,,oxford    ,by ,robert ,peel ,and ,h4  
,c4 ,minchin    ,with #ajj              
,illustrations ,in ,colour    ,new ,york
    ,the ,macmillan ,company    #aijf   
,,this volume is not intended to compete
 with any existing guides to  ,oxford3  
it is not a guide-book in any formal or 
exhaustive sense4 ,its  purpose is to   
shew forth the chief beauties of the    
,university and ,city1  as they have    
appeared to several artists2 with such a
 running commentary  as may explain the 
pictures1 and may indicate whatever is  
most  interesting in connection with the
 scenes which they represent4 ,slight   
as the notes are1 there has been no     
sacrifice1 it is believed1 of  accuracy4
 ,the principal facts have been derived 
from ,alexander ,chalmers'  ,history of 
the ,colleges1 ,halls1 and ,public      
,buildings of the ,university  of       
,oxford1 from ,mr4 ,lang's ,oxford1 and 
from the ,oxford and its  ,colleges of  
,mr4 ,j4 ,wells4    ,the illustrations1 
with the exception of six only1 which   

are derived  from ,acker-mann's ,oxford1
 are reproduced from the paintings of   
living  artists1 mostly by ,mr4 ,w4     
,matthison1 the others by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,r4 
,walton1  ,walter ,s4 ,s4 ,tyrwhitt1    
,mr4 ,bayzant1 and ,miss ,e4 ,s4        
,cheesewright4          ,,oxford        
,,oldest ,,oxford    ,,oxford is so     
naturally associated with the idea of a 
,university1 and  the ,collegiate       
buildings which confront one at every   
turn have such an  ancient appearance1  
that a stranger might be excused for    
thinking that  the ,university is older 
than the town1 and that the latter grew 
up as  an adjunct to the former4 ,of    
course1 the slightest examination of    
facts  suffices to dissipate this       
notion4 ,oxford is a town of great      
antiquity1  which may well have been in 
existence in ,alfred the ,great's time1 
though  there is not a shred of         
documentary evidence to prove that he   
was1  as tradition so long asserted1    
connected with the foundation of a      

university there3 it certainly existed  
in the reign of his son  and successor1 
,edward the ,elder1 because--and this is
 the earliest  historical mention of the
 place--the ,english ,chronicle tells us
 that  ,edward took ,lundenbyrg and     
,oxnaford and all the lands that were   
obedient thereto4 ,that was in #iab1 a  
date which marks the first              
authenticated appearance of ,oxford on  
the stage of ,english history4 4        
,there is a passage in ,domesday ,book  
which gives us a fair idea of the  size 
of the town in the ,conquerors day4 ,it 
contained over seven hundred  houses1   
but of these1 so harshly had the        
,normans treated the place1  two-thirds 
were ruined and unable to pay taxes4    
,william made ,robert  ,d',oily1 one of 
his followers1 governor of ,oxford4     
,d',oily's is the  earliest hand 7a     
heavy one1 by the way1 as the townsfolk 
learnt to their  cost7 whose impress is 
visible on the ,oxford of to-day4 ,we   
may indeed1  if we please1 attribute a  

certain piece of wall in the ,cathedral 
to  a remoter date1 but the grim old    
tower 7which appears in the first       
illustration7 is the first building in  
,oxford whose author can with  certainty
 be named4 ,it is all that remains of   
the ,castle which ,robert  ,d',oily     
built in order to control the           
surrounding country2 and he  built his  
stronghold by the riverside because he  
thereby dominated the  waterway1 along  
which enemies were apt to come1 as well 
as wide tracts  of land in every        
direction4 ,no doubt the hands of the   
conquered ,english  laboured at the     
massive structure which was to keep them
 in subjection4    ,illustration3 #jjbc 
,illustration3 #jjbd    ,a queen was    
once besieged in the castle1 ,matilda1  
,henry ,i4's daughter4  ,when food gave 
out she made her escape in a romantic   
manner1 so the  story tells4 ,the river 
was frozen and the ground covered with  
snow4 ,the  queen was let down from the 
tower by night with ropes1 clad in      

white1  the better to escape            
observation4 ,three knights were with   
her1 clad in  white also1 under whose   
guidance she reached ,wallingford on    
foot1 and so  escaped ,king ,stephen's  
clutches4    ,to the period of the      
,norman ,conquest belongs also the tower
 of ,st4  ,michaels ,church1 in the     
,cornmarket4 ,it has been usual to      
describe this  edifice as ,saxon2 but   
antiquaries incline to think that if    
,robert ,d',oily  did not build ,st4    
,michael's tower1 he at least repaired  
it4 ,this tower  formed a part of the   
city wall1 and from its narrow windows  
arrows  may have rained upon advancing  
foes4 ,adjoining it was ,bocardo1 the   
old  north-gate of the city1 whose upper
 chamber was long used as a prison4     
,nothing of ,bocardo now remains2 but   
,robert ,d',oily's handiwork  is        
traceable1 as many think1 in the crypt  
and chancel of ,st4  ,peter-in-the-,east
 and in the chancel arch at ,holywell4  
,in these buildings1 then1 the history  

of ,norman ,oxford is written1 so  far  
as history can be written in stone2 yet 
here and there about the  city are to be
 seen structures which1 although two or 
three centuries  younger1 have an       
appearance hardly less venerable4 ,year 
after year the  aged walls and portals  
are thronged with fresh generations of  
the youth  of ,england2 and it is in    
this combination of youth and age that  
no  little of the charm of ,oxford lies4
 ,we speak within the limitations of    
mortality3 but1 could we escape them for
 a moment1 immortal age beside  immortal
 youth might be her most appropriate    
description4    ,,when did the          
,university come into existence8 ,that  
is a question which  many people would  
like to have answered1 but which still1 
like ,brutus1  pauses for a reply4 ,it  
is to the last degree improbable that we
 shall  ever know4 ,there were teachers 
and learners in ,oxford at an early     
date1  but so there were in many other  
,english towns2 the plant struck deeper 

in ,oxford than elsewhere1 that is all  
that one can say4 ,there are  various   
indications that in the twelfth century 
the town had acquired a  name for       
learning4 ,in #aahf1 ,giraldus          
,cambrensis1 who had written a book     
about ,ireland and wanted to get it     
known1 came and read his manuscript     
aloud at ,oxford1 where1 as he tells us1
 the clergy in ,england chiefly         
flourished and excelled in clerkly lore4
 ,that was fifty years after the  death 
of ,king ,henry the ,scholar1 who--was  
it only a coincidence8--had  a residence
 in ,oxford4 ,it is pleasant to find    
,oxford students1 even in  those early  
days1 with ears attuned to hearing some 
new thing4    ,doctors of the different 
faculties1 we are told1 were among      
,giraldus'  auditors3 a fact which shows
 that learning was already getting      
systematised4 ,a little later it has    
clothed itself in corporate form1  and  
possesses a ,chancellor4 ,that official 
7when1 and by whom appointed1  is the   

mystery7 is first mentioned in #abad1   
and we can henceforth look  upon the    
,university as a living body4 ,he is    
named in connection with the  first     
recorded town and gown row1 when the    
citizens of ,oxford took  two clerks and
 hung them4 ,the papal ,legate 7this was
 in the evil days of  ,king ,john7      
intervened1 and the citizens were very  
properly rebuked and  fined4    ,a      
century passed before ,the ,gown had a  
building set specially apart  for the   
transaction of their affairs4 ,then1 in 
#acbb1 ,bishop ,cobham of  ,worcester   
added a chapel to the north-east corner 
of ,st4 ,mary's1 and  gave it to the    
,university as a ,house of              
,congregation4 ,the office of  ,proctor 
had already been instituted1 and that   
functionary had plenty of  students to  
employ his time--#cj1jjj one writer     
assures us1 but him we  cannot credit4  
,a fourth of that number is a liberal   
estimate4 ,they lived  in ,halls and    
lodgings1 a hard and an undisciplined   

life1 preyed upon  by the townsfolk and 
biting their thumbs at them in return   
7whence  collisions frequently ensued7  
until ,walter de ,merton devised the    
,college  system1 to the no small       
advantage of all concerned4             
,illustration3 #jjca    ,benefactions   
poured in upon the several ,colleges1   
but the greater  institution was not    
forgotten4 ,in the ,divinity ,school1   
within whose  walls ,latimer and ,ridley
 defended their opinions1 and ,charles  
,,ii4's  ,parliament debated1 the       
,university possesses1 as is fit and    
proper1 the  most beautiful room in     
,oxford and one of the most beautiful in
 ,england4  ,the style is ,perpendicular
 and the ceiling is particularly        
admirable4  ,together with the fine room
 above it1 in which ,duke ,humphrey's   
manuscripts were housed1 the ,divinity  
,school was completed in #adhj4         
,those six hundred manuscripts of       
,humphrey1 ,duke of ,gloucester1 which  
he  bestowed on the ,university1 had a  

sad history4 ,they were dispersed by    
,edward vi4's ,commissioners1 who judged
 them to be popish in  tendency1 and    
only four of them were ever restored to 
their old home4  ,nevertheless1 ,duke   
,humphreys gift was the origin of the   
,bodleian  ,library4 ,one does not like 
to think what the ,library was like in  
the  days which followed1 when its      
manuscripts were scattered abroad and   
its  shelves sold2 but in the last years
 of the sixteenth century there arose  a
 man who took pity upon its desolation4 
,this was ,sir ,thomas ,bodley1  ,fellow
 of ,merton1 a man of travel and        
affairs1 who devoted the last  years of 
his life to the creation of what is now 
one of the most famous  libraries in    
existence4 ,it has ever been the delight
 of scholars since  the days of ,james  
,i41 who wished he might be chained to  
the ,library1 as  some of the books     
were4    ,illustration3 #jjcb    ,the   
original chamber did not long suffice to
 contain the volumes2 an  east and then 

a west wing were added1 the latter over 
,archbishop ,laud's  ,convocation ,house
 7#afdj7 which superseded ,cobham's     
,chapel4 ,from these  the books         
overflowed into various rooms in the    
,old ,schools ,quadrangle1  which had   
been rebuilt in ,james ,i4's reign4     
,further space was gained in  #ahfj1    
when the ,radcliffe1 set free by the    
removal of its collection of  scientific
 works to the ,new ,museum1 was lent to 
the ,bodleian2 and again  in #ahhb1 on  
the opening of the ,new ,examination    
,schools 7sketched by ,mr4  ,matthison71
 when the ,old ,schools were rendered   
available for the uses of  the ,library4
    ,illustration3 #jjce                
,illustration3 #jjcf    ,the various    
public buildings belonging to the       
,university erected during  the         
nineteenth century1 such as the ,taylor 
,institution1 the ,university  ,art     
,galleries1 the ,new ,museum1 and the   
,indian ,institute1 can hardly  escape  
attracting the attention of visitors to 

