,,:at ,,0 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,%akespe>e8 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,mangas>ian ,a ,lecture ,deliv]$ ,be=e ! ,indep5d5t ,religi\s ,society1 ,or*e/ra ,hall1 ,mi*igan ,av5ue & ,adams ,/41 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 ,sunday1 at #aa ,a4 ,m4 #aijg ,tol]ation is possible only to m5 ( l>ge in=mation4--,,s*ill]4 ,:o am ,i8--,a mortal seek+ k6 ,,:at ,,0 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,%akespe>e8 ,x is by obs]v+ ! frequ5cy & emphasis ) :i* c]ta9 views & expressions occur & reoccur 9 an au?or1 & ! consi/5cy ) :i* !y are giv5 ! pref]5ce1 t we may be able to g5]alize z to 8 philosophy or religion4 ,z ,%akespe>e's works are nei!r a treatise on !ology nor a manual ( philosophy1 our only means ( discov]+ 8 attitude t[>d ! problems ( life & de/9y is by read+1 z x 71 betwe5 ! l9es4 ,a great m9d c nei!r sophi/icate nor suppress its e>ne/ convictions4 ,?is does n mean t anyone ) e>ne/ convictions mu/ necess>ily be a propag&i/4 ,to ?9k & to let ?9k1 repres5ts a /ate ( m9d :i* is entirely consi/5t1 bo? ) en?usiasm & tol]ation1 if n ) proselytism4 ,we believe t ,%akespe>e has unmi/akably express$ himself on ! subject ( religion1 z he has on t ( patriotism1 = in/ance1 b )\t any mission>y zeal1 :i* fact has l$ n a few /ud5ts ( 8 works to ! conclusion t ( all ! great poets ,%akespe>e is ! only "o )\t a religion4 ,gre51 9 8 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 writes1 t ,x is difficult to say :e!r ,%akespe>e _h any religi\s fai? or no4 ,b ?is is n a fair way ( /at+ ! problem4 ,if by religi\s fai? ,gre5 means ! ,anglican1 ! ,presbyt]ian1 or ! ,unit>ian fai?1 !n x is true t we d n "k to :i* ( ^! he nom9ally belong$1 & x does n mu* matt]4 ,b if he means t we h no means ( kn[+ :e!r or n he accept$ ! ,*ri/ian or any o!r sup]natural int]pretation ( ! ,univ]se1 ! allegation is n true1 s f> z we are able to judge4 ,x is difficult to read any "o ( ,%akespe>e's trag$ies )\t p]ceiv+ t its au?or is an anti-sup]naturali/4 ,9 ,%akespe>e ?is _w is all !re is1 & x is :at m5 h made x4 ,x is 9 t]ms ( naturalism1 pure & simple1 t ,%akespe>e /ates ! problem ( human exi/5ce4 ,x is no objection to ?is to say t !re are gho/s1 wit*es1 & app>itions on 8 /age1 & t !re=e he 0 a believ] 9 ! sup]natural4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! ma*9]y ( ! /age ) ! /age-ma/]4 ,ev5 ,hamlet1 :5 he exclaims t he sees 8 dead fa!r & ,horatio asks him ,:]e8 answ]s3 ,9 my m9d's eye2 :i* %[s h[ little ! appurt5ances ( ! !atre ( ^? times affect$ ! atmosph]e ( ! au?or's m9d4 ,?is same ,hamlet :o 9 popul> p>lance has beheld 8 dead fa!r revisit ! glimpses ( ! moon1 decl>es 9 ! language ( 8 own sob] ?\ght1 t ! beyond is an undiscov]$ c\ntry f ^: b\rne no travel] returns4 ,& if ,macbe?1 unlike ,hamlet1 puts fai? 9 ! sup]natural1 he does s to 8 own hurt4 ,b ev5 ,macbe? recov]s 8 s5ses suffici5tly to exclaim3 ,& be ^! juggl+ fi5ds no m believ$1 ,t palt] ) lies 9 a d\ble s5se2 & aga93 ,infect$ be ! air :]eon !y ride2 ,& damn$ all ^? t tru/ !m6 ,if x be object$ t ,%akespe>e's ho/ility to ! sup]natural is conf9$ to :at might be call$ ! bogus v>iety1 & n to ! k9d t is true1 we reply t !re is no evid5ce 9 ! plays t ,%akespe>e ev] made su* a di/9ction4 ,)\t any:]e intimat+ t he believ$ 9 "o k9d ( ! sup]natural & n 9 ano!r 7! k9d p believe 9 is g5]ally _! own1 & ! k9d !y d5y1 t ( somebody else71 ,%akespe>e expresses 8 op9ion ( ^? :o accept ! sup]natural 9 no unc]ta9 way3-- ,look h[ ! _w's poor p are amaz$ ,at app>itions1 signs1 & prodigies1 ,:]eon ) fe>ful eyes !y long h gaz'd ,infus+ !m ) dreadful prophecies4 99 ,hav+ j told u t ,x is difficult to say :e!r ,%akespe>e _h any religi\s fai? or no1 ,gre5 intimates t ,%akespe>e 0 an agno/ic1 & probably a disciple ( ,montaigne4 ,if he 0 an agno/ic1 x is n true t we d n "k :e!r he _h any religi\s fai? or no4 ,we c be sure t he 0 )\t religi\s fai? ( any k9d1 us+ ! ^w religi\s 9 ! s5se ( ! sup]natural--if he pref]r$ agno/icism to ! cre$s4 ,he 0 an agno/ic1 x is to be suppos$1 because he c\ld n consci5ti\sly pr(ess