,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription3 a s+le "* or bracket$ gr\p foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7examples3 xviijo ,ste74 ,images ( ! orig9al plates are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/illum9at$ manu#jjmidd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts ,,9 ,,classical ,,& ,,m$iaeval ,,times1 ,,_! ,,art ,,& ,,_! ,,te*nique ,,by ,j4 ,,h5ry ,,middleton1 ,,slade ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,f9e ,,art1 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,fitzwilliam ,,museum1 ,,& ,,fell[ ,,( ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,anci5t ,,rome ,,9 #ahhh1 ,,! ,,engrav$ ,,gems ,,( ,,classical ,,times c4 ,,cambridge3 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press3 #ahib ,all ,rights res]v$4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface ,,& ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?orities4 ,page xiii to xix4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,page xxi to xxiv4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,page #a to #aj4 ,,classical ,,manuscripts ,,writt5 ,,) ,a ,,/ilus4 ,survival ( classical me?ods 9 m$iaeval times2 epigraphy & palaeography2 manuscripts on metal plates2 lead rolls2 t9 rolls2 gold amulets2 ,petelia tablet2 wax$ tablets & dipty*s2 tablets %[n on gems & co9s2 tablets f\nd 9 tombs2 tablets f ,pompeii2 ,consul> dipty*s2 _m-leav$ tablets2 ! =m ( ! wax$ tablets2 :it5$ bo>ds us$ by ! ,greeks2 late survival ( tablets2 bidd+ ! beads2 li/s ( memb]s ( guilds2 wood5 book 9 ,norway2 ivory tablets & dipty*s2 inscrib$ ,anglo-,saxon lead tablet2 horn-books4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,page #aa to #cj4 ,,classical ,,manuscripts ,,writt5 ,,) ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink4 ,two =ms ( manuscripts1 ! roll & ! codex2 ,egyptian ,books ( ! ,dead2 ,book ( ,ani2 exi/+ manuscripts on papyrus2 ! libr>y ( papyrus rolls f\nd at ,h]culaneum2 ,h]odotus on manuscripts2 use ( p>*m5t2 manuscripts on l952 inscrib$ pot%]ds or o/raka2 manuscripts on leaves ( trees2 ,greek libr>ies2 ,roman libr>ies2 a li/ ( ! public libr>ies 9 ,rome2 ,roman libr>y fitt+s & decorations2 rec5tly discov]$ libr>y 9 ,rome2 au?ors' portraits2 clos$ bookcases2 booksell]s' qu>t]2 co/ ( ,roman books2 slave scribes2 libr>ii ( ,rome4 ,! te*nique ( anci5t manuscripts2 p>*m5t & vellum2 palimpse/s2 papyrus manuscripts2 process ( mak+ papyrus pap]2 use ( papyrus 9 ,greece & ,rome2 anci5t papyrus manuscripts2 ! qualities ( papyrus pap]2 ! =m ( papyrus rolls2 ! wood5 roll]2 inscrib$ titles2 col\r$ inks2 use ( c$> oil2 black c>bon ink1 its manufacture & price2 r$ inks & rubrics2 purple ink2 d\ble ink/&s2 p5s ( re$s & ( metal2 ,egyptian scribes' palettes1 p5-cases1 & p5s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,page #ca to #dd4 ,,classical ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts4 ,use ( m9ium2 ,egyptian m9iatures2 illum9ations 9 ,roman manuscripts2 ,greek illum9ations2 two s\rces ( k ab\t classical illum9ations2 ! ,ambrosian ,iliad2 ! ,vatican ,virgil2 ! /yle ( its m9iatures2 lat] copies ( lo/ orig9als2 picture ( ,orpheus 9 a twelf? c5tury ,psalt]2 ano!r ,psalt] ) copies ( classical pa9t+s2 ! value ( ^! copi$ m9iatures4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,page #de to #fa4 ,,byzant9e ,,manuscripts4 ,! v comp\nd "* ( ,byzant9e art2 love ( spl5d\r2 ,gospels 9 purple & gold2 monotony ( ! ,byzant9e /yle2 hi]atic rules2 fif? c5tury manuscript ( ,g5esis2 ! ,dioscorides ( ! ,pr9cess ,juliana2 ! /yle ( its m9iatures2 imitations ( enamel designs2 e>ly picture ( ! ,crucifixion 9 ! ,gospels ( ,rabula2 ! spl5d\r ( ,byzant9e manuscripts ( ! ,gospels2 five *ief pictures2 illum9at$ ,canons2 ,p]sian influ5ce2 ! ,alt>-,textus us$ z a ,pax2 its magnific5t gold cov]s2 ! ,durham ,textus2 ,byzant9e figure draw+1 unreal b decorative2 ,byzant9e mosaics2 ! iconocla/ s*ism1 & ! consequ5t decad5ce ( ,byzant9e art4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,page #fb to #gi4 ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,! ,,c>ol+ian ,,p]iod4 ,! age ( ,*>les ! ,great2 ! s*ool ( ,alcu9 ( ,york2 ! ,gospels ( ,alcu92 ! gold5 ,gospels ( ,h5ry ,,viii42 ! ,gospels ( ! scribe ,godesscalc2 ,p]sian influ5ce2 te*nical me?ods2 ! lat] ,c>ol+ian manuscripts2 cont9uance ( ! ,nor?umbrian influ5ce2 beg9n+ ( life-/udy2 ! ,gospels ( ,o?o ,,ii42 p]iod ( decad5ce 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,page #hj to #ig4 ,,! ,,celtic ,,s*ool ,,( ,,manuscripts4 ,! ,iri% ,*ur*2 ,celtic goldsmi?s2 te*nical processes ( ! metal-work]s copi$ by illum9ators ( manuscripts2 ! ,book ( ,kells1 its p]fect workman%ip & microscopic illum9ations2 copies ( metal spiral patt]ns2 ! trumpet patt]n2 ,moslem influ5ce2 abs5ce ( gold 9 ! ,iri% manuscripts2 ! ,book ( ,durr[2 ! monks ( ,iona2 ! ,celtic mission>ies to ,nor?umbria2 ! ,gospels ( ,/ ,cu?b]t2 ! ,vik+ pirates2 ! adv5tures ( ,/ ,cu?b]t's ,gospels2 ! ,anglo-,celtic s*ool2 improv$ draw+ & use ( gold2 ,italian influ5ce2 ! e>ly ,gospels 9 ! ,corpus libr>y2 ! ,gospels ( ,mac,durnan2 ! ,book ( ,de]2 ! ,gospels ( ,/ ,*ad2 ! ,celtic s*ool on ! ,cont95t2 ! ,psalt] ( ,/ ,augu/9e2 ,sc&9avian art2 ! gold5 ,gospels ( ,/ockholm & its adv5tures2 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,celtic & ! ,roman ,*ur*2 ! ,synod ( ,:itby2 ! ,roman victory1 & ! gr[? ( ,italian influ5ce2 ! s*ool ( ,ba$a at ,durham4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,page #ih to #aje4 ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,s*ool ,,( ,,manuscripts4 ,! ,dani% invasions2 revival ( art "u k+ ,alfr$2 ! ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold2 signs ( ,c>ol+ian influ5ce2 ! ,w9*e/] s*ool2 ,/ ,dun/an z an illum9ator2 ,anglo-,saxon draw+s 9 col\r$ ink2 ,roll ( ,/ ,gu?lac2 ! great beauty ( its draw+s2 ,canute z a patron ( art2 ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,page #ajf to #abe4 ,,! ,,anglo-,,norman ,,s*ool4 ,! ,norman invasion2 developm5t ( ar*itecture & o!r arts2 creation ( ! ,anglo-,norman s*ool2 magnific5t ,psalt]s2 ! ,angev9 k+dom2 ! highe/ developm5t ( ,engli% art 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 ,h5ry ,,iii4 z an art patron2 ! rebuild+ & decorat+ ( ! ,*ur* & ,palace ( ,we/m9/]2 pa9t+s copi$ f manuscripts2 ! ,pa9t$ ,*amb]2 ,engli% sculpture2 ! ,fitz-,o?os & ,william ,torell2 ,engli% ne$lework 7opus ,anglicanum72 ! ,lat]an & ,pi5za copes2 ,anglo-,norman manuscripts ( ! ,vulgate2 ! /yle ( _! illum9ations2 manuscripts produc$ 9 ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies2 unity ( /yle2 v>i\s k9ds ( backgr\nd 9 m9iatures2 magnific5t manuscripts ( ! ,psalt]2 ! ,t5ison ,psalt]2 manuscripts ( ! ,apocalypse2 _! extraord9>y beauty2 _! contra/ to ma*9e-made art2 ,engli% manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies2 ! results ( ! ,black ,dea?2 ! ,poyntz ,horae2 ! ,lection>y ( ,"l ,lovel2 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,engli% ornam5t2 ! introduction ( portrait figures2 ! ,%rewsbury manuscript2 ,que5 ,m>y's ,pray]-book2 ! works ( ,dan ,lydgate2 specially ,engli% subjects2 manuscripts ( ,*ronicles & ,hi/ories4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,page #abf to #adf4 ,,fr5* ,,manuscripts4 ,! age ( ,sa9t ,l\is2 ar*aism ( co/ume 9 m9iatures2 ,fr5* manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies2 hi/oriat$ ,bibles2 ! ivy-patt]n2 ! ,horae ( ! ,duc de ,b]ri2 ! treasure-book ( ,origny ,abbey2 ! ,anj\ ,horae2 co/ly & magnific5t ,fr5* ,horae2 _! beautiful decorations2 _! num]\s m9iatures2 ! ,b$=d ,brevi>y2 ! ,b$=d ,missal2 v>i\s /yles 9 ! same manuscript2 manuscripts 9 ,grisaille2 manuscripts ( secul> works2 ,cri/9a ( ,pisa2 ,*ronicles & ,travels2 ,romances & ,poems2 ,italian influ5ce 9 ! s\? ( ,france2 ! gr[? ( secul> illum9ators2 ! inf]iority ( _! "w2 *eap & co>sely illum9at$ ,horae2 manuscripts ( ! f9e/ /yle2 use ( fl[]s & fruit 9 bord]s & initials2 influ5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance2 ! ,horae ( ,jehan ,f\cquet ( ,t\rs4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,page #adg to #aec4 ,,pr9t$ ,,books ,,) ,,pa9t$ ,,illum9ations4 ,horae pr9t$ on vellum 9 ,p>is2 _! woodcut decorations2 ! productions ( ! e>lie/ pr9t]s2 ! ,maz>9e ,bible2 ! ,m5tz ,psalt]2 illum9ators becom+ pr9t]s2 ,italian pr9t$ books ) ri* illum9ations2 ! colophons ( ! e>ly pr9t]s2 ! books ( ,aldus ,manutius2 inv5tion ( ,italic type2 manuscripts illu/rat$ ) woodcuts2 block-books2 ! long union ( ! illum9ators' & ! pr9t]s' art4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,page #aed to #ahb4 ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,! ,,teutonic ,,s*ool ,,aft] ,,! ,,t5? ,,c5tury4 ,revival ( art 9 ,g]many 9 ! elev5? c5tury2 ! ,missal ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii42 ! designs us$ = /a9$ glass2 ! advance ( manuscript art "u ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa2 grotesque mon/]s2 examples ( f9e ,g]man illum9ations ( ! twelf? c5tury2 _! resemblance to mural pa9t+s2 ! s*ool ( ! ,van ,eycks2 ! ,grimani ,brevi>y2 ,gr>d ,david ( ,bruges2 examples ( ,flemi% m9iatures2 ! use ( gold2 grotesque figures2 ! influ5ce ( manuscript art on ! pa9t]s ( alt>-pieces2 ! s*ool ( ,cologne2 tripty* by ! eld] ,holbe92 book illum9at$ by ,alb]t ,dr]2 ,dut* fifte5? c5tury manuscripts2 _! decorative beauty2 _! reali/ic details2 illum9ation 9 p5 outl9es 9 blue & r$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,page #ahc to #bje4 ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,italy ,,& ,,spa94 ,italian art sl[ to advance2 its degrad$ /ate 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 illum9ators m5tion$ by ,dante2 ,missal 9 ! ,*apt] libr>y ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s2 ! monk ,don ,silve/ro 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 8 /yle ( illum9ation2 ! monk ,don ,lor5zo2 ,fra ,angelico z an illum9ator2 ,italian ,pontifical 9 ! ,fitzwilliam libr>y2 manuscripts ( ! works ( ,dante & ,petr>*2 motives ( decoration2 ,italian manuscripts aft] #adec2 introduction ( ! ,roman h&2 great p]fection ( writ+1 & f9e/ quality ( vellum2 ! illum9ators ,attavante1 ,girolamo dai ,libri1 & ,lib]ale ( ,v]ona2 manuscripts ( nor!rn ,italy2 _! influ5ce on pa9t+ g5]ally2 ,italian manuscripts ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a p]iod ( rapid decad5ce2 ,giulio ,clovio a typical m9iaturi/ ( 8 "t2 ! libr>y ( ! ,vatican2 its records ( ! co/ ( illum9at+ manuscripts4 ,! manuscripts ( ,spa9 & ,portugal2 ! manuscripts ( ,moslem c\ntries1 especially ,p]sia4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,page #bjf to #bbc4 ,,! ,,writ]s ,,( ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts4 ,mona/ic scribes2 ! great beauty ( _! "w1 & ! reasons = x2 _! quiet1 monoton\s life2 examples ( mona/ic hum\r2 no long spells ( "w 9 a mona/]y2 c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts2 v>iety ( ! s*emes ( decoration2 ! scriptoria ( ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies2 _! arrangem5t 9 "o alley ( ! cloi/]2 ! r[ ( arm>ia2 ! r[ ( c>rels2 ! c>rels 9 ! ,durham cloi/] describ$ 9 ! ,rites ( ,durham2 ! scribes ( o!r regul> ,ord]s4 ,secul> scribes2 ! gr[? ( ! craft-guilds2 ! guilds ( ,bruges2 _! rules1 & advantages to bo? buy] & sell]2 ! production ( *eap ,horae2 weal?y patrons :o paid = co/ly manuscripts2 wom5 illum9ators1 su* z ! wife ( ,gr>d ,david2 ! high e/imation ( f9e manuscripts4 ,extract f ! f\rte5? c5tury acc\nts ( ,/ ,george's at ,w9dsor %[+ ! co/ ( six manuscripts4 ,simil> extract f ! ,p>i% books ( ,/ ,ew5's at ,bri/ol 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 giv+ ! co/ ( a ,lection>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,page #bbd to #bch4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,te*nical ,,processes ,,( ,,! ,,illum9ator4 ,! vellum us$ by scribes1 its co/ & v>i\s qualities2 pap] made ( cotton1 ( wool & ( l952 ! dates & places ( its manufacture2 its f9e quality4 ,! metals & pigm5ts us$ 9 illum9at$ manuscripts2 fluid gold & silv]2 leaf gold1 silv] & t92 ! highly burni%$ gold2 leaf beat5 out ( gold co9s2 ! goldsmi?'s art practis$ by _m great arti/s2 ! mordant on :i* ! gold leaf 0 laid2 h[ x 0 appli$2 a sl[1 difficult process2 labori\s use ( ! burni%]2 old receipts = ! mordant3 ! m$ia or vehicles us$ ) x2 tool$ & /amp$ patt]ns on ! gold leaf2 ! use ( t9 in/ead ( silv]2 a *eap me?od ( apply+ gold describ$ by ,c5n9o ,c5n9i4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,page #bci to #bef4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,te*nical ,,processes ,,( ,,! ,,illum9ator 7cont9u$74 ,! col\r$ pigm5ts4 ,! vehicles us$2 blue pigm5ts1 ultram>9e2 its great value2 /ory told by ,pl9y & ,vas>i2 smalto blues2 ,g]man blue2 ,indigo & o!r dye-col\rs2 h[ !y 7 made into pigm5ts2 gre5 pigm5ts2 t]ra v]de1 v]digris1 smalt1 leek-gre52 r$ pigm5ts1 m9ium r$ lead1 v]milion1 r$ o*re 7rubrica72 murex & k]mes crimson2 k]mes extract$ f scraps ( r$ clo? by illum9ators2 madd]-r$2 lake-r$2 purples2 yell[ pigm5ts1 o*re1 ars5ic & li?>ge2 :ite pigm5ts1 pure lime 7,bianco di ,san ,giovanni71 :ite lead1 biacca or c]usa4 ,black inks1 c>bon ink & iron ink 7incau/um or encau/um & atram5tum72 r$ & purple inks2 writ+ 9 gold2 ! illum9ator's p5s & p5cils2 ! lead-po9t & silv]-po9t2 r$ *alk & amati/a4 ,p5s made ( re$s1 &1 9 lat] times1 ( quills2 bru%es ( erm9e1 m9ev] & o!r hair1 mo/ly made by ea* illum9ator = himself2 li/ ( scribes' implem5ts & tools4 ,m9iatures repres5t+ scribes2 ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! execution ( an illum9at$ manuscript2 rul$ l9es2 writ+ ( ! pla9 text2 outl9e ( ornam5t sket*$ 92 application ( ! gold leaf2 ! pa9t+ ( ! ornam5ts & m9iatures2 prep>ation = ! b9d]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,page #beg to #bfd4 ,,! ,,b9d+s ,,( ,,manuscripts4 ,co/ly cov]s ( gold1 enamel & ivory2 ! m usual =ms ( b9d+2 oak bo>ds cov]$ ) p>*m5t & /r5g!n$ by metal bosses & corn]s2 me?ods ( plac+ ! title on ! cov]2 pictures on wood cov]s2 /amp$ patt]ns on lea!r2 ,engli% /amp$ b9d+s2 bag-l b9d+s = portable manuscripts2 b9d+s ( velvet ) metal m\nts2 ! co/ly cov]s ( ! ,grimani ,brevi>y & o!r late manuscripts4 ,! pres5t prices ( m$iaeval manuscripts2 (t5 sold = b>ely ! value ( _! vellum2 mod]n want ( appreciation ( ! f9e/ manuscripts4 ,,app5dix4 ,page #bfe to #bgj4 ,directions to scribes1 f a ?irte5? c5tury manuscript at ,bury ,/ ,edmund's4 ,note on ,s]vice-books by ! late ,h5ry ,brad%aw4 ,extract f ! ,ci/]cian ,consuetud9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,pa9t+ on panel by a fifte5? c5tury arti/ ( ! ,prague s*ool2 x repres5ts ,/ ,augu/9e z an ,episcopal scribe4 ,! backgr\nd & ! ornam5ts ( ! dress are /amp$ 9 delicate relief on ! gesso gr\nd & !n gilt4 ,?is picture1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y1 0 orig9ally "p ( ! pa9t$ wall-panell+ 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,ca/le ( ,k>l/e94 ,,preface4 ,! object ( ?is book is to give a g5]al acc\nt ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( writ+1 ! diff]5t =ms ( manuscripts & ! /yles & sy/ems ( decoration t 7 us$ f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury ,a4,d41 :5 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ gradually put an end to ! anci5t & beautiful art ( manuscript illum9ation4 ,i h attempt$ to give a hi/orical sket* ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! v>i\s /yles ( manuscript illum9ation1 & also ( ! *ief te*nical processes :i* 7 employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts1 ! application ( gold leaf1 & o!r details1 to :i* ! mo/ unsp>+ am\nt ( "t & lab\r 0 devot$ by ! scribes & illum9ators ( _m diff]5t c\ntries & p]iods4 ,an important po9t ) reg>d to ?is subject is ! rem>kable way 9 :i* te*nical processes la/$1 9 _m cases1 almo/ )\t alt]ation f classical times d[n to ! late/ m$iaeval p]iod1 p>tly ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( an unbrok5 *a9 ( traditional practice1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ! m$iaeval cu/om ( /udy+ & obey+ ! precepts ( su* classical writ]s z ,vitruvius & ,pl9y ! ,eld]4 ,to an ,engli% /ud5t ! art-hi/ory ( illum9at$ manuscripts %\ld be especially int]e/+1 z !re 7 two di/9ct p]iods :5 ! productions ( ,engli% illum9ators 7 ( unrivall$ beauty & importance ?r\gh\t ! _w#a4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ?is volume ,i h tri$ to describe ! conditions "u :i* ! illum9ators ( manuscripts did _! "w1 :e!r !y 7 monks :o lab\r$ 9 ! scriptorium ( a mona/]y1 or memb]s ( "s secul> guild1 su* z ! great pa9t]s' guilds ( ,bruges or ,p>is4 ,! extraord9>y beauty & m>vell\s te*nical p]fection ( c]ta9 classes ( manuscripts make x a matt] ( int]e/ to le>n :o ! illum9ators 71 & "u :at daily conditions & = :at rew>d !y lab\r$ ) su* a/oni%+ pati5ce & skill4 ,! int5se pleasure & refre%m5t t c be ga9$ by ! /udy ( a f9e m$iaeval illum9at$ manuscript dep5d l>gely on ! fact t ! exquisite m9iatures1 bord]s & initial lett]s 7 ! product ( an age :i* 9 almo/ e respect diff]$ widely f ! unhappy1 ma*9e-driv5 n9ete5? c5tury 9 :i* we n[ live4 ,) reg>d to ! illu/rations1 ,i h to ?ank ,mr ,john ,murray = 8 k9dness 9 l5d+ me a cli* ( ! excell5t woodcut ( ! scriptorium walk 9 ! cloi/]s ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,gl\ce/]1 :i* 0 orig9ally prep>$ to illu/rate "o ( ,mr ,murray's valuable ,guides to ! ,engli% ,ca!drals4 ,! re/ ( ! illu/rations ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr ,kegan ,paul4 ,!y h previ\sly appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% edition ( ,woltmann & ,wo]mann's valuable ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 #ahhj-g4 ,i h to ?ank my fri5d & colleague ,mr ,m4 ,r4 ,james = 8 k9dness 9 look+ ?r\gh ! pro(s ( ?is book4 ,he is n responsible = ! op9ions express$ or = ! errors t rema91 b he has correct$ "s ( ! gross] blund]s4 ,j4 ,,h5ry ,,middleton4 ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 ,,books ,,on ,,illum9at$ ,,mss4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! mo/ important works on ?is subject1 & ! mo/ useful = ! purposes ( a /ud5t4 ,_m o!rs1 :i* deal ) small] bran*es ( ! subject1 are ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ text4 ,ba/>d1 ,pe9tures et ,ornem5s des ,manuscrits1 classs dans un ordre ,*ronologique1 ,imp]4 folio1 ,p>is1 #ahce1 c42 a v magnific5t book1 ) #afc plates1 mo/ly col\r$4 ,bir* & ,j5n]1 ,e>ly draw+s & illum9ations1 ,london1 #ahgi2 ?is is a useful index ( subjects :i* occur 9 manuscript m9iatures4 ,bradley1 ,j4 ,w41 ,diction>y ( ,m9iaturi/s & ,illum9ators1 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahhg-ahij4 ,*assant1 ,palographie des ,*>tes et des ,manuscrits du ,x,ime au ,x,v,i,i,ime ,sicle1 #abmo42 a useful little h&book1 toge!r ) ! companion volume1 ,dictionnaire des ,abbrviations ,lat9es et ,franaises1 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,d5is1 ,f41 ,hi/oire de l',ornem5tation des manuscrits2 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,fleury1 ,e41 ,les ,manuscrits de la ,biblio?que de ,laon tudis au po9t de vue de leur illu/ration1 #b vols41 ,laon1 #ahfc4 ,) #ej plates4 ,humphreys1 ,noel1 ,illum9at$ ,books ( ! ,middle ,ages1 folio1 ,london1 #ahdi2 a h&some1 well-illu/rat$ book4 ,humphreys1 ,noel1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art ( ,writ+2 sm4 #dto41 ) #bh plates2 ,london1 #ahec4 ,kopp1 ,palaeographia ,critica1 #d vols4 #dto41 ,manheim1 #ahag-ahai2 a book ( mu* hi/orical value = ! /ud5t ( ,palaeography4 ,lampre*t1 ,k41 ,initial-,ornam5tik des ,,viii4-,,xiii4 ,jahrh41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,langlois1 ,essai sur la ,calligraphie des ,manuscrits du ,moy5 ,age et sur les ,ornem5ts des premi]s livres imprims1 #hvo4 ,r\51 #ahda4 ,monte ,cass9o1 ,paleografia arti/ica di ,monte ,cass9o1 publi%$ by ! ,b5$ict9e ,monks ( ,mte4 ,cass9o1 #ahgj1 & /ill 9 progress4 ,?is "w conta9s a v valuable s]ies ( facsimiles & col\r$ reproductions ( select$ pages f _m ( ! mo/ important manuscripts 9 ?is anci5t & fam\s libr>y1 t ( ! ,"m-h\se ( ! :ole ,b5$ict9e ,ord]4 ,reiss1 ,h41 ,sammlung d] s*n/5 ,m9iatur5 des ,mittelalt]s1 ,vi5na1 #ahfc-e4 ,riegl1 ,a41 ,die mittelalt]l4 ,kal5d]illu/ration1 ,innsbruck1 #ahhi4 ,segh]s1 ,l41 ,trsor calligraphique du ,moy5 ,age1 ,p>is1 #ahhd2 ) #df col\r$ plates ( illum9at$ initials4 ,%aw1 ,h5ry1 ,illum9at$ ,ornam5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages f ! six? to ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ) descriptions by ,sir ,fr$4 ,madd52 #dto4 ) #fj col\r$ plates1 ,london1 #ahcc4 ,a v f9e & h&some "w4 ,! ,art ( ,illum9ation1 #dto4 ,london1 #ahgj2 ) well-execut$ col\r$ plates4 ,h&-book ( ,m$iaeval ,alphabets & ,devices1 ,imp4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgg2 ) #cg col\r$ plates4 ,silve/re1 ,palographie ,univ]selle1 #d vols41 ,atlas folio1 ,p>is1 #ahci-ahda4 ,?is is ! mo/ magnific5t & co/ly "w on ! subject t has ev] be5 produc$4 ,! ,engli% ,edition 9 #b vols41 ,atlas folio1 translat$ & edit$ by ,sir ,fr$4 ,madd51 ,london1 #ahej1 is v sup]ior 9 po9t ( accuracy & judgm5t to ! orig9al ,fr5* "w4 ,a small] edition ) #gb select$ plates has also be5 publi%$1 9 #b vols4 #hvo4 & "o fol41 ,london1 #ahej4 ,waag51 ,g4 ,f41 ,on ! ,importance ( ,manuscripts ) ,m9iatures 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art1 #hvo4 ,london 7#ahej74 ,we/wood1 ,j4 ,o41 ,palaeographia ,sacra ,pictoria1 royal #dto4 ,london1 #ahdc-e4 ,?is is a v f9e "w1 ) #ej col\r$ plates ( manuscript illum9ations select$ f manuscripts ( ! ,bible ( v>i\s dates f ! f\r? to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illum9at$ ,illu/rations ( ! ,bible1 royal #dto4 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,?is is a companion "w to ! la/-m5tion$ book4 ,m9iatures & ,ornam5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% ,manuscripts1 fol41 ,london1 #ahfh2 ) #ed v f9ely execut$ col\r$ plates ( rem>kable fidelity 9 draw+4 ,! reproductions ( pages f ! ,book ( ,kells & simil> ,celtic manuscripts are specially rem>kable4 ,wyatt1 ,m4 ,digby1 ,! ,art ( ,illum9at+ z practis$ 9 ,europe f ! e>lie/ times2 #dto4 ,london1 #ahfj2 ) #ajj plates 9 gold & col\rs4 ,! be/ "w on ! =m ( books 9 anci5t times is ,?4 ,birt1 ,das antike ,bu*wes5 9 se9em ,v]hltniss zur ,lit]atur1 #hvo41 #ahhb4 ,! publications ( ! ,palaeographical ,society1 f ! ye> #ahgc1 & /ill 9 progress1 are ( great value = _! well-select$ & well-execut$ photographic reproductions ( pages f ! mo/ important manuscripts ( all c\ntries & p]iods4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,fig4 #a1 page #cc4 ,"p ( ! draw+ engrav$ on ! bronze ci/a ( ,ficoroni1 dat+ f ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a beautiful example ( ,greek draw+4 #b #cg4 ,m9iature ( classical design f a twelf? c5tury ,psalt] 9 ! ,vatican libr>y4 #c #ci4 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,livia on ! ,palat9e ,hill 9 ,rome4 #d #da4 ,a ,pompeian pa9t+ ( ,hell5ic /yle1 z an example ( ,greek draw+ & composition4 #e #dc4 ,! ,prophet ,eze*iel f a ,byzant9e manuscript ( ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d4 #f #di4 ,m9iature f ! ,vi5na manuscript ( ,g5esis4 #g #ea4 ,m9iature f ! manuscript ( ! "w on ,botany by ,dioscorides1 execut$ at ,con/ant9ople ab\t #ejj ,a4,d4 = ! ,pr9cess ,juliana4 #h #eh4 ,mosaic ( ! six? c5tury 9 ! apse ( ! *ur* ( ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damian 9 ,rome4 #i #fj4 ,m9iature f a ,byzant9e manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury2 a rem>kable example ( arti/ic decad5ce4 #aj #fc4 ,an initial ,p ( ! ,celtic-,c>ol+ian type1 ( ! s*ool ( ,alcu9 ( ,york4 #aa #fd4 ,an initial ,b ( ! ,celtic-,c>ol+ian type4 #ab #ff4 ,m9iature ( ,*ri/ 9 ,maje/y f a manuscript ( ! s*ool ( ,alcu91 writt5 = ,*>les ! ,great4 #ac #fh4 ,a cope made ( silk f ! loom ( an ,ori5tal weav]4 #ad #ga4 ,k+ ,lo?air en?ron$2 a m9iature f a manuscript ab\t ! ye> #hde ,a4,d4 #ae #gc4 ,illum9ation 9 p5 outl9e1 f a manuscript writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury at ,/ ,gall54 ,x repres5ts ,david rid+ out aga9/ 8 enemies4 ,figs4 #af & #ag1 pages #gd & #ge4 ,subject c\ntries do+ homage to ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,,ii42 f a manuscript ( ! ,gospels4 ,fig4 #ah1 page #gg4 ,m9iature ( ! ,evangeli/ ,sa9t ,m>k2 f a manuscript ( ! ,gospels4 #ai #gh4 ,m9iature ( ! ,crucifixion f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury2 %[+ extreme arti/ic decad5ce4 #bj #ia4 ,m9iature f ! ,gospels ( ,mac,durnan ( ! n9? c5tury4 #ba #ajj4 ,m9iature f ! ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold2 writt5 & illum9at$ by a mona/ic scribe at ,w9*e/]4 #bb #abg4 ,a page f ! ,psalt] ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #abfj1 by a ,fr5* scribe4 #bc #acj4 ,m9iature repres5t+ ,k+ ,conrad ( ,bohemia1 ) an att5dant1 hawk+4 #bd #acb4 ,sc5e ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,sa9t ,b5$icta f a ,m>tyrology ( ab\t #acab4 #be #acd4 ,m9iature ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 pa9t$ by ! illum9ator ,jacquem>t de ,od9 = ! ,duc de ,b]ri4 ,! bord] is ( ! *>act]i/ic ,fr5* or ,franco-,flemi% /yle4 #bf #adb4 ,m9iature execut$ = ,k+ ,r5 ( ,anj\ ab\t #adge4 #bg #ade4 ,m9iature ( ! ,m>riage ( ! ,b4 ,v4 ,m>y f a ,fr5* manuscript ( ab\t #adhj1 ) details 9 ! /yle ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 #bh #adf4 ,bord] illum9ation f a ,book ( ,h\rs by ,jacquem>t de ,od9 :i* belong$ to ! ,duc de ,b]ri2 see fig4 #be4 #bi #aee4 ,a page f ! ,missal ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 #cj #aef4 ,figure ( ,k+ ,david f a /a9$ glass w9d[ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,augsburg1 dat+ f #ajfe4 #ca #aeg4 ,m9iature f an elev5? c5tury manuscript ( ! ,gospels1 by a ,g]man illum9ator4 #cb #aei4 ,an initial ,s1 illum9at$ ) foliage ( ! ,nor?umbrian type1 f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! twelf? c5tury4 #cc #afj4 ,m9iature ( ! ,annunciation f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #cd #afa4 ,page ( a ,kal5d> f a ,g]man ,psalt] ( ab\t #abjj ,a4,d4 #ce #afc4 ,initial ,y f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) a mo/ graceful & fanciful comb9ation ( figures & foliage4 #cf #afd4 ,pa9t+s on ! vault ( ! *ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael at ,hilde%eim1 closely resembl+ 9 /yle an illum9at$ page 9 a manuscript4 #cg #aff4 ,m9iatures ( ,italian /yle f a ,g]man manuscript ( #acab1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,flor5t9e art on ! illum9ators ( s\!rn ,france4 #ch #afh4 ,m9iature symboliz+ ! mon? ( ,april f ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,grimani ,brevi>y1 execut$ ab\t #adif4 #ci #agj4 ,a page f ! ,book ( ,h\rs ( ,k+ ,r51 pa9t$ ab\t #adhj4 #dj #aga4 ,a page f a ,book ( ,h\rs at ,vi5na1 ( ! f9e/ ,flemi% /yle4 #da #agc4 ,m>g9al illum9ation ( v beautiful & ref9$ /yle f a manuscript execut$ = ,k+ ,w5zel ( ,bohemia ab\t ! ye> #acij4 #db #agd4 ,m9iature ( ,duke ,baldw91 pa9t$ ab\t ! ye> #adej by an illum9ator ( ! s*ool ( ! ,van ,eycks ( ,bruges4 #dc #agf4 ,retable pa9t$ by ,m>t9 ,s*ngau]1 9 ! /yle ( a manuscript illum9ation4 #dd #agg4 ,an alt>-piece ( ! ,cologne s*ool1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( manuscript illum9ation on ! pa9t]s ( panel-pictures1 especially retables4 #de #agi4 ,w+ ( a tripty*1 ) a figure ( ,/ ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 pa9t$ by ! eld] ,hans ,holbe92 ?is illu/rates ! influ5ce on pa9t+ ( ! /yles ( manuscript illum9ation at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #df #ahj4 ,illum9at$ bord] drawn by ,alb]t ,dr] 9 #aeae4 #dg #ahe4 ,illum9ation f an ,italian manuscript execut$ = ! ,c\ntess ,matilda 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 ?is illu/rates ! extreme decad5ce ( art 9 ,italy be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #dh #ahg4 ,m9iature ( ,sa9t ,george & ! ,dragon f a ,missal1 illum9at$ ab\t #accj to #acdj by a pa9t] ( ! s*ool ( ,giotto4 #di #aif4 ,an illum9at$ bord] f a manuscript by ,attavante1 ( *>act]i/ic nor?-,italian /yle4 #ej #aih4 ,a m9iature f ! ,bible ( ,duke ,borso d',e/e1 pa9t$ betwe5 #adee & #adfa by illum9ators ( ! s*ool ( ,f]r>a4 #ea #bja4 ,a ,v5etian retable by ,giovanni & ,antonio di ,murano1 9 ! /yle ( an illum9at$ manuscript4 #eb #bjh4 ,grotesque figure f a ,fr5* manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #ec #bji4 ,m9iature ( a comic subject f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! twelf? c5tury1 repres5t+ a mona/ic scribe worri$ by a m\se4 #ed #bac4 ,view ( ! scriptorium alley ( ! cloi/]s at ,gl\ce/]1 %[+ ! recesses to hold ! wood5 c>rels = ! scribes or read]s ( manuscripts4 #ee #bai4 ,picture by ,qu5t9 ,matsys ( ,antw]p1 %[+ a lady sell+ or pawn+ an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,frontispiece4 ,pa9t+ on panel by a fifte5? c5tury arti/ ( ! ,prague s*ool2 x repres5ts ,sa9t ,augu/9e z an ,episcopal scribe4 ,! backgr\nd & ! ornam5ts ( ! dress are /amp$ 9 delicate relief on ! gesso gr\nd & !n gilt4 ,?is picture1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y1 0 orig9ally "p ( ! pa9t$ wall-panell+ 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,ca/le ( ,k>l/e94 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,classical ,,manuscripts ,,writt5 ,,) ,a ,,/ilus4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u any discussion ( ! /yles & me?ods ( decoration :i* are to be f\nd 9 m$iaeval manuscripts & ( ! v>i\s processes1 pigm5ts & o!r mat]ials :i* 7 employ$ by ! m$iaeval illum9ators x w be necess>y to give "s acc\nt ( ! %apes & k9ds ( books :i* 7 produc$ among v>i\s races dur+ ! classical p]iod4 ,survival ( me?ods4 ,! reason ( ?is is t classical /yles ( decoration & te*nical me?ods1 9 ! prep>ation ( pap]1 p>*m5t1 pigm5ts & ! l1 bo? surviv$ to great] ext5t & to a v mu* lat] p]iod ?an is usually suppos$ to h be5 ! case1 &1 inde$1 cont9u$ to influ5ce bo? ! arti/ic qualities & ! me*anical processes ( ! m$iaeval illum9ator almo/ d[n to ! "t :5 ! production ( illum9at$ manuscripts 0 gradually put an end to by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! p5 & ! /ilus4 ,! ^w manuscript is usually tak5 to imply writ+ ) a p51 bru% or /ilus to ! exclusion ( inscriptions cut ) ! *isel or ! grav] 9 /one1 m>ble1 bronze or o!r h>d sub/ance4 ,! sci5ce ( palaeography deals ) ! =m]1 :ile epigraphy is conc]n$ ) ! latt]4 ,! inscrib$ clay tablets ( ,assyria & ,babylon might be consid]$ a sort ( l9k betwe5 ! two1 on acc\nt ( ! cunei=m writ+ on !m hav+ be5 execut$ ) a /ilus 9 s(t1 pla/ic clay1 :i* subsequ5tly 0 h>d5$ by bak+ 9 ! pott]'s kiln1 b x w be ne$less to describe !m "h4 ,writ+ on metal4 ,manuscripts on metal plates4 ,ano!r =m ( writ+ especially us$ by ! anci5t ,greeks1 :i* falls m def9itely "u ! head ( manuscripts1 consi/s ( *>act]s scrat*$ ) a %>p iron or bronze /ilus on plates ( s(t t91 lead or pewt]1 :i*1 :5 n 9 use1 c\ld be roll$ up into a compact & conv5i5tly portable cyl9d]4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! inscrib$ lead rolls h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,cyprus2 b none ( !m un=tunately h z yet be5 f\nd to conta9 matt] ( any great int]e/4 ,lead rolls4 ,t9 rolls4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y consi/ ei!r ( monet>y acc\nts1 or else ( =mulae ( imprecations1 curses devot+ "s enemy to puni%m5t at ! h&s ( ! gods4 ,we "k h[ev] f ! evid5ce ( classical writ]s t fam\s poems & o!r important lit]>y works 7 occasionally pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( ^! inscrib$ t9 or lead rolls4 ,pausanias1 = example1 tells u t dur+ 8 visit to ,helicon 9 ,boeotia he 0 %[n ! orig9al manuscript ( ,hesiod's ,works & ,days writt5 on plates ( lead2 see ,paus4 ,,ix4 #ca4 ,aga9 at ,,iv4 #bf1 ,pausanias records ! discov]y at ,i?ome 9 ,mess5ia ( a bronze urn 7hydria7 :i* conta9$ a manuscript ( ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,great ,deities writt5 on a ?9ly beat5 plate ( t91 :i* 0 roll$ up l a book1 ,greek3 kassit]on ellasm5on es to leptotaton1 epeilikto de hsp] ta biblia4 ,?is me?od ( writ+ w\ld be q diff]5t f ! labori\s me?od ( cutt+ inscriptions on bronze plates ) a *isel & hamm]1 or ) a grav]4 ,a scribe c\ld write on ! s(t :ite metal ) a %>p /ilus almo/ z easily & rapidly z if he 7 us+ p5 & ink on pap]1 & ! manuscript ?us produc$ w\ld h ! advantage ( extreme durability4 ,we may inde$ hope t ev5 n[ "s priceless lo/ "w ( e>ly ,greece may be recov]$ by ! discov]y ( simil> lead rolls to ^? :i* ,cesnola f\nd 9 ,cyprus4 ,gold amulets4 ,"s v beautiful little ,greek manuscripts1 writt5 on ?9 plates ( gold1 h also be5 discov]$ at v>i\s places4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! 7 int5d$ = amulets1 & 7 roll$ up 9 little gold or silv] cyl9d]s & worn r\nd ! neck dur+ life4 ,aft] dea? !y 7 plac$ ) ! body 9 ! tomb4 ,sev]al ( ^!1 discov]$ 9 tombs 9 ! di/rict ( ,syb>is 9 ,magna ,graecia1 are inscrib$ ) fragm5ts f ! my/ic ,orphic hymns1 & give directions to ! s\l z to :at he w f9d & :at he mu/ d 9 ! _s-_w4 ,petelia tablet4 ,! mo/ complete ( ^! little gold manuscripts1 usually kn[n z ! ,petelia tablet1 is pres]v$ 9 ! gem-room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! manuscript consi/s ( ?irte5 hexamet] l9es writt5 on a ?9 plate ( pure gold measur+ #a in*es by #b-e_/h in*es 9 wid?2 x dates f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4#b ,9 classical times1 manuscripts 7 ( two diff]5t =ms2 fir/1 ! book =m1 ,greek3 p9ax1 ,greek3 p9akion or ,greek3 deltion1 9 ,lat9 codex 7old] spell+ caudex72 & secondly ! roll1 ,greek3 kyl9dros1 ,greek3 biblos or ,greek3 biblion1 ,lat9 volum5#c4 ,wax$ tablets4 ,manuscripts on tablets4 ,bo? ! ,greeks & ! ,romans us$ v l>gely tablets 7,greek3 p9akes1 ,lat4 tabulae or c]ae7 ( wood cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( col\r$ wax1 on :i* ! writ+ 0 =m$ ) a %>p-po9t$ /ilus 7,greek3 graphis7 ( wood1 ivory or bronze4 ,! wax 0 col\r$ ei!r black or r$ 9 ord] t ! writ+ scrat*$ ^u x might be cle>ly visible4 ,! rev]se end ( ! /ilus 0 made flat or 9 ! %ape ( a small ball s t x c\ld be us$ to make corrections by smoo?+ out words or lett]s :i* _h be5 errone\sly scrat*$ 9 ! s(t wax4 ,wax$ dipty*s4 ,^! tablets 7 commonly ab\t t5 to f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g? by ab\t half t 9 wid?4 ,! ma9 surface ( ea* tablet 0 sunk f #a_/h to #a_/aj ( an in* 9 dep? to receive ! wax lay]1 leav+ a rim all r\nd ab\t ! size ( t r\nd a mod]n s*ool-boy's slate4 ,! object ( ?is 0 t two ( ^! tablets might be plac$ toge!r face to face )\t dang] ( rubb+ & oblit]at+ ! writ+ on ! wax1 :i* 0 appli$ 9 a v ?9 coat1 n m ?an #a_/af ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,z a rule ^! tablets 7 fa/5$ toge!r 9 pairs by /\t loops ( lea!r or cord4 ,^! d\ble tablets 7 call$ by ! ,greeks ,greek3 p9akes ptyktoi or ,greek3 dipty*a 7f ,greek3 dis & ,greek3 ptyss7 & by ! ,romans pugill>es or codicilli4 ,hom] 7,il4 ,,vi4 #afh7 m5tions a lett] writt5 on fold+ tablets-- ,greek3 por5 d' ho ge smata lygra ,greek3 ,grapsas en p9aki ptykt4 ,tablets on co9s & gems4 ,repres5tations ( ^! fold+ tablets occur frequ5tly bo? 9 ,greek & 9 ,roman art1 z1 = example on v>i\s ,sicilian co9s1 :]e ! arti/'s "n is plac$ 9 m9ute lett]s on a d\ble tablet1 :i* 9 "s cases1 z on a tetradra*m ( ,him]a1 is held op5 by a fly+ figure ( ,victory4 ,a gem ( ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 a l>ge sc>abaeoid 9 *alc$ony1 rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 is engrav$ ) a seat$ figure ( a lady hold+ a book consi/+ ( f\r leaves2 %e is writ+ l5g?wise on "o leaf1 :ile ! o!r ?ree hang d[n f _! h+e4 ,"s ( ! beautiful t]ra-cotta /atuettes f ! tombs ( ! ,boeotian ,tanagra repres5t a girl read+ f a some:at simil> d\ble fold+ tablet4 ,on ,greek vases & 9 ,roman mural pa9t+s ! pugill>es are frequ5tly %[n1 ?\gh ! roll =m ( manuscript is on ! :ole m usual4 ,tablets f tombs4 ,"s examples ( ^! tablets h be5 f\nd 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation 9 ,graeco-,egyptian tombs & dur+ rec5t excavations 9 ,pompeii4 ,"p ( a poem 9 ,greek writt5 9 l>ge uncial *>act]s is /ill legible on ! s+le leaf ( a pair ( tablets f ,memphis 9 ,egypt1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?\gh ! coat+ ( wax has ne>ly all p]i%$1 ! %>p /ilus has m>k$ ?r\gh on to ! wood beh9d ! wax1 s t ! writ+ is /ill legible4 ,its date appe>s to be %ortly be=e ! ,*ri/ian era#d4 ,pompeian tablets4 ,"s well pres]v$ pugill>es f\nd 9 ,pompeii are n[ 9 ! ,museum 9 ,naples2 ! writ+ on !m is ( less int]e/1 consi/+ m]ely ( acc\nts ( exp5diture4 ,?\gh ! wood is black5$ & ! wax de/roy$1 ! writ+ is /ill p]fectly visible on ! *>r$ surface4 ,a m co/ly =m ( pugill>es 0 made ( bone or ivory#e2 9 "s cases ! back ( ea* ivory leaf 0 decorat$ ) c>v+ 9 l[ relief4 ,consul> dipty*s4 ,a good _m examples ( ^! tablets1 dat+ f ! ?ird to ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 /ill exi/4 ,^! late highly decorat$ pugill>es are usually kn[n z ,consul> dipty*s1 because1 z a rule1 !y h on ! c>v$ back ! "n ( a ,consul1 & v frequ5tly a repres5tation ( ! ,consul 9 8 pulv9> or /ate box presid+ ov] ! ,games 9 ! ,circus4 ,x is suppos$ t ^! ivory dipty*s 7 inscrib$ ) complim5t>y addresses & 7 s5t z pres5ts to newly appo9t$ (ficials 9 ! "t ( ! lat] ,empire4 ,_m-leav$ tablets4 ,9 "s cases ! anci5t writ+-tablets consi/$ ( ?ree or m leaves h+$ toge!r 7,greek3 tripty*a1 ,greek3 p5tapty*a c472 ?is 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( ! codex or book 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! inn] leaves ( ^! codices _h s9k+s to receive ! wax on bo? sides2 only ! backs ( ! two out] leaves be+ left pla9 or c>v$ 9 relief to =m ! cov]s4 ,wax$ tablets4 ,:5 ! writt5 matt] on ^! tablets 0 no long] want$1 a fre% surface = writ+ 0 prep>$ ei!r by smoo?+ d[n ! wax ) ! h&le ( ! /ilus1 or else by scrap+ x (f & p\r+ 9 a fre% supply4 ,?is is m5tion$ by ,ovid 7,ar4 ,am4 ,i4 #dcg72 c]a 444 rasis infusa tabellis#f4 ,^! tablets 7 sometimes call$ briefly c]ae2 ! phrases prima c]a1 alt]a c]a1 mean+ ! fir/ page1 ! second page4 ,! be/ sorts ( wood5 writ+-tablets 7 made ( box-wood1 & h5ce !y are sometimes call$ ,greek3 pyxion4 ,9 addition to ! holes along "o edge ( ea* tablet ?r\gh :i* ! cord or wire 0 pass$ to hold ! leaves toge!r & to =m ! h+e1 additional holes 7 (t5 made along ! opposite edge 9 ord] t ! lett] or o!r writ+ on ! tabulae might be kept private by ty+ a ?read ?r\gh ^! holes & !n impress+ a seal on ! knot4 ,plautus 7,bac*4 ,,iv4 iv4 #fd7 alludes to ?is 9 m5tion+ ! v>i\s ?+s requir$ to write a lett]1 ,eff] cito /ilum1 c]am1 et tabellas et l9um4 ,9 "s cases wood5 tablets ( ?is k9d 7 us$ )\t a coat+ ( wax1 b _h simply a smoo? surface to receive writ+ ) ink & a re$ p54 ,_m examples ( ^! h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,! writ+ c\ld be oblit]at$ & a new surface prep>$ by spong+ & rubb+ ) pumice-/one4 ,:it5$ bo>ds4 ,among ! ,greeks wood5 bo>ds1 :it5$ ) *alk or gypsum1 7 (t5 us$ = writ+ t 0 int5d$ to be ( tempor>y use only4 ,*>coal 0 us$ to write on ^! bo>ds1 :i* 7 call$ ,greek3 leukmata or ,greek3 grammateia leleukm5a#g4 ,public adv]tisem5ts & (ficial ann\ncem5ts 7 frequ5tly writt5 9 ?is way & !n hung up 9 a conspicu\s place 9 ! agora or m>ket-place ( ! city4 ,sacr$ acc\nts4 ,?us "s ( ! inscriptions ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 f\nd at ,delos m5tion t e mon? a ,greek3 leukma 0 susp5d$ 9 ! agora1 on :i* 0 writt5 a /atem5t ( ! f9ancial managem5t & all ! exp5ses ( ! ,temple ( ! ,delian ,apollo dur+ ! pa/ mon?4 ,f9ally1 at ! end ( ! ye>1 an ab/ract ( ! acc\nts ( ! ,temple 0 engrav$ z a p]man5t record on a m>ble /ele4 ,?is 0 also ! cu/om ) reg>d to ! f9ancial records ( ! ,a!nian ,p>!non1 & probably mo/ ( ! important ,greek temples4 ,9 connection ) ! sacr$ records1 ! ,delian inscriptions m5tion1 9 addition to ! ,greek3 leukmata1 o!r =ms ( tablets1 ! ,greek3 deltos & ! ,greek3 p9ax1 & also ,greek3 *>tai or writ+s on papyrus2 manuscripts ( ?is la/ k9d w be discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t section#h4 ,late survivals4 ,late survivals ( writ+ on tablets4 ,be=e pass+ on to describe o!r =ms ( classical manuscripts1 x may be int]e/+ to note t ! anci5t wax$ tablets or pugill>es cont9u$ to be us$ = c]ta9 purposes ?r\gh\t ! :ole m$iaeval p]iod1 d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury or ev5 lat]4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal *ur*es1 especially 9 ,italy1 b also 9 o!r c\ntries1 possess$ "o or m dipty*s on :i* 7 inscrib$ ! names ( all ^? :o _h 9 any way be5 b5efactors ei!r to ! ecclesia/ical f\ndation or to ! build+4 ,9 e>ly times1 dur+ ! daily celebration ( ,mass1 ! li/ ( names 0 read out f ! dipty* by ! ,deacon /&+ 9 ! gospel ambon2 & ! congregation 0 reque/$ or bid to pray = ! s\ls ( ^? ^: names !y _h j he>d4 ,bidd+ ! beads4 ,! bidd+ pray] be=e ,univ]sity s]mon at ,ox=d & ,cambridge is a survival ( ?is cu/om1 :i* 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 t]m$ bidd+ ! beads1 t is pray+ = ! pray]s ( ! congregation4 ,9 "s cases f9e specim5s ( ! old ivory ,consul> dipty*s 7 us$ = ?is purpose 9 ,italian *ur*es till comp>atively late times1 b z a rule !y fell into disuse be=e ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury1 z ! li/ ( names became too long = ! wax$ leaves ( a dipty*1 & s by degrees vellum rolls or else codices1 (t5 beautifully writt5 9 gold & silv] lett]s1 7 sub/itut$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ spl5did ( ^! li/s1 ! ,lib] vitae ( ,durham1 is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ,cotton manuscripts1 ,domit4 #g4 #b4 ,= _m o!r purposes1 bo? ecclesia/ical & secul>1 ! classical wax$ tablets 7 us$ 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t1 especially = li/s ( names1 z = example 9 great ,ca!dral or ,abbey *ur*es ! li/ = ! week ( ! v>i\s prie/s :o 7 appo9t$ to celebrate ea* mass at ea* ( ! num]\s alt>s4 ,li/ ( guild-memb]s4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a v int]e/+ late example ( a wax$ tablet :i* 9 %ape1 size & g5]al appe>ance is exactly l ! ,roman pugill>es4 ,?is is an oak tablet1 ab\t #bj in*es long by #aj in*es wide1 cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( wax protect$ by ! usual slightly rais$ m>g9 ab\t half an in* wide4 ,along "o edge are ?ree holes ) lea!r loops to =m ! h+es2 ! o!r leaf is lo/4 ,on ! wax is inscrib$ a li/ ( ! names ( ! memb]s ( a ,flemi% guild2 ea* "n is /ill z %>p & legible z ! day x 0 writt54 ,! =m ( ! writ+ %[s t x belongs to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,su* tablets 7 us$ bo? by ! trade guilds ( ! middle ages & by ! religi\s guilds =m$ = ! cult ( "s special ,sa9t4 ,wood5 ,book4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ m$iaeval example ( ! classical =m ( manuscript made up ( sev]al leaves ( wax$ tablets 0 f\nd a few ye>s ago 9 a block$-up recess 9 ! old wood5 *ur* at ,hopp]/ad 9 ,norway4 ,x 0 enclos$ 9 a casket ( wood cov]$ ) lea!r1 & ?us x /ill rema9s 9 a v p]fect /ate ( pres]vation2 x is n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum at ,*ri/iania4 ,! book consi/s ( six tablets ( box-wood1 coat$ ) wax )9 ! usual rais$ m>g91 & h+$ ) lea!r ?ongs4 ,! out] leaves are decorat$ on ! back ) c>v+ mix$ ) inlay ( diff]5t col\r$ woods4 ,be/i>y4 ,! manuscript itself :i* is writt5 on ! wax is a ,be/i>y1 dat+1 z its /yle %[s1 f ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! book itself is probably old]4 ,x conta9s li/s ( animals 9 ,lat9 ) a ,norwegian translation1 & x is copi\sly illu/rat$ ) draw+s ( sc5es f agricultural & dome/ic life1 execut$ 9 f9e outl9e on ! wax ) a %>ply po9t$ /ilus4 ,9 e detail1 except ( c\rse 9 ! "* ( ! writ+ & draw+s1 ?is book exactly resembles an anci5t ,greek or ,roman _m-leav$ wood5 book1 ,greek3 polypty*on1 a v /rik+ example ( ! unalt]$ survival ( anci5t me?ods = an extraord9>ily long p]iod4 ,ivory tablets4 ,dur+ ! m$iaeval p]iod1 sets ( ivory tablets h+$ toge!r 7 frequ5tly made = devotional purposes4 ,?is =m ( manuscript has no lay] ( wax1 b ! writ+ is execut$ ) a p5 on ! ?9 smoo? leaf ( ivory4 ,ea* leaf has its m>g9 rais$1 l ! anci5t pugill>es1 to prev5t ! two adjac5t surfaces f rubb+ toge!r4 ,^! ivory tablets usually conta9 a set ( %ort pray]s1 & !y are frequ5tly illu/rat$ ) pa9t$ m9iatures ( sacr$ subjects exactly l ^? 9 ! vellum manuscripts ( ! same date4 ,tablet ) eight leaves4 ,! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum possesses a v beautiful example ( ^! ivory books2 x is ( ,nor!rn ,fr5* workman%ip dat+ f ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ( eight leaves ( ivory1 measur+ #d-a_/h in*es by #b-c_/h in*es 9 wid?4 ,! six inn] pages are extremely ?91 no ?ick] ?an /\t pap]1 & h pa9t+s on bo? sides1 ! two cov]s are ( ?ick] sub/ance1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*1 & are decorat$ on ! outside ) beautiful c>v$ reliefs4 ,?is rem>kable "w ( art has on ! inn] leaves f\rte5 v delicately execut$ m9iatures ( sacr$ subjects1 s+le figures ( ,sa9ts & sc5es f ,*ri/'s ,passion1 pa9t$ 9 gold & col\rs 9 ! f9e/ /yle ( ,fr5* f\rte5? c5tury art1 evid5tly execut$ by "s v skilful illum9ator4 ,ivory dipty*s4 ,tablets l ?is ) z _m z eight ivory leaves are r>e1 b a v l>ge numb] ( beautiful ivory dipty*s /ill exi/1 ) c>v$ reliefs on ! outside ( v graceful /yle & delicate execution4 ,mo/ ( ^! dipty*s date f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & are ( ,fr5* workman%ip1 b !y 7 also produc$ 9 ,engl& at ! same "t & ( q equal m]it 9 design & execution4 ,inscrib$ lead tablet4 ,manuscripts on lead plates1 l ^? ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 7 occasionally us$ 9 m$iaeval times4 ,a s+le lead leaf ( an ,anglo-,saxon manuscript f ,"l ,londesbor\gh's collection is illu/rat$ 9 ,ar*aeologia1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 ,plate #cf1 page #dch4 ,?is leaf measures #f in*es by #e in*es 9 wid?4 ,on x is incis$ ) a /ilus 9 f9e bold semi-uncial writ+ ! beg9n+ ( ,aelfric's preface to 8 fir/ collection ( ,homilies1 :i* 9 mod]n ,engli% runs ?us3--,i1 ,aelfric1 monk & mass-prie/1 0 s5t 9 ,k+ ,ae!lr$'s "t f ,aelfeage ! ,bi%op1 ! successor ( ,ae!lwold1 to a c]ta9 m9/] :i* is call$ ,c]nel1 c4 ,at ! top ( ! page !re is a head+ 9 l>ge ,runic *>act]s4 ,aelfric 0 s5t by ,aelfeage ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] to be ,abbot ( ,c]ne 9 #ihh or #ihi1 & ?is int]e/+ page appe>s to be ( contempor>y date4 ,x 0 f\nd by a lab\r] :ile digg+ 9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,abbey ( ,bury ,/ ,edmunds4 ,along "o edge ( ! lead5 page !re are ?ree holes to receive ! loops :i* h+$ ! plates toge!r1 b ! o!r leaves 7 n f\nd4 ,horn-books4 ,horn-books4 ,"o =m ( wood5 tablet cont9u$ 9 use1 especially 9 boys' s*ools1 till ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 a wood5 bo>d1 r small] ?an an ord9>y s*ool-boy's slate1 ) a long h&le at ! bottom2 on x 0 fix$ a %eet ( vellum or pap] on :i* 0 writt5 or 79 ! late/ examples7 pr9t$ ! ,alphabet1 ! ,cre$1 ! ,"l's ,pray] or su* l4 ,ov] ?is a ?9 %eet ( transp>5t horn 0 nail$1 :5ce ^! tablets 7 (t5 call$ horn-books4 ,a good example dat+ f ! sixte5? c5tury is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y at ,ox=d4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,classical ,,manuscripts ,,writt5 ,,) ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink4 ,to return n[ to classical =ms ( manuscripts1 x appe>s to h be5 a long "t be=e ! book or codex =m ( manuscript 0 ext5d$ f ! wood & ivory tablets to writ+s on p>*m5t or pap]4 ,! roll =m ( ,,ms4 ,! codex =m4 ,x seems probable t ?r\gh\t ! ,greek p]iod manuscripts on pap] or vellum 7 usually1 if n always1 9 ! %ape ( a long roll2 & t x 0 n till ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,roman ,empire t leaves ( p>*m5t or pap] 7 sometimes cut up into pages & b\nd toge!r 9 ! =m ( ! old] tablets4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree c5turies ( ! ,empire1 manuscripts 7 produc$ 9 bo? ( ^! =ms--! codex & ! volum52 b ! roll =m 0 by f> ! common]1 almo/ till ! transf]5ce ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t to ,byzantium4 ,! roll =m ( book is ! "o %[n 9 _m ( ! wall pa9t+s ( ,pompeii2 b on "s s>cophagi reliefs ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 books bo? ( ! roll & ! codex %ape are repres5t$#i4 ,writ+ ) a p54 ,hav+ giv5 "s acc\nt ( ! v>i\s classical =ms ( manuscript 9 :i* ! writ+ is incis$ ) a %>p /ilus1 we w n[ pass on to ! o!r *ief =ms ( manuscript :i* 7 writt5 ) a p5 & ) ink or o!r pigm5t4 ,books ( ! dead4 ,manuscripts on papyrus2 ! olde/ exi/+ examples ( ?is class are ! s-call$ ,rituals ( ! ,dead f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,egypt1 especially 9 ^? ( ! ,!ban dyna/ies2 ! olde/ ( ^! date z f> back z ! sixte5? or fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c4#aj ,!y are execut$ ) a re$ p5 9 hi]oglyphic writ+ on long rolls ( papyrus1 & are copi\sly illum9at$ ) pa9t$ m9iatures illu/rat+ ! subject ( ! text1 drawn ) mu* _s & col\r$ 9 a v f9ely decorative way4 ,imm5se numb]s ( ^! ,egyptian illum9at$ manuscripts /ill exi/ 9 a m or less fragm5t>y condition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( ^! is ! ,book ( ! ,dead ( ,ani1 a royal scribe1 dat+ f ! f\rte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,an excell5t facsimile ( ! :ole ( ?is f9e illum9at$ manuscript has be5 edit$ by ,dr ,budge & publi%$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum 9 #ahij4 ,egyptian psalt]4 ,manuscripts ( ?is important class are n v accurately describ$ z ,rituals ( ! ,dead2 z ,dr ,budge po9ts out !y really consi/ ( collections ( psalms or sacr$ hymns :i* v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t manuscripts4 ,!y appe> to h be5 writt5 9 l>ge numb]s & kept 9 /ock by ! ,egyptian und]tak]s ready = pur*as]s4 ,blank spaces 7 left = ! "n & titles ( ! dead p]son = :om !y 7 b\ght4 ,?us we f9d t ! names are (t5 fill$ 9 c>elessly by ano!r h& ?an t ( ! writ] ( ! manuscript1 & "s examples exi/ 9 :i* ! spaces = ! "n are /ill left blank4 ,ano!r ( ! f9e/ & mo/ complete ( ! fun]eal papyri is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum 9 ,tur92 see ,pi]ret1 ,le livre des ,morts des anci5s ,egypti5s1 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,use ( papyrus4 ,exi/+ ,greek ,,mss4 ,papyrus seems to h be5 us$ = manuscripts m ?an any o!r sub/ance bo? by ! ,greeks f ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 & by ! ,romans d[n to ! "t ( ! lat] ,empire4 ,"s v valuable ,greek manuscripts on papyrus are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 among !m ! mo/ important = _! e>ly date are "s fragm5ts ( ,hom]'s ,iliad ( ! ?ird or second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,ano!r papyrus manuscript 9 ! same collection dat+ f ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 conta9s f\r ,orations ( ! ,a!nian ,orator ,hyp]ides1 a contempor>y & rival ( ,demo/h5es4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s ! important discov]y has be5 made t 9 c]ta9 late tombs 9 ,egypt1 dat+ f ! ,roman p]iod1 ! mummi$ bodies are pack$ 9 _! c(f9s ) l>ge quantities ( :at 0 consid]$ wa/e pap]4 ,?is pack+ 9 "s cases has be5 f\nd to consi/ ( papyrus manuscripts1 "s ( :i* are ( great importance4 ,9 ?is way ! newly discov]$ treatise by ,ari/otle on ! ,political ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 & ! ,mimes ( ,h]ondas 7 sav$ f de/ruction by be+ us$ z inn] wrapp+s = a c(f9 ( ab\t ! ye> #ajj ,a4,d4#aa ,o!r important manuscripts may yet be f\nd1 n[ t c>eful se>* is be+ made 9 ?is direction4 ,h]culaneum libr>y4 ,un=tunately ! l>ge libr>y ( manuscripts1 consi/+ ( ne>ly #ahjj papyrus rolls1 :i* 0 discov]$ ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ! lava-buri$ t[n ( ,h]culaneum1 has n z yet be5 f\nd to conta9 any works ( mu* value or int]e/4 ,^! rolls are all *>r$ by ! heat ( ! lava1 :i* ov]:elm$ ! t[n1 & ! "w ( unroll+ & deciph]+ ! brittle c>boniz$ pap] necess>ily goes on v sl[ly4 ,! own] ( ?is libr>y appe>s to h be5 an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( ! ,epicurean philosophy 9 its lat] developm5t1 & 8 books are ma9ly dull1 p$antic treatises on ! v>i\s sci5ces su* z ma!matics1 music & ! l1 treat$ f ! ,epicurean po9t ( view1 or r f t ( ! ,graeco-,roman foll[]s ( ,epicurus4 ,papyrus rolls4 ,all ^! manuscripts appe> to be ( ab\t ! same date1 n _m ye>s old]1 t is1 ?an ! ye> #gi ,a4,d41 :5 ! eruption ( ,vesuvius ov]:elm$ ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii 9 ! same cata/rophe4 ,!y are writt5 9 f9e bold uncial *>act]s )\t illum9ation or ornam5t ( any k9d on rolls ( papyrus n9e or t5 in*es 9 bread?4 ,9 _! pres5t burnt & %runk5 condition ! rolls av]age ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 b !y 7 probably l>g] ?an t 9 _! orig9al /ate2 see ,palaeo4 ,soc4 ,pl4 #aea1 #aeb2 ! o!r publi%$ 'facsimiles' ( ! ,h]culaneum manuscripts are n p]fectly tru/wor?y4 ,h]odotus on ,,mss4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus 7c4 #dfj ,b4,c47 papyrus pap] 7,greek3 biblia or ,greek3 *>tai7#ab appe>s to h be5 us$ by ! ,greeks almo/ to ! exclusion ( p>*m5t or o!r k9ds ( sk94 ,9 8 int]e/+ section on ! introduction ( ! art ( writ+ into ,greece by ! ,pho5icians1 ,h]odotus 7v4 #eh7 rem>ks t ! ,ionians 9 old times us$ to call papyrus rolls ,greek3 diph!rai or p>*m5t1 because !y _h once be5 9 ! habit ( us+ sk9s ( %eep or goats = manuscripts1 at a "t :5 papyrus pap] 0 n to be _h2 &1 ,h]odotus goes on to say1 ,b>b>ians ev5 n[ are accu/om$ to write _! manuscripts on p>*m5t4 ,use ( p>*m5t4 ,manuscripts on p>*m5t2 ?is old use ( p>*m5t = manuscripts 0 aga9 introduc$ among ! ,greeks by ,eum5es ,,ii41 k+ ( ,p]gamus f #aig to #aei ,b4,c4 ,at ?is "t m5 _h =gott5 t p>*m5t _h ev] be5 us$ = books1 & s ,v>ro1 quot$ by ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xiii4 #gj71 tells u t ,eum5es inv5t$ ?is use ( p>*m5t2 ! real fact be+ t he re-introduc$ an old cu/om1 & /imulat$ ! c>eful prep>ation ( p>*m5t = ! sake ( ! great libr>y :i* he 0 anxi\s to make ! mo/ important collection ( manuscripts 9 ! _w4 ,p]gam5a4 ,v>ro tells u t he 0 driv5 to ?is use ( p>*m5t by ! jeal\sy ( ! ,egyptian ,k+ ,ptolemy ,epiphanes1 ^: enorm\s libr>y at ,alex&ria 0 ! only exi/+ rival to ! ,p]gam5e collection4 ,"o ( ! ,greek names = p>*m5t1 ,p]gam5a1 0 d]iv$ f ! fact ( its be+ s l>gely made = ! ,p]gam5e ,k+s ,eum5es & ,attalus1 bo? ( :om 7 n only great patrons ( lit]ature & collectors ( anci5t manuscripts1 b 7 also en?usia/ic buy]s ( pictures1 /atues1 ri* textiles & works ( art ( e class4 ,! o!r ^w = p>*m5t us$ = manuscripts is membrana4 ,l95 ,,mss4 ,manuscripts on l952 9 anci5t ,egypt hi]oglyphic manuscripts ) sacr$ hymns & portions ( ! s-call$ ,ritual ( ! ,dead 7 frequ5tly writt5 ) a re$ p5 on f9e l954 ,^! manuscripts1 :i* are (t5 f\nd among ! mummy wrapp+s ( burials "u ! ,!ban ,dyna/ies1 are usually illu/rat$ ) p5 draw+s 9 outl9e1 n pa9t$ m9iatures l ^? on ! papyrus rolls4 ,^! draw+s are execut$ ) mu* _s & ) a beautiful1 clean1 c]ta9 t\*4 ,e>ly ,,mss4 9 ,italy4 ,! e>ly ,italian races1 ,lat9s1 ,samnites & o!rs1 appe> to h us$ l95 v frequ5tly = _! manuscript records & sacr$ books4 ,among ! public records m5tion$ by ,livy z hav+ once be5 pres]v$ ) ! ,ar*ives 9 ! ,capitol9e ,temple ( ,juno ,moneta 7 "s ( ^! e>ly l95 manuscripts 7libri l9tei72 see ,liv4 ,,iv4 #g1 #ac1 #bj4 ,livy also 7,x4 #ch7 describes an anci5t manuscript1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! ritual cu/oms ( ! ,samnites1 z a lib] vetus l9teus4 ,9 hi/oric times1 h[ev]1 papyrus & p>*m5t appe> to h sup]s$$ l95 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,inscrib$ pot%]ds4 ,o/raka ,manuscripts4 ,= ephem]al purposes1 su* z tradesm5's acc\nts & o!r bus9ess matt]s1 writ+ 0 (t5 done ) a p5 & ink on brok5 fragm5ts ( pott]y 7,greek3 o/raka74 ,an enorm\s numb] ( ^! inscrib$ pot%]ds1 mo/ly dat+ f ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 & especially on ! little isl& ( ,elephant9e 9 ! ,nile a %ort di/ance bel[ ! fir/ cat>act4 ,among ! ,greeks too1 writ+ on pot%]ds 0 v common2 especially :5 ! ,a!nian tribes met 9 ! ,agora to record _! votes = ! exile ( "s unpopul> citiz51 :5ce is d]iv$ ! t]m o/racism 7,greek3 o/rakismos74 ,! ^w lib] z mean+ a book is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f a primitive cu/om ( writ+ on ! smoo? inn] b>k ( "s tree1 su* z ! bir*1 :i* supplies a f9e silky sub/ance1 n at all unsuit$ = manuscripts4 ,,mss4 on leaves4 ,! l>ge broad leaves ( "s v>ieties ( ! palm tree h also be5 us$ = manuscript purposes1 m especially among ! inhabitants ( ,india & ,ceylon4 ,9 e>ly times ! que/ions ask$ ( ! ,oracle ( ! ,py?ian ,apollo at ,delphi 7 said to h be5 writt5 on leaves ( ! laurel plant4 ,pali manuscripts 9 ,ceylon are ev5 n[ frequ5tly writt5 on palm-leaves2 & we h ! evid5ce ( ,pl9y t ?is cu/om once exi/$ among "s ( ! anci5t classical races3 see ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xiii4 #fi1 ,ante non fuisse *>t>um usum1 9 palm>um foliis primo scriptitatum2 de9de qu>undam arborum libris4 ,po/ea publica monum5ta plumbeis volum9ibus1 mox et privata l9teis confici coepta aut c]is4 ,pugill>ium enim usum fuisse etiam ante ,trojana tempora inv5imus apud ,hom]um4 ,9 ?is passage ,pl9y gives a li/ ( all ! *ief mat]ials t _h be5 us$ = manuscripts 9 anci5t times1 ! leaves & b>k ( trees1 plates ( lead1 l95 clo? & wax$ tablets1 he !n goes on to describe at consid]able l5g? ! me?ods ( mak+ pap] f ! pi? ( ! papyrus plant2 see page #bb4 ,greek libr>ies4 ,anci5t libr>ies2 among ! ,greeks & ,romans ( ! hi/oric p]iod books d n appe> to h be5 ei!r r>e or co/ly z !y 7 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! m$iaeval p]iod4 ,9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 l>ge libr>ies _h already be5 =m$ by weal?y lov]s ( lit]ature1 & 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! rival libr>ies ( ,ptolemy ,epiphanes at ,alex&ria & ( ,k+ ,eum5es ,,ii4 at ,p]gamus 7 said to h conta9$ betwe5 !m ne>ly a million volumes4 ,roman libr>ies4 ,among ! ,romans ( ! ,empire books 7 no less common4 ,! own] ( ! above m5tion$ libr>y at ,h]culaneum1 consi/+ ( ne>ly #ahjj rolls or volumes1 does n appe> to h be5 a man ( exceptional weal?2 8 h\se 0 small & 8 surr\nd+s simple 9 "*4 ,! great libr>ies ( ,rome4 ,z e>ly z ! reign ( ,augu/us1 ,rome possess$ sev]al l>ge public libr>ies 7biblio!cae74 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 in/itut$ 9 #cg ,b4,c4 by ,as9ius ,pollio bo? = ,greek & ,lat9 manuscripts4 ,! second 0 ! ,biblio!ca ,octaviae f\nd$ by ,augu/us 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius 9 hon\r ( 8 si/]4 ,! ?ird 0 ! magnific5t d\ble libr>y ( ,apollo ,palat9us1 :i* ,augu/us built on ! ,palat9e ,hill4 ,! f\r?1 also on ! ,palat9e1 ! ,biblio!ca ,tib]iana 0 f\nd$ by ,tib]ius4 ,! fif? 0 built by ,vespasian z "p ( ! gr\p ( build+s 9 8 new ,=um ,pacis4 ,! six? & l>ge/ ( all 0 ! d\ble libr>y1 = ,greek & ,lat9 books built by ,trajan 9 8 ,=um close to ! ,basilica ,ulpia4 ,to "s ext5t a classification ( subjects 0 adopt$ 9 ^! great public libr>ies1 "o be+ ma9ly legal1 ano!r = anci5t hi/ory1 a ?ird = /ate pap]s & mod]n records1 b ?is classification appe>s to h be5 only p>tially adh]$ to4 ,p>i% libr>ies4 ,9 addition to ^! /ate libr>ies1 ,rome also possess$ a l>ge numb] ( small] p>i% libr>ies 9 ! sep>ate vici1 & ! total numb]1 giv5 9 ! ,region>y catalogues z exi/+ 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 is enorm\s2 see ,sraud1 ,les livres dans l'antiquit4 ,libr>y fitt+s4 ,) reg>d to ! arrangem5t & fitt+s ( ,roman libr>ies1 ! usual me?od appe>s to h be5 ?is4 ,cupbo>ds 7arm>ia71 fitt$ ) %elves to receive ! rolls or codices & clos$ by doors1 7 plac$ aga9/ ! walls all r\nd ! room4 ,^! arm>ia 7 usually r l[1 n m ?an f f\r to five feet 9 height1 & on !m 7 plac$ bu/s ( fam\s au?ors2 :ile ! wall-space above ! bookcases 0 decorat$ ) simil> portrait reliefs or pa9t+s design$ to fill panels or circul> m$allions4 ,libr>y decorations4 ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxv4 #i71 speaks ( x be+ a new fa%ion 9 8 "t to adorn ! walls ( libr>ies ) ideal portraits ( anci5t writ]s1 su* z ,hom]1 execut$ 9 gold1 silv] or bronze relief4 ,! public libr>y ( ,as9ius ,pollio 01 ,pl9y says1 decorat$ ) portraits1 b :e!r ! great libr>ies ( ,p]gamus & ,alex&ria 7 ornam5t$ 9 ?is way1 ,pl9y is unable to say4 ,magnific5t m$allion portraits 9 gold & silv] 7 fix$ r\nd ! walls ( ! two great libr>ies ( ,apollo on ! ,palat9e ,hill1 & probably 9 ! o!r /ill l>g] public libr>ies :i* 7 f\nd$ by subsequ5t ,emp]ors4 ,rec5t discov]y4 ,au?ors' bu/s4 ,! ord9>y private libr>ies ( ,rome 7 decorat$ 9 a simil> way1 b ) reliefs ( less co/ly mat]ials4 ,a v int]e/+ example ( ?is has rec5tly be5 discov]$ & !n de/roy$ on ! ,esquil9e hill 9 ,rome4 ,! h\se 9 :i* ?is libr>y 0 discov]$ 0 "o ( no v exceptional size or spl5d\r4 ,! biblio!ca itself consi/$ ( a h&some room2 ! l[] "p ( its walls1 aga9/ :i* ! arm>ia fitt$1 0 left q pla94 ,above t ! walls 7 divid$ into squ>e panels by small flut$ pila/]s1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ea* space !re 01 or _h be51 a m$allion relief-portrait ab\t two feet 9 diamet] enclos$ 9 a m\ld$ frame4 ,all ?is 0 execut$ 9 f9e1 h>d m>ble-du/ /ucco 7opus alb>ium or m>moreum74 ,! names ( ! au?ors ^: portraits _h fill$ ! m$allions 7 writt5 9 r$ ^u ! frames4 ,only "o 0 legible--,,apollonivs ,,?yan4444 ,no d\bt ! works ( ,apollonius ( ,?yana 7 kept 9 ! arm>ium bel[ ! bu/4 ,! libr>y at ,h]culaneum1 :i* conta9$ ! fam\s papyrus rolls1 0 a mu* small] room4 ,besides ! bookcases all r\nd ! walls1 x _h also an isolat$ arm>ium 9 ! c5tre ( ! room2 & ?is1 no d\bt1 0 a usual arrangem5t4 ,! room at ,h]culaneum 0 s small t !re c only h be5 j en\gh space to walk betwe5 ! c5tral bookcase & ! arm>ia rang$ all r\nd aga9/ ! wall4 ,clos$ bookcases4 ,z ! ,comm4 ,lanciani has po9t$ out 7,anci5t ,rome1 p4 #aie71 x is int]e/+ to note t ! anci5t ,roman me?od ( arrang+ books 9 l[1 clos$ cupbo>ds is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! great libr>y ( ! ,vatican 9 ,rome2 :i* is unlike mo/ exi/+ libr>ies 9 ! fact t on fir/ ent]+ no "o w\ld guess t x 0 a libr>y1 n a s+le book be+ visible4 ,( ! anci5t arm>ia !mselves no example n[ exi/s4 ,!y 7 ( wood1 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 p]i%able4 ,b we may1 ,i ?9k1 argue f analogy1 t ! doors ( ! cupbo>ds 7 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) pa9t$ decorations1 ?us =m+ an elaborate dado or podium bel[ ! r[ ( portrait reliefs :i* occupi$ ! upp] "p ( ! walls4 ,booksell]s' qu>t]4 ,! pr9cipal qu>t] 9 ,rome = ! %ops ( booksell]s 7bibliopolae or libr>ii7 appe>s to h be5 ! ,argiletum1 :i* 79 ,imp]ial times7 0 an important /reet runn+ into ! ,=um ,romanum betwe5 ! ,curia & ! ,basilica ,aemilia2 see ,m>t4 ,i4 #c1 #aagac4 ,= anci5t manuscripts or autograph works ( fam\s au?ors l>ge prices 7 (t5 paid4 ,ari/otle is said to h giv5 ?ree tal5ts 7ab\t #gej7 = an autograph manuscript ( ,speusippus1 & a manuscript ( ,virgil's second book ( ! ,a5eid1 ?