,oxford4 ,it remains to  say a word of  
two older structures1 which appear side 
by side in ,mr4  ,matthison's next      
drawing--the ,clarendon ,building and   
the ,sheldonian  ,theatre4              
,illustration3 #jjci    ,the ,clarendon 
,building was designed by ,vanbrugh1 and
 completed in #agac4  ,it is named after
 the author of the ,history of the      
,rebellion1 and was  partially built out
 of the profits of the copyright of that
 work1 which  ,clarendon's son presented
 to the ,university4 ,it was the home of
 the  ,university ,press until #ahcj1   
and is now occupied by the offices of   
various ,university ,boards4    ,the    
,sheldonian ,theatre1 designed by ,sir  
,christopher ,wren1 is associated  with 
less tranquil occupations4 ,it is here  
that honorary degrees are  conferred and
 the ,encnia held2 here the ,terrce     
,filius1 a licensed  jester1 used to    
hurl his witticisms at whomsoever he    
pleased2 and  here1 in later times1 the 
occupants of the ,undergraduates'       

,gallery have  endeavoured to keep up   
his tradition4 ,here1 too1 ,convocation 
sometimes  meets1 when a burning        
question is to be discussed and ,masters
 of ,arts  assemble in their hundreds4  
,on such occasions the ,sheldonian has  
been known to be as full of clamour as  
at the ,encaenia4 ,it is perhaps        
pleasanter to view ,wren's stately      
building when it is void alike of       
undergraduate merriment and of graduate 
contention4          ,,st4 ,,mary',s    
,,church    ,illustration3 #jjdf        
,,although ,st4 ,mary's1 being a parish 
,church1 cannot be numbered among  the  
buildings which are ,university         
property1 it has been almost as  closely
 connected as any of them with the life 
and history of the  ,university4        
,cobham's ,chapel1 as has been already  
said1 was the first  ,house of          
,congregation2 and in the room above it 
the ,university kept its  manuscripts1  
until ,duke ,humphrey's ,library was    
built4 ,the chancel and  nave1 moreover1

 were used by the gownsmen for both     
religious and secular  purposes2 and it 
is strange to reflect that consecrated  
walls heard not  only sermons and       
disputations1 but the jests of the      
,terrce ,filius and  the uproar which   
they excited4 ,it was only when the     
,sheldonian was built  7#affi7 that ,st4
 ,mary's ceased to be the scene of the  
,act--the modern  ,encnia--and was      
restored to its original intention4     
,illustration3 #jjdg    ,the porch1 with
 its spiral columns and statue of the   
,virgin and ,child1  is much later than 
the rest of the building1 being the work
 of ,dr4 ,owen1  ,archbishop ,laud's    
chaplain4 ,architecturally it is not in 
keeping with  the nave and spire1 but in
 itself1 especially when the creeper    
which  en-wreathes it takes on its      
autumnal colour1 it is very beautiful4  
,it was found necessary1 in #ahie1 to   
restore the spire1 which with the       
pinnacles at its base is the special    
glory of ,st4 ,mary's4    ,the ,church  

is intimately connected with the        
religious history of the  nation4 ,here 
,keble preached the famous ,assize      
,sermon1 which is regarded  as the      
beginning of the ,oxford ,movement2     
here1 too1 ,newman1 before he  withdrew 
to his retirement at ,littlemore1       
preached those many sermons to  whose   
spiritual force men of all schools of   
thought have borne witness4  ,a later   
vicar was ,dean ,burgon1 to whose memory
 the west window was put  up in #ahia4  
,but ,cranmer's connection with ,st4    
,mary's transcends all its other        
associations4 ,on ,september #ab1 #aeee1
 he was here put on trial for his       
religious opinions1 which he defended   
with as much ability as courage4  ,he   
was then recommitted to his prison1 and 
in ,december ,rome pronounced  him      
guilty4 ,the hardships of his           
imprisonment told upon his resolution1  
and he was induced to write several     
letters of submission1 in which  his    
so-called errors were recanted4 ,on     

,march #ba1 #aeef1 he was once more     
brought to ,st4 ,mary's4 ,his life was  
to be taken1 but he was to crown  his   
humiliation by a public confession4     
,placed upon a wooden stage over        
against the pulpit1 he had to hear a    
sermon1 at the close of which he  was to
 speak4 ,his fortitude returned1 and to 
the amazement of all he  recanted his   
recantation4 ,as for the ,pope--these   
were his memorable  words--,i utterly   
refuse him1 as ,christ's enemy and      
,antichrist1 with all  his false        
doctrine2 and as for the ,sacrament1 ,i 
believe as ,i have taught  in my book   
against the ,bishop of ,winchester4 ,and
 for as much as my hand  offended1      
writing contrary to my heart1 my hand   
shall first be punished  therefore2 for1
 may ,i come to the fire1 it shall be   
first burned4 ,he  was hurried off to   
the stake1 and there                    
lifted his left hand to heaven1         
,and thrust his right into the bitter   
flame2         ,and crying in his deep  

voice1 more than once1         ',this   
hath offended--this unworthy hand6'     
,so held it till it was all burn'd1     
before         ,the flame had reach'd   
his body4          ,,the ,,cathedral    
,illustration3 #jjea    ,,at the east   
end of the choir aisle of the ,cathedral
 there is a portion  of the wall which  
is possibly the oldest piece of masonry 
in ,oxford1 for  it is thought to be a  
part of the original ,church of ,st4    
,frideswyde1 on  whose site the         
,cathedral ,church of ,christ 7to give  
its full title7 now  stands4 ,even so it
 is not possible to speak with          
historical certainty of  the saint or of
 the date of her ,church1 which was     
built for her by her  father1 so the    
legend says1 when she took the veil2    
though the year  #gdj may be            
provisionally accepted as the last year 
of her life4 ,st4  ,frideswyde's was a  
conventual ,church1 with a ,priory      
attached1 and  both were burnt down in  
#ajjb1 but rebuilt by ,ethelred4 ,how   

much of his  handiwork survives in the  
present structure it is not easy to     
determine2  but the ,norman builders of 
the twelfth century effected1 at any    
rate1  such a transformation that no    
suggestion of ,saxon architecture  is   
obtruded4 ,their work went on for some  
twenty years1 under the  supervision of 
the then ,prior1 ,robert of ,cricklade1 
and the ,church was  consecrated anew in
 #aahj4 ,the main features of the       
interior--the massive  pillars and      
arches--are substantially the same      
to-day as the builders  left them then4 
,the ,priory was surrendered to ,henry  
,,viii4 in #aebb1 who made it over to   
,wolsey4 ,that cardinal1 in his zeal for
 the new ,college1 which he  now        
proceeded to found1 shewed little       
respect for the old ,church4  ,he       
practically demolished its west end to  
make room for his building  operations4 
,the truncated ,church was used as a    
chapel for his students1  until the new 
and magnificent one which he had planned

 should be  completed4 ,that edifice was
 never built4 ,wolsey was disgraced1 and
 the  king took over ,st4 ,frideswyde's1
 to be the ,cathedral ,church of his    
newly  created diocese of ,oxford4      
,from this date1 then1 #aedf1 it is a   
,cathedral1 but a ,college chapel  also2
 for ,henry was content that the one    
building should serve the two  purposes4
 ,the ,cathedral was restored in the    
seventeenth century and  again in the   
nineteenth1 with considerable           
alterations4 ,it is hardly  worth while 
here to enumerate these in their        
entirety2 but when one sees  in old     
engravings the beautiful east window1   
put up in the fourteenth  century1 which
 was removed at the time of ,sir        
,gilbert ,scott's  restoration1 it is   
impossible not to regret a change which 
appears to  be quite unjustifiable4 ,at 
the same time it may be readily admitted
 that  the east end1 designed on ,norman
 lines1 which the architect substituted1
  has considerable beauty1 and          

harmonises with the general tone of the 
building4 ,regret is unavailing1 and it 
is perhaps wiser to console  oneself    
with the reflection that at any rate    
things might have been  worse4          
,illustration3 #jjed    ,illustration3  
#jjee    ,the ,cathedral is so hemmed in
 by the various buildings of ,christ    
,church  that it is difficult to obtain 
a comprehensive view from the outside4  
,perhaps one sees it best from ,merton  
,fields1 with the beautiful ,rose       
,window prominently visible4 ,even so   
the ,cathedral is in part hidden by  the
 ancient ,refectory of ,st4             
,frideswyde's 7long since converted into
  rooms74 ,this is the view1 sketched   
from the nearer foreground of the       
,canon's ,garden1 which appears in ,mr4 
,matthison's drawing1 only that the     
,rose ,window is hidden by trees4 ,the  
spire--or spire and tower  combined--no 
longer holds the bells which chimed     
originally in ,osney  ,abbey1 on the    
river's farther side2 they were removed 

to the new ,belfry  7completed in       
#ahgi71 which appears to the left of the
 ,refectory4    ,we are now to speak of 
the interior of the building4 ,it is    
sketched from  various points of view in
 the accompanying six illustrations3 but
 twice  as many would not suffice to    
exhaust its interest4 ,at no time does  
the  nave appear more impressive than   
when a shaft of sunlight strikes across 
the massive columns2 and ,miss          
,cheesewright has sought to fix upon her
  canvas the charm of such a moment4    
,the ,lady ,chapel was added early  in  
the thirteenth century2 here are        
enshrined the remains of ,st4           
,frideswyde1 which were moved several   
times before they reached their  final  
resting-place4 ,the ,latin ,chapel dates
 from the fourteenth century1  and is   
full of interest4 ,some of its carved   
woodwork is to be referred  to ,wolsey's
 time1 and it contains the tombs1 among 
others1 of ,lady  ,elizabeth ,montacute1
 the ,chapels reputed builder1 and of   

