,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,lv ,,may ,,to ,,octob]1 #ahii ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahii ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,kei? ,,brooks4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,july1 #ahii4 ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,& ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,! ,,bible4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,david ,,sprague1 ,b4 ,d4 ,tra9$ & organiz$ common s5se is ,pr(essor ,huxley's def9ition ( sci5ce4 ,!re is probably no bett]4 ,! popul> m9d p]si/s 9 ?9k+ t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 sci5ce & k 9 g5]al4 ,yes1 !re is a wide diff]5ce1 b x is j ! diff]5ce t !re is betwe5 a tra9$ & organiz$ body ( m5 = ! accompli%+ ( "s great "w1 & a cr[d ( m5 unorganiz$ & undiscipl9$4 ,:at unsci5tific k has accompli%$ may be r\ghly se5 9 ! condition ( savage races to-day2 :ile ! *anges wr\ght by k tra9$ & organiz$1 9 enl>g+ ! sum ( k1 9 ext5d+ m5's p[] ( p]ception1 & 9 increas+ ! facilities n m]ely = liv+1 b = liv+ well1 are *anges 9 comp>ison ) :i* all o!rs record$ 9 hi/ory are trifl+4 ,x w be pr(itable = u1 9 ord] to get a cle>] idea ( sci5tific me?od1 to trace z briefly z possible ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & ! developm5t ( ! sci5tific idea4 ,! v beg9n+ ( sci5ce is beyond our k54 ,we c =m no idea ( j :at /age 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ! race witness$ ! rise ( tra9+ & ord] 9 m5's k4 ,long be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory !re mu/ h be5 "s degree ( ord]l9ess 9 m5's k--"s gr\p+ ( facts1 & reason+ f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,rude classification w\ld be made1 e4 g41 among animals1 z "s 7 f\nd to be good = food & o!rs n2 s among h]bs1 z to size1 =m1 color1 use = food & m$ic9e1 poison\s qualities1 etc42 s among woods1 z "s 7 bett] adapt$ ?an o!rs to use z in/rum5ts ( w> & ( ! *ase4 ,m5 mu/ also1 v e>ly 9 _! developm5t1 h notic$ ! *anges t took place 9 ! heav5s3 ! sun by day1 ! moon & ! />s by night2 h gr\p$ ! />s into little clu/]s "h & !re z !y seem$ rudely to resemble =ms ( ?+s :i* !y knew1 & z "s 7 bright] ?an ! re/2 h begun to reckon p]iods ( "t accord+ z position ( sun & moon v>i$4 ,9 _! obs]vation ( ! heav5s no o!r ph5om5on w\ld h attract$ z mu* att5tion z an eclipse1 & = a long "t m5 w\ld h ascrib$ ?is occasional ph5om5on to ! int]v5tion ( "s sup]natural p[]4 ,9 process ( "t1 h[ev]1 z _! obs]vations 7 made ) m c>e & record$1 "s regul>ity w\ld be notic$ 9 ^!1 z 9 o!r ph5om5a ( ! skies2 & ! p]iod ( _! recurr5ce be+ at la/ approximately kn[n by ^? m le>n$ ?an ! re/1 pr$ictions ( eclipses w\ld be made & v]ifi$ by :at w\ld seem to ! multitude direct sup]natural aid4 ,h5ce ! e>lie/ sci5tific records t h come d[n to u are ( eclipses obs]v$1 & 9 "t regul>ly pr$ict$1 by ! ,*aldeans2 h5ce also ! reputation t 0 always giv5 to ! ,*aldeans ( hav+ magical p[]4 ,com+ d[n n[ to ! "t :5 m5 fir/ seem$ to h a g5u9e _s ( sci5tific inquiry1 we f9d x among ! ,greeks "s five hundr$ ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,:atev] ( rudely sci5tific "w _h be5 done be=e1 seems to h be5 = practical or religi\s purposes4 ,ab\t t "t1 h[ev]1 m5 began to inve/igate & speculate 9 ord] to f9d out ! tru?1 & soon we see a class ( m51 kn[n z philosoph]s1 ^: "o aim 0 to f9d out1 because !y lov$1 ! tru?4 ,:at !y saw excit$ !m to m$itate1 to conjecture1 & to reason2 !y endeavor$ to acc\nt = natural ev5ts1 to trace _! causes1 to r$uce !m to pr9ciples 7,:ewell74 ,!y set ab\t ?is1 too1 9 no small1 n>r[ way4 ,!y want$ to g "r to ! bottom ( ?+s1 ( ev]y?+ at once1 & to "k ! great pr9ciples1 z !y call$ !m1 ( ,nature & ( life4 ,t 0 ! reason :y ! actual sci5tific results ( ,greek ?\ght1 ) all its spl5did p[]s1 7 s meag]4 ,two ?+s are ! necess>y conditions ( sci5ce--facts1 & ! human p[] ( reason+4 ,two processes mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 ord] to yield any sci5tific result3 facts mu/ be pati5tly accumulat$1 & ! m9d mu/ set its reason+ p[]s to "w on !m4 ,x 0 9 ! fir/ ( ^! t ! ,greeks 7 want+4 ,!y did n realize ! ne$ ( endless pati5ce 9 le>n+ ! details ( ,nature's way ( work+4 ,!y wi%$ to take 9 all ( ,nature ) "o trem5d\s sweep ( ?\ght4 ,!y did a little inve/igat+ & a great deal ( reason+4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 we f9d an in/ance ( inquiry into ! cause ( m def9ite & limit$ ph5om5a1 :i* seems mu* m to sugge/ ! true _s ( physical inquiry4 ,we h "o record$ by ,h]odotus1 :i* is ! m rem>kable f be+ s ne>ly alone4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ! fact :i* he _h obs]v$ ab\t ! flood+ ( ! ,nile--t x 0 flood$ = "o hundr$ days1 beg9n+ ) ! summ] sol/ice2 & t f t "t x dim9i%$1 & 0 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s v l[4 ,he tells u t he made press+ inquiries ab\t ! cause ( x f _m ( ! ,egyptians1 b t he f\nd no satisfaction1 & app>5tly little int]e/ 9 ! matt]4 ,?ree diff]5t !ories on ! subject t _h be5 prop\nd$ by ! ,greeks he exam9es 9 detail & confutes2 & f9ally he /ates a !ory ( 8 own4 ,& yet ev5 9 ?is in/ance ( sci5tific inquiry he commits ! usual fault ( ! ,greeks--he does n pursue f> en\gh ! inve/igation ( ! facts ( ! case1 & ! abs5ce ( ! facts he tries to make up = by exhau/ive argum5ts on words us$ 9 describ+ ! ph5om5a4 ,/range z x may seem at a fir/ glance1 x is a v simil> tr\ble t we f9d ) ! reason+ ( ,ari/otle4 ,x seems /range1 ,i say1 because we are accu/om$ to associate ) ,ari/otle j ^? ?+s :i* w\ld seem to indicate a sci5tific temp]1 & to give promise ( great results3 #a4 ,ext5sive accumulation ( facts4 ,_m ( ^? works ( ,ari/otle :i* rema9 to u are va/ treasuries ( facts collect$ f almo/ e field ( ,nature1 & we h reason = ?9k+ t he made o!r wond]ful collections ( facts :i* h n come d[n to u4 ,8 "w has be5 a /&+ m>vel to all "t4 #b4 ,extraord9>y p[]s ( reason+4 #c4 ,! fact t he ass]t$ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ! ne$ ( build+ up ! :ole sup]/ructure ( k on exp]i5ce4 ,& yet ?r\gh\t 8 works1 side by side ) ! evid5ces ( pr(\nd k & pr(\nd speculation1 !re are repeat$ in/ances ( reason+s :i* are n only uns\nd1 b altoge!r pu]ile--e4 g41 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatise on ! heav5s he proves ! _w to be p]fect by reason+ ( ! foll[+ k9d3 ,! bodies ( :i* ! _w is compos$ are solids1 & !re=e h ?ree dim5sions4 ,n[1 ?ree is ! mo/ p]fect numb]2 x is ! fir/ ( numb]s1 = ( "o we d n speak z a numb]2 ( two we say bo?2 b ?ree is ! fir/ numb] ( :i* we say all2 moreov]1 x has a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,t is a fair in/ance ( 8 sci5tific incompet5cy4 ,he has ! facts1 he is able to reason1 b he does n reason accord+ to ! facts2 he loses sight ( !m & builds up great argum5ts on words & names4 ,to give "o m example3 ,he is endeavor+ to expla9 ! fact t :5 ! sun's light passes ?r\gh a hole1 :atev] be ! =m ( ! hole1 ! bright image1 if =m$ at any consid]able di/ance f ! hole1 is circul>4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is easily se5 to be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! circul> figure ( ! sun1 if we conceive light to be diffus$ f ! lum9>y by means ( /raight rays proce$+ f e po9t4 ,b ,ari/otle attempts to expla9 ! fact by say+ t ! sun's light has a circul> nature :i* x always t5ds to manife/4 ,he employs ! vague & loose conception ( a circul> quality in/ead ( ! di/9ct conception ( rays 7,:ewell74 ,x is a k9d ( reason+ :i* may be appli$ ) great %[ ( success to ev]y?+1 b :i* really proves no?+4 ,& s1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,ari/otle did n leave "o s+le sci5tific g5]alization ( value to succe$+ ages4 ,did n ! ,greeks !n d any?+ 9 ! way ( physical sci5ce t 0 to /&8 ,yes1 !re 0 a little "w t 0 exact1 & !re=e la/+4 ,ar*im$es e/abli%$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple on ! "o h& ( ! lev]1 on ! o!r ( pressure 9 fluids--t is to say1 laid ! /able f\ndation ( ! sci5ces ( /atics & hydro/atics4 ,euclid develop$1 if he did n discov]1 ! law ( ! reflection ( light4 ,py?agoras discov]$1 & 8 foll[]s develop$1 "s ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( h>monics4 ,great] ?an any ( ! o!rs 9 g5u9e sci5tific "w 0 ,hipp>*us1 :o1 ) _m errone\s !ories1 yet really laid ! p]man5t f\ndation ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,only "o m "n ne$ be m5tion$ among ! anci5ts--t ( ,ptolemy1 :o seem$ possess$ ( a g5u9ely sci5tific _s4 ,he accompli%$ little orig9al "w1 made no broad g5]alization 7:at is kn[n z ! ,ptolemaic sy/em 0 9 reality ! sy/em ( ,hipp>*us71 b m ?an any o!r ( ! anci5ts he is ! type ( ! true sci5ti/ 9 ^! respects--! accuracy ( 8 obs]vations1 ! ?or\ghness ( 8 "w at e po9t1 & ! really great additions t he made to sci5ce 9 ! way ( v]ify+1 correct+1 & ext5d+ ! !ory he receiv$4 ,he liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,& ! next "n to attract our notice is t ( ,cop]nicus1 m ?an twelve hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( t lapse ( "t8 ,aft] su* noble f\ndations _h be5 laid1 0 !re no great sci5tific "w built !reon 9 all ^? c5turies8 ,absolutely none4 ,x w be well = u to ?9k = a mom5t ( :at 7 ! reasons = t b>r5ness1 = ! same causes are m or less at "w at all times to h9d] ! gr[? ( sci5ce & ! ext5sion ( sci5tific me?od4 #a4 ,& :at /rikes u mo/ =cibly at ! outset is a lack ( ! s5se ( ! importance ( physical sci5ce4 ,?r\gh mo/ ( t p]iod ,*ri/ianity dom9at$ ! be/ ?\ght ( ,europe1 & ! trem5d\s practical problems t confront$ ! ,*ur* = a long "t ?rew ev]y?+ else into ! %ade2 = a long "t1 ,i said1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is p]iod 9 especial1 :5 ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al seem$ to realize its responsibility to w9 ! :ole _w to its ,ma/]1 & e individual com+ into ! ,*ur* 0 made to feel t ! ,*ur*'s "w 0 above ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,! importance ( an exhau/ive k ( ! facts ( ,nature seem$ trifl+ :5 comp>$ ) que/ions ( "* & future life1 & mak+ ! _w feel ! p[] ( ,*ri/4 ,eusebius only express$ ! ?\ght ( mu* ( 8 age :5 he said1 speak+ ( ^? :o pursu$ ! /udy ( physical sci5ce1 ,x is n ?r\gh ignorance ( ! ?+s admir$ by !m1 b ?r\gh contempt ( _! useless labor1 t we ?9k little ( ^! matt]s1 turn+ our s\ls to ! ex]cise ( bett] ?+s4 ,& ) t delib]ate turn+ away f su* subjects !re w\ld come ( necessity t indi/9ctness ( ideas ab\t natural ?+s :i* is fatal to all sci5tific inve/igation4 ,witness ^! words ( ,lactantius3 ,to se>* = ! causes ( natural ?+s2 to inquire :e!r ! sun be z l>ge z he seems2 :e!r ! moon is convex or concave2 :e!r ! />s are fix$ 9 ! sky or float freely 9 ! air2 ( :at size & ( :at mat]ial are ! heav5s1 :e!r !y be at re/ or 9 motion2 :at is ! magnitude ( ! e>?1 on :at f\ndations x is susp5d$ & balanc$--to dispute & conjecture on su* matt]s is j z if we *ose to discuss :at we ?9k ( a city 9 a remote c\ntry1 ( :i* we nev] he>d b ! "n4 ,z ,:ewell1 f :om ^! la/ two quotations are tak51 says1 ,x is impossible to express m =cibly t abs5ce ( any def9ite notions on physical subjects :i* l$ to ?is tone ( ?\ght4 #b4 ,contribut+1 )\t d\bt1 l>gely to t indi/9ctness ( ideas1 & to ! l[ value put ^u physical sci5ce1 0 ! my/icism common to ! e>ly & ! m$ival ,*ur*1 & to ! _w at l>ge = _m hundr$ ye>s--! my/icism1 t is to say1 ! habit ( assign+ sup]natural ag5cies to ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & ( reg>d+ !m z subject to ! vicissitudes ( arbitr>y w r ?an z foll[+ out ! work+s ( a consi/5t ord]ly plan4 ,!re is no ne$ ( any attempt to %[ h[ fatal su* a _s is to sci5ce1 nor h[ t _s seem$ = a long :ile to dom9ate ! _w4 ,x *ang$ physical sci5ce to magic2 a/ronomy to a/rology2 ! /udy ( ! composition ( bodies to al*emy2 & ev5 ma!matics 0 *ang$ till x became ! contemplation ( ! spiritual relations ( numb] & figure4 ,t ! ,*ur* 0 n1 z has be5 (t5 *>g$1 responsible = ?is spiritualiz+ temp] ( ! age is app>5t to any "o famili> ) ! developm5t ( ,greek philosophy & ) ! hi/ory ( ! sup]/itions ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,nev]!less1 x is also true t t temp] has be5 increas$ 9 ! pa/ & is fo/]$ to-day by ! undue emphasis :i* ! ,*ur* has plac$ ^u ! miracul\s "* ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 #c4 ,we notice 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ?\ght ( ?is p]iod1 bo? 9 ! ,*ur* & 9 ! _w at l>ge1 a disposition r to exam9e1 criticise1 & comm5t ^u ! "w ( o!rs1 ?an to d inve/igat+ & ?9k+ ( "o's own4 ,t su* a _s %\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,*ur* is n to be wond]$ at1 = ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les w\ld seem to leave no room = orig9ality ( ?9k+ on religi\s subjects1 & ! sacr$ ,scriptures w\ld give abundant scope = ! ex]cise ( ! highe/ le>n+ & ( intellectual p5etration 9 int]pret+4 ,b ! same t5d5cy is notic$ outside ( ! ,*ur*1 z ! great s*ools ( int]pret]s ( ,ari/otle & ( ,plato1 & ! l>ge volumes ( ab/racts & compilations f prec$+ writ]s1 be> witness4 ,b :5 va/ le>n+ & ability are exp5d$1 r on su* labors ?an on inve/igation into ! secrets ( ,nature1 sci5ce does n ?rive4 #d4 ,& once aga9 we obs]ve ! gradually increas+ dogmatic t5d5cy ( ! ,*ur*1 ! claim to be ! repository ( all k1 ! /ifl+ ( ?\ght1 & ( inve/igation into :at might lead m5 away f ! tru? & ! fai? once deliv]$ to ! sa9ts4 ,x seem$ be/ to give 9 detail ^! f\r evid5t reasons = ! b>r5ness ( sci5ce dur+ ^? c5turies1 because1 z ,i said1 ! same ?+s to-day1 ?\gh ) decreas+ =ce1 int]f]e ) ! progress ( sci5ce & ! ext5sion ( sci5tific me?od4 ,i %all ref] to !m aga9 a little fur!r on4 ,! great revival ( f\r c5turies ago 9 art1 9 le>n+1 9 religion1 rea*$ also to sci5ce4 ,at la/ ! spell ( ignorance1 ( unreason+ prejudice1 ( (f5sive dogmatism1 & ( vague my/icism1 t _h held ! _w = s long1 0 brok54 ,! new life ( sci5ce 0 feeble at fir/1 & rema9$ long 9 its swaddl+ clo!s4 ,x 0 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ,cop]nicus gave 8 great "w to ! _w2 !n no great "w aga9 = ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s1 :5 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 & ,/ev9us arise4 ,b ! c5tury has n be5 an idle "o4 ,ev]y:]e m5 h be5 awak5+ to ! new light1 h begun to ?9k freely & fe>lessly2 are no long] det]r$ by ! cry ( magic or ! prohibition ( *ur* dignit>ies f inve/igat+ into ,nature = !mselves4 ,& s1 :5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ^? mighty ones appe>$1 ?\ghtful p 9 great numb]s 7 f\nd to welcome ! new tru?s2 & at almo/ ! same "t ,desc>tes by 8 essay on ,sci5tific ,me?od1 & ,bacon by ! ,novum ,organum1 7 able to give an impetus to sci5tific inve/igation su* z ! _w _h nev] felt be=e4 ,! hi/ory ( ! progress ( sci5ce f t "t to ?is is too complex to receive any treatm5t 9 a pap] ( ?is "*4 ,h[ x has be5 ?r\gh\t a record ( successive triumphs2 h[ gradually "o dep>tm5t aft] ano!r ( ,nature's work+s has be5 ma/]$ & r$uc$ to ord]ly sy/em2 h[ all sy/ems h be5 !mselves r$uc$ to "o1 h>moni\s & complete1 9 ! magnific5t g5]alization ( evolution2 h[ all ! "t n only has ! sum ( k be5 /eadily augm5t$1 b ! p[] ( acquir+ k m>vel\sly enl>g$--all ( t we "k4 ,t :i* has accompli%$ su* results is sci5ce1 & ! process employ$ has be5 sci5tific me?od4 ,we are 9 a position n[ to h a fairly intellig5t idea ( x4 ,look at x & see4 ,sci5tific me?od is n1 ( c\rse1 a te*nical expression1 z are induction1 d$uction1 etc4 ,yet x means some?+ v def9ite4 ,x is t me?od ( deal+ ) ph5om5a :i* reason decl>es & exp]i5ce has %[n to insure ! greate/ accuracy 9 results4 ,!re are 9 ! complete process f\r necess>y /eps3 #a4 ,obs]vation ( facts4 #b4 ,comp>ison & classification1 or g5]alization4 #c4 ,d$uction4 #d4 ,v]ification4 ,we c see ^! /eps alike 9 ! simple/ sci5tific attempt ( our remote ance/ors1 & 9 ! "w ( a ,newton or a ,d>w94 ,to use an illu/ration ( ! =m] sugge/$ by ! book ( ,leviticus4 ,9 v e>ly times x 0 notic$ t animals t _h bo? ! *>act]i/ics ( be+ clov5-ho($ & ( *ew+ ! cud 7 good = food4 ,a new animal is discov]$ hav+ ^? *>act]i/ics4 ,x is argu$ f ! g5]al pr9ciple laid d[n t ?is new animal is good = food1 & ! matt] is v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4 ,!re are ! f\r di/9ct /eps3 obs]vation ( ! facts1 draw+ a pr9ciple f ! comp>ison ( ! facts1 d$uc+ z to ! p>ticul> case1 v]ify+4 ,! result is1 ( c\rse1 n only a classify+ ( ! p>ticul> case1 b also ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple4 ,s ) ! g5]alization ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,numb]less facts 7 obs]v$ ) ! greate/ c>e2 f !m ! pr9ciple 0 g5]aliz$2 f t aga9 d$uctions 7 made z to p>ticul> cases2 & ! results 7 v]ifi$4 ,b ?\gh ! /eps ( ! process are ! same 9 bo? in/ances1 yet :at a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 !m6 ,take ! fir/ /ep1 ! obs]vation ( facts4 ,all t ! ?\ght ( ! e>li] age c\ld d 0 to note a few /rik+ resemblances & diff]5ces among ! animals t roam$ ! neighbor+ =e/s4 ,:at c\ld be done 9 ! lat] age1 ay1 :at ! sci5tific temp] ( ! age dem&$1 0 ! mo/ rigidly c>eful exam9ation ( multitudes ( facts2 exam9ation by a tra9$ m9d & ) all ! improv$ appliances :i* sci5ce & art _h giv5 to ! _w1 & !n submitt$ to ! se>*+ scrut9y ( o!r tra9$ m9ds1 ) l appliances4 ,or take ! la/ /ep1 v]ification4 ,9 "o case x meant f9d+ ! effect ^u ! ta/e & ^u ! heal?4 ,9 ! o!r1 :at x meant may be judg$ f ! acc\nt we h ( "o ( ,newton's inve/igations4 ,9 apply+ 8 hypo!sis ( gravitation 7x 0 only a hypo!sis !n7 to ! motion ( ! moon1 !re 0 a v slight div]g5ce1 ab\t two feet a m9ute1 betwe5 ! "t ( ! revolution ( ! moon 9 its orbit1 z he calculat$ x & z he obs]v$ x4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ until1 eighte5 ye>s aft]1 on acc\nt ( an improvem5t made 9 ! me?od ( tak+ obs]vations1 he 0 able to obta9 :at he reg>d$ z a v]ification4 ,& s :at we le>n f ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is ! gradual developm5t ( sci5tific me?od4 ,sci5tific me?od 9 ! "w ( ,hipp>*us meant a v diff]5t ?+ f ! sci5tific me?od ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,v diff]5t /ill is ! sci5tific me?od ( /udy+ ! heav5s to-day4 ,s to an ev5 great] degree is !re a diff]5ce betwe5 ! sci5tific me?od ( /udy+ ! e>? to-day & z our fa!rs /udi$ x4 ,x is n m]ely ! multitude ( facts t we h le>n$1 nor ! m>vel\s in/rum5ts t we h made to aid u 9 our obs]vations2 x is also1 & by no means lea/1 ?is--t m5 all ^! c5turies h be5 le>n+ to obs]ve1 to reason1 & to v]ify4 ,we may say t sci5ce & sci5tific me?od h gr[n & develop$ toge!r3 ! developm5t ( "o has inv>iably advanc$ ! developm5t ( ! o!r1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e "o has rema9$ /ation>y1 or has retrograd$1 s has ! o!r4 ,hi/ory has enabl$ u to see ?is o!r fact also3 t ! conditions :i* int]f]$ ) ! gr[? ( sci5ce 9 ! pa/ n only int]f]e ) x always1 :]ev] !y exi/1 b to v mu* ! same degree int]f]e ) ! free application ( sci5tific me?od4 ,:at ^? conditions 7 dur+ "o long p]iod ( hi/ory we saw--a failure to realize its importance z comp>$ ) que/ions ( conduct2 a t5d5cy to comm5t r ?an inve/igate2 a t5d5cy to ascribe ev]y?+ to spiritual ag5cy r ?an to natural causes2 & la/ly1 dogmatism4 ,we v well "k h[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ^? v conditions d int]f]e ) ! application ( sci5tific me?od to-day4 ,h[ f> is sci5tific me?od applicable to ! inve/igation ( ! ,bible8 ,is !re any dep>tm5t ( human k to :i* sci5tific me?od ( inve/igation is n applicable8 ,if sci5tific me?od is :at we def9$ x to be1 t me?od ( deal+ ) ph5om5a :i* reason decl>es & exp]i5ce has %[n to insure ! greate/ accuracy 9 results1 !n !re is obvi\sly no dep>tm5t ( k to :i* t me?od is n applicable1 = x means simply ! me?od :i* w br+ u ne>e/ to ! tru?4 ,:5 we are deal+ ) ! highe/ spiritual v]ities we use t me?od :i* w br+ u ne>e/ to ! tru?2 we are b\nd to use x 9 ! int]e/ ( tru?6 ,t does n mean t we are to look = mat]ial causes = spiritual ph5om5a2 nor does x mean t ^? ?+s :i* 9 _! nature appeal to ! s5sibilities1 or h to d ) conduct1 or require an ex]cise ( fai?1 mu/1 9 ord] = u to f9d out ! tru?1 be remov$ f ! doma9 ( s5sibility1 conduct1 fai?4 ,t w\ld be a mo/ unsci5tific me?od ( inve/igation4 ,! v fir/ canon ( sci5tific me?od is t x be appropriate to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,& s 9 inve/igat+ ! tru?s :i* are di/9ctly taught 9 ! ,bible--tru?s :i* are ( ! nature ( a revelation ( ,god's w & :i* are design$ to rea* & affect ! :ole nature ( man--to take no acc\nt ( o!r faculties 9 a man besides 8 p[] ( appreh5d+ intellectually1 & ( reason+ logically1 w\ld be unsci5tific beyond hope ( p>don4 ,b :at ,i wi% especially to consid] is a diff]5t k9d ( inve/igation ( ! ,bible--"o n conc]n$ ) ! tru?s taught 9 ! ,bible1 b ) ! ,bible itself1 z a collection ( writ+s t has come d[n to u f ! pa/4 ,:at is ! nature ( ^! writ+s8 ,:o are _! au?ors8 ,are !re any ( !m :i* h m ?an "o au?or8 ,are !re any :i* are compilations f sev]al diff]5t s\rces8 ,:at is ! age 9 :i* ^! works 7 writt5 or compil$8 ,all ( ^?1 & simil> que/ions1 are n only ! appropriate b ! necess>y inquiries ( a tru?-lov+ m9d4 ,!y w cont9ue to be ask$ until !y are satisfactorily answ]$4 ,) ref]5ce to o!r writ+s1 ! p]si/5ce ( su* inquiries w dep5d1 except 9 cases ( pure curiosity1 ^u ! importance ( su* writ+s to ! _w4 ,on t pr9ciple !re w be no cessation ( inquiries conc]n+ ! ,bible until !y are1 z ,i said1 satisfactorily answ]$1 = no o!r writ+s are to be comp>$1 9 _! importance to ! _w1 ) ! writ+s ( ! ,bible4 ,h[ c su* answ]s be giv58 ,:]e does compet5cy to give answ] lie8 ,does x lie 9 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*8 ,n to lay any /ress ^u ! fact1 "o way or ! o!r1 t ! ,*ur*1 except 9 c]ta9 localities1 has nev] decl>$ on ! canon ( ! ,bible1 mu* less on ! que/ions propos$ above1 !re is no su* au?ority resid+ 9 ! ,*ur*1 unless we grant ! claim sometimes made = h]1 to infallibility4 ,) ^? mak+ su* a claim we mu/1 )9 ! limits ( ?is pap]1 decl9e to argue4 ,b if n ! ,*ur*1 :at o!r au?ority c give u ! answ]s we seek8 ,! au?ority ( primitive tradition1 or ( ! op9ions ( great comm5tators1 or ( ! great mass ( ,*ri/ian p ( mod]n times8 ,au?ority :i* is s %ad[y 9 o!r ?+s t might be m5tion$ w\ld surely c\nt = no?+ 9 a matt] z grave z ?is4 ,or c p>ticul> expressions ( ! ,bible itself be tak5 to settle ! matt] once = all8 ,b z to mo/ ( ^? v que/ions ! ,bible itself is sil5t2 & if x _h spok51 yet ! "q ( compet5t au?ority w\ld only be put "o /ep fur!r back4 ,or1 once aga91 c ! answ] come f ! _s :i* is 9 man1 guid$ by ,god's ,_s8 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 ! in/ance m5tion$ above1 t :i* has be5 %[n to be incompet5t 9 s _m o!r ?+s c n be call$ compet5t 9 ?is4 ,!re is1 !re c be1 accord+ to ! requirem5t ( our m9ds1 only "o answ] :i* w satisfy2 x is t :i* is det]m9$ by purely sci5tific me?od--t is to say1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject1 t me?od ( inve/igat+ lit]>y works :i* reason decl>es & exp]i5ce has %[n to insure ! greate/ accuracy 9 results4 ,t me?od is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,high] ,criticism4 ,:at is ! hi/ory ( ! high] criticism8 ,"o w\ld imag9e1 f ! language (t5 us$ by ! oppon5ts ( its application to ! ,bible1 t x 0 an arbitr>y me?od ( criticism1 inv5t$ 9 ^! rationaliz+ times expressly = ! purpose ( do+ away ) ! div9e "* ( ! ,bible4 ,b high] criticism has be5 9 use 9 exam9+ ! classics & o!r 7nonscriptural7 writ+s ( =m] ages = fully two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! fir/ "o to /ate its fundam5tal pr9ciples 0 ,du ,p91 9 8 ,new ,hi/ory ( ,ecclesia/ical ,writ]s1 publi%$ 9 #afid4 ,9 #afii ,b5tley publi%$ 8 fam\s exam9ation ( ! epi/les ( ,phal>is1 accord+ to ! me?ods & pr9ciples ( ! high] criticism4 ,!re is no bett] in/ance ( sci5tific inve/igation z to au!nticity4 ,^! epi/les _h be5 commonly accept$ by s*ol>s z ! "w ( ,phal>is1 & acc\nt$ ( great value4 ,b5tley1 by 8 se>*+ exam9ation ( !m1 prov$ !m to be ! =g]y ( a sophi/1 s conclusively t no s*ol> wor?y ( ! "n has v5tur$ to "q ! result s9ce4 ,t1 ,i say1 0 9 #afii4 ,! fir/ "w 9 ! way ( high] criticism ( ! ,bible1 ,ei*horn's ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 n publi%$ till ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,b t v mod]nness ( ! "w br+s x ) "s into disfavor4 ,if t is ! true way ( inve/igat+ ! biblical writ+s1 !y say1 :y are we s long 9 f9d+ x out8 ,:y did n ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*--mighty1 inde$1 z _m ( !m 71 ) ke5ness ( insight into ! ,bible1 ) pr(\nd k ( its *>act]i/ics1 ) sub/antially ! same evid5ce be=e !m z we h n[--:y did n !y give u ! pr9ciples ( ! high] criticism1 if ^? pr9ciples are true8 ,= ! v same reason z sci5ce 9 g5]al has n until v lately begun to d its true "w4 ,h[ meag] is all ! sci5tific "w done 9 ! ages ( ! pa/ 9 comp>ison ) t done dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s6 ,m5 7 n up to x2 !y 7 only le>n+ ! sci5tific me?od4 ,s1 ! sci5tific me?od ( exam9+ lit]ature1 m5 h n le>n$ till )9 ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,hav+ all ! facts be=e !m :i* we h n[ w\ld avail no?+ )\t ! k ( h[ to obs]ve1 to classify1 to d$uce1 to v]ify1 any m 9 ! field ( lett]s ?an 9 ! field ( ,nature2 any m 9 ! ,bible ?an 9 o!r lit]>y works4 ,among ! imm5se b5efits :i* sci5ce has conf]r$ ^u ! _w1 surely ?is %\ld n be acc\nt$ ! lea/1 t x has taught u a me?od by :i* we may f9d out ) ev]-gr[+ c]ta9ty ! tru? conc]n+ ! ,bible itself4 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld be ! attitude ( lov]s ( tru? t[>d ! high] criticism ( ! ,bible8 ,x c be only "o--op5ness ( m9d to ! ready acceptance ( its "w4 ,n t all its pres5t results are to be accept$ z f9al1 = its "w is /ill confess$ly incomplete4 ,moreov]1 we c n fail to see t all inve/igations into ! sacr$ ,scriptures h n be5 prompt$ by a g5u9e love ( tru?1 nor c>ri$ on ) t judicial m9d t %\ld *>act]ize e "o work+ 9 ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,s t n all t has be5 done 9 ! "n ( ! high] criticism has be5 accord+ to sci5tific me?od4 ,nev]!less1 !re are results already obta9$1 be>+ ! /amp ( tru?--su* z ! composite "* ( ! ,hexateu*2 ! d\ble au?or%ip ( ,isaiah2 ! po/-exilic date ( _m ( ! ,psalms--results :i* to a sci5tific m9d h ! practical c]ta9ty ( a demon/ration1 b :i* ! great majority ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 :o are suppos$ to look at su* ?+s intellig5tly1 are n ready to accept4 ,are n ! m9i/ry 9 g5]al m zeal\s to d z ,/4 ,paul says1 ,hold fa/ t :i* is good1 ?an ei!r to d1 z he also says1 ,prove all ?+s1 or to make sure t :at !y hold fa/ is ! be/8 ,well1 und\bt$ly t is ! bett] way to d1 if !y are to d only "o--to hold fa/ t :i* is good4 ,& yet x is a bless$ ?\ght t e brave1 fe>less ef=t :i* m5 make t[>d f9d+ out ! tru?1 ) e help t !y c get f reason & a k ( ! pa/1 is an ef=t aft] ,god4 ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,klondike ,,gold ,,fields4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f ,alaska & ! ,klondike4 ,) ?irty-five full-page illu/rations & ?ree maps4 ,by ,pr(4 ,angelo ,heilpr94 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #cbf4 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,,by ,,angelo ,,heilpr91 ,,late ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geology ,,at ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,philadelphia1 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,geographical ,,society ,,( ,,london4 ,! gold fields ( ! ,klondike or ,tro&ik di/rict1 z (ficially designat$1 lie along or imm$iately ab\t ! wat]s1 :e!r direct or tribut>y1 ( ! ,klondike1 an ea/]n afflu5t ( ! ,yukon1 :i* dis*>ges into ! fa!r ( nor!rn wat]s at ! site ( ,dawson4 ,! ,klondike itself1 ^: upp] wat]s are z yet only imp]fectly kn[n1 seem+ly c>ries b little gold1 ! ma9 quantity ( ! preci\s metal & t :i* has made ! region fam\s be+ contribut$ by "o ( its s\!rn arms1 ! ,bonanza1 & by a tribut>y ( ?is1 ! ,eldorado4 ,hunk] ,creek1 dra9+ a m\nta9\s di/rict sev]al miles to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,bonanza1 & l x a s\!rn afflu5t ( ! ,klondike1 f9ds promise ( a weal? b little if at all inf]ior to t ( ! ,bonanza4 ,9 a broad] or m popul> s5se1 ! ,klondike region n only embraces ! special di/rict s designat$ 9 ! books ( ! ,gold ,commission]1 b also ! entire tract :i* heads up to ! s\rces ( ! /reams t h be=e be5 m5tion$1 & !reby1 ) ,qu>tz1 ,sulphur1 & ,dom9ion ,creeks z tribut>ies ( ,indian ,riv]1 takes 9 ! great] portion ( ! ,indian ,riv] m9+ di/rict1 & ) ,bak]1 ,re9de]1 & o!r creeks on ! we/1 ! (ficial di/ricts indicat$ by ^! names z well4 ,) ?is limitation ! region r\ghly def9es an area ab\t =ty miles squ>e1 ^: nor!rn b\nd>y lies some:at to ! nor? ( ! sixty-f\r? p>allel ( latitude1 & on ! we/ rea*es to )9 ab\t ?irty-five miles ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 ! "o hundr$ & =ty-fir/ m]idian ( we/ longitude4 ,?is area ( approximately fifte5 hundr$ squ>e miles1 :i* b little exce$s t ( ,rhode ,isl& or ( ! c\nty ( ,cornwall 9 ,engl&1 may be broadly *>act]iz$ z be+ g5tly m\nta9\s1 ) elevations ( five hundr$ to fifte5 hundr$ feet1 & 9 ! highe/ p>ts ( ab\t tw5ty-two hundr$ feet4 ,its l[e/ depression is ! valley ( ! ,yukon1 :i*1 9 itself occupy+ a position ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ feet above ! sea1 gives to ^! po9ts absolute elevations ( ?ree & ne>ly f\r ?\s& feet4 ,dome ,m\nta91 or1 z x is frequ5tly designat$1 simply ,! ,dome1 & less (t5 ,solomon's ,dome1 ,k+ ,dome1 & ,m\nt ,ophir1 appe>s to be ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! entire region2 & its prom95t position at ! wat] p>t+ ( ,bonanza1 ,hunk]1 ,sulphur1 & ,dom9ion ,creeks makes x a noble figure 9 ! l&scape1 & ! mo/ int]e/+ s+le feature to ! prospector & m9]4 ,no absolute det]m9ations = altitude h z yet be5 made = x1 b :5 cross+ ! summit x seem$ to me t x c\ld n be mu* "u f\r ?\s& feet1 & ,i believe t ,mr4 ,ogilvie gives to x ab\t ?irty-five hundr$ feet4 ,! l&scape :i* ?is m\nta9 dom9ates is surpass+ly beautiful1 & ,i "k ( no f9] view f simil>ly l[ m\nta9s ?an t :i* ?is "o comm&s4 ,! %>ply incis$ wood$ valleys ( ! diff]5t /reams t head up to x te> ! m\nta9 into project+ buttresses1 & 9 ! ridge t leads (f f x s\?we/w>d contracts x to ! ext5t ( =m+ = half a mile or m a n>r[ backbone or saddle4 ,9 ?is respect x rem9d$ me mu* ( ,m\nt ,katahd91 9 ,ma9e4 ,on a cle> day ! di/ant ma9 mass ( ! sn[-capp$ ,rocky ,m\nta9s is %>ply outl9$ aga9/ ! nor!a/]n sky1 a mo/ impressive sett+ to ! v]dant slopes t tr5d (f t[>d x1 only to disappe> 9 ! belt ( pla9 t sep>ates ! two m\nta9 sy/ems4 ,i 0 un=tunate 9 n gett+ ! full b5efit ( ?is view1 z at ! "t ( my fir/ cross+ ! atmosph]e 0 v cl\dy1 & on ! second x 0 s sur*>g$ ) smoke f =e/ fires 9 ! valleys ( ,gold ,bottom1 ,qu>tz1 & ,sulphur ,creeks t h>dly m ?an ! =egr\nd 0 visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bit ,,( ,,norway ,,9 ,,alaska4--,,cascade ,,ne> ,,skaguay4 ,a succession ( five or six knobs runs out f ! ridge to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made & :i* tr5ds (f 9 ! direction ( ! head wat]s ( ,eldorado1 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! ma9 ,dome1 are sometimes spok5 ( z ! ,sev5 ,domes1 b !y h no p>ticul> significance 9 ! orographic detail & c n ev5 be said to be cle>ly def9$ to ! eye4 ,dome ,m\nta9 is held 9 a respect bord]+ almo/ on v5]ation by ! ,klondik]s1 inasmu* z x is g5]ally ?\ght to be ! ma9spr+ ( ! gold supply :i* is conta9$ 9 ! /reams t fall (f f x1 & ?is means ne>ly all ! good & ! promis+ /reams ( ! entire region4 ,&1 9 tru?1 !re is = ! mom5t no way ( absolutely dispos+ ( ! m9]'s suppositions1 nor c ! circum/ance t little or no gold has yet be5 f\nd 9 place ei!r on or 9 ! m\nta9 be giv5 mu* value 9 ! discussion ( ! probable orig9 ( ! gold1 inasmu* z ! same negative condition confronts u 9 a /udy ( ! rocks ( all o!r p>ts ( ! same & adjo9+ regions4 ,assum+ t alluvial gold is 9 ! ma9 a d]ivative f reef gold1 x is c]ta9ly /range t /reams fl[+ 9 well-nigh opposite directions1 & yet ris+ )9 v %ort di/ances ( "o ano!r1 %\ld be s l>gely *>g$ ) gold1 unless !y h obta9$ x f a common s\rce2 nor c ! fact1 z receiv$ & report$ by mo/ m9]s1 b ( ! full import ( :i* ,i h n yet fully made up my m9d1 t ! diff]5t /reams c>ry diff]5t classes ( gold1 be argu$ away z hav+ no significance 9 ?is connection4 ,claim hold]s pr(ess at mo/ times to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ,eldorado gold & t ( ,bonanza1 betwe5 ! gold ( ,bonanza & t ( ,hunk] or ,dom9ion1 & s on2 & !re is no "q t m>k$ diff]5ces 9 color & 9 ! cont\rs ( ! co>se flakes & nuggets d pres5t !mselves1 & ev5 9 n>r[] limits ?an has "h be5 outl9$4 ,?us1 ! gold f ,fr5* ,hill1 abrea/ ( ,claim #ag on ,eldorado1 has a di/9ctiv5ess t is l>gely its own1 & h>dly foll[s ! gold ( ! re/ ( ! ,eldorado tract2 & ! same is true ( ! gold ( ,skookum ,hill 9 its relations to t ( ,bonanza1 & also ( t ( ,victoria ,gul*4 ,moreov]1 ! rec5t assays t h be5 made by ! ,bank ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,canadian ,bank ( ,comm]ce1 9 ,dawson1 ( ! gold ( ! diff]5t creeks & gul*es %[ pla9ly t m>k$ diff]5ces z to f95ess are di/9ctive qualities--at lea/ !y appe> to be su* at ! pres5t "t4 ,?us1 :ile ,eldorado & ,bonanza gold g5]ally assays b ab\t #ae4ej or #ae4hj to ! ounce1 ,dom9ion gold %[s z high z #ag4hj1 & ,hunk] close to #ah4ej2 ! gold ( ,be> ,creek1 a m9or tribut>y ( ! ,klondike1 is report$ to actually give #ai4bj to ! ounce1 fall+ only beh9d ! almo/ pure specim5s t h be5 report$ f ,am]ican ,creek & ,mynook1 & to :i* a valuation ( ne>ly #bj has be5 giv54 ,if ^! assum$ facts cont9ue to be prov$ true1 !n !y mu/ argue 9 favor ( a di/ribution ( gold f l>gely localiz$ spots or areas1 a conclusion t is also po9t$ to by a numb] ( o!r circum/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s facts :i* po9t 9 q ! opposite direction1 & "s ( ^! w be ref]r$ to lat] on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,vale ,,( ,,eldorado4 ,none ( ! m\nta9s ( ! region ev5 approximates ! sn[ l9e1 :i* w\ld "h probably occupy a position n mu* bel[ six ?\s& feet1 & on ! nor!rn face p]haps ev5 rise to sev5 ?\s& feet4 ,n a ve/ige ( sn[ 0 se5 by me :5 cross+ ! ,dome1 n ev5 9 ! mo/ %elt]$ holl[s1 a condition t at fir/ /rikes "o z /range1 consid]+ t 9 s _m p>ts ( our own m\nta9s ( equal or less elevation sn[ may be f\nd l+]+ ?r\gh a long p]iod ( ! summ] mon?s4 ,b "h ! greatly protract$ h\rs ( summ] daylight & heat1 toge!r ) ! correspond+ly dim9i%$ p]iod ( night1 :5 a regelation might take place or melt+ at lea/ c\ld be arre/$1 h a m>k$ influ5ce 9 dissipat+ ! w9t]'s sn[s & ice :5 ^! are n p>ticul>ly heavy4 ,i did n f9d ! ,augu/ heat q s int5se on ! m\nta9 tops z ,i _h be5 l$ to suppose t x w\ld be1 b !re 0 q en\gh ( x to satisfy an ample vegetation & to make heavy g>m5ts 9 walk+ m ?an a luxury4 ,un=tunately1 my !rmomet] 0 away f me at ?is "t1 & z s5sation 9 ?is dry nor!rn climate is s difficult to gauge by ! /&>d ( ! m]curial index1 ,i %all n haz>d a guess z to ! actual read+4 ,tak+ ! m\nta9s 9 _! entirety1 x is difficult f s+le po9ts ( view to det]m9e = !m any def9ite relation4 ,!re are s _m valleys 9 close proximity to "o ano!r1 "s v anci5t & o!rs relatively mod]n1 & ) tr5ds s oppos$ 9 all directions1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( a dom9ant ridge or mass ?is relation becomes v confus$2 & ,i 0 n 9 a position1 ) ! limit$ "t at my comm& & ! defici5cy ( rock outcrops1 to positively def9e any ma9 l9e or axis ( uplifts4 ,yet ,i suspect t !re is "o su*1 ) a g5]ally ea/ & we/ be>+1 ^: tr5d might correspond ) t ( ! ridge already ref]r$ to1 :i*1 ) a s\?we/]ly deflection1 unites ,dome ,m\nta9 ) ! mass t sep>ates ! upp] ,eldorado f ,*ief ,gul*4 ,:at /rikes "o z p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 ! con=mation ( "s ( ^! m\nta9s :5 se5 f an elevation is _! hummocky appe>ance4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! m\nta9s :i* close 9 ! ,eldorado & ,bonanza ,valleys4 ,) consid]able actual elevations1 !y convey ! impression ( be+ m]ely swells or undulations ( an op5 surface1 v mu* l magnifi$ mora9ic knolls 9 a glaciat$ c\ntry4 ,?is depress$ type ( m\nta9 /ructure1 ) ! evid5ce ( its exp&$ valleys & g5tly fl[+ cont\rs1 c>ries ) x ! pro( ( long-cont9u$ degradation1 & ( a hi/ory ^: pages read f> back into geological *ronology4 ,) ! evid5ces ( antiquity be=e u1 !re are yet indications1 am\nt+1 x seems to me1 almo/ to pro(1 t _m ( ! m pron\nc$ features ( ! region date _! orig9 f only a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,su* is ! case ) a numb] ( valleys t are tribut>y to ! ma9 ones1 & ev5 ! latt] appe> to h be5 modifi$ by late /ream displacem5ts4 ,tak+ ! ,eldorado or ,bonanza1 ) _! op5 ,u-%ap$ tr\ghs & 9 mo/ p>ts g5tly slop+ banks1 z types ( ! old] valleys1 x is surpris+ to note h[ _m ( _! tribut>ies h ! deeply incis$ & n>r[ cont\rs2 & ,i am l$ almo/ to conclude t "s ( ^! are really ( v late con/ruction4 ,! /ream displacem5ts1 :i*1 by reason ( ! indices !y give to ! f9d+ ( new plac]s1 are n[ beg9n+ to be s att5tively /udi$ by ! m9] & prospector1 are emphatic 9 _! te/imony 9 ?is direction4#b ,"o has b to note ! triangul> area t is includ$ betwe5 ,fr5* ,gul* 7tribut>y to ,eldorado abrea/ ( ,claims #ag & #ah7 & ,adams ,creek 7tribut>y to ,bonanza at ,claim #f bel[ ,discov]y7 to be conv9c$ ( ! actuality ( rec5t trans=mations4 ,mo/ ( ! m9]s reg>d ! high-level gravels ( ?is tract--( ,fr5* ,hill1 ,gold ,hill 7opposite to ,gr& ,=ks ,village71 ,skookum ,hill1 & ,adams ,hill--s ri* 9 gold z to make ! claims fairly ! rivals ( ! creek claims1 z repres5t+ ! anci5t high-level fl[ ( ! ,eldorado & ,bonanza1 b ,i am conv9c$ t ?is is n ! case 7al?\gh x is c]ta9 t bo? /reams m5tion$ did at "o "t fl[ at z high1 & ev5 consid]ably high]1 levels74 ,! mat]ials t s l>gely di/+ui% ^! b5* or hillside gravels 7plac]s7 are 9 great] "p r\nd$ b[ld]s or cobbles ( :ite qu>tz1 ) a m>k$ defici5cy ( ! fragm5t$ s*i/s & slates :i* make pay dirt & b$ rock 9 ! c\rse ( ! /reams bel[4 ,footnote #b3 ,pr(4 ,israel ,russell has made ! int]e/+ obs]vation t orographic movem5t may n[ be tak+ place 9 ! region ( ! middle ,yukon1 ab\t ! ,l[] ,ramp>ts1 ) ! uplift+ ( a m\nta9 range a?w>t ! riv]2 on ?is supposition he seeks an explanation = ! detail ( ! ,yukon l[l&s4 ,p] contra1 ! creek claims ( ,eldorado & ,bonanza conta91 z a rule1 only an insignificant quantity ( ! r\nd$ qu>tz b[ld]s1 :ile almo/ ev]y:]e :]e excavations h be5 made ! body & sub/ance ( ! output are ! flatt5$ & discoid p>ts ( ! "m-rock ( mo/ ( ! region--qu>tzitic1 micace\s1 hornbl5dic1 & *loritic s*i/s1 & ) !m a less quantity ( gneissic & dioritic rock4 ,! high qu>tz-capp$ knob to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made z m>k+ ! wat] p>t+ ( ,fr5*1 ,n9e ,mile1 & ,adams ,creeks1 has l>ge qu>tz masses ent]+ into its composition1 :e!r z bosses1 dikes1 or ve9s1 & to !m1 or r _! wa/$ p>ts1 mu/ we look = ! s\rce :i* has s g5]\sly suppli$ ! mat]ials ( ! ,fr5*-,adams ,hills b5*es4 ,!re has be5 a bad break-up 9 ?is qu>t]1 & ! mat]ials result+ f x h be5 swept into ! conflu5ce 7delta7 ( ! two /reams :i* def9e ! ma9 valleys4 ,fur!rmore1 ! desc5d+ arcuate cont\r l9es :i* are s well m>k$ by t]race slopes on t face ( ,fr5* ,hill :i* is turn$ to ! corn] ( ,eldorado & ,fr5* ,gul*1 %[ pla9ly ! rec$+ c\rse1 9 ! direction ( s\?1 ( ,fr5* ,creek 7,gul*74 ,on ! hill slopes s\? ( ! position :i* x n[ occupies !re is none ( t deposit :i* lies to ! nor? ( x2 ! ri*es ( ,fr5* ,hill are delimit$ by ,fr5* ,gul*1 & ev5 9 ! gul* itself !re is no?