\ght to be ! au?or's own copy1 sold = tw5ty aurei1 m ?an #bj 9 mod]n value2 see ,aul4 ,gell4 ,,iii4 #ag1 & ,,ii4 #c4 ,co/ ( new books4 ,slave scribes4 ,b ord9>y copies ( newly publi%$ works1 ev5 by popul> au?ors1 appe> to h be5 b little m exp5sive ?an books ( ?is class are at ! pres5t day4 ,! publi%] & booksell] ,tryphon c\ld sell ,m>tial's fir/ book ( ,epigrams at a pr(it = two d5>ii--b>ely two %ill+s 9 mod]n value2 see ,m>t4 ,,xiii4 #c4 ,x may seem /range t writt5 manuscripts %\ld n h be5 mu* m co/ly ?an pr9t$ books1 b :5 "o consid]s h[ !y 7 produc$ ! reason is evid5t4 ,atticus1 ! ,sosii & o!r *ief publi%]s ( ,rome own$ a l>ge numb] ( slaves :o 7 tra9$ to be neat & rapid scribes4 ,fifty or a hundr$ ( ^! slaves c\ld write f ! dictation ( "o read]1 & ?us a small edition ( a new volume ( ,horace's ,odes or ,m>tial's ,epigrams c\ld be produc$ ) great rapidity & at v small co/#ad4 ,little capital w\ld be requir$ = ! education ( ! slave-scribes1 & :5 once !y 7 taught1 ! co/ ( _! lab\r w\ld be little m ?an ! small am\nt ( food :i* 0 necess>y to keep !m alive & 9 work+ ord]4 ,cic]o 7,att4 ,,ii4 #d7 speaks ( ! publi%] ,atticus sell+ manuscripts produc$ 9 ?is way by slave lab\r on a l>ge scale4 ,libr>ii4 ,! "n libr>ius 0 giv5 n only to ! booksell]s1 b also to slave libr>ians1 & to scribes1 ! latt] be+ sometimes di/+ui%$ by ! "n scriptores libr>ii4 ,libr>ii antiqu>ii 7 writ]s :o 7 specially skill$ 9 copy+ anci5t manuscripts4 ,! ^w scriba commonly d5otes a secret>y r ?an :at we %\ld n[ call a scribe4 ,9 ,a!ns a class ( booksell]s1 ,greek3 bibliographoi1 appe>s to h exi/$ z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c42 see ,poll4 ,,vii4 #baa4 ,! "n ,greek3 biblioplai 0 subsequ5tly us$1 & adopt$ by ! ,romans4 ,,! ,,te*nique ,,( ,,anci5t ,,manuscripts#ae4 ,p>*m5t & vellum4 ,erasures4 ,p>*m5t4 ,) reg>d to ! prep>ation ( p>*m5t & o!r k9ds ( sk9 = writ+ on 7,p]gam5a & ,membrana7 !re is little to be said4 ,! sk9s ( _m diff]5t animals h be5 us$ = ?is purpose bo? 9 classical & m$iaeval times1 especially sk9s ( calves1 %eep1 goats & pigs4 ,unlike manuscripts on papyrus1 p>*m5t or vellum#af manuscripts 7 usually cov]$ ) writ+ on bo? sides1 s9ce ! ink does n %[ ?r\gh f "o side to ! o!r1 z x is liable to d on ! m absorb5t & spongy papyrus pap]4 ,= ?is reason complete or p>tial erasures 7 mu* easi] to execute on vellum ?an on papyrus4 ,! writ+ 0 fir/ spong$ s z to remove ! surface ink1 & ! traces t /ill rema9$ 7 got rid ( by rubb+ ! surface ( ! vellum ) pumice /one4 ,9 "s cases ! manuscript 0 eras$ f ! :ole ( a vellum codex or roll1 & ! clean$ surface !n us$ to receive fre% writ+4 ,palimpse/s4 ,palimpse/s2 manuscripts ( ?is class1 on twice-us$ vellum1 7 call$ palimpse/s 7,greek3 palimps/os72 see ,cic4 ,fam4 vii4 #ah4 ,sev]al important texts1 su* z ! legal "w ( ,gaius1 h be5 recov]$ by labori\sly deciph]+ ! n :olly oblit]at$ writ+ on ^! palimpse/s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly m$iaeval p]iod1 :5 classical le>n+ 0 little valu$1 _m a dull treatise ( ! s*oolm5 or o!r !ological "w ( small int]e/ 0 writt5 ov] ! oblit]at$ text ( "s mu* e>li] & m valuable classical au?or4 ,papyrus ,,mss4 ,9 "s cases x appe>s t papyrus manuscripts 7 made into palimpse/s1 b probably n v (t51 z x w\ld be difficult to erase ! ink on a roll ( papyrus )\t s]i\sly injur+ ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,moreov] z papyrus manuscripts 7 only writt5 on "o side ( ! pap]1 ! back 0 free to receive new writ+ )\t any necessity to rub out ! orig9al text4 ,! rec5tly discov]$ treatise by ,ari/otle on ! ,political ,con/itution ( ,a!ns has "s monet>y acc\nts writt5 on ! back ( ! papyrus by "s unphilosophical man ( bus9ess n _m ye>s lat] ?an ! date ( ! orig9al treatise4 ,papyrus pap]4 ,papyrus pap]4 ,! anci5t me?ods employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( papyrus pap] 7*>ta7 c be cle>ly made out by ! evid5ce ( exi/+ examples aid$ by ! m9ute b n :olly accurate description giv5 by ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xiii4 #ga to #hc4 ,papyrus plant4 ,! papyrus plant1 ! ,cyp]us ,papyrus ( ,l9naeus1 7,greek ,greek3 byblos7 is a v tall1 h&some v>iety ( re$ :i* gr[s 9 m>%es & %all[s along ! sides ( /reams ( wat]4 ,! plant has at ! top a v graceful tuft$ bun* ( foliage2 its /em av]ages f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! total height ( ! plant is f t5 to twelve feet4 ,x gr[s 9 _m places 9 ,syria1 9 ! ,euphrates valley & 9 ,nubia4 ,9 ,egypt itself x is n[ ext9ct1 b x 0 abundant !re 9 anci5t times1 especially 9 ! ,delta ( ! ,nile4 ,! only spot 9 ,europe :]e ! papyrus plant gr[s 9 a wild /ate is ne> ,syracuse 9 ! little riv] ,anapus1 :]e x 0 probably introduc$ by ! ,arab conqu]ors 9 ! eigh? or n9? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x gr[s "h 9 great abundance & sometimes ne>ly blocks up ! /ream s t a boat c sc>cely get along4 ,! /em ( ! papyrus consi/s ( a s(t1 :ite1 spongy or cellul> pi? surr\nd$ by a ?91 smoo?1 gre5 r9d4 ,papyrus pap] 7,greek3 biblia or ,greek3 *>ts7 0 :olly made f ! cellul> pi?4 ,! me?od ( manufacture 0 z foll[s4 ,process ( manufacture4 ,! long /em ( ! plant 0 fir/ cut up into conv5i5t pieces ( a foot or m 9 l5g?2 ! pi? 9 ea* piece 0 !n v c>efully & ev5ly cut ) a %>p knife into ?9 slices4 ,^! slices 7 !n laid side by side1 _! edges t\*+ b n ov]lapp+1 on ! smoo? surface ( a wood5 table :i* 0 slightly incl9$ to let ! sup]flu\s sap run (f1 z x 0 squeez$ out ( ! slices ( pi? by g5tle bl[s f a smoo? wood5 mallet4 ,:5 by repeat$ beat+ ! lay] ( pi? _h be5 hamm]$ d[n to a ?9n] sub/ance1 & a great deal ( ! sap _h dra9$ (f1 "s f9e pa/e made ( :eat-fl\r 0 c>efully bru%$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! pi?4 ,a second lay] ( slices ( pi?1 previ\sly prep>$ by beat+1 0 !n laid crosswise on ! fir/ lay] made adhesive by ! pa/e1 s t ! slices 9 ! second lay] 7 at "r angles to ^? ( ! fir/4 ,! beat+ process 0 !n repeat$1 ! workm5 be+ c>eful to get rid ( all lumps or inequalities1 & ! beat+ 0 cont9u$ till ! v>i\s slices ( pi? 9 ! two lay]s 7 ?or\ghly unit$ & amalgamat$ toge!r4 ,use ( _m lay]s4 ,sizes ( papyrus4 ,= ! be/ sort ( papyrus ^! processes 7 repeat$ a ?ird & sometimes ev5 a f\r? "t1 ! sep>ate slices 9 ea* lay] be+ cut mu* ?9n] ?an 9 ! co>s] sorts ( pap] :i* consi/$ ( two lay]s only4 ,! next process 0 to dry & press ! pap]2 aft] :i* its surface 0 c>efully smoo!d & poli%$ ) an ivory burni%]#ag2 its r\gh edges 7 trimm$1 & x 0 !n ready to be made up into %eets or rolls4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! me?od ( manufacture to limit /rictly ! size ( ! papyrus %eets 7,greek3 selides1 pag9ae7 ei!r 9 bread? or l5g?2 ! workm5 c\ld lay side by side z _m slices ( ! pi? z he lik$1 & slices ( great l5g? might h be5 cut out ( ! long /em ( ! papyrus4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd conv5i5t to make ! pap] 9 r small %eets2 twelve to sixte5 in*es are ! usual wid?s ( papyrus manuscripts4 ,union ( ! %eets4 ,long rolls4 ,! reason ( ?is obvi\sly 0 t x w\ld h be5 impossible to cut slices ( great l5g? to ! requisite ?9ness & ev5ness ( sub/ance1 & s papyrus manuscripts are always made up ( a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate %eets c>efully pa/$ toge!r4 ,?is 0 v skilfully done by workm5 :o 79 ,pl9y's "t7 7 call$ glut9atores2 cf4 ,cic4 ,att4 ,,iv4 #d4 ,! two adjac5t edges ( ! %eets1 :i* 7 to be jo9$ toge!r by lapp+1 7 ?9n$ d[n by c>eful rubb+ to ab\t half _! orig9al sub/ance4 ,! two laps 7 !n bru%$ ov] ) pa/e1 accurately appli$ toge!r1 & ! union 0 !n complet$ by beat+ ) ! wood5 mallet4 ,:5 ! pa/$ jo9t 0 dry x 0 rubb$ & poli%$ ) ! ivory burni%] till sc>cely any m>k ( ! jo9+ rema9$4 ,9 ?is way long rolls 7 =m$1 (t5 fifty feet or m 9 l5g?2 z a rule1 h[ev]1 excessive l5g? = a s+le roll 0 inconv5i5t4 ,pl9y m5tions #bj %eets z be+ an ord9>y limit4 ,?us1 = example1 9 su* works z ,hom]'s ,iliad or ,virgil's ,a5eid1 ea* book w\ld =m a sep>ate volum5 or roll 7,greek ,greek3 kyl9dros or ,greek3 tomos74 ,! inv5tion ( papyrus pap] dates f an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,egypt4 ,examples /ill exi/ :i* are z e>ly z #bcjj ,b4,c41 & its manufacture 0 probably kn[n long be=e t4 ,papyrus us$ 9 ,greece4 ,9 lat] times ,egyptian papyrus 0 an important article ( export into _m c\ntries4 ,an ,attic inscription ( ! ye> #djg ,b4,c4 tells u :at ! co/ ( pap] !n 0 9 ,a!ns2 two %eets 7,greek3 *>tai duo7 co/ two dra*mae & f\r obols1 equal 9 mod]n value to ab\t f\r %ill+s2 see ,c4 ,i4 ,a4 ,i4 #cbd4 ,! ,greek3 *>tai 9 ?is case probably mean1 n a s+le page1 b sev]al %eets pa/$ toge!r to =m a roll4 ,papyrus made 9 ,rome4 ,old ,,mss4 on papyrus4 ,9 ,pl9y's "t pap] 0 made n only 9 ,egypt b also 9 ,rome & at o!r places 9 ,italy#ah4 ,! be/ k9d 0 =m]ly call$ ,hi]atica1 because x 0 us$ 9 ,egypt = sacr$ hi]oglyphic writ+ only4 ,9 lat] times ?is f9e/ quality1 9 ,rome at lea/1 0 call$ ,augu/a1 & ! second quality ,liviana1 f ,livia ! wife ( ,augu/us4 ,a co>se v>iety us$ = wrapp+ up p>cels & ! l 0 call$ %op-pap]1 emporetica4 ,pl9y also tells u t pap] 0 manufactur$ ( _m diff]5t bread?s1 v>y+ f ab\t f\r to eighte5 in*es4 ,! commone/ wid? 0 ab\t twelve in*es2 see ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xiii4 #ga to #hc4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! p>agraphs ,pl9y m5tions examples ( old papyrus manuscripts exi/+ 9 8 "t1 su* z manuscripts 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,tib]ius & ,gaius ,grac*us1 :i* 7 ne>ly two c5turies old4 ,manuscripts writt5 by ,cic]o1 ,augu/us & ,virgil are1 he says1 /ill frequ5tly to be se54 ,) reg>d to ! antiquity ( pap] ,pl9y's views are f> f correct4 ,he ?9ks pap] 0 fir/ made 9 ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xiii4 #gi71 :]eas1 z is m5tion$ above1 papyrus pap] ( f9e quality 0 c]ta9ly made 9 ,egypt ne>ly #bjjj ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]1 & probably mu* e>li]4 ,pap] ( f9e quality4 ,! be/ k9ds ( papyrus pap] are close 9 texture1 ) a smoo? surface1 v pleasant to write ^u ) a re$ p51 & adapt$ to receive m9iature pa9t+s ( great ref9em5t & delicacy ( t\*4 ,to prev5t ! ink spread+ or soak+ into ! pap]1 x 0 z a f9al process sometimes soak$ 9 size made ( fi%-bones or gum & wat]1 exactly z mod]n l95 pap] is siz$4 ,! col\r ( ! papyrus is a pale br[n1 v pleasant to ! eye1 & excell5t z a backgr\nd to ! pa9t$ decorations4 ,fibr\s texture4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ made1 papyrus pap] mu/ h be5 extremely durable & t\gh ow+ to its comp\nd /ructure ) two or m fibr\s lay]s plac$ cross-wise4 ,! p>allel fibr\s l9es ( ! pi? are v visible on ! surface ( papyrus pap]2 & ^! regul> l9es s]v$ z a guide to ! scribe :5 writ+1 s t :5 papyrus 0 us$ x 0 n necess>y to cov] ! page ) rul$ l9es to keep ! writ+ ev51 z _h to be done :5 ! manuscript 0 on vellum4 ,9 a papyrus manuscript ! pages ( writ+ are set side by side1 across ! roll1 ) a small m>g9 betwe5 ea* page or column4 ,greek examples ( papyrus rolls4 ,a small t]ra-cotta /atuette#ai ( ab\t ! fif? or f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 f\nd at ,salamis 9 ,cyprus 9 #ahij1 %[s a ,greek scribe writ+ on a long papyrus roll plac$ on a l[ table be=e :i* he is sitt+4 ,among ,greek vase pa9t+s ( ! same date a n uncommon subject is ! poetess ,sappho read+ f a papyrus roll4 ,a f\r? c5tury vase ) ?is subject 9 ! ,c5tral ,museum 9 ,a!ns %[s ,sappho hold+ a manuscript on :i* ! foll[+ words are inscrib$ 7supply+ miss+ lett]s & correct+ blund]s7 ,greek3 ,,!oi ,,eri,n ,,epe,n ,,er*omai ,greek3 ,,angelos ,,ne,n ,,umn,n4 ,by ! figure ( ,sappho is inscrib$ ! beg9n+ ( h] "n1 ,greek3 ,,sap 9 lett]s ( ar*ai/ic =m4 ,sappho read+4 ,a v simil> design occurs on a beautiful gem 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( gems1 ,no4 #eef71 :i* appe>s to date f ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a v graceful female figure1 probably meant = ,sappho1 is repres5t$ seat$ on a *air ) high curv$ back4 ,%e is read+ f a manuscript roll :i* %e holds by ! two roll$ up ends1 hold+ "o 9 ea* h&4 ,?is me?od ( hold+ a papyrus manuscript is %[n v cle>ly on a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum on :i* ! same motive is pa9t$4 ,! lady 7,sappho7 holds ! two roll$ up portions ( ! manuscript1 /ret*+ tight ! int]m$iate portion on :i* is ! column ( writ+ :i* %e is read+4 ,umbilicus or roll]4 ,z ! read] progress$ ! pap] 0 unroll$ f ! roll held 9 ! "r h&1 & ! "p j read 0 roll$ up 9 ! left-h& roll4 ,^! ,greek repres5tations d n usually %[ any /ick or roll] = ! manuscript to be roll$ r\nd2 b 9 ,roman times a wood5 or ivory roll] 7,greek3 omphalos1 umbilicus7 0 us$ z ! core ( ! roll2 & ! end ( ! long /rip ( papyrus by ! la/ page or column ( text 0 pa/$ on to x4 ,! ends ( ! umbilicus 7 (t5 fitt$ ) a r\nd knob or boss1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) gild+ or col\r4 ,! edges ( ! papyrus roll 7 smoo!d ) pumice-/one 7pumice mundus71 & ! :ole manuscript 0 (t5 provid$ ) a vellum case1 :i* 0 /a9$ a bright col\r1 r$1 purple or yell[4 ,tibullus 7,el4 ,,iii4 i4 #i7 alludes to ^! ornam5tal me?ods1 ,lutea s$ niveum involvat membrana libellum4 ,pumex et canas tondeat ante comas2 ,atque int] gem9as p+antur cornua frontes4 ,! frontes are ! edges ( ! roll1 & ! cornua are ! project+ portions ( ! two wood5 roll]s4 ,inscrib$ titles4 ,! title ( ! manuscript 0 writt5 on a ticket or slip ( vellum1 :i* hung d[n f ! clos$ roll l ! p5dant seal ( a m$iaeval docum5t4 ,?us :5 a numb] ( manuscripts 7 pil$ on ! %elf ( an arm>ium ! p5dants hang+ d[n f ! ends ( ! rolls indicat$ pla9ly :at ! books 71 )\t ! necessity ( pull+ !m f _! place4 ,small numb]s ( rolls1 especially manuscripts :i* _h to be c>ri$ ab\t1 7 (t5 kept 9 r\nd drum-l boxes 7capsae or scr9ia71 ) loop h&les to c>ry !m by4 ,col\r$ inks4 ,mu* ( ! beauty ( an anci5t manuscript dep5d$ on ! use ( r$ or purple ink = head+s1 indices & m>g9al glosses4 ,z ,pl9y says 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxiii4 #abb7 m9ium 9 volum9um quoque scriptura usurpatur4 ,! use ( purple ink = ! index is m5tion$ by ,m>tial 9 8 epigram ,ad librum suum 7,,iii4 #b7 :]e he sums up ! v>i\s me?ods ( decoration :i* 9 8 "t 7 appli$ to manuscripts1 ,c$ro nunc licet ambules p]unctus1 ,et frontis gem9o dec5s honore ,pictis luxuri]is umbilicis2 ,et te purpura delicata velet1 ,et cocco rubeat sup]bus index4 ,use ( oil4 ,! oil ( c$> wood1 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! l9es1 0 sme>$ ov] ! back ( papyrus manuscripts to pres]ve !m f book-worms4 ,! act ( unroll+ a manuscript to read x 0 call$ explic>e1 & :5 ! read] _h come to ! end x 0 opus explicitum4 ,9 m$iaeval times f ! false analogy ( ! ^w 7hic7 incipit1 a v]b explicit 0 inv5t$1 & 0 (t5 writt5 at ! end ( codices to %[ t ! manuscript 0 complete to ! end1 ?\gh1 /rictly speak+ ! ^w is only applicable to a roll4 ,m$iaeval use ( papyrus4 ,! use ( papyrus pap] = manuscripts to "s ext5t cont9u$ till m$iaeval times4 ,papyrus manuscripts ( ! six? & sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 are n uncommon1 &1 long aft] vellum _h sup]s$$ papyrus pap] = ! writ+ ( books1 %ort docum5ts1 su* z lett]s1 ,papal de$s & ! l1 7 /ill frequ5tly writt5 on papyrus4 ,papal ,briefs on papyrus /ill exi/ :i* 7 writt5 z late z ! elev5? c5tury4 ,black ink4 ,c>bon ink4 ,! black ink :i* 0 us$ = classical manuscripts 0 ( ! k9d n[ kn[n z ,indian or m correctly ,*9ese ink1 :i* _c be kept 9 a fluid /ate1 b has to be rubb$ up ) wat] f day to day z x is requir$4 ,"o ( ! m5ial (fices :i* ,aes*9es :5 a boy _h to p]=m 9 8 fa!r's s*ool 0 rubb+ ! ink1 ,greek3 to melan tribn2 see ,demos4 ,de ,corona1 p4 #cac4 ,?is k9d ( ink 7,greek3 melan or ,greek3 melanion1 atram5tum libr>ium7 simply consi/s ( f9ely divid$ p>ticles ( c>bon1 mix$ ) gum or ) size made by boil+ d[n %r$s ( p>*m5t4 ,x 0 obta9$ by burn+ a res9\s sub/ance & collect+ ! soot on a cold flat surface1 f :i* x c\ld aft]w>ds be scrap$ (f4 ,! soot _h !n to be v f9ely gr\nd1 mix$ ) a gummy m$ium & !n m\ld$ into %ape & dri$4 ,! process is describ$ by ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxv4 #da2 & bett] /ill by ,vitruvius1 ,,vii4 #aj4 ,black pigm5t4 ,a v>iety ( ?is c>bon pigm5t us$ = pictures on /ucco by wall-pa9t]s 0 call$ atram5tum tectorium1 mod]n lamp-black2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & writ+ ink 0 9 ! k9d ( glut9\s m$ium us$ ) x4 ,c>eful scribes probably prep>$ _! own ink1 z ! writ]s ( m$iaeval manuscripts usually did4 ,! common comm]cial black ink ( ab\t #cjj ,a4,d4 0 sold at a v *eap rate1 z is record$ 9 an inscription conta9+ "p ( ,diocletian's fam\s edict :i* 0 f\nd at ,megalopolis & publi%$ by ,mr ,lor+ 7,j\r4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahij1 p4 #cah1 l9e #df74 ,"u ! head+ ,p5s & ink1 ,greek3 ,p]i kalamn kai melani\1 ! price ( ink1 ,greek3 melanion1 is fix$ at #ab small copp] co9s ! p\nd4 ,v great skill is requir$ to prep>e c>bon ink ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,?\gh x is n[ l>gely manufactur$ 9 ,europe1 none b ! ,*9ese c make ink ( ! be/ sort4 ,9 "s places sepia ink f ! cuttle-fi% 0 us$ 9 anci5t times2 see ,p]sius1 ,sat4 ,,iii4 #ab2 & cf4 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xi4 #h1 & ,,xxxii4 #ada4 ,r$ inks4 ,! r$ ink us$ = anci5t manuscripts 0 ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds1 namely r$ lead1 v]milion or sulphuret ( m]cury1 & r$ o*re4 ,! anci5t names = ^! r$ pigm5ts 7 us$ v indiscrim9ately1 ,greek3 miltos1 m9ium1 c9nab>is & rubrica4 ,9 "s cases ,greek3 miltos c]ta9ly means ! co/ly v]milion2 & aga9 ! ^w is also us$ bo? = r$ lead & = ! mu* *eap] r$ o*re4 ,! latt] appe>s to be always meant by ! "n ,greek3 miltos ,s9pis2 see ,*oisy1 ,inscrip4 ,lebadeia1 p4 #aig4 ,! ,lat9 words m9ium & rubrica are us$ 9 ! same vague way2 see ,vitruv4 ,,vii4 #i2 & ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxv4 #ca to #ce4 ,9 m$iaeval manuscripts r$ ink 7rubrica7 0 l>gely us$ n only = head+s & glosses1 b also 9 ,s]vice books = ! ritual directions1 :i* h h5ce tak5 ! "n ( rubrics4 ,purple ink4 ,! purple ink 7coccus71 :i* ,m>tial m5tions 9 ! passage quot$ above at page #bg1 0 made f ! k]mes beetle1 :i* lives on ! ilex trees ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! anci5t dyes = wov5 /uffs & x 0 also us$ z a pigm5t by pa9t]s2 see bel[1 page #bdf4 ,d\ble ink/&s4 ,! ink/&s ( anci5t scribes 7 commonly made d\ble1 to hold bo? black & r$ ink4 ,_m examples ( ^! f ,egypt & else:]e /ill exi/1 & !y are %[n 9 _m ( ! ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s4 ,!y usually are 9 ! =m ( two bronze cyl9d]s l9k$ toge!r1 ea* ) a lid :i* is atta*$ by a little *a94 ,o!r ink/&s are s+le1 little r\nd boxes ( bronze1 9 %ape l a l>ge pill-box4 ,ano!r me?od1 specially common 9 anci5t ,egypt1 0 = ! scribe to c>ry ab\t 8 ink1 bo? black & r$1 9 a solid =m2 he !n rubb$ up ) wat] j z mu* z he ne$$ at ! "t4 ,! box & palette m5tion$ bel[ 0 made = ?is use ( solid inks1 except t ! :ole ?+1 h&le & all1 is made out ( "o piece ( metal4 ,re$ p5s4 ,! p5s us$ by anci5t writ]s ( manuscripts 7 ma9ly "s v>iety ( re$ 7,greek3 kalamos1 calamus or canna71 cut diagonally to a po9t l a mod]n quill p54 ,great numb]s ( re$ p5s h be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian tombs & also 9 ,pompeii2 !y exactly resemble ^? /ill us$ 9 ,egypt & 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries g5]ally4 ,metal p5s4 ,metal p5s 7 also us$ by ,greek & ,roman scribes4 ,examples bo? 9 silv] & bronze h be5 f\nd 9 ,greece & 9 ,italy1 %ap$ v mu* l a mod]n /eel p5#bj4 ,scribes' palettes4 ,9 "s cases manuscripts 7 writt5 ) a f9e bru% in/ead ( a p51 especially ! hi]oglyphic manuscripts ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,_m comb9$ scribes' palettes & bru% cases h be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian tombs4 ,^! are long slips ( wood1 p>tly holl[$ to hold ! bru%es1 & ) two cup-l s9k+s at "o end = ! writ] to rub up 8 cakes ( black & r$ ink4 ,9 ,egyptian manuscripts r$ ink is us$ mu* m copi\sly ?an ei!r 9 ,greek or ,lat9 manuscripts4 ,v (t5 ! scribe writes 8 columns alt]nately 9 black & r$ = ! sake ( ! decorative appe>ance ( ! page4 ,p5-cases4 ,egyptian p5-cases 9 ! =m ( a bronze tube ab\t in* 9 diamet] & #aj in*es long ) a tightly fitt+ cap h frequ5tly be5 f\nd4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses good examples ( ^!1 & ( ! o!r writ+ implem5ts "h describ$4 ,re$ p5s4 ,! above-m5tion$ passage 9 ! ,edict ( ,diocletian 7see page #bh7 gives ! prices ( re$ p5s 7,greek3 kalamoi7 ( v>i\s qualities4 ,! diff]5ce is v great betwe5 ! be/ & ! inf]ior k9ds ( p5s2 ! be/ quality appe>s to h be5 made f ! long s+le jo9t ( a re$4 ,!re is no evid5ce t quill p5s 7 us$ 9 classical times1 b x is difficult to believe t s natural an exp$i5t nev] occurr$ to any anci5t scribe1 especially :5 ! use ( vellum = manuscripts came 92 = papyrus pap] ! s(t] re$ p5 w\ld be m conv5i5t ?an a quill1 & inde$ = all ! e>li] sort ( ,greek & ,lat9 writ+ 9 l>ge uncial *>act]s4 ,x is only = ! small] cursive writ+ t a quill w\ld be z suitable z a re$ p54 ,! inscription m5tion$ at p4 #bd z giv+ ! co/ ( pap] 9 ,a!ns 9 #djg ,b4,c4 is "p ( a record ( ! exp5ses ( build+ ! ,ere*!um4 ,x also m5tions ! pur*ase = #d dra*mae ( #d wood5 writ+-tablets1 ,greek3 *>tai en?san duo1 es has ta antigrapha enegrapsam5 - - ,greek3 ,sanides tett>es - - - - ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,classical ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts4 ,illum9ation4 ,! m$iaeval phrase illum9at$ manuscript means a manuscript :i* is light$ up ) col\r$ decoration 9 ! =m ( ornam5tal initial-lett]s or pa9t$ m9iatures4 ,dante speaks ( ,! art :i* 9 ,p>is is call$ illum9at+1 444 quell' arte ,*e allum9>e *iamata 9 ,p>isi2 ,purg4 ,,xi4 #hj4 ,use ( m9ium4 ,! important use t 0 made ( r$ pa9t 7m9ium7 9 ! decoration ( manuscripts l$ to ! pa9t] be+ call$ a m9iator1 :5ce ! pictures t he execut$ 9 manuscripts 7 call$ m9iature or m9iatures4 ,f9ally ! ^w m9iature 0 ext5d$ 9 mean+ to imply any pa9t+ on a m9ute scale#ba4 ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 x 0 only appli$ to ! pa9t$ decorations ( manuscripts4 ,egyptian m9iatures4 ,! ,egyptian manuscript ,books ( ! ,dead are v copi\sly illum9at$ ) pa9t$ m9iatures1 bo? 9 ! =m ( ornam5tal bord]s along ! edge ( ! papyrus1 & also ) l>g] compositions :i* occupy ! :ole dep? ( ! roll4 ,x is difficult to say to :at ext5t illum9at$ manuscripts 7 kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks1 b !y 7 c]ta9ly n uncommon 9 ,rome t[>ds ! close ( ! ,republic2 & x may fairly be assum$ t x 0 f ! ,greeks t ! v in>ti/ic ,romans d]iv$ ! cu/om ( decorat+ manuscripts ) pa9t$ m9iatures4 ,illu/rations 9 ,roman ,,mss4 ,pl9y tells u 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxv4 #aa7 t a numb] ( manuscripts 9 ! libr>y ( ,m4 ,v>ro 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 conta9$ no less ?an #gjj portraits ( illu/ri\s p]sonages4 ,t ! orig9al manuscript ( ,vitruvius' "w on ,ar*itecture 0 illu/rat$ ) explanatory pictures is %[n by ! frequ5t ref]5ce 9 ! text to ^! lo/ illu/rations :i* are m5tion$ z be+ at ! end ( ! "w2 e4g4 see ,,iii41 ,praef41 #d4 ,a manuscript writt5 9 lett]s ( gold is m5tion$ by ,suetonius 7,n]o1 #aj72 ?is 0 a copy ( ,n]o's own poem :i* 0 publicly read al\d to an audi5ce on ! ,capitol1 & 0 !n deposit$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us4 ,writ+ 9 gold4 ,aga91 two c5turies lat] ! "m ( ,maximus1 :o 0 titul> ,caes> f #bce to #bch ,a4,d41 is said to h giv5 him a manuscript ( ,hom]'s poems writt5 9 gold lett]s on purple vellum2 see ,jul4 ,capit41 ,max4 ,vita4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 abundant evid5ce to %[ t illum9at$ manuscripts 7 common among ! ,romans ( ! ,imp]ial p]iod2 & !re is a v /rong probability t manuscripts decorat$ ) m9iatures 7 no less frequ5t 9 ! great libr>ies ( ! ,ptolemies & ( ! ,attalid k+s1 9 fact ?r\gh\t ! ,greek _w f ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great d[nw>ds1 if n e>li] /ill4 ,greek m9iatures4 ,"s notion ( ! great beauty ( ! illu/rations 9 ,greek manuscripts may p]haps be ga!r$ f an exam9ation ( ! ma/]ly & delicately graceful draw+s incis$ 9 outl9e :i* decorate ! f9e/ ( ! ,greek bronze ci/ae4 ,no?+ c\ld surpass ! p]fect beauty ( ! outl9e engrav+s on ! s-call$ ,ficoronian ci/a1 :i* is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,museo del ,collegio ,romano 9 ,rome4 ,"p ( ?is s]ies repres5t+ sc5es f ! adv5tures ( ! ,argonauts is %[n on fig4 #a4 ,two s\rces ( k4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al s*eme ( decoration 9 classical manuscripts1 we h ! evid5ce ( a few exi/+ examples dat+ f ab\t ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 & also a l>ge numb] ( copies ( ,roman manuscript-pictures ( e>li] date ?an ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 :i* are to be se5 9 v>i\s ,italian & ,byzant9e manuscripts ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,"p ( ! draw+ engrav$ on ! bronze ci/a ( ,ficoroni1 dat+ f ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a beautiful example ( ,greek draw+4 ,isolat$ pictures4 ,m$iaeval me?od4 ,! evid5ce d]iv$ f ^! two s\rces leads to ! conclusion t z a rule ! illum9ations 9 classical manuscripts 7 treat$ z sep>ate pictures1 ea* surr\nd$ ) a simple pa9t$ frame1 & n closely l9k$ to ! text 9 ! *>act]i/ic m$iaeval fa%ion4 ,! m$iaeval me?od1 by (t5 introduc+ m9iature pa9t+s )9 ! b\nd>y ( l>ge initial lett]s1 & by surr\nd+ ! page ) bord]s ( foliage :i* gr[ out ( ! *ief initials ( ! text1 makes ! decoration an ess5tial "p ( ! :ole & creates a close union betwe5 ! lit]>y & ! ornam5tal p>ts ( ! book1 :i* is v unlike ! usual anci5t sy/em ( hav+ a pla9ly writt5 text ) isolat$ m9iature pa9t+s introduc$ at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! pages ( ! book4 ,iliad ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,manuscript ( ! ,iliad at ,milan2 ( all exi/+ ,greek or ,lat9 manuscripts none gives a bett] notion ( ! /yle ( illum9ations us$ 9 manuscripts ( ! be/ ,graeco-,roman p]iod ?an ! fragm5ts ( ,hom]'s ,iliad :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblioteca ,ambrogiana 9 ,milan4 ,^! fragm5ts consi/ ( fifty-eight m9iature pa9t+s1 :i* h be5 cut out ( a folio manuscript on vellum ( ,hom]'s ,iliad1 dat+ probably f ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! mutilator ( ?is codex seems only to h c>$ to pres]ve ! pictures1 & ! only portion ( ! text :i* /ill exi/s is ab\t eight hundr$ n consecutive l9es :i* happ5 to be writt5 on ! backs ( ! pa9t+s4 ,great additional int]e/ is giv5 to ?is priceless fragm5t by ! fact t ! m9iatures are mu* old] 9 /yle ?an ! date ( ! manuscript itself1 & h evid5tly be5 copi$ f a mu* e>li] ,greek orig9al4 ,old] ,greek /yle4 ,& m ?an t2 ^! pa9t+s take "o back fur!r /ill2 _! rhy?mical composition1 ! dignity ( _! motives1 ! simplicity ( ! planes1 & ! g5]al l>g5ess ( /yle :i* is specially noticeable 9 "s ( ! m9iatures repres5t+ fight+ armies ( gods & h]oes1 all sugge/ t we h "h a record1 weak5$ & debas$ ?\gh x may be1 ( "s gr& s]ies ( mural decorations on a l>ge scale1 dat+ possibly f ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek art4 ,hell5ic models4 ,z is naturally ! case ) copies ( noble designs execut$ at a p]iod ( extreme decad5ce ^! pa9t+s are v unequal 9 /yle1 comb9+ feebl5ess ( t\* & co>s5ess ( detail ) great _s 9 ! action ( ! figures & great dignity 9 ! compositions1 :i* h num]\s figures cr[d$ )\t confusion ( l9e1 ?us sugge/+ l>ge scale ?\gh ! pa9t+s are actually m9iatures only five or six in*es long4 ,! treatm5t ( gods & h]oes1 especially ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,a*illes & o!rs1 has mu* t recalls f9e ,hell5ic models4 ,& "s ( ! p]sonifications1 su* z ,night & ! riv] ,scam&]1 possess a gracefulness ( pose & beauty ( =m :i* 0 f> beyond ! conception ( any f\r? c5tury arti/4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t a f9e ,hell5ic orig9 is n sugge/$ by all ! fifty-eight pictures f ?is ,iliad4 ,"s ( !m are obvi\sly ( lat] & inf]ior /yle1 ) weak scatt]$ compositions1 v unlike ! nobility & decorative complet5ess ( ! be/ among ! m9iatures4 ,s*eme ( col\r4 ,) reg>d to ! arrangem5t ( ^! pictures1 ea* is surr\nd$ by a simple frame =m$ ( b&s ( blue & r$2 9 mo/ cases ! m9iatures rea* across ! :ole wid? ( ! page4 ,! col\r+ is heavy1 pa9t$ 9 opaque temp]a pigm5ts ) an undue prepond]ance ( m9ium or r$ lead4 ,:ite lead1 yell[1 br[n & r$ o*res are l>gely us$1 toge!r ) a v>iety ( vegetable col\rs & ! purple-r$ ( ! k]mes beetle 7coccus71 b no gold is us$1 a bright yell[ o*re be+ employ$ z a sub/itute#bb4 ,! co/umes are p>tly anci5t ,greek & p>tly ( lat] ,roman fa%ion4 ,a nimbus encircles ea* deity's head1 & diff]5t col\rs are us$ to di/+ui% !m4 ,! nimbus ( ,zeus is purple1 t ( ,v5us is gre52 ^? ( ! o!r gods are mo/ly blue4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ! backgr\nds ( ! pictures are n pa9t$1 b ! creamy :ite ( ! vellum is left expos$#bc4 ,! ,vatican ,virgil4 ,! ,virgil ( ! ,vatican2 next 9 importance to ! ,ambrosian ,iliad1 among ! exi/+ examples ( classical illum9at$ manuscripts1 comes ! manuscript ( ,virgil's poems 7,vat4 ,no4 #cbbe7 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! ?ird or m probably ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! text is writt5 9 l>ge h&some capitals1 well =m$ except t all ! cross l9es are too %ort1 ,t1 = example be+ writt5 ?us ,symbol3 ,t ) %ort curl$ arms4 ,! :ole manuscript1 b especially ! ,a5eid1 is decorat$ ) pictures1 fifty 9 all1 ea* fram$ by a simple bord] ( col\r$ b&s4 ,! /yle ( ^! m9iatures is v diff]5t & arti/ically v inf]ior to t ( ! ,ambrosian ,iliad4 ,m9iatures ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,! :ole ( ! designs1 9 composition & draw+ & 9 ! co/umes ( ! figures1 are ^? ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! details are co>se1 ! attitudes devoid ( _s1 & ! figures clumsy4 ,! backgr\nds are pa9t$ 9 & ! col\r+ is dull 9 tone & heavy 9 texture1 put 9 ) a consid]able body ( pigm5t 7impa/o74 ,gold1 n 9 leaf b z a fluid pigm5t1 is l>gely us$ = high lights on trees1 m\nta9s1 ro(s ( build+s1 & = ! folds ( drap]y1 especially :]e ! /uff is r$ or purple4 ,! male figures h fle% ( a r$di%-br[n t9t l _m ( ! ,pompeian wall pa9t+s2 !y we> %ort tunics ) cloaks ?r[n ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,o!r figures we> a long dalmatica or tunic1 ornam5t$ ) two v]tical purple /ripes1 closely resembl+ ! tunics :i* h rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 su* abundance 9 ! late ,roman tombs ( ! ,fay\m 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,on ! :ole ! m9iatures are nei!r graceful nor highly decorative2 !y 7 execut$ at ab\t ! l[ wat] m>k ( classical arti/ic decad5ce %ortly be=e ! ,byzant9e revival "u ,ju/9ian4 ,mu* t has be5 writt5 9 _! praise mu/ be attribut$ to antiqu>ian en?usiasm r ?an to j criticism#bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,m9iature ( classical design f a twelf? c5tury ,psalt] 9 ! ,vatican libr>y4 ,be=e pass+ on to ano!r class ( manuscripts x %\ld be not$ t !re is 9 exi/5ce "o manuscript ( ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 :i* is ( special int]e/ on acc\nt ( its be+ ornam5t$1 n only ) m9iature pictures1 b also ) "s decorative designs ( a /iff conv5tional "*4 ,?is is a ,roman ,kal5d>1 :i* =ms "p ( a manuscript 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y 9 ,vi5na4 ,! ornam5ts h b little decorative m]it1 b !y are ( int]e/ z %[+ t ! illum9ations 9 classical manuscripts 7 n always conf9$ to ! subject pictures4 ,copies ( lo/ orig9als4 ,x has n z a rule be5 suffici5tly notic$ t ! /yle ( m9iature pa9t+s 9 manuscripts ( a consid]ably e>li] date ?an ei!r ! ,ambrosian ,iliad or ! ,vatican ,virgil is v fairly repres5t$ 9 v>i\s manuscripts ( ! t5? to ! twelf? c5tury1 ! illum9ators ( :i* h evid5tly copi$1 z accurately z !y 7 able1 m9iatures 9 manuscripts ( ! fir/ or second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! orig9als ( ^! e>ly ,roman manuscripts d n n[ exi/1 & !re=e ! in=mation z to _! /yle & composition1 :i* is giv5 9 ! m$iaeval copies1 is ( great int]e/4 ,classical design4 ,graeco-,roman design4 ,a ,greek twelf? c5tury ,psalt] 9 ! ,vatican libr>y 7,no4 #cha7 has "o special picture :i* is obvi\sly a c>eful copy ( a m9iature pa9t+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 or ev5 e>li]3 see fig4 #b4 ,! subject is ,orpheus seat$ on a rock play+ to a circle ( li/5+ bea/s toge!r ) two nymphs & a y\?ful ,faun or %eph]d4 ,^! figures are arrang$ s z to =m a v graceful composition 9 a l&scape ) hills & trees4 ,! figures are extremely graceful bo? 9 outl9e & 9 pose1 %[+ a consid]able trace ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,! :ole design closely resembles 9 /yle "s ( ! wall pa9t+s 9 ! s-call$ ,h\se ( ,livia on ! ,palat9e ,hill 9 ,rome1 ( :i* fig4 #c %[s ! sc5e ( ,io wat*$ by ,argus1 & ^? 9 ! n[ de/roy$ villa :i* 0 discov]$ by ! ,tib] bank 9 ! ,f>nes9a ,g>d5s#be1 & _m ( ! bett] class ( pa9t+s on ! walls ( ! h\ses ( ,pompeii4 ,( ! latt] a good example is %[n 9 fig4 #d1 a pa9t+ ! design ( :i* has mu* f9e ,hell5ic feel+ 9 ! grace ( its =m & ! simplicity ( ! composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,livia on ! ,palat9e ,hill 9 ,rome4 ,orpheus made into ,david4 ,return+ n[ to ! above m5tion$ ,psalt] ( ! ,vatican1 ! scribe1 probably a ,greek monk1 :o 9 ! twelf? c5tury pa9t$ ?is m9iature#bf1 conv]t$ x into q a diff]5t subject1 t ( ,david play+ on ! h>p1 by ! simple device ( ticket+ ea* figure ) a newly devis$ "n4 ,orpheus is call$ ,david1 "o ( ! ,nymphs :o sits affectionately close to ,orpheus1 probably meant = 8 wife ,eurydice1 is labell$ ,sophia1 wisdom2 :ile ! o!r two figures are conv]t$ into local p]sonifications to indicate ! locality ( ! sc5e4 ,x is n (t5 t a m$iaeval copyi/ has ?us pres]v$ unalt]$ ! composition ( a :ole subject ( classical & pre-,*ri/ian date1 b x is n uncommon to f9d s+le figures or p>ts ( pictorial designs ( equally e>ly date among ! illum9ations ( ! n9? to ! twelf? c5turies4 ,graeco-,roman p]sonifications4 ,z an example ( ?is we may m5tion "o pa9t+ 9 a ,greek ,psalt] ( ! t5? c5tury 9 ! ,p>is libr>y 7,bibl4 ,nat4 ,no4 #aci74 ,?is repres5ts ! ,prophet ,isaiah /&+1 gaz+ up to heav51 9 a v beautiful l&scape ) trees gr[+ f a ri*ly fl[]-spangl$ sw>d4 ,! some:at /iff figure ( ! ,prophet is ,byzant9e#bg r ?an ,classical 9 /yle1 b ! o!r two figures :i* are introduc$ are purely ,graeco-,roman 9 design4 ,on "o side is a p]sonification ( ,night 7,greek3 ,,nux71 a v graceful /&+ female figure ) "p ( h] drap]y float+ 9 ! w9d1 =m+ a sort ( curv$ canopy ov] h] head1 su* z is s (t5 repres5t$ above ! heads ( goddesses or nymphs on ! reliefs ( f9e ,graeco-,roman s>cophagi4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,prophet is a w+$ boy1 l a y\?ful ,eros1 be>+ a tor* to symbolize ! dawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,pompeian pa9t+ ( ,hell5ic /yle1 z an example ( ,greek draw+ & composition4 ,classical /yle4 ,! bold & v decorative1 yet almo/ reali/ic treatm5t ( ! foliage ( ! trees & ( ! fl[]s :i* are spr9kl$ among ! grass is purely classical 9 /yle1 & ! :ole m9iature %[s t ! t5? c5tury illum9ator _h be=e him "s v f9e manuscript ( e>ly ,imp]ial date4 ,f ?is he has select$ a picture :i* might by omissions & modifications be adapt$ to 8 subject2 & = ! figure ( ! ,prophet he has fall5 back on ano!r less anci5t orig9al1 b /ill "o :i* mu/ h be5 sev]al c5turies old] ?an 8 own "t4 ,?is is ! explanation ( :at at fir/ seems s /range a union 9 ! same pa9t+ ( v graceful s+le figures by ! side ( o!rs :i* are rigid & awkw>d2 & aga91 great skill %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! individual figures comb9$ ) a feeble & clumsy arrangem5t ( ! :ole composition4 ,byzant9e /yle4 ,fig4 #e %[s a m9iature ( v simil> /yle repres5t+ ! ,prophet ,eze*iel 9 ! ,valley ( dry bones4 ,x is tak5 f a manuscript ( ! ,s]mons ( ,sa9t ,gregory ,nazianz51 :i* 0 writt5 = ! ,byzant9e ,emp]or ,basil :o reign$ f #hfg to #hhf4 ,?is figure *iefly illu/rates ! ,byzant9e1 n ! ,classical elem5t 9 ! m9iatures ( ?is mix$ /yle ( art1 ?\gh !re is also a cle> trace ( ,graeco-,roman influ5ce 9 ! f9ely design$ drap]y ( ! ,prophet4 ,! curi\s union ( two utt]ly diff]5t /yles is well exemplifi$ 9 ano!r ( ! m9iatures 9 ! la/ m5tion$ ,psalt]4 ,"h ,david is repres5t$ l a ,byzant9e ,emp]or cr[n$ & we>+ ! ri*ly embroid]$ toga picta1 & hold+ an op5 book4 ,! figure might well pass = a repres5tation ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 & ! orig9al pa9t+ 0 probably ( t date1 ( ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,graeco-,roman figures4 ,on ea* side ( ! ,byzant9e ,david is a female figure drap$ ) mo/ gracefully design$ folds ( pure ,graeco-,roman /yle1 a mo/ /rik+ contra/ to ! c5tral figure4 ,:o ^! ladies repres5t$ 9 ! orig9al manuscript x is impossible to say1 b ! pa9t] :o 9 ! t5? c5tury illum9at$ ! ,psalt] call$ !m ,wisdom & ,prophecy1 writ+ by !m ! names ,sophia & ,prophetia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! ,prophet ,eze*iel f a ,byzant9e manuscript ( ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,value ( late copies4 ,_m o!r examples might be giv5 to %[ t a tru] notion ( classical illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! be/ ,graeco-,roman /yle c be ga9$ f a /udy ( ! works ( m$iaeval copyi/s ?an f manuscripts :i*1 ?\gh old]1 are ( late & debas$ /yle l ! fam\s illum9at$ ,virgil ( ! ,vatican#bh4 ,aft] ,rome _h ceas$ to be ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 ,con/ant9ople became ! *ief c5tre = ! production ( illum9at$ manuscripts#bi1 b nev]!less ! old] classical /yle ( draw+ to "s ext5t did survive 9 ,italy1 ?\gh 9 a v debas$ =m1 d[n to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,cimabue & 8 pupil ,giotto inaugurat$ ! brilliant ,r5aissance ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,classical survival4 ,! ,gospels1 = example1 :i* ,/ ,augu/9e is said to h br\ght ) him to ,brita9 9 #eig ,a4,d41 h pa9t+s1 en?ron$ figures ( ! ,evangeli/s1 :i* 9 design & col\r are purely ( late ,roman /yle1 un*ang$ by ! !n wide-spread influ5ce ( ,byzant9e art4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,byzant9e ,,manuscripts4 ,byzant9e /yle4 ,! hi/ory ( ! orig91 developm5t & decay ( ! ,byzant9e /yle 9 manuscripts1 z 9 o!r bran*es ( art1 is a long & /range "o#cj4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,byzant9e /yle dates f ! "t :5 ,*ri/ianity _h become ! ,/ate religion1 & :5 ,con/ant9e transf]r$ ! ,capital ( ! ,_w f ,rome to ,byzantium4 ,9 ,russia & o!r ea/]n portions ( ,europe ! ,byzant9e /yle /ill exi/s1 ?\gh 9 a sad /ate ( decay1 n z an antiqu>ian revival1 b z ! late/ l9k 9 a *a9 ( unbrok5 tradition1 go+ back )\t int]ruption to ! age ( ,con/ant9e1 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,_m /ra9s ( influ5ce4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 ,con/ant9ople1 or ,new ,rome z x 0 commonly call$1 became ! *ief _w's c5tre = ! practice ( all k9ds ( arts & h&icrafts4 ,ow+ to its c5tral position1 midway betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 ! /yles & te*nique ( bo? met & 7 fus$ into a new /yli/ic developm5t ( ! mo/ rem>kable k9d4 ,we/]n ,europe1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia & ,egypt all contribut$ elem5ts bo? ( design & ( te*nical skill1 :i* comb9$ to create ! new & = a :ile vigor\sly fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ,byzant9e art4 ,! dull lifeless =ms ( ,roman art 9 its extreme degradation 7 aga9 quick5$ into new life & beauty 9 ! h&s ( ^! ,byzant9e craftsm51 :o became z x 7 ! heirs & inh]itors ( ! art & ! te*nique ( all ! *ief c\ntries ( antiquity4 ,te*nical skill4 ,9 ar*itecture1 9 mosaic "w1 9 metal "w ( all k9ds1 9 textile weav+1 ! craftsm5 ( ,new ,rome rea*$ ! highe/ level ( te*nical skill & decorative beauty4 ,s also a new & brilliant s*ool ( manuscript illum9ation 0 soon =m$1 & ,con/ant9ople became = sev]al c5turies ! *ief c5tre = ! production ( manuscripts ( all k9ds4 ,! ,ori5tal elem5t 9 ,byzant9e art %[s itself 9 a love ( extreme spl5d\r1 ! mo/ copi\s use ( gold & silv] & ( ! brighte/ col\rs4 ,murex purple4 ,manuscripts writt5 9 burni%$ gold1 on vellum /a9$ ) ! brilliant purple f ! murex %ell1 7 l>gely produc$1 especially = ! private use ( ! ,byzant9e ,emp]ors4 ,?is murex purple1 produc$ ) imm5se exp5diture ( lab\r1 came to be consid]$ ! special m>k ( ,imp]ial rank#ca4 ,a gold5 ink/& conta9+ purple ink 0 kept by a special (ficial 9 wait+1 & no "o b ! ,emp]or himself might1 "u heavy p5alties1 use = any purpose ! purple ink2 & ! sumptu\s gold & purple manuscripts 7 = a long "t writt5 only = ,imp]ial use4 ,gold & purple gospels4 ,! pr9cipal class ( manuscripts :i* 7 writt5 ei!r 9 "p or :olly 9 ?is co/ly fa%ion 7 ,books ( ! ,gospels2 & ( ^! a good _m magnific5t examples /ill exi/1 dat+ n only f ! e>ly ,byzant9e p]iod1 b d[n to ! n9? or t5? c5tury4 ,9 ^! manuscripts ! burni%$ gold & ! brilliantly col\r$ pigm5ts :i* are us$ = ! illum9ations are /ill z bright & fre% 9 appe>ance z ev]1 b ! murex purple ) :i* ! vellum leaves 71 n pa9t$1 b dy$1 has usually lo/ mu* ( its orig9al spl5d\r ( col\r4 ,monotony ( /yle4 ,be=e describ+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ,byzant9e illum9at$ manuscripts x may be well to note t ! ,byzant9e /yle is unique 9 ! arti/ic hi/ory ( ! _w f ! mann] 9 :i* x rapidly 0 cry/alliz$ into rigidly fix$ =ms1 & !n cont9u$ = c5tury aft] c5tury ) m>vell\sly little modification or developm5t ei!r 9 col\r1 draw+ or composition4 ,?is abs5ce ( any real liv+ developm5t 0 due to ! fact t pa9t+s ( all k9ds 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 f a colossal mural picture d[n to a manuscript m9iature1 7 produc$ by ecclesia/ics & = ! ,*ur*1 "u a /rictly appli$ s]ies ( hi]atic rules4 ,hi]atic rules4 ,! draw+1 ! pose1 ! col\rs ( ! drap]y ( e ,sa9t1 & ! s*eme ( composition ( all sacr$ figure subjects came gradually to be def9$ by ecclesia/ic rules1 :i* ea* pa9t] 0 b\nd to obey4 ,?us x happ5s t dur+ ! _m c5turies :i* are cov]$ by ! ,byzant9e /yle ( art1 ?\gh !re are p]iods ( decay & revival ( arti/ic skill1 yet 9 /yle !re is ! mo/ rem>kable monotony4 ,?is makes x specially difficult to judge f int]nal evid5ce ( ! date ( a ,byzant9e pa9t+4 ,9 manuscripts ! palaeographic1 n ! arti/ic evid5ce1 is ! be/ guide1 aid$ ( c\rse by v>i\s small te*nical peculi>ities1 & also by ! am\nt ( skill & p[] ( draw+ :i* is display$ 9 ! pa9t+s4 ,abs5ce ( *ange4 ,long aft] ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 #adec1 ! ,byzant9e /yle ( pa9t+ surviv$2 & ev5 at ! pres5t day ! monks ( ,mt ,a?os execute l>ge wall pa9t+s1 :i*1 z f> z _! /yle is conc]n$1 might appe> to be ! "w ( _m c5turies ago4 ,m4 ,didron f\nd ! mona/ic pa9t]s 9 "o ( ! ,m\nt ,a?os mona/]ies us+ a treatise call$ ! ,greek3 ,h]mneia ts zgraphiks1 9 :i* directions are giv5 h[ e figure & subject is to be treat$1 & :i* describes ! old traditional =ms )\t any p]ceptible modification#cb4 ,! proportions ( ! human =m are laid d[n aft] ! *>act]i/ic sl5d] ,byzant9e models1 ! complete body1 = example1 be+ n9e heads 9 height4 #e? c5tury ,,ms4 ( ,g5esis4 ,weak draw+4 ,! e>lie/ ,byzant9e manuscript :i* is n[ kn[n to exi/ is a fragm5t ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y ( ,vi5na1 :i* dates f ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,?is fragm5t consi/s ( tw5ty-f\r leaves ( purple-dy$ vellum1 illum9at$ ) m9iatures on bo? sides4 ,9 ! ma9 ! designs are feeble 9 composition & weak 9 draw+1 belong+ r to ! late/ decad5ce ( ,roman classical art ?an to ! yet undevelop$ ,byzant9e /yle1 :i* 0 soon to gr[ into great arti/ic _s & /rong decorative p[]1 a completely new bir? ( ae/hetic conceptions1 ! brilliance ( :i* is ! m /rik+ f its foll[+ s closely on ! degrad$1 lifeless1 worn-out art ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,9 ?is manuscript ( ,g5esis !re is b little promise ( ! ,r5aissance t 0 s ne> at h&4 ,! draw+ ( ea* figure1 ?\gh sometimes graceful 9 pose1 is r weak1 & ! pa9t] has h>dly aim$ at any?+ l real composition2 8 figures m]ely /& 9 long r[s1 ) little or no?+ to gr\p !m toge!r4 ,fig4 #f %[s examples ( two ( ! be/ m9iatures1 repres5t+ ! /ory ( ! accusation ( ,joseph by ,potiph>'s wife4 ,9 e way ?is ,g5esis manuscript =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! delicate beauty & /rongly decorative feel+ :i* are to be se5 9 a "w ( b a few ye>s lat]1 ! fam\s ,dioscorides ( ! ,pr9cess ,juliana4 ,! ,dioscorides ( c4 #ejj ,a4,d4 ,among all ! exi/+ ,byzant9e manuscripts p]haps ! mo/ important = its rem>kable beauty z well z its e>ly date is ?is ,greek codex#cc ( ,dioscorides' "w on ,botany1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y 9 ,vi5na#cd1 ,no4 #e 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,! date ( ?is manuscript c be fix$ to ab\t ! ye> #ejj ,a4,d4 by ! record :i* x conta9s ( its hav+ be5 writt5 & illum9at$ = ! ,pr9cess ,juliana ,anicia1 ! daught] ( ,flavius ,anicius ,olybrius :o 0 ,emp]or = "p ( ! ye> #dgb1 & 8 wife ,galla ,placidia3 ,juliana ,anicia di$ 9 #ebg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,m9iature f ! ,vi5na manuscript ( ,g5esis4 ,?is beautiful manuscript1 :i* 0 execut$ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 conta9s five l>ge & elaborate m9iatures1 & a great numb] ( vignettes repres5t+ v>ieties ( plants4 ,! fif? ( ! l>ge m9iatures consi/s ( a c5tral gr\p fram$ by two squ>es int]lac$ )9 a circle4 ,! plait patt]n on ! b&s :i* =m ! framework1 & ! :ole design closely resemble a f9e mosaic pavem5t ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! resemblance is f> too close to be accid5tal2 & inde$ ?is manuscript is n ! only example we h ( m9iature pa9t]s copy+ patt]ns & motives f mosaic floors ( e>li] date4 ,portrait figure4 ,! c5tral gr\p 9 ?is beautiful full page pa9t+ repres5ts ,juliana ,anicia1 = :om ! manuscript 0 writt51 en?ron$ betwe5 /&+ allegorical female figures4 ,m9utely pa9t$ figures ( ,cupids1 engag$ 9 a v>iety ( h&icrafts & arts1 fill up ! small spaces 9 ! framework4 ,inf]ior pa9t+s4 ,9 ^! pa9t+s we h a curi\s comb9ation ( diff]5t /yles2 ! en?ron$ figure ( ! ,pr9cess is ( ! /iff ,byzant9e /yle1 :ile ! att5dant figures & ! little ,cupids are almo/ purely classical 9 draw+4 ,?is manuscript =ms a l9k betwe5 ! classical or ,graeco-,roman & ! ,*ri/ian or ,byzant9e /yle4 ,o!r pa9t+s 9 ! same manuscript are v inf]ior 9 design1 p>tak+ ( ! late ,roman decad5ce1 r ?an ( ! bett] & e>li] art ( ! above m5tion$ picture4 ,fig4 #g %[s "o ( ^!4 ,x repres5ts ,dioscorides seat$ on a sort ( ?rone2 9 front is a female figure ,euresis 7,discov]y7 pres5t+ to him ! magic plant m&ragora 7m&rake74 ,! dy+ dog ref]s to ! popul> belief1 giv5 by ,josephus1 z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! m&rake 0 ga!r$4 ,:5 pluck$ f ! gr\nd ! m&rake utt]$ a scream :i* caus$ ! dea? ( any liv+ creature t he>d x2 x 0 !re=e usual to tie a dog to ! plant & retire to a safe di/ance be=e call+ x1 & s caus+ ! dog to drag ! plant out ( ! gr\nd4 ,on he>+ ! scream ! dog dropp$ d[n dead4 ,cf4 ,%aks41 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,,iv4 iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,m9iature f ! manuscript ( ! "w on ,botany by ,dioscorides1 execut$ 9 ,con/ant9ople ab\t #ejj ,a4,d4 ,col\rs & gold4 ,! col\rs us$ 9 ! ,dioscorides ( ,juliana are v brilliant1 especially ! gorge\s ultram>9e blue1 & are glossy 9 surface ow+ to ! copi\s use ( a gum m$ium4 ,gold is v l>gely & skilfully us$1 especially to light up & emphasize ! *ief folds ( ! drap]y1 a me?od :i* is v widely us$ 9 ,byzant9e art1 bo? 9 ! colossal pictures ( ! wall-mosaics1 & also 9 mo/ ( ! f9e/ class ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,cloisonn enamel4 ,9 ?is use ( gold1 9 ?9 delicate l9es :i* /r5g!n ! draw+1 we h a v di/9ct copyism ( ano!r q diff]5t art1 t ( ! work] 9 enamell$ gold1 an art :i* 0 practis$ 9 ,con/ant9ople ) wond]ful ta/e & skill4 ,! k9d ( enamel :i* 0 s (t5 imitat$ by ! manuscript illum9ator is n[ call$ cloisonn enamel f ! ?9 slips ( gold or cloisons :i* sep>ate "o col\r f ano!r1 & m>k out ! *ief l9es ( ! design4 ,s closely did _m ( ! illum9ators copy designs 9 ?is cloisonn t v (t5 "o sees manuscript m9iatures :i* look at fir/ sight z if !y 7 actual pieces ( enamel4 ,9 o!r ways too ! art ( ! goldsmi? _h consid]able influ5ce on ,byzant9e illum9ations2 & ! designs ( ! mosaic-work] & ! m9iaturi/ act$ & react$ ^u ea* o!r1 s t we sometimes see an elaborate pa9t+ 9 a book :i* looks l a design = a wall-mosaic2 or aga9 ! gorge\s glass mosaics ) gold gr\nds on ! vaults & walls ( ,byzant9e *ur*es frequ5tly look l magnifi$ leaves cut out ( "s gorge\sly illum9at$ manuscript4 ,! pure ,byzant9e /yle4 ,x 0 only = a %ort p]iod t manuscripts 7 execut$ at ,con/ant9ople :i*1 9 _! m9iatures1 7 l9ks betwe5 ! classical & ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,?us we f9d t ! fam\s ,greek manuscript ( ,cosmas ,indopleu/es 9 ! ,vatican libr>y 7,no4 #fii7 is ( ! pure & fully develop$ ,byzant9e /yle1 ) its =mal attitudes1 its rigid drap]y1 its l5g?y proportions ( figure1 & /iff monoton\s s*emes ( composition1 su* z grew to be accept$ z ! "o sacr$ /yle1 & z su* has be5 pres]v$ by ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* d[n to ! pres5t c5tury4 ,?is manuscript ( ,cosmas is c]ta9ly a "w ( ,ju/9ian's "t1 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 ?\gh x has usually be5 attribut$ to ! n9? c5tury2 x really is b little lat] ?an ! ,dioscorides ( ,juliana1 & yet x has b little trace ( ! old] classical /yle1 ei!r 9 draw+1 composition or col\r#ce4 ,! ,laur5tian libr>y 9 ,flor5ce possesses a manuscript ( ! ,gospels :i*1 ?\gh poor z a "w ( art1 has sev]al po9ts ( special int]e/4 ,a contempor>y note 9 ! codex records t x 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #ehf by ! ,prie/ ,rabula 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,/ ,john at ,zagba 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,e>ly crucifixion4 ,its illum9ations are weak 9 draw+1 co>se 9 execution & h>% 9 col\r+1 b "o ( !m1 repres5t+ ! ,crucifixion ( our ,"l betwe5 ! two ?ieves1 is noticeable z be+ ! e>lie/ kn[n example ( ?is subject4 ,! primitive ,*ri/ian ,*ur* avoid$ sc5es repres5t+ ,*ri/'s ,dea? & ,passion1 pref]r+ to sugge/ !m only by means ( types & symbols tak5 f ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory4 ,?is & o!r subsequ5t pa9t+s ( ! ,crucifixion treat ! subject 9 a v conv5tional way1 & x is n till ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury t we f9d ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/ repres5t$ ) any?+ l realism4 ,9 ! ,gospels ( ! ,prie/ ,rabula1 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ cr[n$ ) gold1 n ) ?orns2 ,he we>s a long tunic ( ,imp]ial purple rea*+ to ! feet4 ,! arms are /ret*$ out horizontally1 an impossible attitude = a crucifi$ p]son1 & f\r nails are repres5t$ pi]c+ ! h&s & bo? feet sep>ately4 ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ! gloomy ,ori5tal influ5ce t gradually introduc$ sc5es ( m>tyrdom1 ) horrors ( e description into ,*ri/ian art1 :i* orig9ally _h be5 imbu$ ) a f> heal?i] & m *e]ful _s1 a survival f ! :olesome classical treatm5t ( dea? & ! grave4 ,hell ) its revolt+ horrors & hide\s demons 0 an inv5tion ( a /ill lat] & intellectually m degrad$ p]iod4 ,,mss4 ( ! ,gospels4 ,evangeli>ia or manuscripts ( ! ,gospels4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important classes ( ,byzant9e manuscripts1 & ! "o ( :i* ! mo/ magnific5t examples n[ exi/ are ! ,books ( ! ,gospels already m5tion$ at page #df z be+ occasionally1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 writt5 9 lett]s ( gold on leaves ( purple-dy$ vellum4 ,! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,^! ,imp]ially magnific5t manuscripts are usually decorat$ ) five full page pa9t+s1 plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! codex4 ,^! five pictures repres5t ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 ea* en?ron$ l a ,byzant9e ,emp]or "u an ar*$ canopy support$ on ,cor9?ian columns ( m>ble or porphyry4 ,ea* ,evangeli/ sits hold+ 9 8 h& ! manuscript ( 8 ,gospel2 or1 9 "s cases1 he is repres5t$ writ+ x4 ,9 ! e>li] manuscripts1 ,/ ,john is correctly repres5t$ z an ag$ :ite-be>d$ man1 b 9 lat] times ,/ ,john 0 always depict$ z a be>dless y\?1 ev5 9 illum9ations :i* repres5t him writ+ 8 ,gospel 9 ! ,isl& ( ,patmos1 z at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,books ( ,h\rs4 ,next comes ! fif? m9iature repres5t+ ,*ri/ 9 ,maje/y1 usually en?ron$ )9 an oval or vesica-%ap$ aureole2 ,he sits on a ra9b[1 & at ,8 feet is a globe to repres5t ! e>?1 or 9 "s cases a small figure ( ,tellus or ,atlas ) ! same symbolical mean+4 ,! ,canons ( ,eusebius4 ,sasanian /yle4 ,o!r highly decorat$ pages 9 ^! ,byzant9e ,gospels are ^? :i* conta9 ! ,canons ( ,bi%op ,eusebius1 a set ( t5 tables giv+ li/s ( p>allel passages 9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,^! tables are usually fram$ by columns support+ a semicircul> ar*1 ri*ly decorat$ ) ar*itectural & floral ornam5ts 9 gold & col\rs4 ,frequ5tly birds1 especially doves & peacocks1 are introduc$ 9 ! sp&rels ov] ! ar*es2 !y are (t5 arrang$ 9 pairs dr9k+ out ( a c5tral vase or *alice--a motive :i* occurs v (t5 among ! reliefs on ! s>cophagi & m>ble scre5s ( e>ly ,byzant9e ,*ur*es bo? 9 ,italy & 9 ! ,ea/#cf4 ,^! birds appe> to be purely ornam5tal1 9 spite ( ! _m attempts t h be5 made to discov] symbolic mean+s 9 !m4 ,o!r birds1 su* z cocks1 quails & p>tridges1 are commonly us$ 9 ^! decorative illum9ations1 & ?is class ( ornam5t 0 probably d]iv$ f ,p]sia1 "u ! ,sasanian ,dyna/y1 :5 decorative art & skilful h&icrafts fl\ri%$ to a v rem>kable ext5t#cg4 ,among ! mo/ sumptu\s & beautiful illum9ations :i* occur 9 ^! ,byzant9e ,gospels are ! head+s & beg9n+s ( books writt5 9 v l>ge gold5 capitals1 s t six or sev5 lett]s frequ5tly occupy ! :ole page4 ,^! lett]s are pa9t$ ov] a ri*ly decorat$ backgr\nd cov]$ ) floreat$ ornam5t1 & ! :ole is fram$ 9 an elaborate bord]1 all gl[+ ) ! mo/ brilliant col\rs1 & light$ up by burni%$ gold ( ! highe/ decorative beauty#ch4 ,textus = ! ,high ,alt>4 ,^! sumptu\s ,evangeli>ia1 or ,textus z !y 7 (t5 call$1 soon came to be some?+ m ?an m]ely a magnific5t book4 ,!y develop$ into "o ( ! mo/ important pieces ( furniture belong+ to ! ,high ,alt> 9 all important ,ca!dral & ,abbey *ur*es#ci4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole m$iaeval p]iod e ri* *ur* possess$ "o ( ^! magnific5tly writt5 ,textus or ,books ( ! ,gospels b\nd 9 co/ly cov]s ( gold or silv] ?ickly /udd$ ) jewels4 ,?is ,textus 0 plac$ on ! ,high ,alt> be=e ! celebration ( ,mass1 dur+ :i* x 0 us$ = ! read+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,textus us$ z a ,pax4 ,! jewel-/udd$ cov]s _h on "o side a repres5tation ( ,*ri/'s crucifixion1 execut$ 9 enamel or else 9 gold relief1 & ! book 0 us$ to s]ve ! purpose ( a ,pax1 be+ h&$ r\nd among ! m9i/]s ( ! ,alt> = ! c]emonial kiss ( peace1 :i* 9 primitive times _h be5 ex*ang$ among ! memb]s ( ! congregation !mselves4 ,"o ( ! mo/ magnific5t examples ( ^! ,textus is ! "o n[ 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,a%burnham1 ! cov]s ( :i* are among ! mo/ important & beautiful examples ( ! e>ly ,engli% goldsmi?'s & jewell]'s art :i* n[ exi/#dj4 ,! ,textus at ,durham4 ,an int]e/+ description ( ! ,textus :i*1 till ! ,re=mation1 belong$ to ! ,high ,alt> ( ,durham ,ca!dral1 is giv5 9 ! ,rites & ,monum5ts ( ,durham writt5 9 #aeic by a survivor f ! suppress$ & plund]$ ,abbey#da1 :o 9 8 old age wrote d[n 8 recollections ( ! =m] glories ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he writes1 ! ,gospell]#db did c>rye a m>vel\s ,,faire ,,booke1 :i* _h ! ,epi/les & ,gospels 9 x1 & did lay x on ! ,alt>1 ! :i* booke _h on ! outside ( ! cov]+e ! picture ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/1 all ( silv]1 ( goldsmi?'s worke1 all p>cell gilt1 v]ye f9e to beh\ld2 :i* booke did s]ve = ! ,,pax 9 ! ,masse4 ,^! ,textus 7 n unfrequ5tly writt5 :olly 9 gold on purple /a9$ vellum1 n only dur+ ! e>lie/ & be/ p]iod ( ,byzant9e art b also occasionally by ! illum9ators ( ! age ( ,*>les ! ,great4 ,weak draw+ ( ! figure4 ,return+ n[ to ! g5]al "q ( ! /yle ( ,byzant9e art1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 ?