,sir ,george  ,nowers1 a comrade-in-arms
 of the ,black ,prince4 ,other notable  
tombs in  various parts of the          
,cathedral are those of ,robert ,burton1
 author of the  ,anatomy of ,melancholy2
 ,bishop ,berkeley1 the metaphysician   
and upholder  of the virtues of         
tar-water2 ,bishop ,king1 last ,abbot of
 ,osney and first  ,bishop of ,oxford2  
,dean ,liddell and ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,a      
window in the south  transept depicts   
the murder of ,thomas  ,becket1 whose   
head has been  obliterated1 by the      
order1 it is said1 of ,henry ,,viii4    
,another window in  the same transept   
commemorates ,canon ,liddon4 ,the art of
 ,burne-,jones has  contributed not a   
little to the ,cathedral's beauty4 ,in  
the east  window of the ,latin ,chapel  
he has set forth the romantic story of  
,st4  ,frideswyde4 ,another of the      
windows which he designed is at the east
  end of the ,lady ,chapel1 and serves  
as a memorial of ,mr4 ,vyner1 who was   
murdered by ,greek brigands in #ahgj2   

another1 at the east end of  the north  
aisle of the choir1 commemorates ,st4   
,cecilia1 with which  corresponds a ,st4
 ,catherine of ,alexandria in the south 
aisle1 put up  in memory of ,miss ,edith
 ,liddell1 daughter of ,dean ,liddell4  
,lastly1 at  the west end of this aisle1
 the artist has chosen ,faith1 ,hope1   
and  ,charity as his subject4           
,illustration3 #jjeh    ,illustration3  
#jjei    ,the ,cloister and             
,chapter-,house 7thirteenth century7    
must not be  overlooked4 ,the entrance  
to the ,chapter-,house is by a          
singularly fine  ,norman doorway4 ,the  
,cloister saw the unworthy degradation  
of ,archbishop  ,cranmer1 after the     
,pope had pronounced him guilty of      
heresy4    ,enough has perhaps been said
 to shew intending visitors to ,oxford  
that  the interest of the ,cathedral is 
both great and varied4 ,to those who    
already know it1 these hints will seem a
 poor and inadequate attempt  to express
 its manifold charm1 but the pictures   

may serve to emphasise  their vivid     
recollections4 ,those who have yet to   
make acquaintance with  it will perhaps 
exclaim1 as the ,queen of ,sheba did of 
,solomon's wisdom  and prosperity1      
,behold1 the half was not told me4      
,illustration3 #jjfb    ,illustration3  
#jjfc          ,,the ,,streets ,,of     
,,oxford    ,,where is the centre1 the  
,greek words of ,oxford8 ,the average   
undergraduate will probably place it    
within the walls of his own  ,college2  
but we1 detached observers whose salad  
days1 presumably1 are  over1 look for a 
definition worthy of more catholic      
acceptance4 ,to us  ,oxford is not a    
city of ,colleges only1 but of noble    
streets and wide  spaces4 ,them it is   
our purpose to explore1 not with the    
hasty stride of  one bound for          
lecture-room1 or cricket-ground1 or     
river1 but leisurely  and with          
discrimination2 we are ready to be      
chidden for curiosity1 so we  incur not 
the gravamen of indifference4 ,where1   

then1 shall we start on  our pilgrimage1
 and from what centre8 ,if there be in  
any city a place  where four principal  
roads meet1 as at the ,cross in         
,gloucester1 we may  listen there for   
the pulsations of that city's heart4    
,such a place there is in ,oxford1      
,carfax1--,quatre voies1--the spot      
where four ways meet4 ,this1 not too    
arbitrarily1 we will name the centre  of
 ,oxford1 and thence will wend upon our 
pilgrimage4 ,but let us pause a  moment1
 before we set out1 at the parting of   
the ways4    ,the old ,church of ,st4   
,martin's at ,carfax was pulled down in 
#ahif1 and  only the tower left4 ,st4   
,martin's was the church of the city    
fathers1 as  ,st4 ,mary's was 7and is7  
the church of the ,university4 ,nowadays
 the  civic procession winds its way to 
,all ,saints1 a nearer neighbour of     
,st4 ,mary's4 ,such propinquity would   
have sorted ill with the manners of     
mediaeval ,oxford1 when the enmity of   
town and gown1 at times quiescent1  was 

never wholly quelled4 ,in an age when   
the clerks1 regular and  secular1 fell  
out among themselves in the precincts of
 ,st4 ,mary's1 even  to the shedding of 
blood1 it is idle to look for a more    
civil temper in  the burgesses3 and the 
bells of ,carfax and ,st4 ,mary's       
summoned those who  frequented them to  
battle as well as to prayer4 ,they rang 
out with the  former intention on the   
feast of ,st4 ,scholastica in #aced4 ,it
 is sad to  record that the quarrel     
arose in a tavern1 where two gownsmen   
abused  the vintner for serving them    
with wine of wretched quality4 ,the     
conflict  which ensued was of a very    
deadly nature4 ,the scholars held their 
own  until evening1 when the citizens   
called the neighbouring villagers of    
,cowley and ,headington to their aid1   
and the ,gown were routed4 ,as many as  
forty students were slain1 and          
twenty-three townsmen4 ,then ,edward    
#aaa4 took steps to protect the men of  
learning1 lowering1 among other         

measures1 the tower of ,carfax1 because 
they complained that in times of  combat
 the townsmen retired thither as to a   
castle1 and from its summit  grievously 
annoyed and galled them with arrows and 
stones4 ,the burgesses  also were forced
 to attend annually at ,st4 ,mary's     
,church1 when mass  was offered for the 
souls of the slain1 bearing on their    
persons sundry  marks of degradation2   
and though these were subsequently done 
away1 it  was only in #ahbe that they   
were excused the indignity of attending 
the  commemorative service4             
,illustration3 #jjfh    ,illustration3  
#jjfi    ,such are some of the memories 
evoked by the ,tower of ,carfax1 the    
best  view of which is given in ,mr4    
,matthison's first drawing4 ,the second 
illustration is from a point rather     
farther to the eastward4 ,both give  a  
glimpse of the ,mitre ,hotel1 most      
picturesque of old ,oxford hostelries1  
and the second a part of the front of   
,all ,saints4 ,at this point we may  for

 a moment leave the ,high ,street 7which
 we have begun to traverse1  half       
insensibly1 under the artist's guidance7
 and wander down ,the  ,turl1 as ,turl  
,street is commonly called4 ,turl is    
said to be  a corruption of ,thorold1   
and ,thorold to have been the name of a 
postern-gate in the old city walls4 ,the
 quiet old street has ,colleges on      
either hand1 ,lincoln1 ,exeter1 and     
,jesus4 ,retracing our footsteps1 we get
  the fine view of ,all ,saints which is
 given in the third illustration4  ,the 
history of this ,church1 known          
originally as ,all ,hallows1 goes back  
to the twelfth century1 but the present 
building1 designed by ,dr4  ,aldrich1 a 
former ,dean of ,christ ,church1 has    
only been in existence  since #agjh1 the
 old one having been destroyed in #afii 
by the fall of its  spire4 ,the present 
graceful tower and spire are a worthy   
memorial of  ,dean ,aldrich's           
versatility4    ,illustration3 #jjgb    
,illustration3 #jjgc    ,we now return  

to our exploration of ,the ,high1 whose 
magnificence of  outline become more and
 more apparent as one walks eastwards4  
,it was  a poet bred at ,cambridge1 no  
less a poet than ,wordsworth1 whom the  
manifold charm of ,oxford tempted to    
slight his own beloved ,cam2 and  he it 
is who has written the most quotable    
description of ,the ,high in  brief4    
,the streamlike windings of that        
glorious street1 he writes3 and  indeed 
its curve suggests nothing so much as   
the majestic bend of some  noble river4 
,we may cite1 too1 ,sir ,walter ,scott's
 testimony1 who claimed  that the ,high 
,street of ,edinburgh is the most       
magnificent in ,great  ,britain1 except 
the ,high ,street of ,oxford4 ,it is not
 at all difficult  to assent to this    
opinion4 ,as the view gradually unfolds 
itself1 we have  on our left            
successively the new front of           
,brasenose1 ,st4 ,mary's1 ,all  ,souls1 
,queen's1 and ,magdalen2 on our right   
the long1 dark front of  ,university1   

and many old dwelling-houses1 whose     
architecture does not  shame their      
situation4 ,looking backward for a      
moment at ,queen's ,college  7perhaps   
when the west is rosy1 as in ,mr4       
,matthison's drawing71 one sees         
substantially the same view which       
delighted ,wordsworth in #ahbj2 and we1 
if we are wise1 shall take as much      
delight in it as he4 ,many thousand     
times since then has the sun set behind 
the spires of ,st4 ,mary's and ,all     
,saints1 but the unaltered prospect     
obliterates the intervening years1  and 
we are at one with the great poet in his
 admiration4    ,contrast is always     
pleasant1 and one may reach ,broad      
,street 7which  certainly must not be   
neglected7 by several thoroughfares     
totally unlike  ,the ,high4 ,we may     
traverse ,long ,wall ,street1 with      
,magdalen ,grove on our  right1 a       
pleasance hidden from the wayfarer by a 
high wall1 but visible  to such as lodge
 in upper rooms on the other side of the

 way2 thence  along ,holywell ,street1  
with its queer medley of old houses1    
many of them  pleasing to the eye4 ,or1 
still greater contrast1 we may go by    
,queen's  and ,new ,college ,lanes1 with
 their rectangular turns and severe     
masonry  on either side4 ,or1 again1 we 
may go through the ,radcliffe square    
with  its massive buildings on every    
hand--the ,radcliffe dome in the centre1
  girt about with ,st4 ,mary's1         
,brasenose1 ,all ,souls1 and the ,old   
,schools4  ,in any case we find         
ourselves1 at the last1 in ,broad       
,street4    ,illustration3 #jjgf        
,illustration3 #jjgg    ,it is a wide   
and quiet street1 with comparatively    
little traffic1 a  street dear to       
meditation4 ,some such suggestion is    
conveyed by ,mr4  ,matthison's sketch4  
,he has not given us here the fronts of 
,balliol1  ,trinity1 or ,exeter1--views 
of the first two will be found later    
on1--but  just the old houses 7the one  
in dark relief is ,kettell ,hall1 built 

by a  ,president of ,trinity in the     
seventeenth century7 asleep in the      
sunshine1 with the ,sheldonian on the   
right1 whose guardian figure-heads1     
traditionally said to represent the     
twelve ,csars1 seem by the  expression  
of their stony countenances to be       
thinking hard of nothing in  particular4
 ,at the other end of ,broad ,street1   
marked by a flat cross in  the roadway1 
is the spot where tradition says the    
martyrs suffered for  their faith4      
,illustration3 #jjhj    ,their ,memorial
 is a little distance off1 in the       
neighbouring street  of ,st4 ,giles'4   
,it is an effective and graceful        
structure1 with  characteristic statues 
of ,cranmer1 ,latimer1 and ,ridley1 and 
an  inscription stating the manner of   
their death and the reasons for their   
martyrdom4 ,it was erected in #ahda1 by 
public subscription1 when also the      
north aisle of the adjacent ,church of  
,st4 ,mary ,magdalen was rebuilt  out of
 the same fund4 ,the ,memorial appears  

twice in ,mr4 ,matthison's  drawings2   
once at the approach of evening1 looking
 towards the city1  and once as it is   
seen in full daylight1 with the widening
 vista of ,st4  ,giles' ,street in the  
background4 ,st4 ,giles' is surely the  
widest street  in the three kingdoms2   
,broad ,street is narrow when compared  
with it4  ,each ,september it is the    
scene of what is said to be the largest 
and  the oldest fair in ,england4 ,but  
we have not chosen a fair-day for our   
pilgrimage4          ,,the ,,river      
,,if the towers of ,julius are1 as ,gray
 called them1 ,london's lasting  shame1 
the ,river is the lasting pride of      
,oxford4 ,when does ,the ,river  cease  
to be ,isis and become ,thames8 ,one    
might as well ask when it ceases  to be 
,thames and becomes ,isis4 ,the term is 
probably not used out of  ,oxford1 and  
with much vagueness there4 ,matthew     
,arnold speaks of the  stripling ,thames
 at ,bablock-,hythe 7a very lovely ferry
 higher up than  ,oxford71 and at       

