,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is book 0 publi%$ 9 two volumes1 ( :i* ?is is ! second4 has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,please see ! end ( ?is ,project = fur!r notes4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 ,,b>t4 ,,ll4,d4 ,,late ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society1 ,,=eign ,,associate ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 c4 c4 c4 ,,by ,,john ,,ayrton ,,p>is1 ,m4,d4 ,,cantab4 ,f4,r4,s4 c4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,physicians4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,colburn ,,& ,,ri*>d ,,b5tley1 ,,new ,,burl+ton ,,/reet4 ,m ,,dccc ,,xxxi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,mr4 ,f>aday's introduction to ,sir ,h4 ,davy4--,a r5ew$ correspond5ce on ! subject ( ! ,gunp[d] ,manufactory4--,davy obta9s p]mission f ,napoleon to visit ! ,cont95t4--,he emb>ks 9 a ,c>tel f ,plym\?4--,is arre/$ at ,morlaix4--,arrives at ,p>is4--,visits ! ,l\vre4--,8 extraord9>y conduct ^u t occasion4--,inspects ! ,colossal ,elephant1 & is introduc$ to ,m4 ,alavair1 its ar*itect4--,! discov]y ( ! dungeons ( ! ,ba/ile4--,davy's int]e/+ lett] to ,m4 ,alavair4--,he att5ds a meet+ ( ! ,in/itute4--,is visit$ by all ! pr9cipal savans ( ,p>is4--,! adv5ture :i* befell ,lady ,davy 9 ! ,?uill]ies' ,g>d54--,anniv]s>y d9n] ( ! ,philomatic ,society4--,! junior ,*emi/s ( ,france invite ,davy to a spl5did ent]ta9m5t4--,h[ f> ,davy is entitl$ to be consid]$ ! discov]] ( ! true nature ( ,iod9e4--,napoleon's unlucky exp]im5t ) ! ,voltaic batt]y4--,davy is pres5t$ to ! ,empress ,joseph9e4--,an acc\nt ( ! ,c\rt c]emony at ,malmaison4--,rem>ks on ! conduct ( ,davy dur+ 8 visit to ,p>is4--,he quits ! capital ( ,france1 & proce$s by way ( ,lyons1 to ,montpelli]4--,is assi/$ 9 exp]im5ts on sea-we$ by ,m4 ,b]>d4--,crosses ! ,alps4--,arrives at ,g5oa4--,in/itutes exp]im5ts on ! ,torp$o4--,visits ,flor5ce1 & accompli%es ! combu/ion ( ! diamond1 by ! great l5s 9 ! cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory4--,exp]im5ts on ,iod9e4--,he exam9es ! col\rs us$ by ! ,anci5ts4--,visits all ! celebrat$ ,philosoph]s ( ,italy & ,switz]l&1 ) :om he works 9 _! laboratories4--,returns to ,engl& #a ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,colli]ies ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4--,fire-damp4--,! dreadful explosion at ,fell+ ,colli]y describ$4--,lett]s f ! ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol to ! ,au?or4--,a ,society is e/abli%$ at ,bi%op-,we>m\? = prev5t+ accid5ts 9 coal m9es4--,v>i\s projects = ensur+ ! m9]'s safety4--,! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,gray1 ! pres5t ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 addresses a lett] to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 & invites 8 att5tion to ! subject4--,sir ,h4 ,davy's reply4--,f>!r ,correspond5ce ^u ! possibility ( devis+ means ( security4--,sir ,h4 ,davy proposes f\r diff]5t k9ds ( lamp = ! purpose4--,! ,safe-lamp--,! ,bl[+-lamp--,! ,pi/on-lamp--,! ,*>coal-lamp4--,8 inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( fire-damp leads to ! discov]y ( a new pr9ciple ( safety4--,8 views develop$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #i? ( ,novemb] #ahae4--,! fir/ ,safety-lamp4--,safety-tubes sup]s$$ by ,safety-canals4--,flame ,sieves4--,wire-gauze lamp4--,! ph5om5on ( sl[ combu/ion1 & its curi\s application4--,! inv5tion ( ! ,safety-lamp claim$ by a ,mr4 ,/eph5son4--,a deputation ( ,coal-own]s wait ^u ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 9 ord] to express to him ! ?anks ( ! ,proprietors = 8 discov]y4--,mr4 ,buddle ann\nces to ,dr4 ,gray 7n[ ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol7 ! int5tion ( ! ,coal-trade to pres5t him ) a s]vice ( plate4--,! ,resolutions are oppos$1 & ! claims ( ,/eph5son urg$1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,br&l+4--,a d9n] is giv5 to ,sir ,humphry1 at :i* ! plate is pres5t$ to him4--,! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society prote/ aga9/ ! claims /ill urg$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5son's fri5ds4--,mr4 ,buddle's lett] 9 answ] to sev]al qu]ies submitt$ to him by ! ,au?or4--,davy's ,rese>*es on ,flame4--,he receives f ! ,royal ,society ! ,rum=d ,m$als4--,is creat$ a ,b>onet4--,"s obs]vations on ! apa?y ( ! ,/ate 9 rew>d+ sci5tific m]it4--,! ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall receives ! patronage & support ( ,sir ,humphry #eh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy sugge/s a *emical me?od = unroll+ ! anci5t ,papyri4--,he is enc\rag$ by ! ,gov]nm5t to proce$ to ,naples = t purpose4--,he emb>ks at ,dov]4--,8 exp]im5ts on ! ,rh9e1 ! ,danube1 ! ,raab1 ! ,save1 ! ,ironzo1 ! ,po1 & ! ,tib]1 9 ord] to expla9 ! =mation ( mi/s on riv]s & lakes4--,8 arrival & reception at ,naples4--,he visits ! excavations at ,h]culaneum4--,he concludes t x 0 ov]:elm$ by s& & a%es1 b _h nev] be5 expos$ to burn+ matt]4--,he comm5ces 8 attempt ( unroll+ ! ,papyri4--,8 failure4--,he compla9s ( ! p]sons at ! head ( ! dep>tm5t 9 ! ,museum4--,he analyses ! wat]s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,lucca4--,8 return to ,engl&4--,dea? ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks4--,he is elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4--,"s rem>ks on t ev5t4--,he visits ,p5zance4--,is hon\r$ by a public d9n]4--,electro-magnetic discov]ies ( ,o]/$ ext5d$ by ,davy4--,he exam9es ,electrical ,ph5om5a 9 vacuo4--,! results ( 8 exp]im5ts que/ion$4--,he enquires into ! /ate ( ! wat]1 & ari=m matt] 9 ! cavities ( cry/als4--,! int]e/+ results ( 8 enquiry confirm ! views ( ! ,plutoni/s #afj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,liquefaction ( ,*lor9e ,gas fir/ effect$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 & witness$ by ! ,au?or4--,sir ,h4 ,davy cont9ues ! inve/igation4--,8 pap] on ! application ( ,liquefiable ,gases z me*anical ag5ts4--,o!r probable uses ( ^! bodies4--,he proposes sev]al me?ods to prev5t ! fumes :i* arise f ,smelt+-furnaces4--,importance ( ! subject4--,8 ,lett]s to ,mr4 ,vivian4--,! ,gov]nm5t solicit ! advice ( ! ,royal ,society on ! subject ( protect+ ! ,copp] ,%ea?+ ( ,%ips f ! action ( sea-wat]4--,sir ,h4 ,davy *>ges himself ) ?is enquiry4--,he proposes a plan ( protection f\nd$ on ,voltaic pr9ciples4--,8 num]\s exp]im5ts4--,he emb>ks on bo>d ! ,comet /eam-vessel b\nd to ,heligol&1 9 ord] to try 8 plan on a vessel 9 motion4--,he arrives at ,m&al1 l&s1 & fi%es 9 ! lakes4--,! ,protectors wa%$ away4--,he tea*es ! inhabitants ( ,*ri/ians& to crimp fi%4--,he rema9s a few days at ,ar5dal4--,a ,norwegian d9n]4--,! ,protectors are exam9$ & weigh$4--,results ( ! exp]im5t4--,! /eam-vessel proce$s up ! ,glomm54--,he visits ! great wat]fall4--,passes into ,sw$54--,has an int]view ) ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k1 & aft]w>ds ) ,pr9ce ,*ri/ian at ,cop5hag54--,he visits ,pr(essor ,o]/$4--,he proce$s to ,brem5 to see ,dr4 ,olb]s4--,returns to ,engl&4--,8 ?ird pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society4--,voltaic influ5ce ( pat*es ( ru/4--,a small quantity ( fluid suffici5t to complete ! circuit4--,he receives f ! ,royal ,society ! ,royal ,m$al4--,! ,progress ( ,voltaic discov]y review$4--,! pr9ciple is ( ext5sive application4--,! ,au?or's rese>*es into ! cause ( ! solution ( ,lead 9 spr+ wat]4--,an acc\nt ( ! num]\s trials ( ,protectors4--,failure ( ! plan4--,report ( ! ,fr5* on ! /ate ( ! protect$ frigate1 ,la ,con/ance4--,dr4 ,rev]e's new plan ( ,protection #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! failure ( ! ,%ip protectors a s\rce ( great vexation to ,davy4--,8 ,lett]s to ,mr4 ,poole4--,he becomes unwell4--,he publi%es 8 ,disc\rses be=e ! ,royal ,society4--,critical ,rem>ks & ,quotations4--,he goes abroad 9 se>* ( heal?4--,8 ,lett] to ,mr4 ,poole f ,rav5na4--,he resigns ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society4--,mr4 ,gilb]t elect$ pro tempore4--,davy returns to ,engl&1 & visits 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,poole4--,salmonia1 or ,days ( ,fly-fi%+4--,an ,analysis ( ! ,"w1 ) v>i\s extracts to illu/rate its "* #bhc ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy's ,pap] on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,volcanoes4--,8 exp]im5ts on ,vesuvius4--,!ory ( ,volcanic action4--,8 reception abroad4--,anecdotes4--,8 la/ ,lett] to ,mr4 ,poole f ,rome4--,8 pap] on ! ,electricity ( ! ,torp$o4--,consolations 9 ,travel1 or ! ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]4--,analysis ( ! "w4--,reflections sugge/$ by its /yle & composition4--,davy & ,wolla/on comp>$4--,8 la/ illness4--,arrival at ,g5eva4--,8 ,dea? #cda ,a ,,g5]al ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*emical ,,sci5ce1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,revolutions ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,its ,,doctr9es ,,by ,,! ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy #dae ,,app5dix--,w ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy #deg ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 ,,b>t4 c4 c4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,mr4 ,f>aday's introduction to ,sir ,h4 ,davy4--,a r5ew$ correspond5ce on ! subject ( ! ,gunp[d] ,manufactory4--,davy obta9s p]mission f ,napoleon to visit ! ,cont95t4--,he emb>ks 9 a ,c>tel f ,plym\?4--,is arre/$ at ,morlaix4--,arrives at ,p>is4--,visits ! ,l\vre4--,8 extraord9>y conduct ^u t occasion4--,inspects ! ,colossal ,elephant1 & is introduc$ to ,m4 ,alavair1 its ar*itect4--,! discov]y ( ! dungeons ( ! ,ba/ile4--,davy's int]e/+ lett] to ,m4 ,alavair4--,he att5ds a meet+ ( ! ,in/itute4--,is visit$ by all ! pr9cipal savans ( ,p>is4--,! adv5ture :i* befell ,lady ,davy 9 ! ,?uill]ies' ,g>d54--,anniv]s>y d9n] ( ! ,philomatic ,society4--,! junior ,*emi/s ( ,france invite ,davy to a spl5did ent]ta9m5t4--,h[ f> ,davy is entitl$ to be consid]$ ! discov]] ( ! true nature ( ,iod9e4--,napoleon's unlucky exp]im5t ) ! ,voltaic batt]y4--,davy is pres5t$ to ! ,empress ,joseph9e4--,an acc\nt ( ! ,c\rt c]emony at ,malmaison4--,rem>ks on ! conduct ( ,davy dur+ 8 visit to ,p>is4--,he quits ! capital ( ,france1 & proce$s1 by way ( ,lyons1 to ,montpelli]4--,is assi/$ 9 exp]im5ts on sea-we$ by ,m4 ,b]>d4--,crosses ! ,alps4--,arrives at ,g5oa4--,in/itutes exp]im5ts on ! ,torp$o4--,visits ,flor5ce1 & accompli%es ! combu/ion ( ! diamond1 by ! great l5s 9 ! cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory4--,exp]im5ts on ,iod9e4--,he exam9es ! col\rs us$ by ! ,anci5ts4--,visits all ! celebrat$ ,philosoph]s ( ,italy & ,switz]l&1 ) :om he works 9 _! laboratories4--,returns to ,engl&4 ,x is said ( ,b]gman1 t he consid]$ ! greate/ ( 8 discov]ies to h be5 ! discov]y ( ,s*eele4#a ,among/ ! num]\s s]vices conf]r$ ^u ,sci5ce by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 we mu/ n pass unnotic$ t k9d & g5]\s patronage :i* fir/ rais$ ,mr4 ,f>aday f obscurity1 & gave to ! *emical _w a philosoph] capable ( pursu+ t brilliant pa? ( enquiry :i* ! g5ius ( 8 ma/] _h s successfully explor$4 #a ,see ,note at page #db1 vol4 i4 ,! circum/ances :i* fir/ l$ ,mr4 ,f>aday to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 & by :i* he became connect$ ) ! ,royal ,in/itution1 7 communicat$ to me1 by himself1 9 ! foll[+ lett]4 ,,to ,j4 ,a4 ,,p>is1 ,m4,d4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,dec4 #bc1 #ahbi4 ,y ask$ me to give y an acc\nt ( my fir/ introduction to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :i* ,i am v happy to d1 z ,i ?9k ! circum/ances w be> te/imony to 8 goodness ( he>t4 ,:5 ,i 0 a booksell]'s appr5tice1 ,i 0 v fond ( exp]im5t1 & v av]se to trade4 ,x happ5$ t a g5tleman1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 took me to he> "s ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy's la/ lectures 9 ,albem>le ,/reet4 ,i took notes1 & aft]w>ds wrote !m out m fairly 9 a qu>to volume4 ,my desire to escape f trade1 :i* ,i ?\ght vici\s & selfi%1 & to ent] into ! s]vice ( ,sci5ce1 :i* ,i imag9$ made its pursu]s amiable & lib]al1 induc$ me at la/ to take ! bold & simple /ep ( writ+ to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 express+ my wi%es1 & a hope t1 if an opportunity came 9 8 way1 he w\ld fav\r my views2 at ! same "t ,i s5t ! notes ,i _h tak5 at 8 lectures4 ,! answ]1 :i* makes all ! po9t ( my communication1 ,i s5d y 9 ! orig9al1 reque/+ y to take great c>e ( x1 & to let me h x back1 = y may imag9e h[ mu* ,i value x4 ,y w obs]ve t ?is took place at ! end ( ! ye> #ahab1 & e>ly 9 #ahac he reque/$ to see me1 & told me ( ! situation ( assi/ant 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 !n j vacant4 ,at ! same "t t he ?us gratifi$ my desires z to sci5tific employm5t1 he /ill advis$ me n to give up ! prospects ,i _h be=e me1 tell+ me t ,sci5ce 0 a h>% mi/ress2 &1 9 a pecuni>y po9t ( view1 b poorly rew>d+ ^? :o devot$ !mselves to h] s]vice4 ,he smil$ at my notion ( ! sup]ior moral feel+s ( philosophic m51 & said he w\ld leave me to ! exp]i5ce ( a few ye>s to set me "r on t matt]4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh 8 good ef=ts ,i w5t to ! ,royal ,in/itution e>ly 9 ,m>* ( #ahac1 z assi/ant 9 ! ,laboratory2 & 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 w5t ) him abroad z 8 assi/ant 9 exp]im5ts & 9 writ+4 ,i return$ ) him 9 ,april #ahae1 resum$ my /ation 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & h1 z y "k1 ev] s9ce rema9$ !re4 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 v truly y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,! foll[+ is a note ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 allud$ to 9 ,mr4 ,f>aday's lett]3 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,f>aday4 ,,sir1 ,decemb] #bd1 #ahab4 ,i am f> f displeas$ ) ! pro( y h giv5 me ( y\r confid5ce1 & :i* displays great zeal1 p[] ( memory1 & att5tion4 ,i am oblig$ to g out ( t[n1 & %all n be settl$ 9 t[n till ! end ( ,janu>y3 ,i w !n see y at any "t y wi%4 ,x w\ld gratify me to be ( any s]vice to y4 ,i wi% x may be 9 my p[]4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,i mu/ n[ recall ! read]'s att5tion to ! affair ( ! gunp[d] manufactory1 to :i* "s allusion has be5 already made4 ,x is f> f my wi% to intrude ^u ! public any acc\nt ( a private transaction2 b ! circum/ances to :i* ,i mu/ ref] are already well kn[n1 & ,i believe1 moreov]1 t !y h be5 ! subject ( misrepres5tation4 ,! lett]s ,i %all introduce appe> to me highly int]e/+2 & by ! w>m? ( feel+ ) :i* !y repel ! b>e suspicion ( 8 pro/itut+ sci5ce to ! acquisition ( weal?1 to develope a feature 9 8 "* too important to be omitt$ 9 a memoir ( 8 life4 ,f ! foll[+ lett]1 x w\ld appe> t ,davy's al>ms1 ) respect to 8 responsibilities1 7 fir/ awak5$ by a sight ( ! labels1 9 :i* 8 "n 0 introduc$4#b #b ,i am "h b\nd to /ate1 f a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! orig9al docum5ts1 t 8 "n 0 introduc$ 9 ! v words :i* he sugge/$1 & :i* ,i h at ?is mom5t be=e me 9 8 own h&writ+3--s diff]5tly1 h[ev]1 does ! same s5t5ce /rike ! eye 9 pr9t & 9 manuscript1 t an au?or frequ5tly does n recognise 8 own composition4 ,,to ,,john ,,george ,,*ildr51 ,,esq4 ,,my ,,de> ,,*ildr51 ,rokeby1 ,july -- #ahac4 ,i am v sorry y did n come to ,cobham1 z ! p>ty 0 v pleasant4 ,y\r app>atus 0 magnific5t1 wor?y an ,imp]ial ,in/itute3 !re 7 "s sw9e h[ev] = ! pe>ls2 at lea/1 !re 0 "o1--y _c suppose ,i mean any o!r ?an----4 ,i h be5 mu* di/urb$ & vex$ by enquiries respect+ ! price ( my gunp[d]1 :i* f ! labels ,i f9d is suppos$ to be sold by me4 ,^! labels mu/ be alt]$1 s z to put 9 a cle> po9t my relations to ! manufacture2 & x mu/ be und]/ood by ! public t ,i h giv5 my gratuit\s assi/ance & advice only4 ,i h writt5 to ,mr4 ,burton by po/1 giv+ two =ms4 ,i %all d y m good if ^! are adopt$ ?an ,i c n[2 & ,i wi% !m to be adopt$ spe$ily1 z x may o!rwise get abroad t ,i h no?+ to d ) ! p[d]1 & t my "n is us$ 9 a mann] :i* does n meet my approbation4 ,9 ! labels 9 ! w9d[s1 x %\ld n be "u my directions1 = ?is implies t ,i am a sup]9t5d5t 9 ! manufactory2 b x %\ld be--,,ramhur/ ,,gunp[d]1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b4 ,c4 & ,co4 ,9 ! composition ( ?is p[d]1 ! proprietors h be5 assi/$ by ! advice & assi/ance ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,a fair /atem5t w d ! manufacture good4 ,misappreh5sion w d x mu* h>m4 ,i am n[ at ,rokeby2 we %all be 9 a few days at ,braham ,ca/le1 ,"l ,mack5zie's1 ne> ,d+wall1 :]e we %all /ay = a week4 ,aft] t we %all g to ! ,m>quis ( ,/af=d's1 ,dunrob91 ne> ,goldspie4 ,i am1 my de> ,*ildr51 ,v truly & affectionately y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,,my ,,de> ,,*ildr51 ,ed9burgh1 ,july #bb4 ,i wrote to y f ,rokeby4 ,i express$ my feel+s respect+ ! gunp[d]4 ,i h be5 9 extreme h>ass & anxiety f ! idea ( ! use ( my "n1 )\t ! prop] explanation1 & ,i c]ta9ly expect$ t no use w\ld h be5 made ( x )\t my sanction4 ,i nev] saw ! label = ! cani/] till x came to me ^u "o ( !m1 & ,i imm$iately express$ t ,i 0 n satisfi$ ) x4 ,i told ,mr4 ,burton expressly1 t 9 all cases 9 :i* my "n 0 us$ x mu/ be 9 my own way4 ,he is n[ at ! head ( y\r firm2 b x is to y1 & n to him1 t ,i h giv51 & %all give my assi/ance4 ,e feel+ ( fri5d%ip & affection prompts my wi%es to be useful to y2 ,i h n ! same relations to ,mr4 ,burton4 ,i am v sorry to give y any tr\ble on ?is bus9ess1 b ,i am sure y _c wi% me to rema9 9 a /ate ( anxiety2 & all ! fri5ds ) :om ,i h consult$ ?9k x absolutely necess>y = my reputation1 t1 :5 my "n is us$1 a cle> /atem5t %\ld be giv5 ( ! true nature ( ! connexion4 ,i ?9k x w be m useful to y1 & increase y\r influ5ce & p[] 9 ! p>tn]%ip1 if my assi/ance is /at$ z giv5 to y1 & to y only--9 ?is way3 ,,ramhur/ ,,gunp[d]1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,burton1 ,*ildr51 & ,co4 aft] an improv$ process1 f\nd$ ^u exp]im5ts & inve/igations made by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 & communicat$ by him to ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,*ildr51 "u ^: imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce ! gunp[d] is made4 ,i h fully made up my m9d on ?is matt]3 & if y approve ( ! above =m1 ,i w /ate x to be ! only "o to :i* ,i w cons5t4 ,if ! gunp[d] is call$ ,sir ,h4 ,davy's p[d]1 x mu/ be /at$ 9 all cases :]e my "n is us$1 t x is s call$ 9 hon\r ( my discov]ies 9 *emi/ry1 & because ,i h giv5 my gratuit\s assi/ance 9 mak+ ! exp]im5ts & inve/igations on :i* ! process is f\nd$4 ,i h resolv$ to make no pr(it ( any ?+ connect$ ) sci5ce4 ,i devote my life to ! public 9 future1 & ,i mu/ h x cle>ly und]/ood1 t ,i h no views ( pr(it 9 any ?+ ,i d4 ,i am1 my de> ,*ildr51 ,v affectionately y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,9 subsequ5t lett]s1 :i* x is n necess>y to publi%1 ,davy dwells ^u ! necessity ( 8 engagem5ts z a p>tn] be+ legally cancell$1 z he _c endure ! idea ( 8 philosophical repose & usefulness be+ di/urb$ by ! c>es ( bus9ess1 or ! tr\ble ( litigation4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add1 t all ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 ?is transaction mo/ readily & *e]fully met ,davy's wi%es1 all errone\s impressions 7 effac$1 & ! affair 0 adju/$ amicably & satisfactorily2 & he prep>$ to quit ,engl& ) a m9d reliev$ f all ! fe>s & anxieties :i* _h s un=tunately oppress$ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5* _h /]nly refus$ 8 passport to sev]al ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s noblem5 ( ,engl&1 x 0 sc>cely to be expect$ t ,sir ,h4 ,davy w\ld h be5 all[$ to travel ?r\gh ,france1 9 ord] to visit ! ext9ct volcanoes 9 ,auv]gne1 & aft]w>ds to exam9e t :i* 0 9 a /ate ( activity at ,naples4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 _h ! discov]y ( ! decomposition ( ! alkalies & e>?s1 & its probable be>+s ^u ! philosophy ( volcanic action1 be5 repres5t$ by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute to ,napoleon1 ?an1 ) a lib]ality wor?y ( ! lib]ator ( ,dolomieu1 & consi/5t ) 8 well-kn[n patronage ( sci5ce1 he imm$iately & unconditionally ext5d$ ! requir$ indulg5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is p]mission1 ,sir ,humphry & ,lady ,davy1 ! =m] accompani$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday z secret>y & *emical assi/ant1 & ! latt] by h] own wait+-maid1 quitt$ ,london on ! #ac? ( ,octob] #ahac1 & proce$$ to ,plym\?2 at :i* port !y imm$iately emb>k$ 9 a c>tel = ,morlaix 9 ,brittany4 ,on l&+ 9 ,france1 !y 7 in/antly arre/$ by ! local au?orities ( ! t[n1 :o v reasonably que/ion$ ! au!nticity ( _! passports1 believ+ x impossible t a p>ty ( ,engli% %\ld1 "u any circum/ances1 h obta9$ p]mission to travel ov] ! ,cont95t1 at a "t :5 ! only ,engli% 9 ,france 7 deta9$ z prison]s4 ,!y 7 accord+ly compell$ to rema9 dur+ a p]iod ( six or sev5 days at ! t[n ( ,morlaix1 until ! necess>y in/ructions c\ld be receiv$ f ,p>is4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z a satisfactory answ] 0 return$1 !y 7 set at lib]ty2 & !y rea*$ ! ,fr5* capital on ! ev5+ ( ! #bg? ( ! same mon?4 ,%ortly aft] 8 arrival1 ,davy call$ ^u 8 old fri5d & associate ,mr4 ,und]wood1 :o1 al?\gh "o ( ! dt5us1 _h dur+ ! :ole w> enjoy$ ! indulg5ce ( resid+ 9 ! capital4 ,! expect$ arrival ( ,davy _h be5 a subject ( conv]sation ) ! ,fr5* savans = m ?an a mon?4 ,among/ ^? :o 7 l\de/ 9 8 praises1 0 ,m4 ,ampre1 :o _h = sev]al ye>s frequ5tly express$ 8 op9ion t ,davy 0 ! greate/ *emi/ t _h ev] appe>$4 ,:e!r ?is flatt]+ circum/ance _h be5 communicat$ to ! ,engli% philosoph] ,i h no means ( asc]ta9+2 b ,mr4 ,und]wood in=ms me t ! v fir/ wi% t ,davy express$ 0 to be introduc$ to ?is g5tleman1 :om he consid]$ z ! only *emi/ 9 ,p>is :o _h duly appreciat$ ! value ( 8 discov]ies2 an op9ion :i* he aft]w>ds took no c>e to conceal1 & :i* occasion$ among/ ! savans mu* surprise1 & "s dissatisfaction4 ,m4 ,ampre1 at ! "t ( ,davy's arrival1 0 sp5d+ ! summ] at a place a few miles f ,p>is1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! introduction s mu* desir$ 0 necess>ily delay$4 ,on ! #cj? he 0 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,und]wood to ! ,l\vre4 ,! ,engli% philosoph] walk$ ) a rapid /ep along ! gall]y1 &1 to ! great a/oni%m5t & mortification ( 8 fri5d & cic]one1 did n direct 8 att5tion to a s+le pa9t+2 ! only exclamation ( surprise t escap$ him 0--,:at an extraord9>y collection ( f9e frames6--,on arriv+ opposite to ,raphael's picture ( ! ,transfiguration1 ,mr4 ,und]wood c\ld no long] suppress 8 surprise1 & 9 a tone ( en?usiasm he direct$ ! att5tion ( ! philosoph] to t mo/ sublime production ( art1 & ! *ef d'oeuvre ( ! collection4 ,davy's reply 0 z laconic z x 0 *ill+--,inde$1 ,i am glad ,i h se5 x2 & !n hurri$ =w>d1 z if he 7 desir\s ( escap+ f any critical rem>ks ^u its excell5cies4 ,!y aft]w>ds desc5d$ to view ! /atues 9 ! l[] ap>tm5ts3 "h he display$ ! same frigid indiff]5ce t[>ds ! high] works ( art4 ,a spectator ( ! sc5e might h well imag9$ t "s mighty spell 0 9 op]ation1 by :i* ! ord] ( nature _h be5 rev]s$3--:ile ! m>ble gl[$ ) m ?an human passion1 ! liv+ man 0 cold] ?an /one6 ,! apa?y1 ! total want ( feel+ he betray$ on hav+ 8 att5tion direct$ to ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 ! ,laocoon1 & ! ,v5us de ,m$icis1 0 z inexplicable z x 0 provok+2 b an exclamation ( ! mo/ vivid surprise escap$ him at ! sight ( an ,ant9\s1 treat$ 9 ! ,egyptian /yle1 & sculptur$ 9 ,alaba/]4#c--;,graci\s p[]s1 said he1 :at a beautiful /alactite6 #c ,! celebrat$ ,italian antiqu>y ,visconti has s d5om9at$ x4 ,:at a /range--:at a discordant anomaly 9 ! con/ruction ( ! human m9d d ^! anecdotes unfold6 ,we h "h pres5t$ to u a philosoph]1 :o1 ) ! gl[+ fancy ( a poet1 is ins5sible to ! div9e beauties ( ! si/] arts6 ,let ! metaphysician1 if he c1 unravel ! my/]y1--! biograph] has only to obs]ve t ! ,muses c\ld nev] h danc$ 9 *orus at 8 bir?4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 ,mr4 ,und]wood accompani$ him to ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 & pres5t$ him to ! v5]able ,vauquel91 :o 0 ! fir/ sci5tific man he _h se5 9 ,p>is4 ,on _! return !y inspect$ ! colossal ,elephant :i* 0 int5d$ to =m a "p ( ! f\nta9 !n erect+ on ! site ( ! ,ba/ile4 ,davy appe>$ to be m delight$ ) ?is /up5d\s "w ?an ) any object he saw 9 ,p>is3 to its ar*itect1 ,m4 ,alavair1 he =m$ an imm$iate atta*m5t4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t1 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ?is city1 8 likes & dislikes to p>ticul> p]sons 7 viol5t1 & t !y 71 app>5tly1 n direct$ by any pr9ciple1 b 7 ! effect ( sudd5 impulse4 ,9 ! c\rse ( remov+ ! f\ndations1 & 9 digg+ ! canal1 ! subt]ranean dungeons ( ! ,ba/ile 7 discov]$2 !y 7 eight 9 numb]1 & 7 call$ ,les ,oubliettes4 ,z !y 7 "u ! level ( ! dit* ( ! =tress1 any attempt to escape f !m by pi]c+ ! wall1 mu/ h inevitably dr[n$ ! unhappy prison] toge!r ) all ^? :o inhabit$ ! contigu\s cells2 "o ( :i* 0 discov]$ ) ! entrance wall$ up4 ,^u demoli%+ ?is wall !re appe>$ ! skeleton ( ! la/ wret*$ p]son :o _h be5 ?us entomb$4 ,9 all ^! discov]ies ,davy took ! w>me/ int]e/4 ,^u ! con/ruction ( ! ,elephant1 he wrote a lett] to ,m4 ,alavair1 to :i* ,i am desir\s ( direct+ ! att5tion ( my sci5tific read]s4 ,x d]ives its peculi> int]e/ f ! op9ion :i* he at t p]iod ent]ta9$ ^u ! subject ( ! excitem5t ( ,voltaic action by ! contact ( diff]5t metals4 ,,to ,m4 ,,anto9e ,,alavair4 ,,sir1 ,novemb] #ahac4 ,x w give me mu* pleasure if ,i c repay y\r civility to me by (f]+ any h9ts t may be useful 9 ! execution ( ! magnific5t "w con/ruct+ "u y\r directions4 ,t5 p>ts ( copp] to "o ( t9 is an excell5t composition = a "w ^u a great scale1 nor d ,i believe any proportions c be bett]4 ,!re is no fe> ( any decay 9 ! armatures1 if !y c be pres]v$ f ! contact ( moi/ure2 b if expos$ to air & moi/ure1 ! pres5ce ( ! bronze w mat]ially assi/ _! decay4 ,:]ev] ! iron is expos$ to air1 x %\ld1 if possible1 be cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( bronze4 ,:5 ! iron t\*es ! f\ndation ( lead1 x %\ld 9 l mann] be cov]$ ei!r by lead or bronze4 ,a contact betwe5 metals has no effect ( corrosion1 unless a ,voltaic circle is =m$ ) moi/ure1 & !n ! mo/ oxidable metal corrodes2 & iron corrodes rapidly bo? ) lead & bronze4 ,! cem5t :i* w probably be f\nd ! mo/ durable w be lime1 f9e s&1 & scoria ( iron4 ,! mat]ials %\ld be v f9e & intimately mix$4 ,! anci5ts always made _! cem5ts = great works "s mon?s be=e !y 7 us$4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,sir1 ) mu* consid]ation1 ,y\r ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,davy took up 8 abode at ! ,hotel des ,pr9ces1 ,rue ,ri*elieu2 :i!r ! pr9cipal savans ( ,p>is ha/5$ to pay _! respects2 :i* !y did ) an alacrity & *e]fulness equall$ only by ! c\rtesy ( mann] ) :i* !y express$ _! congratulations4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,novemb]1 ,davy att5d$ ! ,fir/ ,class ( ! ,in/itute1 & 0 plac$ on ! "r h& ( ! ,presid5t1 :o on tak+ ! *air ann\nc$ to ! meet+ t x 0 hon\r$ by ! pres5ce ( ,le ,*evali] ,davy4 ,:ile ,davy 0 at ! meet+ ( ! ,in/itute1 a curi\s adv5ture occurr$ to ,lady ,davy1 ! relation ( :i*1 by %[+ ! /ate ( surveillance 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,p>is 7 held at t p]iod1 w enable u to appreciate ! ext5t ( ! obligation conf]r$ ^u ,sir ,humphry by ! ,emp]or4 ,h] ,lady%ip1 att5d$ by h] maid1 _h walk$ into ! ,?uill]ies' ,g>d54 ,%e wore a v small hat1 ( a simple cockle-%ell =m1 su* z 0 fa%ionable at t "t 9 ,london2 :ile ! ,p>isian ladies wore bonnets ( mo/ volum9\s dim5sions4 ,x happ5$ to be a sa9t's day1 on :i*1 ! %ops be+ clos$1 ! citiz5s repair$ 9 cr[ds to ! g>d54 ,on see+ ! dim9utive bonnet ( ,lady ,davy1 ! ,p>isians felt little less surprise ?an did ! inhabitants ( ,brobdignag on behold+ ! hat ( ,gulliv]2 & a cr[d ( p]sons soon assembl$ ar\nd ! unkn[n exotic2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 "o ( ! inspectors ( ! g>d5 imm$iately pres5t$ himself1 & in=m$ h] ,lady%ip t no cause ( 'rassemblem5t' c\ld be suff]$1 & !re=e reque/$ h] to retire4 ,"s (fic]s ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 to :om %e appeal$1 repli$1 t1 h[ev] mu* !y might regret ! circum/ance1 !y 7 unable to af=d h] any r$ress1 z ! ord] 0 p]emptory4 ,%e !n reque/$ t !y w\ld conduct h] to h] c>riage2 an (fic] imm$iately (f]$ 8 arm1 b ! cr[d _h by ?is "t s greatly increas$1 t x became necess>y to s5d = a corporal's gu>d2 & ! p>ty quitt$ ! g>d51 surr\nd$ by fix$ bayonets4 ,novemb] #crd1 ,humboldt & ,gay-,lussac paid _! fir/ visit ( complim5t to ,davy4 #e?4--,m4 ,ampre1 :o came to ,p>is expressly = ! occasion1 0 introduc$ to ,davy by ,mr4 ,und]wood1 & ! two philosoph]s appe>$ equally delight$ ) ea* o!r4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ?is feel+ ( fri5dly reg>d1 on ! "p ( ,davy1 0 turn$ into "o ( bitt] av]sion1 9 consequ5ce1 z x has be5 suppos$1 ( c]ta9 p]fidi\s ins9uations1 by :i* "s ( ! savans1 in/igat$ by feel+s ( jeal\sy1 _h contriv$ to prejudice 8 m9d2 & :i* ev5 l$ him to ex]t all 8 ef=ts to oppose ! election ( ,ampre z a =eign memb] ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,aft] ,ampre's visit1 ,mr4 ,und]wood accompani$ ,sir ,h4 & 8 lady to ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y 9 ! ,rue ,ri*elieu1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame1 :]e !y inspect$ ! cr[n & imp]ial regalia4 ,! spl5d\r ( ! coronation mantle ( ,napoleon may be imag9$1 :5 x is /at$ t its weight exce$$ eighty p\nds1 & t x 0 l9$ ) ! sk9s ( six ?\s& erm9es4 #f?4--,!y visit$ ! ,museum ( ,fr5* ,monum5ts1 9 ! ,rue des ,petits ,augu/9es1 :i* conta9$ ! tombs & sculptur$ ornam5ts pres]v$ f ! *ur*es t 7 demoli%$ dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,?is int]e/+ collection1 %ortly aft] ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons1 0 disp]s$4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 t ,davy express$ m admiration at ?is inf]ior exhibition ( art1 ?an he did at t ( ! ,greek & ,roman /atues 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,:e!r 8 ta/e _h be5 vitiat$ by ! inspection ( less p]fect models 9 8 e>li] days1 is a "q :i* ,i %all leave m compet5t judges to decide4 #aj?4--,!y d9$ ) ,c\nt ,rum=d at ,auteuil1 :o %[$ 8 laboratory to ,davy3 ?is 0 exactly eight mon?s be=e ! poor brok5he>t$ ,c\nt sank into ! grave1 ! victim ( dome/ic torm5t1 & ( ! p]secutions ( ! ,fr5* savans1 in/igat$ by 8 wife1 ! wid[ ( ! celebrat$ ,lavoisi]4 #ac?4--,! anniv]s>y d9n] ( ! ,philomatic ,society took place on ?is day1 at a re/aurateur's 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,honor2 ,m4 ,dum]il 9 ! *air4 ,al?\gh x 0 v unusual to invite any /rang] ^u ?is occasion1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy & 8 ,engli% fri5d 7 reque/$ to fav\r ! company by _! pres5ce4 ,?irty-?ree memb]s 7 9 att5dance1 among/ :om 7 ,ampre1 ,brogni>t1 ,cuvi]1 ,*evreuil1 ,dulong1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,humboldt1 ,?n>d1 c4 ,at ?is d9n] v>i\s complim5t>y toa/s 7 propos$3 & fir/1 ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 = :i* ,davy hav+ return$ ?anks1 gave ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,! ,l9nan ,society ( ,london1 & ! ,royal ,society ( ,b]l91 7 giv5 9 succession4 ,b ! circum/ance :i* ev9c$ ! greate/ feel+ & delicacy t[>ds _! ,engli% gue/1 0 ! company's decl9+ to dr9k ! heal? ( ! ,emp]or4 ,x plac$ _! p]sonal safety ev5 9 "s jeop>dy2 & n a little appreh5sion 0 aft]w>ds felt z to h[ f> ,napoleon might res5t su* a m>k ( disrespect1 = sev5-eigh?s ( ! memb]s pres5t 7 placem54 ,novemb] #ag?4--,mr4 ,und]wood /ates t on ?is day he met ,humboldt at d9n] at ,davy's hotel2 & he adds--,i d n "k :e!r y are aw>e t ,sir ,humphry _h a sup]/iti\s dislike at see+ a knife & =k plac$ crosswise on a plate at d9n]1 or ^u any o!r occasion2 b ,i c assure y t su* 0 ! fact2 & :5 x occurr$ 9 ! company ( 8 intimate fri5ds1 he always reque/$ t !y might be displac$2 :5ev] ?is c\ld n be done1 he 0 evid5tly v uncom=table4#d #d ,i repeat ?is z ,i receiv$ x3 f my own p]sonal k ,i c nei!r confirm nor refute x2 al?\gh ,i am incl9$ to believe t ,davy 0 t+$ ) a degree ( sup]/iti\s feel+1 or a c]ta9 undef9$ species ( cr$ulity1 :i* %elt]s itself "u ! ackn[l$g$ inadequacy ( human reason to connect causes ) effects4 ,at ab\t ?is p]iod1 b ,i am unable to asc]ta9 ! p>ticul> day1 ! junior ,*emi/s1 ) ,?n>d z _! lead]1 gave ,davy a sumptu\s d9n] at "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ re/aurateurs 9 ,p>is4 ,! foll[+ p]sons =m$ a committee = t purpose3 ,gay-,lussac1 ,?n>d1 ,dulong1 ,*evreul1 ,laugi]1 ,robiquet1 & ,clem5t4 ,z x 0 by ! *emi/s only t ?is d9n] 0 giv51 nei!r ,arago nor ,ampre 0 includ$2 b ,b]?ollet1 ,*aptal1 & ,vauquel9 7 invit$4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bcrd ( ,novemb]1#e ,m4 ,ampre call$ ^u ,davy1 & plac$ 9 8 h&s a small portion ( a sub/ance :i* he _h receiv$ f ,m4 ,clem5t2 &1 al?\gh x _h be5 9 ! possession ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s = m ?an twelve mon?s1 s entirely ignorant 7 !y ( its true nature & composition1 t x 0 con/antly spok5 ( among/ !mselves z ,x1 ! unkn[n body4 #e ,! date ( ?is ev5t is important2 & ,mr4 ,f>aday1 9 ref]r+ to 8 ,j\rnal1 f9ds x to be correctly /at$4 ,h[ f> ! sugge/ions ( ,davy l$ to ! discov]y ( ! *emical nature ( ?is int]e/+ sub/ance1 :i* has be5 s9ce di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,iod9e1 is a "q :i* has giv5 rise to mu* discussion on ! ,cont95t4 ,x has be5 moreov] que/ion$1 h[ f> ! love ( sci5ce1 & ! f]v\r ( emulation1 c ju/ify ! int]f]5ce :i* ,davy is said to h display$ ^u ! occasion4 ,he is accus$ ( hav+ unfairly tak5 ! subject out ( ! h&s ( ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 its inve/igation1 & to h anticipat$ _! results4 ,z 8 biograph]1 ,i feel t x is n only due to ! "* ( ,davy1 b ess5tial to ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 t ^! que/ions %\ld be imp>tially exam9$2 & ,i h sp>$ no pa9s 9 collect+ facts = _! elucidation4 ,mr4 ,und]wood1 :o 0 9 ! con/ant habit ( associat+ ) ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 ! enquiry1 has furni%$ me ) "s important p>ticul>s1 & 8 te/imony is =tifi$ by publi%$ docum5ts4 ,! sub/ance "u dispute 0 accid5tally discov]$ by ,m4 ,c\rtois1 a manufactur] ( saltpetre at ,p>is1 b kept secret by him = sev]al ye>s2 at l5g?1 h[ev]1 he communicat$ x to ,m4 ,clem5t1 :o made sev]al exp]im5ts on x1 b )\t any fav\rable result4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/ #ahac1 ,clem5t exhibit$ to ,mr4 ,und]wood ! beautiful exp]im5t ( rais+ x into a violet-col\r$ vap\r1 & t g5tleman assures me t ?is 0 ! only peculi> prop]ty :i* _h at t "t be5 recognis$ z di/+ui%+ x4 ,a few days previ\s to ?is ev5t1 ,m4 ,ampre _h receiv$ a specim5 ( ! sub/ance1 :i* he _h c>efully fold$ up 9 pap]1 & deposit$ 9 8 pocket1 b on arriv+ at home1 & op5+ ! packet1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d t 8 treasure _h vani%$4 ,clem5t1 h[ev]1 furni%$ him ) ano!r supply1 & x 0 ?is p>cel t ,ampre transf]r$ into ! h&s ( ,davy2 & = :i*1 says ,mr4 ,und]wood1 he told me a few days ago1 t ,?n>d & ,gay-,lussac 7 extremely angry ) him4 ,! fir/ op9ion :i* ! ,fr5* *emi/s ent]ta9$ respect+ ! nature ( ,iod9e1 0 t x 0 ei!r a comp\nd ( muriatic acid1 or ( *lor9e1 s9ce x =m$ ) silv] :at appe>$ to be a muriate1 or a *loride ( t metal2 b ,davy at once obs]v$ t ! sub/ance s produc$ black5$ too quickly 9 ! sun to ju/ify t op9ion4 ,he1 h[ev]1 det]m9$ to submit x to a m rigor\s exam9ation2 & dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,novemb] he work$ ^u x at 8 hotel ) 8 own app>atus1 & on ! #crd ( ,decemb] 9 ! laboratory ( ,m4 ,*evreul1 at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 ) :om1 x may be /at$ 9 pass+1 he p]haps =m$ a /rict] intimacy ?an ) any o!r *emi/ dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ,p>is4 ,*evreul1 h[ev]1 be x kn[n1 0 a bro!r ( ! angle2 & ,i und]/& t he /ill pres]ves1 z sacr$ trophies1 "s artificial flies ) :i* ,davy _h suppli$ him4 ,hav+ po9t$ out ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ,iod9e fir/ fell into ! h&s ( ,davy1 let u pursue its hi/ory4 ,! fir/ public notice ( its exi/5ce 0 read by ,clem5t at ! ,in/itute1 on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #ahac4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! #f? ( ,decemb]1 ,gay-,lussac1 :o _h only receiv$ "s ',x' a few days previ\s to ?is date1 pres5t$ a %ort note1 9 :i* he gave ! "n ( ,iode to ! body1 & ?rew out a h9t z to its great analogy to *lor9e1 :ile he /at$ t two hypo!ses might be =m$ z to its nature1 t x might be consid]$ z a simple sub/ance1 or z a comp\nd ( oxyg54 ,on ! #ac? ( ! same mon?1 a lett] address$ to ,m4 le ,*evali] ,cuvi]1 & dat$ ,decemb] #aa?1 0 read f ,davy to ! ,in/itute1 9 :i* he (f]$ a g5]al view ( its *emical nature & relations2#f & on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y #ahad1 he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 a long & elaborate pap]1 dat$ ,p>is1 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahac1 & entitl$1 ,"s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on a new ,sub/ance1 :i* becomes a violet-col\r$ gas by ,heat4 ,9 ?is pap]1 :ile ! au?or assign$ to ,gay-,lussac all ! cr$it to :i* 8 communication ( ! #f? ( ,decemb] may be suppos$ to entitle him1 he evid5tly felt t "s explanation 0 due to ! *emical _w = 8 hav+ pursu$ ! enquiry4 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac1 he obs]ves1 is /ill engag$ 9 exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 & f 8 activity & great sagacity1 a complete *emical hi/ory ( x may be anticipat$4 ,b z ! mode ( procur+ ! sub/ance is n[ kn[n to ! *emical _w 9 g5]al1 & z ! comb9ations & ag5cies ( x (f] an ext5sive field = enquiry1 & w probably occupy ! att5tion ( _m p]sons2 & z ! inve/igation ( x is n pursu$ by ! discov]] himself1 nor p>ticul>ly by ! g5tlem5 to :om x 0 fir/ communicat$1 ,i %all n hesitate to lay be=e ! ,royal ,society an acc\nt ( ! inve/igations ,i h made ^u x2 & ,i d ?is ) ! less scruple1 z my p>ticul> mann] ( view+ ! ph5om5a has l$ me to "s new results1 :i* probably w n be consid]$ by ! ,society z )\t int]e/ 9 _! relation to ! g5]al !ory ( *emi/ry1 & 9 _! possible application to "s ( ! useful arts4 #f ,see ,annales de ,*imie1 tome #hh1 p4 #cbb4 ,x appe>s f ,mr4 ,f>aday's ,j\rnal1 t he work$ ^u ,iod9e ) a borr[$ ,voltaic pile1 at 8 hotel1 on ! morn+ ( ! #aa?2 & ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts are describ$ at ! conclusion ( ! above lett]4 ,x 0 n until ,augu/ #ahad1 t ,gay-,lussac read 8 pap] on ! subject1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie4 ,aft] ! above %ort1 b ,i tru/ hone/ /atem5t1 c any reasonable d\bt exi/1 t1 if ,davy _h n visit$ ,p>is1 ,iod9e w\ld h rema9$ at ! end ( ! ye> #ahad1 z x _h be5 = two prec$+ ye>s--! unkn[n ,x8 ,9 a communication publi%$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ,j\rnal1 ,davy (f]s ! foll[+ obs]vations ^u ?is subject3 ,) reg>d to ,iod9e1 ! fir/ ,i _h ( x 0 f ,m4 ,ampre1 :o1 be=e ,i _h se5 ! sub/ance1 suppos$ t x might conta9 a new support] ( combu/ion4 ,:o _h mo/ %>e 9 develop+ ! *emical hi/ory ( t body1 mu/ be det]m9$ by a review ( ! pap]s t h be5 publi%$ ^u x1 & by an exam9ation ( _! respective dates4 ,:5 ,m4 ,clem5t %[$ ,iod9e to me1 he believ$ t ! hydriodic acid 0 muriatic acid2 & ,m4 ,gay-,lussac1 aft] 8 e>ly exp]im5ts1 made orig9ally ) ,m4 ,clem5t1 =m$ ! same op9ion1 & ma9ta9$ x1 :5 ,i fir/ /at$ to him my belief t x 0 a new & peculi> acid1 & t ,iod9e 0 a sub/ance analog\s 9 its *emical relations to ,*lor9e4 ,i 0 v desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! feel+ :i* at pres5t prevails among/ ! ,fr5* *emi/s ^u ?is subject2 & ,i !re=e reque/$ ,mr4 ,und]wood to make su* enquiries z might elicit ! requir$ in=mation4 ,9 a lett] f t g5tleman1 dat$ ,p>is1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahcj1 he says1 ,?\gh ,?n>d & ,gay-,lussac reta9 great bitt]ness ( feel+ t[>ds ,davy1 on acc\nt ( ! affair ( ,iod9e1 ,*evreul & ,ampre are /ill1 z !y ev] 71 ( op9ion1 t su* a feel+ has its orig9 9 a misconception2 t :at ,davy did1 0 f ! hone/ desire ( promot+ sci5ce1 & n f any wi% to detract f ! m]it ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s4 ,dur+ 8 visit to ,p>is1 ,davy 0 n introduc$ to ! ,emp]or4 ,lady ,davy obs]v$ to me1 t1 al?\gh ,sir ,humphry felt ju/ly grateful = ! indulg5ce grant$ to him z a ,philosoph]1 he nev]1 = a mom5t1 =got ! duty he ow$ 8 c\ntry z a ,patriot2 & t he object$ to att5d ! levee ( h] bitt]e/ enemy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said t ,napoleon nev] express$ any wi% to receive ! ,engli% *emi/2 & ^? :o seek 9 ! dep?s = t :i* floats ^u ! surface1 h rack$ _! imag9ations 9 ord] to discov] ! s\rce ( ?is my/]i\s indiff]5ce2 b ,i appreh5d t we h only to rev]t to ! political /ate ( ,europe 9 ! ye> #ahac1 & ! problem w be solv$4 ,among/ ! reasons = suppos+ t ! ,emp]or mu/ h felt ill dispos$ t[>ds ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ! foll[+ /ory has be5 told2 :i*1 z an anecdote1 is suffici5tly amus+2 & ,i c /ate ^u ! highe/ au?ority1 t x is moreov] p]fectly true4 ,x is well kn[n t ,bonap>te1 dur+ 8 :ole c>e]1 0 9 ! habit ( p]sonal int]c\rse ) ! savans ( ,p>is1 & t he n unfrequ5tly att5d$ ! sitt+s ( ! ,in/itute4 ,^u be+ in=m$ ( ! decomposition ( ! alkalies1 he ask$1 ) "s impetuosity1 h[ x happ5$ t ! discov]y _h n be5 made 9 ,france8--,we h nev] con/ruct$ a ,voltaic batt]y ( suffici5t p[]1 0 ! answ]4 ,!n1 exclaim$ ,bonap>te1 let "o be in/antly =m$1 )\t any reg>d to co/ or lab\r4 ,! comm& ( ! ,emp]or 0 ( c\rse obey$2 &1 on be+ in=m$ t x 0 9 full action1 he repair$ to ! laboratory to witness its p[]s2 on 8 allud+ to ! ta/e produc$ by ! contact ( two metals1 ) t rapidity :i* *>act]is$ all 8 motions1 & be=e ! att5dants c\ld int]pose any precaution1 he ?ru/ ! extreme wires ( ! batt]y "u 8 tongue1 & receiv$ a %ock :i* ne>ly depriv$ him ( s5sation4 ,aft] recov]+ f its effects1 he quitt$ ! laboratory )\t mak+ any rem>k1 & 0 nev] aft]w>ds he>d to ref] to ! subject4 ,x is only an act ( ju/ice to /ate t ,davy1 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ! ,fr5* capital1 s f> f truckl+ to ,fr5* politics1 nev] lo/ an opportunity ( v9dicat+ ) temp] ! cause ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,at ! ,?tre de la ,porte ,sa9t ,m>t91 a melodrame 0 got up1 ) ! av[$ int5tion ( expos+ ! ,engli% "* to ! execration ( ! audi5ce4 ,"l ,cornwallis 0 repres5t$ z ! m]ciless assass9 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,tippoo ,saib4 ,davy 0 highly inc5s$ at ! inju/ice ( ! repres5tation1 & abruptly quitt$ ! !atre 9 a /ate ( great indignation4 ,:atev] objections might h exi/$ 9 8 m9d1 z to 8 att5d+ a levee ( ! ,emp]or1 !y did n op]ate 9 prev5t+ 8 be+ pres5t$ to ! ,empress at ,malmaison2 b he c\ld n be prevail$ ^u to appe> ^u t occasion1 9 any o!r ?an a morn+ dress2 & x 0 n until aft] repeat$ entreaty1 & ! assurance t he w\ld n be admitt$ into ! ,salle de reception1 t he cons5t$ to ex*ange a pair ( half-boots t lac$ 9 front1 & came ov] ! l[] "p ( 8 pantaloons1 = black silk /ock+s & %oes4 ,8 con/ant answ] to ! remon/rances ( 8 fri5ds 01 ,i %all g 9 ! same dress to ,malmaison z t 9 :i* ,i call$ ^u ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t at ,c>lton ,h\se4 ,! introduction ( ,sir ,humphry & ,lady ,davy to ! ,empress ,joseph9e1 took place at ,malmaison on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]4 ,! only ,engli% pres5t 71 ! ,e>l ( ,bev]ley1 a dt5ue2 ,g5]al ,sir ,edw>d ,paget1 a prison] ( w>1 tak5 9 ,spa91 & ,mr4 ,und]wood2 & x 0 ! fir/ levee at :i* any ( our c\ntrym5 _h be5 introduc$1 ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,und]wood1 :o _h be5 frequ5tly 9 ! habit ( pay+ 8 c\rt to ! ,empress1 & to :om1 inde$1 he 0 indebt$ = ^? indulg5ces :i* h be5 already m5tion$4 ,! p]sons pres5t hav+ arrang$ !mselves 9 a semicircle1 ! ,empress ent]$ ! ,salle de reception1 & 9 h] usual graci\s mann] address$ ea* individual4 ,aft] ?is c\rt c]emony1 h] ,maje/y retir$1 hav+ previ\sly signifi$ to a select few1 h] desire t !y %\ld foll[ h] into ! private ap>tm5t4 ,9 ! ,b\doir1 ! conv]sation became g5]al1 & turn$ ^u c]ta9 works ( art2 & ^u ,lady ,davy express+1 9 v florid t]ms1 h] admiration ( "s beautifully embelli%$ cups ( ,porcela91 :i* 7 /ation$ on ! mantelpiece1 h] ,maje/y1 ) t good-nature :i* ev] di/+ui%$ h]1 imm$iately pres5t$ h] ) a specim54 ,! ,empress !n propos$ t ,lady ,davy %\ld on ?is occasion visit h] cons]vatories1 ^u :i* x is well kn[n %e _h lavi%$ l>ge sums1 & 0 ambiti\s to be ?\ght to possess all t 0 r>e & curi\s4 ,lady ,davy hav+ express$ "s appreh5sions z to ! coldness ( ! day1 & appe>+ to be b ?9ly clad1 "o ( ! ,dames du ,palais 0 comm&$ to provide cloaks2 & 9 a %ort "t1 ,mr4 ,und]wood says1 a m\nta9 ( ! mo/ co/ly & magnific5t furs1 t probably ev] appe>$ ev5 9 a ,regal ,palace1 7 display$ be=e h]2 ! spl5did trophies1 we may conclude1 ( ! ,royal conciliation at ,tilsit4 ,x 0 on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] #ahac1 t ,davy 0 elect$ a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,fir/ ,class ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute2 !re 7 =ty-eight memb]s pres5t1 & he _h =ty-sev5 votes3 ,guyton de ,morveau be+ ! only p]son :o oppos$ 8 election4 ,no?+ ev] exce$$ ! lib]ality & unaffect$ k9dness & att5tion ) :i* ! savans ( ,france _h receiv$ & c>ess$ ! ,engli% philosoph]4 ,_! conduct 0 ! triumph ( ,sci5ce ov] national animosity1--a homage to g5ius1 alike hon\rable to ^? :o be/[$1 & to him :o receiv$ x2 & x w\ld be an act ( +ratitude1 a violation ( hi/orical ju/ice1 on ! "p ( ! ,engli% biograph]1 did he omit to express ! pride & admiration ) :i* e philosoph] 9 8 c\ntry cont9ues to reg>d x4 ,x w\ld h be5 =tunate = ! cause ( ,sci5ce1 & =tunate = ! hi/orian1 c\ld he h t]m9at$ ! subject ) ^! rem>ks2 b ! biograph] has an act ( ju/ice to p]=m1 :i* he mu/ n suff] 8 fri5d%ip to evade1 nor 8 p>tialities to compromise4#g #g ,9 (f]+ ^! obs]vations1 ! read] may readily suppose x has n be5 )\t mu* pa9 t ,i h made ?is sacrifice ( p]sonal feel+ to pr9ciple4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 b\nd to obs]ve1 t ,sir ,humphry's s5tim5ts t[>ds ,france = ! lib]al indulg5ce grant$ to him 7 bo? grateful & k9dly2 & s /rongly does ,lady ,davy p>ticipate 9 t feel+1 t ,i p]haps owe x to h] to /ate t nei!r h] ,lady%ip's j\rnals or in=mation h be5 us$ ^u ?is occasion4 ,x w\ld be an act ( lit]>y di%one/y to ass]t t ,sir ,h4 ,davy return$ ! k9dness ( ! savans ( ,france1 9 a mann] :i* ! fri5ds ( ,sci5ce c\ld h expect$ & desir$4 ,!re 0 a flippancy 9 8 mann]1 a sup]cili\sness & hauteur 9 8 deportm5t1 :i* surpris$ z mu* z !y (f5d$4 ,:atev] op9ions he might h =m$ z to ! tal5ts ( ! lead+ *emi/s1 x 0 weakness to betray1 & arrogance to av[ !m4 ,he _h1 by a s+le bl[1 fatally mutilat$ ! sy/em :i* 0 ! pride & glory ( _! nation3 x 0 ung5]\s to rem9d !m ( 8 triumph4 ,x requir$ b little tact to h reconcil$ ! ,fr5* philosoph]s to ! revolution he _h effect$2 b1 un=tunately1 t _c be said ( ,davy1 :i* 0 s wittily obs]v$ ( ,voltaire1--t if he trod ^u ! toes ( _! prejudices1 he t\*$ 8 hat at ! same "t3 ev5 ! affair ( ,iod9e1 _h x be5 skilfully manag$1 w\ld nev] h left an angry feel+4 ,x 0 n 8 success1 b ! mann] 9 :i* he spoke ( x1 t r5d]$ x s (f5sive4 ,he %\ld h act$ accord+ to ! judici\s advice giv5 to a memb] ( ! cl]ical pr(ession1 ^u 8 consult+ a fri5d z to ! propriety ( cont9u+ 8 field-sports1 %\ld he become a dignit>y ( ! ,*ur*--,y may hunt1 b y mu/ n holla4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! ungu>d$ conduct ( ,davy rea*$ ! e> ( ! ,emp]or2 = 9 a conv]sation ) "o ( ! lead+ memb]s ( ! ,in/itute1 ,napoleon took occasion to obs]ve1 t he und]/ood ! "y ,engli% *emi/ held !m all 9 l[ e/imation4 ,hav+ ?us c&idly av[$ ! errors ( ,davy1 ,i may be ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ f ! read] 8 confid5ce 9 ! s9c]ity ) :i* ,i %all attempt to palliate !m4 ,f my p]sonal k ( 8 "*1 ,i am incl9$ to ref] mu* ( t un=tunate mann]1 :i* has be5 consid]$ z ! expression ( a haughty consci\sness ( sup]iority1 to ! desire ( conceal+ a mauvaise honte & gau*]ie--an ungraceful timidity1 :i* he c\ld nev] conqu]4 ,! ba%ful man1 if he possess /rong passions1 w frequ5tly =ce himself into a /ate ( effront]y1 by a viol5ce ( ef=t :i* passes among/ ord9>y obs]v]s = ! sallies ( pride1 or ! ebullitions ( temp]2 :]eas if1 on ! contr>y1 8 temp]am5t be cold & passionless1 he w exhibit traits ( ! mo/ pa9ful res]ve4 ,?is proposition _c1 p]haps1 be m =cibly illu/rat$ ?an by a comp>ison ( ! mann]s ( ,davy & ,cav5di%1 ^: temp]am5ts 7 c]ta9ly z mu* oppos$ to ea* o!r z fire is to ice3 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 0 %y & ba%ful1 to a degree bord]+ ^u disease2 & no?+ s mu* di/ress$ him z an introduction to /rang]s1 or z 8 be+ po9t$ out z a p]son di/+ui%$ 9 sci5ce4 ,on "o ( ! ,sunday ev5+ soires ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 he happ5$ to be conv]s+ ) 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,hat*ett1 :5 ,dr4 ,+5h\z1 :o 0 r rem>kable = pomposity ( mann]1 approa*$ him ) an ,au/rian g5tleman 9 8 h&1 & introduc$ him =mally to ,mr4 ,cav5di%4 ,he rec\nt$ ! titles & qualifications ( 8 =eign fri5d at great l5g?1 & conclud$ by say+1 t he _h be5 p>ticul>ly anxi\s to be introduc$ to a philosoph] s univ]sally celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe z ,mr4 ,cav5di%4 ,z soon z ,dr4 ,+5h\z _h f9i%$1 ! ,au/rian g5tleman began2 he assur$ ,mr4 ,cav5di% t "o ( 8 pr9cipal inducem5ts 9 com+ to ,london1 0 to see & conv]se ) "o :om he consid]$ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *emi/ ( ! age4 ,to all ^! high-fl[n addresses1 ,mr4 ,cav5di% answ]$ n a s+le ^w1 b /ood ) 8 eyes ca/ d[n ^u ! floor1 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ pa9ful confusion4 ,at l5g?1 espy+ an op5+ 9 ! cr[d1 he d>t$ ?r\gh x ) all ! spe$ he c\ld comm&1 & nev] /opp$ until he rea*$ 8 c>riage1 :i* imm$iately drove him home4 ,f ! same cause1 probably1 arose ,davy's inatt5tion & c>elessness 9 ^? little obs]vances ( etiquette1 :i* _m may treat z empty & unmean+ c]emonials1 b :i* ! memb]s ( a poli%$ community reg>d z ! delicate expressions ( feel+1 & ! language ( s5tim5t4 ,x is said1 t on conv]s+ 9 ! *amb] ( ! ,in/itute1 he receiv$ "o ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ & v5]able memb]s1 :o approa*$ him ) ! air ( salutation1 )\t ris+ f 8 seat2 a circum/ance p]haps 9 itself ( v trifl+ importance1 b x 0 consid]$ z a m>k ( disrespect1 :i* is n readily =giv51 :5 a _s ( rivalry may be suppos$ to %>p5 ! affront4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,cs> might date 8 loss ( popul>ity to ! fact ( 8 hav+ receiv$ ! ,s5ate :ile sitt+ 9 ! por* ( ! temple ( ,v5us1 & t x =m$ "o ( ! *ief pret5ces ( ^? :o organis$ ! conspiracy aga9/ 8 p]son4 ,!re 71 besides1 o!r s\rces ( unpopul>ity1 :i* we are b\nd 9 fairness & c&\r to impute to ! excell5cies1 r ?an to ! defects1 ( 8 "*4 ,if we believe ) ,johnson1 t m5 h sometimes ga9$ reputation f _! foibles1 we may c]ta9ly admit ! conv]se ( ! proposition1 t !y h occasionally lo/ x f _! virtues4 ,davy1 z we h se51 possess$ f 8 e>lie/ ye>s a frankness ( disposition :i* ende>$ him to all 8 fri5ds1 b 9 aft] life x unque/ionably expos$ him to v>i\s annoyances1 :i* by a little res]ve he w\ld h c]ta9ly escap$4 ,x is q surpris+ h[ mu* a little my/]y1 judici\sly manag$1 w a*ieve4 ,sev5 veils conv]t$ ! fragm5t ( a tile1 pl\gh$ up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,flor5ce1 into an object ( awful devotion4#h #h ,gray's ,lett]s4 ,al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t our philosoph] lo/ "s popul>ity dur+ 8 visit to ! ,fr5* metropolis1 ! savans did n ! less respect 8 tal5ts1 or admire 8 discov]ies4 ,!y appe> to h be5 impress$ ) ! same s5tim5t z t :i* animat$ ,voltaire1 :5 he ask$ :e!r ! discov]y ( ,rac9e's weakness made ! "p ( ,phdra less admirable4 ,m4 ,dumas1 :o is c]ta9ly by no means di/+ui%$ = ! read9ess ) :i* he is dispos$ to pay homage to ,briti% tal5t1 has decl>$ t ,davy 0 ! greate/ *emical g5ius t ev] appe>$4 ,9 fact1 ! m ! rese>*es ( ?is great exp]im5tali/ are /udi$1 ! m !y mu/ be admir$3 e attempt to depreciate _! intr9sic importance w only s]ve to display _! exalt$ m]its2 e attempt to falsify _! results w only t5d to demon/rate _! accuracy4 ,x is by an elaborate exam9ation only1 t ! full evid5ce ( _! tru? c be display$2 !re are po9ts :i* ! ke5 eye ( g5ius w disc]n1 t are invisible to a gross] s5se3 ! coldness ( criticism !n w only make !m gl[ ! bright]2 l 8 own potassium1 ! contact ev5 ( ice1 s f> f ext+ui%+1 w light !m up 9 spl5d\r4 ,sir ,humphry left ,p>is on ! morn+ ( ! #bi? ( ,decemb]1 & proce$$ by ! way ( ,lyons to ,montpelli]1 :]e he rema9$ = a mon?1 & became acqua9t$ ) ,m4 ,,b]>d1 :o aft]w>ds fill$ ! *emical *air 9 t univ]sity1 & 9 ^: laboratory he work$ ^u ! subject ( ,iod9e1 & exam9$ _m ( ! m>9e productions ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ :e!r !y conta9$ t body4 ,m4 ,b]>d direct$ a consid]able quantity ( ! species ( ,ulva1 :i* ab\nds on ! coa/ ( ,langu$oc1 to be burnt = him2 & al?\gh ! a%es consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( common salt1 he obta9$ traces ( ,iod9e 9 ! lixivium4 ,f ! g5]al results ( 8 exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 he concludes1 t ! a%es ( ! fuci & ulv ( ! ,m$it]ranean af=d x 9 mu* small] quantities ?an ! sea-we$1 f :i* soda is procur$2 & x 0 only 9 a v few in/ances t he c\ld d]ive any evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! a%es ( ! corall9es & sponges1 he c\ld n obta9 ! slighte/ indication ( its pres5ce4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he also ext5d$ 8 enquiries respect+ ! *emical ag5cies ( ,iod9e1 & ! prop]ties ( sev]al ( its comp\nds1 especially ( ^? 9 :i* he believ$ x to exi/ 9 triple comb9ation ) alkalies & oxyg51 & = :i* he propos$ ! "n ( ,oxy-iodes4#i #i ,^! are ! ,iodates ( ! pres5t day2 b ,davy1 x w\ld seem1 resi/$ ! conviction ( ,iodic acid be+ an oxy-acid1 ^u ! same gr\nds t he oppos$ ! views ( ,m4 ,gay-,lussac ) reg>d to ! nature ( ,*loric acid4 ,:ile at ,montpelli]1 ,davy witness$ ! procession ( ! ,pope on 8 return to ,rome4 ,8 ,hol9ess appe>$ 9 a /ate ( great humiliation1 &1 on be+ supplicat$ by a poor woman to cure h] *ild1 he repli$1 t %e mu/ propitiate ,heav5 by h] pray]s1 = t he 0 himself a m]e mortal1 )\t p[] to heal or to save4 ,he quitt$ ,montpelli] on ! #g? ( ,febru>y1 &1 accompani$ by ,m4 ,b]>d1 visit$ ! f\nta9 ( ,vaucluse2 he aft]w>ds cont9u$ 8 r\te to ,nice1 cross$ ! ,col de ,t5de1 to ,tur91 & arriv$ at ,g5oa on ! #be? ( ,febru>y2 f :i* place ! foll[+ lett] is dat$4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,und]wood4 ,,my ,,de> ,,und]wood1 ,g5oa1 ,m>* #d4 ,i h n receiv$ ! lett] y ann\nc$ to me 9 ! /reet1 conc]n+ ,ampre's note1 nor any o!rs s9ce ,i left ,p>is4 ,! note came to me ?r\gh ! ,prefect ( ,nice1 ) an indorsem5t by ,m4 ,deg]&4 ,i cross$ ! ,alps by ! ,col de ,t5de1 /ay$ at ,tur9 ?ree days1 & came "h ?r\gh sn[ & ice1 ov] ! ,bo*etta1 :]e ,i h be5 wait+ = a fair w9d = ,tuscany4 ,we h _h no imp$im5ts except f ! sn[ & ! ea/ w9ds4 ,if y c he> any ?+ ( ! de/9ation ( ! lett]s ,i h twice miss$1 ,i %all ?ank y to let me "k by address+ me at ,rome at ! ,po/a4 ,i %all be mo/ happy to he> "s news ( y "h1 & %all always feel a lively int]e/ 9 y\r plans1 & 9 y\r welf>e4 ,i h be5 mak+ "s exp]im5ts "h on ! ,torp$o1 b )\t any decisive results2 ! coldness ( ! wea!r r5d]s ! p[]s ( ! animal feeble2 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 to resume !m at ,naples4 ,tell ,m4 ,ampre1 ,i hope he w n give up ! subject ( ! laws ( ! comb9ation ( gase\s bodies1 :i* is s wor?y ( be+ illu/rat$ by 8 tal5ts1 & :i* (f]s su* ample scope = 8 ma!matical p[]s1 unit$ z !y are ) *emical k3--tell him also t ,i hope he w sometimes write to me1 & t ,i %all always rememb] ) pleasure ! h\rs ,i h pass$ 9 8 society4 ,pray tell me t y are well2 & rememb] me to all t are int]e/$ 9 me4 ,my wife desires h] k9d remembrances4 ,i am1 my de> ,und]wood1 ,y\r v s9c]e fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,besides rese>*es on ! ,torp$o1 ,davy made f>!r exp]im5ts on ! a%es ( ,sea-we$1 :i* 7 collect$ = him by ,pr(essor ,,viviani1 ( ,g5oa4 ,he left ,g5oa by wat] on ! #ac?1 & arriv$ at ,flor5ce on ! #af? ( ,m>*4 ,"h he work$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,academia del ,cim5to1 on ,iod9e2 b m p>ticul>ly on ! combu/ion ( ! ,diamond4 ,! exp]im5ts on ?is latt] body 7 p]=m$ by means ( ! great l5s 9 ! cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 ! same in/rum5t z t employ$ 9 ! fir/ trials on ! action ( ! sol> heat on ! diamond1 in/itut$ by ,cosmo ,,iii4 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany3 ^u ?is occasion1 he 0 assi/$ by ,,c\nt ,,b>di1 ! ,director1 & ,,signior ,,gazz>i1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,flor5t9e ,museum4 ,i h be5 in=m$ t ! ha/y1 & app>5tly c>eless mann] 9 :i* he conduct$ 8 exp]im5ts1 & :i* has be5 already notic$#aj z be+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 /yle ( manipulation1 greatly a/oni%$ ! philosoph]s ( ,flor5ce1 & ev5 excit$ _! al>m = ! safety ( ! l5s1 :i* on all occasions _h be5 us$ by !m ) su* fa/idi\s caution & delicacy4 #aj ,vol4 i4 p4 #add4 ,9 ! v fir/ trials on ! combu/ion ( ! diamond1 he asc]ta9$ a v curi\s circum/ance t _h n be5 be=e notic$2 namely1 t ! diamond1 :5 /rongly ignit$ by ! l5s 9 a ?9 capsule ( plat9um1 p]=at$ ) _m orifices1 s z to admit a free circulation ( air1 w cont9ue to burn 9 oxyg5 gas aft] be+ )drawn f ! focus4 ,! k ( ?is circum/ance enabl$ him to adopt a v simple app>atus & mode ( op]ation 9 8 rese>*es1 & to complete 9 a few m9utes exp]im5ts :i* _h be5 suppos$ to require ! pres5ce ( a bright sun%9e = _m h\rs4 ,! new facts obta9$ by ! exp]im5ts on ,iod9e1 :i* he _h comm5c$ at ,montpelli] & c>ri$ on at ,flor5ce1 he embodi$ 9 a memoir1 :i* 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #af? ( ,june #ahad4 ,x treat$ m p>ticul>ly ( ! triple comp\nds conta9+ iod9e & oxyg51--( ! hydrionic acid1 & ( ! comp\nds procur$ by means ( x1--( ! comb9ations ( iod9e & *lor9e1--( ! action ( "s comp\nd gases on iod9e1#aa--;&1 la/ly1 ( ! mode ( detect+ iod9e 9 comb9ations4 ,if iod9e1 he says1 exi/s 9 sea wat]1 :i* !re is e reason to believe mu/ be ! case1 ?\gh 9 extremely m9ute quantities1 x is probably 9 triple union ) oxyg5 & sodium1 & 9 ?is case x mu/ sep>ate ) ! fir/ cry/als ( common salt4 #aa ,! comp\nds :i* he suppos$ to be ?us produc$ are ( a v que/ionable nature2 ) respect to t =m$ ) ! ,olefiant gas1 he 0 evid5tly 9 error4 ,he quitt$ ,flor5ce on ! #crd1 & hav+ visit$ ,si5na1 ent]$ ,rome on ! #f? ( ,april4 ,! ,cont95t hav+ n[ become accessible1 he met ) _m ( 8 ,engli% fri5ds3 b nei!r ! ext5d$ society by :i* he 0 surr\nd$1 nor ! classical attractions ( ! city ( ! ,cs>s1 allur$ him f ! pursuits ( ,sci5ce4 ,we f9d t1 %ortly aft] 8 arrival1 he r5ew$ 8 rese>*es on ! combu/ion ( diff]5t k9ds ( *>coal1 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,academia del ,lyncei1 9 :i* he 0 assi/$ by ,,sig4 ,,morri*9i & ,,b>locci1 ,pr(essors ( ! ,college ,sapi5za at ,rome4 ,hav+ arrang$ ! results ( ?is inve/igation1 toge!r ) ^? relat+ to ! combu/ion ( ! diamond1 :i* he _h previ\sly obta9$ at ,flor5ce1 he transmitt$ a pap] to ! ,royal ,society1 entitl$ ,"s ,exp]im5ts on ! ,combu/ion ( ! ,diamond1 & o!r c>bonace\s sub/ances2 :i* 0 read on ! #bcrd ( ,june1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #ahad4 ,no soon] _h x be5 e/abli%$ by v>i\s accurate exp]im5ts1 t ! diamond & common *>coal consum$ ne>ly ! same quantity ( oxyg5 9 combu/ion1 & produc$ a gas hav+ ! same obvi\s qualities1 ?an v>i\s conjectures 7 =m$ to expla9 ! rem>kable diff]5ces 9 ! s5sible qualities ( ^! bodies1 by suppos+ "s m9ute diff]5ce 9 _! *emical composition4 ,,mm4 ,biot & ,arrago1 f ! high refractive p[] ( ! diamond1 suspect$ t x might conta9 hydrog54 ,guyton ,morveau inf]r$ f 8 exp]im5ts t x 0 pure c>bon1 & t *>coal 0 an oxide ( c>bon2 :]eas ,davy 0 incl9$ to believe1 f ! circum/ance ( ! non-conduct+ p[] ( ! diamond1 z well z f ! action ( potassium ^u x1 t a m9ute portion ( oxyg5 might ent] its composition1 al?\gh su* a supposition w\ld be at v>iance ) ! doctr9e ( def9ite proportions2 b m lately1 9 8 acc\nt ( "s new exp]im5ts on ! fluoric comp\nds1 he haz>d$ ! idea t x might be ! c>bonace\s pr9ciple comb9$ ) "s new & subtile elem5t1 belong+ to ! same class z oxyg51 *lor9e1 & fluor9e1 :i* has hi!rto escap$ detection1 b :i* may be expell$1 or newly comb9$1 dur+ its combu/ion 9 oxyg54 ,t "s *emical diff]5ce1 says ,davy1 mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! h>de/ & mo/ beautiful ( ! gems & *>coal1 betwe5 a nonconductor & a conductor ( electricity1 x is sc>cely possible1 not)/&+ ! elaborate exp]im5ts t h be5 made on ! subject1 to d\bt3 & x seems reasonable to expect1 t a v ref9$ or p]fect *emi/ry w confirm ! analogies ( ,nature1 & %[ t bodies _c be exactly ! same 9 composition or *emical nature1 & yet totally diff]5t 9 all _! physical prop]ties4 ,) ^! impressions1 we may readily imag9e ! ard\r ) :i* he avail$ himself ( ! use ( ! great l5s at ,flor5ce4 ,he _h 9 v>i\s ways frequ5tly attempt$ to fuse *>coal1#ab b )\t success4 ,9 a lett] address$ to ,mr4 ,*ildr5 is ! foll[+ passage3 ,! great result to be hop$ = is ! fusion ( c>bon2 & !n y may use diamond 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 #ab ,! suppos$ fusion ( *>coal by ,pr(essor ,silliman1 by means ( ,dr4 ,h>e's galvanic deflagrator1 0 a fallacy aris+ f ! e>?y impurities ( ! sub/ance4 ,see ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 v4 p4 #ajh1 & #cfa4 ,he tells u t he _h long felt a desire to make "s new exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( ! diamond & o!r c>bonace\s sub/ances2 & t ?is desire 0 increas$ by ! new fact asc]ta9$ ) respect to iod9e1 :i* by unit+ to hydrog51 af=ds an acid s analog\s to muriatic acid1 t x 0 = "s "t conf\nd$ ) t body4 ,8 object 9 ^! new exp]im5ts1 0 to exam9e m9utely :e!r any peculi> matt] 0 sep>at$ f ! diamond dur+ its combu/ion1 & to det]m9e :e!r ! gas1 =m$ 9 ?is process1 0 precisely ! same 9 its m9ute *emical nature1 z t =m$ 9 ! combu/ion ( common *>coal4 ,by 8 exp]im5ts at ,flor5ce1 he satisfactorily accompli%$ 8 wi%es1 & e/abli%$ beyond a "q ! important fact1 t ! diamond af=ds no o!r sub/ance by its combu/ion ?an pure c>bonic acid gas2 & t ! process is m]ely a solution ( diamond 9 oxyg51 )\t any *ange 9 ! volume ( ! gas4 ,z "o ( ! pr9cipal objects 9 ^! rese>*es 0 to asc]ta9 :e!r wat] 0 =m$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( ! diamond1 ) a view to decide ! "q ( ! pres5ce ( hydrog51 e possible s\rce ( fallacy 0 exclud$4 ,9 "o exp]im5t !re 0 an evid5t deposition ( moi/ure1 b x 0 imm$iately discov]$ to h be5 ow+ to ! production ( vap\r f a cork connect$ ) a "p ( ! app>atus1 dur+ ! combu/ion4 ,9 ! progress ( ?is rese>*1 he asc]ta9$ a fact1 ! k ( :i* mu/ n only be consid]$ z important to ! pres5t enquiry1 b z highly valuable 9 exclud+ error f our reason+s ^u ! delicate results ( analysis#ac--;,i allude to ! extremely m9ute quantity ( wat] :i* becomes p]ceptible by deposition on a poli%$ glass surface4 ,he introduc$ a piece ( pap] weigh+ a gra9 into a tube ( ab\t ! capacity ( f\r cubical in*es1 ! ext]ior ( :i* 0 g5tly heat$ by a c&le2 imm$iately a slight b p]ceptible dew appe>$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! upp] "p ( ! tube2 ! pap] tak5 out & directly weigh$ 9 a balance1 s5sible to #a-ajj? ( a gra91 _h n suff]$ any appreciable dim9ution4 ,if1 !n1 on burn+ #ahd gra9s ( diamond 9 oxyg5 gas1 n ev5 a b>ely p]ceptible dew 0 produc$1 we may consid] x z fully prov$ t ?is gem _c conta9 hydrog5 9 its composition3 b to r5d] ! demon/ration1 if possible1 /ill m complete1 he kept a small diamond1 weigh+ #de ( a gra91 9 a /ate ( int5se ignition by ! great l5s ( ! ,flor5t9e ,museum1 = m ?an half an h\r1 9 *lor9e2 b ! gas suff]$ no *ange1 & ! diamond und]w5t no alt]ation ei!r 9 weight or appe>ance3 n[ _h ! smalle/ portion ( hydrog5 be5 develop$1 :ite fumes ( muriatic acid w\ld h be5 visible1 & a c]ta9 cond5sation ( ! gas mu/ h tak5 place4 #ac ,x has a m especial be>+ ^u t exp]im5tal rese>* by :i* ! nature ( *lor9e 0 e/abli%$1 z describ$ at page #ccg1 vol4 i4 to :i* ,i beg to ref] ! *emical read]4 ,! g5]al t5or ( 8 results 0 equally oppos$ to ! idea ( ! diamond conta9+ oxyg52 =1 9 su* a case1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid g5]at$ by ! combu/ion1 w\ld1 on comp>ison1 h indicat$ t fact4 ,by comb9+ ! c>bonic acid ) lime1 & !n recov]+ ! gas f ! precipitate by muriatic acid1 he f\nd its proportion to be exactly t :i* 0 furni%$ by an equal weight ( ,c>r>a m>ble simil>ly treat$4 ,! enquiry next proce$s to ! exam9ation ( o!r =ms ( c>bonace\s matt]1 su* z plumbago1 *>coal =m$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid on oil ( turp5t9e1 & t produc$ dur+ ! =mation ( sulphuric e!r2 & la/ly1 ! common *>coal ( oak4 ,9 all ^! bodies1 he detect$ ! pres5ce ( hydrog51 bo? by ! wat] g5]at$ dur+ _! combu/ion1 & by ! production ( muriatic acid1 :5 ignit$ 9 *lor9e4 ,! *emical diff]5ce !n betwe5 ! diamond & ! pure/ *>coal1 w\ld appe> to consi/ 9 ! latt] conta9+ hydrog52 b ,davy v ju/ly asks :e!r a quantity ( an elem5t1 less 9 "s cases ?an #a-ejjj? "p ( ! weight ( ! sub/ance1 c occasion s great a diff]5ce 9 physical & *emical *>act]s8 ,x is c]ta9ly possible1 says he1 yet x is contr>y to analogy1 & ,i am m incl9$ to adopt ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,t5nant1 t ! diff]5ce dep5ds ^u cry/allization4 ,9 support ( su* an op9ion1 he f>!r adduces ! fact1 t *>coal aft] be+ int5sely ignit$ 9 *lor9e1 is n alt]$ 9 its conduct+ p[] or col\r3 9 :i* case ! c>bon is fre$ f ! hydrog51 & yet und]goes no alt]ation 9 its physical prop]ties4 ,"o di/9ction suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! diamond & common c>bonace\s sub/ance1 ! rese>*es ( ,davy h c]ta9ly remov$1 viz4 its relative inflammability2 = he has %[n t ! =m] w burn 9 oxyg5 ) z mu* facility z plumbago4 ,! exp]im5ts1 !n1 :i* ,davy conduct$ at ,flor5ce & ,rome1 h remov$ sev]al important errors ) reg>d to ! nature ( c>bonace\s sub/ances2 & ?\gh !y may n enc\rage ! lab\rs ( ^? speculative *emi/s :o /ill hope to illu/rate ! old prov]b1#ad by manufactur+ diamonds out ( *>coal1 !y c]ta9ty %[ t !y are less *im]ical ?an ^? ( ! wild vision>ies :o s\ght to conv]t ! bas] metals into gold4 #ad ,c>bonem pro ,!sauro4 ,:ile at ,rome1 ,davy 0 engag$ = sev]al successive days 9 ! h\se ( ,morri*9i1 = ! purpose ( repeat+ ) t philosoph] 8 curi\s exp]im5ts on magnetisation4 ,mr4 ,f>aday 0 *>g$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! exp]im5ts1 b nev] c\ld obta9 any results4 ,on ! #h? ( ,may he ent]$ ,naples1 & rema9$ !re = ?ree weeks1 dur+ :i* p]iod he visit$ ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & ! volcanic c\ntry surr\nd+ x4 ,he describes ! crat]1 at ?is "t1 z pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( an imm5se funnel1 clos$ at ! bottom1 ) _m small ap]tures emitt+ /eam2 :ile on ! side t[>ds ,torre del ,greco1 !re 0 a l>ge ap]ture f :i* flame issu$ to a height ( at lea/ sixty y>ds1 produc+ a mo/ viol5t hiss+ noise4 ,he 0 unable to approa* suffici5tly ne> ! flame to asc]ta9 ! results ( ! combu/ion2 b a consid]able quantity ( /eam asc5d$ f x2 & he says1 t :5 ! w9d blew ! vap\rs ^u him1 !re 0 a di/9ct smell bo? ( sulphur\s & muriatic acids1 b !re 0 no indication ( c>bonace\s matt] f ! col\r ( ! smoke2 nor 0 any deposit$ ^u ! yell[ & :ite sal9e matt] :i* surr\nd$ ! crat]1 & :i* he f\nd to be pr9cipally sulphate & muriate ( soda1 & 9 "s specim5s !re 0 also a consid]able quantity ( muriate ( iron4 ,at ?is p]iod1 :5 ! volcano 0 comp>atively tranquil1 he obs]v$ ! solfat]ra to be 9 a v active /ate1 ?r[+ up l>ge quantities ( /eam1 & "s sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,at sev]al subsequ5t p]iods he revisit$ ,vesuvius2 & ,i %all h]eaft] take occasion to relate all ! pr9cipal obs]vations he made1 & ! conclusions at :i* he arriv$1 ) respect to ?is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! ph5om5a ( m9]al nature4 ,he also took great int]e/ 9 ! excavations at t "t go+ on at ,pompeii1 "u ! direction ( ,murat1 !n ,k+ ( ,naples1 :o plac$ at 8 disposal sev]al specim5s ( art1 :i* ,davy receiv$ ) a view to inve/igate ! *emical composition ( ! col\rs us$ by ! ,anci5ts4 ,on ! #be? ( ,may he return$ to ,rome1 & aga9 quitt$ x on ! #bnd ( ,june4 ,i regret to say t ! in=mation ,i h receiv$1 z to ! future cont95tal travels ( our philosoph]1 is extremely meagre1 & w consi/ ( little m ?an names & dates4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! read] may be assur$1 t no?+ :i* relates to 8 sci5tific rese>*es has be5 omitt$4 ,f ,rome he proce$$ to ,t]ni1 & !nce to ,bologna1 :]e he rema9$ = ?ree days2 !n to ,mantua1 ,v]ona1 & ,milan4 ,:e!r at ?is or at "s subsequ5t p]iod he w5t to ,pavia1 9 ord] to pay 8 homage to ! illu/ri\s ,volta1 ,i ent]ta9 "s d\bt2 b ! "t is immat]ial to ! po9t ( ! anecdote ,i am ab\t to relate4 ,davy _h s5t a lett] to ,pavia to ann\nce 8 int5d$ visit2 & on ! appo9t$ day & h\r1 ,volta1 9 full dress1 anxi\sly await$ 8 arrival4 ,on ! entrance ( ! great ,engli% philosoph] into ! ap>tm5t1 n only 9 d%abille1 b 9 a dress ( :i* an ,engli% artisan w\ld h be5 a%am$1 ,volta />t$ back 9 a/oni%m5t1 & su* 0 ! effect ( 8 surprise1 t he 0 = "s "t unable to address him4 ,f ,milan1 :i* he left on ! #bbnd ( ,june1 he w5t to ,como1 ,domo ,d',ossola1 & !n ov] ! ,simplon1 to ,g5eva1 :]e he arriv$ on ! #be? ( t mon?1 & rema9$ until ! #ah? ( ,septemb]4 ,dur+ ?is visit he made v>i\s exp]im5ts on ,iod9e1 at ! h\se ( ,de ,saussure1 :i* 0 situat$ ne> ! edge ( ! ,lake1 & ab\t ?ree miles f ,g5eva4 ,he also work$ at ,m4 ,pictet's h\se1 on ! subject ( ! heat 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,"h also he met ) a numb] ( celebrat$ p]sons1 ^: society he greatly enjoy$2 among/ :om 7 ,madame de ,/ael1 ,b5jam9 ,con/ant1 ,neck]1 & ,talma4 ,lausanne1 ,vevay1 ,pay]ne1 ,b]ne1 ,zuri*1 ,s*affhaus51 & ,muni*1 7 successively visit$ by him4 ,8 r\te 0 !n cont9u$ ?r\gh ,tyrol1 ,inspruck1 ,calm>1 ,bols5na1 ,tr5t1 ,bassano1 ,vic5za1 ,padua1 to ,v5ice2 :]e hav+ rema9$ two days1 he return$ to ,padua on ! #af? ( ,octob]1 & !n proce$$ to ,f]r>a1 ,bologna1 & ,pietra-,mala2 ne> :i* latt] place1 9 ! ,ap5n9es1 he exam9$ a fire produc$ by gase\s matt] con/antly dis5gag$ f a s*i/ /ratum1 & f ! results ( its combu/ion1 he conclud$ x to be pure fire-damp4 ,on aga9 rea*+ ,flor5ce1 he f\nd t ! ,pr(essors _h be5 dismiss$1 b he nev]!less resum$ 8 rese>*es1 fir/ at home1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 :]e he submitt$ to analysis "s gas :i* _h be5 collect$ by 8 att5dant ,mr4 ,f>aday1 f a cavity 9 ! e>?1 ab\t a mile f ,pietra-,mala1 !n fill$ ) wat]1 & :i* f ! quantity ( gas dis5gag$ is call$ ,aqua ,buja4 ,x 0 f\nd to be pure light c>burett$ hydrog51 requir+ two volumes ( oxyg5 = its combu/ion1 & produc+ a volume ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,x is v probable1 says he1 t ^! gases 7 dis5gag$ f coal /rata b5ea? ! surface1 or f bitum9\s s*i/ above coal2 & at "s future p]iod new s\rces ( weal? may be op5$ to ,tuscany f ?is invaluable m9]al treasure4 ,on ! #bi? he left ,flor5ce1 & pass+ ?r\gh ,levano1 ,tortona1 & ,t]ni1 arriv$ aga9 at ,rome1 on ! #bnd ( ,novemb]1 :]e he rema9$ till ! #a/ ( ,m>* #ahae4 ,dur+ ?is w9t] he 0 engag$ 9 an elaborate enquiry into ! composition ( anci5t col\rs2 & also 9 exp]im5ts ^u c]ta9 comp\nds ( iod9e & ( *lor9e4 ,^u :i* subjects he transmitt$ to ! ,royal ,society ?ree memoirs1 viz4 "o entitl$1 ,"s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,col\rs us$ 9 ,pa9t+ by ! ,anci5ts1 :i* 0 read on ! #bcrd ( ,febru>y2 a second1 ,on a solid comp\nd ( ,iod9e & ,oxyg51 read ,april #aj2 & a ?ird1 ,on ! action ( ,acids on ! ,salts usually call$ ,hyp]-oxymuriates1 & on ! ,gases produc$ f !m1 read ,may #d1 #ahae2 all ( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = t ye>4 ,al?\gh ! pa9t+s ( ! great ma/]s ( ,greece h be5 entirely de/roy$1 ei!r by accid5t1 by "t1 or by ! b>b>ian conqu]ors at ! p]iod ( ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 yet !re is suffici5t pro( t ?is art atta9$ a v high degree ( excell5ce among/ a p to :om g5ius & ta/e 7 a k9d ( bir?right1 & :o possess$ a p]ception1 :i* seem$ almo/ in/9ctive1 ( ! dignifi$1 ! beautiful1 & ! sublime4 ,our philosoph] obs]ves1 t ! subjects ( _m ( ^? pictures are describ$ 9 anci5t au?ors1 & t "s idea ( ! mann] & /yle ( ! ,greek arti/s may be ga9$ f ! designs on ! vases improp]ly call$ ,etruscan1 :i* 7 execut$ by arti/s ( ,magna ,grcia1 & _m ( :i* are probably copies f celebrat$ works3 ( _! execution & col\r+1 "s fa9t notion may be ga9$ f ! pa9t+s 9 fresco f\nd at ,rome1 ,h]culaneum1 & ,pompeii2 =1 al?\gh ^! pa9t+s are n prop]ly ,grecian1 yet at ! p]iod :5 ,rome 0 ! metropolis ( ! _w1 ! f9e arts 7 cultivat$ 9 t city exclusively by ,greek arti/s1 or by arti/s ( ! ,greek s*ool2 :ile x is evid5t1 on comp>+ ! descriptions ( ,vitruvius & ,pl9y ) ^? ( ,!ophra/us1 t ! same mat]ials = col\r+ 7 employ$ at ,rome & at ,a!ns4 ,) reg>d to ! nature ( ^! pigm5ts1 we may obta9 "s in=mation f ! works ( ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 ,vitruvius1 & ,pl9y2 b until ! pres5t memoir by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 no exp]im5tal attempt _h be5 made to id5tify !m1 or to imitate su* ( !m z are peculi>4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 he in=ms u1 7 made ^u col\rs f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 & ! ru9s call$ ! ,ba?s ( ,livia1 & 9 ! rema9s ( o!r palaces & ba?s ( anci5t ,rome1 & 9 ! ru9s ( ,pompeii4 ,by ! k9dness ( 8 fri5d ,canova1 :o 0 *>g$ ) ! c>e ( ! works connect$ ) anci5t art 9 ,rome1 he 0 enabl$ to select1 ) 8 own h&s1 specim5s ( ! diff]5t pigm5ts t 7 f\nd 9 vases discov]$ 9 ! excavations made b5ea? ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ,titus1 & to comp>e !m ) ! col\rs fix$ on ! walls1 or deta*$ 9 fragm5ts ( /ucco2 & ,signor ,nelli1 ! proprietor ( ! ,nozze ,aldobr&9e1#ae p]mitt$ him to make su* exp]im5ts ^u ! col\rs ( t celebrat$ picture1 z 0 necess>y to det]m9e _! nature4 #ae ,! mo/ celebrat$ picture ( antiquity rescu$ f ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum4 ,x repres5ts a virg9 on h] m>riage night1 ) h] female att5dants4 ,an engrav+ ( x is to be se5 9 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's "w on ,h]culaneum4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! *emical details ( ! subject1 ,i %all (f] a g5]al hi/ory ( ! nature ( ! col\rs he exam9$4 ,( ! r$ col\rs1 he di/+ui%$ f\r di/9ct k9ds1 viz4--"o bright & approa*+ to orange1 :i* he f\nd to be ,m9ium1 or ! r$ oxide ( lead2 a second1 dull r$1 :i* he asc]ta9$ to be an iron o*re2 a ?ird1 a purpli% r$1 :i* 0 likewise an o*re1 b ( a diff]5t t9t2 & a f\r?1 a bright] r$ ?an ! fir/1 :i* 0 ,v]milion or ,c9nab>1 a sulphuret ( m]cury4 ,on exam9+ ! fresco pa9t+s 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 he f\nd t all ! ?ree fir/ col\rs _h be5 us$1 ! o*res p>ticul>ly1 9 ! %ades ( ! figures1 & ! m9ium 9 ! ornam5ts on ! bord]s4 ,! f\r? r$ _h be5 employ$ 9 v>i\s ap>tm5ts1 & =m$ ! basis ( ! col\r+ ( ! ni*e1 & ( o!r p>ts ( ! *amb] 9 :i* ! ,laocoon is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! "t ( ,raphael2 a circum/ance :i* ,davy consid]s z be+ fav\rable to ! belief t su* ap>tm5ts 7 int5d$ = ,imp]ial use1 s9ce v]milion1 among/ ! ,romans1 0 a col\r held 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 & 0 always "o ( great co/l9ess4 ,( ! yell[s1 ! m inf]ior 7 mixtures ( o*re & diff]5t quantities ( *alk2 ! ri*] v>ieties 7 o*res mix$ ) ! r$ oxide ( lead4 ,! anci5ts _h also two o!r col\rs1 :i* 7 orange1 or yell[2 ! auripigm5tum1 or ,greek3 ars5ikon1 said to approa* to gold 9 ! brilliancy ( its t9t1 & :i* is describ$ by ,vitruvius z be+ f\nd native 9 ,pontus1 & :i* ,davy says 0 evid5tly sulphuret ( ars5ic2--& a pale s&>a*1 said by ,pl9y to h be5 f\nd 9 gold & silv] m9es1 & :i* 0 imitat$ at ,rome by a p>tial calc9ation ( c]usse4 ,he conceives t ?is mu/ h be5 ,massicot1 or ! yell[ oxide ( lead mix$ ) m9ium2 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t ,davy 0 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t ! anci5ts always appli$ ! t]m ,s&>a* to m9ium2 ! ,greek3 ,s&>ak ( ,ari/otle 0 evid5tly an ars5ical sulphuret4 ,9 8 exam9ation ( ! anci5t ,frescoes1 he c\ld n detect ! use ( orpim5t2 b a deep yell[1 approa*+ to orange1 :i* cov]$ a piece ( /ucco 9 ! ru9s ne> ! monum5t ( ,caius ,ce/ius1 prov$ to be oxide ( lead1 & consi/$ ( massicot & m9ium4 ,he consid]s x probable t ! anci5ts us$ _m col\rs f lead ( diff]5t t9ts1 betwe5 ! u/a ( ,pl9y1 :i* 0 our m9ium1 & imp]fectly decompos$ c]usse1 or pale massicot4 ,! diff]5tly %ad$ blues1 by ! action ( acids1 uni=mly assum$ ! same t9t2 f :i* he conclud$ t ! effect ( ! base 0 v>i$ by diff]5t proportions ( *alk4 ,?is base he asc]ta9$ to be a frit1 made by means ( soda & s&1 & col\r$ by oxide ( copp]4 ,! gre5s 71 9 g5]al1 comb9ations ( copp]2 & x seem$ probable1 t al?\gh !y appe>$ 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate1 !y might orig9ally h be5 laid on 9 t ( acetate4 ,! purple ( ! anci5ts1 ! ,greek3 porphora ( ! ,greeks1 & ! ,o/rum ( ! ,romans1 0 reg>d$ z _! mo/ beautiful col\r1 & 0 obta9$ f %ell-fi%4 ,vitruvius /ates t x 0 prep>$ by beat+ ! fi% ) in/rum5ts ( iron1 free+ ! purple liquor f ! %ell conta9+ x1 & !n mix+ x ) a little honey4 ,pl9y says t1 = ! use ( ! pa9t]s1 arg5t9e creta1 7probably a clay us$ = poli%+ silv]17 0 dy$ ) x1 & bo? ,vitruvius & ,pl9y /ate t x 0 adult]at$1 or imitations ( x made by t++ creta ) madd]2 :5ce x w\ld appe>1 t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( mak+ a lake col\r f t plant1 simil> to ! "o us$ by mod]n pa9t]s4 ,pl9y in=ms u1 t ! f9e/ purple _h a t9t l a deep-col\r$ rose4 ,9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 !re 0 f\nd a brok5 vase ( e>!nw>e1 :i* conta9$ a pale rose col\r2 & ,davy select$ x z an appropriate subject = 8 analytical exp]im5ts4 ,:]e ?is col\r _h be5 expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 its t9t _h fad$ into a cream col\r1 b ! int]ior p>ts reta9$ a lu/re approa*+ to t ( c>m9e4 ,a dilut$ acid 0 f\nd to dissolve out ( x a consid]able quantity ( c>bonate ( lime1 ) :i* ! col\r+ pr9ciple mu/ h be5 mix$1 z a sub/ance ( a bright rose col\r rema9$ aft] ! process4 ,?is col\r+ +r$i5t 0 prov$ to conta9 silice\s1 alum9\s1 & calc>e\s e>?s1 )\t any s5sible trace ( metallic matt]1 except oxide ( iron4 ,^u heat+ ! sub/ance1 fir/ 9 oxyg51 & !n ) hyp]-oxymuriate ( pota%1 ,davy 0 induc$ to consid] ! col\r+ matt] itself z ei!r ( vegetable or animal orig92 ! results1 h[ev]1 7 s equivocal1 t he r5\nc$ ! hope ( det]m9+ its nature f ! products ( its decomposition4 ,if x be ( animal orig91 he ?9ks x is mo/ probably ! ,tyrian or m>9e purple1 z x is likely t ! mo/ exp5sive col\r w\ld h be5 employ$ 9 ornam5t+ ! ,imp]ial ba?s4 ,he _h n obs]v$ any col\r ( ! same t9t z ?is anci5t lake 9 ! fresco pa9t+s2 ! purpli% r$s 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus he asc]ta9$ to be mixtures ( r$ o*res & ! blues ( copp]4 ,! blacks & br[ns 7 mixtures ( c>bonace\s matt]1 ) ! ores ( iron or manganese4 ,! black f ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 z well z t f "s ru9s ne> ! ,porta del ,popolo1 deflagrat$ ) nitre1 & pres5t$ all ! "* ( c>bon4 ,?is fact agrees ) ! /atem5ts ( all ! anci5t au?ors :o h describ$ ! artificial ,greek & ,roman black z consi/+ ( c>bonace\s matt]1 ei!r prep>$ f ! p[d] ( *>coal1 f ! decomposition ( res91 7a species ( lamp black17 f t ( ! lees ( w9e1 or f ! common soot ( wood fires4 ,pl9y also m5tions ! inks ( ! cuttle-fi%1 b adds1 ,ex 8 non fit4 ,davy in=ms u1 t1 "s ye>s be=e1 he _h exam9$ ! black matt] ( ! cuttle-fi%1 & _h f\nd x to be a c>bonace\s sub/ance mix$ ) gelat9e4#af #af ,i f9d f a note address$ by ,davy to ,mr4 ,und]wood1 t he 0 engag$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 9 ,octob] #ahja4 ,pl9y1 moreov]1 speaks ( ivory black inv5t$ by ,apelles2 ( a natural fossil black2 & ( a black prep>$ f an e>? ( ! col\r ( sulphur4 ,davy is ( op9ion1 t bo? ^! latt] pigm5ts 7 ores ( iron & manganese2 & he obs]ves t ! analysis ( "s purple glass satisfi$ him t ! anci5ts 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! ores ( manganese4 ,! :ites :i* he exam9$ f ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 z well z ^? f o!r ru9s1 7 ei!r *alk1 or f9e alum9\s clay2 & he /ates t1 among/ all 8 rese>*es1 he nev] once met ) c]usse4 ,?is int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! col\rs us$ by ! anci5ts is foll[$ by obs]vations on ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 appli$2 & ! pap] is conclud$ ) "s g5]al rem>ks ( mu* practical importance4 ,! azure1 he says1 ( :i* ! excell5ce is suffici5tly prov$ by its duration = #agjj ye>s1 may be easily & *eaply imitat$3 he f\nd1 = in/ance1 t fifte5 p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda1 tw5ty p>ts ( opaque fl9t p[d]$1 & ?ree p>ts ( copp] fil+s1 by weight1 :5 /rongly heat$ toge!r = two h\rs1 yield$ a comp\nd sub/ance ( exactly ! same t9t1 & ( ne>ly ! same degree ( fusibility2 & :i*1 :5 p[d]$1 produc$ a f9e deep sky-blue4 ,! azure1 ! r$ & yell[ o*res1 & ! blacks1 appe> to h be5 ! only pigm5ts :i* h n und]gone any *ange 9 ! fresco pa9t+s4 ,! v]milion pres5ts a d>k] hue ?an t ( rec5tly made ,dut* c9nab>2 & ! r$ lead is inf]ior 9 t9t to t sold 9 ! %ops4 ,! gre5s are g5]ally dull4 ,! blue frit above m5tion$1 he consid]s z a col\r compos$ ^u ! true/ pr9ciples2 & he ?9ks !re is reason to believe1 t x is ! col\r describ$ by ,!ophra/us z ! "o manufactur$ at ,alex&ria4 ,x embodies1 says he1 ! col\r 9 a composition l /one1 s z to prev5t ! escape ( ela/ic matt] f x1 or ! decompos+ action ( ! elem5ts ^u x4 ,he sugge/s ! possibility ( mak+ o!r frits1 & ?9ks x w\ld be wor? :ile to try :e!r ! beautiful purple giv5 by oxide ( gold c\ld n be made useful 9 a deeply t9t$ glass4 ,:]e frit _c be employ$1 he obs]ves t metallic comb9ations :i* are insoluble 9 wat]1 & :i* are saturat$ ) oxyg5 or "s acid matt]1 h be5 prov$ by ! te/imony ( sev5te5 c5turies to be ! be/ pigm5ts4 ,9 ! r$ o*res1 = example1 ! oxide ( iron is fully comb9$ ) oxyg5 & c>bonic acid2 & ! col\rs compos$ ( !m h nev] *ang$4 ,! c>bonates ( copp]1 :i* consi/ ( an oxide & an acid1 h suff]$ b little alt]ation4 ,massicot & orpim5t1 he consid]s z ^? :i* h be5 ! lea/ p]man5t among/ all ! m9]al col\rs4 ,he next takes a view ( ! col\rs :i* owe _! orig9 to ! improvem5ts ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,he consid]s ! pat5t yell[ to be m p]man5t1 & ! *romate ( lead m beautiful1 ?an any yell[ possess$ by ! ,greeks or ,romans4 ,he pron\nces ,s*eele's gre5 7ars5ite ( copp]71 & ! insoluble muriatic comb9ations ( copp]1 to be m unalt]able ?an ! anci5t gre5s2 & he ?9ks t ! sulphate ( b>yta (f]s a :ite f> sup]ior to any pigm5t possess$ by ! anci5ts4 ,9 exam9+ ! col\rs us$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,nozze ,aldobr&9e1 he recognis$ all ! comp\nds :i* 8 analytical enquiries _h e/abli%$3 viz4 ! r$s & yell[s 7 all o*res2 ! blues1 ! ,alex&rian frit2 ! gre5s1 copp]2 ! purple1 especially t 9 ! g>m5t ( ! ,pronuba1 appe>$ to be a comp\nd col\r ( r$ o*re & copp]2 ! br[ns & blacks 7 mixtures ( o*res & c>bon2 :ile ! :ites 7 c>bonate ( lime4 ,! great ,greek pa9t]s1 he adds1 l ! mo/ illu/ri\s arti/s ( ! ,roman & ,v5etian s*ool1 7 probably sp>+ 9 ! use ( ! m florid t9ts 9 hi/orical & moral pa9t+1 & produc$ _! effects r by ! contra/s ( col\r+ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! picture :]e a deep & uni=m t9t might be us$1 ?an by brilliant drap]y4 ,if r$ & yell[ o*res1 blacks & :ites1 7 ! pigm5ts mo/ employ$ by ,protog5es & ,apelles1 s !y are likewise ! col\rs mo/ employ$ by ,raphael & ,titian 9 _! be/ /yle4 ,! ,/4 ,john & ! ,v5us1 9 ! tribune ( ! ,gall]y at ,flor5ce1 (f] /rik+ examples ( pictures 9 :i* all ! deep] t9ts are evid5tly produc$ by r$ & yell[ o*res1 & c>bonace\s sub/ances4 ,z f> z col\rs are conc]n$1 ^! works are prep>$ = t immortality :i* !y des]ve2 b un=tunately1 ! oil & ! canvass are vegetable mat]ials1 & liable to decomposition1 & ! la/ is ev5 less durable ?an ! wood on :i* ! ,greek arti/s pa9t$ _! celebrat$ pictures4 ,x is un=tunate t ! mat]ials = receiv+ ^? works :i* are wor?y ( pass+ d[n to po/]ity z et]nal monum5ts ( g5ius1 ta/e1 & indu/ry1 are n imp]i%able m>ble or /one3#ag & t frit1 or unalt]able metallic comb9ations h n be5 ! only pigm5ts employ$ by great arti/s2 & t _! v>ni%es h n be5 s\ght = among/ ! transp>5t comp\nds#ah unalt]able 9 ! atmosph]e4 #ag ,copp]1 x is evid5t f ! specim5s 9 ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 is a v p]i%able mat]ial2 b mod]n sci5ce might sugge/ "s voltaic protection4 #ah ,davy ?9ks t ! artificial hydrat ( alum9a w probably be f\nd to be a sub/ance ( ?is k9d2 & t1 possibly1 ! solution ( boracic acid 9 alcohol w =m a v>ni%4 ,he also ?9ks1 t ! solution ( sulphur 9 alcohol is wor?y ( an exp]im5t4 ,9 8 memoir ,on a solid comp\nd ( ,iod9e & ,oxyg51 he enum]ates1 among/ ! ag5cies ( t body1 its s+ul> prop]ty ( =m+ cry/all9e comb9ations ) all ! fluid or solid acids4 ,x w be unnecess>y to foll[ him ?r\gh ?is inve/igation1 s9ce its results h be5 f\nd to be errone\s4 ,m4 ,s]ullas#ai has lately %[n t ! cry/all9e bodies ( ,davy are no?