\gh little k ( ! human =m is %[n by ! m9iaturi/s1 yet !y 7 able to produce highly dignifi$ compositions1 v /rong 9 decorative effect4 ,/udy ( ! nude =m 0 /rictly prohibit$ by ! ,*ur*2 & ! beauty ( ! human figure 0 reg>d$ z a sn>e & a dang] to m9ds :i* %\ld be fix$ ^u ! imag9>y glories ( ano!r _w4 ,:at grace & dignity !re is 9 ,byzant9e figure pa9t+ dep5ds *iefly on ! skilful treatm5t ( ! drap]y ) simple folds modell$ 9 gracefully curv+ l9es4 ,livid fle% col\r4 ,! utmo/ spl5d\r ( gold & col\r is lavi%$ on ?is drap]y1 & on ! backgr\nds1 bord]-frames & o!r accessories1 :ile ! col\r+ ( ! fle%1 9 faces1 h&s & feet1 is commonly unpleasant2 )1 9 _m cases1 an excessive use ( gre5 9 ! %ad[s1 :i* gives an unheal?y look to ! faces4 ,?is copi\s use ( gre5 9 fle% t9ts is especially app>5t 9 ! lat] ,byzant9e pa9t+s1 & aga9 9 ! ,italian imitations ( ,byzant9e art4 ,ev5 pa9t+s by ,cimabue & "s ( 8 foll[]s1 9 ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 are disfigur$ by ! fle% 9 %ad[ be+ l>gely pa9t$ ) t]ra v]de#dc4 ,mona/ic bigotry4 ,! mona/ic bigotry1 :i* prohibit$ /udy ei!r ( ! liv+ model or ( ! beauties ( classical sculpture1 t5d$ to fo/] a /rongly conv5tional elem5t 9 ,art1 :i* = c]ta9 decorative purposes 0 ( ! highe/ possible value4 ,any?+ l realism is q unsuit$ bo? = colossal mural frescoes or mosaics & = m9iature pa9t+s 9 an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,f9e e>ly mosaics4 ,?us1 = example1 ! exi/+ mosaics on ! we/ front ( ,/ ,m>k's ,basilica 9 ,v5ice#dd1 :i* 7 copi$ f noble pa9t+s by ,titian & ,t9toretto1 are immeasurably inf]ior to ! e>li] mosaics ) /iff1 hi]atic =ms design$ aft] ,byzant9e models1 z = example ! mosaics 9 ! ,apse ( ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damian 9 ,rome1 execut$ = ,pope ,felix ,,iv4 #ebf to #ecj2 see fig4 #h4 ,s1 aga91 ! skilfully drawn & modell$ figures 9 a manuscript execut$ by ,giulio ,clovio 9 ! sixte5? c5tury are n wor?y to be comp>$1 = true decorative beauty & fitness1 ) ! flat1 rigid =ms1 full ( dignity & simple1 rhy?mical beauty :i* we f9d 9 any ,byzant9e manuscript ( a good p]iod#de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,mosaic ( ! six? c5tury 9 ! apse ( ! *ur* ( ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damian 9 ,rome4 ,limitations ( ,byzant9e ,art4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t 9 ,byzant9e art ?is conv5tional treatm5t ( ! human =m is c>ri$ too f>1 & !re=e1 spl5did z a f9e ,byzant9e manuscript usually is1 x falls f> %ort ( ! almo/ p]fect beauty t may be se5 9 ,anglo-,norman & ,fr5* illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 su* m>vels ( beauty1 = example1 z ,fr5* manuscripts ( ! ,apocalypse execut$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ,nor!rn ,france2 see bel[1 page #aah4 ,edict aga9/ /atues4 ,till ! eigh? c5tury1 ,byzant9e art1 bo? 9 manuscripts & 9 o!r bran*es ( art1 cont9u$ to advance 9 te*nical skill1 ?\gh little *ange or developm5t ( /yle took place4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ! iconocla/ s*ism1 fo/]$ by ! ,emp]or ,leo ,,iii4 ! ,isaurian1 an uncultur$ & ignorant soldi] :o began by issu+ an edict aga9/ image-wor%ip 9 ! ye> #gbf ,a4,d41 gave a bl[ to ,byzant9e art :i* br\ght ab\t a v s]i\s decad5ce dur+ ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 m especially 9 ,con/ant9ople1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 "o ( ! *ief lit]>y & arti/ic c5tres ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,pictures ( all k9ds1 z well z /atues1 7 de/roy$ by ! iconocla/ fanatics1 & ! cause ( le>n+ suff]$ almo/ z mu* z did ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,franki% ,,mss4 ,"o result ( ?is s*ismatic outbreak 0 t ,con/ant9ople ceas$ to be "o ( ! *ief c5tres = ! production ( beautiful illum9at$ manuscripts1 & v>i\s ,franki% cities1 su* z ,aix-la-,*apelle & ,t\rs1 took its place "u ! enlight5$ patronage ( ,*>les ! ,great ! ,emp]or ( ! ,we/1 :o1 9 ! second half ( ! n9? c5tury1 by ! aid ( ! fam\s ,nor?umbrian s*ol> & scribe ,alcu9 ( ,york1 br\ght ab\t a wond]ful revival ( lit]ature & ( ! illum9ator's art 9 v>i\s cities & mona/]ies )9 ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,byzant9e decad5ce4 ,at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ,byzant9e art1 practis$ 9 its orig9al home1 _h rea*$ ! l[e/ possible level4 ,?us1 = example1 a manuscript ( "s ( ! works ( ,/ ,*ryso/om 7,p>is1 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,coisl941 #gi7 conta9s m9iatures ! figures 9 :i* are m]e sack-l bundles ) little or no sugge/ion ( ! human =m4 ,! :ole skill ( ! arti/ has be5 exp5d$ on ! pa9t+ ( ! elaborate patt]ns on ! dresses2 draw+ & composition he has n ev5 attempt$4 ,fig4 #i %[s a m9iature f ?is manuscript1 repres5t+ ! ,greek ,emp]or en?ron$ betwe5 f\r c\rti]s1 & two allegorical figures ( ,tru? & ,ju/ice4 ,! ,emp]or is ,nicephoros ,botaniates1 :o reign$ f #ajgh to #ajha4 ,an equally /rik+ example ( ! degradation ( ,byzant9e art 9 ,g]many is illu/rat$ on page #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,m9iature f a ,byzant9e manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury2 a rem>kable example ( arti/ic decad5ce4 ,want ( life 9 ,byzant9e ,art4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ( decay dur+ ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 ,byzant9e art began to revive1 l>gely "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,we/2 ! orig9al life & _s _h1 h[ev]1 pass$ away1 & ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,byzant9e art is "o ( dull monotony & gr[+ feebl5ess1 ! inevitable result ( a cont9u+ copy+ & recopy+ ( old] models4 ,x is r z a modify+ influ5ce on ! art ( ! ,we/ t ,byzant9e pa9t+ cont9u$ to possess real importance4 ,z a di/9ct & isolat$ s*ool1 ,con/ant9ople fell into ! backgr\nd at ! "t ( ! iconocla/s & nev] aga9 came to ! front z an arti/ic c5tre ( real importance#df4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,! ,,c>ol+ian ,,p]iod4 ,! ,age ( ,*>les ! ,great4 ,! age ( ,*>les ! ,great & 8 successors4 ,*>les ! ,great1 :o 0 elect$ ,k+ ( ! ,franks 9 #gfh1 & 9 ! ye> #hjj became ,emp]or ( ! ,we/1 did mu* to fo/] all bran*es ( art--ar*itecture1 bronze-f\nd+1 goldsmi?'s "w1 & m especially ! art ( writ+ & illum9at+ manuscripts4 ,! ,imp]ial ,capital1 ,aix-la-,*apelle 7,aa*571 became a busy c5tre = arts & crafts ( all k9ds1 & v>i\s mona/]ies ?r\gh\t ! ,franki% k+dom became s*ools ( manuscript illum9ation ( a v high ord] ( excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,an initial ,p4 ( ! ,celtic-,c>ol+ian type1 ( ! s*ool ( ,alcu9 ( ,york4 ,alcu9 ( ,york4 ,! ,gospels ( ,alcu94 ,nor?umbrian influ5ce4 ,x 0 specially ) ! aid ( a fam\s ,engli% s*ol> & manuscript writ]1 ,alcu9 ( ,york#dg1 t ,*>les ! ,great br\ght ab\t s rem>kable a revival bo? ( lett]s & ( ! illum9ator's art1 & creat$ :at may be call$ ! ,anglo-,c>ol+ian s*ool ( manuscripts4 ,f #gif till 8 dea? 9 #hjd ,alcu9 0 ,abbot ( ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,/ ,m>t9 at ,t\rs2 & !re he c>ri$ out v>i\s lit]>y works = ,*>les ! ,great1 & sup]9t5d$ ! production ( a l>ge numb] ( ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,alcu9's mo/ important lit]>y "w 0 ! revision ( ! ,lat9 text ( ! ,bible1 ! ,vulgate1 :i* s9ce ,sa9t ,j]ome's "t _h become s]i\sly corrupt$4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses 7,add4 ,manuscripts1 ,no4 #ajedf7 a magnific5tly illum9at$ copy ( ! ,vulgate z revis$ by ,alcu91 :i*1 !re is e reason to believe1 is ! actual manuscript :i* 0 prep>$ = ,*>les ! ,great ei!r by ,alcu9 himself or "u 8 imm$iate sup]vision4 ,?is spl5did manuscript is a l>ge folio 9 delicate & beautifully =m$ m9uscule *>act]s1 ) ! beg9n+s ( *apt]s 9 f9e uncials2 x is writt5 9 two columns on ! pure/ vellum4 ,! m9iature pa9t+s 9 ?is manuscript %[ ! unit$ influ5ce ( v>i\s s*ools ( manuscript art4 ,! figure subjects are ma9ly classical 9 /yle1 ) f9e ar*itectural backgr\nds ( ,roman /yle1 drawn ) unusual elaboration & accuracy1 & ev5 ) fairly correct p]spective4 ,! initial lett]s & all ! conv5tional ornam5ts %[ ! ,nor!rn arti/ic /ra9 :i* ,alcu9 himself introduc$ f ,york4 ,delicate & complicat$ int]lac$ patt]ns1 su* z 7 fir/ us$ 9 ! wond]ful six? & sev5? c5tury manuscripts ( ! ,celtic monks1 are freely introduc$ into ! bord]s & l>ge capitals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,an initial ,b4 ( ! ,celtic-,c>ol+ian type4 ,celtic influ5ce4 ,9 ,alcu9's "t ,nor?umbria & especially ,york 0 "o ( ! *ief c5tres 9 ! _w1 = ! production ( manuscripts1 & ! ,dean ( ,york naturally introduc$ into ,france ! /yle & influ5ce ( 8 native s*ool1 :i* _h gr[n out ( a comb9ation ( two v diff]5t /yles1 t ( ,rome1 z introduc$ by ,/ ,augu/9e1 & ! ,celtic /yle :i* ! monks ( ,irel& & ,l9disf>ne _h br\ght to su* m>vell\s p]fection 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,fig4 #aj %[s an initial ( ! ,celtic-,c>ol+ian type1 ) a goldsmi?'s patt]n on ! %aft ( ! ,p1 & a bird ( ,ori5tal type =m+ ! loop2 & fig4 #aa gives a l>ge initial ,b 9 :i* ! ,ori5tal elem5t is v /rong1 cf4 fig4 #ac1 page #fh4 ,h5ry ,,viii's ,gospels4 ,! ,c>ol+ian class ( manuscripts 9 ?is way comb9$ _m diff]5t /ra9s ( influ5ce--native ,franki%1 ,classical1 ,ori5tal & ,engli%1 all modifi$ by ! ,byzant9e love = gorge\s col\rs1 %9+ gold & silv]1 & purple-dy$ vellum4 ,a consid]able numb] ( manuscripts 7 writt5 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,great 9 lett]s ( gold on purple vellum l ^? prep>$ 9 e>li] times = ! ,byzant9e ,emp]ors4 ,a manuscript ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ?is magnific5t class 0 giv5 by ,pope ,leo ,x4 to ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl& 9 return = ! pres5tation copy ( 8 "w aga9/ ,lu!r1 entitl$ ,ass]tio ,septem ,sacram5torum1 :i* ! k+ _h s5t 9 #aeba to ! ,pope z a pro( ( 8 allegiance to ! ,ca?olic ,fai? & ! ,holy ,see4 ,?is magnific5t ,textus aft]w>ds came into ! ,hamilton collection ?r\gh ,mr ,beck=d ( ,fon?ill1 & 0 subsequ5tly b\ght by ,mr ,qu>it*#dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,m9iature ( ,*ri/ 9 ,maje/y f a manuscript ( ! s*ool ( ,alcu91 writt5 = ,*>les ! ,great4 ,c>ol+ian ,gospels4 ,gospels ( ,godesscalc4 ,z 0 ! case ) ! e>li] ,byzant9e manuscripts1 ! mo/ magnific5t books produc$ 9 ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod 7 ?is k9d ( ,evangeli>ia or ,books ( ! ,gospels4 ,?\gh diff]+ 9 ! details ( _! ornam5tation1 ^! lat] ,gospels are decorat$ ) ! same set ( m9iature subjects t occur 9 ! ,byzant9e ,gospels4 ,! libr>y ( ,p>is possesses a f9e typical example ( ?is 7,bibl4 ,nat4 ,n\v4 ,acq4 ,lat4 #aiic71 a ri*ly decorat$ & sign$ ,evangeli>ium1 :i* 0 writt5 = ,*>les ! ,great 9 #gha by ! scribe & illum9ator ,godesscalc4 ,e page is sumptu\sly ornam5t$ ) l>ge initials & a bord] 9 brilliant burni%$ gold1 & silv]1 & bright col\rs2 & !re are also six full-page m9iatures1 ! fir/ f\r repres5t+ ! f\r ,evangeli/s en?ron$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! fif? has a pa9t+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ,maje/y ) "o h& hold+ a book1 ! o!r rais$ 9 bless+2 see fig4 #ab4 ,! six? m9iature repres5ts ! ,f\nta9 ( ,life4 ,9 all ^! pa9t+s ! backgr\nds are v ri* & decorative1 ) a great] v>iety & m fancifully design$ ornam5t ?an is to be f\nd 9 ,byzant9e manuscripts ( a simil> class1 ow+1 ( c\rse1 to ! introduction ( ! _m diff]5t elem5ts ( design :i* 7 comb9$ ) great ta/e & skill by ! ,c>ol+ian illum9ators4 ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r manuscripts ( ! same class a v di/9ct ,semitic or ,p]sian /ra9 ( influ5ce c be trac$ 9 mu* ( ! ri* conv5tional ornam5t4 ,v beautiful & highly decorative =ms & patt]ns 7 d]iv$ f ,ori5tal s\rces#di1 ow+ to ! active import into ,france & ,g]many ( f9e ,p]sian c>pets & textile /uffs f ,moslem looms 9 ,syria1 ,sicily 7especially ,pal]mo7 & f o!r p>ts ( ! ,arab _w2 all ^! textiles 7 design$ ) consummate ta/e & skill bo? 9 col\r & draw+4 ,sicilian silk cope4 ,fig4 #ac %[s a f9e specim5 ( wov5 silk f ! ,arab looms ( ,syria4 ,x 0 us$ z an ,imp]ial cope or mantle by v>i\s ,g]man ,emp]ors2 9 ! c5tre is a palm-tree1 & on ea* side a lion dev\r+ a camel1 treat$ 9 a v decorative & ma/]ly mann]4 ,! =m ( ! conv5tional foliage on ! lions' bodies is imitat$ 9 _m manuscript illum9ations1 z1 = example1 9 ! ornam5ts ( ! initial ,b %[n 9 fig4 #aa1 page #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a cope made ( silk f ! loom ( an ,ori5tal weav]4 ,spl5d\r ( ,,mss4 ,"o important *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c>ol+ian manuscripts is _! extreme spl5d\r4 ,! freely us$ burni%$ gold is (t5 made m magnific5t by ! contra/ ( no less brilliant silv]4 ,purple-/a9$ vellum 0 l>gely us$1 & all ! pigm5ts are ( ! mo/ gorge\s hues t great te*nical skill c\ld produce4 ,& yet 9 spite ( all ?is magnific5ce ( %9+ metals & bright col\rs ! effect is nev] h>% or gaudy1 ow+ to ! ta/e & judgm5t %[n by ! illum9ators 9 ! way !y broke up _! col\rs1 avoid+ l>ge unreliev$ masses1 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! col\rs s z to give a g5]al effect ( h>mony 9 spite ( ! great *romatic =ce ( ! sep>ate p>ts4 ,te*nical me?ods4 ,! some:at reali/ic way ( repres5t+ ! ,evangeli/s z ag$ :ite-hair$ m51 :i* occurs 9 ,byzant9e manuscripts1 9 ! ,c>ol+ian ,gospels is replac$ by a m conv5tional treatm5t1 & ?us !y are z a rule repres5t$ z y\?ful1 be>dless m5 ( an idealiz$ type4 ,! g5]al treatm5t ( ! figure is flat1 ) little or no light & %ade or modell+ ( any k9d4 ,! drap]y is repres5t$ by /rong1 d>k l9es appli$ ov] a flatly laid wa% ( pigm5t4 ,! pa9t] fir/ drew 9 8 outl9es ) a f9e bru% dipp$ 9 r$1 & !n fill$ 9 ! int]m$iate spaces ) a wa% ( col\r mix$ ) a l>ge proportion ( gummy m$ium1 s t a v glossy1 lu/r\s surface 0 produc$4 ,! folds ( ! drap]y & ! re/ ( ! int]nal draw+ ( ! figures 7 put 9 aft] ! application ( ! flat gr\nd col\r4 ,?is me?od v mu* resembles ! process ( ! e>ly ,greek vase-pa9t]s4 ,9 ord] to give ri*ness ( effect by ! use ( a ?ick body ( col\r ! illum9ator commonly appli$ 8 flat t9ts 9 two or ev5 ?ree di/9ct wa%es1 a me?od :i* is recomm5d$ by ,!ophilus#ej & o!r e>ly writ]s on ! te*nique ( illum9ation4 ,gospels at ,vi5na4 ,ano!r ,book ( ! ,gospels :i* belong$ to ,*>les ! ,great1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,treasury at ,vi5na1 is decid$ly inf]ior z a "w ( art to ! ,p>is manuscript m5tion$ above4 ,9 x ! influ5ce ( ! enfeebl$ ,roman /yle is mu* /rong]2 ! detail is f> less ref9$ & decorative1 9 spite ( a copi\s use ( burni%$ gold4 ,?is inf]iority is due ma9ly to ! abs5ce ( t ,nor?umbrian influ5ce1 to :i* ! be/ ,c>ol+ian manuscripts owe s mu* ( _! beauty4 ,successors ( ,*>les4 ,manuscripts ( ! lat] ,c>ol+ian s*ool4 ,"u ,*>les ! ,great's successors ! art ( illum9at+ manuscripts cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 &1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 "u 8 gr&sons ,lo?air & ,*>les ! ,bald1 rea*$ ! climax ( its developm5t4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury decorative spl5d\r ( a v high ord] 0 rea*$1 9 spite ( !re be+ v little advance 9 ! p[] ( r5d]+ ! human =m4 ,gold1 silv]1 ultram>9e & brilliant pigm5ts ( all k9ds 7 skilfully us$2 ! subjects = m9iatures became m v>i$1 & detail 0 m delicate & highly f9i%$#ea4 ,portrait figures4 ,portraits ( ! k+s are (t5 introduc$ at ! beg9n+ ( books ( ?is p]iod1 a fa%ion :i* 9 lat] times 0 ext5d$ to o!r ?an royal patrons ( art & le>n+4 ,a great numb] ( places1 *iefly ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies 9 ,france1 became active c5tres = ! production ( f9e illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,among !m "s ( ! pr9cipal places 7 ,p>is1 ,/ ,d5is1 ,rheims1 ,v]dun1 ,fontanelle1 & ! two ,abbeys ( ,/ ,m>t9 at ,t\rs & ,metz4 ,fig4 #ad %[s a m9iature f a manuscript ( ! ,gospels 9 ! ,p>is libr>y repres5t+ ,k+ ,lo?air en?ron$ betwe5 two gu>ds4 ,?is manuscript 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #hde 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,m>t9 at ,metz4 ,9 ?is picture a /rong classical influ5ce is app>5t2 ! illum9ator mu/ h be5 famili> ) manuscripts writt5 9 ,rome or else:]e 9 ,italy4 ,celtic influ5ce4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ manuscripts ( ?is p]iod %[ a /rongly m>k$ ,nor!rn influ5ce1 imitat$ f ! old ,celtic illum9ations ( ,irel& & ,l9disf>ne4 ,less gold is us$ 9 ?is class ( manuscripts2 & ! intricate int]lac$ patt]ns ( ! ,celtic monks are us$ ) mu* skill & great beauty ( effect4 ,! figures ( ,*ri/ & ! ,evangeli/s are sometimes h>dly human 9 =m1 b are work$ up into a k9d ( conv5tional scroll-patt]n1 j z !y are 9 ! old] ,celtic illum9ations4 ,! ,p>is libr>y possesses two manuscripts ( ! ,gospels1 :i* are good examples ( ?is reviv$ ,celtic /yle 7,bibl4 ,nat4 ,lat4 ,nos4 #beg & #hhdi74 ,! bord]s & initial lett]s 9 ^! manuscripts are rem>kable = _! intricate delicacy ( design1 & = _! ri* col\r1 ta/efully arrang$2 :ile ! figure draw+ is ( ! purely ornam5tal scroll type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,k+ ,lo?air en?ron$2 a m9iature f a manuscript ( ab\t ! ye> #hde ,a4,d4 ,classical s*ool ( ,/ ,gall4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,/ ,gall5 9 ,switz]l&1 :i* _h =m]ly produc$ manuscripts ( a purely ,celtic type1 n[ develop$ a v /range s*ool ( m9iature art#eb4 ,! pictures 9 ^! ,/ ,gall5 manuscripts h figure subjects drawn 9 outl9e & !n fa9tly col\r$ ) transp>5t wa%es1 v l ! ,anglo-,saxon 7classical7 /yle ( illum9ation dur+ ! n9? & t5? c5turies4 ,^! r weak draw+s1 :i* h b little decorative value1 %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,roman s*ool ( illum9ators1 :o /ill ma9ly adh]$ to ! old debas$ =m ( classical art1 modifi$ by "s obs]vation & ev5 c>eful /udy ( ! actual life & movem5t :i* ! pa9t]s saw ar\nd !m4 ,9 ?is curi\s class ( manuscripts1 ?\gh ! figure subjects are devoid ( mu* vig\r & arti/ic =ce1 yet ! decorative details ( ! initials & bord]s are extremely f9e1 full ( inv5tion & delicacy ( detail4 ,fig4 #ae %[s a p5 draw+ f a ,/ ,gall5 manuscript ( ! n9? c5tury1 ! magnific5t ,psalt]ium aureum#ec2 x repres5ts ,david go+ =? to battle4 ,/udies f life4 ,) reg>d to /udies f ! life1 ei!r ( m5 or animals1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t an arti/ is always bias$ by tradition & association to a degree :i* is n[ v difficult to realise4 ,ev5 :5 look+ at ! same object two pa9t]s ( diff]5t race & education might receive v diff]5t impressions on _! ret9a4 ,?us 9 ! v int]e/+ sket*-book ( ,vill>d de ,honec\rt1 a ,fr5* sculptor & ar*itect ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 !re are /udies ( m51 lions & o!r animals1 :i* he has not$ z be+ f ! life2 & yet ^! draw+s look to u l ! purely imag9ative conceptions ( a h]aldic draughtsman1 9 spite ( ! fact t ,vill>d c]ta9ly repres5t$ !m z fai?fully z he 0 able1 putt+ d[n on 8 vellum ! subjective visual & m5tal impression t he _h receiv$#ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illum9ation 9 p5 outl9e1 f a manuscript writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury at ,/ ,gall54 ,x repres5ts ,david rid+ out aga9/ 8 enemies4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #af & #ag4 ,subject c\ntries do+ homage to ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,,ii2 f a manuscript ( ! ,gospels4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! same way a mod]n ,japanese arti/ evid5tly sees ! nobl] animals1 su* z m5 & horses1 9 a v subjective & di/ort$ mann]1 :]eas :5 he is deal+ ) fi%es1 reptiles1 plants & ! l he is able to depict !m ) ! mo/ wond]ful grace1 accuracy & reali/ic _s4 ,p]sonal equation4 ,= ?is reason 9 exam9+ an illum9at$ manuscript1 or o!r e>ly "w ( art1 to discov] :at use ! arti/ has made ( actual /udy f nature1 "o %\ld always take into acc\nt ! influ5ces :i* made him see ea* natural object 9 a special1 p]sonal way1 & we mu/ n argue t because ! draw+ n[ looks v unreal t x may n possibly h be5 z c>eful & accurate a /udy f life z ! pa9t]'s eye & h& c\ld produce4 ,byzant9e influ5ce4 ,dur+ ! lat] ,c>ol+ian p]iod !re 0 a m>k$ revival ( ,byzant9e influ5ce1 :i* did n t5d to delay ! advanc+ decad5ce#ee4 ,figs4 #af & #ag %[ a v /rik+ example ( ?is1 a two-page m9iature f a magnific5t purple & gold manuscript ( ! ,gospels1 :i* 0 execut$ = ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,,ii41 & is n[ 9 ! ,muni* libr>y4 ,on ! "r-h& page is ! ,emp]or en?ron$ hold+ ! long sceptre & ! orb1 ) an ar*bi%op & "s arm$ c\rti]s beside him4 ,on ! opposite page1 p]sonifications ( ,rome1 ,gaul1 ,g]many & ,slavonia are do+ homage & (f]+ gifts4 ,! :ole motive & design is borr[$ f a mu* e>li] ,byzant9e "w1 su* z ! mosaics ( ,ju/9ian's "t 7c4 #ecj ,a4,d47 9 ! *ur*es ( ,rav5na4 ,classical influ5ce4 ,fig4 #ah f ano!r f9e manuscript ( ! ,gospels is f> nobl] 9 /yle2 "h ! influ5ce is r classical ?an ,byzant9e4 ,! figure illu/rates "o ( ! usual f\r m9iatures ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ,sa9t ,m>k dipp+ 8 p5 into ! ink4 ,! ,sa9t is rob$ 9 ! alb1 dalmatic ) two /ripes1 *asuble & pall z be+ ,ar*bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,! figure is v dignifi$1 & is evid5tly copi$ f a mu* e>li] ,italian ,textus1 su* z t :i* ,sa9t ,augu/9e receiv$ f ,pope ,gregory or br\ght f ,italy to ,cant]bury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,m9iature ( ! ,evangeli/ ,/ ,m>k2 f a manuscript ( ! ,gospels4 ,lat] ,emp]ors4 ,?r\gh\t ! t5? c5tury1 & especially "u ! patronage ( ! ?ree ,emp]or ,o?os & ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 f9e & ri*ly decorative manuscripts cont9u$ to be produc$1 ) little *ange 9 ! /yle ( ornam5t employ$4 ,aft] a long p]iod ( great arti/ic brilliance & wond]ful f]tility ( production ! ,c>ol+ian /yle ( illum9ation came to an end :5 ,*>les ! ,great's ,empire 0 79 ,france7 divid$ among v>i\s ,feudal ,lords4 ,!n a s]i\s decad5ce ( art set 91 & la/$ till ! beg9n+ ( a mo/ magnific5t arti/ic revival 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,m9iature ( ! ,crucifixion f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury2 %[+ extreme arti/ic decad5ce4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ! illum9ations ( ,fr5* manuscripts dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! elev5? c5tury consi/$ ( rude p5 draw+s ) no wa%es ( col\r4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! illum9ator's art 9 ,france is discuss$ bel[1 see page #abf4 ,extreme decad5ce4 ,fig4 #ai gives an example ( ! extreme arti/ic decad5ce t 9 _m places foll[$ ! brilliant ,c>ol+ian p]iod4 ,?is m9iature ( ! ,crucifixion is copi$ f a ,g]man e>ly elev5? c5tury manuscript1 n[ at ,b]l94 ,! ludicr\s ugl9ess ( ! draw+ is n aton$ = by any decorative beauty ( col\r2 ! :ole m9iature is d>k & heavy 9 tone1 ) yell[ & gre5 fle%-t9ts ( ! mo/ cadav]\s hues4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,celtic ,,s*ool ,,( ,,manuscripts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y arti/ic developm5ts t ev] took place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has be5 ! ,celtic ,mona/ic ,s*ool ( ,art :i* 9 ! sev5? c5tury rea*$ its highe/ ae/hetic & te*nical climax1 m especially 9 ! production ( exquisitely m9ute gold jewell]y & no less m9ute & ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! ea/ ( ,irel& dat$ f an e>li] p]iod ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&#ef4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ab\t ! ye> #dcj ,a4,d41 & ! monks ( ,irel&1 ow+ to _! remote position1 7 able = a long p]iod to develope peacefully _! arti/ic skill1 undi/urb$ by su* successive =eign invasions z ^? :i* = s _m ye>s kept ,brita9 9 a con/ant tumult ( w> & massacre4 ,celtic goldsmi?s4 ,gold jewell]y4 ,?us x happ5$ t by ! middle or latt] "p ( ! sev5? c5tury ! ,celtic monks ( ,irel& _h le>n$ to produce goldsmi?s' "w & manuscript illum9ations ) su* m>vell\s ta/e & skill z has nev] be5 surpass$ by any age or c\ntry 9 ! _w#eg4 ,n ev5 ! f9e/ ,greek or ,etruscan jewell]y1 enri*$ ) enamels & /udd$ ) gems1 c be said to surpass ! amaz+ p]fection %[n 9 su* a ma/]piece ( ! goldsmi?'s art z ! s-call$ ,t>a broo*#eh 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,z a rule ! skill ( ^! ,iri% goldsmi?s 0 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! manufacture ( su* objects z crozi]s1 morses 7or cope-broo*es71 %r9es1 *alices1 textus-cov]s1 receptacles = ,bi%ops' bells1 & o!r pieces ( ecclesia/ical furniture4 ,te*nical processes4 ,^! preci\s objects are decorat$ by a v>iety ( te*nical processes1 su* z appli$ filagree1 rep\ss or beat5 reliefs1 enamels1 bo? *amplev & cloisonn1 & inlay ( preci\s /ones1 especially ! c>buncle 9 m9ute slices1 set 9 delicate gold cloisons & back$ ) %9+ gold-leaf4 ,all ^! & o!r decorative processes 7 employ$ ) unrivall$ skill by ! mona/ic goldsmi?s ( ea/]n ,irel&1 a fact :i* x is important to notice1 s9ce ne>ly all ! me?ods & /yles ( ornam5t :i* occur 9 ! ,iri% illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! same p]iod are cle>ly d]iv$ f prototypes 9 gold jewell$ "w4 ,x is 9 fact (t5 possible to trace 9 a f9e ,iri% manuscript ( ! class we are n[ conc]n$ )1 ornam5tal patt]ns ( sev]al q di/9ct classes1 "o be+ d]iv$ f ! patt]ns ( spiral or plait$ =m produc$ by sold]+ delicate gold wire on to pla9 surfaces ( gold1 ano!r be+ copi$ f gold *amplev enamels1 & a ?ird no less cle>ly d]iv$ f ! inlaid rectangul> bits ( c>buncle fram$ 9 delicate gold /rips or cloisons4 ,influ5ce on illum9ations4 ,?is /rongly m>k$ influ5ce ( ! te*nique ( "o art on ! designs ( ano!r is due to ! fact t ! arts bo? ( ! goldsmi? & ! manuscript illum9ator 7 c>ri$ on side by side 9 ! same mona/]y or gr\p ( mona/ic dwell+s#ei1 & 9 "s cases we h writt5 evid5ce t ! scribe :o wrote & illum9at$ an elaborate manuscript & ! goldsmi? :o wr\ght & jewell$ its gold cov] 7 "o & ! same p]son#fj4 ,! ,book ( ,kells4 ,x 0 9 ! second half ( ! sev5? c5tury t ! ,celtic art ( ,ea/]n ,irel& rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( p]fection4 ,to ?is p]iod belongs ! fam\s ,book ( ,kells1 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 :i* 0 probably writt5 betwe5 #fhj & #gjj1 & = _m ye>s 01 ) its jewell$ gold cov]s1 ! pr9cipal treasure ( ! ca!dral *ur* at ,kells#fa4 ,?is *ur* _h be5 f\nd$ by ,sa9t ,columba1 & s 9 old times ?is m>vell\s manuscript 0 usually kn[n z ! ,great ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,columba4 ,p]fect workman%ip4 ,no words c describe ! intricate delicacy ( ! ornam5tation ( ?is book1 lavi%ly decorat$ z x is ) all ! diff]5t v>ieties ( patt]n m5tion$ above1 ! mo/ rem>kable among !m be+ ! +5i\sly intricate patt]ns =m$ by int]lac$ & knott$ l9es ( col\r1 plait$ 9 & out1 ) su* amaz+ly complicat$ l9es ( int]lacem5t t "o _c look at ! page )\t a/oni%m5t at ! comb9$ ta/e1 pati5ce1 unfalt]+ c]ta9ty ( t\* & imag9ative +5uity ( ! arti/4 ,! wond]ful m9ut5ess ( ! "w1 exam9$ ?r\gh a microscope1 fills "o ) wond] at ! app>5tly sup]human eyesight ( ! scribe4 ,complex int]lac+s4 ,) reg>d to ! intricate int]lac$ ornam5ts 9 :i* 7) ! aid ( a l5s7 ea* l9e c be foll[$ out 9 its w9d+s & nev] f\nd to break (f or lead to an impossible loop ( knott+1 x is evid5t t ! arti/ mu/ h enjoy$1 n only an ae/hetic pleasure 9 ! inv5tion ( 8 patt]n1 b mu/ also h _h a di/9ct intellectual enjoym5t 9 8 "w1 su* z a skilful ma!matician feels 9 ! work+ out ( a complicat$ geometrical problem4 ,microscopic intricacy4 ,! comb9$ skill ( eye & h& %[n 9 ! m9ute plaits ( ! ,book ( ,kells places x among ! mo/ wond]ful examples ( human workman%ip t ! _w has ev] produc$4 ,by ! aid ( a microscope ,mr ,we/wood c\nt$ 9 ! space ( "o in* no less ?an #aeh int]lacem5ts ( b&s or rib&s1 ea* compos$ ( a /rip ( :ite bord]$ on bo? sides ) a black l9e4 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o visit$ ,irel& 9 #aahe z secret>y to ,pr9ce ,john1 writes 9 ! mo/ en?usia/ic language ( ! spl5d\r ( a simil> manuscript ( ! ,gospels :i* he saw 9 ,kild>e ,ca!dral4 ,x %[s1 he says1 sup]human skill1 wor?y ( angels' h&s1 & he 0 lo/ 9 wond]+ admiration at ! sight4 ,copies ( jewell]y4 ,primitive spiral patt]ns4 ,"o class ( ornam5t 9 ! ,book ( ,kells & 9 o!r manuscripts ( ?is class consi/s ( b&s or diap]s =m$ ) /ep-l l9es enclos+ small spaces ( brilliant col\r4 ,x is ?is class ( patt]n :i* is d]iv$ f ! cloisonn inlay ) bits ( transp>5t c>buncle us$ 9 gold jewell]y4 ,o!r ornam5ts consi/ ( v>i\s spiral =ms d]iv$ f ! application ( gold wire to flat surfaces ( gold1 a class ( patt]n :i* appe>s to h come1 z x 71 naturally to ! gold-work]s ( _m diff]5t p]iods & c\ntries4 ,_m ( ^! spiral designs 9 ! ,iri% manuscripts are almo/ id5tical ) =ms :i* occur s frequ5tly among ! gold ornam5ts ( ! ,greek ,myc5ean p]iod1 "o among _m examples 9 ! art hi/ory ( ! _w1 :i* %[ ! rem>kable sam5ess ( inv5tion 9 ! human m9d at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t :atev] ! "t or ! place may be#fb4 ,x %\ld moreov] be notic$ t ?is close imitation ( metal-"w is n limit$ to ! sep>ate details ( ! manuscripts4 ,! ma9 l9es & divisions ( ! decoration on :ole pages are accurately copi$ f ! enamell$ & jewell$ gold or silv] cov]s 9 :i* ^! preci\s ,gospels 7 b\nd4 ,?us1 ! same design might appe> 9 delicate goldsmi?s' "w on ! cov]s ( a ,textus1 & also might be se5 repres5t$ by ! illum9ator 9 brilliant col\rs on a page )94 ,trumpet patt]n4 ,"o =m ( ornam5t1 :i* occurs v frequ5tly 9 ! ,iri% manuscripts1 is :at is (t5 call$ ! trumpet patt]n f its suppos$ resemblance to a curv$ metal trumpet4 ,?is k9d ( spiral ornam5t is us$ n only 9 ! ,celtic manuscripts & goldsmi?s' "w1 b also on bronze %ields & o!r pieces ( metal-"w on a l>ge scale4 ,?is special ornam5t is n peculi> to ! ,iri%1 b 0 commonly us$ by ! ,celtic tribes ( ,brita9 f a v e>ly date4 ,arab influ5ce4 ,unit$ ) ^! purely native types ( ornam5t1 we f9d 9 ^! ,celtic manuscripts "o curi\s class ( =eign ornam5t d]iv$ f ! patt]ns on import$ pieces ( textile /uffs wov5 9 ,arab looms#fc4 ,among _m /range =ms ( s]p5ts1 dragons & o!r mon/]s ( nor!rn orig91 o!r animals1 su* z lions1 eagles & swans1 occur :i* resemble closely ^? repres5t$ ) su* p]fect conv5tional skill on ! ri* silk /uffs & e>ly ,ori5tal c>pets wov5 9 ,syria1 9 ! ,arab t[ns ( ,sicily & 9 o!r ,moslem c5tres4 ,^! beautiful /uffs 7 import$ l>gely into ,nor!rn ,europe = ecclesia/ical purposes1 su* z = ! ve/m5ts ( prie/s or to =m wrapp+s r\nd "s sacr$ reliqu>y#fd4 ,! human =m4 ,?\gh ^! ,celtic manuscripts %[ su* m>vell\s dext]ity ( t\* & un]r+ firmness ( l9e 9 e m9ute & complicat$ patt]n1 yet ! mona/ic arti/ appe>s to h be5 absolutely incapable ( repres5t+ ! human =m4 ,! figures ( ,*ri/ & ! ,sa9ts1 :i* sometimes d occur 9 ^! manuscripts1 are treat$ 9 a purely ornam5tal & 79 its /rict] s5se7 conv5tional way2 ! hair & be>d1 = example1 are work$ up into scrolls or spiral ornam5ts1 & ! drap]ies are m]ely masses ( v>i$ col\r1 ) little or no resemblance to ! folds ( a dress4 ,col\rs )\t gold4 ,! pigm5ts us$ by ! ,celtic monks are v v>i$ & ( ! mo/ brilliant t9ts1 prep>$ ) su* skill t aft] m ?an a ?\s& ye>s !y seem z fre% & bright z ev]4 ,among ^! pigm5ts is includ$ ! f9e murex purple :i* ! ,iri% monks us$ occasionally to /a9 %eets ( vellum l ^? 9 ! ,gold5 ,gospels ( ! ,byzant9es4 ,we are told by ! ,v5]able ,b$e t ! ,iri% monks _h le>nt h[ to extract ?is beautiful dye f a v>iety ( ! murex %ell-fi% :i* is n uncommon on bo? %ores ( ! ,iri% ,*annel4 ,spl5did z !y are 9 col\r1 !re is "o curi\s feature 9 ! e>ly ,iri% manuscripts ( ! f9e/ class1 su* z ! ,book ( ,kells2 t is1 t no gold or silv] ei!r 9 ! =m ( leaf or z a fluid pigm5t is us$4 ,?is seems specially /range :5 we rememb] ! close connection !re 0 betwe5 ! arts ( ! goldsmi? & ( ! illum9ator ( manuscripts among ! ,iri% arti/s4 ,celtic art 9 ,brita94 ,9 lat] times1 :5 ! ,celtic /yle ( illum9ation 0 transplant$ to ,engl&1 gold 0 to "s ext5t introduc$1 b 9 ! f9e/ ,iri% manuscripts ( ! be/ p]iod1 ! latt] half ( ! sev5? c5tury1 gold is completely abs5t4 ,nev]!less1 s great 0 ! decorative g5ius ( ^! ,iri% monks t1 ev5 )\t burni%$ gold & silv]1 _! illum9at$ pages q equal1 n only 9 arti/ic beauty1 b ev5 9 m]e spl5d\r ( effect1 any illum9ations t h ev] be5 produc$4 ,! ,book ( ,durr[4 ,9 addition to ! ,book ( ,kells ano!r manuscript ( simil> /yle & date & ( almo/ equal spl5d\r %\ld be m5tion$1 ! ,book ( ,durr[#fe1 :i*1 l ! ,book ( ,kells1 0 also kn[n z ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,columba1 :o is said to h left beh9d him1 at 8 dea? 9 #eig1 no less ?an ?ree hundr$ manuscripts writt5 ) 8 own h&4 ,x is n impossible t ! ,book ( ,durr[ is "o ( ^!1 z x be>s "s signs ( be+ e>li] 9 date ?an ! ,book ( ,kells4 ,monks ( ,iona4 ,f ,irel& ! art ( illum9at+ manuscripts 0 c>ri$ by monki% coloni/s to ! ,we/]n coa/s ( ,scotl&1 & especially to ! ,isl& ( ,iona1 :]e a mona/]y _h be5 f\nd$ by ,sa9t ,columba 9 ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury#ff4 ,great numb]s ( manuscripts resembl+ 9 /yle ! ,book ( ,kells 7 produc$ 9 ,iona2 & (f%oots f ! mona/]y ( ,iona1 e/abli%$ at v>i\s places on ! ma9l&1 became simil> c5tres = ! writ+ ( ri*ly decorat$ manuscripts4 ,no less ?an ?irte5 mona/]ies 9 ,scotl& & twelve 9 ,engl& 7 f\nd$ by ,iri% monks f ! "m settlem5t 9 ,iona4 ,9 fact ! :ole ( ,brita9 seems to h ow$ its ,*ri/ianity1 dur+ ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1 to ! ,iri% mission>ies f ,iona1 ) ! important exception ( ! k+dom ( ,k5t1 :i* 0 occupi$ by ! ,roman mission ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 ,celtic mission>ies4 ,9 ! ye> #fce1 at ! reque/ ( ,oswald ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 ! ,scotti% k+ s5t an ,iri% monk f ,iona1 nam$ ,aidan1 to prea* ,*ri/ianity to ! ,nor?umbrian wor%ipp]s ( ,?or & ,od94 ,aidan select$ ! little isl& ( ,l9disf>ne z ! head-qu>t]s ( 8 mission>y *ur*1 :i*1 at fir/ consi/+ ma9ly ( a few ,iri% monks f ,iona1 rapidly grew 9 size & importance4 ,9 a few ye>s1 ,sa9t ,aidan1 ,bi%op & ,abbot ( ,l9disf>ne1 0 able to e/abli% a numb] ( mona/ic h\ses ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?umbrian ,k+dom1 & 8 own ,abbey ( ,l9disf>ne became "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( ,nor!rn ,europe = ! production ( f9e illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! ,celtic type4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,sa9t ,aidan o!r ,iri% monks succe$$ him z ,bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne1 & ! s*ool ( manuscript illum9ation cont9u$ to fl\ri%4 ,gospels ( ,/ ,cu?b]t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful exi/+ examples ( ! ,l9disf>ne bran* ( ! ,iri% s*ool ( m9iature "w is ! fam\s ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t#fg z x is call$1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,cotton manuscripts1 ,n]o1 ,d4 ,,iv74 ,! hi/ory ( ?is manuscript is a v curi\s "o2 x 0 writt5 "s ye>s aft] ,sa9t ,cu?b]t's dea? 9 #fhh1 n dur+ 8 lifetime z 0 =m]ly believ$4 ,eadfri?1 a monk ( ,l9disf>ne 9 ,sa9t ,cu?b]t's "t1 & subsequ5tly eigh? ,bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne 7#fih to #gba71 0 ! writ] ( ^! ,gospels1 9 hon\r ( ,god & ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t1 z he records 9 a note4 ,! illum9ations 7 add$ by ! monk ,ae!lwold1 aft]w>ds n9? ,bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne1 & ! elaborate gold1 gem-/udd$ cov] ( ?is magnific5t textus 0 ! "w ( a ?ird monk ( ! same ,abbey nam$ ,bilfri?4 ,vik+ piracy4 ,travels ( ! ,gospels4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ! ,vik+ pirates 7 con/antly h>ry+ ! %ores ( ,nor?umbria2 m ?an once ! ,abbey ( ,l9disf>ne 0 plund]$ & _m ( ! monks 7 sla91 till at la/1 9 ! ye> #hgh1 ! small remnant :o _h escap$ ! cruelty ( ! ,nor?m5 decid$ to leave ,l9disf>ne & seek a new settlem5t 9 ! orig9al home ( ! f\nd]s ( ,l9disf>ne1 ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,9 #hgh ! survivors set (f1 c>ry+ ) !m ! body ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t1 & ! magnific5t manuscript ( ! ,gospels1 :i* 0 ! *ief treasure ( _! ,abbey1 & :i* _h be5 successfully hidd5 9 ,sa9t ,cu?b]t's grave at ! "t ( ! invasion ( ! ,nor?m54 ,! monks cross$ to ! we/]n %ore ( ,nor?umbria1 & !re took %ip = ,irel&4 ,a great /orm1 h[ev]1 arose2 _! boat %ipp$ a heavy sea :i* wa%$ ov]bo>d ! preci\s ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t1 :i* _h be5 c>efully pack$ 9 a wood5 box4 ,ev5tually ! little %ip 0 driv5 back1 & f9ally 0 /r&$ on ! ,nor?umbrian %ore4 ,soon aft] rea*+ ! l& ! fugitive monks1 w&]+ sadly along ! bea*1 f\nd1 to _! great joy1 ! lo/ box ) its preci\s manuscript ?r[n up by ! waves & ly+ on dry l&4 ,accord+ to ! *ronicle ( ,symeon#fh 7*apt] xxvii471 ! brilliant illum9ations 7 q un9jur$ by ! sea-wat]2 ?is is n lit]ally ! case2 "s ( ! pages are a good deal /a9$1 b wond]fully little injur$ consid]+ :at ! book has gone ?r\gh4 ,m9/] ( ,durham4 ,:5 aft] _m w&]+s ! successors ( ! exiles f ,l9disf>ne f\nd1 9 #iie1 a f9al re/+-place = ! body ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t 9 ! ,m9/] :i* !y f\nd$ at ,durham1 ! manuscript ( ! ,gospels 0 laid on ! c(f9 ( ! ,sa9t4 ,!re x rema9$ till #aajd1 :5 ,sa9t ,cu?b]t's body 0 exhum$1 & soon aft] x 0 s5t back to ,l9disf>ne1 :]e a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #ajic by "s monks f ,durham on ! site ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t's ru9$ ,abbey4 ,!re x 0 safely pres]v$ till ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! gold cov]s 7 !n /ripp$ (f & melt$1 b ! /ill m preci\s manuscript escap$ de/ruction2 x 0 subsequ5tly acquir$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton1 & is n[ "o ( ! *ief manuscript treasures ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,anglo-,celtic s*ool4 ,9 po9t ( /yle ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t are a *>act]i/ic example ( ! ,iri% s*ool ( illum9ation1 modifi$ by transplantation to ,engli% soil4 ,! int]m$iate /age 9 ,iona & o!r mona/]ies ( we/]n ,scotl& seems to h introduc$ no *ange ( /yle into ! primitive ,iri% me?od ( ornam5t4 ,:e!r produc$ 9 ea/]n ,irel& or 9 we/]n ,scotl& ! manuscripts 7 ! "w ( ! same ,celtic race1 ! ,scots1 :o1 at fir/ inhabit+ ! nor?-ea/ ( ,irel&1 pass$ ov] to ! n v di/ant %ores ( nor!rn ,brita9 to :i* ^! ,iri% settl]s gave ! "n ,scotl&4 ,improv$ draw+4 ,:5 h[ev] ! ,iri% monks pass$ f ,iona to ,nor?umbria ! case 0 diff]5t2 !y 7 surr\nd$ ) a new set ( arti/ic influ5ces ma9ly ow+ to ! introduction into ,nor?umbria ( f9e ,byzant9e & ,italian manuscripts4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t ?\gh ! ,l9disf>ne manuscripts cont9u$ to be decorat$ ) exactly ! same class ( patt]ns t _h be5 us$ 9 ! ,book ( ,kells & o!r ,iri% manuscripts = initials1 bord]s & ! l1 yet 9 ! treatm5t ( ! human figure a v di/9ct advance 0 made4 ,?us 9 ,sa9t ,cu?b]t's ,gospels ! seat$ figures ( ! ,evangeli/s are drawn ) mu* dignity ( =m & ) "s attempt at tru? 9 ! pose1 ! proportions & 9 ! disposition ( ! folds ( ! drap]y4 ,! monk ,ae!lwold :o pa9t$ ^! m9iatures mu/ h _h be=e him "s f9e manuscripts ( ! ,gospels probably bo? ( ,byzant9e & ,italian /yle4 ,use ( metal leaf4 ,! :ole result is a v spl5did "o1 ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t 9 ri*ness ( inv5tion & m9ute intricacy ( patt]n almo/ equal ! ,book ( ,kells2 :ile ! figure subjects1 in/ead ( be+ grotesque masses ( ornam5t1 are pa9t+s ) mu* beauty ( l9e z well z extreme spl5d\r ( col\r4 ,ano!r modification is ! introduction ( gold & silv] leaf1 :i* are :olly want+ 9 ! ,book ( ,kells & ! o!r f9e/ purely ,iri% manuscripts4 ,,ms4 ( ,b$e4 ,italian influ5ce4 ,o!r typical examples ( ?is comb9$ ,celtic & ,engli% /yle are ! magnific5t ,gospels 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y 9 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 & a manuscript ( ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms by ,cassiodorus n[ 9 ! ,*apt] libr>y at ,durham4 ,?is latt] manuscript1 :i* dates f ! eigh? c5tury1 is traditionally said to h be5 writt5 by ,b$e himself4 ,! illum9ations 9 ?is manuscript are specially ri* ) int]lac$ patt]ns1 dragon mon/]s & diap]s ( ! mo/ m9ute scale1 all purely ,celtic 9 /yle1 & all %[+ ) special cle>ness _! d]ivation f orig9als 9 goldsmi?s' "w4 ,n only ! di/9ctly metallic motives ( ornam5t are fai?fully copi$1 b ev5 ! mann] 9 :i* ! gold-work]s built up _! elaborate manuscript cov]s by ! ins]tion ( sep>ate little plates ( gold filagree & enamel side by side on a l>ge plate or matrix is exactly reproduc$ by ! illum9ator4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels1 ! figures ( ! ,psalmi/ :i* are introduc$ are v sup]ior to any figures :i* occur 9 ! purely ,iri% manuscripts1 %[+ ! di/9ct influ5ce ( ,italian manuscripts ( debas$ classical /yle4 ,! ,corpus ,gospels4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ example ( ! ,anglo-,celtic s*ool ( illum9ation1 ) f9e initials & a pa9t+ ( an eagle ( ! *>act]i/ic ,nor!rn type1 is 9 ! possession ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge2 ,no4 ,,cxcvii4 ,?is is an imp]fect manuscript ( ! ,gospels conta9+ only ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,luke & ,sa9t ,john4 ,! decorative bord]s & initials h ! int]lac$ ,iri% class ( ornam5t4 ,?is int]e/+ manuscript 0 79 ! sixte5? c5tury7 9 ! libr>y ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 :o ins]t$ a note /at+ t x 0 "o ( ! manuscripts :i* 7 s5t by ,pope ,gregory to ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 ,! actual date ( ! manuscript is probably n e>li] ?an ! eigh? c5tury1 9 spite ( ! anci5t appe>ance ( ! figure pa9t+4 ,an e>li] copy ( ! ,gospels 9 ! same libr>y has full page m9iatures ( ! two ,evangeli/s ( purely classical /yle1 surr\nd$ ) ar*itectural framework ( debas$ ,roman =m1 v little modifi$ f simil> ,roman m9iatures ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,gospels ( ,mac,durnan4 ,return+ = ! mom5t to ! ,iri% s*ool ( ,celtic art1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts cont9u$ to be produc$ 9 ,irel& till ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 b ^! lat] manuscripts1 f9e z !y are1 d n equal 9 beauty ! ,book ( ,kells & o!r works ( ! sev5? & eigh? c5tury4 ,! ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ,mac,durnan#fi1 :o 0 ,ar*bi%op ( ,armagh f #hhe to #ibg1 is a good example ( ! lat] s*ool ( ,iri% art1 9 :i* ! figures ( ! ,evangeli/s are no less grotesque ?an ^? 9 ! e>li] manuscripts1 :ile ! int]lac$ & diap]$ patt]ns ( ! bord]s & initials are inf]ior 9 m9ute delicacy ( execution to su* ma/]pieces z ! ,book ( ,kells2 see fig4 #bj4 ,book ( ,de]4 ,ano!r /ill /rong] pro( ( arti/ic decad5ce among ! ,celtic illum9ators ( ?is p]iod is af=d$ by ! ,book ( ,de]#gj 9 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity libr>y4 ,?is is a small octavo copy ( ! ,lat9 ,gospels aft] ! ,itala v]sion#ga4 ,9 /yle x is a m]e %ad[ ( ! glories ( e>ly ,iri% art1 ) comp>atively co>se & feebly col\r$ decorative patt]ns4 ,x appe>s to h be5 writt5 9 ,scotl& by an ,iri% scribe dur+ ! n9? c5tury#gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,m9iature f ! ,gospels ( ,mac,durnan ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,gospels ( ,mac,regol4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ! manuscripts ( ! lat] ,iri% type is ! ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ,mac,regol 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y 7,d4 #bd4 ,no4 #cidf7 execut$ 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! ornam5ts & ! v conv5tional figures ( ! ,evangeli/s are ( ! purely ,iri% type1 unmodifi$ by any imitation ( ! sup]ior figure draw+ 9 ,byzant9e & ,italian m9iatures#gc4 ,gospels ( ,/ ,*ad4 ,! manuscript ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,*ad 9 ! ,*apt] libr>y ( ,li*field ,ca!dral is ano!r example ( ! ,iri% s*ool & ( ! same date z ! la/-m5tion$ book4 ,x is nam$ aft] ,ceadda or ,*ad :o1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,li*field1 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! date ( ?is manuscript ( ! ,gospels#gd4 ,celtic s*ool on ! ,cont95t4 ,dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,celtic art 9 ,irel& its influ5ce 0 by no means limit$ to ! ,nor?umbrian s*ool ( illum9ators4 ,! ,iri% types ( ornam5t 7 adopt$ by ! scribes ( ,cant]bury & o!r places 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&2 & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe ,celtic art 0 widely spread by ,iri% mission>ies su* z ,sa9t ,columbanus1 & by ! f\nd+ ( ,iri% mona/]ies dur+ ! six? c5tury 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 z1 = example1 at ,bobbio 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 at ,/ ,gall5 9 ,switz]l&1 at ,wurtzburg 9 ,g]many1 & at ,luxeuil 9 ,france4 ,9 ^! & 9 o!r places ,iri% mona/ic illum9ators work$ h>d at ! production ( manuscripts & spread ! ,celtic /yle ( ornam5t ov] a l>ge area ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! libr>y ( ,/ ,gall5 possesses a numb] ( ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! lat] ,iri% type1 exactly simil> 9 /yle to ^? :i* dur+ ! eigh? & n9? c5turies 7 produc$ 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,irel& & ,scotl&#ge4 ,psalt] ( ,/ ,augu/9e4 ,! result ( ?is spread ( ,celtic influ5ce 0 t bord]s1 initial lett]s & simil> ornam5ts ( pure ,iri% /yle 7 us$ 9 _m manuscripts 9 :i* ! figures ( ,sa9ts 7 design$ aft] an equally pure ,italian or debas$ classic /yle4 ,a good example ( ?is is ! s-call$ ,psalt] ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e#gf 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,cotton manuscripts ,vesp4 ,a4 i7 :i* = _m c5turies belong$ to ! ,ca!dral ( ,cant]bury4 ,?is is a manuscript ( ! eigh? c5tury2 "o ( its *ief m9iature pa9t+s repres5ts ,david en?ron$1 play+ on a h>p ) a gr\p ( att5dant musicians & two danc+ figures r\nd 8 ?rone4 ,^! figures are purely ,italian 9 /yle1 ( ! debas$ ,roman ,s*ool2 b ! ar*$ frame :i* bord]s ! picture is fill$ 9 ) ornam5t ( ! ,iri% metal type1 closely simil> 9 /yle1 except t gold & silv] are l>gely us$1 to ^? 9 ! ,book ( ,kells1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 m9ute delicacy ( execution4 ,x is ( c\rse v possible t ! illum9ations 9 ?is ,psalt] are ! "w ( two h&s1 ! figures be+ pa9t$ by an ,italian illum9ator & ! bord]s by an ,engli% or ,iri% monk4 ,sc&9avian art4 ,9 lat] times1 especially dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,celtic art ( ,irel& appe>s to h be5 l>gely introduc$ into ,sc&9avia by means ( ! ,vik+ pirates :o h>ri$ ! :ole circuit ( ! %ores ( ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & f9ally 9 ! n9? c5tury e/abli%$ a ,norse ,k+dom 9 ea/]n ,irel& ) ! newly f\nd$ ,dubl9 z its capital#gg4 ,! ,norsem5 7 f> f be+ a lit]>y race & x 0 n 9 ! =m ( manuscript illum9ations t ,iri% art 0 introduc$ into ,norway & ,d5m>k1 b r 9 ! ri* gold & silv] jewell]y ) :i* ! ,vik+ *iefs adorn$ !mselves1 & also on a l>g] scale 9 ! magnific5tly decorative reliefs :i* 7 c>v$ on ! wood5 planks :i* =m$ ! frames or ar*itraves ( ! doors ( ! ,sc&9avian wood5 *ur*es 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 aft] ! wor%ip ( ! ,?und]] _h be5 replac$ by ! ,fai? ( ! ,:ite ,*ri/4 ,l9disf>ne1 ,iona & ! o!r *ief ,iri% mona/]ies suff]$ aga9 & aga9 f ! inroads ( ! ,vik+s1 :o f\nd ri* & easily won plund] 9 ! =m ( gold & silv] *alices1 reliqu>ies & book-cov]s 9 ! treasuries ( ! mona/ic *ur*es undef5d$ by any except un>m$ & peaceful monks4 ,! ,gold5 ,gospels ( ,/ockholm4 ,"o curi\s record ( ,vik+ plund] is pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal libr>y ( ,/ockholm4 ,?is is a v magnific5t manuscript ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ! eigh? c5tury1 commonly kn[n z ! ,codex aureus ( ,/ockholm4 ,x is mo/ly writt5 ) alt]nate leaves ( purple vellum1 ! text on :i* is 9 gold5 lett]s4 ,9 g5]al /yle & 9 ! spl5d\r ( its ornam5ts x closely resembles ! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t1 describ$ above at page #hh1 & mo/ probably1 l ! latt]1 0 also writt5 9 ! mona/]y ( ,l9disf>ne4 ,! int]lac$ ornam5ts ( ! ,iri% type are m>vels ( beauty1 :ile ! dignifi$ draw+ ( ! en?ron$ figures ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s %[s cle>ly ! influ5ce ( ,cont95tal manuscript art4 ,9 ?is case ! ,celtic or ,engli% illum9ator mu/ h _h be=e him a copy ( ! ,gospels n ( ! ,italian b ( ! ,byzant9e /yle1 s9ce ! ,evangeli/s & o!r figures 9 ! book :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! act ( b5$iction d s 9 ! ,ori5tal n 9 ! ,lat9 fa%ion#gh4 ,vik+ robb]s4 ,on ! m>g9 ( ! fir/ page ( ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel an int]e/+ note has be5 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #hej by ! own] ( ! ,gospels1 an ,engli% ,ealdorman nam$ ,aelfr$2 ?is note records t ! manuscript _h be5 /ol5 by ,norse robb]s & t ,aelfr$ _h pur*as$ x f !m = a sum 9 pure gold 9 ord] t ! sacr$ book might be rescu$ f hea!n h&s4 ,aelfr$ !n pres5t$ x to ! ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,cant]bury1 & new gold cov]s appe> !n to h be5 made = ?is ,textus1 z !re is ano!r note 9 a n9? c5tury h& reque/+ ! pray]s ( ! ,*ur* = ?ree goldsmi?s1 probably ^? :o replac$ ! orig9al gold cov]s :i* ! ,vik+ pirates _h torn (f#gi4 ,! two ,*ur*es 9 ,brita94 ,return+ n[ to ! manuscripts ( ! ,celtic ,*ur* 9 ,nor?umbria1 9 ord] to und]/& ! gradual introduction into ,nor!rn ,engl& ( ! ,italian or classical /yle ( pa9t+ x is necess>y to rememb] ! /ruggle :i* took place dur+ ! sev5? c5tury betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! old] ,celtic ,*ur* & ^? :o support$ ! ,papal claims = supremacy ?r\gh\t ,brita94 ,on ! "o h& ! ,see ( ,cant]bury1 f\nd$ by ! ,roman ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 claim$ jurisdiction 9 ! nor? z well z 9 ! s\? ( ,brita91 9 opposition to ! ,celtic ,abbot ( ,iona1 :o 0 !n ! real ,metropolitan ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,long /ruggle4 ,wilfrid ( ,york & ,b5$ict ,biscop ( ,j>r[ sp5t _m ye>s 9 a s]ies ( embassies1 betwe5 #fgj & #fij1 backw>d & =w>d betwe5 ,nor?umbria & ,rome /riv+ to introduce ! ,papal au?ority1 by ! aid ( import$ books1 relics & craftsm5 skill$ 9 build+ /one *ur*es 9 place ( ! simple wood5 /ructures :i* at t "t 7 ! only ecclesia/ical build+s 9 ,nor?umbria#hj4 ,v l>ge numb]s ( illum9at$ manuscripts 7 br\ght to ,engl& dur+ ! _m j\rneys ( ,wilfrid & ,b5$ict ,biscop2 & important libr>ies 7 creat$ at ,york & at ,j>r[ :i* l$ to ^! places becom+ lit]>y & arti/ic c5tres ( great & ,european importance4 ,synod ( ,:itby4 ,defeat ( ! ,celtic p>ty4 ,9 ! end1 aft] _m failures1 ,wilfrid1 ,ar*bi%op#ha ( ,york1 0 successful 9 br++ ,nor?umbria "u ! supremacy ( ,cant]bury & ,rome4 ,9 #ffd a great ,c\ncil 0 held at ,:itby 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,nor?umbrian ,k+ ,oswiu4 ,bi%op ,colman1 ! successor ( ,sa9t ,aidan at ,l9disf>ne1 repres5t$ ! ,celtic ,*ur* & ! au?ority ( ,sa9t ,columba1 :ile ,wilfrid appe>$ to support ! au?ority ( ,sa9t ,pet] & ! ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,aft] he>+ t ,sa9t ,pet] possess$ ! keys ( ,heav5 & ,hell1 :ile ,sa9t ,columba c\ld claim no su* m>vell\s p[]1 ,k+ ,oswiu decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,roman ,supremacy4 ,?is decision1 ?\gh bas$ on su* fanciful gr\nds1 0 a =tunate "o = ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 s9ce1 9 ! ma91 le>n+1 culture & e/abli%$ ord] g5]ally 7 on ! side ( ! ,italian ,*ur*4 ,! practical result ( ?is ,roman victory at ! ,synod ( ,:itby 9 #ffd 0 t a classical influ5ce gradually ext5d$ itself 9 all ! ,engli% c5tres = ! production ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,x has already be5 not$ t ! spl5did manuscripts ( ,l9disf>ne & o!r ,nor?umbrian mona/]ies1 ?\gh ( ,celtic orig91 %[ a di/9ct ,roman influ5ce 9 ! improvem5t ( ! draw+ ( _! figures ( ,sa9ts4 ,by degrees ! ,iri% elem5t 9 ! illum9ations grew less & less2 ?\gh ! int]lac$ patt]ns & fanta/ic dragon & s]p5t =ms la/$ = _m c5turies 9 all ! *ief c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe & =m an important decorative elem5t till ! ?irte5? c5tury#hb4 ,ba$a ( ,durham4 ,"o ( ! *ief s*ools ( ,engli% manuscript illum9ation1 t ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,abbey at ,durham1 0 rais$ to a position ( ,european importance by ! ,nor?umbrian monk ,ba$a1 aft]w>ds call$ ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 :o 0 born 9 #fgc1 a few ye>s aft] ! ,synod ( ,:itby4 ,z ! au?or ( a great ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,nation1 ,ba$a ranks z ! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,hi/ory2 he did mu* to fo/] ! /udy ( anci5t classical au?ors1 0 himself a skilful writ] ( manuscripts1 & made ! ,abbey ( ,j>r[1 :]e he liv$ till 8 dea? 9 #gce1 an active c5tre = ! production ( ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts ( _m diff]5t lit]>y classes4 ,nor?umbrian s*ool4 ,celtic & ,classic /yles4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ! s*ools ( illum9ation 9 ! ,abbeys ( ,j>r[1 ,we>m\? & ,york 9 ,nor?umbria1 & ( ,cant]bury & ,w9*e/] 9 ! s\? 7 among ! mo/ active & arti/ically important 9 ! _w#hc4 ,9 ^! s*ools ( m9iature pa9t+ 0 gradually creat$ a special ,engli% /yle ( illum9ation1 p>tly =m$ out ( a comb9ation ( two v diff]5t /yles1 t ( ! ,iri% ,celtic illum9ators & t ( ! ,italian classical scribes4 ,?is ,engli% ,s*ool ( illum9ation1 :i* _h be5 p>tially develop$ be=e ! close ( ! t5? c5tury1 became1 = real arti/ic m]it1 ! fir/ & mo/ important 9 ! :ole ( ,europe1 & = a consid]able p]iod cont9u$ to occupy ?is =emo/ position#hd4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,s*ool ,,( ,,manuscripts#he4 ,dani% invasions4 ,! n9? c5tury 9 ,engl& 0 "o ( great turmoil & mis]y1 on acc\nt ( ! fe>ful havoc wr\ght by ! ,dani% ,nor?m5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? & bread? ( ! l&4 ,9 ,nor?umbria ! ?riv+ lit]>y & arti/ic s*ool :i* _h be5 rais$ to su* preem95ce by ,ba$a 0 utt]ly blott$ out f exi/5ce by ! invad+ ,danes2 & :5 at la/ ,k+ ,alfr$1 :o reign$ f #hga to #ija1 secur$ an int]val ( peace he 0 oblig$ to seek in/ructors 9 ! art ( manuscript illum9ation f ! ,franki% k+s4 ,"t ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,9 ?is way ! wave ( influ5ce fl[$ back aga9 f ,france to ,engl&4 ,9 ,*>les ! ,great's "t ! ,c>ol+ian s*ool ( manuscripts _h be5 l>gely influ5c$ by ! ,celtic /yle1 :i* ,alcu9 ( ,york introduc$ f ,nor?umbria1 & n[ ! lat] art ( ,anglo-,saxon ,engl& receiv$ back f ,france ! =ms ( ornam5t & ! te*nical skill :i* 9 ,nor?umbria itself _h become ext9ct4 ,alfr$ 0 an en?usia/ic patron ( lit]ature & art1 especially ! art ( manuscript illum9ation1 & be=e long a new s*ool ( manuscript art 0 creat$ 9 _m ( ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies ( ,engl& & especially among ! monks ( ! royal city ( ,w9*e/]1 :i* 9 ! t5? c5tury produc$ works ( extraord9>y beauty & decorative =ce4 ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold4 ,z an example ( ?is we may m5tion ! fam\s ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] f #ifc to #ihdhf4 ,! writ] ( ?is sumptu\sly decorat$ manuscript 0 ,bi%op ,ae!lwold's *apla91 a monk nam$ ,godemann1 :o aft]w>ds1 ab\t ! ye> #igj1 became ,abbot ( ,?orney4 ,unlike ! manuscripts ( e>li] date 9 :i* ! illum9at$ pictures are usually few 9 numb]1 ?is ,b5$ictional conta9s no less ?an ?irty full page m9iatures1 mo/ly consi/+ ( sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,ea* picture is fram$ by an elaborate bord]1 ri*ly decorat$ 9 gold & brilliant col\rs1 ) conv5tional leaf-"w ( classical /yle4 ,! draw+ ( ! figures is dignifi$1 & ! drap]y is usually well conceiv$ & treat$ 9 a bold1 decorative way1 %[+ mu* arti/ic skill on ! "p ( ! illum9ator4 ,fig4 #ba %[s "o ( ! m9iatures1 repres5t+ ! ,asc5sion2 ! col\r+ is extremely beautiful & h>moni\s1 enhanc$ by a skilful use ( burni%$ gold4 ,=eign influ5ce4 ,?\gh ! figures & especially ! delicately modell$ faces h a "* ( _! own1 peculi>ly ,engli% 9 feel+1 yet 9 ! g5]al /yle ( ! m9iatures1 & 9 _! elaborate bord]s !re are v di/9ct signs ( a /rong ,c>ol+ian influ5ce1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! introduction ( ,franki% illum9ators & ! pur*ase ( ,c>ol+ian manuscripts dur+ ! reign ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 m ?an half a c5tury be=e ! date ( ?is manuscript4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,m9iature f ! ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold2 writt5 & illum9at$ by a mona/ic scribe at ,w9*e/]4 ,!re is1 = example1 mu* simil>ity ( /yle 9 ! m9iatures ( ?is ,b5$ictional & ^? 