,abingdon nobody talks about the ,isis4 
,the use of the  name is one of the odd 
and pleasant conservatisms of ,oxford4  
,then1 again1 there are two rivers in   
,oxford1 according to the map1  ,thames 
and ,cherwell2 but to the undergraduate 
there are three--,the  ,river1 ,the     
,upper ,river1 and ,the ,cher4 ,for the 
sake of strangers it  may be well to    
elucidate this enigma4 ,the ,river is   
that part of the  ,thames which begins  
at ,folly ,bridge and ends at ,sandford1
 except that on  the occasion of long   
courses and ,commemoration picnics it is
 prolonged  as far as ,nuneham4 ,it is  
understood subsequently to pass through 
several  counties and reach eventually  
the ,german ,ocean4 ,you do not go upon 
,the  ,river commonly for amusement1 but
 for stern and serious work4 ,you       
aspire to a thwart in your ,college     
torpid first1 then in your ,college     
eight1 with the fantastic possibility of
 a place in the ,trials  or--crown of   
all--in the ',varsity ,eight on some    

distant and auspicious  day6 ,it is no  
child's-play that is involved1 as every 
oarsman knows4  ,the ,river is an       
admirable school of self-control and    
self-denial1 and  training--long may it 
flourish6--is one of the best of        
disciplines4 ,it  has been said1 and    
with truth1 that boating-men are the    
salt of  undergraduate society4         
,illustration3 #jjhd    ,illustration3  
#jjhe    ,the ,torpids are rowed in     
,march--you will appreciate this fact if
 you  are rowing bow and a hailstorm    
comes on--in eight-oared boats with     
fixed seats4 ,the name bestowed on them 
seems a little unkind4 ,the  ,eights    
come off in the summer term1 when       
sliding seats are used--to  the greater 
comfort of the oarsmen1 and the greater 
gratification of the  lookers-on1 for   
this rowing is out of all comparison    
prettier1 and of  course the boats      
travel at a greater pace4 ,both ,eights 
and ,torpids1  as most people are aware1
 are bumping races2 that is1 the boats  

start  each at a given distance from the
 one behind it1 and the object is to    
bump the boat in front1 and so bump one 
s way to that proudest of all           
positions1 the ,head of the ,river4 ,a  
bump in front of the ,barges 7which     
,mr4 ,matthison has sketched71 following
 a long and stern chase from  ,iffley1  
is a thing to live for4    ,west of     
,folly ,bridge ,the ,river might as     
well1 for all the ordinary              
undergraduate knows of it1 sink for some
 distance1 like a certain  classic      
stream1 beneath the ground4 ,venturesome
 explorers tell of a  tract of water put
 to base mechanical uses1 flanked by    
dingy wharves and  overlooked by attic  
windows4    ,but to most boating-men    
,the ,river ends at ,salter's1 only to  
reappear  in the modified form and style
 of ,the ,upper ,river at ,port ,meadow4
 ,the  ,upper ,river is some distance   
from everything else1 but it is well    
worth  the journey to ,port ,meadow4    
,there is nothing strenuous about ,the  

,upper  ,river4 ,it always seems        
afternoon there1 and a lazy afternoon4  
,the  standard of oarsmanship may not be
 very high1 but no one is in a hurry    
and no one is censorious4 ,to enjoy the 
,upper ,river as it deserves to  be     
enjoyed1 you should have laboured at the
 ,torpid oar a ,lent ,term1 and  have   
found yourself not required 7this year7 
for the ,eight4 ,you know  quite enough 
of rowing1 in such a case1 to cut a     
figure on the  ,upper ,river2 but you   
will not want to cut it4 ,if you        
appreciate your  surroundings properly1 
you will want to sit in the stern while 
somebody  else does the rowing2 or1 if  
you take an oar1 you will want to pull  
in  leisurely fashion and to look about 
you as you please1 in the blissful      
absence of raucous injunctions to keep  
your eyes in the boat4 ,there is  much  
that is pleasant to look upon--the wide 
expanse of ,port ,meadow on  the right1 
on the towpath willows waving in the    
wind1 and on the water  here and there  

the white sail of a centre-board4 ,as   
you draw near  ,godstow1 you may see    
cattle drinking1 knee-deep in the       
stream2 you may  land and refresh       
yourself1 if you will1 at the ,trout at 
,godstow2 may  visit the ruins of the   
nunnery1 with their memories of ,fair   
,rosamond2  or1 leaning on the          
bridge-rail over ,godstow weir1 lulled  
by the  ceaseless murmur of the water1  
may muse upon the vanity of mere        
ambition  and the servitude of such as  
row in ,college ,eights4 ,then1 if the  
day be  young enough1 you may go on to  
,eynsham or to ,bablock-,hythe1 and     
perhaps  afoot to ,stanton-,harcourt1 a 
most lovely village2 and returning at   
dusk1  when the stream appears to widen 
indefinitely as the light fails1 you    
will vow that for sheer peace and       
enjoyment there is nothing like the     
,upper ,river4    ,illustration3 #jjhh  
,illustration3 #jjhi    ,unless1 indeed1
 it be the ,cherwell4 ,this little      
stream1 which flows into  the ,isis near

 the last of the ,barges1 while it winds
 about ,christ ,church  ,meadow1        
,magdalen1 and ,mesopotamia1 is edged   
about1 with shadowy walks2  but once    
clear of the ,parks1 it is embedded in  
grassy and flower-laden  banks1 through 
which your boat passes with a lively    
sense of  exploration4 ,presently1 at a 
break in all this greenery1 you come    
abreast of a grey stone building1 with  
ancient gables and air of  reposeful    
dignity4 ,instinctively your oar-blades 
rest upon the water1  for so much beauty
 demands more than a moment's           
admiration4 ,it is ,water  ,eaton ,hall1
 one of those smaller ,elizabethan      
manor-houses which have  survived the   
violence of the ,rebellion and the      
neglect of impoverished  owners4 ,all   
about its aged masonry is the growth and
 freshness of the  spring4 ,oxford is   
several miles away1 but even so you are 
reminded  of her special charm--the     
association of reverend age with youth's
  perennial renewal4          ,,merton  

,,college    ,illustration3 #jjib       
,illustration3 #jjic    ,,merton is in  
several respects the most interesting of
 the ,colleges of  ,oxford4 ,in the     
first place1 it is the oldest2 for      
though the original  endowments of      
,university and ,balliol were bestowed a
 little earlier1  ,merton was the first 
,college to have a corporate existence1 
regulated  and defined by statute4 ,with
 the granting of ,merton's statutes in  
#abfd1  a new era of ,university life   
began4 ,from being casual sojourners in 
lodgings and ,halls1 students from this 
date tended more and more to  be        
gathered into organised1 endowed1 and   
dignified societies1 where  discipline  
was one of the factors of education4    
,such is ,oxford's debt to ,walter de   
,merton1 ,chancellor of ,england and    
,bishop of ,rochester1 who died by a    
fall from his horse in fording a  river 
in his diocese1 and was buried in       
,rochester ,cathedral4 ,his tomb  there 
has twice been renovated by the piety of

 the ,college which he  founded4    ,his
 statutes are preserved at ,merton1 and 
were consulted as precedents  when other
 ,colleges were founded1 at ,cambridge  
as well as at ,oxford4 ,by  the example 
which he set1 runs the inscription on   
his tomb1 he is the  founder of all     
existing ,colleges4    ,another great   
distinction of ,merton is its ,library  
7whose interior  appears in ,mrs4       
,waltons sketch71 which was built in    
#acgg1 by ,william  ,rede1 ,bishop of   
,chichester1 and is the oldest ,library 
in the kingdom4    ,in monasteries and  
other houses where learning took refuge1
 books had  hitherto been kept in       
chests1 an arrangement which must have  
had its  drawbacks1 considering the     
weight of the volumes of those days4    
,mr4 ,matthison's first drawing shews   
the ,college as seen from ,merton       
,street1 with the imposing tower of the 
,chapel in the background4 ,a very  fine
 view of the buildings of ,merton1 in   
their full extent1 is obtained  from    

,christ ,church ,meadow4    ,to speak of
 them in detail1 the ,muniment ,room is 
the oldest collegiate  structure in     
,oxford1 and possibly dates from the    
lifetime of the  ,founder4 ,the ,hall   
gateway1 with its ancient oak door and  
enormous iron  hinges1 is of the same   
epoch4 ,of the three ,quadrangles the   
small one  to the north 7which contains 
the ,library7 is the oldest4 ,the front 
,quadrangle opens by a magnificent      
archway into the ,inner1 or ,fellows'   
,court1 built in #afaj in the late      
,gothic style1 its south gate surmounted
  with pillars of the several ,greek    
orders4 ,the ,common ,room 7#affa7 was  
the  first room of the kind to be opened
 in ,oxford4    ,illustration3 #jjif    
,illustration3 #jjig    ,the beautiful  
,chapel has rather the appearance of a  
parish ,church1 which  indeed it is4    
,st4 ,john the ,baptists parish1        
however1 is so minute as  hardly to     
need1 in a city of many churches1 a     
place of worship all to  itself1 and the

 building was assigned to ,merton in the
 last decade  of the thirteenth century1
 with the proviso that one of the       
chaplains  should discharge such        
parochial duties as might arise4 ,in the
  ante-chapel are the monuments of the  
famous ,sir ,thomas ,bodley1 ,sir ,henry
  ,savile1 once ,master1 and ,antony    
,wood1 greatest of ,oxford antiquarians4
  ,wood 7who died in #afie7 was         
associated with ,merton all his life4   
,he was  born in the house opposite the 
,college entrance1 called ,postmasters' 
,hall1 and there he passed most of his  
days4    ,it is from him that we get a  
great deal of our information about     
early  ,oxford4 ,royalty has repeatedly 
enjoyed the hospitality of ,merton1 and 
here is ,wood's account of a visit paid 
by ,queen ,catherine1 wife of  ,henry   
,,viii4 ,she vouchsafed to condescend so
 low as to dine with the  ,merton-ians1 
for the sake of the late ,warden        
,rawlyns1 at this time  almoner to the  
king1 notwithstanding she was expected  

by other  ,colleges4 ,elizabeth and her 
privy council were equally gracious1    
and were entertained after dinner with  
disputations performed by the  ,fellows4
 ,one would like to know what subjects  
were disputed1 and what  the queen      
thought of her entertainment4 ,when     
,charles ,i4's ,court came to  ,oxford1 
,queen ,henrietta ,maria occupied the   
,warden's lodgings1 which were  again   
tenanted by ,charles ,,ii4's queen1 when
 the ,court fled from  plague-stricken  
,london4    ,merton has had great men   
among her ,fellows1 but none greater    
than ,john  ,wycliffe2 and among her    
postmasters 7so the scholars are called 
here7 no  name captivates our sympathies
 more readily than that of ,richard     
,steele1  trooper and essayist1 the     
friend of ,addison and the husband of   
,prue4          ,,university ,,college  
,,it was long and hotly maintained that 
,university ,college was founded by     
,alfred the ,great1 and by celebrating  
its thousandth anniversary in #ahgb  the