+ m ?an ! iodic acid1 :i* be+ insoluble 9 acids1 is necess>ily precipitat$ by !m4 #ai ,annales de ,*imie1 t4 #dc4 p4 #baf4 ,8 pap] ,on ! action ( ,acids on ,salts usually call$ ,hyp]-oxymuriates1 ann\nc$ ! important fact ( *lor9e =m+ ) oxyg5 a comp\nd1 9 :i* ! latt] elem5t exi/s 9 a /ill great] proportion ?an 9 ! body previ\sly describ$ by him "u ! "n ( ,eu*lor9e4#bj #bj ,see page #ccj4 vol4 i4 ,be=e f9ally quitt+ ,italy1 he sp5t ?ree weeks at ,naples1 dur+ :i* p]iod he exp]im5t$ on iod9e & fluor9e 9 ! h\se ( ,sem5t9i2 he also paid sev]al visits to ,vesuvius1 & f\nd ! appe>ances ( ! crat] to be entirely diff]5t f ^? :i* x pres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ ye>3#ba !re 01 = in/ance1 no ap]ture 9 x2 x 0 (t5 quiet = m9utes toge!r1 & !n bur/ out into explosions ) consid]able viol5ce1 s5d+ fluid lava1 & ignit$ /ones & a%es1 to a height ( _m hundr$ feet 9 ! air4 #ba ,see page #db4 vol4 ii4 ,^! eruptions1 says he1 7 prec$$ by subt]rane\s ?und]1 :i* appe>$ to come f a great di/ance1 & :i* sometimes la/$ = a m9ute4 ,dur+ ! f\r times t ,i 0 ^u ! crat]1 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 ,i _h at la/ le>nt to e/imate ! viol5ce ( ! eruption f ! nature ( ! s\nd3 l\d & long-cont9u$ subt]rane\s ?und] indicat$ a consid]able explosion4 ,be=e ! eruption1 ! crat] appe>$ p]fectly tranquil2 & ! bottom1 app>5tly )\t an ap]ture1 0 cov]$ ) a%es4 ,soon1 indi/9ct rumbl+ s\nds 7 he>d1 z if at a great di/ance2 gradually1 ! s\nd approa*$ ne>]1 & 0 l ! noise ( artill]y fir$ "u our feet4 ,! a%es !n began to rise & to be ?r[n out ) smoke f ! bottom ( ! crat]2 & la/ly1 ! lava & ignit$ matt] 0 eject$ ) a mo/ viol5t explosion4 ,i ne$ n say1 t :5 ,i 0 /&+ on ! edge ( ! crat]1 witness+ ?is ph5om5on1 ! w9d 0 bl[+ /rongly f me2 )\t ?is circum/ance1 x w\ld h be5 dang]\s to h rema9$ 9 su* a situation2 & :5ev] f ! l\dness ( ! ?und] ! eruption promis$ to be viol5t1 ,i always ran z f> z possible f ! seat ( dang]4 ,z soon z ! eruption _h tak5 place1 ! a%es & /ones :i* roll$ d[n ! crat] seem$ to fill up ! ap]ture1 s t x appe>$ z if ! ignit$ & ela/ic matt] 7 dis*>g$ lat]ally2 & ! int]ior ( ! crat] assum$ ! same appe>ance z be=e4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,m>*1 he quitt$ ,naples1 & return$ to ,engl& by ! foll[+ r\te3 ,rome--,n>ni--,noc]e--,fessombone--,imol a--,mantua--7,m>* #cj17 ,v]ona--,p]o--,tr5te--,botz5--,br5nah--, inspruck--,zirl--7,april #d17 ,reuti-,m5n+5--,ulm--7,april #f17 ,/utg>d--,heidelburg--,may5ce--,bopp]t-- ,cobl5tz--,cologne--7,april #ad17 ,leu*--,brussels--,o/5d--,dov]--,london1 ,april #bc1 #ahae4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,colli]ies ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4--,fire-damp4--,! dreadful explosion at ,fell+ ,colli]y describ$4--,lett]s f ! ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol to ! ,au?or4--,a ,society is e/abli%$ at ,bi%op-,we>m\? = prev5t+ accid5ts 9 coal m9es4--,v>i\s projects = ensur+ ! m9]'s safety4--,! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,gray1 ! pres5t ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 addresses a lett] to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 & invites 8 att5tion to ! subject4--,sir ,h4 ,davy's reply4--,f>!r correspond5ce ^u ! possibility ( devis+ means ( security4--,sir ,h4 ,davy proposes f\r diff]5t k9ds ( lamp = ! purpose4--,! ,safe-lamp--,! ,bl[+-lamp--,! ,pi/on-lamp--,! ,*>coal-lamp4--,8 inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( fire-damp leads to ! discov]y ( a new pr9ciple ( safety4--,8 views develop$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #i? ( ,novemb] #ahae4--,! fir/ ,safety-lamp4--,safety-tubes sup]s$$ by ,safety-canals4--,flame ,sieves4--,wire-gauze lamp4--,! ph5om5on ( sl[ ,combu/ion1 & its curi\s application4--,! inv5tion ( ! ,safety-lamp claim$ by a ,mr4 ,/eph5son4--,a deputation ( ,coal-own]s wait ^u ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 9 ord] to express to him ! ?anks ( ! ,proprietors = 8 discov]y4--,mr4 ,buddle ann\nces to ,dr4 ,gray 7n[ ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol7 ! int5tion ( ! ,coal trade to pres5t him ) a s]vice ( plate4--,! ,resolutions are oppos$1 & ! claims ( ,/eph5son urg$1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,br&l+4--,a d9n] is giv5 to ,sir ,humphry1 at :i* ! plate is pres5t$ to him4--,! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society prote/ aga9/ ! claims /ill urg$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5son's fri5ds4--,mr4 ,buddle's lett] 9 answ] to sev]al qu]ies submitt$ to him by ! ,au?or4--,davy's ,rese>*es on ,flame4--,he receives f ! ,royal ,society ! ,rum=d ,m$als4--,is creat$ a ,b>onet4--,"s obs]vations on ! apa?y ( ! ,/ate 9 rew>d+ sci5tific m]it4--,! ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall receives ! patronage & support ( ,sir ,humphry4 ,a few mon?s aft] ! return ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy to ,engl&1 8 tal5ts 7 put 9 requisition to discov] "s rem$y = an evil :i* _h hi!rto defi$ ! skill ( ! be/ practical eng9e]s & me*anics ( ! k+dom1 & :i* cont9u$ to scatt] mis]y & dea? amid/ an important & labori\s class ( our c\ntrym54 ,to collect & publi% a detail$ acc\nt ( ! num]\s & awful accid5ts :i* h occurr$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 f ! explosion ( inflammable air1 or fire-damp1 9 ! coal m9es ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 w\ld pres5t a picture ( ! mo/ appall+ nature4 ,x appe>s f a /atem5t by ,dr4 ,clanny1 9 ! ye> #ahac1bb t1 9 ! space ( sev5 ye>s1 upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ pitm5 _h be5 sudd5ly depriv$ ( _! lives1 besides a consid]able numb] :o _h be5 sev]ely w\nd$2 & t m ?an ?ree hundr$ wom5 & *ildr5 _h be5 left 9 a /ate ( ! greate/ di/ress & pov]ty2 s9ce :i* p]iod ! m9es h increas$ 9 dep?1 & until ! happy discov]y ( ,davy1 ! accid5ts cont9u$ to increase 9 numb]4 #bb ,phil4 ,transact4 #ahac4 ,x may well be ask$ h[ x c possibly h happ5$ t1 9 a c\ntry s enlight5$ by sci5ce & s di/+ui%$ = humanity1 an evil ( su* fe>ful magnitude1 & ( su* frequ5t recurr5ce1 %\ld = s long a p]iod h excit$ b little sympa?y1 beyond ! imm$iate sc5e ( ! cata/rophe4 ,x w\ld seem t a c]ta9 degree ( d\bt & my/]y1 or novelty1 is ess5tially necess>y to create t species ( dramatic int]e/ by :i* ! passions are excit$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! imag9ation3 x is ?us t ! philan?ropi/ p5etrates unkn[n regions1 9 se>* ( objects = 8 compassion1 :ile he passes unhe$$ ! mis]able gr\ps :o cr[d 8 ?re%old2 x is ?us t ! /atesman pleads ! injuries ( ! ,negro ) an eloqu5ce t %akes ! ?rones ( k+s1 :ile he be/[s n a ?\ght ^u ! intrepid lab\r]s 9 8 own c\ntry1 :o = a mis]able pittance pass _! days 9 ! cav]ns ( ! e>?1 to procure = him ! means ( defy+ ! sev]ity ( w9t]1 & ( *as+ away ! gloom ( 8 climate by an artificial sun%9e4 ,t ! b5efits conf]r$ ^u mank9d by ! lab\rs ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy may be prop]ly appreciat$1 x is necess>y to describe ! magnitude ( ! evil :i* 8 g5ius has remov$1 z well z ! num]\s difficulties :i* oppos$ 8 ef=ts & c\nt]act$ 8 designs4 ,! great coal field1#bc ! sc5e ( ^? awful accid5ts :i* w be h]eaft] describ$1 ext5ds ov] a consid]able "p ( ! c\nties ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham4 ,! :ole surface has be5 calculat$ at a hundr$ & eighty squ>e miles1 & ! numb] ( diff]5t b$s ( coal has be5 /at$ to exce$ =ty2 _m ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are insignificant 9 po9t ( dim5sions4 ,! two mo/ important are ab\t six feet 9 ?ickness1 & are di/+ui%$ by ! names ( ,high ma91 & ,l[ ma91 ! =m] be+ ab\t sixty fa?oms above ! latt]4 #bc ,dr4 ,?omson has calculat$ t ! quantity ( coal export$ ye>ly f ?is =mation exce$s two millions ( *aldrons2 & he ?9ks x may be fairly /at$1 9 r\nd numb]s1 t1 at ! pres5t rate ( wa/e1 x w cont9ue to supply coal = a ?\s& ye>s6 ,mr4 ,phillips1 h[ev]1 is incl9$ to d$uct a c5tury or two f ?is calculation4 ,f ?is /atem5t1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! great ext5t ( ! excavations1 & ( ! consequ5t difficulty ( successfully v5tilat+ ! m9es4 ,9 "s colli]ies1 !y are cont9u$ = _m miles1 =m+ num]\s w9d+s & turn+s1 along :i* ! pitm5 h frequ5tly to walk = =ty or fifty m9utes1 be=e !y arrive at ! work+s2 dur+ :i* "t1 z well z :5 at "w1 !y h no direct communication ) ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! mo/ +5i\s ma*9]y1 h[ev]1 has be5 contriv$ = conduct+ pure air ?r\gh e "p ( ! m9e1 & = ev5 v5tilat+ ! old excavations1 :i* are te*nically call$ ,wa/es2 & unless "s ob/ruction occur1 ! plan#bd s f> answ]s1 z to furni% :olesome air to ! pitm51 & to dim9i%1 al?\gh1 = reasons to be h]eaft] /at$1 x c nev] :olly prev5t1 ! dang]s ( fire-damp2 ! nature ( :i* x w be necess>y to consid]4 #bd ,9 all l>ge colli]ies1 ! air is accel]at$ ?r\gh ! work+s by plac+ furnaces1 sometimes at ! bottom1 & sometimes at ! top ( ! up-ca/ %aft2 9 aid ( :i*1 at ,wall's-end ,colli]y1 a p[]ful air-pump work$ by a /eam-eng9e is employ$ to quick5 ! draft3 ?is alone draws out ( ! m9es a ?\s& hog%eads ( air e m9ute4 ,/opp+s & trapdoors are also int]pos$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! work+s1 9 ord] to give a direction to ! draft4 ,! coal appe>s to "p ) a portion ( c>burett$ hydrog51 :5 newly expos$ to ! atmosph]e2 a fact :i* expla9s ! well-kn[n circum/ance ( ! coal be+ m inflammable :5 fre% f ! pit1 ?an aft] long exposure to ! air4 ,we are in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hodgson1 t1 on p\nd+ "s common ,newca/le coal fre% f ! m9e1 9 a cask furni%$ ) a small ap]ture1 he f\nd ! gas :i* issu$ f x to be inflammable2 & ,davy1 on break+ "s lumps ( coal "u wat]1 also asc]ta9$ t !y gave (f inflammable gas4 ,! supposition t ! coal /rata h be5 =m$ "u a pressure great] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e1 may furni% a clue to ! compreh5sion ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,on "s occasions ! pitm5 h op5$ ) _! picks crevices1 or fissures1 9 ! coal or %ale1 :i* h emitt$ z mu* z sev5 hundr$ hog%eads ( fire-damp 9 a m9ute4 ,^! ,bl[]s1 z !y are te*nically t]m$1 h be5 kn[n to cont9ue 9 a /ate ( activity = _m mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s toge!r2#be a ph5om5on :i* cle>ly %[s t ! c>burett$ hydrog5 mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! cavities ( ! /rata 9 a v highly compress$1 if n actually 9 a liquid /ate1 & :i*1 on ! dim9ution ( pressure1 has resum$ its ela/ic =m4 #be ,sir ,james ,l[!r f\nd a uni=m curr5t ( ?is description produc$ 9 "o ( 8 m9es = ! space ( two ye>s & n9e mon?s4 ,phil4 ,trans1 vol4 #ch4 p4 #aab4 ,all ! s\rces ( c>burett$ hydrog5 w\ld appe> to unite 9 ! deep & valuable colli]ies situat$ betwe5 ! great ,nor? road & ! sea4 ,_! air c\rses are ?irty or =ty miles 9 l5g?2 & "h1 z might be expect$1 ! mo/ trem5d\s explosions h happ5$4 ,old work+s1 likewise1 ^u be+ brok5 into1 h n unfrequ5tly be5 f\nd fill$ ) ?is gas1 & :i*1 by m+l+ itself ) ! common air1 has conv]t$ ! :ole atmosph]e ( ! m9e into a magaz9e ( fire-damp4 ,on ! approa* ( a c&le1 x is 9 an in/ant k9dl$3 ! exp&+ fluid drives be=e x a ro>+ :irlw9d ( flam+ air1 :i* te>s up e ?+ 9 its progress1 scor*+ "s ( ! m9]s to a c9d]1 & bury+ o!rs "u enorm\s ru9s %ak5 f ! ro(2 :5 ?und]+ to ! %afts1 x conv]ts ! m9e1 z x 71 into an enorm\s piece ( artill]y1 & wa/es its fury 9 a dis*>ge ( ?ick cl\ds ( coal-du/1 /ones1 & timb]1 toge!r ) ! limbs & mangl$ bodies ( m5 & horses4 ,b ?is fir/1 ?\gh app>5tly ! mo/ appall+1 is n ! mo/ de/ructive effect ( ^! subt]rane\s combu/ions4 ,all ! /opp+s & trapdoors ( ! m9e be+ bl[n d[n by ! viol5ce ( ! concussion1 & ! atmosph]ic curr5t entirely exclud$ f ! work+s1 su* ( ! m9]s z may h surviv$ ! dis*>ge are doom$ to ! m pa9ful & l+]+ dea? ( suffocation f ! aft]-damp1 or /y!1 z x is t]m$1 :i* imm$iately results f ! combu/ion1 & occupies ! vacuum necess>ily produc$ by x4 ,z ! ph5om5a accompany+ ^! explosions are always ( ! same description1 to relate ! num]\s record$ hi/ories ( su* accid5ts w\ld be only to multiply pictures ( dea? & human suff]+1 )\t an adequate object3 x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial to ! j compreh5sion ( ! subject1 t ! read] %\ld receive at lea/ "o well-au!nticat$ acc\nt1 9 all its t]rific details2 & ,i h accord+ly select$ t :i* 0 orig9ally drawn up ) mu* accuracy & feel+ by ! ,rev]5d ,john ,hodgson1 & :i* is prefix$ to ! fun]al s]mon prea*$ on ! occasion1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ by t g5tleman4 ,! accid5t occurr$ at ,fell+ ,colli]y1 ne> ,sund]l&1 on ! #be? ( ,may1 9 ! ye> #ahab4 ,?is m9e 0 consid]$ by ! workm5 z a model ( p]fection1 bo? ) reg>d to ! purity ( its air1 & ! arrangem5ts ( its ma*9]y4 ,! conc]n 0 9 ! highe/ degree prosp]\s2 & no accid5t1 except a trifl+ explosion :i* slightly scor*$ two or ?ree pitm51 _h ev] occurr$4 ,two %ifts1 or sets ( m51 7 con/antly employ$1 ! fir/ ( :i* ent]$ ! m9e at f\r1 & 7 reliev$ at _! work+ po/s by ! next set at elev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+2 b su* 0 ! confid5ce ( ! pitm5 9 ! safety ( ?is m9e1 t ! second %ift ( m5 7 (t5 at _! po/s be=e ! fir/ set _h left !m2 & su* happ5$ to be ! case on ! foll[+ unhappy occasion4 ,ab\t half pa/ elev51 on ! morn+ ( ! #be? ( ,may1 ! neighb\r+ villages 7 al>m$ by a trem5d\s explosion4 ,! subt]rane\s fire broke =? ) two heavy dis*>ges f ! %aft call$ ! ',john ,pit1' :i* 0 "o hundr$ & two fa?oms deep1 & 7 almo/ imm$iately foll[$ by "o f t t]m$ ! ',william pit1' ,a slight trembl+1 z if f an e>?quake1 0 felt = ab\t half a mile ar\nd ! work+s2 & ! noise ( ! explosion1 ?\gh dull1 0 he>d to ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles1 & greatly resembl$ an un/eady fire ( infantry4 ,imm5se quantities ( du/ & small coal accompani$ ^! bla/s1 & rose high into ! air1 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,! heavie/ "p ( ! eject$ matt]1 su* z masses ( timb]1 & fragm5ts ( coal1 fell ne> ! pit1 b ! du/1 borne away by a /rong we/ w9d1 fell 9 a cont9u$ %[] to ! di/ance ( a mile & a half2 & 9 ! village ( ,hewor?1 x caus$ a gloom1 l t ( e>ly twilight1 & s cov]$ ! roads t ! foot/eps ( pass5g]s 7 /rongly impr9t$ on !m4 ,z soon z ! explosion _h be5 he>d1 ! wives & *ildr5 ( ! pitm5 ru%$ to ! work+ pit4 ,wildness & t]ror 7 pictur$ 9 e c\nt5ance4 ,! cr[d ?ick5$ f e side1 & 9 a v %ort p]iod sev]al hundr$ p]sons _h collect$ toge!r2 & ! air res\nd$ ) exclamations ( despair = ! fate ( husb&s1 p>5ts1 & *ildr54 ,! ma*9]y hav+ be5 r5d]$ useless by ! eruption1 ! rope ( ! g9 0 s5t d[n ! %aft ) all possible exp$ition4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( horses1 a numb] ( m51 :o seem$ to acquire /r5g? z ! necessity = x increas$1 appli$ _! %\ld]s to ! />ts1 or %afts ( ! g91 & work$ x ) a/oni%+ exp$ition4 ,by twelve o'clock1 ?irty-two p]sons1 all t surviv$ ?is dreadful cata/rophe1 _h be5 br\ght to daylight1 b ( ^! ?ree boys liv$ only a few h\rs4 ,! dead bodies ( two boys1 mis]ably scor*$ & %att]$1 7 also br\ght up at ! same "t4 ,tw5ty-n9e p]sons1 !n1 7 all :o 7 left to relate :at !y _h obs]v$ ( ! appe>ances & effect ( ! explosion4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o 7 9 ! m9e :5 x happ5$1 eighty-sev5 ( :om rema9$ 9 ! work+s4 ,eight p]sons _h =tunately come up a %ort "t be=e ! accid5t4 ,^? :o _h _! fri5ds re/or$1 ha/5$ ) !m f ! sc5e ( de/ruction1 & = a :ile appe>$ to suff] z mu* f an excess ( joy1 z !y _h a %ort "t be=e f ! dep? ( despair2 :ile ^? :o 7 yet 9 ! agony ( susp5se1 fill$ ! air ) %rieks & h[l+s1 & ran ab\t wr++ _! h&s & ?r[+ _! bodies into ! mo/ frantic & extravagant ge/ures4 ,z n "o ( ! pitm5 _h escap$ f ! m9e by ! only av5ue op5 to !m1 ! appreh5sion = _! safety mom5t>ily increas$1 & at a qu>t] aft] twelve o'clock1 n9e p]sons desc5d$ ! ,john pit1 ) ! fa9t hope t "s might /ill survive4 ,z ! fire-damp w\ld h be5 in/antly ignit$ by c&les1 !y light$ _! way by /eel-mills2#bf & kn[+ t a great numb] ( ! m9]s mu/ h be5 at ! crane :5 ! explosion happ5$1 !y at once attempt$ to rea* t spot3 _! progress1 h[ev]1 0 v soon int]cept$ by ! preval5ce ( *oak damp1 & ! sp>ks f _! /eel-mill fell into x l d>k drops ( blood3 depriv$ !re=e ( light1 & ne>ly suffocat$ by ! noxi\s atmosph]e1 !y retrac$ _! /eps t[>ds ! %aft1 b !y 7 %ortly /opp$ by a ?ick smoke :i* /ood l a wall be=e !m4 ,"h _! /eel-mills became entirely useless1 & ! *ance ( _! ev] f9d+ any ( _! companions alive entirely hopeless2 to :i* %\ld also be add$ ! horror aris+ f ! conviction ( ! m9e be+ on fire1 & ! probability ( a second explosion occurr+ at ! next mom5t1 & ( _! be+ buri$ 9 ! ru9s x w\ld occasion4 #bf ,/eel-mills are small ma*9es1 :i* give light by turn+ a cyl9d] ( /eel aga9/ a piece ( fl9t4 ,sir ,james ,l[!r _h obs]v$ e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 t ! fire-damp 9 its usual =m 0 n inflammable by sp>ks f fl9t & /eel2 & x appe>s t a p]son 9 8 employm5t inv5t$ ! ma*9e 9 "q4 ,at two o'clock1 five ( ! intrepid p]sons :o _h ?us nobly volunte]$ _! assi/ance1 asc5d$2 two 7 /ill 9 ! %aft1 & ! o!r two rema9$ bel[1 :5 a second explosion1 mu* less sev]e1 h[ev]1 ?an ! fir/1 excit$ among/ ! relatives ( ^? entomb$ 9 ! m9e /ill m frightful expressions ( grief & despair4 ,! p]sons 9 ! %aft exp]i5c$ b little inconv5i5ce f ?is fre% eruption1 :ile ^? bel[1 on he>+ ! di/ant gr[l+s1 imm$iately ?rew !mselves flat on _! faces1 & 9 ?is po/ure1 by keep+ a firm hold on a /rong wood5 prop1 !y felt no o!r annoyance f ! bla/ ?an t ( hav+ _! bodies toss$ 9 v>i\s directions1 9 ! mann] t a buoy is heav$ by ! waves ( ! sea4 ,z soon z ! atmosph]ic curr5t return$ d[n ! %aft1 !y 7 safely drawn to ! light4 ,z ea* came up1 he 0 surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( anxi\s enquir]s2 b n a ray ( hope c\ld be elicit$2 & ! second explosion s /rongly corroborat$ _! acc\nt ( ! impure /ate ( ! m9e1 t _! ass]tions = ! pres5t seem$ to obta9 cr$it4 ,?is impression1 h[ev]1 0 b ( %ort duration1--hope /ill l+]$2 !y recollect$ t p]sons _h surviv$ simil> accid5ts1 & t1 ^u op5+ ! m9e1 !y _h be5 f\nd alive aft] consid]able int]vals4 ,?ree m9]s1 = in/ance1 _h be5 %ut up = =ty days 9 a pit ne> ,byk]1 & dur+ ! :ole ( t p]iod _h subsi/$ on c&les & horse-beans4 ,p]sons too 7 n want+ to agitate ! m9ds ( ! relatives ) disbelief 9 ! report ( ! pitm5 :o _h lately desc5d$ to explore ! m9e4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to !m1 t want ( c\rage1 or brib]y1 might h induc$ !m to magnify ! dang]1 & to repres5t ! impossibility ( rea*+ ! bodies ( ! un=tunate suff]]s4 ,by ?is species ( wick$ indu/ry1 ! grief ( ! neighb\rhood began to *ange its gloomy1 = an irritable aspect4 ,! proposition to exclude ! atmosph]ic air f ! m9e1 9 ord] to ext+ui% ! fire1 0 receiv$ ) ! cries ( ,murd]6--& ) ! det]m9ation to oppose su* a proce$+ by viol5ce4 ,_m ( ! wid[s l+]$ ab\t ! m\? ( ! pit dur+ ! :ole ( ! night ) ! hope ( he>+ ! cries ( a husb& or a son4 ,on ,tuesday ! #bf?1 t natural prop5sity 9 ! human m9d to d]ive gratification f spectacles ( horror1 0 exemplifi$ 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,an imm5se cr[d ( colli]s f v>i\s p>ts1 b m especially f ! banks ( ! riv] ,we>1 assembl$ ar\nd ! pit1 & 7 clamor\s 9 _! reproa*es ( ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! m9e1 accus+ !m ( want ( p]sev]ance 9 _! attempts to rescue ! unhappy suff]]s4 ,e "o _h "s successful adv5ture to relate2 all 7 lib]al 9 _! pr(essions ( read9ess to give assi/ance2 b n "o 0 f\nd h>dy en\gh to ent] ! jaws ( ! burn+ cav]n4 ,! lead]s ( ?is outcry1 h[ev]1 :o _h be5 l$ into error by an impulse :i* did hon\r to _! he>ts1 7 soon br\ght to li/5 ) pati5ce to a relation ( all ! circum/ances ( ! explosion1 & ( ! reasons = conclud+ t ! m9e 0 !n actually on fire1 & ! p]sons enclos$ 9 x beyond ! hope ( recov]y4 ,!y v c&idly all[$1 aft] ?is explanation1 ! impracticability ( any attempt to rea* ! bodies ( ! suff]]s1 until ! fire 0 ext+ui%$2 & !y accord+ly urg$ ! propriety ( exclud+ f ! m9e ! access ( air1 z ! only means ( accompli%+ ! object4 ,at ! same "t1 ! proprietors gave ! /ronge/ assurances to ! multitude1 t if any project c\ld be devis$ = ! recov]y ( _! fri5ds1 no co/ or lab\r %\ld be sp>$ 9 execut+ x2 t1 if any p]son c\ld be f\nd will+ to ent] ! m9e1 e facility & assi/ance %\ld be af=d$ him2 b1 z !y 7 assur$ by ! mo/ em95t ,view]s t ! work+s 7 inaccessible1 !y w\ld n hold out any rew>d = ! attempt1--!y w\ld n be access>y to ! dea? ( any "o1 ei!r by p]suasion or brib]y4 ,at ! clamor\s solicitation1 h[ev]1 ( ! populace1 two p]sons aga9 desc5d$ ! %aft1 & v ne>ly lo/ _! lives 9 ! attempt4 ,! report ( ^! la/ adv5tur]s1 9 a great measure1 conv9c$ ! p ( ! impossibility ( _! fri5ds' survival 9 s deadly an atmosph]e1 & reconcil$ !m to ! plan ( exclud+ ! air4 ,! op]ation 0 accord+ly comm5c$1 & x proce$$ )\t int]ruption2 b f v>i\s accid5ts1 m ?an a mon? elaps$ be=e ! m9e 0 9 a /ate to admit ( exam9ation2 & dur+ ?is int]val1 num]\s 7 ! idle tales :i* _h be5 circulat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,sev]al ( ! suff]]s1 x 0 said1 _h f\nd _! way to ! %afts1 & be5 recov]$4 ,_! numb] ev5 _h be5 circum/antially told--h[ !y _h subsi/$ on c&les1 oats1 & beans1 & h[ !y _h he>d ! diff]5t p]sons :o explor$ ! m9e 9 ! hope ( rescu+ !m4 ,"s conjuror too1 x 0 said1 _h set 8 spells & div9ations to "w1 & _h p5etrat$ all ! secrets ( ! m9e4 ,he _h discov]$ "o fami%+ gr\p receiv+ drops ( wat] f ! ro(1 ano!r eat+ _! %oes & clo!s1 & _m o!r simil> pictures ( horror4 ,^! inv5tions 7 c>efully relat$ to ! wid[s1 & !y produc$ ! effect ( daily h>r[+ up afre% _! sorr[s2 inde$1 x seem$ ! *ief employm5t ( "s to indulge 9 a k9d ( insane sport ) _! own & _! neighb\rs' calamity4 ,! morn+ ( ,w$nesday ! #h? ( ,july hav+ be5 appo9t$ = explor+ ! work+s1 ! di/ress ( ! neighb\rhood 0 aga9 r5ew$ at an e>ly h\r3 a great conc\rse ( p assembl$2 "s1 out ( curiosity1 to witness ! comm5cem5t ( an und]tak+ full ( sadness & dang]1--"s to excite ! rev5ge1 or to aggravate ! sorr[s1 ( ! relatives by calumnies & reproa*es1 = ! sole purpose ( mis*ief2 b ! great] "p came ) brok5 he>ts & /ream+ eyes1 9 expectation ( see+ ! mangl$ corpse ( a fa!r1 bro!r1 husb&1 or son4 ,! %ifts ( m5 employ$ 9 ?is doleful & un:olesome "w 7 g5]ally ab\t eight 9 numb]4 ,!y 7 f\r h\rs 91 & eight h\rs out ( ! m9e2 s t ea* individual wr\ght two %ifts e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! fir/ %ift ( m5 came up1 a message 0 dispat*$ = a numb] ( c(f9s to be 9 read9ess at ! m\? ( ! pit4 ,n9ety-two _h be5 prep>$1 & !y _h to pass by ! village ( ,l[ ,fell+1 9 _! way to ! m9e4 ,z soon z a c>t-load ( !m 0 se51 ! h[l+ ( ! wom51 :o1 hi!rto seclud$ 9 _! dwell+s1 _h n[ begun to assemble ab\t _! doors1 came on ! breeze 9 sl[ fitful gu/s1 :i* presag$ a sc5e ( ! greate/ di/ress & confusion4 ,! bodies 7 f\nd "u v>i\s circum/ances3 "o m9]1 f 8 position1 mu/ h be5 sleep+ :5 ! explosion happ5$1 & _h nev] op5$ 8 eyes4 ,9 "o spot 7 f\nd tw5ty-"o bodies 9 gha/ly confusion1--"s l mummies1 scor*$ z dry z if !y _h be5 bak$2 "o want$ its head1 ano!r an arm--! sc5e 0 mo/ t]rific3 ! p[] ( ! fire 0 visible ^u all1 b its effects 7 v v>i\s2 :ile "s 7 almo/ torn to pieces1 !re 7 o!rs :o appe>$ z if !y _h sunk d[n ov]p[]$ by sleep4 ,e family _h made arrangem5ts = receiv+ ! dead bodies ( _! k9dr$2 b ,dr4 ,ramsay hav+ giv5 8 op9ion1 t su* a proce$+ might spread a putrid fev] ?r\gh ! neighb\rhood1 & ! fir/ body :5 expos$ to obs]vation hav+ pres5t$ a mo/ horrid & corrupt appe>ance1 ! p v prop]ly cons5t$ to h ea* body int]r$ z soon z x 0 discov]$1 on condition t ! he>se1 9 its way to ! *apel-y>d1 %\ld pass by ! door ( ! deceas$4 ,f ! #h? ( ,july to ! #ai? ( ,septemb]1 ! he>t-r5d+ sc5e ( mo!rs & wid[s exam9+ ! putrid bodies ( _! sons & husb&s1 = m>ks by :i* to id5tify !m1 0 daily r5ew$2 b v few ( !m 7 recognis$ by any p]sonal m>k--!y 7 too mu* mangl$ & scor*$ to reta9 any ( _! features3 _! clo!s1 tobacco-boxes1 & %oes1 7 !re=e ! only indications by :i* !y c\ld be id5tifi$4 ,! total loss f ?is t]rible accid5t 0 n9ety-two pitm52 :ile =ty wid[s1 sixty girls1 & tw5ty-six boys1 compris+ 9 all "o hundr$ & tw5ty six p]sons1 7 ?r[n ^u ! b5evol5ce ( ! public4 ,x 0 impossible t an ev5t ( su* awful magnitude %\ld n h deeply affect$ e humane p]son resid5t 9 ! di/rict4 ,no?+1 9 %ort1 c\ld exce$ ! anxiety :i* 0 manife/$ on ! occasion2 b1 mo/ un=tunately1 !re exi/$ an inv9cible prejudice aga9/ e proposition t c\ld be (f]$1 f a g5]al impression z to ! utt] hopelessness ( any attempt to discov] a rem$y4 ,a few philosophic individuals1 h[ev]1 did =m !mselves1 z we %all pres5tly le>n1 into an association = ! laudable purpose ( invit+ ! att5tion ( sci5tific m5 to ! subject1 & ( obta9+ f !m any sugge/ions :i* might lead to a m secure me?od ( light+ ! m9es4 ,to ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,gray1 ! pres5t ,"l ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 :o1 at ! p]iod to :i* ,i allude1 0 ! ,rector ( ,bi%op-,we>m\?1 & "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s & intellig5t memb]s ( ! association1 ,i beg to (f] my public ackn[l$gm5ts & ?anks = ! sev]al highly int]e/+ communications & lett]s ) :i* 8 ,lord%ip has oblig$ me1 & by means ( :i* ,i h be5 enabl$ to pres5t to ! sci5tific _w a complete hi/ory ( ^? proce$+s :i* h s happily l$ to a discov]y1 ( :i* x is n too mu* to say t x is1 at once1 ! pride ( sci5ce1 ! triumph ( humanity1 & ! glory ( ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,9 a lett] ,i _h lately ! hon\r ( receiv+ f t le>n$ prelate1 8 ,lord%ip says1 ,x 0 at a "t :5 all relief 0 deem$ hopeless1 t ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 a b>ri/] 9 ,london1 & a g5tleman di/+ui%$ = ! humanity ( 8 disposition1 sugge/$ ! exp$i5cy ( e/abli%+ a society = ! purpose ( enquir+ :e!r any1 & :at1 me?ods ( security might be adopt$ = ! prev5tion ( ^? accid5ts s frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ! colli]ies ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is b5evol5t sugge/ion1 a society 0 e/abli%$ at ,bi%op-,we>m\?1 on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahac1 by ,sir ,ralph ,milbanke1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,ralph ,noel1 ,dr4 ,gray1 ,dr4 ,pemb]ton1 ,mr4 ,rob9son1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 & sev]al o!r g5tlem54 ,x 0 entitl$1 ',a ,society = prev5t+ ,accid5ts 9 ,coal-,m9es2' & x imm$iately obta9$ ! patronage ( ! ,bi%op ( ,durham1 ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 & o!r noblem5 & g5tlem54 ,a v few days be=e ! fir/ meet+1 tw5ty-sev5 p]sons _h be5 kill$ 9 a colli]y 9 :i* ,sir ,ralph ,milbanke _h an int]e/1 & he 0 call$ ^u at ! meet+ to /ate ! p>ticul>s ( ! accid5t4 ,at t "t !re 0 su* little expectation t any means c\ld be devis$ to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( ^! explosions1 t ! object ( ! g5tlem5 :o conv5$ ! meet+1 h[ev] humane 9 pr9ciple1 0 consid]$ by ! p]sons pres5t z *im]ical & vision>y4 ,! ,society1 h[ev]1 amid/ _m difficulties & consid]able disc\ragem5t1 & a p]petual h>ass by ! (f] ( impracticable s*emes f e qu>t]1 nev]!less p]sev]$ 9 _! meet+s1 & succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a communication & correspond5ce ) o!r ,societies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom4#bg #bg ,x is unnecess>y to enum]ate ! v>i\s s*emes t h be5 propos$ to prev5t accid5ts f fire-damp4 ,"s 7 unque/ionably ( value1 & might1 by _! adoption1 h dim9i%$ ! frequ5cy ( explosions2 o!rs 7 vision>y1 or :olly impracticable4 ,x 0 propos$1 = in/ance1 to fill ! m9e ) an atmosph]e ( *lor9e1 :i* by ent]+ into *emical union ) ! c>burett$ hydrog51 might dis>m x ( its p[]4 ,dr4 ,murray1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 sugge/s ! use ( a lamp t %all be suppli$ ) air f ! gr\nd ( ! pit1 by means ( a long flexible tube1 ^u ! false assumption t ! fire-damp alone occupies ! high] p>ts ( ! m9e4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,br&l+ also con/ruct$ a ,safe-lamp1 :i*1 l t ( ,dr4 ,murray1 0 f$ by air introduc$ ?r\gh a long flexible tube rea*+ to ! floor ( ! m9e4 ,9 addition to :i*1 he atta*$ to ! top ( ! lant]n a pair ( d\ble bell[s1 by ! aid ( :i* he at ! same "t drew out ! contam9at$ air f ! int]ior ( ! lamp1 & suck$ 91 ?r\gh ! flexible tube1 a fre% portion to supply its place4 ,to say no?+ ( ! inefficacy & inconv5i5ce ( ! long tube1 ! bell[s possess$ ! additional objection ( frequ5tly puff+ out ! light4 ,"o ( ! mo/ active & intellig5t memb]s ( ! ,society = prev5t+ accid5ts 9 ,coal ,m9es1 ,dr4 ,clanny1 _h = "s "t paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! object 9 contemplation4 ,he fir/ sugge/$ ! idea ( an insulat$ lamp1 ( :i* an acc\nt appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahac4 ,9 #ahae1 he inv5t$ a /eam safety-lamp1 con/ruct$ ( ! /ronge/ t9n$ iron1 ) ?ick fl9t glass 9 front4 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 ! air ( ! coal m9e passes 9 a curr5t ?r\gh a tube1 & mix+ ) ! /eam1 be=e x c arrive at ! light1 burns /eadily 9 ! wick ( ! lamp alone4 ,?is lamp has ! valuable prop]ty ( rema9+ cool4 ,x has be5 mu* us$ 9 ! ,h]r+ton ,mill pit1 ! ,:itefield pit1 & ! ,eng9e pit4 ,"o ( ! projects (f]$ 01 t electrical ma*9es %\ld be employ$1 ) ramifications to ext5d ?r\gh all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! colli]ies1 & :i* 7 to be excit$ 9 dis*>g+ _! fluid 9 con/ant succession1 9 ord] gradually to de/roy ! inflammable air4 ,_m o!r sugge/ions 7 propos$1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* 7 =m$ ) ! int5tion ( purify+ ! air ( ! pits by *emical processes1 or by =c+ 9 l>ge quantities ( atmosph]ic air1 ?r\gh pipes & tunnels1 c4 ,! ,society1 al?\gh x receiv$ "s di/+ui%$ patronage1 0 n furni%$ ) means suffici5tly ample = excit+ emulation by premiums1 or ev5 = defray+ ! exp5ses ( intellig5t artisans2 & x un=tunately lo/ a consid]able portion ( its funds by ! failure ( ! ,we> ,bank4 ,among/ ! applications :i* m p>ticul>ly excit$ ! att5tion ( ! ,society1 0 t ( ,mr4 ,ryan ( ,donegal1 :o object$ to ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! work+ ( colli]ies 0 c>ri$ on4 ,he conceiv$ t !y %\ld be orig9ally con/ruct$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! work+1 ) a view to admit ! escape ( ! hydrog5 gas to ! highe/ p>ts ( ! colli]y4 ,he propos$ to v5tilate ev5 ! f\le/ pits1 & ! att5tion ( ! g5tlem5 proprietors1 or occupi]s ( colli]ies1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,newca/le1 0 call$ ^u at public meet+s1 & an enquiry set on foot ) respect to ! validity ( 8 pret5sions4 ,"s g5tlem5 7 ev5 deput$ to proce$ into ,/af=d%ire to asc]ta9 ! nature & ext5t ( 8 s]vices 9 t c\nty1 :]e he _h be5 = "s "t employ$4 ,an (f] 0 also made to place "u 8 managem5t ! ,hecton pit1 at ,hepburn1 :i* 0 p>ticul>ly f\l2 b a diff]5ce ( op9ion hav+ aris5 z to ! efficacy ( 8 plan1 he did n consid] himself suffici5tly enc\rag$ to proce$1 & he left ! c\ntry dissatisfi$4 ,he aft]w>ds receiv$ ! gold m$al f ! ,society = promot+ ! ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,! ,society hav+ z yet effect$ b little t[>ds ! great object ( _! delib]ations1 ! *airman ( ! committee1 ,dr4 ,gray1 :o 0 g5]ally acqua9t$ ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 judg$ x exp$i5t to direct 8 att5tion to a subject1 ^u :i*1 ( all m5 ( sci5ce1 he appe>$ to be ! be/ calculat$ to br+ 8 ext5sive /ores ( *emical k to a practical be>+4 ,z ! life ( ?is valuable man is n[ clos$1 & z e incid5t 9 x is int]e/+ z connect$ ) ! advancem5t ( philosophical k1 & especially ( *emical discov]ies important to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 x may be wor? :ile to ent] into a review ( ! proce$+s :i* 7 adopt$ ^u ?is occasion1 9 ord] to trace ! progress ( ! discov]ies :i* 7 made1 & ! me?ods by :i* he arriv$ at 8 conclusions4 ,dr4 ,gray1 ! *airman ( ! committee1 hav+ address$ to him a lett] ) a view to engage him 9 an inve/igation s important to society1 receiv$ f him ! foll[+ answ]4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,gray4 ,,sir1 ,augu/ #c1 #ahae4 ,i _h ! hon\r ( receiv+ ! lett] :i* y address$ to me 9 ,london1 at ?is place1 & ,i am mu* oblig$ to y = call+ my att5tion to s important a subject4 ,x w give me great satisfaction if my *emical k c be ( any use 9 an enquiry s int]e/+ to humanity1 & ,i beg y w assure ! ,committee ( my read9ess to co-op]ate ) !m 9 any exp]im5ts or inve/igations on ! subject4 ,if y ?9k my visit+ ! m9es c be ( any use1 ,i w *e]fully d s4 ,!re appe>s to me to be sev]al modes ( de/roy+ ! fire-damp )\t dang]2 b ! difficulty is to asc]ta9 :5 x is pres5t1 )\t introduc+ lights :i* may inflame x4 ,i h ?\ght ( two species ( lights :i* h no p[] ( inflam+ ! gas :i* is ! cause ( ! fire-damp1 b ,i h n "h ! means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r !y w be suffici5tly lum9\s to enable ! workm5 to c>ry on _! bus9ess4 ,!y c be easily procur$1 & at a *eap] rate ?an c&les4 ,i d n recollect any ?+ ( ,mr4 ,ryan's plan3 x is possible t x has be5 m5tion$ to me 9 g5]al conv]sation1 & t ,i h =gott5 x4 ,if x has be5 communicat$ to me 9 any o!r way1 x has made no impression on my memory4 ,i %all be "h = t5 days long]1 & on my return ,s\?1 w visit any place y w be k9d en\gh to po9t out to me1 :]e ,i may be able to acquire in=mation on ! subject ( ! coal gas4 ,%\ld ! ,bi%op ( ,durham be at ,auckl&1 ,i %all pay my respects to 8 ,lord%ip on my return4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 de> ,sir1 ) mu* respect1 y\r ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,at ,"l ,som]ville's1 ne> ,melrose1 ,n4 ,b4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,,sir1 ,melrose1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahae4 ,i receiv$ y\r lett]1 :i* foll[$ me to ! ,moors1 :]e ,i h be5 %oot+ ) ,"l ,som]ville4 ,i %\ld h repli$ to x be=e ?is "t1 b we 7 9 a "p ( ! ,highl&s :]e !re 0 no po/4 ,i am v grateful to y = ! oblig+ invitation x conta9s4 ,i propose to leave ! ,twe$ side on ,tuesday or ,w$nesday1 s t ,i %all be at ,newca/le ei!r on ,w$nesday or ,?ursday4 ,if y w h ! k9dness to in=m me by a lett]1 address$ at ! ,po/ ,(fice1 :]e ,i c f9d ! g5tleman y m5tion1 ,i w call ^u him1 & d any ?+ 9 my p[] to assi/ ! inve/igation 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,i regret t ,i _c say positively :e!r ,i %all be at ,newca/le on ,w$nesday or ,?ursday2 = ,i h "s bus9ess at ,kelso :i* may deta9 me = a night1 or x may be f9i%$ imm$iately4 ,i am travell+ z a ba*elor1 & w d myself ! hon\r ( pay+ my respects to y at ,bi%op-,we>m\? t[>ds ! end ( ! week4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ) mu* respect1 ,y\r ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,! g5tleman allud$ to 9 ! prec$+ lett]1 & to :om ,dr4 ,gray wi%$ ,sir ,h4 ,davy to apply1 0 ,mr4 ,buddle1 a p]son ^: ext5sive practical k has ju/ly entitl$ him to be consid]$ z ! highe/ au?ority on all subjects connect$ ) ! art ( m9+1 & :o has conf]r$ ine/imable b5efits on ! m9+ int]e/s by ! introduction ( successful me?ods ( v5tilation4 ,! acc\nt ( 8 int]view ) ,sir ,h4 ,davy is communicat$ 9 ! foll[+ lett]4 ,,mr4 ,,buddle ,,to ,,dr4 ,,gray4 ,wall's-end ,colli]y1 ,augu/ #bd1 #ahae4 ,,sir1 ,p]mit me to (f] my be/ ackn[l$gm5ts = ! opportunity :i* y\r att5tion to ! cause ( humanity has af=d$ me ( be+ introduc$ to ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,i 0 ?is morn+ fav\r$ ) a call f him1 & he 0 accompani$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hodgson4 ,he made p>ticul> enquiries into ! nature ( ! dang] aris+ f ! dis*>ge ( ! inflammable gas 9 our m9es4 ,i %all supply him ) a quantity ( ! gas to analyze2 & he has giv5 me reason to expect t a sub/itute may be f\nd = ! /eel mill1 :i* w n fire ! gas4 ,he seems also to ?9k x possible to g5]ate a gas1 at a mod]ate exp5se1 :i*1 by mix+ ) ! atmosph]ic curr5t1 w s f> neutralize ! inflammable air1 z to prev5t x fir+ at ! c&les ( ! workm54 ,if he %\ld be s =tunate z to succe$ 9 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! po9ts1 he w r5d] ! mo/ ess5tial b5efit to ! m9+ int]e/ ( ?is c\ntry1 & to ! cause ( humanity 9 p>ticul>4 ,i h little d\bt b x w be gratify+ to y to be in=m$1 t progress is mak+ t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t fund = ! relief ( suff]]s by accid5t & sickness 9 ! colli]ies ( ?is di/rict4 ,i h ! pleasure to rema91 ) great respect1 ,sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t1 humble s]vant1 ,john ,buddle4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy on 8 return to ,london1 hav+ be5 suppli$ by ,mr4 ,buddle ) v>i\s specim5s ( fire-damp1 proce$$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to submit to a m9ute *emical exam9ation ! sub/ance ) :i* he _h to cont5d4 ,9 less ?an a =tnight1 he in=m$ ,dr4 ,gray by lett]1 t he _h discov]$ "s new & unexpect$ prop]ties 9 ! gas1 :i* _h l$ to no less ?an f\r diff]5t plans = light+ ! m9es ) safety4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,gray4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,oct4 #cj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,z x 0 ! consequ5ce ( y\r invitation t ,i endeav\r$ to inve/igate ! nature ( ! fire-damp1 ,i owe to y ! fir/ notice ( ! progress ( my exp]im5ts4 ,my results h be5 successful f> beyond my expectations4 ,i %all enclose a little sket* ( my views on ! subject2 & ,i hope 9 a few days to be able to s5d a pap] ) ! app>atus = ! committee4 ,i tru/ ! ,safe lamp w answ] all ! objects ( ! colli]4 ,i consid] ?is at pres5t z a private communication4 ,i wi% y to exam9e ! lamps ,i h _h con/ruct$1 be=e y give any acc\nt ( my lab\rs to ! committee4 ,i h nev] receiv$ s mu* pleasure f ! result ( any ( my *emical lab\rs2 = ,i tru/ ! cause ( humanity w ga9 some?+ by x4 ,i beg ( y to pres5t my be/ respects to ,mrs4 ,gray1 & to rememb] me to y\r son4 ,i am1 my de> ,sir1 ) _m ?anks = y\r hospitality & k9dness :5 ,i 0 at ,sund]l&1 y\r oblig$ s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,london1 ,octob] #ca1 #ahae4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i s5t ye/]day a sket* ( my results on ! fire-damp4 ,we h lately he>d s mu* ( ,ea/#bh ,%ields1 t by a /range accid5t ,i conf\nd$ x ) ,bi%op-,we>m\?1 & address$ y\r lett] to ,ea/ ,%ields4 ,i c\ld n f9d any body to frank x1 & y w f9d x a heavy packet2 h[ev]1 ,i c\ld n lose a mom5t 9 giv+ y an acc\nt ( results :i* ,i hope may be useful to humanity4 ,if my lett] has n rea*$ y1 x w be f\nd at ! ,po/ ,(fice1 ,ea/ ,%ields4 ,) respects to ,mrs4 ,gray1 ,i am1 my de> ,sir1 v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 #bh ,qu]e--,s\? ,%ields4 ,! sket* allud$ to 9 ! =ego+ lett]1 has be5 k9dly plac$ 9 my h&s by ! ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol2 x possesses consid]able int]e/ z an orig9al docum5t1 display+ 8 e>lie/ views1 & t5d+ to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( _! progress4 ,! fire-damp ,i f9d1 by *emical analysis1 to be 7z x has be5 always suppos$7 a hydro-c>bonate4 ,x is a *emical comb9ation ( hydrog5 gas & c>bon1 9 ! proportion ( #d by weight ( hydrog5 gas1 & #aa-a_/b ( *>coal4 ,i f9d x w n explode1 if mix$ ) less ?an six times1 or m ?an f\rte5 times its volume ( atmosph]ic air4 ,air1 :5 r5d]$ impure by ! combu/ion ( a c&le1 b 9 :i* ! c&le w /ill burn1 w n explode ! gas f ! m9es2 & :5 a lamp or c&le is made to burn 9 a close vessel hav+ ap]tures only above & bel[1 an explosive mixture ( gas admitt$ m]ely enl>ges ! light1 & !n gradually ext+ui%es x )\t explosion4 ,aga91--! gas mix$ 9 any proportion ) common air1 ,i h discov]$1 w n explode 9 a small tube1 ! diamet] ( :i* is less ?an #a_/h? ( an in*1 or ev5 a l>g] tube1 if !re is a me*anical =ce urg+ ! gas ?r\gh ?is tube4 ,explosive mixtures ( ?is gas ) air require mu* /rong] heat = _! explosion ?an mixtures ( common inflammable gas4#bi ,r$-hot *>coal1 made s z n to flame1 if bl[n up by a mixture ( ! m9e gas & common air1 does n explode x1 b gives light 9 x2 & iron1 to cause ! explosion ( mixtures ( ?is gas ) air1 mu/ be made :ite-hot4 ,! discov]y ( ^! curi\s & unexpect$ prop]ties ( ! gas1 leads to sev]al practical me?ods ( light+ ! m9es )\t any dang] ( explosion4 ,! fir/ & simple/ is :at ,i %all call ! ,safe lamp1 9 :i* a c&le or a lamp burns 9 a safe lant]n :i* is air-tight 9 ! sides1 :i* has tubes bel[ = admitt+ air1 a *amb] above1 & a *imney = ! f\l air to pass ?r\gh2 & ?is is z portable z a common lant]n1 & n mu* m exp5sive4 ,9 ?is1 ! light nev] burns 9 its full quantity ( air1 & !re=e is m feeble ?an t ( ! common c&le4 ,! second is ! ,bl[+ lamp4 ,9 ?is1 ! c&le or lamp burns 9 a close lant]n1 hav+ a tube bel[ ( small diamet] = admitt+ air1 :i* is ?r[n 9 by a small pair ( bell[s1 & a tube above ( ! same diamet]1 furni%$ ) a cup fill$ ) oil4 ,?is burns bright] ?an ! simple safe lamp1 & is ext+ui%$ by explosive mixtures ( ! fire-damp4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! c&le may be made to burn z bright z 9 ! air2 & suppos+ an explosion to be made 9 x1 x _c rea* to ! ext]nal air4 ,! ?ird is ! ,pi/on lamp1 9 :i* ! c&le is made to burn 9 a small glass lant]n furni%$ ) a pi/on1 s con/ruct$ z to admit ( air be+ suppli$ & ?r[n into x )\t any communication betwe5 ! burn] & ! ext]nal air3 ?is app>atus is n l>g] ?an ! /eel-mill1 b x is m exp5sive ?an ! o!r1 co/+ f tw5ty-two to tw5ty-f\r %ill+s4 ,^! lamps are all ext+ui%$ :5 ! air becomes s pollut$ ) fire-damp z to be explosive4 ,!re is a f\r? lamp1 by means ( :i* any bl[]s may be exam9$ 9 air 9 :i* respiration _c be c>ri$ on3 t is1 ! ,*>coal lamp4 ,?is consi/s ( a small iron cage on a /&1 conta9+ small pieces ( v well burnt *>coal bl[n up to a r$ heat4 ,?is light w n inflame any mixtures ( air ) fire-damp4#cj ,( ^! inv5tions1 ! ,safe lamp1 :i* is ! simple/1 is likewise ! "o :i* af=ds ! mo/ p]fect security1 & requires no m c>e or att5tion ?an ! common c&le1 & :5 ! air 9 m9es becomes improp] = respiration1 x is ext+ui%$1 & ! workm5 ought imm$iately to leave ! place till a prop] quantity ( atmosph]ic air c be suppli$ by v5tilation4 ,i h made _m exp]im5ts on ^! lamps ) ! g5u9e fire-damp tak5 f a bl[] 9 ! ,hepburn ,colli]y1 collect$ "u ! inspection ( ,mr4 ,dunn1 & s5t to me by ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,hodgson4 ,my results h be5 always unequivocal4 ,i %all imm$iately s5d models ( ! diff]5t lamps to su* ( ! m9es z are expos$ to dang] f explosion2 & x w be ! highe/ gratification to me to h assi/$ by my ef=ts a cause s int]e/+ to humanity4 #bi ,olefiant gas1 :5 mix$ ) su* proportions ( common air z to r5d] x explosive1 is fir$ bo? by *>coal & iron heat$ to a dull-r$ heat4 ,gase\s oxide ( c>bon1 :i* explodes :5 mix$ ) two p>ts ( air1 is likewise inflammable by r$-hot iron1 & *>coal4 ,! case is ! same ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 #cj ,9 addition to ^! f\r lamps1 we le>n f an ,app5dix to 8 ,pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 enquiries1 he con/ruct$ a close lant]n1 :i* he call$ ! ,fire-valve lant]n2 9 :i* ! c&le or lamp burnt ) its full quantity ( air1 admitt$ f an ap]ture bel[1 till ! air began to be mix$ ) fire-damp1 :51 z ! fire-damp increas$ ! flame1 a !rmometrical spr+ at ! top ( ! lant]n1 made ( brass & /eel1 rivet$ toge!r1 & 9 a curv$ =m1 exp&$1 mov$ a valve 9 ! *imney1 dim9i%$ ! circulation ( air1 & ext+ui%$ ! flame4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 pursue ?is inv5tion1 aft] he _h discov]$ ! prop]ties ( ! fire-damp1 on :i* 8 ,safety-lamp is f\nd$4 ,contr>y to ! wi% express$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ! =ego+ communication 0 inadv]t5tly read at a public meet+ ( ! ,coal-trade1 :i* 0 held at ,newca/le on ! #crd ( ,novemb]3 a circum/ance :i* occasion$ "s emb>rassm5t at ! "t1 b is satisfactorily expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] f ,sir ,humphry4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,gray4 #bc1 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,dec4 #ad1 #ahae4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,my communication to ---- 01 l t ,i made to y1 int5d$ to be private2 he has h[ev] writt5 to me to apologize = hav+ made x kn[n at ,newca/le1 /at+1 t hav+ se5 a notice ( my results 9 ! pap]1 ! motive1 z he conceiv$1 = )hold+ x 0 at an end1 z he consid]$ my only reason = wi%+ to keep back my results f ! public eye 0 ! conviction t !y might be r5d]$ m p]fect1 & ?is ,i h n[ fully prov$4 ,i tru/ ,i %all be able 9 a v few days to s5d y a model ( a lant]n ne>ly z simple z a common glass lant]n1 & :i* _c communicate explosion to ! fire-damp4 ,i w s5d ano!r to ,newca/le1 & ,i w likewise s5d y ! copy ( my pap]1 :i* y may repr9t 9 any =m y please2 y w f9d my ackn[l$gm5ts to y publicly /at$4 ,my pr9ciples are ^!3 ,fir/1 a c]ta9 mixture ( azote & c>bonic acid prev5ts ! explosion ( ! fire-damp1 & ?is mixture is necess>ily =m$ 9 ! safe lant]n2--,secondly1 ! fire-damp w n explode 9 tubes or fe$]s ( a c]ta9 small diamet]4 ,! +ress into1 & egress ( air f my lant]n is ?r\gh su* tubes or fe$]s2 & !re=e1 :5 an explosion is artificially made 9 ! safe lant]n1 x does n communicate to ! ext]nal air4 ,i h made two or ?ree lant]ns ( diff]5t =ms4 ,exp]i5ce mu/ det]m9e :i* w be ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,%\ld !re be a little delay 9 s5d+ !m1 x w be ! fault ( ! manufactur]4 ,x is impossible to conceive ! difficulty ( gett+ any ?+ made 9 ,london :i* is n 9 ! common r\t9e ( bus9ess2 & ,i %\ld be v sorry to s5d y any ?+ imp]fectly execut$4 ,) be/ respects to ,mrs4 ,gray1 ,i am1 my de> ,sir1 ,v s9c]ely y\r oblig$ s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,! pap] allud$ to 9 ! prec$+ lett]1 entitl$1 ,on ! ,fire-damp ( ,coal ,m9es1 & on me?ods ( light+ ! m9e s z to prev5t its explosion1 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 #ahae4 ,9 ?is memoir he communicates ! results ( "s *emical exp]im5ts ^u ! nature ( ! fire-damp1 & ann\nces ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 prop]ties 9 t gas1 :i* _h previ\sly escap$ obs]vation1 & :i* leads to v simple me?ods ( light+ ! m9es )\t dang]4 ,he confirms ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,h5ry1 & o!r *emi/s1 z to ! fire-damp be+ light c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 & analog\s to ! inflammable gas ( m>%es2 b he f\nd t ! degree ( its combu/ibility diff]$ mo/ mat]ially f t ( ! o!r common inflammable gases1 :i* x is well kn[n w explode by ! contact ( bo? r$-hot iron & *>coal2 :]eas well-burn$ *>coal1 ignit$ to ! /ronge/ r$ heat1 did n explode any mixture ( ! air & ( ! fire-damp2 & a fire made ( well-burn$ *>coal1 t is to say1 ( *>coal t w burn )\t flame1 0 actually bl[n up to :it5ess by an explosive mixture conta9+ ! fire-damp )\t produc+ its inflammation4#ca ,an iron rod also1 at ! highe/ degree ( r$ heat1 & ev5 at ! common degree ( :ite heat1 did n inflame explosive mixtures ( ! fire-damp2 b :5 9 brilliant combu/ion1 x produc$ ! effect4 #ca ,:5ce he obs]ves t1 if x be necess>y to be pres5t 9 a "p ( ! m9e :]e ! fire-damp is explosive1 = ! purpose ( cle>+ ! work+s1 tak+ away pill>s ( coal1 or o!r objects1 ! workm5 may be safely light$ by a fire made ( *>coal1 :i* burns )\t flame4 ,he moreov] f\nd t ! heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! fire-damp 0 mu* less ?an t occasion$ by mo/ o!r inflammable gases "u simil> circum/ances2 & h5ce its explosion 0 accompani$ ) comp>atively less expansion3 a circum/ance ( obvi\s importance 9 connection ) ! propagation ( its flame4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts 7 likewise in/itut$ by him ) a view to det]m9e ! proportions ( air ) :i* ! fire-damp requir$ to be mix$1 9 ord] to produce an explosive atmosph]e2 & he f\nd ! quantity necess>y = t purpose to be v consid]able2 ev5 :5 mix$ ) ?ree or ne>ly f\r times its bulk ( air1 x burnt quietly 9 ! atmosph]e1 & ext+ui%$ a tap]4 ,:5 mix$ ) betwe5 five & six times its volume ( air1 x explod$ freely4 ,! mixture :i* seem$ to possess ! greate/ explosive p[] 0 t ( sev5 or eight p>ts ( air to "o ( gas4 ,on add+ azote & c>bonic acid 9 diff]5t proportions to explosive mixtures ( fire-damp1 x 0 obs]v$ t1 ev5 9 v small quantities1 ^! gases dim9i%$ ! velocity ( ! inflammation1 or altoge!r de/roy$ x4 ,9 ?is /age ( ! enquiry1 ! important fact 0 discov]$1 t explosive mixtures c\ld n be fir$ 9 metallic tubes ( c]ta9 l5g?s & diamet]s4#cb ,9 explod+1 = in/ance1 a mixture ( "o "p ( gas f ! di/illation ( coal1 & eight p>ts ( air1 9 a tube ( a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet] & ,a foot long1 m ?an a second 0 requir$ be=e ! flame rea*$ f "o end ( ! tube to ! o!r2 & n any mixture c\ld be made to explode 9 a glass tube ( "o-sev5? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 pursu+ ^! exp]im5ts1 he f\nd t1 by dim9i%+ its diamet]1 he might 9 ! same ratio %ort5 ! tube )\t dang]2 & t ! same pr9ciple ( security 0 obta9$ by dim9i%+ ! l5g? & increas+ ! numb] ( ! tubes1 s t a great numb] ( small ap]tures w\ld n pass explosion :5 _! dep? 0 equal to _! diamet]4 ,?is fact l$ him to trials ^u sieves made ( wire-gauze1 or metallic plates p]=at$ ) num]\s small holes1 & he f\nd t x 0 impossible to pass explosions ?r\gh !m4#cc #cb ,mr4 ,t5nant _h1 "s ye>s be=e1 obs]v$ t mixtures ( ! gas1 f ! di/illation ( coal1 & air1 w\ld n explode 9 v small tubes4 ,davy1 h[ev]1 0 n aw>e ( ?is at ! "t ( 8 rese>*es4 #cc ,! ap]tures 9 ! gauze %\ld n be m ?an "o-tw5tie? ( an in* squ>e4 ,z ! fire-damp is n inflam$ by ignit$ wire1 ! ?ickness ( ! wire is n ( importance2 b wire f "o-=tie? to "o-sixtie? ( an in* 9 diamet] is ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,9 reason+ ^u ^! sev]al ph5om5a1 x occurr$ to him1 t z a high temp]ature 0 requir$ = ! inflammation ( ! fire-damp1 & z x produc$ 9 burn+1 comp>atively1 a small degree ( heat1 ! effect ( c>bonic acid & azote1 z well z t ( ! surfaces ( small tubes1 9 prev5t+ its explosion1 dep5d$ ^u _! cool+ p[]s2 t is to say1 ^u _! l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! explod+ mixture to su* a degree1 t x 0 no long] suffici5t = its cont9u\s inflammation4 ,9 support ( ?is !ory1 he asc]ta9$ t metallic tubes resi/$ ! passage ( ! flame m p[]fully ?an glass tubes ( simil> l5g?s & diamet]s1 metal be+ ! bett] conductor ( heat2 & t c>bonic acid 0 m effective ?an azote 9 depriv+ ! fire-damp ( its explosive p[]1 9 consequ5ce1 z he consid]$1 ( its great] capacity = heat1 & likewise ( a high] conduct+ p[] connect$ ) its great] d5sity4 ,9 ?is %ort /atem5t1 ! read] is pres5t$ ) ! :ole !ory & op]ation ( ! ,safety-lamp1 :i* is no?+ m ?an an app>atus by :i* ! inflammable air1 ^u explod+ 9 its int]ior1 _c pass out )\t be+ s f> cool$1 z to deprive x ( ! p[] ( communicat+ inflammation to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! pr9ciple hav+ be5 once discov]$1 x 0 easy to adopt & multiply practical applications ( x4 ,f ! result ( ^! rese>*es1 x became at once evid5t1 t to light m9es infe/$ ) fire-damp1 ) p]fect security1 x 0 only necess>y to use an air-tight lant]n1 suppli$ ) air f tubes ( small diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* explosions _c pass1 & ) a *imney1 on a simil> pr9ciple1 at ! upp] "p1 to c>ry (f ! f\l air4 ,a common lant]n1 to be adapt$ to ! purpose1 m]ely requir$ to be made air-tight 9 ! door & sides1 & to be furni%$ ) ! *imney1 & ! sy/em ( safety ap]tures bel[ & above ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,su*1 9 fact1 0 ,davy's fir/ ,safety-lamp2 & hav+ aft]w>ds v>i$ ! arrangem5t ( ! tubes 9 diff]5t ways1 he at l5g? ex*ang$ !m = canals1 :i* consi/$ ( close conc5tric holl[ metallic cyl9d]s ( diff]5t diamet]1 s plac$ toge!r z to =m circul> canals ( ! diamet] ( f "o-tw5ty-fif? to "o =tie? ( an in*2 & ( an in* & sev5-t5?s 9 l5g?2 by :i* air is admitt$ 9 mu* l>g] quantities ?an by ! small tubes1 & !y are moreov] mu* sup]ior to ! latt] 9 practical application4 ,he also f\nd1 t longitud9al air-canals ( metal might be employ$ ) ! same security z circul> canals2 & t a few pieces ( t9 plate1 sold]$ toge!r ) wires to regulate ! diamet] ( ! canal1 answ]$ ! purpose ( ! fe$] or safe *imney1 z well z drawn cyl9d]s ( brass4 ,! subjo9$ explanatory sket*es w assi/ 9 r5d]+ ! s*eme intelligible1 & obviate ! possibility ( any misconception ( ! subject4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #a4 repres5ts ! fir/ ,safe lant]n1 ) its air-fe$] & *imney furni%$ ) safety metallic canals4 ,! sides are ( horn or glass1 made air-tight by putty or cem5t4 ,a4 is ! lamp ?r\gh :i* ! circul> air-fe$+ canals pass4 ,b4 is ! *imney conta9+ f\r su* canals2 above x is a holl[ cyl9d]1 ) a cap to prev5t du/ f pass+ into ! *imney4 ,c4 is ! hole = admitt+ oil4 ,f4 is ! rim r\nd ! bottom ( ! lant]n1 to enable x to be> motion4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #b4 exhibits an enl>g$ view ( ! safety conc5tric canals1 :i*1 if "o-tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 mu/ n be less ?an two in*es 9 ext]ior circumf]5ce1 & "o-sev5? ( an in* high4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #c4 exhibits ! longitud9al safety canals4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #d4 repres5ts a ,safety-lamp hav+ a glass *imney1 cov]$ ) t9-plate1 & ! safety ap]tures 9 a cyl9d] ) a cov]+ above3 ! l[] "p is ! same z 9 ! lant]n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #e4 ,a glass tube furni%$ ) flame sieves1 9 :i* a common c&le may be burnt4 ,a ,a4 ! flame sieves4 ,b4 a little plate ( metal to prev5t ! upp] flame sieve f be+ act$ on by ! curr5t ( hot air4 ,dur+ ! %ort visit ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy at ,bi%op ,we>m\?1 he saw ! lamp :i* ,dr4 ,clanny 0 !n engag$ 9 p]fect+4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t x 0 secur$ aga9/ ! effects ( fire-damp by be+ suppli$ ) atmosph]ic air previ\sly convey$ ?r\gh wat]4#cd ,! ma*9]y ( ?is lamp 0 f> too cumbr\s to be ( g5]al use2 b its inv5tor 0 ju/ly comm5d$ by ,davy = 8 +5uity & p]sev]ance4 ,x un=tunately happ5$ t1 9 consequ5ce ( "s errone\s repres5tations made to ,dr4 ,clanny1 he receiv$ ! impression t ,sir ,humphry _h n be5 dispos$ to treat 8 inv5tion ) suffici5t respect1 nor _h giv5 him ! cr$it to :i* he 0 s ju/ly entitl$4 ,?is suspicion1 :i* _h be5 long indu/ri\sly kept alive1 0 h[ev] ultimately remov$4 #cd ,m4 de ,humboldt conceiv$ & execut$ ! plan ( a lamp 9 #agif1 = giv+ a safe light 9 m9es1 ^u a simil> pr9ciple ( entire insulation f ! air4--,j\rnal des ,m9es1 t4 viii4 p4 #hci4 ,! foll[+ lett] ref]s to ?is un=tunate circum/ance4 ,i h adv]t$ to x 9 ^! memoirs1 = ! purpose ( %[+ :at an unfair _s ( rivalry1 & :at a succession ( petty jeal\sies 7 excit$ by ^? g5]\s & dis9t]e/$ lab\rs ( ,davy1 :i* ought to h call$ =? no?+ b ! mo/ lively expressions ( gratitude = 8 s]vices1 & admiration ( 8 g5ius4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,gray4 #bc1 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,decemb] #ac4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,a ,fri5d ( m9e has s5t me a newspap]--! ,tyne ,m]cury1 conta9+ a v fooli% libel ^u me4 ,x /ates1 among/ o!r ?+s1 t ,i did n m5tion ,dr4 ,clanny1 or 8 lamp1 9 my late pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society2 :]eas ,i m5tion$ 8 lamp z a v +5i\s contrivance1 & nam$ him among/ ! g5tlem5 :o oblig+ly furni%$ me ) in=mation ^u ! subject4 ,x w be ne$less = me to po9t out to y t my lamp has no "o pr9ciple 9 common ) t ( ,dr4 ,clanny4 ,he =ces 9 8 air ?r\gh wat] by bell[s4 ,9 m9e1 ! air passes ?r\gh safety canals )\t any me*anical assi/ance4 ,m9e is a common lant]n made close1 & furni%$ ) safety canals4 ,i hope ,i %all n he> t ,dr4 ,clanny has 9 any way au?oriz$ or promot$ s improp] a /atem5t z t 9 ! ,tyne ,m]cury2 inde$1 ,i d n ?9k x possible4 ,i h at la/ obta9$ a complete model ( my lamp1 aft] _m disappo9tm5ts f ! in/rum5t-mak]4 ,i hope 9 a few days to s5d y a ,safe lant]n1 z portable z a common-made "o1 & ! p]fect security ( :i* is demon/rable4 ,i am1 my de> ,sir1 y\r s9c]ely oblig$1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,decemb] #ae4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i %all inclose ! fir/ %eet ( my pap]1 & %all be glad to preface x by "s obs]vations :5 y repr9t x4 ,i %all =w>d my lant]ns & lamps to y 9 a few days4 ,!y are absolutely safe2 & if ! m9]s h any m explosions f _! light1 x w be _! own fault4 ,y w f9d1 :5 y see my con/ruction1 t ! pr9ciples z well z ! execution are entirely new4 ,y w f9d 9 ! second %eet ( my pap]1 :i* ,i hope to be able to s5d to-morr[1 ! pr9ciples ( security1 & its limits unfold$4 ,i am1 my de> ,sir1 v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,london1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahaf4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i fe> y w h accus$ me ( procra/9ation 9 delay+ to s5d y my pap]s & my lamps4 ,! pap]s read to ! ,royal ,society h be5 pr9t$2 b dur+ ! p]iod t has elaps$ s9ce ,i la/ wrote to y1 ,i h made a discov]y mu* m important ?an ^? :i* ,i h already _h ! hon\r ( communicat+ to y4 ,i h made v simple & economical lant]ns1 & c&le gu>ds1 :i* are n only absolutely safe1 b :i* give light by means ( ! fire-damp1 & :i*1 :ile !y dis>m ?is de/ructive ag5t1 make x useful to ! m9]4 ,?is discov]y is a consequ5ce ( t :i* ,i communicat$ to y 9 my la/ lett] on ! wire sieves4 ,i hope to be able to s5d y on ,w$nesday ! pr9t$ acc\nt ( my results1 toge!r ) models ( lamps :i* w burn & consume all explosive mixtures ( ! fire-damp4 ,i h at la/ f9i%$ my enquiries ) p]fect satisfaction to myself1 & ,i feel highly oblig$ to y = hav+ call$ my att5tion to a subject :]e my lab\rs w1 ,i hope1 be ( "s use4 ,i am1 my de> ,sir1 v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,x is impossible to approa* ! consid]ation ( ?is la/1 ! mo/ signal & spl5did ( 8 triumphs1 )\t feel+s ( ! highe/ satisfaction4 ,he _h already1 z we h se51 dis>m$ ! fire-damp ( its t]rors1 x only rema9$ = him to enli/ x into 8 s]vice4 ,! simple means by :i* ?is 0 effect$ are z int]e/+ z _! results are important4#ce #ce ,an ,acc\nt ( an ,inv5tion = giv+ ,light 9 explosive mixtures ( ,fire-damp 9 ,coal ,m9es1 by consum+ ! ,fire-damp4 ,read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,jan4 #aa1 #ahaf4 ,davy _h previ\sly arriv$ at ! fact1 t wire-gauze might be sub/itut$ z air-fe$]s to ! lamp1 9 ! place ( 8 tubes or safety canals2 b n until aft] ! lapse ( sev]al weeks1 did ! happy idea ( con/ruct+ ! lamp entirely ( wire-gauze occur to him3--! hi/ory ( ?is elaborate enquiry af=ds a /rik+ pro( ( ! inability ( ! human m9d to appreh5d simplicities1 )\t a process ( complication :i* works z ! grappl+ ma*9]y ( tru?4 ,8 orig9al lamp ) tubes or canals1 z already describ$1 0 p]fectly safe 9 ! mo/ explosive atmosph]e1 b its light 0 necess>ily ext+ui%$ by x2 :]eas 9 ! wire-gauze cage1 ! fire-damp itself cont9ues to burn1 & ?us to af=d to ! m9] a useful light1 :ile he is equally secur$ f ! fatal effects ( explosion4 ,illu/ration ,all !n requir$ = 8 guidance & protection 9 ! d>kness ( ! m9e1 are c&les or lamps surr\nd$ by small wire cages1 :i* w at once supply air to ! flame1 & light to ! m9]2 !y may be obta9$ = a few p5ce1 & be v>i\sly modifi$ z circum/ances may r5d] necess>y4 ,! read] is "h pres5t$ ) a sket* ( ! gauze in/rum5t1 9 its fir/ & simple/ =m4 ,! orig9al lamp is pres]v$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,no?+ n[ rema9$ b to asc]ta9 ! degree ( f95ess :i* ! wire-gauze ought to possess1 9 ord] to =m a secure b>ri] aga9/ ! passage ( flame4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,davy plac$ 8 light$ lamps 9 a glass receiv]1 ?r\gh :i* !re 0 a curr5t ( atmosph]ical air1 & by means ( a gasomet] fill$ ) coal gas1 he made ! curr5t ( air :i* pass$ into ! lamp m or less explosive1 & caus$ x to *ange rapidly or sl[ly at pleasure1 s z to produce all possible v>ieties ( inflammable & explosive mixtures2 & he f\nd t iron wire-gauze compos$ ( wires f "o-=tie? to "o-sixtie? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & conta9+ tw5ty-eight wires1 or sev5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r ap]tures to ! in*1 0 safe "u all circum/ances 9 atmosph]es ( ?is k9d2 & he consequ5tly employ$ t mat]ial 9 gu>d+ lamps = ! coal m9es1 :]e1 9 ,janu>y #ahaf1 !y 7 imm$iately adopt$1 & h long be5 9 g5]al use4 ,obs]vations ^u !m 9 _! work+ /ate1 & ^u ! circum/ances to :i* !y are expos$1 h l$ to a few improvem5ts or alt]ations1 m]ely connect$ ) ! modes ( increas+ light or dim9i%+ heat1 :i* 7 obvi\s f ! orig9al con/ruction4 ,illu/ration ,! annex$ woodcut repres5ts ! lamp :i* is 9 pres5t use4 ,a is a cyl9d] ( wire-gauze1 ) a d\ble top1 securely & c>efully fa/5$1 by d\bl+ ov]1 to ! brass rim ,b1 :i* screws on to ! lamp ,c4 ,! :ole is protect$ by /rong iron supports ,d1 to :i* a r+ is affix$ = ! conv5i5ce ( c>ry+ x4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 on ! #bcrd ( ,janu>y #ahag1 entitl$1 ,"s new ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,combu/ion ( ,gase\s ,mixtures1 ) an ,acc\nt ( a me?od ( pres]v+ a cont9u$ ,light 9 mixtures ( inflammable ,gases & ,air )\t ,flame1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy ann\nces ! application ( a pr9ciple :i* he _h discov]$ 9 ! progress ( 8 rese>*es = increas+ ! utility ( ! ,safety-lamp1 & :i*1 a c5tury ago1 w\ld h unque/ionably expos$ its au?or to ! *>ge ( wit*craft4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! temp]ature ( flame is inf9itely high] ?an t necess>y = ! ignition ( solid bodies1 x appe>$ to him probable t1 9 c]ta9 comb9ations ( gase\s bodies1 al?\gh ! increase ( temp]ature might n be suffici5t to r5d] ! gase\s matt]s !mselves lum9\s1 !y might nev]!less be adequate to ignite solid matt]s expos$ to !m4 ,dur+ 8 exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 he 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! curi\s ph5om5on ( sl[ combu/ion )\t flame4 ,he obs]ves1 t !re _c be a bett] mode ( illu/rat+ ! fact1 ?an by an exp]im5t on ! vap\r ( e!r or ( alcohol4 ,let a few coils ( wire ( plat9um ( ! "o-sixtie? or "o-sev5tie? ( an in* be heat$ by a hot pok] or c&le1 & let x be br\ght into ! glass2 x w pres5tly become gl[+1 almo/ :ite hot1 & w cont9ue s1 z long z a suffici5t quantity ( vap\r & ( air rema9 9 ! glass4#cf #cf ,?is pr9ciple has be5 appli$ = con/ruct+ :at has be5 t]m$ ! ,aphlogi/ic ,lamp1 :i* is =m$ by plac+ a small coil ( plat9um wire r\nd ! wick ( a common _s lamp4 ,:5 ! lamp1 aft] be+ light$ = a few mom5ts1 is bl[n out1 ! plat9um wire cont9ues to gl[ = sev]al h\rs1 z long z !re is a supply ( _s ( w9e1 & to give light en\gh to read by2 & sometimes ! heat produc$ is suffici5t to rek9dle ! lamp spontane\sly4 ,! same ph5om5a are produc$ by ! vap\r ( camphor2 & an aromatic fumigat+ lamp has lately be5 adv]tis$ = sale1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! contrivance above describ$2 & x is evid5t t1 if ! _s be impregnat$ ) fragrant pr9ciples1 an aromatic v9eg> w be develop$ dur+ its sl[ combu/ion1 & diffus$ 9 fumes ?r\gh ! ap>tm5t4 ,?is exp]im5t on ! sl[ combu/ion ( e!r is accompani$ ) ! =mation ( a peculi> acrid & volatile sub/ance possess$ ( acid prop]ties1 :i* has be5 p>ticul>ly exam9$ by ,mr4 ,daniell1 :o1 hav+ at fir/ reg>d$ x z a new acid1 propos$ = x ! "n ( ,lampic acid1 9 allusion to ! rese>*es :i* l$ to its discov]y2 he has1 h[ev]1 s9ce asc]ta9$ t its acidity is ow+ to ! acetic acid1 :i* is comb9$ ) "s comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog51 diff]5t bo? f e!r & alcohol4 ,! ph5om5a ( sl[ combu/ion1 z exhibit$ 9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! m9e1 by ! ,safety-lamp1 are highly curi\s & int]e/+4 ,by susp5d+ "s coils ( f9e wire ( plat9um#cg above ! wick ( 8 lamp1 ! m9] w be suppli$ ) light 9 mixtures ( fire-damp no long] explosive2 = %\ld 8 flame be ext+ui%$ by ! quantity ( fire-damp1 ! little coil ( plat9um w beg9 to gl[ ) a light suffici5tly bright to guide him 9 :at w\ld o!rwise be imp5etrable d>kness1 & to lead him into a pur] atmosph]e1 :5 ! heat ?us increas$ w v frequ5tly be suffici5t to rek9dle 8 lamp6 #cg ,sir ,humphry ,davy attempt$ to produce ! ph5om5a ) v>i\s o!r metals1 b he only succe$$ ) plat9um & palladium2 ^! bodies h l[ conduct+ p[]s1 & small capacities = heat1 9 comp>ison ) o!r metals1 :i* seem to be ! causes ( _! produc+1 cont9u+1 & r5d]+ s5sible1 ^! sl[ combu/ions4 ,9 ?is case x w be readily p]ceiv$1 t ! combu/ion ( ! fire-damp is cont9u$ s sl[ly1 & at s l[ a temp]ature1 z n to be adequate to t ignition ( gase\s matt] :i* con/itutes flame1 al?\gh x excites a temp]ature suffici5t to r5d] plat9um wire lum9\s4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy obs]ves1 t !re nev] c be any dang] ) respect to respiration1 :5ev] ! wire cont9ues ignit$2 = ev5 ?is ph5om5on ceases :5 ! f\l air =ms ab\t two-fif?s ( ! volume ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! exp]im5t1 z orig9ally p]=m$ by ! illu/ri\s *emi/1 is s int]e/+ & in/ructive1 t ,i %all "h relate x 9 8 own words4 ,i introduc$ into a wire-gauze ,safe lamp a small cage made ( f9e wire ( plat9um ( "o-sev5tie? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & fix$ x by means ( a ?ick wire ( ! same metal ab\t two in*es above ! wick :i* 0 light$4 ,i plac$ ! :ole app>atus 9 a l>ge receiv]1 9 :i*1 by means ( a gas-hold]1 ! air c\ld be contam9at$ to any ext5t ) coal gas4 ,z soon z !re 0 a slight admixture ( coal gas1 ! plat9um became ignit$2 ! ignition cont9u$ to increase till ! flame ( ! wick 0 ext+ui%$1 & till ! :ole cyl9d] became fill$ ) flame2 x !n dim9i%$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( coal gas 0 increas$1 s z to ext+ui% ! flame1 at ! mom5t ( ! ext9ction ! cage ( plat9um became :ite hot1 & pres5t$ a mo/ brilliant light4 ,by increas+ ! quantity ( ! coal gas /ill f>!r1 ! ignition ( ! plat9um became less vivid3 :5 its light 0 b>ely s5sible1 small quantities ( air 7 admitt$1 its heat spe$ily increas$2 & by regulat+ ! admission ( coal gas & air1 x aga9 became :ite hot1 & soon aft] light$ ! flame 9 ! cyl9d]1 :i* z usual1 by ! addition ( m atmosph]ical air1 rek9dl$ ! flame ( ! wick4 ,i h ?us relat$1 some:at 9 detail1 ! hi/ory ( a discov]y1 :i*1 :e!r consid]$ 9 relation to its sci5tific importance1 or to its great practical value1 mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ spl5did triumphs ( human g5ius4 ,x 0 ! fruit ( elaborate exp]im5t & close induction2 *ance1 or accid5t1 :i* comes 9 = s l>ge a %>e ( ! cr$it ( human inv5tion1 has no claims to pref] ^u ?is occasion2 /ep by /ep1 may he be foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole progress ( 8 rese>*1 & s obvi\sly does ! discov]y ( ea* new fact spr+ f ^? t prec$$ x1 t we nev] = a mom5t lose sight ( our philosoph]1 b keep pace ) him dur+ ! :ole ( 8 curi\s enquiry4 ,he comm5c$1 z we h se51 ) asc]ta9+ ! degree ( combu/ibility ( ! fire-damp1 & ! limits 9 :i* ! proportions ( atmosph]ic air & c>burett$ hydrog5 c be comb9$1 s z to af=d an explosive mixture4 ,he 0 !n l$ to exam9e ! effects ( ! admixture ( azote & c>bonic acid gas2 & ! result ( ^? exp]im5ts furni%$ him ) ! basis ( 8 fir/ plan ( security4 ,8 next /ep 0 to enquire :e!r explosions ( gas w\ld pass ?r\gh tubes2 & on f9d+ t ?is did n happ51 if ! tubes 7 ( c]ta9 l5g?s & diamet]s1 he proce$$ to exam9e ! limits ( su* conditions1 & by %ort5+ ! tubes1 dim9i%+ _! diamet]s1 & multiply+ _! numb]1 he at l5g? arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t a simple tissue ( wire-gauze af=d$ all ! means ( p]fect security2 & he con/ruct$ a lamp1 :i* has be5 truly decl>$ to be z m>vell\s 9 its op]ation1 z ! /ori$ lamp ( ,aladd91 realiz+ its fabl$ p[]s ( conduct+ 9 safety1 ?r\gh fi5ds ( combu/ion1 to ! hidd5 treasures ( ! e>?4 ,we behold a p[] :i*1 9 its effects1 seem$ to emulate ! viol5ce ( ! volcano & ! e>?quake1 at once re/ra9$ by an almo/ invisible & impalpable b>ri] ( network--we behold1 z x 71 ! dmon ( fire tak5 captive by ,sci5ce1 & m9i/]+ to ! conv5i5ce ( ! m9]1 :ile h>mlessly flutt]+ 9 an iron cage4 ,& yet1 wond]ful z ! ph5om5on may appe>1 8 exp]im5ts & reason+s h demon/rat$1 t ! int]ruption ( flame by solid tissues p]meable to light & air1 dep5ds ^u no recondite or my/]i\s cause1 b simply ^u _! cool+ p[]s1 :i* mu/ always be proportional to ! smallness ( ! me%1 & ! mass ( ! metal4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! security ?us conf]r$ ^u ! lab\r+ community1 is n m]ely ! privilege ( ! age 9 :i* ! discov]y 0 effect$1 b mu/ be ext5d$ to future times1 & cont9ue to pres]ve human life z long z coal is dug f our m9es1 c !re be f\nd 9 ! :ole compass ( art or sci5ce1 an inv5tion m useful & glori\s8 ,! wire-gauze lamp has n[ be5 sev]al ye>s ext5sively us$ 9 ! m9es1 & ! mo/ satisfactory & unequivocal te/imonies h be5 publi%$ ( ! complete security :i* x af=ds4 ,!y h among/ ! m9]s obta9$ ! "n ( ,davys2 & su* is ! confid5ce ( ! "w m5 9 _! efficacy1 t by _! aid !y ent] ! mo/ explosive atmosph]es1 & explore ! mo/ remote cav]ns1 )\t ! lea/ dread ( _! old enemy ! fire-damp4 ,into ! m9es ( =eign c\ntries ! ,safety-lamp has be5 introduc$ ) simil> success2 & ! illu/ri\s discov]] has be5 repeat$ly gratifi$ by acc\nts ( ! en?usiasm ) :i* 8 inv5tion has be5 adopt$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4#ch #ch ,a pamphlet appe>$ at ,mons1 9 ! ye> #ahah1 on ! explosions t occur 9 coal m9es1 & on ! means ( prev5t+ !m by ,davy's ,safety-lamp4 ,x 0 publi%$ "u ! direction ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce & ,manufactures ( ,mons1 accompani$ by notes1 & by ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts t _h be5 conduct$ by ,m4 ,goss>t1 ,presid5t ( ! ,*amb]4 ,! prov9ce ( ,ha9ault is said to be ri*] 9 coal m9es ?an any o!r "p ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 & to h no less ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& p]sons employ$ 9 ! work+ !m4 ,! same k9d ( dang]\s accid5ts occurr$ 9 ^! m9es z 9 ^? ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 & v>i\s exp$i5ts _h be5 adopt$ = _! prev5tion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 avail$ b little 9 obviat+ !m4 ,all ! precautions1 obs]ve ! report]s1 :i* _h be5 hi!rto kn[n or practis$1 _h n be5 able to pres]ve ! un=tunate m9]s f ! t]rible effects ( explosion4 ,x is !re=e an inappreciable b5efit :i* we conf] by mak+ kn[n ! equally simple & infallible me?od ( prev5t+ ^! accid5ts1 :i* has be5 discov]$ by ! celebrat$ ,humphry ,davy4 ,m4 ,goss>t gives an ample & accurate detail ( ! prop]ties ( ! explosive gas1 & confirms ! tru? ( ,davy's exp]im5ts1 by :i* ! high temp]ature necess>y = its inflammation1 & ! consequ5t means ( prev5t+ x1 by r$uc+ t temp]ature1 z effect$ dur+ its passage ?r\gh wire-gauze1 are cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,! lamp appe>s f ?is report to h be5 z useful 9 ! m9es ( ,fl&]s z 9 ^? ( ,engl&4 ,! ,pamphlet is a valuable docum5t1 inasmu* z x af=ds an indep5d5t pro( ( ! security ( ! in/rum5t1 & displays ! high s5se ( obligation :i* =eign nations ent]ta9 to ,sir ,humphry ,davy = 8 inv5tion4 ,nor is ! utility ( ?is inv5tion limit$ to ! op]ations ( m9+4 ,9 gas manufactories1 _s w>eh\ses1#ci or druggi/s' laboratories1 & 9 v>i\s o!r situations1 :]e ! exi/5ce ( an explosive atmosph]e#dj may expose p]sons to dang]1 ! ,safety-lamp may be advantage\sly us$2 & z sci5ce proce$s 9 multiply+ ! res\rces ( art1 ?is in/rum5t w no d\bt be f\nd capable ( _m new applications4 #ci ,! dang] ( c>ry+ a nak$ light into an atmosph]e impregnat$ ) ! fumes ( _s 0 awfully exemplifi$ by ! loss ( ! ,k5t ,ea/ ,indiaman1 by fire1 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 on ! #a/ ( ,m>* #ahbe4 #dj ,9 cases :]e !re is any suspicion ( accumulations ( c>burett$ hydrog5 f ! leakage ( gas pipes1 or f o!r s\rces1 ! safety-lamp %\ld always be employ$4 ,a t]rible accid5t occurr$ "s ye>s s9ce at ,woolwi*1 f a room fill$ ) ! vap\r ( coal-t>1 = ! purpose ( dry+ & season+ timb] int5d$ = %ip-build+4 ,z ! combu/ion arose f ! flame issu+ ?r\gh ! flue1 :i* ran along ! ap>tm5t1 at ! mom5t ! damp] 0 appli$ at ! top ( ! build+1 x is evid5t t1 _h a wire-gauze gu>d be5 us$1 ! accid5t c\ld n h occurr$4 ,! h\se 0 completely demoli%$1 & n9e p]sons 7 un=tunately kill$4 ,by ! p]mission ( ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 sev]al acc\nts ( ^! rese>*es1 & ( ! inv5tion & use ( ! ,safety-lamp 7 pr9t$1 & circulat$ ?r\gh ! coal di/ricts4 ,x might h be5 fairly expect$ t1 9 a di/rict :i* _h be5 s cont9ually & s awfully visit$ by explosions1 aga9/ :i* no human =esight _h z yet be5 able to provide a rem$y1 ! dis9t]e/$ s]vices ( ! greate/ *emi/ ( ! age w\ld at lea/ h be5 receiv$ )\t a diss5ti5t voice1 & t 8 inv5tion ( security w\ld h escap$ ! common fate ( all great discov]ies1 & be5 accept$ ) e homage ( respect & gratitude2 b ! inv5tor ( ! ,safety-lamp 0 doom$ to enc\nt] a bitt] ho/ility f p]sons :om a _s ( rivalry1 or a feel+ ( hopeless emulation1 _h cem5t$ into a faction4 ,f ! p]iod ( ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! ,safety-lamp1 a prejudice aga9/ its use 0 indu/ri\sly circulat$ among/ ! m9]s2 & "s p]sons ev5 ma9ta9$ ! mon/r\s proposition1 t any protection aga9/ ! explosions ( fire-damp w\ld injure m ?an x c\ld s]ve ! colli]1 by induc+ him to resume ab&on$ works1 & ?us cont9ually to inhale a noxi\s atmosph]e4 ,! utility ( ! lamp hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 9 spite ( e opposition1 ! claims ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy to its inv5tion 7 next publicly *all5g$4 ,x w h]eaft] be sc>cely believ$ t an inv5tion s em95tly philosophic1 & :i* c\ld nev] h be5 d]iv$ b f ! /]l+ treasury ( sci5ce1 %\ld h be5 claim$ 9 behalf ( an eng9e-wright ( ,kill+wor?1 ( ! "n ( ,/eph5son--a p]son n ev5 pr(ess+ a k ( ! elem5ts ( *emi/ry4 ,z ! controv]sy to :i* ?is claim gave bir? has long s9ce subsid$1 ,i w\ld will+ly h treat$ x z a pass+ cl\d1 _h n its %ad[ rema9$4 ,! circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ( ! transaction /& record$ 9 ! ,magaz9es ( ! day1 & ! biograph] ( ,davy w\ld compromise 8 rights1 by omitt+ to notice ! attempts t h be5 made to invalidate !m4 ,! claims :i* 7 made = ! priority ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son's inv5tion ( ! ,safety-lamp 7 urg$ 9 sev]al communications 9 ! ,newca/le ,c\rant4 ,x has be5 said 9 reply1 t if dates 7 tak5 z evid5ce1 n m]ely ( priority1 b ( orig9ality ( inv5tion1 x mu/ foll[ t ,mr4 ,/eph5son's lamp 0 d]iv$ f t ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ,/eph5son's lamps1 ! only "o ^u :i* ! %ad[ ev5 ( a claim c be f\nd$1 x is unnecess>y = ! fri5ds ( tru? to adopt su* a l9e ( def5ce2 inde$1 aft] a delib]ate exam9ation ( all t has be5 publi%$ on ! subject1 ,i am v will+ to believe t ,mr4 ,/eph5son did con/ruct ! lamp :i* dates its orig9 f ! #ba/ ( ,octob] #ahae1 )\t any previ\s k ( ! conclusions at :i* ,davy _h arriv$2 = x 0 fir/ ann\nc$ to ! ,coal-trade by ,mr4 ,r4 ,lamb]t on ! #crd ( ,novemb]1 to ! v meet+ at :i* ,sir ,h4 ,davy's private lett] 0 inadv]t5tly read4--,b :at 7 ! pr9ciples1 & :at ! con/ruction ( ?is lamp8 ,x w\ld appe> t ,mr4 ,/eph5son _h ent]ta9$ "s vague notion ( ! practicability ( consum+ ! fire-damp z fa/ z x ent]$ ! lamp1 & t if admitt$ only 9 small quantities1 x w\ld n explode ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e3 = effect+ ?is object1 he con/ruct$ a lamp ) an orifice1 ov] :i* 0 plac$ a slide1 by ! movem5t ( :i* ! op5+ c\ld be enl>g$1 or dim9i%$1 & ! volume ( fire-damp to be admitt$ into ! lamp regulat$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,n[ su* a lamp c\ld be no?+ else ?an an explod+ lamp2 = to make x burn 9 common air1 ! orifice mu/ h be5 s wide t1 on go+ into an explosive atmosph]e1 ! combu/ion 9 ! int]ior c\ld n h fail$ to pass x1 & to h explod$ ! m9e4 ,"h !n is a safety-lamp1 :i* z long z x is safe1 w n burn1 & ! mom5t x beg9s to burn1 x becomes unsafe6 ,! te/imonies 9 fav\r ( ! security af=d$ by ?is lamp 7 evid5tly procur$ f p]sons :o 7 n only ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( its con/ruction1 b ( ! me?ods to be pursu$ = asc]ta9+ its safety4 ,i am surely ju/ifi$ 9 su* a /atem5t1 :51 in/ead ( an explosive mixture1 ,i f9d !m ?r[+ 9 pure fire-damp1 :i* w always ext+ui% flame1 :e!r burn+ 9 a safe or unsafe lamp4 ,! importance & utility ( ,davy's lamp hav+ be5 completely e/abli%$ by ! sev]e/ ordeals1 ! g5]al gratitude ( ! c\ntry began m publicly to display itself1 & a v /rong feel+ prevail$1 t "s tribute ( respect %\ld be paid to its inv5tor2 9 accordance ) :i*1 a deputation ( ! ,coal-own]s ( ! riv]s ,tyne & ,we>1 & ( ! ports ( ,h>tley & ,bly?1 reque/$ ! hon\r ( an int]view ) ,sir ,h4 ,davy2 ^u :i* occasion !y pres5t$ him ) ! foll[+ lett]1 conta9+ an expression ( ! ?anks ( ! ,coal-own]s4 ,,to ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 ,,ll4,d4 c4 ,newca/le1 ,m>* #be1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1 ,z *airman ( ! g5]al meet+ ( proprietors ( coal-m9es ^u ! riv]s ,tyne & ,we>1 held 9 ! ,assembly-rooms at ,newca/le1 on ! #ah? in/ant1 ,i 0 reque/$ to express to y _! unit$ ?anks & approbation = ! great & important discov]y ( y\r ,safety-lamp = explor+ m9es *>g$ ) inflammable gas1 :i* !y consid] admirably calculat$ to obviate ^? dreadful calamities1 & ! lam5table sacrifice ( human life1 :i* ( late ye>s h s frequ5tly occurr$ 9 ! m9es ( ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are mo/ p[]fully impress$ ) admiration & gratitude t[>ds ! spl5did tal5ts & brilliant acquirem5ts t h a*iev$ s mom5t\s & important a discov]y1 unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m9+1 & n surpass$ by any discov]y ( ! pres5t age2 & !y hope t1 :il/ ! tribute ( applause & glory is %[]$ d[n ^u ^? :o inv5t ! weapons ( de/ruction1 ?is great & unrivall$ discov]y = pres]v+ ! lives ( our fell[-creatures1 w be rew>d$ by "s m>k ( national di/9ction & hon\r4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble ,s]vant1 ,,george ,,waldie1 ,*airman4 ,a plan1 h[ev]1 0 "u consid]ation = record+ ! admiration & gratitude ( ! ,coal-own]s1 by a m p]man5t & solid memorial4 ,! nature ( ?is proposition w be be/ disclos$ by ins]t+ ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,buddle4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,gray4 ,wall's-,end ,colli]y1 ,augu/ #bg1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1 ,z ,i "k t y feel mu* int]e/ 9 all matt]s relat+ to ,sir ,h4 ,davy's ,safety-lamp1 ,i tru/ y w excuse ! lib]ty ,i take 9 in=m+ y1 t ! ,committee ( ! ,tyne1 approv+ highly ( ! sugge/ion1 t "s m>k ( ackn[l$gm5t & respect %\ld be pres5t$ to ,sir ,humphry by ! ,coal-trade ( ?is c\ntry1 = ! happy inv5tion ( 8 lamp1 h conv5$ a g5]al meet+ ( ,coal-own]s1 to be hold5 at my (fice 9 ,newca/le1 on ,saturday next ! #ca/ in/ant1 at twelve o'clock1 to take ! subject into consid]ation4 ,i %\ld h soon] in=m$ y ( ?is propos$ meet+1 _h ,i n be5 deta9$ 9 ,cumb]l& until ye/]day2 b ,i %all h ! pleasure ( transmitt+ to y a copy ( its resolutions4 ,i am sure t y w be gratifi$ to le>n t ! lamps cont9ue to g on z well z possible4 ,we n[ h twelve doz5 ( !m 9 daily use at ?is place4 ,i h ! pleasure to rema91 ) ! greate/ respect1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble ,s]vant1 ,,john ,,buddle4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,newca/le1 ,septemb] #g1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1 ,i n[ h ! pleasure ( s5d+ y a copy ( ! ,resolutions ( ! g5]al meet+ ( ,coal-own]s on ! #ca/ in/ant1 & %all take ! lib]ty ( in=m+ y ( ! future progress ( ?is affair4 ,sir ,humphry did me ! hon\r ye/]day to accompany me ?r\gh ! work+s ( a coal-pit at ,wall's-,end1 :5 ,i _h an opportunity ( witness+ sev]al int]e/+ exp]im5ts on 8 ,safety-lamp2 & ,i h ! satisfaction to add1 t ,i believe he has n[ advanc$ x to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection4 ,i am1 respectfully1 ,sir1 ,y\r humble ,s]vant1 ,,john ,,buddle4 ,! satisfactory result ( ?is visit ,sir ,humphry communicat$ to ,mr4 ,lambton1 n[ ,"l ,durham2 & ,i %all take ?is opportunity to /ate1 t = ?is z well z = sev]al o!r lett]s ,i %all h]eaft] h occasion to introduce1 ,i am indebt$ to t noble ,"l1 ?r\gh ! k9d application ( my fri5d ,sir ,cu?b]t ,%>p4 ,,to ,j4 ,g4 ,,lambton1 ,,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,newca/le1 ,septemb] #i1 #ahaf4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,s9ce ,i la/ _h ! pleasure ( see+ y1 ,i h exam9$ ! work+s 9 ! ,wall's-,end colli]ies by ! lamps1 & h tri$ !m 9 v>i\s explosive mixtures4 ,on ,sunday1 ,i w5t ) ,mr4 ,buddle to y\r bl[]1 ) ! s+le lamps furni%$ ) small t9 reflectors4 ,?is simple modification r5d]$ !m p]fectly safe1 ev5 9 ! furi\s bl[-pipe1 & at ! same "t increas$ _! light4 ,no?