any ( ! religi\s fai?s ( 8 day4 ,b to be an agno/ic does n mean to be )\t a religion2 x only means to be )\t a reveal$ religion4 ,?is v agno/icism1 z ! expression ( a c\rage\s1 hone/ & rational prote/ aga9/ reveal$ religions1 is a religion--m manly1 c]ta9ly1 ?an ! popul> religions1 because :ile ! latt] are imitative to a l>ge ext5t1 ! =m] is uncon/ra9$ & p]sonal4 ,^? :o say unqualifi$ly t ,%akespe>e _h no religion1 z ,pr(4 ,santayana ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 does1 mu/ mean by religion a recognition ( ! sup]natural1 :i* we submit is to make a p>tisan use only ( ! ^w religion4 ,wi%+ to prove ! abs5ce ( religion 9 ,%akespe>e1 ,pr(4 ,santayana writes3 ,if we 7 ask$ to select "o monum5t ( human civilization t %\ld survive to "s future age1 or be transport$ to ano!r planet to be> witness to ! inhabitants !re( :at we h be5 ^u e>?1 we %\ld probably *oose ! works ( ,%akespe>e4 ,9 !m we recognize ! true/ portrait & be/ memorial ( man4 ,aft] ?is magnific5t tribute to ! univ]sality ( ,%akespe>e4 99 ,v5us & ,adonis4 ,pr(4 ,santayana proce$s to qualify 8 /atem5t by deplor+ :at he calls ! abs5ce ( religion 9 ,%akespe>e4 ,he fe>s t if ,%akespe>e 7 our sole int]pret]1 ! ar*aeologi/s ( t future age1 or ! cosmograph]s ( t o!r "p ( ! heav5s1 aft] consci5ti\s /udy ( our ,%akespe>ian autobiography1 w\ld misconceive our life 9 "o important respect4 ,!y w\ld h>dly und]/& t man _h _h a religion4 ,?is fe> is unf\nd$4 ,x may surely be le>n$ f ,%akespe>e t man _h _h _m sup]/itions1 & also t !re 0 9 our _w ! wor%ip ( ! ,good1 ! ,true & ! ,beautiful4 ,su* a report w\ld n leave ! inhabitants ( a /range planet 9 ! d>k z to :e!r or n man _h _h a religion4 ,let u make ?is po9t a little cle>]3 ,9 ,%akespe>e we f9d bo? ! religion ( sup]/ition--addict$ to ! belief 9 gho/s1 spirits1 miracles1 visions1 & revelations pa/ & pres5t--& ! religion ( s5se1 namely1 ! elim9ation ( ! sup]natural f human affairs1 & ! exalt+ ( ,goodness1 ,beauty1 & ,tru?1 ) ,tru? z ! greate/ ( ! ?ree1 z ! highe/ possible ideals ( man4 ,b1 evid5tly1 ,pr(4 ,santayana does n believe t x is possible to leave out ! sup]natural f religion & /ill h a religion4 ,b = ,%akespe>e1 9 ! matt] ( religion1 writes ,santayana1 ! *oice lay betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & no?+4 ,he *ose no?+4 ,9 our op9ion ,%akespe>e *ose some?+ :i* 0 m 9 accord ) ! conc5sus ( ! compet5t1 ?\gh oppos$ to ! prejudices ( ! populace1 namely3 ! rationali/ attitude 9 ! pres5ce ( life & dea?4 ,& :y is n ?is attitude z mu* entitl$ to be call$ a philosophy & a religion z ! !ological8 ,w\ld x n be unfair to say1 = in/ance1 t ,t5nyson's ,! ,com+ ,*ur* ( ,humanity is no *ur* at all1 because x is n aft] ! fa%ion ( or?odoxy3 ,i dream$ t /one by /one ,i re>$ a sacr$ fane1 ,a temple1 nei!r pagod1 mosque1 nor *ur*1 ,b l(ti]1 simpl]1 always op5-door$ ,to e brea? f heav52 & tru? & peace ,& love & ju/ice came & dwelt !re93 --or to cont5d t ,goe! 0 pr(ane & irreligi\s because ! v]se 9 :i* he sums up 8 philosophy omits all ref]5ce to ! ess5tials ( reveal$ religion8 ,9 ! ,entire1 ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful resolve to live-- ,w\ld/ fa%ion = ?yself a seemly life4 ,!n fret n ov] :at is pa/ & gone2 ,& spite ( all ?\ may'/ h lo/ beh9d1 ,yet act z if ?y life 7 j begun4 ,! religion ( n a few ( ! be/ m9ds has be5 ( ! above type2 & surely1 to a reasonable man ! ,ca?olic :o d5ies t ! ,prote/ant is a ,*ri/ian1 or ! ,tr9it>ian :o excommunicates ! ,unit>ian is n m sect>ian ?an ! philosoph] :o d5ies t ,goe!1 ,t5nyson1 ,voltaire1 or ,%akespe>e1 _h any religion at all because !y did n h 8 religion4 ,! ,g]man critic1 ,g]v9ius1 on ! o!r h&1 expresses ! op9ion t ,%akespe>e 0 sil5t on religion because 8 plat=m 0 n a pulpit4 ,b x 0 a v n>r[ view to take ( religion1 to intimate t outside ! pulpit religion is an intrud]4 ,if religion is "o's philosophy ( life1 x is at home ev]y:]e1 b if x is only "o's beliefs conc]n+ dogmas & rites1 !n ! pulpit is its exclusive sph]e4 ,%akespe>e 0 sil5t on religion ( ! k9d ,g]v9ius has 9 m9d1 n because 8 plat=m 0 n a pulpit1 b because he _h