 ,college would seem to have accepted   
this pious opinion4 ,the claim  was     
raised as far back as #achg1 when the   
,college1 being engaged in a  lawsuit   
about a part of its estates1 tried to   
ingratiate itself with  ,richard ,,ii4  
by representing that its founder was his
 predecessor1  ,alfred1 and that ,bede  
and ,john of ,beverley had been among   
its students4  ,now1 ,bede and ,john of 
,beverley died about a century before   
,alfred was  born4 ,ex pede ,herculem4  
,the ,alfred tradition need not keep us 
longer4    ,university ,college owes its
 existence to ,william of ,durham1 who1 
at his  death in #abdi1 beqeathed to the
 ,university the sum of three hundred   
and  ten marks for the use of ten or    
more ,masters 7at that time the highest 
academical title7 to be natives of      
,durham or its vicinity4 ,certain       
tenements were purchased1 one of them on
 a part of the site of  ,brasenose1 and 
here1 in #abec1 ,durham's scholars first
 assembled2 but  only in #abhj were they

 granted powers of self-government4 ,the
 recent  foundation of ,merton no doubt 
suggested the idea of bestowing a       
corporate life on what had hitherto been
 known as ,university ,hall4  ,durham's 
scholars removed to their present       
locality in #acdc4    ,one of the       
earliest benefactors whom ,univ4 7as    
this ,college is  familiarly termed in  
,oxford7 is bound to remember is ,walter
 ,skirlaw1 who  became ,bishop of       
,durham in #adjc4 ,he ran away from his 
home in youth  in order to study at     
,oxford1 and his parents heard no more  
of him  7according to his biographer7   
till he arrived at the see of ,durham4  
,he  then sought them out1 and provided 
for their old age4 ,another benefactor  
7#aeff7 was ,joan ,davys1 wife of a     
citizen of ,oxford1 who gave estates for
  the support of two ,logic lecturers1  
and for increasing the diet of the      
,master and ,fellows4 ,had ,mr4 ,cecil  
,rhodes heard of this lady8 ,to touch on
  the ,masters of ,univ41 a curious     

career was that of ,obadiah ,walker1 who
  lost his ,fellowship in ,commonwealth 
times for adherence to the ,church of   
,england2 later on was made ,master and 
turned ,roman ,catholic2 enjoyed  the   
favour of ,james ,,ii42 and lost his    
,mastership at the ,revolution for      
adherence to the ,church of ,rome4      
,illustration3 #jajd    ,illustration3  
#jaje    ,of the present buildings of   
the ,college none is of earlier date    
than the  seventeenth century4 ,the two 
,quadrangles form a grand front towards 
the  ,high ,street1 with a tower over   
each gateway at equal distances from    
the extremities4 ,above the gateways are
 statues of ,queen ,anne and ,queen     
,mary1 on the outside2 two more1 within1
 represent ,james ,,ii4 and ,dr4        
,radcliffe4 ,it was mainly at the cost  
of ,john ,radcliffe1 a member of the    
,college1 that the smaller ,quadrangle  
was completed4 ,other famous members    
were the brothers ,scott1 afterwards    
,lords ,stowell and ,eldon2 ,sir        

,william  ,jones1 the great ,oriental   
scholar2 and ,sir ,roger ,newdigate1    
responsible for so many thousand heroic 
couplets1 who gave the handsome         
chimney-piece in the ,hall4 ,it is      
curious to notice1 by the way1 that the 
fireplace stood in the centre of this   
room until #agff4 ,the ,common ,room    
contains two specimens of an            
out-of-the-way art1 portraits of ,henry 
iv4  and ,robert ,dudley1 ,earl of      
,leicester1 burnt in wood by ,dr4       
,griffith1 a  former ,master4    ,the   
beautiful monument to the poet ,shelley1
 set up in the ,college in  #ahic1 is   
the gift of ,lady ,shelley4 ,its        
honoured position within the  walls of  
the ,foundation which drove him out so  
hastily and harshly is  indeed a fitting
 emblem of the late remorse of love4    
,,balliol ,,college    ,,this ,college  
was originated about #abfj by ,john de  
,balliol1 a baron of  ,durham1 whose son
 for four years occupied the throne of  
,scotland4 ,but  inasmuch as ,john de   

,balliol only made provision for four   
students1 and  that as penance for an   
outrage1 the greater credit attaches to 
his wife  ,dervorguilla1 who endowed a  
dozen more and hired them a lodging     
close to  ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen ,church1 
on the site where part of the present   
,college  stands4 ,devorguilla gave her 
scholars their first statutes in #abhb4 
,she  bade them live temperately1 and   
converse with one another in the ,latin 
tongue4    ,truth to tell1 as the       
revenues at first yielded each scholar  
only eightpence a week1 riotous living  
seemed hardly practicable4              
,benefactors1 however1 presently stepped
 in1 notably ,sir ,philip  ,somervyle of
 ,staffordshire1 who in #acdj raised the
 weekly allowance  to elevenpence1 and  
to fifteenpence in case victuals were   
dear4 ,the  grateful ,college accepted  
from ,sir ,philip a new body of         
statutes1 in  which the now familiar    
title1 ,master of ,balliol1 makes its   
first  appearance1 a title associated   

twenty years afterwards with the        
honoured  name of ,john ,wycliffe4      
,among later benefactors may be         
mentioned ,peter  ,blundell1 founder of 
the ,devonshire school which bears his  
name2 ,lady  ,elizabeth ,periam 7a      
sister of ,francis ,bacon72 and ,john   
,snell1 a  native of ,ayrshire1--it is  
to his endowment that ,balliol owes her 
most  distinguished ,scotsmen1 such as  
,adam ,smith1 ,lockhart 7,sir ,walter   
,scott's  son-in-law and biographer71   
and ,archbishop ,tait4    ,balliol was  
an early friend to the new learning1 and
 fostered the  scholarly tastes of      
,humphrey1 ,duke of ,gloucester1 son of 
,henry ,,iv41  and ,tiptoft1 ,earl of   
,worcester 7to name but two of her most 
prominent  humanists74 ,duke ,humphrey  
left his books to the ,university1 six  
hundred  in number--a very large        
collection for those days1 when as yet  
,caxton  had not revolutionised the     
world4 ,and in ,reformation days1 when  
the  humanities were called to account1 

learning found a zealous supporter in   
,cuthbert ,tunstall1 ,bishop of ,durham1
 who had been bred at ,balliol4         
,illustration3 #jaaj    ,illustration3  
#jaaa    ,the annals of the ,college    
during the seventeenth and eighteenth   
centuries are not particularly          
distinguished4 ,after the ,restoration  
,balliol men seem to have been          
considerably addicted to malt liquors1  
and much ale does not conduce to        
profound study4 ,but modern ,balliol men
  might apply to their own use the words
 of ,dr4 ,ingram's famous song1  ,who   
fears to speak of '#ih8 for it was in   
#agih that ,dr4 ,parsons became  ,master
 of the ,college1 and with his advent   
began the great days of  ,balliol4      
,parsons1 with two other heads of       
houses1 established the ,examination    
system1 which has been so much belauded 
and so much abused4 ,it was soon        
apparent that ,balliol tutors had the   
knack of equipping men to face the      
ordeal of the ,schools2 the ,college    

speedily came to the front1 and its     
intellectual pre-eminence in ,oxford    
during the nineteenth century is now    
universally admitted4 ,men trained at   
,balliol during this period occupied    
and still occupy some of the very       
highest positions in the ,state4 ,not to
  mention the living1 whose fame is in  
the mouths of all men1 some of  the most
 prominent names are those of ,lords    
,coleridge1 ,bowen1 and ,peel  7formerly
 ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons71   
,sir ,robert ,morier1 and  ,archbishop  
,temple4 ,matthew ,arnold and ,clough   
were undergraduates at  ,balliol with   
,benjamin ,jowett1 afterwards its most  
famous ,master2 and1  to balance the    
severity of these poets1 the lighter    
,muse of ,calverley  sojourned for a    
time within its walls4    ,the buildings
 of ,balliol1 which ,mr4 ,matthison has 
sketched from four  points of view1 are 
extensive1 but not conspicuously        
beautiful4 ,the  front towards ,broad   
,street was rebuilt in #ahfg by ,mr4    

,waterhouse4  ,old prints assure us that
 it had previously a forbidding and     
almost  prison-like aspect4 ,mr4        
,matthison calls attention to the fact  
that this  picture shows the spot where 
the martyrs were burned4 ,the automobile
 in  the foreground may suggest to the  
thoughtful reader that martyrdom is no  
longer by fire4 ,the drawing from ,st4  
,giles' perhaps conveys a pleasanter    
impression4 ,the third shews us that    
part of the ,college known as  ,fisher's
 ,buildings1 erected at the cost of a   
former ,fellow in #agfi4  ,the fourth   
drawing is of the ,garden ,quadrangle   
with the ,chapel on the  left 7rebuilt  
in #ahef72 here the surroundings are    
more attractive2 we  are looking on a   
grove of ,academe1 in which vigorous    
minds may still1  as heretofore1 grow   
happily towards their maturity4         
,illustration3 #jaad    ,illustration3  
#jaae          ,,exeter ,,college       
,,this ,college1 wrote ,fuller the      
historian1 in words which ,exeter men   

will approve1 consisteth chiefly of     
,cornish and ,devonshire men1 the       
gentry of which latter1 ,queen          
,elizabeth used to say1 were courtiers  
by  their birth4 ,and as these western  
men do bear away the bell for might  and
 sleight in wrestling1 so the scholars  
here have always acquitted  themselves  
with credit in ,palaestra literaria6'   
,the western ,college was founded in    
#acad by ,walter de ,stapledon1 ,bishop 
of ,exeter1 who twelve years later met  
his death as a supporter of ,edward     
,,ii41 when that king was overthrown and
 murdered4 ,a later and liberal  patron 
was ,sir ,william ,petre1 father of     
,dorothy ,wadham1 a statesman of  the   
,tudor period4 ,of the ancient buildings
 of ,exeter hardly anything  remains4   
,the ,hall dates from the seventeenth   
century1 the fronts to the  ,turl and   
,broad ,streets from the nineteenth4    
,the present ,chapel is the  third in   
which ,exeter men have worshipped4      
,designed by ,sir ,gilbert ,scott  on   

the model of the ,sainte ,chapelle in   
,paris1 it is certainly the most        
attractive of the ,college buildings4   
,its interior is richly decorated1  and 
contains a tapestry representing ,the   
,visit of the ,magi1 the work  of       
,burne-,jones and ,william ,morris1     
formerly undergraduates of ,exeter4     
,illustration3 #jabj    ,illustration3  
#jaba    ,among interesting members of  
this ,foundation may be cited ,dr4      
,prideaux1 ,rector from #afab to #afdb1 
who began residence at ,exeter as  a    
kitchen-knave1 and lived to be a        
,bishop2 the first ,lord ,shaftesbury1  
,dryden's ,achitophel2 the ,marquis of  
,winchester1 a loyal ,cavalier1  whose  
epitaph by the same poet may be read in 
,englefield ,church1  ,berkshire2       
,william ,browne1 author of ,britannia's
 ,pastorals2 and ,sir  ,simon           
,baskerville 7ob4 #afda71 an eminent    
physician1 who would take no  fee from  
any clergyman under the rank of dean4   
,the ,fellows' ,gardens1 a  secluded and

 beautiful spot1 contains two noted     
trees1 a large chestnut  known as       
,heber's ,tree1 from the fact that it   
overshadowed his rooms  in ,brasenose1  
and ,dr4 ,kennicott's ,fig ,tree4 ,dr4  
,kennicott1 the great  ,hebrew scholar1 
regarded this tree as peculiarly his    
own4 ,during his  proctorate1 some      
irreverent undergraduates stole its     
fruit1 upon  which ,dr4 ,kennicott      
caused a board to be hung upon it1      
inscribed  ,the ,proctor's ,fig4 ,next  
morning it was discovered that someone  
had  substituted the audacious legend1  
,a fig for the ,proctor4                
,illustration3 #jabj    ,illustration3  
#jaba          ,,oriel ,,college        
,illustration3 #jabe    ,,oriel         
,,college was founded by ,adam de       
,brome1 almoner to ,king ,edward ,,ii41 
in #acbd4 ,he was ,rector of ,st4       
,mary's1 whose spire forms with the dome
  of the ,radcliffe a background to the 
view of ,oriel ,street1 and obtained    
leave from the king to transfer the     