9 a ,c>ol+ian manuscript ( ! ,gospels writt5 = ,k+ ,lo?aire 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,m>t9 at ,metz soon aft] #hdchg2 see above fig4 #ad1 p4 #ga4 ,w9*e/] ,*>t]4 ,ano!r v f9e example ( ! ,w9*e/] s*ool ( illum9ation is ! manuscript ,*>t] :i* ,k+ ,edg> grant$ to ! new m9/] at ,w9*e/] 9 #iff4 ,! fir/ page consi/s ( a l>ge m9iature1 pa9t$ 9 gold & brilliant col\rs on a purple-/a9$ leaf ( vellum#hh1 ) ,*ri/ 9 ,maje/y support$ by f\r angels 9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture1 &1 bel[1 /&+ figures ( ! ,b4 ,v4 ,m>y & ,sa9t ,pet]1 ) ,k+ ,edg> 9 ! middle (f]+ 8 *>t] to ,*ri/4 ,! :ole picture is v skilfully design$ s z to fill ! :ole page 9 ! mo/ decorative way1 & x is fram$ 9 a bord] ) ri*ly devis$ conv5tional leaf-=ms4 ,9 arti/ic p[] ?is t5? c5tury ,w9*e/] s*ool ( illum9ators appe>s1 = a :ile at lea/1 to h be5 =emo/ 9 ! _w4 ,bo? 9 delicacy ( t\* & 9 ri*ness ( decorative effect ! productions ( ?is s*ool are sup]ior to ^? ( any contempor>y ,cont95tal c\ntry4 ,/ ,dun/an z an arti/4 ,sa9t ,dun/an1 ! great ecclesia/ical /atesman ( ! n9? c5tury1 creat$ ano!r s*ool ( illum9ation 9 ! ,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,gla/onbury4 ,dun/an himself 0 no mean arti/1 z may be se5 f a f9e draw+ ( ,*ri/1 :i* he execut$#hi2 ! ,sa9t has repres5t$ himself z a small monki% figure pro/rate at ! feet ( ,*ri/4 ,at ! top ( ! page is inscrib$ 9 a twelf? c5tury h&1 ,pictura et scriptura hujus pag9e subtus visa e/ de propria manu sancti ,dun/ani4 ,col\r$ ink draw+s4 ,dur+ ! t5? c5tury a l>ge numb] ( illum9at$ manuscripts 7 execut$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,engl&1 ! m9iatures 9 :i* are v unlike &1 z decoration1 v inf]ior to ! manuscripts ( ! ,anglo-,c>ol+ian /yle1 z repres5t$ by ! magnific5t ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold4 ,?is class ( illum9ation consi/s ( draw+s1 (t5 ) a l>ge numb] ( small figures1 execut$ ) a p5 9 r$1 blue & br[n outl9e4 ,! draw+ ( ^! figures is v mann]$1 ! heads are small1 ! attitudes awkw>d1 & ! drap]ies are repres5t$ 9 num]\s small1 flutt]+ folds1 drawn ) an app>5tly %aky l9e1 z if ! arti/ _h lack$ firmness ( h&4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a m]e mann]ism1 z :]ev] he wi%$ = a /eady l9e1 z1 = example1 9 ! draw+ ( ! faces1 ! arti/ has drawn ) ! utmo/ decision & firmness ( t\*4 ,! co/umes ( ^! curi\s outl9e draw+s1 ! ar*itectural accessories & o!r details1 all %[ cle>ly ! influ5ce ( ! v debas$ =ms ( classical ,roman art1 :i* /ill surviv$ among ! manuscript illum9ations ( ,italy#ij4 ,?is degrad$ =m ( classical art 0 f> f be+ a good model = ! ,anglo-,saxon illum9ator to imitate1 & ! blue & r$ outl9e m9iatures are v inf]ior to ! sumptu\s ,anglo-,c>ol+ian manuscripts :i* 7 be+ produc$ at ,w9*e/] by contempor>y illum9ators4 ,,mss4 ( ! ,x,i,ith c5tury4 ,roll ( ,/ ,gu?lac4 ,beauty ( l9e4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ,anglo-,saxon m9iatures 9 col\r$ outl9e improv$ greatly 9 beauty ( =m & 9 gracefulness ( pose2 till at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury extremely f9e m9iatures ( ?is class 7 produc$4 ,a v beautiful example ( ?is is a long vellum roll illum9at$ ) eighte5 circul> m9iatures1 mo/ly drawn ) a p5 9 d>k br[n ink4 ,^! outl9e m9iatures repres5t sc5es f ! life ( ,sa9t ,gu?lac1 ! ,h]mit ( ,cr[l&4 ,! s]ies beg9s ) a draw+ ( ! y\?ful ,gu?lac receiv+ ! tonsure f ,h$da1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] 7#fgf to #gje71 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,abbess ,ebba & two nuns4 ,! :ole composition is v skilfully arrang$ to fill ! circul> m$allion1 & !re is great dignity & ev5 delicate beauty 9 ! sep>ate figures4 ,! precision ( t\* %[n 9 ! draw+ is mo/ admirable1 recall+ ! p]fect purity ( l9e se5 9 ! f9e/ vase-pa9t+s ( ! ,greeks1 9 :i*1 z 9 ^! m9iatures1 ! greate/ am\nt ( effect is produc$ ) ! fewe/ possible t\*es4 ,a few flat wa%es are introduc$ into ! backgr\nds1 b all ! pr9cipal "p ( ! m9iatures is execut$ ) ?is pure outl9e4 ,!re are no gr\nds = ! sugge/ion t ^! m$allion draw+s 7 int5d$ z designs = /a9$ glass4 ,!re is mu* simil>ity ( /yle 9 /a9$ glass pa9t+s & manuscript illum9ations dur+ ! twelf? to ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ,engl&1 j z 9 ! e>ly ,byzant9e manuscripts ! same design s]ves = a m9iature pa9t+ & a colossal wall-mosaic4 ,! same simplicity ( draw+ & flatness ( composition 7 pres]v$ 9 bo? classes ( art1 & !re is no?+ exceptional 9 ! fact t ^! m9iatures ( ,sa9t ,gu?lac might h s]v$ z excell5t motives = a glass-pa9t]#ia4 ,pontifical ( ,/ ,dun/an4 ,! ,pontifical ( ,sa9t ,dun/an 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,cott4 ,claud4 ,a4 #c71 execut$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5? c5tury1 is a magnific5t example ( decorative art1 bo? 9 its noble designs & ri*ness ( col\r4 ,?\gh no gold is us$1 ! greate/ spl5d\r ( effect is produc$1 especially 9 a l>ge m9iature repres5t+ ,sa9t ,gregory en?ron$ "u an elaborate ar*itectural canopy1 ) pro/rate figures at 8 feet ( ,ar*bi%op ,dun/an & ! ,b5$ict9e scribe ( ?is beautiful manuscript2 see ,we/wood1 ,iri% ,manuscripts1 ,pl4 #ej4 ,byzant9e decad5ce4 ,! beauty ( ! be/ ,engli% manuscripts ( ! twelf? c5tury is a rem>kable contra/ to ! once spl5did ,byzant9e s*ool ( illum9ation1 :i* by ?is "t _h sadly deg5]at$ f its =m] vigor\s spl5d\r1 & _h become weak 9 draw+1 clumsy 9 pose & inh>moni\s 9 col\r4 ,! ,engli% s*ool on ! o!r h&1 all ?r\gh ! twelf? c5tury1 0 mak+ rapid advances t[>ds a p]fection bo? ( design & te*nique :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,anglo-,norman /yle ( ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* = beauty ( all k9ds rema9$ = a long "t q )\t rival 9 any ,european c\ntry4 ,canute a patron ( art4 ,feeble col\r+4 ,to return to ! ,anglo-,saxon s*ool ( manuscripts 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! ,dani% ,k+ ,canute1 unlike 8 de/ructive pr$ecessors1 did all t he c\ld to enc\rage lit]ature & art 9 ,engl&4 ,) a view to fo/]+ ! production ( f9e illum9at$ manuscripts he introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 & especially into ! royal & mona/ic libr>ies ( ,w9*e/]1 a l>ge numb] ( ,roman manuscripts ) ! usual illum9ations ( ! debas$ classic type4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 help$ to enc\rage ! production ( m9iatures 9 outl9e su* z ^? 9 ! ,utre*t ,psalt]#ib4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ,anglo-,saxon manuscript illum9ation1 execut$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 consi/s fir/ ( all ( a p5 draw+ 9 br[n outl9e2 to :i* subsequ5tly ! arti/ add$ ) a bru% n>r[ b&s ( blue or r$ laid on 9 a ?9 wa% z a sort ( edg+ to ! br[n outl9es1 app>5tly ) ! object ( giv+ r\ndness to ! draw+#ic4 ,?is class ( illum9ation is1 h[ev]1 v inf]ior 9 beauty & decorative spl5d\r to ! f9e/ works ( ! monks ( ,w9*e/] & ,gla/onbury1 9 :i* solid col\r 9 great v>iety ( t9t is us$1 z1 = example 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold & ! ,pontifical ( ,sa9t ,dun/an4 ,! ,anglo-,norman s*ool4 ,! ,norman conque/ ( ,engl& 9 #ajff soon put an end to ! ,anglo-,saxon s*ool ( illum9ation1 ) its weak imitations ( ! debas$ classical /yle ( ,italy4 ,9 place ( ?is ! magnific5t ,anglo-,norman s*ools ( m9iature pa9t+ 7 develop$ on bo? sides ( ! ,briti% ,*annel4 ,engl& & ,norm&y became "o c\ntry1 & z long z ?is union la/$ manuscripts ( precisely simil> "* 7 produc$ bo? 9 ,norm&y & 9 ,engl&1 z is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,anglo-,,norman ,,s*ool ,,( ,,manuscripts4 ,! twelf? c5tury 9 ,engl& & ,nor!rn ,france 0 a p]iod ( rapid arti/ic developm5t 9 almo/ all bran*es ( ! arts1 f a m9iature illum9ation to a great ,ca!dral or ,abbey *ur*4 ,! ,norman invasion4 ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! art ( illum9at$ manuscripts & o!r bran*es ( art 9 ,engl& x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?\gh ! conqu]$ ,engli% & ! ,norman conqu]ors ) rem>kable rapidity 7 amalgamat$ ) great solid>ity into "o unit$ p#id1 yet = a long p]iod aft] ! ,conque/ x 0 di/9ctly ! ,norman elem5t t took ! lead 9 all matt]s ( art & lit]ature4 ,! ,bi%ops1 ,abbots & ,priors ( ! great ,engli% ecclesia/ical f\ndations 7 = a long p]iod :olly or 9 ! ma9 m5 ( ! ,norman race1 & ?us 7intellectually7 ! native ,engli% took a l[] place1 & did f> less to advance ! arts ( ,engl& ?an did ! ,normans :o =m$ ! upp] & m cultivat$ class4 ,z ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/] ! ,b5$ict9e monki% ,*ronicl] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury says1 ,( ! ,normannes be? ?ys hey m51 t be? ( ?ys lond1 ,& ! l[e m5 ( ,saxons1 z y* und]/onde#ie4 ,ar*itectural gr[?4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury build+ 9 /one on a l>ge scale = milit>y & ecclesia/ical purposes _h be5 introduc$ into ,engl& by ! ,normans 9 place ( ! frail wood5 /ructures ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury ! ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture1 ) its po9t$ ar*es & quadrip>tite vaults1 0 br\ght to ,engl& by ! ,ci/]cian monks ( nor!rn ,france1 & soon spread f> & wide ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,! arti/s ( ?is c5tury began to /udy ! human =m1 its pose & movem5t1 & also 9 _! drap]y le>nt to depict gracefully design$ folds ) mu* tru? & ) a ke5 s5se ( beauty#if4 ,anglo-,norman s*ool4 ,manuscripts ( v>i\s classes 7 n[ ri*ly illum9at$ ) _m v>i$ s]ies ( picture subjects1 & ! old hi]atic canons ( ,byzant9e cons]vatism 7 soon completely ?r[n aside4 ,9 ! ornam5ts ( ! ,anglo-,norman manuscripts ( ! twelf? c5tury ri* foliage is us$ made ( conv5tionaliz$ =ms :i* recall ! old acan?us leaf1 ! half exp&$ fronds ( v>i\s f]ns & o!r plants1 all us$ ) great ta/e 9 _! arrangem5t1 & wond]ful life & _s 9 e l9e & curve ( ! design4 ,old] ,celtic motives are also us$2 +5i\sly devis$ int]lac$ "w ( /raps & b&s1 plait$ toge!r 9 complicat$ knots1 & t]m9at+ frequ5tly 9 /range =ms ( s]p5ts1 dragons & o!r grotesque mon/]s#ig4 ,^! ornam5ts are /rongly decorative bo? 9 =m & col\r1 &1 ?\gh delicately pa9t$1 are treat$ some:at broadly1 v unlike ! microscopic m9ut5ess ( ! e>li] ,iri% & ,anglo-,celtic s*ool4 ,illum9at$ ,psalt]s4 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,?omas4 ,at ?is "t a l>ge numb] ( v magnific5tly illum9at$ ,psalt]s 7 produc$2 & ! use ( gold leaf bo? = ! backgr\nds ( pictures & 9 comb9ation ) brilliant pigm5ts began to come into m frequ5t use4 ,a f9e typical example ( ,engli% manuscript art at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury is to be se5 9 ! s-call$ ,hunt+field ,psalt]1 :i* 0 execut$1 probably 9 "s mona/ic h\se 9 ,york%ire1 a little be=e #abjj ,a4,d4#ih ,x conta9s #fh m9iatures ( v f9e /yle1 delicately pa9t$ on backgr\nds p>tially ( gold2 ! subjects are tak5 f bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 beg9n+ ) ! ,creation ( ! ,_w4 ,! g5]al /yle ( ! illum9ations 9 ?is ,psalt] is m exclusively ,engli% 9 "* & less ,norman ?an is usual 9 manuscripts ( ?is date4 ,! book is int]e/+ z conta9+ "o ( ! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,?omas ,becket1 :o subsequ5tly became s popul> a ,sa9t 9 ,engl& & ,norm&y4 ,9 ?is case ! pa9t+ is n q ( ! same date z ! bulk ( ! manuscript1 b x evid5tly 0 add$ n _m ye>s aft] ,becket's dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 #aagj2 ,sa9t ,?omas 0 canoniz$ only two ye>s lat]#ii4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ?is subject is a m9iature pa9t$ by ,mat!w ,p>is on ! bord] ( a page ( 8 ,great] ,*ronicle 9 ! libr>y ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,no4 xxvi4 ,! ,angev9 k+dom4 ,?\gh ,i h us$ ! phrase ,anglo-,norman to d5ote ! s*ool ( manuscript illum9ation :i*1 f ! twelf? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 exi/$ on bo? sides ( ! ,*annel1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t manuscripts ( a simil> type to ^? ( ,norm&y 7 produc$ 9 _m places f> to ! s\?1 & inde$ almo/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole dom9ions ( ! ,angev9 k+s1 includ+ ! :ole we/]n half ( ,france d[n to ,gascony & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! fact is t to a great degree all =ms ( ,norman art ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,angev9 dom9ions1 s t1 = example1 we f9d a ,ca!dral z f> s\? z ,bayonne 7n f> f ! ,spani% fronti]7 resembl+ closely bo? 9 g5]al design & details ( m\ld+s & c>v+ ! ecclesia/ical ar*itecture ( ,cant]bury & ,ca54 ,engli% art 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,engli% art at its highe/ p]iod ( developm5t4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury 0 ! culm9at+ p]iod ( ,anglo-,norman art ( all k9ds2 & inde$ = a brief p]iod ,engl& occupi$ ! =emo/ position 9 ! _w ) reg>d to ne>ly all ! pr9cipal bran*es ( ! f9e arts4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 z an art patron4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 a "t ( w> & tumult1 little fav\rable to arti/ic advance1 b dur+ ! long reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :i* la/$ f #abaf to #abgb1 progress ( ! mo/ rem>kable k9d 0 made4 ,! ,k+ himself 0 an en?usia/ic patron ( all ! arts1 rang+ f manuscript illum9ation to ! con/ruction ( su* a fabric z ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 & ! less] arts ( life1 su* z weav+1 embroid]y1 metal "w1 toge!r ) /a9$ glass1 mural pa9t+ & o!r =ms ( decoration1 7 all br\ght 9 ,engl& to a wond]ful pit* ( p]fection betwe5 #abej & #acjj4 ,h\ses ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,imm5se sums 7 sp5t by ! ,k+ 9 improv+ & decorat+ 8 ,palaces & ,manor ,h\ses all ov] ! k+dom ) an am\nt ( ref9em5t & spl5d\r t _h hi!rto be5 unkn[n4 ,_m int]e/+ contempor>y docum5ts /ill exi/ giv+ ! exp5ses ( ! _m works :i* ,h5ry ,,iii4 c>ri$ out4 ,he sp5t l>ge sums on fitt+ ! w9d[s ) glass casem5ts1 lay+ d[n floors ( pa9t$ tiles1 & 9 panell+ ! walls ) wa9scot :i* 0 ri*ly decorat$ ) pa9t+ 9 gold & col\rs4 ,l>ge mural pa9t+s 7 execut$ by a :ole army ( pa9t]s on ! walls ( ! *ief rooms2 & decorative art bo? = dome/ic & ecclesia/ical purposes 0 9 ,engl& br\ght to a pit* ( p]fection f> beyond t ( any cont95tal c\ntry4 ,*ief works ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,! *ief works ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 7 ! build+ ( a magnific5t ,palace at ,we/m9/] 9 place ( ! rud] /ructure ( ! e>li] ,norman k+s2 ! recon/ruction ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & ! provid+ = ! body ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor a great %r9e ( pure gold1 ri*ly /udd$ ) jewels ( enorm\s value4 ,a long & int]e/+ s]ies ( acc\nts ( ^! & o!r lavi% exp5ditures ( money /ill exi/ 9 ! ,record ,(fice#ajj4 ,wall-pa9t+s at ,we/m9/]4 ,a magnific5t s]ies ( wall-pa9t+s1 ) subjects f sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory & f ! ,apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 execut$ by v>i\s arti/s1 bo? monks & laym51 on ! walls ( ! *ief rooms 9 ! new ,palace ( ,we/m9/]4 ,9 /yle ^! pa9t+s 7 v l ! m9iatures 9 an illum9at$ manuscript ( ! "t2 !y 7 simply design$1 flat 9 treatm5t1 & execut$ ) ! mo/ m9ute & delicate detail4 ,great ri*ness ( effect 0 produc$ by ! use ( wood5 /amps ) :i* delicate diap]s & o!r patt]ns 7 /amp$ ov] ! backgr\nds ( ! pictures on ! ?9 coat ( gesso :i* cov]$ ! /one wall4 ,^! m9utely execut$ reliefs 7 !n ?ickly gilt1 =m+ ri* gold backgr\nds1 su* z are s commonly us$ 9 ! manuscripts ( ! ,anglo-,norman s*ool2 see fig4 #bc1 p4 #acj4 ,pa9t+s copi$ f ,,mss4 ,! close connection betwe5 ^! magnific5t wall pa9t+s & ! illum9at$ m9iatures 9 manuscripts is borne witness to by an int]e/+ record t1 9 ! ye> #abej1 ! ,k+ ord]$ ,ri*>d de ,san=d1 ,ma/] ( ! ,knights ,templ>s1 to l5d an illum9at$ manuscript 9 ,fr5* ( ,! ,ge/es ( ,antio* & ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades to ! pa9t] ,edw>d ( ,we/m9/]1 s t he might copy ! m9iatures1 us+ ! designs to pa9t ! walls ( ! ,que5's l[ room 9 ! new ,palace ( ,we/m9/] ) a s]ies ( hi/orical pictures4 ,f ^! pa9t+s ( ! ,ge/es ( ,antio* ! ,que5's room 0 !nce=? kn[n z ! ,antio* *amb]#aja4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,*amb]4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! halls 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,palace1 decorat$ ) a m>vell\s s]ies ( exquisitely f9i%$ pa9t+s1 0 kn[n z ! ,pa9t$ ,*amb] p> excell5ce f its great size & ! imm5se numb] ( pictures :i* cov]$ its walls4 ,! sy/em ( decoration adopt$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 n to pa9t l>ge pictures 9 a l>ge hall1 b simply to multiply ! numb] ( small ones1 keep+ ! figures z delicate 9 execution & small 9 scale z if ! room _h be5 ( ! mo/ limit$ dim5sions4 ,?is _h ! effect ( enorm\sly add+ to ! app>5t scale ( ! room1 a great contra/ to ! me?od ( decoration :i* 0 employ$ 9 lat] times ( decad5ce1 :5 l>ge halls 7 dw>f$ & r5d]$ insignificant by cov]+ ! walls ) figures ( colossal size4 ,! sixte5? c5tury tape/ry 9 ! great hall at ,hampton ,c\rt is a /rik+ example ( ! way 9 :i* gigantic figures may de/roy ! scale ( an int]ior4 ,exi/+ fragm5ts4 ,! great beauty & extreme m9ut5ess ( ! "w c be se5 9 "s few damag$ fragm5ts1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* 7 n completely de/roy$ :5 ! ,royal ,palace ( ,we/m9/]1 ! seat ( ! two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 0 burnt 9 #ahcd4 ,9 ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 dur+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ,edw>d ,i41 ! pa9t+ ( ,engl& 0 unrivall$ by t ( any o!r c\ntry#ajb4 ,ev5 9 ,italy1 ,cimabue & 8 assi/ants 7 /ill lab\r+ 9 ! fett]s ( ,byzant9e conv5tionalism1 & produc$ no works :i* = jewel-l beauty ( col\r & grace ( =m 7 q equal to ! pa9t+s ( ,engl& "u ,edw>d ,i4 ,engli% sculpture4 ,william ,torell4 ,9 sculpture too ,engl& 0 no less pre-em95t2 no cont95tal works ( ! "t are equal 9 comb9$ dignity & beauty1 bo? ( ! heads & ( ! drap]y1 to ! bronze effigies ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ,que5 ,eleanor ( ,ca/ile on ! nor? side ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor's ,*apel at ,we/m9/]4 ,^! noble examples ( bronze sculpture 7 ! "w ( ! goldsmi? citiz5 ( ,london ,william ,torell1 :o execut$ !m by ! beautiful cire p]due process ) ! utmo/ te*nical skill#ajc2 see page #bcb on _! gild+1 :i* 0 execut$ by ! old m]cury process4 ,! ,fitz-,o?os4 ,"o ( ! *ief ,engli% families ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 among :om ! practice ( v>i\s arts 0 h]$it>y1 0 nam$ ,o?o or ,fitz-,o?o4 ,v>i\s memb]s ( ?is family 7 goldsmi?s1 manuscript illum9ators1 cutt]s ( dies = co9s & mak]s ( (ficial seals1 z well z pa9t]s ( mural decorations4 ,! elaborate gold %r9e ( ! ,confessor1 "o ( ! mo/ co/ly works ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 made by ! ,o?o family4 ,! great royal seals ( m ?an "o k+ 7 _! h&iwork1 & x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! seals ( ,engl&1 n only ( ! ?irte5? c5tury b almo/ ?r\gh\t ! m$iaeval p]iod1 7 f> ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w1 bo? = spl5d\r & elaboration ( design1 & = exquisite m9ut5ess ( detail4 ,engli% ne$lework4 ,ano!r m9or bran* ( art1 9 :i* ,engl& dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury f> surpass$ ! re/ ( ! _w1 0 ! art ( embroid]+ delicate pictures 9 silk1 especially = ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts4 ,! mo/ fam\s embroid]$ ve/m5ts n[ pres]v$ 9 v>i\s places 9 ,italy are ! h&iwork ( ,engli% embroid]]s betwe5 ! ye>s #abej & #acjj1 ?\gh _! au?or%ip is n z a rule recogniz$ by _! pres5t possessors#ajd4 ,! embroid]$ m9iatures on ^! m>vell\s pieces ( ne$lework resemble closely 9 /yle ! illum9ations 9 f9e ,anglo-,norman manuscripts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 9 _m cases h obvi\sly be5 copi$ f manuscript m9iatures4 ,decay ( ,engli% art4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 ample evid5ce to %[ t ! ,anglo-,norman art ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 almo/ all bran*es1 & m especially on ,engli% soil1 _h rea*$ a high] pit* ( p]fection1 ae/hetic & te*nical1 ?an _h be5 !n atta9$ by any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ow+ l>gely to ! ,black ,dea? & ! protract$ ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 ! arts ( ,engl& fell into ! backgr\nd1 b x %\ld n be =gott5 t !re 0 "o p]iod1 f ab\t #abfj to #acjj or #acbj1 :5 ,engl& occupi$ ! =emo/ place 9 ! arti/ic hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,) reg>d to ! ,anglo-,norman manuscripts ( ! ?irte5? & e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! mo/ rem>kable class1 bo? = beauty ( execution & = ! extraord9>y numb] t 7 produc$1 consi/s ( copies ( ! ,vulgate1 ri*ly decorat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( initial lett]s conta9+ m9ute m9iatures ( figure subjects#aje4 ,,ms4 ,bibles4 ,hi/oriat$ ,bibles4 ,^! ,bibles v>y 9 size f l>ge qu>tos or folios d[n to ! mo/ m9ute codex ) writ+ ( microscopic "*4 ,9 ! latt] x appe>s to h be5 ! special aim ( ! scribe to get ! :ole ( ! ,vulgate1 includ+ ! ,apocrypha1 ! ,prologue ( ,/ ,j]ome1 & an explanatory li/ ( ,hebrew names1 into ! smalle/ possible space4 ,! ?9ne/ ut]9e vellum ( ! f9e/ quality is us$#ajf1 ! text is frequ5tly mu* contract$1 & ! *>act]s are ( almo/ microscopic size#ajg4 ,9 ^! smalle/ ,bibles ! initials are mo/ly ornam5t$ ) conv5tional leaves & grotesque dragon mon/]s2 b 9 ! l>g] manuscripts ! initials at ! beg9n+ ( e book1 ab\t #hb 9 numb]1 are illum9at$ ) a m9iature picture ( ! mo/ exquisite workman%ip1 a p]fect model ( beauty & ref9$ skill4 ,! draw+ ( ! faces & hair is specially beautiful1 be+ execut$ ) a f9e1 crisp l9e ) ! mo/ precise & delicate t\*1 wor?y ( a ,greek arti/ ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,! draw+ ( ! hair & be>d ( ! male figures is mo/ ma/]ly1 ) wav+ curls full ( grace & _s1 9 spite ( ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! scale4 ,me?od ( execution4 ,! m9iatures ( ?is s*ool are execut$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 fir/ ( all a slight outl9e is lightly sket*$ ) a lead or silv] po9t2 ! ma9 masses are !n put 9 ) flat1 solid col\r2 ! int]nal draw+ ( ! folds ( ! drap]y1 ! hair & features & ! l1 are !n add$ ) a delicate po9t$ bru%1 capable ( draw+ ! f9e/ possible l9e2 & f9ally "s %ad+ is add$ to give r\ndness to ! =ms1 especially ( ! drap]y1 a broad] t\* be+ us$ = ?is1 unlike ! fir/ draw+ ( ! details1 :i* is execut$ ) a ?91 ?\gh boldly appli$ l9e4 ,z a rule ! portions :i* are 9 %ad[ are put 9 ) a pure pigm5t2 ! high lights be+ repres5t$ ) :ite1 & ! half lights ) a mixture ( :ite & ! same pigm5t t is us$ = ! d>k %ad[s4 ,by ?is some:at conv5tional sy/em ( col\r+1 ! local col\r is nev] lo/1 & ! :ole effect is highly decorative1 & f> m suitable = pa9t+ on su* a m9ute scale ?an a m reali/ic sy/em ( col\r w\ld h be5#ajh4 ,bible ( ,ma9]ius4 ,b5$ict9e scribes4 ,"o ( ! l>g] & m magnific5t manuscripts ( ?is class1 9 ! libr>y ( ,ste ,gnevive 9 ,p>is1 is a hi/oriat$ ,vulgate 9 ?ree l>ge volumes1 :i* is ( special int]e/ f ! fact t x is sign$ by its scribe1 a monk nam$ ,ma9]ius ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,cant]bury4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,bibles & o!r sacr$ manuscripts ( ?is p]iod appe> to h be5 writt5 & illum9at$ 9 ! great ,b5$ict9e ,abbeys ( ,engl& & ,norm&y4 ,on ?is side ( ! ,*annel ,york1 ,norwi*1 ,bury ,/ ,edmunds1 ,w9*e/]1 ,/ ,albans1 & ,cant]bury 7 specially fam$ = _! s*ools ( illum9ation#aji4 ,& probably "s "w ( ! k9d 0 done 9 e ,b5$ict9e ,h\se#aaj4 ,! unity ( a great mona/ic ,ord] l t ( ,/ ,b5$ict1 & ! fact t monks 7 (t5 transf]r$ f a mona/]y 9 "o c\ntry to "o ( ! same ,ord] 9 ano!r c\ntry1 _h an important influ5ce on ! arti/ic developm5t ( m$iaeval ,europe4 ,mona/ic unity4 ,?is unity ( feel+ 0 ( c\rse enc\rag$ by ! exi/5ce ( a common language 7,lat97 among all ! ecclesia/ics ( ,we/]n ,europe2 & to a great ext5t ! old traditions ( a great ,we/]n ,empire1 unit+ v>i\s races "u "o sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 surviv$ 9 ! organization ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is unity ( life1 ( cu/om & ( ?\ght1 :i* 0 s /rik+ a feature ( ! mona/ic sy/em1 01 to a great ext5t1 ! cause :y we f9d a simultane\s *ange ( arti/ic /yle tak+ place at sev]al f> di/ant c5tres ( production#aaa4 ,h5ce also x is usually impossible1 f ! /yle ( illum9ation 9 an ,anglo-,norman manuscript ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 to judge :e!r x 0 execut$ 9 ,norm&y or 9 ,engl&4 ,backgr\nds ( %eet gold4 ,"o extremely magnific5t class ( illum9ation ( ?is date & s*ool1 specially us$ = ,psalt]s1 ,missals & o!r ,s]vice-books1 has ! backgr\nd beh9d ! figures =m$ ( an unbrok5 %eet ( burni%$ gold ( ! mo/ sumptu\sly decorative effect4 ,*equ] backgr\nds4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! pla9 gold backgr\nd 0 mo/ly sup]s$$ by delicate diap]s ( loz5ge & *essbo>d =m1 ) alt]nat+ squ>es ( gold & blue or r$1 v ri* & beautiful 9 effect1 & sometimes ( extreme m9ut5ess ( scale1 s t ea* loz5ge or squ>e ( ! diap] is n l>g] ?an an ord9>y p9's head4 ,9 ,france ^! diap]$ patt]ns 7 us$ ) great frequ5cy1 & _! use surviv$ 9 "s cases till ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,scroll patt]ns4 ,ano!r =m ( backgr\nd1 us$ 9 ,anglo-,norman m9iatures1 consi/s ( delicate scroll patt]ns or outl9$ diap]s put 9 ) a f9e bru% & ) fluid gold ov] a gr\nd ( flat opaque col\r4 ,gold scroll-"w ( ?is k9d on a p9k gr\nd is specially *>act]i/ic ( m9iatures pa9t$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! f\rte5? & fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,ar*itectural backgr\nds4 ,a f\r? /yle ( backgr\nd1 us$ 9 m9iature pictures ( ?is date1 consi/s ( ar*itectural =ms1 :i* frequ5tly en%r9e ! :ole m9iature1 ) backgr\nd1 frame1 & canopy 9 "o ri* ar*itectural composition4 ,?is is (t5 pa9t$ 9 gold1 ) details 9 firm1 d>k l9es1 &1 ?\gh conv5tionally treat$1 gives n unfrequ5tly a repres5tation ( an exquisitely beautiful ,go?ic /ructure#aab4 ,reali/ic backgr\nds4 ,la/ ( all come ! reali/ic backgr\nds1 ) pictorial effects ( di/ance & a]ial p]spective1 (t5 v skilful & ev5 beautiful 9 effect1 b n s /rongly decorative or s p]fectly suit$ to manuscript illum9ation z ! m conv5tional backgr\nds ( an e>li] date4 ,^! reali/ic surr\nd+s began to be introduc$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b are m especially *>act]i/ic ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! illum9ation ( manuscripts _h ceas$ to be a real liv+ art1 ?\gh pa9fully & skilfully practis$ by su* ma/]s ( te*nique z ,giulio ,clovio & v>i\s ,italian & ,fr5* pa9t]s1 ! pictorial "* ( ! backgr\nds 0 c>ri$ to an excessive degree ( elaboration & decad5ce4 ,psalt] at ,burl+ton ,h\se4 ,among ! mo/ magnific5t ( ! ,anglo-,norman manuscripts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury are copies ( ! ,psalt]4 ,"o 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 9 ,burl+ton ,h\se is ( extraord9>y beauty = ! delicate & complicat$ patt]ns ( int]lac$ scroll-"w :i* fill its l>ge initials4 ,! fir/ lett] ,b ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalms 7,beatus vir etc47 is 9 ?is & "s o!r illum9at$ ,psalt]s ( ! same class1 ( su* size & elaboration t x occupies mo/ ( ! fir/ page4 ,among its +5i\sly devis$ int]lac$ ornam5ts v>i\s little animals1 rabbits1 squirrels & o!rs are play+--m>vels ( m9ute & delicate pa9t+4 ,r\nd ! bord] :i* frames ! :ole are t5 m9ute m$allion pictures1 "s ( !m repres5t+ musicians play+ on v>i\s in/rum5ts1 "o ( :i* is a k9d ( b>rel organ1 call$ an organi/rum1 work$ by two play]s4 ,?is magnific5t manuscript dates f ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,t5ison ,psalt]4 ,ano!r /ill m beautiful ,psalt] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 call$ f its =m] own] ,ar*bi%op ,t5ison's ,psalt]1 0 illum9at$ = ,que5 ,eleanor ( ,ca/ile1 ! wife ( ,edw>d ,i41 ab\t ! ye> #abhd4 ,x 0 int5d$ z a m>riage gift = _! ?ird son ,alphonso1 :o1 h[ev]1 di$ 9 ,augu/ #abhd1 a few days aft] ! sign+ ( 8 m>riage contract4 ,! manuscript 0 = ?is reason un=tunately left unf9i%$1 & 0 aft]w>ds complet$ by a v inf]ior illum9ator4 ,! lett] ,b on ! fir/ page is fill$ by an exquisite m9iature ( ! ,royal ,psalmi/2 & 9 ! l[] "p ( ! bord] is ! slay+ by an infantile ,david1 ( ,golia?1 repres5t$ z a gigantic knight 9 *a9 arm\r4 ,at int]vals r\nd ! bord] are m9ute b v accurately pa9t$ birds ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ ! gull1 k+fi%]1 woodpeck]1 l9net1 crane & goldf9*4 ,9 places :]e ! text does n rea* to ! end ( ! l9e ! space is fill$ up by a n>r[ b& ( ornam5t 9 gold & col\rs1 occupy+ ! same space t a complete l9e ( words w\ld h done4 ,?is me?od ( avoid+ any blank spaces 9 ! page1 & mak+ ! :ole surface "o unbrok5 mass ( beauty 0 employ$ 9 ! f9e/ manuscripts ( ?is & ( o!r classes1 especially ! manuscripts ( ,france & ,fl&]s4 ,t5ison ,psalt]4 ,! ,t5ison ,psalt] appe>s to h be5 writt5 & illum9at$ 9 ! ,mona/ic ,h\se ( ! ,blackfri>s 9 ,london2 x is q "o ( ! noble/ exi/+ examples ( ,engli% art dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & is unsurpass$ 9 beauty & skilful te*nique by ! manuscripts ( any age or c\ntry#aac4 ,,mss4 ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ,anglo-,norman & ,fr5* manuscripts ( ! ,apocalypse1 execut$ dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 are on ! :ole ! mo/ beautiful class ( illum9at$ manuscripts t ! _w has ev] produc$#aad4 ,= comb9$ decorative spl5d\r1 exquisite grace ( draw+1 & poetry ( s5tim5t !y are q unrivall$4 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s be=e & aft] #acjj a consid]able numb] ( ^! copi\sly illu/rat$ manuscripts ( ! ,apocalypse seem to h be5 produc$ ) a c]ta9 uni=mity ( /yle & design1 :i* %[s t1 z 9 ! case ( ! hi/oriat$ ,bibles1 "o model mu/ h be5 copi$ & pass$ on f h& to h& ?r\gh ! ,scriptoria ( _m diff]5t ,mona/ic ,h\ses4 ,p]fect beauty4 ,no words c adequately express ! ref9$ & poetical beauty ( ^! m9iatures ( ,apocalyptic sc5es1 gl[+ ) ! utmo/ spl5d\r ( burni%$ gold1 ultram>9e & o!r brilliant pigm5ts4 ,! :ole figures ( ! angels1 _! beautiful s]5e faces1 _! exquisitely p5cill$ w+s ) fea!rs ( bright col\rs1 ! simple dignifi$ folds ( _! drap]y1 all are execut$ ) ! mo/ wond]ful c]ta9ty ( t\* & ! highe/ possible s5se ( romantic beauty4 ,! accessories are h>dly less beautiful2 ! ,go?ic ar*es & p9nacles ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ! v9e plants & o!r trees & fl[]s1 design$ ) a p]fect balance betwe5 decorative conv5tionalism & reali/ic tru?1 & la/ ( all ! sumptu\s backgr\nds cov]$ ) delicate diap]s or scroll-"w 9 gold & blue & crimson1 all unite ! :ole composition into "o p]fect h>mony1 l a mosaic ( gleam+ gems1 fix$ 9 a matrix ( pure1 %9+ gold4 ,ma*9e-made art4 ,no?+ p]haps c\ld bett] exemplify ! gulf t sep>ates ! arti/ic productions ( ?is fev]i%1 /eam-driv5 n9ete5? c5tury f ! s]5e glories ( ! art ( bygone days ?an a comp>ison ( su* a book z ! ,tr9ity ,apocalypse ) t ma/]piece ( comm]cial art call$ ! ,victoria ,psalt]1 :i*1 pr9t$ 9 a /eam-press on ma*9e-made pap]1 illum9at$ by *romoli?ography1 & b\nd 9 a ma*9e-emboss$ lea!r cov]1 produces a total effect :i* _c adequately be describ$ 9 polite language#aae4 ,engli% ,mona/]ies4 ,! lat] ,engli% manuscripts4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury a m di/9ctly ,engli% /yle ( illum9ation began to bran* (f f ! ,anglo-,norman /yle4 ,some?+ l sep>ate s*ools ( pa9t+ gradually grew up 9 ! great ,b5$ict9e ,mona/]ies1 su* z ^? at ,/ ,albans1 ,norwi*1 ,gla/onbury & ,bury ,sa9t ,edmunds4 ,! type ( face repres5t$ 9 ,engli% m9iatures f ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury onw>ds is r diff]5t f ! ,fr5* type ) its long oval face & po9t$ nose#aaf4 ,9 ,engli% manuscripts ! faces are r\nd] & plump]1 & ! backgr\nds are v frequ5tly =m$ by gold scroll-"w ov] a peculi> p9k1 made by a mixture ( r$ lead ) a l>ge proportion ( :ite4 ,! ,black ,dea?4 ,on ! :ole ! /yle ( figure pa9t+ 9 ,engli% manuscripts det]iorat$ v di/9ctly aft] ! ravages caus$ by ! ,black ,dea? 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 t is to say ! av]age ( excell5ce became l[]2 &1 especially 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 a good deal ( v co>se & inf]ior manuscript illum9ation 0 produc$4 ,on ! o!r h& !re 7 "s illum9ators 9 ,engl& ^: "w is n surpass$ by t ( any contempor>y ,fr5* or ,flemi% arti/4 ,outl9e draw+s4 ,"o v beautiful class ( ,engli% illum9ation1 execut$ ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 has v small & delicate figures1 drawn 9 firm outl9e ) a p5 & br[n ink2 relief is !n giv5 to ! figures by ! p>tial application ( transp>5t wa%es ( delicate col\r1 produc+ an effect ( great beauty & ref9em5t4 ,! ,poyntz ,book ( ,h\rs 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,libr>y has no less ?an #bib m9iature pa9t+s ( ?is v beautiful /yle4 ,! book 0 writt5 = a fri5d & companion ( ! ,black ,pr9ce ab\t ! ye> #acej4 ,its delicate pa9t+s h un=tunately1 9 _m places1 be5 co>sely t\*$ up ) gold & col\rs by a lat] h&4 ,lection>y ( ,sif] ,04 ,a v f9e *>act]i/ic example ( ,engli% art t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,h>l4 ,manuscripts #gjbf74 ,?is is a noble folio manuscript ,lection>y#aag1 un=tunately imp]fect1 :i* 0 writt5 & illum9at$ by a monk nam$ ,sif] ,0 = ,"l ,lovel ( ,ti*m]%1 :o di$ 9 #adjh2 x 0 pres5t$ by him to ! ,ca!dral *ur* ( ,salisbury1 z is record$ by a note :i* asks = pray]s = ! donor's s\l4 ,! text is writt5 9 a magnific5t l>ge ,go?ic h&1 su* z 0 imitat$ by ! pr9t]s ( e>ly ,missals#aah & ,psalt]s4 ,on ! fir/ page is a l>ge1 beautifully pa9t$ m9iature repres5t+ ! scribe ,sif] ,0 pres5t+ ! manuscript to ,"l ,lovel4 ,! figures are l>ge 9 scale1 & ! heads are c>efully execut$ portraits1 evid5tly pa9t$ ) great eiconic skill4 ,ea* page ( ! text has a ri*ly decorative bord] ) conv5tional foliage ( ! *>act]i/ically bold ,engli% type4 ,figures ( angels are introduc$ at ! sides1 & an exquisitely m9ute little pa9t+ is plac$ at ! top1 by ! initial lett] ( ! page4 ,engli% foliage4 ,! ,engli% foliat$ bord]s & capitals 9 manuscripts ( ?is type are v bold & decorative 9 effect1 ) a simple =m ( leaf ) few s]rations1 tw9+ 9 mo/ graceful curves & broadly pa9t$ 9 blue & r$ ) v good effect1 ev5 9 _m manuscripts :]e ! execution is n ( ! mo/ ref9$ k9d4 ,a v>iety ( :at is commonly kn[n z ! p9e-apple design#aai is frequ5tly introduc$ into ^! v effective pieces ( ornam5t4 ,portrait figures4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! fir/ gr[? ( portrait pa9t+ 9 ,we/]n ,europe seems to h aris5 out ( ?is cu/om ( introduc+ portrait figures ( patrons & donors at ! beg9n+ ( important manuscripts4 ,9 ,fr5* & ,burgundian manuscripts especially we f9d _m v int]e/+ portraits ( ,k+s & ,pr9ces toge!r ) ^? ( ! au?ors or ! illum9ators ( ri*ly decorat$ manuscripts4 ,alt>-pieces4 ,donors' portraits are also commonly introduc$ into votive alt>-pieces1 usually 9 ! =m ( small kneel+ figures4 ,z "t w5t on ^! figures ( donors gradually became m important 9 scale & position4 ,?us1 = example1 ! magnific5t alt>-piece 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y 9 ,milan1 pa9t$ by ,pi]o della ,francesca ab\t ! ye> #adhjabj1 has1 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s place 9 ! =egr\nd1 a kneel+ figure ( ! donor1 ,duke ,f$]igo da ,montefeltro ( ,urb9o1 :i* is actually l>g] 9 scale ?an ! *ief figures ( ! picture--! ,madonna & att5dant angels4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 bo? 9 alt>-pictures & 9 manuscript illum9ations1 ! portraits ( liv+ p are treat$ 9 a m subord9ate way4 ,portrait ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,a f9e example ( portraiture 9 a manuscript is to be se5 9 ! ,epi/re au ,roy ,ri*>d ,,ii4 d',anglet]re 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,royal ,manuscripts #bj ,b4 vi7 writt5 by a ,h]mit ( ! ,cele/9 ,ord] 9 ,p>is4 ,! upp] half ( ! fir/ page is occupi$ by an exquisite m9iature ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 on 8 ?rone1 surr\nd$ by c\rti]s1 accept+ ! b\nd copy ( ! manuscript f ! mona/ic au?or1 :o kneels on "o knee1 pres5t+ 8 book ) "o h&1 :ile 9 ! o!r he holds a sacr$ bann] embroid]$ ) ! ,agnus ,dei4 ,! backgr\nd is ( ! sumptu\s *ess-bo>d patt]n 9 gold1 blue & r$1 & ! :ole page is surr\nd$ ) ! s-call$ ivy-leaf bord]4 ,portraits ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 & 8 ,que54 ,! ,%rewsbury manuscript1 conta9+ a collection ( *ivalr\s ,romances 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,royal ,manuscripts #ae ,e vi71 has ano!r beautiful example ( m9iature portraiture4 ,! fir/ pa9t+ repres5ts ,john ,talbot1 ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury1 = :om ?is int]e/+ manuscript 0 illum9at$1 kneel+ to pres5t ! book to ,que5 ,m>g>et ( ,anj\ on ! occasion ( h] m>riage ) ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,! ,k+ & ,que5 are repres5t$ side by side on a d\ble ?rone1 & ar\nd is a gr\p ( c\rti] att5dants4 ,! kneel+ figure ( ,e>l ,talbot is int]e/+ = its co/ume2 ! mantle :i* ! ,e>l we>s is p[d]$ 7seme7 ) small g>t]s embroid]$ 9 gold2 an e>ly b n[ obsolete =m ( /ate robe worn by ,knights ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]4 ,bo? ^! manuscripts1 ?\gh execut$ = ,engli% patrons1 are ( ,fr5* workman%ip4 ,"s ( ! mo/ magnific5t manuscripts ( ! fifte5? c5tury & e>li] 71 l ,"l ,lovel's ,lection>y1 illum9at$ at ! co/ ( "s weal?y layman = ! purpose ( pres5tation to a ,ca!dral or ,abbey ,*ur*4 ,9 return = ! gift ! ,*ur* (t5 agre$ to keep a ye>ly obiit or annual ,mass = ! donors s\l1 :i* 9 ,engl& 0 call$ ! ye>s m9d2 & ?is k9d ( gift ?us (t5 s]v$ to provide a ,*antry ( a limit$ k9d4 ,que5 ,m>y's ,pray]-book4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ,engli% manuscript art 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury is a ,psalt] commonly kn[n z ,que5 ,m>ys ,pray]-book4 ,?is exquisite manuscript1 :i* is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 conta9s1 be=e ! ,psalt]1 a l>ge numb] ( m9iatures ( ,biblical sc5es execut$ 9 outl9e1 treat$ ) delicate wa%es ( transp>5t col\r4 ,! ,psalt] is illum9at$ 9 q a diff]5t /yle1 ) brilliant gold & col\rs 9 all ! m9iatures & bord]s1 :i* are pa9t$ ) wond]ful delicacy ( t\*1 unsurpass$ by ! be/ ,fr5* "w4 ,a ,be/i>y is introduc$ into ! m>g9s ( ! ,psalt]2 & at ! end !re are beautiful pa9t+s ( ,new ,te/am5t sc5es4 ,! date ( ?is book is c4 #accj2 9 #aeec x 0 giv5 to ,que5 ,m>y4 ,,mss4 ( ,dan ,lydgate4 ,ano!r ,engli% manuscript ( special int]e/ bo? = its text & its beautiful illum9ations is a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ,dan ,lydgate's ,life ( ,sa9t ,edmund1 :i* 0 writt5 & illum9at$ 9 #adcc by a ,monk 9 ! ,b5$ict9e ,mona/]y at ,bury ,sa9t ,edmunds2 x is an e>ly & v beautiful example ( a manuscript 9 ! ,vulg> tongue4 ,9 /yle ! illum9at$ bord]s are n unlike ^? 9 ,que5 ,m>y's ,pray]-book4 ,ano!r v simil> manuscript bo? 9 date & /yle 0 sold at ! ,p]k9s sale1 9 ,june1 #ahgc1 = #acbjaba4 ,?is is a magnific5tly illum9at$ folio ( ,! ,siege ( ,troye compil$ by ,dann ,john ,lydgate1 ,monke ( ,bury2 x conta9s sev5ty m9iature pa9t+s1 *iefly ( battle sc5es1 9 :i* ! combatants we> arm\r ( ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! illum9at$ bord]s are ( ! boldly decorative ,engli% type m5tion$ above1 & ! m9iatures are l>ge 9 scale1 9 _m cases ext5d+ across ! :ole wid? ( ! page ) its d\ble column ( text4 ,woodcut initials4 ,9 ,engl& ! introduction ( ! art ( pr9t+ 9 #adgg seems to h br\ght ! illum9ator's art to an end m quickly ?an 0 ! case 9 ,cont95tal c\ntries4 ,caxton's lat] books h pr9t$ initials#abb1 in/ead ( blank spaces left = ! illum9ator1 z 9 mo/ ( ! e>ly pr9t$ books ( ,g]many1 ,france & ,italy2 & ,engli% book-buy]s appe> to h be5 soon satisfi$ ) simple illu/rations 9 ! =m ( r rudely execut$ woodcuts4 ,! subjects repres5t$ 9 ,engli% m9iatures are = ! mo/ "p ! same z ^? 9 contempor>y ,fr5* manuscripts2 b ! m>tyrdom ( ,sa9t ,?omas ( ,cant]bury occurs m frequ5tly 9 ,engli% ?an 9 any cont95tal manuscripts#abc4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] ! ev5t 9 #aagj ?is sc5e began to be repres5t$2 see above1 page #ajh4 ,/ ,george & ! ,dragon4 ,ano!r specially ,engli% subject is ,sa9t ,george1 :o 0 at fir/ ! ,crusad]s' ,patron & !n ! national ,sa9t ( ,engl&4 ,he is usually repres5t$ z a ,knight on horseback slay+ ! dragon ) a lance4 ,?is subject did n come into popul> use till ! f\rte5? c5tury#abd4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france1 dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 manuscript ,*ronicles & ,hi/ories ( bo? anci5t & mod]n times =m$ a l>ge & important class ( manuscripts2 & ^! 7 usually copi\sly illu/rat$ ) m9iatures4 ,! ,*ronicles ( ,sir ,john ,froiss>t 0 ju/ly a v fav\rite book on bo? sides ( ! ,*annel#abe1 & _m ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts ( x /ill exi/2 see bel[1 page #aci4 ,,ms4 ,*ronicles4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a magnific5t manuscript ( ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl& 9 sev5 l>ge folio volumes1 :i* 7 compil$ & writt5 at ! comm& ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,! m9iatures :i* decorate ?is sumptu\s "w are p>tly ,anglo-,norman & p>tly ,flemi%1 9 ! /yle ( ! s*ool ( ! ,van ,eycks at ,bruges4 ,"o fav\rite =m ( ,*ronicle1 giv+ an ab/ract ( ! :ole ,_w's hi/ory1 0 9 ! %ape ( a long p>*m5t roll1 illum9at$ ) m9iatures 9 ! =m ( circul> m$allions4 ,"s ( ^! great rolls 7 writt5 & illum9at$ by ,engli% m9iaturi/s1 b !y appe> n to h be5 z common 9 ,engl& z !y 7 9 ,france2 see bel[1 page #aci4 ,on ^! rolls ! writ+ usually cont9ues d[n ! /rip1 n at "r angles to ! long sides1 z on classical papyrus rolls4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fr5* ,,manuscripts4 ,psalt] ( ,/ ,l\is4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury ! art ( illum9ation z x is call$ 9 ,p>is#abf fl\ri%$ "u ! ,sa9tly ,k+ ,l\is ,,ix4 7#abae-abgj7 z mu* z x did 9 ,engl& "u ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,manuscripts ( mo/ exquisite beauty & ref9em5t 7 produc$ 9 ,p>is1 9 /yle little diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,anglo-,norman s*ool4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful & hi/orically int]e/+ is a ,psalt] 7,p>is1 ,bibl4 ,nat47 :i* is said to h be5 writt5 = ,/ ,l\is ab\t #abfj4 ,?is is a l>ge folio1 copi\sly illu/rat$ ) sacr$ subjects m9utely pa9t$ on a gr\nd ( burni%$ gold enri*$ by tool+4 ,_m ( ! m9iatures are fram$ 9 a beautiful ar*itectural composition ( cusp$ ar*es1 ) delicate op5 trac]y support$ by sl5d] columns4 ,p]fect f9i%4 ,fig4 #bb gives ! b>e design ( "o ( ! hi/oriat$ initials 9 ?is lovely manuscript1 ! capital ,b at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalms4 ,9 ! upp] "p is ! sc5e ( ,david wat*+ ,ba?%eba ba?+2 & bel[ is a kneel+ figure ( ! k+ ador+ ,*ri/ 9 ,maje/y4 ,no reproduction c give any notion ( ! exquisitely delicate pa9t+1 or ( ! spl5d\r ( its burni%$ gold & col\rs4 ,! hi/orical sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t h1 aft] ! usual fa%ion ( ! "t1 ! ,hebrew w>riors & _! enemies repres5t$ z m$iaeval knights 9 arm\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,a page f ! ,psalt] ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #abfj1 by a ,fr5* scribe4 ,ar*aism ( detail4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t 9 ?is & _m o!r ,fr5* & ,engli% m9iatures ( ! "t ! anci5t w>riors are repres5t$ n 9 ! arm\r ( ! actual date ( ! execution ( ! manuscript1 b ) ! dress & arms ( a c\ple ( g5]ations e>li]4 ,! mona/ic arti/s 7 n skill$ ar*aeologi/s1 b !y wi%$ to sugge/ t ! sc5e !y 7 pa9t+ 0 "o t _h happ5$ long ago1 & !re=e !y introduc$ :at 0 probably ! olde/ arm\r !y 7 acqua9t$ )--t ( _! gr&fa!rs' or great-gr&fa!rs' "t4 ,?is is an important po9t1 z 9 _m cases a wrong judgm5t has be5 =m$ z to ! date ( a manuscript f ! mi/ak5 supposition t contempor>y dress & arm\r 7 repres5t$ 9 x4 ,x is j ! same ) ! ?irte5? c5tury art ( ,engl&4 ,pa9t+s execut$ = ,h5ry ,,iii4 9 8 ,palace at ,we/m9/] _h repres5tations ( knights 9 ! arm\r ( ,william ! ,conqu]or's "t or a little lat]4 ,9 lat] times1 especially 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?is nave =m ( ar*aeology 0 giv5 up1 & ! h]oes ( anci5t & sacr$ hi/ory are repres5t$ exactly l k+s & w>riors ( ! arti/'s own "t4 ,,ms4 ,bibles4 ,! hi/oriat$ ,bibles ( ,p>is 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 equal 9 beauty & v simil> 9 /yle to ^? ( ! ,anglo-,norman m9iaturi/s1 b !y d n appe> to h be5 produc$ 9 su* imm5se quantities z !y 7 9 ! m nor!rn mona/]ies4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* t5d$ to *eck ! /udy ( ! ,bible on ! "p ( ! laity1 & v few manuscripts ( ! ,bible 7 !n writt54 ,_! place 0 to "s ext5t tak5 by ! ,books ( ,h\rs1 enorm\s numb]s ( :i* 7 produc$ 9 ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s1 all ?r\gh ! fifte5? c5tury2 see page #ada4 ,fr5* illum9at$ ,manuscripts ( ! ,x,i,vth & ,x,vth c5turies4 ,to ?is class belong a great _m ( ! magnific5t manuscripts ( ! ,apocalypse :i* h be5 describ$ "u ! head ( ,anglo-,norman manuscripts4 ,no h>d & fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! manuscript /yles ( ,norm&y & ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,france4 ,ar*aism ( /yle4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,p>is & ,sa9t ,d5is 7 important c5tres = ! production ( manuscripts ( ! mo/ highly f9i%$ k9d4 ,hi/oriat$ ,bibles1 bo? 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,fr5*1 cont9u$ to be produc$ 9 great numb] till pa/ ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ^! ,fr5* translations1 execut$ z late z #acgj1 are :at may be call$ ar*ai/ic 9 /yle2 t is to say1 ! subjects select$ & ! me?od ( _! treatm5t & execution cont9u$ to be almo/ ! same z t ( ! hi/oriat$ ,vulgates ( ,france & ,norm&y at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! m9iatures are v m9ute 9 scale1 & are (t5 pa9t$ on backgr\nds ( ! brilliant *ess-bo>d & o!r diap]s 9 r$1 blue & gold4 ,?\gh extremely decorative & beautiful1 ! m9iatures ( ?is class are n q equal to ^? ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,bibles1 ei!r 9 vig\r ( draw+ or 9 delicacy ( t\*4 ,! ivy patt]n4 ,on ! :ole1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! ,fr5* s*ools ( illum9ation 7 ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 & ! manuscripts ( ,nor!rn ,france 7 ! mo/ sumptu\sly decorat$ ( all4 ,"o specially beautiful /yle ( ornam5t 0 introduc$ e>ly 9 ! c5tury & la/$ ) little modification = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is 0 ! me?od ( writ+ on a wide m>g9$ page1 & !n cov]+ ! broad m>g9al space by delicate fl[+ scrolls or curves ( foliage1 leaves & small blossoms ( v>i\s %apes be+ us$1 b m especially "o =m ( triple-po9t$ leaf :i* is kn[n commonly z ! ivy or ?orn-leaf patt]n4 ,brilliant effect is giv5 to ^! ri* bord]s by =m+ "s ( ! leaves 9 burni%$ gold2 & v>iety is giv5 to ! foliage by ! introduction ( m9utely pa9t$ birds ( _m k9ds1 song-birds1 game-birds & o!rs1 treat$ ) mu* graceful realism#abg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,m9iature repres5t+ ,k+ ,conrad ( ,bohemia1 ) an att5dant1 hawk+2 f a manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* art4 ,fig4 #bh %[s "p ( a bord] f a manuscript ( ?is class1 a ,book ( ,h\rs execut$ = ! ,duke de ,b]ri2 ! typical po9t$ ivy-leaves gr[ f ea* ( ! quatrefoils :i* are introduc$ to hold ! arms & initials ( ! own]4 ,x comes f ! same manuscript z ! illum9ation %[n 9 fig4 #be4 ,decorative unity4 ,^! elaborate bord]s are usually made to gr[ out ( ! ornam5ts ( ! illum9at$ initials 9 ! text1 & ?us a s5se ( unity is giv5 to ! :ole page1 ! decorations ( :i* ?us become1 n an adjunct1 b an ess5tial "p ( ! text4 ,fig4 #bd %[s a m9iature f a ,fr5* manuscript ( ?is magnific5t class1 ! ,treasure-,book ( ! ,abbey ( ,origny 9 ,pic>dy1 execut$ ab\t #acab = ! ,abbess ,hloise4 ,x conta9s fifty-f\r l>ge m9iatures ( sc5es f ! life & m>tyrdom ( ,sa9t ,b5$icta4 ,! %ad$ "p ( ! bord] is ( ! ri*e/ burni%$ gold1 & ! :ole effect is magnific5tly decorative4 ,! sc5e repres5t$ is ! murd] ( ! ,sa9t1 ^: s\l is be+ borne up to ,heav5 by two ,angels1 held 9 ! usual conv5tional loop ( drap]y4 ,horae ( ! ,duc d',anj\4 ,z an example ( ?is class ( illum9ation we may m5tion ! fam\s ,book ( ,h\rs ( ! ,duke ( ,anj\ 7,p>is1 ,bibl4 ,nat47 illum9at$ ab\t ! ye> #achj4 ,e page has a ri* & delicate bord] cov]$ ) ! ivy foliage#abh1 & enliv5$ by exquisitely pa9t$ birds1 su* z ! goldf9*1 ! ?ru%1 ! l9net1 ! jay1 ! quail1 ! sp>r[-hawk & _m o!rs2 & at ! top ( ! page1 at ! beg9n+ ( ea* division ( ! ,horae1 is a m9iature picture ( mo/ p]fect grace & beauty1 ! decorative value ( :i* is enhanc$ by a backgr\nd1 ei!r ( gold diap]1 or else ( delicate scroll-"w 9 light blue pa9t$ ov] a gr\nd ( deep ultram>9e4 ,enorm\s prices 7 frequ5tly paid by weal?y patrons = sumptu\sly illum9at$ manuscripts1 especially 9 ! fifte5? c5tury = ,books ( ,h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,sc5e ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,sa9t ,b5$icta f a ,m>tyrology ( ab\t #acab4 ,horae ( ! ,duc de ,b]ri4 ,! ,p>is libr>y possesses 7,bibl4 ,nat4 ,lat4 #iai7 a v magnific5t manuscript ,horae1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,duc de ,b]ri at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury by a ,fr5* m9iaturi/ nam$ ,jaquem>t de ,od94 ,at ! ,duke's dea? ?is ,book ( ,h\rs 0 valu$ at no less ?an f\r ?\s& livres ,t\rnois1 equal 9 mod]n value to q two ?\s& p\nds4 ,x is m5tion$ ?us 9 ! inv5tory ( ! ,duke's p]sonal prop]ty1 item1 unes tres belles heures tres ri*em5t enlum9ees et hy/oriees de la ma9 de ,jaquem>t de ,od94444 ,l all books ( ?is class1 specially pa9t$ = a di/+ui%$ p]son1 ! arms & badges ( ! own] are introduc$ among ! foliat$ ornam5ts ( ! bord]s ( _m pages2 z ! inv5tory /ates1 p> les qu>re=s des feuilles en plusieurs lieux faictes des armes et devises#abi4 ,fig4 #be %[s "p ( a page f ?is lovely book1 ) a m9iature ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg91 pa9t$ by ,jacquem>t de ,od91 )9 a beautiful ar*itectural fram+ ( ! f9e/ /yle4 ,space w n all[ any attempt to describe ev5 9 outl9e ! _m spl5did classes ( illum9at$ manuscripts :i* 7 produc$ by ! ,fr5* arti/s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,a few notable po9ts only c be briefly m5tion$4 ,ar*itectural fram+4 ,"o special beauty ( ,fr5* illum9ation ( ?is date is due to ! exquisite treatm5t ( ar*itectural frames & backgr\nds :i* are us$ to en%r9e ! :ole picture4 ,! lovelie/ ,go?ic =ms are introduc$1 ) ! mo/ delicate detail ( trac]y1 p9nacles1 canopy-"w1 %afts & ar*es1 all be+ frequ5tly execut$ 9 gold ) subtle transp>5t %ad+ to give an effect ( relief4 ,f ! te*nical po9t ( view ^! manuscripts rea* ! highe/ pit* ( p]fection2 ! burni%$ gold is ?ick & solid 9 appe>ance1 & is convex 9 surface s z to cat* high lights1 & look1 n l gold leaf1 b l actual plates ( ! pure/ & mo/ poli%$ gold#acj4 ,! pigm5ts are ( ! mo/ brilliant col\rs1 s skilfully prep>$ & appli$ t !y are able to defy ! p[] ( "t to *ange _! hue or ev5 dim _! spl5d\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,m9iature ( ! bir? ( ! ,virg9 pa9t$ by ! illum9ator ,jacquem>t de ,od9 = ! ,duc de ,b]ri4 ,! bord] is ( ! *>act]i/ic ,fr5* & ,franco-,flemi% /yle2 see fig4 #bh on page #adf4 ,survival ( /yle4 ,ano!r noticeable po9t ab\t ! ,fr5* & ,franco-,flemi% illum9ation is ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 modes ( decoration surviv$ ) v little alt]ation = m ?an a c5tury4 ,?us we f9d ! blue1 r$ & gold diap]s us$ = backgr\nds1 & ! ivy-leaf patt]n & its v>ieties#aca1 :i* _h be5 fully develop$ be=e ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 /ill surviv+ 9 manuscripts ( ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & cont9u+ 9 use till ! gr[+ decad5ce ( ta/e caus$ !m to be sup]s$$ by bord]s & backgr\nds pa9t$ 9 a naturali/ic r ?an a decorative mann]#acb4 ,co/ly ,horae4 ,! ,franco-,flemi% manuscripts ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 9 "s cases rem>kable = ! amaz+ am\nt ( labori\s illum9ation & ! enorm\s numb] ( m9iatures :i* !y conta94 ,"s ( ^!1 :i* 7 execut$ = ,royal or ,pr9cely patrons & lib]al payma/]s1 engag$ ! incessant lab\r ( ! illum9ator = _m ye>s4 ,9 ^! cases he 0 usually paid a regul> sal>y1 & s 0 reliev$ f ! inc5tive to ha/y "w :i* caus$ s mu* inf]ior illum9ation to be produc$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,b$=d ,brevi>y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s examples ( ?is lavi% exp5diture ( "t on "o book is ! ,brevi>y ( ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 :o 0 ,reg5t ( ,france f #adbb to #adceacc4 ,?is wond]ful manuscript1 9 addition to c\ntless elaborate initials1 & bord]s r\nd e page1 conta9s m ?an #bejj m9iature pa9t+s1 all delicately & ri*ly execut$ 9 burni%$ gold & brilliant col\rs1 ) backgr\nds1 9 _m cases1 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury type1 ) *ess-bo>d patt]ns & o!r diap]s ( ! mo/ elaborate & sumptu\s k9d4 ,! figures are ( ! f9e/ ,franco-,flemi% /yle1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,van ,eycks1 :o 7 !n becom+ ! mo/ skilful pa9t]s1 te*nically at lea/1 9 ! _w4 ,! ,b$=d ,missal4 ,ano!r no less fam\s manuscript is ! ,b$=d ,missal 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 & 0 pres5t$ by 8 wife to ,h5ry ,,vi4 ( ,engl&1 :5 he 0 cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,france 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #adcj4 ,! ,b$=d ,missal conta9s no less ?an fifty-n9e l>ge m9iatures & ab\t a ?\s& small] ones1 n c\nt+ initials & bord]s4 ,"o po9t ( special int]e/ ab\t ?is gorge\s manuscript is t ! illum9ations h evid5tly be5 execut$ by at lea/ ?ree diff]5t m9iaturi/s1 :o repres5t ?ree diff]5t s*ools1 ! ,p>isian-,fr5*1 ! ,franco-,flemi% & ! ,engli%4 ,,mss4 by v>i\s h&s4 ,x is by no means uncommon to f9d ! "w ( sev]al diff]5t illum9ators 9 "o manuscript4 ,naturally1 :5 a weal?y patron ord]$ a magnific5t book1 he 0 n always will+ to wait sev]al ye>s = its completion1 z mu/ h be5 necess>y :5 ! :ole ( a sumptu\s manuscript 0 ! "w ( "o man4 ,aga91 x 0 n an uncommon ?+ = unf9i%$ manuscripts to be s5t to ,bruges1 ,gh5t & o!r c5tres ( ! illum9ator's art f v>i\s di/ant t[ns & c\ntries1 especially f ,france1 ,italy & ,spa91 9 ord] t !y might be decorat$ ) bord]s & m9iatures by "o ( ! ,flemi% m9iaturi/s4 ,9 "s cases x 0 only ! m9iature subjects :i* 7 left blank2 s t we h ! text ) ! illum9at$ bord]s & initials execut$ 9 ! /yle ( "o c\ntry1 :ile ! m9iatures are ( ano!r q diff]5t s*ool4 ,moreov]1 we f9d f ! ,guild records ( ,bruges t a c]ta9 numb] ( ,italian & ,spani% scribes _h tak5 up _! resid5ce 9 ,bruges1 & become memb]s ( ! ,guild ( ,sa9t ,john & ,sa9t ,luke1 s t "s manuscripts actually writt5 9 ,fl&]s h a text :i* 9 /yle is ,italian or ,spani%4 ,v>i\s o!r comb9ations ( /yle occur n unfrequ5tly4 ,_m ,engli% manuscripts1 = example1 h m9iature pa9t+s :i* are ,fr5* or ,flemi% 9 /yle1 unit$ ) bold decorative bord]s ( ! mo/ ?or\ghly ,engli% type4 ,,mss4 9 ,grisaille4 ,manuscripts 9 ,grisaille4 ,9 addition to ! illum9ations gl[+ ) gold & col\r ( jewel-l brilliance1 a peculi> class ( m9iature pa9t+ came into use 9 ,france dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury & to "s ext5t la/$ till ! close ( ! fifte5?4 ,?is 0 a sy/em ( almo/ mono*romatic pa9t+ 9 delicate blui% grey t9ts ) high lights t\*$ 9 ) :ite or fluid gold2 ?is is call$ pa9t+ 9 grisaille or camaieu-gris#acd2 x frequ5tly sugge/s ! appe>ance ( an onyx cameo or o!r delicate relief4 ,! e>lie/ examples ( grisaille1 dat+ f ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 sometimes h gr\nds ( ! brilliant gold1 r$ & blue diap]s1 ! figures !mselves be+ pa9t$ 9 grisaille2 b 9 its fully develop$ =m no accessories ( col\r are us$1 & no burni%$ gold is introduc$1 only ! mat1 glossless fluid gold be+ us$ 9 "s cases = ! high lights4 ,delicacy ( ,grisaille4 ,"s ( ! m9iatures ( ?is class are extremely beautiful = ! delicacy ( _! modell+ & ! great ref9em5t ( ! design1 & are evid5tly ! "w ( arti/s ( ! highe/ class4 ,?is sy/em ( illum9ation1 be+ unaid$ by ! spl5d\rs ( %9+ gold & bright col\rs1 requires a r special delicacy ( treatm5t1 & 0 ( c\rse q unsuit$ = ! *eap & gaudy manuscripts :i* 7 m]e comm]cial products4 ,9 "s cases ! grisaille pictures are cle>ly ! "w ( a diff]5t h& f ! re/ ( ! book1 & ?us we sometimes see !m comb9$ ) ri*ly illum9at$ initials & ivy-leaf bord]s ( ! usual gorge\sly col\r$ type4 ,9 "s late manuscripts ! grisaille m9iatures are di/9ctly int5d$ to imitate actual bas-reliefs1 & are pa9t$ ) deceptive effects ( r\ndness4 ,?is l$ to ! introduction into manuscript ornam5ts ( imitations ( classical reliefs ( gilt bronze or ve9$ m>bles1 su* z occur s (t5 9 ! v sculpturesque pa9t+s ( ! great ,paduan1 ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,secul> ,,mss4 ,till ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! art ( ! illum9ator _h be5 mo/ly devot$ to books on sacr$ subjects1 b at ?is "t manuscripts ( ,*ronicles1 acc\nts ( travel1 ,romances & o!r secul> works1 (t5 9 ! vulg> tongue1 7 l>gely writt5 & illum9at$ 9 ! mo/ sumptu\s way1 especially = ! royal p]sonages ( ,france & ,burgundy4 ,philip ! ,bold ( ,burgundy1 :o di$ 9 #adjd1 0 an en?usia/ic patron ( lit]ature & ( ! m9iaturi/s art2 z 0 also ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france 7#accg-achj74 ,a typical example ( ?is s*ool ( manuscripts is a magnific5t folio1 =m]ly 9 ! ,p]k9s collection#ace1 ( ,les c5t ,hi/oires de ,troye1 a composition 9 prose & v]se writt5 by ,*ri/9a ( ,pisa#acf ab\t #acij4 ,?is magnific5t volume conta9s "o hundr$ & fifte5 delicately execut$ m9iatures1 ! fir/ ( :i* repres5ts ,*ri/9a pres5t+ h] book to ,philip ( ,burgundy4 ,int]e/+ details4 ,^! m9iatures & o!rs ( ! same class are v int]e/+ = _! accurate repres5tations ( contempor>y life & cu/oms4 ,! co/umes1 ! int]nal fitt+s & furniture ( rooms1 views 9 ! /reets & 9 ! c\ntry1 fea/s1 t\rnam5ts1 ! k+ amid/ 8 c\rti]s1 sc5es 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 & c\ntless o!r subjects are repres5t$ ) mu* m9ut5ess ( detail & great reali/ic tru?4 ,we h 9 fact 9 ! m9iatures ( ?is class ( manuscripts ! fir/ beg9n+ ( an e>ly s*ool ( g5re pa9t+1 :i* 9 its poetic feel+ & s5se ( real beauty ranks f> high] ?an ! ignoble realism ( ! lat] ,dut* pa9t]s4 ,,ms4 ,*ronicles4 ,"o r abnormal class ( manuscript1 :i* belongs bo? to ?is p]iod & ! foll[+ 7! fifte5?7 c5tury1 consi/s ( ,fr5* or ,lat9 ,*ronicles ( ! ,_w beg9n+ ) ! ,creation & rea*+ d[n to rec5t times1 writt5 & illum9at$ ) num]\s m9iature pa9t+s on great rolls ( p>*m5t1 (t5 measur+ f fifty to sixty feet 9 l5g?4 ,^! are usually r co>se 9 execution4 ,sir ,john ,froiss>t's ,*ronicles1 & _! cont9uation f ! ye> #adjj by ,engu]r& de ,mon/relet1 7 fav\rite manuscripts = sumptu\s illum9ation among ! c\rti] class bo? ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,,ms4 travels4 ,among ! _m illum9at$ books ( travel :i* 7 produc$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? & ! fifte5? c5turies "o noble example 9 ! ,p>is libr>y may be select$ z a typical example4 ,?is is a l>ge folio manuscript entitl$ ,les ,m]veilles du ,monde1 conta9+ acc\nts 9 ,fr5* ( ! travels ( ,sir ,john ,m&eville1 ,m>co ,polo & o!rs4 ,?is manuscript 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #adab = ! ,duke ( ,burgundy & 0 giv5 by him to 8 uncle ! ,duc de ,b]ri4 ,its num]\s m9iatures are v delicate & graceful1 ( elaborate pictorial /yle1 ) views ( l&scapes & c>efully pa9t$ build+s1 /reet sc5es & o!r reali/ic backgr\nds to ! figure subjects1 all execut$ ) great pati5ce & mu* arti/ic feel+4 ,! ri*ly illum9at$ bord]s to ! text are fill$ ) elaborate foliage1 9 :i* real & conv5tional =ms are m+l$ ) f9e decorative results4 ,,ms4 poems4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! gr[+ love = national poetry & ! m widely spread ability to read & write1 :i* 9 previ\s c5turies _h be5 mo/ly conf9$ to ecclesia/ics1 l$ to ! production ( a l>ge numb] ( illum9at$ manuscripts ( works su* z ! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 includ+ ! :ole s]ies ( ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e ) ! ,lancelot & ,arturian romances1 ! ,roman de la ,rose1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> productions ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & a :ole class ( ,fabliaux or %ort /ories 9 v]se deal+ ) subjects ( *ivalr\s & romantic "*4 ,romances bas$ on anci5t hi/ory & my?ology1 su* z ,les c5t ,hi/oires de ,troye writt5 by ,*ri/9a ( ,pisa#acg ab\t #acij-acie1 became v popul> among ! knightly c\rti]s ( ! ,rul]s ( ,france & ,burgundy#ach4 ,9 manuscripts ( ?is class ! m9iature illum9ations play a v important "p1 & give great scope to ! fancy & skill ( ! illum9ator4 ,italian influ5ce4 ,9 s\!rn ,france ! /yle ( manuscript illum9ation diff]$ a good deal f t ( ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 0 a consid]able /ra9 ( ,italian influ5ce1 p>tly due to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,papal ,c\rt at ,avignon1 & ! introduction !re ( ,simone ,m>t9i or ,memmi1 & o!r pa9t]s f ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 to decorate ! walls ( ! ,pope's ,palace#aci4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 manuscripts 7 n produc$ 9 su* abundance or ) su* skill 9 s\!rn ,france z !y 7 9 ! nor?4 ,p>is1 ,burgundy & ! ,fr5* di/ricts ( ,fl&]s 7 ! *ief homes ( ! illum9ator's art4 ,secul> m9iaturi/s4 ,by ?is "t ! production ( illum9at$ manuscripts ceas$ to be almo/ :olly 9 ! h&s ( mona/ic scribes1 z x _h be5 9 e>li] days :5 manuscripts deal+ ) pr(ane subjects 7 sc>cely kn[n4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,brussels1 ,antw]p1 ,bruges1 ,gh5t1 ,arras & o!r ,fr5* & ,flemi% cities1 l>ge classes ( secul> writ]s & illum9ators ( manuscripts grew up1 & special guilds ( illum9ators 7 =m$1 exactly l ! guilds ( o!r arts & crafts#adj4 ,be=e long ?is great ext5sion ( ! art ( illum9ation1 & ! fact t x became a trade1 a me?od ( e>n+ a livelihood1 l any o!r craft1 l$ to a s]i\s decad5ce 9 ! art4 ,?\gh weal?y patrons 7 able to pay l>ge prices = ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts1 ?us keep+ up ! production ( v elaborate & arti/ically valuable works ( m9iature art1 yet ! practical result 0 a gr[+ decad5ce ( /yle & workman%ip4 ,decay ( ! art4 ,no illum9ator work+ ma9ly = a money rew>d c\ld possibly rival ! m>vell\s productions ( ! e>li] mona/ic scribes1 :o1 lab\r+ = ! glory ( ,god1 & ! cr$it to be won = !mselves & = _! mona/]ies1 c\ld devote ye>s ( pati5t toil to ! illum9ation ( "o book1 free f all s5se ( hurry1 & f9d+ 9 _! "w ! *ief joy & relaxation ( _! lives#ada4 ,9 mo/ ev5 ( ! be/ productions ( ! guild-scribes ( ! fifte5? c5tury "o sees occasional signs ( we>9ess & ha/e2 & 9 ! *eap manuscripts1 :i* 7 turn$ out by ! ?\s& 9 ,france & ,fl&]s dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 !re is a co>s5ess ( t\* & a me*anical monotony ( /yle1 :i* rem9d "o ( ! arti/ic results ( ! triumphant comm]cialism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,*eap ,,mss4 ,x is m especially 9 ! *eap ,books ( ,h\rs ( ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury t ! l[e/ arti/ic level is rea*$ 9 ,france1 ,fl&]s & ,holl&4 ,education _h gradually be5 ext5d$ among v>i\s classes ( laym51 & by ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury x appe>s to h be5 usual n only = all m5 above ! rank ( artisans to be able to read1 b ev5 wom5 ( ! weal?y b\rgeois class c\ld make use ( pray]-books4 ,h5ce arose a great dem& = pictur$ ,books ( ,h\rs#adb1 :i* appe> to h be5 produc$ 9 enorm\s quantities by ! trade-scribes ( t[ns su* z ,bruges1 ,p>is & _m o!rs4 ,^! common manuscript ,horae are monoton\s 9 =m & detail2 !y ne>ly always h ! same set ( m9iatures1 :i* are (t5 co>se 9 detail & h>% 9 col\r2 & ! illum9at$ bord]s1 ) :i* !y are lavi%ly ?\gh *eaply decorat$1 h ! same =ms ( foliage & fruit repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 doz5s ( manuscripts1 :i* all look z if !y _h come out ( ! same work%op4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,m9iature execut$ = ,k+ ,r5 ( ,anj\ ab\t #adge4 ,x mu/ n h[ev] be suppos$ t all ! lat] ,fr5* manuscripts1 ev5 ( ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 7 ( ?is inf]ior class4 ,?\gh ! be/ figure pa9t+ 0 f> inf]ior to ! glori\s m9iatures 9 ! ,apocalypses ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 yet 9 _! own way1 z pictorial r ?an decorative illu/rations1 ! ,fr5* m9iatures ( ?is date are (t5 v rem>kable = _! beauty1 _! ref9em5t & _! int]e/+ & v elaborate details4 ,k+ ,r5's romance4 ,"s v f9e manuscript illum9ations ( ! highly pictorial type 7 execut$ = ,k+ ,r5 ( ,anj\1 :o di$ 9 #adhj4 ,fig4 #bf %[s a good example ( ?is1 ) a c>efully pa9t$ l&scape backgr\nd1 "o ( sixte5 f9e m9iatures 9 a manuscript ( ! ,roman de la trs d\ce ,m]cy du ,cueur dam\r pris1 "o ( ! poetical & allegorical romances :i* 7 !n s popul> 9 ,france4 ,?is m9iature repres5ts ! meet+ ( ! ,knight ,humble ,reque/e ) ! ,squire ,vif ,dsir4 ,?is manuscript is n[ at ,vi5na1 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y1 ,no4 #beig4 ,beauty ( fruit & fl[]s4 ,! illum9at$ bord]s are also n unfrequ5tly ( v great m]it & high decorative value2 !y are =m$ ( ri* & fanciful comb9ations ( v>i\s plants & fl[]s1 treat$ at fir/ ) j ! due am\nt ( conv5tionalism1 b t5d+1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to an excessive & too pictorial realism4 ,z late z ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ivy patt]n ( ! previ\s c5tury surviv$ ) little modification1 & v beautiful bord]s occur ) bran*es ( ! v9e1 ! oak1 ! maple & o!r trees1 toge!r ) a great v>iety ( fl[]s1 su* z ! rose1 ! daisy1 ! columb9e1 ! clove-p9k or c>nation1 ! pansy1 ! lily1 ! iris or blue flag1 ! cornfl[]1 ! anemone1 ! violet1 ! ?i/le2 & ) _m k9ds ( fruit1 especially ! grape1 ! /rawb]ry1 ! pomegranate & ! mulb]ry4 ,among ?is weal? ( fruit & foliage1 v>iety is giv5 by ! introduction ( birds1 insects1 animals1 & grotesque mon/]s half bea/ & half human1 or else liv+ figures gr[+ out ( fl[] blossoms1 all design$ ) mu* graceful fancy & decorative beauty4 ,lat] /yle4 ,imitation ( relief4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury "o skilfully treat$ b less m]itori\s /yle ( illum9at$ bord] became v common 9 ,france & ,fl&]s4 ,?is consi/$ ( isolat$ objects1 su* z sprigs ( v>i\s k9ds ( fl[]s & fruits1 especially /rawb]ries1 toge!r ) butt]flies & o!r insects1 %ells1 reptiles & ! l scatt]$ ov] ! m>g9 ( ! page1 v frequ5tly on a backgr\nd ( dull fluid gold#adc4 ,a deceptive effect ( relief is commonly attempt$ by ! pa9t+ ( /rong %ad[s1 z if ea* object 7 ly+ on ! gold gr\nd & ca/+ its %ad[ on ! flat surface4 ,?is attempt at relief ( c\rse m>ks a great decad5ce ( ta/e1 & yet x occurs 9 manuscripts :i* %[ mu* arti/ic feel+ & great te*nical skill2 z1 = example1 9 ! magnific5t ,grimani ,brevi>y1 m5tion$ bel[ at p4 #afg1 see fig4 #ch4 ,use ( fluid gold4 ,9 ,fr5* & ,flemi% m9iatures ( ?is p]iod1 gold1 appli$ ) a bru%1 is (t5 us$ to t\* 9 ! high lights1 n only 9 ! grisaille m9iatures1 b also 9 pa9t+s ) brilliant pigm5ts1 mu* 9 ! same way z 9 ! ,umbrian & ,flor5t9e pictures ( contempor>y date4 ,_m manuscripts ( ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury h elaborate ar*itectural bord]s1 consi/+ ( ti]s ( canopi$ ni*es conta9+ /atuettes1 all execut$ 9 fluid1 mat gold4 ,h>% col\rs4 ,! use ( a v h>% em]ald gre5 is *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod ( decad5ce 9 ,france & 9 ,fl&]s2 & g5]ally !re is a want ( h>mony ( col\r 9 ! m9iatures ( ?is "t1 9 :i* gaud9ess r ?an real spl5d\r gradually becomes ! ma9 *>act]i/ic4 ,r5aissance /yle4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! influ5ce ( ! classical ,r5aissance ( art 9 ,italy began to affect ! ,fr5* manuscript illum9ations1 & especially ^? by ,p>isian m9iaturi/s4 ,! introduction ( ar*itectural =ms ( ,italian classic /yle into ! backgr\nds ( m9iatures 0 ! fir/ sign ( ?is1 examples ( :i* occur z e>ly z ! ye> #adge or #adhj4 ,fig4 #bg %[s a *>act]i/ic example ( a ,fr5* m9iature execut$ "u ,italian influ5ce4 ,?is is a sc5e ( ! m>riage ( ! ,b4 ,v4 ,m>y to ! eld]ly ,joseph1 :o holds 9 8 h& ! dry rod :i* _h blossom$4 ,"o ( ! unsuccessful suitors is break+ 8 rod across 8 knee1 z 9 ,raphael's e>ly ,sposalizio 9 ! ,br]a gall]y at ,milan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,m9iature ( ! m>riage ( ! ,b4 ,v4 ,m>y f a ,fr5* manuscript ( ab\t #adhj1 ) details 9 ! /yle ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,horae ( ,jehan ,f\cquet4 ,! pa9t+ repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bg is f a manuscript ,book ( ,h\rs illum9at$ by ! fam\s m9iaturi/ ,jehan ,f\cquet ( ,t\rs1 ^: s]vices 7 secur$ by ,l\is ,,xi4 f #adgj to #adge4 ,?is manuscript ,horae1 :i* has be5 horribly mutilat$1 ! m9iatures be+ cut out ( ! text1 0 orig9ally execut$ = ,matre ,eti5ne ,*evali]4 ,f\cquet & o!r ,fr5* illum9ators ( 8 "t 7 l>gely influ5c$ n only by ,italian art1 b also by ! ,flemi% s*ool ( m9iaturi/s :o 7 foll[]s ( ,meml9c & ,rogi] van d] ,weyd52 b by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,italian influ5ce reign$ supreme & soon de/roy$ all rema9+ traces ( ! old] m$iaeval or ,go?ic /yle4 ,fig4 #bh %[s "p ( a bord] f ! same ,,ms4 t is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #be on page #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,bord] illum9ation f a ,book ( ,h\rs by ,jacquem>t de ,od92 see fig4 #be4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,pr9t$ ,,books ,,) ,,pa9t$ ,,illum9ations4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! fir/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,p>is 0 rem>kable = ! production ( a beautiful class ( books :i* =m a l9k betwe5 pr9t$ books & illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,p>is ,horae on vellum4 ,effect ( col\r+4 ,^! are ! num]\s ,books ( ,h\rs pr9t$ on vellum1 ri*ly decorat$ ) wood-cut#add bord]s & pictures1 & frequ5tly illum9at$ by pa9t+ 9 gold & opaque col\rs ov] ! engrav+s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! vellum-pr9t$ ,horae 0 produc$ by ,pig\*et = ! booksell] ,simon ,vo/re 9 #adhgade2 ! pictures & bord]s are v simply treat$ 9 broad outl9e1 :i* ! illum9ator 0 meant to fill 9 ) col\r1 aid$ only 9 ! g5]al design by ! wood-cut#adf4 ,9 #adih ,pig\*et began to execute = ,s4 ,vo/re ,books ( ,h\rs ( q a diff]5t & /ill f9] /yle1 ) engrav+s ( ! mo/ exquisite beauty ( design & delicacy ( detail1 p]fect ma/]pieces ( ! engrav]'s art4 ,! decorative bord]s 9 ^! lovely books h dott$ 7crible7 backgr\nds1 & ! :ole effect1 ?\gh m]ely 9 black & :ite1 is ri* & decorative 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,! comp>atively co>se t\* ( ! illum9ator ru9s ! beauty ( ^! ,horae2 b luckily a good _m copies h escap$ ?is ta/eless treatm5t1 :i* mu/ h appeal$ only to a v ignorant love ( gold & gaudy col\r on ! "p ( ! pur*as]s4 ,decad5ce ( /yle4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury imm5se numb]s & v>ieties ( ^! vellum-pr9t$ ,horae#adg 7 issu$ by ,pig\*et & ,vo/re1 ,anto9e ,v]>d#adh1 ,?ielman ,k]v] & 8 wid[1 ! bro!rs ,h>d\yn1 & o!r ,p>is pr9t]s & publi%]s4 ,! cuts f ! e>li]1 fifte5? c5tury editions#adi1 7 reproduc$1 & a great numb] ( new ones 7 cut2 b aft] ! ye> #aejj !re 0 a mo/ rapid det]ioration ( /yle4 ,ev5 betwe5 ! cuts ( #adih & ^? ( #aejc a v m>k$ *ange = ! worse is app>5t1 ! f9e m$iaeval ,fr5* /yle be+ replac$ by some:at feeble imitations ( ! works ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,^! ,p>isian pray]-books gradually sup]s$$ ! co>se manuscript ,horae :i* 7 /ill produc$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ! late/ examples ( ^! vellum-pr9t$ books1 ! "w ( ,ge(froi ,tory & o!rs z late z #aedf1 came to be sold )\t any assi/ance f ! h&1 "o c h>dly say ! art1 ( ! illum9ator 9 8 extreme decad5ce4 ,late/ decad5ce4 ,9 a feeble way ! art ( writ+ & illum9at+ manuscripts1 z a sort ( play?+ = ! weal?y1 l+]$ on 9 ,p>is till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,an illum9at$ ,book ( ,h\rs 7,(fice de la ,sa9te ,vi]ge71 ) f\r m9iatures & _m floriat$ head-pieces ( v m9ute workman%ip1 :i* 0 9 ! ,p]k9s collection#aej1 is sign$ ,n4 ,j>ry ,p>is9us ,scribebat1 #affj4 ,o!r elaborate examples ( ,ni*olas ,j>ry's "w exi/ 9 ! ,p>is libr>y1 mo/ly pa9t$ 9 grisaille4 ,e>ly pr9t+4 ,! ,m5tz ,psalt]4 ,a few words on ! connection betwe5 e>ly pr9t+ & ! art ( manuscript illum9ation may n "h be out ( place4 ,! inv5tors ( pr9t+1 ,gut5b]g1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 appe> to h _h no idea ( produc+ *eap books by _! new art1 b t = a fix$ sum !y c\ld produce a m magnific5t & beautiful book ?an a scribe c\ld = ! same price4 ,su* a f9i%$ ma/]piece ( art z ! ,maz>9e ,bible1 issu$ by ,gut5b]g 9 ! ye> #adee1 0 n sold at a l[] rate ?an ! price ( a manuscript ,bible2 b x 0 *eap] ?an a manuscript ( equal spl5d\r4 ,s also v few scribes ( ! fifte5? c5tury c\ld ) ! utmo/ lab\r h produc$ su* a m>vel ( beauty z ! ,m5tz ,psalt] ( #aeei1 pr9t$ on ! f9e/ vellum & illum9at$ ) #bhj l>ge initials pr9t$ 9 blue & r$--p]fect m>vels ( te*nical skill 9 ! p]fect fit ( ! two col\rs1 or regi/ration z x is n[ call$#aea4 ,x is n kn[n at :at price ?is magnific5t ,psalt] 0 orig9ally sold1 b exi/+ records %[ t copies ( ! ,vulgate produc$ 9 #adfb at ,m5tz by ! same pr9t]s1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 7 sold 9 ,p>is = no less ?an sixty gold cr[ns1 equal 9 mod]n value to d\ble t numb] ( sov]eigns4 ,illum9ation & pr9t+4 ,! v>i\s arts ( ! pr9t]4 ,= ?is reason1 z beauty r ?an *eapness 0 aim$ at by ! inv5tors ( pr9t+1 !y left spaces = ! introduction ( ri*ly illum9at$ & hi/oriat$ initials1 :i* 7 frequ5tly ins]t$ by ! mo/ skilful m9iaturi/s ( ! "t4 ,?us ! art ( pr9t+ & illum9ation = m ?an half a c5tury walk$ h& 9 h&4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ pr9t]s _h orig9ally be5 illum9ators ( manuscripts1 z1 = example1 ,pet] ,s*oeff] de ,g]n%eim#aeb1 ,m5tel9 ( ,/rasburg1 ,bml] ( ,augsburg & _m o!rs#aec4 ,! work%op ( an e>ly pr9t] includ$ n only compositors & pr9t]s1 b also cutt]s & f\nd]s ( type1 illum9ators ( bord]s & initials1 & skilful b9d]s :o c\ld cov] books ) v>i\s qualities & k9ds ( b9d+#aed4 ,a pur*as] 9 ,gut5b]g's %op hav+ b\ght1 = example1 8 magnific5t ,bible#aee 9 loose %eets w\ld !n h be5 ask$ :at /yle ( illum9ation or rubrication he 0 prep>$ to pay =1 & !n :at k9d ( b9d+ & h[ _m brass bosses & clasps he wi%$ to h#aef4 ,e>ly ,italian pr9t+4 ,9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,italy especially1 ! pr9t$ books ( ! fifte5? & fir/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 decorat$ ) illum9ations ( ! mo/ beautiful k9d4 ,books pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice ab\t #adgj-e by ,nicolas ,j5son ( ,p>is & ,v5del9 ( ,spires1 & ,flor5t9e books1 ev5 ( a few ye>s lat] date1 frequ5tly conta9 ma/]pieces ( ! illum9ator's art4 ,! ,magnific5t ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & o!rs ( 8 family 7 lib]al patrons ( ?is class ( "w2 z 7 also _m ( ! ,v5etian ,doges & prelates1 especially v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,grimani family4 ,e>ly colophons4 ,!re are no gr\nds :atev] = ! belief t ! e>ly pr9t$ books 7 pass$ (f z manuscripts1 or t ,fu/ 0 accus$ ( hav+ multipli$ books by magical arts4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s usually ins]t$ a /atem5t 9 _! colophon to ! effect t ! book 0 produc$ )\t ! aid ( a p5 7ei!r ( re$1 quill or bronze71 by a new & complicat$ inv5tion ( pr9t+ *>act]s4 ,_m diff]5t v>ieties ( ?is /atem5t occur4 ,9 ! ,m5tz ,psalt] pr9t$ by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] 9 #adei ! pr9t]'s /atem5t at ! end is1 ,pres5s ,psalmorum codex v5u/ate capitalium decoratus1 rubricationibusque suffici5t] di/9ctus1 ad9v5cione artificiosa imprim5di ac *>act]iz&i2 absque ulla calami ex>acione sic effigiatus et ad laudem ,dei4444 ,9 ! ,m5tz ,ca?olicon ( #adfj ! phrase is us$1 ,non calami1 /ili aut p5ne suffragio4444 ,x 0 n till ab\t half a c5tury aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ t ! new art grew into an important means = ! increase ( k ?r\gh ! copi\s production ( *eap books4 ,ald9e books4 ,no o!r typograph] did s mu* = ! advancem5t ( le>n+ z ,aldus ,manutius1 a ,v5etian s*ol> & pr9t]1 :o1 9 ! ye> #aeja1 initiat$ a new & *eap] =m ( book by ! pr9t+ ( 8 ,virgil 9 small #abmo4 size1 ) a new & m compact =m ( "*1 n[ commonly kn[n z ! ,italic type#aeg4 ,z ,aldus records 9 ?ree v]ses at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,virgil1 ! new ,italic f\nt ( type 0 design$ & cut by ,francesco ,francia1 ! fam\s ,bolognese pa9t]1 goldsmi? & die-cutt]4 ,^! small italic books ( ,aldus 7 n all int5d$ = sale at a l[ rate2 _m copies exi/ :i* are magnific5tly illum9at$1 & "s are ev5 pr9t$ on vellum4 ,! issue ( ! *eap] ,ald9e classics gave ! dea?-bl[ to ! illum9ator's art1 :i* ! e>ly l>ge & co/ly pr9t$ folios _h done little or no?+ to sup]s$e4 ,wood-cuts 9 ,,mss4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t half a c5tury be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) moveable types1 q at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? or t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "s few manuscripts ( a *eap & inf]ior sort _h _! m9iature illu/rations n drawn by h&1 b pr9t$ f rudely cut wood-blocks4 ,^! pr9ts 7 aft]w>ds col\r$ by h&4 ,manuscripts ( ?is class are v r>e1 & are n[ *iefly ( value z supply+ ! e>lie/ kn[n ,european examples ( wood engrav+#aeh4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable examples ( ^! manuscripts illu/rat$ ) wood-cuts is describ$ by ,mr ,qu>it* 9 8 catalogue ,no4 #bia ( #ahgcaei4 ,?is is a ,s\?-,g]man manuscript ( ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 conta9+ c]ta9 pi\s ,weekly ,m$itations writt5 on #ag leaves ( co>se vellum2 ?r\gh\t ! manuscript text are scatt]$ #fi wood-cuts ( ,sa9ts & ,prophets1 ) ,biblical & o!r sacr$ sc5es1 av]ag+ 9 size ?ree in*es by two in*es & a qu>t]4 ,^! m9iature designs are all ri*ly illum9at$ ) gold & col\rs2 "s ( !m h names & o!r inscriptions =m+ "p ( ! engrav$ block4 ,block-books4 ,?is me?od ( comb9+ pr9t+ & manuscript v soon l$ to ! next /age1 t ( ,xylographic pr9t+ or block-books2 9 :i* n only ! illu/rations b ! text itself 0 cut on blocks ( wood & pr9t$ l ! wood-cut pictures2 ea* page occupy+ a sep>ate plank ( wood#afj4 ,^! block-book illu/rations 7 col\r$ by h& 9 a v decorative & effective way1 v sup]ior to ! co>se gaudy pa9t+ 9 opaque pigm5ts ) :i* ! ,p>isian illum9ators s (t5 spoilt ! exquisite m9iatures & ! bord]s 9 ! vellum-pr9t$ ,horae4 ,! block-books are n pa9t$ ov] ) opaque pigm5t1 b delicately wa%$ 9 ) transp>5t t9ts1 )\t oblit]at+ ! outl9es ( ! pr9t$ pictures1 :i*1 ?\gh simple & ev5 rude 9 treatm5t1 are (t5 full ( real beauty & great decorative *>m#afa4 ,illum9ation & pr9t+4 ,?us we see t z e>ly z ab\t ! ye> #adjj ! pr9t]'s art _h begun to supplem5t t ( ! manuscript illum9ator#afb2 & ! two arts cont9u$ to "w1 z x 71 h& 9 h& till aft] ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury :5 ! illum9ation ( manuscripts ceas$ to be a real liv+ art & gradually deg5]at$ into a m]e app5dage to individual pomp & luxury4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,! ,,teutonic ,,s*ool ,,aft] ,,! ,,t5? ,,c5tury4 ,g]man ,,mss4 ( ! ,x,ith c5tury4 ,?\gh 9 ! ma9 ! elev5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( arti/ic decad5ce1 m5tion$ above z hav+ succe$$ ! brilliant ,c>ol+ian p]iod 7see page #gh71 yet we f9d t 9 c]ta9 places 9 ,g]many !re 0 a v di/9ct beg9n+ ( arti/ic revival1 especially 9 ! illum9ation ( manuscripts1 ab\t ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury & ev5 e>li]4 ,a s*ool ( magnific5tly decorative art began !n to be develop$1 & ?\gh ! draw+ ( ! human figure 0 /ill weak1 yet effects ( ! noble/ decorative "* 7 produc$ by manuscript illum9ators1 =e%ad[+ t m>vell\s climax ( manuscript art :i* 0 rea*$ 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,missal ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,fig4 #bi %[s a sumptu\sly decorative page f an elev5? c5tury manuscript ,missal :i* 0 execut$ = ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 7n[ 9 ! ,muni* libr>y74 ,on a brilliant diap]$ backgr\nd 9 gold1 r$ & blue1 a /&+ figure ( ! ,emp]or is cr[n$ by ,*ri/1 :o sits )9 a vesica aureole4 ,! ,emp]or receives f two angels ! great ,cross ,/&>d ( ! ,empire & a sword4 ,8 arms are support$ by a sa9t on ea* side1 ,sa9ts ,ulri* & ,emm]am4 ,! :ole page is a sup]b piece ( decoration1 & is specially int]e/+ because illum9ations ( ?is type 7 evid5tly us$ by ! e>lie/ pa9t]s ( /a9$ glass w9d[s to supply !m ) designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,a page f ! ,missal ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,fig4 #cj illu/rates a /a9$ glass figure ( ,k+ ,david1 "o ( five lancet-w9d[s f ! ,ca!dral ( ,augsburg1 execut$ ab\t #ajfe1 :5 ! ,*ur* 0 consecrat$1 & probably ab\t ! olde/ exi/+ example ( a figure 9 /a9$ glass4 ,! manuscript-l type ( ! design is v evid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,figure ( ,k+ ,david f a /a9$ glass w9d[ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,augsburg1 dat+ f #ajfe4 ,gospels ( ! ,x,ith c5tury4 ,fig4 #ca is f a magnific5tly decorat$ book ( ! ,gospels1 execut$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury = ,uota1 ,abbess ( ! conv5t ( ,ni$]mn/]1 at ,ratisbon1 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,! :ole page is a sup]bly decorative composition2 9 ! c5tre is a ,crucifixion ) figures ( ,life & ,dea? at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,9 ! l[] angles are m9ute pa9t+s ( ! ,r5t ,veil ( ! ,temple1 & ! op5$ sepul*res2 above1 at ! sides1 are symbolical figures ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,synagogue1 or ,grace & ,law4 ,at ! upp] angles are ! ,sun & ,moon veil+ _! faces be=e ! ,passion ( ,*ri/4 ,graceful scroll foliage1 ( ! ,ori5tal textile type1 fills 9 ! sp&rels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,m9iature f an elev5? c5tury manuscript ( ! ,gospels1 by a ,g]man illum9ator4 ,revival ( art4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! revival ( manuscript art 9 ,g]many progress$ ) great rapidity1 & an imm5se numb] ( magnific5tly illum9at$ manuscripts 7 produc$1 especially 9 ! *ief ,b5$ict9e ,mona/]ies1 :i* _h always be5 ! pr9cipal homes ( le>n+ & ! *ief c5tres ( ! illum9ator's art 9 ,g]many z 9 o!r ,european c\ntries#afc4 ,grotesque =ms4 ,fr$]ic ,i4 7,b>b>ossa71 b4 #aaba-;d4 #aaij1 imitat$ ! example ( ,*>les ! ,great 9 8 patronage ( art & especially ( ! art ( ! illum9ator4 ,! manuscripts ( 8 "t are rem>kable = ! ri*ness & fancy ( _! tw9+ masses ( conv5tional foliage1 m+l$ ) dragons1 monkeys1 human =ms & mon/]s ( all k9ds1 design$ ) extreme beauty 9 _! /rong sweep+ curves & col\r$ ) brilliant & yet h>moni\s t9ts 9 a sup]bly decorative way4 ,?\gh ! figure draw+ ( ! illum9ators _h n rea*$ ! p]fection :i* 0 atta9$ a c5tury lat]1 yet 9 po9t ( decorative ornam5t no?+ c\ld surpass ! be/ ,g]man manuscripts ( ! twelf? c5tury#afd4 ,figs4 #cb & #cc give good examples ( ! illum9ations ( ?is date4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,an initial ,s1 illum9at$ ) foliage ( ! ,nor?umbrian type1 f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,m9iature ( ! ,annunciation f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,page ( a ,kal5d> f a ,g]man ,psalt] ( ab\t #abjj ,a4,d4 ,fig4 #cb %[s a f9e initial ,s =m$ out ( a w+$ dragon1 & ornam5t$ ) conv5tional foliage ( ! noble/ type4 ,?is initial %[s ! surviv+ ,celtic or r ,nor?umbrian influ5ce1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,great _h be5 s important 9 ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,pa9t+ ( ! ,annunciation4 ,fig4 #cc illu/rates a m9iature ( ! ,annunciation f a f9e manuscript ,evangeli>ium or ,book ( ! ,gospels1 :i* is n[ 9 ! libr>y at ,c>lsruhe4 ,! draw+1 ?\gh /iff 9 pose1 is noble 9 /yle2 & ! :ole m9iature1 ) its graceful scroll-"w backgr\nd1 is ( high decorative value1 a prototype ( ! p]fect /yle ( ! ,fr5* & ,anglo-,norman illum9ations ( ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is pa9t+1 z 9 _m o!r manuscripts ( e>ly date1 ! ,b4 ,v4 ,m>y is repres5t$ z occupi$ 9 sp9n+ ) a di/aff :ile ! angel ,gabriel approa*es to ann\nce ! bir? ( ! ,messiah4 ,page ( a ,kal5d>4 ,fig4 #cd %[s a v beautifully design$ page ( ! ,kal5d> at ! beg9n+ ( a ,psalt] execut$ ab\t ! ye> #abjj = ! ,l&grave ( ,?r+54 ,on ! left is ! space 9 :i* ! scribe ins]t$ ! days ( ! mon?s1 & on ! "r is a noble & gracefully drawn figure ( ,sa9t ,mat!w4 ,! int]lac$ foliage ( ! initial ,k is ( *>act]i/ic ,g]man type4 ,fig4 #ce %[s a v elaborate & graceful initial ,y1 f ano!r manuscript ( ! same date1 decorat$ by a v9e-plant f :i* a y\? is ga!r+ grapes1 :ile a monkey1 sitt+ 9 ! bran*es1 is eat+ "s ( ! fruit4 ,! :ole design is a ma/]piece ( decorative beauty1 elaborately work$ out 9 gold & col\rs4 ,mural pa9t+s4 ,! f9e mural pa9t+s ( ?is date are frequ5tly id5tical 9 /yle & design ) pages f illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,?is is mo/ rem>kably ! case ) ! late twelf? c5tury pa9t+s on ! walls & vault ( ! *ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael at ,hilde%eim2 9 :i* ! figures1 ! conv5tional foliage & ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! :ole h evid5tly be5 copi$ f manuscript illum9ations#afe4 ,vault ( ,/ ,mi*ael's4 ,fig4 #cf %[s a /rik+ example ( ?is1 pa9t$ ab\t #aahf on ! vault ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael's4 ,! :ole treatm5t ( ?is gr&ly decorative pa9t+ is precisely l t ( ! page ( an illum9at$ book4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,initial ,y f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) a mo/ graceful & fanciful comb9ation ( figures & foliage4 ,! ,fall ( ,man4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! ,fall ( ,man 9 a m$allion frame ) a conv5tionally treat$ tree on ea* side2 all r\nd are small] pa9t+s1 includ+ ! great ,riv]s ( ,p>adise & ! ,jordan1 two ,evangeli/s & _! ,symbols1 ) a s]ies ( m$allion bu/s ( ,old ,te/am5t ,sa9ts l9k$ toge!r by scroll-"w ( foliage exactly l t 9 illum9ations ( contempor>y date4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,pa9t+s on ! vault ( ! *ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael at ,hilde%eim1 closely resembl+ 9 /yle an illum9at$ page 9 a manuscript4 ,! ,g]man manuscripts ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5tury are less purely national 9 /yle4 ,! f9e/ illum9ations ( ?is date %[ 9 "s cases a m>k$ ,fr5* influ5ce1 &1 especially dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 a /rong ,italian influ5ce 0 preval5t4 ,,ms4 ( ! ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,fig4 #cg gives a good example ( ?is f a manuscript ,passionale1 writt5 9 #acab = ! ,abbess ( ! ,conv5t ( ,/ ,george at ,prague4 ,! figures 9 ?is manuscript resemble ^? 9 "s ( ! ,flor5t9e illum9at$ manuscripts ( ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia1 execut$ ab\t #acfj to #acij4 ,! subject ( ! m9iatures %[n 9 fig4 #cg is a romantic /ory ( a bride :o 0 c>ri$ (f by brig&s & flung into a blaz+ furnace1 f :i*1 by ! aid ( ! ,b4 ,v4 ,m>y1 %e 0 rescu$ unhurt by ! knight1 h] husb&4 ,s*ool ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury an important developm5t ( ,teutonic art took place "u ! ,van ,eycks & _! pupils4 ,9 ,fl&]s1 especially 9 ,bruges1 ,antw]p & ,gh5t1 a v elaborate & beautiful class ( illum9ation 0 produc$1 9 "s respects diff]5t 9 /yle f ! ,franco-,flemi% s*ool ( art4 ,s*ool ( ,meml9c4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury magnific5t manuscripts 7 produc$ by illum9ators ( ! ,meml9c & ,van d] ,weyd5 s*ool1 su* z ! fam\s ,grimani ,brevi>y 9 ! ,v5etian ,ducal libr>y1 s-call$ f its hav+ be5 b\ght f a ,sicilian deal] 9 #aeba = #ejj gold ducats by ,c>d9al ,grimani1 a memb] ( ! ,v5etian ,grimani family1 :o 7 lib]al patrons ( ?is class ( art2 ?is sum 0 q equal to #bjjj 9 mod]n value4 ,! m9iatures 9 ?is manuscript 7 ascrib$ by ! deal] to ,hans ,meml9c1 ,gr>d ( ,bruges & ,liev5 ( ,antw]p2 !y 7 probably by ! two latt] illum9ators1 n by ,meml9c1 :o di$ 9 #adid or #adie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,m9iatures ( ,italian /yle f a ,g]man manuscript ( #acab1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,flor5t9e art on ! illum9ations ( s\!rn ,france4 ,gr>d ,david4 ,! ,horae ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,gr>d or ,ghe]a]t ( ,bruges 0 a native ( ,oudewat] 9 ,holl&2 he 0 born ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & settl$ 9 ,bruges 9 ! ye> #adhc1 :5 he became a memb] ( ! ,guild ( ,sa9t ,john & ,sa9t ,luke1 to :i* all pa9t]s & manuscript illum9ators 7 oblig$ to belong4 ,gr>d took ! surname ( ,david1 & became a fam\s pa9t] ( tripty*s & alt>-pieces1 z well z a skilful illum9ator ( manuscripts4 ,_m f9e panel-pa9t+s by him /ill exi/ 9 ,bruges & else:]e#aff4 ,!re are also sev]al f9e manuscripts ) m9iatures by 8 h& 9 addition to ^? 9 ! ,grimani ,brevi>y4 ,among ^! are two ,books ( ,h\rs 9 ! collection ( ! late ,b>on ,anselm ,ro?s*ild ( ,vi5na1 & ano!r manuscript ,horae1 :i* 0 writt5 & illum9at$ = ! ,c>d9al ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ,elector ( ,br&5burg1 :o 0 consecrat$ ,ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburg 9 ! ye> #aeac at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,an int]e/+ monograph1 ) photographic reproductions ( ! m9iatures1 0 writt5 by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,weale = ,mr ,f4 ,s4 ,ellis1 ! own] ( ! manuscript4 ,?is lovely manuscript is almo/ equal 9 beauty to ! ,grimani ,brevi>y2 x is r lat] 9 date1 hav+ be5 illum9at$ betwe5 #aead & #aebc4 ,! ,grimani ,brevi>y4 ,! m9iatures 9 ! sumptu\s ,grimani ,brevi>y1 :i* dates f ! latt] ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 probably ab\t #adif1 are v pictorial 9 /yle1 ) figures :i* are l>g] ?an usual1 proportionally to ! size ( ! page4 ,9 "s ( ! m9iatures ! figures are %[n only 9 half l5g?1 s t ! elaborately f9i%$ heads are pa9t$ to a l>ge scale4 ,! bord]s :i* surr\nd ! pages1 enclos+ bo? text & m9iatures1 are ( ! ,franco-,flemi% /yle1 ) reali/ic fl[]s1 fruit1 insects & ! l1 scatt]$ ov] a flat gold gr\nd1 z is describ$ above at page #adc4 ,! butt]flies1 dragon-flies1 /rawb]ries1 irises & lilies are p]fect m>vels ( naturali/ic skill & beauty4 ,! mon? ( ,april4 ,! ,grimani ,brevi>y4 ,fig4 #ch illu/rates "o ( ! m9iatures 9 ! ,grimani ,brevi>y2 x is "o ( ! lovely s]ies repres5t+ ! *>act]i/ic occupations ( ! twelve mon?s 9 ! ,kal5d>1 :i* commonly occur z small pictures at ! tops ( pages 9 manuscript ,kal5d>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b 9 ?is exceptionally magnific5t book are full page m9iatures4 ,! "o copi$ 9 fig4 #ch repres5ts ! mon? ( ,april1 a "t = love-mak+ & out-door p>ties ( pleasure2 "h illu/rat$ by a mo/ beautiful & dignifi$ gr\p ( ladies & g5tlem51 enliv5$ by ! hum\r ( ! sc5e 9 ! left-h& corn]1 ) a little dog b>k+ jeal\sly at ano!r pet dog :i* is be+ pett$ on a lady's lap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,m9iature symboliz+ ! mon? ( ,april f ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,grimani ,brevi>y1 execut$ ab\t #adif4 ,! backgr\nd1 ) trees & ,ca!dral spires l ^? ( ,antw]p or ,mal9es1 is specially beautiful & highly f9i%$4 ,?\gh m>vels ( m9ute & beautiful workman%ip ^! late ,teutonic manuscripts belong to a p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,z has already be5 rem>k$1 nei!r 9 poetic feel+ nor 9 decorative value d !y approa* ! ma/]pieces ( ,fr5* art dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,horae ( ,k+ ,r54 ,fig4 #ci %[s a page f a ,book ( ,h\rs 7,p>is1 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,lat4 #aj1 #ecb7 :i* 0 illum9at$ = ,k+ ,r5 ,,ii4 ( ,lorra9e 7#adgc to #aejh74 ,! figure ( ! ,virg9 %[s ! influ5ce ( ,italian art1 :i* ab\t ?is "t1 #adij1 0 l>gely modify+ & add+ grace to ! pa9t+s ( ,fl&]s4 ,! bord]1 ) lup9es or vet*-plant reali/ically pa9t$ on a gold gr\nd1 is a good typical specim5 ( ! /yle4 ,horae ( ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,! fam\s ,pray]-book ( ,anne ( ,brittany1 pa9t$ ab\t #aejj1 aft] h] second m>riage to ,l\is ,,xii41 is a "w ( ! same magnific5t /yle1 ) an imm5se v>iety ( ! mo/ exquisitely pa9t$ fruits & fl[]s treat$ ) ! mo/ m9ute realism4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,p>is libr>y#afg4 ,fig4 #dj gives a page f a magnific5t ,book ( ,h\rs 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,vi5na 7no4 #aheg72 ! m9iatures 9 :i* are ( ! f9e/ ,teutonic type1 9 "s cases sugge/+ ! s*ool ( ,van d] ,weyd51 & 9 o!rs t ( ,hans ,meml9c4 ,! conv5tional scroll-"w ( foliage ) long s]rat$ leaves 9 ! bord] is v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,g]man & ,dut* manuscripts ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,a page f ! ,book ( ,h\rs ( ,k+ ,r51 pa9t$ ab\t #adhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,a page f a ,book ( ,h\rs at ,vi5na1 ( ! f9e/ ,flemi% /yle4 ,te*nical me?ods4 ,9 "s cases ?is foliage is pa9t$ ) fluid gold2 ! high lights be+ t\*$ 9 ) :ite1 & ! %ad[s ) a grisaille blue4 ,ano!r beautiful /yle ( decoration 9 manuscripts ( ?is class has conv5tional fl[] =ms pa9t$ 9 transp>5t lake ) :ite lights ov] a %eet ( burni%$ gold4 ,! skilful use ( gold bo? 9 ! pigm5t =m1 & 9 leaf on a rais$ enamel-l gr\nd1 is specially *>act]i/ic ( ,g]man & ,dut* manuscripts ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s manuscripts v beautiful bord]s are execut$ 9 delicate scroll-"w ) f9e l9es & dots1 all ( burni%$ gold1 ! effect ( :i* is v magnific5t4 ,! bord]s & long m>g9al ornam5ts1 :i* gr[ out ( ! l>ge illum9at$ initials1 are (t5 div]sifi$ ) figures ( a naturali/ic or grotesque type1 devis$ ) great] fancy & v>iety ?an ! simil> figures ( ! same sort :i* occur 9 s _m ,fr5* manuscripts4 ,,ms4 ( ! ,emp]or ,w5zel4 ,fig4 #da %[s a beautiful example ( ?is1 :i* dates f ! la/ ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 c4 #acij4 ,x is an ornam5t at ! foot ( "o ( ! pages 9 a manuscript :i* 0 illum9at$ = ! ,emp]or ,w5zel ( ,bohemia4 ,two sc5es1 a prison] 9 ! /ocks1 & a man be+ ba!d by two att5dant girls1 are plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr& sweep+ l9es ( foliage4 ,! backgr\nds ) _! delicate scroll-"w & diap] patt]ns are imitat$ f ^? 9 ! f9e ,fr5* & ,anglo-,norman manuscripts ( ! e>li] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s m>g9al illum9ations1 m9iature figures ( knights j\/+ are introduc$ *>g+ ?r\gh ! scrolls ( foliage2 & ,angels gracefully drawn are v frequ5tly introduc$ into ! elaborate bord]s1 z is %[n on fig4 #dj4 ,grotesque figures4 ,grotesque figures 7 great fav\rites ) ! ,teutonic illum9ators2 devils & monkeys1 pigmies fight+ cranes1 or /range mon/]s made up 7l ! ,roman grylli7 ( sev]al animals & birds unit$1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,g]man & ,dut* illum9at$ manuscripts1 m especially 9 ,books ( ,h\rs1 :]e su* fancies 7 probably a relief f ! gravity ( ! text bo? to ! illum9ator & to ! own] ( ! book3 see bel[1 page #bjh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,m>g9al illum9ation ( v beautiful & ref9$ /yle f a manuscript execut$ = ,k+ ,w5zel ( ,bohemia ab\t ! ye> #acij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,m9iature ( ,duke ,baldw91 pa9t$ ab\t ! ye> #adej by an illum9ator ( ! s*ool ( ! ,van ,eycks ( ,bruges4 ,! f9e/ ,teutonic manuscripts ( ! fifte5? c5tury %[ 9 _! m9iatures ! influ5ce ( ! ,van ,eycks2 z is also ! case ) _m ( ! manuscripts :i* fall r "u ! head ( ! ,franco-,flemi% ?an ! ,teutonic s*ool#afh4 ,s*ool ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,fig4 #db gives a f9e example ( a m9iature by an illum9ator :o mu/ h be5 an actual pupil ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,x is tak5 f a fragm5t ( a manuscript ( ! ,croniques de ,jh]usalem1 n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y ( ,vi5na 7no4 #becc74 ,x repres5ts ,duke ,baud\9 7or ,baldw971 :o 0 cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 9 ! guise ( a fifte5? c5tury ,g]man knight1 "u a graceful ,go?ic canopy ( *>act]i/ically ,g]man /yle4 ,! date ( ?is sumptu\s manuscript is ab\t #adej4 ,influ5ce on pa9t+ g5]ally4 ,z is rem>k$ bel[ ) reg>d to ,italian art1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! /rong influ5ce t m9iature pa9t+ 9 manuscripts _h ^u ! l>g] pictures ( ,teutonic arti/s4 ,9 _m cases ! ,g]man & ,flemi% pa9t]s ( alt>-pieces 7 also illum9ators ( manuscripts1 l ,lib]ale ( ,v]ona & ,girolamo dai libri1 :o are m5tion$ bel[1 see page #aigafi4 ,& ev5 )\t ?is reason = simil>ity1 x 0 n uncommon = ! pa9t] ( a retable to borr[ 8 composition & g5]al decorative s*eme f an illum9at$ manuscript by "s skilful arti/4 ,fig4 #dc %[s a good example ( ?is1 ! c5tral panel ( a retable dat$ #adgc1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t9 at ,colm>1 :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly ! "w ( ,m>t9 ,s*o5 or ,s*ngau]4 ,! ,cologne ,s*ool4 ,9 ! art ( ! ,cologne ,s*ool m especially1 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! panel pa9t+s & ! m9iature illum9ations ( manuscripts is v close1 bo? 9 ! g5]al decorative s*emes & also 9 ! extreme m9ut5ess & delicacy ( ! l>g] pa9t+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,retable pa9t$ by ,m>t9 ,s*ngau]1 9 ! /yle ( a manuscript illum9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,all alt>-piece ( ! ,cologne s*ool1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( manuscript illum9ation on ! pa9t]s ( panel-pictures1 especially retables4 ,retable at ,cologne4 ,fig4 #dd %[s a beautiful example ( ?is1 a small panel1 n[ 9 ! ,ar*iepiscopal ,museum at ,cologne1 repres5t+ ! ,virg9 & ,*ild seat$ on a fl[]y sw>d ) a trellis cov]$ ) roses z a backgr\nd1 & lovely *ild-angels play+ on musical in/rum5ts all r\nd4 ,! :ole panel is a p]fect gem ( brilliantly decorative art ( ! pure/ & mo/ p]fect k9d1 q free f ! too pictorial realism :i* at ?is "t1 ab\t #adfj1 0 gr[+ rapidly among ! m9iaturi/s ( ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,half a c5tury lat]1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! same t5d5cy to pa9t pictures l a magnifi$ manuscript illum9ation is frequ5tly to be obs]v$4 ,tripty* by ! eld] ,holbe94 ,fig4 #de repres5ts "o w+ ( an alt> tripty* by ,hans ,holbe9 ! eld]1 pa9t$ ab\t ! ye> #aead4 ,?is beautiful figure ( ,sa9t ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y is int]e/+ z %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,italian art1 :i* at t "t 0 widely spread ?r\gh\t ,g]many & ,france2 x also1 9 its m9utely delicate t\* & 9 ! grotesque ornam5ts at ! top & bottom1 %[s a /rong t5d5cy to use ! =ms & me?ods ( ! manuscript illum9ator4 ,illum9ations by ,a4 ,dr]4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,teutonic s*ool1 :i* are kn[n to be by ! h& ( a fam\s pa9t]1 are ( r>e occurr5ce2 !re is !re=e special int]e/ 9 ! book ( :i* "o ( ! bord]-illum9ations is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #df4 ,! text itself 7a book ( pray]s7 is pr9t$ on vellum1 b =ty-five ( ! pages are decorat$ ) bord]s drawn by ! ma/]ly h& ( ,alb]t ,dr] 9 r$1 gre5 & violet ink1 a me?od possibly sugge/$ to ,dr] by ! sight ( "o ( ! t5? or elev5? c5tury manuscripts :i* 7 illum9at$ ) outl9e draw+s 9 inks ( ^! ?ree col\rs4 ,?is beautiful pray]-book 0 decorat$ by ,alb]t ,dr] 9 #aeae = ! ,emp]or ,maximilian2 x is n[ 9 ! ,muni* ,libr>y#agj4 ,!re is mu* t is grotesque & humor\s introduc$ among ! f9ely design$ scroll-"w ( ^! bord]s2 & _! firm /rong t\*1 unit$ to mu* fanciful grace ( =m 9 ! v>i$ =ms ( leafage1 makes ! :ole well wor?y ( its illum9ator's arti/ic fame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,w+ ( a tripty*1 ) a figure ( ,/ ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 pa9t$ by ! eld] ,hans ,holbe92 ?is illu/rates ! influ5ce on pa9t+ ( ! /yles ( manuscript illum9ation at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illum9at$ bord] drawn by ,alb]t ,dr] 9 #aeae4 ,! bord] illu/rat$ "h has1 at ! foot1 a spirit$ gr\p ( musicians1 & a beautiful backgr\nd1 ) a riv] & ca/le-cr[n$ hill1 su* z ,dr] lov$ to introduce into pa9t+s & engrav+s ( all k9ds4 ,on "o ( ! kettl$rums 9 ! =egr\nd are ! initials ( ! arti/ & ! date #aeae4 ,dut* fifte5? c5tury manuscripts4 ,9 ! ma9 ! manuscripts ( ,holl& resemble ^? ei!r ( ! o!r contempor>y ,teutonic or ( ! ,franco-,flemi% s*ools4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury an enorm\s numb] ( ,books ( ,h\rs & o!r works = private devotion1 su* z ! ,book ( ,*ri/ian ,belief1 ,d5 ,boeck van d5 ,k]/5 ,ghelove1 & o!rs ( ! same class1 7 produc$ 9 ,holl&4 ,_m ( ^! are writt5 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,dut* me?ods ( ornam5t4 ,! m9iature illum9ations are on ! :ole inf]ior to ! exquisite pa9t+s 9 ,flemi% manuscripts2 b !y are usually v decorative 9 treatm5t1 ( a simple1 homely /yle1 :i* is n )\t *>m4 ,! decorative initials are (t5 v l>ge & beautiful1 9 "s cases occupy+ a l>ge proportion ( ! page2 & ! bord]s1 :i* gr[ gracefully out ( ^! l>ge capitals1 are magnific5tly ri* bo? 9 design & execution4 ,gold is us$ pr(usely & ) rem>kable ta/e & skill 9 ^! ,dut* illum9ations1 :i* frequ5tly h a comb9ation ( mat1 fluid gold appli$ ) ! bru% ov] a gr\nd ( brilliantly burni%$ gold leaf4 ,v beautiful initials are also =m$ by pa9t+ ) a transp>5t lake r$ ov] a gr\nd ( burni%$ gold1 :i* %9es ?r\gh ! r$ pigm5t1 ?us produc+ a brilliantly decorative effect4 ,reali/ic details4 ,! m9iatures ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,dut* manuscripts are noticeable = _! reali/ic ar*itectural details1 ) int]iors ( rooms full ( elaborate furniture1 book%elves1 sidebo>ds cov]$ ) silv] plate1 or ! humbl] jugs & di%es ( pewt]1 ) c\ntless o!r k9ds ( fitt+s & furniture4 ,dut* m9iatures ) ecclesia/ical sc5es frequ5tly h elaborately r5d]$ int]ior views ( *ur*es1 :i* are usually v int]e/+ f _! illu/ration ( ! *oir & alt> fitt+s1 ! retables1 ! riddles or alt>-curta9s1 ! tab]nacles = ! ,res]v$ ,ho/1 & _m o!r valuable records ( m$iaeval *ur* furniture & ritual#aga4 ,"o v delicate & beautiful k9d ( illum9ation1 :i* occurs 9 _m ( ! be/ ,dut* manuscripts1 is by no means peculi> to ,holl&1 b is also f\nd 9 _m ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,flemi% & ,italian manuscripts4 ,skilful use ( ! p54 ,?is consi/s ( capitals1 (t5 ( l>ge size1 decorat$ ) ri* ornam5tation execut$ :olly ) ?9 l9es ( blue & r$ drawn ) a v f9e p54 ,! firmness ( t\* & spirit$ quality ( ?is p5 illum9ation is (t5 v rem>kable1 %[+ ! mo/ p]fect tra9+ ( h& & eye on ! "p ( ! illum9ator4 ,?\gh n z gorge\s z ! usual initials pa9t$ ) gold & col\rs1 ?is l9e ornam5t is sometimes ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ delicate quality t c be imag9$4 ,9 "s cases a purple or violet ink is us$1 z well z ! bright] blue & r$1 especially 9 ,italian manuscripts4 ,! =m ( ! p5 ornam5ts us$ 9 ?is class ( illum9ation is v mu* ! same 9 all ! *ief ,european classes ( manuscripts2 a some:at exceptional circum/ance1 s9ce1 z a rule1 ea* c\ntry has its own peculi> types ( decoration4 ,illum9ations 9 pr9t$ books4 ,?is beautiful p5-"w rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( p]fection 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ = ! illum9at$ initials 9 ! e>ly pr9t$ books ( ,g]many4 ,books pr9t$ at ,/rasburg by ,m5tel91 ab\t #adfj to #adfh1 are (t5 decorat$ ) v elaborate & skilfully drawn ornam5t ( ?is type2 9 _m cases probably by ,m5tel9's own h&1 s9ce he 0 a skilful manuscript illum9ator be=e he began to practise ! art ( pr9t+#agb4 ,! pr9t$ books ( ,koburg] ( ,nuremb]g are also rem>kable = ! beauty ( _! illum9ations1 bo? 9 ! blue & r$ p5-"w & also ) pa9t$ ornam5ts 9 gold & col\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,italy ,,& ,,spa94 ,classic survival4 ,z has be5 already m5tion$1 ! old classical =ms surviv$ 9 ! manuscript m9iatures ( ,italy = _m c5turies ) b little alt]ation4 ,a sl[1 b /eady degradation 9 ! =ms ( classic art began to take place ab\t ! fif? or six? c5tury2 ! fact be+ t no art c = long rema9 /ation>y2 !re mu/ be ei!r advance or decay1 & :5 ! habit ( copy+ old] =ms has once become ! e/abli%$ rule an arti/ic degradation soon becomes inevitable4 ,italian decad5ce4 ,j z ! manuscript art ( ! ,byzant9e illum9ators fir/ lo/ its vitality & !n rapidly det]iorat$1 s 9 ,italy ! late surviv+ classical /yle ( m9iature became weak] & weak] 9 draw+1 feebl] 9 t\*1 & dull] 9 composition1 till 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5tury a v l[ /age ( degradation 0 rea*$1 at ! v p]iod :5 ! illum9ator's art 9 m nor!rn c\ntries 0 gr[+ into ! mo/ vigor\s developm5t ( p[] & decorative beauty4 ,! great ,r5aissance ( art 9 ,italy1 :i* l$ to su* magnific5t results 9 ! f\rte5? to ! sixte5? c5turies1 9 its fir/ beg9n+s lagg$ beh9d ! arti/ic movem5t 9 ! nor?1 s t dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many _h almo/ rea*$ _! climax ( arti/ic gr[?1 ,italy _h h>dly begun to advance#agc4 ,,ms4 ( ,donizo4 ,z an example ( ! degrad$ /ate ( ,italian art dur+ ! twelf? c5tury ,i may m5tion a manuscript 9 ! ,vatican libr>y 7,vat4 #dibb7agd ( a poem 9 hon\r ( ! ,c\ntess ,matilda writt5 by a monk ( ,canossa nam$ ,donizo1 :i* has a numb] ( m9iature illu/rations4 ,^! are ( ! l[e/ type1 utt]ly feeble 9 ! draw+ ( ! human =m & q )\t any feel+ = ! folds ( drap]y2 ! figures are m]e %apeless masses )\t any decorative beauty ( col\r to make up = ! helpless ignorance ( ! draughtsman2 see fig4 #dg4 ,lat] on 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 art 9 ,italy 0 ma9ly a feeble reflection ( ! !n degrad$ art ( ! ,byzant9es4 ,?is 0 p>tly due to ! introduction into ,italy ( mosaic-work]s f ,con/ant9ople1 su* z ^? :o decorat$ ! vault ( ! old ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce 7n[ ! ,bapti/]y7 ) badly drawn b gr&ly decorative mosaics ( ! ,day ( ,doom#age4 ,od]isi ( ,gubbio4 ,little is kn[n ( ! two illum9ators ( manuscripts :o are immortaliz$ by ,dante 7,purg4 xi4 #gi-hc74 ,od]isi ( ,gubbio1 :om ,dante calls ! ,hon\r ( ! art t 9 ,p>is is call$ allum9>e1 is said to h be5 employ$ by ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 to illum9ate manuscripts 9 ,rome ab\t ! "t ( ! great ,jubilee ( #acjj1 :5 ,dante visit$ ,rome z an envoy f ,flor5ce4 ,franco ( ,bologna4 ,franco 7,francesco7 ( ,bologna is ! o!r m9iaturi/ m5tion$ by ,dante z an arti/ ( great m]it2 no?+ is kn[n ( him or ( 8 works4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies ,bologna 0 "o ( ! *ief ,italian c5tres = ! production ( manuscripts1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its be+ ! seat ( "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ important ,univ]sities ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illum9ation f an ,italian manuscript execut$ = ! ,c\ntess ,matilda 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 ?is illu/rates ! extreme decad5ce ( art 9 ,italy be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,,ms4 ( ,giotto's s*ool4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ manuscripts ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 execut$ by an unkn[n m9iatore ( ! s*ool ( ,giotto1 is a ,missal 9 ! ,*apt] libr>y ( ! ,canons ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s 9 ,rome4 ,! arms ( ! donor1 repeat$ sev]al times among ! floreat$ bord]s1 %[ t ! manuscript 0 illum9at$ = ,giotto's patron ,c>d9al ,gaetano ,/efanes*i1 probably betwe5 #accj & #acdj4 ,! same volume conta9s1 by ! same illum9ator's h&1 a ri*ly illum9at$ ,life ( ,sa9t ,george1 ) l>ge hi/oriat$ capitals ( great beauty & f9ely decorative col\r+4 ,fig4 #dh %[s "o ( ! initials ) ,sa9t ,george slay+ ! dragon1 & ! ,pr9cess ,saba kneel+ at ! side4 ,italian art 9 ,france4 ,9 "s cases1 especially dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 skilful ,italian illum9ators appe> to h work$ 9 ,france4 ,_m ,fr5* & ev5 ,flemi% manuscripts1 su* z "s ( ^? execut$ = ,philip ( ,burgundy & ! ,duc de ,b]ri t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 %[ di/9ctly two /yles ( pa9t+1 ,fr5* & ,italian1 ! book evid5tly be+ ! "w ( two diff]5t arti/s4 ,"s ( ^! ,italian pa9t+s 9 ,fr5* manuscripts sugge/ ! h& ( a disciple ( ,simone ,m>t9i 7,memmi71 or "s arti/ ( ! v decorative ,si5ese s*ool2 ?is 0 probably 9 _m cases due to ! introduction ( ,italian pa9t]s into ,avignon :5 ! ,papal c\rt 0 resid5t !re2 see page #adj4 ,late arti/ic revival4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n till ne>ly ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury t ,italy produc$ _m illum9at$ manuscripts ( any rem>kable beauty4 ,^? execut$ "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ,giotto1 betwe5 #acjj & ab\t #acdj1 7 n z a rule to be comp>$ to ! illum9ations ( nor!rn ,europe ei!r = decorative value or = m9ute beauty ( detail4 ,by ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! illum9ator's art 9 ,italy1 & especially 9 ,flor5ce1 _h rea*$ a v high degree ( excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,m9iature ( ,/ ,george & ! ,dragon f a ,missal1 illum9at$ ab\t #accj to #acdj by a pa9t] ( ! s*ool ( ,giotto4 ,mona/ic pa9t]s4 ,don ,silve/ro4 ,vas>i1 9 8 life ( ,don ,lor5zo ,monaco#agf1 m5tions a ,camaldolese monk ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,santa ,m>ia degli ,angeli ne> ,flor5ce1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #acej1 wrote & illum9at$ a numb] ( magnific5t *oir-books = 8 mona/]y1 :i* 7 v highly valu$2 s mu* s t aft] ! dea? ( ! monk1 ^: "n 0 ,don ,silve/ro1 8 h& 0 pres]v$ 9 a %r9e z a sacr$ relic ( ! dead monk's piety & skill#agg4 ,"s ( ,don ,silve/ro's manuscripts are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,laur5tian libr>y 9 ,flor5ce1 & a numb] ( m9iatures cut out ( 8 *oir-books 7 acquir$ by ,w4 ,"y ,ottley#agh4 ,,mss4 ( ,don ,silve/ro4 ,me?ods ( decoration4 ,! exi/+ works ( ,don ,silve/ro %[ t ! en?usiasm ( 8 fell[ monks 0 n exagg]at$4 ,! m9iatures are noble 9 /yle1 f9i%$ ) ! mo/ exquisitely m9ute t\*1 spl5didly brilliant 9 col\r1 & 9 e way ma/]pieces ( ! illum9ator's art4 ,^! *oir-books are ( enorm\s size1 be+ int5d$ to be plac$ on ! c5tral *oir lect]n s t ! :ole body ( monks /&+ r\nd c\ld *ant ! antiphonalia f ! same book1 & ! initials are proportionately l>ge to ! size ( ! page4 ,?us "s ( ! figures ( ,sa9ts :i* fill ! c5tral spaces ( ! l>ge initials are z mu* z f six to sev5 in*es 9 height1 & yet !y are pa9t$ ) ! m9ute detail ( an ord9>y siz$ m9iature4 ,! gr\nds ( ^! spl5did figures are usually ( burni%$ gold1 decorat$ by incis$ tool+ ( diap]s or scroll-"w2 & ! floreat$ bord]s1 :i* surr\nd ! lett]s & =m m>g9al ornam5ts to ! pages1 consi/ ( nobly design$ conv5tional foliage 9 v]milion1 ultram>9e & o!r f9e pigm5ts1 reliev$ & light$ up by bosses ( burni%$ gold ?ickly spr9kl$ among ! sumptu\s col\r$ foliage4 ,tool$ & burni%$ gold is also us$ l>gely = ! decoration ( ! dresses ( ! figures1 _! cr[ns1 jewell$ ornam5ts & ! app>els & orphreys ( _! ve/m5ts4 ,! :ole effect is magnific5t 9 ! extreme1 & yet1 9 spite ( ! dazzl+ brilliance ( ! gold & col\rs1 ! :ole effect is p]fectly h>moni\s & free f ! h>% gaud9ess :i* disfigures s mu* ( ! late fifte5? c5tury "w ( ! ,fr5* & ,flemi% manuscript pa9t]s4 ,italian ornam5t4 ,! special /yle ( ornam5t us$ by ,don ,silve/ro surviv$ 9 ,italian illum9ation = ne>ly a c5tury & a half4 ,9 ,italy reali/ic =ms ( fruit & fl[]s1 su* z 7 pa9t$ ) su* ta/e & skill by ! nor!rn m9iaturi/s1 7 sc>cely ev] us$4 ,all ?r\gh ! fifte5? c5tury1 alike 9 ! manuscripts ( ! ,flor5t9e1 ,si5ese & ,v5etian s*ools1 ! same purely conv5tional =ms ( foliage 7 us$1 ) great curl+ leaves1 alt]nately blue & r$1 light$ up by ! jewel-l /uds & bosses ( burni%$ gold4 ,! monk ,don ,lor5zo4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i1 ! same ,camaldolese ,mona/]y produc$ ano!r manuscript illum9ator ^: skill 0 h>dly inf]ior to t ( ,don ,silve/ro4 ,?is 0 ,don ,lor5zo1 :o appe>s to h be5 born ab\t #acgj1 & to h di$ ab\t #adbeagi4 ,examples ( 8 skill1 also 9 ! =m ( l>ge *oir-books1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,laur5tian libr>y at ,flor5ce2 !y are ri* ) m9iatures ( great beauty1 &1 l ,don ,silve/ro's pa9t+s1 %[ a lavi% exp5diture ( "t & pati5ce 9 ! exquisite m9ut5ess ) :i* !y are f9i%$4 ,vas>i tells u t 8 h& also 0 pres]v$ z a sacr$ relic 9 ! treasury ( ,santa ,m>ia degli ,angeli4 ,visit ( ,leo ,x4 ,9 lat] times ,pope ,leo ,x41 :o1 l o!r memb]s ( ! ,m$ici family1 0 an en?usia/ic lov] ( illum9at$ manuscripts1 :5 on a visit to ! ,mona/]y1 desir$ to c>ry away to ! ,basilica ( ,sa9t ,pet] 9 ,rome "s ( ^! *oir-books by ! h& ( ,don ,lor5zo#ahj4 ,dom9ican pa9t]s4 ,! ,dom9ican ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e ! fam\s ,flor5t9e pa9t] ,fra ,beato ,angelico#aha 0 a ,fri>1 possesses1 or till q rec5tly did possess1 a magnific5t collection ( *oir-books ri*ly illum9at$ ) m9iatures by v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,conv5t4 ,"s ( ^! are said to h be5 pa9t$ by ,fra ,angelico himself1 o!rs by a bro!r ( 8 :o 0 a ,fri> 9 ! same ,conv5t#ahb4 ,! records ( ! ,dom9ican ,conv5t at ,fiesole1 :]e ,fra ,angelico 0 born1 %[ t he 0 work+ !re z a pa9t] ( illum9at$ manuscripts 9 ! ye> #adjg & = "s "t subsequ5tly4 ,fra ,angelico's /yle4 ,x is noticeable t ,fra ,angelico's /yle1 ev5 :5 pa9t+ a colossal mural fresco1 0 ess5tially t ( ! manuscript illum9ator4 ,he is utt]ly unreali/ic 9 draw+ & /ill m s 9 col\r2 he deals ) no possible effects ( light & %ade1 b pa9ts all 8 figures gl[+ ) ! mo/ brilliant effects ( gold & col\r1 9 a /yle f> e>li] ?an t ( 8 own date1 & ) c]ta9 te*nical peculi>ities :i*1 z a rule1 are to be f\nd only 9 ! illum9ations ( manuscripts#ahc4 ,,mss4 ( nor!rn ,italy4 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! manuscript art ( c5tral & nor!rn ,italy1 especially ,si5a1 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice & ,milan1 rose to a pit* ( beauty & p]fection :i* left x q )\t rival 9 any c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,z 0 ! case 9 writ+ ( ! glories ( su* manuscripts z ! ,fr5* ,apocalypses ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 words are inadequate to describe ! ref9$ beauty ( ! be/ ,italian manuscripts ( ?is p]iod4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out ,italy 0 late 9 beg9n+ h] arti/ic ,r5aissance2 & n[1 j :5 ! re/ ( ,europe 0 s9k+ into a m or less rapid & complete /ate ( decad5ce1 ,italy blossom$ out into "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t arti/ic p]iods t ! _w has ev] se5#ahd4 ,! manuscripts ( ?is p]iod are n unwor?y ( ! g5]al arti/ic glories ( ! "t1 & 9 "s cases _! te*nical qualities be> witness to an almo/ sup]human am\nt ( dext]ity & pati5ce4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 by f> ! great] proportion ( ! manuscripts writt5 9 ,italy 7 = ecclesia/ical purposes4 ,among ! mo/ magnific5t1 b at ! same "t also ! r>e/1 are folio manuscript ,pontificals#ahe1 execut$ = weal?y ecclesia/ics ( ,episcopal rank4 ,! ,fitzwilliam ,pontifical4 ,an ,italian folio ,pontifical1 dat+ f e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 is ( its k9d1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful manuscripts 9 ! _w4 ,! delicacy ( execution ( ! figures & especially ! faces is little %ort ( miracul\s1 & ! num]\s hi/oriat$ initials1 ea* repres5t+ "s episcopal act ( ,consecration or ,b5$iction1 scatt]$ ?ickly all ?r\gh ! volume1 are a rem>kable pro( ( ! pati5t1 unwe>i$ skill :i* ?r\gh ye>s ( lab\r mu/ h be5 devot$ to ?is "o sup]b volume4 ,italian poems4 ,! own]'s arms4 ,among ! illum9at$ manuscripts ) secul> texts ! mo/ important are copies ( ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y1 ! works ( ,boccaccio & ! ,poems ( ,petr>*4 ,! fir/ page ( su* works z ^! is usually ri*ly decorat$ ) a wide bord] ( scroll foliage1 /udd$ ) ! usual gold bosses4 ,frequ5tly small m9iatures 9 m$allion frames are set at int]vals among ! conv5tional leafage2 & at ! bottom is a %ield to receive ! own]'s coat ( arms1 surr\nd$ ) a delicately pa9t$ leafy wrea?1 :i* is support$ on ea* side by a graceful figure ( a fly+ angel or ,cupid#ahf4 ,9 _m cases ! %ield is /ill left blank2 ! book n hav+ be5 writt5 = any special pur*as] & ! own] hav+ neglect$ to ins]t 8 arms#ahg4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! wrea? :i* surr\nds ! %ield is usually v beautiful1 & ! two fly+ angels or amor9i are models ( grace4 ,?is motive ( ! wrea? held by two fly+ figures 0 l>gely us$ by ! ,flor5t9e sculptors ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 su* z ,ghib]ti & ,luca della ,robbia2 x 0 sugge/$ by ! simil> design1 ( v inf]ior execution1 :i* occurs on s _m anci5t ,roman s>cophagi4 ,classical influ5ce4 ,"s ( ! mo/ elaborate ,italian manuscripts ( ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury are decorat$ ) v m9utely & clev]ly pa9t$ copies ( antique classical gems1 cameos1 co9s & m$als1 or reliefs 9 m>ble & bronze4 ,wond]ful skill is (t5 %[n by ! way 9 :i* ! illum9ator has giv5 ! appe>ance ( relief & ! actual texture ( ! metal or /one#ahh4 ,beautiful z ! bord]s ( ?is class are1 !y belong to a p]iod ( decad5ce ( ta/e1 ?\gh n ( skill1 & !y pav$ ! way = ! elaborate futilities ( ,giulio ,clovio & o!r m9iaturi/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,capture ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! influx ( ,greek exiles into ,flor5ce1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 #adec1 l$ to ! fam\s revival ( classical le>n+1 & = a :ile made ,flor5ce n only ! arti/ic b ! intellectual c5tre ( ! _w4 ,_m ( ^! fugitive ,greeks br\ght ) !m bo? ,greek & ,lat9 manuscripts ( anci5t date1 & a new developm5t ( manuscript art took place 9 consequ5ce ( ?is4 ,copyism ( e>ly writ+4 ,?\gh manuscripts ( ,s]vice books & o!r sacr$ works cont9u$ to be writt5 9 ! m$iaeval ,go?ic =m ( "*1 = secul> manuscripts#ahi a v beautiful k9d ( ,roman h& 0 l>gely us$ by ! scribes ( ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice & o!r ,italian c5tres ( ! illum9ator's art4 ,?is newly develop$ mode ( writ+ 0 bas$ on ! beautiful cle> =m ( "* :i* _h be5 us$ by ! mo/ skilful nor!rn scribes ( ! n9? & t5? c5tury2 & at ! same "t a /yle ( illum9ation = bord]s & initials 0 imitat$ or r adapt$1 ) ! utmo/ ta/e & skill f ! *>act]i/ic int]lac$ patt]ns ( ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many dur+ ! twelf? c5tury4 ,celtic /yle ( ornam5t4 ,?is beautiful k9d ( ornam5t consi/s ( delicately int]lac$ & plait$ b&s ( :ite or gold1 ?r[n into relief by fill+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 or spaces betwe5 ! lac$ b&s1 ) alt]nat+ col\rs1 blue1 r$ & gre54 ,?is /yle ( initial 0 also l>gely us$ = ! e>ly pr9t$ books ( ,rome1 ,flor5ce & ,v5ice#aij1 _m copies ( :i* 7 illum9at$ 9 ! mo/ magnific5t way1 q equal to ! ornam5ts ( ! f9e/ vellum manuscripts4 ,"s ( ! ,italian manuscripts ( ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 = delicate beauty & = exquisite ref9em5t ( detail1 are unrivall$ by ! illum9at$ manuscripts ( any o!r c\ntry or age4 ,italian ,horae4 ,among ! greate/ m>vels ( human skill t h ev] be5 produc$ are "s ( ! v small ,books ( ,h\rs :i* 7 execut$ = ! m]*ant pr9ces ( ,flor5ce & ,v5ice & = o!r weal?y ,italian patrons4 ,! bord]s 9 ^! frequ5tly h m9ute figures ( ,cupid-l angels 7amor9i7 play+ among decorative foliage1 or birds & animals1 su* z fawns1 *eetahs & ! l1 design$ ) an am\nt ( grace & modell$ ) a microscopic ref9em5t ( t\* t no words c adequately describe4 ,beauty ( ! text4 ,& x is n only ! unequall$ beauty ( ! pa9t$ decorations & m9iatures = :i* ^! late ,italian manuscripts are s rem>kable2 ! m]e writ+ ( ! text 9 ! mo/ brilliant black & r$ ink is ( /rik+ beauty 9 ! =m ( ! lett]s & ! p]fect regul>ity ( ! :ole4 ,la/ ( all ! vellum us$ by ! ,italian scribes ( ?is p]iod is f> m beautiful1 f its ivory-l p]fection ( t9t & surface1 ?an t ( any o!r class ( manuscripts4 ,?