,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al "w has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold text has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 equals signs4 ,small ,capitals 9 ! orig9al "w h be5 trans=m$ to ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,artificial ,,& ,,natural ,,flight4 ,a ,pocket-,book ( ,a]onautics4--,by ,h4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,mo$ebeck4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,dr4 ,w4 ,,mans]gh ,,v>ley4 ,) #aej ,illu/rations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cont5ts4--,gases--,physics ( ! ,atmosph]e--,meteorological ,obs]vations--,balloon ,te*nics--,kites & ,p>a*utes--,on ,balloon+--,balloon ,photography--,photographic ,survey+ f ,balloons--,milit>y ,balloon+--,animal ,flight--,artificial ,flight--,air%ips--,fly+ ,ma*9es--,motors--,air ,screws--,app5dix--,index4 8,w be highly welcome to all a]onauts4 ,x may be said to be ! only complete "w practically deal+ ) su* matt]s4 ,we h no hesitation 9 ?or\ghly recomm5d+ ?is z an absolutely indisp5sable book40--,k4 8,x is )\t a d\bt ! be/ book t has appe>$ on ! subject40--,a]onautical ,j\rnal4 8,! pres5t volume ought c]ta9ly to be possess$ by e /ud5t ( ,a]onautics1 z x conta9s a va/ am\nt ( in=mation ( ! highe/ value40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,:ittak] ,,co41 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,artificial ,,& ,,natural ,,flight4 ,,by ,,sir ,,hiram ,s4 ,,maxim4 ,,) #ie ,,illu/rations4 ,,:ittak] ,,co41 #b ,,:ite ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 ,,& #fd-ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4 #aijh4 ,,preface4 ,x 0 9 #ahef t ,i fir/ _h my att5tion call$ to ! subject ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,my fa!r1 :o 0 a pr(\nd ?9k] & a clev] me*anician1 seems to h giv5 ! subject a great deal ( ?\ght1 & to h matur$ a plan id5tical ) :at has be5 propos$ by hundr$s s9ce t "t4 ,i 0 !n sixte5 ye>s ( age1 & a fairly good me*anician1 & any new ?+ 9 ! me*anical l9e int]e/$ me imm5sely4 ,my fa!r's propos$ ma*9e1 ( :i* he made a sket*1 0 ( ! ,hlicoptre type1 hav+ two screws bo? on ! same axis--! l[] "o to be "r h& & m\nt$ on a tubul> %aft1 & ! top "o to be left h& & m\nt$ on a solid %aft runn+ ?r\gh ! l[] tubul> %aft4 ,^! screws 7 to be rotat$ 9 rev]se directions by means ( a small p9ion engag+ a bevel ge> atta*$ to ea* ( ! %afts4 ,8 plan contemplat$ l>ge screws ) v f9e pit*1 & he propos$ to obta9 horizontal motion by incl9+ ! axis =w>d4 ,he admitt$ t !re 0 no motor 9 exi/5ce light en\gh1 b ?\ght "o might be inv5t$1 & t an eng9e might be work$ by a s]ies ( explosions 9 ! cyl9d]1 t is1 :at is kn[n to-day z int]nal combu/ion2 b he 0 n cle> h[ su* an eng9e c\ld be produc$4 ,he1 h[ev]1 said t a fly+ ma*9e w\ld be s valuable 9 "t ( w>1 t x matt]$ little h[ exp5sive ! explosive might be1 ev5 if fulm9ate ( m]cury _h to be us$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ! great ,pet] ,coop] ( ,new ,york ?\ght out an id5tical ma*9e ab\t ! same "t1 & actually comm5c$ exp]im5ts4 ,x seems t ?is g5tleman reg>d$ fulm9ate ( m]cury z altoge!r too feeble & in]t1 because we f9d t he select$ *loride ( nitrog5 z 8 explosive ag5t4 ,h[ev]1 8 "w 0 soon br\ght to an end by ! loss ( ! sight ( "o eye1 aft] :i* "t he _h no fur!r deal+s ) ?is lively explosive4 ,! _m e>ly conv]sations t ,i _h ) my fa!r on ! subject kept ! matt] con/antly be=e me1 & ,i ?9k x 0 9 #ahgb1 aft] hav+ se5 ,rop]'s hot-air eng9e & ,brayton's petroleum eng9e1 t ,i took ! matt] up1 & comm5c$ to make draw+s ( a ma*9e ( ! ,hlicoptre type1 b in/ead ( hav+ "o screw above ! o!r1 ,i saw at once t x w\ld be mu* bett] if ! two screws 7 widely sep>at$1 s t ea* w\ld engage new air1 ! in]tia ( :i* _h n be5 di/urb$4 ,! design+ ( ! ma*9e itself 0 a simple matt]1 b ! eng9e gave me tr\ble4 ,no matt] f :at po9t ,i exam9$ ! subject1 ! eng9e 0 always too heavy4 ,x appe>s t ! ,brayton eng9e 0 %[n at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 & t ,otto visit$ ?is exhibition4 ,up to t "t1 he _h be5 mak+ a species ( rocket eng9e--t is1 an eng9e 9 :i* an explosive mixture %ot ! pi/on upw>d & !n suck$ x back1 a rack & p9ion transmitt+ movem5t to ! rotat+ %aft by means ( a pawl & rat*et4 ,he appe>s to h be5 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! ,brayton eng9e1 z x 0 evid5tly v mu* 9 advance ( 8 own4 ,x actually develop$1 ev5 at t "t1 "o horse-p[] p] h\r = e p\nd ( crude petroleum consum$1 b x 0 v heavy inde$1 v difficult to />t1 & n always reliable4 ,! %aft t work$ ! valve ge> 0 p>allel to ! cyl9d]1 & plac$ 9 ! exact position occupi$ by a simil> %aft 9 ! pres5t ,otto eng9e1 b in/ead ( revolv+ only half z fa/ z ! crank %aft1 x made ! same numb] ( revolutions4 ,on ,otto's return to ,g]many1 he evid5tly pr(it$ by :at he _h se51 & made a new eng9e1 :i* 9 reality 0 a cross betwe5 8 own & ! ,brayton2 ! result 0 a v important inv5tion1 :i* has be5 ( incalculable value to mank9d4 ,x is ?is eng9e :i* is n[ propell+ our motor c>s1 & x is ! only eng9e suitable = employm5t on a fly+ ma*9e2 b ev5 ?is motor 0 n 9 a suffici5tly high /ate ( developm5t z f> z lightness 0 conc]n$1 to be ( any use to me4 ,! draw+s :i* ,i made 9 #ahgc1 al?\gh ( little or no value1 kept my ?\ghts on artificial flight1 & :ile ,i 0 away f home att5d+ to bus9ess1 especially :5 9 =eign c\ntries1 ,i (t5 amus$ myself by mak+ ma!matical calculations4 ,q true1 ! =mula :i* ,i us$ at ! "t--,haswell's--0 n correct2 /ill1 x 0 ne> en\gh to ! m>k to be ( consid]able value4 ,moreov]1 ! error 9 ?is =mula affect$ ! ,hlicoptre q z mu* z ! a]oplane sy/em1 & z ,i 0 work+ ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! relative m]its ( ! two sy/ems1 ! error1 al?\gh consid]able1 did n h any influ5ce at all 9 ! decision :i* ,i arriv$ at--namely1 t ! a]oplane sy/em 0 ! be/4 ,! ma*9e t ,i ?\ght out at t "t contemplat$ sup]pos$ a]oplanes ( v great l5g? f port to />bo>d4 ,! size 9 ! o!r direction 0 m = ! purpose ( prev5t+ a rapid fall ?an = a lift+ effect4 ,i saw t x w\ld be necess>y to h horizontal =e & aft rudd]s plac$ a long di/ance ap>t1 s z to prev5t rapid pit*+1 & x appe>$ to me t ! fur!r ^! rudd]s 7 ap>t1 ! easi] x w\ld be to manuvre ! ma*9e4 ,z ,i nev] _h any d\bts reg>d+ ! effici5cy ( screw propell]s work+ 9 ! air1 ,i decid$ to use two ( ^! ( a l>ge size rotat+ 9 opposite directions4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is speculation 0 !ory only1 b ,i v]ifi$ x lat] on by actual exp]im5ts be=e ,i built my ma*9e1 & x is v gratify+ to me to "k t all ! successful fly+ ma*9es ( to-day are built on ! l9es :i* ,i _h ?\ght out at t "t1 & f\nd to be ! be/4 ,all h sup]pos$ a]oplanes ( great l5g? f port to />bo>d1 all h =e & aft horizontal rudd]s1 & all are driv5 ) screw propell]s4 ,! *ange f my model is only a *ange 9 ! framework made possible by disp5s+ ) ! boil]1 wat] tank1 & /eam eng9e4 ,9 ?is little "w1 ,i h dealt at consid]able l5g? ) air curr5ts1 ! flight ( birds1 & ! behavi\r ( kites1 p]haps at ! exp5se ( "s repetitions2 z ! resemblance betwe5 kite fly+ & ! so>+ ( birds is simil> 9 _m respects1 repetitions are necess>y4 ,to ^? :o g to sea 9 %ips1 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ( ! curr5ts !y are liable to enc\nt]2 if x be a sail+ %ip1 c]ta9ly a k ( ! air curr5ts is ( ! greate/ importance1 & s x is ) fly+ ma*9es4 ,if flights ( any consid]able di/ance are to be made1 ! ma*9e is liable at any "t to enc\nt] v erratic air curr5ts1 & x has be5 my aim 9 discuss+ ^! ?ree subjects--air curr5ts1 birds1 & kites--to br+ !m be=e ! w\ld-be navigators ( ! air1 9 ord] t !y may anticipate ! difficulties !y h to deal ) & be ready to combat !m4 ,!n1 aga91 !re has be5 almo/ an inf9ite am\nt ( discussion reg>d+ ! so>+ ( birds & ! fly+ ( kites4 ,_m ye>s ago1 aft] read+ num]\s works on ! subject ( flight1 ,i became a close obs]v] myself1 & always s\ght 9 my travels to le>n z mu* z possible4 ,i h attempt$ to discuss ?is subject 9 simple & easily und]/ood language1 & to pres5t suffici5t evid5ce to prev5t ! necessity ( any fur!r disputes4 ,i d n reg>d :at ,i h said z a !ory1 b simply z a pla9 /atem5t ( absolute & easily demon/rat$ facts4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 a consid]able numb] ( text-books & sci5tific treatises h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( artificial flight1 ! mo/ elaborate & by f> ! mo/ reliable ( ^! be+ ! 8,pocket-,book ( ,a]onautics10 by ,h]man ,w4 ,l4 ,mo$ebeck1 ,major und ,battaillonskomm&eur im ,badis*5 ,fuss>till]ie ,regim5t ,no4 #ad2 9 collaboration ) ,o4 ,*anute & o!rs4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,mans]gh ,v>ley1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d41 & publi%$ by ,:ittak] ,co4 ,?is "w does n1 h[ev]1 conf9e itself altoge!r to fly+ ma*9es1 b has a great deal ( in=mation :i* is ( little or no value to ! build] ( true fly+ ma*9es2 moreov]1 x is n simple en\gh to be readily und]/ood by ! majority ( exp]im5t]s4 ,9 "s o!r works :i* ,i h rec5tly exam9$1 ,i f9d a confus+ mass ( ! mo/ intricate ma!matical calculations1 ab\nd+ 9 an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( *>act]s1 & ext5d+ ov] hundr$s ( pages1 b on a close exam9ation ( "s ( ! d$uctions arriv$ at1 ,i f9d t a good _m ( ! ma!matical equations are bas$ on a mi/ak5 hypo!sis1 & ! results arriv$ at are v wide ( ! tru?4 ,i h %[n sev]al diagrams :i* w expla9 :at ,i mean4 ,:at is requir$ by exp]im5t]s 9 fly+ ma*9es--& !re w soon be a great numb] ( !m--is a treatise :i* !y c und]/&1 & :i* requires no m delicate in/rum5ts ?an a c>p5t]'s #b-;foot rule & a groc]'s scales4 ,! calculations relat+ to ! lift1 drift1 & ! sk9 friction ( an a]oplane are extremely simple1 & x is q possible to s place ?is matt] t x c be und]/ood by anyone :o has ! lea/ smatt]+ ( ma!matical k4 ,ma!matics ( ! high] ord] express$ 9 elaborate =mul d v well 9 communications betwe5 college pr(essors--t is1 if !y happ5 to be agre$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ^! calculations are s intricate z to require a clev] ma!matician a :ole day to /udy out ! mean+ ( a s+le page1 & if :5 ! riddle is solv$1 we f9d t ^! calculations are bas$ on a fallacy1 & ! results 9 conflict ) facts1 x becomes q evid5t to ! actual exp]im5t] t !y are ( little value4 ,= _m ye>s1 ,newton's law 0 implicitly reli$ ^u4 ,*anute1 aft] go+ ov] my exp]im5tal "w1 wrote t ,newton's law 0 out z #bj is to #a--t is1 t an a]oplane w\ld lift tw5ty times z mu* 9 practice z c\ld be %[n by ! use ( ,newton's =mula4 ,"s rec5t exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i h made myself1 at extremely high velocities & at a v l[ angle1 seem to demon/rate t ! error is ne>] #ajj to #a ?an #bj to #a4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 h[ little ?is subject 0 und]/ood until q rec5tly1 & ev5 n[ ! ma!maticians :o write books & use su* an imm5se am\nt ( =mul1 d n agree by any means1 z w be witness$ by ! mass ( conflict+ controv]sy :i* has be5 appe>+ 9 ,eng9e]+ dur+ ! la/ f\r mon?s4 ,:5 an a]oplane plac$ at a work+ angle (1 say1 #a 9 #aj is driv5 ?r\gh ! air at a high velocity1 x1 ( c\rse1 pu%es ! air b5ea? x d[nw>ds at "o-t5? "p ( its =w>d velocity--t is1 9 mov+ #aj feet1 x pu%es ! air d[n #a foot4 ,a good _m ma!maticians rely altoge!r ^u ! accel]ation ( ! mass ( air b5ea? ! a]oplane :i* is accel]at$ by its m>* ?r\gh ! air1 ! value ( ?is accel]ation be+ 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! velocity :i* is imp>t$ to x4 ,suppose n[ t ! a]oplane is ?9 & well-made1 t bo? top & bottom sides are equally smoo? & p]fect2 n only does ! air engag$ by ! "u side %oot d[nw>ds1 b ! air also foll[s ! exact cont\r ( ! top side1 & is also %ot d[nw>ds ) ! same mean velocity z t pass+ on ! und]nea? side1 s if we are go+ to consid] ! lift+ effect ( ! a]oplane1 we mu/ n leave out ( ! equation1 ! air above ! a]oplane1 :i* has q z mu* mass & ! same accel]ation imp>t$ to x1 z ! air bel[ ! a]oplane4 ,ev5 calculations made on ?is basis w n br+ ! lift+ effect ( an a]oplane up to :at x actually does lift 9 practice2 9 fact1 ! few ma!maticians :o h made exp]im5ts !mselves h ref]r$ to ! actual lift+ effect ( a]oplanes plac$ at a l[ angle & travell+ at a high velocity z be+ unacc\ntable4 ,only a few ma!maticians appe> to h a prop] grasp ( ! subject4 ,h[ev]1 ?ree c\ld be po9t$ out :o und]/& ! subject ?or\ghly1 b ^! are all ma!maticians ( ! v highe/ ord]--,"l ,kelv91 ,"l ,rayleigh1 & ,pr(essor ,langley4 ,9 plac+ be=e ! public1 ! results ( my exp]im5ts & ! conclusions arriv$ at1 x is necess>y to %[ ! app>atus :i* ,i employ$1 o!rwise x might be inf]r$ t my conclusions 7 guesswork1 or ma!matical calculations :i* might or might n be f\nd$ on a mi/ak5 hypo!sis2 ?is is my excuse = %[+ my boil] & eng9e1 my rotat+ arm1 & my l>ge ma*9e4 ,i d n anticipate t anyone w ev] use a /eam eng9e aga91 because any =m ( a boil] is heavy2 moreov]1 ! am\nt ( fuel requir$ is mu* great] ?an ) an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 & c]ta9ly sev5 times z mu* wat] has to be dealt )4 ,h[ev]1 ! description :i* ,i am giv+ ( my app>atus w demon/rate t ,i _h ! in/rum5ts = do+ ! exp]im5tal "w t ,i h describ$ 9 ?is "w4 ,9 ! ,app5dix w be f\nd a description ( my ma*9e1 & "s ( my app>atus4 ,! conclusions :i* ,i arriv$ at 7 writt5 d[n at ! "t ) a consid]able degree ( c>e1 & are ( int]e/ because !y %[ t1 at t date1 ,i _h produc$ a ma*9e t lift$ consid]ably m ?an its own weight & _h all ( ! ess5tial elem5ts1 z f> z sup]pos$ a]oplanes1 =e & aft horizontal rudd]s1 & screw propell]s 7 conc]n$1 common to all ( ! successful ma*9es :i* h s9ce be5 made4 ,! fact t practically no ess5tial dep>ture has be5 made f my orig9al l9es1 indicates to my m9d t ,i _h reason$ out ! be/ type ( a ma*9e ev5 be=e ,i comm5c$ a /roke ( ! "w4 ,i h to ?ank ,mr4 ,alb]t ,t4 ,?ur/on = read+ ! pro(s ( ?is "w4 ,h4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,introductory1 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,air ,curr5ts & ! ,flight ( ,birds1 #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,fly+ ( ,kites1 #be ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,pr9cipally ,relat+ to ,screws1 #ca ,,*apt] ,v4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,app>atus ,atta*$ to a ,rotat+ ,arm--,cry/al ,palace ,exp]im5ts1 #fb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,h9ts z to ! ,build+ ( ,fly+ ,ma*9es--,/e]+ by ,means ( a ,gyroscope1 #gg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,%ape & ,effici5cy ( ,a]oplanes--,! ,action ( ,a]oplanes & ! ,p[] ,requir$ ,express$ 9 ! ,simple/ ,t]ms--,"s ,rec5t ,ma*9es1 #ii ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,balloons1 #abj ,,app5dix ,i41 #abe ,,app5dix ,,ii4-- ,recapitulation ( ,e>ly ,exp]im5ts--,effici5cy ( ,screw ,propell]s1 ,/e]+1 ,/ability1 c4--,! ,comp>ative ,value ( ,diff]5t ,motors--,eng9es--,exp]im5ts ) ,small ,ma*9es ,atta*$ to a ,rotat+ ,arm1 #acj ,,index1 #afc ,,index ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,diagram %[+ ! r$uction ( ! project$ horizontal area1 #b #b4 ,pr(essor ,langley's exp]im5ts1 #e #c4 ,eagles balanc+ !mselves on an asc5d+ curr5t ( air1 #ad #d4 ,air curr5ts obs]v$ 9 ,mid-,atlantic1 #af #e4 ,glassy /reaks 9 ! ,bay ( ,antibes1 #ag #f4 ,air curr5ts obs]v$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 #ah #g4 ,! circulation ( air produc$ by a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature1 #bg #h4 ,kite fly+1 #bi #i4 ,gr\p ( screws & o!r objects us$ 9 my exp]im5ts1 #cb #aj4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal screws exp]im5t$ )1 #cb #aa4 ,! ?ree be/ screws1 #cc #ab4 ,app>atus = te/+ ! ?ru/ ( screws1 #cd #ac4 ,app>atus = te/+ ! direction ( air curr5ts1 #ce #ad4 ,! ends ( screw blades1 #cf #ae4 ,! mann] ( build+ up ! l>ge screws1 #ci #af4 ,a fabric-cov]$ screw1 #dj #ag4 ,! hub & "o ( ! blades ( ! screw on ! ,f>man ma*9e1 #db #ah4 ,section ( screw blades hav+ radial edges1 #dc #ai4 ,=m ( ! blade ( a screw made ( %eet metal1 #dd #bj4 ,new =m ( hub1 #de #ba4 ,small app>atus = te/+ fabrics = a]oplanes1 #ej #bb4 ,app>atus = te/+ ! lift+ effect ( a]oplanes & cond5s]s1 #ea #bc4 ,app>atus = te/+ a]oplanes1 cond5s]s1 c41 #eb #bd4 ,cross-sections ( b>s ( wood1 #ec #be4 ,sections ( b>s ( wood1 #ed #bf4 ,a flat a]oplane plac$ at diff]5t angles1 #ee #bg4 ,gr\p ( a]oplanes us$ 9 exp]im5tal rese>*1 #ef #bh4 ,an #h-;in* a]oplane :i* did v well1 #eg #bi4 ,resi/ance due to plac+ objects 9 close proximity to ea* o!r1 #eh #cj4 ,cross-section ( cond5s] tube made 9 ! =m ( ,philipps' su/a9]s1 #fj #ca4 ,! gr\p+ ( cond5s] tubes made 9 ! =m ( ,philipps' su/a9]s1 #fa #cb4 ,ma*9e ) a rotat+ arm1 #fc #cc4 ,a screw & fabric-cov]$ a]oplane 9 position = te/+1 #fd #cd4 ,! rotat+ arm ( ! ma*9e ) a screw & a]oplane atta*$1 #fe #ce4 ,! little /eam eng9e us$ by me 9 my rotat+ arm exp]im5ts1 #ff #cf4 ,! ma*9e atta*$ to ! end ( ! rotat+ %aft1 #fh #cg4 ,m>k+ (f ! dynamomet]1 #fi #cg;a4 ,"r- & left-h& f\r-blade screws1 #gj #ch4 ,app>atus = indicat+ ! =ce & velocity ( ! w9d direct1 #ga #ci4 ,app>atus = te/+ ! lift+ effect ( a]oplanes1 #gc #dj4 ,front elevation ( propos$ a]oplane ma*9e1 #gg #da4 ,side elevation ( propos$ a]oplane ma*9e1 #gh #db4 ,plan ( propos$ a]oplane ma*9e1 #gi #dc4 ,plan ( a hlicoptre ma*9e1 #hb #dd4 ,%[+ ! position ( ! blades ( a hlicoptre z !y pass ar\nd a circle1 #hc #de4 ,sy/em ( splic+ & build+ up wood5 memb]s1 #hf #df4 ,cross-section ( /ruts1 #hf #dg4 ,truss suitable = use ) fly+ ma*9es1 #hg #dh4 ,! p>adox a]oplane1 #hh #di4 ,! ,anto9ette motor1 #hi #ej4 ,section %[+ ! ,anto9ette motor z us$ 9 ! ,f>man & ,de la ,grange ma*9es1 #ij #ea4 ,pneumatic buff]1 #ia #eb4 ,gyroscope1 #id #ec4 ,adju/+ ! lift+ effect1 #ie #ed4 ,%[+ t ! ma*9e c\ld be tilt$ 9 ei!r direction by *ang+ ! position ( ! rudd]1 #if #ee4 ,adju/+ ! lift+ effect1 #ig #ef4 ,adju/m5t ( ! rudd]s1 #ih #eg4 ,diagram %[+ ! evolution ( a wide a]oplane1 #ajb #eh4 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ ma!matical treatise on a]odynamics an illu/ration is %[n1 repres5t+ ! pa? t ! air takes on enc\nt]+ a rapidly mov+ curv$ a]oplane1 #ajd #ei4 ,an illu/ration f ano!r sci5tific publication also on ! dynamics ( flight1 #ajd #fj4 ,ano!r illu/ration f ! same "w1 #aje #fa4 ,! %ape & ! practical angle ( an a]oplane1 #aje #fb4 ,an a]oplane ( great ?ickness1 #ajf #fc4 ,section ( a screw blade hav+ a rib on ! back1 #ajf #fd4 ,%[s a flat a]oplane plac$ at an angle ( #de1 #ajg #fe4 ,! a]oplane "h %[n is a ma!matical p>adox1 #ajg #ff4 ,?is %[s fig4 #fe ) a section remov$1 #ajg #fg4 ,diagram %[+ real pa? ( a bird1 #ajh #fh4 ,! ,de la ,grange ma*9e on ! gr\nd1 #aaa #fi4 ,! ,de la ,grange ma*9e 9 full flight1 #aaa #gj4 ,f>man's ma*9e 9 flight1 #aab #ga4 ,bl]iot's ma*9e1 #aac #gb4 ,santos ,dumont's fly+ ma*9e1 #aac #gb;a4 ,angles & degrees comp>$1 #aae #gb;b4 ,diagram %[+ direction ( ! air ) a ?ick curv$ a]oplane1 #aah #gb;c4 ,a]oplanes exp]im5t$ ) by ,mr4 ,horatio ,philipps1 #aah #gc4 ,! enorm\s balloon 8,ville de ,p>is10 #abc #gd4 ,photograph ( a model ( my ma*9e1 #acj #ge4 ,! fabric-cov]$ a]oplane exp]im5t$ )1 #aca #gf4 ,! =w>d rudd] ( my l>ge ma*9e %[+ ! fabric atta*$ to ! l[] side1 #aca #gg4 ,view ( ! track us$ 9 my exp]im5ts1 #acd #gh4 ,! ma*9e on ! track ti$ up to ! dynamomet]1 #ace #gi4 ,two dynagraphs1 #acf #hj4 ,! outrigg] :eel t gave out & caus$ an accid5t ) ! ma*9e1 #acg #ha4 ,%[s ! brok5 planks & ! wreck t !y caus$1 #ach #hb4 ,! condition ( ! ma*9e aft] ! accid5t1 #aci #hc4 ,?is %[s ! screws damag$ by ! brok5 planks1 #adj #hd4 ,?is %[s a =m ( outrigg] :eels :i* 7 ultimately us$1 #ada #he4 ,"o pair ( my comp\nd eng9es1 #adb #hf4 ,diagram %[+ ! pa? t ! air has to take 9 pass+ betwe5 sup]pos$ a]oplanes 9 close proximity to ea* o!r1 #add #hg4 ,position ( n>r[ a]oplanes arrang$ s t ! air has free passage betwe5 !m1 #ade #hh4 ,! v n>r[ a]oplanes or su/a9]s employ$ by ,mr4 ,philipps1 #adf #hi4 ,"o ( ! l>ge screws be+ hoi/$ into position1 #adi #ij4 ,/eam boil] employ$ 9 my exp]im5ts1 #aeg #ia4 ,! burn] employ$ 9 my /eam exp]im5ts1 #aeg #ib4 ,c\nt ,zeppel9's alum9ium-cov]$ air%ip com+ out ( its %$ on ,lake ,con/ance1 #afa #ic4 ,c\nt ,zeppel9's air%ip 9 full flight1 #afa #id4 ,! new ,briti% w> balloon 8,dirigible0 ,no4 #b1 #afb #ie4 ,! ,wright a]oplane 9 full flight1 #afb ,,artificial ,,& ,,natural ,,flight4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,x has be5 my aim 9 prep>+ ?is little "w = publication to give a description ( my own exp]im5tal "w1 & expla9 ! ma*9]y & me?ods t h enabl$ me to arrive at c]ta9 conclusions reg>d+ ! problem ( flight4 ,! results ( my exp]im5ts did n agree ) ! accept$ ma!matical =mul ( t "t4 ,i d n wi% ?is little "w to be consid]$ z a ma!matical text-book2 ,i leave t "p ( ! problem to o!rs1 conf9+ myself altoge!r to data obta9$ by my own actual exp]im5ts & obs]vations4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 a consid]able numb] ( text-books h be5 publi%$4 ,^! h = ! mo/ "p be5 prep>$ by pr(essional ma!maticians1 :o h l$ !mselves to believe t all problems connect$ ) mundane life are susceptible ( solution by ! use ( ma!matical =mul1 provid+1 ( c\rse1 t ! numb] ( *>act]s employ$ are num]\s en\gh4 ,:5 ! ,arabic alphabet us$ 9 ! ,engli% language is n suffici5t1 !y exhau/ ! ,greek also1 & x ev5 appe>s t bo? ( ^! h to be supplem5t$ sometimes by ! use ( ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,z ?is latt] supply is unlimit$1 x is evid5tly a move 9 ! "r direction4 ,q true1 _m ( ! factors 9 ! problems ) :i* !y h to deal are completely unkn[n & unkn[able2 /ill !y d n hesitate to "w out a complete solution )\t ! aid ( any exp]im5tal data at all4 ,if ! result ( _! calculations %\ld n agree ) facts1 8bad luck to ! facts40 ,up to tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,newton's errone\s law z relates to atmosph]ic resi/ance 0 implicitly reli$ ^u1 & x 0 n ! ma!matician :o detect$ its error1 9 fact1 we h pl5ty ( ma!maticians to-day :o c prove by =mul t ,newton's law is absolutely correct & unassailable4 ,x 0 an exp]im5t] t detect$ ! fault 9 ,newton's law4 ,9 "o ( ! little ma!matical treatises t ,i h be=e me1 ,i f9d draw+s ( a]oplanes set at a high & impracticable angle ) dott$ l9es %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! writ] ?9ks ! air is deflect$ on com+ 9 contact ) !m4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ t ! air :i* /rikes ! l[] or front side ( ! a]oplane1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! surface & be+ dis*>g$ at ! l[] or trail+ edge1 takes a totally diff]5t & opposite pa?1 mov+ =w>d & ov] ! top or =w>d edge1 produc+ a l>ge eddy ( confus$ curr5ts at ! re> & top side ( ! a]oplane4 ,x is v evid5t t ! air nev] takes ! erratic pa? %[n 9 ^! draw+s2 moreov]1 ! angle ( ! a]oplane is mu* great] ?an "o w\ld ev] ?9k ( employ+ on an actual fly+ ma*9e4 ,fully two pages ( closely writt5 ma!matical =mul foll[1 all bas$ on ?is mi/ak5 hypo!sis4 ,x is only too evid5t t ma!matics ( ?is k9d c be ( little use to ! s]i\s exp]im5t]4 ,! ma!matical equation relat+ to ! lift & drift ( a well-made a]oplane is extremely simple2 at any practicable angle f #a 9 #bj to #a 9 #e1 ! lift+ effect w be j z mu* great] ?an ! drift1 z ! wid? ( ! plane is great] ?an ! elevation ( ! front edge above ! horizontal--t is1 if we set an a]oplane at an angle ( #a 9 #aj1 & employ #a lb4 pressure = pu%+ ?is a]oplane =w>d1 ! a]oplane w lift #aj lbs4 ,if we *ange ! angle to #a 9 #af1 ! lift w be #af times z great z ! drift4 ,x is q true t z ! front edge ( ! a]oplane is rais$1 its project$ horizontal area is r$uc$--t is1 if we consid] ! wid? ( ! a]oplane z a radius1 ! elevation ( ! front edge w r$uce its project$ horizontal area j 9 ! proportion t ! v]s$ s9e is increas$4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! s9e ( ! angle to be "o-six? ( ! radius1 giv+1 ( c\rse1 to ! a]oplane an incl9ation ( #a 9 #f1 :i* is ! %>pe/ practical angle1 ?is only r$uces ! project$ area ab\t #b p] c5t41 :ile ! l[] & m practical angles are r$uc$ consid]ably less ?an #a p] c5t4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t ?is factor is s small t x may n be consid]$ at all 9 practical flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,diagram %[+ ! r$uction ( ! project$ horizontal area ( a]oplanes due to rais+ ! front edge above ! horizontal--a1 b1 %[s an angle ( #a 9 #d1 :i* is ! highe/ angle t w ev] be us$ 9 a fly+ ma*9e1 & ?is only r$uces ! project$ area ab\t #b p] c5t4 ,! l9e c b %[s an angle ( #a 9 #h1 & ?is only r$uces ! project$ area an inf9itesimal am\nt4 ,z ! angle ( incl9ation is increas$1 ! project$ area becomes less z ! v]s$ s9e f d becomes great]4 ,"s ( ! ma!maticians h demon/rat$ by =mul1 unsupport$ by facts1 t !re is a consid]able am\nt ( sk9 friction to be consid]$1 b z no two agree on ?is or any o!r subject1 "s n agree+ to-day ) :at !y wrote a ye> ago1 ,i ?9k we might put d[n all ( _! results1 add !m toge!r1 & !n divide by ! numb] ( ma!maticians1 & ?us f9d ! av]age coeffici5t ( error4 ,:5 we subject ?is "q to exp]im5tal te/1 we f9d t ne>ly all ( ! ma!maticians are radically wrong1 ,pr(essor ,langley1 ( c\rse1 except$4 ,i made an a]oplane ( h>d roll$ brass1 #bj gauge2 x 0 #a foot wide & dead smoo? on bo? sides2 ,i gave x a curvature ( ab\t #a_/af in* & fil$ ! edges1 ?9 & %>p4 ,i m\nt$ ?is ) a great deal ( c>e 9 a p]fectly horizontal bla/ ( air ( #dj miles an h\r4 ,:5 ?is a]oplane 0 plac$ at any angle betwe5 #a 9 #h & #a 9 #bj1 ! lift+ effect 0 always j 9 proportion to its angle4 ,! di/ance t ! front edge 0 rais$ above ! horizontal1 z comp>$ ) ! wid? ( ! a]oplane1 0 always id5tical ) ! drift z comp>$ ) ! lift4 ,on acc\nt ( ! j>r+ effect caus$ by ! rotation ( ! screws t produc$ ! air bla/1 we might consid] t all ( ! articulat$ jo9ts ab\t ! weigh+ device 7 absolutely frictionless1 z ! j> w\ld cause !m to settle into ! prop] position q irrespective ( friction4 ,i 01 !re=e1 able to obs]ve v c>efully1 ! lift & ! drift4 ,z an example ( h[ ^! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$1 ,i w\ld say t ! eng9e employ$ 0 provid$ ) a v s5sitive & accurate gov]nor2 ! p[] transmission 0 also q reliable4 ,be=e mak+ ^! te/s1 ! app>atus 0 te/$ z reg>ds ! drift1 )\t any a]oplane 9 position1 & ) weights appli$ t w\ld j balance any effect t ! w9d might h on ev]y?+ except ! a]oplane4 ,! a]oplane 0 !n put 9 position & ! o!r sy/em ( weights appli$ until x exactly balanc$1 all ! lev]s be+ rapp$ 9 ord] to elim9ate ! friction 9 _! jo9ts4 ,! eng9e 0 !n />t$ & weights appli$ j suffici5t to c\nt]balance ! lift+ effect ( ! a]oplane1 & o!r weights appli$ to exactly balance ! drift or ! t5d5cy to travel ) ! w9d4 ,9 ?is way1 ,i 0 able to asc]ta91 ) a great degree ( accuracy1 ! relative diff]5ce betwe5 ! lift & drift4 ,if !re _h be5 any sk9 friction1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( #b p] c5t41 x w\ld h be5 detect$4 ,?is brass a]oplane 0 te/$ at v>i\s angles1 & always gave ! same results1 b ( c\rse ,i c\ld n use ?ick brass a]oplanes on a fly+ ma*9e2 x 0 necess>y = me to seek some?+ mu* light]4 ,i !re=e conduct$ exp]im5ts ) o!r mat]ials1 ! results ( :i* are giv54 ,h[ev]1 ) a well-made wood5 a]oplane #a foot wide & ) a ?ickness 9 ! c5tre ( #g_/af in*1 ,i obta9$ results almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! v mu* ?9n] brass a]oplane1 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t 9 practice an a]oplane is completely )\t friction4 ,if x is v r\gh1 irregul> 9 %ape1 & has any projections :atsoev] on ei!r ! top or bottom side1 !re w be a good deal ( friction1 al?\gh x may n1 /rictly speak+1 be sk9 friction2 /ill1 x w absorb ! p[]1 & ! coeffici5t ( ?is friction may be any?+ f #je to #dj4 ,^! exp]im5ts ) ! brass a]oplane demon/rat$ t ! lift+ effect 0 9 direct proportion to ! angle1 & t sk9 friction1 if x exi/s at all1 0 extremely small1 b ?is does n agree ) a c]ta9 k9d ( reason+ :i* c be made v plausible & is consequ5tly g5]ally accept$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,pr(essor ,langley's exp]im5ts--a1 end ( ! rotat+ arm2 b1 brass plane weigh+ #a lb42 c c1 spiral spr+s4 ,:5 ! arm 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! air1 9 ! direction %[n1 ! plane assum$ approximately a horizontal position1 & ! pull on ! spr+s c c 0 r$uc$ f #a lb4 to #a oz4 ,writ]s ( books1 z a rule1 h always suppos$ t ! lift+ effect ( an a]oplane 0 n 9 proportion to its incl9ation1 b 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! angle4 ,9 ord] to make ?is matt] cle>1 ,i w expla94 ,suppose t an a]oplane is #bj in*es wide & ! front edge is rais$ #a in* above ! horizontal4 ,9 ord9>y p>lance ?is is1 ( c\rse1 call$ an incl9ation ( #a 9 #bj1 b ma!maticians approa* x f a diff]5t /&po9t4 ,!y reg>d ! wid? ( ! a]oplane z unity or ! radius1 & ! #a in* t ! front edge is rais$ z a fraction ( unity4 ,! geometrical "n ( ?is #a in* is ! s9e ( ! angle--t is1 x is ! s9e ( ! angle at :i* ! a]oplane is rais$ above ! horizontal4 ,suppose1 n[1 t we h ano!r id5tical a]oplane & we raise ! front edge #b in*es above ! horizontal4 ,x is v evid5t t1 "u ^! conditions1 ! s9e ( ! angle w be twice z mu*1 & t ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! angle w be f\r times z great4 ,all ! e>ly ma!maticians1 & "s ( ^? ( ! pres5t day1 imag9e t ! lift mu/ be 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! angle4 ,!y reason x out z foll[s3--,if an a]oplane is =c$ ?r\gh ! air at a giv5 velocity1 ! a]oplane 9 :i* ! s9e ( ! angle is #b in*es w pu% ! air d[n ) twice z great a velocity z ! "o 9 :i* ! s9e ( ! angle is only #a in*1 & z ! =ce ( ! w9d bl[+ aga9/ a normal plane increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 ! same law holds good 9 driv+ a normal plane ?r\gh /ill air4 ,f ?is reason+1 "o is l$ to suppose t an a]oplane set at an angle ( #a 9 #aj w lift f\r times z mu* z "o 9 :i* ! incl9ation is only #a 9 #bj1 b exp]im5ts h %[n t ?is !ory is v wide ( ! tru?4 ,!re are doz5s ( ways ( %[+1 by pure ma!matics1 t ,newton's law is q correct2 b 9 build+ a fly+ ma*9e no !ory is good t does n correspond ) facts1 & x is a fact1 )\t any "q1 t ! lift+ effect ( an a]oplane1 in/ead ( increas+ z ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! angle1 only increases z ! angle4 ,"l ,kelv91 :5 he visit$ my place1 01 ,i ?9k1 ! fir/ to m5tion ?is1 & po9t out t ,newton's law 0 at fault4 ,pr(essor ,langley also po9t$ out ! fallacy ( ,newton's law1 & o!r exp]im5t]s h f\nd t ! lift+ effect does n increase z ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! angle4 ,9 ord] to put ?is matt] at re/1 ,"l ,rayleigh1 :o1 ,i ?9k we mu/ all admit1 w\ld n be likely to make a mi/ake1 made "s v simple exp]im5ts1 9 :i* he demon/rat$ t two a]oplanes1 9 :i* we may consid] ! s9e ( ! angle to be #a_/d in*1 lift$ slightly m ?an a simil> a]oplane 9 :i* ! s9e ( ! angle 0 only #a_/b in*4 ,( c\rse1 ,"l ,rayleigh did n express x 9 in*es1 b 9 t]m ( ! radius4 ,8 a]oplanes 71 h[ev]1 v small4 ,we c rely ^u x t ! lift+ effect ( an a]oplane at any practical angle1 ev]y?+ else be+ equal1 increases 9 direct proportion to ! angle ( ! incl9ation4 ,9 ?is little "w1 ,i h attempt$ to make ?+s z simple z possible2 x has n be5 writt5 = ma!maticians1 & ,i h1 !re=e1 ?\ght be/ to express myself 9 in*es in/ead ( 9 degrees4 ,if ,i write1 8an incl9ation ( #a 9 #bj10 ev]yone w und]/& x1 & only a c>p5t]'s #b-;foot rule is requir$ to asc]ta9 :at ! angle is4 ,!n1 aga91 simple measurem5ts make calculations mu* simpl]1 & ! lift+ effect is at once und]/ood )\t any computations be+ necess>y4 ,if ! angles are express$ 9 degrees & m9utes1 x is necess>y to h a protractor or a text-book 9 ord] to f9d out :at ! incl9ation really is4 ,:5 ,i made my exp]im5ts1 ,i only _h 9 m9d ! obta9+ ( correct data1 to enable me to build a fly+ ma*9e t w\ld lift itself f ! gr\nd4 ,at t "t ,i 0 extremely busy1 & dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ( my exp]im5tal "w1 ,i 0 out ( ,engl& f\rte5 mon?s4 ,aft] hav+ made my app>atus1 ,i conduct$ my exp]im5ts r quickly1 x is true1 b ,i int5d$ lat] on to g ov] !m sy/ematically & delib]ately1 make _m m exp]im5ts1 write d[n results1 & prep>e "s acc\nt ( !m = publication4 ,h[ev]1 ! prop]ty :]e ,i made ^! exp]im5ts 0 sold by ! company own+ x1 & my "w 0 nev] f9i%$1 s ,i am dep5d+ on ! scraps ( data t 7 writt5 d[n at ! "t4 ,i am also publi%+ c]ta9 obs]vations t ,i wrote d[n %ortly aft] ,i _h succe$$ 9 lift+ m ?an ! weight ( my ma*9e4 ,i ?9k t ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i made ) an a]oplane only #h in*es wide w be f\nd ! mo/ reliable4 ,all ! ma*9]y 0 runn+ smoo?ly1 & ! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) a consid]able degree ( c>e4 ,9 mak+ any =mula on ! lift+ effect ( ! a]oplane1 x %\ld be bas$ on :at 0 accompli%$ ) ! #h-;in* plane4 ,only a few exp]im5ts 7 made to asc]ta9 ! relative value ( planes ( diff]5t wid?s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i ?9k we mu/ all admit t a wide plane is n z economical 9 p[] z a n>r[ "o4 ,9 ord] to make ?is matt] pla91 suppose t we h "o a]oplane plac$ at su* an angle t x w lift #b lbs4 p] squ>e foot at a velocity ( #dj miles an h\r2 x is v evid5t t ! air j at ! re> ( ?is a]oplane w\ld be mov+ d[nw>d at a velocity correspond+ to ! accel]ation imp>t$ to x by ! plane4 ,if we wi% to obta9 lift+ effect on ?is air by ano!r plane ( exactly ! same wid?1 we %all h to increase its incl9ation 9 ord] to obta9 ! same lift+ effect1 &1 /ill fur!r1 x w be necess>y to use m p[] 9 proportion to ! load lift$4 ,if a ?ird a]oplane is us$1 x mu/ be plac$ at an angle t w imp>t additional accel]ation to ! air1 & s on4 ,ea* plane t we add w h to be plac$ at a %>p] angle1 & ! p[] requir$ w be j 9 proportion to ! av]age angle ( all ! planes4 ,z ! action ( a wide a]oplane is id5tical ) t ( num]\s n>r[ ones plac$ 9 close proximity to ea* o!r1 x is v evid5t t a wide a]oplane _c be z effici5t 9 proportion to its wid? z a n>r[ "o4 ,i h ?\ght ! matt] ov]1 & ,i %\ld say t ! lift+ effect ( a flat a]oplane increases r fa/] ?an ! squ>e root ( its wid?4 ,?is w1 at lea/1 d = a work+ hypo!sis4 ,e fly+ ma*9e mu/ h :at we w call 8a l5g? ( ent]+ edge0--t is1 ! sum ( ent]+ edges ( all ! a]oplanes mu/ be> a fix$ relation to ! load c>ri$4 ,if a ma*9e is to h its lift+ effect d\bl$1 x is necess>y to h ! l5g? ( ent]+ edge twice z long4 ,?is additional l5g? may1 ( c\rse1 be obta9$ by sup]pos$ planes1 b z we may assume t a l>ge a]oplane w travel fa/] ?an a small "o1 increas$ velocity w comp5sate 9 "s degree = ! great] wid? ( l>g] a]oplanes4 ,by c>eful /udy ( ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made1 ,i ?9k x is q safe to /ate t ! lift+ effect ( well-made a]oplanes1 if we d n take into consid]ation ! resi/ance due to ! framework hold+ !m 9 position1 increases z ! squ>e ( _! velocity4 ,d\ble _! spe$ & !y give f\r times ! lift+ effect4 ,! high] ! spe$1 ! small] ! angle ( ! plane1 & ! great] ! lift+ effect 9 proportion to ! p[] employ$4 ,:5 we build a /eam%ip1 we "k t its weight increases z ! cube ( any "o ( its dim5sions--t is1 if ! %ip is twice z long1 twice z wide1 & twice z deep x w c>ry eight times z mu*2 b at ! v be/1 ) ev5 high] spe$1 ! load c>ri$ by a fly+ ma*9e w only increase ) ! squ>e ( any "o ( its dim5sions1 or p]haps /ill less4 ,no matt] :e!r x is a %ip1 a locomotive1 or a fly+ ma*9e t we wi% to build1 we mu/ fir/ ( all consid] ! ideal1 & !n approximate x z closely z possible ) ! mat]ial at h&4 ,suppose x 7 possible to make a p]fect screw1 work+ )\t friction1 & t its weight %\ld only be t ( ! surr\nd+ air2 if x %\ld be #bjj feet 9 diamet]1 ! p[] ( "o man1 prop]ly appli$1 w\ld lift him into ! air4 ,?is is because ! area ( a circle #bjj feet 9 diamet] is s great t ! weight ( a man w\ld n cause x to fall ?r\gh ! air at a velocity great] ?an ! man w\ld be able to climb up a ladd]4 ,if ! diamet] %\ld be increas$ to #djj feet1 !n a man w\ld be able to c>ry a pass5g] z heavy z himself on 8 fly+ ma*9e1 & if we %\ld increase x /ill fur!r1 to #b1jjj feet1 ! weight ( a horse c\ld be su/a9$ 9 /ill air by ! p[] :i* "o man c\ld put =?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we %\ld r$uce ! diamet] ( ! screw to #bj feet1 !n x w\ld c]ta9ly require ! p[] ( "o horse to lift ! weight ( "o man1 &1 if we made ! screw small en\gh1 x might ev5 require ! p[] ( #ajj horses to lift ! same weight4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! area ( ! air engag$1 & 9 design+ a ma*9e we %\ld seek to engage z mu* air z possible1 s long z we c keep d[n ! weight4 ,suppose t a fly+ ma*9e %\ld be equipp$ ) a screw #aj feet 9 diamet]1 ) a pit* ( #f feet1 & t ! motor develop$ #dj horse-p[] & gave ! screw #a1jjj turns a m9ute1 produc+ a screw ?ru/1 we w say1 ( ab\t #bbj lbs4 ,if we %\ld increase ! diamet] ( ! screw to #bj feet1 & if x _h ! same pit* & revolv$ at ! same rate1 x w\ld require f\r times z mu* p[] & w\ld give f\r times z mu* screw ?ru/1 because ! area ( ! disc increases z ! squ>e ( ! diamet]4 ,suppose1 n[1 t we %\ld r$uce ! pit* ( ! screw to #c feet1 we %\ld 9 ?is case engage f\r times z mu* air1 & d\ble ! screw ?ru/ )\t us+ any m p[]--t is1 assum+ t ! ma*9e is /ation>y & t ! full p[] ( ! eng9e is be+ us$ = accel]at+ ! air4 ,! advantages ( a l>ge screw w1 !re=e1 be obvi\s4 ,i h be5 unable to obta9 correct data reg>d+ ! exp]im5ts :i* h tak5 place ) ! v>i\s ma*9es on ! ,cont95t4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 ^! ma*9es1 & ,i %\ld say :5 !y are 9 flight1 provid+ t ! eng9e develops #dj horse-p[]1 t fully #bh horse-p[] is lo/ 9 screw slip1 & ! rema9d] 9 =c+ ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air4 ,^! ma*9es weigh #a1jjj lbs4 ea*1 & _! eng9es are said to be #ej horse-p[]4 ,! lift+ effect1 !re=e1 p] horse-p[] is #bj lbs4 ,if ! a]oplanes 7 p]fect 9 %ape & set at a prop] angle1 & ! resi/ance ( ! framework r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! same lift+ effect ought to be produc$ ) an exp5diture ( less ?an half ?is am\nt ( p[]1 provid+1 ( c\rse1 t ! screw be ( prop] dim5sions4 ,x is said t ,pr(essor ,langley & ,mr4 ,horatio ,philipps1 by elim9at+ ! factor ( friction altoge!r1 or by n consid]+ x 9 _! calculations1 h succe$$ 9 lift+ at ! rate ( #bjj lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,! app>atus !y employ$ 0 v small4 ,! be/ ,i ev] did ) my v mu* l>g] app>atus--& ,i only did x on "o occasion--0 to c>ry #acc lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,9 my l>ge ma*9e exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 amaz$ at ! trem5d\s am\nt ( p[] necess>y to drive ! framework & ! num]\s wires ?r\gh ! air4 ,x appe>$ to me1 f ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! air resi/$ v /rongly be+ cut up by wires4 ,i expect$ to raise my ma*9e 9 ! air by us+ only #ajj horse-p[]1 & my fir/ cond5s] 0 made s t x did actually cond5se wat] en\gh to supply #ajj horse-p[]1 b ! framework (f]$ su* a trem5d\s resi/ance t ,i 0 compell$ to /r5g!n all ( ! p>ts1 make ! ma*9e heavi]1 & increase ! boil] pressure & pi/on spe$ until ,i actually ran x up to #cfb horse-p[]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,x 0 arriv$ at by multiply+ ! pit* ( ! screws1 9 feet1 by ! numb] ( turns t !y made 9 a m9ute1 & by ! screw ?ru/ 9 p\nds1 & !n divid+ ! product by ! conv5tional unit #cc1jjj4 ,i h no d\bt t ! indicat$ horse-p[] w\ld h be5 fully #djj4 ,on "o occasion ,i ran my ma*9e ov] ! track ) all ! a]oplanes remov$4 ,i knew :at /eam pressure 0 requir$ to run my ma*9e ) ! a]oplanes 9 position at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r4 ,) ! planes remov$1 x /ill requir$ a r high /eam pressure to obta9 ?is velocity1 b ,i made no note at ! "t ( ! exact diff]5ce4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 by any means s great z "o w\ld h suppos$4 ,f ! =ego+1 x w be se5 h[ necess>y x is to consid] atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,al?\gh ,i d n expect t anyone w ev] aga9 attempt to make a fly+ ma*9e driv5 by a /eam eng9e1 /ill1 ,i h ?\ght be/ to give a %ort & concise description ( my eng9e & boil]1 9 ord] t my read]s may und]/& :at sort ( an app>atus ,i employ$ to obta9 ! data ,i am n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 plac+ be=e ! public4 ,a full description ( ev]y?+ relat+ to ! motor p[] 0 writt5 d[n at ! "t1 & has be5 c>efully pres]v$4 ,an abridgem5t ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,air ,,curr5ts ,,& ,,! ,,flight ,,( ,,birds4 ,9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,voyage ( ! ,beagle0 ,i f9d3-- 8,:5 ! condors are :eel+ 9 a flock r\nd & r\nd any spot _! flight is beautiful4 ,except :5 ris+ f ! gr\nd1 ,i d n rememb] ev] hav+ se5 "o ( ^! birds flap its w+s4 ,ne> ,lima ,i wat*$ sev]al = ne>ly half an h\r1 )\t tak+ (f my eyes2 !y mov$ 9 l>ge curves1 sweep+ 9 circles1 desc5d+ & asc5d+ )\t giv+ a s+le flap4 ,z !y glid$ close ov] my head ,i int5tly wat*$ f an oblique position1 ! outl9es ( ! sep>ate & great t]m9al fea!rs ( ea* w+1 & ^! sep>ate fea!rs1 if !re _h be5 ! lea/ vibratory movem5t1 w\ld h appe>$ z if bl5d$ toge!r2 b !y 7 se5 di/9ct aga9/ ! blue sky40 ,man is ess5tially a l& animal1 & x is q possible if ,nature _h n plac$ be=e him num]\s examples ( birds & insects t are able to fly1 he w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( attempt+ x himself4 ,b birds are v mu* 9 evid5ce1 & mank9d f ! v e>lie/ times has n only admir$ ! ease & rapidity ) :i* !y are able to move f place to place1 b has always aspir$ to imitate !m4 ,! numb] ( attempts t h be5 made to solve ?is problem has be5 v great2 b x 0 n until q rec5tly t sci5ce & me*anics _h advanc$ f> en\gh to put 9 ! h&s ( exp]im5t]s suitable mat]ial to attack ! problem4 ,p]haps no?+ bett] has ev] be5 writt5 reg>d+ our aspirations to imitate ! flight ( birds ?an :at ,pr(4 ,langley has said3-- 8,nature has made h] fly+ ma*9e 9 ! bird1 :i* is ne>ly a ?\s& times z heavy z ! air its bulk displaces1 & only ^? :o h tri$ to rival x "k h[ inimitable h] "w is1 = #8! way ( a bird 9 ! air' rema9s z wond]ful to u z x 0 to ,solomon1 & ! sight ( ! bird has con/antly held ?is wond] be=e m5's eyes1 & 9 "s m5's m9ds1 & kept ! flame ( hope f utt] ext9ction1 9 spite ( long disappo9tm5t4 ,i well rememb] h[1 z a *ild1 :5 ly+ 9 a ,new ,engl& pa/ure1 ,i wat*$ a hawk so>+ f> up 9 ! blue1 & sail+ = a long "t )\t any motion ( its w+s1 z ?\gh x ne$$ no "w to su/a9 x1 b 0 kept up !re by "s miracle4 ,b1 h[ev] su/a9$1 ,i saw x sweep1 9 a few seconds ( its leisurely flight1 ov] a di/ance t to me 0 encumb]$ ) e sort ( ob/acle1 :i* did n exi/ = x4 ,! wall ov] :i* ,i _h climb$ :5 ,i left ! road1 ! rav9e ,i _h cross$1 ! pat* ( und]gr[? ?r\gh :i* ,i _h pu%$ my way--all ^! 7 no?+ to ! bird--& :ile ! road _h only tak5 me 9 "o direction1 ! bird's level highway l$ ev]y:]e1 & op5$ ! way into e nook & corn] ( ! l&scape4 ,h[ wond]fully easy1 too1 0 its flight4 ,!re 0 n a flutt] ( its p9ions z x swept ov] ! field1 9 a motion :i* seem$ z ef=tless z t ( its %ad[40 ,dur+ ! la/ #ej ye>s a great deal has be5 said & writt5 9 reg>d to ! flight ( birds2 no o!r natural ph5om5on has excit$ s mu* int]e/ & be5 s imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,le>n$ treatises h be5 writt5 to prove t a bird is able to develop f t5 to tw5ty times z mu* p[] = its weight z o!r animals1 :ile o!r equally le>n$ works h %[n mo/ conclusively t no great] am\nt ( en]gy is ex]t$ by a bird 9 fly+ ?an by l& animals 9 runn+ or jump+4 ,pr(4 ,langley1 :o 0 c]ta9ly a v clev] obs]v] & a ma!matician ( ! fir/ ord]1 9 discuss+ ! subject relat+ to ! p[] ex]t$ by birds 9 flight & ! old =mula relat+ to ! subject1 expresses himself z foll[s3-- 8,aft] _m ye>s & 9 mature life1 ,i 0 br\ght to ?9k ( ^! ?+s aga91 & to ask myself :e!r ! problem ( artificial flight 0 z hopeless & z absurd z x 0 !n ?\ght to be4 ,nature _h solv$ x1 & :y n man8 ,p]haps x 0 because he _h begun at ! wrong end1 & attempt$ to con/ruct ma*9es to fly be=e kn[+ ! pr9ciples on :i* flight re/$4 ,i turn$ = ^! pr9ciples to my books & got no help4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h indicat$ a rule = f9d+ ! resi/ance to advance ?r\gh ! air1 :i* seem$1 if correct1 to call = enorm\s me*anical p[]1 & a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* ma!matician _h giv5 a =mula %[+ h[ rapidly ! p[] mu/ increase ) ! velocity ( flight1 & accord+ to :i* a swall[1 to atta9 a spe$ x is kn[n to rea*1 mu/ be possess$ ( ! /r5g? ( a man4 8,rememb]+ ! ef=tless flight ( ! so>+ bird1 x seem$ t ! fir/ ?+ to d 0 to disc>d rules :i* l$ to su* results1 & to comm5ce new exp]im5ts1 n to build a fly+ ma*9e at once1 b to f9d ! pr9ciples ^u :i* "o %\ld be built2 to f9d1 = in/ance1 ) c]ta9ty by direct trial h[ mu* horse-p[] 0 ne$$ to su/a9 a surface ( giv5 weight by means ( its motion ?r\gh ! air40 ,!re is no "q b :at a bird has a high] physical developm5t1 z f> z ! g5]ation ( p[] is conc]n$1 ?an any o!r animal we "k (4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ?9k t ev]yone :o has made a /udy ( ! "q w agree t "s animals1 su* z h>es & rabbits1 ex]t q z mu* p[] 9 runn+1 9 proportion to _! weight1 z a sea-gull or an eagle does 9 fly+4 ,! am\nt ( p[] :i* a l& animal has to ex]t is always a fix$ & def9ite quantity4 ,if an animal weigh+ #ajj lbs4 has to asc5d a hill #ajj feet high1 x always means ! developm5t ( #aj1jjj foot-lbs4 ,) a bird1 h[ev]1 !re is no su* ?+ z a fix$ quantity4 ,if a bird weigh+ #ajj lbs4 %\ld raise itself into ! air #ajj feet dur+ a p]fect calm1 ! am\nt ( en]gy develop$ w\ld be #aj1jjj foot lbs4 plus ! slip ( ! w+s4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! air 9 :i* a bird flies is nev] /ation>y1 z ,i propose to %[2 x is always mov+ ei!r up or d[n1 & so>+ birds1 by a v delicate s5se ( feel+1 always take advantage ( a ris+ column4 ,if a bird f9ds itself 9 a column ( air :i* is desc5d+1 x is necess>y = x to "w its w+s v rapidly 9 ord] to prev5t a desc5t to ! e>?4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ ! flight ( hawks & eagles4 ,!y seem to glide ?r\gh ! air ) h>dly any movem5t ( _! w+s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y /op & hold !mselves 9 a /ation>y position directly ov] a c]ta9 spot1 c>efully wat*+ some?+ on ! e>? imm$iately bel[4 ,9 su* cases !y (t5 "w _! w+s ) great rapidity1 evid5tly exp5d+ an enorm\s am\nt ( en]gy4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y cease to hov] & comm5ce to move aga9 ?r\gh ! air1 !y appe> to keep !mselves at ! same height ) an almo/ imp]ceptible exp5diture ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,:ile 9 ! ,pyr5ees ,i (t5 obs]v$ eagles balanc+ !mselves on an asc5d+ curr5t ( air produc$ by ! w9d bl[+ ov] l>ge masses ( rock4 ,_m unsci5tific obs]v]s ( ! flight ( birds h imag9$ t a w9d or a horizontal movem5t ( ! air is all t is necess>y to su/a9 ! weight ( a bird 9 ! air aft] ! mann] ( a kite4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! w9d1 :i* is only air 9 motion1 %\ld be bl[+ ev]y:]e at exactly ! same velocity1 & 9 ! same direction--horizontally--x w\ld (f] no m su/a9+ p[] to a bird ?an a dead calm1 because !re is no?+ to prev5t ! body ( ! bird f be+ bl[n along ) ! air1 & :5ev] x atta9$ ! same velocity z ! air1 no possible arrangem5t ( ! w+s c\ld prev5t x f fall+ to ! e>?4 ,x is well kn[n t only a %ort di/ance above ! e>?'s surface1 say #cj or #dj miles1 we f9d an extremely l[ temp]ature sometimes ref]r$ to z int]/ell> temp]ature or absolute z]o4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! extremely l[ temp]ature ( space1 ,i w\ld cite ! foll[+ in/ance3-- ,"o ev5+1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 a f>m] saw a v brilliant meteor2 x /ruck 9 "o ( 8 fields n m ?an #ajj feet f 8 h\se4 ,he at once ru%$ to ! spot1 &1 pu%+ 8 arm d[n ! hole1 succe$$ 9 t\*+ x2 b he v quickly )drew 8 h&1 z he f\nd x extremely hot4 ,"s ( ! neighb\rs ru%$ to ! spot1 & he told !m :at _h occurr$1 :]eupon "o ( !m put 8 h& 9 ! hole1 expect+ to be burnt1 b1 mu* to 8 surprise1 ! tips ( 8 wet f+]s 7 in/antly froz5 to ! meteor4 ,! meteor _h be5 travell+ at su* an exce$+ly high velocity t ! resi/ance ( ! int5sely cold & highly att5uat$ out] atmosph]e 0 suffici5t to br+ its temp]ature up to ! melt+ po9t ( iron2 b ! heat did n h "t to pass into ! int]ior1 x only ext5d$ inw>ds p]haps #a_/h in*1 s t :5 ! meteor came to a /ate ( re/1 ! heat ( ! ext]ior 0 soon absorb$ by ! int5sely cold int]ior1 ?us r$uc+ ! surface to a temp]ature mu* bel[ any natural temp]ature t we f9d at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t ! temp]ature is extremely l[ a slight di/ance above ! e>?'s surface4 ,z ! air ne> ! e>? nev] falls 9 temp]ature to any?+ l ! absolute z]o1 x foll[s t !re is a con/ant *ange go+ on1 ! relatively w>m air ne> ! surface ( ! e>? always asc5d+1 &1 9 "s cases1 do+ suffici5t "w 9 exp&+ to r5d] a portion ( ! wat] x conta9s visible1 =m+ cl\ds1 ra91 or sn[1 :ile ! v cold air is con/antly desc5d+ to take ! place ( ! ris+ column ( w>m air4 ,i h notic$ a consid]able degree ( regul>ity 9 ! movem5t ( ! air1 especially at a long di/ance f l&1 :]e ! regul>ity ( ! up & d[n curr5ts is1 at times1 v m>k$4 ,on "o occasion :ile cross+ ! ,atlantic 9 f9e wea!r ,i notic$1 "s miles directly ahead ( ! %ip1 a long l9e ( glassy wat]4 ,small waves indicat$ t ! w9d 0 bl[+ 9 ! exact direction 9 :i* ! %ip 0 mov+1 & z we approa*$ ! glassy l9e1 ! waves became small] & small] until !y completely disappe>$ 9 a mirror-l surface1 :i* 0 ab\t #cjj or #djj feet wide1 & ext5d$ bo? to ! port & />bo>d 9 approximately a /raight l9e z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,aft] pass+ ! c5tre ( ?is zone1 ,i notic$ t small waves began to %[ !mselves1 b 9 ! exact opposite direction to ^? ?r\gh :i* we _h already pass$1 & ^! waves became l>g] & l>g] = ne>ly half an h\r4 ,!n !y began to get gradually small]1 :5 ,i obs]v$ ano!r glassy l9e directly ahead ( ! %ip4 ,z we approa*$ x1 ! waves aga9 completely disappe>$1 b aft] pass+ ?r\gh x1 ! w9d 0 bl[+ 9 ! opposite direction1 & ! waves increas$ 9 size exactly 9 ! same mann] t !y _h dim9i%$ on ! opposite side ( ! glassy /reak 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,air curr5ts obs]v$ 9 mid ,atlantic1 w>m air asc5d+ at a1 a1 a1 & cold air desc5d+ at b1 b1 b4 c1 c1 c repres5t ! l9es :]e ! waves 7 ! l>ge/4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 %[s t directly ov] ! c5tre ( ! fir/ glassy /reak1 ! air 0 meet+ f bo? sides & asc5d+ 9 practically a /raight l9e f ! surface ( ! wat]1 & !n spread+ out high above ! sea1 sett+ up a light w9d 9 bo? directions4 ,i sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahij-ia on ! ,rivi]a1 betwe5 ,hyres les ,palmi]s & ,monte ,c>lo4 ,! wea!r = ! mo/ "p 0 v f9e1 & ,i (t5 _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ! peculi> ph5om5a :i* ,i _h already notic$ 9 ! ,atlantic1 only on a mu* small] scale4 ,:]eas1 9 ! ,atlantic1 ! glassy zones 7 f #h to #ae miles ap>t1 ,i (t5 f\nd !m n m ?an #ejj feet ap>t 9 ! bays ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is 0 mo/ noticeable at ,antibes 7,fig4 #e71 v good photographs ( :i* ,i obta9$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! :ole surface ( ! wat] is /reak$ l a block ( m>ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,glassy /reaks %[+ ! c5tres ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ columns ( air 9 ! ,bay ( ,antibes1 ,alpes ,m>itimes4 ,at ,nice & ,monte ,c>lo ?is ph5om5a 0 also v m>k$4 ,on "o occasion1 :ile mak+ obs]vations f ! highe/ "p ( ! promontory ( ,monaco on a p]fectly calm day1 ,i notic$ t ! :ole ( ! sea pres5t$ ?is peculi> effect z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 & t ! l9es :i* m>k$ ! desc5d+ air 7 nev] m ?an #a1jjj feet f ^? :i* m>k$ ! c5tre ( ! asc5d+ column4 ,at ab\t ?ree o'clock "o aft]noon1 a l>ge black /eam] pass$ along ! coa/ 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e1 & its wake 0 at once m>k$ by a glassy l9e1 :i* indicat$ ! c5tre ( an asc5d+ column4 ,?is l9e rema9$ almo/ /raight = two h\rs1 :5 f9ally x became crook$ & brok54 ,! heat ( ! /eam] _h be5 suffici5t to det]m9e ?is upw>d curr5t ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,air curr5ts obs]v$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 asc5d+ curr5ts at a1 a1 a1 & desc5d+ curr5ts at b1 b1 b4 ,9 #ahic ,i sp5t two weeks 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 go+ & return+ by a sl[ /eam] f ,m>seilles to ,con/ant9ople1 & ,i _h _m opportunities ( obs]v+ ! peculi> ph5om5a to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,! /eam] pass$ ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( calm sea1 ! surface be+ only di/urb$ by l>ge pat*es ( small ripples 7,fig4 #f71 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by glassy /reaks1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 n /raight z on ! ,atlantic1 & ,i f\nd t 9 no case 0 ! w9d bl[+ 9 ! same direction on bo? sides ( ^! /reaks1 e "o ( :i* indicat$ ! c5tre ( an asc5d+ or a desc5d+ column ( air4 ,if we %\ld inve/igate ^! ph5om5a 9 :at might be call$ a dead calm1 we %\ld f9d t ! air 0 ris+ v ne>ly /raight up ov] ! c5tres ( "s ( ^! /reaks & desc5d+ 9 a v]tical l9e ov] ! c5tres ( o!rs4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no su* ?+ z a dead calm4 ,! movem5t ( ! air is ! resultant ( m ?an "o =ce4 ,! air is n only ris+ 9 "s places & desc5d+ 9 o!rs1 b at ! same "t1 ! :ole mass is mov+ =w>d ) m or less rapidity f "o "p ( ! e>? to ano!r1 s we mu/ consid] t1 in/ead ( ! air asc5d+ directly f ! relatively hot surface ( ! e>? & desc5d+ v]tically 9 o!r places1 9 reality ! :ole mass ( rotat+ air is mov+ horizontally at ! same "t4 ,suppose t ! local influ5ce :i* causes ! up & d[n motion ( ! air %\ld be suffici5tly great to cause ! air to rise at ! rate ( #b miles an h\r1 & t ! w9d at ! same "t %\ld be bl[+ at ! rate ( #aj miles an h\r1 ! motion ( ! air w\ld !n be ! resultant ( ^! two velocities4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld be bl[+ up an incl9e ( #a 9 #e4 ,suppose1 n[1 t a bird %\ld be able to s adju/ its w+s t x advanc$ #e miles 9 fall+ #a mile ?r\gh a p]fectly calm atmosph]e1 x w\ld !n be able to su/a9 itself 9 an incl9$ w9d1 su* z ,i h describ$1 )\t any movem5t at all ( its w+s4 ,if x 7 possible to adju/ its w+s 9 su* a mann] t x c\ld advance #f miles by fall+ ?r\gh #a mile ( air1 x w\ld !n be able to rise z relates to ! e>? :ile 9 reality fall+ z relates to ! surr\nd+ air4 ,9 conduct+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) artill]y & small guns on a l>ge & level pla9 j out ( ,madrid1 ,i (t5 obs]v$ ! same ph5om5a1 z relates to ! w9d1 t ,i h already spok5 ( z hav+ obs]v$ at sea1 except t ! l9es m>k+ ! c5tre ( an asc5d+ or a desc5d+ column ( air 7 n s /ation>y z !y 7 ov] ! wat]4 ,x 0 n an uncommon ?+1 :5 adju/+ ! sights ( a gun to fire at a t>get at a v long range1 mak+ due all[ances = ! w9d1 to h ! w9d *ange & bl[ 9 ! opposite direction be=e ! ^w ( comm& 0 giv5 to fire4 ,:ile conduct+ ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i (t5 notic$ ! flight ( eagles4 ,on "o occasion a pair ( eagles came into sight on "o side ( ! pla91 pass$ directly ov] our heads1 & disappe>$ on ! opposite side4 ,!y 7 app>5tly always at ! same height f ! e>?1 & 9 so>+ completely across ! pla9 !y nev] once mov$ _! w+s4 ,^! ph5om5a1 ,i ?9k1 c only be acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis t ^! birds 7 able to feel out ) _! w+s an asc5d+ column ( air1 t ! c5tre ( ?is column ( air 0 approximately a /raight l9e runn+ completely across ! pla91 t !y f\nd upw>d movem5t m ?an suffici5t to su/a9 _! weight 9 ! air1 & t :]eas1 z relates to ! e>?1 !y 7 n fall+ at all1 !y 7 9 reality fall+ "s #d or #e miles an h\r 9 ! air :i* support$ !m4 ,aga91 at ,cadiz 9 ,spa91 :5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ 9 /rongly f ! sea1 ,i obs]v$ t ! sea-gulls always took advantage ( an asc5d+ column ( air4 ,z ! w9d rose to pass ov] ! =tifications1 ! gulls select$ a place :]e !y w\ld glide on ! asc5d+ curr5t ( air1 keep+ !mselves always approximately 9 ! same place )\t any app>5t ex]tion4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y left ?is asc5d+ column1 x 0 necess>y = !m to "w _! w+s ) great vig\r until !y aga9 f\nd ! prop] place to enc\nt] a fav\rable curr5t4 ,i h (t5 notic$ t gulls are able to foll[ a %ip )\t any app>5t ex]tion2 !y simply balance !mselves on an asc5d+ column ( air1 :]e !y seem to be q z mu* at ease z !y w\ld h be5 roo/+ on a solid support4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are driv5 out ( ?is position1 !y g5]ally comm5ce at once to "w _! passage4 ,if any?+ is ?r[n ov]bo>d :i* is too heavy = !m to lift1 ! %ip soon leaves !m beh9d1 & 9 ord] to cat* up ) x aga9 !y move _! w+s v mu* z o!r birds d2 b :5 once e/abli%$ 9 ! asc5d+ column ( air1 !y manage to keep up ) ! %ip by do+ little or no "w4 ,9 a calm or head w9d we f9d !m directly aft ( ! %ip2 if ! w9d is f ! port side !y may always be f\nd on ! />bo>d qu>t]1 & vice v]s4 ,"o ,sunday morn+1 :ile liv+ at ,k5s+ton1 ,i notic$ "s v curi\s atmosph]ic effects4 ,! wea!r _h be5 int5sely cold = ab\t a week1 :5 sudd5ly ! atmosph]e became w>m & v humid4 ,! e>? be+ mu* cold] ?an ! atmosph]e1 wat] 0 cond5s+ on ev]y?+ t x t\*$4 ,i w5t to ! bridge ov] ! ,s]p5t9e 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 & 0 n disappo9t$ 9 f9d+ a l>ge numb] ( sea-gulls wait+ ab\t ! bridge to be f$4 ,on all ord9>y occasions ^! birds manage to move ab\t ) ! exp5diture ( v little en]gy1 b on ?is occasion e "o ( !m1 )\t a s+le exception1 no matt] 9 :at position he might be1 0 work+ 8 passage l any o!r bird1 j z ,i _h expect$4 ,x is only on v r>e occasions t ! surface ( ! e>? is suffici5tly cold z relates to ! atmosph]e to prev5t all upw>d curr5ts ( air4 ,ev]yone :o has pass$ a w9t] on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean mu/ h obs]v$ ! cold w9d :i* is g5]ally call$ ! mi/ral4 ,"o may be out driv+1 ! sun may be %9+ brightly1 & ! air w>m & balmy1 :5 sudd5ly1 )\t any app>5t cause1 "o f9ds himself 9 a cold desc5d+ w9d4 ,?is is ! mu*-dread$ mi/ral1 & if at sea x w\ld be m>k$ by a glassy l9e on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,on l&1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ to r5d] its pres5ce visible4 ,! asc5d+ column ( air is1 ( c\rse1 always v mu* w>m] ?an ! desc5d+ column1 & ?is is tak+ place 9 a great] or less] degree ev]y:]e & at all times4 ,a decid$ upw>d tr5d ( air is (t5 enc\nt]$ by ^? :o are exp]im5t+ ) kites1 ! kite (t5 m\nt+ high] ?an c be acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis t ! w9d is mov+ 9 a horizontal direction4 ,i h he>d ?is discuss$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,:5 a kite is fl[n 9 an upw>d curr5t1 x behaves 9 _m respects l a so>+ bird4 ,f ! =ego+1 ,i ?9k1 we may safely draw ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,fir/1 t !re is a con/ant int]*ange ( air tak+ place1 ! cold air desc5d+1 spread+ itself out ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 becom+ w>m1 & asc5d+ 9 o!r places4 ,second1 t ! c5tres ( ! two columns are g5]ally sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a di/ance :i* may be f #ejj feet to #bj miles4 ,?ird1 t ! c5tres ( greate/ action are n 9 spots1 b 9 l9es :i* may be approximately /raight1 b sometimes ab\nd 9 _m s9uosities4 ,f\r?1 t ?is action is con/antly tak+ place ov] bo? ! sea & ! l&2 t ! so>+ ( birds1 ! ph5om5on :i* has h]et(ore be5 s little und]/ood1 may be acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis t ! bird seeks out an asc5d+ column ( air1 & :ile su/a9+ itself at ! same height 9 ! air1 )\t any muscul> ex]tion1 x is 9 reality fall+ at a consid]able velocity ?r\gh ! air t surr\nds x4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s sci5ti/s t birds may take advantage ( "s vibratory or roll+ action ( ! air4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 f c>eful obs]vation & exp]im5t1 t ! motion ( ! w9d is comp>atively /eady1 & t ! %ort vibratory or roll+ action is always v ne> to ! e>? & is produc$ by ! air fl[+ ov] hills1 high build+s1 trees1 etc4 ,tools & in/rum5ts us$ by me*anicians are v (t5 made ( ! mat]ial mo/ us$ 9 _! pr(ession2 = in/ance1 a blacksmi?'s tools are g5]ally ( iron1 a c>p5t]'s tools l>gely ( wood1 & a glass-bl[] uses _m ?+s made ( glass1 & s on4 ,ma!maticians are no exception to ?is g5]al rule1 & seem to imag9e t ev]y?+ c be accompli%$ by pure ma!matical =mul4 ,x appe>s t ,pr(4 ,langley 0 at times consid]ably puzzl$ by ! extraord9>y behavi\r ( birds1 & 0 l$ to believe t !y took advantage ( "s vibratory or oscillat+ movem5t ( ! air2 he call$ x 8! int]nal "w ( ! air40 ,i h be5 v mu* amus$ 9 a rec5t ma!matical "w t ,i h read1 9 :i* ! writ] seeks to solve all que/ions by pure ma!matics4 ,9 ?is case1 not)/&+ t all ( ! factors are unkn[n & unkn[able1 /ill1 ) ! use ( ab\t two pages ( closely writt5 algebraic =mul1 he appe>s to h solv$ ! :ole "q4 ,j h[ he arriv$ at x1 h[ev]1 is m ?an ,i am able to und]/&4 ,if a kite is fl[n only a few feet above ! gr\nd1 x w be f\nd t ! curr5t ( air is v un/eady4 ,if x is all[$ to m\nt to #ejj feet ! un/ead9ess ne>ly all disappe>s1 :ile if x is all[$ to m\nt fur!r to a height ( #a1ejj or #b1jjj feet1 ! pull on ! cord is almo/ con/ant1 &1 if ! kite is well made1 x rema9s practically /ation>y 9 ! air4 ,i h (t5 notic$ 9 high w9ds t light & fleecy cl\ds come into view1 say1 ab\t #b1jjj feet above ! surface ( ! e>?1 & pass rapidly & /eadily by pres]v+ _! %ape completely4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly indicate t !re is no rapid local di/urbance 9 ! air 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity1 b t ! :ole mass ( air 9 :i* ^! cl\ds are =m$ is practically travell+ 9 ! same direction & at ! same velocity4 ,num]\s a]onauts h also te/ifi$ t1 no matt] h[ h>d ! w9d may be bl[+1 ! balloon is always practically 9 a dead calm1 & if a piece ( gold-leaf is ?r[n ov]bo>d1 ev5 9 a gale1 ! gold-leaf & ! balloon nev] "p company 9 a horizontal direction1 ?\gh !y may 9 a v]tical direction4 ,birds may be divid$ into two classes4 ,fir/1 ! so>+ birds1 :i* practically live ^u ! w+1 &1 by "s v delicate s5se ( t\*1 are able to feel ! exact condition ( ! air4 ,_m fi% :i* live ne> ! top ( ! wat] are greatly di/ress$ by s9k+ too deeply1 :ile o!rs :i* live at great dep?s are almo/ in/antly kill$ by be+ rais$ to ! surface4 ,! swim-bladd] ( a fi% is 9 reality a delicate b>omet] provid$ ) s5sitive n]ves :i* enable ! fi% to feel :e!r x is s9k+ or ris+ 9 ! wat]4 ,) ! surface fi%1 if ! pressure becomes too great1 x involunt>ily ex]ts itself to rise ne>] ! surface & s dim9i% ! pressure1 & ,i h no d\bt t ! air cells1 :i* are kn[n to be v num]\s & to ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! bodies ( birds1 are s s5sitive z to enable so>+ birds to "k at once :e!r !y are 9 an asc5d+ or a desc5d+ column ( air4 ,! o!r class ( birds consi/s ( ^? :i* only employ _! w+s occasionally = ! purpose ( tak+ !m rapidly f "o place to ano!r4 ,su* birds d n exp5d _! p[] s economically z ! so>+ birds4 ,!y d n pass mu* ( _! "t 9 ! air1 b :at "t !y are on ! w+ !y put =? an imm5se am\nt ( p[] & fly v rapidly1 g5]ally 9 a /raight l9e1 tak+ no advantage ( air curr5ts4 ,p>tridges1 pheasants1 wild ducks1 geese1 & "s birds ( passage may be tak5 z types ( ?is k9d4 ,?is class ( birds has relatively small w+s1 & c>ries ab\t two & a half times z mu* weight p] squ>e foot ( surface z so>+ birds d4 ,we %all nev] be able to imitate ! flight ( ! so>+ birds4 ,we _c hope to make a s5sitive app>atus t w "w quick en\gh to take advantage ( ! ris+ curr5ts ( air1 & he :o seeks to fly has ?is problem to deal )4 ,a successful fly+ ma*9e1 mov+ at a high velocity1 is likely at any "t to enc\nt] d[nw>d curr5ts ( air1 :i* w greatly int]f]e ) its action4 ,!re=e fly+ ma*9es mu/1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 be provid$ ) suffici5t p[] to propel !m ?r\gh v>i\s curr5ts ( air1 aft] ! mann] ( ducks1 p>tridges1 pheasants1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,correspond+ ,common ,"n4 ,sq4 ,ft4,lbs4 p],spe$ = a ,plane p] ,lb4,sq4 ,ft4 at #c 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,bat1 #gfd #jaca #aei ,swall[1 #cfb #jbgf #bca ,l>k1 #cjf #jcbg #bea ,sp>r[ hawk1 #cjj #jccc #bec ,sp>r[1 #bdb #jdad #bhb ,gull1 #bce #jdbf #bhf ,owl1 #bbf #jddc #bib ,crane1 #bjb #jdie #cji ,rook1 #agd #jege #ccc ,plov]1 #ach #jgbe #cgd ,balbuzz>d1 #abf #jgie #cib ,egyptian vulture1 #aah #jhdh #djd ,duck1 #jhfd #aaeh #ddb ,grey pelican1 #jgcb #acfe #eac ,wild goose1 #jehf #agjh #egd ,turkey1 #jebc #aiaj #fjf ,duck 7female71 #jdih #bjjh #fbb 7male71 #jdci #bbhj #ffb ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fly+ ,,( ,,kites4 ,x 0 said ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 t :5 he wi%$ to fly a kite 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if lightn+ c\ld be drawn d[n f ! cl\ds1 he manag$ to h a boy ) him 9 ord] to avoid ridicule4 ,x 0 consid]$ too frivol\s 9 ^? days = gr[n-up m5 to amuse !mselves ) kites1 & a good _m besides ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 h fe>$ to face ! ridicule t 0 inevitable if !y took up or ev5 discuss$ ! "q ( artificial flight4 ,n9ete5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,i comm5c$ my own exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 told t my reputation w\ld be greatly injur$1 t mank9d look$ ^u artificial flight z an ignis-fatuus1 & t anyone :o exp]im5t$ 9 t direction 0 plac$ 9 ! same category z ^? :o s\ght to make p]petual-motion ma*9es or to f9d ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,al?