,church and its revenues to his         
,college4 ,the ,college originally had  
the same title as the ,church1 but  five
 years after its foundation it received 
from ,king ,edward ,,iii4 a  messuage   
known as ,la ,oriole 7a title of        
disputed meaning71 and from  this date  
was renamed ,oriel ,college4    ,the    
,front ,quadrangle1 whose exterior and  
interior are here depicted1  was erected
 in the first half of the seventeenth   
century4 ,viewed from  without1 it has  
an air of quiet dignity2 but the visitor
 will be even  better pleased when he   
has passed the ,porters ,lodge4 ,a      
striking feature  is the central flight 
of steps1 with a portico1 by which the  
,hall is  reached4 ,on either side of   
the statues of the two kings 7,edward   
,,ii4 and  ,charles ,i47 stretches a    
trio of finely moulded windows1 flanked 
by an  oriel to right and left4 ,mr4    
,matthison clearly made his drawing when
 the  ,quad4 was gay with flowers and   
,eights-week visitors1 but at no season 

is it anything but beautiful4 ,the      
,garden ,quadrangle1 which lies to the  
north and includes the ,library1 was    
built during the eighteenth  century4   
,the adjacent ,st4 ,mary ,hall1 with its
 buildings1 was recently  incorporated  
with ,oriel1 on the death of its last   
,principal1 ,dr4 ,chase4    ,among      
famous men nurtured at this ,college    
were ,raleigh1 ,prynne1 ,bishop         
,butler1 and ,gilbert ,white1 the       
naturalist2 but it was in the first half
  of the nineteenth century that ,oriels
 intellectual renown was at its         
highest4 ,to recall the names of ,pusey1
 ,keble1 ,newman1 ,whately1 and  ,thomas
 ,arnold suffices to indicate the       
subject which most preoccupied  the     
,oxford of that epoch4 ,oriel seemed    
fated to be the seat of religious       
controversy1 from the seventeenth       
century days of ,provost ,walter        
,hodges1  whose ,elihu1 a treatise on   
the ,book of ,job1 brought him into     
suspicion  of favouring the sect of     

,hutchinsonians4 ,happily there was some
 tincture  of humour in the differences 
of those days4 ,when this ,provost      
resented  the imputation1 his detractors
 told him that a writer on the ,book of 
,job should take everything with        
patience4 ,controversy apart1 any       
,college  might be proud of a group of  
,fellows of whom one became an          
archbishop1  another a really great     
headmaster1 and a third a cardinal4     
,oriel has  had poets1 too1 within her  
gates1 for in a later day ,clough and   
,matthew  ,arnold won fellowships here4 
,illustration3 #jabh    ,illustration3  
#jabi    ,but ,oriel has had no more    
dutiful son1 if liberality is any       
measure of  dutifulness1 than ,cecil    
,rhodes4 ,it is too soon to appraise the
 value of  his scholarship scheme1 which
 provides an ,oxford education for      
numerous  colonial and foreign students2
 but his old ,college1 which benefited  
so largely by the provisions of his     
will1 can have no hesitation in         

including him among its benefactors4    
,,queen',s ,,college    ,,opinions will 
differ as to whether the ,italian style1
 of which this  ,college is a fine      
example1 is as suitable for collegiate  
buildings  as the ,gothic1 and whether  
the contrast which ,queen's presents to 
its  neighbour1 ,university1 is not more
 striking than pleasing2 but the        
intrinsic splendour of its faade1 as    
viewed from ,the ,high1 is              
indisputable4 ,no spectacle1 said ,dr4  
,johnson1 is nobler than a  blaze2 and  
those who saw the west wing of the      
,front ,quadrangle of  ,queen's in      
flames1 one summer night in #ahhf1 must 
have felt their  regrets tempered by    
admiration1 so imposing was the sight4  
,happily the  damage was mainly confined
 to the interior of the building4 ,a    
fire had  already devastated the same   
wing in #aggh4 ,on that occasion1 as    
,mr4 ,wells  narrates in ,oxford and its
 ,colleges1 the ,provost of the day     
nearly  lost his life for the sake of   

decorum4 ,he was sought for in vain1 and
  had been given up1 when he suddenly   
emerged from the burning pile1 full     
dressed as usual1 in wig1 gown1 and     
bands4 ,this recalls ,cowley's  story of
 a gentleman in the ,civil ,wars1 who   
might have escaped from his  captors had
 he not stayed to adjust his perri-wig4 
,less fortunate than  the ,provost1 his 
sense of ceremony cost him his life4    
,illustration3 #jcd    ,illustration3   
#jce    ,queen's ,college was founded by
 ,robert ,eglesfield of ,cumberland1    
,confessor to ,philippa1 ,edward        
,,iii4's queen4 ,impressed with the lack
 of  facilities for education among     
,englishmen of the ,north1 he           
practically  restricted the benefits of 
his ,foundation to students from the    
north  country1 and ,queen's is still   
intimately connected with that part of  
,england4 ,philippa did her best for her
 ,confessor's institution1 and  later   
queens have shewn a similar interest4   
,the statue under the cupola1  above the

 gateway1 represents ,queen ,caroline4  
,with the exception of the ,library     
7#afif7 and the east side of the ,inner 
,quadrangle1 all the present buildings  
were erected in the eighteenth  century4
 ,the ,library1 a handsome room in the  
classical style1 was  decorated by      
,grinling ,gibbons1 and contains1 as    
well as a very valuable  collection of  
books1 ancient portraits on glass of    
,henry v4 and  ,cardinal ,beaufort4 ,the
 ,chapel 7#agad7 was designed by ,wren1 
and the ,front  ,quadrangle by his pupil
 ,hawksmoor4    ,illustration3 #jacd    
,illustration3 #jace    ,queen's is     
tenacious of her old customs4 ,still the
 trumpet calls the  ,fellows to dinner2 
still1 on ,christmas day1 the boar's    
head is brought  in bedecked with bays  
and rosemary2 a survival1 possibly1 of  
the pagan  custom by which at ,yule-tide
 a boar was sacrificed to ,freyr1 god of
  peace and plenty4    ,peace and       
plenty1 at any rate1 have characterised 
the annals of ,queen's2  and among those

 who have enjoyed these good things     
within her walls may  be mentioned      
,prince ,hal1 ,addison 7before his      
migration to ,magdalen71  ,tickell1     
,wycherley1 ,bentham1 ,jeffrey of the   
,edinburgh ,review1 and ,dr4  ,thomson1 
late ,archbishop of ,york4              
,,st4 ,,edmund ,,hall    ,illustration3 
#jci    ,,halls for the accommodation of
 students existed in ,oxford before     
,colleges were founded1 and a few were  
established subsequently2 of these  ,st4
 ,edmund ,hall is the only one which    
retains its independence4 ,the          
quaintness and irregular beauty of its  
buildings may plead with stern          
reformers for its continued survival4   
,opposite to the side entrance of       
,queen's1 ,st4 ,edmund ,hall is in      
another  respect under the wing of that 
,college2 for ,queen's has the right of 
nominating its ,principal4    ,the      
origin of ,st4 ,edmund ,hall is         
uncertain1 but it is commonly supposed  
to derive its name from ,edmund ,rich1  

,archbishop of ,canterbury from  #abcd  
to #abdj4 ,its buildings1 grouped round 
three sides of an oblong  quadrangle1   
date from the middle of the seventeenth 
century4    ,the first view shews the   
entrance to the ,hall1 with the         
interesting old  ,church of ,st4        
,peter-in-the-,east in the background4  
,the crypt and chancel  of this ,church 
take us back to the times of the        
,conqueror1 and may have  been the work 
of ,robert ,d',oily1 one of ,william's  
,norman followers1 who  is known to have
 built ,oxford ,castle4                 
,illustration3 #jadb    ,illustration3  
#jadd    ,in the view of the interior of
 the ,quadrangle the building at the    
back  is the ,library2 the abundance of 
creepers on the left hand adds to the   
idea of comfort suggested by the        
homeliness of the architecture4    ,the 
third illustration shews the ,hall as   
seen from ,st4 ,peter's  ,churchyard4   
,the vicinity of the monuments may serve
 to remind members of  the ,hall of     

their mortality4    ,hearne1 the        
antiquary1 was a member of ,st4 ,edmund 
,hall2 so also was ,sir  ,richard       
,blackmore1 who was in residence for    
thirteen years4 ,it was his  lot1 says  
,johnson1 to be much oftener mentioned  
by enemies than by  friends2 but this is
 hardly surprising1 in view of the      
interminable  epics which he inflicted  
upon his contemporaries4                
,,new ,,college    ,,this ,college1 in  
respect of its buildings and its        
endowments1 is one  of the most splendid
 in the ,university4 ,its founder1      
,william of ,wykeham1  rose through the 
favour of ,edward ,,iii4 to high        
positions in ,church and  ,state1 being 
made ,bishop of ,winchester in #acff and
 ,chancellor of ,england  in the        
following year4 ,he was a man of        
affairs1 liberal and tolerant1  who took
 delight in building1 and had himself   
great skill in  architecture4 ,he had   
already1 before he designed ,new        
,college1 as ,clerk  of the ,works to   

,edward ,,iii41 rebuilt ,windsor        
,castle4 ,doubtless1 zeal  for education
 was one of his incentives2 but he must 
have known a  deep gratification1 as the
 work went on1 in the growth of the     
stately  buildings which were to        
perpetuate his name4 ,richard ,,ii4's   
sanction was  given in #acgi1 and       
,wykeham's ,society took possession of  
its completed  home in #achf4 ,during   
the six years which followed1 its       
founder was  occupied with the building 
of ,winchester ,college1 the other great
  institution connected with his name4  
,he died in #adjd1 in his eightieth     
year1 and was buried in ,winchester     
,cathedral1 having lived long enough  to
 see his two ,foundations prosperously  
started upon their several  careers4    
,new ,college1 as left by ,william of   
,wyke-ham1 consisted of the chief       
,quadrangle 7which includes the ,chapel1
 ,hall1 and ,library71 the ,cloisters   
with their tower1 and the gardens4 ,it  
is this ,quadrangle 7shewing the        

