,established by ,edward ,l4 ,youmans    
,,appletons'             ,,popular      
,,science                 ,,monthly     
,,edited ,,by           ,,william ,,jay 
,,youmans                   ,,vol4 ,,lv 
,,may ,,to ,,october1 #ahii             
,,new ,,york         ,d4 ,,appleton     
,,and ,,company                  #ahii  
,,copyright1 #ahii1       ,,by ,d4      
,,appleton ,,and ,,company4             
,illustration3 ,,william ,,keith        
,,brooks4          ,,appletons'         
,,popular ,,science ,,monthly4          
,,july1 #ahii4          ,,scientific    
,,method ,,and ,,its ,,application ,,to 
,,the ,,bible4    ,,by ,,the ,,rev4     
,,david ,,sprague1 ,b4 ,d4      ,trained
 and organized common sense is          
,professor ,huxley's definition  of     
science4 ,there is probably no better4  
,the popular mind persists in thinking  
that there is a wide difference  between
 science and knowledge in general4 ,yes1
 there is a wide  difference1 but it is 
just the difference that there is       

between a  trained and organized body of
 men for the accomplishing of some      
great work1 and a crowd of men          
unorganized and undisciplined4 ,what    
unscientific knowledge has accomplished 
may be roughly seen in the  condition of
 savage races to-day2 while the changes 
wrought by  knowledge trained and       
organized1 in enlarging the sum of      
knowledge1 in  extending men's power of 
perception1 and in increasing the       
facilities  not merely for living1 but  
for living well1 are changes in         
comparison  with which all others       
recorded in history are trifling4    ,it
 will be profitable for us1 in order to 
get a clearer idea of  scientific       
method1 to trace as briefly as possible 
the history of  science and the         
development of the scientific idea4     
,the very beginning of science is beyond
 our ken4 ,we can form no idea  of just 
what stage in the intellectual          
development of the race  witnessed the  
rise of training and order in men's     

knowledge4 ,long  before the dawn of    
history there must have been some degree
 of  orderliness in men's               
knowledge--some grouping of facts1 and  
reasoning  from one thing to another4   
,rude classification would be made1 e4  
g41  among animals1 as some were found  
to be good for food and others not2  so 
among herbs1 as to size1 form1 color1   
use for food and medicine1  poisonous   
qualities1 etc42 so among woods1 as some
 were better  adapted than others to use
 as instruments of war and of the chase4
 ,men  must also1 very early in their   
development1 have noticed the changes   
that took place in the heavens3 the sun 
by day1 the moon and the stars  by      
night2 have grouped the stars into      
little clusters here and there  as they 
seemed rudely to resemble forms of      
things which they knew1 and  as some    
were brighter than the rest2 have begun 
to reckon periods of  time according as 
position of sun and moon varied4 ,in    
their  observation of the heavens no    

other phenomenon would have attracted as
  much attention as an eclipse1 and for 
a long time men would have  ascribed    
this occasional phenomenon to the       
intervention of some  supernatural      
power4 ,in process of time1 however1 as 
their observations  were made with more 
care and recorded1 some regularity would
 be  noticed in these1 as in other      
phenomena of the skies2 and the period  
of their recurrence being at last       
approximately known by those more       
learned than the rest1 predictions of   
eclipses would be made and  verified by 
what would seem to the multitude direct 
supernatural aid4  ,hence the earliest  
scientific records that have come down  
to us are of  eclipses observed1 and in 
time regularly predicted1 by the        
,chaldeans2  hence also the reputation  
that was always given to the ,chaldeans 
of  having magical power4 ,coming down  
now to the time when men first  seemed  
to have a genuine spirit of scientific  
inquiry1 we find it  among the ,greeks  

some five hundred years ,b4 ,c4         
,whatever of rudely  scientific work had
 been done before1 seems to have been   
for practical  or religious purposes4   
,about that time1 however1 men began to 
investigate and speculate in order to   
find out the truth1 and soon we  see a  
class of men1 known as philosophers1    
whose one aim was to find  out1 because 
they loved1 the truth4 ,what they saw   
excited them to  meditate1 to           
conjecture1 and to reason2 they         
endeavored to account for  natural      
events1 to trace their causes1 to reduce
 them to principles  7,whewell74 ,they  
set about this1 too1 in no small1 narrow
 way4 ,they  wanted to go right to the  
bottom of things1 of everything at once1
 and  to know the great principles1 as  
they called them1 of ,nature and of     
life4 ,that was the reason why the      
actual scientific results of ,greek     
thought1 with all its splendid powers1  
were so meager4 ,two things are  the    
necessary conditions of science--facts1 

and the human power of  reasoning4 ,two 
processes must be carried out in order  
to yield any  scientific result3 facts  
must be patiently accumulated1 and the  
mind  must set its reasoning powers to  
work on them4 ,it was in the first of   
these that the ,greeks were wanting4    
,they did not realize the need of       
endless patience in learning the details
 of ,nature's way of working4  ,they    
wished to take in all of ,nature with   
one tremendous sweep of  thought4 ,they 
did a little investigating and a great  
deal of  reasoning4 ,occasionally1      
however1 we find an instance of inquiry 
into  the cause of more definite and    
limited phenomena1 which seems much     
more to suggest the true spirit of      
physical inquiry4 ,we have one  recorded
 by ,herodotus1 which is the more       
remarkable from being so  nearly alone4 
,it is in reference to the fact which he
 had observed  about the flooding of the
 ,nile--that it was flooded for one     
hundred  days1 beginning with the summer

 solstice2 and that from that time it   
diminished1 and was during the winter   
months very low4 ,he tells us  that he  
made pressing inquiries about the cause 
of it from many of the  ,egyptians1 but 
that he found no satisfaction1 and      
apparently little  interest in the      
matter4 ,three different theories on the
 subject that  had been propounded by   
the ,greeks he examines in detail and   
confutes2  and finally he states a      
theory of his own4 ,and yet even in this
  instance of scientific inquiry he     
commits the usual fault of the          
,greeks--he does not pursue far enough  
the investigation of the facts  of the  
case1 and the absence of the facts he   
tries to make up for by  exhaustive     
arguments on words used in describing   
the phenomena4    ,strange as it may    
seem at a first glance1 it is a very    
similar trouble  that we find with the  
reasoning of ,aristotle4 ,it seems      
strange1 ,i say1  because we are        
accustomed to associate with ,aristotle 

just those  things which would seem to  
indicate a scientific temper1 and to    
give  promise of great results3 #a4     
,extensive accumulation of facts4 ,many 
of  those works of ,aristotle which     
remain to us are vast treasuries of     
facts collected from almost every field 
of ,nature1 and we have reason  for     
thinking that he made other wonderful   
collections of facts which  have not    
come down to us4 ,his work has been a   
standing marvel to all  time4 #b4       
,extraordinary powers of reasoning4 #c4 
,the fact that he  asserted in the      
strongest terms the need of building up 
the whole  superstructure of knowledge  
on experience4 ,and yet throughout his  
works1 side by side with the evidences  
of profound knowledge and  profound     
speculation1 there are repeated         
instances of reasonings which  are not  
only unsound1 but altogether puerile--e4
 g41 in the beginning  of his treatise  
on the heavens he proves the world to be
 perfect by  reasoning of the following 

kind3 ,the bodies of which the world is 
composed are solids1 and therefore have 
three dimensions4 ,now1 three  is the   
most perfect number2 it is the first of 
numbers1 for of one we  do not speak as 
a number2 of two we say both2 but three 
is the first  number of which we say    
all2 moreover1 it has a beginning1 a    
middle1  and an end4 ,that is a fair    
instance of his scientific incompetency4
  ,he has the facts1 he is able to      
reason1 but he does not reason          
according to the facts2 he loses sight  
of them and builds up great  arguments  
on words and names4 ,to give one more   
example3 ,he is  endeavoring to explain 
the fact that when the sun's light      
passes  through a hole1 whatever be the 
form of the hole1 the bright image1  if 
formed at any considerable distance from
 the hole1 is circular4  ,this1 of      
course1 is easily seen to be a necessary
 consequence of the  circular figure of 
the sun1 if we conceive light to be     
diffused from  the luminary by means of 

straight rays proceeding from every     
point4  ,but ,aristotle attempts to     
explain the fact by saying that the     
sun's  light has a circular nature which
 it always tends to manifest4 ,he       
employs the vague and loose conception  
of a circular quality instead  of the   
distinct conception of rays 7,whewell74 
,it is a kind of reasoning which may be 
applied with great show of  success to  
everything1 but which really proves     
nothing4    ,and so1 as a matter of     
fact1 ,aristotle did not leave one      
single  scientific generalization of    
value to succeeding ages4    ,did not   
the ,greeks then do anything in the way 
of physical science  that was to stand8 
,yes1 there was a little work that was  
exact1 and  therefore lasting4          
,archimedes established the fundamental 
principle on  the one hand of the lever1
 on the other of pressure in            
fluids--that is  to say1 laid the stable
 foundation of the sciences of statics  
and  hydrostatics4 ,euclid developed1 if

 he did not discover1 the law of the    
reflection of light4 ,pythagoras        
discovered1 and his followers           
developed1 some of the fundamental      
principles of harmonics4 ,greater  than 
any of the others in genuine scientific 
work was ,hipparchus1 who1  with many   
erroneous theories1 yet really laid the 
permanent foundation  of the science of 
astronomy4 ,only one more name need be  
mentioned  among the ancients--that of  
,ptolemy1 who seemed possessed of a     
genuinely scientific spirit4 ,he        
accomplished little original work1  made
 no broad generalization 7what is known 
as the ,ptolemaic system  was in reality
 the system of ,hipparchus71 but more   
than any other of  the ancients he is   
the type of the true scientist in these 
respects--the accuracy of his           
observations1 the thoroughness of his   
work at every point1 and the really     
great additions that he made to  science
 in the way of verifying1 correcting1   
and extending the theory  he received4  

,he lived in the early part of the      
second century ,a4 ,d4    ,and the next 
name to attract our notice is that of   
,copernicus1 more  than twelve hundred  
years later4 ,what is the meaning of    
that lapse of  time8 ,after such noble  
foundations had been laid1 was there no 
great  scientific work built thereon in 
all those centuries8 ,absolutely none4  
,it will be well for us to think for a  
moment of what were the reasons  for    
that barrenness1 for the same causes are
 more or less at work at  all times to  
hinder the growth of science and the    
extension of  scientific method4    #a4 
,and what strikes us most forcibly at   
the outset is a lack of the  sense of   
the importance of physical science4     
,through most of that  period           
,christianity dominated the best thought
 of ,europe1 and the  tremendous        
practical problems that confronted the  
,church for a long  time threw          
everything else into the shade2 for a   
long time1 ,i said1  during the early   

part of this period in especial1 when   
the ,church in  general seemed to       
realize its responsibility to win the   
whole world to  its ,master1 and every  
individual coming into the ,church was  
made to  feel that the ,church's work   
was above everything else in the world4 
,the importance of an exhaustive        
knowledge of the facts of ,nature       
seemed trifling when compared with      
questions of character and future  life1
 and making the world feel the power of 
,christ4 ,eusebius only  expressed the  
thought of much of his age when he said1
 speaking of  those who pursued the     
study of physical science1 ,it is not   
through  ignorance of the things admired
 by them1 but through contempt of their 
useless labor1 that we think little of  
these matters1 turning our  souls to the
 exercise of better things4 ,and with   
that deliberate  turning away from such 
subjects there would come of necessity  
that  indistinctness of ideas about     
natural things which is fatal to all    

scientific investigation4 ,witness these
 words of ,lactantius3 ,to  search for  
the causes of natural things2 to inquire
 whether the sun be  as large as he     
seems2 whether the moon is convex or    
concave2 whether  the stars are fixed in
 the sky or float freely in the air2 of 
what  size and of what material are the 
heavens1 whether they be at rest or  in 
motion2 what is the magnitude of the    
earth1 on what foundations it  is       
suspended and balanced--to dispute and  
conjecture on such matters  is just as  
if we chose to discuss what we think of 
a city in a remote  country1 of which we
 never heard but the name4 ,as ,whewell1
 from whom  these last two quotations   
are taken1 says1 ,it is impossible to   
express more forcibly that absence of   
any definite notions on physical        
subjects which led to this tone of      
thought4    #b4 ,contributing1 without  
doubt1 largely to that indistinctness of
  ideas1 and to the low value put upon  
physical science1 was the  mysticism    

common to the early and the medival     
,church1 and to the  world at large for 
many hundred years--the mysticism1 that 
is to say1  the habit of assigning      
supernatural agencies to the various    
phenomena  of ,nature1 and of regarding 
them as subject to the vicissitudes of  
arbitrary will rather than as following 
out the workings of a  consistent       
orderly plan4 ,there is no need of any  
attempt to show how  fatal such a spirit
 is to science1 nor how that spirit     
seemed for a  long while to dominate the
 world4 ,it changed physical science to 
magic2 astronomy to astrology2 the study
 of the composition of bodies  to       
alchemy2 and even mathematics was       
changed till it became the              
contemplation of the spiritual relations
 of number and figure4 ,that  the       
,church was not1 as has been often      
charged1 responsible for this           
spiritualizing temper of the age is     
apparent to any one familiar with  the  
development of ,greek philosophy and    

with the history of the  superstitions  
of the ,roman ,empire4 ,nevertheless1 it
 is also true that  that temper has been
 increased in the past and is fostered  
to-day by  the undue emphasis which the 
,church has placed upon the miraculous  
character of early ,christianity4    #c4
 ,we notice in the history of the       
thought of this period1 both in the     
,church and in the world at large1 a    
disposition rather to examine1          
criticise1 and comment upon the work of 
others1 than to do  investigating and   
thinking of one's own4 ,that such a     
spirit should be  found in the ,church  
is not to be wondered at1 for the       
authority of  ,christ and his apostles  
would seem to leave no room for         
originality of  thinking on religious   
subjects1 and the sacred ,scriptures    
would give  abundant scope for the      
exercise of the highest learning and of 
intellectual penetration in             
interpreting4 ,but the same tendency is 
noticed outside of the ,church1 as the  

great schools of interpreters of        
,aristotle and of ,plato1 and the large 
volumes of abstracts and  compilations  
from preceding writers1 bear witness4   
,but when vast  learning and ability are
 expended1 rather on such labors than on
  investigation into the secrets of     
,nature1 science does not thrive4    #d4
 ,and once again we observe the         
gradually increasing dogmatic  tendency 
of the ,church1 the claim to be the     
repository of all  knowledge1 the       
stifling of thought1 and of             
investigation into what  might lead men 
away from the truth and the faith once  
delivered to  the saints4    ,it seemed 
best to give in detail these four       
evident reasons for the  barrenness of  
science during those centuries1 because1
 as ,i said1 the  same things to-day1   
though with decreasing force1 interfere 
with the  progress of science and the   
extension of scientific method4 ,i shall
  refer to them again a little further  
on4    ,the great revival of four       

centuries ago in art1 in learning1 in   
religion1 reached also to science4 ,at  
last the spell of ignorance1 of         
unreasoning prejudice1 of offensive     
dogmatism1 and of vague mysticism1  that
 had held the world for so long1 was    
broken4 ,the new life of  science was   
feeble at first1 and remained long in   
its swaddling  clothes4 ,it was about   
the middle of the sixteenth century that
  ,copernicus gave his great work to the
 world2 then no great work again  for   
nearly one hundred years1 when ,kepler1 
,galileo1 and ,stevinus  arise4 ,but the
 century has not been an idle one4      
,everywhere men have  been awakening to 
the new light1 have begun to think      
freely and  fearlessly2 are no longer   
deterred by the cry of magic or the     
prohibition of church dignitaries from  
investigating into ,nature for          
themselves4 ,and so1 when in the        
seventeenth century those mighty ones   
appeared1 thoughtful people in great    
numbers were found to welcome  the new  

truths2 and at almost the same time     
,descartes by his essay on  ,scientific 
,method1 and ,bacon by the ,novum       
,organum1 were able to give  an impetus 
to scientific investigation such as the 
world had never  felt before4    ,the   
history of the progress of science from 
that time to this is too  complex to    
receive any treatment in a paper of this
 character4 ,how it  has been throughout
 a record of successive triumphs2 how   
gradually one  department after another 
of ,nature's workings has been mastered 
and  reduced to orderly system2 how all 
systems have been themselves  reduced to
 one1 harmonious and complete1 in the   
magnificent  generalization of          
evolution2 how all the time not only has
 the sum of  knowledge been steadily    
augmented1 but the power of acquiring   
knowledge marvelously enlarged--all of  
that we know4 ,that which has           
accomplished such results is science1   
and the process employed has  been      
scientific method4 ,we are in a position

 now to have a fairly  intelligent idea 
of it4 ,look at it and see4             
,scientific method is not1 of course1 a 
technical expression1 as are  induction1
 deduction1 etc4 ,yet it means something
 very definite4 ,it is  that method of  
dealing with phenomena which reason     
declares and  experience has shown to   
insure the greatest accuracy in results4
 ,there  are in the complete process    
four necessary steps3 #a4 ,observation  
of  facts4 #b4 ,comparison and          
classification1 or generalization4 #c4  
,deduction4 #d4 ,verification4    ,we   
can see these steps alike in the        
simplest scientific attempt of our      
remote ancestors1 and in the work of a  
,newton or a ,darwin4    ,to use an     
illustration of the former suggested by 
the book of  ,leviticus4 ,in very early 
times it was noticed that animals that  
had  both the characteristics of being  
cloven-hoofed and of chewing the cud    
were good for food4 ,a new animal is    
discovered having those                 

characteristics4 ,it is argued from the 
general principle laid down  that this  
new animal is good for food1 and the    
matter is verified by  experiment4      
,there are the four distinct steps3     
observation of the  facts1 drawing a    
principle from the comparison of the    
facts1 deducing  as to the particular   
case1 verifying4 ,the result is1 of     
course1 not  only a classifying of the  
particular case1 but also the extension 
of  the principle4 ,so with the         
generalization of the law of            
gravitation4  ,numberless facts were    
observed with the greatest care2 from   
them the  principle was generalized2    
from that again deductions were made as 
to  particular cases2 and the results   
were verified4 ,but though the steps  of
 the process are the same in both       
instances1 yet what a vast  difference  
between them6 ,take the first step1 the 
observation of  facts4 ,all that the    
thought of the earlier age could do was 
to note a  few striking resemblances and

 differences among the animals that     
roamed the neighboring forests4 ,what   
could be done in the later age1  ay1    
what the scientific temper of the age   
demanded1 was the most  rigidly careful 
examination of multitudes of facts2     
examination by a  trained mind and with 
all the improved appliances which       
science and  art had given to the world1
 and then submitted to the searching    
scrutiny of other trained minds1 with   
like appliances4 ,or take the  last     
step1 verification4 ,in one case it     
meant finding the effect upon  the taste
 and upon the health4 ,in the other1    
what it meant may be  judged from the   
account we have of one of ,newton's     
investigations4 ,in  applying his       
hypothesis of gravitation 7it was only a
 hypothesis then7  to the motion of the 
moon1 there was a very slight           
divergence1 about  two feet a minute1   
between the time of the revolution of   
the moon in  its orbit1 as he calculated
 it and as he observed it4 ,he was not  

satisfied until1 eighteen years after1  
on account of an improvement  made in   
the method of taking observations1 he   
was able to obtain what  he regarded as 
a verification4    ,and so what we learn
 from the history of science is the     
gradual  development of scientific      
method4 ,scientific method in the work  
of  ,hipparchus meant a very different  
thing from the scientific method of  the
 ,chaldeans4 ,very different still is   
the scientific method of  studying the  
heavens to-day4 ,so to an even greater  
degree is there a  difference between   
the scientific method of studying the   
earth to-day  and as our fathers studied
 it4 ,it is not merely the multitude of 
facts  that we have learned1 nor the    
marvelous instruments that we have made 
to aid us in our observations2 it is    
also1 and by no means least1  this--that
 men all these centuries have been      
learning to observe1 to  reason1 and to 
verify4    ,we may say that science and 
scientific method have grown and        

developed  together3 the development of 
one has invariably advanced the         
development of the other1 and1 on the   
other hand1 where one has  remained     
stationary1 or has retrograded1 so has  
the other4    ,history has enabled us to
 see this other fact also3 that the     
conditions which interfered with the    
growth of science in the past not  only 
interfere with it always1 wherever they 
exist1 but to very much  the same degree
 interfere with the free application of 
scientific  method4 ,what those         
conditions were during one long period  
of history  we saw--a failure to realize
 its importance as compared with        
questions  of conduct2 a tendency to    
comment rather than investigate2 a      
tendency  to ascribe everything to      
spiritual agency rather than to natural 
causes2 and lastly1 dogmatism4 ,we very 
well know how1 as a matter of  fact1    
those very conditions do interfere with 
the application of  scientific method   
to-day4    ,how far is scientific method

 applicable to the investigation of the 
,bible8 ,is there any department of     
human knowledge to which scientific     
method of investigation is not          
applicable8 ,if scientific method is    
what we defined it to be1 that method of
 dealing with phenomena which  reason   
declares and experience has shown to    
insure the greatest  accuracy in        
results1 then there is obviously no     
department of  knowledge to which that  
method is not applicable1 for it means  
simply  the method which will bring us  
nearest to the truth4 ,when we are      
dealing with the highest spiritual      
verities we use that method which  will 
bring us nearest to the truth2 we are   
bound to use it in the  interest of     
truth6 ,that does not mean that we are  
to look for material  causes for        
spiritual phenomena2 nor does it mean   
that those things  which in their nature
 appeal to the sensibilities1 or have to
 do with  conduct1 or require an        
exercise of faith1 must1 in order for us

 to  find out the truth1 be removed from
 the domain of sensibility1  conduct1   
faith4 ,that would be a most            
unscientific method of  investigation4  
,the very first canon of scientific     
method is that it be  appropriate to the
 matter in hand4 ,and so in             
investigating the truths  which are     
distinctly taught in the ,bible--truths 
which are of the  nature of a revelation
 of ,god's will and which are designed  
to reach  and affect the whole nature of
 man--to take no account of other       
faculties in a man besides his power of 
apprehending intellectually1  and of    
reasoning logically1 would be           
unscientific beyond hope of  pardon4    
,but what ,i wish especially to consider
 is a different kind of  investigation  
of the ,bible--one not concerned with   
the truths taught  in the ,bible1 but   
with the ,bible itself1 as a collection 
of writings  that has come down to us   
from the past4 ,what is the nature of   
these  writings8 ,who are their authors8

 ,are there any of them which have more 
than one author8 ,are there any which   
are compilations from several  different
 sources8 ,what is the age in which     
these works were written  or compiled8  
,all of those1 and similar questions1   
are not only the  appropriate but the   
necessary inquiries of a truth-loving   
mind4 ,they  will continue to be asked  
until they are satisfactorily answered4 
,with  reference to other writings1 the 
persistence of such inquiries will      
depend1 except in cases of pure         
curiosity1 upon the importance of such  
writings to the world4 ,on that         
principle there will be no cessation of 
inquiries concerning the ,bible until   
they are1 as ,i said1  satisfactorily   
answered1 for no other writings are to  
be compared1 in  their importance to the
 world1 with the writings of the ,bible4
 ,how can  such answers be given8 ,where
 does competency to give answer lie8    
,does  it lie in the authority of the   
,church8 ,not to lay any stress upon the

  fact1 one way or the other1 that the  
,church1 except in certain  localities1 
has never declared on the canon of the  
,bible1 much less  on the questions     
proposed above1 there is no such        
authority residing  in the ,church1     
unless we grant the claim sometimes made
 for her1 to  infallibility4 ,with those
 making such a claim we must1 within the
  limits of this paper1 decline to      
argue4    ,but if not the ,church1 what 
other authority can give us the answers 
we  seek8 ,the authority of primitive   
tradition1 or of the opinions of  great 
commentators1 or of the great mass of   
,christian people of modern  times8     
,authority which is so shadowy in other 
things that might be  mentioned would   
surely count for nothing in a matter as 
grave as this4  ,or can particular      
expressions of the ,bible itself be     
taken to settle  the matter once for    
all8 ,but as to most of those very      
questions the  ,bible itself is silent2 
and if it had spoken1 yet the question  

of  competent authority would only be   
put one step further back4 ,or1 once    
again1 can the answer come from the     
spirit which is in man1 guided  by      
,god's ,spirit8 ,but in this1 as in the 
instance mentioned above1 that  which   
has been shown to be incompetent in so  
many other things can not  be called    
competent in this4    ,there is1 there  
can be1 according to the requirement of 
our minds1  only one answer which will  
satisfy2 it is that which is determined 
by  purely scientific method--that is to
 say1 according to the nature of  the   
subject1 that method of investigating   
literary works which reason  declares   
and experience has shown to insure the  
greatest accuracy in  results4 ,that    
method is known by the name of the      
,higher ,criticism4    ,what is the     
history of the higher criticism8 ,one   
would imagine1 from  the language often 
used by the opponents of its application
 to the  ,bible1 that it was an         
arbitrary method of criticism1 invented 

in these  rationalizing times expressly 
for the purpose of doing away with the  
divine character of the ,bible4 ,but    
higher criticism has been in use in     
examining the classics and other        
7nonscriptural7 writings of former  ages
 for fully two hundred years4 ,the first
 one to state its  fundamental          
principles was ,du ,pin1 in his ,new    
,history of  ,ecclesiastical ,writers1  
published in #afid4 ,in #afii ,bentley  
published  his famous examination of the
 epistles of ,phalaris1 according to the
  methods and principles of the higher  
criticism4 ,there is no better  instance
 of scientific investigation as to      
authenticity4 ,these  epistles had been 
commonly accepted by scholars as the    
work of  ,phalaris1 and accounted of    
great value4 ,bentley1 by his searching 
examination of them1 proved them to be  
the forgery of a sophist1 so            
conclusively that no scholar worthy of  
the name has ventured to  question the  
result since4 ,that1 ,i say1 was in     

#afii4    ,the first work in the way of 
higher criticism of the ,bible1         
,eichhorn's  ,introduction to the ,old  
,testament1 was not published till      
nearly one  hundred years later4    ,but
 that very modernness of the work brings
 it with some into  disfavor4 ,if that  
is the true way of investigating the    
biblical  writings1 they say1 why are we
 so long in finding it out8 ,why did    
not the fathers of the ,church--mighty1 
indeed1 as many of them were1  with     
keenness of insight into the ,bible1    
with profound knowledge of  its         
characteristics1 with substantially the 
same evidence before them  as we have   
now--why did not they give us the       
principles of the higher  criticism1 if 
those principles are true8    ,for the  
very same reason as science in general  
has not until very  lately begun to do  
its true work4 ,how meager is all the   
scientific  work done in the ages of the
 past in comparison with that done      
during  the last three hundred years6   

,men were not up to it2 they were only  
learning the scientific method4 ,so1 the
 scientific method of examining         
literature1 men have not learned till   
within the past two hundred  years4     
,having all the facts before them which 
we have now would avail  nothing without
 the knowledge of how to observe1 to    
classify1 to  deduce1 to verify1 any    
more in the field of letters than in the
 field  of ,nature2 any more in the     
,bible than in other literary works4    
,among  the immense benefits which      
science has conferred upon the world1   
surely this should not be accounted the 
least1 that it has taught us a  method  
by which we may find out with           
ever-growing certainty the truth        
concerning the ,bible itself4    ,what1 
then1 should be the attitude of lovers  
of truth toward the  higher criticism of
 the ,bible8 ,it can be only            
one--openness of mind to  the ready     
acceptance of its work4 ,not that all   
its present results are  to be accepted 

as final1 for its work is still         
confessedly incomplete4  ,moreover1 we  
can not fail to see that all            
investigations into the  sacred         
,scriptures have not been prompted by a 
genuine love of truth1  nor carried on  
with that judicial mind that should     
characterize every  one working in the  
name of science4 ,so that not all that  
has been done  in the name of the higher
 criticism has been according to        
scientific  method4 ,nevertheless1 there
 are results already obtained1 bearing  
the  stamp of truth--such as the        
composite character of the ,hexateuch2  
the  double authorship of ,isaiah2 the  
post-exilic date of many of the         
,psalms--results which to a scientific  
mind have the practical  certainty of a 
demonstration1 but which the great      
majority of  ,christian ministers1 who  
are supposed to look at such things     
intelligently1 are not ready to accept4 
,are not the ministry in general more   
zealous to do as ,st4 ,paul says1  ,hold

 fast that which is good1 than either to
 do1 as he also says1  ,prove all       
things1 or to make sure that what they  
hold fast is the  best8 ,well1          
undoubtedly that is the better way to   
do1 if they are to  do only one--to hold
 fast that which is good4 ,and yet it is
 a  blessed thought that every brave1   
fearless effort which men make  toward  
finding out the truth1 with every help  
that they can get from  reason and a    
knowledge of the past1 is an effort     
after ,god4          ,,geology ,,of     
,,the ,,klondike ,,gold ,,fields4#a     
,footnote #a3 ,from ,alaska and the     
,klondike4 ,with thirty-five            
full-page illustrations and three maps4 
,by ,prof4 ,angelo ,heilprin4      ,new 
,york3 ,d4 ,appleton and ,company4 ,pp4 
#cbf4 ,price1 #a4ge4    ,,by ,,angelo   
,,heilprin1    ,,late ,,professor ,,of  
,,geology ,,at ,,the ,,academy ,,of     
,,natural ,,sciences ,,of               
,,philadelphia1 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the     
,,royal ,,geographical ,,society ,,of   

,,london4      ,the gold fields of the  
,klondike or ,troandik district1 as     
officially  designated1 lie along or    
immediately about the waters1 whether   
direct  or tributary1 of the ,klondike1 
an eastern affluent of the ,yukon1 which
  discharges into the father of northern
 waters at the site of ,dawson4  ,the   
,klondike itself1 whose upper waters are
 as yet only imperfectly  known1        
seemingly carries but little gold1 the  
main quantity of the  precious metal and
 that which has made the region famous  
being  contributed by one of its        
southern arms1 the ,bonanza1 and by a   
tributary of this1 the ,eldorado4       
,hunker ,creek1 draining a mountainous  
district several miles to the eastward  
of the ,bonanza1 and like it a  southern
 affluent of the ,klondike1 finds       
promise of a wealth but  little if at   
all inferior to that of the ,bonanza4   
,in a broader or more  popular sense1   
the ,klondike region not only embraces  
the special  district so designated in  

the books of the ,gold ,commissioner1   
but also  the entire tract which heads  
up to the sources of the streams that   
have before been mentioned1 and thereby1
 with ,quartz1 ,sulphur1 and  ,dominion 
,creeks as tributaries of ,indian       
,river1 takes in the greater  portion of
 the ,indian ,river mining district1 and
 with ,baker1 ,reindeer1  and other     
creeks on the west1 the official        
districts indicated by  these names as  
well4 ,with this limitation the region  
roughly defines  an area about forty    
miles square1 whose northern boundary   
lies  somewhat to the north of the      
sixty-fourth parallel of latitude1 and  
on  the west reaches to within about    
thirty-five miles of the  international 
boundary1 the one hundred and           
forty-first meridian of  west longitude4
    ,this area of approximately fifteen 
hundred square miles1 which but  little 
exceeds that of ,rhode ,island or of the
 county of ,cornwall in  ,england1 may  
be broadly characterized as being gently

 mountainous1  with elevations of five  
hundred to fifteen hundred feet1 and in 
the  highest parts of about twenty-two  
hundred feet4 ,its lowest depression  is
 the valley of the ,yukon1 which1 in    
itself occupying a position  about      
fourteen hundred feet above the sea1    
gives to these points  absolute         
elevations of three and nearly four     
thousand feet4 ,dome  ,mountain1 or1 as 
it is frequently designated1 simply ,the
 ,dome1 and  less often ,solomon's      
,dome1 ,king ,dome1 and ,mount ,ophir1  
appears  to be the culminating point of 
the entire region2 and its prominent    
position at the water parting of        
,bonanza1 ,hunker1 ,sulphur1 and        
,dominion ,creeks makes it a noble      
figure in the landscape1 and the most   
interesting single feature to the       
prospector and miner4 ,no absolute      
determinations for altitude have as yet 
been made for it1 but when  crossing the
 summit it seemed to me that it could   
not be much under  four thousand feet1  

and ,i believe that ,mr4 ,ogilvie gives 
to it about  thirty-five hundred feet4  
,the landscape which this mountain      
dominates  is surpassingly beautiful1   
and ,i know of no finer view from       
similarly  low mountains than that which
 this one commands4 ,the sharply incised
  wooded valleys of the different       
streams that head up to it tear the     
mountain into projecting buttresses1 and
 in the ridge that leads off  from it   
southwestward contracts it to the extent
 of forming for half a  mile or more a  
narrow backbone or saddle4 ,in this     
respect it reminded  me much of ,mount  
,katahdin1 in ,maine4 ,on a clear day   
the distant main  mass of the           
snow-capped ,rocky ,mountains is sharply
 outlined against  the northeastern sky1
 a most impressive setting to the       
verdant slopes  that trend off toward   
it1 only to disappear in the belt of    
plain that  separates the two mountain  
systems4 ,i was unfortunate in not      
getting  the full benefit of this view1 

as at the time of my first crossing the 
atmosphere was very cloudy1 and on the  
second it was so surcharged  with smoke 
from forest fires in the valleys of     
,gold ,bottom1 ,quartz1  and ,sulphur   
,creeks that hardly more than the       
foreground was visible4                 
,illustration3 ,a ,,bit ,,of ,,norway   
,,in ,,alaska4--,,cascade ,,near        
,,skaguay4    ,a succession of five or  
six knobs runs out from the ridge to    
which  reference has been made and which
 trends off in the direction of the     
head waters of ,eldorado1 and these1    
together with the main ,dome1 are       
sometimes spoken of as the ,seven       
,domes1 but they have no particular     
significance in the orographic detail   
and can not even be said to be  clearly 
defined to the eye4 ,dome ,mountain is  
held in a respect  bordering almost on  
veneration by the ,klondikers1 inasmuch 
as it is  generally thought to be the   
mainspring of the gold supply which is  
contained in the streams that fall off  

from it1 and this means nearly  all the 
good and the promising streams of the   
entire region4 ,and1 in  truth1 there is
 for the moment no way of absolutely    
disposing of the  miner's suppositions1 
nor can the circumstance that little or 
no gold  has yet been found in place    
either on or in the mountain be given   
much  value in the discussion of the    
probable origin of the gold1 inasmuch   
as the same negative condition confronts
 us in a study of the rocks of  all     
other parts of the same and adjoining   
regions4 ,assuming that  alluvial gold  
is in the main a derivative from reef   
gold1 it is  certainly strange that     
streams flowing in well-nigh opposite   
directions1 and yet rising within very  
short distances of one  another1 should 
be so largely charged with gold1 unless 
they have  obtained it from a common    
source2 nor can the fact1 as received   
and  reported by most miners1 but of the
 full import of which ,i have not  yet  
fully made up my mind1 that the         

different streams carry different       
classes of gold1 be argued away as      
having no significance in this          
connection4 ,claim holders profess at   
most times to be able to  distinguish   
between ,eldorado gold and that of      
,bonanza1 between the  gold of ,bonanza 
and that of ,hunker or ,dominion1 and so
 on2 and there  is no question that     
marked differences in color and in the  
contours of  the coarse flakes and      
nuggets do present themselves1 and even 
in  narrower limits than has here been  
outlined4 ,thus1 the gold from  ,french 
,hill1 abreast of ,claim #ag on         
,eldorado1 has a distinctiveness  that  
is largely its own1 and hardly follows  
the gold of the rest of  the ,eldorado  
tract2 and the same is true of the gold 
of ,skookum ,hill  in its relations to  
that of ,bonanza1 and also of that of   
,victoria  ,gulch4 ,moreover1 the recent
 assays that have been made by the ,bank
 of  ,british ,north ,america and the   
,canadian ,bank of ,commerce1 in        

,dawson1 of  the gold of the different  
creeks and gulches show plainly that    
marked  differences as to fineness are  
distinctive qualities--at least they    
appear to be such at the present time4  
,thus1 while ,eldorado and  ,bonanza    
gold generally assays but about #ae4ej  
or #ae4hj to the ounce1  ,dominion gold 
shows as high as #ag4hj1 and ,hunker    
close to #ah4ej2 the  gold of ,bear     
,creek1 a minor tributary of the        
,klondike1 is reported to  actually give
 #ai4bj to the ounce1 falling only      
behind the almost pure  specimens that  
have been reported from ,american ,creek
 and ,mynook1 and  to which a valuation 
of nearly #bj has been given4 ,if these 
assumed  facts continue to be proved    
true1 then they must argue in favor of a
  distribution of gold from largely     
localized spots or areas1 a  conclusion 
that is also pointed to by a number of  
other circumstances4  ,on the other     
hand1 there are some facts which point  
in quite the  opposite direction1 and   

some of these will be referred to later 
on4    ,illustration3 ,,the ,,vale ,,of 
,,eldorado4    ,none of the mountains of
 the region even approximates the snow  
line1  which would here probably occupy 
a position not much below six  thousand 
feet1 and on the northern face perhaps  
even rise to seven  thousand feet4 ,not 
a vestige of snow was seen by me when   
crossing the  ,dome1 not even in the    
most sheltered hollows1 a condition that
 at  first strikes one as strange1      
considering that in so many parts of our
  own mountains of equal or less        
elevation snow may be found lingering   
through a long period of the summer     
months4 ,but here the greatly           
protracted hours of summer daylight and 
heat1 together with the  correspondingly
 diminished period of night1 when a     
regelation might  take place or melting 
at least could be arrested1 have a      
marked  influence in dissipating the    
winter's snows and ice when these are   
not  particularly heavy4 ,i did not find

 the ,august heat quite so intense on   
the mountain tops as ,i had been led to 
suppose that it would be1 but  there was
 quite enough of it to satisfy an ample 
vegetation and to  make heavy garments  
in walking more than a luxury4          
,unfortunately1 my  thermometer was away
 from me at this time1 and as sensation 
in this  dry northern climate is so     
difficult to gauge by the standard of   
the  mercurial index1 ,i shall not      
hazard a guess as to the actual reading4
    ,taking the mountains in their      
entirety1 it is difficult from single   
points of view to determine for them any
 definite relation4 ,there are  so many 
valleys in close proximity to one       
another1 some very ancient  and others  
relatively modern1 and with trends so   
opposed in all  directions1 that in the 
absence of a dominant ridge or mass this
  relation becomes very confused2 and ,i
 was not in a position1 with the        
limited time at my command and the      
deficiency of rock outcrops1 to         

positively define any main line or axis 
of uplifts4 ,yet ,i suspect that  there 
is one such1 with a generally east and  
west bearing1 whose trend  might        
correspond with that of the ridge       
already referred to1 which1  with a     
southwesterly deflection1 unites ,dome  
,mountain with the mass  that separates 
the upper ,eldorado from ,chief ,gulch4 
,what strikes one  as particularly      
interesting in the conformation of some 
of these  mountains when seen from an   
elevation is their hummocky appearance4 
,this is particularly noticeable in the 
mountains which close in the  ,eldorado 
and ,bonanza ,valleys4 ,with            
considerable actual elevations1  they   
convey the impression of being merely   
swells or undulations of an  open       
surface1 very much like magnified       
morainic knolls in a glaciated  country4
 ,this depressed type of mountain       
structure1 with the evidence  of its    
expanded valleys and gently flowing     
contours1 carries with it  the proof of 

long-continued degradation1 and of a    
history whose pages  read far back into 
geological chronology4    ,with the     
evidences of antiquity before us1 there 
are yet indications1  amounting1 it     
seems to me1 almost to proof1 that many 
of the more  pronounced features of the 
region date their origin from only a    
comparatively recent period4 ,such is   
the case with a number of valleys  that 
are tributary to the main ones1 and even
 the latter appear to  have been        
modified by late stream displacements4  
,taking the ,eldorado  or ,bonanza1 with
 their open ,u-shaped troughs and in    
most parts gently  sloping banks1 as    
types of the older valleys1 it is       
surprising to note  how many of their   
tributaries have the deeply incised and 
narrow  contours2 and ,i am led almost  
to conclude that some of these are      
really of very late construction4 ,the  
stream displacements1 which1 by  reason 
of the indices they give to the finding 
of new placers1 are now  beginning to be

 so attentively studied by the miner and
 prospector1  are emphatic in their     
testimony in this direction4#b ,one has 
but to  note the triangular area that is
 included between ,french ,gulch        
7tributary to ,eldorado abreast of      
,claims #ag and #ah7 and ,adams ,creek  
7tributary to ,bonanza at ,claim #f     
below ,discovery7 to be convinced of    
the actuality of recent transformations4
 ,most of the miners regard the         
high-level gravels of this tract--of    
,french ,hill1 ,gold ,hill 7opposite  to
 ,grand ,forks ,village71 ,skookum      
,hill1 and ,adams ,hill--so rich in gold
  as to make the claims fairly the      
rivals of the creek claims1 as          
representing the ancient high-level flow
 of the ,eldorado and ,bonanza1  but ,i 
am convinced that this is not the case  
7although it is certain  that both      
streams mentioned did at one time flow  
at as high1 and even  considerably      
higher1 levels74 ,the materials that so 
largely  distinguish these bench or     

hillside gravels 7placers7 are in       
greater  part rounded bowlders or       
cobbles of white quartz1 with a marked  
deficiency of the fragmented schists and
 slates which make pay dirt  and bed    
rock in the course of the streams below4
        ,footnote #b3 ,prof4 ,israel    
,russell has made the interesting       
observation that orographic movement may
 now be taking place in      the region 
of the middle ,yukon1 about the ,lower  
,ramparts1 with the      uplifting of a 
mountain range athwart the river2 on    
this      supposition he seeks an       
explanation for the detail of the ,yukon
      lowlands4    ,per contra1 the     
creek claims of ,eldorado and ,bonanza  
contain1 as a  rule1 only an            
insignificant quantity of the rounded   
quartz bowlders1  while almost          
everywhere where excavations have been  
made the body and  substance of the     
output are the flattened and discoid    
parts of the  mother-rock of most of the
 region--quartzitic1 micaceous1         

hornblendic1  and chloritic schists1 and
 with them a less quantity of gneissic  
and  dioritic rock4 ,the high           
quartz-capped knob to which reference   
has  already been made as marking the   
water parting of ,french1 ,nine ,mile1  
and ,adams ,creeks1 has large quartz    
masses entering into its  composition1  
whether as bosses1 dikes1 or veins1 and 
to them1 or  rather their wasted parts1 
must we look for the source which has so
  generously supplied the materials of  
the ,french-,adams ,hills benches4      
,there has been a bad break-up in this  
quarter1 and the materials  resulting   
from it have been swept into the        
confluence 7delta7 of the  two streams  
which define the main valleys4          
,furthermore1 the descending  arcuate   
contour lines which are so well marked  
by terrace slopes on  that face of      
,french ,hill which is turned to the    
corner of ,eldorado and  ,french ,gulch1
 show plainly the receding course1 in   
the direction of  south1 of ,french     

,creek 7,gulch74 ,on the hill slopes    
south of the  position which it now     
occupies there is none of that deposit  
which  lies to the north of it2 the     
riches of ,french ,hill are delimited by
  ,french ,gulch1 and even in the gulch 
itself there is nothing that can  be    
compared with what is found on the      
heights4 ,again1 on the side of         
,eldorado opposite to ,french and ,gold 
,hills there is the same  deficiency as 
regards the characteristic bench        
deposits1 and this also  holds true with
 the ,bonanza opposite ,skookum and     
,adams ,hills4 ,if these  high-level    
deposits were in fact the ancient waste 
of the ,eldorado and  ,bonanza1 we      
should naturally expect to find at least
 outliers on  the less favored bank of  
the streams1 and surely in the case of  
the  ,eldorado former evidence of this  
deposition ought to be had on the       
hillsides1 similarly contoured to those 
of the north1 which lie south  of and   
immediately adjoining ,french ,gulch4   