+ c\ld be m satisfactory ?an all ! trials4 ,i h left a pap] 9 ! h&s ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,hodgson1 :i* w be pr9t$ 9 a day or two2 & ,i h desir$ him to s5d y t5 copies1 or z _m m z y may l to h4 ,i tru/ ,i h n[ left no?+ undone z to ! p]fect security ( ! lamps1 "u e possible circum/ance4 ,i feel highly gratifi$ t x 0 at y\r m9es ,i effect$ ! only object t rema9$ to be accompli%$--t ( gu>d+ aga9/ bl[]s meet+ fre% curr5ts ( air4 ,i ?ank y v s9c]ely = ! int]e/ y h tak5 9 ! lamps1 connect$ ) my ef=ts to r5d] !m applicable 9 all cases4 ,i rema91 c4 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #ahaf1 a lett] appe>$ 9 ! ,durham ,c\nty ,adv]tis]1 dat$ ,gos=?1 ,augu/ #bbnd1 #ahaf1 9 ! "n ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,br&l+1 9 :i*1 allud+ to ! ,resolutions ( ! ,coal-own]s ( ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 he expresses a wi% t a /rict exam9ation %\ld take place previ\s to ! adoption ( a measure :i* might convey a decid$ op9ion to ! public1 z to ! p]son to :om ! invaluable discov]y ( ! ,safety-lamp is actually due4 ,! conviction1 says he1 ^u my m9d is1 t ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son1 ( ,kill+wor? ,colli]y1 is ! p]son :o fir/ discov]$ & appli$ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* safe lamps may be con/ruct$2 =1 :e!r ! hydrog5 gas is admitt$ ?r\gh capill>y tubes1 or ?r\gh ! ap]tures ( wire-gauze1 :i* may be consid]$ z m]ely ! orifices ( capill>y tubes1 does n1 z ,i conceive1 9 ! lea/ affect ! pr9ciple4 ,9 ! communications ,i h se5 f ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 no dates are m5tion$2 & x is by a ref]5ce to !m only t ! "q c be fairly decid$4 ,= ! in=mation ( ! ,meet+1 !re=e1 ,i %all take ! lib]ty ( enclos+ "s :i* ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 to ! correctness ( :i*1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i c be> te/imony2 at ! same "t ,i beg leave to add1 t ! pr9ciple ( admitt+ hydrog5 gas 9 su* small deta*$ portions t x w\ld be consum$ by combu/ion1#da 01 ,i und]/&1 /at$ by him to sev]al g5tlem51 z ! idea he _h embrac$ two mon?s be=e 8 lamp 0 orig9ally con/ruct$4 #da ,grant$3--b :at connexion has t ) ! pr9ciple ( ,davy's lamp1 or ) any ,safety lamp8 ,mr4 ,br&l+ !n proce$s to /ate1 t ! ,kill+wor? lamp1 ) a tube to admit ! air1 & a slide at ! bottom ( su* tube to regulate ! quantity to be admitt$1 0 fir/ tri$ 9 ! ,kill+wor? pits on ,saturday ,octob] ! #ba/1 #ahae2 b n be+ f\nd to burn well1 ano!r 0 ord]$ ! same day ) ?ree capill>y tubes to admit ! air2 & on be+ tri$ 9 ! m9e on ! #d? ( ,novemb] foll[+1 0 f\nd to burn bett] & to be p]fectly safe4#db ,on ! #ag? ( ,novemb]1 x 0 tri$#dc at ,kill+wor? (fice ) inflammable air be=e ,ri*>d ,lamb]t1 ,esq42 & on ! #bd? ( ! same mon?1 be=e ,c4 ,j4 ,br&l+1 ,esq4 & ,mr4 ,murray4 #db ,x c\ld n h be5 safe4 #dc ,tri$--b h[ 0 x tri$8--by =c+ 9 pure fire-damp1 :i* w ext+ui% any lamp1 in/ead ( expos+ ! flame to an explosive mixture1 :i* c\ld alone furni% any te/ ( its security4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 he says1 a lamp 0 tri$ 9 ! m9e1 9 :i* ! air 0 admitt$ by means ( a d\ble r[ ( small p]=ations1 & f\nd to be p]fectly safe1 & to burn extremely well4#dd #dd ,v likely3 b ! read] w please to recollect1 t ,sir ,h4 ,davy _h1 be=e ?is1 publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 pr9ciple ( safety by sy/ems ( tubes or canals4 ,at an adj\rn$ ,meet+ ( ! ,coal-own]s1 held on ! #aa? ( ,octob] #ahaf1 ,j4 ,g4 ,lambton1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 9 ! *air2 ,mr4 ,william ,br&l+ mov$--,t ! meet+ d adj\rn1 until1 by a comp>ison ( dates1 x %all be asc]ta9$ :e!r ! m]it ( ! ,safety-lamp belongs to ,sir ,humphry ,davy or to ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son4 ,on ! "q be+ put !reon1 ,,! ,,same ,,pass$ ,,9 ,,! ,,negative4 ,a great numb] ( ! ,coal-own]s1 in/ead ( pursu+ ! idea :i* _h at fir/ be5 sugge/$1 ( a g5]al contribution on ! v5d1 imm$iately comm5c$ a subscription ( individual proprietors ( coal-m9es2 a measure :i*1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld express m di/9ctly & unequivocally ! op9ion ( ! trade z to ! m]it ( ! inv5tion4 ,! plan is develop$ 9 ! foll[+ lett]4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,gray4 ,wall's-,end ,colli]y1 ,octob] #bg1 #ahaf4 ,,sir1 ,x is ! anxi\s wi% ( almo/ e individual 9 ! trade to complim5t ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 t way :i* may be mo/ grateful to 8 feel+s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! object w be be/ atta9$ by sub/itut+ an individual 7colli]y7 subscription1 in/ead ( ! propos$ contribution on ! v5d2 & x w at ! same "t %[ m di/9ctly ! real op9ion ( ! trade z to ! m]it ( ! inv5tion4 ,?is idea 0 n sugge/$ till ye/]day aft]noon1 & ( c\rse !re has be5 b little "t to communicate x to ! sev]al ,coal-own]s2 b all :o h he>d ( ! plan approve ( x4 ,to facilitate ! bus9ess1 ! committee h =m$ ! annex$ scale ( contribution4#de 99 99 99 99 99 ,i tru/1 ,sir1 y w excuse ! tr\ble :i* ,i h giv5 y on ?is subject2 b ,i am aw>e t y mu/ feel int]e/$ 9 x2 & ,i hope1 ,sir1 y w all[ me to add1 t ,i am fully s5sible ( ! obligation :i* ! ,coal trade is "u to y\rself1 = hav+ drawn ,sir ,h4 ,davy's att5tion to t p>ticul> l9e ( inve/igation1 :i* has l$ to ! important discov]y ( ! ,safety-lamp4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ) ! greate/ respect1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,,john ,,buddle4 #de ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to enum]ate ! v>i\s sums :i* ! diff]5t m9es 7 call$ ^u to contribute4 ,"s slight alt]ations 7 aft]w>ds made 9 ?is s*eme1 9 consequ5ce ( a wi% hav+ be5 express$ t ! ,bi%op ( ,durham & ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l& %\ld take ! lead 9 a subscription4 ,! foll[+ lett] conveys "s f>!r in=mation ^u ?is subject4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,gray4 ,newca/le1 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahag4 ,,sir1 ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r lett] ( ! #i? in/ant1 communicat+ ! int5tion ( ! ,rev]5d ! ,dean & ,*apt] ( ,durham1 to subscribe fifty gu9eas t[>ds ! plate to be pres5t$ to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :i*1 toge!r ) two hundr$ gu9eas f ! ,coal-own]s ( ! ,we>1 makes ! subscription am\nt to ne>ly #aejj1 & ,i %all expect "s f>!r subscriptions4 ,i am sure x w af=d y satisfaction to le>n t ! lamps /ill cont9ue to give ! mo/ gratify+ pro(s ( ! advantages result+ f _! inv5tion1 & t n a s+le in* ( human sk9 has be5 lo/ by fire1 :]ev] !y h be5 us$4 ,sir ,humphry has j made ano!r important improvem5t 9 ! lamp1 by con/ruct+ ! cyl9d] ( twi/$ wire-gauze4 ,lamps ?us con/ruct$1 possess ! s+ul> prop]ty ( n becom+ r$-hot1 "u any circum/ances ( exposure to explosive mixtures1 :e!r urg$ by a bla/1 or 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,i am ) great respect1 ,sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,,john ,,buddle4 ,x may be collect$ f ! foll[+ lett]1 t ! ,committee1 9 ann\nc+ to ,sir ,h4 ,davy ! int5d$ pres5t ( plate1 delicately s\nd$ him z to ! =m 9 :i* x w\ld be mo/ agreeable to him4 ,,to ,n4 ,,clayton1 ,,esq4 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,m>* #bc1 #ahag4 ,,sir1 ,on my return to t[n1 aft] an abs5ce ( "s days1 ,i f\nd ! lett] ( ,m>* ! #ac?1 ) :i* y hon\r$ me1 at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,i %all n lose a mom5t 9 reply+ to x1 & 9 express+ my grateful feel+s = ! v flatt]+ communication x conta9s4 ,! g5tlem5 int]e/$ 9 ! coal-m9es ( ! two riv]s ,tyne & ,we>1 _c (f] me any te/imony ( _! k9dness1 :i* ,i %all n receive ) inf9ite pleasure4 ,i h>dly "k h[ to expla9 myself on ! p>ticul> subject ( y\r lett]2 b z ! ,committee express !mselves satisfi$ z to ! utility ( ! ,safety-lamp1 ,i c only desire t _! pres5t1 z x is highly hon\rable to me1 %\ld be likewise useful to my fri5ds1 & a small social circle1 :i* x w\ld be z a d9n]-s]vice = t5 or twelve p]sons4 ,i wi% t ev5 ! plate f :i* ,i eat %\ld awak5 my remembrance ( _! lib]ality1 & put me 9 m9d ( an ev5t :i* m>ks "o ( ! happie/ p]iods ( my life4 ,i _c f9d any language suffici5tly /rong to express my ?anks to ! g5tlem5 = ! mann] 9 :i* !y h di/+ui%$ my ex]tions 9 _! cause1 & 9 ! cause ( humanity4 ,i h ! hon\r to rema91 c4 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,to rev]t once aga9 to ! faction--= su* ,i mu/ d5om9ate x--:i*1 9 opposition to ! mo/ unequivocal evid5ce1 cont9u$ to support ! unju/ claims ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son2 x w\ld appe> f v>i\s lett]s 9 my possession1 t ! feel+s ( ,davy 7 greatly exasp]at$ by ?is ung5]\s conduct4 ,i %all introduce "o ( ^! lett]s1 playful 9 ! mid/ ( its wra?1 address$ to ,mr4 ,lambton1 ! fri5d#df ( 8 y\?1 & ! manly & k9d support] ( 8 sci5tific "*1 9 ! h\r ( p]secution4 #df ,x w be rememb]$ t !y resid$ toge!r 9 ! h\se ( ,dr4 ,b$does4 ,see page #ei1 vol4 i4 ( ^! memoirs4 ,9 ! libr>y at ,lambton1 !re is a goodportrait ( ,sir ,humphry4 ,,to ,j4 ,g4 ,,lambton1 ,,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,que5 ,squ>e1 ,ba?1 ,oct4 #bi1 #ahaf4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,! sev]e indisposition ( my wife has alt]$ my plans4 ,y\r lett] sl[ly foll[$ me "h4 ,mr4 ---- is "o ( ! p]sons :o1 aft] ,i _h advanc$ a pr9ciple ( security = a lamp1 came ^u ! gr\nd to endeav\r to jockey me4 ,i 0 n look+ to a prize1 ,i m]ely came =w>d to %[ an animal1 ! bre$ ( :i* might be useful1 :5 ,mr4----1 ,dr4----1 c4 br\ght _! sorry jades1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 se5 or he>d (1 to kick at my blood m>e4 ,i nev] he>d a ^w ( ,george ,/eph5son & 8 lamps till six weeks aft] my pr9ciple ( security _h be5 publi%$2 & ! g5]al impression ( ! sci5tific m5 9 ,london1 :i* is confirm$ by :at ,i he>d at ,newca/le1 is1 t ,/eph5son _h "s loose idea float+ 9 8 m9d1 :i* he _h unsuccessfully attempt$ to put 9 practice till aft] my lab\rs 7 made kn[n2--!n1 he made some?+ l a safe lamp1 except t x is n safe1 = ! ap]tures bel[ are f\r times1 & ^? above1 tw5ty times too l>ge2 b1 ev5 if ,/eph5son's plans _h n be5 po/]ior to my pr9ciples1 /ill !re is no analogy betwe5 8 glass explod+ ma*9e1 & my metallic tissue1 p]meable to light & air1 & imp]meable to flame4 ,i am v glad t y att5d$ ! meet+2 y\r conduct at no v di/ant p]iod w be contra/$ ) t ( "s great coal-proprietors1 :o f9d reasons = _! indiff]5ce1 z to a b5efit conf]r$ ^u !m1 9 ins9uations respect+ ! claims ( ,dr4 ,clanny1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 & o!rs4 ,:]e m5 resolve to be ungrateful1 x is natural t !y %\ld be illib]al2 & illib]ality (t5 h>d5s into malignity4 ,i %all receive any pres5t ( plate "u y\r auspices1 & ^? ( ! ,committee ov] :i* y preside1 ) peculi> satisfaction4 ,x w prove to me t my lab\rs h n be5 disreg>d$ by m5 ( ^: good op9ion ,i am pr\d4 ,i hope y w n blame me = n tak+ any notice ( ! attacks ( my enemies 9 ! ,nor?4 ,i h no desire to g out ( my way to cru% gnats t buzz at a di/ance1 & d n bite me1 or to qu>rel ) p]sons :o %oot arr[s at ! moon1 & believe1 because !y h = an in/ant int]cept$ a portion ( h] light1 t !y h hit _! m>k4 ,i am s5sible to ! circum/ances "u :i* y att5d$ ! meet+4 ,i (f] y my s9c]e congratulations1 & ard5t wi%es t y may enjoy all possible happ9ess4 ,believe me1 c4 ,h4 ,davy4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,septemb] #ahag1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy be+ expect$ to pass ?r\gh ,newca/le on 8 return f ,scotl&1 prep>ations 7 made1 & notice giv5 ( a d9n] :i* x 0 propos$ %\ld take place on ! #be? in/ant1 = ! purpose ( pres5t+ to ! illu/ri\s philosoph] ! s]vice ( plate :i* _h be5 prep>$ = 8 acceptance4 ,^u ?is gratify+ occasion1 a v l>ge p>ty assembl$ at ! ,que5's ,head1 consi/+ ( a num]\s & respectable body ( ,coal-own]s1 & su* o!r g5tlem5 z _h int]e/$ !mselves dur+ ! progress ( ! inve/igation1 or tak5 an active "p 9 promot+ ! introduction ( ! lamp into ! m9es4 ,aft] ! d9n] _h conclud$1 & c]ta9 toa/s ( =m _h be5 drunk1 ,mr4 ,lambton1 :o fill$ ! *air on ! occasion1 rose1 & on pres5t+ ! s]vice ( plate to ! illu/ri\s gue/1 address$ him1 9 a tone ( great animation & feel+1 9 ne>ly ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,,sir ,,humphry1--,x n[ becomes my duty to fulfill ! object ( ! meet+1 9 pres5t+ to y ?is s]vice ( plate1 f ! ,coal-own]s ( ! ,tyne & ,we>1 z a te/imony ( _! gratitude = ! s]vices y h r5d]$ to !m & to humanity4 ,y\r brilliant g5ius1 :i* has be5 s long employ$ 9 an unp>allel$ mann]1 9 ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( *emical k1 nev] accompli%$ a high] object1 nor obta9$ a nobl] triumph4 ,y _h to cont5d ) an elem5t ( de/ruction :i* seem$ uncontrollable by human p[]2 :i* n only r5d]$ ! prop]ty ( ! coal-own] insecure1 b kept him 9 p]petual al>m = ! safety ( ! intrepid m9] 9 8 s]vice1 & (t5 exhibit$ to him ! mo/ appall+ sc5es ( dea?1 & he>t-sick5+ mis]y4 ,y h increas$ ! value ( an important bran* ( productive indu/ry2 &1 :at is ( inf9itely great] importance1 y h contribut$ to ! lives & p]sons ( multitudes ( y\r fell[-creatures4 ,x is n[ ne>ly two ye>s t y\r ,safety-lamp has be5 us$ by hundr$s ( m9]s 9 ! mo/ dang]\s recesses ( ! e>?1 & "u ! mo/ try+ circum/ances4 ,n a s+le failure has occurr$--its absolute security is demon/rat$4 ,i h1 inde$1 deeply to lam5t m ?an "o cata/rophe1 produc$ by fool-h>d9ess & ignorance1 9 neglect+ to use ! safegu>d y h suppli$2 b ^! dreadful accid5ts ev51 if possible1 exalt its importance4 ,if y\r fame _h ne$$ any ?+ to make x immortal1 ?is discov]y alone w\ld h c>ri$ x d[n to future ages1 & connect$ x ) b5efits & bless+s4 ,receive1 ,sir ,humphry1 ?is p]man5t memorial ( our pr(\nd respect & high admiration--a te/imony1 we tru/1 equally hon\rable to y & to u4 ,we hope y w h z mu* pleasure 9 receiv+1 z we feel 9 (f]+ x4 ,long may y live to use x--long may y live to pursue y\r spl5did c>e] ( sci5tific discov]y1 & to give new claims to ! gratitude & praise ( ! _w6 ,sir ,humphry hav+ receiv$ ! plate1 repli$ z foll[s3 ,,g5tlem51--,i feel x impossible to reply1 9 an appropriate mann]1 to ! v eloqu5t & flatt]+ address ( y\r di/+ui%$ ,*airman4 ,eloqu5ce1 or ev5 accuracy ( language1 is incompatible ) /rong feel+2 & on an occasion l ! pres5t1 y w give me cr$it = no small degree ( emotion4 ,i h be5 in=m$ t my lab\rs h be5 useful to an important bran* ( human indu/ry connect$ ) our arts1 our manufactures1 comm]ce1 & national weal?4 ,to le>n ?is f su* practical au?ority is ! highe/ gratification to a p]son ^: ard5t desire has always be5 to apply sci5ce to purposes ( utility4 ,x has be5 also /at$1 t ! inv5tion :i* y are ?is day s highly hon\r+1 has be5 subs]vi5t to ! pres]vation ( ! lives & p]sons ( a mo/ useful & labori\s class ( m53 ?is1 com+ f y\r own k1 f\nd$ ^u su* ample exp]i5ce1 af=ds me a pleasure /ill m exalt$--= ! highe/ ambition ( my life has be5 to des]ve ! "n ( a fri5d to humanity4 ,to cr[n all1 y h1 z x 71 embodi$ ^! s5tim5ts 9 a p]man5t & magnific5t memorial ( y\r good op9ion4 ,i c make only imp]fect & inadequate ef=ts to ?ank y4 ,"u all circum/ances ( my future life1 ! recollection ( ?is day w w>m my he>t2 & ?is noble expression ( y\r k9dness w awak5 my gratitude to ! late/ mom5t ( my exi/5ce4 ,sir ,humphry hav+ sat d[n1 & ! *e]+ ( ! company subsid$1 ! ,*airman propos$ ! heal? ( ! illu/ri\s ,*emi/1 9 ?ree times ?ree4 ,g5tlem51 said ,sir ,humphry1 ,i am ov]p[]$ by ^! reit]at$ pro(s ( y\r approbation4 ,y h ov]rat$ my m]its4 ,my success 9 y\r cause mu/ be attribut$ to my hav+ foll[$ ! pa? ( exp]im5t & induction discov]$ by philosoph]s :o h prec$$ me3 will+ly w\ld ,i divide y\r plaudits ) o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 & claim mu* = ! g5]al glory ( sci5tific discov]y 9 a long c\rse ( ages4 ,g5tlem51 ,i might dwell at "s l5g? ^u ! great increase ( weal? & p[] to ! c\ntry1 )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 by sci5tific inv5tion1 :i* nev] c\ld h exi/$ )\t coal-m9es3--,i %all ref] only to ! improvem5t 9 ! pott]ies1 to ! /eam-eng9e1 & to ! discov]y ( ! gas lights4 ,:at an imm5se impulse has ! /eam-eng9e giv5 to ! arts & manufactures6 ,h[ mu* has x dim9i%$ lab\r1 & increas$ ! real /r5g? ( ! c\ntry1 f> beyond a m]e increase ( population6 ,by giv+ facilities to a numb] ( o!r inv5tions1 x has produc$ ev5 a moral effect 9 r5d]+ capital necess>y = ! p]fection ( lab\r1 cr$it ess5tial to capital1 & +5uity & m5tal en]gy a secure & dignifi$ species ( prop]ty4 ,sci5ce1 ,g5tlem51 is ( inf9itely m importance to a /ate ?an may at fir/ sight appe> possible2 = no s\rce ( weal? & p[] c be entirely indep5d5t ( x2 & no class ( m5 are s well able to appreciate its advantages z t to :i* ,i am n[ address+ myself4 ,y h n only d]iv$ f x ! means ( rais+ y\r subt]rane\s weal?1 b ^? also ( r5d]+ x available to ! public4 ,sci5ce alone has made pit-coal su* an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! *emi/ & me*anic2 x has made ! elem5ts ( fire & wat] p]=m op]ations :i* =m]ly dem&$ human lab\r1 & x has conv]t$ ! productions ( ! e>? into a ?\s& new =ms ( use & beauty4 ,g5tlem51 all[ me to obs]ve1 9 conclusion1 t x 0 9 pursu+ ^? me?ods ( analogy & exp]im5t1 by :i* my/]y _h become sci5ce1 t ,i 0 =tunately l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! ,safety-lamp4 ,! :ole progress ( my rese>*es has be5 regi/]$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 pap]s :i* t illu/ri\s body has hon\r$ by _! bi5nial m$al2#dg 9 :i* ,i c consci5ti\sly ass]t1 t ,i h gratefully ackn[l$g$ ev5 ! slighte/ h9ts or (f]s ( assi/ance :i* ,i h receiv$ dur+ _! composition4 #dg ,! ,rum=d ,m$al1 to be h]eaft] notic$4 ,i /ate ?is1 ,g5tlem51 n f va9-glory1 b on acc\nt ( c]ta9 calumni\s ins9uations :i* h aris5--n 9 ! sci5tific _w1 = to t ! :ole progress ( my rese>*es is well kn[n1 b 9 a colli]y4 ,i mu/ ev] treat ^! ins9uations ) contempt2 & aft] ! hone/ indignation :i* has be5 express$ aga9/ !m by ! ,coal-own]s 9 g5]al1 ,i _c feel any anxiety on ! subject1 nor %\ld ,i h ref]r$ to x at all1 did ,i n believe t ! v p]sons among/ :om ^! ins9uations orig9at$1 7 ext5sively b5efit$ by1 & 7 con/antly us+ ! inv5tion !y w\ld seek to disp>age4 ,i c\ld nev] h expect$ t su* p]sons w\ld h engag$ _! respectable connexions 9 mean attempts to impea* ! orig9ality ( a discov]y1 giv5 to !m 9 ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ mann]1 & = :i* no return 0 requir$ b an hone/ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! b5efit1 f\nd$ ^u tru? & ju/ice4 ,i d n envy !m _! feel+s1 p>ticul>ly at ! pres5t mom5t3 ,i d n wi% to enquire into _! motives3 ,i d hope1 h[ev]1 t _! conduct has be5 prompt$ by ignorance r ?an by malevol5ce1 by misappreh5sion r ?an by +ratitude4 ,x 0 a new circum/ance to me1 t attempts to pres]ve human life1 & to prev5t human mis]y1 %\ld create ho/ile feel+s 9 p]sons :o pr(ess$ to h simil> objects 9 view4 ,g5tlem51 ,i h _h "s opposition1 mu* lab\r1 & m anxiety1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! rese>*es2 b _h ! opposition1 ! lab\r1 & ! anxiety be5 a ?\s& times z great1 ! ev5ts ( ?is day w\ld h be5 m ?an a comp5sation4 ,sir ,humphry1 aft] dr9k+ ! heal? & happ9ess ( ! company1 propos$ z a s5tim5t--,prosp]ity to ! ,coal-trade4 ,! heal?s ( ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ! ,bi%op ( ,durham1 & ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,gray1 7 drunk 9 succession4 ,at t5 o'clock1 ,sir ,humphry1 accompani$ by ! *airman1 retir$ amid/ ! en?usia/ic plaudits ( a meet+1 ! object ( :i* be+ "o ( convivial b5evol5ce1 ! effect 0 t ( uncl\d$ hil>ity4 ,! p>ty :i* _h support$ ! claims ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son _h also _! meet+2 & x 0 held on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]4 ,at ?is meet+ x 0 resolv$1 ,t x 0 ! op9ion ( ! p]sons pres5t1 t ,mr4 ,g4 ,/eph5son hav+ discov]$ ! fact1 t explosions ( hydrog5 gas w n pass ?r\gh tubes & ap]tures ( small dim5sions1 & hav+ be5 ! fir/ to apply ! pr9ciple to ! con/ruction ( a ,safety-lamp1 is entitl$ to "s rew>d4 ,a committee 0 accord+ly =m$ to c>ry ?is resolution into effect1 at ! head ( :i* 0 plac$ ! "n ( ! ,e>l ( ,/ra?more4 ,! respectable body ( ,coal-own]s1 "u ^: auspices ! inv5tion ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy _h be5 introduc$ & rew>d$1 felt t !y ow$ x to _! own *>act]s to repel ass]tions :i* am\nt$ to a *>ge aga9/ !mselves ( +ratitude & inju/ice3 a g5]al meet+ 0 accord+ly summon$1 at ! ,assembly-rooms 9 ,newca/le1 on ! #bf? ( ,novemb] #ahag1 ,j4 ,g4 ,lambton1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 9 ! *air--:5 x 0 resolv$1 ,t ! ,resolutions pass$ at ! ,meet+ ( ! fri5ds ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,/eph5son on ! #e? in/ant1 impugn ! ju/ice & propriety ( ! proce$+s ( a meet+ ( ! ,coal-trade on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/ #ahaf3 ,t ! pres5t meet+1 !re=e1 feel !mselves call$ ^u1 z an act ( ju/ice to ! "* ( _! great & dis9t]e/$ b5efactor1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 & z a pro( t ! ,coal-trade ( ! ,nor? 9 no way sanctions ! resolutions ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son's fri5ds1 to /ate _! decid$ conviction1 t ! m]it ( hav+ discov]$ ! fact1 t explosions ( fire-damp w n pass ?r\gh tubes & ap]tures ( small dim5sions1 & ( hav+ appli$ t pr9ciple to ! con/ruction ( a ,safety-lamp1 belongs to ,sir ,humphry ,davy alone4 ,t ?is meet+ is also decid$ly ( op9ion1 f ! evid5ce produc$ 9 v>i\s publications by ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son & 8 fri5ds1 subsequ5tly to ! meet+ ( ! ,coal-trade :i* 0 held on ! #ah? ( ,m>* #ahaf1 z well z f ! docum5ts :i* h be5 read at ?is meet+1 t ,mr4 ,/eph5son did n discov] ! fact1 t explosions ( fire-damp w n pass ?r\gh tubes & ap]tures ( small dim5sions2 & t he did n apply t pr9ciple to ! con/ruction ( a ,safety-lamp2 & t ! late/ lamps made by ,mr4 ,/eph5son are evid5t imitations ( ^? ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 & t1 ev5 ) t advantage1 !y are s imp]fectly con/ruct$ z to be actually unsafe4 ,t ! above resolutions be publi%$ ?rice 9 ! ,newca/le pap]s1 & 9 ! ,c\ri]1 ,morn+ ,*ronicle1 & ,ed9burgh ,c\rant2 & t pr9t$ copies !re( be s5t to ! ,lords ,lieut5ants ( ! two c\nties1 to ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,durham1 & to ! pr9cipal own]s & lessors ( colli]ies ^u ! ,tyne & ,we>4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,sir ,humphry ,davy ann\nces ! f>!r measures :i* he also _h ?\ght prop] to pursue1 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! impression :i* ! meet+ ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son's fri5ds might h produc$ on ! less in=m$ "p ( ! public4 ,,to ,j4 ,g4 ,,lambton1 ,,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,novemb] #ba1 #ahag4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i %all s5d (f by ?is po/ a copy ( ! resolutions1 :i* w appe> to-morr[ 9 ! ,*ronicle & ,c\ri]4 ,! m5 ( sci5ce :o h sign$ ^! resolutions are ! fir/ *emi/s & natural philosoph]s ( ! c\ntry1 ) ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s body 9 ,europe1 at _! head4 ,x is disagreeable to be ?us oblig$ to use artill]y = ! de/ruction ( bats & owls2 b x 0 necess>y t some?+ %\ld be done4 ,! ,messrs4 ---- h = a long "t be5 endeav\r+ to de/roy my peace ( m9d2 my (f5ce be+ t ( conf]r+ a b5efit4 ,! only p]sons ,i knew 9 ,newca/le1 be=e ,i gave ! ,safety-lamp to ! ,coal-own]s1 7 ,dr4 ,headlam & ,mr4 ,bigge1 s t fri5ds ,i _h none2 & ! few p]sons ) :om ,i _h a slight acqua9tance1 & :o 7 civil to me be=e ,i discov]$ ! ,safety-lamp1 became my enemies4 ,x requires a deep metaphysician to expla9 ?is--,c x be t ,i did n make !m ! m$ium ( communication to ! colli]s8--,b ,i quit a subject to :i* ,i h no desire to return1 & %all only recollect t day :5 y\r eloqu5ce t\*$ my feel+s m ?an x flatt]$ my self-love4 ,believe me1 c4 c4 ,h4 ,davy4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,resolutions ( a ,meet+ adv]t$ to 9 ! prec$+ lett]1 & :i* 0 held = consid]+ ! ,facts relat+ to ! ,discov]y ( ! ,lamp ( ,safety4 ,soho ,squ>e1 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahag4 ,an adv]tisem5t hav+ be5 ins]t$ 9 ! ,newca/le ,c\rant1 ( ,saturday1 ,novemb] #g1 #ahag1 purport+ to conta9 ! ,resolutions ( ',a ,meet+ held = ! purpose ( remun]at+ ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son1 = ! valuable s]vice he has r5d]$ mank9d by ! inv5tion ( 8 ,safety-lamp1 :i* is calculat$ = ! pres]vation ( human life 9 situations ( ! greate/ dang]1' ,we h consid]$ ! evid5ce produc$ 9 v>i\s publications by ,mr4 ,/eph5son & 8 fri5ds1 9 support ( 8 claims2 & hav+ exam9$ 8 lamps1 & enquir$ into _! effects 9 explosive mixtures1 are cle>ly ( op9ion-- ,fir/1--,t ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son is n ! au?or ( ! discov]y ( ! fact1 t an explosion ( inflammable gas w n pass ?r\gh tubes & ap]tures ( small dim5sions4 ,secondly1--,t ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son 0 n ! fir/ to apply t pr9ciple to ! con/ruction ( a ,safety-lamp1 none ( ! lamps :i* he made 9 ! ye> #ahae hav+ be5 safe1 & !re be+ no evid5ce ev5 ( _! hav+ be5 made ^u t pr9ciple4 ,?irdly1--,t ,sir ,humphry ,davy n only discov]$1 indep5d5tly ( all o!rs1 & )\t any k ( ! unpubli%$ exp]im5ts ( ! late ,mr4 ,t5nant on ,flame1 ! pr9ciple ( ! non-communication ( explosions ?r\gh small ap]tures1 b t he has also ! sole m]it ( hav+ fir/ appli$ x to ! v important purpose ( a ,safety-lamp1 :i* has evid5tly be5 imitat$ 9 ! late/ lamps ( ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son4 7,sign$7 ,,joseph ,,banks1 ,p4,r4,s4 ,,william ,,?omas ,,br&e1 ,,*>les ,,hat*ett1 ,,william ,,hyde ,,wolla/on4 ,?us t]m9at$ a controv]sy1 ! discussion ( :i*1 ,i am well aw>e1 _m ( my read]s w consid] z hav+ be5 protract$ to a t$i\s1 & p]haps to an unnecess>y ext5t2 b ! biograph] _h no alt]native4 ,9 pass+ x by )\t a notice1 he w\ld h violat$ 8 fai? to ! public1 h giv5 a tacit ackn[l$gm5t ( ! claims ( ,/eph5son1 &1 9 8 judgm5t1 h committ$ an act ( gross inju/ice to ! illu/ri\s subject ( 8 hi/ory2 :ile by giv+ only an abridg$ /atem5t1 he w\ld h furni%$ a pretext = d\bt1 & an opportunity = malevol5ce4 ,x is due also to ,sir ,humphry ,davy to obs]ve1 t _h he practis$ m res]ve 9 ! communication ( 8 results1 ! _s ( rivalry w\ld h expir$ )\t a /ruggle1--= x d]iv$ its only support & p[] f ! g5]osity ( its victim4 ,_h he secur$ = himself ! advantages ( 8 inv5tion by pat5t1 he might h realiz$ weal? to almo/ any ext5t2 b to b>t] ! products ( 8 intellectual ex]tions = pecuni>y pr(it1 0 a c\rse :olly at v>iance ) e feel+ ( ,davy's m9d2 & we !re=e f9d him1 9 ! advancem5t1 z at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 fleet+ c>e]1 spurn+ ! gold5 apples f 8 feet1 & ha/5+ to ! goal = t prize :i* c\ld alone rew>d all 8 lab\rs--! me$ ( immortal fame4 ,f a lett] dat$ ,newca/le1 ,augu/ #ahcj1 :i* ,i _h ! pleasure to receive f ,mr4 ,buddle1 ,i extract ! foll[+ int]e/+ passage3-- ,9 ! autumn ( #ahae1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy accompani$ me into "s ( our fi]y m9es1 to prove ! efficacy ( 8 lamp4 ,no?+ c\ld be m gratify+ ?an ! result ( ^? exp]im5ts1 z !y inspir$ e body ) p]fect confid5ce 9 ! security :i* 8 inv5tion _h af=d$4 ,sir ,humphry 0 delight$1 & ,i 0 ov]p[]$ ) feel+s ( gratitude to t great g5ius :i* _h produc$ x4 ,i felt1 h[ev]1 t he did n contemplate any pecuni>y rew>d2 &1 9 a private conv]sation1 ,i remon/rat$ ) him on ! subject4 ,i said1 ',y might z well h secur$ ?is inv5tion by a pat5t1 & receiv$ y\r five or t5 ?\s& a-ye> f x4' ,! reply ( ?is great & noble-m9d$ man 01--',no1 my good fri5d1 ,i nev] ?\ght ( su* a ?+2 my sole object 0 to s]ve ! cause ( humanity2 &1 if ,i h succe$$1 ,i am amply rew>d$ 9 ! gratify+ reflection ( hav+ done s4' ,i expo/ulat$1 say+1 t 8 ideas 7 mu* too philosophic & ref9$ = ! occasion4 ,he repli$1 ',i h en\gh = all my views & purposes2 m weal? might be tr\blesome1 & di/ract my att5tion f ^? pursuits 9 :i* ,i delight2--m weal?1' he add$1 'c\ld n increase ei!r my fame or my happ9ess4 ,x might1 und\bt$ly1 enable me to put f\r horses to my c>riage2 b :at w\ld x avail me to h x said t ,sir ,humphry drives 8 c>riage-&-f\r8' ,! pres5t ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 to :om ! _w is s greatly indebt$ = hav+ fir/ call$ ! att5tion ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy to ! subject ( explosions f fire-damp1 & :o has k9dly int]e/$ himself 9 my ardu\s & anxi\s und]tak+1 0 desir\s to obta9 = me ! late/ acc\nts ) respect to ! ,safety-lamp1 z to ! con/ancy ( its use1 & ! ext5t ( its security2 & 8 ,lord%ip in=ms me1 t hav+ appli$ to ,mr4 ,buddle & ,mr4 ,f5wick = in=mation ^u ^! po9ts1 _! answ]s h be5 mo/ satisfactory2 at ! same "t1 8 ,lord%ip transmitt$ me mu* valuable in=mation1 :i* 0 accompani$ by ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,buddle4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,rev]5d ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,bri/ol4 ,wall's-,end1 ,augu/ #aa1 #ahcj4 ,,my ,,"l1 ,i h ! hon\r to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r ,lord%ip's lett] ( ye/]day's date4 ,i am glad y\r ,lord%ip has int]e/$ y\rself 9 ,doctor ,p>is's "w1 & ,i hope t he w be enabl$1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ,sir ,humphry's fri5ds1 to d ample ju/ice to ! g5ius & wor? ( t excell5t man4 ,i %\ld be v happy if any lett]s ( m9e c\ld assi/ ,dr4 ,p>is 9 do+ ju/ice to 8 m]its 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,safety-lamp2 & ,i %all ) pleasure submit to y\r ,lord%ip's bett] judgm5t & discretion ! selection ( su* ( !m z may seem to be conducive to t object4 ,i d n f9d t any improvem5t :atev] has be5 made1 ei!r 9 ! pr9ciple or con/ruction ( ! orig9al lamp1 z pres5t$ to u by ,sir ,humphry4 ,8 transc5d5t g5ius seems to h anticipat$ e ?+ belong+ to ! subject1 & has left no?+ m to be done4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,my ,"l1 ) great respect1 ,y\r ,lord%ip's mo/ ob$i5t1 humble s]vant1 ,,john ,,buddle4 ,9 consequ5ce ( "s late reports ( accid5ts 9 ! m9es1 ,i reque/$ my fri5d ,sir ,cu?b]t ,%>p to make c]ta9 enquiries 9 ! m9+ di/ricts2 & = ?is purpose1 ,i s5t him a /r+ ( qu]ies1 to :i* ,i begg$ him to obta9 answ]s4 ,^! que/ions 7 submitt$ to ,mr4 ,buddle1 & !y produc$ ! foll[+ lett]4 ,,to ,,sir ,,cu?b]t ,,%>p4 ,newca/le1 ,augu/ #bh1 #ahcj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir ,,cu?b]t1 ,i return ,dr4 ,p>is's lett]1 & %all briefly answ] 8 enquiries4 ,if ! ,davy lamp 0 exclusively us$1 & due c>e tak5 9 its managem5t1 x is c]ta9 t few accid5ts w\ld occur 9 our coal m9es2 b ! exclusive use ( ! ,davy is n compatible ) ! work+ ( _m ( our m9es1 9 consequ5ce ( _! n be+ workable )\t ! aid ( gunp[d]4 ,9 su* m9es1 :]e e colli] mu/ necess>ily fire1 on ! av]age1 two %ots a-day1 we are expos$ to ! risk ( explosion f ! ignition ( ! gunp[d]1 ev5 if no nak$ lights 7 us$ 9 c>ry+ on ! ord9>y op]ations ( ! m9e4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ,j>r[ ,colli]y1 at ! "t ! late accid5t happ5$4 ,z ! use ( gunp[d] 0 indisp5sable1 nak$ lights 7 g5]ally us$1 & ! accid5t 0 occasion$ by a 'bag' ( inflammable air =c+ out a l>ge block ( coal1 9 ! face ( a drift1 f a fissure 9 :i* x _h be5 p5t up1 p]haps f ! ,creation1 & fir+ at ! fir/ nak$ light ) :i* x came 9 contact1 aft] hav+ be5 dilut$ d[n to ! combu/ible po9t by a due admixture ( atmosph]ic air4 ,z to ! numb] ( old colli]ies & old work+s :i* h be5 r5ovat$1 & z to ! quantity ( coal :i* has be51 & w be sav$ to ! public by ! inv5tion ( ! ,davy1 x is sc>cely possible to give an acc\nt1 or to =m an e/imate4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 ',walk]'s ,colli]y1' aft] hav+ be5 completely work$ out1 accord+ to ! =m] sy/em1 ) c&les & /eel-mills1 & aft] hav+ be5 ab&on$ 9 #ahaa1 0 reop5$ 9 #ahah by ! aid ( ! ,davy & has be5 work$ on an ext5sive scale ev] s9ce1 & may cont9ue to be work$ = an almo/ indef9ite p]iod4 ,great "p ( ! =m]ly rel9qui%$ work+s ( ,wall's-end1 ,will+ton1 ,p]cy-ma91 ,hebburn1 ,j>r[1 ,elswick1 ,b5well1 c4 c41 z well z sev]al colli]ies on ! ,we>1 h be5 recov]$1 & are cont9u$ 9 "w by ! inv5tion ( ! ,davy4 ,if ,i _h only :at y "k p]fectly well ,i h n--,,"t1 ,i c\ld write a volume on ?is subject4 ,i %all %ortly1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a fri5d1 get an important pap] on ! subject ( ! ,davy1 put into ,dr4 ,p>is's h&s4 ,believe me1 my de> ,sir ,cu?b]t1 ,to rema9 y\rs v fai?fully1 ,,john ,,buddle4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol has plac$ at my disposal a communication f ,mr4 ,f5wick1 a g5tleman ( mu* practical ability1 :i* af=ds additional evid5ce ( ! utility ( ! lamp2 f :i* ! foll[+ is an extract4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy's safety-lamp has af=d$ mu* security 9 ! g5]al work+ ( m9es1 p>ticul>ly by enabl+ ! coal-own] to "w1 9 sev]al situations1 ! pill>s ( coal =m]ly left !re91 :i*1 "u ! sy/em ( work+ by c&les1 or op5 flame1 0 deem$ haz>d\s & impracticable2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 "o-six? "p m ( coal may be e/imat$ z obta9able f ^? m9es :i* are subject to hydrog5 gas4 ,also 9 ! work+ ( ! pill>s ( coal1 7commonly call$ ! second work+17 great advantages & securities1 z well z sav+ ( exp5ses1 h result$ f ! use ( ?is lamp1 n only to ! lessees ( colli]ies1 inasmu* z m coal is obta9$ f a giv5 space ?an be=e1 7p>ticul>ly 9 colli]ies subject to fire-damp17 b also to ! lessor ( su* m9es1 by _! be+ m productive1 & ( c\rse m durable ?an h]et(ore4 ,ano!r advantage results f ! use ( ?is ,safety-lamp1 & 9 ! work+ ( ! pill>s 9 p>ticul>4 ,x is f\nd n[1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 t ! *angeable /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* our b>omet]s daily indicate1 has a mo/ p[]ful effect on ! noxi\s air 9 m9es2 z1 f a sudd5 *ange 9 ! atmosph]e1 indicat$ by ! rapid fall ( ! m]cury 9 ! b>ometrical tube1 a rapid dis*>ge ( noxi\s gas into ! work+s & excavations ( ! m9e is ! consequ5ce1 caus$ by ! want ( ! atmosph]ic equilibrium3#dh 9 :i* case ! m9e becomes sudd5ly sur*>g$ ) hydrog51 & if work$ by ! light ( op5 flame1 an explosion may take place be=e ! possibility ( su* a circum/ance c ev5 be suspect$2 b if work$ by ! ,safety-lamp1 x is only %[n by ! gas 9 ! lamp becom+ a pill> ( h>mless flame4 ,?is circum/ance frequ5tly takes place :5 any atmosph]ic *ange causes ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] to s9k to tw5ty-eight in*es & a half or !reab\ts4 #dh ,?is is a v int]e/+ fact1 & gives mu* support to ! !ory advanc$ at page #fb ( ?is volume4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbe1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy _h ! hon\r to receive f ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ( ,russia1 a sup]b silv] gilt vase1 /&+ 9 a circul> tray enri*$ ) m$allions4 ,on ! cov] 0 a figure1 ( ab\t sixte5 or eighte5 in*es 9 height1 repres5t+ ! ,god ( ,fire1 weep+ ov] 8 ext+ui%$ tor*4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ?is vase 0 pres5t$ h be5 communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,smirnove1 ,secret>y to ! ,embassy4 ,,to ,j4 ,a4 ,,p>is1 ,m4,d4 ,wigmore ,/reet1 ,may #bi1 #ahcj4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,x 0 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 or ,may1 #ahae1 t ! late ,sir ,humphry ,davy express$ to ,pr9ce1 !n ,c\nt1 ,liev51 8 wi% to (f] to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia a model ( 8 ,safety-lamp1 :i* he _h rec5tly improv$1 accompani$ by an explanatory pamphlet on ! subject4 ,pr9ce ,liev5 ( c\rse compli$ ) ?is reque/2 & ! ,emp]or hav+ be5 pleas$ to accept x1 ord]$ ! ,ambassador1 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>1 to ?ank ,sir ,humphry = x 9 8 ,maje/y's "n1 & to assure him h[ mu* 8 ,maje/y appreciat$ ! m]it ( an inv5tion1 ! d\ble effect ( :i* 0 to fav\r ! progress ( m ?an "o bran* ( indu/ry1 & to ensure ! safety ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! coal-m9es1 aga9/ ^? fatal accid5ts :i* _h hi!rto s frequ5tly occurr$4 ,! ,ambassador1 at ! same "t1 deliv]$ to ,sir ,humphry a silv]-gilt ,vase1#di 9 ! "n ( ! ,emp]or1 9 te/imony ( ! high satisfaction ) :i* t sov]eign _h be5 pleas$ to accept ! object 9 "q4 ,i beg y to believe me1 ) reg>d & e/eem1 ,y\r fai?ful s]vant1 ,,john ,,smirnove4 #di ,( ! value ( ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty gu9eas4 ,x is well kn[n to ! fri5ds ( ,davy1 t 9 8 conv]sation z well z 9 8 correspond5ce1 he always dwelt ) peculi> satisfaction & delight ^u ! inv5tion ( 8 ,safety-lamp4 ,mr4 ,poole1 9 a lett] lately address$ to me1 obs]ves--,h[ (t5 h ,i he>d him express ! satisfaction :i* ?is discov]y _h giv5 him4 ',i value x1' said he1 'm ?an any ?+ ,i ev] did4 ,x 0 ! result ( a great deal ( inve/igation & lab\r2 b1 if my directions be only att5d$ to1 x w save ! lives ( ?\s&s ( poor lab\r]s4 ,i 0 nev] m affect$1' he add$1 '?an by a writt5 address :i* ,i receiv$ f ! work+ colli]s1 :5 ,i 0 9 ! ,nor?1 ?ank+ me1 9 behalf ( !mselves & _! families1 = ! pres]vation ( _! lives4' ,i rememb] h[ delight$ he 0 :5 he %[$ me ! s]vice ( plate pres5t$ to him by ^? v m5 & _! employ]s1 z a te/imony ( _! gratitude4 ,! foll[+ lett] ev9ces a simil> feel+4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,que5's ,squ>e1 ,ba?1 ,oct4 #bi1 #ahaf4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,x is v long s9ce any lett]s h pass$ betwe5 u4 ,! affections & recollections ( fri5dly int]c\rse are ( a v adhesive nature2 & ,i ?9k y w n be displeas$ at be+ put 9 m9d t !re is an old fri5d n v f> f y1 :o w be v glad to see y4 ,ba? does n suit me mu*1 nor %\ld ,i rema9 "h1 b my wife has be5 indispos$1 & ! wat]s seem to b5efit h]1 & promise to r5d] h] p]man5t s]vice1 & if t happ5s1 ,i %all be pleas$ ev5 ) ?is un9t]e/+ city4 ,i h se5 _m c\ntries & nations s9ce we met4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h j come f ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 :]e x has pleas$ ,provid5ce to make me an in/rum5t = pres]v+ ! lives ( "s ( my fell[-creatures4 ,y1 ,i "k1 are ( t complexion ( m9d t ! civic cr[n w please y m ?an ev5 ! victor's laurel wrea?4 ,i h a b$1 ?\gh a small "o1 at y\r s]vice2 if y c come "h = two or ?ree days1 ,i assure y we %all be mo/ happy to see y4 ,we %all rema9 9 ,ba? ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,i %all be abs5t = a few days 9 ! beg9n+ ( next week1 & aft] t ,i %all be /ation>y till ! middle ( ,novemb]4 ,give me a few l9es1 & say :5 we may expect y4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,dec4 #c1 #ahag4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,! late melan*oly ev5t#ej has ?r[n a gloom ov] ,london1 & inde$ ov] ,engl&4 ,! public feel+ is highly cr$itable to ! moral tone ( ! p4 ,! loss ( a ,pr9cess1 kn[n only by good qualities1 liv+ 9 a pure & happy /ate ( dome/ic peace1 is 9 itself affect+2 b :5 x is recollect$ t two g5]ations ( sov]eigns ( ! fir/ p 9 ! _w h be5 lo/ at ! same mom5t1 ! ev5t becomes almo/ an awful "o4 ,i g on always lab\r+ 9 my vocation4 ,i am n[ at "w on a subject almo/ z int]e/+ z ! la/ :i* ,i und]took4 ,x is too mu* to hope = ! same success2 at lea/ ,i w des]ve x4 ,:5 y come to t[n 9 ! spr+1 :i* ,i tru/ y w d1 ,i %all %[ y my s]vice ( plate4 ,i d n ?9k y w l x ! less = ! cause ( ! gift4 ,i am n sure :e!r ,i %all n take a run d[n to ,ne!r ,/[ey & ! we/ = a few days1 if y enc\rage me ) any hopes ( ! e/ate#ea & ( woodcocks4 ,y w fix my plans4 ,i %all be dis5gag$ betwe5 ! #ae? & ,*ri/mas1 & %all l to revisit ,lym\?1 & above all to %ake y by ! h&4 ,lady ,d4 is 9 bett] heal? ?an ,i h ev] kn[n h] to possess4 ,%e begs h] k9d remembrances4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 mo/ affectionately y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 #ej ,! dea? ( ! ,pr9cess ,*>lotte4 #ea ,he "h alludes to an e/ate 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ne!r ,/[ey1 :i* he wi%$ to pur*ase1 & ab\t :i* he _h reque/$ ,mr4 ,poole to make enquiries4 ,9 a /rictly sci5tific po9t ( view1 ! mo/ int]e/+ results :i* h aris5 out ( ! inve/igation = con/ruct+ a ,safety-lamp1 are p]haps ^? :i* h made u bett] acqua9t$ ) ! true nature ( flame1 & ! circum/ances by :i* x is modifi$2 & :i* h l$ to "s practical views connect$ ) ! useful arts4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 impossible to ent] into ! details ( ^? curi\s inve/igations#eb :i*1 "u ! title ( ,"s ,rese>*es on ,flame1 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 & read be=e t body on ! #af? ( ,janu>y #ahag1 )\t be+ =cibly /ruck ) ! address by :i* ,davy1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 br\ght ab/ract sci5ce to promote & ext5d practical k2 & !n1 z x 7 by a species ( multipli$ reflection1 appli$ ! new facts ?us elicit$ = ! f>!r ext5sion ( speculative tru?2 :i* 9 its wid] range became aga9 in/rum5tal 9 disclos+ a fre% /ore ( useful facts4 ,x may be said to h be5 ! p[] ( dext]\sly comb9+ su* me?ods :i* con/itut$ ! felicity ( 8 g5ius2 =1 9 g5]al1 ea* ( !m requires = its successful application a m9d ( q a di/9ct ord] & con/ruction4 ,mr4 ,babbage has v ju/ly obs]v$1 t ^? intellectual qualifications :i* give bir? to new pr9ciples or to new me?ods1 are ( q a diff]5t ord] f ^? :i* are necess>y = _! practical application4 ,davy furni%$ ! exception t 0 necess>y to make good ! rule4 #eb ,a %ort notice ( !m fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ?ird numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 edit$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he detects1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( inflammable gas1 9 a /ate ( combu/ion1 be+ arre/$ 9 its progress by capill>y tubes2 he next applies x to ! con/ruction ( a ,safety-lamp1 & !n1 by obs]v+ ! ph5om5a :i* ?is lamp exhibits1 is l$ to novel views respect+ ! nature & prop]ties ( flame4--,i %all endeav\r to (f] a popul> view ( ! curi\s & int]e/+ tru?s disclos$ by ?is latt] rese>*4 ,he _h obs]v$ t1 :5 ! coal gas burnt 9 ! iron cage1 its col\r 0 pale1 & its light feeble2 :]eas ! fact is r5d]$ famili> to u all by ! flame ( ! gas lights1 t 9 ! op5 air c>burett$ hydrog5 burns ) great brilliancy4 ,^u reflect+ on ! circum/ances ( ! two species ( combu/ion1 he 0 l$ to believe t ! cause ( ! sup]iority ( ! light 9 ! latt] case might be ow+ to a decomposition ( a "p ( ! gas t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! flame1 :]e ! air 0 9 ! smalle/ quantity2 & t ! consequ5t deposition ( *>coal might fir/ by its ignition1 & aft]w>ds by its combu/ion1 contribute to ?is increase ( light4 ,a conjecture :i* he imm$iately v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4#ec #ec ,?is !ory ( ,davy is well illu/rat$ by ! *ange produc$ 9 ! flame ( gas-light1 :5 act$ ^u by ! w9d1 z may be se5 dur+ an illum9ation4 ,! loss ( light "u ^! circum/ances evid5tly arises f ! m rapid combu/ion ( ! gas1 by its m complete admixture ) air2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! decomposition above describ$ does n take place4 ,! int5sity !re=e ( ! light ( flames dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! production & ignition ( solid matt] 9 combu/ion1 s t heat & light are 9 ?is process indep5d5t ph5om5a4 ,^! facts1 ,davy obs]ves1 appe> to admit ( _m applications2 9 expla9+1 = in/ance1 ! appe>ance ( diff]5t flames--9 sugge/+ ! means ( increas+ or dim9i%+ _! light1 & 9 d$uc+ f _! *>act]s a k ( ! composition ( _! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! po9t ( ! inn] blue flame ( a c&le or lamp urg$ by ! bl[-pipe1 :]e ! heat is ! greate/ & ! light ! lea/1 is ! po9t :]e ! :ole ( ! *>coal is burnt 9 its gase\s comb9ations1 )\t previ\s ignition4 ,! flames ( phosphorus & ( z9c 9 oxyg51 & t ( potassium 9 *lor9e1 af=d examples ( int5sity ( light dep5d+ ^u ! production ( fix$ solid matt] 9 combu/ion2 :ile on ! contr>y1 ! feebl5ess ( ! light ( ^? flames1 9 :i* gase\s & volatile matt] is alone produc$1 is well illu/rat$ by ^? ( hydrog5 & sulphur 9 oxyg51 or by t ( phosphorus 9 *lor9e4 ,f su* facts1 he is incl9$ to ?9k t ! lum9\s appe>ance ( %oot+ />s & meteors _c be ow+ to any inflammation ( gas1 b mu/ dep5d ^u ! ignition ( solid matt]4 ,dr4 ,halley calculat$ ! height ( a meteor at n9ety miles1 & ! great ,am]ican meteor1 :i* ?rew d[n %[]s ( /ones1 0 e/imat$ at only sev5te5 miles high4 ,! velocity ( ! motion ( su* bodies mu/ 9 all cases be imm5sely great1 & ! heat ?us produc$ by ! compression ( ! mo/ r>efi$ air1 ,davy ?9ks1 mu/ be suffici5t to ignite ! mass2 & t all ! ph5om5a may be expla9$ by assum+ t fall+ />s are small solid bodies mov+ r\nd ! e>? 9 v ecc5tric orbits1 :i* become ignit$ only :5 !y pass ) imm5se velocity ?r\gh ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 & :i*1 :5 !y conta9 ei!r combu/ible or ela/ic matt]1 ?r[ out /ones ) explosion4 ,by ! application ( su* a pr9ciple did he also inf] ! composition ( a body f ! "* ( its flame3 ?us1 says he1 ,e!r1 dur+ its combu/ion1 w\ld appe> to indicate ! pres5ce ( olefiant gas4 ,alcohol burns ) a flame simil> to t ( a mixture ( c>bonic oxide & hydrog52 s t ! fir/ is probably a b9>y comp\nd ( olefiant gas & wat]1 & ! second ( c>bonic oxide & hydrog54 ,:5 ! proto-*loride ( copp] is introduc$ into ! flame ( a c&le or lamp1 x af=ds a peculi> d5se & brilliant r$ light1 t+$ ) gre5 & blue t[>ds ! edges1 :i* seems to dep5d ^u ! sep>ation ( ! *lor9e f ! copp] by ! hydrog51 & ! ignition & combu/ion ( ! solid copp] & *>coal4 ,! ackn[l$g$ fact ( ! brighte/ flames yield+ ! lea/ heat is easily reconcil$1 :5 we le>n t ! light dep5ds ^u fix$ matt] :i* c>ries (f ! heat4 ,x is equally obvi\s1 t by art we may1 = practical purposes1 easily modify ^! ph5om5a4 ,9 ! next place1 hav+ obs]v$ t wire-gauze cool$ d[n flame beyond its combu/ible po9t1 he 0 l$ to enquire into ! nature ( pure flame2 & he readily demon/rat$ x to be gase\s matt] heat$ s highly z to be lum9\s2 & t ! temp]ature necess>y = su* an effect 0 mu* great] ?an _h be5 imag9$1 v>y+1 h[ev]1 9 diff]5t cases4 ,! flame ( a common lamp he prov$1 by a v simple exp]im5t1 to exce$ ev5 ! :ite heat ( solid bodies1 & :i* is easily %[n by ! simple fact ( heat+ a piece ( plat9um wire ov] ! *imney ( an ,arg& lamp f$ ) _s ( w9e2 :5 x w be se5 t air1 :i* is n ( suffici5t temp]ature to appe> lum9\s1 is /ill suffici5tly hot to imp>t a :ite heat to a solid body imm]s$ 9 x4 ,! fact ( diff]5t gase\s bodies requir+ diff]5t degrees ( heat to raise !m into flame1 0 an inf]5ce imm$iately d$ucible f ! ph5om5a ( 8 safety gauze4 ,a tissue ( "o hundr$ ap]tures to ! squ>e in*1 made ( wire ( "o-sixtie?1 w1 at common temp]atures1 int]cept ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 b n t ( hydrog52 &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 x w no long] arre/ ! flame ( ! _s-lamp4 ,a tissue :i*1 :5 r$-hot1 w n int]rupt ! flame ( hydrog51 w /ill int]cept t ( olefiant gas2 & a heat$ tissue1 :i* w\ld communicate explosion f a mixture ( olefiant gas & air1 w /op an explosion ( fire-damp4 ,=tunately = ! success ( ! ,safety-lamp1 c>burett$ hydrog5 requires s high a temp]ature to c>ry on its combu/ion1 t ev5 metal1 :5 :ite-hot1 is f> bel[ x2 & h5ce r$-hot gauze1 9 suffici5t quantity1 & ( ! prop] degree ( f95ess1 w ab/ract heat en\gh f ! flame to ext+ui% x4 ,! discov]y ( ! high temp]ature :i* is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( flame1 sugge/$ to ! philosoph] ! reason ( its ext9ction "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,he consid]s1 t ! common op]ation ( bl[+ out a c&le pr9cipally dep5ds ^u ! cool+ p[] ( ! curr5t ( air project$ into ! flame2#ed & he obs]ves1 t ! hotte/ flames are ^? :i* are lea/ easily bl[n out4 ,he f>!r illu/rat$ ?is subject by surr\nd+ a v small flame ) a r+ ( metal1 :i* _h ! effect ( cool+ x s f> z to ext+ui% x2 b a r+ ( glass1 ( simil> dim5sions & diamet]1 be+ a less p]fect conductor ( heat1 produc$ no su* effect4 #ed ,qu]e4 ,is ?is !ory correct8 ,may n ! effect be me*anical1 ! appulse ( ! air sep>at+ ! flame f ! wick4--,^u ! pr9ciple sugge/$ by ,davy1 h[ are we to expla9 ! fact ( rek9dl+ ! flame by a bla/8 ,x _h be5 long kn[n t flame ceas$ to burn 9 highly r>efi$ air2 b ! degree ( r>efaction necess>y = ?is effect _h be5 v diff]5tly /at$4 ,! cause ( ! ph5om5on 0 g5]ally suppos$ to dep5d ^u a defici5cy ( oxyg54 ,9 ! comm5cem5t ( 8 enquiry into ?is subject1 ,davy obs]v$ t ! flame ( hydrog5 gas1 ! degree ( r>efaction & ! quantity ( air be+ ! same1 burnt long] :5 x issu$ f a l>g] ?an a small] jet1--a fact ! v rev]se ( t :i* mu/ h happ5$ _h ! flame expir$ = want ( oxyg52 he moreov] obs]v$1 t :5 ! l>g] jet 0 us$1 ! po9t ( ! glass tube became :ite-hot1 & cont9u$ r$-hot till ! flame 0 ext+ui%$3 he !re=e conclud$1 t ! heat communicat$ to ! gas by ?is tube 0 ! cause ( its protract$ combu/ion1 & t flame expir$ 9 r>efi$ air1 n = want ( n\ri%m5t f oxyg51 b = want ( heat1 & t if its temp]ature c\ld be pres]v$ by "s supplem5t>y aid1 ! flame might be kept burn+4 ,! exp]im5t by :i* he confirm$ ?is !ory 0 z beautiful z x 0 satisfactory4 ,he burnt a piece ( camphor 9 a glass tube1 "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 s z to make ! upp] "p ( ! tube r$-hot2 its inflammation 0 f\nd to cont9ue :5 ! r>efaction 0 n9e times2 b by repeat+ ! exp]im5t 9 a metallic tube1 :i* c\ld n be s consid]ably heat$ by x1 x ceas$ aft] ! r>efaction exce$$ six times4 ,x foll[s !n t by artificially imp>t+ heat1#ee bodies may be made to burn 9 a r>efi$ air1 :5 "u o!r circum/ances !y w\ld be ext+ui%$4 #ee ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple t1 9 ! ,arg& lamp1 ! ,liv]pool lamp1 & 9 ! be/ fire-places1 ! increase ( effect does n m]ely dep5d ^u ! rapid curr5t ( air1 b likewise ^u ! heat pres]v$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials ( ! *imney1 & communicat$ to ! matt]s ent]+ into inflammation4 ,! art ( mak+ a good fire dep5ds also ^u ! same pr9ciple ( economis+ ! heat4 ,! foll[+ may be consid]$ z an exp]im5tum crucis1 9 pro( ( ! fact t combu/ibility is nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$ by r>efaction4 ,he introduc$ ! flame ( hydrog51 9 :i* 0 ins]t$ a plat9um wire1 into a receiv] ( r>efi$ air1 & he f\nd t1 z long z ! metal rema9$ at a dull r$-heat1 ! flame cont9u$ to burn3 n[ x s happ5s t ! temp]ature1 at :i* plat9um approa*es a r$-heat1 is precisely t at :i* hydrog5 inflames "u ! ord9>y pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 :5ce x foll[s1 t its combu/ibility is n alt]$ by r>efaction4 ,! same law 0 f\nd to apply to ! flames ( o!r bodies2 ^? requir+ ! lea/ heat = _! combu/ion always su/a9+ ! great] r>efaction )\t be+ ext+ui%$4#ef #ef ,f a calculation ( ! ratio 9 :i* ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e decreases ) its altitude1 & f t ( ! relative combu/ibility ( diff]5t bodies1 x foll[s t ! tap] w\ld be ext+ui%$ at a height ( betwe5 n9e & t5 miles--hydrog51 betwe5 twelve & ?irte5--& sulphur1 betwe5 fifte5 & sixte54 ,hi!rto he _h only consid]$ ! effects ( r>efaction1 :5 produc$ by ! dim9ution ( pressure2 he _h next to inve/igate ! ph5om5a ( r>efaction :5 occasion$ by expansion f heat4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 de ,grot?us _h app>5tly %[n t r>efaction by heat de/roys ! combu/ibility ( gase\s mixtures2 ^? ( ,davy1 h[ev]1 prov$ t x enables !m to explode at a l[] temp]ature4 ,9 ! progress ( ?is rese>*1 :ile pass+ mixtures ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 ?r\gh heat$ tubes1 ! heat be+ /ill bel[ r$ness1 he obs]v$ t /eam 0 =m$ )\t any combu/ion4 ,"h 0 a sl[ comb9ation )\t combu/ion1 z long s9ce obs]v$ ) respect to hydrog5 & *lor9e1 & oxyg5 & metals2 & he believes t su* a ph5om5on w happ5 at c]ta9 temp]atures ) mo/ sub/ances t unite by heat4 ,on try+ *>coal1 he f\nd t at a temp]ature :i* appe>$ to be a little above ! boil+ po9t ( quicksilv]1 x conv]t$ oxyg5 pretty rapidly into c>bonic acid1 )\t any lum9\s appe>ance1 & t1 at a dull r$-heat1 ! elem5ts ( olefiant gas comb9$ 9 a simil> mann] ) oxyg51 sl[ly & )\t explosion4 ,x occurr$ to ,davy1 9 ! progress ( ^! exp]im5ts1 t1 dur+ ?is species ( sl[ comb9ation1 al?\gh ! increase ( temp]ature might n be suffici5t to r5d] ! gase\s matt]s lum9\s1 or to produce flame1 x might /ill be adequate to ignite solid matt]s expos$ to !m4 ,x 0 :ile engag$ 9 devis+ exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ?is fact1 t he 0 accid5tally l$ to ! discov]y ( ! cont9u$ ignition ( plat9um wire1 dur+ ! sl[ comb9ation ( coal gas ) atmosph]ic air2 ! circum/ances ( :i* h be5 already relat$1 z well z ! curi\s inv5tion to :i* ! application ( ! fact gave orig94#eg #eg ,see page #ajj ( ?is volume4 ,= ?is & 8 prec$+ pap]s on ! subjects ( flame & combu/ion1 ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society adjudg$ to ,sir ,humphry ,davy ! gold & silv] m$als1 on ! donation ( ,c\nt ,rum=d2#eh & nev]1 ,i w v5ture say1 did a society 9 aw>d+ a prize m fai?fully comply ) ! int5tions ( its f\nd]4 #eh ,at ! ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,novemb] #agif1 ,c\nt ,rum=d transf]r$ "o ?\s& p\nds1 ,?ree p] ,c5t4 ,consols1 to ! use ( ! ,society1 on condition t a premium %\ld be bi5nially aw>d$ to ! au?or ( ! mo/ important discov]y1 or useful inv5tion1 made kn[n 9 any "p ( ,europe dur+ ! prec$+ two ye>s1 on ! subject ( ,,heat ,,& ,,light4 ,9 reg>d to ! =m 9 :i* ?is premium 0 to be conf]r$1 he reque/$ t x might always be giv5 9 two m$als1 /ruck 9 ! same die1 ! "o ( gold1 & ! o!r ( silv]4 ,%\ld n any discov]y or improvem5t be made dur+ any t]ms ( ye>s1 he direct$ t ! value ( ! m$als %\ld be res]v$1 & be+ laid out 9 ! pur*ase ( additional /ock1 g 9 augm5tation ( ! capital ( ?is premium4 ,m$als ^u ?is f\ndation h be5 successively vot$ to ,pr(essor ,leslie1 = 8 ,exp]im5ts on ,heat1 publi%$ 9 8 "w entitl$ ,an ,exp]im5tal ,enquiry into ! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,heat2--,to ,mr4 ,william ,murdo*1 = 8 publication ,on ! ,employm5t ( ,gas & ,coal = ! purpose ( ,illum9ation2--to ,m4 ,malus1 = 8 discov]ies ( c]ta9 new prop]ties ( reflect$ light2--to ,dr4 ,wells1 = 8 ,essay on ,dew2--to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 z above /at$2--to ,dr4 ,brew/]1 = 8 ,optical ,inve/igations2--&1 la/ly1 to ,mr4 ,fresnel1 = 8 optical rese>*es4 ,on ! completion ( ^! labori\s enquiries1 x 0 ?\ght exp$i5t to give a wid] circulation to _! results ?an ! publication ( !m 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions 0 calculat$ to af=d2 & ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 !re=e induc$ to repr9t 8 pr9cipal memoirs1 s z to =m an octavo volume1#ei :i* might be accessible to ! practical p>ts ( ! community4 #ei ,on ! ,safety-lamp = ,coal ,m9es1 ) "s ,rese>*es on ,flame4--,london1 #ahah4 ,! enlight5$ fri5ds ( sci5ce v reasonably expect$ t a s]vice ( su* importance to society z ! inv5tion ( ! ,safety-lamp1 w\ld h comm&$ ! gratitude ( ! ,/ate1 & obta9$ = its au?or a high p>liam5t>y rew>d2 nor 7 !re want+ zeal\s & dis9t]e/$ p]sons to urge ! claims ( ! ,philosoph]3 b a ,gov]nm5t :i* _h be/[$ a spl5did p5sion ^u ! contriv] ( an eng9e#fj = ! de/ruction ( human life1 refus$ to li/5 to any proposition = ! rew>d ( "o :o _h inv5t$ a ma*9e = its pres]vation4 ,x is true t1 9 consid]ation ( v>i\s sci5tific s]vices1 !y t>dily & inadequately ackn[l$g$ ! claims ( ,davy1 by be/[+ ^u him ! dignity ( ,b>onetcy#fa--;a rew>d1 x mu/ be confess$1 t nei!r display$ any reg>d to 8 condition1 nor impli$ ! j e/imate ( 8 m]its4 ,! measure ( value1 h[ev]1 enables u to judge ( ! /&>d by :i* ! ,/ate rates ! v>i\s s]vices to society2 & deeply is x to be lam5t$ t ! disproportion$ exaltation ( milit>y a*ievem5t1 cr[n$ ) ! highe/ hon\rs1 depresses respect = sci5ce1 & raises a false & fruitless object ( ambition4 #fj ,sir ,william ,congreve1 9 addition to o!r m>ks ( fav\r1 receiv$ a p5sion ( twelve hundr$ a-ye>1 = ! inv5tion ( 8 ,rocket2 or1 9 ! exact t]ms ( ! grant1 = inv5tions calculat$ to de/roy or annoy ! enemy4 #fa ,he 0 creat$ a ,b>onet on ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 #ahah4 ,! passion = arms is a relict ( b>b>ity d]iv$ f ! feudal ages2 ! progress ( civilization1 & ! cultivation ( ! m9d1 %\ld h l$ u to pref] intellectual to physical sup]iority1 & to recognise 9 ! successes ( sci5ce ! *ief titles to hon\r4 ,?is rev]sal ( ! objects ( importance c nev] be r$ress$ until ! ari/ocracy %all be possess$ ( a compet5t %>e ( sci5tific k1 & in/ruct$ to appreciate its value4 ,to effect su* a *ange1 ! sy/em ( education s bl9dly & ob/9ately cont9u$ 9 our great public s*ools1 mu/ be alt]$2 = m9ds exclusively appli$ to classical pursuits1 & tra9$ to recognise no o!r objects ( lib]al /udy1 are indispos$ & inde$ disqualifi$ = enquiries m9i/]+ to ! arts ( life1 & arrogantly despis$ = _! v connexion ) utility4 ,x is 9 ! e>ly ignorance ( ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce t ! aft] neglig5ce ( sci5ce has its s\rce4 ,! in/ances 9 pro( ( ! ext5t ( ! ignorance & indiff]5ce ,i h not$1 & ( _! p]nici\s effects ^u ! mo/ important int]e/s ( society1 especially legislation1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 are abundant4 ,9 ,p>liam5t1 h[ is a "q ( sci5ce treat$8 ,9 our c\rts ( law1 & crim9al inve/igation1 x is lam5table to obs]ve ! frequ5t defeat ( ju/ice1 aris+ f errone\s conception1 or f ! utt] abs5ce ( ! requisite k4 ,9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 we see conspicu\s1 among/ ! dupes ( quack]y & impo/ure1 ^? ^: /ations %\ld imply ! be/ in/ruction1 & ^: conduct1 un=tunately1 has ! effect ( example4 ,a contempt f>-spread+1 & proce$+ f ! well-spr+s ( tru?1 is rapidly ris+ aga9/ ?is exalt$ ignorance2 ! indu/ri\s classes ( society are daily becom+ m imbu$ ) k ^u sci5tific subjects1 & ! nobility1 if !y w\ld pres]ve _! sup]iority 9 social consid]ation1 mu/ desc5d to ! popul> improvem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e conclud+ ! pres5t *apt]1 ,i mu/ c>ry back my hi/ory to ! ye> #ahae1 = ! purpose ( record+ a circum/ance 9 ! life ( ,davy1 :i*1 :ile x exemplifies 8 g5]al love ( sci5ce1 ev9ces ! local atta*m5t he reta9$ = ! t[n ( 8 bir?4 ,9 ! ye> #ahac1 ! ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall 0 e/abli%$ at ,p5zance4 ,its objects are to cultivate ! sci5ces ( ,m9]alogy & ,geology1 9 a di/rict bett] calculat$ p]haps = su* pursuits ?an any o!r spot 9 ,europe1--to regi/] ! new facts :i* are cont9ually pres5t+ !mselves 9 ! m9es1 & to place ^u p]man5t record1 ! hi/ory ( ph5om5a :i* _h hi!rto be5 entru/$ to oral tradition2 b1 above all1 its object 0 to br+ sci5ce 9 alliance ) art2 to prev5t ! accid5ts :i* _h s frequ5tly occurr$ f explosion 9 ! op]ation ( bla/+ rocks2 &1 9 %ort1 to r5d] all ! res\rces ( speculative tru? subs]vi5t to ! ends ( practical improvem5t4 ,no soon] _h ! e/abli%m5t ( s useful an in/itution be5 communicat$ to ,davy1 ?an he te/ifi$ 8 zeal = its welf>e by a h&some donation to its funds2 :i* 0 foll[$ by a pres5t ( a v ext5sive suite ( specim5s1 illu/rative ( ! volcanic di/rict ( ,naples1 & :i* _h be5 collect$ by himself4 ,he also aft]w>ds communicat$ to ! ,society a memoir on ! ,geology ( ,cornwall1 :i* has be5 publi%$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( its ,transactions4 ,9 ?is pap]1 he discusses sev]al ( ! m difficult que/ions connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ve9s4 ,he fir/ obs]v$ ! granitic ve9s1 :i* h call$ =? s mu* att5tion f geologi/s1 ab\t ! ye> #agig2 probably be=e !y _h excit$ mu* sci5tific notice3 he is dispos$ to reg>d !m z peculi> to ! l[ metallif]\s granite & mica =mations2 he _h se5 sev]al cases ( granite ve9s ne> ,dubl91 9 ! ,isle ( ,arran1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&2 he _h also obs]v$ sev]al in/ances ne> ,morlaix 9 ,brittany1 b he _h 9 va9 se>*$ = !m 9 ! po9ts ( junction ( ! s*i/ & granite1 bo? 9 ! ,m>itime1 ,savoy1 ,swiss1 & ,tyrolese ,alps1 & likewise 9 ! ,ori5tal ,pyr5ees4 ,! s]p5t9e di/rict ( ,cornwall1 he ?9ks1 has n yet met ) ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,i h se5 no =mation1 says he1 9 :i* ! nature ( s]p5t9e is s di/9ctly display$4 ,! true con/itu5t p>ts ( ?is rock appe> to be respl5d5t hornbl5de & felsp>2 x appe>s to diff] f si5ite only 9 ! nature ( ! hornbl5de1 & 9 ! *emical composition ( its p>ts1 & 9 be+ int]sect$ by num]\s ve9s ( /eatite & calc>e\s sp>4 ,! nature & orig9 ( ! ve9s ( /eatite 9 s]p5t9e1 he consid]s z (f]+ a v curi\s subject = enquiry4 ,7 !y orig9ally cry/alliz$1 he asks1 & ! result ( *emical deposition8 or h !y be51 z = ! mo/ "p !y are n[ f\nd1 m]e me*anical deposits8 ,he is incl9$ to ! latt] op9ion4 ,! felsp> 9 s]p5t9e1 he obs]ves1 is v liable to decomposition1 probably f ! action ( c>bonic acid & wat] on its alkal9e1 calc>e\s1 & magnesian elem5ts2 & its p>ts wa%$ d[n by wat] & deposit$ 9 ! *asms ( ! rocks1 he ?9ks w\ld necess>ily ga9 t k9d ( loose aggregation belong+ to /eatite4 ,he _h "s ye>s be=e made a rude1 comp>ative analysis ( ! felsp> 9 s]p5t9e1 & ( ! soap-rock1 :5 he f\nd ! same con/itu5ts 9 bo? ( !m1 except t !re 0 n any alkali or calc>e\s e>? 9 ! latt] sub/ance4 ,x is v difficult to conceive1 he says1 t /eatite 0 orig9ally a cry/alliz$ sub/ance :i* has be5 s9ce decompos$2 =1 9 t case1 x ought to be f\nd 9 its primitive /ate 9 ve9s :i* are exclud$ f ! action ( air & wat]2 :]eas x is easy to acc\nt = ! h>dness ( "s species ( /eatite on ! =m] hypo!sis2 = m]e me*anical deposits1 :5 v f9ely divid$1 & v sl[ly made1 adh]e ) a v consid]able degree ( =ce4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is k9d occurr$ to him among/ ! *emical prep>ations ( ! late ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 :i*1 on ! decease ( t illu/ri\s philosoph]1 _h be5 pres5t$ to him by ,"l ,george ,cav5di%3 !re 0 a bottle :i* _h orig9ally conta9$ a solution ( silica by pota%2 ! cork1 dur+ ! lapse ( ye>s1 _h become decay$1 & ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e _h gradually precipitat$ ! e>?1 s t x 0 f\nd 9 a /ate ( solid cohesion2 ! upp] "p 0 z s(t z ! /eatite1 b ! l[] portion 0 extremely h>d1 0 brok5 ) "s difficulty1 & pres5t$ an appe>ance simil> to t ( *alc$ony4 ,9 speak+ g5]ally ( ! m9]alogical int]e/ ( ,cornwall1 he obs]ves1 t x may be reg>d$1 ,greek3 kat' exo*n1 z ! c\ntry ( ve9s2 & t x is 9 ve9s t ! mo/ useful z well z ! mo/ valuable m9]als g5]ally exi/1 t ! pure specim5s are f\nd :i* s]ve to det]m9e ! m9]alogical species1 & t ! appe>ances seem mo/ int]e/+ 9 _! connexion ) geological !ory4 ,?us ve9s1 :i* n[ may be consid]$ 9 ! light ( ! mo/ valuable cab9ets ( nature1 7 once h] mo/ active laboratories2 & !y are equally important to ! practical m9]1 & to ! m9]alogical philosoph]4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al con=mation ( ,cornwall1 he /ates x to be 9 ! highe/ degree curi\s1 & he consid]s t ! facts :i* x (f]s are illu/rative ( _m important po9ts ( geological !ory4 ,x exhibits v extraord9>y in/ances ( rocks brok5 9 almo/ e direction1 b pr9cipally f ea/ to we/1 & fill$ ) ve9s aga9 brok5 91 div]sifi$ by cross l9es1 & fill$ ) o!r ve9s1 & exhibit+ m>ks ( v>i\s successive ph5om5a ( ?is k9d4 ,respect+ ! ag5ts t produc$ ! *asms 9 ! prim>y /rata1 & ! p[] by :i* !y 7 fill$ ) /ony & metallic matt]1 x w\ld be easy to speculate1 b v difficult to reason by legitimate philosophical induction4 ,9 ! conclud+ passage1 h[ev]1 he v freely admits 8 pref]5ce = ! doctr9e ( fire4 ,x is among/ ext9ct volcanoes1 ! surfaces ( :i* h be5 remov$ by ! action ( air & wat]1 & 9 :i* ! int]ior p>ts ( /rata ( lavas are expos$1 t ! mo/ in/ructive examples ( ! op]ation ( sl[ cool+ ^u heat$ masses are to be f\nd4 ,x is difficult to conceive t wat] c\ld h be5 ! solv5t ( ! diff]5t granitic & porphyritic =mations2 =1 9 t case1 "s comb9ations ( wat] ) ! pure e>?s ought to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,qu>tz ought to exi/ 9 a /ate ( hydrate1 & ,wavellite1 n ,corundum1 ought to be ! /ate ( alum9a 9 granite4 ,to suppose ! prim>y rocks1 9 g5]al1 to h be5 produc$ by ! sl[ cool+ ( a mass =m$ by ! combu/ion ( ! metallic bases ( ! e>?s1 appe>s to me ! mo/ reasonable hypo!sis2 yet aque\s ag5cy mu/ n be entirely exclud$ f our geological views4 ,9 _m cases ( cry/allization1 ev5 9 volcanic c\ntries1 ?is cause op]ates2 ?us 9 ,is*ia1 silice\s tufas are =m$ f hot spr+s2 & 9 ! lake ,albula1 or ! lake ( ,solfat]ra1 ne> ,tivoli1 cry/als ( calc>e\s sp> & ( sulphur sep>ate f wat] impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid & hepatic gas2 & l>ge /rata ( calc>e\s rocks1 =m$ evid5tly 9 late times by wat] impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid1 exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! ,trav]t9e m>ble 7,m>mor ,tiburt9um7 is a production ( ?is k9d2 & x is ( ?is species ( /one t ! ,colosseum at ,rome1 & ! ca!dral ( ,/4 ,pet]1 are built4 ,x is likewise employ$ 9 ! anci5t temple ( ,p/um1 & x rivals 9 durability1 if n 9 beauty1 ! prim>y m>ble ( ,p>is & ,c>r>a4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy sugge/s a *emical me?od = unroll+ ! anci5t ,papyri4--,he is enc\rag$ by ! ,gov]nm5t to proce$ to ,naples = t purpose4--,he emb>ks at ,dov]4--,8 exp]im5ts on ! ,rh9e1 ! ,danube1 ! ,raab1 ! ,save1 ! ,ironzo1 ! ,po1 & ! ,tib]1 9 ord] to expla9 ! =mation ( mi/s on riv]s & lakes4--,8 arrival & reception at ,naples4--,he visits ! excavations at ,h]culaneum4--,he concludes t x 0 ov]:elm$ by s& & a%es1 b _h nev] be5 expos$ to burn+ matt]4--,he comm5ces 8 attempt ( unroll+ ! ,papyri4--,8 failure4--,he compla9s ( ! p]sons at ! head ( ! dep>tm5t 9 ! ,museum4--,he analyses ! wat]s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,lucca4--,8 return to ,engl&4--,dea? ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks4--,he is elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4--,"s rem>ks on t ev5t4--,he visits ,p5zance4--,is hon\r$ by a public d9n]4--,electro-magnetic discov]ies ( ,o]/$ ext5d$ by ,davy4--,he exam9es ,electrical ,ph5om5a 9 vacuo4--,! results ( 8 exp]im5ts que/ion$4--,he enquires into ! /ate ( ! wat]1 & ari=m matt] 9 ! cavities ( cry/als4--,! int]e/+ results ( 8 enquiry confirm ! views ( ! ,plutoni/s4 ,our hi/ory n[ proce$s to exhibit ,sir ,humphry ,davy 9 q a new field ( enquiry2--engag$ 9 inve/igat+1 amid/ ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum1 ! nature & effects ( ! volcanic eruption :i* ov]:elm$ t city 9 ! reign ( ,titus2 & 9 attempt+1 by ! res\rces ( mod]n sci5ce1 to unfold & to r5d] legible ! m\ld]+ ar*ives :i* h be5 recov]$ f its excavations1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples4 ,hav+ witness$ ! unsuccessful attempts ( ,dr4 ,sickl] to unroll "s ( ! ,h]culaneum manuscripts1 x occurr$ to him t a *emical exam9ation ( _! nature1 & ( ! *anges !y _h und]gone1 might sugge/ "s me?od ( sep>at+ ! leaves f ea* o!r1 & ( r5d]+ legible ! *>act]s impress$ ^u !m4 ,on communicat+ ?is op9ion to ,sir ,?omas ,tyr:itt1 he imm$iately plac$ at 8 disposal fragm5ts :i* _h be5 op]at$ ^u by ,mr4 ,hayt] & by ,dr4 ,sickl]3 at ! same "t1 ,dr4 ,"y pres5t$ him ) "s small pieces1 :i* he himself _h =m]ly attempt$ to unroll4 ,davy 0 v soon conv9c$ by ! products ( _! di/illation1 t ! nature ( ^! manuscripts _h be5 g5]ally misund]/ood2 t !y _h n1 z 0 usually suppos$1 be5 c>boniz$ by ! op]ation ( fire1 b 7 9 a /ate analog\s to peat1 or to ,bovey coal1 ! leaves be+ g5]ally cem5t$ into "o mass by a peculi> sub/ance :i* _h =m$1 dur+ ! f]m5tation & *emical *ange ( ! vegetable matt] compos+ !m1 9 a long c\rse ( ages4 ,! nature ( ?is sub/ance be+ once kn[n1 ! de/ruction ( x w\ld become a subject ( obvi\s *emical inve/igation4 ,x occurr$ to him1 t z *lor9e & iod9e d n ex]t any action ^u pure c>bonace\s sub/ances1 :ile !y possess a /rong attraction = hydrog51 ^! bodies might probably be appli$ ) success = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! adhesive matt]1 )\t ! possibility ( injur+ ! lett]s ( ! ,papyri1 ! ink ( ! anci5ts1 z x is well kn[n1 be+ compos$ ( *>coal4 ,he accord+ly expos$ a fragm5t ( a br[n manuscript1 9 :i* ! lay]s 7 /rongly adh]5t1 to an atmosph]e ( *lor9e2 !re 0 an imm$iate action1 ! papyrus smok$1 & became yell[1 & ! lett]s appe>$ mu* m di/9ct4 ,aft] :i*1 by ! application ( heat1 ! lay]s sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & fumes ( muriatic acid 7 evolv$4 ,! vap\r ( iod9e _h a less di/9ct1 b /ill a v s5sible action4 ,by ! simple application ( heat to a fragm5t 9 a close vessel fill$ ) c>bonic acid1 or ) ! vap\r ( e!r1 s regulat$ z to raise ! temp]ature v gradually1 & z gradually to r$uce x1 !re 0 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! texture ( ! papyrus1 & its leaves 7 m easily unroll$4 ,9 all ^! prelim9>y trials1 h[ev]1 he f\nd t ! success ( ! exp]im5t absolutely dep5d$ ^u ! nicety ) :i* ! temp]ature 0 regulat$4 ,diff]5t papyri hav+ exhibit$ diff]5t appe>ances1 he conclud$ t ! same process w\ld n apply 9 all cases2 b ev5 a p>tial success he consid]$ z a /ep ga9$1 & x s]v$ to increase 8 anxiety to exam9e 9 detail ! num]\s specim5s pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples1 z well z to visit ! excavations t /ill rema9$ op5 at ,h]culaneum4 ,mr4 ,hamilton1 to :om ^! views 7 communicat$1 ) t ard\r :i* belongs to 8 "*1 ent]$ w>mly into a plan :i* might enable ,sir ,humphry ,davy to accompli% 8 objects2 & on 8 repres5tation ( !m1 ! ,e>l ( ,liv]pool & ,visc\nt ,ca/l]eagh plac$ at 8 disposal su* funds z 7 requisite = pay+ ! p]sons :om x 0 necess>y to engage 9 ! process4 ,at ! same "t1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy _h ! hon\r ( an audi5ce ( 8 late ,maje/y1 !n ,pr9ce ,reg5t2 & on witness+ ! results1 8 ,royal ,highness 0 pleas$ to express 8 approbation1 & graci\sly condesc5d$ to patronize ! und]tak+4 ,exult+ 9 ! prospect ( success1 & sangu9e z to ! importance ( its results to lit]ature1 ,davy emb>k$ at ,dov] = ! ,cont95t1 9 ord] to proce$ to ,naples1 on ! #bf? ( ,may #ahah4 ,dur+ 8 j\rney1 he 0 engag$ 9 mak+ obs]vations on ! comp>ative temp]ature ( air incumb5t ^u l& & wat]1 ) a view to acc\nt = ! =mation ( mi/s ov] ! b$s ( riv]s & lakes4 ,! results ( ?is enquiry 7 embodi$ 9 a memoir1 :i* 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #be? ( ,febru>y #ahai1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( t ye>4 ,?is pap]1 :ile x records ! c\rse ( 8 obs]vations1 in=ms u ( ! direction ( 8 r\te to ! s\!rn %ores ( ,italy4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,may1 :ile pass+ along ! ,rh9e f ,cologne to ,cobl5tz1 we f9d him exam9+ ! relative temp]ature ( ! air1 & ( ! wat] ( t riv]4 ,on ! #i?1 #aj?1 & #aa? ( ,june1 he 0 mak+ simil> obs]vations on ! ,danube1 dur+ a voyage f ,ratisbonne to ,vi5na4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,july1 he 0 simil>ly engag$ on ! ,raab1 ne> ,k]mond 9 ,hung>y4 ,9 ! end ( ,augu/ he 0 on ! ,save 9 ,c>niola2 9 ! middle ( ,septemb] on ! ,ironzo 9 ! ,friul2 9 ! end ( t mon?1 on ! ,po1 ne> ,f]r>a2 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 repeat$ly on ! ,tib]1 & on ! small lakes 9 ! ,campagna ( ,rome1 ext5d+ & multiply+ 8 obs]vations ^u ! =mation ( mi/s3 f ! results ( :i* he e/abli%$ ! law1 t ! =mation ( mi/1 on a riv] or lake1 nev] takes place1 if ! temp]ature ( ! wat] be l[] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e2 n ev5 ?\gh ! latt] %\ld be ev5 saturat$ ) vap\r4 ,possess$ ( ?is fact1 he 0 enabl$ to expla9 a ph5om5on :i* all p]sons :o h be5 accu/om$ to ! obs]vation ( ,nature mu/ h frequ5tly witness$1 al?\gh x _h nev] yet be5 philosophically expla9$1 nor ev5 fully discuss$1 viz4--! =mation ( mi/s ov] ! b$s ( riv]s & lakes1 9 calm & cle> wea!r1 aft] sunset4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy ?9ks t :oev] has consid]$ ! ph5om5a 9 relation to ! radiation & communication ( heat & nature ( vap\r1 s9ce ! publication ( ! rese>*es ( ,,mm4 ,rum=d1 ,leslie1 ,dalton1 & ,wells1 c sc>cely h fail$ to discov] _! true causes4 ,z soon z ! sun has disappe>$ f any "p ( ! globe1 ! surface beg9s to lose heat by radiation1 & 9 great] proportions z ! sky is cle>]2 b ! l& & wat] are cool$ by ?is op]ation 9 a v diff]5t mann]3 ! impression ( cool+ on ! l& is limit$ to ! surface1 & v sl[ly transmitt$ to ! int]ior2 :]eas 9 wat] above #de ,fah41 z soon z ! upp] /ratum is cool$1 :e!r by radiation or evaporation1 x s9ks 9 ! mass ( fluid1 & its place is suppli$ by w>m] wat] f bel[1 & till ! temp]ature ( ! :ole mass is r$uc$ ne>ly to #dj1 ! surface _c be ! coole/ "p4#fb ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t :]ev] wat] exi/s 9 consid]able masses1 & has a temp]ature ne>ly equal to t ( ! l&1 or only a few degrees bel[ x1 & above #de at sunset1 its surface dur+ ! night1 9 calm & cle> wea!r1 w be w>m] ?an t ( ! contigu\s l&2 & ! air above ! l& w necess>ily be cold] ?an t above ! wat]2 & :5 !y bo? conta9 _! due proportion ( aque\s vap\r1 & ! situation ( ! gr\nd is su* z to p]mit ! cold air f ! l& to mix ) ! w>m] air above ! wat]1 mi/ or fog w be ! result2 :i* w be s mu* ! great] 9 quantity1 z ! l& surr\nd+ or inclos+ ! wat] is high]1 ! wat] deep]1 & ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 :i* w co9cide ) ! quantity or /r5g? ( vap\r 9 ! air above x1 great]4 #fb ,wat]1 :5 cool$ d[n to #dj1 exp&s 9 volume1 & ?us becomes specifically light]2 & !re=e at t temp]ature rema9s at ! surface4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t ! riv]s ,inn & ,ilz fl[ into ! ,danube bel[ ,passau2 a circum/ance :i* af=d$ ,davy an excell5t opportunity ( confirm+1 by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 ! tru? ( 8 !ory4 ,on exam9+ ! temp]ature ( ^! riv]s1 at six o'clock ,a4 ,m4 ,june #aa1 t ( ! ,danube 0 f\nd to be #fb1 t ( ! ,inn #ef4e1 & t ( ! ,ilz #ef3 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e on ! banks1 :]e _! /reams mix$1 0 #ed4 ,! :ole surface ( ! ,danube 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick fog2 on ! ,inn !re 0 a slight mi/2 & on ! ,ilz b>ely a haz9ess1 indicat+ ! deposition ( a v small quantity ( wat]4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds bel[ ! conflux ( ! riv]s1 ! temp]ature ( ! c5tral "p ( ! ,danube 0 #ei2 & "h ! quantity ( mi/ 0 less ?an on ! b$ ( ! ,danube be=e ! junction2 b ab\t half a mile bel[1 ! w>m] wat] _h aga9 f\nd its place at ! surface1 & ! mi/ 0 z copi\s z be=e ! union ( ! ?ree riv]s4 ,aft] mi/s h be5 =m$ above riv]s & lakes1 ,davy consid]s t _! increase may n only dep5d ^u ! con/ant op]ation ( ! cause :i* orig9ally produc$ !m1 b likewise ^u ! radiation ( heat f ! sup]ficial p>ticles ( wat] compos+ ! mi/1 :i* produces a desc5d+ curr5t ( cold air 9 ! v body ( ! mi/1 :ile ! w>m wat] cont9ually s5ds up vap\r4 ,x is to ^! circum/ances1 he says1 t ! ph5om5a mu/ be ascrib$ ( mi/s f a riv] or lake sometimes aris+ consid]ably above ! surr\nd+ hills4 ,he in=ms u t he _h frequ5tly witness$ su* an appe>ance dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 aft] v /ill & v cle> nights1 9 ! ,campagna ( ,rome above ! ,tib]1 & on ,monte ,albano1 ov] ! lakes exi/+ 9 ! anci5t crat]s ( ?is ext+ui%$ volcano2 & 9 "o in/ance1 on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 be=e sunrise1 !re n be+ a brea? ( w9d1 a d5se :ite cl\d1 ( a pyramidal =m1 0 se5 on ! site ( ,alban ,lake1 & ris+ f> above ! highe/ peak ( ! m\nta94 ,its =m gradually *ang$ aft] sunrise2 its apex fir/ disappe>$1 & its body1 z x 71 melt$ away 9 ! sunbeams4 ,great dryness ( ! air1 or a curr5t ( dry air pass+ across a riv]1 he f\nd1 z we might h expect$1 to prev5t ! =mation ( mi/ ev5 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 mu* high] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?us did our philosoph]1 dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 j\rney to ,naples1 by a s]ies ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 inve/igate a ph5om5on connect$ ) ! deposition ( wat] f ! atmosph]e1 & :i* is n )\t an effect 9 ! economy ( nature2 = v]dure & f]tility1 9 hot climates1 g5]ally foll[ ! c\rses ( riv]s1 & by ! op]ation ( ! law he e/abli%$1 !y are ext5d$ to ! hills1 & ev5 to ! pla9s surr\nd+ _! banks4 ,on 8 arrival at ,naples1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy f\nd t a lett] f 8 ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t to ! ,k+1 & a communication made f ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,=eign ,affairs to ! ,neapolitan ,gov]nm5t1 _h prep>$ ! way = 8 enquiries1 & procur$ = him e possible facility 9 ! pursuit ( 8 objects4 ,! diff]5t rolls ( papyri pres5t$ v v>i\s appe>ances4 ,!y 7 ( all %ades1 f a light *e/nut br[n to a deep black2 "s ext]nally 7 ( a glossy black1 l jet1 :i* ! sup]9t5d5ts call$ v>ni%$2 sev]al conta9$ ! umbilicus1 or roll+-/ick1 9 ! middle1 conv]t$ into d5se *>coal4 ,9 _! texture1 also1 !y 7 z v>i\s z 9 _! col\rs4 ,! p]sons to :om ! c>e ( ^! ,,mss4 are confid$1 or :o h work$ ^u !m1 h always attribut$ ^! diff]5t appe>ances to ! action ( fire1 m or less int5se1 accord+ to ! proximity ( ! lava1 :i* has be5 imag9$ to h cov]$ ! "p ( ! city 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd2 b ! diff]5t conclusion at :i* ,davy _h arriv$1 f a *emical exam9ation 9 ,engl&1 0 confirm$ by a visit to ! excavations t /ill rema9$ op5 at ,h]culaneum4 ,^! excavations are 9 a loose tufa1 compos$ ( s&1 volcanic a%es1 /ones1 & du/1 cem5t$ by ! op]ation ( wat]1 :i*1 at ! "t ( its action1 0 probably 9 a boil+ /ate4 ,! !atre1 & ! build+s 9 ! neighb\rhood1 are incas$ 9 ?is tufa1 &1 f ! mann] 9 :i* x is deposit$ 9 ! gall]ies ( ! h\ses1 !re c be little d\bt t x 0 ! result ( torr5ts lad5 ) s& & volcanic matt]1 & desc5d+1 at ! same "t1 ) %[]s ( a%es & /one /ill m copi\s ?an ^? t cov]$ ,pompeii4 ,! excavation 9 ! h\se 9 :i* ! ,,mss4 7 f\nd1 _h be5 fill$ up2 b a build+1 :i* 0 said by ! guides to be ?is h\se1 & :i*1 z is evid5t f ! engrav$ plan1 mu/ at lea/ h be5 close to x1 at once conv9c$ ,davy t ! p>ts ne>e/ ! surface1 &1 =tiori1 ^? m remote f x1 _h nev] be5 expos$ to any consid]able degree ( heat4 ,he f\nd a small fragm5t ( ! ceil+ ( "o ( ! rooms1 conta9+ l9es ( gold leaf & v]milion1 9 an unalt]$ /ate1 :i* nev] c\ld h happ5$ _h !y be5 act$ ^u by any temp]ature suffici5tly great to conv]t vegetable matt] into *>coal4 ,! diff]5t /ates ( ! ,,mss4 exactly co9cide ) ?is view1 & furni% evid5ce ( _! hav+ und]gone a gradual process ( decomposition4 ,! loose *e/nut papyri1 he obs]ves1 7 probably nev] wett$1 b m]ely *ang$ by ! reaction ( _! elem5ts1 assi/$ by ! op]ation ( a small quantity ( air2 ! black ones1 :i* easily unroll1 may be suppos$ to h rema9$ 9 a moi/ /ate1 )\t any p]colation ( wat]2 :ile x is likely t ! d5se ones1 conta9+ e>?y matt]1 h be5 act$ on by w>m wat]1 :i* n only c>ri$ into ! folds e>?y matt] susp5d$ 9 x1 b likewise dissolv$ ! />* & glut5 us$ 9 prep>+ ! papyrus & ! glue ( ! ink1 & di/ribut$ !m ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! ,,mss4 ,z _m ( ! papyri appe> to h be5 /rongly compress$ :5 moi/1 9 diff]5t positions1 he ?9ks x probable t !y _h be5 plac$ on %elves ( wood1 :i* 7 brok5 d[n :5 ! ro(s ( ! h\ses yield$ to ! sup]9cumb5t mass4 ,t ! op]ation ( fire is n at all necess>y = produc+ su* an imp]fect c>bonization ( vegetable matt] z t display$ by ! ,,mss41 is at once prov$ by an inspection ( ! h\ses at ,pompeii1 :i* 0 cov]$ by a %[] ( a%es t mu/ h be5 cold1 z !y fell at ! di/ance ( sev5 or eight miles f ! crat] ( ,vesuvius2 & yet ! wood ( its build+s is uni=mly f\nd conv]t$ into *>coal1 :ile ! col\rs on ! walls1 mo/ ( :i* w\ld h be5 de/roy$ or alt]$ by heat1 are p]fectly fre%4 ,:]e papyri h be5 f\nd 9 ^! h\ses1 !y h appe>$ 9 ! =m ( :ite a%es1 z ( burnt pap]1 an effect produc$ by ! sl[ action ( ! air p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! loose a%es1 & :i* has be5 imp$$ or prev5t$ 9 ,h]culaneum by ! tufa1 :i*1 z x 71 h]metically seal$ up ! t[n1 & prev5t$ any decay1 except su* z occurs 9 ! spontane\s decomposition ( vegetable sub/ances expos$ to ! limit$ op]ation ( wat] & air--= in/ance1 peat & ,bovey coal4 ,davy asc]ta9$1 t :at ! ,neapolitans call$ v>ni%1 0 decompos$ sk9 t _h be5 us$ to infold "s ( ! papyri1 & :i* by *emical *anges _h produc$ a brilliant animal c>bonace\s sub/ance1 :i* af=d$ by di/illation a consid]able quantity ( ammonia1 & left a%es conta9+ mu* phosphate ( lime4 ,only "o me?od1 & t a simple & me*anical1 ?