\gh ,i _h little fe> ( ridicule1 /ill ,i kept ?+s z quiet z ,i c\ld = a consid]able "t1 & ,i _h be5 work+ fully six mon?s be=e anyone asc]ta9$ :at ,i 0 do+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x became kn[n t ,i 0 exp]im5t+ ) a view ( build+ a fly+ ma*9e1 ! public seem$ to ?9k t ,i 0 mak+ hone/ & praisewor?y sci5tific inve/igations2 true1 ,i might n succe$1 /ill x 0 said t ,i w\ld accompli% some?+1 & f9d out "s ( ! laws relat+ to ! subject4 ,no "o ridicul$ my "w except two individuals1 & bo? ( ^! 7 m5 :om ,i _h greatly b5efit$4 ,z is (t5 ! case1 ^? :om y f9d 9 difficulties & place on _! feet seek to d y "s injury z comp5sation = ! b5efits !y h receiv$4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is n necess>y = any man to take a small boy ) him z a species ( lightn+-rod to w>d (f ridicule :5 he flies a kite4 ,i h be5 "o ( a committee on kite-fly+ at :i* "s ( ! mo/ le>n$ & s]i\s m5 9 ,engl& 7 my colleagues 9 inve/igat+ ! subject4 ,! behavi\r ( kites is c]ta9ly v puzzl+ to ^? :o d n ?or\ghly und]/& ! subject4 ,a kite may be made ) ! greate/ degree ( p]fection1 & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( "o ( consid]able exp]i5ce2 nev]!less1 x may behave v badly1 div+ sudd5ly to ! gr\nd )\t any app>5t cause4 ,!n1 aga91 ?is same kite w sometimes /eadily m\nt 9 ! air until x rea*es a height difficult to acc\nt =4 ,if ! surface ( ! e>? %\ld be p]fectly smoo?1 & ! w9d %\ld always bl[ 9 a horizontal direction1 kites w\ld n %[ ^! ecc5tric peculi>ities1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! air seldom moves 9 a horizontal direction2 x is always influ5c$ by ! heat ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,heat$ air is cont9ually asc5d+ 9 "s places only to be cool$ & to desc5d 9 o!r places4 ,if "o is attempt+ to fly a kite :]e ! air is mov+ d[nw>ds1 he w f9d x an extremely difficult matt]1 :]eas1 if he is =tunate en\gh to /rike a curr5t ( air :i* is ris+1 ! kite w m\nt mu* high] 9 ! air ?an c be acc\nt$ =1 except we admit ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! upw>d draughts ( air4 ,on "o occasion _m ye>s ago1 ,i 0 pres5t :5 a bond$ w>eh\se 9 ,new ,york conta9+ #aj1jjj b>rels ( alcohol 0 burnt4 ,x 0 n9e o'clock at night1 & ,i walk$ completely ar\nd ! fire1 & f\nd ?+s j z ,i _h expect$4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ a p]fect hurricane ?r\gh e /reet 9 ! direction ( ! fire1 al?\gh x 0 a dead calm ev]y:]e else2 ! flames m\nt$ /raight 9 ! air to an enorm\s height1 & took ) !m a l>ge am\nt ( burn+ wood4 ,:5 ,i 0 fully #ejj feet f ! fire1 a piece ( p>tly burnt #a-;in* bo>d1 ab\t #h in*es wide & #d feet long1 fell ?r\gh ! air & l&$ v ne> me1 s5d+ sp>ks 9 e direction4 ,?is bo>d _h evid5tly be5 tak5 up to a great height by ! trem5d\s upru% ( air caus$ by ! burn+ alcohol4 ,x is v evid5t t a kite made ( boil] iron c\ld h be5 successfully fl[n "u ^! conditions provid+ t x c\ld h be5 br\ght into ! "r position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,! circulation ( air produc$ by a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature4 ,! sket* 7,fig4 #g7 %[s a device consi/+ ( a _s lamp & a box ( ice4 ,! lamp heats ! metallic plate1 exp&s ! air :i* rises & is cool$ by convection on com+ 9 contact ) ! top plate1 & desc5ds z %[n4 ,h[ev]1 a fire is n necess>y to accompli% ?is result2 x is tak+ place all ov] ! e>?1 all ! "t4 ,a great numb] ( plants dep5d ^u a ris+ curr5t ( air to transport _! se$s to di/ant places4 ,se$s ( ! ?i/le & d&elion v>iety are sometimes able to travel hundr$s ( miles1 to ! great vexation ( f>m]s2 & !re is a c]ta9 class ( small spid] kn[n z 8,balloon ,spid]s0 :i* also dep5d ^u a ris+ curr5t ( air to c>ry !m f ! place ( _! bir? to "s di/ant "p :]e !y1 ( c\rse1 hope to />t a colony4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy ( eight1 ,i notic$ small spid]s webb+ d[n f ! sky4 ,i 0 greatly puzzl$2 x appe>$ to me t !y _h atta*$ _! web to "s /ation>y object high 9 ! air & 7 sp9n+ a web 9 ord] to l[] !mselves to ! e>?4 ,:at c\ld t /ation>y object be8 ,z ! sky 0 cle>1 ,i 0 q unable to und]/& ?is ph5om5on1 b aft]w>ds ,i le>n$ f sci5tific books t !re 0 a class ( spid]s t manag$ to rise high 9 ! air by ! aid ( ! w9d4 ,x appe>s t !y climb a high tree until !y h rea*$ ! upp]mo/ extremity & !n1 f a leaf or twig t projects into ! air1 !y wait = an asc5d+ curr5t ( air4 ,al?\gh ! spid] is exce$+ly small--! size ( a p9's head--x has ab\t #bjj sp9n]ets1 its ord9>y web be+ =m$ ( no less ?an t numb] ( extremely f9e ?reads4 ,^! are spun out s+ly into ! air until an almo/ invisible mass ( f9e webs int]lac+ ea* o!r 9 all directions & =m+ an approximately cyl9drical network ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] & #ah in*es long is produc$4 ,:5ev] an upw>d draft ( air approximately v]tical occurs1 x takes ?is weightless tangle ( f9e webs ) x1 & s soon z ! spid] f9ds !re is suffici5t pull to lift its weight1 x lets g & asc5ds ) ! air4 ,:5 ! ,nulli ,secundus asc5d$ at ,f>nbor\gh & l&$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ,mr4 ,cody1 :o 0 on bo>d1 report$ :at he suppos$ to be a v curi\s & unacc\ntable ph5om5on4 ,! balloon 0 cov]$ ) _m ?\s&s ( m9ute spid]s t x _h pick$ up 9 ! air on ! voyage4 ,c]ta9ly ?is ( itself is v /rong evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! asc5d+ curr5ts ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;a repres5ts a kite 9 a horizontal w9d1 e1 e1 e2 b1 ! same kite 9 a ris+ column ( air1 ! w9d bl[+ 9 ! direction %[n at f1 f4 ,if ! kite is a good "o1 x may pass ov] to ! po9t c4 ,:5 9 ,bo/on ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 ,i w5t to ,blue ,hill to witness ! rem>kable kite fly+ :i* 0 tak+ place at t "t4 ,! kites exp]im5t$ ) 7 ( ! ,h>grave type1 & ( enorm\s dim5sions4 ,a /eel wire & w9dlass work$ by a /eam eng9e 0 employ$4 ,i 0 told t on c]ta9 occasions ! kites m\nt$ extremely high1 mu* high] ?an !y 7 able to acc\nt =2 b on ?is p>ticul> occasion1 al?\gh !y let out a great am\nt ( wire1 ! kite did n m\nt v high4 ,i h he>d mu* discussion fir/ & la/ reg>d+ ! flight ( kites1 & ,i ?9k x is g5]ally admitt$ t !y d sometimes rise upw>ds & cont9ue mov+ to ! w9dw>d until !y pass directly ov] ! spot :]e !y are atta*$ to ! e>?4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ab\t ?ree ye>s ago t ,i witness$ ?is ph5om5on myself4 ,mr4 ,cody1 :o is ! inv5tor ( a v good kite1 _h be5 fly+ kites at ! ,cry/al ,palace = "s mon?s1 & on "o occasion ,i saw 8 kite rise1 pass to ! w9dw>d & directly ov] our heads4 ,i took hold ( ! cord ) bo? h&s1 & 0 some:at surpris$ to f9d :at ! lift+ effect 04 ,! kite 01 h[ev]1 ( l>ge dim5sions1 b by no means s l>ge z ,mr4 ,cody's 8man-lift+ kites40 ,9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #h7 ,i h %[n1 at a1 ! action ( a kite 9 a horizontal w9d1 l9es e1 e1 %[+ ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,a good kite w easily m\nt #de1 ! angle %[n1 b on ! occasion j m5tion$1 ! sun _h be5 %9+ brightly into ! valley :]e ! exp]im5ts took place1 & an upw>d curr5t ( air _h be5 det]m9$4 ,! cool] air 01 ( c\rse1 ru%+ 9 f ea* side & m\nt+ 9 ab\t ! c5tre ( ! valley1 & ,mr4 ,cody's kite1 in/ead ( fly+ 9 a horizontal w9d1 soon rea*$ a po9t :]e ! w9d 0 asc5d+ at an angle1 z %[n at f1 f4 ,! kite w\ld !re=e m\nt until at b1 :]e x pres5t$ ! same angle to ! w9d z ) ! horizontal w9d at a1 & if x %\ld be made to fly at a high] angle1 x might pass ov] to ! position %[n at c4 ,b x mu/ n be imag9$ t ?is ph5om5on c be witness$ e day 9 ! ye>4 ,x is only on r>e occasions t "o is =tunate en\gh to f9d a w9d :i* is bl[+ at a suffici5tly %>p upw>d tr5d to cause a kite to pass to ! w9dw>d ov] ! po9t ( support4 ,nei!r mu/ x be suppos$ t ?is fav\rable condition ( ?+s is ( long duration4 ,z ! c5tre ( ! upw>d curr5t is con/antly mov+1 x is c]ta9 t v soon x w move away f ! po9t f :i* ! kite is be+ fl[n4 ,:at is true ( kites is also true ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,x is v difficult inde$ to make a kite m\nt provid+ t x is 9 a desc5d+ curr5t ( air1 & "o is j z likely to f9d a desc5d+ curr5t z any o!r4 ,fly+ ma*9es w1 !re=e1 h to be made ) a consid]able am\nt ( res]ve en]gy1 s z to be able to put on a spurt :5 !y enc\nt] an adv]se curr5t4 ,if a ma*9e is made t is able to ma9ta9 itself 9 ! air = any consid]able l5g? ( "t1 x w n be a v difficult task to "k :5 a curr5t ( air ( ?is k9d is enc\nt]$1 because1 if ! eng9e is work+ up to spe$1 & ev]y?+ is 9 p]fect ord]1 & /ill ! ma*9e is fall+1 x is v c]ta9 t an unfav\rable curr5t has be5 enc\nt]$1 & ef=ts %\ld be made to get out ( x z soon z possible4 ,!n1 aga91 if ! ma*9e has an abnormal t5d5cy to rise )\t any increase 9 ! numb] ( rotations made by ! screws1 ! a]onaut may be c]ta9 t he has enc\nt]$ an upw>d & fav\rable curr5t ( air :i*1 un=tunately1 w n la/4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile ! wid? ( ! upw>d curr5t is n v great1 nev]!less1 x may ext5d 9 a practically /raight l9e = _m miles4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pr9cipally ,,relat+ ,,to ,,screws4 ,9 #ahhg ,i 0 approa*$ by sev]al weal?y g5tlem5 :o ask$ me if ,i ?\ght x 0 possible to make a fly+ ma*9e4 ,i said1 8c]ta9ly2 ! dome/ic goose is able to fly & :y %\ld n man be able to d z well z a goose80 ,!y !n ask$ me :at x w\ld co/ & h[ long x w\ld take1 &1 )\t a mom5t's hesitation1 ,i said x w\ld require my undivid$ att5tion = five ye>s & might co/ #ajj1jjj4 ,a great deal ( exp]im5t+ w\ld be necess>y2 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s w\ld be devot$ to develop+ an int]nal combu/ion eng9e ( ! ,brayton or ,otto type1 & ! next two ye>s to exp]im5t+ ) a]oplanes & screws & build+ a ma*9e4 ,ev5 at t "t ,i _h a cle> idea ( ! sy/em t w\ld be ! be/4 ,h[ev]1 no?+ 0 !n done1 b 9 #ahhi ,i employ$ = ! purpose two v skilful ,am]ican me*anics1 & put !m to "w at ,baldwyn's ,p>k1 ,k5t4 ,at t "t ! petroleum motor _h n be5 r$uc$ to its pres5t degree ( effici5cy & lightness2 x 0 n suitable = a fly+ ma*9e1 & ,i saw t x w\ld require a lot ( exp]im5tal "w 9 ord] to develop x4 ,aft] tak+ into consid]ation all ! facts ( ! case1 ,i decid$ to use a /eam eng9e4 ,_h ,i be5 able to obta9 ! light & effici5t motors :i* h be5 rec5tly develop$1 ?anks to ! build]s ( rac+ c>s1 ,i %\ld n h _h to exp]im5t at all ) eng9es & boil]s1 z ,i c\ld h obta9$ ! necess>y motors at once4 ,z x 01 ,i 0 oblig$ to cont5t myself ) ! /eam eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,gr\p ( screws & o!r objects us$ 9 my exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,"s ( ! pr9cipal screws exp]im5t$ )--h1 a screw ) v ?ick blades1 & g1 a screw made aft] a ,fr5* model4 ,i f\nd t !re 0 a great deal ( misund]/&+ reg>d+ ! action ( a]oplanes1 & also ( screws work+ 9 ! air4 ,i procur$ all ! lit]ature available on ! subject1 bo? ,engli% & ,fr5*1 & attempt$ to make a ?or\gh /udy ( ! "q2 b ,i 0 n satisfi$1 on acc\nt ( ! wide diff]5ce 9 ! views ( ! writ]s & ! conflict+ =mul t 7 employ$4 ,i !re=e decid$ to make exp]im5ts myself1 & to asc]ta9 :at c\ld be done )\t ! use ( anybody's =mula4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i f9d t !re is /ill a great deal ( discussion reg>d+ ! action ( a]oplanes & screws1 9 :i* ! majority tak+ "p 9 ! discussion are 9 ! wrong4 ,h[ev]1 sev]al good works on ! subject h rec5tly be5 publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! ?ree be/ screws4 ,! screw on ! "r has a uni=m pit* ?r\gh\t1 ! middle screw has increas+ pit*1 & ! left screw comp\nd increas+ pit*4 ,hav+ design$ & put my boil] & eng9e 9 h&1 ,i comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! effici5cy ( screw propell]s work+ 9 ! air1 & ! =m & size t w\ld be be/ = my propos$ ma*9e4 ,! illu/ration ,fig4 #i %[s a photographic gr\p ( ! screws & o!r objects ) :i* ,i exp]im5t$4 ,fig4 #aj %[s "s ( ! lead+ types :i*1 z w be se51 h blades ( diff]5t %ape1 pit*1 & size4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ?ree ( ! be/ screws employ$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t "o has uni=m pit*1 ano!r increas+ pit*1 & ! ?ird comp\nd increas+ pit*4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! effici5cy ( my screws ,i made ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! p[] = runn+ ! screw 0 transmitt$ by means ( a belt to ! /raight cyl9drical pulley c1 c4 ,%aft b1 b 0 ( /eel1 r small 9 diamet]1 & ran smoo?ly1 & practically )\t friction1 ?r\gh ! two be>+s d1 d4 ,:5 ! fir/ screw1 a1 a1 0 run at a high velocity1 ! axial ?ru/ pu%$ ! %aft b1 b back & elongat$ ! spiral spr+ e4 ,! degree ( screw ?ru/ 0 indicat$ 9 p\nds by ! po9t] g4 ,! p[] 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh a v accurate & s5sitive dynamomet]1 s t ! am\nt consum$ c\ld be easily obs]v$ by a po9t] simil> to ! "o employ$ = indicat+ ! screw ?ru/4 ,a ta*omet] 0 also employ$ to obs]ve ! numb] ( turns t ! screw 0 mak+ 9 a m9ute4 ,! :ole app>atus 0 c>efully & accurately made & work$ exce$+ly well4 ,i 0 ?us enabl$1 ) my v>i\s =ms ( screws & o!r objects1 to make v accurate measurem5ts1 "s ( :i* are exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,app>atus = te/+ ! ?ru/ ( screws--a1 a1 ! screw2 b1 b1 %aft slid+ freely 9 ! be>+ d1 d2 c1 cyl9drical pulley2 e1 spiral spr+2 f1 /eel rod2 g1 po9t] = indicat+ ! ?ru/ 9 p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,app>atus = te/+ ! direction ( air curr5ts caus$ by a rapidly rotat+ screw4 ,silk5 ?reads 7 atta*$ to ! wire c1 c1 :i* indicat$ cle>ly ! direction 9 :i* ! air 0 mov+4 ,9 _m ( ! treatises & books ( t "t x 0 /at$ t a screw propell]1 work+ 9 ! air1 0 exce$+ly wa/eful ( en]gy on acc\nt ( produc+ a fan-bl[] action4 ,"s inv5tors sugge/$ t ! screw %\ld "w 9 a /ation>y cyl9d]1 or1 bett] /ill1 t ! :ole screw %\ld be encas$ 9 a rotat+ cyl9d]1 to prev5t ?is outw>d motion ( ! air4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at ! actual facts 71 ,i atta*$ a l>ge numb] ( r$ silk ?reads to a brass wire1 :i* ,i plac$ completely ar\nd my screw 7see ,fig4 #ac74 ,^u />t+ up ,i f\nd t1 in/ead ( ! air be+ bl[n out at ! p]iph]y ( ! screw1 x 0 9 reality suck$ 91 z w be se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,i 0 r surpris$ to see h[ %>p a l9e ( dem>kation !re 0 betwe5 ! air t 0 mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! screw & ! air t 0 mov+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! screw employ$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 #ah in*es 9 diamet] & _h a pit* ( #bd in*es4 ,x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1 if ! pit* ( ! screw 0 co>se en\gh t !re w\ld be a fan-bl[] action4 ,i !re=e tri$ screws ( v>i\s degrees ( pit*1 & f\nd :5 ! pit* 0 a little m ?an ?ree times ! diamet]1 giv+ to ! out] end ( ! blade an angle ( #de1 t a fan-bl[] action 0 produc$--t is1 "p ( ! "t :5 ! screw 0 runn+1 ! air w\ld alt]nate2 sometimes x w\ld pass inw>ds at ! p]iph]y & sometimes outw>ds4 ,! *ange ( direction1 h[ev]1 0 always indicat$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! pit* ( ! note giv5 out1 & also by ! ?ru/4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad ,i h %[n ! extremities ( ! blades ( "s ( ! diff]5t =ms ( screws exp]im5t$ )1 9 :i* a %[s a pla9 screw1 ! front side be+ /raight & ( equal pit* f ! p]iph]y to ! hub2 b is a screw ( practically ! same pit*1 b slightly curv$ s z to give :at is kn[n z an increas+ pit*2 c %[s ! extremity ( a screw 9 :i* ! curve is n ! same ?r\gh\t--t is1 x is :at is kn[n z a comp\nd increas+ pit*2 d is ! %ape ( ! screw t gave ! angle ( #de above ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,?is draw+ %[s ! ends ( screw blades 9 :i* a is a pla9 screw2 b1 screw ) increas+ pit*2 c1 screw ) comp\nd increas+ pit*2 d1 end ( screw blade #de2 e1 screw ) v ?ick blade2 f1 blade ) no pit* at all2 g1 blade :i* gave a ?ru/ 9 ! direction ( ! convex side1 no matt] 9 :i* direction x 0 revolv$2 h1 screw said to h be5 us$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t exp]im5ts4 ,! fir/ screw exp]im5t$ ) 0 a4 ,?is screw 0 run at a high velocity--ab\t #b1ejj revolutions p] m9ute--until a screw ?ru/ ( #ad lbs4 0 obta9$1 & !n ! gov]nor ( ! eng9e 0 set s t all screws ( ! same diamet] c\ld be run at ! same spe$4 ,wi%+ to asc]ta9 ! effici5cy ( ! screw & h[ mu* 0 lo/ 9 sk9 friction1 ,i multipli$ ! ?ru/ 9 p\nds by ! pit* ( ! screw 9 feet & by ! numb] ( turns x 0 mak+ 9 a m9ute4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 gave ! exact numb] ( foot-p\nds 9 en]gy t 0 be+ imp>t$ to ! air4 ,i 0 some:at surpris$ to f9d t x correspond$ exactly ) ! read+s ( ! dynamomet]4 ,i ?\ght at fir/ t ,i mu/ h made "s mi/ake4 ,aga9 ,i w5t v c>efully ov] all ! figures1 te/$ ev]y?+1 & made ano!r exp]im5t & f\nd1 ev5 if ,i *ang$ ! numb] ( revolutions1 t ! read+s ( ! dynamomet] 7 always exactly ! same z ! en]gy imp>t$ to ! air4 ,?is seem$ to indicate t ! screw 0 work+ v well & t ! sk9 friction mu/ be v small inde$4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is1 ,i made :at we w call1 = ! mom5t1 a screw )\t any pit* at all--t is1 ! blades 7 ( wood & ( ! exact ?ickness & wid? ( ! blades ( ! screw a1 b )\t any pit* at all4 ,! extremity ( ! blade is %[n at f4 ,i plac$ ?is screw on my ma*9e 9 place ( a1 & al?\gh my dynamomet] 0 s s5sitive t ! po9t] w\ld move away f ! z]o p9 by simply t\*+ ! tip ( ! f+] to ! %aft1 x fail$ to indicate1 & ?us ! screw appe>$ to consume no p[] at all4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ a consid]able numb] ( times4 ,i !n obta9$ a %eet ( t9 ! same diamet] z ! screws1 #ah in*es1 & ^u runn+ x at ! same spe$1 ,i f\nd t x did consume a measurable am\nt ( p[]1 c]ta9ly m ?an ! two blades f4 ,?is no d\bt 0 due to ! unev5 surface ( ! t94 ,_h x be5 a well-made saw blade )\t tee?1 p]fectly smoo? & true on bo? sides1 x probably w\ld n h requir$ p[] en\gh to h %[n on ! dynamomet]4 ,h[ev]1 x is q possible t !re is a little m sk9 friction ) a poli%$ metallic surface1 ?an ) a piece ( smoo? ev5ly lacqu]$ wood4 ,! screws :i* ,i employ$ 7 ( ,am]ican :ite p9e su* z us$ by patt]nmak]s4 ,?is wood 0 free f blemi%es ( all k9d1 extremely light1 uni=m1 & /rong4 ,:5 ! screw _h be5 =m$1 x 0 v>ni%$ on bo? sides ) a solution ( hot glue1 :i* greatly increas$ ! /r5g? ( ! wood crosswise ( ! gra94 ,:5 ?is glue 0 ?or\ghly dry1 ! wood 0 s&-pap]$ until x 0 z smoo? z glass2 ! :ole ?+ 0 !n c>efully v>ni%$ ) %ellac1 rubb$ d[n aga9 & rev>ni%$ ) v ?9 %ellac some?+ l lacqu]4 ,9 ?is way ! surface ( ! screw 0 made v smoo?4 ,! screws1 ( c\rse1 7 made ) a great degree ( accuracy & z free z possible f any unev5ness4 ,hav+ te/$ screw a1 ,i next te/$ screw b4 ,i f\nd ) ! same numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute t ?is screw produc$ m ?ru/1 b x requir$ m p[] to run x1 & :5 ! en]gy imp>t$ to ! air 0 comp>$ ) ! read+s ( ! dynamomet]1 x 0 f\nd t x did n d q s well z a2 /ill z ! ?ru/ 0 great] & ! effici5cy only slightly less1 x appe>$ to be ! bett] screw4 ,^u try+ screw c1 "u ! same conditions1 ! ?ru/ 0 v mu* increas$1 b ! p[] requir$ 0 also increas$ to a /ill great] degree1 %[+ t ?is =m 0 n s fav\rable z ei!r a or b4 ,all ! screws exp]im5t$ ) _h v ?9 blades1 & x occurr$ to me t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a & b might arise f ! fact t1 :5 a 0 runn+ at a v high velocity1 ! work+ side in/ead ( be+ flat might h become convex to a slight ext5t1 :]eas ) b1 a slight b5d+ back ( ! edges ( ! blade w\ld /ill leave ! work+ side concave4 ,i !re=e made ! screw %[n at e1 :i* _h ! same pit* z ! o!r ?ree1 b ! work+ side 0 ( ! same %ape z a4 ,( c\rse ! additional ?ickness ( ! blades made x impossible to give an easy curve to ! back4 ,curi\sly en\gh ,i f\nd t e did ne>ly z well z a1 & q z well z b4 ,! additional ?ickness did n int]f]e to any appreciable ext5t ) its effici5cy4 ,i !n made ano!r propell]1 %[n at g1 :i* 0 ( ! same ?ickness 9 ! middle z e4 ,^u runn+ ?is1 ,i f\nd t x requir$ consid]able p[]1 & no matt] :i* way x 0 run1 ! ?ru/ 0 always 9 ! direction ( ! convex side1 :i* 0 q ! rev]se f :at "o w\ld h naturally suppos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,! mann] ( build+ up ! l>ge screws4 ,ab\t ! "t t ,i 0 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 my duties call$ me to ,p>is1 & :ile !re ,i call$ on my old fri5d ,ga/on ,tiss&i]4 ,?r\gh 8 influ5ce ,i 0 p]mitt$ to see "s models ( ! screws t 7 alleg$ to h be5 us$ by ,capta9 ,r5>d 9 8 exp]im5ts = ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & ,i 0 some:at surpris$ to f9d ! =m ( ! blades1 ! same z %[n at h1 ,fig4 #ad1 & completely )\t any twi/4 ,on my return to ,engl&1 ,i made a screw ( ?is description4 ,x is also %[n 9 ! photographic illu/ration1 ,fig4 #i4 ,^u te/+ ?is screw1 ,i f\nd t its effici5cy 0 only #dj p] c5t4 ( t ( a--t is1 ! en]gy or accel]ation imp>t$ to ! air 0 only #dj p] c5t4 ( ! read+s ( ! dynamomet]4 ,x !n occurr$ to me t ?is p>ticul> =m ( screw 0 probably ! "o t ! ,fr5* _h = exhibition purposes1 b n ! "o !y int5d$ to use4 ,hav+ tri$ all ! v>i\s =ms ( screws & o!r objects %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 ,i made "s %eet metal screws2 also a screw :i* consi/$ ( a /eel frame cov]$ ) wov5 fabric1 & :i* 0 id5tical ) screws t ,i _h se5 describ$ 9 v>i\s works relat+ to a]ial navigation4 ,x 0 f\nd q impossible to keep ! fabric taut & smoo?1 & ! results 7 v bad inde$1 x be+ only #dj p] c5t4 z effici5t z a well-made wood5 screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,a fabric-cov]$ screw ) a v l[ effici5cy4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! be/ =m ( a screw1 ,i built up my fir/ l>ge screws1 :i* 7 #ag feet #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 aft] ! well-kn[n mann] ( mak+ wood5 patt]ns = ca/+ /eam%ip propell]s4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! =m ( ! end ( ! blade1 ! middle ( ! blade1 & ! hub4 ,my fir/ pair ( l>ge screws _h a pit* ( #bd feet1 b ^! 7 too great a drag on ! eng9e4 ,i !re=e made ano!r pair ) #af feet pit* :i* greatly increas$ ! pi/on spe$1 & p]mitt$ ! eng9es to develop mu* m p[]2 ! screw ?ru/ 0 also increas$ j 9 an inv]se ratio to ! pit* ( ! screws4 ,ano!r pair ( screws 0 tri$ ) #ad feet pit* & #ab feet 9 diamet]1 b ^! did n d s well4 ,my l>ge screws 7 made ) a great degree ( accuracy2 !y 7 p]fectly smoo? & ev5 on bo? sides1 ! blades be+ ?9 & held 9 position by a /rip ( rigid wood on ! back ( ! blade4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! ?ru/ f collaps+ ! blades1 wires 7 ext5d$ backw>ds & atta*$ to a prolongation ( ! %aft4 ,l ! small screws1 !y 7 made ( ! v be/ k9d ( season$ ,am]ican :ite p9e1 & :5 f9i%$ 7 v>ni%$ on bo? sides ) hot glue4 ,:5 ?is 0 ?or\ghly dry1 !y 7 s&-pap]$ aga9 & made p]fectly smoo? & ev54 ,! blades 7 !n cov]$ ) /rong ,iri% l95 fabric ( ! smoo!/ & be/ make4 ,glue 0 us$ = atta*+ ! fabric1 & :5 dry ano!r coat ( glue 0 appli$1 ! surface rubb$ d[n aga9 & !n pa9t$ ) z9c :ite 9 ! ord9>y way & v>ni%$4 ,^! screws work$ exce$+ly well4 ,i _h means ( asc]ta9+1 ) a great degree ( accuracy1 ! ?ru/ ( ! screw1 ! numb] ( turns p] m9ute1 ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e1 &1 9 fact1 all ! ev5ts t 7 tak+ place on ! ma*9e4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ! screw ?ru/ 9 p\nds 0 multipli$ by ! pit* 9 feet1 & by ! numb] ( revolutions made 9 a m9ute ( "t1 x exactly correspond$ to ! p[] t ! eng9es 7 develop+1 & t ! am\nt ( loss 9 sk9 friction 0 s small z to be practically negligible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,! hub & "o ( ! blades ( ! screw on ! ,f>man ma*9e4 ,! blade c1 is a %eet ( metal rivet$ to ! rod b1 & =ms a projection on ! back ( ! blade :i* greatly r$uces its effici5cy4 ,! peculi> =m ( hub employ$ makes x possible to *ange ! diamet] & pit* ( ?is screw at w4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject ,i w\ld say t _m exp]im5t]s claim to h %[n t ! sk9 friction on screws is consid]able1 9 fact1 s great z to be a v important factor 9 ! equation ( flight4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 ( ! op9ion t ^! exp]im5t]s h n _h well-made screws4 ,if ! surface ( ! screw is unev51 irregul>1 or r\gh1 a consid]able am\nt ( en]gy is lo/1 z %[n 9 ! ,fr5* screw & ! fabric cov]$ screw4 ,x is simply a "q ( hav+ a screw well-made4 ,9 ^? rec5tly employ$ 9 ,france 7see ,fig4 #ag71 ! blades are ( hamm]$ %eet metal1 ! twi/ is n uni=m or true1 & :at is wor/ ( all1 ! arm b projects on ! back ( ! blade & (f]s a good deal ( resi/ance to ! air4 ,?is =m ( screw1 h[ev]1 is v +5i\s2 z w be se5 by ! draw+1 ! pit* & diamet] c be *ang$ at w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 heavy1 wa/eful ( p[]1 & altoge!r too small = ! "w x has to d4 ,! sk9 friction ( screws 9 a /eam%ip has l$ inv5tors to suppose t ! same laws relate to screws runn+ 9 air1 b su* is by no means ! case4 ,9 design+ a /eam%ip1 we h to make a compromise 9 reg>d to ! size ( ! screw4 ,if ! screw is too small1 an increase 9 diamet] is1 ( c\rse1 an advantage1 & x may also be an advantage1 n only to increase ! diamet]1 b also to r$uce ! pit*2 h[ev]1 a po9t is soon rea*$ :]e ! sk9 friction w m ?an neutralise ! advantages ( engag+ a l>g] volume ( wat]4 ,?is is because ! wat] adh]es to ! surface2 9 fact1 ! sk9 friction ( a %ip & its screw consumes fully #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total p[] ( ! eng9es1 b ) an air propell] its surface is n wett$ & ! air does n /ick to its surface4 ,if made ( poli%$ wood1 ! friction is s extremely small z to be almo/ unmeasurable4 ,! diamet] ( a well-made screw runn+ 9 air is !re=e n limit$ 9 any degree by sk9 friction1 z is ! case ) a screw runn+ 9 wat]2 9 fact1 x is r a "q ( its weight1 & its effici5cy ought to increase 9 direct ratio ) its diamet]1 because ! area ( ! disc increases ) ! squ>e ( ! diamet]4 ,! screw slip is !re=e r$uc$ by "o-half by simply d\bl+ ! diamet] ( ! screw4 ,x w be und]/ood t by d\bl+ ! diamet] ( ! screw1 f\r times z mu* air w be engag$4 ,if we pu% ?is back at half ! spe$1 we %all h ! same screw ?ru/1 because ! resi/ance ( ! air is 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! velocity t we imp>t to x1 s t "o j balances ! o!r1 & ! dim9ution ( wa/eful slip is j 9 proportion to ! increase 9 diamet]4 ,9 all cases1 ! screw %\ld be made z l>ge z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,section ( screw blades hav+ radial edges4 ,) screws ( ?is =m1 ! blades1 ( c\rse1 become n>r[] z ! hub is approa*$1 & if x is a true screw & ! edges radial1 ! s9e ( ! angle w be ! same at all po9ts4 ,x is #b in*es 9 ?is case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,%[s ! =m ( ! blade ( a screw propell] made ( %eet metal4 ,x is rivet$ at ! edges & also to ! arm ( a screw ) a /iff5+ piece at ! extreme end4 ,h[ev]1 x is n necess>y to rivet edges toge!r4 ,!y may be weld$ ) a "n ( acetyl5e oxyg5 gases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai;a4--,%[s ! mann] ( weld+ & ! f9i%$ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,a new =m ( hub1 ( great /r5g? & lightness1 = use on fly+ ma*9es4 ,9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #ah7 ,i h %[n screw blades ( a prop] %ape to give ! be/ results--t is1 provid+ a metallic screw is employ$4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! arm ( ! screw on ! back ( ! blade to (f] resi/ance to ! air1 ! arm %\ld be tubul>1 flatt5$1 & cov]$ on bo? sides ) %eet metal4 ,?is p>ticul> =mation n only prev5ts ! air f /rik+ ! arm1 b1 at ! same "t1 prev5ts ! pressure ( ! air f de=m+ ! blade1 s1 if a metallic screw is to be us$1 ! =m ( blade :i* ,i h %[n w be f\nd mu* sup]ior to t employ$ at ! pres5t "t on cont95tal fly+ ma*9es4 ,we %\ld n lose sight ( ! fact t weight tells v s]i\sly aga9/ ! success ( a fly+ ma*9e1 & t no exp5se %\ld be sp>$ to r$uce ! weight1 provid+ t x is possible to d s )\t r$uc+ ! factor ( safety4 ,suppose1 = example1 t we use an ord9>y hub secur$ to a solid %aft by a common key4 ,all ! p>ts h to be made heavy 9 ord] to be suffici5tly /rong to )/& ! /ra94 ,9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #bj7 ,i h %[n a hub :i* ,i ?9k is q z light & /rong z x is possible to make x4 ,! action ( ! motor is (t5 spasmodic & puts v great /ra9 ^u ! p>ts1 & !re is a v /rong t5d5cy = ! %aft to turn r\nd 9 ! hub4 ,if a key is us$1 ! hub has to be l>ge & /rong1 & ! key ( consid]able size1 o!rwise ! p>ts w\ld be de=m$4 ,9 my own exp]im5ts1 ,i h f\nd consid]able difficulty 9 secur+ a %aft to wood5 screws4 ,h[ev]1 x w be se5 9 ! draw+s t a s]ies ( grooves is cut 9 ! %aft & t ! hub has int]nal projections1 s t ! "o fits ! o!r4 ,?is makes a v /rong connection & is ( extreme lightness4 ,bo? ! hub & ! %aft %\ld be ( temp]$ /eel4 ,! spokes %\ld be h>d drawn /eel tubes ) long f9e ?reads1 s z to )/& c5trifugal =ce4 ,to prev5t !m f rotat+ 9 ! hub1 ! nuts d1 d are provid$1 :i* compress ! arms ( ! /eel hub s z to grip ! tube ) any degree ( =ce requir$4 ,x w be se5 t ) ?is sy/em ! pit* ( ! screw may be adju/$ to "s ext5t2 h[ev]1 x is bett] to h all p>ts ( ! screw1 f hub to c5tre1 ( ! same pit*4 ,a slight deviation f ?is is admissible 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 s long z ! deviation f a true screw1 caus$ by rotat+ ! arm1 is n great] ?an "o half ( ! slip :ile 9 flight4 ,_m exp]im5t]s h imag9$ t a screw is j z effici5t plac$ 9 front ( a ma*9e z at ! re>1 & x is q probable t1 9 ! e>ly days ( /eam%ips1 a simil> /ate ( ?+s exi/$4 ,= sev]al ye>s !re 7 /eamboats runn+ on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 ,new ,york1 ) screws at _! b[s in/ead ( at _! /]n4 ,inv5tors (1 & exp]im5t]s )1 fly+ ma*9es are n at all agre$ by any means 9 reg>d to ! be/ position = ! screw4 ,x w\ld appe> t _m1 hav+ notic$ t a horse-propell$ c>riage always has ! horse atta*$ to ! front1 & t ! c>riage is drawn in/ead ( pu%$1 h come to ! conclusion t1 9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! screw ought1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 to be atta*$ to ! front ( ! ma*9e1 s z to draw x ?r\gh ! air4 ,railway tra9s h _! propell+ p[] 9 front1 & :y %\ld x n be ! same ) fly+ ma*9es8 ,b ?is is v bad reason+4 ,!re is b "o place = ! screw1 & t is 9 ! imm$iate wake1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! greate/ atmosph]ic di/urbance4 ,:ile a ma*9e is runn+1 al?\gh !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 wat] & air z f> z sk9 friction is conc]n$1 /ill ! conditions are ! same z f> z ! position ( ! screw is conc]n$4 ,) a well-design$ /eam%ip1 ! effici5cy ( ! screw is s great z to be almo/ unbelievable2 9 fact1 if a /eam%ip _h nev] be5 made1 & ! design ( "o %\ld be plac$ be=e ! lead+ ma!maticians ( to-day1 ) ! reque/ t !y %\ld compute ! effici5cy ( ! screw1 none ( !m w\ld come any:]e ne> ! m>k4 ,!y w\ld make x altoge!r too small4 ,z be=e /at$1 :5 a /eam%ip is be+ driv5 ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! wat] adh]es to its sides & is mov$ =w>d by ! %ip--t is1 x has accel]ation imp>t$ to x :i* exactly corresponds to ! p[] consum$ 9 driv+ ! %ip ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 ret>ds x & we f9d 9 a well-design$ %ip1 n run above its natural spe$1 t ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! p[] ( ! eng9e is consum$ 9 sk9 friction1 or 9 imp>t+ a =w>d motion to ! wat]4 ,suppose t we %\ld take su* a %ip1 remove ! screw1 & t[ x ?r\gh ! wat] ) a v long wire rope at a spe$ (1 say1 #bj miles an h\r2 we %\ld f9d t ! wat] at ! /]n ( ! %ip 0 mov+ =w>d at a velocity ( fully #f miles an h\r--t is1 travell+ 9 ! same direction z ! %ip4 ,by replac+ ! screw1 & apply+ eng9e p[] suffici5t to give ! %ip ! same spe$ ( #bj miles an h\r1 id5tical results w\ld be produc$4 ,! sk9 friction /ill impels ! wat] =w>d1 s t ! screw1 in/ead ( runn+ 9 /ation>y wat]1 is actually runn+ 9 wat] mov+ 9 ! same direction z ! %ip at a velocity ( #f miles an h\r4 ,if ! slip ( ! screw %\ld only be equal to ?is =w>d motion1 ! app>5t slip w\ld be no?