+ t c be comp>$ ) :at is f\nd on ! heights4 ,aga91 on ! side ( ,eldorado opposite to ,fr5* & ,gold ,hills !re is ! same defici5cy z reg>ds ! *>act]i/ic b5* deposits1 & ?is also holds true ) ! ,bonanza opposite ,skookum & ,adams ,hills4 ,if ^! high-level deposits 7 9 fact ! anci5t wa/e ( ! ,eldorado & ,bonanza1 we %\ld naturally expect to f9d at lea/ outli]s on ! less favor$ bank ( ! /reams1 & surely 9 ! case ( ! ,eldorado =m] evid5ce ( ?is deposition ought to be _h on ! hillsides1 simil>ly cont\r$ to ^? ( ! nor?1 :i* lie s\? ( & imm$iately adjo9+ ,fr5* ,gul*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr& ,,=ks ,,village4--,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,bonanza4 ,?r\gh virtually ! entire ,klondike tract & f> beyond x on all sides !re are evid5ces ( high wat] fl[s4 ,no m p]fect pres5tation ( high-level t]races c be _h ?an t :i* def9es ! fir/ l9e ( heights1 ( p]haps "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ feet1 :i* s beautifully impress ! l&scape ( ! ,yukon ab\t ,dawson4 ,! obs]v]1 f a /ill l(ti] elevation1 notes ^! flat-topp$ banks1 hav+ ! regul>ity ( railroad con/ructions1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! riv] z f> z ! eye c rea*1 "h p]haps int]rupt$ by a too /eeply wa%$ buttress1 else:]e wa%$ to l[ level by "s /ream :i* has tak5 a transv]se direction4 ,a some:at high] l9e ( b5*es curves ar\nd ! /ill high] po9ts ( em95ce1 & def9es ! c\rse ( wat] across c\ntry--su*1 at lea/1 x is to-day4 ,& all ! way to ! top1 scatt]$ evid5ces ( ! rec5t pres5ce ( wat] c /ill be f\nd4 ,i met ) roll$ or wat]-worn pebbles s ne> to ! top 7! actual summit & n ! position ( ! signal flag7 ( ! high peak ov]look+ ,dawson t x may safely be assum$ t !y also occur on ! v apex 7ab\t elev5 hundr$ feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ,yukon71 a conclusion :i* is m ?an /r5g!n$ by ! f9d+ ( pebbles at ev5 a great] elevation on ! ,fr5*-,adams ,creek knob4 ,:ile ?us pres5t+ ! evid5ce ( high wat] levels1 ,i am f> f conv9c$ t ?is evid5ce po9ts exclusively to riv] fl[s4 ,mu* m does x appe> t1 9 "o "p ( its hi/ory at lea/1 we are deal+ ) ! evid5ces ( ! pa/ exi/5ce ( l>ge lakelike bodies ( wat]1 p]haps ev5 ( a va/ inl& sea4 ,! cont\rs ( ! c\ntry 9 a sort ( ill-def9$ way sugge/ ?is int]pretation--an int]pretation t is n1 h[ev]1 )\t evid5ce to support x1 & :i* seems also to h be5 ent]ta9$ be=e me by ,mc,connell & by ,israel ,russell4 ,! latt] inve/igator has1 inde$1 giv5 ! "n ( ,lake ,yukon to a =m] ext5sive body ( wat]1 ( :i* ! exi/+ ,lakes ,leb>ge1 ,m>%1 ,tagi%1 & ,b5nett1 ) ! connect+ ,yukon1 are only dissociat$ p>ts4 ,?is lake is assum$ to h be5 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 l5g?1 ) a surface elevat$ betwe5 tw5ty-five hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,fir/ 9 ! l9e ( evid5ce may p]haps be tak5 ! univ]sality ( wa% gravel & ( t]race dbris & ! great heights :i* !y occupy4 ,:ile ,i h n myself obs]v$ su* evid5ces ( wat] action on ! v summit ( ! ,dome1 !re is reason to believe t !y d or at lea/ did exi/4 ,mo/ ( ?is summit1 9 its n>r[$ =m & rapidly desc5d+ slopes1 has be51 if "o may use ! expression1 m ?an wa%$ (f1 & c\ld h>dly be expect$ to reta9 = any great l5g? ( "t accumulations ( loose fragm5tal mat]ial4 ,b at lea/ its f>-(f cont9uation ne> ! s\rce 7"r =k7 ( ,eldorado ,creek be>s "s ( x on its %\ld]1 & ,i h also se5 x 9 an excavation on ! l(tily locat$ ,claim #ga ( t /ream4 ,ne>ly abrea/ ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 ! "o hundr$ & =ty-fir/ m]idian ( we/ longitude 7,gre5wi*71 ,mc,connell & ,russell not$ ! t]race l9e ( ! ,yukon ,riv] z high up z sev5 hundr$ & ?irty feet1 :i* is /ill ab\t f\r hundr$ feet bel[ ! po9t :]e ,i obta9$ wa% gravel on ! peak back ( ,dawson2 b ,dr4 ,george ,dawson f\nd ! t]races on ,dease ,lake to rise to ?irty-six hundr$ & sixty feet1 & else:]e he calls att5tion to hav+ come across wat]-roll$ gravel at an elevation ( =ty-?ree hundr$ feet1 :i* w\ld probably exce$ by ab\t six hundr$ feet ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,dome ,m\nta94 ,su* high wat] c\ld1 ) ! exi/+ configuration ( ! l& surface1 h>dly def9e any o!r feature ?an t ( a l>ge int]ior sea or ( a s]ies ( lake bas9s2 & :ile x may be argu$ t !re has be5 suffici5t degradation ( ! l& surface s9ce ! p]iod ( ! height ( wat] to p]mit u to recon/ruct a cont\r t w\ld be 9 h>mony ) alt]$ & r$uc$ riv] c\rses1 & relieve u f ! necessity ( invok+ ! assi/ance ( lacu/r9e bodies 9 a solution ( ! problem1 x does n seem to me likely t ?is has be5 ! case4 ,! physiognomy ( ! upp] ,yukon ,valley supports ?is cont5tion1 & ev5 to-day ! riv] has n yet fully escap$ f a lacu/r9e condition :i* is m]ely fragm5tal ( a previ\s /ate4 ,on "o po9t be>+ ^u ! succession ( ev5ts 9 ! upp] ,yukon ,valley1 & :i* has its connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,klondike region1 my conclusions diff] some:at f ^? t h be5 express$ by ,dawson4 ,?is p]ta9s to ! deposit ( volcanic a% :i* is s m>k$ a feature ( ! accumulations ( ! riv]'s banks4 ,= ne>ly ?ree hundr$ miles by ! c\rse ( ! riv] a /ratum ( pumice\s a%1 ord9>ily n m ?an f\r or six in*es 9 ?ickness1 con/itutes almo/ )\t break ! top lay] b "o ( ! banks on ei!r side1 & t :i* is above x is g5]ally only ! insignificant soil or subsoil :i* imm$iately supports ! vegetation4 ,s p]si/5t is ?is a% lay]1 & s uni=mly does x hold to an ev5 ?ickness & to its exact position b5ea? ! surface1 t )\t fur!r exam9ation "o w\ld be tempt$ to believe f a little di/ance t x 0 m]ely ! ord9>y subsoil lay] f :i* ! color _h be5 lea*$ out by vegetable gr[?s4 ,"h & !re1 :]e !re h be5 local di/urbances or wat] wa%+s h produc$ conc5tration1 x may h acquir$ a developm5t ( a few feet1 & occasionally x has accommodat$ itself to flexures or sagg+s ( ! deposits :i* x normally caps z a horizontal zone4 ,dr4 ,dawson1 9 comm5t+ ^u its occurr5ce1 correctly assumes t x repres5ts "o cont9u\s volcanic eruption1 ! date ( :i* might fall well )9 a p]iod ( a few hundr$ ye>s1 & he speculates z to its be+ possibly associat$ ) an outbreak f ,m\nt ,wrangel or "s active cone :i* is repres5t$ by ! ,indians to exi/ 9 ! region ( ! upp] ,:ite ,riv]4 ,beyond ?is1 f ! normality ( its position1 & ! assum$ fact t no fluviatile or aque\s deposits h be5 f\nd ov]ly+ x1 ! same obs]v] argues t ! outbreak mu/ h tak5 place subsequ5t to ! =mation ( ! pres5t riv] c\rses & _! valleys1 a conclusion 9 :i* ,i d n see my way to concur4 ,! only satisfactory int]pretation ( ?is va/ uni=mly plac$ & uni=mly lay]$ deposit ( a% is to me t :i* assumes a deposition 9 a widely ext5d$ lake bas91 or 9 %all[ lagoon wat]s :i* already 9 "p occupi$ ! pres5t valley surfaces4 ,9 su* wat]s precipitation f long-cont9u$ susp5sion w\ld proce$ gradually & ev5ly1 to ! end ( %ap+ a deposit ( ne>ly uni=m developm5t & ( va/ ext5t4 ,su* depositions we f9d 9 ! valleys ly+ nor? ( ! ,city ( ,mexico 7,zumpango1 ,tequixquiac7 & 9 ! lacu/r9e area ( ,anahuac1 also 9 ! fam\s fossilif]\s bas9 ( ,florissant1 9 ,colorado4 ,) ! subsequ5t =mation or re=mation ( ! riv]'s c\rse we %\ld h ?is deposit cut ?r\gh1 ) ! result ( pres5t+ ! ev5 lay] :i* is s p]si/5t 9 its foll[+4 ,?is me?od w\ld also acc\nt = ! anomal\s position 9 :i* we f9d ! a% deposits2 :ile /ill hold+ ! same relation to ! top surface1 x occasionally rises f> above :at might be assum$ to be its normal height or level above ! wat]'s surface--f f\r to t5 feet--a condition t w\ld h>dly be 9 consonance ) ! assumption t ! a% 0 deposit$ aft] ! actual riv] *annels _h be5 cut4 ,b o!r & m direct pro( ( aque\s occupation aft] ! lay+ ( ! a% is _h 9 ! fact t 9 "o place at lea/1 & d\btless _m m su* w be f\nd on clos] inve/igation1 lacu/r9e or fluviatile %ells 7subfossils7 occur 9 ! lay] ov]ly+ ! a%4 ,a locality ( ?is k9d is f\nd on ! "r bank n _m miles above ! ,five ,f+] ,rapids4 ,"h1 at a height ( n m ?an f\r feet above ! riv]1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( det]m9+ species ( ,limnea & ,physa1 associat$ s+ul>ly en\gh ) ,helix1 9 ! lay]s imm$iately above & bel[ ! a% b$1 & 9 bo? horizons ! species 7 id5tical4 ,?is isolat$ fact speaks volumes = itself4 ,_h ?is be5 ! region ( ,hel5a1 ,ark41 ,i %\ld h be5 prompt$ to class ! b$ ) a portion ( ! ,mississippi loess4 ,:at int]e/$ me fur!r 9 ?is connection 0 ! fact t up to ?is "t ,i _h fail$ to br+ to light "o solit>y mollusk f ! upp] ,yukon1 & to all inquiries reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( %ellfi% 9 ?is nor!rn wat] inv>iably a negative reply 0 receiv$4 ,only on t day did ,i aga9 obta9 success 9 my malacological ef=t1 ! almo/ icy wat]s rew>d+ my se>* ) a s+le specim5--un=tunately subsequ5tly lo/--( a ,by?9ella1 or "s closely relat$ type1 s t ev5 to-day my k does n p]mit me to /ate if ! subfossil species ( ! banks h _! liv+ repres5tatives1 ei!r specific or g5]ic1 9 ! almo/ :olly noncalc>e\s wat]s ( ! exi/+ riv]4 ,! "q f m po9ts ?an "o is int]e/+1 & des]ves m ?an pass+ att5tion4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 ?is place t ! only o!r fluviatile inv]tebrate :i* ,i f\nd 9 ^! wat]s 0 a :ite silice\s coat+ sponge1 ^: /atobla/s 7 well visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,un=tunately1 ! loss ( my specim5s has prev5t$ det]m9ation1 a circum/ance ! m to be deplor$ z ^! fre%-wat] sponges are ! mo/ nor!rn 9 habit kn[n to ! zologi/4#c ,footnote #c3 ,pr(essor ,russell1 9 discuss+ ! flood-pla9 deposits ( ! ,yukon ab\t ! m\? ( ! ,porcup9e ,riv]1 says t fre%-wat] %ells 7 frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! f9] deposits4 ,un=tunately1 no /atem5t is made ( ! types :i* !y repres5t4 ,!re is evid5ce ( ano!r k9d po9t+ to a comp>ative newness ( mu* ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ! ,yukon4 ,! feature has be5 notic$ alike by nongeograph]s & geograph]s1 & by geologi/s z well1 t ! arm :i* c>ries ! greate/ volume ( wat] does n ev]y:]e occupy ! ma9 orographic valley4 ,?us1 z ,dawson has well po9t$ out1 9 com+ up ! /ream ! valley ( ! ,big ,salmon appe>s to be m ne>ly ! cont9uation ( ! ma9 valley bel[ ?an t :i* /ill 7& prop]ly7 cont9ues to be designat$ ! ,lewes 7,yukon7 above2 & ?is is /ill m m>k$ly ! case ) ! ,hootal9qua 7,tesl9-too or ,newb]ry ,riv]7 at ! conflu5ce ) ! ,?irty ,mile4 ,ev5 ! valley ( ! ,pelly at its junction ) ! ,yukon1 ne> ,=t ,selkirk1 w\ld p]haps to mo/ p]sons sugge/ itself z ! ma9 *annel ( erosion4 ,!re is no h>d%ip to geological facts 9 invok+ ! aid ( great displacem5ts to acc\nt = a condition :i* to my m9d is well impress$ ^u ! l&scape2 =1 ev5 )\t ! prop] or fully satisfactory evid5ce 9 h& to support ! view1 ,i fully believe t ! great] "p ( ! upp] ,yukon tract only rec5tly em]g$ f a lacu/r9e condition4 ,nor is x to me by any means c]ta9 t ?is em]g5ce or f9al recon/ruction ( ! l& surface into valley tracts ne$ be m ?an a few hundr$ ye>s old1 or necess>ily old] ?an ! deposition ( ! volcanic a%1 :i* is hypo!tically c>ri$ back to ,dawson to a possible five hundr$ ye>s or s4 ,if x %\ld be object$ t we "k ( no su* rapid *ange 9 ! configuration ( a l& surface br\ght ab\t by aque\s ag5cies1 x might be answ]$ t ! me*anics ( erosion 9 a pre-em95tly drift-cov]$ region1 "u sub>ctic conditions & ) ! influ5ce ( a mo/ p[]ful & en]getic /ream ne> by1 h nei!r be5 /udi$ nor obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sluic+ ,,on ,,! ,,bonanza4 ,let u exam9e ! possibilities ( ! case4 ,z an initiatory premise x might be assum$1 )\t mu* *ance ( ei!r affirmation or d5ial1 t ! degradation ( ! l& surface 9 ! imm$iate valleys ( ! ma9 /reams is or has be5 9 ! pa/ tak+ place at ! rate ( half a l9e p] day2 s f> z ! eye & ord9>y in/rum5ts ( measurem5t are conc]n$ ?is is a q inappreciable am\nt1 & ,i see no reason :y x may n be assum$ z ! work+ p[] ( ! ,yukon4 ,) ?is rate ( erosion a valley tr\gh or cont\r ( ab\t a foot & a ?ird might be =m$ 9 ! p]iod ( a s+le ye>1 or ( ne>ly sev5 hundr$ feet 9 five hundr$ ye>s2 & if we less5 ! daily erosion to "o qu>t] ( ! am\nt /at$--i4 e41 to an eigh? ( a l9e--we %\ld /ill h 9 ?is same p]iod ( five hundr$ ye>s1 speak+ broadly1 a tr\gh ( ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet dep?1 q suffici5t to h br\ght ab\t mo/ m>k$ *anges 9 ! aspect ( a drift-cov]$ lagoon region1 & p]haps ample to acc\nt = ^? physiognomic peculi>ities :i* h be5 discov]$4 ,i am fully impress$ ) ! magnitude ( ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ! am\nt ( erosion :i* ,i h assum$--an eigh? ( a l9e daily--f ! "o foot 9 six ?\s& ye>s1 :i* has be5 prea*$ categorically f lecturn & text-book = ! bett] "p ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury & ?reat5s to make dogma = /ill ano!r p]iod ( equal l5g?2 b ! conditions "h are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( av]age cont95tal d5udation--9 fact1 h z ne>ly no?+ 9 common z !y c h4 ,my obs]vations 9 ! tropics & subtropics h mo/ impressively taught me ! lesson ( rapid *anges1 & ) ! conditions t are & h be5 associat$ ) ! ,yukon1 ,i am prep>$ = ! lesson ( equal *ange 9 ! nor?4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 are we n taught ( a removal 9 ! we/ c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates ( "s twelve ?\s& feet ( rock /rata 9 a p]iod n impossibly consid]ably less ?an two hundr$ ?\s& ye>s8 ,! "o foot 9 sixte5 ye>s has "h likewise no?+ 9 common ) ! prevail+ rate ( cont95tal de/ruction4 ,:ile /all$ on a b> on ! ,yukon ,riv]1 ab\t two miles above ,=t ,selkirk1 ,i 0 mu* impress$ ) ! me*anical "w ( ! /ream4 ,! gravel & pebbles 7 be+ hurri$ along rapidly "u ! la% ( a five to six mile curr5t1 & _! groans 7 audible frequ5tly :5 !y !mselves 7 invisible4 ,e few m9utes our /eam] w\ld sw]ve f h] seem+ly fix$ position by ! und]cutt+ ( ! b>1 & p]haps x w\ld be n f> f ! tru? 9 say+ t we %\ld be to-day 9 v ne>ly ! same position t we 7 9 !n _h x n be5 = ?is und]m9+ action ( ! /ream4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! ,yukon has a curr5t rang+ up to sev5 miles1 or to eight1 z "s ( ! navigators say1 & t 9 c]ta9 mon?s x is swiftly ice-b\nd bo? on top & at ! bottom1 & heavily *>g$ ) b[ld]s1 & "o may well realize ! "w ( :i* x is capable4 ,t ) :i* ,i h debit$ x is purely hypo!tical or conjectural1 b x may s]ve a purpose 9 ! elucidation ( ! ma9 problem4 ,9 its m di/9ctively geological relations ! ,klondike region may be broadly def9$ z "o compos$ 9 ! ma9 ( s*i/s & s*i/ose rocks1 def9+ an area ( consid]able di/urbance4 ,ow+ to ! limit$ numb] ( outcrops1 by f> ! great] "p ( ! surface be+ /ill buri$ b5ea? vegetation ( "o k9d or ano!r1 ! v>iety ( rocks includ$ )9 ! region c be/ be told f an exam9ation ( creek b[ld]s or ! diff]5t dumps t m>k hundr$s ( digg+s & prospect holes along ! v>i\s valleys & gul*es4 ,"s ( ?is output1 9 :i* may be f\nd fragm5ts ( qu>tz & qu>tzitic s*i/1 ( mica1 hornbl5de1 & *loritic s*i/s & slates1 ( granitic gneiss & gneissose granite1 porphyry1 diabase1 diorite1 & qu>tz 7qu>tzite71 is probably extra-t]ritorial1 hav+ be5 wa%$ 9 at a "t :5 a m ext5sive =eign wat] _h access to ! region2 b !re is en\gh ( outcrop to %[ t mo/1 & p]haps all1 ( ! types "h indicat$ are really a "p ( ! tract4 ,! s*i/s & s*i/ose rocks1 ^: age f direct evid5ce 9 ! field ,i 0 unable to det]m9e1 b :i* are almo/ c]ta9ly ! equival5ts 9 great] "p ( ! ,bir* ,creek s]ies1 z describ$ by ,spurr f ! ,am]ican side 7,bir* ,creek & ,=ty ,mile di/ricts71 con/itute ! k]nel ( ! region4 ,obs]vation is z yet too limit$ to p]mit ( a positive classification ( ^! s*i/s accord+ to _! natural relations1 & ! reasons t h prompt$ "s to consid] !m z be+ 9 "p ( pre-,paleozoic age are n q cle> to me1 al?\gh !y may easily be su*4 ,( granite & true gneiss 9 position ,i saw practically no?+1 & ! lime/ones & m>ble 7 n suffici5t 9 quantity to p]mit me to id5tify ! heavy b$s :i* are consid]$ to be ! di/+ui%+ elem5t ( ! ,=ty ,mile s]ies4 ,! b$s :]e expos$ %[ 9 mo/ p>ts /eep dips--9 places /&+ almo/ v]tically--b 9 h[ f> ^! dips are uni=m or ! rev]se1 or 9 any way def9e a l9e ( /rike ) anticl9als & syncl9als1 mu/ be left = future close exam9ation to asc]ta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,approximate ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,klondike ,,region ,great lumps ( :ite or p9ki% qu>tz1 "s ( !m 9 situ1 o!rs wa%$ or roll$ d[n ! op5 slopes1 occur at _m po9ts ( "s ( ! m\nta9 elevations1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( dikes & ga% ve9s1 & 9 "p ( int]/ratifi$ b$s conta9+ ?is mat]ial4 ,i f\nd mu* ( x at sev]al horizons ( ! slope back ( ,fr5* ,hill1 & also z a cap ov]ly+ ! badly cleav$ & fragm5t$ s*i/s ( ! summit 7?ree ?\s& feet87 ( ! prom95t knob :i* dom9ates ?is region4 ,! same type ( kidney qu>tz appe>s at repeat$ int]vals on ! slope lead+ up to ! ,dome1 almo/ imm$iately aft] leav+ ! junction ( ,c>mack's ,=k ) ! ,bonanza1 & also on ! saddle ridge :i* might prop]ly be consid]$ to be a "p ( ! summit ( ,dome ,m\nta94 ,prospectors h 9 ne>ly all cases /ak$ ^! assum$ outcrops ( qu>tz1 recogniz+ !m z l$ges1 & 9 a numb] ( !m h claim$ ! discov]y ( ! "m lode4 ,s f> z visible gold is conc]n$1 ,i h 9 ne>ly all cases f\nd !m to be absolutely b>r51 & ,i d n ?9k at ?is "t t !re is mu* *ance ( f9d+ any?+ mat]ially valuable 9 !m1 al?\gh ev5ts might prove ! rev]se4 ,mo/ ( ! qu>tz t has s f> be5 discov]$ 9 direct association ) ! gold--t is to say1 wrapp$ up ) or )9 itself1 z 9 ! case ( ! qu>tz-gold nuggets ( ,fr5* ,hill--is ( a gray-blue or p9ki% t9t & ( a granul> & nonspa?ic type1 !re=e diff]+ mat]ially 9 aspect & /ructure f ! qu>tz ( ! hillsides & f ! great] numb] ( ! qu>tz b[ld]s t are conta9$ 9 ! dumps or h be5 remov$ f b$ rock4 ,"s ( ! b[ld]s or roll$ pebbles conta9+ co>se gold are ( ! same "* ( qu>tz z ! qu>tz ( ! hillsides4 ,notably "o su* 0 %[n to me z com+ f a high-b5* claim 7,millett's7 on ,adams ,hill 7left limit bank ( ,bonanza1 betwe5 ,little ,skookum & ,adams ,creek71 & o!r simil> fragm5ts tak5 f ! rock 9 situ 7 obs]v$ on ,gay ,gul* & ! ridge :i* sep>ates ! head wat]s ( ?is /ream f ^? ( ,eldorado4 ,9 a dump at ! m\? ( ,gay ,gul* 7a "r-h& tribut>y ( ,eldorado abrea/ ( ,claim #cg7 ,i f\nd fragm5ts ( rott$ qu>tz :i* 7 well spr9kl$ ) f9e gold4 ,x does n by any means appe> s conclusive to me z seem+ly x does to ,pr(essor ,spurr t because 9 "s gul*es ! gold heads up 9 increas+ quantities ! ne>] we approa* ! beg9n+s 7heads7 ( ^! gul*es1 & t ) ?is approa* ! co>s5ess ( ! gra9s & nuggets likewise increases1 we are necess>ily =c$ to assume t ! travel ( ! gold at l>ge has be5 conf9$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! gul*es 9 :i* x is at pres5t conta9$1 or t its s\rce is to be s\ght ne> by4 ,a numb] ( ! mo/ solid /reams ( ! ,klondike region1 su* z ! ,bonanza & ,eldorado1 if we are p]mitt$ to judge f ! evid5ce ( outputs & ( prospects up to ! pres5t "t1 h>dly su/a9 ! conditions ( ! ,am]ican creeks4 ,! ri*e/ claims on ! ,eldorado are1 />t+ f its m\?--! junction ( ! ,bonanza--#d1 #e1 #ab1 #ac1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cf1 ) o!r claims abundantly ri* betwe5 ^!4 ,numb] #cj is1 ,i believe1 g5]ally consid]$ to be ! bann] claim1 & x is situat$ ab\t ?ree miles up--f> en\gh1 p]haps1 to su/a9 9 a sup]ficial way ,pr(essor ,spurr's g5]alization z to location--& above x #cf is n unlikely to %[ up z well z any ( ! o!r creek claims bel[4 ,b ! valley ( ,eldorado1 :e!r con/rict$ or op51 cont9ues = miles beyond ei!r ( its two head =ks--t :i* is kn[n z ,eldorado prop]1 & ! "o1 ,*ief1 or ,*ief ,isaac ,gul*1 :i* is geographically ! cont9uation4 ,s little has be5 f\nd above #cf or #cg t ! /ream 9 t "p is ord9>ily spok5 ( z be+ b>r54 ,aga91 s f> z ! tribut>ies on ei!r side ( ,eldorado are conc]n$1 & ! possibility t !y are responsible = ! gold t is conta9$ 9 ! ma9 /ream betwe5 #cg & #a r ?an ! ,eldorado itself--a condition 9 no way impossible or improbable--x c only be said = !m t up to ?is "t !y h1 ) ! possible exception ( ,oro ,gr&e 7tribut>y to ,eldorado abrea/ ( ,claim #ca71 yield$ v little gold !mselves1 & h h>dly giv5 indication ( conta9+ mu* ( a supply4 ,i h us$ ! words up to ?is "t advis$ly1 because ,i am aw>e ^u h[ little ! evil reputation ( a gul* re/s1 & h[ prospectors deceive !mselves by ! "* ( _! defective prospect holes4 ,h5ce1 :ile my argum5t is drawn f exi/+ evid5ce1 x c n be assum$ t ?is evid5ce is by any means suffici5t to w>rant a conclusion4 ,x is by no means unlikely t "s ( ! lat]al gul*es w really be f\nd to be l>gely gold-be>+1 & ( su* ,gay ,gul* & ! left-=k asc5d+ ( ,eldorado 7,eldorado prop] above #dg7 appe> to me ! mo/ promis+4#d ,footnote #d3 ,s9ce writ+ ! above intellig5ce has be5 receiv$ ( ! location ( a ri* pay /reak on ,gay ,gul*4 ,! condition ( ! ,bonanza is v simil> to t ( ! ,eldorado4 ,its greate/ weal?1 z s f> det]m9$1 is conc5trat$ 9 its middle c\rse1 beg9n+ ab\t five miles above its m\? & t]m9at+ "s six miles bel[ its s\rce4 ,b v little gold1 if ! in=mation giv5 to me is correct1 has be5 tak5 out f or det]m9$ to exi/ 9 ! tract ly+ above ,claim #db above ,discov]y1 or ! m\? ( ,victoria ,gul* 7left-h& tribut>y1 ^: s\rce is f\nd on a ridge f ! opposite side ( :i* ,gay ,gul* desc5ds to ! ,eldorado71 & yet ! valley cont9ues op5 & )\t mat]ial *ange = at lea/ two miles1 & ) a c]ta9 contraction = f\r miles m4 ,b>r+ ! ,eldorado & ! /reams com+ 9 f ! same side ne>e/ to x--,big ,skookum1 ,little ,skookum1 & ,adams--few if any ( ! side gul*es ( ! ,bonanza are kn[n to be really ri* 9 gold1 & = ! mom5t1 at lea/1 !y c h>dly be look$ ^u z hav+ furni%$ ! ma9 supply to ! ma9 /ream4 ,,! ,,race ,,problem ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,by ,,book] ,t4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,! ,,tuskegee ,,normal ,,in/itute4 ,i h be5 ask$ a numb] ( times dur+ ! la/ few mon?s ! cause ( & ! cure = ! riots t h tak5 place rec5tly 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,i am n at all sure t :at ,i %all say w answ] ^! que/ions 9 a satisfactory way1 nor %all ,i attempt to n>r[ my expressions to a m]e recital ( :at has tak5 place 9 ^! two ,/ates4 ,i pref] to discuss ! problem 9 a broad] mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 politics ,i am a ,republican1 b h always refra9$ f activity 9 p>ty measures1 & expect to pursue ?is policy 9 ! future2 s 9 ?is article ,i %all refra91 z ,i always h done1 f ent]+ ^u any discussion ( m]e p>ty politics1 9 ! n>r[ & usual s5se4 ,:at ,i %all say ( politics w be> ^u ! race problem & ! civilization ( ! ,s\? 9 ! l>g] s5se4 ,9 no case w\ld ,i p]mit my political relations to /& 9 ! way ( my speak+ & act+ 9 ! mann] t ,i believe is go+ to be = ! p]man5t int]e/ ( my race & ! :ole ,s\?1 reg>dless ( m]e p>ty "n & organization4 ,9 #ahgc ! negro 9 ! ,s\? _h rea*$ ! po9t ( greate/ activity & influ5ce 9 public life1 s f> z ! m]e hold+ ( elective (fice 0 conc]n$4 ,f ?is date ^? :o h kept up ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\? h notic$ t ! negro has /eadily lo/ 9 ! numb] ( elective (fices held4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i d n mean t ! negro has gone backw>d 9 ! real & m fundam5tal ?+s ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 he has gone =w>d fa/] ?an has be5 true ( any o!r race 9 hi/ory1 "u any?+ l simil> circum/ances4 ,if we c answ] ! "q z to :y ! negro has lo/ gr\nd 9 ! matt] ( hold+ elective (fice 9 ! ,s\?1 p]haps we %all f9d t our reply w prove to be our answ] also z to ! cause ( ! rec5t riots 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,be=e beg9n+ a discussion ( ! "q ,i h ask$1 ,i wi% to say t ?is *ange 9 ! political influ5ce ( ! negro has cont9u$ f ye> to ye>1 not)/&+ ! fact t = a long "t he 0 protect$ politically1 by =ce ( ,f$]al arms & ! mo/ rigid ,f$]al laws1 & /ill m effectively1 p]haps1 by ! voice & influ5ce 9 ! halls ( legislation ( su* advocates ( ! rights ( ! negro race z ,*>les ,sumn]1 ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,butl]1 ,james ,a4 ,g>field1 ,oliv] ,p4 ,morton1 ,c>l ,s*urz1 & ,roscoe ,conkl+2 & on ! /ump & ?r\gh ! public press by ^? great & p[]ful negroes1 ,fr$]ick ,d\glass1 ,john ,m4 ,lang/on1 ,blan*e ,k4 ,bruce1 ,john ,r4 ,lyn*1 ,p4 ,b4 ,s4 ,p9*back1 ,rob]t ,br[ne ,elliot1 & _m o!rs2 b ! negro has cont9u$ = tw5ty ye>s to h few] repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate & national legislatures4 ,! r$uction has cont9u$ until n[ x is to ! po9t :]e1 ) few exceptions1 he is )\t repres5tatives 9 ! lawmak+ bodies ( ! ,/ate & ( ! nation4 ,n[1 let u f9d1 if we c1 a cause = ?is4 ,! negro is fond ( say+ t 8 pres5t condition is due to ! fact t ! ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts h n su/a9$ ! laws pass$ = ! protection ( ! rights ( 8 p1 b ,i ?9k we %all h to g deep] ?an ?is1 because ,i believe t all agree t c\rt decisions1 z a rule1 repres5t ! public op9ion ( ! community or nation creat+ & su/a9+ ! c\rt4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 fre$om1 x 0 un=tunate t ^? ( ! :ite race :o won ! political confid5ce ( ! negro 7 n1 ) few exceptions1 m5 ( su* high "* z w\ld lead !m to assi/ him 9 lay+ a firm f\ndation = 8 developm5t4 ,_! ma9 purpose appe>s to h be51 = selfi% ends 9 too _m in/ances1 m]ely to control 8 vote4 ,! hi/ory ( ! recon/ruction era w %[ t ?is 0 un=tunate = all ! p>ties 9 int]e/4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett]1 f any po9t ( view1 if ! native ,s\!rn :ite man _h tak5 ! negro1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 fre$om1 into 8 political confid5ce1 & ex]cis$ an influ5ce & control ov] him be=e 8 political affections 7 ali5at$4 ,9 ! light ( pres5t exp]i5ce1 ,i ?9k all w n[ agree t ! ballot w\ld h meant m to ! negro & w\ld h be5 m la/+ 9 its results1 w\ld h caus$ less opposition1 if x _h be5 giv5 to him gradually1 z he came into possession ( education4 ,! av]age ,s\!rn :ite man has ! idea to-day t if ! negro 7 p]mitt$ to get any political p[] all ! mi/akes ( ! recon/ruction p]iod w\ld be repeat$4 ,he =gets or ignores ! fact t ?irty ye>s ( acquir+ education & prop]ty & "* h produc$ a high] type ( black man ?an exi/$ ?irty ye>s ago4 ,b to be m specific = all practical purposes1 !re are two political p>ties 9 ! ,s\?--a black man's p>ty & a :ite man's p>ty4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i d n mean t all :ite m5 are ,democrats1 = !re are "s :ite m5 9 ! ,s\? ( ! highe/ "* :o are ,republicans1 & !re are a few negroes 9 ! ,s\? ( ! highe/ "* :o are ,democrats4 ,x is ! g5]al und]/&+ t all :ite m5 are ,democrats1 or ! equival5t1 & t all black m5 are ,republicans4 ,s long z ! color l9e is ! divid+ l9e 9 politics1 s long w !re be tr\ble4 ,! :ite man feels t he owns mo/ ( ! prop]ty1 furni%es ! negro mo/ ( 8 employm5t1 t he pays mo/ ( ! taxes1 &1 besides1 has _h ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! fact t ! feel+ :i*1 9 "s way1 has h]et(ore tak5 possession ( ! negro--t to be manly & /& by 8 race he mu/ oppose ! ,s\!rn :ite man ) 8 vote--has _h mu* to d ) int5sify+ ! opposition to him4 ,! ,s\!rn :ite man says t x is unreasonable = ! negro to come to him1 9 a l>ge measure1 = 8 clo!s1 bo>d1 %elt]1 & education1 & = 8 politics to g to m5 a ?\s& miles away4 ,! ,s\!rn :ite man argues t :5 ! negro votes he %\ld 9 a l>g] measure try to consult ! int]e/s ( 8 employ]1 j z ! ,p5nsylvania employee tries to vote = ! int]e/s ( 8 employ]4 ,! ,s\!rn :ite man argues1 fur!r1 t mu* ( ! education :i* has be5 giv5 ! negro has be5 defective 9 n prep>+ him to love labor & to e>n 8 liv+ at "s special indu/ry1 & has1 9 too _m cases1 result$ 9 tempt+ him to live by 8 wits z a political creature1 or by tru/+ to 8 influ5ce z a political times]v]4 ,!n !re is no mi/ak+ ! fact t mu* opposition to ! negro 9 politics is due to ! circum/ance t ! ,s\!rn :ite man has n got accu/om$ to see+ ! negro ex]cise political p[]1 ei!r z a vot] or z an (ficehold]4 ,aga91 we want to be> x 9 m9d t ! ,s\? has n yet rea*$ ! po9t :]e !re is t /rict reg>d = ! en=cem5t ( ! law aga9/ ei!r black or :ite m5 t !re is 9 _m ( our ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,?is laxity 9 ! en=cem5t ( ! laws 9 g5]al1 & especially ( crim9al laws1 makes su* outbreaks z ^? 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a ( easy occurr5ce4 ,!n !re is "o o!r consid]ation :i* mu/ n be ov]look$3 x is ! common op9ion ( almo/ e black man & almo/ e :ite man t ne>ly ev]ybody :o has _h any?+ to d ) ! mak+ ( laws be>+ ^u ! protection ( ! negro's vote has proce$$ on ! !ory t all ! black m5 = all "t are go+ to vote ! ,republican ticket1 & t all ! :ite m5 9 ! ,s\? are go+ to vote ! ,democratic ticket2 9 a ^w1 all seem$ to h tak5 x = grant$ t ! two races are always go+ to oppose ea* o!r 9 _! vot+4 ,9 all ! =ego+ /atem5ts ,i h n attempt$ to def9e my own views or position1 b simply to describe conditions z ,i h obs]v$ !m1 t might ?r[ light ^u ! cause ( our political tr\bles4 ,z to my own position 9 all ^! matt]s ,i d n favor ! negro's giv+ up any?+ :i* is fundam5tal & :i* has be5 gu>ante$ to him by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n be/ = him to rel9qui% any ( 8 rights2 nor w\ld 8 do+ s be be/ = ! ,s\!rn :ite man4 ,e law plac$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 plac$ !re to enc\rage & /imulate ! highe/ citiz5%ip4 ,if ! negro is n /imulat$ & enc\rag$ by j ,/ate & national laws to become ! highe/ type ( citiz51 ! result w be worse = ! ,s\!rn :ite man ?an = ! negro4 ,take ! ,/ate ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = example1 :]e ne>ly two ?irds ( ! population are negroes4 ,unless ^! negroes are enc\rag$ by j election laws to become taxpay]s & intellig5t produc]s1 ! :ite p ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a w h an et]nal mill/one ab\t _! necks4 ,9 address+ ! ,s\!rn :ite p at ! op5+ ( ! ,atlanta ,exposition1 9 #ahie1 ,i said3 ,!re is no escape ?r\gh law ( man or ,god f ! inevitable3 ',! laws ( *angeless ju/ice b9d ,oppressor ) oppress$2 ,& close z s9 & suff]+ jo9$ ,we m>* to fate abrea/4' ,ne>ly sixte5 millions ( h&s w aid y 9 pull+ ! load upw>d1 or !y w pull aga9/ y ! load d[nw>d4 ,we %all con/itute "o ?ird & m ( ! ignorance & crime ( ! ,s\?1 or "o ?ird ( its intellig5ce & progress2 we %all contribute "o ?ird to ! bus9ess & indu/rial prop]ty ( ! ,s\?1 or we %all prove a v]itable body ( dea?1 /agnat+1 depress+1 ret>d+ e ef=t to advance ! body politic4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 an op5 lett] to ! ,/ate ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( ,l\isiana1 ,i wrote3 ,i am no politician2 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h always advis$ my race to give att5tion to acquir+ prop]ty1 intellig5ce1 & "*1 z ! necess>y basis ( good citiz5%ip1 r ?an to m]e political agitation4 ,b ! "q ^u :i* ,i write is out ( ! region ( ord9>y politics3 x affects ! civilization ( two races1 n = to-day alone1 b = a v long "t to come2 x is up 9 ! region ( duty ( man to man1 ( ,*ri/ian to ,*ri/ian4 ,s9ce ! w> no ,/ate has _h su* an opportunity to settle = all "t ! race "q1 s f> z x conc]ns politics1 z is n[ giv5 to ,l\isiana4 ,w y\r conv5tion set an example to ! _w 9 ?is respect8 ,w ,l\isiana take su* high & j gr\nds 9 respect to ! negro t no "o c d\bt t ! ,s\? is z good a fri5d to ! negro z he possesses else:]e8 ,9 all ?is1 g5tlem5 ( ! conv5tion1 ,i am n plead+ = ! negro alone1 b = ! morals1 ! high] life ( ! :ite man z well2 = ! m ,i /udy ?is "q1 ! m ,i am conv9c$ t x is n s mu* a "q z to :at ! :ite man w d ) ! negro z to :at ! negro w d ) ! :ite man's civilization4 ,! negro agrees ) y t x is necess>y to ! salvation ( ! ,s\? t re/riction be put ^u ! ballot4 ,i "k t y h two s]i\s problems be=e y3 ignorant & corrupt gov]nm5t on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r a way to re/rict ! ballot1 s t control w be 9 ! h&s ( ! intellig5t1 )\t reg>d to race4 ,) ! s9c]e/ sympa?y ) y 9 y\r ef=ts to f9d a good way out ( ! difficulty1 ,i want to sugge/ t no ,/ate 9 ! ,s\? c make a law t w provide an opportunity or temptation = an ignorant :ite man to vote & )hold ! opportunity or temptation = an ignorant color$ man )\t injur+ bo? m54 ,no ,/ate c make a law t c ?us be execut$ )\t dw>f+ = all "t ! morals ( ! :ite man 9 ! ,s\?4 ,any law controll+ ! ballot t is n absolutely j & fair to bo? races w "w m p]man5t injury to ! :ites ?an to ! blacks4 ,! negro does n object to an educational & prop]ty te/1 b let ! law be s cle> t no "o clo!d ) ,/ate au?ority w be tempt$ to p]jure & degrade himself by putt+ "o int]pretation ^u x = ! :ite man & ano!r = ! black man4 ,/udy ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\?1 & y w f9d t :]e !re has be5 ! mo/ di%one/y 9 ! matt] ( vot+1 !re y w f9d to-day ! l[e/ moral condition ( bo? races4 ,fir/1 !re 0 ! temptation to act wrongly ) ! negro's ballot4 ,f ?is x 0 an easy /ep to act di%one/ly ) ! :ite man's ballot1 to ! c>ry+ ( conceal$ weapons1 to ! murd] ( a negro1 & !n to ! murd] ( a :ite man1 & !n to lyn*+4 ,i entreat y n to pass a law t w prove an et]nal mill/one ab\t ! necks ( y\r *ildr54 ,no man c h respect = ! ,gov]nm5t & (fic]s ( ! law :5 he kn[s1 deep d[n 9 8 he>t1 t ! ex]cise ( ! fran*ise is ta9t$ ) fraud4 ,! road t ! ,s\? has be5 compell$ to travel dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s has be5 /rewn ) ?orns & ?i/les4 ,x has be5 z "o grop+ ?r\gh ! long d>kness into ! light4 ,! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! _w w beg9 to appreciate ! real "* ( ! burd5 t 0 impos$ ^u ! ,s\? :5 f\r million ex-slaves1 ignorant & impov]i%$1 7 giv5 ! fran*ise4 ,no p has ev] be5 giv5 su* a problem to solve4 ,hi/ory has blaz$ no pa? ?r\gh ! wild]ness t c\ld be foll[$4 ,= ?irty ye>s we h w&]$ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,we are n[ beg9n+ to get out4 ,b !re is only "o road out1 & all make%ifts1 exp$i5ts1 pr(it-&-loss calculations1 b lead into swamps1 quicks&s1 quagmires1 & jungles4 ,!re is a highway t w lead bo? races out into ! pure1 beautiful sun%9e1 :]e !re w be no?+ to hide & no?+ to expla91 :]e bo? races c gr[ /rong & true & useful 9 e fib] ( _! be+4 ,i believe t y\r conv5tion w f9d ?is highway2 t x w enact a fundam5tal law t w be absolutely j & fair to :ite & black alike4 ,i beg ( y1 fur!r1 t 9 ! degree t y close ! ballot box aga9/ ! ignorant y op5 ! s*oolh\se4 ,m ?an "o half ( ! population ( y\r ,/ate are negroes4 ,no ,/ate c long prosp] :5 a l>ge "p ( its citiz5%ip is 9 ignorance & pov]ty1 & has no int]e/ 9 gov]nm5t4 ,i beg ( y t y d n treat u z an ali5 p4 ,we are n ali5s4 ,y "k u2 y "k t we h cle>$ y\r =e/s1 till$ y\r fields1 nurs$ y\r *ildr51 & protect$ y\r families4 ,!re is an atta*m5t betwe5 u t few und]/&4 ,:ile ,i d n presume to be able to advise y1 yet x is 9 my he>t to say t if y\r conv5tion w\ld d some?+ t w\ld prev5t = all "t /ra9$ relations betwe5 ! two races1 & w\ld p]man5tly settle ! matt] ( political relations 9 "o ,s\!rn ,/ate1 at lea/1 let ! v be/ educational opportunities be provid$ = bo? races2 & add to ?is an election law t %all be incapable ( unju/ discrim9ation1 at ! same "t provid+ t 9 proportion z ! ignorant secure education1 prop]ty1 & "*1 !y w be giv5 ! "r ( citiz5%ip4 ,any o!r c\rse w take f "o half y\r citiz5s int]e/ 9 ! ,/ate1 & hope & ambition to become intellig5t produc]s & taxpay]s1 to become useful & virtu\s citiz5s4 ,any o!r c\rse w tie ! :ite citiz5s ( ,l\isiana to a body ( dea?4 ,! negroes are n unm9dful ( ! fact t ! :ite p ( y\r ,/ate pay ! great] portion ( ! s*ool taxes1 & t ! pov]ty ( ! ,/ate prev5ts x f do+ all t x desires = public education2 yet ,i believe t y w agree ) me t ignorance is m co/ly to ! ,/ate ?an education2 t x w co/ ,l\isiana m n to educate ! negroes ?an x w to educate !m4 ,9 connection ) a g5]\s provision = public s*ools1 ,i believe t no?+ w s help my own p 9 y\r ,/ate z provision at "s in/itution = ! highe/ academic & normal tra9+ 9 connection ) ?or\gh tra9+ 9 agriculture1 me*anics1 & dome/ic economy4 ,! fact is t n9ety p] c5t ( our p dep5d ^u ! common occupations = _! liv+1 & outside ( ! cities eighty-five p] c5t rely ^u agriculture = support4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 our p h be5 educat$ = ! mo/ "p s9ce ! w> 9 ev]y?+ else b ! v ?+ mo/ ( !m live by4 ,fir/-class tra9+ 9 agriculture1 horticulture1 dairy+1 /ock rais+1 ! me*anical arts1 & dome/ic economy w\ld make u intellig5t produc]s1 & n only help u to contribute our proportion z taxpay]s1 b w\ld result 9 reta9+ mu* money 9 ! ,/ate t n[ goes outside = t :i* c be z well produc$ at home4 ,an in/itution :i* w give ?is tra9+ ( ! h&1 along ) ! highe/ m5tal culture1 w\ld soon conv9ce our p t _! salvation is l>gely 9 ! own]%ip ( prop]ty & 9 indu/rial & bus9ess developm5t1 r ?an 9 m]e political agitation4 ,! highe/ te/ ( ! civilization ( any race is 9 its will+ness to ext5d a help+ h& to ! less =tunate4 ,a race1 l an individual1 lifts itself up by lift+ o!rs up4 ,surely no p ev] _h a great] *ance to exhibit ! highe/ ,*ri/ian =titude & magnanimity ?an is n[ pres5t$ to ! p ( ,l\isiana4 ,x requires little wisdom or /atesman%ip to repress1 to cru% out1 to ret>d ! hopes & aspirations ( a p1 b ! highe/ & mo/ pr(\nd /atesman%ip is %[n 9 guid+ & /imulat+ a p1 s t e fib] 9 ! body & s\l %all be made to contribute 9 ! highe/ degree to ! usefulness & ability ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is along ?is l9e t ,i pray ,god ! ?\ghts & activities ( y\r conv5tion be guid$4 ,z to ! cure = su* outbreaks z h rec5tly hurt ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,i w\ld say t ! rem$y w n come by ! ,s\!rn :ite man's be+ m]ely curs$ by ! ,nor!rn :ite man or by ! negro4 ,aga91 x w n come by ! ,s\!rn :ite man m]ely depriv+ ! negro ( 8 rights & privileges4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods are b sup]ficial1 irritat+1 & mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s be %ort-liv$4 ,! /atesman1 to cure an evil1 resorts to enlight5m5t1 to /imulation2 ! politician to repression4 ,i h j rem>k$ t ,i favor ! giv+ up ( no?+ t is gu>ante$ to u by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or t is fundam5tal to our citiz5%ip4 ,:ile ,i hold to ^! views z /rongly z any "o1 ,i diff] ) "s z to ! me?od ( secur+ ! p]man5t & peaceful enjoym5t ( all ! privileges gu>ante$ to u by our fundam5tal law4 ,9 f9d+ a rem$y1 we mu/ recognize ! _w-wide fact t ! negro mu/ be l$ to see & feel t he mu/ make e ef=t possible 9 e way possible to secure ! fri5d%ip1 ! confid5ce1 ! co-op]ation ( 8 :ite neighbor 9 ! ,s\?4 ,to d ?is1 x is n necess>y = ! negro to become a truckl] or a trimm]4 ,! ,s\!rn :ite man has no respect = a negro :o does n act f pr9ciple4 ,9 "s way ! ,s\!rn :ite man mu/ be l$ to see t x is to 8 int]e/ to turn 8 att5tion m & m to ! mak+ ( laws t w 9 ! true/ s5se elevate ! negro4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 9 _m cases1 :5 "o attempts to get ! negro to co-op]ate ) ! ,s\!rn :ite man1 he asks ! "q1 ,c ! p :o =ce me to ride 9 a ,jim ,cr[ c>1 & pay fir/-class f>e1 be my be/ fri5ds8 ,9 answ]+ su* que/ions1 ! ,s\!rn :ite man z well z ! negro has a duty to p]=m4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( 8 political rights ,i %\ld advise ! negro to be temp]ate & mode/1 & m & m to d 8 own ?9k+1 r ?an to be l$ or driv5 by a political boss or by political demagogues4 ,i believe ! p]man5t cure = our pres5t evils w come ?\gh a prop]ty & educational te/ = vot+ t %all apply hone/ly & fairly to bo? races4 ,?is w cut (f ! l>ge mass ( ignorant vot]s ( bo? races t is n[ prov+ s demoraliz+ a factor 9 ! politics ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,b mo/ ( all x w come ?r\gh indu/rial developm5t ( ! negro6 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i h believ$ 9 ,g5]al ,arm/rong's !ory ( indu/rial education4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 indu/rial education makes an intellig5t produc] ( ! negro1 :o becomes ( imm$iate value to ! community r ?an "o :o yields to ! temptation to live m]ely by politics or o!r p>asitical employm5ts4 ,9 ! next place1 indu/rial developm5t w make ! negro soon become a prop]ty-hold]1 & :5 a citiz5 becomes a hold] ( prop]ty he becomes a cons]vative & ?\ghtful vot]4 ,he is go+ to ?9k ab\t ! measures & individuals to be vot$ =4 ,9 proportion z ! negro increases 8 prop]ty int]e/s he becomes important z a taxpay]4 ,:5 ! negro becomes a l>ge taxpay]1 he w see t x is to 8 int]e/ to consult ) 8 :ite neighbor ab\t ! measures to be vot$ =4 ,!re is little tr\ble betwe5 ! negro & ! :ite man z to matt]s ( education1 & :5 x comes to ! negro's bus9ess developm5t ! black man has implicit fai? 9 ! advice ( ! ,s\!rn :ite man4 ,:5 ! negro gets into tr\ble 9 ! c\rts1 :i* require a bond to be giv51 9 n9e cases out ( t5 he goes to a ,s\!rn :ite man = advice & assi/ance4 ,e "o :o has liv$ 9 ! ,s\? kn[s t 9 _m ( ! *ur* tr\bles among ! color$ p ! m9i/]s & o!r *ur* (fic]s apply to ! ne>e/ :ite m9i/] = assi/ance & in/ruction4 ,z soon z we h gr[n to ! po9t :]e we %all consult ! ,s\!rn :ite man ab\t our politics z we n[ consult him ab\t our bus9ess1 legal1 & religi\s matt]s1 !re w be a *ange = ! bett] 9 ! situation4 ,! object lesson ( a ?\s& negroes 9 e c\nty 9 ! ,s\? own+ neat & com=table homes1 possess+ skill1 indu/ry1 & ?rift1 ) money 9 ! bank1 :o are l>ge taxpay]s & co-op]ate ) ! :ite m5 9 ! ,s\? 9 e manly way = ! developm5t ( _! own communities & c\nties1 w g a long way 9 a few ye>s t[>d *ang+ ! pres5t /atus ( ! negro z a citiz5 z well z ! attitude ( ! :ites t[>d ! blacks4 ,9 proportion z ! negro gr[s along indu/rial & bus9ess l9es he w divide 9 8 politics on economic issues1 j z ! :ite man 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry n[ divides 8 vote4 ,9 proportion z ! ,s\? gr[s 9 bus9ess prosp]ity ! :ole ,s\? w divide its vote on economic issues1 j z o!r portions ( ! c\ntry divide _! vote4 ,:5 we c enact laws t result 9 hone/ly cutt+ (f ! l>ge ignorant & nontaxpay+ vote1 & :5 we c br+ bo? races to ! po9t :]e !y w co-op]ate ) ea* o!r 9 politics 9 matt]s ( bus9ess1 religion1 & education1 ! problem w be 9 a l>ge measure solv$1 & political outbreaks w cease4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,colonel ,,george ,,e>l ,,*ur*1 speak+ ( ! ,indians ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,amazons1 relates ( ! *ief ( a horde ( ,yoc> savages :om he met among ! falls ( ! ,madeira1 a "y fell[ tw5ty-five ye>s old1 t he appe>$ to "k ev]y?+ t 0 go+ on ar\nd him4 ,he seem$ to h eyes 9 ! back ( 8 head1 s acute 7 8 s5ses4 ,8 he>+ appe>$ to indicate1 & 8 m9d to def9e1 ! ?\s& ?+s :i* 7 occurr+ 9 ! tropical =e/ ar\nd u4 ,in/9ctively1 he classifi$ & e/imat$ !m at _! true value z if !y 7 "u close & accurate analysis4 ,z he sat d9+ ) me at my camp table1 9 ! simplicity ( 8 nature & mode/y ( 8 nak$ness1 ,i c\ld n help ?9k+ t1 9 ! evolution ( man1 _m magnific5t qualities h be5 sacrific$ ^u ! alt> ( civilization4 ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,! claim ( satisfactory evid5ce ( ! extreme antiquity ( man 9 ! valley ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv] has be5 sob]ly discuss$ & intemp]ately ridicul$ until ! public1 bo? sci5tific & g5]al1 h become tir$ ( he>+ ! subject m5tion$2 b ?is is no valid reason :y ! tru? %\ld n be asc]ta9$4 ,if man 9 a paleoli?ic /age ( culture did exi/ on ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !n we h a basis ^u :i* to build--a tangible />t+ po9t f :i* to date a hi/ory ( human activities on ?is cont95t4 ,z x is1 we h b an imm5se array ( facts1 l>gely unrelat$1 & ! great] portion sadly di/ort$ & mislead+ because ( ! reckless !ories set =? ) !m by _! discov]]s1 & und\bt$ly !re nev] has be51 9 ! :ole range ( sci5tific agitation ( a simple "q1 z great a volume ( reckless ass]tion1 illogical d$uction1 & disreg>d ( exact /atem5t4 ,! ma9 "q 0 (t5 :olly lo/ sight (1 & ! au?or's sole purpose t ( demon/rat+ "s "o else 9 error4 ,pr$et]m9ation on ! "p ( _m has be5 fatal to ! value ( _! field "w4 ,conv9c$ on !oretical gr\nds1 su* are necess>ily bl9d$ :5 on ! spot :]e positive evid5ce occurs4 ,he :o does n desire ! object se>*$ = seldom f9ds x2 &1 lat] 9 ! day1 pride decl9es to acc$e to ! j dem&s ( c&or--! admission ( hav+ rea*$ a wrong conclusion4 ,!re probably w\ld n h be5 z mu* att5tion paid to ! subject ( man's gr[? 9 culture on ?is cont95t _h n ! proposition ( a sequ5ce f paleoli?ic to ,indian1 ) an int]v5+ p]iod1 seem$ to necessitate a dat+ back to ! ,glacial epo*1 :i* naturally br\ght geological erudition to be> ^u ! "q1 & s9ce !n1 mo/ surpris+ly1 !re has be5 confusion worse conf\nd$1 r ?an a flood ( light4 ,mu* has be5 writt51 b we c n yet be confid5t :i* au?or is mo/ ne>ly correct2 & ! late/ report1 %[+ sad evid5ces ( ha/e1 is vitiat$ by evid5t det]m9ation to mod]nize e trace ( man1 :e!r ! facts w>rant$ su* proc$ure or n4 ,:at is held1 prim>ily1 to be an evid5ce ( paleoli?ic man is a wr\ght /one implem5t1 t 9 ,europe 0 *>act]i/ic ( 8 h&iwork4 ,"h1 9 ! valley ( ! ,delaw>e1 ?is same =m ( implem5t has be5 confid5tly ass]t$ to be a reject$ piece ( /one--usually argillite--t fail$ to l5d itself to r$uction to a f9i%$ blade or spe> po9t4 ,if ?is c\ld be e/abli%$ z ( inv>iable application1 h[ev] ! suppos$ reject occurr$1 !n ! :ole matt] w\ld be br\ght to a quick conclusion4 ,b ! reject !ory has utt]ly fail$ ( e/abli%m5t4 ,! typical paleoli?ic implem5t is n *>act]i/ic ( ! refuse ( an arr[-mak]'s work%op site1 & ! famili> arr[ po9ts ( small size1 nor ev5 ! long1 ?9 blades ( sev]al times _! l5g?1 7 r$uc$ f masses greatly l>g] ?an ! desir$ =m4 ,! refuse ( _m a *ipp+ site %[s ?is conclusively2 &1 z hundr$s ( failures demon/rate1 _m an arr[head 0 made f a pebble b a trifle l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ object4 ,b admit1 = argum5t's sake1 ! id5tity 9 %ape ( a reject & a paleoli?ic implem5t2 ?is does n prove _! id5tity 9 age & orig91 & x is n an unw>rant$ or illogical sugge/ion to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 :]e ! conditions "u :i* !y occur sugge/ a possibility ( div]se hi/ory4 ,r ?an demon/rat+ t all rudely *ipp$ /ones are failures1 x %\ld be %[n t paleoli?ic man1 z we "k ( him 9 ,europe1 c\ld n possibly h exi/$ "h4 ,?is has n only nev] be5 attempt$1 b ! conditions dur+ & imm$iately subsequ5t to ! glaciation ( ! riv] valley h be5 ass]t$1 "t & aga91 to h be5 favorable = man's exi/5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 x has n be5 %[n t a typical paleoli?ic implem5t c\ld n h be5 available on ?is cont95t1 z x und\bt$ly 0 9 ,europe1 z an effective weapon1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! fauna ( ! ,delaw>e ,valley 01 9 glacial times1 v l t ( p>ts ( ,europe 9 :at we may call ! re9de] p]iod4 ,l conditions may n h produc$ l results 9 ! case ( e>ly man1 b :at 0 practicable 9 ,europe 0 c]ta9ly s 9 ,am]ica1 & ! "q resolves itself into t ( det]m9+ if any trace ( man t has be5 discov]$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,delaw>e c be dat$ back to a "t prec$+ ! ,indian z he 0 :5 fir/ he came 9 contact ) ! ,european4 ,did1 9 o!r words1 ! ,indian br+ 8 art ) him f ,europe or ,asia1 or did he exp]i5ce a gr[? 9 culture f paleoli?ic simplicity to neoli?ic complexity8 ,! :ole subject h+es on ! di/ribution ( ^! traces ( man4 ,if f ! fir/ day ( 8 occupancy until ! ,european replac$ ! ,indian ! imm$iate valley ( ! riv] _h und]gone no *ange1 !n ! imp]i%able relics ( ! fir/ & la/ savage w\ld rema9 associat$1 & position alone w\ld tell no?+ conc]n+ any p>ticul> object's age or orig91 b1 at ! pres5t day1 except ! cont5ts ( graves1 n a /one implem5t ( ! ,delaw>e ,indians re/s :]e *ance or ! int5tion ( its "o-"t own] plac$ x4 ,inde$1 save a few b[ld]s ( ! l>ge/ size1 few natural objects on ! imm$iate %ores ( ! riv] are z fir/ se5 by ,william ,p5n & 8 associates4 ,?is fact has n be5 duly consid]$1 & unw>rant$ conclusions h be5 publi%$ z e/abli%$ tru?s--all1 ( c\rse1 elim9at+ antiquity f ! ,indian hi/ory ( ! region4 ,! fact t a s-call$ paleoli?ic implem5t 0 f\nd ly+ on ! surface ( ! riv]'s %ore has result$ 9 a p5 picture ( a mod]n ,indian attempt+ to fa%ion a blade & toss+ ! pebble aside 9 disgu/4 ,:y1 inde$1 c\ld n an ,indian walk on expos$ gravel & pick up a pebble z well z we c to-day8 ,!re are two consid]ations to :i* we mu/ give he$ :5 ?is "q is ask$4 ,we are1 9 ! fir/ place1 tacitly in=m$ t ! ,indian 0 giv5 to *ipp+ /one 9 ?is haphaz>d way to supply a sudd5 ne$ ^u ! spot1 all ( :i* is n only n a reasonable assumption1 b absolutely incorrect1 z argillite b[ld]s & pebbles1 :i* are n abundant 9 ! gravels1 7 n habitually us$1 b1 in/ead1 ! m9]al 0 sy/ematically m9$ & select$ ) skill1 s t failures 7 r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,!n1 aga91 if ! object z f\nd has be5 ly+ undi/urb$ on ! riv] %ore = c5turies--two c5turies at lea/--:y is x t ! *ips are n !re also8 ,^! are nev] f\nd "u su* circum/ances4 ,9 fact1 !y are v r>ely f\nd at all 9 ! gravel :]e ! implem5t itself occurs1 & 9 numb]s !y exce$ ! reject or f9i%$ object at lea/ z t5 to "o4 ,fur!rmore1 we are ask$ to believe t ! riv] %ore :]e we f9d rude implem5ts is ! same to-day z :5 ! ,indian w&]$ along x c5turies ago4 ,fig4 #a %[s cle>ly h[ ! nev]-re/+ tidal fl[ we>s away ! %ore1 c>ry+ s& & f9e gravels f "o po9t & spread+ x else:]e to =m a s& b>1 x may be1 & turn+ ! *annel f "o side ( ! /ream to ! o!r1 & s expos+ long rea*es ( ! %ore to wa/+1 t = _m a ye> _h be5 fix$ & app>5tly secure4 ,(t5 ! mud is entirely remov$ f ! und]ly+ gravel1 & abundant traces ( ,indian occupation are br\ght to light1 &1 less frequ5tly1 s /rong a curr5t attacks a giv5 po9t t ev5 ! gravel is mov$ & deep holes are =m$1 to be fill$ 9 "t ) ! wa/+ %ore f a po9t p]haps a mile away4 ,?is is ! /ory ( ! riv] ( to-day1 & s x has be5 = c5turies2 & yet we are ask$ to believe t we c fill ! moccas9 pr9ts ( ! ,indian by walk+ n[ along ! wat]'s edge4 ,i submit t x is ask+ a great deal too mu*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,wa/+ ,,riv] ,,%ore ,,due ,,to ,,tidal ,,fl[4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t rudely *ipp$ implem5ts1 :5 f\nd on ! gravelly %ore ( ! riv]1 h fall5 out f ! bank & roll$ d[n f :]e !y _h long be5 ly+4 ,?is is n at all improbable2 b h[ does ?is mod]nize ! object1 :5 ! gravel ext5ds q to ! surface8 ,! pebbles & b[ld]s at ! top ( ! bank are cle>ly z mu* a "p ( ! deposit z are ^? at its base1 & :ile ! surface may be--is1 9 fact--less anci5t ?an ! deep] gravels1 /ill !y c n be dissociat$2 & x is a significant fact t we f9d1 on ! gravel at ! foot ( ! bluff or o!r exposure1 only ! rude argillite objects at ! wat]'s edge or on ! flat laid b>e at l[ tide1 & n a g5]al assortm5t ( ! ,indian's h&iwork1 includ+ pott]y2 & we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ! gravel-b$ implem5ts be> evid5ce ( all ! conditions to :i* ! gravel itself has be5 subject$--?is "o /a9$ by manganese1 t incru/$ ) limonite2 ?is fre% z ! day x 0 *ipp$1 because lo/ 9 s& & wat] & n subsequ5tly expos$ to ! atmosph]e2 t buri$ & une>!d1 roll$1 scrat*$1 & wat]-worn until mu* ( its artificiality has disappe>$4 ,! hi/ory ( almo/ e specim5 is writt5 ^u x1 & n "o tells su* a /ory z has be5 told ab\t x by ! advocates ( ! ,indian-reject !ory4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! natural hi/ory ( ! gravel t is s m>k$ a feature ( ! riv] valley1 p>ticul>ly at ! head ( tide wat]1 & almo/ e essay diff]s 9 m or less degree f its fell[s 9 ! matt] ( ! gravel's age z a well-def9$ deposit4 ,its orig9 no "o c "q1 nor ! ag5cies by :i* x 0 br\ght to :]e we n[ f9d x4 ,ice & wat] did ! "w1 nor h !y ceas$ entirely to add to ! bulk transport$ 9 /rictly glacial times--p]haps x 7 bett] to say 9 sup]latively glacial "t1 z ! riv] ev5 n[ c be positively glacial ^u occasion1 z ,fig4 #b demon/rates4 ,! ma9 *annel has (t5 be5 completely block$ ) ice & ! wat] =c$ into new directions & spread ov] ! l[l&s or flats1 :i* x d5udes ( its surface soil1 & once )9 rec5t ye>s ! /ream f\nd an old *annel1 deep5$ x1 & = a "t ?reat5$ to leave a fl\ri%+ riv]side t[n an inl& "o4 ,ice accumulat$ 9 ?is way ye> aft] ye> mu/ necess>ily affect ! riv]'s banks1 & yet ! ext5t ( damage is trifl+ usually1 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! wat]1 p>ticul>ly :5 agitat$ by pass+ /eamboats or viol5t w9ds2 & n[1 too1 ! ice ( our pres5t w9t]s does n transport co>se pebbles to any significant ext5t4 ,i am conv9c$ ( ?is s9ce ! exam9ation ,i gave acres ( ice1 :5 ! riv] 0 gorg$ ) x1 "s ye>s ago4 ,x 0 possible to walk = miles ov] ! ice1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & to see x "u exce$+ly favorable circum/ances1 & a mo/ c>eful se>* fail$ to reveal a /one l>g] ?an a pigeon's egg incas$ 9 ?is ice1 :i* 0 all g5tly float$ f f> up ! /ream & /r&$ "h2 & :]e pil$ up ^u ! %ores x usually rema9s until melt$1 & really acts z armor plate1 protect+ ! gr\nd f abrasion :5 ! floods incid5t to ! break-up prevail4 ,su* are ! pres5t-day consid]ations1 & !y h a direct be>+ ^u ! "q ( man's antiquity "h because1 fir/1 ! riv] valley has n v>i$ = hundr$s ( ye>s1 except 9 becom+ wid]1 ! l[ %ores rec$+1 & ! /ream becom+ broad] & m %all[4 ,9 e>lie/ ,indian times ! riv] 0 subject to fre%ets & ice gorges z n[1 b nev] did ! wat] become s damm$ up z to ov]fl[ ! broad plateaus1 areas ( glacial gravel1 t at ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod 7 )9 ! b\nd>y ( ! riv]4 ,! ,delaw>e 0 a v diff]5t /ream !n--cresc5do = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & dim9u5do = ?