no su* religion to express4 ,a man's religion is 8 philosophy ( life1 9 accordance ) :i* he %apes 8 conduct & int]prets human de/9y1 & surely ,%akespe>e 0 n )\t su* a work+-religion4 ,! position ( ,w4 ,j4 ,bir*1 ! ,engli% p>liam5t>ian :o writes f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t1 appe>s to u m consi/5t4 ,he believes t ,%akespe>e 0 n at all sil5t on religion1 9 ! ,*ri/ian or sup]natural s5se ( ! ^w1 b demon/rably antagoni/ic to x4 ,he !n produces passage aft] passage to %[ ,%akespe>e's positive dislike = su* fundam5tal t5ets ( reveal$ religion1 z ! doctr9es ( provid5ce1 ! ,fall ( ,man1 ! ,holy ,sacram5t1 ! ,^w ( ,god1 ,salvation1 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,prie/hood1 etc4 ,bir* d5\nces ,%akespe>e because he 0 n a ,*ri/ian2 because n only ! details1 b ! ess5tials1 also1 ( ,*ri/ianity are ! !mes ( 8 flippancy4 ,he inf]s fur!r1 f ! companions ( ,%akespe>e--,m>l[e1 ,gre51 ,raleigh1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]2 & f ! books he read--,lucretius1 ,plut>*1 ,lucian1 ,montaigne & ,bruno--t he c\ld n h be5 a ,*ri/ian1 z no foll[] ( ,jesus ,*ri/ c\ld take any int]e/ 9 su* pr(ane writ]s4 ,reply+ to ^? :o quote ! ,w ( ,%akespe>e to prove 8 piety1 ,bir* says t ! ,w is n 9 ! poet's h&writ+2 t ! signature1 alone1 0 81 ! re/ be+ ! cu/om>y =m ( legal docum5ts drawn by lawy]s = su* occasions4 ,! real sympa?ies ( ,%akespe>e1 ,mr4 ,bir* ?9ks1 may be inf]r$ f su* l9es z ! foll[+3-- ,an idiot holds 8 bauble = a ,god1 99 & aga93 ,by t same ,god1 :at ,god soe'er x be1 99 --:i* seems to imply1 accord+ to ?is ,*ri/ian critic ( ,%akespe>e1 t !re are z _m ,gods z !re are fancies4 99 ,titus ,&ronicus4 ,! reason :i* ,mr4 ,bir* assigns = ! indiff]5ce ( ,%akespe>e's contempor>ies to 8 works & fame 0 8 non-,*ri/ian tea*+s1 :i* made him r an object ( di/ru/ & fe> ?an ( admiration4 ,! _w ( 8 day 0 religi\s1 says ,mr4 ,bir*1 &1 !re=e1 x 0 glad en\gh to =get ,%akespe>e & rememb] ! m5 :o _h left monum5ts ( piety beh9d4 ,! opposition ( ! religi\s elem5t is ?us giv5 z "o ( ! reasons = ! abs5ce ( any recognition ( 8 g5ius & ! oblivion to :i* he seems to h be5 condemn$ be=e a less pi\s or puritanic age discov]$ ) ec/asy ! weal? & glory ( 8 ?\s& s\ls4 ,milton's joy\s exclamation e*oes ! gratitude ( ! intellectual _w3 ,?\1 9 our love & a/oni%m5t ,ha/ f\nd a life-long monum5t4 ,b ! majority ( ! apologi/s ( sup]naturalism1 appreciat+ ! value ( ,%akespe>e z an ally1 h /\tly claim$ him z a ,*ri/ian believ]4 ,bi%op ,wordswor? has writt5 a volum9\s "w to %[ h[ mu* ( ! ,bible !re is 9 ,%akespe>e4 ,mr4 ,george ,br&ies1 ) mu* ju/ice1 calls ?is pi\s bi%op's book unreadable4 ,ano!r ,*ri/ian int]pret] ( ,%akespe>e (f]s ! foll[+ apology = ! poet's seem+ indiff]5ce to ! t5ets ( or?odox religion3 ,d\bts h be5 ent]ta9$ z to ,%akespe>e's religi\s belief1 because few or no notices ( x occur 9 8 works4 ,?is ought to be attribut$ to a t5d] & delicate res]ve ab\t holy ?+s1 r ?an to inatt5tion or neglect4 ,! above %[s h[ indisp5sable to ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e ,%akespe>e's approval ( !m _h come to be reg>d$ by ! lat] ,*ri/ians4 ,8 0 too great & %9+ a "n n to h x li/$ on _! side1 & s 0 inv5t$ a t5d] & delicate res]ve on ! "p ( ! poet1 to expla9 8 op5 prote/s aga9/ _! cre$s1 :i* !y mildly call 8 failure to take notice ( !m4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h writt5 l5g?y argum5ts to prove t ! immortal poet 0 a dev\t ,ca?olic1 an or?odox ,calvani/1 a loyal ,anglican1 & s =?4 ,! man :o 9 8 lifetime 0 associat$ ) ,m>l[e & 8 s*ool1 & :o 0 vehem5tly d5\nc$ by ! expon5ts ( religion 9 t day--! ,puritans--is today hail$ by ! desc5dants ( ^! same ,puritans z ! honor & glory ( _! fai?4 ,b ?is *ange ( he>t is a purely s5tim5tal "o4 ,x is1 z already intimat$1 ! increas+ eclat ( ,%akespe>e's "n & fame :i* has made him desirable z a coreligioni/4 ,already1 ev5 ,?omas ,pa9e is be+ claim$ z a fell[-believ]4 ,mr4 ,brooke ,h]e=d writes t if he1 ! au?or ( ! ,age ( ,reason1 7 liv+ n[1 he w\ld jo9 ! ,unit>ian ,*ur*4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 by consult+ our own necessities t we f9d out ! religion ( ano!r4 ,we may all wi% t ,%akespe>e believ$ j z we d1 & t he 0 ^u our side ( ! "q1 b c\ld our wi% be any evid5ce 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d8 ,! real attitude ( ,%akespe>e t[>d reveal$ religion w be le>n$ by obs]v+1 z we /at$ above1 ! frequ5cy & consi/5cy ) :i* c]ta9 expressions appe> & reappe> 9 8 works4 ,an au?or's intimate beliefs may be asc]ta9$ by obs]v+ ! prevail+ mood ( 8 m9d1 ! atmosph]e 8 *>act]s brea! 91 & ! m or less p]man5t m\lds into :i* 8 ?