+2 9 fact1 ! %ip w\ld be mov+ j z fa/ z x w\ld move if ! screw 7 runn+ 9 a solid nut in/ead ( 9 ! yield+ wat]4 ,curi\sly en\gh !re h be5 cases ( negative slip 9 :i* ! actual slip ( ! screw 9 ! wat] 0 less ?an ! =w>d movem5t ( ! wat]1 & 9 su* cases a %ip is said to h negative slip4 ,a v noticeable case ( ?is k9d occurr$ 9 ! ,royal ,navy 9 ! sixties4#a ,i 0 at ! "t engag$ 9 a l>ge %ipbuild+ e/abli%m5t 9 ,new ,york1 & rememb] di/9ctly ! int]e/ t ! case creat$ among/ ! draughtsm5 & eng9e]s ( t e/abli%m5t4 ,( c\rse1 ?is app>5tly impossible ph5om5on creat$ a great deal ( discussion on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,x appe>s t ?is %ip _h be5 built "u an ,admiralty ,specification :i* call$ = a screw ( a c]ta9 diamet] & pit* ) a specifi$ numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute1 & = a c]ta9 numb] ( knots p] h\r1 also t ! boil] pressure %\ld n g above a c]ta9 numb] ( p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,:5 ! %ip 0 f9i%$ & w5t on h] trial trip1 x 0 f\nd impossible to make ! full numb] ( turns call$ = 9 ! specification ) ! boil] pressure all[able2 nev]!less1 ! spe$ 0 great] ?an ! specification call$ =1 & z spe$ 0 ! desid]atum1 & n ! numb] ( revolutions1 ! contractors ?\ght _! %ip %\ld be accept$4 ,!n arose a discussion z to ! diamet] & pit* ( ! screw4 ,x 0 claim$ t a mi/ake mu/ h occurr$4 ,a c>eful measurem5t 0 made 9 ! dry dock1 & all 0 f\nd correct4 ,once m ! %ip 0 tri$1 & aga9 h] spe$ 0 9 excess ( ! specification1 not)/&+ t x 0 /ill impossible to get ! specifi$ numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,ma!maticians !n took ! matt] 9 h&1 & x 0 f\nd t ! %ip actually travell$ fa/] ?an %e w\ld h done if ! screw _h be5 runn+ 9 a solid nut4 ,in/ead ( a positive slip1 ! screw _h 9 reality a negative slip2 b ?is 0 n believ$ at ! "t1 & ! discussion & controv]sy cont9u$4 ,! %ip 0 tri$ aga9 & aga91 & always ) ! same results4 ,?is app>5tly inexplicable ph5om5on 0 acc\nt$ = 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! hull ( ! %ip 0 said to be r imp]fect & to cause a consid]able drag 9 ! wat]1 s t1 :5 ! %ip 0 mov+ at full spe$1 ! wat] at ! /]n _h imp>t$ to x a =w>d velocity great] ?an ! actual slip4 #a ,! p>ticul>s relat+ to ?is ev5t are tak5 f acc\nts publi%$ at ! "t 9 ,am]ican pap]s4 ,:at is true ( %ips is true ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,good results c nev] be obta9$ by plac+ ! screw 9 front in/ead ( 9 ! re> ( ! ma*9e4 ,if ! screw is 9 front1 ! backwa% /rikes ! ma*9e & c]ta9ly has a decid$ly ret>d+ action4 ,! framework1 motor1 etc41 (f] a good deal ( resi/ance to ! passage ( ! air1 & if ! air has already _h imp>t$ to x a backw>d motion1 ! resi/ance is greatly increas$4 ,! framework w always require a consid]able am\nt ( en]gy to drive x ?r\gh ! air1 & ! :ole ( ?is en]gy is sp5t 9 imp>t+ a =w>d motion to ! air1 s if we place ! propell+ screw at ! re> ( ! ma*9e 9 ! c5tre ( ! greate/ atmosph]ic resi/ance1 x w recov] a portion ( ! lo/ en]gy1 z 9 ! /eam%ip ref]r$ to4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t :5 ! screw is at ! re>1 x is runn+ 9 air :i* is already mov+ =w>d ) a consid]able velocity1 :i* r$uces ! slip ( ! screw 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,i h made exp]im5ts ) a view ( prov+ ?is1 :i* ,i %all m5tion fur!r on1 & :i* ought to leave no *ance = future discussion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,small app>atus = te/+ fabrics = a]oplanes1 ! mat]ial be+ subject$ to an air bla/ 9 ord] to te/ its lift+ effect z comp>$ ) its t5d5cy to travel ) ! bla/4 ,my fir/ exp]im5ts _h %[n t wood5 a]oplanes did mu* bett] ?an any ( ! fabric cov]$ a]oplanes t ,i 0 able to make at t "t1 b z wood 0 q out ( ! "q on my l>ge ma*9e on acc\nt ( its weight1 x 0 necess>y = me to conduct exp]im5ts ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! relative values ( diff]5t fabrics4 ,= ?is purposes1 ,i made ! little app>atus %[n 7,fig4 #ba74 ,?is 0 connect$ to a fan bl[] driv5 by a /eam eng9e hav+ a gov]nor t work$ directly on ! po9t ( cut-(f4 ,! spe$ 01 !re=e1 q uni=m & ! bla/ ( air practically con/ant4 ,i _h a consid]able numb] ( little frames cut out ( %eet /eel1 & to ^! ,i atta*$ v>i\s k9ds ( fabric1 su* z ord9>y sat91 :ite silk1 closely wov5 silk1 l951 v>i\s k9ds ( wooll5 fabrics1 includ+ "s v co>se twe$s1 also glass-pap]1 trac+ l951 & ! be/ quality ( ,sp5c]'s balloon fabric4 ,! bla/ ( air 0 n l>ge en\gh to cov] ! :ole surface ( ! a]oplanes1 s t ! "* ( ! back ( ! frames 0 ( no acc\nt4 ,! fir/ object exp]im5t$ ) 0 a smoo? piece ( t94 ,:5 ?is 0 plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #ad1 x 0 f\nd t ! drift or t5d5cy to travel 9 ! direction ( ! bla/ 0 j "o-f\rte5? "p ( ! upw>d t5d5cy1 or lift4 ,?is 0 exactly z x %\ld h be54 ,^u *ang+ ! angle to #a 9 #aj1 a simil> ?+ occurr$2 ! lift 0 t5 times ! drift4 ,i1 !re=e1 consid]$ ! results obta9$ ) ! %eet ( t9 z unity1 & gave to e o!r mat]ial exp]im5t$ )1 a coeffici5t ( ! unity ?us e/abli%$4 ,^u te/+ a frame cov]$ ) tightly-drawn :ite silk1 a consid]able am\nt ( air pass$ ?r\gh1 & ) an angle ( #a 9 #ad1 ! lift 0 only ab\t d\ble ! drift4 ,a piece ( v op5 fabric1 a species ( buckram1 0 next tri$1 & ) ?is ! lift & drift 7 ab\t equal4 ,) closely-wov51 %9y sat9 ! coeffici5t 0 ab\t #hj2 ) a piece ( ord9>y %eet+ ! coeffici5t 0 #ij2 ) closely-wov51 r\gh twe$s1 #gj2 & ) glass-pap] ab\t #ge4 ,) a piece ( trac+ l95 v tightly drawn1 results 7 obta9$ id5tical ) ^? ( a %eet ( t91 & ) ,sp5c]'s balloon fabric ! coeffici5t 0 ab\t #ii4 ,i1 !re=e1 decid$ to cov] my a]oplanes ) ?is mat]ial4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! app>atus is s arrang$ t bo? ! lift & ! drift c be easily measur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,app>atus = te/+ ! lift+ effect ( a]oplanes & cond5s]s 9 an air bla/4 k1 k %[ two a]oplanes 9 position = be+ te/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,app>atus = te/+ a]oplanes1 cond5s]s1 etc41 9 an air bla/4 ,! op5+ is #c feet squ>e4 ,?9 brass su/a9]s are %[n 9 position = te/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,cross-sections ( b>s ( wood employ$ = asc]ta9+ ! coeffici5t ( diff]5t =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,transv]se sections ( b>s ( wood exp]im5t$ ) = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ _! coeffici5ts z relates to a normal plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,a flat a]oplane plac$ at diff]5t angles4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ by v>i\s %ap$ bodies driv5 at v>i\s spe$s ?r\gh ! air1 ! be/ =m ( a]oplanes1 & ! effici5cy ( atmosph]ic cond5s]s1 ,i made ! app>atus %[n 9 ,figs4 #bb & #bc4 ,! small] & /raight portion ( ?is app>atus 0 #ab feet long & exactly #c feet squ>e inside1 & 0 connect$ z %[n to a %ort] box #d feet squ>e4 ,two /rongly made wood5 screws b1 b & d1 7 atta*$ to ! same %aft4 ,^! screws _h two blades ea*1 & :ile "o pair ( blades 0 9 a v]tical position1 ! o!r 0 9 a horizontal position4 ,i int]pos$ betwe5 ! screws1 slats ( ?9 wood arrang$ 9 ! mann] %[n at d1 d2 ?is 0 to prev5t rotation ( ! air4 ,at e ,i plac$ v]tical slats ( ?9 wood1 & horizontal slats ( ! same size at f4 ,at g two wide & ?9 bo>ds1 %>p at bo? edges & made 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,x1 7 plac$ 9 ! box z %[n 9 section ,,xy4 ,an eng9e ( #ajj ,h4,p4 ) an automatic v>iable cut-(f 0 employ$ :i* gave to ! screws a uni=m rate ( rotation1 & z ! eng9e _h no o!r "w to d1 ! gov]nor c\ld be arrang$ to give v>y+ spe$s su* z 7 requir$ = ! exp]im5ts4 ,! objects to be te/$ 7 atta*$ to ! movable b>s4 ,9 ! draw+1 ! a]oplane k1 k is %[n 9 position = te/+4 ,?is app>atus 0 provid$ ) a r complicat$ set ( lev]s1 :i* p]mitt$ n only ! measurem5t ( ! lift ( ! objects exp]im5t$ )1 b also t ( ! drift4 ,! pr9ciple employ$ 9 ?is app>atus 0 a modification ( ! ord9>y weigh+ app>atus us$ by groc]s1 etc4 ,! fir/ object te/$ 0 a b> ( wood exactly #b in*es squ>e %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?is 0 plac$ 9 su* a mann] t ! w9d /ruck squ>ely aga9/ ! side z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & ) a w9d ( #di miles p] h\r1 x 0 f\nd t ! drift or t5d5cy to move ) ! air 0 #eaf lbs42 at ! same "t1 ! w9d on my in/rum5t gave a pressure ( #b lbs4 on a normal plane #f in*es squ>e4 ,! velocity ( ! w9d 0 asc]ta9$ by an anemomet] ( ! be/ ,london make4 ,^u turn+ ! same b> ( wood 9 ! position %[n at b1 ! drift m\nt$ to #edg lbs4 ,a r\nd b> ( wood1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 %[n at c1 gave a drift ( #big lbs4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ) a w9d velocity ( #dj miles p] h\r1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! drift ( a 0 #def lbs41 & t ( ! r\nd b>1 #bhj lbs4 ,x w be se5 f ^! exp]im5ts t ! p[] requir$ = driv+ b>s or rods ?r\gh ! air is consid]ably great] ?an "o w\ld h suppos$4 ,! next object exp]im5t$ ) 0 a1 ,fig4 #be4 ,:5 ?is 0 subject to a w9d ( #dj miles an h\r1 ! drift 0 #jgh lb4 ,^u rev]s+ ?is b>--t is1 putt+ ! ?9 edge in/ead ( ! ?ick edge next to ! w9d--! drift m\nt$ to #abb lbs42 b %[$ a drift ( #jbh lb4 ) ! ?ick edge to ! w9d1 & #jdb lb4 ) ! ?9 edge to ! w9d2 c %[$ a drift ( #jbc lb4 ) ! ?ick edge to ! w9d1 & #jei lb4 ) ! ?9 edge to ! w9d2 & d1 :i* 0 ! same ?ickness z ! o!rs & #ab in*es wide1 bo? edges be+ alike1 %[$ a drift ( only #jai lb4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ 9 a mo/ conclusive mann] ! %apes t are mo/ advantage\s to use 9 con/ruct+ ! framework ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,a]oplane e1 ,fig4 #bf1 :5 plac$ on ! ma*9e 9 a horizontal position %[$ nei!r lift nor drift1 b ^u plac+ x at an angle ( #a 9 #bj1 z %[n at f1 ! lift 0 #cih lbs4 & ! drift #jcj lb4 ) a w9d velocity ( #dj miles p] h\r4 ,at ?is l[ angle ! blade trembl$ slightly4 ,^u plac+ ! same plane at an angle ( #a 9 #af z %[n at g1 ! lift 0 #dei lbs4 & ! drift #jec lb4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! und]nea? side ( ?is plane is p]fectly flat4 ,! next exp]im5t 0 ) planes slightly curv$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! a]oplane a 0 #af in*es wide1 v ?91 & only slightly curv$4 ,:5 set at a v l[ angle1 x vibrat$ s z to make ! read+s v unc]ta91 b :5 set at an angle ( #a 9 #aj x lift$ #iid lbs4 ) a drift ( #aab lbs4 ,by slightly *ang+ ! angle x 0 made to lift #ajcd lbs4 ) a drift ( #abc lbs41 ! w9d velocity be+ #da miles p] h\r4 ,a]oplane b1 #ab in*es wide1 ,fig4 #bg1 :5 plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #ad ) an air bla/ ( #da miles p] h\r1 gave a lift ( #ebh lbs4 ) a drift ( #jdd lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #ab ! lift 0 #ehb lbs4 & ! drift #je lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #aj ! lift 0 #fge lbs4 & ! drift #jgc lb42 ) an angle ( #a 9 #h ! lift 0 #gge lbs4 & ! drift #a lb42 ) an angle ( #a 9 #g ! lift 0 #he lbs4 & ! drift #abe lbs42 at an angle ( #a 9 #f ! lift 0 #ihg lbs4 & ! drift #aga lbs4 ,a]oplane c1 ,fig4 #bg1 :i* _h m curvature ?an b1 :5 run 9 a horizontal position1 gave a consid]able lift1 & :5 rais$ to an angle ( #a 9 #ab x gave a lift ( #fab lbs4 ) a drift ( #jed lb4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t at ! same angle1 x gave a lift ( #fda lbs4 ) a drift ( #jef lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #af x gave a lift ( #edg lbs4 ) a drift ( #jcg lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #aj x gave a lift ( #fig lbs4 & a drift ( #jgj lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #h x gave a lift ( #hbb lbs4 ) a drift ( #ajh lbs42 at an angle ( #a 9 #g x gave a lift ( #iid lbs4 ) a drift ( #ade lbs42 at an angle ( #a 9 #f x gave a lift ( #ajcd lbs4 & a drift ( #age lbs4 ,?is plane 0 !n c>efully set s t bo? ! =w>d & aft edges 7 exactly ! same height1 & ) a w9d bla/ ( #da miles p] h\r x gave a lift ( #bji lbs4 ) a drift ( #jba lb4 ,x 0 !n pit*$ #a 9 #ah 9 ! wrong direction1 & at ?is po9t1 ! lift+ effect completely disappe>$1 :ile ! drift 0 practically no?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,gr\p ( a]oplanes us$ 9 exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,al?\gh %[n ! same size 9 ! draw+1 a]oplane a 0 #af in*es wide1 & b & c1 #ab in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,an #h-;in* a]oplane :i* did v well4 ,?is a]oplane gave decid$ lift+ effect :5 ! bottom side 0 plac$ dead level1 z %[n at a4 ,:5 ! a]oplane a 7,fig4 #bh7 0 plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 & ! app>atus c>efully balanc$1 x %[$ at a w9d velocity ( #dj miles an h\r1 a lift ( #aef lbs41 & a drift ( #jjh lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #bj1 a lift ( #cfb lbs4 & a drift ( #jba lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #af1 a lift ( #dji lbs4 ) a drift ( #jbf lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #ad1 a lift ( #de lbs4 & a drift ( #jcc lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #ab1 a lift ( #e lbs4 & a drift ( #jdc lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #aj1 a lift ( #ege lbs4 & a drift ( #jfj lb42 at an angle ( #a 9 #h1 a lift ( #fge lbs4 & a drift ( #jhf lb4 ,! bla/ 0 !n increas$ to a velocity ( #dgcc miles an h\r1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! lift at an angle ( #a 9 #af 0 #e lbs4 & ! drift #jcc lb4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is a]oplane 0 only #h in*es wide1 :ile ! o!rs 7 #ab in*es or m4 ,!y 7 all r m ?an #c feet long1 b ! wid? ( ! bla/ to :i* !y 7 subject$ 0 exactly #c feet1 & !y 7 plac$ z ne> to ! end ( ! trunk z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,resi/ance due to plac+ objects 9 close proximity to ea* o!r4 ,! next exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :at effect w\ld be produc$ :5 objects 7 plac$ ne> to ea* o!r 7see ,fig4 #bi74 ,two b>s ( wood #b in*es ?ick1 & %ap$ z %[n 9 ! draw+1 7 plac$ on ! ma*9e & subject$ to a bla/ ( #da miles p] h\r2 ! drift at v>i\s di/ances f c5t] to c5t] 0 z foll[s3-- #bd in*es c5t]s1 drift #f ozs4 #bb #f #bj #f #ah #f-a_/h #af #f-a_/h #ad #f-a_/d #ab #f-a_/b #aj #g #h #g-c_/d #f #h-a_/b #d #i-a_/d ,x w be se5 by ?is t ! v>i\s memb]s con/itut+ ! frame ( a fly+ ma*9e %\ld n be plac$ 9 close proximity to ea* o!r4 ,a b> ( wood simil> 9 %ape to d 7,fig4 #be71 b be+ #i in*es wide in/ead ( #ab in*es1 0 m\nt$ 9 a w9d bla/ ( #da miles an h\r1 ) ! front edge #cca in*es above ! re> edge1 & ?is %[$ a lift ( #gjh lbs4 & a drift ( #cbc lbs4 ,:5 ! angle 0 r$uc$ to #bca in*es1 x gave a lift ( #dec lbs4 ) a drift ( #jgh lb41 & ) ! angle r$uc$ to #aca in*es1 ! lift 0 #ccg lbs4 & ! drift #je lb4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t ev5 objects r\nd$ on bo? sides give a v fair lift1 & 9 design+ ! framework ( ma*9es advantage %\ld be tak5 ( ?is k4 ,! b> ( wood c 7,fig4 #be7 0 next exp]im5t$ )4 ,) ! %>p edge to ! w9d1 & ) ! front edge #b in*es high] ?an ! re> edge1 ! lift 0 #bed lbs4 & ! drift #jgf lb4 ,by turn+ x ab\t s t ! w9d /ruck ! ?ick edge1 ! lift 0 #dde lbs4 & ! drift #jdg lb4 ,?is seem$ r rem>kable1 b1 z x actually occurr$1 ,i m5tion x = o!r p to speculate ^u4 ,x1 h[ev]1 indicates t we %\ld take advantage ( all ^! peculi>ities ( ! air 9 con/ruct+ ! framework ( a ma*9e1 :i* 9 itself is extremely important1 z ,i f9d t a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! en]gy d]iv$ f ! eng9es is consum$ 9 =c+ ! framework ?r\gh ! air4 ,x is q true t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?is en]gy may be recov]$ by ! screw1 provid$ t ! screw runs 9 ! pa? occupi$ by ! framework4 ,/ill1 x is mu* bett] t ! framework %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to (f] ! lea/ possible resi/ance to ! air1 &1 z f> z possible1 all %\ld be made to give a lift+ effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,cross-section ( cond5s] tube1 made 9 ! =m ( ,philipps' su/a9]s1 9 :i* c is ! /eam passage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,! gr\p+ ( cond5s] tubes1 made 9 ! =m ( ,philipps' su/a9]s4 ,?is arrangem5t is v effective1 cond5ses ! /eam or cools ! wat]1 & gives a lift+ effect at ! same "t4 ,! %ape & arrangem5t ( tubes %[n at b1 b1 al?\gh effective z a cond5s]1 produce no lift+ effect1 b a r heavy drift4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! lift+ effect ( wood5 a]oplanes ( v>i\s =ms & at v>y+ velocities ( ! w9d1 &1 also1 ! resi/ance (f]$ by v>i\s bodies driv5 ?r\gh ! air1 ,i next turn$ my att5tion to ! "q ( cond5sation4 ,i wi%$ to recov] z mu* wat] z possible f my exhau/ /eam4 ,i _h already exp]im5t$ ) ,mr4 ,horatio ,philipps' su/a9]s1 & ,i f\nd t _! lift+ effect 0 rem>kable4 ,a curi\s ?+ ab\t ^! a]oplanes 0 t !y gave an appreciable lift :5 ! front edge 0 r l[] ?an ! re>4 ,i !re=e det]m9$ to take advantage ( ?is peculi> ph5om5on1 & to make my cond5s] tubes z f> z possible 9 ! %ape ( ,mr4 ,philipps' su/a9]s4 ,fig4 #cj %[s a section ( "o ( ^! tubes1 9 :i* a1 a is ! top surface1 b a sold]$ jo9t1 & c ! /eam space4 ,^! 7 m\nt$ on a frame z %[n at a 7,fig4 #ca74 ,i _h already f\nd t bodies plac$ ne> to ea* o!r (f]$ an increas$ resi/ance to ! air1 b by plac+ ^! su/a9]s 9 ! mann] %[n ?is 0 avoid$1 z ! air _h suffici5t space to pass ?r\gh )\t be+ ei!r driv5 =w>d or compress$4 ,x 0 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! arrangem5t ( tubes or su/a9]s1 %[n at d1 d 7,fig4 #ca71 0 v effici5t z a cond5s]1 b x gave a v heavy drift & no lift+ effect at all2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ! arrangem5t %[n at a 0 equally effici5t1 &1 at ! same "t1 gave a decid$ lift+ effect4 ,:5 twelve ( ^! tubes or su/a9]s 7 plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #ab1 ! lift+ effect 0 #abfc lbs4 & ! drift #bjf lbs4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t a good deal ( ! drift 0 due to ! w9d gett+ at ! framework t 0 us$ = hold+ ! su/a9]s 9 position4 ,) a w9d velocity ( #dj miles an h\r & a temp]ature ( #fb ,f41 #bbe lbs4 ( wat] 7 cond5s$ 9 five m9utes1 &1 :ile runn+1 ! back edge ( ! su/a9]s 0 q cool4 ,at ano!r trial ( ! same arrangem5t "u ! same conditions1 ! lift 0 #aa lbs4 & ! drift #bfc lbs4 ,x is q possible on ?is occasion t ! metal 0 s extremely ?9 t ! angles 7 n always ma9ta9$2 consequ5tly1 t no two read+s w\ld be alike4 ,x 0 f\nd at ?is po9t t ! belt 0 slipp+1 & a l>g] pulley 0 put on ! driv+ %aft ( ! screws2 & "u ^! conditions1 ) a w9d ( #di miles p] h\r & an angle ( #a 9 #h1 ! lift+ effect ran up to #adhg lbs4 ) a drift ( #bdd lbs41 & ! cond5s] deliv]$ #bhg lbs4 ( wat] f dry /eam 9 five m9utes4 ,! weight ( metal 9 ?is cond5s] 0 extremely small1 ! ?ickness be+ only ab\t #a_/ejj ( an in*4 ,?is cond5s] deliv]$ ! weight ( ! su/a9]s 9 wat] e five m9utes4 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 twice z heavy4 ,cyl9d] oil 0 n[ introduc$ ) ! /eam 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at effect ?is w\ld h4 ,aft] sev5 m9utes' /eam+1 #bbe lbs4 ( wat] 7 cond5s$ 9 five m9utes4 ,x w be se5 f ^! exp]im5ts t an atmosph]ic cond5s]1 if prop]ly con/ruct$1 is fairly effici5t4 ,r\ghly speak+1 x requires #b1djj times z mu* air 9 volume z ( wat] to use z a cool+ ag5t4 ,) ! /eam eng9e cond5s] only a relatively small am\nt ( wat] is admitt$1 & ?is is f\nd to be suffici5t2 b 9 an atmosph]ic cond5s] work+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 x mu/ be z op5 z possible1 s t no air :i* has /ruck "o heat$ surface c ev] come 9 contact ) ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,app>atus ,,atta*$ ,,to ,a ,,rotat+ ,,arm4 ,f :at in=mation ,i h at h&1 x appe>s t ,pr(4 ,langley made 8 fir/ exp]im5ts ) a small app>atus1 us+ a]oplanes only a few in*es 9 dim5sions :i* travell$ r\nd a circle p]haps #ab feet 9 diamet]4 ,) ?is little app>atus1 he 0 able to %[ t ! lift+ effect ( a]oplanes 0 a great deal m ?an _h previ\sly be5 suppos$4 ,aft] hav+ made ^! fir/ exp]im5ts1 he seems to h come to ! conclusion t ,newton's law 0 errone\s4 ,%ortly aft] ,langley _h made ^! exp]im5ts on :at he call$ a :irl+ table1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n a v appropriate "n1 ,i made an app>atus myself1 b v mu* l>g] ?an t employ$ by ,pr(4 ,langley4 ,i reckon$ ! size ( my a]oplanes 9 feet1 :]e he _h reckon$ 8 9 in*es4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ar\nd :i* my a]oplanes 7 driv5 0 exactly #bjj feet1 & %ortly aft] ?is ,langley con/ruct$ ano!r app>atus1 ! same dim5sions z my own4 ,f an engrav+ :i* ,i h be=e me1 x appe>s t he con/ruct$ an extremely l>ge wood5 scale beam support$ by num]\s braces1 b free to be tilt$ 9 a v]tical direction aft] ! mann] ( all o!r scale beams4 ,z ?is app>atus 0 ( great weight & (f]$ enorm\s resi/ance to ! air1 ,i d n und]/& h[ x 0 possible to obta9 any v correct read+s1 especially z x 0 9 ! op5 & subject to e v>y+ curr5t ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,ma*9e ) a rotat+ arm1 #cah feet long1 to :i* is atta*$ ! object to be exp]im5t$ )4 ,pr(essor ,langley _h a simil> ma*9e & call$ x a 8:irl+ table40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,a screw & fabric cov]$ a]oplane 9 position = te/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,! rotat+ arm ( ! ma*9e ) a screw & a]oplane atta*$4 ,9 con/ruct+ my app>atus1 :i* is %[n 9 ! photographs1 & also 9 a side elevation 7,fig4 #cb71 ,i aim$ at mak+ ! app>atus v light & /rong1 avoid+ z f> z possible atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,9 ! draw+1 a1 is a ?ick seamless /eel pipe #f in*es diamet]2 b1 is a ca/-iron p$e/al firmly bolt$ to d1 & connect$ to a l>ge ca/-iron spid] emb$d$ 9 hydraulic cem5t2 by ?is means great rigidity & /iffness 7 obta9$4 n1 n 0 =m$ ( /rong ,georgia p9e planks #b in*es ?ick1 & /rongly bolt$ toge!r4 ,! two memb]s ( ! long radial arm h1 h1 7 made ( ,honduras mahogany1 an extremely /rong wood1 & _h _! edges tap]$ (f z %[n at y1 y4 ,! p[] 0 transmitt$ f a small /eam eng9e provid$ ) a s5sitive gov]nor ?r\gh ! %aft f1 f4 ,9 ! base c1 ( ! ca/+ b1 0 plac$ a pair ( temp]$ /eel bevel ge>s1 giv+ to ! v]tical %aft a high velocity4 ,f a pulley on ! top ( ?is %aft1 ! belt i1 0 run ?r\gh ! arms h1 h1 z %[n 9 section y1 y4 ,?is gave a rapid rotation to ! screw %aft 9 a v simple mann]4 ,! op]ation ( ! ma*9e 0 z foll[s3--! a]oplane g1 to be te/$ 0 secur$ to a sort ( weigh+ app>atus :i* is %[n 9 detail 7,fig4 #cf71 & ! screw atta*$ to ! %aft4 ,^u />t+ ! eng9e1 a v rapid rotation 0 giv5 to ! screw :i* caus$ ! radial arm to travel at a high velocity1 ! :ole weight re/+ on a ball be>+ at w4 ,! radial arms & all ( _! atta*m5ts 7 balanc$ by a cig>-%ap$ lead weight s1 :i* 0 secur$ to a slid+ b> s z to make x easily adju/able4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! screw caus$ ! screw %aft to travel longitud9ally1 & ?is 0 oppos$ by a spr+ connect$ by a v ?9 & light wire to ! po9t] ( ! index o4 ,z ! app>atus rotat$ r sl[ly on acc\nt ( its great diamet]1 x 0 q possible to obs]ve ! lift :ile ! ma*9e 0 runn+ at its highe/ spe$4 ,! a]oplanes 7 m\nt$ aft] ! mann] ( ! tray ( a groc]'s scales 7see ,fig4 #cf71 & ! lift ( ! a]oplane 0 det]m9$ by :at x w\ld lift at r--t is1 :ile ! ma*9e 0 runn+ at a giv5 spe$1 iron or lead weights 7 plac$ 9 ! pail r1 until ! lift ( ! a]oplane 0 exactly balanc$1 & !n1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 exactly :at ! lift 01 ! a]oplane 0 plac$ "u :at might be call$ a small crane1 & a cord1 runn+ ov] a pulley1 atta*$4 ,! am\nt ( weight necess>y to lift ! plane into ! same position t x occupi$ :ile runn+ 0 tak5 z its true lift4 ,9 ord] to facilitate exp]im5ts ! gauge p1 0 provid$4 ,?is gauge consi/$ ( a l>ge glass tube & ! index p1 ) a quantity ( r$ wat] at q4 ,! c5trifugal =ce ( rotation caus$ ! r$ wat] to rise 9 ! tube4 ,?is 0 easily se51 s t if exp]im5ts 7 be+ tri$1 we w say at #ej miles an h\r1 x 0 always possible to turn on /eam until ! r$ liquid m\nt$ to #ej4 ,?is device 0 v simple & effective1 & sav$ a great deal ( "t4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! twi/+ ( ! radial arm1 a piece ( /iff oval /eel tube #ab feet long 0 secur$ betwe5 ! arms at j1 & on ea* end ( ?is tube 7 atta*$ ! wires u1 u4 ,?is n only effectually support$ ! end ( ! arm1 b at ! same "t prev5t$ twi/+ & made ev]y?+ extremely /iff4 ,( c\rse1 :ile ! ma*9e 0 runn+ at a high velocity1 c5trifugal =ce _h to be dealt )1 & 9 ord] to prev5t ?is f caus+ friction 9 ! articulat$ jo9ts ( ! weigh+ app>atus 7,fig4 #cf71 ?9 /eel wires k1 k 7 provid$4 ,z ?is app>atus 0 9 ! op51 x 0 f\nd t ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! air greatly int]f]$ ) its action4 ,on "o occasion :5 a fabric cov]$ a]oplane1 #d feet long by #c feet wide1 0 plac$ 9 position1 ! f\r corn]s be+ held d[n by ! wires v1 v1 & ! app>atus driv5 at a high velocity1 a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d snapp$ two ( ! wires1 broke ! a]oplane1 & ! fly+ fragm5ts sma%$ ! screw1 & ?is not)/&+ t ea* ( ! f\r wires 0 suppos$ to be /rong en\gh to resi/ at lea/ f\r times any possible lift+ t ! :ole a]oplane might be subject$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,! little /eam eng9e us$ by me 9 my rotat+ arm exp]im5ts2 ! ta*omet] & dynamomet] are di/9ctly %[n4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d1 ,i made an extremely simple & effective app>atus :i* is fully %[n 7see ,fig4 #ch74 ,:il/ conduct+ ^! exp]im5ts x occurr$ to me1 :5 a l>ge a]oplane 0 us$1 t aft] x _h be5 travell+ = a consid]able "t1 x w\ld imp>t to ! air 9 ! pa? ( its travel1 a d[nw>d motion1 & t ! lift+ effect w\ld be greatly r$uc$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is1 ,i provid$ f\r light brass screws & m\nt$ !m1 z %[n at x1 on a h>d5$ poli%$ /eel po9t mu* above _! c5tre ( gravity1 s t !y balanc$ !mselves4 ,on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( friction1 !y 7 easily rotat$1 & respond$ to ! lea/ brea? ( air t might be mov+4 ,"o morn+ :5 !re 0 a dead calm1 ,i plac$ f\r ( ^! screws equidi/ant ar\nd ! :ole circle4 ,"s ( !m rotat$ v sl[ly 9 "o direction & "s 9 ano!r2 "s alt]nat$1 b all _! motions 7 extremely sl[4 ,h[ev]1 ^u sett+ ! ma*9e go+ ) a l>ge a]oplane & a p[]ful screw1 ,i f\nd aft] a few turns t ! air 0 mov+ d[nw>ds ar\nd ! :ole circle at a velocity ( ab\t #b miles an h\r1 b z ! screw 0 a consid]able di/ance bel[ ! a]oplane1 ,i e/imat$ t ! actual d[nw>d velocity ( ! air 9 :i* ! a]oplane 0 travell+ 0 ab\t #d miles an h\r4 ,! result ( my exp]im5ts are cle>ly %[n 9 an unpubli%$ pap] :i* ,i wrote at ! "t1 & z x is ( consid]able hi/orical int]e/1 ,i h plac$ x 9 ! app5dix1 not)/&+ t !re may be c]ta9 repetitions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,! ma*9e atta*$ to ! end ( ! rotat+ %aft--a1 a1 ! body ( ! ma*9e2 b1 b1 f\r-legg$ spid] secur$ to a1 a2 c1 c1 p>allel b>s2 d1 d1 v]tical memb] to :i* ! a]oplane g1 g is atta*$2 h1 h1 ! screw2 f1 f1 wires = prev5t+ di/ortion ( ! a]oplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,m>k+ (f ! dynamomet]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! actual am\nt ( p[] consum$ 9 driv+ ! propell]1 a brake 0 put on 9 place ( ! screw1 a weight appli$1 & ! eng9e run at full spe$4 ,9 ?is way all ! unc]ta9 & unkn[able factors 7 elim9at$4 ,9 ,fig4 #cf1 a1 a is ! body ( ! app>atus1 p>tly ( gunmetal & p>tly ( wood4 ,x is provid$ ) a /eel %aft to :i* ! screw h1 is atta*$1 & also ) a cyl9drical pulley = tak+ ! belt4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! screw pu%es ! %aft inw>ds & records ! lift at o 7,fig4 #cb74 ,! corn]s ( ! a]oplane g1 g1 are atta*$ by wires to ! /eel plate e4 b1 b1 is a f\r-arm spid] = hold+ ! ends ( ! p>allel b>s c1 c1 & d1 d1 %[ v]tical /eel b>s to :i* all devices to be te/$ are atta*$4 ,9 te/+ a]oplanes1 weights may be plac$ at e1 suffici5t to balance ! lift+ effect1 & !n by add+ ! weight to ! upw>d pull ( ! a]oplane1 ! true lift ( ! a]oplane is obta9$4 ,x is also possible to atta* an a]oplane at e1 t is1 ! ma*9e 0 made to te/ sup]pos$ a]oplanes if requir$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i naturally assum$ t ! be/ position = a screw 0 at ! re> & 9 ! pa? ( ! greate/ resi/ance1 b z "s exp]im5t]s ) navigable balloons plac$ ! screw 9 front 9 ord] to pull ! app>atus along in/ead ( to pu% x1 ,i made exp]im5ts to see :at ! relative diff]5ce might be4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 ,i w\nd a l>ge am\nt ( rope "o-half in* 9 diamet] ar\nd ! :ole app>atus =w>d ( ! screw1 conv]t+ x into an irregul> mass well calculat$ to (f] atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,^u />t+ ! eng9e1 ,i 0 r surpris$ to see h[ little ret>dation ^! ropes gave to ! app>atus4 ,x appe>$ to me t ne>ly all ( ! en]gy consum$ 9 driv+ ! ropes ?r\gh ! air 0 recov]$ by ! screw4 ,i !n remov$ ! "r-h& screw & replac$ x by a left-h& screw ( ! same pit* & dim5sions 7,fig4 #cg;a74 ,i !n f\nd t ! bla/ ( ! screw bl[+ aga9/ ! tangle ( ropes greatly ret>d$ ! travel2 9 fact1 ) ! same numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute1 ! velocity fell (f #fj p] c5t4 ,i ?9k t ^! exp]im5ts ought to %[ t !re is b "o place = ! screw1 & t is at ! /]n1 & 9 ! direct pa? ( ! greate/ atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg;a4--,"r- & left-h& f\r-blade screws us$ 9 my exp]im5ts = asc]ta9+ ! comp>ative effici5cy betwe5 screws plac$ 9 front & 9 ! re> ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,app>atus = indicat+ ! =ce & velocity ( ! w9d direct )\t any tim+1 c\nt+1 or ma!matical calculations4 ,fig4 #ch %[s an orig9al app>atus :i* ,i design$ & made = my own use2 ) ord9>y anemomet]s x is necess>y to c\nt ! numb] ( turns p] m9ute 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,i want$ some?