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 z exquisitely ?9 z ! ut]9e vellum ( ! ,anglo-,norman ?irte5? c5tury scribes1 x is m beautiful 9 texture1 & does mu* to complete ! arti/ic p]fection ( ! manuscripts ( fifte5? c5tury ,italy1 by its exquisitely poli%$ surface & p]fect purity ( t9t4 ,,mss4 ( ,n4 ,italy4 ,! prov9ces ( ,flor5ce1 ,pisa1 ,si5a1 ,bologna & ,v5ice1 includ+ ,v]ona1 7 all important c5tres = ! production ( f9e illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,on ! :ole ,flor5ce 0 ! mo/ fam\s 9 ?is z 9 o!r bran*es ( art1 & x 0 especially to ,flor5ce t weal?y =eign ,pr9ces s5t _! commissions :5 !y desir$ to possess exceptionally beautiful manuscripts4 ,corv9us a patron ( art4 ,"o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic art patrons ( ,europe1 ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y f #adeh to #adij1 _h a l>ge numb] ( mo/ magnific5t manuscripts writt5 & illum9at$ = him by v>i\s m9iatori ( ,flor5ce2 "s ( ^! are n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y ( ,vi5na4 ,s also ,f$]igo da ,montefeltro1 ,duke ( ,urb9o ab\t ! same "t1 pur*as$ f a ,flor5t9e t mo/ sup]bly illum9at$ ,bible1 9 two l>ge folio volumes1 dat$ #adgh1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,vatican libr>y#aia4 ,attavante ! m9iaturi/4 ,among ! m9iaturi/s :o work$ = ,k+ ,corv9us1 ! mo/ fam\s 0 a ,flor5t9e nam$ ,attavante di ,gabriello1 :o 0 born 9 #adeb4 ,vas>i m5tions him z a pupil & fri5d ( ,fra ,angelico#aib1 & describes at great l5g? & ) mu* en?usiasm a sumptu\s manuscript ( ,silius ,italicus1 belong+ to ! ,dom9ican ,mona/]y ( ,san ,giovanni e ,paolo 9 ,v5ice1 z be+ ! "w ( ,attavante4 ,?is once magnific5t manuscript /ill exi/s1 b 9 a mu* mutilat$ /ate1 9 ! ,v5etian ,biblioteca ,m>ciana 7,cl4 ,,xii4 ,cod4 ,,lxviii472 all ! l>ge m9iatures h be5 cut out1 b ! bord]s ) w+$ ,cupids1 birds & animals among decorative scroll-"w are m>vels ( beauty & m9ute delicacy ( t\*4 ,?\gh q wor?y ( ,attavante's fame1 ?is manuscript _c be 8 "w1 z x 0 execut$ _m ye>s too e>ly1 9 ! "t ( ,pope ,ni*olas ,v41 :o reign$ f #addg to #adee4 ,,mss4 at ,v5ice4 ,! same libr>y does1 h[ev]1 possess real examples ( ,attavante's wond]ful illum9ations4 ,! bord]s are specially rem>kable = ! m9ute m$allion heads :i* are introduc$ among ! conv5tional foliage4 ,^! m9ute pictures occur 9 _m ( ! f9e/ manuscripts ( ?is class2 & o!r m9iatori pa9t$ !m ) a microscopic ref9em5t ( detail1 q equal to ! be/ illum9ations ( ,attavante4 ,fig4 #di gives a good typical example ( ?is /yle ( bord]1 ) two ,cupid-l angels & bu/s ( sa9ts 9 quatrefoil m$allions4 ,"s ( ! bord]s ( ?is class1 especially 9 ,v5etian & ,flor5t9e manuscripts1 are decorat$ ) v clev]ly pa9t$ repres5tations ( jewels1 su* z ! em]ald & ruby1 set at int]vals along ea* m>g94 ,^! are (t5 wond]ful examples ( skilful realism1 ! transp>5cy ( ! gem1 & its bright reflect$ lights1 be+ r5d]$ ) an almo/ deceptive appe>ance ( reality4 ,! m9iaturi/s call$ dai ,libri4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,v]ona 0 "o ( ! *ief ,italian c5tres = ! production ( magnific5t manuscripts4 ,v>i\s memb]s ( "o family1 kn[n f _! occupation z dai ,libri1 7 specially fam\s z m9iaturi/s4 ,/efano ! elde/ 0 born ab\t #adbj2 he & 8 y\ng] bro!r ,francesco 7 bo? skill$ m9iaturi/s1 & ,francesco's son ,girolamo dai ,libri 7#adgd to #aeef7 0 fam\s n only z a m9iatore1 b also z a pa9t] ( alt>-pieces & o!r sacr$ pictures on a l>ge scale#aic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,an illum9at$ bord] f a manuscript by ,attavante ( *>act]i/ic nor? ,italian /yle4 ,lib]ale ( ,v]ona4 ,ano!r ,v]onese pa9t]1 ,lib]ale di ,giacomo1 :o 0 born 9 #adea1 0 9 8 y\? a v skilful m9iaturi/4 ,he sp5t "s ye>s 9 illum9at+ l>ge *oir-books = ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,monte ,oliveto ne> ,si5a1 & !n aft] #adfi he 0 = long occupi$ 9 ! illum9ation ( simil> *oir-books = ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a#aid4 ,! m9iatures 9 ^! great ,antiphonals are mo/ exquisitely f9i%$1 ri* 9 fancy1 brilliant 9 col\r1 b want+ decorative bread? ( /yle4 ,) a f> great] exp5diture ( lab\r & eyesight1 ^! wond]ful illum9ations are f> inf]ior to ! works ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,fr5* m9iaturi/s1 & %[ signs ( t decad5ce ( ta/e1 :i*1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 l$ to ! de/ruction ( ! true illum9ator's art#aie4 ,,mss4 ( ,n4 ,italy4 ,9 addition to ,v5ice1 ,padua & ,f]r>a 7 bo? important c5tres ( manuscript illum9ation ( a v high ord] dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,paduan m9iatures %[ /rongly ! influ5ce ( ,&rea ,mantegna & ,gian ,bell9i1 ^: /yles also appe> 9 ! contempor>y manuscripts ( ,v5ice4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a magnific5t example ( ! "w ( "o ( ! able/ m9iatori ( ,padua1 a ,missal by ,b5$etto ,bordone1 :o also illum9at$ ! great *oir-books ( ! ,conv5t ( ,santa ,ju/9a 9 ,padua4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a m9iature f ! ,bible ( ,duke ,borso d',e/e1 pa9t$ betwe5 #adee & #adfa by illum9ators ( ! s*ool ( ,f]r>a4 ,s*ool ( ,f]r>a4 ,f]r>a too produc$ _m v beautiful manuscripts1 especially "u ! patronage ( ,duke ,borso d',e/e4 ,x 0 = ?is ,duke ( ,f]r>a t ! magnific5t *oir-books1 n[ 9 ! ,municipal libr>y at ,f]r>a 7 execut$4 ,fig4 #ej %[s a m9iature f a v spl5did ,bible1 :i* 0 illum9at$ = ,duke ,borso d',e/e betwe5 #adee & #adfa by ,taddeo di ,crivelli & ,franco di ,mess] ,giovanni da ,russi1 two v tal5t$ m9iaturi/s ( ! ,f]r>ese s*ool1 ?\gh !y 7 natives ( ! neighb\r+ city ( ,mantua4 ,p>ma & ,mod5a4 ,p>ma1 ,mod5a & ,cremona also 7 ?riv+ c5tres ( ! illum9ators art2 9 fact :]ev] 9 ,italy !re 0 a s*ool ( pa9t+ a subsidi>y s*ool ( manuscript m9iaturi/s seems also to h exi/$4 ,! two classes ( pa9t+ act$ & react$ ^u "o ano!r2 & 9 "s cases1 z is indicat$ bel[#aif1 ! m important art ( pa9t+ on a l>ge scale ow$ m to ! manuscript illum9ators ?an has commonly be5 ackn[leg$4 ,s*ool ( ,milan4 ,milan1 especially "u ,duke ,ludovico & o!r memb]s ( ! ,s=za family1 0 an active c5tre ( manuscript illum9ation4 ,"s v beautiful late manuscripts exi/ ) m9iatures :i* %[ ! influ5ce ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci & 8 pupil ,b]n>d9o ,lu9i2 a ,book ( ,h\rs 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum is a good example ( ?is4 ,illum9at$ docum5ts4 ,"o r exceptional class ( ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts 0 l>gely produc$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies2 ^! 7 ,/ate docum5ts1 ,univ]sity diplomas & lic5ces1 pat5ts ( nobility & legal in/rum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 (t5 v elaborately decorat$ ) illum9ations & m9iatures 9 gold & col\rs4 ,9 ,v5ice especially imm5se numb]s ( ^! 7 produc$2 ! mo/ elaborate are ,appo9tm5ts ( ,gov]nors1 ,commissions ( (ficials ( rank1 ,patri>*al ,briefs1 toge!r ) ,/ate records & docum5ts ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds4 ,bologna1 ,padua1 ,pisa & o!rs ( ! *ief ,univ]sities ( ,italy issu$ diplomas = ,doctors degrees1 & lic5ces to give lectures1 :i* 7 frequ5tly v magnific5tly decorat$ ) lett]s ( gold & ri*ly illum9at$ capitals & bord]s4 ,retables l ,,mss4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! ,italian m9iatori ( ! la/ p]iod1 x is wor? :ile to notice ! /rong influ5ce t ! art ( manuscript illum9ation _h on ! pa9t]s ( l>ge retables & o!r sacr$ pictures 9 ,italy & especially 9 ,v5ice2 j z 0 ! case ) ! contempor>y pa9t]s ( ,g]many & ,fl&]s#aig4 ,_m ( ! ,v5etian alt>-pieces1 f _! m9ute detail1 _! use ( burni%$ gold enri*$ ) tool$ patt]ns1 _! decorative treatm5t ( fl[]s & _! ar*itectural backgr\nds & framework1 look exactly l a page f an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,retable at ,v5ice4 ,fig4 #ea %[s a *>act]i/ic example ( ?is1 a magnific5t retable gl[+ ) brilliant col\rs & burni%$ gold1 n[ 9 ! ,accademia ( ,v5ice1 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 #addf 9 ! little isl& ( ,murano by two pa9t]s nam$ ,johannes & ,antonius de ,murano#aih4 ,! same /rongly m>k$ influ5ce ( ! decorative /yle ( illum9at$ manuscripts is to be se5 9 ne>ly all ! works ( ,c>lo ,crivelli1 ano!r ,v5etian pa9t] ( ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! gorge\s retables ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano#aii1 a foll[] ( ,fra ,angelico's ri*ly decorative & brilliantly col\r$ me?od ( pa9t+4 ,! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,italian manuscripts ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,by ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! art ( manuscript illum9ation _h ceas$ 9 ,italy to be a real liv+ art2 &1 ?\gh x cont9u$ to be practis$ ) great te*nical skill = m ?an half a c5tury lat]1 ! art1 :i* once _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & dignifi$ ( all bran*es ( art1 sank into ! production ( co/ly toys to please a few ,popes & luxuri\s ,pr9ces :o 7 will+ to pay v l>ge prices = manuscripts illum9at$ by ! skilful h&s ( ,giulio ,clovio & o!r m9iaturi/s1 ^: pati5ce1 eyesight & te*nical skill 7 sup]ior to _! s5se ( :at 0 fitt+ & beautiful 9 an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a ,v5etian retable by ,giovanni & ,antonio di ,murano1 9 ! /yle ( an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,giulio ,clovio4 ,( all ! illum9ators ( ?is class ! ,dalmatian ,giulio ,clovio#bjj 7#adih-aegh7 0 ! mo/ fam\s & te*nically ! mo/ skilful4 ,he f\nd _m weal?y patrons 9 ,italy & 0 employ$ by ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france4 ,! ,soane ,museum 9 ,london possesses a *>act]i/ic example ( 8 /yle1 a ,comm5t>y on ! ,epi/les ( ,sa9t ,paul1 execut$ = ,giulio's e>ly patron1 ,c>d9al ,m>9o ,grimani ( ,v5ice1 ! bro!r ( ! own] ( ! ,grimani ,brevi>y m5tion$ above4 ,clovio's m9iatures are m>vels ( m9ute execution1 b n truly decorative 9 /yle1 & 9 design usually q unsuit$ to _! purpose4 ,9 mo/ cases !y resemble l>ge oil pa9t+s r$uc$ to a microscopic scale2 ! figures are commonly feeble imitations ei!r ( l>ge pieces ( contempor>y tape/ry or else ( pa9t+ 9 ,mi*el ,angelo's gr&iose /yle1 bo? ( :i* ( c\rse 7 utt]ly unsuit$ = m9iatures 9 a manuscript#bja4 ,! ,vatican ,,mss4 ,! ,manuscripts 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y4 ,! ,ar*ives ( ! ,vatican libr>y conta9 a numb] ( records ( ! developm5t ( ! libr>y dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury & lat]#bjb4 ,9 m$iaeval times manuscripts 7 r>e & co/ly1 s t ev5 ,k+s1 ,popes & ,univ]sities possess$ libr>ies :i* 9 size 7 v insignificant comp>$ to ^? ( anci5t ,alex&ria1 ,rome & ,byzantium4 ,! ,vatican libr>y4 ,ev5 9 ,leo ,x4's "t 7#aeac-aebb7 ! ,vatican libr>y1 :i* 0 probably ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 conta9$ only #d1jgj manuscripts & pr9t$ books4 ,a c5tury e>li]1 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 two or ?ree hundr$ volumes w\ld h con/itut$ an enorm\s libr>y4 ,z a rule ev5 ,royal & ,public libr>ies 7 conta9$ 9 a few iron-b\nd *e/s or arm>ia2 & borr[]s _h to deposit a pl$ge--a gold r+1 a silv] cup or "s o!r valuable article1 :i* 0 reta9$ by ! libr>ian till ! manuscript _h be5 re/or$4 ,9 ! ,vatican ?is practice surviv$ till ! sixte5? c5tury1 & books exi/ among ! ,ar*ives 9 :i* 7 record$ ! date1 ! title ( ! book1 ! borr[]'s "n & a %ort description ( ! deposit$ pl$ge4 ,:5 ! book 0 return$ ! ^w re/ituit 0 writt5 9 ! m>g94 ,paym5ts to scribes4 ,! same ,ar*ives conta9 a numb] ( acc\nts giv+ ! sums paid to v>i\s illum9ators ( manuscripts1 especially 9 ! "t ( ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 7,alex4 ,f>nese1 #aecd to #aeec71 :o 0 a great patron ( ,giulio ,clovio & o!r m9iaturi/s4 ,9 #aedj a numb] ( scriptores et m9iatores employ$ 9 ! ,vatican libr>y receiv$ z pay #d gold ducats ea* mon?ly1 ( #aj ,julii to ! ducat1 equal to ab\t #bj 9 mod]n value4 ,9 #aeda ,mess] ,paolo receiv$ #cj gold ducats = writ+ & illum9at+ f\r volumes4 ,del ,piombo z an illum9ator4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! fam\s pa9t] ,seba/iano del ,piombo#bjc 7,fra ,ba/iano piombator7 receiv$ paym5t pro libris m9iatis 9 ! ye> #aedf f ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 ,9 #aedi ,f$]igo ,m>io di ,p]ugia receiv$ #d ducats a mon? = 8 lab\r 9 scrib5dis et orn&is seu p+5dis libris4 ,?is is ! same m9iaturi/ :o illum9at$ "s *oir-books = ! ,roman ,mona/]y ( ,sa9t' ,ago/9o#bjd4 ,x 0 especially = ! great *oir-books t ! art ( ! scribe & illum9ator surviv$1 ! reason be+ t no pr9t]s' f\nt ( type _h *>act]s ( suffici5t size to be read by a :ole circle ( s+]s4 ,?us we f9d ,italian & ,spani% manuscript ,antiphonals#bje & ! l1 :i* h ! gr& ,go?ic writ+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury execut$ z late z ! ye> #afbj or ev5 lat]#bjf4 ,spani% ,,mss4 ,! ,manuscripts ( ,spa91 ,portugal & ! ,ea/4 ,little ne$ be said ab\t ! manuscript illum9ations ( ! ,spani% p59sula s9ce !y conta9 little t is native or orig9al4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies _m magnific5t illum9ations 7 produc$ 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 b !y are ma9ly imitations ei!r ( ,italian or ( ,flemi% m9iatures4 ,9 e>li] times 9 ,nor!rn ,spa9 ! influ5ce ( ,france 0 p>am\nt1 & 9 ,s\!rn ,spa9 ! beautiful ,s>ac5ic art ( ! ,moori% conqu]ors influ5c$ all bran*es ( ! f9e arts1 includ+ t ( manuscript illum9ation4 ,moslem influ5ce4 ,to "s ext5t ! same ,moslem influ5ce is app>5t 9 ! decorative bord]s ( ,sicilian & ,v5etian manuscripts1 especially dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! illum9ations ( ,ori5tal manuscripts d n fall )9 ! limits ( ?is brief treatise1 b x %\ld be not$ t dur+ ! m$iaeval p]iod1 & d[n to ! pres5t c5tury1 ,p]sian & ,arabic manuscripts ) decorative illum9ations ( extraord9>y beauty & skilful execution h be5 l>gely produc$ 9 ,syria1 ,p]sia & ,india "u ! ,moslem conqu]ors4 ,= delicacy ( t\*1 = intricate beauty ( ornam5t1 & = decorative spl5d\r 9 ! use ( gold & col\r1 ^! ,ori5tal manuscripts are1 9 _! own way1 unsurpass$4 ,p]sian ,,mss4 ,9 ! or?odox ,sunni manuscripts m9iatures ) figure subjects d n occur1 b are lavi%ly us$ 9 ! manuscripts ( ! ,p]sians & o!r memb]s ( ! ,sufi sect4 ,! draw+ ( ! human =m is )\t ! dignity & grace t is to be se5 9 ,we/]n manuscripts1 b z pieces ( decoration ! ,ori5tal m9iatures are ( high m]it4 ,copies ( ! ,koran1 & ! works ( ! fav\rite ,p]sian poets are among ! mo/ common k9ds ( ,ori5tal manuscripts4 ,x is ! latt] t are s (t5 sumptu\sly decorat$ ) figure subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,writ]s ,,( ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts4 ,! beauty ( ,,mss4 ,! ,mona/ic ,scribes4 ,x may be int]e/+ to consid] :at 7 ! causes t made ! illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! m$iaeval p]iod among ! mo/ p]fect & beautiful works ( art t ! _w has ev] produc$4 ,no "o c exam9e ! manuscripts ( any ( ! *ief ,european c\ntries d[n to ! f\rte5? c5tury )\t a feel+ ( amazem5t at _! almo/ unv>y+ p]fection ( execution1 ! imm5se f]tility ( fancy 9 _! design1 & ! utt]ly unsp>+ lab\r t 0 lavi%$ on _! production4 ,moreov] ! manuscripts ( ?is e>li] p]iod1 be=e _! production became a comm]cial art 9 ! h& ( secul> scribes1 are especially rem>kable = _! uni=m excell5ce ( workman%ip1 & _! complete fre$om f any signs ( ha/e or we>9ess on ! "p ( _! scribes & illum9ators4 ,conditions ( life4 ,abs5ce ( hurry4 ,n[ ! fact is t ! c\ntless illum9at$ manuscripts :i* 7 produc$ 9 s _m ( ! ,b5$ict9e & o!r mona/ic ,h\ses ( ,europe 7 execut$ "u v exceptionally fav\rable circum/ances#bjg4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! mona/ic scribe liv$ 9 a hav5 ( safety & re/ 9 ! middle ( a tumultu\s & w>-h>ass$ _w4 ,:ile at "w 9 ! scriptorium he 0 tr\bl$ ) no ?\ghts ( any necessity to complete 8 task )9 a limit$ "t 9 ord] to e>n 8 daily bread4 ,food & clo?+ ( a simple ?\gh suffici5t k9d 7 secur$ to him1 :e!r he f9i%$ 8 manuscript 9 a ye> or 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,he work$ = no paym5t1 b = ! glory ( ,god & ! hon\r ( 8 mona/ic f\ndation1 & la/1 b n lea/1 = ! int5se pleasure :i* ! v>y+ processes ( 8 "w gave him4 ,pleasant "w4 ,no "o :o exam9es a f9e m$iaeval manuscript c help see+ 9 x ! /ronge/ m>ks ( ! delight :i* ! illum9ator _h 9 8 "w2 & ?is sort ( retrospective sympa?y ) ! pleasure ( ! workman 9 8 "w is an important elem5t 9 ! beauty ( anci5t works ( art ( _m diff]5t k9ds & dates1 f ! simple b beautiful :eel-turn$ vase ( ! ,greek pott]1 d[n to ! c>v$ foliage 9 a ,go?ic *ur*1 or ! complicat$ ornam5tation ( an illum9at$ initial4 ,relief f monotony4 ,aga91 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! life ( a m$iaeval monk 0 a v unev5tful & monoton\s "o1 & ev5 ! mo/ pi\s s\l mu/ at times h felt a we>9ess 9 ! (t-repeat$ & l5g?y ,(fices :i* made him sp5d s l>ge a proportion ( ea* day )9 ! ,*oir ( 8 mona/ic *ur*4 ,?us x 0 t 8 "w z an illum9ator ( manuscripts provid$ ! "o great relief f 8 o!rwise grey & monoton\s life1 f :i* he turn$ to revel 9 e v>iety ( fanciful %ape & ( v>i$ arrangem5t ( gleam+ gold & brilliant pigm5ts4 ,"h at lea/ 0 no monotony1 b ! fulle/ scope = imag9ative fancy & ! love ( v>iety :i* is inborn 9 ! human m9d4 ,scope = hum\r4 ,grotesque figures4 ,9 ! illum9ation ( 8 manuscript ! mona/ic scribe1 ev5 :5 decorat+ a sacr$ book1 c\ld lay aside = a mom5t ! solemn religi\s ?\ghts to :i* 8 v[s _h b\nd him2 he c\ld sport ) e v>iety ( grotesque mon/] & ( ,pagan imag]y1 & c\ld f9d v5t = 8 repress$ s5se ( fun & hum\r by ! introduction ( c>icatures & pictorial jokes ( all k9ds among ! foliage ( 8 bord]s & initials )\t any fe> ( repro( on ! "p ( 8 sup]iors#bjh4 ,fig4 #eb f a ,fr5* f\rte5? c5tury manuscript %[s a *>act]i/ic example ( an illum9ators humor\s fancy1 a grotesque ,bi%op1 ) a mitre made out ( a pair ( bell[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,grotesque figure f a ,fr5* manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,v frequ5tly ! jeal\sy :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,regul> & ! ,secul> ,cl]gy is express$ 9 ! pictorial s>casms ( ! mona/ic illum9ators4 ,?is feel+1 on ! ,secul> side1 is vividly set =? 9 ! amus+ ,lat9 ,poems ( ,walt] ,map#bji1 :o1 t[>d ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 0 ! ,p>i% ,prie/ ( a little *ur* 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean#baj4 ,walt] ,map's satire is ma9ly direct$ aga9/ ! ,ci/]cian ord] ( monks1 ) :om he 0 specially br\ght into contact ow+ to 8 p>i% be+ situat$ ne> ! ,ci/]cian ,abbey ( ,flaxley4 ,humor\s sc5e4 ,fig4 #ec4 f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 n[ 9 ! ,*apt] libr>y ( ,prague ,ca!dral1 gives an int]e/+ example ( ! introduction ( a humor\s sc5e into a grave "w1 ,sa9t ,augu/9e's ,de civitate ,dei4 ,! illum9ator1 :o 0 nam$ ,hildeb]t1 has be5 worri$ by a m\se1 :i* /ole 8 food2 & "h on ! la/ leaf ( ! manuscript he repres5ts himself int]rupt$ 9 8 "w & ?r[+ some?+ at ! m\se :i* is nibbl+ at 8 food4 ,^! explanatory words are writt5 on ! op5 page ( 8 book1 ,a wick$ m\se4 ,pessime mus1 sepius me probocas ad iram1 ut te deus p]dat4 ,y wick$ m\se1 too (t5 y provoke me to ang]1 may ,god de/roy y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,m9iature ( a comic subject f a ,g]man manuscript ( ! twelf? c5tury1 repres5t+ a mona/ic scribe worri$ by a m\se4 ,portrait ( ! scribe4 ,at ! feet ( ! scribe a lad nam$ ,ev]w9us1 possibly a mona/ic novice1 is seat$ on a l[ /ool1 draw+ a piece ( ornam5tal scroll-"w4 ,! ,monk ,hildeb]t's desk is 9 ! =m ( a lect]n support$ by a c>v$ lion2 9 x are holes to hold ! black & r$ inkhorns1 & two p5s or bru%es4 ,9 8 left h& ! scribe holds ! usual p5knife1 & ano!r p5 is /uck beh9d 8 e>4 ,%ort h\rs ( lab\r4 ,!re is yet ano!r ( ! conditions "u :i* ! mona/ic scribe work$ :i* 0 n )\t important effect on ! unv>y+ excell5ce ( 8 "w1 & t 0 t he c\ld nev] rema9 long en\gh at "w1 at any "o "t1 = 8 h& or eye to get we>i$4 ,ow+ to ! con/antly recurr+ ,*oir s]vices1 ! ,sev5 ,h\rs1 :i* he _h to att5d1 ! mona/ic scribe c\ld probably nev] cont9ue lab\r+ at 8 illum9ation = m ?an ab\t two h\rs at a "t4 ,no we>9ess4 ,! importance ( ?is fact is v cle>ly se5 :5 we comp>e "o ( ! e>li] mona/ic manuscripts ) "o ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,fr5* or ,flemi% ,books ( ,h\rs1 execut$ by a pr(essional secul> scribe4 ,?us 9 ! old] manuscripts ! firmness ( l9e & delicate1 crisp t\* nev] relaxes1 & ! arti/'s evid5t s5se ( p[] & ! joy 9 8 manual dext]ity la/s )\t dim9ution f ! fir/ to ! la/ page ( 8 book4 ,v>iety ( lab\r4 ,additional beauty is giv5 to ! m$iaeval manuscripts by ! fact t ea* scribe commonly did mu* important "w 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 inks & pigm5ts2 9 "s cases ev5 to ! beat+ out ( ! gold leaf he 0 ab\t to use 9 8 m9iatures & bord]s#baa4 ,no col\rs b\ght ( a deal] 9 a comm]cial age c\ld ev] equal 9 beauty or 9 durability ! pigm5ts t an illum9ator made or at lea/ prep>$ = 8 own use4 ,& 8 comm& ov] ! mat]ials ( 8 art w\ld greatly enhance 8 pleasure 9 us+ !m1 to say no?+ ( ! relief giv5 by ! v>iety ( 8 lab\rs4 ,v>i$ s*emes ( ornam5t4 ,all ^! influ5ces1 comb9$ ) o!rs :i* x might be we>isome to dwell ^u1 comb9$ to make ! manuscripts ( ! pre-comm]cial p]iod works ( ! mo/ unv>y+ p]fection ( te*nique1 unspeakably ri* 9 ! v>i$ weal? ( fancy %[n 9 _! decorative s*emes1 z well z 9 ! m9ute detail ( ea* "p4 ,! illum9at$ ornam5t 9 "o place is conc5trat$ into a gem-l m9iature )9 ! n>r[ limit ( a small initial lett]4 ,at ano!r place x spreads out into ! spl5d\r ( a full-page picture1 :i* swall[s up mo/ ( ! text1 & cov]s ! :ole page ) "o mass ( burni%$ gold & brilliant col\r4 ,or aga91 spr++ f its roots 9 an illum9at$ capital1 x gr[s ov] ! m>g9 & frames ! text ) a mass ( ri*ly design$ & exquisitely graceful foliage4 ,e possible s*eme ( decoration is to be f\nd 9 ^! manuscripts2 b 9 all cases ! illum9ator is c>eful to make 8 pa9t$ ornam5t gr[ out ( & =m1 z x 71 an integral "p ( ! writt5 text1 :i* ?us becomes n m]ely a book ornam5t$ ) pictures1 b is a close comb9ation ( writ+ & illum9ation1 =m+ "o h>moni\s :ole 9 a unit$ s*eme ( decorative beauty#bab4 ,mona/ic ,scriptoria4 ,! ,scriptoria ( ,mona/]ies4 ,z ,i h previ\sly m5tion$1 x 0 m especially ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies#bac t 7 ! c5tres = ! production ( m$iaeval manuscripts#bad4 ,i w !re=e describe ! usual arrangem5ts ( ! ,scriptorium 9 a ,b5$ict9e ,h\se4 ,9 e>ly times1 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies = example1 ! ,scriptorium & libr>y appe> usually to h be5 a sep>ate room1 ne> or ov] ! ,sacri/y1 & adjo9+ ! ,*oir ( ! *ur*#bae4 ,scriptoria 9 cloi/]s4 ,dur+ mo/ ( ! m$iaeval p]iod1 h[ev]1 & 9 ,engl& d[n to ! suppression ( ! ,abbeys by ,h5ry ,,viii41 ! sy/em 0 to devote "o :ole walk or alley ( ! cloi/]1 t ne>e/ to ! *ur*1 to ! d\ble purpose ( a ,scriptorium & libr>y4 ,?is 0 naturally ! w>me/ & drye/ portion ( ! cloi/]1 at lea/ 9 mo/ cases :5 ! usual arrangem5t 0 foll[$ ( plac+ ! cloi/] on ! s\? side ( ! nave ( ! ,abbey *ur*#baf4 ,mona/ic libr>y4 ,?is nor? walk 7z x commonly 07 ( ! cloi/] fac$ s\? & s receiv$ pl5ty ( sun2 at ea* end ( x a scre5 0 plac$ to %ut x (f f ! re/ ( ! cloi/]1 :i* =m$ a sort ( common liv+-room = ! monks#bag4 ,along "o side ( ?is alley ( ! cloi/] 7 fix$1 aga9/ ! wall ( ! *ur*1 oak cupbo>ds 7arm>ia71 ) /rong locks & h+es1 to receive ! manuscripts :i* =m$ ! libr>y ( ! mona/]y#bah4 ,at ,we/m9/] & 9 o!r ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies ! m>ks %[+ :]e ^! arm>ia 7 fix$ are visible on ! cloi/] wall or r along ! wall ( ! *ur*1 :i* =ms "o side ( ?is walk ( ! cloi/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,view ( ! scriptorium alley ( ! cloi/]s at ,gl\ce/]1 %[+ ! recesses to hold ! wood5 c>rels = ! scribes or read]s ( manuscripts4 ,scribes' c>rels4 ,d[n ! middle ( ! alley a cle> passage 0 left1 & ! o!r side ( ! passage1 t opposite ! bookcases1 0 occupi$1 at lea/ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & probably mu* e>li]1 by a r[ ( little wood5 box-l rooms call$ c>rels#bai1 ea* ( :i* 0 devot$ to ! use ( "o scribe4 ,z a rule !re 7 ei!r two or ?ree ( ^! c>rels to ea* bay or comp>tm5t ( ! cloi/]4 ,!y 7 commonly made ( wa9scot oak1 ab\t six by eight feet 9 plan or ev5 less2 j big en\gh to hold ! seat$ scribe & 8 l>ge desk1 on :i* re/$ ! manuscript he 0 copy+1 & ! "o he 0 writ+1 ) "s extra %elf space = 8 black & r$ inkhorns1 8 col\rs & o!r implem5ts2 see fig4 #ec on p4 #bji4 ,^! little rooms 7 provid$ ) wood5 floors & ceil+s1 s z to be w>m & dry2 !y 7 set close aga9/ ! trac]i$ w9d[s1 :i* 9 mo/ cloi/]s ran all along ! int]nal sides ( ! f\r alleys4 ,cloi/] at ,gl\ce/]4 ,! cloi/] ( ,gl\ce/] ,abbey#bbj has a slightly diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,"h a s]ies ( /one recesses1 ea* int5d$ to hold a c>rel1 ext5ds all along ! side ( ?is walk#bba ( ! cloi/]4 ,!re are two ( ^! recesses to ea* bay1 & ! l[] "p ( ! out] wall1 in/ead ( consi/+ ( op5 trac]y1 is ( solid masonry1 pi]c$ only by a small glaz$ w9d[ to give light to ! scribe2 above ! c>rel recess !re is ! usual l>ge ar* fill$ 9 ) trac]y2 see fig4 #edbbb4 ,:5 provid$ ) ^! & o!r wood5 fitt+s1 ! cloi/] ( a ,b5$ict9e ,abbey w\ld n h be5 ei!r 9 appe>ance or fact z cold & com=tless z su* places usually look n[4 ,) a small portable brazi] ! mona/ic scribe 9 8 little wood5 cell 0 safe f damp & probably fairly w>m ev5 9 cold wea!r4 ,cloi/] at ,durham4 ,! ,rites & ,monum5ts ( ,durham#bbc 7,cap4 ,,xli47 give ! foll[+ v int]e/+ description ( ! c>rels ) :i* ! ,durham cloi/] 0 fitt$ up2 ,9 ! nor! syde ( ! ,cloi/]1 f ! corn] ov] aga9/e ! ,*ur* d\r to ! corn] ov] aga9/e ! ,dort] 7dormitory7 d\r1 0 all fynely glas$1 f ! hight to ! sole 7sill7 )9 a little ( ! gr\nd into ! ,cloi/] g>?4 ,& 9 e w9d[e iij ,,pewes or ,,c>rells1 :]e e "o ( ! old ,monks _h 8 c>rell1 sev]all by himselfe1 t1 :5 !y _h dyn$1 !y did resorte to t place ( ,cloi/] & !re /udy$ ^u !re books1 e "o 9 8 c>rell1 all ! aft]nonne1 unto ev5song tyme4 ,?is 0 !re ex]cise e daie4 ,all !re pewes or c>rells 0 all fynely wa9scott$ 7) oak7 & v]ie close1 all b ! =ep>t :i* _h c>v$ w\rke t gave light 9 at !r c>rell d\res ( wa9scott4 ,& 9 e c>rell 0 a deske to lye !re bookes on4 ,& ! c>rells 0 no great] !n f "o /an*ell 7mullion7 ( ! w9d[e to ano!r4 ,! ,durham arm>ia4 ,& ov] aga9/e ! c>rells aga9/ ! *ur* wall did /&e c]ta9e great alm]ies 7arm>ia or cupbo>ds7 ( wa9scott all full ( ,,bookes1 ) great /ore ( anci5t manuscripts to help !m 9 _! /udy1 :]e9 did lye z well ! old auncy5t writt5 ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* z o!r prophane au?ors1 ) dyv]se o!r holie m5's w\rkes1 s t e "o dyd /udye :at ,doctor pleas$ !m be/1 hav+e ! ,libr>ie at all tymes to goe /udie 9 besydes !re c>rells4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ow+ to ! introduction ( pr9t$ works1 ! books 9 ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,durham _h become too num]\s = ! r[ ( alm]ies along ! nor? walk ( ! cloi/] to hold !m2 & s a sep>ate room 0 provid$ z a second libr>y4 ,! pres5t libr>y at ,durham is ! old ,dormitory or ,dort] ( ! ,monks ) all its cubicles or sleep+-c>rels remov$4 ,o!r mona/ic ,scriptoria4 ,9 ! ,h\ses ( o!r religi\s f\ndations ! arrangem5ts = ! writ+ ( manuscripts 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,9 a ,conv5t ( ,dom9ican ,fri>s1 = example1 ea* fri> work$ 9 8 own cell :]e he slept1 & 9 a ,c>?usian mona/]y ea* monk _h a complete little h\se & g>d5 ) a small /udy & oratory & a l>g] room1 :]e 8 lab\rs1 lit]>y or me*anical1 7 c>ri$ on4 ,! ,dom9ican ,h\se ( ,san ,m>co 9 ,flor5ce1 ( :i* ,fra ,beato ,angelico 0 a memb]1 ?r\gh\t ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 0 fam\s = ! magnific5t manuscripts t 7 illum9at$ !re2 see above1 p4 #aij4 ,& v>i\s o!r ,conv5ts ( ,dom9ican ,fri>s 9 ,italy 7 important c5tres ( manuscript illum9ation4 ,"s ( ! ,regul> ,canons 7 also fam\s z illum9ators1 especially ! ,au/9 ,canons4 ,,! ,,secul> ,,scribes ,,& ,,illum9ators4 ,gr[? ( ,guilds4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? & ?r\gh\t ! f\rte5? c5tury1 secul> artisans 9 all v>ieties ( arts & crafts 7 gradually ?r[+ (f ! bonds ( ! old feudal s]fdom "u :i* !y _h = long be5 b\nd4 ,! gr[? 9 numb] & importance ( ! ,trade-,guilds1 :i* 9 ,engl& develop$ s rapidly "u ,h5ry ,,iii41 0 "o ( ! *ief signs ( ! gr[+ importance ( ! artisans ( ! *ief t[ns ( ?is & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,importance ( ! ,trade-,guilds4 ,at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ,london1 9 ,flor5ce1 & 9 _m o!r cities no man c\ld possess ! rights ( a citiz5 & a %>e 9 ! municipal gov]nm5t )\t becom+ a memb] ( "o ( ! e/abli%$ ,trade-,guilds4 ,edw>d ,i41 ,edw>d ,,iii4 & o!rs ( ! ,engli% ,k+s set ! example ( enroll+ !mselves z memb]s ( "o ( ! ,london ,guilds#bbd2 & 9 ,flor5ce x 0 necess>y = ,dante to become a memb] ( a ,guild#bbe be=e he c\ld s]ve ! ,republic z "o ( ! ,priori4 ,at fir/ ! scribes & illum9ators 7librorum scriptores et illum9atores#bbf7 7 memb]s ( "o g5]al ,guild includ+ craftsm5 9 all ! decorative arts & _! subsidi>y processes1 su* z lea!r-tann+1 vellum-mak+1 & ev5 saddl]y#bbg4 ,guilds 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,by degrees ! ,guilds became m num]\s & m specializ$ 9 "*1 till _! fulle/ developm5t 0 rea*$ 9 ! fir/ half or middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,mu* int]e/+ in=mation ab\t ! m9iaturi/s' ,guild 9 ,bruges dur+ ! second half ( ! c5tury has be5 publi%$ by ,mr ,weale#bbh4 ,?is 0 ! ,guild ( ,sa9t ,john & ,sa9t ,luke2 & e pa9t]1 m9iaturi/1 illum9ator1 rubricator1 copyi/1 mak] ( vellum1 b9d] or sell] ( books :o liv$ & work$ 9 ,bruges 0 oblig$ to belong to ?is ,guild4 ,?is rule1 :i* exi/$ 9 ,gh5t1 ,antw]p & mo/ arti/ic c5tres1 _h a d\ble use2 on ! "o h& x protect$ ! individual illum9ator f wrong & oppression ( any k9d2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x t5d$ to keep up a good /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ! "w :i* 0 execut$ by ! ,guild-memb]s4 ,rules ( ! ,guilds4 ,no m9iaturi/ c\ld be admitt$ till he _h laid be=e ! ,dean ( ! ,guild a suffici5tly good sample ( 8 skill1 & all memb]s 7 liable to be f9$ if !y us$ inf]ior mat]ials ( any k9d1 su* z impure gold1 adult]at$ ultram>9e or v]milion & ! l4 ,9 ?is way ! (fic]s ( ! ,guild act$ z mod]ators betwe5 ! artisan & 8 patrons1 secur+ reasonable pay = ! arti/1 &1 9 return = t1 reasonably good workman%ip = 8 employ] or cu/om]4 ,! ,guilds also prev5t$ any?+ l comm]cial slave-driv+ by limit+ v /rictly ! numb] ( appr5tices or workm5 t ea* ma/] might employ4 ,decad5ce ( ,,ms4 art4 ,?us x happ5$ t1 ?\gh f9e manuscripts 7 /ill writt5 & illum9at$ 9 _m ( ! pr9cipal mona/]ies ( ,europe1 a l>ge class ( secul> illum9ators grew up1 especially 9 ,p>is & ! *ief t[ns ( ,fl&]s & nor!rn ,g]many4 ,9 ?is way ! production ( manuscripts1 especially illum9at$ ,books ( ,h\rs1 became a regul> comm]cial process1 ) ! inevitable result t a great deal ( "w ( a v inf]ior "* 0 turn$ out to meet ! rapidly gr[+ dem& = *eap & %[y books4 ,an imm5se numb] ( ^! *eap manuscript ,horae 7 produc$ aft] a few fix$ patt]ns1 ) "s me*anical dulness ( repetition 9 e bord] & m9iature ) :i* !y 7 decorat$4 ,co/ly ,horae4 ,at ! same "t manuscripts 7 /ill produc$1 mo/ly at ! special ord] ( "s royal patron or weal?y m]*ant1 :i*1 9 elaborate beauty & 9 unsp>+ lab\r ( execution1 are h>dly surpass$ by ! "w ( ! e>li] mona/ic scribes#bbi4 ,examples ( ?is are m5tion$ above at pages #ace & #afi4 ,! ,dukes ( ,burgundy & ! ,k+s ( ,france1 t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? & ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 numb]$ _m illum9ators among _! regul> paid adh]5ts4 ,9 "s cases ! arti/ 0 p]man5tly engag$1 & pass$ 8 :ole life 9 ! s]vice ( "o ,pr9ce2 :ile 9 o!r cases fam\s illum9ators 7 hir$ = a few mon?s or ye>s1 :5 ! patron want$ a specially magnific5t manuscript ei!r = 8 own use1 or z a royal gift on ! occasion ( a m>riage1 a coronation or o!r great ev5t4 ,wom5 arti/s4 ,9 "s cases1 we f9d t wom5 le>nt to be manuscript illum9ators ( great skill & arti/ic ta/e4 ,= example ,cornelia1 ! wife ( ,gr>d ,david ( ,bruges#bcj1 01 l h] husb&1 bo? an illum9ator ( manuscripts & a pa9t] ( alt> retables4 ,a f9e tripty* pa9t$ by ,cornelia1 9 ! possession ( ,mr ,h4 ,willett ( ,brighton1 is a "w ( great beauty & ref9em5t1 :i* x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% f a pa9t+ by ,gr>d ,david himself4 ,co/ly gifts4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! comm]cial value ( sumptu\sly illum9at$ manuscripts rose to ! highe/ po9t4 ,no object 0 ?\ght m suit$ = a magnific5t w$d+ pres5t to a royal p]sonage ?an a co/ly manuscript#bca4 ,& l>ge sums 7 (t5 advanc$ by money-l5d]s or pawnbrok]s on ! security ( a f9e illum9at$ manuscript4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,picture by ,qu5t9 ,matsys ( ,antw]p1 %[+ a lady sell+ or pawn+ an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,pa9t+ by ,matsys4 ,fig4 #ee %[s a lady ( ! ,b\rgeois class negociat+ = ! sale or pawn ( a ,book ( ,h\rs or "s su* manuscript1 illum9at$ ) a full-page m9iature ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,! money-l5d] appe>s to be weigh+ out to h] ! money4 ,?is beautiful pa9t+ :i* is commonly call$ ! ,money-*ang] & 8 wife is sign$ & dat$ #aead by ,qu5t9 ,massys or ,matsys ( ,antw]p4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 especially 9 ,italy1 dur+ ! la/ decad5ce ( ! illum9ator's art1 v magnific5t & co/ly manuscripts 7 produc$ by pr(essional m9iaturi/s1 b ^! are m]ely monum5ts ( wa/$ lab\r4 ,"s acc\nt is giv5 at page #bjb ( ,giulio ,clovio1 ! mo/ skilful ?\gh ta/eless m9iaturi/ ( 8 age4 ,acc\nts ( ,/ ,george's1 ,w9dsor4 ,mr ,j4 ,w4 ,cl>k1 ! ,regi/r>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 has procur$ & k9dly all[s me to pr9t ! foll[+ v int]e/+ record ( ! co/ ( writ+ & illum9at+ c]ta9 manuscripts dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! extract is tak5 f ! manuscript records ( ! exp5ses ( ! ,collegiate ,*ur* ( ,/ ,george at ,w9dsor4 ,! date is approximately giv5 by ! fact t ,john ,pru/ 0 a ,canon ( ,w9dsor f #acgi to #ache4 ,compotus ,johannis ,pru/ de diu]sis libris p] eum factis videlicet j ,antiphon>ium1 j ,textus ,evangelij1 j ,m>tilogium1 iij ,processionalia4 ,9 primis on]at se de x li4 vj s4 viij d4 receptis de ,ric>do ,%awe p] ,ind5turam4 ,item on]at se de xx s4 receptis de corpore preb5de ,edmundi ,cl\ille4 ,item on]at se de l s4 receptis de dicto ,edmundo pro (ficio suo videlicet ,prec5toris4 ,summa totalis receptorum xiij li4 xvj s4 viij d4 ,9 xix quat]nionibus p]gam5ti vituli emptis pro libro ,euangelij precio quat]nionis viij d4 xij s4 viij d4 ,item solutum pro uno botello ad impon5dum ,incau/um x d4 ,item solutum pro incau/o xiiij d4 ,item pro v]mulione ix d4 ,item pro communibus scriptoris pro xviijo4 septimanis solutum p] septimanam x d4 xv s4 ,item pro /ip5dio dicti scriptoris p] idem tempus xiij s4 iiij d4 ,item solutum ,ade ,acton ad not&um ,lib] g5]acionis et ,passiones 9 dicto libro#bcb viij d4 ,item pro exam9acione et ad faci5dum lit]as capitales gl\cas = glaucas iij s4 ,item pro illum9acione dicti libri iij s4 iiij d4 ,item pro ligacione dicti libri iij s4 iiij d4 ,item auri fabro pro op]acione sua xx s4 ,item 9 uno equo conducto pro ,petro ,jon p] ij vices ,london pro dicto libro port&o et qu]5do viij d4 ,item pro exp5sis dicti ,petri p] ij vices xj d4 ,summa lxxv s4 viij d4 ,item 9 vij quat]nionibus p]gam5ti vituli emptis pro libro ,m>tilogij precio quat]nionis viij d4 iiij s4 viij d4 et non plures quia /auro4 ,item pro scriptura xij quat]nionum precio quat]nionis xv d4 xv s4 ,item pro illum9acione dicti libri v s4 x d4 ,item pro ligacione dicti libri ij s4 ij d4 ,item ad faci5dum lit]as capitales gl\cas viij d4 ,summa xxviij s4 iiij d4 ,item 9 xxxiiij quat]nionibus p]gam5ti vituli emptis pro vno ,an?iphon>io precio quat]nionis xv d4 xlij s4 vj d4 ,item xij quat]niones de /auro ,item pro scriptura xl4 quat]nionum pro nota precio quat]nionis xv d4 l s4 ,item pro scriptura vj quat]nionum de phalt]io#bcc precio quat]nionis ij s4 ij d4 xiij s4 ,item ad not&um antiphonas 9 phalt]io vj d4 ,item ad not&um xl4 quat]niones pro antiphonis precio vj d4 xx s4 ,item ad faci5dum lit]as capitales gl\cas xij d4 ,item pro illum9acione xv s4 xj d4 ,item pro ligacione v s4 ,summa vij li4 vij s4 xj d4 ,item 9 xlvj quat]nionibus p]gam5ti multonis emptis pro iij libris processionalium precio quat]nionis ij d4 ob4 ix s4 vij d4 ,item pro scriptura dict>um xlvj quat]nionum xv s4 ,item ad not&um dictas quat]niones vij s4 vj d4 ,item pro illum9acione ij s4 ix d4 ,item pro ligacione ij s4 vj d4 ,summa xxxvij s4 iiij d4 ,summa ,totalis ,exp5s>um xiiij li4 ix s4 iij d4 ,et sic deb5tur computant] xij s4 vij d4 probatur p] auditores quos recepit de ,ric>do ,%awe tunc prec5tore4 ,et sic equatur4 ,f ^! acc\nts we le>n t six manuscripts 7 writt51 illum9at$ & b\nd1 "o ( !m ) gold or silv] clasps or bosses1 at a total co/ ( #ad4 #is4 #c;d41 m ?an #aej 9 mod]n value4 ,! books 7 a ,textus or ,evangeli>ium1 a ,m>tyrologium1 an ,antiphonale & ?ree ,processionals4 s4 d4 ,! ,evangeli>ium 0 writt5 on #ai quat]nions 7quires7#bcd ( vellum1 co/+ #h;d4 ea*1 total #ab #h ,black ink #a #b ,a bottle to hold ! ink #aj ,v]milion #i ,! scribe's commons 7food7 = eighte5 weeks #ae #j ,paym5t to ! scribe #ac #d ,corrections & add+ col\r$ initials #c #j ,illum9ation #c #d ,b9d+ #c #d ,goldsmi?'s "w 7on ! b9d+7 #a #j #j ,two j\rneys to ,london & o!r small] items1 mak+ a total ( #c4 #aes4 #h;d4 ,! ,m>tyrologium 0 p>tly writt5 on #g quat]nions ( vellum#bce1 co/+ #h;d4 ea* quat]nion #d #h ,paym5t to ! scribe #ae #j ,illum9ation #e #aj ,b9d+ #b #b ,col\r$ initials #h ----------- ,total #a #h #d ,! ,antiphonale 0 writt5 on #cd quat]nions ( l>g] & m exp5sive %eets ( vellum1 co/+ #ae;d4 a quat]nion#bcf #b #b #f ,paym5ts to ! scribe #c #c #j ,add+ ! musical notation #a #j #f ,col\r$ initials #a #j ,illum9ation #ae #aa ,b9d+ #e #j ----------- ,total #g #g #aa ,! ?ree ,processionals only co/ #a4 #ags4 #d;d41 be+ writt5 on #df quat]nions ( *eap p>*m5t made ( %eep-sk9 :i* co/ only #b;d4 ! quat]nion4 ,acc\nts ( ,/ ,ew5's1 ,bri/ol4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! ,p>i% acc\nts ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,ew51 9 ,bri/ol#bcg1 give "s details z to ! co/ ( writ+1 illum9at+ & b9d+ a manuscript ,lection>y dur+ ! ye>s #adfi & #adgj4 ,! total exp5se is #c4 #ds4 #a;d41 q equal to #bj 9 mod]n value4 #adfh-i4 ,item1 = j doss5 & v quay]s ( vellom to p]=m ! leg5d i4e4 to write ! lection>y on xs vjd ,item1 = wrytyng ( ! same xxvs ,item1 = ix skynnys & j quay] ( velom to ! same leg5d vs vjd ,item1 = wrytyng ( ! =seyd leg5d iiijs ijd #adgj-adga4 ,item = a r$ ,skynne to kev] ! leg5t vd ,also = ! b9d+ & correct+ ( ! seid ,boke vs ,also = ! lum9+ ( ! seid leg5t xiijs vjd ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,te*nical ,,processes ,,( ,,! ,,illum9ator4 ,f9e/ vellum4 ,vellum = scribes#bch4 ,! mo/ rem>kable skill is %[n by ! p]fection to :i* ! art ( prep>+ vellum#bci = ! scribe 0 br\ght4 ,! exquisitely ?9 ut]9e vellum1 :i* 0 specially us$ = ! m9utely writt5 ,anglo-,norman ,vulgates ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 has be5 already describ$2 see page #aac4 ,= ivory-l beauty ( col\r & texture no?+ c\ld surpass ! be/ ,italian vellum ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"o occasional use ( ! v ?9 ut]9e vellum %\ld be not$4 ,= example 9 a ,g]man twelf? c5tury copy ( ! ,vulgate1 n[ 9 ! ,corpus libr>y 9 ,cambridge1 "s ( ! m9iature pictures h be5 pa9t$ on sep>ate pieces ( ut]9e vellum1 & !n pa/$ into _! place on ! ?ick] vellum pages ( ! manuscript4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an exceptional ?+4 ,high price ( vellum4 ,! vellum us$ = illum9at$ manuscripts appe>s to h be5 co/ly1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! skill & lab\r t 7 requir$ = its production1 &1 9 ! case ( ut]9e vellum on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( animals' sk9s t 7 requir$ to provide en\gh mat]ial = ! writ+ ( a s+le manuscript su* z a copy ( ! ,vulgate4 ,co/ ( vellum4 ,ev5 ! common] k9d ( p>*m5t us$ = (ficial docum5ts 0 r a co/ly ?+4 ,! roll ) ! ,visitation exp5ses ( ,bi%op ,sw9field1 ,bi%op ( ,h]e=d f #abhb to #acag1 %[s t #aej %eets ( p>*m5t co/ #cs4 #d;d41 ab\t #d 9 mod]n value#bdj4 ,! vellum us$ = manuscripts has a diff]5t texture on its two sides4 ,"o side1 t on :i* ! hair grew1 has a mat1 unglossy surface2 ! o!r 7int]ior7 side ( ! sk9 is p]fectly smoo? &1 9 ! case ( ! f9e/ vellum1 has a beautifully glossy texture l t ( poli%$ ivory4 ,9 writ+ a manuscript ! scribe 0 c>eful to arrange 8 pages s t two glossy & two dull pages came opposite ea* o!r#bda4 ,bad mod]n vellum4 ,! art ( prep>+ vellum ( ! f9e/ k9d is n[ lo/2 ! vellum made 9 ,engl& is usually spoilt fir/ by rubb+ d[n ! surface to make x unnaturally ev51 & !n by load+ x ) a sort ( prim+ ( pla/] & :ite lead1 v mu* l ! pap] ( a *eap memor&um book4 ,! be/ mod]n vellum is /ill made 9 ,italy1 especially 9 ,rome4 ,good1 /\t1 undoctor$ vellum ( a f9e1 pure col\r c be procur$ 9 ,rome1 ?\gh 9 limit$ quantities1 & at a high price#bdb1 b no?+ is n[ made :i* resembles ei!r ! f9e/ ivory-textur$ vellum ( fifte5? c5tury ,italian manuscripts1 or ! exquisitely ?9 ut]9e vellum ( ! ,anglo-,norman ,bibles4 ,use ( pap]4 ,pap]#bdc4 ,?\gh by f> ! majority ( ! illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! ,middle ,ages are writt5 on vellum1 yet pap] 0 occasionally us$1 long be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 its manufacture 0 l>gely develop$ to supply ! dem& creat$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,pap] made f ! papyrus pi? has be5 already describ$1 see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 page #bb4 ,mode ( mak+ pap]4 ,a v diff]5t process 0 us$ = ! v>i\s k9ds ( pap] :i* 7 made 9 m$iaeval & mod]n times4 ,! ess5ce ( ! process consi/s 9 mak+ a f9e pulp ( cotton or l95 rags by long-cont9u$ p\nd+ ) wat] suffici5t to give ! mixture ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream4 ,a h&ful ( ?is fluid pulp is !n spread ev5ly & ?9ly ov] ! bottom ( a f9e wire sieve1 ?r\gh :i* ! sup]flu\s wat] dra9s away1 leav+ a ?91 s(t mass :i* is !n turn$ out ( ! sieve1 press$1 dri$ & f9ally soak$ ) size to make ! pap] fit to write on4 ,?is process leaves ! wire-m>ks ( ! sieve indelibly pr9t$ on to ! pap]4 ,^! m>ks are ( two k9ds1 fir/1 ^? ( ! /\t] wires :i* run longitud9ally along ! sieve at int]vals ( ab\t an in* or a little m1 & secondly1 v f9e cross wires1 plac$ close toge!r1 & wov5 9 at "r angles to ! fir/-m5tion$ /\t] wires4 ,wat]-m>ks4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury :at are call$ wat]-m>ks came into use1 toge!r ) ! inv5tion ( l95 pap]4 ,"s simple device indicat+ ! city or prov9ce :]e ! pap] 0 made 0 wov5 ) f9e wire into ! bottom ( ! sieve1 & ?is m>k 0 impress$ ^u ! pap]1 l t ( ! o!r 7p>allel7 wires ( ! sieve4 ,a d\ble-head$ eagle1 a vase1 a lett] or a bull's head are among ! e>lie/ pap]-m>ks :i* occur 9 manuscripts & books ( ! fifte5? c5tury#bdd4 ,9 lat] times1 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 ea* manufactur] adopt$ 8 own m>k#bde2 & !n /ill m rec5tly ! ye>-date has be5 add$#bdf4 ,evid5ce ( date4 ,^! pap]-m>ks 9 "s cases af=d useful evid5ce z to ! orig9 & date ( a manuscript or pr9t$ book2 b too mu* reliance %\ld n be plac$ on su* evid5ce1 s9ce pap] (t5 rema9$ = a long "t 9 /ock1 & ! productions ( "o manufactory 7 frequ5tly export$ = use by ! scribes & pr9t]s ( m ?an "o di/ant c\ntry#bdg4 ,pap] ( ,ori5tal make has no wat]-m>k1 b ! e>lie/ l95-pap] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury made 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe always has a wat]-m>k ( "s k9d1 v cle>ly visible4 ,e>lie/ cotton pap]4 ,! dates ( pap] manufacture4 ,! e>lie/ pap] appe>s to h be5 made 9 ,*9a at a date ev5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,its manufacture 0 next ext5d$ 9 ,syria1 & especially to ,damascus#bdh4 ,?is e>ly pap] 0 made ( ! cotton-plant1 ! tree-wool ( ,h]odotus4 ,h5ce x 0 call$ *>ta bombyc9a or ,damasc5a1 or1 f its silky texture1 *>ta s]ica4 ,pap] ( ?is class1 almo/ z beautiful 9 texture z vellum1 is /ill made 9 ! ,ea/ & us$ = ! f9e illum9at$ manuscripts ( ,india1 ,p]sia & o!r ,moslem c\ntries4 ,arab ,,mss4 on pap]4 ,_m ,arab manuscripts writt5 on cotton-pap] ( z e>ly a date z ! n9? c5tury /ill exi/4 ,! ,moslem conqu]ors ( ,spa9 & ,sicily introduc$ ! manufacture ( ?is *>ta bombyc9a into we/]n ,europe1 & to "s small ext5t x 0 us$ = ,greek & ,lat9 manuscripts dur+ ! t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 r>ely us$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe till ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,wool-pap]4 ,at fir/ cotton only 0 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 b gradually a mixture fir/ ( wool & !n ( flax or l95 0 introduc$4 ,pet]1 :o 0 ,abbot ( ,cluny f #aabb to #aaej1 9 8 treatise ,adv]sus ,judaeos m5tions manuscripts writt5 on wool-pap]1 made ex rasuris vet]um pannorum4 ,l95 pap]4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury l95-pap] began to be made2 at fir/ mix$ ) wool1 & !n ( pure l954 ,?is f\rte5? c5tury pap] is di/+ui%able by its /\tness1 its close texture1 & its ?ick wire-m>ks2 ! wat]-m>k be+ especially cle> & transp>5t4 ,pap] 0 frequ5tly us$ = (ficial docum5ts1 *>t]s & ! l be=e x came into use = manuscript books#bdi4 ,e>ly ,,ms4 on pap]4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses "o ( ! olde/ kn[n books on pap] 7,arundel ,manuscripts1 #bfh72 ?is is a collection ( ,a/ronomical treatises writt5 by an ,italian scribe e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,spani% manufactories ( cotton-pap] 7 on ! decl9e1 & ! fir/ manufactory ( l95-pap] 0 />t$ at ,fabriano 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,9 #acdj ano!r manufactory 0 set up 9 ,padua1 & be=e ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury pap] 0 made 9 ne>ly all ! *ief cities ( nor!rn ,italy1 especially 9 ,milan & ,v5ice1 & z f> s\? z ,flor5ce & ,si5a4 ,9 ,g]many pap]-mak+ began 9 ,m5tz 9 ab\t #acbj2 & 9 #acij a manufactory 0 />t$ at ,nuremb]g ) ! aid ( ,italian workm54 ,s\? ,g]many1 h[ev]1 0 suppli$ ) pap] f nor!rn ,italy till ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,p>is & o!r places 9 ,france pap] began to be made soon aft] ! fir/ manufactories 9 ,italy 7 />t$4 ,pap] 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,engl& cotton-pap]1 especially = legal docum5ts1 0 l>gely us$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,ox=d1 9 ! ye> #acee1 a quire ( pap]1 small folio size1 co/ five p5ce1 equal 9 mod]n value to eight or n9e %ill+s4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury its value _h decreas$ to ?ree p5ce or f\r p5ce ! quire4 ,pap] does n appe> to h be5 made 9 ,engl& till ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii42 be=e t "t x 0 ma9ly import$ f ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,e>lie/ ,engli% pap]4 ,all ,caxton's books are pr9t$ on =eign pap]1 & ! fir/ book pr9t$ on pap] :i* 0 made 9 ,engl& 0 ,wynkyn de ,worde's ,b>?olomaeus1 ,de proprietatibus r]um1 pr9t$ ab\t ! ye> #adie1 f\r ye>s aft] ,caxton's dea?1 ) ! foll[+ int]e/+ colophon1 :i* alludes to ! fir/ pap] manufactory 9 ,engl&1 set up by ,john ,tate at ,h]t=d4 ,?is colophon1 :i* does n d cr$it to ,wynkyn de ,worde's lit]>y /yle1 runs ?us3 ,& also ( y\r *>yte call to remembraunce ,! s\le ( ,william ,caxton fir/ prynt] ( ?is boke ,9 lat5 tongue at ,coleyn hymself to auance ,t e wel disyosyd man may !ron loke ,& ,john ,tate ! yong] joye mote he broke ,:i*e late ha! 9 ,englond doo make ?is pap] ?ynne ,t n[ 9 our englys% ?is boke is prynt$ inne4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury ! mak+ ( pap] rea*$ its highe/ degree ( p]fection1 & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury its excell5ce began to decl9e4 ,beauty ( ,v5etian pap]4 ,! ,v5etian pap] ( ab\t #adgj1 us$1 = example1 9 ! pr9t$ books ( ,nicolas ,j5son & o!r pr9t]s 9 ,v5ice1 is a sub/ance ( v great beauty & durability1 inf]ior only 9 appe>ance to ! v be/ sort ( vellum4 ,x is v /rong1 ( a f9e creamy t9t1 & siz$#bej ) great skill1 s z to h a beautiful glossy texture4 ,= ! illum9ator's purpose x appe>s to h be5 almo/ z good z vellum4 ,x ev5 receives ! rais$ mordant = burni%$ gold ( ! highe/ beauty & brilliance4 ,! v small quantity ( good pap] t is n[ manufactur$1 ma9ly = arti/ic purposes1 is made by h& 9 exactly ! same way t 0 employ$ 9 ! f\rte5? or fifte5? c5tury4 ,mo/ pap] is n[ made by ma*9]y1 & z a rule conta9s m esp>to grass ?an pure l95 fibre4 ,,! ,,metals ,,& ,,pigm5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts#bea4 ,fluid & leaf gold4 ,gold & silv] or t94 ,! spl5d\r ( illum9at$ manuscripts ( almo/ all classes1 except manuscripts ( ! ,iri% s*ool su* z ! ,book ( ,kells1 is l>gely due to ! v skilful use ( gold & silv]4 ,^! metals 7 appli$ by ! illum9ator 9 two ways1 fir/1 z a fluid pigm5t1 & secondly 9 ! =m ( leaf4 ,! fluid me?od appe>s to h be5 ! old]4 ,x is easi] to apply1 b is n comp>able 9 spl5d\r ( effect to ! highly burni%$ leaf gold1 :i* 0 us$ ) su* p]fection ( skill by ! illum9ators ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,me?od ( gr9d+4 ,fluid gold 0 made by labori\sly gr9d+ ! pure metal on a porphyry slab into ! f9e/ possible p[d]4 ,?is p[d]$ gold1 mix$ ) wat] & a little size1 0 appli$ ) a bru% l any o!r pigm5t2 see ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #cj to #ccbeb4 ,:5 dry1 x c\ld be to "s ext5t poli%$ by burni%+1 b z x 0 laid directly on to ! comp>atively unev5 & yield+ surface ( ! vellum x nev] receiv$ a v high poli%4 ,z a rule !re=e fluid gold 0 left unburni%$1 & its surface rema9$ dull or mat 9 appe>ance4 ,dull & burni%$ gold4 ,= ?is reason x 0 n unfrequ5tly us$ 9 conjunction ) burni%$ leaf gold1 a f9e decorative effect be+ produc$ by ! contra/ ( ! mat & poli%$ surfaces4 ,?us1 = example1 9 f\rte5? & fifte5? c5tury manuscripts a delicate diap] ( scroll patt]n is sometimes pa9t$ ) a f9e bru% ov] a gr\nd ( burni%$ gold leaf4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 dur+ ! decad5ce ( ! illum9ator's art1 ! use ( fluid gold1 :i* _h previ\sly greatly dim9i%$1 0 mu* reviv$1 especially = ! backgr\nd ( ! reali/ic bord]s 9 ,flemi% manuscripts#bec1 = t\*+ 9 ! high lights ( m9iatures1 & = _m o!r purposes4 ,:5 us$ to cov] l>ge surfaces1 x is always unsatisfactory 9 effect & has little decorative value4 ,ci/]cian sev]ity4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is gold pigm5t 0 a v sl[ & labori\s matt]4 ,! sev]e ,ci/]cian rule reg>d$ ?is process z a wa/e ( preci\s "t2 & inde$ ! use ( gold 9 any =m 0 prohibit$ 9 ! manuscripts us$ 9 ,ci/]cian ,abbeys4 ,9 ! dialogue betwe5 a ,ci/]cian & a ,cluniac monk1 ,de div]sis utriusque ord9is obs]vantiis 7,!saur4 ,nov4 ,anecdot4 ,vol4 ,v4 #afbc71 ! ,ci/]cian asks :at use !re c be 9 gr9d+ gold & pa9t+ l>ge capitals ) x2 aurum mol]e et cum illo molito magnas capitales p+]e litt]as1 quid e/ nisi inutile et otiosum opus8 ,/ ,b]n>d himself _h an ev5 /rong] objection1 n only to gold 9 manuscripts1 b to any ornam5ts ) grotesque dragons & mon/]s1 on ! gr\nd t !y did n t5d to edification4 ,fluid silv]4 ,fluid silv] 0 prep>$ & appli$ 9 ! same way1 b x 0 mu* less us$ ?an gold pigm5t4 ,a v beautiful effect is produc$ 9 "s ( ! gorge\s ,c>ol+ian manuscripts by us+ 9 ! same ornam5t bo? gold & silv]1 :i* mutually enhance ea* o!r's effect by contra/ ( col\r4 ,leaf gold4 ,mordant gr\nd4 ,burni%$ ,gold leaf4 ,! extraord9>y spl5d\r ( effect produc$ by skilfully appli$ gold leaf dep5ds ma9ly on ! fact t x 0 laid1 n directly on to ! vellum1 b on to a ?ick b$ ( a h>d enamel-l sub/ance1 :i* gradually set 7z x got dry7 & =m$ a gr\nd ne>ly z h>d & smoo? z glass2 ?is enabl$ ! gold leaf laid ^u x to be burni%$ to ! highe/ possible poli%1 till 9 fact ! gold gave a reflexion l t ( a mirror4 ,?is enamel-l gr\nd1 or mordant z x 0 call$1 0 commonly z ?ick z /\t c>dbo>d1 & its edges 7 r\nd$ (f1 :i* has ! d\ble result ( mak+ ! gold leaf laid ^u x look n l a ?9 leaf1 b l a ?ick plate ( gold#bed1 & at ! same "t ! r\nd$ edges cat* ! light & s greatly increase ! decorative spl5d\r ( ! metal4 ,convex surface4 ,?us1 = example1 ! little bosses & /uds ( gold1 :i* are /rewn s ?ickly among ! foliage 9 ! illum9at$ bord]s ( ,italian manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 are convex 9 %ape1 l an old-fa%ion$ wat*-glass1 & ea* boss reflects a brilliant speck ( light :atev] ! direction may be 9 :i* ! light falls ^u ! page4 ,p]haps ! mo/ sumptu\s use ( gold leaf is to be se5 9 "s ( ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury ,fr5* manuscripts1 9 :i* l>ge m9iatures are pa9t$ ) an unbrok5 backgr\nd ( solid-look+ burni%$ gold1 ) a mirror-l p[] ( reflexion4 ,x 0 only by sl[ degrees t ! illum9ators rea*$ ! p]fect te*nical skill ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 _! application ( gold leaf4 ,purity ( ! gold4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! pure/ gold _h to be beat5 out1 n ! alloy ( gold1 silv] & copp] :i* n[ is us$ = mak+ ! gold leaf ( :at is call$ ! f9e/ quality4 ,! ,engli% illum9ators at ! close ( ! ?irte5? & 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury frequ5tly got _! gold 9 ! =m ( ! beautiful flor9s ( ,flor5ce1 ,lucca#bee or ,pisa1 :i* 7 /ruck ( absolutely pure gold#bef4 ,9 ,engl& !re 0 no gold co9age till ! s]ies ( nobles 0 begun by ,edw>d ,,iii4#beg1 b ^! 7 ( q pure gold1 l ! ,italian flor9s1 & s answ]$ ! purpose ( ! illum9ator4 ,ano!r important po9t 0 t ! gold leaf 0 n beat5 to "o tw5tie? "p ( ! extreme t5uity ( ! mod]n leaf4 ,! leaves 7 v small1 ab\t ?ree by f\r in*es at ! mo/1 & n m ?an f fifty to a hundr$ ( ^! 7 made out ( ! gold ducat ( ,italy1 :i* weigh$ ne>ly z mu* z a mod]n sov]eign#beh4 ,9 _m cases1 we f9d1 ! illum9ator prep>$ 8 own gold leaf1 & x 0 n uncommon = ! crafts ( ! goldsmi? & ! illum9ator to be practis$ by ! same man4 ,= example ! ,fitz-,o?os1 m5tion$ at page #aab z a di/+ui%$ ,anglo-,norman family ( arti/s 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 7 skilful bo? z mak]s ( gold %r9es & z illum9ators ( manuscripts4 ,_m int]e/+ notes ab\t ! ,fitz-,o?os & o!r arti/s employ$ at ,we/m9/] dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies are to be f\nd among ! royal acc\nts n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,record ,(fice3 see ,vetu/a ,monum5ta1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #a seq4 ,among ! acc\nts ( ! exp5ses ( decorat+ ) pa9t+ ! royal *apel ( ,sa9t ,/eph5 at ,we/m9/] 9 ,edw>d ,,iii4's reign1 we f9d t ,john ,lightgrave paid = six hundr$ leaves ( gold at ! rate ( five %ill+s ! hundr$1 equal to ab\t #e or #f 9 mod]n value4 ,& ,john ,tynbet] receiv$ six %ill+s = six doz5 leaves ( t9 us$ in/ead ( silv]1 n because x 0 *eap1 b because t9 0 n s liable to t>ni%4 ,^! acc\nts are 9 ,lat91 :i* is n always ( ,cic]onian purity2 a classical puri/ might p]haps c>p at su* phrases z ^!1 ,item4 ,pro rep>atione bru%orum1 viijd1 "u ! date #acjg2 &1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,item4 ,unum sc>letum blanketum1 ijs vijd4 ,! sc>let blanket 0 n b\ght to keep ! arti/ w>m1 b to make a r$ pigm5t f1 z is describ$ bel[ at page #bdf4 ,goldsmi? arti/s4 ,?is close connection betwe5 ! arts ( ! goldsmi? & ! illum9ator _h its p>allel 9 o!r bran*es ( ! arts1 & ) results ( v consid]able importance4 ,_m ( ! *ief pa9t]s & sculptors ( ,italy1 dur+ ! p]iod ( highe/ arti/ic developm5t1 7 also skilful goldsmi?s1 z = example ,ghib]ti1 ,v]roc*io1 ,ant4 ,pollaiuolo1 ,francesco ,francia & _m o!rs4 ,?is habit ( manipulat+ ! preci\s metals gave neatness & precision ( t\* to ! pa9t]1 & 9 ! art ( illum9at+ manuscripts taught ! arti/ to use 8 gold s z to produce ! ri*e/ & mo/ decorative effect4 ,! gold mordant4 ,! mordant4 ,we n[ come to ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! illum9ator's art1 t ( produc+ a gr\nd = 8 gold leaf ( ! highe/ h>dness & smoo?ness ( surface4 ,x is a subject dealt ) at mu* l5g? by all ! *ief writ]s on ! te*nique ( ! illum9ator1 f ,!ophilus 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 d[n to ,c5n9o ,c5n9i at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5?#bei4 ,?