\ghts fl[4 ,t is alone to be call$ a man's op9ion1 writes ,%aftesbury1 :i* is1 ( any o!r1 ! mo/ habitual to him1 & occurs ^u mo/ occasions4 ,to ! same effect are ! words ( ,sir ,bulw] ,lytton1 quot$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,bir* 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,%akespe>e3 ,9 ! m9d ( man !re is always a resemblance to 8 works4 ,8 h]oes may n be l himself1 b !y are l c]ta9 qualities :i* belong to him4 ,! s5tim5ts he utt]s are 8 at ! mom5t2 if y f9d !m pr$om9ate 9 all 8 works1 !y pr$om9ate 9 8 m9d4 ,we may illu/rate ! tru? ( ! above rem>k by an example f ,moli]e1 ! ,%akespe>e ( ,france1 z he has (t5 be5 call$4 ,9 a conv]sation betwe5 a begg> & a citiz51 ! begg> is ask$ :at he consid]s ! object ( life4 ,to pray ,god = ! good p :o give me alms1 he answ]s4 ,ah1 y pass y\r "t 9 pray+ to ,god6 ,9 t case y ought to be v mu* at y\r ease1 says ! philosoph] citiz54 ,alas6 sir1 replies ! begg>1 ,i (t5 h n :at to eat4 ,t c n be1 prote/s ! citiz51 ,god w\ld n leave ^? to die ( hung] :o pray to him morn+ & night4 ,come1 "h's a p\nd2 b ,i give x y = ! love ( humanity4 ,x is n possible = anyone :o believ$ 9 or?odox ,ca?olicism to express ) su* emphasis & lucidity a s5tim5t l ! above4 ,moli]e c\ld nev] h plac$ ! pray+ m5dicant 9 ! light he does1 nor invok$ ! "n ( humanity to a man :o did all 8 begg+ 9 ! "n ( ! deity1 _h he be5 a consi/5t ,ca?olic4 ,equally conclusive are ! foll[+ ,%akespe>ian l9es 9 "o ( ! hi/orical plays1 on ! d5om9ational sympa?ies ( ! great poet3 ,k+ ,john in/ructs ! ,c>d9al to be> ?is message to ! ,pope ( ,rome3-- ,tell him ?is tale2 & f ! m\? ( ,engl& ,add ?is mu* m1--t no ,italian prie/ ,%all ti! or toll 9 our dom9ions2 ,s tell ! ,pope1 all rev]5ce set ap>t ,to him & 8 usurp$ au?ority4 ,& :5 ! believ+ ,k+ ,philip prote/s aga9/ :at he calls blasphemy1 ,k+ ,john returns 9 words :i* leave n a %ad[ ( d\bt z to ,%akespe>e's positive di/ru/ ( ,ca?olicism3-- ,?\gh y & all ! ,k+s ( ,*ri/5dom ,are l$ s grossly by ?is m$dl+ prie/1 ,dread+ ! curse t money may buy out2 ,&1 by ! m]it ( vile gold1 dross1 du/1 ,pur*ase corrupt$ p>don ( a man1 ,:o 9 t sale sells p>don f himself2 ,?\gh y & all ! re/1 s grossly l$1 ,?is juggl+ wit*craft ) rev5ue *]i%2 ,yet ,i1 alone1 alone d me oppose ,aga9/ ! ,pope1 & c\nt its fri5ds my foes4 ,9 ! same way ,%akespe>e's attitude t[>d ! ,puritans ( 8 day is decisively %[n 9 8 frequ5t ref]5ces to !m1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a fair specim53 ,?\gh hone/y be no ,puritan1 yet x w d no hurt4 ,ev5 m f9al ?an ! above is ,%akespe>e's rejection ( ! idea ( provid5ce1 :i* is ! n]ve ( sup]naturalism4 ,:5 ,mir&a1 a "y1 innoc5t girl1 obs]ves f ! %ore a %ip1 ) its freight ( human lives1 s9k+1 la%$ m]cilessly by ! bl9d & unfeel+ elem5ts1 %e exclaims3-- ,_h ,i be5 any ,god ( p[]1 ,i w\ld ,h sunk ! sea )9 ! e>?1 or e'er ,x %\ld ! good %ip s h swall[$1 & ,! freight+ s\ls )9 h]4 ,only a little less decisive is ,%akespe>e's repudiation ( all o!r-help1 & 8 recomm5dation ( self-help1 :i* makes n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( ! belong+s ( ! popul> religions sup]flu\s3 ,our rem$ies (t 9 ourselves d lie ,:i* we ascribe to ,heav54 ,aga9 ,%akespe>e writes3-- ,9 religion1 ,:at damn$ error1 b "s sob] br[ ,w bless x & approve x ) a text4 ,we c imag9e h[ a man :o1 kept ap>t f ! great !ological int]e/ ( ! day1 c\ld make ! above comm5t2 b = a p>tisan ( any "o ( ! sects1 su* a *>act]ization ( ! folly & wick$ness ( mak+ a numb] ( ,bible texts ! occasion = endless wrangles & blood%$ w\ld h be5 impossible1 = ! v cog5t reason t 9 condemn+ ! practice ( resort+ to ,scripture z ! c\rt ( la/ appeal 9 all matt]s ( religion1 he w\ld h und]m9$ 8 own position4 ,su* a passage z ! above illu/rates ) :at scant sympa?y ! lead+ m9d ( t age contemplat$ ! w>f>e ( rival fai?s4 ,& :5 x is rememb]$ t :at heat$ ! religi\s sects1 ! "o aga9/ ! o!r1 7 subjects conc]n+ :i* no "o possess$ any k1 we w appreciate ,hamlet's amazem5t t we %\ld make su* fools ( ourselves3-- ,s horridly to %ake our disposition ,) ?