\gh a highly +5i\s "o1 _h be5 adopt$ = unroll+ ! ,,mss4 ,x 0 inv5t$1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 by ,padre ,piaggi1 a ,roman1 & consi/s 9 atta*+ a ?9 animal membrane1 by a solution ( glue1 to ! back ( ! ,,mss4 & !n c>efully elevat+ ! lay]s by silk ?reads1 :i* are gradually mov$ by ! revolution ( wood5 pegs4 ,davy1 %ortly aft] 8 arrival1 desir$ t ! process ( unroll+ might be cont9u$ 9 8 pres5ce2 & 9 consid]+ ! me?od 9 its g5]al application1 x occurr$ to him t "s exp$i5t might be us$ to facilitate ! sep>ation ( ! lay]s4 ,= ?is purpose1 he propos$ to mix ! solution ( glue ) a suffici5t quantity ( alcohol to gelat9ize x1 9 ord] t x might n p5etrate ?r\gh ?ree or f\r lay]s1 :i* x 0 liable to d1 :5 ! texture ( ! papyrus 0 loose or brok51 & ! glue employ$ 0 9 a liquid /ate4 ,he also sugge/$ ! application ( w>m air = dry+ ! papyrus1 9 ! op]ation ( atta*+ ! membrane4 ,x is n my int5tion to foll[ ! *emi/ ?r\gh all ! v>i\s processes :i* he in/itut$ = accompli%+ 8 object2 !y may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd 9 8 pap] entitl$ ,"s ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts on ! ,papyri f\nd 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,h]culaneum1 :i* 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #ahba1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( t ye>4 ,x only rema9s to be /at$ t ,davy 0 n successful2 b ?\gh ! process ( unroll+ hi!rto appli$ may n h receiv$ any consid]able improvem5t f 8 sci5ce1 & ?\gh he may n h succe$$ 9 r5d]+ any ( ! manuscripts legible1 ! failure is n to be attribut$ to 8 want ( zeal1 or to 8 want ( skill1 b solely1 z x is g5]ally admitt$1 to ! un=tunate condition ( ! papyri4 ,x w be readily suppos$ t a failure 9 an inve/igation1 f :i* he _h anticipat$ s mu* advantage1 0 n su/a9$ by a p]son naturally quick & irritable1 )\t "s demon/rations ( impati5ce & dissatisfaction4 ,x 0 probably "u ! influ5ce ( su* feel+s1 t he compos$ ! conclusion ( 8 memoir4 ,dur+ ! two mon?s t ,i 0 actively employ$ 9 exp]im5ts on ! papyri at ,naples1 ,i _h succe$$1 ) ! assi/ance ( six ( ! p]sons atta*$ to ! ,museum1 & :om ,i _h engag$ = ! purpose1 9 p>tially unroll+ tw5ty-?ree ,,mss41 f :i* fragm5ts ( writ+ 7 obta9$1 & 9 exam9+ ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty o!rs1 :i* af=d$ no hopes ( success2 & ,i %\ld gladly h gone on ) ! und]tak+1 f ! m]e prospect ( a possibility ( discov]+ "s bett] result1 _h n ! lab\r1 9 itself difficult & unpleasant1 be5 made m s1 by ! conduct ( ! p]sons at ! head ( ?is dep>tm5t 9 ! ,museum4 ,at fir/1 e disposition 0 %[n to promote my rese>*es2 = ! papyri rema9+ unroll$ 7 consid]$ by !m z incapable ( af=d+ any ?+ legible by ! =m] me?ods1 or1 to use _! own ^w1 disp]ati2 & ! efficacy & use ( ! new processes 7 fully all[$ by ! ,svolgatori1 or unroll]s ( ! ,museum2 & ,i 0 "s "t p]mitt$ to *oose & op]ate ^u ! specim5s at my own pleasure4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,rev]5d ,pet] ,elmsley1 ^: zeal = ! promotion ( anci5t lit]ature br\ght him to ,naples = ! purpose ( assi/+ 9 ! und]tak+1 began to exam9e ! fragm5ts unroll$1 a jeal\sy ) reg>d to 8 assi/ance 0 imm$iately manife/$2 & ob/acles1 :i* ! k9d int]f]5ce ( ,sir ,william ,a',c\rt 0 n always capable ( remov+1 7 soon oppos$ to ! progress ( our enquiries2 & ^! ob/acles 7 s multipli$1 & made s vexati\s t[>ds ! end ( ,febru>y1 t we conceiv$ x w\ld be bo? a wa/e ( ! public money & a compromise ( our own *>act]s to proce$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile 9 ,italy1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy visit$ ! ba?s ( ,lucca1 & exam9$ ! wat]s :i* h giv5 to t place s mu* celebrity4 ,! results ( 8 analysis =m$ ! subject ( a pap]1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,naples1 ( :i* ,society he 0 a memb]4 ,at ! spot :]e ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 ! highe/1 t is1 9 :at are t]m$ ! ,caldi1 or hot ba?s1 a consid]able quantity ( a sub/ance is eject$1 :i* produces a deposit ( a br[ni%-yell[ col\r4 ,hav+ collect$ a quantity ( ?is deposit1 he asc]ta9$ x to consi/ ( oxide ( iron & silica1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t f\r p>ts ( ! =m] to ?ree ( ! latt]2 & al?\gh ! iron1 at ! "t ( its deposition1 prov$ to be a p]oxide1 he ?9ks x probable t x exi/$ 9 ! wat] 9 ! /ate ( protoxide4 ,he also supposes1 t ! oxide ( iron & ! silica _h be5 dissolv$ toge!r 9 ! wat]1 & be5 deposit$ f x 9 comb9ation4 ,he conceives t ! fact :i* he _h "s ye>s be=e notic$1 ( ! analogy betwe5 ! base ( silica1 & t ( boracic acid1 toge!r ) ^? obs]v$ by ,b]zelius1 furni% suffici5t reasons = class+ silica among/ ! acids1 & = r5d]+ x probable1 t ! oxide ( iron & silica und]go a real *emical comb9ation 9 ! w>m wat]1 & t !y are sep>at$ f ! latt] 9 consequ5ce ( ! r$uction ( its temp]ature1 aft] x has issu$ f ! m\nta94 ,a small portion ( oxide ( iron1 he obs]ves1 is f\nd 9 ! wat]s ( ,ba?1 9 :i* case x is also accompani$ by silica2 & he believes t1 9 _m o!r in/ances1 ! oxide ( iron is dissolv$ 9 wat] ?r\gh ! same ag5cy3 he moreov] reg>ds su* facts z ?r[+ consid]able light ^u ! mann] 9 :i* o*re is g5]at$4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy return$ to ,engl& 9 #ahbj2 &1 on ! #ai? ( ,june1 9 ! same ye>1 8 v5]able fri5d ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o1 not)/&+ 8 increas+ infirmities1 _h cont9u$ to dis*>ge ! duties ( ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society to ! late/ p]iod ( 8 life1 expir$ at 8 villa at ,spr+ ,grove1 at ! advanc$ age ( sev5ty-sev54 ,discussions necess>ily arose z to ! appo9tm5t ( a prop] successor1 :5 p]sons ( high & ev5 exalt$ rank 7 propos$ z c&idates2 b ! m influ5tial memb]s ( ! ,society at once f\nd1 9 _! own ,c\ncil-*amb]1 two philosoph]s1 :om !y consid]$ equally entitl$ to ! hon\r ( ! situation1 & equally well calculat$ = ! dis*>ge ( its duties--,sir ,humphry ,davy1 & ,dr4 ,wolla/on2 b ! latt] hav+ signifi$ 8 fix$ det]m9ation to decl9e competition1 gave ! :ole weight ( 8 influ5ce to ! =m]2 &1 "u t arrangem5t1 he receiv$ f ! ,c\ncil ! complim5t ( be+ plac$ 9 ! *air1 until ! g5]al election ( (fic]s at ! ensu+ anniv]s>y4 ,z ! p]iod ( election approa*$1 a few ,fell[s ( ! ,society attempt$ to raise a clam\r 9 fav\r ( "s m ari/ocratic c&idate4 ,to ?is circum/ance1 ,davy alludes 9 ! foll[+ lett]4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,june #ahbj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i regret v mu* t y c\ld n jo9 me at d9n] ?is day4 ,to-morr[ & ! foll[+ day ,i %all be occupi$ by press+ affairs2 b ,i %all be at home to-morr[ till half-pa/ elev51 & be mo/ happy to see y4 ,i am n v anxi\s to remove mi/s1 = ,i feel t ! ,presid5t's *air1 aft] ,sir ,joseph1 w be no light matt]2 & unless !re is a /rong feel+ 9 ! majority ( ! body t ,i am ! mo/ prop] p]son1 ,i %all n sacrifice my tranquillity = :at _c add to my reputation1 ?\gh x may increase my p[] ( be+ useful4 ,i feel x a duty t ,i owe to ! ,society to (f] myself2 b if !y d n feel t !y want me1 7& ! mo/ active memb]s1 ,i believe1 d7 ,i %all n =ce myself ^u !m4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,on ! day ( election1 7,novemb] #cj1 #ahbj17 !re 0 a feeble expression 9 fav\r ( ,"l ,col*e/]1 :o 0 abroad at ! "t1 & _h n ev5 be5 made acqua9t$ ) ! int5tion ( 8 support]s4 ,davy 0 !re=e elect$ by an imm5se majority ( votes4 ,he 0 conduct$ into ! meet+-room by 8 two fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t & ,mr4 ,hat*ett1 &1 to ! gratification ( e lov] ( sci5ce1 he asc5d$ ! *air ( ,newton4 ,! value :i* he himself atta*$ to ?is triumph1 may be se5 9 8 answ] to a lett] ( congratulation f 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,poole4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,dec4 #aj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i am mu* oblig$ to y = y\r congratulations4 ,! conte/ to my election defeat$ itself1 = !re 7 only ?irte5 votes = ,"l ,col*e/] out ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & sixty2 &1 _h x be5 kn[n t ! attempt w\ld h be5 made1 ,i %\ld h _h at lea/ d\ble ! numb]4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority has1 h[ev]1 %[n ! good op9ion ( ! ,society1 :i* ,i tru/ & feel has n be5 dim9i%$ by my conduct 9 ! *air4 ,i h nev] ne$$ any motive to atta* me to sci5ce1 :i* ,i h pursu$ ) equal ard\r "u all circum/ances1 = its own sake1 & = ! sake ( ! public1 un9flu5c$ by ! fe>s ( my fri5ds1 or ! calumnies ( my enemies4 ,i glory 9 be+ 9 ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society1 because ,i ?9k x ought to be a rew>d ( sci5tific lab\rs1 & n an app5dage to rank or =tune2 & because x w enable me to be useful 9 a high] degree 9 promot+ ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,to ?is cause1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld h be5 always atta*$1 ev5 _h ,i n be5 9 su* good hum\r ) ! public1 z ,i h reason to be4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 my only =midable oppon5t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! bus9ess1 behav$ l a true philosoph] & fri5d ( sci5ce2 & ,mr4 ,gilb]t gave me 8 w>me/ support4 ,i am sorry t ,i h said s mu* ab\t myself1 b y\r long lett] call$ = some?+4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld say any?+ satisfactory on ! subject ( ,capta9 ,p>ry & 8 (fic]s4#fc ,i h e reason to believe ,"l ,melville w d all he c on ! occasion2 no recomm5dation w be want+ f ! ,royal ,society t c be giv52 b ! ,admiralty is b\nd by c]ta9 g5]al rules1 & w n d m 9 ?is in/ance ?an !y w\ld d 9 ! case ( a brilliant combat2 b ^! brave & sci5tific navigators w be rew>d$ by a m durable species ( glory4 ,lady ,davy jo9s me 9 k9d remembrances4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 s9c]ely y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 #fc ,mr4 ,poole in=ms me1 t he _h be5 anxi\s to int]e/ him1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 fav\r ( ^? brave & sci5tific navigators1 p>ticul>ly ,lieut5ant1 n[ ,capta91 ,liddon1 :o comm&$ ! ,grip]1 9 ,capta9 ,p>ry's fir/ voyage4 ,x 0 a "q anxi\sly discuss$ by ! fri5ds ( ,davy1 h[ f> 8 elevation to ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society 0 calculat$ to advance ! cause ( sci5ce1 or to increase ! lu/re ( 8 own fame4 ,x w be readily p]ceiv$ t ?is is a "q p]plex$ by v>i\s conflict+ int]e/s1 = x n only involves consid]ations relat+ to ! "* ( ! p]son1 b to t also ( ! con/itution & objects ( ! ,society ov] :i* he is call$ ^u to preside4 ,x is /ill d\btful :e!r ! ,royal ,society1 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( sci5ce1 c d]ive advantage f possess+ 9 its ,presid5t1 a philosoph] actively engag$ 9 any "o bran* ( exp]im5tal enquiry4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 8 fir/ address f ! *air1 took occasion to obs]ve1 t 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! e/abli%m5t1 :5 app>atus 0 procur$ ) difficulty1 :5 ! greate/ philosoph]s 7 oblig$ to lab\r ) _! own h&s to frame _! in/rum5ts1 x 0 f\nd exp$i5t to keep 9 ! rooms ( ! ,society a collection ( all su* ma*9es z 7 likely to be useful 9 ! progress ( exp]im5tal k2 & curators & op]ators 7 employ$1 by :om _m capital exp]im5ts 7 made "u ! eyes ( ! ,society4#fd ,b s9ce ! improvem5t ( ! me*anical & *emical arts has af=d$ great] facilities z to ! means ( c>ry+ on exp]im5tal rese>*1 ! transactions ( ! ,fell[s1 record$ by ! ,society1 h1 ) "s few exceptions1 be5 p]=m$ 9 _! own laboratories1 & at _! own exp5se4 #fd ,! ,*>t] ( ! ,royal ,society /ates t x 0 e/abli%$ = ! improvem5t ( ,,natural sci5ce4 ,?is epi!t natural 0 orig9ally int5d$ to imply a mean+ ( :i* v few p]sons1 ,i believe1 are aw>e4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,society1 ! arts ( wit*craft & div9ation 7 v ext5sively enc\rag$2 & ! ^w natural 0 !re=e introduc$1 9 contradi/9ction to sup]-natural4 ,al?\gh ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 8 ,demonology1 alludes to ! influ5ce ( ?is ,society 9 dim9i%+ ! reign+ sup]/ition1 he does n appe> to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ance "h allud$ to4 ,9 decid+ ^u ! qualifications necess>y = a ,presid5t1 ?is alt]$ /ate ( ! ,society mu/ n be ov]look$2 nor c x be conceal$1 t ! great discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce h be5 a*iev$ )\t any direct assi/ance f ! ,royal ,society4 ,davy w\ld h discov]$ ! laws ( electro-*emi/ry1 & appli$ !m = ! decomposition ( ! alkalies--& ! g5ius ( ,dalton w\ld1 by 8 atomic doctr9e1 h snat*$ ! sci5ce f ! *aos ( indef9ite comb9ation1 & h b\nd x 9 ! *a9s ( numb]1 _h ! ,society nev] exi/$4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be all[$ t1 al?\gh x may n h directly advanc$ ! progress ( sci5ce1 x has mat]ially assi/$ its cause1 by p]petuat+ ! _s ( philosophical enquiry1 & ! love ( sci5tific glory--by keep+ alive ^u ! alt> ! sacr$ flame t g5ius may h k9dl$4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 ! ,royal ,society imp>ts an inspir+ pr9ciple to its v>i\s bran*es1 by af=d+ a rally+ po9t1 a c5tre ( communication1 to ! philosoph]s ( all nations1 to :om k9dr$ pursuits may r5d] p]sonal int]c\rse b5eficial2 & x becomes ! p>am\nt duty ( ! *ief ( ?is great republic s to preside ov] its arrangem5ts1 z to fo/] & enc\rage su* an alliance4 ,to ?is end1 he mu/ promote feel+s ( mutual k9dness & lib]ality2 & z ! fri5d & umpire to all p>ties1 x is 8 (fice to settle disagreem5t1 to soo! disappo9tm5t1 to k9dle hope1 & to subdue ! vehem5ce :i* eng5d]s /rife1 9 ord] t rival%ip %all n pass into ho/ility1 nor emulation deg5]ate into envy4 ,x is evid5t t ! tal5ts & qualifications necess>y = ! dis*>ge ( su* duties are ( ! highe/ ord]1 ext5sive 9 _! range1 & div]sifi$ 9 _! "*4 ,to :i*1 h[ev] h>%ly ! ^w may grate ^u ! e> ( ! philosoph]1 ,,weal? mu/ be consid]$ z an ess5tial & indisp5sable condition4 ,x may be fairly ask$1 :e!r a philosoph] actively engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( any bran* ( sci5ce1 is s well adapt$ = ! p]=mance ( su* v>i$ duties1 z ! p]son :o possesses a g5]al acqua9tance ) e dep>tm5t1 b is n exclusively devot$ to ! inve/igation ( any "o bran*2 =1 h[ev] correct may be 8 decisions1 or unbiass$ 8 judgm5t1 ! conduct ( ! =m] w ev] be op5 to ! *>ge ( p>tiality1 & ! b>e exi/5ce ( su* a suspicion1 ?\gh x may be :olly gr\ndless1 w c>ry ) x a tra9 ( evils4 ,x is n 9 human nature to believe t ! look]-on1 & he :o plays ! game1 are alike indiff]5t to ! c>ds4#fe #fe ,i /ate ?is op9ion ) ! great] confid5ce1 f a conviction t x is n s+ul>4 ,on conv]s+ lately ^u ! subject ) a g5tleman to :om ! ,royal ,society is deeply indebt$ = ! s\nd judgm5t & discretion he display$ on occasions greatly affect+ its int]e/s1 he repli$1 ,sir1 we require n an ,a*illes to fight our battles1 b an ,agamemnon to comm& ! ,greeks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be urg$ ) "s =ce1 t ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society %\ld be res]v$ z ! fair rew>d ( sci5tific lab\rs1 & n z an app5dage to rank or to weal?3--t 9 ,engl&1 we may 9 va9 se>* among/ ! ari/ocracy = "o :o feels a dignifi$ respect = ! sci5ces1 & :o is will+ to af=d t "t :i* ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( its duties w\ld require4 ,to ass]t t ,davy reta9$ 8 popul>ity1 or to d5y t he retir$ f ! (fice "u ! fr[n ( a consid]able p>ty1 w\ld be di%one/4 ,i w\ld will+ly dismiss ?is "p ( 8 life )\t too nice an exam9ation2 b ,i am writ+ a hi/ory1 n an eloge4 ,z a philosoph]1 8 claims to admiration & respect 7 all[$ 9 all _! latitude2 b :5 he s\ght = ! homage due to patrician di/9ction1 !y 7 d5i$ ) indignation4 ,h[ /range x is1 t ^? :om ,nature has plac$ above _! fell[ m5 by ! god-l gift ( g5ius1 %\ld seek f _! inf]iors ^? di/9ctions :i* are g5]ally ! rew>ds ( =tune4 ,:5 we le>n t ,congreve1 9 8 int]view ) ,voltaire1 prid$ himself ^u 8 fa%ion r ?an ^u 8 wit2 t ,byron 0 m va9 ( 8 h]aldry ?an ( 8 ,pilgrimage ( ,*ilde ,h>old2 t ,rac9e p9$ into an atrophy1 because ! mon>* pass$ him )\t a recognition 9 ! ante-room ( ! palace1 & t ,davy sigh$ = patrician di/9ction 9 ! *air ( ,newton1 we c only lam5t ! weakness f :i* ! *oice/ spirits ( our nature are n exempt4 ,w philosoph]s nev] feel1 ) ,walpole1 t a g5ius transmits m hon\r by blood ?an he c receive8 ,_h ! blood ( =ty g5]ations ( nobility fl[$ 9 ! ve9s ( ,davy1 w\ld 8 "n h comm&$ high] homage1 or 8 discov]ies h excit$ great] admiration8 ,b great m9ds h ev] _h _! po9ts ( weakness3 an inord9ate admiration ( h]$it>y rank 0 ! c>d9al de=mity ( ,davy's "*2 x 0 ! c5tre f :i* all 8 defects radiat$1 & cont9ually plac$ him 9 false positions2 = ! man :o re/s 8 claims ^u d\btful or ill-def9$ pret5sions1 f a s5se ( 8 insecurity1 naturally becomes jeal\s at e app>5t inatt5tion1 & he is suspici\s ( ! s9c]ity ( t respect :i* he feels may be ! fruit ( usurpation4 ,if ) ^! circum/ances we take into consid]ation ! exi/5ce ( a natural timidity ( "*1 :i* he s\ght to conqu] by ef=ts t betray$ him into awkw>dness ( mann]1 & comb9e ) x an irritability ( temp]am5t :i* occasionally call$ up expressions ( ill-hum\r1 we at once possess a clue by :i* we may unravel ! conduct ( our philosoph]1 & ! consequ5ces x br\ght ^u himself dur+ 8 presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,nor mu/ we leave out ( sight t inatt5tion to c]ta9 =ms :i*1 among/ ^? :o are incapable ( p5etrat+ beyond ! surface ( "*1 passes = ! (f5sive c>elessness ( sup]iority4 ,davy1 aft] ! example ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 op5$ 8 h\se on "o ev5+ ( ! week = ! reception ( ! ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ( o!r p]sons :o 7 actively engag$ 9 any sci5tific pursuit2 b ! invitations to ^! soires 7 s irregul>ly manag$1 t !y frequ5tly gave (f5ce1 :]e !y 7 int5d$ to convey a complim5t4 ,conflict+ op9ions1 respect+ ! managem5t ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 mo/ un=tunately also arose1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 presum+ ^u 8 =m] alliance ) t e/abli%m5t1 & ^u ! high obligations conf]r$ ^u x by ! spl5did discov]ies he _h a*iev$ )9 its walls1 0 enc\rag$ to ex]cise an au?ority :i* provok$ an angry dissatisfaction2--s*isms arose1 & ! p>ty-_s ?us k9dl$ 9 ,albem>le ,/reet soon spread to ,som]set ,h\se4--,b let u turn to ! bright] "p ( ! picture4 ,9 ! dis*>ge ( ! m important duties ( 8 (fice1 ! ,society receiv$ ! full b5efit ( 8 tal5ts & 8 virtues4 ,at its meet+s1 he 0 con/ant 9 att5dance1 & dignifi$ 9 8 conduct & deportm5t2 9 its c\ncils1 he 0 firm 9 8 resolves1 correct 9 8 judgm5ts1 zeal\s 9 8 plans1#ff & imp>tial 9 8 decisions4 ,x has be5 said t he unduly fav\r$ ! pursuits ( *emi/ry1 to ! injury & depression ( ! o!r bran*es ( sci5ce3 ?is is n ! fact1 z a ref]5ce to ! ,philosophical ,transactions w amply te/ify2 & ! aw>ds ( ! ,copley m$als w moreov] %[1 t he alike ext5d$ ! animat+ influ5ce ( 8 patronage to e "p ( natural philosophy4 ,i am au?oris$ by ,sir ,james ,s\? to /ate1 t dur+ 8 negotiations ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 = ! purpose ( secur+ to ! ,briti% ,nation ! unali5able use ( 8 spl5did in/rum5ts1 by ! erection ( a p]man5t obs]vatory1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 indefatigable 9 8 ex]tions to accompli% s important an object2 & t on "o occasion1 9 ! mid/ ( sev]e illness1 he travell$ at no inconsid]able risk to ,london1 f ! di/ant seat ( 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,knight1 to advocate a cause s ess5tial1 9 8 judgm5t1 to ! int]e/s ( ,a/ronomy4 #ff ,x 0 well kn[n to 8 fri5ds t1 _h 8 heal? n decl9$1 he w\ld h c>ri$ into effect a re=m :i* he _h long contemplat$1 & by :i* ! ,royal ,society w\ld h become1 at once1 m dignifi$ & m useful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,autumn ( #ahba1 ,davy visit$ 8 "m & relatives at ,p5zance2 ^u :i* occasion he receiv$ f ! inhabitants ( ! t[n1 & f ! g5tlem5 resid5t 9 its neighb\rhood1 a flatt]+ te/imony ( respect1 :i* made a deep & la/+ impression ^u 8 he>t4 ,at a ,g5]al ,meet+1 summon$ = ! purpose ( tak+ into consid]ation "s mode by :i* 8 fell[-t[nsm5 might express _! s5se ( 8 transc5d5t tal5ts1 & ( ! lu/re :i* 8 g5ius _h ca/ ^u ! place ( 8 nativity3--,x 0 unanim\sly ,,resolv$-- ,t a public d9n] be giv5 to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 & t ! ,mayor be desir$ to wait ^u him =?)1 9 ord] to communicate ! ,resolution1 & respectfully to reque/ t he w\ld appo9t ! day1 on :i* x w\ld be agreeable to him to meet _! wi%es4 ,on ! day appo9t$1 a deputation ( ,g5tlem5 proce$$ 9 _! c>riages to ! h\se ( 8 "m1 = ! purpose ( conduct+ him to ! hotel1 :]e an appropriate ent]ta9m5t _h be5 provid$ = ! occasion4 ,! foll[+ lett] ev9ces ! s9c]e satisfaction :i* ?is visit af=d$ him4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,p5zance1 ,july #bh1 #ahba4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,an uncontrollable necessity has br\ght me "h4 ,close to ! ,l&'s-end ,i am enjoy+ ! maje/ic 9 nature1 & liv+ ov] aga9 ! days ( my infancy & e>ly y\?4 ,! liv+ be+s t act ^u me are int]e/+ subjects = contemplation4 ,civilization has n yet de/roy$ 9 _! m9ds ! semblance ( ! great ,p>5t ( good4 ,nature has done mu* = ! inhabitants ( ,m\nt's ,bay1 by pres5t+ to _! s5ses all ?+s t c awak5 9 ! m9d ! emotions ( greatness & sublimity4 ,%e has plac$ !m f> f cities1 & giv5 !m =ms ( visible & audible beauty4 ,i am n[ reviv+ old associations1 & endeav\r+ to atta* old feel+s to a few simple objects4 ,i am1 c4 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,al?\gh ! lett] :i* foll[s is )\t date1 ,i am unwill+ to )hold x4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i h be5 = "s weeks abs5t f ,london1 & h only j receiv$ y\r lett]4 ,:5 ,i return 9 ! w9t]1 ,i %all be glad to see ,mr4 ,a4--,i regret t y\r niece is s mu* indispos$4 ,lady ,davy has be5 oblig$ to *ange h] climate 9 consequ5ce ( a long-cont9u$ c\gh1 b ,i am happy 9 be+ able to say %e is n[ q well4 ,aft] ! fatigues ( a long season 9 ,london1 ,i am n[ enjoy+ ! ,highl& sc5]y & sports ) a pur] pleasure1 & ,i f9d1 aft] ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 ev5 ! m\nta9s ( ,scotl& possess+ "s peculi> beauties4 ,y ought to come & see ?is c\ntry1 :i* y w\ld enjoy1 bo? z a lov] ( nature & ( man4 ,! "o is gr& & beautiful2 ! o!r1 moral1 active1 & indep5d5t4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 y\r oblig$ fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,! ,philosophical ,transactions1 dur+ ! ,presid5cy ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ev9ce ! alacrity ) :i* he r$eem$ ! pl$ge giv5 to ! ,society 9 8 address on tak+ ! *air-- ,& ?\gh y\r good op9ion has1 z x 71 hon\r$ me ) a rank simil> to t ( ,g5]al1 ,i %all be always happy to act z a private soldi] 9 ! ranks ( ,sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m ye>s be=e ev5 ! id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity 0 suspect$1 x _h be5 obs]v$1 on sev]al occasions1 t ! magnetism ( ! compass ne$le 0 n only de/roy$1 :i* might h be5 attribut$ to heat1 b t x 0 ev5 rev]s$ by lightn+4#fg #fg ,davy obs]ves1 t !re are _m facts record$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 :i* prove ! magnetis+ p[]s ( lightn+3 "o 9 p>ticul>1 :]e a /roke ( lightn+ pass+ ?r\gh a box ( knives1 r5d]$ mo/ ( !m p[]ful magnets4--,philosophical ,transactions1 ,no4 #aeg1 p4 #ebj1 & ,no4 #dcg1 p4 #eg4 ,9 ! progress ( electrical discov]ies1 ! simil>ity betwe5 electricity & magnetism _h n escap$ obs]vation1#fh & "s philosoph]s _h ev5 attempt$ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( an id5tity or intimate relation betwe5 ^! two =ces4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,ritt]1 h[ev]1 alone appe>$ to (f] any confirmation ( ! suppos$ analogy2 b s obscure 0 8 language1 & s wild & hypo!tical 8 views1 t few1 if any1 ( !m 7 repeat$ ei!r 9 ,france or ,engl&1 & _! results 7 = a long "t :olly disreg>d$4 #fh ,! ph5om5a ( _m cry/alliz$ m9]als :i* become electric by heat1 & develope opposite electric poles at _! two extremities1 (f]$ an analogy s /rik+ to ! pol>ity ( ! magnet1 t x seem$ h>dly possible to d\bt a clos] connection ( ! two p[]s4 ,! developem5t ( a simil> pol>ity 9 ! ,voltaic pile po9t$ /rongly to ! same conclusion2 & exp]im5ts _h ev5 be5 made ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r a pile 9 a /ate ( excitem5t might n manife/ a disposition to place itself 9 ! magnetic m]idian4--,h]s*el's ,disc\rse1 p4 #cdj4 ,9 a "w1 entitl$ ,re*]*es sur l'id5tit des ,=ces ,*imiques et ,electriques1 publi%$ by ,m4 ,o]/$ 9 ! ye> #ahjg1 ! subject 0 resum$1 & ! au?or advanc$ ! hypo!sis1#fi :i* twelve ye>s aft]w>ds conduct$ him to "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies ( ! pres5t age1 & :i* has giv5 orig9 to a new sci5ce1 t]m$ ,,electro-,,magnetism4#gj #fi ,! hypo!sis 0 ?is3--,9 galvanism1 ! =ce is m lat5t ?an 9 electricity1 & /ill m s 9 magnetism ?an 9 galvanism2 x is !re=e necess>y to try :e!r electricity1 9 its lat5t /ate1 w n affect ! ne$le4 ,?is passage may be ?us expla9$3 ,:5 ! ,voltaic circuit is int]rupt$1 x possesses opposite electrical poles2 & :5 cont9u\s1 x no long] affects ! electromet]1 or ! electricity becomes lat5t1 :i* is ! condition !oretically requir$ = ! manife/ation ( its magnetic action3 & ! fundam5tal exp]im5t ( ,o]/$ prov$ t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! compass ne$le 0 affect$4 #gj ,mr4 ,h]s*el1 9 speak+ ( ! p]t9acity ) :i* ,o]/$ adh]$ to ! idea ( a necess>y connection betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 obs]ves1 t !re is some?+ 9 x :i* rem9ds u ( ! ob/9ate adh]5ce ( ,columbus to 8 notion ( ! necess>y exi/5ce ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahai1 ,pr(essor ,o]/$1 ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society ( ,cop5hag51 publi%$ an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! electric curr5t1 su* z is suppos$ to pass f ! positive to ! negative pole ( a ,voltaic batt]y1 along a wire :i* connects !m1 caus$ a magnetic ne$le ne> x to deviate f its natural position1 & to assume a new "o1 ! direction ( :i* 0 obs]v$ to dep5d ^u ! relative position ( ! ne$le & ! wire4#ga #ga ,= ?is discov]y1 ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society adjudg$ to ,m4 ,o]/$ ! m$al on ,sir ,godfrey ,copley's ,donation = ! ye> #ahbj4 ,x may be necess>y to premise1 t ^! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 a =m :i* _h nev] be=e sugge/$ itself to ! enquir]2 viz4 ) ! two ends ( ! pile 9 communication ) ea* o!r1--a condition :i* enabl$ x to dis*>ge itself freely3 ?is circum/ance w1 at once1 expla9 ! reason ( all prec$+ failures4 ,x 0 nev] be=e suspect$ t ! electric curr5t1 pass+ un9t]rupt$ly ?r\gh a wire1 connect+ ! two ends ( a ,voltaic batt]y1 0 capable ( be+ manife/$ by any effect2 ! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 9 "q furni%$ an unequivocal te/ ( its passage by its action on ! magnetic ne$le2 & :i* may be %ortly /at$ z foll[s3 ,! opposite poles ( a batt]y1 9 full action1 7 jo9$ by a metallic wire1 :i*1 to avoid circumlocution1 has be5 call$ ! unit+ conductor1 or ! unit+ wire4 ,on plac+ ! wire above ! magnet & p>allel to x1 ! pole next ! negative end ( ! batt]y always mov$ we/w>d1 & :5 ! wire 0 plac$ "u ! ne$le1 ! same pole w5t t[>ds ! ea/4 ,if ! wire 0 on ! same horizontal plane ) ! ne$le1 no decl9ation :atev] took place1 b ! magnet %[$ a disposition to move 9 a v]tical direction2 ! pole next ! negative side ( ! batt]y be+ depress$ :5 ! wire 0 to ! we/ ( x1 & elevat$ :5 x 0 plac$ on ! ea/ side4 ,! ext5t ( ! decl9ation occasion$ by a batt]y1 dep5ds ^u its p[]1 & ! di/ance ( ! unit+ wire f ! ne$le4 ,if ! app>atus is p[]ful1 & ! di/ance small1 ! decl9ation w am\nt to an angle ( =ty-five degrees or m2 b ?is deviation does n give an exact idea ( ! real effect :i* may be produc$ by galvanism2 = ! motion ( ! ne$le is c\nt]act$ by ! magnetism ( ! ,e>?4 ,:5 ! influ5ce ( ?is latt] p[] is de/roy$ by means ( ano!r magnet1 ! ne$le w place itself directly across ! connect+ wire3 s t ! real t5d5cy ( a magnet is to /& at "r angles to an electric curr5t4 ,su* ph5om5a1 be+ :olly at v>iance ) ! laws ( simple electrical attraction & repulsion1 are only to be expla9$ ^u ! supposition t a new en]gy is g5]at$ by ! action ( ! curr5t ( electricity ?us br\ght into conflict1 & :i* mu/ be id5tical )1 or ne>ly relat$ to1 magnetism4 ,x w\ld also appe> f ! motions ( ! magnet1 :5 diff]5tly plac$ ) reg>d to ! unit+ wire1 t ?is en]gy circulates1 or p]=ms a circul> movem5t ar\nd ! axis ( ! conductor1 & ?us drives ! magnetic pole accord+ to ! direction ( ! ne$le ) ref]5ce to su* a curr5t4 ,?is important discov]y 0 no soon] ann\nc$ to ! philosophical _w1 ?an ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic zeal1 proce$$ to repeat ! exp]im5ts2 &1 ) 8 usual sagacity1 s to v>y & ext5d !m1 z to ?r[ new light ^u ?is novel dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,! facts he ?us discov]$1 & ! reason+s f\nd$ ^u !m1 7 communicat$ by him to ! ,royal ,society 9 ?ree successive memoirs4 ,,! ,,fir/1 ,on ! ,magnetic ,ph5om5a produc$ by ,electricity1 0 read on ! #af? ( ,novemb] #ahbj4 ,,! ,,second1 entitl$ ,f>!r ,rese>*es on ! ,magnetic ,ph5om5a produc$ by ,electricity2 ) "s new ,exp]im5ts on ! prop]ties ( ,electrifi$ bodies1 9 _! relations to conduct+ p[]s & ,temp]ature1 read ,july #e?1 #ahba4 ,,! ,,?ird1 ,on a new ,ph5om5on ( ,electro-magnetism1 read ,m>* #f?1 #ahbc4 ,! pr9cipal exp]im5ts communicat$ 9 ^! memoirs 7 p]=m$ ) ! batt]y belong+ to ! ,london ,in/itution1#gb ! once p[]ful app>atus at ! ,royal ,in/itution hav+ become old & feeble 9 8 s]vice4 #gb ,i f9d f a note address$ to ,mr4 ,pepys1 t on ! #ba/ ( ,june1 #ahbb1 ,davy work$ ! two batt]ies ( #ajjj plates ea* at ! ,london ,in/itution1 be=e ! ,pr9ce ,royal ( ,d5m>k4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 pr9cipally electro-magnetic4 ,! foll[+ lett] conta9s an invitation to 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,pepys1 to witness 8 fir/ exp]im5t2 a docum5t s f> valuable1 z x fixes a date ( "s importance 9 ! hi/ory ( discov]y4 ,,to ,,william ,,hasl$9e ,,pepys1 ,,esq4 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,oct4 #bj1 #ahbj4 ,,de> ,,pepys1 ,! exp]im5t ,i wi% to %[ y is no less ?an ! conv]sion ( electricity into magnetism2 b x is a secret z yet4 ,i w come to y at twelve on ,monday1 9 ! ,p\ltry4 ,if y w be s good z to ord] ! batt]y to be *>g$ to-morr[1 x w be ready = u on ,monday4 ,h y a dipp+ ne$le8 ,?is1 & an air-pump1 & ! globe = tak+ sp>ks 9 vacuo by po9ts ( *>coal1 are all we %all want4 ,p]haps y w invite ,dr4 ,bab+ton1 & our wor?y fri5d ,all54 ,i w %[ y ! op5+ ( q a new field ( exp]im5t4 ,ev] y\rs v s9c]ely1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,! discov]y ( ,pr(essor ,o]/$ 0 limit$ to ! action ( ! electric curr5t on ne$les previ\sly magnetis$4 ,davy asc]ta9$ t ! unit+ conductor itself became magnetic1 dur+ ! passage ( ! electricity ?r\gh x4#gc ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ obs]v$ "s anomaly1 ) respect to ! way 9 :i* ! unit+ wire alt]$ ! direction ( ! magnet1 t he 0 l$ to a conjecture :i* he imm$iately v]ifi$ by a v simple exp]im5t4 ,he ?rew "s iron fil+s on a pap]1 & br\ght !m ne> ! unit+ wire1 :5 imm$iately !y 7 attract$ by ! wire1 & adh]$ to x 9 consid]able quantities1 =m+ a mass r\nd x t5 or twelve times ! ?ickness ( ! wire3 on break+ ! communication1 !y in/antly fell (f1 prov+ t ! magnetic effect entirely dep5d$ ^u ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh ! wire4 #gc ,x w\ld appe> t ,m4 ,arago likewise discov]$ ?is fact at ab\t ! same p]iod2 b x is evid5t t ! ,fr5* & ,engli% philosoph]s arriv$ at ! result indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 = ! exp]im5ts :i* l$ to x 7 made by ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 ,octob] #ahbj2 :ile ! ,septemb] numb] ( ! ,annales de ,physique1 conta9+ ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! ,rese>*es ( ,m4 ,arago1 0 n receiv$ 9 ,london until ! #bd? ( ,novemb] 9 t ye>2 & x may be f>!r obs]v$1 t ! numb]s ( ?is j\rnal 7 v commonly publi%$ sev]al mon?s aft] ! affix$ date4 ,davy obs]ves1 x 0 easy to imag9e t su* magnetic effects c\ld n be exhibit$ by ! electrical wire1 )\t its be+ capable ( p]man5tly communicat+ !m to /eel2 & t1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r su* 0 ! fact1 he fa/5$ sev]al /eel ne$les1 9 diff]5t directions1 to ! unit+ wire1 :5 ^? p>allel to x 7 f\nd to act l ! wire itself1 :ile ea* ( ^? plac$ across x acquir$ two poles4 ,su* z 7 plac$ "u ! wire1 ! positive end ( ! batt]y be+ ea/1 _h nor? poles on ! s\? ( ! wire1 & s\? poles to ! nor?4 ,! ne$les above 7 9 ! opposite direction2 & ?is 0 con/antly ! case1 :atev] might be ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le to ! wire4 ,on break+ ! connexion1 ! /eel ne$les1 plac$ across ! unit+ wire1 reta9$ _! magnetism1#gd :ile ^? plac$ p>allel to x lo/ x at ! mom5t ( disunion4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y circum/ances1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) ^! exp]im5ts 71 fir/1 t contact ) ! unit+ wire 0 n f\nd necess>y = ! production ( ! effect1--inde$1 x 0 ev5 produc$1 ?\gh ?ick glass int]v5$2 &1 secondly1 t a ne$le :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 a transv]se direction to ! wire1 m]ely = an in/ant1 0 f\nd z p[]ful a magnet z "o t _h be5 long 9 communication ) x4 #gd ,m4 ,arago also1 ne>ly at ! same "t1 succe$$ 9 communicat+ magnetism to ! ne$le2 b1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,m4 ,ampre1 x 0 effect$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,a copp] wire1 by be+ roll$ r\nd a solid rod1 0 twi/$ into a spiral1 s z to =m a helix4 ,x 0 easy1 by pass+ ! wire r\nd ! rod1 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 to =m a dextrorsal helix1 proce$+ f ! "r h& t[>ds ! left1 z 9 ! t5drils ( _m plants2 or a s9i/rorsal1 or left helix1 proce$+ d[nw>ds f ! left h& to ! "r above ! axis4 ,into ! cavity ( a spiral ?us =m$1 connect+ ! two poles ( a batt]y1 a /eel ne$le wrapp$ 9 pap] 0 introduc$2 &1 9 ord] to exclude all influ5ce ( ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 ! con*oidal "p ( ! wire 0 kept con/antly p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,9 a few m9utes ! ne$le _h acquir$ a suffici5tly /rong dose ( magnetism2 & ! position ( ! nor? & s\? poles exactly agre$ ) ,m4 ,ampre's notion1 t ! electric curr5t trav]ses ! connect+ wire 9 a direction f ! z9c extremity ( ! pile to ! copp] extremity4 ,! di/ance to :i* magnetism is communicat$ by electricity1 & ! fact ( its tak+ place equally ?r\gh conductors & non-conductors1 are circum/ances :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,davy1 are unfav\rable to ! idea ( ! id5tity ( electricity & magnetism4 ,davy subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t1 t ! magnetic result 0 proportional to ! quantity ( electricity pass+ ?r\gh a giv5 space2 & ?is fact l$ him to believe1 t a wire electrifi$ by ! common ma*9e w\ld n occasion a s5sible effect2 & ?is he f\nd to be ! case1 on plac+ v small ne$les across a f9e wire connect$ ) a prime conductor ( a p[]ful ma*9e & ! e>?4 ,b z a mom5t>y exposure 9 a p[]ful electrical circuit 0 suffici5t to give p]man5t pol>ity to /eel1 x appe>$ equally obvi\s1 t ne$les plac$ transv]sely to a wire at ! "t t ! electricity ( a common ,leyd5 batt]y 0 dis*>g$ ?r\gh x1 ought to become magnetic2 & ?is he f\nd 0 actually ! fact1 & accord+ to precisely ! same laws z 9 ! ,voltaic circuit2 ! ne$le "u ! wire1 ! positive conductor be+ on ! "r h&1 (f]+ its nor? pole to ! face ( ! op]ator1 & ! ne$le above1 exhibit+ ! opposite pol>ity4 ,! facility ) :i* exp]im5ts are made ) ! common ,leyd5 batt]y1 enabl$ him to asc]ta9 v>i\s o!r important facts1 respect+ ! communication ( magnetism1 :i* x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! nature & limits ( ?is "w to p>ticul>ize4 ,i h m]ely (f]$ a notice ( ! m prom95t discov]ies communicat$ by him 9 8 fir/ pap] to ! ,royal ,society1 & :i* he concludes by obs]v+1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! facts lately develop$1 a numb] ( curi\s speculations _c fail to pres5t !mselves to e philosophical m9d2 su* z :e!r ! magnetism ( ! e>? may n be ow+ to its electricity1 & ! v>iation ( ! ne$le to ! alt]ations 9 ! electrical curr5ts ( ! e>?1 9 consequ5ce ( its motions1 int]nal *anges1 or its relations to sol> heat2 & :e!r ! lum9\s effects ( ! auroras at ! poles are n %[n1 by ^! new facts1 to dep5d on electricity4 ,?is is evid5t1 t if /rong electrical curr5ts be suppos$ to foll[ ! app>5t c\rse ( ! sun1 ! magnetism ( ! e>? ought to be su* z x is f\nd to be4#ge #ge ,a v +5i\s piece ( app>atus 0 contriv$ to illu/rate ?is !ory by exp]im5t2 b ,i am unc]ta9 z to :om ! cr$it ( x belongs4 ,x consi/$ ( a globe1 conta9+ metallic wires1 arrang$ 9 relation to ea* o!r accord+ to ! electro-magnetic !ory1 :51 by pass+ an electric curr5t 9 ! direction ( ! ecliptic1 ! poles became magnetic4 ,davy nev] ov]look$ an occasion ( apply+ !ory to practice1 & he !re=e proposes1 ^u ! pr9ciples develop$ 9 ?is pap]1 to make p[]ful magnets1 by fix+ b>s ( /eel1 or circul> pieces ( /eel1 fitt$ = mak+ horse-%oe magnets1 r\nd ! electrical conductors ( build+s 9 elevat$ & expos$ situations4 ,8 second pap] conta9s an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts in/itut$ ) a view to ga9 "s di/9ct k on ! subject ( ! relations ( ! diff]5t conductors to ! magnetism produc$ by electricity4 ,! results 7 decisive2 b1 )\t ent]+ m9utely into ! !ory ( ! subject :i* !y s ably illu/rat$1 ^! exp]im5ts _c be cle>ly describ$1 or successfully expla9$4 ,! same obs]vation w apply to ! rese>*es detail$ 9 8 ?ird pap]1 ann\nc+ ! discov]y ( a new electro-magnetic ph5om5on2 =1 s9ce !y are insep>ably connect$ ) ,mr4 ,f>aday's beautiful exp]im5ts on ,magnetic ,rotation1 ,i c\ld sc>cely expect to r5d] my analysis ( ! memoir suffici5tly intelligible1 )\t ent]+ at l5g? ^u t curi\s subject2 ,i am unwill+1 h[ev]1 to ref] ! read] to ! orig9al pap] 9 ! ,transactions1 )\t (f]+ a rem>k ^u ! ph5om5on1 :i* he says is ! pr9cipal object ( ! pap]1 b :i* we might conclude1 f ! ha/y & imp]fect mann] 9 :i* he dismisses x1 to h occupi$ a v subord9ate place 9 8 e/imation4 ,9 8 anxiety to exam9e & describe ! rotations produc$ dur+ ?is exp]im5t1 he be/[s f> too little att5tion ^u ! m1 inde$ ,i might say ! only1 important ph5om5on ( ! cone ( m]cury :i* 0 elevat$ above ea* ( ! wires proce$+ f ! batt]y2 & :i*1 aris+ z x evid5tly did f a repulsive influ5ce1 cle>ly %[s t ! pres5ce ( electricity e/abli%es betwe5 ! p>ticles ( matt] a repulsive en]gy1 :e!r t matt] be conduct+1 or non-conduct+ 9 its functions4 ,?is law1 ,m4 ,ampre subsequ5tly illu/rat$ by a diff]5t =m ( exp]im5t1 & unfairly1 z ,i mu/ ?9k1 omitt$ ev5 to notice ,davy's prior result4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,decemb] #ahba1 ,davy communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society a memoir ,on ! ,electrical ,ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 vacuo4 ,x _h be5 /at$ by ,mr4 ,wal%1 & ! op9ion _h be5 subsequ5tly support$ by ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,morgan1 t ! electrical light 0 n producible 9 a p]fect ,torricellian vacuum2 ! latt] g5tleman also conclud$ t su* a vacuum prev5t$ ! *>g+ ( coat$ glass4 ,an enquiry ( great] importance c sc>cely be imag9$2 involv+ 9 its tra9 sev]al ( ! mo/ ab/ruse & difficult que/ions ( corpuscul> philosophy2 z1 :e!r electricity be a subtile fluid1 or electrical effect ! m]e exhibition ( ! attractive p[]s ( ! p>ticles ( bodies2 =1 if x c be %[n t ^! effects take place 9 a p]fect vacuum1 we %all advance t[>ds ! conclusion1 t electrical ph5om5a dep5d ^u ! ag5cy ( an e!real & transc5d5tal fluid4 ,x 0 "u su* an impression t ,davy proce$$ to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! relations ( electricity to space1 z ne>ly void ( matt] z x c be made on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,he 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 l$ to suspect ! accuracy ( ^? conclusions at :i* ,mr4 ,wal% & ,mr4 ,morgan _h arriv$1 f consid]+ t1 9 ! mo/ p]fect vacuum :i* c be obta9$ 9 ! ,torricellian tube1 vap\r ( m]cury1 ?\gh ( extremely small d5sity1 mu/ /ill always exi/4 ,i propose to foll[ our philosoph] ?r\gh ! pa?s ( ?is enquiry2 & !n1 ) all ! def]5ce due to su* high au?ority1 to /ate ! objections :i* may be urg$ aga9/ 8 results4 ,fir/1 !n1 z to ! results he obta9$ ) quicksilv] 9 an app>atus simple1 b well adapt$ at once to insure ! mo/ completely atta9able vacuum1 & to exhibit its capability ( receiv+ a *>ge4 ,9 all cases :]e ?is vacuum 0 p]fect1 he f\nd x to be p]meable to electricity1 & to be r5d]$ lum9\s1 ei!r by ! common sp>k1 or by ! %ock f a ,leyd5 j>2 &1 moreov]1 t ! coat$ glass surr\nd+ x became *>g$ "u su* circum/ances2 b ! int5sity ( ! light 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 always 9 proportion to ! temp]ature1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! d5sity ( ! m]curial vap\r2 & t at #bj bel[ z]o ( ,fahr5heit1 x became s fa9t z to require consid]able d>kness to r5d] x p]ceptible4 ,! great brilliancy1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! electrical light 9 pure1 d5se vap\r ( m]cury1 0 beautifully display$ dur+ ! op]ation ( boil+ ! metal 9 an exhau/$ tube4 ,9 ! =mation & cond5sation ( ! globules ( m]curial vap\r1 ! electricity produc$ by ! friction ( ! m]cury aga9/ ! glass1 0 dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! vap\r ) sp>ks s bright z to be visible 9 daylight4 ,! *>ge likewise communicat$ to ! t9foil 0 high]1 ! high] ! temp]ature2 at #j ,fahr5heit x 0 extremely feeble4 ,?is1 l ! ph5om5on ( ! electric light1 mu/1 he ?9ks1 dep5d ^u ! diff]5t d5sity ( ! vap\r ( m]cury4 ,b he 0 desir\s ( /ill f>!r ref9+ 8 exp]im5ts1 s z to exclude1 z f> z x 0 possible1 ! pres5ce ( any volatile matt]2 & 9 ?is "p ( ! enquiry he display$1 9 a v ma/]ly mann]1 t happy tal5t 9 :i* he s f> surpass$ 8 contempor>ies1 ( sugge/+ exp$i5ts & contriv+ new app>atus 9 ord] to vanqui% practical difficulties4 ,to get rid ( a portion ( m]curial vap\r1 he employ$ a difficultly fusible amalgam ( m]cury & t91 :i* 0 made to cry/allize by cool+ 9 ! tube2 b1 9 ?is case1 ! results 7 precisely ! same z :5 pure m]cury _h be5 us$4 ,he !n attempt$ to make a vacuum above ! fusible alloy ( bismu?1 b he f\nd x s liable to oxidate & soil ! tube1 t he soon r5\nc$ f>!r attempts ( ?is k9d4 ,no?+ disc\rag$1 he det]m9$ to try ! effects ( a comp>atively fix$ metal 9 fusion4 ,by melt+ fre%ly cut pieces ( gra9 t91 9 a tube made void aft] hav+ be5 fill$ ) hydrog51 & by long-cont9u$ heat & agitation1 he obta9$ a column ( fix$ metal :i* appe>$ to be entirely free f gas2 & yet ! vacuum made above ?is exhibit$ ! same ph5om5a z ! m]curial vacuum1 except t !y 7 n p]ceptibly increas$ by heat3 a fact :i* ,davy mu/ h anticipat$1 z he attribut$ ! great] display ( electrical light1 at high temp]atures1 to ! effect ( increas$ d5sity ( vap\r2 x is !re=e a matt] ( surprise t he did n give m importance to ! ph5om5on4 ,he made two exp]im5ts on electrical & magnetic repulsions & attractions 9 ! m]curial vacuum1 & he f\nd t two balls1 ! "o ( plat9um1 ! o!r ( /eel1 prop]ly arrang$ = ! purpose1 repell$ ea* o!r1 :5 ! conduct+ wire to :i* !y 7 atta*$ 0 electrifi$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect m]curial vacuum1 z !y w\ld h done 9 ! usual cases3 & t ! /eel globules 7 z ob$i5t to ! magnet z 9 ! air2 :i* la/ result1 he obs]ves1 x 0 easy to h anticipat$4 ,he also made "s comp>ative exp]im5ts1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+1 :e!r bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat] ! dim9ution ( ! temp]ature ( ! ,torricellian vacuum dim9i%$ its p[] ( transmitt+ electricity1 or ( be+ r5d]$ lum9\s by x4 ,to ab\t tw5ty degrees1 ?is appe>$ to be ! case2 b betwe5 tw5ty degrees above1 & tw5ty degrees bel[ z]o1 ! l[e/ temp]ature he c\ld produce by p\nd$ ice & muriate ( lime1 x seem$ /ation>y2 &1 z well z he c\ld det]m9e1 ! electrical ph5om5a 7 v ne>ly ( ! same int5sity z ^? produc$ 9 ! vacuum above t94 ,x is evid5t1 he says1 f ^! g5]al results1 t ! light 7& probably ! heat7 g5]at$ 9 electrical dis*>ges dep5ds pr9cipally on "s prop]ties or sub/ances belong+ to ! pond]able matt] ?r\gh :i* x passes3 b !y prove likewise t space1 :]e !re is no appreciable quantity ( ?is matt]1 is /ill capable ( exhibit+ electric ph5om5a--viz4 ^? ( attraction & repulsion1 c43 a fact unque/ionably fav\rable to ! idea ( ! ph5om5a ( electricity be+ produc$ by a highly subtile fluid or fluids1 ( :i* ! p>ticles are repulsive ) respect to ea* o!r1 & attractive ( ! p>ticles ( o!r matt]4 ,h[ev] mu* we may admire ! exp]im5tal address display$ 9 ?is pap]1 we mu/ confess t its results are v f> f be+ satisfactory4 ,8 hav+ assum$1 )\t pro(1 & ev5 )\t exam9ation1 ! !ory t a p]fect vacuum _c be produc$ 9 ! ,torricellian tube1 & made x ! f\ndation ( 8 reason+s1 appe>s to me to h vitiat$ all 8 conclusions4 ,mr4 ,f>aday has r5d]$ x extremely probable1 t a limit does actually exi/ to ! production ( vap\r by bodies plac$ 9 vacuo1#gf b5ea? :i* !y are p]fectly fix$2 & if ?is be true1 x is evid5t t1 at l[ temp]atures1 a p]fect vacuum may be produc$ 9 ! ,torricellian tube2 & x is highly probable t ,davy did ?us actually produce "o 9 sev]al ( 8 exp]im5ts2 especially 9 ^? :]e he f\nd t1 by a f>!r r$uction ( temp]ature1 no f>!r dim9ution ( electrical effect 0 p]ceptible3 he _h 9 fact arriv$ at ?is limit to vaporization1 & !re=e a f>!r r$uction ( temp]ature c\ld n possibly influ5ce ! ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 ! electrical light w\ld seem to be prim>y1 or indep5d5t ( =eign matt]4--,b ?\gh ! premises be grant$1 let ! read] pause be=e he ha/5s to any conclusion2 = ! cl\d ( my/]y has n be5 dissipat$1 x has only *ang$ its place4 ,at ! t]m9ation ( 8 pap]1 ,davy indulges 9 a conjecture subv]sive ( e conclusion d$uc$ f exp]im5ts 9 vacuo4 ,:5 ! int5se heat1 says he1 produc$ by electricity1 & ! /rong attractive p[]s ( diff]5tly electrifi$ surfaces1 & ! rapidity ( ! *anges ( /ate1 are consid]$1 x does n seem at all improbable1 t ! sup]ficial p>ticles ( bodies1 :i*1 :5 deta*$ by ! repulsive p[] ( heat1 =m vap\r1 may be likewise deta*$ by electrical p[]s1 & t !y may produce lum9\s appe>ances 9 a vacuum free f all o!r matt]1 by ! annihilation ( _! opposite electrical /ates4 #gf ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( a ,limit to ,vaporization4 ,by ,m4 ,f>aday1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is4 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbf4 ,see also a m rec5t pap] by ! same ,philosoph] 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! new ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! enquiry1 ,davy is l$ to suppose t air may exi/ 9 m]cury1 9 ! same invisible /ate z x does 9 wat]1 t is1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh its pores2 & t absorption ( air may1 !re=e1 expla9 ! diff]5ce ( ! heights ( ! m]cury 9 diff]5t b>omet]s4 ,?is1 x mu/ be confess$1 if true1 is a mo/ di%e>t5+ fact1 z x at once precludes ! possibility ( any ?+ l accuracy 9 our b>omet]s2 b ,mr4 ,daniell1 to :om on all subjects ( meteorology we are b\nd to pay ! greate/ def]5ce1 diff]s altoge!r f our philosoph] ^u ?is po9t1 & he adduces a s+le obs]vation :i* he ?9ks ne>ly disproves ! supposition4 ,all fluids1 says he1 :i* are kn[n to absorb air into _! pores1 inv>iably emit x :5 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is remov$2 b1 ^u an ext5sive exam9ation ( l>ge bodies ( m]cury1 v>i\sly heat$ 9 ! vacuum ( an air-pump1 ,i nev] saw a bubble ( air giv5 (f f ! surface ( ! metal4 ,davy1 x mu/ be /at$1 obta9$ a f> diff]5t result2 b an obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,daniell expla9s ! cause ( x4 ,air1 he cont9ues1 w rise f ! contact ( ! m]cury ) ! glass 9 :i* x is conta9$1 9 exact inv]se proportion to ! c>e ) :i* x has be5 fill$1 b x nev] rises f ! surface ( ! m]cury alone4 ,! difficulty ( prop]ly fill+ a b>omet] tube1 ,i attribute to ! attraction betwe5 ! glass & ! air--n to t betwe5 ! m]cury & ! air4#gg #gg ,meteorological ,essays & ,obs]vations1 p4 #cfc4--,see also ,bellani's exp]im5ts ^u ?is subject1 :i* are s satisfactory z to remove e d\bt f ! subject4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,june #ahbb1 a memoir 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,on ! /ate ( ,wat] & ,ari=m matt] 9 cavities f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,cry/als4 ,by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,b>t4 ,p4,r4,s4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ by ,geologi/s1 t ! great] numb] ( ! cry/all9e sub/ances ( ! m9]al k+dom mu/ h be5 previ\sly 9 a liquid /ate2 b diff]5t s*ools h assum$ diff]5t causes = _! solution2 "s attribut+ ! effect pr9cipally to ! ag5cy ( wat]1 o!rs to t ( heat4 ,9 ! pap] "u consid]ation1 ! au?or v freely av[s himself z ! *ampion ( ! latt] doctr9e4 ,:5 x is consid]$1 says he1 t ! solv5t p[] ( wat] dep5ds ^u its temp]ature1 & its deposition ( solid matt]s ^u its *ange ( /ate or ( temp]ature1 & t1 be+ a gravitat+ sub/ance1 ! same quantity mu/ always belong to ! globe1 x becomes difficult to all[ mu* weight to ! argum5ts ( ! ,w]n]ians1 or ,neptuni/s1 :o h g5]ally neglect$1 9 _! speculations1 ! laws ( *emical attraction4 ,!re are _m circum/ances1 on ! contr>y1 fav\rable to t "p ( ! views ( ! ,huttonians1 or ,plutoni/s1 relat+ to ! cause ( cry/allization2 su* z ! =m ( ! e>?1 t ( an oblate sph]oid flatt5$ at ! poles2 ! facility ) :i* heat1 be+ a radiat+ sub/ance1 may be lo/ & dissipat$ 9 free space2 & ! obs]vations :i* seem to %[ ! pres5t exi/5ce ( a high temp]ature 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,he _h (t51 he tells u1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 *emical rese>*es1 look$ = facts1 or exp]im5ts1 :i* might ?r[ "s light on ?is int]e/+ subject1 b )\t success1 till x occurr$ to him1 z he 0 consid]+ ! /ate ( ! fluid & ari=m matt]s :i* are f\nd includ$ 9 c]ta9 cry/als1 t ^! curi\s ph5om5a might be exam9$ 9 a mann] to af=d "s important argum5ts z to ! =mation ( ! cry/al itself4 ,hav+ obta9$1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( 8 fri5ds1 a v>iety ( appropriate specim5s ( rock-cry/al1 he proce$$ to submit !m to exp]im5t4 ,_! cavities 7 op5$ by means ( diamond drills1 "u ei!r di/ill$ wat]1 oil1 or m]cury2 ! gas 0 !n expell$ f !m by ! introduction ( sl5d] wires1 & ! includ$ fluids 7 drawn out by ! aid ( f9e capill>y tubes4 ,z soon z an op5+ 0 effect$1 ! fluid "u :i* ! op]ation _h be5 p]=m$ ru%$ into ! cavity1 & ! globule ( ela/ic fluid contract$ s z to appe> f six to t5 times less ?an be=e ! exp]im5t4 ,! fluid 0 f\nd to be ne>ly pure wat]1--! gas appe>$ to be azote4 ,x 0 an int]e/+ po9t to asc]ta9 :e!r ! same circum/ances occurr$ 9 productions f\nd 9 rocks :i* h be5 g5]ally consid]$ z ( igne\s orig91 su* z ! basaltic rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,vic5za1 ! *alc$onies ( :i* s (t5 af=d wat]4 ,on exam9+ su* specim5s1 :51 to obviate ! possibility ( any fallacy1 !y 7 previ\sly asc]ta9$ to be imp]meable to ! atmosph]e1 analog\s results 7 obta9$3 wat]1 conta9+ v m9ute quantities ( sal9e impregnations1 0 f\nd to be ! fluid1 & ! gas1 z 9 ! =m] in/ances1 0 asc]ta9$ to be azote2 b x 0 9 a mu* m r>efi$ /ate ?an 9 ! rock-cry/als1 be+ betwe5 sixty & sev5ty times z r>e z atmosph]ic air4 ,! fact ( azote be+ f\nd 9 ^! cavities1 he expla9s1 by suppos+ t atmosph]ic air might h be5 orig9ally includ$ 9 ! cry/als1 & t ! oxyg5 _h be5 sep>at$ f x by ! attraction ( ! wat]2 a conjecture :i* a direct exp]im5t appe>$ to confirm4 ,9 reason+ ^u ! vacuum1 or r>efi$ /ate ( ! ari=m matt] 9 ! cavities ( rock-cry/als & *alc$onies1 he v ju/ly /ates1 t ! ph5om5on _c be easily acc\nt$ =1 except on ! supposition ( _! hav+ be5 =m$ at a high] temp]ature ?an t n[ belong+ to ! surface ( ! globe3 & he ?9ks x mo/ probable t ! wat] & ! silica 7 9 *emical union1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by cool+1 s9ce !re are /rong gr\nds = believ+ t a liquid hydrate ( silica w\ld exi/ at high temp]atures "u pressure1 & t1 l all liquid bodies 9 ! atmosph]e1 x w\ld conta9 small quantities ( atmosph]ic air4 ,if ?is be grant$1 we may readily expla9 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! gase\s & liquid matt]s 9 rock-cry/al & *alc$ony4 ,?us !n did ,davy assail ! ,neptuni/s 9 _! own camp1 & vanqui% !m ) _! own weapons2 = ! fact1 :i* _h be5 confid5tly consid]$ by ! disciples ( ,w]n]1 z1 above all o!rs1 ho/ile to ! idea ( ! igne\s orig9 ( cry/all9e rocks1 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( wat] 9 !m1 has be5 made to af=d a decisive argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! v op9ion x _h be5 br\ght =w>d to oppose4#gh #gh ,i well rememb] ) :at triumph ! late ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 9 8 popul> lectures on ,m9]alogy at ,cambridge1 p>ad$ a f9e cry/al conta9+ wat] 9 its cavity4 ,g5tlem51 said he1 !re is wat] en\gh 9 ! v cry/als 9 my cab9et to ext+ui% all ! fires ( ! ,plutoni/s4 ,9 an app5dix to ! =ego+ pap]1 ! exam9ation ( two o!r cry/als is detail$2 ! results af=d$ 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! prec$+ ones1 b n less fav\rable to ! !ory ( igne\s orig94 ,"o ( ^! cry/als 0 f\nd to conta9 a bitum9\s fluid2 on pi]c+ x "u di/ill$ wat]1 ! wat] ru%$ 91 & entirely fill$ ! cavity1 s t no ari=m matt] b ! vap\r ( ! sub/ance c\ld h be5 pres5t4 ,! fact ( almo/ a p]fect vacuum exi/+ 9 a cavity conta9+ an expansible b difficultly volatile sub/ance1 mu/ be consid]$ z highly fav\rable to ! !ory ( ! igne\s orig9 ( cry/als4 ,9 ! o!r cry/al1 ! quantity ( ari=m matt] 0 unusually small 9 proportion to ! quantity ( fluid1 & f ! peculi>ity ( its motion1 x appe>$ to be m likely to be compress$ ?an r>efi$ ela/ic fluid2 & 9 pi]c+ ! sides ( ! cavities1 ,davy f\nd t ?is 0 ! case2 x enl>g$ 9 volume f t5 to twelve times2 ! fluid 0 wat]1 b ! gas 0 too m9ute 9 quantity to be exam9$4 ,!re is b "o mode ( acc\nt+ = ?is ph5om5on4 ,! cry/al mu/ h be5 =m$ "u an imm5se weight ( atmosph]e or fluid1 suffici5t to produce a compression mu* m ?an adequate to comp5sate = ! expansive effects ( heat4#gi #gi ,an explanation :i* ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,f>aday1 on ! cond5sation ( ! gases1 to be imm$iately describ$1 w mo/ fully ju/ify4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,liquefaction ( ,*lor9e ,gas fir/ effect$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 & witness$ by ! ,au?or4--,sir ,h4 ,davy cont9ues ! inve/igation4--,8 pap] on ! application ( ,liquefiable ,gases z me*anical ag5ts4--,o!r probable uses ( ^! bodies4--,he proposes sev]al me?ods to prev5t ! fumes :i* arise f ,smelt+-furnaces4--,importance ( ! subject4 ,8 ,lett]s to ,mr4 ,vivian4--,! ,gov]nm5t solicit ! advice ( ! ,royal ,society on ! subject ( protect+ ! ,copp] ,%ea?+ ( ,%ips f ! action ( sea-wat]4--,sir ,h4 ,davy *>ges himself ) ?is enquiry4--,he proposes a plan ( protection f\nd$ on ,voltaic pr9ciples4--,8 num]\s exp]im5ts4--,he emb>ks on bo>d ! ,comet /eam-vessel b\nd to ,heligol&1 9 ord] to try 8 plan on a vessel 9 motion4--,he arrives at ,m&al1 l&s1 & fi%es 9 ! lakes4--,! ,protectors wa%$ away4--,he tea*es ! inhabitants ( ,*ri/ians& to crimp fi%--,he rema9s a few days at ,ar5dal4--,a ,norwegian d9n]4--,! ,protectors are exam9$ & weigh$4--,results ( ! exp]im5t4--,! /eam-vessel proce$s up ! ,glomm54--,he visits ! great wat]fall--,passes into ,sw$54--,has an int]view ) ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k1 & aft]w>ds ) ,pr9ce ,*ri/ian at ,cop5hag54--,he visits ,pr(essor ,o]/$4--,he proce$s to ,brem5 to see ,dr4 ,olb]s4--,returns to ,engl&4--,8 ?ird pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society4--,voltaic influ5ce ( pat*es ( ru/4--,a small quantity ( fluid suffici5t to complete ! circuit4--,he receives f ! ,royal ,society ! ,royal ,m$al4--,! ,progress ( ,voltaic discov]y review$4--,! pr9ciple is ( ext5sive application4--,! ,au?or's rese>*es into ! cause ( ! solution ( ,lead 9 spr+ wat]4--,an acc\nt ( ! num]\s trials ( ,protectors4--,failure ( ! plan4--,report ( ! ,fr5* on ! /ate ( ! protect$ frigate ,la ,con/ance4--,dr4 ,rev]e's new plan ( ,protection4 ,e incid5t1 h[ev] trifl+1 if x relates to a great sci5tific discov]y1 m]its ! att5tion ( ! hi/orian4 ,z x accid5tally occurr$ to me1 & to me alone1 to witness ! orig9al exp]im5t by :i* ,mr4 ,f>aday fir/ cond5s$ *lor9e gas into a liquid1 ,i %all "h /ate ! circum/ances "u :i* its liquefaction 0 effect$4 ,i _h be5 invit$ to d9e ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 on ,w$nesday ! #e? ( ,m>* #ahbc1 = ! purpose ( meet+ ! ,rev]5d ,uriah ,tonk91 ! heir ( 8 e>ly fri5d & b5efactor ( t "n4#hj ,on quitt+ my h\se = t purpose1 ,i p]ceiv$ t ,i _h "t to sp>e1 & ,i accord+ly call$ 9 my way at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,^u desc5d+ into ! laboratory1 ,i f\nd ,mr4 ,f>aday engag$ 9 exp]im5ts on *lor9e & its hydrate 9 clos$ tubes4 ,x appe>$ to me t ! tube 9 :i* he 0 op]at+ ^u ?is sub/ance conta9$ "s oily matt]1 & ,i ralli$ him ^u ! c>elessness ( employ+ soil$ vessels4 ,mr4 ,f>aday1 ^u inspect+ ! tube1 ackn[l$g$ ! ju/ness ( my rem>k1 & express$ 8 surprise at ! circum/ance4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 he imm$iately proce$$ to file (f ! seal$ end2 :51 to our great a/oni%m5t1 ! cont5ts sudd5ly explod$1 & ! oily matt] vani%$6 #hj ,sir ,humphry _h express$ to me1 on ! prec$+ ,?ursday1 at ! ,royal ,society1 8 wi% to pur*ase ! old h\se 9 ,p5zance1 :i*1 z ! read] w rememb]1 0 ! e>ly sc5e ( 8 *emical op]ations2 &1 at 8 reque/1 ,i conv]s$ ) ,mr4 ,tonk9 ^u ! subject2 b x imm$iately appe>$ t ! int]e/ :i* ! ,corporation ( ,p5zance possess$ 9 ! e/ate pres5t$ an insurm\ntable ob/acle to ! accompli%m5t ( 8 object4 ,mr4 ,f>aday 0 completely at a loss to expla9 ! occurr5ce1 & proce$$ to repeat ! exp]im5t ) a view to its elucidation4 ,i 0 unable1 h[ev]1 to rema9 & witness ! result4 ,^u m5tion+ ! circum/ance to ,sir ,humphry ,davy aft] d9n]1 he appe>$ mu* surpris$2 & aft] a few mom5ts ( app>5t ab/raction1 he said1 ,i %all enquire ab\t ?is exp]im5t to-morr[4 ,e>ly on ! next morn+1 ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,f>aday ! foll[+ laconic note3 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,! oil y notic$ ye/]day turns out to be liquid *lor9e4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,x is well kn[n t1 be=e ! ye> #ahaj1 ! solid sub/ance obta9$ by expos+ *lor9e1 z usually procur$1 to a l[ temp]ature1 0 consid]$ z ! gas itself r$uc$ into t =m3 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 h[ev]1 correct$ ?is error1 & fir/ %[$ x to be a hydrate1 ! pure gas n be+ cond5sable ev5 at a temp]ature (-#dj ,fahr5heit4 ,mr4 ,f>aday _h tak5 advantage ( ! cold season to procure cry/als ( ?is hydrate1 & 0 proce$+ 9 its analysis1#ha :5 ,sir ,humphry ,davy sugge/$ to him ! exp$i5cy ( obs]v+ :at w\ld happ5 if x 7 heat$ 9 a close vessel2 b ?is sugge/ion 0 made 9 consequ5ce ( ! inspection ( results already obta9$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 & :i* mu/ h l$ him to ! exp]im5t 9 "q1 _h he nev] communicat$ ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy ^u ! subject4 ,?is av[al is hone/ly due to ,mr4 ,f>aday4 #ha ,! results are conta9$ 9 a %ort pap] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xv4 ,on expos+ ! hydrate1 9 a tube h]metically seal$1 to a temp]ature ( #ajj1 ! sub/ance fus$1 ! tube became fill$ ) a bright yell[ atmosph]e1 &1 on exam9ation1 0 f\nd to conta9 two fluid sub/ances3 ! "o1 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole1 0 ( a fa9t yell[ col\r1 hav+ v mu* ! appe>ance ( wat]2 ! rema9+ f\r? 0 a heavy1 bright yell[ fluid1 ly+ at ! bottom ( ! =m]1 )\t any app>5t t5d5cy to mix ) x4 ,by op]at+ on ! hydrate 9 a b5t tube h]metically seal$1 ,mr4 ,f>aday f\nd x easy1 aft] decompos+ x by a heat ( #ajj1 to di/il ! yell[ fluid to "o end ( ! tube1 & ?us to sep>ate x f ! rema9+ portion4 ,if ! tube 7 n[ cut 9 ! middle1 ! p>ts flew asund]1 z if ) an explosion1 ! :ole ( ! yell[ portion disappe>$1 & !re 0 a p[]ful atmosph]e ( *lor9e produc$2 ! pale portion1 on ! contr>y1 rema9$1 & :5 exam9$1 prov$ to be a weak solution ( *lor9e 9 wat]1 ) a little muriatic acid1 probably f ! impurity ( ! hydrate us$4 ,:5 t end ( ! tube 9 :i* ! yell[ fluid lay 0 brok5 "u a j> ( wat]1 !re 0 an imm$iate production ( *lor9e gas4 ,aft] sev]al conjectures z to ! nature ( ! *anges ?us produc$1 ,mr4 ,f>aday arriv$ at its true explanation2 viz4 t ! *lor9e _h be5 entirely sep>at$ f ! wat] by ! heat1 & cond5s$ into a dry fluid by ! m]e pressure ( its own abundant vap\r4 ,he subsequ5tly confirm$ ^! views by cond5s+ *lor9e 9 a long tube1 by me*anical pressure1 appli$ by means ( a cond5s+ syr+e1 & :i* f>!r enabl$ him to asc]ta9 t ! degree ( pressure necess>y = ?is effect 0 ab\t t ( f\r atmosph]es4 ,to ,mr4 ,f>aday's pap] ^u ?is subject1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #ahbc1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy ?\ght prop] to add a ,note on ! cond5sation ( muriatic acid gas into ! liquid =m4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ?is 0 effect$ are briefly ^!4 ,on ! morn+ 7,?ursday1 ,m>* #f?17 aft] ,mr4 ,f>aday _h cond5s$ *lor9e1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy _h no soon] witness$ ! result1 ?an he call$ = a /rong glass tube1 &1 hav+ plac$ 9 x a quantity ( muriate ( ammonia & sulphuric acid1 & !n seal$ ! end1 he caus$ !m to act ^u ea* o!r1 & ?us cond5s$ ! muriatic acid1 :i* 0 evolv$1 into a liquid4 ,! cond5sation ( c>bonic acid gas1 nitr\s oxide gas1 & sev]al o!rs1 7 9 succession treat$ ) simil> success2 b1 z ,i reg>d ! discov]y z /rictly belong+ to ,mr4 ,f>aday1 ,i %all conf9e myself to ! relation ( ^? exp]im5ts & d$uctions :i*1 ) equal ju/ice1 ,i mu/ assign to ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,he obs]ves1 t ! g5]ation ( ela/ic sub/ances 9 close vessels1 ei!r ) or )\t heat1 (f]s mu* m p[]ful means ( approximat+ _! molecules ?an ^? dep5d5t ^u ! application ( cold1 :e!r natural or artificial3 =1 z gases dim9i% only ab\t #a_/dej 9 volume = e--degree ( ,fahr5heit's scale1 beg9n+ at ord9>y temp]atures1 a v slight cond5sation only c be produc$ by ! mo/ p[]ful freez+ mixtures1 n half z mu* z w\ld result f ! application ( a /rong flame to "o "p ( a glass tube1 ! o!r "p be+ ( ord9>y temp]ature3 & :5 attempts are made to cond5se gases into liquids by sudd5 me*anical compression1 ! heat1 in/antly g5]at$1 pres5ts a =midable ob/acle to ! success ( ! exp]im5t2 :]eas1 9 ! compression result+ f _! sl[ g5]ation 9 close vessels1 if ! process be conduct$ ) common precautions1 !re is no s\rce ( difficulty or dang]2 & x may be easily assi/$ by artificial cold 9 cases :5 gases approa* ne> to t po9t ( compression & temp]ature at :i* !y become vap\rs4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,april #ahbc1 he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society a pap] ,on ! application ( ,liquids =m$ by ! cond5sation ( ,gases z me*anical ag5ts4 ,he /ates t d\bts may1 = v>i\s philosophical reasons1 exi/ z to ! economical results to be obta9$ by employ+ ! /eam ( wat] "u great pressures1 & at v elevat$ temp]atures2 b t no d\bts c arise ) respect to ! use ( su* liquids z require = _! exi/5ce ev5 a compression equal to t ( ! weight ( ?irty or =ty atmosph]es2 & :]e common temp]atures1 or slight elevations ( !m1 are suffici5t to produce an imm5se ela/ic =ce2 & :5 ! pr9cipal "q to be discuss$ is1 :e!r ! effect ( me*anical motion is to be mo/ easily produc$ by an increase or dim9ution ( heat by artificial means4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,f>aday1 he made sev]al exp]im5ts on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! increase ( ela/ic =ce 9 gases "u high & l[ pressures1 by simil> increm5ts ( temp]ature4 ,9 an exp]im5t made ) c>bonic acid1 its =ce 0 f\nd to be ne>ly equal to t ( air compress$ to "o-tw5tie? at #ab ,fah4 & ( air compress$ to "o-?irty-six? at #cb degrees1 mak+ an increase equal to ! weight ( ?irte5 atmosph]es by an increase ( tw5ty ( temp]ature6 ,9 apply+1 h[ev]1 ! cond5s$ gases z me*anical ag5ts1 ,davy admits t !re w be "s difficulty2 ! mat]ials ( ! app>atus mu/ be z /rong & z p]fectly jo9$ z ^? us$ by ,mr4 ,p]k9s 9 8 high-pressure /eam-eng9e3 b ! small diff]5ces ( temp]ature to produce an ela/ic =ce equal to ! pressure ( _m atmosph]es1 w r5d] ! risk ( explosion extremely small2 & he adds1 t if future exp]im5ts %\ld realize ! views "h develop$1 ! m]e diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 sun%9e & %ade1 & air & wat]1 or ! effects ( evaporation f a moi/ surface1 w be suffici5t to produce results1 :i* h hi!rto be5 obta9$ only by a great exp5diture ( fuel4 ,if ?is be true1 :o c say t future g5]ations %all n p]=m _! voyages 9 gas-vessels1 across ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ) no o!r fuel ?an t :i* a common tap] may supply8 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is sci5tific rev]ie1 ,davy m]ely look$ at ! diff]5ce ( ! s5sible temp]atures1 & entirely neglect$1 9 8 calculation1 ! quantity ( heat r5d]$ lat5t dur+ ! *ange ( ! liquid into ! gase\s /ate2 & :i*1 p]haps1 is f> m consid]able 9 ! application ( ^! fluids ?an 9 t ( wat]2 b ev5 9 ?is latt] case1 ! great exp5diture ( heat 9 work+ ! /eam-eng9e1 is 9 ! portion r5d]$ lat5t1 & :i* _c1 by any contrivance1 be br\ght aga9 into op]ation1 aft] x has p]=m$ its duty4 ,t a philosoph] :o _h1 dur+ ! :ole progress ( 8 rese>*es1 direct$ su* unremitt+ att5tion to ! subject ( ,heat1 %\ld h :olly ov]look$ an objection aris+ out ( "o ( its mo/ famili> ph5om5a1 is sc>cely less extraord9>y ?an 8 hav+1 on ano!r occasion1#hb advanc$ to a conclusion 9 direct opposition to ! v pr9ciple ( ,electricity1 :i* 8 own discov]ies _h e/abli%$4 #hb ,i "h allude to an anecdote relat$ by ,mr4 ,babbage1 9 8 ,reflections on ! ,decl9e ( ,sci5ce 9 ,engl&2 a "w1 by ! by1 :i* /rongly rem9ds me ( a practical bull4 ,a g5tleman1 anxi\s to escape ! tax on armorial be>+s1 wrote a long lett] to ! ,commission]s1 /at+ ,i d n "k h[ _m reasons to %[ t he c\ld nev] h us$ !m2 &1 aft] all1 seal$ ! lett] ) 8 own coat ( arms6 ,_h ,mr4 ,babbage hop$ to conv9ce ! read] t ,sci5ce 0 actually on ! decl9e 9 ?is c\ntry1 he %\ld nev] h writt5 a "w :i* gives ! lie to ! title-page4 ,n[ = ! anecdote4--,meet+ ,dr4 ,wolla/on "o morn+ 9 ! %op ( a booksell]1 ,i propos$ ?is "q3 ,if two volumes ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg5 are mix$ toge!r 9 a vessel1 & if by me*anical pressure !y c be s cond5s$ z to become ( ! same specific gravity ( wat]1 w ! gases1 "u ^! circum/ances1 unite & =m wat]8 ',:at d y ?9k !y w d8' said ,dr4 ,w4 ,i repli$1 t ,i %\ld r expect !y w\ld unite4 ',i see no reason to suppose x1' said he4 ,i !n enquir$ :e!r he ?\ght ! exp]im5t wor? mak+4 ,he answ]$1 t he did n1 = t he %\ld ?9k x w\ld c]ta9ly n succe$4 ,a few days aft]1 ,i propos$ ! same "q to ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,he at once said1 ',!y w become wat] ( c\rse3' & on my enquir+ :e!r he ?\ght ! exp]im5t wor? mak+1 he obs]v$ t x 0 a good exp]im5t1 b "o :i* x 0 h>dly necess>y to make1 z x mu/ succe$4 ,^! 7 (f-h& answ]s1 :i* x might p]haps be h>dly fair to h record$1 _h !y be5 ( p]sons ( less em95t tal5t2 & x adds to ! curiosity ( ! circum/ance to m5tion1 t ,i believe ,dr4 ,wolla/on's reason = suppos+ no union w\ld take place1 arose f ! nature ( ! electrical relations ( ! two gases rema9+ un*ang$3 an objection :i* did n weigh ) ! philosoph] ^: discov]ies _h giv5 bir? to x4 ,davy succe$$ 9 liquefy+ gases by a me?od :i*1 at fir/ view1 appe>s v p>adoxical--by ! application ( heat6 ,! me?od consi/s 9 plac+ !m 9 "o leg ( a b5t seal$ tube1 conf9$ by m]cury1 & apply+ heat to e!r1 or alcohol1 or wat]1 9 ! o!r end4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by ! pressure ( ! vap\r ( e!r1 he liquefi$ prussic gas & sulphur\s acid gas2 :i* gases1 on be+ reproduc$1 occasion$ cold4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 he ?9ks1 t ^! g5]al facts ( ! cond5sation ( ! gases w h _m practical applications4 ,!y (f]1 = in/ance1 easy me?ods ( impregnat+ liquids ) c>bonic acid & o!r gases1 )\t me*anical pressure4 ,!y af=d means ( produc+ great dim9utions ( temp]ature1 by ! rapidity ) :i* l>ge quantities ( liquids may be r5d]$ ari=m2 & z compression occasions simil> effects to cold1 9 prev5t+ ! =mation ( ela/ic sub/ances1 !re is great reason to believe t x may be successfully employ$ = ! pres]vation ( animal & vegetable sub/ances = ! purposes ( food4 ,davy might also h add$1 t ! same g5]al views w expla9 natural & o!r ph5om5a n previ\sly und]/ood4 ,!y c]ta9ly af=d a plausible explanation ( ! nature ( bl[]s 9 coal-m9es2 & !y may lead to m satisfactory views on o!r subjects ( geology4 ,!y assign a limit to ! expansive =ce ( gas "u increas+ pressure1 & acc\nt = effects connect$ ) ! bla/+ ( rocks1 :i* w\ld o!rwise appe> anomal\s4#hc #hc ,9 ! ye> #ahab1 ,mr4 ,babbage attempt$ to asc]ta9 :e!r pressure w\ld prev5t decomposition3 = ?is purpose1 a hole ab\t ?irty in*es deep1 & two in*es 9 diamet]1 0 bor$ d[nw>d into a lime/one rock1 into :i* 0 !n p\r$ a quantity ( /rong muriatic acid1 & a conical wood5 plug1 t _h be5 previ\sly soak$ 9 tall[1 0 imm$iately driv5 h>d into ! m\? ( ! hole4 ,x 0 expect$ ei!r t ! decomposition w\ld be prev5t$1 or t ! gas develop$ w\ld split ! rock by its expansive =ce3 b no?+ happ5$4 ,n[1 x is mo/ probable t a "p ( ! c>bonic acid _h cond5s$ into a liquid1 & ?us prev5t$ t developem5t ( p[] :i* ,mr4 ,babbage _h expect$ w\ld h torn ! rock asund]4 ,x may be /at$1 greatly to ! hon\r ( ,davy1 t !re nev] occurr$ any "q ( sci5tific int]e/ or difficulty 9 :i* he did n *e]fully (f] 8 advice & assi/ance4 ,few ,presid5ts ( ! ,royal ,society h ev] ex]t$ _! influ5ce & tal5ts ) s mu* unaffect$ zeal = ! promotion ( sci5tific objects1 & = ! welf>e ( sci5tific m54 ,9 ! ye> #ahba1 ! ,great ,hafod copp]-works1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,swansea1 7 indict$ = a nuisance1 9 consequ5ce ( ! alleg$ de/ructive effects ( ! fumes :i* arose dur+ ! smelt+ ( ! ores4 ,:5 we le>n t ! am\nt ( wages paid by ! proprietors ( ! works 9 ?is di/rict exce$s #ej1jjjl41 p] annum2 t twelve ?\s& p]sons1 at lea/1 d]ive _! support f ! smelt+ e/abli%m5ts2 t a sum ( n less ?an #bjj1jjjl4 /]l+ is annually circulat$ 9 ,glamorgan%ire & ! adjo9+ c\nty1 9 consequ5ce ( _! exi/5ce2 t !y pay to ! colli]ies no less ?an f #ajj1jjjl4 to #aaj1jjjl4 p] annum = coal2 t "o hundr$ & fifty vessels are employ$ 9 ! conveyance ( ore1 &1 suppos+ ea* ^u an av]age to be mann$ by five seam51 t !y give occupation to sev5 hundr$ & fifty m>9]s1 a m s]i\s calamity c sc>cely be imag9$ ?an ! /oppage ( su* works3 we may !re=e readily believe1 t ,davy ent]$ mo/ ard5tly into ! consid]ation ( "s plan by :i* ! fumes might be prev5t$1 & ! alleg$ nuisance abat$4 ,?r\gh ! k9d att5tion ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,vivian1 ,i am enabl$ to ins]t ! foll[+ lett]s4 ,,to ,,john ,,h5ry ,,vivian1 ,,esq4 ,london1 ,jan4 #i1 #ahbb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,z y express$ a wi% t ,i %\ld commit to writ+ ^? op9ions :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 conv]sation1 :5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( visit+ y at ,m>9o1 aft] inspect+ y\r furnaces & witness+ y\r exp]im5ts on ! smoke aris+ f !m1 ,i lose no "t 9 comply+ ) y\r desire4 ,x is evid5t t ! copp] ore _c be prop]ly calc9$ )\t a copi\s admission ( air into ! furnaces1 :i* mu/ cause ! sulphur\s acid gas =m$ 9 ! calc9ation to be mix$ ) v l>ge quantities ( o!r ela/ic fluids1 :i* pres5ts great me*anical1 z well z *emical difficulties to its cond5sation or decomposition4 ,to p]sons acqua9t$ ) *emi/ry1 a numb] ( modes ( effect+ ^! objects are kn[n4 ,( cond5sation1 = in/ance1 by wat]1 by ! =mation ( sulphuric acid1 by alkal9e lixivia1 by alkal9e e>?s1 c4 ,( decomposition1 by hydrog51 by *>coal1 by hydro-c>bon\s sub/ances1 & by metals2 b to mo/ ( ^! me?ods !re are s]i\s & insurm\ntable objections1 dep5d+ ^u ! dilut$ /ate ( ! acid gas1 & ! exp5ses requir$4 ,to =m sulphuric acid1 or to decompose by *>coal or hydrog51 or to cond5se by alkal9e lixivia1 or by alkal9e e>?s1 f ! nature ( ! works1 & ( ! op]ations = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 ,i conceive impracticable except at an exp5se t c\ld n be borne2 & ! only processes :i* rema9 to be discuss$ are ^? by hydro-c>bon\s sub/ances1 & by ! action ( wat]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! gas may be decompos$ by ! action ( heat$ hydro-c>bon\s gases f ! di/illation ( coal2 b = ?is purpose !re mu/ be a new con/ruction ( ! furnaces1 & m ?an d\ble1 probably triple1 ! quantity ( fuel w\ld be requir$1 suppos+ ev5 ! ,swansea coal to conta9 ! common av]age ( bitum52 & ?is me?od mu/ be inf9itely m exp5sive1 & liable to _m m objections1 ?an ! "o y h s +5i\sly employ$--absorption by wat]4 ,z wat] co/s no?+1 & z a supply is entirely 9 y\r p[]1 ! application ( x (f]s comp>atively few difficulties2 & x has ! great advantage ( free+ ! smoke f fluoric & ars5i\s comp\nds1 :i* w\ld n be p]fectly effect$ by any o!r me?od4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,phillips & ,f>aday prove1 t y\r %[] ba?s h already entirely de/roy$ all ! fluoric & ars5i\s fumes ( ! smoke1 & by a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 ! smoke may und\bt$ly be entirely fre$ f sulphur\s acid gas4 ,?is1 y\r own plan1 is ! "o t ,i /rongly recomm5d to y to proce$ )1 &1 if necess>y1 to ext5d4 ,p]haps y may f9d an additional %[] ba? ne> ! cold] "p ( ! flue useful4 ,i h no idea t /eam pass$ into ! hot "p ( ! flue c be ( ! lea/ s]vice2 b if pass$ out ) ! smoke ?r\gh ! /ack1 x may t5d to conv]t su* residual portion ( sulphur\s acid gas1 expos$ to fre% air1 into sulphuric acid4 ,c\ld y n likewise try a /ream ( cold wat] pass+ along ! bottom ( ! horizontal flue8#hd ,i d n ?9k ! advantages ( y\r improvem5ts c be fairly appreciat$1 till ! effects ( y\r smoke are det]m9$ by actual exp]im5ts & fair trials4 ,y\rs1 c4 ,h4 ,,davy4 #hd ,= ! purpose ( act+ by its cool+ p[] 9 cond5s+ vap\r1 :i* w\ld c>ry d[n sulphur\s acid ) x4 ,x w\ld likewise assi/ by direct absorption4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,london1 ,may #ab1 #ahbc4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i return y my ?anks = ! copies y 7 s good z to s5d me ( y\r "w on ! modes y h adopt$ = r5d]+ copp] smoke innoxi\s1 c4 ,i h read x ) v great pleasure1 & ,i am sure !re c be b "o feel+1 & t ( /rong admiration1 at ! ex]tions y h made1 & ! res\rces y h display$1 9 subdu+ ! pr9cipal evils ( "o ( our mo/ important national manufactures4 ,i tru/ y w h no m tr\ble on ?is subject1 & t x w only occur to y 9 an agreeable =m1 ) ! high approbation z well z grateful feel+s ( y\r neighb\rs2 & t y\r example w be foll[$4 ,a ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society has be5 =m$ = inve/igat+ ! causes ( ! decay ( copp] %eet+ 9 ! ,navy1 z ,i m5tion$ to y4 ,! ,navy ,bo>d has s5t u a numb] ( specim5s ( copp] 9 diff]5t /ages ( decay4 ,we h our fir/ meet+ to exam9e !m on ,?ursday1 & ,i %all h mu* pleasure 9 communicat+ to y our results4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld d x 9 p]son4 ,i am go+ into ,hamp%ire on ,sunday next to fi% ne> ,=d+bridge = a week1 & to try ! ,avon & its tribut>y /reams4 ,i 0 go+ to give y an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts :i* ,mr4 ,f>aday has made by my directions 9 g5]at+ gases 9 close vessels z liquids1 b ,i f9d ,i h n "t4 ,i h already f\nd an application ( ?is discov]y1 :i* ,i hope w sup]s$e /eam1 z a diff]5ce ( a few degrees ( temp]ature gives ! ela/ic =ce ( _m atmosph]es4 ,hop+ to see y soon1 ,i am1 ) be/ respects to ,mrs4 ,vivian1 & love to ! *>m+ little ,bessy1 ,my de> ,sir1 y\rs s9c]ely oblig$1 ,h4 ,,davy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i proce$ n[ to relate ! hi/ory ( an elaborate exp]im5tal enquiry1 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! *emical nature & causes ( ! well-kn[n corrosive action ( sea-wat] ^u metallic copp]2 9 ord]1 if possible1 to obviate t s]i\s evil 9 naval economy--! rapid decay ( ! copp] %ea?+ on ! bottoms ( our %ips4 ,an inve/igation :i* ,sir ,humphry ,davy comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #ahbc1 & prosecut$ ) 8 *>act]i/ic zeal & happy tal5t dur+ a consid]able p]iod2 :51 at l5g?1 p>adoxical z x may appe>1 ! tru? ( 8 !ory 0 completely e/abli%$ by ! failure ( 8 rem$y6 ,f ! sev]al orig9al docum5ts :i* h be5 plac$ at my disposal1 & f ! valuable communications & k9d assi/ance ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,kn[les1 ,i tru/ ,i %all be enabl$ to (f] to ! sci5tific read] a m complete & circum/antial hi/ory ( ?is admirable enquiry ?an has be5 hi!rto pres5t$ to ! public4 ,! results he produc$ are equally int]e/+ & important1 :e!r we contemplate !m biographically1 z indicative ( ! peculi> g5ius by :i* !y 7 obta9$2 or1 sci5tifically1 9 _! connexion ) ! electro-*emical !ory1 to ! f>!r developem5t & illu/ration ( :i* !y h s p[]fully contribut$2 or1 economically1 z ! probable means by :i* ! h& ( ,"t may be av]t$1 an increas$ durability imp>t$ to rapidly p]i%able works ( art1 & monum5ts ( human g5ius transmitt$ to po/]ity1 9 all _! fre%ness1 ?r\gh a long succession ( ages4 ,x is probable t1 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( naval ar*itecture1 "s exp$i5t#he 0 practis$1 9 ord] to protect %ips' bottoms f ! ravages ( m>9e worms4#hf ,! use ( metallic %ea?+1 h[ev]1 is ( anci5t date4 ,! galley suppos$ to h belong$ to ! ,emp]or ,trajan 0 %ea!d ) %eets ( lead1 :i* 7 fa/5$ ) copp] nails4#hg ,! same metal 0 also us$ 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( our naval hi/ory2#hh & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! circum/ances :i* l$ to its disuse1 7 ! rapid corrosion ( ! ro!r irons1 7f ! =mation ( a ,voltaic circle17 & ! accumulation ( sea-we$4 #he ,mr4 ,kn[les1 9 8 ,inquiry into ! ,means :i* h be5 tak5 to pres]ve ! ,briti% ,navy1 obs]ves1 t ! fir/ %ea?+ 0 probably ! hides ( animals cov]$ ) pit*1 or ) asphaltum1 :i* l$ to ! use ( ?9 bo>ds1 hav+1 9 "s cases1 lime1 & 9 o!rs lime & hair1 betwe5 !m & ! bottom ( ! %ips4 #hf ,! worms infe/+ ! timb] ( %ips are--! ,t]$o1 ! ,lepisma1 & ! ,pholas4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 import$ f ,india1 is by f> ! mo/ de/ructive2 & ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,kn[les1 t x is m abundant at ,plym\? ?an on any o!r "p ( ! coa/ :]e !re is a dock-y>d2 & al?\gh on ! %ores ( ,engl& x is n ( a v l>ge size1 yet x is a =midable enemy to ! safety ( ^? %ips :i* h n a metallic %ea?+ to cov] _! bottoms4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & (f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ! ,t]$o is ( v l>ge size2 & holes h be5 bor$ by !m 9 ! timb] ( at lea/ sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 #hg ,alb]ti ,ar*eti4 #hh ,9 ! ye> #afgj1 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$1 grant+ unto ,sir ,philip ,h[>d & ,francis ,watson1 ,esq4 ! sole use ( ! manufacture ( mill$ lead = %ea?+ %ips2 &1 9 ! ye> #afia1 tw5ty %ips _h be5 %ea!d ) lead1 manufactur$ by !m1 & :i* 0 fa/5$ ) copp] nails4--,see ,kn[les's ,inquiry4 ,9 ! ye> #agfa1 copp] plates 7 fir/ us$ z %ea?+ on ! ,al>m frigate1 ( ?irty-two guns2#hi a second und]w5t ?is op]ation 9 #agfe1 a ?ird 9 #aggj1 f\r 9 #aggf1 n9e 9 #aggg2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s1 ! :ole ,briti% navy 0 copp]$3 an ev5t :i* may be consid]$ z =m+ an important era 9 ! naval annals ( ! c\ntry4 #hi ,! copp] %ea?