ! ,ph>isees ) ! words 8,i say unto y1 ye %all see me no m until ye %all say1 ,bless$ is he t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l0 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ci74 ,?is say+ implies ,8 ,p>\sia4 ,simil>ly ,he is play+ ) ,8 secret 9 t crucial "q reg>d+ ! ,messiah%ip 9 ,m>k xii4 #cecg4 ,!re is no "q ( dissociat+ ! ,davidic ,son%ip f ! ,messiah%ip47#cjc7 ,he asks only h[ c ! ,*ri/ 9 virtue ( ,8 desc5t f ,david be1 z 8 son1 inf]ior to ,david1 & yet be address$ by ,david 9 ! ,psalm z 8 ,"l8 ,! answ] is2 by reason ( ! metamorphosis & ,p>\sia 9 :i* natural relation%ips are aboli%$ & ! scion ( ,david's l9e :o is ! pr$e/9$ ,son ( ,man %all take possession ( ,8 unique glory4 ,f> f reject+ ! ,davidic ,son%ip 9 ?is say+1 ,jesus1 on ! contr>y1 presupposes ,8 possession ( x4 ,t raises ! "q :e!r ,he did n really dur+ ,8 lifetime reg>d ,himself z a desc5dant ( ,david & :e!r ,he 0 n reg>d$ z su*4 ,paul1 :o o!rwise %[s no int]e/ 9 ! e>?ly phase ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,"l1 c]ta9ly implies ,8 desc5t f ,david4 ,! bl9d man at ,j]i*o1 too1 cries out to ! ,naz>5e prophet z 8,son ( ,david0 7,m>k x4 #dg74 ,b 9 do+ s he does n mean to address ,jesus z ,messiah1 = aft]w>ds1 :5 he is br\ght to ,him he simply calls ,him 8,rabbi0 7,m>k x4 #ea74 ,& ! p ?\ght no?+ fur!r ab\t :at he _h said4 ,:5 ! expectant p bid him keep sil5ce !y d n d s because ! expression ,son ( ,david (f5ds !m1 b because 8 clam\r annoys !m4 ,jesus1 h[ev]1 0 /ruck by ?is cry1 /ood /ill & caus$ him1 z he 0 /&+ timidly beh9d ! eag] multitude1 to be br\ght to ,him4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t ?is address is a m]e mi/ake 9 ! tradition1 ! same tradition :i* unsuspect+ly br\ght 9 ! expression ,son ( ,man at ! wrong place4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta93 ! p 7 n made aw>e ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus by ! cry ( ! bl9d man any m ?an by ! outcries ( ! demoniacs4 ,! entry into ,j]usalem 0 n a ,messianic ovation4 ,all t hi/ory is conc]n$ ) is t ?is fact %\ld be admitt$ on all h&s4 ,except ,jesus & ! disciples1 !re=e1 no "o knew ! secret ( ,8 ,messiah%ip ev5 9 ^? days at ,j]usalem4 ,b ! ,high ,prie/ sudd5ly %[$ himself 9 possession ( x4 ,h[8 ,?r\gh ! betrayal ( ,judas4 ,= a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! "q has be5 hi/orically discuss$ :y ,judas betray$ 8 ,ma/]4 ,t ! ma9 "q = hi/ory 0 :at he betray$ 0 suspect$ by few & !y t\*$ on x only 9 a timid k9d ( way--inde$ ! problems ( ! trial ( ,jesus may be said to h be5 nonexi/5t = criticism4 ,! traitor\s act ( ,judas _c h consi/$ 9 in=m+ ! ,sanh$r9 :]e ,jesus 0 to be f\nd at a suitable place = an arre/4 ,!y c\ld h _h t in=mation m *eaply by caus+ ,jesus to be wat*$ by spies4 ,b ,m>k expressly says t ,judas :5 he betray$ ,jesus did n yet "k ( a fav\rable opportunity = ! arre/1 b 0 seek+ su* an opportunity4 ,m>k xiv4 #aj1 #aa1 8,& ,judas ,isc>iot1 "o ( ! twelve1 w5t unto ! *ief prie/s1 to betray him unto !m4 ,& :5 !y he>d x1 !y 7 glad1 & promis$ to give him money4 ,& he s\ght h[ he might conv5i5tly betray him40 ,9 ! betrayal1 !re=e1 !re 7 two po9ts1 a m g5]al & a m special3 ! g5]al fact by :i* he gave ,jesus into _! p[]1 & ! und]tak+ to let !m "k ( ! next opportunity :5 !y c\ld arre/ ,him quietly1 )\t publicity4 ,! betrayal by :i* he br\ght 8 ,ma/] to dea?1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! rul]s decid$ ^u ! arre/1 kn[+ t _! cause 0 safe 9 any case1 0 ! betrayal ( ! ,messianic secret4 ,jesus di$ because two ( ,8 disciples _h brok5 ,8 comm& ( sil5ce3 ,pet] :5 he made kn[n ! secret ( ! ,messiah%ip to ! ,twelve at ,caes>ea ,philippi2 ,judas ,isc>iot by communicat+ x to ! ,high ,prie/4 ,b ! difficulty 0 t ,judas 0 ! sole witness4 ,!re=e ! betrayal 0 useless s f> z ! actual trial 0 conc]n$ unless ,jesus admitt$ ! *>ge4 ,s !y fir/ tri$ to secure ,8 condemnation on o!r gr\nds1 & only :5 ^! attempts broke d[n did ! ,high ,prie/ put1 9 ! =m ( a "q1 ! *>ge 9 support ( :i* he c\ld h br\ght no witnesses4 ,b ,jesus imm$iately admitt$ x1 & /r5g!n$ ! admission by an allusion to ,8 ,p>\sia 9 ! ne> future z ,son ( ,man4 ,! betrayal & ! trial c only be rightly und]/ood :5 x is realis$ t ! public knew no?+ :atev] ( ! secret ( ! ,messiah%ip47#cjd7 ,x is ! same 9 reg>d to ! sc5e 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pilate4 ,! p on t morn+ knew no?+ ( ! trial ( ,jesus1 b came to ,pilate ) ! sole object ( ask+ ! release ( a prison]1 z 0 ! cu/om at ! fea/ 7,m>k xv4 #fh74 ,! idea !n occurs to ,pilate1 :o 0 j ab\t to h& ov]1 will+ly en\gh1 ?is tr\blesome fell[ & prophet to ! prie/ly faction1 to play (f ! p aga9/ ! prie/s & "w on ! multitude to petition = ! release ( ,jesus4 ,9 ?is way he w\ld h secur$ himself on bo? sides4 ,he w\ld h condemn$ ,jesus to please ! prie/s1 & aft] condemn+ ,him w\ld h releas$ ,him to please ! p4 ,! prie/s are greatly emb>rass$ by ! pres5ce ( ! multitude4 ,!y _h done ev]y?+ s quickly & quietly t !y might well h hop$ to get ,jesus crucifi$ be=e any "o knew :at 0 happ5+ or _h _h "t to wond] at ,8 non appe>ance 9 ! ,temple4 ,! prie/s !re=e g among ! p & induce !m n to agree to ! ,procurator's proposal4 ,h[8 ,by tell+ !m :y ,he 0 condemn$1 by reveal+ to !m ! ,messianic secret4 ,t makes ,him at once f a prophet wor?y ( hon\r into a delud$ en?usia/ & blasphem]4 ,t 0 ! explanation ( ! 8fickl5ess0 ( ! ,j]usalem mob :i* is always s eloqu5tly describ$1 )\t any evid5ce = x except ?is s+le inexplicable case4 ,at midday ( ! same day--x 0 ! #ad? ,nisan1 & 9 ! ev5+ ! ,pas*al lamb w\ld be eat5--,jesus cri$ al\d & expir$4 ,he _h *os5 to rema9 fully consci\s to ! la/4 ,,xx4 ,,results ,^? :o are fond ( talk+ ab\t negative !ology c f9d _! acc\nt "h4 ,!re is no?+ m negative ?an ! result ( ! critical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,! ,jesus ( ,naz>e? :o came =w>d publicly z ! ,messiah1 :o prea*$ ! e?ic ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 :o f\nd$ ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 ^u e>?1 & di$ to give ,8 "w its f9al consecration1 nev] _h any exi/5ce4 ,he is a figure design$ by rationalism1 end[$ ) life by lib]alism1 & clo!d by mod]n !ology 9 an hi/orical g>b4 ,?is image has n be5 de/roy$ f )\t1 x has fall5 to pieces1 cleft & dis9tegrat$ by ! concrete hi/orical problems :i* came to ! surface "o aft] ano!r1 & 9 spite ( all ! artifice1 art1 artificiality1 & viol5ce :i* 0 appli$ to !m1 refus$ to be plan$ d[n to fit ! design on :i* ! ,jesus ( ! !ology ( ! la/ hundr$ & ?irty ye>s _h be5 con/ruct$1 & 7 no soon] cov]$ ov] ?an !y appe>$ aga9 9 a new =m4 ,! ?or\ghgo+ sceptical & ! ?or\ghgo+ es*atological s*ool h only complet$ ! "w ( de/ruction by l9k+ ! problems into a sy/em & s mak+ an end ( ! ,divide et imp]a ( mod]n !ology1 :i* und]took to solve ea* ( !m sep>ately1 t is1 9 a less difficult =m4 ,h5ce=? x is no long] p]missible to take "o problem out ( ! s]ies & dispose ( x by itself1 s9ce ! weight ( ! :ole hangs ^u ea*4 ,:atev] ! ultimate solution may be1 ! hi/orical ,jesus ( :om ! criticism ( ! future1 tak+ z its />t+po9t ! problems :i* h be5 recognis$ & admitt$1 w draw ! portrait1 c nev] r5d] mod]n !ology ! s]vices :i* x claim$ f its own half hi/orical1 halfmod]n1 ,jesus4 ,he w be a ,jesus1 :o 0 ,messiah1 & liv$ z su*1 ei!r on ! gr\nd ( a lit]>y fiction ( ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/1 or on ! gr\nd ( a purely es*atological ,messianic conception4 ,9 ei!r case1 ,he w n be a ,jesus ,*ri/ to :om ! religion ( ! pres5t c ascribe1 accord+ to its long*]i%$ cu/om1 its own ?\ghts & ideas1 z x did ) ! ,jesus ( its own mak+4 ,nor w ,he be a figure :i* c be made by a popul> hi/orical treatm5t s sympa!tic & univ]sally intelligible to ! multitude4 ,! hi/orical ,jesus w be to our "t a /rang] & an enigma4 ,! /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus has _h a curi\s hi/ory4 ,x set out 9 que/ ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 believ+ t :5 x _h f\nd ,him x c\ld br+ ,him /raight into our "t z a ,tea*] & ,savi\r4 ,x loos$ ! b&s by :i* ,he _h be5 rivet$ = c5turies to ! /ony rocks ( ecclesia/ical doctr9e1 & rejoic$ to see life & movem5t com+ into ! figure once m1 & ! hi/orical ,jesus advanc+1 z x seem$1 to meet x4 ,b ,he does n /ay2 ,he passes by our "t & returns to ,8 own4 ,:at surpris$ & dismay$ ! !ology ( ! la/ =ty ye>s 0 t1 despite all =c$ & arbitr>y int]pretations1 x c\ld n keep ,him 9 our "t1 b _h to let ,him g4 ,he return$ to ,8 own "t1 n ow+ to ! application ( any hi/orical +5uity1 b by ! same inevitable necessity by :i* ! lib]at$ p5dulum returns to its orig9al position4 ,! hi/orical f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity z built up by rationali/ic1 by lib]al1 & by mod]n !ology no long] exi/s2 b t does n mean t ,*ri/ianity has lo/ its hi/orical f\ndation4 ,! "w :i* hi/orical !ology ?\ght itself b\nd to c>ry out1 & :i* fell to pieces j z x 0 ne>+ completion1 0 only ! brick fac+ ( ! real immovable hi/orical f\ndation :i* is indep5d5t ( any hi/orical confirmation or ju/ification4 ,jesus means some?+ to our _w because a mighty spiritual =ce /reams =? f ,him & fl[s ?r\gh our "t also4 ,?is fact c nei!r be %ak5 nor confirm$ by any hi/orical discov]y4 ,x is ! solid f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! mi/ake 0 to suppose t ,jesus c\ld come to mean m to our "t by ent]+ into x z a man l ourselves4 ,t is n possible4 ,fir/ because su* a ,jesus nev] exi/$4 ,secondly because1 al?\gh hi/orical k c no d\bt introduce great] cle>ness into an exi/+ spiritual life1 x _c call spiritual life into exi/5ce4 ,hi/ory c de/roy ! pres5t2 x c reconcile ! pres5t ) ! pa/2 c ev5 to a c]ta9 ext5t transport ! pres5t into ! pa/2 b to contribute to ! mak+ ( ! pres5t is n giv5 unto x4 ,b x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! value ( :at ,g]man rese>* ^u ! ,life ( ,jesus has accompli%$4 ,x is a uniquely great expression ( s9c]ity1 "o ( ! mo/ significant ev5ts 9 ! :ole m5tal & spiritual life ( humanity4 ,:at has be5 done = ! religi\s life ( ! pres5t & ! imm$iate future by s*ol>s su* z ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,b\sset1 ,jli*]1 ,we9el1 ,w]nle--& _! pupil ,fr5ss5--& ! o!rs :o h be5 call$ to ! task ( br++ to ! k ( wid] circles1 9 a =m :i* is popul> )\t be+ sup]ficial1 ! results ( religi\shi/orical /udy1 only becomes evid5t :5 "o exam9es ! lit]ature & social culture ( ! ,lat9 nations1 :o h be5 sc>cely if at all t\*$ by ! influ5ce ( ^! ?9k]s4 ,& yet ! "t ( d\bt 0 b\nd to come4 ,we mod]n !ologians are too pr\d ( our hi/orical me?od1 too pr\d ( our hi/orical ,jesus1 too confid5t 9 our belief 9 ! spiritual ga9s :i* our hi/orical !ology c br+ to ! _w4 ,! ?\ght t we c\ld build up by ! increase ( hi/orical k a new & vigor\s ,*ri/ianity & set free new spiritual =ces1 rules u l a fix$ idea1 & prev5ts u f see+ t ! task :i* we h grappl$ ) & 9 "s measure dis*>g$ is only "o ( ! intellectual prelim9>ies ( ! great religi\s task4 ,we ?\ght t x 0 = u to lead our "t by a r\ndab\t way ?r\gh ! hi/orical ,jesus1 z we und]/ood ,him1 9 ord] to br+ x to ! ,jesus :o is a spiritual p[] 9 ! pres5t4 ,?is r\ndab\t way has n[ be5 clos$ by g5u9e hi/ory4 ,!re 0 a dang] ( our ?ru/+ ourselves betwe5 m5 & ! ,gospels1 & refus+ to leave ! individual man alone ) ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,!re 0 a dang] t we %\ld (f] !m a ,jesus :o 0 too small1 because we _h =c$ ,him into con=mity ) our human /&>ds & human psy*ology4 ,to see t1 "o ne$ only read ! ,lives ( ,jesus writt5 s9ce ! 'sixties1 & notice :at !y h made ( ! great imp]i\s say+s ( ! ,"l1 h[ !y h weak5$ d[n ,8 imp]ative _wcontemn+ dem&s ^u individuals1 t ,he might n come into conflict ) our e?ical ideals1 & might tune ,8 d5ial ( ! _w to our acceptance ( x4 ,_m ( ! greate/ say+s are f\nd ly+ 9 a corn] l explosive %ells f :i* ! *>ges h be5 remov$4 ,no small portion ( elem5tal religi\s p[] ne$$ to be drawn (f f ,8 say+s to prev5t !m f conflict+ ) our sy/em ( religi\s _wacceptance4 ,we h made ,jesus hold ano!r language ) our "t f t :i* ,he really held4 ,9 ! process we ourselves h be5 enfeebl$1 & h robb$ our own ?\ghts ( _! vig\r 9 ord] to project !m back into hi/ory & make !m speak to u out ( ! pa/4 ,x is no?+ less ?an a mis=tune = mod]n !ology t x mixes hi/ory ) ev]y?+ & ends by be+ pr\d ( ! skill ) :i* x f9ds its own ?\ghts--ev5 to its begg>ly pseudometaphysic ) :i* x has bani%$ g5u9e speculative metaphysic f ! sph]e ( religion--9 ,jesus1 & repres5ts ,him z express+ !m4 ,x _h almo/ des]v$ ! reproa*3 8he :o putte? 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & looke? back1 is n fit = ! ,k+dom ( ,god40 ,x 0 no small matt]1 !re=e1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ! critical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 aft] a resi/ance la/+ = two g5]ations1 dur+ :i* fir/ "o exp$i5t 0 tri$ & !n ano!r1 !ology 0 =c$ by g5u9e hi/ory to beg9 to d\bt ! artificial hi/ory ) :i* x _h ?\ght to give new life to our ,*ri/ianity1 & to yield to ! facts1 :i*1 z ,wr$e /rik+ly said1 are sometimes ! mo/ radical critics ( all4 ,hi/ory w =ce x to f9d a way to transc5d hi/ory1 & to fight = ! lord%ip & rule ( ,jesus ov] ?is _w ) weapons temp]$ 9 a diff]5t =ge4 ,we are exp]i5c+ :at ,paul exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! v mom5t :5 we 7 com+ ne>] to ! hi/orical ,jesus ?an m5 _h ev] come be=e1 & 7 already /ret*+ out our h&s to draw ,him into our own "t1 we h be5 oblig$ to give up ! attempt & ackn[l$ge our failure 9 t p>adoxical say+3 8,if we h kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% yet h5ce=? "k we ,him no m40 ,& fur!r we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d t ! hi/orical k ( ! p]sonality & life ( ,jesus w n be a help1 b p]haps ev5 an (f5ce to religion4 ,b ! tru? is1 x is n ,jesus z hi/orically kn[n1 b ,jesus z spiritually aris5 )9 m51 :o is significant = our "t & c help x4 ,n ! hi/orical ,jesus1 b ! _s :i* goes =? f ,him & 9 ! spirits ( m5 /rives = new influ5ce & rule1 is t :i* ov]comes ! _w4 ,x is n giv5 to hi/ory to dis5gage t :i* is abid+ & et]nal 9 ! be+ ( ,jesus f ! hi/orical =ms 9 :i* x work$ itself out1 & to introduce x into our _w z a liv+ influ5ce4 ,x has toil$ 9 va9 at ?is und]tak+4 ,z a wat]plant is beautiful s long z x is gr[+ 9 ! wat]1 b once torn f its roots1 )]s & becomes unrecognisable1 s x is ) ! hi/orical ,jesus :5 ,he is wr5*$ loose f ! soil ( es*atology1 & ! attempt is made to conceive ,him 8hi/orically0 z a ,be+ n subject to temporal conditions4 ,! abid+ & et]nal 9 ,jesus is absolutely indep5d5t ( hi/orical k & c only be und]/ood by contact ) ,8 _s :i* is /ill at "w 9 ! _w4 ,9 proportion z we h ! ,_s ( ,jesus we h ! true k ( ,jesus4 ,jesus z a concrete hi/orical p]sonality rema9s a /rang] to our "t1 b ,8 _s1 :i* lies hidd5 9 ,8 words1 is kn[n 9 simplicity1 & its influ5ce is direct4 ,e say+ conta9s 9 its own way ! :ole ,jesus4 ,! v /rang5ess & uncondition$ness 9 :i* ,he /&s be=e u makes x easi] = individuals to f9d _! own p]sonal /&po9t 9 reg>d to ,him4 ,m5 fe>$ t to admit ! claims ( es*atology w\ld aboli% ! significance ( ,8 words = our "t2 & h5ce !re 0 a fev]i% eag]ness to discov] 9 !m any elem5ts t might be consid]$ n es*atologically condition$4 ,:5 any say+s 7 f\nd ( :i* ! word+ did n absolutely imply an es*atological connexion !re 0 great jubilation--^! at lea/ _h be5 sav$ un9jur$ f ! com+ dbcle4 ,b 9 reality t :i* is et]nal 9 ! words ( ,jesus is due to ! v fact t !y are bas$ on an es*atological _wview1 & conta9 ! expression ( a m9d = :i* ! contempor>y _w ) its hi/orical & social circum/ances no long] _h any exi/5ce4 ,!y are appropriate1 !re=e1 to any _w1 = 9 e _w !y raise ! man :o d>es to meet _! *all5ge1 & does n turn & twi/ !m into mean+lessness1 above 8 _w & 8 "t1 mak+ him inw>dly free1 s t he is fitt$ to be1 9 8 own _w & 9 8 own "t1 a simple *annel ( ! p[] ( ,jesus4 ,mod]n ,lives ( ,jesus are too g5]al 9 _! scope4 ,!y aim at influ5c+1 by giv+ a complete impression ( ! life ( ,jesus1 a :ole community4 ,b ! hi/orical ,jesus1 z ,he is depict$ 9 ! ,gospels1 influ5c$ individuals by ! individual ^w4 ,!y und]/ood ,him s f> z x 0 necess>y = !m to und]/&1 )\t =m+ any conception ( ,8 life z a :ole1 s9ce ?is 9 its ultimate aims rema9$ a my/]y ev5 = ! disciples4 ,because x is ?us preoccupi$ ) ! g5]al1 ! univ]sal1 mod]n !ology is det]m9$ to f9d its _waccept+ e?ic 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,!re9 lies its weakness4 ,! _w affirms itself automatically2 ! mod]n _s _c b affirm x4 ,b :y on t acc\nt aboli% ! conflict betwe5 mod]n life1 ) ! _waffirm+ _s :i* inspires x z a :ole1 & ! _wnegat+ _s ( ,jesus8 ,:y sp>e ! _s ( ! individual man its appo9t$ task ( fight+ its way ?r\gh ! _wnegation ( ,jesus1 ( cont5d+ ) ,him at e /ep ov] ! value ( mat]ial & intellectual goods--a conflict 9 :i* x may nev] re/8 ,= ! g5]al1 = ! in/itutions ( society1 ! rule is3 affirmation ( ! _w1 9 consci\s opposition to ! view ( ,jesus1 on ! gr\nd t ! _w has affirm$ itself6 ,?is g5]al affirmation ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 if x is to be ,*ri/ian1 mu/ 9 ! individual _s be ,*ri/ianis$ & transfigur$ by ! p]sonal rejection ( ! _w :i* is prea*$ 9 ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,x is only by means ( ! t5sion ?us set up t religi\s en]gy c be communicat$ to our "t4 ,!re 0 a dang] t mod]n !ology1 = ! sake ( peace1 w\ld d5y ! _wnegation 9 ! say+s ( ,jesus1 ) :i* ,prote/antism 0 out ( sympa?y1 & ?us un/r+ ! b[ & make ,prote/antism a m]e sociological in/ead ( a religi\s =ce4 ,!re 0 p]haps also a dang] ( inw>d ins9c]ity1 9 ! fact t x refus$ to admit to itself & o!rs t x ma9ta9$ its affirmation ( ! _w 9 opposition to ! say+s ( ,jesus1 simply because x c\ld n d o!rwise4 ,= t reason x is a good ?+ t ! true hi/orical ,jesus %\ld ov]?r[ ! mod]n ,jesus1 %\ld rise up aga9/ ! mod]n _s & s5d ^u e>?1 n peace1 b a sword4 ,he 0 n tea*]1 n a casui/2 ,he 0 an imp]i\s rul]4 ,x 0 because ,he 0 s 9 ,8 inmo/ be+ t ,he c\ld ?9k ( ,himself z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,t 0 only ! temporally condition$ expression ( ! fact t ,he 0 an au?oritative rul]4 ,! names 9 :i* m5 express$ _! recognition ( ,him z su*1 ,messiah1 ,son ( ,man1 ,son ( ,god1 h become = u hi/orical p>ables4 ,we c f9d no designation :i* expresses :at ,he is = u4 ,he comes to u z ,"o unkn[n1 )\t a "n1 z ( old1 by ! lake side1 ,he came to ^? m5 :o knew ,him n4 ,he speaks to u ! same ^w3 8,foll[ ?\ me60 & sets u to ! tasks :i* ,he has to fulfil = our "t4 ,he comm&s4 ,& to ^? :o obey ,him1 :e!r !y be wise or simple1 ,he w reveal ,himself 9 ! toils1 ! conflicts1 ! suff]+s :i* !y %all pass ?r\gh 9 ,8 fell[%ip1 &1 z an ineffable my/]y1 !y %all le>n 9 _! own exp]i5ce ,:o ,he is4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,,& ,,works 7,includ+ ,ref]5ce ,to ,engli% ,translations7 ,ammon1 ,*ri/oph ,fri$ri* von4 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5tums 7,leipzig1 #ahdj72 ,die ,ges*i*te des ,leb5s ,jesu mit /et] ,rcksi*t auf die vorh&55 ,quell5 7#ahdbahdg71 #aa1 #ig1 #ajd f41 #aag f4 ,anonym\s ,works-- ,das ,leb5 ,napoleons kritis* geprft4 ,aus dem ,englis*5 7see "u ,:ateley7 neb/ e9ig5 ,nutzanw5dung5 auf das ,leb5,jesu von ,/rauss 7#ahcf71 #aab ,did ,jesus live #ajj ,b4,c48 7,london & ,b5>es1 ,!osophical ,publi%+ ,society1 #aijc71 #cbg ,dr4 ,/rauss und die ,zri*] ,kir*e 7,basle1 #ahci71 #ajc ,wi*tige ,en?llung5 b] die wirkli*e ,todes>t ,jesu 7#e? ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahdi72 ,hi/oris*e ,en?llung5 b] die wirkli*5 ,ereignisse d] ,geburt und ,jug5d ,jesu 7#bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahdi71 #afa f4 ,zwei ,gespr*e b] die ,ansi*t des ,h]rn ,dr4 ,/rauss von d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te 7,j5a1 #ahci71 #ajj ,baad]1 ,franz4 b] das ,leb5,jesu von ,/rauss 7,muni*1 #ahcf71 #ajj ,bahrdt1 ,k>l ,fri$ri*4 ,briefe b] die ,bibel im ,volk/on 7#aghb72 ,ausfhrung des ,plans und ,zwecks ,jesu 7#aghdagib72 ,die smtli*5 ,r$5 ,jesu aus d5 ,evangeli5 ausgezog5 7#aghf71 #d1 #e1 #ch1 #ci f41 #df1 #ec1 #ei1 #bii1 #cac ,bald5sp]g]1 ,wilhelm4 ,das ,selb/bewus/se9 ,jesu im ,li*te d] messianis*5 ,h(fnung5 se9] ,zeit 7,/rassburg1 #ahhh1 #bnd ed4 #ahib1 #crd ed4 pt4 i4 #aijc71 #ab1 #bccbcg1 #bej1 #bff1 #bgh f41 #cfe1 #cff ,b>?1 ,fritz4 ,die ,hauptprobleme des ,leb5s ,jesu 7#a/ ed4 #ahii1 #bnd ed4 #aijc71 #cja ,bau]1 ,bruno4 ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te des ,johannes 7,brem51 #ahdj72 ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te d] ,synoptik] 7,leipzig1 #ahdaahdb72 ,kritik d] ,evangeli5 und ,ges*i*te ihres ,ursprungs 7,b]l91 #ahejahea72 ,kritik d] ,apo/elges*i*te 7#ahej72 ,kritik d] ,paul9is*5 ,briefe 7,b]l91 #ahejaheb72 ,philo1 ,/rauss1 ,r5an und das ,ur*ri/5tum 7,b]l91 #ahgd72 ,*ri/us und die ,cs>5 7,b]l91 #ahgg72 ,die gute ,sa*e d] ,freiheit und me9e eig5e ,angeleg5heit 7,zuri*1 #ahdc71 #e1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #acgafj1 #ahf f41 #bba1 #bca1 #befbeh1 #cje f41 #cab1 #cae1 #cbh1 #ccb1 #cce f41 #cch1 #cdb1 #cdf1 #ceh1 #cfh1 #chh ,baum]1 ,fri$ri*4 ,s*w>z1 ,/rauss1 ,r5an 7,leipzig1 #ahfd71 #aia ,baur1 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian4 ,kritis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die kanonis*5 ,evangeli5 7,tb+51 #ahdg71 #be1 #eh1 #fh1 #hg1 #hi1 #abd1 #ahb1 #aie1 #bja1 #bbi ,b]gh van ,eys+a1 ,van d54 ,indis*e ,e9flsse auf evangelis*e ,erzhlung5 7,gtt+51 #aijd71 #bij ,b]nh>d t] ,ha> 7,utre*t74 ,zehn ,vorlesung5 b] ,r5ans 8,leb5,jesu0 7,g]man by ,h4 ,do]m]1 ,go?a1 #ahfd71 #aia ,beys*lag1 ,willibald4 b] das ,leb5,jesu von ,r5an 7,b]l91 #ahfd72 ,das ,leb5,jesu 7pt4 i4 #ahhe1 pt4 ii4 #ahhf1 #bnd ed4 #ahhgahhh71 #f1 #aj1 #aij1 #bae f41 #bah ,b9d]1 #fh1 #fi ,bleby1 ,h4 ,w4 ,! ,trial ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? consid]$ z a ,judicial ,act 7#ahhj71 #cia ,bleek1 #bbi1 #bca ,bkl51 ,e4 ,die ,v]w&ts*aft d] jdis**ri/li*5 und d] p>sis*5 ,es*atologie 7#aijb71 #bhg ,bolt51 ,johann ,adrian4 ,d] ,b]i*t des ,mat?u von ,jesu dem ,messias 7,altona1 #agib71 #bga1 #bgf ,bosc1 ,erne/4 ,la ,vie sotrique de ,jsus de ,naz>e? et les orig9es ori5tales du *ri/ianisme 7,p>is1 #aijb71 #bid1 #cbg ,b\sset1 ,wilhelm4 ,jesu ,pr$igt 9 ihrem ,geg5satz zum ,jud5tum4 ,e9 religionsges*i*tli*] ,v]glei* 7,gtt+51 #ahib72 ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptik 9 ihr] religionsges*i*tli*5 ,h]kunft und ihr] ,b$eutung fr das ,neue ,te/am5t 7,b]l91 #aijc72 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt] 7#aijb72 ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 ,vortrge im ,prote/ant5v]e9 zu ,brem5 7,halle1 #aijd72 ,jesus 7,religionsges*i*tli*e ,volksb*]1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,s*iele1 ,halle1 #aijd7 7,engli% translation1 ,jesus1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,trevelyan1 ,london1 #aijf71 #bdabdi1 #bee f41 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #bhj1 #cjj1 #cei1 #cih ,br&t1 ,wilhelm4 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te und d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums auf ,grund e9] ,kritik d] ,b]i*te b] das ,leid5 und die ,auf]/ehung ,jesu 7,leipzig1 #ahic71 #bda1 #befbfa1 #bfg1 #cja1 #cji1 #cab1 #cac1 #cia ,brets*neid]1 ,k>l ,gottlob1 #he1 #aah ,brunn]1 ,seba/ian4 ,d] ,a!i/ ,r5an und se9 ,evangelium 7,reg5sburg1 #ahfd71 #aij ,bugge1 ,*r4 ,a4 ,die ,hauptp>abeln ,jesu4 7,f ! ,norwegian7 7,giess51 #aijc71 #bfc ,buns51 ,*ri/ian ,k>l ,josias1 ,ritt] von4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 vol4 ix4 ( ,buns5's 8,bibelw]k0 7publi%$ by ,holtzmann1 #ahfe71 #bjj ,cairns1 ,john4 ,fals*e ,*ri/i und d] wahre ,*ri/us1 od] ,v]teidigung d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te geg5 ,/rauss und ,r5an4 ,aus dem ,englis*5 b]setzt 7,hamburg1 #ahfd7 7,false ,*ri/ & ! ,true1 ,a s]mon deliv]$ be=e ! ,national ,bible ,society ( ,scotl&1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfd71 #aia ,capita9e1 ,w4 ,jesus von ,naz>e? 7,reg5sburg1 #aije71 #bid ,cassel1 ,paulus4 ,b]i*t b] ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu 7,b]l91 #ahfd71 #aia 8,casu>40 ,das ,leb5 ,lu!rs kritis* be>beitet4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,jul4 ,f]d4 ,wurm 78,mexiko1 #bhcf071 #aab ,*amb]la91 ,h4 ,s4 ,worte ,*ri/i 7#aija71 #caj ,*>les1 ,r4 ,h4 8,! ,son ( ,man0 7,expos4 ,times1 #ahic71 #bfg ,colani1 ,timo?e4 ,exam5 de la vie de ,jsus de ,m4 ,r5an 7,/rassburg1 #ahfd72 ,jsus,*ri/ et les croyances messianiques de son temps 7,/rassburg1 #ahfd71 #ahb1 #ahi1 #bji1 #bba f41 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bcc1 #bdh1 #cgb ,cone1 ,orello4 8,jesus' ,selfdesignation 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels0 7,! ,new ,_w1 #ahic71 #bff ,coqu]el1 ,a?anase 7jun471 #ahi1 #bji ,cr$n]1 #hi ,dalman1 ,gu/af4 ,grammatik des jdis*pal/95sis*5 ,aramis* 7,leipzig1 #ahid72 ,die ,worte ,jesu4 ,mit ,b]cksi*tigung des na*kanonis*5 ,s*rifttums und d] aramis*5 ,spra*e1 ,i4 7,leipzig1 #ahih7 7au?oris$ ,engli% translation by ,d4 ,m4 ,kay1 ,! ,words ( ,jesus1 ,ed9burgh1 #aijb71 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgcbge1 #bgh1 #bgibha1 #bhfbhi1 #cfc1 #cia f4 ,d>boy1 ,georges4 ,lettre pa/orale de ,monseigneur l',ar*evque de ,p>is sur la div9it de ,jsus,*ri/1 et m&em5t p\r le c>me de #ahfd1 #ahh ,delff1 ,hugo4 ,ges*i*te des ,rabbi ,jesus von ,naz>e? 7,leipzig1 #ahhi71 #aa1 #cbc ,delitzs*1 ,franz1 #bgc1 #bhe ,deutl+]1 ,m>t94 ,r5an und das ,wund]4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur *ri/li*5 ,apologetik 7,muni*1 #ahfd71 #aij ,didon1 ,le ,pre1 de l'ordre des frres pr*eurs4 ,jsus ,*ri/ 7,p>is1 #ahia1 #b vols41 ,g]man1 #ahie7 7,engli% translation1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 #b vols41 #ahia71 #bie ,dieu1 ,l\is de1 #ad ,dillmann1 #bbc ,diodati1 ,dom9icus1 #bga ,dd]le94 ,fragm5te und ,antifragm5te 7,nuremb]g1 #aggh71 #be ,dulk1 ,alb]t4 ,d] ,irrgang des ,leb5s ,jesu4 ,9 ges*i*tli*] ,auffassung d>ge/ellt 7pt4 i4 #ahhd1 pt4 ii4 #ahhe71 #bid1 #cbd ,dupanl\p1 ,flix ,anto9e ,philib]t1 vque d',orlans4 ,av]tissem5t la jeunesse et aux pres de famille sur les attaques diriges contre la religion p> quelques criva9s de nos j\rs 7,p>is1 #ahfd71 #ahh ,ebr>d1 ,augu/4 ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te 7,frank=t1 #ahdb71 #ig1 #aaf f4 ,ed]%eim1 ,alfr$4 ,! ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah 7,london1 #a/ ed4 #ahhc1 #crd ed4 #ahhf1 #b vols471 #bcc ,e]dmanns1 ,b4 ,e4 8,de ,oorsprong van de uitdrukk+ ',zoon des ,m5s*5' als evangelis*e ,messia/itel0 7,!ol4 ,tijds*r41 #ahid71 #bgf ,ehrh>dt4 ,d] ,grund*>akt] d] ,e?ik ,jesu 9 ,v]hltnis zu d5 messianis*5 ,h(fnung5 se9es ,volkes und zu se9em eig55 ,messiasbewus/se9 7,freiburg1 #ahie72 ,le ,pr9cipe de la morale de ,jsus 7,p>is1 #ahif71 #bdi ,ei*horn1 ,johann ,gottfri$1 #gh1 #hi ,emm]i*1 ,anna ,ka?>9a4 ,das bitt]e ,leid5 uns]es ,h]rn ,jesu ,*ri/i4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,br5tano 7#ahehahfj1 new ed4 #ahie7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,dolor\s ,passion ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,london1 #ahfb72 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 #c vols4 7#ahehahfj71 #aji f41 #bie ,ewald1 ,georg ,he9ri* ,augu/4 8,ges*i*te ,*ri/us' und se9] ,zeit10 vol4 v4 ( ! 8,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel0 7,gtt+51 #ahee1 #bnd ed4 #aheg71 ,engli% translation ( ! ,life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 by ,octavius ,glov] 7,london1 #ahfe72 ,die drei er/5 ,evangeli5 7#ahej71 #ig1 #aag1 #abd1 #ace ,fiebig1 ,paul4 ,d] ,m5s*5sohn 7,tb+51 #aija72 ,altjdis*e ,glei*nisse und die ,glei*nisse ,jesu 7,tb+51 #aijd71 #bgh1 #bhf ,frantz51 ,wilhelm4 ,die 8,leb5,jesu0 ,bewegung seit ,/rauss 7,dorpat1 #ahih71 #ab ,fr5ss51 ,gu/av4 ,hillig5lei 7,b]l91 #aije71 pp4 #dfbeic3 8,die ,h&s*rift0 7,engli% translation1 ,holy ,l&1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,hamilton1 ,london1 #aijf71 #bic1 #cjgcji1 #cih ,freppel1 ,*>les ,emile4 ,exam5 critique de la vie de ,jesus de ,m4 ,r5an 7,p>is1 #ahfd7 7,g]man by ,kollmus1 ,vi5na1 #ahfd71 #ahh1 #aij ,frick1 ,otto4 ,my?us und ,evangelium 7,heilbronn1 #ahgi71 #aab ,furr]1 ,konrad4 ,vortrge b] das ,leb5 ,jesu ,*ri/i 7#aijb71 #cja ,gabl]1 #gh ,g>dn]1 ,p4 ,exploratio ,evangelica4 ,a ,brief ,exam9ation ( ! ,basis & ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ian ,belief 7#ahii1 #bnd ed4 #aijg71 #bag ,g]la*1 ,h]mann4 ,geg5 ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu #ahfd 7,b]l971 #aia ,gfrr]1 ,augu/ ,fri$ri*4 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5tums 7vol4 i4 #a/ ed4 #ahca1 #bnd ed4 #ahce1 vol4 ii4 #ahch71 #afa1 #afcaff1 #aie ,ghillany1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm 78,ri*>d von d] ,alm074 ,!ologis*e ,briefe an die ,gebildet5 d] deuts*5 ,nation 7#c vols4 #ahfc72 ,die ,urteile heidnis*] und *ri/li*] ,s*rift/ell] d] vi] er/5 *ri/li*5 ,jahrhund]te b] ,jesus 7#ahfd71 #afa1 #affagb1 #bdj1 #cfc ,godet1 ,f4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu vor se9em ff5tli*5 ,auftret5 7,g]man by ,m4 ,re9eck1 ,hanov]1 #ahig71 #bag ,gratz1 #hi ,greil+4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu von ,naz>e? 7#ahac71 #ej ,gressman1 ,hugo1 #bcd ,griesba*1 ,johann ,jakob1 #ac1 #hi ,grimm1 ,edu>d4 ,die ,e?ik ,jesu 7,hamburg1 #aijc71 #cbj ,grimm1 ,joseph4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 7,wrzburg1 #f vols41 #bnd ed4 #ahijaijc71 #bid ,grotius1 ,hugo1 #bgj ,gunkel1 ,h]mann1 #bgg ,hagel1 ,maurus4 ,dr4 ,/rauss' ,leb5,jesu aus d5s ,/&punkt des ,ka?olicismus betra*tet 7#ahci71 #ajh ,hahn1 ,w]n]4 ,leb5,jesu 7,b]l91 #ahdd71 #aah ,haneb]g1 ,daniel ,bonifacius4 ,erne/ ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu 7,reg5sburg1 #ahfd71 #aij ,hanson1 ,sir ,ri*>d4 ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory 7#ahfi71 #bjb ,h>less1 ,adolf4 ,die kritis*e ,be>beitung des ,leb5s ,jesu von ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss na* ihrem wiss5s*aftli*5 ,w]te beleu*tet 7,erlang51 #ahcf71 #ih f4 ,h>nack1 ,adolf1 #bdb1 #beb1 #cad ,h>tmann1 ,edu>d von4 ,das ,*ri/5tum des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #bnd ed4 ( ! 8,briefe b] die *ri/li*e ,religion0 7,sa*sa9!,h>z1 #aije71 #bib1 #cahcbj ,h>tmann1 ,julius4 ,leb5 ,jesu 7#b vols41 #ahcgahci71 #aja ,hase1 ,k>l ,augu/ von4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 7#a/ ed4 #ahbi72 ,ges*i*te ,jesu 7,leipzig1 #ahgf71 #d1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #bh1 #eh f41 #fe1 #gb1 #ha1 #hh1 #ii1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #abj1 #afb1 #aic1 #bad f41 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbi ,haupt1 ,eri*4 ,die es*atologis*5 ,aussag5 ,jesu 9 d5 synoptis*5 ,evangeli5 7#ahie71 #bda1 #bej f4 ,hausra?1 ,adolf4 ,neute/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te 7#a/ ed41 ,muni*1 #ahfh ff41 #crd ed41 vol4 i4 #ahgi7 7,engli% translation1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,times1 ,! ,"t ( ,jesus1 by ,c4 ,t4 ,poynt+ & ,p4 ,qu5z]1 ,london1 #ahgh71 #bad ,havet1 ,erne/4 ,jsus dans l'hi/oire4 ,exam5 de la vie de ,jsus p> ,m4 ,r5an4 ,extrait de la ,revue des deux mondes 7,p>is1 #ahfc72 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et ses orig9es1 #cme ptie1 ,le ,n\veau ,te/am5t 7#ahhd71 #ahi1 #bij1 #cbh1 #cia ,hegel1 ,georg ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm1 #di1 #fh f41 #gi f41 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aad f41 #abb1 #acg1 #afc1 #afe1 #aid ,h5g/5b]g1 ,ern/ ,wilhelm1 #ajf f41 #aaa1 #aae1 #adc ,h5nell1 ,*>les ,*ri/ian4 ,an ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity 7,london1 #ahch7 7,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums4 ,vorr$e von ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 #ahdj71 #afa ,h]d]1 ,johann ,gottfri$4 ,vom ,erls] d] ,m5s*54 ,na* uns]n drei er/5 ,evangeli5 7#agif72 ,von ,gottes ,sohn1 d] ,welt ,heil&4 ,na* ,johannes ,evangelium 7#agig71 #bg1 #bi1 #cd1 #hi1 #bjc ,hess1 ,johann ,jakob4 ,ges*i*te d] drei letzt5 ,leb5sjahre ,jesu 7#agfh ff471 #d1 #ad1 #bgca ,hilg5feld1 ,adolf1 #abd1 #bbb1 #bff ,hoek/ra4 8,de ,*ri/ologie van het canonieke ,m>cus,evangelie1 v]gelek5 met die van de beide &]e synoptis*e ,evangeli50 7,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1 v41 #ahga71 #cbh ,h(fmann1 ,wilhelm4 ,das ,leb5,jesu kritis* be>beitet von ,dr4 ,david ,fri$4 ,/rauss4 ,geprft fr ,!olog5 und ,ni*t,!olog5 7#ahcf71 #ii ,holtzmann1 ,he9ri* ,julius1 #aj1 #fa1 #abe1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bjbbje1 #bji1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bgg1 #bid ,holtzmann1 ,osk>4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 7#aija7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,bealby & ,maurice ,a4 ,canney1 ,london1 #aijd72 ,das ,messianittsbewus/se9 ,jesu und se9e neue/e ,be/reitung4 ,vortrag 7#aijb72 ,w> ,jesus ,ek/atik]8 7,tb+51 #aijc71 #bjh1 #bic1 #biecjj1 #cjf f41 #cjh1 #cab1 #cei ,hug1 ,leonh>d4 ,guta*t5 b] das ,leb5,jesu1 kritis* be>beitet von ,d4 ,fr4 ,/rauss 7,freiburg1 #ahdj71 #ig1 #ajh1 #aji1 #bga ,+raham1 ,j4 ,h4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,david 7,london1 #ahei7 7,d] ,fr/ aus ,davids ,hause1 new ed41 #ahif1 ,brunswick71 #cbf ,in*(]1 #bgj ,issel1 #bcg ,jacobi1 ,johann ,adolf4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu fr d5k5de und gemtvolle ,les] 7#ahaf71 #bg1 #cd ,jonge1 ,de4 ,jes*ua4 ,d] klassis*e jdis*e ,mann4 ,z]/rung des kir*li*51 ,en?llung des jdis*5 ,jesus,bildes 7,b]l91 #aijd71 #bic1 #cba f4 ,jli*]1 ,adolf4 ,die ,glei*nisr$5 ,jesu 7pt4 i4 #ahhh1 pt4 ii4 #ahii72 ,die ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t 7,teubn]1 ,b]l91 #aije71 pp4 #djfi2 8,jesus10 #bda1 #bfbbfd1 #bhf1 #bij1 #cbj1 #cih ,kal?(f1 ,alb]t4 ,das ,*ri/us,problem4 ,grundl9i5 zu e9] ,sozial!ologie 7,leipzig1 #aijb72 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums4 ,neue ,beitrge zum ,*ri/us,problem 7,leipzig1 #aijd7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ,joseph ,m',cabe1 ,london1 #aijg72 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,r$5 gehalt5 im prot4 ,re=mv]e9 zu ,b]l9 7#ahhj72 ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 ,e9e ,abre*nung mit ,pr(essor ,b\sset 9 ,gtt+5 7,b]l91 #aijd71 #bic1 #cadcah ,kant1 ,emmanuel1 #ej1 #aje1 #cbb ,kapp1 ,w4 ,das ,*ri/usund ,*ri/5tum,problem bei ,kal?(f 7,/rassburg1 #aije71 #cah ,kautzs*1 ,emil ,fri$ri*1 #bga ,keim1 ,!odor4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a 7#c vols41 ,zuri*1 pt4 i4 #ahfg1 pt4 ii4 #ahga1 pt4 iii4 #ahgb72 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu4 ,na* d5 ,ergebniss5 heutig] ,wiss5s*aft fr weit]e ,kreise b]si*tli* erzhlt 7,zuri*1 #ahgb7 7,engli% translation ( ! l>g] "w1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,geld>t & ,a4 ,ransom1 #f vols41 ,london1 #ahgcahhc71 #aa1 #fa1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bji1 #baabad1 #bca f41 #caj1 #cdc1 #cea1 #ceg1 #chj1 #cib ,ki5l51 #bbh ,kir*ba*1 ,wolfgang4 ,0 lehrte ,jesus8 7,b]l91 #ahig1 #bnd ed4 #aijb72 ,das ,bu* ,jesus 7,b]l91 #ahig71 #bid1 #cbbcbd ,koppe1 #hi ,k/l91 ,k>l ,re9hold1 #abd ,krabbe4 ,vorlesung5 b] das ,leb5 ,jesu fr ,!olog5 und ,ni*t,!olog5 7,hamburg1 #ahci71 #ajj ,kralik1 ,ri*>d von4 ,jesu ,leb5 und ,w]k 7,kempt5,nrnb]g1 #aijd71 #bid ,krauss1 ,s4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu na* jdis*5 ,quell5 7#aijb71 #cbg ,krg],vel?us51 ,w4 ,leb5 ,jesu4 7,elb]feld1 #ahgb71 #bag ,kuhn1 ,johannes von4 ,leb5 ,jesu 7,tb+51 #ahdj71 #ajh ,kunz1 ,k4 ,*ri/us m$icus 7,freiburg1 #aije71 #cbe ,la*mann1 #hi ,lamy4 ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu vor dem ,ri*t]/uhle d] ,kritik4 b]setzt von ,aug4 ,rohl+ 7,mn/]1 #ahfd71 #aij ,lange1 ,johann ,pet]4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 #e vols4 7#ahddahdg7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,life ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 by ,sophia ,taylor1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfd71 #aag ,lng91 ,g4 ,d] ,*ri/us d] ,ges*i*te und se9 ,*ri/5tum 7#b vols41 #ahigahih71 #bag ,langsdorf1 ,k>l von4 ,wohlgeprfte ,d>/ellung des ,leb5s ,jesu 7,mannheim1 #ahca71 #afb ,lass]re1 ,h5ri4 ,l'vangile selon ,r5an 7#ahfd1 #ab editions1 ,g]man1 ,muni*1 #ahfd71 #ahh1 #aij ,lehmann4 ,r5an wid] ,r5an 7,zwickau1 #ahfd71 #aia ,less+1 ,got?old ,ephraim1 #e1 #adaf1 #ge ,levi1 ,giuseppe4 ,p>abeln1 ,leg5d5 und ,g$ank5 aus ,talmud und ,midras* 7#bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahgg71 #bhf ,li*t5/e91 ,wilhelm ,jakob4 ,leb5 des ,h]rn ,jesu ,*ri/i 7,erlang51 #ahef71 #aja ,lietzmann1 ,hans4 ,d] ,m5s*5sohn 7,freiburg1 #ahif72 ,zur ,m5s*5sohnfrage 7#ahih71 #bfe1 #bgf f41 #bhe1 #bhi ,lightfoot1 ,john4 ,horae ,hebraicae et ,talmudicae 9 quatuor ,evangeli/as4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,j4 ,b4 ,c>pzov 7,leipzig1 #afhd71 #bbb1 #bhe ,lillie1 ,a4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 7,london1 #ahic71 #cbf ,littr1 ,m41 #aha ,loisy1 ,alfr$4 ,le ,quatrime vangile 7,p>is1 #aijc72 ,les vangiles synoptiques1 #b vols4 7,p>is1 #aijg72 ,l'vangile et l'glise 7,p>is1 #aijc7 7translat$ by ,c4 ,home1 ,! ,gospel & ! ,*ur*1 new ed4 ) a preface by ,g4 ,tyrrell1 #aijh71 #bie ,lcke1 #ajf ,lu?>dt1 ,*ri/oph ,ern/4 ,die mod]n5 ,d>/ellung5 des ,leb5s ,jesu4 ,vortrag 7,leipzig1 #ahfd71 #aia1 #bji ,lu!r1 #ac ,mack1 ,joseph4 ,b]i*t b] des ,h]rn ,dr4 ,/rauss' hi/oris*e ,be>beitung des ,leb5s ,jesu 7#ahcg71 #ajh ,man51 van1 #bhf ,m>ius1 ,emmanuel4 ,die ,p]snli*keit ,jesu mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf die ,my?ologi5 und ,my/]i5 d] alt5 ,vlk] 7,leipzig1 #ahgi71 #aab ,me9hold1 ,j4 ,jesus und das ,alte ,te/am5t 7#ahif71 #bee ,meus*51 ,johann ,g]h>dt1 #bhe ,mey]1 ,arnold4 ,jesu ,mutt]spra*e 7,leipzig1 #ahif71 #bbi1 #bca1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhi ,mi*aelis1 #di1 #bga ,mi*elis4 ,r5ans ,roman vom ,leb5,jesu 7,mn/]1 #ahfd71 #aij ,mll]1 ,a4 ,jesus e9 ,ari] 7,leipzig1 #aijd71 #cbg ,mll]1 ,max1 #bij ,muss>d1 ,eugne4 ,du sy/me my?ique appliqu l'hi/oire de la vie de ,jsus 7#ahch71 #aab ,nahor1 ,pi]re 7milie ,l]\71 ,jsus4 7,g]man by ,wal!r ,blo*1 ,b]l91 #aije71 #cbe ,ne&]1 ,augu/ ,wilhelm4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu ,*ri/i 7,hamburg1 #ahcg7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 by ,j4 ,m',cl9tock & ,c4 ,e4 ,blum5?al1 ,london1 #ahea72 ,guta*t5 b] das ,bu* des ,dr4 ,/rauss'1 ,leb5,jesu 7#ahcf71 #gb1 #ig1 #ajaajc1 #aaf1 #aci ,ne/le1 #bgf ,neubau]1 ,adolf1 #bgc ,neumann1 ,arno4 ,jesus wie er ges*i*tli* w> 7,freiburg1 #aijd71 #cbj ,nicolas1 ,amade4 ,r5an et sa vie de ,jsus s\s les rapports moral1 lgal et littraire 7,p>is,m>seille1 #ahfd71 #ahh ,nippold1 ,fri$ri*4 ,d] ,entwicklungsgang des ,leb5s ,jesu im ,wortlaut d] drei er/5 ,evangeli5 7,hamburg1 #ahie72 ,die psy*iatris*e ,seite d] ,heil/tigkeit ,jesu 7#ahhi71 #cja1 #cbd ,noack1 ,ludwig4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu 7#bnd ed41 ,mannheim1 #ahgf72 ,aus d] ,jordanwiege na* ,golga?a 7#ahgjahga71 #afa f41 #agbagi1 #ahe1 #cbb ,nork1 ,j41 #bhe1 #bhf ,not[its*1 ,nicolas4 ,la ,vie inconnue de ,jsus,*ri/ 7,p>is1 #ahid7 7,g]man1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid71 #bij1 #cbf ,oort1 ,h4 ,l4 ,die ,uitdrukk+ 9 het ,nieuwe ,te/am5t 7,leid51 #ahic71 #bff1 #bgh1 #bhf ,opitz1 ,ern/ ,augu/4 ,ges*i*te und ,*>act]zge ,jesu 7#ahab71 #bg1 #cd ,osi&]1 ,&reas1 #ac ,osi&]1 ,johann ,ern/4 ,apologie des ,leb5s ,jesu geg5b] dem neue/5 ,v]su*1 es 9 ,my!n aufzuls5 7#ahcg71 #ajj ,o/]zee1 ,j4 ,j4 van 7,utre*t74 ,ges*i*te od] ,roman8 ,das ,leb5,jesu von ,erne/ ,r5an vorlufig beleu*tet4 7,f ! ,dut*7 7,hamburg1 #ahfd71 #aia ,otto1 ,rudolf4 ,leb5 und ,wirk5 ,jesu na* hi/oris*kritis*] ,auffassung4 ,vortrag 7,gtt+51 #aijb71 #cja ,paul1 ,ludwig4 ,die ,vor/ellung vom ,messias und vom ,gottesrei* bei d5 ,synoptik]n 7,bonn1 #ahie71 #bfe ,paulus1 ,he9ri* ,eb]h>d ,gottlob4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu als ,grundlage e9] re95 ,ges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5tums 7#ahbh71 #d1 #bh1 #cg1 #dh f41 #ajd1 #bga1 #bgf1 #cjc ,pfleid]]1 ,otto4 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 se9e ,s*rift5 und ,lehr5 9 ges*i*tli*em ,zusamm5hang bes*rieb5 7#bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #aijb1 #b vols47 7,engli% translation1 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 vols4 i4 & ii4 7vol4 i4 ( orig9al71 ,london1 #aijf1 #aiji72 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,ur*ri/5tums 7,muni*1 #aije7 7,engli% translation1 ,*ri/ian ,orig9s1 by ,d4 ,a4 ,huebs*1 ,london1 #aije71 #bbi1 #bic1 #cji1 #caacac1 #chd ,plank4 ,ges*i*te des ,*ri/5tums 7,gtt+51 #ahah71 #cd ,pressel1 ,!odor4 ,leb5 ,jesu ,*ri/i 7#aheg71 #aja ,press5s1 ,edmond ,deh\lt de4 ,jsus,*ri/1 son temps1 sa vie1 son uvre 7,p>is1 #ahfe7 7,engli% translation1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,8 ,times1 ,8 ,life1 ,8 ,"w1 by ,a4 ,h>wood1 #crd ed41 ,london1 #ahfi72 ,l'cole critique et ,jsus,*ri/1 propos de la vie de ,jsus de ,m4 ,r5an1 #ahj1 #ahi ,qu9et1 ,edg>1 #ajh ,rau*1 ,c4 ,jes*ua b5 ,joseph 7,dei*]t1 #ahii71 #cbf ,rgla1 ,paul de4 ,jesus von ,naz>e?1 7,g]man by ,a4 ,j1 ,leipzig1 #ahid71 #bid1 #cbe ,reim>us1 ,h]mann ,samuel4 ,von dem ,zwecke ,jesu und se9] ,jng] 7publi%$ by ,less+1 ,brunswick1 #aggh7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,object ( ,jesus & ,8 disciples1 z se5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 edit$ by ,a4 ,voysey1 #ahgi71 #d1 #i1 #aj1 #acbf1 #ge1 #id1 #ajg1 #abj1 #aei1 #aff1 #agb1 #bba1 #bci1 #bfd1 #cjc1 #cab1 #cai1 #cde1 #cfe ,re9h>d1 ,franz ,volkm>4 ,v]su* b] d5 ,plan1 wel*5 d] ,/ift] d] *ri/li*5 ,religion zum ,be/5 d] ,m5s*heit entw>f 7#agih71 #d1 #ca f41 #dh1 #bjf ,r5an1 ,erne/4 ,la ,vie de ,jsus 7,p>is1 #ahfc71 ,g]man1 #ahie 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,life ( ,jesus1 ,london1 #ahfd2 translat$ ) an introduction by ,w4 ,g4 ,hut*ison1 ,london1 #ahih71 #aa1 #ge1 #ajh1 #ahjaib1 #aic f41 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bac f41 #bai1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #beb1 #bei1 #bij1 #bie1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caj ,res*1 #bgc ,reuss1 ,edu>d1 #abd1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #bbh ,rville1 ,alb]t4 ,la ,vie de ,jsus de ,r5an devant les or?odoxes et devant la critique 7#ahfd71 #abe1 #ahi1 #bdi ,rits*l1 ,albre*t1 #a1 #abd f41 #bej1 #cbj ,rob]tson1 ,j4 ,m4 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology 7,london1 #aijj71 #bij f4 ,rog]s1 ,a4 ,k4 ,! ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,jesus3 a critical analysis1 etc4 7,london & ,new ,york1 #ahid71 #bdi ,rosegg]1 ,pet]4 ,frohe ,bots*aft e9es arm5 ,snd]s 7,leipzig1 #aijf71 #cbf ,rossi1 ,giamb]n>do de4 ,diss]tazione della l+ua propria di ,*ri/o e degli ,ebrei nazionali della ,pale/9a da' tempi de' ,maccabei 9 disam9a del s5tim5to di un rec5te scrittore italiano 7,p>ma1 #aggb71 #bga ,salvator4 ,jsus,*ri/ et sa doctr9e 7,p>is1 #ahch1 #b vols471 #afb ,s&ay1 #ij ,saumaise1 ,claude1 #bgj ,scalig]1 ,ju/us1 #bgj ,s*egg1 ,pet]4 ,se*s ,b*] des ,leb5s ,jesu 7,freiburg1 #ahgdahge71 #bid ,s*ell1 ,h]mann4 ,*ri/us 7,ma9z1 #aijc71 #bid f4 ,s*5kel1 ,daniel4 ,das ,*>akt]bild ,jesu 7,wiesbad51 #a/ & #bnd ed4 #ahfd1 #d? ed4 #ahgc7 7,engli% translation1 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,"* ( ,jesus1 ,london1 #ahfi71 #aa1 #ajc1 #aca1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjebaj1 #bae1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #caj ,s*]]1 ,edmond1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bji ,s*]]1 ,edmond1 und ,a?anase ,coqu]el 7jun474 ,zwei franzsis*e ,/imm5 b] ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu 7,reg5sburg1 #ahfd71 #ahi ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,fri$ri* ,ern/ ,daniel4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 7#ahfd71 #di1 #eh1 #fb f41 #gj1 #gc1 #hj1 #ha1 #he1 #hh1 #hi1 #aja f41 #ajh1 #aaf1 #abg1 #aci1 #aie1 #aig1 #bah1 #bcc1 #cbj ,s*mi$el1 ,otto4 ,die ,hauptprobleme d] ,leb5,jesu,=s*ung 7,tb+51 #aijb71 #ab1 #bb1 #bic1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cab ,s*mi$el1 ,p41 #bgg ,s*midt1 ,n4 8,0 a ,messianic ,title80 7,j\rnal ( ! ,society = ,biblical ,lit]ature1 xv41 #ahif71 #bgg ,s*midt1 ,paul ,wilhelm4 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 i4 7,freiburg1 #ahii71 ii4 7,tb+51 #aijd71 #bfe1 #bgh1 #bic1 #cja1 #cjd1 #cjh1 #cih ,s*moll]4 b] die ,lehre vom ,rei*e ,gottes im ,neu5 ,te/am5t1 #bcg ,s*olt51 #bca ,s*ttg51 ,*ri/ian1 #bhe ,s*r]1 ,emil4 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes ins ,zeitalt] ,jesu ,*ri/i 7#bnd ed41 #bnd pt41 #ahhf7 7,engli% translation1 ,hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,p 9 "t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhe72 ,das messianis*e ,selb/bewus/se9 ,jesu ,*ri/i 7#aijc71 #bcd1 #bda1 #bed f41 #bhg ,s*w>tzkoppf4 ,die ,weissagung5 ,jesu ,*ri/i von se9em ,tode1 se9] ,auf]/ehung und ,wi$]kunft und ihre ,erfllung 7#ahie71 #bfg ,s*weitz]1 ,alb]t4 ,das ,messianittsund ,leid5sgeheimnis4 ,e9e ,skizze des ,leb5s ,jesu 7,tb+51 #aija71 #bha1 #bhg1 #cbhccj1 #ccb f41 #ccf1 #cci f41 #cea1 #chb f4 ,s*weiz]1 ,alex&]1 #aah1 #abg f41 #bjj1 #bai1 #bfe ,seml]1 ,johann ,salomo4 ,beantwortung d] ,fragm5te e9es ,ung5annt51 insbesond]e vom ,zweck ,jesu und se9] ,jng] 7,halle1 #aggi71 #ac1 #ae1 #be f41 #di ,sepp1 ,johann ,nepomuk4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu ,*ri/i 7,reg5sburg1 #g vols41 #a/ ed4 #ahdcahdf1 #bnd ed4 #ahecahfb71 #ajh1 #bid ,seydel1 ,rudolf4 ,das ,evangelium ,jesu 9 se95 ,v]hltniss5 zur ,buddha ,saga und ,buddha,lehre 7,leipzig1 #ahhb72 ,die ,buddha,leg5de und das ,leb5 ,jesu na* d5 ,evangeli5 7#bnd ed4 #ahig72 ,buddha und ,*ri/us 7,breslau1 #ahhd71 #bfi1 #bijbib ,siegfri$1 ,c>l1 #bhe ,simon1 ,ri*>d1 #bgj ,sod51 ,h]mann ,freih]r von4 ,die wi*tig/5 ,frag5 im ,leb5 ,jesu 7,b]l91 #aijd71 #ab1 #bic1 #cjacjh1 #cab ,/alk]1 ,j4 ,! ,life ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhj7 7,g]man1 ,tb+51 #ahih71 #bag ,/apf]1 ,e4 ,la ,vie de ,jsus 7pt4 i4 #ahif1 pt4 ii4 #ahig1 pt4 iii4 #ahih7 7,engli% translation1 ,jesus ,*ri/ be=e ,8 ,m9i/ry1 by ,l4 ,s4 ,h\ghton1 #ahig1 ,jesus ,*ri/ dur+ ,8 ,m9i/ry1 by ,l4 ,s4 ,h\ghton1 #ahig71 #bag ,/ave1 #bdc ,/orr1 #hi ,/rauss1 ,david ,fri$ri*4 ,d] ,*ri/us des ,glaub5s und d] ,jesus d] ,ges*i*te4 ,e9e ,kritik des ,s*lei]ma*]'s*5 ,leb5s ,jesu 7,b]l91 #ahfe72 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 7#a/ ed4 #ahce & #ahcf1 #b vols41 #crd ed41 revis$1 #ahch & #ahci1 #d? ed4 #ahdj7 7,! ,life ( ,jesus ,critically ,exam9$1 translat$ f ! #d? ,g]man ed4 by ,george ,eliot1 ,london1 #ahdf1 #crd ed4 ) a preface by ,otto ,pfleid]]1 #ahih72 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu fr das deuts*e ,volk be>beitet 7,leipzig1 #ahfd1 #h? ed47 7,engli% translation1 ,a ,new ,life ( ,jesus1 ,london1 #ahfe71 #d1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #bd1 #bh1 #cecg1 #eh1 #fj1 #fb1 #fe1 #gi f41 #ig f41 #fhaba1 #abe1 #abi f41 #acf1 #ach1 #adj1 #ade1 #aea1 #aec1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #aff1 #aga1 #agc1 #ahj f41 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aicaii1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bji f41 #bad1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bcg1 #beb1 #bha1 #bid1 #cjc1 #cji1 #cbi1 #cca1 #cfc ,/rick]4 ,jesus von ,naz>e? 7#ahfh71 #bjb ,tal1 ,t41 #bhf ,?oluck1 ,augu/4 ,die ,glaubwrdigkeit d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te1 zuglei* e9e ,kritik des ,leb5s ,jesu von ,/rauss 7,hamburg1 #ahcg7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,cr$ibility ( ! ,evangelical ,hi/ory1 illu/rat$ ) ref]5ce to ! 8,leb5,jesu0 ( ,dr4 ,/rauss1 ,london1 #ahdd71 #gj1 #ig1 #ajj f41 #aaf1 #aai1 #abb1 #aci ,titius1 ,ar?ur1 #bej ,uhlhorn1 ,johann ,g]h>d ,wilhelm4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 9 se95 neu]5 ,d>/ellung54 ,vortrge 7#ahib71 #e1 #aa ,ullmann1 #ajj ,u/]i1 #gh ,v5tur9i1 ,k>l ,he9ri*4 ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te des gross5 ,prophet5 von ,naz>e? 7#a/ ed4 #ahjjahjb1 #bnd ed4 #ahjf71 #d1 #ch1 #dd1 #de1 #ej1 #ei1 #hb1 #afb1 #agj1 #bii1 #cjc1 #cac1 #cbe1 #cbg ,veuillot1 ,l\is4 ,la ,vie de notre ,seigneur ,jsus,*ri/ 7,p>is1 #ahfc71 7,g]man by ,wald5]1 ,kln,neuss1 #ahfd71 #bie ,volkm>1 ,gu/av4 ,jesus ,naz>5us und die er/e *ri/li*e ,zeit1 mit d5 beid5 er/5 ,erzhl]n 7,zuri*1 #ahhb71 #aa1 #baj1 #bbebbh1 #bcc1 #bef1 #cja1 #cji1 #cac1 #cbh ,volz1 ,paul4 ,die jdis*e ,es*atologie von ,daniel bis ,akiba 7,tb+51 #aijc71 #bcd ,vossius1 #bgj ,wallon1 ,h4 ,vie de notre ,seigneur ,jsus,*ri/ 7,p>is1 #ahfe71 #bie ,walton1 ,brian1 #bgj ,web]1 ,f]d9&4 ,sy/em d] altsynagogal5 pal/95sis*5 ,!ologie 7,leipzig1 #ahhj1 #bnd ed4 #ahig71 #bfi1 #bhe f4 ,weiff5ba*1 ,wilhelm4 ,d] ,wi$]kunftsg$anke ,jesu 7#ahgc71 #bbb1 #bbhbcc1 #bcg1 #bej ,we9el1 ,he9ri*4 ,jesus im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t 7#aijd71 #ab1 #cih ,weiss1 ,b]nh>d4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 7#a/ ed4 #b vols4 #ahhb1 #bnd ed4 #ahhd7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,hope1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhc71 #aj1 #aic1 #bafbah1 #bej1 #bfb ,weiss1 ,johannes4 ,die ,pr$igt ,jesu vom ,rei*e ,gottes 7#a/ ed4 #ahib1 #bnd ed4 #aijj71 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #bc1 #fa1 #ia1 #ib1 #acf1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bcgbdj1 #bdi f41 #bef1 #bfb1 #bfebfg1 #bgh1 #cja1 #cji1 #ccf1 #cdi1 #chc1 #chh ,weisse1 ,*ri/ian ,h]mann4 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te kritis* und philosophis* be>beitet 7#b vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahch72 ,die ,evangeli5frage 9 ihrem geg5wrtig5 ,/adium 7,leipzig1 #ahef71 #ab1 #aah1 #abj1 #abaacf1 #adj1 #afb1 #aie1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjd f41 #bah1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bid1 #cji1 #cbh1 #cda1 #ceg1 #cgd1 #cgh1 #chi ,weitbre*t1 ,m4 ,g4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu na* d5 vi] ,evangeli5 7#ahha71 #bag ,weizsck]1 ,k>l ,he9ri*4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 ihre ,quell5 und d5 ,gang ihr] ,entwicklung 7,go?a1 #ahfd71 #aij1 #aic1 #bjjbjb1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bah1 #bbi1 #bei ,wellhaus51 ,julius4 ,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te 7#crd ed4 #ahig1 #d? ed4 #aijb72 ,das ,evangelium ,m>ci 7#aijc72 ,das ,evangelium ,mat?i 7#aijd72 ,das ,evangelium ,lucae 7#aijd72 ,skizz5 und ,vor>beit5 7#ahii71 #bed1 #bfi1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #cia ,w5dt1 ,hans ,he9ri*4 ,die ,lehre ,jesu 7,gtt+51 pt4 i4 #ahhf1 pt4 ii4 #ahij7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,jesus1 by ,j4 ,wilson1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahib7 7#bnd ,g]man ed4 #aijb1 #crd ed4 #aijc71 #bai1 #bdi1 #bfe ,w]nle1 ,paul4 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion 7,tb+5,leipzig1 #aija1 #bnd ed4 #aijd7 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ,g4 ,a4 ,bi5emann1 ,london1 #aijc72 ,die ,rei*gotte%(fnung 9 d5 lte/5 *ri/li*5 ,dokum5t5 und bei ,jesus 7#aijc71 #bda1 #bebbed1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #cad1 #cih ,wette1 ,wilhelm ,m>t9 ,leb]e*t de1 #gb1 #gh1 #hf1 #ajc1 #aai1 #bjh ,wett/e91 ,johann ,jakob1 #bhe ,:ateley1 ,ri*>d4 ,hi/oric ,d\bts relative to ,napoleon ,bonap>te 7,london1 #ahai7 7adapt$ z ,das ,leb5 ,napoleons kritis* geprft71 #aab ,wiesel]1 ,k>l ,georg4 ,*ronologis*e ,synopse d] vi] ,evangeli5 7,hamburg1 #ahdc71 #aag ,wies+]1 ,alb]t4 ,aphorism5 geg5 ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu 7,vi5na1 #ahfd71 #aag1 #aij ,widman/adt1 ,joh4 ,alb41 #bgj ,wilke1 ,*ri/ian ,gottlob4 ,tradition und ,my! 7,leipzig1 #ahcg72 ,d] ,urevangeli/ 7,dresd5 & ,leipzig1 #ahch71 #ig1 #aabaad1 #aai1 #aba1 #abd1 #adj f41 #adh1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bbe1 #cbh ,witti*51 ,k>l4 ,leb5 ,jesu 7,j5a1 #ahgf71 #bah ,wr$e1 ,wilhelm4 ,das ,messiasgeheimnis 9 d5 ,evangeli5 7,gtt+51 #aija71 #i1 #aa1 #be1 #aca1 #baj1 #bba1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfd1 #cji1 #cbhcdi1 #cej1 #ceh1 #chj1 #chd f41 #chi1 #cia f41 #cii ,wns*e1 ,augu/4 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,erlut]ung d] ,evangeli5 aus ,talmud und ,midras* 7,gtt+51 #ahgh72 ,jesus 9 se9] ,/ellung zu d5 ,frau5 7#ahgf71 #bfi1 #bhe f4 ,xavi]1 ,hi]onymus4 ,hi/oria ,*ri/i p]sice conscripta 7,lugd4 #afci71 #ad ,ziegl]1 ,he9ri*4 ,d] ges*i*tli*e ,*ri/us 7#ahia71 #bag ,ziegl]1 ,!obald1 #fi ,,footnotes #a ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,+e 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,jan4 #aiaj1 p4 #dch 7f 8,jesus or ,*ri/10 p4 #cb74 #b 8,que/10 p4 #d4 #c ,an ord] f\nd$ 9 #aggf by ,pr(essor ,adam ,wei%aupt ( ,+ol/adt 9 ,bav>ia4 ,its aim 0 ! fur!rance ( rational religion z oppos$ to or?odox dogma2 its organisation 0 l>gely modell$ on t ( ! ,jesuits4 ,at its mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod x numb]$ ov] #bjjj memb]s1 includ+ ! rul]s ( sev]al ,g]man ,/ates4--,,translator4 #d ,d4 ,fr4 ,/rauss1 ,gespr*e von ,ulri* von ,hutt54 ,leipzig1 #ahfj4 #e ,w4 ,wr$e1 ,das ,messiasgeheimnis 9 d5 ,evangeli54 7,! ,messianic ,secret 9 ! ,gospels47 ,gtt+51 #aija1 pp4 #bhjbhb4 #f ,9 ! au?or's usage 8! ,m>can hypo!sis0 means ! !ory t ! ,gospel ( ,m>k is n only ! e>lie/ & mo/ valuable s\rce = ! facts1 b diff]s f ! o!r ,gospels 9 embody+ a m or less cle> & hi/orically intelligible view ( ! connexion ( ev5ts4 ,see ,*aps4 ,x4 & ,,xiv4 bel[4--,,translator4 #g ,dr4 ,*ri/oph ,fri$ri* von ,ammon1 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5tums1 ,leipzig1 #ahdj1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aef ff4 #h ,hase1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 ,leipzig1 #ahgf1 pp4 #aajafb4 ,! second edition1 publi%$ 9 #ahia1 c>ries ! survey no fur!r ?an ! fir/4 #i ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 9 se95 neu]5 ,d>/ellung51 #ahib1 five lectures4 #aj ,w4 ,frantz51 ,die 8,leb5,jesu0 ,bewegung seit ,/rauss1 ,dorpat1 #ahih4 #aa ,!ol4 ,runds*au1 ii4 #eifg 7#ahii72 iii4 #iai 7#aijj74 #ab ,von ,sod5's /udy1 ,die wi*tig/5 ,frag5 im ,leb5 ,jesu1 #aijd1 belongs "h only 9 a v limit$ s5se1 s9ce x does n seek to %[ h[ ! problems h gradually em]g$ 9 ! v>i\s ,lives ( ,jesus4 #ac ,hase1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #ahgf1 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 #ad ,hi/oria ,*ri/i p]sice conscripta simulque multis modis contam9ata a ,hi]onymo ,xavi]1 lat4 r$dita et animadd1 notata a ,ludovico de ,dieu4 ,lugd4 #afci4 #ae ,johann ,jakob ,hess1 ,ges*i*te d] drei letzt5 ,leb5sjahre ,jesu4 7,hi/ory ( ! ,la/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ! ,life ( ,jesus47 #c vols4 #agfh ff4 #af ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 ,h]mann ,samuel ,reim>us und se9e ,s*utzs*rift fr die v]nnftig5 ,v]ehr] ,gottes4 7,reim>us & 8 ,apology = ! ,rational ,wor%ipp]s ( ,god47 #ahfb4 #ag ,! quotations ins]t$ )\t special introduction are1 ( c\rse1 f ,reim>us4 ,x is ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s me?od to lead up by a p>agraph ( exposition to "o ( ^! *>act]i/ic phrases4--,,translator4 #ah ,otto ,s*mi$el1 ,die ,hauptprobleme d] ,leb5,jesu,=s*ung4 ,tb+51 #aijb4 #ai ,dd]le9 also wrote a def5ce ( ,jesus aga9/ ! ,fragm5ti/3 ,fragm5te und ,antifragm5te4 ,nuremb]g1 #aggh4 #bj ,?is is p]haps ! place to m5tion ! acc\nt ( ! life ( ,jesus :i* is giv5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,plank's ,ges*i*te des ,*ri/5tums4 ,gtt+51 #ahah4 #ba ,briefe das ,/udium d] ,!ologie betreff5d1 #a/ ed41 #aghjagha2 #bnd ed41 #agheaghf2 ,w]ke1 ed4 ,suphan1 vol4 x4 #bb ,a ,life ( ,jesus :i* is completely dep5d5t on ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,paulus is t ( ,greil+1 sup]9t5d5t at ,as*]sleb51 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu von ,naz>e? ,e9 religises ,h&bu* fr ,gei/ und ,h]z d] ,freunde ,jesu unt] d5 ,gebildet54 7,! ,life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 a religi\s ,h&book = ! ,m9ds & ,he>ts ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,jesus among ! ,cultur$47 ,halle1 #ahac4 #bc ,paulus prid$ himself on a v exact acqua9tance ) ! physical & geographical conditions ( ,pale/9e4 ,he _h a wide k ( ! lit]ature ( ,ea/]n travel4--,,translator4 #bd ,?is int]pretation1 x ought to be rem>k$1 seems to be impli$ by ! anci5t read+4 8,few ?+s are ne$ful1 or "o10 giv5 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4--,,translator4 #be ,associations ( /ud5ts1 at t "t ( a political "*4--,,translator4 #bf ,! gr\nd ( ! inf]5ce is t1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 !y did n atta* mu* importance to ! keep+ ( ! ,fea/s at ,j]usalem4 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] rem9ds u 9 a footnote t a c]ta9 want ( cle>ness is due to ! fact ( ?is "w hav+ be5 compil$ f lecturenotes4 #bg ,see ,!obald ,ziegl]1 8,zur ,biographie von ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss0 7,mat]ials = ! ,biography ( ,d4 ,f4 ,s471 9 ! ,deuts*e ,revue1 ,may1 ,june1 ,july #aije4 ,! hi!rto unpubli%$ lett]s to ,b9d] ?r[ "s light on ! developm5t ( ,/rauss dur+ ! =mative ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,b9d]1 lat] ,director ( ! ,bo>d ( ,/udies at ,/uttg>t1 0 ! fri5d :o deliv]$ ! fun]al allocution at ! grave ( ,/rauss4 ,?is la/ act ( fri5d%ip expos$ him to enmity & calumny ( all k9ds4 ,= ! text ( 8 %ort address1 see ! ,deuts*e ,revue1 #aije1 p4 #ajg4 #bh ,deuts*e ,revue1 ,may #aije1 p4 #aii4 #bi ,ibid4 p4 #bja4 #cj ,deuts*e ,revue1 p4 #bjc4 #ca ,assi/ant lectur]4 #cb ,ibid41 ,june #aije1 p4 #cdc ff4 #cc ,see ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #ahgf1 p4 #abd4 ,! 8textbook0 ref]r$ to is ,hase's fir/ ,life ( ,jesus4 #cd ,he to :om my pla9t is ,kn[s ,i %$ no te>2 ,%e to :om ,i say ?is ,feels ,i h no fe>4 ,"t has come = fad+1 ,l a glimm]+ ray1 ,or a s5seevad+ ,/ra9 t floats away4 ,may1 ?\gh fa9t]1 dimm]1 ,only1 cle> & pure1 ,to ! la/ ! glimm] ,& ! /ra9 endure4 ,! p]sons allud$ to 9 ! fir/ v]se are 8 son1 :o1 z a physician1 att5d$ him 9 8 illness1 & to :om he 0 deeply atta*$1 & a v old fri5d to :om ! v]ses 7 address$4--,,translator4 #ce #b ,k+s iv4 #dbdd4 #cf ,probabilia de evangelii et epi/ol>um ,ioannis ,apo/oli indole et orig9e eruditorum iudiciis mode/e subjecit ,c4 ,?4 ,brets*neid]4 ,leipzig1 #ahbj4 #cg ,dr4 ,fr4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] die ,s*rift5 des ,lukas4 ,e9 kritis*] ,v]su*4 7,! ,writ+s ( ,luke4 ,a critical essay47 ,c4 ,reim]1 ,b]l91 #ahag4 #ch ,koppe1 ,m>cus non epitomator ,mat?i1 #aghb4 #ci ,/orr1 ,de ,fontibus ,evangeliorum ,mt4 et ,lc41 #agid4 #dj ,gratz1 ,neu] ,v]su*1 die ,ent/ehung d] drei er/5 ,evangeli5 zu erklr51 #ahab4 #da ,v4 sup4 p4 #ce f4 ,= ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! "q see ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ,krit4 ,unt]su*4 b] die kanonis*5 ,evangeli51 ,tb+51 #ahdg1 pp4 #agf4 #db ,s call$ because l>gely bas$ on ! ref]5ce 9 ,luke i4 #a1 to ! 8_m0 :o _h 8tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative 7740--,,translator4 #dc ,we take ! translation ( ?is /rik+ image f ,s&ay's 8,survey ( ! ,synoptic ,"q10 ,! ,expositor1 #d? s]4 vol4 #c1 p4 #cjg4 #dd ,= g5]al title see above4 ,fir/ "p3 8,h]r ,dr4 ,/eudel1 or ! ,selfdeception ( ! ,intellectual ,sup]naturalism ( our ,"t40 #ahb pp4 ,second "p3 8,die ,h]r5 ,es*5may] und ,m5zel40 #bdg pp4 ,?ird "p3 8,die evangelis*e ,kir*5zeitung1 die ,jahrb*] fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik und ,die !ologis*5 ,/udi5 und ,kritik5 9 ihr] ,/ellung zu me9] ,kritik des ,leb5s ,jesu40 7,! attitude tak5 up by 444 9 reg>d to my critical ,life ( ,jesus47 #agi pp4 ,9 ! ,/udi5 und ,kritik5 two reviews _h appe>$3 a critical review by ,dr4 ,ullmann 7vol4 = #ahcf1 pp4 #ggjhaf7 & t ( ,mll]1 writt5 f ! /&po9t ( ! 8common fai?0 7vol4 = #ahcf1 pp4 #hafhij74 ,9 ! ,evangelis*e ,kir*5zeitung ! articles ref]r$ to are ! foll[+3 ,vorwort 7,editorial ,survey71 #ahcf1 pp4 #af1 #iad1 #agbc1 #beca1 #ccch1 #dade2 8,! ,future ( our ,!ology0 7#ahcf1 pp4 #bha ff472 8,?\ghts sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,/rauss's essay on #8,! ,relation ( ,!ological ,criticism & ,speculation to ! ,*ur*' 0 7#ahcf1 pp4 #chb ff472 ,/rauss's essay _h appe>$ 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,kir*5zeitung = #ahcf1 ,no4 #ci4 8,die kritis*e ,be>beitung des ,leb5s ,jesu von ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss na* ihrem wiss5s*aftli*5 ,w]te beleu*tet0 7,an ,inquiry into ! ,sci5tific ,value ( ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss's ,critical ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,h>less4 ,erlang51 #ahcf4 #de 8,ev]y?+ turns to ! advantage ( ! elect1 ev5 to ! obscurities ( scripture1 = !y treat !m ) rev]5ce because ( its p]spicuities2 ev]y?+ turns to ! disadvantage ( ! reprobate1 ev5 to ! p]spicuities ( scripture1 = !y blaspheme !m because !y _c und]/& its obscurities40 ,= ! title ( ,h>less's essay1 see end ( previ\s note4 #df ,das ,leb5,jesu kritis* be>beitet von ,dr4 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss4 ,geprft fr ,!olog5 und ,ni*t,!olog51 von ,wilhelm ,h(fmann4 #ahcf4 7,/rauss's ,critical ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus exam9$ = ! ,b5efit ( ,!ologians & non,!ologians47 #dg ,apologie des ,leb5s ,jesu geg5b] dem neue/5 ,v]su*1 es 9 ,my!n aufzuls54 7,def5ce ( ! ,life ( ,jesus aga9/ ! late/ attempt to resolve x into my?47 ,by ,joh4 ,ern/ ,osi&]1 ,pr(essor at ! ,evangelical ,sem9>y at ,maulbronn4 #dh b] das ,leb5,jesu von ,/rauss1 von ,franz ,baad]1 #ahcf4 ,"h may be m5tion$ also ! lectures :i* ,krabbe 7subsequ5tly ,pr(essor at ,ro/ock7 deliv]$ aga9/ ,/rauss3 ,vorlesung5 b] das ,leb5 ,jesu fr ,!olog5 und ,ni*t,!olog5 7,lectures on ! ,life ( ,jesus = ,!ologians & non,!ologians71 ,hamburg1 #ahci4 ,!y are m tol]able to non!ologians ?an to !ologians4 ,! au?or at a lat] p]iod di/+ui%$ himself by ! fanatical zeal ) :i* he urg$ on ! deposition ( 8 colleague1 ,mi*ael ,baumg>t51 ^: ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 publi%$ 9 #ahei1 ?\gh fully accept+ ! miracles1 0 weigh$ 9 ! balance by ,krabbe & f\nd lightweight by ! ,ro/ock /&>d4 #di ,= ! title1 see head ( *apt]4 ,?oluck 0 born 9 #agii at ,breslau1 & became 9 #ahbf ,pr(essor at ,halle1 :]e he work$ until 8 dea? 9 #ahgg4 ,) ! possible exception ( ,ne&]1 he 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tative ( ! m$iat+ !ology4 ,8 piety 0 deep & 8 le>n+ 0 wide1 b 8 judgm5t w5t a/ray 9 ! ef=t to /e] 8 freight ( pietism safely betwe5 ! rocks ( rationalism & ! %oals ( or?odoxy4 #ej ,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 #ahcf1 p4 #ggg4 ,9 8 8,op5 lett] to ,dr4 ,ullmann10 ,/rauss exam9es ?is sugge/ion 9 a s]i\s & dignifi$ fa%ion1 & %[s t no?