\ghts beyond ! rea*es ( our s\ls4 ,a fur!r condemnation ( ! claims1 ( religi\s organizations t !y possess a ,revelation :i* answ]s def9itely & f9ally man's que/ions conc]n+ ! "h & ! h]eaft]1 & a recomm5dation ( ! sci5tific attitude ( mode/y & op5ness ( m9d to fre% k1 is f\nd 9 ! l9es1 s frequ5tly quot$1 b ) little und]/&+ ( its import3-- ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1 ,?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy4 ,revelation may be clos$1 ! ,bibles & cre$s may h no fur!r use = /udy & inve/igation1 b = a man ( ! rationality ( ,%akespe>e1 no revelation1 no ,bible1 no cre$1 approa*$ any:]e ne> cov]+ ! ev] wid5+ realm ( tru?4 ,! books ( ! gods are seal$4 ,%akespe>e believ$ 9 ! op5 book4 ,%akespe>e's belief 9 ! religion ( ,humanity is also %[n by 8 sympa?y ) goodness irrespective ( ! race1 cre$1 or c\ntry :i* produces x4 ,he c\ld admire a pagan = 8 virtues despite ! tea*+ ( ! cate*ism :i* condemns ! non-,*ri/ian _w to ! tortures ( hell4 ,only a man ( ! sanity & *a/5$ sympa?ies ( ,%akespe>e c\ld speak ( a ,roman skeptic 9 ! foll[+ exalt$ tone3 ,8 life 0 g5tle1 & ! elem5ts ,s mix$ 9 him1 t nature might /& up1 ,& say to all ! _w1 ,?is 0 a man6 ,8 approval also ( ! philosoph]'s behavior 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 z di/+ui%$ f ! believ]'s dogmatism1 is %[n 9 ! p>t+ sc5e betwe5 ,cassius & 8 great fri5d1 ,brutus3 ,= :e!r we %all meet aga9 ,i "k n4 ,!re=e our ev]la/+ f>ewell take4 ,=ev] & =ev] f>ewell1 ,cassius6 ,if we d meet aga91 :y1 we %all smile2 ,if n1 :y1 !n ?is p>t+ 0 well made4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! above does n %[ ,%akespe>e's own intellectual attitude t[>d ! beyond1 = he is only report+ ! s5tim5ts :i* su* a "* z ,brutus ent]ta9$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is "o ( ,%akespe>e's *>act]s1 n ,%akespe>e himself1 :o is philosophis+4 ,b x is curi\s t 9 ,plut>*'s hi/ory1 f :i* our poet borr[$ freely = ?is play1 ,brutus ackn[l$g$ a future /ate1 & is positive ( 8 future rew>d4 ,i gave up my life = my c\ntry 9 ! ,ides ( ,m>*1 = ! :i* ,i %all live 9 ano!r m glori\s _w1 ,plut>* reports ,brutus to h said4 ,%akespe>e's *ang+ ?is dogmatic assurance conc]n+ a future life to ! philosophic attitude ( unconc]n %[s conclusively :i* way 8 own sympa?ies incl9$4 ,to fur!r cl9* ! po9t1 t ,%akespe>e is "h speak+ 8 own ?\ght & n m]ely inv5t+ ?\ghts suitable to 8 pagan *>act]s1 let u quote a /anza f 8 ,sonnets :i*1 x is admitt$1 embody ! poet's own philosophy4 ,x w be se5 t he is ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! ,lucretian1 or ! sci5tific ?\ght1 ( man & nature3 ,:5 ,i consid] e ?+ t gr[s ,holds 9 p]fection b a little mom5t2 ,t ?is huge /ate pres5te? n\ght b %[ ,:]eon ! />s 9 secret influ5ce comm5t4 ,& :at is true ( nature is true also ( man1 not)/&+ 8 self-exaltation3 ,:5 ,i p]ceive t m5 z plants1 increase1 ,*e]$ & *eck$ ev5 by selfsame sky1 ,vaunt 9 _! y\?ful sap1 at height decrease1 ,& we> _! brave /ate out ( memory4 ,yet ?is transitor9ess ( man1 in/ead ( dim9i%+1 enhances 8 value1 & makes love1 fri5d%ip & tru? all ! m preci\s4 ,life w\ld n h be5 s great a gift1 if x 7 un5d+4 ,love1 ! greate/ ( all bless+s1 %9es ^u ! d>k br[ ( dea? l a ri* jewel 9 an ,e?iop's e>4 ,x is ! ?