\s&s s9ce--until n[ x b>ely h9ts at :at once 04 ,b n ev5 9 ! height ( its glacial activity 0 ! climate s sev]e t ! wat]s conta9$ no fi%1 nor ! =e/s ( ! high surr\nd+ hills h>bor$ no game4 ,nev] 0 x z bleak z ! arctic region ( to-day1 & z man ma9ta9s a foot+ !re1 :y %\ld he n h done s "h1 :]e life 0 ev] m easily su/a9$8 ,true2 b did he live "h 9 glacial "t8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,ice-,,gorg$ ,,riv]4 ,reproduc+ on a small scale ! conditions ( ! ,glacial epo*4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 ! mo/ positive mann]1 :i* only positive evid5ce c\ld w>rant1 t s-call$ paleoli?ic implem5ts h n be5 f\nd 9 situ 9 gravel deposits at a di/ance f ! riv]1 & su*1 if !re 7 su*1 z appe>$ to be 9 ! gravel1 7 rec5t intrusions4 ,?is /atem5t1 9 its sev]al p>ts & its entirety1 is absolutely incorrect1 & no excuse c be (f]$ = its publication4 ,x is to be expla9$1 h[ev]1 because av[$ly pr$et]m9$4 ,:]ev] ! glacial gravel ( ! ,delaw>e tide-wat] region is f\nd1 !re paleoli?ic implem5ts occur1 z !y also d on & 9 ! surface ( areas beyond ! gravel b\nd>y4 ,we accept1 not)/&+ ! unsci5tific s\rce ( ! sugge/ion1 ! /atem5t t po/-glacial floods inhum$ all traces ( man f\nd b5ea? ! sup]ficial soils1 & f9d t1 if ^! traces are consid]$ 9 t light1 "s my/]i\s p[] 0 beh9d ! s5seless flood1 & always buri$ argillite paleoli?ic implem5ts f> d[n 9 ! gravel1 & !n select$ argillite artifacts ( m specializ$ =ms = ! ov]ly+ s&s & res]v$ ! pott]y & jasp] arr[ po9ts = ! vegetation-su/a9+ soil4 ,?is1 z /at$1 is absurd1 b su* is ! ord] ( occurr5ce ( ! traces ( e>ly man 9 ! upl& fields1 & ^! are to be consid]$ c>efully be=e a f9al conclusion c be rea*$4 ,! broad1 elevat$ plateau ext5d+ ea/w>d f ! pres5t bank ( ! riv] (f]s facilities = /udy+ ! evid5ces ( man's occupancy 9 ?is region su* z are to be f\nd 9 few localities4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is is t almo/ no local di/urbance has occurr$ s9ce ! orig9al deposition ( ! s& t ov]lies ! gravel & und]lies ! soil4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ^! und]ly+ s&s has rec5tly receiv$ a good deal ( att5tion1 because1 unlike ! deep] gravels1 !re is p]fect accord z to ! occurr5ces !re9 ( artificially *ipp$ objects2 & ! sugge/ion t !y are ( intrusive orig9 be+ set aside z unt5able1 ! geologi/s are n[ divid$ on ! "q :e!r ! s& is w9d-bl[n1 a modifi$ dune1 & s n necess>ily old ev5 9 ye>s1 or ! result ( int]mitt+ ov]fl[ ( wat]1 usually c>ry+ a consid]able am\nt ( s& & (t5 heavy ) wa%+s f "s di/ant clay bank4 ,! objections to ! eolian !ory are t pebbles & b[ld]s1 ev5 ( consid]able weight1 are scatt]$ at all elevations ?r\gh ! s&1 & ^! pebbles1 z a rule1 d n pres5t any evid5ce ( exposure to erod+ s&s1 b are smoo? & glassy1 or ! typical wat]-worn pebbles ( a brook or ! riv] b$1 & m significant is ! fact t ! s&s !mselves are ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 lay] ^u lay]1 & are n[h]e clean or free f clay2 & f9ally ! ?9 lay]s ( clay are cle>ly cont9u\s ov] su* ext5sive areas t 9 no s5se c !y be call$ segregations ( t mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a c>efully in/itut$ comp>ison ( ! s& f ! surface ( ! field to its junction ) ! gravel prop] %[s its id5tity ) a deposit made by wat] 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,no diff]5ce :atev] c\ld be detect$4 ,! s& dune1 modifi$ by ra9s & f9ally level$ to a pla91 pres5ts1 9 section1 no su* appe>ance z ! s&s t ov]lie ! gravels ( glacial orig94 ,)\t a sc9tilla ( reason1 h[ev]1 _m geologi/s decl>e t no deposit ( s& c be ( any geological significance if x conta9s traces ( man n cle>ly intrusive4 ,! latt] fact necessitates ! =m] claim1 all ( :i*1 ,i submit1 is nons5se4 ,fig4 #c illu/rates h[ artificially *ipp$ pebbles occur 9 ?is und]ly+ s&4 ,! upp] portion %[s ! sup]ficial soil remov$ to its po9t ( contact ) ! s&4 ,?is is det]m9$ by ! *ange ( color f d>k br[n to light yell[i% br[n1 & x is g5]ally s v abrupt a *ange t no d\bt arises z to :]e ! soil ends & ! s& beg9s4 ,! s& prop] is %[n by ! position ( ! object--! measur+ rule & tr[el4 ,x w be notic$ t ! implem5t is ly+ flat1 z su* an object w\ld almo/ necess>ily be if transport$ by wat]1 & n p]p5dicul>1 z w\ld be ! case if x _h fall5 d[n "s root-hole1 animal's or insect's burr[1 or op5+ 9 ! e>? f any cause1 & n[ oblit]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,an ,,argillite ,,implem5t ,,9 ,,glacial ,,/ratifi$ ,,s&4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! artificial flakes1 blades1 & o!r =ms ( simple implem5ts c only be expla9$ by consid]+ !m z a con/itu5t "p ( ! conta9+ b$1 hav+ be5 br\ght hi!r by ! same ag5cy t br\ght ! s&1 pebbles1 & clay4 ,:5 /&+ be=e a newly made section ( ?is implem5t-be>+ deposit x is easy to picture ! sl[ progress ( its accumulation4 ,! broad pla9 has be5 subject$ to ov]fl[1 n[ ( wat] be>+ only s&1 & !n ( muddy wat]2 n[ ) curr5t /rong en\gh to roll small pebbles f "s di/ant po9t1 & !n p]iods :5 ! sun %one on ! new deposit1 dri$ x1 & ! loose s& 0 rippl$ by ! w9d4 ,floods ( great] volume occasionally swept across ! pla91 & ice-incas$ pebbles 7 dropp$ ^u its surface1 & ) ?is build+ up ( ! plateau to a high] level !re 7 also br\ght to x traces ( man's h&iwork4 ,( ?is1 ,i ?9k1 !re c be no d\bt n[4 ,ye>s ago ,i endeavor$ to %[ f ! di/ribution ( rude argillite implem5ts ( specializ$ =ms1 z arr[ po9ts & small blades1 trimm$ flakes & scrap]s1 t ^! objects 7 old]1 z a class1 ?an jasp] & qu>tz implem5ts & weapons1 & t pott]y 0 made only 9 ! rude/ way be=e fl9t *ipp+--jasp] & qu>tz--0 e/abli%$4 ,! m exhau/ively ?is subject 0 foll[$ up1 ! proposition became m evid5tly true1 & to-day x is unqualifi$ly confirm$ by ! results obta9$ f sy/ematically digg+ deeply ov] wide areas ( c\ntry4 ,! fact t argillite cont9u$ 9 use until ! v la/ does n affect ?is conclusion4 ,z ! high l&1 n[ =ty or m feet above ! riv] & beyond ! rea* ( its floods ( greate/ magnitude1 0 once cont9ually ov]fl[$ & gradually built up by ! mat]ials ! wat] spread ^u x1 x is evid5t t ! conditions 7 mat]ially diff]5t :5 su* ?+s happ5$ f :at n[ obta9s1 & ! :ole configuration ( ! c\ntry to-day po9ts to b ! "o conclusion3 t ^! plateau-build+ floods occurr$ s long ago z :5 ! riv] fl[$ at a high] level & possess$ a great] transport+ p[] ?an at pres5t4 ,?is1 x is true1 0 long aft] ! co>se gravel & huge b[ld]s 7 transport$ f ! hillsides ( ! upp] valley1 b x 0 be=e ! riv] 0 conf9$ to its pres5t *annel1 & m significantly be=e :at may be call$ ! soil-mak+ p]iod1 itself ( long duration & ! "t ( ! ,indian z su*4 ,n an argillite *ip f ! s&s b5ea? ! soil b speaks ( ! di/ant day :5 ?is plateau 0 an almo/ b>r5 pla91 & man saw x1 roam$ ov] x1 & p]haps dwelt ^u x1 :5 b ! scantie/ vegetation dott$ its surface1 & only ^u ! hills beyond its b\nd>y 7 !re trees & h]bage4 ,ev5 if we consid] ! ag5cy ( ! /reams t n[ are b insignificant infl[+ brooks 9 spread+1 dur+ _! fre%et /ages1 s& ov] level areas1 we mu/ /ill g back to a "t :5 !y 7 /reams ( inf9itely great] magnitude ?an !y h be5 = _m c5turies1 & be=e1 too1 ! ,indian 0 a skill$ *ipp] ( jasp] & a pott] ( ta/e1 else :y ! abs5ce ( ^! products ( 8 skill 9 ! deep] s&s8 ,x matt]s n h[ we look at x1 :e!r z geologi/s or ar*ologi/s1 or :e!r x is all po/-glacial1 or ! />t+ po9t is /ill s di/ant z ice-age activities1 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts is unaffect$4 ,we /ill h paleoli?icity 9 ! gravel1 argillite & ! discov]y ( pott]y syn*ron\s ) ! deposition ( ! gravel-capp+ s&1 &1 la/ly1 ! ,indian4 ,! record is n a difficult "o to read1 & nev] has be51 & ! manifold attempts to mod]nize all traces ( man on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica c safely be relegat$ to ! limbo ( misdirect$ en]gy4 ,/udi$ 9 ! prop] _s & aft] ! ne$ful prelim9>y /udy ( ar*ology z a :ole1 ! /ud5t w f9d himself1 :5 9 ! field--ev] a m desirable place ?an ! museum--face to face ) evid5ces ( an antiquity t is to be measur$ by c5turies r ?an by ye>s4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,acetyl5e4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,r5\f1 ,,collegiate ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry1 ,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,univ]sity4 ,x is n[ five ye>s s9ce ! use ( acetyl5e z an illum9ant 0 sugge/$ to ! public1 & x may be ( int]e/ to give a sket* ( :at has be5 done dur+ ?is "t1 especially z x seems t ) ! ye> #ahii ! t5tative p]iod :i* mu/ *>act]ize e new indu/ry is 9 "s respects pass$1 & a p]iod ( solid & well-direct$ indu/rial ef=t1 back$ by ample capital1 has begun4 ,! k ga9$ dur+ ?is t5tative p]iod by ! laboratory exp]im5ts ( sci5tific m51 & by ! practical "w ( inv5tors & promot]s1 has made x possible = ! indu/ry to ent] on its new phase4 ,to und]/& its pres5t & to =esee its future importance x is necess>y briefly to review ! "w ( ! la/ ye>s4 ,9 ,may1 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,willson1 a ,canadian electrician1 tri$ to make ! metal calcium 9 an electric furnace 9 8 works at ,spray1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 by heat+ a mixture ( lime & coal du/4 ,he ?\ght t ! lime 7calcium oxide7 w\ld act on ! coal 7c>bon7 to =m calcium & c>bon monoxide4 ,he did n succe$ 9 gett+ calcium1 b f\nd 9 ! furnace a br[n1 cry/all9e mass1 :i* 0 decompos$ by p\r+ wat] on x1 yield+ an inflammable gas4 ,willson is n a *emi/1 & he !re=e s5t specim5s ( ! mat]ial to sev]al m5 ( sci5ce to det]m9e its nature4 ,x 0 %[n to be calcium c>bide1 a comp\nd ( calcium & c>bon1 =m$ by ! action ( ! c>bon on ! calcium oxide4 ,! reaction express$ 9 *emical symbols is ,ca,o #c;,c ,ca,c#b ,,co4 ,! gas =m$ by ! action ( wat] 0 acetyl5e1 a comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,! reaction is ,ca,c#b ,h#b,o ,c#b;,h#b ,ca,o2 calcium c>bide & wat] =m acetyl5e & lime4 ,if wat] en\gh is add$1 ! lime is slak$1 & slak$ lime1 or calcium hydroxide1 ,ca7,,oh#b71 is =m$4 ,nei!r calcium c>bide nor acetyl5e 0 a new discov]y2 acetyl5e 0 discov]$ by ,edmund ,davy 9 #ahcf1 & its prop]ties 7 /udi$ by ,b]!lot 9 #ahfb4 ,impure calcium c>bide 0 fir/ made 9 #ahfb by ,whl]1 :o describ$ its decomposition by wat] into acetyl5e & lime4 ,:at 0 !re new1 !n1 9 ,willson's discov]y8 ,two important facts3 7#a7 ,he 0 ! fir/ to make c>bide by a me?od applicable comm]cially2 7#b7 he 0 ! fir/ to make cry/all9e c>bide4 ,whl]'s c>bide 0 impure & amorph\s2 ,willson's1 ne>ly pure & cry/all9e1 s t he succe$$ 9 obta9+ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts = cry/all9e c>bide1 &1 z all c>bide made by comm]cial processes is cry/all9e1 its manufacture is cov]$ by ,willson's pat5ts4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahib1 ,pr(4 ,h5ri ,moissan1 ( ,p>is1 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( cry/all9e calcium c>bide4 ,moissan's discov]y1 too1 0 an accid5tal "o4 ,he 0 r$uc+ refractory metallic oxides 9 an electric furnace made ( lime4 ,at ! close ( ! article 9 :i* he reports 8 "w to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces 7,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie ,franaise1 vol4 cxii1 page #f1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahib7 he ref]s 9 two l9es to ! =mation ( an ill-def9$ c>bide ( calcium by ! action ( ! c>bon electrodes on ! lime ( :i* 8 furnace 0 made4 ,z is common ) mo/ important inv5tions1 !re is a dispute z to ! priority ( mak+ c>bide by an electric furnace2 & ! wond] is1 n t !re is a dispute1 b t !re are s few claimants4 ,a few words ( explanation ( ! electric furnace w %[ :y4 ,! enorm\s heat ( ! electric furnace 7#bjjj to #cjjj ,c47 is caus$ by an electric arc1 =m$ by curr5ts play+ betwe5 c>bon electrodes2 c>bon is (t5 us$ 9 ! furnace processes2 "h we h "o con/itu5t ( calcium c>bide4 ,lime1 ! mat]ial = ! o!r con/itu5t1 )/&s heat bett] ?an any o!r common sub/ance except+ magnesia2 naturally1 inv5tors w\ld use x1 z ,moissan did1 z a refractory l9+ to ! furnace4 ,electric furnaces 7 n new4 ,! conditions !n 7 su* t ! discov]y ( ! c>bide 0 fairly =c$ on exp]im5t]s1 &1 z we h se51 ! discov]ies ( ,willson & ,moissan 7 bo? accid5tal4 ,am]ican priority 0 claim$ by ,willson1 ,fr5* priority by ! fri5ds ( ,moissan1 ,g]man priority by ,pr(essor ,bor*]s1 ( ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,=tunately = ,willson1 among ^? to :om he _h s5t specim5s ( c>bide 0 ,"l ,kelv91 ! fam\s ,engli% physici/1 ^: reply to ,willson1 /at+ t ! sub/ance receiv$ 0 calcium c>bide1 0 dat$ ,octob] #c1 #ahib1 two mon?s be=e ,moissan's fir/ publication4 ,bor*]s's claims are too vague to wa/e space on4 ,willson's priority is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ except+ 9 ,france4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t has ackn[l$g$ x1 & has annull$ ! ,g]man pat5t grant$ to ,bulli]4 ,comm]cial c>bide is ess5tially an ,am]ican discov]y1 & x 0 develop$ indu/rially by ,willson's associates be=e indu/rial action began abroad4 ,messrs4 ,dick]son & ,suck]t1 ( ,new ,york1 7 ! fir/ to und]take ! indu/rial liquefaction ( acetyl5e4 ,dr4 ,g4 de ,*almot1 *emi/1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,morehead1 electrician1 work$ up ! details ( ! furnace process 9 ! e>ly days at ,spray1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ! purity & ! yield f a giv5 weight ( mat]ial ( _! c>bide h nev] be5 excell$1 ?\gh *eap] work+ furnaces are n[ 9 use4 ,c>bides ( o!r metals c be made 9 ! electric furnace1 b1 ow+ to ! *eapness ( ! new mat]ial1 calcium c>bide is ! only "o ( ^! :i* has indu/rial value z a s\rce ( acetyl5e4 ,"o p\nd ( pure c>bide yields #e4hi cubic feet ( acetyl5e4 ,?us f> c>bide has be5 f\nd indu/rially valuable = two o!r purposes4 ,! "o is = c>boniz+ /eel2 exp]im5ts 9 ,g]many %[ t iron or s(t /eel takes up c>bon m readily :5 x is heat$ ) c>bide ?an :5 x is heat$ ) coal du/ or *>coal4 ,"s /eel works are n[ us+ c>bide = ?is purpose4 ,! o!r use ( c>bide is m important4 ,x is f\nd to be a valuable g]micide4 ,x is said to be ! mo/ effectual prev5tive ( black rot1 & to de/roy ! ,phyllox]a1 ! two wor/ enemies ( ! grape4 ,! action ( ! c>bide z a g]micide dep5ds on its decomposition by ! moi/ure ( ! soil1 =m+ acetyl5e1 :i* kills ! ,phyllox]a4 ,if ! use ( c>bide on a l>ge scale sub/antiates ! claims made = x1 ?is is a discov]y ( va/ importance4 ,! ravages caus$ by ! ,phyllox]a 9 ! v9ey>ds ( s\!rn ,europe1 ( ,africa1 & ,au/ralia mu/ be rank$ z great national calamities4 ,a temp]ature rang+ f #bjjj to #bejj ,c4 7#cfjj to #dejj ,fahr5heit7 is requir$ to make c>bide4 ,x is probable t ?is temp]ature c be economically atta9$ only by ! electric furnace us+ wat] p[] z ! s\rce ( ! electric curr5t1 & ?is is ! only me?od us$ = mak+ c>bide1 ) ! exception ( ! ,wal!r process1 :i* does n use electricity b dep5ds on ! int5se heat g5]at$ by burn+ acetyl5e "u pressure4 ,9 electric furnaces ! =mation ( c>bide dep5ds simply on ! heat ( ! arc1 :i* fuses ! mixture ( lime & coke4 ,! late/ improvem5ts on ! fir/ v simple =ms ( furnace h secur$ cont9uity ( "w & economy ( electric en]gy4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c>bide is made exclusively 9 ! ,horry furnace4 ,?is furnace consi/s ( a huge %ort cyl9d] or holl[ :eel1 m\nt$ to revolve sl[ly on a horizontal %aft4 ,! p]iph]y ( ! cyl9d] is clos$ by removable ca/-iron slats4 ,z ! cyl9d] is p>tly revolv$ on its axis f "t to "t1 ! slats are tak5 (f f "o side & replac$ on ! o!r1 ?us leav+ ! top always op54 ,! cyl9d] is fill$ on "o side ) ! p[d]$ mixture ( coke & lime4 ,into ! mixture two v]tical c>bon electrodes project d[nw>d ?r\gh ! op5 top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,z ! c>bide is =m$1 ! cyl9d] is revolv$1 l[]+ ! mass f ! electrodes4 ,! fus$ c>bide cools1 h>d5s1 & is brok5 (f & remov$ z x rises on ! o!r side ( ! sl[ly revolv+ cyl9d]2 new mat]ial is con/antly f$ 9 to ma9ta9 ! level ar\nd ! electrodes4 ,! process 9 ! ,horry furnace is cont9u\s2 ! furnace c be run )\t arre/+ ! curr5t until repairs are necess>y4 ,x is said to comb9e ! diff]5t !oretical improvem5ts ref]r$ to1 & to r$uce ! co/ ( production4 ,! ,horry furnace is 9 use at ,niag>a ,falls & at ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie4 ,at ,/4 ,ca!r9e's1 ,canada1 ,willson is us+ 8 own furnace4 ,abroad1 ! old] types ( furnace1 ! ,willson1 ,bulli]1 & ,hr\lt1 are ^? *iefly 9 use4 ,! actual +ot ( good comm]cial c>bide is ne>ly pure--n9ety-six to n9ety-n9e p] c5t--b ! +ot is surr\nd$ by a cru/ ( c>bide mix$ ) un*ang$ mat]ial1 conta9+ =ty to sev5ty p] c5t ( c>bide4 ,=eign mak]s break & bl5d +ot & cru/ to /&>d size1 ! be/ mak]s gu>antee+ _! c>bide n9ety p] c5t pure1 giv+ five cubic feet ( acetyl5e p] p\nd 7pure c>bide gives #e4hi cubic feet74 ,eight to n9e p\nds ( c>bide p] horse p[] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 av]ag+ five cubic feet ( acetyl5e1 is consid]$ satisfactory "w4 ,! ,union ,c>bide ,company1 :i* controls ! sale ( c>bide 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is sell+ grad$ c>bides "u gu>antee1 ! fir/ grade be+ ! ne>ly pure +ot1 ! l[] grade ! cru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horry ,,furnace1 ,,%[+ ,,electrodes4#e ,illu/ration3 ,,horry ,,furnace1 ,,%[+ ,,ge>+4#e ,illu/ration3 ,,horry ,,furnace1 ,,%[+ ,,c>bide ,,j ,,remov$4#e ,footnote #e3 ,,note4--,we are indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ! ,electrical ,_w & ,eng9e] = cuts %[+ ! ,horry furnace4 ,z ! moi/ure ( ! air decomposes ! c>bide1 x mu/ be brok5 up z soon z made1 & pack$ 9 air-tight t9 cans1 v>y+ 9 size f "o to f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,! pres5t price ( c>bide abroad av]ages #if4hj 9 l>ge lots1 & #g4bf p] hundr$weight 9 small lots1 pack+ includ$2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #gj p] ton 9 l>ge lots1 & #d4ej p] hundr$weight 9 small lots1 pack+ includ$4 ,9 #ahih1 #d1fej tons are said to h be5 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & a mu* l>g] am\nt abroad4 ,! output = #ahii is e/imat$ at #ab1jjj tons = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a capacity 9 ! new works 9 erection at ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie & at ,niag>a ,falls ( #da1jjj tons4 ,! new works build+ 9 ,europe1 to be f9i%$ 9 #ahii-aijj1 h a capacity = mak+ #hj1jjj metric tons4 ,^! figures w ju/ify ! /atem5t made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article1 t ! new indu/ry has f\nd ample capital4 ,! /atem5t is /ill curr5t t acetyl5e attacks copp] & brass1 =m+ an explosive comp\nd4 ,?is is n true4 ,exhau/ive exp]im5ts by ,moissan & by ,g]des1 keep+ ^! & o!r metals 9 contact ) acetyl5e = mon?s at a "t1 h %[n t ! metals 7 n affect$4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! explosive copp] acetylide is made 9 laboratories c n well occur 9 g5]ators or gas hold]s4 ,x has be5 said t acetyl5e is v poison\s2 ! exp]im5ts ( _m obs]v]s1 & especially ^? ( ,grhant1 d n confirm ?is /atem5t4 ,grhant exp]im5t$ on dogs1 caus+ !m to brea! mixtures ( acetyl5e1 air1 & oxyg51 :i* always conta9$ #bj4h p] c5t ( oxyg51 ?is be+ ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 9 pure air4 ,by ?is device he 0 able to discrim9ate betwe5 ! poison+ caus$ by acetyl5e & suffocation caus$ by insuffici5t oxyg54 ,a mixture conta9+ tw5ty p] c5t acetyl5e inhal$ = ?irty-five m9utes did n seem to tr\ble ! animal4 ,a sample ( ! dog's art]ial blood conta9$ t5 p] c5t ( acetyl5e4 ,a dog :i* inhal$ a mixture conta9+ =ty p] c5t ( acetyl5e di$ sudd5ly aft] fifty-"o m9utes1 hav+ inhal$ "o hundr$ & twelve litres ( ! mixture2 ! art]ial blood conta9$ tw5ty p] c5t acetyl5e4 ,grhant prov$ t acetyl5e simply dissolves 9 ! blood plasma1 :ile c>bon monoxide =ms a comp\nd ) ! hmoglob9 ( ! blood4 ,a dog brea?+ a simil> mixture ( air1 oxyg51 & illum9at+ gas conta9+ only "o p] c5t ( c>bon monoxide quickly %[$ convulsive movem5ts1 & di$ aft] t5 m9utes2 its blood conta9$ tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ( c>bon monoxide4 ,?us acetyl5e1 :ile slightly poison\s1 is less poison\s ?an coal gas1 & va/ly less ?an wat] gas1 :i* conta9s a high p]c5tage ( c>bon monoxide4 ,a pressure ( ?irty-n9e atmosph]es & ?ree qu>t]s at #bj ,c4 conv]ts acetyl5e into a liquid weigh+ "o ?ird z mu* z ! same volume ( wat]1 :ile "o cubic foot ( ! liquid :5 releas$ f pressure gives five hundr$ cubic feet ( gas4 ,hi!rto acetyl5e is us$ only z a s\rce ( heat or z a s\rce ( light2 yet ) v *eap c>bide x w\ld prove useful 9 _m ways 9 *emical indu/ry1 & its use w\ld h ! mo/ wide-spread effect on indu/ry & agriculture4 ,= in/ance1 a me?od ( mak+ alcohol f acetyl5e is pat5t$ abroad1 & by ano!r pat5t$ process x is propos$ to make sug> f acetyl5e4 ,) ! pres5t prices ( alcohol1 sug>1 & c>bide1 ^! processes h no comm]cial value4 ,acetyl5e may be made f ! c>bide 9 gas works & deliv]$ to ! consum] ?r\gh ma9s l ord9>y illum9at+ gas2 or x may be liquefi$ at a gas works & deliv]$ to ! consum] 9 ! liquid =m "u pressure2 or ! consum] may pur*ase c>bide & g5]ate acetyl5e = 8 own consumption4 ,all ?ree ( ^! me?ods are 9 use4 ,to und]/& ! attitude ( insurance companies & ( consum]s t[>d liquid acetyl5e x w be well to exam9e its record = ! la/ few ye>s4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 me?ods = liquefy+ acetyl5e1 & = r$uc+ ! pressure ( ! liquid at ! place ( consumption s t ! consum] actually uses x z a gas "u a wat] pressure ( six in*es or less1 may f9d processes describ$ 9 detail 9 ! ,progressive ,age1 & 9 o!r te*nical j\rnals4 ,suffice x to say t ! me?ods 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad are simple & effective4 ,! purifi$ acetyl5e is deliv]$ 9 /rong /eel cyl9d]s1 :i* may be plac$ 9 a special build+ or case & ne$ n be h&l$ by ! consum]4 ,x has be5 prov$ by ! exhau/ive exp]im5ts ( ! em95t ,fr5* *emi/ ,b]!lot t liquefi$ acetyl5e 9 cyl9d]s c n be explod$ by bl[s or %ocks to ! clos$ cyl9d]4 ,if x is explod$1 h[ev]1 by caus+ a sp>k )9 ! cyl9d]1 ! explosive =ce is v great1 be+ ab\t equal to t ( gun cotton4 ,! use ( ! liquefi$ acetyl5e is s simple & clean t ! att5tion ( inv5tors 0 fir/ turn$ to ?is mode ( supply4 ,x may 9 future come aga9 into prom95ce despite ! pres5t /rong feel+ aga9/ x1 its use 9 _m cities be+ prohibit$4 ,?is feel+ 0 caus$ by a numb] ( explosions1 accompani$ by loss ( life4 ,?ree ( ^! explosions occurr$ 9 factories = liquefy+ acetyl5e2 "o 9 a factory :]e liquid acetyl5e regulators 7 made2 sev]al 9 build+s ( consum]s4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahif1 ,pictet's works 9 ,p>is 7 wreck$ by ! explosion ( a cyl9d] fill$ ) liquid acetyl5e2 evid5ce prov$ t ! cyl9d] 0 held 9 a vise1 & t ! two workm5 kill$ 7 at ! ends ( a wr5*1 clos+ or op5+ ! valve1 suppos+ ! cyl9d] to be empty4 ,! explosion 0 caus$ ei!r by a sp>k f friction 9 turn+ ! screw1 or by ! too sudd5 op5+ ( ! valve & releas+ ! pressure1 caus+ a %ock suffici5t to decompose ! liquid4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahif1 ! works ( ,g4 ,isaac1 9 ,b]l91 7 de/roy$ by an explosion 9 ! cond5s] :]e ! cool$ acetyl5e 0 liquefi$ by pressure2 ,isaac & ?ree workm5 7 kill$4 ,evid5ce %[$ t ?r\gh c>elessness w>m wat] in/ead ( cold wat] 0 9 contact ) ! cond5s]1 ?us w>m+ ! liquid & increas+ ! pressure to a po9t :i* bur/ ! cond5s]4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahig1 ! works ( ! ,dick]son ,suck]t ,acetyl5e ,gas ,liquefy+ & ,di/ribut+ ,company 9 ,j]sey ,city 7 de/roy$ by fire caus$ by ! explosion ( a cyl9d] fill$ ?r\gh c>elessness ( workm5 ) a mixture ( air & liquid acetyl5e--i4 e41 ) an explosive mixture--kill+ ! sup]9t5d5t & a workman4 ,9 ! explosion at ! regulator factory at ,new ,hav51 ,janu>y1 #ahie1 ! valve ( ! cyl9d]1 on :i* "o ( two workm5 kill$ 0 work+1 broke2 a l>ge volume ( acetyl5e escap$ & ignit$ f a light$ c&le4 ,9 all f\r cases ! explosions 7 caus$ by ignorance or c>elessness incid5t to ! beg9n+s ( a new indu/ry1 & c\ld be avoid$ by exp]i5ce & skill4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t 9 ! explosion at ,p>is all ( ! full acetyl5e cyl9d]s 7 dug out ( ! ru9s unhurt4 ,! same 0 true at ,b]l91 :]e five full cyl9d]s 7 bl[n aga9/ ! wall ( ! build+ by ! explosion ( ! cond5s]1 b did n explode4 ,at ,j]sey ,city sixty fill$ cyl9d]s 7 expos$ to ! heat ( ! fire foll[+ ! explosion2 !y 7 fitt$ ) safety diaphragms ( fusible metal2 =ty-eight rema9$ intact1 ! acetyl5e burn+ (f quietly z x escap$ ?r\gh ! fus$ diaphragm1 & twelve explod$1 ei!r on acc\nt ( imp]fection ( ! diaphragms or /oppage ( ! air passage lead+ f ! diaphragm4 ,! explosions ( liquid acetyl5e 9 build+s ( consum]s h be5 due 9 e case to gross c>elessness & ignorance on ! "p ( ! consum]4 ,al?\gh "o ( ! *ief po9ts 9 favor ( ! liquid acetyl5e is its portability1 yet x c be %[n t x is /ill easi] to c>ry c>bide to ! consum]4 ,"o cubic metre ( acetyl5e is compress$ to two litres 9 liquid =m2 two litres ( c>bide weigh #d4dd kilogrammes1 :i* w produce a cubic metre & a ?ird ( acetyl5e1 reckon+ ?ree hundr$ litres to ! kilogramme1 :i* is ! av]age gu>ante$ yield ( c>bide4 ,! light t9 c>bide cans occupy less space & weigh less ?an ! heavy /eel cyl9d]s1 :ile ! g5]ation ( ! gas is simple &1 ) prop] g5]ators1 p]fectly safe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g5]ators mu/ be c>$ =1 mu/ (t5 be fill$ ) fre% c>bide1 & f "t to "t mu/ be clean$4 ,) ! g5]ator sy/em acetyl5e is z safe z or saf] ?an illum9at+ gas4 ,b]!lot has %[n t at pressures bel[ two atmosph]es a vessel fill$ ) acetyl5e c n be explod$ by ! explosion ( a cap ( fulm9at+ m]cury )9 ! vessel1 nor by heat+ a wire :i* ext5ds into ! vessel to a :ite heat by an electric curr5t4 ,! reason is t ! acetyl5e c n explode unless x is decompos$ into its elem5ts1 c>bon & hydrog52 to decompose x requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy4 ,:ile ! en]gy ( ! gl[+ wire or ( ! explod+ cap causes a local decomposition at ! po9t ( contact1 x is n suffici5t to spread ! decomposition fur!r4 ,acetyl5e =ms an explosive mixture ) air2 s does illum9at+ gas4 ,! odor ( acetyl5e is unpleasant2 s is ! odor ( ! wat] gas us$ g5]ally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! acetyl5e c be *eaply deodoriz$4 ,z ! g5]ator sy/em1 !n1 is ! g5]al "o1 ! mo/ important "q to ! consum] is :at g5]ator to buy1 & x is a p]plex+ "q4 ,! c>bide manufacture is s organiz$ t x is ev]y:]e "u ! control ( p[]ful & responsible companies :i* sell a gu>ante$ product4 ,! burn]s n[ 9 use are ne>ly all good4 ,) g5]ators x is diff]5t2 ! m>ket is flood$ ) !m at all prices1 rang+ 9 value f worse ?an useless to v good1 z reg>ds safety1 economy1 & quality ( light4 ,z ! g5]ator "q is by f> ! mo/ important & ! lea/ und]/ood 9 ! :ole acetyl5e indu/ry1 x w be well to give a full acc\nt ( ! results ( ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made )9 ! la/ two ye>s on ?is "q4 ,! mo/ exhau/ive exp]im5ts are ^? ( ! ,engli% exp]t1 ,pr(essor ,lewes1 & 8 results agree ) ^? ( o!r obs]v]s4 ,lewes fir/ det]m9$ ! am\nt ( heat develop$ by ! decomposition ( c>bide by wat]1 & ! conditions :i* t5d to less5 or increase ! int5sity ( ! reaction4 ,! av]age result ( ! exp]im5ts z to ! am\nt ( heat 0 #ddf4f calories = pure c>bide1 & a little less = comm]cial c>bide 7to /ate ?is diff]5tly1 "o p\nd ( c>bide1 :5 decompos$ by wat]1 gives (f heat en\gh to raise ! temp]ature ( #ddf4f p\nds ( wat] #a ,c41 or to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] #ddf4f ,c474 ,z ! int5sity ( ! heat develop$ det]m9es ! highe/ temp]ature atta9$ dur+ ! decomposition1 & is a function ( ! "t ne$$ to complete ! action1 & z ! decomposition ( c>bide 9 contact ) wat] is extremely rapid1 x is evid5t t ! temp]ature develop$ may be s high z to cause disa/]4 ,all ! g5]ators at pres5t be=e ! public may be classifi$ "u ?ree heads3 #a4 ,^? 9 :i* wat] is all[$ to drip or fl[ sl[ly on a mass ( c>bide1 ! evolution ( ! gas be+ regulat$ by ! /opp+ ( ! wat]4 #b4 ,^? 9 :i* wat] 9 consid]able volume is all[$ to rise 9 contact ) c>bide1 ! evolution ( ! gas be+ regulat$ by ! driv+ back ( ! wat] by ! increase ( pressure 9 ! g5]at+ *amb]4 #c4 ,^? 9 :i* ! c>bide is dropp$ or plung$ into an excess ( wat]4 ,! conclusions d$uc$ f a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts 7 t :51 z 9 type #a1 wat] is all[$ to drip or fl[ 9 a f9e /ream ^u a mass ( c>bide1 ! temp]ature rapidly rises until aft] eighte5 to tw5ty-five m9utes ! maximum is rea*$1 :i* v>ies f #djj to #gjj ,c4 7#gbj to #aabj ,fahr5heit71 & x is probable t 9 "s ( ! mass ! high] limit is always rea*$1 z traces ( t> are usually f\nd 9 ! residual lime1 9 "s cases 9 suffici5t quantity to make ! lime yell[ & pa/y1 :ile vapors ( b5z5e & o!r polym]ization products pass (f ) ! gas4 ,leav+ ! "q ( temp]ature 9 ?is type ( g5]ator1 ano!r important "q is ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! g5]ation ( gas cont9ues aft] ! wat] supply is automatically cut (f4 ,x is f\nd t gas is evolv$ ) increas+ sl[ness sometimes = an h\r & ?ree qu>t]s aft] ! wat] supply has ceas$1 ! total volume ( gas s evolv$ be+ l>ge4 ,! exp]im5ts %[$ t 9 any automatic g5]ator ( ?is type ! cut-(f %\ld be s arrang$ t "o qu>t] ( ! total capacity ( ! gas hold] is /ill available to /ore ! sl[ly g5]at+ gas4 ,! second class ( g5]ators br+ ab\t contact ei!r by wat] ris+ f bel[ to ! c>bide susp5d$ 9 ! cage 7,,ii1 ,a71 or by a cage ( c>bide susp5d$ 9 a movable bell :i*1 z x falls1 dips ! c>bide into wat]1 )draw+ ! c>bide f ! wat] z ! excessive g5]ation ( gas lifts ! bell 7,,ii1 ,b74 ,lewes f\nd t "u c]ta9 conditions g5]ators ( ! type ,,ii1 ,b 7 f> worse ?an ^? ( type ,i4 ,! trials 7 made ) a movable glass bell1 ) c\nt]weights1 conta9+ a half-p\nd ( c>bide4 ,! maximum temp]atures rea*$ 9 f\r trials 7 #gjc1 #gcd1 #ged1 & #hjg ,c4 ,excessive heat+ took place 9 e case2 9 ! la/ m5tion$ ! temp]ature 0 f> above ! po9t at :i* acetyl5e is decompos$ into c>bon & hydrog51 a ?9 black smoke be+ =m$ imm$iately ar\nd ! c>bide :ile t> vapor p\r$ out4 ,on remov+ ! residue aft] cool+ x 0 f\nd to be coat$ ) soot & load$ ) t>4 ,on sev]al occasions ! *>ge 0 remov$ f ! g5]ator j aft] ! maximum temp]ature 0 rea*$1 & 0 f\nd to be at a bright r$ heat4 ,^! exp]im5ts are ( ! greate/ practical importance4 ,at #fjj acetyl5e beg9s to polym]ize--i4 e41 to =m m complex hydroc>bons1 :i* are liquid1 or solid1 at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,probably 9 ! g5]ator acetyl5e is fir/ giv5 (f s rapidly t ! heat does n act on x1 b z decomposition advances into ! c5t] ( ! mass ( c>bide1 ! acetyl5e g5]at$ has to pass ?r\gh ! ext]nal lay]s1 :i*1 z %[n1 may be at high temp]atures1 above t at :i* acetyl5e decomposes2 ?us a consid]able am\nt ( gas is lo/1 & ! t> =m$ may di/ill into ! g5]ator & tubes1 clogg+ ! tubes4 ,a m s]i\s evil is ! det]ioration 9 ! illum9at+ quality ( ! gas4 ,samples ( ! gas 7 tak5 z ! maximum temp]ature 0 approa*$1 & analyz$ ) ?is av]age result3 ,acetyl5e1 sev5ty p] c5t2 o!r hydroc>bons1 elev5 p] c5t2 hydrog51 n9ete5 p] c5t4 ,?is r$uces ! illum9at+ value f two hundr$ & =ty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six c&les4 ,! hydroc>bons consi/ l>gely ( b5z5e1 :i* requires ?ree times z mu* air = complete combu/ion z acetyl5e does4 ,! be/ possible acetyl5e burn] smokes :5 ! acetyl5e conta9s b5z5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,i4 ,,type ,,( ,,g5]ator4#f ,illu/ration3 ,type ,,ii1 ,a4 ,type ,,ii1 ,b4 ,type ,,iii4 ,,types ,,( ,,g5]ators4#f ,footnote #f3 ,,note4--,we are indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ! ,progressive ,age = cuts %[+ types ( g5]ators4 ,at fir/ sight ^! exp]im5ts w\ld seem absolutely to condemn g5]ators ( class ,,ii1 yet ! fact rema9s t "s excell5t g5]ators are ( ?is type4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions excessive ov]heat+ may be avoid$4 ,! ris+ bell %[n 9 ,,ii1 ,b %\ld be disc>d$4 ,g5]ators 9 :i* ! wat] rises f bel[1 & sl[ly attacks ! c>bide1 c be made safe if ! wat] is nev] driv5 back f ! c>bide1 & ! c>bide is 9 sep>at$ lay]s z 9 ,,ii1 ,a4 ,"u ^! conditions ! wat] is always 9 excess at ! po9t :]e x attacks ! c>bide1 s t ! evaporation1 by r5d]+ heat lat5t1 keeps ! temp]ature d[n1 ! temp]ature ( ! melt+ po9t ( t91 #bbh ,c41 be+ r>ely rea*$ 9 good g5]ators :]e ^! conditions are met4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ g5]ators1 & ! only ones :i* f a sci5tific po9t ( view %\ld be employ$1 are ^? ( class ,,iii1 9 :i* c>bide falls into an excess ( wat]4 ,9 su* g5]ators x is impossible to get a temp]ature high] ?an ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 #ajj ,c41 :ile ) a prop]ly arrang$ tank ! temp]ature nev] exce$s t ( ! air by m ?an a few degrees4 ,"u ^! conditions ! abs5ce ( polym]ization & ! wa%+ ( ! nasc5t & f9ely divid$ bubbles ( gas by ! limewat] 9 ! g5]ator yield acetyl5e ( a degree ( purity unapproa*$ by any o!r =m ( g5]ator4 ,:5 acetyl5e is burn$ 9 air "u su* conditions t ! flame does n smoke1 x has be5 prov$ by ,grhant t !re is no c>bon monoxide among ! combu/ion products2 ! acetyl5e comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air to =m c>bon dioxide & wat] 7,c#b;,h#b #e,o #b;,,co#b ,h#b,o74 ,"o cubic foot ( acetyl5e requires two & a half cubic feet ( oxyg54 ,suppos+ a room to h an illum9ation equal to sixty-f\r /&>d c&les2 ?is am\nt ( light f c&les w\ld use up #ch4e cubic feet ( oxyg5 f ! air1 & w\ld give (f =ty-?ree cubic feet ( c>bon dioxide2 petroleum requires1 9 cubic feet1 tw5ty-five ( oxyg51 & gives (f =ty ( c>bon dioxide2 gas burn$ ) a flat flame requires ab\t tw5ty-five oxyg5 & gives n9ete5 c>bon dioxide--) an ,arg& flame a little less1 :ile ) ! ,welsba* burn] gas requires only ?ree oxyg51 & gives (f #a4h c>bon dioxide2 acetyl5e requires five oxyg5 & yields f\r c>bon dioxide4 ,s t1 light = light1 acetyl5e f\ls ! air less ?an any ord9>y illum9ant except+ ! ,welsba* gas burn]4 7,) inc&esc5t electric light !re is no combu/ion & no f\l+ ( ! air47 ,"u ! be/ conditions five cubic feet ( acetyl5e give a light ( two hundr$ & =ty c&les = "o h\r1 or we may speak ( acetyl5e z a two-hundr$-&-=ty-c&le gas4 ,yet ?is /atem5t1 ?\gh /rictly true1 may be mislead+4 ,:5 ord9>y illum9at+ gas is te/$ ) ! photomet]1 x is burn$ f a /&>d flat-flame burn]1 burn+ five cubic feet p] h\r4 ,n[ ! am\nt ( light giv5 by su* a gas flame is no great] ?an is pleasant to ! eye2 x is true t if we burn five cubic feet ( acetyl5e f a suitable flat-flame burn]1 a light ( two hundr$ & =ty c&les is giv51 b x is unfair to take ?is ratio z repres5t+ ! actual relative illum9at+ value ( ! two lights1 because we nei!r ne$ a light ( two hundr$ & =ty c&les1 nor is su* an am\nt ( light issu+ f "o burn] endurable to ! eye4 ,"o-foot or "o-half foot acetyl5e burn]s are us$ = dome/ic light+2 light f ! be/ "o-foot burn]s av]ages ?irty-two to ?irty-five c&les p] cubic foot4 ,) acetyl5e1 z ) e o!r illum9at+ gas1 ! small] ! burn] & consumption1 ! less light p] cubic foot ( gas is obta9$4 ,ano!r important po9t is t :ile ^! figures repres5t ! be/ practical illum9ation obta9$ f acetyl5e by ! burn]s hi!rto 9 use1 ! /&>d flat-flame burn] does n give ! be/ gaslight2 ) a good ,welsba* burn] a cubic foot ( illum9at+ gas w give a sev5te5-c&le light z an av]age4 ,! comp>ison1 to be fair1 %\ld be betwe5 acetyl5e & ! ,welsba* light4 ,! read] w ask :e!r x is n possible to burn acetyl5e ) o!r =ms ( burn]1 or to use x ) ,welsba* mantles4 ,successful acetyl5e burn]s ( ! ,arg& or ( ! reg5]ative type h n yet be5 introduc$2 b 9 ,g]many a new acetyl5e burn] ) ,welsba* mantle promises good results4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,engl& ) an acetyl5e ,buns5 burn] & ,welsba* mantle gave a light ( n9ety c&les p] cubic foot ( acetyl5e us$4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r x is necess>y to modify ! composition ( ! mantles because ( ! int5se heat ( ! acetyl5e ,buns5 flame1 :i* gives a temp]ature ( #bajj to #bdjj ,c4 7#chab to #dcig ,fahr5heit74 ,x w\ld ext5d ?is article to undue l5g? to speak ( ! v>i\s uses ( acetyl5e z an enri*] ( o!r gases1 b a mixture ( acetyl5e & ,p9ts* oil gas n[ 9 use on all ! ,prussian /ate railways des]ves m5tion1 z x is a success1 & t5 ?\s& tons ( c>bide w be us$ ?is ye> = light+ c>s by ?is sy/em4 ,lewes's new inv5tion ( a v *eap me?ane wat] gas :i* is enri*$ by acetyl5e1 c>ri$ to ! consum] ?r\gh ma9s1 & burn$ 9 ord9>y burn]s1 is also promis+4 ,insurance & police regulations v>y = e c\ntry4 ,z a rule1 re/rictions are put on ! use ( liquid acetyl5e1 & on ! am\nt ( c>bide to be kept 9 /orage4 ,g5]ators mu/ /& 9 sep>ate build+s1 :i*1 9 t[ns1 mu/ be firepro(4 ,! ,willson pat5ts cov] ! manufacture ( cry/all9e c>bide 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ! ,s\? ,am]ican /ates2 &1 z all c>bide made by ! electric furnace is cry/all9e1 no c>bide c be made indep5d5tly ( ^! pat5ts 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be pr$ict$ t )9 ! next few ye>s acetyl5e w prove a factor 9 giv+ u an improv$ & *eap] light4 ,:e!r ?is w be an acetyl5e-,welsba* light or :e!r ! acetyl5e w be *iefly us$ z an enri*] ( *eap] gases ! future w %[4 ,,?\ghts ,,ab\t ,,univ]sities4 ,,by ,,william ,,kei? ,,brooks1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,zo,,logy ,,9 ,,! ,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,univ]sity4 ,y are aw>e t ! p$agogue is no long] treat$ ) t def]5ce & respect :i* he feels to be due to 8 love ( le>n+4 ,pa/ is all 8 fame4 ,pa/ is ! day :5 ! village all decl>$ h[ mu* he knew4 ,n[adays he is accu/om$ to be told by ! ru/ics1 :o once gaz$ & wond]$1 t he is old-fa%ion$ & out ( place 9 our mod]n _w2 t he does n repres5t ! nation2 t ! love he be>s to le>n+ is at fault2 & t ! univ]sity ! p want mu/ be univ]sal l an omnibus1 ) a place = all1 ei!r = a s+le squ>e or to ! end4 ,he is also us$ to he>+ f ^? successful p ( :om all mu/ speak ) rev]5ce--^? :o h demon/rat$ _! sup]iority by lay+ _! h&s on ev]y?+ !y ?9k wor? ! gett+--t he is a m]e booki% !ori/1 & t !y are mu* m able to %[ him ! pa? to success ?an he to tell !m any?+ to _! advantage4 ,unless he c m9i/] to _! com=t or ent]ta9m5t1 or make smoo? ! royal road to le>n+1 or at ! v lea/ help to ma9ta9 ! pat5t (fice1 he is told to be cont5t ) su* treatm5t z !y ?9k good en\gh = him1 & to keep himself to 8 "w ( tea*+ ! l[] classes to be l[ly & rev]5t to all _! bett]s4 ,i h be5 mu* int]e/$ ( late by two books on c]ta9 aspects ( mod]n society4 ,"o treats ( ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 lib]al culture & con/itutional gov]nm5t1 & all ! be/ products ( civilization1 ?r\gh ! increas+ preval5ce ( ! belief t our in/itutions h be5 devis$ by a few = _! own selfi% ends4 ,s long z m5 diff] 9 natural end[m5ts ! ignorant & ! incapable & ! unsuccessful mu/ outnumb] ^? ^: indu/ry & en]gy & =esight insure success4 ,z ^? :o h little h always outnumb]$ ^? :o h mu* ( ! desir$ fruits ( civilization1 ?is writ] says t "o ( ! great que/ions ( ! day is :e!r1 9 la/ resort1 ! _w %all be gov]n$ by its ignorance or by its intellig5ce4 ,he is al>m$ by ! diffusion ( belief t our e/abli%$ in/itutions d n repres5t ! p1 & t !y are ho/ile to ! be/ int]e/ ( mank9d1 & by ! preval5ce ( ! op9ion t ! true way to re=m ! _w & to secure rational progress is to intru/ ! organization & adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t & ( education & ( all matt]s ( public int]e/ & importance to ! majority4 ,! dang] s cle>ly po9t$ out is real1 beyond "q2 b ,i c n agree ) ! au?or t x is exclusively or di/9ctively mod]n4 ,if "s 9 our day int]pret ! belief t ! voice ( ! p is ! voice ( ,god1 z conviction t ! l\de/ voice is mo/ div9e2 if !y ass]t t ! man ) pure & l(ty ideals ( education & duty & loyalty is a public enemy2 we mu/ rememb] t s wise a man z ,ari/otle taught1 9 ! day ( ,a!nian democracy1 t ! man :o is virtu\s 9 undue measure is a moral mon/]1 z ju/ly repugnant to 8 neighbors z "o pre-em95t 9 vice4 ,if ! fir/ book calls ,ari/otle to m9d1 "o mu/ (t5 ?9k ( ,j]emiah :ile read+ ! second1 = its au?or is a dismal prophet1 :o holds t1 =midable z unbridl$ democracy seems1 x is helpless 9 ! /ruggle ) organiz$ plutocracy1 & t its ef=ts to %ake (f ! re/ra9ts & limitations ( social exi/5ce c end 9 no?+ b a m cru%+ despotism1 :ile submission may br+ su* rew>ds ( m]it = good behavior 9 ! pa/ & su* prizes = good conduct 9 ! future z seem to ! giv]s to be good inve/m5ts4 ,bo? writ]s draw _m ( _! illu/rations f ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry1 & !y hold t our great political conte/s are /ruggles betwe5 ^? :o wi% to ma9ta9 our in/itutions = ! sake ( :at !y c !mselves make out ( !m1 & ^? :o seek to wreck ! %ip ( /ate = v simil> reasons4 ,"s hold t1 ^! ?+s be+ true1 !y c %[ ! le>n$ pr(essor h[ he may w9 back1 ?r\gh ! /ruggle betwe5 ^! two great classes ( mank9d1 "s ( t confid5ce 9 8 wisdom :i* 8 pr$ecessors enjoy$4 ,!y tell him he may make 8 le>n+ repres5t ! p if he w ext5d 8 univ]sity until x becomes z univ]sal z ! k9d]g>t51 & t he may at ! same "t increase 8 popul>ity ) ! select if he w devote m ( 8 "t & m ( 8 en]gy to t bran* ( le>n+ :i* 0 9 old5 times pursu$ 9 t seclud$ cloi/] call$ ! campus1 al?\gh x is bett] kn[n to ! polite society ( our day ?r\gh ! banjo club1 ! football team1 & ! mask & wig club4 ,if he w cultivate ^! two fields1 &1 refra9+ f ! !oretical pursuit ( empty g5]alities1 w ent] ^u a ?ree mon?s' campaign ( education at "s "t :5 m5's m9ds are /imulat$ by ! heat ( faction to welcome calm discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( common hone/y & good citiz5%ip1 he c n fail to w9 ! respect & confid5ce ( all4 ,:5 ,i wrote ?is la/ s5t5ce ,i ?\ght t x 0 all out ( my own head1 & ,i 0 pr\d ( x2 b z ,i laid d[n my p5 9 my satisfaction = a mom5t's re/1 my eye fell ^u ?is passage 9 ! prospectus ( a new univ]sity--"o :i* is said1 9 ! prospectus1 to be n only univ]sal1 b cosmopolitan3 ,:5 a "q arises :i* divides s*ol>s1 l ! t>iff1 ! causes & c\rse ( ! ,re=mation1 money1 etc41 ! /ud5t w be ref]r$ to ! able/ expon5ts ( ! oppos+ sides4 ,no pr(essor c plead ignorance ( ! way to ent] ?is new c>e] ( usefulness4 ,"o c sc>cely pick up a college catalogue or a magaz9e or a newspap] )\t le>n+ h[ to make ! univ]sity univ]sal4 ,"o ( ! simple/ plans1 ) :i* all are famili>1 is to s5d to m5 ) a reputation = le>n+ a rul$ =m & a reque/ t ea* w write1 9 ! prop] columns1 ! price1 publi%]1 & title ( ! be/ book on 8 own subject--ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 moral sci5ce1 or :atev] x may be--or1 if he kn[s ( no su* book1 t he w write "o4 ,an accompany+ circul> tells h[ ^! li/s are to be scatt]$ ?r\gh ! innum]able homes ( our l&1 & h[ diplomas are to be di/ribut$ z prizes to ^? :o1 aft] pur*as+ ! books1 prep>e & submit ! mo/ exhau/ive p]mutations ( _! tables ( cont5ts4 ,le>n$ m5 :o d n approve ?is plan are (f]$ a *oice f _m o!rs3 six-week c\rses 9 law1 m$ic9e1 & !ology2 summ] s*ools = ! promotion ( sci5ce & ! lib]al arts2 que/ions & answ]s 9 ! educational column ( "s j\rnal = ! home2 or a national univ]sity s univ]sal t x %all supply lun*es & le>n+ = all out ( ! public *e/1 ) no doorkeep] to exam9e passports4 ,! way to ext5d ! univ]sity 9 ?is direction is s well und]/ood t ,i w turn n[ to ano!r "p ( our subject1 = "s may be less famili> ) our opportunity to con/ruct a royal road to le>n+ = ^? :o are entitl$ to use x4 ,a rec5t writ] on education1 :o says ,am]ican univ]sities impose ^u "y m5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury a curriculum devis$ by dead-&-gone prie/s = ! "y m5 ( ! twelf?1 calls ^u ! tea*]s ( ,am]ica to recon/ruct _! curriculum on psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,i myself am no psy*ologi/1 & :ile ,i fail to see h[ ?is fact conc]ns ! public1 x has rec5tly be5 po9t$ out 9 pr9t1 al?