+ w\ld be ga9$ by su* exp$i5ts4--,/reits*rift51 #crd pt41 p4 #abi ff4 #ea ,das ,leb5 ,jesu,*ri/i4 ,hamburg1 #ahcg4 ,aug4 ,wilhelm ,ne&] 0 born 9 #aghi at ,gtt+51 ( ,jewi% p>5ts1 8 real "n be+ ,david ,m5del4 ,he 0 baptiz$ 9 #ahjf1 /udi$ !ology1 & 9 #ahac 0 appo9t$ to a pr(essor%ip 9 ,b]l91 :]e he display$ a _msid$ activity & ex]cis$ a b5efic5t influ5ce4 ,he di$ 9 #ahej4 ,! be/kn[n ( 8 writ+s is ! ,ges*i*te d] ,pflanzung und ,leitung d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e dur* die ,apo/el 7,hi/ory ( ! ,propagation & ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by ! ,apo/les71 ,hamburg1 #ahcbahcc1 ( :i* a repr9t appe>$ z late z #ahij4 ,ne&] 0 a man n only ( deep piety1 b also ( great solidity ( "*4 ,/rauss1 9 8 ,life ( ,jesus ( #ahfd1 passes ! foll[+ judgm5t ^u ,ne&]'s "w3 8,a book su* z 9 ^! circum/ances ,ne&]'s ,life ( ,jesus 0 b\nd to be calls =? our sympa?y2 ! au?or himself ackn[l$ges 9 8 preface t x be>s ^u x only too cle>ly ! m>ks ( ! "t ( crisis1 division1 pa91 & di/ress 9 :i* x 0 produc$40 ,( ! innum]able 8positive0 ,lives ( ,jesus :i* appe>$ ab\t ! end ( ! '?irties we may m5tion t ( ,julius ,h>tmann 7#b vols41 #ahcgahci74 ,among ! lat] ,lives ( ,jesus ( ! m$iat+ !ology may be m5tion$ t ( ,!odore ,pressel ( ,tb+51 :i* 0 mu* read at ! "t ( its appe>ance 7#aheg1 #eib pp474 ,x aims prim>ily at edification4 ,we may also m5tion ! ,leb5 des ,h]rn ,jesu ,*ri/i by ,wil4 ,jak4 ,li*t5/e9 7,erlang51 #ahef71 :i* reflects ! ideas ( von ,h(mann4 #eb ,= title see head ( *apt]4 #ec ,aphorism5 zur ,apologie des ,dr4 ,/rauss und se9es ,w]kes4 ,grimma1 #ahch4 #ed ,f ! ,xame ,x5i51 p4 #bei ( ,goe!'s ,works1 ed4 ,hempel4 #ee ,die ,wiss5s*aft und die ,kir*e4 ,zur ,v]/ndigung b] die ,/raussis*e ,angeleg5heit4 7,a contribution to ! adju/m5t ( op9ion reg>d+ ! ,/rauss affair47 ,by ,daniel ,s*5kel1 ,lic5tiate 9 ,!ology & ,privat,doc5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle1 ) a d$icatory lett] to ,h]r ,dr4 ,lcke1 ,konsi/orialrat4 ,basle1 #ahci4 #ef ,dr4 ,/rauss und die ,zri*] ,kir*e4 ,e9e ,/imme aus ,norddeuts*l&4 ,mit e9] ,vorr$e von ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 de ,wette4 7,a voice f ,nor? ,g]many4 ,) an introduction by ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 de ,wette47 ,basle1 #ahci4 #eg b] !ologis*e ,lehrfreiheit und ,lehr]wahl fr ,ho*s*ul54 ,zuri*1 #ahci4 #eh ,= full title see head ( *apt]4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ! same au?or's ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5tums zur ,weltreligion4 7,developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity into a ,_wreligion47 ,leipzig1 #ahccahce4 #d vols4 ,ammon 0 born 9 #agff at ,bayreu?2 became ,pr(essor ( !ology at ,erlang5 9 #agij2 0 ,pr(essor 9 ,gtt+5 f #agid to #ahjd1 &1 aft] be+ back 9 ,erlang5 9 ! meantime1 became 9 #ahac ,s5ior ,c\rt ,*apla9 & 8,ob]konsi/orialrat0 at ,dresd51 :]e he di$ 9 #ahej4 ,he 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tative ( hi/oricocritical rationalism4 #ei ,he is at "o ) ,/rauss 9 reject+ ! explanation ( ?is miracle on ! analogy ( an exp$it$ natural process1 to :i* ,hase _h po9t$1 & :i* 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,augu/9e 9 ,tract viii4 9 ,ioann43 8,t ,*ri/ *ang$ wat] into w9e is no?+ wond]ful to ^? :o consid] ! works ( ,god4 ,:at 0 !re done 9 ! wat]pots1 ,god does ye>ly 9 ! v9e40 ,augu/9e's words are3 ,miraculum quidem ,dom9i no/ri ,jesu ,*ri/i1 quo de aqua v9um fecit1 non e/ mirum eis qui nov]unt quia ,deus fecit 7i4e4 t ,he :o did x 0 ,god74 ,ipse enim fecit v9um illo die 444 9 sex hydriis1 qui omni anno facit hoc 9 vitibus4 ,nev]!less ! poore/ naturali/ic explanation is at lea/ bett] ?an ! resignation ( ,lcke1 :o is cont5t to wait 8until x please ,god ?r\gh ! fur!r progress ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght & life to br+ ab\t ! solution ( ?is riddle 9 its natural & hi/orical aspects40 ,lcke1 ,johannes,komm5t>1 p4 #dgd ff4 #fj ,ern/ ,wilhelm ,h5g/5b]g 0 born 9 #ahjb at ,frnd5b]g 9 ! 8c\nty0 7,grafs*aft7 ( ,m>k1 became ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahbf1 & di$ !re 9 #ahfi4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,evangelis*e ,kir*5zeitung 9 #ahbg4 #fa ,b]i*t b] des ,h]rn ,dr4 ,/rauss' hi/oris*e ,be>beitung des ,leb5s ,jesu4 #fb ,dr4 ,/rauss' ,leb5,jesu aus dem ,/&punkt des ,ca?olicismus betra*tet4 #fc ,johann ,leonh>d ,hug 0 born 9 #agfe at ,con/ance1 & _h be5 s9ce #agia ,pr(essor ( ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology at ,freiburg1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahdf4 ,he _h a wide k ( 8 own dep>tm5t ( !ology1 & 8 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ+s won him "s reputation among ,prote/ant !ologians also4 #fd ,among ! ,ca?olic 8,leb5,jesu10 ( :i* ! au?ors f\nd _! inc5tive 9 ! desire to oppose ,/rauss1 ! fir/ place belongs to t ( ,kuhn ( ,tb+54 ,un=tunately only ! fir/ volume appe>$ 7#ahch1 #dhh pp474 ,"h !re is a s]i\s & s*ol>ly attempt to grapple ) ! problems rais$ by ,/rauss4 ,( less importance is ! "w ( ! same title 9 sev5 volumes1 by ! ,muni* ,prie/ & ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,nepomuk ,sepp 7#ahdcahdf2 #bnd ed4 #ahecahfb74 #fe b] das ,leb5,jesu von ,doctor ,/rauss4 ,by ,edg> ,qu9et4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,georg ,kle9e4 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,erdmann & ,c4 ,c4 ,mll]1 #ahci4 ,9 #ahdj ,/rauss's book 0 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,littr4 ,x fail$1 h[ev]1 to ex]cise any influ5ce ^u ,fr5* !ology or lit]ature4 ,/rauss is "o ( ^? ,g]man ?9k]s :o always rema9 =eign & un9telligible to ! ,fr5* m9d4 ,c\ld ,r5an h writt5 8 ,life ( ,jesus z he did if he _h _h ev5 a p>tial und]/&+ ( ,/rauss8 #ff ,anna ,ka?>9a ,emm]i* 0 born 9 #aggd at ,flamske ne> ,coesfeld4 ,h] p>5ts 7 peasants4 ,9 #ahjc %e took up h] abode ) ! ,augu/9ian nuns ( ! conv5t ( ,agnet5b]g at ,dlm54 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ! conv5t1 %e liv$ 9 a s+le room 9 ,dlm5 itself4 ,! 8/igmata0 %[$ !mselves fir/ 9 #ahab4 ,%e di$ on ! #i? ( ,febru>y #ahbd4 ,br5tano _h be5 9 h] neighb\rhood s9ce #ahai4 ,das bitt]e ,leid5 uns]es ,h]rn ,jesu ,*ri/i 7,! ,bitt] ,suff]+s ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/7 0 issu$ by ,br5tano himself 9 #ahcd4 ,! ,life ( ,jesus 0 publi%$ on ! basis ( notes left by him--he di$ 9 #ahdb--;9 ?ree volumes1 #ahehahfj1 at ,reg5sburg1 "u ! sanction ( ! ,bi%op ( ,limb]g4 ,fir/ volume4--,f ! dea? ( ,/4 ,joseph to ! end ( ! fir/ ye> aft] ! ,baptism ( ,jesus 9 ,jordan4 ,communicat$ betwe5 ,may #a1 #ahba1 & ,octob] #a1 #ahbb4 ,second volume4--,f ! beg9n+ ( ! second ye> aft] ! ,baptism 9 ,jordan to ! close ( ! second ,passov] 9 ,j]usalem4 ,communicat$ betwe5 ,octob] #a1 #ahbb1 & ,april #cj1 #ahbc4 ,?ird volume4--,f ! close ( ! second ,passov] 9 ,j]usalem to ! ,mission ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,communicat$ betwe5 ,octob] #ba1 #ahbc1 & ,janu>y #h1 #ahbd1 & f ,july #bi1 #ahbj1 to ,may #ahba4 ,bo? works h be5 frequ5tly reissu$1 ! 8,bitt] ,suff]+s0 z late z #ahid4 #fg ,auszge aus d] ,s*rift 8,das ,leb5 ,lu!rs kritis* be>beitet40 7,extracts f a "w entitl$ 8,a ,critical ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,lu!r407 ,by ,dr4 ,casu> 78,cass[>y02 ,/rauss ,o/ri*74 ,mexico1 #ahcf4 ,edit$ by ,julius ,f]d9& ,wurm4 #fh ,das ,leb5 ,napoleons kritis* geprft4 7,a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,life ( ,napoleon47 ,f ! ,engli%1 ) "s p]t95t applications to ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus1 #ahcf4 ,! ,engli% orig9al ref]r$ to seems to h be5 ,:ateley's ,hi/oric ,d\bts relative to ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 publi%$ 9 #ahai1 & prim>ily direct$ aga9/ ,hume's ,essay on ,miracles4--,,translator4 #fi ,la ,vie de ,/rauss4 crite en l'an #ahci4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 #gj ,*4 ,g4 ,wilke1 ,tradition und ,my!4 ,a contribution to ! hi/orical criticism ( ! ,gospels 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> to ! appreciation ( ! treatm5t ( my? & idealism 9 ,/rauss's 8,life ( ,jesus40 ,leipzig1 #ahcg4 ,*ri/ian ,gottlob ,wilke 0 born 9 #aghf at ,w]m1 ne> ,zeitz1 /udi$ !ology & became pa/or ( ,h]mannsdorf 9 ! ,erzgebirge4 ,he resign$ ?is (fice 9 #ahcg 9 ord] to devote himself to 8 /udies1 p]haps also because he _h become consci\s ( an inn] unre/4 ,9 #ahde he prep>$ ! way = 8 conv]sion to ,ca?olicism by publi%+ a "w entitl$ 8,c a ,prote/ant g ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur* ) a good consci5ce80 ,he took ! decisive /ep 9 ,augu/ #ahdf4 ,lat] he remov$ to ,wrzburg4 ,subsequ5tly he reca/ 8 fam\s ,clavis ,novi ,te/am5ti ,philologica--:i* _h appe>$ 9 #ahdjahda--;9 ! =m ( a lexicon = ,ca?olic /ud5ts ( !ology4 ,8 ,h]m5eutik des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 publi%$ 9 #ahdcahdd1 appe>$ 9 #ahec z ,biblis*e ,h]m5eutik na* ka?olis*5 ,grundstz5 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,biblical ,int]pretation accord+ to ,ca?olic pr9ciples74 ,he 0 engag$ 9 reca/+ 8 ,clavis :5 he di$ 9 #ahed4 ,( lat] works deal+ ) ! "q ( my?1 we may ref] to ,emanuel ,m>ius1 ,die ,p]snli*keit ,jesu mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf die ,my?ologi5 und ,my/]i5 d] alt5 ,vlk] 7,! ,p]sonality ( ,jesus1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,my?ologies & ,my/]ies ( ,anci5t ,nations71 ,leipzig1 #ahgi1 #cie pp42 & ,otto ,frick1 ,my?us und ,evangelium 7,my? & ,gospel71 ,heilbronn1 #ahgi1 #dd pp4 #ga ,see p4 #hi above4 #gb ,/reits*rift54 ,drittes ,heft1 pp4 #eeabf3 ,die ,jahrb*] fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik3 i4 ,allgeme9es ,v]hltnis d] ,hegel's*5 ,philosophie zur !ologis*5 ,kritik3 ii4 ,hegels ,ansi*t b] d5 hi/oris*5 ,w]t d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te 7,hegel's ,view ( ! ,hi/orical ,value ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory72 iii4 ,v]s*i$5e ,ri*tung5 inn]halb d] ,hegel's*5 ,s*ule 9 ,betreff d] ,*ri/ologie 7,v>i\s ,t5d5cies )9 ! ,hegelian ,s*ool 9 reg>d to ,*ri/ology74 #ahcg4 #gc ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te4 7,sci5tific ,criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory47 ,augu/ ,ebr>d4 ,frank=t1 #ahdb2 #crd ed41 #ahfh4 ,johannes ,he9ri* ,aug4 ,ebr>d 0 born 9 #ahah at ,erlang51 01 fir/1 ,pr(essor ( ,re=m$ ,!ology at ,zuri* & ,erlang51 aft]w>ds 7#ahec7 w5t to ,spey] z 8,konsi/orialrat10 b 0 unable to cope ) ! ,lib]al opposition !re1 & return$ 9 #ahfa to ,erlang51 :]e he di$ 9 #ahhh4 ,a *>act]i/ic example ( ,ebr>d's way ( treat+ ! subject is 8 me?od ( meet+ ! objection t a fi% ) a piece ( money 9 its jaws c\ld n h tak5 ! hook4 8,! fi% might v well10 he expla9s1 8h ?r[n up ! piece ( money f its belly into ! op5+ ( ! jaws 9 ! mom5t 9 :i* ,pet] op5$ its m\?40 ,^u ?is ,/rauss rem>ks3 8,! inv5tor ( ?is argum5t tosses x d[n be=e u z :o %\ld say1 #8,i "k v well x is bad1 b x is good en\gh = y1 at any rate s long z ! ,*ur* has liv+s to di/ribute & we ,konsi/orialrats h to exam9e ! !ological c&idates4' 0 ,/rauss1 !re=e1 *>act]ises ,ebr>d's ,life ( ,jesus z 8,or?odoxy re/or$ on a basis ( impud5ce40 ,! pettifogg+ "* ( ?is "w made a bad impression ev5 9 ,cons]vative qu>t]s4 #gd ,*ronologis*e ,synopse d] vi] ,evangeli54 7,*ronological ,synopsis ( ! f\r ,gospels47 ,by ,k>l ,georg ,wiesel]4 ,hamburg1 #ahdc4 ,wiesel] 0 born 9 #ahac at ,alt5celle 7,hanov]71 & 0 ,pr(essor successively at ,gtt+51 ,kiel1 & ,greifswald4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhc4 #ge ,johann ,pet] ,lange1 ,pa/or 9 ,duisburg1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor at ,zuri* 9 place ( ,/rauss4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 #e vols41 #ahddahdg4 #gf ,georg ,he9ri* ,augu/ ,ewald1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel4 7,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel47 #g vols4 ,gtt+51 #ahdcahei2 #crd ed41 #ahfdahgj4 ,fif? vol41 ,ges*i*te ,*ri/us' und se9] ,zeit4 7,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,times47 #ahee2 #bnd ed41 #aheg4 ,ewald 0 born 9 #ahjc at ,gtt+51 :]e 9 #ahbg he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,languages4 ,hav+ made a prote/ aga9/ ! repeal ( ! fundam5tal law ( ! ,hanov]ian ,con/itution he 0 remov$ f 8 (fice & w5t to ,tb+51 fir/ z ,pr(essor ( philology2 9 #ahda he 0 transf]r$ to ! !ological faculty4 ,9 #ahdh he return$ to ,gtt+54 ,:51 9 #ahff1 he refus$ to take ! oa? ( allegiance to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 he 0 compulsorily retir$1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( imprud5t expressions ( op9ion1 0 also depriv$ ( ! "r to lecture4 ,! t[n ( ,hanov] *ose him z its repres5tative 9 ! ,nor? ,g]man & 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 :]e he sat among ! ,guelph opposition1 9 ! middle ( ! c5tre p>ty4 ,he di$ 9 #ahge at ,gtt+54 ,8 contributions to ,new ,te/am5t /udies 7 mu* inf]ior to 8 ,ori5tal & ,old ,te/am5t rese>*es4 ,8 ,life ( ,jesus1 9 p>ticul>1 is wor?less1 9 spite ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,ori5tal le>n+ ) :i* x 0 furni%$ =?4 ,he lays great /ress ^u mak+ ! g5itive ( 8,*ri/us0 n 8,*ri/i10 b1 accord+ to ,g]man inflection1 8,*ri/us'40 #gg ,ammon1 ,johannem evangelii auctorem ab editore huius libri fuisse div]sum1 ,erlang51 #ahaa4 #gh ,no value :atev] c be ascrib$ to ! ,life ( ,jesus by ,w]n] ,hahn1 ,b]l91 #ahdd1 #aif pp4 ,! 8didactic pres5tation ( ! hi/ory0 :i* ! au?or (f]s is n design$ to meet ! dem&s ( hi/orical criticism4 ,he f9ds 9 ! ,gospels no b>e hi/ory1 b1 above all1 ! inculcation ( ! pr9ciple ( love4 ,he ca/s to ! w9ds all attempt to draw ! portrait ( ,jesus z a true hi/orian1 be+ only conc]n$ ) its inn] tru? & 8idealises arti/ically & sci5tifically0 ! actual c\rse ( ! outw>d life ( ,jesus4 8,x is nev] ! bus9ess ( a hi/ory10 he expla9s1 8to relate only ! b>e tru?4 ,x belongs to a m]e planless & aimless *ronicle to relate ev]y?+ t happ5$ 9 su* a way t its words are a m]e slavi% reflection ( ! outw>d c\rse ( ev5ts40 #gi ,hase1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #ahgf1 p4 #abh4 #hj ,philosophis*e ,dogmatik od] ,philosophie des ,*ri/5tums4 ,leipzig1 #aheeahfb4 #ha ,at ! end ( 8 preface he makes ! /rik+ rem>k3 8,i confess ,i _c conceive ( any possible way by :i* ,*ri/ianity c take on a =m :i* w make x once m ! tru? = our "t1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! aid ( philosophy2 & ,i rejoice to believe t ?is op9ion is %>$ by _m ( ! able/ & mo/ respect$ ( pres5tday !ologians40 #hb ,vol4 ii4 pp4 #dchedc4 ,philosophis*e ,s*lussbetra*tung b] die religise ,b$eutung d] ,p]snli*keit ,*ri/i und d] evangelis*5 b]lief]ung4 7,conclud+ ,philosophical ,e/imate ( ! ,significance ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,gospel ,tradition47 #hc ,*ri/ian ,gottlob ,wilke1 =m]ly pa/or ( ,h]mannsdorf 9 ! ,erzgebirge4 ,d] ,urevangeli/1 od] e9e exegetis*kritis*e ,unt]su*ung des ,v]w&s*aftsv]hltnisses d] drei er/5 ,evangeli54 7,! ,e>lie/ ,evangeli/1 a ,critical & ,exegetical ,inquiry into ! ,relation%ip ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,gospels47 ,! subsequ5t c\rse ( ! discussion ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis 0 z foll[s3-- ,9 answ] to ,wilke !re appe>$ a "w sign$ ,philosophotos ,ale!ias1 ,die ,evangeli51 ihr ,gei/1 ihre ,v]fass]1 und ihr ,v]hltnis zu e9&]4 7,! ,gospels1 _! ,_s1 _! ,au?ors1 & _! relation to "o ano!r47 ,leipzig1 #ahde1 #ddj pp4 ,! au?or sees 9 ,paul ! evil g5ius ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & ?9ks t ! "w ( sci5tific criticism mu/ be direct$ to detect+ & we$+ out ! ,paul9e elem5ts 9 ! ,gospels4 ,luke is 9 8 op9ion a p>tywrit+1 bias$ by ,paul9ism2 9 fact ,paul _h a %>e 9 its prep>ation1 & ?is is :at ,paul alludes to :5 he speaks 9 ,romans ii4 #af1 xi4 #bh1 & xvi4 #be ( 880 ,gospel4 ,8 h& is especially recognisable 9 *apt]s i4iii41 vii41 ix41 xi41 xviii41 xx41 xxi41 & xxiv4 ,m>k consi/s ( extracts f ,mat!w & ,luke2 ,john presupposes ! o!r ?ree4 ,! ,tb+5 /&po9t 0 set =? by ,baur 9 8 "w1 ,kritis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die kanonis*5 ,evangeli54 7,a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,canonical ,gospels47 ,tb+51 #ahdg1 #fbb pp4 ,accord+ to him ,m>k is bas$ on ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! irreconcilability ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ) ! ,synopti/s is = ! fir/ "t fully work$ out1 & ! refutation ( its hi/orical "* is c>ri$ into detail4 ,! ord] ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke is def5d$ by ,adolf ,hilg5feld 9 8 "w ,die ,evangeli54 ,leipzig1 #ahed1 #cee pp4 ,k>l ,re9hold ,k/l9's "w1 ,d] ,ursprung und die ,komposition d] synoptis*5 ,evangeli5 7,orig9 & ,composition ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels71 is r5d]$ nugatory by obscurities & compromises4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahec1 #djj pp4 ,! priority ( ,m>k is def5d$ by ,edw>d ,reuss1 ,die ,ges*i*te d] heilig5 ,s*rift5 des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts 7,hi/ory ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t71 #ahdb2 ,h4 ,ewald1 ,die drei er/5 ,evangeli51 #ahej2 ,a4 ,rits*l1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] altka?olis*5 ,kir*e 7,orig9 ( ! anci5t ,ca?olic ,*ur*71 #ahej2 ,a4 ,rville1 tudes critiques sur l'vangile selon ,/4 ,mat?ieu1 #ahfb4 ,9 #ahfc ! f\ndations ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis 7 relaid1 m firmly ?an be=e1 by ,holtzmann's "w1 ,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli54 ,leipzig1 #ahfc1 #ead pp4 #hd ,alex&] ,s*weiz]1 ,das ,evangelium ,johannis na* se9em inn]5 ,w]te & se9] ,b$eutung fr das ,leb5 ,jesu kritis* unt]su*t4 #ahda4 7,a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,intr9sic ,value ( ! ,gospel ( ,john & ( its ,importance z a ,s\rce = ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,alex&] ,s*weiz] 0 born 9 #ahjh at ,murt51 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,pa/oral ,!ology at ,zuri* 9 #ahce1 & cont9u$ to lecture !re until 8 dea? 9 #ahhh1 rema9+ loyal to ! ideas ( 8 tea*] ,s*lei]ma*]1 ?\gh h&l+ !m ) a c]ta9 fre$om4 ,8 be/kn[n "w is 8 ,glaub5slehre 7,sy/em ( ,doctr9e71 #b vols41 #ahfcahgb2 #bnd ed41 #ahgg4 #he ,! ,g]man is ,mirakeln1 ! usual ^w be+ ,wund]1 :i*1 ?\gh con/antly us$ 9 ! s5se ( actual 8miracles10 has1 f its obvi\s d]ivation1 a c]ta9 ambiguity4 #hf 8,& ! glory ( ! ,"l abode ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ! cl\d cov]$ x six days40 #hg ,we subjo9 ! titles ( ! divisions ( ?is "w1 :i* are ( "s int]e/3 ,vol4 i4 ,book i4 ,! ,s\rces ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory4 ,vol4 i4 ,book ii4 ,! ,leg5ds ( ! ,*ildhood4 ,vol4 i4 ,book iii4 ,g5]al ,sket* ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory4 ,vol4 i4 ,book iv4 ,! ,incid5ts & ,disc\rses accord+ to ,m>k4 ,vol4 ii4 ,book v4 ,! ,incid5ts & ,disc\rses accord+ to ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,vol4 ii4 ,book vi4 ,! ,incid5ts & ,disc\rses accord+ to ,john4 ,vol4 ii4 ,book vii4 ,! ,resurrection & ! ,asc5sion4 ,vol4 ii4 ,book viii4 ,conclud+ ,philosophical ,exposition ( ! ,significance ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,gospel ,tradition4 #hh ,ges*i*te ,*ri/us' und se9] ,zeit4 7,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,times47 ,by ,he9ri* ,ewald1 ,gtt+51 #ahee1 #dej pp4 #hi ,kritik d] ,ges*i*te d] ,(f5b>ung4 #ij ,das entdeckte ,*ri/5tum4 ,see also ,die gute ,sa*e d] ,freiheit und me9e eig5e ,angeleg5heit4 7,! ,good ,cause ( ,fre$om1 9 ,connexion ) my own ,case47 ,zuri*1 #ahdc4 #ia ,kritik d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te des ,johannes4 #ib ,"h & else:]e ,bau] seems to use 8,*ri/ologie0 9 ! s5se ( ,messianic doctr9e1 r ?an 9 ! m g5]al s5se :i* is usual 9 !ology4--,,translator4 #ic ,we reta9 ! ,g]man phrase1 :i* has naturalis$ itself 9 ,synoptic criticism z ! designation ( an assum$ prim>y gospel ly+ beh9d ! canonical ,m>k4 #id ,kritik d] ,paul9is*5 ,briefe4 7,criticism ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les47 ,b]l91 #ahejaheb4 #ie ,kritik d] ,evangeli5 und ,ges*i*te ihres ,ursprungs4 7,criticism ( ! ,gospels & ,hi/ory ( _! ,orig947 #b vols41 ,b]l91 #ahejahea4 #if ,*ri/us und die ,cs>54 ,d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums aus dem rmis*5 ,grie*5tum4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 #ig ,h5nell1 a ,london m]*ant1 )drew himself f 8 bus9ess pursuits = two ye>s 9 ord] to make ! prep>atory /udies = ?is ,life ( ,jesus4 ,he is be/ kn[n z a fri5d ( ,george ,eliot1 :o 0 greatly int]e/$ & influ5c$ by ! 8,inquiry40--,,translator4 ,to ! same category z ,h5nell's "w belongs ! ,wohlgeprfte ,d>/ellung des ,leb5s ,jesu 7,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,life ( ,jesus bas$ on ! close/ ,exam9ation7 ( ! ,heidelb]g ma!matician1 ,k>l von ,langsdorf1 ,mannheim1 #ahca4 ,supplem5t1 ) preface to a future second edition1 #ahcc4 #ih ,hase seems n to h recognis$ t ! 8,disclosures0 7 m]ely a plagi>ism f ,v5tur9i4 ,he m5tions !m 9 connexion ) ,bruno ,bau] & appe>s to make him responsible = inspir+ !m2 at lea/ t is sugge/$ by 8 =mula ( transition :5 he says3 8,x 0 prim>ily to him t ! frivol\s apocryphal hypo!ses atta*$ !mselves40 ,?is is q inaccurate4 ,! anonym\s epitomi/ ( ,v5tur9i _h no?+ to d ) ,bau]1 & _h probably n read a l9e ( 8 "w4 ,v5tur9i1 :om he _h read1 he does n "n4 #ii ,"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ( ! foll[]s ( ,v5tur9i 0 ! ,fr5* ,jew ,salvator4 ,9 8 ,jsus,*ri/ et sa doctr9e 7,p>is1 #b vols41 #ahch71 he seeks to prove t ,jesus 0 ! la/ repres5tative ( a my/icism :i*1 draw+ its nutrim5t f ! o!r ,ori5tal religions1 0 to be trac$ among ! ,jews f ! "t ( ,solomon onw>ds4 ,9 ,jesus ?is my/icism alli$ itself ) ,messianic en?usiasm4 ,aft] ,he _h lo/ consci\sness ^u ! cross ,he 0 succ\r$ by ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ,pilate's wife1 contr>y to ,8 own expectation & purpose4 ,he end$ ,8 days among ! ,ess5es4 ,salvator looks to a spiritualis$ my/ical ,mosaism z de/9$ to be ! successful rival ( ,*ri/ianity4 #ajj ,! ref]5ce %\ld be ,micah iv4 #h4--;,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aja 8,i* b9 d] ,gei/1 d] /ets v]ne9t40--,mephi/opheles 9 ,fau/4 #ajb ,aus d] ,jordanwiege na* ,golga?a2 vi] ,b*] b] das ,evangelium und die ,evangeli54 #ajc ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu auf ,grund frei] ges*i*tli*] ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,evangelium & die ,evangeli54 #ajd ,= ,noack's recon/ruction ( x see ,book iii4 pp4 #aifbbe4 #aje ,= ! recon/ruction see ,book iii4 pp4 #cbfchf4 #ajf ,?