\gh diff]+ 9 details1 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! process is mu* ! same 9 all2 ! f9e/ possible sort ( gesso1 pla/]1 gypsum or :it5+1 0 v f9ely gr\nd to an impalpable p[d]1 & !n work$ up ) album5 or size to ! consi/5cy ( cream1 s t x c\ld be appli$ ) a bru%4 ,aft] ! fir/ coat 0 dry1 a second & a ?ird coat 7 add$ to br+ up ! mordant to ! requisite ?ickness ( body1 s t x /ood out 9 visible relief ^u ! surface ( ! vellum4 ,9 ord] t ! illum9ator might see cle>ly :]e 8 bru% 0 go+1 & keep 8 mordant accurately )9 ! requir$ outl9e1 x 0 usual to add "s col\r+ matt]1 su* z bole ,arm5iac 7r$ o*re71 to ! :ite gesso1 :i* o!rwise w\ld n h %[n out v cle>ly on ! cream-:ite vellum4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ?is col\r+ matt] is omitt$4 ,application ( leaf4 ,:5 ! la/ coat ( ! gesso-mordant 0 dry & h>d1 its surface 0 c>efully poli%$ ) ! burni%] & x 0 !n ready to receive ! gold leaf2 sev]al days' wait+ w\ld (t5 be requir$ be=e ! :ole body ( ! mordant _h set p]fectly h>d4 ,:ite ( egg 0 !n lightly bru%$ ov] ! :ole ( ! rais$ mordant1 & :ile ! album5 0 /ill moi/ & /icky1 ! illum9ator g5tly slid on to x ! piece ( gold leaf1 :i* he _h previ\sly cut approximately to ! requir$ %ape4 ,he !n s(tly dabb$ ! gold leaf ) a pad or bun* ( wool1 till x _h completely adh]$ to ! /icky mordant1 work+ x ) special c>e s z completely to cov] ! r\nd$ edges4 ,aft] ! album5 0 q dry1 & ! gold leaf firmly fix$ 9 its place1 ! arti/ bru%$ away ) a /iff bru% all ! sup]flu\s gold leaf2 all ! leaf1 t is1 "u :i* !re 0 no mordant-gr\nd to hold x fa/4 ,burni%+ process4 ,! gold 0 !n ready to be poli%$4 ,= ?is purpose v>i\s =ms ( burni%] 7 us$1 ! be/ be+ a h>d highly poli%$ r\nd$ p5cil ( cry/al or /one1 su* z haematite1 agate1 *alc$ony & ! l2 or 9 lack ( ^?1 ! highly enamell$ too? ( a dog1 cat1 rat or o!r c>nivor\s animal 0 ne>ly z good#bfj4 ,9 fact pati5ce & lab\r 7 ! *ief requisites2 "o receipt1 9 ,jehan le ,begue's manuscript1 #aibbfa1 directs ! illum9ator to burni% & to g on burni%+ till ! sweat runs d[n 8 =ehead4 ,b caution1 z well z lab\r1 0 requir$2 x 0 v easy to scrat* holes 9 ! gold leaf1 s t ! mordant %[$ ?r\gh1 unless great c>e 0 us$ 9 ! rubb+4 ,9 t case ! illum9ator _h to apply ano!r piece ( leaf to cov] up ! scrat*es1 & d 8 burni%+ ov] aga94 ,to secure ! highe/ poli%1 illum9ators burni%$ ! h>d mordant z describ$ above be=e lay+ on ! gold leaf4 ,9 mo/ cases two lay]s ( gold leaf 7 appli$1 & sometimes ev5 m1 9 ord] to insure a p]fect & unbrok5 surface4 ,application ( gold4 ,all writ]s speak ( ?is burni%+ z be+ a v difficult & unc]ta9 process ev5 to a skill$ h&1 requir+ exactly ! "r temp]ature & am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 or else x 0 liable to g wrong4 ,if ! gold 0 to be appli$ 9 m9ute or intricate patt]ns ! illum9ator did n attempt to cut 8 leaf to fit ! mordant-gr\nd1 b laid x 9 little pat*es s z to cov] a portion ( ! ornam5t4 ,! sup]flu\s gold betwe5 ! l9es ( ! patt]n 0 !n bru%$ away1 z ! leaf only rema9$ :]e x 0 held by ! mordant4 ,) all possible c>e & skill1 x 0 h>dly possible always to ensure a %>p clean outl9e to ea* pat* ( gold2 & s "o commonly f9ds t ! illum9ator has add$ a black outl9e r\nd ! edge ( ea* pat* ( gold1 9 ord] to conceal any little ragg$ness ( ! edge4 ,receipts = ! mordant4 ,z examples ( m$iaeval receipts = mak+ ! mordant ,i may m5tion ! foll[+3-- ,mix gypsum1 :ite m>ble1 & egg-%ells f9ely p[d]$ & col\r$ ) r$ o*re or t]ra v]de2 to be mix$ ) :ite ( egg & appli$ 9 ?9 coats1 & to be burni%$ be=e ! application ( ! gold4 ,:5 dry1 ?is mixture sl[ly set into a beautiful1 h>d & yet n brittle sub/ance1 capable ( receiv+ a poli% l t ( m>ble1 & =m+ ! be/ possible gr\nd to receive ! gold leaf4 ,mu* ( its excell5ce dep5d$ on ! pati5ce ( ! illum9ator 9 apply+ x 9 v ?9 coats2 ea* ( :i* 0 all[$ to dry completely be=e ! next 0 laid on4 ,:5 ready to receive ! gold leaf1 aft] ! burni%+ ( ! mordant 0 f9i%$1 "s purifi$ :ite ( egg 0 bru%$ ov] to make ! gold leaf adh]e firmly s z n to "w loose or te> "u ! friction ( ! burni%]4 ,receipts = ! mordant4 ,9 "s cases :ite lead 7c]use7 0 add$ to ! gesso1 z1 = example1 9 a receipt1 giv5 by ,c5n9o ,c5n9i 7 #aca to #aci1 & #aeg17 = a mordant made ( f9e gypsum1 c]use & sug> ( ,c&ia1 t is ord9>y pure :ite sug>#bfb4 ,?is is to be gr\nd up ) :ite ( egg1 appli$ 9 ?9 coats & burni%$4 ,to col\r ! mordant ,c5n9o adds bole ,arm5iac1 or t]ra v]de1 or v]digris gre54 ,giovanni da ,mod5a1 a ,bolognese illum9ator1 gives ! foll[+ receipt = a diff]5t gold-mordant to be us$ ) oil in/ead ( album5 or size#bfc4 ,in/ead ( gesso x is to be made ( a mixture ( :ite & r$ lead1 r$ o*re1 bole ,arm5iac & v]digris2 ! :ole is to be gr\nd fir/ ) wat]1 !n ?or\ghly dri$1 & aga9 gr\nd up ) a mixture ( l9se$ oil & amb] or ma/ic v>ni%4 ,?is v>iety ( mordant appe>s to h be5 us$ 9 a good _m fifte5? c5tury ,italian manuscripts4 ,x is n su* a good mixture z ! gesso & :ite ( egg1 z ! oil us$ to mix ) x is liable to /a9 ! vellum ?r\gh to ! o!r side ( ! page1 & ev5 to pr9t (f a m>k on ! opposite page1 especially :5 ! book has be5 sev]ely press$ by ! b9d]4 ,tool$ patt]ns4 ,/amp$ patt]ns4 ,tool$ patt]ns on gold leaf4 ,9 _m ,italian & ,fr5* manuscripts1 especially ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 a v ri* & brilliant effect is produc$ ) tool$ l9es impress$ into ! surface ( ! flat gold4 ,diap]$ & scroll-"w backgr\nds1 ! nimbi ( ,sa9ts1 ! orphreys & app>els on ve/m5ts1 & _m o!r k9ds ( decoration 7 skilfully execut$ ) a po9t$ bone or ivory tool1 impress$ ^u ! gold leaf aft] x 0 burni%$1 & ?r\gh ! gold into ! slightly ela/ic body ( ! gesso-mordant4 ,patt]ns 7 also produc$ by ! help ( m9ute pun*es1 :i* /amp$ dots or circles2 ^!1 :5 gr\p$ toge!r1 =m$ little rosettes or p[d]+s1 l ^? us$ 9 ! panel pa9t+s ( ! same "t4 ,gold treat$ 9 ?is way _h to be ( consid]able ?ickness1 & 9 "s cases1 :5 a l>ge flat surface ( mordant 0 to be gilt1 z _m z ?ree lay]s ( /\t gold leaf 7 employ$ to give ! requisite body ( metal4 ,silv] leaf4 ,burni%$ silv] leaf 0 occasionally us$ by ! m$iaeval illum9ators1 ?\gh n v (t51 z x 0 v liable to t>ni% & black54 ,= ?is reason leaf t9 0 n unfrequ5tly us$ in/ead ( silv]1 z t9 does n oxydize 9 su* a conspicu\s way2 see above1 p4 #bcc4 ,! use ( all ?ree metals1 gold1 silv] & t91 is describ$ by ,!ophilus1 ,s*$ula div]s>um ,artium1 ,i4 #bd1 #be & #bf4 ,!ophilus speaks ( lay+ ! gold leaf directly on to ! vellum ) ! help only ( :ite ( egg4 ,?is me?od 0 n uncommon 9 e>ly times1 & x 0 n till ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury t ! full spl5d\r ( effect 0 rea*$ by ! help ( ! ?ick1 h>d mordant-gr\nd4 ,*eap me?ods4 ,inf]ior processes 7 sometimes us$ = ! *eap manuscripts ( lat] times4 ,?us t9 leaf burni%$ & !n cov]$ ) a transp>5t yell[ lacqu] or v>ni% made f saffron 0 us$ in/ead ( gold4 ,c5n9o & o!r writ]s describe a curi\s me?od ( apply+ gold easily & *eaply4 ,! illum9ator 0 fir/ to pa9t 8 design ) a mixture ( size & p\nd$ glass or cry/al2 ?is1 :5 dry1 left a surface l mod]n s&pap] or glass-pap]1 ! arti/ 0 !n to rub a bit ( pure gold ov] ! r\gh surface1 :i* gr\nd (f & held a suffici5t am\nt ( gold to produce ! effect ( gild+4 ,only a v co>se effect1 wor?y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 c\ld h be5 produc$ by ?is process4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,te*nical ,,processes ,,( ,,! ,,illum9ator 7cont9u$74 ,vehicles us$4 ,! col\r$ pigm5ts ( ! illum9ators4 ,?\gh m$iaeval manuscripts are spl5did & v>i$ 9 col\r to ! highe/ possible degree1 yet all ?is weal? ( decorative effect 0 produc$ by a v few pigm5ts1 & ) ! simple/ ( m$ia1 su* z size made by boil+ d[n %r$s ( vellum or fi%-bones#bfd1 or else gum-arabic1 or occasionally :ite ( egg or a mixture bo? ( ! yoke & ! :ite#bfe4 ,9 ! ma9 ! te*nique ( manuscript illum9ation is ! same z t ( panel pictures execut$ 9 di/emp] 7temp]a74 ,an oil m$ium 0 unsuit$ to manuscript "w because ! oil spoilt ! beautiful opaque :it5ess ( ! vellum & made ! pa9t+ %[ ?r\gh to ! o!r side#bff4 ,ultram>9e blue4 ,blue pigm5ts4 ,! mo/ important blue pigm5t1 bo? dur+ classical & m$iaeval times1 0 ! co/ly & v beautiful ultram>9e 7azzurrum#bfg transm>9um71 :i* 0 made f lapis lazuli1 a m9]al *iefly import$ f ,p]sia4 ,?is ultram>9e blue 0 ! cyanus or co]uleum ( ,!ophra/us & ,pl9y4 ,x is n only ! mo/ magnific5t ( all blue pigm5ts1 b is also ! mo/ durable1 ev5 :5 expos$ to light = a v long p]iod4 ,its manufacture4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! manufacture ( ultram>9e is v simple2 consi/+ m]ely 9 gr9d+ ! lapis lazuli to p[d]1 & !n sep>at+1 by repeat$ wa%+1 ! deep blue p>ticles f ! re/ ( ! /one#bfh4 ,! process ( extract+ ! blue 0 made easi] if ! lapis lazuli 0 fir/ calc9$ by heat4 ,?is is ! mod]n me?od1 & 0 occasionally done 9 m$iaeval times1 b x injures ! dep? & brilliance ( ! pigm5t1 & 9 ! f9e/ manuscripts ultram>9e 0 us$ :i* _h be5 prep>$ by ! bett] ?\gh m labori\s process )\t ! aid ( heat4 ,its great value4 ,! proportion ( pure blue 9 a lump ( lapis lazuli is mu* small] ?an x looks2 ! /one 0 & is r>e & co/ly1 & ?us ! f9e/ ultram>9e ( ! m$iaeval pa9t]s 0 (t5 wor? consid]ably m ?an d\ble its weight 9 gold#bfi4 ,bo? 9 classical & m$iaeval times x 0 usual = ! patron :o _h ord]$ a picture to supply ! necess>y ultram>9e to ! arti/1 :o 0 only expect$ to provide ! less co/ly pigm5ts 9 return = ! sum = :i* he _h contract$ to execute ! "w4 ,me?od ( !ft4 ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxiii4 #abj7 tells a /ory ( a trick play$ by a pa9t] on 8 employ]1 :o suspici\sly wat*$ ! arti/ to see t he did n ab/ract any ( ! preci\s ultram>9e :i* _h be5 dol$ out to him4 ,at frequ5t int]vals ! pa9t] wa%$ 8 bru%1 dipp$ 9 ! ultram>9e1 9 a vessel ( wat]2 ! heavy pigm5t sank to ! bottom1 & at ! end ( ! day ! arti/ p\r$ (f ! wat] & secur$ ! mass ( p[d]$ ultram>9e at ! bottom4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,vas>i1 9 8 life ( ,p]ug9o1 tells precisely ?is /ory ab\t ,pietro1 :o 0 annoy$ at ! suspicions express$ by a c]ta9 ,prior = :om he 0 pa9t+ a fresco#bgj4 ,! ,prior 0 9 despair at ! enorm\s am\nt ( pigm5t t ! ?ir/y wall suck$ 91 & he 0 agreeably surpris$ :51 at ! conclusion ( ! "w1 ,p]ug9o return$ to him a l>ge quantity ( ultram>9e1 z a lesson t he %\ld n suspect a g5tleman ( be+ a ?ief4 ,ultram>9e scrap$ (f4 ,! libr>y ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 possesses a manuscript :i* af=ds a curi\s pro( ( ! great value ( ultram>9e to ! m$iaeval illum9ator4 ,?is is a magnific5t copy ( ! ,vulgate by a ,g]man scribe ( ! twelf? c5tury1 copi\sly illu/rat$ ) m9iature pictures1 _m ( :i* _h backgr\nds1 ei!r p>tially or :olly1 cov]$ ) ultram>9e4 ,all ?r\gh ! book ! ultram>9e has 9 m$iaeval times be5 v c>efully & completely scrap$ (f1 no d\bt = use 9 ano!r manuscript4 ,?is !ft has be5 accompli%$ ) su* skill t wond]fully little injury has be5 done to ! beautiful illum9ations1 except1 ( c\rse1 ! loss ( spl5d\r caus$ by ! ab/raction ( ! ultram>9e4 ,impa/o4 ,9 illum9at$ manuscripts ultram>9e is v freely us$4 ,x is specially noticeable = ! ?ick body 7impa/o7 9 :i* x is appli$1 s z v (t5 to /& out 9 visible relief4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ?is1 & "s o!r blue pigm5ts1 lose mu* ( _! dep? ( col\r if !y are gr\nd into v f9e p[d]4 ,h5ce bo? ! ultram>9e & smalto blues are always appli$ 9 comp>atively co>se gra9$ p[d]2 & ?is ( c\rse necessitates ! application ( a ?ick body ( col\r4 ,anci5t cyanus4 ,smalto blues4 ,next 9 importance to ! real ultram>9e come ! artificial smalto or enamel blues1 :i* 7 us$ l>gely 9 ,egypt at a v e>ly date "u ! "n ( artificial cyanus2 see ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxvii4 #aai4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans too ?is 0 a pigm5t ( great importance1 & :5 skilfully made is b little inf]ior 9 beauty to ! natural ultram>9e4 ,vitre\s pigm5t4 ,smalto blue is simply a p[d]$ blue glass or vitre\s enamel1 col\r$ ) an oxide or c>bonate ( copp]4 ,vitruvius 7,,vii4 xi4 #a7 describes ! me?od ( mak+ x by fus+ 9 a crucible ! mat]ials = ord9>y bottle-glass1 mix$ ) a quantity ( copp] fil+s4 ,! alcal9e silicate ( ! glass frit acts ^u ! copp]1 :i* sl[ly comb9es ) ! glass1 giv+ x a deep blue col\r4 ,! addition ( a little oxide ( t9 turns x into an opaque blue enamel1 :i* :5 cold 0 brok5 up ) a hamm]1 & !n p[d]$1 b n too f9ely1 9 a mort>4 ,smalto blue is l>gely us$ = ! simple blue initials :i* alt]nate ) r$ ones 9 an imm5se numb] ( manuscripts4 ,! glitt]+ p>ticles ( ! p[d]$ glass c easily be di/+ui%$ by a m9ute exam9ation4 ,l ! ultram>9e1 ! smalto blue is always appli$ 9 a ?ick lay]4 ,! monk ,!ophilus 7,,ii4 #ab71 :o wrote dur+ a p]iod ( "s arti/ic & te*nical decad5ce1 ! elev5? c5tury1 advises ! glass-pa9t] :o wants a good blue to se>* among "s anci5t ,roman ru9s = ! f9e col\r$ tess]ae ( glass mosaics1 :i* 7 s l>gely us$ by ! ,romans to decorate _! walls & vaults1 & !n to p\nd !m = use4 ,g]man blue4 ,azzurro ,t$esco or ,azzurro della ,magna1 ,g]man blue1 0 mu* us$ by ! illum9ators z a *eap sub/itute = ultram>9e4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 a native comp\nd ( c>bonate ( copp] ( a brilliant blue col\r4 ,x 0 occasionally us$ to adult]ate ! co/ly ultram>9e1 b ?is fraud 0 easily discov]$ by heat+ a small quantity ( ! pigm5t on ! blade ( a knife2 x und]w5t no *ange if x 0 pure2 b if adult]at$ ) ,azzurro della ,magna x %[$ signs ( black5+#bga4 ,indigo4 ,indigo blue4 ,! above-m5tion$ blues are all ( a m9]al "*1 & are durable "u almo/ any circum/ances4 ,to "s ext5t h[ev] ! vegetable indigo blue 0 also us$ = manuscript illum9ations1 bo? alone & also to make a comp\nd purple col\r4 ,me?od ( us+ dyes4 ,col\rs ( all k9ds prep>$ f vegetable or animal sub/ances requir$ a special treatm5t to fit !m = use z pigm5ts 9 solid or temp]a pa9t+4 ,?\gh indigo & o!r col\rs ( a simil> class are ! be/ & simple/ ( dyes = wov5 /uffs1 yet !y are too ?9 9 body to use alone z pigm5ts4 ,?us bo? 9 classical & m$iaeval times ^! dye-pigm5ts 7 prep>$ by mak+ a small quantity ( :ite e>?1 p[d]$ *alk or ! l absorb a l>ge quantity ( ! ?9 dye1 :i* ?us 0 br\ght into a conc5trat$ & solid1 opaque =m1 n a m]e /a9 z x w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,^! k9ds ( pigm5ts are describ$ by ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxv4 #dd & #df2 & by ,vitruvius1 ,,vii4 xiv4 ,eraclius 9 8 "w on te*nique1 ,de artibus ,romanorum1 calls !m colores infectivi1 dy$ col\rs1 an accurately expressive phrase4 ,"o me?od1 occasionally us$ = ! *eap] class ( manuscripts1 0 to pa9t on to ! vellum ) :ite lead1 & !n to col\r x by repeat$ application ( a bru% dipp$ 9 ! ?9 dye-pigm5t4 ,_m ( ! col\rs m5tion$ bel[ belong to ?is class4 ,t]ra v]de4 ,gre5 pigm5ts4 ,a f9e s(t gre5 mu* us$ 9 e>ly manuscripts is a natural e>?y pigm5t call$ t]ra v]de or gre5 ,v]ona e>?4 ,?is ne$s little prep>ation1 except wa%+1 & is ( ! mo/ durable k9d2 x is a k9d ( o*re1 col\r$1 n ) iron1 b by ! natural pres5ce ( copp]4 ,v]digris gre54 ,a mu* m brilliant gre5 pigm5t 0 made ( v]digris 7v]d]ame7 or c>bonate ( copp]1 produc$ v easily by moi/5+ metallic copp] ) v9eg> or by expos+ x to ! fumes ( acetic acid 9 a clos$ e>!n vessel2 see ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #cg4 ,v]digris gre5 0 mu* us$ by manuscript illum9ators1 especially dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 a v unpleasant h>% & gaudy gre5 appe>s to h be5 popul>4 ,:5 s(t5$ by an admixture ( :ite pigm5t1 v]digris gives a pleasant] & s(t] col\r4 ,*rysocolla4 ,a native c>bonate ( copp]1 :i* 0 call$ by ! ,romans *rysocolla#bgb1 0 also us$ = m$iaeval manuscripts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h>% 9 t9t if n temp]$ ) :ite4 ,bo? ! la/-nam$ pigm5ts 7 specially us$ ) yoke ( egg z a m$ium4 ,pras9um1 a vegetable gre5 made by /a9+ p[d]$ *alk ) ! gre5 ( ! leek1 0 sometimes us$4 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i also recomm5ds a grass gre5 made by mix+ orpim5t 7sulphuret ( ars5ic7 & indigo4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ commonly us$ gre5s 0 made by a mixture ( smalto blue & yell[ o*re2 o!r mixtures 7 also us$4 ,r$ pigm5ts4 ,r$ & blue are by f> ! mo/ important ( ! col\rs us$ 9 illum9at$ manuscripts1 & x is wond]ful to see :at v>iety ( effect is (t5 produc$ by ! use ( ^! two col\rs only4 ,v]milion & m9ium4 ,! *ief r$ pigm5ts us$ by illum9ators are v]milion 7c9nab> or sulphuret ( m]cury7 & r$ lead 7m9ium71 f :i* ! words m9iator & m9iature 7 d]iv$1 z is expla9$ above at page #cabgc4 ,bo? ^! pigm5ts are v brilliant & durable r$s1 ! m co/ly v]milion is ! m beautiful ( ! two2 x has a slightly orange t9t4 ,mix$ r$s4 ,illum9ators commonly us$ ! two col\rs mix$4 ,"o receipt recomm5ds "o-?ird ( r$ lead comb9$ ) two-?irds ( v]milion2 ,jehan le ,begue's manuscript1 #agg 7,mrs ,m]rifield's edition1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ada74 ,v]milion 0 prep>$ by sl[ly heat+ toge!r metallic m]cury ) sulphur4 ,r$ lead 7a protoxide ( lead7 0 made by roa/+ :ite lead or else li?>ge 7ord9>y lead oxide7 till x absorb$ a l>g] proportion ( oxyg54 ,o*re r$s4 ,rubrica or ,indian r$ 0 a less brilliant pigm5t1 :i* also 0 l>gely us$ 9 illum9at$ manuscripts1 especially = head+s1 notes & ! l1 :i* 7 h5ce call$ rubrics4 ,rubrica is a f9e v>iety ( r$ o*re1 an e>? naturally col\r$ by oxide ( iron#bgd2 ano!r v>iety 0 call$ bole ,arm5iac4 ,9 classical times ! rubrica ( ,s9ope 0 specially valu$ = its f9e col\r4 ,9 addition to ^! m9]al & v p]man5t r$s !re 7 "s m fugitive vegetable & animal sc>lets & r$s :i* 7 us$ 9 illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,murex4 ,murex4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! murex %ell-fi%1 has already be5 m5tion$ = its use z a dye = ! vellum ( ! magnific5t ,byzant9e & ,c>ol+ian gold-writt5 manuscripts4 ,! murex 0 also us$ z a color infectivus by conc5trat+ x on p[d]$ *alk#bge4 ,k]mes4 ,k]mes4 ,ano!r v beautiful & important c>m9e-r$ pigm5t 0 made f ! little k]mes#bgf beetle 7coccus7 :i* lives on ! ilex oaks ( ,syria & ! ,peloponnese4 ,x is r l ! co*9eal beetle ( ,mexico1 b produces a f9] & m durable col\r1 especially :5 us$ z a dye4 ,= ! wov5 /uffs ( classical & m$iaeval times1 & 9 ! ,ea/ ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ! k]mes is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & important ( all ! col\rs us$ = dye+4 ,! m$iaeval "n = ! k]mes r$ 0 rubeum de grana2 :5 requir$ = use z a pigm5t x appe>s to h be5 usual1 n to extract ! col\r directly f ! beetle1 b to get x out ( clipp+s ( r$ clo? :i* _h be5 dy$ ) ! k]mes1 by boil+ ! clo? 9 a weak solution ( alkali & precipitat+ ! r$ pigm5t f ! wat] ) ! help ( alum4 ,! reason = ?is me?od is n app>5t4 ,possibly x 0 fir/ done z a means ( utiliz+ wa/e clipp+s ( ! co/ly r$ clo?1 & !n1 :5 ! habit 0 e/abli%$1 no o!r me?od 0 kn[n to ! col\r-mak]s1 :o 9 "s cases b\ght pieces ( clo? on purpose to cut !m up & use 9 ?is way#bgg4 ,! sc>letum blanketum m5tion$ at page #bcd 0 b\ght = ?is purpose4 ,madd]4 ,madd]-r$ 0 also us$ z a pigm5t by boil+ ! root ( ! madd]-plant 7rubia-t9ctorium71 & !n us+ ! conc5trat$ extract to dye p[d]$ *alk4 ,v>i\s r$ & purple fl[]s1 su* z ! violet1 7 us$ 9 ! same way z colores infectivi4 ,lac4 ,lake-r$ 7lacca or lac7 0 made & call$ aft] a natural gum or res91 ! la* ( ,india2 see ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 #dd4 ,?is is a beautiful transp>5t col\r1 :i*1 9 "s f9e manuscripts ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is us$ z a transp>5t glaze ov] burni%$ gold1 ! effect ( :i* is v magnific5t1 z ! metallic gleam ( ! gold %9es ?r\gh ! deep transp>5t r$ ( ! ov]-pa9t+4 ,lake 0 also us$ z an opaque1 solid pigm5t by mix+ x ) :ite1 :i* at once gave x body1 & de/roy$ its transp>5cy4 ,purple ( a v magnific5t t9t 0 occasionally made by a mixture ( ultram>9e ) ! c>m9e-r$ ( ! k]mes beetle2 ?is 0 specially us$ by ! illum9ators ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,yell[s4 ,yell[ o*re1 a f9e e>? pigm5t col\r$ by iron1 0 ! pr9cipal yell[ ( ! illum9ators4 ,9 late manuscripts orpim5t 7sulphuret ( ars5ic71 :i* is a m brilliant lemon-yell[1 0 occasionally us$2 see ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 #dg4 ,li?>ge yell[1 an oxide ( lead1 0 ano!r important col\r1 b m especially = ! pa9t] 9 oil1 :o us$ x v l>gely z a dri]#bgh4 ,ano!r f9e o*re\s e>? ( a ri* br[n col\r 0 ! t]ra di ,si5a or raw ,si5a2 ! col\r ( ?is 0 made w>m] 9 t9t by roa/+1 ?us produc+ burnt ,si5a4 ,use ( :ite4 ,:ite pigm5ts 7 p]haps ! mo/ important ( all to ! illum9ator1 :o usually only us$ pure col\rs = 8 deepe/ %ad[s2 all lights & half t9ts1 bo? 9 m9iature pictures & 9 decorative foliage1 be+ pa9t$ ) a l>ge admixture ( :ite4 ,! use ( ?is sy/em ( col\r+ by ,fra ,angelico & _m pa9t]s ( ! ,si5ese s*ool has be5 already ref]r$ to2 see page #aij4 ,= ?is reason x 0 v important to use a pure & durable :ite pigm5t :i* w\ld comb9e well ) o!r col\rs4 ,lime :ite4 ,bianco di ,san ,giovanni 0 9 all respects "o ( ! be/ ( ! :ites us$ by illum9ators4 ,?is 0 simply pure lime-:ite1 made by burn+ ! f9e/ :ite m>ble2 ! lime 0 !n wa%$ 9 abundance ( pure wat]1 !n v f9e gr\nd & f9ally dri$ 9 cakes ( a conv5i5t size2 see ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 #eh2 & ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #ai4 ,! m$ium us$ ) x 0 ! pure/ size or gum ,arabic ( ! mo/ col\rless k9d4 ,ano!r :ite pigm5t 0 made ( p[d]$ *alk & f9ely gr\nd egg-%ells2 ?is 0 a less cold :ite ?an ! bianco di ,san ,giovanni4 ,:ite lead4 ,:ite lead 7c]usa or biacca7 0 also us$#bgi1 especially by ! lat] illum9ators1 b ) v un=tunate results1 s9ce :ite lead is liable to turn to a metallic grey or ev5 black if expos$ to any impure sulphur\s atmosph]e4 ,_m beautiful manuscripts h suff]$ mu* ow+ to ! black5+ ( _! high lights :i* _h be5 t\*$ 9 ) :ite lead2 especially manuscripts expos$ to ! gas- & smoke-poison$ air ( ,london or o!r l>ge cities4 ,process ( manufacture4 ,! biacca ( ! m$iaeval illum9ator 0 made 9 exactly ! same way t ,vitruvius & ,pl9y describe2 see ,vitr4 ,,vii4 xii42 & ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxiv4 #age4 ,a roll ( lead 0 plac$ 9 a clay dolium or big vase1 :i* _h a little v9eg> at ! bottom4 ,! top 0 !n lut$ d[n1 & ! j> 0 left 9 a w>m place = a week or s1 till ! fumes ( ! acetic acid _h conv]t$ ! surface ( ! lead into a cru/ ( c>bonate4 ,?is c>bonate ( lead 0 !n flak$ (f & purifi$ by repeat$ gr9d+ & wa%+4 ,9 ord] to keep ! :ite pigm5ts p]fectly pure1 "s illum9ators us$ to keep !m "u wat]1 s t no du/ c\ld rea* !m4 ,black inks4 ,two inks ( q diff]5t k9ds 7 us$ = ! ord9>y text ( m$iaeval manuscripts4 ,c>bon ink4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a pure c>bon-black 7mod]n ,indian or ,*9ese ink72 ?is has be5 describ$ "u ! classical "n atram5tum libr>ium#bhj2 see above1 page #bg4 ,! great advantage ( ?is c>bon ink is t x nev] fades2 x is n a dye or /a91 b x consi/s ( v m9ute p>ticles ( c>bon :i* re/ on ! surface ( ! vellum4 ,iron ink4 ,! o!r v>iety 0 l mod]n black writ+ ink1 only ( v sup]ior quality4 ,?is acts z a dye1 /a9+ ! vellum a little bel[ ! surface4 ,un=tunately x is liable to fade1 ?\gh :5 kept f ! light 7z 9 mo/ manuscripts7 x has /ood ! te/ ( "t v well4 ,sometimes ! m$iaeval illum9ators di/+ui%$ ^! two k9ds ( black ink1 call+ ! fir/ atram5tum & ! second encau/um2 b frequ5tly ! names are us$ indiff]5tly = ei!r3 see ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #dj4 ,! encau/um 0 made by boil+ oak-b>k or gall-nuts1 :i* are ri* 9 tann91 9 acid w9e ) "s iron fil+s or vitriol 7sulphate ( iron74 ,! comb9ation ( ! iron & ! tann9 gives ! inky black#bha4 ,bo? ^! black inks 7 us$ ) gum ,arabic4 ,beauty ( ! pla9 text4 ,a great "p ( ! beauty ( m$iaeval manuscripts is q unconnect$ ) _! illum9ation4 ,! pla9 portion ( ! text1 f ! exquisite =ms ( its lett]s & ! beautiful glossy black ( ! ink on ! creamy ivory-l vellum page1 light$ up "h & !re by ! crisp t\* ( ! rubricator's r$1 is a ?+ ( extraord9>y beauty & *>m4 ,?is p]fection ( te*nique 9 ! writ+ & beauty ( ! lett]s la/$ consid]ably long] ?an did ! illum9ator's art4 ,h5ce 9 "s ( ! manuscripts ( ! p]iod ( decad5ce1 execut$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! pla9 black & r$ text is v sup]ior 9 /yle to ! pa9t$ ornam5t2 & "o _c1 9 "s cases1 help regrett+ t ! manuscript has n escap$ ! disfigurem5t ( a co>se or gaudy s*eme ( illum9ation4 ,r$ inks 7 ( ?ree *ief k9ds1 namely ! v]milion1 r$ lead1 & rubrica or r$ o*re1 :i* h be5 already m5tion$4 ,purple ink4 ,purple ink 0 us$ l>gely1 n (t5 = writ+1 b = ! delicate p5 ornam5ts ( ! initials 9 c]ta9 classes ( late ,italian & ,g]man manuscripts4 ,a vegetable pigm5t seems to h be5 us$ = ?is2 ! l9es appe> to be /a9$1 & d n consi/ ( a body-col\r re/+ on ! surface ( ! vellum4 ,gold writ+ is usually execut$ ) ! fluid gold pigm5t1 b 9 lat] manuscripts v gorge\s titles & head+s are sometimes done ) burni%$ leaf gold appli$ on ! rais$ mordant1 ! writ+ be+ fir/ done ) a p5 dipp$ 9 ! fluid mordant4 ,! p5cils & p5s ( ! ,illum9ator4 ,two q diff]5t classes ( p5cils 7 us$ = lightly sket*+ 9 ! outl9e ( ! future floral design or m9iature4 ,lead po9t4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! silv]-po9t or lead-po9t#bhb1 v mu* l ! metallic p5cil ( a mod]n pocket-book4 ,! use ( ! silv]-po9t 0 kn[n 9 classical times2 ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxiii4 #ih7 rem>ks z a /range ?+ t a :ite metal l silv] %\ld make a black l9e :5 us$ to draw )4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r a fa9t grey ?an a black l9e t a po9t ( pure silv] makes1 especially on vellum1 & s x 0 m usual = illum9ators to use a s(t] p5cil ( mix$ lead & t92 ,c5n9o recomm5ds two p>ts ( lead to "o ( t9#bhc = mak+ ! lead po9t1 piomb9o4 ,r$ p5cil4 ,ano!r k9d ( p5cil 0 made ( a s(t r$ /one1 :i* ow$ its col\r to oxide ( iron4 ,f its f9e blood-r$ t9t ! illum9ators call$ x haematita1 lapis amati/a or amatito1 h5ce an ord9>y lead p5cil is n[ call$ ei!r lapis or matita 9 ,italy4 ,?is /one is q diff]5t f ! h>d haematite :i* 0 us$ 9 classical times = ! e>ly cyl9d]-signets ( ,assyria4 ,burni%]4 ,! h>d] v>ieties ( ! amati/a or haematite 7 us$ to burni% ! gold leaf 9 manuscripts1 small pieces be+ poli%$ & fix$ 9 a conv5i5t h&le4 ,!y 7 also us$ z a r$ pigm5t1 ! /one be+ calc9$1 qu5*$ 9 wat] & f9ely gr\nd2 see ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 #db4 ,besides ! h>d r$ *alky /one 7amatita rossa7 us$ = outl9es by ! illum9ators1 a some:at simil> black /one 7amatita n]a7 0 also us$1 b n s commonly z ! r$4 ,re$ p5s4 ,! p5s ( illum9ators4 ,9 e>ly times1 ?r\gh\t1 t is1 ! :ole classical p]iod & probably till ab\t ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 scribes' p5s 7 mo/ly made ( re$s 7calamus or canna72 & occasionally silv] or bronze p5s 7 us$2 see above1 page #bi4 ,b c]ta9ly z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury ,a4,d4 & probably be=e t1 quill-p5s came into use & sup]s$$ ! blunt] & s(t] re$-p54 ,f9e quills4 ,su* exquisitely f9e l9es z ^? 9 _m classes ( m$iaeval manuscripts c\ld only h be5 made ) "s v f9e & delicate in/rum5t l a skilfully cut cr['s quill or o!r mod]ately small fea!r4 ,! p5 0 a v important in/rum5t = ! illum9ator1 n only :5 8 pictures 7 ma9ly execut$ 9 p5 outl9e1 l _m ( ^? 9 ! lat] ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 b also 9 su* microscopically delicate m9iature "w z t 9 ! ,anglo-,norman hi/oriat$ ,bibles ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 9 ^! mu* ( ! mo/ important draw+1 su* z ! features & ! hair ( ! figures1 0 execut$1 n ) a bru%1 b ) a quill-p51 :i* 9 ! illum9ator's skilful h& c\ld produce a quality ( l9e :i* = delicacy & crisp precision ( t\* has nev] be5 surpass$ by ! arti/s ( any o!r class or age4 ,bru%es4 ,bru%es 71 z a rule1 made by ! illum9ators !mselves1 s z to suit _! special ne$s & sy/em ( work+4 ,c5n9o 7 #fc to #ff7 & o!r writ]s give directions = ! selection ( ! be/ hair & ! mode ( fix+ x s z to give a f9ely po9t$ bru%4 ,erm9e1 m9ev] & o!r animals ( t tribe suppli$ ! be/ hair = ! bru%es requir$ = v m9ute "w4 ,b a great numb] ( o!r animals provid$ useful mat]ial to ! craftsman :o knew ! "r places to select ! hair f1 &1 a /ill m important ?+1 und]/ood h[ to arrange & fix x 9 a bundle ( ! be/ =m4 ,li/ ( tools4 ,! implem5ts ( scribes & illum9ators4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! pr9cipal tools & mat]ials requir$ by ! illum9ator ( manuscripts1 includ+ ^? :i* h be5 already describ$#bhd4 ,p5s1 p5cils & *alk ( v>i\s sorts1 z describ$ above4 ,bru%es made ( m9ev]1 badg] & o!r k9ds ( hair4 ,gr9d+-slabs & rubb]s ( porphyry or o!r h>d /one1 & a bronze mort>4 ,%>p p5knife & palette knife4 ,rul]s1 & a metal rul+-p54 ,divid]s to prick out ! guid+-l9es ( ! text4 ,scissors = %ap+ ! gold leaf4 ,burni%]s1 /amps1 & /ili = ornam5t+ ! gold4 ,small horns to hold black & r$ ink2 see fig4 #ec on page #bji4 ,col\r-box1 palette1 pigm5ts1 gold leaf & m$ia ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,sponge & pumice-/one = erasures4 ,pa9t+s ( scribes4 ,m9iatures repres5t+ a scribe writ+ a manuscript are ! commone/ ( all subjects 9 sev]al classes ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,= example ! fir/ capital ( ,sa9t ,j]ome's ,prologue 9 ! hi/oriat$ ,anglo-,norman ,vulgates almo/ always has a v m9ute pa9t+ ( a mona/ic scribe#bhe1 seat$1 writ+ on a slop+ desk1 ) 8 p5 9 "o h& & 8 p5knife 9 ! o!r#bhf4 ,! scribes' processes4 ,9 "o respect su* sc5es are always treat$ 9 a conv5tional way2 t is1 ! scribe is repres5t$ writ+ 9 a complete & b\nd book1 :]eas bo? ! writ+ ( ! text & ! illum9ations 7 done on loose %eets ( vellum1 :i* c\ld be conv5i5tly p9n$ d[n flat on ! desk or draw+-bo>d4 ,! processes employ$ 9 ! execution ( an illum9at$ manuscript ( ! f\rte5? or fifte5? c5tury 7 ! foll[+2 ,fir/1 if ! text 7 to be 9 "o column1 f\r l9es 7 rul$ m>k+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! pat* ( text & ! m>g94 ,^! f\r l9es usually cross at ! angles & are c>ri$ to ! extreme edge ( ! vellum#bhg4 ,rul$ l9es4 ,next1 ! scribe1 ) a pair ( divid]s or compasses1 prick$ out at ev5 di/ances ! numb] ( l9es :i* 7 to be rul$ to s]ve z a guide 9 writ+ ! text4 ,^! prick$ holes 71 z a rule1 set at ! extreme edge ( ! vellum1 & 7 int5d$ to be cut (f by ! b9d]1 b 9 _m manuscripts !y /ill rema94 ,! scribe !n fill$ ! space )9 ! fir/ f\r m>g9al l9es ) p>allel rul$ l9es at ! int]vals indicat$ by ! pricks at ! edge4 ,/ilus l9es4 ,9 e>ly manuscripts ! guid+ l9es to keep ! text ev5 are usually rul$1 n ) col\r or ink1 b simply trac$ ) a po9t$ /ilus1 :i* made a suffici5tly cle> impress$ l9e on ! vellum1 %[+ ?r\gh f "o side to ! o!r4 ,lead l9es4 ,r$ l9es4 ,9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies ! practice began ( rul+ ! l9es ) a lead po9t2 & !n1 f ! f\rte5? c5tury onw>ds1 !y 7 usually rul$ ) bright r$ pigm5t#bhh2 ?is has a v decorative effect 9 light+ up ! mass ( black text1 & ?us we f9d 9 _m e>ly pr9t$ books#bhi ^! r$ guid+ l9es h be5 rul$ 9 m]ely = ! sake ( _! ornam5tal appe>ance4 ,?is rul+ 0 ne>ly always done ) special metal rul+-p5s1 v l ^? n[ us$ = ar*itectural draw+2 & ?us ! l9es are p]fectly ev5 9 ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,! pla9 text4 ,! next /age 9 ! "w 0 ! writ+ ( ! pla9 black text4 ,9 e>ly times x appe>s to h be5 usual1 or at lea/ n uncommon1 = ! same h& to write ! text & add ! pa9t$ illum9ations1 b :5 ! production ( illum9at$ manuscripts came mo/ly into secul> h&s1 ! trades ( ! scribe & ! illum9ator 7 usually practis$ by diff]5t p2 & 9 late times a fur!r division /ill took place1 & ! m9iaturi/ frequ5tly became sep>at$ f ! decorative illum9ator4 ,guid+ lett]s4 ,?us we f9d t 9 _m manuscripts ! scribe has introduc$ 9 ! blank spaces m9ute guid+ lett]s#bij to tell ! illum9ator :at ea* initial 0 to be1 &1 especially 9 fifte5? c5tury ,italian manuscripts1 in/ructions are add$ = ! m9iaturi/1 tell+ him :at ! subject ( ea* picture 0 to be4 ,^! in/ructions 7 commonly writt5 on ! edge ( ! page s t !y 7 cut (f by ! b9d]1 b 9 _m cases !y /ill exi/1 n oblit]at$ by ! subsequ5t pa9t+4 ,b to return to ! progress ( ! page1 :5 ! scribe _h f9i%$ ! pla9 text1 leav+ ! necess>y blank spaces = ! illum9at$ capitals & m9iatures1 ! "w ( decoration !n began4 ,decoration4 ,z a rule ! decorative foliage & ! l 0 f9i%$ be=e ! sep>ate m9iatures1 if !re 7 any1 7 begun4 ,fir/ ! illum9ator lightly sket*$ 9 outl9e ! design ( ! ornam5t1 us+ a lead po9t4 ,next1 :]ev] burni%$ gold 0 to be introduc$1 ! ?ick mordant-gr\nd 0 laid on2 ! gold leaf 0 !n appli$ & f9i%$ ) tool+ & burni%+4 ,gold leaf4 ,! reason :y ! gold 0 appli$ be=e any ( ! pa9t+ 0 begun 0 ?is2 ! long rubb+ ) ! burni%] act$ n only on ! gold leaf1 b also naturally rubb$ ! vellum a little way all r\nd x4 ,?is w\ld h smudg$ ! pa9t+ r\nd ! gold if x _h be5 appli$ fir/4 ,moreov]1 ! burni%] 0 liable to c>ry small p>ticles ( gold on to ! surr\nd+ vellum1 :i* w\ld h giv5 a ragg$ look to ! design1 if ! adjac5t surfaces _h n be5 subsequ5tly cov]$ ) pigm5t4 ,9 cases :]e !re is an isolat$ gold boss !re is usually a slight disfigurem5t f ! burni%] rubb+ ! vellum all r\nd ! gold4 ,9 ^! cases ! outl9e ( ! gold 0 made clean & def9ite by ! addition ( a /rong black outl9e1 z is m5tion$ above4 ,! pa9t+4 ,:5 ! :ole ( ! burni%$ gold 0 f9i%$1 ! pa9t+ 0 !n execut$4 ,if any fluid gold pigm5t 7 us$1 t 0 usually add$ la/ ( all4 ,transf]r$ patt]ns4 ,9 "s cases1 9 ! lat] & *eap] ,fr5* & ,flemi% manuscripts1 ! ornam5ts 9 ! bord]s 7 n specially design$ & sket*$ 9 = ! manuscripts b previ\sly us$ outl9e patt]ns 7 transf]r$ on to ! vellum by a bone /ilus & ord9>y transf] pap]1 made by rubb+ r$ *alk all ov] its surface4 ,9 "s ( ! bett] class ( manuscripts ) ! ivy-leaf bord]1 ! illum9ator has made ! g5]al design ( "o page s]ve = ! next "o 9 ?is way2 :5 he _h drawn 9 ! ma9 l9es ( ! scroll-patt]n on ! bord]s ( "o page1 he held ! vellum up to ! light & s 0 able to trace ! patt]n ?r\gh f ! o!r side ( ! leaf4 ,to prev5t monotony he v>i$ ! design by introduc+ diff]5t little blossoms among ! repeat$ scroll-"w :i* =m$ ! ma9 patt]n4 ,prep>ation = b9d+4 ,:5 ! scribe1 ! rubricator1 ! illum9ator & ! m9iaturi/ 7ei!r z "o or z sev]al diff]5t p7 _h complet$ ! manuscript x 0 ready = ! b9d]4 ,z an indication ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! leaves ( ! manuscript 7 to be b\nd1 ! scribe usually plac$ on ! l[] m>g9 ( ! la/ page ( ea* ga!r+ ( leaves a lett] or numb]4 ,9 ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books ^! guid+ lett]s1 or signatures z !y are call$1 7 add$ by h& 9 ! same way#bia2 b 9 a few ye>s ! regul> & m develop$ sy/em ( pr9t$ signatures 0 introduc$#bib4 ,scribes' signatures4 ,scribes' signatures at ! end ( manuscripts are comp>atively r>e1 b !y d occasionally occur 9 v>i\s int]e/+ =ms4 ,my fri5d ,mr ,w4 ,j4 ,l(tie k9dly s5ds me ! foll[+3 ,9 a ,s>um ,missal ( ! fifte5? c5tury at ,alnwick ,ca/le1 ,librum scrib5do ,jon ,:as#bic mona*us laborabat1 ,et mane surg5do multum corpus mac]abat4 ,m commonly manuscripts t]m9ate ) a vague phrase invok+ a bless+ on ! scribe1 su* z ?is1 f a ,bible 9 ! ,bodleian 7,no4 #ej71 ,qui scripsit hunc librum ,fiat collectum 9 p>adisum4 ,or ?is1 :i* occurs 9 sev]al manuscripts1 ,qui scripsit scribat1 ,semp] cum ,deo vivat4 ,own]'s "n4 ,9 ano!r manuscript ,vulgate 9 ! ,bodleian 7,no4 #ge71 ! own] ( ! book1 :o 0 nam$ ,g]>dus1 has record$ ! fact 9 ?is fanciful way1-- ,ge ponatur et r> simul associatur ,et dus r$datur cui p]t9et ita vocatur4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,b9d+s ,,( ,,manuscripts4 ,co/ly b9d+s4 ,= ! m magnific5t classes ( manuscripts1 su* z ! ,textus 7,gospels7 us$ z alt> ornam5ts1 e co/ly & elaborate arti/ic process 0 employ$4 ,9 addition to ! sumptu\s gold & jewell$ cov]s m5tion$ above at page #ee1 manuscripts 7 b\nd 9 plates ( c>v$ ivory set 9 gold frames1 9 plaques ( ,limoges enamel1 especially ! *amlev enamels ) ! heads ( ! figures atta*$ 9 relief1 su* z 7 produc$ ) great skill at ,limoges dur+ ! elev5? to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,"s ,evangeli>ia 7 b\nd 9 cov]s made ( ! anci5t ,roman or ,byzant9e ivory dipty*s1 a cu/om to :i* we owe ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ important exi/+ examples ( ^!4#bid ,su* co/ly me?ods ( b9d+ 7 ( c\rse exceptional1 & mo/ manuscripts 7 cov]$ 9 a mu* simpl] mann]4 ,common b9d+s4 ,! commone/ =m ( b9d+ 0 to make ! cov]s ( /\t oak bo>ds1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) p>*m5t1 calf-sk91 pig-sk9 or "s o!r lea!r4 ,five brass or bronze bosses 7 fix$ on ea* cov]1 arrang$ ?us 33 & two or f\r /\t clasps made ( lea!r /raps ) brass cat*es 7 firmly nail$ on to ! oak4 ,! angles ( ! cov]s 7 (t5 /r5g!n$ by brass or latt5 corn]pieces1 & 9 "s cases metal edg+s 7 nail$ all along ! edges ( ! oak1 mak+ a v /rong1 massive & heavy volume4 ,l>ge pieces ( rock cry/al1 ame?y/ or o!r common gem 7 frequ5tly set 9 ! five bosses ( ! cov]s4 ,^! 7 always cut 9 r\nd$ =m en cabo*on1 n facet$ z is ! mod]n cu/om4 ,! small am\nt ( decoration1 :i* 0 usually employ$ on e>ly b9d+s1 0 (t5 limit$ to tool$ l9es jo9+ ! five bosses on ! cov]s#bie4 ,titles ( ,,mss4 ,if ! title ( ! manuscript 0 plac$ on ! b9d+1 a n v common practice1 x 0 usually writt5 on ! upp] "p ( "o ( ! cov]s4 ,9 "s cases ! title 0 writt5 on a sep>ate slip ( vellum & 0 protect$ by a transp>5t slice ( horn1 fix$ ) little brass nails4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! usual sy/em z long z books 7 kept 9 c(f]s or arm>ia2 b :5 op5 book%elves ) *a9$ books came into use1 ab\t ! "t :5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$1 ! title ( a book 0 usually writt5 on ! front edges ( ! leaves4 ,at t "t books 7 set on ! %elves 9 ! opposite way to t n[ us$1 s t1 n ! back1 b ! edge ( ! volume 0 visible4 ,pa9t$ edges4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? & ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! front edges ( pr9t$ books & manuscripts 7 sometimes decorat$ ) pa9t$ illum9ation1 usually a portrait figure ( ! au?or ( ! "w or "s object illu/rat+ its subject#bif4 ,! p>*m5t :i* 0 us$ to cov] ! oak b9d+s ( manuscripts 0 (t5 col\r$ by /a9+ or pa9t+2 r$ & purple be+ ! fav\rite col\rs4 ,*auc]1 9 ! ,prologue to ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 describ+ ! ,cl]ke ( ,ox5=d says1 ,= him 0 lev] h at 8 b$des he$1 ,tw5ty bookes1 clo!d 9 blak & re$ ,( ,ari/otil & ( 8 philosophie ,!n robes ri*e or fi?ul or sawtrie4 ,pa9t$ b9d+s4 ,9 "s cases ! oak cov]s ( manuscripts 7 n hidd5 by lea!r1 b 7 decorat$ by elaborate pa9t+s4 ,a v int]e/+ s]ies ( folio acc\nt-books ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,op]a del ,duomo1 are specially rem>kable = _! pictur$ b9d+s4 ,^! manuscripts date f ab\t #achj to #adaj1 "o volume be+ devot$ to ! exp5ses & records ( ea* ye>4 ,on "o ( ! cov]s ( ea* is a l>ge pa9t+ on ! oak1 frequ5tly ( a view ( "s "p ( ,si5a or ( ! int]ior ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,v int]e/+ evid5ce ) reg>d to ! old fitt+s ( ! high alt>1 ) ,duccio di ,buon9segna's great retable1 & ! orig9al position ( ! magnific5t pulpit are giv5 by "s ( ^! pictur$ cov]s4 ,"o volume ( ?is ,si5ese s]ies is n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,/amp$ lea!r4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury b9d+s ( books began to be decorat$ by /amp+ patt]ns ) dies or pun*es on ! vellum or pigsk9 cov]+ ( ! oak bo>d2 a me?od ( decoration :i* 0 greatly elaborat$ & develop$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 especially by ! ,g]man & ,dut* bookb9d]s4 ,! e>li] /amp$ designs 7 ( a mu* simpl] "*1 usually consi/+ ( p[d]+s all ov] ! surface ( ! cov]1 ) small fl[]s or animals1 su* z lions1 eagles1 swans & dragons ( h]aldic "*4 ,9 _m cases ^! pun*es1 or at lea/ _! designs1 cont9u$ 9 use = a long "t1 & s "o occasionally meets ) a fifte5? c5tury book1 ! b9d+ ( :i* is decorat$ ) /amps ( f\rte5? or ev5 ?irte5? c5tury /yle4 ,/amp$ b9d+s4 ,! lat] class ( /amp$ b9d+s1 belong+ r to pr9t$ books ?an to manuscripts1 is (t5 v beautiful & decorative 9 "*1 ! :ole surface ( ! cov] be+ completely emboss$ 9 relief by ! skilful application ( a great numb] ( pun*es us$ 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 s z to =m "o l>ge & p]fectly unit$ design4 ,9 ^! lat] times1 f ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! t5d5cy 0 to cut l>g] designs on "o pun* or die2 & ! lea!r or p>*m5t 0 s(t5$ by boil+ s t a l>ge surface c\ld be emboss$ at "o op]ation4 ,?is process 0 mu* aid$ by ! inv5tion ( ! screw-press1 :i* enabl$ ! workman to apply a /eady & long-cont9u$ pressure4 ,b 9 ! old] /amp$ b9d+s1 z a rule1 small pun*es 7 us$1 & ! =ce 0 simply appli$ by ! bl[ ( a hamm]#big4 ,engli% b9d+s4 ,9 ,engl& v f9e /amp$ b9d+s ( ?is class 7 made ev5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,&1 j z 9 e>li] times ! op]ations ( ! b9d] & ! manuscript illum9ator _h be5 c>ri$ on by ! same man1 or at lea/ 9 ! same work%op1 s we f9d t "s ( ! e>lie/ ,engli% pr9t]s1 su* z ,julian ,not>y1 7 also skilful b9d]s ( _! own pr9t$ books4 ,! v f9e /amp$ b9d+s ( ,julian ,not>y & o!r ,engli% craftsm5 are commonly decorat$ on "o side ) ! ,tudor arms & badges support$ by angels1 & on ! o!r side ) a pictorial sc5e ( ! ,annunciation ( ! ,b4 ,v4 ,m>y ) ,i4 ,n4 or o!r mak]'s initials4 ,wallet b9d+s4 ,return+ n[ to ! e>li] b9d+s ( manuscripts1 we %\ld m5tion "o sy/em :i* 0 frequ5tly appli$ to ,books ( ,h\rs1 ,brevi>ies 7porti=ia71 & o!r portable books4 ,?is sy/em 0 to ext5d ! lea!r cov]+ f> beyond ! edges ( ! wood5 bo>ds1 :i* =m$ ! ma9 cov]s ( ! manuscripts1 s t ! book1 edges & all 7 protect$1 v mu* z if x 7 kept 9 a bag4 ,9 fact ?is sort ( b9d+ really 0 a lea!r bag to ! inside ( :i* ! book 0 atta*$4 ,! m\? ( ! bag 0 clos$ by a runn+ ?ong1 a loop or "s o!r fa/5+1 & ! book 0 ?us c>ri$ ab\t1 hung f its own]'s girdle#bih4 ,9 b9d+s ( ?is class ! lea!r cov]+ 0 frequ5tly dress$ ) ! hair on4 ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college at ,ox=d possesses a v well-pres]v$ example ( ?is1 a manuscript ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 a contempor>y bag-cov]+ made ( de]'s sk91 ) its s(t br[n fur 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,velvet4 ,b9d+s ( r$ or violet velvet 7 also frequ5tly us$ = manuscripts4 ,pla9 r$ velvet1 ) elaborate clasps & corn]-pieces ( *as$ gold or silv]1 0 p]haps ! mo/ usual =m ( b9d+ = co/ly manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,f9e gems1 especially ! c>buncle & turquoise1 7 set 9 ! gold m\nts ( "s ( ^! pr9cely books4 ,dy$ vellum4 ,vellum dy$ ) ! murex 0 us$ to cov] ! oak bo>ds ( manuscripts at a "t :5 purple-/a9$ vellum 0 no long] us$ = ! pages ( manuscripts4 ,a f9e gre5 dye & o!r col\rs 7 also us$ = vellum b9d+s4 ,! ,vatican records ( books borr[$ 7& return$7 usually m5tion h[ ea* volume 0 b\nd4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ^! records1 dat+ f ! ,pontificate ( ,leo ,x4 7#aeac to #aebb7 ! commone/ descriptions ( b9d+s are 9 tabulis1 9 rubio1 9 albo1 9 nigro1 & 9 gilbo1 indicat+ ! col\r ( ! sk9 or velvet 9 :i* ! manuscript 0 b\nd4 ,lat] b9d+s4 ,gold m\nts4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 private luxury & pomp 7 tak+ ! place ( ! e>li] religi\s feel+s & beliefs :i* _h s greatly fo/]$ ! decorative arts1 b9d+s z co/ly z ^? ( ! ,alt>-textus ( ! great ,ca!dral & ,abbey *ur*es 7 aga9 made at ! comm& ( weal?y patrons4 ,?us1 = example1 ,c>d9al ,grimani _h 8 fam\s ,brevi>y#bii b\nd 9 crimson velvet1 ! great] "p ( :i* is conceal$ by ! mo/ elaborate m\nts1 clasps1 corn]-pieces & bord]s ( solid gold1 ( ! mo/ exquisite workman%ip1 decorat$ ) a m$allion portrait head ( ! ,c>d9al himself4 ,s also ! v simil> ,horae ( ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg#cjj is decorat$ ) clasps & o!r m\nts ( pure gold2 & an imm5se numb] ( o!r sumptu\s b9d+s1 ri* ) emboss$ & *as$ gold1 /udd$ ) preci\s gems1 7 made to en%r9e ! co/ly manuscripts ( ,giulio ,clovio & o!r fam\s m9iaturi/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,b9d+s ( ne$lework4 ,at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury or r e>li]1 ! cu/om became popul> ( hav+ ,horae & o!r manuscripts own$ by weal?y secul> p]sonages b\nd 9 velvet1 ri*ly decorat$ ) embroid]y 9 gold & silv] ?read & silk mix$ ) a great numb] ( se$ pe>ls4 ,! arms1 badges & initials ( ! own] are ! commone/ designs = ^! embroid]ies4 ,"s ( ! ,g]man examples ( ?is class ( b9d+ are especially elaborate & magnific5t2 b on ! :ole ?is me?od ( decoration is n at all suit$ = cov]+ books4 ,works on b9d+s4 ,) reg>d to books on ! subject ( e>ly b9d+s2 x is mu* to be regrett$ t exi/+ works1 ( :i* !re are a great _m1 especially 9 ,fr5*1 all beg9 j ab\t ! p]iod :5 b9d+s ( ! greate/ int]e/ & ! true/ arti/ic value 7 no long] made4 ,pl5ty has be5 writt5 ab\t ! co/ly b9d+s 9 :i* ,groli]1 ,maioli1 & o!r weal?y book-buy]s _h _! pur*ases encas$1 b no "w exi/s on ! b9d+s ( ! m$iaeval p]iod1 :51 frequ5tly1 ! cov]s ( a manuscript 7 z mu* a lab\r ( love z ! illum9at$ pages )94 ,! sixte5? c5tury b9d]s1 :o work$ = ,groli] & o!r ri* patrons ( art1 liv$ at ! v]ge ( a comm]cial epo*1 & ?\gh _! works are (t5 v pretty & te*nically ( high m]it1 yet !y _c be comp>$1 z true works ( art1 ) ! b9d+s ( ! p]iod be=e pr9t+ 0 inv5t$4 ,small co/ ( ,,mss4 ,! pres5t value ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,on ! :ole a f9e manuscript may be reg>d$ z ab\t ! *eape/ "w ( art ( bygone days t c n[ be pur*as$ by an appreciative collector4 ,_m ( ! f9e/ & mo/ p]fectly pres]v$ manuscripts :i* n[ come into ! m>ket are actually sold = small] sums ?an !y w\ld h co/ :5 !y 7 new1 9 spite ( ! great additional value & int]e/ :i* !y h ga9$ f _! antiquity & comp>ative r>ity4 ,= example1 a beautiful & p]fectly pres]v$ hi/oriat$ ,anglo-,norman ,vulgate ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) its full numb] ( eighty-two pictur$ initials1 writt5 on betwe5 six & sev5 hundr$ leaves ( ! f9e/ ut]9e vellum1 c n[ commonly be pur*as$ = f #cj to #dj4 ,?is h>dly repres5ts ! orig9al value ( ! vellum on :i* ! manuscript is writt54 ,manuscripts ( a simpl] "*1 h[ev] beautifully writt51 if !y are m]ely decorat$ ) blue & r$ initials1 commonly sell = consid]ably less ?an ! orig9al co/ ( _! vellum#cja4 ,aga91 ! m co/ly manuscripts ( f9e /yle1 :i* n[ fet* sev]al hundr$ p\nds1 usually conta9 a weal? ( pictorial decoration & labori\s execution f> 9 excess ( t :i* c\ld be pur*as$ = a simil> sum 9 any o!r bran* ( art4 ,want ( ta/e4 ,ano!r noticeable po9t is t ! mod]n pecuni>y values ( manuscripts1 ev5 ^? :i* are b\ght only z works ( art1 are by no means 9 proportion to _! real arti/ic m]its4 ,manuscripts ( ! f9e/ p]iod ( ! illum9ator's art1 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 are n[ sold = v mu* small] sums ?an ! immeasurably inf]ior b m %[y & ov]-elaborat$ manuscripts ( ! p]iod ( decad5ce 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,mod]n want ( ta/e4 ,a melan*oly example ( ! exi/+ want ( ta/e & lack ( appreciation ( :at is beautiful 9 art is af=d$ by ! fact t su* a ?+ z a manuscript sign$ & illum9at$ by ,giulio ,clovio w\ld fet* a f> l>g] sum ?an s p]fect a ma/]piece ( poetic art z a f9e example ( a f\rte5? c5tury ,anglo-,norman ,apocalypse4 ,s also ! late & inf]ior ,horae ( ab\t #adhj to #aeaj (t5 sell = mu* high] prices ?an simpl] b f> m beautiful manuscripts ( e>li] date4 ,( c\rse ,i am "h speak+ ( ! values ( manuscripts reg>d$ simply z works ( art1 n ( ^? :i* are ma9ly ( importance f ! int]e/ ( _! text4 ,! result ( ?is is t a collector ) "s real k & appreciation ( :at is arti/ically f9e c p]haps lay out 8 money to great] advantage 9 ! pur*ase ( manuscripts ?an by buy+ works ( art ( any o!r class1 ei!r m$iaeval or mod]n4 ,,app5dix4 ,mr ,j5k9son1 ! ,libr>ian ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 has k9dly suppli$ me ) ! foll[+ int]e/+ extracts1 f a manuscript ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ! ,p>i% ,libr>y ( ,/ ,james' at ,bury ,/ ,edmunds 7,m #bg ,b #ceg7cjb1 :i* gives in/ructions to scribes & illum9ators ( manuscripts z to ! v>i\s tools !y are to use4 ,scriptor habeat rasorium siue n\aculam ad rad5dum sordes p]gam5i vel membrane4 ,habeat etiam pumicem mordacem et planulam ad pact&um 787 et equ&um sup]ficiem p]gam5i4 ,plumbum habeat et l9ulam quibus l9iet p]gam5um1 m>g9e circumquaque tam ex p>te t]gi quam ex p>te c>nis exi/5te lib]a444444 ,scriptor autem 9 ca!dra resideat ansis utrimque eleuatis pluteum siue ait'em 787 su/95tibus1 scabello apte p$ibus posito4 ,scriptor habeat epicau/orium4i4ass]em c5tone cop]tum4 ,arcanum habeat quo p5nam =met ut habilis sit et ydonea ad scrib5dum444444 ,habeat d5tem canis 787 sive apri ad polli&um p]gam5um444444 ,et spectaculum habeat ne ob errorem moram dissp5diosam 7874 ,habeat prunas 9 epicau/]io ut cicius 9 tempore nebuloso vel aquoso desic>i possit444444 ,et habeat etiam m9eum ad =m&as lit]as puniceas1 vel rubeas1 vel f5iceas et capitales4 ,habeat etiam fuscum pulv]em2 et azuram a ,salamone rep]tam#cjc4 ,translation4 ,! scribe %\ld h a %>p scrap] or knife to rub d[n ! r\ghnesses ( 8 p>*m5t or vellum4 ,he %\ld also h a piece ( 'bit+' pumice-/one & a flat tool to smoo? d[n & make ev5 ! surface ( 8 p>*m5t4 ,he %\ld h a lead p5cil & a rul] ) :i* to rule l9es on ! p>*m5t1 leav+ a m>g9 free 7f l9es7 on bo? sides ( ! p>*m5t1 on ! back ( ! leaf z well z on ! fle% side4444 ,! scribe %\ld sit 9 an arm *air1 ) arms rais$ on ea* side to support a desk or 82 a foot/ool %\ld be conv5i5tly plac$ "u 8 feet4 ,! scribe %\ld h an epicau/orium#cjd cov]$ ) lea!r2 he %\ld h an arcanum 7p5-knife 87 ) :i* to %ape 8 p51 s t x may be well =m$ & suitable = writ+4444 ,he %\ld h ! too? ( a dog 787 or ( a wild bo> = ! poli%+ ( 8 p>*m5t4444 ,& he %\ld h spectacles le/ tr\blesome delay be caus$ ?r\gh blund]s4 ,he %\ld h hot coals 9 a brazi] s t 8 ink may dry quickly ev5 9 cl\dy or ra9y wea!r4444 ,he %\ld also h m9eum 7m9ium7 = ! pa9t+ ( r$1 crimson or purple lett]s & initials4 ,he %\ld also h a d>k p[d] 7pigm5t71 & ! azure :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,solomon4 ,! foll[+ excell5t description ( ! *ief k9ds ( ,s]vice-books :i* 7 us$ dur+ ! lat] m$ival p]iod 0 orig9ally writt5 9 #ahha by ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>ian1 = ,! ,*ronicles ( ,all ,sa9ts' ,*ur*1 ,d]by1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,cox & ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,/ ,john ,hope4 ,x is by ! k9d p]mission ( ,mr ,cox & ,mr ,hope t ,i am able to repr9t ,mr ,brad%aw's valuable note1 :i*1 ) admirable cle>ness & concis5ess1 expla9s ! "* ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal classes ( ,s]vice-books us$ 9 ,engli% ,*ur*es & ! mann] 9 :i* ^! books became diff]5tiat$ & multipli$ d[n to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,,note ,,by ,,h5ry ,,brad%aw4 ,! ,h\rs4 ,9 ! old ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ! ,s]vices 7 ei!r-- #a4 ,= ! diff]5t h\rs 7,matt9s1 ,lauds1 ,prime1 ,t]ce1 ,sext1 ,none1 ,vesp]s1 & ,compl9e71 said 9 ! ,*oir1 #b4 ,= ,processions1 9 ! ,*ur* or ,*ur*y>d1 #c4 ,= ! ,mass1 said at ! ,alt>1 or #d4 ,= occasions1 su* z ,m>riage1 ,visitation ( ! ,sick1 ,burial1 c41 said z occasion requir$4 ,( ^! f\r all h _! c\nt]p>ts1 m or less1 9 ! ,engli% ,s]vice ( mod]n times1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ,h\r-,s]vices1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal 7 ,matt9s & ,vesp]s1 correspond to our ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,pray]4 ,processions4 #b4 ,! ,procession ,s]vices correspond to our ,hymns or ,an!ms sung be=e ! ,litany :i* prec$es ! ,communion ,s]vice 9 ! morn+1 & aft] ! ?ird ,collect 9 ! ev5+1 only no long] sung 9 ! c\rse ( procession to ! ,*ur*y>d ,cross or a subord9ate ,alt> 9 ! ,*ur*2 ! only relic 79 common use7 ( ! actual ,procession be+ t us$ on su* occasions z ! ,consecration ( a ,*ur*1 c4 #c4 ,! ,mass answ]s to our ,communion ,s]vice4 ,occasional ,s]vices4 #d4 ,! ,occasional ,s]vices are ei!r ^? us$ by a ,prie/1 su* z ,baptism1 ,m>riage1 ,visitation & ,communion ( ! ,sick1 ,burial ( ! ,dead1 c41 or ^? res]v$ = a ,bi%op1 z ,confirmation1 ,ord9ation1 ,consecration ( ,*ur*es1 c4 ,all ^! ,s]vices b ! la/ m5tion$ are conta9$ 9 our ,pray]-book ) all _! details1 except ! lessons at ,matt9s & ,ev5song1 :i* are read f ! ,bible1 & ! ,hymns & ,an!ms1 :i* are1 s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 at ! discretion ( ! au?orities4 ,?is conc5tration or compression ( ! ,s]vices into "o book is ! natural result ( "t1 & ! fur!r we g back ! m num]\s are ! books :i* our old inv5tories %[4 ,to take ! f\r classes ( ,s]vices & ,s]vice-books m5tion$ above3 ,! ,brevi>y4 #a4 ,! ,h\r-,s]vices 7 latt]ly conta9$1 s f> z ! text 0 conc]n$1 9 ! ,brevi>ium1 or ,porti=ium1 z x 0 call$ by pref]5ce 9 ,engl&#cje4 ,! musical portions ( ?is book 7 conta9$ 9 ! ,antiphon>ium4 ,b ! ,brevi>y itself 0 ! result ( a gradual amalgamation ( _m diff]5t books3 ,! ,brevi>y4 7a7 ,! ,antiphon>ium1 prop]ly s call$1 conta9+ ! ,an!ms 7,antiphonae7 to ! ,psalms1 ! ,responds 7,responsoria7 to ! ,lessons 7,lectiones71 & ! o!r odds & ends ( ,v]ses & ,responds 7,v]siculi et ,responsoria7 ?r\gh\t ! ,s]vice2 7b7 ,! ,psalt]ium1 conta9+ ! ,psalms arrang$ z us$ at ! diff]5t ,h\rs1 toge!r ) ! ,litany z us$ on occasions2 7c7 ,! ,hymn>ium1 or collection ( ,hymns us$ 9 ! diff]5t ,h\r-,s]vices2 7d7 ,! leg5da1 conta9+ ! long ,lessons us$ at ,matt9s1 z well f ! ,bible1 f ! ,s]mologus1 & f ! ,homili>ius1 us$ respectively at ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird ,nocturns at ,matt9s on ,sundays & "s o!r days1 z also f ! ,passionale1 conta9+ ! acts ( ,sa9ts read on _! fe/ivals2 & 7e7 ,! ,collect>ium1 conta9+ ! ,capitula1 or %ort ,lessons us$ at all ! ,h\r-s]vices except ,matt9s1 & ! ,collect or ,orationes us$ at ! same4 ,procession ,s]vices4 #b4 ,! ,procession ,s]vices 7 conta9$ 9 ! ,processionale or ,procession>ium4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,rubric 9 our ,pray]-,book conc]n+ ! ,an!m 7,9 ,quires & places :]e !y s+1 "h foll[e? ! ,an!m7 is indicative r ?an imp]ative1 & t x 0 fir/ add$ 9 #affb4 ,x /ates a fact2 &1 no d\bt1 :5 processions 7 aboli%$1 ) ! alt>s to :i* !y 7 made1 ,ca!dral ,*oirs w\ld h f\nd !mselves 9 consid]able dang] ( be+ swept away also1 _h !y n made a /&1 & be5 cont5t to s+ ! ,processional ,an!m )\t mov+ f _! position 9 ! ,*oir4 ,?is alone suffic$ to c>ry on ! tradition2 & look$ ^u 9 ?is way ! mod]n ,an!m ,book ( our ,ca!dral & ,collegiate ,*ur*es1 & ! ,hymn ,book ( our p>i% ,*ur*es1 are ! only legitimate successors ( ! old ,processionale4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 also1 t ! ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,an!ms 9 our ,pray]-,book d n correspond to "o ano!r s closely z might at fir/ sight appe> to be ! case4 ,! ,morn+ ,an!m comes imm$iately be=e ! ,litany :i* prec$es ! ,communion ,s]vice1 & corresponds to ! ,processional ,an!m or ,respond sung at ! *ur*y>d procession be=e ,mass4 ,! ,ev5+ ,an!m1 on ! o!r h&1 foll[s ! ?ird ,collect1 & corresponds to ! ,processional ,an!m or ,respond sung eundo et r$eundo1 9 go+ to1 & return+ f1 "s subord9ate alt> 9 ! *ur* at ! close ( ,vesp]s4 ,! ,mass4 #c4 ,! ,mass1 :i* we call ! ,communion ,s]vice1 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,missale1 s f> z ! text 0 conc]n$4 ,! ,epi/les & ,gospels1 be+ read at sep>ate lect]ns1 w\ld (t5 be writt5 9 sep>ate books1 call$ ,epi/ol>ia & ,evangeli>ia4 ,! musical portions ( ! ,alt> ,s]vice 7 latt]ly all conta9$ 9 ! ,graduale or ,grayle1 s call$ f "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts be+ ! ,responsorium ,graduale or ,respond to ! ,lectio ,epi/olae4 ,9 e>li] times1 ^! musical portions ( ! ,missal ,s]vice 7 commonly conta9$ 9 two sep>ate books1 ! ,graduale & ! ,trop>ium4 ,! ,graduale1 be+ 9 fact ! ,antiphon>ium ( ! ,alt> ,s]vice 7z inde$ x 0 call$ 9 ! e>lie/ times71 conta9$ all ! passages ( ,scripture1 v>y+ accord+ to ! season & day1 :i* s]v$ z ,introits 7,antiphonae et ,psalmi ad ,introitum7 be=e ! ,collects1 z ,gradual ,responds or ,graduals to ! ,epi/le1 z ,alleluia v]sicles be=e ! ,gospel1 z ,(f]toria at ! "t ( ! fir/ oblation1 & z ,communiones at ! "t ( ! reception ( ! consecrat$ elem5ts4 ,! ,trop>ium conta9$ ! ,tropi1 or prelim9>y tags to ! ,introits2 ! ,kyries2 ! ,gloria 9 excelsis2 ! ,sequ5ces or ,prosae ad ,sequ5tiam be=e ! ,gospel2 ! ,cr$o 9 unum2 ! ,sanctus & ,b5$ictus2 & ! ,agnus ,dei2 all1 9 e>ly times1 liable to h ins]tions or f>sur ( _! own1 accord+ to ! season or day1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 almo/ :olly swept away 7except ^? ( ! ,kyrie7 by ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 9 ,lyndewode's "t 7,a4,d4 #adcc71 ! ,trop>ium 0 expla9$ to be a book conta9+ m]ely ! ,sequ5ces be=e ! ,gospel at ,mass1 s completely _h ! o!r elem5ts !n disappe>$ or become incorporat$ 9 ! ,graduale4 ,?is def9ition ( ! ,trop>ium is ! m necess>y1 because s _m old *ur* inv5tories yet rema91 :i* conta9 books1 ev5 at ! "t ( writ+ ! inv5tory long s9ce disus$1 s t ! li/s w\ld be un9telligible )\t "s su* explanation4 ,occasional ,s]vices4 #d4 ,! ,occasional ,s]vices1 s f> z !y conc]n$ a prie/1 7 ( c\rse m num]\s 9 old days ?an n[1 & includ$ ! c]emonies = ,c&lemas1 ,a% ,w$nesday1 ,palm ,sunday1 c41 besides :at 7 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,sacram5tal ,s]vices4 ,! book :i* conta9$ ^! 0 9 ,engl& call$ ! ,manuale1 :ile on ! ,cont95t ! "n ,rituale is m common4 ,no *ur* c\ld well be )\t "o ( ^!4 ,! purely episcopal (fices 7 conta9$ 9 ! ,lib] pontificalis or ,pontifical1 = :i* an ord9>y *ur* w\ld h no ne$4 ,! ,ord9ale4 #e4 ,besides ^! books ( actual ,s]vices !re 0 ano!r1 absolutely necess>y = ! "r und]/&+ & def9ite use ( ^? already m5tion$4 ,?is 0 ! ,ord9ale1 or book conta9+ ! g5]al rules relat+ to ! ,ordo div9i s]vitii4 ,x is ! ,ord9>ius or ,brevi>ius ( _m ,cont95tal *ur*es4 ,its me?od 0 to g ?r\gh ! ye> & %[ :at 0 to be done2 :at days 7 to take prec$5ce ( o!rs2 & h[1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! details ( ! conflict+ ,s]vices 7 to be dealt )4 ,! basis ( su* a book w\ld be ei!r ! well-kn[n ,s>um ,consuetud9>ium1 call$ aft] ,/4 ,osmund1 b really drawn up 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,l9coln ,consuetud9>ium belong+ to ! middle ( ! same c5tury1 or o!r su* book4 ,by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,clem5t ,mayde/on's ,directorium ,sac]dotum1 or ,prie/s' ,guide1 _h sup]s$$ all su* books1 & came itself to be call$ ! ,s>um ,ord9ale1 until1 ab\t #aejh1 ! %ort] ,ord9al1 "u ! "n ( ,pica ,s>um1 ! rules call$ ! ,pie1 hav+ be5 cut up & re-di/ribut$ accord+ to ! seasons1 came to be incorporat$ 9 ! text ( all ! editions ( ! ,s>um ,brevi>y4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,cambridge1 ,m>* #ag1 #ahha4 ,mr ,mickle?waite has k9dly po9t$ out to me ! foll[+ passage f ! ,ci/]cian ,consuetud9es 7,guign>d1 ,docum5ts 9dits1 ,dijon1 #ahgh1 p4 #agd71 cap4 ,,lxxii1 ,nullus +r$iatur coqu9am excepto cantore et scriptoribus ad plan&am tabulam1 ad liquefaci5dum incau/um1 ad exsicc&um p]gam5um4444 ,t is1 ! kit*5 fire might be us$ = melt+ ! wax on ! tablets1 s t a fre% li/ ( names c\ld be writt5 7see above1 p4 #h71 = liquefy+ froz5 ink1 & = dry+ ! vellum sk9s ready = writ+ on4 ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,& ,,sons1 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,"s ,,publications ,,( ,! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press4 ,,! ,,engrav$ ,,gems ,,( ,,classical ,,times1 ) a ,catalogue ( ! ,gems 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 by ,j4 ,,h5ry ,,middleton1 ,m4,a41 ,slade ,pr(essor ( ,f9e ,art1 & ,director ( ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,royal #hvo4 ,buckram1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,lewis ,,collection ,,( ,,gems ,,& ,,r+s 9 ! possession ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 ) an ,introductory ,essay on ,anci5t ,gems by ,j4 ,,h5ry ,,middleton1 ,m4,a4 ,royal #hvo4 ,buckram1 #fs4 ,,! ,,types ,,( ,,greek ,,co9s4 ,by ,,p]cy ,,g>dn]1 ,litt4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) #af ,autotype plates1 conta9+ photographs ( ,co9s ( all p>ts ( ! ,greek ,_w4 ,impl4 #dto4 ,clo? extra1 #a4 #aas4 #f;d42 ,roxburgh 7,morocco back71 #b4 #bs4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pheidias4 ,by ,c4 ,,wald/e91 ,litt4 ,d41 ,read] 9 ,classical ,ar*ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,royal #hvo4 #af ,plates4 ,buckram1 #cjs4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,,anci5t ,,m>bles ,,9 ,,great ,,brita91 by ,pr(4 ,,adolf ,,mi*aelis4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,f5nell1 ,litt4 ,d4 ,royal #hvo4 ,roxburgh 7,morocco back71 #b4 #bs4 ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,rema9s ,,( ,,albre*t ,d,,r]1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,,conway4 ,) ,transcripts f ! ,briti% ,museum ,,mss41 & ,notes by ,,l9a ,,eck5/e94 ,royal #hvo4 ,buckram1 #bas4 7,! ,edition is limit$ to #ejj copies47 ,,! ,,woodcutt]s ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 #c p>ts4 ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,woodcutt]s4 ,,ii4 ,catalogue ( _! ,woodcuts4 ,,iii4 ,li/ ( ,books conta9+ ,woodcuts4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,conway4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,london3 ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,w>eh\se1 ,,ave ,,m>ia ,,lane4 ,,notes4 #a ,see pages #ig & #aac4 #b ,see ,j\r4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aab4 #c ,x 0 n till q a late p]iod t ! ^w ,greek3 biblos 0 us$ to mean ano!r =m ( book ?an ! roll4 ,! ^w ,greek3 sanis is also us$ = a tablet2 see p4 #cj4 #d ,a f9e set ( five tablets is pres]v$ 9 ! co9 room 9 ! ,p>is ,biblio?que ,nationale2 see ,revue ,ar*ol4 ,,viii4 p4 #dfa4 #e ,a well-pres]v$ example ( ,roman pugill>es =m$ ( two leaves ( ivory1 n[ 9 ! ,capitol9e museum 9 ,rome1 is illu/rat$ by ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml]1 ,i4 p4 #cee4 #f ,lucian1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 m5tions 7,vita ,luc4 ,,ii47 t :5 he 0 a boy he 0 9 ! habit ( scrap+ ! wax (f 8 writ+-tablets & us+ x to model little figures ( m5 & animals4 ,probably he 0 n ! only ,roman s*ool-boy :o amus$ himself 9 ?is way4 #g ,*>coal or crayon-hold]s ( bronze ) a spr+ clip & slid+ r+1 exactly l ^? n[ us$1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,pompeii4 ,^! & o!r writ+ mat]ials are illu/rat$ by ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml]1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aehe4 #h ,an ,a!nian inscription 7,c4 ,i4 ,a4 ,i4 #cb7 m5tions acc\nts & o!r docum5ts writt5 on ,greek3 p9akia kai grammateia4 #i ,see1 = example1 a relief on ! s>cophagus ( a scriba libr>ius or libr>y curator :i* is illu/rat$ by ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict4 ,ant4 ,i4 p4 #gjh4 ,! scribe is repres5t$ seat$ by 8 book-case arm>ium1 on ! %elves ( :i* bo? volum9a & codices are %[n4 #aj ,! anci5t me?od ( manufactur+ papyrus pap] is describ$ bel[1 see page #bb4 #aa ,"s v int]e/+ fragm5ts ( ! ,antiope ( ,euripides h be5 br\ght to ,engl& by ,mr ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 & h be5 edit$ by ,dr ,mahaffy 9 a collection entitl$ ,! ,fl9d]s ,petrie ,papyri1 ,dubl91 #ahib4 #ab ,! book-m>ket 9 ,a!ns 0 call$ ,greek3 ta biblia1 i4e4 ,greek3 h\ ta biblia nia2 see ,pollux ,,ix4 #dg4 ,lucian1 9 8 treatise ,adv]sus ,indoctum1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,greek book-buy]s & book-sell]s 9 8 "t2 see #a & #d4 #ac ,! end ( ! ,argiletum is %[n 9 ! plan ( ! ,=um ,romanum 9 ,middleton1 ,anci5t ,rome1 #ahib1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ad ,"o reason ( ?is 0 t ev5 ! mo/ popul> au?ors did n receive l>ge sums = ! copyright ( _! works4 #ae ,a good deal ( :at is said 9 ?is section ) reg>d to ! te*nique ( classical manuscripts w apply also to manuscripts ( ! m$iaeval p]iod4 ,_m ( ! processes _h be5 inh]it$ 9 an unbrok5 tradition f anci5t times1 & o!rs 7 reviv$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?r\gh a /udy ( v>i\s classical writ]s on pigm5ts & ! l1 especially ,pl9y & ,vitruvius4 #af ,! words p>*m5t & vellum are us$ vaguely to imply _m diff]5t k9ds ( sk9s4 ,/rictly speak+ vellum implies calf-sk91 b ! ^w is commonly us$ to d5ote ! f9] & smoo!r qualities ( sk92 ! "n p>*m5t be+ giv5 to ! co>se v>ieties2 see ,peignot1 ,l'hi/oire du p>*em91 ,p>is1 #ahab4 #ag ,9 "s cases ! pap] 0 siz$1 be=e ! f9al smoo?