\gh no "o has ev] *>g$ me ) lack ( rev]5ce = ! psy*ologi/4 ,9 tru?1 he is to me :at ! good old family doctor is to _m1 = ,i am conv9c$ t x w\ld be h>d to "n "o among all ! educational ills t fle% is heir to t he w\ld n be able to ?r[ on ! spot1 ) a good coll>-&-elb[ hold4 ,i h a prodigi\s respect = ^? f9e big words curriculum & psy*ological pr9ciples1 & ,i welcome ! plan = recon/ruct+ ! curriculum on psy*ological pr9ciples ! m eag]ly because x is extremely simple & n h>d to und]/&1 l "s psy*ological utt]ances4 ,9 fact1 x is s v simple & easy t x is sure ( en?usia/ic indorsem5t by innum]able *ildr51 = ?is re=m]'s plan is nei!r m nor less ?an ! abolition ( ! p$agogue4 ,if1 he says1 ,i 0 director g5]al ( education = all ,am]ica 7:i* at ! pres5t mom5t he is n71 ,i w\ld aboli% colleges1 b s5d ,am]ican y\?s to travel = two ye>s 9 ,europe4 ,9 my op9ion1 he says1 a fa!r :o has sons & daught]s ( a prop] age to g to college w d bett] by 8 *ildr5 if he s5ds !m = two ye>s to travel 9 ,europe ?an if he s5ds !m = ?ree ye>s to an ,am]ican or ,engli% univ]sity4 ,admirable & simple z is ?is plan = asc5d+ ,p>nassus 9 ve/ibul$ tra9s ( draw+-room c>s1 p]sonally conduct$ by ,grant ,all51 ?is psy*ologi/ seems to me to err 9 ?9k+ x new1 = x 0 9 high favor 9 ,engl& dur+ ! reign ( t m]ry mon>* :o 0 always s furi\s at ! sight ( books t 8 que51 :o lov$ read+1 _h to practice x 9 secret 9 h] closet4 ,euphranor hav+ ask$1 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,ii1 ,:o are ^! le>n$ m5 t ( late ye>s h demoli%$ ! :ole fabric :i* lawgiv]s1 philosoph]s1 & div9es h be5 erect+ = s _m ages8 ,lysicles1 he>+ ^! words1 smil$ & said he believ$ ,euphranor _h figur$ to himself philosoph]s 9 squ>e caps & long g[ns2 b1 ?anks to ^! happy times1 ! reign ( p$antry 0 ov]4 ,our philosoph]s1 said he1 are ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? awkw>d /ud5ts4 ,!y are ! be/-br$ m5 ( ! age1 m5 ( ! _w1 m5 ( pleasure1 m5 ( fa%ion1 & f9e g5tlem54 ,i w und]take a lad ( f\rte5 br$ 9 ! mod]n way %all make a bett] figure & be m consid]$ 9 any draw+-room or assembly ( polite p ?an "o at f\r-&-tw5ty :o ha? la9 by a long "t at s*ool & college4 ,he w say bett] ?+s 9 a bett] mann]1 & be m lik$ by good judges4 ,i say1 :5 a man obs]ves & consid]s all ?is1 he w be apt to ascribe x to ! =ce ( tru? & ! m]its ( our cause1 :i*1 _h x be5 support$ by ! rev5ues & e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,*ur* & univ]sities1 y may guess :at a figure x w\ld make by ! figure x makes )\t !m4 ,p beg9 to op5 _! eyes4 ,x is n impossible b ! rev5ues t 9 ignorant times 7 appli$ to a wrong use may h]eaft]1 9 a m enlight5$ age1 be appli$ to a bett]4 ,! money t w5t to f\nd ! ,lel& ,/an=d or ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 says ! mod]n re=m]1 w\ld h be5 immeasurably bett] sp5t 9 br++ ,/4 ,m>ks at ,v5ice & ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce into ! lives ( innum]able "y ,am]icans4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! opportunity = a wis] ,cornell4 ,a few ye>s ago an acqua9tance ( my own1 himself an accompli%$ psy*ologi/1 br\ght ) him to ,wa%+ton a "y man1 a native ( nor? ,gre5l&1 t he might take into 8 life ! be/ sub/itute = ,/4 ,m>ks at ,v5ice t ?is c\ntry af=ds4 ,:ile limit$ 9 range1 ! results 7 z def9ite z "o c\ld wi%1 = two ( ! mo/ ref9$ delights ( our wond]ful civilization--rum & horses--7 at once tak5 into ! life ( ,eskimo ,joe ) all ! fre% en?usiasm ( y\?4 ,9 8 boyi% impetuosity he c\ld n see :y a hir$ horse %\ld n h ! fleetness ( ,santa ,claus's re9de] & ! endurance ( wild dogs2 & z few horses surviv$ ! fir/ lesson1 ! psy*ologi/ soon recon/ruct$ ! curriculum1 = ,joe's progress 9 rum & oy/]s 0 mo/ gratify+4 ,y :o h att5d$ my lectures 9 an?ropology w rememb] t ,nature has be/[$ on ! ,eskimos two end[m5ts :i* are n else:]e f\nd unit$1 al?\gh !y are exhibit$ sep>ately 9 high p]fection by ! anaconda & ! camel4 ,joe 0 able to load himself ) food & dr9k l a pirate %ip victual$ = a long cruise1 & he became s pr(ici5t 9 ?ree mon?s t a two-ye> c\rse seem$ unnecess>y1 s he 0 %ipp$ (f to ,labrador at ! fir/ opportunity1 & 0 left !re to c>ry ,/4 ,m>ks at ,v5ice into ! homes ( ,gre5l& z be/ he might4 ,x is cle> t our psy*ological re=m]'s plan is n new1 b he says our curriculum is "s ?\s& ye>s beh9d ! times1 & he asks1 ,w somebody "o day h ! wisdom to p]ceive t ! education :i* suffic$ = ! m$ival ,engl& ( ! ,plantag5ets is n absolutely adapt$ to ! ,am]ica ( ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,i myself "k s little ( ! curriculum ( t day t ?is *>ge may1 = all ,i "k1 be well f\nd$1 & if s x 7 a griev\s fault4 ,= all ,i "k ! dead-&-gone prie/s ( ! twelf? c5tury may h read ,hom] 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 & c>ri$ on _! /udies 9 trigonometry & navigation ) ! aid ( log>i?ms & ! nautical almanac1 al?\gh x has come 9 my way to "k some?+ ( _! me?od ( tea*+ zology1 = my /udies h l$ me to exam9e a text-book on ?is subject1 :i* 0 writt5 e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury = ! education ( ! "y ,que5 ,adelaide1 :o 0 m>ri$ to ,h5ry ,i ( ,engl& 9 #aaba4 ,! d$ication is z foll[s3 ,philippi de ,?ann into ! ,fr5* language has translat$ ! ,be/i>y1 a book ( sci5ce1 = ! honor ( a jewel1 :o is a v h&some woman1 ,aliz is %e nam$1 a que5 is %e cr[n$1 ,que5 %e is ( ,engl&1 may h] s\l nev] h tr\ble6 ,9 ,hebrew 9 tru? ,aliz means praise ( ,god4 ,i w compose a book1 may ,god be ) ! comm5cem5t6 ,z a sample ( ! zological curriculum ( ! twelf? c5tury take ?is *apt]3 ,onag] by "r is nam$ ! wild ass2 ( x ! ,physiologus says1 9 8 spee*1 :5 ,m>* 9 8 c\rse has complet$ tw5ty-five days1 !n t day ( ! mon? he brays twelve times1 & also 9 ! night = ?is reason1 t t season is ! equ9ox1 t is t night & day are ( equal l5g?2 by ! twelve times t x makes its bray+ & its cry+1 x %[s t night & day h twelve h\rs 9 _! circuit4 ,! ass is griev$ :5 he makes 8 cry1 t ! night & day h equal l5g?2 he likes bett] ! l5g? ( ! night ?an ( ! day4 ,n[ he> )\t d\bt ! signification ( ?is4 ,onag] signifies ! devil 9 ?is life2 & by ,m>* we und]/& all ! "t t we h2 by ! day we und]/& good p1 by "r1 :o w g 9 light2 & by night we und]/& ^? :o 7 ,n]os2 & by h\rs we und]/& ! numb] ( p4 ,& :5 ! devil p]ceives t 8 p decrease1 z d ! h\rs :i* are 9 ! night1 aft] ! v]nal equ9ox :i* we h 9 ,m>*1 !n he beg9s to cry1 to deplore greatly1 z ! ass does :i* brays & crys4 ,"o ne$ n g back to ! middle ages = a measure ( progress1 = all :o rememb] ! ,am]ican college ( ?irty ye>s ago "k !re has be5 notable improvem5t 9 ?is %ort "t1 & !y also "k t e *ange has n be5 an improvem5t4 ,all :o are conc]n$ ) education see _m defects1 & wi% to d :at !y c to rem$y !m1 & to increase ! effici5cy & usefulness ( our :ole educational sy/em 9 all its bran*es f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 al?\gh ,i believe !y /ill f9d mu* wisdom 9 ! advice ( ! prophet ( old1 t we make a /& ^u ! anci5t way1 & !n look ab\t u & discov] :at is ! /raight & "r way1 & s walk 9 x4 ,_m :o are n[ be=e ! public z re=m]s seem to me to fall into error ?r\gh belief t our educational sy/em has be5 devis$ by "s "o1 ei!r 9 ! twelf? c5tury or at "s o!r "t1 & t !y may !re=e hope to devise a bett]4 ,all :o "k t x is a highly complex & delicate organism :i* has gr[n up imp]ceptibly & naturally 9 accordance ) _m ne$s1 fulfill+ _m diff]5t purposes & act+ 9 _m div]sifi$ & f>-rea*+ ways1 "k also t :ile re=m always has be5 & always w be ne$$1 organic *ange is q ano!r matt]4 ,!y "k1 too1 t a disposition to pull x to pieces 9 ! int]e/ ( "s !ory or speculation mu/ inevitably end 9 disa/]1 = !y mu/ agree ) ,bacon t x 7 good1 !re=e1 t m5 9 _! innovations w\ld foll[ ! example ( "t itself1 :i* inde$ innovate? greatly1 b quietly1 & by degrees sc>ce to be p]ceiv$4 ,! compla9t t le>n+ is no long] treat$ ) due def]5ce is n exclusively mod]n1 = x 0 enum]at$ long ago among ! ?+s t are n new "u ! sun2 & he :o = 8 own pleasure or di/9ction devotes himself to "w 9 fields t yield no?+ b ! int]e/ ( ! exploration %\ld look to 8 own pleasure = 8 rew>d1 s9ce le>n+ is no m exalt$ by turn+ x into an ari/ocratic & exclusive pleasure gr\nd ?an by mak+ x a %op = pr(it4 ,:ile no weak & fooli% bro!r ( ! laboratory %\ld be p]mitt$ to ?9k t he belongs to a favor$ class or has any claims to support or respect except = s]vice r5d]$1 x is ! duty ( our graduates to tea* ! _w1 by ! example ( _! lives1 :at ! "w ( ! univ]sity is4 ,lyceum lectures & summ] s*ools & sy/ematic c\rses ( read+ are good ?+s1 & ! common s*ool & ! home are ! f\ndation ( all education4 ,travel is a mo/ valuable adjunct1 b ^? :o are to pr(it by x mu/ fir/ "k :at !y g out to see1 = else %all "y m5 g hood$ & look abroad little4 ,no s*ool or college c improve its "w by call+ itself a univ]sity1 al?\gh ! preval5ce ( belief t its "w is ! "w ( a univ]sity may br+ h>m incalculable2 = t univ]sity is univ]sal1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 :]e /ud5ts are inspir$ ) en?usiasm = tru? by ! example ( ^? ^: m9ds are z a mirror or glass capable ( ! image ( ! univ]sal _w1 & joyful to receive ! impression !re( z ! eye joye? to receive light4 ,:at nobl] task c our graduate und]take ?an to tea* ! _w t :ile ! b5efits :i* le>n+ conf]s are its only claim to consid]ation1 ^! b5efits w cease s soon z !y are made an end or aim8 ,all m5 prize ! fruit2 b :o else is !re to tell !m t ! tree w soon be b>r5 if !y visit x only at ! h>ve/1 t !y mu/ dig ab\t x & n\ri% x & *]i% ! fl[]s & gre5 leaves8 ,:at bett] s]vice c he r5d] ?an to po9t out t ! gifts ( le>n+ are l heal?1 :i* comes to him :o does n seek x1 b flies f>!r & f>!r f him :o w\ld lure x back by physic or indulg5ce8 ,! two au?ors ,i ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ c n bo? be "r1 & bo? may be p>tly wrong1 = x is possible t nei!r plutocracy nor a democratic majority makes a /ate4 ,no univ]sity ne$ humble itself to seek ! favor ( ei!r plutocracy or democracy if its graduates c conv9ce mank9d1 by _! own lives1 t its aim is n to ga9 def]5ce or success or di/9ction or rew>d ( any sort1 b solely to propagate & diffuse among mank9d t en?usiasm = tru?1 t fanaticism ( v]acity1 :i* is a great] possession ?an mu* le>n+1 a nobl] gift ?an ! p[] ( increas+ k4 ,,9 ,,! ,,little ,,brook4 ,,by ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan4 ,long ago1 9 ! old ,devonian times1 :5 life 0 v leisurely1 all ! bea/s & p t !re 7 liv$ 9 ! sea toge!r4 ,! air 0 dull & murky on ! l&4 ,x 0 s light t x gave no support to ! body1 & s ^? t v5tur$ ab\t 9 x _h to lie prone on ! gr\nd all ! "t :]ev] !y w5t4 ,s !y pref]r$ to /ay 9 ! wat]1 :]e motion is mu* easi]4 ,!n1 too1 wat] is s mu* bett] to brea! ?an air1 if "o has gills fitt$ = x6 ,he has only to op5 8 m\? & ! wat] ru%es 94 ,!n he has only to %ut 8 m\? & ! wat] ru%es out backw>d1 ba?+ 8 gills on ! way4 ,?us1 ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat] purifies all ! little drops ( blood t run up & back ?r\gh ! sl5d] tubes ( :i* ! gills are made4 ,b 9 ^? days1 besides ! gills1 "s ( ! bea/s ( ! sea _h also a sac 9 ! ?roat above ! /oma* 9 :i* !y c\ld /[ away air :i* !y took f ! atmosph]e itself4 ,?is s]v$ !m 9 good /ead :5 !y 7 9 cr[d$ places1 9 :i* ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat] w\ld fail !m4 ,& ^? :i* 7 s provid$ us$ to v5ture f>!r & f>!r out ( ! wat]1 pu%+ _! way heavily on ! gr\nd4 ,& ^? :i* c\ld put =? mo/ ef=t surviv$1 until at la/ _! desc5dants 7 able to ma9ta9 !mselves on ! l& altoge!r4 ,^! gave rise to ! races ( reptiles & birds & mammals1 ! ance/ors ( all ! l& bea/s t y "k1 z well z m5 & wom5 & all ! monkey p4 ,b x 0 v long ago :5 ?is happ5$1 & because ^! ance/ors came f9ally out ( ! wat] !y h no "p 9 ! /ory ,i am try+ to tell to-day4 ,^? t rema9$ 9 ! wat] grew m & m cont5t$ ) _! condition4 ,because ! m$ium 9 :i* !y liv$ 0 z heavy z _! bodies1 !y swam )\t mu* ef=t1 & ef=t n be+ ne$$1 x 0 n put =?4 ,z !re 0 food en\gh 9 ! wat]1 !y did n ne$ to g on l&4 ,z !y did n g on l&1 !y did n use _! lungs = brea?+1 ! air sac gradually %rank away1 or 0 us$ = "s o!r purpose1 & all ! p>ts ( ! body became adju/$ = life 9 wat]1 z ^? ( _! c\s9s :o left ! sea became fitt$ = ! life 9 air4 ,be+ n[ fi%es = good1 all ! progress s9ce !n has made !m ) ea* succe$+ c5tury m & m decid$ly fi%y4 ,& because !y are fi%es !y are cont5t$ to live 9 little brooks1 :i* w\ld n satisfy y & me at all4 ,b our ance/ors 9 ! e>ly days 7 m ambiti\s1 & by /ruggle & ef=t won :at seems to u a l>g] h]itage4 ,s x happ5$ "o spr+ :5 ! ice melt$ out f "s little brook t fl[s d[n f somebody's hills some:]e t[>d "s riv] t sets t[>d ! ,mississippi1 ! little fi%es began to run4 ,& fir/ ( all came ! lampreys1 b !y h>dly c\nt z fi%es1 = !y h yet to le>n ! fir/ pr9ciples ( fi%9ess4 ,a fi% is a creature ^: arms & legs are develop$ z f9s1 hav+ c>tilag9\s rays spread+ out fanlike to =m an o> = swimm+4 ,b ! lamprey has no trace ( arm or leg1 n ev5 a bone or c>tilage hidd5 "u ! sk94 ,& its ance/ors nev] _h any limbs at all1 = ! e>lie/ lamprey embryo %[s no traces ( !m4 ,if ! ance/ors ev] _h limbs1 ! desc5dants w\ld nev] q =get x4 ,"s little trace w\ld be kept by ! cl++ =ce ( h]$ity1 & at "s "t or ano!r ?is rudim5t w\ld appe>4 ,& ! l[] jaw !y lack too1 = t is really ano!r pair ( limbs jo9$ toge!r 9 front--z x 71 a pair ( %ort h&s clasp$ toge!r & nev] unlock$4 ,b ?\gh ! lampreys h no limbs & no jaws & are n fi%es anyh[1 !y d n "k ! diff]5ce1 & come up ! brook 9 ! spr+1 ru%+ up ! rapids1 swirl+ ab\t 9 ! eddies1 j z if !y 7 real fi%es & own$ ! brook !mselves4 ,!y are long1 sl5d]1 & slipp]y1 %ap$ l eels1 )\t any scales & ) only a little f91 & t along ! back & tail1 an outgr[? f ! v]tebral column4 ,! v]tebral column itself is limp & s(t1 ! v]tebr only imp]fectly =m$ & made ( s(t c>tilage4 ,9 front ! lamprey seems to be cut (f %ort1 b if we look c>efully we see t ! body ends 9 a r\nd disk ( a m\?1 & t ?is disk is beset by r[s ( %>p tee?4 ,a r[ ( ! %>pe/ ( ^! is plac$ on ! tongue1 & two ( ^! are above ! gullet1 = ! tongue to scrape aga9/ !m4 ,& ! re/ are all blunt & are scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! m\?1 :i* has no lips nor jaws1 b is surr\nd$ by a belt ( fr+es4 ,:5 ! lamprey is hungry he puts 8 m\? aga9/ ! side ( "s fi%1 exhau/s ! wat] betwe51 & !n ! pressure ( ! outside wat] holds him !re tightly4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! fi% swims away & ! lamprey rides ) x1 giv+ no ?\ght to :]e he is go+1 b all ! :ile scrap+ away ! fle% ) 8 rasplike tee?4 ,:5 he has fil$ (f en\gh fi% fle% to satisfy 8 hung] he lets g1 & goes (f ab\t 8 bus9ess4 ,! fi%1 :o does n "k :at hurt him1 goes (f to get well if he c4 ,usually he c n1 = ! wat] ( ! brook is full ( ! g]ms ( little toad/ool-l plants1 & ^! fa/5 !mselves on ! fi%'s w\nds & make !m bigg] & bigg]1 until at la/ ! cavity ( ! abdom5 is pi]c$ & little creatures ( _m k9ds1 plant & animal1 g 9 !re & plund] all ?is fi%'s int]nal organs1 to c>ry !m away = _! own purposes4 ,b :5 ! lampreys come up ! ,april brook x is n to fe$ on fi%es1 nor is x to fe$ at all4 ,nature is insi/5t t ! race %\ld be kept up1 & e animal is compell$ to att5d to ! ne$s ( ! species1 ev5 ?\gh x be at ! sacrifice ( all else4 ,if %e 7 n s1 ! e>? & ! seas w\ld be depopulat$1 & ?is is a cont+5cy t[>d :i* ,nature has nev] look$4 ,! lampreys come up ! /ream to spawn1 & :ile on ?is err& !y fa/5 _! r\nd m\?s to /ones or clods ( e>?1 t ! curr5t may n sweep !m away4 ,:5 s fa/5$ !y look l "s /range d>k plant cl++ to ! bottom ( ! brook4 ,:5 ! spawn+ season is ov] "s ( !m /ill rema9 !re1 =gott5 by ,nature1 :o is n[ busi$ ) o!r ?+s1 & !y we> _! lives away /ill cl++--a /range1 weird piece ( brook-bottom sc5]y :i* t\*$ ! fancy ( ,?oreau4 ,:5 ! "y are hat*$ !y are transp>5t z jelly1 bl9d & too?less1 ) a m\? t seems only a slit d[n ! front end ( ! body4 ,^! little creatures slip d[n ! brook unobs]v$1 & hide !mselves 9 ! grass & lily pads till _! tee? are gr[n & !y g ab\t rasp+ ! bodies ( _! bett]s1 griev+ ! fi%es :o d n "k h[ to protect !mselves4 ,! lamprey is n a fi% at all1 only a wick$ imitation ( "o :i* c deceive nobody4 ,b !re are fi%es :i* are unque/ionably fi%--fi% f gills to tail1 f head to f91 & ( ^! ! little sunfi% may /& fir/4 ,he comes up ! brook 9 ! spr+1 fre% z co9 j f ! m9t1 f9ny arms & legs wide spread1 8 gills mov+1 8 m\? op5+ & %utt+ rhy?mically1 8 tail wide spread1 & ready = any sudd5 motion = :i* 8 erratic little bra9 may give ! ord]4 ,! scales ( ! sunfi% %9e ) all sorts ( sc>let1 blue1 gre51 purple1 & gold5 colors4 ,!re is a black spot on 8 head :i* looks l an e>1 & sometimes gr[s out 9 a long black flap1 :i* makes ! imitation /ill clos]4 ,!re are _m species ( ! sunfi%1 & !re may be a half doz5 ( !m 9 ! same brook1 b t makes no diff]5ce2 = our purposes !y are all z "o4 ,!y lie pois$ 9 ! wat]1 ) all f9s spread1 /rutt+ l turkey-cocks1 snapp+ at worms & little cru/aceans & insects ^: only bus9ess 9 ! brook is t ! fi%es may eat !m4 ,:5 ! "t comes1 ! sunfi% makes its ne/ 9 ! f9e gravel1 build+ x ) "s c>e--= a fi%4 ,:5 ! female has laid h] eggs ! male /&s gu>d till ! eggs are hat*$4 ,8 %>p tee? & snappi% ways1 & ! bigness ( 8 appe>ance :5 ! f9s are all display$1 keep ! little fi%es away4 ,sometimes1 9 8 zeal1 he snaps at a hook bait$ ) a worm4 ,he !n makes a fi]ce fight1 & ! boy :o holds ! rod is sure t he has a real fi% ?is "t4 ,b :5 ! sunfi% is out ( ! wat]1 /rung on a will[ rod1 & dri$ 9 ! sun1 ! boy sees t a v little fi% c make a good deal ( a fuss4 ,:5 ! sunfi% goes1 !n ! catfi% w foll[--a reckless1 bully+ set ( rang]s1 ) ev] a lance at re/4 ,! catfi% belongs to an anci5t type n yet fully made into a fi%1 & h5ce ^? ^: pair$ f9s are all prop]ly fa/5$ to ! head1 z 8 are n1 hold him 9 well-m]it$ scorn4 ,he has no scales & no bright colors4 ,8 f9s are small1 & 8 head & m\? are l>ge4 ,ar\nd 8 m\? are eight long smell]s1 fle%y feel]s1 t he pu%es out z he crawls along ! bottom 9 se>* ( any?+ t he may eat4 ,z he may eat any?+1 he always f9ds x4 ,8 appetite is z imp>tial z t ( a goat4 ,any?+ f a dead lamprey or a bun* ( sunfi% eggs to a piece ( tomato c is grateful to him4 ,9 ea* ( ! f9s :i* repres5t 8 arms is a long1 %>p bone ) a slimy surface & a s]rat$ edge4 ,^! are fa/5$ by a ball-&-socket jo9t1 & :5ev] ! fi% is al>m$ ! bone is :irl$ ov] & set 9 place2 !n x /icks out /iffly on ea* side4 ,!re is ano!r su* bone 9 ! f9 on ! back1 & :5 all ( ^! are set !re is no fi% t c swall[ him4 ,:5 he takes ! hook1 :i* he surely w d if !re is any hook to be tak51 he w swall[ x gre$ily4 ,z he is drawn out ( ! wat] he sets 8 ?ree sp9es1 & laughs to himself z ! boy pricks 8 f+]s try+ to get ! hook f 8 /oma*4 ,?is ! boy is sure to d1 & because ! boy ( ! ,mississippi ,valley is always fi%+ = catfi% is ! reason :y 8 f+]s are always sore4 ,! catfi% is c>eless ( ! pres5t1 & sure ( ! future4 ,aft] he is /rung on a bir* bran* & dri$ 9 ! sun & spr9kl$ ) du/ & has _h 8 /oma* dug out to recov] ! hook1 if he falls into ! brook he w swim away4 ,he holds no malice1 & is ready to bite aga9 at ! fir/ ?+ 9 sight4 ,! catfi% uses 8 lungs z an organ ( he>+4 ,! ne$less lung becomes a clos$ sac fill$ ) air1 & commonly kn[n z ! swim bladd]4 ,9 ! catfi% 7z 9 ! suck]s1 *ubs1 & mo/ brook fi%es7 ! air bladd] is l>ge1 & is connect$ by a sl5d] tube1 ! rema9s ( ! tra*ea1 to ! oesophagus4 ,at its front x fits closely to ! v]tebral column4 ,! ant]ior v]tebr are mu* enl>g$1 twi/$ toge!r1 & ?r\gh !m passes a *a9 ( bones :i* connect ) ! hidd5 cavity ( ! air4 ,! air bladd] !re=e assi/s ! e> ( ! catfi% z ! tympanum & its bones assi/ ! e> ( ! high] animals4 ,an e> ( ?is sort c c>ry little range ( v>iety 9 s\nd4 ,x probably gives only ! impression ( j>s or di/urbances 9 ! wat]4 ,! catfi% lays h] eggs on ! bottom ( ! brook1 )\t mu* c>e z to _! location4 ,%e is n1 h[ev]1 indiff]5t to _! fate1 = :5 ! little fi%es are hat*$ %e swims ) !m into %all[ wat]s1 brood+ ov] !m & wat*+ !m mu* z a h5 does ) h] *ick5s4 ,9 %all[ ponds ! "y catfi%es make a black cl\d along ! %ores1 & ! o!r fi%es let !m alone1 = _! sp9es are %>p z ne$les4 ,up ! brooks 9 ! spr+ come ! suck]s1 l>ge & small--co>se1 h>mless1 /upid fi%es1 :o h only two in/9cts1 ! "o to press to ! head ( ! /ream to lay _! eggs1 ! o!r to nose ov] ! bottom ( ! /ream :]ev] !y g1 suck+ into _! puck]$1 too?less m\?s e organic ?+1 f wat] moss to c>rion1 :i* !y may happ5 to f9d4 ,!y h no o!r habits to speak (1 & :5 !y h laid _! eggs 9 a s&y ripple !y c>e no m = !m1 b let g ( life's activity & drop d[n ! curr5t to ! riv] :5ce !y came4 ,!re are black suck]s & :ite suck]s1 yell[ ones1 br[n ones1 & mottl$1 & !re is m ?an "o k9d 9 e little brook1 b "o & all !y are h>mless dolts1 ! prey ( all l>g] fi%es1 & s full ( bones t ev5 ! small boy spits !m out aft] he has cook$ !m4 ,!n come ! m9n[s1 ( all =ms & sizes1 ! female dull color$ & practical1 lay+ h] eggs automatically :5 %e f9ds quiet wat]1 & ?9k+ no m ( !m aft]w>d4 ,! male1 feeble ( muscle1 b respl5d5t 9 color1 ) head & f9s pa9t$ sc>let or purple1 or silv] :ite1 or inky black1 z may be mo/ pleas+ to 8 sp\se4 ,8 m\? is small & )\t tee?1 = he fe$s on creatures small] ?an fi%es1 & 8 head 9 ! spr+ is cov]$ ) co>se w>ts1 nuptial ornam5ts1 :i* fall (f z soon z ! eggs are prop]ly dispos$ (4 ,9 ! little brook :i* comes to my m9d z ,i write two k9ds ( m9n[s come up ! /ream toge!r be=e ! o!rs realize t x is v]ily spr+4 ,! "o is small1 da9ty1 transluc5t1 & active1 swimm+ free 9 ! wat] ne> ! surface & able to take c>e ( itself :5 pursu$ by a sunfi% or bass4 ,along ! side ( its body are two black /ripes n q p>allel1 & betwe5 & bel[ !m ! silv]y scales are flu%$ ) fi]y sc>let4 ,! f9s are all yell[1 ) sc>let at base1 & z ! male passes & repasses be=e ! female all ^! colors1 :i* %e has n1 gr[ bright] ?an ev]4 ,! next is a l>g] fi%1 clumsy 9 =m1 hugg+ ! bottom z he swims4 ,! :ole body ( ! male is cov]$ ) co>se :ite w>ts1 & across ea* f9 is a b> ( black1 :ite1 & orange4 ,?is m9n[ fe$s on mud1 or r on ! little plants :i* gr[ 9 mud1 & 8 inte/9es are l5g!n$ out proportionally4 ,9 fact1 !y are s long t1 to f9d room = !m1 !y are w\nd spool-fa%ion ab\t ! air bladd] 9 a way :i* happ5s to no o!r animal4 ,( ! o!r m9n[s1 ! "o attracts 8 female by a big1 jet-black head2 ano!r by ! pa9t$ f9s1 :i* %9e l :ite sat92 ano!r by 8 deep-blue %e51 :i* is wa%$ all ov] ) crimson4 ,9 fact1 e conceivable arrangem5t ( bright colors c be f\nd1 if we g ! c\ntry ov]1 z ! adornm5t ( "s m9n[ :5 he mates 9 ! spr+4 ,! only exception is gre51 = to ! fi%es1 z to ! birds1 gre5 is n a color4 ,x only s]ves to cov] "o1 :ile ! purpose ( real color is to be se54 ,& !re are fi%es ^: colors are s plac$ t !y are hidd5 f above or bel[1 b se5 ( _! own k9d :i* looks on !m f ! side4 ,! brighte/ fi%es 9 ! _w1 ! ,johnny d>t]s1 are 9 our little brook4 ,b if y look at !m f above y w h>dly see !m1 = !y are dull olive on ! back1 ) d>k spots & da%es l ! we$s "u :i* !y lie4 ,! male is only a little fell[1 n s long z y\r f+] & slim = 8 size4 ,he lies flat on ! bottom1 half hidd5 by a /one1 ar\nd :i* 8 tail is twi/$4 ,he w /ay !re = h\rs1 unse5 by o!r fi%es1 except by 8 own k9sm54 ,b if y rea* d[n to t\* him ) y\r f+] he is no long] !re4 ,! tail /raight5s out1 !re is a fla% ( blue & sc>let1 & a foot or two away he is re/+ quietly z be=e4 ,on ! bottom is 8 place1 & he seems always at peace1 b :5 he moves 8 actions are in/antane\s & z swift z possible to a creature :o lives 9 ! wat]4 ,on ! bottom1 among ! /ones1 ! female ca/s h] spawn4 ,nei!r %e nor ! male pays any fur!r att5tion to x1 b 9 ! bre$+ season ! male is pa9t$ 9 colors z beautiful z ^? ( ! wood w>bl]s4 ,:5 y g to ! brook 9 ! spr+ y w f9d him !re1 & if y cat* him & turn him ov] on 8 side y w see ! colors t he %[s to 8 mate1 & :i* h] *oice ?r\gh ages has t5d$ to develop 9 him4 ,b d n hurt him4 ,he c only brea! = a mom5t out ( wat]4 ,put him back 9 ! brook & let him pa9t its bottom ! colors ( a ra9b[1 a sunset1 or a g>d5 ( roses4 ,all t c be done ) blue1 crimson1 & gre5 pigm5ts 9 fi% ornam5tation y w f9d 9 "s brook 9 :i* ! d>t]s live4 ,x is 9 ! lime/one brooks t fl[ into ! ,t5nessee & ,cumb]l& :]e !y are f\nd at _! brighte/1 b ! ,oz>k region comes 9 = a close second4 ,!re w be /icklebacks 9 y\r brook1 b ! o!r fi%es d n l !m1 = !y are t\gh & dry ( fle%1 & _! %>p sp9es make !m h>d to swall[ & h>d] /ill to dige/4 ,!y hide b5ea? ! ov]hang+ tufts ( grass1 & d>t out swiftly at :atev] passes by4 ,!y te> ! f9s ( ! m9n[s1 rob ! ne/s ( ! sunfi%1 drag out ! eggs ( ! suck]s1 & are busy f morn to night at :atev] mis*ief is possible 9 ! brook4 ,! male dresses 9 jet-black :5 ! bre$+ season is on1 sometimes ) a fur!r ornam5t ( copp]-r$ or ( sc>let4 ,! /icklebacks build ne/s 9 :i* to hide _! eggs1 & ov] ^! ! male /&s gu>d1 def5d+ !m ) c\rage :i* w\ld be dauntless 9 any animal m ?an two in*es long4 ,v (t5 he has to repel ! attacks ( ! female h]self1 :o1 be+ reliev$ ( all responsibility = h] (fspr+1 is prone to turn cannibal4 ,ev5 ! little dwell]s ( ! brook h _! own tr\bles & adv]sities & p]v]sities4 ,la/ ( all comes ! blob1 or mill]'s ?umb1 :o hides 9 d>kness & picks up all t !re is left4 ,he is scaleless & slipp]y1 l>ge ( head1 plump ( body1 & ) no end ( appetite4 ,he lurks "u /ones :5 ! wat] is cold4 ,he is gray & gre5i%1 l ! bottom 9 color4 ,he robs ! buri$ ne/s ( eggs1 swall[s ! "y fi%es1 dev\rs ! dead ones1 & *ecks ! undue increase ( all1 n =gett+ 8 own k9d4 ,:5 he has done 8 "w & ! fall has come & gone1 & ! w9t] & ! spr+ return1 ! brook once m fills ) fi%es1 & !re are ! same k9ds1 ) ! same actions1 ! same ways1 & ! same numb]s1 & "o might ?9k f ye> to ye>1 z ! sun is said to d1 t ^! 7 ! selfsame wat]s & ! selfsame fi%es mat+ ov] & ov] aga9 & fe$+ on ! selfsame food4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,! old /age rema9s1 or seems to rema91 b e ye> come new actors1 & ! l9es :i* !y repeat 7 writt5 = !m c5turies be=e !y 7 born4 ,b ea* g5]ation :i* passes *anges _! lives j a little1 j z ! brook & ! mead[ itself is *ang+4 ,,:ite ,,:ales ,,9 ,,conf9em5t4 ,,by ,,fr$ ,,ma!r4 ,! dolph9 family 7,delph9id7 conta9s n9e g5]a1 ) only "o species 9 ea*1 b ! mo/ int]e/+ "o is ! :ite :ale 7,delph9apt]us leucas ( ,pallas1 or ,d4 catodon ,l9n4 ( ,gill71 because x is ! only "o t c be kept 9 conf9em5t & its habits obs]v$ "u semi-dome/ication4 ,x has fall5 to my lot to c>e = sev]al ( ^! animals 9 conf9em5t1 & to h a *ance to note _! peculi>ities4 ,! ,great ,new ,york ,aqu>ium1 at ,broadway & ,?irty-f\r? ,/reet1 ,new ,york city1 0 built by ,messrs4 ,c\p & ,rei*e1 & op5$ 9 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,butl] 0 ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,i sup]vis$ fi% culture1 & :5 n o!rwise engag$ made collections ( fi%es & inv]tebrates 9 ,b]muda & 9 o!r p>ts4 ,9 #ahgg ,i _h *>ge ( _! bran* aqu>ium at ,coney ,isl&4 ,at bo? places we _h _m :ite :ales at diff]5t times1 = ! managem5t w\ld keep :ales p5n$ up on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] to replace ^? :i* di$1 & w\ld nev] %[ m ?an two at a "t1 claim+ t !y 7 r>e animals & only to be _h at enorm\s exp5se4 ,! aqu>ium 0 a private conc]n2 admission fifty c5ts2 & z ! own]s 7 ,w4 ,c4 ,c\p1 a =m] circus proprietor & once ! bus9ess manag] ( ,b>num's ,circus1 & ,h5ry ,rei*e1 an animal deal]1 :o w\ld sell y giraffes1 elephants1 or :ite mice1 ! attractions 7 duly exagg]at$ by ! press ag5t1 no matt] :at ! facts might be4 ,?is is :y we kept a res]ve /ock ( :ite :ales4 ,x w\ld nev] d to h ! public "k t !y 7 common dur+ ! summ] 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & :5 "o 0 gett+ weak ano!r w\ld be s5t d[n1 & ! public suppos$ t ! same pair 0 on exhibition all ! "t4 ,?is species is common 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,nor? ,pacific1 & ,arctic ,oceans4 ,accord+ to ! late ,pr(4 ,g4 ,br[n ,goode1 /raggl]s h be5 se5 9 ! ,fri? ( ,=?1 latitude #ef1 :ile on ! ,am]ican coa/ sev]al h be5 tak5 )9 ! pa/ decade #ahhj on ! nor? %ore ( ,cape ,cod4 ,!y are slightly abundant 9 ,new ,engl& wat]s1 b 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] & on ! coa/ ( ,labrador are pl5tiful1 & ! object ( a pr(itable fi%]y4 ,!y ab\nd 9 ! ,b]+ & ,okhotsk ,seas1 & asc5d ! ,yukon ,riv]1 ,alaska1 to a di/ance ( sev5 hundr$ miles4 ,! names 9 use are beluga & :itefi% among :al]s1 porpoise1 dauph9 blanc1 m>s\9 or m>soon 9 ,canada1 & keela luak ) ! ,gre5l& ,eskimos 7,fi%]ies ,indu/ries74 ,! :ite :ale gr[s to be sixte5 feet long2 we nev] _h "o ov] t5 feet 9 l5g?1 b !y 7 bill$1 %[man fa%ion1 to be mu* long]4 ,an adult w yield f eighty to "o hundr$ gallons ( good :ale oil1 besides sev]al gallons ( m valuable oil f ! head :i* is us$ on clocks & wat*es "u ! trade "n ( porpoise-jaw oil1 :i* is s5t 9 a crude /ate to manufactur]s on ,cape ,cod1 :o ref9e x & free x f all t5d5cy to gum4 ,! sk9s make a lea!r t is wat]pro( & /&s m h>d s]vice ?an any o!r kn[n lea!r4 ,l>ge quantities ( x are s5t to ,engl& & made into porpoise-hide boots = sportsm51 & 9 ,canada ! hides are conv]t$ into mail bags4 ,! fle% is eat5 to "s ext5t by ! fi%]m51 fre%1 salt$1 & smok$4 ,za*4 ,c\p said3 ,i h eat5 ! fre% /eaks sev]al times1 & f\nd ! meat a fair sub/itute = beef :5 ! *oice 0 betwe5 fi% & bacon z a cont9u\s diet1 d[n on ! isl&s :]e ^! ?ree ?+s 7 ! only possible v>iation 9 ! l9e ( animal food1 & a v limit$ *oice 9 ! vegetable l9e1 compris+ dri$ beans & rice1 = :5 ,i 0 ) !m !re 0 a sc>city ( potatoes = se$1 & cann$ goods _h n atta9$ _! pres5t popul>ity1 ev5 if ^! poor fi%]m5 _h be5 able to buy !m4 ,! fat1 oily blubb] is an ov]coat1 a nonconductor ( heat1 & is betwe5 ! muscle & ! sk91 z is l>gely ! case ) ! hog1 &1 l ! latt] animal1 !re is savory muscle :i* may be cut into succul5t /eaks bel[ x4 ,at fir/ ! :ite :ales 7 n 9 my c>e1 b1 be+ /range animals1 7 wat*$ ) curiosity4 ,! :ale tank 0 z ne>ly circul> z a tw5ty-sid$ tank c\ld be ^: glass plates 7 f\r feet wide ) iron /&>ds betwe51 mak+ a pool ( ab\t ?irty feet 9 diamet]4 ,! pool 0 ( cem5t & tap]$ d[n to an outlet ab\t ?ree feet bel[ ! floor1 = dra9age1 & on ! floor ! cem5t bas9 arose two & a half feet1 :ile ! panes ( "o-in* glass 7 six feet high1 ) ! wat] l9e two feet bel[ ! top ( ! glass4 ,?is gave ! spectators a view ( ! animals bel[ wat]1 & ( _! backs z !y came up to bl[4 ,! :ite :ale & ! h>bor porpoise 7,phocna bra*ycion71 kn[n z ! h]r+-hog1 etc41 d n make z mu* ( a sp\t z ! l>g] :ales d2 !y roll up & exhale ei!r less /rongly or ) less wat] ov] ! bl[-hole ?an _! l>g] relatives4 ,!y m]ely s5d a mi/ into ! air :i* c n be se5 at a di/ance ( a ?\s& y>ds1 :ile ! bl[+ ( ! l>g] :ales may be se5 = miles4 ,half a c5tury ago we boys 7 taught by ! text-books t ! :ale--!re 0 only "o m5tion$--drew 9 wat] ?r\gh its m\?1 /ra9$ out ! jellyfi%es & o!r life1 & !n eject$ ! wat]1 aft] ! mann] ( a fire eng9e1 ?r\gh ! top ( its head4 ,t ?is no/ril1 equipp$ ) ! be/ wat]-tight valve ev] inv5t$1 enabl$ an air-brea?+ mammal to exhale & inhale1 )\t gett+ mu* wat] into its lungs1 we nev] suspect$4 ,if we ?\ght ab\t x at all we look$ at ! :ale z a fi%1 hav+ gills some:]e1 & let x g at t4 ,z our laws speak ( :ale fi%]ies & seal fi%]ies 9 connection ) ^! great aquatic mammals1 x w\ld be j z correct to speak ( all animals :i* frequ5t ! wat] z fi%es1 & legislate on ! muskrat fi%]ies1 m9k fi%]ies1 etc42 !re is really no diff]5ce4 ,i h se5 newspap] reports t ab\t ?irty ye>s ago a :ite :ale1 br\ght !re by a ,mr4 ,cutt+1 liv$ 9 captivity 9 ,bo/on = two ye>s4 ,beyond ! fact t "o 0 br\ght !re by a ,mr4 ,cutt+1 & 0 on exhibition ab\t t "t1 is all t ,i h be5 able to le>n1 & x is d\btful if x liv$ "o ye> 7see ,fi%]ies ,indu/ries1 section #a1 page #ai74 ,"o 0 exhibit$ at ,b>num's old museum1 at ,broadway & ,ann ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 t is said to h liv$ n9e mon?s & 0 !n burn$ up :5 t build+ burn$1 9 ,m>*1 #ahfh4 ,z ^! animals only come into ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :]e all live ones h be5 captur$1 9 ,may & ,june1 !re is no reason to d\bt t x did live 9 conf9em5t = n9e mon?s1 b none t h be5 exhibit$ s9ce t "t h surviv$ m ?an half z long1 & ,i h _h p]sonal k ( e "o s9ce ,b>num's4 ,c\p's ,broadway ,aqu>ium op5$ on ,octob] #aa1 #ahgf--too late to get a :ite :ale t ye>4 ,b e>ly next spr+ ,mr4 ,c\p s5t 8 bro!r to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] = specim5s4 ,?is bro!r1 ,za*41 _h nev] se5 a :ale1 b he _h full in/ructions conc]n+ _! c>e f ,pr(essor ,butl]1 :o _h *>ge ( ! "o at ,b>num's ,museum4 ,!re 0 an air ( my/]y ab\t ! exp$ition1 & 9 ,may ,za*4 br\ght a solit>y specim5 & at once w5t = m4 ,! t[n 0 bill$1 ! daily press 0 work$ 9 true circus fa%ion1 ! cr[d came & express$ v>i\s op9ions4 ,/&+ by ! tank1 ,i he>d /range comm5ts3 ,d y call t little ?+ a :ale8 ,?is to an att5dant4 ,yes1 sir1 x's a :ite :ale f ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,labrador1 ! only "o ev] captur$ or ev] se5 by ! olde/ :aleman4 ,x 0 report$ to h be5 se5 ne> ! entrance to ,hudson ,bay1 & ,mr4 ,c\p fitt$ out an exp$ition & captur$ x at an exp5se ( ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,he _h evid5tly be5 read+ :at ! press ag5t _h /uff$ into ! newspap]s4 ,! visitor took ano!r look & rem>k$3 ,! pap]s said x 0 tw5ty feet long2 ,i %\ld ?9k x might be six feet1 b no m4 ,well1 answ]$ ! att5dant1 wat] is mitey deceiv9'1 an' t :ale is m'n ?ree times z long z x looks4 ,! fact is1 ! pap]s did report x to be long] ?an x is1 = :5 we drew (f ! wat] to clean ! tank ye/]day we put a /eel tape ov] ! :ale & x measur$ j n9ete5 feet elev5 in*es & a half4 ,!n a rural c\ple came1 & %e rem>k$3 ,oh1 ,i'm s glad we came "h1 & c tell ! folks t we've se5 a real live :ale6 ,lucy1 said he1 ?is city is full ( all k9ds ( *eats1 an' ,i don't believe t ?+ is alive m'n ,me?uselah is2 x's "s indy-rubb] contraption ) clockwork 9 x t makes x g r\nd & puff 9 t way4 ,aft] ! season = hat*+ tr\t & salmon 0 ov]1 9 ,april1 ,i 0 detail$ to build a bran* aqu>ium at ,coney ,isl&1 ) in/ructions to con/ruct a :ale tank ! fir/ ?+1 9 ord] to be ready = ! next arrivals4 ,i employ$ a mak] ( be] vats1 & he br\ght ?ree-in* planks = ! bottom1 /aves eight feet high1 & iron = hoops4 ,! tank 0 to be tw5ty-five feet 9 diamet]1 ) a *ime n9e in*es bel[ ! bottom1 mak+ ! tank sev5 feet deep inside4 ,x 0 to set ) its top eighte5 in*es above ! soil1 :i* 0 to be ! wat] l9e1 giv+ ! :ales five feet & a half ( wat]--little en\gh :5 we realize t a t5-foot animal has a diamet] ( ne>ly ?ree feet4 ,heavy timb]s 7 laid "u ! bottom ( ! tank1 c>efully level$1 = no weight c be borne by ! /aves 9 a tank ( t size4 ,all ?is 0 plann$1 z well z ! eng9e & pumps1 & 0 well "u way1 :5 ,i receiv$ an ord] f ,mr4 ,c\p to g to ,quebec & br+ d[n two :ales :ile ,za*4 w5t = m4 ,!n ,i le>n$ ! secrets ( ! live :ite :ale trade4 ,! fir/ :ale _h be5 kept back until x c\ld be deliv]$ at night1 & its transportation 0 a my/]y int5d$ to ar\se ! curiosity ( ! public4 ,at ! railroad /ation at ,quebec two boxes 7 turn$ ov] to me4 ,!y 7 ab\t fifte5 feet long1 f\r feet wide1 & f\r feet deep4 ,!y 7 uphol/]$ ) bladd] wrack1 a mo/ s(t cu%ion1 & 9 ea* box a :ite :ale lay on ^! pneumatic cu%ions4 ,a plug 9 ! bottom ( ea* box _h let ! wat] out :ile ! boxes 7 be+ lift$ by ! rope h&les on ! sides1 b :5 on ! c>s ! plugs 7 replac$ & wat] to ! dep? ( a foot 0 p\r$ 92 ?is s]v$ to keep ! "u p>ts moi/1 :ile frequ5t spong+ or ! use ( a dipp] s]v$ to keep ! sk9 f dry+4 ,! no/ril1 or bl[-hole1 ne$$ ! mo/ att5tion1 = x has a valve :i* mu/ n be all[$ to get ev5 p>tially dry1 & a saturat$ sponge 0 kept susp5d$ ov] ?is all ! "t dur+ ! j\rney by rail to ,new ,york4 ,! :ite :ale is a v timid animal1 & comes up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 ,may & ,june1 :5 ! "y are br\ght =?2 x is believ$ t !y !n g to ! riv] to avoid _! enemies1 among :i* is ! kill] or orca :ale4 ,_! food1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,goode1 is bottom fi%1 l fl\nd]s & halibut1 cod1 haddock1 salmon1 squids1 & prawns4 ,f my k ( ?is :ale 9 conf9em5t ,i am surpris$ at ! above li/1 = ^? "u my obs]vation n only pref]r$ live eels1 b c\ld n swall[ "o ^: diamet] 0 ov] "o in*1 & x 0 difficult to get quantities ( eels z small z ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 especially :5 an adult :ale w\ld consume ab\t tw5ty p\nds 9 a day4 ,:5 l>g] eels 7 plac$ 9 ! tank !y w\ld be tak5 out dead 9 a day or two ) _! sides scrat*$ & torn by ! small tee? ( ! :ale :i* _h fail$ to swall[ x4 ,we tri$ o!r food1 = eels are q exp5sive 9 ,new ,york city1 co/+ fifte5 & eighte5 c5ts p] p\nd1 b ! :ales refus$ small flatfi%1 fl\nd]s1 etc41 & ! only o!r food !y ate 0 small tomcods4 ,!y refus$ dead h]r+s & all fi% t 7 cut 9 pieces4 ,! animals are captur$ at ! small ,fr5* fi%+ village ( ,rivire l',ouelle1 on ,isle aux ,c\dres1 sev5ty miles bel[ ,quebec1 :]e life is z primitive z x 0 two hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ?is1 "o ( ! olde/ ( ,canadian settlem5ts4 ,luke ,tild51 "o ( our aqu>ium m51 :o w5t up ) ,za*4 ,c\p1 told ( ! capture ( ! :ales1 & ! foll[+ is f notes tak5 by me z ,luke told x3 ,! m5 all fi% & ! wom5 d a little g>d5+1 b _! h>ve/ is ! m>s\91 a "n common to ! :ite :ale & to ! black porpoise4 ,a fair :ite :ale w weight eight hundr$ p\nds & yield ne>ly "o hundr$ gallons ( oil wor? fifty c5ts p] gallon1 s t :5 !y trap tw5ty 9 a season x means prosp]ity to ! colony2 9 #ahgd !y took "o hundr$1 b ! cat* has fall5 (f s9ce4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! isl&1 said ,luke1 we w5t /raight to ,fa!r ,alixe ,pelleti] & donat$ t5 doll>s to ! ,*ur* = pray]s = our success1 & x 0 well inve/$4 ,! good old man is ! head ( t colony & keeps ev]y?+ /raight4 ,9 #ahfc !re 0 an epidemic ( indiff]5ce to ! ,*ur*1 & ! m5 w5t to ! bad1 got drunk1 f\ght1 fi%$ on ,sundays1 & revil$ ! prie/1 )hold+ all dues to him4 ,!n he said1 ',god is angry ) y1 & to puni% y w s5d no m m>s\9 until y rep5t4' ,!y laugh$ at him1 & = ?ree ye>s no m>s\9 came to !m1 & !y 7 v poor4 ,!y w5t to ! fa!r on a ,*ri/mas day & implor$ him to int]c$e = !m1 & he did4 ,! next spr+ !re 0 a great cat* ( m>s\91 & ! m5 h rema9$ fai?ful s9ce4 ,! tides "h rise & fall "s tw5ty feet1 & ! :ales are trapp$ 9 an inclosure made ( poles1 ! entrance to :i* is clos$ :5 a s*ool ent]s4 ,! p\nd is ab\t a mile squ>e1 & is made ( slim poles put two feet ap>t1 space en\gh to let a :ale ?r\gh1 b !y w n attempt x4 ,! tide falls & leaves !m on ! mud1 quak+ ) fe>4 ,:5 we want live ones ! boxes are made1 padd$ ) seawe$1 %ov$ out ov] ! mud1 tipp$ on "o side1 & ! :ale roll$ into x1 :]e its /ruggles soon put x on an ev5 keel1 & !n x gives up & does no?+ b brea! z ! boxes are tak5 on bo>d a s*oon] = ,quebec4 ,i 0 =tunate 9 gett+ ! above /ory f ,luke ,tild51 = a few weeks aft]w>d he di$ 9 ! aqu>ium2 & ,za*4 ,c\p w\ld tell no?+ t c\ld be reli$ on1 n ev5 to ! locality :]e ! :ales 7 caught4 ,! :ite :ale is ! only "o ( its tribe t c be captur$ 9 ! mann] relat$1 because ( its c[>dly timidity4 ,! h>bor porpoise1 or h]r+-hog1 w\ld jump nets & break b>ricades or die4 ,x w\ld n be> ! conf9em5t ( an aqu>ium1 = x w\ld leap out ( ! tanks or da% its bra9s out 9 try+ to d s2 b1 once plac$ 9 a tank ( ei!r salt or fre% wat]1 ! :ite :ale />ts to circle x1 always to ! left1 ) ! sun1 & cont5t$ly bl[s at int]vals ( f five to fifte5 m9utes1 & seems z cont5t$ z a can>y bird 9 its cage4 ,! :ale does n always swim 9 circles to ! left :5 free1 & :y x does s 9 conf9em5t is a "q4 ,i m]ely ass]t ! fact4 ,p]haps wis] m5 "k :y p]fectly /ill wat] 9 a wa%b[l w rotate to ! left ) an accel]at$ motion :5 ! plug is )drawn1 b ,i d n4 ,z ! motion to ! left is inv>iable !re mu/ be a rule = x1 b1 grant+ t ?is motion has "s relation to ! motion ( ! e>?1 ! "q ( h[ ?is affects ! volunt>y movem5ts ( an animal rema9s to be answ]$4 ,i h wat*$ ov] a doz5 :ite :ales 9 captivity1 dump$ into tanks f ! mo/ conv5i5t side )\t reg>d to ! direction ( _! heads1 & e "o turn$ & circl$ to ! left4 ,! "q arises1 ,:y d !y d ?is8 ,at ! new aqu>ium n[ at ,batt]y ,p>k1 ,new ,york city1 ! big /urgeon always circles to ! left except :5 fe$+4 ,! two :ales at ,coney ,isl& 7 good-siz$ ones1 ne>ly t5 feet long1 & !y rac$ ar\nd1 side by side1 & play$ = ne>ly two h\rs be=e !y began to take ! eels :i* _h be5 9 ! tank sev]al days1 al?\gh ! l>ge mammals _h be5 )\t food = at lea/ sev5 days4 ,on ! way d[n ,i _h notic$ a diff]5ce 9 ! s\nd ( _! brea?+1 t ( ! female be+ %>p & cle>1 :ile h] mate seem$ to h a ho>s5ess1 & occasionally gave some?+ l a c\gh4 ,i call$ att5tion to ?is & told ,mr4 ,c\p t ! animal _h "s lung tr\ble4 ,he consult$ a man :o pr(ess$ to "k ab\t ^! animals1 & !n report$ 8 op9ion t ! c\gh 0 no?+ to fe>1 m]ely a little wat] 9 ! bl[-hole4 ,?is may be true1 ,i repli$2 ,i'm n a m$ical man1 b ,i've he>d _m consumptives c\gh1 & t :ale imitates !m4 ,i d\bt if x lives a mon?4 ,x liv$ j tw5ty-six days aft] its arrival at ,coney ,isl&4 ,! la/ five days ( its life x took no food1 & its labor$ brea?+ 0 annoy+ to all :o knew ! cause ( x4 ,!n came a t\*+ display ( affection4 ,! female slack5$ h] pace day by day to accommodate x to t ( h] con/antly weak5+ companion1 & z ! end ne>$ %e put h] broad transv]se tail "u 8 & propell$ him along4 ,he /opp$ brea?+ at #aj ,a4 ,m41 b 8 mate kept up h] ef=ts1 occasionally mak+ a swift run ar\nd ! tank1 z if to say1 ,come1 foll[ me1 & !n sl[+ up at 8 side1 resum$ ! "w ( scull+ him along1 z be=e4 ,rude m5 express$ pity = ! liv+ "o1 & aft] my m5 _h rigg$ a d]rick & hoi/$ h] mate f ! pool %e w\ld rise high] out ( wat] :5 %e came up to bl[1 rememb]+ t he _h gone out ov] ! top ( ! tank4 ,an autopsy by local physicians1 ^: names h be5 =gott51 assi/$ by a m$ical /ud5t !n 9 my employ1 n[ ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,la?am1 #abf ,we/ ,elev5? ,/reet1 ,new ,york city1 disclos$ ! fact t ! :ale di$ ( pneumonia4 ,a :ite :ale :i* rea*$ ! ,broadway aqu>ium ab\t ,july #a/1 aft] m9e came1 liv$ sev5 mon?s1 dy+ ,janu>y #bh1 #ahgh4 ,my :ale 0 ei!r diseas$ :5 captur$ or took a cold at ,isle aux ,c\dres4 ,! ,new ,york "o 0 s\nd all summ]1 & ,i told ,mr4 ,c\p t x might live = ye>s1 b ! artificial heat ( ! aqu>ium 9 w9t] 0 n :at a sub>ctic animal c\ld endure1 & x succumb$ z mo/ ( ,pe>y's ,eskimos did 9 ,new ,york la/ w9t]4 ,! autopsy on ?is :ale 0 p]=m$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,d4 ,weisse1 pr(essor ( practical & surgical anatomy ( ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 assi/$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 ,i4 ,arnold1 ( ! same univ]sity1 & ,dr4 ,liaut>d1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,vet]9>y ,college4 ,!y agre$ t pneumonia 0 ! cause ( dea?1 induc$ by a *ange ( temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! animal _h be5 kept4 ,! (ficial measurem5ts ( ?is female specim51 ^: organs 7 kept 9 ! two in/itutions nam$1 73 n9e feet six in*es f sn\t to tail tips2 ?ree feet betwe5 tips ( caudal f9s1 ) a body bread? ( tw5ty in*es & a head bread? ( ?irte5 in*es4 ,! lungs1 weigh+ tw5ty-two p\nds1 pres5t$ on dissection ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 affect$ ) *ronic cat>rhal pneumonia4 ,! liv] weigh$ n9ete5 p\nds4 ,! f\r /oma*s 7 all free f any trace ( previ\s disease4 ,9 look+ up ! life hi/ory ( ! :ite :ale :5 opportunity (f]$1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ,i h consult$ _m old :alem51 & !y all say t :ales ( all k9ds take _! babies on _! flukes & scull !m along z my female scull$ h] dy+ & dead p>tn]4 ,?is mu/ be a fact1 = ! little "o c\ld nev] swim ) its p>5t4 ,b ano!r "q arises3 ,is ?is purely a female in/9ct to provide = its "y1 :i* 01 9 ! case ( my pair1 develop$ into a desire to pres]ve a companion8 or1 9 o!r words1 w\ld a male h done ?is1 or w\ld a female h done x if %e 7 free & _h o!r companions8 ,0 x love = h] mate1 or a feel+ ( selfi%ness at h] lonely position8 ,my female 0 aft]w>d s5t to ,engl& 9 ! old transportation box1 & 0 n9e days )\t food1 = !y w n swall[ food 9 transit1 & x liv$ f\r days 9 ,london1 cle>+ m ?an en\gh to pay = ! animal & all exp5ses4 ,:5 ! free aqu>ium at ,batt]y ,p>k1 ,new ,york city1 0 op5$1 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahif1 !re 0 talk ( gett+ :ite :ales ! next spr+1 b !re 0 no way to employ m5 to g = !m at a /at$ sal>y1 z !y w\ld h to pass a civil-s]vice exam9ation & become regul>ly appo9t$ employees ( ! city4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ,mr4 ,eug5e ,g4 ,black=d came =w>d & advanc$ ! money = ! exp$ition1 & x />t$ e>ly 9 ,may4 ,on ,june #d? ,pr(essor ,butl] deliv]$ a pair ( !m to ! sup]9t5d5t1 ,dr4 ,bean4 ,i 0 aw>e ( _! com+1 & 0 at ! aqu>ium1 & s 0 ,dr4 ,la?am4 ,! male 0 lead-color$1 0 said to be a ye> & a half old1 & 0 n9e feet long4 ,! female 0 ( ! usual cream-color1 t5 feet & a half long1 & 0 said to be a ye> old] ?an h] mate4 ,x is kn[n t "y & immature specim5s are d>k] ?an adults1 b ,i am skeptical ab\t ! ages1 especially z !re is a half ye> cr$it$ to ea* at ! exact "t ! "y are br\ght =?1 & d n "k on :at ! ages are bas$ fur!r ?an t ! "y are d>k] 9 color = a "t4 ,h[ does ! brea?