\ght ( dea?1 ( sep>ation1 :i* creates atta*m5ts & fri5d%ips inexpressibly sweet4 ,!n ! conceit ( ?is incon/ant /ay ,set y mo/ ri* 9 y\? be=e my sight4 ,( c\rse !re are also _m expressions 9 ,%akespe>e :i* a ,ca?olic may cite to prove t ,%akespe>e 0 a fai?ful *ild ( ! *ur*1 or a ,prote/ant to %[ t ! greate/ m9d ( ,engl& 0 on 8 side1 b ! context ( ,%akespe>e1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is unres]v$ly on ! side ( ! non-sup]natural & ! rationali/ic int]pretation ( life4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ! con/ruction ( ,%akespe>e's plays1 we %all f9d t x is z decisively along rationali/ic l9es z ! atmosph]e :i* p]meates !m4 ,gods & gho/s fleet across 8 /age1 b !y h no p]ceptible influ5ce ^u ! ord] or drift ( ev5ts 9 ,%akespe>e's _w4 ,! c5t] r\nd :i* ,%akespe>e makes ! univ]se revolve is--man6 ,?is repres5ts a radical dep>ture f !ology4 ,! *ange f ! contemplation ( ,god to ! /udy ( man is ! ,r5aissance 9 a nut-%ell4 ,%akespe>e1 z ! great ,r5aissance poet1 lift$ ?is _w into ! importance :i* ! next _w _h usurp$1 & urg$ m5 to reclaim ! pr]ogatives :i* !y _h1 9 fe> & s]vility1 de$$ away to _! gods4 ,/udy1 = in/ance1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 & x w be se5 t ! entire /ory1 beg9n+ ) ! rosy dawn 9 :i* love & y\? met1 to ! noon-day /orm :i* swept ! unhappy lov]s to _! graves1 is conceiv$1 creat$ & pres5t$ )\t ! remote/ ref]5ce to a div9e provid5ce z a factor 9 human affairs4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s 9 a natural way1 & f natural causes4 ,romeo's ra%ness & ,juliet's impati5ce leave room = no my/]ies z to _! fate4 ,!re may be1 or !re may n be1 a ,god1 b to expla9 ?is trag$y x is n necess>y ei!r to po/ulate or to d5y 8 exi/5ce4 ,%akespe>e /e]s cle> ( ! occult p[]s t are suppos$ to preside ov] human de/9y1 & nev] once does he cross _! pa?s or ent] ! circle ( _! influ5ce4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! conduct ( 8 ,romeo & ,juliet 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?4 ,mu* is made ( ! dea? b$ sc5e 9 religi\s lit]ature4 ,p are suppos$ to turn _! ?\ghts heav5w>d 9 t h\r1 & to %[ anxiety ab\t _! s\ls4 ,x is !n1 we are told1 t a s5se ( ! _w to come takes irresi/ible possession ( ! m9d4 ,! la/ words ( ! dy+ are recall$ to %[ h[1 ^u ! br9k ( ! grave1 z ! e>?ly sun is s9k+1 ! heav5ly lights beg9 to appe>4 ,b ,%akespe>e's ,romeo & ,juliet confront dea? )\t any ?\ght ( a future reunion1 :i* is v rem>kable consid]+ _! y\? & _! fondness = "o ano!r4 ,x almo/ betrays a delib]ate ef=t on ! "p ( ,%akespe>e to prev5t ^! ard5t lov]s1 dy+ ere ! budd+ rose ( love _h op5$1 to ev5 dream ( a life beyond :]e !y may =ev] live & love4 ,no?+ c\ld be a cle>] indication ( ,%akespe>e's intellectual fre$om f bo? ! phraseology & me?od ( !ology4 ,romeo kn[s ( no o!r p>adise ?an 8 ,juliet1 :ile to ! latt]1 :]e ,romeo is1 !re is heav54 ,?is is frank1 hone/1 free1 b x is n h[ ! ,mohamm$an1 ! ,*ri/ian or ! ,jewi% religions expect ! dy+ to express !mselves4 ,romeo's address to dea? ignores all reveal$ religions3 ,come1 unsavory guide6 ,?\ desp]ate pilot1 n[ at once run on ,! da%+ rocks1 ?y seasick we>y b>k6 ,"h's to my love6 99 99 99 ,?us ) a kiss ,i die4 ,surely ?is is n ! language ( ! believ]4 ,nor has ,romeo any illusions ab\t dea?3 ,oh "h ,w ,i set up my ev]la/+ re/2 ,& %ake ! yoke ( inauspici\s />s ,f ?is _w-we>i$ fle%4 ,& to ?9k t ,romeo _h a ,ca?olic prie/ = a fri5d6 ,b x %[s h[ clean ,%akespe>e's m9d 0 f su* fantasies 99 99 99 m ?an cool reason ev] compreh5ds4 99 ,& :5 ,romeo takes 8 f>ewell ( ,juliet1 8 ?\ght is equally free f fancies3 ,eyes1 look y\r la/6 ,arms1 take y\r la/ embrace6 & lips1 ,o y1 ,! doors ( brea?1 seal ) a righte\s kiss1 ,a dateless b>ga9 to engross+ dea?4 ,no?+ c\ld be m un-,ca?olic & un-,prote/ant ?an ?is p>t+ ( ,%akespe>e's be/ lov]s4 ,juliet1 :o has (t5 knelt be=e ! prie/1 dies )\t "o appeal to religion = com=t or support4 ,%e has no fai?1 n[1 9 ! h\r ( h] greate/ ne$1 9 pray]1 crucifix1 ,bible or *ur*4 ,g1 get !e h5ce1 %e cries to ! fri> :5 he approa*es to m9i/] to h] 9 h] cru%+ sorr[4 ,%e foll[s ,romeo )\t utt]+ "o ^w ab\t ,god1 or ! future4 ,9 ! same _s1 ,! re/ is sil5ce1 murmurs ,hamlet z he s9ks to ! gr\nd1 & we may ann\nce ) consid]able assurance t ! words are ,%akespe>e's z mu* z !y are ,hamlet's4 9999 ,b ! naturalism ( ! poet z oppos$ to ! sup]naturalism ( ! religion ( 8 day is fur!r br\ght out by ! free & un9t]rupt$ op]ation 9 8 plays ( ! law ( action & reaction1 ( cause & consequ5ce4 ,x is no angel ( heav51 z we read ( 9 ,scripture1 t exalts or /rikes d[n ! p 9 ,%akespe>e's _w2 b by _! own acts !y rise or fall4 ,intemp]ance br+s ,timon ( ,a!ns to ! du/2 folly ru9s ,o!llo2 insol5ce cuts ,corialanus' c>e] %ort2 ambition & sup]/ition /rangle ,macbe?2 hypocrisy subjects ,angello to ! contempt ( 8 fell[s2 hatr$ & rev5ge blight ! life ( ,%ylock4 ,heav5 plays no "p on ,%akespe>e's /age4 ,man reaps z he s[s1 & no gods are necess>y to en=ce cause & effect4 ,if ,nature's laws defy ! p[] ( man1 d !y b5d or break :5 gods comm&8 ,pride1 %ame1 intemp]ance1 gre$1 hate--^! c nev] lead to happ9ess1 all ! gods to ! contr>y4 ,nor c all ! p[]s ( heav5 & hell turn self-re/ra9t1 mod]ation1 ju/ice1 cont5tm5t1 c\rage1 love & peace1 into demons ( hell4 ,nature is s\nd2 ,nature is all-suffici5t1 & 9 ,%akespe>e ,nature occupies ! /age s completely z to leave nei!r room nor necessity = any o!r p[]4 99 ,midsumm]'s ,night's ,dream4 9999 ,we are nei!r recomm5d+ nor condemn+ ,%akespe>e's attitude t[>d ! "q ( ano!r life1 b simply endeavor+ to repres5t x4 ,no?+ is s c]ta9 & s effective 9 ,%akespe>e z 8 criticism ( ! ways ( ,provid5ce4 ,:5 ,o!llo1 = in/ance1 awak5s to a s5se ( 8 irrep>able loss--:5 ! pity ( ,desdemona's dea?1 l ! incom+ tide ( ! sea1 sweeps ov] him & takes 8 brea? away1 he gasps out ^! significant words ) 8 eyes se>*+ ! abysses ( space ov] 8 head3 ,me?9ks !re %\ld n[ be a huge eclipse ( sun & moon1 & ! affright$ e>? %\ld yawn at alt]cation4 ,he c n und]/& h[ any ,god c\ld look d[n ) unmoi/5$ eyes ^u su* a trag$y4 ,:at does ,god d ) 8 p[]s if he w n int]f]e to save m5 su* z ,o!llo f committ+ ignorantly s he9\s a crime8 ,aga9 he /amm]s out1 ,are !re no /ones 9 heav5 b :at s]ve = ! ?und]8 ,is ,god only a spectacul> be+8 ,is all he c d to ?und] 9 ! cl\ds & dazzle ) 8 lightn+8 ,:]e is ! ,god ( help8 ,is he real8 ,does he exi/8 ,to make effective ?is indiff]5ce or helplessness ( ! gods1 ,%akespe>e contra/s _! /olid unconc]n ) human sympa?y4 ,emelia1 ! wife ( ! man :o poison$ ,o!llo's m9d1 breaks into a he>t-r5d+ lam5tation :5 %e le>ns ( ! dea? ( h] innoc5t mi/ress1 :i* %ames ! sil5t & te>less gods3 ,i'll kill myself = grief1 %e sobs z %e sees /ret*$ at h] feet ! victim ( human folly & crime4 ,h[ eloqu5t1 & h[ melt+ are ^! words6 ,%e does n c>e to live if %e c n protect innoc5ce & virtue1 beauty & goodness aga9/ hate & envy4 ,& ?is f a woman ^: "* 0 n above reproa*6 ,h[ admirable is ! see?+ passion 9 h] human s\l comp>$ ) ! dumbness ( ! almighty gods6 ,by ! m\? ( ano!r frail woman ,%akespe>e passes ! same criticism ^u ! curr5t conceptions ( div9e provid5ce4 ,:5 "y ,juliet le>ns t ,romeo has kill$ h] c\s91 = :i* ra% act he has be5 bani%$ = life1 ?us blight+ h] de>e/ hopes1 %e cries3 ,c ,heav5 be s envi\s8 ,lat] on1 :5 h] own p>5ts p]secute h] & drive h] to a desp]ate exp]im5t ) dea?1 & all = ! purpose ( wre/+ a little happ9ess out ( life1 %e exclaims3 ,is !re no pity sitt+ 9 ! cl\ds8 ,f9ally1 :5 all h] hopes are turn$ to a%es1 & %e realizes ! bitt]ness ( h] fate1 %e sobs3 ,alack1 alack t ,heav5 %\ld practice su* /ratagems ^u s s(t a subject z myself4 ,?is is a /rong criticism ( ! popul> fancy ( a ,fa!r 9 ,heav5 :o broods ov] 8 *ildr5 z a h5 ov] h] "y4 ,unlike ! prea*]s ( ! conv5tional fai?s1 ,%akespe>e s\ght to dive/ p's m9ds ( dreams & fairy /ories1 t !y may le>n to cope ) reality4 ,?is is ! answ] to ! *>ge t ! critic takes away p's com=t :5 he takes away _! religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 he helps !m to replace ! %ad[ ) ! sub/ance4 ,m5 w d m = !mselves & _! _w if !y realize t if !y d n1 no o!r p[] w4 ,man becomes a god :5 ! place is vacat$ by ! idols4 ,b if !re is /ill any unc]ta9ty ab\t ,%akespe>e's religi\s philosophy1 we recomm5d ! c>eful p]usal ( ! sc5e 9 ,macbe? betwe5 ,macduff1 ,malcolm & ,rosse4 ,! latt] has j in=m$ ,macduff t ! tyrant has put 8 entire h\sehold to dea?3 ,macduff4--,my *ildr51 too8 ,rosse4--,wife1 *ildr51 s]vants1 all t c\ld be f\nd4 ,macduff4--,my wife kill$ too8 ,rosse4--,i h said4 ,macduff4--,all my pretty ones8 ,did y say all8 99 99 