+ 0 remov$ f ?is %ip 9 #agfc1 :5 all ! iron 0 f\nd to be mu* corrod$1 ! p9tles & braces ne>ly eat5 ?r\gh1 & ! false keel lo/1 f ! decay ( ! keel /aples & ! bolt fa/5+s4 ,?us1 9 ! v fir/ copp]$ %ip1 ! ,voltaic effect1 produc$ by ! contact ( copp] & iron1 0 display$ 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,! exp5se att5d+ ! use ( copp] = ?is purpose1 9 consequ5ce ( its corrosion & decay by salt-wat]1 has always be5 felt z a s]i\s objection to its use1 & v>i\s sugge/ions h f "t to "t occurr$1 & num]\s exp]im5ts be5 made1 9 ! hope ( obviat+ ! evil1#ij b )\t any great degree ( success4 #ij ,an exp]im5t 0 tri$ by pa9t+ or v>ni%+ _! inn] surfaces1 b ! use ( br[n pap] :i* has be5 dipp$ 9 t>1 & plac$ betwe5 ! wood & copp]1 is n[ consid]$ to be ! be/ mode4 ,a solution ( ca\t*\c spread on pap] 0 tri$ on ! bottom ( ,sir ,w4 ,curtis's ya*t2 b1 on exam9ation1 x 0 pron\nc$ to be less efficaci\s ?an t>r$ pap]4 ,! solution ( ! metal1 h[ev]1 has be5 f\nd to v>y 9 degree at diff]5t an*orages3 at ,%e]ness1 = in/ance1 its rapidity is v great1 9 consequ5ce ( ! copp] be+ subject$ to ! alt]nate action ( ! sea1 :i* fl[s 9 !re f ! ,briti% ,*annel1 & to ! flux ( wat] d[n ! two great riv]s1 ! ,?ames & ,m$way1 load$1 z !y necess>ily mu/ be1 ) ! products ( animal & vegetable decomposition4 ,9 ord]1 if possible1 to obta9 a rem$y = ?is evil1 ! naval dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t reque/$1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #ahbc1 ! advice ( ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 z to ! be/ mode ( manufactur+ copp] %eets1 or ( pres]v+ !m1 :ile 9 use1 aga9/ ! corrosive effects ( oxidation4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy *>g$ himself ) ?is enquiry2 ! results ( :i* he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 9 ?ree elaborate memoirs4 ,! fir/ 0 read on ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y #ahbd2 ! second1 on ! #ag? ( ,june1 9 ! same ye>2 & ! ?ird1 & conclud+ pap]1 on ! #i? ( ,june #ahbe4 ,a v g5]al belief prevail$1 t sea-wat] _h little or no action on pure copp]1 & t ! rapid decay ( t metal on c]ta9 %ips 0 ow+ to its impurity4 ,on submitt+1 h[ev]1 v>i\s specim5s ( copp] to ! action ( ! sea-wat]1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy came to a conclusion1 9 direct opposition to su* an op9ion2#ia & ,mr4 ,kn[les in=m$ me1 9 a late conv]sation ^u ! subject1 t ! attempts to purify ! metal1 s9ce ! ,gov]nm5t has manufactur$ its own copp] %ea?+1 has be5 ! cause ( its m rapid decay4 ,x w h[ev] pres5tly appe>1 t ! relative durability ( ! metallic %eets mu/ also be influ5c$ by circum/ances :olly indep5d5t ( _! quality1 "s ( :i* are v probably1 ev5 9 our pres5t advanc$ /ate ( *emical k1 n ?or\ghly und]/ood4 #ia ,9 two in/ances1 ! copp] 7f ! ,batavi] & f ! ,plym\? ya*t7 :i* _h rema9$ p]fect = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 0 f\nd to be alloy$4 ,9 ! =m] "o !re 0 an alloy ( "o ?ree-hundr$? "p ( z9c2 &1 9 ! latt]1 ! same proportion ( t94 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( ! copp] on ! ,t>t>'s bottom1 :i* 0 ne>ly de/roy$ 9 f\r ye>s1 ^u be+ submitt$ to *emical exam9ation by ,mr4 ,phillips1 x 0 f\nd to be v pure copp]4 ,alloys ( copp] h g5]ally be5 f\nd m durable ?an ! unmix$ metal2 & v>i\s pat5ts h be5 tak5 out = ! fabrication ( su* comp\nds2 b metallic %eets s compos$ h be5 f\nd to be too h>d & brittle1 & n to admit ( t flexibility :i* is necess>y = _! application to a curv$ surface2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* has be51 t !y h crack$ ^u ! %ip's bottom4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 on ent]+ ^u ! exam9ation ( ?is subject1 v ju/ly consid]$1 t to asc]ta9 ! exact nature ( ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 sea-wat]1 by ! ag5cy ( copp]1 ought to be ! fir/ /ep 9 ! enquiry2 =1 unless ! cause 7 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 h[ c\ld ! evil be rem$i$8 ,on keep+ a poli%$ piece ( copp] 9 contact ) sea-wat]1 ! foll[+ 7 ! effects :i* successively pres5t$ !mselves4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree h\rs1 ! surface ( ! metal exhibit$ a yell[ t>ni%1 & ! wat] 9 :i* x 0 imm]s$ contract$ a cl\d9ess1 ! hue ( :i* 0 at fir/ :ite1 b gradually became gre54 ,9 less ?an a day1 a blui%-gre5 precipitate appe>$1 & con/antly cont9u$ to accumulate 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel2 at ! same "t1 ! surface ( ! copp] corrod$1 appe>+ r$ 9 ! wat]1 & grass-gre5 :]e x 0 9 contact ) air4 ,^u ?is grass-gre5 matt] c>bonate ( soda =m$2 & ^! *anges cont9u$ until ! wat] became mu* less sal9e4 ,! gre5 precipitate he asc]ta9$ to consi/ ( an insoluble comp\nd ( copp]1 7:i* he ?9ks may be consid]$ z a hydrat$ sub-muriate17 & hydrate ( magnesia4#ib #ib ,! ,muriate ( ,magnesia is ! mo/ active salt 9 sea-wat]4 ,accord+ to 8 own views ( ! nature ( *lor9e1 he imm$iately p]ceiv$ t nei!r soda nor magnesia c\ld appe> 9 sea-wat] by ! action ( a metal1 unless 9 consequ5ce ( an absorption or transf] ( oxyg51 :i* 9 ?is case mu/ ei!r be d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e1 or f ! decomposition ( wat]3 8 exp]im5ts det]m9$ t ! =m] 0 ! s\rce :i* suppli$ x4 ,by reason+ ^u ^! ph5om5a1 & apply+ = _! explanation 8 electro-*emical !ory1 :i* _h %[n t *emical attractions may be exalt$1 modifi$1 or de/roy$1 by *anges 9 ! electrical /ates ( bodies1 he 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( a rem$y = ! corrosion ( copp]1 by ! v pr9ciple :i* enabl$ him1 sixte5 ye>s be=e1 to decompose ! fix$ alkalies4 ,:5 he consid]$ t copp] is b weakly positive 9 ! electro-*emical scale1 & t x c only act ^u sea-wat] :5 9 a positive /ate1 x imm$iately occurr$ to him t1 if x c\ld be r5d]$ slightly negative1 ! corrod+ action ( sea-wat] ^u x w\ld be null4 ,b h[ 0 ?is to be effect$8 ,at fir/1 he ?\ght ( us+ a ,voltaic batt]y2 b ?is c\ld h>dly be applicable 9 practice4 ,he next ?\ght ( ! contact ( z9c1 t91 or iron2 b he 0 prev5t$ = "s "t f try+ ?is1 by ! recollection t ! copp] 9 ! ,voltaic batt]y1 z well z ! z9c1 0 dissolv$ by ! action ( dilute nitric acid2 & by ! fe>1 t too l>ge a mass ( oxidable metal w\ld be requir$ to produce decisive results4 ,aft] reflect+1 h[ev]1 on ! sl[ & weak action ( sea-wat] on copp]1 & ! small diff]5ce :i* mu/ exi/ betwe5 _! electrical p[]s2 & kn[+ t a v feeble *emical action w\ld be de/roy$ by a v feeble electrical =ce1 he 0 enc\rag$ to proce$2 & ! results 7 highly satisfactory & conclusive4 ,a piece ( z9c1 n l>g] ?an a pea1 or ! po9t ( a small iron nail1 0 f\nd fully adequate to pres]ve =ty or fifty squ>e in*es ( copp]1--& ?is1 :]ev] x 0 plac$1 :e!r at ! top1 bottom1 or 9 ! middle ( ! %eet ( copp]1 & :e!r ! copp] 0 /raight or b5t1 or made into coils4 ,& :]e ! connexion betwe5 ! diff]5t pieces ( copp] 0 complet$ by wires1 or ?9 filam5ts ( ! =tie? or fiftie? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! effect 0 ! same2 e side1 e surface1 e p>ticle ( ! copp]1 rema9$ bright2 :il/ ! iron1 or ! z9c1 0 sl[ly corrod$4 ,a piece ( ?ick %eet copp]1 conta9+ on bo? sides ab\t sixty squ>e in*es1 0 cut 9 su* a mann] z to =m sev5 divisions1 connect$ only by ! smalle/ filam5ts t c\ld be left1 & a mass ( z9c1 ( ! fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 0 sold]$ to ! upp] division4 ,! :ole 0 plung$ "u sea-wat]2 ! copp] rema9$ p]fectly poli%$4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) iron1 & aft] ! lapse ( a mon?1 ! copp] 0 9 bo? in/ances f\nd z bright z :5 x 0 fir/ introduc$2 :il/ simil> pieces ( copp]1 undef5d$1 und]w5t 9 ! same wat] v consid]able corrosion1 & produc$ a l>ge quantity ( gre5 deposit 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,num]\s o!r exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$1 & ) results equally conclusive ( ! tru? ( ! !ory :i* _h sugge/$ !m4 ,!re 0 h[ev] "o po9t :i* /ill rema9$ = enquiry4 ,z ! ocean may be consid]$ 9 its relation to ! quantity ( copp] 9 a %ip1 z an inf9itely ext5d$ conductor1 x became necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r t circum/ance w\ld influ5ce ! results4 ,= ?is purpose1 he plac$ two v f9e copp] wires1 "o undef5d$1 ! o!r def5d$ by a p>ticle ( z9c1 9 a v l>ge vessel ( sea-wat]1 :i* wat] might be consid]$ to be> ! same relation to s m9ute a portion ( metal1 z ! sea to ! metallic %ea?+ ( a %ip4 ,! result 0 p]fectly satisfactory4 ,! def5d$ copp] und]w5t no *ange2 ! undef5d$ t>ni%$1 & deposit$ a gre5 p[d]4#ic #ic ,dur+ ! c\rse ( "s exp]im5ts 9 :i* ,i h be5 lately engag$1 a simple mode ( exhibit+ ! pr9ciple ( protection occurr$ to me1 :i*1 ,i believe1 has n be=e be5 sugge/$2 at lea/1 ,i _c f9d any notice ( su* an exp]im5t4 ,z ,i consid] x admirably calculat$ = illu/ration1 ,i w "h describe x4 ,let two slips ( copp] ( equal size1 ! "o protect$ ) a piece ( z9c1 ! o!r unprotect$1 be plung$ into two w9e-glasses fill$ ) a solution ( ammonia4 ,9 a %ort "t1 ! liquor conta9+ ! unprotect$ copp] w assume an int5sely blue col\r2 ! o!r w rema9 col\rless = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! !ory is obvi\s4 ,:5 metallic copp] is plac$ 9 contact ) an ammoniacal solution1 a protoxide ( ! metal is =m$ :i* is col\rless1--& w rema9 s1 if ! contact ( air be prev5t$2 b on exposure to ! atmosph]e1 x passes into a /ate ( p]oxide1 :i* is dissolv$ by ! ammonia1 & produces an int5sely blue solution4 ,9 ! case ( ! protect$ copp]1 ! metal is incapable ( attract+ a s+le atom ( oxyg51 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ be5 r5d]$ negative by ! z9c1 & consequ5tly no solution c take place4 ,davy hav+ ?us satisfi$ 8 own m9d z to ! tru? ( 8 views1 communicat$ to ,gov]nm5t1 9 ,janu>y #ahbd1 ! important fact ( 8 hav+ discov]$ a rem$y = ! evil ( :i* !y _h compla9$2 & t ! corrosion ( ! copp] %ea?+ ( 8 ,maje/y's %ips might be prev5t$ by r5d]+ ! copp] electro-positive1 by means ( ! contact ( t91 z9c1 lead1 iron1 or any o!r easily oxidable metal2 & t he 0 prep>$ to c>ry 8 plan into effect4 ,a proposition f a philosoph] ( su* kn[n sci5ce1 & ^u a subject ( su* great importance to ! navigation & comm]ce ( ! c\ntry1 imm$iately obta9$ all ! att5tion x des]v$2 & an ord] 0 made t ! plan ( protection %\ld1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 be =?) tri$ ^u ! bottom ( a sail+ cutt]4 ,to give to 8 discov]y f>!r publicity1 ,sir ,humphry reque/$ t ?ree models ( %ips might be exhibit$ 9 ! spaci\s hall ( ! ,navy ,(fice 9 ,som]set ,h\se2 ! copp] ( "o ( :i* he propos$ %\ld be protect$ by b&s ( z9c1 t ( ano!r by plates ( wr\ght iron sold]$ on ! %ea?+1 :ile ! ?ird %\ld h its copp] expos$ )\t any protection :atev]4 ,^! models 7 float$ 9 sea-wat] = sev]al mon?s2 & ! exp]im5t fully confirm$ ! results he _h previ\sly obta9$ 9 8 laboratory4 ,! models 7 f "t to "t exam9$ by p]sons ( ! highe/ sci5tific "*1 z well z by o!rs ( great naval celebrity2 & s allur+ 0 ! !ory1 & s conclusive ! exp]im5ts1 t1 in/ead ( wait+ ! result ( ! sl[ b m c]ta9 ordeal to :i* ! plan _h be5 submitt$1 x 0 imm$iately put into ext5sive practice1 bo? 9 ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice & on ! bottoms ( %ips belong+ to private individuals4 ,to ^? ! lea/ acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ,voltaic action1 x 0 only necess>y to /ate ! proposition1 9 ord] to comm& _! ass5t to its tru?4 ,! utility ( ! plan !re=e 0 nev] que/ion$1 b ! claims ( ,davy to ! orig9ality ( ! inv5tion 7 doom$ to meet ) imm$iate opposition4#id #id ,among/ o!r c\nt]-claims1 !re appe>$1 9 a weekly publication entitl$ ,! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 a /atem5t 9 fav\r ( a p]son ( ! "n ( ,wyatt1 f\nd$ on ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t 9 ,! ,_w newspap] ( ,april #af1 #agia4 ,by ! ,k+'s ,pat5t1 t9n$ copp] %eets & pipes manufactur$ & sold by ,*>les ,wyatt ( ,birm+ham4 ,^! %eets1 among/ o!r advantages1 are p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ = %ea?+ ( %ips1 z !y possess all ! good prop]ties ( copp]1 ) o!rs obvi\sly sup]ior4 ,x is unnecess>y to obs]ve t1 except _! object1 !re is no?+ 9 common 9 ! inv5tions ( ,davy & ,wyatt4 ,! sup]iority claim$ by ,wyatt consi/$ m]ely 9 coat+ ! copp] ) "s sub/ance less corrosive by sea-wat] ?an t metal3 an idea borr[$ f ! common practice ( t9n+ copp] vessels4 ,! correctness ( ! pr9ciple hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 x became1 9 ! next place1 necess>y to det]m9e ! mo/ eligible metal to be us$ = protection2 ! proportion :i* x mu/ be> to ! surface ( ! copp]-%ea?+ bel[ ! wat]l9e2 ! =m lea/ likely to (f] resi/ance to ! sea1 & to imp$e ! sail+ ( ! vessel2 & la/ly1 its mo/ conv5i5t position on ! %ip's bottom4 ,to asc]ta9 ^! sev]al po9ts1 ,"l ,melville & ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty desir$ ! ,commission]s ( ! ,navy ,bo>d1 & ( ! ,dock-y>ds1 to af=d ,sir ,humphry e assi/ance & facility = prosecut+ ! necess>y exp]im5ts2 & he accord+ly made _m v ext5sive trials1 n only on copp] %eets :i* 7 imm]s$ 9 ! sea1 b also on ! bottoms ( a consid]able numb] ( boats :i* _h be5 copp]$ = t purpose1 & expos$ to ! fl[ ( ! tide 9 ,portsm\? h>b\r2 ^u :i* occasions he v>i$ ! nature z well z ! proportions ( ! protect+ metal4 ,! results 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 & !y con/itut$ ! mat]ials = 8 second memoir on ! subject4 ,:5 ! metallic protector 0 f #a_/bj to #a_/aaj p>ts ( its surface1 !re 0 no corrosion nor decay ( ! copp]2 ) small] quantities1 su* z f #a_/bjj to #a_/djj1 ! copp] und]w5t a loss ( weight1 :i* 0 great] 9 proportion z ! protector 0 small]2 &1 z a pro( ( ! univ]sality ( ! pr9ciple1 x 0 f\nd t ev5 #a_/ajjj "p ( ca/ iron sav$ a c]ta9 proportion ( ! copp]4 ,! %eet+ ( boats & %ips1 protect$ by ! contact ( z9c1 or ca/ & malleable iron 9 diff]5t proportions1 comp>$ ) ^? ( simil> boats & sides ( %ips unprotect$1 exhibit$ bright surfaces2 :il/ ! unprotect$ copp] und]w5t rapid corrosion1 becom+ fir/ r$1 !n gre51 & los+ a "p ( its sub/ance 9 scales4 ,=tunately1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 x 0 prov$ t ca/ iron1 ! sub/ance :i* is *eape/ & mo/ easily procur$1 is likewise mo/ fitt$ = ! protection ( ! copp]4 ,x la/s long] ?an malleable iron1 or z9c2 & ! plumbag9\s sub/ance :i* is left by ! action ( sea-wat] ^u x1 reta9s ! orig9al =m ( ! iron1 & does n imp$e ! electrical action ( ! rema9+ metal4 ,9 ! e>li] /age ( ! inve/igation1 x _h be5 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,kn[les1 & sev]al o!r p]sons1 t by r5d]+ ! copp] innoxi\s1 x 0 probable sea-we$s might adh]e to ! %eets2 b ?is objection he answ]$ by /at+1 t negative electricity c\ld n be suppos$ fav\rable to animal & vegetable life2 & z x occasion$ ! deposition ( magnesia1 a sub/ance exce$+ly noxi\s to l& vegetables1 ^u ! copp] surface1 he ent]ta9$ no difficulty ^u t subject3 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 fatally mi/ak54 ,he f\nd1 aft] a trial ( sev]al weeks1 t ! metallic surface became coat$ ) c>bonate ( lime & magnesia1 & t1 "u su* circum/ances1 we$s adh]$ to ! coat+s1 & m>9e insects collect$ ^u !m2 b at ! same "t he obs]v$1 t :5 ! proportion ( ca/ iron1 or z9c1 0 bel[ #a_/aej1 ! electrical p[] ( ! copp] be+ less negative1 no su* deposition occurr$2 & t al?\gh ! surface _h und]gone a slight degree ( solution1 x rema9$ p]fectly clean3 a fact :i* he consid]$ ( great importance1 z x po9t$ out ! limits ( protection2 & makes ! application ( a v small quantity ( ! oxidable metal m advantage\s1 9 fact1 ?an t ( a l>g] "o4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 _m s+ul> facts occurr$ to him1 :i* t5d$ to confirm 8 views ( electro-*emical action4 ,among/ ! v>i\s details :i* rema9$ = 8 inve/igation1 ! relations betwe5 ! surface ( ! protector1 & t ( ! copp] %ea?+1 "u ! diff]5t circum/ances ( temp]ature1 saltness ( ! sea1 & rapidity ( ! %ip's motion1 pres5t$ !mselves z objects ( great importance2 & an opportunity occurr$ :i* enabl$ him to pursue !m by actual obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,june #ahbd1 a /eam-vessel1 ,h4,m4 %ip ! ,comet1 01 at ! express reque/ ( ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ord]$ to proce$ to ,heligol&1 = ! purpose ( fix+ ) precision1 by means ( num]\s *ronomet]s1 ! longitude ( t isl&1 9 ord] to connect ! ,dani% ) ! ,briti% survey2 & ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude hav+ recomm5d$ t ! voyage %\ld be ext5d$ z f> z ! ,naze ( ,norway1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ also ! longitude ( t important po9t1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy ?\ght t ?is vessel w\ld af=d him ! means ( p]=m+ 8 desir$ exp]im5ts ^u protect$ & unprotect$ copp] %eets1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( rapid motion2 & ^u application to ! ,bo>d ( ,admiralty1 he obta9$ ! entire disposal ( ! vessel aft] ! requir$ obs]vations _h be5 complet$1 z long z ! season w\ld all[ h] go+ to sea2 &1 t e facility might be af=d$ him1 a skilful c>p5t] 0 put on bo>d1 to prep>e :atev] might be necess>y = ! prosecution ( ! enquiry4 ,= ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures ^u ?is occasion ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,ti>ks1 :o1 9 8 "* ( a/ronomical obs]v]1 sup]9t5d$ ! exp$ition4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,davy direct$ to be con/ruct$ a numb] ( oblong1 rectangul>1 ?9 plates ( copp]1 ! surface ( :i* %\ld exce$ t ( a squ>e foot3 9 ! c5tre ( ^! plates 0 fa/5$ a slip ( copp]1 by means ( :i* o!r pieces ( copp]1 :i* _h small plates ( iron ( v>i\s dim5sions atta*$ to !m1 7 fix$ to ! plate1 by m]ely slid+ !m into ! groove ?us prep>$ = _! reception4 ,! plates 7 all c>efully weigh$ previ\sly to ! exp]im5t1 & ! pieces ( iron 7 consid]$ z repres5t+ ! v>i\s proportions ( iron & copp] surfaces )9 ^: limits ,sir ,h4 ,davy _h be5 l$1 by =m] exp]im5ts1 to expect t ! be/ proportion w\ld be f\nd4 ,^! plates 7 aft]w>ds slipp$ into wood5 frames1 & nail$ to ! %ip's side1 ov] a piece ( ?ick canvass1 = ! purpose ( int]cept+ e possible communication betwe5 !m & ! copp] %ea?+4 ,x 0 propos$ t1 aft] ea* trip1 ^! plates %\ld be accurately weigh$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! loss :i* !y sev]ally might su/a9 f ! corrosive action ( ! sea1 :ile ?us protect$ by diff]5t proportions ( iron surface2 &1 to ensure e possible accuracy1 he c>ri$ ) him ! excell5t balance1 con/ruct$ by ,ramsd51 :i* is 9 possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 accompani$ by ,"l ,clifton1 emb>k$ at ,gre5wi* on ! #cj? ( ,june1 & ! vessel arriv$ at ,heligol& on ! #bnd ( ,july4 ,"h1 z !y rema9$ n m ?an "o day1 ! plates 7 n exam9$1 al?\gh ! ,ma/] express$ /rong d\bts z to _! safety4 ,! vessel !n proce$$1 by ord] ( ,sir ,humphry1 to ,norway1 a c\ntry :i* he 01 = sev]al reasons1 v desir\s ( visit+1 especially = ! sake ( det]m9+ a d\btful po9t 9 orni?ology1 ^u :i* he subsequ5tly correspond$ ) ,pr(essor ,rhe9h>d1 ( ,cop5hag54 ,! diff]5ce ( longitude1 also1 betwe5 t c\ntry & ,gre5wi*1 n hav+ be5 accurately asc]ta9$1 (f]$ p]haps an additional reason = ?us deviat+ f a c\rse :i*1 x mu/ be confess$1 0 at v>iance ) ! orig9al plan ( ! exp$ition4 ,aft] a sev]e gale ( w9d on ! #d? ( ,july1 ! vessel arriv$1 on ! day foll[+1 at ,rleve1 ne> ,m&al1 & aft]w>ds proce$$ to ?is latt] place1 at :i* ,davy rema9$ = sev]al days1 dur+ :i* int]val ! vessel made a t\r to ! ,naze1 & took 9 coal4 ,on ! arrival ( ! vessel 9 ! port1 ! plates 7 imm$iately exam9$2 b1 to ! great disappo9tm5t ( ,sir ,humphry1 x 0 discov]$ t e "o ( ! protectors _h be5 wa%$ away1 & t mo/ ( ! plates _h su/a9$ consid]able injury4 ,) ! c\ntry ar\nd ,m&al he 0 mu* pleas$2 =1 al?\gh x is f> f be+ f]tile1 ! sc5]y is r5d]$ exce$+ly /rik+ & beautiful by ! num]\s lakes :i* wa% ! feet ( high & sometimes p]p5dicul> m\nta9s1 at t "t clo!d ) ! ri* v]dure ( _! summ] h]bage4 ,sir ,humphry made sev]al excursions into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & d]iv$ mu* amusem5t f angl+ 9 ! lakes2 & _h x n be5 f 8 own inspection ( ! roads1 & ! in=mation :i* he collect$ respect+ !m1 toge!r ) an indisposition ( 8 fell[-travell]1 ,"l ,clifton1 he w\ld h made an ext5sive l& j\rney ?r\gh ! c\ntry2 b1 "u ! exi/+ circum/ances1 he det]m9$ to return to ,engl& ?r\gh ,d5m>k & ,g]many4 ,he !re=e at once resolv$ to take ! /eam-boat ) him z f> z ,sw$51 :]e ! excell5t roads w\ld enable him1 )\t inconv5i5ce1 to rea* ,gott5burg1 & !nce to cont9ue 8 r\te ?r\gh ,d5m>k to ,g]many4 ,! vessel proce$$ accord+ly to ,*ri/ians&1 ! *ief t[n ( a c\ntry ( ! same "n4 ,hav+ be5 provid$ ) "s sp>e plates & protectors1 he fix$ !m to ! %ip's side at ,m&al1 z he 0 in=m$ t ! voyage c\ld be entirely p]=m$ )9 ! rocks1 ) :i* ! :ole coa/ ( ,norway is s pl5tifully /udd$2 b a %ort trav]se ?r\gh an op5 "p ( ! sea1 n f> f ,m&al1 aga9 defeat$ 8 object4 ,! protectors 7 wa%$ away1 & no result 0 obta9$4 ,at ,*ri/ians& he rema9$ a few days1 9 ord] to try "s new plates1 :i* 7 con/ruct$ !re "u 8 own inspection4 ,^u ?is occasion he made an excursion to ! falls ( ! ,torj$ahl1 di/ant ab\t six miles f ! t[n4 ,! riv] ab\nds ) salmon1 :i* 7 easily caught 9 _! desc5t f ! falls1 by an app>atus contriv$ = t purpose4 ,sir ,humphry amus$ himself by tea*+ ! inhabitants ! op]ation ( crimp+1 & he decl>$ ! flav\r ( ! fi% to be sup]ior to any salmon he _h ev] ta/$4 ,x 0 at ,*ri/ians& t he became acqua9t$ ) ! ,norwegian race ( ponies1 s well adapt$ = m\nta9\s c\ntries2 & :i*1 at 8 recomm5dation1 7 aft]w>ds introduc$ into ,engl& by ,mr4 ,knight1 ( ,d[nton ,ca/le4 ,f ,*ri/ians& ! vessel proce$$ on h] r\te ea/w>d to ,ar5dal1 :]e %e arriv$ on ! #ab?1 aft] a passage ( only a few h\rs4 ,! r\te lay entirely )9 ! rocks1--& s n>r[ 7 ! passages1 t ! vessel c\ld frequ5tly n pass ! rocks on ei!r side )\t t\*+ !m4 ,at ,ar5dal1 :i* is ! *ief place ( a rem>kable m9+ di/rict1 ,sir ,humphry 0 well receiv$ by ! ,messrs4 ,d$ehamys1 two bro!rs1 & ! lead+ m]*ants ( ! place1 ) :om he made sev]al excursions to ! neighb\r+ m9es4 ,he 0 also invit$ by !m to meet at _! beautiful c\ntry seats ! mo/ respectable inhabitants ( ! t[n4 ,9 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,d$ehamy1 ,davy 0 introduc$ into ,norwegian society1 &1 = ! fir/ "t1 _h an opportunity ( witness+ ! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,a %ort "t be=e d9n]1 ! gue/s 7 summon$ to p>take ( pickl$ fi%1 an*ovies1 & smok$ salmon1 ) rum1 br&y1 & w9e1 :i* 7 plac$ on small tables 9 ! draw+-room 9 :i* ! company assembl$4 ,?is cu/om ( tak+ salt provisions1 toge!r ) spirits1 j be=e d9n]1 is v g5]al 9 ! ,nor?1 & is consid]$ z ! be/ means ( prep>+ ! /oma*1 & ( provok+ an appetite = ! approa*+ meal4 ,! v num]\s p>ty1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! ho/ess & h] daught]1 consi/$ entirely ( m51 7 !n u%]$ into two l>ge rooms1 "o n be+ suffici5tly spaci\s to accommodate !m1 & ea* p]son took 8 seat promiscu\sly4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! d9n]1 l>ge bas9s fill$ ) sug> 7 c>ri$ r\nd by ! ho/'s daught]1 foll[$ by a s]vant1 f :i* ea* g5tleman took a l>ge h&ful4 ,sir ,humphry1 surpris$ at s s+ul> a c]emony1 enquir$ its mean+2 :5 ! ho/ v good-hum\r$ly answ]$1 t 9 ,norway !y ?\ght1 if ! w9e 0 good x c\ld n be spoil$ by sug>1--& if bad1 t x w\ld be improv$ by x4 ,davy imm$iately foll[$ ! example ( ! company1 & help$ himself to ! sug>4 ,among/ ! p>ty pres5t 7 sev]al memb]s ( ! ,diet 7,/or?+71 :i* _h rec5tly refus$ ! applications ( ! ,k+ = v>i\s grants ( money4 ,?is subject excit$ mu* animat$ conv]sation1 & ! majority ( ! p]sons pres5t express$ _! approbation at s bold & indep5d5t a measure4 ,?is call$ =? a political toa/ relat+ to ! situation ( _! c\ntry2 :5 ! :ole company1 elat$ ) w9e & conv]sation1 simultane\sly bur/ =? into ! national *orus ( ,norway1 :i* _h be5 compos$ z a prize poem dur+ ! %ort /ruggle aga9/ ! union ( t c\ntry ) ,sw$51 & :i* 0 mu* admir$ by ! ,norwegians1 & on all occasions sung by !m ) ! utmo/ en?usiasm ( feel+2 b1 not)/&+ ! lib]al politics ( ! p>ty1 !y drank ,sir ,humphry's toa/--,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,norway ,,& ,,sw$5--) mu* app>5t loyalty4 ,a succession ( toa/s foll[$1 ! la/ ( :i* recomm5d$ ,,! ,,briti% ,,con/itution ,,z ,a ,,model ,,= ,,all ,,! ,,_w4 ,) ?is s5tim5t ! fe/ivities conclud$--a mom5t>y sil5ce ensu$2 ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry assign$ to a /rang] ! hon\rable (fice ( return+ to ! ho/ & ho/ess ! ?anks ( ! company = _! hospitable reception2 all eyes 7 anxi\sly fix$ ^u ! ,engli% philosoph]2 & z soon z he 0 made acqua9t$ ) ! duty he 0 expect$ to p]=m1 he rose f 8 seat1 & 9 allusion to ! s5tim5t s rec5tly drunk 9 complim5t to himself1 he propos$ z a conclud+ toa/1 ,,norwegian ,,hospitality ,a ,,model ,,= ,,all ,,! ,,_w4 ,f ,ar5dal ! vessel proce$$ to ,laurvig1 :]e %e /opp$ only a few h\rs2 b ,sir ,humphry seiz$ ?is opportunity to g on %ore to view ! c\ntry1 & he aft]w>ds weigh$ ! copp] plates :i* _h be5 atta*$ to ! %ip 9 ,*ri/ians&1 z ! vessel 0 n[ to cross t deep bay1 at ! bottom ( :i* is situat$ ,*ri/iana1 ! capital ( ! k+dom4 ,! few plates 7 f\nd to be 9 good ord]2 & ! results1 :i* h[ev] mu/ be all[$ to h be5 v incomplete1 confirm$1 z f> z !y w5t1 ! conclusions to :i* he _h be5 l$ by =m] exp]im5ts1 viz4 t #a_/bjj ( iron surface 0 ! proportion be/ calculat$ to def5d ! copp]1 )\t s ov]protect+ x z to fav\r ! adhesion ( m>9e productions2 :ile !y moreov] prov$ t !re is a me*anical z well z a *emical we> ( ! copp]1 :i*1 9 ! mo/ expos$ "p ( ! %ip1 & 9 ! mo/ rapid c\rse1 be>s a relation to x ( ne>ly #b to #d4ee4 ,! c\ntry increas$ 9 f]tility t[>ds ! ea/]n p>ts ( x2 b x possess$ mu* less beauty ?an ! neighb\rhood ( ,m&al4 ,z soon z ,davy p]ceiv$ t ! vessel _h to pass ne> ! m\? ( ! ,glomm51 ! l>ge/ riv] ( ,norway1 he direct$ t %e %\ld ent] x4 ,/eam-boats appe>$ to h be5 entirely unkn[n 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! inhabitants ( ! t[n ( ,fr$]ick/adt 7 al>m$ by ! belief t ! vessel 0 on fire1 & !y ran d[n to ! bea* 9 multitudes4 ,z ! vessel proce$$ up ! riv]1 ! p e :]e left _! "w1 look$ on a:ile 9 sil5t amazem5t1 & !n %\t$ ) delight4 ,! vessel an*or$ a mile bel[ ! great fall ( ! ,glomm51 call$ ,s>p51 & :i* ,davy visit$ on ! foll[+ day 7,july #ae74 ,?ree ,k+s ( ,d5m>k h visit$ ?is fall1 & a "n commemorates ! spot :5ce !y view$ ?is gr& sc5e ( nature4 ,! fall is n "o p]p5dicul> desc5t1 b consi/s ( ?ree %eets ( wat] closely succe$+ ea* o!r2 &1 by means ( a b>omet]1 he asc]ta9$ ! entire altitude to be little m ?an a hundr$ feet4 ,9 comp>+ ! "* ( ?is wat]fall ) ^? ( ! o!rs he _h visit$1 he obs]ves1 t size is m]ely comp>ative2 & t he pref]s ! ,vel9o at ,t]ni1 on acc\nt ( ! h>mony t exi/s 9 all its p>ts4 ,x displays all ! =ce & p[] ( ! elem5t1 9 its rapid & precipit\s desc5t2 & y feel t ev5 man w\ld be no?+ 9 its waves1 & w\ld be da%$ to pieces by its =ce4 ,! :ole sc5e is embrac$ at once by ! eye1 & ! effect is almo/ z sublime z t ( ! ,glomm51 :]e ! riv] is at lea/ "o hundr$ times z l>ge2 = ! ,glomm5 falls1 z x 71 f a :ole valley ^u a m\nta9 ( granite2 & unless :]e y see ! giant p9es ( ,norway1 fifty or sixty feet 9 height1 c>ri$ d[n by x & swimm+ 9 its :irlpools l /raws1 y h no idea ( its magnitude & p[]4 ,consid]+ ^! wat]falls 9 all _! relations1 he is dispos$ to ?9k1 t :ile t ( ,vel9o is ! mo/ p]fect & beautiful1 ! fall ( ! ,glomm5 is ! mo/ awful4 ,on bo? sides ( ?is fall are ext5sive saw-mills1 ) ma*9]y ( v imp]fect con/ruction4 ,davy sp5t "s "t ) ! proprietors ( ^! mills1 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,engli% language1 & %[$ him e att5tion 9 _! p[]4 ,z an angl]1 he spoke ) regret ( ! imm5se quantity ( sawdu/ :i* float$ 9 ! wat]1 & =m$ almo/ hills along ! banks1 & :i*1 he obs]v$1 mu/ be poison\s to ! fi%1 by sometimes *ok+ _! gills1 & int]f]+ ) _! respiration4 ,f ! ,glomm5 ! /eam-vessel pass$ ?r\gh ! ,sv9esund to ,/rm/adt1 ! fir/ t[n 9 ,sw$5 beyond ! fronti] ( ,norway1 f :i* ,*>les ,,xii4 essay$ to besiege ! neighb\r+ =tress ( ,fr$]ick/adt 9 ,norway4 ,f ,/rm/adt1 ,davy set out on ! #ag? ( ,july1 & rea*$ ,gott5burg by l& 9 two days1 :]e he rema9$ = a %ort "t1 9 consequ5ce ( a slight indisposition4 ,on 8 j\rney1 he _h a conv]sation ) ,osc>1 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k1 :o1 "u ! direction ( ,b]zelius1 _h dilig5tly devot$ himself to ! /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,he conv]s$ ) our philosoph] ^u v>i\s subjects connect$ ) t sci5ce2 & ,davy1 on 8 return to ,engl&1 decl>$ t he _h nev] met ) a m enlight5$ p]son4 ,! ,cr[n ,pr9ce express$ great surprise1 z inde$ did e body 9 ,sw$51 on he>+ t x 0 n ,davy's int5tion to visit ,pr(essor ,b]zelius at ,/ockholm2 & 8 a/oni%m5t 0 /ill f>!r increas$1 :5 he 0 in=m$ by himself1 t he came to ,norway & ,sw$5 ) no o!r view ?an to enjoy ! div]sion ( hunt+ & fi%+6 ,he h[ev] did by accid5t aft]w>ds meet ,b]zelius1 b 8 int]view 0 b ( %ort duration4 ,f ,gott5burg he ha/5$ to ,cop5hag51 :]e he r5ew$ 8 acqua9tance ) ,pr9ce ,*ri/ian ( ,d5m>k1 c\s9 ( ! ,k+1 & heir presumptive ( ! cr[n2 9 ^: company he _h "s ye>s be=e obs]v$ an eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,he also visit$ ,pr(essor ,o]/$1 & e>ne/ly reque/$ t he might see ! app>atus by :i* t philosoph] _h made ^? electro-magnetic exp]im5ts :i* _h r5d]$ 8 "n s celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,he next proce$$ to ,neuburg & ,altona1 :]e he int5d$ to re-emb>k = ,engl& 9 ! /eam-vessel :i* _h1 dur+ ! int]val ( 8 cont95tal t\r1 made a voyage to ,engl&1 & 0 aga9 on h] way to ! ,elbe4 ,at ! sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 ( ,pr(essor ,s*uma*]1 ! a/ronomical pr(essor at ,cop5hag51 b resid+ at ,altona1 9 ^: society he pass$ a great portion ( 8 "t1 he accompani$ t g5tleman to ,brem51 9 ord] to make ! acqua9tance ( ! v5]able ,dr4 ,olb]s1 :o1 s9ce 8 retirem5t f an ext5sive m$ical practice1 _h entirely devot$ 8 "t to ! pursuit ( 8 fav\rite sci5ce a/ronomy2 z well z to be introduc$ to ,pr(essor ,gauss1 ( ,gott+51 :o happ5$ to be at t "t c>ry+ on 8 geodetical op]ations = ! admeasurem5t ( ! k+dom ( ,hanov]4 ,davy express$ a great desire to see ! telescope ) :i* ,dr4 ,olb]s _h discov]$ ! two planets1 ,pallas & ,ve/a1 & :i* to 8 great surprise turn$ out to be a v ord9>y in/rum5t4 ,8 p]sonal int]c\rse ) ^! two celebrat$ philosoph]s appe>$ to af=d him ! highe/ satisfaction2 & he sp5t two days mo/ agreeably 9 _! society4 ,9 8 ,salmonia1 he gives u "s acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures z an angl] dur+ ?is %ort excursion to ,norway & ,sw$54 ,all ! ,norwegian riv]s1 says he1 t ,i tri$ 7& !y 7 9 ! s\!rn p>ts7 conta9$ salmon4 ,i fi%$ 9 ! ,glomm51 "o ( ! l>ge/ riv]s 9 ,europe2 9 ! ,m&als1 :i* appe>$ to me ! be/ fitt$ = tak+ salmon2 & 9 ! ,ar5dal2 b1 ?\gh ,i saw salmon rise 9 ^! riv]s1 ,i nev] took a fi% l>g] ?an a sea-tr\t2 ( ^! ,i always caught _m--& ev5 9 ! fiords1 or small inl& salt-wat] bays2 b1 ,i ?9k1 nev] any "o m ?an a p\nd 9 weight4 ,x is true t ,i 0 9 ,norway 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 9 exce$+ly bright wea!r1 & :5 !re 0 no night2 = ev5 at twelve o'clock ! sky 0 s bright1 t ,i read ! smalle/ pr9t 9 ! columns ( a newspap]4 ,i 0 9 ,sw$5 lat]--9 ,augu/3 ,i fi%$ 9 ! magnific5t ,go?a1 bel[ t gr& fall1 ,trollhetta1 :i* to see is wor? a voyage f ,engl&2 b ,i nev] rais$ !re any fi% wor? tak+4 ,i caught1 9 ?is noble /ream1 a little tr\t ab\t z long z my h&2 & ! only fi% ,i got to eat at ,trollhetta 0 bream4 ,he aga9 emb>k$1 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/1 on bo>d ! ,comet /eam-vessel1 :i* _h asc5d$ ! ,wes] z high z h] draught ( wat] w\ld all[1 & rea*$ ,engl&1 aft] a v boi/]\s passage1 on ! #ag? ( ! same mon?2 inde$1 ! vessel left ! m\? ( ! ,wes] ) a contr>y w9d1 & ! pilot 0 unwill+ to put to sea1 b ,davy insi/$ on proce$+ )\t delay4 ,dur+ ! :ole passage he suff]$ extremely f sea-sickness1 & 9 a lett] writt5 to ,pr(essor ,s*uma*]1 %ortly aft] l&+1 he rem>ks t ! sea is a glori\s dom9ion1 b a wret*$ habitation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! #i? ( ,june #ahbe1 ,sir ,humphry read be=e ! ,royal ,society 8 ?ird & mo/ elaborate pap] ^u ,copp] %ea?+1 entitl$ ,f>!r ,rese>*es on ! ,pres]vation ( ,metals by ,electro-*emical ,means4 ,9 ?is memoir1 he /ates x to be 8 belief1 t !re is no?+ 9 ! poison\s nature ( ! copp] to prev5t ! adhesion ( we$s & te/ace\s animals2 = he obs]ves1 t !y w readily adh]e to ! poison\s salts ( lead :i* commonly =m ^u ! metal protect+ ! =e-"p ( ! keel2 & ev5 ^u copp]1 provid$ x be 9 su* a /ate ( *emical comb9ation z to be insoluble4 ,x is !n1 9 8 op9ion1 ! solution ( ! metal--! we> ( its surface1 by keep+ x smoo?1 :i* prev5ts ! adhesion ( =eign matt]4 ,:5ev] ! copp] is unequally worn1 deposits w1 )\t d\bt1 re/ 9 ! r\gh p>ts1 or depressions 9 ! metal1 & af=d a soil or b$ 9 :i* sea-we$s c fix _! roots1 & to :i* zoophytes & %ell-fi% c adh]e2 b !re is ano!r cause ( f\lness on ! protect$ %ea?+1 aris+ f ! deposit ( e>?y matt] ^u ! copp]1 9 consequ5ce ( its electro-negative condition4 ,9 relation to ?is subject1 ,davy has (f]$ "s obs]vations ^u ! effects produc$ by p>tial =mations ( ru/1 :i* appe> to me to be exce$+ly int]e/+ & important4 ,:5 copp] has be5 appli$ to ! bottom ( a %ip = a c]ta9 "t1 he says1 a gre5 coat+1 or ru/1 consi/+ ( oxide1 sub-muriate1 & c>bonate ( copp]1 =ms ^u x2 n equally ?r\gh\t1 b p>tially1 & :i*1 x is evid5t1 mu/ produce a second>y1 p>tial1 & unequal action1 s9ce ^? sub/ances are negative ) respect to metallic copp]1 & w consequ5tly1 by produc+ ) x a ,voltaic circuit1 occasion a m rapid corrosion ( ^? p>ts /ill expos$ to sea-wat]3 f ?is cause1 %eets are (t5 f\nd p]=at$ ) holes 9 "o "p1 aft] hav+ be5 us$ = five or six ye>s2 :ile 9 o!r p>ts !y are comp>atively s\nd4#ie ,9 l mann]1 ! heads ( ! mix$ metal nails1 consi/+ ( copp] alloy$ by a small quantity ( t91 :i* are 9 common use 9 ! ,navy1 give rise to oxides t are negative ) respect to ! copp]1 s t ! latt] is (t5 worn into deep & irregul> cavities 9 _! vic9ity4 #ie ,! ru/+ ( a common piece ( iron1 if c>efully inspect$1 furni%es a beautiful illu/ration ( ?is second>y action4 ,! oxide1 at fir/ a m]e speck1 & =m$ p]haps by a globule ( wat]1 becomes negative ) respect to ! contigu\s surface1 & by ?us =m+ a ,voltaic circuit1 exalts its oxidability1 & ! ru/ consequ5tly ext5ds 9 a circle4 ,a s]ies ( v int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 fully detail$ 9 ?is memoir1 :i* 7 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! ext5t ( ! dim9ution ( electrical action 9 in/ances ( imp]fect or irregul> conduct+ surfaces1 l$ him to ! g5]al conclusion1 t a v small quantity ( ! imp]fect or fluid conductor 0 suffici5t to transmit ! electrical p[]1 or to complete ! *a94 ,?is induc$ him to try :e!r copp]1 if nail$ ^u wood1 & protect$ m]ely by z9c or iron on its "u surface1 or on t next ! wood1 might n be def5d$ f corrosion3 a "q ( great practical mom5t ) reg>d to ! arrangem5t ( protectors4 ,= ?is purpose1 he cov]$ a piece ( wood ) small %eets ( copp]1 a nail ( z9c ( ab\t #a_/ajj "p ( ! surface hav+ be5 previ\sly driv5 into ! wood3 ! copp] surface rema9$ p]fectly bright 9 sea-wat] = _m weeks2 & :5 ! result 0 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t ! z9c _h only suff]$ p>tial corrosion2 t ! wood 0 moi/1 & t1 on ! int]ior ( ! copp] !re 0 a consid]able portion ( reviv$ z9c1 s t ! negative electricity1 by its op]ation1 provid$ mat]ials = its future & con/ant excitem5t4 ,9 sev]al trials ( ! same k9d1 iron 0 us$ ) simil> results2 & 9 all ^! exp]im5ts !re appe>$ to be ?is peculi>ity 9 ! appe>ance ( ! copp]1 t unless ! protect+ metal bel[ 0 9 a l>ge mass1 !re 7 no depositions ( calc>e\s or magnesian e>?s ^u ! metal2 x 0 clean & bright1 b nev] coat$4 ,! copp] 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 nail$ sometimes ^u pap]1 sometimes ^u ! m]e wood1 & sometimes ^u l952 & ! communication 0 p>tially int]rupt$ betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal surfaces by cem5t2 b ev5 "o side or junction ( a %eet seem$ to all[ suffici5t communication betwe5 ! moi/ure on ! "u surface & ! sea-wat] )\t1 to produce ! electrical effect ( pres]vation4 ,?is la/ exp]im5t ( ,davy is ( great] importance ?an may at fir/ appe>1 9 %[+ :at a small proportion ( conduct+ fluid w complete a circuit1 & 9 ?us expla9+ ph5om5a1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[1 :i* might n o!rwise be suspect$ to h an electrical orig94 ,^! results ^u p]fect & imp]fect conductors l$ him to ano!r enquiry1 important z x relates to ! practical application ( ! pr9ciple1 namely1 z to ! ext5t & nature ( ! contact or relation betwe5 ! copp] & ! pres]v+ metal4 ,he 0 unable to produce any protect+ action ( z9c or iron ^u copp] ?r\gh ! ?9ne/ /ratum ( air1 or ! f9e/ leaf ( mica1 or ( dry pap]2 b ! action ( ! metals did n seem to be mu* impair$ by ! ord9>y coat+ ( oxide or ru/2 nor 0 x de/roy$ :5 ! f9e/ bibul\s1 or silv]-pap]1 z x is commonly call$1 0 betwe5 !m1 be+ moi/5$ ) sea-wat]4 ,he made an exp]im5t ) diff]5t folds ( ?is pap]4 ,pieces ( copp] 7 cov]$ ) "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & six folds2 & ov] !m 7 plac$ pieces ( z9c1 :i* 7 fa/5$ closely to !m by ?read2 ea* piece ( copp]1 ?us protect$1 0 expos$ 9 a vessel ( sea-wat]1 s t ! folds ( pap] 7 all moi/4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! case 9 :i* a s+le leaf ( pap] 0 betwe5 ! z9c & ! copp]1 !re 0 no corrosion ( ! copp]2 9 ! case 9 :i* !re 7 two leaves1 !re 0 a v slight effect2 ) ?ree1 ! corrosion 0 di/9ct2 & x increas$1 till ) six folds ! protect+ p[] appe>$ to be lo/2 & 9 ! case ( ! s+le leaf1 ! result diff]$ only f t produc$ by imm$iate contact1 9 !re n be+ any deposition ( e>?y matt]4 ,o!r exp]im5ts likewise prov$ t !re 0 no absolute contact ( ! metals ?r\gh ! moi/ pap]2 =1 al?\gh a ?9 plate ( mica1 z be=e /at$1 entirely de/roy$ ! protect+ effect ( z9c1 yet :5 a hole 0 made 9 x1 s z to admit a v ?9 lay] ( moi/ure betwe5 ! z9c & copp]1 ! corrosion ( ! latt]1 ?\gh n prev5t$1 0 consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,! exp]im5tal "p ( ?is pap] concludes ) an acc\nt ( v>i\s trials to det]m9e ! electro-*emical p[]s ( metals 9 m5/rua out ( ! contact1 or to a c]ta9 ext5t remov$ f ! contact ( air2 9 ord]1 if possible1 to dim9i% ! rapid wa/e ( ! protect+ metals4 ,9 ! progress ( ^! exp]im5ts he exhibits1 9 a mo/ beautiful mann]1 ! s+ul> effect ( diff]5t proportions ( a fix$ alkali1 :5 mix$ ) sea-wat]1 9 r5d]+ ! iron1 9 its ,voltaic connection ) copp]1 m or less negative4 ,he t]m9ates ! pap] ) "s obs]vations ( a practical nature1 relative to ! be/ modes ( r5d]+ iron applicable to ! purposes ( protection2 b1 z ^! h be5 already embodi$ 9 ! inve/igation1 x is n necess>y to notice !m f>!r 9 ?is place4 ,t ,i may give to ! hi/ory ( ?is subject all ! p]spicuity :i* x c d]ive f ! connexion ( its sev]al p>ts1 ,i %all n[1 9 defiance ( *ronological ord]1 proce$ to consid] 8 la/ ,bak]ian ,lecture1 ,on ! ,relations ( ,electrical ,*anges1 :i* 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 on ! #h? ( ,june #ahbf4 ,9 :i*1 aft] ref]r+ to 8 =m] pap]s on ! *emical ag5cies ( electricity1 & ! g5]al laws ( decomposition :i* 7 develop$ 9 !m1 he ent]s into "s hi/orical details respect+ ! orig9 & progress ( electro-*emical sci5ce2 be+ induc$ s to d1 f a k ( ! v errone\s /atem5ts :i* _h be5 publi%$ ^u ! subject abroad1 & repeat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is lecture1 9 rev]t+ to ! subject ( ,voltaic protection1 he says3 ,a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 h prov$ ! full efficacy ( ! electro-*emical means ( pres]v+ metals1 p>ticul>ly ! copp] %ea?+ ( %ips2 b a hope ,i _h once indulg$1 t ! peculi> electrical /ate w\ld prev5t ! adhesion ( we$s or insects1 has n be5 realiz$2 protect$ %ips h (t5 inde$ return$1 aft] long voyages1 p]fectly bright1#if & clean] ?an unprotect$ %ips2 yet ?is is n always ! case2 & ?\gh ! :ole ( ! copp] may be pres]v$ f *emical solution 9 /eam-vessels 7f ! rapidity ( _! motion7 by ^! means1--yet !y mu/ be adopt$ 9 common %ips only s z to pres]ve a portion1--s appli$1 z to suff] a c]ta9 solution ( ! copp]2#ig & an absolute rem$y = adhesions is to be s\ght = by o!r m ref9$ means ( protection1 & :i* appe> to be indicat$ by ^! rese>*es4 #if ,! ,c>nbrea ,ca/le1 a l>ge vessel1 ( upw>ds ( six hundr$ & fifty tons1 0 furni%$ ) f\r protectors1 two on ! /]n1 & two on ! b[1 equal toge!r to ab\t #a-ajd? ( ! surface ( copp]4 ,%e _h be5 protect$ m ?an twelve mon?s1 & _h made ! voyage to ,calcutta & back4 ,%e came into ! riv] p]fectly bright2 &1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! dry-dock1 0 f\nd entirely free f any adhesion1 & (f]$ a beautiful & almo/ poli%$ surface2 & !re seem$ to be no great] we> ( copp] ?an c\ld be acc\nt$ = f me*anical causes4 #ig ,a common cause ( adhesions ( we$s or %ell-fi%1 is ! oxide ( iron =m$ & deposit$ r\nd ! protectors4 ,9 ! only exp]im5t 9 :i* z9c has be5 employ$ = ?is purpose 9 actual s]vice1 ! %ip return$ aft] two voyages to ! ,we/ ,indies1 & "o to ,quebec1 p]fectly clean4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made by ,mr4 ,lawr5ce1 ( ,lomb>d ,/reet1 :o /ates t ! rudd]1 :i* 0 n protect$1 _h corrod$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! nails us$ 9 %ips are an alloy ( copp] & t91 :i* ,i f9d to be slightly negative ) respect to copp]1 & x is on ^! nails t ! fir/ adhesions uni=mly take place3 a slightly positive & slightly decomposable alloy w\ld probably prev5t ?is effect1 & ,i h made "s exp]im5ts fav\rable to ! idea4 ,he next proce$s to /ate "s circum/ances1 9 addition to ^? he _h =m]ly notic$1 by :i* ! electrical relations ( copp] are alt]$4 ,i f\nd1 says he1 copp] h>d5$ by hamm]+1 negative to roll$ copp]2--copp] 7to use ! te*nical language ( manufactur]s7 bo? ov]-pol$ & "u-pol$1#ih conta9+1 9 "o case1 probably a little *>coal1 & 9 ! o!r a little oxide1 negative to pure copp]4 ,a specim5 ( brittle copp]1 put into my h&s by ,mr4 ,vivian1 b 9 :i* no impurity c\ld be detect$1 0 negative ) respect to s(t copp]4 ,9 g5]al1 v m9ute quantities ( ! oxidable metals r5d] ! alloy positive1 unless x becomes h>d]1 9 :i* case x is g5]ally negative4 #ih ,! pol+ ( copp] is an op]ation1 ! !ory ( :i* is involv$ 9 a great deal ( my/]y4 ,copp]1 :5 tak5 f ! smelt+ furnace1 is :at is t]m$ dry1 t is1 x is brittle1 has an op5 gra9 & cry/all9e /ructure1 & is ( a purpli% r$ col\r4 ,! foll[+ is ! process by :i* x is ref9$1 or t\gh5$1 by ! process ( pol+4 ,! surface ( ! melt$ metal 9 ! furnace is1 9 ! fir/ place1 cov]$ ) *>coal4 ,a pole1 commonly ( bir*1 is !n plung$ into ! liquid metal1 :i* produces a consid]able ebullition f ! evolution ( gase\s matt]1 & ?is op]ation is cont9u$1 fre% *>coal be+ occasionally add$1 s t ! surface may be always kept cov]$1 until ! ref9] judges f ! assays t ! metal is malleable4 ,! delicacy ( ! op]ation consi/s 9 ! difficulty ( hitt+ ! exact m>k3 if ! surface %\ld by accid5t be uncov]$1 x w return to its dry /ate2 & %\ld ! process be c>ri$ too f>1 x w be ov]-pol$1 by :i* ! metal w\ld be r5d]$ ev5 m brittle ?an :5 9 a dry /ate4 ,:5 ?is is f\nd to be ! case1 or1 z !y say1 gone too f>1 ! ref9] directs ! *>coal to be drawn (f f ! surface ( ! metal1 & ! copp] to be expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 by :i* means x is aga9 br\ght back to its prop] pit*1 t is1 become aga9 malleable4 ,n[ ! "q is1 :at are ! *anges ?us produc$ 9 ! copp]8 ,is ! metal 9 its dry /ate comb9$ ) a m9ute portion ( oxyg51 ( :i* pol+ deprives x1 & ?us r5d]s x malleable8 & does ! ov]-pol+ imp>t to x a m9ute portion ( c>bon1 & is copp]1 l iron1 ?us r5d]$ brittle bo? by oxyg5 & c>bon8 ,or1 is ! effect ( ! pole m]ely me*anical1 t ( clos+ ! gra91 & ( alt]+ ! texture ( ! metal8 ,some?+ might be said 9 support ( all ^! op9ions4 ,mr4 ,f>aday1 :o has att5tively exam9$ ! subject1 is unable to detect any *emical diff]5ce betwe5 pol$ & unpol$ copp]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! metal is ov]-pol$1 x is f\nd to oxidate m sl[ly1 & its surface :5 9 ! furnace is s free f oxidation1 t x is l a mirror1 & reflects e brick 9 ! ro(4 ,?is c]ta9ly looks v mu* l c>bonization4--,see ,an ,acc\nt ( ,smelt+ ,copp]1 z conduct$ at ! ,hafod ,copp]-works2 by ,j4 ,h4 ,vivian1 ,esq4--,annals ( ,philosophy1 vol4 v4 p4 #aac4 ,^! are important facts1 & %\ld dispose ^? :o may preside ov] judicial enquiries1 to pause be=e !y inf] ! inf]iority ( copp] %eet+ f ! rapidity ( its decay4#ii--;,i h n[ conclud$ a review ( ^? admirable rese>*es :i* l$ ,sir ,humphry ,davy to sugge/ & mature a plan = arre/+ ! corrosion ( ! copp] %ea?+ ( vessels by ,voltaic action4 ,mr4 ,babbage has said t he 0 au?oris$ 9 /at+1 t ?is 0 reg>d$ by ,laplace z ! greate/ ( ,davy's discov]ies4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a sep>ate p]=mance3 we d inju/ice to ! philosoph] by reg>d+ x z an indep5d5t & isolat$ discov]y2 = x 0 ! result ( a long s]ies ( enquiries1 :i* comm5c$ by e/abli%+ ! laws ( electro-*emi/ry1--:i* l$ him to ! decomposition ( ! alkalies & e>?s1--sugge/$ to 8 unwe>i$ g5ius a succession ( novel rese>*es1 9 a new field ( enquiry1--& conclud$1 z we h se51 9 produc+ ! mo/ /rik+ results by means ( ! greate/ simplicity4 ,n once dur+ ! progress ( ?is enquiry _h he any occasion to retrace 8 /eps = ! purpose ( correction3 ju/ly has he obs]v$ 9 8 la/ ,bak]ian ,lecture1 t1 not)/&+ ! v>i\s novel views :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 & ! great activity & ext5sion ( sci5ce1 x is peculi>ly satisfactory to f9d t he has no?+ to alt] 9 ! fundam5tal !ory laid d[n 9 8 orig9al communication2 & :i*1 aft] ! lapse ( tw5ty ye>s1 has cont9u$1 z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 ! guide & f\ndation ( all 8 rese>*es4 #ii ,?is obs]vation 0 sugge/$ by an exam9ation ( a late judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas1 9 ! case ( ,jones v4 ,bright & o!rs1 on %[+ cause aga9/ rule = a new trial4 ,?is 0 an action br\ght by ! ,pla9tiff aga9/ ! ,def5dants = sell+ him copp]1 = ! purpose ( %ea?+ ! %ip ,isabella1 :i*1 f ! rapidity ( its corrosion1 0 inf]r$ to h an inh]5t defect 9 its composition4 ,9 ?is case x 0 held1 t ) respect to w>ranty1 !re is a v wide diff]5ce z x applies to articles :i* are n ! subject ( manufacture1 & ^? :i* are ! produce ( manufacture & ( human indu/ry4 ,9 ! "o case1 x may be t no prud5ce1 no c>e1 c\ld h gu>d$ aga9/ a secret defect2 9 ! o!r1 by us+ due c>e1 & provid+ prop] mat]ials1 any defect 9 ! manufacture may be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,9 ! case ( ! b[sprit1 ! man did n make ! timb] :i* compos$ ! b[sprit2 he m]ely cut x out1 & fitt$ x to meet ! purpose1 & c\ld !re=e by no means h gu>d$ aga9/ ! rott5ness 9 ! c5tre ( t b[sprit3 b if a man makes copp]1 he may gu>d aga9/ inh]5t defects 9 t copp]1 by tak+ c>e t ! copp] conta9s a prop] proportion ( pure copp]2 & also by tak+ c>e t x is s well manufactur$1 t x does n dr9k 9 a great] quantity ( oxyg5 ?an ought to be admitt$ into x1 & t t oxyg51 :i* ( necessity gets 91 7= "s w17 %all be s di/ribut$1 t x %all n op]ate1 z 9 ! op9ion ( an intellig5t witness ! oxyg5 9 ?is case did op]ate1 by =m+ itself 9 pat*es1 & !reby r5d]+ x s(t1 & r5d]+ ! copp] incapable ( resi/+ ! influ5ce ( salt-wat]--t he c gu>d aga9/4 ,) all due def]5ce to ! le>n$ ,judge1 suppose x be %[n t no human wisdom c gu>d aga9/ ^? circum/ances by :i* a portion ( ! copp] surface may be r5d]$ m highly electro-positive1 :at becomes ( ! judgm5t8 ,t ! decay ( copp] %ea?+ is effect$ by extr9sic causes1 & does n necess>ily dep5d ^u an inh]5t defect 9 ! metal1 may be prov$ 9 num]\s ways4 ,if x 7 ow+ to ! quality ( ! copp]1 :y %\ld five1 t51 or tw5ty %eets out ( a hundr$1 made f ! same *>ge ( metal 9 a furnace & manufactur$ "u precisely simil> circum/ances1 be affect$1 & ! rema9d] be p]fectly s\nd8 ,:y1 aga91 %\ld %eets1 made f sev]al di/9ct *>ges1 plac$ on a p>ticul> vessel1 be act$ ^u1 :ile ! same copp] on o!r bottoms is n m ?an usually dissolv$8 ,did any inh]5t defect exi/ 9 ! metal1 x surely mu/ h equally affect$ ! :ole bat*4 ,x is possible t1 9 "s cases1 9 consequ5ce ( ! %eets n hav+ be5 prop]ly cleans$ be=e !y are roll$1 a portion ( ! oxide may be press$ into !m by ! roll]s4 ,9 su* a case1 a ,voltaic effect might be produc$1 & portions ( ! metallic surface r5d]$ m electro-positive4 ,! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society appe> to h be5 sway$ by ?is consid]ation1 :5 !y adjudg$ to him ,a ,royal ,m$al1#ajj = 8 ,bak]ian ,lecture on ! relations ( electrical *anges1 consid]$ z ! la/ l9k1 9 ord] ( "t1 ( ! spl5did *a9 ( discov]ies 9 *emical electricity1 :i* h be5 cont9u$ = s _m ye>s ( 8 valuable life4 #ajj ,9 ! ye> #ahbe1 ,8 ,maje/y ,george ,,iv4 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,peel1 8 int5tion to f\nd two gold m$als1 ( ! value ( fifty gu9eas ea*1 to be aw>d$ annually by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 su* a mann] z %all1 by ! excitem5t ( competition among m5 ( sci5ce1 seem be/ calculat$ to promote ! object = :i* ! ,royal ,society 0 in/itut$4 ,?us _h ,davy n[ receiv$ f ! ,royal ,society all ! hon\rs !y 7 capable ( conf]r+ ^u him4 ,9 ! ye> #ahje1 !y adjudg$ to him ! m$al on ,sir ,godfrey ,copley's donation = 8 v>i\s communications publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions2 9 #ahag1 !y aw>d$ him ! ,rum=d m$als = 8 pap]s on combu/ion & flame2 & 9 #ahbg1 ^u ! gr\nds j /at$1 ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil express$ _! unabat$ admiration by conf]r+ ^u him ! only m$al :i* rema9$ = 8 acceptance--t :i* _h be5 rec5tly f\nd$ by _! patron1 8 late ,maje/y4 ,hav+ ?us dispos$ ( ! speculative "p ( 8 admirable enquiry1 x w be int]e/+ to pause 9 our n>rative1 9 ord] to take a philosophical review ( ! progress ( ,voltaic discov]y1 9 its relations to ?is p>ticul> object4 ,x is a subject well calculat$ to af=d a valuable lesson to ! exp]im5tali/1 & at ! same "t to furni% illu/rations1 m /rik+ ev5 ?an t ( ! safety-lamp1 ( ! necessity ( t complicat$ species ( ma*9]y1 )\t :i* ! human m9d is frequ5tly unable to grapple ) ! simplicities ( tru?4 ,x is true1 t ! fact ( a galvanic effect be+ excit$ by ! contact ( two dissimil> metals 0 notic$ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! enquiry1 b x is equally evid5t t ! ph5om5a :i* att5d$ x1 & ! laws by :i* x 0 direct$1 requir$ = _! discov]y & elucidation ! assi/ance ( ! ,voltaic batt]y4 ,9 ref]5ce to ,davy1 x may be "h repeat$1 t ! p[] ( obta9+ simple results1 ?r\gh complicat$ means1 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%+ features ( 8 g5ius4 ,x has be5 /at$1 t ! ,al>m frigate1 ! fir/ copp]$ %ip 9 our ,navy1 display$ v /rik+ evid5ce ( ! effect ( ,voltaic action1 9 ! rapid corrosion ( its iron4#aja ,z e>ly z #aghc1 aft] copp] %ea?+ _h become g5]al1 ! ,gov]nm5t issu$ ord]s t all ! bolts "u ! l9e ( fluitation %\ld1 9 future1 be ( copp]2 b at t p]iod1 x 0 n possible t any idea c\ld be ent]ta9$ z to ! true nature ( ! op]ation by :i* ! iron 0 ?us rapidly corrod$1 = x 0 only 9 ! ye> #agig t ,dr4 ,a% notic$1 = ! fir/ "t1 a ph5om5on :i* 0 subsequ5tly ref]r$ to ! action ( a simple ,voltaic circuit4 #aja ,num]\s are ! in/ances ( lat] date :i* might be adduc$ 9 illu/ration ( ! same fact2 & x is n[ g5]ally suppos$ t x may h be5 a frequ5t cause ( %ips f\nd]+ at sea4 ,by oxidation1 ! volume ( ! iron at fir/ increases1 & !n dim9i%es2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! %ip leaks1 or1 to use a te*nical expression1 becomes bolt sick4 ,:5 ! ,salvador del ,mundo 0 dock$ at ,plym\?1 9 ,febru>y #ahae1 ! iron fa/5+s 7 9 su* a /ate ( corrosion1 t five planks ne> ! bilge dropp$ into ! dock :5 ! wat] left h]4 ,x is a v curi\s circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is subject1 t1 = _m ye>s aft] ! ,voltaic influ5ce _h be5 recognis$ z ! ag5t 9 metallic corrosion1 s f> f ! exi/5ce ( ! accompany+ ph5om5on ( pres]vation be+ suspect$1 x 0 ev5 suppos$ t ! metals mutually corrod$ ea* o!r4 ,at s late a date z #ahac1 we f9d ,davy himself1 9 ! lett] address$ to ,m4 ,alavair1 publi%$ 9 ^! memoirs1#ajb dwell+ ^u ! necessity ( avoid+ metallic contact1 9 ord] to prev5t corrosion1 )\t ?r[+ out ! mo/ di/ant h9t z to ! simultane\s production ( a conv]se effect4 #ajb ,page #ac ( ?is ,volume4 ,! fir/ di/9ct notice ( a metal be+ pres]v$ f oxidation by ! contact ( a dissimil> metal1 is at once ref]r$ to a *emical law1 )\t a ref]5ce ev5 to its possible connection ) ,voltaic action2 &1 /rik+ z ! fact may n[ appe>1 x nev] attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,m4 ,pr\/ obs]v$1 t al?\gh copp] vessels be s imp]fectly t9n$1 z to leave portions ( ! surface uncov]$1 /ill1 9 cook+ ut5sils1 we %all be equally protect$ f ! poison\s effects ( ! =m] metal2 because1 says he1 ! sup]ior read9ess ) :i* t9 is oxidiz$ & act$ ^u by acids1 :5 comp>$ ) copp]1 w n all[ ?is latt] metal to appropriate to itself a s+le atom ( oxyg54#ajc ,! same *emi/ obs]ves1 t if lead be associat$ ) t91 x w be incapable ( furni%+ to acids any saturn9e impregnation1 s9ce ! latt]1 be+ m oxidable ?an ! =m]1 w exclusively dissolve1 & ?us prev5t ! =m] f be+ attack$4 #ajc ,z f> z ! pr9ciple ( ,voltaic protection goes1 ?is may be v true2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! acid g5]ally pres5t ^u ^! occasions is acetic acid1 :i* rises 9 di/illation ) wat]1 s t at ! boil+ temp]ature x w be c>ri$ beyond ! sph]e ( ,voltaic influ5ce1 & may ?us act ^u ! d5ud$ copp] z mu* z ?\gh t9 7 n pres5t4 ,:e!r ! pr9ciple ( ,voltaic protection be applicable or n to ! purpose ( pres]v+ copp] %ea?+1 x is evid5t t x w sugge/ num]\s o!r exp$i5ts ( high importance 9 ! arts1 :ile x w expla9 ph5om5a previ\sly un9telligible4 ,by introduc+ a piece ( z9c1 or t91 into ! iron boil] ( ! /eam-eng9e1 we may prev5t ! dang] ( explosion1 :i* g5]ally arises1 especially :]e salt-wat] is us$1 z 9 ^? ( /eam-boats1 f ! we> ( "o "p ( ! boil]4 ,ano!r important application is 9 ! prev5tion ( ! we> ( ! paddles1 or :eels1 :i* are rapidly dissolv$ by salt-wat]4 ,mr4 ,pepys has also ext5d$ ! pr9ciple = ! pres]vation ( /eel in/rum5ts by gu>ds ( z9c3 razors & lancets may be ?us def5d$ ) p]fect success4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( monum5ts :i* are to transmit to po/]ity ! record ( important ev5ts1 ! arti/ w be c>eful 9 avoid+ ! contact ( diff]5t metals3 x is ?us t ! ,etruscan inscriptions1 engrav$ ^u pure lead1 are pres]v$ to ! pres5t day2 :ile m$als ( mix$ metals ( a mu* m rec5t date are corrod$4 ,num]\s are ! facts daily pres5t$ be=e u1 :i* receive f ?is pr9ciple a satisfactory explanation4 ,to ! philosoph]1 ! exam9ation ( its ag5cies w furni% a p]petual s\rce ( in/ruction & amusem5t2 & ,i w "h enum]ate a few simple in/ances ( its effects3 9 ! fir/ place1 = ! purpose ( %[+ t1 :5ev] a pr9ciple or discov]y involves or unfolds a law ( ,nature1 its applications are almo/ inexhau/ible1 & t1 h[ev] ab/ract$ x may appe>1 x is soon] or lat] employ$ = ! common purposes ( life2 & 9 ! next place1 9 ! hope ( conv9c+ ! read]1 t !re does n exi/ any s\rce ( pleasure s ext5sive & s p]man5t z t d]iv$ f ! /ores ( philosophy4 ,! saunt]] /umbles ov] ! /one t may cross 8 pa?1 & v5ts only 8 vexation at ! int]ruption2 b to ! philosoph] !re is n a body1 animate or inanimate1 ) :i* he c come 9 contact1 t does n yield its treasures at 8 approa*1 & contribute to ext5d ! pleasures ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,i well rememb] "s ye>s ago1 t1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ,dept=d1 my curiosity 0 excit$ by ! extraord9>y brilliancy ( a portion ( ! gild$ sign ( an inn 9 t t[n1 :ile its o!r p>ts _h entirely lo/ _! metallic lu/re4 ,hav+ obta9$ a ladd]1 ,i asc5d$ to ! sign1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to solve ! problem t _h s greatly int]e/$ me3 ! my/]y imm$iately vani%$2 = an iron nail appe>$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! spot1 :i* _h protect$ ! copp] leaf = sev]al in*es ar\nd x4 ,any p]son may easily satisfy himself ( ! efficacy ( su* protection1 9 8 rambles ?r\gh ! metropolis1 by notic+ ! gild$1 or r copp]$1 sug>-loaves#ajd s commonly susp5d$ ov] ! %ops ( groc]s1 :5 he w frequ5tly p]ceive t ! p>ts into :i* ! iron supports h ent]$1 unless ! latt] h be5 pa9t$1 %9e preem95tly brilliant4 ,if a /ill m famili> example ( ! effect ( a simple ,voltaic circuit be requir$1 x is af=d$ by ! iron palisadoes1 :]e ! iron is con/antly corrod$ at its po9t ( contact ) ! lead by :i* x is cem5t$ into ! /one4 ,^! examples are n only int]e/+ f _! simplicity1 b f _! demon/rat+ ! small quantity ( a conduct+ fluid :i* is suffici5t to transmit ! electrical p[]1 or to complete a simple circuit3 a fact :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,davy _h be=e e/abli%$4#aje #ajd ,!re is an excell5t example at ?is "t 9 ! ,london ,road lead+ to ! ,elephant-&-,ca/le4 #aje ,page #bdh ( ?is ,volume4 ,z our k advances1 ^! pr9ciples w no d\bt d]ive o!r illu/rations1 & be f\nd capable ( m ext5sive application2 = z yet we are b 9 ! infancy ( ! enquiry4 ,i h lately be5 engag$ 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i*1 ,i confid5tly anticipate1 w lead to "s new facts connect$ ) ! *anges produc$ on ! negative metal ( a ,voltaic circuit2 an acc\nt ( :i* ,i hope %ortly to submit to ! ,royal ,society4 ,i %all on ?is occasion m]ely notice "o result1 :i* appe>s to me to admit ( an imm$iate application to "o ( ! mo/ important circum/ances ( life--! purity ( wat] conta9$ 9 lead5 ci/]ns4 ,my att5tion has = sev]al ye>s be5 direct$ to ! /ate ( ! wat] ) :i* ! metropolis is suppli$2 & ^u hav+ be5 lately reque/$ to propose a rem$y = prev5t+ ! action ( a spr+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london ^u lead1 :i* x _h be5 f\nd to corrode 9 a v rapid mann]1 ,i sugge/$ ! exp$i5cy ( protect+ ! pipes & ci/]ns ) surfaces ( iron2 b be=e su* a plan 0 put 9 execution1 ,i propos$ to try its efficacy 9 ! laboratory3--! fir/ result 0 v />tl+2 =1 in/ead ( prev5t+1 z ,i _h anticipat$1 ,i f\nd t x greatly increas$1 ! solution ( ! lead4 ,aft] v>i\s exp]im5ts1 ,i arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t lead1 :5 r5d]$ negative by iron1 & plac$ 9 contact ) weak sal9e solutions1--su*1 = in/ance1 z common spr+ wat]1--0 dissolv$2 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( ! salts & ! transf]5ce ( _! elem5ts accord+ to ! g5]al law1 ! acid pass+ to ! iron1 & ! alkali to ! lead2 & s p[]fully is ?is latt] body act$ ^u by an alkali1 t1 if a slip ( x be imm]s$ 9 a solution ( pota% or soda1 its cry/all9e texture is s rapidly develop$1 t its surface exhibits an appe>ance simil> to t pres5t$ by t9-plate1 & :i* is designat$ by ! t]m moire4 ,i appreh5d t mo/ ( ! anomal\s cases ( ! solution ( lead 9 common wat]1 :i* h = s _m ye>s emb>rass$ ! *emi/1 may ?us receive an explanation4 ,an em95t physician lately in=m$ me1 t "s "t s9ce he 0 call$ ^u to att5d a family :o _h evid5tly suff]$ f ! effects ( saturn9e poison1 & t he well rememb]s !re 0 an iron pump 9 ! ci/]n t suppli$ ! wat]4 ,^u %[+ ! results ( my exp]im5t to a no less em95t *emi/1 he 0 imm$iately rem9d$ ( a circum/ance :i* occurr$ at ,isl+ton1 :]e ! wat] 0 f\nd to corrode ! lead 9 :i* x 0 receiv$3 9 ?is vessel !re 0 an iron b>2 & ! fact w\ld n h attract$ 8 notice1 nor h be5 impress$ ^u 8 recollection1 b f ! unusual /ate ( corrosion 9 :i* x appe>$4 ,i %all conclude ^! obs]vations by an acc\nt ( ! *ange :i* "s musket balls1 tak5 out ( ,%rapnell's %ells1 _h und]gone1 by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 & :i* is publi%$ 9 ! #af? volume ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 = ! ye> #ahbc4 ,?is hi/ory is n only int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! high *emical "* ( its au?or1 b satisfactory z be+ 9 direct opposition to previ\sly e/abli%$ facts2 & _c !re=e h receiv$ any bias f preconceiv$ !ory4 ,mr4 ,m>% ( ,woolwi* gave me "s musket balls1 :i* _h be5 tak5 out ( ,%rapnell's %ells4 ,! %ells _h la9 9 ! bottoms ( %ips1 & probably _h sea-wat] among/ !m4 ,:5 ! bullets are put 91 ! ap]ture is m]ely clos$ by a common cork4 ,^! bullets 7 v>i\sly act$ ^u3 "s 7 affect$ only sup]ficially1 o!rs m deeply1 & "s 7 entirely *ang$4 ,! sub/ance produc$ is h>d & brittle2 x splits on ! ball1 & pres5ts an appe>ance l "s h>d v>ieties ( hmatite2 its col\r is br[n1 becom+1 :5 heat$1 r$2 x fuses on plat9um foil into a yell[ flaky sub/ance l li?>ge4 ,p[d]$ & boil$ 9 wat]1 no muriatic acid or lead 0 f\nd 9 solution4 ,x dissolv$ 9 nitric acid )\t leav+ any residuum1 & ! solution gave v fa9t indications only ( muriatic acid4 ,x is a protoxide ( lead1 p]haps =m$1 9 "s way1 by ! galvanic action ( ! iron %ell & ! lead5 ball1 assi/$ probably by ! sea-wat]4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+ to "k ! /ate ( ! %ells 9 :i* a *ange l ?is has tak5 place to any ext5t4 ,x might h be5 expect$1 t z long z any iron rema9$1 ! lead w\ld h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 ,i f\nd t a piece ( lead protect$ by iron und]w5t solution 9 wat] conta9+ nitrate ( pota%1 :ile x resi/$ ! action ( v dilute nitric acid3 ^u ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 f>!r enquiry is necess>y2 = ,i subsequ5tly fail$ 9 produc+ ! same effect1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to hav+ employ$ too /rong an acid4 ,let u return f ?is digression to ! subject ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy's ,protectors4 ,x only rema9s = me to relate ! results :i* foll[$ ! practical application ( ! ,voltaic pr9ciples :i* 8 v>i\s exp]im5ts _h develop$4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may #ahbd1 directions 7 issu$ by ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty to protect1 9 future1 ! copp] %ea?+ ( all 8 ,maje/y's %ips :i* might be tak5 into dock1 ^u ! plan propos$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,! protectors 7 b>s ( iron six in*es wide at _! base1 ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness 9 _! c5tre1 &1 9 outw>d =m1 ! segm5t ( an ext5d$ circle4 ,!y 7 usually plac$ on ea* side ( ! %ip 9 a horizontal position1 viz4 9 mid%ips ab\t ?ree feet "u wat]--on ! keel 9 a l9e ) ^!--& ! rema9d] 9 ! =e & aft]p>ts ( ! %ip 7ab\t ?ree feet "u ! l9e ( fluitation71 z f> =w>d & abaft z ! curvatures ( _! respective bodies w\ld all[ ( _! ly+ flat ^u ! surface ( ! copp]4 ,z x is difficult by v]bal description alone to convey a suffici5tly di/9ct idea ( ?is subject to p]sons unacqua9t$ ) naval ar*itecture1 ,i h introduc$ a sket*1 exhibit+ ! g5]al position ( ! ,protectors1 al?\gh !y are necess>ily exagg]at$ 9 size1 or !y w\ld h appe>$ z m]e specks ^u ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,a4 ,l9e ( ,fluitation4 ,on sev]al %ips1 "s ( ! protectors1 9 ! /em & ! /]n1 7 plac$ v]tically2 9 :i* case !y 7 fa/5$ to ! /ems & /]n-po/s2 & 9 ?is mann] !y 7 f\nd to act m p[]fully 9 pres]v+ ! copp]1 ?an :5 !y 7 all plac$ horizontally4 ,! ends ( ! protectors 7 r\nd$1 9 ord] to prev5t any great resi/ance to ! wat]1 & !y 7 fa/5$ to ! bottoms ( ! %ips ) copp] bolts1 ! iron be+ c\nt]-sunk to receive _! heads1 & ! holes 7 !n fill$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 or ,p>k]'s cem5t4 ,to br+ ab\t ! be/ possible contact ( all ! copp] %eets1 _! edges1 :i* lap ov] ea* o!r1 :]e ! nails are driv5 to fa/5 !m to ! %ips1 7 rubb$ bright1 fir/ ) s&-pap]1 & f9ally ) glass-pap]4 ,%ortly aft] ! %ips ?us protect$ 7 s5t to sea1 x 0 evid5t to all on bo>d1 f _! dull sail+1 t ! bottoms _h become v f\l2 & on be+ exam9$ 9 dry docks1 x 0 f\nd t ! copp] 0 completely cov]$ ) sea-we$1 %ell-fi% ( v>i\s k9ds1 & myriads ( small m>9e insects4 ,^u _! removal1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd1 on weigh+ ! %eets1 t ! copp] _h suff]$ little or no loss2 ?us prov+ t1 al?\gh its practical application _h fail$ f un=ese5 circum/ances1 ! pr9ciple ( protection 0 true1 & _h fully ju/ifi$ ! expectation ( its success4 ,! copp] ne> ! protectors 0 mu* m f\l ?an t at a great] di/ance f !m2 & !re 01 moreov]1 a consid]able deposit ( c>bonate ( lime1 & ( c>bonate & hydrate ( magnesia1 9 _! vic9ity4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy imm$iately sugge/$1 z a rem$y = ?is evil1 t ! bottoms %\ld be scrap$1 & ! copp] wa%$ ) a small quantity ( acidul\s wat]2 & he also propos$ t ! protectors %\ld 9 future be plac$ "u1 in/ead ( ov]1 ! copp] %ea?+4 ,?is plan 0 imm$iately adopt$4 ,discs ( ca/-iron ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 7 let into ! plank ( ! bottom ( ! ,glasg[1 ( fifty guns1 on ! />bo>d side only--! l>bo>d side hav+ be5 left )\t any protection4 ,^! discs 7 9 ! proportion ( "o to e f\r %eets ( copp]1 & ov] !m 7 plac$ pieces ( br[n pap]1 & ov] ! pap] ?9 %eet-lead1 s t ! latt] metal 0 9 contact ) ! copp] %ea?+4 ,a simil> exp]im5t 0 also tri$ on ! ,zebra1 ( eighte5 guns1 sub/itut+1 h[ev]1 discs ( z9c#ajf = ^? ( iron4 #ajf ,x w\ld appe> t ,davy latt]ly pref]r$ z9c to iron1 z ! protect+ metal4 ,9 a lett]1 dat$ ,octob] #ahbf1 address$ to a %ip-own]1 :o _h made "s enquiries ( him ^u ! subject1 he says--,! ru/ ( iron1 if a %ip is becalm$1 seems to promote ! adhesion ( we$s2 ,i %\ld !re=e always pref] pieces ( z9c1 :i* may be v mu* small]1 & :i*1 9 ! cases ,i h he>d ( _! be+ us$1 h _h ! be/ effect4 ,! bottom ( ! ,glasg[ 0 exam9$ twelve mon?s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! discs ( iron 7 f\nd oxidat$ ?r\gh\t1 pres5t+ 9 _! appe>ance ! *>act]s ( plumbago4 ,! copp] on ! />bo>d side 0 pres]v$1 b cov]$ ) we$s & %ell-fi%4 ,! %eets on ! l>bo>d _h und]gone ! usual wa/e1 b 7 clean4 ,! ,zebra 0 dock$ f\r ye>s aft] ! exp]im5t _h comm5c$1 :5 ! z9c protectors 7 p]fect1 & x did n appe> t !y _h ex]t$ any influ5ce 9 pres]v+ ! copp]1 z x _h wa/$ equally on bo? sides4 ,x may be presum$ 9 ?is case t ! ,voltaic circuit _h by "s fault 9 ! arrangem5t be5 int]rupt$4 ,! app>5t conv]sion ( iron into a sub/ance resembl+ plumbago1 by ! action ( sea-wat]1 has be5 frequ5tly notic$4 ,! protectors ?us *ang$#ajg 71 to a consid]able dep? f ! surface1 s s(t z to be easily cut by a knife2 b aft] be+ expos$ = "s "t to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 !y became h>d]1 & ev5 brittle4 ,a portion ( ?is s(t sub/ance hav+ be5 wrapp$ 9 pap] = ! purpose ( exam9ation1 & plac$ 9 ! pocket ( a %ipwright1 gave rise to a v curi\s & unexpect$ result3 at fir/1 ! arti/1 l ,futitori\s ) 8 *e/nuts1 ?\ght he p]ceiv$ a g5ial w>m?2 b ! effect 0 %ortly less equivocal2 ! sub/ance became hot1 & pres5tly pass$ into a /ate ( absolute ignition4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 sugge/$ = its explanation3 ,mr4 ,daniell has advanc$ an op9ion :i* supposes ! =mation ( silicon1 & ?us acc\nts = ! spontane\s ignition by ! action ( air4 #ajg ,9 ! ,annals ( ,philosophy 7vol4 v47 may be f\nd a pap] by ,dr4 ,h5ry1 on ! conv]sion ( ca/ iron pipes into plumbago4 ,?is *ange appe>s to h be5 effect$ by ! action ( wat] conta9+ muriate ( soda1 & ! muriates ( lime & ( magnesia4 ,ca/ iron conta9s a consid]able portion ( c>bon2 ! *ange is !re=e readily expla9$ on ! supposition ( ! removal ( ! pr9cipal metallic "p by ^! salts4 ,! muriates ( lime & magnesia h be5 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,h5ry to dis*>ge writ+ ink f ! labels ( bottles1 to :i* !y _h be5 accid5tally appli$2 & ! same +5i\s *emi/ has be5 baffl$ 9 8 attempts to re/ore ! legibility ( ink ^u pap] :i* _h be5 expos$ to sea-wat]4 ,! texture ( ! pap] 0 n injur$1 b ! iron basis ( ! ink1 z well z ! gallic acid1 0 entirely remov$4 ,! disadvantages :i* arise f ! f\lness ( %ips' bottoms1 p>ticul>ly :5 on =eign /ations1 :]e !re are no dry docks to receive !m1 are s s]i\s1 t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 oblig$1 9 ,july #ahbe1 to ord] ! discont9uance ( ! protectors on all sea-go+ %ips2 b direct$ t !y %\ld /ill be us$ ^u all ^? t 7 laid up 9 our ports4 ,:51 h[ev]1 an exam9ation ( ! latt] took place1 !y 7 f\nd to be mu* m f\l ?an ^? :i* _h be5 9 motion at sea3 %ell-fi% ( v>i\s k9ds _h adh]$ to !m s closely1 t x 0 ev5 necess>y to use p]cussion to remove !m1 :i* n only ind5t$ ! copp]1 b 9 _m in/ances actually fractur$ x4 ,"u all ^! disc\rag+ circum/ances1 ! unwelcome conviction 0 =c$ ^u ! ag5ts ( ,gov]nm5t1 t ! plan 0 incapable ( successful application1 & x 0 accord+ly altoge!r ab&on$ 9 ,septemb] #ahbh4 ,su* 7 ! results ( ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ on 9 ! ports ( ,engl&1 = ! protection ( copp] %ea?+1 f ! success ( :i* ,sir ,h4 ,davy ju/ly expect$ hon\rs1 fame1 & rew>d4 ,t 8 disappo9tm5t 0 great1 may be readily imag9$1 & x is suppos$ to h _h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u 8 future "*4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t 8 vexation %\ld h be5 height5$ by ! unju/ & bitt] attacks made ^u him by ! p]iodical press1 & by ^? subalt]ns 9 sci5ce1 :o1 unable to appreciate ! beauty ( ! pr9ciple he _h s ably develop$1 saw only 9 its details an object = s>casm1 & 9 its failure an opportunity = c5sure2 :ile ^? ^: /ations %\ld h impli$ sup]ior k1 9 ! pride & arrogance ( assum$ contempt1 s\ght a refuge f ! humiliation ( ignorance4 ,t ,davy 0 sev]ely hurt by ^! attacks1 is a fact well kn[n to 8 fri5ds4 ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,*ildr5 he says3 ,a m9d ( mu* s5sibility might be disgu/$1 & "o might be induc$ to say1 ,:y %\ld ,i lab\r = public objects1 m]ely to meet abuse8--,i am irritat$ by !m m ?an ,i ought to be2 b ,i am gett+ wis] e day--recollect+ ,galileo1 & ! times :5 philosoph]s & public b5efactors 7 burnt = _! s]vices4 ,9 ano!r lett] he alludes to ! sycophancy ( a *emical j\rnal1 :i*1 aft] ! grosse/ abuse1 sudd5ly turn$ r\nd1 & disgu/$ him ) its adulation4 ,i nev] %ake h&s1 says he1 ) *imney sweep]s1 ev5 :5 9 _! ,may-day clo!s1 & :5 !y call me ',y\r hon\r4' ,:ile ! trials above relat$ 7 proce$+ 9 ! ports ( ,engl&1 ! naval dep>tm5t ( ,france 0 prosecut+ a simil> enquiry2 & z exp]im5ts ( ?is nature are conduct$ ) great] c>e1 & exam9$ ) sup]ior sci5ce1 9 t c\ntry1 x may n be un9t]e/+ to ! ,engli% read] to receive a detail ( ! exam9ation ( ! bottom ( ,la ,con/ance frigate1 9 :i* ! protectors bore a mu* l>g] proportion to ! copp] surface ?an 0 ev] practis$ 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,?is docum5t1 ,i may obs]ve1 is n[ publi%$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! inspection ( ! bottom ( ! frigate ,la ,con/ance1 has giv5 rise to "s int]e/+ obs]vations on ! effect ( protectors1 & x has confirm$ ! fact be=e advanc$ ( ! great inconv5i5ce :i* att5ds ! application ( too l>ge a proportion ( ! protect+ metal4 ,! surface ( ?is metal1 :i* 0 ( ca/ iron1 plac$ on ea* side ( ! keel1 & 9 long sc>phs ( iron plates situat$ t[>ds ! /em & /]n-po/ & ! wat] l9e1 appe>$ to h be5 ab\t ! #a-cj? "p ( ! surface ( ! copp]1 in/ead ( ! #a-bej? "p z n[ practis$4 ,! galvanic action has be5 extreme1 bo? 9 rapidity & int5sity4 ,! sc>phs are entirely de/roy$1 & h absolutely disappe>$2 & we %\ld h be5 ignorant ( _! hav+ ev] exi/$1 _h we n be5 in=m$ ( ! fact1 & obs]v$ d>k /a9s :i* m>k$ _! position1 & discov]$ ! nails /ill entire by :i* !y _h be5 fa/5$4 ,! plates1 :i* 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance ab\t ?ree in*es ?ick1 7 cov]$ ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g? by a ?ick1 unequal coat+1 spott$ ) yell[ oxide4 ,?is 0 pr9cipally ow+ to ! absorption ( ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( its weight ( wat]4 ,"u ?is1 ! iron 0 z s(t z plumbago1 & !re rema9$ sc>cely an in* ( metal ( its orig9al metallic h>dness4 ,! bulky & irregul> app5dage 7! protectors7 at ! l[] "p ( ! %ip's bottom caus$ a great noise 9 ! sea1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dead wat] :i* x occasion$1 & d\btless less5$ ! spe$ ( ! vessel4 ,b t :i* contribut$ mo/ to ?is un=tunate result1 0 ! exce$+ly unclean /ate ( ! copp]1 aris+ f ! excess ( ! iron employ$3 ?is1 c>ri$ to s great an ext5t1 hav+ ! effect ( extract+ matt] f ! wat]1 :i*1 =m+ a concretion on ! %eets1 enabl$ ! m>9e animals ! m easily to atta* !mselves4 ,! %ea?+ 0 cov]$ ) a multitude ( lepas anatif]a1 %ells ) five valves1 susp5d$ by a p$icle ( ?ree or f\r c5timetres long1 collect$ into gr\ps2 ( lepas t9t9nabulum1 a %ell ) six valves2 ( oy/]s ) op]cula2 ( polypi1 c4 ,no "p ( ! bottom 0 free f !m4 ,bel[1 ! copp] 0 c]ta9ly pres]v$ f oxidation2 & up to )9 a few %eets ( ! wat] l9e1 x did n appe> to be worn4 ,b to save exp5se1 x 0 oblig$ to be cleans$ )\t removal1 by rubb+ x h>d ) bricks & wet s&1 :i* has succe$$ v well 9 re/or+ its copp] col\r4 ,! foll[+ is ! description ( %ells above enum]at$3-- ,g5us ,anatifa1 ,encyclop$ia4--7,lepas1 ,l9nu47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,smoo? ,anatifa 7,lepas anatif]a1 ,l9n47--,%ell consi/+ ( five valves1 ( :i* two l>g] & two small] ones are opposite to ea* o!r2 & a fif?1 :i* is n>r[1 is ar*$ & re/s ^u ! ends ( ! fir/ f\r3 ^! valves are n connect$ by any h+e2 !y are held toge!r by ! sk9 ( ! animal1 :i* l9es _! int]ior & op5s 9 front by a longitud9al sep>ation4 ,_! col\r is orange dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,! base ( ! %ell is unit$ to a fle%y tube1 t5d9\s1 cyl9drical1 susceptible ( contraction1 saffron-col\r$1 becom+ br[n & black 9 dry+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,smoo? ,anatifa1 z se5 f ! o!r side1 ! p$icle dry & contract$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,smoo? ,anatifa1 z se5 9 front1 %[+ ! longitud9al sep>ation4 ,g5us ,anomia4 ,illu/ration ,%ell ) valves1 unequal1 irregul>1 hav+ an op]culum2 adh]+ by its op]culum2 valve usually pi]c$1 flatt5$1 hav+ a cavity 9 ! upp] "p2 ! o!r valve a little l>g]1 concave1 entire2 op]culum small1 elliptical1 bony1 fix$ on "s =eign body1 & to :i* ! int]ior muscle ( ! animal is atta*$4 ,illu/ration ,species1 ,onion-peel ,anomia4--7,ephippium1 ,l9n47 ,%ell common1 :iti% & yell[i%1 f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ocean4 ,besides ! abovem5tion$ species1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 l>ge quantities1 !re 7 also "s muscles & oy/]s4--7,mytilus af]4 ,bacc9a4--,l9n4 ,gmel4 #cceh47 ,g5us ,balane de ,bla9ville4 7,balanite1 ,encyclop$ia4--,lepas1 ,l9n47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,tulip ,balanus4--7,lepas t9t9nabulum1 ,l9n47 ,%ell ) six unequal valves articulat$ by a scaly suture1 ( :i* ! edges appe> to be f9ely cr5ellat$ 9 ! cavity2 ! =m ( ! valves is conical1 ap]ture ample1 & ne>ly quadrangul>4 ,op]culum compos$ ( f\r triangul> pieces cr5ellat$ & m>k$ ) v project+ transv]se /ri1 :i* appe> to ext5d f ! top to ! bottom2 ! two po/]ior pieces are p]p5dicul>1 & are appli$ to ! h9d] p>tition ( ! cavity ( ! %ell2 !y are t]m9at$ by two conical prolongations1 ( :i* ! po9ts are %>p & div]g+4 ,! two =emo/ pieces are plac$ 9 ! ap]ture1 9 an oblique direction4 ,! col\r ( ?is balanus f cle> r$ to violet & br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,view ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,tulip ,balanus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,view ( ! base4 ,g5us ,oy/]1 7,o/rea47 ,illu/ration ,species ( oy/]1 ne>ly simil> to ! common oy/]1 7,o/rea edulis17 & ( ! ,hutre cuili]1 7,o/rea co*le>17 _! %ell r fragile1 almo/ )\t lamell2 upp] valve concave1 col\r r deep violet1 =m v>iable4 ,besides ^! ?ree k9ds ( ,mollusc1 ( :i* ! numb] 0 consid]able1 sev]al species ( calc>e\s polypi 7 f\nd2 b ^? :i* c\ld be obta9$ 7 too imp]fect to all[ ( _! be+ correctly describ$4 ,! iron :i* 0 us$ to protect ! copp] on ! bottom ( ! ,con/ance frigate hav+ be5 subject$ to *emical analysis1 ! foll[+ are ! results4 ,?is iron1 :i* 0 9 small fragm5ts1 v friable1 little attract$ by ! load/one1 s(t to ! t\*1 & soil+ ! f+]s l plumbago1 gave out 9 rubb+ x a v /rong smell1 v mu* l t ( burnt l9se$ oil4 ,its col\r on ! ext]ior 0 a br[ni% yell[1 & its int]ior a blacki% grey1 /udd$ ) little po9ts extremely brilliant4 ,a %ort "t aft] !y _h be5 tak5 f ! keel ( ! frigate1 :]e !y 7 cov]$ ) a lay] ( hydrat$ p]oxide ( iron1 ( six or eight l9es 9 ?ickness1 & be5 enclos$ 9 a pap] box1 ^! fragm5ts became /rongly heat$1 & und]w5t a real combu/ion by means ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e2 ! combu/ion 0 accompani$ by ! production ( a c]ta9 quantity ( aque\s vap\r4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is elevation ( temp]ature 0 really alone ow+ to ! absorption ( ! oxyg51 a case conta9+ twelve grammes ( ?is iron 0 plac$ "u a receiv]1 :i* conta9$ two hundr$ millimetres1 inv]t$ ov] a tube ( m]cury2 & x 0 obs]v$1 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r1 t ?is air _h dim9i%$ by =ty millimetres1 or "o-fif? ( its volume4 ,exam9+ aft]w>ds t :i* rema9$ 9 ! receiv]1 x 0 discov]$ t x _h no effect :atev] ei!r on lime-wat] or ! t9cture ( t\rnesol1--t x 0 n inflammable1--t x ext+ui%$ a c&le2 9 a ^w1 t x pres5t$ all ! negative qualities ( azotic gas1 /rongly infect$ ) ! smell be=e /at$4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ! oxyg5 :i* 0 absorb$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 employ$ solely 9 burn+ ! iron1 :i* 0 already 9 a /ate ( protoxide1 z 0 indicat$ by its little degree ( cohesion1 by ! avidity ) :i* x seiz$ ?is pr9ciple1 & by its dissolv+ 9 sulphuric acid1 :i* op]at$ )\t eff]vesc5ce1 & )\t dis5gag+ hydrog5 gas4 ,five grammes ( ?is oxidiz$ iron be+ r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 & !n made r$-hot 9 a plat9a crucible1 & mix$ ) ?ree p>ts ( potasse l'alcool1 7 r$uc$ to a clammy mass1 col\r$ on its edges ) a cle> beautiful gre51 & ) a gre5i% yell[ on ! o!r p>ts2 :i* at once indicat$ ! pres5ce ( a small portion ( manganese1 & t ( a little *rme2 metals :i* are f\nd unit$ 9 almo/ all sorts ( iron4 ,treat$ 9 ! usual way1 ?is mass exhibit$-- ,fir/1 ,traces1 sc>cely s5sible1 ( ^! two metals4 ,secondly1 ,"o gramme ( brilliant black p[d]1 s(t to ! t\*1 /a9+ pap]1 insoluble 9 muriatic acid :5 appli$ boil+3 x 0 !re=e a true p]c>buret ( iron4 ,?irdly1 ,?ree grammes & t5 decigrammes ( p]oxide ( iron4 ,on be+ subject$ to ! action ( boil+ wat]1 five grammes ( ?is pulv]iz$ iron gave out ?ree decigrammes ( soluble matt]1 compos$1 = ! great] "p1 ( hydro*lorate ( iron1 & a trace ( hydro*lorate ( magnesia1 toge!r ) a little organic matt]1 ! comb9ation ( :i* ) ! iron w acc\nt = ! insuff]able smell :i* x gave out :5 ! iron 0 heat$4 ,?is sal9e solution s5sibly r$d5$ ! litmus pap]3 an effect :i* 0 ow+ to ! muriatic acid1 :i*1 9 unit+ ) oxidiz$ iron1 & ) mo/ o!r metallic oxides1 nev] =ms comb9ations :i* are p]fectly neutral1 b :i* are always m or less acid4 ,x has 9 va9 be5 attempt$ to discov] 9 ?is oxidiz$ iron ! pres5ce ( silex1 ( alum9a1 & ( ! sulphuric & c>bonic acids1 ei!r free1 or 9 comb9ation4 ,x results f ?is analysis1 t ! fragm5ts ( ! protectors1 :i* h be5 ! object ( x1 are compos$1 9 a hundr$ p>ts1 ( ab\t #fd oxidiz$ iron1 #bj ( plumbago1 or p]c>buret ( iron1 #f ( matt] soluble 9 wat]1 hydro*lorate ( magnesia1 hydro*lorate ( iron1 hydro*lorate ( soda1 hydro*lorate ( magnesia1 & organic matt]1 & #aj ( wat]2 z 9 fragm5ts pulv]is$ & heat$ = half an h\r at a temp]ature ( #ajj1 !y lo/ #a-aj? ( _! weight4 ,z to ! r$di% yell[ matt]1 ) small protub]ances l nipples1 :i* =m$ a ?ick lay] on ! surface ( ! protectors1 x 0 =m$ ( #ge p>ts ( oxide ( iron at ! mo/1 & #be p>ts ( wat]1 besides "s atoms ( hydro*lorate ( iron1 hydro*lorate ( soda1 & hydro*lorate ( magnesia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_h n ! heal? ( ,davy un=tunately decl9$ at ! v p]iod :5 8 en]gies 7 mo/ requir$1 su* is ! unb\nd$ confid5ce :i* all mu/ feel 9 8 unrivall$ p[]s ( vanqui%+ practical difficulties1 & ( remov+ ! ob/acles :i* s con/antly ?w>t ! applications ( !ory1 t little d\bt c be ent]ta9$ b he w\ld soon h discov]$ "s plan by :i* ! adhesion ( m>9e bodies to ! copp] %ea?+ might h be5 prev5t$1 & 8 pr9ciple ( ,voltaic protection ?us r5d]$ available4 ,an exp]im5t inde$1 altoge!r f\nd$ ^u ?is same pr9ciple1 has be5 already propos$1 & w be %ortly tri$ 9 ! ,briti% navy1 by build+ a s*oon]1 & fa/5+ its mat]ials toge!r ) copp] bolts1 & aft]w>ds %ea?+ ! bottom ) ?9 plates ( iron1 :i* are to be protect$ by b&s ( z9c4 ,at ! same "t1 ano!r s*oon] is to be built1 9 :i* ! fa/5+s are to consi/ entirely ( iron bolts & nails1 ! =m] to be protect$ by a z9c r+ "u ea* head or cl5*1 & ! latt] to h a small piece ( z9c sold]$ "u its head4 ,?is plan ( protection 0 fir/ adopt$ 9 ,am]ica1 at ! recomm5dation ( ,dr4 ,rev]e2 & ^u its successful issue1 t g5tleman 0 lately induc$ to take out lett]s pat5t n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 all ! m>itime c\ntries ( ,europe1 = ! sole "r ( manufactur+ iron %ea?+1 bolts1 & nails1 ?us protect$4 ,z no d\bt n[ exi/s z to ! pr9ciple ( ! protection ( iron by z9c1 ! bolts & nails may be expect$ to rema9 free f ru/ z long z ! m oxidable metal la/s2 b ) reg>d to ! success ( ! iron %ea?+1 x is impossible to ent]ta9 ! same confid5ce2 = :at1 9 ?is case1 is to prev5t ! adhesion ( %ell-fi% & sea-we$ ^u its surface8 ,let x be rememb]$1 t x is only :5 ! copp] is 9 ! act ( solution 9 sea-wat] t ! %ea?+ rema9s clean4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbi1 ! ,t5d] to ! ,flag%ip at ,plym\? _h h] copp] on "o side ( ! bottom pa9t$ ) :ite lead3 9 six mon?s1 ?is side 0 cov]$ ) long we$s2 :ile ! o!r side1 :i* _h be5 left bright1 & consequ5tly expos$ to ! solv5t action ( ! salt-wat]1 0 f\nd entirely free f all su* adhesions4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! failure ( ! ,%ip protectors a s\rce ( great vexation to ,davy4--,8 ,lett]s to ,mr4 ,poole4--,he becomes unwell4--,he publi%es 8 ,disc\rses be=e ! ,royal ,society4--,critical ,rem>ks--& ,quotations4--,he goes abroad 9 se>* ( heal?4--,8 ,lett] to ,mr4 ,poole f ,rav5na4--,he resigns ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society4--,mr4 ,gilb]t elect$ pro tempore4--,davy returns to ,engl&1 & visits 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,poole4--,salmonia1 or ,days ( ,fly-fi%+4--,an ,analysis ( ! ,"w1 ) v>i\s extracts to illu/rate its "*4 ,! fri5ds ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy saw ) extreme regret t ! failure ( 8 plan = protect+ copp] %ea?+ _h produc$ 9 8 m9d a degree ( disappo9tm5t & *agr9 :olly inconsi/5t ) ! m]its ( ! "q2 t :ile he became ins5sible to ! voice ( praise1 e n]ve 0 j>r$ by ! slighte/ note ( disapprobation4 ,i appreh5d1 h[ev]1 t ! *ange ( "* :i* _m ascrib$ to ! mortification ( w\nd$ pride1 ought 9 "s measure to be ref]r$ to a decl9+ /ate ( bodily p[]1 :i* _h br\ght ) x its usual infirmities ( petulance & despond5cy4 ,! lett]s ,i %all "h introduce may p]haps be consid]$ z indicat+ t in/9ctive desire = quiet & retirem5t :i* frequ5tly m>ks a decl9+ /ate ( heal?1 & !y w be foll[$ by o!rs ( a less equivocal "*4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,nov4 #bd1 #ahbd4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,x is v long s9ce ,i h he>d f y1 ,mr4 ,a----1 :om y introduc$ to me1 has sometimes giv5 me news ( y1 & ,i h always he>d ( y\r heal? & well-be+ ) pleasure4 ,my imm$iate motive = writ+ to y n[ is some:at1 ?