,illustration3 ,,grand ,,forks          
,,village4--,,valley ,,of ,,the         
,,bonanza4    ,through virtually the    
entire ,klondike tract and far beyond it
 on all  sides there are evidences of   
high water flows4 ,no more perfect      
presentation of high-level terraces can 
be had than that which defines  the     
first line of heights1 of perhaps one   
hundred and fifty to two  hundred feet1 
which so beautifully impress the        
landscape of the ,yukon  about ,dawson4 
,the observer1 from a still loftier     
elevation1 notes  these flat-topped     
banks1 having the regularity of railroad
  constructions1 following the course of
 the river as far as the eye can  reach1
 here perhaps interrupted by a too      
steeply washed buttress1  elsewhere     
washed to low level by some stream which
 has taken a  transverse direction4 ,a  
somewhat higher line of benches curves  
around  the still higher points of      
eminence1 and defines the course of     
water  across country--such1 at least1  

it is to-day4 ,and all the way to the   
top1 scattered evidences of the recent  
presence of water can still be  found4  
,i met with rolled or water-worn pebbles
 so near to the top 7the  actual summit 
and not the position of the signal flag7
 of the high  peak overlooking ,dawson  
that it may safely be assumed that they 
also  occur on the very apex 7about     
eleven hundred feet above the present   
level of the ,yukon71 a conclusion which
 is more than strengthened by  the      
finding of pebbles at even a greater    
elevation on the ,french-,adams  ,creek 
knob4 ,while thus presenting the        
evidence of high water levels1 ,i  am   
far from convinced that this evidence   
points exclusively to river  flows4     
,much more does it appear that1 in one  
part of its history at  least1 we are   
dealing with the evidences of the past  
existence of  large lakelike bodies of  
water1 perhaps even of a vast inland    
sea4 ,the  contours of the country in a 
sort of ill-defined way suggest this    

interpretation--an interpretation that  
is not1 however1 without  evidence to   
support it1 and which seems also to have
 been entertained  before me by         
,mc,connell and by ,israel ,russell4    
,the latter investigator  has1 indeed1  
given the name of ,lake ,yukon to a     
former extensive body  of water1 of     
which the existing ,lakes ,lebarge1     
,marsh1 ,tagish1 and  ,bennett1 with the
 connecting ,yukon1 are only dissociated
 parts4 ,this  lake is assumed to have  
been about one hundred and fifty miles  
in  length1 with a surface elevated     
between twenty-five hundred and         
twenty-seven hundred feet above the sea4
    ,first in the line of evidence may  
perhaps be taken the universality of    
wash gravel and of terrace dbris and the
 great heights which they  occupy4      
,while ,i have not myself observed such 
evidences of water  action on the very  
summit of the ,dome1 there is reason to 
believe that  they do or at least did   
exist4 ,most of this summit1 in its     

narrowed  form and rapidly descending   
slopes1 has been1 if one may use the    
expression1 more than washed off1 and   
could hardly be expected to  retain for 
any great length of time accumulations  
of loose fragmental  material4 ,but at  
least its far-off continuation near the 
source 7right  fork7 of ,eldorado ,creek
 bears some of it on its shoulder1 and  
,i have  also seen it in an excavation  
on the loftily located ,claim #ga of    
that  stream4 ,nearly abreast of the    
international boundary1 the one hundred 
and forty-first meridian of west        
longitude 7,greenwich71 ,mc,connell and 
,russell noted the terrace line of the  
,yukon ,river as high up as seven       
hundred and thirty feet1 which is still 
about four hundred feet below  the point
 where ,i obtained wash gravel on the   
peak back of ,dawson2 but  ,dr4 ,george 
,dawson found the terraces on ,dease    
,lake to rise to  thirty-six hundred and
 sixty feet1 and elsewhere he calls     
attention to  having come across        

water-rolled gravel at an elevation of  
forty-three  hundred feet1 which would  
probably exceed by about six hundred    
feet  the culminating point of ,dome    
,mountain4 ,such high water could1 with 
the existing configuration of the land  
surface1 hardly define any  other       
feature than that of a large interior   
sea or of a series of lake  basins2 and 
while it may be argued that there has   
been sufficient  degradation of the land
 surface since the period of the height 
of  water to permit us to reconstruct a 
contour that would be in harmony  with  
altered and reduced river courses1 and  
relieve us from the  necessity of       
invoking the assistance of lacustrine   
bodies in a  solution of the problem1 it
 does not seem to me likely that this   
has  been the case4 ,the physiognomy of 
the upper ,yukon ,valley supports this  
contention1 and even to-day the river   
has not yet fully escaped from a        
lacustrine condition which is merely    
fragmental of a previous state4    ,on  

one point bearing upon the succession of
 events in the upper ,yukon  ,valley1   
and which has its connection with the   
history of the ,klondike  region1 my    
conclusions differ somewhat from those  
that have been  expressed by ,dawson4   
,this pertains to the deposit of        
volcanic ash  which is so marked a      
feature of the accumulations of the     
river's  banks4 ,for nearly three       
hundred miles by the course of the river
 a  stratum of pumiceous ash1 ordinarily
 not more than four or six inches  in   
thickness1 constitutes almost without   
break the top layer but one  of the     
banks on either side1 and that which is 
above it is generally  only the         
insignificant soil or subsoil which     
immediately supports the  vegetation4   
,so persistent is this ash layer1 and so
 uniformly does it  hold to an even     
thickness and to its exact position     
beneath the  surface1 that without      
further examination one would be tempted
 to  believe from a little distance that

 it was merely the ordinary subsoil     
layer from which the color had been     
leached out by vegetable growths4  ,here
 and there1 where there have been local 
disturbances or water  washings have    
produced concentration1 it may have     
acquired a  development of a few feet1  
and occasionally it has accommodated    
itself  to flexures or saggings of the  
deposits which it normally caps as a    
horizontal zone4 ,dr4 ,dawson1 in       
commenting upon its occurrence1         
correctly assumes that it represents one
 continuous volcanic eruption1  the date
 of which might fall well within a      
period of a few hundred  years1 and he  
speculates as to its being possibly     
associated with an  outbreak from ,mount
 ,wrangel or some active cone which is  
represented  by the ,indians to exist in
 the region of the upper ,white ,river4 
,beyond  this1 from the normality of its
 position1 and the assumed fact that no 
fluviatile or aqueous deposits have been
 found overlying it1 the same  observer 

argues that the outbreak must have taken
 place subsequent to  the formation of  
the present river courses and their     
valleys1 a  conclusion in which ,i do   
not see my way to concur4 ,the only     
satisfactory interpretation of this vast
 uniformly placed and  uniformly layered
 deposit of ash is to me that which     
assumes a  deposition in a widely       
extended lake basin1 or in shallow      
lagoon  waters which already in part    
occupied the present valley surfaces4   
,in  such waters precipitation from     
long-continued suspension would proceed 
gradually and evenly1 to the end of     
shaping a deposit of nearly  uniform    
development and of vast extent4 ,such   
depositions we find in  the valleys     
lying north of the ,city of ,mexico     
7,zumpango1 ,tequixquiac7  and in the   
lacustrine area of ,anahuac1 also in the
 famous  fossiliferous basin of         
,florissant1 in ,colorado4 ,with the    
subsequent  formation or reformation of 
the river's course we should have this  

deposit cut through1 with the result of 
presenting the even layer  which is so  
persistent in its following4 ,this      
method would also  account for the      
anomalous position in which we find the 
ash deposits2  while still holding the  
same relation to the top surface1 it    
occasionally rises far above what might 
be assumed to be its normal  height or  
level above the water's surface--from   
four to ten feet--a  condition that     
would hardly be in consonance with the  
assumption that  the ash was deposited  
after the actual river channels had been
 cut4  ,but other and more direct proof 
of aqueous occupation after the laying  
of the ash is had in the fact that in   
one place at least1 and  doubtless many 
more such will be found on closer       
investigation1  lacustrine or fluviatile
 shells 7subfossils7 occur in the layer 
overlying the ash4 ,a locality of this  
kind is found on the right bank  not    
many miles above the ,five ,finger      
,rapids4 ,here1 at a height of not  more

 than four feet above the river1 ,i had 
the pleasure of determining  species of 
,limnea and ,physa1 associated          
singularly enough with  ,helix1 in the  
layers immediately above and below the  
ash bed1 and in  both horizons the      
species were identical4 ,this isolated  
fact speaks  volumes for itself4 ,had   
this been the region of ,helena1 ,ark41 
,i should  have been prompted to class  
the bed with a portion of the           
,mississippi  loess4 ,what interested me
 further in this connection was the fact
 that  up to this time ,i had failed to 
bring to light one solitary mollusk     
from the upper ,yukon1 and to all       
inquiries regarding the existence of    
shellfish in this northern water        
invariably a negative reply was         
received4 ,only on that day did ,i again
 obtain success in my  malacological    
effort1 the almost icy waters rewarding 
my search with a  single                
specimen--unfortunately subsequently    
lost--of a ,bythinella1  or some closely

 related type1 so that even to-day my   
knowledge does  not permit me to state  
if the subfossil species of the banks   
have  their living representatives1     
either specific or generic1 in the      
almost wholly noncalcareous waters of   
the existing river4 ,the question  from 
more points than one is interesting1 and
 deserves more than  passing attention4 
,it may be remarked in this place that  
the only  other fluviatile invertebrate 
which ,i found in these waters was a    
white siliceous coating sponge1 whose   
statoblasts were well visible to  the   
naked eye4 ,unfortunately1 the loss of  
my specimens has prevented              
determination1 a circumstance the more  
to be deplored as these  fresh-water    
sponges are the most northern in habit  
known to the  zologist4#c               
,footnote #c3 ,professor ,russell1 in   
discussing the flood-plain      deposits
 of the ,yukon about the mouth of the   
,porcupine ,river1 says      that       
fresh-water shells were frequently      

observed in the finer      deposits4    
,unfortunately1 no statement is made of 
the types which      they represent4    
,there is evidence of another kind      
pointing to a comparative newness of    
much of the present course of the       
,yukon4 ,the feature has been noticed   
alike by nongeographers and geographers1
 and by geologists as well1  that the   
arm which carries the greatest volume of
 water does not  everywhere occupy the  
main orographic valley4 ,thus1 as       
,dawson has well  pointed out1 in coming
 up the stream the valley of the ,big   
,salmon  appears to be more nearly the  
continuation of the main valley below   
than that which still 7and properly7    
continues to be designated the  ,lewes  
7,yukon7 above2 and this is still more  
markedly the case with the  ,hootalinqua
 7,teslin-too or ,newberry ,river7 at   
the confluence with the  ,thirty ,mile4 
,even the valley of the ,pelly at its   
junction with the  ,yukon1 near ,fort   
,selkirk1 would perhaps to most persons 

suggest itself  as the main channel of  
erosion4 ,there is no hardship to       
geological  facts in invoking the aid of
 great displacements to account for a   
condition which to my mind is well      
impressed upon the landscape2 for1  even
 without the proper or fully            
satisfactory evidence in hand to        
support the view1 ,i fully believe that 
the greater part of the upper  ,yukon   
tract only recently emerged from a      
lacustrine condition4 ,nor is  it to me 
by any means certain that this emergence
 or final  reconstruction of the land   
surface into valley tracts need be more 
than a few hundred years old1 or        
necessarily older than the deposition   
of the volcanic ash1 which is           
hypothetically carried back to ,dawson  
to  a possible five hundred years or so4
 ,if it should be objected that we  know
 of no such rapid change in the         
configuration of a land surface  brought
 about by aqueous agencies1 it might be 
answered that the  mechanics of erosion 

in a pre-eminently drift-covered region1
 under  subarctic conditions and with   
the influence of a most powerful and    
energetic stream near by1 have neither  
been studied nor observed4              
,illustration3 ,,sluicing ,,on ,,the    
,,bonanza4    ,let us examine the       
possibilities of the case4 ,as an       
initiatory premise  it might be assumed1
 without much chance of either          
affirmation or  denial1 that the        
degradation of the land surface in the  
immediate  valleys of the main streams  
is or has been in the past taking place 
at  the rate of half a line per day2 so 
far as the eye and ordinary  instruments
 of measurement are concerned this is a 
quite inappreciable  amount1 and ,i see 
no reason why it may not be assumed as  
the working  power of the ,yukon4 ,with 
this rate of erosion a valley trough or 
contour of about a foot and a third     
might be formed in the period of a      
single year1 or of nearly seven hundred 
feet in five hundred years2  and if we  

lessen the daily erosion to one quarter 
of the amount  stated--i4 e41 to an     
eighth of a line--we should still have  
in this  same period of five hundred    
years1 speaking broadly1 a trough of    
about  one hundred and seventy-five feet
 depth1 quite sufficient to have        
brought about most marked changes in the
 aspect of a drift-covered  lagoon      
region1 and perhaps ample to account for
 those physiognomic  peculiarities which
 have been discovered4 ,i am fully      
impressed with  the magnitude of the    
distance which separates the amount of  
erosion  which ,i have assumed--an      
eighth of a line daily--from the one    
foot in  six thousand years1 which has  
been preached categorically from        
lecturn and text-book for the better    
part of a quarter of a century  and     
threatens to make dogma for still       
another period of equal length2  but the
 conditions here are entirely different 
from those of average  continental      
denudation--in fact1 have as nearly     

nothing in common as  they can have4 ,my
 observations in the tropics and        
subtropics have most  impressively      
taught me the lesson of rapid changes1  
and with the  conditions that are and   
have been associated with the ,yukon1 ,i
 am  prepared for the lesson of equal   
change in the north4 ,but1 as a matter  
of fact1 are we not taught of a removal 
in the west central ,united  ,states of 
some twelve thousand feet of rock strata
 in a period not  impossibly            
considerably less than two hundred      
thousand years8 ,the one  foot in       
sixteen years has here likewise nothing 
in common with the  prevailing rate of  
continental destruction4    ,while      
stalled on a bar on the ,yukon ,river1  
about two miles above ,fort  ,selkirk1  
,i was much impressed with the          
mechanical work of the stream4  ,the    
gravel and pebbles were being hurried   
along rapidly under the lash  of a five 
to six mile current1 and their groans   
were audible  frequently when they      

themselves were invisible4 ,every few   
minutes our  steamer would swerve from  
her seemingly fixed position by the     
undercutting of the bar1 and perhaps it 
would be not far from the  truth in     
saying that we should be to-day in very 
nearly the same  position that we were  
in then had it not been for this        
undermining  action of the stream4 ,let 
it be remembered that the ,yukon has a  
current ranging up to seven miles1 or to
 eight1 as some of the  navigators say1 
and that in certain months it is swiftly
 ice-bound  both on top and at the      
bottom1 and heavily charged with        
bowlders1 and  one may well realize the 
work of which it is capable4 ,that with 
which  ,i have debited it is purely     
hypothetical or conjectural1 but it may 
serve a purpose in the elucidation of   
the main problem4    ,in its more       
distinctively geological relations the  
,klondike region may  be broadly defined
 as one composed in the main of schists 
and  schistose rocks1 defining an area  

of considerable disturbance4 ,owing  to 
the limited number of outcrops1 by far  
the greater part of the  surface being  
still buried beneath vegetation of one  
kind or another1  the variety of rocks  
included within the region can best be  
told from  an examination of creek      
bowlders or the different dumps that    
mark  hundreds of diggings and prospect 
holes along the various valleys and     
gulches4 ,some of this output1 in which 
may be found fragments of  quartz and   
quartzitic schist1 of mica1 hornblende1 
and chloritic  schists and slates1 of   
granitic gneiss and gneissose granite1  
porphyry1 diabase1 diorite1 and quartz  
7quartzite71 is probably                
extra-territorial1 having been washed in
 at a time when a more  extensive       
foreign water had access to the region2 
but there is enough  of outcrop to show 
that most1 and perhaps all1 of the types
 here  indicated are really a part of   
the tract4 ,the schists and schistose   
rocks1 whose age from direct evidence in

 the field ,i was unable to  determine1 
but which are almost certainly the      
equivalents in greater  part of the     
,birch ,creek series1 as described by   
,spurr from the  ,american side 7,birch 
,creek and ,forty ,mile districts71     
constitute the  kernel of the region4   
,observation is as yet too limited to   
permit of a  positive classification of 
these schists according to their natural
  relations1 and the reasons that have  
prompted some to consider them as  being
 in part of pre-,paleozoic age are not  
quite clear to me1 although  they may   
easily be such4 ,of granite and true    
gneiss in position ,i saw  practically  
nothing1 and the limestones and marble  
were not sufficient  in quantity to     
permit me to identify the heavy beds    
which are  considered to be the         
distinguishing element of the ,forty    
,mile series4  ,the beds where exposed  
show in most parts steep dips--in places
  standing almost vertically--but in how
 far these dips are uniform or  the     

reverse1 or in any way define a line of 
strike with anticlinals  and synclinals1
 must be left for future close          
examination to  ascertain4              
,illustration3 ,,approximate ,,map ,,of 
,,the ,,klondike ,,region    ,great     
lumps of white or pinkish quartz1 some  
of them in situ1 others  washed or      
rolled down the open slopes1 occur at   
many points of some of  the mountain    
elevations1 indicating the presence of  
dikes and gash  veins1 and in part of   
interstratified beds containing this    
material4 ,i  found much of it at       
several horizons of the slope back of   
,french  ,hill1 and also as a cap       
overlying the badly cleaved and         
fragmented  schists of the summit 7three
 thousand feet87 of the prominent knob  
which dominates this region4 ,the same  
type of kidney quartz appears  at       
repeated intervals on the slope leading 
up to the ,dome1 almost  immediately    
after leaving the junction of ,carmack's
 ,fork with the  ,bonanza1 and also on  

the saddle ridge which might properly be
  considered to be a part of the summit 
of ,dome ,mountain4 ,prospectors  have  
in nearly all cases staked these assumed
 outcrops of quartz1  recognizing them  
as ledges1 and in a number of them have 
claimed the  discovery of the mother    
lode4 ,so far as visible gold is        
concerned1 ,i  have in nearly all cases 
found them to be absolutely barren1 and 
,i do  not think at this time that there
 is much chance of finding anything     
materially valuable in them1 although   
events might prove the reverse4  ,most  
of the quartz that has so far been      
discovered in direct  association with  
the gold--that is to say1 wrapped up    
with or within  itself1 as in the case  
of the quartz-gold nuggets of ,french   
,hill--is  of a gray-blue or pinkish    
tint and of a granular and nonspathic   
type1  therefore differing materially in
 aspect and structure from the quartz   
of the hillsides and from the greater   
number of the quartz bowlders  that are 

contained in the dumps or have been     
removed from bed rock4  ,some of the    
bowlders or rolled pebbles containing   
coarse gold are of  the same character  
of quartz as the quartz of the          
hillsides4 ,notably  one such was shown 
to me as coming from a high-bench claim 
7,millett's7  on ,adams ,hill 7left     
limit bank of ,bonanza1 between ,little 
,skookum  and ,adams ,creek71 and other 
similar fragments taken from the rock in
  situ were observed on ,gay ,gulch and 
the ridge which separates the  head     
waters of this stream from those of     
,eldorado4 ,in a dump at the  mouth of  
,gay ,gulch 7a right-hand tributary of  
,eldorado abreast of  ,claim #cg7 ,i    
found fragments of rotted quartz which  
were well sprinkled  with fine gold4    
,it does not by any means appear so     
conclusive to me as seemingly it  does  
to ,professor ,spurr that because in    
some gulches the gold heads up  in      
increasing quantities the nearer we     
approach the beginnings 7heads7  of     

these gulches1 and that with this       
approach the coarseness of the  grains  
and nuggets likewise increases1 we are  
necessarily forced to  assume that the  
travel of the gold at large has been    
confined within  the boundaries of the  
gulches in which it is at present       
contained1 or  that its source is to be 
sought near by4 ,a number of the most   
solid  streams of the ,klondike region1 
such as the ,bonanza and ,eldorado1 if  
we are permitted to judge from the      
evidence of outputs and of  prospects up
 to the present time1 hardly sustain the
 conditions of  the ,american creeks4   
,the richest claims on the ,eldorado    
are1 starting  from its mouth--the      
junction of the ,bonanza--#d1 #e1 #ab1  
#ac1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1  #cf1 with other    
claims abundantly rich between these4   
,number #cj is1 ,i  believe1 generally  
considered to be the banner claim1 and  
it is  situated about three miles       
up--far enough1 perhaps1 to sustain in a
  superficial way ,professor ,spurr's   

generalization as to location--and      
above it #cf is not unlikely to show up 
as well as any of the other  creek      
claims below4 ,but the valley of        
,eldorado1 whether constricted or  open1
 continues for miles beyond either of   
its two head forks--that  which is known
 as ,eldorado proper1 and the one1      
,chief1 or ,chief ,isaac  ,gulch1 which 
is geographically the continuation4 ,so 
little has been  found above #cf or #cg 
that the stream in that part is         
ordinarily spoken  of as being barren4  
,again1 so far as the tributaries on    
either side of  ,eldorado are concerned1
 and the possibility that they are      
responsible  for the gold that is       
contained in the main stream between #cg
 and #a  rather than the ,eldorado      
itself--a condition in no way impossible
 or  improbable--it can only be said for
 them that up to this time they  have1  
with the possible exception of ,oro     
,grande 7tributary to ,eldorado  abreast
 of ,claim #ca71 yielded very little    

gold themselves1 and have  hardly given 
indication of containing much of a      
supply4 ,i have used  the words up to   
this time advisedly1 because ,i am aware
 upon how  little the evil reputation of
 a gulch rests1 and how prospectors     
deceive themselves by the character of  
their defective prospect holes4  ,hence1
 while my argument is drawn from        
existing evidence1 it can not  be       
assumed that this evidence is by any    
means sufficient to warrant a           
conclusion4 ,it is by no means unlikely 
that some of the lateral  gulches will  
really be found to be largely           
gold-bearing1 and of such  ,gay ,gulch  
and the left-fork ascending of ,eldorado
 7,eldorado proper  above #dg7 appear to
 me the most promising4#d               
,footnote #d3 ,since writing the above  
intelligence has been      received of  
the location of a rich pay streak on    
,gay ,gulch4    ,the condition of the   
,bonanza is very similar to that of the 
,eldorado4  ,its greatest wealth1 as so 

far determined1 is concentrated in its  
middle course1 beginning about five     
miles above its mouth and  terminating  
some six miles below its source4 ,but   
very little gold1 if  the information   
given to me is correct1 has been taken  
out from or  determined to exist in the 
tract lying above ,claim #db above      
,discovery1  or the mouth of ,victoria  
,gulch 7left-hand tributary1 whose      
source is  found on a ridge from the    
opposite side of which ,gay ,gulch      
descends to  the ,eldorado71 and yet the
 valley continues open and without      
material  change for at least two miles1
 and with a certain contraction for four
  miles more4 ,barring the ,eldorado and
 the streams coming in from the  same   
side nearest to it--,big ,skookum1      
,little ,skookum1 and ,adams--few  if   
any of the side gulches of the ,bonanza 
are known to be really rich  in gold1   
and for the moment1 at least1 they can  
hardly be looked upon  as having        
furnished the main supply to the main   

stream4          ,,the ,,race ,,problem 
,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4    ,,by   
,,booker ,t4 ,,washington1              
,,principal ,,of ,,the ,,tuskegee       
,,normal ,,institute4      ,i have been 
asked a number of times during the last 
few months the  cause of and the cure   
for the riots that have taken place     
recently in  ,north ,carolina and ,south
 ,carolina4 ,i am not at all sure that  
what ,i  shall say will answer these    
questions in a satisfactory way1 nor    
shall  ,i attempt to narrow my          
expressions to a mere recital of what   
has taken  place in these two ,states4  
,i prefer to discuss the problem in a   
broader manner4    ,in the first place1 
in politics ,i am a ,republican1 but    
have always  refrained from activity in 
party measures1 and expect to pursue    
this  policy in the future2 so in this  
article ,i shall refrain1 as ,i always  
have done1 from entering upon any       
discussion of mere party politics1  in  
the narrow and usual sense4 ,what ,i    

shall say of politics will bear  upon   
the race problem and the civilization of
 the ,south in the larger  sense4 ,in no
 case would ,i permit my political      
relations to stand in  the way of my    
speaking and acting in the manner that  
,i believe is  going to be for the      
permanent interest of my race and the   
whole ,south1  regardless of mere party 
name and organization4    ,in #ahgc the 
negro in the ,south had reached the     
point of greatest  activity and         
influence in public life1 so far as the 
mere holding of  elective office was    
concerned4 ,from this date those who    
have kept up  with the history of the   
,south have noticed that the negro has  
steadily  lost in the number of elective
 offices held4 ,in saying this ,i do not
  mean that the negro has gone backward 
in the real and more fundamental  things
 of life4 ,on the contrary1 he has gone 
forward faster than has  been true of   
any other race in history1 under        
anything like similar  circumstances4   

,if we can answer the question as to why
 the negro has lost ground in  the      
matter of holding elective office in the
 ,south1 perhaps we shall  find that our
 reply will prove to be our answer also 
as to the cause  of the recent riots in 
,north ,carolina and ,south ,carolina4  
,before  beginning a discussion of the  
question ,i have asked1 ,i wish to say  
that this change in the political       
influence of the negro has continued    
from year to year1 notwithstanding the  
fact that for a long time he  was       
protected politically1 by force of      
,federal arms and the most rigid        
,federal laws1 and still more           
effectively1 perhaps1 by the voice and  
influence in the halls of legislation of
 such advocates of the rights  of the   
negro race as ,charles ,sumner1         
,benjamin ,f4 ,butler1 ,james ,a4       
,garfield1 ,oliver ,p4 ,morton1 ,carl   
,schurz1 and ,roscoe ,conkling2 and on  
the stump and through the public press  
by those great and powerful  negroes1   

,frederick ,douglass1 ,john ,m4         
,langston1 ,blanche ,k4 ,bruce1 ,john   
,r4 ,lynch1 ,p4 ,b4 ,s4 ,pinchback1     
,robert ,browne ,elliot1 and many       
others2  but the negro has continued for
 twenty years to have fewer             
representatives in the ,state and       
national legislatures4 ,the reduction   
has continued until now it is to the    
point where1 with few exceptions1  he is
 without representatives in the         
lawmaking bodies of the ,state and  of  
the nation4    ,now1 let us find1 if we 
can1 a cause for this4 ,the negro is    
fond of  saying that his present        
condition is due to the fact that the   
,state  and ,federal courts have not    
sustained the laws passed for the       
protection of the rights of his people1 
but ,i think we shall have to  go deeper
 than this1 because ,i believe that all 
agree that court  decisions1 as a rule1 
represent the public opinion of the     
community or  nation creating and       
sustaining the court4    ,at the        

beginning of his freedom1 it was        
unfortunate that those of the  white    
race who won the political confidence of
 the negro were not1  with few          
exceptions1 men of such high character  
as would lead them to  assist him in    
laying a firm foundation for his        
development4 ,their main  purpose       
appears to have been1 for selfish ends  
in too many instances1  merely to       
control his vote4 ,the history of the   
reconstruction era will  show that this 
was unfortunate for all the parties in  
interest4    ,it would have been better1
 from any point of view1 if the native  
,southern white man had taken the negro1
 at the beginning of his  freedom1 into 
his political confidence1 and exercised 
an influence and  control over him      
before his political affections were    
alienated4 ,in  the light of present    
experience1 ,i think all will now agree 
that the  ballot would have meant more  
to the negro and would have been more   
lasting in its results1 would have      

caused less opposition1 if it had  been 
given to him gradually1 as he came into 
possession of education4    ,the average
 ,southern white man has the idea to-day
 that if the negro  were permitted to   
get any political power all the mistakes
 of the  reconstruction period would be 
repeated4 ,he forgets or ignores the    
fact that thirty years of acquiring     
education and property and  character   
have produced a higher type of black man
 than existed thirty  years ago4    ,but
 to be more specific for all practical  
purposes1 there are two  political      
parties in the ,south--a black man's    
party and a white man's  party4 ,in     
saying this1 ,i do not mean that all    
white men are ,democrats1  for there are
 some white men in the ,south of the    
highest character who  are ,republicans1
 and there are a few negroes in the     
,south of the  highest character who are
 ,democrats4 ,it is the general         
understanding  that all white men are   
,democrats1 or the equivalent1 and that 

all  black men are ,republicans4 ,so    
long as the color line is the dividing  
line in politics1 so long will there be 
trouble4    ,the white man feels that he
 owns most of the property1 furnishes   
the  negro most of his employment1 that 
he pays most of the taxes1 and1         
besides1 has had years of experience in 
government4 ,there is no  mistaking the 
fact that the feeling which1 in some    
way1 has heretofore  taken possession of
 the negro--that to be manly and stand  
by his race  he must oppose the         
,southern white man with his vote--has  
had much to  do with intensifying the   
opposition to him4    ,the ,southern    
white man says that it is unreasonable  
for the negro to  come to him1 in a     
large measure1 for his clothes1 board1  
shelter1 and  education1 and for his    
politics to go to men a thousand miles  
away4  ,the ,southern white man argues  
that when the negro votes he should in a
  larger measure try to consult the     
interests of his employer1 just as  the 

,pennsylvania employee tries to vote for
 the interests of his  employer4    ,the
 ,southern white man argues1 further1   
that much of the education  which has   
been given the negro has been defective 
in not preparing him  to love labor and 
to earn his living at some special      
industry1 and  has1 in too many cases1  
resulted in tempting him to live by his 
wits  as a political creature1 or by    
trusting to his influence as a          
political timeserver4    ,then there is 
no mistaking the fact that much         
opposition to the negro  in politics is 
due to the circumstance that the        
,southern white man has  not got        
accustomed to seeing the negro exercise 
political power1  either as a voter or  
as an officeholder4 ,again1 we want to  
bear it in  mind that the ,south has not
 yet reached the point where there is   
that  strict regard for the enforcement 
of the law against either black or      
white men that there is in many of our  
,northern and ,western ,states4  ,this  

laxity in the enforcement of the laws in
 general1 and especially  of criminal   
laws1 makes such outbreaks as those in  
,north ,carolina and  ,south ,carolina  
of easy occurrence4    ,then there is   
one other consideration which must not  
be overlooked3 it  is the common opinion
 of almost every black man and almost   
every white  man that nearly everybody  
who has had anything to do with the     
making  of laws bearing upon the        
protection of the negro's vote has      
proceeded  on the theory that all the   
black men for all time are going to vote
  the ,republican ticket1 and that all  
the white men in the ,south are  going  
to vote the ,democratic ticket2 in a    
word1 all seemed to have  taken it for  
granted that the two races are always   
going to oppose  each other in their    
voting4    ,in all the foregoing        
statements ,i have not attempted to     
define my own  views or position1 but   
simply to describe conditions as ,i have
  observed them1 that might throw light 

upon the cause of our political         
troubles4    ,as to my own position in  
all these matters ,i do not favor the   
negro's  giving up anything which is    
fundamental and which has been          
guaranteed  to him by the ,constitution 
of the ,united ,states4 ,it is not best 
for  him to relinquish any of his       
rights2 nor would his doing so be best  
for the ,southern white man4 ,every law 
placed in the ,constitution of  the     
,united ,states was placed there to     
encourage and stimulate the  highest    
citizenship4 ,if the negro is not       
stimulated and encouraged by  just      
,state and national laws to become the  
highest type of citizen1  the result    
will be worse for the ,southern white   
man than for the  negro4 ,take the      
,state of ,south ,carolina1 for example1
 where nearly two  thirds of the        
population are negroes4 ,unless these   
negroes are  encouraged by just election
 laws to become taxpayers and           
intelligent  producers1 the white people

 of ,south ,carolina will have an       
eternal  millstone about their necks4   
,in addressing the ,southern white      
people at the opening of the ,atlanta   
,exposition1 in #ahie1 ,i said3         
,there is no escape through law of man  
or ,god from the inevitable3            
',the laws of changeless justice bind   
,oppressor with oppressed2        ,and  
close as sin and suffering joined       
,we march to fate abreast4'    ,nearly  
sixteen millions of hands will aid you  
in pulling the load  upward1 or they    
will pull against you the load downward4
 ,we shall  constitute one third and    
more of the ignorance and crime of the  
,south1  or one third of its            
intelligence and progress2 we shall     
contribute one  third to the business   
and industrial property of the ,south1  
or we  shall prove a veritable body of  
death1 stagnating1 depressing1          
retarding every effort to advance the   
body politic4    ,subsequently1 in an   
open letter to the ,state               

,constitutional ,convention  of         
,louisiana1 ,i wrote3    ,i am no       
politician2 on the other hand1 ,i have  
always advised my race  to give         
attention to acquiring property1        
intelligence1 and character1  as the    
necessary basis of good citizenship1    
rather than to mere  political          
agitation4 ,but the question upon which 
,i write is out of  the region of       
ordinary politics3 it affects the       
civilization of two  races1 not for     
to-day alone1 but for a very long time  
to come2 it is  up in the region of duty
 of man to man1 of ,christian to        
,christian4    ,since the war no ,state 
has had such an opportunity to settle   
for all  time the race question1 so far 
as it concerns politics1 as is now      
given to ,louisiana4 ,will your         
convention set an example to the world  
in this respect8 ,will ,louisiana take  
such high and just grounds in  respect  
to the negro that no one can doubt that 
the ,south is as good a  friend to the  

negro as he possesses elsewhere8 ,in all
 this1 gentlemen  of the convention1 ,i 
am not pleading for the negro alone1 but
 for the  morals1 the higher life of the
 white man as well2 for the more ,i     
study  this question1 the more ,i am    
convinced that it is not so much a      
question as to what the white man will  
do with the negro as to what  the negro 
will do with the white man's            
civilization4    ,the negro agrees with 
you that it is necessary to the         
salvation of  the ,south that           
restriction be put upon the ballot4 ,i  
know that you  have two serious problems
 before you3 ignorant and corrupt       
government  on the one hand1 and on the 
other a way to restrict the ballot1 so  
that control will be in the hands of the
 intelligent1 without regard  to race4  
,with the sincerest sympathy with you in
 your efforts to find  a good way out of
 the difficulty1 ,i want to suggest that
 no ,state in  the ,south can make a law
 that will provide an opportunity or    

temptation for an ignorant white man to 
vote and withhold the  opportunity or   
temptation for an ignorant colored man  
without injuring  both men4 ,no ,state  
can make a law that can thus be executed
 without  dwarfing for all time the     
morals of the white man in the ,south4  
,any  law controlling the ballot that is
 not absolutely just and fair to  both  
races will work more permanent injury to
 the whites than to the  blacks4    ,the
 negro does not object to an educational
 and property test1 but  let the law be 
so clear that no one clothed with ,state
 authority will  be tempted to perjure  
and degrade himself by putting one      
interpretation upon it for the white man
 and another for the black  man4 ,study 
the history of the ,south1 and you will 
find that where  there has been the most
 dishonesty in the matter of voting1    
there you  will find to-day the lowest  
moral condition of both races4 ,first1  
there was the temptation to act wrongly 
with the negro's ballot4 ,from  this it 

was an easy step to act dishonestly with
 the white man's  ballot1 to the        
carrying of concealed weapons1 to the   
murder of a  negro1 and then to the     
murder of a white man1 and then to      
lynching4 ,i  entreat you not to pass a 
law that will prove an eternal millstone
  about the necks of your children4     
,no man can have respect for the        
,government and officers of the law     
when he knows1 deep down in his heart1  
that the exercise of the  franchise is  
tainted with fraud4    ,the road that   
the ,south has been compelled to travel 
during the last  thirty years has been  
strewn with thorns and thistles4 ,it has
 been as  one groping through the long  
darkness into the light4 ,the time is   
not  far distant when the world will    
begin to appreciate the real character  
of the burden that was imposed upon the 
,south when four million  ex-slaves1    
ignorant and impoverished1 were given   
the franchise4 ,no  people has ever been
 given such a problem to solve4 ,history

 has blazed  no path through the        
wilderness that could be followed4 ,for 
thirty  years we have wandered in the   
wilderness4 ,we are now beginning to get
  out4 ,but there is only one road out1 
and all makeshifts1 expedients1         
profit-and-loss calculations1 but lead  
into swamps1 quicksands1  quagmires1 and
 jungles4 ,there is a highway that will 
lead both races  out into the pure1     
beautiful sunshine1 where there will be 
nothing to  hide and nothing to explain1
 where both races can grow strong and   
true  and useful in every fiber of their
 being4 ,i believe that your  convention
 will find this highway2 that it will   
enact a fundamental  law that will be   
absolutely just and fair to white and   
black alike4    ,i beg of you1 further1 
that in the degree that you close the   
ballot  box against the ignorant you    
open the schoolhouse4 ,more than one    
half  of the population of your ,state  
are negroes4 ,no ,state can long prosper
  when a large part of its citizenship  

is in ignorance and poverty1 and  has no
 interest in government4 ,i beg of you  
that you do not treat us  as an alien   
people4 ,we are not aliens4 ,you know   
us2 you know that we  have cleared your 
forests1 tilled your fields1 nursed your
 children1  and protected your families4
 ,there is an attachment between us that
  few understand4 ,while ,i do not      
presume to be able to advise you1 yet   
it is in my heart to say that if your   
convention would do something  that     
would prevent for all time strained     
relations between the two  races1 and   
would permanently settle the matter of  
political relations  in one ,southern   
,state1 at least1 let the very best     
educational  opportunities be provided  
for both races2 and add to this an      
election  law that shall be incapable of
 unjust discrimination1 at the same time
  providing that in proportion as the   
ignorant secure education1  property1   
and character1 they will be given the   
right of citizenship4  ,any other course

 will take from one half your citizens  
interest in the  ,state1 and hope and   
ambition to become intelligent producers
 and  taxpayers1 to become useful and   
virtuous citizens4 ,any other course    
will tie the white citizens of          
,louisiana to a body of death4    ,the  
negroes are not unmindful of the fact   
that the white people of  your ,state   
pay the greater portion of the school   
taxes1 and that the  poverty of the     
,state prevents it from doing all that  
it desires for  public education2 yet ,i
 believe that you will agree with me    
that  ignorance is more costly to the   
,state than education2 that it will     
cost ,louisiana more not to educate the 
negroes than it will to educate  them4  
,in connection with a generous provision
 for public schools1 ,i  believe that   
nothing will so help my own people in   
your ,state as  provision at some       
institution for the highest academic and
 normal  training in connection with    
thorough training in agriculture1       

mechanics1 and domestic economy4 ,the   
fact is that ninety per cent of  our    
people depend upon the common           
occupations for their living1 and       
outside of the cities eighty-five per   
cent rely upon agriculture for  support4
 ,notwithstanding this1 our people have 
been educated for the  most part since  
the war in everything else but the very 
thing most of  them live by4            
,first-class training in agriculture1   
horticulture1  dairying1 stock raising1 
the mechanical arts1 and domestic       
economy  would make us intelligent      
producers1 and not only help us to      
contribute our proportion as taxpayers1 
but would result in retaining  much     
money in the ,state that now goes       
outside for that which can be as  well  
produced at home4 ,an institution which 
will give this training of  the hand1   
along with the highest mental culture1  
would soon convince  our people that    
their salvation is largely in the       
ownership of  property and in industrial

 and business development1 rather than  
in  mere political agitation4    ,the   
highest test of the civilization of any 
race is in its  willingness to extend a 
helping hand to the less fortunate4 ,a  
race1  like an individual1 lifts itself 
up by lifting others up4 ,surely no     
people ever had a greater chance to     
exhibit the highest ,christian          
fortitude and magnanimity than is now   
presented to the people of  ,louisiana4 
,it requires little wisdom or           
statesmanship to repress1 to  crush out1
 to retard the hopes and aspirations of 
a people1 but the  highest and most     
profound statesmanship is shown in      
guiding and  stimulating a people1 so   
that every fiber in the body and soul   
shall  be made to contribute in the     
highest degree to the usefulness and    
ability of the ,state4 ,it is along this
 line that ,i pray ,god the  thoughts   
and activities of your convention be    
guided4    ,as to the cure for such     
outbreaks as have recently hurt ,north  

,carolina  and ,south ,carolina1 ,i     
would say that the remedy will not come 
by the  ,southern white man's being     
merely cursed by the ,northern white man
 or  by the negro4 ,again1 it will not  
come by the ,southern white man merely  
depriving the negro of his rights and   
privileges4 ,both of these  methods are 
but superficial1 irritating1 and must in
 the nature of  things be short-lived4  
,the statesman1 to cure an evil1 resorts
 to  enlightenment1 to stimulation2 the 
politician to repression4 ,i have  just 
remarked that ,i favor the giving up of 
nothing that is guaranteed  to us by the
 ,constitution of the ,united ,states1  
or that is fundamental  to our          
citizenship4 ,while ,i hold to these    
views as strongly as any  one1 ,i differ
 with some as to the method of securing 
the permanent and  peaceful enjoyment of
 all the privileges guaranteed to us by 
our  fundamental law4    ,in finding a  
remedy1 we must recognize the world-wide
 fact that the  negro must be led to see

 and feel that he must make every effort
  possible in every way possible to     
secure the friendship1 the  confidence1 
the co-operation of his white neighbor  
in the ,south4 ,to do  this1 it is not  
necessary for the negro to become a     
truckler or a  trimmer4 ,the ,southern  
white man has no respect for a negro who
 does  not act from principle4 ,in some 
way the ,southern white man must be led 
to see that it is to his interest to    
turn his attention more and more  to the
 making of laws that will in the truest 
sense elevate the negro4  ,at the       
present moment1 in many cases1 when one 
attempts to get the  negro to co-operate
 with the ,southern white man1 he asks  
the question1  ,can the people who force
 me to ride in a ,jim ,crow car1 and pay
  first-class fare1 be my best friends8 
,in answering such questions1  the      
,southern white man as well as the negro
 has a duty to perform4    ,in the      
exercise of his political rights ,i     
should advise the negro to  be temperate

 and modest1 and more and more to do his
 own thinking1  rather than to be led or
 driven by a political boss or by       
political  demagogues4    ,i believe the
 permanent cure for our present evils   
will come though a  property and        
educational test for voting that shall  
apply honestly and  fairly to both      
races4 ,this will cut off the large mass
 of ignorant  voters of both races that 
is now proving so demoralizing a factor 
in  the politics of the ,southern       
,states4    ,but most of all it will    
come through industrial development of  
the  negro6 ,it is for this reason that 
,i have believed in ,general            
,armstrong's theory of industrial       
education4 ,in the first place1         
industrial education makes an           
intelligent producer of the negro1 who  
becomes of immediate value to the       
community rather than one who yields  to
 the temptation to live merely by       
politics or other parasitical           
employments4 ,in the next place1        

industrial development will make the    
negro soon become a property-holder1 and
 when a citizen becomes a  holder of    
property he becomes a conservative and  
thoughtful voter4 ,he  is going to think
 about the measures and individuals to  
be voted for4  ,in proportion as the    
negro increases his property interests  
he becomes  important as a taxpayer4    
,when the negro becomes a large         
taxpayer1 he  will see that it is to his
 interest to consult with his white     
neighbor  about the measures to be voted
 for4 ,there is little trouble between  
the negro and the white man as to       
matters of education1 and when it  comes
 to the negro's business development the
 black man has implicit  faith in the   
advice of the ,southern white man4 ,when
 the negro gets  into trouble in the    
courts1 which require a bond to be      
given1 in nine  cases out of ten he goes
 to a ,southern white man for advice and
  assistance4 ,every one who has lived  
in the ,south knows that in many of  the

 church troubles among the colored      
people the ministers and other  church  
officers apply to the nearest white     
minister for assistance and             
instruction4 ,as soon as we have grown  
to the point where we shall  consult the
 ,southern white man about our politics 
as we now consult  him about our        
business1 legal1 and religious matters1 
there will be a  change for the better  
in the situation4    ,the object lesson 
of a thousand negroes in every county in
 the ,south  owning neat and comfortable
 homes1 possessing skill1 industry1 and 
thrift1 with money in the bank1 who are 
large taxpayers and co-operate  with the
 white men in the ,south in every manly 
way for the development  of their own   
communities and counties1 will go a long
 way in a few  years toward changing the
 present status of the negro as a       
citizen as  well as the attitude of the 
whites toward the blacks4    ,in        
proportion as the negro grows along     
industrial and business lines  he will  

divide in his politics on economic      
issues1 just as the white  man in other 
parts of the country now divides his    
vote4    ,in proportion as the ,south   
grows in business prosperity the whole  
,south will divide its vote on economic 
issues1 just as other portions  of the  
country divide their vote4 ,when we can 
enact laws that result  in honestly     
cutting off the large ignorant and      
nontaxpaying vote1 and  when we can     
bring both races to the point where they
 will co-operate  with each other in    
politics in matters of business1        
religion1 and  education1 the problem   
will be in a large measure solved1 and  
political outbreaks will cease4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,colonel ,,george ,,earl ,,church1     
speaking of the ,indians of the         
country of the ,amazons1 relates of the 
chief of a horde of ,yocar       savages
 whom he met among the falls of the     
,madeira1 a young       fellow          
twenty-five years old1 that he appeared 

to know       everything that was going 
on around him4 ,he seemed to have eyes  
in the back of his head1 so acute were  
his senses4 ,his hearing       appeared 
to indicate1 and his mind to define1 the
 thousand things       which were       
occurring in the tropical forest around 
us4       ,instinctively1 he classified 
and estimated them at their true        
value as if they were under close and   
accurate analysis4 ,as he       sat     
dining with me at my camp table1 in the 
simplicity of his       nature and      
modesty of his nakedness1 ,i could not  
help thinking       that1 in the        
evolution of man1 many magnificent      
qualities have       been sacrificed    
upon the altar of civilization4         
,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,man ,,in       
,,north ,,america4    ,,by ,,dr4        
,,charles ,c4 ,,abbott4      ,the claim 
of satisfactory evidence of the extreme 
antiquity of man in  the valley of the  
,delaware ,river has been soberly       
discussed and  intemperately ridiculed  

until the public1 both scientific and   
general1  have become tired of hearing  
the subject mentioned2 but this is no   
valid reason why the truth should not be
 ascertained4 ,if man in a  paleolithic 
stage of culture did exist on the       
,atlantic seaboard of  ,north ,america1 
then we have a basis upon which to      
build--a tangible  starting point from  
which to date a history of human        
activities on  this continent4 ,as it   
is1 we have but an immense array of     
facts1  largely unrelated1 and the      
greater portion sadly distorted and     
misleading because of the reckless      
theories set forth with them by  their  
discoverers1 and undoubtedly there never
 has been1 in the whole  range of       
scientific agitation of a simple        
question1 as great a volume  of reckless
 assertion1 illogical deduction1 and    
disregard of exact  statement4 ,the main
 question was often wholly lost sight   
of1 and the  author's sole purpose that 
of demonstrating some one else in error4

  ,predetermination on the part of many 
has been fatal to the value of  their   
field work4 ,convinced on theoretical   
grounds1 such are  necessarily blinded  
when on the spot where positive evidence
 occurs4  ,he who does not desire the   
object searched for seldom finds it2    
and1  later in the day1 pride declines  
to accede to the just demands of        
candor--the admission of having reached 
a wrong conclusion4    ,there probably  
would not have been as much attention   
paid to the  subject of man's growth in 
culture on this continent had not the   
proposition of a sequence from          
paleolithic to ,indian1 with an         
intervening period1 seemed to           
necessitate a dating back to the        
,glacial  epoch1 which naturally brought
 geological erudition to bear upon the  
question1 and since then1 most          
surprisingly1 there has been confusion  
worse confounded1 rather than a flood of
 light4 ,much has been written1  but we 
can not yet be confident which author is

 most nearly correct2  and the latest   
report1 showing sad evidences of haste1 
is vitiated by  evident determination to
 modernize every trace of man1 whether  
the  facts warranted such procedure or  
not4    ,what is held1 primarily1 to be 
an evidence of paleolithic man is a     
wrought stone implement1 that in ,europe
 was characteristic of his  handiwork4  
,here1 in the valley of the ,delaware1  
this same form of  implement has been   
confidently asserted to be a rejected   
piece of  stone--usually argillite--that
 failed to lend itself to reduction to a
  finished blade or spear point4 ,if    
this could be established as of         
invariable application1 however the     
supposed reject occurred1 then  the     
whole matter would be brought to a quick
 conclusion4 ,but the  reject theory has
 utterly failed of establishment4 ,the  
typical  paleolithic implement is not   
characteristic of the refuse of an      
arrow-maker's workshop site1 and the    
familiar arrow points of small  size1   

nor even the long1 thin blades of       
several times their length1  were       
reduced from masses greatly larger than 
the desired form4 ,the  refuse of many a
 chipping site shows this conclusively2 
and1 as  hundreds of failures           
demonstrate1 many an arrowhead was made 
from a  pebble but a trifle larger than 
the finished object4    ,but admit1 for 
argument's sake1 the identity in shape  
of a reject  and a paleolithic          
implement2 this does not prove their    
identity in  age and origin1 and it is  
not an unwarranted or illogical         
suggestion  to draw a distinction       
between the two1 where the conditions   
under  which they occur suggest a       
possibility of diverse history4 ,rather 
than  demonstrating that all rudely     
chipped stones are failures1 it should  
be shown that paleolithic man1 as we    
know of him in ,europe1 could not       
possibly have existed here4 ,this has   
not only never been attempted1  but the 
conditions during and immediately       

subsequent to the glaciation  of the    
river valley have been asserted1 time   
and again1 to have been  favorable for  
man's existence4 ,furthermore1 it has   
not been shown that  a typical          
paleolithic implement could not have    
been available on this  continent1 as it
 undoubtedly was in ,europe1 as an      
effective weapon1  and it must be       
remembered that the fauna of the        
,delaware ,valley was1  in glacial      
times1 very like that of parts of       
,europe in what we may  call the        
reindeer period4 ,like conditions may   
not have produced like  results in the  
case of early man1 but what was         
practicable in ,europe  was certainly so
 in ,america1 and the question resolves 
itself into  that of determining if any 
trace of man that has been discovered in
  the valley of the ,delaware can be    
dated back to a time preceding the      
,indian as he was when first he came in 
contact with the ,european4 ,did1  in   
other words1 the ,indian bring his art  

with him from ,europe or ,asia1  or did 
he experience a growth in culture from  
paleolithic simplicity  to neolithic    
complexity8    ,the whole subject hinges
 on the distribution of these traces of 
man4  ,if from the first day of his     
occupancy until the ,european replaced  
the  ,indian the immediate valley of the
 river had undergone no change1 then    
the imperishable relics of the first and
 last savage would remain  associated1  
and position alone would tell nothing   
concerning any  particular object's age 
or origin1 but1 at the present day1     
except the  contents of graves1 not a   
stone implement of the ,delaware        
,indians  rests where chance or the     
intention of its one-time owner placed  
it4  ,indeed1 save a few bowlders of the
 largest size1 few natural objects  on  
the immediate shores of the river are as
 first seen by ,william ,penn  and his  
associates4 ,this fact has not been duly
 considered1 and  unwarranted           
conclusions have been published as      

established  truths--all1 of course1    
eliminating antiquity from the ,indian  
history  of the region4 ,the fact that a
 so-called paleolithic implement was    
found lying on the surface of the       
river's shore has resulted in a pen     
picture of a modern ,indian attempting  
to fashion a blade and tossing  the     
pebble aside in disgust4 ,why1 indeed1  
could not an ,indian walk on  exposed   
gravel and pick up a pebble as well as  
we can to-day8    ,there are two        
considerations to which we must give    
heed when this  question is asked4 ,we  
are1 in the first place1 tacitly        
informed that  the ,indian was given to 
chipping stone in this haphazard way to 
supply  a sudden need upon the spot1 all
 of which is not only not a reasonable  
assumption1 but absolutely incorrect1 as
 argillite bowlders and  pebbles1 which 
are not abundant in the gravels1 were   
not habitually  used1 but1 instead1 the 
mineral was systematically mined and    
selected  with skill1 so that failures  

were reduced to a minimum4 ,then1 again1
  if the object as found has been lying 
undisturbed on the river shore  for     
centuries--two centuries at least--why  
is it that the chips are  not there     
also8 ,these are never found under such 
circumstances4 ,in  fact1 they are very 
rarely found at all in the gravel where 
the  implement itself occurs1 and in    
numbers they exceed the reject or       
finished object at least as ten to one4 
,furthermore1 we are asked to  believe  
that the river shore where we find rude 
implements is the same  to-day as when  
the ,indian wandered along it centuries 
ago4 ,fig4 #a  shows clearly how the    
never-resting tidal flow wears away the 
shore1  carrying sand and fine gravels  
from one point and spreading it         
elsewhere to form a sand bar1 it may be1
 and turning the channel from  one side 
of the stream to the other1 and so      
exposing long reaches of  the shore to  
wasting1 that for many a year had been  
fixed and  apparently secure4 ,often the

 mud is entirely removed from the       
underlying gravel1 and abundant traces  
of ,indian occupation are  brought to   
light1 and1 less frequently1 so strong a
 current attacks a  given point that    
even the gravel is moved and deep holes 
are formed1  to be filled in time with  
the wasting shore from a point perhaps a
  mile away4 ,this is the story of the  
river of to-day1 and so it has  been for
 centuries2 and yet we are asked to     
believe that we can fill  the moccasin  
prints of the ,indian by walking now    
along the water's  edge4 ,i submit that 
it is asking a great deal too much4     
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,wasting    
,,river ,,shore ,,due ,,to ,,tidal      
,,flow4    ,it has been suggested that  
rudely chipped implements1 when found on
  the gravelly shore of the river1 have 
fallen out from the bank and  rolled    
down from where they had long been      
lying4 ,this is not at all  improbable2 
but how does this modernize the object1 
when the gravel  extends quite to the   

surface8 ,the pebbles and bowlders at   
the top of  the bank are clearly as much
 a part of the deposit as are those at  
its  base1 and while the surface may    
be--is1 in fact--less ancient than the  
deeper gravels1 still they can not be   
dissociated2 and it is a  significant   
fact that we find1 on the gravel at the 
foot of the bluff  or other exposure1   
only the rude argillite objects at the  
water's edge  or on the flat laid bare  
at low tide1 and not a general          
assortment of  the ,indian's handiwork1 
including pottery2 and we must not      
overlook  the fact that the gravel-bed  
implements bear evidence of all the     
conditions to which the gravel itself   
has been subjected--this one  stained by
 manganese1 that incrusted with         
limonite2 this fresh as the  day it was 
chipped1 because lost in sand and water 
and not  subsequently exposed to the    
atmosphere2 that buried and unearthed1  
rolled1 scratched1 and water-worn until 
much of its artificiality has           

disappeared4 ,the history of almost     
every specimen is written upon it1  and 
not one tells such a story as has been  
told about it by the  advocates of the  
,indian-reject theory4    ,much has been
 written on the natural history of the  
gravel that is so  marked a feature of  
the river valley1 particularly at the   
head of  tide water1 and almost every   
essay differs in more or less degree    
from  its fellows in the matter of the  
gravel's age as a well-defined  deposit4
 ,its origin no one can question1 nor   
the agencies by which it  was brought to
 where we now find it4 ,ice and water   
did the work1 nor  have they ceased     
entirely to add to the bulk transported 
in strictly  glacial times--perhaps it  
were better to say in superlatively     
glacial  time1 as the river even now can
 be positively glacial upon occasion1   
as ,fig4 #b demonstrates4 ,the main     
channel has often been completely       
blocked with ice and the water forced   
into new directions and spread  over the

 lowlands or flats1 which it denudes of 
its surface soil1 and  once within      
recent years the stream found an old    
channel1 deepened it1  and for a time   
threatened to leave a flourishing       
riverside town an  inland one4 ,ice     
accumulated in this way year after year 
must  necessarily affect the river's    
banks1 and yet the extent of damage  is 
trifling usually1 in comparison with    
that of the water1  particularly when   
agitated by passing steamboats or       
violent winds2 and  now1 too1 the ice of
 our present winters does not transport 
coarse  pebbles to any significant      
extent4 ,i am convinced of this since   
the  examination ,i gave acres of ice1  
when the river was gorged with it1  some
 years ago4 ,it was possible to walk for
 miles over the ice1 as  shown in ,fig4 
#b1 and to see it under exceedingly     
favorable  circumstances1 and a most    
careful search failed to reveal a stone 
larger than a pigeon's egg incased in   
this ice1 which was all gently  floated 

from far up the stream and stranded     
here2 and where piled up  upon the      
shores it usually remains until melted1 
and really acts as  armor plate1        
protecting the ground from abrasion when
 the floods  incident to the break-up   
prevail4 ,such are the present-day      
considerations1 and they have a direct  
bearing upon the question of  man's     
antiquity here because1 first1 the river
 valley has not varied  for hundreds of 
years1 except in becoming wider1 the low
 shores  receding1 and the stream       
becoming broader and more shallow4 ,in  
earliest ,indian times the river was    
subject to freshets and ice gorges  as  
now1 but never did the water become so  
dammed up as to overflow the  broad     
plateaus1 areas of glacial gravel1 that 
at the close of the  ,glacial period    
were within the boundary of the river4  
,the ,delaware was  a very different    
stream then--crescendo for thousands of 
years1 and  diminuendo for thousands    
since--until now it barely hints at what

  once was4 ,but not even in the height 
of its glacial activity was the  climate
 so severe that the waters contained no 
fish1 nor the forests  of the high      
surrounding hills harbored no game4     
,never was it as bleak  as the arctic   
region of to-day1 and as man maintains a
 footing there1  why should he not have 
done so here1 where life was ever more  
easily  sustained8 ,true2 but did he    
live here in glacial time8              
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#b4--;,,ice-,,gorged ,,river4           
,reproducing on a small scale the       
conditions of the ,glacial epoch4    ,it
 has been stated in the most positive   
manner1 which only positive  evidence   
could warrant1 that so-called           
paleolithic implements have not  been   
found in situ in gravel deposits at a   
distance from the river1  and such1 if  
there were such1 as appeared to be in   
the gravel1 were  recent intrusions4    
,this statement1 in its several parts   
and its  entirety1 is absolutely        