>raqah und ,sunami?4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon 9 its hi/orical & topographical sett+4 #ahfi4 #ajg ,la ,vie de ,jsus de ,d4 ,fr4 ,/rauss4 ,traduite p> ,m4 ,littr1 #ahdj4 #ajh ,bruno ,bau] 9 ,philo1 ,/rauss1 und ,r5an4 #aji ,r5an does n hesitate to apply ?is ta/eless p>allel4 #aaj ,*>les mile ,freppel 7,abb71 ,pr(esseur d'loqu5ce sacre la ,sorbonne4 ,exam5 critique de la vie de ,jsus de ,m4 ,r5an4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #adh pp4 ,h5ri ,lass]re's pamphlet1 ,l'vangile selon ,r5an 7,! ,gospel accord+ to ,r5an71 rea*$ its f\r&tw5tie? edition 9 ! c\rse ( ! same ye>4 #aaa ,lettre pa/orale de ,monseigneur l',ar*evque de ,p>is 7,georges ,d>boy7 sur la div9it de ,jsus,*ri/1 et m&em5t p\r le c>me de #ahfd4 #aab ,see1 = example1 ,flix ,anto9e ,philib]t ,dupanl\p1 ,bi%op ( ,orlans1 ,av]tissem5t la jeunesse et aux pres de famille sur les attaques diriges contre la religion p> quelques criva9s de nos j\rs4 7,w>n+ to ! ,"y1 & to ,fa!rs ( ,families1 conc]n+ "s ,attacks direct$ aga9/ ,religion by "s ,writ]s ( our ,"t47 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #ada pp4 #aac ,amade ,nicolas1 ,r5an et sa vie de ,jsus s\s les rapports moral1 lgal1 et littraire4 ,appel la raison et la consci5ce du monde civilis4 ,p>is,m>seille1 #ahfd4 #aad ,erne/ ,havet1 ,pr(esseur au ,collge de ,france1 ,jsus dans l'hi/oire4 ,exam5 de la vie de ,jsus p> ,m4 ,r5an4 ,extrait de la ,revue des deux mondes4 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 #ga pp4 #aae ,zwei franzsis*e ,/imm5 b] ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu1 von ,edmond ,s*]] und ,a?anase ,coqu]el1 d4,j4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des franzsis*5 ,prote/antismus4 ,reg5sburg1 #ahfd4 7,two ,fr5* utt]ances 9 reg>d to ,r5an's ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,edmond ,s*]] & ,a?anase ,coqu]el ! y\ng]4 ,a contribution to ! und]/&+ ( ,fr5* ,prote/antism47 #aaf ,e4 de ,press5s1 ,l'cole critique et ,jsus,*ri/1 propos de la vie de ,jsus de ,m4 ,r5an4 #aag ,e4 de ,press5s1 ,jsus,*ri/1 son temps1 sa vie1 son uvre4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 #fhd pp4 ,9 g5]al ! plan ( ?is "w foll[s ,r5an's4 ,he divides ! ,life ( ,jesus into ?ree p]iods3 i4 ,! ,"t ( ,public ,fav\r2 ii4 ,! ,p]iod ( ,conflict2 iii4 ,! ,great ,week4 ,dea? & ,victory4 ,by way ( introduction !re is a long essay on ! sup]natural :i* sets =? ! sup]naturali/ic views ( ! au?or4 #aah ,la ,vie de ,jsus de ,r5an devant les or?odoxes et devant la critique4 #ahfd4 #aai ,t4 ,colani1 ,pa/eur1 8,exam5 de la vie de ,jsus de ,m4 ,r5an10 ,revue de ?ologie4 ,issu$ sep>ately1 ,/rasb\rg,p>is1 #ahfd4 #gd pp4 #abj ,lass]re1 ,das ,evangelium na* ,r5an4 ,muni*1 #ahfd4 ,freppel1 ,kritis*e ,beleu*tung d] ,e4 ,r5an's*5 ,s*rift4 ,translat$ by ,kallmus4 ,vi5na1 #ahfd4 ,see also ,lamy1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,!ological ,faculty ( ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu vor dem ,ri*t]/uhle d] ,kritik4 7,r5an's ,life ( ,jesus be=e ! ,judgm5t ,seat ( ,criticism47 ,translat$ by ,augu/ ,rohl+1 ,prie/4 ,mn/]1 #ahfd4 #aba ,dr4 ,mi*elis1 ,r5ans ,roman vom ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,e9e deuts*e ,antwort auf e9e franzsis*e ,blasphemie4 7,r5an's ,romance on ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,a ,g]man answ] to a ,fr5* blasphemy47 ,mn/]1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,seba/ian ,brunn]1 ,d] ,a!i/ ,r5an und se9 ,evangelium4 7,! ,a!i/ ,r5an & 8 ,gospel47 ,reg5sburg1 #ahfd4 ,alb]t ,wies+]1 ,aphorism5 geg5 ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu4 ,vi5na1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,deutl+]1 ,r5an und das ,wund]4 7,r5an & ,miracle4 ,a contribution to ,*ri/ian ,apologetic47 ,muni*1 #ahfd4 #aei pp4 ,dr4 ,daniel ,bonifacius ,haneb]g1 ,erne/ ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu4 ,reg5sburg1 #ahfd4 #abb ,willibald ,beys*lag1 ,doctor & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology1 b] das ,leb5,jesu von ,r5an4 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ,halle1 ,janu>y #ac1 #ahfd4 ,b]l94 #abc ,*r4 ,ern/ ,lu?>dt1 ,doctor & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology1 ,die mod]n5 ,d>/ellung5 des ,leb5s ,jesu4 7,mod]n ,pres5tations ( ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,a discussion ( ! writ+s ( ,/rauss1 ,r5an1 & ,s*5kel1 & ( ! essays ( ,coqu]el ! y\ng]1 ,s*]]1 ,colani1 & ,keim4 ,a ,lecture4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 ,( ! rema9+ ,prote/ant polemics we may "n3-- ,dr4 ,h]mann ,g]la*1 ,geg5 ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu #ahfd4 ,b]l94 ,br4 ,lehmann1 ,r5an wid] ,r5an4 7,r5an v]sus ,r5an47 ,a ,lecture address$ to cultur$ ,g]mans4 ,zwickau1 #ahfd4 ,fri$ri* ,baum]1 ,s*w>z1 ,/rauss1 ,r5an4 ,a ,lecture4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 ,john ,cairns1 ,d4 ,d4 7( ,b]wick74 ,fals*e ,*ri/i und d] wahre ,*ri/us1 od] ,v]teidigung d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te geg5 ,/rauss und ,r5an4 7,false ,*ri/s & ! ,true1 a ,def5ce ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory aga9/ ,/rauss & ,r5an47 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,bible ,society4 ,translat$ f ! ,engli%4 ,hamburg1 #ahfd4 ,b]nh>d t] ,ha>1 ,doctor ( ,!ology & ,pr(essor at ,utre*t1 ,zehn ,vorlesung5 b] ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu4 7,t5 ,lectures on ,r5an's ,life ( ,jesus47 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,do]m]4 ,go?a1 #ahfd4 ,paulus ,cassel1 ,pr(essor & ,lic5tiate 9 ,!ology1 ,b]i*t b] ,r5ans ,leb5,jesu4 7,a ,report ^u ,r5an's ,life ( ,jesus47 ,j4 ,j4 van ,oo/]zee1 ,doctor & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,utre*t1 ,ges*i*te od] ,roman8 ,das ,leb5,jesu von ,r5an vorlufig beleu*tet4 7,hi/ory or ,fiction8 ,a ,prelim9>y ,exam9ation ( ,r5an's ,life ( ,jesus47 ,hamburg1 #ahfd4 #abd ,/rauss's second ,life ( ,jesus appe>$ 9 ,fr5* 9 #ahfd4 #abe 8,i c n[ say )\t incurr+ ! reproa* ( selfglorification1 & almo/ )\t ne$+ to fe> contradiction1 t if my ,life ( ,jesus _h n appe>$ 9 ! ye> aft] ,s*lei]ma*]'s dea?1 8 w\ld n h be5 )held = s long4 ,up to t "t x w\ld h be5 hail$ by ! !ological _w z a deliv]]2 b = ! w\nds :i* my "w inflict$ on ! !ology ( ! day1 x _h nei!r anodyne nor dress+2 nay1 x display$ ! au?or z 9 a measure responsible = ! disa/]1 = ! wat]s :i* he _h admitt$ drop by drop 7 n[1 9 defiance ( 8 prud5t res]vations1 p\r+ 9 l a flood40--,f ! ,introduction to ,! ,*ri/ ( ,fai? & ! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory1 #ahfe4 #abf 8,n[ t ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,life ( ,jesus at la/ lies be=e u 9 pr9t1 all p>ties c ga!r ab\t x 9 he>tfelt rejoic+4 ,! appe>ance ( a "w by ,s*lei]ma*] is always an enri*m5t to lit]ature4 ,any product ( a m9d l 8 _c fail to %$ light & life on ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,& ( works ( ?is k9d our !ological lit]ature has c]ta9ly 9 ^! days no sup]fluity4 ,:]e ! liv+ are = ! mo/ "p z x 7 dead1 x is meet t ! dead %\ld arise & be> witness4 ,^! lectures ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s1 :5 comp>$ ) ! "w ( 8 pupils1 %[ cle>ly t ! great !ologian has let fall ^u !m only 8 mantle & n 8 _s40--,ibid4 #abg ,! l9es ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s "w 7 foll[$ by ,buns54 ,8 ,life ( ,jesus =ms vol4 ix4 ( 8 ,bibelw]k4 7,edit$ by ,holtzmann1 #ahfe47 ,he accepts ! ,f\r? ,gospel z an hi/orical s\rce & treats ! "q ( miracle z n yet settl$4 ,*ri/ian ,k>l ,josias von ,buns51 born 9 #agia at ,korba* 9 ,waldeck1 0 ,prussian ambassador at ,rome1 ,b]ne1 & ,london1 & settl$ lat] 9 ,heidelb]g4 ,he 0 well read 9 !ology & philology1 & gradually came1 9 spite ( 8 fri5dly relations ) ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,,iv41 to ent]ta9 m lib]al views on religion4 ,! issue ( 8 ,bibelw]k fr die ,geme9de 0 begun 9 #aheh4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfj4 7,be/ kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! ,*evali] ,buns547 #abh ,*4 ,h4 ,weisse1 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 ,leipzig1 #ahch4 ,die ,evangeli5frage 9 ihrem geg5wrtig5 ,/adium4 7,! ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,problem ( ! ,gospels47 ,leipzig1 #ahef4 ,he reg>d$ ! disc\rses z hi/orical1 ! n>rative portions z ( second>y orig94 ,alex&] ,s*weiz]1 aga91 wi%$ to di/+ui% a ,j]usalem s\rce & a ,galilaean s\rce1 ! latt] be+ unreliable4 ,das ,evangelium ,johannis na* se9em inn]5 ,w]te und se9] ,b$eutung fr das ,leb5 ,jesu1 #ahda4 7,! ,gospel ( ,john consid]$ 9 ,relation to its ,intr9sic ,value & its ,importance z a ,s\rce = ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,see p4 #abg f4 ,r5an takes ! n>rative portions z au!ntic & ! disc\rses z second>y4 #abi ,k>l ,he9ri* ,weizsck] 0 born 9 #ahbb at hr+5 9 ,wrtemb]g4 ,he qualifi$ z ,privat,doc5t 9 #ahdg &1 aft] act+ 9 ! meantime z ,c\rt,*apla9 & ,ob]konsi/orialrat at ,/uttg>t1 became 9 #ahfa ! successor ( ,baur at ,tb+54 ,he di$ 9 #ahii4 #acj ,! works ( a ,dut* writ] nam$ ,/rick]1 ,jesus von ,naz>e? 7#ahfh71 & ( ! ,engli%man ,sir ,ri*>d ,hanson1 ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory 7#ahfi71 7 bas$ on ,m>k )\t any ref]5ce to ,john4 #aca #a1 ,m>k i42 #b1 ,m>k ii4 #a;iii4 #f2 #c1 ,m>k iii4 #gai2 #d1 ,m>k iii4 #ai;iv4 #cd2 #e1 ,m>k iv4 #cevi4 #f2 #f1 ,m>k vi4 #gvii4 #cg2 #g1 ,m>k viii4 #a;ix4 #ej4 #acb ,holtzmann1 ,komm5t> zu d5 ,synoptik]n1 #ahhi1 p4 #ahd4 ,! =m ( ! expression 7,flu*twege und ,reis57 is d]iv$ f ,keim4 #acc 8,?us ! c\rse ( ,jesus' life ha/5$ =w>d to its tragic close1 a close :i* 0 =ese5 & pr$ict$ by ,jesus ,himself ) ev]gr[+ cle>ness z ! sole possible close1 b also t :i* alone 0 wor?y ( ,himself1 & :i* 0 necess>y z be+ =ese5 & pr$et]m9$ 9 ! c\nsel ( ,god4 ,! hatr$ ( ! ,ph>isees & ! indiff]5ce ( ! p left f ! fir/ no o!r prospect op54 ,t hatr$ c\ld n b be call$ =? 9 ! fulle/ measure by ! ru?less sev]ity ) :i* ,jesus expos$ all t x 0 & impli$--a he>t 9 :i* !re 0 no room = love1 a morality inw>dly riddl$ ) decay1 an outw>d %[ ( virtue1 a hypocritical arrogance4 ,betwe5 two su* unyield+ oppon5ts--a man :o1 to all appe>ance1 aim$ at us+ ! ,messianic expectations ( ! p = 8 own ends1 & a hi]>*y z t5aci\s ( its claims & z s5sitive to _! infr+em5t z any t has ev] exi/$--x 0 c]ta9 t ! brea* mu/ soon become irrep>able4 ,x 0 easy to =esee1 too1 t ev5 9 ,galilee only a m9ority ( ! p w\ld d>e to face ) ,him ! dang] ( su* a brea*4 ,!re 0 only "o ?+ t c\ld h av]t$ ! dea? s5t5ce :i* _h be5 e>ly det]m9$ ^u--a s]ies ( vigor\s1 unambigu\s demon/rations on ! "p ( ! p4 ,9 ord] to provoke su* demon/rations ,jesus w\ld h ne$$1 if only = ! mom5t1 to take into ,8 s]vice ! popul>1 p[]ful1 inflammatory ,messianic ideas1 or r1 w\ld h ne$$ to place ,himself at _! s]vice4 ,8 refusal to ent]1 by s mu* z a s+le /ep1 ^u ?is c\rse1 :i* f any ord9>y po9t ( view ( human policy w\ld h be5 legitimate1 because ! only practicable "o1 0 ! sole suffici5t & allexpla9+ cause ( ,8 de/ruction40--,holtzmann1 ,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #ahfc1 pp4 #dhe1 #dhf4 #acd 8,e9 inn]li*es ,rei* d] ,s9nesnd]ung40 8,s9nesnd]ung0 corresponds m exactly ?an 8rep5tance0 to ! ,greek 7*ange ( m9d1 *ange ( attitude71 b ! phrase is no less elliptical 9 ,g]man ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,! mean+ is d\btless 8k+dom bas$ ^u rep5tance1 consi/+ ( ^? :o h fulfill$ ?is condition40 #ace ,omitt$ 9 "s ( ! be/ texts4--,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #acf ,osk> ,holtzmann1 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 #aija4 #acg ,die mod]n5 ,d>/ellung5 des ,leb5s ,jesu4 7,mod]n ,pres5tm5ts ( ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,a discussion ( ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,r5an1 & ,s*5kel1 & ( ! ,essays ( ,coqu]el ! y\ng]1 ,s*]]1 ,colani1 & ,keim4 ,a lecture by ,*r4 ,erne/ ,lu?>dt1 ,leipzig4 #a/ & #bnd editions1 #ahfd4 ,lu?>dt 0 born 9 #ahbc at ,m>oldsweisa* 9 ,l[] ,franconia1 became ,doc5t at ,erlang5 9 #ahea1 0 call$ to ,m>burg z ,pr(essor ,extraord9>y 9 #ahed1 & to ,leipzig z ,ord9>y ,pr(essor 9 #ahef4 ,he di$ 9 #aijb4 #ach ,zur ,ori5ti]ung b] me9e ,s*rift 8,das ,*>akt]bild ,jesu40 7,explanations int5d$ to place my "w 8,a ,picture ( ! ,"* ( ,jesus0 9 ! prop] light47 #ahfd4 ,die prote/antis*e ,freiheit 9 ihrem geg5wrtig5 ,kampfe mit d] kir*li*5 ,reaktion4 7,prote/ant ,fre$om 9 its pres5t ,/ruggle ) ,ecclesia/ical ,reaction47 #ahfe4 #aci ,d] ,s*5kel's*e ,h&el 9 ,bad54 7,! ,s*5kel ,controv]sy 9 ,bad547 7,a correct$ repr9t f numb] #dda ( ! ,national ,zeitung ( ,septemb] #ba1 #ahfd47 ,an app5dix to ,d] ,*ri/us des ,glaub5s und d] ,jesus d] ,ges*i*te4 #ahfe4 #adj ,!odor ,keim1 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a1 9 ihr] ,v]haltung mit dem ,gesamtleb5 se9es ,volkes frei unt]su*t und ausfhrli* erzhlt4 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus ( ,naz>a 9 ,relation to ! ,g5]al ,life ( ,8 ,p1 freely exam9$ & fully n>rat$47 #c vols4 ,zuri*1 #ahfgahgb4 ,vol4 i4 ,! ,day ( ,prep>ation2 vol4 ii4 ,! ,ye> ( ,tea*+ 9 ,galilee2 vol4 iii4 ,! ,dea?,passov] 7,todeso/]n7 9 ,j]usalem4 ,a %ort acc\nt 9 a m popul> =m appe>$ 9 #ahgb1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu na* d5 ,ergebniss5 heutig] ,wiss5s*aft fr weit]e ,kreise b]si*tli* erzhlt4 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jesus accord+ to ! ,results ( ,pres5tday ,criticism1 briefly n>rat$ = ! ,g5]al ,read]47 #bnd ed41 #ahge4 ,k>l ,!odor ,keim 0 born 9 #ahbe at ,/uttg>t1 0 ,repet5t at ,tb+5 f #ahea to #ahee1 & aft] he _h be5 five ye>s 9 ! m9i/ry1 became ,pr(essor at ,zuri* 9 #ahfj4 ,9 #ahgc he accept$ a call to ,giess51 :]e he di$ 9 #ahgh4 #ada ,die m5s*li*e ,entwicklung ,jesu ,*ri/i4 ,see ,holtzmann1 ,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #ahfc1 pp4 #gi4 ,?is diss]tation 0 foll[$ by ,d] ges*i*tli*e ,*ri/us4 #crd ed41 #ahff4 #adb ,ges*i*te ,jesu4 #bnd ed41 #ahge1 pp4 #bbh & #bbi4 #adc ,! ultimate reason :y ,keim delib]ately gives su* prom95ce to ! es*atology is t he holds to ,mat!w1 & is !re=e m "u ! direct impression ( ! masses ( disc\rse 9 ?is ,gospel1 *>g$1 z !y are1 ) es*atological ideas1 ?an ^? writ]s :o f9d _! prim>y au?ority 9 ,m>k1 :]e ^! disc\rses are lack+4 #add ,ges*i*te ,jesu4 ,na* akademis*5 ,vorlesung5 von ,dr4 ,k>l ,hase4 #ahgf4 ,special m5tion ought also to be made ( ! f9e sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ,a4 ,hausra?'s ,neute/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te 7,hi/ory ( ,new ,te/am5t ,times71 #a/ ed41 ,muni*1 #ahfh ff42 #crd ed41 #a vol41 #ahgi1 pp4 #cbeeae2 ,die zeitges*i*tli*5 ,beziehung5 des ,leb5s ,jesu 7,! ,relations ( ! ,life ( ,jesus to ! ,hi/ory ( ,8 "t74 ,adolf ,hausra? 0 born at ,k>lsruhe4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,heidelb]g 9 #ahfg1 & di$ 9 #aiji4 #ade ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 von ,willibald ,beys*lag3 ,pt4 i4 ,prelim9>y ,inve/igations1 #ahhe1 #dej pp42 pt4 ii4 ,n>rative1 #ahhf1 #die pp4 ,joh4 ,he9r4 ,*ri/oph ,willibald ,beys*lag 0 born 9 #ahbc at ,frank=t on,ma91 & w5t to ,halle z ,pr(essor 9 #ahfj4 ,8 spl5did eloqu5ce made him "o ( ! *ief spokesm5 ( ,g]man ,prote/antism4 ,z a tea*] he ex]cis$ a rem>kable & salut>y influ5ce1 al?\gh 8 sci5tific works are too mu* "u ! dom9ance ( an apologetic ( ! he>t4 ,he di$ 9 #aijj4 #adf ,b]nh>d ,weiss1 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,see also ,das ,m>kusevangelium1 #ahgb2 ,das ,mat?usevangelium1 #ahgf2 & ! ,lehrbu* d] neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie1 #e? ed41 #ahhh4 ,b]nh>d ,weiss 0 born 9 #ahbg at ,knigsb]g1 :]e he qualifi$ z ,privat,doc5t 9 #aheb4 ,9 #ahfc he w5t z ,ord9>y ,pr(essor to ,kiel1 & 0 call$ to ,b]l9 9 ! same capacity 9 #ahgg4 ,among ! di/9ctly lib]al ,lives ( ,jesus ( an e>li] date1 t ( ,w4 ,krg],vel?us5 7,elb]feld1 #ahgb1 #bga pp47 might be m5tion$ if x 7 n s entirely uncritical4 ,al?\gh ! au?or does n hold ! ,f\r? ,gospel to be apo/olic he has no hesitation 9 mak+ use ( x z an hi/orical s\rce4 ,!re is m s5tim5t ?an sci5ce1 too1 9 ! "w ( ,m4 ,g4 ,weitbre*t1 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu na* d5 vi] ,evangeli51 #ahha4 ,a weakness 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,johann9e "q & a want ( cle>ness on "s o!r po9ts disfigures ! ?reevolume ,life ( ,jesus ( ! ,p>is pr(essor1 ,e4 ,/apf]1 :i* is o!rwise m>k$ by mu* acum5 & real dep? ( feel+4 ,vol4 i4 ,jsus,*ri/ avant son m9i/re 7,fis*ba*]1 ,p>is1 #ahif72 vol4 ii4 ,jsus ,*ri/ p5dant son m9i/re 7#ahig72 vol4 iii4 ,la ,mort et la rsurrection de ,jsus,*ri/ 7#ahih74 ,f4 ,godet writes ( 8,! ,life ( ,jesus be=e ,8 ,public ,appe>ance0 7,g]man translation by ,m4 ,re9eck1 ,leb5 ,jesu vor se9em ff5tli*5 ,auftret54 ,hanov]1 #ahig74 ,g4 ,lng9 f\nds 8 ,d] ,*ri/us d] ,ges*i*te und se9 ,*ri/5tum 7,! ,*ri/ ( ,hi/ory & ,8 ,*ri/ianity7 on a purely ,synoptic basis4 #b vols41 #ahigahih4 ,! ,engli% ,life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 by ,james ,/alk]1 ,d4 ,d4 7n[ ,pr(essor ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory 9 ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur* ,college1 ,ab]de571 pass$ ?r\gh numb]less editions 7,g]man1 #ahih2 ,tb+51 #d? ed41 #aija74 ,v pi?y & int]e/+ is ,dr4 ,p]cy ,g>dn]'s ,exploratio ,evangelica4 ,a ,brief ,exam9ation ( ! ,basis & ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ian ,belief4 #ahii2 #bnd ed41 #aijg4 ,a "w :i* is free f all compromise is ,h4 ,ziegl]'s ,d] ges*i*tli*e ,*ri/us 7,! ,hi/orical ,*ri/74 #ahia4 ,= ?is reason ! five lectures1 deliv]$ 9 ,liegnitz1 out ( :i* x is compos$1 attract$ su* unfav\rable att5tion t ! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\ncil took proce$+s aga9/ ! au?or4 7,see ! ,*ri/li*e ,welt1 #ahia1 pp4 #efcefh1 #hgdhgg47 #adg ,holtzmann1 ,neute/am5tli*e ,e9leitung1 #bnd ed41 #ahhf4 ,weizsck] decl>es himself 9 ! ,!ologis*e ,lit]aturzeitung = #ahhb1 ,no4 #bc1 & ,das apo/olis*e ,zeitalt]1 #bnd ed41 #ahij4 ,hase & ,s*5kel accept$ ?is position 9 pr9ciple1 b 7 c>eful to keep op5 a l9e ( retreat4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! 'sev5ties ! rejection ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel z an hi/orical s\rce 0 almo/ univ]sally recognis$ 9 ! critical camp4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus by ,k>l ,witti*5 7,j5a1 #ahgf1 #cig pp471 :i* might be reckon$ "o ( ! mo/ cle>ly conceiv$ works ( ?is k9d bas$ on ! ,m>can hypo!sis if its arrangem5t 7 n s bad4 ,x is p>tly 9 ! =m ( a comm5t>y1 inasmu* z ! pres5tm5t ( ! life takes ! =m ( a discussion ( sixtysev5 sections4 ,! detail is v int]e/+4 ,x makes an impression ( navet :5 we f9d a s]ies ( sections gr\p$ "u ! title1 8,! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,galilee40 ,no /ress is laid on ! significance ( ,jesus' j\rney to ! nor?4 ,witti*51 also1 misl$ by ,luke1 ass]ts1 j z ,weisse _h done1 t ,jesus _h work$ 9 ,judaea = "s "t prior to ! triumphal entry4 #adh ,h4 ,h4 ,w5dt1 ,die ,lehre ,jesu1 vol4 i4 ,die evangelis*5 ,quell5b]i*te b] die ,lehre ,jesu4 7,! ,record ( ! ,tea*+ ( ,jesus 9 ! ,gospel ,s\rces47 #ced pp4 ,gtt+51 #ahhf2 vol4 ii41 #ahij2 ,eng4 trans41 #ahib4 ,second ,g]man edition 9 "o vol41 #fbf pp41 #aija4 ,see also ! same writ]'s ,das ,johannesevangelium4 ,unt]su*ung se9] ,ent/ehung und se9es ges*i*tli*5 ,w]tes1 #aijj4 7,! ,gospel ( ,john3 an ,inve/igation ( its ,orig9 & ,hi/orical ,value47 ,hans ,he9ri* ,w5dt 0 born 9 #ahec at ,hamburg1 qualifi$ z ,privat,doc5t 9 #ahgg at ,gtt+51 0 subsequ5tly ,extraord9>y ,pr(essor at ,kiel & ,heidelb]g1 & n[ works at ,j5a4 #adi ,johannis ,lightfooti1 ,doctoris ,angli et ,collegii ,s4 ,ca?>9ae 9 ,cantabrigi5si ,academia ,praefecti1 ,horae ,hebraicae et ,talmudicae 9 ,quatuor ,evangeli/as 444 nunc secundum 9 ,g]mania junctim cum ,indicibus locorum ,scripturae r]umque ac v]borum necess>iis editae e ,museo ,io4 ,b5$icti ,c>pzovii4 ,lipsiae4 ,anno ,,mdclxxxiv4 #aej ,! pione] works 9 ! /udy ( apocalyptic 7 ,dillmann's ,h5o*1 #ahea2 & ,hilg5feld's ,jdis*e ,apokalyptik1 #aheg4 #aea ,jesus ,naz>5us und die er/e *ri/li*e ,zeit1 mit d5 beid5 er/5 ,erzhl]n1 von ,gu/av ,volkm>1 ,zuri*1 #ahhb4 ,to :i* mu/ be add$3 ,m>kus und die ,synopse d] ,evangeli51 na* dem urkundli*5 ,text2 und das ,ges*i*tli*e vom ,leb5 ,jesu4 7,m>k & ,synoptic ,mat]ial 9 ! ,gospels1 accord+ to ! orig9al text2 & ! hi/orical elem5ts 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus47 ,zuri*1 #ahfi2 #bnd edition1 #ahgf1 #gch pp4 ,volkm> 0 born 9 #ahji1 & 0 liv+ at ,fulda z a ,gymnasium 7,high ,s*ool7 tea*]1 :5 9 #aheb he 0 arre/$ by ! ,hessian ,gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( 8 political views1 & subsequ5tly depriv$ ( 8 po/4 ,9 #ahec he w5t to ,zuri*1 :]e a new prospect op5$ to him z a ,doc5t 9 !ology4 ,he di$ 9 #ahic4 #aeb ,ki5l51 8,die es*atologis*e ,r$e ,jesu ,matt4 xxiv4 cum ,p>all40 7,! ,es*atological ,disc\rse ( ,jesus 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 ) ! p>allel passages71 ,jahrbu* fr die ,!ologie1 #ahfi1 pp4 #gjfgji4 ,analysis ( o!r attempts direct$ to ! same end 9 ,weiff5ba*1 ,d] ,wi$]kunftsg$anke1 p4 #ca ff4 #aec ,wilhelm ,weiff5ba*1 ,director ( ! ,sem9>y = ,!ological ,/ud5ts at ,fri$b]g1 0 born 9 #ahdb at ,bornheim 9 ,rh5i% ,hesse4 #aed ,! ,engli% read] w f9d a con/ructive analysis ( :at is kn[n z ! 