\gh n entirely selfi%4 ,y "k #a h always admir$ y\r neighb\rhood1 & ,i h lately se5 a place adv]tis$ !re1 call$1 ,i ?9k1----1 n f> f ,quantock1 & comb9+1 z f> z adv]tisem5t c be tru/$1 sc5]y1 fi%+1 %oot+1 int]e/ = money1 c4 ,if x is n sold1 pray give me a little idea ( x2 ,i h long be5 look+ out = a pur*ase1--p]haps ?is may suit me4 ,aft] all1 x may be sold2 if s1 no h>m is done4 ,i g on lab\r+ = utility1 p]haps m ?an = glory2 c>+ some?+ = ! judgm5t ( my contempor>ies1 b m = t ( po/]ity2 & confid+ ) boldness 9 ! solid judgm5t ( ,"t4 ,i h lately se5 "s magnific5t c\ntry 9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 :]e ,nature1 if n a k9d1 is at lea/ a beautiful "m4--,i wond] !re h n be5 m poets 9 ! ,nor?4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 ,v affectionately y\r old fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,janu>y #e1 #ahbe4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,my proposition to come into ,som]set%ire ab\t ! #aj? 0 f\nd$ ^u two visits :i* ,i _h to pay 9 ?is c\nty1 ,hants2 ,i am n[ only ab\t sixty miles f y2 & _h y be5 at home1 ,i %\ld h come on to ,ne!r ,/[ey4 ,! #ac? is ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society aft] ! holidays2 & ?\gh ,i might d my duty by deputy1 yet ,i feel t ?is w\ld n be "r1 & ,i w n h ! hon\r ( ! *air )\t consci5ti\sly tak+ ! lab\rs :i* its possession entails4 ,i regret !re=e t ,i _c be ) y next week4 ,god bless y4 ,believe me always1 my de> ,poole1 ,y\r affectionate fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,p>k ,/reet1 ,feb4 #aa1 #ahbe4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i _h a lett] a few days ago f ,c----1 :o writes 9 good spirits1 & :o1 be+ )9 a few miles ( ,london1 might1 z f> z 8 fri5ds are conc]n$1 be at ,john a ,grot's h\se4 ,he writes ) all 8 anci5t p[]4 ,i _h hop$ t1 z 8 m9d became subdu$1 & 8 imag9ation less vivid1 he might h be5 able to apply himself to p]sev]e1 & to give to ! _w "s ( ^? tra9s ( ?\ght1 s orig9al1 s impressive1 & at :i* we h s (t5 wond]$4 ,i am writ+ ?is lett] at a meet+ ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* w acc\nt = its want ( correction4 ,le/ ,i %\ld be m desultory1 ,i w conclude by subscrib+ myself1 my de> ,poole1 y\r old & affectionate fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahbe4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i am v mu* oblig$ to y = y\r two lett]s1 :i* ,i receiv$ 9 prop] "t4 ,i h def]r$ writ+1 9 ! hopes t ,i might be able to pay y a visit & see ! prop]ty1 b ,i n[ f9d ?is w be impossible4 ,i h a cold1 :i* has tak5 a /rong] & m inflammable "* ?an usual1 :i* obliges me to lay myself up2 & 9 ?is wea!r x w\ld be worse ?an imprud5t to travel4 ,i h se5 ,mr4 ,z----1 & c p]fectly re-e*o y\r fav\rable s5tim5ts respect+ him4 ,i saw ! plan ( ! e/ate1 & he>d e ?+ he _h to say respect+ ! value1 real & imag9>y1 ( ! l&s4 ,he c]ta9ly hopes at ?is mom5t = a fancy price1 & he is "r if he c get x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h less fancy = ! place1 f f9d+ ! tr\t-/ream a brook 9 summ]1 :]e salmon-tr\t1 or salmon1 c\ld n be propagat$2 = "o ( my fav\rite ideas 9 a c\ntry resid5ce is v>i$ & multipli$ exp]im5ts on ! increase & propagation ( fi%4 ,:at ,i %\ld really l w\ld be a place ) a c\ple ( hundr$ acres ( productive l&1 & pl5ty ( moor1 a riv] runn+ ?r\gh x1 & ! sea be=e x2 & n f>!r f ,london ?an ,hamp%ire--a day's j\rney4 ,!re are su* places along ! coa/1 ?\gh p]haps 9 my lifetime !y w n be dispos$ (4 ,i %\ld also l to be )9 a few miles ( y2 = x is "o ( ! regrets 9 ! life :i* ,i lead1 t devotion to ! cause ( sci5ce sep>ates me v mu* f fri5ds t ,i %all ev] v5]ate & e/eem4 ,god bless y1 my de> ,poole1 ,v affectionately y\rs1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,pixton ne> ,dulv]ton1 ,nov4 #a1 #ahbf4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i _c be 9 y\r neighb\rhood1 )\t do+ my be/ to see y2 & x is my int5tion to come to ,/[ey on ,sunday4 ,i hope ,i %all f9d y at home1 & q well4 ,mr4 ,t----1 :o is "h1 gives me a v good acc\nt ( y1 :i* ,i tru/ ,i %all be p]sonally able to v]ify4 ,if y are at leisure1 ,i w try to %oot a few woodcocks on ,monday on ! ,quantock hills2 on ,tuesday ,i mu/ g ea/4 ,i h n be5 well lately4 ,i _c take ! ex]cise :i* tw5ty ye>s ago ,i w5t lightly & agreeably ?r\gh4 ,w y h ! k9dness to hire a pony = me1 t ,i may ride to y\r hills8 ,i am sorry ,i did n "k ( y\r j\rney to ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,i 0 9 bo? ^? c\ntries at ! "t y visit$ !m1 & %\ld h be5 delight$ to h met y4 ,d n write to me2 =1 ev5 if y %\ld n be at home1 ,/[ey is n m ?an t5 or twelve miles out ( my way2 b ,i hope ,i %all f9d y4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 ,y\r old & s9c]e fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,! compla9ts1 z to ! loss ( 8 /r5g?1 :i* are express$ 9 ! prec$+ lett]1 7 b too well f\nd$4 ,mr4 ,poole in=ms me t1 dur+ ?is visit 9 #ahbf1 x 0 affect+ to obs]ve ! ef=ts he made to cont9ue 8 field sports4 ,f be+ unable to walk )\t fatigue1 he 0 compell$ to h a pony to take him to ! field1 f :i* he dism\nt$ only on ! c]ta9ty ( imm$iate sport4 ,on 8 return to ,london1 8 indisposition increas$3 he compla9$ to me ( palpitation ( ! he>t1 & ( an affection 9 ! tra*ea1 :i* l$ him to fe> t he might be suff]+ "u ! disease ( :i* 8 fa!r di$4 ,! fatigue att5dant ^u ! duties ( ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,royal ,society 7,novemb] #cj?7 completely exhau/$ him2 & aft] 8 re-election z ,presid5t1 he 0 reluctantly oblig$ to retire1 & to decl9e att5d+ ! usual d9n] ^u t occasion4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahbg1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy publi%$ ! ,disc\rses :i* he _h deliv]$ be=e ! ,royal ,society1 at six successive anniv]s>y meet+s1 on ! aw>d ( ! ,royal & ,copley m$als4 ,!y 7 publi%$ 9 compliance ) a resolution ( a meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil1 held on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb] #ahbf4 ,! practice ( deliv]+ an annual oration be=e ! ,royal ,society1 on ! occasion ( pres5t+ ! m$al ^u ,sir ,godfrey ,copley's donation1 prevail$ dur+ ! presid5cy ( ,sir ,john ,pr+le2 x 01 h[ev]1 dur+ a long int]val discont9u$1 & only reviv$ dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,! disc\rse usually comm5c$ ) a %ort tribute ( respect to ! memory ( ^? di/+ui%$ ,fell[s :o _h di$ s9ce ! prec$+ anniv]s>y4 ,x !n proce$$ to ann\nce ! *oice ( ! ,c\ncil 9 its aw>d ( ! m$als1 enum]at+ ! objects & m]its ( ! sev]al communications :i* _h be5 hon\r$ ) s di/+ui%$ a m>k ( approbation1 & /at+ ! circum/ances :i* _h direct$ ! judges 9 _! decision4 ,mu* has be5 said & writt5 ^u ! inutility1 & ev5 ^u ! mis*iev\s t5d5cy ( ?is practice2 & great /ress has be5 laid ^u ! vices insep>ably connect$1 z x is ass]t$1 ) ! /yle ( composition to :i* x gives orig94 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t x is only aga9/ ! m]etrici\s execution1 n aga9/ ! temp]ate use ( su* disc\rses1 t ?is *>ge c be fairly & consi/5tly su/a9$2 & 9 ! *a/e & yet p[]ful addresses ( ,davy1 su* an op9ion w f9d its be/ sanction1 & obta9 its /ronge/ support4 ,does x foll[1 because praise1 :5 unduly lavi%$ ^u ! lab\rs ( ! sci5tific dead1 may create comp>isons & pref]5ces injuri\s to ! liv+1 t we are to /ifle ! noble/ aspirations ( our nature1 & become z cold & sil5t z ! grave t encloses _! rema9s8 ,does x foll[1 because an undiscipl9$ ard\r may h occasionally exagg]at$ ! m]its ( our contempor>ies1 t we are h5ce=? to )hold f !m a j tribute ( applause at _! discov]ies--to =ego ! advantages :i* sci5ce mu/ d]ive f a plan s well calculat$ to awak5 ! flagg+ att5tion1 to infuse into /agnant rese>* a r5ew$ _s ( animation1 & to enc\rage ! indu/ry ( ! lab\r] 9 ! ab/ract regions ( sci5ce1 ) prospects gleam+ ) sun%9e1 & luxuriant 9 ! fruitfulness :i* is to rew>d him8 ,su* 0 ! "*1 su* ! effect ( ,davy's disc\rses4 ,!y exhibit a great assemblage ( div]sifi$ tal5ts1 & display ! ref9$ views he ent]ta9$ ) respect to ! mutual relations :i* ! diff]5t sci5ces ma9ta9 ) ea* o!r2 !y ev9ce1 moreov]1 a great comm& ( language1 & a p[] to give exact expression to :at 8 m9d _h conceiv$4 ,to ^! six ,disc\rses is prefix$ 8 ,address ^u tak+ ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society = ! fir/ "t2 ! subject ( :i* is ,! pres5t /ate ( t ,body1 & ! ,progress & ,prospects ( ,sci5ce4 ,^u ?is occasion1 he p>ticul>ly adv]ts to ! light :i* ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce may reflect ^u ea* o!r4 ,9 pure ,ma!matics--?\gh _! nature1 z a "w ( intellectual comb9ation1 fram$ by ! highe/ ef=ts ( human intellig5ce1 r5d]s !m incapable ( receiv+ aids f obs]vations ( ext]nal ph5om5a1 or ! inv5tion ( new in/rum5ts1 yet !y are1 at ?is mom5t1 abundant 9 ! promise ( new applications2 & _m ( ! dep>tm5ts ( philosophical enquiry :i* appe>$ =m]ly to be> no relation to quantity1 weight1 figure1 or numb]1 z ,i %all m p>ticul>ly m5tion h]eaft]1 are n[ br\ght "u ! dom9ion ( t sublime sci5ce1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! animat+ pr9ciple ( all ! o!r sci5ces4 ,9 ! !ory ( light & vision1 ! rese>*es ( ,huyg5s1 ,newton1 & ,wolla/on1 h be5 foll[$ by ^? ( ,malus2 & ! ph5om5a ( pol>ization are con/antly t5d+ to new discov]ies2 & x is extremely probable t ^? beautiful results w lead to a m pr(\nd k ?an has hi!rto be5 obta9$1 conc]n+ ! intimate con/itution ( bodies1 & e/abli% a ne> connexion betwe5 me*anical & *emical philosophy4 ,! subject ( heat1 s ne>ly alli$ to t ( light1 has lately af=d$ a ri* h>ve/ ( discov]y2 yet x is f]tile 9 unexplor$ ph5om5a4 ,! "q ( ! mat]iality ( heat w probably be solv$ at ! same "t z t ( ! undulat+ hypo!sis ( light1 if1 inde$1 ! human m9d %\ld ev] be capable ( und]/&+ ! causes ( ^! my/]i\s ph5om5a4 ,! applications ( ! doctr9e ( heat to ! atomic or corpuscul> philosophy ( *emi/ry ab\nd 9 new views1 & probably at no v di/ant p]iod ^! views w assume a precise ma!matical =m4 ,9 ,electricity1 ! wond]ful in/rum5t ( ,volta has done m = ! obscure p>ts ( physics & *emi/ry1 ?an ! microscope ev] effect$ = natural hi/ory1 or ev5 ! telescope = a/ronomy4 ,aft] pres5t+ to u ! mo/ extraord9>y & unexpect$ results 9 *emical analysis1 x is n[ ?r[+ a new light ^u magnetism4 ',supp$itatque novo confe/im lum9e lum54' ,i mu/ congratulate ! ,society on ! rapid progress made 9 ! !ory ( def9ite proportions1 s9ce x 0 advanc$ 9 a di/9ct =m by ! +5uity ( ,mr4 ,dalton4 ,i congratulate ! ,society on ! promise x af=ds ( solv+ ! recondite *anges1 ow+ to motions ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 by laws dep5d+ ^u _! weight1 numb]1 & figure1 & :i* w be probably f\nd z simple 9 _! orig91 & z h>moni\s 9 _! relations1 z ^? :i* direct ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & produce ! beauty & ord] ( ! cele/ial sy/ems4 ,! cry/allizations1 or regul> =ms ( inorganic matt]1 are intimately connect$ ) def9ite proportions1 & dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! comb9ations ( ! elem5t>y p>ticles2 & bo? ! laws ( electrical pol>ity1 & ! pol>ization ( light1 seem relat$ to ^! ph5om5a4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! prim>y arrangem5t ( ! cry/all9e matt] ( ! globe1 v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 appli$1 & ! "q is /ill agitat$1 & is p]haps above ! pres5t /ate ( our k2 b !re are two pr9cipal facts :i* pres5t analogies on ! subject1--"o1 t ! =m ( ! e>? is t :i* w\ld result1 suppos+ x to h be5 orig9ally fluid2 & ! o!r1 t 9 lavas1 masses decid$ly ( igne\s orig91 cry/all9e sub/ances1 simil> to ^? belong+ to ! prim>y rocks1 are f\nd 9 abundance4 ,x is ! privilege ( g5ius to be 9 advance ( ! age1 & to see1 z by refraction1 ! light1 z yet bel[ ! horizon4 ,x is ) su* a feel+ t ,i h introduc$ ! =ego+ extracts1 :i* ,i _c b reg>d z prophetic ( future discov]ies4 ,! fir/ disc\rse 0 deliv]$ on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] #ahba1 on ! occasion ( ann\nc+ ! aw>d ( two m$als1 on ,sir ,godfrey ,copley's donation2 "o to ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,esq4 = 8 v>i\s pap]s on ma!matical & physico-ma!matical subjects2 & ! o!r1 to ,capta9 ,edw>d ,sab9e1 ,r4,a41 = 8 pap]s conta9+ an acc\nt ( 8 v>i\s exp]im5ts & obs]vations made dur+ a voyage & exp$ition 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,z ,i am desir\s t ! read] %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! nature & /yle ( ! address ) :i* he accompani$ ! pres5tation ( ! m$al1 ,i _c select a happi] example1 or "o 9 ! s5tim5ts ( :i* e p]son w m readily p>ticipate1 ?an ! foll[+3-- ,,mr4 ,,h]s*el--,receive ?is m$al1 ,sir1 z a m>k ( our respect1 & ( our admiration ( ^? tal5ts :i* y h appli$ ) s mu* zeal & success1 & pres]ve x z a pl$ge ( future ex]tions 9 ! cause ( ,sci5ce & ( ! ,royal ,society2 &1 believe me1 y c communicate y\r lab\rs to no public body by :om !y w be bett] receiv$1 or ?r\gh ^: records !y w be bett] kn[n to ! philosophical _w4 ,y are 9 ! prime ( life1 9 ! beg9n+ ( y\r c>e]1 & y h p[]s & acquirem5ts capable ( illu/rat+ & ext5d+ e bran* ( physical enquiry2 &1 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 h[ _m are ! spots n yet cultivat$6 ,:]e ! laws ( s5sible become connect$ ) ^? ( ins5sible motions1 ! me*anical ) ! *emical ph5om5a1 h[ little is kn[n6 ,9 electricity1 magnetism1 9 ! relations ( cry/alliz$ =ms to ! weight ( ! elem5ts ( bodies1 :at a numb] ( curi\s & important objects ( rese>*6 & !y are objects :i* y are peculi>ly qualifi$ to pursue & illu/rate4 ,may y cont9ue to devote y\rself to philosophical pursuits1 & to exalt y\r reputation1 already s high-- ',virtutem ext5d]e factis4' ,& ^! pursuits y w f9d n only glori\s1 b dignifi$1 useful1 & gratify+ 9 e p]iod ( life3 ?is1 inde$1 y mu/ "k be/ 9 ! example ( y\r illu/ri\s fa!r1 :o1 full ( ye>s & ( hon\rs1 mu/ view y\r ex]tions ) inf9ite pleasure2 & :o1 9 ! hopes t 8 own imp]i%able "n w be p]man5tly connect$ ) y\rs 9 ! annals ( philosophy1 mu/ look =w>d to a d\ble immortality4 ,9 ! disc\rse ( ! succe$+ ye>1 x 0 8 pa9ful duty to ann\nce ! dea? ( ! eld] ,h]s*el1 :om1 9 8 =m] address1 he _h eulogiz$ 9 su* eloqu5t & t\*+ language4 ,9 allud+ to ! lab\rs & discov]ies ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 he obs]v$1 t !y h s mu* contribut$ to ! progress ( mod]n a/ronomy1 t 8 "n w probably live z long z ! inhabitants ( ?is e>? are p]mitt$ to view ! sol> sy/em1 or to und]/& ! laws ( its motions4 ,! _w ( sci5ce--! civiliz$ _w1 are alike indebt$ to him :o enl>ges ! b\nd>ies ( human k1 :o increases ! scope ( intellectual enjoym5t1 & exhibits ! human m9d 9 possession ( new & unkn[n p[]s1 by :i* x ga9s1 z x 71 new dom9ions 9 space2 acquisitions :i* are imp]i%able--n l ! b\nd>ies ( t]re/rial /ates & k+doms1 or ev5 ! great monum5ts ( art1 :i*1 h[ev] ext5sive & spl5did1 mu/ decay--b secur$ by ! gr&e/ =ms & objects ( nature1 & regi/]$ among/ h] laws4 ,"o m quotation1 & ,i %all conclude ) ! conviction t ! spl5did specim5s ,i h adduc$ mu/ fully ju/ify ! op9ion already (f]$ z to ! ta/e1 p[]1 & eloqu5ce ) :i*1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 he dis*>g$ ! mo/ delicate & ardu\s ( all its duties4 ,9 8 address to ,mr4 7n[ ,dr47 ,buckl&1 on deliv]+ to him ! m$al = 8 important memoir on ! fossile rema9s discov]$ 9 ! cave ne> ,kirkdale1 he ?us concludes3--,if we look ) wond] ^u ! great rema9s ( human works1 su* z ! columns ( ,palmyra1 brok5 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t2 ! temples ( ,p/um1 beautiful 9 ! decay ( tw5ty c5turies2 or ! mutilat$ fragm5ts ( ,greek sculpture 9 ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 or 9 our own ,museum1 z pro(s ( ! g5ius ( arti/s1 & p[] & ri*es ( nations n[ pa/ away2 ) h[ mu* deep] a feel+ ( admiration mu/ we consid] ^? gr& monum5ts ( nature :i* m>k ! revolutions ( ! globe--cont95ts brok5 into isl&s2 "o l& produc$1 ano!r de/roy$2 ! bottom ( ! ocean become a f]tile soil2 :ole races ( animals ext9ct1 & ! bones & exuvi ( "o class cov]$ ) ! rema9s ( ano!r2 & ^u ^! graves ( pa/ g5]ations--! m>ble or rocky tombs1 z x 71 ( a =m] animat$ _w1 new g5]ations ris+1 & ord] & h>mony e/abli%$1 & a sy/em ( life & beauty produc$1 z x 71 out ( *aos & dea?1 prov+ ! inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ! ,great ,cause ( all be+6 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h notic$ ! app>5t comm5cem5t ( t g5]al indisposition :i* _h = "s "t be5 /eal+ ^u him1 und]m9+ 8 p[]s1 oppress+ 8 spirits1 & subdu+ 8 be/ en]gies2 b 9 ! end ( #ahbf1 8 compla9t assum$ a m decid$ & al>m+ =m4 ,feel+ m ?an usually unwell1 :ile on a visit to 8 fri5d ,"l ,gage1 he det]m9$ to return to ,london1 & 0 seiz$ :ile on 8 j\rney1 at ,may]sfield1 ) an apoplectic attack4 ,prompt & copi\s ble$+1 h[ev]1 on ! spot1 arre/$ ! symptoms m imm$iately ?reat5+ ! ext9ction ( life1 & enabl$ him to rea* home2 b p>alysis1 ! usual consequ5ce ( su* seizures1 _h obvi\sly1 ?\gh at fir/ b slightly1 dim9i%$ 8 muscul> p[]s1 & giv5 an awkw>dness to 8 gait4 ,z soon z ! m imm$iate dang] ( ! attack _h pass$ away1 x 0 ?\ght exp$i5t to recomm5d1 z ! be/ means ( 8 f>!r recov]y1 a resid5ce 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,europe1 :]e he w\ld be remov$ f all ! c>es & anxieties t 7 insep>ably connect$ ) 8 cont9uance 9 ,london2 & he accord+ly quitt$ ,engl&1 ) ! int5tion ( sp5d+ :at rema9$ ( ! w9t] 9 ,italy4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ lett] to 8 fri5d w suffici5tly expla9 ! s]i\s "* ( 8 malady1 & ! degree ( bodily infirmity :i* accompani$ x4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,rav5na1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahbg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i %\ld h answ]$ y\r lett] imm$iately1 _h x be5 possible2 b ,i 01 at ! "t ,i receiv$ x1 v ill1 9 ! crisis ( ! compla9t "u :i* ,i h long suff]$1 & :i* turn$ out to be a det]m9ation ( ! blood to ! bra92 at la/ produc+ ! mo/ al>m+ n]v\s symptoms1 & ?reat5+ ! loss ( p[] & ( life4 ,_h ,i be5 9 ,engl&1 ,i %\ld gladly h promot$ ! election ( y\r fri5d at ! ,a!num3 y\r c]tificate ( "* w\ld always be en\gh = me2 =1 l our angl+ evangelical ,isaac ,walton1 ,i "k y *oose = y\r fri5ds only good m54 ,i am1 ?ank ,god1 bett]1 b /ill v weak1 & :olly unfit = any k9d ( bus9ess & /udy4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 consid]ably recov]$ ! use ( all ! limbs t 7 affect$2 & z my am5dm5t has be5 sl[ & gradual1 ,i hope 9 "t x may be complete3 b ,i am lead+ ! life ( an an*orite1 oblig$ to ab/a9 f fle%1 w9e1 bus9ess1 /udy1 exp]im5ts1 & all ?+s t ,i love2 b ?is discipl9e is salut>y1 & = ! sake ( be+ able to d some?+ m = sci5ce1 &1 ,i hope1 = humanity1 ,i submit to x2 believ+ t ! ,great ,s\rce ( intellectual be+ s wills x = good4 ,i am "h lodg$ 9 ! ,apo/olical ,palace1 by ! k9dness ( ! ,vice-,legate ( ,rav5na1 a mo/ admirable & enlight5$ prelate1 & :o has done e ?+ = me t he c\ld h done = a bro!r4 ,i h *os5 ?is spot ( ! decl9+ empire ( ,rome1 z "o ( solitude & repose1 z out ( ! way ( travell]s1 & 9 a good climate2 & its monum5ts & recollections are n )\t int]e/4 ,"h ,dante compos$ 8 div9e works4 ,"h ,byron wrote "s ( 8 be/ & mo/ moral 7if su* a "n c be appli$7 poems2 & "h ! ,roman p[] t began among ! m\nta9s ) ,romulus1 & migrat$ to ! sea1 b\nd+ ,asia & ,europe "u ,con/ant9e1 made its la/ /&1 9 ! m>%es =m$ by ! ,eridanus1 "u ,!odorick1 ^: tomb is among/ ! wond]s ( ! place4 ,aft] a mon?'s travel 9 ! mo/ sev]e wea!r ,i ev] exp]i5c$1 ,i arriv$ "h on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y4 ,! wea!r has s9ce be5 f9e4 ,my bro!r & fri5d1 :o is likewise my physician1 accompani$ me2 b he is s satisfi$ ) my improvem5t1 z to be able to leave me = ,corfu2 b he is )9 a week's call4 ,i h no society "h1 except t ( ! amiable ,vice-,legate1 :o is ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce2 b ?is is en\gh = me1 = z yet ,i c be> b little conv]sation4 ,i ride 9 ! p9e =e/1 :i* is ! mo/ magnific5t 9 ,europe1 & :i* ,i wi% y c\ld see4 ,y "k ! trees by ,claude ,lorra9e's l&scapes3 imag9e a circle ( tw5ty miles ( ^! great fan-%ap$ p9es1 gre5 sunny lawns1 & little knolls ( und]wood1 ) l>ge junip]s ( ! ,adriatic 9 front1 & ! ,ap5n9es /ill cov]$ ) sn[ beh9d4 ,! p9e wood p>tly cov]s ! spot :]e ! ,roman fleet once rode1--su* is ! *ange ( "t6 ,x is my int5tion to /ay "h till ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 & !n to g to ! ,alps1 = ,i mu/ avoid ! extremes ( heat & cold4 ,god bless y1 my de> ,poole4 ,i am always y\r old & s9c]e fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,feel+ t 8 recov]y 0 t>dy1 & t p]fect m5tal repose 0 m ?an ev] necess>y = its advancem5t1 he det]m9$ to resign ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society2 & he accord+ly ann\nc$ t int5tion1 by a lett] to 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,society4 ,,to ,,davies ,,gilb]t1 ,,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,v4,p4,r4,s4 c4 c4 ,salzburgh1 ,july #a1 #ahbg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,ye/]day1 on my arrival "h1 ,i f\nd y\r two lett]s4 ,i am sorry ,i did n receive ! "o y 7 s good z to address to me at ,rav5na2 nor c ,i acc\nt = its misc>riage4 ,i commission$ a fri5d !re to transmit to me my lett]s f t place aft] my dep>ture1 & ,i receiv$ sev]al1 ev5 s late z ! middle ( ,may1 at ,layba*1 :i* _h be5 s5t to ,italy1 & aft]w>ds to ,illyria4 ,i did n write to y aga91 because ,i always ent]ta9$ hopes ( be+ able to give a bett] acc\nt ( ! /ate ( my heal?4 ,i am sorry to say ! expectations ( my physicians ( a complete & rapid recov]y h n be5 realiz$4 ,i h ga9$ gr\nd1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 v sl[ly2 & ?\gh ,i h _h no new attack1 & h rega9$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! use ( my limbs1 yet ! t5d5cy ( ! sy/em to accumulate blood 9 ! head /ill cont9ues1 & ,i am oblig$ to c\nt]act x by a mo/ rigid vegetable diet1 & by frequ5t ble$+s ) lee*es & bli/]+s1 :i* ( c\rse keep me v l[4 ,f my y\? up to la/ ye>1 ,i _h suff]$1 m or less1 f a slight hemorrhoidal affection2 & ! fulness ( ! vessels1 !n only a slight inconv5i5ce1 becomes a s]i\s & dang]\s evil 9 ! head1 to :i* x seems to h be5 transf]r$4 ,i am f> f despair+ ( an ultimate recov]y1 b x mu/ be a "w ( "t1 & ! vessels :i* h be5 ov] di/5d$ only v sl[ly rega9 _! =m] dim5sions & tone3 & = my recov]y1 n only diet & regim5 & physical discipl9e1 b a fre$om f anxiety1 & f all bus9ess & all intellectual ex]tion1 is absolutely requir$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i feel x w\ld be highly imprud5t & p]haps fatal = me1 to return1 & to attempt to p]=m ! (ficial duties ( ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,& z ,i _h no o!r feel+ = t high & hon\rable situation1 except ! hope ( be+ useful to society1 s ,i w\ld n keep x a mom5t )\t ! security ( be+ able to devote myself to ! lab\r & att5tion x dem&s4 ,i beg !re=e y w be s good z to communicate my resignation to ! ,c\ncil & to ! ,society at _! fir/ meet+ 9 ,novemb]1 aft] ! long vacation2 /at+ ! circum/ances ( my sev]e & long cont9u$ illness1 z ! cause4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i beg y w express to !m h[ truly grateful ,i feel = ! high hon\r !y h done me 9 plac+ me 9 ! *air = s _m successive ye>s4 ,assure !m t ,i %all always take ! same int]e/ 9 ! progress ( ! gr& objects ( ! ,society1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( my life endeav\r to contribute to _! advancem5t1 & to ! prosp]ity ( ! body4 ,%\ld circum/ances prev5t me f s5d+1 or y f receiv+ any o!r communication f me be=e ! autumn 7= no?+ is m unc]ta9 ?an ! po/ 9 ,au/ria1 z !y take "t to read ! lett]s71 ,i hope ?is1 :i* ,i %all g to ,bav>ia to s5d1 w rea* y safe1 & w be suffici5t to settle ! affair ( resignation4 ,x 0 my int5tion to h said no?+ on ! subject ( my successor4 ,i w support by all ! means 9 my p[] ! p]son t ! lead+ memb]s ( ! ,society %all place 9 ! *air2 b ,i _c resi/ an expression ( satisfaction 9 ! hope y held out1 t an illu/ri\s fri5d ( ! ,society1 illu/ri\s f 8 tal5ts1 8 =m] situation1 &1 ,i may say1 8 late conduct1 is likely to be my successor4 ,i wi% my "n to be 9 ! next ,c\ncil1 z ,i %all c]ta9ly return1 ,deo vol5te1 be=e ! end ( ! session1 & ,i may1 ,i ?9k1 be ( use2 & likewise1 because ,i hope x may be cle>ly und]/ood t my feel+s = ! ,society are1 z !y always 71 ^? ( w>m atta*m5t & respect4 ,writ+ /ill makes my head a*e1 & raises my pulse4 ,i w !re=e conclude1 my de> ,sir1 9 return+ y my s9c]e ?anks = ! tr\ble y h _h on my acc\nt1 & assur+ y t ,i am ,y\r oblig$ & grateful fri5d & s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,pray ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( ?is lett]1 by address+ me1 po/e re/ante1 ,layba*1 ,illyria1 ,au/ria2 & let me "k if ,mr4 ,hudson is /ill ,assi/ant-,secret>y1 & :]e ,mr4 ,s\? is4 ,i s5d ?is lett] f ,frau5/e91 ,bav>ia1 ,july #b1 t x may n be op5$1 z all my lett]s 7 at ,salzburgh4 ,!re 0 "o ( !m mu/ h amus$ ,pr9ce ,mett]ni*1 on ! /ate ( p>ties 9 ,engl&1 f a ,memb] ( ! ,upp] ,h\se4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is lett]1 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 by a resolution pass$ at a v full meet+ held on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbg1 appo9t$ ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t to fill ! *air1 until ! g5]al body %\ld elect a ,presid5t1 at ! ensu+ anniv]s>y4 ,! foll[+ lett] w %[ 8 subsequ5t c\rse ( proce$+4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,p>k ,/reet1 ,grosv5or ,squ>e1 ,oct4 #bi1 #ahbg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i hope y receiv$ a lett] :i* ,i address$ to y f ,rav5na 9 ! spr+4 ,x 0 my int5tion to h return$ to ,italy f ! ,alp9e c\ntries1 :]e ,i sp5t ! summ]2 b my recov]y has be5 s sl[1 & s mu* uneas9ess 9 ! head & weakness 9 ! limbs rema9$ 9 ,septemb]1 t ,i ?\ght x wis] to return to my m$ical advis]s 9 ,london4 ,i h consult$ all ! celebrat$ m5 :o h writt5 ^u or /udi$ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,!y all h a good op9ion ( my case1 & !y all ord] absolute repose = at lea/ twelve mon?s long]1 & w n all[ me to resume my sci5tific duties or lab\rs at pres5t2 & !y insi/ ^u my leav+ ,london = ! next ?ree or f\r mon?s1 & advise a resid5ce 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&4 ,n[1 my de> fri5d1 y recollect our conv]sation ^u ! subject ( a resid5ce--,i ?9k ,mr4 ,c4's is n v f> f y4 ,pray let me "k some?+ on ?is head4 ,i want v little ( any ?+1 = ,i am almo/ on a vegetable diet2 & a little horse ex]cise1 a v little %oot+1 & a little quiet society1 are :at ,i am 9 se>* (1 ) "s facilities ( procur+ books4 ,i h ?\ght ( ,m9ehead1 ,ilfracombe1 ,lym\?1 & ,p5zance2 b ,i h n yet det]m9$ ! po9t4 ,horse ex]cise & %oot+ are necess>y to br+ back my limbs to _! =m] /ate1 & !re=e ,ba? & ,brighton w n d = me4 ,god bless y1 my de> ,poole1 & pray let me he> f y4 ,y\r affectionate1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,p4,s4 ,i hope y got ! copy ( my disc\rses4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,firle1 ne> ,lewes1 ,nov4 #d1 #ahbg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i h ?is mom5t receiv$ y\r v k9d & mo/ fri5dly lett]4 ,i h made my fir/ visit to my fri5d ,"l ,g----1 :]e ,i 0 tak5 ill la/ ye>2 & h borne ! j\rney well1 & h enjoy$ ! small society "h2 b ,i am v weak inde$1 & ,i _c yet walk m ?an a mile4 ,"o ( ?ree plans1 ,i %all hope to adopt2 two ( !m y h mo/ amiably sugge/$1 ! o!r is to g to ,p5zance4 ,my only objection to ! la/ is ! fe> ( too mu* society4 ,:atev] ,i d1 ,i w fir/ come to y & take y\r advice4 ,:5 ,i return$1 ,i _h little hopes ( recov]y2 b ! assurances ( my physicians t ,i may aga91 ) c>e1 be re-e/abli%$1 h reviv$ me1 & ,i h c]ta9ly ga9$ gr\nd1 & ga9$ /r5g?1 by ! plan ,i am n[ pursu+4 ,z soon z ,i return to ,london1 ,i w write to y4 ,if ,i c f9d a companion1 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,c----'s h\se w d admirably2 b ,i mu/ see x1 z a temp]ate situation is a s9e qu non4 ,i ne$ n say h[ grateful ,i am = y\r k9dness1 & if ,i recov]1 h[ delight$ ,i %all be to owe ! means to s excell5t & invaluable a fri5d4 ,god bless y4 ,i am1 my de> ,poole1 y\r affectionate1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,firle1 ,nov4 #g4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,i am go+ to ,london to-morr[1 & aft] /ay+ two or ?ree days1 to try a new plan ( m$ical treatm5t1 :i* my physicians recomm5d1 ,i %all come we/w>d1 & pr(it by y\r k9dness1 & adopt :i*ev] ( ! plans w promise to be mo/ salut>y4 ,if ,i take ,mr4 ,c----'s h\se1 ,lady ,davy w come to me4 ,) respect to society1 ,i want only a fri5d1 or "o p]son or two at mo/1 to prev5t entire solitude1 & ,i am too weak to be> mu* conv]sation1 & :olly unfit to receive any b p]sons ) :om ,i am 9 ! habits ( intimacy4 ,i c h>dly express to y h[ deeply ,i feel y\r k9dness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ,i mu/ travel sl[ly1 ,i %all n probably be at ,/[ey be=e ,w$nesday or ,?ursday next4 ,pray d n ask any body to meet me4 ,i am ^u ! /ricte/ diet1--a w+ ( a *ick5 & a pla9 rice or bread pudd+ is ! extreme ( my g\rm&]ie4 ,god bless y4 ,my de> ,poole1 y\r affectionate fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,mr4 ,poole has be5 s oblig+ z to communicate to me "s int]e/+ p>ticul>s connect$ ) ! visit to :i* ! =ego+ lett]s allude4 ,dur+ ?is la/ visit1 7,novemb] & ,decemb] #ahbg17 8 bodily infirmity 0 v great1 & 8 s5sibility 0 pa9fully alive on e occasion4 ,unhappily1 he _h to su/a9 ! affliction ( ! sudd5 dea? ( ,mr4 ,r----1 ! son ( a fri5d :om he highly valu$2 & ?\gh ?is afflict+ ev5t 01 by ! consid]ate & anxi\s att5tion ( ,lady ,davy1 fir/ communicat$ to me by lett]1 to be imp>t$ to him ) e precaution1 to avoid 8 be+ sudd5ly %ock$1 yet x 0 _m days be=e he c\ld recov] 8 usual spirits1 feeble z !y 71 & resume 8 wont$ occupation4 ,on 8 arrival1 he said1 ',"h ,i am1 ! ru9 ( :at ,i 02' b nev]!less1 ! same activity & ard\r ( m9d cont9u$1 ?\gh direct$ to diff]5t objects4 ,he employ$ himself two or ?ree h\rs 9 ! morn+ on 8 ,salmonia1 :i* he 0 !n writ+2 he w\ld aft]w>ds take a %ort walk1 :i* he accompli%$ ) difficulty1 or ride4 ,aft] d9n]1 ,i us$ to read to him "s amus+ book4 ,we 7 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ by ,s\!y's ,life ( ,nelson4 ',x w\ld give ,s\!y1' he said1 'great pleasure1 if he knew h[ mu* 8 n>rative affect$ u4'#ajh #ajh ,8 admiration ( ?is "w bur/s =? 9 8 ,salmonia1 :i* he 0 writ+ at t "t4 ,he /yles x an immortal monum5t rais$ by ,g5ius to ,val\r4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,w----1 ! =m] ( :om he _h long kn[n1 frequ5tly came to make a rubb] at :i/4 ,he 0 av]se to see+ /rang]s2 b on be+ %[n ! draw+s ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( a fri5d ( m9e ( great tal5t1 ,mr4 ,bak] ( ,bridgwat]1 he 0 anxi\s to "k him1 & 0 mu* pleas$ ) 8 company4 ,he sugge/$ to him v>i\s subjects = inve/igation1 conc]n+ insects1 & fi%1 p>ticul>ly ! eel4 ,:at pleasure w\ld x give him 7 he n[ alive1 to le>n ! int]e/+ result ( ^? sugge/ions6 ,i hope ! public w soon be made acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,natural ,hi/ory 9 g5]al _h be5 a fav\rite subject ) him ?r\gh\t 8 protract$ illness2 & dur+ ?is la/ visit to me1 he paid att5tion to t only2 '=1' said he1 ',i am prohibit$ apply+1 & inde$ ,i am incapable ( apply+1 to any ?+ :i* requires sev]e att5tion4' ,dur+ ! same visit1 ,i rememb] 8 inh]5t love ( ! laboratory1 if ,i may s express myself1 be+ manife/$ 9 a mann] :i* mu* int]e/$ me at ! mom5t4 ,on 8 visit+ ) me a g5tleman 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 :o _h (f]$ him 8 h\se1 & :o has an ext5sive philosophical app>atus1 p>ticul>ly complete 9 electricity & *emi/ry1 he 0 fatigu$ ) ! j\rney1 & z we 7 walk+ r\nd ! h\se v languidly1 a door op5$1 & we 7 9 ! laboratory4 ,he ?rew a glance ar\nd ! room1 8 eyes bright5$ 9 ! action1 a gl[ came ov] 8 c\nt5ance1 & he look$ l himself1 z he 0 accu/om$ to appe> tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,y are aw>e t he 0 latt]ly a good %ot1 always an exp]t angl]1 & a great admir] ( old ,isaac ,walton2 & t he highly prid$ himself ^u ^! accompli%m5ts4 ,i us$ to laugh at him1 :i* he did n l2 b x amus$ me to see su* a man give s mu* importance to ^? qualifications4 ,he w\ld say1 ',x is n ! sport only1 ?\gh !re is great pleasure 9 successful dext]ity1#aji b x is ! ard\r ( pursuit1 pure air1 ! contemplation ( a f9e c\ntry1 & ! ex]cise--all t5d to invigorate ! body1 & to excite ! m9d to its be/ ef=ts4' #aji ,mr4 ,*ildr5 has j communicat$ to me ! foll[+ amus+ anecdote1 :i* may be adduc$ 9 illu/ration ( ! delight he took 9 t sport+ dext]ity to :i* he alludes 9 ! above passage4 ,davy1 ) a p>ty ( fri5ds1 _h be5 engag$ = sev]al h\rs 9 fi%+ = pike1 b v unsuccessfully2 our philosoph] gave up ! sport 9 despair1 b 8 companions hav+ det]m9$ to try "s m propiti\s spots1 left him to 8 contemplations4 ,ab\t an h\r aft]w>ds1 ,mr4 ,*ildr51 on return+ to 8 fri5d1 saw him at a di/ance seat$ ^u a gate1 & app>5tly la%+ ! air ) 8 fi%+-l9e4 ,:at c\ld be 8 object8 ,z soon z ,mr4 ,*ildr5 came suffici5tly ne> to make a signal1 ,davy1 by 8 ge/ures1 e>ne/ly entreat$ him to keep away1 :ile he cont9u$ 8 my/]i\s motions4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,*ildr5's pati5ce 0 exhau/$1 & he walk$ up to him4 ,0 ev] any ?+ m provok+6 exclaim$ ,davy2 if y _h only rema9$ quiet ano!r m9ute ,i %\ld h caught him--x is mo/ vexati\s6 ,caught :at8 ask$ ,mr4 ,*ildr54 ,a dragon-fly1 7,libellula17 answ]$ ,davy4 ,dur+ y\r abs5ce ,i h be5 greatly amus$ by wat*+ ! fe$+ habits ( t insect1 & hav+ obs]v$ ! eag]ness ) :i* !y snapp$ up ! little 'midges1' ,i det]m9$ to arm my hook ) "o1 & ,i c assure y ,i h _h no small degree ( sport2 & _h x n be5 = y\r unwelcome intrusion1 ,i %\ld mo/ und\bt$ly h captur$ "o ( !m4 ,^! amusem5ts seem$ to become m & m important 9 8 e/imation1 z 8 heal? decl9$4 ,x 0 affect+ to obs]ve ! ef=ts he made to cont9ue !m ) dim9i%$ /r5g?4 ,f be+ unable to walk )\t fatigue = _m h\rs1 he 01 :5 he came to me 9 ,novemb] #ahbf1 oblig$ to h a pony to c>ry him to ! field1 f :i* he dism\nt$ only on ! c]ta9ty ( imm$iate sport4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 he c\ld only take %ort & occasional rides to ! cov]s1 ) 8 dogs ar\nd him1 & 8 s]vant walk+ by 8 side & c>ry+ 8 gun1 b :i* ,i believe he nev] fir$4 ,dur+ ?is visit1 he m ?an once obs]v$1 ',i d n wi% to live1 z f> z ,i am p]sonally conc]n$2 b ,i h views :i* ,i c\ld develope1 if x pleas$ ,god to save my life1 :i* w\ld be useful to sci5ce & to mank9d4' ,davy return$ to t[n 9 ,decemb]1 & aft] an int]val wrote ! foll[+ lett]3 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,p>k ,/reet1 ,grosv5or ,squ>e1 ,dec4 #bg1 #ahbg4 ,,my ,,v ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,i "k no reason :y ,i h n writt5 to y4 ,x has be5 my int5tion e day1 & ,i h be5 e day prev5t$ by ! s5se ( want ( p[]1 :i* is s pa9ful a symptom ( my malady4 ,i cont9ue mu* z ,i 04 ,my physicians augur well1 & ,i h "s repose 9 ! hopes connect$ ) ! indef9ite future4 ,9 ! la/ twelve-mon?1 :i* ,i hope is a l>ge portion1 on ! :ole1 ( my purgatory expiation = crimes ( commission or omission1 ! mo/ *e]ful1 or r ! lea/ mis]able1 days t ,i sp5t1 7 a good deal ow+ to y\r k9dness1 :i* ,i %all nev] =get4 ,i w\ld1 if x 7 possible1 make my lett] some?+ m ?an a m]e bullet9 ( heal?1 or ! expression ( ! feel+s ( a sick man2 b ,i c communicate no news4 ,! pap]s w tell y m ?an is true2 & our politicians seem ignorant ( :at !y are to d at home1 mu* m abroad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h got = y a copy ( my lectures on ! ,*emi/ry ( ,agriculture1 :i* ,i %all s5d to y by ! fir/ opportunity4 ,god bless y1 my de> ,poole4 ,i am always y\r s9c]e1 ,grateful1 & affectionate fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,9 ! lett] :i* foll[s1 ,davy dwells ^u a subject 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* appe>s to h greatly occupi$ 8 ?\ghts1 & to h cont9u$ a pr$om9ant subject ( 8 contemplation1 ev5 to ! late/ day ( 8 life4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,p>k ,/reet1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahbh4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,i write to y imm$iately1 because t "p ( y\r lett] :i* relates to ,mr4 ,bak]'s pursuits int]e/s me v mu*3 b be=e ,i beg9 on ?is subject1 ,i w give y a %ort bullet9 ( ! /ate ( my heal?4 ,i g on mu* z ,i did at ,/[ey1 & my physicians h made no alt]ations 9 ! plan ( treatm5t3 ,i am n worse1 & !y tell me ,i %all be bett]4 ,n[ = ,mr4 ,bak]--,i am v glad t he is occupi$ ) ^? enquiries4 ,i am p>ticul>ly anxi\s = in=mation on ! g5]ation ( eels2 x is an unsolv$ problem s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,i am sure t all eels come f ! sea1 :]e !y are br$2 b !re may be "o or two species or v>ieties ( !m4 ,:at ,mr4 ,bak] says ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! common eel & ! cong] is well wor?y ( att5tion2 b ,i h kn[n *anges m extraord9>y ?an ! oblit]ation1 or de/ruction1 ( a small tubul> memb] occasion$ by diff]5ce ( habits4 ,7 ! salt-wat] eels & ! fre%-wat] eels :i* he exam9$ ( ! same size8 ,_m individuals ( v>i\s sizes %\ld be exam9$ to e/abli% ! fact ( _! specific diff]5ce4 ,?is w\ld be ! season = exam9+ ! g5ital organs ( eels1 = !y bre$ 9 w9t]2 & 7 ,i a little bett]1 ,i %\ld g to ! sea = ! purpose ( mak+ enquiries on ! subject4 ,sir ,ev]>d ,home is firmly conv9c$ t ! animal is h]maphrodite & impregnates itself3 ?is1 ?\gh possible1 appe>s to me v /range 9 s l>ge an animal4 ,if ,mr4 ,bak] w det]m9e ?is po9t1 ,i c promise him an immortality among/ our philosophical angl]s & natural hi/orians2 & if he w give u ! hi/ory ( wat]-flies1 imitat$ by fly-fi%]s1 he w comm& our imm$iate gratitude4 ,pray communicate ?is lett] to him ) my be/ wi%es1 & ) my hopes t 8 tal5ts1 :i* are v great1 w be appli$ to enlight5 u4 ,i c give y no news2 ! wea!r is dreadful1 & ! blacks & yell[s are desc5d+ 9 fog4 ,i long = ! fre% air ( y\r m\nta9s4 ,god bless y1 my de> ,poole4 ,_m--_m happy new ye>s to y4 ,pray rememb] me1 ) ! complim5ts ( ?is day1 to y\r excell5t neighb\rs at ,/[ey4 ,y\r affectionate fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,p>k ,/reet1 ,m>* #bf4 ,y\r lett] has giv5 me great pleasure2 fir/1 because y1 :o are an enlight5$ judge 9 su* matt]s1 approve ( my humble contribution to agriculture2 &1 secondly1 because x makes me acqua9t$ ) y\r k9d feel+s1 heal?1 & ,mr4 ,bak]'s int]e/+ pursuits4 ,mr4 ,bak] appe>s to me to h di/9ctly e/abli%$ ! po9t t ! eel & cong] are ( diff]5t species2 & f 8 zeal & activity1 ,i hope ! curi\s problem ( ! g5]ation ( ^! animals w be solv$4 ,i %all expect ) impati5ce ! results ( 8 enquiries4 ,n[ = my heal?1 my v de> fri5d4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld speak m fav\rably2 ,i c]ta9ly d n lose gr\nd1 b ,i am d\btful if ,i ga9 any2 b ,i d n despair4 ,i am go+1 by ! advice ( my physicians1 to try ano!r ,cont95tal j\rney4 ,if ,i get consid]ably bett]1 ,i %all w9t] 9 ,italy1 :]e1 9 ?is case1 ,i %all hope to see y1 & :]e ,i %all h an ap>tm5t ready = y 9 ,rome4 ,i h n be5 idle s9ce ,i left y\r com=table & hospitable h\se4 ,i h f9i%$ my ,salmonia1 & s5t x to ! press4--,flum9a amo sylvasque +lorius4--,i d n ?9k y w be displeas$ ) ?is little jeu ( my sick h\rs4 ,mr4 ,a---- 0 v amiable 9 call+ on me4 ,!re is no?+ t annoys me s mu* 9 my illness z my helplessness 9 n be+ able to indulge 9 society4 ,y\r grateful & affectionate fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,we w n[1 = a :ile1 leave our philosoph] to pursue 8 j\rney to ,italy1 :ile we take a review ( 8 ,,salmonia2 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahbh4 ,! second1 & mu* improv$ edition1#aaj f :i* ,i %all take my extracts1 is dat$ f ,layba*1 ,illyria1 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahbh1 b :i* did n appe> until #ahbi4 #aaj ,salmonia1 or ,days ( ,fly-fi%+2 9 a s]ies ( ,conv]sations2 ) "s acc\nt ( ! habits ( ,fi%es belong+ to ! g5us ,salmo4 ,by an ,angl]4 ,second edition4--,london1 ,john ,murray1 #ahbi4 ,we are told 9 ! preface1 t ^! pages =m$ ! occupation ( ! au?or dur+ "s mon?s ( sev]e & dang]\s illness1 :5 he 0 :olly incapable ( att5d+ to m useful /udies1 or ( foll[+ m s]i\s pursuits2--t !y con/itut$ 8 amusem5t 9 _m h\rs1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 unoccupi$ & t$i\s2--& t !y are publi%$ 9 ! hope t !y may possess an int]e/ = ^? p]sons :o d]ive pleasure f ! simple/ & mo/ atta9able k9d ( rural sports1 & :o practise ! art1 or patronise ! objects ( contemplation1 ( ! philosophical angl]4 ,he in=ms u t ! conv]sational mann] & discursive /yle 7 *os5 z be/ suit$ to ! /ate ( heal? ( ! au?or1 :o 0 incapable ( consid]able ef=ts & long cont9u$ att5tion2 & he adds1 t he c\ld n b h 9 m9d a model1 :i* has fully prov$ ! utility & popul>ity ( ?is me?od ( treat+ ?is subject--,! ,complete ,angl]1 by ,walton & ,cotton4 ,! *>act]s *os5 to support ^! conv]sations1 7 ,,halieus1 :o is suppos$ to be an accompli%$ fly-fi%]--,,orni!r1 :o is to be reg>d$ z a g5tleman g5]ally fond ( ! sports ( ! field1 ?\gh n a f9i%$ ma/] ( ! art ( angl+--,,poietes1 :o is to be consid]$ z an en?usia/ic lov] ( nature1 & p>tially acqua9t$ ) ! my/]ies ( fly-fi%+2 & ,,physicus1 :o is describ$ un9itiat$ z an angl]1 b z a p]son fond ( enquiries 9 natural hi/ory & philosophy4 ,su* are ! p]sonages by ^: aid ! ma*9]y is to be work$2 b he tells u t !y are ( c\rse imag9>y1 ?\gh ! s5tim5ts attribut$ to !m1 ! au?or may sometimes h ga9$ f recollections ( real conv]sations ) fri5ds1 f ^: society mu* ( ! happ9ess ( 8 e>ly life _h be5 d]iv$2 & he admits t1 9 ! portrait ( ! "* ( ,,halieus1 giv5 9 ! la/ dialogue1 a lik5ess w n fail to be recognis$ to t ( ! "* ( a mo/ e/imable physician1 ard5tly belov$ by 8 fri5ds1 & e/eem$ & v5]at$ by ! public4 ,! "w is d$icat$ to ,dr4 ,bab+ton1 9 remembrance ( "s delightful days pass$ 9 8 society1 & 9 gratitude = an un9t]rupt$ fri5d%ip ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,i am in=m$ by ,lady ,davy1 t ! engrav+s ( ! fi%1 by :i* ! "w is illu/rat$1 are f draw+s ( 8 own execution2 s t he c\ld n1 l old ,isaac ,walton1 take ! lib]ty to comm5d ! excell5t pictures to him t likes n ! book1 because !y conc]n n himself4 ,x has frequ5tly happ5$ t1 :ile works ( deep importance h ju/ly conf]r$ celebrity ^u ! au?or1 8 m9or productions h be5 entirely indebt$ to 8 "n = _! popul>ity1 & to 8 au?ority = _! value4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be said ( ,salmonia1 = x possesses ! /amp ( orig9al g5ius1 & be>s int]nal evid5ce ( a tal5t fl[+ d[n f a v high s\rce ( intellig5ce4 ,9 a sci5tific po9t ( view1 x exhibits t p5etrat+ obs]vation by :i* a gift$ m9d is enabl$ to extract out ( ! mo/ ord9>y facts & e-day incid5ts1 novel views & hidd5 tru?s2 :ile x %[s t a humble art 7,i beg p>don ( ! bro!rs ( ! ,angle7 may1 ?r\gh ! skill ( ! ma/]1 be made ! means ( call+ =? ! affections ( ! he>t1 & ( reflect+ all ! col\rs ( ! fancy4 ,by reg>d+ ! "w 9 relation to ! hi/ory & condition ( its au?or1 x c]ta9ly acquires mu* additional int]e/4 ,! famili> & invit+ /yle ( ! dialogue1 :5ev] he discusses que/ions ( natural hi/ory1 mu/ conv9ce u t he 0 z well calculat$ to in/ruct 9 ! ,lyceum1 z we long s9ce knew him to be to tea* 9 ! ,academy4 ,compos$ 9 ! h\r ( sickness & pro/ration1 ! "w displays ?r\gh\t its composition a tone ( dignifi$ morality & an expansion ( feel+1 :i* may be reg>d$ z 9 unison ) a m9d *a/5$ b n subdu$1 & look+ =w>d to a bett] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,i envy1 says he1 no quality ( ! m9d or intellect 9 o!rs2 be x g5ius1 p[]1 wit1 or fancy3 b if ,i c\ld *oose :at w\ld be mo/ delightful1 & ,i believe mo/ useful to me1 ,i %\ld pref] a firm religi\s belief to e o!r bless+2 = x makes life a discipl9e ( goodness2 creates new hopes1 :5 all e>?ly hopes vani%2 & ?r[s ov] ! decay1 ! de/ruction ( exi/5ce1 ! mo/ gorge\s ( all lights2 awak5s life ev5 9 dea?1 & f corruption & decay calls up beauty & div9ity2 makes an in/rum5t ( torture & ( %ame ! ladd] ( asc5t to p>adise2 &1 f> above all comb9ations ( e>?ly hopes1 calls up ! mo/ delightful visions ( palms & am>an?s1 ! g>d5s ( ! ble/1 ! security ( ev]la/+ joys1 :]e ! s5suali/ & ! sceptic view only gloom1 decay1 annihilation1 & despair6 ,:ile describ+ an animat$ sc5e ( insect enjoym5t1 he bur/s into an apo/rophe1 highly *>act]i/ic ( t quick & happy tal5t = seiz+ analogies1 :i* s em95tly di/+ui%$ all 8 writ+s4 ,i %all quote ! passage4 ,physicus4--,s9ce ! sun has disappe>$1 ! cool ( ! ev5+ has1 ,i suppose1 driv5 ! little w+$ plund]]s to _! homes2 b see1 !re are two or ?ree humble bees :i* seem languid ) ! cold1 & yet !y h _! tongues /ill 9 ! f\nta9 ( honey4 ,i believe "o ( !m is actually dead1 yet 8 m\? is /ill atta*$ to ! fl[]4 ,he has fall5 asleep1 & probably di$ :il/ mak+ 8 la/ meal ( ambrosia4 ,orni!r4--,:at an enviable de/9y1 quitt+ life 9 ! mom5t ( enjoym5t1 foll[+ an in/9ct1 ! gratification ( :i* has be5 always pleasurable6 s b5efic5t are ! laws ( ,div9e ,wisdom4 ,physicus4--,l ,orni!r1 ,i consid] ! de/9y ( ?is insect z desirable1 & ,i _c help reg>d+ ! end ( human life z mo/ happy1 :5 t]m9at$ "u ! impulse ( "s /rong en]getic feel+1 simil> 9 its nature to an in/9ct4 ,i %\ld n wi% to die l ,attila1 9 a mom5t ( gross s5sual enjoym5t2 b ! dea? ( ,epam9ondas or ,nelson1 9 ! arms ( victory1 _! :ole att5tion absorb$ 9 ! love ( glory1 & ( _! c\ntry1 ,i ?9k really enviable4 ,poietes4--,i consid] ! dea? ( ! m>tyr or ! sa9t z f> m enviable2 =1 9 ?is case1 :at may be consid]$ z a ,div9e in/9ct ( our nature is call$ into ex]tion1 & pa9 is subdu$1 or de/roy$1 by a secure fai? 9 ! p[] & m]cy ( ! ,div9ity4 ,9 su* cases1 man rises above mortality1 & %[s 8 true intellectual sup]iority4 ,by intellectual sup]iority1 ,i mean t ( 8 spiritual nature1 = ,i d n consid] ! results ( reason z capable ( be+ comp>$ ) ^? ( fai?4 ,reason is (t5 a dead weight 9 life1 de/roy+ feel+1 & sub/itut+1 = pr9ciple1 calculation & caution2 &1 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 x (t5 produces fe> or despond5cy1 & is r a bitt] draught ?an nect> or ambrosia 9 ! la/ meal ( life4 ,halieus4--,i agree ) ,poietes4 ,! high] & m int5se ! feel+ "u :i* dea? takes place1 ! happi] x may be e/eem$2 & ,i ?9k ev5 ,physicus w be ( our op9ion1 :5 ,i recollect ! conclusion ( a conv]sation 9 ,scotl&4 ,! immortal be+ nev] c quit life ) s mu* pleasure z ) ! feel+ ( immortality secure1 & ! vision ( cele/ial glory fill+ ! m9d1 affect$ by no o!r passion ?an ! pure & int5se love ( ,god4 ,we are n to suppose t1 h[ev] soo?+ & consolatory su* feel+s & hopes may h be51 !y wean$ him f ! _w1 or dim9i%$ 8 natural love ( life2 on ! contr>y1 no "o w\ld h m gratefully receiv$ ! s]vices ( a ,m$ea1 z ! foll[+ passage w suffici5tly te/ify4 ,ah6 c\ld ,i recov] any ?+ l t fre%ness ( m9d :i* ,i possess$ at tw5ty-five1 & :i*1 l ! dew ( ! dawn+ morn+1 cov]$ all objects & n\ri%$ all ?+s t grew1 & 9 :i* !y 7 m beautiful ev5 ?an 9 midday sun%9e1--:at w\ld ,i n give6 ,all t ,i h ga9$ 9 an active & n unpr(itable life4 ,h[ well ,i rememb] t delightful season1 :51 full ( p[]1 ,i s\ght = p[] 9 o!rs2 & p[] 0 sympa?y1 & sympa?y p[]2--:5 ! dead & ! unkn[n1 ! great ( o!r ages & ( di/ant places 7 made1 by ! =ce ( ! imag9ation1 my companions & fri5ds2--:5 e voice seem$ "o ( praise & love2--:5 e fl[] _h ! bloom & od\r ( ! rose2 & e spray or plant seem$ ei!r ! poet's laurel1 or ! civic oak--:i* appe>$ to (f] !mselves z wrea?s to adorn my ?robb+ br[4 ,b1 alas6 ?is _c be4---- ,aft] ! example ( ! great ,patri>* ( ,angl]s1 ! au?or ( ,salmonia comm5ces1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ! pr9cipal int]locutor ( ! dialogue1 ,,halieus1 to enum]ate ! delights ( 8 art1 & to v9dicate x f ! *>ge ( cruelty4 ,halieus4--,! se>* aft] food is an in/9ct belong+ to our nature2 & f ! savage 9 8 rude/ & mo/ primitive /ate1 :o de/roys a piece ( game1 or a fi%1 ) a club or spe>1 to man 9 ! mo/ cultivat$ /ate ( society1 :o employs artifice1 ma*9]y1 & ! res\rces ( v>i\s o!r animals1 to secure 8 object1 ! orig9 ( ! pleasure is simil>1 & its object ! same3 b t k9d ( x requir+ mo/ art may be said to *>act]ize man 9 8 highe/ or intellectual /ate2 & ! fi%] = salmon & tr\t ) ! fly employs n only ma*9]y to assi/ 8 physical p[]s1 b applies sagacity to conqu] difficulties2 & ! pleasure d]iv$ f +5i\s res\rces & devices1 z well z f active pursuit1 belongs to ?is amusem5t4 ,!n1 z to its philosophical t5d5cy1 x is a pursuit ( moral discipl9e1 requir+ pati5ce1 =be>ance1 & comm& ( temp]4 ,z connect$ ) natural sci5ce1 x may be vaunt$ z dem&+ a k ( ! habits ( a consid]able tribe ( creat$ be+s1--fi%es1 & ! animals t !y prey ^u1 & an acqua9tance ) ! signs & tok5s ( ! wea!r1 & its *anges1 ! nature ( wat]s1 & ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z to its poetical relations1 x c>ries u into ! mo/ wild & beautiful sc5]y ( nature2 among/ ! m\nta9 lakes1 & ! cle> & lovely /reams t gu% f ! high] ranges ( elevat$ hills1 or t make _! way ?r\gh ! cavities ( calc>e\s /rata4 ,h[ delightful 9 ! e>ly spr+1 aft] ! dull & t$i\s "t ( w9t]1 :5 ! fro/s disappe> & ! sun%9e w>ms ! e>? & wat]s1 to w&] =? by "s cle> /ream1 to see ! leaf bur/+ f ! purple bud1 to sc5t ! od\rs ( ! bank p]fum$ by ! violet1 & enamell$1 z x 71 ) ! primrose & ! daisy2 to w&] ^u ! fre% turf bel[ ! %ade ( trees1 ^: bright blossoms are fill$ ) ! music ( ! bee2 & on ! surface ( ! wat]s to view ! gaudy flies sp>kl+ l animat$ gems 9 ! sunbeams1 :il/ ! bright & beautiful tr\t is wat*+ !m f bel[2 to he> ! twitt]+ ( ! wat] birds1 :o1 al>m$ at y\r approa*1 rapidly hide !mselves b5ea? ! fl[]s & leaves ( ! wat]-lily2 &1 z ! season advances1 to f9d all ^! objects *ang$ = o!rs ( ! same k9d1 b bett] & bright]1 till ! swall[ & ! tr\t cont5d1 z x 71 = ! gaudy ,mayfly1 & till1 9 pursu+ y\r amusem5t 9 ! calm & balmy ev5+1 y are s]5ad$ by ! songs ( ! *e]ful ?ru% & melodi\s night+ale1 p]=m+ ! (fices ( pat]nal love1 9 ?ickets ornam5t$ ) ! rose & woodb9e4 ,on v9dicat+ ! pursuit f ! *>ge ( cruelty1 he has advanc$ an argum5t t has n be5 commonly adduc$ ^u ?is occasion4 ,we h inde$ all he>d1 t ! op]ation ( sk9n+ is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to eels :5 !y are us$ to x2 b we are n[ told fi% are s little annoy$ by ! hook1 t ?\gh a tr\t has be5 hook$ & play$ ) = "s m9utes1 he w (t51 aft] 8 escape ) ! artificial fly 9 8 m\?1 take ! natural fly1 & fe$ z if no?+ _h happ5$2 hav+ app>5tly le>nt only f ! exp]im5t1 t ! artificial fly is n prop] food4 ,i h caught pikes ) f\r or five hooks 9 _! m\?s1 & tackle :i* !y _h brok5 only a few m9utes be=e2 & ! hooks seem$ to h _h no o!r effect ?an t ( s]v+ z a sort ( sauce piquante1 urg+ !m to seize ano!r morsel ( ! same k9d4 ,our au?or1 h[ev]1 takes a m special def5ce1 by obs]v+ t1 unlike old ,isaac1 he employs an artificial fly1 in/ead ( a liv+ bait4 ,our notions ab\t ! cruelty ( field sports is extremely caprici\s4 ,until ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 ! canon law prohibit$ ! use ( ! sangu9>y recreations ( hunt+1 hawk+1 & f[l+1 :ile ! cl]gy1 on acc\nt ( _! leisure1 7 all[$ to ex]cise ! h>mless & humane art ( angl+4 ,9 lat] days1 ! indignation aga9/ ?is art has be5 excit$ by ! suppos$ suff]+s ( ! worm or bait1 r ?an by ^? ( ! fi%2 & ?us f> ! au?or ( ,salmonia assum$ a /rong po/ure ( def5ce2 b he did n avail himself ( all ! advantages x comm&$4 ,he might h plead$1 t e fi% he caught by 8 artificial fly 0 de/9$ to prey ^u an insect1 & t by sub/itut+ a piece ( silk = ! latt]1 he w\ld = e fi% he might de/roy1 save f de/ruction _m ( ^? fairy be+s t animate ! air & sp>kle 9 ! sunbeam2--b x is1 aft] all1 folly to argue ^u ! subject ( cruelty 9 our field sports4 ,t animals %\ld live by prey+ ^u ea* o!r is ! v basis ( ! s*eme ( creation2 & 9 ^! days x is n necess>y to expose ! absurdities ( ! sy/em ( ,samos & ,indo/an4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 at "o p]iod ( 8 life1 ent]ta9$ a s5tim5tal abhorr5ce at eat+ any ?+ t _h possess$ life2 & ! read] may1 p]haps1 n object to be rem9d$ ( ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 cur$ ( 8 prejudice4 ,i consid]$1 says he1 ! capture ( e fi% z a sort ( murd]1 committ$ )\t provocation1 s9ce ^! animals _h nei!r done1 nor 7 capable ( do+1 ! smalle/ injury to any "o t %\ld ju/ify ! measure4 ,?is mode ( reason+ ,i conceiv$ to be unansw]able4 ,mean:ile1 ,i _h =m]ly be5 extremely fond ( fi%2 & :5 "o ( ! cod 0 tak5 out ( ! fry+-pan1 ,i ?\ght its flav\r delici\s4 ,i hesitat$ "s "t betwe5 pr9ciple & incl9ation1 till at la/ recollect+ t1 :5 ! cod _h be5 op5$1 "s small fi% 7 f\nd 9 its belly1 ,i said to myself1 ',if y eat ea* o!r1 ,i see no reason :y we may n eat y1'--7,8 wi% 0 fa!r to t ?\ght7--,i accord+ly d9$ on ! cod ) no small degree ( pleasure1 & h s9ce cont9u$ to eat l ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,,halieus is made to admit ! dang] ( analys+ too closely ! moral "* ( any ( our field sports2 & yet1 9 ! conclud+ *apt]1 he v unfairly & inconsi/5tly attempts to ridicule ! pursuit ( a fox-hunt]1 risk+ 8 neck to see ! h\nds de/roy an animal :i* he pres]ves to be de/roy$1 & :i* is good = no?+4 ,he :o pursues a pleasure because x is rational1 reasons because he _c feel4 ,:5 ! he>t1 says ,/]ne1 flies out be=e ! und]/&+1 x saves ! judgm5t a _w ( pa9s4 ,hav+1 z ! au?or ?9ks satisfactorily1 settl$ ! prelim9>y que/ions1 ,,halieus1 succe$s 9 p]suad+ ,,physicus to jo9 him 9 fi%+ excursions2 j z ,piscator is repres5t$ by old ,isaac1 z hav+ enli/$ ,v5ator into ! bro!rhood ( ! angle4 ,! dialogue n[ proce$s ) great animation1 dur+ :i* ! art & my/]y ( ,piscatory tactics are unfold$ ) great skill2 = ! details ( :i* ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! "w itself4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he be n already an angl]1 x may save him a _w ( pa9s to be in=m$1 t to le>n to fi% by ! book is little less absurd ?an to make hay by ! fair days 9 ! almanack4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he treats ! v>i\s subjects ( natural hi/ory necess>ily connect$ ) ! pursuit is bo? amus+ & in/ructive2 & ! :ole "w is /udd$ & gemm$1 z x 71 ) ! mo/ poetical descriptions4 ,9 speak+ ( ! swall[1 ,poietes exclaims--,i delight 9 ?is liv+ l&scape6 ,! swall[ is "o ( my fav\rite birds1 & a rival ( ! night+ale2 = he *e]s my s5se ( see+ z mu* z ! o!r does my s5se ( he>+4 ,he is ! glad prophet ( ! ye>1 ! h>b+] ( ! be/ season3 he lives a life ( enjoym5t among/ ! lovelie/ =ms ( nature3 w9t] is unkn[n to him2 & he leaves ! gre5 mead[s ( ,engl& 9 autumn1 = ! myrtle & orange groves ( ,italy1 & = ! palms ( ,africa3 he has always objects ( pursuit1 & 8 success is secure4 ,ev5 ! be+s select$ = 8 prey are poetical1 beautiful1 & transi5t4 ,! ephem] are sav$ by 8 means f a sl[ & l+]+ dea? 9 ! ev5+1 & kill$ 9 a mom5t1 :5 !y h kn[n no?+ ( life b pleasure4 ,he is ! con/ant de/roy] ( insects--! fri5d ( man2 &1 ) ! /ork & ! ibis1 may be reg>d$ z a sacr$ bird4 ,8 in/9ct1 :i* gives him 8 appo9t$ seasons1 & tea*es him always :5 & :]e to move1 may be reg>d$ z fl[+ f a div9e s\rce2 & he belongs to ! oracles ( ,nature1 :i* speak ! awful & intelligible language ( a pres5t ,deity4 ,poietes consid]s a full & cle> riv] z ! mo/ poetical object 9 ,nature4--,i w n fail to obey y\r summons4 ,pl9y has1 z well z ,i recollect1 comp>$ a riv] to human life4 ,i h nev] read ! passage 9 8 works2 b ,i h be5 a hundr$ times /ruck ) ! analogy1 p>ticul>ly amid/ m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,! riv]1 small & cle> 9 its orig91 gu%es =? f rocks1 falls into deep gl5s1 & wantons & me&]s ?r\gh a wild & picturesque c\ntry1 n\ri%+ only ! uncultivat$ tree or fl[] by its dew or spray4 ,9 ?is1 its /ate ( infancy & y\?1 x may be comp>$ to ! human m9d1 9 :i* fancy & /r5g? ( imag9ation are pr$om9ant--x is m beautiful ?an useful4 ,:5 ! diff]5t rills or torr5ts jo91 & desc5d into ! pla91 x becomes sl[ & /ately 9 its motions2 x is appli$ to move ma*9]y1 to irrigate mead[s1 & to be> ^u its bosom ! /ately b>ge2--9 ?is mature /ate x is deep1 /rong1 & useful4 ,z x fl[s on t[>ds ! sea1 x loses its =ce & its motion1 & at la/1 z x 71 becomes lo/1 & m+l$ ) ! mighty abyss ( wat]s4 ,halieus adds--,"o might pursue ! metaphor /ill f>!r1 & say1 t 9 its orig9--its ?und]+ & foam1 :5 x c>ries d[n clay f ! bank1 & becomes impure1 x resembles ! y\?ful m9d1 affect$ by dang]\s passions4 ,& ! influ5ce ( a lake1 9 calm+ & cle>+ ! turbid wat]1 may be comp>$ to ! effect ( reason 9 m mature life1 :5 ! tranquil1 deep1 cool1 & unimpassion$ m9d is fre$ f its fev]1 its tr\bles1 bubbles1 noise1 & foam4 ,&1 above all1 ! s\rces ( a riv]--:i* may be consid]$ z belong+ to ! atmosph]e--& its t]m9ation 9 ! ocean1 may be reg>d$ z imag+ ! div9e orig9 ( ! human m9d1 & its be+ ultimately return$ to1 & lo/ 91 ! inf9ite & et]nal ,intellig5ce f :i* x orig9ally sprang4 ,halieus (f]s "s curi\s obs]vations ) respect to ! recollection ( fi% be+ associat$ ) surr\nd+ objects4 ,i h kn[n a fi% t ,i h prick$ reta9 8 /ation 9 ! riv]1 & refuse ! artificial fly1 day aft] day1 = weeks toge!r2 b 8 memory may h be5 kept awake by ?is practice1 & ! recollection seems local1 & associat$ ) surr\nd+ objects2 & if a prick$ tr\t is *as$ into ano!r pool1 he w1 ,i believe1 soon aga9 take ! artificial fly4 ,or1 if ! objects ar\nd him are *ang$1 z 9 autumn1 by ! decay ( we$s1 or by _! be+ cut1 ! same ?+ happ5s2 & a flood or a r\gh w9d1 ,i believe1 assi/s ! fly-fi%]1 n m]ely by obscur+ ! vision ( ! fi%1 b1 9 a riv] mu* fi%$1 by *ang+ ! appe>ance ( _! haunts3 l>ge tr\ts almo/ always occupy p>ticul> /ations1 "u1 or close to1 a l>ge /one or tree2 & probably1 mo/ ( _! recollect$ s5sations are connect$ ) ?is dwell+4 ,physicus4--,i ?9k ,i und]/& y1 t ! memory ( ! dang] & pa9 does n la/ long1 unless !re is a p]man5t s5sation ) :i* x c rema9 associat$1--su* z ! /ation ( ! tr\t2 & t ! recollection ( ! m]e =m ( ! artificial fly1 )\t ?is association1 is evanesc5t4 ,orni!r4--,y are div+ into metaphysics2 yet1 ,i ?9k1 9 f[l+1 ,i h obs]v$ t ! memory ( birds is local4 ,a woodcock t has be5 mu* %ot at & sc>$ 9 a p>ticul> wood1 runs to ! side :]e he has usually escap$1 ! mom5t he he>s ! dogs2 b if driv5 into a new wood1 he seems to lose 8 acquir$ habits ( caution1 & becomes /upid4 ,9 allud+ to ! migrations ( fi%es1 ,physicus obs]ves1 ,t he has always consid]$ t ! two great s\rces ( *ange ( place ( animals1 0 ! provid+ ( food = !mselves1 & re/+-places & food = _! "y4 ,! great suppos$ migrations ( h]r+s f ! poles to ! temp]ate zone appe> to be only ! approa* ( successive %oals f deep to %all[ wat]1 = ! purpose ( spawn+4 ,! migrations ( salmon & tr\t are evid5tly = ! purpose ( deposit+ _! ova1 or ( f9d+ food aft] !y h spawn$4 ,9 expla9+ ! circum/ances :i* r5d] a migration into %all[ wat] necess>y = ! developem5t ( ! ova1 ,davy evid5tly be>s 9 m9d ! result ( 8 v fir/ exp]im5t4#aaa #aaa ,vol4 i4 page #dj4 ,c>p1 p]*1 & pike1 deposit _! ova 9 /ill wat]1 9 spr+ & summ]1 :5 x is suppli$ ) air by ! gr[? ( vegetables2 & x is to ! leaves ( plants1 :i* af=d a cont9ual supply ( oxyg5 to ! wat]1 t ! impregnat$ eggs usually adh]e4 ,aga93 ,fi% 9 spawn+-"t always approa* great %all[s1 or %ores cov]$ ) we$s1 :i*1 9 ! process ( _! gr[?1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun%9e1 con/antly supply pure air to ! wat] 9 contact ) !m4 ,! foll[+ passage w af=d a good specim5 ( ! famili> dialogue1 :ile x w convey to ! read] "s curi\s facts connect$ ) ! influ5ce ( sun%9e4 ,halieus4--,well1 g5tlem51 :at sport8 ,poietes4--,! fi% are ris+ e :]e2 b ?\gh we h be5 ?r[+ ov] !m ) all our skill = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 yet n a s+le "o w take2 & ,i am afraid we %all return to breakfa/ )\t our prey4 ,halieus4--,i w try2 b ,i %all g to ! o!r side1 :]e ,i see a v l>ge fi% ris+--,!re6--,i h him at ! v fir/ ?r[--,l& ?is fi%1 & put him into ! well4 ,n[1 ,i h ano!r2 & ,i h no d\bt ,i c\ld take half-a-doz5 9 ?is v place1 :]e y h be5 s long 9 fi%+ )\t success4 ,physicus4--,y mu/ h a diff]5t fly2 or1 h y "s ungu5t or *>m to tempt ! fi%8 ,halieus4--,no su* ?+4 ,if any ( y w give me y\r rod & fly1 ,i w answ] = x4 ,i %all h ! same success4 ,i take y\r rod1 ,physicus--& lo6 ,i h a fi%6 ,physicus4--,:at c be ! reason ( ?is8 ,x is p]fectly inexplicable to me4 ,yet ,poietes seems to ?r[ z light z y d1 & z well z he did ye/]day4 ,halieus4--,i am surpris$ t y1 :o are a philosoph]1 _c discov] ! reason ( ?is--,?9k a little4 ,all4--,we _c4 ,halieus4--,z y are my s*ol>s1 ,i believe ,i mu/ tea* y4 ,! sun is bright1 & y h be51 naturally en\gh1 fi%+ ) y\r backs to ! sun1 :i*1 n be+ v high1 has ?r[n ! %ad[s ( y\r rods & y\rselves ^u ! wat]1 & y h al>m$ ! fi%1 :]ev] y h ?r[n a fly4 ,y see1 ,i h fi%$ ) my face t[>ds ! sun1 & ?\gh inconv5i5c$ by ! light1 h giv5 no al>m4 ,foll[ my example1 & y w soon h sport1 z !re is a breeze play+ on ! wat]4 ,physicus4--,y\r sagacity puts me 9 m9d ( an anecdote :i* ,i rememb] to h he>d respect+ ! late eloqu5t /atesman1 ,*>les ,james ,fox2 :o1 walk+ up ,bond ,/reet f "o ( ! club-h\ses ) an illu/ri\s p]sonage1 laid him a wag]1 t he w\ld see m cats ?an ! ,pr9ce 9 8 walk1 & t he might take :i* side ( ! way he lik$4 ,:5 !y got to ! top1 x 0 f\nd1 t ,mr4 ,fox _h se5 ?irte5 cats1 & ! ,pr9ce n "o4 ,! ,royal p]sonage ask$ = an explanation ( ?is app>5t miracle1 & ,mr4 ,fox said1 ',y\r ,royal ,highness took1 ( c\rse1 ! %ady side ( ! way1 z mo/ agreeable2 ,i knew t ! sunny side w\ld be left to me1--& cats always pref] ! sun%9e4' ,halieus4--,!re6 ,poietes1 by foll[+ my advice1 y h imm$iately hook$ a fi%2 & :ile y are cat*+ a brace1 ,i w tell y an anecdote1 :i* z mu* relates to fly-fi%+ z t ( ,physicus1 & af=ds an elucidation ( a p>ticul> effect ( light4 ,a manufactur] ( c>m9e1 :o 0 aw>e ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,fr5* col\r1 w5t to ,lyons = ! purpose ( improv+ 8 process1 & b>ga9$ ) ! mo/ celebrat$ manufactur] 9 t capital = ! acquisition ( 8 secret1 = :i* he 0 to pay a ?\s& p\nds4 ,he 0 %[n all ! processes1 & saw a beautiful col\r produc$1 yet he f\nd n ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 ! ,fr5* mode ( fabrication & t :i* he _h con/antly adopt$4 ,he appeal$ to ! manufactur]1 & insi/$ t he mu/ h conceal$ some?+4 ,! manufactur] assur$ him t he _h n1 & invit$ him to see ! process a second "t4 ,he m9utely exam9$ ! wat] & ! mat]ials1 :i* 7 ! same z 8 own1 &1 v mu* surpris$1 said1 ',i h lo/ my lab\r & my money1 = ! air ( ,engl& does n p]mit u to make good c>m9e4'--',/ay1' says ! ,fr5*man1 'd n deceive y\rself2 :at k9d ( wea!r is x n[8'--',a bright1 sunny day1' said ! ,engli%man4--',& su* are ! days1' said ! ,fr5*man1 'on :i* ,i make my col\r4 ,7 ,i to attempt to manufacture x on a d>k or cl\dy day1 my result w\ld be ! same z y\rs4 ,let me advise y1 my fri5d1 always to make c>m9e on bright & sunny days4'--',i w1' says ! ,engli%man1 'b ,i fe> ,i %all make v little 9 ,london4' ,poietes4--,y\r anecdote is z mu* to ! purpose z ,physicus's2 yet ,i am mu* oblig$ to y = ! h9t respect+ ! effect ( %ad[1 = ,i h sev]al times1 9 ,may & ,june1 _h to compla9 ( too cle> a sky1 & wi%$1 ) ,cotton1 = ',a day ) n too bright a beam2 ,a w>m1 b n a scor*+ sun4' ,a v amus+ & philosophical conv]sation on ^? natural ph5om5a1 :i* h be5 vulg>ly view$ z prophetic ( dry or wet wea!r1 may be well adduc$ z illu/rative ( t g5ius :i*1 by ! aid ( a light ( its own1 imp>ts to ! mo/ trite objects all ! *>ms ( novelty4 ,poietes4--,i hope we %all h ano!r good day to-morr[1 = ! cl\ds are r$ 9 ! we/4 ,physicus4--,i h no d\bt ( x1 = ! r$ has a t9t ( purple4 ,halieus4--,d y "k :y ?is t9t port5ds f9e wea!r8 ,physicus4--,! air :5 dry1 ,i believe1 refracts m r$1 or heat-mak+ rays2 & z dry air is n p]fectly transp>5t1 !y are aga9 reflect$ 9 ! horizon4 ,i h g5]ally obs]v$ a copp]y or yell[ sunset to =etell ra92 b1 z an indication ( wet wea!r approa*+1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an a halo r\nd ! moon1 :i* is produc$ by ! precipitat$ wat]2 & ! l>g] ! circle1 ! ne>] ! cl\ds1 & consequ5tly ! m ready to fall4 ,halieus4--,i h (t5 obs]v$1 t ! old prov]b is correct-- ',a ra9b[ 9 ! morn+ is ! %eph]d's w>n+2 ,a ra9b[ at night is ! %eph]d's delight4' --,c y expla9 ?is om58 ,physicus4--,a ra9b[ c only occur :5 ! cl\ds conta9+ or deposit+ ! ra9 are opposite to ! sun2 & 9 ! ev5+ ! ra9b[ is 9 ! ea/1 & 9 ! morn+ 9 ! we/2 & z our heavy ra9s 9 ?is climate are usually br\ght by ! we/]ly w9d1 a ra9b[ 9 ! we/ indicates t ! bad wea!r is on ! road1 by ! w9d1 to u2 :]eas ! ra9b[ 9 ! ea/ proves1 t ! ra9 9 ^! cl\ds is pass+ f u4 ,poietes4--,i h (t5 obs]v$1 t :5 ! swall[s fly high1 f9e wea!r is to be expect$ or cont9u$2 b :5 !y fly l[ & close to ! gr\nd1 ra9 is almo/ surely approa*+4 ,c y acc\nt = ?is8 ,halieus4--,swall[s foll[ ! flies & gnats1 & flies & gnats usually delight 9 w>m /rata ( air2 & z w>m air is light]1 & usually moi/] ?an cold air1 :5 ! w>m /rata ( air are high1 !re is less *ance ( moi/ure be+ ?r[n d[n f !m by ! mixture ) cold air2 b :5 ! w>m & moi/ air is close to ! surface1 x is almo/ c]ta91 t z ! cold air fl[s d[n into x1 a deposition ( wat] w take place4 ,poietes4--,i h (t5 se5 sea-gulls assemble on ! l&1 & h almo/ always obs]v$1 t v /ormy & ra9y wea!r 0 approa*+4 ,i conclude t ^! animals1 s5sible ( a curr5t ( air approa*+ f ! ocean1 retire to ! l& to %elt] !mselves f ! /orm4 ,orni!r4--,no su* ?+4 ,! /orm is _! elem5t2 & ! little petrel enjoys ! heavie/ gale2 because1 liv+ on ! small] sea insects1 he is sure to f9d 8 food 9 ! spray ( a heavy wave4 ,& y may see him flitt+ above ! edge ( ! highe/ surge4 ,i believe t ! reason ( ! migration ( sea-gulls & o!r sea birds to ! l&1 is _! security ( f9d+ food4 ,!y may be obs]v$1 at ?is "t1 fe$+ gre$ily on ! e>? worms & l>v driv5 out ( ! gr\nd by sev]e floods2 & ! fi% on :i* !y prey 9 f9e wea!r 9 ! sea1 leave ! surface :5 /orms prevail1 & g deep]4 ,! se>* aft] food1 z we agre$ on a =m] occasion1 is ! pr9cipal cause :y animals *ange _! places4 ,! diff]5t tribes ( ! wad+ birds always migrate :5 ra9 is ab\t to take place2 & ,i rememb] once 9 ,italy hav+ be5 long wait+1 9 ! end ( ,m>*1 = ! arrival ( ! d\ble snipe 9 ! ,campagna ( ,rome3 a great flight appe>$ on ! #crd ( ,april1 & ! day aft] heavy ra9 set 91 :i* greatly int]f]$ ) my sport4 ,! vulture1 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 foll[s armies2 & ,i h no d\bt1 t ! augury ( ! anci5ts 0 a good deal f\nd$ ^u ! obs]vation ( ! in/9cts ( birds4 ,!re are _m sup]/itions ( ! vulg> ow+ to ! same s\rce4 ,= angl]s1 9 spr+1 x is always unlucky to see s+le magpies2 b two may be always reg>d$ z a fav\rable om52 & ! reason is1 t 9 cold & /ormy wea!r1 "o magpie alone leaves ! ne/ 9 se>* ( food1 ! o!r rema9+ sitt+ ^u ! eggs or ! "y ones2 b :5 two g out toge!r1 ! wea!r is w>m & mild1 & ?us fav\rable = fi%+4 ,poietes4--,! s+ul> connexions ( cause & effect1 to :i* y h j ref]r$1 make sup]/ition less to be wond]$ at1 p>ticul>ly among/ ! vulg>2 & :5 two facts1 naturally unconnect$1 h be5 accid5tally co9cid5t1 x is n s+ul> t ?is co9cid5ce %\ld h be5 obs]v$ & regi/]$1 & t om5s ( ! mo/ absurd k9d %\ld be tru/$ 94 ,9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 half a c5tury ago1 a p>ticul> holl[ noise on ! sea-coa/ 0 ref]r$ to a _s or gobl91 call$ ,bucca1 & 0 suppos$ to =etell a %ipwreck2 ! philosoph] kn[s1 t s\nd travels mu* fa/] ?an curr5ts 9 ! air--& ! s\nd always =etold ! approa* ( a v heavy /orm1 :i* seldom takes place on t wild & rocky coa/1 surr\nd$ z x is by ! ,atlantic1 )\t a %ipwreck on "s "p ( its ext5sive %ores4#aab #aab ,davy might also h adduc$ an equally /rik+ sup]/ition1 9 illu/ration ( 8 subject1 f ! ,corni% m9es4 ,! m9]s n unfrequ5tly he> ! e*o ( _! own pickaxes1 :i* !y attribute to little fairies at "w1 & consid] x z a happy om54 ,!y say ^u su* occasions1 t !re w be good luck1 z ! ,piskeys are at "w4 ,x is well kn[n t ! e*o dep5ds ^u "s cavity 9 ! vic9ity ( ! workm51--& a cavity1 or vogue1 is always an indication ( subt]ranean weal?4 ,physicus4--,all ! in/ances ( om5s y h m5tion$ are f\nd$ on reason2 b h[ c y expla9 su* absurdities z ,friday be+ an unlucky day1 ! t]ror ( spill+ salt1 or meet+ an old woman8 ,i knew a man ( v high dignity1 :o 0 exce$+ly mov$ by ^! om5s1 & :o nev] w5t out %oot+ )\t a bitt]n's claw fa/5$ to 8 button-hole by a rib&--:i* he ?\ght ensur$ him good luck4 ,poietes4--,^!1 z well z ! om5s ( dea?wat*es1 dreams1 c4 are = ! mo/ "p f\nd$ ^u "s accid5tal co9cid5ces2 b spill+ ( salt1 on an uncommon occasion1 may1 z ,i h kn[n x1 arise f a disposition to apoplexy1 %[n by an incipi5t numbness 9 ! h&1 & may be a fatal symptom2 & p]sons dispirit$ by bad om5s sometimes prep>e ! way = evil =tune2 = confid5ce 9 success is a great means ( insur+ x4 ,! dream ( ,brutus1 be=e ! field ( ,philippi1 probably produc$ a species ( irresolution & despond5cy1 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( 8 los+ ! battle2 & ,i h he>d1 t ! illu/ri\s sportsman1 to :om y ref]r$ j n[1 0 always obs]v$ to %oot ill1 because he %ot c>elessly1 aft] "o ( 8 dispirit+ om5s4 ,halieus4--,i h 9 life met ) a few ?+s :i* ,i f\nd x impossible to expla91 ei!r by *ance1 co9cid5ces1 or by natural connexions2 & ,i h kn[n m9ds ( a v sup]ior class affect$ by !m1--p]sons 9 ! habit ( reason+ deeply & pr(\ndly4 ,physicus4--,9 my op9ion1 pr(\nd m9ds are ! mo/ likely to ?9k lightly ( ! res\rces ( human reason2 x is ! p]t1 sup]ficial ?9k] :o is g5]ally /ronge/ 9 e k9d ( unbelief4 ,! deep philosoph] sees *a9s ( causes & effects s wond]fully & /rangely l9k$ toge!r1 t he is usually ! la/ p]son to decide ^u ! impossibility ( any two s]ies ( ev5ts be+ indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 & 9 sci5ce1 s _m natural miracles1 z x 71 h be5 br\ght to light1--su* z ! fall ( /ones f meteors 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! dis>m+ a ?und]-cl\d by a metallic po9t1 ! production ( fire f ice by a metal :ite z silv]1 & ref]r+ c]ta9 laws ( motion ( ! sea to ! moon1--t ! physical enquir] is seldom dispos$ to ass]t1 confid5tly1 on any ab/ruse subjects belong+ to ! ord] ( natural ?+s1 & /ill less s on ^? relat+ to ! m my/]i\s relations ( moral ev5ts & intellectual natures4 ,old ,isaac ,walton has amus$ u ) a v>iety ( absurd fables & sup]/itions3 ! au?or ( ,salmonia1 on ! o!r h&1 t\*es1 z ) ! spe> ( ,i?uriel1 ! mon/]s & prodigies ( ! old] writ]s1 & !y at once assume ! =ms ( well-asc]ta9$ animals1 or vegetables4 ,! sea snake se5 by ,am]ican & ,norwegian capta9s1 appe>s z a company ( porpoises1 :i* 9 _! gambols1 by ris+ & s9k+ 9 l9es1 w\ld give some:at ! appe>ance ( ! coils ( a snake4 ,! ,krak51 or isl& fi%1 is r$uc$ into an assemblage ( urtic m>91 or sea blubb]s4 ,! ,m]maid1 into ! long-hair$ seal2#aac & la/ly1 ! celebrat$ ,cai?ness ,m]maid assumes ! unpoetical =m ( a /\t "y travell]2--b ?is /ory is f> too amus+ to be dismiss$ ) a pass+ notice4 #aac ,a pret5d$ ,m]maid 0 exhibit$ "s "t s9ce 9 ,london1 said to h be5 caught 9 ! ,*9ese seas4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ to h be5 manufactur$ by jo9+ toge!r ! head & bu/ ( two diff]5t apes to ! l[] "p ( a kipp] salmon1 :i* _h ! fle%y f91 & all ! di/9ct *>act]s ( ! ,salmo ,sal>4 ,a wor?y ,b>onet1 rem>kable = 8 b5evol5t views & active _s1 has propagat$ a /ory ( ?is k9d1 & he seems to claim = 8 native c\ntry ! hon\r ( possess+ ?is extraord9>y animal2 b ! m]maid ( ,cai?ness 0 c]ta9ly a g5tleman1 :o happ5$ to be travell+ on t wild %ore1 & :o 0 se5 ba?+ by "s "y ladies at s great a di/ance1 t n only g5us b g5d] 0 mi/ak54 ,i am acqua9t$ ) him1 & h _h ! /ory f 8 own m\?4 ,he is a "y man1 fond ( geological pursuits1 & "o day 9 ! middle ( ,augu/1 hav+ fatigu$ & heat$ himself by climb+ a rock to exam9e a p>ticul> appe>ance ( granite1 he gave 8 clo!s to 8 ,highl& guide1 :o 0 tak+ c>e ( 8 pony1 & desc5d$ to ! sea4 ,! sun 0 j sett+1 & he amus$ himself = "s "t by swimm+ f rock to rock1 & hav+ unclipp$ hair & no cap1 he sometimes ?rew aside 8 locks1 & wrung ! wat] f !m on ! rocks4 ,he happ5$ ! ye> aft] to be at ,h>r[gate1 & 0 sitt+ at table ) two "y ladies f ,cai?ness1 :o 7 relat+ to a wond]+ audi5ce ! /ory ( ! m]maid !y _h se51 :i* _h already be5 publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s3 !y describ$ h]1 z %e usually is describ$ by poets1 z a beautiful animal ) rem>kably fair sk9 & long gre5 hair4 ,! "y g5tleman took ! lib]ty1 z mo/ ( ! re/ ( ! company did1 to put a few que/ions to ! eld] ( ! two ladies1--su* z1 on :at day & precisely :]e ?is s+ul> ph5om5on _h appe>$4 ,%e _h not$ d[n n m]ely ! day1 b ! h\r & m9ute1 & produc$ a map ( ! place4 ,our ba!r ref]r$ to 8 j\rnal1 & %[$ t a human animal 0 swimm+ 9 ! v spot at t v "t1 :o _h "s ( ! *>act]s ascrib$ to ! m]maid1 b :o laid no claim to o!rs1 p>ticul>ly ! gre5 hair & fi%'s tail1 b1 be+ r sall[ 9 ! face1 0 glad to h su* te/imony to ! col\r ( 8 body b5ea? 8 g>m5ts4 ,) ?is /ory1 ,i mu/ conclude my review ( ,salmonia1--a "w ( consid]able sci5tific & popul> int]e/1 & :i* _c fail to become ! fav\rite companion ( ! philosophical angl]4 ,! only production ) :i* x c be at all comp>$ is t ( ! ,complete ,angl]1 by ,izaac ,walton4 ,i agree ) ! critic :o reg>ds ! two au?ors z pilgrims b\nd = ! same %r9e1 resembl+ ea* o!r 9 _! g5]al habit--! scallop$ hat1 ! dalmatique1 & ! knobb$ & spik$ /aff--:i* equalize all :o assume ! "*2 yet1 ?\gh alike 9 purpose1 dress1 & demean\r1 ! obs]vant eye c d\btless disc]n an ess5tial diff]5ce betwixt ^? devotees4 ,! burgess does n make 8 approa* to ! %r9e ) ! /ately pace ( a knight or a noble2 ! simple & un9=m$ ru/ic has n ! contemplative /ep ( ! philosoph]1 or ! quick glance ( ! poet4 ,! palm ( orig9ality & ( exquisite simplicity1 :i* _c p]haps be imitat$ ) entire success1 mu/ rema9 ) ! common fa!r ( angl]s--! patri>* ,izaac2 b x w\ld be absurd to comp>e 8 "w ) ! "o writt5 by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ^: g5ius1 l a sunbeam1 illum9$ e recess :i* x p5etrat$1 imp>t+ to sc>cely visible objects1 def9ite =ms & v>i\s col\rs4 ,if ! advanc$ age ( ,walton 0 plead$ by himself z a suffici5t reason = procur+ a writ ( ease1 ! fri5ds ( ,davy may surely claim at ! h&s ( ! critic an indulg5t reception = a cong5ial "w writt5 9 ! h\r ( bodily lassitude & sickness4 ,?is b5evol5t feel+1 h[ev]1 did n p5etrate e he>t4 ,a passage1 :i* ,i %all pres5tly quote1 appe>s to h giv5 great (f5ce to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 & to h be5 consid]$ by him z ! indication ( a cov]t ho/ility to ! spread ( k4 ,! e>? _h sc>cely clos$ ^u ! rema9s ( ! philosoph]1 :51 9 8 anniv]s>y spee*1#aad ! ,autocrat ( all ! ,me*anics1 avail+ himself ( ?is pretext1 assail$ 8 "* ) ! *>ge ( conceit1 pride1 & arrogance4 #aad ,see a ,report ( ! ,presid5t's spee*1 at ! six? anniv]s>y ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 z report$ 9 all ! j\rnals ( ! day1 ,decemb] #e1 #ahbi4 ,! foll[+ is ! passage 9 ,salmonia1 :i* provok$ ?is angry & unju/ philippic4 ,i am sorry to say1 ,i ?9k ! sy/em c>ri$ too f> 9 ,engl&4 ,god =bid1 t any useful light %\ld be ext+ui%$6 let ! p]sons :o wi% = education receive x2 b x appe>s to me t1 9 ! great cities 9 ,engl&1 x is1 z x 71 =c$ ^u ! population2 & t sci5ces1 :i* ! l[] classes c only v sup]ficially acquire1 are pres5t$ to !m2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y (t5 become idle & conceit$1 & above _! usual labori\s occupations4 ,! unripe fruit ( ! tree ( k is1 ,i believe1 always bitt] or s\r2 & scepticism & discont5tm5t--sicknesses ( ! m9d--are (t5 ! result ( dev\r+ x4 ,me?9ks ,i he> ! read] exclaim--,h[ little c\ld ,davy imag9e t 8 prophetic words w\ld h be5 s soon fulfill$6--,b ,i w\ld s]i\sly recomm5d to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 an anecdote :i*1 if prop]ly appli$1 _c fail to be in/ructive4--,:5 ,diog5es1 trampl+ ) 8 dirty feet on ! embroid]$ c\* ( ,plato1 cri$ out--,?us d ,i trample on ! pride ( ,plato6 ! philosoph] %ook 8 head1 & repli$--,truly1 b ) m pride ?\ do/ x1 good ,diog5es4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy's pap] on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,volcanoes4--,8 exp]im5ts on ,vesuvius4--,!ory ( ,volcanic action4--,8 reception abroad4--,anecdotes4--,8 la/ lett] to ,mr4 ,poole f ,rome4--,8 pap] on ! ,electricity ( ! ,torp$o4--,consolations 9 ,travel1 or ! ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]4--,analysis ( ! "w4--,reflections sugge/$ by its /yle & composition4--,davy & ,wolla/on comp>$4--,8 la/ illness4--,arrival at ,g5eva4--,,8 ,,dea?4 ,a %ort "t be=e ,sir ,humphry ,davy quitt$ ,engl&1 to :i* he 0 de/9$ nev] to return1 he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society a pap] ,on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,volcanoes2 :i* 0 read on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #ahbh1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( t ye>4 ,! object ( ?is memoir 0 to collect & record ! v>i\s obs]vations & exp]im5ts :i* he _h made on ,vesuvius1 dur+ 8 sev]al visits to t volcano4 ,! appe>ances :i* x pres5t$ 9 #ahad & #ahae h be5 already notic$2 x 0 9 ,decemb] #ahai1 & dur+ ! two succe$+ mon?s1 t ! m\nta9 (f]$ a fav\rable opportunity = mak+ ^? exp]im5ts :i* =m ! pr9cipal subject ( ! pres5t communication4 ,x 0 a po9t ( great importance to det]m9e :e!r any combu/ion 0 go+ on at ! mom5t ! lava issu$ f ! m\nta92 = ?is fact be+ once discov]$1 & ! nature ( ! combu/ible matt] asc]ta9$1 we %\ld ga9 an imm5se /ep t[>ds a j !ory ( ! s\rces ( volcanic action4 ,= ?is purpose1 he c>efully exam9$ bo? ! lava & ! ela/ic fluids ) :i* x 0 accompani$4 ,he 0 unable1 h[ev]1 to detect any ?+ l deflagration ) nitre1 :i* mu/ h tak5 place _h ! smalle/ quantity ( c>bonace\s matt] be5 pres5t2 nor c\ld he1 by expos+ ! ignit$ mass to portions ( atmosph]ic air1 discov] t any appreciable quantity ( oxyg5 _h be5 absorb$4 ,on imm]s+ fus$ lava 9 wat]1 no decomposition ( t fluid foll[$1 s t !re c\ld n h exi/$ any quantity ( ! metallic bases ( ! alkalies or e>?s4 ,common salt1 *loride ( iron1 ! sulphates & muriates ( pota%1 & soda1 g5]ally con/itut$ ! mass ( solid products2 :ile /eam1 muriatic acid fumes1 & occasionally sulphur\s acid vap\rs1 =m$ ! pr9cipal ela/ic matt]s dis5gag$4 ,he in=ms u x 0 on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y #ahbj1 t he _h ! hon\r to accompany 8 ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k 9 an excursion to ! m\nta91 on :i* occasion 8 fri5d1 ,cavali] ,monticelli1 0 also pres5t4 ,at ?is "t1 ! lava 0 se5 ne>ly :ite hot ?r\gh a *asm ne> ! place :]e x fl[$ f ! m\nta92 & yet1 al?\gh he ?rew nitre ^u x 9 l>ge quantities ?r\gh ?is *asm1 !re 0 no m increase ( ignition ?an :5 ! exp]im5t 0 made on lava expos$ to ! free air4 ,he obs]v$ t ! appe>ance ( ! sublimations 0 v diff]5t f t :i* !y _h pres5t$ on =m] occasions2 ^? ne> ! ap]ture 7 col\r$ gre5 & blue by salt ( copp]2 b !re 01 z usual1 a great quantity ( muriate ( iron4 ,on ! #e?1 ! sublimate ( ! lava 0 pure *loride ( sodium2 9 ! sublimate ( ,janu>y #f?1 !re 7 bo? sulphate ( soda & indications ( sulphate ( pota%2 b 9 ^? :i* he collect$ dur+ ?is la/ visit1 ! sulphate ( soda 0 9 mu* l>g] quantities1 & !re 0 mu* m ( a salt ( pota%4 ,= ne>ly ?ree mon?s ! crat]s1 ( :i* !re 7 two1 7 9 activity4 ,! l>g] "o ?rew up %[]s ( ignit$ a%es & /ones to a height app>5tly ( f two hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty feet2 & f ! small] crat] /eam arose ) great viol5ce4 ,:5ev] ! crat] c\ld be approa*$1 x 0 f\nd incru/$ ) sal9e matt]3 & ! walk to ! edge ( ! small crat]1 on ! #f? ( ,janu>y1 0 ?r\gh a mass ( loose sal9e matt]1 pr9cipally common salt col\r$ by muriate ( iron1 9 :i* ! foot sunk to "s dep?4 ,x 0 easy1 ev5 at a great di/ance1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! /eam dis5gag$ by "o ( ! crat]s1 & ! e>?y matt] ?r[n up by ! o!r4 ,! /eam appe>$ :ite 9 ! day1 & =m$ p]fectly :ite cl\ds1 :i* reflect$ ! morn+ & ev5+ light ( ! pure/ t9ts ( r$ & orange4 ,! e>?y matt] always appe>$ z a black smoke1 =m+ d>k cl\ds1 & 9 ! night x 0 highly lum9\s at ! mom5t ( ! explosion4 ,he concludes ?is pap] on ,volcanoes ) "s obs]vations on ! !ory ( _! ph5om5a4 ,x appe>s1 says he1 almo/ demon/rable1 t none ( ! *emical causes anci5tly assign$ = volcanic fires c be true4 ,among/ ^!1 ! combu/ion ( m9]al coal is "o ( ! mo/ curr5t2 b x seems :olly inadequate to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,h[ev] l>ge ! /ratum ( pit-coal1 its combu/ion "u ! surface c\ld nev] produce viol5t & excessive heat2 = ! production ( c>bonic acid gas1 :5 !re 0 no free circulation ( air1 mu/ t5d con/antly to imp$e ! process3 & x is sc>cely possible t c>bonace\s matt]1 if su* a cause exi/$1 %\ld n be f\nd 9 ! lava1 & be dis5gag$ ) ! sal9e or aque\s products f ! bocca or crat]s4 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 ,engl& ( /rata ( m9]al coal :i* h be5 long burn+2 b ! results h be5 m]ely bak$ clay & s*i/s1 & x has produc$ no result simil> to lava4 ,if ! idea ( ,lem]y 7 correct1 t ! action ( sulphur on iron may be a cause ( volcanic fires1 sulphate ( iron ought to be ! great product ( ! volcano2 :i* is kn[n n to be ! case2 & ! heat produc$ by ! action ( sulphur on ! common metals is q inadequate to acc\nt = ! appe>ances4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t volcanic fires occur & int]mit ) all ! ph5om5a t indicate int5se *emical action1 x seems n unreasonable to ref] !m to *emical causes4 ,b = ph5om5a ^u su* a scale1 an imm5se mass ( matt] mu/ be 9 activity1 & ! products ( ! volcano ought to give an idea ( ! nature ( ! sub/ances prim>ily active4 ,n[1 :at are ^! products8 ,mixtures ( ! e>?s 9 an oxidat$ & fus$ /ate1 & int5sely ignit$2 wat] & sal9e sub/ances1 su* z might be furni%$ by ! sea & air1 alt]$ 9 su* a mann] z might be expect$ f ! =mation ( fix$ oxidat$ matt]4 ,b x may be said1 if ! oxidation ( ! metals ( ! e>?s be ! causes ( ! ph5om5a1 "s ( ^! sub/ances ought occasionally to be f\nd 9 ! lava1 or ! combu/ion ought to be increas$ at ! mom5t ! mat]ials pass$ into ! atmosph]e4 ,b ! reply to ?is objection is1 t x is evid5t t ! *anges :i* occasion volcanic fires take place 9 imm5se subt]ranean cavities2 & t ! access ( air to ! act+ sub/ances occurs long be=e !y rea* ! ext]ior surface4 ,!re is no "q b t ! gr\nd "u ! solfat]ra is holl[2 & !re is sc>cely any reason to d\bt ( a subt]rane\s communication betwe5 ?is crat] & t ( ,vesuvius3 :5ev] ,vesuvius is 9 an active /ate1 ! solfat]ra is comp>atively tranquil4 ,i exam9$ ! bocca ( ! solfat]ra on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #ahbj1 two days be=e ! activity ( ,vesuvius 0 at its height3 ! columns ( /eam :i* usually arise 9 l>ge quantities :5 ,vesuvius is tranquil1 7 n[ sc>cely visible1 & a piece ( pap] ?r[n into ! ap]ture did n rise aga92 s t !re 0 e reason to suppose ! exi/5ce ( a desc5d+ curr5t ( air4 ,! subt]rane\s ?und] he>d at su* great di/ances "u ,vesuvius is almo/ a demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( great cavities bel[ fill$ ) ari=m matt]3 & ! same excavations :i*1 9 ! active /ate ( ! volcano1 ?r[ out1 dur+ s great a l5g? ( "t1 imm5se volumes ( /eam1 mu/1 !re is e reason to believe1 9 its quiet /ate1 become fill$ ) atmosph]ic air4#aae #aae ,vesuvius is a m\nta9 admirably fitt$1 f its =m & situation1 = exp]im5ts on ! effect ( its attraction on ! p5dulum3 & x w\ld be easy 9 ?is way to det]m9e ! problem ( its cavities4 ,on ,etna ! problem might be solv$ on a l>g] scale4 ,to :at ext5t subt]rane\s cavities may exi/1 ev5 9 common rocks1 is %[n 9 ! lime/one cav]ns ( ,c>niola1 "s ( :i* conta9 _m hundr$ ?