+ t w\ld indicate ! velocity & ! direction ( ! w9d )\t any figures or =mul4 ,i !re=e made ! app>atus %[n 9 ! draw+1 9 :i* a1 a1 is a metallic disc #aced in*es 9 diamet]1 giv+ x an area ( exactly #a squ>e foot4 ,?is is atta*$ to ! horizontal b> b1 & ! :ole m\nt$ on two bell crank lev]s z %[n4 ,:5 ! w9d is n bl[+1 ! long arms ( ^! two lev]s assume a v]tical position1 & ! spiral spr+ h1 is 9 exact l9e ) ! pivots on :i* ^! lev]s are m\nt$1 & has no effect except to hold ! lev]s 9 a v]tical position4 ,z ! spr+ has v little t5sion 9 ?is position1 & z x requires a consid]able movem5t 9 ord] to give x t5sion1 ! arms c1 c1 & ! b> b1 b1 are v easily pu%$ backw>ds1 b z ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* !y travel increases1 ! angle ( ! lev] *anges & ! t5sion ( ! spr+ increases at ! same "t1 s t :5 ! disc is pu%$ backw>ds to any consid]able di/ance1 a /rong resi/ance is enc\nt]$4 ,_h ,i made ?is app>atus s t ! pressure act$ directly on ! spiral spr+1 ! spaces on ! index indicat+ l[ velocities w\ld h be5 v ne> toge!r1 :ile ^? indicat+ high velocities w\ld h be5 widely sep>at$1 b ) ?is device prop]ly design$1 ! spac+ on ! index became regul> & ev54 ,! index be+ v l>ge enabl$ "o to read x at a consid]able di/ance1 & at ! same "t1 x act$ z a tail & kept ! app>atus face to ! w9d4 ,! spaces ( ! dial 7 n laid (f ) a pair ( divid]s1 b ea* p>ticul> division 0 m>k$ by an actual pull on ! b> b1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a cord & easily runn+ pulley & weight4 ,! m>k+s1 h[ev]1 7 n correct1 because ,haswell's =mula 0 employ$ 9 :i* ! pressure ( ! w9d aga9/ ! normal plane is consid]ably great] ?an ) ! m rec5t =mula1 :i* is n[ kn[n to be correct4 ,haswell's =mula 0 ,v #jje ,p1 & ! rec5t =mula ,p #jjjc ,v1 :]e ,p pressure 9 lbs4 p] squ>e foot & ,v velocity 9 miles p] h\r4 ,9 my exp]im5ts1 ,i also employ$ a v well made & delicate anemomet] by ,negretti ,zambra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,app>atus = te/+ ! lift+ effect ( a]oplanes at a l[ angle & extremely high velocity4 a1 a1 ! a]oplane2 b1 lead weight2 c1 long & sl5d] p9e rod2 d1 tail = keep+ ! app>atus head on & ensur+ its travell+ /raight ?r\gh ! air2 e1 ! po9t ( susp5sion1 also ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,:5 ?is app>atus 0 travell+ at ! rate ( #hj miles an h\r1 x gave a lift+ effect ( ab\t #cf lbs41 :i* is ab\t #g lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,exp]im5ts4 ,hav+ fully satisfi$ myself t a]oplanes fly+ ar\nd a circle #bjj feet 9 circumf]5ce _h _! lift+ effect r$uc$ to no insignificant degree by con/antly engag+ air :i* _h already _h imp>t$ to x a d[nw>d movem5t by a previ\s revolution1 ,i det]m9$ to make "s exp]im5ts :]e ?is tr\ble c\ld n occur1 b ! opportunity did n pres5t itself until aft] ! l>ge r\ndab\t1 errone\sly describ$ z 8a captive fly+ ma*9e10 0 put up at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,?is pres5t$ a f9e opportunity = mak+ exp]im5ts at an extremely high velocity ar\nd a v l>ge circle4 ,i w only ref] to a few ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,to a prolongation ( "o ( ! long arms1 ,i atta*$ a ?9 /eel wire rope ab\t #fj feet above ! plat=m2 ,i !n atta*$ to ?is wire rope ! little device %[n 7,fig4 #ci71 9 :i* a1 is an a]oplane1 #e feet long & #a foot wide1 plac$ at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #bj4 ,great c>e 0 us$ 9 prep>+ ?is a]oplane to see t x 0 free f blemi%1 smoo?1 & )\t any irregul>ities4 ,bo? edges 7 %>p & ! curvature 0 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* on ! und]nea? side4 ,x 0 made relatively ?ick 9 ! middle :]e x 0 atta*$ to ! b> c1 & ?9n] at ! ends4 b1 %[s a lump ( lead j heavy en\gh to balance ! b> c1 & ! tail2 d1 0 a light b /rong wood5 frame1 all ! edges be+ ?9 & %>p1 & cov]$ ) a special silk t ,mr4 ,cody _h f\nd to be be/ = su* purposes4 ,! wire rope e1 0 atta*$ to ! long arm :i* ,i ref]r$ to4 ,! great l5g? ( ! b> c1 & ! accuracy ) :i* ! :ole 0 made & balanc$ caus$ ! a]oplane to travel /raight ?r\gh ! air adju/+ itself to all ! %ift+ curr5ts4 ,^u />t+ ! ma*9e on a v calm day1 ?is app>atus m\nt$ z high z ! po9t ( support1 sometimes go+ #aj or m feet high] & sometimes #h or #aj feet l[]4 ,h[ev]1 z a rule1 x c>ri$ its own weight at a velocity ( #hj miles an h\r ar\nd a circle #a1jjj feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ( c\rse1 !re c\ld be no d[nw>d motion ( ! air z all ! air affect$ w\ld be remov$ long be=e x c\ld be /ruck ! second "t by ! a]oplane4 ,i _h no means ( asc]ta9+ exactly h[ mu* ?is plane did actually lift1 because ! air 0 always mov+ to "s ext5t1 & x 0 n an easy matt] to asc]ta9 :e!r x 0 above or bel[ ! po9t ( support4 ,i am sure1 h[ev]1 t x 0 z mu* z #cf lbs41 or r m ?an #g lbs4 to ! squ>e foot1 & ?is is j :at x %\ld h lift$1 provid+ t we consid] ! results obta9$ by small] planes plac$ 9 an air bla/ ( #dj miles an h\r & at ! same angle4 ,:5 ^! exp]im5ts 7 f9i%$1 ,i made a v small app>atus hav+ only ab\t #be squ>e feet ( lift+ surface1 & ?is c>ri$ ! weight ( a man1 9 fact sev]al g5tlem5 came up f ,london & w5t r\nd on x !mselves4 ,i saw1 h[ev]1 t x 0 a dang]\s practice1 because if ! w9d 0 bl[+ at all1 ! app>atus w\ld m\nt v mu* above ! po9t ( support :ile travell+ aga9/ ! w9d1 only to drop mu* bel[ ! po9t ( support on ! o!r side ( ! circle :]e x 0 travell+ ) ! w9d2 9 fact1 on "o occasion ! app>atus %[n 7,fig4 #ci7 m\nt$ 9 a high w9d fully #bj feet above ! po9t ( support & came d[n ) su* a cra% on ! o!r side t x broke ! wire rope4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 x is int]e/+ to note t :5 ,i erect$ ! fir/ s-call$ 8captive fly+ ma*9e0 on my own gr\nds at ,?url[ ,p>k1 ,i int5d$ t in/ead ( ord9>y boats su* z 7 ultimately employ$1 ea* p>ticul> boat %\ld be fitt$ ) an a]oplane1 t ! eng9e %\ld be ( #bjj ,h4,p41 & t ! pass5g]s %\ld actually be runn+ on ! air1 ea* boat be+ provid$ ) a p[]ful electric motor 9 addition to ! motive p[] t drove ! %aft4 ,_h ?is be5 c>ri$ out z 0 orig9ally design$1 x w\ld h remov$ ! app>atus altoge!r f ! category ( vulg> m]ry-g-r\nds1 b su* 0 n to be4 ,un=ese5 circum/ances 7 aga9/ me4 ,i _h "s ( ^! boats fitt$ up ) a]oplanes & runn+ on my gr\nds1 & two ( ! eng9e]s ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil came out to see ! app>atus be=e x 0 put up = public use4 ,on t occasion ! w9d 0 bl[+ a p]fect gale ( #dj miles an h\r1 & z ! boats travell$ at ! rate ( #ce miles an h\r1 !y1 ( c\rse1 enc\nt]$ a w9d ( #ge miles an h\r :5 pass+ aga9/ ! w9d1 & a m9us velocity ( #e miles an h\r :5 travell+ ) ! w9d on ! o!r side ( ! circle4 ,! a]oplanes1 al?\gh ( consid]able size1 7 small 9 relation to weight4 ,i _h neglect$ to put any weight 9 ! boats1 & :5 ?ree ( u 7 /udy+ ! ecc5tric pa? ?r\gh :i* ! boats 7 travell+1 sudd5ly "o ( !m 9 pass+ to ! w9dw>d1 rais$ v mu* above ! po9t ( support & plung$ d[n ) great =ce on ! o!r side2 9 fact1 ! %ock 0 s great t x made ev]y?+ rattle1 b no?+ 0 brok54 ,nev]!less1 ! eng9e]s said at once1 x w\ld n d to run ! boats ) ^? a]oplanes2 x 0 too dang]\s4 ,?is w\ld n1 h[ev]1 h occurr$ if ! boats _h be5 load$1 or ! velocity ( ! w9d _h be5 less4 ,x1 h[ev]1 demon/rat$ :at a trem5d\s lift may be obta9$ f a well-made a]oplane pass+ at a high velocity ?r\gh ! w9d at a %>p angle4 ,^! a]oplanes 7 only ab\t #ab feet long & #e feet wide1 hav+1 !re=e1 #fj squ>e feet ( surface4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 /rong1 well-made1 & p]fectly smoo?1 bo? top & bottom4 ,i w\ld say "r "h t ,i am n a success z a %[man--previ\s long ye>s ( rubb+ up aga9/ hone/ m5 h disqualifi$ me altoge!r = su* a pr(ession4 ,i 0 extremely anxi\s to g on ) my exp]im5ts4 ,i appreciat$ fully t ,i _h made a ma*9e t lift$ #b1jjj lbs4 m ?an its own weight1 & ,i knew = a dead c]ta9ty if ,i took ! matt] up aga91 got rid ( my boil] & wat] tank1 & us$ an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 su* z ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld produce1 t me*anical flight w\ld soon be a fait accompli4 ,i _h already sp5t m ?an #bj1jjj1 & 0 look+ ab\t = "s means ( mak+ ! ?+ self-support+4 ,i believ$ t ! s-call$ 8captive fly+ ma*9e0 w\ld be v popul>1 & br+ 9 a lot ( money1 & x w\ld h done s1 if x _h be5 put up z orig9ally design$4 ,i propos$ to use my %>e ( ! pr(its = exp]im5tal "w on real fly+ ma*9es4 ,t ,i 0 n f> wrong 9 believ+ t su* a ma*9e w\ld be a success1 is witness$ by ! fact t j ab\t ! same "t1 an ,am]ican inv5tor ?\ght ( ! same ?+1 put up "s ?ree or f\r ma*9es ! fir/ ye>1 & ! next ye> ab\t #ej4 ,!y 7 highly pr(itable1 & !re are fully #adj ( !m runn+ at ! pres5t "t 9 ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,x is a fact t no?+ 9 ! way ( side-%[s at exhibitions or public resorts has ev] _h ! success ( ?is ma*9e 9 ! ,u4,s4,a41 & ev5 ! little ma*9e at ,e>l's ,c\rt took #cbe #ajs4 9 "o day & #g1ejj 9 a season4 ,h[ev]1 ?is little attempt to make "o h& wa% ! o!r co/ me no less ?an #aj1djj1 n to m5tion m ?an a ye> ( v h>d "w4 ,?is sum w\ld h be5 amply suffici5t to h enabl$ me to cont9ue my exp]im5ts until success 0 assur$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,h9ts ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,front elevation ( propos$ a]oplane ma*9e--a1 a1 ! a]oplanes2 g1 g1 cond5s]2 f1 ! eng9e2 q1 gu>d = screw2 k1 k1 support = :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,side elevation ( propos$ sup]pos$ a]oplane ma*9e--a1 a1 ma9 a]oplanes2 b1 b1 re> a]oplanes2 c1 v]tical rudd]2 d1 horizontal front rudd]2 e1 screw2 f1 motor2 g1 cond5s]2 h1 /e]+ ge>2 i & j1 pneumatic buff]s2 k & l1 :eels2 m1 po9t at :i* k is pivot$ to ! ma9 frame2 n1 h&le ( ! /e]+ ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,plan ( propos$ a]oplane ma*9e1 9 :i* a1 a are ! propos$ sup]pos$ ma9 a]oplanes2 b1 b1 ! aft] sup]pos$ a]oplanes2 c1 c1 ! =w>d horizontal rudd]2 d1 plat=m2 e1 screw2 h1 h1 & i1 i1 pulleys us$ 9 communicat+ motion f ! /e]+ ge>1 f1 to ! rudd]1 j2 g1 lev] atta*$ to ! a]oplane or rudd]1 c1 c1 & connect$ to ! /e]+ ge>1 f4 ,= ^? :o really wi% to build a fly+ ma*9e t w actually fly ) v little exp]im5tal "w1 ,i h giv5 an outl9e sket* suffici5tly explicit to enable a skilful draughtsman to make a work+ draw+ 9 :i* ,fig4 #dj is a front elevation1 ,fig4 #da a side elevation1 & ,fig4 #db a plan4 ,fig4 #da1 a1 a1 %[s ! two =w>d or ma9 a]oplanes2 b1 b1 ! two aft] a]oplanes1 :i* are small] & %ort]2 c1 ! rudd]2 d1 ! =w>d horizontal rudd]2 e1 ! screw2 f1 ! motor2 g1 ! cond5s] or cool]2 h1 ! /e]+ ge>2 i1 & j1 atmosph]ic buff]s2 k & l1 :eels atta*$ to a lev] pivot$ to ! body ( ! ma*9e2 q1 a %ield = protect+ ! screw4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! framework is extremely long1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! a]oplanes is v great2 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! long] ! ma*9e1 ! less any *ange ( c5t] ( lift+ effect1 z relates to ! c5t] ( gravity1 w be felt4 ,moreov]1 x is mu* easi] to manuvre a ma*9e ( great l5g? ?an "o :i* is v %ort1 because x gives "o m "t to ?9k & act4 ,if ! l5g? 0 inf9itely great ! t5d5cy to pit* w\ld be inf9itely small4 ,i h %[n a /e]+ ge> consi/+ ( a lev] ) a h&le n1 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t x moves bo? ! v]tical rudd] c1 & ! horizontal rudd] d1 s t ! man :o /e]s ! ma*9e has no?+ to ?9k ( except to po9t ! lev] n1 p1 9 ! direction t he wi%es ! ma*9e to g4 ,?is lev] is m\nt$ on a univ]sal jo9t at h1 & is connect$ ) suitable wires to ! two rudd]s4 ,9 ord] to prev5t %ock :5 ! ma*9e alights1 x is necess>y to provide some?+ t is /rong &1 at ! same "t1 yield+1 & able to travel ?r\gh a consid]able di/ance be=e ! ma*9e comes to a /ate ( re/4 ,9 ! ma*9es :i* ,i h se5 on ! ,cont95t1 a v elaborate app>atus is employ$1 :i* is n only v heavy1 b also (f]s a consid]able resi/ance to ! =w>d motion ( ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air4 ,x consi/s ( _m tubes1 v long lev]s & heavy spiral spr+s1 etc4 ,9 ! device :i* ,i am recomm5d+1 all ?is is disp5s$ )1 & some?+ v mu* simpl]1 *eap]1 & light] is sub/itut$4 ,moreov]1 ) my propos$ app>atus a c]ta9 am\nt ( lift+ effect is produc$4 ,! lev]s k1 k1 to :i* ! :eels are atta*$1 %\ld be ( ?9 wood1 light & /rong1 & say ab\t a foot wide1 /rongly pivot$ to ! frame & held 9 position by an atmosph]ic buff] made ( /rong & ?9 /eel tub+1 %[n 9 section 7,fig4 #ea74 ,^! pneumatic cyl9d]s may be pump$ up to any degree1 s z to support ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 & !n1 z x comes d[n1 ! compression & escape ( air arre/ its motion4 ,! cond5s] g1 is plac$ 9 su* a position t x w act ev5 :ile ! ma*9e is on ! gr\nd & ! propell]s work+4 ,9 ,cont95tal ma*9es1 v small screw propell]s are us$4 ,^! screws h probably be5 made small because ! exp]im5t]s h f\nd t !y enc\nt] a good deal ( friction 9 ! atmosph]e1 b ?is is caus$ by imp]fect %ape & ! rib ( /eel at ! back ( ! blades4 ,9 ord] to use a small screw1 exp]im5t]s h be5 =c$ to use a v quick-runn+ eng9e :i* makes x necess>y to h ! cyl9d]s v %ort1 s1 9 ord] to get ! necess>y p[]1 !y are oblig$ to use no less ?an eight cyl9d]s4 ,h[ev]1 by increas+ ! diamet] ( ! screw & mak+ x ( su* a =m t v little or no atmosph]ic sk9 friction is enc\nt]$1 a mu* bett] & *eap] eng9e ( a totally diff]5t type may be employ$4 ,!re is no reason :y m ?an f\r cyl9d]s %\ld be us$1 b ! /roke ( ! pi/on & diamet] ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be increas$4 ,d\btless ,cont95tal exp]im5t]s h an idea t1 z ! eng9e _c be provid$ ) a fly:eel1 x mu/ h a v l>ge numb] ( cyl9d]s 9 ord] to give a /eady pull completely ar\nd ! circle1 & ?us avoid s-call$ 8dead c5t]s02 b1 :5 we consid] ! enorm\sly high velocity ( ! p]iph]y ( ! screw1 & also take into consid]ation t ! mom5tum is 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 x is q obvi\s t !re c be no sl[+ up betwe5 /rokes ev5 if only "o cyl9d] %\ld be employ$ work+ on ! f\r-cycle pr9ciple1 9 :i* "w is only done "o /roke 9 f\r4 ,!n1 aga91 ,i f9d t ! weight ( ^! ,cont95tal eng9es c be greatly r$uc$1 provid+ t !y are made ) ! same degree ( ref9em5t t ,i employ$ 9 build+ my /eam eng9es4 ,rec5tly !re has be5 a great deal ( discussion 9 ,eng9e]+ & o!r j\rnals reg>d+ ! comp>ative m]its ( ! a]oplane sy/em & ! hlicoptre4 ,"s condemn bo? sy/ems & p9 _! fai? to flapp+ w+s4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ! screw propell] is extremely wa/eful 9 en]gy1 & t 9 all ,nature nei!r fi% nor bird propels itself by means ( a screw4 ,z we d n f9d a screw 9 ,nature1 :y !n %\ld we employ x 9 a ma*9e = p]=m+ artificial flight8 ,:y n /ick to ,nature8 ,9 reply to ?is1 ,i w\ld say t ev5 ,nature has h] limits1 beyond :i* %e _c g4 ,:5 a boy 0 told t ev]y?+ 0 possible ) ,god1 he ask$2 8,c\ld ,god make a two-ye> old calf 9 five m9utes80 ,he 0 told t ,god c]ta9ly c\ld4 8,b10 said ! boy1 8w\ld ! calf be two ye>s old80 ,x appe>s to me t !re is no?+ 9 ,nature :i* is m effici5t1 or gets a bett] grip on ! wat] ?an a well-made screw propell]1 & no d\bt !re w\ld h be5 fi% ) screw propell]s1 provid+ t ,dame ,nature c\ld h made an animal 9 two pieces4 ,x is v evid5t t no liv+ creature c\ld be made 9 two pieces1 & two pieces are necess>y if "o "p is /ation>y & ! o!r revolves2 h[ev]1 ! tails & f9s v (t5 approximate to ! action ( ! propell] blades2 !y turn fir/ to ! "r & !n to ! left1 produc+ a scull+ effect :i* is practically ! same4 ,?is argum5t might also be us$ aga9/ locomotives4 ,9 all ,nature1 we d n f9d an animal travell+ on :eels1 b x is q possible t a locomotive might be made t w\ld walk on legs at ! rate ( two or ?ree miles an h\r4 ,b locomotives ) :eels are able to travel at lea/ ?ree times z fa/ z ! fleete/ animal ) legs1 & to cont9ue do+ s = _m h\rs at a "t1 ev5 :5 atta*$ to a v heavy load4 ,9 ord] to build a fly+ ma*9e ) flapp+ w+s1 to exactly imitate birds1 a v complicat$ sy/em ( lev]s1 cams1 cranks1 etc41 w\ld h to be employ$1 & ^! ( !mselves w\ld weigh m ?an ! w+s w\ld be able to lift4 ,h[ev]1 x is q possible to approa* v closely to ! motion ( a bird's w+s ) no reciprocat+ or vibrat+ p>ts1 & )\t flapp+ at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,plan ( a hlicoptre ma*9e %[+ position ( ! screws4 ,ow+ to ! tilt+ ( ! %aft =w>d1 ! blades pres5t no angle :5 at d1 d1 b #aj at c1 c1 :ile at f1 f _! angle above ! horizontal is #e4 ,! horizontal arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! w9d aga9/ ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,%[s ! position ( ! blades ( a hlicoptre z !y pass ar\nd a circle1 :5 ! angle ( ! %aft & ! angle ( ! blades are ! same4 ,9 ,fig4 #dc1 ,i h %[n a plan ( a hlicoptre ma*9e 9 :i* two screws are employ$ rotat+ 9 opposite directions1 a1 a1 be+ ! port screw2 b1 b1 ! />bo>d screw2 & d1 d1 ! plat=m = ! ma*9]y & op]ator4 ,! screws %\ld be #bj feet 9 diamet] & made ( wood4 ,suppose n[ t ! pit* ( ^! screws is su* t ! extremities ( ! blades h an angle ( #e2 if n[ we tilt ! %aft =w>d 9 ! direction ( flight to ! ext5t ( #e1 we %all completely wipe out ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! blades :5 at b 7,fig4 #dd71 :]eas x w be obs]v$ t ! pit* z reg>ds ! horizontal w be increas$ to #aj at a1 on ! out] side1 & rema9 un*ang$ at c1 & d4 ,if ! p]iph]al velocity ( ! blades is1 say1 f\r times ! velocity at :i* ! ma*9e is expect$ to travel1 ! blades w get a good grip on ! air at c1 d1 b :5 !y travel =w>d & enc\nt] air :i* is travell+ at a high velocity 9 ! opposite direction1 !y assume ! position %[n at b4 ,if ! pit* ( ! screw blades 0 a little m ?an ! angle ( ! %aft1 ! blades at b w\ld also produce a lift+ effect1 & z ! velocity ) :i* !y pass ?r\gh ! air is extremely high1 a v /rong lift+ effect w\ld be produc$ ev5 if ! angle 0 n m ?an #a 9 #dj4 ,by trac+ ! pa? & not+ ! position ( ! ends ( ! blades z !y pass completely ar\nd ! circle z %[n 7,fig4 #dd71 x w be obs]v$ t !y v closely resemble ! motion ( a bird's w+4 ,i h no d\bt t a prop]ly made ma*9e on ?is plan w\ld be highly satisfactory1 b "o %\ld n lose sight ( ! fact t ev5 ) a ma*9e ( ?is type1 well design$ & suffici5tly light to su/a9 itself 9 ! air :ile fly+1 x w\ld /ill be necess>y = x to move along rapidly :5 />t+ 9 ord] to get ! necess>y grip on ! air4 ,^u />t+ ! eng9e1 9 a ma*9e ( ?is k9d1 a v /rong d[nw>d draught ( air w\ld be produc$1 & ! :ole p[] ( ! eng9es w\ld be us$ 9 ma9ta9+ ?is d[nw>d bla/1 b if ! ma*9e %\ld at ! same "t be giv5 a rapid =w>d motion suffici5tly great to br+ ! blades into contact ) new air1 ! in]tia ( :i* _h n be5 di/urb$1 & :i* 0 n mov+ d[nw>ds1 ! lift+ effect w\ld be increas$ suffici5tly to lift ! ma*9e (f ! gr\nd4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 "w v mu* l an a]oplane ma*9e4 ,x w\ld also be possible to provide a ?ird screw ( less dim5sions & runn+ at a less velocity1 to pu% ! ma*9e =w>d1 s z n to r5d] x necess>y to give su* a decid$ tilt to ! %afts4 ,z be=e /at$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 design+ & mak+ ! framework ( fly+ ma*9es1 & no /one %\ld be left unturn$ 9 ord] to arrive at ! greate/ degree ( lightness )\t dim9i%+ ! /r5g? too mu*2 !n1 aga91 ela/icity %\ld be consid]$4 ,if we use a ?9 tube all ! mat]ial is at ! surface1 f> f ! neutral c5tre1 & great /iffness is obta9$1 b su* a tube w n /& s mu* deflection z a piece ( wood2 !n1 aga91 wood is *eap] ?an /eel1 & 9 case ( an accid5t1 repairs are v quickly & easily made4 ,wood1 h[ev]1 _c be obta9$ 9 long l5g?s absolutely free f blemi%es4 ,x !re=e becomes necess>y to f9d "s way ( mak+ ^! long memb]s ( fly+ ma*9es ( su* wood z may be f\nd suitable 9 ! foll[+ table4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/r5g? ,weight ( a p] ,sq4 ,94 ,cube ,foot ,relative 9 ,lbs4 9 ,lbs4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ald]1 444 #ej 444 ,apple1 444 #diefb 444 ,a%1 ,engli%1 #af1jjj #ebhab #cjbi ,a%1 ,:ite1 #ad1jjj #dcabe #cbdf ,bamboo1 #f1cjj #be #beb ,bee*1 ,engli%1 #aa1ejj #ecbe #baei ,bir*1 #ae1jjj #de #cccc ,box1 ,african1 #bc1jjj 444 444 ,france1 444 #hc 444 ,c$>1 ,am]ican1 #aa1fjj #cejfb #ccjh ,deal1 ,*ri/iania1 #ab1djj 444 444 ,ebony1 #bg1jjj #hcahg #cbdf ,elm1 #f1jjj #cefbe #afhd ,rock1 #ac1jjj #ej #bfj ,fir1 ,norway ,spruce1 444 #cb 444 ,dantzic1 444 #cfcge 444 ,hackmatack1 #ab1jjj #cg #cbdc ,hickory1 #aa1jjj #die #bbbb ,ironwood1 444 #fahge 444 ,junip]1 444 #cfcge 444 ,lance1 #bc1jjj #de #eaaa ,lignum-,vit1 #aa1hjj #hccab #adaf ,lime1 444 #ejbe 444 ,locu/1 #bj1ejj #dee #deje ,mahogany1 ,honduras1 #ba1jjj #ce #fjj ,spani%1 #ab1jjj #ecbe #bbec ,maple1 444 #dfhge 444 ,oak1 ,african1 #i1ejj #eadcg #ahdg ,canadian1 444 #ede 444 ,dantzic1 #d1bjj #dgdcg #hhe ,engli%1 #g1ega #ecfbe #adab ,live1 #af1chj #ffge #bded ,pa1 season$1 #bj1ccc 444 444 ,:ite1 #af1ejj #ecge #cjfi ,va1 #be1bbb 444 444 ,p9e1 ,norway1 #ad1jjj #dfbe #cjbg ,pit*1 444 #dabe 444 ,r$1 #ac1jjj #cfhge #cebe ,:ite1 #aa1hjj #cdfbe #cdjh ,yell[1 #ac1jjj #bhhab #deab ,va1 #ai1bjj 444 444 ,popl>1 #g1jjj #bcicg #bibd ,:ite1 444 #ccjfb 444 ,r$wood1 ,cal1 #aj1hcc 444 444 ,spruce1 #ab1djj #cabe #cifh ,sycamore1 #ac1jjj #chicg #ccch ,tam>ack1 444 #bcicg 444 ,teak1 ,african1 #ba1jjj #fabe #cdbh ,indian1 #ae1jjj #dajfb #cfec ,walnut1 444 #daicg 444 ,black1 #af1fcc #cabe #ecbb ,mi*igan1 #ag1ejj 444 444 ,will[1 #ac1jjj #cfefb #ceee ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! relative value ( diff]5t k9ds ( wood is %[n 9 ?is table1 & x w be obs]v$ t "s are mu* m suitable = ! purpose ?an o!rs4 ,! true value ( a wood to be us$ 9 fly+ ma*9es is only asc]ta9$ by consid]+ its /r5g? 9 comp>ison ) its own weight--t is1 ! wood :i* is /ronge/ 9 proportion to its weight is ! be/4 ,x w be se5 t ,honduras mahogany /&s at ! head ( ! li/1 b ,am]ican :ite p9e is v good = c]ta9 purposes1 z x is light1 /rong1 easily obta9$1 & takes ! glue v well inde$4 ,9 ,fig4 #de1 ,i h %[n a good sy/em ( produc+ ! long memb]s necess>y 9 fly+ ma*9es4 ,i w admit t x co/s some?+ to fit up & produce ! k9d ( jo9ts :i* ,i h %[n1 b :5 ! memb]s are once made1 !y are exce$+ly /rong & /iff4 ,fig4 #df %[s sections ( ! /ruts1 & ^! may be made ( ei!r /raight-gra9$ ,honduras mahogany or ( lance wood2 ei!r answ]s ! purpose v well1 because be+ v /rong & /raight-gra9$1 p]mits ! /ruts to be made ( su* a %ape & size z to (f] v little resi/ance 9 cutt+ _! way ?r\gh ! air4 ,! framework ( ! a]oplane unless c>efully design$ w (f] great resi/ance to be+ driv5 ?r\gh ! air4 ,suppose t ! bottom memb] ( ! truss 7,fig4 #dg7 is /raight1 & ! top "o curv$ 9 ! direction %[n2 no matt] h[ taut ! clo? may be drawn1 ! pressure ( ! air w cause x to bag upw>ds betwe5 ! diff]5t trusses1 s z to pres5t v ne>ly ! correct curve :i* is necess>y to produce ! maximum lift+ effect1 & )\t (f]+ too mu* resi/ance to ! air2 h[ev]1 "o mu/ n =get = a s+le mom5t t ! air fl[s ov] bo? sides ( ! a]oplane4 ,:5 ! a]oplane is made v ?ick 9 ! middle & %>p at ! edges 7,fig4 #dh71 ) ! bottom side dead level1 x produces a decid$ lift+ effect no matt] :i* way x is be+ propell$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,?is is n because ! bottom side produces any lift+ effect ( itself1 b because ! air runn+ ov] ! top foll[s ! surface4 ,! a]oplane enc\nt]s air :i* is n mov+ at all4 ,! air is fir/ mov$ upw>ds slightly1 b x also has to run d[n ! incl9e to ! re> edge ( ! a]oplane1 s t1 :5 x is dis*>g$1 x has a decid$ d[nw>d tr5d2 !re=e1 ! air pass+ ov] ! top side in/ead ( "u ! bottom side1 produces ! lift+ effect1 %[+ t ! top side ( an a]oplane z well z ! l[] side %\ld be consid]$4 ,! top side %\ld1 !re=e1 be free f all ob/ructions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,sy/em ( splic+ & build+ up wood5 memb]s4 ,:5 !y h to be curv$ & to keep _! %ape1 !y %\ld be b5t at ! curve at ! "t ( be+ glu$ toge!r1 & jo9$ 9 ! middle z at d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,cross-section ( /ruts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,truss suitable = use ) fly+ ma*9es1 hav+ a]oplanes ab\t #f feet to #h feet wide4 ,! top ( ! a]oplane z well z ! bottom %\ld be cov]$ ) "s light mat]ial1 if ! v be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,9 ano!r *apt] ,i h %[n a =m ( fabric-cov]$ a]oplane1 made by myself1 t 0 n di/ort$ 9 ! lea/ by ! air pressure1 & produc$ j z good effects z x w\ld h done if x _h be5 c>efully c>v$ out ( a piece ( wood4 ,on m ?an "o occasion ,"l ,kelv9 came to my place2 he said t my work%op 0 a p]fect museum ( inv5tion4 ,at ! ,ox=d ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,"l ,salisbury 9 ! *air1 ,i 0 mu* gratifi$ :5 ,"l ,kelv9 said t he _h exam9$ my "w1 & f\nd t x 0 beautifully design$ & spl5didly execut$4 ,he complim5t$ me v highly inde$4 ,:ile at my place1 he said t ! mo/ +5i\s ?+ t he _h se5 0 ! way ,i _h prev5t$ my a]oplanes f be+ di/ort$ by ! air4 ,he spoke ( ?is sev]al times ) great admiration1 &1 ,i ?9k1 if ! fabric-cov]$ a]oplane is to be us$ at all1 t my p>ticul> sy/em w be f\nd altoge!r ! be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,! p>adox a]oplane t lifts no matt] 9 :i* direction x is be+ driv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,! ,anto9ette motor4 ,reg>d+ ! motors n[ be+ employ$1 ,i ?9k t !re is /ill room = a great deal ( improvem5t 9 ! direction ( great] lightness1 high] effici5cy & reliability4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 fly+ ma*9e motors h su* small cyl9d]s1 ! rotation is s rapid1 & ! cool+ appliances s imp]fect1 t ! eng9e soon becomes int5sely heat$1 & !n its effici5cy is said to fall (f ab\t #dj or #ej p] c5t41 "s say ev5 #fj p] c5t4 ,?is is probably on acc\nt ( ! high temp]ature ( ! cyl9d]1 pi/on1 & air inlet4 ,! heat exp&s ! air z x ent]s1 s t ! actual weight ( air 9 ! cyl9d] is greatly r$uc$1 & ! eng9e p[] r$uc$ 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,!re is no tr\ble ab\t cool+ ! motor1 & a cond5s] ( high effici5cy may be made t w cool ! wat] p]fectly1 &1 at ! same "t1 lift a good deal m ?an its own weight4 ,all ! conditions are fav\rable = us+ a v effective atmosph]ic cond5s] 7see ,figs4 #cj & #ca74 ,wat] may be consid]$ z #bdjj times z effici5t z air1 volume = volume1 9 cond5s+ /eam4 ,:5 a cond5s] is made = ! purpose ( us+ wat] z a cool+ ag5t1 a l>ge numb] ( small tubes may be closely gr\p$ toge!r 9 a box1 & ! wat] pump$ 9 at "o end ( ! box & dis*>g$ at ! o!r end ?r\gh relatively small op5+s2 b :5 air is employ$1 ! tubes or cond5s+ surfaces mu/ be widely di/ribut$1 s t a v l>ge am\nt ( air is enc\nt]$1 & air :i* has /ruck "o tube & become heat$ mu/ nev] t\* a second tube 7see ,figs4 #cj & #ca1 also ,app5dix74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,section %[+ ! ,anto9ette motor1 su* z us$ 9 ! ,f>man & ,de la ,grange ma*9es4 ,fig4 #ea %[s a pneumatic buff] :i* ,i h design$1 9 :i* a1 a1 is a /eel tube highly poli%$ on ! inside2 b1 a nozzle = connect+ ! air-pump1 :i* is ( ! bicycle v>iety2 c1 a nipple to :i* is atta*$ a /rong india-rubb] bulb2 d1 a pi/on :i* is made air-tight by a lea!r cup2 & f1 ! connection to ! lev] c>ry+ ! :eels on :i* ! ma*9e runs4 ,:ile ! ma*9e is at a /ate ( re/ on ! gr\nd1 ! pi/on-rod d1 is run out to its full ext5t1 & supports ! weight ( ! ma*9e--! pressure be+ ab\t #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ma*9e comes viol5tly d[n to ! e>?1 ! pi/on is pu%$ inw>d1 compress+ ! air1 & by ! "t x has travell$1 say1 "o-half ! /roke1 ! air pressure w h m\nt$ to #cjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! rubb] bulb c1 ought to bur/ & all[ ! compress$ air to escape "u a high pressure4 ,air escap+ ?r\gh a relatively small hole absorbs ! mom5tum ( ! desc5t & br+s ! ma*9e to a /ate ( re/ )\t a de/ructive %ock4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y = ! navigator to select a broad & level field = desc5t1 & !n to approa* x f ! leew>d & sl[ up 8 ma*9e z ne> ! gr\nd z possible1 tilt+ ! =w>d end upw>ds 9 ord] to arre/ its =w>d motion1 & t\*+ ! gr\nd :ile /ill mov+ aga9/ ! w9d at a fairly high velocity4 ,if all ^! po9ts are /udi$1 & well c>ri$ out1 v little dang] w result2 !n1 aga91 ! a]oplanes b1 b1 & ! =w>d rudd] d 7,fig4 #da71 %\ld be s arrang$ t1 9 case ( an accid5t1 _! outw>d sides may be in/antly turn$ upw>ds1 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! ma*9e f plung+1 & keep x on an ev5 keel :ile ! eng9es are n runn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,pneumatic buff]--a1 a1 cyl9d]2 b1 atta*m5t = pump+ up2 c1 air outlet1 cov]$ ) a rubb] ?imble made to bur/ "u ab\t #cjj lbs4 pressure2 d1 ! pi/on4 ,,/e]+ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,gyroscope4 ,a %ip at sea has only to be /e]$ 9 a horizontal direction2 ! wat] 9 :i* x is float$ assures its /ability 9 a v]tical direction2 b :5 a fly+ ma*9e is once laun*$ 9 ! air1 x has to be /e]$ 9 two directions--t is1 ! v]tical & ! horizontal4 ,moreov]1 x is con/antly enc\nt]+ air curr5ts t are mov+ ) a mu* high] velocity ?an any wat] curr5ts t h ev] to be enc\nt]$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t1 z f> z v]tical /e]+ is conc]n$1 x %\ld be automatic4 ,"s h sugge/$ %ift+ weights1 fl[+ m]cury1 & sw++ p5dulums2 b none ( ^! is ( ! lea/ value1 on acc\nt ( ! sway+ action :i* always has to be enc\nt]$4 ,a p5dulum c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u = work+ ma*9]y on bo>d a %ip1 & ! same laws apply to an air%ip4 ,we h b "o means at our disposal1 & t is ! gyroscope4 ,:5 a gyroscope is spun at a v high velocity on a v]tical axis1 ) ! po9t ( support v mu* above ! c5t] ( gyration1 x has a t5d5cy to ma9ta9 a v]tical axis2 a horizontal or sw++ motion ( its support w n cause x to sw+ l a p5dulum4 ,x !re=e becomes possible by its use to ma9ta9 an air%ip on an ev5 keel4 ,9 a /eam /e]+ app>atus1 su* z is us$ on %ipbo>d1 x is n suffici5t to apply /eam-p[] to move ! rudd]s1 unless "s means are provid$ :]eby ! movem5t ( ! rudd] closes (f ! /eam1 o!rwise ! rudd] might cont9ue to travel aft] ! effect _h be5 produc$1 & ultimately be brok52 & s x is ) /e]+ a fly+ ma*9e 9 a v]tical direction4 ,:5ev] ! =e & aft rudd]s respond to ! action ( ! gyroscope & are set 9 motion1 !y mu/ at once comm5ce to %ut (f ! p[] t works !m1 o!rwise !y w\ld cont9ue to travel4 ,9 ! photograph 7,fig4 #eb7 ,i h %[n an app>atus :i* ,i con/ruct$ at ,baldwyn's ,p>k4 ,x w be se5 t ! gyroscope is enclos$ 9 a metal case2 a tang5t screw1 j above ! case1 rotates a po9t] ar\nd a small disc1 :i* admits ( ! spe$ ( ! gyroscope be+ obs]v$4 ,/eam is admitt$ ?r\gh a univ]sal jo9t1 desc5ds ?r\gh ! %aft & escapes ?r\gh a s]ies ( small op5+s plac$ at a tang5t1 s z to give rotation to ! :eel aft] ! mann] ( a ,b>k]'s mill4 ,! cas+ ab\t ! rotat+ :eel is extremely light z relates to ! :eel1 s t1 :5 ! gyroscope is once spun on a v]tical axis1 ! re/ ( ! app>atus may be tilt$ 9 any direction1 :ile ! gyroscope & its atta*m5ts ma9ta9 a v]tical axis4 ,! gyroscope & its atta*m5ts are susp5d$ f a long /eel tube1 :i* 9 reality is a /eam cyl9d]4 ,! sleeve :i* supports ! gyroscope moves freely 9 a longitud9al direction1 & ! :ole is held 9 position by a triple-?read$ screw on ! small tube above ! cyl9d]4 ,! /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh a pi/on value op]at$ by a species ( l9k motion1 z %[n4 ,! pi/on-rod ext5ds to ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 & regulates ! rudd]s by pull+ a small wire rope1 ! travel ( ! pi/on be+ ab\t #h feet4 ,at ! end ( ! cyl9d] 7n %[n7 ! pi/on-rod is provid$ ) an arm & a nut :i* engages ! small top tube--?is tube be+ provid$ ) a long spiral--s t1 z ! pi/on moves1 ! top tube is rotat$1 & !reby slides ! gyroscope's support1 & *anges its position z relates to ! pi/on valve4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t ! action is ! same z ) ! common /eam /e]+ ge> us$ on %ipbo>d4 ,a little adju/+ screw at ! "r h& ( ! pr9t is %[n4 ,! upw>d project+ arm ( ! bell crank lev] is = ! purpose ( atta*+ ! wood5 h&le1 mak+ x possible to move ! connect+-rod in/antly into a position :]e ! /eam pi/on w move ! rudd]s into ! position %[n 7,fig4 #ef74 ,i copy ! foll[+ f a description :i* ,i wrote ( ?is app>atus at ! "t3-- 8,,gyroscope ,,app>atus ,,= ,,automatically ,,/e]+ ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,a ,,v]tical ,,direction4 8,?is app>atus consi/s ( a long /eam cyl9d] :i* is provid$ ) a pi/on1 ! pi/on-rod ext5d+ beyond ! cyl9d] at ea* end2 ! ropes work+ ! =e & aft rudd]s are atta*$ to ! ends ( ?is pi/on-rod1 & /eam is suppli$ ?r\gh an equilibrium valve4 ,! gyroscope is conta9$ 9 a gunmetal case1 & is driv5 by a jet ( /eam ent]+ ?r\gh ! trunnions4 ,:5 ! gyroscope is sp9n+ at a high velocity1 ! cas+ hold+ x becomes v rigid & is n easily mov$ f its v]tical position4 ,if ! ma*9e re>s or pit*es1 ! cyl9d] & valve are mov$ ) ! ma*9e :ile ! gyroscope rema9s 9 a v]tical position4 ,?is causes ! /eam valve to be mov$ s z to admit /eam into ! cyl9d] & move ! pi/on 9 ! prop] direction to in/antly br+ ! ma*9e back into its normal position4 ,z ! =e & aft rudd]s are mov$1 ! long tubul> %aft imm$iately ov] ! /eam cyl9d] is rotat$ 9 su* a mann] z to move ! :ole gyroscope 9 ! prop] direction to close (f ! /eam4 ,! app>atus may be made to regulate at any angle by adju/+ ! screw :i* regulates ! position ( ! tubul> %aft4 ,! l9k t susp5ds ! end ( ! /eam valve connect+-rod is support$ by a bell crank lev]1 & :ile ! ma*9e is mov+ ahead1 ! lev] occupies ! position %[n 9 ! photograph 7,fig4 #eb72 b if ! ma*9]y & eng9e /op1 ! bell crank lev] may be mov$ s z to ?r[ ! connect+-rod bel[ ! c5tre1 :5 ! /eam w move ! pi/on 9 ! prop] direction to ?r[ bo? ! rudd]s into ! fall+ position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,gyroscope1 us$ = ! control ( ! =e & aft horizontal rudd]s1 ?us keep+ ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel :ile 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,9 ord] to adju/ ! lift+ effect s t x 0 directly ov] ! c5tre ( gravity1 & to te/ ! action ( my =e & aft horizontal rudd]s1 ,i ran ! ma*9e along ! /eel rail i1 i1 & adju/$ my weights & a]oplanes 9 su* a mann] t1 :5 ! ma*9e 0 run at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r along ! track1 ) ! rudd]s adju/$ 9 ! mann] %[n1 ! front :eel j1 0 rais$ f ! /eel track & ! small :eel m1 br\ght into contact ) ! upp] track h4 ,:5 ! rudd] b1 b1 is 9 ?is position1 x produces a /rong lift+ effect1 :ile ! rudd] c1 c1 does n lift at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,?is %[s ! rudd]s plac$ 9 su* a position t b1 b1 does n lift at all1 :ile c1 is plac$ at su* an angle z to produce a /rong lift+ effect1 especially s z x is 9 ! bla/ ( ! screws d1 d4 ,) ! rudd]s 9 ?is position1 & at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 ,i 0 able to lift ! re> :eels k1 k1 (f ! /eel rails & to br+ ! small :eel l1 9 contact ) ! upp] track h4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[$ t ! ma*9e c\ld be tilt$ 9 ei!r direction by *ang+ ! position ( ! rudd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,:5 ! rudd]s 7 plac$ 9 ! position %[n1 & ! ma*9e 0 run ov] ! track at a rate ( #dj miles an h\r1 all ! weight 0 lift$ (f ! :eels1 j1 & k1 & bo? ! small :eels m1 & l1 engag$ ! upp] track4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,9 case ( a breakd[n or failure ( ! eng9es :5 ! ma*9e is 9 flight1 x is necess>y to place ! rudd]s 9 ! position %[n1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ma*9e f div+ to ! e>?4 ,:5 ! rudd]s are 9 ?is position1 a rapid & de/ructive desc5t is n possible1 z ! ma*9e w pres]ve an ev5 keel :ile fall+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,%ape ,,& ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,a]oplanes4 ,9 ,pr(4 ,langley's lifetime1 we _h _m discussions reg>d+ ! wid? & %ape ( a]oplanes4 ,! ,pr(essor _h made _m exp]im5ts ) v small & n>r[ planes1 & 0 extremely anxi\s to obta9 "s data reg>d+ ! effect t w\ld be produc$ by mak+ ! planes ( great] wid?4 ,he admitt$ t by putt+ "s two or ?ree a]oplanes t&em1 & all at ! same angle1 ! front a]oplane a 7,fig4 #eg71 w\ld lift a great deal m ?an b1 & t c1 w\ld lift /ill less4 ,he sugge/$ ! arrangem5t %[n at a1 b1 c1 9 :i* b is set at su* an angle z to give z mu* additional accel]ation to ! air z x _h receiv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by pass+ "u a1 & t c1 %\ld also increase ! accel]ation to ! same ext5t4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ! lift+ effect ( ! ?ree a]oplanes ought to be ! same1 b ,i did n agree ) ?is !ory4 ,x seem$ to me t x w\ld only be true if x dealt ) ! volume ( air repres5t$ betwe5 j1 & k1 & t he did n take into consid]ation ! mass ( air betwe5 k1 & l1 t _h to be dealt )1 & :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h "s effect 9 buoy+ up ! /ream ( air1 j1 k4 ,pr(4 ,langley admitt$ ! tru? ( ?is1 & said t no?