,chapel7 which appears in ,mr4          
,matthison's first drawing2 but it is   
not  quite as ,wykeham saw it1 for the  
third storey was added1 as at           
,brasenose1 in the seventeenth century1 
when the windows also were  modernised4 
,passing through this ,quadrangle1 the  
visitor reaches the ,garden ,court1     
which is also the creation of the       
seventeenth century1 and was built in   
imitation of the ,palace of ,versailles4
 ,seen from the garden 7as in the       
second illustration7 it certainly has1  
with its fivefold frontage and  its     
extensive iron palisade1 a most imposing
 appearance4    ,the garden contains a  
structure older by several centuries    
than any of  the ,colleges--that        
fragment of the old ,city ,wall which is
 shewn in ,mr4  ,matthison's third      
drawing4 ,its reverse side is visible   
from the back of  ,long ,wall ,street1  
and another fragment now acts as the    
wall of ,merton  garden4 ,the city wall 
existed in its entirety in ,wykeham's   

time1 though  already falling into      
decay3 there is a brief of ,richard n41 
issued to  the then mayor and burgesses 
of ,oxford1 wherein the king complains  
of  the ruinous state of the            
fortifications1 and demands that they be
 at  once repaired4 ,he thought of      
taking refuge in ,oxford1 it appears1 if
 his  enemies in ,france should invade  
the country4 ,he was soon to learn1 at  
,flint ,castle1 how impotent is any     
masonry to protect a sovereign against  
subjects whose affections he has        
estranged4 ,one may climb the old wall  
in ,new ,college garden and think of the
 days when it was a real defence1  when 
the occupants of the mural houses at its
 base were exempted from  all imposts1  
with the reservation that they should   
defend the wall with  their bodies1 in  
the event of an enemy's assault4 ,on    
some part of the  ground now occupied by
 the ,college and its garden stood      
several of those  ,halls where students 
lodged in the pre-collegiate days2 but  

the greater  part was waste land1 strewn
 with rubbish and haunted by all sorts  
of bad  characters4 ,certainly the whole
 community benefited1 and not ,wykeham's
  scholars only1 when king and pope     
sanctioned his undertaking4             
,illustration3 #jaea    ,illustration3  
#jaeb    ,the ,cloisters1 of which two  
views are given1 are singularly         
beautiful4  ,they were designed1        
together with the area which they       
enclose1 as a  burial-ground for the    
,college4 ,it is unfortunate that many  
of the brass  tablets were removed      
during the ,civil ,war1 when the        
,college was used  as a garrison4       
,royalist pikes1 in those days1 were    
trailed in the  ,quadrangle1 and        
ammunition was stored in ,cloisters and 
,tower4 ,later on  the ,college was     
tenanted by soldiers of the             
,commonwealth1 who in course  of        
fortifying it did some damage to the    
buildings4    ,the ,chapel is perhaps   
the finest extant specimen of the       

,perpendicular  style4 ,it suffered     
severely during the ,reformation1 when  
the niches of  the reredos were denuded 
and filled up with stone and mortar1    
with a  coat of plaster over all4 ,in   
course of time the original east end was
  rediscovered1 and the reredos renewed4
 ,by #ahid statues were erected in  the 
niches2 and as the open timber roof had 
been replaced in #ahhj1  the whole may  
now be considered to have been restored1
 as far as  is possible1 to its original
 appearance4 ,the west window 7in the   
ante-chapel7 is famous as having been   
designed by ,reynolds4 ,an  illustration
 of it is here given4 ,the beauty of the
 figures and of the  colouring is       
universally admitted4    ,illustration3 
#jaee    ,illustration3 #jaef    ,the   
last illustration shews the ,new        
,buildings1 through which is a back     
entrance to the ,college1 as seen from  
,holywell ,street4 ,of these it must  be
 said that they are far less interesting
 than the quaint old street in  which   

they are situated4 ,the best of them is 
the most recent addition1  a fine tower 
put up in #ahhj to the memory of a      
former ,bursar1 ,mr4  ,robinson4    ,the
 ,hall is a fine building1 though its   
original proportions have been  altered1
 not for the better4 ,here on ,august   
#bi1 #afje1 ,king ,james ,i4 with  his  
queen and the ,prince of ,wales were    
entertained to dinner2 and here  on     
festival days the scholars were bidden  
by their ,founder to amuse  themselves  
after supper with singing and with      
recitations1 whose themes  were to be   
the chronicles of the realm and the     
wonders of the world4  ,on the walls are
 portraits of ,chichele and ,william of 
,waynflete1  members of the ,college1   
who were presently to rival1 as         
,founders1 the  munificence of ,william 
of ,wykeham himself2 of ,warham1        
,archbishop of  ,canterbury1 friend of  
,erasmus and promoter of humanism2 and  
of ,sydney  ,smith4    ,the exclusive   
connection between ,winchester and ,new 

,college1 which the  ,founder planned1  
proved in course of time a disadvantage4
 ,in #aheg  half the fellowships and a  
few scholarships were thrown open to    
public  competition4 ,since then the    
,college has largely increased its      
numbers1  and representatives of all the
 great schools of ,england are          
sojourners  within its walls4 ,the      
,founder's motto1 ,manners ,makyth ,man1
 is of too  wide an application to be   
limited to the members of any one       
school2  and it is permissible to think 
that ,william of ,wykeham1 shrewd  and  
liberal-minded as he was1 would approve 
the change4 ,an earlier  alteration he  
would certainly have endorsed4 ,he      
secured as a special  privilege to the  
,fellows of his ,foundation1 that they  
should be  admitted to all degrees in   
the ,university without asking any grace
 of  congregation1 provided they passed 
a satisfactory examination in their  own
 ,college4 ,his object was to impose a  
severer educational test than  that     

which the ,university then afforded2    
when1 however1 ,university  examinations
 became a reality1 his good intention   
was nullified4  ,wykehamists pleaded    
their privilege1 and so evaded the      
ordeal which  members of other ,colleges
 must undergo4 ,thus was an originally  
good  custom corrupted4 ,the ,college1  
to its credit1 voluntarily abjured this 
questionable privilege in #ahcd2 and is 
now second only to ,balliol in the      
intellectual race4    ,illustration3    
#jaei            ,,lincoln ,,college    
,,john ,,flemmynge1 ,bishop of ,lincoln1
 was for the greater part of his life  a
 sympathiser with the ,lollards2 but on 
changing his opinions--for what  reason 
is not known--he founded a ,college for 
the express purpose of  training divines
 who should confute their doctrines4    
,such was the origin  of ,lincoln       
,college1 in the year #adbi4    ,mr4    
,matthison's first picture shews the    
entrance to the ,college1 as seen  from 
,turl ,street4 ,farther on is a part of 

the front of ,exeter1 and  the spire of 
its ,chapel1 with ,trinity in the       
background4 ,lincolns  entrance-tower   
dates from the ,founder's time4         
,illustration3 #jafc    ,illustration3  
#afd    ,the second gives the interior  
of the ,front ,quadrangle4 ,reference to
 old  engravings1 such as that given in 
,chalmers' ,history of the ,colleges1   
,halls1 and ,public ,buildings of the   
,university of ,oxford 7#ahaj71  shews  
the battlements to be a modern addition1
 and anything but an  improvement4      
,the ,chapel1 which stands in the inner 
court1 was built at the expense of  ,dr4
 ,john ,williams1 ,bishop of ,lincoln   
and afterwards ,archbishop of ,york1    
and was consecrated on ,september #ae1  
#afca4 ,its roof and wainscoting are  of
 cedar1 the roof in particular being    
richly ornamented4 ,the painted  windows
 are also noteworthy4 ,tradition says   
that they were bought by ,dr4  ,williams
 in ,italy4 ,that at the east end       
represents six principal events  of the 

gospel narrative1 with their            
corresponding types in the ,old         
,testament4 ,the following is the       
complete list3--,the ,creation of       
,man--the  ,nativity of ,christ2 the    
,passage through the ,red ,sea--the     
,baptism of  ,christ2 the ,jewish       
,passover--the ,lord's ,supper2 the     
,brazen ,serpent in  the                
,wilderness--the ,crucifixion2 ,jonah   
delivered from the ,whale--the          
,resurrection2 the ,ascent of ,elijah in
 the ,chariot of ,fire--the  ,ascension4
    ,john ,wesley spent nine years in   
,lincoln ,college1 being elected ,fellow
  in #agbf4 ,among its members may be   
named ,sir ,william ,davenant1 ,poet    
,laureate2 and ,dr4 ,robert ,sanderson1 
,bishop of ,lincoln1 a man of great     
piety1 learning1 and amiability1 who    
forms the theme of one of ,izaak        
,walton's ,lives4 ,it is to him that our
 ,english ,liturgy owes the beautiful   
,prayer for all ,conditions of ,men and 
,general ,thanksgiving4 ,a recent       

,rector of ,lincoln was ,mark ,pattison1
 ,b4,d41 who might rival ,sanderson  in 
learning1 though not in the quality of  
forbearance4 ,his ,memoirs1             
posthumously published1 contained1 with 
much that was of interest1 some         
unusually outspoken judgments upon his  
contemporaries in ,oxford4              
,,all ,,souls ,,college    ,c,,ollegium 
,omnium ,animarum ,fidelium defunctorum 
de ,oxon4 ,this title  expresses one of 
the purposes for which ,all ,souls was  
founded4 ,it was a  ,chantry first1 a   
home of learning afterwards4 ,an        
obligation was imposed  upon the        
,society to pray for the good estate of 
the ,founders1 during  their lives1 and 
for their souls after their decease2    
also for the souls  of ,henry v4 and the
 ,duke of ,clarence1 together with those
 of all the  dukes1 earls1 barons1      
knights1 esquires1 and other subjects of
 the ,crown  of ,england who had fallen 
in the ,french ,war2 and for the souls  
of all  the faithful departed4 ,to think

 of ,all ,souls is to think of          
,agincourt4    ,as to learning1 sixteen 
of the ,fellows were directed to study  
civil and  canon law1 the rest          
philosophy1 theology1 and the arts4     
,the ,founders were ,henry ,chichele1   
,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and ,king   
,henry vi4 ,chichele is the ,archbishop 
who in ,shakespeare's ,king ,henry  ,v4 
urges the king 7quite in accordance with
 history7 to vindicate his  claims to   
the crown of ,france4 ,educated in all  
the prejudices of his  age1 he set his  
face against the followers of           
,wyckliffe2 at the same  time he        
protested against the encroachments of  
,rome1 and was spoken of  in ,oxford as 
the darling of the people1 and the      
foster-parent of the  clergy4 ,he was   
deeply read in the law1 and ,all ,souls 
still bears the  impress of his legal   
tastes4    ,the buildings are very      
extensive1 and are grouped around three 
quadrangles4 ,the first view 7which     
gives also a glimpse of the ,radcliffe  

and the ,old ,schools7 shews the front  
of the ,north ,quadrangle1 as  seen from
 ,st4 ,catherine ,street1 with the      
windows of the magnificent  ,codrington 
,library4    ,illustration3 #jafi       
,illustration3 #jagj    ,but the        
,library is eclipsed1 in general        
opinion1 by the ,chapel4 ,it  is usually
 observed1 says ,chalmers1 that whatever
 visitor remembers  anything of ,oxford1
 remembers the beautiful ,chapel of ,all
 ,souls1 and  joins in its praises4 ,it 
is characterised by dignity and         
simplicity1  and its great reredos has a
 remarkable history4 ,the ,chapel was   
wrecked  in ,reformation days1 and the  
remains of the reredos were covered with
  plaster in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4
 ,in #ahgj some workmen accidentally    
discovered1 on removing some of the     
plaster1 the ruins of the now  forgotten
 reredos4 ,it was then reconstructed1   
and the empty niches  refilled with     
statues of ,chichele1 ,henry ,,vi41 and 
the great ones of  their time4 ,the     