+2 b z a rule suffici5t size 0 suppli$ by ! fl\r us$ to pa/e ! lay]s toge!r4 #ah ,"s ( ! enorm\s ranges ( /ore-h\ses = goods import$ into ,rome & l&$ on ! ,tib] quay 7 specially devot$ to ! use ( pap] w>eh\ses1 horrea *>t>ia2 ext5sive rema9s ( ^! h rec5tly be5 discov]$ ne> ,monte ,te/accio2 see ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 #ahib1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bfj-bfb4 #ai ,n[ 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum4 #bj ,a silv] p5 0 f\nd by ,dr ,wald/e9 9 #ahia 9 ! tomb ( ! ,ari/otle family at ,*alcis4 #ba ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no etymological connection betwe5 ! words m9iature & m9ute2 ! latt] be+ d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 m9utus1 m9us4 #bb ,fur!r details ) reg>d to ^! pigm5ts are giv5 bel[1 see pages #bci to #bdi4 #bc ,reproductions ( ^! m9iatures 7 publi%$ by ,c>d9al ,mai1 ,picturae antiquissimae bellum ,iliacum repraes5tantes1 ,milan1 #ahai4 ,f> m accurate copies ( "s ( ! m9iatures1 b )\t col\r1 are giv5 by ,palaeo4 ,soc41 ,plates #ci1 #dj1 #ej & #ea4 #bd ,"s fairly accurate reproductions ( ^! m9iatures 7 publi%$ by ,b>toli1 ,antiquissimi ,virgiliani ,codicis fragm5ta ,bibl4 ,vat41 ,roma1 #agda & #aghb4 ,examples f ?is & two o!r anci5t b un-illum9at$ codices ( ,virgil 9 ! ,vatican libr>y are giv5 by ! ,palaeo4 ,soc41 ,plates #aac to #aag4 #be ,! *ief ( ^! pa9t+s 7 cut (f ! walls ( ! villa1 & are n[ plac$ 9 ! ,museo delle ,t]me 9 ,rome4 ,! pa9t+ %[n 9 fig4 #c is /ill 9 situ2 t giv5 9 fig4 #d is n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples4 #bf ,see above1 fig4 #b4 #bg ,! t]m ,byzant9e z appli$ to art is commonly us$ to d5ote ! /yle :i* 0 develop$ 9 ! ,ea/]n empire soon aft] ,con/ant9e _h transf]r$ ! seat ( gov]nm5t f ,old to ,new ,rome1 or ,con/ant9ople z x 0 also call$ in/ead ( ,byzantium1 :i* 0 ! anci5t "n4 #bh ,sev]al manuscripts ( ?is class are describ$ by ,h4 ,bordi]1 ,manuscrits ,grecs de la ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 #bi ,a great public libr>y 0 f\nd$ by ,con/ant9e 9 ,new ,rome & p>tially /ock$ by manuscripts transf]r$ f ! old ,capital4 ,?is libr>y 0 rapidly enl>g$ by 8 sons & successors1 & x 0 rebuilt on a gr&] scale by ! ,emp]or ,z5o aft] ! build+ _h be5 injur$ by fire ab\t ! ye> #dhh ,a4,d4 #cj ,= a valuable acc\nt ( ,byzant9e manuscripts1 see ,kondak(f1 ,hi/oire de l',art ,byzant91 ,p>is1 #ahhf-ahia4 #ca ,! title ,porphyro-g5itus1 ,born 9 ! purple1 ref]r$ to ! fact t ,byzant9e ,empresses br\ght =? _! *ildr5 9 a magnific5t room l9$ ) slabs ( poli%$ porphyry4 #cb ,a translation ( ?is curi\s treatise 0 publi%$ by ,didron & ,dur&1 9 _! ,manuel d'iconographie *rti5ne2 ,p>is1 #ahde4 #cc ,all manuscripts describ$ 9 ?is book1 f ! ,byzant9e s*ool onw>ds1 may be und]/ood to be 9 ! codex =m & writt5 on vellum1 unless !y are o!rwise describ$4 #cd ,publi%$ by ,lambecius1 ,comm5t4 sur la ,bibl4 de ,vi5ne1 #aggf1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #ce ,copies ( "s ( ! m9iatures 9 ! ,vatican ,cosmas are giv5 by ,n4 ,kondak(f1 ,hi/oire de l',art ,byzant91 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #adb to #aeb4 #cf ,/ ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice & ! *ur*es ( ,rav5na & ,con/ant9ople are full ( examples ( ?is design4 #cg ,?is ,sasanian art 0 an inh]itance f anci5t ,babylon & ,assyria1 & 0 ! prog5itor ( :at 9 lat] times has be5 call$ ,arab art1 ?\gh ! q in>ti/ic ,arabs appe> to h d]iv$ x f ! ,p]sians :om !y conqu]$ & =cibly conv]t$ to ! ,moslem ,fai?4 #ch ,! m]e gold ( ev5 ! f9e/ ,byzant9e manuscripts is nev] z sumptu\s or z highly burni%$ z t 9 manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ow+ to its be+ usually appli$ z a fluid pigm5t1 or at lea/ n ov] ! be/ k9d ( highly rais$ gr\nd or mordant1 :i* is describ$ bel[ at p4 #bcd4 #ci ,9 e>ly times & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole m$iaeval p]iod v few objects ( any k9d 7 plac$ ^u ! ,high ,alt> ev5 9 ! mo/ magnific5tly furni%$ *ur*es4 ,9 addition to ! *alice & pat51 & ! ,textus1 ! only ornam5ts usually all[$ 7 a small crucifix & two c&le/icks4 ,! mod]n sy/em ( cr[d+ ! m5sa ( ! alt> ) _m c&les & fl[]s did n come 9 till aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ! ,pax 0 usually a sep>ate ?+1 ( m conv5i5t size & weight ?an ! heavy1 gold-cov]$ ,textus4 #dj ,f9e col\r$ plates ( ?is wond]ful ,textus-cov] 7 publi%$ 9 #ahhh by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 9 _! ,vetu/a ,monum5ta4 #da ,publi%$ 9 #ahdd by ! ,surtees ,society ( ,durham4 #db ,! ,gospell] 0 ! (ficiat+ ,deacon2 ! ,sub-deacon be+ call$ ! ,epi/oll]4 #dc ,! rem>kable arti/ic advance :i* 0 made by ,giotto is to be se5 n only 9 8 improv$ & m reali/ic draw+1 b also 9 8 fre$om f ! long-e/abli%$ abuse ( gre5 9 8 fle% pa9t+1 = :i* he sub/itut$ a w>m] & heal?i] t9t4 #dd ,( ! orig9al mosaics on ! we/ faade ( ,sa9t ,m>k's only "o rema9s ( ! orig9al highly decorative twelf? c5tury mosaics4 ,! re/1 %[n 9 ,g5tile ,bell9i's picture ( ,sa9t ,m>k's1 h all be5 replac$ by lat] mosaics4 ,inside ! *ur*1 happily1 ! old mosaics /ill1 9 mo/ places1 exi/2 see p4 #fa4 #de ,see page #bjb = an acc\nt ( ,giulio ,clovio4 #df ,mr ,m4 ,r4 ,james has po9t$ out to me an int]e/+ example ( simil> designs be+ us$ by illum9ators ( manuscripts & by mosaic-work]s4 ,! designs ( ! m9iatures 9 a fif? or six? c5tury manuscript ( ,g5esis 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,o?o1 ,b1 vi7 are 9 _m cases id5tical ) ^? ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5tury mosaics 9 ,sa9t ,m>k's at ,v5ice2 see ,tikkan51 ,g5esisbild]1 ,b]l94 #dg ,alcu91 :5 ,dean ( ,york1 0 s5t by ,(fa1 k+ ( ,m]cia1 ab\t #ghb1 z an envoy to ,*>les ! ,great4 ,a l>ge numb] ( manuscripts 7 writt5 "u 8 guidance & influ5ce1 n only 9 ,t\rs1 b also at ,soissons1 ,metz1 ,fulda1 & 9 o!r ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies4 #dh ,x is pric$ 9 ,mr ,qu>it*'s catalogue ( #ahij at #bejj4 ,?is manuscript 0 probably writt5 at ,t\rs 9 ! s*ool ( ,alcu9 ( ,york2 see ,watt5ba*1 ,die mit ,gold auf ,purpur ges*rieb55 ,evangeli5h&s*rift5 d] ,hamilton's*5 ,biblio!k1 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 #di ,see = example ! beautiful patt]ns ( ! wov5 hang+s beh9d ! en?ron$ figure ( ,*ri/ %[n on fig4 #ab2 cf4 also page #hd4 #ej ,!ophilus1 ,s*$ula div]s>um ,artium1 ,i4 #cd2 ?is "w is frequ5tly quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xv4 #ea ,see ,janits*ek1 ,die kn/l]is*e ,aus/attung des ,ada-,evangeli>s und die ,k>ol+is*e ,bu*mal]ei2 fol4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 #eb ,see ,weidmann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,biblio!k von ,/ ,gall51 #hvo1 ,/ ,gall1 #ahda4 #ec ,see ,j4 ,r4 ,rahn1 ,das ,psalt]ium ,aureum von ,/ ,gall51 e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,k>ol+is*5 ,m9iaturmal]ei1 folio1 ,/ ,gall1 #ahgh4 #ed ,an excell5t edition ) #gb facsimiles ( ,vill>d de ,honec\rt's ,album or sket*-book 0 produc$ by ,pr(essor ,willis1 ,london1 #ahei2 x is sup]ior to ! ,fr5* edition issu$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,lassus1 ,p>is1 #aheh4 #ee ,see ,l4 ,delisle1 ,l',evangliaire d',arras et la calligraphie ,franco-,saxonne du ,,ixme sicle1 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 #ef ,e>li] t is ?an ! conv]sion ( ! ,saxon conqu]ors2 to "s ext5t a ,romano-,briti% ,*ur* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! p]iod ( ,roman dom9ation1 b ?is native ,*ur* appe>s to h be5 almo/ :olly eradicat$ by ! ,saxon ,conque/4 #eg ,celtic manuscripts ( all p]iods are well illu/rat$ by ,we/wood1 ,m9iatures & ,ornam5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% ,manuscripts1 ,london1 #ahfh2 see also ,we/wood1 ,palaeographia ,sacra ,pictoria1 #ahdc-e1 & ! companion volume1 ,illum9at$ ,illu/rations ( ! ,bible1 #ahdf4 #eh ,t>a 0 ! anci5t inl& capital ( ,irel& be=e ,dubl9 0 f\nd$ by ! ,vik+ pirates4 #ei ,! ,iri% mona/]ies ( ?is date appe>1 frequ5tly at lea/1 to h consi/$ ( a gr\p ( a doz5 or m sep>ate wood5 huts or /one bee-hive cells1 ) "o small c5tral *apel ( rectangul> plan2 ! :ole be+ enclos$ )9 a wood5 f5ce or a /one circuit wall1 9 :i* !re 0 only "o door ( approa*2 see ,ar*4 ,j\r4 ,,xv4 p4 #a seq4 #fj ,= example1 9 an e>ly ,ca%el ,kal5d> ! monk ,dagaeus1 :o di$ 9 #ehf1 is record$ to h be5 bo? a goldsmi? 7aurifex7 & an illum9ator ( manuscripts4 ,we/wood1 ,m9iatures 9 ,iri% ,manuscripts1 gives a numb] ( excell5t col\r$ reproductions ( illum9ations ( ?is s*ool & also ( ! ,anglo-,celtic s*ool ( ,nor?umbria4 #fa ,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t ?is manuscript _h once belong$ to ,sa9t ,columba1 :o liv$ f #eba to #eig1 b x is %[n by ! int]nal evid5ce ( its /yle to be a c5tury lat] ?an ,sa9t ,columba's "t4 #fb ,see ,we/wood1 ,iri% ,manuscripts1 ,plate #i4 #fc ,see fig4 #ac on page #fg4 #fd ,:5 ! grave ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t 9 ,durham ,ca!dral 0 op5$ 9 #ahbg1 x 0 f\nd t ! ,sa9t's body _h be5 wrapp$ 9 ri* ,siculo-,arab silk ( ! elev5? c5tury at ! "t :5 8 body 0 mov$1 9 #aajd ,a4,d4 ,see ,ra9e1 ,/ ,cu?b]t1 ,durham1 #ahbh1 p4 #ahc seq4 #fe ,libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 manuscripts ,a1 iv4 #e4 #ff ,see ,jamieson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,culdees ( ,iona2 ,ed9burgh1 #ahaa4 #fg ,sa9t ,cu?b]t 0 a monk ( ,iri% desc5t1 at fir/ a memb] ( ! ,celtic mona/]y ( ,melrose1 & aft]w>ds six? ,bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne f #fhe to #fhh4 ,9 lat] times 8 gold1 gem-/udd$ %r9e 9 ,durham ,ca!dral 0 "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t & co/ly 9 ! _w2 see ,rites & ,monum5ts ( ,durham1 ,surtees ,soc41 #ahdb1 pp4 #c & #d4 #fh ,! works ( ,symeon ,dunelm5sis 7 publi%$ by ! ,surtees ,society 9 #ahfh4 #fi ,n[ 9 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury's libr>y at ,lambe?4 #gj ,! ,book ( ,de] 0 fir/ br\ght to light by ,mr ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 & has be5 publi%$ by ! ,spald+ ,club1 ,ed4 ,john ,/u>t1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfi4 ,! ,mona/]y at ,de] 9 ,ab]de5%ire 0 f\nd$ by ,sa9t ,columba z a bran* h\se f ,iona4 #ga ,! s-call$ ,itala v]sion is ! old] ,lat9 translation ( ! ,bible1 :i* exi/$ previ\s to ! rec5sion ( ,sa9t ,j]ome4 #gb ,a v int]e/+ ,psalt] ( simil> /yle & date is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge2 its ornam5ts are ( ! unmix$ ,celtic /yle1 broad 9 treatm5t )\t any ( ! m>vell\s m9ut5ess ( ! ,book ( ,kells & ! ,book ( ,durr[4 #gc ,see ,we/wood1 ,iri% ,manuscripts1 ,pl4 #af4 #gd ,?is is "o ( _m examples ( ,books be+ call$ aft] "s e>li] ,sa9t :o 0 connect$ ) ! mona/]y :]e ! manuscript 0 writt52 = example ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e 9 ! ,corpus libr>y at ,cambridge1 ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t1 & ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,columba1 are all lat] ?an ! dates ( ! ,sa9ts !y are call$ aft]4 #ge ,see ,weidmann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,biblio!k von ,/ ,gall52 ,/ ,gall1 #ahda4 #gf ,?is manuscript 0 =m]ly believ$ to h be5 once 9 ! possession ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 b x is cle>ly a good deal lat] 9 date ?an 8 "t4 #gg ,ev5tually !re 7 ?ree ,norse k+doms 9 ,irel&1 ! capitals ( :i* 7 ,dubl91 ,wat]=d & ,lim]ick2 & ! ?ree *ief ports ( ,irel&1 ,dubl91 ,cork & ,belfa/ 7 all f\nd$ by ! ,vik+ invad]s2 see ,c4 ,f4 ,ke>y's valuable "w1 ,! ,vik+s 9 ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom1 ,london1 #ahia1 pp4 #afe to #ahe4 #gh ,! bless+ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* is giv5 by rais+ ?ree f+]s2 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* two f+]s & ! ?umb are us$4 #gi ,see ,we/wood1 ,m9iatures ( ,iri% ,manuscripts1 ,london1 #ahfh1 ,pl4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #hj ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,roman & ,celtic ,*ur*es 7 v trivial1 ! *ief be+ ! date = ! celebration ( ,ea/] & ! %ape ( ! mona/ic tonsure4 #ha ,see note #b on page #ig4 #hb ,?is v decorative class ( ornam5t n only surviv$ till ! ?irte5? c5tury b 0 aga9 reviv$ 9 ,italy at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 see bel[1 page #aic4 #hc ,x is m5tion$ above1 see page #fb1 h[ ,alcu9 ( ,york 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,great creat$ ! ,anglo-,c>ol+ian /yle ( illum9ation by introduc+ 9 ! eigh? c5tury into ! k+dom ( ! ,franks manuscripts & manuscript illum9ators f ! mona/]ies ( ,nor?umbria4 #hd ,canon ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne tells me t x is v d\btful :e!r ,wilfrid ev] receiv$ ! pall f ,rome4 ,x may !re=e be m correct to speak ( him z ,bi%op r ?an ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 #he ,! ^w ,anglo-,saxon is a conv5i5t "o to use1 & is support$ by v>i\s anci5t au?orities2 = example 9 a manuscript ,b5$ictional 79 ! libr>y ( ,corpus ,college1 ,cambridge7 ,engl& is call$ ,regnum ,anglo-,saxonum1 & ! ,engli% k+ is entitl$ ,rex ,anglorum vel ,saxonum4 #hf ,?is spl5did manuscript is 9 ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire2 a good description ( x1 ) engrav+s ( all its m9iatures1 is publi%$ 9 ,ar*ologia1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv4 #ahcb1 pp4 #a to #aag1 & a col\r$ copy ( "o ( ! m9iatures is giv5 by ,we/wood1 ,iri% ,manuscripts1 ,plate #de4 ,! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 possesses a book ( ! ,gospels :i* 9 /yle is v simil> to ! ,b5$ictional ( ,ae!lwold4 #hg ,! ,gospels ( ,lo?aire are 9 ,p>is1 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,lat4 #bff4 #hh ,?is is "o ( ! late/ examples ( ! use ( vellum dy$ ) ! murex purple2 ! purple gr\nds occasionally us$ 9 fifte5? c5tury manuscripts are usually produc$ by lay+ on a coat ( opaque purple pigm5t4 #hi ,n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y at ,ox=d4 #ij ,! celebrat$ ,utre*t ,psalt] is ! be/ kn[n example ( a f9e manuscript ( ?is date ) outl9e draw+s ( ! reviv$ classical /yle4 ,"s nor!rn influ5ce is %[n 9 ! int]lac$ ornam5ts ( ! l>ge initials4 ,facsimiles ( "s pages h be5 publi%$ by ,w4 ,g4 ,bir*1 ,london1 #ahgf4 #ia ,?is beautiful roll is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,h>l41 ,roll ,y1 #f2 two ( ! m9iatures are photographically illu/rat$ by ,bir* & ,j5n]1 ,e>ly ,draw+s & ,illum9ations1 ,london1 #ahgi1 p4 #adb4 #ib ,?is ,psalt]1 :i* is n[ 9 ! public libr>y at ,utre*t1 may possibly be "o ( ! v manuscripts :i* ,canute br\ght f abroad4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly 9 ,engl& = _m c5turies be=e x pass$ into ! possession ( ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton1 f ^: libr>y x mu/ h be5 /ol51 else x w\ld h pass$ into ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum along ) ! re/ ( ! great ,cotton collection ( manuscripts4 ,! ,utre*t ,psalt] has be5 ?\ght to be ! "w ( an ,anglo-,saxon arti/1 b1 mo/ probably1 x is ! "w ( a ,fr5* scribe1 ?\gh ! m9iatures are ma9ly ( ! debas$ classical /yle ( ,rome1 & ! "* ( ! writ+ is ev5 m di/9ctly classical1 diff]+ v little 9 fact f t ( ! f\r? c5tury ,virgil ( ! ,vatican writt5 sev]al c5turies e>li]4 #ic ,good examples ( ?is curi\s /yle ( m9iature are to be se5 9 a manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,cotton1 ,tib4 ,c4 ,,vi4 #id ,inde$ x 0 n v long be=e ! tables 7 turn$ & ,norm&y 0 reconqu]$ by an ,engli% army "u a k+1 :o1 ?\gh ( ,norman blood1 0 di/9ctly an ,engli% k+4 ,! victory ( ,h5ry ,i4 ov] ,rob]t1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 at ,t5*ebray 9 #aaje1 w5t f> to wipe out any feel+ on ! "p ( ! ,engli% t !y 7 a nation "u ! rule ( a conqu]or4 #ie ,*ronicles ( ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,he>ne's edition1 #agbd 7repr9t$ 9 #ahaj71 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cfc4 #if ,an int]e/+ example ( ?is reviv$ /udy f ! life is af=d$ by ! ,sket*-book ( ,vill>d de ,honec\rt1 :i* is m5tion$ above at page #gb4 #ig ,see bel[1 page #aic1 on ! revival ( ?is class ( ornam5t 9 ,italy 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 #ih ,?is beautiful manuscript is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr ,qu>it*1 :o prices x at #hjj 9 8 catalogue ( ,decemb]1 #ahia4 ,x appe>s once to h belong$ to ,sir ,rog] ,hunt+field1 :o di$ ab\t #accg ,a4,d4 #ii ,x is noticeable t ev5 ! e>lie/ m9iatures ( ,sa9t ,?omas' dea? repres5t him 9 ,mass ve/m5ts1 (ficiat+ at ! ,high ,alt>1 :]eas he 0 really kill$ late 9 ! aft]noon1 & on ! nor? side ( ! *ur*4 #ajj ,see ,vetu/a ,monum5ta1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 pp4 #a to #cg1 & ,plates #bf to #ci2 illu/rations are giv5 "h ( ! ,pa9t$ ,*amb] & its decorations be=e ! fire ( #ahcd1 & a numb] ( int]e/+ extracts are quot$ f ! acc\nts n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,record ,(fice4 #aja ,! ,ge/es ( ,antio* probably means ! capture ( ,antio* 9 #ajih "u ! ,crusad] lead]s ,tancr$ & ,godfrey ( ,b\illon4 ,9 ! same way ! ,j]usalem & ,j]i*o *amb]s 9 ! h\se ( ! ,abbot ( ,we/m9/] 7 s call$ f ! pa9t+s on _! walls4 ,! curi\s ar*aism ( ^! pa9t+s1 ) figures ( knights 9 ! arm\r ( ! elev5? c5tury1 is expla9$ bel[2 see page #abh4 #ajb ,see1 = example1 t wond]ful frontal1 cov]$ ) m9iature pa9t+s1 f ! ,high ,alt> ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :i* is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! s\? ambulatory ( ! ,sanctu>y4 #ajc ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to %[ t ,torell 0 an ,italian1 & t ! pa9t$ retable at ,we/m9/] 0 ! "w ( a =eign arti/1 b !re is n ! slighte/ f\ndation = ei!r ( ^! !ories4 #ajd ,z examples ( ?is ,i may m5tion ! fam\s ,lat]an ,cope 9 ,rome1 ! ,piccolom9i ,cope at ,pi5za1 & two o!rs ( simil> date & /yle 9 ! ,museums ( ,flor5ce & ,bologna4 ,on _m occasions we f9d t ! ,popes ( ?is p]iod1 on s5d+ ! ,pall to a newly elect$ ,engli% ,ar*bi%op1 sugge/$ t !y w\ld l 9 return embroid]$ ve/m5ts ( ,engli% "w1 opus ,anglicanum4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 almo/ all publi%$ works on ! subject ! above m5tion$ copes are wrongly describ$ z be+ ( ,italian workman%ip4 #aje ,bo? be=e & aft] ?is p]iod manuscripts ( ! ,vulgate 7 comp>atively r>e1 b betwe5 #abej & ab\t #accj _m ?\s&s ( manuscript ,bibles mu/ h be5 produc$1 all closely simil> 9 /yle1 design1 *oice ( subject & "* ( writ+4 ,!re is no o!r l>ge class ( manuscripts 9 :i* su* rem>kable uni=mity ( /yle is to be se54 #ajf ,z an example ( ! wond]ful ?9ness ( ?is ut]9e vellum1 ,i may m5tion a ,bible ( ab\t #abfj 9 my own possession :i* consi/s ( #fdf leaves1 & yet measures b>ely an in* & a half 9 ?ickness4 ,9 spite ( its extreme ?9ness ?is vellum is suffici5tly opaque to prev5t ! writ+ on "o side f %[+ ?r\gh to ! o!r4 #ajg ,= example a ,bible ( ?is class 9 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity libr>y1 dat+ f ab\t #abhj1 has f ?irte5 to sev5te5 l9es to an in*6 #ajh ,?is me?od ( pa9t+ ! %ad[s 9 pure col\r1 & us+ ! same pigm5t mix$ ) :ite = ! re/1 0 employ$ on a l>ge scale by _m ( ! ,si5ese pa9t]s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & by ! ,flor5t9e ,fra ,angelico 9 ! fifte5?4 ,fra ,angelico's e>lie/ works 7 manuscript illum9ations1 execut$ ab\t ! ye> #adjg 9 ! ,dom9ican ,conv5t at ,fiesole4 #aji ,! ,bodleian libr>y 7,d\ce1 #cff7 possesses a specially beautiful manuscript ,psalt]1 :i* belong$ to ,rob]t ( ,ormsby1 a monk ( ,norwi* ,abbey4 #aaj ,9 all p]iods ! ,b5$ict9es 7 ! *ief mona/ic scribes & m9iaturi/s2 ! ,"m ,h\se at ,monte ,cass9o 0 "o ( ! *ief c5tres 9 ,italy = ! production ( manuscripts1 & :]ev] ! ,b5$ict9es settl$ !y br\ght ) !m ! art ( manuscript illum9ation2 see page #baa4 #aaa ,?is is specially noticeable 9 ! developm5t ( ! ar*itectural /yles2 n only g5]al =ms1 b details ( m\ld+s & ! l seem to spr+ up all ov] ,engl& almo/ simultane\sly4 #aab ,see bel[1 fig4 #be1 page #acc4 #aac ,! fir/ pages ( ! two la/-m5tion$ ,psalt]s are illu/rat$ by ,%aw1 ,! ,art ( ,illum9ation1 ,london1 #ahgj1 pp4 #ag to #bc4 #aad ,an example ( ! mo/ m>vell\s beauty & p]fection 0 pres5t$ by ,lady ,sadleir to ,tr9ity ,college libr>y 9 ,cambridge4 #aae ,! ,victoria ,psalt] is h[ev] frequ5tly describ$ 9 booksell]s' catalogues1 n only 9 polite1 b 9 en?usia/ic language4 ,z an example ,i may quote ! foll[+1 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,victoria ,,psalt]3 ,,psalms ,,( ,,david ,,illum9at$ ,,by ,,ow5 ,,jones1 beautifully pr9t$ 9 l>ge type1 on ?9 c>dbo>ds1 on #ajd pages1 ea* ( :i* is surr\nd$ by ,,sumptu\s ,,bord]s 9 ,,gold & ,,col\rs1 ) ! ,,capitals ,,illum9at$1 & "s ( ! pages consi/+ ( l>ge & mo/ beautifully illum9at$ texts1 columbi] #dto4 elegantly b\nd 9 morocco1 ! sides elaborately c>v$1 lea!rn jo9ts1 & gilt edges 7,a ,,v ,,h&some ,,volume71 #d4 #ajs4 n4 d4 #aaf ,^! same *>act]i/ics ( face are v noticeable 9 ! beautiful c>v$ ivory dipty*s & /atuettes ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild made dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ,france & ,engl&4 #aag ,a lection>y conta9$ ! ,gospels & ,epi/les arrang$ = use at ! celebration ( ,mass4 #aah ,especially = ! ,canon ( ! ,mass4 ,! fam\s ,m5tz ,psalt] ( #adei is pr9t$ 9 *>act]s ( ?is size & /yle2 see bel[1 page #adi4 #aai ,! p9e-apple 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ?is v decorative =m1 :i* occurs s l>gely on ! f9e wov5 velvets ( ,flor5ce & ,nor!rn ,italy1 0 probably sugge/$ by ! arti*oke plant1 l>gely assi/$ by ! decorative inv5tion ( ! design]4 #abj ,9 ! ,br]a ,catalogue ?is v beautiful pa9t+ is wrongly ascrib$ to ,fra ,c>novale1 a pupil ( ,pi]o della ,francesca4 #aba ,?is v important ,engli% manuscript 0 b\ght by ,mr ,qu>it* & pric$ at #afjj 9 8 catalogue1 ,no4 #bia1 #ahgc4 ,x 0 writt5 9 or soon aft] #adbj :5 ,lydgate complet$ writ+ 8 "w2 x may possibly h be5 writt5 & illum9at$ by ! au?or himself4 #abb ,caxton appe>s to h begun to use woodcut initials 9 ! ye> #adhd or #adhe1 b mo/ ,cont95tal pr9t]s cont9u$ to use h&-pa9t$ capitals _m ye>s lat] ?an t4 #abc ,?is sc5e & ! "n ( ,sa9t ,?omas1 :]ev] x occurs1 are frequ5tly oblit]at$ 9 ,engli% manuscripts4 ,?is 0 done by ! special ord] ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o1 aft] 8 qu>rel ) ! ,pope1 appe>s to h reg>d$ ,?omas ,becket z a sort ( p]sonal enemy4 #abd ,see page #ahg = a f9e ,italian example ( ?is subject4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! popul> leg5d ( ,sa9t ,george & ! dragon is simply a m$iaeval v]sion ( ! old classical my? ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a4 ,9 ! m g5u9e ,ori5tal lives ( ,sa9t ,george ?is episode is n introduc$4 #abe ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,norman-,fr5* cont9u$ to be ! ,c\rt language ( ,engl& till late 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & = c]ta9 legal purposes ev5 lat]4 ,its use /ill survives 9 ! ,law-,c\rts ( ,quebec & ,montreal4 #abf ,dante1 ,purg4 ,,xi4 #hj2 see above1 p4 #ca4 #abg ,9 ! magnific5t ,engli% embroid]ies ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 su* z ! ,lat]an & ,pi5za copes1 m5tion$ at page #aab1 we see birds ( exactly simil> /yle & k9ds introduc$ among ! scroll-"w ( ! gr\nds & bord]s4 #abh ,! phrase ivy patt]n is a conv5i5t "o to use1 z x expresses a v common & well-def9$ type ( ornam5t1 b ! leaf is too conv5tionally treat$ to be recogniz$ z t ( ! ivy or any o!r plant3 & ! patt]n is v>i$ ) blossoms ( diff]5t =ms & col\rs4 #abi ,see ,laborde1 ,les ,ducs de ,b\rgogne1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #a1 & note to p4 #aba4 #acj ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is spl5did effect is produc$ is describ$ bel[1 see page #bcd4 #aca ,%[n1 = example1 9 fig4 #be1 page #acd4 #acb ,! bord] f ! ,grimani ,brevi>y %[n on page #afh1 is an example1 ?\gh a v beautiful "o1 ( ?is decad5ce ( ta/e4 #acc ,n[ 9 ,p>is1 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,lat4 #ag1 #bid4 ,john1 ,duke ( ,b$=d1 0 a son ( ,h5ry ,,iv42 he m>ri$ 9 #adbc ,anne1 daught] ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,v f9e portraits ( ! ,duke & ,du*ess ( ,b$=d occur 9 ! ,b$=d ,missal m5tion$ bel[4 #acd ,! ,italians call x *i>o-scuro or light & %ade pa9t+2 its use 9 manuscripts may h be5 sugge/$ by ! grisaille /a9$ glass w9d[s :i* 7 introduc$ by ! ,ci/]cian monks1 ^: ,rule prohibit$ ! use ( brightly col\r$ figure subjects ei!r 9 _! w9d[s1 on _! walls1 or 9 _! books4 #ace ,x 0 sold = #fej at ! ,p]k9s sale 9 ,june1 #ahgc4 #acf ,*ri/9a 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s au?ors ( h] "t2 %e produc$ ?irte5 diff]5t works2 "o ( :i*1 ,! ,fayts ( ,armes & ,*ivalry1 0 translat$ & pr9t$ by ,caxton ab\t a c5tury aft] x 0 writt51 9 #adhi4 #acg ,a f9e manuscript ( ,*ri/9a's ,romance is m5tion$ above1 see page #ach4 #ach ,^! *ivalr\s romances 7 no less popul> 9 ,engl&2 ,dan ,lydgate's ,boke ( ! siege ( ,troy1 adapt$ & translat$ f ,guido de' ,colonna's romance1 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ,engli% books 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 see page #abc4 #aci ,see ,muntz1 ,les ,pe9tres d',avignon1 #acdb-aceb1 ,t\rs1 #ahhe2 & ,les pe9tures de ,simone ,m>t9i ,avignon1 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,_m ( ^! pa9t+s /ill exi/ 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 especially ^? on ! vault ( ! small private *apel ( ! ,popes4 #adj ,?is subject is discuss$ at great] l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 #ada ,see page #bjf on ! fav\rable conditions "u :i* ! mona/ic illum9ators did _! "w4 #adb ,books ( ,h\rs 7 ! pray]-books ( ! laity1 z ! brevi>y1 porti=ium1 or portoos 0 ! pray]-book ( ! prie/4 #adc ,see bel[1 page #bcj1 = an explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 mat gold appli$ z a fluid pigm5t ) a bru%1 & burni%$ gold leaf laid ov] a rais$ mordant or enamel-l gr\nd4 #add ,9 po9t ( te*nique ^! beautiful m9iatures are exactly l v delicate wood-cuts1 ?\gh 9 mo/ cases !y appe> to h be5 cut 79 relief7 on blocks ( s(t metal1 treat$ j z if x _h be5 wood4 #ade ,p]haps ! e>lie/ 0 "o issu$ 9 #adhf by ,anto9e ,v]>d4 #adf ,9 ^! e>lie/ ,p>isian pr9t$ ,horae ! backgr\nds ( ! bord]s are left pla9 :ite2 unlike ! lat] ones1 9 :i* ! bord]s h dott$ or crible backgr\nds4 #adg ,!y include _m diff]5t uses1 especially t ( ,p>is1 ,rome1 ,r\5 & ,s>um4 #adh ,bo? ,v]>d & ,pig\*et produc$ ,horae = ! publi%] ,simon ,vo/re4 #adi ,x is incorrect to speak ( editions ( ^! ,books ( ,h\rs2 h>dly any two copies appe> to h be5 q ! same2 fre% arrangem5ts & comb9ations ( a l>ge /ock ( engrav$ blocks 7 made = ! pr9t+ ( almo/ e copy1 & ?us ! long li/ giv5 by ,brunet is v incomplete2 see ! la/ volume ( ,brunet's ,manuel du libraire1 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 #aej ,sold 9 ,june1 #ahgc1 = #aha1 ) ! re/ ( ! ,p]k9s libr>y4 #aea ,a copy ( ?is glory ( ! pr9t]'s art 9 ,mr ,qu>it*'s possession is pric$ 9 8 catalogue ( #ahia at #ebej2 only eight copies are kn[n to exi/4 #aeb ,9 #addi ,s*oeff] 0 a "y illum9ator ( manuscripts resid+ 9 ,p>is4 #aec ,m5tel9 0 enroll$ z an illum9ator 9 ! ,pa9t]s' ,guild at ,/rasburg 9 #addg2 & ,col>d ,mansion1 ,caxton's ma/] 9 ! art ( typography1 belong$1 z a scribe & illum9ator1 to ! ,guild ( ,/ ,john & ,/ ,luke at ,bruges4 ,9 #adga he 0 elect$ ,w>d5 or ,doy5 ( 8 ,guild4 #aed ,9 "s cases goldsmi?s & engrav]s ( co9-dies became pr9t]s ow+ to _! k ( ! te*nical process necess>y = cutt+ ! pun*es = type4 ,! great ,fr5* pr9t] ,nicolas ,j5son1 :o produc$ ! mo/ magnific5t pr9t$ books 9 ,v5ice1 01 until ! ye> #adfb1 ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t at ,t\rs4 ,& ,b]n>do ,n]i1 ! pr9t] ( ! ,flor5t9e ,editio ,pr9ceps ( ,hom]1 0 orig9ally a goldsmi?1 & _h assi/$ ,ghib]ti 9 8 "w on ! fam\s bronze doors ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y4 #aee ,! glori\s copy on vellum ( ! ,maz>9e ,bible 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has illum9at$ bord]s & initial m9iatures ( ! f9e/ /yle & execution4 ,?is e>lie/ ( pr9t$ books is commonly call$ aft] ! copy 9 ! libr>y ( ,c>d9al ,maz>9 :i* conta9s ! illum9ator's note t 8 "w 0 f9i%$ 9 #adef4 ,sir ,john ,?orold's copy on pap] 0 sold 9 #ahhd = #cijj4 #aef ,italian books frequ5tly _h clasps at ! top & bottom z well z two at ! side4 #aeg ,! fir/ or almo/ ! fir/ book pr9t$ by ,aldus 0 ! ,h]o & ,le&] ( ,musaeus ( #adid 9 small #dto4 ,! ,virgil ( #aeja 0 foll[$ rapidly by a ,juv5al & a ,m>tial1 issu$ 9 ! same ye>4 #aeh ,*9ese wood engrav+s ( consid]ably e>li] date d exi/4 #aei ,see page #acgc2 ?is rem>kable manuscript 0 !n 79 #ahgc7 pric$ at #fej4 #afj ,e>ly wood-cuts 7 n cut on ! cross ends ( ! gra91 b on ! plank side ( a wood5 bo>d4 #afa ,! ,cantica ,canticorum ( ab\t #adce has mo/ lovely designs1 & ! ,apocalypse1 ! ,ars ,mori5di1 ! ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis1 & ! ,biblia ,paup]um all h wood-cut illu/rations ( great vig\r & _s1 produc$ betwe5 ab\t #adbj & #adej4 #afb ,ev5 be=e #adjj initial lett]s 9 manuscripts _h be5 occasionally pr9t$ f wood5 /amps cov]$ ) r$ or blue pigm5t4 #afc ,mu* ( ! ,g]man bronze-"w ( ?is p]iod is extremely f9e & skilful 9 execution1 su* z ! fonts & doors ( *ur*es at ,hilde%eim1 ,augsburg & o!r places4 ,! bronze font at ,lige1 ca/ ab\t #aaab by a sculptor ( ! ,g]man s*ool1 is a "w ( mo/ wond]ful grace & beauty4 #afd ,till ! ?irte5? c5tury ! art ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ,fl&]s 0 ,g]man 9 "*2 aft] t ,fl&]s 01 arti/ically1 z well z politically1 p>tly ,teutonic & p>tly ,fr5*4 #afe ,see above1 page #aaj1 = an ,engli% example ( wall pa9t+s be+ copi$ f manuscript m9iatures4 #aff ,! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,london possesses a magnific5t panel by ,gr>d ,david1 a kneel+ ,canon ) ?ree /&+ figures ( ,sa9ts1 & an exquisitely pa9t$ l&scape backgr\nd4 ,?is is "o w+ ( an alt> tripty* :i* 0 pa9t$ = ,/ ,donatian at ,bruges4 ,x is numb]$ #ajde 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,pa9t+s by ,gr>d ,david's wife are m5tion$ bel[1 see page #bah4 #afg ,! :ole ( ?is gorge\s manuscript 0 publi%$ 9 fairly good facsimile by ,curm]1 ,le livre d',heures de la ,re9e ,anne de ,bretagne1 #b ,vols4 ,imp4 #daj41 ,p>is1 #ahfa2 see also ,laborde1 ,ducs de ,b\rgogne1 ,vol4 #a4 p4 xxiv4 #afh ,a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,flemi% illum9ators ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies is giv5 by ,weale1 ,le ,beffroi1 ,vol4 iv4 #ahgc1 9 :i* he publi%es ! acc\nts ( ! ,guild ( ,/ ,john & ,/ ,luke betwe5 ! ye>s #aded & #aejj4 #afi ,gr>d ,david ( ,bruges 0 a notable example ( skill 9 bo? bran*es ( art2 see above1 page #afe4 ,gr>d's wife also practis$ bo? ^! arts1 & produc$ manuscript illum9ations & panel pa9t+s ( almo/ equal beauty to ^? ( h] husb&2 see bel[1 page #bah4 #agj ,maximilian's ,pray]-book has be5 describ$ 7) copies ( ! bord]s7 by ,/oeg]1 ,vignettes d',alb]t ,dr]2 ,muni*1 #ahej4 #aga ,^! m9utely r5d]$ ecclesia/ical sc5es occur frequ5tly 9 o!r classes ( ,teutonic illum9ation4 #agb ,! ,fitzwilliam ,libr>y possesses a beautiful example ( ?is class ( p5 illum9ation 9 a l>ge folio volume ( ! ,summa ( ,aqu9as pr9t$ by ,m5tel9 ab\t #adfe or #adff4 ,m5tel9 9 8 y\? 0 an illum9ator ( manuscripts 9 ,p>is at ! same "t t he 0 a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity2 see page #aej4 #agc ,su* "w z ! ,pisan ,bapti/]y pulpit ( ,niccola ,pisano1 execut$ 9 ab\t #abfj1 0 an almo/ isolat$ ph5om5on1 & x 0 n till ab\t half a c5tury lat] t ,giotto & 8 pupils produc$ pa9t+s ( equal m]it to ^? ( ,france & ,engl& dur+ ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #agd ,see ,mon4 ,g]m4 ,hi/4 ,,xii4 p4 #cdh seq42 & ,ag9c\rt1 ,hi/4 d',art1 ,pl4 #ff4 #age ,p>tly ow+ to ! necess>ily decorative beauty ( ! glass tess]ae1 ,byzant9e mosaics1 ev5 ( a degrad$ p]iod1 are usually f9e & ri* 9 effect4 #agf ,see ,vas>i1 ,vite dei pittori1 ,edition ( #aefh1 ,p>te ,i4 p4 #bbi seq42 & ib4 ,milanesi's edition1 #ahgh1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ag to #bi4 #agg ,?is en%r9$ h&1 & ano!r1 said to be t ( a lat] m9iatore ( ! same ,mona/]y1 ,don ,lor5zo1 /ill exi/ 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia degli ,angeli4 #agh ,^! magnific5t m9iatures 7 sold ) ! re/ ( ! ,hail/one ,collection 9 #ahia2 "o ( !m1 9 ! possession ( ! pres5t writ]1 is a magnific5t initial ,o1 measur+ eight by n9e in*es1 enclos+ a v beautiful seat$ figure ( ,sa9t ,/eph5 9 a violet dalmatic ) ri*ly decorat$ gold app>els4 #agi ,see ,vas>i1 ,milanesi ,ed4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ae4 ,vas>i also m5tions a monk ( ! same mona/]y nam$ ,don ,jacopo1 a contempor>y ( ,don ,silve/ro1 :o illum9at$ tw5ty l>ge *oir-books ( extraord9>y beauty4 #ahj ,he appe>s to h ab/a9$ f pur*as+ ^! *oir-books because !y 7 ( ! special ,camaldolese ,use1 & c\ld n !re=e be us$ 9 ! ,vatican ,basilica4 #aha ,fra ,angelico's works 7 execut$ ?r\gh\t ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,vas>i m5tions "s magnific5t manuscripts illum9at$ by him = ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 b !y are n n[ kn[n to exi/4 #ahb ,?is is v d\btful4 ,fra ,angelico's bro!r ,fra ,b5$etto da ,fiesole 0 a scribe r ?an a m9iaturi/1 & probably only wrote ! f9e l>ge text2 ! illum9ations 7 probably add$ by a pupil ( ,fra ,angelico1 nam$ ,zanobi ,/rozzi1 :o di$ 9 #adfh4 #ahc ,z an example ( ?is ,i may m5tion ,fra ,angelico's sy/em ( pa9t+ ! %ad[s ( drap]y 9 pure col\r1 us+ ! same col\r mix$ ) :ite = ! re/ ( ! folds4 ,to "s ext5t ?is me?od 0 us$ by ! ,si5ese s*ool ( pa9t+1 :i* 9 o!r respects resembles 9 /yle ! m9iatures 9 illum9at$ manuscripts2 see above1 p4 #aad4 #ahd ,tak+ x all r\nd1 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ! m$alli/'s art & o!r bran*es ( ! f9e arts1 no c\ntry & no p]iod except ,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles c ev] h q equall$ ! arti/ic glories ( ,flor5ce "u ,cosimo ! ,eld] & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 #ahe ,pontificals conta9 su* ,s]vices z only ,bi%ops or ,ar*bi%ops c\ld celebrate1 & !re=e comp>atively few w\ld be requir$4 #ahf ,a beautiful manuscript ( ab\t #adfj 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum has its fir/ page surr\nd$ ) a bord] ( ?is class ( design1 ! int]e/ ( :i* is mu* increas$ by ! m9utely writt5 signature1 ,jacopo da ,fabriano1 introduc$ among ! leavy ornam5ts ( ! m>g94 #ahg ,?is k9d ( design1 ) a blank space = ! own]'s arms1 is us$ = _m ( ! beautiful wood-cut bord]s 9 ! e>ly pr9t$ books ( ,flor5ce & ,v5ice4 #ahh ,decorative accessories ( ?is sculpturesque k9d are l>gely us$ 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,&rea ,mantegna ( ,padua4 #ahi ,& to "s ext5t = manuscripts ( religi\s works z well4 ,?is ar*aic =m ( lett] 0 also us$ by ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz & o!r prototypograph]s at ,subiaco & 9 ,rome2 h5ce x got ! "n ( ,roman z oppos$ to ,go?ic lett]4 #aij ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ?is /yle ( illum9ation is 9 a volume ( ! ,italian translation ( ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 pr9t$ on vellum by ,nicolas ,j5son 9 ,v5ice 9 #adgf2 n[ 9 ! ,bodleian at ,ox=d4 #aia ,see ,watt5ba*1 ,s*riftwes51 ,ed4 #b1 pp4 #daa & #dfi2 & ,rom]1 ,les ,manuscrits de la ,bibl4 ,corv9i5ne1 9 l',art1 ,vol4 ,x4 #ahgg4 #aib ,see ,vas>i's life ( ,fra ,giovanni da ,fiesole1 ,ed4 ,milanesi1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ebb seq4 #aic ,! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,london possesses 7,no4 #gdh 9 ! ,catalogue7 a good example ( ,girolamo's "w1 a ,madonna alt>-piece1 sign$ ,hi]onymus a libris f4 ,no4 #aacd 9 ! same collection is an example ( a panel picture by ,lib]ale da ,v]ona4 ,! ,bodleian conta9s an exquisite ,book ( ,h\rs illum9at$ by ,girolamo dai ,libri = ! ,duke ( ,urb9o4 #aid ,! ,antiphonals :i* ,lib]ale illum9at$ at ,monte ,oliveto are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,*apt] libr>y at ,*iusi4 ,^? :i* he pa9t$ at ,si5a are n[ 9 ! ,ca!dral libr>y4 ,records ( money paid to ,lib]ale = ^! *oir-books are publi%$ by ,milanesi1 ,docum5ti p] la ,/oria dell' ,arte ,sanese1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #chd-chf2 & ,milanesi's edition ( ,vas>i1 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #cbf-ccd4 #aie ,examples ( ,attavante's & ,lib]ale's m9iatures are illu/rat$ by ,eug4 ,mntz1 ,la ,r5aissance en ,italie et en ,france1 ,p>is1 #ahhe1 p4 #ahh seq4 #aif ,see page #bjj1 & comp>e pages #afc & #age = examples ( simil> influ5ce due to ! manuscript illum9ators ( ,g]many & ,italy4 #aig ,= examples ( ?is see above1 page #age4 #aih ,ea* ( ^! pa9t]s 79 "s pictures7 also signs himself ,alamanus1 mean+ n necess>ily t !y 7 ,g]mans1 b possibly natives ( ,lomb>dy1 :o 7 (t5 call$ ,alamani by _! ,italian neighb\rs4 #aii ,especially 9 8 magnific5tly decorative alt>-piece ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,academy1 dat$ #adbc4 #bjj ,clovio is ! ,italianiz$ =m ( a h>% ,croatian "n2 ! arti/ adopt$ ! "n ,giulio z a complim5t to 8 fri5d & tea*] ,giulio ,romano1 ,raphael's fav\rite pupil4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bradley1 ,life ( ,giulio ,clovio1 ,london1 #ahia1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( him & ( 8 times2 see also ,vas>i1 ,ed4 ,milanesi1 ,vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #eeg4 #bja ,! ex-k+ ( ,naples' libr>y possesses a ,book ( ,h\rs1 on ! illum9ations ( :i* 7,vas>i tells u7 ,giulio ,clovio sp5t n9e ye>s4 ,x c]ta9ly is a m>vel ( human pati5ce & misdirect$ skill2 ! text 0 writt5 by a fam\s scribe nam$ ,mont]*i1 :o 0 specially r5[n$ = ! beauty ( 8 writ+4 #bjb ,an int]e/+ little volume on ?is subject has be5 publi%$ by ,eug4 ,mntz1 ,la ,biblio?que du ,vatican1 ,p>is1 #ahhf2 x deals *iefly ) ! gr[? ( ! libr>y dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 #bjc ,fra ,seba/iano 0 call$ del ,piombo f 8 (fice z sup]9t5dant ( ! p5dant lead seals1 piombi or bullae1 :i* 7 atta*$ to ,papal ,briefs & o!r docum5ts1 "o class ( :i* 7 call$ ,bulls f _! lead bullae4 #bjd ,see ,montault1 ,livres de *oeur des glises de ,rome1 ,arras1 #ahgd1 p4 #i4 #bje ,! ,fitzwilliam ,museum possesses two noble vellum *oir-books ( ?is class dat$ #afjd & #afje4 ,?\gh ! m9iatures are poor1 ! writ+ ( ! text & ! music might well pass = ! "w ( a fifte5? c5tury scribe4 #bjf ,a valuable b by no means exhau/ive li/ ( manuscript illum9ators is giv5 by ,j4 ,w4 ,bradley1 ,diction>y ( ,m9iaturi/s1 ,illum9ators & ,caligraph]s1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,! names ( ,italian m9iaturi/s are specially num]\s1 p>tly because ,italian manuscripts are m frequ5tly sign$ by _! illum9ators ?an ! manuscripts ( o!r c\ntries4 ,see also ,b]nasconi1 ,/udj sopra la /oria della pittura ,italiana dei secoli xiv e xv1 ,v]ona1 #ahfd4 #bjg ,j4 ,r4 ,gre51 9 8 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 *ap4 ,,iii41 gives an int]e/+ sket* ( ! developm5t ( lit]ature & ! art ( ! scribe 9 ! great ,mona/]ies ( ,engl&1 especially f ! elev5? to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #bjh ,! c>v+s on ! mis]icords 7or turn-up seats7 ( *oir-/alls 7 frequ5tly a v5t = ! p5t-up hum\r & ev5 spite ( _m a mona/ic c>v]4 #bji ,! ,poems ( ,walt] ,map 7 edit$ by ,?os4 ,wright = ! ,camd5 ,society1 #ahda4 #baj ,walt] ,map subsequ5tly obta9$ v>i\s degrees ( pref]m5t1 & 9 #aaig became ,ar*deacon ( ,ox=d4 #baa ,!ophilus1 ,s*$ula div]s>um ,artium1 ,i4 #cj-cc1 writes z if e illum9ator _h to beat out or gr9d 8 own gold4 #bab ,9 ?is respect1 z is not$ above at page #cc1 ! manuscripts ( classical date appe> to h be5 inf]ior to ^? ( ! m$iaeval p]iod4 #bac ,monte ,cass9o ! fir/ & *ief ( ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies1 f\nd$ by ,sa9t ,b5$ict himself1 0 = _m c5turies "o ( ! *ief c5tres 9 ,italy = ! writ+ & illum9ation ( manuscripts4 #bad ,accord+ to ! sev]e ,ci/]cian ,rule ri*ly illum9at$ manuscripts 7 n all[$ to be writt5 or ev5 us$ 9 ,h\ses ( t ,ord]1 :i* 9 ,engl& f ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury came next 9 size & importance to ! mona/]ies ( ! p>5t ,b5$ict9e ,ord]4 #bae ,see ! plan ( ! ,abbey ( ,/ ,gall51 publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,willis1 ,ar*4 ,j\r41 ,vol4 v4 page #he seq4 #baf ,! ,abbey ( ,we/m9/] is a well pres]v$ example ( ! typical ,b5$ict9e plan4 #bag ,"o walk ( ! ,b5$ict9e cloi/]1 usually t on ! we/1 0 us$ z ! s*ool-room :]e ! novices repeat$ _! ,donats & o!r lessons4 ,h5ce 9 _m cloi/]s "o sees ! /one b5*es cut ) m>ks = num]\s g-bang bo>ds--a fav\rite mona/ic game4 #bah ,no monk c\ld borr[ a book to read )\t ! express p]mission ( 8 sup]iors giv5 9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se4 #bai ,! ^w c>rel is probably a corruption ( ! ,fr5* c>r1 f ! squ>e =m ( ^! little rooms4 #bbj ,:5 ! great ,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,gl\ce/] 0 suppress$1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 made ! ,*ur* into a ,ca!dral by creat+ a new ,see2 & s1 happily1 ! v beautiful cloi/] 0 sav$ f de/ruction4 #bba ,gl\ce/] is exceptional 9 hav+ ! cloi/] on ! nor? side ( ! ,*ur*2 & also 9 hav+ ^! /one recesses 9 ! scriptorium alley4 #bbb ,! ,gl\ce/] cloi/] & ! c>rel recesses %[n 9 ?is woodcut date f ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #bbc ,publi%$ by ! ,surtees ,society1 ,london1 #ahdb2 see p4 #gj4 #bbd ,frequ5tly 9 ! ,l95-arm\r]s' ,guild1 t ( mak]s ( def5sive arm\r ( l95 padd$ & quilt$1 a v important protection aga9/ assass9ation1 :i* 0 us$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #bbe ,dante select$ ! ,apo!c>ies' & ,physicians' ,guild4 #bbf ,?is phrase 0 us$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury by ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ,lib4 ,,iii4 p4 #gg1 ,ed4 ,le ,prevo/4 #bbg ,m$iaeval saddl]y1 ) its cut1 gilt & /amp$ lea!r 7cuir b\ill71 ri* & elaborate 9 design1 0 a decorative art ( no mean "*2 & 9 te*nique 0 ak9 to t ( ! bookb9d]1 :i* 9 mo/ places 0 includ$ 9 ! same ,guild4 #bbh ,see ,le ,beffroi1 ,bruges1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #ahgc4 #bbi ,9 poetic beauty1 h[ev]1 !y _c be comp>$ to ! glory ( ! ,fr5* ,apocalypses su* z t 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 #bcj ,gr>d ,david is m5tion$ above z "o ( ! illum9ators ( ! fam\s ,grimani ,brevi>y2 see page #afe4 #bca ,see pages #aag & #abb = examples ( ?is4 #bcb ,t is1 = not+ or writ+ ! pla9 song ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! s]vice :i* 7 sung at ,*ri/mas & dur+ ,holy ,week4 ,?is explanation ,i owe to my fri5d ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,mickle?waite4 #bcc ,evid5tly mis-spelt = psalt]io2 & aga9 9 ! next item4 #bcd ,! quat]nion 0 a ga!r+ ( f\r %eets ( vellum1 ea* fold$ once2 ?us =m+ sixte5 pages4 #bce ,?is book 0 p>tly writt5 on %eets ( vellum :i* 7 9 /auro 79 /ock71 & !re=e d n come into ! acc\nts4 #bcf ,twelve quires ( vellum :i* 7 9 /ock 7 also us$ = ?is ,antiphonale4 #bcg ,see ,trans4 ,bri/ol & ,gl\ces4 ,ar*4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xv4 #ahia1 pp4 #beg & #bfj4 #bch ,see ,peignot1 ,essai sur l'hi/oire du p>*em9 et du vl91 ,p>is1 #ahab4 #bci ,/rictly speak+ ! ^w vellum %\ld d5ote p>*m5t made f calfsk91 b ! ^w is commonly us$ = any ( ! f9] qualities ( p>*m5t :i* 7 us$ = manuscripts4 #bdj ,quot$ by ,hook1 ,lives ( ,ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #cec2 ! ,rev4 ,canon ,g4 ,f4 ,br[ne k9dly call$ my att5tion to ?is passage4 ,o!r examples ( ! co/ ( vellum are giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 #bda ,! same arrangem5t is to be se5 9 books pr9t$ on vellum4 #bdb ,= example1 ! m]e vellum requir$ to pr9t a small ?ick folio1 su* z ,caxton's ,gold5 ,leg5d1 w\ld n[ co/ ab\t #dj4 #bdc ,i owe _m ( ! facts 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( e>ly pap] to ! excell5t article on t subject 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 n9? edition1 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 by ,mr ,e4 ,maunde ,?ompson4 ,see also ,e4 ,egg]1 ,le papi] dans l'antiquit et dans les temps mod]nes1 ,p>is1 #ahff4 #bdd ,a good illu/rat$ acc\nt ( e>ly wat]-m>ks is giv5 by ,so!by1 ,pr9cipia ,typographia1 ,london1 #aheh4 #bde ,"s fifte5? c5tury pap] has a special mak]'s m>k1 b m usually a g5]al t[n or di/rict m>k 0 us$1 su* z ! cross-keys1 a ,c>d9al's hat1 an ,imp]ial cr[n or d\ble-eagle4 #bdf ,:at is n[ call$ foolscap pap] orig9ally took its "n f a pap]-m>k 9 ! =m ( a fool's cap & bells1 a device :i* 0 frequ5tly us$ 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 #bdg ,"s ( ,caxton's books1 pr9t$ 9 ,we/m9/]1 be> _m diff]5t pap]-m>ks ( ,g]many & ,fl&]s1 ev5 9 ! same volume4 #bdh ,pap] 0 also made at an e>ly date 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ?r\gh its intimate relation%ip ) ! ,ea/4 ,h5ce ! ,monk ,!ophilus1 writ+ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 calls l95-pap] ,greek vellum1 p]gam5a ,graeca2 see ,i4 #bd4 #bdi ,?is old pap] is almo/ z /\t1 t\gh & durable z p>*m5t--v unlike mod]n ma*9e-made pap]4 #bej ,! size 0 made by boil+ d[n %r$s ( vellum4 ,blott+-pap] is pap] t has n be5 siz$4 ,a co>se grey v>iety 0 us$ z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?\gh1 z a rule1 f9e s& 0 us$ = ?is purpose till ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 especially on ! ,cont95t4 #bea ,mod]n %ell gold is practically ! same ?+ z ! fluid gold ( ! m$iaeval illum9ators1 except t x is n made ) ! pure1 unalloy$ metal4 #beb ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ useful & easily accessible books on ! te*nical processes ( ! illum9ator2 ,!ophilus1 ,s*$ula div]s>um ,artium1 ,h5drie's edition ) a translation1 ,london1 #ahdg2 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 ,trattato della pittura1 #adcg1 edit$1 ) a translation1 by ,mrs ,m]rifield1 ,london1 #ahdd2 & a l>ge & valuable collection ( e>ly manuscripts on ! same subject1 edit$ & translat$ by ,mrs ,m]rifield "u ! title ( ,orig9al ,treatises on ! ,arts ( ,pa9t+1 #b ,vols41 ,london1 #ahdi4 #bec ,see page #add4 #bed ,t is to say1 x looks z if ! :ole sub/ance1 mordant & all1 7 "o solid mass ( gold1 ne>ly z ?ick z a mod]n half-sov]eign2 see ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #bd & #be4 #bee ,s :5 ,william ,torell 0 ab\t to gild ! bronze effigy ( ,que5 ,eleanor 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey he procur$ a l>ge numb] ( gold flor9s f ,lucca4 #bef ,n ev5 ! smalle/ admixture ( alloy 0 p]mitt$ 9 ! gold co9ages ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,dante 7,inf4 ,,xxx4 #gc7 m5tions ! co9] ,mae/ro ,adamo :o _h be5 burnt at ,rom5a 9 #abhj = issu+ flor9s :i* _h sc>cely m alloy ?an a mod]n sov]eign4 #beg ,! gold p5ny ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ! flor9 & its p>ts ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7 only /ruck z patt]ns4 ,! gold noble 0 fir/ issu$ 9 #acda2 its value 0 #fs4 #h;d4 or half a m>k4 ,s _m nobles 7 de/roy$ to make gold leaf = illum9at+1 & = o!r purposes1 t an ,act 0 pass$ prohibit+1 "u sev]e p5alties1 ! use ( ! gold co9age = any except monet>y purposes4 #beh ,9 ! same way ! gold leaf us$ by ! ,greeks 0 comp>atively ?ick4 ,! fam\s ,ere*!um inscription ( #djd ,b4,c4 gives "o dra*ma z ! co/ ( ea* leaf 7,greek3 petalon7 us$ = gild+ ! m>ble enri*m5ts2 see ,cor4 ,ins4 ,att4 ,i4 #cbd1 fragm5t ,c1 col4 ii4 l9es #ce & #db4 ,eighte5-p5ce w n[ buy #ajj leaves ( gold4 #bei ,! be/ acc\nt ( ! way to make ! mordant 0 giv5 ab\t #acih by a ,lomb>d illum9ator call$ ,johannes ,ar*]ius2 see ,mrs ,m]rifield's int]e/+ collection ( ,treatises on ,pa9t+1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #bei seq4 #bfj ,see ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #be4 #bfa ,see ,mrs ,m]rifield1 op4 cit4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aed4 #bfb ,9 ,c5n9o's "t1 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 ,europe1 sug> 0 sold by ! ounce z a co/ly drug4 ,apo!c>ies1 n groc]s1 dealt 9 x4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ,syria & "s o!r ,moslem c\ntries cane sug> 0 made & us$ 9 comp>atively l>ge quantities ?r\gh\t ! m$iaeval p]iod2 b 9 ,europe x did n come into use z an article ( food till ! #af? c5tury1 & ev5 !n x 0 v exp5sive4 #bfc ,! date ( ?is receipt is ab\t #adaj2 x is quot$ 9 ,jehan de ,begue's manuscript publi%$ by ,mrs ,m]rifield1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #i1 #ie1 & #aed2 see also ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #ca1 :o speaks ( burni%+ fluid gold laid on a mordant ( r$ lead & c9nab>4 #bfd ,see ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #cc & #cd2 he recomm5ds :ite ( egg z a m$ium = c]use1 m9ium & c>m9e1 & = mo/ o!r pigm5ts1 ord9>y vellum size4 ,jehan le ,begue's manuscript gives ! same advice z to ! use ( :ite ( egg1 b advises ! use ( gum ,arabic ) o!r pigm5ts2 see #aig4 #bfe ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses an int]e/+ manuscript on pigm5ts1 entitl$ ,de coloribus ,illum9atorum 7,sloane manuscripts1 #aged72 see also ,eraclius1 ,de artibus ,romanorum1 publi%$ by ,raspe1 ,london1 #aghc & #ahja2 & ! twelf? c5tury ,mappae ,clavicula pr9t$ 9 ,ar*ologia1 ,vol4 ,,xxxii4 pp4 #ahc to #bdd4 ,! fir/ book ( ,!ophilus1 ,div]s>um artium s*$ula1 writt5 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 conta9s mu* int]e/+ matt] on ?is subject2 see also ! works m5tion$ above at page #bcj4 #bff ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,dec4 #be1 #ahia1 & ,jan4 #h & #ae1 #ahib1 has a valuable s]ies ( pap]s on ,! pigm5ts & vehicles ( ! ,old ,ma/]s by ,mr ,a4 ,p4 ,laurie1 :o ?r[s new light on ! treatises edit$ by ,mrs ,m]rifield ) ! help ( 8 own *emical inve/igations4 #bfg ,?is ^w is spelt 9 _m diff]5t ways4 #bfh ,9 m$iaeval times ?is 0 done by fir/ emb$d+ ! p[d]$ /one 9 a lump ( wax & res91 f :i* ! blue p>ticles 7 labori\sly extract$ by long-cont9u$ knead+ & wa%+4 ,! !ory ( ?is app>5tly 0 t ! wax held ! col\rless p>ticles & all[$ ! blue to be wa%$ out2 see ,mrs ,m]rifield1 ,treatises on ,pa9t+1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #di1 & #ig to #aaa4 #bfi ,! mod]n value ( ultram>9e is ab\t equal to its weight 9 gold4 ,sir ,pet] ,lely1 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 paid #d4 #ajs4 an ounce = x4 #bgj ,! ,prior 9 "q 0 ! ,sup]ior ( ! ,conv5t ( ! ,frati ,gesuati 9 ,flor5ce4 #bga ,! ,g]man blue 0 also liable to turn to a bright em]ald gre5 if expos$ to damp air4 ,?is *ange has tak5 place 9 a great "p ( ! pa9t$ ceil+s ( ! ,villa ,madama1 :i* ,raphael design$ = ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici 7aft]w>ds ,clem5t ,,vii47 on ! slopes ( ,monte ,m>io1 a little di/ance outside ! walls ( ,rome4 #bgb ,because x 0 us$ by goldsmi?s 9 sold]+ gold4 #bgc ,m9ium 0 l>gely us$ 9 ! manuscripts ( classical times2 ?is is m5tion$ by ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxiii4 #abb7 :o says m9ium 9 volum9um quoque scriptura usurpatur4 #bgd ,all natural e>?y pigm5ts owe _! col\rs to ! v>i\s metals1 :i* 9 comb9ations ) diff]5t sub/ances give a great v>iety ( t9ts4 ,?us1 iron gives r$1 br[n1 yell[ & black2 copp] gives _m %ades ( brilliant blues & gre5s2 & manganese gives a quiet purple1 especially 9 comb9ation ) an alcal9e silicate4 #bge ,plut>* 7,de defec4 ,or4 #da7 m5tions fl\r made f beans z be+ us$ ) murex purple & k]mes crimson to give !m suffici5t body = ! pa9t]'s purpose4 #bgf ,k]mes is ! ,arabic "n = ?is insect4 #bgg ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t a l>ge numb] ( ! m$iaeval receipts & processes 7 n bas$ on any reasonable pr9ciple1 & endless complications 7 (t5 introduc$ q ne$lessly2 ?is is well %[n 9 a v int]e/+ pap] by ,pr(4 ,john ,f]guson ( ,glasg[ on ,"s ,e>ly ,treatises on ,te*nological ,*emi/ry1 read be=e ! ,philos4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 ,jan4 #f1 #ahhf4 #bgh ,! use ( li?>ge z a dri] 0 "o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts made 9 ! te*nique ( oil pa9t+ by ! ,van ,eycks ( ,bruges 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,be=e !n1 oil pa9t+s on walls _h (t5 be5 labori\sly dri$ by hold+ *>coal brazi]s close to ! surface ( ! picture4 ,among ! acc\nts ( ! exp5ses ( pa9t+ ! ,royal ,palace ( ,we/m9/] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 7see above1 page #aaj7 *>coal = ?is purpose is an important item 9 ! co/4 ,pa9t+s on panel1 be+ moveable1 7 usually dri$ by be+ plac$ 9 ! sun2 b1 9 e way1 a good dri] l li?>ge answ]s bett] ?an heat1 ei!r ( ! fire or ( sun%9e4 #bgi ,see ,!ophilus1 ,i4 #ci4 #bhj ,see ,vitruvius1 ,,vii4 #aj2 & ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxv4 #da2 & ,dioscorides1 ,v4 #ahc4 #bha ,sometimes accid5tally produc$ 9 dome/ic life by "s ov]drawn tea rema9+ on a /eel knife4 #bhb ,! mod]n lead-p5cil is wrongly nam$1 be+ made ( graphite1 :i* is pure c>bon4 ,?is does n appe> to h be5 us$ 9 m$iaeval times4 #bhc ,! vellum 0 n prep>$ 9 any way to receive ! silv]-po9t draw+2 b :5 an arti/ want$ to make a f9i%$ /udy 9 silv]-po9t he cov]$ 8 vellum or pap] ) a prim+ ( f9e gesso1 p[d]$ m>ble1 or wood-a%es2 ?is gave a m bit+ surface to ! pap]1 & made ! silv] rub (f m easily & m>k mu* m /rongly4 ,9 ! case ( manuscript illum9ations a /rongly m>k$ l9e 0 n ne$$1 z ! outl9e 0 only int5d$ z a guide to ! pa9t]4 #bhd ,see above1 pages #bi & #cj1 on ! p5s & ink/&s ( ! classical scribes4 #bhe ,usually meant = ,sa9t ,j]ome translat+ or revis+ ! ,lat9 edition ( ! ,bible4 #bhf ,aga91 ! fir/ m9iature 9 ! ,fr5* & ,flemi% ,horae usually repres5ts ,sa9t ,john 9 ,patmos writ+ 8 ,gospel4 ,! eagle /&s by pati5tly hold+ ! ,evangeli/'s inkhorn4 ,9 "s manuscripts ! ,devil1 evid5tly 9 mu* awe ( ! eagle's beak1 makes a feeble attempt to upset ! ink4 ,9 ! late/ manuscript ,horae ?is sc5e is replac$ by ! "o ( ,sa9t ,john at ! ,lat9 ,gate4 #bhg ,a two-column$ page ( text _h1 ( c\rse1 two sets ( fram+ l9es1 "o = ea* pat* ( writ+4 #bhh ,9 "s manuscripts l9es are rul$ 9 blue or purple1 b mu* less frequ5tly ?an 9 ! m decorative v]milion4 #bhi ,9 c]ta9 classes ( books1 su* z l>ge ,bibles & ,pray]-books1 ! cu/om ( rul+ r$ l9es la/$ till ! pres5t c5tury4 #bij ,^! guid+ lett]s 7 us$ 9 all ! e>ly pr9t$ books :i* _h initials pa9t$ 9 by an illum9ator4 #bia ,z a rule ^! manuscript signatures 9 pr9t$ books 7 writt5 close to ! edge ( ! page1 & s h be5 cut (f by ! b9d]2 9 "s tall copies1 h[ev]1 !y /ill exi/4 #bib ,! next /age 0 ! numb]+ ( ea* folio or leaf1 & ! la/ sy/em 0 to numb] ea* page4 ,folios appe> to h be5 fir/ numb]$ 9 books pr9t$ at ,cologne ab\t ! ye> #adgj4 ,a fur!r modification has rec5tly be5 introduc$1 namely1 9 two column pages1 to numb] ea* column sep>ately4 #bic ,! ,lection>y m5tion$ on p4 #abj 0 writt5 & sign$ by a mona/ic scribe call$ ,sif] ,04 #bid ,"s f9e examples ( magnific5tly b\nd manuscripts are illu/rat$ by ,libri1 ,monum5s 9dits2 ,hi/4 ,ornam4 ,p>is1 #ahfb-ahfd4 #bie ,9 ,geyl]'s ,fatuorum ,navicula1 ( :i* _m editions1 copi\sly illu/rat$ ) woodcuts1 7 publi%$ %ortly be=e & aft] ! ye> #aejj1 ! cut %[+ ! fir/ fool ( ! s]ies1 ! ,bibliomaniac1 repres5ts him surr\nd$ ) books1 all ( :i* are b\nd aft] ?is design4 #bif ,a complete sixte5? c5tury ,v5etian libr>y1 consi/+ ( a hundr$ & sev5ty volumes1 all ) pa9t$ illum9ations on _! edges1 is n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,mr ,?os4 ,brooke1 at ,armitage ,bridge1 ne> ,hudd]sfield4 ,! :ole collection =ms a beautiful array ( delicately pa9t$ m9iatures1 mo/ly ! "w ( ,ces>e ,vecellio1 a ,v5etian illum9ator ( ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 see ,catalogue ( ,mr ,brooke's libr>y1 ,london1 #ahia1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ffc to #fha4 #big ,an analog\s *ange took place 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe? 9 ,engl& :5 co9s1 :i* up to t "t _h always be5 made by hamm]+1 7 fir/ /ruck by ! mill & screw4 #bih ,9 ! m9iature pictures 9 manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies "o (t5 sees ladies repres5t$ ) _! ,horae susp5d$ 9 ?is way f _! girdle4 #bii ,see page #afg4 #cjj ,see page #afg4 #cja ,! same want ( appreciation ext5ds to b9d+s4 ,z a rule a book 9 a f9e m$iaeval b9d+ sells = no m ?an if x 7 9 a mod]n b9d+ by ,b$=d4 ,x is only ! sixte5? c5tury b9d+s ( s-call$ ,groli] /yle & ! l :i* add l>gely to ! value ( a book4 #cjb ,?is libr>y is n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,guildhall2 ! press-m>k is probably t ( an old mona/ic libr>y4 #cjc ,probably a blund]$ v]sion ( ,pl9y's /atem5t 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,xxxvii4 #aai7 t azure blue 7cyanus7 0 inv5t$ by a k+ ( ,egypt4 #cjd ,?is is evid5tly a diff]5t ?+ f ! epicau/]ium or brazi] = hot coals m5tion$ bel[4 ,my fri5d ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,mickle?waite sugge/s t x 0 a bo>d cov]$ ) lea!r on :i* to /ret* & dry vellum be=e writ+ on x4 #cje ,an explanation ( ! nature & con/itution ( ! ,brevi>y w be f\nd 9 ! preface to ! ,psalt]-volume ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press edition ( ! ,s>um ,brevi>y1 lately publi%$4