incorrect1 and no excuse can be offered 
for  its publication4 ,it is to be      
explained1 however1 because avowedly    
predetermined4 ,wherever the glacial    
gravel of the ,delaware tide-water      
region is found1 there paleolithic      
implements occur1 as they also do  on   
and in the surface of areas beyond the  
gravel boundary4 ,we accept1            
notwithstanding the unscientific source 
of the suggestion1 the  statement that  
post-glacial floods inhumed all traces  
of man found  beneath the superficial   
soils1 and find that1 if these traces   
are  considered in that light1 some     
mysterious power was behind the         
senseless flood1 and always buried      
argillite paleolithic implements  far   
down in the gravel1 and then selected   
argillite artifacts of more  specialized
 forms for the overlying sands and      
reserved the pottery and  jasper arrow  
points for the vegetation-sustaining    
soil4 ,this1 as  stated1 is absurd1 but 
such is the order of occurrence of the  

traces  of early man in the upland      
fields1 and these are to be considered  
carefully before a final conclusion can 
be reached4 ,the broad1  elevated       
plateau extending eastward from the     
present bank of the river  offers       
facilities for studying the evidences of
 man's occupancy in  this region such as
 are to be found in few localities4 ,the
 principal  reason for this is that     
almost no local disturbance has occurred
 since  the original deposition of the  
sand that overlies the gravel and       
underlies the soil4 ,the natural history
 of these underlying sands has  recently
 received a good deal of attention1     
because1 unlike the deeper  gravels1    
there is perfect accord as to the       
occurrences therein of  artificially    
chipped objects2 and the suggestion that
 they are of  intrusive origin being set
 aside as untenable1 the geologists are 
now  divided on the question whether the
 sand is wind-blown1 a modified  dune1  
and so not necessarily old even in      

years1 or the result of  intermitting   
overflow of water1 usually carrying a   
considerable amount  of sand and often  
heavy with washings from some distant   
clay bank4 ,the  objections to the      
eolian theory are that pebbles and      
bowlders1 even  of considerable weight1 
are scattered at all elevations through 
the  sand1 and these pebbles1 as a rule1
 do not present any evidence of         
exposure to eroding sands1 but are      
smooth and glassy1 or the typical       
water-worn pebbles of a brook or the    
river bed1 and more significant  is the 
fact that the sands themselves are of   
different degrees of  fineness1 layer   
upon layer1 and are nowhere clean or    
free from clay2  and finally the thin   
layers of clay are clearly continuous   
over such  extensive areas that in no   
sense can they be called segregations of
  that material4 ,on the other hand1 a  
carefully instituted comparison of  the 
sand from the surface of the field to   
its junction with the gravel  proper    

shows its identity with a deposit made  
by water in  comparatively recent times4
 ,no difference whatever could be       
detected4  ,the sand dune1 modified by  
rains and finally leveled to a plain1   
presents1 in section1 no such appearance
 as the sands that overlie the  gravels 
of glacial origin4 ,without a scintilla 
of reason1 however1  many geologists    
declare that no deposit of sand can be  
of any  geological significance if it   
contains traces of man not clearly      
intrusive4 ,the latter fact necessitates
 the former claim1 all of  which1 ,i    
submit1 is nonsense4    ,fig4 #c        
illustrates how artificially chipped    
pebbles occur in this  underlying sand4 
,the upper portion shows the superficial
 soil removed  to its point of contact  
with the sand4 ,this is determined by   
the  change of color from dark brown to 
light yellowish brown1 and it is        
generally so very abrupt a change that  
no doubt arises as to where the  soil   
ends and the sand begins4 ,the sand     

proper is shown by the  position of the 
object--the measuring rule and trowel4  
,it will be  noticed that the implement 
is lying flat1 as such an object would  
almost necessarily be if transported by 
water1 and not perpendicular1  as would 
be the case if it had fallen down some  
root-hole1 animal's or  insect's burrow1
 or opening in the earth from any cause1
 and now  obliterated4    ,illustration3
 ,,fig4 #c4--,,occurrence ,,of ,,an     
,,argillite ,,implement ,,in  ,,glacial 
,,stratified ,,sand4    ,the presence of
 these artificial flakes1 blades1 and   
other forms of  simple implements can   
only be explained by considering them as
 a  constituent part of the containing  
bed1 having been brought hither by  the 
same agency that brought the sand1      
pebbles1 and clay4 ,when  standing      
before a newly made section of this     
implement-bearing deposit  it is easy to
 picture the slow progress of its       
accumulation4 ,the broad  plain has been
 subjected to overflow1 now of water    

bearing only sand1  and then of muddy   
water2 now with current strong enough to
 roll small  pebbles from some distant  
point1 and then periods when the sun    
shone  on the new deposit1 dried it1 and
 the loose sand was rippled by the      
wind4 ,floods of greater volume         
occasionally swept across the plain1    
and ice-incased pebbles were dropped    
upon its surface1 and with this         
building up of the plateau to a higher  
level there were also brought  to it    
traces of man's handiwork4 ,of this1 ,i 
think1 there can be no  doubt now4      
,years ago ,i endeavored to show from   
the distribution of  rude argillite     
implements of specialized forms1 as     
arrow points and  small blades1 trimmed 
flakes and scrapers1 that these objects 
were  older1 as a class1 than jasper and
 quartz implements and weapons1 and     
that pottery was made only in the rudest
 way before flint  chipping--jasper and 
quartz--was established4 ,the more      
exhaustively  this subject was followed 

up1 the proposition became more         
evidently  true1 and to-day it is       
unqualifiedly confirmed by the results  
obtained  from systematically digging   
deeply over wide areas of country4 ,the 
fact that argillite continued in use    
until the very last does not  affect    
this conclusion4    ,as the high land1  
now forty or more feet above the river  
and beyond  the reach of its floods of  
greatest magnitude1 was once continually
  overflowed and gradually built up by  
the materials the water spread  upon it1
 it is evident that the conditions were 
materially different  when such things  
happened from what now obtains1 and the 
whole  configuration of the country     
to-day points to but the one conclusion3
  that these plateau-building floods    
occurred so long ago as when the  river 
flowed at a higher level and possessed a
 greater transporting  power than at    
present4 ,this1 it is true1 was long    
after the coarse  gravel and huge       
bowlders were transported from the      

hillsides of the  upper valley1 but it  
was before the river was confined to its
 present  channel1 and more             
significantly before what may be called 
the  soil-making period1 itself of long 
duration and the time of the ,indian  as
 such4 ,not an argillite chip from the  
sands beneath the soil but  speaks of   
the distant day when this plateau was an
 almost barren  plain1 and man saw it1  
roamed over it1 and perhaps dwelt upon  
it1 when  but the scantiest vegetation  
dotted its surface1 and only upon the   
hills beyond its boundary were there    
trees and herbage4    ,even if we       
consider the agency of the streams that 
now are but  insignificant inflowing    
brooks in spreading1 during their       
freshet  stages1 sand over level areas1 
we must still go back to a time when    
they were streams of infinitely greater 
magnitude than they have been  for many 
centuries1 and before1 too1 the ,indian 
was a skilled chipper  of jasper and a  
potter of taste1 else why the absence of

 these  products of his skill in the    
deeper sands8 ,it matters not how we    
look  at it1 whether as geologists or   
archologists1 or whether it is all      
post-glacial1 or the starting point is  
still so distant as ice-age  activities1
 the sequence of events is unaffected4  
,we still have  paleolithicity in the   
gravel1 argillite and the discovery of  
pottery  synchronous with the deposition
 of the gravel-capping sand1 and1       
lastly1 the ,indian4    ,the record is  
not a difficult one to read1 and never  
has been1 and the  manifold attempts to 
modernize all traces of man on the      
eastern coast  of ,north ,america can   
safely be relegated to the limbo of     
misdirected  energy4 ,studied in the    
proper spirit and after the needful     
preliminary  study of archology as a    
whole1 the student will find himself1   
when in  the field--ever a more         
desirable place than the museum--face to
 face  with evidences of an antiquity   
that is to be measured by centuries     

rather than by years4          ,,the    
,,use ,,of ,,acetylene4    ,,by ,,edward
 ,,renouf1    ,,collegiate ,,professor  
,,of ,,chemistry1 ,,johns ,,hopkins     
,,university4      ,it is now five years
 since the use of acetylene as an       
illuminant was  suggested to the public1
 and it may be of interest to give a    
sketch of  what has been done during    
this time1 especially as it seems that  
with  the year #ahii the tentative      
period which must characterize every new
  industry is in some respects passed1  
and a period of solid and  well-directed
 industrial effort1 backed by ample     
capital1 has begun4  ,the knowledge     
gained during this tentative period by  
the laboratory  experiments of          
scientific men1 and by the practical    
work of inventors  and promoters1 has   
made it possible for the industry to    
enter on its  new phase4 ,to understand 
its present and to foresee its future   
importance it is necessary briefly to   
review the work of the last  years4     

,in ,may1 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,willson1 
a ,canadian electrician1 tried to  make 
the metal calcium in an electric furnace
 in his works at ,spray1  ,north        
,carolina1 by heating a mixture of lime 
and coal dust4 ,he thought  that the    
lime 7calcium oxide7 would act on the   
coal 7carbon7 to form  calcium and      
carbon monoxide4 ,he did not succeed in 
getting calcium1  but found in the      
furnace a brown1 crystalline mass1 which
 was  decomposed by pouring water on it1
 yielding an inflammable gas4  ,willson 
is not a chemist1 and he therefore sent 
specimens of the  material to several   
men of science to determine its nature4 
,it was  shown to be calcium carbide1 a 
compound of calcium and carbon1 formed  
by the action of the carbon on the      
calcium oxide4 ,the reaction  expressed 
in chemical symbols is ,ca,o  #c;,c     
,ca,c#b  ,,co4 ,the gas  formed by the  
action of water was acetylene1 a        
compound of carbon and  hydrogen4 ,the  
reaction is ,ca,c#b  ,h#b,o  ,c#b;,h#b  

,ca,o2 calcium  carbide and water form  
acetylene and lime4 ,if water enough is 
added1  the lime is slaked1 and slaked  
lime1 or calcium hydroxide1 ,ca7,,oh#b71
  is formed4 ,neither calcium carbide   
nor acetylene was a new discovery2      
acetylene was discovered by ,edmund     
,davy in #ahcf1 and its properties  were
 studied by ,berthelot in #ahfb4 ,impure
 calcium carbide was first  made in     
#ahfb by ,whler1 who described its      
decomposition by water into  acetylene  
and lime4 ,what was there new1 then1 in 
,willson's discovery8  ,two important   
facts3 7#a7 ,he was the first to make   
carbide by a method  applicable         
commercially2 7#b7 he was the first to  
make crystalline  carbide4 ,whler's     
carbide was impure and amorphous2       
,willson's1 nearly  pure and            
crystalline1 so that he succeeded in    
obtaining ,united ,states  patents for  
crystalline carbide1 and1 as all carbide
 made by  commercial processes is       
crystalline1 its manufacture is covered 

by  ,willson's patents4    ,in the same 
year1 #ahib1 ,prof4 ,henri ,moissan1 of 
,paris1 announced the  discovery of     
crystalline calcium carbide4 ,moissan's 
discovery1 too1  was an accidental one4 
,he was reducing refractory metallic    
oxides in  an electric furnace made of  
lime4 ,at the close of the article in   
which  he reports his work to the       
,french ,academy of ,sciences 7,comptes 
,rendus  de l',acadmie ,franaise1 vol4  
cxii1 page #f1 ,december #ab1 #ahib7 he 
refers in two lines to the formation of 
an ill-defined carbide of  calcium by   
the action of the carbon electrodes on  
the lime of which  his furnace was made4
    ,as is common with most important   
inventions1 there is a dispute as to    
the priority of making carbide by an    
electric furnace2 and the wonder  is1   
not that there is a dispute1 but that   
there are so few claimants4  ,a few     
words of explanation of the electric    
furnace will show why4 ,the  enormous   
heat of the electric furnace 7#bjjj to  

#cjjj ,c47 is caused by  an electric    
arc1 formed by currents playing between 
carbon electrodes2  carbon is often used
 in the furnace processes2 here we have 
one  constituent of calcium carbide4    
,lime1 the material for the other       
constituent1 withstands heat better than
 any other common substance  excepting  
magnesia2 naturally1 inventors would use
 it1 as ,moissan did1  as a refractory  
lining to the furnace4 ,electric        
furnaces were not new4  ,the conditions 
then were such that the discovery of the
 carbide was  fairly forced on          
experimenters1 and1 as we have seen1 the
 discoveries  of ,willson and ,moissan  
were both accidental4    ,american      
priority was claimed by ,willson1       
,french priority by the  friends of     
,moissan1 ,german priority by ,professor
 ,borchers1 of  ,aix-la-,chapelle4      
,fortunately for ,willson1 among those  
to whom he had  sent specimens of       
carbide was ,lord ,kelvin1 the famous   
,english  physicist1 whose reply to     

,willson1 stating that the substance    
received  was calcium carbide1 was dated
 ,october #c1 #ahib1 two months before  
,moissan's first publication4           
,borchers's claims are too vague to     
waste  space on4 ,willson's priority is 
now generally recognized excepting in   
,france4 ,the ,german ,government has   
acknowledged it1 and has annulled  the  
,german patent granted to ,bullier4     
,commercial carbide is essentially an   
,american discovery1 and it was         
developed industrially by ,willson's    
associates before industrial  action    
began abroad4 ,messrs4 ,dickerson and   
,suckert1 of ,new ,york1 were  the first
 to undertake the industrial            
liquefaction of acetylene4 ,dr4  ,g4 de 
,chalmot1 chemist1 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4     
,morehead1 electrician1 worked up  the  
details of the furnace process in the   
early days at ,spray1 ,north  ,carolina1
 and the purity and the yield from a    
given weight of material  of their      
carbide have never been excelled1 though

 cheaper working  furnaces are now in   
use4    ,carbides of other metals can be
 made in the electric furnace1 but1     
owing to the cheapness of the new       
material1 calcium carbide is the  only  
one of these which has industrial value 
as a source of acetylene4  ,one pound of
 pure carbide yields #e4hi cubic feet of
 acetylene4    ,thus far carbide has    
been found industrially valuable for two
 other  purposes4 ,the one is for       
carbonizing steel2 experiments in       
,germany  show that iron or soft steel  
takes up carbon more readily when it is 
heated with carbide than when it is     
heated with coal dust or charcoal4      
,some steel works are now using carbide 
for this purpose4 ,the other use  of    
carbide is more important4 ,it is found 
to be a valuable germicide4  ,it is said
 to be the most effectual preventive of 
black rot1 and to  destroy the          
,phylloxera1 the two worst enemies of   
the grape4 ,the  action of the carbide  
as a germicide depends on its           

decomposition by  the moisture of the   
soil1 forming acetylene1 which kills the
  ,phylloxera4 ,if the use of carbide on
 a large scale substantiates the  claims
 made for it1 this is a discovery of    
vast importance4 ,the  ravages caused by
 the ,phylloxera in the vineyards of    
southern  ,europe1 of ,africa1 and      
,australia must be ranked as great      
national  calamities4    ,a temperature 
ranging from #bjjj to #bejj ,c4 7#cfjj  
to #dejj  ,fahrenheit7 is required to   
make carbide4 ,it is probable that this 
temperature can be economically attained
 only by the electric furnace  using    
water power as the source of the        
electric current1 and this is  the only 
method used for making carbide1 with the
 exception of the  ,walther process1    
which does not use electricity but      
depends on the  intense heat generated  
by burning acetylene under pressure4 ,in
  electric furnaces the formation of    
carbide depends simply on the heat  of  
the arc1 which fuses the mixture of lime

 and coke4 ,the latest  improvements on 
the first very simple forms of furnace  
have secured  continuity of work and    
economy of electric energy4 ,in the     
,united  ,states carbide is made        
exclusively in the ,horry furnace4 ,this
 furnace  consists of a huge short      
cylinder or hollow wheel1 mounted to    
revolve  slowly on a horizontal shaft4  
,the periphery of the cylinder is closed
  by removable cast-iron slats4 ,as the 
cylinder is partly revolved on  its axis
 from time to time1 the slats are taken 
off from one side and  replaced on the  
other1 thus leaving the top always open4
 ,the cylinder  is filled on one side   
with the powdered mixture of coke and   
lime4 ,into  the mixture two vertical   
carbon electrodes project downward      
through  the open top of the cylinder4  
,as the carbide is formed1 the cylinder 
is revolved1 lowering the mass from the 
electrodes4 ,the fused carbide  cools1  
hardens1 and is broken off and removed  
as it rises on the other  side of the   

slowly revolving cylinder2 new material 
is constantly fed  in to maintain the   
level around the electrodes4 ,the       
process in the  ,horry furnace is       
continuous2 the furnace can be run      
without arresting  the current until    
repairs are necessary4 ,it is said to   
combine the  different theoretical      
improvements referred to1 and to reduce 
the cost  of production4 ,the ,horry    
furnace is in use at ,niagara ,falls and
 at  ,sault ,ste4 ,marie4 ,at ,st4      
,catherine's1 ,canada1 ,willson is using
 his own  furnace4 ,abroad1 the older   
types of furnace1 the ,willson1         
,bullier1 and  ,hroult1 are those       
chiefly in use4    ,the actual ingot of 
good commercial carbide is nearly       
pure--ninety-six  to ninety-nine per    
cent--but the ingot is surrounded by a  
crust of  carbide mixed with unchanged  
material1 containing forty to seventy   
per cent of carbide4 ,foreign makers    
break and blend ingot and crust to      
standard size1 the best makers          

guaranteeing their carbide ninety per   
cent pure1 giving five cubic feet of    
acetylene per pound 7pure carbide  gives
 #e4hi cubic feet74 ,eight to nine      
pounds of carbide per horse  power in   
twenty-four hours1 averaging five cubic 
feet of acetylene1 is  considered       
satisfactory work4 ,the ,union ,carbide 
,company1 which  controls the sale of   
carbide in the ,united ,states1 is      
selling graded  carbides under          
guarantee1 the first grade being the    
nearly pure ingot1  the lower grade the 
crust4    ,illustration3 ,,horry        
,,furnace1 ,,showing ,,electrodes4#e    
,illustration3 ,,horry ,,furnace1       
,,showing ,,gearing4#e    ,illustration3
 ,,horry ,,furnace1 ,,showing ,,carbide 
,,just ,,removed4#e        ,footnote #e3
 ,,note4--,we are indebted to the       
courtesy of the      ,electrical ,world 
and ,engineer for cuts showing the      
,horry furnace4    ,as the moisture of  
the air decomposes the carbide1 it must 
be broken  up as soon as made1 and      

packed in air-tight tin cans1 varying in
 size  from one to four hundred pounds4 
,the present price of carbide abroad    
averages #if4hj in large lots1 and      
#g4bf per hundredweight in small lots1  
packing included2 in the ,united        
,states1 #gj per ton in large lots1 and 
#d4ej per hundredweight in  small lots1 
packing included4 ,in #ahih1 #d1fej tons
 are said to have  been made in the     
,united ,states and ,canada1 and a much 
larger amount  abroad4 ,the output for  
#ahii is estimated at #ab1jjj tons for  
the ,united  ,states1 with a capacity in
 the new works in erection at ,sault    
,ste4  ,marie and at ,niagara ,falls of 
#da1jjj tons4 ,the new works building in
  ,europe1 to be finished in #ahii-aijj1
 have a capacity for making  #hj1jjj    
metric tons4 ,these figures will justify
 the statement made at  the beginning of
 this article1 that the new industry has
 found ample  capital4    ,the statement
 is still current that acetylene attacks
 copper and  brass1 forming an explosive

 compound4 ,this is not true4           
,exhaustive  experiments by ,moissan and
 by ,gerdes1 keeping these and other    
metals  in contact with acetylene for   
months at a time1 have shown that the   
metals were not affected4 ,the          
conditions under which the explosive    
copper acetylide is made in laboratories
 can not well occur in  generators or   
gas holders4 ,it has been said that     
acetylene is very  poisonous2 the       
experiments of many observers1 and      
especially those of  ,grhant1 do not    
confirm this statement4 ,grhant         
experimented on dogs1  causing them to  
breathe mixtures of acetylene1 air1 and 
oxygen1 which  always contained #bj4h   
per cent of oxygen1 this being the      
percentage of  oxygen in pure air4 ,by  
this device he was able to discriminate 
between  the poisoning caused by        
acetylene and suffocation caused by     
insufficient oxygen4 ,a mixture         
containing twenty per cent acetylene    
inhaled for thirty-five minutes did not 

seem to trouble the animal4 ,a  sample  
of the dog's arterial blood contained   
ten per cent of  acetylene4 ,a dog which
 inhaled a mixture containing forty per 
cent of  acetylene died suddenly after  
fifty-one minutes1 having inhaled one   
hundred and twelve litres of the        
mixture2 the arterial blood contained   
twenty per cent acetylene4 ,grhant      
proved that acetylene simply  dissolves 
in the blood plasma1 while carbon       
monoxide forms a compound  with the     
hmoglobin of the blood4 ,a dog breathing
 a similar mixture of  air1 oxygen1 and 
illuminating gas containing only one per
 cent of  carbon monoxide quickly showed
 convulsive movements1 and died after   
ten minutes2 its blood contained        
twenty-four per cent of carbon          
monoxide4 ,thus acetylene1 while        
slightly poisonous1 is less poisonous   
than coal gas1 and vastly less than     
water gas1 which contains a high        
percentage of carbon monoxide4    ,a    
pressure of thirty-nine atmospheres and 

three quarters at #bj ,c4  converts     
acetylene into a liquid weighing one    
third as much as the  same volume of    
water1 while one cubic foot of the      
liquid when released  from pressure     
gives five hundred cubic feet of gas4   
,hitherto acetylene is used only as a   
source of heat or as a source of  light2
 yet with very cheap carbide it would   
prove useful in many ways  in chemical  
industry1 and its use would have the    
most wide-spread  effect on industry and
 agriculture4 ,for instance1 a method of
 making  alcohol from acetylene is      
patented abroad1 and by another patented
  process it is proposed to make sugar  
from acetylene4 ,with the present       
prices of alcohol1 sugar1 and carbide1  
these processes have no  commercial     
value4    ,acetylene may be made from   
the carbide in gas works and delivered  
to  the consumer through mains like     
ordinary illuminating gas2 or it may  be
 liquefied at a gas works and delivered 
to the consumer in the  liquid form     

under pressure2 or the consumer may     
purchase carbide and  generate acetylene
 for his own consumption4 ,all three of 
these methods  are in use4    ,to       
understand the attitude of insurance    
companies and of consumers  toward      
liquid acetylene it will be well to     
examine its record for the  last few    
years4 ,those interested in methods for 
liquefying acetylene1  and for reducing 
the pressure of the liquid at the place 
of  consumption so that the consumer    
actually uses it as a gas under a  water
 pressure of six inches or less1 may    
find processes described in  detail in  
the ,progressive ,age1 and in other     
technical journals4  ,suffice it to say 
that the methods in use in this country 
and abroad  are simple and effective4   
,the purified acetylene is delivered in 
strong steel cylinders1 which may be    
placed in a special building or  case   
and need not be handled by the consumer4
 ,it has been proved by  the exhaustive 
experiments of the eminent ,french      

chemist ,berthelot  that liquefied      
acetylene in cylinders can not be       
exploded by blows or  shocks to the     
closed cylinder4 ,if it is exploded1    
however1 by causing  a spark within the 
cylinder1 the explosive force is very   
great1 being  about equal to that of gun
 cotton4    ,the use of the liquefied   
acetylene is so simple and clean that   
the  attention of inventors was first   
turned to this mode of supply4 ,it may  
in future come again into prominence    
despite the present strong  feeling     
against it1 its use in many cities being
 prohibited4 ,this  feeling was caused  
by a number of explosions1 accompanied  
by loss of  life4 ,three of these       
explosions occurred in factories for    
liquefying  acetylene2 one in a factory 
where liquid acetylene regulators were  
made2 several in buildings of consumers4
 ,in ,october1 #ahif1 ,pictet's  works  
in ,paris were wrecked by the explosion 
of a cylinder filled with  liquid       
acetylene2 evidence proved that the     

cylinder was held in a  vise1 and that  
the two workmen killed were at the ends 
of a wrench1  closing or opening the    
valve1 supposing the cylinder to be     
empty4 ,the  explosion was caused either
 by a spark from friction in turning the
  screw1 or by the too sudden opening of
 the valve and releasing the  pressure1 
causing a shock sufficient to decompose 
the liquid4 ,in  ,december1 #ahif1 the  
works of ,g4 ,isaac1 in ,berlin1 were   
destroyed by an  explosion in the       
condenser where the cooled acetylene was
 liquefied by  pressure2 ,isaac and     
three workmen were killed4 ,evidence    
showed that  through carelessness warm  
water instead of cold water was in      
contact  with the condenser1 thus       
warming the liquid and increasing the   
pressure to a point which burst the     
condenser4 ,in ,december1 #ahig1 the    
works of the ,dickerson  ,suckert       
,acetylene ,gas ,liquefying and         
,distributing ,company in ,jersey ,city 
were destroyed by fire caused by  the   

explosion of a cylinder filled through  
carelessness of workmen  with a mixture 
of air and liquid acetylene--i4 e41 with
 an explosive  mixture--killing the     
superintendent and a workman4 ,in the   
explosion at  the regulator factory at  
,new ,haven1 ,january1 #ahie1 the valve 
of the  cylinder1 on which one of two   
workmen killed was working1 broke2 a    
large volume of acetylene escaped and   
ignited from a lighted candle4  ,in all 
four cases the explosions were caused by
 ignorance or  carelessness incident to 
the beginnings of a new industry1 and   
could  be avoided by experience and     
skill4    ,it should be stated that in  
the explosion at ,paris all of the full 
acetylene cylinders were dug out of the 
ruins unhurt4 ,the same was  true at    
,berlin1 where five full cylinders were 
blown against the wall  of the building 
by the explosion of the condenser1 but  
did not  explode4 ,at ,jersey ,city     
sixty filled cylinders were exposed to  
the  heat of the fire following the     

explosion2 they were fitted with safety 
diaphragms of fusible metal2 forty-eight
 remained intact1 the  acetylene burning
 off quietly as it escaped through the  
fused  diaphragm1 and twelve exploded1  
either on account of imperfection of    
the diaphragms or stoppage of the air   
passage leading from the  diaphragm4    
,the explosions of liquid acetylene in  
buildings of  consumers have been due in
 every case to gross carelessness and   
ignorance on the part of the consumer4  
,although one of the chief points in    
favor of the liquid acetylene is  its   
portability1 yet it can be shown that it
 is still easier to carry  carbide to   
the consumer4 ,one cubic metre of       
acetylene is compressed to  two litres  
in liquid form2 two litres of carbide   
weigh #d4dd  kilogrammes1 which will    
produce a cubic metre and a third of    
acetylene1 reckoning three hundred      
litres to the kilogramme1 which is  the 
average guaranteed yield of carbide4    
,the light tin carbide cans  occupy less

 space and weigh less than the heavy    
steel cylinders1 while  the generation  
of the gas is simple and1 with proper   
generators1  perfectly safe4 ,on the    
other hand1 the generators must be cared
 for1  must often be filled with fresh  
carbide1 and from time to time must be  
cleaned4 ,with the generator system     
acetylene is as safe as or safer  than  
illuminating gas4 ,berthelot has shown  
that at pressures below two  atmospheres
 a vessel filled with acetylene can not 
be exploded by the  explosion of a cap  
of fulminating mercury within the       
vessel1 nor by  heating a wire which    
extends into the vessel to a white heat 
by an  electric current4 ,the reason is 
that the acetylene can not explode      
unless it is decomposed into its        
elements1 carbon and hydrogen2 to       
decompose it requires a certain amount  
of energy4 ,while the energy of  the    
glowing wire or of the exploding cap    
causes a local decomposition  at the    
point of contact1 it is not sufficient  

to spread the  decomposition further4   
,acetylene forms an explosive mixture   
with air2  so does illuminating gas4    
,the odor of acetylene is unpleasant2 so
 is  the odor of the water gas used     
generally in the ,united ,states1 and   
the  acetylene can be cheaply           
deodorized4    ,as the generator system1
 then1 is the general one1 the most     
important  question to the consumer is  
what generator to buy1 and it is a      
perplexing question4 ,the carbide       
manufacture is so organized that it  is 
everywhere under the control of powerful
 and responsible companies  which sell a
 guaranteed product4 ,the burners now in
 use are nearly all  good4 ,with        
generators it is different2 the market  
is flooded with them  at all prices1    
ranging in value from worse than useless
 to very good1  as regards safety1      
economy1 and quality of light4 ,as the  
generator  question is by far the most  
important and the least understood in   
the  whole acetylene industry1 it will  

be well to give a full account of  the  
results of the experiments which have   
been made within the last  two years on 
this question4 ,the most exhaustive     
experiments are those  of the ,english  
expert1 ,professor ,lewes1 and his      
results agree with  those of other      
observers4    ,lewes first determined   
the amount of heat developed by the     
decomposition of carbide by water1 and  
the conditions which tend to  lessen or 
increase the intensity of the reaction4 
,the average result  of the experiments 
as to the amount of heat was #ddf4f     
calories for  pure carbide1 and a little
 less for commercial carbide 7to state  
this  differently1 one pound of carbide1
 when decomposed by water1 gives off    
heat enough to raise the temperature of 
#ddf4f pounds of water #a ,c41  or to   
raise the temperature of one pound of   
water #ddf4f ,c474 ,as the  intensity of
 the heat developed determines the      
highest temperature  attained during the
 decomposition1 and is a function of the

 time  needed to complete the action1   
and as the decomposition of carbide in  
contact with water is extremely rapid1  
it is evident that the  temperature     
developed may be so high as to cause    
disaster4 ,all the  generators at       
present before the public may be        
classified under three  heads3 #a4      
,those in which water is allowed to drip
 or flow slowly on a  mass of carbide1  
the evolution of the gas being regulated
 by the  stopping of the water4 #b4     
,those in which water in considerable   
volume  is allowed to rise in contact   
with carbide1 the evolution of the gas  
being regulated by the driving back of  
the water by the increase of  pressure  
in the generating chamber4 #c4 ,those in
 which the carbide is  dropped or       
plunged into an excess of water4    ,the
 conclusions deduced from a large number
 of experiments were that  when1 as in  
type #a1 water is allowed to drip or    
flow in a fine stream  upon a mass of   
carbide1 the temperature rapidly rises  

until after  eighteen to twenty-five    
minutes the maximum is reached1 which   
varies  from #djj to #gjj ,c4 7#gbj to  
#aabj ,fahrenheit71 and it is probable  
that in some of the mass the higher     
limit is always reached1 as  traces of  
tar are usually found in the residual   
lime1 in some cases in  sufficient      
quantity to make the lime yellow and    
pasty1 while vapors of  benzene and     
other polymerization products pass off  
with the gas4  ,leaving the question of 
temperature in this type of generator1  
another  important question is the      
length of time during which the         
generation  of gas continues after the  
water supply is automatically cut off4  
,it  is found that gas is evolved with  
increasing slowness sometimes for an    
hour and three quarters after the water 
supply has ceased1 the total  volume of 
gas so evolved being large4    ,the     
experiments showed that in any automatic
 generator of this type  the cut-off    
should be so arranged that one quarter  

of the total  capacity of the gas holder
 is still available to store the slowly 
generating gas4    ,the second class of 
generators bring about contact either by
 water  rising from below to the carbide
 suspended in the cage 7,,ii1 ,a71 or   
by a cage of carbide suspended in a     
movable bell which1 as it falls1  dips  
the carbide into water1 withdrawing the 
carbide from the water as  the excessive
 generation of gas lifts the bell 7,,ii1
 ,b74 ,lewes found  that under certain  
conditions generators of the type ,,ii1 
,b were far  worse than those of type   
,i4    ,the trials were made with a     
movable glass bell1 with counterweights1
  containing a half-pound of carbide4   
,the maximum temperatures reached  in   
four trials were #gjc1 #gcd1 #ged1 and  
#hjg ,c4 ,excessive heating  took place 
in every case2 in the last mentioned the
 temperature was  far above the point at
 which acetylene is decomposed into     
carbon and  hydrogen1 a thin black smoke
 being formed immediately around the    

carbide while tar vapor poured out4 ,on 
removing the residue after  cooling it  
was found to be coated with soot and    
loaded with tar4 ,on  several occasions 
the charge was removed from the         
generator just after  the maximum       
temperature was reached1 and was found  
to be at a bright  red heat4    ,these  
experiments are of the greatest         
practical importance4 ,at #fjj          
acetylene begins to polymerize--i4 e41  
to form more complex  hydrocarbons1     
which are liquid1 or solid1 at ordinary 
temperatures4  ,probably in the         
generator acetylene is first given off  
so rapidly that  the heat does not act  
on it1 but as decomposition advances    
into the  center of the mass of carbide1
 the acetylene generated has to pass    
through the external layers1 which1 as  
shown1 may be at high  temperatures1    
above that at which acetylene           
decomposes2 thus a  considerable amount 
of gas is lost1 and the tar formed may  
distill  into the generator and tubes1  

clogging the tubes4 ,a more serious evil
  is the deterioration in the           
illuminating quality of the gas4        
,samples  of the gas were taken as the  
maximum temperature was approached1 and 
analyzed with this average result3      
,acetylene1 seventy per cent2 other     
hydrocarbons1 eleven per cent2 hydrogen1
 nineteen per cent4 ,this  reduces the  
illuminating value from two hundred and 
forty to one  hundred and twenty-six    
candles4 ,the hydrocarbons consist      
largely of  benzene1 which requires     
three times as much air for complete    
combustion as acetylene does4 ,the best 
possible acetylene burner  smokes when  
the acetylene contains benzene4         
,illustration3 ,type ,i4    ,,type ,,of 
,,generator4#f    ,illustration3 ,type  
,,ii1 ,a4 ,type ,,ii1 ,b4 ,type ,,iii4  
,,types ,,of ,,generators4#f            
,footnote #f3 ,,note4--,we are indebted 
to the courtesy of the      ,progressive
 ,age for cuts showing types of         
generators4    ,at first sight these    

experiments would seem absolutely to    
condemn  generators of class ,,ii1 yet  
the fact remains that some excellent    
generators are of this type4 ,under     
certain conditions excessive            
overheating may be avoided4 ,the rising 
bell shown in ,,ii1 ,b should be        
discarded4 ,generators in which the     
water rises from below1 and slowly      
attacks the carbide1 can be made safe if
 the water is never driven  back from   
the carbide1 and the carbide is in      
separated layers as in  ,,ii1 ,a4 ,under
 these conditions the water is always in
 excess at the  point where it attacks  
the carbide1 so that the evaporation1 by
  rendering heat latent1 keeps the      
temperature down1 the temperature of    
the melting point of tin1 #bbh ,c41     
being rarely reached in good  generators
 where these conditions are met4        
,undoubtedly the best generators1 and   
the only ones which from a  scientific  
point of view should be employed1 are   
those of class ,,iii1  in which carbide 

falls into an excess of water4 ,in such 
generators it  is impossible to get a   
temperature higher than the boiling     
point of  water1 #ajj ,c41 while with a 
properly arranged tank the temperature  
never exceeds that of the air by more   
than a few degrees4 ,under these        
conditions the absence of polymerization
 and the washing of the  nascent and    
finely divided bubbles of gas by the    
limewater in the  generator yield       
acetylene of a degree of purity         
unapproached by any  other form of      
generator4    ,when acetylene is burned 
in air under such conditions that the   
flame  does not smoke1 it has been      
proved by ,grhant that there is no      
carbon  monoxide among the combustion   
products2 the acetylene combines with   
the oxygen of the air to form carbon    
dioxide and water 7,c#b;,h#b   #e,o     
#b;,,co#b  ,h#b,o74 ,one cubic foot of  
acetylene requires two and a  half cubic
 feet of oxygen4 ,supposing a room to   
have an illumination  equal to          

sixty-four standard candles2 this amount
 of light from  candles would use up    
#ch4e cubic feet of oxygen from the air1
 and would  give off forty-three cubic  
feet of carbon dioxide2 petroleum       
requires1  in cubic feet1 twenty-five of
 oxygen1 and gives off forty of carbon  
dioxide2 gas burned with a flat flame   
requires about twenty-five  oxygen and  
gives nineteen carbon dioxide--with an  
,argand flame a  little less1 while with
 the ,welsbach burner gas requires only 
three  oxygen1 and gives off #a4h carbon
 dioxide2 acetylene requires five       
oxygen and yields four carbon dioxide4  
,so that1 light for light1  acetylene   
fouls the air less than any ordinary    
illuminant excepting  the ,welsbach gas 
burner4 7,with incandescent electric    
light there is no  combustion and no    
fouling of the air47    ,under the best 
conditions five cubic feet of acetylene 
give a light of  two hundred and forty  
candles for one hour1 or we may speak of
  acetylene as a                        

two-hundred-and-forty-candle gas4 ,yet  
this statement1  though strictly true1  
may be misleading4 ,when ordinary       
illuminating  gas is tested with the    
photometer1 it is burned from a standard
  flat-flame burner1 burning five cubic 
feet per hour4 ,now the amount of  light
 given by such a gas flame is no greater
 than is pleasant to the  eye2 it is    
true that if we burn five cubic feet of 
acetylene from a  suitable flat-flame   
burner1 a light of two hundred and forty
 candles  is given1 but it is unfair to 
take this ratio as representing the     
actual relative illuminating value of   
the two lights1 because we  neither need
 a light of two hundred and forty       
candles1 nor is such an  amount of light
 issuing from one burner endurable to   
the eye4 ,one-foot  or one-half foot    
acetylene burners are used for domestic 
lighting2  light from the best one-foot 
burners averages thirty-two to          
thirty-five candles per cubic foot4     
,with acetylene1 as with every  other   

illuminating gas1 the smaller the burner
 and consumption1 the  less light per   
cubic foot of gas is obtained4 ,another 
important point  is that while these    
figures represent the best practical    
illumination  obtained from acetylene by
 the burners hitherto in use1 the       
standard  flat-flame burner does not    
give the best gaslight2 with a good     
,welsbach burner a cubic foot of        
illuminating gas will give a            
seventeen-candle light as an average4   
,the comparison1 to be fair1  should be 
between acetylene and the ,welsbach     
light4    ,the reader will ask whether  
it is not possible to burn acetylene    
with  other forms of burner1 or to use  
it with ,welsbach mantles4 ,successful  
acetylene burners of the ,argand or of  
the regenerative type have not  yet been
 introduced2 but in ,germany a new      
acetylene burner with  ,welsbach mantle 
promises good results4 ,experiments in  
,england with an  acetylene ,bunsen     
burner and ,welsbach mantle gave a light

 of ninety  candles per cubic foot of   
acetylene used4 ,it remains to be seen  
whether it is necessary to modify the   
composition of the mantles  because of  
the intense heat of the acetylene       
,bunsen flame1 which gives  a           
temperature of #bajj to #bdjj ,c4 7#chab
 to #dcig ,fahrenheit74    ,it would    
extend this article to undue length to  
speak of the various  uses of acetylene 
as an enricher of other gases1 but a    
mixture of  acetylene and ,pintsch oil  
gas now in use on all the ,prussian     
state  railways deserves mention1 as it 
is a success1 and ten thousand tons  of 
carbide will be used this year for      
lighting cars by this system4  ,lewes's 
new invention of a very cheap methane   
water gas which is  enriched by         
acetylene1 carried to the consumer      
through mains1 and  burned in ordinary  
burners1 is also promising4             
,insurance and police regulations vary  
for every country4 ,as a rule1          
restrictions are put on the use of      

liquid acetylene1 and on the amount  of 
carbide to be kept in storage4          
,generators must stand in separate      
buildings1 which1 in towns1 must be     
fireproof4    ,the ,willson patents     
cover the manufacture of crystalline    
carbide in  the ,united ,states1        
,canada1 and the ,south ,american       
states2 and1 as all  carbide made by the
 electric furnace is crystalline1 no    
carbide can be  made independently of   
these patents in these countries4    ,in
 conclusion1 it may be predicted that   
within the next few years  acetylene    
will prove a factor in giving us an     
improved and cheaper  light4 ,whether   
this will be an acetylene-,welsbach     
light or whether the  acetylene will be 
chiefly used as an enricher of cheaper  
gases the  future will show4            
,,thoughts ,,about ,,universities4      
,,by ,,william ,,keith ,,brooks1        
,,professor ,,of ,,zo,,logy ,,in ,,the  
,,johns ,,hopkins ,,university4         
,you are aware that the pedagogue is no 

longer treated with that  deference and 
respect which he feels to be due to his 
love of  learning4 ,past is all his     
fame4 ,past is the day when the village 
all  declared how much he knew4         
,nowadays he is accustomed to be told by
 the  rustics1 who once gazed and       
wondered1 that he is old-fashioned and  
out  of place in our modern world2 that 
he does not represent the nation2  that 
the love he bears to learning is at     
fault2 and that the  university the     
people want must be universal like an   
omnibus1 with a  place for all1 either  
for a single square or to the end4      
,he is also used to hearing from those  
successful people of whom all  must     
speak with reverence--those who have    
demonstrated their  superiority by      
laying their hands on everything they   
think worth the  getting--that he is a  
mere bookish theorist1 and that they are
 much  more able to show him the path to
 success than he to tell them  anything 
to their advantage4    ,unless he can   

minister to their comfort or            
entertainment1 or make  smooth the royal
 road to learning1 or at the very least 
help to  maintain the patent office1 he 
is told to be content with such         
treatment as they think good enough for 
him1 and to keep himself to  his work of
 teaching the lower classes to be lowly 
and reverent to all  their betters4     
,i have been much interested of late by 
two books on certain aspects of  modern 
society4 ,one treats of the dangers     
which threaten liberal  culture and     
constitutional government1 and all the  
best products of  civilization1 through 
the increasing prevalence of the belief 
that our  institutions have been devised
 by a few for their own selfish ends4   
,so long as men differ in natural       
endowments the ignorant and the         
incapable and the unsuccessful must     
outnumber those whose industry and      
energy and foresight insure success4 ,as
 those who have little have  always     
outnumbered those who have much of the  

desired fruits of  civilization1 this   
writer says that one of the great       
questions of the  day is whether1 in    
last resort1 the world shall be governed
 by its  ignorance or by its            
intelligence4 ,he is alarmed by the     
diffusion of  belief that our           
established institutions do not         
represent the people1  and that they are
 hostile to the best interest of        
mankind1 and by the  prevalence of the  
opinion that the true way to reform the 
world and to  secure rational progress  
is to intrust the organization and      
administration of government and of     
education and of all matters of  public 
interest and importance to the majority4
    ,the danger so clearly pointed out  
is real1 beyond question2 but ,i can    
not agree with the author that it is    
exclusively or distinctively  modern4   
,if some in our day interpret the belief
 that the voice of the  people is the   
voice of ,god1 as conviction that the   
loudest voice is  most divine2 if they  

assert that the man with pure and lofty 
ideals of  education and duty and       
loyalty is a public enemy2 we must      
remember  that so wise a man as         
,aristotle taught1 in the day of        
,athenian  democracy1 that the man who  
is virtuous in undue measure is a moral 
monster1 as justly repugnant to his     
neighbors as one pre-eminent in  vice4  
,if the first book calls ,aristotle to  
mind1 one must often think of  ,jeremiah
 while reading the second1 for its      
author is a dismal prophet1  who holds  
that1 formidable as unbridled democracy 
seems1 it is  helpless in the struggle  
with organized plutocracy1 and that its 
efforts to shake off the restraints and 
limitations of social  existence can end
 in nothing but a more crushing         
despotism1 while  submission may bring  
such rewards of merit for good behavior 
in the  past and such prizes for good   
conduct in the future as seem to the    
givers to be good investments4    ,both 
writers draw many of their illustrations

 from the history of our  own country1  
and they hold that our great political  
contests are  struggles between those   
who wish to maintain our institutions   
for the  sake of what they can          
themselves make out of them1 and those  
who seek  to wreck the ship of state for
 very similar reasons4    ,some hold    
that1 these things being true1 they can 
show the learned  professor how he may  
win back1 through the struggle between  
these two  great classes of mankind1    
some of that confidence in his wisdom   
which  his predecessors enjoyed4 ,they  
tell him he may make his learning       
represent the people if he will extend  
his university until it becomes  as     
universal as the kindergarten1 and that 
he may at the same time  increase his   
popularity with the select if he will   
devote more of his  time and more of his
 energy to that branch of learning which
 was in  olden times pursued in that    
secluded cloister called the campus1    
although it is better known to the      

polite society of our day through  the  
banjo club1 the football team1 and the  
mask and wig club4    ,if he will       
cultivate these two fields1 and1        
refraining from the  theoretical pursuit
 of empty generalities1 will enter upon 
a three  months' campaign of education  
at some time when men's minds are       
stimulated by the heat of faction to    
welcome calm discussion of the          
principles of common honesty and good   
citizenship1 he can not fail to  win the
 respect and confidence of all4    ,when
 ,i wrote this last sentence ,i thought 
that it was all out of my  own head1 and
 ,i was proud of it2 but as ,i laid down
 my pen in my  satisfaction for a       
moment's rest1 my eye fell upon this    
passage in the  prospectus of a new     
university--one which is said1 in the   
prospectus1  to be not only universal1  
but cosmopolitan3 ,when a question      
arises  which divides scholars1 like the
 tariff1 the causes and course of the   
,reformation1 money1 etc41 the student  

will be referred to the ablest          
exponents of the opposing sides4    ,no 
professor can plead ignorance of the way
 to enter this new career  of           
usefulness4 ,one can scarcely pick up a 
college catalogue or a  magazine or a   
newspaper without learning how to make  
the university  universal4 ,one of the  
simplest plans1 with which all are      
familiar1 is  to send to men with a     
reputation for learning a ruled form and
 a  request that each will write1 in the
 proper columns1 the price1  publisher1 
and title of the best book on his own   
subject--mathematics1  astronomy1 moral 
science1 or whatever it may be--or1 if  
he knows of no  such book1 that he will 
write one4 ,an accompanying circular    
tells how  these lists are to be        
scattered through the innumerable homes 
of our  land1 and how diplomas are to be
 distributed as prizes to those who1    
after purchasing the books1 prepare and 
submit the most exhaustive  permutations
 of their tables of contents4           