+ ( ! big "o s\nd to y8 ! doctor ask$4 ,l ours at ,coney ,isl& t di$ f lung tr\ble1 ,i repli$1 & ,i w\ld n h br\ght t animal d[n unless x 0 ! only "o to be _h dur+ ! season4 ,i ?9k ,i'll give h] ab\t t5 days to live1 repli$ ! doctor4 ,z ^! 7 n my :ales1 ,i decl9$ to talk ( _! prospects ( life to sev]al report]s :o knew me1 & ! :ale 9 "q di$ ( pneumonia on ,june #aa?1 j a week aft] its arrival 9 ,new ,york1 & sev]al days be=e ! tra9$ e> ( ,dr4 ,la?am _h allott$ its span ( life4 ,! male came to its dea? by an accid5t at #i ,p4 ,m4 on ,june #bd?1 j tw5ty days aft] arrival4 ,an eel got into its bl[-hole & x dr[n$4 ,accord+ to an acc\nt publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,sun ( ,monday1 ,july #bf1 #ahig1 said to be obta9$ f ,dr4 ,t>leton ,h4 ,bean1 director ( ! aqu>ium1 ! :ale 0 z heal?y a "o z ev] sp\t$ until late on ,friday aft]noon1 ! #bd?1 :5 "o ( ! keep]s notic$ t some?+ 0 wrong4 ,8 att5tion 0 attract$ by ! l\d :eez+ t accompani$ ea* bl[ t ! :ale made :5 he came up = air4 ,! :eez+ c\ld be he>d all ov] ! aqu>ium4 ,dr4 ,bean 0 s5t =4 ,he 0 c]ta9 t ! :ale's lungs 7 all "r4 ,he cit$ a fact1 kn[n to ! cu/odian & to all ! keep]s1 t ! mammal = ! pa/ mon? _h rema9$ "u wat] a little long] aft] he came to ! surface to bl[4 ,?is conv9c$ ,dr4 ,bean t ! :ale's lungs 7 s\nd & t "s o!r cause ( illness mu/ be f\nd4 ,!n ! :ale c\gh$ out a piece ( an eel t x _h bit 9 two1 & z x came up to bl[ aga9 !re 0 ano!r piece hang+ f ! bl[-hole :i* c\ld n %ut1 & s let wat] into ! lungs4 ,dr4 ,bean ord]$ ! wat] drawn (f ! tank 9 ord] to get at ! animal1 b a =m] sup]9t5d5t1 :o _h plann$ ! tanks1 _h put 9 su* small dra9age pipes t by ! "t ! wat] 0 drawn d[n s t ! m5 c\ld get at ! :ale x 0 dead4 ,i d n believe t a :ite :ale liv$ two ye>s 9 ,bo/on1 because ?is sub>ctic animal c\ld n endure ! extremes ( ,bo/on's temp]atures )\t contract+ lung disease 9 "s =m4 ,?9k ( su* an animal liv+ ?r\gh climatic conditions t an ,eskimo c n /&1 & 9 a public in/itution :]e ?\s&s ( p are vitiat+ ! air6 ,animals :i* live :olly 9 wat] are m susceptible to *anges ( temp]ature ?an ^? :i* live on l&4 ,! :ite :ale c be kept ! ye> r\nd 9 ,new ,york city if x c h a refrig]at+ plant to give x ! temp]ature :i* x ne$s1 & prop] food4 ,we br+ pol> be>s to ,new ,york :i* suff] 9 summ]1 if n 9 our comp>atively mild w9t]s1 & tropical animals :i* b>ely survive1 b ^! l& mammals are n s susceptible to climatic influ5ces z are ! fi%es & ! purely aquatic mammals1 l ! :ales4 ,^! c nev] be kept long by ! crude means :i* h be5 employ$4 ,f ! pure/ air !y h be5 *ang$ to ! m or less vitiat$ air :]e ?\s&s ( human be+s are cr[d$ & 9 a temp]ature :i* is unnatural4 ,if we w\ld keep !m we mu/ give !m bett] *ances = liv+ ?an 9 op5 tanks 9 ! summ] temp]ature ( ,new ,york4 ,,unusual ,,=ms ,,9 ,,plants4 ,,by ,,byron ,d4 ,,hal/$4 ,! unexpect$ is apt to occur4 ,along ) ! regul>ity 9 liv+ ?+s1 :i* we call uni=mity ( ,nature1 !re is s /rong a t5d5cy to v>y t "o almo/ expects to f9d a turn 9 ! av5ues ( life soon] or lat]1 & t gradual or sudd51 z ! case may be4 ,we w n /op to discuss ! op5 "q ( :e!r we are possess$ by an inh]5t quality ( v>iation1 or z creatures ( circum/ances1 subject to ! controll+ =ces ( our environm5t4 ,ye/]day :ile look+ at a r[ ( se$l+ pea*es1 all f ! same lot ( pits1 "o ( ! m9iature trees 0 f\nd to be bronze or copp] color$ ?r\gh\t4 ,?is set me to ?9k+4 ,"h 0 a sport1 z x is t]m$1 & if ,i take good c>e ( ! abnormity1 bud x into common /ock1 etc41 ! l&scape ar*itects & ornam5tal g>d5]s may ?ank me = ! novelty t w please _! weal?y patrons4 ,leav+ aside ! abnormal z met ) 9 ! animal _w1 = mu* ( x is m pa9ful ?an o!rwise to contemplate1 let u glance at "s ( ! unusual ?+s occurr+ among plants4 ,"o fir/ ?9ks ( "s /range =ms 9 leaf1 & if ! eyes are op5$ to !m !y may be met ) ^u e h&4 ,! f\r-leaf clov] is lucky p]haps only because ! f9d] is %>p]-ey$ ?an o!rs1 & /&s a bright] *ance ( see+ success z x cr\*es almo/ invisible 9 ! wild grass1 ! till$ field1 or :]ev] ! eyes may be set to f9d x4 ,! *ild :o br+s me ! oddities ( vegetable =ms is kn[+ 9 ! normals ( 8 class ( curiosities1 or else he w\ld n see ! novelties f ! f9d+ & exhibit+ ( :i* he ga9s s mu* pleasure4 ,! p]son :o is famili> ) ! /rik+ beauty ( ! c>d9al fl[] 7,lobelia c>d9alis7 is ! "o :o rejoices at ! v>iations t may occur 9 ! t9ts ( ! bright corolla4 ,8 delight w\ld rea* a high pit* %\ld ! conspicu\s spikes be f\nd ^u dry gr\nd1 & n by ! bank ( "s /ream half hidd5 by ! ov]hang+ grass4 ,b %\ld ! w&]+ plant display :ite fl[]s1 !n an alb9o ( a mo/ int]e/+ k9d has be5 met )1 & "s reason = x is s\ght 9 ! unusual locality4 ,only a few days ago a :ite v>iation ( ! ,lobelia syphilitica1 c\s9 to ! c>d9al1 0 se5 by ! writ] treasur$ 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5 at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 & x call$ to m9d ! rage = p9k wat] lilies1 t tw5ty ye>s ago 7 only met ) wild 9 ponds at ,plym\?1 ,mass4 ,i ask$ an exp]t rec5tly if !re 0 any call = ! p9k or ,plym\? lilies1 & he in=m$ me t ! fad _h di$ out ) ! transplant+ & widespread culture ( ! p9k sports ( ! nympha ponds4 ,abnormal colors 9 fl[]s are among ! mo/ common freaks 9 wild plants1 & none are m frequ5t ?an ! alb9os4 ,"o c\ld fill a page ) in/ances ( ?is sort4 ,"s ( our mo/ common we$s1 z ! mo? mulle9 7,v]bascum blatt>ia71 h a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! plants ) :ite blossoms1 & ! pat*es ( ! :ite int]sp]s$ ) ! normal yell[-fl[]$ plants 9 poorly kept mead[s & neglect$ l& has l$ ! writ] to ga!r se$ ( ea* to te/ ! tru? ( ! op9ion t ! :ite /ra9 may be transmitt$ to ! (fspr+1 b ! pro( is n yet at h&4 ,! writ] kn[s :]e !re is a pat* ( ! h\nd's tongue 7,e*9osp]mum7 ) a good spr9kl+ ( plants produc+ :ite corollas in/ead ( ! normal deep m>oon4 ,! two colors make a good subject = /ud5ts :o are ga9+ an elem5t>y k ( ! /ability ( species1 & ! range ( /rik+ v>iations t mu/ be all[$ = !m4 ,next to ! alb9os ! in/ances :]e ! floral p>ts approa* leaves 9 size & color are ! mo/ common4 ,a few weeks ago :ile pass+ ?r\gh a field once devot$ to corn1 b n[ ov]gr[n ) we$s1 & !re=e ( special int]e/ to a botani/1 my eyes fell ^u a daisy plant all ! heads ( :i* 7 ) olive-gre5 ray fl[]s in/ead ( ! ord9>y pure :ite ones4 ,^! rays 7 small] ?an ! normal & q incl9$ to roll1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & =m quills1 z se5 9 "s ( ! fancy *rysan!mums4 ,by ! way1 our common field daisy is a g5u9e *rysan!mum1 & t :i* is produc$ 9 "o species "u ! guid+1 fo/]+ h& ( ! skill$ g>d5] 0 "h %ad[$ =? 9 ! field ( wa/e l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,gre5 ,,& ,,normal ,,oxeye ,,daisy ,,heads4 ,a week or s lat]1 :ile go+ ?r\gh a simil> field 9 an adjo9+ c\nty to ! "o :]e ! daisy freak 0 f\nd1 ,i came ^u ne>ly ! same ?+ z se5 9 ! heads ( ! black-ey$ ,susan1 or cone fl[] 7,rudbeckia hirta ,l474 ,"h 7 ! two lead+ we$y daisies1 ! :ite & ! yell[1 ! =m] com+ to our fields f ! ,ea/ & across ! sea1 :ile ! latt]1 z a native ( our ,we/]n prairies1 j\rneys to make a home "h & help to comp5sate by its pe/if]\s pres5ce = ! vile we$s t h gone ,we/ ) ! advance ( civilization4 ,bo? ( ^! daisies reveal$ t t5d5cy 9 !m to v>y 9 _! floral /ructures t if made use ( by ! floriculturi/ might result 9 =ms & colors z attractive & pr(itable z met ) 9 _! c\s9s ! *rysan!mums ( ! ,ori5t4 ,p]haps ! season :i* we h _h1 ) its excess ( moi/ure & sup]heat1 has made ! abnormal =ms m abundant ?an usual4 ,! ev5 curr5t ( life has be5 met by c\nt] /reams1 s to say1 & ! *annels 7 brok5 d[n4 ,9 walk+ ?r\gh a mead[ 9 e>ly ,june x 0 a common ?+ to f9d ! spikes ( ! n>r[-leav$ planta9 7,plantago lanceolata ,l47 bran*$ & comp\nd$ into curi\s %apes4 ,"s ( ! normal & mal=m$ spikes are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,mal=m$ ,,heads ,,( ,,plantago ,,lanceolata4 ,z a tailpiece to ?is portion ( ! subject x is a pleasure to introduce a freak among ! native or*>ds1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ^w ( explanation is ne$$ ( ! normal =m ( ! lady's slipp] "h %[n4 ,z f\nd 9 ! moi/ woods1 ! plant above gr\nd consi/s ( two leaves & a s+le p9k & /range-look+ blossom t]m9at+ ! /alk4 ,?is is ! rule1 & x has be5 /rictly adh]$ to1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 = c5turies ) a s+le exception1 & t exception is ! "o "h pres5t$4 ,x is z rem>kable z a d\ble-head$ dog1 & z difficult ( explanation z ! tw9 ?umb4 ,p]haps ! be/ way is to make no attempt to acc\nt = ! freak1 & leave ! subject op5 = ^? :o h a gift ( insight into ! secrets ( ! abnormal & ! unexpect$4 ,o!r species ( cyprip$iums regul>ly be> m ?an "o fl[]2 ?is "o may h done s 9 =m] ages1 & "h is ! l9k t b9ds our pretty unifloral species to its remote & possibly ext9ct ance/or4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a d\ble-fl[]$ =m is possibly 9 embryo1 & be=e ! next c5tury closes ! ,cyprip$ium acaule ,ait4 may ne$ to h its description *ang$ s z to embrace two fl[]s4 ,! influ5ce ( moi/ure1 heat1 & light is v great ^u vegetation1 & "o only ne$s to obs]ve ! same species ( plant z gr[n 9 a moi/1 %ady place1 z comp>$ ) ! ones t are locat$ 9 ! full sun :]e ! soil is dry4 ,size & %ape ( p>ts1 & ev5 _! color & ! surface1 are diff]5t1 & ?is all leads u up to ! cultivat$ plants :]e v>iation is ! rule & con/ancy ! exception4 ,among wild plants :]e simil> surr\nd+s obta9 = all memb]s ( ! species ! alb9o is not$1 & any replacem5t ( /am5s by petals1 z 9 ! wild butt]cup1 is ! r>e exception4 ,b ! cultivat$ plants h l$ a *>m$ life1 & we sc>cely wond] t ! plants 9 ! b$ ( sweet peas or gladiolus1 canna or dahlia1 are z div]se 9 =m & color z ! pieces 9 a crazy-b$quilt4 ,man1 ) all 8 +5uity & skill1 has be5 at "w mold+ ! plant clay made pla/ic by g5]ations ( special culture4 ,9 "o s5se ! gre5h\se1 ! g>d51 or*>d1 & ev5 ! cultivat$ field are all deal+ ) mon/rosities4 ,! well-fill$ horticultural hall at a ,/ate or c\nty fair is a va/ collection ( unnatural curiosities--t is1 !y d n occur 9 ,nature1 b are truly ! creations ( ! m9d ( man z work$ out along l9es ( vegetable physiology & /imulat$ plant production4 ,= d9n] ?is v day ! writ] ate a slice ( a mod]n wat]melon4 ,:at a triumph ( horticultural art 0 exhibit$ 9 t giant fruit1 ea* se$ ( :i* 0 fill$ ) ! accumulat$ t5d5cies ( a g5]ation ( high bre$+6 ,!re 0 repres5t$ ! influ5ce ( soil & selection1 ( cross+ & ( culture1 until ! wild melon1 :i* none ( u sees or c>es to see1 is gone & a special creation takes its place1 ) its great dem&s ^u any "o :o w\ld attempt to gr[ x to p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,a ,,tw9-,,fl[]$ ,,cyprip$ium ,,acaule 7,,ait474 ,! art ( bre$+ might possibly h depriv$ x ( se$s _h !re be5 "s o!r conv5i5t me?od = propagation1 z is true ( _m ( our tree fruits1 ! navel orange be+ a /rik+ example4 ,along ) ! abs5ce ( se$s & ! pres5ce ( f9e flavor !re is truly a mon/r\s =m1 9 t "o orange is )9 & at ! navel end ( ! o!r4 ,%\ld we glance at "s ( our g>d5 vegetables1 z1 = example1 ! cabbages 9 _! v>i\s races1 e "o w be /ruck ) ! /rang5ess1 to say ! lea/1 ( ! =ms produc$4 ,9 contra/ ) ! head ( ! true cabbage1 :]e leaf is fold$ ^u leaf until a mass ( metamorphos$ foliage z l>ge z a half bu%el is produc$1 !re is ! caulifl[]1 ) ! edible sub/ance /or$ 9 a fle%y infloresc5ce t has lo/ its normal function & become truly mon/r\s4 ,7 x n s t5d] & delicate a food we might be dispos$ to smile at ! absurdity ( ! :ole ?+1 or at ! kohl-rabi1 ) its turniplike bulb 9 ! /em j above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is c]ta9ly a pla/ic species t w give su* div]se & fanta/ic =ms--s f> f ! wild /ate1 & = t reason s useful to man4 ,9 ! same mann] a comp>ison ( our or*>d fruits ) ! =ms f :i* !y came w\ld lead to ! ?\ght t man has made !m to 8 lik+1 & n = s]vice to ! plant species4 ,!y are abnormal1 judg$ by all /&>ds 9 ,nature2 mon/r\s 9 size & 9 _m cases h lo/ _! ess5tial /ructure z se$-produc+ organs4 ,com+ to ! ornam5tal gr\nds1 ! disguises are l>gely swept away1 & !re is b little hope ( judg+ :at ! orig9al plants may h be5 f :i* h desc5d$ ! favorites ( ! fl[] b$ & ! cons]vatory4 ,species h be5 split into a ?\s& & "o v>ieties1 ea* ) its peculi>ities & ea* ) ! pot5cy = great] deviation4 ,:]e %all we ca/ ! l9e & l& an example8 ,! rose %[ ( ,june is only surpass$ by ! *rysan!mum exhibition 9 autumn4 ,!re mu/ be ! new sorts br\ght out ea* ye>1 :e!r ! fancy be = a special %ade or color or a /rik+ new %ape ( bud or =m ( bloom4 ,w\ld y realize :at a novelty means to ^? 9 ! craft :o wat* a gr\p ( c>nation gr[]s z !y hang ov] ! exhibit ( a new rival1 & consid] all ! m]its & defects ( ! c&idate = a c]tificate8 ,all ! beauties ( ! fl[] g>d5 are s famili> to u t x is n expect$ t !y w be consid]$ unnatural4 ,if ! hydrangea makes a panicle l>g] ?an x c be>1 man helps x out ) a /r+ or /ake1 = by ov]do+ x is n undone any m ?an is ! coddl$ pea* tree held up at fruit+ "t by a doz5 poles1 or ! =c$ lily ) a weak back support$ upright by an artificial gre5 /em at *ur* on ,ea/] morn+4 ,b ev5 "h !re are mon/rosities 9 ! true s5se4 ,! asp>agus or sweet potato /em occasionally broad5s out into a ribbon1 & x passes z an abnormity4 ,! same ?+ takes place 9 ! fl[] clu/] ( cockscomb 7,celosia cri/ata71 & if x fail$ to produce a /range fan-%ap$ & highly color$ & cre/$ top ! own] w\ld compla9 t h] se$ _h giv5 h] only an inf]ior pigwe$1 & !re=e n come true to "n4 ,! attractiv5ess ( ! cockscomb resides 9 ! /range habit ! plant has ( broad5+ ! upp] end ( ! fl[] /alk out into a =m t is truly mon/r\s4 ,& ?is br+s me to speak ( a =m t attract$ my att5tion dur+ ! pres5t season1 samples ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,mon/r\s ,,blossoms ,,( ,,foxglove4 ,! /rik+ feature ( ! specim5s ( foxglove 7,digitalis purpurea7 "u consid]ation is ! production ( an enorm\s some:at bell-%ap$ fl[] at ! extremity ( ! long racemose infloresc5ce1 & at a "t :5 only a few ( ! l[]mo/ blossoms ^u ! /em h op5$4 ,! normal digitalis fl[] has a l>ge p5dant purple corolla mu* spott$ ^u ! middle lobe ( ! l>g] & l[] lip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! truly mon/r\s fl[]s1 two to ?ree in*es across1 are borne t]m9ally & are q uni=mly bell-%ap$1 ) ! lobes f twelve to f\rte5 & spott$ ev5ly ov] all ! surface4 ,! f\r /am5s ( ! normal fl[] h increas$ to twelve 9 ?ree exam9$ & to ?irte5 9 ano!r4 ,^! /am5s are normal 9 size & situat$ ^u ! corolla tube1 except t !re is no indication ( _! be+ 9 long & %ort pairs4 ,! s+le pi/il is _m times enl>g$ 9 ! mon/r\s blossom--9 "o in/ance two ?irds ( an in* 9 diamet] = ! ov>y4 ,)9 ! out] ov>ian wall !re 0 a circle ( five petaloid pi/ils1 "s %[+ ! plac5t & ovules int]mix$ ) ! p9k & purpli% petaloid expansions4 ,)9 ! circle above m5tion$ !re 0 a second pi/il1 tipp$ l ! orig9al ) petal-l lobes in/ead ( a /igma4 ,! column 0 f\nd s closely built up t ! p>ts w\ld n sep>ate1 & a cross-section 0 made ?r\gh x1 :i* %[$ t ! pi/il _h a gre5i% c5tral /alk ar\nd :i* ! ov>ian cavities 7 scatt]$ q irregul>ly1 all be>+ num]\s ovules4 ,9 ! fl[]s ) twelve /am5s !re 7 f\r tips to ! /igma1 & ! eight cavities 7 to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! ov>y1 al?\gh !y 7 n arrang$ 9 any regul> ord] & n uni=m 9 size4 ,9 %ort1 ! transections ( ^! resembl$ ! se$ cavities se5 9 a slice ( a l>ge tomato ( ! trophy or pond]osa type4 ,! flori/s' catalogues adv]tise 9 a few in/ances ?is ,digitalis mon/rosa1 & x is presum$ t ! specim5s f :i* ! engrav+ 0 made 7 f a packet ( ?is /ra9 ( se$4 ,z b a small p]c5tage ( ! plants 9 ! b$ exam9$ 7 mon/r\s1 lett]s 7 address$ to "s ,g]man gr[]s ( ! se$1 ) que/ions z to ?is comm]cial mon/rosity4 ,"o reply conta9$ ! /atem5t t ! =m kn[n z mon/rosa _h be5 9 ! m>ket ab\t t5 ye>s1 & t ab\t fifty p] c5t ( ! plants produce ! /range t]m9al fl[]s4 ,ano!r correspond5t recalls ! =m 9 "q z hav+ be5 catalogu$ = m ?an =ty ye>s1 & t x is describ$ 9 a "w ^u g>d5+ publi%$ 9 #ahei1 9 :i* x /ates t ! se$ ( ?is v>iety mu/ only be ga!r$ f ! capsules ( ! mon/r\s fl[]s 9 ord] to pres]ve ! abnormity4 ,conc]n+ ?is la/ my correspond5t said t x is all ! same :e!r ! se$ is tak5 f ! capsules ( mon/r\s fl[]s or f ! :ole spike4 ,se$ tak5 9 ?is way w give f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five p] c5t ( ! mon/r\s fl[]s1 b ! ratio v>ies f ye> to ye>4 ,!re are "s advantages to ! floriculturi/ 9 ! mon/r\s =m z ! fir/ bloom 9 x is upp]mo/ & v conspicu\s1 :ile 9 ! normal =m ! blooms appe> f bel[ upw>d1 & ! droop+ tip ( ! spike is ! la/ to produce fl[]s4 ,! case 9 h& is a rem>kable deviation f ! type 9 _m ways1 b mo/ int]e/+ ( all is ! fact t floriculturi/s h by selection develop$ a v>iety t1 9 a packet ( a hundr$ se$s1 is q c]ta9 to give "s plants ( ! type mon/rosa1 :i* x be>s z its trade "n4 ,,malay ,,lit]ature4 ,,by ,r4 ,,clyde ,,=d4 ,! ,malay has a lit]ature peculi>ly 8 own1 & 9 x comes to light all t subtle appreciation ( ,nature :i* m>ks him z a ,naturm5s*1 b n a savage4 ,?is lore ( 8 race he c>ries mo/ly 9 8 memory1 = to r$uce x to writ+ has be51 until rec5tly1 a task at once labori\s & s*ol>ly1 & ! ord9>y ,malay1 liv+ 9 ! ease ( p]petual summ]1 is nei!r4 ,/ill1 !re are dog-e>$ old manuscripts :i* circulate f "o village or campong to ano!r1 & ^! are (t5 read al\d 9 ! ev5+s to eag] companies4 ,& x makes a sc5e nev] to be =gott51 to see a doz5 p seat$ 9 ! %ad[s ar\nd "s old man & to li/5 to ! mell[ cad5ces ( 8 voice z he reads to !m a tale ( ! old5 "t1 ( ! great days ( 8 race1 be=e ! =eign]'s %ips _h sc>$ ! fi% f ! bays or turn$ !m into noisy h>bors2 ! sp>kl+ />s peep ?r\gh ! ragg$1 :isp]+ fronds ( ! palm trees1 ! yell[ light ( ! dam> tor* %9es on eag] faces1 crickets *irp 9 ! grass1 & f af> comes ! boom+ ( ! sea borne on ! s(t brea? ( ! night w9d4 ,malay lit]ature1 l mo/ lit]atures1 has _h an anci5t & a mod]n p]iod4 ,9 ! =m] we behold a primitive p dom9at$ by ,sanskrit life & civilization1 & naturally en\gh ! lit]ature ( ?is "t is mo/ly translations ( ,sanskrit poems & romances1 or at lea/ productions inspir$ by su*1 & full ( allusions to ,h9du my?ology4 ,probably to ?is e>ly "t may be trac$ su* works z ,sri ,rama1 a free translation ( ! ,ramayana2 ! ,hikayat ,pan*a ,tantra1 an adaptation ( ! ,hitaspodsa2 ,rad9 ,mantri1 a hi/ory ( ! love affairs ( a ,javan royal pr9ce2 ! ,%ar ,bidas>i1 an epic2 & sev]al o!r su* epics & romances4 ,"o mu/ n ?9k t ! language ( ^! works is old-fa%ion$ or obsolete1 z ,be[ulf & ,*auc] are to u1 or ! ,niebelung5 ,li$ 9 ,g]man4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are full ( ,arabic words & _m o!r m>ks ( rec5t composition2 b x is ! matt]1 ! conditions ( life describ$1 ! evid5t antiquity ( ! v feel+ ( ! productions1 t lead "o to ref] !m to ! e>ly p]iod4 ,!re are also "s works t are g5u9ely ,malay 9 orig9 & inspiration1 & probably ( a date t w\ld put !m betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n p]iods4 ,( su* is ,hong ,tuah1 a /ory ( a pr9ce ( ,malacca :o 0 a k9d ( ,k+ ,ar?ur ( 8 day4 ,?is "w exi/s 9 sev]al manuscripts1 "s ( :i* are 9 ,engl&1 "o 9 ,leyd51 & "o or two 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ! date ( ! olde/ is n be=e #aagb ( ! ,hegira4 ,consid]+ ! fact t ! ye> #acag ( ! ,mohamm$an era does n comm5ce till ,may #ab1 #ahii1 we ?us see t _m ( ! manuscripts ( ,malay lit]ature are ( no great antiquity4 ,ano!r ( ^! int]m$iate works is ! ,sej>at ,malayu1 or ,malay ,annals1 :i* n>rates ! hi/ory ( ! ,malays ( ,malacca1 & _! h]oic def5se aga9/ ! ,portuguese 9 ! ye> #aeaa4 ,x is divid$ into *apt]s1 & is ab\t ! only notable hi/orical composition 9 ! language4 ,! mod]n p]iod is t p]iod :i* m>ks ! dom9ation ( ,islam 9 ! f> ,ea/1 ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,malay m9d has adju/$ itself to a new fai? & a new education4 ,x is h>d to tell :5 ,mohamm$anism fir/ obta9$ a real foo?old among ! ,malays1 b probably n mu* be=e ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,h[ev]1 ! conque/ :5 once effect$ 0 complete1 & to-day ! p ( ,tanah ,malayu are among ! /ricte/ foll[]s ( ! ,prophet4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ?is p]iod ( ! lit]ature has be5 fruitful1 b n s fruitful z ! =m] "o4 ,orig9ality has be5 *eck$ & imag9ation dead5$1 & ! result is se5 9 a loss ( sprightl9ess & vivacity4 ,works ( morals & philosophy & compilations ( ,mohamm$an law1 h fl\ri%$4 ,/ill1 we f9d "s prose works ( ?is p]iod :i* are comm5dable2 !y ev5 h "s ( ! _s ( ! e>li] writ+s by :i*1 no d\bt1 !y 7 inspir$2 among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ,tadju ,elsala?91 or ,cr[n ( ,k+s1 by a m5dicant monk1 & ! ,hikayat ,sultan ,ibrahim1 a religi\s romance ( "s beauty & pa?os4 ,)9 ! la/ sev5ty-five ye>s ! prose lit]ature has receiv$ "s notable additions ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,abdulla b9 ,abdulkadir1 a fam\s moon%i ( ,s+apore1 :o atta9$ to "s di/9ction "u ! ,/raits ,gov]nm5t1 be+ s5t once or twice on missions to native /ates4 ,he 0 born 9 ,malacca t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ( ,arab-,malay p>5tage1 & receiv$ ! ord9>y education ( a ,malay lad ( good family4 ,aft] ,s+apore 0 f\nd$1 9 #ahai1 he mov$ ?i!r1 :]e he !nce=? sp5t mo/ ( 8 life4 ,8 mo/ important works are ! ,hikayat ,abdulla1 an autobiography1 ! ,pelay>an ,abdulla1 an acc\nt ( 8 trip = ! gov]nm5t to ,kelantan1 & a n>rative ( 8 pilgrimage to ,mecca made 9 ! ye> #ahed4 ,)\t a d\bt ,abdulla 0 ! mo/ cultur$ ,malay :o ev] wrote4 ,9 8 capacity z tea*] he 0 (t5 call$ ^u to help mission>ies ) _! translations ( ! ,bible into ,malay2 ?\gh a dev\t ,mohamm$an1 he 0 m ?an ord9>ily lib]al 9 belief1 & q will+ to see ! conte/ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam g on fairly & on its m]its4 ,he once assi/$ a ,mr4 ,?omps51 ( ,malacca1 9 translat+ portions ( ! ,scriptures1 b x 0 a ?ankless task1 = ! mission>y 0 ob/9ate1 & ?\ght he knew m ab\t ! language ?an ! moon%i himself4 ,z a result1 su* wret*$ ,malay got into ! "w t ,abdulla felt call$ ^u 9 8 autobiography to set himself "r be=e ! _w4 ,?is is :at he says3 444 ,b let x be kn[n to all g5tlem5 :o read my autobiography t :]e !re are wrong expressions or absurd ,malay phrases 9 ,mr4 ,?omps5's translation !y mu/ consid] well ! re/ra9t put ^u me1 :]e9 ,i c\ld nei!r add nor subtract a ^w )\t ! concurr5ce ( ,mr4 ,?omps54 ,n[1 because ( all ! circum/ances m5tion$ "h1 let no g5tleman rail at my "*1 = ,i 0 m]ely ,mr4 ,?omps5's moon%i or in/ructor4 ,i ackn[l$ge ,i am n de/itute ( faults1 b truly by ,god's grace ,i am able to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong 9 all t relates to ! idiom ( ! ,malay language1 = ,i h made x my /udy4 ,i did n atta9 x by he>+1 nor by ! way1 nor 9 ! bu/le ( ! cr[d4 ,b x is 9 poetry t we mu/ look = :atev] ( orig9ality & beauty !re is 9 ,malay lit]ature1 a fact n to be wond]$ at if we consid] ! s(tness & melliflu5ce ( ! language1 :i* l5ds itself easily to ! requirem5ts ( rhyme & rhy?m4 ,two *ief =ms ( poetry are recogniz$--! pantun & ! %ar4 ,,! ,,pantun4--,! pantun 9 ,malay lit]ature corresponds to ! lyric v]se ( ,we/]n l&s4 ,x consi/s ( "o or _m quatra9s1 z ! case may be1 ! l9es usually f t5 to twelve syllables 9 l5g?4 ,h[ev]1 if worse comes to wor/1 ! ,malay poet ) true poetic lic5se suits himself 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 & frequ5tly employs z few z six or z _m z ?irte5 syllables 9 a l9e4 ,! l5g? ( a syllable is det]m9$ by tonic acc5t1 b p5ult syllables n end+ 9 a consonant are long1 ^? end+ 9 sil5t i are %ort4 ,b "h1 too1 ! ,malay (t5 dep>ts f !ory1 & 8 rhymes1 in/ead ( be+ always exact1 are con/ruct$ = ! eye & n = ! e>2 & z = ! %ort l9es1 !y h to be drawl$ out into a legitimate scansion4 ,! l9es are n writt5 "o bel[ ano!r z ) u1 b ! second opposite ! fir/1 ! ?ird "u ! second & opposite ! f\r?1 & s on4 ,! pantun is mu* employ$ 9 improvisation1 ! /anzas be+ recit$ alt]nately by ! two tak+ "p4 ,to ! ,malayan m9d ! beauty ( ?is k9d ( v]se lies 9 ! arti/ic p]fection ( ea* quatra9 by :i* x is made to veil "s *>m+ metaphor1 :i* 9 turn s]ves 9 ! la/ two l9es to po9t a moral or express "s s5tim5t ( love or fri5d%ip1 dep5d+ on ! allegory ( ! prec$+4 ,to illu/rate3 ,t+gih t+gih pokok lamburi ,sayang pu*ok-nia m5iapa awan ,habis teloh puwas ku*>i ,bagei punei m5*>i kawan4 ,bulan trang b9tang b]*aya ,burong gagah b]makan padi ,teka tuan tiada p]*aya ,bela dada1 melihat hati4 ,! lamburi tree is tall1 tall1 ,its bran*es sweep ! sky2 ,my se>* is va91 & o'er is all1 ,l a mate-lorn dove am ,i4 ,cle> is ! moon1 ) />s agleam1 ,! rav5 wa/es 9 ! padi field2 ,o my belov$1 :5 false ,i seem1 ,op5 my brea/1 my he>t is reveal$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! waves are :ite on ! ,kataun %ore1 ,& day & night !y beat2 ,! g>d5 has :ite blossoms o'er1 ,b only "o d ,i ?9k sweet4 ,deep] yet ! wat] gr[s1 ,nor ! m\nta9 ra9 is /ill$2 ,my he>t m long+ kn[s1 ,& its hope is unfulfill$4 ,9 poetry ( m pret5ti\s /yle1 & 9 improvisations also1 ea* /anza conta9s a key-^w or l9e :i* becomes ! text1 s to speak1 ( ! next4 ,z artificial & unnatural z ?is may seem1 x is1 nev]!less1 an +5i\s way ( keep+ ! ?read ( "o's disc\rse :5 o!r inspiration fails4 ,! be/ results ( ,malay v]se come f x4 ,a beautiful example may be cit$ f ! ,asiatic ,j\rnal ( #ahbe3 ,cold is ! w9d1 ! ra9 falls fa/2 ,i l+]1 ?\gh ! h\r is pa/4 ,:y come y n8 ,:5ce ?is delay8 ,h ,i (f5d$1 say8 ,my he>t is sad & s9k+ too2 ,o break x n--x loves b y6 ,come1 !n1 & end ?is long delay2 ,:y keep y ?us away8 ,! w9d is cold1 fa/ falls ! ra91 ,yet weep+1 *id+1 ,i rema94 ,y come n /ill1 y /ill delay-- ,o :]e=e c y /ay8 ,adelb]t von ,*amisso1 ! ,g]man poet1 :o has ano!r claim to fame1 h[ev]--8 sci5tific c>e] 0 *>m+ly describ$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,decemb]1 #ahij--;includes 9 8 publi%$ poems ?ree songs1 ,9 ,malay ,=m1 = :i* he d\btless obta9$ inspiration dur+ 8 voyage to ! f> ,ea/ 9 #ahae to #ahah4 ,!y are s fai?ful 9 _s & /yle to _! s\rce t we c n =be> quot+ "o 9 translation4 ,x is call$ ,! ,basketmak]1 & is 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 ea* /anza hav+ ! usual key l9e3 ,! %[]'s gone by1 ! sun %9es bright1 ,! wea!r vanes n[ gayly sw+2 ,we maid5s "h 9 m]ry plight ,quick beg ( y a song to s+4 ,! wea!r vanes n[ gayly sw+1 ,?r\gh fire-r$ cl\ds ! sun %9es fair2 ,"r gay & quick to y ,i'll s+ ,a song t's full ( dread despair4 ,?r\gh fire-r$ cl\ds ! sun %9es fair1 ,a bird s+s sweet & lures ! bride2 ,pray :at conc]ns y\r dread despair ,to maid5s fair & de> beside8 ,a bird s+s sweet & lures ! bride1 ,a net = fi%es !re is spread2 ,a maid5 fair & de> beside1 ,a sprightly maid5 w\ld ,i w$4 ,a net = fi%es !re is spread1 ,! mo?'s w+s burn 9 bright flame hot2 ,a sprightly maid5 w\ld/ ?\ w$1 ,b !e ! maid5 *oose? n4 ,,! ,,%a,r4--,! %ar is v diff]5t f ! pantun2 ! latt] is lyric1 ! =m] epic 9 its nature2 ! %ar may be h]oic or romantic1 ! pantun nev]4 ,h[ev]1 x employs ! same measure z ! pantun1 b all ! l9es ( ea* /anza rhyme1 in/ead ( by pairs1 z 9 ! quatra9s ( ! lyric v]se4 ,x is to ! %ar t we mu/ look = ! really great works ( ,malay poetry1 :]e "s are bold en\gh to decl>e we may f9d passages ( ,hom]ic beauty4 ,! mo/ fam\s works ( ?is nature are ,rad9 ,mantri1 ,k9 ,tamb\han1 & ,bidas>i4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! tell ! /ory ( ! love ( a pr9ce ( ! royal h\se ( ,nig>a = a maid5 ( 8 "m's c\rt4 ,x is a beautiful tale1 ab\nd+ 9 p>ts ( /rik+ eloqu5ce & pa?os1 & ! *>act]s are /rong & well portray$4 ,! ,bidas>i is ! longe/ poem 9 ! language1 & typically ,malayan4 ,its au?or is unkn[n1 likewise ! "t & place ( its composition4 ,! only h9t z to ! writ] is 9 ! op5+ l9es3 444 ,li/5 to ?is /ory ( ! hi/ory ( a k+ 9 a prov9ce ( ,kambayat4 ,a fakir has turn$ ! n>rative into a poem4 ,& aga9 at ! conclusion1 :]e x says3 ,?is poem is weak & faulty because my k is imp]fect4 ,my he>t 0 tr\bl$--= t reason h ,i writt5 x4 ,i h n made x long1 because ,i 0 sad2 b ,i h f9i%$ x & !reby obta9$ _m bless+s4 ,int]nal evid5ce1 h[ev]1 indicates t ! poem is old1 ( a "t long be=e ! ,europeans fir/ came to ! ,ea/1 possibly be=e ! ,mohamm$an conque/4 ,x %[s pla9ly ! influ5ce ( ,h9du !ology1 yet 9 ! cu/oms & sc5es describ$1 & ! mode ( life & ! mann] ( ?9k+1 x is ess5tially ,malay1 & s wor?y1 p]haps1 ( a some:at ext5d$ notice4 ,!re 0 once a k+1 a sultan1 h&some1 le>n$1 p]fect2 he 0 ( ! race ( noble k+s2 he caus$ ! l& ( m]*ants & /rang]s to be swall[$ up4 ,f :at p ( 8 "t say ( him he 0 a valor\s pr9ce :o _h nev] yet be5 ?w>t$4 ,b to-morr[ & ! day aft] to-morr[ are unc]ta94 ,su* is ! beg9n+ ( ,canto ,i1 z giv5 9 ! ,fr5* translation by ,l\is de ,back]4 ,! k+ m>ries1 b j z joy & happ9ess are to be 81 a griff9like g>uda sweeps d[n ^u 8 l& & ravages x4 ,t]rifi$1 ! mon>* des]ts 8 ?rone1 takes 8 royal consort & flees = 8 life4 ,on ! flight ! que5 gives bir? to a *ild1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be des]t$1 mu* to ! "m's grief4 ,9 ,canto ,,ii a ri* m]*ant is introduc$--a man ^: goods & treasures are imm5se1 ^: slaves num]\s1 prosp]ity con/ant1 b :o1 alas6 is *ildless4 ,"o morn+ z he & 8 wife are walk+ by ! side ( a /ream !y discov] a boat drift+ ne> !m1 & 9 x a *ild ( su* radiant beauty t !y are mov$ to adopt x4 ,! "l ( ! region is ,sultan ,m5g9dra1 ^: que5 is beautiful1 b unhappy1 ?r\gh con/ant look+ =w>d to ! day :5 %e %all be displac$ by "s woman m beautiful ?an %e4 ,at la/ %e has a co/ly fan made1 & s5ds out spies to (f] x = sale 9 e village & t[n1 b n to tell its price4 ,if !y discov] a woman ( r>e beauty !y are to return & notify h]4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! spies come to ! old m]*ant's home1 & see ,bidas>i1 ! h&some adopt$ *ild4 ,aft] "s delay %e is br\ght to c\rt1 :]e %e has to und]go mu* /udi$ ill treatm5t f ! jeal\s que54 ,by a subt]fuge ! girl escapes & is !n remov$ by ! m]*ant to a secret place 9 ! des]t4 ,canto ,,iii tells h[ ,sultan ,m5g9dra goes to hunt 9 ! des]t1 & !re f9ds a sleep+ beauty :om he awak5s & consoles ) ! music ( a pantun4 ,9 ,canto ,,iv ! /ory returns to ! ,k+ ( ,kambayat4 ,he & 8 que5 h succe$$ 9 rea*+ a di/ant "p ( _! k+dom1 b ! fate ( ! "y pr9cess :om !y s %amefully des]t$ oppresses !m4 ,f9ally1 ! k+'s son1 /irr$ by 8 "m's te>s1 sets out to se>* = ?is si/] :om he has nev] se54 ,9 8 se>* he meets ) ,bidas>i's adopt$ bro!r1 :o detects ! resemblance betwe5 ! "y pr9ce & 8 si/]4 ,toge!r !y g to obta9 audi5ce ( ! sultan & ,bidas>i1 :o is n[ que54 ,canto ,v4 ,conv9c$ t ! /ory ( ! pr9ce is true1 ,sultan ,m5g9dra dissuades him f return+1 b bids 8 m9i/] write a missive 9 lett]s ( gold & dispat* x at once1 ) pres5ts & jewels1 to ! ,k+ ( ,kambayat4 ,9 ,canto ,,vi we h ! la/ *apt]4 ,! ,k+ ( ,kambayat receives ! lett]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 makes no m5tion ( ,bidas>i1 & at once accompanies ! mess5g]s to ,sultan ,m5g9dra's c\rt4 ,he makes 8 entry into ! /range capital ) becom+ spl5dor1 & is receiv$ ) great honor4 ,! que5 n[ makes h]self kn[n to h] fa!r1 :o is mov$ to te>s4 ,banquets & great t\rnam5ts foll[1 & happ9ess p]vades ! c\rt4 ,! k+ returns aft] a "t to 8 own l&1 b cont9ues z long z he lives to s5d gifts & goods to 8 daught] & h] royal "l4 ,,! ,,colors ,,( ,,fl[]s4 ,,by ,,h5ri ,,c\p94 ,mu* might be said1 f an arti/ic & poetic po9t ( view1 conc]n+ ! colors ( fl[]s4 ,x is 9 ! corolla t !y reveal !mselves 9 _! mo/ m9ute delicacy4 ,! t9ts s widely diffus$ among animals1 ev5 ^? ( butt]flies1 are co>se z comp>$ ) !m1 & ! pa9t]'s palette is p[]less to reproduce !m4 ,!y run ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( ! sol> spectrum1 ev5 to its mo/ m9ute details4 ,"s naturali/s h /riv5 to e/abli% a classification ( !m1 & x w be conv5i5t to be acqua9t$ ) _! ef=ts1 ?\gh !y are n decisive & are some:at artificial1 l all classifications4 ,we give "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ( !m3 ,,gre54 ,gre5i%-blue4 ,yell[-gre54 ,blue4 ,yell[4 ,cyanic s]ies4 ,blue-violet4 ,yell[-orange4 ,xan?ic s]ies4 ,violet4 ,orange4 ,violet-r$4 ,orange-r$4 ,,r$4 ,! type ( ! cyanic s]ies is blue1 & t ( ! xan?ic s]ies yell[4 ,! fir/ is sometimes d5om9at$ ! deoxidiz$ s]ies1 & ! second ! oxidiz$1 b ^! designations h h>dly solid en\gh f\ndations to be pres]v$4 ,de ,c&olle1 :o publi%es ! table 9 8 ,vegetable ,physiology1 app5ds "s int]e/+ rem>ks to x4 ,x w be notic$ by ! inspection ( ! table t ne>ly all ! fl[]s susceptible ( *anges ( color1 z a rule1 simply g up or d[n ! scale ( %ades ( ! s]ies to :i* !y belong4 ,?us1 9 ! xan?ic s]ies ! fl[]s ( ! ,nyctago jalapa may be yell[1 yell[-orange1 or r$2 ^? ( ,rosa eglant9a yell[-orange or orange-r$2 ^? ( na/urtium f yell[ to orange2 ! fl[]s ( ,ranunculus asiaticus pres5t all ! colors ( r$ up to gre52 ^? ( ! ,hi]acium /aticefolium1 & ( "s o!r yell[ ,*icorace & ( "s ,legum9os l ! lotus1 become gre5i%-yell[ :5 dri$1 etc4 ,9 ! cyanic s]ies ! fl[]s ( _m ,borag9ace1 especially ( ,li?osp]mum purpureo-cruleum1 v>y f blue to violet-r$2 ^? ( hort5sia f rose to blue2 ! ligulate fl[]s ( ! a/]s f blue to r$ or violet2 ^? ( ! hyac9?s f blue to r$1 etc4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few app>5t exceptions to ?is rule4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! hyac9?s usually v>y only 9 ! blues1 r$s1 or :ite1 yell[i% v>ieties1 indicat+ an approa* to ! xan?ic s]ies1 are sometimes f\nd 9 g>d5s4 ,! auricula1 :i* is orig9ally yell[1 passes to r$di%-br[n1 to gre51 & to a sort ( violet1 b nev] rea*es pure blue2 & s+le petals occasionally give sugge/ions ( bo? s]ies 9 di/9ct p>ts ( _! surfaces4 ,"s surprise may be felt t :ite does n figure 9 ,de ,c&olle's table4 ,?is is because an absolutely :ite color does n seem to exi/ 9 any fl[]4 ,! fact may be %[n by plac+ "s fl[]s suppos$ to be ( ! pure/ :ite1 l ! lily1 ! :ite campanula1 or ! wood anemone1 on a leaf ( cle> :ite pap]4 ,x w be f\nd t ! :ite ( ! corolla is really wa%$ ) yell[1 blue1 or orange1 accord+ to :at fl[] is tak54 ,if ! t9t does n appe> di/9ct1 infusions ( ! corollas 9 alcohol w pres5t tones unmi/akably yell[ or r$1 etc4 ,:ite fl[]s are !re=e fl[]s ) t9ts app]ta9+ to "o ( ,de ,c&olle's s]ies1 b alb9iz$1 z if !y 7 etiolat$4 ,a small numb] ( fl[]s beg9 :ite1 & are subsequ5tly color$ "u ! action ( light4 ,! ,*eiran?us *ameleo passes f :ite to citron-yell[ & a slightly violet-r$2 ! no!ra tetrapt]a1 at fir/ :ite1 becomes rose & !n almo/ r$2 ! petals ( ! ,indian tam>9d are :ite ! fir/ day & yell[ ! second2 & ! corolla ( ! ,cobea sc&5s comes out gre5i%-:ite & turns to violet ! second day4 ,! mo/ rem>kable plant 9 ?is respect is ,hibiscus mutabilis1 :i* ,rumph calls ! h\rly fl[]1 because x />ts :ite1 turns fle%-color t[>d noon1 & becomes r$ at sunset4 ,9 8 rec5t "w on ,plants & _! ,cosmic ,m$ia1 ,m4 ,co/ant9 has "s rem>ks conc]n+ ! precocity ( v>i\s races & ! t9t ( _! fl[]s4 ,h(fmann made obs]vations on ?is po9t = sev]al ye>s4 ,he rem>k$1 z ! result ( eight ye>s' obs]vation1 t ! common lilac ) :ite fl[]s blooms on an av]age six days e>li] ?an ! normal =m ) purple fl[]s4 ,?is might be a curi\s anomaly ) no be>+1 b ! m we advance 9 ! /udy ( ,nature ! m we p]ceive t all ph5om5a1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant1 des]ve to be exam9$4 ,simil> results h be5 obs]v$ 9 v>ieties ( radi% 7,raphanus raphani/rum7 & ( saffron 7,crocus v]nus72 9 ! =m] ! :ite fl[]s exp& on an av]age ( sixte5 days e>li] ?an ! yell[ ones 7twelve ye>s ( obs]vation71 & 9 ! latt] plant ! diff]5ce is f\r days4 ,^! *anges ( t9t sometimes appe> to dep5d on ! temp]ature4 ,?us1 ! :ite lilac 0 obta9$ by horticulturi/s "u ! influ5ce ( a temp]ature ( betwe5 #cj & #ce ,c4 ,we c n1 h[ev]1 affirm t spontane\s races ) :ite fl[]s orig9at$ 9 ! same way z ! :ite lilac4 ,x w be en\gh to po9t out a few facts t may contribute to ! guidance ( p]sons :o are seek+ to le>n ! orig9 ( ^! color$ v>ieties4 ,! ,papava alp9um has a v /able v>iety ) yell[ fl[]s1 :i*1 accord+ to ,focke1 has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! pol> regions1 :ile ! :ite v>ieties h be5 se5 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! cultivation ( ! same species at ,giess51 ,g]many1 has made x possible to obta9 specim5s ) :ite fl[]s by metamorphosis f specim5s ) yell[ fl[]s1 b x is impossible to say :e!r or n heat is ! ag5t t produces ! *anges 9 ^! cases4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,s*bela & ,bonni] h %[n t fl[]s become d>k] )\t *ang+ _! color 9 high regions & 9 ^? ne> ! pole2 b ?is ph5om5on is "o ( light & n ( color4 ,be _! orig9 :at x may1 ^! :ite & color$ =ms h rem>kable fix$ness4 ,x w be obs]v$ t black does n figure 9 ! table ( ! classification ( colors giv5 above4 ,absolute black1 9 fact1 does n exi/ 9 any fl[]4 ,if "s p>ts appe> black1 x is only because _! t9t is excessively d>k4 ,! black ( ! petals ( ,pel>gonium tri/e & ( ! bean is yell[1 & t ( ! ,or*is nigra is a br[n4 ,app>5t blacks are1 moreov]1 extremely r>e4 ,! gamut ( ! r$s is mu* m v>i$ ?an t ( o!r colors4 ,! r$s ( ! xan?ic s]ies are g5]ally m lively-hu$1 c>nation or flame-color$2 ^? ( ! cyanic s]ies pres5t t9ts m ne>ly approa*+ violet4 ,^! two r$s may fur!rmore give rose-colors1 b a little skill w div9e _! orig94 ,! rose ( ! hydrangea incl9es to blue1 :ile t ( ! rose t5ds r t[>d yell[4 ,blue colors are ! mo/ v>iable1 & readily pass to violet & r$1 b mo/ frequ5tly to :ite4 ,! mo/ t5aci\s hues are ^? ( yell[1 & we might affirm t ! bright & gli/5+ yell[ ( ! butt]cup may be said nev] to *ange4 ,! pal] yell[s *ange m easily1 b r>ely pass to any?+ b :ite4 ,gre5 fl[]s1 n be+ readily di/+ui%$ f ! foliage ar\nd !m1 ne$ n be specially m5tion$4 ,!y are believ$ to be mu* r>] ?an !y really are4 ,horticulturi/s are able1 by cultivation1 selection1 & hybridization1 to cause ! colors ( fl[]s to v>y 9 consid]able proportions4 ,n mu* is kn[n ( ! laws ( ^! v>iations1 *iefly because g>d5]s :o might tell botani/s ( !m if !y w\ld h n ! sci5tific _s4 ,we cite "h :at ,,mm4 ,decaisne & ,naud9#g say respect+ ! v>iations ( ! color ( fl[]s3 ,footnote #g3 ,manuel de l'amateur des j>d9s4 ,*ange 9 ?is respect is effect$ 9 two ways3 sometimes !re is a simple discoloration1 draw+ ! r$1 yell[1 or blue t9ts ( ! corolla t[>d a m or less pure :ite2 sometimes !re is a radical sub/itution ( "o color = ano!r4 ,fl[]s 9 :i* r$ or blue are ! dom9ant t9ts are mo/ subject to turn :ite1 b ! *ange may also be obs]v$ on "s fl[]s t are naturally yell[1 su* z ! disk ( ! daisy1 ! dahlia1 & ! *rysan!mum :5 ^? fl[]s suff] ligul> trans=mation4 ,no?+1 on ! o!r h&1 is m common 9 our g>d5s ?an :ite v>ieties ( p9k or ( r$ roses1 lilac1 sc>let runn]s1 l>kspur1 purple digitalis1 ,cant]bury bells1 etc4--9 fact1 ne>ly all plants ) lilac1 rose1 r$1 purple1 blue1 or violet fl[]s4 ,!re are "s fl[]s1 h[ev]1 9 ^! categories ! coloration ( :i* is v p]si/5t1 & r>ely fades p]ceptibly--z may be se5 9 ! purple petunias1 ! hue ( :i* does n lose its vivacity ev5 :5 x is cross$ ) ! :ite v>iety4 ,! radical sub/itution ( "o color = ano!r1 :e!r ov] ! :ole corolla or only on "s ( its p>ts1 9 ! =m ( spots1 /ripes1 or v>iegations1 is also ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & is "o ( ! sorts ( modifications :i* horticulturi/s h us$ ) great advantage4 ,a consid]able numb] ( 'fancy' plants d]ive almo/ all _! importance f ! facility ) :i* ! livelie/ colors replace "o ano!r1 bl5d1 & int]mix 9 a ?\s& ways & 9 relative proportions ( :i* no?+ is fix$1 s t we c n f9d 9 ^! collections1 :5 !y are well *os51 two plants out ( a hundr$ t are exactly alike 9 ! tone & di/ribution ( _! colors4 ,^! multicolor$ v>ieties1 all ! (fspr+ ( cultivation1 are g5]ally p]petuat$ true by cutt+s1 :ile ! se$l+s comp5sate = ! unc]ta9ty ( :at !y w produce by ! c]ta9ty t !y w give rise to new comb9ations ( colors4 ,?is is n ! case ) s+le-color$ v>ieties1 :i*1 unless !y are cross$ ) o!rs1 t5d to p]petuate !mselves ?r\gh _! se$l+s4 ,! yell[1 :ite1 & purple v>ieties ( ! f\r-o'clock1 = example1 :5 !y are pure1 reproduce !mselves con/antly2 :5 cross$ ) "o ano!r !y give rise to int]m$iately color$ fl[]s1 & m frequ5tly to v>iegat$ ones4 ,mr4 ,hughes ,gibb obs]v$1 9 ! mild w9t] ( #ahig-'ih1 t fl[]s bloom+ out ( season 7 liable n to h ! same color z regul>ly bloom+ ones4 ,! cactus dahlia1 usually r$1 has put out fl[]s almo/ orange & ) ext]ior florets sometimes ne>ly yell[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! dahlias h (t5 %[n a m>k$ t5d5cy to return to ! simpl] =m4 ,a species ( na/urtium1 habitually ( a bright sc>let-r$1 has giv5 9 ! cold frame late fl[]s ( a bright yell[1 a r$ b& ne> ! c5t] ( ! petals rema9+ ! only ve/ige ( ! normal color4 ,9 bo? cases ! *ange ( color began on ! edges ( ! petals4 ,! fl[] ( ! myosotis1 normally bright blue1 has become almo/ cle> rose1 )\t ! slighte/ trace ( blue2 & a pure blue phlox has %[n a t5d5cy t[>d gre5i%-yell[4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ,la ,nature4 ,,folklore ,,( ,,! ,,alleghanies4 ,,by ,,frances ,,alb]t ,,d\ghty4 ,! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9e] lives v close to ,nature1 & view$ f _m /&po9ts ! relation is *>act]iz$ by pleas+ am5ities3 juicy b]ries refre% him along ! road2 nuts drop into 8 pa?2 sang 7g9s5g71 :i* makes "o ( 8 s\rces ( rev5ue1 reveals itself to 8 eye z he foll[s ! c[s to pa/ure2 a cool brook spr+s up to qu5* 8 ?ir/ :5 we>y ( foll[+ ! pl[2 p9e knots are always )9 rea* to make light z well z w>m?2 mud & /ones easily comb9e 9 8 h& to %ape a daub *imney2 & a tr\gh dug out ( an old tree furni%es a receptacle t is z good = d\gh at "o end z = a baby at ! o!r4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ?is close relation to ,nature assumes a w> attitude1 fi]ce & uncompromis+4 ,if hungry wolves no long] h[l furi\sly at ! back f5ce aft] nightfall1 or gnaw at ! log p5s :i* secure ! /ock1 & if pan!rs are seldom bold en\gh to spr+ at a horse's flanks z a man rides along 9 ! daytime1 be>s are /ill num]\s en\gh to dev\r a l>ge numb] ( %eep e ye> 9 spite ( precautions1 & !y h a pron\nc$ ta/e = sweet "y corn4 ,! liv+ wre/$ f ! soil 9 ! %ort & *angeable summ] mon?s mu/ cov] ! w9t]'s ne$ z well2 x is g5]ally s scant & unc]ta9 t ! m\nta9e] feels a *ronic disc\ragem5t t[>d agriculture z a pursuit & res\rce4 ,he mu/ dep5d on x1 & yet z f> back z he or 8 fa!r c rememb] !re has always be5 "s reason :y a good crop c\ld n be made t ye>4 ,! ,we/ ,virg9ian lives 9 a l>ge & ?9ly settl$ game pres]ve1 b ! fleet de] usually contrives to escape ! hunt]'s *ill wait 9 ! autumnal dawn1 ! coy wild turkey is ov]%y ( 8 lure1 & ! w>y tr\t requires a v pati5t rod4 ,9 ! long w9t] deep sn[s cov] ! f5ces1 gr\ps or bun*es ( c[s & %eep (t5 p]i% 9 ! drifts1 & ! human prison]s 9 _! cab9s1 huddl+ ar\nd ! wood fires1 are ne>ly always1 z !y express x1 %ort ( "s article :i* w\ld be consid]$ a necessity 9 ! av]age city home4 ,! v>y+1 defiant1 & incalculable moods & phases ( ,nature br+ s _m *ances into ! humble lot ( ! m\nta9e] t x is n surpris+ he %\ld int]pret h] ph5om5a z hav+ a di/9ctly p]sonal import4 ,anci5tly1 ar\nd ,olympus ! talk 0 ( om5s1 auguries1 & fate2 dwell]s along ! *a9 ( ! ,alleghanies to-day talk ( signs1 spells1 & luck1 & ^! words held _! significance = hundr$s ( ye>s 9 ! ance/ral /ock ( ! fir/ settl]s 9 ! region1 mo/ ( ! folklore be+ directly traceable to a ,scot*-,iri% /ra9 ( blood4 ,! m\nta9 patt]n tak5 f> f cities probably diff]s little ei!r m5tally or physically f t ( ! colonial m\nta9e]s4 ,ev5 ) ! railroad trav]s+ a limit$ area1 & ! influx ( summ] visitors dur+ ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>1 ! only p]ceptible *ange wr\ght 9 ! natives is a little %>p5+ ( _! wits f ! b>t] ( fruit & furs at ! hotels 9 ! ext5sive m9]al-spr+ section4 ,! ,alleghany m\nta9e]1 ignorant1 n>r[-m9d$1 hone/1 brave1 & hospitable1 rema9s :at he 0 :5 ! eagle so>$ f ! inaccessible eyrie above 8 head to be *os5 z ! tutel>y g5ius ( ! unconqu]able "y republic4 ,! *ief di/9ction 9 ! temp]am5t ( ! sexes is t ! m5 are frank & talkative1 ! wom5 %y & uncommunicative4 ,be+s approa*+ ! leg5d>y fauns & satyrs1 clad 9 ! sk9s ( wild animals1 are sometimes discov]$ by ! solit>y horseman 9 ! wild m\nta9 fa/nesses2 !y gaze at him z an app>ition f a /range _w1 nev] hav+ se5 a village or he>d a railroad :i/le4 ,!re is a curi\s & p]si/5t survival ( ! belief 9 wit*craft ?r\gh ?is m9]al-spr+ belt 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,to draw out ! natives on ?is my/]i\s subject !y mu/ be approa*$ sympa!tically2 if twitt$ ) _! cr$ulity !y w %ut up l clams1 = ) all ! simplicity ( ! unlett]$ _! intuition (t5 arrives at a correct und]/&+ ( ! e/imate plac$ ^u !m by m =tunate p]sons4 ,:5 satisfi$ t he is n expect$ to pose z a freak1 b is met on ! equal plane ( human int]c\rse1 ! m\nta9 /ory-tell] seems to enjoy rec\nt+ ! traditions & beliefs ( 8 p & _! =efa!rs4 ,leav+ himself a loophole ( escape1 he is v likely to f9i% 8 y>n )-- ',ta9't t ,i believe !m ?+s myself4 ,i "k !y a9't naw?9' b sup]/ition2 b ,i k9 qualify t "r r\nd "h1 n _m miles away1 !re's p t believes 9 wit*es4 ,9 a little cottage on a mu*-travel$ ?or\ghf>e "o woman admitt$ to me ) bat$ brea?1 z ?\gh n q sure h] torm5tor 0 dead1 t %e _h be5 bewit*$4 ,h] acc\nt 0 giv5 9 ^! words3 ,i kep' see9' an old woman ) a c['s ho( 9 h] h&2 sometimes %e 0 by my side an' sometimes %e 0 !re on ! wall4 ,at la/ %e come up close to me1 an' %e 0 go9' to clap ! c['s ho( ov] my m\?1 b ,i slapp$ at h] "r h>d an' %e w5t away4 ,%e a9't nev] come aga94 ,yes1 ,i "k ,i 0 bewit*$4 ,a c['s ho( is a frequ5t accessory1 & animals t are br\ght into ! magic circle are always ( a dome/ic "*1 completely subs]vi5t to ! p[] ( ! wit*4 ,x is noticeable t ! ex]cise ( wit*craft is g5]ally ascrib$ to wom52 & t ( wit* ma/]y1 ! sup]ior attribute1 to m54 ,! =m ( a judicial process f\nd favor ) ! ,puritan temp]am5t 9 old ,salem1 al?