8,little ,apocalypse0 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 art4 8,gospels10 col4 #aheg4 ,x consi/s ( ! v]ses ,matt4 xxiv4 #fh1 #aebb1 #bica1 #cd1 correspond+ to ,m>k xiii4 #gi;a1 #adbj1 #bdbg1 #cj4 ,accord+ to ! !ory fir/ sket*$ by ,colani ^! v]ses =m$ an indep5d5t ,apocalypse :i* 0 emb$d$ 9 ! ,gospel by ! ,evangeli/4--,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aee ,unt]su*ung5 b] die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 #ahfd1 pp4 #abaabf4 #aef 8b] die ,komposition d] es*atologis*5 ,r$e ,matt4 xxiv4 #d ff40 7,! ,composition ( ! ,es*atological ,disc\rse 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 #d ff471 ,jahrbu* f4 d4 ,!ol4 vol4 xiii41 #ahfh1 pp4 #acdadi4 #aeg ,by 8,cap]naitic0 ,weiff5ba* app>5tly means lit]ali/ic2 cf4 ,john vi4 #eb f4 #aeh ,wilhelm ,bald5sp]g]1 at pres5t ,pr(essor at ,giess51 0 born 9 #ahef at ,mlhaus5 9 ,alsace4 #aei ,a new edition appe>$ 9 #ahia4 ,!re is no fundam5tal alt]ation1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! polemic aga9/ oppon5ts :o _h aris5 9 ! meantime x is full]4 ,! fir/ "p ( a ?ird edition appe>$ 9 #aijc "u ! title ,die messianis*apokalyptis*5 ,h(fnung5 des ,jud5tums4 ,see also ! int]e/+ use made ( ,late,jewi% & ,rabb9ic ideas 9 ,alfr$ ,ed]%eim's ,! ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 #bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahhd1 #b vols4 #afj ,emil ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,jesu ,*ri/i4 7,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,*ri/47 #bnd ed41 "p second1 #ahhf1 pp4 #dag ff4 ,"h is to be f\nd also a bibliography ( ! old] lit]ature ( ! subject4 #crd ed41 #ahhi1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dih ff4 ,emil ,s*r] 0 born at ,augsburg 9 #ahdd1 & f #ahgc onw>ds 0 successively ,pr(essor at ,leipzig1 ,giess51 & ,kiel1 & is n[ 7#aiji7 at ,gtt+54 ,! late/ pres5tm5t ( ,jewi% apocalyptic is ,die jdis*e ,es*atologie von ,daniel bis ,akiba1 by ,paul ,volz1 ,pa/or 9 ,leonb]g4 ,tb+51 #aijc4 #dab pp4 ,! mat]ial is v completely giv54 ,un=tunately ! au?or has *os5 ! sy/ematic me?od ( treat+ 8 subject1 in/ead ( trac+ ! hi/ory ( its developm5t1 ! only "r way4 ,z a consequ5ce ,jesus & ,paul occupy f> too little space 9 ?is survey ( ,jewi% apocalyptic4 ,= a treatm5t ( ! orig9 ( ,jewi% es*atology f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( religion see ,hugo ,gressmann1 n[ ,pr(essor at ,b]l91 ,d] ,ursprung d] israelitis*jdis*5 ,es*atologie 7,! ,orig9 ( ! ,israeliti% & ,jewi% ,es*atology71 ,gtt+51 #aije4 #cgg pp4 #afa ,johannes ,weiss1 n[ ,pr(essor at ,m>burg1 0 born at ,kiel 9 #ahfc4 #afb ,x may be m5tion$ t ?is "w _h be5 prec$$ 79 #ahia7 by two ,leid5 prize diss]tations1 b] die ,lehre vom ,rei* ,gottes im ,neu5 ,te/am5t 7,conc]n+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t71 "o ( !m by ,issel1 ! o!r1 :i* lays especially /rong emphasis ^u ! es*atology1 by ,s*moll]4 #afc ,wilhelm ,b\sset1 n[ ,pr(essor 9 ,gtt+51 born #ahfe at ,lbeck #afd ,!ol4 ,runds*au 7#aija71 #d1 pp4 #hiajc4 #afe ,w4 ,b\sset1 ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptik 9 ihr] religionsges*i*tli*5 ,h]kunft und ihr] ,b$eutung fr das ,neue ,te/am5t4 7,! ,orig9 ( ,apocalyptic z indicat$ by ,comp>ative ,religion1 & its significance = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47 ,b]l91 #aijc4 #fg pp4 ,see also ,w4 ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 #eab pp41 #aijb4 ,= ! ass]tion ( ,p>sic influ5ces see also ,/ave1 ,d] ,e9fluss des ,p>sismus auf das ,jud5tum4 ,ha>lem1 #ahih4 #aff ,d] ,grund*>akt] d] ,e?ik ,jesu im ,v]hltnis zu d5 messianis*5 ,h(fnung5 se9es ,volkes und zu se9em eig55 ,messiasbewus/se94 ,freiburg1 #ahie1 #aai pp4 ,see also 8 inaugural diss]tation ( #ahif1 ,le ,pr9cipe de la morale de ,jsus4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,a4 ,k4 ,rog]s1 ,! ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,jesus2 a ,critical ,analysis1 etc4 7,london & ,new ,york1 #ahid71 reg>ds ,jesus' tea*+ z purely e?ical1 refus+ to admit any es*atology at all4 #afg ,p>is1 #b vols41 #ejj & #eab pp4 #afh ,w4 ,weiff5ba*1 ,die ,frage d] ,wi$]kun/ ,jesu4 7,! ,"q conc]n+ ! ,second ,com+ ( ,jesus47 ,fri$b]g1 #aija4 #afi ,a4 ,titius1 ,die neute/am5tli*e ,lehre von d] ,seligkeit und ihre ,b$eutung fr die ,geg5w>t4 ,i4 ,teil3 ,jesu ,lehre vom ,rei* ,gottes4 7,! ,new ,te/am5t ,doctr9e ( ,bless$ness & its ,significance = ! ,pres5t4 ,pt4 ,i41 ,jesus' ,doctr9e ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god47 ,ar?ur ,titius1 n[ ,pr(essor at ,kiel1 0 born 9 #ahfd at ,s5sburg4 #agj ,die es*atologis*5 ,aussag5 ,jesu 9 d5 synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #afg pp4 ,eri* ,haupt1 n[ ,pr(essor 9 ,halle1 0 born 9 #ahda at ,/ralsund4 #aga ,cf4 ! preface to ! #bnd ed4 ( ,joh4 ,weiss's ,die ,pr$igt ,jesu vom ,rei*e ,gottes4 ,gtt+51 #aijj4 #agb ,tb+5,leipzig1 #aija1 #daj pp42 #bnd ed41 #aijd4 ,paul ,w]nle1 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory at ,basle1 0 born 9 ,zuri*1 #ahgb4 #agc ,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te1 #a/ ed41 #ahid1 pp4 #afcafh2 #bnd ed41 #ahie1 pp4 #aihbjd2 #crd ed41 #ahig2 #d? ed41 #aija1 pp4 #chjcid4 ,see also 8 ,skizz5 7,sket*es71 pp4 #f1 #ahg ff4 ,see also ,j4 ,wellhaus51 ,das ,evangelium ,m>ci1 #aijc1 #bnd ed41 #aiji2 ,das ,evangelium ,mat?i1 #aijd2 ,das ,evangelium ,lucae1 #aijd4 ,julius ,wellhaus51 n[ ,pr(essor at ,gtt+51 0 born 9 #ahdd at ,hameln4 #agd ,emil ,s*r]1 ,das messianis*e ,selb/bewus/se9 ,jesu ,*ri/i4 7,! ,messianic ,selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus ,*ri/47 #aijc1 #bd pp4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,me9hold1 too1 9 ,jesus und das alte ,te/am5t 7,jesus & ! ,old ,te/am5t71 #ahif1 ,jesus did n purpose to be ! ,messiah ( ,israel4 #age ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te und d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums auf ,grund e9] ,kritik d] ,b]i*te b] das ,leid5 und die ,auf]/ehung ,jesu4 7,! ,gospel ,hi/ory & ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity consid]$ 9 ! light ( a critical inve/igation ( ! ,reports ( ! ,suff]+ & ,resurrection ( ,jesus47 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,br&t1 ,leipzig1 #ahic1 #ehh pp4 ,wilhelm ,br&t 0 born 9 #ahee ( ,g]man p>5ts 9 ,am/]dam & became a pa/or ( ! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahia he resign$ ?is (fice & /udi$ 9 ,/rassburg & ,b]l94 ,9 #ahic he 0 appo9t$ to lecture 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,religion z a memb] ( ! !ological faculty ( ,am/]dam4 #agf ,ad4 ,jli*]1 ,die ,glei*nisr$5 ,jesu4 ,vol4 i41 #ahhh4 ,! sub/ance ( x _h already be5 publi%$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,freiburg1 #ahhf4 ,adolf ,jli*]1 at pres5t ,pr(essor 9 ,m>burg1 0 born 9 #aheg at ,falk5b]g4 #agg ,w4 ,b\sset1 ,jesu ,pr$igt 9 ihrem ,geg5satz zum ,jud5tum4 ,gtt+51 #ahib4 #agh ,ad4 ,jli*]1 ,die ,glei*nisr$5 ,jesu1 #bnd pt4 7,exposition ( ! ,p>ables 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels47 ,freiburg1 #ahii1 #fda pp4 ,*r4 ,a4 ,bugge1 ,die ,hauptp>abeln ,jesu 7,! mo/ important ,p>ables ( ,jesus71 ,g]man1 f ! ,norwegian1 ,giess51 #aijc1 rightly rem>ks on ! obscure & inexplicable "* ( "s ( ! p>ables1 b makes no attempt to deal ) x f ! hi/orical po9t ( view4 #agi ,arnold ,mey]1 ,jesu ,mutt]spra*e1 #ahif4 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 too1 9 8 ,ges*i*te ,jesu 7,freiburg1 #ahii71 def5ds ! same int]pretation1 & seeks to expla9 ?is obscure say+ by ! o!r ab\t ! 8/rait gate40 #ahj ,die ,pr$igt ,jesu vom ,rei*e ,gottes1 #bnd ed41 #aijj1 p4 #aib ff4 #aha ,/ud4 ,krit41 #ahcf1 pp4 #ijabb4 #ahb ,see also ,die ,vor/ellung5 vom ,messias und vom ,gottesrei* bei d5 ,synoptik]n4 7,! ,conceptions ( ! ,messiah & ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels47 ,by ,ludwig ,paul4 ,bonn1 #ahie4 #acj pp4 ,?is compreh5sive /udy discusses all ! problems :i* are ref]r$ to bel[4 ,matt4 xi4 #abad is discuss$ "u ! head+ 8,! ,h9d]]s ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god40 #ahc ,a4 ,hilg5feld1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,!ol41 #ahhh1 pp4 #dhhdih2 #ahib1 pp4 #ddedfd4 #ahd ,orello ,cone1 8,jesus' ,selfdesignation 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels10 ,! ,new ,_w1 #ahic1 pp4 #dibeah4 #ahe ,h4 ,l4 ,oort1 ,die uitdrukk+ 9 het ,nieuwe ,te/am5t4 7,! ,expression ,son ( ,man 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t47 ,leyd51 #ahic4 #ahf ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 8,! ,son ( ,man10 ,expos4 ,times1 #ahic4 #ahg ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptik 9 ihr] religionsges*i*tli*5 ,h]kunft und ihr] ,b$eutung fr das ,neue ,te/am5t4 7,jewi% ,apocalyptic 9 its religi\shi/orical orig9 & 9 its significance = ! ,new ,te/am5t47 #aijc4 ,on ! es*atology ( ,jesus see also ,s*w>tzkoppf1 ,die ,weissagung5 ,jesu ,*ri/i von se95 ,tode1 se9] ,auf]/ehung und ,wi$]kunft und ihre ,erfllung4 7,! ,pr$ictions ( ,jesus ,*ri/ conc]n+ ,8 ,dea?1 ,8 ,resurrection1 & ,second ,com+1 & _! ,fulfilm5t47 #ahie4 ,p4 ,w]nle1 ,die ,rei*gotte%(nung 9 d5 lte/5 *ri/li*5 ,dokum5t5 und bei ,jesus4 7,! ,hope ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,*ri/ian ,docum5ts & z held by ,jesus47 #ahh ,arnold ,mey]1 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology & ,pa/oral ,!ology at ,zuri*1 & =m]ly at ,bonn1 0 born at ,wesel 9 #ahfa4 #ahi ,giamb]n4 de ,rossi1 ,diss]tazione della l+ua propria di ,*ri/o e degli ,ebrei nazionali della ,pale/9a da' ,tempi de' ,maccabei 9 disam9a del s5tim5to di un rec5te scrittore ,italiano4 ,p>ma1 #aggb4 #aij ,d] ,b]i*t des ,mat?u von ,jesu dem ,messias4 7,mat!w's acc\nt ( ,jesus ! ,messiah47 ,altona1 #agib4 ,accord+ to ,mey]1 p4 #aje ff41 ?is 0 a v /rik+ p]=mance4 #aia ,! "n ,*aldee 0 due to ! mi/ak5 belief t ! language 9 :i* p>ts ( ,daniel & ,ezra 7 writt5 0 really ! v]nacul> ( ,babylonia4 ,t v]nacul>1 n[ kn[n to u f cunei=m tablets & inscriptions1 is a ,semitic language1 b q diff]5t f ,aramaic4--,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #aib ,emil ,fri$ri* ,kautzs* 0 born 9 #ahda at ,plau5 9 ,saxony1 & /udi$ 9 ,leipzig1 :]e he became ,privat,doc5t 9 #ahfi4 ,9 #ahgb he 0 call$ z ,pr(essor to ,basle1 9 #ahhj to ,tb+51 9 #ahhh to ,halle4 #aic ,gu/af ,dalman1 ,pr(essor at ,leipzig1 0 born 9 #ahfe at ,niesky4 ,9 addition to ! works ( 8 nam$ above1 see also ,d] leid5de und d] /]b5de ,messias 7,! ,suff]+ & ,dy+ ,messiah71 #ahhh2 & ,0 sagt d] ,talmud b] ,jesum8 7,:at does ! ,talmud say ab\t ,jesus871 #ahia4 #aid #b ,k+s xviii4 #bf ff4 #aie ,/udia ,biblica ,i4 ,essays 9 ,biblical ,ar*ology & ,criticism & ,k9dr$ ,subjects by ,memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,cl>5don ,press1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cigd4 ,see ,mey]1 p4 #bi ff4 #aif ,franz ,delitzs*1 ,die ,b*] des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts aus dem ,grie*is*5 ins ,hebris*e b]setzt4 #ahgg4 7,! ,books ( ! ,n4,t4 translat$ f ,greek into ,hebrew47 ,?is "w has be5 circulat$ by ?\s&s among ,jews ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,delitzs* 0 born 9 #ahac at ,leipzig & became ,privat,doc5t !re 9 #ahdb1 w5t to ,ro/ock z ,pr(essor 9 #ahdf1 to ,erlang5 9 #ahej1 & return$ 9 #ahfg to ,leipzig4 ,by conviction he 0 a /rict ,lu!ran 9 !ology4 ,he 0 "o ( ! lead+ exp]ts 9 ,late ,jewi% & ,talmudic lit]ature4 ,he di$ 9 #ahij4 #aig ,see ,mey]1 p4 #dg ff4 #aih ,see ,mey]1 p4 #fa ff4 #aii ,hans ,lietzmann1 n[ ,pr(essor 9 ,j5a1 0 born 9 #ahge at ,dsseldorf4 ,until 8 call to ,j5a he work$ z a ,privat,doc5t at ,bonn4 ,he has done "s v m]itori\s "w 9 ! publication ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s4 #bjj ,see ,mey]1 p4 #ada ff4 #bja 8,de ,oorsprong van de uitdrukk+ ',zoon des ,m5s*5' als evangelis*e ,messia/itel10 ,!ol4 ,tijds*r41 #ahid4 7,! ,orig9 ( ! ,expression 8,son ( ,man0 z a ,title ( ! ,messiah 9 ! ,gospels47 #bjb ,h4 ,lietzmann1 8,zur ,m5s*5sohnfrage0 7,! ,son(,man ,problem71 ,!ol4 ,arb4 des ,rhe94 wiss5s*aftl4 ,pr$ig]v]e9s1 #ahih4 #bjc ,n4 ,s*midt1 8,0 a ,messianic title80 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society = ,biblical ,lit]ature1 xv41 #ahif4 #bjd ,p4 ,s*mi$el1 8,d] ,"n ,m5s*5sohn und das ,messiasbewus/se9 ,jesu0 7,! ,designation ,son ( ,man & ! ,messianic ,consci\sness ( ,jesus71 #ahih1 ,prot4 ,monat%4 #b1 pp4 #bebbfg4 #bje ,h4 ,gunkel1 ,z4 w4 ,?41 #ahii1 #db1 pp4 #ehafaa4 #bjf ,= ! la/ phase ( ! discussion we may "n3 ,wellhaus51 ,skizz5 und ,vor>beit5 7,sket*es & ,/udies71 #ahii1 pp4 #ahgbae1 :]e he ?r[s fur!r light on ,dalman's philological objections2 & goes on to d5y ,jesus' use ( ! expression4 ,w4 ,bald5sp]g]1 8,die neue/e ,=s*ung b] d5 ,m5s*5sohn10 ,!ol4 ,runds*au1 #aijj1 #c1 pp4 #bjabaj1 #bdcbee4 ,p4 ,fiebig1 ,d] ,m5s*5sohn4 ,tb+51 #aija4 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el1 8,die neue/e ,auffassung des ,nam5s ,m5s*5sohn10 ,prot4 ,monat%4 #e1 pp4 #ccccea1 #aija4 7,! ,late/ ,view ( ! ,designation ,son ( ,man47 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 ii4 7,erlut]ung5--,explanations74 ,tb+51 #aijd1 p4 #aeg ff4 #bjg ,dalman's reputation z an au?ority ^u ,jewi% ,aramaic is s des]v$ly high1 t x is necess>y to po9t out t 8 solution did n1 z ,dr4 ,s*weitz] seems to say1 entirely dispose ( ! l+ui/ic difficulties rais$ by ,lietzmann z to ! mean+ & use ( b>n% & b>n% 9 ,aramaic4 ,! ,engli% read] w f9d ! l+ui/ic facts well put 9 sections #d & #cb ( ,n4 ,s*midt's article 8,son ( ,man0 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica 7cols4 #dgjh1 #dgbc71 or he may consult ,pr(4 ,bevan's review ( ,dalman's ,worte ,jesu 9 ! ,critical ,review = #ahii1 p4 #adh ff4 ,! ma9 po9t is t & are equally legitimate translations ( b>n%4 ,?us ! contra/ 9 ! ,greek betwe5 & 9 ,m>k ii4 #bg & #bh1 or aga9 9 ,m>k viii4 #cf & #ch1 disappe>s on retranslation into ! dialect spok5 by ,jesus4 ,:e!r ?is l+ui/ic fact makes ! say+s 9 :i* occurs unhi/orical is a fur!r "q1 ^u :i* s*ol>s c take1 & h tak51 opposite op9ions4--,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bjh ,see ,worte ,jesu1 #ahih1 p4 #aia ff4 7 ,e4 ,t4 p4 #bcd ff474 #bji ,see ! classical discussion 9 ,j4 ,weiss1 ,die ,pr$igt ,jesus vom ,rei*e ,gottes1 #ahib1 #a/ ed41 p4 #eb ff4 ,9 ! second edition1 ( #aijj1 p4 #afj ff41 he all[s himself to be l$ a/ray by ! 8*iefe/ apo/les0 ( mod]n !ology to indulge 9 ! subtleties ( f9espun psy*ology1 & expla9 ,jesus' way ( speak+ ( ,himself 9 ! ?ird p]son z ! ,son ( ,man z due to ! 8extreme mode/y ( ,jesus10 a mode/y :i* did n =sake ,him 9 ! pres5ce ( ,8 judges4 ,?is rec5t access ( psy*ologis+ exegesis has n conduc$ to cle>ness ( pres5tation1 & ! pref]5ce = ! ,lucan n>rative does n s mu* contribute to ?r[ light on ! facts z to discov] 9 ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus subtleties ( :i* ! hi/orical ,jesus nev] dreamt4 ,if ! ,"l always us$ ! t]m ,son ( ,man :5 speak+ ( ,8 ,messiah%ip1 ! reason 0 t ?is 0 ! only way 9 :i* ,he c\ld speak ( x at all1 s9ce ! ,messiah%ip 0 n yet realis$1 b 0 only to be s at ! appe>+ ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,= a consi/5t1 purely hi/orical1 nonpsy*ological exposition ( ! ,son(,man passages see ,alb]t ,s*weitz]1 ,das ,messianitts und ,leid5sgeheimnis4 7,! ,secret ( ! ,messiah%ip & ! ,passion47 ,a sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,tb+51 #aija4 #baj ,see ,dalman1 p4 #fj ff4 ,john ,lightfoot1 ,horae ,hebraicae et ,talmudicae 9 quatuor ,evangeli/as4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,c>pzov4 ,leipzig1 #afhd4 ,*ri/ian ,s*ttg51 ,horae ,hebraicae et ,talmudicae 9 univ]sum ,novum ,te/am5tum4 ,dresd5,leipzig1 #agcc4 ,joh4 ,g]h4 ,meus*51 ,novum ,te/am5tum ex ,talmude et antiquitatibus ,hebraeorum illu/ratum4 ,leipzig1 #agcf4 ,j4 ,jakob4 ,wett/e91 ,novum ,te/am5tum ,graecum4 ,am/]dam1 #agea & #ageb4 ,f4 ,nork1 ,rabb9is*e ,quell5 und ,p>allel5 zu neute/am5tli*5 ,s*rift/ell51 ,leipzig1 #ahci4 ,franz ,delitzs*1 8,horae ,hebraicae et ,talmudicae10 9 ! ,lu?4 ,zeits*41 #ahgfahgh4 ,c>l ,siegfri$1 ,analecta ,rabb9ica1 #ahge2 8,rabb94 ,analekt510 ,jahrb4 f4 prot4 ,!ol41 #ahgf4 ,a4 ,wns*e1 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,erlut]ung d] ,evangeli5 aus ,talmud und ,midras*4 7,contributions to ! ,exposition ( ! ,gospels f ,talmud & ,midra%47 ,gtt+51 #ahgh4 #baa ,leipzig1 #ahhj2 #bnd ed41 #ahig4 #bab ,cf4 = :at foll[s1 ,jli*]1 ,die ,glei*nisr$5 ,jesu1 i41 #ahhh1 p4 #afd ff4 #bac ,rob]t ,%]+ham ( ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 a royali/ div9e1 publi%$ an edition ( ! ,talmudic tractate ,yoma4 ,london1 #afdh4--;,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #bad ,t4 ,tal1 ,pr(essor ,oort und d] ,talmud1 #ahhj4 ,see ^u ?is ,van ,man51 ,jahrb4 f4 prot4 ,!ol41 #ahhd1 p4 #efi4 ,! be/ collection ( ,talmudic p>ables is1 accord+ to ,jli*]1 t ( ,pr(4 ,guis4 ,levi1 translat$ by ,l4 ,seligman z ,p>abeln1 ,leg5d5 und ,g$ank5 aus ,talmud und ,midras*4 ,leipzig1 #bnd ed41 #ahgg4 #bae ,! "q may be said to h be5 provisionally settl$ by ,paul ,fiebig's "w1 ,altjdis*e ,glei*nisse und die ,glei*nisse ,jesu 7,anci5t ,jewi% ,p>ables & ! ,p>ables ( ,jesus71 ,tb+51 #aijd1 9 :i* he gives "s fifty ,late,jewi% p>ables1 & comp>es !m ) ^? ( ,jesus1 ! f9al result be+ to %[ m cle>ly ?an ev] ! uniqu5ess & absolut5ess ( ,8 creations4 #baf ,see ! explanation by means ( ! ,aramaic ( a selection ( ! say+s ( ,jesus 9 ,mey]1 pp4 #gbij4 ,a ,judaism m "u ,p>see influ5ce is assum$ z expla9+ ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity by ,e4 ,bkl51 ,die ,v]w&s*aft d] jdis**ri/li*5 mit d] p>sis*5 ,es*atologie 7,! ,relation ( ,jewi%,*ri/ian to ,p]sian ,es*atology71 #aijb1 #eaj ff4 #bag ,! same view is express$ by ,wellhaus51 ,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te1 #crd ed41 p4 #cha1 note #b2 & by ,alb]t ,s*weitz]1 ,das ,messianitts und ,leid5sgeheimnis1 #aija4 #bah ,see ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 & ,f\r? ,ezra4 #bai ,la ,vie inconnue de ,jsus,*ri/1 p> ,nicolas ,not[its*4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 #bbj ,see ,jli*]1 ,glei*nisr$5 ,jesu1 i41 #ahhh1 p4 #agb ff4 #bba ,max ,mll]1 ,india1 ,:at c x tea* u8 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #bgi4 #bbb ,rudolf ,seydel1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 ,das ,evangelium von ,jesu 9 se95 ,v]hltniss5 zu ,buddha,sage und ,buddha,lehre mit =tlauf5d] ,rcksi*t auf &]e ,religionskreise4 7,! ,gospel ( ,jesus 9 its relation to ! ,buddha ,leg5d & ! ,tea*+ ( ,buddha1 ) con/ant ref]5ce to o!r religi\s gr\ps47 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #ccg4 ,o!r works by ! same au?or are ,buddha und ,*ri/us4 ,deuts*e ,b*]ei ,no4 #cc1 ,breslau1 ,s*ottlnd]1 #ahhd4 ,die ,buddha,leg5de und das ,leb5 ,jesu na* d5 ,evangeli54 #bnd ed4 ,weim>1 #ahig4 7,edit$ by ! son ( ! late au?or47 #abi pp4 ,see also on ?is "q ,van d5 ,b]gh van ,eys+a1 ,indis*e ,e9flsse auf evangelis*e ,erzhlung54 ,gtt+51 #aijd4 #ajd pp4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology 7,london1 #aijj71 ! ,*ri/,my? is m]ely a =m ( ! ,kri%na,my?4 ,! :ole ,gospel tradition is to be symbolically int]pret$4 #bbc ,das ,*ri/5tum des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aije4 #bbd ,he9ri* ,julius ,holtzmann1 ,h&komm5t>4 ,die ,synoptik]4 #a/ ed41 #ahhi2 #crd ed41 #aija4 ,lehrbu* d] neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie1 #ahif1 vol4 i4 #bbe ,9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! /udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus has rema9$ d[n to ! pres5t day entirely free f scepticism4 ,! reason ( t is1 t 9 pr9ciple x has rema9$ at a pre,/raussian /&po9t1 & does n v5ture ^u an unres]v$ application ( hi/orical consid]ations ei!r to ! miracle "q or to ! ,johann9e "q1 & naturally !re=e resigns ! attempt to take acc\nt ( & expla9 ! great hi/orical problems4 ,we may "n ! foll[+ ,lives ( ,jesus produc$ by ,g]man ,ca?olic writ]s3-- ,joh4 ,nep4 ,sepp1 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu ,*ri/i4 ,reg5sburg1 #ahdcahdf4 #g vols41 #bnd ed41 #ahecahfb4 ,pet] ,s*egg1 ,se*s ,b*] des ,leb5s ,jesu4 7,! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ,six ,books47 ,freiburg1 #ahgdahge4 c4 #abjj pp4 ,joseph ,grimm1 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,wrzburg1 #bnd ed41 #ahijaijc4 #f vols4 ,ri*>d von ,kralik1 ,jesu ,leb5 und ,w]k4 ,kempt5,nrnb]g1 #aijd4 #dha pp4 ,w4 ,capita9e1 ,jesus von ,naz>e?4 ,reg5sburg1 #aije4 #aib pp4 ,h[ n>r[ are ! limits )9 :i* ! ,ca?olic /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus moves ev5 :5 x aims at sci5tific treatm5t1 is illu/rat$ by ,h]mann ,s*ell's ,*ri/us 7,ma9z1 #aijc4 #aeb pp474 ,aft] read+ ! =tytwo que/ions ) :i* he introduces 8 n>rative "o might suppose t ! au?or 0 well aw>e ( ! be>+ ( all ! hi/orical problems ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & int5d$ to supply an answ] to !m4 ,in/ead ( do+ s1 h[ev]1 he adopts z ! "w proce$s m & m ! rle ( an apologi/1 n fac+ def9itely ei!r ! miracle "q or ! ,johann9e "q1 b glid+ ov] ! difficulties by ! aid ( +5i\s head+s1 s t 9 ! end 8 book almo/ takes ! =m ( an explanatory text to ! eightyn9e illu/rations :i* adorn ! book & make x difficult to read4 ,9 ,france1 ,r5an's "w gave ! inc5tive to an ext5sive ,ca?olic 8,life(,jesus0 lit]ature4 ,we may "n ! foll[+3-- ,l\is ,veuillot1 ,la ,vie de notre ,seigneur ,jsus,*ri/4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #eji pp4 ,g]man by ,waldey]4 ,kln,neuss1 #ahfd4 #egc pp4 ,h4 ,wallon1 ,vie de notre ,seigneur ,jsus,*ri/4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 #cee pp4 ,a "w :i* met ) a p>ticul>ly fav\rable reception 0 t ( ,pre ,didon1 ! ,dom9ican1 ,jsus,*ri/1 ,p>is1 #ahia1 #b vols41 vol4 i4 #dhc pp41 vol4 ii4 #dfi pp4 ,! ,g]man translation is dat$ #ahie4 ,9 ! same ye> !re appe>$ a new edition ( ! 8,bitt] ,suff]+s ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/0 7see above1 p4 #aji f47 by ,ka?