,learned men who do not approve this    
plan are offered a choice from  many    
others3 six-week courses in law1        
medicine1 and theology2 summer  schools 
for the promotion of science and the    
liberal arts2 questions  and answers in 
the educational column of some journal  
for the home2 or  a national university 
so universal that it shall supply       
lunches and  learning for all out of the
 public chest1 with no doorkeeper to    
examine passports4    ,the way to extend
 the university in this direction is so 
well  understood that ,i will turn now  
to another part of our subject1 for     
some may be less familiar with our      
opportunity to construct a royal  road  
to learning for those who are entitled  
to use it4    ,a recent writer on       
education1 who says ,american           
universities impose  upon young men in  
the nineteenth century a curriculum     
devised by  dead-and-gone priests for   
the young men of the twelfth1 calls upon
  the teachers of ,america to           

reconstruct their curriculum on         
psychological principles4 ,i myself am  
no psychologist1 and while ,i  fail to  
see how this fact concerns the public1  
it has recently been  pointed out in    
print1 although no one has ever charged 
me with lack of  reverence for the      
psychologist4 ,in truth1 he is to me    
what the good  old family doctor is to  
many1 for ,i am convinced that it would 
be hard  to name one among all the      
educational ills that flesh is heir  to 
that he would not be able to throw on   
the spot1 with a good  collar-and-elbow 
hold4 ,i have a prodigious respect for  
those fine big  words curriculum and    
psychological principles1 and ,i welcome
 the  plan for reconstructing the       
curriculum on psychological principles  
the  more eagerly because it is         
extremely simple and not hard to        
understand1 like some psychological     
utterances4 ,in fact1 it is so very     
simple and easy that it is sure of      
enthusiastic indorsement by  innumerable

 children1 for this reformer's plan is  
neither more nor  less than the         
abolition of the pedagogue4    ,if1 he  
says1 ,i was director general of        
education for all ,america  7which at   
the present moment he is not71 ,i would 
abolish colleges1  but send ,american   
youths to travel for two years in       
,europe4 ,in my  opinion1 he says1 a    
father who has sons and daughters of a  
proper  age to go to college will do    
better by his children if he sends them 
for two years to travel in ,europe than 
if he sends them for three  years to an 
,american or ,english university4       
,admirable and simple as is this plan   
for ascending ,parnassus in  vestibuled 
trains of drawing-room cars1 personally 
conducted by ,grant  ,allen1 this       
psychologist seems to me to err in      
thinking it new1 for it  was in high    
favor in ,england during the reign of   
that merry monarch  who was always so   
furious at the sight of books that his  
queen1 who  loved reading1 had to       

practice it in secret in her closet4    
,euphranor having asked1 in the reign of
 ,george ,,ii1 ,who are these  learned  
men that of late years have demolished  
the whole fabric which  lawgivers1      
philosophers1 and divines have been     
erecting for so many  ages8 ,lysicles1  
hearing these words1 smiled and said he 
believed  ,euphranor had figured to     
himself philosophers in square caps and 
long  gowns2 but1 thanks to these happy 
times1 the reign of pedantry was  over4 
,our philosophers1 said he1 are of a    
different kind from those  awkward      
students4 ,they are the best-bred men of
 the age1 men of the  world1 men of     
pleasure1 men of fashion1 and fine      
gentlemen4 ,i will  undertake a lad of  
fourteen bred in the modern way shall   
make a better  figure and be more       
considered in any drawing-room or       
assembly of  polite people than one at  
four-and-twenty who hath lain by a long 
time  at school and college4 ,he will   
say better things in a better manner1   

and be more liked by good judges4 ,i    
say1 when a man observes and  considers 
all this1 he will be apt to ascribe it  
to the force of truth  and the merits of
 our cause1 which1 had it been supported
 by the  revenues and establishments of 
the ,church and universities1 you may   
guess what a figure it would make by the
 figure it makes without them4  ,people 
begin to open their eyes4 ,it is not    
impossible but the revenues  that in    
ignorant times were applied to a wrong  
use may hereafter1 in a  more           
enlightened age1 be applied to a better4
    ,the money that went to found the   
,leland ,stanford or the ,johns         
,hopkins ,university1 says the modern   
reformer1 would have been  immeasurably 
better spent in bringing ,st4 ,marks at 
,venice and the  ,uffizi at ,florence   
into the lives of innumerable young     
,americans4  ,here1 then1 is the        
opportunity for a wiser ,cornell4    ,a 
few years ago an acquaintance of my own1
 himself an accomplished  psychologist1 

brought with him to ,washington a young 
man1 a native of  north ,greenland1 that
 he might take into his life the best   
substitute  for ,st4 ,marks at ,venice  
that this country affords4 ,while       
limited in  range1 the results were as  
definite as one could wish1 for two of  
the  most refined delights of our       
wonderful civilization--rum and         
horses--were at once taken into the life
 of ,eskimo ,joe with all the  fresh    
enthusiasm of youth4 ,in his boyish     
impetuosity he could not see  why a     
hired horse should not have the         
fleetness of ,santa ,claus's  reindeer  
and the endurance of wild dogs2 and as  
few horses survived  the first lesson1  
the psychologist soon reconstructed the 
curriculum1  for ,joe's progress in rum 
and oysters was most gratifying4 ,you   
who  have attended my lectures in       
anthropology will remember that ,nature 
has bestowed on the ,eskimos two        
endowments which are not elsewhere      
found united1 although they are         

exhibited separately in high  perfection
 by the anaconda and the camel4 ,joe was
 able to load himself  with food and    
drink like a pirate ship victualed for a
 long cruise1  and he became so         
proficient in three months that a       
two-year course  seemed unnecessary1 so 
he was shipped off to ,labrador at the  
first  opportunity1 and was left there  
to carry ,st4 ,marks at ,venice into the
  homes of ,greenland as best he might4 
,it is clear that our  psychological    
reformer's plan is not new1 but he says 
our curriculum  is some thousand years  
behind the times1 and he asks1 ,will    
somebody  one day have the wisdom to    
perceive that the education which       
sufficed  for the medival ,england of   
the ,plantagenets is not absolutely     
adapted  to the ,america of the         
nineteenth century8 ,i myself know so   
little of  the curriculum of that day   
that this charge may1 for all ,i know1  
be  well founded1 and if so it were a   
grievous fault4 ,for all ,i know the    

dead-and-gone priests of the twelfth    
century may have read ,homer in  the    
original ,greek1 and carried on their   
studies in trigonometry and  navigation 
with the aid of logarithms and the      
nautical almanac1  although it has come 
in my way to know something of their    
method of  teaching zology1 for my      
studies have led me to examine a        
text-book on  this subject1 which was   
written early in the twelfth century for
 the  education of the young ,queen     
,adelaide1 who was married to ,henry ,i 
of  ,england in #aaba4 ,the dedication  
is as follows3    ,philippi de ,thann   
into the ,french language has translated
 the  ,bestiary1 a book of science1 for 
the honor of a jewel1 who is a very     
handsome woman1 ,aliz is she named1 a   
queen is she crowned1 ,queen she  is of 
,england1 may her soul never have       
trouble6 ,in ,hebrew in truth  ,aliz    
means praise of ,god4 ,i will compose a 
book1 may ,god be with the              
commencement6    ,as a sample of the    

zological curriculum of the twelfth     
century take  this chapter3    ,onager  
by right is named the wild ass2 of it   
the ,physiologus says1 in  his speech1  
when ,march in his course has completed 
twenty-five days1  then that day of the 
month he brays twelve times1 and also in
 the  night for this reason1 that that  
season is the equinox1 that is that     
night and day are of equal length2 by   
the twelve times that it makes  its     
braying and its crying1 it shows that   
night and day have twelve  hours in     
their circuit4 ,the ass is grieved when 
he makes his cry1 that  the night and   
day have equal length2 he likes better  
the length of the  night than of the    
day4 ,now hear without doubt the        
signification of  this4 ,onager         
signifies the devil in this life2 and by
 ,march we  understand all the time that
 we have2 by the day we understand good 
people1 by right1 who will go in light2 
and by night we understand  those who   
were ,neros2 and by hours we understand 

the number of people4  ,and when the    
devil perceives that his people         
decrease1 as do the hours  which are in 
the night1 after the vernal equinox     
which we have in  ,march1 then he begins
 to cry1 to deplore greatly1 as the ass 
does  which brays and crys4    ,one need
 not go back to the middle ages for a   
measure of progress1 for  all who       
remember the ,american college of thirty
 years ago know there  has been notable 
improvement in this short time1 and they
 also know  that every change has not   
been an improvement4 ,all who are       
concerned  with education see many      
defects1 and wish to do what they can to
  remedy them1 and to increase the      
efficiency and usefulness of our  whole 
educational system in all its branches  
from the lowest to the  highest1        
although ,i believe they still find much
 wisdom in the advice  of the prophet of
 old1 that we make a stand upon the     
ancient way1 and  then look about us and
 discover what is the straight and right

 way1  and so walk in it4    ,many who  
are now before the public as reformers  
seem to me to fall  into error through  
belief that our educational system has  
been  devised by some one1 either in the
 twelfth century or at some other  time1
 and that they may therefore hope to    
devise a better4 ,all who  know that it 
is a highly complex and delicate        
organism which has grown  up            
imperceptibly and naturally in          
accordance with many needs1  fulfilling 
many different purposes and acting in   
many diversified and  far-reaching ways1
 know also that while reform always has 
been and  always will be needed1 organic
 change is quite another matter4 ,they  
know1 too1 that a disposition to pull it
 to pieces in the interest of  some     
theory or speculation must inevitably   
end in disaster1 for they  must agree   
with ,bacon that it were good1          
therefore1 that men in their            
innovations would follow the example of 
time itself1 which indeed  innovateth   

greatly1 but quietly1 and by degrees    
scarce to be  perceived4    ,the        
complaint that learning is no longer    
treated with due deference is  not      
exclusively modern1 for it was          
enumerated long ago among the  things   
that are not new under the sun2 and he  
who for his own pleasure  or distinction
 devotes himself to work in fields that 
yield nothing  but the interest of the  
exploration should look to his own      
pleasure  for his reward1 since learning
 is no more exalted by turning it into  
an aristocratic and exclusive pleasure  
ground than by making it a shop  for    
profit4 ,while no weak and foolish      
brother of the laboratory should  be    
permitted to think that he belongs to a 
favored class or has any  claims to     
support or respect except for service   
rendered1 it is the  duty of our        
graduates to teach the world1 by the    
example of their  lives1 what the work  
of the university is4    ,lyceum        
lectures and summer schools and         

systematic courses of reading  are good 
things1 and the common school and the   
home are the foundation  of all         
education4 ,travel is a most valuable   
adjunct1 but those who are  to profit by
 it must first know what they go out to 
see1 for else  shall young men go hooded
 and look abroad little4    ,no school  
or college can improve its work by      
calling itself a  university1 although  
the prevalence of belief that its work  
is the  work of a university may bring  
harm incalculable2 for that university  
is universal1 in the best sense of the  
word1 where students are  inspired with 
enthusiasm for truth by the example of  
those whose minds  are as a mirror or   
glass capable of the image of the       
universal world1  and joyful to receive 
the impression thereof as the eye joyeth
 to  receive light4    ,what nobler task
 can our graduate undertake than to     
teach the world  that while the benefits
 which learning confers are its only    
claim to  consideration1 these benefits 

will cease so soon as they are made an  
end or aim8 ,all men prize the fruit2   
but who else is there to tell  them that
 the tree will soon be barren if they   
visit it only at the  harvest1 that they
 must dig about it and nourish it and   
cherish the  flowers and green leaves8  
,what better service can he render than 
to  point out that the gifts of learning
 are like health1 which comes to  him   
who does not seek it1 but flies farther 
and farther from him who  would lure it 
back by physic or indulgence8    ,the   
two authors ,i referred to at the       
beginning can not both be right1  and   
both may be partly wrong1 for it is     
possible that neither  plutocracy nor a 
democratic majority makes a state4 ,no  
university  need humble itself to seek  
the favor of either plutocracy or       
democracy  if its graduates can convince
 mankind1 by their own lives1 that its  
aim is not to gain deference or success 
or distinction or reward of  any sort1  
but solely to propagate and diffuse     

among mankind that  enthusiasm for      
truth1 that fanaticism of veracity1     
which is a greater  possession than much
 learning1 a nobler gift than the power 
of  increasing knowledge4          ,,in 
,,the ,,little ,,brook4    ,,by ,,david 
,,starr ,,jordan4      ,long ago1 in the
 old ,devonian times1 when life was very
 leisurely1 all  the beasts and people  
that there were lived in the sea        
together4 ,the  air was dull and murky  
on the land4 ,it was so light that it   
gave no  support to the body1 and so    
those that ventured about in it had to  
lie  prone on the ground all the time   
wherever they went4 ,so they preferred  
to stay in the water1 where motion is   
much easier4 ,then1 too1 water is  so   
much better to breathe than air1 if one 
has gills fitted for it6 ,he  has only  
to open his mouth and the water rushes  
in4 ,then he has only  to shut his mouth
 and the water rushes out backward1     
bathing his gills  on the way4 ,thus1   
the air dissolved in the water purifies 

all the  little drops of blood that run 
up and back through the slender tubes   
of which the gills are made4    ,but in 
those days1 besides the gills1 some of  
the beasts of the sea  had also a sac in
 the throat above the stomach in which  
they could  stow away air which they    
took from the atmosphere itself4 ,this  
served  them in good stead when they    
were in crowded places1 in which the air
  dissolved in the water would fail     
them4    ,and those which were so       
provided used to venture farther and    
farther  out of the water1 pushing their
 way heavily on the ground4 ,and those  
which could put forth most effort       
survived1 until at last their           
descendants were able to maintain       
themselves on the land altogether4      
,these gave rise to the races of        
reptiles and birds and mammals1 the     
ancestors of all the land beasts that   
you know1 as well as men and  women and 
all the monkey people4 ,but it was very 
long ago when this  happened1 and       

because these ancestors came finally out
 of the water  they have no part in the 
story ,i am trying to tell to-day4      
,those that remained in the water grew  
more and more contented with  their     
condition4 ,because the medium in which 
they lived was as heavy  as their       
bodies1 they swam without much effort1  
and effort not being  needed1 it was not
 put forth4 ,as there was food enough in
 the water1  they did not need to go on 
land4 ,as they did not go on land1 they 
did  not use their lungs for breathing1 
the air sac gradually shrank away1  or  
was used for some other purpose1 and all
 the parts of the body  became adjusted 
for life in water1 as those of their    
cousins who left  the sea became fitted 
for the life in air4 ,being now fishes  
for good1  all the progress since then  
has made them with each succeeding      
century  more and more decidedly fishy4 
,and because they are fishes they are   
contented to live in little  brooks1    
which would not satisfy you and me at   

all4 ,but our ancestors  in the early   
days were more ambitious1 and by        
struggle and effort won  what seems to  
us a larger heritage4    ,so it happened
 one spring when the ice melted out from
 some little  brook that flows down from
 somebody's hills somewhere toward some 
river that sets toward the ,mississippi1
 the little fishes began to  run4       
,and first of all came the lampreys1 but
 they hardly count as fishes1  for they 
have yet to learn the first principles  
of fishiness4 ,a fish  is a creature    
whose arms and legs are developed as    
fins1 having  cartilaginous rays        
spreading out fanlike to form an oar for
 swimming4  ,but the lamprey has no     
trace of arm or leg1 not even a bone or 
cartilage hidden under the skin4 ,and   
its ancestors never had any limbs  at   
all1 for the earliest lamprey embryo    
shows no traces of them4 ,if  the       
ancestors ever had limbs1 the           
descendants would never quite forget    
it4 ,some little trace would be kept by 

the clinging force of heredity1  and at 
some time or another this rudiment would
 appear4 ,and the lower  jaw they lack  
too1 for that is really another pair of 
limbs joined  together in front--as it  
were1 a pair of short hands clasped     
together  and never unlocked4    ,but   
though the lampreys have no limbs and no
 jaws and are not fishes  anyhow1 they  
do not know the difference1 and come up 
the brook in the  spring1 rushing up the
 rapids1 swirling about in the eddies1  
just as  if they were real fishes and   
owned the brook themselves4 ,they are   
long1 slender1 and slippery1 shaped like
 eels1 without any scales and  with only
 a little fin1 and that along the back  
and tail1 an outgrowth  from the        
vertebral column4 ,the vertebral column 
itself is limp and  soft1 the vertebr   
only imperfectly formed and made of soft
 cartilage4  ,in front the lamprey seems
 to be cut off short1 but if we look    
carefully we see that the body ends in a
 round disk of a mouth1 and  that this  

disk is beset by rows of sharp teeth4 ,a
 row of the sharpest  of these is placed
 on the tongue1 and two of these are    
above the  gullet1 for the tongue to    
scrape against them4 ,and the rest are  
all  blunt and are scattered over the   
surface of the mouth1 which has no  lips
 nor jaws1 but is surrounded by a belt  
of fringes4 ,when the  lamprey is hungry
 he puts his mouth against the side of  
some fish1  exhausts the water between1 
and then the pressure of the outside    
water  holds him there tightly4 ,when   
this is done1 the fish swims away and   
the lamprey rides with it1 giving no    
thought to where he is going1 but  all  
the while scraping away the flesh with  
his rasplike teeth4 ,when he  has filed 
off enough fish flesh to satisfy his    
hunger he lets go1 and  goes off about  
his business4 ,the fish1 who does not   
know what hurt  him1 goes off to get    
well if he can4 ,usually he can not1 for
 the water  of the brook is full of the 
germs of little toadstool-like plants1  

and  these fasten themselves on the     
fish's wounds and make them bigger and  
bigger1 until at last the cavity of the 
abdomen is pierced and little  creatures
 of many kinds1 plant and animal1 go in 
there and plunder all  this fish's      
internal organs1 to carry them away for 
their own  purposes4    ,but when the   
lampreys come up the ,april brook it is 
not to feed on  fishes1 nor is it to    
feed at all4 ,nature is insistent that  
the race  should be kept up1 and every  
animal is compelled to attend to the    
needs of the species1 even though it be 
at the sacrifice of all else4  ,if she  
were not so1 the earth and the seas     
would be depopulated1 and  this is a    
contingency toward which ,nature has    
never looked4    ,the lampreys come up  
the stream to spawn1 and while on this  
errand  they fasten their round mouths  
to stones or clods of earth1 that the   
current may not sweep them away4 ,when  
so fastened they look like some  strange
 dark plant clinging to the bottom of   

the brook4 ,when the  spawning season is
 over some of them still remain there1  
forgotten by  ,nature1 who is now busied
 with other things1 and they wear their 
lives  away still clinging--a strange1  
weird piece of brook-bottom scenery     
which touched the fancy of ,thoreau4    
,when the young are hatched they are    
transparent as jelly1 blind and         
toothless1 with a mouth that seems only 
a slit down the front end of  the body4 
,these little creatures slip down the   
brook unobserved1 and  hide themselves  
in the grass and lily pads till their   
teeth are grown  and they go about      
rasping the bodies of their betters1    
grieving the  fishes who do not know how
 to protect themselves4    ,the lamprey 
is not a fish at all1 only a wicked     
imitation of one which  can deceive     
nobody4 ,but there are fishes which are 
unquestionably  fish--fish from gills to
 tail1 from head to fin1 and of these   
the  little sunfish may stand first4 ,he
 comes up the brook in the spring1      

fresh as coin just from the mint1 finny 
arms and legs wide spread1  his gills   
moving1 his mouth opening and shutting  
rhythmically1 his  tail wide spread1 and
 ready for any sudden motion for which  
his  erratic little brain may give the  
order4 ,the scales of the sunfish  shine
 with all sorts of scarlet1 blue1 green1
 purple1 and golden  colors4 ,there is a
 black spot on his head which looks like
 an ear1 and  sometimes grows out in a  
long black flap1 which makes the        
imitation  still closer4 ,there are many
 species of the sunfish1 and there may  
be  a half dozen of them in the same    
brook1 but that makes no difference2    
for our purposes they are all as one4   
,they lie poised in the water1  with all
 fins spread1 strutting like            
turkey-cocks1 snapping at worms  and    
little crustaceans and insects whose    
only business in the brook is  that the 
fishes may eat them4 ,when the time     
comes1 the sunfish makes  its nest in   
the fine gravel1 building it with some  

care--for a fish4  ,when the female has 
laid her eggs the male stands guard till
 the eggs  are hatched4 ,his sharp teeth
 and snappish ways1 and the bigness of  
his  appearance when the fins are all   
displayed1 keep the little fishes  away4
 ,sometimes1 in his zeal1 he snaps at a 
hook baited with a worm4  ,he then makes
 a fierce fight1 and the boy who holds  
the rod is sure  that he has a real fish
 this time4 ,but when the sunfish is out
 of the  water1 strung on a willow rod1 
and dried in the sun1 the boy sees that 
a very little fish can make a good deal 
of a fuss4    ,when the sunfish goes1   
then the catfish will follow--a         
reckless1  bullying set of rangers1 with
 ever a lance at rest4 ,the catfish     
belongs to an ancient type not yet fully
 made into a fish1 and hence  those     
whose paired fins are all properly      
fastened to the head1 as his  are not1  
hold him in well-merited scorn4 ,he has 
no scales and no  bright colors4 ,his   
fins are small1 and his head and mouth  

are large4  ,around his mouth are eight 
long smellers1 fleshy feelers1 that he  
pushes out as he crawls along the bottom
 in search of anything that he  may eat4
 ,as he may eat anything1 he always     
finds it4 ,his appetite is  as impartial
 as that of a goat4 ,anything from a    
dead lamprey or a  bunch of sunfish eggs
 to a piece of tomato can is grateful to
 him4 ,in  each of the fins which       
represent his arms is a long1 sharp bone
 with a  slimy surface and a serrated   
edge4 ,these are fastened by a          
ball-and-socket joint1 and whenever the 
fish is alarmed the bone is  whirled    
over and set in place2 then it sticks   
out stiffly on each  side4 ,there is    
another such bone in the fin on the     
back1 and when all  of these are set    
there is no fish that can swallow him4  
,when he takes  the hook1 which he      
surely will do if there is any hook to  
be taken1 he  will swallow it greedily4 
,as he is drawn out of the water he sets
 his  three spines1 and laughs to       

himself as the boy pricks his fingers   
trying to get the hook from his stomach4
 ,this the boy is sure to do1  and      
because the boy of the ,mississippi     
,valley is always fishing for  catfish  
is the reason why his fingers are always
 sore4 ,the catfish is  careless of the 
present1 and sure of the future4 ,after 
he is strung on  a birch branch and     
dried in the sun and sprinkled with dust
 and has  had his stomach dug out to    
recover the hook1 if he falls into the  
brook he will swim away4 ,he holds no   
malice1 and is ready to bite  again at  
the first thing in sight4    ,the       
catfish uses his lungs as an organ of   
hearing4 ,the needless lung  becomes a  
closed sac filled with air1 and commonly
 known as the swim  bladder4 ,in the    
catfish 7as in the suckers1 chubs1 and  
most brook  fishes7 the air bladder is  
large1 and is connected by a slender    
tube1  the remains of the trachea1 to   
the oesophagus4 ,at its front it fits   
closely to the vertebral column4 ,the   

anterior vertebr are much  enlarged1    
twisted together1 and through them      
passes a chain of bones  which connect  
with the hidden cavity of the air4 ,the 
air bladder  therefore assists the ear  
of the catfish as the tympanum and its  
bones  assist the ear of the higher     
animals4 ,an ear of this sort can carry 
little range of variety in sound4 ,it   
probably gives only the  impression of  
jars or disturbances in the water4      
,the catfish lays her eggs on the bottom
 of the brook1 without much  care as to 
their location4 ,she is not1 however1   
indifferent to their  fate1 for when the
 little fishes are hatched she swims    
with them into  shallow waters1 brooding
 over them and watching them much as a  
hen  does with her chickens4 ,in shallow
 ponds the young catfishes make a  black
 cloud along the shores1 and the other  
fishes let them alone1 for  their spines
 are sharp as needles4    ,up the brooks
 in the spring come the suckers1 large  
and small--coarse1  harmless1 stupid    

fishes1 who have only two instincts1 the
 one to press  to the head of the stream
 to lay their eggs1 the other to nose   
over  the bottom of the stream wherever 
they go1 sucking into their  puckered1  
toothless mouths every organic thing1   
from water moss to  carrion1 which they 
may happen to find4 ,they have no other 
habits to  speak of1 and when they have 
laid their eggs in a sandy ripple they  
care no more for them1 but let go of    
life's activity and drop down the       
current to the river whence they came4  
,there are black suckers and  white     
suckers1 yellow ones1 brown ones1 and   
mottled1 and there is more  than one    
kind in every little brook1 but one and 
all they are harmless  dolts1 the prey  
of all larger fishes1 and so full of    
bones that even  the small boy spits    
them out after he has cooked them4      
,then come the minnows1 of all forms and
 sizes1 the female dull colored  and    
practical1 laying her eggs automatically
 when she finds quiet  water1 and       

thinking no more of them afterward4 ,the
 male1 feeble of  muscle1 but           
resplendent in color1 with head and fins
 painted scarlet  or purple1 or silver  
white1 or inky black1 as may be most    
pleasing to  his spouse4 ,his mouth is  
small and without teeth1 for he feeds on
  creatures smaller than fishes1 and his
 head in the spring is covered  with    
coarse warts1 nuptial ornaments1 which  
fall off as soon as the  eggs are       
properly disposed of4 ,in the little    
brook which comes to my  mind as ,i     
write two kinds of minnows come up the  
stream together  before the others      
realize that it is verily spring4 ,the  
one is small1  dainty1 translucent1 and 
active1 swimming free in the water near 
the  surface and able to take care of   
itself when pursued by a sunfish or     
bass4 ,along the side of its body are   
two black stripes not quite  parallel1  
and between and below them the silvery  
scales are flushed  with fiery scarlet4 
,the fins are all yellow1 with scarlet  

at base1 and  as the male passes and    
repasses before the female all these    
colors1  which she has not1 grow        
brighter than ever4    ,the next is a   
larger fish1 clumsy in form1 hugging the
 bottom as he  swims4 ,the whole body of
 the male is covered with coarse white  
warts1  and across each fin is a bar of 
black1 white1 and orange4 ,this minnow  
feeds on mud1 or rather on the little   
plants which grow in mud1 and  his      
intestines are lengthened out           
proportionally4 ,in fact1 they are so   
long that1 to find room for them1 they  
are wound spool-fashion about  the air  
bladder in a way which happens to no    
other animal4    ,of the other minnows1 
the one attracts his female by a big1   
jet-black  head2 another by the painted 
fins1 which shine like white satin2     
another by his deep-blue sheen1 which is
 washed all over with crimson4  ,in     
fact1 every conceivable arrangement of  
bright colors can be found1  if we go   
the country over1 as the adornment of   

some minnow when he  mates in the       
spring4 ,the only exception is green1   
for to the fishes1  as to the birds1    
green is not a color4 ,it only serves to
 cover one1  while the purpose of real  
color is to be seen4    ,and there are  
fishes whose colors are so placed that  
they are hidden  from above or below1   
but seen of their own kind which looks  
on them  from the side4    ,the         
brightest fishes in the world1 the      
,johnny darters1 are in our  little     
brook4 ,but if you look at them from    
above you will hardly see  them1 for    
they are dull olive on the back1 with   
dark spots and dashes  like the weeds   
under which they lie4 ,the male is only 
a little fellow1  not so long as your   
finger and slim for his size4 ,he lies  
flat on the  bottom1 half hidden by a   
stone1 around which his tail is twisted4
 ,he  will stay there for hours1 unseen 
by other fishes1 except by his own      
kinsmen4 ,but if you reach down to touch
 him with your finger he is no  longer  

there4 ,the tail straightens out1 there 
is a flash of blue and  scarlet1 and a  
foot or two away he is resting quietly  
as before4 ,on  the bottom is his place1
 and he seems always at peace1 but when 
he  moves his actions are instantaneous 
and as swift as possible to a  creature 
who lives in the water4 ,on the bottom1 
among the stones1 the  female casts her 
spawn4 ,neither she nor the male pays   
any further  attention to it1 but in the
 breeding season the male is painted in 
colors as beautiful as those of the wood
 warblers4 ,when you go to the  brook in
 the spring you will find him there1 and
 if you catch him and  turn him over on 
his side you will see the colors that he
 shows to his  mate1 and which her      
choice through ages has tended to       
develop in him4  ,but do not hurt him4  
,he can only breathe for a moment out of
 water4  ,put him back in the brook and 
let him paint its bottom the colors of a
  rainbow1 a sunset1 or a garden of     
roses4 ,all that can be done with  blue1

 crimson1 and green pigments in fish    
ornamentation you will find  in some    
brook in which the darters live4 ,it is 
in the limestone brooks  that flow into 
the ,tennessee and ,cumberland where    
they are found at  their brightest1 but 
the ,ozark region comes in for a close  
second4    ,there will be sticklebacks  
in your brook1 but the other fishes do  
not  like them1 for they are tough and  
dry of flesh1 and their sharp spines    
make them hard to swallow and harder    
still to digest4 ,they hide  beneath the
 overhanging tufts of grass1 and dart   
out swiftly at  whatever passes by4     
,they tear the fins of the minnows1 rob 
the nests  of the sunfish1 drag out the 
eggs of the suckers1 and are busy from  
morn to night at whatever mischief is   
possible in the brook4    ,the male     
dresses in jet-black when the breeding  
season is on1  sometimes with a further 
ornament of copper-red or of scarlet4   
,the  sticklebacks build nests in which 
to hide their eggs1 and over these  the 

male stands guard1 defending them with  
courage which would be  dauntless in any
 animal more than two inches long4 ,very
 often he has  to repel the attacks of  
the female herself1 who1 being relieved 
of all  responsibility for her          
offspring1 is prone to turn cannibal4   
,even the  little dwellers of the brook 
have their own troubles and adversities 
and perversities4    ,last of all comes 
the blob1 or miller's thumb1 who hides  
in darkness  and picks up all that there
 is left4 ,he is scaleless and slippery1
  large of head1 plump of body1 and with
 no end of appetite4 ,he lurks  under   
stones when the water is cold4 ,he is   
gray and greenish1 like the  bottom in  
color4 ,he robs the buried nests of     
eggs1 swallows the young  fishes1       
devours the dead ones1 and checks the   
undue increase of all1  not forgetting  
his own kind4 ,when he has done his work
 and the fall  has come and gone1 and   
the winter and the spring return1 the   
brook  once more fills with fishes1 and 

there are the same kinds1 with the  same
 actions1 the same ways1 and the same   
numbers1 and one might think  from year 
to year1 as the sun is said to do1 that 
these were the  selfsame waters and the 
selfsame fishes mating over and over    
again and  feeding on the selfsame food4
    ,but this is not so4 ,the old stage 
remains1 or seems to remain1 but  every 
year come new actors1 and the lines     
which they repeat were  written for them
 centuries before they were born4 ,but  
each  generation which passes changes   
their lives just a little1 just as the  
brook and the meadow itself is changing4
          ,,white ,,whales ,,in         
,,confinement4    ,,by ,,fred ,,mather4 
,the dolphin family 7,delphinid7        
contains nine genera1 with only one     
species in each1 but the most           
interesting one is the white whale      
7,delphinapterus leucas of ,pallas1 or  
,d4 catodon ,linn4 of ,gill71  because  
it is the only one that can be kept in  
confinement and its  habits observed    

under semi-domestication4 ,it has fallen
 to my lot to  care for several of these
 animals in confinement1 and to have a  
chance  to note their peculiarities4    
,the ,great ,new ,york ,aquarium1 at    
,broadway and ,thirty-fourth ,street1   
,new ,york city1 was built by ,messrs4  
,coup and ,reiche1 and opened in  #ahgf4
 ,mr4 ,butler was the superintendent4 ,i
 supervised fish culture1  and when not 
otherwise engaged made collections of   
fishes and  invertebrates in ,bermuda   
and in other parts4 ,in #ahgg ,i had    
charge of  their branch aquarium at     
,coney ,island4 ,at both places we had  
many  white whales at different times1  
for the management would keep whales    
penned up on the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river  
to replace those which died1 and  would 
never show more than two at a time1     
claiming that they were rare  animals   
and only to be had at enormous expense4 
,the aquarium was a  private concern2   
admission fifty cents2 and as the owners
 were ,w4 ,c4  ,coup1 a former circus   

proprietor and once the business manager
 of  ,barnum's ,circus1 and ,henry      
,reiche1 an animal dealer1 who would    
sell  you giraffes1 elephants1 or white 
mice1 the attractions were duly         
exaggerated by the press agent1 no      
matter what the facts might be4  ,this  
is why we kept a reserve stock of white 
whales4 ,it would never do  to have the 
public know that they were common during
 the summer in the  ,st4 ,lawrence1 and 
when one was getting weak another would 
be sent  down1 and the public supposed  
that the same pair was on exhibition all
  the time4    ,this species is common  
in the ,north ,atlantic1 ,north         
,pacific1 and  ,arctic ,oceans4         
,according to the late ,prof4 ,g4 ,brown
 ,goode1 stragglers  have been seen in  
the ,frith of ,forth1 latitude #ef1     
while on the  ,american coast several   
have been taken within the past decade  
#ahhj  on the north shore of ,cape ,cod4
 ,they are slightly abundant in ,new    
,england waters1 but in the ,st4        

,lawrence ,river and on the coast of    
,labrador are plentiful1 and the object 
of a profitable fishery4 ,they  abound  
in the ,bering and ,okhotsk ,seas1 and  
ascend the ,yukon ,river1  ,alaska1 to a
 distance of seven hundred miles4 ,the  
names in use are  beluga and whitefish  
among whalers1 porpoise1 dauphin blanc1 
marsouin  or marsoon in ,canada1 and    
keela luak with the ,greenland ,eskimos 
7,fisheries ,industries74    ,the white 
whale grows to be sixteen feet long2 we 
never had one over  ten feet in length1 
but they were billed1 showman fashion1  
to be much  longer4 ,an adult will yield
 from eighty to one hundred gallons of  
good  whale oil1 besides several gallons
 of more valuable oil from the head     
which is used on clocks and watches     
under the trade name of  porpoise-jaw   
oil1 which is sent in a crude state to  
manufacturers on  ,cape ,cod1 who refine
 it and free it from all tendency to    
gum4 ,the  skins make a leather that is 
waterproof and stands more hard service 

than any other known leather4 ,large    
quantities of it are sent to  ,england  
and made into porpoise-hide boots for   
sportsmen1 and in  ,canada the hides are
 converted into mail bags4 ,the flesh is
 eaten to  some extent by the fishermen1
 fresh1 salted1 and smoked4    ,zach4   
,coup said3 ,i have eaten the fresh     
steaks several times1 and  found the    
meat a fair substitute for beef when the
 choice was between  fish and bacon as a
 continuous diet1 down on the islands   
where these  three things were the only 
possible variation in the line of animal
  food1 and a very limited choice in the
 vegetable line1 comprising  dried beans
 and rice1 for when ,i was with them    
there was a scarcity of  potatoes for   
seed1 and canned goods had not attained 
their present  popularity1 even if these
 poor fishermen had been able to buy    
them4    ,the fat1 oily blubber is an   
overcoat1 a nonconductor of heat1 and is
  between the muscle and the skin1 as is
 largely the case with the hog1  and1   

like the latter animal1 there is savory 
muscle which may be cut  into succulent 
steaks below it4    ,at first the white 
whales were not in my care1 but1 being  
strange  animals1 were watched with     
curiosity4 ,the whale tank was as nearly
  circular as a twenty-sided tank could 
be whose glass plates were four  feet   
wide with iron standards between1 making
 a pool of about thirty  feet in        
diameter4 ,the pool was of cement and   
tapered down to an outlet  about three  
feet below the floor1 for drainage1 and 
on the floor the  cement basin arose two
 and a half feet1 while the panes of    
one-inch  glass were six feet high1 with
 the water line two feet below the top  
of the glass4 ,this gave the spectators 
a view of the animals below  water1 and 
of their backs as they came up to blow4 
,the white whale and  the harbor        
porpoise 7,phocna brachycion71 known as 
the herring-hog1  etc41 do not make as  
much of a spout as the larger whales do2
 they  roll up and exhale either less   

strongly or with less water over the    
blow-hole than their larger relatives4  
,they merely send a mist into  the air  
which can not be seen at a distance of a
 thousand yards1 while  the blowing of  
the larger whales may be seen for miles4
 ,half a  century ago we boys were      
taught by the text-books that the       
whale--there was only one               
mentioned--drew in water through its    
mouth1  strained out the jellyfishes and
 other life1 and then ejected the       
water1 after the manner of a fire       
engine1 through the top of its head4    
,that this nostril1 equipped with the   
best water-tight valve ever  invented1  
enabled an air-breathing mammal to      
exhale and inhale1  without getting much
 water into its lungs1 we never         
suspected4 ,if we  thought about it at  
all we looked at the whale as a fish1   
having gills  somewhere1 and let it go  
at that4 ,as our laws speak of whale    
fisheries and seal fisheries in         
connection with these great aquatic     

mammals1 it would be just as correct to 
speak of all animals which  frequent the
 water as fishes1 and legislate on the  
muskrat  fisheries1 mink fisheries1     
etc42 there is really no difference4    
,i have seen newspaper reports that     
about thirty years ago a white  whale1  
brought there by a ,mr4 ,cutting1 lived 
in captivity in ,boston  for two years4 
,beyond the fact that one was brought   
there by a ,mr4  ,cutting1 and was on   
exhibition about that time1 is all that 
,i have  been able to learn1 and it is  
doubtful if it lived one year 7see      
,fisheries ,industries1 section #a1 page
 #ai74 ,one was exhibited at  ,barnum's 
old museum1 at ,broadway and ,ann       
,street1 ,new ,york1 that is  said to   
have lived nine months and was then     
burned up when that  building burned1 in
 ,march1 #ahfh4 ,as these animals only  
come into the  ,st4 ,lawrence1 where all
 live ones have been captured1 in ,may  
and ,june1  there is no reason to doubt 
that it did live in confinement for nine

  months1 but none that have been       
exhibited since that time have  survived
 more than half as long1 and ,i have had
 personal knowledge of  every one since 
,barnum's4    ,coup's ,broadway         
,aquarium opened on ,october #aa1       
#ahgf--too late to get a  white whale   
that year4 ,but early next spring ,mr4  
,coup sent his brother  to the ,st4     
,lawrence ,river for specimens4 ,this   
brother1 ,zach41 had  never seen a      
whale1 but he had full instructions     
concerning their care  from ,professor  
,butler1 who had charge of the one at   
,barnum's ,museum4  ,there was an air of
 mystery about the expedition1 and in   
,may ,zach4  brought a solitary specimen
 and at once went for more4 ,the town   
was  billed1 the daily press was worked 
in true circus fashion1 the crowd  came 
and expressed various opinions4         
,standing by the tank1 ,i heard  strange
 comments3    ,do you call that little  
thing a whale8 ,this to an attendant4   
,yes1 sir1 it's a white whale from the  

northern coast of ,labrador1 the  only  
one ever captured or ever seen by the   
oldest whaleman4 ,it was  reported to   
have been seen near the entrance to     
,hudson ,bay1 and ,mr4  ,coup fitted out
 an expedition and captured it at an    
expense of over  one hundred thousand   
dollars4 ,he had evidently been reading 
what the  press agent had stuffed into  
the newspapers4    ,the visitor took    
another look and remarked3 ,the papers  
said it was  twenty feet long2 ,i should
 think it might be six feet1 but no     
more4    ,well1 answered the attendant1 
water is mitey deceivin'1 an' that      
whale is more'n three times as long as  
it looks4 ,the fact is1 the  papers did 
report it to be longer than it is1 for  
when we drew off the  water to clean the
 tank yesterday we put a steel tape over
 the whale  and it measured just        
nineteen feet eleven inches and a half4 
,then a rural couple came1 and she      
remarked3 ,oh1 ,i'm so glad we came     
here1 and can tell the folks that we've 

seen a real live whale6    ,lucy1 said  
he1 this city is full of all kinds of   
cheats1 an' ,i  don't believe that thing
 is alive more'n ,methuselah is2 it's   
some  indy-rubber contraption with      
clockwork in it that makes it go round  
and puff in that way4    ,after the     
season for hatching trout and salmon was
 over1 in ,april1 ,i  was detailed to   
build a branch aquarium at ,coney       
,island1 with  instructions to construct
 a whale tank the first thing1 in order 
to be  ready for the next arrivals4 ,i  
employed a maker of beer vats1 and he   
brought three-inch planks for the       
bottom1 staves eight feet high1 and     
iron for hoops4 ,the tank was to be     
twenty-five feet in diameter1 with  a   
chime nine inches below the bottom1     
making the tank seven feet  deep inside4
 ,it was to set with its top eighteen   
inches above the  soil1 which was to be 
the water line1 giving the whales five  
feet and  a half of water--little enough
 when we realize that a ten-foot animal 

has a diameter of nearly three feet4    
,heavy timbers were laid under the      
bottom of the tank1 carefully leveled1  
for no weight can be borne by  the      
staves in a tank of that size4    ,all  
this was planned1 as well as the engine 
and pumps1 and was well  under way1 when
 ,i received an order from ,mr4 ,coup to
 go to ,quebec and  bring down two      
whales while ,zach4 went for more4 ,then
 ,i learned the  secrets of the live    
white whale trade4 ,the first whale had 
been kept  back until it could be       
delivered at night1 and its             
transportation was  a mystery intended  
to arouse the curiosity of the public4  
,at the railroad station at ,quebec two 
boxes were turned over to me4  ,they    
were about fifteen feet long1 four feet 
wide1 and four feet deep4  ,they were   
upholstered with bladder wrack1 a most  
soft cushion1 and  in each box a white  
whale lay on these pneumatic cushions4  
,a plug in  the bottom of each box had  
let the water out while the boxes were  

being lifted by the rope handles on the 
sides1 but when on the cars  the plugs  
were replaced and water to the depth of 
a foot was poured  in2 this served to   
keep the under parts moist1 while       
frequent sponging  or the use of a      
dipper served to keep the skin from     
drying4 ,the  nostril1 or blow-hole1    
needed the most attention1 for it has a 
valve  which must not be allowed to get 
even partially dry1 and a saturated     
sponge was kept suspended over this all 
the time during the journey by  rail to 
,new ,york4    ,the white whale is a    
very timid animal1 and comes up the ,st4
 ,lawrence  in ,may and ,june1 when the 
young are brought forth2 it is believed 
that  they then go to the river to avoid
 their enemies1 among which is the      
killer or orca whale4 ,their food1      
according to ,professor ,goode1 is      
bottom fish1 like flounders and halibut1
 cod1 haddock1 salmon1  squids1 and     
prawns4 ,from my knowledge of this whale
 in confinement ,i  am surprised at the 

above list1 for those under my          
observation not  only preferred live    
eels1 but could not swallow one whose   
diameter was  over one inch1 and it was 
difficult to get quantities of eels as  
small  as three quarters of an inch in  
diameter1 especially when an adult      
whale would consume about twenty pounds 
in a day4 ,when larger eels  were placed
 in the tank they would be taken out    
dead in a day or two  with their sides  
scratched and torn by the small teeth of
 the whale  which had failed to swallow 
it4 ,we tried other food1 for eels are  
quite expensive in ,new ,york city1     
costing fifteen and eighteen cents  per 
pound1 but the whales refused small     
flatfish1 flounders1 etc41 and  the only
 other food they ate was small tomcods4 
,they refused dead  herrings and all    
fish that were cut in pieces4    ,the   
animals are captured at the small       
,french fishing village of  ,rivire     
l',ouelle1 on ,isle aux ,coudres1       
seventy miles below ,quebec1  where life

 is as primitive as it was two hundred  
years ago in this1  one of the oldest of
 ,canadian settlements4 ,luke ,tilden1  
one of our  aquarium men1 who went up   
with ,zach4 ,coup1 told of the capture  
of the  whales1 and the following is    
from notes taken by me as ,luke told it3
  ,the men all fish and the women do a  
little gardening1 but their  harvest is 
the marsouin1 a name common to the white
 whale and to the  black porpoise4 ,a   
fair white whale will weight eight      
hundred pounds  and yield nearly one    
hundred gallons of oil worth fifty cents
 per  gallon1 so that when they trap    
twenty in a season it means prosperity  
to the colony2 in #ahgd they took one   
hundred1 but the catch has fallen  off  
since4 ,when we reached the island1 said
 ,luke1 we went straight  to ,father    
,alixe ,pelletier and donated ten       
dollars to the ,church for  prayers for 
our success1 and it was well invested4  
,the good old man  is the head of that  
colony and keeps everything straight4   

,in #ahfc  there was an epidemic of     
indifference to the ,church1 and the men
 went  to the bad1 got drunk1 fought1   
fished on ,sundays1 and reviled the     
priest1 withholding all dues to him4    
,then he said1 ',god is angry with  you1
 and to punish you will send no more    
marsouin until you repent4'  ,they      
laughed at him1 and for three years no  
marsouin came to them1 and  they were   
very poor4 ,they went to the father on a
 ,christmas day and  implored him to    
intercede for them1 and he did4 ,the    
next spring there  was a great catch of 
marsouin1 and the men have remained     
faithful  since4    ,the tides here rise
 and fall some twenty feet1 and the     
whales are  trapped in an inclosure made
 of poles1 the entrance to which is     
closed  when a school enters4 ,the pound
 is about a mile square1 and is made of 
slim poles put two feet apart1 space    
enough to let a whale through1  but they
 will not attempt it4 ,the tide falls   
and leaves them on the  mud1 quaking    

with fear4 ,when we want live ones the  
boxes are made1  padded with seaweed1   
shoved out over the mud1 tipped on one  
side1 and  the whale rolled into it1    
where its struggles soon put it on an   
even  keel1 and then it gives up and    
does nothing but breathe as the boxes   
are taken on board a schooner for       
,quebec4    ,i was fortunate in getting 
the above story from ,luke ,tilden1 for 
a few  weeks afterward he died in the   
aquarium2 and ,zach4 ,coup would tell   
nothing that could be relied on1 not    
even to the locality where the  whales  
were caught4    ,the white whale is the 
only one of its tribe that can be       
captured in  the manner related1 because
 of its cowardly timidity4 ,the harbor  
porpoise1 or herring-hog1 would jump    
nets and break barricades or  die4 ,it  
would not bear the confinement of an    
aquarium1 for it would  leap out of the 
tanks or dash its brains out in trying  
to do so2 but1  once placed in a tank of
 either salt or fresh water1 the white  

whale  starts to circle it1 always to   
the left1 with the sun1 and contentedly 
blows at intervals of from five to      
fifteen minutes1 and seems as  contented
 as a canary bird in its cage4    ,the  
whale does not always swim in circles to
 the left when free1 and  why it does so
 in confinement is a question4 ,i merely
 assert the fact4  ,perhaps wiser men   
know why perfectly still water in a     
washbowl will  rotate to the left with  
an accelerated motion when the plug is  
withdrawn1 but ,i do not4 ,as the motion
 to the left is invariable there  must  
be a rule for it1 but1 granting that    
this motion has some  relation to the   
motion of the earth1 the question of how
 this affects  the voluntary movements  
of an animal remains to be answered4 ,i 
have  watched over a dozen white whales 
in captivity1 dumped into tanks from    
the most convenient side without regard 
to the direction of their  heads1 and   
every one turned and circled to the     
left4 ,the question  arises1 ,why do    

they do this8 ,at the new aquarium now  
at ,battery ,park1  ,new ,york city1 the
 big sturgeon always circles to the left
 except when  feeding4    ,the two      
whales at ,coney ,island were good-sized
 ones1 nearly ten feet  long1 and they  
raced around1 side by side1 and played  
for nearly two  hours before they began 
to take the eels which had been in the  
tank  several days1 although the large  
mammals had been without food for at    
least seven days4 ,on the way down ,i   
had noticed a difference in the  sound  
of their breathing1 that of the female  
being sharp and clear1  while her mate  
seemed to have a hoarseness1 and        
occasionally gave  something like a     
cough4 ,i called attention to this and  
told ,mr4 ,coup  that the animal had    
some lung trouble4 ,he consulted a man  
who  professed to know about these      
animals1 and then reported his opinion  
that the cough was nothing to fear1     
merely a little water in the  blow-hole4
    ,this may be true1 ,i replied2 ,i'm 

not a medical man1 but ,i've heard  many
 consumptives cough1 and that whale     
imitates them4 ,i doubt if it  lives a  
month4    ,it lived just twenty-six days
 after its arrival at ,coney ,island4   
,the  last five days of its life it took
 no food1 and its labored breathing  was
 annoying to all who knew the cause of  
it4 ,then came a touching  display of   
affection4 ,the female slackened her    
pace day by day to  accommodate it to   
that of her constantly weakening        
companion1 and as  the end neared she   
put her broad transverse tail under his 
and  propelled him along4 ,he stopped   
breathing at #aj ,a4 ,m41 but his mate  
kept up her efforts1 occasionally making
 a swift run around the tank1  as if to 
say1 ,come1 follow me1 and then slowing 
up at his side1  resumed the work of    
sculling him along1 as before4 ,rude men
 expressed  pity for the living one1 and
 after my men had rigged a derrick and  
hoisted her mate from the pool she would
 rise higher out of water when  she came

 up to blow1 remembering that he had    
gone out over the top of  the tank4 ,an 
autopsy by local physicians1 whose names
 have been  forgotten1 assisted by a    
medical student then in my employ1 now  
,dr4 ,j4  ,r4 ,latham1 #abf ,west       
,eleventh ,street1 ,new ,york city1     
disclosed the fact  that the whale died 
of pneumonia4    ,a white whale which   
reached the ,broadway aquarium about    
,july #ast1  after mine came1 lived     
seven months1 dying ,january #bh1 #ahgh4
 ,my whale  was either diseased when    
captured or took a cold at ,isle aux    
,coudres4  ,the ,new ,york one was sound
 all summer1 and ,i told ,mr4 ,coup that
 it  might live for years1 but the      
artificial heat of the aquarium in      
winter was not what a subarctic animal  
could endure1 and it succumbed  as most 
of ,peary's ,eskimos did in ,new ,york  
last winter4 ,the autopsy on  this whale
 was performed by ,dr4 ,f4 ,d4 ,weisse1 
professor of practical  and surgical    
anatomy of the medical department of the