\gh by a grim mock]y ! v]dict 0 decid$ 9 advance4 ,! indep5d5t m\nta9e] likes to take ! law 9 8 own h&s1 z ! foll[+ /ory illu/rates3 ,a f>m] believ$ a woman 0 bewit*+ 8 /ock4 ,he drew a picture ( h] & set x up z a t>get2 !n he sunk a piece ( silv] 9 8 bullet ) an awl1 t be+ ! *>m = %oot+ a wit*4 ,he aim$ to %oot ! picture ?r\gh ! he>t1 b fir$ a little too l[4 ,on t v day ! woman h]self fell flat on ! gr\nd1 & a deep1 awful hole 0 f\nd 9 h] side4 ,f t m9ute %e suff]$ extreme agony1 & di$ 9 a week4 ,! n>rator _h he>d ?is grewsome tale f 8 gr&mo!r1 :o said t %e _h se5 ! hole4 ,"o ( ! olde/ inhabitants ( ,monroe ,c\nty is responsible = ! ensu+ *ronicle2 he dates x 9 ! =ties ( ! pres5t c5tury3 ',ta9't s v long ago !re 0 a woman liv9' ne> ! ,sweet ,spr+s :o us$ to be always se5 ) a cap & bonnet on2 nobody ev] saw h] )\t ! cap4 ,%e 0 a h>d1 grim-look9' mon/]4 ,if anybody 0 wat*9' to see h] ontie h] cap /r+s1 someh[ !y nev] c\ld see any m until ! clean cap 0 on--n[ t's s1 !re a9't any mi/ake ab\t t6 ,:5 %e come ov] "h f ,botet\rt ,c\nty ! report foll[$ h] t %e liv$ pretty close to a man ^: *illun w5t to s*ool1 an' a calf _h be5 9 ! habit ( attack9' 'em an' bit9' em4 ,! fa!r conceal$ himself "o day & 0 wat*9' to cat* ! calf4 ,on t occasion x come out an' attack$ ! *illun on a bridge across a little /ream o' wat]4 ,he ran & caught ! calf & cut (f 8 e>s ) a knife4 ,!y always believ$ t ! old wit* _h turn$ h]self into t calf1 & s :5 %e turn$ back into a woman %e wore ! cap to hide t %e didn't h any e>s4 ,!re 0 ?ree si/]s ( 'em2 x 0 report$ !y 0 all wit*es1 possess$ ( "s uncommon art4 ,john & ,h>riet _h two little pet pullets !y ?\ght a good deal (4 ,! cap-woman want$ 'em2 !y j flutt]$ an' flutt]$ till !y di$4 ,h] "n 0 ,nancy ,l----4 ,well1 %e want$ ! c>p5t] to make h] a piece ( furniture out ( an old dirty plank %e _h1 an' he w\ldn't d x4 ,he said x 0 gritty & x w\ld ru9 8 tools4 ,!n %e got mad & said1 ',i'll make y suff] 9 ! fle% = t6' ,"o day soon aft] t he 0 at 8 hog p5 fe$9' ! hogs1 :5 sudd5ly he 0 /ruck d[n p]fectly helpless1 s he c\ldn't speak4 ,he ?\ght x 0 p>alytic or rheumatism4 ,9 ^? days !re 0 an old doctor 9 ,/aunton1 ,augu/a ,c\nty1 :o _h a k9d o' process to /eam p & boil 'em 9 a big kettle1 = rheumatism4 ,he put sump'n firepro(1 a pa/e or o9tm5t1 all ov] 'em1 l ! firepro( y put on build+s1 an' boil$ 'em an h\r or two h\rs1 z ! case might be4 ,! c>p5t] w5t to consult him1 an' he put him 9 a kettle t 0 big en\gh = him ei!r to /& or sit d[n 9 x2 a coll> 0 fitt$ tight r\nd 8 neck s ! hot wat] c\ldn't get into 8 face & eyes4 ,! boil9' didn't seem to d him any good4 ,:5 he got home he halt$ ab\t = twelve mon?s or m4 ,fir/ he felt a pa9 9 8 hip1 & !n he felt a pa9 by ! side ( 8 knee z if x 0 gradually work9' d[n2 !n "o day !re 0 sump'n jagg9' 9 ! calf ( 8 leg4 ,he put 8 leg up on a b5* & an old g5tleman se5 sump'n /ick9' out4 ,he took a pair ( nipp]s an' ket*$ holt an' pull$ out a big %irt9' ne$le4 ,hugh kept ! ne$le z long z he liv$1 & he believ$ ,nancy ! old wit* %ot him ) x4 ,he halt$ on t leg ! balance ( 8 days4 ,i've se5 ! ne$le2 x's ,god's tru?6 ,a spice ( pr(anity seems to h ! virtue ( embalm+ a wit* /ory 9 ! m\nta9 memory4 ,a ru/ic maid5 :o lives ) h] family on "o ( ! lonelie/ hilltops 9 ! ,alleghanies1 only to be rea*$ on foot or horseback1 makes ?is contribution to ! folklore ( ! region3 ,an old lady n f> (f _h ?ree daught]s1 & %e 0 go+ to le>n 'em to be wit*es4 ,!y _h to sit on ! he>? by ! fire & take (f _! %oes & grease _! heels s z to g up ! *imney1 & !y 7 n all[$ to speak4 ,! "m 0 to g fir/ & ! girls 7 to foll[4 ,! old lady & ! two =emo/ ones _h all got up safe1 b ! la/ girl1 :5 %e 0 9 a n>r[ place 9 ! *imney1 said1 ',?is is a d--d tight squeeze6' ,) t %e fell back & 0 burn$ up4 ,! value ( sil5ce & self-control appe>s to be ! only t\* ( morality 9 ! wit* logic4 ,manife/ations ( ! black art frequ5tly take place by or ov] runn+ wat]4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are obs]v$ 9 ano!r /ory f ! same maid ( ! m\nta93 ,two wit*es 7 go+ to rob a /ore 9 ! night1 & !y took a "y man ) !m z a p>tn]4 ,!y put ! greas$ wit* cap on 8 head s he c\ld g ?r\gh ! keyhole4 ,!y all />t$ out1 & pres5tly !y came to a riv]4 ,!y saw "s calves 9 a field1 & caught ?ree ( 'em2 !y m\nt$ ! two t 7 heif]s & ! boy got on ! /e] calf4 ,!y *>g$ him ( all ?+s n to speak on ! j\rney4 ,! wit*es jump$ ! riv] on _! calves )\t mak9' a s\nd1 b j z he 0 jump+ across he cri$ out1 ',t 0 a d--d good jump = a /e] calf6' ,well1 !y all w5t on1 & :5 !y got to ! /ore !y pass$ ?r\gh ! keyhole "o aft] ano!r1 ! "y man too4 ,!y took all ! money !y want$1 b :5 ! "t came to leave he c\ldn't get out ( ! keyhole1 because he _h spok51 & ! spell 0 brok54 ,he 0 f\nd 9 ! /ore ! next morn+1 & _h to take all ! puni%m5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to note z an (fset to all ^! diabolic attributes & pot5cies t a firm fai? exi/s 9 a b5efic5t ,p[] back ( !m :i* "u giv5 conditions w prevail ov] evil4 ,god is always /rong] ?an ! devil is ! m\nta9 way ( express+ ?is dep5d5ce1 & !re are *>latans :o take advantage ( x by go+ ab\t z wit* ma/]s4 ,"o ( ^! di$ a few ye>s ago1 & ano!r f>!r back1 an ,iri%man nam$ ,mosey1 is quot$ yet = 8 successes z ma/] ( all ! wit*es & all ! devils4 ,:5 ! c[s _h be5 eat+ mu%rooms & _! milk became too bitt] to make good butt]1 ,mosey 0 s5t = at once to cure ! wit*craft & take (f ! spell4 ,he took 8 regul> beat ?r\gh 8 "p ( ! m\nta9 c\ntry once 9 a :ile4 ,an old man :o oscillates betwe5 ! ,:ite & ! ,sweet1 sell+ canes1 rememb]s him well4 ,he tells ( "o woman's exp]i5ce :o fil$ a compla9t t h] c[ w\ldn't give mu* milk1 & t ! milk w\ldn't ge!r = butt]4 ',woman1' says ,mosey1 'y\r c['s bewit*$1 & badly bewit*$6' ',c y d any?+ = h]1 ,mosey1 & :at w y *>ge8' ',yes1 ,i c cure h] if y'll pay me five doll>s & give me five p\nds ( butt] to take home ) me to burn 9 ! fire to cap ! climax & burn out ! spell4' ,!n he want ?r\gh 8 en*antm5ts ov] ! c[1 & took ! money & ! butt] home ) him4 ,"o day :5 he _h be5 dr9k+ a little ,i ask$ him if he really burn$ all t butt]4 ',divil a gra9 ( x did ,i burn2 ,i ate x ) my p]taties4' ,x 0 on t same trip :5 ,mosey 0 cur9' ! c[ t a man :o liv$ ne> by s5t = him4 ',i feel mighty qu>e1 ,mosey1' says he1 'an' ,i c't describe exactly h[ ,i d feel6' ',y're bewit*$1 sir1' says he1 '& badly bewit*$6' 7he always us$ ^? words74 ',fai?1 an' ,i'll try & cure ye6 ,h ye got any blue y>n ab\t ! h\se8' ,! man's wife w5t to look = "s1 & %e came back ) a hank ( blue y>n4 ,mosey w\nd (f en\gh ( x to make a cord ab\t ! size ( 8 f+]2 !y twi/$ x toge!r1 he pret5d+ to put "s en*antm5ts on x1 & !n he told ! sick man to fa/5 x r\nd 8 wai/ next to 8 sk94 ',don't y lose x on p]il ( y\r life1' says he1 'or y're a dead man6' ',peggy1 get a ne$le & sew x on me6' he says to 8 wife1 an' %e done x4 ,he gradually got well--may be he'd a got well anyway4 ,i c't v\* = t4 ,:5 ask$ if su* ?+s 7 /ill happ5+1 ! cane-sell] repli$3 ,n ?ree weeks ago a woman ?\ght h] c[ 0 bewit*$ because h] butt] w\ldn't ga!r1 & %e het an old horse%oe hot & dropp$ x 9 ! *urn ( milk4 ,:5 %e *urn$ aga9 ! butt] on t occasion ga!r$1 & x 0 ! same milk t 0 9 ! *urn to burn ! wit*4 ,y c put t d[n = ,june1 '#ic4 ,! ,potts ,creek neighborhood is said to be a c5t] = ! wit* sup]/ition4 ,x is also a favorite place = bu% meet+s1 to :i* ! natives come f a di/ance 9 _! wagons ) picnic d9n]s ( salt-ris5 corn pone & slic$ bacon1 & !re !y li/5 approv+ly to f]vid exhortations t are bas$ on or?odox ,bapti/ & ,me?odi/ doctr9es4 ,! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9e] is pr(\ndly religi\s 9 temp]am5t1 & consid]s t he has scriptural gr\nd = a belief 9 wit*craft4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,arm/rong has describ$ h[1 by tak+ incid5ts f suitable /ory books1 *ildr5 ag$ respectively sev5 & a half1 t51 & twelve & a half ye>s 7 set to "w to te/ ! physical facts m5tion$1 & h[1 by ! sy/ematic use ( ! balance1 measur+ in/rum5ts1 & simple app>atus1 or ev5 h\sehold ut5sils1 a true _s ( sci5tific rese>* 0 eng5d]$4 ,evid5ce ( ! good effect 0 exhibit$ 9 ! notebooks made by ! *ildr51 :i* demon/rate cle>ly h[ well ! juv5ile inve/igators h ma/]$ ! sci5tific me?od ( obs]vation4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,anci5t ,,h9du ,,a/ronomy4 ,,by ,,! ,,c\nt ,,goblet ,d',,alviella4 ,x is manife/ t ,india is indebt$ = "s ( its a/ronomy to ! ,greeks4 ,n t x _h n a/ronomy & a/ronom]s f an epo* ant]ior to ! invasion ( ,alex&]4 ,x _h1 9 fact1 be5 necess>y to make obs]vations ( ! heav5s 9 ord] to fix a cal5d> t w\ld enable ! sacrifices ( ! ,v$ic ritual 9 connection ) ! return ( ! seasons & ! revolutions ( ! />s to be celebrat$ at ! "r dates4 ,fur!r1 ! belief 9 a/rology1 or ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! movem5ts ( ! planets on physical ph5om5a & all ! ev5ts ( human life1 w\ld lead1 9 ,india z else:]e1 to ! obs]vation & anticipation ( ev]y?+ relat+ to ! conjunction & opposition ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ,rig-,v$a has allusions to ! phases & /ations ( ! moon4 ,! /ations 7nak%atras7 consi/$1 accord+ to a tradition pres]v$ by ! ,brahmans1 ( tw5ty-sev5 con/ellations 7aft]w>d tw5ty-eight7 :i* ! moon 0 suppos$ to trav]se successively 9 ! c\rse ( its sid]eal revolution4 ,a lun> zodiac & a prim>y division ( "t into mon?s 7 ?us obta9$4 ,! moon1 moreov]1 be>s 9 ! ,v$a ! "n ( mon?-mak] 7msakrit74 ,ea* /ation 0 assign$ a uni=m l5g? ( #ac #bj' on ! ecliptic1 & a d5om9ation1 g5]ally d]iv$ f my?ology4 ,! mon?1 9 turn1 took its "n f ! con/ellation t _h ! honor ( h>bor+ ! moon4 ,manon & ! ,djyoti%a 7a special treatise includ$ among ! ,vdngas1 or comm5t>ies on ! ,v$as7 tell u t ! ye> 0 compos$ ( twelve mon?s1 ! mon? ( ?irty days1 ! day ( ?irty h\rs1 ! h\r ( =ty-eight m9utes1 all /rictly sexagesimal subdivisions1 l our own measures ( "t4 ,! ,djyoti%a also tea*es ! art ( con/ruct+ a clepsydra1 or wat]-clock4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! sol> ye> to correspond ) ! lun> ye> & ( ! two ) ! civil ye> dates f ?is p]iod4 ,! mon? 0 /ill compos$ ( ?irty days1 b ! sol> ye>s 7 gr\p$ into qu9qu5nial p]iods1 9 ! middle & at ! end ( :i* ! lun> mon? 0 d\bl$4 ,comb9+ ^! qu9qu5nial p]iods ) ! revolutions ( ! planet ,brihaspati 7,jupit]71 :i* 0 calculat$ z occupy+ ab\t twelve ye>s1 ! ,indian a/ronom]s comput$ an a/ronomical cycle ( sixty sol> ye>s4 ,z ! same cycle is f\nd ) ! ,*aldeans1 :]e1 accord+ to ,b]osus1 x 0 call$ ! ,sossos1 we h to inquire h[ f> ,brahmanic a/ronomy 0 influ5c$ by ! sy/ems :i* 7 orig9ally =m$ 9 anci5t ,*aldea4 ,! presumption ( su* an influ5ce furni%es a simpl] & m probable hypo!sis ?an ! ef=t to trace ! e>lie/ a/ronomical ideas ( ! ,h9dus1 z ,m4 ,w4 ,br5n& has rec5tly sugge/$1 to a p]iod :5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,aryans1 ! ,semites1 & ! ,*9ese 7 w&]+ toge!r ov] ! plateaus ( c5tral ,asia6 ,we "k n[1 f ! cunei=m inscriptions1 t ! ,*aldeans _h1 at a p]iod f> ant]ior to ! entrance ( ! ,aryans into ,india1 inv5t$ a d\ble cal5d>1 sol> & lun>1 ) int]cal>y p]iods2 discov]$ ! prop] motion ( ! planets2 calculat$ ! return ( eclipses2 & con/itut$ a d\ble metrical sy/em1 decimal & sexagesimal2 &1 z 0 done1 too1 9 ,india1 _h divid$ ! circumf]5ce into ?ree hundr$ & sixty degrees ( sixty m9utes ea*4 ,x is impossible to draw ! l9es exactly betwe5 ! a/ronomical discov]ies :i* ! ,h9dus borr[$ f abroad & ^? :i* !y drew f _! own res\rces prior to ! invasion ( ! ,greeks1 b we ne$ 9 no case g f>!r ?an ,mesopotamia = ! s\rce ( ! borr[$ data4 ,! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india conta9s obs]vations ( ! positions or conjunctions ( "s ( ! />s t c>ry u back to positive dates 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sky4 ,! a/ronom]s ,bailly1 ,colebrooke1 & ,b5tley1 &1 m rec5tly1 ,m4 ,br5n&1 h f\nd notes relative to a/ronomical ph5om5a t took place 9 ! twelf?1 f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & ev5 ! tw5ty-fir/ c5turies ,b4 ,c4 ,max ,mll]1 h[ev]1 advises prud5ce & res]ve 9 accept+ ^! calculations1 "s ( :i* may h be5 aft]?\ghts1 & o!rs (f] only app>5t agreem5ts4 ,9 any case1 ! adv5t ( ,buddhism1 by depreciat+ ! religi\s practices & a/rological speculations ( ! ,brahmans1 contribut$ to br++ on a decl9e ( a/ronomy at ! v "t x 0 tak+ its mo/ vigor\s /& among ! ,greeks4 ,we le>n f a passage 9 ,/rabo t ! ,pramnai reg>d$ ! ,brahmans z boa/]s & mad because !y 7 int]e/$ 9 physiology & a/ronomy4 ,n[1 !re really exi/s an anci5t ,buddhi/ treatise 9 :i* ! pr$ictions by ! ,brahmans ( eclipses ( ! sun & ( ! conjunctions & oppositions ( ! planets1 & _! discussions ( ! appe>ance ( comets & meteors1 are treat$ z despicable arts & lies4 ,x 0 j at ?is age t ,hell5ic culture 0 develop$ 9 nor?we/ ,india4 ,x held a/ronomy1 & a/rology too1 9 great e/eem4 ,! ,mil9da ,p&a m5tions ! royal a/rolog] z "o ( ! pr9cipal function>ies ( ,m5&]4 ,no d\bt !re 71 among ! ,gavanas 7,ionians7 ( ,taxila & ,eu?ydmia1 m9ds v]s$ 9 ! k ( ! pr9cipal cosmological sy/ems =mulat$ among ! ,greeks f ,?ales to ,ari/otle1 & also acqua9t$ ) all ! progress 9 ! physical & ma!matical sci5ces t _h be5 a*iev$ by ! ,alex&rian a/ronom]s 9 ! la/ c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,to compreh5d ! ext5t ( ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ic sci5ce1 we h only to inquire :at ,h9du a/ronomy _h become aga9 at ! "t ( ! re/oration ( ! ,brahmans 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,aryabhatta tea*es ! rotation ( ! e>? ar\nd its axis2 ma9ta9s t ! moon1 naturally d>k1 owes its light to ! rays ( ! sun2 =mulates ! true !ory ( eclipses2 assigns an elliptical =m to ! planet>y epicycles2 & demon/rates ! displacem5t ( ! equ9octial & sol/itial po9ts4 ,v>ha-,mihira devotes himself especially to a/rological labors1 b also has ! m]it ( hav+ cond5s$ into a va/ encyclopdia ! ,pant*a ,siddhntik1 ! pr9cipal a/ronomical treatises t 7 curr5t 9 ,india4 ,& ,brahmaz\pta is especially fam\s = 8 revision ( an old] treatise1 ! ,brahma ,siddhnta4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! mo/ compet5t critics1 ^! works1 :i* are *iefly empirical me?ods ( det]m9+ ! positions ( ! />s1 are inf]ior to ^? :i* ! ,alex&rians h left u4 ,yet1 9 matt]s relat+ to ! measurem5t ( arcs & to sph]ical trigonometry1 !y reveal a m advanc$ /ate ( ! sci5ce4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e at :at p]iod ?is new a/ronomical sci5ce 0 con/itut$ 9 ,india4 ,"s ( its !ories squ>ely betray _! indebt$ness to ,greek sci5ce1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! displacem5t ( ! equ9octial & sol/itial po9ts by a p]iodical vibration or tremor4 ,we c also say z mu* ( ! sol> zodiac1 ! names ( ! con/ellations ( :i* /rik+ly resemble ! ,greek names 9 =m z well z 9 significance1 & ! same ( ! names ( ! *ief planets4 ,o!r expressions are f\nd1 notably 9 ! works ( ,v>ha-,mihira1 :i* indicate1 if n a borr[+1 a contact1 at lea/1 ) ! works ( ! ,greek a/ronomy1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,burgess gives a fairly complete li/ 9 8 ,notes on ,h9du ,a/ronomy & ! ,hi/ory ( our ,k ( x1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,among ^! t]ms1 "s are ,greek words :i* h be5 utiliz$ 9 nam+ con/ellations or a/ronomical measures2 o!rs h reta9$ ! special significations :i* !y _h 9 ! works ( ! ,alex&rian a/ronom]s4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be an exagg]ation to insi/ t ! adoption ( a =eign t]m ( necessity implies ! borr[+ ( ! idea :i* x expresses4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 probable t ! ,sanskrit writ]s w\ld n h made use ( s _m ( ^! exotic d5om9ations if ! ideas !y repres5t _h already f\nd _! expression 9 ! languages ( ,india4 ,fur!r1 among ! f9e ,siddntas :i* ,v>ha-,mihira collect$ & cond5s$ z includ+ all ! a/ronomical sci5ce ( 8 "t1 !re are two1 ! ,romaka & ! ,paulia1 ! names ( :i* sugge/ directly--! fir/ ! sci5tific culture ( ! ,roman _w1 & ! o!r ,paulus1 a celebrat$ ,alex&rian a/ronom] ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d4#h ,footnote #h3 ,! ,romaka ,siddnta employs1 z a measure ( "t1 ! ,guga ( #b1hej ye>s or #a1jdj1iec days1 giv+ a tropical ye> ( #cfe days1 #e h\rs1 #ee m9utes1 & #ab seconds1 :i* is exactly ! figure propos$ by ,ptolemy & ,hipp>*us4--,burgess1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,we app>5tly f9d1 likewise1 ! names ( ,mane?o 7f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d47 9 ,manit?a or ,manimda2 ( ,sp5sippus 9 ,spor$jivadja2 & ( ,ptolemy 9 ,as\ra ,maya1 :om ! ,s\nya ,siddhnta designates z ! f\nd] ( a/ronomy1 & :o ano!r treatise says 0 born at ,romakap\ri1 ! city ( ! ,romans4 ,9 ?is ord] ( ideas ! natives ( ,india h nev] tri$ to d5y _! s\rces4 ,! ,gavanas1 we read 9 ! ,g>g ,samhit1 are b>b>ians2 b ?is sci5ce 7a/rology7 has be5 con/itut$ by !m1 & !y mu/ be rev]$ z sa9ts4 ,m4 ,web] affirms t a treatise on a/rology be>+ _! "n1 ! ,gavana a/ra1 0 reput$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! l& ( ! ,gavanas by ! god ,s\rya 9 p]son1 :51 expell$ f heav5 by ! res5tm5t ( 8 div9e rivals1 he came d[n & 0 born aga9 9 ! city ( ! ,romans4#i ,footnote #i3 ,! t]m ,romakap\ri does n necess>ily imply ! city ( ,rome2 ! "n 0 probably ext5d$ to ,alex&ria & p]haps also to ,byzantium4 ,9 o!r writ+s we f9d ! "n ,gavanap\ri1 ! city ( ! ,greeks 7or ,ionians71 appli$ to ,alex&ria4 ,we f9d1 fur!r1 t ! ,greek cal5d> appe>s to h surviv$ ,hell5ic dom9ation 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham1 9 #ahfb1 read 9 ! inscriptions ( ! ,indo-,scy?ians ! names ( ! ,mac$onian mon?s ,artemisios & ,appellaios4 ,s9ce !n ! names ( two o!r mon?s ( t cal5d>--,panemos & ,daisios--h be5 f\nd 9 inscriptions 9 ! ,kh>o/his "*4 ,ano!r era ( ,grecian orig91 t ( ! ,seleucid1 seems likewise to h furni%$ ! ,h9dus _! fir/ hi/orical computation4#aj ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 9 fact1 t _! mo/ anci5t era1 t ( ! ,mauryas1 dates f ! ye> #cab ,b4 ,c41 or ! beg9n+ ( ! era ( ! ,seleucid4 ,?is _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,grecian sov]eigns ( ,india1 z is atte/$ by a co9 ( ,plato1 /ruck 9 ! ye> #aff ,b4 ,c4 ,footnote #aj3 ,till !n1 ! ,h9dus h>dly seem to h s\ght = a common measure ( "t except = a/ronomical or my?ological purposes4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,indo-,scy?ians1 ,india g5]ally adopt$ ! era ( ! ,cakas1 :i* began1 n1 z _h be5 long suppos$1 ) ! expulsion ( ! ,scy?ians1 b ) ! coronation ( _! pr9cipal sov]eign1 ,kani*ka4#aa ,nev]!less1 ! inscriptions (f] /ill o!r hi/orical computations1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! ,g\ptas era1 :i* began 9 ! ye> #bdj ( ! aka era1 & t ( ,vikramditya1 :i* 0 made to beg9 retrospectively fifty-six ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,h5ce arise complications ( a nature to make ! task ( paleography & hi/ory no light]4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ,ciel et ,t]re 7f ! au?or's essays on ,classical ,influ5ces on ! ,sci5tific & ,lit]>y ,culture ( ,india74 ,footnote #aa3 ,m4 ,sylva9 ,levi has1 h[ev]1 lately reop5$ ! "q ( ! initial date ( ?is era4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,william ,,kei? ,,brooks4 ,! old problem ( ,nature v]sus nurture t meets u 9 /udy+ ! life hi/ory ( any organism becomes especially int]e/+ 9 deal+ ) ! biography ( m5 ( em95ce4 ,are _! a*ievem5ts ! inevitable expression ( ! natural =ces innate 9 !m at bir?1 or ! product ( environm5tal influ5ces1 or "s resultant ( ^! two factors8 ,& h[ mu* may we 9 ea* case assign to "o factor or to ! o!r8 ,^! difficult que/ions naturally sugge/ !mselves 9 glanc+ at ! life ( ! subject ( ?is sket*4 ,l s _m m5 :o h won prom95ce 9 comp>atively new c\ntries1 he seem$1 9 an environm5t t _h no app>5t relation to 8 future1 to gr[ f innate t5d5cies t[>d some?+ n sugge/$ by ! circum/ances ab\t him1 ev5 to gr[ 9 opposition to ! mold+ influ5ces ( ^!1 & to conqu] !m4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 we f9d him surr\nd$ by influ5ces t made a p>ticul> mode ( self-expression easy1 if !y may n be said to h =c$ su* expression4 ,x 0 !n t ! casual obs]v] might say t ! circum/ances made ! man2 yet1 look+ backw>d1 we c trace ! initiative 9 ! man t l$ him into ! cong5ial environm5t4 ,a selection ( prop] environm5t to express ,nature has be5 rightly claim$ z a pot5t factor 9 all organic life2 nurture1 !n1 comes z a second>y p[] to mold1 or r to translate1 ! inh]5t p[]4 ,,william ,,kei? ,,brooks1 ! second son ( ,oliv] ,all5 ,brooks & ,eleanora ,bradbury1 daught] ( ! ,rev4 ,ph9eas ,k+sley1 0 born 9 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 9 #ahdh4 ,9 #ahgg he m>ri$ ,amelia ,ka!r9e1 daught] ( ,edw>d ,t4 ,s*ultz & ,susan ,rebecca1 daught] ( ,david ,l4 ,m>t94 ,he has two *ildr54 ,brooks grew up amid ! /imulat+ influ5ces ( a relatively new c\ntry1 :]e fre$om ( developm5t 0 n s %>ply re/rict$ b t all pa?s ( life seem$ equally op5 to "o :o w\ld "w4 ,z a boy he 0 n "o ( ^? precoci\s naturali/s ( ! common sort ^: collect+ in/9cts f9d expression 9 ! ho>d+ ( dead animals or plants r ?an ! neat] po/age /amp2 names & au?orities1 classes & species1 neatly arrang$ mummies1 7 n 8 delight4 ,at fir/ !re seem$ no sign t zology w\ld claim him z a mo/ ard5t admir]4 ,yet he 0 fond ( live ?+s & _! ways1 & introduc$ into 8 home t mo/ delightful microcosm1 ! fre%-wat] aqu>ium 7s mu* neglect$ 9 ?is c\ntry71 9 :i* he c\ld obs]ve at ease ! habits & sl[ *anges ( liv+ ?+s :5 _! native haunts 7 n accessible4 ,su* e>ly int]e/ 9 ! ess5tial wond]s ( liv+ness r ?an 9 man's artificial classification ( ph5om5a 0 ?us prophetic ( mu* ( 8 lat] orig9ality ( ?\ght & view4 ,he has nev] =gott5 h[ mu* he owes to ! in/ruction ( ! e>ne/ & broad-m9d$ tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools ( ,clevel&4 ,8 college life began at ,hob>t1 :]e two ye>s left a deep impression f an acqua9tance ) ,b]keley's ?\ght1 ga9$ 9 br[s+ 9 ! libr>y1 & long treasur$ up to produce fruit 9 philosophic views ( matur] ye>s4 ,!n at ,williams ,college1 :]e ! notable ,natural ,hi/ory ,society 0 s5d+ out its exp$ition across ,s\? ,am]ica1 8 love ( ,nature matur$ & specializ$ = two ye>s long]1 until he receiv$ ! ,a4 ,b4 degree 9 #ahgj4 ,x 0 ,williams also t lat]1 9 #ahic1 be/[$ ^u him ! ,,ll4 ,d4 degree4 ,= him ! completion ( college life 0 truly ! comm5cem5t & n ! f9i% ( 8 intellectual tra9+4 ,8 /rong tr5d t[>d pure sci5ce & ab/ract m5tal life =c$ him onw>d into po/-graduate "w4 ,b ?is requir$ funds1 & ,am]ica 0 n ,g]many2 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 0 n "h s int5se t "o might n w9 bread 9 _m walks ( life )\t special tra9+1 & p>5ts did n ne$ to ext5d ! l>val p]iod ( support = (fspr+ beyond ! completion ( college life to ga9 = !m a place 9 any rank1 social or intellectual4 ,n[1 a rapidly increas+ ne$ = ! ,ph4 ,d4 degree z entrance to pr(essional life1 necessitat+ sev]al ye>s ( po/-graduate /udy1 (t5 =ces p>5ts to take up _! %>e 9 ! increas$ burd54 ,!n1 h[ev]1 few 7 agre$ z to ! advisability ( prolong+ an unpractical life devot$ to /udy beyond :at seem$ ! maximum limit ( unproductive prep>ation = life--! day ( graduation at college4 ,beyond t ! "y man mu/ make 8 own way z be/ he might4 ,! subject ( ?is sket* *ose to "w 8 way by 8 own unaid$ ef=ts into ! fulle/ measure ( academic tra9+4 ,t 0 be=e ! day ( competition betwe5 univ]sities1 & !re 0 no temptation to g "h r ?an !re 9 ord] to live a semi-p>asitic exi/5ce z s*ol> or fell[%ip hold]4 ,fir/ 9 8 fa!r's c\nt+ h\se1 & !n at a boy's s*ool ne> ,niag>a1 "y ,brooks bravely ga9$ ! means to pursue high] bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 & to devote himself to rese>*4 ,9 ! =m] position he realiz$ h[ futile = him w\ld be a life giv5 to money-gett+1 & he palliat$ ! uncong5ial nature ( t life by su* ab/ract ?\ght z seem$ useful1 "o imm$iate result ( :i* 0 ! inv5tion ( a me*anical device = comput+ int]e/ & disc\nts 9 /]l+ money1 t _h consid]able circulation4 ,?is1 ?\gh x sc>cely indicat$ a /rong] bias = ma!matics ?an = ,nature /udy1 %[$ a lat5t possibility t 0 n to be develop$4 ,9 ! latt] position1 :i* br\ght him 9 close contact ) ! wond]s ( "t action1 s pla9ly read 9 "o ( ,nature's books = ! bl9d--,niag>a ,falls--he f\nd food = ?\ght1 z well z a deep int]e/ 9 ! action ( "y m9ds4 ,"h 0 mu* mat]ial = philosophical /udy ( wood life too1 z well z = gr[? ( conceptions ( ! way to le>n & to tea*4 ,free1 aft] s]v+ ?ree ye>s1 to foll[ 8 g5ius1 ,agassiz's romantic v5ture at ,p5nikese drew ?is "y naturali/1 z x did s _m ( t epo*2 & h5ce=? m>9e life1 ) its revelation ( fundam5tal problems1 fasc9at$ him4 ,work+ on at ,agassiz's museum1 le>n+ its collections by he>t1 absorb+ f ?is c5t] ( ,am]ican natural hi/ory & f its f\nd] bo? /imulus & me?od1 influ5c$ deeply also by ! unobtrusive tea*+s ( ,mc,crady & o!rs :o help$ to make ,cambridge ! ,mecca ( naturali/s1 he 0 already an active contributor to ! discussion ( problems 9 ! embryology ( animals :5 he won 8 ,ph4 ,d4 degree 9 #ahge4 ,quiet1 diffid5t1 sl[ to speak1 leav+ ha/y action1 too1 = ^? ( o!r con/itution1 ) ?\ghtful br[ & ke5 eye to look outw>d1 z well z to reg>d inn] ?\ght1 ?is "y man ) fl[+ be>d 0 a noticeable p]son4 ,at ?is "t he 0 to be se5 always accompani$ by 8 fai?ful ,tige2 =1 wis] ?an ,ulysses1 he %>$ all ! h>d%ips & joys ( life ) ?is lov$ companion4 ,n[ he s\ght 8 true environm5t1 & f\nd x 9 ! new univ]sity />t+ 9 #ahgf--! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,!re he 0 appo9t$ ,fell[1 an honor subsequ5tly won by _m :o are well kn[n to biological sci5ce1 z ,w4 ,t4 ,s$gwick1 ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson1 ,k4 ,mitsukuri1 ,a4 ,f4 ,w4 ,s*imp]1 ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson1 ,h4 ,l4 ,osborn1 ,j4 ,mc,keen ,cattell1 ,h4 ,h4 ,h[ell1 ,a4 ,t4 ,bruce1 ,e4 ,s4 ,lee1 ,h4 ,e4 ,na*trieb1 ,w4 ,noyes1 ,j4 ,ja/r[1 ,e4 ,b4 ,mall1 ,h4 ,v4 ,wilson1 ,c4 ,e4 ,hodge1 ,s4 ,watase1 & ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan4 ,l ,c4 ,o4 ,:itman1 9 #ahgi1 he did n ent] ^u ! privileges ( t position1 b z in/ructor & associate became at once a guid+ elem5t 9 ! new gr[?4 ,9 ! fre$om f old traditions1 f fix$ conv5tions & r\t9es (f]$ by ?is new univ]sity1 ?is peculi> orig9al m9d f\nd its be/ environm5t1 & :ile ! opportunity d\btless did mu* = ! man1 ! man c]ta9ly react$ mo/ favorably = ! welf>e ( ! highe/ ideals ( 8 new home4 ,we f9d him at once outspok5 9 emphasis ( ! philosophical aspect ( animal morphology1 contribut+ ?\ghts ^u inductive reason+ 9 morphological problems1 ^u ! relation betwe5 embryology & phylog5y1 ^u ! causes ( s]ial & bilat]al symmetry1 & ^u ! rhy?mic nature ( ! cleavage ( an egg4 ,yet ?is p]iod 0 also1 & pre-em95tly1 "o ( acquisition ( h>d-e>n$ & detail$ facts4 ,! developm5t ( ,pulmonates & ,lamellibran*s1 ( ,cru/acea & ( ,m$us1 z well z ( ! m>vels ( ,salpa's life hi/ory1 became absorb+ /udies4 ,?is great field ( ! morphology ( nonv]tebrates c\ld be prop]ly work$ only ) access to ! m>9e fauna1 & at t date !re 7 few facilities = seaside /udy 9 ,am]ica4 ,a true disciple ( ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,pr(essor ,brooks saw ! ne$ ( a m>9e laboratory1 & devot$ himself1 z ,dohrn did at ,naples1 to ! accompli%m5t ( an end s necess>y = ! advance ( natural sci5ce4 ,enc\rag$ by ! aid ( a few citiz5s ( ,baltimore1 9 #ahgh !re 0 />t$ an exp]im5t--,! ,*esapeake ,zological ,laboratory1 at ,=t ,wool1 ,va41 ) ,pr(essor ,brooks z director4 ,) ! absolute devotion ( its director to rese>* z example1 & ) ! lib]al aid ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ?is laboratory became a mo/ important adjunct to ! univ]sity & a virile c5t] ( zological /udy4 ,s great 0 its success z a factor 9 ! advance ( zological k t ! tru/ees bravely cont9u$ to support x :5ev] f9ancial disa/] did n rob !m ( ! la/ p5ny4 ,= eight ye>s 9 ! ,*esapeake1 or 9 ! remot] wat]s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! /ation fl\ri%$2 !n1 9 #ahhf1 we f9d ! director1 ) a few en?usia/ic /ud5ts1 v5tur+ 9 a small s*oon] to ! b little kn[n ,bahama ,isl&1 ,gre5 ,turtle ,cay1 !re to enl>ge _! exp]i5ces ) su* delightful realization ( naturali/s' dreams ( ! tropics z ,haeckel exp]i5c$ 9 8 ,j\rney to ,ceylon4 ,subsequ5t annual exp$itions to ,nassau1 ! ,bem9i ,isl&s1 & to v>i\s p>ts ( ,jamaica s]v$ z m>k$ eras 9 ! lives ( _m "y naturali/s :o w n soon =get ! contact ) life ?us obta9$4 ,f ^! s\rces & f 8 connection ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission1 z director ( ! ,m>9e ,/ation at ,woods ,holl1 ,mass41 9 #ahhh1 ,pr(essor ,brooks drew inspiration & fact = ! "w & ?\ght by :i* he is s well kn[n to ! work+ naturali/4 ,!re are few great divisions ( ! animal k+dom t h n excit$ 8 special int]e/ & claim$ 8 long-su/a9$ labor ^u ! problems !y express4 ,l ,mc,crady1 deeply fasc9at$ by ! ,hydrom$us & _! wond]ful *anges1 _m small] pap]s1 z well z ! ,memoir ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 entitl$ ,! ,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,hydrom$us & ! ,orig9 ( ,alt]nation ( ,g5]ations1 te/ify to 8 success 9 unravel+ plots t ?ick5$ ) new discov]ies4 ,an e>ly int]e/ 9 ! mollusca1 %[n by 8 doctor's diss]tation ^u ! embryology ( ! fre%-wat] mussels1 pr9t$ 9 "p 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 #ahge1 cont9u$ to be express$ 9 8 contributions to _m problems 9 ! embryology ( ! fre%-wat] ,pulmonates1 ( ,ga/]opods1 ( ,lamellibran*s1 & ( ! ,squid4 ,! ,cru/acea also rightly claim$ a l>ge %>e ( ! att5tion ( a philosophic naturali/1 br++ him face to face ) ! rigid =mulations ( law :i* ^! creatures pres5t4 ,! discov]y ( ! v exceptional me?od ( cleavage 9 ! egg ( ! decapod ,lucif]1 & ! demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( a free ,nauplius /age !re 7publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahhb71 m>k$ a mo/ important advance 9 ! morphological int]pretation ( all ,cru/acea1 & br\ght its au?or to ! fir/ rank z an au?ority ^u ?is mu*-/udi$ gr\p4 ,/udy+ & captur+ at ,beau=t ^? phantom-l s& burr[]s1 ! ,squilla1 ga9$ him an insight into & an int]e/ 9 ?is /range division ( ,cru/acea t enabl$ him to und]take t difficult task1 ! description ( ,/omatopods collect$ by ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition--a task complet$ 9 #ahhf4 ,! report1 publi%$ 9 su* a magnific5t s]ies z only ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t c\ld h consummat$1 is noticeable = ! au?or's cle>1 free illu/ration ( ! creatures describ$ & classifi$4 ,9 x we f9d a classification ( ! num]\s1 weird1 glassy l>v1 agree+ ) ! classification ( ! adults & m>k+ ! success ( ! solution ( ! problem--! ref]5ce ( *ance collections ( v>i\s /ages ( _m species to _! prop] places 9 ! life hi/ory ( ea* species4 ,:5 ! fev] = ance/ral trees _h spread among naturali/s 9 a mu* m virul5t =m ?an t endemic 9 ,wales1 & :5 ! ,ascidians 7 br\ght into l9e z ance/ral v]tebrates1 x 0 no wond] to f9d ,pr(essor ,brooks labor+ ^u ^! int]e/+ creatures1 b 8 "w 9 ?is gr\p />t$ f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,z e>ly z #ahge1 :5 /udy+ 9 ! laboratory ( ,alex&] ,agassiz1 he contribut$ to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory a description involv+ a mo/ novel int]pretation ( ! embryology ( a rem>kable ,ascidian1 ,salpa4 ,?is =m is kn[n to _m n naturali/s z t beautiful animal *a9 :i* is sometimes s common 9 ! cle> wat]s ( ,newport ,h>bor z to be dipp$ up 9 e bucket ( wat]1 b m (t5 n !re at all4 ,! female buds =? male bran*es & gives ea* an egg 7:i* is f]tiliz$ to =m a second g5]ation ( females74 ,!re is ?us no alt]ation ( sexual & non-sexual g5]ations at all2 &1 ) *>act]i/ic appreciation ( a p>adox1 ,pr(essor ,brooks subsequ5tly emphasiz$ ! fact t ! poet naturali/ ,*amisso1 9 discov]+1 9 #ahad1 ,alt]nation ( ,g5]ations 9 ,salpa1 _h discov]$ a ph5om5on :]e x did n exi/1 ?\gh subsequ5tly f\nd common en\gh 9 _m o!r animals4 ,) ! cont9uity ( int]e/ s m>k$ 9 him1 ! life hi/ory ( ,salpa1 z ?us reveal$1 cont9u$ to be "o ( ! liv+ ?\ghts 9 ,pr(essor ,brooks's m9d = a long p]iod ( ye>s1 &1 ) ! accumulation ( mat]ial & results ( rese>*es af=d$ by 8 summ] "w1 culm9at$ 9 ! monograph ,salpa--a qu>to ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ pages & fifty odd plates--publi%$ 9 #ahic1 or aft] ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ( su/a9$ int]e/ 9 ?is complex problem4 ,9 ?is volume we f9d fir/ a coh]5t view ( ! intricate life hi/ory ( ?is animal illum9at$ by su* metaphors z make ! necess>y te*nicalities bo? readable & ?9kable4 ,= in/ance1 ,a *a9 ( ,salpa may be comp>$ to two *a9s ( c>s on two p>allel tracks1 plac$ s t ! middle ( ea* c> on "o track is opposite ! ends ( two c>s ( ! o!r track1 & ea* jo9$ by two c\pl+s to ! c> 9 front ( x on its own track1 & 9 ! same way to ! "o beh9d x1 & also to ^? diagonally 9 front ( x & beh9d x on ! o!r track4 ,aga91 9 speak+ ( t />tl+ process ( egg developm5t t makes ! embryology ( ,salpa "o ( ! app>5tly insoluble problems ( ?is bran* ( inquiry1 he says3 ,/at$ 9 a ^w1 ! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity ( ! ,salpa embryology is ?is3 ,x is block$ out 9 follicul> cells1 :i* =m lay]s & und]go fold+s & o!r *anges :i* result 9 an outl9e or model ( all ! g5]al features 9 ! organization ( ! embryo4 ,:ile ^! processes are go+ on ! developm5t ( ! bla/om]es is ret>d$1 s t !y are c>ri$ into _! f9al position 9 ! embryo :ile /ill 9 a rudim5t>y condition4 ,f9ally1 :5 !y rea* ! places !y are to occupy1 !y und]go rapid multiplication & gr[? & build up ! tissues ( ! body1 :ile ! scaffold+ ( follicle cells is torn d[n & us$ up z food = ! true embryonic cells4 ,an imag9>y illu/ration may help to make ! subject cle>4 ,suppose t :ile c>p5t]s are build+ a h\se ( wood ! brick-mak]s pile clay on ! bo>ds z !y are c>ri$ pa/1 & %ape ! lumps ( clay into bricks z !y f9d !m scatt]$ ?r\gh ! build+ :]e !y h be5 c>ri$ ) ! bo>ds4 ,n[1 z ! h\se ( wood approa*es completion1 imag9e ! bricklay]s build a brick h\se ov] ! wood5 framework & n f ! bottom upw>d1 b "h & !re :]ev] ! bricks are to be f\nd1 & t z fa/ z p>ts ( ! brick h\se are f9i%$ ! wood5 "o is torn d[n4 ,to make ! analogy complete we mu/ imag9e t all ! /ructure :i* is remov$ is assimilat$ by ! bricks1 & is ?us turn$ into ! sub/ance ( new bricks to c>ry on ! con/ruction4 ,foll[+ t descriptive portion ( ! "w comes a mo/ int]e/+ int]weav+ ( facts ga!r$ 9 wide exp]i5ce ) a sci5tific imag9ation possible only to "o :o _h liv$ & ?\ght 9 close sympa!tic contact ) tropical m>9e life4 ,x is an acc\nt ( ! pres5t conditions ( life along tropical %ores & ! probable /eps t l$ to ! evolution ( ! innum]able s$5t>y & creep+ ?+s f ! ance/ral =ms t float$ on ! surface ( ! ocean be=e !re 7 %ores4 ,*>m+ read+ = ! layman1 & = ! speciali/ a broad5+ poetic insight into life z x is & z x 0 :5 ! _w 0 "y & ! pelagic =be>s ( ! v]tebrates compet$ ) _! simpl] associates 9 ! annexation ( ! bottom z a vantage gr\nd = ! b5evol5t assimilation ( lat] immigrants4 ,! ?ird portion ( ! "w foll[s a mo/ comm5dable plan3 ,sci5tific controv]sy is s unpr(itable t ,i %all try to make x z subord9ate z possible1 t ! read] may devote all 8 att5tion to ! life hi/ory ( ,salpa1 )\t int]ruption at e po9t :]e my own obs]vations confirm or contradict ! /atem5ts ( o!rs4 ,?is section deals ) ! refutation ( criticism ( ! au?or's int]pretations1 & endeavors to h>monize ! discords t 9 ?is1 z 9 all complex morphological rese>*1 make progress sl[ ?\gh sur]4 ,! above brief ref]5ces to ! rese>* "w ( ! subject ( ?is sket* w\ld be too incomplete did we omit m5tion ( 8 pap]s ^u t v int]e/+ & extremely anci5t inhabitant ( ! ,*esapeake1 ! ,l+ula1 or ( ! beautifully illu/rat$ memoir ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 describ+ ! crania ( ! ,lucayan ,indians1 an un=tunate race ( g5tle be+s discov]$ by ! ,spani>ds & treat$ z "p ( ! live /ock ( ! ,new ,_w & soon annihilat$1 leav+ b a few bones1 &1 z ,pr(essor ,brooks tells u1 our famili> & pleasant ^w hammocks1 z evid5ces ( _! hav+ be54 ,com+ to maturity 9 ! p]iod ( g5]al acceptance ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis ( organic evolution1 ,pr(essor ,brooks 0 naturally deeply influ5c$1 & no "o :o has read 8 works c d\bt 8 allegiance to natural selection z a p[]ful factor 9 ! =mation ( ! pres5t ord] ( liv+ ?+s4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/ = #ahgg he publi%$ ! fir/ outl9es ( a provisional hypo!sis ( pang5esis t s\ght to comb9e ! hypo!ses ( ,ow51 ,sp5c]1 & ,d>w9 9 su* a way z to escape ! objections to :i* ea* is 9 itself liable1 & at ! same "t to reta9 all t r5d]s !m valuable4 ,9 #ahhc ! same hypo!sis--t v>iations are p]petuat$ *iefly ?r\gh ! male l9e by special gemmules1 & t ! female is ess5tially cons]vative--0 elaborat$ 9 book =m "u ! title ( ,! ,law ( ,h]$ity4 ,!nce=?1 9 int]vals ( rese>* "w1 ,pr(essor ,brooks has contribut$ to v>i\s p]iodicals1 notably ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 su* essays ^u k9dr$ topics z spontane\sly arose 9 8 m9d 9 connection ) curr5t "w "h & abroad4 ,"s ( ^! ( a g5]al philosophical int]e/ h be5 incorporat$ ) lectures1 orig9ally giv5 to /ud5ts 9 ,baltimore1 z ,! ,f\ndations ( ,zology1 br\ght out ?is ye> by ! ,macmillan ,company z ,volume ,v ( ! ,columbia ,univ]sity ,biological ,s]ies4 ,?is1 x w be not$1 is d$icat$ ,to ,hob>t ,college1 :]e ,i le>n$ to /udy1 &1 ,i hope1 to pr(it by1 b n bl9dly to foll[1 ! writ+s ( t great ?9k] on ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 ,george ,b]keley1 & its keynote might be said to be difficult to hold1 express+ ! /&po9t ( "o :o says ,! pro( t !re is no necess>y antagonism betwe5 me*anical explanations ( human life & belief 9 volition & duty & moral responsibility seems to me to be v simple & easy to und]/&4 ,?\gh ?us active 9 pu%+ =w>d ! limit ( fact & !ory 9 ! doma9 ( pure sci5ce1 ,pr(essor ,brooks has n %irk$ ! duty t falls to e memb] ( society1 b has labor$ e>ne/ly to build a s\nd basis = imm$iate practical application ( zological rese>*4 ,9 #ahgf he organiz$ a summ] zological laboratory = tea*]s & o!rs 9 ,clevel&1 ) ! co-op]ation ( two o!r "y ,clevel&]s--,a4 ,h4 ,tuttle1 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 & ,i4 ,b4 ,com/ock1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona4 ,id5tify+ himself ) ! int]e/s ( ! community 9 :i* he _h ca/ 8 lot1 he int]e/$ himself 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( su* educational influ5ces z t ( a public aqu>ium1 & x 0 ?r\gh no fault ( ! s[] t ! se$ labori\sly s[n fell ^u /ony gr\nd4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahhj he gave a c\rse ( lectures & ( laboratory "w = tea*]s 9 ! s*ools ( ,baltimore4 ,aga91 8 e>ly /udies ( ! developm5t ( ! oy/] 7= :i* he 0 aw>d$ ! m$al ( ! ,socit d',acclimatisation ( ,p>is 9 #ahhc71 8 discov]y t ! ,am]ican oy/] c\ld be re>$ l fi% f artificially f]tiliz$ eggs1 s9ce he f\nd x to h a diff]5t life hi/ory f its ,european fell[1 l$ him to realize ! great] possibilities t await$ our oy/] indu/ries :5 !y %\ld be bas$ ^u sci5tific fact4 ,liv+ amid a population dep5d5t to no small ext5t ^u ^! indu/ries1 ,pr(essor ,brooks ?rew himself ) en?usiasm into ! problem ( w>d+ (f ! ru9 t comes to e ent]prise exp&+ fa/] ?an its capital is repl5i%$1 & eag]ly s\ght ! means to magnify )\t det]ioration s important a factor 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,z *airman ( ! ,oy/] ,commission appo9t$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,m>yl& 9 #ahhb1 he drew up ! long1 detail$1 & well-illu/rat$ report1 issu$ 9 #ahhd1 :i* set =? ! condition ( ! oy/] b$s 9 ! ,*esapeake ,bay & _! det]ioration f ov]work1 & sugge/$ a legislative rem$y 9 ! =m ( a bill design$ to remove ?is indu/ry f t primitive1 b>b>ic /age 9 :i* our communal own]%ip ( migrant birds & fi% /ill rema9s1 & to place x ^u ! secure basis ( p]sonal own]%ip und]ly+ o!r live-/ock bus9ess4 ,b x is difficult to *ange ! cu/oms ( c5turies' /&+1 & prophets r>ely see ! fulfillm5t ( _! pr$ictions4 ,_m lectures & ! issue ( a popul> book--,! ,oy/]1 #ahia--7 necess>y labors assum$ by ,pr(essor ,brooks be=e ! public m9d 0 educat$ to "s appreciation ( ! nature ( ! problem1 & ! fruits ( 8 labors are yet to be matur$ & ga!r$4 ,b x is n s mu* by discov]y ( new facts or by aid to ! community 9 :i* "o may *ance to live t a man ex]ts 8 be/ influ5ce ^u mank9d2 r by 8 success 9 inspir+ o!rs to see :atev] ( good !re may be 9 8 po9t ( view & me?od ( attack ^u old problems1 t 8 foll[]s may keep alive & enl>ge :at he /&s = 9 ! gr[? ( civilization4 ,z a tea*] ,pr(essor ,brooks has ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce by ! /imulus ( example 9 8 :ole-he>t$ devotion to rese>*1 by orig9ality ( sugge/ion1 & by 8 cle> intuition ( ! ess5tial factors 9 morphological problems4 ,conv9c$ t naturali/s1 l poets1 are born & n made--or1 if s1 !n self-made--8 tea*+ has be5 free f t too easily acquir$ halluc9ation t ! =cible introduction ( facts1 & frequ5t extraction ( words by means ( exam9ation1 are a possible means to ! mak+ ( zologi/s1 or :at y w to ord]1 to be ticket$ & br&$ z su* aft] a fix$ t]m ( ! above process4 ,^? :o are /rong en\gh to gr[ 9 ! op5 h f\nd 9 him a g5ial sun%9e1 b ^? ne$+ ho?\se =c+ h sometimes miss$1 p]haps1 ! c>e necess>y to br+ !m to a m>ketable /ate4 ,_m :o h foll[$ 8 lectures w recall ! cle>ness & simplicity ) :i* complex & puzzl+ que/ions 7 pres5t$ to _! m9ds2 ! skull ( ! bony fi% soon lo/ its t]rors1 :ile ! homologies ( ! limb bones 7 br\ght to ! m9d 9 a graphic way1 sure to leave a deep impression4 ,directness & lucidity1 ) fre$om f inve/m5t ( uness5tials1 are *>act]i/ics ( 8 tea*+ & prom95t features 9 8 too little kn[n ,h&book ( ,m>9e ,zology1 :i*1 despite te*nical faults1 0 s orig9al & hone/1 s free f closet natural hi/ory1 t x m>k$ an era 9 ! advance ( biological in/ruction4 ,x 0 a direct appeal to ! concrete /udy ( liv+ animals at a "t :5 zology = /ud5ts 0 /ill ! le>n+ ( text-books1 & text-books 7 too (t5 9 _s b mod]nizations ( ,pl9y or ( ,aldrov&us4 ,x is ?is removal ( ! imp$+ p>aph]nalia ( cu/om-b\nd au?ority1 & a direct1 *ildlike communion ) ,nature 9 se>* ( tru? by "o's unaid$ labor1 t ?is man has to (f] to ^? :o come "u 8 sway z tea*]2 ) :at success w be evid5t f ! "w ( ^? :o rec5tly unit$ to honor 8 fiftie? bir?day ) a portrait t might recall him to !m z he taught !m1 & f ! "w ( ^? :o1 9 com+ ye>s1 w enjoy ! privilege ( contact ) 8 g5ius & be l$ to seek admission to ! temple ( natural k nak$ & n a%am$1 l little *ildr54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=e/ry1 ,pr(essor ,f]n[ said 9 8 pap] at ! ,am]ican ,association1 is n1 z x seems to be popul>ly believ$1 ,woodman1 sp>e t tree1 b ,woodman1 cut ^? trees judici\sly4 ,! h&l+ ( a sl[ly matur+ crop l =e/ trees requires especial consid]ation ( a problem q unlike any o!r t pres5ts itself to ! bus9ess man4 ,! trees rip5 sl[ly1 a full c5tury (t5 be+ necess>y to ! complete developm5t ( gr[?4 ,obvi\sly x w\ld be inadvisable to cut d[n ! product & !n wait a hundr$ ye>s = fur!r income f ! l&2 ano!r sy/em is necess>y1 :]e m]ely ! int]e/ is tak51 9 trees :i* are 9 a condition to cut1 :ile ! pr9cipal1 ! =e/ itself1 rema9s always practically intact4 ,editor's ,table4 ,,primitive ,,man4 ,two articles contribut$ to ! ,april & ,may numb]s ( ! ,=tnightly ,review by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ! le>n$ au?or ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & m rec5tly ( a monum5tal edition ( ,pausanias1 are wor?y ( ! close att5tion ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! articles are entitl$ ,! ,orig9 ( ,totemism1 & ! object ( ! writ] is to %[ t on ?is obscure subject a flood ( light has be5 %$ by ! lately publi%$ rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 into ! beliefs & practices ( ! native tribes ( c5tral ,au/ralia1 ^? tribes be+ p]haps ! be/ repres5tatives n[ any:]e surviv+ ( ! mo/ primitive condition ( ! human race4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 ,sp5c]1 =m]ly a ,fell[ ( ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d1 is at pres5t ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,melb\rne1 :ile ,mr4 ,gill5 is a special magi/rate 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 *>g$ ) ! protection ( ! aborig9es4 ,9 _! "w1 ,mr4 ,fraz] obs]ves1 ,we possess = ! fir/ "t a full & au!ntic acc\nt ( ?or\ghly primitive savages liv+ 9 ! totem /age & practically unaffect$ by ,european influ5ce4 ,its importance1 he adds1 z a docum5t ( human hi/ory c1 !re=e1 h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,evolution1 x has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 & is aga9 rem>k$ by ! writ] ( ^! articles1 is an outcome ( ! /ruggle = life1 & is rapid & vigor\s or sl[ & feeble1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! /ruggle & ! numb] & v>iety ( ! compet+ elem5ts4 ,among ! great l& masses ( our planet ,au/ralia is ! smalle/2 &1 ow+ to ?is circum/ance1 & also to its physical con=mation1 :i* r5d]s l>ge areas unfit = ! ma9t5ance ( life1 population has be5 mu* re/rict$ & competition has be5 at a m9imum4 ,h5ce ! extremely backw>d & undevelop$ condition ( its native tribes1 a condition :i* enables u1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] obs]ves1 to detect humanity 9 ! *rysalis /age1 & m>k ! fir/ bl9d grop+s ( our race aft] lib]ty & light4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ^! tribes conta9s inde$ "s v rem>kable details4 ,= example1 ?