>9a ,emm]i*2 ! *eap popul> edition ( ! translation ( ,r5an's 8,life ( ,jesus02 & ! eigh? edition ( ,/rauss's 8,life ( ,jesus = ! ,g]man ,p40 ,we may quote f ! ecclesia/ical ,approbation pr9t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,didon's ,life ( ,jesus4 8,if ! au?or sometimes seems to speak ! language ( 8 oppon5ts1 x is at once evid5t t he has aim$ at defeat+ !m on _! own gr\nd1 & he is p>ticul>ly successful 9 do+ s :5 he confronts _! irreligi\s a priori !ories ) ! positive argum5ts ( hi/ory40 ,z a matt] ( fact ! "w is skilfully writt51 b )\t a sp>k ( und]/&+ ( ! hi/orical que/ions4 ,all hon\r to ,alfr$ ,loisy6 7,le ,quatrime vangile1 ,p>is1 #aijc1 #ifj pp471 :o takes a cle> view on ! ,johann9e "q1 & d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a ,johann9e hi/orical tradition4 ,b :at t means = ! ,ca?olic camp may be recognis$ f ! excitem5t produc$ by ! book & its express condemnation4 ,see also ! same writ]'s ,l'vangile et l'glise 7,g]man translation1 ,muni*1 #aijd1 #ahi pp471 9 :i* ,loisy "h & !re makes good hi/orical po9ts aga9/ ,h>nack's 8,:at is ,*ri/ianity80 #bbf ,osk> ,holtzmann1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,giess51 0 born 9 #ahei at ,/uttg>t4 #bbg ,?is sugge/ion rem9ds u involunt>ily ( ! old rationali/ic ,lives ( ,jesus1 :i* are di/ress$ t ,jesus %\ld h injur$ ! good p ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,ges>5es by sacrific+ _! sw9e 9 heal+ ! demoniac4 ,a good deal ( old rationali/ic mat]ial crops up 9 ! v late/ ,lives ( ,jesus1 z _c inde$ fail to be ! case 9 view ( ! arbitr>y int]pretation ( detail :i* is common to bo?4 ,accord+ to ,osk> ,holtzmann ! b>r5 figtree has also a symbolical mean+4 8,x is a pl$ge giv5 by ,god to ,jesus t ,8 fai? %all n be put to %ame 9 ! great "w ( ,8 life40 #bbh ,isaiah lxii4 #aa1 8,say ye to ! daught] ( ,zion1 ,behold1 ?y salvation come?40 #bbi 8,= ,jesus ,himself10 ,osk> ,holtzmann argues1 8?is discov]y0--he means ! ant9omy :i* ,he _h discov]$ 9 ,psalm cx4--8dispos$ ( a d\bt :i* _h always haunt$ him4 ,if ,he _h really kn[n ,himself to be desc5d$ f ! ,davidic l9e1 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly n h publicly sugge/$ a d\bt z to ! ,davidic desc5t ( ! ,messiah40 #bcj ,osk> ,holtzmann's "w1 ,w> ,jesus ,ek/atik]8 7,tb+51 #aijc1 #aci pp47 is 9 reality a new read+ ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,by emphasis+ ! ec/atic elem5t he breaks ) ! 8natural0 conception ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus2 &1 9 s f>1 approa*es ! es*atological view4 ,b he gives a v wide significance to ! t]m ec/atic1 subsum+ "u x1 x might almo/ be said1 all ! es*atological ?\ghts & utt]ances ( ,jesus4 ,he expla9s1 = in/ance1 t 8! conviction ( ! approa*+ de/ruction ( exi/+ conditions is ec/atic40 ,at ! same "t1 ! only purpose s]v$ by ! hypo!sis ( ec/asy is to enable ! au?or to attribute to ,jesus 8,! belief t 9 ,8 own "w ! ,k+dom ( ,god 0 already beg9n+1 & ! promise ( ! ,k+dom to individuals2 ?is c only be consid]$ ec/atic40 ,! opposites :i* ,b\sset br+s toge!r by ! conception ( p>adox are unit$ by ,holtzmann by means ( ! hypo!sis ( ec/asy4 ,t is1 h[ev]1 to play fa/ & loose ) ! mean+ ( 8ec/asy40 ,an ec/asy is1 9 ! usual und]/&+ ( ! ^w1 an abnormal1 transi5t condition ( excitem5t 9 :i* ! subject's natural capacity = ?\ght & feel+1 & !re) all impressions f )\t1 are susp5d$1 be+ sup]s$$ by an int5se m5tal excitation & activity4 ,jesus may possibly h be5 9 an ec/atic /ate at ,8 baptism & at ! transfiguration4 ,:at ,o4 ,holtzmann repres5ts z a k9d ( p]man5t ec/atic /ate is r an es*atological fix$ idea4 ,) es*atology1 ec/asy has no ess5tial connexion4 ,x is possible to be es*atologically m9d$ )\t be+ an ec/atic1 & vice v]sa4 ,philo attributes a great importance to ec/asy 9 8 religi\s life1 b he 0 sc>cely1 if at all1 int]e/$ 9 es*atology4 #bca ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 n[ ,pr(essor 9 ,basle1 0 born 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahde4 #bcb ,otto ,s*mi$el1 ,pr(essor at ! ,gymnasium at ,eis5a*1 ,die ,hauptprobleme d] ,leb5,jesu,=s*ung4 ,tb+51 #aijb4 #ga pp4 ,s*mi$el 0 born 9 #aheh4 ,h]mann ,freih]r von ,sod51 ,die wi*tig/5 ,frag5 im ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,von ,sod51 ,pr(essor 9 ,b]l91 & prea*] at ! ,j]usalem ,kir*e1 0 born 9 #aheb4 ,we may m5tion also ! foll[+ works3-- ,fritz ,b>? 7born #ahef1 ,pr(essor at ,b]n71 ,die ,hauptprobleme des ,leb5s ,jesu4 #a/ ed41 #ahii2 #bnd ed41 #aijc4 ,fri$ri* ,nippold's ,d] ,entwicklungsgang des ,leb5s ,jesu im ,wortlaut d] drei er/5 ,evangeli5 7,! ,c\rse ( ! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ! ,words ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,evangeli/s7 7,hamburg1 #ahie1 #bac pp47 is only an arrangem5t ( ! sections4 ,konrad ,furr]'s ,vortrge b] das ,leb5 ,jesu ,*ri/i 7,lectures on ! ,life ( ,jesus ,*ri/7 h a special *>m by reason ( ! au?or's k ( ! c\ntry & ! locality4 ,furr]1 :o 0 born 9 #ahch1 is ,pr(essor at ,zuri*4 ,ano!r "w :i* %\ld n be =gott5 is ,r4 ,otto's ,leb5 und ,wirk5 ,jesu na* hi/oris*kritis*] ,auffassung 7,life & ,"w ( ,jesus f ! ,po9t ( ,view ( ,hi/orical ,criticism74 ,a ,lecture4 ,gtt+51 #aijb4 ,rudolf ,otto1 born 9 #ahfi1 is ,privat,doc5t at ,gtt+54 #bcc ,s*mi$el is n altoge!r "r 9 mak+ 8! ,heidelb]g ,pr(essor ,paulus0 foll[ ! same l9es z ,reim>us1 8except t 8 works1 ( #ahjd & #ahbh1 are less malignant1 b only ! m dull = t40 ,9 reality ! dei/ic ,life ( ,jesus by ,reim>us1 & ! rationali/ic ,life by ,paulus h no?+ 9 common4 ,paulus 0 p]haps influ5c$ by ,v5tur9i1 b n by ,reim>us4 ,! ass]tion t ,/rauss wrote 8 8,life ( ,jesus = ! ,g]man p0 because 8,r5an's fame gave him no peace0 is n ju/ifi$1 ei!r by ,/rauss's "* or by ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! second ,life ( ,jesus 0 produc$4 #bcd ,von ,sod5 gives on pp4 #bd ff4 ! passages ( ,m>k :i* he supposes to be d]iv$ f ! ,petr9e tradition 9 a diff]5t ord] f t 9 :i* !y occur 9 ,m>k1 regr\p+ !m freely4 ,he puts toge!r1 = in/ance1 ,m>k i4 #afbj1 iii4 #acai1 vi4 #gaf1 viii4 #bg;ix4 #a1 ix4 #ccdj1 "u ! title 8,! =mation & tra9+ ( ! b& ( disciples40 ,he supposes ,m>k1 ! pupil ( ,pet]1 to h gr\p$ 9 ?is way by a k9d ( association ( ideas 8:at he _h he>d ,pet] relate 9 8 mission>y j\rneys1 :5 writ+ x d[n aft] ,pet]'s dea?1 n connect$ly1 b giv+ z mu* z he c\ld rememb] ( x02 ?is w\ld be 9 accordance ) ! /atem5t ( ,papias t ,m>k wrote 8n 9 ord]40 ,papias's /atem5t1 !re=e1 ref]s to an 8,ur,m>kus10 :i* he f\nd lack+ 9 hi/orical ord]4 ,b :at are we to make ( a repres5tative ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ?us approa*+ ! ,gospels ) ! dem& = hi/orical arrangem5t8 ,& good1 simple old ,papias1 ( all p6 ,b if ! ,m>can plan 0 n laid d[n 9 8,ur,m>kus10 !re is no?+ = x--s9ce ! plan 0 c]ta9ly n giv5 9 ! collection ( ,logia--b to ascribe x to ! au?or ( our ,gospel ( ,m>k1 to ! man1 t is1 :o wrote d[n = ! fir/ "t ^! 8,paul9e conceptions10 ^? reflections ( exp]i5ces ( individual believ]s & ( ! community1 & ins]t$ !m into ! ,gospel4 ,x is propos$1 !n1 to reta9 ! outl9e :i* he has giv5 ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & reject at ! same "t :at he relates4 ,t is to say1 he is to be believ$ :]e x is conv5i5t to believe him1 & sil5c$ :]e x is inconv5i5t4 ,no m complete refutation ( ! ,m>can hypo!sis c\ld possibly be giv5 ?an ?is analysis1 = x de/roys its v f\ndation1 ! confid5t acceptance ( ! hi/oricity ( ! ,m>can plan4 ,if !re is to be an analysis ( s\rces 9 ,m>k1 !n ! ,m>can plan mu/ be ascrib$ to 8,ur,m>kus10 o!rwise ! analysis r5d]s ! ,m>kan hypo!sis hi/orically useless4 ,b if 8,ur,m>kus0 is to be recon/ruct$ on ! basis ( assign+ to x ! ,m>can plan1 !n we _c sep>ate ! natural f ! sup]natural1 = ! sup]natural sc5es1 l ! fe$+ ( ! multitude & ! transfiguration1 are among ! ma9 features ( ! ,m>can outl9e4 ,no hypo!tical analysis ( 8,ur,m>kus0 has escap$ ?is dilemma2 :at x c effect by lit]>y me?ods is hi/orically useless1 & :at w\ld be hi/orically useful _c be atta9$ nor 8pres5t$0 by lit]>y me?ods4 #bce ,von ,sod51 = in/ance1 g]manises ,jesus :5 he writes1 8& ?is nature is s\nd to ! core4 ,9 spite ( its inw>dness !re is no trace ( an exagg]at$ s5tim5tality4 ,9 spite ( all ! int5sity ( pray] !re is no?+ ( ec/asy or vision4 ,no apocalyptic dreampictures f9d a lodg+place 9 ,8 s\l40 ,is a man :o tea*es a _wr5\nc+ e?ic :i* sometimes so>s to ! dizzy heights su* z t ( ,matt4 xix4 #ab1 accord+ to our conceptions 8s\nd to ! core08 ,& does n ! life ( ,jesus pres5t a numb] ( occasions on :i* ,he seems to h be5 9 an ec/asy8 ,?us1 von ,sod5 has n simply read 8 ,jesus out ( ! texts1 b has add$ some?+ ( 8 own1 & t some?+ is ,g]manic 9 col\r+4 #bcf i4e4 ! ,,ms4 ,life ( ,jesus writt5 by ,kai ,jans1 "o ( ! *>act]s ( ! novel4 ,! way 9 :i* ! :ole lifeexp]i5ce ( ?is "* prep>es him = ! writ+ ( ! ,life is /rik+ly--if n always acceptably--work$ out4--,,translator4 #bcg ,fr5ss5's ,kai ,jans pr(esses to h us$ ! 8results ( ! :ole range ( critical inve/igation0 9 writ+ 8 "w4 ,among ! books :i* he enum]ates & recomm5ds 9 ! aft]^w1 we miss ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,weisse1 ,keim1 ,volkm>1 & ,br&t1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! names ( ^? :o 9 ! pa/ h done some?+ really great & orig9al4 ,( ! mod]ns1 ,johannes ,weiss is lack+4 ,wr$e is m5tion$1 b is virtually ignor$4 ,pfleid]]'s rem>kable & pr(\nd pres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! ,ur*ri/5tum 7,e4 ,t4 8,primitive ,*ri/ianity10 vol4 ii41 #aiji7 is nonexi/5t s f> z he is conc]n$4 #bch ,heimatkun/1 ! ideal t e production ( ,g]man art %\ld be racy ( ! soil4 ,x has its relative ju/ification z a prote/ aga9/ ! long subs]vi5ce ( "s dep>tm5ts ( ,g]man art to ,fr5* ta/e4--,,translator4 #bci ,! ,jesus ( ,h4 ,s4 ,*amb]la9's ,worte ,*ri/i1 #aija1 #bhf pp41 is also mod]n4 ,b ! mod]nity is n s obtrusive1 because he describes only ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 n ,8 life4 #bdj ,born 9 #ahci at ,/ett94 ,/udi$ at ,tb+51 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor 9 #ahgj at ,j5a & 9 #ahge at ,b]l94 7,di$ #aijh47 #bda ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 se9e ,s*rift5 und ,lehr5 9 ges*i*tli*em ,zusamm5hang bes*rieb54 #bnd ed4 ,b]l91 #aijb4 ,vol4 i4 7#fif pp471 #fae ff43 ,die ,pr$igt ,jesu und d] ,glaube d] ,urgeme9de 7,engli% ,translation1 8,primitive ,*ri/ianity10 *ap4 xvi474 ,pfleid]]'s late/ views are set =? 9 8 "w1 bas$ on academic lectures1 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,ur*ri/5tums4 7,h[ ,*ri/ianity arose47 ,muni*1 #aije4 #bee pp4 #bdb ,alb]t ,kal?(f1 ,das ,*ri/usproblem4 ,grundl9i5 zu e9] ,sozial!ologie4 7,! ,problem ( ! ,*ri/3 ,gr\ndplan ( a ,social ,!ology47 ,leipzig1 #aijb4 #hg pp4 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums4 ,neue ,beitrge zum ,*ri/usproblem4 7,h[ ,*ri/ianity arose47 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 #aee pp4 ,alb]t ,kal?(f 0 born 9 #ahej at ,b>m51 & is engag$ 9 pa/oral "w 9 ,brem54 #bdc ,das ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,prote/ant ,re=m ,society at ,b]l94 ,b]l91 #ahhj4 #agc pp4 #bdd ,if ,kal?(f w\ld only h spok5 ( ! conception ( ! resurrection in/ead ( ! conception ( immortality6 ,!n 8 subjective k w\ld h be5 m or less tol]able4 #bde ,aga9/ ,kal?(f3 ,wilhelm ,b\sset1 ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 7,:at d we "k ab\t ,jesus87 ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,prote/ant5v]e9 at ,brem54 ,halle1 #aijd4 #gc pp4 ,9 reply3 ,alb]t ,kal?(f1 ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 ,a settlem5t ( acc\nts ) ,pr(essor ,b\sset4 ,b]l91 #aijd4 #dc pp4 ,a s\nd hi/orical position is set =? 9 ! cle> & tr5*ant lecture ( ,w4 ,kapp1 ,das ,*ri/us und ,*ri/5tumsproblem bei ,kal?(f4 7,! problem ( ! ,*ri/ & ( ,*ri/ianity z h&l$ by ,kal?(f47 ,/rassburg1 #aije4 #bc pp4 #bdf ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 ,das ,*ri/5tum des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts4 7,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,n4,t47 #bnd1 revis$ & alt]$1 edition ( ! 8,lett]s on ! ,*ri/ian ,religion40 ,sa*sa9!,h>z1 #aije4 #caa pp4 #bdg ,edu>d von ,h>tmann ought1 !re=e1 to h giv5 8 assi/ance to ! o!rs :o h made ?is ass]tion 9 prov+ t !re really exi/$ ,messianic claimants be=e & at ! "t ( ,jesus4 #bdh 8,jesus10 by ,jli*]1 9 ,die ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t4 7,an encyclopa$ic publication :i* is appe>+ 9 p>ts47 ,teubn]1 ,b]l91 #aije1 pp4 #djfi4 ,see also ,w4 ,b\sset1 8,jesus10 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,volksb*]4 7,a s]ies ( religi\shi/orical monographs47 ,publi%$ by ,s*iele1 ,halle1 #aijd4 ,"h %\ld be m5tion$ also ! ?\ghtful book1 foll[+ v mu* ! l9es ( ,jli*]1 by ,edu>d ,grimm1 entitl$ ,die ,e?ik ,jesu1 ,hamburg1 #aijc1 #bhh pp4 ,! au?or1 born 9 #ahdh1 is ! *ief pa/or at ! ,nicolaikir*e 9 ,hamburg4 ,ano!r "w :i* des]ves m5tion is ,arno ,neumann1 ,jesu wie er ges*i*tli* w> 7,jesus z he hi/orically exi/$71 ,freiburg1 #aijd1 #aih pp4 7,new ,pa?s to ! ,old ,god71 a ,life ( ,jesus di/+ui%$ by a l(ty ve9 ( natural poetry & bas$ ^u solid !ological k4 ,arno ,neumann is headma/] ( a s*ool at ,apolda4 #bdi ,jes*ua4 ,d] klassis*e jdis*e ,mann4 ,z]/rung des kir*li*51 ,en?llung des jdis*5 ,jesus,bildes4 ,b]l91 #aijd1 #aab pp4 ,e>li] /udies ( ! ,life ( ,jesus f ! ,jewi% po9t ( view _h be5 less ambiti\s4 ,dr4 ,aug4 ,wns*e _h writt5 9 #ahgb on 8,jesus 9 ,8 attitude t[>ds wom50 f ! ,talmudic /&po9t 7#adf pp471 & _h describ$ ,him f ! same /&po9t z a ,jesus :o rejoic$ 9 life1 ,d] leb5sfreudige ,jesus d] synoptis*5 ,evangeli5 im ,geg5satz zum leid5d5 ,messias d] ,kir*e4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf1 #ddd pp4 ,! basis is s f> correct1 t ! es*atological1 _wr5\nc+ e?ic :i* we f9d 9 ,jesus 0 due to tempor>y conditions & is !re=e transitory1 & _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ,judaism z su*4 ,! _s ( ! ,law is ! opposite ( _wr5\nc+4 ,b ! ,talmud1 be its traditions nev] s tru/wor?y1 c\ld tea* u little ab\t ,jesus because x has pres]v$ sc>cely a trace ( t es*atological phase ( ,jewi% religion & e?ics4 #bej ,wolfgang ,kir*ba*1 ,0 lehrte ,jesus8 ,zwei ,urevangeli54 ,b]l91 #ahig1 #bdh pp42 second greatly enl>g$ & improv$ edition1 #aijb1 #cci pp4 ,by ! same au?or1 ,das ,bu* ,jesus4 ,die ,urevangeli54 ,neu na*gewies51 neu b]setzt1 geordnet und aus d] ,urspra*e erklrt4 7,! ,book ( ,jesus4 ,! ,primitive ,gospels4 ,newly trac$1 translat$1 arrang$1 & expla9$ on ! basis ( ! orig9al47 ,b]l91 #ahig4 #bea ,be=e him1 ,hugo ,delff1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rabbi ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 7,leipzig1 #ahhi1 #dbh pp471 _h conf9$ himself to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ev5 )9 t ,gospel he drew "s critical di/9ctions4 ,8 ,jesus at fir/ conceals ,8 ,messiah%ip f ! fe> ( ar\s+ ! political expectations ( ! p1 & speaks to !m ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,at ,8 second visit to ,j]usalem ,he breaks ) ! rul]s1 is subsequ5tly compell$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! conflict ov] ! ,sabba?1 to leave ,galilee1 & !n gives up ,8 own p & turns to ! hea!n4 ,delff expla9s ! rais+ ( ,laz>us by suppos+ him to h be5 buri$ 9 a /ate ( trance4 #beb ,alb]t ,dulk1 ,d] ,irrgang des ,leb5s ,jesu4 ,9 ges*i*tli*] ,aufassung d>ge/ellt4 ,er/] ,teil3 ,die hi/oris*5 ,wurzeln und die galilis*e ,blte1 #ahhd4 #cie pp4 ,zweit] ,teil3 ,d] ,messiase9zug und die ,erhebung ans ,kreuz1 #ahhe1 #cjb pp4 7,! ,error ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,hi/orically appreh5d$ & set =?4 ,pt4 i41 ,! ,hi/orical ,roots & ! ,galilaean ,blossom4 ,pt4 ii41 ,! ,messianic ,entry & ! ,crucifixion47 ,! c\rse ( ,dulk's own life 0 some:at erratic4 ,born 9 #ahai1 he came prom95tly =w>d 9 ! revolution ( #ahdh1 z a political pamphlete] & agitator4 ,lat]1 ?\gh almo/ )\t means1 he und]took long j\rneys1 ev5 to ,s9ai & to ,lapl&4 ,f9ally1 he work$ z a social democratic re=m]4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhd4 #bec ,a sci5tific treatm5t ( ?is subject is suppli$ by ,fr4 ,nippold1 ,die psy*iatris*e ,seite d] ,heil/tigkeit ,jesu 7,! ,psy*iatric ,side ( ,jesus' ,works ( ,heal+71 #ahhi1 9 :i* a lum9\s review ( ! m$ical mat]ial is to be f\nd4 ,see also ,dr4 ,k4 ,kunz1 ,*ri/us m$icus1 ,freiburg 9 ,bad51 #aije1 #gd pp4 ,! sci5tific value ( ?is "w is1 h[ev]1 v mu* r$uc$ by ! fact t ! au?or has no acqua9tance ) ! prelim9>y que/ions belong+ to ! sph]e ( hi/ory & lit]ature1 & reg>ds all ! miracles ( heal+ z actual ev5ts1 believ+ himself able to expla9 !m f ! m$ical po9t ( view4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! "w is ma9ly apologetic4 #bed ,jesus von ,naz>e?4 ,describ$ f ! ,sci5tific1 ,hi/orical1 & ,social ,po9t ( ,view4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* 7into ,g]man7 by ,a4 ,j4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,! au?or1 ^: real "n is ,p4 ,a4 ,desj>d91 is a practis+ physician4 ,de ,rgla1 too1 makes ! ,f\r? ,gospel ! basis ( 8 n>rative4 #bee ,pi]re ,nahor 7,emilie ,l]\71 ,jesus4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,walt] ,blo*4 ,b]l91 #aije4 ,its motto is3 ,! figure ( ,jesus belongs1 l all my/]i\s1 h]oic1 or my?ical figures1 to leg5d & poetry4 ,9 ! introduction we f9d ! /atem5t1 8,?is book is a confession ( fai?40 ,! n>rative is bas$ on ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 #bef ,la ,vie inconnue de ,jsus,*ri/4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 #cja pp4 ,g]man1 "u ! title ,die ,lcke im ,leb5 ,jesu 7,! ,gap 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus74 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid4 #ahf pp4 ,see ,holtzmann 9 ! ,!ol4 ,jahresb]i*t1 xiv4 p4 #adj4 ,9 a c]ta9 limit$ s5se ! "w ( ,a4 ,lillie1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 7,london1 #ahic71 is to be numb]$ among ! fictiti\s works on ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! fictiti\s elem5t consi/s 9 ,jesus be+ made an ,ess5e by ! writ]1 & ,ess5ism equat$ ) ,buddhism4 ,among 8edify+0 romances on ! life ( ,jesus int5d$ = family read+1 t ( ! ,engli% writ] ,j4 ,h4 ,+raham1 ,! ,pr9ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,david1 has _h a v long lease ( life4 ,x appe>$ 9 a ,g]man translation z e>ly z #aheh1 & 0 reissu$ 9 #aijf 7,brunswick74 ,a fictiti\s life ( ,jesus ( wond]ful beauty is ,pet] ,rosegg]'s ,i4,n4,r4,i4 ,frohe ,bots*aft e9es arm5 ,snd]s 7,! ,glad ,tid+s ( a poor ,s9n]74 ,leipzig1 #f?#aj? ?\s&1 #aijf4 #bic pp4 ,a fem99e po9t ( view reveals itself 9 ,c4 ,rau*'s ,jes*ua b5 ,joseph4 ,dei*]t1 #ahii4 #beg ,la ,vie sotrique de ,jsu,*ri/ et les orig9es ori5tales du *ri/ianisme4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 #dde pp4 ,t ,jesus 0 ( ,aryan race is argu$ by ,a4 ,mll]1 :o assumes a ,gauli% immigration into ,galilee4 ,jesus e9 ,ari]4 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 #gd pp4 #beh ,did ,jesus live #ajj ,b4,c48 ,london & ,b5>es4 ,!osophical ,publi%+ ,society1 #aijc4 #ddj pp4 ,a sci5tific discussion ( ! 8,tol$o? ,je%u10 ) citations f ! ,talmudic tradition conc]n+ ,jesus1 is (f]$ by ,s4 ,krauss1 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu na* jdis*5 ,quell51 #aijb4 #cji pp4 ,accord+ to him ! ,tol$o? ,je%u 0 committ$ to writ+ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & he is ( op9ion t ! ,jewi% leg5d is only a modifi$ v]sion ( ! ,*ri/ian tradition4 #bei ,william ,wr$e1 born 9 #ahei at ,bck5 9 ,hanov]1 0 ,pr(essor at ,breslau4 7,he di$ 9 #aijg47 ,wr$e names z 8 real pr$ecessors on ! same l9es ,bruno ,bau]1 ,volkm>1 & ! ,dut* writ] ,hoek/ra 78,de ,*ri/ologie van het canonieke ,m>cus,evangelie1 v]gelek5 met die van de beide &]e synoptis*e ,evangeli510 ,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1 v41 #ahga74 ,9 a c]ta9 limit$ degree ! "w ( ,erne/ ,havet 7,le ,*ri/ianisme et ses orig9es7 has a claim to be class$ 9 ! same category4 ,8 scepticism ref]s pr9cipally to ! entry into ,j]usalem & ! /ory ( ! passion4 #bfj ,^! & ! foll[+ que/ions are rais$ m especially 9 ! ,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus4 #bfa ,x w\ld p]haps be m hi/orical to say 8z a prophet40 #bfb ,! difficulties :i* ! incid5t at ,caes>ea ,philippi places 9 ! way ( ,wr$e's con/ruction may be realis$ by plac+ two ( 8 /atem5ts side by side4 ,p4 #aja3 8,f ?is x is evid5t t ?is incid5t conta9s no elem5t :i* _c be easily und]/ood on ! basis ( ,m>k's ideas40 ,p4 #bch3 8,b 9 ano!r aspect ?is incid5t /&s 9 direct contradiction to ! ,m>can view ( ! disciples4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) _! g5]al #8want ( und]/&+1' & c !re=e h>dly h be5 creat$ by ,m>k himself40 #bfc ,! "q ( ! attitude ( pre,orig5ic !ology t[>ds ! hi/orical ,jesus1 & ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by dogma ^u ! evangelical tradition reg>d+ ,jesus 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ two c5turies1 is c]ta9ly des]v+ ( a detail$ exam9ation4 #bfd ,c]ta9 ( ! conceptions ) :i* ,wr$e op]ates are simply n 9 accordance ) ! text1 because he gives !m a diff]5t significance f t :i* !y h 9 ! n>rative4 ,?us1 = example1 he always takes ! 