\s& cubical feet ( air2 & 9 proportion z ! dep? ( an excavation is great]1 s is ! air m fit = combu/ion4 ,! same circum/ances :i* w\ld give alloys ( ! metals ( ! e>?s ! p[] ( produc+ volcanic ph5om5a1 namely1 _! extreme facility ( oxidation1 mu/ likewise prev5t !m f ev] be+ f\nd 9 a pure combu/ible /ate 9 ! products ( volcanic eruptions2 = be=e !y rea* ! ext]nal surface1 !y mu/ n only be expos$ to ! air 9 ! subt]ranean cavities1 b be propell$ by /eam2 :i* mu/ possess1 "u ! circum/ances1 at lea/ ! same facility ( oxidat+ !m z air4 ,assum+ ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( su* alloys ( ! metals ( ! e>?s z may burn into lava 9 ! int]ior1 ! :ole ph5om5a may be easily expla9$ f ! action ( ! wat] ( ! sea & air on ^? metals2 nor is !re any fact1 or any ( ! circum/ances :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is pap]1 :i* _c be easily expla9$ accord+ to t hypo!sis4 ,= almo/ all ! volcanoes 9 ! old _w ( consid]able magnitude are ne>1 or at no consid]able di/ance f ! sea3 & if x be assum$ t ! fir/ eruptions are produc$ by ! action ( sea-wat] ^u ! metals ( ! e>?s1 & t consid]able cavities are left by ! oxidat$ metals ?r[n out z lava1 ! results ( _! action are su* z might be anticipat$2 =1 aft] ! fir/ eruptions1 ! oxidations :i* produce ! subsequ5t ones may take place 9 ! cav]ns bel[ ! surface2 & :5 ! sea is di/ant1 z 9 ! volcanoes ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 !y may be suppli$ ) wat] f great subt]ranean lakes1 z ,humboldt /ates t "s ( !m ?r[ up quantities ( fi%4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( a *emical cause = volcanic fires1 & reason+ f kn[n facts1 !re appe>s to me no o!r adequate s\rce ?an ! oxidation ( ! metals :i* =m ! bases ( ! e>?s & alkalies2 b x mu/ n be d5i$1 t consid]ations d]iv$ f !rmometrical exp]im5ts on ! temp]ature ( m9es & ( s\rces ( hot wat]1 r5d] x probable t ! int]ior ( ! globe possesses a v high temp]ature3 & ! hypo!sis ( ! nucleus ( ! globe be+ compos$ ( fluid matt] (f]s a /ill m simple solution ( ! ph5om5a ( volcanic fires ?an t :i* has be5 j develop$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ?is memoir is r equivocal4 ,he /ates t ! metalloidal !ory ( volcanoes is mo/ *emical1 b t ! hypo!sis :i* assumes ! high temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! globe is ! mo/ simple2 b he leaves u 9 d\bt z to 8 own belief ^u ! subject4 ,9 8 ,la/ ,days1 h[ev]1 we %all f9d t he (f]s a less res]v$ op9ion ^u ?is "q4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) respect to ,sir ,humphry ,davy's la/ j\rney to ,rome1 ,i h no?+ ( p>ticul> int]e/ to relate4 ,univ]sally kn[n & respect$1 a memb] ( almo/ e sci5tific society 9 ,europe1 !re 0 n a "p ( ! ,cont95t 9 :i* he felt z a /rang] 9 a =eign l&4 ,i might1 9 addition to ! circum/ances :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 relate sev]al anecdotes 9 pro( ( ! widely-ext5d$ popul>ity :i* 8 g5ius & discov]ies _h secur$ = him4 ,! foll[+ /rik+ incid5ts des]ve p>ticul> notice4--,:il/ sport+ 9 ,au/ria1 he 0 assault$ by "s peasants2 & ! outrage 0 no soon] made kn[n to ! ,emp]or1 ?an he express$ 8 sorr[ & indignation 9 ! /ronge/ language1 & imm$iately direct$ t a p>ty ( troops %\ld surr\nd ! di/rict1 & a mo/ rigor\s se>* be made = ! culprits4 ,! se>* 0 ( c\rse successful1 & ! ,c>9?ian boors receiv$ m]it$ *a/isem5t4 ,= ! foll[+ anecdote ,i am indebt$ to ,lady ,davy4 ,h] ,lady%ip 0 travell+ alone1 on acc\nt ( ill heal?1 & ^u arriv+ at ,basle1 %e naturally felt a /rong desire to visit its f>-fam$ libr>y2 x s happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ,sunday 0 ! only day :i* af=d$ h] ?is opportunity1 & s /rictly is ! sabba? obs]v$ at t place1 t %e 0 at once in=m$ t an admission to ! libr>y1 "u any circum/ances1 0 altoge!r impossible4 ,%e nev]!less address$ a note to ! libr>ian1 /at+ to him h] "n1 & ! reasons = h] unusual reque/4 ,he imm$iately return$ an answ]1 & appo9t$ ! h\r ( t5 = h] visit4 ,hav+ %[n h] all t des]v$ inspection1 he conclud$ 8 att5tions by say+1 ,madam1 ,i h held ! keys ( ?is libr>y = ?irty ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod only ?ree p]sons h be5 admitt$ to see its treasures on ! ,sunday2 two ( ^! 7 cr[n$ heads1 ! ?ird ! wife ( ! mo/ celebrat$ philosoph] 9 ,europe4 ,! foll[+ is ! la/ lett] :i* ,davy ev] wrote to 8 mu*-valu$ fri5d ,mr4 ,poole4-- ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ,,my ,,de> ,,poole1 ,rome1 ,feb4 #f1 #ahbi4 ,i h n writt5 to y dur+ my abs5ce f ,engl&1 because ,i _h no satisfactory acc\nt ( any m>k$ progress t[>ds heal? to give y1 & ! feel+s ( an invalid are pa9ful en\gh = himself1 & %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 nev] =m a "p ( 8 correspond5ce2 = !y are n dim9i%$ by ! conviction t !y are felt by o!rs4 ,w\ld ,i 7 bett]6 ,i w\ld !n write to y an agreeable lett] f ?is glori\s city2 b ,i am "h we>+ away ! w9t]2 a ru9 among/ ru9s6 ,i am anxi\s to he> f y1--v anxi\s1 s pray write to me ) ?is address1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 ,+lese1 po/a re/anti1 ,rovigo1 ,italia4 ,y "k y mu/ pay ! po/age to ! fronti]1 o!rwise ! lett]s1 l "o a fri5d s5t to me1 w g back to y4 ,pray be s good z to be p>ticul> 9 ! direction1--! ,+lese is necess>y4 ,i hope y got a copy ( my little trifle ,salmonia4 ,i ord]$ copies to be s5t to y1 to ,mr4 ,w----1 & to ,mr4 ,bak]3 b z ! c\rse ( lett]s 9 =eign c\ntries is unc]ta91 ,i am n sure y receiv$ !m2 if n1 y w h lo/ little2 a second edition w soon be out1 :i* w be 9 e respect m wor?y ( y\r p]usal1 be+1 ,i ?9k1 twice 7n say+ mu* = x7 z ent]ta9+ & philosophical4 ,i w take c>e by e>ly ord]s t y h ?is book4 ,i write & philosophize a good deal1 & h ne>ly f9i%$ a "w ) a high] aim ?an ! little book ,i speak ( above1 & :i* ,i %all d$icate to y4 ,x conta9s ! ess5ce ( my philosophical op9ions1 & "s ( my poetical rev]ies4 ,x is1 l ! ,salmonia1 an amusem5t ( my sickness2 b paulo majora canamus4 ,i sometimes ?9k ( ! l9es ( ,wall]1 & seem to feel _! tru?3 ,! s\l's d>k cottage1 batt]d & decay'd1 ,lets 9 new lights ?r\gh *9ks t ,"t has made4 ,i h1 not)/&+ my infirmities1 att5d$ to sci5tific objects :5ev] x 0 9 my p[]1 & ,i h s5t ! ,royal ,society a pap] :i* !y w publi%1 on ! peculi> ,electricity ( ! ,torp$o1 :i* ,i ?9k be>s remotely ^u ! functions ( life4 ,i att5d a good deal to ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ,i ?9k ,i h recognis$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean a new species ( eel1 a sort ( l9k betwe5 ! cong] & ! murna ( ! anci5ts4 ,i h no d\bt ,mr4 ,bak] is "r ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! cong] & ! common eel4 ,i am v anxi\s to he> :at he ?9ks ab\t _! g5]ation4 ,pray get f him a di/9ct op9ion on ?is subject4 ,i am at ?is mom5t gett+ ! eels 9 ! m>kets "h dissect$1 & h f\nd ova 9 pl5ty4 ,pray tell me p>ticul>ly :at ,mr4 ,bak] has done2 ?is is a fav\rite subject ) me1 & y c give me no news s int]e/+4 ,my de> fri5d1 ,i %all nev] =get y\r k9dness to me4 ,y1 ) "o o!r p]son1 h giv5 me ! little happ9ess ,i h enjoy$ s9ce my sev]e visitation4 ,i fight aga9/ sickness & fate1 believ+ ,i h /ill duties to p]=m1 & t ev5 my illness is connect$ 9 "s way ) my be+ made useful to my fell[-creatures4 ,i h ?is conviction full on my m9d1 t intellectual be+s spr+ f ! same brea? ( ,inf9ite ,intellig5ce1 & return to x aga91 b by diff]5t c\rses4 ,l riv]s1 born amid/ ! cl\ds ( heav51 & lo/ 9 ! deep & et]nal ocean--"s 9 y\?1 rapid & %ort-liv$ torr5ts2 "s 9 manhood1 p[]ful & copi\s riv]s2 & "s 9 age1 by a w9d+ & sl[ c\rse1 half lo/ 9 _! c>e]1 & mak+ _! exit ?r\gh _m s&y & %all[ m\?s4 ,i hope to be at ,rovigo ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,april4 ,i travel sl[ly & ) my own horses4 ,if y w come & jo9 me !re1 ,i c give y a place 9 a com=table c>riage1 & c %[ y ! mo/ glori\s c\ntry 9 ,europe--,illyria & ,/yria1 & take y to ! ,fr5* fronti] be=e ! beg9n+ ( autumn1--p]haps to ,engl&4 ,if y c come1 d s at once4 ,i h two s]vants1 & c accommodate y ) e ?+4 ,i ?9k ( tak+ "s ba?s be=e ,i return1 9 ,upp] ,au/ria2 b ,i write z if ,i 7 a /rong man1 :5 ,i am l a p5dulum1 z x 71 sw++ betwe5 dea? & life4 ,god bless y1 my de> ,poole4 ,y\r grateful & affectionate fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,pray rememb] me to our fri5ds at ,/[ey4 ,8 pap] on ! ,electricity ( ! ,torp$o1 to :i* he alludes 9 ! =ego+ lett]1 appe>s to h be5 writt5 %ortly aft] he _h f9i%$ 8 ,salmonia1 z x is dat$ f ,lubiana1 ,illyria1 on ! #bd? ( ,octob]1 & x 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] #ahbh1 & publi%$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,transactions = #ahbi4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t ?is subject _h long engag$ 8 att5tion2 & he expresses 8 surprise t ! electricity ( liv+ animals %\ld n h be5 an object ( great] att5tion1 bo? on acc\nt ( its physiological importance1 & its g5]al relation to ! sci5ce ( electro-*emi/ry4 ,:5 ,volta discov]$ 8 wond]ful pile1 he imag9$ he _h made a p]fect resemblance ( ! organ ( ! ,gymnotus & ,torp$o2 & ,davy obs]ves1 t :oev] has felt ! %ocks ( ! natural & artificial in/rum5ts mu/ h be5 conv9c$1 z f> z s5sation is conc]n$1 ( _! /rict analogy4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ! *emical p[] ( ! ,voltaic in/rum5t1 he 0 naturally desir\s ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ?is prop]ty 0 possess$ by ! electrical organs ( liv+ animals2 = :i* purpose1 he in/itut$ v>i\s exp]im5ts1 b he c\ld n discov] t su* 0 ! fact4 ,^u m5tion+ 8 rese>*es to ,signor ,volta1 ) :om he pass$ "s "t 9 ! summ] ( #ahae1 ! ,italian philosoph] %[$ him a peculi> =m ( 8 in/rum5t1 :i* appe>$ to fulfil ! conditions ( ! organs ( ! torp$o2 viz4 a pile1 ( :i* ! fluid sub/ance 0 a v imp]fect conductor1 su* z honey or a /rong sac*>9e extract1 :i* requir$ a c]ta9 "t to become *>g$1 & :i* did n decompose wat]1 ?\gh x communicat$ weak %ocks4 ,! discov]y by ,o]/$ ( ! effects ( ,voltaic electricity on ! magnetic ne$le induc$ ,davy to exam9e :e!r ! electricity ( liv+ animals possess$ a simil> p[]4 ,hav+1 aft] "s tr\ble1 procur$ two lively & rec5tly caught ,torp$oes1 he pass$ ! %ocks f ! l>ge/ ( ^! animals a numb] ( times ?r\gh ! circuit ( an extremely delicate magnetic electromet]1 b1 al?\gh e precaution 0 us$1 n ! slighte/ deviation (1 or effect on1 ! ne$le c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,^! negative results1 says he1 may be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! motion ( ! electricity 9 ! torp$9al organ is 9 no measurable "t1 & t a curr5t ( "s cont9uance is necess>y to produce ! deviation ( ! magnetic ne$le2 & ,i f\nd t ! magnetic electromet] 0 equally ins5sible to ! weak dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> z to t ( ! torp$9al organ2 ?\gh :5ev] !re 0 a cont9u\s curr5t f ! smalle/ surfaces 9 ,voltaic comb9ations ( ! weake/ p[]1 b 9 :i* "s *emical action 0 go+ on1 x 0 in/antly & p[]fully affect$4 ,two s]ies ( z9c & silv]1 & pap] moi/5$ 9 salt & wat]1 caus$ ! p]man5t deviation ( ! ne$le sev]al degrees1 ?\gh ! plates ( z9c 7 only "o-six? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x w\ld be desirable to pursue ^! enquiries ) ! electricity ( ! ,gymnotus1 :i* is s mu* m p[]ful ?an t ( ! ,torp$o2 b if !y are n[ to be reason$ ^u1 !y seem to %[ a /rong] analogy betwe5 common & animal electricity1 ?an betwe5 ,voltaic & animal electricity2 x is h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 m probable t animal electricity w be f\nd ( a di/9ctive & peculi> k9d4 ,common electricity is excit$ ^u non-conductors1 & is readily c>ri$ (f by conductors & imp]fect conductors4 ,voltaic electricity is excit$ ^u comb9ations ( p]fect & imp]fect conductors1 & is only transmitt$ by p]fect conductors1 or imp]fect conductors ( ! be/ k9d4 ,magnetism1 if x be a =m ( electricity1 belongs only to p]fect conductors2 &1 9 its modifications1 to a peculi> class ( !m4 ,! animal electricity resides only 9 ! imp]fect conductors =m+ ! organs ( liv+ animals1 & its object 9 ! economy ( nature is to act on liv+ animals4 ,di/9ctions might be e/abli%$ 9 pursu+ ! v>i\s modifications or prop]ties ( electricity 9 ^! diff]5t =ms2 b x is sc>cely possible to avoid be+ /ruck by ano!r relation ( ?is subject4 ,! torp$9al organ dep5ds = its p[]s ^u ! w ( ! animal4 ,john ,hunt] has %[n h[ copi\sly x is furni%$ ) n]ves4 ,9 exam9+ ! column> /ructure ( ! organ ( ! ,torp$o1 ,i h nev] be5 able to discov] arrangem5ts ( diff]5t conductors simil> to ^? 9 galvanic comb9ations1 & x seems n improbable t ! %ock dep5ds ^u "s prop]ty develop$ by ! action ( ! n]ves4 ,to attempt to reason ^u any ph5om5a ( ?is k9d z dep5d5t ^u a specific fluid w\ld be :olly va94 ,little z we "k ( ! nature ( electrical action1 we are /ill m ignorant ( ! nature ( ! functions ( ! n]ves4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 a gleam ( light wor? pursu+ 9 ! peculi>ities ( animal electricity1--its connexion ) s l>ge a n]v\s sy/em1 its dep5d5ce ^u ! w ( ! animal1 & ! in/antane\s nature ( its transf]1 :i* may lead1 :5 pursu$ by adequate enquir]s1 to results important = physiology4 ,he concludes ?is pap] by express+ 8 fe> t ! weak /ate ( 8 heal? w prev5t him f foll[+ ! subject ) ! att5tion x seems to des]ve2 & he !re=e communicates ^! imp]fect trials to ! ,royal ,society1 9 ! hope t !y may lead to m ext5sive & pr(\nd rese>*es4 ,we come n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! la/ production ( 8 g5ius--,consolations 9 ,travel1 or ! ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]3 ,a "w :i*1 he in=ms u 9 ! preface1 0 compos$ imm$iately aft] ,salmonia1 "u ! same unfav\rable & pa9ful circum/ances1 & at a p]iod :5 8 con/itution suff]$ f new attacks4 ,f ?is ex]cise ( ! m9d1 he tells u1 t he d]iv$ "s pleasure & "s consolation1 :5 mo/ o!r s\rces ( consolation & pleasure 7 clos$ to him2 & he v5tures to hope t ^? h\rs ( sickness may be n altoge!r unpr(itable to p]sons 9 p]fect heal?4 ,8 bro!r1 ,dr4 ,davy1 :o edit$ ! "w aft] ! decease ( ,sir ,humphry1 in=ms u t x 0 conclud$ at ! v mom5t ( ! invasion ( ! au?or's la/ illness1 & t1 _h 8 life be5 prolong$1 x is probable "s additions & "s *anges w\ld h be5 made4 ,! *>act]s ( ! p]sons ( ! dialogue1 cont9ues ! ,editor1 7 int5d$ to be ideal1 at lea/ 9 great "p2--su* !y %\ld be consid]$ by ! read]2 & x is to be hop$1 t ! incid5ts introduc$1 z well z ! p]sons1 w be view$ only z subord9ate & subs]vi5t to ! s5tim5ts & ! doctr9es4 ,! d$ication1 x may be specially notic$1 is ! ,au?or's own1 & 9 ! v words dictat$ by himself at a "t :5 he _h lo/ ! p[] ( writ+1 except ) extreme difficulty1 ow+ to ! p>alytic attack1 al?\gh he reta9$ 9 a v rem>kable mann] all 8 m5tal faculties unimpair$ & uncl\d$4 ,! words ( ! ,d$ication are ,,to ,,?omas ,,poole1 ,,esq4 ( ,ne!r ,/[ey2 9 remembrance ( ?irty ye>s ( cont9u$ & fai?ful fri5d%ip4 ,?is is a mo/ extraord9>y & int]e/+ "w3 extraord9>y1 n only f ! wild /r5g? ( its fancy1 & ! extravagance ( its conceptions1 b f ! bright light ( sci5tific tru? :i* is con/antly %9+ ?r\gh its metaphorical tissue1 & irradiat+ its mo/ %ad[y imag9+s4 ,x may be comp>$ to ! tree ( ! l[] regions 9 ! neid1 to e leaf ( :i* 0 atta*$ a dream2 & yet1 h[ev] wildly 8 fancy may dream1 8 philosophy nev] sleeps2 & 9 8 exit f ! l& ( phantoms1 ! au?or c 9 no in/ance be accus$ ( hav+ mi/ak5 ! gate ( ivory = t ( horn4 ,to ! biograph]1 ! "w is ( ! highe/ int]e/ & value1 by confirm+1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ! op9ion s frequ5tly express$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! memoirs1 ) respect to ! div]sifi$ tal5ts ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy2 & above all1 by elucidat+ t r>e comb9ation ( imag9ation ) judgm5t1 :i* imp>t$ to 8 g5ius its m /rik+ peculi>ities4 ,! "w consi/s ( six ,dialogues3--#a4 ,,! ,,vision2 #b4 ,,discussions ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,vision ,,9 ,,! ,,colos,,um2 #c4 ,,! ,,unkn[n2 #d4 ,,! ,,proteus1 ,,or ,,immortality2 #e4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,philosoph]2 & #f4 ,,pola1 ,,or ,,"t4 ,! int]locutors ( ! fir/ dialogue are two intellectual ,engli%m51 "o ( :om ! au?or calls ,ambrosio2 a man ( highly cultivat$ ta/e1 great classical erudition1 & m9ute hi/orical k3 a ,ca?olic 9 religion1 b s lib]al 9 8 s5tim5ts1 t 9 ano!r age he might h be5 secret>y to ,ganganelli4 ,! o!r fri5d1 :om he calls ,onuphrio1 0 a man ( a v diff]5t "*3 belong+ to ! ,engli% ari/ocracy1 he _h "s ( ! prejudices usually atta*$ to bir? & rank2 b 8 mann]s 7 g5tle1 8 temp] good1 & 8 disposition amiable4 ,hav+ be5 p>tly educat$ at a nor!rn univ]sity 9 ,brita91 he _h adopt$ views 9 religion :i* w5t ev5 beyond tol]ation1 & :i* might be reg>d$ z ent]+ ! v]ge ( scepticism4 ,= a patrician1 he 0 v lib]al 9 8 political views4 ,8 imag9ation 0 poetical & discursive1 8 ta/e good1 & 8 tact extremely f9e1--s exquisite1 inde$1 t x sometimes approa*$ to morbid s5sibility1 & disgu/$ him ) slight defects1 & made him ke5ly s5sible ( small p]fections to :i* common m9ds h be5 indiff]5t4 ,! au?or1 ) ^! 8 two fri5ds1 makes an excursion to ! ,colosum1 & ! conv]sation1 :i* a view ( ^? magnific5t ru9s produc$1 toge!r ) ! acc\nt ( a dream1 or vision1 :i* occurr$ to him :ile left alone amid/ ^! m\ld]+ monum5ts1 =ms ! subject-matt] ( ! fir/ dialogue4 ,x is impossible = any p]son ( ! lea/ imag9ation to contemplate ?is decay ( =m] magnific5ce )\t /rong emotion2 b ! direction & tone ( su* feel+ w be necess>ily modifi$ by ! qualities ( ! m9d 9 :i* x is excit$2 & ! au?or has !re=e v prop]ly assign$ to ea* ( ! dramatis p]son1 su* op9ions z might be/ correspond ) 8 "* & temp]am5t4 ,!y are all repres5t$ z be+ /ruck ) ! transi5cy ( human monum5ts2 b ,ambrosio views ) triumph ! sanctify+ influ5ce ( a few crosses plant$ ar\nd ! ru9s1 9 arre/+ ! f>!r decay ( ! pile4 ,)\t ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 he exclaims1 ^! maje/ic ru9s w\ld h be5 disp]s$ or levell$ to ! du/4 ,plund]$ ( _! lead & iron by ! b>b>ians1 ,go?s & ,v&als1 & robb$ ev5 ( _! /ones by ,roman pr9ces--! ,b>b]9i1 !y owe :at rema9s ( _! relics to ! sanctify+ influ5ce ( t fai? :i* has pres]v$ = ! _w all t 0 wor? pres]v+1 n m]ely arts & lit]ature1 b likewise t :i* con/itutes ! progressive nature ( intellect1 & ! in/itutions :i* af=d to u happ9ess 9 ?is _w1 & hopes ( a bless$ immortality 9 ! next4 ,& he cont9ues1--,:at a contra/ ! pres5t application ( ?is build+1 connect$ ) holy feel+s & exalt$ hopes1 is to t ( ! anci5t "o1 :5 x 0 us$ = exhibit+ to ! ,roman p ! de/ruction ( m5 by wild bea/s1 or ( m5 m savage ?an wild bea/s by ea* o!r1 to gratify a horrible appetite = cruelty1 f\nd$ ^u a /ill m dete/able lu/1 t ( univ]sal dom9ation6 ,& :o w\ld h suppos$1 9 ! "t ( ,titus1 t a fai?1 despis$ 9 its insignificant orig91 & p]secut$ f ! suppos$ obscurity ( its f\nd] & its pr9ciples1 %\ld h re>$ a dome to ! memory ( "o ( its humble/ tea*]s1 m glori\s ?an 0 ev] fram$ = ,jupit] or ,apollo 9 ! anci5t _w1 & h pres]v$ ev5 ! ru9s ( ! temples ( ! ,pagan deities1 & h bur/ =? 9 spl5d\r & maje/y1 consecrat+ tru? amid/ ! %r9es ( error1 employ+ ! idols ( ! ,roman sup]/ition = ! mo/ holy purposes1 & ris+ a bright & con/ant light amid/ ! d>k & />less night :i* foll[$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman empire6 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t ,onuphrio1 ^: views are repres5t$ z v]g+ ^u scepticism1 %\ld h tacitly co9cid$ 9 ^! op9ions ( ,ambrosio4 ,he admits1 inde$1 t "s little ( ! p]fect /ate 9 :i* ^! ru9s exi/ may h be5 ow+ to ! causes j describ$2 b ^! causes1 he ma9ta9s1 h only lately begun to op]ate1 & ! mis*ief 0 done be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ at ,rome4 ,feel+ diff]5tly on ^! subjects1 says he1 ,i admire ?is v5]able ru9 r z ! record ( ! de/ruction ( ! p[] ( ! greate/ p t ev] exi/$1 ?an z a pro( ( ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ,i am c>ri$ =w>d1 9 melan*oly anticipation1 to ! p]iod :5 ev5 ! magnific5t dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s w be 9 a simil> /ate to t 9 :i* ! ,colosum n[ is1 & :5 its ru9s may be pres]v$ by ! sanctify+ influ5ce ( "s new & unkn[n fai?2 :5 p]haps ! /atue ( ,jupit]1 :i* at pres5t receives ! kiss ( ! devotee1 z ! image ( ,/4 ,pet]1 may be employ$ = ano!r holy use1 z ! p]sonification ( a future sa9t or div9ity2 & :5 ! monum5ts ( ! ,papal magnific5ce %all be mix$ ) ! same du/ z t :i* n[ cov]s ! tombs ( ! ,cs>s4 ,su*1 ,i am sorry to say1 is ! g5]al hi/ory ( all ! works & in/itutions belong+ to humanity4 ,!y rise1 fl\ri%1 & !n decay & fall2 & ! p]iod ( _! decl9e is g5]ally proportional to t ( _! elevation4 ,9 anci5t ,!bes or ,memphis1 ! peculi> g5ius ( ! p has left u monum5ts f :i* we c judge ( _! arts1 ?\gh we _c und]/& ! nature ( _! sup]/itions4 ,( ,babylon & ( ,troy1 ! rema9s are almo/ ext9ct2 & :at we "k ( ^? fam\s cities is almo/ entirely d]iv$ f lit]>y records4 ,anci5t ,greece & ,rome we view 9 ! few rema9s ( _! monum5ts2 & ! "t w arrive :5 mod]n ,rome %all be :at anci5t ,rome n[ is2 & anci5t ,rome & ,a!ns w be :at ,tyre or ,c>?age n[ are1 kn[n only by col\r$ du/ 9 ! des]t1 or col\r$ s&1 conta9+ ! fragm5ts ( bricks1 or glass1 wa%$ up by ! wave ( a /ormy sea4 ,= ?is despond+ view ( pass+ ev5ts1 ,onuphrio f9ds consolation 9 ! evid5ces ( reveal$ religion4 ,9 ! orig91 progress1 elevation1 decl9e1 & fall ( ! empires ( antiquity1 he sees pro(s t !y 7 int5d$ = a def9ite end 9 ! s*eme ( human r$emption2 & he f9ds prophecies :i* h be5 amply v]ifi$4 ,he reg>ds ! f\ndation or ! ru9 ( a k+dom1 :i* appe>s 9 civil hi/ory s great an ev5t1 z comp>atively ( small mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( man & 9 8 religi\s in/itutions4 ,he consid]s ! e/abli%m5t ( ! wor%ip ( "o ,god among/ a despis$ & contemn$ p1 z ! mo/ important circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly _w4 ,he reg>ds ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation z naturally aris+ out ( ! ,jewi%1 & ! doctr9es ( ! ,pagan nations all prep>atory to ! triumph & f9al e/abli%m5t ( a cre$ fitt$ = ! mo/ enlight5$ /ate ( ! human m9d1 & equally adapt$ to e climate & e p4 ,we _c b reg>d ^! passages ) great int]e/1 z indicat+ ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* mu/ h occupi$ ! m9d ( _! au?or1 & z prov+ t1 9 8 latt] days1 he n only /udi$ ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 b d]iv$ ! greate/ consolation f its t5ets4 ,aft] "s f>!r conv]sation1 ,onuphrio & ,ambrosio leave _! fri5d ! au?or to pursue 8 m$itations amid/ ! solitude ( ! ru9s4 ,seat$ 9 ! moon%9e on "o ( ! /eps lead+ to ! seats suppos$ to h be5 occupi$ by ! patricians 9 ! ,colosum at ! "t ( ! public games1 ! tra9 ( ideas 9 :i* he _h be=e indulg$ cont9u$ to fl[ ) a vividness & =ce increas$ by ! /illness & solitude ( ! sc5e1 & by ! full moon1 :i*1 he obs]ves1 has always a peculi> effect on ^! moods ( feel+ 9 8 m9d1 giv+ to !m a wildness & a k9d ( indef9ite s5sation1 su* z he supposes belong at all times to ! true poetical temp]am5t4 ,x mu/ be s1 ?\ght he1 no new city w rise aga9 out ( ! d\ble ru9s ( ?is2 no new empire w be f\nd$ ^u ^! colossal rema9s ( t ( ! old ,romans4 ,! _w1 l ! individual1 fl\ri%es 9 y\?1 rises to /r5g? 9 manhood1 falls into decay 9 age2 & ! ru9s ( an empire are l ! decrepid frame ( an individual1 except t !y h "s t9ts ( beauty1 :i* nature be/[s ^u !m4 ,! sun ( civilization arose 9 ! ,ea/1 advanc$ t[>ds ! ,we/1 & is n[ at its m]idian2 9 a few c5turies m1 x w probably be se5 s9k+ bel[ ! horizon1 ev5 9 ! new _w2 & !re w be left d>kness only :]e !re is a bright light1 des]ts ( s& :]e !re 7 popul\s cities1 & /agnant morasses :]e ! gre5 mead[1 or ! bright corn-field once appe>$4 ,"t1 he exclaim$1 :i* purifies1 &1 z x 71 sanctifies ! m9d1 de/roys & br+s into utt] decay ! body2 & ev5 9 nature its influ5ce seems always degrad+4 ,%e is repres5t$ by ! poet z et]nal 9 h] y\?2 b among/ ^! ru9s %e appe>s to me et]nal 9 h] age1 & "h1 no traces ( r5ovation appe> 9 ! anci5t ( days4 ,he _h sc>cely conclud$ ?is ideal s5t5ce1 :5 8 rev]ie became deep]1 & 8 imag9ation call$ up a _s1 :o1 hav+ rebuk$ him = 8 ignorance & presumption1 undeceives him 9 8 views ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 by unfold+ to him 9 a vision ! progress ( man f a /ate ( b>b>ity to t ( high civilization4 ,he is fir/ %[n a c\ntry cov]$ ) =e/s & m>%es2 wild animals 7 graz+ 9 l>ge savannahs1 & c>nivor\s bea/s1 su* z lions & tig]s1 occasionally di/urb+ & de/roy+ !m4 ,man appe>$ z a nak$ savage1 fe$+ ^u wild fruits1 or dev\r+ %ell-fi%1 or fight+ ) clubs = ! rema9s ( a :ale :i* _h be5 ?r[n ^u ! %ore4 ,8 habitation 0 a cave 9 ! e>?--,see ! bir? ( ,"t6 exclaim$ ! ,g5ius2 look at man 9 8 newly-creat$ /ate1 full ( y\? & vig\r4 ,d y see aught 9 ?is /ate to admire or envy8 ,9 ! next sc5e1 a c\ntry op5$ ^u 8 view1 :i* appe>$ p>tly wild & p>tly cultivat$2 & m5 7 se5 cov]$ ) ! sk9s ( animals1 & driv+ cattle to enclos$ pa/ures2 o!rs 7 reap+ & collect+ corn1 & o!rs aga9 7 mak+ x into bread4 ,cottages appe>$ furni%$ ) _m ( ! conv5i5ces ( life4 ,! ,g5ius n[ said1 ,look at ^! gr\ps ( m5 :o are escap$ f ! /ate ( infancy2 !y owe _! improvem5t to a few sup]ior m9ds /ill among/ !m4 ,t ag$ man :om y see ) a cr[d ar\nd him taught !m to build cottages2 f t o!r !y le>nt to dome/icate cattle2 f o!rs1 to collect & s[ corn & se$s ( fruit4 ,& ^! arts w nev] be lo/2 ano!r g5]ation w see !m m p]fect4 ,y %all be %[n o!r visions ( ! passages ( "t2 b z y are c>ri$ along ! /ream :i* fl[s f ! p]iod ( creation to ! pres5t mom5t1 ,i %all only arre/ y\r transit to make y obs]ve "s circum/ances :i* w demon/rate ! tru?s ,i wi% y to "k4 ,he !n proce$s to describe 9 succession ! diff]5t sc5es z !y appe>$ be=e him1 & to relate ! obs]vations by :i* 8 g5ius1 or intellectual guide1 accompani$ him4 ,a great ext5t ( cultivat$ pla9s1 l>ge cities on ! sea-%ore1 palaces1 =ums1 & temples1 7 display$ be=e him4 ,he saw m5 associat$ 9 gr\ps1 m\nt$ on horses1 & p]=m+ milit>y ex]cises2 galleys mov$ by o>s on ! ocean2 roads int]sect+ ! c\ntry cov]$ ) travell]s1 & conta9+ c>riages mov$ by m5 or horses4 ,! ,g5ius n[ said1 ,y see ! e>ly /ate ( civilization ( man3 ! cottages ( ! la/ race y beheld h become improv$ into /ately dwell+s1 palaces1 & temples1 9 :i* use is comb9$ ) ornam5t4 ,! few m5 to :om1 z ,i said be=e1 ! f\ndations ( ^! improvem5ts 7 ow+1 h _h div9e hon\rs paid to _! memory4 ,b look at ! in/rum5ts belong+ to ?is g5]ation1 & y w f9d !y 7 only ( brass4 ,y see m5 :o are talk+ to cr[ds ar\nd !m1 & o!rs :o are app>5tly amus+ li/5+ gr\ps by a k9d ( song or recitation2 ^! are ! e>lie/ b>ds & orators2 b all _! signs ( ?\ght are oral1 = writt5 language does n yet exi/4 ,! ,g5ius next pres5t$ to him a sc5e ( v>i$ bus9ess & imag]y4 ,he saw a man :o bore 9 8 h&s ! same in/rum5ts z our mod]n smi?s1 pres5t+ a vase1 :i* appe>$ to be made ( iron1 amid/ ! acclamations ( an assembl$ multitude2 & he saw 9 ! same place m5 :o c>ri$ rolls ( papyrus 9 _! h&s1 & wrote ^u !m ) re$s conta9+ ink1 made f ! soot ( wood mix$ ) a solution ( glue4--,see1 ! ,g5ius said1 an imm5se *ange produc$ 9 ! condition ( society by ! two arts ( :i* y n[ see ! orig92 ! "o1 t ( r5d]+ iron malleable1 :i* is ow+ to a s+le individual1 an obscure ,greek2 ! o!r1 t ( mak+ ?\ght p]man5t 9 writt5 *>act]s1--an art :i* has gradually aris5 f ! hi]oglyphics :i* y may obs]ve on yond] pyramids4 ,y w n[ see human life m replete ) p[] & activity4 ,9 ! sc5es t succe$$1 he saw bronze in/rum5ts ?r[n away2 malleable iron conv]t$ into h>d /eel1 & appli$ to a ?\s& purposes ( civiliz$ life2 b&s ( m5 trav]s+ ! sea1 f\nd+ colonies1 build+ cities1 &1 :]ev] !y e/abli%$ !mselves1 c>ry+ ) !m _! peculi> arts4 ,he saw ! ,roman _w succe$$ by cities fill$ ) an idle & luxuri\s population1 & ! f>ms :i* _h be5 cultivat$ by w>riors1 :o left ! pl\gh to take ! comm& ( armies1 n[ 9 ! h&s ( slaves2 & ! militia ( free m5 supplant$ by b&s ( m]c5>ies1 :o sold ! ,empire to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,he saw imm5se masses ( w>riors collect+ 9 ! ,nor? & ,ea/1 c>ry+ ) !m no o!r pro(s ( cultivation b _! horses & /eel arms4 ,he saw ^! savages e :]e plund]+ cities & de/roy+ ! monum5ts ( arts & lit]ature4 ,ru91 desolation1 & d>kness 7 be=e him1 & he clos$ 8 eyes to avoid ! melan*oly sc5e4 ,see1 said ! ,g5ius1 ! t]m9ation ( a p[] believ$ by its f\nd]s inv9cible1 & int5d$ to be et]nal4 ,b y w f9d1 ?\gh ! glory & greatness belong+ to its milit>y g5ius h pass$ away1 yet ^? belong+ to ! arts & in/itutions by :i* x adorn$ & dignifi$ life1 w aga9 arise 9 ano!r /ate ( society4 ,^u aga9 op5+ 8 eyes1 he saw ,italy recov]+ f h] desolation1 t[ns aris+ ) gov]nm5ts almo/ ^u ! model ( anci5t ,a!ns & ,rome1 & ^! diff]5t small /ates rivals 9 arts & arms2--he saw ! rema9s ( libr>ies1 :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 mona/]ies & *ur*es by a holy influ5ce1 :i* ev5 ! ,go? & ,v&al respect$1 aga9 op5$ to ! p2--he saw ,rome ris+ f h] a%es1 ! fragm5ts ( /atues f\nd amid/ ! ru9s ( h] palaces & imp]ial villas1 becom+ ! models = ! reg5]ation ( art2--he saw magnific5t temples rais$ 9 ?is city1 become ! metropolis ( a new & ,*ri/ian _w1 & ornam5t$ ) ! mo/ brilliant ma/]-pieces ( ! arts ( design4--,n[1 ! ,g5ius said1 society has tak5 its mod]n & p]man5t aspect4 ,consid] = a mom5t its relations to lett]s & to arms1 z contra/$ ) ^? ( ! anci5t _w4 ,he look$1 & he saw t1 9 ! place ( ! rolls ( papyrus1 libr>ies 7 n[ fill$ ) books4 ,behold1 ! ,g5ius said1 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press6 ,by ! inv5tion ( ,fau/1 ! productions ( g5ius are1 z x 71 made imp]i%able1 capable ( indef9ite multiplication1 & r5d]$ an unali5able h]itage ( ! human m9d4 ,by ?is art1 app>5tly s humble1 ! progress ( society is secur$1 & man is sp>$ ! humiliation ( witness+ aga9 sc5es l ^? :i* foll[$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,n[ look to ! w>riors ( mod]n times2 y see ! spe>1 ! javel91 & ! cuirass are *ang$ = ! musket & ! light artill]y4 ,! ,g]man monk :o discov]$ gunp[d] did n meanly affect ! de/9ies ( mank9d2 w>s are become less bloody by becom+ less p]sonal2 m]e brutal /r5g? is r5d]$ ( comp>atively little avail2 all ! res\rces ( civilization are requir$ to move a l>ge army2 weal?1 +5uity1 & p]sev]ance become ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( success2 civiliz$ man is r5d]$ 9 consequ5ce inf9itely sup]ior to ! savage1 & gunp[d] gives p]man5ce to 8 triumph1 & secures ! cultivat$ nations f be+ ev] aga9 ov]run by ! inroads ( millions ( b>b>ians4#aaf #aaf ,?is is a "q :i* ,gibbon has v eloqu5tly discuss$ 7,g5]al ,obs]vations on ! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! ,we/1 vol4 vi47 ,cannon & =tifications n[ =m an impregnable b>ri] aga9/ ! ,t>t> horse2 & ,europe is secure f any future irruption ( b>b>ians2 s9ce1 be=e !y c conqu]1 !y mu/ cease to be b>b>\s4 ,:at an extraord9>y illu/ration does ?is pr9ciple f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( our possessions 9 ,india1 :]e1 to speak 9 r\nd numb]s1 ?irty ?\s& ,europeans keep no less ?an "o hundr$ million ( natives 9 subjection6 ,! ,g5ius !n directs 8 att5tion to sc5es 9 :i* are display$ ! triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce2 su* z ! /eam-eng9e1 & ! ?\s& res\rces furni%$ by ! *emical & me*anical arts2 & %e concludes by endeav\r+ to impress ^u him ! conviction1 ,t ! results ( intellectual lab\r1 or ( sci5tific g5ius1 are p]man5t1 & incapable ( be+ lo/4 ,mon>*s *ange _! plans1 gov]nm5ts _! objects1 a fleet or an army effect _! purpose & !n pass away2 b a piece ( /eel t\*$ by ! magnet pres]ves its "* = ev]1 & secures to man ! dom9ion ( ! trackless ocean4 ,a new p]iod ( society may s5d armies f ! %ores ( ! ,baltic to ^? ( ! ,eux9e1 & ! empire ( ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet may be brok5 9 pieces by a ,nor!rn p1 & ! dom9ion ( ! ,britons 9 ,asia may %>e ! fate ( ,tam]lane or ,z5gis-khan2 b ! /eam-boat :i* asc5ds ! ,delaw>e1 or ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 w be cont9u$ to be us$1 & w c>ry ! civilization ( an improv$ p into ! des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & into ! wilds ( ,canada4 ,9 ! common hi/ory ( ! _w1 z compil$ by au?ors 9 g5]al1 almo/ all ! great *anges ( nations are conf\nd$ ) *anges 9 _! dyna/ies1 & ev5ts are usually ref]r$ ei!r to sov]eigns1 *iefs1 h]oes1 or _! armies1 :i* d1 9 fact1 orig9ate f entirely diff]5t causes1 ei!r ( an intellectual or moral nature4 ,hav+ in/ruct$ him 9 ! hi/ory ( man z an inhabitant ( ! e>?1 ! ,g5ius proce$s to reveal to him ! my/]ies ( spiritual natures1 9 :i* ! au?or evid5tly %[s 8 atta*m5t to ! belief t our intellectual ess5ce is de/9$ h]eaft] to enjoy a high] & bett] /ate ( planet>y exi/5ce1#aag dr9k+ intellectual light f a pur] s\rce1 & approa*+ ne>] to ! ,inf9ite & ,div9e m9d4 ,i %all n attempt to foll[ him & 8 ,g5ius to ! v]ge ( ! sol> sy/em1 witness+ 9 8 c>e] ! inhabitants ( planets & comets4 ,we may ^u ?is occasion truly apply to ! au?or ! words ( ,lucretius-- ,processit longe flammantia mo5ia mundi4 ,8 vigor\s & active m9d 0 hurl'd ,beyond ! flam+ limits ( ! _w4--,,cree*4 ,9 ! =m] "p ( ! dialogue1 8 poetical coruscations appe>$ only z brilliant sp>ks ?r[n (f by ! rapidity ( ! ma*9]y :i* he work$ = a useful end & = a def9ite purpose2 8 vivid imag9ation may n[ be comp>$ to a display ( fire-works1 :i* dazzle & conf\nd )\t enlight5+ ! s5ses1 & leave ! spectator 9 /ill m pr(\nd d>kness4 #aag ,"u ! article ',s5sation1' 9 ! ,philosophical ,diction>y1 we f9d ,voltaire indulg+ 9 a simil> speculation4 ,x may be1 t 9 o!r globes ! inhabitants possess s5sations ( :i* we c =m no idea4 ,x is possible t ! numb] ( our s5ses augm5ts f globe to globe1 & t an exi/5ce ) innum]able & p]fect s5ses w be ! f9al atta9m5t ( all be+4 ,8 ,,second ,,dialogue1 entitl$ ,discussions connect$ ) ! ,vision 9 ! ,colosum1 may be consid]$ z a comm5t>y ^u ! views he _h unfold$2 & a m appropriate spot1 p]haps1 c\ld n h be5 select$ = a conv]sation ^u ! progress ( civilization1 ?an ! summit ( ,vesuvius1 f :i*1 to adopt ! language ( ,ambrosio1 ,we see n only ! p[] & activity ( man z exi/+ at pres5t1 & ( :i* ! highe/ example may be repres5t$ by ! /eam-boat dep>t+ f ,pal]mo1 b we may likewise view sc5es :i* c>ry u into ! v bosom ( antiquity1 & z x 7 make u live ) ! g5]ations ( pa/ ages4 ,! au?or1 :o assumes ?r\gh\t ?is dialogue ! "n ( ,philale!s1 aft] hav+ be5 duly ralli$ by 8 fri5ds on ! subject ( 8 vision1 ?us expresses himself3--,i w ackn[l$ge t ! vision 9 ! ,colosum is a fiction2 b ! mo/ important p>ts ( x really occurr$ to me 9 sleep1 p>ticul>ly t 9 :i* ,i seem$ to leave ! e>? & laun* into ! inf9ity ( space1 "u ! guidance ( a tutel>y g5ius4 ,& ! orig9 & progress ( civil society =m likewise p>ts ( ano!r dream :i* ,i _h _m ye>s ago2 & x 0 9 ! rev]ie :i* happ5$ :5 y quitt$ me 9 ! ,colosum1 t ,i wove all ^! ?\ghts toge!r1 & gave !m ! =m 9 :i* ,i n>rat$ !m to y4--,i d n say t !y are /rictly to be consid]$ z an accurate repres5tation ( my wak+ ?\ghts2 = ,i am n q conv9c$ t dreams are always ! repres5tations ( ! /ate ( ! m9d1 modifi$ by organic diseases or by associations4 ,!re are c]ta9ly no absolutely new ideas produc$ 9 sleep2 yet ,i h _h m ?an "o in/ance1 9 ! c\rse ( my life1 ( mo/ extraord9>y comb9ations occurr+ 9 ?is /ate1 :i* h _h consid]able influ5ce on my feel+s1 my imag9ation1 & my heal?4 ,philale!s n[ relates a fact to :i* 8 prec$+ obs]vation m imm$iately ref]r$2 he anticipates unbelief1--b he decl>es t he m5tions no?+ b a simple fact4 ,almo/ a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 ,i contract$ t t]rible =m ( typhus fev] kn[n by ! "n ( jail fev]1--,i may say1 n f any imprud5ce ( my own1 b :il/ engag$ 9 putt+ 9 execution a plan = v5tilat+ "o ( ! great prisons ( ! metropolis4#aah ,my illness 0 sev]e & dang]\s2 z long z ! fev] cont9u$1 my dreams & deliriums 7 mo/ pa9ful & oppressive2 b :5 weakness consequ5t to exhau/ion came on1 & :5 ! probability ( dea? seem$ to my physicians great] ?an t ( life1 !re 0 an entire *ange 9 all my ideal comb9ations4 ,i rema9$ 9 an app>5tly s5seless or le?>gic /ate1 b1 9 fact1 my m9d 0 peculi>ly active2 !re 0 always be=e me ! =m ( a beautiful woman1 ) :om ,i 0 engag$ 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ & intellectual conv]sation4 #aah ,see page #bhg1 vol4 i4 = an acc\nt ( ?is ev5t4 ,ambrosio & ,onuphrio v naturally sugge/ t ?is c\ld h be5 no o!r ?an ! image ( "s fav\rite maid5 :i* _h haunt$ 8 imag9ation2 b ,philale!s rejects ) indignation su* an explanation ( ! vision4 ,i w n1 he exclaims1 all[ y to treat me ) ridicule on ?is po9t1 till y h he>d ! second "p ( my tale4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ,i _h recov]$ f ! fev]1 & :5 ,i _h almo/ lo/ ! recollection ( ! vision1 x 0 recall$ to my memory by a v bloom+ & graceful maid5 f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s old1 t ,i accid5tally met dur+ my travels 9 ,illyria2 b ,i _c say t ! impression made ^u my m9d by ?is female 0 v /rong4 ,n[ comes ! extraord9>y "p ( ! n>rative3 t5 ye>s aft]1--tw5ty ye>s aft] my fir/ illness1 at a "t :5 ,i 0 exce$+ly weak f a sev]e & dang]\s malady1 :i* = _m ye>s ?reat5$ my life1 & :5 my m9d 0 almo/ 9 a despond+ /ate1 be+ 9 a c\rse ( travels ord]$ by my m$ical advis]s1 ,i aga9 met ! p]son :o 0 ! repres5tative ( my vision>y female2 & to h] k9dness & c>e1 ,i believe1 ,i owe :at rema9s to me ( exi/5ce4 ,my despond5cy gradually disappe>$1 & ?\gh my heal? /ill cont9u$ weak1 life began to possess *>ms = me :i* ,i _h ?\ght 7 = ev] gone2 & ,i c\ld n help id5tify+ ! liv+ angel ) ! vision :i* appe>$ z my gu>dian g5ius dur+ ! illness ( my y\?4 ,! read] w probably agree ) ,onuphrio1 9 see+ 9 ?is hi/ory no?+ beyond ! influ5ce ( an imag9ation excit$ by disease4 ,! disc\rse n[ turns ^u t "p ( ! vision 9 ! ,colosum 9 :i* 0 exhibit$ ! e>ly /ate ( man1 aft] 8 fir/ creation1 & :i* ,ambrosio consid]s z n only incompatible ) revelation1 b likewise ) reason & e ?+ t we "k respect+ ! hi/ory or traditions ( ! e>ly nations ( antiquity4 ,i %all m]ely /ate ! objection :i* ,ambrosio (f]s4 ,i mu/ !n ref] ! read] to ! "w itself = an acc\nt ( ! discussion x provok$4 ,ambrosio4--,y consid] man1 9 8 e>ly /ate1 a savage l ^? :o n[ inhabit ,new ,holl&1 or ,new ,zeal&1 acquir+1 by ! little use t !y make ( a feeble reason1 ! p[] ( support+ & ext5d+ life4 ,n[1 ,i cont5d t1 if man _h be5 s creat$1 he mu/ inevitably h be5 de/roy$ by ! elem5ts1 or dev\r$ by savage bea/s1 s inf9itely 8 sup]iors 9 physical =ce4 ,dur+ ! discussion1 an op9ion is advanc$ by ,ambrosio1 s s+ul>1 t ,i mu/ be all[$ to quote x4 ,i consid]1 says he1 all ! miracul\s p>ts ( our religion z effect$ by *anges 9 ! s5sations or ideas ( ! human m9d1 & n by physical *anges 9 ! ord] ( nature6 ,to ,inf9ite ,wisdom & ,p[]1 a *ange 9 ! intellectual /ate ( ! human be+ may be ! result ( a mom5t>y w1 & ! m]e act ( fai? may produce ! *ange4 ,h[ great ! p[]s ( imag9ation are1 ev5 9 ord9>y life1 is %[n by _m /rik+ facts1 & no?+ seems impossible to ?is imag9ation :5 act$ ^u by ,div9e influ5ce4 ,?is is surely a mo/ extraord9>y l9e ( argum5t = ! apologi/ ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ( ! miracles by :i* x is support$4 ,9 ! ,,?ird ,,dialogue1 call$ ! ,unkn[n1 ! au?or & 8 fri5ds1 ,ambrosio & ,onuphrio1 make an excursion to ! rema9s ( ! temples ( ,p/um4 ,7 my exi/5ce to be prolong$ ?r\gh t5 c5turies1 exclaims ! au?or1 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld nev] =get ! pleasure ,i receiv$ on t delici\s spot4 ,9 contemplat+ beautiful sc5]y1 mu* ( its int]e/ dep5ds ^u ! feel+s & associations ( ! mom5t2 & ! au?or 0 ^u ?is occasion evid5tly 9 t poetical frame ( m9d :i* %$s a magic light ov] e l&scape1 & conv]ts ! mo/ ord9>y objects into emblems ( morality3 9 ! admixture ( ! olive & ! cypress tree1 he saw a connection1 to memorialize1 z x 71 h[ ne> ea* o!r are life & dea?1 joy & sorr[2 :ile ! music ( ! birds1 &1 above all1 ! coo+ ( ! turtle-doves1 by ov]p[]+ ! murmur+ ( ! waves & ! :i/l+ ( ! w9ds1 s]v$ b to %[ him t1 9 ! /rife ( nature1 ! voice ( love is pr$om9ant4 ,) _! he>ts t\*$ by ! sc5e !y _h witness$1 ! travell]s desc5d$ to ! ru9s1 & began to exam9e ^? wond]ful rema9s :i* h outliv$ ev5 ! "n ( ! p by :om !y 7 rais$4 ,:ile engag$ 9 measur+ ! ,doric columns 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,temple ( ,neptune1 a /rang]1 rem>kable bo? 9 dress & appe>ance1 0 obs]v$ to be writ+ 9 a memor&um book2 ! au?or imm$iately addresses him1 & becom+ mutually pleas$ ) ea* o!r1 !y ent] into a conv]sation ( high sci5tific int]e/4 ,! s5tim5ts deliv]$ by ! ,,unkn[n1 = by ?is title is ! philosoph] designat$1 not)/&+ _! dramatic dress1 are evid5tly to be receiv$ z ! beque/ ( ! late/ sci5tific op9ions ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy ^u sev]al important subjects1 & mu/ consequ5tly comm& our respect & consid]ation4 ,to a "q relative to ! nature ( ! masses ( trav]t9e1 ( :i* ! ru9s consi/$1 ! ,unkn[n repli$1 t !y 7 c]ta9ly produc$ by deposition f wat]2 & he r believ$1 t a lake 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! city furni%$ ! qu>ry4 ,! p>ty are !n describ$ z visit+ ?is spot4 ,!re 0 some?+ peculi>ly melan*oly 9 ! "* ( ?is wat]2 all ! h]bs ar\nd x 7 grey1 z if incru/$ ) m>ble2 a few buffaloes 7 slak+ _! ?ir/ 9 x1 :i* ran wildly away at our approa*1 & appe>$ to retire into a rocky excavation or qu>ry at ! end ( ! lake4 ',!re1' said ! /rang]1 'is :at ,i believe to be ! s\rce ( ^? l>ge & durable /ones :i* y see 9 ! pla9 be=e y4 ,?is wat] rapidly deposits calc>e\s matt]1 & ev51 if y ?r[ a /ick into x1 a few h\rs is suffici5t to give x a coat+ ( ?is sub/ance4 ,:i*ev] way y turn y\r eyes1 y see masses ( ?is rec5tly produc$ m>ble1 ! consequ5ce ( ! ov]fl[+ ( ! lake dur+ ! w9t] floods4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is wat] is l _m1 ,i may say mo/1 ( ! s\rces :i* rise at ! foot ( ! ,ap5n9es2 x holds c>bonic acid 9 solution1 :i* has dissolv$ a portion ( ! calc>e\s matt] ( ! rock ?r\gh :i* x has pass$3--?is c>bonic acid is dissipat$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 & ! m>ble1 sl[ly ?r[n d[n1 assumes a cry/all9e =m1 & produces coh]5t /ones4 ,! lake be=e u is n p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ! quantity ( calc>e\s matt]1 =1 z ,i h f\nd by exp]i5ce1 a p9t ( x does n af=d m ?an five or six gra9s2 b ! quantity ( fluid & ! l5g? ( "t are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! imm5se quantities ( tufa & rock :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 h accumulat$ 9 ?is situation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x c1 ,i ?9k1 be sc>cely d\bt$ t !re is a s\rce ( volcanic fire at no great di/ance f ! surface1 9 ! :ole ( s\!rn ,italy2 &1 ?is fire act+ ^u ! calc>e\s rocks ( :i* ! ,ap5n9es are compos$1 mu/ con/antly deta* f !m c>bonic acid1 :i* ris+ to ! s\rces ( ! spr+s1 deposit$ f ! wat]s ( ! atmosph]e1 mu/ give !m _! impregnation1 & enable !m to dissolve calc>e\s matt]4 ,i ne$ n dwell ^u tna1 ,vesuvius1 or ! ,lip>i ,isl&s1 to prove t volcanic fires are /ill 9 exi/5ce2 & !re c be no d\bt t1 9 e>li] p]iods1 almo/ ! :ole ( ,italy 0 ravag$ by !m2 ev5 ,rome itself1 ! et]nal city1 re/s ^u ! crat]s ( ext9ct volcanoes2 & ,i imag9e t ! traditional & fabul\s record ( ! de/ruction made by ! conflagration ( ,phaeton1 9 ! *>iot ( ! ,sun1 & 8 fall+ into ! ,po1 _h ref]5ce to a great & trem5d\s igne\s volcanic eruption :i* ext5d$ ov] ,italy1 & ceas$ only ne> ! ,po1 at ! foot ( ! ,alps4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! s\rces ( c>bonic acid are num]\s1 n m]ely 9 ! ,neapolitan b likewise 9 ! ,roman & ,tuscan /ates4 ,! mo/ magnific5t wat]fall 9 ,europe1 t ( ! ,vel9o ne> ,t]ni1 is p>tly f$ by a /ream conta9+ calc>e\s matt] dissolv$ by c>bonic acid1 & x deposits m>ble1 :i* cry/allizes ev5 9 ! mid/ ( its ?und]+ desc5t & foam1 9 ! b$ 9 :i* x falls4 ,!re is a lake 9 ,latium1 a few y>ds above ! ,lacus ,albula1 :]e ! anci5t ,romans erect$ _! ba?s1 :i* s5ds d[n a consid]able /ream ( tepid wat] to ! l>g] lake2 b ?is wat] is less /rongly impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid2 ! l>ge/ lake is actually a saturat$ solution ( ?is gas1 :i* escapes f x 9 su* quantities 9 "s p>ts ( its surface1 t x has ! appe>ance ( be+ actually 9 ebullition4 ,its temp]ature ,i asc]ta9$ to be1 9 ! w9t]1 9 ! w>me/ p>ts1 above #hj degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 & z x appe>s to be pretty con/ant1 x mu/ be suppli$ ) heat f a subt]rane\s s\rce1 be+ ne>ly tw5ty degrees above ! mean temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,kir*] has detail$1 9 8 ,mundus ,subt]raneus1 v>i\s wond]s respect+ ?is lake1 mo/ ( :i* are unf\nd$2 su* z1 t x is unfa?omable1--t x has at ! bottom ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 & t float+ isl&s rise f ! gulf :i* emits x4 ,x mu/ c]ta9ly be v difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 to fa?om a s\rce :i* rises ) s mu* viol5ce f a subt]rane\s excavation2 & at a "t :5 *emi/ry _h made small progress1 x 0 easy to mi/ake ! dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid = an actual ebullition4 ,! float+ isl&s are real2 b nei!r ! ,jesuit1 nor any ( ! writ]s :o h s9ce describ$ ?is lake1 _h a correct idea ( _! orig91 :i* is exce$+ly curi\s4 ,! high temp]ature ( ?is wat]1 & ! quantity ( c>bonic acid t x conta9s1 r5d] x peculi>ly fitt$ to af=d a pabulum or n\ri%m5t to vegetable life2 ! banks ( trav]t9e are e :]e cov]$ ) re$s1 li*5s1 conf]v1 & v>i\s k9ds ( aquatic vegetables2 & at ! same "t t ! process ( vegetable life is go+ on1 ! cry/allizations ( ! calc>e\s matt]1 :i* is e :]e deposit$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! escape ( c>bonic acid1 likewise proce$1 giv+ a con/ant milk9ess to :at f its t9t w\ld o!rwise be a blue fluid4 ,s rapid is ! vegetation1 ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! c>bonic acid1 t ev5 9 w9t]1 masses ( conf]v & li*5s1 mix$ ) deposit$ trav]t9e1 are con/antly deta*$ by ! curr5t ( wat] f ! bank1 & float d[n ! /ream1 :i* be+ a consid]able riv]1 is nev] )\t _m ( ^! small isl&s on its surface2 !y are sometimes only a few in*es 9 size1 & compos$ m]ely ( d>k gre5 conf]v1 or purple or yell[ li*5s2 b !y are sometimes ev5 ( "s feet 9 diamet]1 & conta9 se$s & v>i\s species ( common wat]-plants1 :i* are usually m or less incru/$ ) m>ble4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 no place 9 ! _w :]e !re is a m /rik+ example ( ! opposition or contra/ ( ! laws ( animate & inanimate nature1 ( ! =ces ( inorganic *emical aff9ity & ^? ( ! p[]s ( life4 ,vegetables1 9 su* a temp]ature1 & e :]e surr\nd$ by food1 are produc$ ) a wond]ful rapidity2 b ! cry/allizations are =m$ ) equal quickness1 & !y are no soon] produc$ ?an !y are de/roy$ toge!r4 ,! quantity ( vegetable matt] & its heat make x ! resort ( an inf9ite v>iety ( insect tribes2 &1 ev5 9 ! colde/ days 9 w9t]1 numb]s ( flies may be obs]v$ on ! vegetables surr\nd+ its banks or on its float+ isl&s1 & a quantity ( _! l>v may be se5 !re1 sometimes incru/$ & entirely de/roy$ by calc>e\s matt]1 :i* is likewise (t5 ! fate ( ! insects !mselves1 z well z ( v>i\s species ( %ell-fi% t are f\nd among/ ! vegetables :i* gr[ & are de/roy$ 9 ! trav]t9e on its banks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h pass$ _m h\rs1 ,i may say1 _m days1 9 /udy+ ! ph5om5a ( ?is wond]ful lake2 x has br\ght _m tra9s ( ?\ght into my m9d connect$ ) ! e>ly *anges ( our globe1 & ,i h sometimes reason$ f ! =ms ( plants & animals pres]v$ 9 m>ble 9 ?is w>m s\rce1 to ! gr&] depositions 9 ! second>y rocks1 :]e ! zoophytes or coral insects h work$ ^u a gr& scale1 & :]e palms & vegetables n[ unkn[n are pres]v$ ) ! rema9s ( crocodiles1 turtles1 & gigantic ext9ct animals ( ! ,sauri g5us1 & :i* appe> to h belong$ to a p]iod :5 ! :ole globe possess$ a mu* high] temp]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!n1 f all we "k1 ?is lake1 except 9 "s *ange 9 its dim5sions1 cont9ues ne>ly 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* x 0 describ$ sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s ago by ,pl9y1 & ,i h no d\bt conta9s ! same k9ds ( float+ isl&s1 ! same plants1 & ! same insects4 ,dur+ ! fifte5 ye>s t ,i h kn[n x1 x has appe>$ precisely id5tical 9 ^! respects2 & yet x has ! "* ( an accid5tal ph5om5on dep5d+ ^u subt]rane\s fire4 ,h[ m>vell\s !n are ^? laws by :i* ev5 ! humble/ types ( organic exi/5ce are pres]v$1 ?\gh born amid/ ! s\rces ( _! de/ruction1 & by :i* a species ( immortality is giv5 to g5]ations1 float+1 z x 71 l evanesc5t bubbles on a /ream rais$ f ! deepe/ cav]ns ( ! e>?1 & in/antly los+ :at may be call$ its _s 9 ! atmosph]e6 ,f ?is int]e/+ disc\rse on ! =mation ( ,trav]t9e1 ! conv]sation naturally turn$ to ,geology2 & ,i %all "h aga9 be compell$ to give ano!r copi\s extract1 9 ord] to %[ :at 7 ! late/ op9ions ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy ^u ?is subject4 ,if any d\bt c\ld exi/ z to ! views "h giv5 be+ ^? ent]ta9$ by ! au?or1 x is at once remov$ by 8 lett] to ,mr4 ,poole1 9 :i*1 allud+ to ! "w "u review1 he says1 ,x conta9s ! ess5ce ( my philosophical op9ions4 ,on ! geological s*eme ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! globe1 !re are only analogies to guide u1 :i* diff]5t m9ds may apply & int]pret 9 diff]5t ways2 b ,i w n trifle ) a long prelim9>y disc\rse4 ,a/ronomical d$uctions & actual measures by triangulation prove t ! globe is an oblate sph]oid flatt5$ at ! poles2 & ?is =m1 we "k1 by /rict ma!matical demon/rations1 is precisely ! "o :i* a fluid body revolv+ r\nd its axis & become solid at its surface by ! sl[ dissipation ( its heat or o!r causes1 w\ld assume4 ,i suppose1 !re=e1 t ! globe1 9 ! fir/ /ate 9 :i* ! imag9ation c v5ture to consid] x1 0 a fluid mass ) an imm5se atmosph]e1 revolv+ 9 space r\nd ! sun1 & t by its cool+1 a portion ( its atmosph]e 0 cond5s$ 9 wat] :i* occupi$ a "p ( ! surface4 ,9 ?is /ate1 no =ms ( life1 su* z n[ belong to our sy/em1 c\ld h inhabit$ x2 & ,i suppose ! cry/all9e rocks1 or1 z !y are call$ by geologi/s1 ! prim>y rocks1 :i* conta9 no ve/iges ( a =m] ord] ( ?+s1 7 ! results ( ! fir/ consolidation on its surface4 ,^u ! f>!r cool+1 ! wat] :i* m or less _h cov]$ x1 contract$2 depositions took place1 %ell-fi%1 & coral insects ( ! fir/ creation began _! lab\rs1 & isl&s appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean1 rais$ f ! deep by ! productive en]gies ( millions ( zoophytes4 ,^! isl&s became cov]$ ) vegetables fitt$ to be> a high temp]ature1 su* z palms1 & v>i\s species ( plants simil> to ^? :i* n[ exi/ 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! _w4 ,& ! subm>9e rocks or %ores ( ^! new =mations ( l& became cov]$ ) aquatic vegetables1 on :i* v>i\s species ( %ell-fi% & common fi%es f\nd _! n\ri%m5t4 ,! fluids ( ! globe 9 cool+ deposit$ a l>ge quantity ( ! mat]ials !y held 9 solution1 & ^! deposits agglut9at+ toge!r ! s&1 ! imm5se masses ( coral rocks1 & "s ( ! rema9s ( ! %ells & fi%es f\nd r\nd ! %ores ( ! primitive l&s1 produc$ ! fir/ ord] ( second>y rocks4 ,z ! temp]ature ( ! globe became l[]1 species ( ! ovip>\s reptiles 7 creat$ to inhabit x2 & ! turtle1 crocodile1 & v>i\s gigantic animals ( ! ,sauri k9d1 seem to h haunt$ ! bays & wat]s ( ! primitive l&s4 ,b 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s !re 0 no ord] ( ev5ts simil> to ! pres5t1--! cru/ ( ! globe 0 exce$+ly sl5d]1 & ! s\rce ( fire a small di/ance f ! surface4 ,9 consequ5ce ( contraction 9 "o "p ( ! mass1 cavities 7 op5$1 :i* caus$ ! entrance ( wat]1 & imm5se volcanic explosions took place1 rais+ "o "p ( ! surface1 depress+ ano!r1 produc+ m\nta9s & caus+ new & ext5sive depositions f ! primitive ocean4 ,*anges ( ?is k9d mu/ h be5 extremely frequ5t 9 ! e>ly epo*as ( nature2 & ! only liv+ =ms ( :i* ! rema9s are f\nd 9 ! /rata t are ! monum5ts ( ^! *anges1 are ^? ( plants1 fi%es1 birds1 & ovip>\s reptiles1 :i* seem mo/ fitt$ to exi/ 9 su* a w> ( ! elem5ts4 ,:5 ^! revolutions became less frequ5t1 & ! globe became /ill m cool$1 & ! inequalities ( its temp]ature pres]v$ by ! m\nta9 *a9s1 m p]fect animals became its inhabitants1 _m ( :i*1 su* z ! mammo?1 megalonix1 mega!rium1 & gigantic hy5a1 are n[ ext9ct4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! temp]ature ( ! ocean seems to h be5 n mu* high] ?an x is at pres5t1 & ! *anges produc$ by occasional eruptions ( x h left no consolidat$ rocks4 ,yet "o ( ^! eruptions appe>s to h be5 ( great ext5t & ( "s duration1 & seems to h be5 ! cause ( ^? imm5se quantities ( wat]-worn /ones1 gravel1 & s&1 :i* are usually call$ diluvian rema9s2--& x is probable t ?is effect 0 connect$ ) ! elevation ( a new cont95t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e by volcanic fire4 ,:5 ! sy/em ( ?+s became s p]man5t1 t ! trem5d\s revolutions dep5d+ ^u ! de/ruction ( ! equilibrium betwe5 ! heat+ & cool+ ag5cies 7 no long] to be dread$1 ! creation ( man took place2 & s9ce t p]iod !re has be5 little alt]ation 9 ! physical circum/ances ( our globe4 ,volcanoes sometimes occasion ! rise ( new isl&s1 portions ( ! old cont95ts are con/antly wa%$ by riv]s into ! sea1 b ^! *anges are too insignificant to affect ! de/9ies ( man1 or ! nature ( ! physical circum/ances ( ?+s4 ,on ! hypo!sis t ,i h adopt$1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! pres5t surface ( ! globe is m]ely a ?9 cru/ surr\nd+ a nucleus ( fluid ignit$ matt]2 & consequ5tly1 we c h>dly be consid]$ z actually safe f ! dang] ( a cata/rophe by fire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i beg y to consid] ! views ,i h be5 develop+ z m]ely hypo!tical1 "o ( ! _m re/+-places t may be tak5 by ! imag9ation 9 consid]+ ?is subject4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 di/9ct facts 9 fav\r ( ! idea1 t ! int]ior ( ! globe has a high] temp]ature ?an ! surface2 ! heat increas+ 9 m9es ! deep] we p5etrate1 & ! numb] ( w>m s\rces :i* rise f great dep?s1 9 almo/ all c\ntries1 are c]ta9ly fav\rable to ! idea4 ,! op9ion1 t volcanoes are ow+ to ?is g5]al & simple cause1 is1 ,i ?9k1 likewise m agreeable to ! analogies ( ?+s1 ?an to suppose !m dep5d5t ^u p>tial *emical *anges1 su* z ! action ( air & wat] ^u ! combu/ible bases ( ! e>?s & alkalies1 ?\gh x is extremely probable t ^! sub/ances may exi/ b5ea? ! surface1 & may occasion "s results ( volcanic fire2--& on ?is subject my notion may p]haps be ! m tru/$1 z = a long :ile ,i ?\ght volcanic eruptions 7 ow+ to *emical ag5cies ( ! newly discov]$ metals ( ! e>?s & alkalies1 & ,i made _m & "s dang]\s exp]im5ts 9 ! hope ( confirm+ ?is notion1 b 9 va94 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h no objection to ! 'ref9$ ,plutonic view1' 7( ,pr(essor ,playfair & ,sir ,james ,hall17 z capable ( expla9+ _m exi/+ ph5om5a2 inde$1 y mu/ be aw>e t ,i h myself _h rec\rse to x4 ,:at ,i cont5d aga9/ is1 its application to expla9 ! =mations ( ! second>y rocks1 :i* ,i ?9k cle>ly belong to an ord] ( facts n at all embrac$ by x4 ,9 ! ,plutonic sy/em1 !re is "o simple & con/ant ord] assum$1 :i* may be suppos$ et]nal4 ,! surface is con/antly imag9$ to be dis9tegrat$1 de/roy$1 degrad$1 & wa%$ into ! bosom ( ! ocean by wat]1 & z con/antly consolidat$1 elevat$1 & reg5]at$ by fire2 & ! ru9s ( ! old =m ! f\ndations ( ! new _w4 ,x is suppos$ t !re are always ! same types bo? ( dead & liv+ matt]1--t ! rema9s ( rocks1 ( vegetables1 & animals ( "o age are f\nd imb$d$ 9 rocks rais$ f ! bottom ( ! ocean 9 ano!r4 ,n[1 to support ?is view1 n only ! rema9s ( liv+ be+s :i* at pres5t p ! globe1 might be expect$ to be f\nd 9 ! olde/ second>y /rata1 b ev5 ^? ( ! art ( man1 ! mo/ p[]ful & popul\s ( its inhabitants1 :i* is well kn[n n to be ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* /ratum ( ! second>y rocks conta9s rema9s ( peculi> & mo/ly n[ unkn[n species ( vegetables & animals4 ,9 ^? /rata :i* are deepe/1 & :i* mu/ consequ5tly be suppos$ to be ! e>lie/ deposit$1 =ms ev5 ( vegetable life are r>e2 %ells & vegetable rema9s are f\nd 9 ! next ord]2 ! bones ( fi%es & ovip>\s reptiles exi/ 9 ! foll[+ class2 ! rema9s ( birds1 ) ^? ( ! same g5]a m5tion$ be=e1 9 ! next ord]2 ^? ( quadrup$s ( ext9ct species 9 a /ill m rec5t class2 & x is only 9 ! loose & slightly consolidat$ /rata ( gravel & s&1 & :i* are usually call$ diluvian =mations1 t ! rema9s ( animals1 su* z n[ p ! globe1 are f\nd1 ) o!rs belong+ to ext9ct species4 ,b 9 none ( ^! =mations1 :e!r call$ second>y1 t]tial1 or diluvial1 h ! rema9s ( man1 or any ( 8 works1 be5 discov]$4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 impossible to consid] ! organic rema9s f\nd 9 any ( ! e>li] second>y /rata1 ! lias-lime/one & its cong5]\s =mations1 = in/ance1 )\t be+ conv9c$1 t ! be+s ^: organs !y =m$ belong$ to an ord] ( ?+s entirely diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,gigantic vegetables1 m ne>ly alli$ to ! palms ( ! equatorial c\ntries ?an to any o!r plants1 c only be imag9$ to h liv$ 9 a v high temp]ature2 & ! imm5se reptiles1 ! ,megalosauri1 ) paddles in/ead ( legs1 & clo!d 9 mail1 9 size equal1 or ev5 sup]ior to ! :ale2 & ! great amphibia ,ple?iosauri1 ) bodies l turtles1 b furni%$ ) necks long] ?an _! bodies1 probably to enable !m to fe$ on vegetables gr[+ 9 ! %all[s ( ! primitive ocean1 seem to %[ a /ate 9 :i* l[ l&s1 or ext5sive %ores1 rose above an imm5se calm sea1 & :5 !re 7 no great m\nta9 *a9s to produce inequalities ( temp]ature1 tempe/s1 or /orms4 ,7 ! surface ( ! e>? n[ to be c>ri$ d[n into ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 or 7 "s great revolution ( ! wat]s to cov] ! exi/+ l&1 & x 0 aga9 to be elevat$ by fire1 cov]$ ) consolidat$ depositions ( s& or mud1 h[ entirely diff]5t w\ld x be 9 its *>act]s f any ( ! second>y /rata6 ,its great features w\ld und\bt$ly be ! works ( man3 hewn /ones1 & /atues ( bronze & m>ble1 & tools ( iron1 & human rema9s1 w\ld be m common ?an ^? ( animals1 on ! greate/ "p ( ! surface2 ! columns ( ,p/um1 or ( ,agrig5tum1 or ! imm5se iron bridges ( ! ,?ames1 w\ld (f] a /rik+ contra/ to ! bones ( ! crocodiles1 or ,sauri1 9 ! old] rocks1 or ev5 to ^? ( ! mammo?1 or ,elephas primog5ius1 9 ! diluvial /rata4 ,& :oev] dwells ^u ?is subject mu/ be conv9c$1 t ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 & ! comp>atively rec5t exi/5ce ( man1 z ! ma/] ( ! globe1 is z c]ta9 z ! de/ruction ( a =m] & a diff]5t ord]1 & ! ext9ction ( a numb] ( liv+ =ms1 :i* h n[ no types 9 be+1 & :i* h left _! rema9s wond]ful monum5ts ( ! revolutions ( nature4 ,! ,,f\r? ,,dialogue1 to :i* is giv5 ! title ( ,! ,proteus1 or ,immortality1 is ( a m desultory nature ?an ^? :i* prec$e x4 ,x conta9s _m beautiful descriptions ( sc5]y 9 ! ,alp9e c\ntry ( ,au/ria2 furni%es an int]e/+ acc\nt ( t mo/ s+ul> reptile ! ,proteus ,angu9us1 :i* is f\nd only 9 ! lime/one cav]ns ( ,c>niola1 & concludes ) reflections ^u ! inde/ructibility ( ! s5ti5t pr9ciple4 ,! au?or's companion1 dur+ ! t\r he describes1 is a sci5tific fri5d1 :om he calls ,euba!s4 ,! dialogue op5s ) a passage ( consid]able pa?os & eloqu5ce3 ! au?or hav+ be5 recall$ to ,engl& by a melan*oly ev5t1 ! dea? ( a v ne> & de> relation1 describes 8 feel+s on ent]+ ,london4 ,9 my y\?1 & ?r\gh ! prime ( manhood1 ,i nev] ent]$ ,london )\t feel+s ( pleasure & hope4 ,x 0 to me z ! gr& !atre ( intellectual activity1 ! field ( e species ( ent]prise & ex]tion1 ! metropolis ( ! _w ( bus9ess1 ?\ght1 & action4 ,!re1 ,i 0 sure to f9d ! fri5ds & companions ( my y\?1 to he> ! voice ( enc\ragem5t & praise4 ,!re1 society ( ! mo/ ref9$ k9d (f]$ daily its banquets to ! m9d1 ) su* v>iety t satiety _h no place 9 !m1 & new objects ( int]e/ & ambition 7 con/antly excit+ att5tion ei!r 9 politics1 lit]ature1 or sci5ce4 ,i n[ ent]$ ?is great city 9 a v diff]5t tone ( m9d--"o ( settl$ melan*oly1 n m]ely produc$ by ! m\rnful ev5t :i* recall$ me to my c\ntry1 b ow+ likewise to an entire *ange 9 ! condition ( my physical1 moral1 & intellectual be+4 ,my heal? 0 gone1 my ambition 0 satisfi$2 ,i 0 no long] excit$ by ! desire ( di/9ction2 :at ,i reg>d$ mo/ t5d]ly 0 9 ! grave2 & to take a metaphor1 d]iv$ f ! *ange produc$ by "t 9 ! juice ( ! grape1 my cup ( life 0 no long] sp>kl+1 sweet1 & eff]vesc5t2 x _h lo/ its sweetness )\t los+ its p[]1 & x _h become bitt]4 ,!re is p]haps n a m spl5did passage to be f\nd 9 ! "w2 & x is sc>cely inf]ior to ,dr4 ,johnson's memorable conclusion to ! preface ( 8 ,diction>y4 ,aft] pass+ a few mon?s 9 ,engl&1 says he1 & enjoy+ 7z mu* z ,i c\ld enjoy any ?+7 ! society ( ! few fri5ds :o /ill rema9$ alive1 ! desire ( travel aga9 seiz$ me4 ,i _h pres]v$ amid/ ! wreck ( "t1 "o feel+ /rong & unbrok5--! love ( natural sc5]y2 & ?is1 9 advanc$ life1 =m$ a pr9cipal motive = my plans ( conduct & action4 ,! fall ( ! ,traun1 ab\t t5 miles bel[ ,gmnd51 0 "o ( 8 fav\rite haunts2 & he describes an accid5t ( ! mo/ awful description :i* befell him at ?is place4 ,:ile amus+ himself on ! wat] by a rapid species ( locomotion1 9 a boat s secur$ by a rope z to all[ only ( a limit$ range1 ! tackle gave way1 & he 0 rapidly precipitat$ d[n ! cat>act4 ,he rema9$ = "s "t aft] 8 rescue 9 a /ate ( ins5sibility1 & on recov]+ f\nd himself att5d$ by 8 my/]i\s fri5d ! ,unkn[n1 :o _h s *>m$ him 9 8 excursion to ,p/um4 ,) ?is /rang]1 he proce$$ on 8 t\r2 & he aga9 becomes ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* mu* philosophical in=mation is convey$ to ! read]4 ,!y visit toge!r ! grotto ( ! ,maddal5a at ,adelsb]g1 & he gives u ! conv]sation t took place 9 t extraord9>y cav]n4 ,philale!s4--,if ! awful *asms ( d>k masses ( rock surr\nd+ u appe> l ! "w ( demons1 :o might be imag9$ to h ris5 f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ! beautiful works ( nature above our heads may be comp>$ to a sc5ic repres5tation ( a temple or banquet-hall = fairies or g5ii1 su* z ^? fabl$ 9 ! ,arabian romances4 ,! ,unkn[n4--,a poet might c]ta9ly place "h ! palace ( ! k+ ( ! ,gnomes1 & might f9d m>ks ( 8 creative p[] 9 ! small lake close by1 on :i* ! flame ( ! tor* is n[ fall+2 =1 !re x is t ,i expect to f9d ! extraord9>y animals :i* h be5 s long ! objects ( my att5tion4 ,euba!s4--,i see ?ree or f\r creatures1 l sl5d] fi%1 mov+ on ! mud bel[ ! wat]4 ,! ,unkn[n4--,i see !m2 !y are ! ,protei1--n[ ,i h !m 9 my fi%+-net1 & n[ !y are safe 9 ! pit*] ( wat]4 ,at fir/ view1 y might suppose ?is animal to be a liz>d1 b x has ! motions ( a fi%4 ,its head1 & ! l[] "p ( its body & its tail1 be> a /rong resemblance to ^? ( ! eel2 b x has no f9s2 & its curi\s bron*ial organs are n l ! gills ( fi%es2 !y =m a s+ul> vascul> /ructure1 z y see1 almo/ l a cre/1 r\nd ! ?roat1 :i* may be remov$ )\t occasion+ ! dea? ( ! animal1 :o is likewise furni%$ ) lungs4 ,) ?is d\ble app>atus = supply+ air to ! blood1 x c live ei!r bel[ or above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,its =e-feet resemble h&s1 b !y h only ?ree claws or f+]s1 are too feeble to be ( use 9 grasp+1 or support+ ! weight ( ! animal2 ! h9d] feet h only two claws or toes1 & 9 l>g] specim5s are f\nd s imp]fect z to be almo/ oblit]at$4 ,x has small po9ts 9 place ( eyes1 z if to pres]ve ! analogy ( nature4 ,its nasal organs appe> l>ge2 & x is abundantly furni%$ ) tee?1 f :i* x may be conclud$ t x is an animal ( prey2 yet 9 its conf9$ /ate x has nev] be5 kn[n to eat1 & x has be5 kept alive = _m ye>s by occasionally *ang+ ! wat] 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,euba!s4--,is ?is ! only place 9 ,c>niola :]e ^! animals are f\nd8 ,! ,unkn[n4--,!y 7 fir/ discov]$ "h by ! late ,b>on ,zois2 b !y h s9ce be5 f\nd1 ?\gh r>ely1 at ,sitti*1 ab\t ?irty miles di/ant1 ?r[n up by wat] f a subt]rane\s cavity2 & ,i h lately he>d x report$ t "s individuals ( ! same species h be5 recognis$ 9 ! calc>e\s /rata 9 ,sicily4 ,i ?9k x _c be d\bt$1 t _! natural resid5ce is an ext5sive deep subt]ranean lake1 f :i* 9 great floods !y sometimes are =c$ ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! rocks into ?is place :]e !y are f\nd2 & x does n appe> to me impossible1 :5 ! peculi> nature ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* we are is consid]$1 t ! same great cavity may furni% ! individuals :i* h be5 f\nd at ,adelsb]g & at ,sitti*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is adds "o m in/ance to ! numb] already kn[n ( ! wond]ful mann] 9 :i* life is produc$ & p]petuat$ 9 e "p ( our globe1 ev5 9 places :i* seem ! lea/ suit$ to organiz$ exi/5ce4 ,& ! same inf9ite p[] & wisdom :i* has fitt$ ! camel & ! o/ri* = ! des]ts ( ,africa1 ! swall[ t secretes its own ne/ = ! caves ( ,java1 ! :ale = ! ,pol> seas1 & ! morse & :ite be> = ! ,arctic ice1 has giv5 ! ,proteus to ! deep & d>k subt]rane\s lakes ( ,illyria1--an animal to :om ! pres5ce ( light is n ess5tial1 & :o c live indiff]5tly 9 air & 9 wat]1 on ! surface ( ! rock1 or 9 ! dep?s ( ! mud4 ,mu* int]e/+ physiological discussion foll[s4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 m]ely notice ! op9ion deliv]$ by ! ,unkn[n1 on ! subject ( respiration1 & :i* ,i ?9k %[s t1 at ! conclusion ( 8 c>e]1 ,davy ent]ta9$ ! same notions1 ) reg>d to ! communication ( "s e!real pr9ciple to ! blood1 z he ma9ta9$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 life4#aai--,! obvi\s *emical alt]ation ( ! air is suffici5tly simple 9 ?is process2 a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bon only is add$ to x1 & x receives an addition ( heat or vap\r2 ! volumes ( ela/ic fluid inspir$ & expir$ 7mak+ all[ance = *ange ( temp]ature17 are ! same1 & if pond]able ag5ts only 7 to be reg>d$1 x w\ld appe> z if ! only use ( respiration 7 to free ! blood f a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bonace\s matt]4 ,b x is probable t ?is is only a second>y object1 & t ! *ange produc$ by respiration ^u ! blood is ( a mu* m important k9d4 ,oxyg51 9 its ela/ic /ate1 has prop]ties :i* are v *>act]i/ic2 x gives out light by compression1 :i* is n c]ta9ly kn[n to be ! case ) any o!r ela/ic fluid except ^? :i* oxyg5 has ent]$ )\t und]go+ combu/ion2 & f ! fire x produces 9 c]ta9 processes1 & f ! mann] 9 :i* x is sep>at$ by positive electricity 9 ! gase\s /ate f its comb9ations1 x is n easy to avoid ! supposition1 t x conta9s1 besides its pond]able elem5ts1 "s v subtile matt] :i* is capable ( assum+ ! =m ( heat & light4 ,my idea is1 t ! common air inspir$ ent]s into ! v5\s blood entire1 9 a /ate ( dissolution1 c>ry+ ) x its subtile or e!real "p1 :i* 9 ord9>y cases ( *emical *ange is giv5 (f2 t x expels f ! blood c>bonic acid gas & azote2 & t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! circulation1 its e!real "p & its pond]able "p und]go *anges :i* belong to laws t _c be consid]$ z *emical1--! e!real "p probably produc+ animal heat & o!r effects1 & ! pond]able "p contribut+ to =m c>bonic acid & o!r products4 ,! art]ial blood is necess>y to all ! functions ( life1 & x is no less connect$ ) ! irritability ( ! muscles & ! s5sibility ( ! n]ves ?an ) ! p]=mance ( all ! secretions4 #aai ,see vol4 i4 page #gj4 ,! ,,fif? ,,dialogue is entitl$ ,! ,*emi/4 ,its object is to demon/rate ! importance ( ?is noble sci5ce4 ,an int]locutor is made to disp>age its utility1 & to m>k its weak] po9ts4 ,^! ( c\rse are answ]$1 ! sceptic becomes a true believ]1 & ! intellectual gladiators sep>ate mutually satisfi$ ) ea* o!r4 ,euba!s4--,i feel dispos$ to jo9 y 9 attack+ ?is fav\rite /udy ( our fri5d1 b m]ely to provoke him to def5d x1 9 ord] to call =? 8 skill & awak5 8 eloqu5ce4 ,! ,unkn[n4--,i h no objection4 ,let !re be a fair discussion3 rememb]1 we fight only ) foils1 & ! po9t ( m9e %all be cov]$ ) velvet4 ,aft] hav+ enum]at$ ! sci5tific atta9m5ts necess>y to con/itute ! *emi/1 & describ$ ! app>atus ess5tial = und]/&+ :at has be5 already done 9 ! sci5ce1 he proce$s to def9e ! intellectual qualities :i* he consid]s necess>y = discov]y1 or = ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,among/ !m1 pati5ce1 indu/ry1 & neatness 9 manipulation1 & accuracy & m9ut5ess 9 obs]v+ & regi/]+ ! ph5om5a :i* occur1 are ess5tial4 ,a /eady h& & a quick eye are mo/ useful auxili>ies2 b !re h be5 v few great *emi/s :o h pres]v$ ^! advantages ?r\gh life2 = ! bus9ess ( ! laboratory is (t5 a s]vice ( dang]1 & ! elem5ts1 l ! refractory spirits ( romance1 ?\gh ! ob$i5t slaves ( ! magician1 yet sometimes escape ! influ5ce ( 8 talisman1 & endang] 8 p]son4 ,bo? ! h&s & eyes ( o!rs1 h[ev]1 may be sometimes advantage\sly made use (4 ,by (t5 repeat+ a process or an obs]vation1 ! errors connect$ ) ha/y op]ations or imp]fect views are annihilat$2 &1 provid$ ! assi/ant has no preconceiv$ notions ( 8 own1 & is ignorant ( ! object ( 8 employ] 9 mak+ ! exp]im5t1 8 simple & b>e detail ( facts w (t5 be ! be/ f\ndation = an op9ion4 ,) respect to ! high] qualities ( intellect necess>y = und]/&+ & develop+ ! g5]al laws ( ! sci5ce1 ! same tal5ts1 ,i believe1 are requir$ z = mak+ advancem5t 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( human k2 ,i ne$ n be v m9ute4 ,! imag9ation mu/ be active & brilliant 9 seek+ analogies2 yet entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ! judgm5t 9 apply+ !m4 ,! memory mu/ be ext5sive & pr(\nd2 r1 h[ev]1 call+ up g5]al views ( ?+s ?an m9ute tra9s ( ?\ght2--! m9d mu/ n be l an ,encyclop$ia1--a bur!n ( k1 b r a critical ,diction>y1 :i* ab\nds 9 g5]alities1 & po9ts out :]e m m9ute in=mation may be obta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ann\nc+ ev5 ! greate/ & mo/ important discov]ies1 ! true philosoph] w communicate 8 details ) mode/y & res]ve2 he w r be a useful s]vant ( ! public1 br++ =? a light f "u 8 cloak :5 x is ne$$ 9 d>kness1 ?an a *>latan exhibit+ fire-works1 & hav+ a trumpet] to ann\nce _! magnific5ce4 ,i see y are smil+1 & ?9k :at ,i am say+ 9 bad ta/e2 yet1 not)/&+1 ,i w provoke y\r smiles /ill f>!r1 by say+ a ^w or two on 8 o!r moral qualities4 ,t he %\ld be humble-m9d$1 y w readily all[1 & a dilig5t se>*] aft] tru?1 & nei!r div]t$ f ?is great object by ! love ( transi5t glory or tempor>y popul>ity1 look+ r to ! op9ion ( ages ?an to t ( a day1 & seek+ to be rememb]$ & nam$ r 9 ! epo*as ( hi/orians ?an 9 ! columns ( newspap] writ]s or j\rnali/s4 ,he %\ld resemble ! mod]n geometricians 9 ! greatness ( 8 views & ! pr(\ndness ( 8 rese>*es1 & ! anci5t al*emi/s 9 indu/ry & piety4 ,i d n mean t he %\ld affix writt5 pray]s & inscriptions#abj ( recomm5dations ( 8 processes to ,provid5ce1 z 0 ! cu/om ( ,pet] ,wolfe1 :o 0 alive 9 my e>ly days2 b 8 m9d %\ld always be awake to devotional feel+s2 & 9 contemplat+ ! v>iety & ! beauty ( ! ext]nal _w1 & develop+ its sci5tific wond]s1 he w always ref] to t ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 ?r\gh ^: b5efic5ce he is p]mitt$ to enjoy k2 &1 9 becom+ wis]1 he w become bett]1--he w rise at once 9 ! scale ( intellectual & moral exi/5ce1 8 increas$ sagacity w be subs]vi5t to a m exalt$ fai?1 & 9 proportion z ! veil becomes ?9n] ?r\gh :i* he sees ! causes ( ?+s1 he w admire m ! brightness ( ! div9e light by :i* !y are r5d]$ visible4 #abj ,9 illu/ration ( ! pi\s cu/om "h allud$ to by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! vessels ( ! al*emi/s v commonly bore "s emblem2 su*1 = in/ance1 z t ( ! cross2 & f :i*1 inde$1 ! ^w crucible d]iv$ its appellation4 ,! ,,six? ,,& ,,la/ ,,dialogue1 entitl$ ,,pola1 or ,,"t1 pres5ts a s]ies ( reflections1 to :i* a view ( ! decay+ amphi!atre at ,pola1 an anci5t t[n 9 ! p59sula ( ,i/ria1 is repres5t$ z hav+ giv5 orig94 ,on =m] occasions1 ! inspection ( ! m\ld]+ works ( pa/ ages call$ up tra9s ( ?\ght r ( a moral ?an ( a physical "*2 9 ! pres5t dialogue1 ! effects ( "t are consid]$ 9 _! relations to ! me*anical & *emical laws by :i* mat]ial =ms are de/roy$1 or r *ang$1--= ! au?or has %[n by a numb] ( beautiful examples1 t )\t decay !re c be no reproduction1 & t ! pr9ciple ( *ange is a pr9ciple ( life4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 ! *emical & me*anical ag5cies ( wat]1 air1 & electricity1 & ! en]gies ( organiz$ be+s1 9 produc+ ^? div]sifi$ ph5om5a :i*1 9 our metaphysical ab/ractions1 we univ]sally ref] to ,"t1 he proce$s to enquire h[ f> art c c\nt]act _! op]ation4 ,a great philosoph]1 he obs]ves1 has said1 ,man c 9 no o!r way comm& ,nature b 9 obey+ h] laws3 x is evid5t t1 by ! application ( "s ( ^? pr9ciples :i* %e h]self employs1 we may = a :ile arre/ ! progress ( *anges :i* are ultimately inevitable4 ,yet1 :5 all is done t c be done 9 ! "w ( cons]vation1 x is only produc+ a diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( duration4 ,x is evid5t t none ( ! works ( a mortal c be et]nal1 z none ( ! comb9ations ( a limit$ intellect c be inf9ite4 ,! op]ations ( ,nature1 :5 sl[1 are no less sure2 h[ev] man may1 = a "t1 usurp dom9ion ov] h]1 %e is c]ta9 ( recov]+ h] empire4 ,he conv]ts h] rocks1 h] /ones1 h] trees1 into =ms ( palaces1 h\ses1 & %ips2 he employs ! metals f\nd 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 z in/rum5ts ( p[]1 & ! s&s & clays :i* con/itute its surface1 z ornam5ts & res\rces ( luxury2 he imprisons air by wat]1 & tortures wat] by fire to *ange1 or modify1 or de/roy ! natural =ms ( ?+s4 ,b 9 "s lu/rums 8 works beg9 to *ange1 & 9 a few c5turies !y decay & are 9 ru9s2 & 8 mighty temples1 fram$ z x 7 = immortal & div9e purposes1 & 8 bridges =m$ ( granite & ribb$ ) iron1 & 8 walls = def5ce1 & ! spl5did monum5ts by :i* he has endeav\r$ to give et]nity ev5 to 8 p]i%able rema9s1 are gradually de/roy$2 & ^! /ructures1 :i* h resi/$ ! waves ( ! ocean1 ! tempe/s ( ! sky1 & ! /roke ( ! lightn+1 %all yield to ! op]ation ( ! dews ( heav51--( fro/1 ra91 vap\r1 & imp]ceptible atmosph]ic influ5ces2 & z ! worm dev\rs ! l9eam5ts ( 8 mortal beauty1 s ! li*5s & ! moss & ! mo/ insignificant plants %all fe$ ^u 8 columns & 8 pyramids1 & ! mo/ humble & insignificant insect %all und]m9e & sap ! f\ndations ( 8 colossal works1 & make _! habitations among/ ! ru9s ( 8 palaces & ! fall+ seats ( 8 e>?ly glory4 ,on no occasion c su* a subject be pres5t$ to a contemplative m9d1 )\t fill+ x ) awe & wond]2 b ! circum/ances "u :i* ^! reflections are pres5t$ to u1 9 ! la/ days ( our philosoph]1 impress ^u !m an almo/ oracul> solemnity4 ,:5 we rememb] t :ile ! m9d ( ! philosoph] 0 ?us engag$ 9 id5tify+ ! processes ( decay ) ^? ( r5ovation 9 ! sy/em ( nature1 8 body 0 palsi$1 & ! curr5t ( 8 life fa/ ebb+1 we _c b admire t active intellig5ce :i* sp>kl$ ) su* undim9i%$ lu/re amid/ ! wreck ( its e>?ly t5em5t4 ,9 ! extracts :i* h be5 introduc$ f ?is la/ "w1 ,i tru/ ! pl$ge t 0 giv5 9 ! e>li] "p ( ^! memoirs1 has be5 r$eem$ by %[+ t a p[]ful imag9ation is n necess>ily incompatible ) a s\nd judgm5t1 t ! fl[]s ( fancy are n always blight$ by ! cold realities ( sci5ce1 b t ! poet & philosoph] may1 "u ! auspices ( a happy g5ius1 mutually assi/ ea* o!r 9 exp\nd+ ! my/]ies ( nature4 ,x _c be d5i$1 z a g5]al aphorism1 t ! tree :i* exp&s its =ce 9 fl[]s is g5]ally defici5t 9 fruit2 b ! m9d ( ,davy1 to borr[ "o ( 8 own metaphors1 may be lik5$ to ^? fabl$ ( ! ,hesp]ides1 :i* produc$ at once buds1 leaves1 blossoms1 & fruits4 ,! happy effects result+ f ?is r>e & nicely adju/$ comb9ation ( tal5ts1 (f] !mselves z int]e/+ subjects ( biographical contemplation1 & !y c be /udi$ only ) success by a comp>ative analysis ( diff]5t m9ds4 ,t ! sup]iority ( ,davy greatly dep5d$ ^u ! vivacity & compass ( 8 imag9ation _c be d\bt$1 & su* an op9ion 0 well express$ by ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t1 9 8 late address to ! ,society3--,! poetic b5t ( ,davy's m9d seems nev] to h left him4 ,to t circum/ance ,i w\ld ascribe ! di/+ui%+ features 9 8 "* & 9 8 discov]ies3--a vivid imag9ation sket*+ out new tracks 9 regions unexplor$1 = ! judgm5t to select ^? lead+ to ! recesses ( ab/ract tru?4 ,i h always ?\ght t ! m9d ( ! late ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 ! ,m9]alogical ,pr(essor ( ,cambridge1 0 little less imag9ative ?an t ( ,davy2 b x 0 defici5t 9 judgm5t1 & !re=e (t5 conduct$ him to error in/ead ( to tru?4 ,dr4 ,black 0 n defici5t 9 imag9ation1 & c]ta9ly n 9 judgm5t2 b !re 0 a con/itutional apa?y1 aris+ probably f ill heal?1 :i* damp$ 8 noble/ ef=ts4#aba #aba ,9 addition to ! anecdote already relat$ ( him1 ! foll[+ may s]ve to give a /ill great] =ce to ?is op9ion4 ,soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,cav5di%'s pap] on hydrog5 gas1 9 :i* he made an approximation to ! specific gravity ( t body1 %[+ t x 0 at lea/ t5 times light] ?an common air1 ,dr4 ,black invit$ a p>ty ( 8 fri5ds to supp]1 in=m+ !m t he _h a curiosity to %[ !m4 ,dr4 ,hutton & sev]al o!rs assembl$1 :51 hav+ ! all5tois ( a calf fill$ ) hydrog5 gas1 ^u sett+ x at lib]ty1 x imm$iately asc5d$1 & adh]$ to ! ceil+4 ,! ph5om5on 0 easily acc\nt$ =3 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t a small black ?read _h be5 atta*$ to ! all5tois1--t ?is ?read pass$ ?r\gh ! ceil+1 & t "s "o 9 ! ap>tm5t above1 by pull+ ! ?read1 elevat$ x to ! ceil+1 & kept x 9 t position4 ,?is explanation 0 s probable1 t x 0 acc$$ to by ! :ole company2 ?\gh1 l _m o!r plausible !ories1 x 0 n true2 = :5 ! all5tois 0 br\ght d[n1 no ?read :atev] 0 f\nd atta*$ to x4 ,dr4 ,black expla9$ ! cause ( ! asc5t to 8 admir+ fri5ds2 b su* 0 8 unacc\ntable apa?y1 t he nev] gave ! lea/ acc\nt ( ?is curi\s exp]im5t ev5 to 8 class2 & m ?an twelve ye>s elaps$ be=e ?is obvi\s prop]ty ( hydrog5 gas 0 appli$ to ! elevation ( air balloons1 by ,m4 ,*>les1 9 ,p>is4 ,i am indebt$ = ?is anecdote to ! ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 a v able "w by ,dr4 ,?omson1 con/itut+ ! ?ird numb] ( ! ,national ,libr>y4 ,x is by ! r>ity ) :i* ! tal5t ( seiz+ ^u remote analogies is associat$ ) a _s ( pati5t & subtile inve/igation ( details1 & a quick p]ception ( _! value1 t ! fact s truly /at$ by ,mr4 ,babbage is to be expla9$2 viz4 t long int]vals frequ5tly elapse betwe5 ! discov]y ( new pr9ciples 9 sci5ce & _! practical application3 ?us he obs]ves1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! hydro/atic p>adox 0 kn[n z a speculative tru? 9 ! "t ( ,/ev9us1 z f> back z ! ye> #afjj1--;& its application to rais+ heavy weights has long be5 /at$ 9 elem5t>y treatises on natural philosophy1 z well z con/antly exhibit$ 9 lectures2 yet x may fairly be reg>d$ z a m]e ab/ract pr9ciple1 until ! late ,mr4 ,bramah1 by sub/itut+ a pump1 in/ead ( ! small] column1 conv]t$ x into a mo/ valuable & p[]ful eng9e4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! conv]tibility ( ! c5tres ( oscillation & susp5sion 9 ! p5dulum1 discov]$ by ,huyg5s m ?an a c5tury & a half ago1 rema9$1 until )9 ^! few ye>s1 a /]ile ?\gh mo/ elegant proposition2 :51 aft] be+ h9t$ at by ,prony1 & di/9ctly po9t$ out by ,bon5b]g]1 x 0 employ$ by ,capta9 ,kat] z ! f\ndation ( a mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum4 ,! int]val :i* sep>at$ ! discov]y ( ,dr4 ,black1 ( lat5t heat1 f ! beautiful & successful application ( x to ! /eam-eng9e1 0 comp>atively %ort2 b x requir$ ! ef=ts ( two m9ds2 & bo? 7 ( ! highe/ ord]4#abb #abb ,reflections on ! ,decl9e ( ,sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 page #ae4 ,! discov]ies ( ,davy pres5t !mselves 9 /rik+ contra/ ) su* in/ances4 ,! same p[]ful g5ius t develop$ ! laws ( electro-*emical decomposition1 0 ! fir/ to apply !m = ! purpose ( obviat+ metallic corrosion2 & ! nature ( fire-damp1 & ! fact ( its combu/ion be+ arre/$ 9 its passage ?r\gh capill>y tubes1 7 alike ! discov]ies ( him :o fir/ appli$ !m = ! con/ruction ( a safety-lamp4#abc #abc ,:ile ^u ?is subject1 x is impossible n to notice ! discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,frankl91 :o comb9$ 9 a rem>kable degree a f]tile imag9ation ) a solid judgm5t2 & ! fruit ( ?is union is to be se5 9 ! inv5tion ( conductors = ! security ( %ips & build+s aga9/ ! effects ( lightn+4 ,! philosoph] :o1 pr$icat+ ! id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity1 conceiv$ ! bold & gr& idea ( draw+ x d[n f ! ?und]-cl\d1 an exp]im5t :i* 9 ano!r age w\ld h consign$ him to ! dungeon = impiety1 or to ! /ake = wit*craft1 himself appli$ ?is wond]ful discov]y to ! pres]vation ( build+s1 by ! inv5tion ( po9t$ rods ( iron4 ,( ?is inv5tion x may be truly said1 t he beat ,nature ) h] own weapons1 & triumph$ ov] h] p[] by an ob$i5ce to h] own laws4 ,9 contra/+ ! g5ius ( ,wolla/on ) t ( ,davy1 let me n be suppos$ to invite a comp>ison to ! disp>agem5t ( ei!r1 b r to ! glory ( bo?1 = by mutual reflection ea* w gl[ ! bright]4 ,if ! animat+ pr9ciple ( ,davy's m9d 0 a p[]ful imag9ation1 g5]aliz+ ph5om5a1 & ca/+ !m into new comb9ations1 s may ! /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ,wolla/on's g5ius be said to h be5 an almo/ sup]human p]ception ( m9ute detail4 ,davy 0 ev] imag9+ some?