\gh !y suff] mu* f cold at night "u ! fro/y />s ( ! cle> ,au/ralian heav51 ! idea ( us+ z g>m5ts ! w>m furs ( ! wild animals !y kill & eat has nev] ent]$ into _! m9ds4 ,!y attribute ! propagation ( ! human race :olly to ! action ( spirits1 to :om !y attribute a fecundat+ p[]1 treat+ z :olly irrelevant to ! matt] any contact ( ! sexes4 ,! idea ( natural causation seems to be "o :i* !y h no p[] to grasp4 ,!y believe t v>i\s results are dep5d5t on special antec$5t conditions1 b x is a pure matt] ( accid5t :at !y %all conceive ! conditions 9 any case to be4 ,"h we come to ! orig9 ( totemism4 ,h]et(ore totemism has be5 consid]$1 broadly speak+1 z ! id5tification ( !mselves by "s gr\p ( savages ) a p>ticul> plant or animal or o!r manife/ation ( ! p[]s ( ,nature1 accompani$ by a complete or p>tial taboo1 s f> z ! gr\p 9 "q is conc]n$1 ( ! animal or o!r object adopt$ z totem1 & also by a rule prohibit+ m>riage )9 ! gr\p4 ,:at ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 h succe$$ 9 do+ has be5 to obs]ve & detect ! significance ( c]ta9 practices ( ! ,au/ralian tribes :i* h nev] be5 obs]v$1 or at lea/ nev] und]/ood1 be=e4 ,at a c]ta9 "t ( ! ye>1 x appe>s1 ea* totemi/ic tribe goes ?r\gh elaborate c]emonies ( a purely magical "* = ! purpose ( promot+ ! gr[? & multiplication ( ! p>ticul> animal or plant1 if x be "o useful = food1 ) :i* ! tribe is id5tifi$1 or ( antagoniz+ its evil effects if x be ( a hurtful "*4 ,z !re is sc>cely an object1 animate or inanimate1 to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry occupi$ by ! natives :i* does n give its "n to "s totemic gr\p ( individuals1 ! g5]al s*eme ( ?+s is pretty well look$ aft] 9 ! v>i\s c]emonies t are practic$ by ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,att5tion is "h drawn to ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 religion & magic1 religion be+ an attempt to propitiate or conciliate ! high] p[]s1 :ile magic und]takes to co]ce !m4 ,to ! magician1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] obs]ves1 x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! cosmic p[]s are consci\s or unconsci\s1 spiritual or mat]ial2 = 9 ei!r case he imag9es t he c =ce !m by 8 en*antm5ts to d 8 bidd+4 ,! c]emonies ( ! native ,au/ralians1 z we h said1 are :olly magical4 ,!y h ! same k9d ( fai? 9 _! incantations & o!r /range p]=mances t ! mod]n man ( sci5ce has 9 ! prep>ations he makes = a physical exp]im5t4 ,! diff]5ce is t imag9ation or ! crude/ k9d ( symbolism has sugge/$ ! me?ods ( ! savage1 :ile a c>eful scrut9y & comp>ison ( facts has dictat$ ^? ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,! proprium ( ! savage m9d is an utt] ins5sibility to evid5ce1 or r a lack ( all p[] ( conceiv+ :at evid5ce is1 & !re=e a total incapacity = feel+ any ne$ ( x4 ,! sci5tific man1 on ! o!r h&1 feels t he ne$s x e h\r & e mom5t4 ,x may be int]e/+ to quote ! description giv5 by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 aft] ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ( ! c]emonies p]=m$ by ! m5 ^: totem is ! wit*etty grub1 a creature mu* priz$ z an article ( diet by ! natives4 ,! m5 ( ! wit*etty-grub totem repair to a %all[ cave 9 a rav9e :]e lies a l>ge block ( qu>tzite1 surr\nd$ by "s small r\nd$ /ones4 ,! l>ge block repres5ts ! full-gr[n grub2 ! small /ones /& = ! eggs4 ,on rea*+ ! cave ! head man ( ! totem gr\p beg9s to s+1 :ile he taps ! l>ge block ) a wood5 tr\gh1 su* z is us$ = scoop+ ! e>? out ( burr[s4 ,all ! o!r m5 at ! same "t tap x ) twigs ( a p>ticul> gum tree1 *ant+ ! :ile4 ,! burd5 ( _! song is an invitation to ! insect to g & lay eggs4 ,next1 ! lead] takes up "o ( ! small] /ones1 repres5t+ an egg1 & /rikes ea* man 9 ! /oma* ) x1 say+1 ',y h eat5 mu* food1' aft] :i* he butts at ! man's /oma* ) 8 =ehead4444 ,c]emonies ( ! same sort are p]=m$ at t5 diff]5t places4 ,:5 ! r\nd has be5 complet$ ! p>ty returns home4 ,"h1 at "s di/ance f ! camp1 a long /ructure ( b\ghs has be5 got ready2 x is design$ to repres5t ! *rysalis f :i* ! full-gr[n insect em]ges4 ,into ?is /ructure ! m51 ea* ) ! sacr$ design ( ! totem pa9t$ 9 r$ o*re & pipe clay on 8 body1 ent] & s+ ( ! grub 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( its developm5t4 ,aft] *ant+ ?us = a :ile !y %uffle out ( ! mock *rysalis "o by "o1 ) a glid+ motion1 s++ all ! "t ab\t ! em]g5ce ( ! real insect out ( ! real *rysalis1 ( :i* _! own p]=mance is cle>ly an imitation4 ,! ,emu m5 h _! own c]emonies1 equally elaborate & q z well adapt$ to promote ! multiplication ( emus z ^? ( ! wit*etty-grub m5 to produce an abundance ( wit*etty grubs4 ,! e>ne/ness :i* is ?r[n into ^! c]emonies is beyond all "q2 & x seems to be cle> t ea* totemic gr\p 9 turn takes up its own burd5 ( social responsibility3 ea* has its duty to ! tribe z a :ole1 & p]=ms x to ! be/ ( its ability4 ,?r\gh _! unit$ ef=ts1 z !y firmly believe1 ! v>i\s processes ( ,nature are ma9ta9$ 9 satisfactory activity2 ! succul5t grub comes =? 9 due season & 9 reasonable quantity2 ! emu1 ! kang>oo1 ! b&icoot1 & o!r useful animals keep up _! numb]s & cont9ue to furni% food = ! community2 ! hakea fl[] & ! manna ( ! mulga tree gr[ 9 normal abundance2 ! w9ds bl[2 ! /reams fl[2 ! cl\ds yield ra9 & ! sun goes on %9+ by day & ! />s by night1 )1 on ! :ole1 an admirable regul>ity4 ,a m satisfactory sy/em x w\ld really be difficult to conceive4 ,h[ absurd1 n to say pr(ane1 x w\ld be = any "o to sugge/ t c]emonies :i* 7 s abundantly ju/ifi$ by results might )\t dang] be omitt$6 ,skepticism is inde$ v mu* out ( place 9 c]ta9 /ages ( human developm5t4 ,! int]e/+ feature1 h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] holds1 9 ! descriptions giv5 by ! two ,au/ralian writ]s we h nam$ is ! pro( !y af=d t totemism1 in/ead ( be+ an irrational1 unexpla9able ab]ration ( ! nasc5t intellect ( man1 0 really a s*eme = secur+ ! greate/ possible multiplicity ( b5efits = ! savage community4 ,! :ole tribe 0 divid$ into gr\ps1 & ea* gr\p und]took to look aft] "s function ( ,nature & keep x up to ! m>k4 ,"h 0 a notable /ep 9 ! direction ( division ( labor4 ,h[ x came ab\t t ! p>ticul> animal or plant :i* 0 ! totem ( a gr\p became :olly or p>tially taboo to ! gr\p is n v easily expla9$2 b x seems n impossible t "s s5se ( tribal duty1 gradually develop$1 kept ^? :o 7 cr$it$ ) provid+ any p>ticul> food elem5t f be+ !mselves gre$y consum]s ( x4 ,s f> z t article 0 conc]n$ !y may h felt !mselves z su/a9+ some:at ! "* ( ho/s or ent]ta9]s ( ! tribe1 & x may ?us h become ! cu/om t !y %\ld ei!r n p>take at all ( t special ?+1 or p>take ( x only sp>+ly4 ,if s1 we f9d ! f\ndations already laid bo? ( polit5ess & ( morality4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q h[ f> ! notions :i* h be5 describ$ h di$ out ( mod]n civiliz$ society4 ,t !y are :olly ext9ct x w\ld be ra% to affirm4 ,!re are _m traces1 inde$1 ( ! surviv+ influ5ce ( symbolism1 & "h & !re l+]+ t5d5cies t[>d a belief 9 magic are easily discov]able4 ,p]haps ! wise/ ( u may le>n to und]/& ourselves a little bett] by /udy+ ! op]ations ( ! human m9d 9 its v e>lie/ /ages1 be=e reason _h yet %ak5 itself free f ! r&om sugge/ions ( s5se4 ,,! ,,bo/on ,,public ,,libr>y ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,apropos ( ! rec5t notable issue1 by ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y1 ( a compreh5sive ,bibliography ( ! ,an?ropology & ,e?nology ( ,europe1 to accompany ,pr(essor ,ripley's ,races ( ,europe1 ! tw(old & div]sely oppos$ int]e/s ( a great in/itution ( ?is sort are call$ to m9d4 ,on ! "o h& are its manifold obligations to ! great mass ( ! public1 to ! av]age read]1 to ! ubiquit\s novel & fiction consum]1 to private clubs1 & to s*ool *ildr54 ,a field ( activity & value 9 popul> education is involv$1 sc>cely second>y to t ( ! public s*ools1 appeal+ to ! g5]al read]1 ! taxpay]1 &1 above all1 to ! well-wi%] = democratic political in/itutions & repres5tative gov]nm5t 9 ! future4 ,9 /imulat+ "w ( ?is "* 9 ,bo/on1 9 br++ ! ,public ,libr>y into des]v$ prom95ce among ! educational in/itutions ( ! community1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,putnam a*iev$ great & des]v$ success dur+ 8 adm9i/ration1 w9n+ comm5dation ^u all sides4 ,! second aspect ( public libr>y duty is reveal$ by ! rec5t und]tak+ at ,bo/on above m5tion$4 ,x conc]ns ! relations ( great libr>ies to sci5ce1 to orig9al rese>*1 n to ! av]age read]1 b to ! speciali/4 ,in/ead ( ! pur*ase ( tw5ty copies ( ,david ,h>um1 or p]haps ( ,a ,blood?ir/y & ,self-laudatory ,hi/ory ( ! ,rec5t ,spani% ,w>1 by ,"o :o kill$ fifty m5 ) 8 own h&1 to meet a sudd5 dem& on ! "p ( read]s1 ! exp5diture ( p]haps an equal sum ( money = "s r>e & co/ly "w 9 a =eign language1 intelligible to b half a hundr$ m5 9 ! entire city1 is involv$4 ,su* obligations d n ( c\rse re/ ^u libr>ies ( second>y size & importance4 ,_! pa? ( duty is cle>ly m>k$ out = !m 9 ! int]e/s ( ! public1 bo? on ! score ( f9ancial ability & ( dem& z well4 ,) ! lead+ libr>ies ( ! c\ntry ! case is diff]5t4 ,our univ]sities are fa/ tak+ rank ) ! v be/ 9 ,europe4 ,speciali/s 9 sci5ce & te*nology1 ! pe]s ( ^? abroad1 are pl5tiful on e h&4 ,(t5times _! private means are z limit$ z _! appreciation & ambition are great4 ,)\t ^! r>e books--! tools ( _! trade--!y are p[]less4 ,9 =m] days !y 7 d5i$ ! opportunity = rese>*1 or else 7 oblig$ to sp5d mon?s ( /udy 9 ,europe4 ,we h ! m5 & ! m9ds "h 9 ,am]ica n[2 !re is e indication t ! books & app>atus are spe$ily becom+ available z well4 ,?is ,bibliography ( ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y is a case 9 po9t4 ,a collection ( works relat+ to ! physical hi/ory1 ! orig9s1 migrations1 & languages ( ! peoples ( ,europe is indicat$ ^u its %elves1 9 all probability1 we v5ture to pr$ict1 sup]ior to any s+le "o exi/+ 9 ,europe4 ,?is />tl+ /atem5t is bas$ ^u sev]al consid]ations famili> to any speciali/4 ,sci5tific book mat]ials are ( two classes4 ,! fir/ are ! exp5sive & comp5di\s volumes1 g5]ally to be f\nd 9 great libr>ies1 al?\gh (t5times ! paucity ( _! sci5tific collections is v surpris+1 especially 9 all t conc]ns ! new] sci5ces ( biology1 an?ropology1 & ! l4 ,! second ord] ( publications1 (t5 r>] & sci5tifically m valuable ?an ! fir/1 are ! scatt]$ monographs or pamphlets publi%$ 9 all mann] ( =ms & by societies1 (t5times ephem]al & ( all degrees ( em95ce4 ,?is second class ( mat]ials is g5]ally ri*ly repres5t$ 9 ! collections ( ! v>i\s sci5tific societies1 especially 9 ! =m ( repr9ts pres5t$ by ! au?ors4 ,b ! great & exp5sive tomes are seldom ?us pres5t$1 & ! societies c seldom af=d to pur*ase !m4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ^! two classes ( raw mat]ials h to be sep>ately hunt$ d[n1 be+ r>ely f\nd toge!r4 ,= example1 ! libr>y ( ! ,socit d',an?ropologie at ,p>is1 judg+ by its pr9t$ catalogues1 :ile ab\nd+ 9 scatt]$ monographs & repr9ts1 conta9s v few ( ! exp5sive volumes4 ,"o mu/ seek ^!1 & if !y be 9 ,engli% or ,g]man1 v likely 9 va91 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,! ,public ,libr>y ( ! city ( ,bo/on has app>5tly tri$ an exp]im5t 9 ?is direction1 & is c]ta9ly to be congratulat$ ^u ! result4 ,to a v ri* collection ( /&>d works has be5 add$1 by co-op]ation ) a special inve/igator1 a l>ge "p ( ! flotsam & jetsam :i* is ( su* extreme value to ! /ud5t ( orig9al s\rces4 ,! libr>y has set a wor?y example ( enc\ragem5t to rese>*2 x has (f]$ def9ite pro( ( ! ability ( our ,am]ican in/itutions to rival _! ,european contempor>ies4 ,& a peculi>ly appropriate r\nd+-out to ! successful c>e] 9 ! di/9ctively popul> phases ( adm9i/ration ( ! in/itution ( ! late libr>ian1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,putnam1 is af=d$ 9 ?is "w1 ! la/ at ,bo/on (ficially1 p]haps1 to be> 8 signature & ! /amp ( 8 approval4 ,,our ,,race ,,tr\bles4 ,! article :i* we publi% 9 ! pres5t numb] ( ! ,mon?ly1 "u ! title ( ,! ,race ,problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is a sequel to "o :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,may numb] entitl$ ,! ,negro ,"q4 ,bo? writ]s h a special acqua9tance ) ! subject1 & are widely kn[n z active work]s = ! elevation ( ! negro race--,mr4 ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 ! writ] ( ! second article1 be+ himself "o ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives4 ,:ile bo? manife/ abundant sympa?y ) ! negro1 & a deep s5se ( ! press+ nature ( ! problems to :i* ! pres5ce ( a l>ge negro elem5t 9 ! population ( c]ta9 ( our ,/ates gives rise1 !y virtually ackn[l$ge t x is extremely difficult 9 discuss+ ! subject to d m ?an pres5t a few broad g5]al views4 ,t !re is a v bad condition ( ?+s 9 "s ( our ,s\!rn ,/ates no "o w dispute4 ,! crimes :i* h be5 committ$ by :ite m51 9 av5g+ real or suppos$ crimes committ$ by black m51 /amp a "* ( utt] savag]y on ! communities 9 :i* !y h occurr$1 & 9 :i* !y h rema9$ unpuni%$4 ,at ! same "t !re is no d\bt t ! exi/5ce ( s l>ge a negro elem5t 9 ! ,s\? con/itutes a s]i\s ob/acle to ! moral & intellectual z well z to ! economic developm5t ( t "p ( ! c\ntry1 & t5ds to keep alive a dang]\s condition ( public feel+4 ,our contributor1 ,dr4 ,curry1 /ates significantly t he c\ld give v impressive details on ?is po9t1 7 x n t x w\ld furni% altoge!r too unpleasant read+4 ,:at are we go+ to d ab\t x8 ,no d\bt we h be=e u an illu/ration ( ! old adage1 ,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge4 ,! ,s\? _h its peculi> in/itution = "s g5]ations1 & held to x ) extraord9>y t5acity--w5t to w> r ?an give x up4 ,n[1 by ! simple =ce ( ev5ts1 ! old patri>*al & slavehold+ sy/em is brok5 up1 & !re ! =m] slaves & _! desc5dants are--emancipat$ citiz5s :o h _! rights "u ! ,con/itution1 & :o !re=e h to be reckon$ )4 ,!y c n be deport$ aga9/ _! w2 !y h ! same "r to live 9 ! c\ntry t any :ite man has4 ,manife/ly !re is b "o honorable way ( deal+ ) ! blacks1 & t is to treat !m ) absolute ju/ice4 ,^u ?is po9t we are 9 entire agreem5t ) ,mr4 ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton4 ,if a black man is exclud$ f ! suffrage on acc\nt ( 8 ignorance1 let ! equally ignorant :ite man be equally exclud$4 ,we h great fai? 9 ! educative effect ( ju/ice1 & a firm adm9i/ration ( law4 ,x w\ld at once raise ! self-respect ( ! negro to "k t :at 0 law = ! :ite man 0 law = him1 & vice v]sa2 & self-respect is a sure gr\nd = fur!r advance4 ,9 ! matt] ( education1 we hold t education = ! color$ race %\ld be almo/ :olly ( a practical k9d4 ,we g fur!r1 & say t ! education giv5 to :ite *ildr5 ev]y:]e might ) great advantage be mu* m practical ?an x is4 ,! prop] education = any individual is t :i* w t5d to make him m effici5t1 successful1 & self-suffic+ 9 ! position :i* he is call$ to occupy4 ,?is pr9ciple1 f> f imply+ a /ation>y condition ( ! individual1 is precisely ! "o :i* provides be/ = 8 advancem5t4 ,x is ! man :o is ?or\ghly compet5t = ! "w he has at any giv5 mom5t to d :o passes beyond t "w to some?+ bett]4 ,! mis]y ( exi/+ sy/ems ( education is t to s l>ge ext5t !y educate = a hypo!tical position beyond t = :i* an imm$iate prep>ation is necess>y4 ,! result is t ! s*ools unload ^u ! community ye> by ye> a levy ( adv5tur\s y\?s :o at once beg9 to live by _! wits 9 no v cr$itable s5se1 & :o con/itute a di/9ct m5ace to ! /ability ( society4 ,we w\ld !re=e urge mo/ e>ne/ly ^u all :o take an int]e/ 9 ! education ( ! color$ race to keep 9 view above all ?+s ! importance & necessity ( fitt+ ! negro to take an active "p 9 ! practical indu/ries ( ! c\ntry1 & above all 9 agriculture4 ,an education direct$ ma9ly to ?is end w\ld d f> m to develop 8 intellig5ce ?an "o ( a m ab/ract & ambiti\s "* & w\ld furni% a f> bett] f\ndation = success 9 life4 ,f> f ty+ ! negro d[n to manual occupations1 x w\ld prep>e ! way = 8 ev5tual p>ticipation 9 all occupations4 ,b occupation = occupation1 :]e is !re "o t c reasonably be rat$ high] ?an ! intellig5t & successful cultivation ( ! soil8 ,if ! negro problem c n be solv$ by common s5se & common hone/y x c n be solv$ at all4 ,be=e giv+ x up z insoluble we %\ld make full pro( ( ^! homely specifics4 ,we h long be5 proclaim+ t ! negro is a man & a bro!r2 let u !re=e treat him z su*1 & if we f9d out any?+ t is p>ticul>ly good = 8 moral & intellectual improvem5t1 let u try a little ( x ourselves4 ,x surely w n d u any h>m4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature4 ,,special ,,books4 ,! ,lesson ( ,popul> ,gov]nm5t#ab is a fruit ( ?irty ye>s' /udy1 by ,mr4 ,brad=d1 ( c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! political work+s ( our in/itutions4 ,! book is n = ^? :o consid] x patriotic to %ut _! eyes to :atev] is go+ wrong1 b = ^? ^: reg>d = ! ,f$]al ,con/itution & ! organization ( our gov]nm5ts is only increas$ by ! consci\sness ( ! /ra9 to :i* !y are expos$1 & :o feel /rongly t :ile ! pr9ciples ( ! ,gov]nm5t & ! "* ( ! p are /ill s\nd & reliable1 "s modifications & readju/m5ts ( ! ma*9]y mu/ take place1 unless we are to drift ?r\gh practical an>*y & increas+ corruption to milit>y despotism4 ,= ! sake ( putt+ ! subject 9 a cle>] light1 ! ?ree m prom95t approa*es to democratic gov]nm5t 9 mod]n times--^? ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--are /udi$ comp>atively 9 ! =m] "p ( ! "w4 ,! c>ry+ on ( gov]nm5ts 9 accordance ) ! express$ wi% ( ! p is spok5 ( 9 ! beg9n+ z ! appe>ance ( a new =ce :i* has *ang$ ! :ole face ( society1 & po9ts to /ill great] *anges 9 ! future4 ,h[ x has work$ 9 ! ?ree c\ntries 9 :i* x has be5 9 op]ation = a little m ?an a c5tury1 & :at x has done1 are ! que/ions :i* ! au?or und]takes to answ]4 ,9 ,engl&1 popul> gov]nm5t has tak5 ! =m1 ) a p[]less h]$it>y sov]eign comm&+ univ]sal loyalty1 ( a m9i/ry responsible to a ,p>liam5t1 :i* is directly responsible to ! p4 ,9 ,france1 ! executive is controll$ by a legislative body *os5 by univ]sal suffrage1 ! majority ( :i* is held toge!r by p>ty discipl9e4 ,! virtue ( ?is gov]nm5t is und]go+ a supreme te/ 9 ! ,dreyfus case1 ! "r issue ( :i* w\ld %[ a great] proportional advance 9 true lib]ty & ! ju/ification ( popul> gov]nm5t ?an has tak5 place 9 any o!r nation4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p[] is pass+ m & m into ,congress1 a body *os5 sep>ately f ! ,presid5t1 ^: memb]s are actuat$ by p]sonal1 local1 & p>tisan motives1 & r>ely rise to ! conception ( broad national views or look fur!r ?an to ! imm$iate pres5t1 :ile ! nation at l>ge & ! ,executive are )\t repres5tation su* z insures ! co-op]ation ( ! m9i/ry & ,p>liam5t 9 ,engl&4 ,9 all o!r respects ?an appo9tm5ts to (fice1 :i* mu/ be made 9 /rict subord9ation to ! dem&s ( memb]s ( 8 p>ty 9 bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress1 ! recogniz$ p[] ( ! ,executive is conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,9 matt]s ( legislation he has no voice :atev] beyond g5]al recomm5dations1 su* z are op5 to any citiz51 & to :i* ,congress pays little or no att5tion4 ,9 fact1 t body res5ts any?+ l an expression ( op9ion f ! ,presid5t4 ,! sy/em is n enc\rag+ to ! fill+ ( ! (fice by m5 ( ! fir/ rank1 & m5 ( t rank seldom rea* x4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 meet+ e two ye>s a new body1 suff]s f its entire want ( coh]5cy & ! abs5ce ( a qualifi$ lead]1 & falls an easy prey to ! lobbyi/ & ! boss4 ,s1 :ile !re are /ill _m1 p]haps ! majority1 ( m5 ( good "* 9 public life1 ! t5d5cy is /eadily d[nw>d4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y 9 "s qu>t]s to *>ge ! evils we suff] ^u univ]sal suffrage1 b ,mr4 ,brad=d ma9ta9s t x is ?is :i* to-day is keep+ up ! "* ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & t b = ! re/ra9ts impos$ by x our political condition w\ld be a great deal worse ?an x is4 ,fur!r light is s\ght ^u ! situation1 & fur!r pictures are giv5 ( ! conditions exi/+ 9 compreh5sive reviews ( ! ,/ate & municipal gov]nm5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 consid]+ propos$ rem$ies ! ref]5dum is dismiss$ z t5d+ to de/roy p]sonality & diffuse responsibility ev5 m ?an is done n[--! rev]se ( ! conc5tration ( executive p[] z ! only really indisp5sable "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* %\ld be s\ght4 ,! en=cem5t ( ?is pr9ciple ( executive supremacy ) imm$iate responsibility is ! purpose ( ! book4 ,mr4 ,brad=d w\ld obta9 ?is by giv+ ! repres5tatives ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts seats 9 ! ,h\se1 ) p[] to sugge/ legislation1 make explanations1 & p>ticipate 9 debate4 ,8 f9al argum5t is t x c n be *>g$ t democracy is a failure2 b1 ) a :olly new =ce introduc$ into ! _w1 ! prop] ma*9]y = its application has n yet be5 employ$4 ,9 its nature x is reasonable1 s\nd1 &1 on ! :ole1 b5efic5t4 ,us+ ! words ( an ,engli% writ]1 ! failures ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n ! result ( democracy1 b ( ! craftie/ comb9ation ( s*emes to defeat ! w ( democracy ev] devis$ 9 ! _w4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,lesson ( ,popul> ,gov]nm5t4 ,by ,gamaliel ,brad=d4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,two volumes4 ,pp4 #ebj & #eij4 ,price1 #d4 ,we h already publi%$ a fairly compreh5sive review ( ,ri*>d ,semon's ,9 ! ,au/ralian ,bu%1#ac bas$ ^u ! ,g]man orig9al1 by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,p4 ,evans1 9 ! fifty-second volume ( ! ,mon?ly 7,novemb]1 #ahig74 ,b little ne$s to be add$ to :at ,pr(essor ,evans has said ( ! book besides ann\nc+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,engli% edition1 ! translation = :i* 0 writt5 "u ! au?or's own sup]9t5d5ce1 & ! cont5ts ( :i* d n diff] 9 any important p>ticul> f ! ,g]man impression4 ,pr(essor ,semon w5t to ,au/ralia on a special zological mission1 & sp5t two ye>s !re4 ,8 purpose 0 ! /udy ( ! wond]ful ,au/ralian fauna1 ! ovip>\s mammals1 m>supials1 & c]atodus 7lungfi%74 ,^! animals repres5t =ms :i*1 ) a few notable exceptions1 h long s9ce become ext9ct 9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e !y h to be /udi$ 9 su* p>ts ( _! bony =ms z happ5 to h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! rocks1 :ile "h !y c be exam9$ alive & 9 ! fle%--liv+ fossils1 z ! au?or fitt+ly calls !m1 l9ks betwe5 ! pres5t age & "o ( ! geological p]iods ( ! pa/4 ,8 obs]vations on ^! subjects are 9 c\rse ( publication 9 a special sci5tific "w1 n q half ( :i* has appe>$4 ,! pres5t volume consi/s 9 ! notes ( travel & adv5ture1 ! deal+ ) m51 ! an?ropological /udies1 & :at we might call ! obit] obs]vations ( ! exp$ition4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ,pr(essor ,semon's n>rative we h f ! same publi%]s ano!r book1 on ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1#ad :i* deals m fully1 exclusively1 & p]haps m exp]tly ) ! an?ropology ( a "p ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t4 ,( ! au?ors1 ,mr4 ,gill5 has sp5t ! great] "p ( ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s 9 ! c5t] ( ! cont95t1 & z sub-protector ( ! aborig9es has _h exceptional opportunities ( com+ 9 contact ) ! ,arunta tribe2 & bo? ( !m h be5 made fully initiat$ memb]s ( t tribe4 ,?\gh bo? ab\t ,au/ralia1 ! two books d n cov] ! same gr\nd4 ,au/ralia is v l>ge1 & its physical conditions are su* t ! gr\ps ( tribes inhabit+ ! v>i\s regions h = a long p]iod ( "t be5 isolat$ f "o ano!r & h foll[$ diff]5t l9es 9 developm5t4 ,pr(essor ,semon's obs]vations 7 made 9 ! ,burnett di/rict ( nor!a/]n ,que5sl&1 :ile ^? record$ 9 ! "w ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7 made 9 ! v c5t] ( ,s\? ,au/ralia & ( ! cont95t4 ,consequ5tly1 9 read+ !m we read really ab\t diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 addition to ! inve/igation ( v>i\s cu/oms1 su* z ^? connect$ ) initiation & magic1 special att5tion has be5 paid by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 to ! totemic sy/em & to matt]s connect$ ) ! social organization ( ! tribes2 & "h aga9 ! au?ors insi/ ^u ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! gr\ps ( tribes1 & t ! cu/oms ( no "o tribe or gr\p c be tak5 z typical ( ,au/ralia g5]ally 9 any o!r s5se ?an z broad outl9e4 ,bo? works deal ) consid]able fullness ) ! in/itution ( m>riage among ! ,au/ralians1 & ! cu/oms by :i* too close int]m>riage is prev5t$4 ,among o!r subjects treat$ ) especial fullness by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 are ! totems1 ! bull-ro>]s1 ! ,inti*uma c]emonies 7associat$ ) ! totems71 ! initiation c]emonies1 cu/oms relative to ! knock+ out ( tee?1 traditions1 burial & m\rn+1 _s individuals1 m$ic9e m5 & magic1 me?ods ( obta9+ wives1 my?s1 clo?+1 weapons1 implem5ts1 decorative art1 & names4 ,pr(essor ,semon =m$ a mod]ate op9ion ( ! capacity ( ! ,au/ralians4 ,?\gh co>se & heavy1 _! faces are n bad look+ & h expression4 ,!y are no l9k betwe5 monkeys & m51 b human creatures ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 ?\gh ( "o ( ! l[e/ types4 ,!y h no pott]y1 no agriculture1 no ab/ract ideas ( any k9d1 c n c\nt v f>1 b are clev] 9 le>n+ to write1 read1 & draw1 are exp]ts 9 signal+1 & h _! intellect & s5ses brilliantly develop$ 9 all directions be>+ on ! hunt1 ) great dext]ity 9 ! use ( weapons4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ! ,au/ralian ,bu%1 & on ! ,coa/ ( ! ,coral ,sea4 ,be+ ! ,exp]i5ces & ,obs]vations ( a ,naturali/ 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! ,moluccas4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #eeb4 ,price1 #f4ej4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,by ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill54 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #fga1 ) maps & plates4 ,price1 #f4ej4 ,,g5]al ,,notices4 ,miss ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley has giv5 9 h] ,we/ ,african ,/udies#ae a book m>k$ by pung5t wit & /rik+ orig9ality 9 its sket*es ( adv5ture & obs]vation1 & conta9+ 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to e?nology results ( h] p]sonal /udies4 ,%e 0 already kn[n by a record ( h] adv5tures ( a "y ,engli%woman travel+ alone ?r\gh "s ( ! wor/ regions ( ,we/ ,africa1 embodi$ 9 h] book ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahih4 ,! pres5t book may be reg>d$1 z its "n implies1 z ! result & ! embodim5t ( ! aft]?\ghts ( t haz>d\s j\rney4 ,x includes1 aft] descriptions 9 :i* ! unconv5tional directness ( expression is mu* to be rem>k$1 an acc\nt ( ,african *>act]i/ics & a description ( fi%+ 9 ,we/ ,africa1 *apt]s ( a sob]] sort on feti*1 s*ools ( feti*1 wit*craft1 ,african m$ic9e & ! wit* doctor1 & hi/orical & economical *apt]s on ,e>ly ,trade1 ,fr5* ,discov]y1 ,comm]ce1 ! ,cr[n ,colony ,sy/em & "s ( its incid5ts1 ,! ,cla% ( ,cultures1 & ,african ,prop]ty4 ,miss ,k+sley's criticisms ( ! pres5t sy/em ( adm9i/ration be+ reg>d$ z r de/ructive1 %e endeavors to set =?1 9 a *apt] entitl$ ,an ,alt]native ,plan1 "s o!r way :]e9 ! ,african colonies c\ld be manag$4 ,special att5tion is invit$ by ! au?or to two articles 9 ! app5dix to ! volume by ,m4 le ,comte ,c4 ,n4 de ,c>di & ,mr4 ,john ,h>=d4 ,we are pleas$ to note ! high appreciation :i* ,miss ,k+sley expresses ( ! an?ropological "w conc]n+ we/-coa/ tribes ( our =m] contributor1 ,colonel ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis--,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis :5 he di$4 ,footnote #ae3 ,we/ ,african ,/udies4 ,by ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #fcc1 ) ,map4 ,price1 #e4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,palm]'s ,9 ! ,klondyke#af is an unpret5ti\s book & free f ! appe>ance ( s5sationalism1 b gives a cle> & graphic acc\nt ( ! region & its ways & ( ! gett+ !re at ! break+ up ( w9t]4 ,! au?or 0 at ,dyea late 9 ,febru>y1 hav+ int5d$ to g ) a ,gov]nm5t relief exp$ition :i* _h f\nd no occasion to proce$ f>!r4 ,be+ ?us left out1 he und]took1 ) dogs & sl$ges & two companions :o prov$ cong5ial1 ! untri$ j\rney ( six hundr$ miles ov] ! ice fields ( ! ,lewes ,lakes & ! ice packs ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 :i* _h be5 ! contemplat$ r\te ( ! exp$ition4 ,! />t 0 made ab\t ! #ah? ( ,m>*1 ) little "t to sp>e1 because ! ,yukon 0 expect$ to become impassable by ! #bj? ( ,april4 ,! ,*ilkoot ,pass 0 a*iev$ 9 a day1 & ! re/ ( ! j\rney 0 made d[nhill ) ! curr5t ( ! riv] at ! rate ( eight in*es to ! mile1 9 wea!r t became v v>iable1 ) n[ h>d freez+ & n[ slu% 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,! difficulties ( ! j\rney mu/ h be5 =midable1 ) consid]able suff]+1 besides a week 9 a hut ) ! measles1 b no compla9t fur!r ?an ! m5tion ( ! incid5ts appe>s 9 ! au?or's /ory4 ,on "s ( ! days ! !rmomet] rang$ f #aj to #bj bel[ z]o at two o'clock 9 ! morn+1 to #hj above at night1 & ! au?or _h "o e> bli/]$ by ! fro/ & ! o!r by ! sun 9 ! same day4 ,! p>ty arriv$ at ,dawson j f\r days be=e ! f9al break-up ( ! ice 9 ! riv]4 ,acc\nts correspond+ 9 temp] & vividness ) t ( ! j\rney are giv5 ( ,dawson1 ! m9]s & m9+1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,klondyke m9+ ent]prise1 ,klondyke types ( "* & adv5ture1 ! toils & trials & pr(it & losses ( ! ,pilgrims1 ! work+s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! return home to civilization--:i* does n appe>1 aft] all1 to h (f]$ transc5d5tally sup]ior attractions to ^? :o _h exp]i5c$ ! pleasure ( adv5ture4 ,footnote #af3 ,9 ! ,klondyke1 includ+ an ,acc\nt ( a ,w9t]'s ,j\rney to ,dawson4 ,by ,fr$]ick ,palm]4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #bah1 ) plates4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,physics 9 its ,elem5t>y ,bran*es#ag has be5 prep>$ by ,pr(essor ,cajori 9 ! belief t "s att5tion to ! hi/ory ( a sci5ce helps to make x attractive1 & t ! g5]al view ( ! developm5t ( ! human intellect ga9$ 9 read+ a hi/ory on ! subject is 9 itself /imulat+ & lib]aliz+4 ,! au?or has _h 9 m9d ,pr(essor ,o/wald's *>act]ization ( ! abs5ce ( ! hi/orical s5se & ! want ( k ( ! great rese>*es ^u :i* ! edifice ( sci5ce re/s z a defect 9 ! pres5t me?od ( tea*+4 ,! subject is treat$ by p]iods4 ,9 anci5t times ! ,greeks1 :ile display+ wond]ful creative g5ius 9 metaphysics1 lit]ature1 & art1 be+ ignorant ( ! me?od ( exp]im5tation1 a*iev$ relatively little 9 natural sci5ce4 ,! ,roman sci5tific writ]s 7 cont5t$ to collect ! rese>*es ( ,greek pr(essors4 ,except 9 a few in/ances ! ,arabs did n di/+ui% !mselves 9 orig9al rese>*4 ,writ]s 9 ! middle ages 7 only comm5tators1 & knew no?+ ( p]sonal inve/igation4 ,! physici/ ( ! r5asc5ce ab&on$ s*ola/ic speculation & began to /udy ,nature 9 ! language ( exp]im5t4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( great exp]im5tal z well z !oretical activity4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury speculation 0 less effectively re/ra9$ & guid$ by exp]im5ts4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has ov]?r[n ! lead+ !ories ( ! previ\s "o hundr$ ye>s1 & has l>gely built anew on ! old] f\ndations laid dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! evolution ( physical laboratories1 fir/ = tea*]s & !n = /ud5ts1 is ! subject ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,footnote #ag3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,physics 9 its ,elem5t>y ,bran*es1 includ+ ! ,evolution ( ,physical ,laboratories4 ,by ,florian ,cajori4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cbb4 ,price1 #a4fj4 ,! ,great ,comm&]s ,s]ies ( ,d4 ,appleton & ,company is enri*$ by a biography ( ,g5]al ,%]man1#ah :om ! au?or1 ,g5]al ,mann+ ,f4 ,=ce1 /yles ! mo/ picturesque figure 9 our civil w>4 ,he 0 m ?an ?is2 he 0 its s*ol> & /atesman--a man di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( high milit>y comb9$ ) ! be/ civil qualities4 ,fur!r1 z ,g5]al ,=ce well says1 8 "* 0 absolutely pure & spotless4 ,9 8 deal+s ) ! ,vigilance ,committee 9 ,san ,francisco he assum$ a position :i* x requir$ c\rage ( a mu* high] ord] ?an a soldi]'s to ma9ta94 ,:ile com=tably situat$ z an honor$ pr(essor 9 ! ,/ate ,milit>y ,academy ( ,l\isiana :5 ! ,legislature pass$ ! ,ord9ance ( ,secession1 he _h no hesitation 9 decid+ :at to d4 ,he at once gave 9 8 resignation 9 a lett] t is a model ( manl9ess1 decl>+ 8 pref]5ce to ma9ta9 allegiance to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z long z a fragm5t ( x survives4 ,8 c>e] z a g5]al 9 ! civil w> is describ$ at l5g?4 ,?r\gh x all 8 =esight1 seek+ always to accompli% ! mo/ ) ! lea/ exp5diture & ultimate suff]+1 to :i* 8 /rategy 0 adapt$1 is conspicu\s4 ,at ?is "t & aft]w>d 8 supreme ?\ght appe>s to h be5 z to :at w\ld be/ conduce to ! p]man5t good ( ! republic4 ,to 8 milit>y ability & self-effac+ patriotism he add$ a f>-see+ wisdom 9 c\ncil t c\ld always be reli$ ^u4 ,9 8 mo/ ungu>d$ words 8 pr9ciple 0 always cle>1 noble1 & int5sely patriotic1 & 8 c>eless colloquial expressions (t5 cov]$ a practical wisdom & insight ( a mo/ /rik+ k9d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,g5]al ,%]man4 ,by ,g5]al ,mann+ ,f4 ,=ce4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #cec4 ,9 prep>+ _! ,text-,book ( ,algebra#ai ! au?ors1 assum+ t m5tal discipl9e is ( ! fir/ importance to e /ud5t ( ma!matics1 h endeavor$ to pres5t ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ce 9 a cle> & logical =m1 :ile yet keep+ ! ne$s ( beg9n]s con/antly 9 m9d4 ,special att5tion is giv5 to mak+ cle> ! reason = e /ep tak52 ea* pr9ciple is fir/ illu/rat$ by p>ticul> examples1 & !n rules & sugge/ions = p]=m+ ! op]ation are laid d[n4 ,! au?ors h endeavor$ to avoid app>5t concis5ess at ! exp5se ( cle>ness & accuracy1 & h !reby made _! volume some:at l>g] ?an ord9>y text-books4 ,features to :i* att5tion is call$ are ! developm5t ( ! fundam5tal op]ations ) algebraic numb]s & ! concrete illu/rations ( ^! op]ations2 ! use ( type =ms 9 multiplication & division & 9 factor+2 ! application ( factor+ to ! solution ( equations2 ! solutions ( equations bas$ ^u equival5t equations & equival5t sy/ems ( equations2 ! treatm5t ( irrational equations2 ! discussions ( g5]al problems & ! int]pretation ( positive1 negative1 z]o1 int]m$iate1 & inf9ite solutions ( problems2 ! treatm5t ( inequalities & _! applications2 ! outl9e ( a discussion ( irrational numb]s2 a brief introduction to imag9>y & complex numb]s2 & ! great numb] ( grad$ examples & problems4 ,footnote #ai3 ,text-,book ( ,algebra1 ) ,ex]cises = ,second>y ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,by ,george ,egb]t ,fi%] & ,isaac ,j4 ,s*watt4 ,"p ,i4 ,philadelphia3 ,fi%] ,s*watt4 ,pp4 #fhc4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,! mat]ial ( ! ,prim>y ,ari?metic1 ,numb] ,/udies = ! ,second1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r? ,grades1 ( ,a4 ,r4 ,hornbrook 7,am]ican ,book ,company71 has be5 *os5 ) c>eful ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( ! numb] s5se ( little *ildr51 z notic$ by ! au?or & z report$ by _m o!r obs]v]s4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! "w is ! use ( diagrams call$ numb] tables1 z a concrete basis = ! *ild's ?9k+ :ile he is gett+ 8 fir/ ideas ( ! facts ( ! addition & multiplication tables4 ,9 !m ! numb]s up to "o hundr$ are pres5t$ 9 columns ( t5s1 & s h&l$ z to exhibit to ! *ild's conception ! relations ( ! sev]al digits4 ,by _! use he fir/ le>ns ! prop]ties ( t51 !n ( two1 & s on ( ! o!rs--n pres5t$ 9 regul> ord]1 b ) a view ( exhibit+ special prop]ties--& _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,! me?od is +5i\s & appe>s useful4 ,! /udy on ,rhode ,isl& & ! ,=mation ( ! ,union1 ( ! ,columbia ,univ]sity ,s]ies 9 ,hi/ory1 ,economics1 & ,public ,law 7,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york71 0 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,frank ,gre5e ,bates 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :y ,rhode ,isl& s long delay$ its ratification ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,! delay seems to h be5 l>gely a matt] ( ! ass]tion ( ,/ate rights1 9 :i* ,rhode ,isl& appe>s at t "t to h be5 b little1 if any1 beh9d ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,lib]ty 0 ! presid+ g5ius ( ! spiritual life ( ! colony1 & ! pr9ciple ( fre$om ( consci5ce 0 nev] lo/ sight (2 & ?is c\ld n o!rwise ?an height5 ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! colony--individualism4 ,! c\rse pursu$ 0 ! natural outcome ( ! conditions ( ! times1 ! outcropp+ ( ! undy+ love ( ! p ( ! ,/ate = democracy & lib]ty1 & _! jeal\sy ( all au?ority outside _! own b\nd>ies4 ,no book up to rec5t date1 says ! au?or ( ,pan!ism1 ! ,light & ,hope ( ,mod]n ,reason1 :o signs 8 "n ,c4 ,amryc1 & gives no publi%]'s "n1 has treat$ pan!ism z consi/5tly z x des]ves to be treat$2 & he adds t x is no cre$2 x is a logic2 x makes absolutely no dem& ^u 'belief'2 :at is n logical is reject$1 :at is logical to-day is accept$1 no matt] :e!r x 0 unlogical a ?\s& ye>s ago or w be illogical a ?\s& ye>s h5ce2 we are only responsible = our times4 ,z pan!ism1 if x is a true logic1 mu/ be applicable to all races1 ! au?or has n *os5 8 examples f "o nation or tribe2 & he believes t ! views he expresses are also ^? ( n9e t5?s ( :at is call$ mod]n sci5ce4 ,_m topics are treat$ (1 "s ( :i* w\ld n at fir/ ?\ght be associat$ ) an exposition ( pan!ism4 ,! matt] & mann] ( ! book are v>i\s4 ,p>ts ( x are fairly good read+2 o!r p>ts /rike u z diff]5t4 ,a book on ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture1 prep>$ by ,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey z a text-book = s*ools & rural societies1 is publi%$ z a numb] ( ! ,rural ,sci5ce ,s]ies ( ! ,macmillan ,company 7#a4be74 ,9 x agriculture is treat$ z a bus9ess1 n a sci5ce1 b z a bus9ess :i* is aid$ at e po9t by a k ( sci5ce4 ,x is on ! sci5ce side t ! exp]im5t] is able to help ! f>m]4 ,on ! bus9ess side ! f>m] mu/ rely ^u himself1 = ! p]son :o is n a good bus9ess man c n be a good f>m]1 h[ev] mu* he may "k ( sci5ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! intellig5t application ( k is illu/rat$ 9 a rem>k ( ! au?or's ab\t ! treat+ ( dra9age4 ,! le>n] is apt to beg9 at ! wrong end ( 8 problem4 ,9 ! usual me?od ! pupil or read] is fir/ in/ruct$ 9 me?ods ( lay+ dra9s4 ,b dra9age is n ! unit4 ,! real unit is texture & moi/ure ( soils--pl[+1 dra9+1 gre5 cropp+1 are me?ods ( produc+ a giv5 or desir$ result4 ,! real subject-matt] = fir/ consid]ation1 !re=e1 is amelioration ( soil1 r ?an lay+ ( dra9s4 ,pr(essor ,bailey aims ?r\gh\t ?is book to get at ! real subject-matt] = fir/ consid]ation 9 matt]s relat+ to soils1 ! plant & crops1 & ! animals & /ock4 ,ideals & ,programmes 7,c4 ,w4 ,b>de51 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 #ge c5ts7 is a collection ( ?\ghtful & sugge/ive essays1 by ,jean ,l4 ,g\rdy1 on ! practical side ( s*ool life & ! tea*+ ( *ildr54 ,! au?or's ideal seems to be t ! tea*] %\ld h a plan = h] "w1 prep>+ = x s z to h ! :ole c\rse m>k$ out on g5]al l9es = ! entire s*ool ye>4 ,?us1 h] occupation %\ld be to qualify h]self = do+ ! "w "r4 ,^! /atem5ts ( g5]al pr9ciples are foll[$ by essays on read+ & plans = tea*+1 correlation z ! head/one ( ! corn] ( successful tea*+1 geography1 s& model+1 field lessons1 k9d]g>t5 tra9+1 & discipl9e4 ,! burd5 ( ! :ole is by skillful adaptation to get ! be/ possible out ( e lesson1 9 :i* a lib]al use ( field "w assi/s greatly1 & above all to avoid ! /iff1 =mal1 juiceless lessons ( ! old /yle ( tea*+4 ,!re h be5 sev]al biographies ( ,f>aday1 mo/ ( !m n[ out ( pr9t2 b ! life1 "w1 me?ods1 "*1 & aims ( ! man--:o 0 beyond all "q ! greate/ sci5tific expositor ( 8 "t--c n be kept too con/antly or too long be=e ! m9ds ( /ud5ts4 ,welcome1 !re=e1 is ! easily accessible & conv5i5t volume ,mi*ael ,f>aday3 ,8 ,life & ,"w1 :i* has be5 prep>$ by ,pr(4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson1 & is publi%$ by ! ,macmillan ,company 9 _! ,c5tury ,sci5ce ,s]ies 7#a4be74 ,! "w by :i* ,f>aday contribut$ s mu* to ! advancem5t ( k is made prom95t1 & is illu/rat$ l>gely1 due reg>d be+ _h to ! limitations ( ! size ( ! book1 ) citations f 8 own j\rnal & copies ( 8 draw+s4 ,9 ,am]ican ,indians1 a book second 9 ord] b fir/ 9 date ( publication ( a s]ies ( ,e?no-,geographic ,read]s 7,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 ,bo/on71 ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,/>r has succe$$ 9 convey+ a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation ab\t our aborig9es 9 a v small space1 & has done x 9 a cle> /yle & a v satisfactory mann]4 ,! book is int5d$ z a read+ book = boys & girls 9 s*ool1 to ^: ta/es & capacity x seems well adapt$2 b ! au?or w be pleas$ if x also int]e/s old] read]s1 & hopes x may enl>ge _! sympa?y ) our native ,am]icans4 ,besides ! acc\nts ( ! tribal divisions1 g5]al cu/oms1 mann] ( life1 h\ses1 & in/itutions--:i* :5 !y are c\nt$ up are f\nd to be q num]\s--x has articles on ! sign language1 m$ic9e m5 & secret societies1 ! m\nds & _! build]s1 ,george ,catl9 & 8 "w1 ! cliff-dwell+s & ru9s ( ! ,s\?we/1 ! tribes ( ! ,nor?we/ coa/1 matt]s ( religi\s & my?ological significance1 ! ,aztecs1 ! ,mayas1 & ! ru9$ cities ( ,yucatan & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! revision1 = ! fif? edition1 ( ,h4 ,newell ,m>t9's ,! ,human ,body 7,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 #a4bj7 0 und]tak5 by ,pr(4 ,george ,wills ,fitz ) ! idea ( br++ ! book into accord ) ! late developm5ts ( physiology1 ( simplify+ ! treatm5t ( "s p>ts :ile exp&+ t ( o!rs1 & ( giv+ additional illu/rations4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to avoid injur+ ^? features ( ! au?or's "w :i* h contribut$ to mak+ ! book s favorably kn[n4 ,! *anges 9 ! fir/ n9e *apt]s are l>gely v]bal2 b consid]able alt]ations & additions h be5 made 9 "s ( ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,! directions = demon/rations & exp]im5ts h be5 greatly enl>g$ & collect$ into an app5dix4 ,!y include ! new requirem5ts 9 anatomy1 physiology1 & hygi5e = admission to ,h>v>d ,college & ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool4 ,we h already notic$ "s ( ,lucy ,s4 ,w4 ,wilson's excell5t ,manuals on ,nature ,/udy1 p>ticul>ly ! "o int5d$ = ! guidance ( tea*]s4 ,we n[ h 9 ! same l9e ! ,fir/ ,read] ( a s]ies on ,nature ,/udy 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 7,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #ce c5ts71 a book compos$ ( orig9al matt] & selections :i* has be5 prep>$ ) ! desire ( putt+ into ! h&s ( little *ildr5 lit]ature :i* %all h = _! m9ds ! same int]e/ & value t really good books h = gr[n-up p4 ,b ! au?or does n expect to accompli% ?is by m]ely giv+ ! book to ! *ild & leav+ ! read+ to "w out its own effect4 ,ea* ( ! lessons is int5d$ to be prec$$ by a ,nature lesson4 ,dur+ or aft] ! read+ a lesson %\ld be giv5 9 ! new words introduc$1 & aft]w>d ! lessons %\ld be grasp$ = ! sake ( ?\ght4 ,! lessons1 :i* h appropriate illu/rations f ,nature1 pres5t "s novel features4 ,among !m is an app>5t int5tion 9 ! orig9al compositions to foll[ ! *ild's me?od ( ?\ght4 ,! ,am]ican ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic 7,am]ican ,book ,company7 is int5d$ by ! au?or1 ,pr(4 ,m4 ,a4 ,bailey1 to cov] ! fir/ five ye>s' "w 7beg9n+ app>5tly v "y7 9 ! /udy1 & is ! fir/ ( a two-book s]ies4 ,x is divid$ into two p>ts--= ! prim>y & = ! ?ree succe$+ grades4 ,x contemplates ! use ( app>atus1 consi/+ ( pap]1 pa/ebo>d1 toy money1 blocks1 & spl9ts4 ,! attempt is made to give e subject twice3 fir/ 9 pictures1 & second 9 ! p>ticul> =m ( pr9t$ words4 ,ma!matical conceptions are pres5t$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to arise 9 ! *ild's consci\sness--fir/1 once or m1 indef9itely2 next1 h[ _m1 by hold+ up f+]s1 lay+ d[n /icks1 etc42 & !n by words1 & s on--all introductory "w design$ to develop /ep by /ep a ma!matical vocabul>y1 & to =m a habit ( cle> ma!matical ?9k+4 ,! laboratory plan is foll[$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,9 ! ,language ,lessons ( ,j4 ,g4 ,p>k 7,am]ican ,book ,company7 an arrangem5t ( ! matt] is aim$ at :i* w draw ^u ! /ud5t = su* ef=t z may be expect$ at a giv5 /age ( advancem5t1 :i* w cause him to ?9k fir/ & !n to express 8 ?\ght ) cle>ness & precision4 ,9 ! succe$+ p>ts are giv5 ex]cises on language "w1 ) special drills ^u capitalization & punctuation1 inductive lessons 9 gramm>1 &1 f9ally1 lessons s grad$ t a /ud5t may advance v readily f !m into ! high] "w ( gramm>4 ,! /udy is facilitat$ by ! use ( /rik+ illu/rations z ! basis ( lessons4 ,! ,semi-annual ,report ( ,s*immel & ,company 7,leipsic & ,new ,york71 ?