 ,university of  the ,city of ,new      
,york1 assisted by ,prof4 ,j4 ,w4 ,i4   
,arnold1 of the same  university1 and   
,dr4 ,liautard1 superintendent of the   
,veterinary  ,college4 ,they agreed that
 pneumonia was the cause of death1      
induced by  a change of temperature of  
the water in which the animal had been  
kept4 ,the official measurements of this
 female specimen1 whose organs  were    
kept in the two institutions named1     
were3 nine feet six inches  from snout  
to tail tips2 three feet between tips of
 caudal fins1 with  a body breadth of   
twenty inches and a head breadth of     
thirteen inches4  ,the lungs1 weighing  
twenty-two pounds1 presented on         
dissection the  appearance of having    
been affected with chronic catarrhal    
pneumonia4  ,the liver weighed nineteen 
pounds4 ,the four stomachs were all free
  from any trace of previous disease4   
,in looking up the life history of the  
white whale when opportunity  offered1  
during the last twenty years ,i have    

consulted many old  whalemen1 and they  
all say that whales of all kinds take   
their babies  on their flukes and scull 
them along as my female sculled her     
dying  and dead partner4 ,this must be a
 fact1 for the little one could never   
swim with its parent4 ,but another      
question arises3 ,is this purely a      
female instinct to provide for its      
young1 which was1 in the case of my     
pair1 developed into a desire to        
preserve a companion8 or1 in other      
words1 would a male have done this1 or  
would a female have done it if  she were
 free and had other companions8 ,was it 
love for her mate1 or a  feeling of     
selfishness at her lonely position8 ,my 
female was afterward  sent to ,england  
in the old transportation box1 and was  
nine days  without food1 for they will  
not swallow food in transit1 and it     
lived  four days in ,london1 clearing   
more than enough to pay for the animal  
and all expenses4    ,when the free     
aquarium at ,battery ,park1 ,new ,york  

city1 was opened1  ,december #aj1 #ahif1
 there was talk of getting white whales 
the next  spring1 but there was no way  
to employ men to go for them at a stated
  salary1 as they would have to pass a  
civil-service examination and  become   
regularly appointed employees of the    
city4 ,in this emergency  ,mr4 ,eugene  
,g4 ,blackford came forward and advanced
 the money for the  expedition1 and it  
started early in ,may4 ,on ,june #dth   
,professor ,butler  delivered a pair of 
them to the superintendent1 ,dr4 ,bean4 
,i was aware  of their coming1 and was  
at the aquarium1 and so was ,dr4        
,latham4 ,the  male was lead-colored1   
was said to be a year and a half old1   
and was  nine feet long4 ,the female was
 of the usual cream-color1 ten feet and 
a half long1 and was said to be a year  
older than her mate4 ,it is  known that 
young and immature specimens are darker 
than adults1 but ,i  am skeptical about 
the ages1 especially as there is a half 
year  credited to each at the exact time

 the young are brought forth1 and do    
not know on what the ages are based     
further than that the young are  darker 
in color for a time4    ,how does the   
breathing of the big one sound to you8  
the doctor  asked4    ,like ours at     
,coney ,island that died from lung      
trouble1 ,i replied1  and ,i would not  
have brought that animal down unless it 
was the only  one to be had during the  
season4    ,i think ,i'll give her about
 ten days to live1 replied the doctor4  
,as these were not my whales1 ,i        
declined to talk of their prospects of  
life to several reporters who knew me1  
and the whale in question died  of      
pneumonia on ,june #aath1 just a week   
after its arrival in ,new ,york1  and   
several days before the trained ear of  
,dr4 ,latham had allotted its  span of  
life4    ,the male came to its death by 
an accident at #i ,p4 ,m4 on ,june      
#bdth1  just twenty days after arrival4 
,an eel got into its blow-hole and it   
drowned4 ,according to an account       

published in the ,new ,york ,sun of     
,monday1 ,july #bf1 #ahig1 said to be   
obtained from ,dr4 ,tarleton ,h4 ,bean1 
director of the aquarium1 the whale was 
as healthy a one as ever  spouted until 
late on ,friday afternoon1 the #bdth1   
when one of the  keepers noticed that   
something was wrong4 ,his attention was 
attracted  by the loud wheezing that    
accompanied each blow that the whale    
made  when he came up for air4 ,the     
wheezing could be heard all over the    
aquarium4 ,dr4 ,bean was sent for4 ,he  
was certain that the whale's lungs  were
 all right4 ,he cited a fact1 known to  
the custodian and to all the  keepers1  
that the mammal for the past month had  
remained under water a  little longer   
after he came to the surface to blow4   
,this convinced ,dr4  ,bean that the    
whale's lungs were sound and that some  
other cause of  illness must be found4  
,then the whale coughed out a piece of  
an eel that it had bit in two1  and as  
it came up to blow again there was      

another piece hanging from  the         
blow-hole which could not shut1 and so  
let water into the lungs4  ,dr4 ,bean   
ordered the water drawn off the tank in 
order to get at the  animal1 but a      
former superintendent1 who had planned  
the tanks1 had  put in such small       
drainage pipes that by the time the     
water was drawn  down so that the men   
could get at the whale it was dead4     
,i do not believe that a white whale    
lived two years in ,boston1 because     
this subarctic animal could not endure  
the extremes of ,boston's  temperatures 
without contracting lung disease in some
 form4 ,think of  such an animal living 
through climatic conditions that an     
,eskimo can  not stand1 and in a public 
institution where thousands of people   
are  vitiating the air6    ,animals     
which live wholly in water are more     
susceptible to changes of  temperature  
than those which live on land4 ,the     
white whale can be kept  the year round 
in ,new ,york city if it can have a     

refrigerating plant  to give it the     
temperature which it needs1 and proper  
food4    ,we bring polar bears to ,new  
,york which suffer in summer1 if not in 
our  comparatively mild winters1 and    
tropical animals which barely survive1  
but these land mammals are not so       
susceptible to climatic influences  as  
are the fishes and the purely aquatic   
mammals1 like the whales4  ,these can   
never be kept long by the crude means   
which have been  employed4 ,from the    
purest air they have been changed to the
 more or  less vitiated air where       
thousands of human beings are crowded   
and in a  temperature which is          
unnatural4 ,if we would keep them we    
must give  them better chances for      
living than in open tanks in the summer 
temperature of ,new ,york4              
,,unusual ,,forms ,,in ,,plants4    ,,by
 ,,byron ,d4 ,,halsted4      ,the       
unexpected is apt to occur4 ,along with 
the regularity in living  things1 which 
we call uniformity of ,nature1 there is 

so strong a  tendency to vary that one  
almost expects to find a turn in the    
avenues  of life sooner or later1 and   
that gradual or sudden1 as the case may 
be4 ,we will not stop to discuss the    
open question of whether we are         
possessed by an inherent quality of     
variation1 or as creatures of           
circumstances1 subject to the           
controlling forces of our environment4  
,yesterday while looking at a row of    
seedling peaches1 all from the  same lot
 of pits1 one of the miniature trees was
 found to be bronze or  copper colored  
throughout4 ,this set me to thinking4   
,here was a  sport1 as it is termed1 and
 if ,i take good care of the abnormity1 
bud it into common stock1 etc41 the     
landscape architects and  ornamental    
gardeners may thank me for the novelty  
that will please  their wealthy patrons4
    ,leaving aside the abnormal as met  
with in the animal world1 for much  of  
it is more painful than otherwise to    
contemplate1 let us glance at  some of  

the unusual things occurring among      
plants4    ,one first thinks of some    
strange forms in leaf1 and if the eyes  
are  opened to them they may be met with
 upon every hand4 ,the four-leaf  clover
 is lucky perhaps only because the      
finder is sharper-eyed than  others1 and
 stands a brighter chance of seeing     
success as it crouches  almost invisible
 in the wild grass1 the tilled field1 or
 wherever the  eyes may be set to find  
it4    ,the child who brings me the     
oddities of vegetable forms is knowing  
in  the normals of his class of         
curiosities1 or else he would not see   
the  novelties from the finding and     
exhibiting of which he gains so much    
pleasure4 ,the person who is familiar   
with the striking beauty of the         
cardinal flower 7,lobelia cardinalis7 is
 the one who rejoices at the  variations
 that may occur in the tints of the     
bright corolla4 ,his  delight would     
reach a high pitch should the           
conspicuous spikes be  found upon dry   

ground1 and not by the bank of some     
stream half hidden  by the overhanging  
grass4 ,but should the wandering plant  
display white  flowers1 then an albino  
of a most interesting kind has been met 
with1  and some reason for it is sought 
in the unusual locality4 ,only a few    
days ago a white variation of the       
,lobelia syphilitica1 cousin to the     
cardinal1 was seen by the writer        
treasured in the ,botanical ,garden at  
,cambridge1 ,mass41 and it called to    
mind the rage for pink water  lilies1   
that twenty years ago were only met with
 wild in ponds at  ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,i 
asked an expert recently if there was   
any call for  the pink or ,plymouth     
lilies1 and he informed me that the fad 
had  died out with the transplanting and
 widespread culture of the pink  sports 
of the nympha ponds4    ,abnormal colors
 in flowers are among the most common   
freaks in wild  plants1 and none are    
more frequent than the albinos4 ,one    
could fill a  page with instances of    

this sort4 ,some of our most common     
weeds1 as  the moth mullein 7,verbascum 
blattaria71 have a large percentage of  
the plants with white blossoms1 and the 
patches of the white  interspersed with 
the normal yellow-flowered plants in    
poorly kept  meadows and neglected land 
has led the writer to gather seed of    
each  to test the truth of the opinion  
that the white strain may be            
transmitted to the offspring1 but the   
proof is not yet at hand4    ,the writer
 knows where there is a patch of the    
hound's tongue  7,echinospermum7 with a 
good sprinkling of plants producing     
white  corollas instead of the normal   
deep maroon4 ,the two colors make a good
  subject for students who are gaining  
an elementary knowledge of the          
stability of species1 and the range of  
striking variations that must  be       
allowed for them4    ,next to the       
albinos the instances where the floral  
parts approach  leaves in size and color
 are the most common4 ,a few weeks ago  

while  passing through a field once     
devoted to corn1 but now overgrown with 
weeds1 and therefore of special interest
 to a botanist1 my eyes fell  upon a    
daisy plant all the heads of which were 
with olive-green ray  flowers instead of
 the ordinary pure white ones4 ,these   
rays were  smaller than the normal and  
quite inclined to roll1 as shown in     
,fig4  #a1 and form quills1 as seen in  
some of the fancy chrysanthemums4 ,by   
the way1 our common field daisy is a    
genuine chrysanthemum1 and that  which  
is produced in one species under the    
guiding1 fostering hand of  the skilled 
gardener was here shadowed forth in the 
field of waste  land4    ,illustration3 
,,fig4 #a4--;,,green ,,and ,,normal     
,,oxeye ,,daisy ,,heads4    ,a week or  
so later1 while going through a similar 
field in an  adjoining county to the one
 where the daisy freak was found1 ,i    
came  upon nearly the same thing as seen
 in the heads of the black-eyed  ,susan1
 or cone flower 7,rudbeckia hirta ,l474 

,here were the two  leading weedy       
daisies1 the white and the yellow1 the  
former coming to  our fields from the   
,east and across the sea1 while the     
latter1 as a  native of our ,western    
prairies1 journeys to make a home here  
and help  to compensate by its          
pestiferous presence for the vile weeds 
that have  gone ,west with the advance  
of civilization4 ,both of these daisies 
revealed that tendency in them to vary  
in their floral structures that  if made
 use of by the floriculturist might     
result in forms and colors  as          
attractive and profitable as met with in
 their cousins the  chrysanthemums of   
the ,orient4    ,perhaps the season     
which we have had1 with its excess of   
moisture and  superheat1 has made the   
abnormal forms more abundant than usual4
 ,the  even current of life has been met
 by counter streams1 so to say1 and  the
 channels were broken down4 ,in walking 
through a meadow in early  ,june it was 
a common thing to find the spikes of the

 narrow-leaved  plantain 7,plantago     
lanceolata ,l47 branched and compounded 
into  curious shapes4 ,some of the      
normal and malformed spikes are shown in
  ,fig4 #b4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4    
#b4--,,malformed ,,heads ,,of ,,plantago
 ,,lanceolata4    ,as a tailpiece to    
this portion of the subject it is a     
pleasure to  introduce a freak among the
 native orchards1 as shown in ,fig4 #c4 
,a  word of explanation is needed of the
 normal form of the lady's slipper  here
 shown4 ,as found in the moist woods1   
the plant above ground  consists of two 
leaves and a single pink and            
strange-looking blossom  terminating the
 stalk4 ,this is the rule1 and it has   
been strictly  adhered to1 so far as the
 writer knows1 for centuries with a     
single  exception1 and that exception is
 the one here presented4 ,it is as      
remarkable as a double-headed dog1 and  
as difficult of explanation as  the twin
 thumb4    ,perhaps the best way is to  
make no attempt to account for the      

freak1  and leave the subject open for  
those who have a gift of insight into   
the secrets of the abnormal and the     
unexpected4 ,other species of           
cypripediums regularly bear more than   
one flower2 this one may have  done so  
in former ages1 and here is the link    
that binds our pretty  unifloral species
 to its remote and possibly extinct     
ancestor4 ,on the  other hand1 a        
double-flowered form is possibly in     
embryo1 and before  the next century    
closes the ,cypripedium acaule ,ait4 may
 need to have  its description changed  
so as to embrace two flowers4    ,the   
influence of moisture1 heat1 and light  
is very great upon  vegetation1 and one 
only needs to observe the same species  
of plant as  grown in a moist1 shady    
place1 as compared with the ones that   
are  located in the full sun where the  
soil is dry4 ,size and shape of  parts1 
and even their color and the surface1   
are different1 and this  all leads us up
 to the cultivated plants where         

variation is the rule  and constancy the
 exception4    ,among wild plants where 
similar surroundings obtain for all     
members of  the species the albino is   
noted1 and any replacement of stamens by
  petals1 as in the wild buttercup1 is  
the rare exception4 ,but the  cultivated
 plants have led a charmed life1 and we 
scarcely wonder that  the plants in the 
bed of sweet peas or gladiolus1 canna or
 dahlia1 are  as diverse in form and    
color as the pieces in a crazy-bedquilt4
 ,man1  with all his ingenuity and      
skill1 has been at work molding the     
plant  clay made plastic by generations 
of special culture4    ,in one sense the
 greenhouse1 the garden1 orchard1 and   
even the  cultivated field are all      
dealing with monstrosities4 ,the        
well-filled  horticultural hall at a    
,state or county fair is a vast         
collection of  unnatural                
curiosities--that is1 they do not occur 
in ,nature1 but are  truly the creations
 of the mind of man as worked out along 

lines of  vegetable physiology and      
stimulated plant production4 ,for dinner
 this  very day the writer ate a slice  
of a modern watermelon4 ,what a triumph 
of horticultural art was exhibited in   
that giant fruit1 each seed of  which   
was filled with the accumulated         
tendencies of a generation of  high     
breeding6 ,there was represented the    
influence of soil and  selection1 of    
crossing and of culture1 until the wild 
melon1 which  none of us sees or cares  
to see1 is gone and a special creation  
takes  its place1 with its great demands
 upon any one who would attempt to  grow
 it to perfection4    ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #c4--;,a ,,twin-,,flowered       
,,cypripedium ,,acaule 7,,ait474    ,the
 art of breeding might possibly have    
deprived it of seeds had there  been    
some other convenient method for        
propagation1 as is true of many  of our 
tree fruits1 the navel orange being a   
striking example4 ,along  with the      
absence of seeds and the presence of    

fine flavor there is  truly a monstrous 
form1 in that one orange is within and  
at the  navel end of the other4         
,should we glance at some of our garden 
vegetables1 as1 for example1  the       
cabbages in their various races1 every  
one will be struck with the             
strangeness1 to say the least1 of the   
forms produced4 ,in contrast with  the  
head of the true cabbage1 where leaf is 
folded upon leaf until a  mass of       
metamorphosed foliage as large as a half
 bushel is produced1  there is the      
cauliflower1 with the edible substance  
stored in a fleshy  inflorescence that  
has lost its normal function and become 
truly  monstrous4 ,were it not so tender
 and delicate a food we might be        
disposed to smile at the absurdity of   
the whole thing1 or at the  kohl-rabi1  
with its turniplike bulb in the stem    
just above the surface  of the ground4  
,it is certainly a plastic species that 
will give such  diverse and fantastic   
forms--so far from the wild state1 and  

for that  reason so useful to man4      
,in the same manner a comparison of our 
orchard fruits with the forms  from     
which they came would lead to the       
thought that man has made them  to his  
liking1 and not for service to the plant
 species4 ,they are  abnormal1 judged by
 all standards in ,nature2 monstrous in 
size and in  many cases have lost their 
essential structure as seed-producing   
organs4    ,coming to the ornamental    
grounds1 the disguises are largely swept
  away1 and there is but little hope of 
judging what the original plants  may   
have been from which have descended the 
favorites of the flower  bed and the    
conservatory4 ,species have been split  
into a thousand and  one varieties1 each
 with its peculiarities and each with   
the potency  for greater deviation4     
,where shall we cast the line and land  
an  example8 ,the rose show of ,june is 
only surpassed by the chrysanthemum     
exhibition in autumn4 ,there must be the
 new sorts brought out each  year1      

whether the fancy be for a special shade
 or color or a striking  new shape of   
bud or form of bloom4 ,would you realize
 what a novelty  means to those in the  
craft who watch a group of carnation    
growers as  they hang over the exhibit  
of a new rival1 and consider all the    
merits and defects of the candidate for 
a certificate8    ,all the beauties of  
the flower garden are so familiar to us 
that it is  not expected that they will 
be considered unnatural4 ,if the        
hydrangea  makes a panicle larger than  
it can bear1 man helps it out with a    
string or stake1 for by overdoing it is 
not undone any more than is  the coddled
 peach tree held up at fruiting time by 
a dozen poles1 or  the forced lily with 
a weak back supported upright by an     
artificial  green stem at church on     
,easter morning4    ,but even here there
 are monstrosities in the true sense4   
,the asparagus  or sweet potato stem    
occasionally broadens out into a ribbon1
 and it  passes as an abnormity4 ,the   

same thing takes place in the flower    
cluster of cockscomb 7,celosia          
cristata71 and if it failed to produce  
a strange fan-shaped and highly colored 
and crested top the owner  would        
complain that her seed had given her    
only an inferior pigweed1  and therefore
 not come true to name4 ,the            
attractiveness of the  cockscomb resides
 in the strange habit the plant has of  
broadening the  upper end of the flower 
stalk out into a form that is truly     
monstrous4  ,and this brings me to speak
 of a form that attracted my attention  
during the present season1 samples of   
which are shown in ,fig4 #d4            
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,monstrous  
,,blossoms ,,of ,,foxglove4    ,the     
striking feature of the specimens of    
foxglove 7,digitalis  purpurea7 under   
consideration is the production of an   
enormous  somewhat bell-shaped flower at
 the extremity of the long racemose     
inflorescence1 and at a time when only a
 few of the lowermost blossoms  upon the

 stem have opened4 ,the normal digitalis
 flower has a large  pendant purple     
corolla much spotted upon the middle    
lobe of the larger  and lower lip4 ,on  
the other hand1 the truly monstrous     
flowers1 two to  three inches across1   
are borne terminally and are quite      
uniformly  bell-shaped1 with the lobes  
from twelve to fourteen and spotted     
evenly  over all the surface4 ,the four 
stamens of the normal flower have       
increased to twelve in three examined   
and to thirteen in another4  ,these     
stamens are normal in size and situated 
upon the corolla tube1  except that     
there is no indication of their being in
 long and short  pairs4    ,the single  
pistil is many times enlarged in the    
monstrous blossom--in  one instance two 
thirds of an inch in diameter for the   
ovary4 ,within  the outer ovarian wall  
there was a circle of five petaloid     
pistils1  some showing the placent and  
ovules intermixed with the pink and     
purplish petaloid expansions4    ,within

 the circle above mentioned there was a 
second pistil1 tipped  like the original
 with petal-like lobes instead of a     
stigma4 ,the  column was found so       
closely built up that the parts would   
not  separate1 and a cross-section was  
made through it1 which showed that  the 
pistil had a greenish central stalk     
around which the ovarian  cavities were 
scattered quite irregularly1 all bearing
 numerous  ovules4 ,in the flowers with 
twelve stamens there were four tips to  
the  stigma1 and the eight cavities were
 to be distinguished in the ovary1      
although they were not arranged in any  
regular order and not uniform  in size4 
,in short1 the transections of these    
resembled the seed  cavities seen in a  
slice of a large tomato of the trophy or
  ponderosa type4    ,the florists'     
catalogues advertise in a few instances 
this ,digitalis  monstrosa1 and it is   
presumed that the specimens from which  
the  engraving was made were from a     
packet of this strain of seed4 ,as but  

a small percentage of the plants in the 
bed examined were monstrous1  letters   
were addressed to some ,german growers  
of the seed1 with  questions as to this 
commercial monstrosity4 ,one reply      
contained the  statement that the form  
known as monstrosa had been in the      
market  about ten years1 and that about 
fifty per cent of the plants produce    
the strange terminal flowers4 ,another  
correspondent recalls the form  in      
question as having been catalogued for  
more than forty years1 and  that it is  
described in a work upon gardening      
published in #ahei1 in  which it states 
that the seed of this variety must only 
be gathered  from the capsules of the   
monstrous flowers in order to preserve  
the  abnormity4 ,concerning this last my
 correspondent said that it is all  the 
same whether the seed is taken from the 
capsules of monstrous  flowers or from  
the whole spike4 ,seed taken in this way
 will give from  twenty-five to         
thirty-five per cent of the monstrous   

flowers1 but the  ratio varies from year
 to year4    ,there are some advantages 
to the floriculturist in the monstrous  
form  as the first bloom in it is       
uppermost and very conspicuous1 while in
  the normal form the blooms appear from
 below upward1 and the drooping  tip of 
the spike is the last to produce        
flowers4 ,the case in hand is a         
remarkable deviation from the type in   
many ways1 but most interesting  of all 
is the fact that floriculturists have by
 selection developed a  variety that1 in
 a packet of a hundred seeds1 is quite  
certain to give  some plants of the type
 monstrosa1 which it bears as its trade 
name4          ,,malay ,,literature4    
,,by ,r4 ,,clyde ,,ford4      ,the      
,malay has a literature peculiarly his  
own1 and in it comes to  light all that 
subtle appreciation of ,nature which    
marks him as a  ,naturmensch1 but not a 
savage4 ,this lore of his race he       
carries  mostly in his memory1 for to   
reduce it to writing has been1 until    

recently1 a task at once laborious and  
scholarly1 and the ordinary  ,malay1    
living in the ease of perpetual summer1 
is neither4 ,still1  there are dog-eared
 old manuscripts which circulate from   
one village  or campong to another1 and 
these are often read aloud in the       
evenings to eager companies4 ,and it    
makes a scene never to be  forgotten1 to
 see a dozen people seated in the       
shadows around some old  man and to     
listen to the mellow cadences of his    
voice as he reads to  them a tale of the
 olden time1 of the great days of his   
race1 before  the foreigner's ships had 
scared the fish from the bays or turned 
them  into noisy harbors2 the sparkling 
stars peep through the ragged1          
whispering fronds of the palm trees1 the
 yellow light of the damar  torch shines
 on eager faces1 crickets chirp in the  
grass1 and from  afar comes the booming 
of the sea borne on the soft breath of  
the  night wind4    ,malay literature1  
like most literatures1 has had an       

ancient and a  modern period4 ,in the   
former we behold a primitive people     
dominated by  ,sanskrit life and        
civilization1 and naturally enough the  
literature of  this time is mostly      
translations of ,sanskrit poems and     
romances1 or at  least productions      
inspired by such1 and full of allusions 
to ,hindu  mythology4 ,probably to this 
early time may be traced such works as  
,sri ,rama1 a free translation of the   
,ramayana2 the ,hikayat ,pancha         
,tantra1 an adaptation of the           
,hitaspodsa2 ,radin ,mantri1 a history  
of the love affairs of a ,javan royal   
prince2 the ,shar ,bidasari1 an  epic2  
and several other such epics and        
romances4    ,one must not think that   
the language of these works is          
old-fashioned  or obsolete1 as ,beowulf 
and ,chaucer are to us1 or the          
,niebelungen ,lied  in ,german4 ,on the 
contrary1 they are full of ,arabic words
 and many  other marks of recent        
composition2 but it is the matter1 the  

conditions of life described1 the       
evident antiquity of the very  feeling  
of the productions1 that lead one to    
refer them to the early  period4        
,there are also some works that are     
genuinely ,malay in origin and          
inspiration1 and probably of a date that
 would put them between the  ancient and
 modern periods4 ,of such is ,hong      
,tuah1 a story of a  prince of ,malacca 
who was a kind of ,king ,arthur of his  
day4 ,this work  exists in several      
manuscripts1 some of which are in       
,england1 one in  ,leyden1 and one or   
two in the ,east ,indies1 and the date  
of the oldest  is not before #aagb of   
the ,hegira4 ,considering the fact that 
the year  #acag of the ,mohammedan era  
does not commence till ,may #ab1 #ahii1 
we  thus see that many of the           
manuscripts of ,malay literature are of 
no  great antiquity4 ,another of these  
intermediate works is the ,sejarat      
,malayu1 or ,malay ,annals1 which       
narrates the history of the ,malays of  

,malacca1 and their heroic defense      
against the ,portuguese in the year     
#aeaa4 ,it is divided into chapters1 and
 is about the only notable  historical  
composition in the language4    ,the    
modern period is that period which marks
 the domination of ,islam  in the far   
,east1 the period in which the ,malay   
mind has adjusted  itself to a new faith
 and a new education4 ,it is hard to    
tell when  ,mohammedanism first obtained
 a real foothold among the ,malays1 but 
probably not much before the fourteenth 
century4 ,however1 the conquest  when   
once effected was complete1 and to-day  
the people of ,tanah ,malayu  are among 
the strictest followers of the ,prophet4
    ,in a certain sense this period of  
the literature has been fruitful1  but  
not so fruitful as the former one4      
,originality has been checked  and      
imagination deadened1 and the result is 
seen in a loss of  sprightliness and    
vivacity4 ,works of morals and          
philosophy and  compilations of         

,mohammedan law1 have flourished4       
,still1 we find some  prose works of    
this period which are commendable2 they 
even have some  of the spirit of the    
earlier writings by which1 no doubt1    
they were  inspired2 among these may be 
mentioned the ,tadju ,elsalathin1 or    
,crown of ,kings1 by a mendicant monk1  
and the ,hikayat ,sultan ,ibrahim1  a   
religious romance of some beauty and    
pathos4    ,within the last seventy-five
 years the prose literature has received
  some notable additions through the    
writings of ,abdulla bin ,abdulkadir1  a
 famous moonshi of ,singapore1 who      
attained to some distinction  under the 
,straits ,government1 being sent once or
 twice on missions to  native states4   
,he was born in ,malacca toward the     
close of the last  century1 of          
,arab-,malay parentage1 and received the
 ordinary education  of a ,malay lad of 
good family4 ,after ,singapore was      
founded1 in #ahai1  he moved thither1   
where he thenceforth spent most of his  

life4 ,his  most important works are the
 ,hikayat ,abdulla1 an autobiography1   
the  ,pelayaran ,abdulla1 an account of 
his trip for the government to          
,kelantan1 and a narrative of his       
pilgrimage to ,mecca made in the year   
#ahed4    ,without a doubt ,abdulla was 
the most cultured ,malay who ever wrote4
 ,in  his capacity as teacher he was    
often called upon to help missionaries  
with their translations of the ,bible   
into ,malay2 though a devout            
,mohammedan1 he was more than ordinarily
 liberal in belief1 and quite  willing  
to see the contest between ,christianity
 and ,islam go on fairly  and on its    
merits4 ,he once assisted a ,mr4        
,thompsen1 of ,malacca1 in  translating 
portions of the ,scriptures1 but it was 
a thankless task1  for the missionary   
was obstinate1 and thought he knew more 
about the  language than the moonshi    
himself4 ,as a result1 such wretched    
,malay  got into the work that ,abdulla 
felt called upon in his autobiography   

to set himself right before the world4  
,this is what he says3    444 ,but let  
it be known to all gentlemen who read my
 autobiography  that where there are    
wrong expressions or absurd ,malay      
phrases in ,mr4  ,thompsen's translation
 they must consider well the restraint  
put upon  me1 wherein ,i could neither  
add nor subtract a word without the     
concurrence of ,mr4 ,thompsen4 ,now1    
because of all the circumstances        
mentioned here1 let no gentleman rail at
 my character1 for ,i was  merely ,mr4  
,thompsen's moonshi or instructor4 ,i   
acknowledge ,i am not  destitute of     
faults1 but truly by ,god's grace ,i am 
able to distinguish  between right and  
wrong in all that relates to the idiom  
of the ,malay  language1 for ,i have    
made it my study4 ,i did not attain it  
by hearing1  nor by the way1 nor in the 
bustle of the crowd4    ,but it is in   
poetry that we must look for whatever of
 originality and  beauty there is in    
,malay literature1 a fact not to be     

wondered at if  we consider the softness
 and mellifluence of the language1 which
 lends  itself easily to the            
requirements of rhyme and rhythm4 ,two  
chief forms  of poetry are              
recognized--the pantun and the shar4    
,,the ,,pantun4--,the pantun in ,malay  
literature corresponds to the lyric     
verse of ,western lands4 ,it consists of
 one or many quatrains1 as the  case may
 be1 the lines usually from ten to      
twelve syllables in  length4 ,however1  
if worse comes to worst1 the ,malay poet
 with true  poetic license suits himself
 in preference to others1 and frequently
  employs as few as six or as many as   
thirteen syllables in a line4 ,the      
length of a syllable is determined by   
tonic accent1 but penult  syllables not 
ending in a consonant are long1 those   
ending in silent  i are short4 ,but     
here1 too1 the ,malay often departs from
 theory1 and  his rhymes1 instead of    
being always exact1 are constructed for 
the eye  and not for the ear2 and as for

 the short lines1 they have to be       
drawled out into a legitimate scansion4 
,the lines are not written one  below   
another as with us1 but the second      
opposite the first1 the third  under the
 second and opposite the fourth1 and so 
on4    ,the pantun is much employed in  
improvisation1 the stanzas being        
recited alternately by the two taking   
part4 ,to the ,malayan mind the  beauty 
of this kind of verse lies in the       
artistic perfection of each  quatrain by
 which it is made to veil some charming 
metaphor1 which in  turn serves in the  
last two lines to point a moral or      
express some  sentiment of love or      
friendship1 depending on the allegory of
 the  preceding4 ,to illustrate3        
,tinggih tinggih pokok lamburi          
,sayang puchok-nia meniapa awan         
,habis teloh puwas kuchari        ,bagei
 punei menchari kawan4          ,bulan  
trang bintang berchaya        ,burong   
gagah bermakan padi        ,teka tuan   
tiada perchaya        ,bela dada1       

melihat hati4          ,the lamburi tree
 is tall1 tall1          ,its branches  
sweep the sky2        ,my search is     
vain1 and o'er is all1          ,like a 
mate-lorn dove am ,i4          ,clear is
 the moon1 with stars agleam1           
,the raven wastes in the padi field2    
,o my beloved1 when false ,i seem1      
,open my breast1 my heart is revealed4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the waves are white on the ,kataun     
shore1          ,and day and night they 
beat2        ,the garden has white      
blossoms o'er1          ,but only one do
 ,i think sweet4          ,deeper yet   
the water grows1          ,nor the      
mountain rain is stilled2        ,my    
heart more longing knows1          ,and 
its hope is unfulfilled4    ,in poetry  
of more pretentious style1 and in       
improvisations also1 each  stanza       
contains a key-word or line which       
becomes the text1 so to  speak1 of the  
next4 ,as artificial and unnatural as   
this may seem1 it  is1 nevertheless1 an 

ingenious way of keeping the thread of  
one's  discourse when other inspiration 
fails4 ,the best results of ,malay      
verse come from it4 ,a beautiful example
 may be cited from the ,asiatic         
,journal of #ahbe3          ,cold is the
 wind1 the rain falls fast2        ,i   
linger1 though the hour is past4        
,why come you not8 ,whence this delay8  
,have ,i offended1 say8          ,my    
heart is sad and sinking too2        ,o 
break it not--it loves but you6         
,come1 then1 and end this long delay2   
,why keep you thus away8          ,the  
wind is cold1 fast falls the rain1      
,yet weeping1 chiding1 ,i remain4       
,you come not still1 you still delay--  
,o wherefore can you stay8    ,adelbert 
von ,chamisso1 the ,german poet1 who has
 another claim to fame1  however--his   
scientific career was charmingly        
described in the ,popular  ,science     
,monthly for ,december1 #ahij--;includes
 in his published poems  three songs1   
,in ,malay ,form1 for which he doubtless

 obtained  inspiration during his voyage
 to the far ,east in #ahae to #ahah4    
,they  are so faithful in spirit and    
style to their source that we can not   
forbear quoting one in translation4 ,it 
is called ,the ,basketmaker1 and  is in 
the form of a dialogue1 each stanza     
having the usual key line3          ,the
 shower's gone by1 the sun shines       
bright1          ,the weather vanes now 
gayly swing2        ,we maidens here in 
merry plight          ,quick beg of you 
a song to sing4          ,the weather   
vanes now gayly swing1          ,through
 fire-red clouds the sun shines fair2   
,right gay and quick to you ,i'll sing  
,a song that's full of dread despair4   
,through fire-red clouds the sun shines 
fair1          ,a bird sings sweet and  
lures the bride2        ,pray what      
concerns your dread despair          ,to
 maidens fair and dear beside8          
,a bird sings sweet and lures the bride1
          ,a net for fishes there is    
spread2        ,a maiden fair and dear  

beside1          ,a sprightly maiden    
would ,i wed4          ,a net for fishes
 there is spread1          ,the moth's  
wings burn in bright flame hot2         
,a sprightly maiden wouldst thou wed1   
,but thee the maiden chooseth not4      
,,the ,,sha,r4--,the shar is very       
different from the pantun2 the  latter  
is lyric1 the former epic in its nature2
 the shar may be  heroic or romantic1   
the pantun never4 ,however1 it employs  
the same  measure as the pantun1 but all
 the lines of each stanza rhyme1        
instead of by pairs1 as in the quatrains
 of the lyric verse4 ,it is to  the shar
 that we must look for the really great 
works of ,malay  poetry1 where some are 
bold enough to declare we may find      
passages of  ,homeric beauty4 ,the most 
famous works of this nature are ,radin  
,mantri1 ,kin ,tambouhan1 and ,bidasari4
 ,the first two of these tell  the story
 of the love of a prince of the royal   
house of ,nigara for a  maiden of his   
mother's court4 ,it is a beautiful tale1

 abounding in  parts of striking        
eloquence and pathos1 and the characters
 are strong  and well portrayed4    ,the
 ,bidasari is the longest poem in the   
language1 and typically  ,malayan4 ,its 
author is unknown1 likewise the time and
 place of its  composition4 ,the only   
hint as to the writer is in the opening 
lines3    444 ,listen to this story of  
the history of a king in a province of  
,kambayat4 ,a fakir has turned the      
narrative into a poem4    ,and again at 
the conclusion1 where it says3    ,this 
poem is weak and faulty because my      
knowledge is imperfect4 ,my  heart was  
troubled--for that reason have ,i       
written it4 ,i have not made  it long1  
because ,i was sad2 but ,i have finished
 it and thereby  obtained many          
blessings4    ,internal evidence1       
however1 indicates that the poem is old1
 of a time  long before the ,europeans  
first came to the ,east1 possibly before
 the  ,mohammedan conquest4 ,it shows   
plainly the influence of ,hindu         

theology1  yet in the customs and scenes
 described1 and the mode of life and the
  manner of thinking1 it is essentially 
,malay1 and so worthy1 perhaps1  of a   
somewhat extended notice4    ,there was 
once a king1 a sultan1 handsome1        
learned1 perfect2 he was  of the race of
 noble kings2 he caused the land of     
merchants and  strangers to be swallowed
 up4 ,from what people of his time say  
of him  he was a valorous prince who had
 never yet been thwarted4 ,but          
to-morrow and the day after to-morrow   
are uncertain4 ,such is the  beginning  
of ,canto ,i1 as given in the ,french   
translation by ,louis de  ,backer4 ,the 
king marries1 but just as joy and       
happiness are to be his1  a griffinlike 
garuda sweeps down upon his land and    
ravages it4  ,terrified1 the monarch    
deserts his throne1 takes his royal     
consort and  flees for his life4 ,on the
 flight the queen gives birth to a      
child1  which1 however1 must be         
deserted1 much to the mother's grief4   

,in ,canto ,,ii a rich merchant is      
introduced--a man whose goods and       
treasures are immense1 whose slaves     
numerous1 prosperity constant1 but  who1
 alas6 is childless4 ,one morning as he 
and his wife are walking by  the side of
 a stream they discover a boat drifting 
near them1 and in  it a child of such   
radiant beauty that they are moved to   
adopt it4    ,the lord of the region is 
,sultan ,mengindra1 whose queen is      
beautiful1  but unhappy1 through        
constant looking forward to the day when
 she  shall be displaced by some woman  
more beautiful than she4 ,at last she   
has a costly fan made1 and sends out    
spies to offer it for sale in  every    
village and town1 but not to tell its   
price4 ,if they discover a  woman of    
rare beauty they are to return and      
notify her4    ,in course of time the   
spies come to the old merchant's home1  
and see  ,bidasari1 the handsome adopted
 child4 ,after some delay she is brought
  to court1 where she has to undergo    

much studied ill treatment from the     
jealous queen4 ,by a subterfuge the girl
 escapes and is then removed by  the    
merchant to a secret place in the       
desert4    ,canto ,,iii tells how       
,sultan ,mengindra goes to hunt in the  
desert1 and  there finds a sleeping     
beauty whom he awakens and consoles with
 the  music of a pantun4    ,in ,canto  
,,iv the story returns to the ,king of  
,kambayat4 ,he and his  queen have      
succeeded in reaching a distant part of 
their kingdom1 but  the fate of the     
young princess whom they so shamefully  
deserted  oppresses them4 ,finally1 the 
king's son1 stirred by his mother's     
tears1 sets out to search for this      
sister whom he has never seen4 ,in  his 
search he meets with ,bidasari's adopted
 brother1 who detects the  resemblance  
between the young prince and his sister4
 ,together they go  to obtain audience  
of the sultan and ,bidasari1 who is now 
queen4    ,canto ,v4 ,convinced that the
 story of the prince is true1 ,sultan   

,mengindra dissuades him from returning1
 but bids his minister write a  missive 
in letters of gold and dispatch it at   
once1 with presents and  jewels1 to the 
,king of ,kambayat4    ,in ,canto ,,vi  
we have the last chapter4 ,the ,king of 
,kambayat receives  the letter1 which1  
however1 makes no mention of ,bidasari1 
and at once  accompanies the messengers 
to ,sultan ,mengindra's court4 ,he makes
 his  entry into the strange capital    
with becoming splendor1 and is received 
with great honor4 ,the queen now makes  
herself known to her father1 who  is    
moved to tears4 ,banquets and great     
tournaments follow1 and  happiness      
pervades the court4 ,the king returns   
after a time to his own  land1 but      
continues as long as he lives to send   
gifts and goods to his  daughter and her
 royal lord4          ,,the ,,colors    
,,of ,,flowers4    ,,by ,,henri         
,,coupin4      ,much might be said1 from
 an artistic and poetic point of view1  
concerning the colors of flowers4 ,it is

 in the corolla that they  reveal       
themselves in their most minute         
delicacy4 ,the tints so widely  diffused
 among animals1 even those of           
butterflies1 are coarse as  compared    
with them1 and the painter's palette is 
powerless to  reproduce them4 ,they run 
through the whole gamut of the solar    
spectrum1 even to its most minute       
details4 ,some naturalists have  striven
 to establish a classification of them1 
and it will be  convenient to be        
acquainted with their efforts1 though   
they are not  decisive and are somewhat 
artificial1 like all classifications4   
,we  give one of the most ingenious of  
them3                                   
,,green4                                
,greenish-blue4  ,yellow-green4         
,blue4           ,yellow4               
,cyanic series4  ,blue-violet4          
,yellow-orange4  ,xanthic series4       
,violet4         ,orange4               
,violet-red4     ,orange-red4           
,,red4    ,the type of the cyanic series

 is blue1 and that of the xanthic series
  yellow4 ,the first is sometimes       
denominated the deoxidized series1 and  
the second the oxidized1 but these      
designations have hardly solid  enough  
foundations to be preserved4 ,de        
,candolle1 who publishes the  table in  
his ,vegetable ,physiology1 appends some
 interesting remarks to  it4    ,it will
 be noticed by the inspection of the    
table that nearly all the  flowers      
susceptible of changes of color1 as a   
rule1 simply go up or  down the scale of
 shades of the series to which they     
belong4 ,thus1 in  the xanthic series   
the flowers of the ,nyctago jalapa may  
be yellow1  yellow-orange1 or red2 those
 of ,rosa eglantina yellow-orange or    
orange-red2 those of nasturtium from    
yellow to orange2 the flowers of        
,ranunculus asiaticus present all the   
colors of red up to green2  those of the
 ,hieracium staticefolium1 and of some  
other yellow  ,chicorace and of some    
,leguminos like the lotus1 become       

greenish-yellow when dried1 etc4 ,in the
 cyanic series the flowers of  many     
,boraginace1 especially of ,lithospermum
 purpureo-cruleum1  vary from blue to   
violet-red2 those of hortensia from rose
 to blue2  the ligulate flowers of the  
asters from blue to red or violet2 those
  of the hyacinths from blue to red1    
etc4    ,there are1 however1 a few      
apparent exceptions to this rule4 ,thus1
  although the hyacinths usually vary   
only in the blues1 reds1 or  white1     
yellowish varieties1 indicating an      
approach to the xanthic  series1 are    
sometimes found in gardens4 ,the        
auricula1 which is  originally yellow1  
passes to reddish-brown1 to green1 and  
to a sort of  violet1 but never reaches 
pure blue2 and single petals            
occasionally  give suggestions of both  
series in distinct parts of their       
surfaces4    ,some surprise may be felt 
that white does not figure in ,de       
,candolle's  table4 ,this is because an 
absolutely white color does not seem to 

exist in any flower4 ,the fact may be   
shown by placing some flowers  supposed 
to be of the purest white1 like the     
lily1 the white  campanula1 or the wood 
anemone1 on a leaf of clear white paper4
 ,it  will be found that the white of   
the corolla is really washed with       
yellow1 blue1 or orange1 according to   
what flower is taken4 ,if the  tint does
 not appear distinct1 infusions of the  
corollas in alcohol  will present tones 
unmistakably yellow or red1 etc4 ,white 
flowers are  therefore flowers with     
tints appertaining to one of ,de        
,candolle's  series1 but albinized1 as  
if they were etiolated4 ,a small number 
of  flowers begin white1 and are        
subsequently colored under the action of
  light4 ,the ,cheiranthus chameleo     
passes from white to citron-yellow  and 
a slightly violet-red2 the nothera      
tetraptera1 at first white1  becomes    
rose and then almost red2 the petals of 
the ,indian tamarind  are white the     
first day and yellow the second2 and the

 corolla of the  ,cobea scandens comes  
out greenish-white and turns to violet  
the  second day4 ,the most remarkable   
plant in this respect is ,hibiscus      
mutabilis1 which ,rumph calls the hourly
 flower1 because it starts  white1 turns
 flesh-color toward noon1 and becomes   
red at sunset4    ,in his recent work on
 ,plants and their ,cosmic ,media1 ,m4  
,costantin has  some remarks concerning 
the precocity of various races and the  
tint of  their flowers4 ,hoffmann made  
observations on this point for several  
years4 ,he remarked1 as the result of   
eight years' observation1 that  the     
common lilac with white flowers blooms  
on an average six days  earlier than the
 normal form with purple flowers4 ,this 
might be a  curious anomaly with no     
bearing1 but the more we advance in the 
study  of ,nature the more we perceive  
that all phenomena1 even the most       
insignificant1 deserve to be examined4  
,similar results have been  observed in 
varieties of radish 7,raphanus          

raphanistrum7 and of  saffron 7,crocus  
vernus72 in the former the white flowers
 expand on  an average of sixteen days  
earlier than the yellow ones 7twelve    
years  of observation71 and in the      
latter plant the difference is four     
days4    ,these changes of tint         
sometimes appear to depend on the       
temperature4  ,thus1 the white lilac was
 obtained by horticulturists under the  
influence of a temperature of between   
#cj and #ce ,c4 ,we can not1  however1  
affirm that spontaneous races with white
 flowers originated  in the same way as 
the white lilac4 ,it will be enough to  
point out a  few facts that may         
contribute to the guidance of persons   
who are  seeking to learn the origin of 
these colored varieties4 ,the ,papava   
alpinum has a very stable variety with  
yellow flowers1 which1  according to    
,focke1 has been observed in the polar  
regions1 while the  white varieties have
 been seen in ,switzerland4 ,the        
cultivation of the  same species at     

,giessen1 ,germany1 has made it possible
 to obtain  specimens with white flowers
 by metamorphosis from specimens with   
yellow flowers1 but it is impossible to 
say whether or not heat is the  agent   
that produces the changes in these      
cases4 ,the experiments of ,,mm4        
,schbela and ,bonnier have shown that   
flowers become darker without  changing 
their color in high regions and in those
 near the pole2 but  this phenomenon is 
one of light and not of color4 ,be their
 origin what  it may1 these white and   
colored forms have remarkable fixedness4
    ,it will be observed that black does
 not figure in the table of the         
classification of colors given above4   
,absolute black1 in fact1 does  not     
exist in any flower4 ,if some parts     
appear black1 it is only  because their 
tint is excessively dark4 ,the black of 
the petals of  ,pelargonium triste and  
of the bean is yellow1 and that of the  
,orchis nigra is a brown4 ,apparent     
blacks are1 moreover1 extremely  rare4  

,the gamut of the reds is much more     
varied than that of other colors4  ,the 
reds of the xanthic series are generally
 more lively-hued1  carnation or        
flame-colored2 those of the cyanic      
series present tints  more nearly       
approaching violet4 ,these two reds may 
furthermore give  rose-colors1 but a    
little skill will divine their origin4  
,the rose of  the hydrangea inclines to 
blue1 while that of the rose tends      
rather  toward yellow4 ,blue colors are 
the most variable1 and readily pass to  
violet and red1 but most frequently to  
white4 ,the most tenacious hues  are    
those of yellow1 and we might affirm    
that the bright and  glistening yellow  
of the buttercup may be said never to   
change4 ,the  paler yellows change more 
easily1 but rarely pass to anything but 
white4 ,green flowers1 not being readily
 distinguished from the foliage  around 
them1 need not be specially mentioned4  
,they are believed to be  much rarer    
than they really are4                   

,horticulturists are able1 by           
cultivation1 selection1 and             
hybridization1 to cause the colors of   
flowers to vary in considerable         
proportions4 ,not much is known of the  
laws of these variations1  chiefly      
because gardeners who might tell        
botanists of them if they  would have   
not the scientific spirit4 ,we cite here
 what ,,mm4 ,decaisne  and ,naudin#g say
 respecting the variations of the color 
of flowers3        ,footnote #g3 ,manuel
 de l'amateur des jardins4    ,change in
 this respect is effected in two ways3  
sometimes there is a  simple            
discoloration1 drawing the red1 yellow1 
or blue tints of the  corolla toward a  
more or less pure white2 sometimes there
 is a radical  substitution of one color
 for another4 ,flowers in which red or  
blue  are the dominant tints are most   
subject to turn white1 but the change   
may also be observed on some flowers    
that are naturally yellow1 such  as the 
disk of the daisy1 the dahlia1 and the  

chrysanthemum when those  flowers suffer
 ligular transformation4 ,nothing1 on   
the other hand1 is  more common in our  
gardens than white varieties of pink or 
of red  roses1 lilac1 scarlet runners1  
larkspur1 purple digitalis1 ,canterbury 
bells1 etc4--in fact1 nearly all plants 
with lilac1 rose1 red1 purple1  blue1 or
 violet flowers4 ,there are some        
flowers1 however1 in these  categories  
the coloration of which is very         
persistent1 and rarely  fades           
perceptibly--as may be seen in the      
purple petunias1 the hue of  which does 
not lose its vivacity even when it is   
crossed with the  white variety4    ,the
 radical substitution of one color for  
another1 whether over the  whole corolla
 or only on some of its parts1 in the   
form of spots1  stripes1 or             
variegations1 is also of frequent       
occurrence1 and is one  of the sorts of 
modifications which horticulturists have
 used with  great advantage4 ,a         
considerable number of 'fancy' plants   

derive almost  all their importance from
 the facility with which the liveliest  
colors  replace one another1 blend1 and 
intermix in a thousand ways and in      
relative proportions of which nothing is
 fixed1 so that we can not  find in     
these collections1 when they are well   
chosen1 two plants out  of a hundred    
that are exactly alike in the tone and  
distribution of  their colors4 ,these   
multicolored varieties1 all the         
offspring of  cultivation1 are generally
 perpetuated true by cuttings1 while the
  seedlings compensate for the          
uncertainty of what they will produce by
  the certainty that they will give rise
 to new combinations of colors4  ,this  
is not the case with single-colored     
varieties1 which1 unless they  are      
crossed with others1 tend to perpetuate 
themselves through their  seedlings4    
,the yellow1 white1 and purple varieties
 of the  four-o'clock1 for example1 when
 they are pure1 reproduce themselves    
constantly2 when crossed with one       

another they give rise to               
intermediately colored flowers1 and more
 frequently to variegated  ones4    ,mr4
 ,hughes ,gibb observed1 in the mild    
winter of #ahig-'ih1 that flowers       
blooming out of season were liable not  
to have the same color as  regularly    
blooming ones4    ,the cactus dahlia1   
usually red1 has put out flowers almost 
orange and  with exterior florets       
sometimes nearly yellow4 ,on the other  
hand1  these dahlias have often shown a 
marked tendency to return to the        
simpler form4    ,a species of          
nasturtium1 habitually of a bright      
scarlet-red1 has given  in the cold     
frame late flowers of a bright yellow1 a
 red band near the  center of the petals
 remaining the only vestige of the      
normal color4  ,in both cases the change
 of color began on the edges of the     
petals4  ,the flower of the myosotis1   
normally bright blue1 has become almost 
clear rose1 without the slightest trace 
of blue2 and a pure blue phlox  has     

shown a tendency toward                 
greenish-yellow4--,translated for the   
,popular ,science ,monthly from ,la     
,nature4          ,,folklore ,,of ,,the 
,,alleghanies4    ,,by ,,frances        
,,albert ,,doughty4      ,the ,west     
,virginia mountaineer lives very close  
to ,nature1 and viewed  from many       
standpoints the relation is             
characterized by pleasing  amenities3   
juicy berries refresh him along the     
road2 nuts drop into  his path2 sang    
7ginseng71 which makes one of his       
sources of revenue1  reveals itself to  
his eye as he follows the cows to       
pasture2 a cool  brook springs up to    
quench his thirst when weary of         
following the  plow2 pine knots are     
always within reach to make light as    
well as  warmth2 mud and stones easily  
combine in his hand to shape a daub     
chimney2 and a trough dug out of an old 
tree furnishes a receptacle  that is as 
good for dough at one end as for a baby 
at the other4    ,often1 however1 this  

close relation to ,nature assumes a war 
attitude1  fierce and uncompromising4   
,if hungry wolves no longer howl        
furiously  at the back fence after      
nightfall1 or gnaw at the log pens which
  secure the stock1 and if panthers are 
seldom bold enough to spring at  a      
horse's flanks as a man rides along in  
the daytime1 bears are still  numerous  
enough to devour a large number of sheep
 every year in spite  of precautions1   
and they have a pronounced taste for    
sweet young corn4  ,the living wrested  
from the soil in the short and          
changeable summer  months must cover the
 winter's need as well2 it is generally 
so scant  and uncertain that the        
mountaineer feels a chronic             
discouragement  toward agriculture as a 
pursuit and resource4 ,he must depend on
 it1  and yet as far back as he or his  
father can remember there has always    
been some reason why a good crop could  
not be made that year4 ,the  ,west      
,virginian lives in a large and thinly  

settled game preserve1 but  the fleet   
deer usually contrives to escape the    
hunter's chill wait in  the autumnal    
dawn1 the coy wild turkey is overshy of 
his lure1 and the  wary trout requires a
 very patient rod4 ,in the long winter  
deep snows  cover the fences1 groups or 
bunches of cows and sheep often perish  
in the drifts1 and the human prisoners  
in their cabins1 huddling  around the   
wood fires1 are nearly always1 as they  
express it1 short  of some article which
 would be considered a necessity in the 
average  city home4    ,the varying1    
defiant1 and incalculable moods and     
phases of ,nature  bring so many chances
 into the humble lot of the mountaineer 
that it  is not surprising he should    
interpret her phenomena as having a     
distinctly personal import4 ,anciently1 
around ,olympus the talk was of  omens1 
auguries1 and fate2 dwellers along the  
chain of the  ,alleghanies to-day talk  
of signs1 spells1 and luck1 and these   
words held their significance for       

hundreds of years in the ancestral      
stock of the first settlers in the      
region1 most of the folklore being      
directly traceable to a ,scotch-,irish  
strain of blood4 ,the mountain  pattern 
taken far from cities probably differs  
little either mentally  or physically   
from that of the colonial mountaineers4 
,even with the  railroad traversing a   
limited area1 and the influx of summer  
visitors  during three months of the    
year1 the only perceptible change       
wrought  in the natives is a little     
sharpening of their wits from the barter
 of  fruit and furs at the hotels in the
 extensive mineral-spring section4  ,the
 ,alleghany mountaineer1 ignorant1      
narrow-minded1 honest1 brave1 and       
hospitable1 remains what he was when the
 eagle soared from the  inaccessible    
eyrie above his head to be chosen as the
 tutelary genius  of the unconquerable  
young republic4 ,the chief distinction  
in the  temperament of the sexes is that
 the men are frank and talkative1 the   

women shy and uncommunicative4 ,beings  
approaching the legendary fauns  and    
satyrs1 clad in the skins of wild       
animals1 are sometimes  discovered by   
the solitary horseman in the wild       
mountain fastnesses2  they gaze at him  
as an apparition from a strange world1  
never having  seen a village or heard a 
railroad whistle4    ,there is a curious
 and persistent survival of the belief  
in witchcraft  through this             
mineral-spring belt in ,west ,virginia4 
,to draw out the  natives on this       
mysterious subject they must be         
approached  sympathetically2 if twitted 
with their credulity they will shut up  
like clams1 for with all the simplicity 
of the unlettered their  intuition often
 arrives at a correct understanding of  
the estimate  placed upon them by more  
fortunate persons4 ,when satisfied that 
he is  not expected to pose as a freak1 
but is met on the equal plane of  human 
intercourse1 the mountain story-teller  
seems to enjoy recounting  the          

traditions and beliefs of his people and
 their forefathers4  ,leaving himself a 
loophole of escape1 he is very likely to
 finish his  yarn with--    ',tain't    
that ,i believe them things myself4 ,i  
know they ain't nawthin'  but           
superstition2 but ,i kin qualify that   
right round here1 not many  miles away1 
there's people that believes in witches4
    ,in a little cottage on a           
much-traveled thoroughfare one woman    
admitted  to me with bated breath1 as   
though not quite sure her tormentor was 
dead1 that she had been bewitched4 ,her 
account was given in these  words3    ,i
 kep' seein' an old woman with a cow's  
hoof in her hand2 sometimes  she was by 
my side an' sometimes she was there on  
the wall4 ,at last  she come up close to
 me1 an' she was goin' to clap the cow's
 hoof over  my mouth1 but ,i slapped at 
her right hard an' she went away4 ,she  
ain't  never come again4 ,yes1 ,i know  
,i was bewitched4    ,a cow's hoof is a 
frequent accessory1 and animals that are

 brought  into the magic circle are     
always of a domestic character1         
completely  subservient to the power of 
the witch4    ,it is noticeable that the
 exercise of witchcraft is generally    
ascribed  to women2 and that of witch   
mastery1 the superior attribute1 to men4
    ,the form of a judicial process     
found favor with the ,puritan           
temperament in old ,salem1 although by a
 grim mockery the verdict was  decided  
in advance4 ,the independent mountaineer
 likes to take the law  in his own      
hands1 as the following story           
illustrates3    ,a farmer believed a    
woman was bewitching his stock4 ,he drew
 a picture  of her and set it up as a   
target2 then he sunk a piece of silver  
in  his bullet with an awl1 that being  
the charm for shooting a witch4  ,he    
aimed to shoot the picture through the  
heart1 but fired a little  too low4 ,on 
that very day the woman herself fell    
flat on the ground1  and a deep1 awful  
hole was found in her side4 ,from that  

minute she  suffered extreme agony1 and 
died in a week4    ,the narrator had    
heard this grewsome tale from his       
grandmother1 who  said that she had seen
 the hole4    ,one of the oldest        
inhabitants of ,monroe ,county is       
responsible for the  ensuing chronicle2 
he dates it in the forties of the       
present  century3    ',tain't so very   
long ago there was a woman livin' near  
the ,sweet  ,springs who used to be     
always seen with a cap and bonnet on2   
nobody  ever saw her without the cap4   
,she was a hard1 grim-lookin' monster4  
,if  anybody was watchin' to see her    
ontie her cap strings1 somehow they     
never could see any more until the clean
 cap was on--now that's so1  there ain't
 any mistake about that6 ,when she come 
over here from  ,botetourt ,county the  
report followed her that she lived      
pretty close  to a man whose chillun    
went to school1 an' a calf had been in  
the  habit of attackin' 'em an' bitin'  
em4 ,the father concealed himself one   

day and was watchin' to catch the calf4 
,on that occasion it come out  an'      
attacked the chillun on a bridge across 
a little stream o' water4  ,he ran and  
caught the calf and cut off his ears    
with a knife4 ,they  always believed    
that the old witch had turned herself   
into that  calf1 and so when she turned 
back into a woman she wore the cap to   
hide that she didn't have any ears4     
,there was three sisters of 'em2 it  was
 reported they was all witches1         
possessed of some uncommon art4  ,john  
and ,harriet had two little pet pullets 
they thought a good deal  of4 ,the      
cap-woman wanted 'em2 they just         
fluttered an' fluttered till  they died4
 ,her name was ,nancy ,l----4 ,well1 she
 wanted the carpenter to  make her a    
piece of furniture out of an old dirty  
plank she had1 an'  he wouldn't do it4  
,he said it was gritty and it would ruin
 his tools4  ,then she got mad and said1
 ',i'll make you suffer in the flesh for
  that6' ,one day soon after that he was

 at his hog pen feedin' the hogs1  when 
suddenly he was struck down perfectly   
helpless1 so he couldn't  speak4 ,he    
thought it was paralytic or rheumatism4 
,in those days there  was an old doctor 
in ,staunton1 ,augusta ,county1 who had 
a kind o'  process to steam people and  
boil 'em in a big kettle1 for           
rheumatism4  ,he put sump'n fireproof1 a
 paste or ointment1 all over 'em1 like  
the  fireproof you put on buildings1 an'
 boiled 'em an hour or two hours1  as   
the case might be4 ,the carpenter went  
to consult him1 an' he put  him in a    
kettle that was big enough for him      
either to stand or sit  down in it2 a   
collar was fitted tight round his neck  
so the hot water  couldn't get into his 
face and eyes4 ,the boilin' didn't seem 
to do him  any good4 ,when he got home  
he halted about for twelve months or    
more4  ,first he felt a pain in his hip1
 and then he felt a pain by the side  of
 his knee as if it was gradually workin'
 down2 then one day there  was sump'n   

jaggin' in the calf of his leg4 ,he put 
his leg up on a  bench and an old       
gentleman seen sump'n stickin' out4 ,he 
took a pair of  nippers an' ketched holt
 an' pulled out a big shirtin' needle4  
,hugh  kept the needle as long as he    
lived1 and he believed ,nancy the old   
witch shot him with it4 ,he halted on   
that leg the balance of his days4  ,i've
 seen the needle2 it's ,god's truth6    
,a spice of profanity seems to have the 
virtue of embalming a witch  story in   
the mountain memory4 ,a rustic maiden   
who lives with her  family on one of the
 loneliest hilltops in the ,alleghanies1
 only to be  reached on foot or         
horseback1 makes this contribution to   
the folklore  of the region3    ,an old 
lady not far off had three daughters1   
and she was going to  learn 'em to be   
witches4 ,they had to sit on the hearth 
by the fire and  take off their shoes   
and grease their heels so as to go up   
the  chimney1 and they were not allowed 
to speak4 ,the mother was to go  first  

and the girls were to follow4 ,the old  
lady and the two foremost  ones had all 
got up safe1 but the last girl1 when she
 was in a narrow  place in the chimney1 
said1 ',this is a d--d tight squeeze6'  
,with that  she fell back and was burned
 up4    ,the value of silence and       
self-control appears to be the only     
touch of  morality in the witch logic4  
,manifestations of the black art        
frequently take place by or over running
 water4 ,these characteristics  are     
observed in another story from the same 
maid of the mountain3    ,two witches   
were going to rob a store in the night1 
and they took a  young man with them as 
a partner4 ,they put the greased witch  
cap on  his head so he could go through 
the keyhole4 ,they all started out1 and 
presently they came to a river4 ,they   
saw some calves in a field1 and  caught 
three of 'em2 they mounted the two that 
were heifers and the  boy got on the    
steer calf4 ,they charged him of all    
things not to speak  on the journey4    