+ b exp]im5t w\ld demon/rate :at ! real facts 74 ,b x 0 a matt] :i* ,i _h to deal )4 ,i did n l ! arrangem5t a1 b1 c1 z ! angle 0 s %>p1 especially at c1 t a v l>ge screw ?ru/ w\ld be necess>y4 ,i !re=e made a compromise on ?is sy/em :i* is %[n at a1 b1 c4 ,9 ?is case a1 has an incl9ation ( #a 9 #aj1 b an incl9ation ( #a 9 #f1 & c an incl9ation ( #a 9 #e4 ,x w be se5 t ?is =m1 :i* is %[n z "o a]oplane at a1 b1 c1 is a v good %ape4 ,x is laid out by fir/ draw+ ! l9e c1 d1 dropp+ ! p]p5dicul> equal to "o-t5? ( ! di/ance betwe5 c & d1 & !n draw+ a /raight l9e f c1 ?r\gh e1 to f1 :]e ano!r p]p5dicul> is dropp$1 & half ! di/ance betwe5 d & e laid (f1 & ano!r /raight l9e drawn f e1 ?r\gh g1 to h1 & ! p]p5dicul> h1 i1 laid (f ! same z f1 g4 ,we !n h f\r po9ts1 & by draw+ a curve ?r\gh ^!1 we obta9 ! %ape ( ! a]oplane %[n above1 :i* is an exce$+ly good "o4 ,?is %ape1 h[ev]1 is only suitable = velocities1 up to #dj miles p] h\r2 at high] velocities1 ! curvature w\ld be correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,diagram %[+ ! evolution ( a wide a]oplane4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,a]oplanes ,,& ,,! ,,p[] ,,requir$ ,,express$ ,,9 ,,! ,,simple/ ,,t]ms4 ,9 design+ a]oplanes = fly+ ma*9es1 we %\ld n lose sight ( ! fact t area alone is n suffici5t4 ,our planes mu/ h a c]ta9 l5g? ( ent]+ edge--t is1 ! l5g? ( ! front edge mu/ be> a c]ta9 relation to ! load lift$4 ,an a]oplane #aj feet squ>e w n lift half z mu* = ! en]gy consum$ z "o #b feet wide & #ej feet long2 !re=e1 we mu/ h our planes z long z possible f port to />bo>d4 ,at all spe$s ( #dj miles p] h\r or less1 !re %\ld be at lea/ #a foot ( ent]+ edge = e #d lbs4 c>ri$4 ,h[ev]1 at high] spe$s1 ! l5g? may be r$uc$ z ! squ>e ( ! spe$ increases4 ,an a]oplane #a foot squ>e w n lift "o-t5? z mu* z "o t is #a foot wide & #aj feet long4 ,?is is because ! air slips (f at ! ends1 b ?is c be prev5t$ by a ?9 flange1 or la ,h>grave's kites4 ,an a]oplane #b feet wide & #ajj feet long plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #aj1 & driv5 edgewise ?r\gh ! air at a velocity ( #dj miles p] h\r1 w lift #be lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,b z we f9d a plane #ajj feet 9 l5g? too long to deal )1 we may cut x into two or m pieces & place !m "o above ! o!r--sup]pos$4 ,?is enables u to r$uce ! wid? ( our ma*9e )\t r$uc+ its lift+ effect2 we /ill h #ajj feet ( ent]+ edge1 we /ill h #bjj feet ( lift+ surface1 & we "k t ea* foot w lift #be lbs4 at ! spe$ we propose to travel4 #bjj #be #ejj2 !re=e our total lift+ effect is #ejj lbs41 & ! screw ?ru/ requir$ to pu% our a]oplane ?r\gh ! air is "o-t5? ( ?is1 because ! angle above ! horizontal is #a 9 #aj4 ,we1 !re=e1 divide :at ,pr(4 ,langley has s aptly call$ ! 8lift0 by #aj2 #ejj_/aj #ej4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! v]tical compon5t is ! lift1 & ! horizontal compon5t ! drift1 ! expression 8drift0 also be+ a t]m fir/ appli$ by ,pr(4 ,langley4 ,our propos$ spe$ is #dj miles p] h\r1 or #c1ebj feet 9 a m9ute ( "t4 ,if we multiply ! drift 9 p\nds by ! numb] ( feet travell$ 9 a m9ute ( "t1 & divide ! product ?us obta9$ by #cc1jjj1 we asc]ta9 ! ,h4,p4 requir$-- #ej #c1ebj ---------- #ecc4 #cc1jjj ,x !re=e takes #ecc ,h4,p4 to c>ry a load ( #ejj lbs4 at a rate ( #dj miles p] h\r1 all[+ no?+ = screw slip or atmosph]ic resi/ance due to framework & wires4 ,b we f9d we mu/ lift m ?an #ejj lbs41 & z we d n wi% to make our a]oplanes any long]1 we add to _! wid? 9 a =e & aft direction--t is1 we place ano!r simil> a]oplane1 also #b feet wide1 j aft ( our fir/ a]oplane4 ,?is w1 ( c\rse1 h to engage ! air dis*>g$ f ! fir/1 & :i* is already mov+ d[nw>ds4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only too evid5t t if we place x at ! same angle z our fir/ "o--viz41 #a 9 #aj--;x w n lift z mu* z ! fir/ a]oplane1 & we f9d t if we wi% to obta9 a fairly good lift+ effect1 x mu/ be plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #f4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! screw ?ru/ = ?is plane w be #a_/f? "p ( ! lift1 or #hhh ,h4,p4 aga9/ #ecc ,h4,p4 ) our fir/ a]oplane4 ,9 ord] to avoid confusion1 we w call our fir/ plane a1 our second plane b1 & ! ?ird c1 ! same z 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,/ill we are n satisfi$1 we want m lift1 we !re=e add /ill ano!r a]oplane z %[n 7c1 ,fig4 #eg74 ,?is "o has to take ! air :i* has already be5 set 9 motion by ! two prec$+ planes a & b1 s 9 ord] to get a fair lift+ effect1 we h to place our ?ird plane at ! high angle ( #a 9 #e4 ,at ?is angle1 our ?ru/ has to be #a_/e? ( ! lift+ effect1 & ! ,h4,p4 requir$ is twice z mu* p] p\nd c>ri$ z ) ! plane a1 :]e ! angle 0 #a 9 #aj2 !re=e1 x w take #ajff ,h4,p4 to c>ry #ejj lbs4 ,z !re is no reason :y we %\ld h ?ree a]oplanes plac$ t&em :]e "o w\ld answ] ! purpose mu* bett]1 we conv]t ! :ole ( !m into "o1 z %[n 7a1 b1 c1 ,fig4 #eg71 & by mak+ ! top side smoo? & uni=m1 we get ! advantage ( ! lift+ effect due to ! air above ! a]oplane z well z bel[ x4 ,! av]age ,h4,p4 is !re=e #ecc #hhh #ajff #c #hbi ,h4,p4 = ea* plane1 or #be ,h4,p4 = ! :ole1 :i* is at ! rate ( #fj lbs4 to ! ,h4,p41 all ( :i* is us$ to ov]come ! resi/ance due to ! weight & ! incl9ation ( ! a]oplanes1 & :i* is ab\t half ! total p[] requir$4 ,we %\ld all[ z mu* m = loss 9 screw slip & atmosph]ic resi/ance due to ! motor1 ! framework1 & ! wires ( ! ma*9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! screw is plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! greate/ resi/ance1 x w recov] a portion ( ! en]gy imp>t$ to ! air4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 require a #ej ,h4,p4 motor1 & ?us h #cj lbs4 to ! ,h4,p4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r1 ! weight p] ,h4,p4 is n v great4 ,if we wi% to make a ma*9e m effici5t1 we mu/ resort to a multitude ( v n>r[ sup]pos$ planes1 or su/a9]s1 z ,mr4 ,philipps calls !m1 or we mu/ increase ! spe$4 ,if an a]oplane w lift #be lbs4 p] squ>e foot plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #aj1 & driv5 at a velocity ( #dj miles an h\r1 ! same a]oplane w lift #abe lbs4 if plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #bj1 & z ! lift+ effect v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 ! same plane w lift z mu* m at #fj miles p] h\r1 z #fj is great] ?an #dj--t is1 #bha lbs4 p] squ>e foot in/ead ( #abe lbs4 ,at ?is high spe$1 provid+ t ! wid? ( ! plane is n m ?an #c feet1 x ne$ be only slightly curv$ & h a mean angle ( #a 9 #bj4 ,an a]oplane #ajj feet long & #c feet wide w\ld h #cjj squ>e feet ( lift+ surface1 ea* ( :i* w\ld lift #bha lbs41 mak+ ! total lift+ effect #hdc lbs4 #hdc #bj #dbae1 :i* is ! screw ?ru/ t w\ld be necess>y to propel su* a plane ?r\gh ! air at a velocity ( #fj miles p] h\r4 #fj miles p] h\r is #e1bhj feet 9 a m9ute1 !re=e ! ,h4,p4 requir$ is #dbae #e1bhj #cc1jjj #fg ,h4,p4 ,divid+ ! total lift+ effect #hdc by #fg1 we h #hdc #fg #abeh1 ! lift p] ,h4,p4 ,if we all[ "o-half = loss 9 friction1 screw slip1 etc41 we %all be c>ry+ a load ( #hdc lbs4 ) #acd ,h4,p4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t a velocity ( #fj miles an h\r is mu* m economical 9 p[] ?an ! comp>atively l[ velocity ( #dj miles an h\r2 moreov]1 x p]mits ( a consid]able r$uction 9 ! size & weight ( ! ma*9e1 & ?is dim9i%es ! atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,9 a rec5tly publi%$ ma!matical treatise on ,a]odynamics1 an illu/ration is %[n1 repres5t+ ! pa? t ! air takes on enc\nt]+ a rapidly mov+ curv$ a]oplane4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! air appe>s to be attract$ upw>ds be=e ! a]oplane rea*es x1 exactly z iron fil+s w\ld be attract$ by a magnet1 & t ! air ov] ! top ( ! a]oplane is ?r[n (f at a tang5t1 produc+ a /rong eddy+ effect at ! top & re>4 ,j :y ! air rises up be=e ! a]oplane rea*es x is n pla91 & z no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! facts1 ma!matical =mulas f\nd$ on su* a mi/ak5 hypo!sis c be ( b little value to ! s]i\s exp]im5t] on fly+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,an illu/ration f ano!r sci5tific publication also on ! ,dynamics ( ,flight4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! air 9 /rik+ ! und]nea? side ( ! a]oplane is divid$ into two /reams1 a portion ( x fl[+ backw>ds & ov] ! top ( ! edge ( ! a]oplane :]e x becomes compress$4 ,an eddy is =m$ on ! back & top ( ! a]oplane1 & ! air imm$iately aft ! a]oplane is nei!r ris+ nor fall+4 ,j h[ ^! ma!maticians reason out t ! air 9 /rik+ ! front ( ! a]oplane w\ld jump backw>ds & climb up ov] ! top & lead+ edge aga9/ ! w9d pressure is n cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,?is %[s ano!r illu/ration f ! same ma!matical "w1 & repres5ts ! direction :i* ! air is suppos$ to take on /rik+ a flat a]oplane4 ,) ?is1 ! air is also divid$1 a portion mov+ =w>d & ov] ! top ( ! a]oplane :]e x is compress$1 leav+ a l>ge eddy 9 ! re>1 &1 z ! dott$ l9es at ! back ( ! a]oplane are horizontal1 x appe>s t ! air is n =c$ d[nw>ds by its passage4 ,"h1 aga91 =mula f\nd$ on su* hypo!sis is mislead+ 9 ! extreme4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,?is %[s ! %ape & ! practical angle ( an a]oplane4 ,?is angle is #a 9 #aj1 & x w be obs]v$ t ! air foll[s bo? ! upp] & ! l[] surface1 & t x leaves ! plane 9 a direction :i* is ! resultant ( ! top & bottom angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,?is %[s an a]oplane ( great ?ickness1 plac$ at ! highe/ angle t w ev] be us$--#a 9 #d--;& ev5 ) ?is ! air foll[s ! upp] & l[] surfaces4 ,no eddies are =m$1 & ! direction t ! air takes aft] leav+ ! a]oplane is ! resultant ( ! top & bottom angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,section ( a screw blade hav+ a rib on ! back4 ,! resi/ance caus$ by ?is rib is errone\sly suppos$ to be sk9 friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,%[s a flat a]oplane plac$ at an angle ( #de1 an angle :i* w nev] be us$ 9 practical flight1 b at ?is angle ! mom5tum ( ! approa*+ air & ! en]gy necess>y to give x an accel]ation suffici5tly great to make x foll[ ! back ( ! a]oplane are equal1 & at ?is po9t1 ! w9d may ei!r foll[ ! surface or n4 ,sometimes x does & sometimes x does n4 ,see exp]im5ts ) screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,! a]oplane "h %[n is a ma!matical p>adox4 ,?is a]oplane lifts1 no matt] 9 :i* direction x is driv54 ,x enc\nt]s air :i* is /ation>y & leaves x ) a d[nw>d tr5d2 !re=e x mu/ lift4 ,h[ev]1 if we remove ! section b1 & only subject a to ! bla/1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ff1 no lift+ effect is produc$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! air has a t5d5cy to press a1 d[nw>ds4 ,! pa? :i* ! air takes is cle>ly %[n2 ?is is mo/ important1 z x %[s t ! %ape ( ! top side is a factor :i* has to be consid]$4 ,all ! lift+ effect 9 ?is case is produc$ by ! top side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,9 ?is draw+ a repres5ts an a]oplane1 or a bird's w+4 ,suppose t ! w9d is bl[+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s2 ! real pa? ( ! bird z relates to ! air is f i to j1--t is1 ! bird is fall+ z relates to ! air al?\gh mov+ on ! l9e c1 d1 aga9/ ! w9d4 ,9 "s cases1 a bird is able to travel along ! l9e g1 h1 in/ead ( 9 a horizontal direction1 ?us ris+ & app>5tly fly+ into ! tee? ( ! w9d at ! same "t4 ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,ma*9es4 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 made a small fly+ model 9 #ahif4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only weigh$ a few p\nds2 b z x did actually fly & balance itself 9 ! air1 ! exp]im5t 0 ( great importance1 z x demon/rat$ t x 0 possible to make a ma*9e ) a]oplanes s adju/$ z to /e] itself automatically 9 a horizontal direction4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ?is result1 an innum]able numb] ( trials 7 made1 & x 0 only aft] mon?s ( c>eful & pati5t "w t ! ,pr(essor & 8 assi/ants succe$$ 9 mak+ ! model fly 9 a horizontal direction )\t re>+ up 9 front1 & !n pit*+ backw>ds1 or plung+ :ile mov+ =w>d4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs ( ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a41 (t5 ref]r$ to z 8! my/]i\s ,wrights10 comm5c$ exp]im5tal "w _m ye>s ago4 ,! fir/ few ye>s 7 devot$ to mak+ glid+ ma*9es1 & x appe>s t !y atta9$ ab\t ! same degree ( success z _m o!rs :o 7 exp]im5t+ on ! same l9es at ! same "t2 b !y 7 n satisfi$ ) m]e glid+ ma*9es1 & s turn$ _! att5tion 9 ! direction ( motors4 ,aft] "s ye>s ( exp]im5tal "w1 !y appli$ _! motor to "o ( _! l>ge glid+ ma*9es1 & x is said t ) ?is fir/ ma*9e !y actually succe$$ 9 fly+ %ort di/ances4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 ) a m p]fect ma*9e1 !y claim to h made _m flights1 among/ :i* ,i w m5tion ?ree3 #ab miles 9 #bj m9utes1 on ,septemb] #bi?1 #aije2 #bjge miles 9 #cc m9utes1 on ,octob] #d?2 & #bdb miles 9 #ch m9utes1 on ,octob] #e? ( ! same ye>4 ,z !re seems to be mu* d\bt reg>d+ ^! alleg$ flights1 we _c ref] to !m z facts until ! ,wright ,bro!rs condesc5d to %[ _! ma*9e & make a flight 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs2 nev]!less1 ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t !y h met ) a c]ta9 degree ( success :i* may or may n be equal to ! a*ievem5ts ( ,messrs ,f>man & ,de la ,grange4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t all fly+ ma*9es t h met ) any success h be5 made on ! same l9es2 all h sup]pos$ a]oplanes1 all h =e & aft horizontal rudd]s1 & all are propell$ ) screws2 & 9 ?is respect !y d n diff] f ! l>ge ma*9e t ,i made at ,baldwyn's ,p>k _m ye>s ago4 ,i h se5 bo? ! ,f>man & ! ,de la ,grange ma*9es2 !y seem to be ab\t ! same 9 size & design1 & :at is true ( "o is equally true ( ! o!r2 ,i w1 !re=e1 only describe ! "o t seems to h done ! be/--! ,de la ,grange4 ,! g5]al design ( ?is ma*9e is cle>ly %[n 9 ! illu/rations 7,figs4 #fh & #fi74 ,! dim5sions are z foll[s3 ,! two ma9 a]oplanes are #cbh feet long & #di feet wide2 ! tail or aft] rudd] is made 9 ! =m ( a ,h>grave's box kite1 ! top & bottom sides ( ! box be+ curv$ & cov]$ ) balloon fabric1 ?us =m+ a]oplanes4 ,?is box is #ihd feet long f port to />bo>d1 & #fef feet wide 9 a =e & aft direction4 ,! diamet] ( ! screw is #gb feet & x has a mean pit* ( #eg feet4 ,! screw blades are two 9 numb] & are extremely small1 be+ only #fc in*es wide at ! out] end & #cae in*es at ! inn] end1 _! l5g? be+ #ba feet4 ,! space betwe5 ! =e & aft a]oplanes is #di feet4 ,! total weight is ab\t #a1jjj lbs4 ) "o man on bo>d4 ,! spe$ ( ?is ma*9e ?r\gh ! air is n kn[n ) any degree ( c]ta9ty2 x is1 h[ev]1 e/imat$ to be #cb to #dj miles p] h\r4 ,:5 ! screw is mak+ #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! motor is said to develop #ej ,h4,p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,! ,de la ,grange ma*9e on ! gr\nd & ab\t to make a flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,! ,de la ,grange ma*9e 9 full flight & v ne> ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! foll[+ calculations1 ,i h assum$ t ! ma*9e has ! high] spe$--#dj miles p] h\r4 ,i h be5 q unable to obta9 any reliable data reg>d+ ! angle at :i* ! a]oplanes are set1 b x w\ld appe> t ! angle is ab\t #a 9 #aj4 ,! total area ( ! two ma9 a]oplanes is #cbad squ>e feet4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( ! l[] ma9 a]oplane is cut away1 b ?is is comp5sat$ = by ! =w>d horizontal rudd] plac$ 9 ! gap ?us =m$4 ,! two re> a]oplanes =m+ ! tail ( ! ma*9e h an area ( #abheg squ>e feet4 ,! area ( all ! a]oplanes is1 !re=e1 #dej squ>e feet4 ,z ! weight ( ! ma*9e is #a1jjj lbs41 ! lift p] squ>e foot is #bb lbs4 ,assum+ t ! angle ( ! a]oplanes is #a 9 #aj1 ! screw ?ru/ w\ld be #ajj lbs41 provid+1 h[ev]1 t ! a]oplanes 7 p]fect & no friction ( any k9d 0 enc\nt]$4 ,=ty miles p] h\r is at ! rate ( #c1ebj feet 9 a m9ute ( "t1 !re=e1 7#c1ebj #ajj7_/cc1jjj #ajff ,h4,p4 ,if we all[ ano!r #aj ,h4,p4 = atmosph]ic resi/ance due to ! motor1 ! man1 & ! framework ( ! ma*9e1 x w\ld require #bjff ,h4,p4 to propel ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #dj miles p] h\r4 ,if ! motor actually develops #ej ,h4,p41 #bi ,h4,p4 w be consum$ 9 screw slip & ov]com+ ! resi/ance due to ! imp]fect %ape ( ! screw4 ,! blades ( ! ,de la ,grange screw propell] are extremely small1 & ! wa/e ( en]gy is1 !re=e1 correspond+ly great--_! project$ area be+ only #af squ>e feet = bo? blades4 ,all[+ #bjj lbs4 = screw ?ru/1 we h ! foll[+3 #bjj_/afj #abe lbs4 pressure p] squ>e foot on ! blades4 ,if we multiply ! pit* ( ! screw 9 feet by ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute1 we f9d t if x 7 travell+ 9 a solid nut x w\ld advance ov] #gj miles an h\r4 ,by ! ,eiffel t[] =mula ,p #jjjc ,v1 a w9d bl[+ at a velocity ( #gj miles p] h\r produces a pressure ( #adg lbs4 p] squ>e foot on a normal plane2 !re=e1 assum+ t ! project$ area ( ! screw blades is #af1 we h #af #adg #bceb lbs41 :i* is only "o-fif? "p ( :at ! pressure really is :5 ! screws are mak+ #a1ajj turns a m9ute4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ends ( ! screw blades travel at a velocity ( #dad feet p] second1 :i* is ab\t "o-half ! velocity ( a cannon ball fir$ f an old-fa%ion$ smoo? bore4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,f>man's ma*9e 9 flight4 ,a fly+ ma*9e has1 ( c\rse1 to be /e]$ 9 two directions at ! same "t--! v]tical & ! horizontal4 ,9 ! ,f>man & ,de la ,grange ma*9es1 ! horizontal /e]+ is effect$ by a small w9dlass provid$ ) a h& :eel1 ! same z on a /eam laun*1 & ! v]tical /e]+ is effect$ by a longitud9al motion ( ! %aft ( ! same w9dlass4 ,z ! l5g? ( ! ma*9e is n v great1 x requires v close att5tion on ! "p ( ! man at ! helm to keep x on an ev5 keel2 if "o is n able to ?9k & act quickly1 disa/] is c]ta94 ,on "o occasion1 ! man at ! :eel pu%$ ! %aft ( ! w9dlass =w>d :5 he %\ld h pull$ x back1 & ! result 0 a plunge & s]i\s damage to ! ma*9e2 happily no "o 0 injur$1 ?\gh "s ( ! by/&]s 7 said to h _h v n>r[ escapes4 ,! rem$y = ?is is to make all h&-/e]$ ma*9es ( great l5g?1 :i* gives m "t to ?9k & act2 or1 /ill bett]1 to make !m automatic by ! use ( a gyroscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,bl]iot's ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e rais$ itself f ! gr\nd1 b z ! c5tre ( gravity 0 v little1 if any1 above ! c5tre ( lift+ effect1 x turn$ completely ov] 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,santos ,dumont's fly+ ma*9e4 ,,velocity ,,& ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,w9d4 ,! pressure v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! velocity or ,p ,v4 ,! old =mula = w9d bl[+ aga9/ a normal plane 0 ,p #jjje ,v4 ,! late/ or ,eiffel ,t[] =mula gives a mu* small] value1 be+ ,p #jjjc ,v1 :]e ,v repres5ts ! velocity 9 miles p] h\r1 & ,p ! pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,velocity4 ,pressure on a ,"* ( ! ,w9d4 -------------------------------,sq4 ,foot4 ,p] ,h\r4,p] ,m9ute4,p] ,second4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,miles4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,lbs4 #a #hh #ae #jjc ,b>ely obs]vable4 #b #agf #bi #jab ,j #c #bfd #dd #jbg p]ceptible4 #d #ceb #ei #jdh ,light breeze4 #e #ddj #gc #jge ,g5tle1 #f #ebh #hh #ajh pleasant #h #gjd #aag #aib w9d4 #aj #hhj #adg #c ,fre% breeze4 #ae #a1cbj #bb #fge ,brisk breeze4 #bj #a1gfj #bid #ab ,/iff breeze4 #be #b1bjj #cfg #ahge ,v brisk breeze4 #cj #b1fdj #dd #bg ,high #ce #c1jhj #eac #cfge w9d4 #dj #c1ebj #ehg #dh ,v high w9d4 #de #c1ifj #ff #fjge ,gale4 #ej #d1djj #gcd #ge ,/orm4 #fj #e1bhj #hh #ajh ,great #gj #f1afj #ajbg #adg /orm4 #hj #g1jdj #aagb #aib ,hurricane4 #ij #g1ibj #acb #bdc #ajj #h1hjj #adfg #cj ,tornado4 #aaj #i1fhj #afab #cfc #abj #aj1efj #agf #dcb 8,wa%oe #acj #aa1ddj #aia #ejg zephyrs40#b #adj #ab1cbj #bjec #ehh #aej #ac1bjj #bbj #fge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #b ,) apologies to ,m>k ,twa94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb;a4--,angles & degrees comp>$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t an angle ( #a 9 #d is practically #ad4 ,,table ,,( ,,equival5t ,,incl9ations4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,rise4 ,s9e ( ,angle4 ,angle 9 ,degrees4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #a 9 #cj1 #jccc #aia #a #be1 #jd #bbi #a #bj1 #je #bhg #a #ah1 #jeee #cah #a #af1 #jfbe #ceh #a #ad1 #jgad #dji #a #ab1 #jhcc #dgh #a #aj1 #a #egc #a #i1 #aaaa #fch #a #h1 #abe #gah #a #g1 #adc #hbb #a #f1 #affg #if #a #e1 #b #aaec #a #d1 #be #addh #a #c1 #cccc #aide ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,table ,,( ,,equival5t ,,velocities4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,miles ,feet ,feet ,metres ,metres p] ,h\r4 p] ,second4 p] ,m9ute4 p] ,m9ute4 p] ,second4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a1 #ae #hh #bfh #ddg #b1 #bi #agf #ecf #hid #c1 #dd #bfd #hje #acda #d1 #ei #ceb #ajgc #aghh #e1 #gc #ddj #acda #bbce #f1 #hh #ebh #afji #bfhb #h1 #aag #gjd #badf #cegf #aj1 #adg #hhj #bfhb #ddgj #ae1 #bb #a1cbj #djbc #fgje #bj1 #bid #a1gfj #ecfd #hidj #be1 #cfg #b1bjj #fgje #aaagf #cj1 #dd #b1fdj #hjdf #acdaa #ce1 #eac #c1jhj #ichh #aefdf #dj1 #ehg #c1ebj #a1jgbi #aghha #de1 #ff #c1ifj #a1bjg #bjaaf #ej1 #gcd #d1djj #a1cdaa #bbceb #fj1 #hh #e1bhj #a1fjib #bfhbb #gj1 #ajbg #f1afj #a1hgge #cabib #hj1 #aagb #g1jdj #b1adeh #cegfc #ij1 #acb #g1ibj #b1dad #djbcc #ajj1 #adfg #h1hjj #b1fhbb #ddgjd #aaj1 #afab #i1fhj #b1iejb #diagd #abj1 #agf #aj1efj #c1bahd #ecfdd #acj1 #aia #aa1ddj #c1dhff #ehaae #adj1 #bjec #ab1cbj #c1geea #fbehe #aej1 #bbj #ac1bjj #d1jbcc #fgjef ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,to conv]t feet p] m9ute into metres p] second1 multiply by #jjejh4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,velocity ,,& ,,?ru/ ,,correspond+ ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,horse-,,p[]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,velocity ,horse-,p[]4 9 ,miles ---------------------------------------- ---- p] ,h\r4 #a #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,?ru/ 9 ,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a1 #cge #c1gej #g1ejj #aa1bej #ae1jjj #ah1gej #e1 #ge #gej #a1ejj #b1bej #c1jjj #c1gej #aj1 #cge #cge #gej #a1abe #a1ejj #a1hge #ae1 #be #bej #ejj #gej #a1jjj #a1bej #bj1 #ahh #ahge #cge #efbe #gej #icge #be1 #ae #aej #cjj #dej #fjj #gej #cj1 #abe #abe #bej #cge #ejj #fbe #ce1 #ajg #ajga #badc #cbad #dbhf #eceg #dj1 #id #ich #ahge #bhac #cge #dfhh #de1 #hc #hcc #affg #bej #cccc #dafg #ej1 #ge #ge #aej #bbe #cjj #cge #fj1 #fc #fbe #abe #ahge #bej #cabe #gj1 #ed #ecf #ajga #afjg #badc #bfgi #hj1 #dg #dfi #ich #adjf #ahge #bcdd #ij1 #db #dag #hcc #abe #affg #bjhc #ajj1 #cge #cge #ge #aabe #aej #ahge ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,velocity ,horse-,p[]4 9 ,miles ---------------------------------------- p] ,h\r4 #fj #gj #hj #ij #ajj ---------------------------------------- ,?ru/ 9 ,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #a1 #bb1ejj #bf1bej #cj1jjj #cc1gej #cg1ejj #e1 #d1ejj #e1bej #f1jjj #f1gej #g1ejj #aj1 #b1bej #b1fbe #c1jjj #c1cge #c1gej #ae1 #a1ejj #a1gej #b1jjj #b1bej #b1ejj #bj1 #a1abe #a1cabe #a1ejj #a1fhge #a1hge #be1 #ijj #a1jej #a1bjj #a1cej #a1ejj #cj1 #gej #hge #a1jjj #a1abe #a1bej #ce1 #fdbh #gej #hega #ifdc #a1jgad #dj1 #efbe #fefc #gej #hdch #icge #de1 #ejj #ehcc #fffg #gej #hccc #ej1 #dej #ebe #fjj #fge #gej #fj1 #cge #dcge #ejj #efbe #fbe #gj1 #cbad #cge #dbhf #dhba #eceg #hj1 #bhac #cbhb #cge #dbai #dfhh #ij1 #bej #biag #cccc #cge #dafg #ajj1 #bbe #bfbe #cjj #ccge #cge ---------------------------------------- --------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb;b4--,:5 an a]oplane is driv5 ?r\gh ! air1 x enc\nt]s /ation>y air & leaves x ) a d[nw>d tr5d4 ,) a ?ick curv$ a]oplane1 z %[n1 ! air foll[s bo? ! top & ! bottom surfaces1 & ! direction t ! air takes is ! resultant ( ^! two /reams ( air4 ,x w be se5 t ! air takes ! same direction t x w\ld take if ! plane 7 flat1 & rais$ f a to c1 :i* w\ld be sub/antially ! same z %[n at f1 h1 g4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd by actual exp]im5t t ! curv$ plane is pref]able1 because ! lift+ effect is m ev5ly di/ribut$1 & ! drift is less 9 proportion to ! lift4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb;c4--,a]oplanes exp]im5t$ ) by ,mr4 ,horatio ,philipps4 ,9 ! publi%$ acc\nt :i* is be=e me1 ! angles at :i* ^! planes 7 plac$ are n giv51 b1 by comp>+ ! lift ) ! drift1 we may assume t x 0 ab\t #a 9 #aj4 ,fig4 #e seems to h be5 ! be/ %ape1 & ,i f9d t ?is plane w\ld h giv5 a lift+ effect ( #bb lbs4 p] squ>e foot at a velocity ( #dj miles p] h\r4 ,,philipps' ,,exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,descrip- ,,spe$ ,,( ,,dim5sions ,,lift4 ,,drift4 ,,tion ,,air ,,( ,,lift ,,( ,,curr5t4 ,,a]oplanes4 ,,di- ,,=m4 --------- ---------------------- ,,vid$ ,feet,miles ,:ole ,lbs4,:ole ,lbs4 ,,by p] p] ,plane4 p] ,plane4 p] ,,drift4 sec4h\r4 ,ozs4 sq4 ,ozs4 sq4 ft4 ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,plane sur- faces1 #ci #bfei #af #e #i #ajac #b #jbbe #de ,fig4 #a1 #fj #djia #af #abe #i #dje #jhg #jcib #ajc #b1 #dh #cbgc #af #c #i #afhh #jhg #jafc #ajc #c1 #dd #cj #af #c #i #afhh #jhg #jafc #ajc #d1 #dd #cj #af #e #i #ajac #jhg #jjih #ajc #e1 #ci #bfei #af #e #i #ajac #jhg #jjih #ajc #f1 #bg #ahda #af #e #i #ajac #bbe #jbec #d ,area sq4 ft4 ,rook's w+1 #ci #bfei #je #h #aj #aj #jabe #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,balloons4 ,z f> z ! actual navigation ( ! air is conc]n$1 ballooni/s h _h ev]y?+ to !mselves until q rec5tly1 b we f9d t at ! pres5t mom5t1 exp]im5t]s are divid+ _! att5tion ab\t equally betwe5 balloons or ma*9es light] ?an ! air1 & true fly+ ma*9es or ma*9es heavi] ?an ! air4 ,9 all ,nature1 we d n f9d any bird or insect t does n fly by dynamic en]gy alone1 & ,i d n believe t ! "t is f> di/ant :5 ^? n[ advocat+ ma*9es light] ?an ! air1 w jo9 ! p>ty advocat+ ma*9es heavi] ?an ! air1 &1 ev5tually1 balloons w be ab&on$ altoge!r4 ,no matt] f :at /&po9t we exam9e ! subject1 ! balloon is unsuitable = ! s]vice1 & x is n susceptible ( mu* improvem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fly+ ma*9e is susceptible ( a good deal ( improvem5t2 !re is pl5ty ( scope = ! employm5t ( a great deal ( skill1 bo? me*anical & sci5tific1 = a good _m ye>s to come4 ,i d n "k t ,i c express myself bett] n[ ?an ,i did :5 ,i wrote an article = ! ,eng9e]+ ,supplem5t ( ! ,times1 f :i* ,i quote ! foll[+3-- 8,! result ( rec5t exp]im5ts mu/ h conv9c$ e ?9k+ man t ! day ( ! balloon is pa/4 ,a balloon1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 mu/ be extremely bulky & fragile4 8,x has always appe>$ to ! writ] t x w\ld be absolutely impossible to make a dirigible balloon t w\ld be ( any use1 ev5 9 a comp>atively light w9d4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t only a few hundr$ feet above ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! air is ne>ly always mov+ at a velocity ( at lea/ #ae miles an h\r1 & m ?an two-?irds ( ! "t at a velocity consid]ably great] ?an ?is4 ,9 ord] to give a balloon suffici5t lift+ p[] to c>ry two m5 & a p[]ful eng9e1 x is necess>y t x %\ld be ( enorm\s bulk4 ,consid]$ z a :ole1 includ+ m5 & eng9e1 x mu/ h a mean d5sity less ?an ! surr\nd+ air1 o!rwise x w n rise4 ,!re=e1 n only is a v l>ge surface expos$ to ! w9d1 b ! :ole ?+ is s extremely light & fragile z to be completely at ! m]cy ( w9d & wea!r4 ,take t triumph ( eng9e]+ skill1 ! #8,nulli ,secundus1' = example4 ,! gas-bag1 :i* 0 sausage-%ap$ & #cj feet 9 diamet]1 0 a beautiful piece ( workman%ip1 ! :ole ?+ be+ built up ( goldbeat]'s sk94 ,! co/ ( ?is wond]ful gas-bag mu/ h be5 enorm\s4 ,! :ole con/ruction1 includ+ ! c>1 ! sy/em ( susp5sion1 ! eng9e & propell]s1 _h be5 well ?\ght out & ! "w beautifully execut$2 /ill1 "u ^! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 only a slight %[] ( ra9 0 suffici5t to neutralise its lift+ effect completely--t is1 ! gas-bag & ! cordage ab\t ?is s-call$ air%ip absorb$ ab\t #djj lbs4 ( wat]1 & ?is 0 f\nd to be m ?an suffici5t to neutralise completely ! lift+ effect4 ,a slight squall :i* foll[$ entirely wreck$ ! :ole ?