99 ,all8 ,:at1 all my pretty *ick5s1 & _! dam1 at "o fell swoop8 ,!n foll[ ^! significant words ( ! b]eav$ & wrong$ husb&3 ,did ,heav5 look on1 ,& w\ld n take _! "p8 ,no wond] ! s5tim5t express$ 9 ! above 0 consid]$ blasphem\s by e>ly ,*ri/ian critics ( ,%akespe>e4 ,to a believ] 9 ,god's "r to d z ,he pleases1 & 9 man's duty to b[ humbly & uncompla9+ly to ! h& t smites him1 ! "q :i* ,macduff asks is bo? impi\s & wick$1 = he op5ly upbraids ,provid5ce = its non-int]f]5ce1 if he does n categorically d5y its exi/5ce4 ,x is n probable t an hone/ adh]5t or ev5 respect] ( ! curr5t religi\s tea*+ ( 8 day c\ld h p5n$ s bold a prote/ aga9/ ! popul> fai?4 ,:]e1 ,%akespe>e seems to ask1 is ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r ^: t5d] m]cies are ov] all 8 *ildr58 ,:at does ,god d = man8 ,9 :at s5se w\ld a "m & h] *ildr51 f\lly murd]$1 h be5 worse (f1 if !re _h be5 no ,provid5ce8 ,& 9 :at way 7 !y b5efit$ by ! exi/5ce ( a ,heav5ly ,fa!r8 ,9 ?is same play1 ! poet has once m describ$ 8 ideal man1 & !re is m ( ! pagan ab\t him ?an ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,liv+ 9 a community :i* reg>d$ fai? z ! greate/ ( virtues1 )\t :i* no am\nt ( moral excell5ce c\ld avail any?+1 ,%akespe>e draws a picture ( 8 sa9t :i* is ! v anti!sis ( ,*ri/ian ideals4 ,malcolm asks = ! respect ( 8 fell[s = 8 "*1 n = 8 religion4 ,nev] 0 =sworn2 ,sc>cely h covet$ :at 0 m9e own2 ,at no "t broke my fai?2 w\ld n betray ,! devil to 8 fell[2 & delight ,no less 9 tru?1 ?an life4 ,! conclud+ l9e--& delight no less 9 tru? ?an life--we h no hesitation 9 pron\nc+ z ! mo/ beautiful s5tim5t 9 ,%akespe>e4 ,malcolm says n a ^w ab\t 8 ,*ri/ian beliefs1 )\t :i* no "o c be sav$4 ,once m we call att5tion to ! fact t !re are 9 ,%akespe>e1 z !re are 9 ,voltaire1 ne>ly all ! t]ms ( *ur* & cre$1 b ! und]ly+ philosophy ( ! poet is1 if we may dep5d ^u ! above extracts & examples1 unequivocally rationali/ic4 ,%akespe>e 0 a free?9k]1 9 t he int]rogates ! popul> fai? ab\t ,god1 & ! h]eaft]1 & sugge/s an ord] ( ! univ]se :i* is ! v negation ( ! sup]natural4 ,8 indiff]5ce to ! fundam5tals ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 !n1 is n due to ! fact t he is n a prea*]1 z ,g]v9ius sugge/s1 nor because he pref]r$ no?+ to ,*ri/ianity1 z ,santayana concludes1 or because ( 8 t5d] & delicate res]ve ab\t holy ?+s1 z ,*>les ,knight1 "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic admir]s ( ,%akespe>e sugge/s1 b to 8 utt] want ( intellectual sympa?y ) ! religi\s ?\ght ( 8 day1 & to ! fact t he _h work$ out a religion ( 8 own1 bas$ on ! natural virtues--an e?ical religion ( ,humanity1 ) its comm&m5ts writt51 n on p>*m5ts1 b 9 ! blood ( ! race4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a religi\s atmosph]e 9 ,%akespe>e1 b x is ! religion ( ! ,good1 ! ,true1 & ! ,beautiful2 )\t dogma & )\t miracle1 & z compreh5sive1 z true to nature1 & z closely 9 h>mony ) ! rationali/ic int]pretation ( ! univ]se z 8 own drama4 ,has n ,goe!1 9 def9+ 8 own religion1 def9$ also t ( ,%akespe>e8 ,man is born1 writes ,goe!1 n to solve ! problem ( ! univ]se1 b to f9d out :]e ! problem beg9s1 & !n to re/ra9 himself )9 ! limits ( ! compreh5sible4 ,?is is precisely :at ! great ,engli%man1 :om ,goe! s s9c]ely admir$1 did4 ,he re/ra9$ himself )9 ! limits ( ! compreh5sible1 :i* is a beautiful way ( say+ t he 0 practical & n speculative1 sci5tific 9 _s & me?od1 & n !ological4 ,he ab/a9$ f ! unpr(itable pursuit ( ! gods1 :om ! ,bible says 9 "o place1 no man c f9d out by se>*+1 & devot$ himself to ! /udy ( man & 8 _w4 ,?is is ! religion ( s5se4 ,!re is ev]y?+ 9 ,%akespe>e ab\t man1 & e bit ( x is s]i\s2 b !re is no?+ ( any consequ5ce 9 ,%akespe>e ab\t ,god or gods4 ,x is a matt] ( regret to ! !ologian t ! great poet %\ld h p]mitt$ ! secul> int]e/s ( life to engage 8 exclusive ?\ght1 b we rejoice 9 ! fact t ,%akespe>e c\ld n be tempt$ into ! du/y & w9d+ pa?s ( !ology :i* lead n[h]e4 ,z tru?fully z ! great ,voltaire1 ! glori\s ,%akespe>e1 poet1 philosoph]1 hi/orian1 c\ld say ( ! f\nd]s ( isms1 & ! inv5tor & mak] ( gods1 !y h tr\bl$ ! e>?1 & ,i h consol$ x4