,the witches jumped the river on their  
calves without  makin' a sound1 but just
 as he was jumping across he cried out1 
',that  was a d--d good jump for a steer
 calf6' ,well1 they all went on1 and    
when they got to the store they passed  
through the keyhole one after  another1 
the young man too4 ,they took all the   
money they wanted1 but  when the time   
came to leave he couldn't get out of the
 keyhole1  because he had spoken1 and   
the spell was broken4 ,he was found in  
the  store the next morning1 and had to 
take all the punishment4    ,it is      
interesting to note as an offset to all 
these diabolic  attributes and potencies
 that a firm faith exists in a          
beneficent  ,power back of them which   
under given conditions will prevail over
  evil4 ,god is always stronger than the
 devil is the mountain way of           
expressing this dependence1 and there   
are charlatans who take  advantage of it
 by going about as witch masters4 ,one  
of these died a  few years ago1 and     

another farther back1 an ,irishman named
 ,mosey1 is  quoted yet for his         
successes as master of all the witches  
and all the  devils4    ,when the cows  
had been eating mushrooms and their milk
 became too  bitter to make good butter1
 ,mosey was sent for at once to cure the
  witchcraft and take off the spell4 ,he
 took his regular beat through  his part
 of the mountain country once in a      
while4 ,an old man who  oscillates      
between the ,white and the ,sweet1      
selling canes1  remembers him well4 ,he 
tells of one woman's experience who     
filed a  complaint that her cow wouldn't
 give much milk1 and that the milk      
wouldn't gether for butter4    ',woman1'
 says ,mosey1 'your cow's bewitched1 and
 badly bewitched6'    ',can you do      
anything for her1 ,mosey1 and what will 
you charge8'    ',yes1 ,i can cure her  
if you'll pay me five dollars and give  
me five  pounds of butter to take home  
with me to burn in the fire to cap the  
climax and burn out the spell4'    ,then

 he want through his enchantments over  
the cow1 and took the  money and the    
butter home with him4 ,one day when he  
had been drinking  a little ,i asked him
 if he really burned all that butter4   
',divil a  grain of it did ,i burn2 ,i  
ate it with my pertaties4' ,it was on   
that  same trip when ,mosey was curin'  
the cow that a man who lived near by    
sent for him4 ',i feel mighty quare1    
,mosey1' says he1 'an' ,i can't         
describe exactly how ,i do feel6'       
',you're bewitched1 sir1' says he1  'and
 badly bewitched6' 7he always used those
 words74 ',faith1 an' ,i'll  try and    
cure ye6 ,have ye got any blue yarn     
about the house8' ,the man's  wife went 
to look for some1 and she came back with
 a hank of blue  yarn4 ,mosey wound off 
enough of it to make a cord about the   
size of  his finger2 they twisted it    
together1 he pretending to put some     
enchantments on it1 and then he told the
 sick man to fasten it round  his waist 
next to his skin4 ',don't you lose it on

 peril of your life1'  says he1 'or     
you're a dead man6' ',peggy1 get a      
needle and sew it on  me6' he says to   
his wife1 an' she done it4 ,he gradually
 got well--may  be he'd a got well      
anyway4 ,i can't vouch for that4        
,when asked if such things were still   
happening1 the cane-seller  replied3    
,not three weeks ago a woman thought her
 cow was bewitched because her  butter  
wouldn't gather1 and she het an old     
horseshoe hot and dropped  it in the    
churn of milk4 ,when she churned again  
the butter on that  occasion gathered1  
and it was the same milk that was in the
 churn to  burn the witch4 ,you can put 
that down for ,june1 '#ic4    ,the      
,potts ,creek neighborhood is said to be
 a center for the witch  superstition4  
,it is also a favorite place for bush   
meetings1 to  which the natives come    
from a distance in their wagons with    
picnic  dinners of salt-risen corn pone 
and sliced bacon1 and there they  listen
 approvingly to fervid exhortations that

 are based on orthodox  ,baptist and    
,methodist doctrines4 ,the ,west        
,virginia mountaineer is  profoundly    
religious in temperament1 and considers 
that he has  scriptural ground for a    
belief in witchcraft4           99      
99       99       99       99           
,,prof4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,armstrong has         
described how1 by taking incidents from 
suitable story books1 children aged     
respectively seven and a       half1    
ten1 and twelve and a half years were   
set to work to test       the physical  
facts mentioned1 and how1 by the        
systematic use of       the balance1    
measuring instruments1 and simple       
apparatus1 or even       household      
utensils1 a true spirit of scientific   
research was       engendered4 ,evidence
 of the good effect was exhibited in the
       notebooks made by the children1  
which demonstrate clearly how       well
 the juvenile investigators have        
mastered the scientific       method of 
observation4          ,,origin ,,of     

,,ancient ,,hindu ,,astronomy4    ,,by  
,,the ,,count ,,goblet ,d',,alviella4   
,it is manifest that ,india is indebted 
for some of its astronomy to the        
,greeks4 ,not that it had not astronomy 
and astronomers from an epoch  anterior 
to the invasion of ,alexander4 ,it had1 
in fact1 been necessary  to make        
observations of the heavens in order to 
fix a calendar that  would enable the   
sacrifices of the ,vedic ritual in      
connection with the  return of the      
seasons and the revolutions of the stars
 to be  celebrated at the right dates4  
,further1 the belief in astrology1 or   
the influence exercised by the movements
 of the planets on physical  phenomena  
and all the events of human life1 would 
lead1 in ,india as  elsewhere1 to the   
observation and anticipation of         
everything relating  to the conjunction 
and opposition of the heavenly bodies4  
,the ,rig-,veda has allusions to the    
phases and stations of the moon4 ,the   
stations 7nakshatras7 consisted1        

according to a tradition preserved  by  
the ,brahmans1 of twenty-seven          
constellations 7afterward  twenty-eight7
 which the moon was supposed to traverse
 successively in  the course of its     
sidereal revolution4 ,a lunar zodiac and
 a primary  division of time into months
 were thus obtained4 ,the moon1         
moreover1  bears in the ,veda the name  
of month-maker 7msakrit74 ,each station 
was assigned a uniform length of #ac    
#bj' on the ecliptic1 and a             
denomination1 generally derived from    
mythology4 ,the month1 in turn1  took   
its name from the constellation that had
 the honor of harboring  the moon4      
,manon and the ,djyotisha 7a special    
treatise included among  the ,vdngas1 or
 commentaries on the ,vedas7 tell us    
that the year was  composed of twelve   
months1 the month of thirty days1 the   
day of thirty  hours1 the hour of       
forty-eight minutes1 all strictly       
sexagesimal  subdivisions1 like our own 
measures of time4 ,the ,djyotisha also  

teaches the art of constructing a       
clepsydra1 or water-clock4    ,the      
adjustment of the solar year to         
correspond with the lunar year and  of  
the two with the civil year dates from  
this period4 ,the month was  still      
composed of thirty days1 but the solar  
years were grouped into  quinquennial   
periods1 in the middle and at the end of
 which the lunar  month was doubled4    
,combining these quinquennial periods   
with the  revolutions of the planet     
,brihaspati 7,jupiter71 which was       
calculated  as occupying about twelve   
years1 the ,indian astronomers computed 
an  astronomical cycle of sixty solar   
years4 ,as the same cycle is found  with
 the ,chaldeans1 where1 according to    
,berosus1 it was called the  ,sossos1 we
 have to inquire how far ,brahmanic     
astronomy was  influenced by the systems
 which were originally formed in ancient
  ,chaldea4 ,the presumption of such an 
influence furnishes a simpler and  more 
probable hypothesis than the effort to  

trace the earliest  astronomical ideas  
of the ,hindus1 as ,m4 ,w4 ,brennand has
 recently  suggested1 to a period when  
the ancestors of the ,aryans1 the       
,semites1  and the ,chinese were        
wandering together over the plateaus of 
central  ,asia6    ,we know now1 from   
the cuneiform inscriptions1 that the    
,chaldeans had1  at a period far        
anterior to the entrance of the ,aryans 
into ,india1  invented a double         
calendar1 solar and lunar1 with         
intercalary periods2  discovered the    
proper motion of the planets2 calculated
 the return of  eclipses2 and           
constituted a double metrical system1   
decimal and  sexagesimal2 and1 as was   
done1 too1 in ,india1 had divided the   
circumference into three hundred and    
sixty degrees of sixty minutes  each4   
,it is impossible to draw the lines     
exactly between the  astronomical       
discoveries which the ,hindus borrowed  
from abroad and  those which they drew  
from their own resources prior to the   

invasion  of the ,greeks1 but we need in
 no case go farther than ,mesopotamia   
for  the source of the borrowed data4   
,the ancient literature of ,india       
contains observations of the positions  
or conjunctions of some of the stars    
that carry us back to positive  dates in
 the history of the sky4 ,the           
astronomers ,bailly1 ,colebrooke1  and  
,bentley1 and1 more recently1 ,m4       
,brennand1 have found notes  relative to
 astronomical phenomena that took place 
in the twelfth1  fourteenth1 fifteenth1 
and even the twenty-first centuries ,b4 
,c4 ,max  ,mller1 however1 advises      
prudence and reserve in accepting these 
calculations1 some of which may have    
been afterthoughts1 and others  offer   
only apparent agreements4    ,in any    
case1 the advent of ,buddhism1 by       
depreciating the religious  practices   
and astrological speculations of the    
,brahmans1 contributed  to bringing on a
 decline of astronomy at the very time  
it was taking  its most vigorous stand  

among the ,greeks4 ,we learn from a     
passage in  ,strabo that the ,pramnai   
regarded the ,brahmans as boasters and  
mad  because they were interested in    
physiology and astronomy4 ,now1 there   
really exists an ancient ,buddhist      
treatise in which the predictions by    
the ,brahmans of eclipses of the sun and
 of the conjunctions and  oppositions of
 the planets1 and their discussions of  
the appearance of  comets and meteors1  
are treated as despicable arts and lies4
    ,it was just at this age that       
,hellenic culture was developed in      
northwest ,india4 ,it held astronomy1   
and astrology too1 in great  esteem4    
,the ,milinda ,panda mentions the royal 
astrologer as one of the  principal     
functionaries of ,menander4 ,no doubt   
there were1 among the  ,gavanas         
7,ionians7 of ,taxila and ,euthydmia1   
minds versed in the  knowledge of the   
principal cosmological systems          
formulated among the  ,greeks from      
,thales to ,aristotle1 and also         

acquainted with all the  progress in the
 physical and mathematical sciences that
 had been  achieved by the ,alexandrian 
astronomers in the last centuries before
  ,christ4 ,to comprehend the extent of 
the influence of ,hellenic science1  we 
have only to inquire what ,hindu        
astronomy had become again at the  time 
of the restoration of the ,brahmans in  
the sixth century ,a4 ,d4  ,aryabhatta  
teaches the rotation of the earth around
 its axis2  maintains that the moon1    
naturally dark1 owes its light to the   
rays of  the sun2 formulates the true   
theory of eclipses2 assigns an          
elliptical  form to the planetary       
epicycles2 and demonstrates the         
displacement of  the equinoctial and    
solstitial points4 ,varha-,mihira       
devotes himself  especially to          
astrological labors1 but also has the   
merit of having  condensed into a vast  
encyclopdia the ,pantcha ,siddhntik1 the
  principal astronomical treatises that 
were current in ,india4 ,and            

,brahmazoupta is especially famous for  
his revision of an older  treatise1 the 
,brahma ,siddhnta4    ,in the opinion of
 the most competent critics1 these      
works1 which are  chiefly empirical     
methods of determining the positions of 
the stars1  are inferior to those which 
the ,alexandrians have left us4 ,yet1 in
  matters relating to the measurement of
 arcs and to spherical  trigonometry1   
they reveal a more advanced state of the
 science4 ,it is  impossible to         
determine at what period this new       
astronomical science  was constituted in
 ,india4 ,some of its theories squarely 
betray their  indebtedness to ,greek    
science1 as1 for instance1 that of the  
displacement of the equinoctial and     
solstitial points by a periodical       
vibration or tremor4 ,we can also say as
 much of the solar zodiac1 the  names of
 the constellations of which strikingly 
resemble the ,greek  names in form as   
well as in significance1 and the same of
 the names of  the chief planets4 ,other

 expressions are found1 notably in the  
works  of ,varha-,mihira1 which         
indicate1 if not a borrowing1 a contact1
 at  least1 with the works of the ,greek
 astronomy1 of which ,mr4 ,burgess      
gives a fairly complete list in his     
,notes on ,hindu ,astronomy and the     
,history of our ,knowledge of it1 in the
 ,journal of the ,royal ,asiatic        
,society4 ,among these terms1 some are  
,greek words which have been  utilized  
in naming constellations or astronomical
 measures2 others  have retained the    
special significations which they had in
 the works  of the ,alexandrian         
astronomers4 ,it would certainly be an  
exaggeration  to insist that the        
adoption of a foreign term of necessity 
implies the  borrowing of the idea which
 it expresses4 ,it is1 nevertheless1    
probable that the ,sanskrit writers     
would not have made use of so many  of  
these exotic denominations if the ideas 
they represent had already  found their 
expression in the languages of ,india4  

,further1 among the fine ,siddntas which
 ,varha-,mihira collected and  condensed
 as including all the astronomical      
science of his time1 there  are two1 the
 ,romaka and the ,paulia1 the names of  
which suggest  directly--the first the  
scientific culture of the ,roman world1 
and the  other ,paulus1 a celebrated    
,alexandrian astronomer of the third    
century  ,a4 ,d4#h        ,footnote #h3 
,the ,romaka ,siddnta employs1 as a     
measure of time1      the ,guga of      
#b1hej years or #a1jdj1iec days1 giving 
a tropical      year of #cfe days1 #e   
hours1 #ee minutes1 and #ab seconds1    
which is      exactly the figure        
proposed by ,ptolemy and                
,hipparchus4--,burgess1      ,journal of
 the ,royal ,asiatic ,society4    ,we   
apparently find1 likewise1 the names of 
,manetho 7fourth century ,a4  ,d47 in   
,manittha or ,manimda2 of ,spensippus in
 ,sporedjivadja2 and  of ,ptolemy in    
,asoura ,maya1 whom the ,sounya         
,siddhnta designates as  the founder of 

astronomy1 and who another treatise says
 was born at  ,romakapouri1 the city of 
the ,romans4    ,in this order of ideas 
the natives of ,india have never tried  
to deny  their sources4 ,the ,gavanas1  
we read in the ,garg ,samhit1 are       
barbarians2 but this science 7astrology7
 has been constituted by them1  and they
 must be revered as saints4 ,m4 ,weber  
affirms that a treatise  on astrology   
bearing their name1 the ,gavana astra1  
was reputed to  have been written in the
 land of the ,gavanas by the god ,sourya
 in  person1 when1 expelled from heaven 
by the resentment of his divine  rivals1
 he came down and was born again in the 
city of the ,romans4#i        ,footnote 
#i3 ,the term ,romakapouri does not     
necessarily imply the      city of      
,rome2 the name was probably extended to
 ,alexandria and      perhaps also to   
,byzantium4 ,in other writings we find  
the name      ,gavanapouri1 the city of 
the ,greeks 7or ,ionians71 applied to   
,alexandria4    ,we find1 further1 that 

the ,greek calendar appears to have     
survived  ,hellenic domination in       
northern ,india4 ,general ,cunningham1  
in #ahfb1  read in the inscriptions of  
the ,indo-,scythians the names of the   
,macedonian months ,artemisios and      
,appellaios4 ,since then the names of   
two other months of that                
calendar--,panemos and ,daisios--have   
been  found in inscriptions in the      
,kharosthis character4    ,another era  
of ,grecian origin1 that of the         
,seleucid1 seems likewise  to have      
furnished the ,hindus their first       
historical computation4#aj  ,it should  
be observed1 in fact1 that their most   
ancient era1 that of  the ,mauryas1     
dates from the year #cab ,b4 ,c41 or the
 beginning of the  era of the ,seleucid4
 ,this had been adopted by the ,grecian 
sovereigns  of ,india1 as is attested by
 a coin of ,plato1 struck in the year   
#aff ,b4  ,c4        ,footnote #aj3     
,till then1 the ,hindus hardly seem to  
have sought for      a common measure of

 time except for astronomical or        
mythological      purposes4             
,beginning with the ,indo-,scythians1   
,india generally adopted the era of  the
 ,cakas1 which began1 not1 as had been  
long supposed1 with the  expulsion of   
the ,scythians1 but with the coronation 
of their  principal sovereign1          
,kanichka4#aa ,nevertheless1 the        
inscriptions  offer still other         
historical computations1 as1 for        
instance1 that of  the ,gouptas era1    
which began in the year #bdj of the aka 
era1 and that  of ,vikramditya1 which   
was made to begin retrospectively       
fifty-six  years ,b4 ,c4 ,hence arise   
complications of a nature to make the   
task of  paleography and history no     
lighter4--,translated for the ,popular  
,science ,monthly from ,ciel et ,terre  
7from the author's essays on  ,classical
 ,influences on the ,scientific and     
,literary ,culture of  ,india74         
,footnote #aa3 ,m4 ,sylvain ,levi has1  
however1 lately reopened the            

question of the initial date of this    
era4          ,,sketch ,,of ,,william   
,,keith ,,brooks4      ,the old problem 
of ,nature versus nurture that meets us 
in studying  the life history of any    
organism becomes especially interesting 
in  dealing with the biography of men of
 eminence4 ,are their achievements  the 
inevitable expression of the natural    
forces innate in them at  birth1 or the 
product of environmental influences1 or 
some resultant  of these two factors8   
,and how much may we in each case assign
 to one  factor or to the other8        
,these difficult questions naturally    
suggest themselves in glancing at  the  
life of the subject of this sketch4     
,like so many men who have won          
prominence in comparatively new         
countries1 he seemed1 in an  environment
 that had no apparent relation to his   
future1 to grow from  innate tendencies 
toward something not suggested by the   
circumstances  about him1 even to grow  
in opposition to the molding influences 

of  these1 and to conquer them4 ,later1 
however1 we find him surrounded by      
influences that made a particular mode  
of self-expression easy1 if  they may   
not be said to have forced such         
expression4 ,it was then that  the      
casual observer might say that the      
circumstances made the man2  yet1       
looking backward1 we can trace the      
initiative in the man that led  him into
 the congenial environment4 ,a selection
 of proper environment  to express      
,nature has been rightly claimed as a   
potent factor in all  organic life2     
nurture1 then1 comes as a secondary     
power to mold1 or  rather to translate1 
the inherent power4    ,,william ,,keith
 ,,brooks1 the second son of ,oliver    
,allen ,brooks and  ,eleanora ,bradbury1
 daughter of the ,rev4 ,phineas         
,kingsley1 was born in  ,cleveland1     
,ohio1 in #ahdh4 ,in #ahgg he married   
,amelia ,katherine1  daughter of ,edward
 ,t4 ,schultz and ,susan ,rebecca1      
daughter of ,david ,l4  ,martin4 ,he has

 two children4    ,brooks grew up amid  
the stimulating influences of a         
relatively new  country1 where freedom  
of development was not so sharply       
restricted  but that all paths of life  
seemed equally open to one who would    
work4  ,as a boy he was not one of those
 precocious naturalists of the common   
sort whose collecting instincts find    
expression in the hoarding of  dead     
animals or plants rather than the neater
 postage stamp2 names and  authorities1 
classes and species1 neatly arranged    
mummies1 were not  his delight4 ,at     
first there seemed no sign that zology  
would claim  him as a most ardent       
admirer4 ,yet he was fond of live things
 and their  ways1 and introduced into   
his home that most delightful microcosm1
 the  fresh-water aquarium 7so much     
neglected in this country71 in which he 
could observe at ease the habits and    
slow changes of living things  when     
their native haunts were not accessible4
 ,such early interest in  the essential 

wonders of livingness rather than in    
man's artificial  classification of     
phenomena was thus prophetic of much of 
his later  originality of thought and   
view4    ,he has never forgotten how    
much he owes to the instruction of the  
earnest and broad-minded teachers in the
 public schools of ,cleveland4    ,his  
college life began at ,hobart1 where two
 years left a deep  impression from an  
acquaintance with ,berkeley's thought1  
gained in  browsing in the library1 and 
long treasured up to produce fruit in   
philosophic views of maturer years4     
,then at ,williams ,college1 where  the 
notable ,natural ,history ,society was  
sending out its expedition  across      
,south ,america1 his love of ,nature    
matured and specialized for  two years  
longer1 until he received the ,a4 ,b4   
degree in #ahgj4 ,it was  ,williams also
 that later1 in #ahic1 bestowed upon him
 the ,,ll4 ,d4  degree4 ,for him the    
completion of college life was truly the
  commencement and not the finish of his

 intellectual training4 ,his  strong    
trend toward pure science and abstract  
mental life forced him  onward into     
post-graduate work4 ,but this required  
funds1 and ,america  was not ,germany2  
the struggle for existence was not here 
so intense  that one might not win bread
 in many walks of life without special  
training1 and parents did not need to   
extend the larval period of  support for
 offspring beyond the completion of     
college life to gain  for them a place  
in any rank1 social or intellectual4    
,now1 a rapidly  increasing need for the
 ,ph4 ,d4 degree as entrance to         
professional  life1 necessitating       
several years of post-graduate study1   
often forces  parents to take up their  
share in the increased burden4 ,then1   
however1  few were agreed as to the     
advisability of prolonging an           
unpractical  life devoted to study      
beyond what seemed the maximum limit of 
unproductive preparation for life--the  
day of graduation at college4  ,beyond  

that the young man must make his own way
 as best he might4 ,the  subject of this
 sketch chose to work his way by his own
 unaided  efforts into the fullest      
measure of academic training4    ,that  
was before the day of competition       
between universities1 and there  was no 
temptation to go here rather than there 
in order to live a  semi-parasitic      
existence as scholar or fellowship      
holder4    ,first in his father's       
counting house1 and then at a boy's     
school near  ,niagara1 young ,brooks    
bravely gained the means to pursue      
higher  branches of natural history1 and
 to devote himself to research4 ,in the 
former position he realized how futile  
for him would be a life given  to       
money-getting1 and he palliated the     
uncongenial nature of that life  by such
 abstract thought as seemed useful1 one 
immediate result of  which was the      
invention of a mechanical device for    
computing interest  and discounts in    
sterling money1 that had considerable   

circulation4  ,this1 though it scarcely 
indicated a stronger bias for           
mathematics  than for ,nature study1    
showed a latent possibility that was not
 to be  developed4 ,in the latter       
position1 which brought him in close    
contact  with the wonders of time       
action1 so plainly read in one of       
,nature's  books for the blind--,niagara
 ,falls--he found food for thought1 as  
well  as a deep interest in the action  
of young minds4 ,here was much  material
 for philosophical study of wood life   
too1 as well as for  growth of          
conceptions of the way to learn and to  
teach4    ,free1 after serving three    
years1 to follow his genius1 ,agassiz's 
romantic venture at ,pennikese drew this
 young naturalist1 as it did so  many of
 that epoch2 and henceforth marine life1
 with its revelation of  fundamental    
problems1 fascinated him4 ,working on at
 ,agassiz's museum1  learning its       
collections by heart1 absorbing from    
this center of  ,american natural       

history and from its founder both       
stimulus and  method1 influenced deeply 
also by the unobtrusive teachings of    
,mc,crady  and others who helped to make
 ,cambridge the ,mecca of naturalists1  
he  was already an active contributor to
 the discussion of problems in the      
embryology of animals when he won his   
,ph4 ,d4 degree in #ahge4    ,quiet1    
diffident1 slow to speak1 leaving hasty 
action1 too1 for those  of other        
constitution1 with thoughtful brow and  
keen eye to look  outward1 as well as to
 regard inner thought1 this young man   
with  flowing beard was a noticeable    
person4 ,at this time he was to be seen 
always accompanied by his faithful      
,tige2 for1 wiser than ,ulysses1 he     
shared all the hardships and joys of    
life with this loved companion4    ,now 
he sought his true environment1 and     
found it in the new university  starting
 in #ahgf--the ,johns ,hopkins          
,university4 ,there he was appointed    
,fellow1 an honor subsequently won by   

many who are well known to  biological  
science1 as ,w4 ,t4 ,sedgwick1 ,e4 ,b4  
,wilson1 ,k4 ,mitsukuri1 ,a4  ,f4 ,w4   
,schimper1 ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson1 ,h4 ,l4  
,osborn1 ,j4 ,mc,keen ,cattell1 ,h4  ,h4
 ,howell1 ,a4 ,t4 ,bruce1 ,e4 ,s4 ,lee1 
,h4 ,e4 ,nachtrieb1 ,w4 ,noyes1 ,j4     
,jastrow1 ,e4 ,b4 ,mall1 ,h4 ,v4        
,wilson1 ,c4 ,e4 ,hodge1 ,s4 ,watase1   
and ,t4 ,h4  ,morgan4 ,like ,c4 ,o4     
,whitman1 in #ahgi1 he did not enter    
upon the  privileges of that position1  
but as instructor and associate became  
at  once a guiding element in the new   
growth4 ,in the freedom from old        
traditions1 from fixed conventions and  
routines offered by this new            
university1 this peculiar original mind 
found its best environment1  and while  
the opportunity doubtless did much for  
the man1 the man  certainly reacted most
 favorably for the welfare of the       
highest ideals  of his new home4    ,we 
find him at once outspoken in emphasis  
of the philosophical aspect  of animal  

morphology1 contributing thoughts upon  
inductive reasoning  in morphological   
problems1 upon the relation between     
embryology and  phylogeny1 upon the     
causes of serial and bilateral symmetry1
 and  upon the rhythmic nature of the   
cleavage of an egg4 ,yet this period    
was also1 and pre-eminently1 one of     
acquisition of hard-earned and  detailed
 facts4 ,the development of ,pulmonates 
and ,lamellibranchs1 of  ,crustacea and 
of ,medus1 as well as of the marvels of 
,salpa's life  history1 became absorbing
 studies4    ,this great field of the   
morphology of nonvertebrates could be   
properly  worked only with access to the
 marine fauna1 and at that date there   
were few facilities for seaside study in
 ,america4 ,a true disciple of  ,louis  
,agassiz1 ,professor ,brooks saw the    
need of a marine laboratory1  and       
devoted himself1 as ,dohrn did at       
,naples1 to the accomplishment of  an   
end so necessary for the advance of     
natural science4 ,encouraged by  the aid

 of a few citizens of ,baltimore1 in    
#ahgh there was started an              
experiment--,the ,chesapeake ,zological 
,laboratory1 at ,fort ,wool1 ,va41  with
 ,professor ,brooks as director4 ,with  
the absolute devotion of its  director  
to research as example1 and with the    
liberal aid of the  trustees of the     
,johns ,hopkins ,university1 this       
laboratory became a  most important     
adjunct to the university and a virile  
center of  zological study4 ,so great   
was its success as a factor in the      
advance  of zological knowledge that the
 trustees bravely continued to support  
it whenever financial disaster did not  
rob them of the last penny4 ,for  eight 
years in the ,chesapeake1 or in the     
remoter waters of ,north  ,carolina1 the
 station flourished2 then1 in #ahhf1 we 
find the director1  with a few          
enthusiastic students1 venturing in a   
small schooner to the  but little known 
,bahama ,island1 ,green ,turtle ,cay1   
there to enlarge  their experiences with

 such delightful realization of         
naturalists'  dreams of the tropics as  
,haeckel experienced in his ,journey to 
,ceylon4  ,subsequent annual expeditions
 to ,nassau1 the ,bemini ,islands1 and  
to  various parts of ,jamaica served as 
marked eras in the lives of many  young 
naturalists who will not soon forget the
 contact with life thus  obtained4      
,from these sources and from his        
connection with the ,united ,states     
,fish  ,commission1 as director of the  
,marine ,station at ,woods ,holl1       
,mass41 in  #ahhh1 ,professor ,brooks   
drew inspiration and fact for the work  
and  thought by which he is so well     
known to the working naturalist4 ,there 
are few great divisions of the animal   
kingdom that have not excited  his      
special interest and claimed his        
long-sustained labor upon the  problems 
they express4 ,like ,mc,crady1 deeply   
fascinated by the  ,hydromedus and their
 wonderful changes1 many smaller papers1
 as  well as the ,memoir of the ,boston 

,society of ,natural ,history1 entitled 
,the ,life ,history of the ,hydromedus  
and the ,origin of ,alternation of      
,generations1 testify to his success in 
unraveling plots that thickened  with   
new discoveries4    ,an early interest  
in the mollusca1 shown by his doctor's  
dissertation  upon the embryology of the
 fresh-water mussels1 printed in part in
 the  ,proceedings of the ,american     
,association1 #ahge1 continued to be    
expressed in his contributions to many  
problems in the embryology of  the      
fresh-water ,pulmonates1 of             
,gasteropods1 of ,lamellibranchs1 and of
  the ,squid4 ,the ,crustacea also      
rightly claimed a large share of the    
attention of a philosophic naturalist1  
bringing him face to face with  the     
rigid formulations of law which these   
creatures present4 ,the  discovery of   
the very exceptional method of cleavage 
in the egg of the  decapod ,lucifer1 and
 the demonstration of the existence of a
 free  ,nauplius stage there 7published 

in the ,philosophical ,transactions of  
the ,royal ,society in #ahhb71 marked a 
most important advance in the           
morphological interpretation of all     
,crustacea1 and brought its author  to  
the first rank as an authority upon this
 much-studied group4  ,studying and     
capturing at ,beaufort those            
phantom-like sand burrowers1  the       
,squilla1 gained him an insight into and
 an interest in this  strange division  
of ,crustacea that enabled him to       
undertake that  difficult task1 the     
description of ,stomatopods collected by
 the  ,challenger ,expedition--a task   
completed in #ahhf4 ,the report1        
published  in such a magnificent series 
as only the ,british ,government could  
have  consummated1 is noticeable for the
 author's clear1 free illustration  of  
the creatures described and classified4 
,in it we find a  classification of the 
numerous1 weird1 glassy larv1 agreeing  
with the  classification of the adults  
and marking the success of the solution 

of the problem--the reference of chance 
collections of various stages  of many  
species to their proper places in the   
life history of each  species4    ,when 
the fever for ancestral trees had spread
 among naturalists in a  much more      
virulent form than that endemic in      
,wales1 and when the  ,ascidians were   
brought into line as ancestral          
vertebrates1 it was no  wonder to find  
,professor ,brooks laboring upon these  
interesting  creatures1 but his work in 
this group started from a different     
point  of view4 ,as early as #ahge1 when
 studying in the laboratory of          
,alexander ,agassiz1 he contributed to  
the ,boston ,society of ,natural        
,history a description involving a most 
novel interpretation of the  embryology 
of a remarkable ,ascidian1 ,salpa4 ,this
 form is known to many  not naturalists 
as that beautiful animal chain which is 
sometimes so  common in the clear waters
 of ,newport ,harbor as to be dipped up 
in  every bucket of water1 but more     

often not there at all4 ,the female     
buds forth male branches and gives each 
an egg 7which is fertilized to  form a  
second generation of females74 ,there is
 thus no alteration of  sexual and      
non-sexual generations at all2 and1 with
 characteristic  appreciation of a      
paradox1 ,professor ,brooks subsequently
 emphasized  the fact that the poet     
naturalist ,chamisso1 in discovering1 in
 #ahad1  ,alternation of ,generations in
 ,salpa1 had discovered a phenomenon    
where it did not exist1 though          
subsequently found common enough in     
many other animals4 ,with the continuity
 of interest so marked in him1  the life
 history of ,salpa1 as thus revealed1   
continued to be one of  the living      
thoughts in ,professor ,brooks's mind   
for a long period of  years1 and1 with  
the accumulation of material and results
 of  researches afforded by his summer  
work1 culminated in the monograph       
,salpa--a quarto of nearly four hundred 
pages and fifty odd  plates--published  

in #ahic1 or after nearly twenty years  
of sustained  interest in this complex  
problem4 ,in this volume we find first a
  coherent view of the intricate life   
history of this animal illuminated  by  
such metaphors as make the necessary    
technicalities both readable  and       
thinkable4 ,for instance1 ,a chain of   
,salpa may be compared to two  chains of
 cars on two parallel tracks1 placed so 
that the middle of  each car on one     
track is opposite the ends of two cars  
of the other  track1 and each joined by 
two couplings to the car in front of it 
on  its own track1 and in the same way  
to the one behind it1 and also to  those
 diagonally in front of it and behind it
 on the other track4  ,again1 in        
speaking of that startling process of   
egg development that  makes the         
embryology of ,salpa one of the         
apparently insoluble problems  of this  
branch of inquiry1 he says3 ,stated in a
 word1 the most  remarkable peculiarity 
of the ,salpa embryology is this3 ,it is

 blocked  out in follicular cells1 which
 form layers and undergo foldings and   
other changes which result in an outline
 or model of all the general  features  
in the organization of the embryo4      
,while these processes are  going on the
 development of the blastomeres is      
retarded1 so that they  are carried into
 their final position in the embryo     
while still in a  rudimentary condition4
 ,finally1 when they reach the places   
they are  to occupy1 they undergo rapid 
multiplication and growth and build up  
the tissues of the body1 while the      
scaffolding of follicle cells is  torn  
down and used up as food for the true   
embryonic cells4 ,an  imaginary         
illustration may help to make the       
subject clear4 ,suppose  that while     
carpenters are building a house of wood 
the brick-makers  pile clay on the      
boards as they are carried past1 and    
shape the lumps  of clay into bricks as 
they find them scattered through the    
building  where they have been carried  

with the boards4 ,now1 as the house of  
wood approaches completion1 imagine the 
bricklayers build a brick  house over   
the wooden framework and not from the   
bottom upward1 but  here and there      
wherever the bricks are to be found1 and
 that as fast  as parts of the brick    
house are finished the wooden one is    
torn down4  ,to make the analogy        
complete we must imagine that all the   
structure  which is removed is          
assimilated by the bricks1 and is thus  
turned into  the substance of new bricks
 to carry on the construction4          
,following that descriptive portion of  
the work comes a most  interesting      
interweaving of facts gathered in wide  
experience with a  scientific           
imagination possible only to one who had
 lived and thought  in close sympathetic
 contact with tropical marine life4 ,it 
is an  account of the present conditions
 of life along tropical shores and  the 
probable steps that led to the evolution
 of the innumerable  sedentary and      

creeping things from the ancestral forms
 that floated on  the surface of the    
ocean before there were shores4         
,charming reading  for the layman1 and  
for the specialist a broadening poetic  
insight  into life as it is and as it   
was when the world was young and the    
pelagic forbears of the vertebrates     
competed with their simpler  associates 
in the annexation of the bottom as a    
vantage ground for the  benevolent      
assimilation of later immigrants4 ,the  
third portion of  the work follows a    
most commendable plan3 ,scientific      
controversy is  so unprofitable that ,i 
shall try to make it as subordinate as  
possible1 that the reader may devote all
 his attention to the life  history of  
,salpa1 without interruption at every   
point where my own  observations confirm
 or contradict the statements of others4
 ,this  section deals with the          
refutation of criticism of the author's 
interpretations1 and endeavors to       
harmonize the discords that in this1  as

 in all complex morphological research1 
make progress slow though  surer4       
,the above brief references to the      
research work of the subject of this    
sketch would be too incomplete did we   
omit mention of his papers upon  that   
very interesting and extremely ancient  
inhabitant of the  ,chesapeake1 the     
,lingula1 or of the beautifully         
illustrated memoir of  the ,national    
,academy of ,sciences1 describing the   
crania of the ,lucayan  ,indians1 an    
unfortunate race of gentle beings       
discovered by the  ,spaniards and       
treated as part of the live stock of the
 ,new ,world and  soon annihilated1     
leaving but a few bones1 and1 as        
,professor ,brooks  tells us1 our       
familiar and pleasant word hammocks1 as 
evidences of  their having been4        
,coming to maturity in the period of    
general acceptance of the  ,darwinian   
hypothesis of organic evolution1        
,professor ,brooks was  naturally deeply
 influenced1 and no one who has read his

 works can  doubt his allegiance to     
natural selection as a powerful factor  
in the  formation of the present order  
of living things4 ,in the ,american     
,naturalist for #ahgg he published the  
first outlines of a provisional         
hypothesis of pangenesis that sought to 
combine the hypotheses of  ,owen1       
,spencer1 and ,darwin in such a way as  
to escape the objections to  which each 
is in itself liable1 and at the same    
time to retain all  that renders them   
valuable4 ,in #ahhc the same            
hypothesis--that  variations are        
perpetuated chiefly through the male    
line by special  gemmules1 and that the 
female is essentially conservative--was 
elaborated in book form under the title 
of ,the ,law of ,heredity4              
,thenceforth1 in intervals of research  
work1 ,professor ,brooks has            
contributed to various periodicals1     
notably the ,popular ,science  ,monthly1
 such essays upon kindred topics as     
spontaneously arose in his  mind in     

connection with current work here and   
abroad4 ,some of these of  a general    
philosophical interest have been        
incorporated with lectures1  originally 
given to students in ,baltimore1 as ,the
 ,foundations of  ,zology1 brought out  
this year by the ,macmillan ,company as 
,volume ,v of  the ,columbia ,university
 ,biological ,series4 ,this1 it will be 
noted1 is  dedicated ,to ,hobart        
,college1 where ,i learned to study1    
and1 ,i hope1  to profit by1 but not    
blindly to follow1 the writings of that 
great  thinker on the principles of     
science1 ,george ,berkeley1 and its     
keynote might be said to be difficult to
 hold1 expressing the  standpoint of one
 who says ,the proof that there is no   
necessary  antagonism between mechanical
 explanations of human life and belief  
in  volition and duty and moral         
responsibility seems to me to be very   
simple and easy to understand4          
,though thus active in pushing forward  
the limit of fact and theory in  the    

domain of pure science1 ,professor      
,brooks has not shirked the duty  that  
falls to every member of society1 but   
has labored earnestly to  build a sound 
basis for immediate practical           
application of zological  research4 ,in 
#ahgf he organized a summer zological   
laboratory for  teachers and others in  
,cleveland1 with the co-operation of two
 other  young ,clevelanders--,a4 ,h4    
,tuttle1 now ,professor of ,biology in  
the  ,university of ,virginia1 and ,i4  
,b4 ,comstock1 ,professor of ,geology in
  the ,university of ,arizona4          
,identifying himself with the interests 
of the community in which he  had cast  
his lot1 he interested himself in the   
establishment of such  educational      
influences as that of a public aquarium1
 and it was  through no fault of the    
sower that the seed laboriously sown    
fell upon  stony ground4 ,in the winter 
of #ahhj he gave a course of lectures   
and  of laboratory work for teachers in 
the schools of ,baltimore4    ,again1   

his early studies of the development of 
the oyster 7for which  he was awarded   
the medal of the ,socit                 
d',acclimatisation of ,paris in  #ahhc71
 his discovery that the ,american oyster
 could be reared like  fish from        
artificially fertilized eggs1 since he  
found it to have a  different life      
history from its ,european fellow1 led  
him to realize  the greater             
possibilities that awaited our oyster   
industries when they  should be based   
upon scientific fact4 ,living amid a    
population  dependent to no small extent
 upon these industries1 ,professor      
,brooks  threw himself with enthusiasm  
into the problem of warding off the ruin
  that comes to every enterprise        
expanding faster than its capital is    
replenished1 and eagerly sought the     
means to magnify without  deterioration 
so important a factor in the existence  
of the  ,commonwealth4 ,as chairman of  
the ,oyster ,commission appointed by the
  ,general ,assembly of ,maryland in    

#ahhb1 he drew up the long1 detailed1   
and well-illustrated report1 issued in  
#ahhd1 which set forth the  condition of
 the oyster beds in the ,chesapeake ,bay
 and their  deterioration from overwork1
 and suggested a legislative remedy in  
the  form of a bill designed to remove  
this industry from that primitive1      
barbaric stage in which our communal    
ownership of migrant birds and  fish    
still remains1 and to place it upon the 
secure basis of personal  ownership     
underlying other live-stock business4   
,but it is difficult to  change the     
customs of centuries' standing1 and     
prophets rarely see the  fulfillment of 
their predictions4 ,many lectures and   
the issue of a  popular book--,the      
,oyster1 #ahia--were necessary labors   
assumed by  ,professor ,brooks before   
the public mind was educated to some    
appreciation of the nature of the       
problem1 and the fruits of his  labors  
are yet to be matured and gathered4     
,but it is not so much by discovery of  

new facts or by aid to the  community in
 which one may chance to live that a man
 exerts his best  influence upon        
mankind2 rather by his success in       
inspiring others to  see whatever of    
good there may be in his point of view  
and method of  attack upon old problems1
 that his followers may keep alive and  
enlarge what he stands for in the growth
 of civilization4 ,as a teacher         
,professor ,brooks has exerted a        
powerful influence by the stimulus of   
example in his whole-hearted devotion to
 research1 by originality of            
suggestion1 and by his clear intuition  
of the essential factors in             
morphological problems4 ,convinced that 
naturalists1 like poets1 are  born and  
not made--or1 if so1 then self-made--his
 teaching has been  free from that too  
easily acquired hallucination that the  
forcible  introduction of facts1 and    
frequent extraction of words by means of
  examination1 are a possible means to  
the making of zologists1 or what  you   

will to order1 to be ticketed and       
branded as such after a fixed  term of  
the above process4 ,those who are strong
 enough to grow in the  open have found 
in him a genial sunshine1 but those     
needing hothouse  forcing have sometimes
 missed1 perhaps1 the care necessary to 
bring  them to a marketable state4      
,many who have followed his lectures    
will recall the clearness and           
simplicity with which complex and       
puzzling questions were presented to    
their minds2 the skull of the bony fish 
soon lost its terrors1 while  the       
homologies of the limb bones were       
brought to the mind in a graphic  way1  
sure to leave a deep impression4        
,directness and lucidity1 with  freedom 
from investment of unessentials1 are    
characteristics of his  teaching and    
prominent features in his too little    
known ,handbook of  ,marine ,zology1    
which1 despite technical faults1 was so 
original and  honest1 so free from      
closet natural history1 that it marked  

an era in  the advance of biological    
instruction4 ,it was a direct appeal to 
the  concrete study of living animals at
 a time when zology for students  was   
still the learning of text-books1 and   
text-books were too often in  spirit but
 modernizations of ,pliny or of         
,aldrovandus4    ,it is this removal of 
the impeding paraphernalia of           
custom-bound  authority1 and a direct1  
childlike communion with ,nature in     
search of  truth by one's unaided labor1
 that this man has to offer to those who
  come under his sway as teacher2 with  
what success will be evident from  the  
work of those who recently united to    
honor his fiftieth birthday  with a     
portrait that might recall him to them  
as he taught them1 and  from the work of
 those who1 in coming years1 will enjoy 
the privilege  of contact with his      
genius and be led to seek admission to  
the temple  of natural knowledge naked  
and not ashamed1 like little children4  
99       99       99       99       99  

,,forestry1 ,professor ,fernow said in  
his paper at the ,american              
,association1 is not1 as it seems to be 
popularly believed1       ,woodman1     
spare that tree1 but ,woodman1 cut those
 trees       judiciously4 ,the handling 
of a slowly maturing crop like forest   
trees requires especial consideration of
 a problem quite unlike       any other 
that presents itself to the business    
man4 ,the trees       ripen slowly1 a   
full century often being necessary to   
the       complete development of       
growth4 ,obviously it would be          
inadvisable       to cut down the       
product and then wait a hundred years   
for further       income from the land2 
another system is necessary1 where      
merely       the interest is taken1 in  
trees which are in a condition to cut1  
while the principal1 the forest itself1 
remains always       practically intact4
          ,editor's ,table4             
,,primitive ,,man4    ,two articles     
contributed to the ,april and ,may      

numbers of the  ,fortnightly ,review by 
,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,frazer1 the learned author
 of ,the  ,golden ,bough1 and more      
recently of a monumental edition of     
,pausanias1  are worthy of the close    
attention of all who are interested in  
the  early history of mankind4 ,the     
articles are entitled ,the ,origin of   
,totemism1 and the object of the writer 
is to show that on this obscure  subject
 a flood of light has been shed by the  
lately published  researches of ,messrs4
 ,spencer and ,gillen into the beliefs  
and  practices of the native tribes of  
central ,australia1 those tribes  being 
perhaps the best representatives now    
anywhere surviving of the  most         
primitive condition of the human race4  
,mr4 ,baldwin ,spencer1  formerly a     
,fellow of ,lincoln ,college1 ,oxford1  
is at present ,professor  of ,biology in
 the ,university of ,melbourne1 while   
,mr4 ,gillen is a  special magistrate in
 ,south ,australia1 charged with the    
protection of  the aborigines4 ,in their

 work1 ,mr4 ,frazer observes1 ,we       
possess for  the first time a full and  
authentic account of thoroughly         
primitive  savages living in the totem  
stage and practically unaffected by     
,european influence4 ,its importance1 he
 adds1 as a document of human  history  
can1 therefore1 hardly be overestimated4
    ,evolution1 it has often been       
remarked1 and is again remarked by the  
writer of these articles1 is an outcome 
of the struggle for life1 and  is rapid 
and vigorous or slow and feeble1        
according to the intensity  of the      
struggle and the number and variety of  
the competing elements4  ,among the     
great land masses of our planet         
,australia is the smallest2  and1 owing 
to this circumstance1 and also to its   
physical  conformation1 which renders   
large areas unfit for the maintenance of
  life1 population has been much        
restricted and competition has been at  
a minimum4 ,hence the extremely backward
 and undeveloped condition of  its      

native tribes1 a condition which enables
 us1 as ,mr4 ,frazer  observes1 to      
detect humanity in the chrysalis stage1 
and mark the  first blind gropings of   
our race after liberty and light4       
,the account given of these tribes      
contains indeed some very remarkable    
details4 ,for example1 though they      
suffer much from cold at night  under   
the frosty stars of the clear           
,australian heaven1 the idea of  using  
as garments the warm furs of the wild   
animals they kill and eat  has never    
entered into their minds4 ,they         
attribute the propagation of  the human 
race wholly to the action of spirits1 to
 whom they attribute  a fecundating     
power1 treating as wholly irrelevant to 
the matter any  contact of the sexes4   
,the idea of natural causation seems to 
be one  which they have no power to     
grasp4 ,they believe that various       
results  are dependent on special       
antecedent conditions1 but it is a pure 
matter of accident what they shall      

conceive the conditions in any case  to 
be4 ,here we come to the origin of      
totemism4 ,heretofore totemism has  been
 considered1 broadly speaking1 as the   
identification of themselves  by some   
group of savages with a particular plant
 or animal or other  manifestation of   
the powers of ,nature1 accompanied by a 
complete or  partial taboo1 so far as   
the group in question is concerned1 of  
the  animal or other object adopted as  
totem1 and also by a rule  prohibiting  
marriage within the group4 ,what        
,messrs4 ,spencer and ,gillen  have     
succeeded in doing has been to observe  
and detect the  significance of certain 
practices of the ,australian tribes     
which have  never been observed1 or at  
least never understood1 before4    ,at a
 certain time of the year1 it appears1  
each totemistic tribe goes  through     
elaborate ceremonies of a purely magical
 character for the  purpose of promoting
 the growth and multiplication of the   
particular  animal or plant1 if it be   

one useful for food1 with which the     
tribe is  identified1 or of antagonizing
 its evil effects if it be of a hurtful 
character4 ,as there is scarcely an     
object1 animate or inanimate1 to  be    
found in the country occupied by the    
natives which does not give  its name to
 some totemic group of individuals1 the 
general scheme of  things is pretty well
 looked after in the various ceremonies 
that are  practiced by the different    
groups4 ,attention is here drawn to the 
essential difference between religion   
and magic1 religion being an  attempt to
 propitiate or conciliate the higher    
powers1 while magic  undertakes to      
coerce them4 ,to the magician1 as ,mr4  
,frazer observes1  it is a matter of    
indifference whether the cosmic powers  
are  conscious or unconscious1 spiritual
 or material2 for in either case he     
imagines that he can force them by his  
enchantments to do his  bidding4 ,the   
ceremonies of the native ,australians1  
as we have said1  are wholly magical4   