+1 & x 0 ignom9i\sly c>t$ back to ! po9t ( dep>ture4 8,we n[ le>n t ! ,w> ,(fice is soon to produce ano!r air%ip simil> to ! #8,nulli ,secundus1' b ) a mu* great] capacity & a /rong] eng9e4 ,9 ! newspap] acc\nts x is said t ! gas-bag ( ?is new balloon w\ld be sausage-%ap$ & #db feet 9 diamet]1 t x is to be provid$ ) an eng9e ( #ajj horse-p[]1 :i* x is claim$ w give to ?is new production a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r ?r\gh ! air1 s t1 ) a w9d ( #bj miles an h\r1 x w /ill be able to travel by l& #bj miles an h\r aga9/ ! w9d4 ,probably ! writ] ( ! article did n consid] ! subject f a ma!matical po9t ( view4 ,z ! ma!matical equation is an extremely simple "o1 x is easily pres5t$ s z to be und]/ood by any "o hav+ ! lea/ smatt]+ ( ma!matical or eng9e]+ k4 ,! cyl9drical portion ( ! gas-bag is to be #db feet 9 diamet]2 ! area ( ! cross-section w\ld !re=e be #a1che feet4 ,if we take a disc #db feet 9 diamet] & erect x high 9 ! air above a level pla91 & all[ a w9d ( #dj miles an h\r1 :i* is ! propos$ spe$ ( ! balloon1 to bl[ aga9/ x1 we %\ld f9d t ! air pressure w\ld be #aa1jhc lbs4--t is1 a w9d bl[+ at a velocity ( #dj miles an h\r w\ld produce a pressure ( #h lbs4 to e squ>e foot ( ! disc4#c ,conv]sely1 if ! air 7 /ation>y1 x w\ld require a pu% ( #aa1jhc lbs4 to drive ?is disc ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r4 #c ,haswell gives ! pressure ( ! w9d at #dj miles an h\r z #h lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 & ?is is said to h be5 v]ifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 ,moleswor? makes x slightly less2 b ! new =mula1 accord+ to mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts 7,dr4 ,/anton's exp]im5ts at ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory & ,m4 ,eiffel's at ,eiffel ,t[]71 is ,p #jjjc ,v1 :i* w\ld make ! pressure only #dh lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 & :i* w\ld r$uce ! total ,h4,p4 requir$ f #dgb to #bhc1 :]e ,p repres5ts p\nds p] squ>e foot & ,v miles p] h\r4 8,a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r is at ! rate ( #c1ebj feet 9 a m9ute ( "t4 ,we !re=e h two factors--! p\nds ( resi/ance enc\nt]$1 & ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! disc travels 9 "o m9ute ( "t4 ,by multiply+ ! total p\nds ( pressure on ! complete disc by ! numb] ( feet x has to travel 9 "o m9ute ( "t1 we h ! total numb] ( foot-p\nds requir$ 9 a m9ute ( "t to drive a disc #db feet 9 diamet] ?r\gh ! air at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r4 ,divid+ ! product by ! conv5tional horse-p[] #cc1jjj1 we %all h #a1aha horse-p[] z ! en]gy requir$ to propel ! disc ?r\gh ! air4 ,h[ev]1 ! end ( ! gas-bag is n a flat disc1 b a hemisph]e1 & ! resi/ance to drive a hemisph]e ?r\gh ! air is mu* less ?an x w\ld be ) a normal plane or flat disc4 ,9 ! #8,nulli ,secundus' we may take ! coeffici5t ( resi/ance ( ! ma*9e1 consid]$ z a :ole1 z #jbj--t is1 t ! resi/ance w be "o-fif? z mu* z t ( a flat disc4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 includes n only ! resi/ance ( ! balloon itself1 b also t ( ! cordage1 ! c>1 ! eng9e1 & ! m54 8,multiply+ #a1aha by ! coeffici5t #bj1 we %all h #bcf2 !re=e1 if ! new balloon 7 atta*$ to a long /eel wire & drawn by a locomotive ?r\gh ! air1 ! am\nt ( "w or en]gy requir$ w\ld be #bcf horse-p[]--t is1 if ! gas-bag w\ld /& be+ driv5 ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r1 :i* is extremely d\btful4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! driv+ :eels ( ! locomotive w\ld n slip1 & !re=e no wa/e ( p[] w\ld result1 b 9 ! dirigible balloon we h a totally diff]5t /ate ( affairs4 ,! propell+ screws are v small 9 proportion to ! air%ip1 & _! slip is fully #ej p] c5t4--t is1 9 ord] to drive ! %ip at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r1 ! screws w\ld h to travel at lea/ #hj miles an h\r4 ,!re=e1 :ile #bcf horse-p[] 0 imp>t$ to ! %ip 9 driv+ x =w>d1 an equal am\nt w\ld h to be lo/ 9 slip1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 driv+ ! air re>w>ds4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 require #dgb horse-p[] in/ead ( #ajj to drive ! propos$ new balloon ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r4 8,x w be se5 f ?is calculation t ! new air%ip w /ill be at ! m]cy ( ! w9d & wea!r4 ,^? :o p9 _! fai? on ! balloon z ! only means ( navigat+ ! air may dispute my figures4 ,h[ev]1 all ! factors 9 ! equation are extremely simple & well kn[n1 & no "o c dispute any ( !m except ! assum$ coeffici5t ( resi/ance1 :i* is giv5 "h z #bj4 ,! writ] feels q sure t1 aft] c>eful exp]im5ts are made1 x w be f\nd t ?is coeffici5t is ne>] #dj ?an #bj1 especially s at high spe$s :5 ! air pressure de=ms ! gas-bag4 ,only a slight bagg+ 9 ! front end ( ! balloon w\ld run ! coeffici5t up to fully #ej1 & p]haps ev5 m40--,times1 ,feb4 #bf1 #aijh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,! enorm\s balloon1 8,ville de ,p>is10 ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is balloon is a beautiful piece ( workman%ip1 & is said to be ! mo/ practical balloon ev] inv5t$1 n except+ ! balloon ( ,c\nt ,zeppel94 ,"s idea ( its size may be obta9$ by comp>+ x ) ! size ( ! m5 :o are /&+ imm$iately und]nea?4 ,s9ce writ+ ! ,times article1 a consid]able degree ( success has be5 atta9$ by ,c\nt ,zeppel94 ,accord+ to newspap] acc\nts1 8 ma*9e has a diamet] ( ab\t #dj feet1 & a l5g? ( no less ?an #djj feet4 ,x appe>s t ?is balloon consi/s ( a v light alum9ium envelope1 :i* is us$ 9 ord] to produce a smoo? & ev5 surface1 give rigidity1 & take ! place ( ! network employ$ 9 ord9>y balloons4 ,x seems t ! gas is c>ri$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( bags fitt$ 9 ! int]ior ( ?is alum9ium envelope4 ,h[ev]1 by gett+ a firm & smoo? ext]ior & by mak+ 8 app>atus ( v great l5g? z relates to its diamet]1 he has obta9$ a l[] coeffici5t ( resi/ance ?an has ev] be5 obta9$ be=e1 & z 8 balloon is ( great volume1 he is able to c>ry p[]ful motors & use screw propell]s ( l>ge diamet]4 ,x appe>s t he has made a circuit ( consid]able di/ance1 & return$ to ! po9t ( dep>ture )\t any accid5t4 ,a great deal ( cr$it is1 !re=e1 due to him4 ,8 two fir/ balloons came to grief v quickly2 he 0 n disc\rag$1 b /uck to ! job ) true ,teutonic grit1 & has p]haps atta9$ a high] degree ( success ?an has ev] be5 atta9$ ) a balloon4 ,h[ev]1 "s claim t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t balloon1 8,la ,patrie0 is sup]ior to ! ,zeppel9 balloon at all po9ts4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation ! fact t ! ,zeppel9 ma*9e is #djj feet long & light] ?an ! same volume ( air1 x becomes only too obvi\s t su* a bulky & extremely delicate & fragile affair w easily be de/roy$4 ,( c\rse asc5sions w only be made 9 v fav\rable wea!r1 b squalls & sudd5 gu/s ( w9d are liable to occur4 ,x is always possible to />t out 9 f9e wea!r if "o waits long en\gh1 b if a flight ( #bd h\rs or ev5 #ab h\rs is to be attempt$1 ! w9d may be bl[+ v briskly :5 we return1 & an ord9>y w9d w n only prev5t ! h\s+ ( ,c\nt ,zeppel9's balloon1 b w be extremely liable to r$uce x to a complete wreck 9 a few m9utes4#d #d ,%ortly aft] ?is 0 writt51 ! ,zeppel9 ma*9e 0 completely demoli%$ by a gu/ ( w9d4 ,i am /ill /rongly ( ! op9ion t ! ultimate ma/]y ( ! air mu/ be accompli%$ by ma*9es heavi] ?an ! air4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,major ,,bad5-,,p[ell',s ,,dem&4 7,f our own ,correspond5t47 ,,b]l91 ,friday4 ,g]many's fleet ( 8air cruis]s10 or dirigible air%ips1 w1 x is pr\dly ann\nc$ to-day1 pres5tly numb] six3-- ,c\nt ,zeppel9's ,,iii41 rigid type4 ,c\nt ,zeppel9's ,,iv41 rigid type1 :i* has done a twelve-h\r flight & w be tak5 ov] by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ,no4 ,,iii41 = #ajj1jjj1 aft] a tw5ty-f\r-h\r te/4 ,major ,gross's ,army air%ip1 half rigid4 ,motor ,air%ip ,/udy ,society's old air%ip1 non-rigid4 ,major von ,p>seval's non-rigid %ip build+ = ! above society4 ,new air%ip1 ( :i* details are kept secret1 ne>ly ready at ! works ( ! ,siem5s-,s*uck]t ,electric ,company4 ,! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! la/-nam$ air%ip 0 giv5 9 ,! ,daily ,mail sev]al mon?s ago4 ,! company has engag$ a celebrat$ milit>y a]onaut1 ,capta9 von ,krogh1 z comm&] ( ! vessel4 ,! ,/udy ,society's new non-rigid %ip w be sold to ! ,w> ,(fice z soon z %e has complet$ h] trial trips4 ,! ,army w !n possess ?ree dirigibles1 ea* repres5t+ "o ( ! ?ree oppos$ types ( con/ruction--rigid1 half-rigid1 & non-rigid--) a view to arriv+ at a conclusion on _! m]its4 99 99 99 99 99 8,only a ye> or s ago1 our au?orities 7 talk+ ( a]ial navigation 9 its relation to w> z #8an int]e/+ & in/ructive /udy4' ,n[ we mu/ reckon x z ! grave/ problem ( ! mom5t4 ,! clev]e/ a]onauts 9 ,engl& %\ld be call$ ^u at once to design an air%ip1 n only z effici5t z t ( ,c\nt ,zeppel9's1 b possess$ ( ev5 great] spe$4 7,8 av]age 0 said to be ab\t #cd miles an h\r47 ,9 spe$ w lie ! supremacy ( ! air :5 x comes to actual w>f>e4 ,( two oppos+ air%ips1 ! fa/] w be able to outmanuvre its adv]s>y & hold x at its m]cy40--,daily ,mail1 ,july #aa1 #aijh4 ,,comm& ,,( ,,! ,,air4 ,,g]many ,,z ,,! ,,a]ial ,,p[]4 ,,teutonic ,,vision4 ,a ,,l&+ ,,( #cej1jjj ,,m54 ,h]r ,rudolph ,m>t91 au?or ( books on w> 9 ! air & 8,is a ,_w-,w> ,imm95t80 po9ts out h[ ,engl& is los+ h] insul> "* by ! developm5t ( air%ips & a]oplanes4 8,9 a _w-w>10 he said to me1 8,g]many w\ld h to sp5d two hundr$ millions /]l+ 9 motor air%ips1 & a simil> am\nt 9 a]oplanes1 to transport #cej1jjj m5 9 half an h\r dur+ ! night f ,calais to ,dov]4 ,ev5 to-day ! l&+ ( a l>ge ,g]man army 9 ,engl& is a m]e matt] ( money4 ,i am oppos$ to a w> betwe5 ,g]many & ,engl&1 b %\ld x break out to-day1 x w\ld la/ at lea/ two ye>s1 = we w\ld conclude no peace until a ,g]man army _h occupi$ ,london4 8,9 my judgm5t x w\ld take two ye>s = u to build motor air%ips en\gh simultane\sly to ?r[ #cej1jjj m5 into ,dov] via ,calais4 ,dur+ ! same night1 ( c\rse1 a second transport ( #cej1jjj m5 c\ld foll[4 ,! newe/ ,zeppel9 air%ip c com=tably c>ry fifty p]sons f ,calais to ,dov]4 ,! %ips :i* ! ,zeppel9 works 9 ,fri$ri*%af5 w build dur+ ! next few mon?s are likely to be consid]ably l>g] ?an ,,iv41 & w c>ry "o hundr$ p]sons4 ,!re is no te*nical reason aga9/ ! con/ruction ( ,zeppel9 air%ips ( #a1ajj1jjj or ev5 #a1gjj1jjj cubic feet capacity1 or twice or ?ree times ! capacity ( ,,iv4 7#ejj1jjj cubic feet74 8,i am at pres5t organis+ a ,g]man #8,air ,navy ,league1' to e/abli% air-traffic r\tes 9 ,g]many4 ,alum9ium air%ips c\ld c>ry on regul> traffic betwe5 ,b]l9 & ,london1 ,p>is1 ,cologne1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,mosc[1 ,cop5hag51 & ,/ockholm4 ,9 w> "t ^! %ips w\ld be at ! disposal ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 8,! developm5t ( motor air%ip navigation w lead to a p]petual alliance betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,! ,briti% fleet w cont9ue to rule ! waves1 :ile ,g]many's air%ips & l& armies w repres5t ! mightie/ ,p[] on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe40--,daily ,mail1 ,july #aa1 #aijh4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! above 0 writt5 be=e ! wreck ( ,zeppel9's ma*9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= _m ye>s sci5tific me*anicians & ma!maticians h told u t ! navigation ( ! air 0 q possible4 ,!y h said x is only a "q ( motive p[]2 8,give u a motor t is suffici5tly light & /rong1 & we w v soon give y a practical fly+ ma*9e40 ,a dome/ic goose weighs ab\t #ab lbs41 & x has be5 e/imat$ t x only ex]ts ab\t "o-twelf? "p ( a horse-p[] 9 fly+--t is1 x is able to ex]t "o man-p[] ) a weight ( only #ab lbs41 :i* seems to be a v good %[+ = ! goose4 ,h[ev]1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 we are able to make motors :i* develop ! p[] ( t5 m5--t is1 "o horse-p[]--) less ?an ! weight ( a common b>ny>d f[l4 ,"u ^! conditions x is q evid5t t if a ma*9e c be s design$ t x w n be too wa/eful 9 p[]1 x mu/ be a success4 ,x is admitt$ by sci5tific m5 t all animals1 su* z horses1 de]1 dogs1 & also birds1 are able to develop mu* m dynamic en]gy = ! c>bon consum$ ?an is possible ) any !rmodynamic ma*9e t we are able to make4 ,x may be said t _m animals are able to develop ! full dynamic en]gy ( ! c>bon !y consume1 :]eas ! be/ ( our motors d n develop m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy conta9$ 9 ! combu/ibles t !y consume2 b1 z aga9/ ?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t birds fe$ on grass1 fruit1 fi%1 etc41 heavy & bulky mat]ials conta9+ only a small p]c5tage ( c>bon1 :]eas ) a motor we are able to use a pure hydroc>bon t has lock$ up 9 its atoms m ?an tw5ty times z mu* en]gy p] p\nd z 9 ! ord9>y food consum$ by birds4 ,i ?9k1 9 fact ,i ass]t1 t ! "t has n[ arriv$1 hav+ reg>d to ! advanc$ /ate ( ! art 9 build+ motors1 :5 x w be q a simple & safe affair to erect works & turn out successful fly+ ma*9es at less co/ ?an motor c>s2 9 fact1 !re is no?+ t /&s 9 ! way ( success to-day4 ,! value ( a successful fly+ ma*9e1 :5 consid]$ f a purely milit>y /&po9t1 _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! fly+ ma*9e has come1 & come to /ay1 & :e!r we l x or n1 x is a problem t mu/ be tak5 into s]i\s consid]ation4 ,if we are lagg>ds we %all1 unque/ionably1 be left beh9d1 ) a /rong probability t be=e _m ye>s h pass$ ov] our heads1 we %all h to *ange ! col\r+ ( our s*ool maps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ! newspap] acc\nts t we receive f ! ,cont95t give all weights & measures 9 ! metric sy/em1 x is conv5i5t to h "s simple means at h& to conv]t _! values into ,engli% weights & measures4 ,i !re=e give ! foll[+1 :i* w greatly simplify matt]s bo? = ,fr5* & ,engli% measurem5ts3-- ,"o metre #cicg in*es4 decimetre #cicg c5timetre #cicg in*4 millimetre #jcicg ,9 ord] to conv]t ,metres into in*es1 multiply by #cicg4 feet1 #cbh4 y>ds1 #aji4 miles1 #jjjfbach4 ,cubic metres into cubic y>ds1 multiply by #acjhjb4 feet1 #cecafeh4 ,miles p] h\r into feet p] m9ute1 multiply by #hh4 second1 #adfffc4 kilometres p] h\r1 #afjic4 metres p] second1 #ddgjb4 ,miles p] m9ute into feet p] second1 #hh4 ,p\nds into grammes1 multiply by #deceibf4 kilogrammes1 #decei4 ,p\nds pressure p] sq4 in* into atmosph]es1 multiply by #jfhjd4 ,briti% !rmal units into ,p\nds ( wat]1 #a ,c41 multiply by #eeeef4 ,kilogramme-calories1 #beb ,j\les 7me*anical equival5t71 multiply by #ajdgif4 ,foot-p\nds1 multiply by #ggh4 ,p\nds ( wat] into p9ts1 multiply by #h4 cubic feet1 #jafjdf4 litres1 #dedehg4 cubic c5timetres1 multiply by #dedfef4 ,gallons ( wat] into p\nds1 multiply by #aj4 cubic feet1 #afjeg4 kilogrammes1 #decei4 litres1 #dedehf4 ,litres ( wat] into cubic in*es1 multiply by #fajcfd4 p\nds1 #bbjbbf4 gallons1 #baiih4 ,air1 #a cubic foot weighs at #fb #ecbe gra9s4 ,air1 cubic feet into p\nds1 #cb ,f41 multiply by #jhjgc4 ,p\nds ( dry air into cubic feet1 #acade4 ,kilogramme-calories into ,briti% !rmal units1 multiply by #cifhc4 gramme-calories1 #ajjj4 me*anic equival5t 9 foot-lbs41 multiply by #cjfeg4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,recapitulation ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,photograph ( a model ( my ma*9e1 %[+ ! =e & aft horizontal rudd]s & ! sup]pos$ a]oplanes4 ,9 my e>ly 8:irl+ table0#e exp]im5ts1 ! a]oplanes us$ 7 f #f in*es to #d feet 9 wid?4 ,!y 7 = ! mo/ "p made ( ?9 p9e1 be+ slightly concave on ! und]nea? side & convex on ! top1 bo? ! =e & aft edges be+ v %>p4 ,i g5]ally m\nt$ !m at an angle ( #a 9 #adf--t is1 9 su* a position t 9 advanc+ #ad feet !y press$ ! air d[n #a foot4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ,i f\nd t ) a screw ?ru/ ( #e lbs4 ! a]oplane w\ld lift #e #ad1 or #gj lbs41 :ile if ! same plane 0 m\nt$ at an angle ( #a 9 #aj1 ! lift+ effect 0 almo/ #ej lbs4 7#e #aj74 ,?is demon/rat$ t ! sk9 friction on ^! v %>p1 smoo? & well-made a]oplanes 0 s small a factor z n to be consid]$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !re 0 ! lea/ irregul>ity 9 ! %ape ( ! a]oplane1 ! lift+ effect1 :5 consid]$ 9 t]ms ( screw ?ru/1 0 greatly dim9i%$4 ,) a well-made wood5 plane plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #ad1 ,i 0 able to c>ry z mu* z #aac lbs4 to ! ,h4,p41 :]eas ) an a]oplane consi/+ ( a wood5 frame cov]$ ) a cotton fabric 7,fig4 #ge71 ,i 0 only able to c>ry #dj lbs4 to ! ,h4,p4#g #e ,a "n giv5 by ,pr(essor ,langley to an app>atus consi/+ ( a long rotat+ arm to :i* objects to be te/$ are atta*$4 #f ,i f\nd x m conv5i5t to express ! angle 9 ?is mann] ?an 9 degrees4 #g ,! actual p[] consum$ by ! a]oplane itself 0 arriv$ at z foll[s3--,! te/+ ma*9e 0 run at ! desir$ spe$ )\t ! a]oplane1 & ! screw ?ru/ & ! p[] consum$ c>efully not$4 ,! a]oplane 0 !n atta*$ & ! ma*9e aga9 run at ! same spe$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two read+s gave ! p[] consum$ by ! a]oplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,! fabric-cov]$ a]oplane exp]im5t$ )4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is a]oplane 0 only #dj p] c5t4 ( t ( a well-made wood5 a]oplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,! =w>d rudd] ( my l>ge ma*9e1 %[+ ! fabric atta*$ to ! l[] side4 ,! top 0 also cov]$ ) fabric4 ,?is rudd] consid]$ z an a]oplane _h a v high effici5cy & work$ v well inde$4 ,^! facts tak5 into consid]ation ) my o!r exp]im5ts ) l>ge a]oplanes1 demon/rat$ to my m9d t x w\ld n be a v easy matt] to make a l>ge & effici5t a]oplane4 ,if ,i obta9$ ! necess>y rigidity by mak+ x ( bo>ds1 x w\ld be va/ly too heavy = ! purpose1 :ile if ,i obta9$ ! necess>y lightness by mak+ ! framework ( /eel & cov]+ x ) a silk or cotton fabric 9 ! usual way1 ! di/ortion w\ld be s great t x w\ld require altoge!r too mu* p[] to propel x ?r\gh ! air4 ,i !re=e decid$ on mak+ a completely new =m ( a]oplane4 ,i con/ruct$ a l>ge /eel framework arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t ! =e & aft edges consi/$ ( tightly drawn /eel wires4 ,?is framework 0 provid$ ) a numb] ( light wood5 longitud9al trusses1 simil> to ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! bottom side 0 !n cov]$ ) balloon fabric secur$ at ! edges1 & also by two longitud9al l9es ( lac+ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,x 0 /ret*$ v tightly & slightly v>ni%$1 b n suffici5tly to make x absolutely air-tight4 ,! top ( ?is framework 0 cov]$ ) ! same k9d ( mat]ial1 b v>ni%$ s z to make x absolutely airtight4 ,! top & bottom 7 !n lac$ toge!r =m+ v %>p =e & aft edges1 & ! top side 0 firmly secur$ to ! light wood5 trusses be=e ref]r$ to4 ,^u runn+ ?is a]oplane1 ,i f\nd t a c]ta9 quantity ( air pass$ ?r\gh ! l[] side & set up a pressure betwe5 ! upp] & l[] cov]+s4 ,! imprison$ air press$ ! top cov]+ upw>d1 =m+ longitud9al corrugations :i* did n (f] any p]ceptible resi/ance to ! air1 :]eas ! bottom fabric1 hav+ practically ! same pressure on bo? sides1 0 n di/ort$ 9 ! lea/4 ,?is a]oplane 0 f\nd to be ne>ly z effici5t z x w\ld h be5 _h x be5 c>v$ out ( a solid piece ( wood4 ,x w be se5 by ! illu/ration t ?is l>ge or ma9 a]oplane is practically octagonal 9 %ape1 its greate/ wid? be+ #ej feet1 & ! total area #a1ejj squ>e feet4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,a ,,l>ge ,,ma*9e4 ,^u runn+ my l>ge ma*9e ov] ! track 7,fig4 #gg7 ) only ! ma9 a]oplane 9 position1 ,i f\nd t a lift+ effect ( #c1jjj to #d1jjj lbs4 c\ld be obta9$ ) a spe$ ( #cg to #db miles an h\r4 ,x 0 n always an easy matt] to asc]ta9 exactly :at ! lift+ effect 0 at a giv5 spe$ on acc\nt ( ! w9d t 0 g5]ally bl[+4 ,e>ly 9 my exp]im5ts1 ,i f\nd if ,i ran my ma*9e fa/ en\gh to produce a lift+ effect )9 #a1jjj lbs4 ( ! total weight ( ! ma*9e1 t x 0 almo/ sure to leave ! rails if ! lea/ w9d 0 bl[+4 ,x 01 !re=e1 necess>y = me to devise "s means ( keep+ ! ma*9e on ! track4 ,! fir/ plan tri$ 0 to atta* "s v heavy ca/-iron :eels weigh+ ) _! axle-trees & connections ab\t #a-a_/b tons4 ,^! 7 con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] t ! light flang$ :eels support+ ! ma*9e on ! /eel rails c\ld be lift$ #f in*es above ! track1 leav+ ! heavy :eels /ill on ! rails = guid+ ! ma*9e4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 tri$ on sev]al occasions1 ! ma*9e be+ run fa/ en\gh to lift ! =w>d end (f ! track4 ,h[ev]1 ,i f\nd consid]able difficulty 9 />t+ & /opp+ quickly on acc\nt ( ! great weight1 & ! am\nt ( en]gy necess>y to set su* heavy :eels sp9n+ at a high velocity4 ,! la/ exp]im5t ) ^! :eels 0 made :5 a head w9d 0 bl[+ at ! rate ( ab\t #aj miles an h\r4 ,x 0 r un/eady1 & :5 ! ma*9e 0 runn+ at its greate/ velocity1 a sudd5 gu/ lift$ n only ! front end1 b also ! heavy front :eels completely (f ! track1 & ! ma*9e fall+ on s(t gr\nd 0 soon bl[n ov] by ! w9d4 ,i !n provid$ a safety track ( #c #i ,georgia p9e plac$ ab\t #b feet above ! /eel rails1 ! wood5 track be+ #cj feet gauge & ! /eel rails #i feet gauge 7,fig4 #gg74 ,! ma*9e 0 next furni%$ ) f\r extra :eels plac$ on /rong outrigg]s & adju/$ 9 su* a mann] t :5 x _h be5 lift$ #a in* cle> ( ! /eel rails1 ^! extra :eels w\ld engage ! upp] wood5 track4#h #h ,spr+s 7 int]pos$ betwe5 ! ma*9e & ! axle-trees4 ,! travel ( ^! spr+s 0 ab\t #d in*es2 !re=e1 :5 ! ma*9e 0 /&+ /ill1 ! :eels on ! outrigg]s 7 ab\t #e in*es bel[ ! upp] track4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,view ( ! track us$ 9 my exp]im5ts4 ,! ma*9e 0 run along ! /eel railway :i* 0 #i feet gauge1 & 0 prev5t$ f ris+ by ! wood5 track :i* 0 #ce feet gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,! ma*9e on ! track ti$ up to ! dynamomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,two dynagraphs1 "o = mak+ a diagram ( ! lift+ effect (f ! ma9 axle-tree1 & ! o!r = mak+ a diagram ( ! lift (f ! front axle-tree4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ,i 0 able to asc]ta9 ! exact lift+ effect at all spe$s1 & to arrange my a]oplanes 9 su* a mann] t ! c5t] ( lift+ effect 0 directly ov] ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,! pap]-cov]$ cyl9d]s made "o rotation 9 #b1jjj feet4 ,:5 fully equipp$1 my l>ge ma*9e _h five long & n>r[ a]oplanes project+ f ea* side4 ,^? t are atta*$ to ! sides ( ! ma9 a]oplanes are #bg feet long1 ?us br++ ! total wid? ( ! ma*9e up to #ajd feet4 ,! ma*9e is also provid$ ) a =e & an aft rudd] made on ! same g5]al plan z ! ma9 a]oplane4 ,:5 all ! a]oplanes are 9 position1 ! total lift+ surface is br\ght up to ab\t #f1jjj squ>e feet4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 nev] run ! ma*9e ) all ! planes 9 position4 ,my late exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) ! ma9 a]oplane1 ! =e & aft rudd]s1 & ! top & bottom side planes 9 position1 ! total area !n be+ #d1jjj squ>e feet4 ,) ! ma*9e ?us equipp$1 ) #fjj lbs4 ( wat] 9 ! tank & boil] & ) ! naph?a & ?ree m5 on bo>d1 ! total weight 0 a little less ?an #h1jjj lbs4 ,! fir/ run "u ^! conditions 0 made ) a /eam pressure ( #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 9 a dead calm1 & all f\r ( ! l[] :eels rema9$ con/antly on ! rails1 none ( ! :eels on ! outrigg]s t\*+ ! upp] track4 ,! second run 0 made ) #bdj lbs4 /eam pressure to ! squ>e in*4 ,on ?is occasion1 ! ma*9e seem$ to vibrate betwe5 ! upp] & l[] tracks4 ,ab\t ?ree ( ! top :eels 7 engag$ at ! same "t1 ! weight on ! l[] /eel rails be+ practically nil4 ,prep>ations 7 !n made = a ?ird run ) ne>ly ! full p[] ( ! eng9es4 ,! ma*9e 0 ti$ up to a dynamomet] 7,fig4 #gh71 & ! eng9es 7 />t$ ) a pressure ( ab\t #bjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! gas supply 0 !n gradually turn$ on ) ! ?rottle valves wide op52 ! pressure soon increas$1 & :5 #caj lbs4 0 rea*$1 ! dynamomet] %[$ a screw ?ru/ ( #b1ajj lbs41#i b to ?is mu/ be add$ ! incl9e ( ! track :i* am\nts to ab\t #fd lbs4 ,! actual ?ru/ 0 !re=e #b1afd lbs4 ,9 ord] to keep ! ?ru/ ( ! screws z ne>ly con/ant z possible1 ,i _h plac$ a small safety valve--#c_/d-;in*--9 ! /eam pipe lead+ to "o ( ! eng9es4 ,?is valve 0 adju/$ 9 su* a mann] t x gave a slight puff ( /eam at ea* /roke ( ! eng9e ) a pressure ( #caj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & a /eady bla/ at #cbj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,z ! valves & /eam passages ( ^! eng9es 7 made v l>ge1 & z ! pi/on spe$ 0 n excessive1 ,i believ$ if ! /eam pressure 0 kept con/ant t ! screw ?ru/ w\ld also rema9 ne>ly con/ant1 because z ! ma*9e advances & ! screws comm5ce to run slightly fa/]1 an additional quantity ( /eam w be call$ = & ?is c\ld be suppli$ by turn+ on m gas4 ,:5 ev]y?+ 0 ready1 ) c>eful obs]v]s /ation$ on ea* side ( ! track1 ! ord] 0 giv5 to let g4 ,! enorm\s screw ?ru/ />t$ ! ma*9e s quickly t x ne>ly ?rew ! eng9e]s (f _! feet1 & ! ma*9e b\nd$ ov] ! track at a great rate4 ,^u notic+ a slight dim9ution 9 ! /eam pressure1 ,i turn$ on m gas1 :5 almo/ in/antly ! /eam comm5c$ to bl[ a /eady bla/ f ! small safety valve1 %[+ t ! pressure 0 at lea/ #cbj lbs4 9 ! pipes supply+ ! eng9es ) /eam4 ,be=e />t+ on ?is run1 ! :eels t 7 to engage ! upp] track 7 pa9t$1 & x 0 ! duty ( "o ( my assi/ants to obs]ve ^! :eels dur+ ! run1 :ile ano!r assi/ant wat*$ ! pressure gauges & dynagraphs 7,fig4 #gi74 ,! fir/ "p ( ! track 0 up a slight incl9e1 b ! ma*9e 0 lift$ cle> ( ! l[] rails & all ( ! top :eels 7 fully engag$ on ! upp] track :5 ab\t #fjj feet _h be5 cov]$4 ,! spe$ rapidly increas$1 & :5 #ijj feet _h be5 cov]$1 "o ( ! re> axle-trees1 :i* 7 ( #b-;in* /eel tub+1 d\bl$ up 7,fig4 #hj71 & set ! re> end ( ! ma*9e completely free4 ,! p5cils ran completely across ! cyl9d]s ( ! dynagraphs & caught on ! und]nea? end4 ,! re> end ( ! ma*9e be+ set free1 rais$ consid]ably above ! track & sway$4 ,at ab\t #a1jjj feet1 ! left =w>d :eel also got cle> ( ! upp] track & %ortly aft]w>ds1 ! "r =w>d :eel tore up ab\t #ajj feet ( ! upp] track4 ,/eam 0 at once %ut (f & ! ma*9e sank directly to ! e>? imb$d+ ! :eels 9 ! s(t turf 7,figs4 #ha & #hb7 )\t leav+ any o!r m>ks1 %[+ mo/ conclusively t ! ma*9e 0 completely susp5d$ 9 ! air be=e x settl$ to ! e>?4 ,9 ?is accid5t1 "o ( ! p9e timb]s =m+ ! upp] track w5t completely ?r\gh ! l[] framework ( ! ma*9e & broke a numb] ( ! tubes1 b no damage 0 done to ! ma*9]y except a slight injury to "o ( ! screws 7,fig4 #hc74 #i ,! quantity ( wat] ent]+ ! boil] at ?is "t 0 s great z to be beyond ! range ( ! fe$-wat] indicator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,! outrigg] :eel t gave out & caus$ an accid5t ) ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,%[s ! brok5 planks & ! wreck t !y caus$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! :eels sank directly into ! gr\nd )\t leav+ any track4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,! condition ( ! ma*9e aft] ! accid5t4 ,"o ( ! brok5 planks t =m$ ! upp] track is %[n4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! :eels h sunk directly into ! gr\nd )\t leav+ any tracks1 %[+ t ! ma*9e did n run along ! gr\nd1 b came directly d[n :5 x /opp$4 ,9 my exp]im5ts ) ! small app>atus = asc]ta9+ ! p[] requir$ to p]=m artificial flight1 ,i f\nd t ! mo/ advantage\s angle = my a]oplane 0 #a 9 #ad1 b :5 ,i came to make my l>ge ma*9e1 ,i plac$ my a]oplanes at an angle ( #a 9 #h s z to be able to get a great lift+ effect at a mod]ate spe$ ) a %ort run4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts :i* l$ to ! accid5t above ref]r$ to1 ! total lift+ effect ^u ! ma*9e mu/ h be5 at lea/ #aj1jjj lbs4 ,all ! :eels :i* _h be5 previ\sly pa9t$ & :i* engag$ ! upp] track 7 completely clean$ ( _! pa9t & _h made an impression on ! wood1 :i* cle>ly indicat$ t ! load :i* !y _h be5 lift+ 0 consid]able4#aj ,moreov]1 ! /ra9 necess>y to d\ble up ! axle-trees 0 fully #a1jjj lbs4 ea*1 )\t consid]+ ! lift on ! =w>d axle-trees :i* did n give way b broke ! upp] track4 #aj ,! late/ =m ( outrigg] :eels = engag+ ! upp] track is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,?is %[s ! screw damag$ by ! brok5 planks2 also a hole 9 ! ma9 a]oplane caus$ by ! fly+ spl9t]s4 ,! advantages aris+ f driv+ ! a]oplanes on to new air1 ! in]tia ( :i* has n be5 di/urb$1 are cle>ly %[n 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,! lift+ effect ( ! planes 0 #be lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,a plane load$ at ?is rate w fall ?r\gh ! air ) a velocity ( #bbcf miles p] h\r1 accord+ to ! =mula 7#bjj ,p7 ,v4 ,b z ! planes 7 set at an angle ( #a 9 #h1 & z ! ma*9e travell$ at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r1 ! planes only press$ ! air d[nw>ds #e miles an h\r 7#dj #h #e74 ,a fall ( #e miles an h\r )\t advanc+ w\ld only ex]t a pressure ( #abe lb4 p] squ>e foot1 accord+ to ! =mula 7,v #jje ,p74#aa #aa ,?is is ! old =mula us$ by ,haswell4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5tal "w 0 writt5 9 ! autumn ( #ahid & ,haswell's =mula 0 us$4 ,i h ?\ght be/ to make no *anges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,?is %[s a =m ( outrigg] :eels :i* 7 ultimately us$4 ,eng9e]s & ma!maticians :o h writt5 to prove t fly+ ma*9es 7 impossible h g5]ally comput$ ! effici5cy ( a]oplanes mov+ ?r\gh ! air1 on ! basis t ! lift+ effect w\ld be equal to a w9d bl[+ aga9/ ! plane at ! rate at :i* ! air 0 press$ d[n by ! plane :ile be+ driv5 ?r\gh ! air4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em ( reason+1 my #d1jjj squ>e feet ( a]oplanes w\ld h lift$ only #abe lb4 p] squ>e foot1 & 9 ord] to h lift$ #aj1jjj lbs4 !y w\ld h to h _h an area tw5ty times z great4 ,?is corresponds exactly ) ! discrepancy :i* ,pr(essor ,langley has f\nd 9 ! =mula ( ,newton4 ,) a]oplanes ( "o-half ! wid? ( ^? ,i employ$1 & ) a velocity twice z great1 ! angle c\ld be mu* less1 & ! advantages ( cont9ually runn+ on to fre% air w\ld be /ill m manife/4 ,) a screw ?ru/ ( #b1jjj lbs41 ! air pressure on ea* squ>e foot ( ! project$ area ( ! screw blades is #bac lbs41 :ile ! pressure on ! entire discs ( ! screws is #d lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 :i* w\ld seem to %[ ) screws ( ?is size1 t f\r blades w\ld be m effici5t ?an two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,"o pair ( my comp\nd eng9es4 ,?is eng9e weigh$ #caj lbs4 & develop$ #ahj ,h4,p41 ) #cbj lbs4 ( /eam p] squ>e in*4 ,! eng9es1 z be=e /at$1 are comp\nd 7,fig4 #he74 ,! area ( ! high-pressure pi/on is #bj squ>e in*es1 & t ( ! l[-pressure pi/on is #ejbf squ>e in*es4 ,bo? h a /roke ( #ab in*es4 ,) a boil] pressure ( #cbj lbs41 ! pressure on ! l[-pressure pi/on is #abe lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,?is abnormally high pressure 9 ! l[-pressure cyl9d] is due to ! fact t !re is a v l>ge am\nt ( cle>ance 9 ! high-pressure cyl9d] to prev5t %ock 9 case wat] %\ld g ov] :5 ! ma*9e pit*es2 moreov]1 ! /eam 9 ! high-pressure cyl9d] is cut (f at ?ree-qu>t]s /roke1 :ile ! /eam 9 ! l[-pressure cyl9d] is cut (f at five-eigh?s /roke4 ,if we %\ld compute ! p[] ( ^! eng9es ) ! /eam ent]+ at full /roke1 )\t any friction1 & ) no back pressure on ! l[-pressure cyl9d]1 ! total horse-p[] w\ld foot up to #dfacf horse-p[] at ! spe$ at :i* ! eng9es 7 run--namely1 #cge turns p] m9ute4 ,if we compute ! actual p[] consum$ by ! screws1 by multiply+ _! ?ru/1 :i* is probably #b1jjj lbs4 :ile !y are travell+1 by _! pit*1 #af feet1 & ?is by ! numb] ( turns :i* !y make 9 a m9ute1 & !n divide ! product by #cc1jjj1 #b1jjj #af #cge ---------------- #cfcfc1 #cc1jjj we f9d t we h #cfcfc horse-p[] 9 actual effect deliv]$ on ! screws ( ! ma*9e1 :i* %[s t !re is r less ?an #bb p] c5t4 loss 9 ! eng9es1 due to cutt+ (f be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 to back pressure1 & to friction4 ,! actual p[] appli$ to ! ma*9e be+ #cfcfc horse-p[]1 x is int]e/+ to "k :at becomes ( x4 ,:5 ! ma*9e has advanc$ #dj miles 7:i* x w\ld d 9 an h\r71 ! screws h travell$ #fha miles 7#cge #af #fj_/e1bhj7 #fha2 !re=e1 #aej horse-p[] is wa/$ 9 slip1 & #bacfc horse-p[] consum$ 9 driv+ ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air4 ,n[1 z ! planes are set at an angle ( #a 9 #h1 ! p[] actually us$ 9 lift+ ! ma*9e is #acccc1 & ! loss 9 driv+ ! body ( ! ma*9e1 its framework & wires ?r\gh ! air is #ijcj horse-p[]4 ,p[] lo/ 9 screw slip1 #aej ,h4,p4 driv+ ma*9]y & framework1 #hjcj actually consum$ 9 lift+ ! ma*9e1 #acccc ------ ,total p[] deliv]$ by ! eng9es1 #cfcfc ,,! ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,v ,,n>r[ ,,planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,! pa? t ! air has to take 9 pass+ betwe5 sup]pos$ a]oplanes 9 close proximity to ea* o!r4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! drift is consid]ably increas$4 ,my exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ t relatively n>r[ a]oplanes lift m p] squ>e foot ?an v wide ones2 b z an a]oplane1 no matt] h[ n>r[ x may be1 mu/ ( necessity h "s ?ickness1 x is n advantage\s to place !m too ne> toge!r4 ,suppose t a]oplanes %\ld be made #a_/d-;in* ?ick1 & be sup]pos$ #c in*es ap>t--t is1 at a pit* ( #c in*es--"o-twelf? "p ( ! :ole space ?r\gh :i* ^! planes w\ld h to be driv5 w\ld be occupi$ by ! planes !mselves1 & elev5-twelf?s w\ld be air space 7,fig4 #hf74 ,if a gr\p ( planes ?us m\nt$ %\ld be driv5 ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #cf miles an h\r1#ab ! air w\ld h to be driv5 =w>d at ! rate ( #c miles an h\r1 or else x w\ld h to be compress$1 or spun out1 & pass betwe5 ! spaces at a spe$ ( #ci miles an h\r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce 9 pressure is s v small t practically no atmosph]ic compression takes place4 ,! air1 !re=e1 is driv5 =w>d at ! rate ( #c miles an h\r1 & ?is consumes a great deal ( p[]2 9 fact1 s mu* t !re is a decid$ disadvantage 9 us+ n>r[ planes ?us arrang$4 #ab ,! arr[s 9 ! accompany+ draw+s %[ ! direction ( ! air curr5ts1 ! exp]im5ts hav+ be5 made ) /ation>y planes 9 a mov+ curr5t ( air4 ,9 reg>d to ! curvature ( n>r[ a]oplanes1 ,i h f\nd t if "o only desires to lift a l>ge load 9 proportion to ! area1 ! planes may be made v holl[ on ! und]nea? side2 b :5 "o consid]s ! lift 9 t]ms ( ! screw ?ru/1 ,i f9d x advisable t ! planes %\ld be z ?9 z possible1 & ! und]nea? side ne>ly flat4 ,i h also f\nd t x is a great advantage to arrange ! planes aft] ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,9 ?is mann] ! sum ( all ! spaces betwe5 ! planes is equal to ! :ole area occupi$ by ! planes2 consequ5tly1 ! air nei!r has to be compress$1 spun out1 nor driv5 =w>d4 ,i am1 !re=e1 able by ?is arrangem5t to produce a l>ge lift+ effect p] squ>e foot1 &1 at ! same "t1 to keep ! screw ?ru/ )9 reasonable limits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,! position ( n>r[ a]oplanes arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t ! air has free passage betwe5 !m1 & ?is arrangem5t has be5 f\nd sup]ior to arrang+ "o above ! o!r aft] ! mann] ( a ,v5etian bl9d4 ,a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts ) v n>r[ a]oplanes h be5 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,horatio ,philipps at ,h>r[1 9 ,engl&4 ,fig4 #hh %[s a cross-section ( "o ( ,mr4 ,philipps' planes4 ,mr4 ,philipps is ( ! op9ion t ! air1 9 /rik+ ! top side ( ! plane1 is ?r[n upw>ds 9 ! mann] %[n1 & a p>tial vacuum is !reby =m$ ov] ! c5tral "p ( ! plane1 & t ! lift+ effect ( planes made 9 ?is =m is !re=e v mu* great] ?an ) ord9>y n>r[ planes4 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) ^! 