+ great] ?an he knew2 ,wolla/on always knew some?+ m ?an he ackn[l$g$3--9 ,wolla/on1 ! pr$om9ant pr9ciple 0 to avoid error2 9 ,davy1 x 0 ! desire to discov] tru?4 ,! t5d5cy ( ,davy1 on all occasions1 0 to raise probabilities into facts2 :ile ,wolla/on z cont9ually made !m subs]vi5t to ! expression ( d\bt4 ,wolla/on 0 defici5t 9 imag9ation1 & "u no circum/ances c\ld he h become a ,poet2 nor 0 x to be expect$ t 8 inve/igations %\ld h l$ him to any ( ^? compreh5sive g5]alizations :i* create new sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,he well knew ! compass ( 8 p[]s1 & he pursu$ ! only me?od by :i* !y c\ld be r5d]$ available 9 advanc+ k4 ,he 0 a giant 9 /r5g?1 b x 0 ! /r5g? ( ,antu1 mighty only on ! e>?4 ,! extreme caution & res]ve ( 8 mann] 7 insep>ably connect$ ) ! habits ( 8 m9d2 !y p]vad$ e "p ( 8 "*2 9 8 amusem5ts & 9 8 sci5tific exp]im5ts1 he display$ ! same nice & punctili\s obs]vation1--:e!r he 0 angl+ = tr\t1#abd or te/+ = elem5ts1 #abd ,sir ,humphry ,davy has told u an anecdote :i* well illu/rates ?is obs]vation1 :ile x af=ds a gratify+ te/imony ( ! k9d feel+ he ent]ta9$ t[>ds a k9dr$ philosoph]4--,!re 0--alas6 t ,i mu/ say !re 06--an illu/ri\s philosoph]1 :o 0 ne>ly ( ! age ( fifty be=e he made angl+ a pursuit1 yet he became a di/+ui%$ fly-fi%]1 & ! amusem5t occupi$ _m ( 8 leisure h\rs1 dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s ( 8 life4 ,he inde$ appli$ 8 preem95t acut5ess1 8 sci5ce1 & 8 philosophy1 to aid ! res\rces & exalt ! pleasures ( ?is amusem5t4 ,i rememb] to h se5 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 a few days aft] he _h become a fly-fi%]1 c>ry+ at 8 button-hole a piece ( ,indian rubb]1 :5 by pass+ 8 silkworm l9k ?r\gh a fissure 9 ! middle1 he r5d]$ x /raight1 & fit = imm$iate use4 ,_m o!r angl]s w rememb] o!r +5i\s devices ( my admirable & ev]-to-be-lam5t$ fri5d4--,salmonia4 ,additional ,note1 ,edit4 #b4 he alike reli$ = success ^u 8 subtile discrim9ation ( m9ute circum/ances4 ,by comp>+ ! writ+s z well z ! discov]ies ( ^! two great philosoph]s1 we %all readily p]ceive ! intellectual di/9ctions ,i h endeav\r$ to e/abli%4 ,f _! fruits %all ye "k !m4 ,! discov]ies ( ,davy 7 ! results ( ext5sive views & new analogies2 ^? ( ,wolla/on 7 d]iv$ f a m exact exam9ation ( m9ute &1 to ord9>y obs]v]s1 sc>cely appreciable diff]5ces4 ,?is is happily illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ( ! means by :i* ea* discov]$ new metals4 ,! alkal9e bases 7 ! products ( a compreh5sive inve/igation1 :i* _h develop$ a new ord] ( pr9ciples2 ! detection ( palladium & rhodium among ! ores ( plat9um1 0 ! rew>d ( delicate manipulation1 & microscopic scrut9y4 ,z *emical op]ators1 ,i h already po9t$ out _! /rik+ peculi>ities1 & !y w be f\nd to be 9 /rict keep+ ) ! o!r features ( _! respective *>act]s4 ,i might ext5d ! p>allel f>!r2 b ,dr4 ,h5ry1 9 ! elev5? edition ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 has del9eat$ ! intellectual portraits ( ^! two philosoph]s ) s ma/]ly a h&1 t by quot+ ! passage1 all f>!r obs]vation w be r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,to ^? high gifts ( nature1 :i* are ! *>act]i/ics ( g5ius1 & :i* con/itute its v ess5ce1 bo? ^? em95t m5 unit$ an unwe>i$ indu/ry & zeal 9 rese>*1 & habits ( accurate reason+1 )\t :i* ev5 ! en]gies ( g5ius are inadequate to ! a*ievem5t ( great sci5tific designs4 ,) ^! excell5cies1 common to bo?1 !y 7 nev]!less di/+ui%able by m>k$ intellectual peculi>ities4 ,bold1 ard5t1 & en?usia/ic1 ,davy so>$ to great] heights2 he comm&$ a wid] horizon2 & 8 ke5 vision p5etrat$ to its utmo/ b\nd>ies4 ,8 imag9ation1 9 ! highe/ degree f]tile & inv5tive1 took a rapid & ext5sive range 9 pursuit ( conjectural analogies1 :i* he submitt$ to close & pati5t comp>ison ) kn[n facts1 & tri$ by an appeal to +5i\s & conclusive exp]im5ts4 ,he 0 imbu$ ) ! _s1 & 0 a ma/] 9 ! practice1 ( ! inductive logic2 & he has left u "s ( ! noble/ examples ( ! efficacy ( t great in/rum5t ( human reason 9 ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,he appli$ x1 n only to connect classes ( facts ( m limit$ ext5t & importance1 b to develope great & compreh5sive laws1 :i* embrace ph5om5a t are almo/ univ]sal to ! natural _w4 ,9 expla9+ ^? laws1 he ca/ ^u !m ! illum9ation ( 8 own cle> & vivid conceptions2--he felt an int5se admiration ( ! beauty1 ord]1 & h>mony1 :i* are conspicu\s 9 ! p]fect ,*emi/ry ( ,nature2--& he express$ ^? feel+s ) a =ce ( eloqu5ce :i* c\ld issue only f a m9d ( ! highe/ p[]s & ( ! f9e/ s5sibilities4 ,) mu* less en?usiasm f temp]am5t1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 end[$ ) bodily s5ses#abe ( extraord9>y acut5ess & accuracy1 & ) great g5]al vig\r ( und]/&+4 ,tra9$ 9 ! discipl9e ( ! exact sci5ces1 he _h acquir$ a p[]ful comm& ov] 8 att5tion1 & _h habituat$ himself to ! mo/ rigid correctness1 bo? ( ?\ght & ( language4 ,he 0 suffici5tly provid$ ) ! res\rces ( ! ma!matics1 to be enabl$ to pursue ) success pr(\nd enquiries 9 me*anical & optical philosophy1 ! results ( :i* enabl$ him to unfold ! causes ( ph5om5a n be=e und]/ood1 & to enri* ! arts connect$ ) ^? sci5ces1 by ! inv5tion ( +5i\s & valuable in/rum5ts4 ,9 ,*emi/ry1 he 0 di/+ui%$ by ! extreme nicety & delicacy ( 8 obs]vations2 by ! quickness & precision ) :i* he m>k$ resemblances & discrim9at$ diff]5ces2 ! sagacity ) :i* he devis$ exp]im5ts & anticipat$ _! results2 & ! skill ) :i* he execut$ ! analysis ( fragm5ts ( new sub/ances1 (t5 s m9ute z to be sc>cely p]ceptible by ord9>y eyes4 ,he 0 rem>kable1 too1 = ! caution ) :i* he advanc$ f facts to g5]al conclusions3 a caution :i*1 if x sometimes prev5t$ him f rea*+ at once to ! mo/ sublime tru?s1 yet r5d]$ e /ep ( 8 asc5t a secure /ation1 f :i* x 0 easy to rise to high] & m enl>g$ inductions4 ,?us ^! illu/ri\s m51 ?\gh diff]+ ess5tially 9 _! natural p[]s & acquir$ habits1 & mov+1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 9 diff]5t pa?s1 contribut$ to accompli% ! same great ends--! evolv+ new elem5ts2 ! comb9+ matt] into new =ms2 ! increase ( human happ9ess by ! improvem5t ( ! arts ( civiliz$ life2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]al laws1 t w s]ve to guide o!r philosoph]s onw>ds1 ?r\gh va/ & unexplor$ regions ( sci5tific discov]y4 #abe ,mr4 ,babbage consid]s x z a great mi/ake to suppose t ,dr4 ,wolla/on's microscopic accuracy dep5d$ ^u ! extraord9>y acut5ess ( ! bodily s5ses2 a circum/ance1 he says1 :i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld add b little to 8 philosophical "*4 ,he is incl9$ to view x 9 a f> diff]5t light1 & to see 9 x "o ( ! natural results ( ! precision ( 8 k & ( ! admirable tra9+ ( 8 intellectual faculties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my hi/ory draws t[>ds a conclusion4--,sir ,humphry ,davy1 dur+ ! latt] days ( 8 life1 0 *e]$ by ! society & affectionate att5tions ( 8 godson1 ! son ( 8 old fri5d ,mr4 ,james ,tob94#abf ,he _h be5 ! companion ( 8 travels1 & he 0 ! solace ( 8 decl9+ h\rs4 #abf ,?is ine/imable man di$ on 8 plantation at ,nevis1 on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #ahad1 9 ! =ty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age4 ,he _h be5 resid5t = "s mon?s at ,rome1 :]e he occupi$ ! second floor ( a h\se 9 ,via di ,pietra1 a /reet t leads out ( ! ,corso4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 he decl9$ receiv+ any visitors1 & _h con/antly "s "o by 8 side read+ light works ( int]e/ to him1 an amusem5t :i* 0 ev5 cont9u$ dur+ 8 meals4 ,z soon z ! acc\nt ( ,sir ,humphry hav+ su/a9$ ano!r p>alytic seizure 0 communicat$ to ,lady ,davy1 :o 0 9 ,london at ! "t1 %e imm$iately set (f1 & s rapidly 0 h] j\rney p]=m$1 t %e rea*$ ,rome 9 little m ?an twelve days4 ,dr4 ,john ,davy1 also1 ha/5$ f ,malta1 on receiv+ intellig5ce ( 8 bro!r's imm95t dang]4 ,dur+ 8 sl[ & p>tial recov]y f ?is seizure1 he le>nt ! circum/ance ( 8 "n hav+ be5 introduc$ into p>liam5t>y proce$+s1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,m>* #ahbi1 on pres5t+ a petition 9 fav\r ( ! ,ca?olic claims f a v great & mo/ respectable meet+ at ,ed9burgh1 ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 aft] hav+ m5tion$ ! "n ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott z be+ at ! head ( ! petition]s1 cont9u$ ?us3--,al?\gh n p]t95t to ?is petition1 yet connect$ ) ! cause1 ,i indulge 9 ! melan*oly pleasure ( add+ to ! fir/ "n 9 ,briti% lit]ature ! fir/ "n 9 ,briti% sci5ce--t ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,?\gh on a sick-b$ at ,rome1 he 0 n s absorb$ by 8 suff]+s z n to feel & express ! gl[ ( joy t %ot across 8 he>t at ! glad tid+s ( ! introduction ( a bill :i* he hail$ z alike hon\rable to 8 religion & 8 c\ntry4 ,i am assur$ t ! la/ m>k ( satisfaction :i* he ev9c$ f any intellig5ce communicat$ to him 0 on read+ ! above passage4 ,he %[$ a pleasure unusual 9 8 /ate ( languor at ! ju/ice ?us done1 9 ! face ( 8 c\ntry1 to 8 consi/5cy1 to 8 zeal = religion & lib]ty1 & to ! g5]\s s5tim5ts :i* *e]$ 8 debility4 ,! m>ks ( 8 pleasure 7 obs]v$ by ^? :o 7 br\ght mo/ ne> to him by ! p]=mance ( e k9d (fice4 ,al?\gh !re appe>$ "s fa9t indications ( reviv+ p[]1 8 mo/ sangu9e fri5ds sc>cely v5tur$ to indulge a hope t 8 life w\ld be mu* long] protract$4 ,nor did he himself expect x4 ,! expressions 9 8 ,w 7pr9t$ 9 an ,app5dix7 suffici5tly te/ify ! op9ion he _h = "s "t ent]ta9$ ( ! hopelessness ( 8 case4 ,9 addition to ?is ,w1 he left a pap] ( directions1 :i* h be5 religi\sly obs]v$ by 8 wid[4 ,he desires1 = in/ance1 t ! int]e/ aris+ f a hundr$ p\nds /ock may be annually paid to ! ,ma/] ( ! ,p5zance ,gramm> ,s*ool1 on condition t ! boys may h a holiday on 8 bir?day4#abg ,!re is some?+ s+ul>ly int]e/+ 9 ?is fav\rable recollection ( 8 native t[n1 & ( ! associations ( 8 e>ly y\?4 ,x adds "o m example to %[ t1 :atev] may h be5 our de/9ies1 & h[ev] =tune may h *ang$ our conditions1 :]e ! he>t rema9s uncorrupt$1 we %all1 z ! _w closes ^u u1 fix our imag9ations ^u ! simplicities ( our y\?1 & be *e]$ & w>m$ by ! remembrance ( e>ly pleasures1 hall[$ by feel+s ( reg>d = ! memory ( ^? :o h long s9ce slept 9 ! grave4 #abg ,i und]/& t ! pres5t ,ma/]1 ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,morris1 has express$ 8 int5tion to apply ! above sum to pur*as+ a m$al1 :i* he int5ds to be/[ z a ,prize to ! mo/ m]itori\s s*ol>4 ,) t re/lessness :i* *>act]ises ! disease "u :i* ,sir ,humphry ,davy suff]$1 he became extremely desir\s ( quitt+ ,rome1 & ( e/abli%+ himself at ,g5eva4 ,8 fri5ds 7 naturally anxi\s to gratify e wi%2 & ,lady ,davy k9dly prec$$ him on ! j\rney1 9 ord] t %e might at ea* /age make arrangem5ts = 8 com=table reception4 ,ap>tm5ts 7 prep>$ = him at ,l',hotel de la ,c\ronne1 9 ! ,rue du ,rhone2 & at ?ree o'clock on ! #bh? ( ,may1 hav+ slept ! prec$+ ev5+ at ,*amb]y1 he arriv$ at ,g5eva1 accompani$ by 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,tob91 & 8 s]vant4 ,at f\r o'clock he d9$1 ate he>tily1 0 unusually *e]ful1 & jok$ ) ! wait] ab\t ! cook]y ( ! fi%1 :i* he appe>$ p>ticul>ly to admire2 & he desir$ t1 z long z he rema9$ at ! hotel1 he might be daily suppli$ ) e possible v>iety t ! lake af=d$4 ,he drank tea at elev51 & hav+ direct$ t ! fea!r-b$ %\ld be remov$1 retir$ to re/ at twelve4 ,8 s]vant1 :o slept 9 a b$ p>allel to 8 own1 9 ! same alcove1 0 h[ev] v %ortly call$ to att5d him1 & he desir$ t 8 bro!r might be summon$4 ,i am in=m$ t1 on ,dr4 ,davy's ent]+ ! room1 he said1 ,i am dy+1 or words to t effect2 & :5 x is all ov]1 ,i desire t no di/urbance ( any k9d may be made 9 ! h\se2 lock ! door1 & let e "o retire quietly to 8 ap>tm5t4 ,he expir$ at a qu>t] be=e ?ree o'clock1 )\t a /ruggle4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 8 fri5ds ,sismondi#abh & ,de ,c&olle 7 s5t =2 & ! ,syndics1 z soon z ! circum/ance ( 8 dea? 0 communicat$ to !m1 gave directions = a public fun]al on ! ,monday2 at :i* ! magi/rates1 ! pr(essors1 ! ,engli% resid5ts at ,g5eva1 & su* inhabitants z desir$ x1 7 invit$ to att5d4 ,! c]emony 0 ord]$ to be conduct$ aft] ! cu/om ( ,g5eva1 :i* is always on foot--no he>se2 nor did a s+le c>riage att5d4 ,! cemet]y is at ,pla9-,palais1 "s little di/ance out ( ! walls ( ! t[n4 ,! ,c\ronne be+ at ! opposite extremity1 ! procession 0 long4 #abh ,simond de ,sismondi1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,italian ,republic4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! ord] ( ! procession3--#abi #abi ,= ^! p>ticul>s ,i am indebt$ to ,sir ,eg]ton ,brydges4 ,! ,two ,syndics1 79 _! robes7 ,m4 ,,ma/[1 ,m4 ,,gallat94 ,magi/rates ( ! ,republic1 ,m4 ,,fazio1 ,m4 ,,sallad94 ,pr(essors ( ! ,college1 9 _! robes1 ,,mm4 ,simond de ,sismondi--,a4 de ,c&olle4 ,,! ,,engli%4 ,"l ,,egl+ton1 ,"l ,,tw$ell1 ,"r ,hon4 ,,wm4 ,,wyckham1 ,capt4 ,,ar*ibald ,,hamilton1 ,mr4 ,,campbell1 ,mr4 ,,franks1 ,,wm4 ,,hamilton1 ,esq41 ,ex-,ambassador at ,naples4 ,sir ,,eg]ton ,,brydges1 ,b>t4 ,colonel ,,alcock1 ,capta9 ,,sw9t]s1 ,mr4 ,,alcock1 ,mr4 ,,drew1 ,mr4 ,,heywood1 ,mr4 ,,sitwell1 c4 ,! ,/ud5ts ( ! ,college4 ,! ,citiz5s ( ,g5eva4 ,! ,engli% s]vice 0 p]=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,john ,mag]s1 ( ,que5's ,college1 & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,burgess4 ,! grave 0 /at$ 9 ! public pr9ts to be next to t ( 8 fri5d ! late ,pr(essor ,m4 ,a4 ,pictet3 ?is is n ! fact4 ,x is f> away f x1 on ! second l9e ( ,no4 #bi1 ! f\r? grave f ! end ( ! we/ side ( ! ,cemet]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,humphry ,davy hav+ di$ )\t issue1 8 b>onetcy has become ext9ct4 ,at pres5t1 ! only memorial rais$ to commemorate ! "n ( ?is di/+ui%$ philosoph] is a ,tablet plac$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey by 8 wid[4 ,x is ?us inscrib$3-- ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 ,,b>onet2 ,,di/+ui%$ ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,_w ,,by ,,8 ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,*emical ,,sci5ce4 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france4 ,,born #ag ,,decemb] #aggh1 ,,at ,,p5zance4 ,,di$ #bh ,,may #ahbi1 ,,at ,,g5eva1 ,,:]e ,,8 ,,rema9s ,,are ,,int]r$4 ,! num]\s sci5tific societies ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 w1 no d\bt1 consecrate 8 memory4 ,an eloqu5t ,eloge has be5 read by ,b>on ,cuvi] be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,france2 b x has n yet be5 publi%$3 ,i h obta9$1 h[ev]1 a copy ( a spee* deliv]$ ^u ! same occasion1 by ,h4 ,c4 ,van d] ,boon ,mes*1 be=e ! ,in/itute ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t1 8 e>ly fri5d & patron1 has likewise paid to 8 memory a j & appropriate te/imony ( respect & admiration1 9 an address f ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! inhabitants ( ,p5zance & its neighb\rhood1 animat$ by feel+s ( hon\rable pride & /rong local atta*m5t1 w %ortly1 x is und]/ood1 raise a pyramid ( massive granite to 8 memory1 on "o ( ^? elevat$ spots ( sil5ce & solitude1 :]e he delight$ 9 8 boyi% days to commune ) ! elem5ts1 & :]e ! ,_s ( ,nature m\ld$ 8 g5ius 9 "o ( h] wilde/ moods4 ,z yet1 no int5tion on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t to commemorate ?is great philosoph]1 by ! erection ( a national monum5t1 has be5 manife/$3 = ! cr$it1 h[ev]1 ( an age :i* is s cont9ually di/+ui%$ z ! mo/ enlight5$ p]iod 9 our hi/ory1 ,i d hope ! disgrace ( su* an omission may pass f u2 al?\gh1 ,i confess1 x is r to be wi%$ ?an expect$1 :5 x is rememb]$ t n a ni*e has be5 grac$ by ! /atue ( ,watt1 :ile ! giant iron *ildr5 ( 8 inv5tive g5ius are s]v+ mank9d 9 e qu>t] ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,a v errone\s impression w\ld seem to exi/ ) reg>d to ! object & importance ( su* monum5ts4 ,!y are n to hon\r ! dead1 b to improve ! liv+2 n to give lu/re to ! philosoph]1 b to af=d a salut>y inc5tive to ! disciple2 n to p]petuate discov]ies1 = !y c nev] be lo/2 b to animate sci5tific g5ius1 & to engage x ^u objects t may be useful to ! commonweal?4 ,let x be rememb]$1 t ! ard\r ( ! ,roman y\? 0 k9dl$ into active emulation1 :5ev] !y beheld ! images ( _! ance/ors4 ,nam spe audivi1 ,q4 ,maximum1 ,p4 ,scipionem1 prt]ea civitatis no/r prcl>os viros1 solitos ita dic]e1 cm majorum imag9es intu]5tur1 vehem5tissim sibi animum ad virtutem acc5di4 ,scilicet non c]am illam1 neque figuram tantam vim 9 sese hab]e2 s$ memori r]um ge/>um eam flammam egregiis viris 9 pectore cresc]e1 neque prius s$>i1 qum virtus eorum famam atque gloriam adquav]it4#acj #acj ,sallu/4 ,bell4 ,jugur?4 ,! fame ( su* a philosoph] z ,davy c nev] be exalt$ by any frail memorial :i* man c raise4 ,8 monum5t is 9 ! great ,temple ( ,nature4#aca ,8 *ronicl]s are ,"t & ! ,elem5ts4 ,! de/ructive ag5ts :i* r$uce to du/ ! /ori$ urn1 ! m>ble /atue1 & ! t[]+ pyramid1 7 ! m9i/]s ( 8 p[]1 & _! "w ( decomposition is a p]petual memorial ( 8 intellig5ce4 #aca ,greek3 ,&rn g> epiphann pasa g taphos1 kai ou /ln monon en t oikeia sma9ei epigraph1 alla kai en t m prosk\s agraphos mnm p>' heka/ ts gnms mallon t\ erg\ endiaitatai4--,?ucydides1 ,b4 #dc4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*emical ,,sci5ce1 ,,) ,a ,,view ,,to ,,exhibit ,,! ,,revolutions ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,its ,,doctr9es ,,by ,,! ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,! rapidity ) :i* *emical op9ions h ris5 into notice1 fl\ri%$ = a :ile1 & !n fall5 into disrepute1 to be succe$$ by o!rs equally prec>i\s 9 _! t5ure & ephem]al 9 _! popul>ity1 are circum/ances :i* ! sup]ficial reason] has ev] deplor$1 & ! ,scioli/ z con/antly conv]t$ into argum5ts aga9/ ! s\ndness ( ! sci5ce :i* produc$ !m4 ,! leaves ( a season w spr\t1 exp&1 & )]2 & ! dry foliage w be pu%$ (f by ! propulsion ( new buds2 b ?is la/ *ange is n effect$ 9 !m1 until !y h absorb$ ! light & dews ( heav5 = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plant t bore !m2 & :5 ev5 !y %all h fall5 to ! e>?1 !y w f>!r supply its spread+ roots ) fre% soil = its future gr[? & heal?y developem5t2 & ent]+ into new comb9ations1 w re-appe> 9 ! same tree "u fre% =ms ( usefulness & symmetry4 ,9 l mann]1 *emical !ories are b = a season2 !y are no?+ m ?an g5]al expressions ( kn[n facts2 !y may delight by _! +5uity1 z vegetable =ms captivate by _! beauty1 b _! real & sub/antial use is to ext5d sci5ce2 & z facts accumulate "u _! op]ation1 !y mu/ give way to o!rs bett] adapt$ to ! increas$ gr[? & expansion ( k2 nor does ! utility ( !ories cease ) _! rejection1--!y af=d objects ( analogy & comp>ison :i* assi/ ! philosoph] 9 8 progress to tru?1 :ile _! elem5ts furni% mat]ials = future arrangem5ts4 ,7 x o!rwise1 we %\ld behold sci5ce 9 its advancem5t z a %apeless mass1 enl>g+ by con/ant appositions1 b )\t a s+le sign ( gr[? or inw>d sympa?y4 ,if *emical !ories h und]gone m rapid & frequ5t *anges ?an ^? ( o!r bran*es1 ! circum/ance has aris5 f ! rapid mann] 9 :i* new & important facts h be5 successively add$ to ! g5]al /ore4 ,:atev] may be ! vices attribut$ to ,*emi/ry on su* occasions1 !y h belong$ to ! philosoph]s engag$ 9 its pursuit1 & are no evid5ce ( ! frailty ( ! sci5ce itself2 & "h x mu/ be admitt$1 t !re exi/s 9 "o portion ( mank9d a self-love :i* _c pati5tly submit to a *ange ( op9ions ( :i* !y are ei!r ! au?ors or def5d]s1 :ile 9 ano!r !re pr$om9ates a timidity :i* naturally leads !m1 amid/ ! /orm ( controv]sy1 to cl+ to ! wreck ( a %att]$ !ory1 r ?an to tru/ !mselves to a new & untri$ b>k4 ,9 our review ( ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 we h frequ5tly to witness h[ ! wise/ philosoph] has /ra9$ tru?1 = ! support ( a fav\rite doctr9e1 & measur$ & accommodat$ facts to !ory1 in/ead ( adapt+ !ories to facts--b ?is vice does n belong exclusively to *emical philosoph]s4 ,huyg5s1 ! celebrat$ ,dut* ,a/ronom]1 f "s imag9>y prop]ty 9 ! numb] six1 hav+ discov]$ "o ( ,saturn's moons1 absolutely decl9$ look+ = any m1 m]ely because t "o1 :5 add$ to ! f\r moons ( ,jupit]1 & to ! "o belong+ to ! ,e>?1 made up ! requir$ numb]4 ,su* reflections naturally arise on view+1 ) a philosophic eye1 ! progress & modifications ( *emical op9ions2 & x is ess5tial t !y %\ld be duly appreciat$ ^u ! pres5t occasion2 =1 be=e any j e/imate c be =m$ ( ! tal5ts & s]vices ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 we mu/ ?or\ghly consid]1 9 all _! be>+s & relations1 ! v>i\s prejudices ) :i* he _h to cont5d 9 8 ef=ts to modify a gigantic !ory1 :i* enjoy$ an unre/ra9$ dom9ion 9 ! *emical _w1 & = _m ye>s cont9u$ to be ! pride ( ,france & ! admiration ( ,europe4 ,x w\ld be q =eign to ! plan ( ?is sket*1#acb :i* ! read] mu/ consid] z :olly subs]vi5t to ! object t has be5 ann\nc$1 to enquire h[ f> ! anci5ts1 9 _! metallurgical processes1 c be said to h ex]cis$ ! arts ( *emi/ry4 ,equally va9 w\ld x be to ent] into a hi/ory ( t sy/em ( delusion & impo/ure1 s long practis$ "u ! d5om9ation ( ,al*ymy4 ,x is only necess>y to consid] ,*emi/ry 9 its dignifi$ & purely sci5tific =m2 & we h only to notice ^? comm&+ discov]ies & op9ions :i* l$ to ! developem5t ( t sy/em1 :i* ! g5ius ( ,davy 0 de/9$ to modify4 #acb ,?is hi/orical sket* has no pret5sions to orig9ality4 ,x is compil$ f ! be/ au?ors1 & f ! ,introduction to ,sir ,h4 ,davy's ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy4 ,! orig9 ( ,*emi/ry1 z a sci5ce1 _c be dat$ f>!r back ?an ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & ,bec*]1 ! contempor>y ( ,boyle1 :o 0 born at ,spires 9 #afce1 0 unque/ionably ! fir/ to con/ruct any ?+ l a g5]al !ory4 ,he =m$ ! bold idea ( expla9+ ! :ole sy/em ( ! e>? by ! mutual ag5cy & *anges ( a few elem5ts4 ,& by suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( a vitrifiable1 a metallic1 & an inflammable e>?1 he attempt$ to acc\nt = ! v>i\s productions ( rocks1 cry/all9e bodies1 & metallic ve9s1 assum+ a cont9ual int]*ange ( pr9ciples betwe5 ! atmosph]e1 ! ocean1 & ! solid surface ( ! globe1 & consid]+ ! op]ations ( nature z all capable ( be+ imitat$ by art4 ,alb]tus ,magnus _h advanc$ ! op9ion t ! metals 7 e>?y sub/ances impregnat$ ) a c]ta9 inflammable pr9ciple2 b ,bec*] support$ ! idea ( ?is pr9ciple n only z ! cause ( metallization1 b likewise ( combu/ibility4 ,/ahl1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y m5 t ,g]many ev] produc$1 hav+ adopt$ & amplifi$ ?is !ory1 c>ri$ (f ! entire cr$it ( be+ its f\nd]1 & x is univ]sally spok5 ( z ! ,/ahlian ,!ory4 ,?is !ory =ms s important a feature 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry1 & s long ma9ta9$ its asc5d5cy 9 ! s*ools1 t x w be necess>y to give ! read] a %ort summ>y ( its pr9ciples4 ,x assum$ t all combu/ible bodies are comp\nds3 "o ( ! con/itu5ts be+ volatile1 & !re=e easily dissipat$ dur+ ! act ( combu/ion2 :ile ! o!r1 be+ fix$1 con/antly rema9$ z ! residue ( ! process4 ,?is volatile pr9ciple1 = :i* ,/ahl inv5t$ ! t]m ,phlogi/on1 0 consid]$ z be+ id5tical 9 e species ( combu/ible matt]2 9 %ort1 x 0 suppos$ t !re 0 b "o pr9ciple ( combu/ibility 9 nature1 & t 0 ! imag9>y phantom ,phlogi/on1 :i* = ne>ly a c5tury possess$ ! s*ools ( ,europe1 &1 l an evil _s1 cross$ ! pa? ( ! philosoph] at e /ep1 & by its trea*]\s gl>e allur$ him f ! /eady pursuit ( tru?2 =1 :e!r a sub/ance 7 combu/ible or n1 its nature c\ld nev] be inve/igat$ )\t a ref]5ce to its suppos$ relations ) ,phlogi/on2 its pres5ce1 or its abs5ce1 0 suppos$ to /amp a "* ^u all bodies1 & to occasion all ! *anges :i* !y und]go4 ,h5ce *emi/ry & combu/ion came to be 9 "s measure id5tifi$2 & a !ory ( combu/ion 0 consid]$ ! same ?+ z a !ory ( *emi/ry4 ,! id5tity ( ,phlogi/on 9 all combu/ible bodies 0 f\nd$ ^u obs]vations & exp]im5ts ( s decisive a nature1 t aft] ! exi/5ce ( ! pr9ciple itself 0 admitt$1 !y c\ld n fail to be satisfactory4 ,:5 phosphorus is made to burn1 x gives out a /rong flame1 mu* heat is evolv$1 & ! phosphorus is dissipat$ 9 fumes1 :i*1 if prop]ly collect$1 w quickly absorb moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 & produce an acid liquid kn[n by ! "n ( phosphoric acid4 ,phosphorus !n mu/ consi/1 say ! ,/ahlians1 ( ,phlogi/on & ?is acid4 ,aga9--,if ?is liquid be evaporat$ to a dry sub/ance1 mix$ ) a quantity ( *>coal p[d]1 & !n heat$ 9 a vessel f :i* ! ext]nal air is exclud$1 a portion1 or ! :ole ( ! *>coal w disappe>1 & phosphorus w be reproduc$1 possess+ all ! prop]ties t x _h be=e x 0 subject$ to combu/ion4 ,9 ?is case1 x 0 suppos$ t ! *>coal re/or$ ! phlogi/on4 ,!re 0 mu* plausibility 9 all ?is1 z well z 9 ! reason+ :i* foll[$4 ,s9ce we may employ1 ) equal success1 any k9d ( combu/ible body = ! purpose ( *ang+ phosphoric acid into phosphorus1 su* z lamp-black1 sug>1 res91 or ev5 sev]al ( ! metals1 x 0 conclud$ t all su* bodies conta9 a common pr9ciple :i* !y communicate to ! phosphoric acid2 & s9ce ! new body =m$ is 9 all cases id5tical1 ! pr9ciple communicat$ mu/ also be id5tical4 ,h5ce combu/ible bodies conta9 an id5tical pr9ciple1 & ?is pr9ciple is ,phlogi/on4 ,! same !ory appli$ ) equal =ce to ! burn+ ( sulphur & sev]al ( ! metals1 & to _! reconv]sion by combu/ible bodies4 ,:5 lead is kept ne>ly at a r$-heat 9 ! op5 air = "s "t1 x is conv]t$ into a pigm5t call$ r$ lead2 ?is is a calx ( lead4 ,to re/ore ?is calx aga9 to metallic lead1 x is only necess>y to heat x 9 contact ) almo/ any combu/ible matt]2 all ^! bodies !re=e mu/ conta9 "o common pr9ciple1 :i* !y communicat$ to ! r$ lead1 & by s do+ reconv]t$ x to ! /ate ( metal4 ,metals !n 7 reg>d$ z comp\nds ( calces & phlogi/on4 ,?us f> ! !ory works glibly en\gh2 b n[ comes a />tl+ fact1 :i* 0 long unnotic$ by ! bl9d adh]5ts ( ,/ahl1 or1 if notic$1 int5tionally ov]look$4 ,x 0 obs]v$ v e>ly1 t :5 a metal 0 conv]t$ into a calx1 its weight 0 increas$4 ,:5 ?is difficulty fir/ =c$ itself ^u ! att5tion ( ! ,phlogi/ians1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld ei!r expla9 x1 or at once ab&on _! !ory4 ,!y accord+ly endeav\r$ to evade ! difficulty1 n only by ass]t+ t phlogi/on _h no weight1 b t x 0 actually end[$ ) a pr9ciple ( levity4 ,x 0 n possible1 h[ev]1 t any rational notions %\ld h be5 ent]ta9$ ^u ! subject ( combu/ion1 at a p]iod :5 ! composition ( ! atmosph]e ev5 0 unkn[n4 ,let u !re=e foll[ ! /ream ( discov]y1 skimm+ ! surface m]ely1 z x fl[$ onw>d t[>ds q a new field ( sci5ce--,pneumatic ,*emi/ry4 ,boyle & ,hooke1 :o _h improv$ ! air-pump inv5t$ by ,otto de ,gu]icke1 ( ,mad5burgh1 fir/ us$ ?is app>atus = inve/igat+ ! prop]ties ( air2 & !y conclud$ f _! exp]im5ts t air 0 absolutely necess>y to combu/ion & respiration1 & t "o "p ( x only 0 employ$ 9 ^! processes2 & ,hooke =m$ ! sagaci\s conclusion1 t ?is pr9ciple is ! same z ! sub/ance fix$ 9 nitre1 & t combu/ion is a *emical process1 ! solution ( ! burn+ body 9 ela/ic fluid1 or its union ) ?is matt]4 ,may[1 ( ,ox=d1 9 #afgd1 publi%$ 8 treatises on ! ,nitro-arial _s1 9 :i* he advanc$ op9ions simil> to ^? ( ,boyle & ,hooke1 & support$ !m by a numb] ( orig9al & curi\s exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,hales1 ab\t #agbd1 resum$ ! inve/igations comm5c$ ) s mu* success by ,boyle1 ,hooke1 & ,may[2 & endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! *emical relations ( air to o!r sub/ances1 & to asc]ta9 by /ati/ical exp]im5ts ! cases 9 nature1 9 :i* x is absorb$ or emitt$4 ,he obta9$ a numb] ( curi\s & important results2 he dis5gag$ ela/ic fluids f v>i\s sub/ances1 & drew ! conclusion1 t air 0 a *emical elem5t 9 _m comp\nd bodies1 & t flame result$ f ! action & reaction ( arial & sulphur\s p>ticles2 b all 8 reason+s 7 contam9at$ ) ! notion ( "o elem5t>y pr9ciple con/itut+ ela/ic matt]1 & modifi$ 9 its prop]ties by ! effluvia ( solid or fluid bodies4 ,! light ( ,pneumatic sci5ce :i* _h dawn$ "u ,hooke1 ,may[1 & ,hales1 bur/ =? 9 spl5d\r "u ! asc5d5cy ( t con/ellation ( ,briti% sci5ce1 ,black1 ,cav5di%1 & ,prie/ley4 ,9 #agef1 ,dr4 ,black publi%$ 8 rese>*es on calc>e\s1 magnesian1 & alkal9e sub/ances1 by :i* he prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a gase\s body1 p]fectly di/9ct f ! air ( ! atmosph]e4 ,he %[$1 t quick-lime diff]$ f m>ble & *alk by n conta9+ ?is sub/ance1 :i* he prov$ to be a weak acid1 capable ( be+ expell$ f alkal9e & e>?y bodies by /rong] acids4 ,z no?+ is m in/ructive ?an to enquire into ! circum/ances :i* h l$ to a great discov]y1 ,i quote ) pleasure ! foll[+ passage f ,dr4 ,?omson's ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry4 ,x 0 ! good =tune ( *emical sci5ce t1 at ?is "t 7#agea71 ! op9ions ( pr(essors 7 divid$ conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 li?on?riptic m$ic9es1 p>ticul>ly lime-wat]1 act$ 9 alleviat+ ! excruciat+ pa9s ( ! /one & gravel4 ,! /ud5ts usually p>take ( su* diff]5ces ( op9ion3 !y are !reby animat$ to m s]i\s /udy1 & sci5ce ga9s by _! emulation4 ,all ! m$ic9es :i* 7 !n 9 vogue z solv5ts ( calculi _h a great] or less resemblance to cau/ic pota% or soda2 sub/ances s acrid1 :5 9 a conc5trat$ /ate1 t 9 a %ort "t !y r$uce ! fle%y p>ts ( ! animal body to a m]e pulp4 ,!y all seem$ to d]ive _! efficacy f quick-lime1 :i* aga9 d]iv$ its p[] f ! fire4 ,x 0 !re=e v natural = !m to ascribe its p[] to igne\s matt] imbib$ f ! fire1 reta9$ by ! lime1 & communicat$ by x to alkalies :i* x r5d]s p[]fully acrid4 ,x appe>s f ,dr4 ,black's note-books1 t he orig9ally ent]ta9$ ! op9ion1 t cau/ic alkalies acquir$ igne\s matt] f quick-lime4 ,9 "o ( !m1 he h9ts at "s way ( cat*+ ?is matt] z x escapes f lime1 :ile x becomes mild by exposure to ! air2 b on ! opposite blank page is writt51 ',no?+ escapes--! cup rises consid]ably by absorb+ air4' ,a few pages fur!r on1 he comp>es ! loss ( weight su/a9$ by an ounce ( *alk :5 calc9$1 ) its loss :ile dissolv$ 9 muriatic acid4 ,^! exp]im5ts laid op5 ! :ole my/]y1 z appe>s by ano!r memor&um4 ',:5 ,i precipitate lime by a common alkali1 !re is no eff]vesc5ce3 ! air quits ! alkali = ! lime2 b x is lime no long]1 b c4 c4 c3 x n[ eff]vesces1 :i* good lime w n4'--,:at a multitude ( important consequ5ces naturally fl[$ f ?is discov]y6 ,he n[ knew to :at ! cau/icity ( alkalies is ow+1 & h[ to induce x1 or remove x1 at pleasure4 ,! common notion 0 entirely rev]s$4 ,lime imp>ts no?+ to ! alkalies2 x only removes f !m a peculi> k9d ( air 7c>bonic acid gas7 ) :i* !y 7 comb9$1 & :i* prev5t$ _! natural cau/ic prop]ties f be+ develop$4 ,all ! =m] my/]ies disappe>1 & ! greate/ simplicity appe>s 9 ^? op]ations ( nature :i* be=e appe>$ s intricate & obscure4 ,dr4 ,?omson aft]w>ds obs]ves1--,! discov]y :i* ,dr4 ,black _h made1 t m>ble is a comb9ation ( lime & a peculi> sub/ance1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( fix$ air1 began gradually to attract ! att5tion ( *emi/s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x 0 natural1 9 ! fir/ place1 to exam9e ! nature & prop]ties ( ?is fix$ air1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* x is g5]at$4 ,x may seem /range & unacc\ntable t ,dr4 ,black did n ent] ) ard\r into ?is new c>e] :i* he _h himself op5$1 & t he all[$ o!rs to reap ! corn aft] hav+ himself s[n ! gra94 ,yet he did take "s /eps t[>ds asc]ta9+ ! prop]ties ( fix$ air2 ?\gh ,i am n c]ta9 :at progress he made4 ,he knew t a c&le w\ld n burn 9 x1 & t x is de/ructive to life1 :5 any liv+ animal attempts to brea! x4 ,he knew t x is =m$ 9 ! lungs dur+ ! brea?+ ( animals1 & t x is g5]at$ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( w9e & be]4 ,:e!r he 0 aw>e t x possesses ! prop]ties ( an acid1 ,i d n "k2 ?\gh ) ! k :i* he possess$ t x comb9es ) alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 & neutralizes !m1 or at lea/ blunts & dim9i%es _! alkal9e prop]ties1 ! conclusion t x p>took ( acid prop]ties 0 sc>cely avoidable4 ,all ^!1 & probably "s o!r prop]ties ( fix$ air1 he 0 9 ! con/ant habit ( /at+ 9 8 lectures f ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 academical c>e]2 ?\gh1 z he nev] publi%$ any ?+ on ! subject himself1 x is n possible to "k exactly h[ f> 8 k ( ! prop]ties ( fix$ air ext5d$4 ,! olde/ manuscript copy ( 8 lectures t ,i h se5 0 tak5 d[n 9 writ+ 9 ! ye> #aggc2 & be=e t "t ,mr4 ,cav5di% _h publi%$ 8 pap] on fix$ air & hydrog5 gas1 & _h detail$ ! prop]ties ( ea*4 ,x 0 impossible f ! manuscript ( ,dr4 ,black's lectures1 to "k :i* ( ! prop]ties ( fix$ air /at$ by him 7 discov]$ by himself1 & :i* 7 tak5 f ,mr4 ,cav5di%4 ,an idea s novel & important z t ( an air possess+ prop]ties q diff]5t f t ( ! atmosph]e1 exi/+ 9 a fix$ & solid /ate 9 v>i\s bodies1 0 n receiv$ )\t d\bt1 & ev5 opposition4 ,sev]al ,g]man enquir]s endeav\r$ to controv]t x4 ,mey] attempt$ to %[ t lime/one became cau/ic1 n by ! emission ( ela/ic matt]1 b by comb9+ ) a peculi> sub/ance 9 ! fire2 ! loss ( weight1 h[ev]1 0 :olly inconsi/5t ) su* a view ( ! "q3 & ,b]gman at ,upsal1 ,macbride 9 ,irel&1 ,keir at ,birm+ham1 & ,cav5di% 9 ,london1 fully demon/rat$ ! tru? ( ! op9ion ( ,black1 & a few ye>s 7 suffici5t to e/abli% 8 !ory ^u an immutable f\ndation1 & to op5 a new road to mo/ important discov]ies4 ,! k ( "o ela/ic fluid1 entirely diff]5t 9 its prop]ties f air1 v naturally sugge/$ ! probability ( ! exi/5ce ( o!rs4 ,! processes ( f]m5tation :i* _h be5 obs]v$ by ! anci5t *emi/s1 & ^? by :i* ,hales _h dis5gag$ & collect$ ela/ic sub/ances1 7 n[ reg>d$ "u a novel po9t ( view2 & ! consequ5ce 01 t a numb] ( new bodies1 possess$ ( v extraord9>y prop]ties1 7 discov]$4 ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 ab\t ! ye> #agfe1 inv5t$ an app>atus = exam9+ ela/ic fluids conf9$ by wat]1 :i* has s9ce be5 call$ ! hydro-pneumatic app>atus4 ,he discov]$ inflammable air1 & describ$ its prop]ties2 he asc]ta9$ ! relative weights ( fix$ air1 inflammable air1 & common air1 & made a numb] ( beautiful & accurate exp]im5ts on ! prop]ties ( ^! ela/ic sub/ances4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 9 #agga1 ent]$ ! same pa? ( enquiry2 & pr9cipally by repeat+ ! processes ( ,hales1 add$ a numb] ( mo/ important facts to ?is dep>tm5t ( *emical philosophy4 ,he discov]$ nitr\s air1 nitr\s oxide1 & dephlogi/icat$ air1 7oxyg57 & by sub/itut+ m]cury = wat] 9 ! pneumatic app>atus1 asc]ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( sev]al ari=m bodies :i* are rapidly absorbable by wat]2 su* z muriatic acid gas1 sulphur\s acid gas1 & ammonia4 ,s*eele1 indep5d5tly ( ,prie/ley1 also discov]$ sev]al ( ! ari=m bodies2 he asc]ta9$ likewise ! composition ( ! atmosph]e2 he br\ght to light fluoric acid1 prussic acid1 & ! sub/ance :i* he t]m$ dephlogi/icat$ m>9e acid1 ! oxy-muriatic acid ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 & ! *lor9e ( ,davy4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 ! preface to 8 ,*emical ,philosophy1 obs]ves t ,black1 ,cav5di%1 ,prie/ley1 & ,s*eele1 7 und\bt$ly ! greate/ *emical discov]]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 & t _! m]its are di/9ct1 peculi>1 & ( ! mo/ exalt$ k9d4 ,he ?us def9es !m3 ,,black made a small] numb] ( orig9al exp]im5ts ?an ei!r ( ! o!r philosoph]s2 b be+ ! fir/ lab\r] 9 ?is new dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce1 he _h great] difficulties to ov]come4 ,8 me?ods are di/+ui%$ = _! simplicity2 8 reason+s are admirable = _! precision2 & 8 mode/1 cle>1 & unaffect$ mann] is well calculat$ to impress ^u ! m9d a conviction ( ! accuracy ( 8 processes1 & ! tru? & c&\r ( 8 rese>*es4 ,,cav5di% 0 possess$ ( a m9ute k ( mo/ ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,natural ,philosophy3 he c>ri$ into 8 *emical rese>*es a delicacy & precision1 :i* h nev] be5 exce$$3 possess+ dep? & ext5t ( ma!matical k1 he reason$ ) ! caution ( a geomet] ^u ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts2 & x may be said ( him1 :at1 p]haps1 c sc>cely be said ( any o!r p]son1 t :atev] he accompli%$1 0 p]fect at ! mom5t ( its production4 ,8 processes 7 all ( a f9i%$ nature2 execut$ by ! h& ( a ma/]1 !y requir$ no correction2 ! accuracy & beauty ( 8 e>lie/ lab\rs ev5 h rema9$ unimpair$ amid/ ! progress ( discov]y1 & _! m]its h be5 illu/rat$ by discussion & exalt$ by "t4 ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley began 8 c>e] ( discov]y )\t any g5]al k ( *emi/ry1 & ) a v imp]fect app>atus4 ,8 *>act]i/ics 7 ard5t zeal & ! mo/ unwe>i$ indu/ry4 ,he expos$ all ! sub/ances he c\ld procure to *emical ag5cies1 & br\ght =w>d 8 results z !y occurr$1 )\t attempt+ logical me?od or sci5tific arrangem5t4 ,8 hypo!ses 7 usually f\nd$ ^u a few loose analogies2 b he *ang$ !m ) facility2 & be+ fram$ )\t mu* ef=t1 !y 7 rel9qui%$ ) little regret4 ,he possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree +5u\sness & ! love ( tru?4 ,8 manipulations1 ?\gh nev] v ref9$1 7 always simple1 & (t5 +5i\s4 ,*emi/ry owes to him "s ( h] mo/ important in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 & _m ( h] mo/ useful comb9ations2 & no s+le p]son ev] discov]$ s _m new & curi\s sub/ances4 ,,s*eele possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree ! faculty ( inv5tion2 all 8 lab\rs 7 in/itut$ ) an object 9 view1 & aft] happy or bold analogies4 ,he ow$ little to =tune or to accid5tal circum/ances3 born 9 an obscure situation1 occupi$ 9 ! duties ( an irksome employm5t1 no?+ c\ld damp ! ard\r ( 8 m9d1 or *ill ! fire ( 8 g5ius2 ) v small means1 he accompli%$ v great ?+s4 ,no difficulties det]r$ him f submitt+ 8 ideas to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,occasionally misl$ 9 8 views1 9 consequ5ce ( ! imp]fection ( 8 app>atus1 or ! infant /ate ( ! enquiry1 he nev] hesitat$ to give up 8 op9ions ! mom5t !y 7 contradict$ by facts4 ,he 0 em95tly end[$ ) t c&\r :i* is *>act]i/ic ( great m9ds1 & :i* induces !m to rejoice z well 9 ! detection ( _! own errors1 z 9 ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,8 pap]s are admirable models ( ! mann] 9 :i* exp]im5tal rese>* ought to be pursu$2 & !y conta9 details on "s ( ! mo/ important & brilliant ph5om5a ( *emical philosophy4 ,! discov]y ( ! gases1 ( a new class ( bodies m active ?an any o!rs 9 mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( nature & art1 c\ld n fail to modify ! :ole !ory ( *emi/ry1 &1 "u ! g5ius ( ,lavoisi]1 x ultimately l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? new doctr9es1 :i* x is ! pr9cipal object ( ?is hi/ory to exp\nd2 b be=e ?is task c be accompli%$1 x w be necess>y to consid] ! rise & progress ( op9ion conc]n+ *emical attraction1 & heat & light1 s9ce ^! subjects are too intimately int]wov5 ) ! anti-phlogi/ic sy/em to be sep>at$ f any exam9ation ( its pr9ciples4 ,boyle1 says ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 0 "o ( ! mo/ active exp]im5t]s1 & c]ta9ly ! greate/ *emi/ ( 8 age4 ,he introduc$ ! use ( te/s1 or re-ag5ts1 active sub/ances = detect+ ! pres5ce ( o!r bodies3 he ov]turn$ ! ideas :i* at t "t 7 preval5t1 t ! results ( op]ations by fire 7 ! real elem5ts ( ?+s2 & he asc]ta9$ a numb] ( important facts respect+ inflammable bodies1 & alkalies1 & ! ph5om5a ( comb9ation2 b nei!r he nor any ( 8 contempor>ies endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ! *anges ( bodies by any fix$ pr9ciples4 ,! solutions ( ! ph5om5a 7 attempt$ ei!r on rude me*anical notions1 or by occult qualities1 or peculi> subtile spirits or e!rs1 suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! diff]5t bodies4 ,& x is to ! same great g5ius :o develop$ ! laws t regulate ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 t *emi/ry owes ! fir/ di/9ct philosophical elucidations ( ! p[]s :i* produce ! *anges & app>5t transmutations ( ! sub/ances belong+ to ! e>?4 ,sug> dissolves 9 wat]1 alkalies unite ) acids1 metals dissolve 9 acids4 ,is n ?is1 says ,newton1 on acc\nt ( an attraction betwe5 _! p>ticles8 ,copp] dissolv$ 9 aqua =tis is ?r[n d[n by iron4 ,is n ?is because ! p>ticles ( ! iron h a /rong] attraction = ! p>ticles ( ! acid1 ?an ^? ( copp]2 & d n diff]5t bodies attract ea* o!r ) diff]5t degrees ( =ce8 ,9 #agai1 ,ge(froy endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! relative attractive p[]s ( bodies = ea* o!r1 & to arrange !m1 "u ! =m ( a table1 9 an ord] 9 :i* ^! =ces1 :i* he nam$ aff9ities1 7 express$4 ,conc]n+ ! nature ( heat1 !re are two op9ions :i* h ev] divid$ ! *emical _w4 ,! "o consid]s x m]ely z a prop]ty ( matt]1 & t x consi/s 9 an undef9able motion1 or vibration ( its p>ticles2 ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 reg>ds x z a di/9ct & subtile sub/ance1 sui g5]is4 ,ea* ( ^! op9ions has be5 support$ by ! greate/ philosoph]s1 & = a long p]iod ! argum5ts on bo? sides appe>$ equally plausible & =cible4 ,! discov]y ( ,dr4 ,black1 h[ev]1 gave a prepond]ance to ! scale 9 fav\r ( its mat]iality4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,glasg[1 betwe5 ! ye> #agei & #agfc1 says ,dr4 ,?omson1 t he br\ght to maturity ^? speculations conc]n+ ! comb9ation ( heat ) matt]1 :i* _h frequ5tly occupi$ a portion ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,be=e ,dr4 ,black's discov]y1 x 0 univ]sally suppos$ t solids 7 conv]t$ into liquids by a small addition ( heat1 aft] !y h be5 once rais$ to ! melt+ po9t1 & t !y return$ aga9 to ! solid /ate on a v small dim9ution ( ! quantity ( heat necess>y to keep !m at t temp]ature4 ,an att5tive view1 h[ev]1 ( ! ph5om5a ( liquefaction & solidification gradually l$ ?is sagaci\s philosoph] to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,by obs]vations :i* x is unnecess>y to detail1 he became satisfi$ t :5 ice is conv]t$ into wat]1 x unites ) a quantity ( heat1 )\t hav+ its temp]ature increas$2 & t :5 wat] is froz5 into ice1 x gives out a quantity ( heat )\t hav+ x dim9i%$4 ,! heat ?us comb9$1 !n1 is ! cause ( ! fluidity ( ! wat]2 & z x is n s5sible to ! !rmomet]1 ,dr4 ,black call$ x lat5t heat4 ,!re is su* an analogy betwe5 ! cessation ( !rmometric expansion dur+ ! liquefaction ( ice1 & dur+ ! conv]sion ( wat] into /eam1 t !re c\ld be no hesitation ab\t expla9+ bo? 9 ! same way4 ,dr4 ,black1 !re=e1 imm$iately conclud$ t1 z wat] is ice unit$ to a c]ta9 quantity ( lat5t heat1 s /eam is wat] unit$ to a /ill great] quantity4 ,?is beautiful !ory enables u to und]/& ph5om5a 9 nature :i* 7 previ\sly q inexplicable4 ,we n[ compreh5d h[ ! ?aw :i* sup]v5es aft] int5se fro/1 %\ld s sl[ly melt ! wrea?s ( sn[ & b$s ( ice4 ,_h1 inde$1 ! transition ( wat] f its solid into its liquid /ate n be5 accompani$ by ?is great *ange 9 its relation to heat1 e ?aw w\ld h occasion$ a frightful inundation1 & a s+le night's fro/ mu/ h solidifi$ our riv]s & lakes4 ,nei!r animal nor vegetable life c\ld h subsi/$ "u su* sudd5 & viol5t transitions4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t wat]1 dur+ ! act ( freez+1 is act$ ^u by two opposite p[]s3 x is depriv$ ( heat by exposure to a m$ium ^: temp]ature is bel[ #cb2 & x is suppli$ ) heat by ! evolution ( t pr9ciple f itself1 viz4 ( t portion :i* con/itut$ its fluidity4 ,z ^! p[]s are exactly equal1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] mu/ rema9 un*ang$ till ! lat5t heat1 necess>y to its fluidity1 is all evolv$4 ,al?\gh ^! facts h be5 admitt$ by all1 x has be5 cont5d$ by _m t ! absorption ( heat by bodies is ! necess>y effect1 & n ! effici5t cause1 ( *ange ( =m1--! consequ5ce ( :at has be5 call$ a *ange ( _! capacity3 ?us ice1 x is suppos$1 9 becom+ wat]1 has its capacity = heat increas$1 & ! absorption ( heat is a consequ5ce ( su* increas$ capacity4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 is defici5t1 inasmu* z x fails to expla9 ! cause ( t *ange ( =m1 :i* is assum$ to acc\nt = ! increase ( capacity4 ,light1 l heat1 has be5 consid]$ by "s philosoph]s z a subtile fluid fill+ space1 & r5d]+ bodies visible by ! undulations into :i* x is ?r[n2 :ile o!rs1 ) ,newton at _! head1 reg>d x z a sub/ance consi/+ ( small p>ticles1 con/antly sep>at+ f lum9\s bodies1 mov+ 9 /raight l9es1 & r5d]+ objects visible by pass+ f !m & ent]+ ! eye4 ,! late exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,"y w\ld incl9e u to pref] ! undulatory to ! corpuscul> hypo!sis4 ,by ?is prelim9>y sket*1 ! read] has be5 prep>$ = view+ ) advantage ! !ory ( ,lavoisi]2 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* he w see little m ?an a happy g5]alization ( ! sev]al discov]ies :i* h be5 enum]at$4 ,inde$1 ?is obs]vation w apply to all great sy/ems ( philosophy2 facts1 develop$ by successive enquir]s1 g on accumulat+1 until1 aft] an int]val1 a happy g5ius arises :o connects & l9ks !m toge!r2 & ?us g5]ally receives t me$ ( praise :i*1 9 /rict] ju/ice1 w\ld be apportion$ & aw>d$ to ! sep>ate contributors4 ,x is f> f my int5tion to disp>age ! m]its ( ,lavoisi]2 b ! mat]ials ( 8 sy/em 7 und\bt$ly furni%$ by ,black1 ,prie/ley1 & ,cav5di%4 ,! mo/ important modification ( ! phlogi/ic !ory--= !re 7 sev]al o!rs--may be said to be t sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,craw=d4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h f\nd t ! air 9 :i* combu/ibles 7 suff]$ to burn till !y 7 ext+ui%$1 und]w5t a v rem>kable *ange1 = no combu/ible w\ld aft]w>ds burn 9 x1 & no animal c\ld brea! x )\t suffocation4 ,dr4 ,craw=d1 l _m o!rs1 conclud$1 t ?is *ange 0 ow+ to phlogi/on2 b he = ! fir/ "t appli$ ,dr4 ,black's doctr9e ( lat5t heat1 = ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! heat & light :i* appe> dur+ ! process4 ,accord+ to ?is philosoph]1 ! phlogi/on ( ! combu/ible comb9es1 dur+ combu/ion1 ) ! air1 & at ! same "t sep>ates ! caloric & light ) :i* t fluid _h be5 previ\sly unit$4 ,! heat & ! light1 !n1 :i* appe> dur+ combu/ion1 exi/ previ\sly 9 ! air4 ,?is !ory 0 v diff]5t f ,/ahl's1 & c]ta9ly a great deal m satisfactory2 b /ill ! "q--,:at is phlogi/on8 rema9$ to be answ]$4 ,mr4 ,kirwan attempt$ to answ] x1 & to prove t phlogi/on is no o!r ?an hydrog54 ,?is op9ion1 :i* ,mr4 ,kirwan in=ms u 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ! discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 met ) a v fav\rable reception f ! *emical _w1 & 0 adopt$1 among/ _m o!rs1 by ,mr4 ,cav5di%4 ,! object ( ,mr4 ,kirwan 0 to prove1 t hydrog5 exi/s z a compon5t "p ( e combu/ible body2 t dur+ combu/ion x sep>ates f ! combu/ible body1 & comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,at ! same "t1 ,lavoisi] 0 engag$ 9 exam9+ ! exp]im5t ( ,bay51 & ^? ( ! ,briti% philosoph]s4 ,bay51 9 #aggd1 _h %[n t m]cury conv]t$ into a calx1 or e>?1 by ! absorption ( air1 c\ld be reviv$ )\t ! addition ( any inflammable sub/ance2 & h5ce he conclud$1 t !re 0 no necessity = suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( any peculi> pr9ciple ( inflammability1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! calc9ation ( metals2 b he =m$ no op9ion respect+ ! nature ( ! air produc$ f ! calx ( m]cury4 ,lavoisi]1 9 #agge1 %[$ t x 0 an air1 :i* support$ flame & respiration bett] ?an common air1 :i* he aft]w>ds nam$ oxyg53 ! same sub/ance t ,prie/ley & ,s*eele _h procur$ f o!r metallic bodies ! ye> be=e1 & _h p>ticul>ly describ$4 ,lavoisi] also discov]$ t ! same air is produc$ dur+ ! revivification ( metallic calces by *>coal1 z t :i* is emitt$ dur+ ! calc9ation ( lime/ones2 h5ce he conclud$1 t ?is ela/ic fluid is compos$ ( oxyg5 & *>coal3 & f 8 exp]im5ts on nitr\s acid & oil ( vitriol1 he also inf]r$ t ?is gas ent]$ into ! composition ( ^! sub/ances4 ,lavoisi] 0 n[ enabl$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion1 )\t hav+ rec\rse1 to phlogi/on3 a pr9ciple m]ely suppos$ to exi/1 because combu/ion c\ld n be expla9$ )\t x4 ,8 new !ory dep5ds ^u ! two laws discov]$ by himself & ,dr4 ,black2 viz4 t :5 a combu/ible is rais$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 x beg9s to comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 & t ?is oxyg5 dur+ its cond5sation lets g ! lat5t caloric1 & ! light ) :i* x 0 comb9$ :ile 9 ! gase\s /ate4 ,h5ce _! appe>ance dur+ e combu/ion4 ,h5ce also ! *ange :i* ! combu/ible und]goes 9 consequ5ce ( combu/ion4 ,x foll[$ f ?is view1 t ! metallic calces 7 comb9ations ( metals ) oxyg52 & on exam9+ ! products ( c]ta9 inflammable bodies1 & f9d+ !m to be acid1 ! conclusion 0 ext5d$ by a plausible analogy to o!r acids ^: bases 7 unkn[n1 & ! g5]al proposition 0 e/abli%$ t oxyg5 0 ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( acidity2 t acids result$ f ! union ( a peculi> combu/ible base1 call$ ! radical1 ) ! common pr9ciple1 oxyg51 te*nically t]m$ ! acidifi]4 ,^! views1 reg>d+ ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion & acidification1 may be consid]$ z con/itut+ :at has be5 t]m$ ! ,anti-phlogi/ic sy/em4 ,x 0 "s "t1 h[ev]1 aft] ?is sy/em 0 promulgat$1 be=e its au?or 0 able to ga9 a s+le conv]t1 not)/&+ 8 unwe>i$ assiduity1 & ! great weight :i* 8 tal5ts1 8 reputation1 8 =tune1 & 8 situation naturally gave him4 ,at l5g?1 ,m4 ,b]?ollet1 at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #aghe1 solemnly r5\nc$ 8 old op9ions1 & decl>$ himself a conv]t4 ,f\rcroy foll[$ 8 example2 & two ye>s aft]w>ds ,morveau1 dur+ a visit to ,p>is1 0 prevail$ ^u to embrace ! new doctr9e4 ,! !ory ( ,lavoisi]1 soon aft] x _h be5 fram$1 receiv$ an important confirmation f ! two gr& discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 respect+ ! composition ( wat] & nitric acid1 & ! elaborate & beautiful inve/igations ( ,b]?ollet into ! nature ( ammonia2 by :i*1 ph5om5a1 be=e anomal\s1 7 %[n to dep5d ^u comb9ations ( ari=m matt]4 ,! notion ( phlogi/on1 h[ev]1 0 /ill def5d$ ) rem>kable t5acity by _m di/+ui%$ philosoph]s4 ,mr4 ,kirwan1 :o consid]$ hydrog5 z ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( combu/ibility1 und]took to prove t ?is elem5t ent]$ into ! composition ( e body ( ! k9d3 a s+le exception1 ( c\rse1 mu/ necess>ily prove fatal to ! !ory4 ,mr4 ,kirwan1 =tunately = ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 f\nd$ 8 reason+s on ! inaccurate exp]im5ts ( o!r *emi/s2 & ?us did he promote ! popul>ity ( ! anti-phlogi/ic sy/em by ! weakness ( ! argum5ts by :i* he assail$ x4 ,lavoisi] & 8 associates saw at once ! important uses :i* might be made ( ?is essay3 by refut+ an hypo!sis :i* _h be5 embrac$ by ! mo/ respectable *emi/s 9 ,europe1 _! cause w\ld receive an clat :i* w\ld make x irresi/ible4 ,! essay 0 accord+ly translat$ into ,fr5*1 & ea* ( ! sections into :i* x 0 divid$ 0 accompani$ by a refutation4 ,f\r ( ! sections 7 refut$ by ,lavoisi]1 ?ree by ,b]?ollet1 ?ree by ,f\rcroy1 two by ,morveau1 & "o by ,monge4 ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 9 a pap] communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 ! ye> #aghd1 drew a comp>ison betwe5 ! phlogi/ic & anti-phlogi/ic !ories1 & %[$ t ea* ( !m 0 capable ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a 9 a satisfactory mann]2 he h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 gave ! reasons :i* induc$ him to pref] ! e>li] view4 ,9 ! execution ( ?is task1 unlike ,mr4 ,kirwan1 he nev] advanc$ a s+le op9ion :i* he _h n put to ! te/ ( exp]im5t2 & he nev] suff]$ himself to g any f>!r ?an 8 exp]im5ts w\ld w>rant4 ,?is pap]1 !re=e1 ! ,fr5* *emi/s 7 unable to refute1 & !y 7 accord+ly wise en\gh to pass x ov] )\t notice4 ,_h x be5 possible to h pres]v$ ! phlogi/ic hypo!sis1 ,mr4 ,cav5di% w\ld h sav$ x-- ,si ,p]gama dextr ,def5di poss5t1 etiam hc def5sa fuiss5t4 ,soon] or lat]1 says ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 t doctr9e :i* is an expression ( facts1 mu/ prevail ov] t :i* is an expression ( op9ion4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! !ory ( ,lavoisi] 0 m]ely an arrangem5t ( ! facts relat+ to ! comb9ations ( oxyg53 ! pr9ciple ( reason+ :i* ! ,fr5* s*ool pr(ess$ to adopt 01 t e body :i* 0 n yet decomp\nd$1 %\ld be consid]$ z simple2 & ?\gh mi/akes 7 made ) respect to ! results ( exp]im5ts on ! nature ( bodies1 yet ?is logical & truly philosophical pr9ciple 0 n violat$2 & ! sy/ematic mann] 9 :i* x 0 en=c$ 0 ( ! greate/ use 9 promot+ ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,till #aghf1 !re _h be5 no attempt to re=m ! nom5clature ( *emi/ry2 ! names appli$ by discov]]s to ! sub/ances :i* !y made kn[n 7 /ill employ$4 ,"s ( ^! names1 :i* orig9at$ among/ ! al*ymi/s1 7 ( ! mo/ b>b>\s k9d2 few ( !m 7 suffici5tly def9ite or precise1 & mo/ ( !m 7 f\nd$ ^u loose analogies1 or ^u false !oretical views4 ,x 0 felt by _m philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly by ! illu/ri\s ,b]gman1 t an improvem5t 9 *emical nom5clature 0 necess>y2 & 9 #aghg1 ,,mm4 ,lavoisi]1 ,morveau1 ,b]?ollet1 & ,f\rcroy1 pres5t$ to ! _w a plan = an almo/ entire *ange 9 ! d5om9ation ( *emical sub/ances1 f\nd$ ^u ! idea ( call+ simple bodies by "s names *>act]i/ic ( _! mo/ /rik+ qualities1 & ( nam+ comp\nd bodies f ! elem5ts :i* compos$ !m4 ,!re 01 besides1 a secret feel+ 9 ! brea/s ( ! associat$ *emi/s1 :i*1 no d\bt1 _h its influ5ce 9 sugge/+ & promot+ su* a s*eme4 ,! views ( ,lavoisi] _h s *ang$ ! face ( *emi/ry1 z almo/ to h r5d]$ x a new sci5ce3 by adopt+ a new nom5clature1 !y id5tifi$1 z x 71 all ! discov]ies ( ! day ) ! new !ory1 & ?us appropriat$ to ,france ! orig9al & entire m]it ( ! sy/em4 ,x is impossible to pass ov] ?is subject )\t a comm5t4 ,lavoisi] 0 unque/ionably indebt$ to ,dr4 ,black = ! support1 if n = ! sugge/ion1 ( ! mo/ brilliant "p ( 8 !ory ( combu/ion2 & yet he attempt$ ev5 to conceal ! "n ( ! discov]] ( lat5t heat4 ,h[ f> ,lavoisi] 0 really culpable1 & :e!r he did n int5d to d full ju/ice to all ! claims ( 8 pr$ecessors1 _c n[ be kn[n2 z he 0 cut (f 9 ! mid/ ( 8 c>e]1 :ile s _m ( 8 sci5tific projects rema9$ unexecut$4 ,f ! po/hum\s works ( ,lavoisi]1 !re is "s reason = believ+ t1 if he _h liv$1 he w\ld h done ju/ice to all p>ties2 b !re is no d\bt t ,dr4 ,black1 9 ! mean "t1 ?\ght himself aggriev$ by ! publication ( sev]al ( ,lavoisi]'s pap]s 9 ! ,mmoires de l',acadmie1 & t he =m$ ! int5tion ( do+ himself ju/ice1 by publi%+ an acc\nt ( 8 own discov]ies3 ?is int5tion1 h[ev]1 0 un=tunately ?w>t$ & prev5t$ by bad heal?4 ,b to return to ! subject ( nom5clature4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy cont9ues--,! new nom5clature 0 spe$ily adopt$ 9 ,france2 "u "s modifications1 x 0 receiv$ 9 ,g]many2 &1 aft] mu* discussion & opposition1 x became ! language ( a new & ris+ g5]ation ( *emi/s 9 ,engl&4 ,x mat]ially assi/$ ! diffusion ( ! anti-phlogi/ic doctr9e1 & ev5 facilitat$ ! g5]al acquisition ( ! sci5ce2 & _m ( its details 7 contriv$ ) mu* address1 & 7 wor?y ( its celebrat$ au?ors4 ,on ! g5]al adoption ( ?is new !ory ( *emi/ry1 x mu/ be admitt$ t its au?ors display$ an intemp]ate triumph :olly unwor?y ( !m4 ,!y held a fe/ival1 at :i* ,madame ,lavoisi]1 9 ! habit ( a prie/ess1 burnt ! works ( ,/ahl on an alt> erect$ = ! occasion1 :ile solemn music play$ a requiem to 8 dep>t$ sy/em6 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 speak+ ( ! m]its ( ,lavoisi]1 obs]ves t he mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ sagaci\s ( ! *emical philosoph]s ( ! la/ c5tury2 inde$1 except ,cav5di%1 !re is no o!r enquir] :o c be comp>$ to him = precision ( logic1 ext5t ( view1 & sagacity ( induction4 ,8 discov]ies are few1 b he reason$ ) extraord9>y correctness ^u ! lab\rs ( o!rs4 ,he introduc$ weight & measure1 & /rict accuracy ( manipulation into all *emical processes4 ,8 m9d 0 unbiass$ by prejudice2 8 comb9ations 7 ( ! mo/ philosophical nature2 & 9 8 inve/igations ^u pond]able sub/ances1 he has ent]$ ! true pa? ( exp]im5t ) cauti\s /eps1 foll[+ j analogies1 & measur+ hypo!ses by _! simple relations to facts4 ,x w be sc>cely possible = a future g5]ation ( philosoph]s to imag9e ) :at an undiscipl9$ ard\r ! anti-phlogi/ic sy/em1 ?us enhanc$ by a new & fasc9at+ nom5clature1 0 support$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,facts only 7 appreciat$ 9 proportion to ! evid5ce !y furni%$ ( its tru?2 & a discov]y ev5 requir$ ! sanction ( its au?ority z ! passport to notice & reg>d4 ,! lea/ expression ( d\bt1 z to ! validity ( any po9t 9 its doctr9es1 expos$ ! sceptic to a ho/ ( assailants1 & =tunate 0 he if he escap$ ! fate ( ,pet] ,ramus1 or ( ^? :o v5tur$ to "q ! infallibility ( t great despot ( ano!r age1 ,ari/otle4 ,9 no c\ntry ( ,europe did ?is feel+ manife/ itself to a great] ext5t ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,!re 0 p]haps a political prejudice co-op]at+ ^u ! occasion3 x is v difficult1 "u any circum/ances1 to avoid connect+ ! man & 8 works4 ,! fate ( ,lavoisi]#acc 0 truly affect+1 & by a species ( retributive ju/ice1 he receiv$ ! sympa?y ( ! _w 9 ! homage paid to 8 sy/em2 :ile ! atrocity ( 8 assass9ation1 on :i* e ,engli%man dwelt ) horror1 appe>$ to be ?us height5$ by e praise be/[$ ^u 8 m]its4 #acc ,lavoisi] p]i%$ on ! scaffold at ! age ( fifty-"o1 dur+ ! sangu9>y reign ( ,robespi]re4 ,! fury ( ! revolution>y lead]s ( ,france 0 p>ticul>ly direct$ aga9/ ! f>m]s-g5]al ( ! rev5ue1 :o 7 all execut$1 ) ! exception ( a s+le individual1 a ,m4 de ,v]dun4 ,sixty ( !m 7 guillot9$ at ! same "t1 9 consequ5ce ( a report ( ,dup91 a frantic memb] ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,! revolution>y tribunal adopt$ a g5]al =mula1 z ! gr\nd ( _! condemnation1 :i* is curi\s z appli$ to ,lavoisi]1 :o 0 decl>$ guilty ( hav+ adult]at$ snuff ) wat] & +r$i5ts de/ructive ( ! heal? ( ! citiz5s4 ,! un=tunate philosoph] reque/$ "t to complete "s exp]im5ts on respiration4 ,! reply ( ,c(f9hal1 ! ,presid5t1 01 t ! ,republic did n want savans or *emi/s1 & t ! c\rse ( ju/ice c\ld n be susp5d$4 ,x is n ! lea/ surpris+ circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is sy/em1 t ) su* a bl9d & idolatr\s admiration ( its pr9ciples1 s few facts %\ld h be5 di/ort$4 ,x is true t1 f ! belief t combu/ion c\ld nev] take place )\t ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 ! elem5t>y pr9ciple ( ,s*eele became1 accord+ to ^! views1 a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & an acid2 & ! "n ( dephlogi/icat$ m>9e acid 0 ex*ang$ = t ( oxy-muriatic acid1 a circum/ance :i* spread a cl\d ( error ov] ! sci5ce1 & p]haps ret>d$ its progress 9 a great] degree ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 ,9 l mann]1 ! *emi/ neglect$ to avail himself ( ! h9t :i*1 "u o!r impressions1 w\ld h prov$ an important clue to discov]y1 viz4 ! acid prop]ties ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,we h n[ arriv$ at t /age 9 our hi/ory1 :5 x may ) propriety & advantage be ask$--,,:at ,,has ,,davy ,,done ,,9 ,,correct+ ,,error1 ,,or ,,9 ,,advanc+ ,,tru?8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w be no?+ m ?an a summ>y ( ^? discov]ies :i* h be5 successively inve/igat$ dur+ ! progress ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! new doctr9es ( *emi/ry 7 highly in/rum5tal 9 enc\rag+ m ext5d$ inve/igations into all ! diff]5t productions ( nature & art2 & we may obs]ve1 t "o ( ! fir/ ef=ts ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 to improve our k ( ! nature & habitudes ( ! tann+ & a/r+5t pr9ciples ( vegetables1--an enquiry :i* _h be5 comm5c$ by ,segu9 & ,pr\/4 ,9 pursu+ ev5 ! mo/ beat5 pa?1 he 0 sure to discov] objects ( novelty4 ,look at 8 e>ly exp]im5ts on ! cane1 & on ! /raw ( :eat1 b>ley1 & hay1 & we %all see h[ magically he rais$ f _! a%es a new fl[] ( k4 ,he soon1 h[ev]1 quitt$ ! track ( o!r exp]im5tali/s2 al?\gh we le>n f ! :ole t5or ( 8 rese>*es1 t he c\ld obey z well z he c\ld comm&1 & he c\ld act 9 ! ranks1 al?\gh he m frequ5tly appe>$ z a g5]al 9 ! field ( sci5ce4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy has obs]v$1 t at ! "t :5 ! anti-phlogi/ic !ory 0 e/abli%$1 electricity _h little or no relation to *emi/ry4 ,! gr& results ( ,frankl9 respect+ ! cause ( lightn+1 _h l$ _m philosoph]s to conjecture1 t c]ta9 *emical *anges 9 ! atmosph]e might be connect$ ) electrical ph5om5a2 & electrical dis*>ges _h be5 employ$ by ,cav5di%1 ,prie/ley1 & ,van-,m>um1 = decompos+ & ignit+ bodies2 b x 0 n till ! era ( ! wond]ful discov]y ( ,volta1 9 #ahjj1 ( a new electrical app>atus1 t any great progress 0 made 9 *emical inve/igation by means ( electrical comb9ations4 ,no?+ t5ds s mu* to ! advancem5t ( k z ! application ( a new in/rum5t4 ,! native intellectual p[]s ( m5 9 diff]5t times are n s mu* ! causes ( ! diff]5t success ( _! lab\rs1 z ! peculi> nature ( ! means & artificial res\rces 9 _! possession4 ,indep5d5t ( vessels ( glass1 !re c\ld h be5 no accurate manipulations 9 common *emi/ry3 ! air-pump 0 necess>y = ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( gase\s matt]2 & )\t ! ,voltaic app>atus1 !re 0 no possibility ( exam9+ ! relations ( electrical pol>ities to *emical attractions4 ,!re is a c&\r 9 ?is /atem5t :i* we _c b admire4 ,nor does ! admission dim9i% ! glory ( him :o1 by ! application ( su* new in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 0 enabl$ to p5etrate into ! hidd5 my/]ies ( ,nature4 ,:at avails ! telescope1 )\t ! eye ( ! obs]v]8 ,to ,davy1 ! ,voltaic app>atus 0 ! gold5 bran*1 by :i* he subdu$ ! spirits t _h oppos$ ! advance ( =m] philosoph]s2 b :at w\ld its possession h avail$ him1 _h n 8 g5ius1 l ! anci5t ,sibyl1 po9t$ out its use & application8 ,x w be se5 t he 0 ?us enabl$1 n only to discov] laws :i* are 9 con/ant op]ation1 modify+ ! =ms ( matt]1 & influ5c+ all ! op]ations ( *emi/ry1 b1 by apply+ !m1 to det]m9e ! elem5ts ( ! fix$ alkalies to be oxyg5 & a metallic base3 a fact obvi\sly oppos$ to ! idea ( oxyg5 be+ ! g5]al pr9ciple ( acidity2 = "h x 0 ! pr9ciple ( alkal9ity1 if x may be s express$4 ,?is 0 %ak+ ! corn]-/one ( ! edifice1 & 8 subsequ5t rese>*es into ! nature ( oxy-muriatic acid may be said to h ov]?r[n x2 = if ei!r ( ! elem5ts ( ?is body c be consid]$ z ! acidifi]1 x is hydrog54 ,! consequ5ces :i* fl[$ f ?is tru? 7 ( ! highe/ importance1 n only 9 correct+ errors1 :i* ! progress ( discov]y1 in/ead ( rectify+1 0 actually multiply+1 b 9 lead+ to ! developem5t ( new bodies4 ,iod9e might h be5 recognis$ z an elem5t>y body2 b its relations to oxyg5 & hydrog5 w\ld probably h rema9$ unkn[n1 _h n a k ( ! true "* ( *lor9e assi/$ ! enquiry4 ,! same obs]vation w apply to ! rec5tly discov]$ body1 ,brom9e4 ,9 l mann] has ! *emi/ be5 l$1 by ! *loridic !ory1 to a m accurate acqua9tance ) ! composition ( ! fluoric1 hydriodic1 & hydrocyanic acids2 :ile he has also le>nt t hydrog5 alone c conv]t c]ta9 undecomp\nd$ bases into well *>act]is$ acids1 )\t ! aid ( oxyg54 ,! same discov]y has completely *ang$ all our op9ions ) reg>d to a v important s]ies ( sal9e comb9ations1 & develop$ ! exi/5ce ( new comp\nds ( a mo/ int]e/+ description4 ,?us1 !n1 has ! acidify+ hypo!sis ( ,lavoisi] be5 ov]turn$1 & a new !ory con/ruct$ out ( its ru9s1 :i* ackn[l$ges no di/9ct elem5t z ! "o imp>t+ to matt] ! *>act]s ( an acid4 ,equally complete has be5 ! d[nfall ( ! !ory ( combu/ion4 ,! discov]y ( ! true nature ( *lor9e 01 9 itself1 suffici5t to %[ t bodies might comb9e1 ) ! ph5om5a ( heat & light1 )\t ! pres5ce ( oxyg52 b ,davy has br\ght a mass ( evid5ce f o!r s\rces 9 pro( ( ! same tru?4 ,he has %[n t1 :5ev] ! *emical =ces :i* det]m9e ei!r composition or decomposition are en]getically ex]cis$1 ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion1 or inc&esc5ce1 ) a *ange ( prop]ties1 are display$4 ,he has !re=e annull$ ! di/9ction betwe5 support]s ( combu/ion & combu/ibles1 s9ce he has %[n t1 9 fact1 "o sub/ance frequ5tly acts 9 bo? capacities1 be+ a support] app>5tly at "o "t1 & a combu/ible at ano!r4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! heat & light dep5d on ! same cause1 & m]ely indicate ! en]gy & rapidity ) :i* reciprocal attractions are ex]t$4 ,?us sulphurett$ hydrog5 is a combu/ible ) oxyg5 & *lor9e2 a support] ) potassium4 ,sulphur1 ) *lor9e & oxyg51 has be5 call$ a combu/ible basis2 ) metals1 x acts ! "p ( a support]4 ,9 l mann]1 potassium unites s p[]fully ) ars5ic & tellurium1 z to produce ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion4 ,nor c we ascribe ! appe>ances to ! lib]ation ( lat5t heat1 9 consequ5ce ( cond5sation ( volume4 ,! protoxide ( *lor9e1 a body de/itute ( any combu/ible con/itu5t1 at ! in/ant ( decomposition evolves light & heat ) explosive viol5ce2 & its volume becomes "o-fif? great]4 ,*loride & iodide ( azote1 comp\nds alike de/itute ( any inflammable matt]1 accord+ to ! ord9>y belief1 are resolv$ into _! respective elem5ts ) trem5d\s =ce ( inflammation2 & ! fir/ exp&s into m ?an six hundr$ times its bulk4 ,n[1 in/ead ( heat & light1 a prodigi\s degree ( cold ought to accompany su* an expansion1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( lat5t heat4 ,o!r in/ances might be cit$1 & o!r argum5ts adduc$ on ! same subject1 b "t & space fail me4#acd #acd ,! read] :o wi%es = fur!r details1 w consult ) advantage ! article ,combu/ion 9 ,dr4 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry2 a "w to :i* ,i ackn[l$ge myself mu* indebt$ on ?is & o!r occasions4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! facts develop$ by ! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy2 f :i* x foll[s1 t-- #a4 ,combu/ion is n necess>ily dep5d5t on ! ag5cy ( oxyg54 #b4 ,t x _c be reg>d$ z dep5d5t ^u any peculi> pr9ciple or =m ( matt]1 b mu/ be consid]$ z a g5]al result ( int5se *emical action4 #c4 ,t ! evolution ( light & heat _c be ascrib$ simply to a gas p>t+ ) its lat5t /ore ( ^? e!real fluids4 #d4 ,t1 s9ce all bodies :i* act p[]fully ^u ea* o!r are 9 ! opposite electrical relations ( positive & negative1 ! evolution ( heat & light may dep5d ^u ! annihilation ( ^! opposite /ates1 :i* w happ5 :5ev] !y comb9e4 ,?us has ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 by refut+ ! op9ions ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s1 respect+ ! relations ( oxyg5 to ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion1 & ! nature ( its products1 remov$ ! pill>s on :i* ! fabric ( ! anti-phlogi/ic re/$1 & r$uc$ ! g5]alization ( ,lavoisi] to isolat$ collections ( facts2 ! s\nd logic1 h[ev]1--! pure c&\r1 ! num]ical precision ( inf]5ce :i* *>act]ise ! lab\rs ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 w cause 8 "n to be held 9 ev]la/+ admiration4 ,! d[nfall ( 8 doctr9e is ! natural result ( ! progress ( tru?2 ! same fate may att5d our pres5t sy/ems1 b ! facts discov]$ ?r\gh _! means are un*angeable & et]nal2 & x is ^u !m alone t ! fame ( ! *emi/ mu/ ultimately re/4 ,9 sci5ces collat]al to *emi/ry1 ! rese>*es ( ,davy h ca/ a reflect$ lu/re4 ,9 geology1 8 discov]y ( ! composition ( ! e>?s1 has op5$ a new pa? ( inve/igation2 :ile 8 exam9ation ( ! wat] & gase\s matt] s frequ5tly enclos$ 9 ! cavities ( qu>tz1 has giv5 no small degree ( support to ! hypo!sis ( ! ,plutoni/s2 above all1 8 results connect$ ) ! decomposition & transf] ( diff]5t elem5ts by ,voltaic influ5ce1 has already expla9$ _m ph5om5a relat+ to metallic ve9s2 & ! late rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,fox mu/ lead u to ! conclusion1 t electric p[]s are /ill 9 op]ation 9 ! recesses ( ! e>?2 & t m9]al ve9s are n only ! cab9ets ( ,nature1 b /ill h] active laboratories4 ,^! cursory obs]vations ^u ! discov]ies ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy relate m]ely to ! *anges !y h effect$ 9 ! g5]al !ory ( *emi/ry4 ,i might recapitulate ! num]\s rese>*es by :i* he has ext5d$ our k ^u p>ticul> subjects2 b ,i h s fully ent]$ into ! consid]ation ( !m 9 ! body ( my "w1 t ,i consid] su* a tax ^u ! pati5ce ( my read] w\ld be bo? unfair & unnecess>y4 ,i %all !re=e conclude my long & ardu\s lab\r1 by enum]at+ ! diff]5t memoirs communicat$ by ?is di/+ui%$ philosoph] to ! ,royal ,society2 & also ! sev]al works :i* he publi%$ at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 brilliant b too fleet+ c>e]4 #a4 ,an ,acc\nt ( "s ,galvanic ,comb9ations1 =m$ by s+le metallic plates & fluids1 analog\s to ! ,galvanic ,app>atus ( ,m4 ,volta4 ,read ,june #ah1 #ahja4 #b4 ,an ,acc\nt ( "s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! con/itu5t p>ts ( c]ta9 ,a/r+5t ,vegetables1 & on _! op]ation 9 ,tann+4 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahjc4 #c4 ,an ,acc\nt ( "s ,analytical ,exp]im5ts on a ,m9]al ,production f ,devon%ire1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( ,alum9a & ,wat]4 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahje4 #d4 ,on a ,me?od ( analys+ ,/ones conta9+ a fix$ ,alkali1 by means ( ,boracic acid4 ,may #af1 #ahje4 99 ,= ! above pap]s1 ! ,society aw>d$ him ! ,copley ,m$al4 #e4 ,,! ,,bak]ian ,,lecture4--,on "s ,*emical ag5cies ( ,electricity4 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahjf4 9999 ,= ?is memoir1 he receiv$ ! prize ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute4 #f4 ,,! ,,bak]ian ,,lecture4--,on "s new ,ph5om5a ( ,*emical ,*anges produc$ by ,electricity1 p>ticul>ly ! ,decomposition ( ! ,fix$ ,alkalies1 & ! exhibition ( ! new sub/ances :i* con/itute _! bases2 & on ! g5]al nature ( ,alkal9e bodies4 #c8 ,read ,novemb] #ai1 #ahjg4 #g4 ,electro-*emical ,rese>*es on ! ,decomposition ( ! ,e>?s2 ) ,obs]vations on ! ,metals obta9$ f ! ,alkal9e ,e>?s2 & on ! ,amalgam procur$ f ,ammonia4 ,june #cj1 #ahjh4 #h4 ,,! ,,bak]ian ,,lecture4--,an ,acc\nt ( "s new ,analytical ,rese>*es on ! nature ( c]ta9 bodies1 p>ticul>ly ! ,alkalies1 ,phosphorus1 ,sulphur1 ,c>bonace\s matt]1 & ! ,acids hi!rto uncomp\nd$2 ) "s g5]al ,obs]vations on ,*emical ,!ory4 ,decemb] #ae1 #ahjh4 #i4 ,new ,analytical ,rese>*es on ! nature ( c]ta9 bodies2 be+ an ,app5dix to ! ,bak]ian ,lecture = #ahjh4 ,febru>y #ahji4 #aj4 ,,! ,,bak]ian ,,lecture ,,= #ahji4 ,on "s new ,electro-*emical ,rese>*es on v>i\s objects1 p>ticul>ly ! metallic bodies f ! ,alkalies & ,e>?s2 & on "s comb9ations ( ,hydrog54 ,novemb] #af1 #ahji4 #aa4 ,rese>*es on ! ,oxy-muriatic ,acid1 its nature & comb9ations2 & on ! elem5ts ( ,muriatic ,acid2 ) "s ,exp]im5ts on ,sulphur & ,phosphorus1 made 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,read ,july #ab1 #ahaj4 #ab4 ,,! ,,bak]ian ,,lecture ,,= #ahaj4 ,on "s ( ! ,comb9ations ( ,oxy-muriatic ,gas & ,oxyg51 & on ! *emical relations ( ^? pr9ciples to inflammable bodies4 ,novemb] #ae1 #ahaj4 #ac4 ,on a ,comb9ation ( ,oxy-muriatic ,gas & ,oxyg5 ,gas4 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahaa4 #ad4 ,on "s ,comb9ations ( ,phosphorus & ,sulphur1 & on "s o!r subjects ( ,*emical ,enquiry4 ,june #ah1 #ahab4 #ae4 ,on a new ,detonat+ ,comp\nd2 9 a lett] to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,b>t4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,novemb] #e1 #ahab4 #af4 ,"s fur!r ,obs]vations on a new ,detonat+ sub/ance4 ,july #a1 #ahac4 #ag4 ,"s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,sub/ances produc$ 9 diff]5t *emical processes on ,fluor ,sp>4 ,july #h1 #ahac4 #ah4 ,an ,acc\nt ( "s ,new ,exp]im5ts on ! ,fluoric ,comp\nds2 ) "s ,obs]vations on o!r objects ( ,*emical ,enquiry4 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahad4 #ai4 ,"s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on a new ,sub/ance1 :i* becomes a ,violet-col\r$ ,gas by heat4 ,janu>y #bj1 #ahad4 #bj4 ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,iod9e4 ,read ,june #af1 #ahad4 #ba4 ,"s ,exp]im5ts on ! ,combu/ion ( ! ,diamond1 & o!r ,c>bonace\s ,sub/ances4 ,june #bc1 #ahad4 #bb4 ,"s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,col\rs us$ 9 ,pa9t+ by ! ,anci5ts4 ,febru>y #bc1 #ahae4 #bc4 ,"s ,exp]im5ts on a solid ,comp\nd ( ,iod9e & ,oxyg51 & on its ,*emical ,ag5cies4 ,april #bj1 #ahae4 #bd4 ,on ! ,action ( ,acid ^u ! ,salts usually call$ ,hyp]-,oxymuriates1 & on ! ,gases produc$ f !m4 ,may #d1 #ahae4 #be4 ,on ! ,fire-damp ( ,coal ,m9es1 & on me?ods ( light+ ! ,m9e1 s z to prev5t ,explosion4 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahae4 #bf4 ,an ,acc\nt ( an ,inv5tion = giv+ ,light 9 ,explosive ,mixtures ( ,fire-damp 9 ,coal ,m9es1 by consum+ ! ,fire-damp4 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahaf4 #bg4 ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts on ! ,combu/ion ( ,explosive ,mixtures conf9$ by ,wire ,gauze1 ) "s ,obs]vations on ,flame4 ,janu>y #be1 #ahaf4 #bh4 ,"s ,rese>*es on ,flame4 ,janu>y #af1 #ahag4 #bi4 ,"s ,new ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,combu/ion ( ,gase\s ,mixtures2 ) an acc\nt ( a me?od ( pres]v+ a cont9u$ ,light 9 ,mixtures ( inflammable ,gases & ,air1 )\t ,flame4 ,read ,janu>y #bc1 #ahag4 999999 ,= ! prec$+ five pap]s1 ! ,rum=d ,m$als 7 aw>d$ to him4 #cj4 ,on ! fallacy ( ,exp]im5ts 9 :i* ,wat] is said to h be5 =m$ by ! decomposition ( ,*lor9e4 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahah4 #ca4 ,new ,exp]im5ts on "s ( ! comb9ations ( ,phosphorus4 ,april #i1 #ahah4 #cb4 ,"s ,obs]vations on ! =mation ( ,mi/s 9 p>ticul> situations4 ,febru>y #be1 #ahai4 #cc4 ,on ! ,magnetic ,ph5om5a produc$ by ,electricity4 ,novemb] #af1 #ahbj4 #cd4 ,"s ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts on ! ,papyri f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum4 ,m>* #ae1 #ahba4 #ce4 ,fur!r ,rese>*es on ! ,magnetic ,ph5om5a produc$ by ,electricity2 ) "s new ,exp]im5ts on ! prop]ties ( ,electrifi$ bodies1 9 _! relations to conduct+ p[]s & temp]ature4 ,july #e1 #ahba4 #cf4 ,on ! ,electrical ,ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 vacuo4 ,decemb] #bj1 #ahba4 #cg4 ,on ! /ate ( ,wat] & ,ari=m matt] 9 cavities f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,cry/als4 ,read ,june #ac1 #ahbb4 #ch4 ,on a new ,ph5om5on ( ,electro-,magnetism4 ,m>* #f1 #ahbc4 #ci4 ,on ! application ( ,liquids =m$ by ! cond5sation ( ,gases1 z me*anical ,ag5ts4 ,april #ag1 #ahbc4 #dj4 ,on ! *anges ( volume produc$ 9 ,gases1 9 diff]5t /ates ( d5sity1 by ,heat4 ,may #a1 #ahbc4 #da4 ,on ! ,corrosion ( ,copp] ,%ea?+ by sea-wat]2 & on me?ods ( prev5t+ ?is effect1 & on _! application to %ips ( w> & o!r %ips4 ,jan4 #bd1 #ahbd4 #db4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! application ( ,electrical ,comb9ations to ! pres]vation ( ! ,copp] ,%ea?+ ( %ips1 & to o!r purposes4 ,june #ag1 #ahbd4 #dc4 ,fur!r ,rese>*es on ! pres]vation ( ,metals by ,electro-*emical means4 ,june #i1 #ahbe4 #dd4 ,,! ,,bak]ian ,,lecture = #ahbf4--,on ! ,relation ( ,electrical & ,*emical *anges4 ,june #c1 #ahbf4 99999999 ,= ?is memoir1 ! ,royal ,society conf]r$ ^u him ! ,royal ,m$al4 #de4 ,on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,volcanoes4 ,m>* #bj1 #ahbh4 #df4 ,acc\nt ( "s ,exp]im5ts on ! ,torp$o4 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahbh4 ,,8 ,,publi%$ ,,works ,,are1 ,exp]im5tal ,essays on ,heat1 ,light1 & on ! ,comb9ations ( ,light1 ) a new ,!ory ( ,respiration1 c4 ,publi%$ 9 ,contributions to ,physical & ,m$ical ,k1 by ,t4 ,b$does1 ,m4,d4 #agii4 ,rese>*es ,*emical & ,philosophical1 *iefly conc]n+ ,nitr\s ,oxide1 & its ,respiration4 #ahjj4 ,a ,syllabus ( a ,c\rse ( ,lectures4 ,an ,introductory ,lecture4 #ahja4 ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy4 #ahab4 ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 #ahac4 ,on ! ,safety ,lamp = ,coal ,m9]s2 ) "s ,rese>*es on ,flame4 #ahah4 7,sev]al ,editions47 ,salmonia2 or ,days ( ,fly-,fi%+4 ,consolations 9 ,travel2 or ! ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]4 ,,app5dix4 ,,app5dix4 ,,extract$ ,,f ,,! ,,regi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,pr]ogative ,,c\rt ,,( ,,cant]bury4 ,a4 ,,my ,,w4 ,?is #crd ( ,janu>y #ahbg feel+ m ?an usual symptoms ( mortality ,i make ?is my ,w4 ,fir/1 ,i give my ,bro!r ,john ,davy ,m4,d4 ?ree hundr$ p\nds a-ye> ( money t ,i possess 9 ! ,long ,annuities & likewise f\r ?\s& p\nds to be rais$ by ! sale ( ,securities ,i possess 9 ! ,engli% or ,fr5* funds or annuities b ,i mean my said ,bro!r to devote ! int]e/ ( ?ree ?\s& p\nd ( ^! la/ moneys to su* purposes z he may deem fitt+ = ! b5efit ( my si/]s p>ticul>ly my m>ri$ "o & ,i wi% a "p ( ! int]e/ ( ^! ?ree ?\s& p\nds to be employ$ 9 educat+ & settl+ 9 life my godson ,humphrey ,millett4 ,i leave him ,dr4 ,davy likewise all ! prop]ty devolv+ to me f my p>5ts :i* has nev] be5 divid$ to d :at seems to him be/ = ! b5efit ( my si/]s & my si/] ,millett's *ildr5 & ,i leave my said bro!r my ,*emical ,books & ,*emical ,,mss4 ,app>atus ,sport+ tackle ,m$als & ! silv] ,v5etian di% made f ! ,rum=d ,m$al 9 tok5 ( my affection4 ,i leave #ajj to ea* ( ^! fri5ds ,dr4 ,bab+ton & ,dr4 ,franck & #ej to ,dr4 ,wilson ,philip & to ,mr4 ,brodie surgeon to lay out 9 tok5s ( remembrance4 ,i leave all my o!r prop]ty :e!r 9 goods money *attels fund$ securities annuities or plate to my wife 7,lady7 ,jane ,davy & ,i appo9t h] ! sole ,executrix ( ?is my ,w4 ,if my bro!r or 8 family %\ld n be 9 a condition at ! "t ( h] decease to use my s]vice ( plate giv5 = ! safety lamp ,i wi% x to be sold & ! same giv5 to ! ,royal ,society to provide an annual m$al f ! int]e/ = ! be/ discov]y made any :]e 9 *emi/ry & ,i dep5d ^u my de> wife to make su* pres5ts 9 seals or tok5 to su* ( my fri5ds z %e may ?9k prop] agreeably to _! & h] feel+s4 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,b4 ,fur!r explanatory ,clause4 ,i leave to my wife ,dame ,jane ,davy all my o!r prop]ty :e!r fund$ or 9 gov]nm5t securities or 9 leases ( h\ses or goods c4 & ,i leave h] my sole residu>y legatee & sole ,executrix4 ,i wi% h] to enjoy ! use ( my plate dur+ h] life & t %e w leave x to my bro!r 9 case he survive h] & if n to any *ild ( 8 :o may be capable ( us+ x b if he be n 9 a situation to use or enjoy x !n ,i wi% x to be melt$ & giv5 to ! ,royal ,society to f\nd a m$al to be giv5 annually = ! mo/ important discov]y 9 ,*emi/ry any :]e made 9 ,europe or ,anglo-,am]ica4 ,kn[+ ! p]fect und]/&+ & love ( ju/ice ( my wife ,i leave to h] all o!r arrangem5ts :i* may make my memory useful to ! _w & awak5 ! k9d feel+s ( my fri5ds & ,i wi% h] & my bro!r & all my fri5ds e happ9ess ?is life c af=d4 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,c4 ,t is a ,clause explanatory ( my ,w4 ,i wi% seals n r+s ) a fi% engrav$ ^u !m to be giv5 to "s ( my fri5ds among/ :om ,i m5tion ,mr ,knight ,dr ,bab+ton ,mr ,pepys ,mr ,hat*ett4 ,& le/ !re %\ld be any d\bt respect+ ! #cjjj m5tion$ ,i mean my bro!r to be a tru/ee = ?is & %\ld he die )\t *ildr5 ,i mean x to belong to my si/] ,millett's *ildr5 #bjjj to ,humphry ,millett my godson & ! re/ to be equally divid$ betwe5 ! o!r *ildr5 b %\ld my bro!r m>ry & h *ildr5 ,i !n mean aft] ! dea? ( my si/]s ^! #cjjj to be divid$ betwe5 h] *ild or *ildr5 & my si/]s & #ajjj to g to ,humphry ,millett my godson & #ejj to my si/]'s o!r *ildr5 leav+ ! arrangem5t to my bro!r4 ,h4 ,d4 ,d4 ,fur!r explanatory ,clause1 ,feb4 #bg? #ahbh4 ,i leave to my bro!r ,john ,davy ,m4,d4 ! proce$s ( my ,agricultural ,*emi/ry 9 ! future editions & ! pr(its ( my "w on fi%+ & ,i give him ! copyright4 ,i leave my fri5d ,?omas ,poole ,esq4 ( ,/[ey fifty p\nds to pur*ase "s tok5 ( remembrance4 ,h4 ,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rome ,nov4 #ah?1 #ahbh4 ,by ?is addition to my w ,i confirm all t ,i h will$ 9 a pap] left 9 a brass box at ,messrs4 ,drummond leav+ ,lady ,davy my sole ,executrix & residu>y legatee4 ,i leave ! copyright ( ,salmonia to my bro!r ,john ,davy wi%+ him to apply a "p ( ! pr(its ( ! sale ( ! editions ( ?is "w to ! education ( my nephew ,humphrey ,millett 9 case he has no *ildr5 ( 8 own4 ,i leave ! copy ( my ,vision 9 my writ+ desk to ,lady ,davy to be publi%$ if my fri5ds ?9k x may give pleasure or in=mation to ! public b ,i wi% ! pr(its ( ?is "w to be appli$ to ! use ( my bro!rs & si/]s4 ,i leave to ,joseph9e ,detela daught] ( ,mr4 ,detela ( ,layba* 9 ,illyria innkeep] my k9d & affectionate nurse "o hundr$ p\nds or r a sum :i* %all equal a ?\s& flor9s to be paid out ( ! balance at my bank]'s )9 ?ree mon?s aft] my decease4 ,i beg ,lady ,davy to be s good z to fulfill my engagem5ts ) ! p]sons :o are travell+ ) me b )\t any fav\r z ,i h no reason to praise ei!r _! att5tion or civilities )9 ! la/ two mon?s b ! k9dness & att5tions ( ,joseph9e ,detela dur+ my illness at ,layba* n only calls = ! te/imony ,i h giv5 b likewise my gratitude = :i* ,i give h] ! #ajj or ! #ajjj flor9s4 ,h4 ,,davy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,feb4 #ai? #ahbi4 ,i wi% to be buri$ :]e ,i die natura curat suas reliquias4 ,i wi% #ajj to be giv5 to ,george ,:idby & ,i beg ,lady ,davy to fulfill all my engagem5ts & t if my fri5ds %\ld ?9k my ,dialogues wor?y ( publication ,i beg t !y may be publi%$ & t ,mr4 ,tob9 may correct ! press ( !m & ,i wi% t #aej may be giv5 to him = ?is lab\r4 ,!re is a codicil to my w 9 my writ+ desk4 ,i beg ,lady ,davy to h ! goodness to att5d to e ?+ m5tion$ 9 t4 ,9 addition to :at ,i h m5tion$ 9 t codicil ,i reque/ t #ej or #ejj flor9s may be giv5 to ,joseph9e ,dettela )9 five mon?s aft] my decease & ,i wi% #ej to be pres5t$ to my fri5d ,dr ,mori*9i 9 remembrance & memory ( 8 great k9dness to me4 ,h4 ,d4 ,i wi% "o hundr$ to be giv5 to my amanu5sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! purpose ( expla9+ a ,w t ,i made be=e ,i left ,engl& & "s pap]s t ,i h s9ce add$ to x ,i write ^! few words ,rome1 ,m>* #ah1 #ahbi4 ,i give ! copyright ( ,salmonia my ,dialogues & any o!r ( my works :i* my fri5ds may ?9k x prop] to republi% to my bro!r ,john ,davy ,m4,d4 to be publi%$ 9 ! mann] he may ?9k mo/ fit & prop]4 ,i h already 9 my =m] te/am5t left ,lady ,davy my residu>y legatee b ,i beg h] 9 consid]+ ! disposition ( my prop]ty to reg>d #fjjj z belong+ to my bro!r ,dr4 ,davy 9 case !re re/s any d\bt ^u ?is subject 9 my fir/ w & ,i wi% h] ! said ,lady ,davy to enjoy dur+ h] life ! use & prop]ty ( ! diff]5t s]vices ( plate giv5 to me :e!r by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia or ! diff]5t coal committees b ,i tru/ to h] s5se ( ju/ice t %e w leave !m 9 ! mann] ,i h po9t$ out 9 my w to my bro!r4 ,) respect to any prop]ty at pres5t 9 my bank]'s h&s or any ?+ ,i n[ c>ry ) me ,i leave !m entirely to my bro!r ,dr4 ,davy4 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,at ,rome ,m>* #ah1 #ahbi4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,samuel ,,b5tley1 ,dorset ,/reet1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or spell+ & punctuation inconsi/5cies1 & hyph5at$ words1 h be5 h>moniz$4 ,! =matt+ ( ! lett]s has be5 regul>iz$4