,they have the same kind of faith in    
their  incantations and other strange   
performances that the modern man of     
science has in the preparations he makes
 for a physical experiment4  ,the       
difference is that imagination or the   
crudest kind of symbolism  has suggested
 the methods of the savage1 while a     
careful scrutiny and  comparison of     
facts has dictated those of the man of  
science4 ,the  proprium of the savage   
mind is an utter insensibility to       
evidence1  or rather a lack of all power
 of conceiving what evidence is1 and    
therefore a total incapacity for feeling
 any need of it4 ,the  scientific man1  
on the other hand1 feels that he needs  
it every hour  and every moment4    ,it 
may be interesting to quote the         
description given by ,mr4 ,frazer1      
after ,messrs4 ,spencer and ,gillen1 of 
the ceremonies performed by the  men    
whose totem is the witchetty grub1 a    
creature much prized as an  article of  
diet by the natives4    ,the men of the 

witchetty-grub totem repair to a shallow
 cave in a  ravine where lies a large   
block of quartzite1 surrounded by some  
small  rounded stones4 ,the large block 
represents the full-grown grub2 the     
small stones stand for the eggs4 ,on    
reaching the cave the head man of  the  
totem group begins to sing1 while he    
taps the large block with a  wooden     
trough1 such as is used for scooping the
 earth out of burrows4  ,all the other  
men at the same time tap it with twigs  
of a particular  gum tree1 chanting the 
while4 ,the burden of their song is an  
invitation to the insect to go and lay  
eggs4 ,next1 the leader takes up  one of
 the smaller stones1 representing an    
egg1 and strikes each man  in the       
stomach with it1 saying1 ',you have     
eaten much food1' after  which he butts 
at the man's stomach with his           
forehead4444 ,ceremonies  of the same   
sort are performed at ten different     
places4 ,when the round  has been       
completed the party returns home4 ,here1

 at some distance from  the camp1 a long
 structure of boughs has been got ready2
 it is  designed to represent the       
chrysalis from which the full-grown     
insect  emerges4 ,into this structure   
the men1 each with the sacred design of 
the totem painted in red ochre and pipe 
clay on his body1 enter and  sing of the
 grub in the various stages of its      
development4 ,after  chanting thus for a
 while they shuffle out of the mock     
chrysalis one  by one1 with a gliding   
motion1 singing all the time about the  
emergence of the real insect out of the 
real chrysalis1 of which  their own     
performance is clearly an imitation4    
,the ,emu men have their own ceremonies1
 equally elaborate and quite as  well   
adapted to promote the multiplication of
 emus as those of the  witchetty-grub   
men to produce an abundance of witchetty
 grubs4 ,the  earnestness which is      
thrown into these ceremonies is beyond  
all  question2 and it seems to be clear 
that each totemic group in turn  takes  

up its own burden of social             
responsibility3 each has its duty to    
the tribe as a whole1 and performs it to
 the best of its ability4  ,through     
their united efforts1 as they firmly    
believe1 the various  processes of      
,nature are maintained in satisfactory  
activity2 the  succulent grub comes     
forth in due season and in reasonable   
quantity2  the emu1 the kangaroo1 the   
bandicoot1 and other useful animals keep
 up  their numbers and continue to      
furnish food for the community2 the     
hakea flower and the manna of the mulga 
tree grow in normal abundance2  the     
winds blow2 the streams flow2 the clouds
 yield rain and the sun  goes on shining
 by day and the stars by night1 with1 on
 the whole1 an  admirable regularity4 ,a
 more satisfactory system it would      
really be  difficult to conceive4 ,how  
absurd1 not to say profane1 it would be 
for  any one to suggest that ceremonies 
which were so abundantly justified  by  
results might without danger be omitted6

 ,skepticism is indeed very  much out of
 place in certain stages of human       
development4    ,the interesting        
feature1 however1 as ,mr4 ,frazer holds1
 in the  descriptions given by the two  
,australian writers we have named is the
  proof they afford that totemism1      
instead of being an irrational1         
unexplainable aberration of the nascent 
intellect of man1 was really a  scheme  
for securing the greatest possible      
multiplicity of benefits for  the savage
 community4 ,the whole tribe was divided
 into groups1 and  each group undertook 
to look after some function of ,nature  
and keep it  up to the mark4 ,here was a
 notable step in the direction of       
division  of labor4 ,how it came about  
that the particular animal or plant     
which  was the totem of a group became  
wholly or partially taboo to the  group 
is not very easily explained2 but it    
seems not impossible that  some sense of
 tribal duty1 gradually developed1 kept 
those who were  credited with providing 

any particular food element from being  
themselves greedy consumers of it4 ,so  
far as that article was  concerned they 
may have felt themselves as sustaining  
somewhat the  character of hosts or     
entertainers of the tribe1 and it may   
thus have  become the custom that they  
should either not partake at all of that
  special thing1 or partake of it only  
sparingly4 ,if so1 we find the          
foundations already laid both of        
politeness and of morality4 ,it is an   
interesting question how far the notions
 which have been described  have died   
out of modern civilized society4 ,that  
they are wholly  extinct it would be    
rash to affirm4 ,there are many traces1 
indeed1 of  the surviving influence of  
symbolism1 and here and there lingering 
tendencies toward a belief in magic are 
easily discoverable4 ,perhaps  the      
wisest of us may learn to understand    
ourselves a little better by  studying  
the operations of the human mind in its 
very earliest stages1  before reason had

 yet shaken itself free from the random 
suggestions  of sense4      ,,the       
,,boston ,,public ,,library ,,and       
,,science4    ,apropos of the recent    
notable issue1 by the ,boston ,public   
,library1 of  a comprehensive           
,bibliography of the ,anthropology and  
,ethnology of  ,europe1 to accompany    
,professor ,ripley's ,races of ,europe1 
the twofold  and diversely opposed      
interests of a great institution of this
 sort  are called to mind4 ,on the one  
hand are its manifold obligations to    
the great mass of the public1 to the    
average reader1 to the  ubiquitous novel
 and fiction consumer1 to private clubs1
 and to school  children4 ,a field of   
activity and value in popular education 
is  involved1 scarcely secondary to that
 of the public schools1 appealing  to   
the general reader1 the taxpayer1 and1  
above all1 to the  well-wisher for      
democratic political institutions and   
representative  government in the       
future4 ,in stimulating work of this    

character in  ,boston1 in bringing the  
,public ,library into deserved          
prominence among  the educational       
institutions of the community1 ,mr4     
,herbert ,putnam  achieved great and    
deserved success during his             
administration1 winning  commendation   
upon all sides4    ,the second aspect of
 public library duty is revealed by the 
recent  undertaking at ,boston above    
mentioned4 ,it concerns the relations of
  great libraries to science1 to        
original research1 not to the average   
reader1 but to the specialist4 ,instead 
of the purchase of twenty  copies of    
,david ,harum1 or perhaps of ,a         
,bloodthirsty and ,self-laudatory       
,history of the ,recent ,spanish ,war1  
by ,one who killed fifty men with  his  
own hand1 to meet a sudden demand on the
 part of readers1 the  expenditure of   
perhaps an equal sum of money for some  
rare and costly  work in a foreign      
language1 intelligible to but half a    
hundred men in  the entire city1 is     

involved4 ,such obligations do not of   
course rest  upon libraries of secondary
 size and importance4 ,their path of    
duty is  clearly marked out for them in 
the interests of the public1 both on    
the score of financial ability and of   
demand as well4 ,with the leading       
libraries of the country the case is    
different4 ,our universities are  fast  
taking rank with the very best in       
,europe4 ,specialists in science  and   
technology1 the peers of those abroad1  
are plentiful on every  hand4           
,oftentimes their private means are as  
limited as their  appreciation and      
ambition are great4 ,without these rare 
books--the  tools of their trade--they  
are powerless4 ,in former days they were
  denied the opportunity for research1  
or else were obliged to spend  months of
 study in ,europe4 ,we have the men and 
the minds here in  ,america now2 there  
is every indication that the books and  
apparatus  are speedily becoming        
available as well4    ,this             

,bibliography of the ,boston ,public    
,library is a case in point4 ,a         
collection of works relating to the     
physical history1 the origins1          
migrations1 and languages of the peoples
 of ,europe is indicated upon  its      
shelves1 in all probability1 we venture 
to predict1 superior to  any single one 
existing in ,europe4 ,this startling    
statement is based  upon several        
considerations familiar to any          
specialist4 ,scientific  book materials 
are of two classes4 ,the first are the  
expensive and  compendious volumes1     
generally to be found in great          
libraries1  although oftentimes the     
paucity of their scientific collections 
is  very surprising1 especially in all  
that concerns the newer sciences of     
biology1 anthropology1 and the like4    
,the second order of publications1      
often rarer and scientifically more     
valuable than the first1 are the        
scattered monographs or pamphlets       
published in all manner of forms and  by

 societies1 oftentimes ephemeral and of 
all degrees of eminence4  ,this second  
class of materials is generally richly  
represented in the  collections of the  
various scientific societies1 especially
 in the  form of reprints presented by  
the authors4 ,but the great and         
expensive  tomes are seldom thus        
presented1 and the societies can seldom 
afford  to purchase them4 ,thus it comes
 about that these two classes of raw    
materials have to be separately hunted  
down1 being rarely found  together4 ,for
 example1 the library of the ,socit     
d',anthropologie at  ,paris1 judging by 
its printed catalogues1 while abounding 
in  scattered monographs and reprints1  
contains very few of the expensive      
volumes4 ,one must seek these1 and if   
they be in ,english or ,german1  very   
likely in vain1 in the ,bibliothque     
,nationale4    ,the ,public ,library of 
the city of ,boston has apparently tried
 an  experiment in this direction1 and  
is certainly to be congratulated  upon  

the result4 ,to a very rich collection  
of standard works has been  added1 by   
co-operation with a special             
investigator1 a large part of  the      
flotsam and jetsam which is of such     
extreme value to the  student of        
original sources4 ,the library has set a
 worthy example of  encouragement to    
research2 it has offered definite proof 
of the  ability of our ,american        
institutions to rival their ,european   
contemporaries4 ,and a peculiarly       
appropriate rounding-out to the         
successful career in the distinctively  
popular phases of  administration of the
 institution of the late librarian1 ,mr4
 ,herbert  ,putnam1 is afforded in this 
work1 the last at ,boston officially1   
perhaps1 to bear his signature and the  
stamp of his approval4      ,,our ,,race
 ,,troubles4    ,the article which we   
publish in the present number of the    
,monthly1  under the title of ,the ,race
 ,problem in the ,united ,states1 is a  
sequel  to one which appeared in the    

,may number entitled ,the ,negro        
,question4  ,both writers have a special
 acquaintance with the subject1 and are 
widely known as active workers for the  
elevation of the negro  race--,mr4      
,booker ,t4 ,washington1 the writer of  
the second article1  being himself one  
of its most distinguished               
representatives4 ,while  both manifest  
abundant sympathy with the negro1 and a 
deep sense of  the pressing nature of   
the problems to which the presence of a 
large  negro element in the population  
of certain of our ,states gives rise1   
they virtually acknowledge that it is   
extremely difficult in  discussing the  
subject to do more than present a few   
broad general  views4 ,that there is a  
very bad condition of things in some of 
our  ,southern ,states no one will      
dispute4 ,the crimes which have been    
committed by white men1 in avenging real
 or supposed crimes committed  by black 
men1 stamp a character of utter savagery
 on the communities  in which they have 

occurred1 and in which they have        
remained  unpunished4 ,at the same time 
there is no doubt that the existence of 
so large a negro element in the ,south  
constitutes a serious obstacle  to the  
moral and intellectual as well as to the
 economic development  of that part of  
the country1 and tends to keep alive a  
dangerous  condition of public feeling4 
,our contributor1 ,dr4 ,curry1 states   
significantly that he could give very   
impressive details on this  point1 were 
it not that it would furnish altogether 
too unpleasant  reading4    ,what are we
 going to do about it8 ,no doubt we have
 before us an  illustration of the old  
adage1 ,the fathers have eaten sour     
grapes1  and the children's teeth are   
set on edge4 ,the ,south had its        
peculiar  institution for some          
generations1 and held to it with        
extraordinary  tenacity--went to war    
rather than give it up4 ,now1 by the    
simple force  of events1 the old        
patriarchal and slaveholding system is  

broken up1  and there the former slaves 
and their descendants are--emancipated  
citizens who have their rights under the
 ,constitution1 and who  therefore have 
to be reckoned with4 ,they can not be   
deported against  their will2 they have 
the same right to live in the country   
that any  white man has4    ,manifestly 
there is but one honorable way of       
dealing with the blacks1  and that is to
 treat them with absolute justice4 ,upon
 this point we  are in entire agreement 
with ,mr4 ,booker ,t4 ,washington4 ,if a
 black man  is excluded from the        
suffrage on account of his ignorance1   
let the  equally ignorant white man be  
equally excluded4 ,we have great faith  
in  the educative effect of justice1 and
 a firm administration of law4 ,it      
would at once raise the self-respect of 
the negro to know that what  was law for
 the white man was law for him1 and vice
 versa2 and  self-respect is a sure     
ground for further advance4 ,in the     
matter of  education1 we hold that      

education for the colored race should be
  almost wholly of a practical kind4 ,we
 go further1 and say that the  education
 given to white children everywhere     
might with great  advantage be much more
 practical than it is4 ,the proper      
education for  any individual is that   
which will tend to make him more        
efficient1  successful1 and             
self-sufficing in the position which he 
is called to  occupy4 ,this principle1  
far from implying a stationary condition
 of  the individual1 is precisely the   
one which provides best for his         
advancement4 ,it is the man who is      
thoroughly competent for the work he    
has at any given moment to do who passes
 beyond that work to something  better4 
,the misery of existing systems of      
education is that to so  large extent   
they educate for a hypothetical position
 beyond that for  which an immediate    
preparation is necessary4 ,the result is
 that the  schools unload upon the      
community year by year a levy of        

adventurous  youths who at once begin to
 live by their wits in no very          
creditable  sense1 and who constitute a 
distinct menace to the stability of     
society4    ,we would therefore urge    
most earnestly upon all who take an     
interest  in the education of the       
colored race to keep in view above all  
things  the importance and necessity of 
fitting the negro to take an active     
part in the practical industries of the 
country1 and above all in  agriculture4 
,an education directed mainly to this   
end would do far  more to develop his   
intelligence than one of a more abstract
 and  ambitious character and would     
furnish a far better foundation for     
success in life4 ,far from tying the    
negro down to manual occupations1  it   
would prepare the way for his eventual  
participation in all  occupations4 ,but 
occupation for occupation1 where is     
there one that  can reasonably be rated 
higher than the intelligent and         
successful  cultivation of the soil8 ,if

 the negro problem can not be solved by 
common sense and common honesty it can  
not be solved at all4 ,before  giving it
 up as insoluble we should make full    
proof of these homely  specifics4 ,we   
have long been proclaiming that the     
negro is a man and a  brother2 let us   
therefore treat him as such1 and if we  
find out  anything that is particularly 
good for his moral and intellectual     
improvement1 let us try a little of it  
ourselves4 ,it surely will not  do us   
any harm4          ,scientific          
,literature4      ,,special ,,books4    
,the ,lesson of ,popular ,government#ab 
is a fruit of thirty years'  study1 by  
,mr4 ,bradford1 of certain peculiarities
 in the political  workings of our      
institutions4 ,the book is not for those
 who consider  it patriotic to shut     
their eyes to whatever is going wrong1  
but for  those whose regard for the     
,federal ,constitution and the          
organization  of our governments is only
 increased by the consciousness of the  

strain to which they are exposed1 and   
who feel strongly that while the        
principles of the ,government and the   
character of the people are  still sound
 and reliable1 some modifications and   
readjustments of the  machinery must    
take place1 unless we are to drift      
through practical  anarchy and          
increasing corruption to military       
despotism4 ,for the sake  of putting the
 subject in a clearer light1 the three  
more prominent  approaches to democratic
 government in modern times--those of   
,england1  ,france1 and the ,united     
,states--are studied comparatively in   
the former  part of the work4 ,the      
carrying on of governments in accordance
 with  the expressed wish of the people 
is spoken of in the beginning as the    
appearance of a new force which has     
changed the whole face of society1  and 
points to still greater changes in the  
future4 ,how it has worked  in the three
 countries in which it has been in      
operation for a little  more than a     

century1 and what it has done1 are the  
questions which the  author undertakes  
to answer4 ,in ,england1 popular        
government has taken  the form1 with a  
powerless hereditary sovereign          
commanding universal  loyalty1 of a     
ministry responsible to a ,parliament1  
which is directly  responsible to the   
people4 ,in ,france1 the executive is   
controlled by a  legislative body chosen
 by universal suffrage1 the majority of 
which  is held together by party        
discipline4 ,the virtue of this         
government is  undergoing a supreme test
 in the ,dreyfus case1 the right issue  
of  which would show a greater          
proportional advance in true liberty and
  the justification of popular          
government than has taken place in any  
other nation4 ,in the ,united ,states1  
power is passing more and more  into    
,congress1 a body chosen separately from
 the ,president1 whose  members are     
actuated by personal1 local1 and        
partisan motives1 and  rarely rise to   

the conception of broad national views  
or look further  than to the immediate  
present1 while the nation at large and  
the  ,executive are without             
representation such as insures the      
co-operation  of the ministry and       
,parliament in ,england4 ,in all other  
respects than  appointments to office1  
which must be made in strict            
subordination to  the demands of members
 of his party in both ,houses of        
,congress1 the  recognized power of the 
,executive is confined within very      
narrow  limits4 ,in matters of          
legislation he has no voice whatever    
beyond  general recommendations1 such as
 are open to any citizen1 and to which  
,congress pays little or no attention4  
,in fact1 that body resents  anything   
like an expression of opinion from the  
,president4 ,the system  is not         
encouraging to the filling of the office
 by men of the first  rank1 and men of  
that rank seldom reach it4 ,the ,house  
of  ,representatives1 meeting every two 

years a new body1 suffers from its      
entire want of coherency and the absence
 of a qualified leader1 and  falls an   
easy prey to the lobbyist and the boss4 
,so1 while there are  still many1       
perhaps the majority1 of men of good    
character in public  life1 the tendency 
is steadily downward4 ,it has been      
customary in  some quarters to charge   
the evils we suffer upon universal      
suffrage1  but ,mr4 ,bradford maintains 
that it is this which to-day is keeping 
up  the character of the ,government1   
and that but for the restraints  imposed
 by it our political condition would be 
a great deal worse than  it is4 ,further
 light is sought upon the situation1 and
 further  pictures are given of the     
conditions existing in comprehensive    
reviews  of the ,state and municipal    
governments of the country4 ,in         
considering  proposed remedies the      
referendum is dismissed as tending to   
destroy  personality and diffuse        
responsibility even more than is done   

now--the  reverse of the concentration  
of executive power as the only really   
indispensable part of the ,government1  
which should be sought4 ,the            
enforcement of this principle of        
executive supremacy with immediate      
responsibility is the purpose of the    
book4 ,mr4 ,bradford would obtain  this 
by giving the representatives of the    
administrative departments  seats in the
 ,house1 with power to suggest          
legislation1 make  explanations1 and    
participate in debate4 ,his final       
argument is that it  can not be charged 
that democracy is a failure2 but1 with a
 wholly  new force introduced into the  
world1 the proper machinery for its     
application has not yet been employed4  
,in its nature it is reasonable1  sound1
 and1 on the whole1 beneficent4 ,using  
the words of an ,english  writer1 the   
failures of government in the ,united   
,states are not the  result of          
democracy1 but of the craftiest         
combination of schemes to  defeat the   

will of democracy ever devised in the   
world4        ,footnote #ab3 ,the       
,lesson of ,popular ,government4 ,by    
,gamaliel      ,bradford4 ,new ,york3   
,the ,macmillan ,company4 ,two volumes4 
,pp4 #ebj      and #eij4 ,price1 #d4    
,we have already published a fairly     
comprehensive review of ,richard        
,semon's ,in the ,australian ,bush1#ac  
based upon the ,german original1  by    
,prof4 ,e4 ,p4 ,evans1 in the           
fifty-second volume of the ,monthly     
7,november1 #ahig74 ,but little needs to
 be added to what ,professor ,evans  has
 said of the book besides announcing the
 appearance of the ,english  edition1   
the translation for which was written   
under the author's own  superintendence1
 and the contents of which do not differ
 in any  important particular from the  
,german impression4 ,professor ,semon   
went  to ,australia on a special        
zological mission1 and spent two years  
there4 ,his purpose was the study of the
 wonderful ,australian fauna1  the      

oviparous mammals1 marsupials1 and      
ceratodus 7lungfish74 ,these  animals   
represent forms which1 with a few       
notable exceptions1 have  long since    
become extinct in other countries1 where
 they have to be  studied in such parts 
of their bony forms as happen to have   
been  preserved in the rocks1 while here
 they can be examined alive and in  the 
flesh--living fossils1 as the author    
fittingly calls them1 links  between the
 present age and one of the geological  
periods of the past4  ,his observations 
on these subjects are in course of      
publication in a  special scientific    
work1 not quite half of which has       
appeared4 ,the  present volume consists 
in the notes of travel and adventure1   
the  dealing with men1 the              
anthropological studies1 and what we    
might call  the obiter observations of  
the expedition4 ,almost simultaneously  
with ,professor ,semon's narrative we   
have from the same publishers  another  
book1 on ,the ,native ,tribes of        

,central ,australia1#ad which  deals    
more fully1 exclusively1 and perhaps    
more expertly with the  anthropology of 
a part of the ,australian continent4 ,of
 the authors1  ,mr4 ,gillen has spent   
the greater part of the past twenty     
years in  the center of the continent1  
and as sub-protector of the aborigines  
has had exceptional opportunities of    
coming in contact with the ,arunta      
tribe2 and both of them have been made  
fully initiated members of that  tribe4 
,though both about ,australia1 the two  
books do not cover the  same ground4    
,australia is very large1 and its       
physical conditions are  such that the  
groups of tribes inhabiting the various 
regions have for  a long period of time 
been isolated from one another and have 
followed  different lines in            
development4 ,professor ,semon's        
observations were  made in the ,burnett 
district of northeastern ,queensland1   
while those  recorded in the work of    
,spencer and ,gillen were made in the   

very  center of ,south ,australia and of
 the continent4 ,consequently1 in       
reading them we read really about       
different things4 ,in addition to the   
investigation of various customs1 such  
as those connected with  initiation and 
magic1 special attention has been paid  
by ,messrs4  ,spencer and ,gillen to the
 totemic system and to matters connected
 with  the social organization of the   
tribes2 and here again the authors      
insist upon the differences between the 
groups of tribes1 and that the  customs 
of no one tribe or group can be taken as
 typical of ,australia  generally in any
 other sense than as broad outline4     
,both works deal  with considerable     
fullness with the institution of        
marriage among the  ,australians1 and   
the customs by which too close          
intermarriage is  prevented4 ,among     
other subjects treated with especial    
fullness by  ,messrs4 ,spencer and      
,gillen are the totems1 the             
bull-roarers1 the  ,intichuma ceremonies

 7associated with the totems71 the      
initiation  ceremonies1 customs relative
 to the knocking out of teeth1          
traditions1  burial and mourning1 spirit
 individuals1 medicine men and magic1   
methods of obtaining wives1 myths1      
clothing1 weapons1 implements1          
decorative art1 and names4 ,professor   
,semon formed a moderate opinion  of the
 capacity of the ,australians4 ,though  
coarse and heavy1 their  faces are not  
bad looking and have expression4 ,they  
are no link  between monkeys and men1   
but human creatures through and through1
  though of one of the lowest types4    
,they have no pottery1 no  agriculture1 
no abstract ideas of any kind1 can not  
count very far1  but are clever in      
learning to write1 read1 and draw1 are  
experts in  signaling1 and have their   
intellect and senses brilliantly        
developed  in all directions bearing on 
the hunt1 with great dexterity in the   
use of weapons4        ,footnote #ac3   
,in the ,australian ,bush1 and on the   

,coast of the      ,coral ,sea4 ,being  
the ,experiences and ,observations of a 
,naturalist      in ,australia1 ,new    
,guinea1 and the ,moluccas4 ,new ,york3 
,the      ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4     
#eeb4 ,price1 #f4ej4        ,footnote   
#ad3 ,the ,native ,tribes of ,central   
,australia4 ,by ,baldwin      ,spencer  
and ,f4 ,j4 ,gillen4 ,new ,york3 ,the   
,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4      #fga1    
with maps and plates4 ,price1 #f4ej4    
,,general ,,notices4    ,miss ,mary ,h4 
,kingsley has given in her ,west        
,african ,studies#ae a  book marked by  
pungent wit and striking originality in 
its sketches of  adventure and          
observation1 and containing in the      
chapters devoted to  ethnology results  
of her personal studies4 ,she was       
already known by a  record of her       
adventures of a young ,englishwoman     
traveling alone  through some of the    
worst regions of ,west ,africa1 embodied
 in her book  ,travels in ,west ,africa1
 which was published in the latter part 

of  #ahih4 ,the present book may be     
regarded1 as its name implies1 as the   
result and the embodiment of the        
afterthoughts of that hazardous         
journey4 ,it includes1 after            
descriptions in which the unconventional
  directness of expression is much to be
 remarked1 an account of ,african       
characteristics and a description of    
fishing in ,west ,africa1 chapters  of a
 soberer sort on fetich1 schools of     
fetich1 witchcraft1 ,african  medicine  
and the witch doctor1 and historical and
 economical chapters  on ,early ,trade1 
,french ,discovery1 ,commerce1 the      
,crown ,colony ,system  and some of its 
incidents1 ,the ,clash of ,cultures1 and
 ,african  ,property4 ,miss ,kingsley's 
criticisms of the present system of     
administration being regarded as rather 
destructive1 she endeavors to  set      
forth1 in a chapter entitled ,an        
,alternative ,plan1 some other way      
wherein the ,african colonies could be  
managed4 ,special attention is  invited 

by the author to two articles in the    
appendix to the volume by  ,m4 le ,comte
 ,c4 ,n4 de ,cardi and ,mr4 ,john       
,harford4 ,we are pleased to  note the  
high appreciation which ,miss ,kingsley 
expresses of the  anthropological work  
concerning west-coast tribes of our     
former  contributor1 ,colonel ,a4 ,b4   
,ellis--,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis when he     
died4        ,footnote #ae3 ,west       
,african ,studies4 ,by ,mary ,h4        
,kingsley4 ,new ,york3      ,the        
,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #fcc1 with    
,map4 ,price1 #e4    ,mr4 ,frederick    
,palmer's ,in the ,klondyke#af is an    
unpretentious book  and free from the   
appearance of sensationalism1 but gives 
a clear and  graphic account of the     
region and its ways and of the getting  
there at  the breaking up of winter4    
,the author was at ,dyea late in        
,february1  having intended to go with a
 ,government relief expedition which had
  found no occasion to proceed farther4 
,being thus left out1 he  undertook1    

with dogs and sledges and two companions
 who proved  congenial1 the untried     
journey of six hundred miles over the   
ice  fields of the ,lewes ,lakes and the
 ice packs of the ,yukon ,river1 which  
had been the contemplated route of the  
expedition4 ,the start was made  about  
the #ahth of ,march1 with little time to
 spare1 because the ,yukon  was expected
 to become impassable by the #bjth of   
,april4 ,the ,chilkoot  ,pass was       
achieved in a day1 and the rest of the  
journey was made  downhill with the     
current of the river at the rate of     
eight inches to  the mile1 in weather   
that became very variable1 with now hard
  freezing and now slush in the middle  
of the day4 ,the difficulties of  the   
journey must have been formidable1 with 
considerable suffering1  besides a week 
in a hut with the measles1 but no       
complaint further  than the mention of  
the incidents appears in the author's   
story4 ,on  some of the days the        
thermometer ranged from #aj to #bj below

 zero at  two o'clock in the morning1 to
 #hj above at night1 and the author had 
one ear blistered by the frost and the  
other by the sun in the same  day4 ,the 
party arrived at ,dawson just four days 
before the final  break-up of the ice in
 the river4 ,accounts corresponding in  
temper and  vividness with that of the  
journey are given of ,dawson1 the miners
 and  mining1 the history of the        
,klondyke mining enterprise1 ,klondyke  
types  of character and adventure1 the  
toils and trials and profit and losses  
of the ,pilgrims1 the workings of the   
,government1 and the return home  to    
civilization--which does not appear1    
after all1 to have offered              
transcendentally superior attractions to
 those who had experienced the  pleasure
 of adventure4        ,footnote #af3 ,in
 the ,klondyke1 including an ,account of
 a ,winter's      ,journey to ,dawson4  
,by ,frederick ,palmer4 ,new ,york3     
,charles      ,scribner's ,sons4 ,pp4   
#bah1 with plates4 ,price1 #a4ej4       

,the ,history of ,physics in its        
,elementary ,branches#ag has been       
prepared by ,professor ,cajori in the   
belief that some attention to  the      
history of a science helps to make it   
attractive1 and that the  general view  
of the development of the human         
intellect gained in  reading a history  
on the subject is in itself stimulating 
and  liberalizing4 ,the author has had  
in mind ,professor ,ostwald's           
characterization of the absence of the  
historical sense and the want  of       
knowledge of the great researches upon  
which the edifice of science  rests as a
 defect in the present method of        
teaching4 ,the subject is  treated by   
periods4 ,in ancient times the ,greeks1 
while displaying  wonderful creative    
genius in metaphysics1 literature1 and  
art1 being  ignorant of the method of   
experimentation1 achieved relatively    
little  in natural science4 ,the ,roman 
scientific writers were contented to    
collect the researches of ,greek        

professors4 ,except in a few instances  
the ,arabs did not distinguish          
themselves in original research4        
,writers  in the middle ages were only  
commentators1 and knew nothing of       
personal investigation4 ,the physicist  
of the renascence abandoned  scholastic 
speculation and began to study ,nature  
in the language of  experiment4 ,the    
seventeenth century was a period of     
great experimental  as well as          
theoretical activity4 ,in the eighteenth
 century speculation  was less          
effectively restrained and guided by    
experiments4 ,the  nineteenth century   
has overthrown the leading theories of  
the  previous one hundred years1 and has
 largely built anew on the older        
foundations laid during the seventeenth 
century4 ,the evolution of  physical    
laboratories1 first for teachers and    
then for students1 is  the subject of   
the last chapter4        ,footnote #ag3 
,a ,history of ,physics in its          
,elementary ,branches1      including   

the ,evolution of ,physical             
,laboratories4 ,by ,florian             
,cajori4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,macmillan    
,company4 ,pp4 #cbb4 ,price1 #a4fj4     
,the ,great ,commanders ,series of ,d4  
,appleton and ,company is enriched  by a
 biography of ,general ,sherman1#ah whom
 the author1 ,general  ,manning ,f4     
,force1 styles the most picturesque     
figure in our civil  war4 ,he was more  
than this2 he was its scholar and       
statesman--a man  distinguished by the  
possession of high military combined    
with the  best civil qualities4         
,further1 as ,general ,force well says1 
his  character was absolutely pure and  
spotless4 ,in his dealings with the     
,vigilance ,committee in ,san ,francisco
 he assumed a position which it         
required courage of a much higher order 
than a soldier's to maintain4  ,while   
comfortably situated as an honored      
professor in the ,state  ,military      
,academy of ,louisiana when the         
,legislature passed the  ,ordinance of  

,secession1 he had no hesitation in     
deciding what to do4  ,he at once gave  
in his resignation in a letter that is a
 model of  manliness1 declaring his     
preference to maintain allegiance to the
  ,constitution of the ,united ,states  
as long as a fragment of it  survives4  
,his career as a general in the civil   
war is described at  length4 ,through it
 all his foresight1 seeking always to   
accomplish the  most with the least     
expenditure and ultimate suffering1 to  
which his  strategy was adapted1 is     
conspicuous4 ,at this time and afterward
 his  supreme thought appears to have   
been as to what would best conduce to   
the permanent good of the republic4 ,to 
his military ability and  self-effacing 
patriotism he added a far-seeing wisdom 
in council that  could always be relied 
upon4 ,in his most unguarded words his  
principle was always clear1 noble1 and  
intensely patriotic1 and his  careless  
colloquial expressions often covered a  
practical wisdom and  insight of a most 

striking kind4        ,footnote #ah3    
,general ,sherman4 ,by ,general ,manning
 ,f4 ,force4 ,new      ,york3 ,d4       
,appleton and ,company4 ,pp4 #cec4      
,in preparing their ,text-,book of      
,algebra#ai the authors1 assuming  that 
mental discipline is of the first       
importance to every student of          
mathematics1 have endeavored to present 
the elements of the science in  a clear 
and logical form1 while yet keeping the 
needs of beginners  constantly in mind4 
,special attention is given to making   
clear the  reason for every step taken2 
each principle is first illustrated by  
particular examples1 and then rules and 
suggestions for performing the          
operation are laid down4 ,the authors   
have endeavored to avoid apparent       
conciseness at the expense of clearness 
and accuracy1 and have thereby  made    
their volume somewhat larger than       
ordinary text-books4 ,features  to which
 attention is called are the development
 of the fundamental  operations with    

algebraic numbers and the concrete      
illustrations of  these operations2 the 
use of type forms in multiplication and 
division  and in factoring2 the         
application of factoring to the solution
 of  equations2 the solutions of        
equations based upon equivalent         
equations  and equivalent systems of    
equations2 the treatment of irrational  
equations2 the discussions of general   
problems and the interpretation  of     
positive1 negative1 zero1 intermediate1 
and infinite solutions of  problems2 the
 treatment of inequalities and their    
applications2 the  outline of a         
discussion of irrational numbers2 a     
brief introduction to  imaginary and    
complex numbers2 and the great number of
 graded examples  and problems4         
,footnote #ai3 ,text-,book of ,algebra1 
with ,exercises for ,secondary          
,schools and ,colleges4 ,by ,george     
,egbert ,fisher and ,isaac ,j4          
,schwatt4 ,part ,i4 ,philadelphia3      
,fisher  ,schwatt4 ,pp4 #fhc4 ,price1   

#a4be4    ,the material of the ,primary 
,arithmetic1 ,number ,studies for the   
,second1 ,third1 and ,fourth ,grades1 of
 ,a4 ,r4 ,hornbrook 7,american ,book    
,company71 has been chosen with careful 
reference to the development of  the    
number sense of little children1 as     
noticed by the author and as  reported  
by many other observers4 ,a distinctive 
feature of the work is  the use of      
diagrams called number tables1 as a     
concrete basis for  the child's thinking
 while he is getting his first ideas of 
the facts  of the addition and          
multiplication tables4 ,in them the     
numbers up to  one hundred are presented
 in columns of tens1 and so handled as  
to  exhibit to the child's conception   
the relations of the several digits4    
,by their use he first learns the       
properties of ten1 then of two1 and  so 
on of the others--not presented in      
regular order1 but with a view  of      
exhibiting special properties--and their
 relations to one another4  ,the method 

is ingenious and appears useful4    ,the
 study on ,rhode ,island and the        
,formation of the ,union1 of the        
,columbia ,university ,series in        
,history1 ,economics1 and ,public ,law  
7,the  ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york71
 was undertaken by ,mr4 ,frank ,greene  
,bates in order to ascertain why ,rhode 
,island so long delayed its             
ratification of the ,federal            
,constitution4 ,the delay seems to have 
been  largely a matter of the assertion 
of ,state rights1 in which ,rhode       
,island appears at that time to have    
been but little1 if any1 behind  ,south 
,carolina4 ,liberty was the presiding   
genius of the spiritual  life of the    
colony1 and the principle of freedom of 
conscience was  never lost sight of2 and
 this could not otherwise than heighten 
the  other characteristics of the       
colony--individualism4 ,the course      
pursued was the natural outcome of the  
conditions of the times1 the            
outcropping of the undying love of the  

people of the ,state for  democracy and 
liberty1 and their jealousy of all      
authority outside  their own boundaries4
    ,no book up to recent date1 says the
 author of ,pantheism1 the ,light  and  
,hope of ,modern ,reason1 who signs his 
name ,c4 ,amryc1 and gives  no          
publisher's name1 has treated pantheism 
as consistently as it  deserves to be   
treated2 and he adds that it is no      
creed2 it is a  logic2 it makes         
absolutely no demand upon 'belief'2 what
 is not  logical is rejected1 what is   
logical to-day is accepted1 no matter   
whether it was unlogical a thousand     
years ago or will be illogical a        
thousand years hence2 we are only       
responsible for our times4 ,as          
pantheism1 if it is a true logic1 must  
be applicable to all races1 the  author 
has not chosen his examples from one    
nation or tribe2 and he  believes that  
the views he expresses are also those of
 nine tenths of  what is called modern  
science4 ,many topics are treated of1   

some of  which would not at first       
thought be associated with an exposition
 of  pantheism4 ,the matter and manner  
of the book are various4 ,parts of it   
are fairly good reading2 other parts    
strike us as different4    ,a book on   
,the ,principles of ,agriculture1       
prepared by ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4  ,bailey as a
 text-book for schools and rural        
societies1 is published  as a number of 
the ,rural ,science ,series of the      
,macmillan ,company  7#a4be74 ,in it    
agriculture is treated as a business1   
not a science1  but as a business which 
is aided at every point by a knowledge  
of  science4 ,it is on the science side 
that the experimenter is able to  help  
the farmer4 ,on the business side the   
farmer must rely upon  himself1 for the 
person who is not a good business man   
can not be a  good farmer1 however much 
he may know of science4 ,the principle  
of  the intelligent application of      
knowledge is illustrated in a remark of 
the author's about the treating of      

drainage4 ,the learner is apt to  begin 
at the wrong end of his problem4 ,in the
 usual method the pupil  or reader is   
first instructed in methods of laying   
drains4 ,but  drainage is not the unit4 
,the real unit is texture and moisture  
of  soils--plowing1 draining1 green     
cropping1 are methods of producing a    
given or desired result4 ,the real      
subject-matter for first  consideration1
 therefore1 is amelioration of soil1    
rather than laying  of drains4          
,professor ,bailey aims throughout this 
book to get at the  real subject-matter 
for first consideration in matters      
relating to  soils1 the plant and crops1
 and the animals and stock4    ,ideals  
and ,programmes 7,c4 ,w4 ,bardeen1      
,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 #ge cents7 is  a    
collection of thoughtful and suggestive 
essays1 by ,jean ,l4 ,gourdy1  on the   
practical side of school life and the   
teaching of children4 ,the  author's    
ideal seems to be that the teacher      
should have a plan for her  work1       

preparing for it so as to have the whole
 course marked out on  general lines for
 the entire school year4 ,thus1 her     
occupation should  be to qualify herself
 for doing the work right4 ,these       
statements of  general principles are   
followed by essays on reading and plans 
for  teaching1 correlation as the       
headstone of the corner of successful   
teaching1 geography1 sand modeling1     
field lessons1 kindergarten  training1  
and discipline4 ,the burden of the whole
 is by skillful  adaptation to get the  
best possible out of every lesson1 in   
which a  liberal use of field work      
assists greatly1 and above all to avoid 
the  stiff1 formal1 juiceless lessons of
 the old style of teaching4    ,there   
have been several biographies of        
,faraday1 most of them now out  of      
print2 but the life1 work1 methods1     
character1 and aims of the  man--who was
 beyond all question the greatest       
scientific expositor of  his time--can  
not be kept too constantly or too long  

before the minds  of students4 ,welcome1
 therefore1 is the easily accessible and
  convenient volume ,michael ,faraday3  
,his ,life and ,work1 which has been    
prepared by ,prof4 ,sylvanus ,p4        
,thompson1 and is published by the      
,macmillan ,company in their ,century   
,science ,series 7#a4be74 ,the work by  
which ,faraday contributed so much to   
the advancement of knowledge is  made   
prominent1 and is illustrated largely1  
due regard being had to  the limitations
 of the size of the book1 with citations
 from his own  journal and copies of his
 drawings4    ,in ,american ,indians1 a 
book second in order but first in date  
of  publication of a series of          
,ethno-,geographic ,readers 7,d4 ,c4    
,heath   ,co41 ,boston71 ,prof4         
,frederick ,starr has succeeded in      
conveying a  large amount of information
 about our aborigines in a very small   
space1 and has done it in a clear style 
and a very satisfactory  manner4 ,the   
book is intended as a reading book for  

boys and girls in  school1 to whose     
tastes and capacity it seems well       
adapted2 but the  author will be pleased
 if it also interests older readers1 and
 hopes  it may enlarge their sympathy   
with our native ,americans4 ,besides the
  accounts of the tribal divisions1     
general customs1 manner of life1        
houses1 and institutions--which when    
they are counted up are found to  be    
quite numerous--it has articles on the  
sign language1 medicine men  and secret 
societies1 the mounds and their         
builders1 ,george ,catlin and  his work1
 the cliff-dwellings and ruins of the   
,southwest1 the tribes  of the          
,northwest coast1 matters of religious  
and mythological  significance1 the     
,aztecs1 the ,mayas1 and the ruined     
cities of ,yucatan  and ,central        
,america4    ,the revision1 for the     
fifth edition1 of ,h4 ,newell ,martin's 
,the ,human  ,body 7,henry ,holt  ,co41 
,new ,york1 #a4bj7 was undertaken by    
,prof4  ,george ,wills ,fitz with the   

idea of bringing the book into accord   
with the late developments of           
physiology1 of simplifying the treatment
  of some parts while expanding that of 
others1 and of giving additional        
illustrations4 ,every effort has been   
made to avoid injuring those  features  
of the author's work which have         
contributed to making the  book so      
favorably known4 ,the changes in the    
first nine chapters are  largely verbal2
 but considerable alterations and       
additions have been  made in some of the
 succeeding chapters4 ,the directions   
for  demonstrations and experiments have
 been greatly enlarged and  collected   
into an appendix4 ,they include the new 
requirements in  anatomy1 physiology1   
and hygiene for admission to ,harvard   
,college and  the ,lawrence ,scientific 
,school4    ,we have already noticed    
some of ,lucy ,s4 ,w4 ,wilson's         
excellent  ,manuals on ,nature ,study1  
particularly the one intended for the   
guidance of teachers4 ,we now have in   

the same line the ,first ,reader  of a  
series on ,nature ,study in ,elementary 
,schools 7,new ,york3 ,the  ,macmillan  
,company1 #ce cents71 a book composed of
 original matter and  selections which  
has been prepared with the desire of    
putting into  the hands of little       
children literature which shall have for
 their  minds the same interest and     
value that really good books have for   
grown-up people4 ,but the author does   
not expect to accomplish this by  merely
 giving the book to the child and       
leaving the reading to work  out its own
 effect4 ,each of the lessons is        
intended to be preceded by  a ,nature   
lesson4 ,during or after the reading a  
lesson should be given  in the new words
 introduced1 and afterward the lessons  
should be  grasped for the sake of      
thought4 ,the lessons1 which have       
appropriate  illustrations from ,nature1
 present some novel features4 ,among    
them is  an apparent intention in the   
original compositions to follow the     

child's method of thought4    ,the      
,american ,elementary ,arithmetic       
7,american ,book ,company7 is  intended 
by the author1 ,prof4 ,m4 ,a4 ,bailey1  
to cover the first five  years' work    
7beginning apparently very young7 in the
 study1 and is the  first of a two-book 
series4 ,it is divided into two         
parts--for the  primary and for the     
three succeeding grades4 ,it            
contemplates the use  of apparatus1     
consisting of paper1 pasteboard1 toy    
money1 blocks1 and  splints4 ,the       
attempt is made to give every subject   
twice3 first in  pictures1 and second in
 the particular form of printed words4  
,mathematical conceptions are presented 
in the first chapter in the  order in   
which they are supposed to arise in the 
child's  consciousness--first1 once or  
more1 indefinitely2 next1 how many1 by  
holding up fingers1 laying down sticks1 
etc42 and then by words1 and  so on--all
 introductory work designed to develop  
step by step a  mathematical vocabulary1

 and to form a habit of clear           
mathematical  thinking4 ,the laboratory 
plan is followed in the succeeding      
chapters4    ,in the ,language ,lessons 
of ,j4 ,g4 ,park 7,american ,book       
,company7 an  arrangement of the matter 
is aimed at which will draw upon the    
student  for such effort as may be      
expected at a given stage of            
advancement1  which will cause him to   
think first and then to express his     
thought  with clearness and precision4  
,in the succeeding parts are given      
exercises on language work1 with special
 drills upon capitalization  and        
punctuation1 inductive lessons in       
grammar1 and1 finally1 lessons  so      
graded that a student may advance very  
readily from them into the  higher work 
of grammar4 ,the study is facilitated by
 the use of  striking illustrations as  
the basis of lessons4    ,the           
,semi-annual ,report of ,schimmel and   
,company 7,leipsic and ,new  ,york71    
though primarily a business document1   

furnishes much  information about the   
industries in essential oils and fine   
chemicals1  and concerning progress in  
the departments of chemical science     
relating to these4 ,the report for      
,october1 #ahih1 speaks of much         
research and many valuable studies as   
having been carried on during  the      
preceding six months in the domain of   
the essential oils and their            
constitution1 and of ample material for 
scientific reports as having  been      
gathered4      ,,publications           
,,received4    ,agricultural ,experiment
 ,stations4 ,bulletins and ,reports4    
,connecticut3  ,no4 #abh4 ,commercial   
,feeding ,stuffs4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,no4 #abi4  
,inspection and  ,care of ,nursery      
,stock4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,britton4 ,pp4 #aj4 
,twenty-second ,annual  ,report1 ,part  
,,ii1 ,food ,products4 ,pp4             
#abj4--;,cornell ,university3 ,no4 #afe4
  ,ropiness in ,milk and ,cream4 ,by ,a4
 ,r4 ,ward4 ,pp4 #af2 ,no4 #aff4        
,sugar-,beet  ,investigations for #ahih4

 ,pp4 #ej2 ,no4 #afg4 ,the ,construction
 of the  ,stave ,silo4 ,by ,l4 ,a4      
,clinton4 ,pp4 #af4--;,hatch ,station1  
,massachusetts  ,agricultural ,college3 
,no4 #fa4 ,asparagus ,rust4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 
,stone and ,r4 ,e4  ,smith4 ,pp4        
#bj4--;,iowa ,agricultural ,college3    
,no4 #dj4 ,relation of ,acid            
,fermentation to ,butter ,flavor and    
,aroma4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,no4 #da4 ,new        
,orchard  ,fruits and ,shrubs4 ,pp4 #fd2
 ,no4 #db4 ,weeds and ,potato ,scab4    
,pp4 #ab4--,new  ,hampshire             
,agricultural ,college3 ,no4 #fc4 ,third
 ,potato ,report4 ,by ,f4  ,william     
,ranes4 ,pp4 #cb2 ,no4 #fd4 ,the ,forest
 ,tent ,caterpillar4 ,by  ,clarence ,m4 
,weed4 ,pp4 #bd4--,new ,jersey3 ,no4    
#acf4 ,field ,experiments with          
,nitrogenous ,fertilizers4 ,by ,e4 ,b4  
,voorhees4 ,pp4 #cb4--,new ,york3 ,no4  
#adi  7popular edition74 ,will ,poultry 
thrive on ,grain ,alone8 ,by ,f4 ,h4    
,hall  and ,w4 ,p4 ,wheeler4 ,pp4 #g2   
,no4 #aea 7popular edition74 ,how       

,ringing  affects ,grapes4 ,by ,f4 ,h4  
,hall and ,wendell ,paddock4 ,pp4 #d2   
,no4 #aeb  7popular edition74 ,two      
,apple ,pests and how to check them4 ,by
 ,f4 ,h4  ,hall and ,v4 ,h4 ,lane4 ,pp4 
#h2 ,no4 #aec4 ,director's ,report for  
#ahih4 ,by ,w4  ,h4 ,jordan4 ,pp4 #cf2  
,no4 #aed 7popular edition74 ,profitable
 ,potato  ,fertilizing4 ,by ,f4 ,h4     
,hall and ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan4 ,pp4 #b2 ,no4
 #aee 7popular  edition74 ,sugar-,beet  
,success for the ,season4 ,by ,f4 ,h4   
,hull and ,l4 ,l4  ,van ,slyke4 ,pp4    
#h4--,ohio3 ,no4 #ajj4 ,the ,home       
,mixing of ,fertilizers4 ,by  ,c4 ,r4   
,thorne4 ,pp4 #dj2 ,no #aja4 ,oats4 ,by 
,j4 ,f4 ,hickman4 ,pp4 #bd2 ,no4 #ajb4  
,treatment for ,insect ,pests and ,plant
 ,diseases1 etc4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,green and 
others4 ,sheet2 ,no4 #ajc4 ,the ,san    
,jos ,scale ,problem4 ,by ,f4 ,m4       
,webster4  ,pp4 #bd4 ,newspaper         
,bulletin ,no4 #aib4 ,bovine            
,tuberculosis4 ,pp4  #b4--,purdue       
,university3 ,no4 #ge4 ,the ,sugar      