8su/a9]s0 7z ,mr4 ,philipps calls !m7 myself1 & ,i f9d x is q true t !y lift 9 "s cases z mu* z #h lbs4 p] squ>e foot1#ac b ! lift+ effect is n produc$ 9 ! exact mann] t ,mr4 ,philipps seems to suppose4 ,! air does n glance (f 9 ! mann] %[n4 ,z ! 8su/a9]0 /rikes ! air two curr5ts are =m$1 "o foll[+ ! exact cont\r ( ! top1 & ! o!r t ( ! bottom4 ,^! two curr5ts jo9 & are ?r[n d[nw>ds1 z relates to ! 8su/a9]10 at an angle :i* is ! resultant ( ! angles at :i* ! two curr5ts meet4 ,^! 8su/a9]s0 may be made to lift :5 ! front edge is l[] ?an ! re> edge1 because !y enc\nt] /ill air1 & leave x ) a d[nw>d motion4 #ac ,9 my e>ly exp]im5ts ,i lift$ z mu* z #h lbs4 p] squ>e foot ) a]oplanes :i* 7 only slightly curv$1 b v ?9 & %>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,! v n>r[ a]oplanes1 or su/a9]s1 employ$ by ,mr4 ,philipps4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! air 9 /rik+ at ,a 0 deflect$ 9 ! mann] %[n1 b su* is n ! case4 ,! air 9 reality foll[s ! surface1 z %[n 9 ! dott$ l9e 9 ! second illu/ration4 ,9 my exp]im5ts ) n>r[ sup]pos$ planes1 ,i h always f\nd t ) /rips ( ?9 metal made %>p at bo? edges & only slightly curv$1 ! lift+ effect1 :5 consid]$ 9 t]ms ( screw ?ru/1 0 always great] ?an ) any arrangem5t ( ! wood5 a]oplanes us$ 9 ,philipps' exp]im5ts4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> t !re is no advantage 9 ! peculi> =m ( 8su/a9]0 employ$ by ?is inv5tor4 ,if an a]oplane be made p]fectly flat on ! bottom side & convex on ! top1 & be m\nt$ 9 ! air s t ! bottom side is exactly horizontal1 x produces a lift+ effect no matt] 9 :i* direction x is run1 because1 z x advances1 x enc\nt]s /ation>y air :i* is divid$ into two /reams4 ,! top /ream be+ unable to fly (f at a tang5t :5 turn+ ov] ! top curve1 fl[s d[n ! incl9e & jo9s ! curr5t :i* is fl[+ ov] ! l[] horizontal surface4 ,! angle at :i* ! comb9$ /ream ( air leaves ! plane is ! resultant ( ^! two angles2 consequ5tly1 z ! plane f9ds ! air 9 a /ation>y condition1 & leaves x ) a d[nw>d motion1 ! plane itself mu/ be lift$4 ,x is true t small & n>r[ a]oplanes may be made to lift consid]ably m p] squ>e foot ( surface ?an v l>ge ones1 b !y d n (f] ! same safegu>d aga9/ a rapid desc5t to ! e>? 9 case ( a /oppage or breakd[n ( ! ma*9]y4 ,) a l>ge a]oplane prop]ly adju/$1 a rapid & de/ructive fall to ! e>? is q impossible4 ,,! ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,screw ,,propell]s1 ,,/e]+1 ,,/ability1 c4 ,be=e ,i comm5c$ my exp]im5ts at ,baldwyn's ,p>k1 ,i attempt$ to obta9 "s in=mation 9 reg>d to ! action ( screw propell]s work+ 9 ! air4 ,i w5t to ,p>is & saw ! app>atus :i* ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t employ$ = te/+ ! effici5cy ( screw propell]s1 b ! propell]s 7 s v badly made t ! exp]im5ts 7 ( no value4 ,^u consult+ an ,engli% exp]im5t]1 :o _h made a 8life-long /udy0 ( ! "q1 he assur$ me t ,i %\ld f9d ! screw propell] v ineffici5t & v wa/eful ( p[]1 & t all screw propell]s _h a p[]ful fan-bl[] action1 draw+ 9 air at ! c5tre & dis*>g+ x ) great =ce at ! p]iph]y4 ,i f\nd t no two m5 7 agre$ z to ! action ( screw propell]s4 ,all ! data or =mul available 7 s confus+ & contradictory z to be ( no value :atsoev]4 ,"s exp]im5t]s 7 ( ! op9ion t1 9 comput+ ! ?ru/ ( a screw1 we %\ld only consid] ! project$ area ( ! blades1 & t ! ?ru/ w\ld be equal to a w9d bl[+ aga9/ a normal plane ( equal area at a velocity equal to ! slip4 ,o!rs 7 ( ! op9ion t ! :ole screw disc w\ld h to be consid]$2 t is1 t ! ?ru/ w\ld be equal to a w9d bl[+ aga9/ a normal plane hav+ an area equal to ! :ole disc1 & at ! velocity ( ! slip4 ,! project$ area ( ! two screw blades ( my ma*9e is #id squ>e feet1 & ! area ( ! two screw discs is #ejj squ>e feet4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ sy/em ( reason+1 !re=e1 ! screw ?ru/ ( my l>ge ma*9e1 :5 runn+ at #dj miles an h\r ) a slip ( #ah miles p] h\r1 w\ld h be51 accord+ to ! well-kn[n =mula1 ,v #jje ,p #ah #jje #id #aebbh lbs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we %\ld h consid]$ ! :ole screw disc1 x w\ld h be5 #ah #jje #ejj #haj lbs4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! ma*9e 0 run ov] ! track at ?is rate1 ! ?ru/ 0 f\nd to be r m ?an #b1jjj lbs4 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 secur$ to ! track & ! screws revolv$ until ! pit* 9 feet1 multipli$ by ! turns p] m9ute1 0 equal to #fh miles an h\r1 x 0 f\nd t ! screw ?ru/ 0 #b1afd lbs4 ,9 ?is case1 x 0 ( c\rse1 all slip1 & :5 ! screws _h be5 mak+ a few turns !y _h e/abli%$ a well-def9$ air-curr5t1 & ! p[] ex]t$ by ! eng9e 0 simply to ma9ta9 ?is air curr5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 if we compute ! project$ area ( ^! blades by ! =ego+ =mula1 ! ?ru/ w\ld be--#fh #jje #id #b1agcbh lbs41 :i* is almo/ exactly ! obs]v$ screw ?ru/4 ,:5 ,i fir/ comm5c$ my exp]im5ts ) a l>ge ma*9e1 ,i did n "k exactly :at sort ( boil]1 gas g5]ator1 or burn] ,i %\ld f9ally adopt2 ,i did n "k ! exact size t x w\ld be necess>y to make my eng9es2 ,i did n "k ! size1 ! pit*1 or ! diamet] ( ! screws :i* w\ld be ! mo/ advantage\s2 nei!r did ,i "k ! =m ( a]oplane :i* ,i %\ld f9ally adopt4 ,x 01 !re=e1 necess>y = me to make ! f\ndation or plat=m ( my ma*9e ( su* a "* t x w\ld all[ me to make ! modifications necess>y to arrive at ! be/ results4 ,! plat=m ( ! ma*9e is1 !re=e1 r l>g] ?an is necess>y1 & ,i f9d if ,i 7 to design a completely new ma*9e1 t x w\ld be possible to greatly r$uce ! weight ( ! framework1 &1 :at is /ill m1 to greatly r$uce ! =ce necess>y to drive x ?r\gh ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,"o ( ! l>ge screws be+ hoi/$ into position4 ,its size may be judg$ by comp>ison ) ! man4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! body ( my ma*9e is a l>ge plat=m1 ab\t #h feet wide & #dj feet long4 ,ea* side is =m$ ( v long trusses ( /eel tubes1 brac$ 9 e direction by /rong /eel wires4 ,! trusses :i* give /iffness are all bel[ ! plat=m4 ,9 design+ a new ma*9e1 ,i %\ld make ! trusses mu* deep] & at ! same "t v mu* light]1 &1 in/ead ( hav+ !m bel[ ! plat=m on :i* ! boil] is situat$1 ,i %\ld h !m con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to completely enclose ! boil] & ! great] "p ( ! ma*9]y4#ad ,i %\ld make ! cross-section ( ! framework rectangul> & po9t$ at ea* end4 ,i %\ld cov] ! outside v c>efully ) balloon mat]ial1 giv+ x a p]fectly smoo? & ev5 surface ?r\gh\t1 s t x might be easily driv5 ?r\gh ! air4 #ad ,?is arrangem5t ( ! framework is n[ common to all successful ma*9es4 ,9 reg>d to ! screws1 ,i am at ! pres5t "t able to m\nt screws #ag feet #aj in*es 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #hi74 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t my ma*9e w\ld be mu* m effici5t if ! screws 7 #bd feet 9 diamet] & ,i believe ) su* v l>ge screws1 f\r blades w\ld be mu* m effici5t ?an two4 ,my ma*9e may be /e]$ to ! "r or to ! left by runn+ "o ( ! propell]s fa/] ?an ! o!r4 ,v conv5i5t ?rottle valves h be5 provid$ to facilitate ?is sy/em ( /e]+4 ,an ord9>y v]tical rudd] plac$ j aft] ! screws may1 h[ev]1 prove m conv5i5t if n m effici5t4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ ) =e & aft horizontal rudd]s1 bo? ( :i* are connect$ ) ! same w9dlass4 ,9 reg>d to ! /ability ( ! ma*9e1 ! c5tre ( weight is mu* bel[ ! c5tre ( lift+ effect2 moreov]1 ! upp] w+s are set at su* an angle t :5ev] ! ma*9e tilts to ! "r or to ! left ! lift+ effect is increas$ on ! l[] side & dim9i%$ on ! high] side4 ,?is simple arrangem5t makes x automatic z f> z roll+ is conc]n$4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t :5ev] fly+ ma*9es come into use1 x w be necess>y to /e] 9 a v]tical direction by means ( an automatic /e]+ ge> controll$ by a gyroscope4 ,x w c]ta9ly n be m difficult to manuvre & /e] su* ma*9es ?an x is to control completely subm]g$ torp$oes4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is once p]fect$1 x w n require a railway track to enable x to get ! necess>y velocity to rise4 ,a %ort run ov] a mod]ately level field w suffice4 ,z f> z l&+ is conc]n$1 ! a]ial navigator w t\* ! gr\nd :5 mov+ =w>d1 & ! ma*9e w be br\ght to a /ate ( re/ by slid+ on ! gr\nd = a %ort di/ance4 ,9 ?is mann] v little %ock w result1 :]eas if ! ma*9e is /opp$ 9 ! air & all[$ to fall directly to ! e>? )\t advanc+1 ! %ock1 al?\gh n /rong en\gh to be dang]\s to life or limb1 might be suffici5t to dis>range or injure ! ma*9]y4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,value ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,motors4 ,s f> ,i h only discuss$ ! navigation ( ! air by ! use ( propell]s driv5 by a /eam eng9e4 ,! eng9es t ,i employ are :at is kn[n z comp\nd eng9es--t is1 !y h a l>ge & a small cyl9d]4 ,/eam at a v high pressure ent]s ! high-pressure cyl9d]1 exp&s & escapes at a l[] pressure into a l>g] cyl9d] :]e x aga9 exp&s & does m "w4 ,a comp\nd eng9e is m economical 9 /eam ?an a simple eng9e1 & !re=e requires a small] boil] to develop ! same horse-p[]1 s t :5 we consid] ! weight ( wat] & fuel = a giv5 "t1 toge!r ) ! weight ( ! boil] & ! eng9e1 ! eng9e motor ) a comp\nd eng9e is light] ?an a simple eng9e4 ,h[ev]1 if only ! weight ( ! eng9e is to be consid]$ !n ! simple eng9e w develop m p[] p] unit ( weight ?an ! comp\nd eng9e4 ,= in/ance1 if1 in/ead ( all[+ ! /eam to ent] ! small cyl9d]1 & ! exhau/ f ?is cyl9d] to ent] ! l>ge or l[-pressure cyl9d]--:i* necessitates t ! high-pressure pi/on has to "w aga9/ a back pressure equal to ! full pressure on ! l[-pressure cyl9d]--,i %\ld connect bo? cyl9d]s direct ) ! live /eam1 & all[ bo? to dis*>ge _! exhau/ directly into ! air1 ,i %\ld !n h a pair ( simple eng9es1 & in/ead ( develop+ #cfc ,h4,p4 !y w\ld develop fully #ejj ,h4,p41 or ne>ly #a ,h4,p4 = e p\nd ( _! weight4 ,i m5tion ?is fact to %[ t ! eng9es are exce$+ly light1 & t :5 comp>$ ) simple eng9es _! p[] %\ld be comput$ on ! same basis4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t if we d n take into consid]ation ! /eam supply or ! am\nt ( fuel & wat] necess>y1 ! simple /eam eng9e is an exce$+ly light motor4 ,b1 z be=e /at$1 great improvem5ts h rec5tly be5 made 9 oil eng9es4 ,i h ?\ght mu* on ?is subject1 & am ( ! op9ion t if "o _h an unlimit$ supply ( money1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts c\ld be v pr(itably conduct$ ) a view ( adapt+ ! oil eng9e = use on fly+ ma*9es4 ,if we use a /eam eng9e1 x is necess>y to h a boil]1 & at be/ a boil] is r a l>ge & heavy object to drive ?r\gh ! air4 ,if we use an oil eng9e1 no boil] is necess>y1 & ! am\nt ( heat c>ri$ ov] 9 ! cool+ wat] w only be "o-sev5? "p ( :at is c>ri$ ov] 9 ! exhau/ f a /eam eng9e ( ! same p[]4 ,!re=e1 ! cond5s] only ne$ be "o-sev5? "p ! size1 & consequ5tly %\ld be made light] ) ! tubes plac$ at a great] di/ance ap>t1 & ?us r$uce ! am\nt ( p[] necess>y to drive ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air4 ,moreov]1 ! supply ( wat] necess>y w be greatly r$uc$1 & a *eap] & heavi] oil may be employ$1 :i* is n s liable to take fire 9 case ( an accid5t4 ,x is !n only a "q z to :e!r an oil eng9e c be made s light z to keep its weight )9 t ( a /eam motor2 t is1 an oil eng9e 9 ord] to be available = ! purpose mu/ be z light1 includ+ its wat] supply1 z a complete /eam motor1 :i* includes n only ! eng9e1 b also ! boil]1 ! fe$ pumps1 ! wat] supply1 ! burn]1 ! gas g5]ator1 & six-sev5?s ( ! cond5s]4 ,x requires a v p]fect /eam eng9e & boil]1 n us+ a vacuum1 to develop a horse-p[] ) a consumption ( #a-a_/b lbs4 ( petroleum p] h\r2 b !re are _m oil eng9es :i* develop a horse-p[] ) r less ?an #a lb4 ( oil p] h\r4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t1 z f> z fuel is conc]n$1 ! oil eng9e has a decid$ advantage ov] ! m complicat$ /eam motor4 ,moreov]1 ) an oil eng9e1 ! cool+ wat] is n "u pressure1 s t ! wa/e ( wat] w\ld be mu* less ?an ) a /eam eng9e1 :]e ! pressure is s high z to cause a consid]able am\nt ( wa/e ?r\gh jo9ts & num]\s /uff+-boxes4 ,! great advances t h be5 made ( late ye>s 9 electrical sci5ce & eng9e]+ h l$ _m to believe t almo/ any knotty sci5tific "q may be solv$ by ! employm5t ( electrical eng9e]+1 & a great deal has be5 writt5 & said 9 reg>d to navigat+ ! air by fly+ ma*9es driv5 by electric motors4 ,be=e ,i comm5c$ my exp]im5ts1 ,i made enquiries ( all ! prom95t electrical eng9e]+ e/abli%m5ts :]e !re 0 any likelihood ( obta9+ light & effici5t electric motors1 & f\nd t x 0 impossible to obta9 "o t w\ld develop a horse-p[] = any consid]able "t t w\ld weigh less ?an #aej lbs4 ,s9ce t "t1 not)/&+ t a great deal has appe>$ 9 ! public pr9ts ab\t ! effici5cy & lightness ( electric motors1 ,i am unable to le>n ( any conc]n t is ready to furni% a complete motor1 includ+ a prim>y batt]y1 :i* w\ld supply ! necess>y curr5t = two h\rs at a "t1 at a weight ( less ?an #aej lbs4 p] horse-p[]1 & z f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta9 f :at ,i h myself se51 ,i _c le>n t !re are any motors 9 practical use :i* d n weigh1 includ+ _! /orage batt]ies1 at lea/ #cjj lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,! la/ electric motor :i* ,i exam9$ 0 9 a boat2 x 0 driv5 by a prim>y batt]y :i* weigh$ ov] #a1jjj lbs4 to ! horse-p[]4 ,f ?is ,i am ( ! op9ion t we _c at pres5t look to electricity ) any hope ( f9d+ a motor :i* is suitable = ! purpose ( a]ial navigation4 ,,eng9es4 ,!re is no "q b :at birds1 & = t matt] all animals1 :5 consid]$ z !rmo-dynamic ma*9es1 are v p]fect motors2 !y develop ! full !oretical am\nt ( en]gy ( ! c>bon consum$4 ,?is we are q unable to d ) any artificial ma*9e1 b birds1 = ! mo/ "p1 h to cont5t !mselves ) food :i* is n v ri* 9 c>bon4 ,x is q true t a bird may develop f t5 to fifte5 times z mu* p[] f ! c>bon consum$ z c be develop$ by ! be/ /eam eng9e1 b1 z an (f-set aga9/ ?is1 a /eam eng9e is able to consume petroleum1 :i* has at lea/ tw5ty times z _m !rmal units p] p\nd z ! ord9>y food ( birds4 ,! movem5t ( a bird's w+s1 f long ye>s ( developm5t1 has )\t d\bt atta9$ a great degree ( p]fection4 ,birds are able to scull !mselves ?r\gh ! air ) v little loss ( en]gy4 ,to imitate by me*anical means1 ! exact & delicate motion ( _! w+s w\ld c]ta9ly be a v difficult task1 & ,i d n believe t we %\ld attempt x 9 con/ruct+ an artificial fly+ ma*9e4 ,9 ,nature x is necess>y t an animal %\ld be made all 9 "o piece4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q out ( ! "q t any "p or p>ts %\ld revolve4 ,= l& animals !re is no "q b :at legs are ! mo/ p]fect sy/em possible1 b 9 t]re/rial locomotion by ma*9]y1 n necess>ily 9 "o piece1 :eels are f\nd to be mu* m effective & effici5t4 ,! swifte/ animal c only travel = a m9ute ( "t at half ! spe$ ( a locomotive1 :ile ! locomotive is able to ma9ta9 its mu* great] spe$ = _m h\rs at a "t4 ,! l>ge/ l& animals only weigh ab\t #e tons1 :ile ! l>ge/ locomotives weigh f #fj to #hj tons4 ,9 ! sea1 ! l>ge/ animal weighs ab\t #ge tons1 :ile ! ord9>y ,atlantic l9] weighs f #d1jjj to #ad1jjj tons4 ,! :ale1 no d\bt1 is able to ma9ta9 a high spe$ = sev]al h\rs at a "t1 b ! mod]n /eam] is able to ma9ta9 a /ill high] spe$ = _m consecutive days4 ,z artificial ma*9es = t]re/rial & aquatic locomotion h be5 made imm5sely /rong] & l>g] ?an l& or wat] animals1 s ) fly+ ma*9es1 x w be necess>y to con/ruct !m mu* heavi] & /rong] ?an ! l>ge/ bird4 ,if "o %\ld attempt to propel su* a ma*9e ) w+s1 x w\ld be q z difficult a problem to solve z x w\ld be to make a locomotive t w\ld walk on legs4 ,:at is requir$ 9 a fly+ ma*9e is some?+ to :i* a v l>ge am\nt ( p[] c be directly & cont9u\sly appli$ )\t any int]v5+ lev]s or jo9ts1 & ?is we f9d 9 ! screw propell]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! ,brayton gas eng9e fir/ made its appe>ance1 ,i comm5c$ draw+s ( a fly+ ma*9e1 us+ a modification ( ! ,brayton motor :i* ,i design$ expressly = ! purpose2 b ev5 ?is 0 f\nd to be too heavy1 & x 0 n until aft] ,i _h ab&on$ ! v]tical screw sy/em t x 0 possible = me to design a ma*9e :i*1 9 !ory1 ought to fly4 ,! next ma*9e :i* ,i consid]$ 0 on ! kite or a]oplane sy/em4 ,?is 0 also to be driv5 by an oil eng9e4 ,oil eng9es at t "t 7 n s simple z n[1 &1 moreov]1 ! sy/em ( ignition 0 v heavy1 cumb]some1 & unc]ta94 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 gas & oil eng9es h be5 v mu* improv$1 & ! ignition tube :i* is almo/ univ]sally us$ has greatly simplifi$ ! ignition1 s t at ! pres5t "t1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t an oil eng9e might be design$ :i* w\ld be suitable = ! purpose4 ,9 #ahhi ,i _h my att5tion drawn to "s v ?91 /rong1 & comp>atively *eap tubes :i* 7 be+ made 9 ,france1 & x 0 only aft] ,i _h se5 ^! tubes t ,i s]i\sly consid]$ ! "q ( mak+ a fly+ ma*9e4 ,i obta9$ a l>ge quantity ( !m & f\nd t !y 7 v light1 t !y w\ld /& enorm\sly high pressures1 & g5]ate a v l>ge quantity ( /eam4 ,^u go+ into a ma!matical calculation ( ! :ole subject1 ,i f\nd t x w\ld be possible to make a ma*9e on ! a]oplane sy/em1 driv5 by a /eam eng9e1 :i* w\ld be suffici5tly /rong to lift itself into ! air4 ,i fir/ made draw+s ( a /eam eng9e1 & a pair ( ^! eng9es 0 aft]w>ds made4 ,^! eng9es are con/ruct$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a v high grade ( ca/ /eel1 ! cyl9d]s be+ only #c_/cb ( an in* ?ick1 ! crank %afts holl[1 & e "p z /rong & light z possible4 ,!y are comp\nd1 ea* hav+ a high-pressure pi/on ) an area ( #bj squ>e in*es1 a l[-pressure pi/on ( #ejbf squ>e in*es1 & a common /roke ( #a foot4 ,:5 fir/ f9i%$1 !y 7 f\nd to weigh #cjj lbs4 ea*2 b aft] putt+ on ! oil cups1 felt+1 pa9t+1 & mak+ "s slight alt]ations1 ! weight 0 br\ght up to #cbj lbs4 ea*1 or a total ( #fdj lbs4 = ! two eng9es1 :i* h s9ce develop$ #cfb horse-p[] ) a /eam pressure ( #cbj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,a photograph ( "o ( ^! eng9es is %[n 9 ,fig4 #he4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 fir/ design+ ?is eng9e1 ,i did n "k h[ mu* p[] ,i might require f x4 ,i ?\ght t 9 "s cases x might be necess>y to all[ ! high-pressure /eam to ent] ! l[-pressure cyl9d] direct1 b z ?is w\ld involve a consid]able loss1 ,i con/ruct$ a species ( an injector4 ,?is injector may be s adju/$ t :5 ! /eam 9 ! boil] rises above a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ po9t1 say #cjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 x op5s a valve & escapes pa/ ! high-pressure cyl9d] in/ead ( bl[+ (f at ! safety valve4 ,9 escap+ ?r\gh ?is valve1 a fall ( ab\t #bjj lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in* is made to d "w on ! surr\nd+ /eam & to drive x =w>d 9 ! pipe1 produc+ a pressure on ! l[-pressure pi/on consid]ably high] ?an ! back pressure on ! high-pressure pi/on4 ,9 ?is way a portion ( ! "w :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/ is utilis$1 & x is possible1 ) an unlimit$ supply ( /eam1 to cause ! eng9es to develop an enorm\s am\nt ( p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boil] ,exp]im5ts4--,! fir/ boil] :i* ,i made 0 con/ruct$ some?+ on ! ,h]re%(f pr9ciple1 b in/ead ( hav+ "o simple pipe 9 "o v long coil1 ,i us$ a s]ies ( v small & light pipes1 connect$ 9 su* a mann] t !re 0 a rapid circulation ?r\gh ! :ole--! tubes increas+ 9 size & numb] z ! /eam 0 g5]at$4 ,i int5d$ t !re %\ld be a pressure ( ab\t #ajj lbs4 m on ! fe$ wat] end ( ! s]ies ?an on ! /eam end1 & ,i believ$ t ?is diff]5ce 9 pressure w\ld be suffici5t to ensure a direct & positive circulation ?r\gh e tube 9 ! s]ies4 ,?is fir/ boil] 0 exce$+ly light1 b ! workman%ip1 z f> z putt+ ! tubes toge!r 0 conc]n$1 0 v bad1 & x 0 f\nd impossible to s adju/ ! supply ( wat] z to make dry /eam )\t ov]heat+ & de/roy+ ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,/eam boil] employ$ 9 my exp]im5ts4 ,) ?is boil]1 ,i _h no tr\ble 9 produc+ all ! /eam t ,i c\ld possibly use1 & at any pressure up to #djj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,! burn] employ$ 9 my /eam exp]im5ts4 ,?is produc$ a d5se & uni=m blue purple flame #bj in* deep4 ,be=e mak+ ano!r boil] ,i obta9$ a quantity ( copp] tubes1 ab\t #h feet long1 #c_/h in* ext]nal diamet]1 & #a_/ej ( an in* ?ick4 ,i subject$ ab\t #ajj ( ^! tubes to an int]nal pressure ( #a ton p] squ>e in* ( cold k]os9e oil1 & z none ( !m leak$ ,i did n te/ any m1 b comm5c$ my exp]im5ts by plac+ "s ( !m 9 a :ite-hot petroleum fire4 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld evaporate z mu* z #bf-a_/b lbs4 ( wat] p] squ>e foot ( heat+ surface p] h\r1 & t ) a =c$ circulation1 al?\gh ! quantity ( wat] pass+ 0 v small b positive1 !re 0 no dang] ( ov]-heat+4 ,i conduct$ _m exp]im5ts ) a pressure ( ov] #djj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 b none ( ! tubes fail$4 ,i !n m\nt$ a s+le tube 9 a :ite-hot furnace1 also ) a wat] circulation1 & f\nd t x only bur/ "u /eam at a pressure ( #a1fej lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,a l>ge boil]1 hav+ ab\t #hjj squ>e feet ( heat+ surface includ+ ! fe$-wat] heat]1 0 !n con/ruct$4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,?is boil] is ab\t #d-a_/b feet wide at ! bottom1 #h feet long & #f feet high4 ,x weighs ) ! cas+1 ! dome1 ! smoke /ack & connections1 a little less ?an #a1jjj lbs4 ,! wat] fir/ passes ?r\gh a sy/em ( small tubes--#a_/d in* 9 diamet] & #a_/fj in* ?ick--:i* 7 plac$ at ! top ( ! boil] & imm$iately ov] ! l>g] tubes--n %[n 9 ! cut4 ,?is fe$-wat] heat] is f\nd to be v effective4 ,x utilises ! heat ( ! products ( combu/ion aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! boil] prop] & greatly r$uces _! temp]ature1 :ile ! fe$-wat] ent]s ! boil] at a temp]ature ( #bej ,f4 ,a =c$ circulation is ma9ta9$ 9 ! boil]1 ! fe$-wat] ent]+ ?r\gh a spr+ valve1 ! spr+ valve be+ adju/$ 9 su* a mann] t ! pressure on ! wat] is always #cj lbs4 p] squ>e in* 9 excess ( ! boil] pressure4 ,?is fall ( #cj lbs4 9 pressure acts ^u ! surr\nd+ hot wat] :i* has already pass$ ?r\gh ! tubes1 & drives x d[n ?r\gh a v]tical outside tube1 ?us ensur+ a positive & rapid circulation ?r\gh all ! tubes4 ,?is app>atus is f\nd to "w extremely well4 ,a little glass tube at ! top provid$ ) a mov+ button1 indicates exactly h[ _m p\nds ( wat] p] h\r are pass+ into ! boil]4 ,by ?is means1 ! eng9e] is n only enabl$ to asc]ta9 at a glance :e!r or n ! pumps are work+1 b also to :at degree !y are work+4 ,wat] may be consid]$ z #b1djj times z effici5t z air1 volume = volume1 9 cond5s+ /eam4 ,:5 a cond5s] is made = ! purpose ( us+ wat] z a cool+ ag5t1 a l>ge numb] ( small tubes may be gr\p$ toge!r 9 a box1 & ! wat] may be pump$ 9 at "o end ( ! box & dis*>g$ at ! o!r end ?r\gh relatively small op5+s2 b :5 air is employ$1 ! tubes or cond5s+ surface mu/ be widely di/ribut$1 s t a v l>ge am\nt ( air is enc\nt]$1 & ! air :i* has /ruck "o tube & become heat$ mu/ nev] /rike a second tube4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 ,i make my cond5s] some?+ 9 ! =m ( a ,v5etian bl9d1 ! tubes be+ made ( v ?9 copp] & ea* tube 9 ! =m ( a small a]oplane4 ,^! 7 driv5 edgewise ?r\gh ! air1 s t ! actual volume ( air pass+ betwe5 !m is sev]al ?\s& times great] ?an ! volume ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh a m>9e cond5s]4 ,i f9d t ) su* a cond5s] ,i c recov] ! full weight ( ! copp] tubes 9 wat] e five m9utes1 & if ,i use alum9ium1 9 half t "t4 ,moreov]1 exp]im5ts h %[n t a cond5s] may be made to su/a9 consid]ably m ?an its own weight & ! weight ( its cont5ts 9 ! air1 & t all ! /eam may be cond5s$ into wat] suffici5tly cool to be pump$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,i f9d t ! mo/ advantage\s position = ! cond5s] is imm$iately aft] ! screw propell]s4 ,9 ?is case1 if ! ma*9e is mov+ ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #ej miles an h\r1 & ! slip ( ! screws is #ae miles an h\r1 x foll[s t ! air w be pass+ ?r\gh ! cond5s] at ! rate ( #fe miles an h\r4 ,at ?is velocity1 ! lift+ effect on ! n>r[ a]oplanes =m+ ! cond5s] is v great1 & at ! same "t ! /eam is v rapidly cond5s$4 ,! tubes are plac$ at su* an angle z to keep !m completely dra9$ & prev5t ! accumulation ( oil1 ! /eam ent]+ ! high] end & ! wat] be+ dis*>g$ at ! l[] end4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,small ,,ma*9es ,,atta*$ ,,to ,a ,,rotat+ ,,arm4 ,^! exp]im5ts demon/rat$ mo/ conclusively t z mu* z #acc lbs4 c\ld be su/a9$ & c>ri$ by ! exp5diture ( "o horse-p[]1 & t a screw 0 a fairly effici5t air propell]4 ,!y also demon/rat$ t a well made a]oplane1 plac$ at an angle ( #a 9 #ad1 w\ld lift practically f\rte5 times ! ?ru/ requir$ to drive x ?r\gh ! air1 & t ! sk9 friction on a smoo? & well f9i%$ a]oplane or screw 0 s small z n to be consid]$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( a]oplanes 7 exp]im5t$ )1 & x 0 f\nd t ^? :i* 7 slightly concave on ! und]nea? side & convex on ! top1 bo? edges be+ v %>p & ! surface v smoo? & regul>1 7 ! mo/ effici5t2 also t ) small screw propell]s1 two blades hav+ slightly increas+ pit* 7 ! mo/ effici5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce writ+ ! =ego+1 great progress has be5 made ) fly+ ma*9es1 & great disa/]s h happ5$ to air%ips or balloons4 ,c\nt ,zeppel9's gigantic air%ip enc\nt]$ a squall or ?und] %[]1 & ! "w ( ye>s1 :i* _h co/ ov] #ajj1jjj1 0 r$uc$ to scrap metal 9 a few m9utes4 ,simil> disa/]s h happ5$ to o!r balloons4 ,! ,briti% ,dirigible ,no4 #b has n attempt$ a long flight1 b ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 ,f>man1 & ,de la ,grange h all met ) a c]ta9 degree ( success4 ,a few mon?s ago1 ! rem>kable feats ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs 9 ! ,/ates 7 discr$it$ 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 claim$ t 8! acc\nts 7 n au!ntic10 8too good to be true10 etc41 b rec5t ev5ts h %[n t ! ,wright ,bro!rs are able to outdo any?+ t 0 report$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,press4 ,on _m occasions !y h rema9$ 9 ! air = m ?an an h\r1 & h travell$ at ! rate ( #cj to #dj miles an h\r2 9 fact1 ! rem>kable success ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs has plac$ ! true fly+ ma*9e 9 a new category4 ,x c no long] be rank$ ) ! philosoph]'s /one or ) p]petual motion4 ,success is assur$1 & great & />tl+ ev5ts may take place )9 ! next few ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,c\nt ,zeppel9's alum9ium-cov]$ air%ip com+ out ( its %$ on ,lake ,con/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--;,c\nt ,zeppel9's air%ip 9 full flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,! new ,briti% w> balloon 8,dirigible0 ,no #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,! ,wright a]oplane 9 full flight4 ,,g5]al ,,index4 ,,page ,accid5t to my l>ge ma*9e1 #ach ,action ( a]oplanes & p[] requir$1 #ajj ,adju/m5t ( birds' w+s1 #ai ,admiralty specification = a /eam%ip1 #dh ,advantages ( driv+ a]oplanes on to new air1 #adj ,advantages & disadvantages ( v n>r[ planes1 #adc ,a]oplanes3-- ,action (1 #ca1 #cb1 #ajj ,advantage\s angle (1 #aci ,advantages & disadvantages ( v n>r[1 #adc aris+ f driv+ a]oplanes on to new air1 #adj ,curvature (1 #ade ,evolution ( a wide a]oplane1 #ajb ,exp]im5ts )1 #di-ei ,fabric cov]$1 #aca ,lift+ effect (1 #ada ,lift+ surface (1 #ajc ,philipps' su/a9]s1 #adf ,r$uction ( project$ horizontal area1 #c1 #d ,%ape & effici5cy (1 #ii ,sup]pos$1 #add1 #adf ,te/+ fabrics =1 #ej ,! p>adox a]oplane1 #hh ,air curr5ts & ! flight ( birds1 #aa ,conclusions reg>d+1 #ba ,alpes ,m>itimes1 #ag ,m$it]ranean1 #ah ,mid-,atlantic1 #af #b1jjj feet above ! e>?'s surface1 #bb witness$ at ,cadiz1 #bj ,angles & degrees comp>$1 #aae ,anto9ette motor1 ,!1 #hi ,balloons1 #abj spid]s1 #bg ,birds z !rmo-dynamic ma*9es1 #aec ,two classes (1 #bc ,bl]iot's ma*9e1 #aac ,boil] exp]im5ts1 #aef ,brayton's gas eng9e1 #aed ,briti% w> balloon1 #aei1 #afb ,build+ up ( my l>ge screws1 #da ,burn] employ$ 9 my exp]im5ts1 #aeg ,"* ( text-books rec5tly publi%$1 #a ,circulation ( air produc$ by diff]5ces 9 temp]ature1 #bg ,cody's kite1 #bh1 #cj ,comp>ative value ( diff]5t motors1 #aea ,conclusions reg>d+ air curr5ts1 #ba ,cond5s]s1 ,te/+ (1 #eb ,cond5s] tubes1 #fj ,cont95tal fly+ ma*9es1 #i ,cry/al ,palace exp]im5ts1 #gb-gf ,d>w9 on ! flight ( condors1 #aa ,deflection ( air com+ 9 contact ) a]oplanes1 #b ,de la ,grange ma*9e1 ,!1 #aaj 8,dirigible0 ,no #b1 #aei1 #afb ,drift at v>i\s di/ances f c5t] to c5t]1 ,table (1 #eh ,dynagraphs1 #acf ,dynamic en]gy ( animals1 #abg ,eagles1 ,flight (1 #ai ,effici5cy ( screw propell]s1 #adg screws 9 /eam%ips1 #dg ,en]gy develop$ by a bird1 #ac ,eng9es1 #aec ,equival5t incl9ations1 #aae velocities1 #aaf ,exp]im5ts ( ,c\nt ,zeppel91 #abd ,horatio ,philipps1 #i1 #aah1 #aai1 #ade ,"l ,rayleigh 9 ref]5ce to ,newton's ,law1 #f ,pr(essor ,langley1 #i1 #fb1 #ii1 #aji ,wright ,bros41 #aji ,exp]im5ts to %[ effici5cy ( ,screw propell]s1 #cc ) app>atus atta*$ to rotat+ arm1 #fb boil]1 #aef h>d roll$ brass a]oplane1 #c my l>ge ma*9e1 #aj1 #acc rotat+ arm1 #fd-gb small ma*9es atta*$ to rotat+ arm1 #aei ,fabric cov]$ screw1 #dj ,f>man's ma*9e1 #aaj ,fly+ ( kites1 #be1 #bh1 #bi ,=c$ circulation us$ by me1 #aeh ,=mul unsupport$ by facts1 #c ,fr5* & ,engli% measurem5ts1 #abh1 #abi ,gulls1 #bj1 #ba ,gyroscope app>atus1 #ic ,/e]+ by means (1 #ib ,hawks & ,eagles1 #ac ,hlicoptre ma*9e1 #hb ,h9ts z to ! build+ ( fly+ ma*9es1 #gg-ia ,horizontal movem5t ( ! air1 #ad ,hub = fly+ ma*9e1 ,new =m (1 #de ,int]/ell> temp]ature1 #ae ,introductory1 #a ,kites1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi ,behavi\r (1 #bf ,fly+ (1 #be1 #bh1 #bi ,langley1 ,exp]im5ts (1 #i1 #fb1 #ii1 #aji on ! flight ( birds1 #aa1 #bb on ! p[] ex]cis$ by birds1 #ab 8,la ,patrie10 #abd ,lift+ effect ( a]oplanes1 #e surface ( a]oplanes1 #ajc ,l[ temp]ature ( space1 #ae ,major ,bad5 ,p[ell's dem&1 #abe ,mi/ral1 ,!1 #ba ,motors1 ,developm5t (1 #ca ,motor1 ,! ,anto9ette1 #hi ,my comp\nd eng9es1 #adb exp]im5ts ) a]oplanes1 #g l>ge ma*9e1 #aj1 #acc /eam eng9es1 #aee ,newton's ,law1 #b1 #f 8,nulli ,secundus10 #bh1 #aba ,oil eng9es1 #aed ,philipps' exp]im5ts1 #i1 #aah1 #aai1 #ade su/a9]s1 #ade ,pneumatic buff]1 #ij ,position ( screw1 #di ,p[] ex]t$ by a l& animal1 #ac requir$1 #ajj ,pr9cipally relat+ to screws1 #ca ,rayleigh's exp]im5ts 9 ref]5ce to ,newton's law1 #f ,recapitulation ( e>ly exp]im5ts1 #acj ,rec5t ma*9es1 #aji ,relative value ( woods = fly+ ma*9es1 #he ,res]ve en]gy necess>y 9 fly+ ma*9es1 #cj ,resi/ance enc\nt]$ by v>i\s %ap$ bodies1 #eb ,rotat+ arm exp]im5ts1 #fd-gb ,santos ,dumont's fly+ ma*9e1 #aac ,screw blade on ,f>man's ma*9e1 #da blades1 ,te/+ (1 #cf us$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 #ci ) radial edges1 #dc ,fabric-cov]$1 #dj ,position (1 #di propell] made ( %eet metal1 #da propell]s1 ,effici5cy (1 #cc1 #adg ,screws1 #h1 #ca1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #da1 #df1 #dg1 #di ,build+ up ( my l>ge1 #dj _! effici5cy 9 /eam%ips1 #dg ,%ape & effici5cy ( a]oplanes1 #ii ,sk9 friction1 #da1 #dh ,spid]'s webb+ d[n f ! sky1 #bg ,_s lamp & ice box1 #fb ,/ability ( fly+ ma*9es1 #adg1 #aej ,/eam eng9es us$ by me1 #aee ,/e]+1 #adg1 #adi ,sup]pos$ a]oplanes1 #add ,sy/em ( splic+ & build+ up wood5 memb]s1 #hf ,tables3-- ,equival5t incl9ations1 #aae velocities1 #aaf ,fr5* & ,engli% measurem5ts1 #abh1 #abi ,philipps' exp]im5ts1 #aai ,relative value ( diff]5t woods1 #he ,%[+ ! relative p[] ex]t$ by diff]5t birds1 #bd ,velocity & pressure ( ! w9d1 #aad ?ru/ correspond+ ) v>i\s horse-p[]s1 #aag ,te/+ a]oplanes1 cond5s]s1 etc41 #eb ,teutonic vision ( a]ial p[]1 #abf ,velocity & pressure ( w9d1 #aad ?ru/ correspond+ ) v>i\s horse-p[]s1 #aag 8,ville de ,p>is10 #abc ,wright ,bros4' exp]im5ts1 #aji1 #aei1 #afb ,zeppel9's exp]im5ts1 #abd1 #aei1 #afa ,,bell ,,& ,,ba91 ,,limit$1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,glasg[4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al "w h be5 reta9$4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all *>act]s & symbols may display z int5d$4 ,*anges made to ! text3 ,illu/rations & tables h be5 mov$ out ( ! text1 & footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly "u ! p>agraph or table !y ref] to4 ,obvi\s punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,9 "s =mulas has be5 ins]t$ = consi/5cy2 brackets h be5 add$ = cl>ity :]e necess>y4 ,page vii3 battaillons ,komm&eur *ang$ to ,bataillonskomm&eur ,page x3 #a 9 #bj *ang$ to #a 9 #aj 7z discuss$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! p>agraph7 ,page #bd1 table3 #fd *ang$ to #gfd ,page #gc3 all ! air effect$ *ang$ to all ! air affect$ ,page #aaj3 ,h>graves' *ang$ to ,h>grave's ,page #abh3 ov] e/imat$ *ang$ to ov]-e/imat$4