8resurrection10 :5 x occurs 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus1 z a ref]5ce to t resurrection :i* z an hi/orical fact became a matt] ( appreh5d$ exp]i5ce to ! apo/les4 ,b ,jesus speaks )\t any di/9ction ( ,8 resurrection & ( ,8 ,p>\sia4 ,! conception ( ! resurrection1 !re=e1 if "o is to arrive at x inductively f ! ,m>can text1 is mo/ closely b\nd up ) ! ,p>\sia4 ,! ,evangeli/ w\ld ?us seem to h made ,jesus pr$ict a diff]5t k9d ( resurrection f t :i* actually happ5$4 ,! resurrection1 accord+ to ! ,m>can text1 is an es*atological ev5t1 & has no ref]5ce :atev] to ,wr$e's 8hi/orical resurrection40 ,fur!r1 if _! resurrection exp]i5ce 0 ! fir/ & fundam5tal po9t 9 ! ,messianic enlight5m5t ( ! disciples1 :y did !y only beg9 to proclaim x "s weeks lat]8 ,?is is a problem :i* 0 long ago recognis$ by ,reim>us1 & :i* is n solv$ by m]ely assum+ t ! disciples 7 afraid4 #bfe ,p4 #cc ff4 ,! prohibitions 9 ,m>k i4 #dc & #dd1 v4 #dc1 vii4 #cf1 & viii4 #bf are put on ! same foot+ ) ! really ,messianic prohibitions 9 viii4 #cj & ix4 #i1 ) :i* may be associat$ also ! imposition ( sil5ce ^u ! demoniacs :o recognise 8 ,messiah%ip 9 ,m>k i4 #cd & iii4 #ab4 #bff ,! n>rative 9 ,matt4 xiv4 #bbcc1 accord+ to :i* ! disciples1 aft] see+ ,jesus walk ^u ! sea1 hail ,him on ,8 com+ into ! boat z ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! description ( ! de$s ( ,jesus z 8de$s ( ,*ri/10 9 ! introduction to ! ,bapti/'s "q 9 ,matt4 xi4 #b1 d n cancel ! old !ory ev5 9 ,mat!w1 because ! ,synopti/s1 diff]+ !re9 f ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 d n repres5t ! dem& = a sign z a dem& = a ,messianic sign1 nor ! cures wr\ght by ,jesus z ,messianic pro(s ( p[]4 ,! action ( ! demons 9 cry+ out ^u ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god betok5s _! recognition ( ,him2 x has no?+ to d ) ! miracles ( heal+ z su*4 #bfg ,= fur!r examples ( ! press+ ( ! !ory to its utmo/ limits1 see ,wr$e1 p4 #acd ff4 #bfh ,x is always assum$ z selfevid5t t ,jesus is speak+ ( ! suff]+s & p]secutions :i* w\ld take place aft] ,8 dea?1 or t ! ,evangeli/1 9 mak+ ,him speak 9 ?is way1 is ?9k+ ( ^! lat] p]secutions4 ,!re is no h9t ( t 9 ! text4 #bfi ,t ! es*atological s*ool %[$ a c]ta9 timidity 9 draw+ ! consequ5ces ( its recognition ( ! "* ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus & exam9+ ! tradition f ! es*atological /&po9t c be se5 f ,johannes ,weiss's "w1 8,! ,e>lie/ ,gospel0 7,das lte/e ,evangelium71 ,gtt+51 #aijc1 #dad pp4 ,+5i\s & int]e/+ z ?is "w is 9 detail1 "o is surpris$ to f9d ! au?or ( ! 8,prea*+ ( ,jesus0 "h endeav\r+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ,m>k & 8,ur,m>kus10 to po9t to examples ( ,paul9e influ5ce1 to exhibit cle>ly ! 8t5d5cies0 :i* guid$1 respectively1 ! orig9al ,evangeli/ & ! r$actor--all ?is z if he did n possess 9 8 es*atological view ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus a dom9ant conception :i* gives him a clue to q a diff]5t psy*ology f t :i* he actually applies4 ,aga9/ ,wr$e he br+s =w>d _m argum5ts :i* are wor?y ( att5tion1 b he c h>dly be said to h refut$ him1 because x is impossible = ,weiss to treat ! "q 9 ! exact =m 9 :i* x 0 rais$ by ,wr$e4 #bgj ,wr$e c]ta9ly goes too f> 9 ass]t+ t ev5 9 ,m>k's v]sion ! exp]i5ce at ! baptism is conceiv$ z an op5 miracle1 p]ceptible to o!rs4 ,! way 9 :i* ! revelations to ! prophets are rec\nt$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t does n make 9 fav\r ( ?is4 ,o!rwise we %\ld h to suppose t ! ,evangeli/ describ$ ! incid5t z a miracle :i* took place 9 ! pres5ce ( a multitude )\t p]ceiv+ t 9 ?is case ! ,messianic secret 0 a secret no long]4 ,if s1 ! /ory ( ! baptism /&s on ! same foot+ z ! /ory ( ! ,messianic entry3 x is a revelation ( ! ,messiah%ip :i* has absolutely no results4 #bga ,! /atem5t ( ,m>k t ,jesus1 com+ out ( ! nor?1 appe>$ = a mom5t aga9 9 ,decapolis & ,cap]naum1 & !n />t$ (f to ! nor? once m 7,m>k vii4 #caviii4 #bg71 may "h provisionally be left out ( acc\nt s9ce x /&s 9 relation ) ! tw(old acc\nt ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude4 ,s too ! enigmatic appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! p 7,m>k viii4 #cd;ix4 #cj7 may "h be pass$ ov]4 ,^! /atem5ts make no diff]5ce to ! fact t ,jesus really broke (f 8 "w 9 ,galilee %ortly aft] ! ,mission ( ! ,twelve1 s9ce !y imply at mo/ a q transi5t contact ) ! p4 #bgb ,on ! !ory ( ! successful & unsuccessful p]iods 9 ! "w ( ,jesus see ! 8,sket*10 p4 #c ff41 8,! f\r ,presuppositions ( ! ,mod]n ,hi/orical ,solution40 #bgc ,weisse f\nd t !re 0 no h9t 9 ! s\rces ( ! des]tion ( ! p1 s9ce accord+ to ^!1 ,jesus 0 oppos$ only by ! ,ph>isees1 n by ! p4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ! ,galilaean "w1 & ! dep>ture to ,j]usalem1 mu/1 he ?\ght1 h be5 due to "s unrecord$ fact :i* reveal$ to ,jesus t ! "t _h come to act 9 ?is way4 ,p]haps1 he adds1 x 0 ! wan+ ( ,jesus' miraclework+ p[] :i* caus$ ! *ange 9 ,8 attitude1 s9ce x is rem>kable t ,he p]=m$ no fur!r miracles dur+ ,8 soj\rn at ,j]usalem4 #bgd ,! mo/ logical attitude 9 reg>d to x is ,b\sset's1 :o proposes to treat ! mission & ev]y?+ connect$ ) x z a 8confus$ & un9telligible0 tradition4 #bge ,joel iii4 #ac1 8,put 9 ! sickle = ! h>ve/ is ripe60 ,9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 too1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t is describ$ z ! heav5ly h>ve/3 8,?ru/ 9 ?y sickle & reap2 = ! "t is come = !e to reap2 = ! h>ve/ ( ! e>? is ripe4 ,& he t sat on ! cl\d ?ru/ 9 8 sickle on ! e>?2 & ! e>? 0 reap$0 7,rev4 xiv4 #ae & #af74 ,! mo/ rem>kable p>allel to ! disc\rse at ! s5d+ =? ( ! disciples is (f]$ by ! ,syriac ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*3 8,behold1 ! days come1 :5 ! "t ( ! _w %all be ripe1 & ! h>ve/ ( ! s[+ ( ! good & ( ! evil %all come1 :5 ! ,almighty %all br+ ^u ! e>? & ^u its inhabitants & ^u _! rul]s confusion ( _s & t]ror t makes ! he>t /& /ill2 & !y %all hate "o ano!r & provoke "o ano!r to w>2 & ! despis$ %all h p[] ov] !m ( reputation1 & ! mean %all exalt !mselves ov] !m t are highly e/eem$4 ,& ! _m %all be at ! m]cy ( ! few 444 & all :o %all be sav$ & %all escape ! be=e m5tion$ 7dang]s7 444 %all be giv5 into ! h&s ( my s]vant1 ! ,messiah40 7,cap4 lxx4 #b1 #c1 #i4 ,foll[+ ! translation ( ,e4 ,kautzs*47 ,! connexion betwe5 ! ideas ( h>ve/ & ( judgm5t 0 !re=e "o ( ! /ock features ( ! apocalyptic writ+s4 ,& z ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* dates f ! p]iod ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj1 x may be assum$ t ?is association ( ideas 0 also curr5t 9 ! ,jewi% apocalyptic ( ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,"h is a basis = und]/&+ ! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! p>ables ( s[+ & reap+ hi/orically & 9 accordance ) ! ideas ( ! "t4 ,:at ,jesus did 0 to make kn[n to ^? :o und]/ood ,him t ! com+ e>?ly h>ve/ 0 ! la/1 & 0 also ! tok5 ( ! com+ heav5ly h>ve/4 ,! es*atological int]pretation is imm5sely /r5g!n$ by ^! p>allels4 #bgf ,) :at "r does mod]n critical !ology te> ap>t ev5 ! disc\rse 9 ,matt4 xi4 9 ord] to make ! 8cry ( jubilation0 into ! cry ) :i* ,jesus salut$ ! return ( ,8 disciples1 & to f9d lodgm5t = ! woes ^u ,*oraz9 & ,be?saida some:]e else 9 an appropriately gloomy context8 ,is n all ?is app>5tly disconnect$ mat]ial held toge!r by an inn] bond ( connexion--! secret ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god :i* is imm95tly imp5d+ ov] ,jesus & ! p8 ,or1 is ,jesus expect$ to prea* l "o :o has a !sis to ma9ta9 & seeks ab\t = ! mo/ logical arrangem5t8 ,does n a c]ta9 lack ( ord]ly connexion belong to ! v idea ( prophetic spee*8 #bgg ,if1 !re=e1 ,jesus at a lat] po9t pr$ict$ to ,8 disciples ,8 resurrection1 ,he means by t1 n a s+le isolat$ act1 b a complex occurr5ce consi/+ ( ,8 metamorphosis1 translation to heav51 & ,p>\sia z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,& ) ?is is associat$ ! g5]al es*atological resurrection ( ! dead4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "o & ! same ?+ :e!r ,he speaks ( ,8 resurrection or ( ,8 com+ on ! cl\ds ( heav54 #bgh ,! title ( ,bald5sp]g]'s book1 ,! ,selfconsci\sness ( ,jesus 9 ! ,light ( ! ,messianic ,hopes ( ,8 ,"t1 really conta9s a promise :i* is impossible ( fulfilm5t4 ,! contempor>y 8,messianic hopes0 c only expla9 ! hopes ( ,jesus s f> z !y correspond$ !reto1 n ,8 view ( ,8 own ,p]son1 9 :i* ,he is absolutely orig9al4 #bgi ,ev5 ,bald5sp]g]'s book1 ,die messianis*apokalyptis*5 ,h(fnung5 des ,jud5tums 7#aijc71 passes at a /ride f ! ,psalms ( ,solomon to ,f\r? ,ezra4 ,! com+ volume is to deal ) ! es*atology ( ,jesus4 ,t is a 8!ological10 b n an hi/orical division ( ! mat]ial4 ,! second volume %\ld prop]ly come 9 ! middle ( ! fir/4 #bhj ,! fact t 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon ! ,messiah is designat$ by ! anci5t prophetic "n ( ! ,son ( ,david is significant ( ! ris+ influ5ce ( ! anci5t prophetic lit]ature4 ,?is designation has no?+ :atev] to d ) a political ideal ( a k+ly ,messiah4 ,?is ,davidic ,k+ & 8 ,k+dom are1 9 _! "* & ! mann] ( _! com+1 e :it z sup]natural z ! ,son ( ,man & ,8 com+4 ,! same hi/orical fact 0 read into bo? ,daniel & ! prophets4 #bha ,eno* is an (f%oot ( ! ,danielic apocalyptic writ+s4 ,! e>lie/ portion1 ! ,apocalypse ( ! ,t5 ,weeks1 is indep5d5t ( ,daniel & ( contempor>y orig94 ,! ,similitudes 7capp4 xxxvii4lxix471 :i*1 ) _! description ( ! ,judgm5t ( ! ,son ( ,man1 are s important 9 connexion ) ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus1 may be plac$ 9 #hjgj ,b4,c4 ,!y d n presuppose ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ,pompey4 #bhb ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon are !re=e a decade lat] ?an ! ,similitudes4 #bhc ,! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* seems to h be5 compos$ n v long aft] ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,f\r? ,ezra is tw5ty to ?irty ye>s lat]4 #bhd ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon =m ! la/ docum5t ( ,jewi% es*atology be=e ! com+ ( ! ,bapti/4 ,= almo/ a hundr$ ye>s1 f #fj ,b4,c4 until ,a4,d4 #cj1 we h no in=mation reg>d+ es*atological movem5ts6 ,& d ! ,psalms ( ,solomon really po9t to a deep es*atological movem5t at ! "t ( ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ,pompey8 ,h>dly1 ,i ?9k4 ,x is to be notic$ 9 /udy+ ! times ( ,jesus t ! surr\nd+ circum/ances h no es*atological "*4 ,! ,fall ( ,j]usalem m>ks ! next turn+po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! apocalyptic hope1 z ,b>u* & ,f\r? ,ezra %[4 #bhe ,jesus promises !m expressly t at ! appe>+ ( ! ,son ( ,man !y %all sit ^u twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel 7,matt4 xix4 #bh74 ,x is to _! "p 9 ! judgm5t t belong also ! au?ority to b9d & to loose :i* ,he entru/s to !m--fir/ to ,pet] p]sonally 7,matt4 xvi4 #ai7 & aft]w>ds to all ! ,twelve 7,matt4 xviii4 #ah7--;9 su* a way1 too1 t _! pres5t decisions w be someh[ or o!r b9d+ at ! ,judgm5t4 ,or does ! 8^u e>?0 ref] only to ! fact t ! ,messianic ,la/ ,judgm5t w be held on e>?8 8,i give unto !e ! ,keys ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 & :atsoev] ?\ %alt b9d on e>? %all be b\nd 9 heav51 & :atsoev] ?\ %alt loose on e>? %all be loos$ 9 heav50 7,matt4 xvi4 #ai74 ,:y %\ld ^! words n be hi/orical8 ,is x because 9 ! same context ,jesus speaks ( ! 8*ur*0 :i* ,he w f\nd ^u ! ,rockdisciple8 ,b if "o has once got a cle> idea f ,paul1 a ,clem5t1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 :at ! preexi/+ 8*ur*0 0 :i* 0 to appe> 9 ! la/ times1 x w no long] appe> impossible t ,jesus might h spok5 ( ! *ur* aga9/ :i* ! gates ( hell %all n prevail4 ,( c\rse1 if ! passage is giv5 an unes*atological ref]5ce to ! ,*ur* z we "k x1 x loses all real mean+ & becomes a treasuretrove to ! ,roman ,ca?olic exegete1 & a t]ror to ! ,prote/ant4 #bhf ,t he c\ld be tak5 = ! ,bapti/ ris5 f ! dead %[s h[ %ort a "t be=e ! dea? ( ! ,bapti/ ,8 m9i/ry _h begun4 ,he only became kn[n1 z ! ,bapti/'s "q %[s1 at ! "t ( ! mission ( ! disciples2 ,h]od fir/ he>d ( ,him aft] ! dea? ( ! ,bapti/4 ,_h he kn[n any?+ ( ,jesus be=eh&1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = him sudd5ly to id5tify ,him ) ! ,bapti/ ris5 f ! dead4 ,?is elem5t>y consid]ation has be5 ov]look$ 9 all calculations ( ! l5g? ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 #bhg ,t _h be5 rightly rem>k$ by ,colani4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 !ology lo/ sight ( ! fact because x did n "k h[ to make any hi/orical use ( x4 #bhh ,psal4 ,sol4 xv4 #h4 #bhi ,t ! baptism ( ,john 0 ess5tially an act :i* gave a claim to some?+ future may be se5 f ! fact t ,jesus speaks ( ,8 suff]+s & dea? z a special baptism1 & asks ! sons ( ,zeb$ee :e!r !y are will+1 = ! sake ( ga9+ ! ?rones on ,8 "r h& & ,8 left1 to und]go ?is baptism4 ,if ! baptism ( ,john _h _h no real sacram5tal significance x w\ld be un9telligible t ,jesus %\ld use ?is metaphor4 #bij ,! ?\ght ( ! ,messianic fea/ is f\nd 9 ,isaiah lv4 #a ff4 & lxv4 #ab ff4 ,x is v /rongly m>k$ 9 ,isa4 xxv4 #fh1 a passage :i* p]haps dates f ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 8& ,jahweh ( ,ho/s w prep>e ^u ?is m\nta9 = all peoples a fea/ ( fat ?+s1 a fea/ ( w9e on ! lees1 ( fat ?+s prep>$ ) m>r[1 ( w9e on ! lees well ref9$4 ,he %all de/roy1 9 ?is m\nta91 among all peoples1 ! veil :i* has veil$ all peoples & ! cov]+ :i* has cov]$ all nations4 ,he %all de/roy dea? = ev]1 & ! ,"l ,jahweh %all wipe away ! te>s f (f all faces2 & ! reproa* ( ,8 p %all disappe> f ! e>?40 7,! ,g]man foll[s ,kautzs*'s translation47 ,9 ,eno* xxiv4 & xxv4 ! conception ( ! ,messianic fea/ is connect$ ) t ( ! tree ( life :i* %all (f] its fruits to ! elect ^u ! m\nta9 ( ! ,k+4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,te/am5t ( ,levi1 cap4 xviii4 #aa4 ,! decisive passage is 9 ,eno* lxii4 #ad4 ,aft] ! ,p>\sia ( ! ,son ( ,man1 & aft] ! ,judgm5t1 ! elect :o h be5 sav$ 8%all eat ) ! ,son ( ,man1 %all sit d[n & rise up ) ,him to all et]nity40 ,jesus' ref]5ces to ! ,messianic fea/ are !re=e n m]ely images1 b po9t to a reality4 ,9 ,matt4 viii4 #aa & #ab ,he prophesies t _m %all come f ! ,ea/ & f ! ,we/ to sit at meat ) ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,9 ,matt4 xxii4 #aad ! ,messianic fea/ is pictur$ z a royal m>riage1 9 ,matt4 xxv4 #aac z a m>riage fea/4 ,! ,apocalypse is dom9at$ by ! ?\ght ( ! fea/ 9 all its =ms4 ,9 ,rev4 ii4 #g x appe>s 9 connexion ) ! ?\ght ( ! tree ( life2 9 ii4 #ag x is pictur$ z a fe$+ ) manna2 9 iii4 #ba x is ! fea/ :i* ! ,"l w celebrate ) ,8 foll[]s2 9 vii4 #af1 #ag !re is an allusion to ! ,lamb :o %all fe$ ,8 own s t !y %all no m hung] or ?ir/2 *apt] xix4 describes ! m>riage fea/ ( ! ,lamb4 ,! ,messianic fea/ !re=e play$ a dom9ant "p 9 ! conception ( bless$ness f ,eno* to ! ,apocalypse ( ,john4 ,f ?is we c e/imate :at sacram5tal significance a gu>antee ( tak+ "p 9 t fea/ mu/ h _h4 ,! mean+ ( ! celebration 0 obvi\s 9 itself1 & 0 made manife/ 9 ! conduct ( x4 ,! sacram5tal effect 0 :olly indep5d5t ( ! appreh5sion & compreh5sion ( ! recipi5t4 ,!re=e1 9 ?is also ! meal at ! lakeside 0 a true sacram5t4 #bia ,weisse rightly rem>ks t ! task ( ! hi/orian 9 deal+ ) ,m>k mu/ consi/ 9 expla9+ h[ su* 8my?s0 c\ld be accept$ by a *ronicl] :o /ood s relatively ne> ! ev5ts z our ,m>k does4 #bib ,x is to be notic$ t ! cry ( ,jesus f ! cross1 8,eli1 ,eli10 0 imm$iately int]pret$ by ! by/&]s z ref]r+ to ,elias4 #bic ,f ?is difficulty we c see1 too1 h[ impossible x 0 = any ( !m to h 8arriv$ gradually at ! k ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus40 #bid ,= ! hypo!sis ( ! two sets ( n>ratives :i* h be5 work$ into "o ano!r1 see ! 8,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus10 #aija1 p4 #eb ff41 8,aft] ! ,mission ( ! ,disciples4 ,lit]>y & hi/orical problems40 ,a !ory re/+ on ! same pr9ciple 0 lately work$ out 9 detail by ,johannes ,weiss1 ,das lte/e ,evangelium 7,! ,e>lie/ ,gospel71 #aijc1 p4 #bje ff4 #bie ,x is typical ( ! con/ant agreem5t ( ! critical conclusions 9 ?or\ghgo+ scepticism & ?or\ghgo+ es*atology t ,wr$e also obs]ves3 8,! transfiguration & ,pet]'s confession are closely connect$ 9 cont5t0 7p4 #abc74 ,he also cle>ly p]ceives ! inconsi/5cy 9 ! fact t ,pet] at ,caes>ea ,philippi gives evid5ce ( possess+ a k :i* he & 8 fell[disciples d n %[ else:]e 7p4 #aai71 b ! fact t x is ,pet]1 n ,jesus1 :o reveals ! ,messianic secret1 con/itutes a v s]i\s difficulty = ,wr$e's read+ ( ! facts1 s9ce ?is assumes ,jesus to h be5 ! reveal] ( x4 #bif 8,aft] ^! ye>s %all my ,son1 ! ,*ri/1 die1 toge!r ) all :o h ! brea? ( m54 ,!n %all ! ,age be *ang$ into ! primeval sil5ce2 sev5 days1 z at ! fir/ beg9n+ s t no man %all be left4 ,aft] sev5 days %all ! ,age1 :i* n[ sleeps1 awake1 & p]i%ability %all itself p]i%40 #big ,difficult problems are involv$ 9 ! pr$iction ( ! resurrection 9 ,m>k xiv4 #bh4 ,jesus !re promises ,8 disciples t ,he w 8g be=e !m0 into ,galilee4 ,t _c mean t ,he w g alone into ,galilee be=e !m1 & t !y %all !re meet ) ,him1 _! ris5 ,ma/]2 :at ,he contemplates is t ,he %all return ) !m1 at _! head1 f ,j]usalem to ,galilee4 ,0 x t ! manife/ation ( ! ,son ( ,man & ( ! ,judgm5t %\ld take place !re8 ,s mu* is cle>3 ! say+1 f> f direct+ ! disciples to g away to ,galilee1 *a9s !m to ,j]usalem1 !re to await ,him :o %\ld lead !m home4 ,x %\ld n !re=e be claim$ z support+ ! tradition ( ! ,galilaean appe>ances4 ,we f9d x 8correct$0 by ! say+ ( ! 8"y man0 at ! grave1 :o says to ! wom51 8,g1 tell ,8 disciples & ,pet] t ,he goe? be=e y into ,galilee4 ,!re %all ye see ,him z ,he said unto y40 ,"h !n ! idea ( foll[+ 9 po9t ( "t is foi/$ ^u ! words 8he goe? be=e y10 :]eas 9 ! orig9al ! ^w has a purely local s5se1 correspond+ to ! 9 ,m>k x4 #cb4 ,b ! correction is itself mean+less s9ce ! visions took place 9 ,j]usalem4 ,we h !re=e 9 ?is passage a m detail$ indication ( ! way 9 :i* ,jesus ?\ght ( ! ev5ts subsequ5t to ,8 ,resurrection4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is unfulfill$ say+ is1 h[ev]1 :olly impossible = u3 x 0 n less s = ! e>lie/ tradition1 z is %[n by ! attempt to give x a mean+ by ! 8correction40 #bih ,"h x is evid5t also f ! =m tak5 by ! prophecy ( ! suff]+s t ! section ,m>k viii4 #cd ff4 _c possibly come aft] ! revelation at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 s9ce 9 x1 x is ! ?\ght ( ! g5]al suff]+s :i* is impli$4 ,= ! same reason ! pr$ictions ( suff]+ & tribulation 9 ! ,synoptic ,apocalypse 9 ,m>k xiii4 _c be d]iv$ f ,jesus4 #bii ,weisse & ,bruno ,bau] _h long ago po9t$ out h[ curi\s x 0 t ,jesus 9 ! say+s ab\t ,8 suff]+s spoke ( 8_m0 in/ead ( speak+ ( 8,8 own0 or 8! believ]s40 ,weisse f\nd 9 ! words ! ?\ght t ,jesus di$ = ! nation z a :ole2 ,bruno ,bau] t ! 8= _m0 9 ! words ( ,jesus 0 d]iv$ f ! view ( ! lat] !ology ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,?is explanation is c]ta9ly wrong1 = s soon z ! words ( ,jesus come into any k9d ( contact ) e>ly !ology ! 8_m0 disappe> to give place to ! 8believ]s40 ,9 ! ,paul9e words ( in/itution ! =m is3 ,my body = y 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #bd74 ,johannes ,weiss foll[s 9 ! foot/eps ( ,weisse :5 he int]prets ! 8_m0 z ! nation 7,die ,pr$igt ,jesu vom ,rei*e ,gottes1 #bnd ed41 #aiji1 p4 #bja74 ,he gives h[ev]1 q a false turn to ?is int]pretation by argu+ t ! 8_m0 _c include ! disciples1 s9ce !y 8:o 9 fai? & p5it5ce h receiv$ ! tid+s ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god no long] ne$ a special means ( deliv]ance su* z ?is40 ,!y are ! *os51 to !m ! ,k+dom is assur$4 ,b a ransom1 a special means ( salvation1 is ne$ful = ! mass ( ! p1 :o 9 _! bl9dness h incurr$ ! guilt ( reject+ ! ,messiah4 ,= ?is grave s91 :i* is1 nev]!less1 to "s ext5t excus$ z due to ignorance1 !re is a unique aton+ sacrifice1 ! dea? ( ! ,messiah4 ,?is !ory is bas$ on a di/9ction ( :i* !re is no h9t 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 & x takes no acc\nt ( ! pr$e/9>ianism :i* is an integral "p ( es*atology1 & :i*1 9 fact1 dom9at$ ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus4 ,! ,"l is consci\s t ,he dies only = ! elect4 ,= o!rs ,8 dea? c avail no?+1 nor ev5 _! own rep5tance4 ,moreov]1 ,he does n die 9 ord] t ?is "o or t "o may come into ! ,k+dom ( ,god2 ,he provides ! atonem5t 9 ord] t ! ,k+dom itself may come4 ,until ! ,k+dom comes ev5 ! elect _c possess x4 #cjj ,"o might use x z a pr9ciple ( division by :i* to classify ! lives ( ,jesus1 :e!r !y make ,him g to ,j]usalem to "w or to die4 ,"h z 9 s _m o!r places ,weisse's cle>ness ( p]ception is surpris+4 ,jesus' j\rney 0 accord+ to him a pilgrimage to dea?1 n to ! ,passov]4 #cja 8,t ye ent] n into temptation0 is ! cont5t ( ! pray] t !y are to (f] :ile wat*+ ) ,him4 #cjb ,z long ago z #ahhj1 ,h4 ,w4 ,bleby 7,! ,trial ( ,jesus consid]$ z a ,judicial ,act7 _h emphasis$ ?is circum/ance z significant4 ,! inju/ice 9 ! trial ( ,jesus consi/$1 accord+ to him1 9 ! fact t ,he 0 condemn$ on ,8 own admission )\t any witnesses be+ call$4 ,dalman1 x is true1 w n admit t ?is te*nical error 0 v s]i\s4 ,b ! really important po9t is n :e!r ! condemnation 0 legal or n2 x is ! significant fact t ! ,high ,prie/ call$ no witnesses4 ,:y did he n call any8 ,?is "q 0 obscur$ = ,bleby & ,dalman by o!r problems4 #cjc ,t w\ld h be5 to utt] a h]esy :i* w\ld alone h suffic$ to secure ,8 condemnation4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 br\ght up z a *>ge aga9/ ,him4 #cjd ,:5 x is assum$ t ! ,messianic claims ( ,jesus 7 g5]ally kn[n dur+ ^? la/ days at ,j]usalem !re is a temptation to expla9 ! abs5ce ( witnesses 9 reg>d to !m by suppos+ t !y 7 too mu* a matt] ( common k to require evid5ce4 ,b 9 t case :y %\ld ! ,high ,prie/ n h fulfill$ ! prescrib$ =malities8 ,:y make su* ef=ts fir/ to e/abli% a diff]5t *>ge8 ,?us ! obscure & un9telligible proc$ure at ! trial ( ,jesus becomes 9 ! end ! cle>e/ pro( t ! public knew no?+ ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4