,beet4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,husten and ,a4  ,h4 
,bryan4 ,pp4 #bj2 ,no4 #gf4 ,skim ,milk 
for ,young ,chickens4 ,by ,w4 ,b4       
,anderson4 ,pp4 #h2 ,no4 #gg4 ,field    
,experiments with ,corn4 ,by ,w4 ,c4    
,latta  and ,w4 ,b4 ,anderson4 ,pp4     
#afj4--,university of ,illinois4        
,eleventh ,annual  ,report4 ,pp4 #af2   
,no4 #hd4 ,spraying ,apple ,trees4 ,by  
,j4 ,c4 ,blair4 ,pp4  #cf4--,united     
,states ,department of ,agriculture4    
,natural ,history of the  ,marias       
,islands1 ,mexico4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,nelson4 
,pp4 #if4--,west ,virginia4  ,nursery   
,hints4 ,by ,l4 ,c4 ,corbett4 ,pp4 #bd4 
,barber1 ,edwin ,atlee4 ,anglo-,american
 ,pottery1 ,old ,english ,china with    
,american ,views4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind43 
,press of the ,clay ,worker4 ,pp4 #age4 
,barrett1 ,john4 ,the ,philippine       
,islands and ,america's ,interests in   
the  ,far ,east4 ,hong-,kong4 ,pp4 #fe4 
,binet1 ,alfred4 ,the ,psychology of    
,reasoning4 ,based on ,experimental     
,researches ,in ,hypnotism4 ,chicago3   

,open ,court ,publishing ,company4 ,pp4 
#aia4 #ge cents4    ,bridges and ,framed
 ,structures4 ,monthly4 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4  
#b4 ,may1 #ahii4  ,chicago3 ,the ,d4 ,h4
 ,ranck ,publishing ,company4 ,pp4 #ib1 
with plates4 #cj  cents4    ,brooks1    
,william ,keith4 ,the ,foundations of   
,zology4 ,new ,york3 ,the  ,macmillan   
,company4 ,pp4 #cci4 #b4ej4    ,bullen1 
,frank ,t4 ,idylls of the ,sea4 ,with an
 ,introduction by ,j4 ,st4 ,loe         
,strachey4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton and
 ,company4 ,pp4 #bhf4 #a4be4            
,bulletins1 ,reports1 ,transactions1    
etc4 ,american ,society of ,civil       
,engineers3 ,proceedings4 ,vol4 ,,xxv4  
,no4 #d4 ,pp4 #aej4--;,british          
,columbia1  ,province of3 ,annual       
,report of the ,minister of ,mines to   
,december #ca1  #ahih4 ,pp4 #bhj1 with  
maps4--,chicago ,manual ,training       
,school 7,university  of ,chicago73     
,catalogue1 #ahih-'ii4 ,pp4 #bj4--;,city
 of ,seattle1 ,county of  ,king1 ,state 
of ,washington3 ,report of the ,chamber 

of ,commerce4 ,pp4  #cc4--;,city        
,library ,association1 ,springfield1    
,mass43 ,bibliography of  ,geographical 
,instruction4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,monroe4 ,pp4 
#h4--;,geographical  ,society of        
,washington3 ,presidential ,address of  
,arnold ,hague1 ,minutes  for #ahig and 
#ahih1 etc4 ,pp4 #dh4--,massachusetts   
,institute of  ,technology3 ,annual     
,report of the ,president and ,treasurer
 for #ahih4 ,pp4  #if1 with plates2     
,annual ,catalogue1 #ahih-'ii4 ,pp4     
#cdg4--,michigan  ,college of ,mines3   
,catalogue1 #ahif to #ahih4 ,pp4        
#aib4--,new ,york ,academy  of ,natural 
,sciences3 ,annals4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,part   
,,iii4 ,december #a1 #ahih4 ,pp4        
#bcj4--,ohio ,state ,university1        
,department of ,zology and ,entomology1 
,no4  #a3 ,the ,odonata of ,ohio4 ,by   
,david ,s4 ,kellicott4 ,pp4             
#aaf4--,united ,states  ,department of  
,labor3 ,no4 #ba4 ,pp4 #ahh4--,united   
,states ,life-,saving  ,service3 ,annual
 ,report of ,operations to ,june #cj1   

#ahih4 ,pp4 #ddh4--,utah1  ,state of3   
,second ,biennial ,report of the        
,superintendent of ,public              
,instruction1 to ,june #cj1 #ahih4 ,pp4 
#cag1 with tables4--,war ,department  of
 the ,united ,states3 ,customs ,tariff  
and ,regulations for the  ,philippine   
,islands4 ,pp4 #dj4    ,burgess1 ,o4 ,o4
 ,a ,question of ,consciousness4 ,san   
,francisco4 ,pp4 #dj4    ,cumulative    
,index to a ,selected ,list of          
,periodicals4 ,third ,annual  ,volume1  
#ahih4 ,cleveland1 ,ohio3 ,the          
,helman-,taylor ,company4 ,pp4 #gib4    
,coming ,age1 ,the4 ,a ,magazine of     
,constructive ,thought4 ,b4 ,o4 ,flower 
and  ,mrs4 ,c4 ,k4 ,reifsnider1         
,editors4 ,boston and ,st4 ,louis4 ,vol4
 ,i1 ,no4 #c4  ,march1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #aab4
 #bj cents4    ,eidlitz1 ,leopold4 ,on  
,light4 ,an ,analysis of the ,emersions 
of ,jupiter's  ,satellite ,i4 ,new      
,york3 ,the ,knickerbocker ,press4 ,pp4 
#ab4    ,elrod1 ,m4 ,j4 ,the ,college1  
,past and ,present4 ,bloomington1 ,ill43

 ,the  ,university ,press4 ,pp4 #bf4    
,fay1 ,edward ,allen4 ,marriages of the 
,deaf in ,america4 ,washington1 ,d4     
,c43 ,the ,volta ,bureau4 ,pp4 #ebg4    
,gardiner1 ,charles ,a4 ,our ,right to  
acquire and to hold ,foreign            
,territory4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4         
,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #ef4              
,international ,express ,company1 ,new  
,york4 ,chart of ,express ,routes over  
the ,world4 ,sheet4    ,interstate      
,commerce ,commission4 ,statistics of   
,railways in the ,united  ,states to    
,june #cj1 #ahig4 ,pp4 #fhg4    ,jacoby1
 ,johann4 ,the ,object of the ,labor    
,movement4 ,translated by  ,florence    
,kelley4 ,new ,york3 ,international     
,publishing ,company  7,international   
,monthly ,library74 ,pp4 #cf4 #e cents4 
,jackson1 ,frederick ,g4 ,a ,thousand   
,days in the ,arctic4 ,with ,preface by 
,admiral ,s4 ,f4 ,leopold ,mc,clintock4 
,new ,york3 ,harper  ,brothers4 ,pp4    
#idj4    ,jordan1 ,david ,starr1 with   
,official ,associates and ,special      

,contributors4 ,the ,fur ,seals and     
,fur-,seal ,islands of the ,north       
,pacific  ,ocean4 ,in ,two ,parts4      
,washington3 ,government ,printing      
,office4 ,pp4 #fjf1  with plates4       
,krger1 ,f4 ,c4 ,theo4 ,a ,step         
,forward1 ,a ,treatise on ,possible     
,social  ,reform4 ,new ,york3 ,isaac ,h4
 ,blanchard  ,co4 ,pp4 #cj4    ,lucas1  
,fred ,alexander4 ,the ,hermit          
,naturalist4 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j43 ,william
  ,hibbert4 ,pp4 #aba4    ,mc,laughin1  
,andrew ,c4 ,a ,history of the ,american
 ,nation4 ,new ,york3 ,d4  ,appleton and
 ,company4 ,pp4 #ehg4 #a4dj4    ,marsh1 
,o4 ,c4 ,the ,dinosaurs of ,north       
,america4 ,united ,states ,geological   
,survey4 ,pp4 #aab1 with #hd plates4    
,marshall1 ,percival4 ,small            
,accumulators1 ,how ,made and ,used4    
,new ,york3  ,spon and ,chamberlain4    
,pp4 #gh4 #ej cents4    ,michigan       
,ornithological ,club1 ,the4 ,bulletin  
of1 ,monthly4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4  #a4    
,january1 #ahii4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 

#ej cents a year4    ,moon1 ,clarence   
,b4 ,certain ,aboriginal ,mounds on the 
,coast of ,south  ,carolina4 7,journal  
of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of
  ,philadelphia47 ,pp4 #dj1 with plates4
    ,moses1 ,alfred ,j4 ,the ,characters
 of ,crystals4 ,an ,introduction to     
,practical ,crystallography4 ,new ,york3
 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand ,company4 ,pp4 #baa4
  #b4    ,munro1 ,john4 ,the ,story of  
the ,british ,race4 7,library of ,useful
  ,stories47 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton  
and ,company4 ,pp4 #bbh4 #dj cents4     
,palmer1 ,frederick4 ,in the ,klondyke4 
,including an ,account of a ,winter's   
,journey to ,dawson4 ,new ,york3        
,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 ,pp4 #bah4  
#a4ej4    ,porter1 ,robert ,p4          
,industrial ,cuba1 ,being a ,study of   
,present ,commercial  and ,industrial   
,conditions1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4   
,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4  #dbh4 #c4ej4     
,reprints4 ,bolin1 ,jacob4 ,on ,group   
,contests4 ,pp4 #ad4--;,coulter1 ,john  
,m4  ,notes on the ,fertilization and   

,embryology of ,conifers4 ,pp4 #d1 with 
plates4--,grabau1 ,amadeus ,w4          
,moniloperid1 ,a ,new ,family of        
,palozoic  ,corals4 ,pp4 #af1 with #d   
plates4--,hunter1 ,s4 ,j4 ,the ,coccid  
of ,kansas4  ,,ii4 ,pp4 #ab1 with #f    
plates4--,oliver1 ,charles ,a4 ,the     
,value of ,repeated  and ,differently   
,placed ,exposures to the ,roentgen     
,rays in determining  the ,location of  
,foreign ,bodies in and about the       
,eyeball4 ,pp4  #d4--,tyson1 ,james1 ,m4
 ,d41 ,philadelphia4 ,the ,uric-,acid   
,diathesis from a  ,clinical            
,standpoint4 ,pp4 #ae4--,washburn1 ,f4  
,l4 ,hermaphroditism in  ,ostrea        
,lurida4 ,pp4 #c4    ,the ,sanitary     
,home4 ,a ,magazine devoted to ,foods1  
,hygiene1 and  ,university ,extension   
,work4 ,monthly4 ,fargo1 ,north ,dakota4
 ,pp4 #bd4 #aj  cents4 #a a year4       
,schimmel  ,co41 ,leipsic and ,new      
,york4 ,semi-annual ,report 7,essential 
,oils1 etc474 ,april1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #fh4  
,smith1 ,d4 ,t4 ,philosophy of ,memory1 

and other ,essays4 ,louisville1 ,ky43   
,john ,p4 ,morton  ,co4 ,pp4 #bjc4      
,smithsonian ,institution4 ,crookes1    
,william4 ,diamonds4 ,pp4               
#af4--,nutting1  ,j4 ,c4 ,hydroida from 
,alaska and ,puget ,sound4 ,pp4 #ab1    
with plates4    ,todd1 ,david ,p4 ,stars
 and ,telescopes4 ,a ,handy ,book of    
,astronomy4  ,boston3 ,little1 ,brown   
,co4 ,pp4 #dai4 #b4    ,wetterstrand1   
,otto ,georg4 ,hypnotism and its        
,application to ,practical  ,medicine4  
,authorized ,translation4 ,by ,henrik   
,g4 ,petersen4 ,new ,york3 ,g4  ,p4     
,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #aff4             
,wilkensen1 ,h4 ,e41 ,acting ,secretary1
 and ,french1 ,h4 ,a41 ,acting          
,secretary4 ,an ,earnest ,word to ,our  
,friends4 ,portland1 ,oregon4 7,home    
,making there47    ,woodhull1 ,john ,f41
 and ,van ,arsdale1 ,m4 ,b4 ,chemical   
,experiments4 ,new  ,york3 ,henry ,holt 
,co4 ,pp4 #acf4          ,fragments of  
,science4      ,the ,gypsies and their  
,folk ,tales4--,in the introduction to  

his  collection of ,gypsy ,folk ,tales  
,mr4 ,francis ,h4 ,groome describes the 
wide dispersion of the gypsy race as    
extending1 in ,europe1 from  ,finland to
 ,sicily1 and from the shores of the    
,bosporus to the ,atlantic  seaboard2 in
 ,asia1 from ,siberia to ,india1 and    
from ,asia ,minor  7possibly7 to ,china2
 in ,africa1 from ,egypt and ,algeria to
 ,darfr and  ,kordofan2 and in ,america1
 from ,pictou in ,canada to ,rio        
,janeiro4  ,believing that the gypsies1 
originating in ,india1 left that region 
at  an unknown date very long ago1 he   
traces their migrations in the past  and
 shows that a part of the race is still 
very migratory1 passing1  among other   
routes1 between ,scotland and ,north    
,america1 and between  ,spain and       
,louisiana4 ,another migration not      
mentioned in his book is  the annual    
oscillation between north and south of  
the ,north ,american  gypsy colony1     
which is growing healthily4 ,the author 
finds it at  present quite impossible to

 fix the arrival of the gypsies in      
southeastern ,europe at a thousand years
 before ,christ or a thousand  years    
after4 ,if the ,komodromoi of the       
,byzantine writers were gypsies1  then  
these people must have been a recognized
 and familiar element of  the ,balkan   
population about as early as the latter 
date4 ,gypsies pass  for a very cunning 
people1 and such they are to outsiders1 
so that  ,romany or gypsy guile is a    
very common expression4 ,centuries of   
suspicion and repression have taught    
them to arm themselves proof  against   
confidence in strangers2 but to those   
who become acquainted  with them1 as    
,mr4 ,groome professes to have done and 
,george ,borrow did1  they present a    
character of simplicity and frankness4  
,there is1 as a  gypsy woman once said  
to a writer in ,the ,athenum1 somethin' 
in the  mind of a ,gorgio that shuts the
 ,romany's mouth and opens his eyes and 
ears4 ,gypsies are active transmitters  
of folklore1 and have rich  funds of    

stories2 and many believe that the      
folklore stories of ,europe  are        
traceable to ,indian sources1 whence    
they may have been transmitted  to      
,europe4 ,mr4 ,groome suggests how some 
of these stories may have  originated by
 telling of a gypsy girl he knew who    
dashed off what was  almost a folk tale 
impromptu4 ,she had been to a picnic in 
a  four-in-hand with a lot of real      
tiptop gentry1 and ,reia1 she said  to  
me afterward1 ,i'll tell you the        
comicallest thing as ever was4  ,we'd   
pulled up to put the brake on1 and there
 was a puro  hotchiwitchi 7old hedgehog7
 come and looked at us through the      
hedge1  looked at me hard4 ,i could see 
he'd his eye upon me4 ,and home he'd go1
  that old hedgehog1 to his wife1 and   
',missus1' he'd say1 'what d'ye  think8 
,i seen a little gypsy gal just now in a
 coach and four horses1'  and ',dabla1' 
she'd say1 'bless us1 every one now     
keeps a carriage4'    ,educational ,work
 of an ,experiment ,station4--,the      

survey of the year's  work of ,cornell  
,university ,agricultural ,experiment   
,station in its  efforts to help the    
farmer by dealing with present-day      
problems  includes mention of its       
investigations1 related in bulletins    
published  or to be published in        
reference to fruits1 their insect and   
fungoid  enemies1 vegetables1 flowers1  
sugar beets1 potatoes1 fertilizers1     
beans1 the dairy1 veterinary science1   
horticulture1 and plant disease4  ,much 
of the work of the station can not be   
published1 consisting as it  does of    
correspondence1 personal advice1        
attending meetings1 making  records1 or 
the performance of special illustrative 
experiments at  farmers' homes or in    
neighborhoods as object lessons4 ,it is 
a pity1  the report says1 that every    
farmer in the ,state can not be         
personally  touched at least once in his
 life by the methods and the inspiration
  of a good teacher4 ,the itinerant     
schools which were held in the early    

days of the extension work are regarded 
as being most beneficial when  the      
community has been awakened by simpler  
and more elementary means1  while the   
larger part of the work can be done more
 economically than  by them4 ,yet in    
particular places and cases they are of 
greatest  value1 and they are still held
 when suitable conditions prevail4      
,special dairy schools1 largely of the  
nature of practical  demonstrations1    
were held at various places4 ,the report
 lays much  stress on the importance of 
beginning the educational work with the 
children and upon the value of ,nature  
study4 ,more than sixteen  thousand     
school children have requested and been 
supplied with  information on the making
 of gardens4    ,flies as ,bearers of   
,disease4--,in estimating the relative  
importance  of flies and water supply in
 spreading disease1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,veeder
  distinguishes between intestinal and  
malarial disorders4 ,in the former  the 
infection is a bacillus of some sort1   

the presence of which can be  traced to 
contamination by excretions from a      
diseased bowel4 ,in the  latter the     
source of infection is peculiar to      
marshy or stagnant  water1 and          
independent of contamination from human 
sources4 ,it is the  author's belief    
that1 with relatively unimportant       
exceptions1  intestinal diseases are    
spread almost exclusively by flies and  
malarial diseases by water1 and he      
supports it by citations from  recent   
army experiences4 ,likewise1 during the 
recent ,british campaign  in ,fashoda1  
which was most carefully planned and    
took place in a  climate that is        
exceptionally dry and hygienic1 there   
was no abatement  of typhoid fever4 ,in 
the case of an outbreak of malignant    
dysentery  described by the author in a 
previous paper1 taken at its height1 not
  a new case occurred after measures    
were adopted that made conveyance  by   
flies impossible1 although there had    
been fresh ones every day for  some time

 previously4 ,another more recent lively
 epidemic of typhoid  mentioned by the  
author was ended in a day by measures   
directed  against conveyance by water4  
,when flies are responsible1 there are  
little neighborhood epidemics1 extending
 in short leaps from house to  house1   
without reference to water supply or    
anything else in common4  ,but when     
water is at fault the disease follows   
its use wherever it may  go4444         
,epidemics spread by flies tend to      
follow the direction of  prevailing warm
 winds1 as though the fly1 wandering    
outdoors after  contact with the source 
of infection1 had drifted with the wind1
 but  nothing of the sort is perceptible
 in the case of water-borne  disease4   
,pottery ,making and ,lead              
,poisoning4--,the report of ,professors 
,thorpe  and ,oliver on the subject of  
the employment of compounds of lead in  
the manufacture of pottery1 especially  
in its relation to the health  of the   
work people1 has just been issued as an 

,english blue book4 ,it  appears that of
 the total male workers in the year     
#ahih1 #d4i per cent  became leaded1    
while of the female workers the         
proportion was #ab4d  per cent4 ,it is  
stated that in the last six months many 
successful  attempts have been made by  
the manufacturers to substitute a       
leadless  glaze1 and there seems no     
doubt that glazes of sufficient         
brilliancy1  covering power1 and        
durability are now within the reach of  
the  manufacturer4 ,the exclusion of    
women from certain parts of the work1   
except where leadless glazes are used1  
is advocated1 and also various          
expedients for preventing the absorption
 of the lead by the skin1 such  as      
rubber gloves or dipping tongs4 ,their  
general conclusions are as  follows3    
,that by far the greater amount of      
earthenware of the class  already       
specified can be glazed without the use 
of lead in any form4  ,it has been      
demonstrated1 without the slightest     

doubt1 that the ware  so made is in no  
respects inferior to that coated with   
lead glaze4  ,there seems no reason1    
therefore1 why in the manufacture of    
this class  of goods the operatives     
should still continue to be exposed to  
the  evils which the use of lead glaze  
entails4 ,there are1 however1 certain   
branches of the pottery industry in     
which it would be more difficult  to    
dispense with the use of lead compounds4
 ,but there is no reason  why1 in these 
cases1 the lead so employed should not  
be in the form of  a fritted double     
silicate4 ,such a compound1 if properly 
made1 is but  slightly attacked by even 
strong hydrochloric1 acetic1 or lactic  
acid4  ,there can be little doubt that1 
if lead must be used1 the employment  of
 such a compound silicate--if its use   
could be insured--would  greatly        
diminish the evil of lead poisoning4    
,the use of raw lead as an  ingredient  
of glazing material1 or as an ingredient
 of colors which  have to be            

subsequently fired1 should be absolutely
 prohibited4 ,as it  would be very      
difficult to insure that an innocuous   
lead glaze shall  be employed1 we are of
 opinion that young persons and women   
should be  excluded from employment as  
dippers1 dippers' assistants1 ware      
cleaners after dippers1 and glost       
placers in factories where lead  glaze  
is used1 and that the adult male        
dippers1 dippers' assistants1  ware     
cleaners1 and glost placers should be   
subjected to systematic  medical        
inspection4 ,in the #ahic report the    
medical members of the  committee       
expressed the opinion that 'many old    
factories are wholly1  or in part1 unfit
 in a sanitary point of view for        
occupation1' and  they suggested that   
'there should be some authority to close
 them1 or  whatever part of them is     
condemned1 on the same principle as     
dwellings  are declared uninhabitable4' 
,we share this opinion and we concur in 
the suggestion4 ,certain of the         

factories we have inspected are in the  
last stages of dilapidation1 and it     
appears to us to be well-nigh           
impossible to introduce into them such  
rearrangements or additions as  are     
required by the amended special rules4  
,the ,longevity of ,animals4--,the      
following interesting table1 showing    
the periods of maturity and the full    
term of life of various animals1  was   
prepared by ,e4 ,d4 ,bell and appeared  
in ,nature for ,march #bc;d4 ,the  table
 was made for the purpose of            
demonstrating a constant relation  7in  
length7 between these two periods of    
life1 which the author  expresses in the
 following formula1 in which f4 t4 l4   
full term of  life1 and p4 m4 the time  
required to arrive at maturity3      f4 
t4 l4  #aj4e7p4 m47 _/ #croot7p4 m471 or
 #aj4e  7p4 m47#b_/c    and which seems 
to be fairly well borne out by the      
table3                                  
----------------------------------------
---------------                         

,,observations4            f4 t4 l4     
,,animal4                               
---------------------------------   by  
,authority4      p4 m4   f4t4l  formula4
                                        
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,mos4 ,yr4   ,yrs4  ,years4    ,dormouse
   ,ainslie ,hollis4  #c  4#be    #d-e  
#d4afg    ,guinea-pig ,flourens4        
#g  4#ehc   #f-g    #g4cc    ,loprabbit3
                                        
,buck     ,r4 ,o4 ,edwards1             
p4 m4           #i  4#ge     #h         
#h4fg      ,doe      ,r4 ,o4 ,edwards1  
p4 m4           #h  4#ffg    #h         
#h4jac                                  
,years4             ,cat        ,st4 ,g4
 ,mivart4     #a       #ab    #aj4e     
,cat        ,j4 ,jennings4       #b     
#ae    #af4fg    ,goat       ,pegler4   
#a4be    #ab    #ab4ah    ,fox          
,st4 ,g4 ,mivart4     #a4e    #ac-ad    
#ac4gf    ,cattle     ,ainslie ,hollis4 
#b       #ah    #af4fg    ,large dogs   

,dalziel1 p4 m4     #b      #ae-bj      
#af4fg    ,eng4 thor-                   
oughbred                                
horse     ,ainslie ,hollis4    #d4e     
#cj    #bh4fb    ,hog        ,james     
,long4        #e       #cj    #cj4g     
,hippopot-                              
amus      ,chambers's                   
,encyclopdia4    #e       #cj    #cj4g  
,lion       ,st4 ,g4 ,mivart4     #f    
#cj-dj  #cd4fg    ,eng4 horse           
--hunter  ,blaine4            #f4be     
#ce    #ce4fc    ,arab horse ,ainslie   
,hollis4    #h       #dj    #db4jj      
,camel      ,flourens4          #h      
#dj    #db4jj    ,man        ,buffon1 f4
 t4 l4  #be      #ij-ajj #hi4gg         
,elephant   ,darwin4           #cj      
#ajj   #aja4d    ,elephant   ,c4 ,f4    
,holder                                 
and ,indian                             
hunters4        #ce      #abj   #aab4ce 
----------------------------------------
-------------    ,the ,manufacture of   
,firecrackers in ,china4--,there were   

exported from  ,china during the year   
ending ,june #cj1 #ahig1 #bf1gje1gcc    
pounds of  firecrackers1 all from the   
province of ,kwantung4 ,the exports1    
however1  represent only a small portion
 of the number manufactured1 as the use 
of the cracker is universal all over    
,china4 ,they are used at weddings1     
births1 funerals1 at festivals1         
religious and civil1 and in fact on  all
 occasions out of the ordinary routine4 
,the ,united ,states consul  general at 
,shanghai gives the following account of
 the industry3 ,there  are no large     
factories2 the crackers are made in     
small houses and in  the shops where    
they are sold4 ,in making them only the 
cheapest kind  of straw paper is used   
for the body of the cracker4 ,a little  
finer  paper is used for the wrapper4 ,a
 piece of straw paper1 nine by thirty   
inches1 will make twenty-one crackers an
 inch and a half long and a  quarter    
inch in diameter4 ,the powder is also of
 the cheapest grade1  and is made in the

 locality where used4 ,it costs about   
six cents per  pound4 ,for the fuse a   
paper 7called leather in ,shanghai7 is  
used1  which is imported from ,japan1   
and is made from the inner lining of the
  bamboo4 ,in other places a fine rice  
paper is used1 generally stiffened      
slightly with buckwheat-flour paste1    
which the ,chinese say adds to its      
inflammability4 ,a strip of this paper  
one third of an inch wide by  fourteen  
inches 7a ,chinese foot7 long is laid on
 a table1 and a very  little powder put 
down the middle of it with a hollow     
bamboo stick4 ,a  quick twist of the    
paper makes the fuse ready for use4 ,the
 straw paper  is first rolled by hand   
around an iron rod1 which varies in size
  according to the size of cracker to be
 made4 ,to complete the rolling a  rude 
machine is used4 ,this consists of two  
uprights supporting an axis  from which 
is suspended1 by two arms1 a heavy piece
 of wood1 slightly  convex on the lower 
side4 ,there is just room between this  

swinging  block and top of the table to 
place the cracker4 ,as each layer of    
paper is put on by hand1 the cracker is 
placed on the table and the  suspended  
weight is drawn over the roll1 thus     
tightening it until no  more can be     
passed under the weight4 ,for the       
smallest whip crackers1  the workman    
uses for compression1 instead of this   
machine1 a heavy  piece of wood fitted  
with a handle like that of a carpenter's
 plane4  ,in filling crackers1 two      
hundred to three hundred are tightly    
tied  together in a bunch2 red clay is  
spread over the end of the bunch1 and   
forced into the end of each cracker with
 a punch4 ,while the clay is  being     
treated a little water is sprayed on it1
 which makes it pack  closer4 ,the      
powder is poured in at the other end of 
the cracker4 ,with  the aid of an awl   
the edge of the paper is turned in at   
the upper end  of the cracker1 and the  
fuse is inserted through this4 ,the long
 ends  of the fuses are braided together

 in such a way that the crackers lie  in
 two parallel rows4 ,the braid is       
doubled on itself1 and a large1         
quick-firing fuse inserted1 and the     
whole is bound with a fine thread4  ,the
 bundle is wrapped in paper and in this 
shape is sent to the  seacoast4 ,a      
variety of cracker which is very popular
 in ,china is the  twice-sounding       
cracker2 it has two chambers1 separated 
by a plug of  clay1 through which runs a
 connecting fuse4 ,there is also a fuse 
extending from the powder in the lower  
chamber through the side of the         
cracker4 ,when the cracker is to be     
fired1 it is set on end and fire        
applied to the fuse4 ,the powder        
exploding in the chamber throws the     
cracker high in the air1 where the      
second charge is exploded by fire  from 
the fuse extending through the plug     
between the two chambers4 ,in  the      
manufacture of these the clay is first  
packed in with a punch to  form the     
separating plug4 ,the lower chamber is  

then loaded with powder  and closed by  
turning over the paper at the end4 ,the 
upper chamber is  loaded and closed with
 clay4 ,a hole is punched in the side of
 the  lower chamber with an awl1 and the
 fuse inserted through this opening4    
,an ,enchanted ,ravine4--,during his    
archological researches in the  ,uloa   
,valley1 ,honduras 7,memoirs of ,peabody
 ,museum71 ,mr4 ,george ,byron  ,gordon 
made an excursion to the wonderful      
enchanted ravine1 ,quebrada  ,encantada1
 which was famous through all the       
country for its weather  wisdom4 ,it was
 situated in a deep valley1 and1 ,mr4   
,gordon says1 sends  forth a loud       
melodious sound which may be heard many 
miles away1 and  is regarded by the     
people of the region as an infallible   
sign of rain4  ,in fact1 it is a regular
 weather bureau1 with this peculiarity1 
that  it is always reliable2 for the    
sound is so modulated as to indicate by 
its pitch whether the coming storm is to
 be heavy or light4 ,the amount  of     

promised rain is in exact proportion to 
the volume of the sound1  and thus it   
proclaims to the accustomed ear with    
unerring precision  the approach of a   
passing shower or heralds the terrific  
thunderstorm  of the tropics2 and this  
is no fiction1 but a fact1 which any one
 may  demonstrate for himself by going  
and listening to it4 ,tradition says    
the ravine was the abode of a golden    
dragon1 and that in former times  it was
 lined with golden pebbles and the sands
 at its margin were  grains of gold1 and
 it was the custom of the golden dragon 
to rise  occasionally to the margin of  
the pool and receive the offerings that 
were made to him by the people4 ,if they
 wanted rain1 they would bring  their   
offerings and lay them on the golden    
sand behind the pool or  cast them on   
the water2 then1 while all the people   
chanted a prayer1  the dragon would rise
 from the cave where he dwelt in the    
depths of  the pool1 and take the good  
things that were offered him1 and there 

was never a drought or a famine in the  
land4 ,then1 when the ,spaniards  came  
and the people were driven from their   
homes1 the golden pebbles  and grains of
 gold disappeared1 and the golden       
dragon1 retiring into  the uttermost    
corner of his watery cavern1 withdrew   
forever from the  upper world4 ,there he
 still lives1 and1 as formerly1 controls
 the  clouds and the winds that bring   
the rain4 ,the spirits of the ,indians1 
too1 still hold their meetings of an    
occasional evening by their  accustomed 
pool1 now lost in the solitude of the   
forest1 and it is the  sound of their   
chanting that makes the voice of the    
ravine4 ,the pool  is formed by a       
cataract tumbling down the side of the  
mountain and  making a final fall of    
fifty feet1 and the sound of the        
tumbling of  the waters forms the basis 
of the pretty legend4    ,the ,work of  
the ,field ,columbian ,museum4--,making 
only a selection  from the numerous     
items of general interest in the ,annual

 ,report of  the ,director of the ,field
 ,columbian ,museum1 ,chicago1 for      
#ahig-'ih1 we  find mentioned the fall  
and spring courses of nine lectures     
each1 as  having been more largely      
attended than ever before1 hundreds of  
persons having been turned away from    
some of them1 and in one case  nearly a 
thousand4 ,the library contains #i1jjc  
books and #i1fcj  pamphlets1 and has had
 some valuable additions1 particularly  
in the  department of ,americana4 ,the  
additions to the collections include    
specimens from ,egypt1 ,italy 7ancient  
,etruscan and renaissance  ,venetian71  
,portuguese ,south ,africa1 ,pacific    
islands1 and ,alaska1 the  department   
representing which now numbers more than
 ten thousand  objects4 ,valuable       
contributions have been received from   
the expedition  of the curator of the   
anthropological 7physical7 department to
  ,arizona4 ,the herbarium of the late  
,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,bebb1 added to the        
botanical department1 represents much of

 the flora of the ,western  ,states1 and
 about all that of ,illinois4 ,numerous 
other botanical  collections and        
additions to the geological and         
zological departments  are mentioned4   
,field work was prosecuted by ,mr4 ,g4  
,a4 ,dorsey among the  ,hopi ,indians in
 ,arizona1 ,c4 ,f4 ,millspaugh in the   
collection of ,north  ,american forest  
trees1 and ,o4 ,c4 ,farrington in the   
,tertiary geology of  ,south ,dakota1   
,nebraska1 and ,wyoming4 ,other         
excursions were made among  the         
zinc-lead deposits of southeast         
,missouri1 to the ,olympian  ,mountains 
of the ,northwest1 to a point beyond    
which nothing unless  provided with     
wings could go1 etc41 all resulting in  
collections of  one kind or another4    
,the museum was visited by #c1ifc more  
persons than  in the year before4    ,a 
,year at ,harvard ,observatory4--,the   
director of ,harvard ,college           
,observatory reports the addition to the
 resources of the institution  of twenty

 thousand dollars bequeathed by         
,charlotte ,maria ,haven1 and           
twenty-five thousand dollars by ,eliza  
,appleton ,haven1 without further       
restriction in the application of the   
income than that it shall be for  direct
 purposes connected with astronomical   
science4 ,in these bequests  the        
legators fulfilled the wishes of their  
brother1 ,horace ,appleton  ,haven1 as  
expressed half a century ago4 ,by the   
peculiar organization  of the force of  
the observatory1 with a single director 
to oversee all  and a large force of    
assistants1 each having a special work  
and many  of them skillful only in that1
 an increased amount of work can be done
  for a given expenditure1 and great    
advantages for co-operation are         
secured1 but too much depends upon a    
single person--the director4 ,in  the   
examination of the spectra of stars     
photographed in the ,draper1  ,bruce1   
and ,bache telescopes by ,mrs4 ,fleming1
 twelve new variable stars  were        

discovered by means of their bright     
hydrogen lines1 and the  spectra of a   
considerable number of other stars were 
determined4  ,valuable results1 obtained
 by other examiners1 are mentioned4 ,an 
instrument has been constructed by which
 prismatic spectra can be  converted    
into normal spectra or any other desired
 change of scale can  be effected4 ,by  
photographs obtained of stars in the    
vicinity of the  north pole material is 
believed to be furnished for an accurate
  determination of the constants of     
aberration1 nutation1 and  precession4  
,sixteen circulars were issued during   
#ahig-'ih4 ,when fifty  of these        
circulars have been issued1 a title-page
 and index are to be  published for     
binding4    ,putting ,life in the       
,school4--,the discussion of the hygiene
 of  instruction1 said ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4     
,fitz1 in addresses which are published 
in  the ,american ,physical ,education  
,review1 brings us at once face to face 
with one of the gravest problems of our 

educational system--the  depressing     
effect of school routine4 ,in the search
 for a remedy the  school programme has 
been pronounced poor1 and efforts have  
been made  to enrich it4 ,the work has  
been pronounced abstract and object     
lessons  have been introduced2          
uninteresting and bright colors1 varied 
shapes1  pictures innumerable1 have been
 rushed upon the child until he has     
been bewildered by the multiplicity of  
detail1 and further exhausted  by the   
demand for more discriminating          
attention4 ,the fundamental  difficulty 
has been that too much has been required
 of the child in  the beginning1 and the
 attempt at enrichment and greater      
variety has  but increased the burden4  
,children begin learning to read before 
they  have acquired experience and ideas
 to match the text2 and experience  has 
shown over and over again that the child
 who begins to read at  eight or even   
ten years of age is in no wise          
handicapped in his later  intellectual  

progress4 ,he has the inestimable       
advantage of intense  interest1 roused  
by his growing ability to unlock the    
secrets of books  and papers after the  
fashion of his elders4 ,writing is      
taught before  the child has acquired   
the art of fine co-ordination1 and the  
effort  demanded in the use of the pen  
leads to a degree of nervous  exhaustion
 unapproached by any other school work4 
,in arithmetic the  children are unable 
to grasp the numerical relations        
involved1 and  the drill1 which makes it
 a pure exercise of memory1 is          
necessary4  ,much of the aversion to    
arithmetical problems found later is    
undoubtedly due to this disheartening   
primary work4 ,here again the  child who
 begins arithmetic at eight or ten years
 of age finds himself  able to take it  
up quickly and has the liking for it    
that easy mastery  always gives4 ,nature
 work1 on the other hand1 offers        
wonderfully  interesting and valuable   
material for awakening the intellectual 

activities of childhood1 and while its  
material for study and  description is  
unlimited1 its demand upon the child may
 be perfectly  adapted to his power of  
observation4 ,we must remember that     
physical  activity is the supreme factor
 in the development of the child4 ,this 
means spontaneous play under favorable  
conditions1 not that nervously          
exhausting and deadening drill known as 
the ,swedish gymnastics1 which  444 adds
 fatigue to fatigue1 by taking the      
initiative away from the  child and     
forcing him to pay constant attention to
 the orders of the  teacher4 ,as to     
discipline1 the child is                
self-disciplined when he is  held to his
 work by the reflex attention of        
interest4 ,this can always  be secured  
when the work is adapted to his grasp1  
when he has the  sense of power which   
comes with easy conquest1 when he is not
  exhausted by the imposition of a      
sequence logical to the adult mind  but 
meaningless to him1 when his attention  

is not dulled by a demand  for attention
 continued beyond a physiological limit4
    ,beautifying the ,home              
,grounds4--,the ,horticultural ,division
 of the  ,cornell ,university           
,agricultural ,experiment ,station has  
been making  efforts during the past few
 years1 under the auspices of the       
agricultural extension work1 to improve 
the surroundings of rural  houses1 a    
part of which consists in the           
publication of bulletins  giving hints  
as to how improved conditions and simple
 adornments may  be obtained without    
great expense4 ,one of these indicates  
as one of  the means of making the home 
attractive and keeping the boy on the   
farm the brightening of the place with  
flowers4 ,assuming that the  main       
planting of any place should be of trees
 and shrubs1 the flowers  are then used 
as decorations4 ,they may be thrown in  
freely about the  borders of the place1 
but not in beds in the center of the    
lawn4 ,they  show off better when seen  

against a background1 which may be      
foliage1  a building1 a rock1 or a      
fence4 ,where to plant flowers is really
 more  important than what to plant4 ,in
 front of bushes1 in the corner by the  
steps1 against the foundation of the    
residence or outhouse1 along a  fence or
 walk--these are places for flowers4 ,a 
single petunia plant  against a         
background of foliage is worth a dozen  
similar plants in the  center of the    
lawn4444 ,the open-centered yard may be 
a picture2 the  promiscuously planted   
yard may be a nursery or a forest4 ,a   
little  color scattered in here and     
there puts a finish to the picture4 ,a  
dash  of color gives spirit and         
character to the brook or pond1 to the  
ledge  of rocks1 to the old stump1 or to
 the pile of rubbish4 ,the flower       
garden1 if there is one1 should be at   
one side of the residence or at  the    
rear1 for it is not allowable to spoil a
 good lawn even with  flowers4          
,,minor ,,paragraphs4    ,of the twelve 

genera and fifty species of known ,north
 ,american frogs  and toads1 ,mr4       
,william ,l4 ,sherwood says1 in his     
paper in the  ,proceedings of the       
,linnan ,society1 ,new ,york1 that five 
genera and  fifty species are found in  
the vicinity of ,new ,york city4 ,some  
of  these are less secretive in habit   
than salamanders1 and therefore much    
better known4 ,as ponds and ditches have
 been drained1 the aquatic  forms have  
removed to greater distances from human 
dwellings1 and only  the more           
terrestrial toad and arboreal tree frogs
 have remained4 ,all  of our species    
have been described1 but the author     
believes that the  first mention of the 
cricket frog being found in this region 
is in a  paper on salamanders1 read by  
him in #ahie4 ,the breeding habits of   
these animals vary1 but all lay their   
eggs in water or moist places4  ,the    
purely amphibious and really aquatic    
species are three4 ,of the  other eight 
species1 one is burrowing1 five tend to 

be terrestrial1  inhabiting the woods   
and fields1 and two are arboreal4 ,the  
eggs are  laid in gelatinous envelopes1 
which swell after leaving the adult4 ,at
  the time of hatching the young tadpole
 has three pairs of external  gills1 but
 no mouth or anal opening4 ,two small   
suckers1 just back of  where the mouth  
is to appear1 enable it to cling to     
aquatic plants and  prevent its dropping
 to the bottom of the pond and getting  
smothered  in the mud4 ,it soon develops
 into a tadpole1 and proceeds to its    
development2 but if prevented from      
coming to the surface of the water  no  
metamorphosis takes place1 and the      
changes are delayed by cold and  dark4  
,at a meeting recently held in ,berlin  
in behalf of a ,german antarctic        
exploration1 ,dr4 von ,drygalski1       
speaking of the scientific1 practical1  
and national importance of the          
enterprise1 said that from a            
geographical point of view the          
fundamental problem attached to the     

south polar region--the verification or 
disproof of a polar  continent--is still
 unsolved4 ,no less important questions 
likewise  await solution with respect to
 the geological structure and character 
of the southern lands--so important in  
connection with a knowledge of  volcanic
 action and the supposed former         
connection of ,south ,america  and      
,australia--and with respect to the     
conditions of inland ice4 ,even  the    
study of the floating ice broken away   
from the main mass may lead  to         
important conclusions as to its mode of 
origin and the nature of  the land from 
which it comes4 ,other problems to be   
investigated are  the origin of the cold
 ocean currents that take their rise in 
the  south1 the conditions of the       
atmospheric pressure and temperature in 
that region1 and the questions relating 
to terrestrial magnetism1  which have a 
very important bearing on the practice  
of navigation4 ,the  present seems to be
 a particularly favorable period for the

 resumption  of south polar research by 
reason of the unusual amount of drift   
ice  which has within the last few years
 broken away from the main mass1  and   
because1 according to ,supan1 we are    
passing through a warmer  temperature   
period4    ,over and above the          
statistics and the bare record of facts 
the annual  reports of the ,perkins     
,institution and ,massachusetts ,school 
for the  ,blind afford a continuous and 
growing interest to friends of suffering
  mankind in their stories of the       
development of mental life and          
illumination4 ,pupils come there blind  
and deaf1 and apparently without  any   
avenues of intelligent communication    
with the outer world1 and are  there    
brought to full consciousness and       
keenness of intellect that  would be    
remarked even in many persons possessed 
of all their senses  perfect from birth4
 ,the record began with ,laura          
,bridgman1 was  continued with ,helen   
,keller1 and has been occupied for five 

or six  years past with the wonderful   
mental growth of ,elizabeth ,robin1     
,edith  ,m4 ,thomas1 and ,tommy         
,stringer4 ,before ,dr4 ,howe began with
 ,laura  ,bridgman1 such things would   
have been deemed impossible and not to  
be  thought of4      ,,notes4    ,the   
,swiss ,association for the ,protection 
of ,plants1 which was formed  in ,geneva
 in #ahhc1 has more than #ijj members1  
and publishes #a1ejj  copies of its     
bulletin1 which is sent1 besides the    
members of the  association1 to the     
libraries of foreign ,alpine clubs1 the 
press1  botanists1 curs1 and            
municipalities in countries harboring   
plants  that require protection4 ,under 
its care1 or the influence of its work1 
gardens have been created in various    
places and devoted especially to  the   
cultivation of such plants as are most  
threatened with extinction4  ,of these  
are the ,linnea ,garden in the ,valais1 
#e1ejj feet above the  sea2 the         
,chanousia1 founded five years ago by   

,r4 ,p4 ,chanoux1 rector of  the        
,hospice of ,st4 ,bernard1 #f1hjj feet2 
and the ,rambertia1 at the foot  of the 
,rochers de ,naye1 #f1ejj feet above the
 ,lake of ,geneva4 ,lectures  are given 
under the auspices of the association1  
and no occasion for  informing the      
public is lost4 ,a neat chromo-poster   
calling attention  to the association   
and its purpose has been prepared to be 
put up in  railroad stations and hotels1
 to which is appended a motto           
emphasizing  the importance of caring   
for rare plants4    ,the report of      
,heinrich ,ries on the ,kaolins and     
,fire ,clays of ,europe1  published in  
the reports of the ,geological ,survey1 
is based largely on  notes collected by 
the author during visits in #ahig to    
most of the  important kaolin and clay  
deposits4 ,to these such facts of       
importance  concerning the clays as have
 already been published have been added4
  ,some manufacturers have claimed that 
the foreign kaolins are superior  to the

 ,american1 but the evidence1 ,mr4 ,ries
 says1 does not seem to  bear out the   
statements4 ,notes are added respecting 
the clays and  clay-working industries  
in the ,states of ,alabama1 ,arkansas1  
,indiana1  ,iowa1 ,new ,york1 and ,north
 ,carolina4    ,according to the report 
of the ,commission ,internationale des  
,glaciers for #ahig1 thirty-nine out of 
fifty-six glaciers observed in          
,switzerland are retreating1 five are at
 a standstill1 and twelve are  growing4 
,of the ,italian glaciers1 those of the 
,disgrazia and ,bernina  groups and the 
glaciers of ,mont ,canin in the ,julian 
,alps show a marked  retreat4 ,retreat  
seems to be almost universal in the     
,scandinavian  glaciers4 ,the report    
includes also information from the      
,caucasus1  ,altai1 and ,turkestan1 and 
notes on a few glaciers in the ,united  
,states  and ,mexico1 concerning which  
we have not the particulars4    ,in a   
book on social types among the ,french  
people1 ,m4 ,edmond ,demolins  tries to 

show that varieties of types are the    
products of constant  causes which it is
 possible to analyze exactly1 and the   
most  fundamental principle of which is 
the nature of the place and of the      
occupation4 ,thus there is a social type
 derived from the pastoral  occupation2 
another from the cultivation of fruit   
trees1 among which  the several classes 
determine as many modalities of the     
type2 one is  derived from petty        
gardening1 and another from large       
farming2 another  from manufacturing1   
and another from transportation and     
commerce4  ,close analysis permits the  
detection of still more delicate shades 
of  types of varieties in each of the   
categories named1 whereby notable       
modifications are produced in the same  
region and the same work4    ,the       
brewing industry in ,germany is credited
 with the following output  of beer for 
the year #ahig-'ih3 ,germany proper1    
#h1jee breweries1  exclusive of         
,bavaria1 ,wrtemberg1 ,baden1 and       

,alsace-,lorraine1  #iaf1jjj1jjj        
gallons2 ,bavaria1 #f1cfd breweries1    
#cea1jjj1jjj gallons2  ,wrtemberg1      
#f1bhe breweries1 #ij1jjj1jjj gallons2  
,baden1 #idf breweries1  #fj1jjj1jjj    
gallons2 ,alsace-,lorraine1 #abg        
breweries1 #ba1bcj1jjj  gallons--a grand
 total of #a1dch1bcj1jjj gallons1 from  
the taxation of  which the ,government  
received a revenue of #bb1cje1aej4      
,speaking in his society of the         
,relation of ,britain to ,folklore1     
retiring ,president ,alfred ,nutt urged 
that it was the privilege of that       
country to enshrine in its literature   
the ancient customary wisdom of  many   
races1 as the ,english system of law was
 itself largely derived  from custom4   
,the accidents of the geographical      
position and historical  circumstances  
of ,britain had made it the preserver of
 a great body of  archaic tradition1    
which it was the function of the        
,folklore ,society  to study and        
interpret4    ,we have to record the    

deaths of ,dr4 ,william ,hankel1        
,professor of  ,physics in the          
,university of ,leipsic2 ,prof4 ,f4 ,k4 
,c4 ,l4 ,bchner1  author of the famous  
book1 ,force and ,matter1 at ,darmstadt1
 ,germany1  ,may #ast2 ,dr4 ,francis ,w4
 ,mac,namara1 ,state ,examiner of       
,medical ,stores at  the ,india ,office1
 ,london1 formerly ,professor of        
,chemistry in ,calcutta  ,medical       
,college1 and later ,chemical ,examiner 
to the ,government of  ,india1 ,march   
#eth1 aged sixty-seven years2 he was    
author of a number of  books and papers 
on hygiene and medical chemistry2       
,jeremiah ,head1  engineer1 ,president  
of the ,mechanical ,science ,section of 
the ,british  ,association in #ahic1 and
 ,president of the ,british ,institute  
of  ,mechanical ,engineers in #ahhe-'hf1
 ,march #ajth1 aged sixty-four years2   
who was instrumental in introducing into
 ,england important ,american           
improvements in the manufacture of iron 
and steel2 ,franz ,ritter von  ,hanse1  

,austrian geologist1 ,intendant of the  
,national ,museum in ,vienna1  ,director
 of the ,imperial ,geological ,survey in
 #ahff1 and author of the  ,geological  
,map of ,austria1 ,bosnia1 and          
,montenegro1 and of geological  books1  
,march #bjth1 aged seventy-seven years2 
,surveyor ,major ,g4 ,c4  ,wallich1     
,march #cast1 in his eighty-fourth year1
 and ,count ,abb ,f4  ,castracan1 of    
,rome1 the two oldest ,fellows of the   
,royal ,microscopical  ,society2 ,dr4   
,p4 ,l4 ,ryke1 of the ,university of    
,leyden1 aged eighty-six  years2 ,joseph
 ,stevens1 honorary curator of the      
museum at ,reading1  ,england1 author of
 archological and geological papers2    
,dr4 ,c4  ,brogniart1 entomologist1 and 
author of a memoir ,on ,fossil ,insects 
of  the ,primary ,period1 at ,paris2    
,charles ,l4 ,prince1 author of papers  
on  meteorology and astronomy1 at       
,tunbridge ,wells1 ,england1 ,april     
#bb;d2 ,dr4  ,wilhelm ,jordan1          
,professor of ,geometry and ,geodesy at 

the ,technical  ,institution1 ,hanover1 
,april #agth1 aged fifty-seven years2   
,sir ,william  ,roberts1 of the ,royal  
,college of ,physicians1 author of      
lectures and  papers on digestion1 diet1
 uric acid1 the opium habit in ,india1  
etc42  ,prof4 ,karl ,scheibler1 chemist1
 at ,berlin1 aged seventy-two years2    
,dr4  ,josef ,wastler1 docent in geodesy
 at the ,technical ,institute in ,graz2 
,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,wahlforso1 ,professor of  
,chemistry at ,helsingfors1 aged sixty  
years2 and ,philip ,thomas ,main1       
,fellow of ,st4 ,john's ,college1       
,cambridge1 ,england1 author of a       
treatise on astronomy4                  
,transcriber's ,notes3      ,words      
surrounded by  are italicized4    ,words
 surrounded by  are bold4    ,obvious   
printer's errors have been repaired1    
other inconsistent  spellings have been 
kept1 including inconsistent use of     
hyphen 7e4g4  widespread and            
wide-spread71 and proper names 7e4g4    
,siddnta and  ,siddhnta74    ,some      

illustrations were relocated to         
correspond to their references in  the  
text4