\gh prim>ily a bus9ess docum5t1 furni%es mu* in=mation ab\t ! indu/ries 9 ess5tial oils & f9e *emicals1 & conc]n+ progress 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( *emical sci5ce relat+ to ^!4 ,! report = ,octob]1 #ahih1 speaks ( mu* rese>* & _m valuable /udies z hav+ be5 c>ri$ on dur+ ! prec$+ six mon?s 9 ! doma9 ( ! ess5tial oils & _! con/itution1 & ( ample mat]ial = sci5tific reports z hav+ be5 ga!r$4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,connecticut3 ,no4 #abh4 ,comm]cial ,fe$+ ,/uffs4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,no4 #abi4 ,inspection & ,c>e ( ,nurs]y ,/ock4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,britton4 ,pp4 #aj4 ,tw5ty-second ,annual ,report1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,food ,products4 ,pp4 #abj4--;,cornell ,univ]sity3 ,no4 #afe4 ,rop9ess 9 ,milk & ,cream4 ,by ,a4 ,r4 ,w>d4 ,pp4 #af2 ,no4 #aff4 ,sug>-,beet ,inve/igations = #ahih4 ,pp4 #ej2 ,no4 #afg4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ! ,/ave ,silo4 ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,cl9ton4 ,pp4 #af4--;,hat* ,/ation1 ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college3 ,no4 #fa4 ,asp>agus ,ru/4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,/one & ,r4 ,e4 ,smi?4 ,pp4 #bj4--;,i[a ,agricultural ,college3 ,no4 #dj4 ,relation ( ,acid ,f]m5tation to ,butt] ,flavor & ,aroma4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,no4 #da4 ,new ,or*>d ,fruits & ,%rubs4 ,pp4 #fd2 ,no4 #db4 ,we$s & ,potato ,scab4 ,pp4 #ab4--,new ,hamp%ire ,agricultural ,college3 ,no4 #fc4 ,?ird ,potato ,report4 ,by ,f4 ,william ,ranes4 ,pp4 #cb2 ,no4 #fd4 ,! ,=e/ ,t5t ,cat]pill>4 ,by ,cl>5ce ,m4 ,we$4 ,pp4 #bd4--,new ,j]sey3 ,no4 #acf4 ,field ,exp]im5ts ) ,nitrog5\s ,f]tiliz]s4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,voorhees4 ,pp4 #cb4--,new ,york3 ,no4 #adi 7popul> edition74 ,w ,p\ltry ?rive on ,gra9 ,alone8 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,w4 ,p4 ,:eel]4 ,pp4 #g2 ,no4 #aea 7popul> edition74 ,h[ ,r++ affects ,grapes4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,w5dell ,paddock4 ,pp4 #d2 ,no4 #aeb 7popul> edition74 ,two ,apple ,pe/s & h[ to *eck !m4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,v4 ,h4 ,lane4 ,pp4 #h2 ,no4 #aec4 ,director's ,report = #ahih4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan4 ,pp4 #cf2 ,no4 #aed 7popul> edition74 ,pr(itable ,potato ,f]tiliz+4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan4 ,pp4 #b2 ,no4 #aee 7popul> edition74 ,sug>-,beet ,success = ! ,season4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hull & ,l4 ,l4 ,van ,slyke4 ,pp4 #h4--,ohio3 ,no4 #ajj4 ,! ,home ,mix+ ( ,f]tiliz]s4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,?orne4 ,pp4 #dj2 ,no #aja4 ,oats4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,hickman4 ,pp4 #bd2 ,no4 #ajb4 ,treatm5t = ,insect ,pe/s & ,plant ,diseases1 etc4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,gre5 & o!rs4 ,%eet2 ,no4 #ajc4 ,! ,san ,jos ,scale ,problem4 ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,web/]4 ,pp4 #bd4 ,newspap] ,bullet9 ,no4 #aib4 ,bov9e ,tub]culosis4 ,pp4 #b4--,purdue ,univ]sity3 ,no4 #ge4 ,! ,sug> ,beet4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/5 & ,a4 ,h4 ,bryan4 ,pp4 #bj2 ,no4 #gf4 ,skim ,milk = ,"y ,*ick5s4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,&]son4 ,pp4 #h2 ,no4 #gg4 ,field ,exp]im5ts ) ,corn4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,latta & ,w4 ,b4 ,&]son4 ,pp4 #afj4--,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,elev5? ,annual ,report4 ,pp4 #af2 ,no4 #hd4 ,spray+ ,apple ,trees4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,blair4 ,pp4 #cf4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,m>ias ,isl&s1 ,mexico4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,nelson4 ,pp4 #if4--,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,nurs]y ,h9ts4 ,by ,l4 ,c4 ,corbett4 ,pp4 #bd4 ,b>b]1 ,edw9 ,atlee4 ,anglo-,am]ican ,pott]y1 ,old ,engli% ,*9a ) ,am]ican ,views4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind43 ,press ( ! ,clay ,work]4 ,pp4 #age4 ,b>rett1 ,john4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,am]ica's ,int]e/s 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,hong-,kong4 ,pp4 #fe4 ,b9et1 ,alfr$4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,reason+4 ,bas$ on ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es ,9 ,hypnotism4 ,*icago3 ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #aia4 #ge c5ts4 ,bridges & ,fram$ ,/ructures4 ,mon?ly4 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #b4 ,may1 #ahii4 ,*icago3 ,! ,d4 ,h4 ,ranck ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #ib1 ) plates4 #cj c5ts4 ,brooks1 ,william ,kei?4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,zology4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cci4 #b4ej4 ,bull51 ,frank ,t4 ,idylls ( ! ,sea4 ,) an ,introduction by ,j4 ,/4 ,loe ,/ra*ey4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bhf4 #a4be4 ,bullet9s1 ,reports1 ,transactions1 etc4 ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s3 ,proce$+s4 ,vol4 ,,xxv4 ,no4 #d4 ,pp4 #aej4--;,briti% ,columbia1 ,prov9ce (3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,m9es to ,decemb] #ca1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #bhj1 ) maps4--,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool 7,univ]sity ( ,*icago73 ,catalogue1 #ahih-'ii4 ,pp4 #bj4--;,city ( ,seattle1 ,c\nty ( ,k+1 ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton3 ,report ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,pp4 #cc4--;,city ,libr>y ,association1 ,spr+field1 ,mass43 ,bibliography ( ,geographical ,in/ruction4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,monroe4 ,pp4 #h4--;,geographical ,society ( ,wa%+ton3 ,presid5tial ,address ( ,arnold ,hague1 ,m9utes = #ahig & #ahih1 etc4 ,pp4 #dh4--,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,presid5t & ,treasur] = #ahih4 ,pp4 #if1 ) plates2 ,annual ,catalogue1 #ahih-'ii4 ,pp4 #cdg4--,mi*igan ,college ( ,m9es3 ,catalogue1 #ahif to #ahih4 ,pp4 #aib4--,new ,york ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces3 ,annals4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,"p ,,iii4 ,decemb] #a1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #bcj4--,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,zology & ,entomology1 ,no4 #a3 ,! ,odonata ( ,ohio4 ,by ,david ,s4 ,kellicott4 ,pp4 #aaf4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor3 ,no4 #ba4 ,pp4 #ahh4--,unit$ ,/ates ,life-,sav+ ,s]vice3 ,annual ,report ( ,op]ations to ,june #cj1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #ddh4--,utah1 ,/ate (3 ,second ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 to ,june #cj1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #cag1 ) tables4--,w> ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,cu/oms ,t>iff & ,regulations = ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,pp4 #dj4 ,burgess1 ,o4 ,o4 ,a ,"q ( ,consci\sness4 ,san ,francisco4 ,pp4 #dj4 ,cumulative ,index to a ,select$ ,li/ ( ,p]iodicals4 ,?ird ,annual ,volume1 #ahih4 ,clevel&1 ,ohio3 ,! ,helman-,taylor ,company4 ,pp4 #gib4 ,com+ ,age1 ,!4 ,a ,magaz9e ( ,con/ructive ,?\ght4 ,b4 ,o4 ,fl[] & ,mrs4 ,c4 ,k4 ,reifsnid]1 ,editors4 ,bo/on & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c4 ,m>*1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #aab4 #bj c5ts4 ,eidlitz1 ,leopold4 ,on ,light4 ,an ,analysis ( ! ,em]sions ( ,jupit]'s ,satellite ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,knick]bock] ,press4 ,pp4 #ab4 ,elrod1 ,m4 ,j4 ,! ,college1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill43 ,! ,univ]sity ,press4 ,pp4 #bf4 ,fay1 ,edw>d ,all54 ,m>riages ( ! ,deaf 9 ,am]ica4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43 ,! ,volta ,bureau4 ,pp4 #ebg4 ,g>d9]1 ,*>les ,a4 ,our ,"r to acquire & to hold ,=eign ,t]ritory4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #ef4 ,int]national ,express ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,*>t ( ,express ,r\tes ov] ! ,_w4 ,%eet4 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,/ati/ics ( ,railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,june #cj1 #ahig4 ,pp4 #fhg4 ,jacoby1 ,johann4 ,! ,object ( ! ,labor ,movem5t4 ,translat$ by ,flor5ce ,kelley4 ,new ,york3 ,int]national ,publi%+ ,company 7,int]national ,mon?ly ,libr>y74 ,pp4 #cf4 #e c5ts4 ,jackson1 ,fr$]ick ,g4 ,a ,?\s& ,days 9 ! ,arctic4 ,) ,preface by ,admiral ,s4 ,f4 ,leopold ,mc,clintock4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 ,pp4 #idj4 ,jordan1 ,david ,/>r1 ) ,(ficial ,associates & ,special ,contributors4 ,! ,fur ,seals & ,fur-,seal ,isl&s ( ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,9 ,two ,p>ts4 ,wa%+ton3 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice4 ,pp4 #fjf1 ) plates4 ,krg]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,!o4 ,a ,/ep ,=w>d1 ,a ,treatise on ,possible ,social ,re=m4 ,new ,york3 ,isaac ,h4 ,blan*>d ,co4 ,pp4 #cj4 ,lucas1 ,fr$ ,alex&]4 ,! ,h]mit ,naturali/4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j43 ,william ,hibb]t4 ,pp4 #aba4 ,mc,laughin1 ,&rew ,c4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,nation4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #ehg4 #a4dj4 ,m>%1 ,o4 ,c4 ,! ,d9osaurs ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,pp4 #aab1 ) #hd plates4 ,m>%all1 ,p]cival4 ,small ,accumulators1 ,h[ ,made & ,us$4 ,new ,york3 ,spon & ,*amb]la94 ,pp4 #gh4 #ej c5ts4 ,mi*igan ,orni?ological ,club1 ,!4 ,bullet9 (1 ,mon?ly4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a4 ,janu>y1 #ahii4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 #ej c5ts a ye>4 ,moon1 ,cl>5ce ,b4 ,c]ta9 ,aborig9al ,m\nds on ! ,coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia47 ,pp4 #dj1 ) plates4 ,moses1 ,alfr$ ,j4 ,! ,*>act]s ( ,cry/als4 ,an ,introduction to ,practical ,cry/allography4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,company4 ,pp4 #baa4 #b4 ,munro1 ,john4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,briti% ,race4 7,libr>y ( ,useful ,/ories47 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bbh4 #dj c5ts4 ,palm]1 ,fr$]ick4 ,9 ! ,klondyke4 ,includ+ an ,acc\nt ( a ,w9t]'s ,j\rney to ,dawson4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #bah4 #a4ej4 ,port]1 ,rob]t ,p4 ,indu/rial ,cuba1 ,be+ a ,/udy ( ,pres5t ,comm]cial & ,indu/rial ,conditions1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #dbh4 #c4ej4 ,repr9ts4 ,bol91 ,jacob4 ,on ,gr\p ,conte/s4 ,pp4 #ad4--;,c\lt]1 ,john ,m4 ,notes on ! ,f]tilization & ,embryology ( ,conif]s4 ,pp4 #d1 ) plates4--,grabau1 ,amadeus ,w4 ,monilop]id1 ,a ,new ,family ( ,palozoic ,corals4 ,pp4 #af1 ) #d plates4--,hunt]1 ,s4 ,j4 ,! ,coccid ( ,kansas4 ,,ii4 ,pp4 #ab1 ) #f plates4--,oliv]1 ,*>les ,a4 ,! ,value ( ,repeat$ & ,diff]5tly ,plac$ ,exposures to ! ,ro5tg5 ,rays 9 det]m9+ ! ,location ( ,=eign ,bodies 9 & ab\t ! ,eyeball4 ,pp4 #d4--,tyson1 ,james1 ,m4 ,d41 ,philadelphia4 ,! ,uric-,acid ,dia!sis f a ,cl9ical ,/&po9t4 ,pp4 #ae4--,wa%burn1 ,f4 ,l4 ,h]maphroditism 9 ,o/rea ,lurida4 ,pp4 #c4 ,! ,sanit>y ,home4 ,a ,magaz9e devot$ to ,foods1 ,hygi5e1 & ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,"w4 ,mon?ly4 ,f>go1 ,nor? ,dakota4 ,pp4 #bd4 #aj c5ts4 #a a ye>4 ,s*immel ,co41 ,leipsic & ,new ,york4 ,semi-annual ,report 7,ess5tial ,oils1 etc474 ,april1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #fh4 ,smi?1 ,d4 ,t4 ,philosophy ( ,memory1 & o!r ,essays4 ,l\isville1 ,ky43 ,john ,p4 ,morton ,co4 ,pp4 #bjc4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,crookes1 ,william4 ,diamonds4 ,pp4 #af4--,nutt+1 ,j4 ,c4 ,hydroida f ,alaska & ,puget ,s\nd4 ,pp4 #ab1 ) plates4 ,todd1 ,david ,p4 ,/>s & ,telescopes4 ,a ,h&y ,book ( ,a/ronomy4 ,bo/on3 ,little1 ,br[n ,co4 ,pp4 #dai4 #b4 ,wett]/r&1 ,otto ,georg4 ,hypnotism & its ,application to ,practical ,m$ic9e4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation4 ,by ,h5rik ,g4 ,pet]s54 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #aff4 ,wilk5s51 ,h4 ,e41 ,act+ ,secret>y1 & ,fr5*1 ,h4 ,a41 ,act+ ,secret>y4 ,an ,e>ne/ ,^w to ,our ,fri5ds4 ,portl&1 ,oregon4 7,home ,mak+ !re47 ,woodhull1 ,john ,f41 & ,van ,arsdale1 ,m4 ,b4 ,*emical ,exp]im5ts4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,pp4 #acf4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ,gypsies & _! ,folk ,tales4--,9 ! introduction to 8 collection ( ,gypsy ,folk ,tales ,mr4 ,francis ,h4 ,groome describes ! wide disp]sion ( ! gypsy race z ext5d+1 9 ,europe1 f ,f9l& to ,sicily1 & f ! %ores ( ! ,bosporus to ! ,atlantic seabo>d2 9 ,asia1 f ,sib]ia to ,india1 & f ,asia ,m9or 7possibly7 to ,*9a2 9 ,africa1 f ,egypt & ,alg]ia to ,d>fr & ,kord(an2 & 9 ,am]ica1 f ,pict\ 9 ,canada to ,rio ,janeiro4 ,believ+ t ! gypsies1 orig9at+ 9 ,india1 left t region at an unkn[n date v long ago1 he traces _! migrations 9 ! pa/ & %[s t a "p ( ! race is /ill v migratory1 pass+1 among o!r r\tes1 betwe5 ,scotl& & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & betwe5 ,spa9 & ,l\isiana4 ,ano!r migration n m5tion$ 9 8 book is ! annual oscillation betwe5 nor? & s\? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican gypsy colony1 :i* is gr[+ heal?ily4 ,! au?or f9ds x at pres5t q impossible to fix ! arrival ( ! gypsies 9 s\!a/]n ,europe at a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/ or a ?\s& ye>s aft]4 ,if ! ,komodromoi ( ! ,byzant9e writ]s 7 gypsies1 !n ^! p mu/ h be5 a recogniz$ & famili> elem5t ( ! ,balkan population ab\t z e>ly z ! latt] date4 ,gypsies pass = a v cunn+ p1 & su* !y are to outsid]s1 s t ,romany or gypsy guile is a v common expression4 ,c5turies ( suspicion & repression h taught !m to arm !mselves pro( aga9/ confid5ce 9 /rang]s2 b to ^? :o become acqua9t$ ) !m1 z ,mr4 ,groome pr(esses to h done & ,george ,borr[ did1 !y pres5t a "* ( simplicity & frankness4 ,!re is1 z a gypsy woman once said to a writ] 9 ,! ,a!num1 some?9' 9 ! m9d ( a ,gorgio t %uts ! ,romany's m\? & op5s 8 eyes & e>s4 ,gypsies are active transmitt]s ( folklore1 & h ri* funds ( /ories2 & _m believe t ! folklore /ories ( ,europe are traceable to ,indian s\rces1 :5ce !y may h be5 transmitt$ to ,europe4 ,mr4 ,groome sugge/s h[ "s ( ^! /ories may h orig9at$ by tell+ ( a gypsy girl he knew :o da%$ (f :at 0 almo/ a folk tale impromptu4 ,%e _h be5 to a picnic 9 a f\r-9-h& ) a lot ( real tiptop g5try1 & ,reia1 %e said to me aft]w>d1 ,i'll tell y ! comicalle/ ?+ z ev] 04 ,we'd pull$ up to put ! brake on1 & !re 0 a puro hot*iwit*i 7old h$gehog7 come & look$ at u ?r\gh ! h$ge1 look$ at me h>d4 ,i c\ld see he'd 8 eye ^u me4 ,& home he'd g1 t old h$gehog1 to 8 wife1 & ',missus1' he'd say1 ':at d'ye ?9k8 ,i se5 a little gypsy gal j n[ 9 a coa* & f\r horses1' & ',dabla1' %e'd say1 'bless u1 e "o n[ keeps a c>riage4' ,educational ,"w ( an ,exp]im5t ,/ation4--,! survey ( ! ye>'s "w ( ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 its ef=ts to help ! f>m] by deal+ ) pres5t-day problems includes m5tion ( its inve/igations1 relat$ 9 bullet9s publi%$ or to be publi%$ 9 ref]5ce to fruits1 _! insect & fungoid enemies1 vegetables1 fl[]s1 sug> beets1 potatoes1 f]tiliz]s1 beans1 ! dairy1 vet]9>y sci5ce1 horticulture1 & plant disease4 ,mu* ( ! "w ( ! /ation c n be publi%$1 consi/+ z x does ( correspond5ce1 p]sonal advice1 att5d+ meet+s1 mak+ records1 or ! p]=mance ( special illu/rative exp]im5ts at f>m]s' homes or 9 neighborhoods z object lessons4 ,x is a pity1 ! report says1 t e f>m] 9 ! ,/ate c n be p]sonally t\*$ at lea/ once 9 8 life by ! me?ods & ! inspiration ( a good tea*]4 ,! it9]ant s*ools :i* 7 held 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ext5sion "w are reg>d$ z be+ mo/ b5eficial :5 ! community has be5 awak5$ by simpl] & m elem5t>y means1 :ile ! l>g] "p ( ! "w c be done m economically ?an by !m4 ,yet 9 p>ticul> places & cases !y are ( greate/ value1 & !y are /ill held :5 suitable conditions prevail4 ,special dairy s*ools1 l>gely ( ! nature ( practical demon/rations1 7 held at v>i\s places4 ,! report lays mu* /ress on ! importance ( beg9n+ ! educational "w ) ! *ildr5 & ^u ! value ( ,nature /udy4 ,m ?an sixte5 ?\s& s*ool *ildr5 h reque/$ & be5 suppli$ ) in=mation on ! mak+ ( g>d5s4 ,flies z ,be>]s ( ,disease4--,9 e/imat+ ! relative importance ( flies & wat] supply 9 spread+ disease1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,ve$] di/+ui%es betwe5 inte/9al & mal>ial disord]s4 ,9 ! =m] ! infection is a bacillus ( "s sort1 ! pres5ce ( :i* c be trac$ to contam9ation by excretions f a diseas$ b[el4 ,9 ! latt] ! s\rce ( infection is peculi> to m>%y or /agnant wat]1 & indep5d5t ( contam9ation f human s\rces4 ,x is ! au?or's belief t1 ) relatively unimportant exceptions1 inte/9al diseases are spread almo/ exclusively by flies & mal>ial diseases by wat]1 & he supports x by citations f rec5t army exp]i5ces4 ,likewise1 dur+ ! rec5t ,briti% campaign 9 ,fa%oda1 :i* 0 mo/ c>efully plann$ & took place 9 a climate t is exceptionally dry & hygi5ic1 !re 0 no abatem5t ( typhoid fev]4 ,9 ! case ( an outbreak ( malignant dys5t]y describ$ by ! au?or 9 a previ\s pap]1 tak5 at its height1 n a new case occurr$ aft] measures 7 adopt$ t made conveyance by flies impossible1 al?\gh !re _h be5 fre% ones e day = "s "t previ\sly4 ,ano!r m rec5t lively epidemic ( typhoid m5tion$ by ! au?or 0 end$ 9 a day by measures direct$ aga9/ conveyance by wat]4 ,:5 flies are responsible1 !re are little neighborhood epidemics1 ext5d+ 9 %ort leaps f h\se to h\se1 )\t ref]5ce to wat] supply or any?+ else 9 common4 ,b :5 wat] is at fault ! disease foll[s its use :]ev] x may g4444 ,epidemics spread by flies t5d to foll[ ! direction ( prevail+ w>m w9ds1 z ?\gh ! fly1 w&]+ outdoors aft] contact ) ! s\rce ( infection1 _h drift$ ) ! w9d1 b no?+ ( ! sort is p]ceptible 9 ! case ( wat]-borne disease4 ,pott]y ,mak+ & ,lead ,poison+4--,! report ( ,pr(essors ,?orpe & ,oliv] on ! subject ( ! employm5t ( comp\nds ( lead 9 ! manufacture ( pott]y1 especially 9 its relation to ! heal? ( ! "w p1 has j be5 issu$ z an ,engli% blue book4 ,x appe>s t ( ! total male work]s 9 ! ye> #ahih1 #d4i p] c5t became lead$1 :ile ( ! female work]s ! proportion 0 #ab4d p] c5t4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ! la/ six mon?s _m successful attempts h be5 made by ! manufactur]s to sub/itute a leadless glaze1 & !re seems no d\bt t glazes ( suffici5t brilliancy1 cov]+ p[]1 & durability are n[ )9 ! rea* ( ! manufactur]4 ,! exclusion ( wom5 f c]ta9 p>ts ( ! "w1 except :]e leadless glazes are us$1 is advocat$1 & also v>i\s exp$i5ts = prev5t+ ! absorption ( ! lead by ! sk91 su* z rubb] gloves or dipp+ tongs4 ,_! g5]al conclusions are z foll[s3 ,t by f> ! great] am\nt ( e>!nw>e ( ! class already specifi$ c be glaz$ )\t ! use ( lead 9 any =m4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$1 )\t ! slighte/ d\bt1 t ! w>e s made is 9 no respects inf]ior to t coat$ ) lead glaze4 ,!re seems no reason1 !re=e1 :y 9 ! manufacture ( ?is class ( goods ! op]atives %\ld /ill cont9ue to be expos$ to ! evils :i* ! use ( lead glaze entails4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 bran*es ( ! pott]y indu/ry 9 :i* x w\ld be m difficult to disp5se ) ! use ( lead comp\nds4 ,b !re is no reason :y1 9 ^! cases1 ! lead s employ$ %\ld n be 9 ! =m ( a fritt$ d\ble silicate4 ,su* a comp\nd1 if prop]ly made1 is b slightly attack$ by ev5 /rong hydro*loric1 acetic1 or lactic acid4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 if lead mu/ be us$1 ! employm5t ( su* a comp\nd silicate--if its use c\ld be insur$--w\ld greatly dim9i% ! evil ( lead poison+4 ,! use ( raw lead z an +r$i5t ( glaz+ mat]ial1 or z an +r$i5t ( colors :i* h to be subsequ5tly fir$1 %\ld be absolutely prohibit$4 ,z x w\ld be v difficult to insure t an innocu\s lead glaze %all be employ$1 we are ( op9ion t "y p]sons & wom5 %\ld be exclud$ f employm5t z dipp]s1 dipp]s' assi/ants1 w>e clean]s aft] dipp]s1 & glo/ plac]s 9 factories :]e lead glaze is us$1 & t ! adult male dipp]s1 dipp]s' assi/ants1 w>e clean]s1 & glo/ plac]s %\ld be subject$ to sy/ematic m$ical inspection4 ,9 ! #ahic report ! m$ical memb]s ( ! committee express$ ! op9ion t '_m old factories are :olly1 or 9 "p1 unfit 9 a sanit>y po9t ( view = occupation1' & !y sugge/$ t '!re %\ld be "s au?ority to close !m1 or :atev] "p ( !m is condemn$1 on ! same pr9ciple z dwell+s are decl>$ un9habitable4' ,we %>e ?is op9ion & we concur 9 ! sugge/ion4 ,c]ta9 ( ! factories we h inspect$ are 9 ! la/ /ages ( dilapidation1 & x appe>s to u to be well-nigh impossible to introduce into !m su* re>rangem5ts or additions z are requir$ by ! am5d$ special rules4 ,! ,longevity ( ,animals4--,! foll[+ int]e/+ table1 %[+ ! p]iods ( maturity & ! full t]m ( life ( v>i\s animals1 0 prep>$ by ,e4 ,d4 ,bell & appe>$ 9 ,nature = ,m>* #bc;d4 ,! table 0 made = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ a con/ant relation 79 l5g?7 betwe5 ^! two p]iods ( life1 :i* ! au?or expresses 9 ! foll[+ =mula1 9 :i* f4 t4 l4 full t]m ( life1 & p4 m4 ! "t requir$ to arrive at maturity3 f4 t4 l4 #aj4e7p4 m47 _/ #croot7p4 m471 or #aj4e 7p4 m47#b_/c & :i* seems to be fairly well borne out by ! table3 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,obs]vations4 f4 t4 l4 ,,animal4 --------------------------------- by ,au?ority4 p4 m4 f4t4l =mula4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mos4 ,yr4 ,yrs4 ,ye>s4 ,dorm\se ,a9slie ,hollis4 #c 4#be #d-e #d4afg ,gu9ea-pig ,fl\r5s4 #g 4#ehc #f-g #g4cc ,loprabbit3 ,buck ,r4 ,o4 ,edw>ds1 p4 m4 #i 4#ge #h #h4fg ,doe ,r4 ,o4 ,edw>ds1 p4 m4 #h 4#ffg #h #h4jac ,ye>s4 ,cat ,/4 ,g4 ,miv>t4 #a #ab #aj4e ,cat ,j4 ,j5n+s4 #b #ae #af4fg ,goat ,pegl]4 #a4be #ab #ab4ah ,fox ,/4 ,g4 ,miv>t4 #a4e #ac-ad #ac4gf ,cattle ,a9slie ,hollis4 #b #ah #af4fg ,l>ge dogs ,dalziel1 p4 m4 #b #ae-bj #af4fg ,eng4 ?or- oughbr$ horse ,a9slie ,hollis4 #d4e #cj #bh4fb ,hog ,james ,long4 #e #cj #cj4g ,hippopot- amus ,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4 #e #cj #cj4g ,lion ,/4 ,g4 ,miv>t4 #f #cj-dj #cd4fg ,eng4 horse --hunt] ,bla9e4 #f4be #ce #ce4fc ,arab horse ,a9slie ,hollis4 #h #dj #db4jj ,camel ,fl\r5s4 #h #dj #db4jj ,man ,buffon1 f4 t4 l4 #be #ij-ajj #hi4gg ,elephant ,d>w94 #cj #ajj #aja4d ,elephant ,c4 ,f4 ,hold] & ,indian hunt]s4 #ce #abj #aab4ce ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! ,manufacture ( ,firecrack]s 9 ,*9a4--,!re 7 export$ f ,*9a dur+ ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahig1 #bf1gje1gcc p\nds ( firecrack]s1 all f ! prov9ce ( ,kwantung4 ,! exports1 h[ev]1 repres5t only a small portion ( ! numb] manufactur$1 z ! use ( ! crack] is univ]sal all ov] ,*9a4 ,!y are us$ at w$d+s1 bir?s1 fun]als1 at fe/ivals1 religi\s & civil1 & 9 fact on all occasions out ( ! ord9>y r\t9e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates consul g5]al at ,%anghai gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! indu/ry3 ,!re are no l>ge factories2 ! crack]s are made 9 small h\ses & 9 ! %ops :]e !y are sold4 ,9 mak+ !m only ! *eape/ k9d ( /raw pap] is us$ = ! body ( ! crack]4 ,a little f9] pap] is us$ = ! wrapp]4 ,a piece ( /raw pap]1 n9e by ?irty in*es1 w make tw5ty-"o crack]s an in* & a half long & a qu>t] in* 9 diamet]4 ,! p[d] is also ( ! *eape/ grade1 & is made 9 ! locality :]e us$4 ,x co/s ab\t six c5ts p] p\nd4 ,= ! fuse a pap] 7call$ lea!r 9 ,%anghai7 is us$1 :i* is import$ f ,japan1 & is made f ! inn] l9+ ( ! bamboo4 ,9 o!r places a f9e rice pap] is us$1 g5]ally /iff5$ slightly ) buck:eat-fl\r pa/e1 :i* ! ,*9ese say adds to its inflammability4 ,a /rip ( ?is pap] "o ?ird ( an in* wide by f\rte5 in*es 7a ,*9ese foot7 long is laid on a table1 & a v little p[d] put d[n ! middle ( x ) a holl[ bamboo /ick4 ,a quick twi/ ( ! pap] makes ! fuse ready = use4 ,! /raw pap] is fir/ roll$ by h& ar\nd an iron rod1 :i* v>ies 9 size accord+ to ! size ( crack] to be made4 ,to complete ! roll+ a rude ma*9e is us$4 ,?is consi/s ( two uprights support+ an axis f :i* is susp5d$1 by two arms1 a heavy piece ( wood1 slightly convex on ! l[] side4 ,!re is j room betwe5 ?is sw++ block & top ( ! table to place ! crack]4 ,z ea* lay] ( pap] is put on by h&1 ! crack] is plac$ on ! table & ! susp5d$ weight is drawn ov] ! roll1 ?us tight5+ x until no m c be pass$ "u ! weight4 ,= ! smalle/ :ip crack]s1 ! workman uses = compression1 in/ead ( ?is ma*9e1 a heavy piece ( wood fitt$ ) a h&le l t ( a c>p5t]'s plane4 ,9 fill+ crack]s1 two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ are tightly ti$ toge!r 9 a bun*2 r$ clay is spread ov] ! end ( ! bun*1 & =c$ into ! end ( ea* crack] ) a pun*4 ,:ile ! clay is be+ treat$ a little wat] is spray$ on x1 :i* makes x pack clos]4 ,! p[d] is p\r$ 9 at ! o!r end ( ! crack]4 ,) ! aid ( an awl ! edge ( ! pap] is turn$ 9 at ! upp] end ( ! crack]1 & ! fuse is ins]t$ ?r\gh ?is4 ,! long ends ( ! fuses are braid$ toge!r 9 su* a way t ! crack]s lie 9 two p>allel r[s4 ,! braid is d\bl$ on itself1 & a l>ge1 quick-fir+ fuse ins]t$1 & ! :ole is b\nd ) a f9e ?read4 ,! bundle is wrapp$ 9 pap] & 9 ?is %ape is s5t to ! seacoa/4 ,a v>iety ( crack] :i* is v popul> 9 ,*9a is ! twice-s\nd+ crack]2 x has two *amb]s1 sep>at$ by a plug ( clay1 ?r\gh :i* runs a connect+ fuse4 ,!re is also a fuse ext5d+ f ! p[d] 9 ! l[] *amb] ?r\gh ! side ( ! crack]4 ,:5 ! crack] is to be fir$1 x is set on end & fire appli$ to ! fuse4 ,! p[d] explod+ 9 ! *amb] ?r[s ! crack] high 9 ! air1 :]e ! second *>ge is explod$ by fire f ! fuse ext5d+ ?r\gh ! plug betwe5 ! two *amb]s4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ^! ! clay is fir/ pack$ 9 ) a pun* to =m ! sep>at+ plug4 ,! l[] *amb] is !n load$ ) p[d] & clos$ by turn+ ov] ! pap] at ! end4 ,! upp] *amb] is load$ & clos$ ) clay4 ,a hole is pun*$ 9 ! side ( ! l[] *amb] ) an awl1 & ! fuse ins]t$ ?r\gh ?is op5+4 ,an ,en*ant$ ,rav9e4--,dur+ 8 ar*ological rese>*es 9 ! ,uloa ,valley1 ,honduras 7,memoirs ( ,peabody ,museum71 ,mr4 ,george ,byron ,gordon made an excursion to ! wond]ful en*ant$ rav9e1 ,quebrada ,encantada1 :i* 0 fam\s ?r\gh all ! c\ntry = its wea!r wisdom4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 a deep valley1 &1 ,mr4 ,gordon says1 s5ds =? a l\d melodi\s s\nd :i* may be he>d _m miles away1 & is reg>d$ by ! p ( ! region z an infallible sign ( ra94 ,9 fact1 x is a regul> wea!r bureau1 ) ?is peculi>ity1 t x is always reliable2 = ! s\nd is s modulat$ z to indicate by its pit* :e!r ! com+ /orm is to be heavy or light4 ,! am\nt ( promis$ ra9 is 9 exact proportion to ! volume ( ! s\nd1 & ?us x proclaims to ! accu/om$ e> ) un]r+ precision ! approa* ( a pass+ %[] or h]alds ! t]rific ?und]/orm ( ! tropics2 & ?is is no fiction1 b a fact1 :i* any "o may demon/rate = himself by go+ & li/5+ to x4 ,tradition says ! rav9e 0 ! abode ( a gold5 dragon1 & t 9 =m] times x 0 l9$ ) gold5 pebbles & ! s&s at its m>g9 7 gra9s ( gold1 & x 0 ! cu/om ( ! gold5 dragon to rise occasionally to ! m>g9 ( ! pool & receive ! (f]+s t 7 made to him by ! p4 ,if !y want$ ra91 !y w\ld br+ _! (f]+s & lay !m on ! gold5 s& beh9d ! pool or ca/ !m on ! wat]2 !n1 :ile all ! p *ant$ a pray]1 ! dragon w\ld rise f ! cave :]e he dwelt 9 ! dep?s ( ! pool1 & take ! good ?+s t 7 (f]$ him1 & !re 0 nev] a dr\ght or a fam9e 9 ! l&4 ,!n1 :5 ! ,spani>ds came & ! p 7 driv5 f _! homes1 ! gold5 pebbles & gra9s ( gold disappe>$1 & ! gold5 dragon1 retir+ into ! utt]mo/ corn] ( 8 wat]y cav]n1 )drew =ev] f ! upp] _w4 ,!re he /ill lives1 &1 z =m]ly1 controls ! cl\ds & ! w9ds t br+ ! ra94 ,! spirits ( ! ,indians1 too1 /ill hold _! meet+s ( an occasional ev5+ by _! accu/om$ pool1 n[ lo/ 9 ! solitude ( ! =e/1 & x is ! s\nd ( _! *ant+ t makes ! voice ( ! rav9e4 ,! pool is =m$ by a cat>act tumbl+ d[n ! side ( ! m\nta9 & mak+ a f9al fall ( fifty feet1 & ! s\nd ( ! tumbl+ ( ! wat]s =ms ! basis ( ! pretty leg5d4 ,! ,"w ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum4--,mak+ only a selection f ! num]\s items ( g5]al int]e/ 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago1 = #ahig-'ih1 we f9d m5tion$ ! fall & spr+ c\rses ( n9e lectures ea*1 z hav+ be5 m l>gely att5d$ ?an ev] be=e1 hundr$s ( p]sons hav+ be5 turn$ away f "s ( !m1 & 9 "o case ne>ly a ?\s&4 ,! libr>y conta9s #i1jjc books & #i1fcj pamphlets1 & has _h "s valuable additions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,am]icana4 ,! additions to ! collections include specim5s f ,egypt1 ,italy 7anci5t ,etruscan & r5aissance ,v5etian71 ,portuguese ,s\? ,africa1 ,pacific isl&s1 & ,alaska1 ! dep>tm5t repres5t+ :i* n[ numb]s m ?an t5 ?\s& objects4 ,valuable contributions h be5 receiv$ f ! exp$ition ( ! curator ( ! an?ropological 7physical7 dep>tm5t to ,arizona4 ,! h]b>ium ( ! late ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,bebb1 add$ to ! botanical dep>tm5t1 repres5ts mu* ( ! flora ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 & ab\t all t ( ,ill9ois4 ,num]\s o!r botanical collections & additions to ! geological & zological dep>tm5ts are m5tion$4 ,field "w 0 prosecut$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,dorsey among ! ,hopi ,indians 9 ,arizona1 ,c4 ,f4 ,millspaugh 9 ! collection ( ,nor? ,am]ican =e/ trees1 & ,o4 ,c4 ,f>r+ton 9 ! ,t]ti>y geology ( ,s\? ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 & ,wyom+4 ,o!r excursions 7 made among ! z9c-lead deposits ( s\!a/ ,miss\ri1 to ! ,olympian ,m\nta9s ( ! ,nor?we/1 to a po9t beyond :i* no?+ unless provid$ ) w+s c\ld g1 etc41 all result+ 9 collections ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,! museum 0 visit$ by #c1ifc m p]sons ?an 9 ! ye> be=e4 ,a ,ye> at ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory4--,! director ( ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory reports ! addition to ! res\rces ( ! in/itution ( tw5ty ?\s& doll>s bequea!d by ,*>lotte ,m>ia ,hav51 & tw5ty-five ?\s& doll>s by ,eliza ,appleton ,hav51 )\t fur!r re/riction 9 ! application ( ! income ?an t x %all be = direct purposes connect$ ) a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,9 ^! beque/s ! legators fulfill$ ! wi%es ( _! bro!r1 ,horace ,appleton ,hav51 z express$ half a c5tury ago4 ,by ! peculi> organization ( ! =ce ( ! obs]vatory1 ) a s+le director to ov]see all & a l>ge =ce ( assi/ants1 ea* hav+ a special "w & _m ( !m skillful only 9 t1 an increas$ am\nt ( "w c be done = a giv5 exp5diture1 & great advantages = co-op]ation are secur$1 b too mu* dep5ds ^u a s+le p]son--! director4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! spectra ( />s photograph$ 9 ! ,drap]1 ,bruce1 & ,ba*e telescopes by ,mrs4 ,flem+1 twelve new v>iable />s 7 discov]$ by means ( _! bright hydrog5 l9es1 & ! spectra ( a consid]able numb] ( o!r />s 7 det]m9$4 ,valuable results1 obta9$ by o!r exam9]s1 are m5tion$4 ,an in/rum5t has be5 con/ruct$ by :i* prismatic spectra c be conv]t$ into normal spectra or any o!r desir$ *ange ( scale c be effect$4 ,by photographs obta9$ ( />s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! nor? pole mat]ial is believ$ to be furni%$ = an accurate det]m9ation ( ! con/ants ( ab]ration1 nutation1 & precession4 ,sixte5 circul>s 7 issu$ dur+ #ahig-'ih4 ,:5 fifty ( ^! circul>s h be5 issu$1 a title-page & index are to be publi%$ = b9d+4 ,putt+ ,life 9 ! ,s*ool4--,! discussion ( ! hygi5e ( in/ruction1 said ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,fitz1 9 addresses :i* are publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,physical ,education ,review1 br+s u at once face to face ) "o ( ! grave/ problems ( our educational sy/em--! depress+ effect ( s*ool r\t9e4 ,9 ! se>* = a rem$y ! s*ool programme has be5 pron\nc$ poor1 & ef=ts h be5 made to enri* x4 ,! "w has be5 pron\nc$ ab/ract & object lessons h be5 introduc$2 un9t]e/+ & bright colors1 v>i$ %apes1 pictures innum]able1 h be5 ru%$ ^u ! *ild until he has be5 bewild]$ by ! multiplicity ( detail1 & fur!r exhau/$ by ! dem& = m discrim9at+ att5tion4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty has be5 t too mu* has be5 requir$ ( ! *ild 9 ! beg9n+1 & ! attempt at enri*m5t & great] v>iety has b increas$ ! burd54 ,*ildr5 beg9 le>n+ to read be=e !y h acquir$ exp]i5ce & ideas to mat* ! text2 & exp]i5ce has %[n ov] & ov] aga9 t ! *ild :o beg9s to read at eight or ev5 t5 ye>s ( age is 9 no wise h&icapp$ 9 8 lat] intellectual progress4 ,he has ! ine/imable advantage ( int5se int]e/1 r\s$ by 8 gr[+ ability to unlock ! secrets ( books & pap]s aft] ! fa%ion ( 8 eld]s4 ,writ+ is taught be=e ! *ild has acquir$ ! art ( f9e co-ord9ation1 & ! ef=t dem&$ 9 ! use ( ! p5 leads to a degree ( n]v\s exhau/ion unapproa*$ by any o!r s*ool "w4 ,9 ari?metic ! *ildr5 are unable to grasp ! num]ical relations involv$1 & ! drill1 :i* makes x a pure ex]cise ( memory1 is necess>y4 ,mu* ( ! av]sion to ari?metical problems f\nd lat] is und\bt$ly due to ?is di%e>t5+ prim>y "w4 ,"h aga9 ! *ild :o beg9s ari?metic at eight or t5 ye>s ( age f9ds himself able to take x up quickly & has ! lik+ = x t easy ma/]y always gives4 ,nature "w1 on ! o!r h&1 (f]s wond]fully int]e/+ & valuable mat]ial = awak5+ ! intellectual activities ( *ildhood1 & :ile its mat]ial = /udy & description is unlimit$1 its dem& ^u ! *ild may be p]fectly adapt$ to 8 p[] ( obs]vation4 ,we mu/ rememb] t physical activity is ! supreme factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,?is means spontane\s play "u favorable conditions1 n t n]v\sly exhau/+ & dead5+ drill kn[n z ! ,sw$i% gymna/ics1 :i* 444 adds fatigue to fatigue1 by tak+ ! initiative away f ! *ild & =c+ him to pay con/ant att5tion to ! ord]s ( ! tea*]4 ,z to discipl9e1 ! *ild is self-discipl9$ :5 he is held to 8 "w by ! reflex att5tion ( int]e/4 ,?is c always be secur$ :5 ! "w is adapt$ to 8 grasp1 :5 he has ! s5se ( p[] :i* comes ) easy conque/1 :5 he is n exhau/$ by ! imposition ( a sequ5ce logical to ! adult m9d b mean+less to him1 :5 8 att5tion is n dull$ by a dem& = att5tion cont9u$ beyond a physiological limit4 ,beautify+ ! ,home ,gr\nds4--,! ,horticultural ,division ( ! ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation has be5 mak+ ef=ts dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 "u ! auspices ( ! agricultural ext5sion "w1 to improve ! surr\nd+s ( rural h\ses1 a "p ( :i* consi/s 9 ! publication ( bullet9s giv+ h9ts z to h[ improv$ conditions & simple adornm5ts may be obta9$ )\t great exp5se4 ,"o ( ^! indicates z "o ( ! means ( mak+ ! home attractive & keep+ ! boy on ! f>m ! bright5+ ( ! place ) fl[]s4 ,assum+ t ! ma9 plant+ ( any place %\ld be ( trees & %rubs1 ! fl[]s are !n us$ z decorations4 ,!y may be ?r[n 9 freely ab\t ! bord]s ( ! place1 b n 9 b$s 9 ! c5t] ( ! lawn4 ,!y %[ (f bett] :5 se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd1 :i* may be foliage1 a build+1 a rock1 or a f5ce4 ,:]e to plant fl[]s is really m important ?an :at to plant4 ,9 front ( bu%es1 9 ! corn] by ! /eps1 aga9/ ! f\ndation ( ! resid5ce or ou?\se1 along a f5ce or walk--^! are places = fl[]s4 ,a s+le petunia plant aga9/ a backgr\nd ( foliage is wor? a doz5 simil> plants 9 ! c5t] ( ! lawn4444 ,! op5-c5t]$ y>d may be a picture2 ! promiscu\sly plant$ y>d may be a nurs]y or a =e/4 ,a little color scatt]$ 9 "h & !re puts a f9i% to ! picture4 ,a da% ( color gives _s & "* to ! brook or pond1 to ! l$ge ( rocks1 to ! old /ump1 or to ! pile ( rubbi%4 ,! fl[] g>d51 if !re is "o1 %\ld be at "o side ( ! resid5ce or at ! re>1 = x is n all[able to spoil a good lawn ev5 ) fl[]s4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,( ! twelve g5]a & fifty species ( kn[n ,nor? ,am]ican frogs & toads1 ,mr4 ,william ,l4 ,%]wood says1 9 8 pap] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 ,new ,york1 t five g5]a & fifty species are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york city4 ,"s ( ^! are less secretive 9 habit ?an salam&]s1 & !re=e mu* bett] kn[n4 ,z ponds & dit*es h be5 dra9$1 ! aquatic =ms h remov$ to great] di/ances f human dwell+s1 & only ! m t]re/rial toad & arboreal tree frogs h rema9$4 ,all ( our species h be5 describ$1 b ! au?or believes t ! fir/ m5tion ( ! cricket frog be+ f\nd 9 ?is region is 9 a pap] on salam&]s1 read by him 9 #ahie4 ,! bre$+ habits ( ^! animals v>y1 b all lay _! eggs 9 wat] or moi/ places4 ,! purely amphibi\s & really aquatic species are ?ree4 ,( ! o!r eight species1 "o is burr[+1 five t5d to be t]re/rial1 inhabit+ ! woods & fields1 & two are arboreal4 ,! eggs are laid 9 gelat9\s envelopes1 :i* swell aft] leav+ ! adult4 ,at ! "t ( hat*+ ! "y tadpole has ?ree pairs ( ext]nal gills1 b no m\? or anal op5+4 ,two small suck]s1 j back ( :]e ! m\? is to appe>1 enable x to cl+ to aquatic plants & prev5t its dropp+ to ! bottom ( ! pond & gett+ smo!r$ 9 ! mud4 ,x soon develops into a tadpole1 & proce$s to its developm5t2 b if prev5t$ f com+ to ! surface ( ! wat] no metamorphosis takes place1 & ! *anges are delay$ by cold & d>k4 ,at a meet+ rec5tly held 9 ,b]l9 9 behalf ( a ,g]man ant>ctic exploration1 ,dr4 von ,drygalski1 speak+ ( ! sci5tific1 practical1 & national importance ( ! ent]prise1 said t f a geographical po9t ( view ! fundam5tal problem atta*$ to ! s\? pol> region--! v]ification or dispro( ( a pol> cont95t--is /ill unsolv$4 ,no less important que/ions likewise await solution ) respect to ! geological /ructure & "* ( ! s\!rn l&s--s important 9 connection ) a k ( volcanic action & ! suppos$ =m] connection ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia--& ) respect to ! conditions ( inl& ice4 ,ev5 ! /udy ( ! float+ ice brok5 away f ! ma9 mass may lead to important conclusions z to its mode ( orig9 & ! nature ( ! l& f :i* x comes4 ,o!r problems to be inve/igat$ are ! orig9 ( ! cold ocean curr5ts t take _! rise 9 ! s\?1 ! conditions ( ! atmosph]ic pressure & temp]ature 9 t region1 & ! que/ions relat+ to t]re/rial magnetism1 :i* h a v important be>+ on ! practice ( navigation4 ,! pres5t seems to be a p>ticul>ly favorable p]iod = ! resumption ( s\? pol> rese>* by reason ( ! unusual am\nt ( drift ice :i* has )9 ! la/ few ye>s brok5 away f ! ma9 mass1 & because1 accord+ to ,supan1 we are pass+ ?r\gh a w>m] temp]ature p]iod4 ,ov] & above ! /ati/ics & ! b>e record ( facts ! annual reports ( ! ,p]k9s ,in/itution & ,massa*usetts ,s*ool = ! ,bl9d af=d a cont9u\s & gr[+ int]e/ to fri5ds ( suff]+ mank9d 9 _! /ories ( ! developm5t ( m5tal life & illum9ation4 ,pupils come !re bl9d & deaf1 & app>5tly )\t any av5ues ( intellig5t communication ) ! out] _w1 & are !re br\ght to full consci\sness & ke5ness ( intellect t w\ld be rem>k$ ev5 9 _m p]sons possess$ ( all _! s5ses p]fect f bir?4 ,! record began ) ,laura ,bridgman1 0 cont9u$ ) ,hel5 ,kell]1 & has be5 occupi$ = five or six ye>s pa/ ) ! wond]ful m5tal gr[? ( ,elizabe? ,rob91 ,edi? ,m4 ,?omas1 & ,tommy ,/r+]4 ,be=e ,dr4 ,h[e began ) ,laura ,bridgman1 su* ?+s w\ld h be5 deem$ impossible & n to be ?\ght (4 ,,notes4 ,! ,swiss ,association = ! ,protection ( ,plants1 :i* 0 =m$ 9 ,g5eva 9 #ahhc1 has m ?an #ijj memb]s1 & publi%es #a1ejj copies ( its bullet91 :i* is s5t1 besides ! memb]s ( ! association1 to ! libr>ies ( =eign ,alp9e clubs1 ! press1 botani/s1 curs1 & municipalities 9 c\ntries h>bor+ plants t require protection4 ,"u its c>e1 or ! influ5ce ( its "w1 g>d5s h be5 creat$ 9 v>i\s places & devot$ especially to ! cultivation ( su* plants z are mo/ ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,( ^! are ! ,l9nea ,g>d5 9 ! ,valais1 #e1ejj feet above ! sea2 ! ,*an\sia1 f\nd$ five ye>s ago by ,r4 ,p4 ,*an\x1 rector ( ! ,hospice ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 #f1hjj feet2 & ! ,ramb]tia1 at ! foot ( ! ,ro*]s de ,naye1 #f1ejj feet above ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,lectures are giv5 "u ! auspices ( ! association1 & no occasion = in=m+ ! public is lo/4 ,a neat *romo-po/] call+ att5tion to ! association & its purpose has be5 prep>$ to be put up 9 railroad /ations & hotels1 to :i* is app5d$ a motto emphasiz+ ! importance ( c>+ = r>e plants4 ,! report ( ,he9ri* ,ries on ! ,kaol9s & ,fire ,clays ( ,europe1 publi%$ 9 ! reports ( ! ,geological ,survey1 is bas$ l>gely on notes collect$ by ! au?or dur+ visits 9 #ahig to mo/ ( ! important kaol9 & clay deposits4 ,to ^! su* facts ( importance conc]n+ ! clays z h already be5 publi%$ h be5 add$4 ,"s manufactur]s h claim$ t ! =eign kaol9s are sup]ior to ! ,am]ican1 b ! evid5ce1 ,mr4 ,ries says1 does n seem to be> out ! /atem5ts4 ,notes are add$ respect+ ! clays & clay-work+ indu/ries 9 ! ,/ates ( ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,indiana1 ,i[a1 ,new ,york1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! ,commission ,int]nationale des ,glaci]s = #ahig1 ?irty-n9e out ( fifty-six glaci]s obs]v$ 9 ,switz]l& are retreat+1 five are at a /&/ill1 & twelve are gr[+4 ,( ! ,italian glaci]s1 ^? ( ! ,disgrazia & ,b]n9a gr\ps & ! glaci]s ( ,mont ,can9 9 ! ,julian ,alps %[ a m>k$ retreat4 ,retreat seems to be almo/ univ]sal 9 ! ,sc&9avian glaci]s4 ,! report includes also in=mation f ! ,caucasus1 ,altai1 & ,turke/an1 & notes on a few glaci]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico1 conc]n+ :i* we h n ! p>ticul>s4 ,9 a book on social types among ! ,fr5* p1 ,m4 ,edmond ,demol9s tries to %[ t v>ieties ( types are ! products ( con/ant causes :i* x is possible to analyze exactly1 & ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple ( :i* is ! nature ( ! place & ( ! occupation4 ,?us !re is a social type d]iv$ f ! pa/oral occupation2 ano!r f ! cultivation ( fruit trees1 among :i* ! sev]al classes det]m9e z _m modalities ( ! type2 "o is d]iv$ f petty g>d5+1 & ano!r f l>ge f>m+2 ano!r f manufactur+1 & ano!r f transportation & comm]ce4 ,close analysis p]mits ! detection ( /ill m delicate %ades ( types ( v>ieties 9 ea* ( ! categories nam$1 :]eby notable modifications are produc$ 9 ! same region & ! same "w4 ,! brew+ indu/ry 9 ,g]many is cr$it$ ) ! foll[+ output ( be] = ! ye> #ahig-'ih3 ,g]many prop]1 #h1jee brew]ies1 exclusive ( ,bav>ia1 ,wrtemb]g1 ,bad51 & ,alsace-,lorra9e1 #iaf1jjj1jjj gallons2 ,bav>ia1 #f1cfd brew]ies1 #cea1jjj1jjj gallons2 ,wrtemb]g1 #f1bhe brew]ies1 #ij1jjj1jjj gallons2 ,bad51 #idf brew]ies1 #fj1jjj1jjj gallons2 ,alsace-,lorra9e1 #abg brew]ies1 #ba1bcj1jjj gallons--a gr& total ( #a1dch1bcj1jjj gallons1 f ! taxation ( :i* ! ,gov]nm5t receiv$ a rev5ue ( #bb1cje1aej4 ,speak+ 9 8 society ( ! ,relation ( ,brita9 to ,folklore1 retir+ ,presid5t ,alfr$ ,nutt urg$ t x 0 ! privilege ( t c\ntry to en%r9e 9 its lit]ature ! anci5t cu/om>y wisdom ( _m races1 z ! ,engli% sy/em ( law 0 itself l>gely d]iv$ f cu/om4 ,! accid5ts ( ! geographical position & hi/orical circum/ances ( ,brita9 _h made x ! pres]v] ( a great body ( ar*aic tradition1 :i* x 0 ! function ( ! ,folklore ,society to /udy & int]pret4 ,we h to record ! dea?s ( ,dr4 ,william ,hankel1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipsic2 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,k4 ,c4 ,l4 ,b*n]1 au?or ( ! fam\s book1 ,=ce & ,matt]1 at ,d>m/adt1 ,g]many1 ,may #a/2 ,dr4 ,francis ,w4 ,mac,namara1 ,/ate ,exam9] ( ,m$ical ,/ores at ! ,india ,(fice1 ,london1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,calcutta ,m$ical ,college1 & lat] ,*emical ,exam9] to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 ,m>* #e?1 ag$ sixty-sev5 ye>s2 he 0 au?or ( a numb] ( books & pap]s on hygi5e & m$ical *emi/ry2 ,j]emiah ,head1 eng9e]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,me*anical ,sci5ce ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahic1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,in/itute ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s 9 #ahhe-'hf1 ,m>* #aj?1 ag$ sixty-f\r ye>s2 :o 0 in/rum5tal 9 introduc+ into ,engl& important ,am]ican improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( iron & /eel2 ,franz ,ritt] von ,hanse1 ,au/rian geologi/1 ,int5dant ( ! ,national ,museum 9 ,vi5na1 ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,geological ,survey 9 #ahff1 & au?or ( ! ,geological ,map ( ,au/ria1 ,bosnia1 & ,mont5egro1 & ( geological books1 ,m>* #bj?1 ag$ sev5ty-sev5 ye>s2 ,surveyor ,major ,g4 ,c4 ,walli*1 ,m>* #ca/1 9 8 eighty-f\r? ye>1 & ,c\nt ,abb ,f4 ,ca/racan1 ( ,rome1 ! two olde/ ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,microscopical ,society2 ,dr4 ,p4 ,l4 ,ryke1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 ag$ eighty-six ye>s2 ,joseph ,/ev5s1 honor>y curator ( ! museum at ,read+1 ,engl&1 au?or ( ar*ological & geological pap]s2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,brogni>t1 entomologi/1 & au?or ( a memoir ,on ,fossil ,insects ( ! ,prim>y ,p]iod1 at ,p>is2 ,*>les ,l4 ,pr9ce1 au?or ( pap]s on meteorology & a/ronomy1 at ,tunbridge ,wells1 ,engl&1 ,april #bb;d2 ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,jordan1 ,pr(essor ( ,geometry & ,geodesy at ! ,te*nical ,in/itution1 ,hanov]1 ,april #ag?1 ag$ fifty-sev5 ye>s2 ,sir ,william ,rob]ts1 ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 au?or ( lectures & pap]s on dige/ion1 diet1 uric acid1 ! opium habit 9 ,india1 etc42 ,pr(4 ,k>l ,s*eibl]1 *emi/1 at ,b]l91 ag$ sev5ty-two ye>s2 ,dr4 ,josef ,wa/l]1 doc5t 9 geodesy at ! ,te*nical ,in/itute 9 ,graz2 ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,wahl=so1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,hels+=s1 ag$ sixty ye>s2 & ,philip ,?omas ,ma91 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 au?or ( a treatise on a/ronomy4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,words surr\nd$ by are italiciz$4 ,words surr\nd$ by are bold4 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 repair$1 o!r inconsi/5t spell+s h be5 kept1 includ+ inconsi/5t use ( hyph5 7e4g4 widespread & wide-spread71 & prop] names 7e4g4 ,siddnta & ,siddhnta74 ,"s illu/rations 7 relocat$ to correspond to _! ref]5ces 9 ! text4