,college also owns a fine sundial1 the  
work of ,sir  ,christopher ,wren1 who   
was one of its ,fellows4    ,the four   
,bible-clerks1 as is well known1 are the
 only undergraduates4 ,an  ,all ,souls' 
,fellowship is now what an ,oriel       
,fellowship was in the early  part of   
the nineteenth century1 the blue ribbon 
of ,oxford4 ,since its  foundation in   
#adcg the following are a few of the    
eminent men who have  been members of   
this ,society3--,linacre1 ,sheldon1     
,jeremy ,taylor1 the poet  ,young1      
,blackstone1 and ,bishop ,heber4        
,,magdalen ,,college    ,illustration3  
#jagd    ,,william ,,of ,,waynflete1 who
 founded this ,college1 was brought up  
in the  traditions of ,william of       
,wykeham1 and maintained them most      
worthily4  ,a member of ,wykeham's      
school1 and perhaps of ,new ,college1 he
 became  ,headmaster of ,winchester1    
only leaving it to act as first         
,headmaster  of ,eton1 on the foundation
 of that ,college by ,henry vi4 ,like   

,wykeham  he lived through troubled     
times1 and like him occupied the see of 
,winchester and was ,chancellor of      
,england4 ,the latter post he resigned  
in  the last year of ,henry vi41 but    
remained ,bishop of ,winchester until   
his  death in #adhf4 ,he was buried in  
,winchester ,cathedral1 where eighty-two
  years earlier ,wykeham had been laid  
to rest4    ,on the present site of     
,magdalen ,college stood an old         
hospital1 named  after ,st4 ,john the   
,baptist4 ,this hospital1 with its      
grounds1 was made  over to ,william of  
,waynflete in #adeg2 some remains of its
 buildings  still survive in what is    
known as the ,chaplains' ,quadrangle2   
and in  this hospital the new society   
found temporary shelter4 ,waynflete did 
not  proceed at once to build his new   
,college2 the times were disturbed1 and 
with the victory of the ,yorkist faction
 he found himself in some peril4        
,pardoned1 however1 by ,edward ,,iv41 he
 was at liberty to carry out his        

designs4 ,if not his own architect1 he  
certainly superintended the  building2  
and with the exception of the famous    
,tower1 the work was  completed before  
his death4    ,in the result1 taste has 
generally decided1 what most visitors   
feel  instinctively at first sight1 that
 ,magdalen is the most beautiful        
,college in ,oxford4 ,this distinction  
it owes partly to the perfect           
proportions of its buildings1 and partly
 to the loveliness of its  surroundings4
 ,to assure oneself of this1 one may    
take a boat up the  ,cherwell 7as the   
people in ,mr4 ,matthison's first       
drawing have done71  and1 while the     
sculls rest idly on the water's surface1
 drink deeply of  the beauty of the     
scene4    ,illustration3 #jagg          
,illustration3 #jagh    ,the foundation 
stone of the famous ,tower 7which from  
different points  of view appears in    
three more of the illustrations7 was    
laid in #adib4  ,tradition says that it 
was designed by ,wolsey1 who was about  

that time  ,bursar of ,magdalen2 and    
also asserts that a mass for the soul of
 ,henry  ,,vii4 used1 before the        
,reformation1 to be performed upon the  
top of the  ,tower on every ,may-day at 
early morning4 ,it is certain that a    
hymn is  still sung there annually at   
that season1 as those who are up early  
enough may hear for themselves4         
,whether one approaches ,magdalen by the
 water-way or by ,the ,high--as in  the 
second illustration--the ,tower is still
 the dominant feature of the  view4 ,on 
the left are seen ,st4 ,swithun's       
,buildings1 designed in happy  harmony  
with the older structure4 ,when the     
,lodge is passed1 one is  confronted    
with the old stone pulpit 7sketched by  
,mrs4 ,walton71 from  which an open-air 
sermon was formerly preached on ,st4    
,john the ,baptists  day4 99 ,the court 
on that occasion used to be fenced round
 with green  boughs1 in allusion to ,st4
 ,john's preaching in the wilderness4   
99 ,this custom has recently been       

revived4    ,the ,cloisters are next    
entered1 from which is obtained a       
splendid view  of ,waynflete's          
,quadrangle and ,tower 7the ,founder's  
,tower of the next  illustration74 ,the 
perfect grace of ,magdalen is here      
revealed1 and  praise becomes           
superfluous4 ,the ,chapel1 ,hall1 and   
,library open out  of this ,quadrangle4 
,the ,college choir is among the best in
 the three  kingdoms4    ,many theories 
have been suggested in explanation of   
the curious stone  figures in the       
,quadrangle1 which were put up after    
,waynflete's day4  ,the most reasonable 
appears to be that which makes them     
represent the  several virtues and vices
 which members of the ,college should   
follow  after and eschew4 ,but even so  
that interpretation seems a little      
forced  which makes the hippopotamus1   
carrying his young one on his shoulder1 
emblematic of a good tutor1 or ,fellow  
of a ,college1 who is set to watch  over
 the youth of the society1 and by whose 

prudence they are to be led  through the
 dangers of their first entrance into   
the world4 99         99 ,oedipus       
,magdalensis1 in the ,college ,library4 
,to speak now of the three remaining    
illustrations1 the first shews the      
garden1 reached from the ,quadrangle1   
the exterior of which forms the         
background of the picture4 ,from here a 
good view is obtained of the  new       
buildings1 a stately eighteenth-century 
pile1 which adjoin the  deer park2 a    
part of them1 as well as of the deer    
park1 is seen in ,mr4  ,matthison's     
sketch4 ,finally1 he gives his          
impression of the ,college  as seen at  
evening from the entrance of ,addison's 
,walk1 with the ,tower  blue-grey       
against a paling sky4    ,illustration3 
#jaha    ,illustration3 #jahb    ,that  
walk1 which commemorates the famous ,mr4
 ,joseph ,addison1 as ,esmond  called   
him1 was in part1 at any rate1 laid out 
in ,queen ,elizabeth's day2  and here   
the future essayist may have often      

strolled and meditated1 in  the exercise
 of that gift of a most profound silence
 with which1 half  in jest1 he credited 
himself4 ,there stood in his time at the
 entrance of  the water-walk an oak1    
which for centuries had been1 according 
to  ,chalmers1 the admiration of many   
generations4 ,evelyn1 the diarist1      
commemorates its huge proportions4 ,it  
was overthrown by a storm in #aghi1  and
 a chair made of its wood is preserved  
in the ,president's lodgings4           
,magdalen in its time has welcomed many 
royal visitors1 among them ,edward      
,,iv4 in #adha1 and ,richard ,,iii4 in  
#adhc4 ,richard was so pleased with the 
disputations provided for his           
entertainment that he presented the two 
protagonists 7one of them was ,grocyn1  
the ,greek scholar7 with a buck  apiece 
and money as well4 ,other guests were   
,arthur1 ,prince of ,wales1  elder son  
of ,henry ,,vii41 and ,henry1 son of    
,james ,i41 whose great promise  was cut
 short by an early death4 ,cromwell and 

,fairfax dined at ,magdalen1  when they 
received the degree of ,d4,c4,l4 in     
#afdi1 and1 instead of hearing  the     
usual disputations1 played at bowls upon
 the ,college green4    ,meanwhile the  
,college had educated its fair share of 
prominent men3  ,wolsey2 ,colet1        
afterwards ,dean of ,st4 ,paul's2       
,cardinal ,pole2 ,william  ,tyndale1    
translator of the ,bible2 ,lyly1 whose  
,euphues gave a name to a  certain style
 of writing2 and ,john ,hampden4 ,a     
notable ,president 7#aefa7  was ,dr4    
,laurence ,humphrey1 who was among the  
,genevan exiles in  ,queen ,mary's time4
 ,on his return he retained the ,genevan
 dislike for  ecclesiastical vestments1 
but was persuaded to wear them on the   
occasion  of ,queen ,elizabeth's visit  
to ,oxford4 ,mr4 ,doctor1 said the      
queen1 who  was aware of his usual      
practice1 that loose gown becomes you   
mighty  well4 ,i wonder your notions    
should be so narrow4    ,illustration3  
#jahe    ,illustration3 #jahf    ,the   

life of a ,college is in general        
self-contained1 but in the last  year of
 ,james ,,ii4's reign ,magdalen becomes 
for a time the centre of a              
constitutional struggle4 ,there is no   
more glorious page in her annals4       
,james ,,ii4 had done his best to turn  
,university ,college into a ,roman      
,catholic seminary1 and had made a      
professor of that religion ,dean of     
,christ ,church4 ,he now sought to      
impose upon the ,fellows of ,magdalen a 
,president of his own choosing1 one     
,farmer1 a papist1 and a man of known   
bad character4 ,the ,fellows replied by 
electing one of their own  number1 ,john
 ,hough1 upon which they were cited     
before the ,court of ,high  ,commission 
and bullied by ,judge ,jeffreys1 while  
,houghs election was  declared invalid4 
,farmer was so generally discredited    
that the king did  not press his claims1
 but shortly afterwards nominated in his
 stead  ,dr4 ,parker1 ,bishop of        
,oxford4 ,when the ,fellows respectfully

 refused to  accept him1 ,hough and     
twenty-six ,fellows were forcibly       
ejected1 as well  as many of the demies 
7or scholars7 who sympathised with their
 action4  ,parker died after a few      
months' tenure of office1 when ,james   
named  ,gifford1 a ,roman ,catholic1 as 
his successor4 ,it was only in ,october 
#afhh1 when moved to terror by the      
,declaration of ,william of ,orange1    
that  the king1 among other concessions1
 cancelled ,gifford's appointment and   
restored ,dr4 ,hough and the ejected    
,fellows4 ,but then1 as we know1 all    
concessions were too late4 ,hough       
remained ,president until #agja4        
,during the eighteenth century ,magdalen
 was not exempt from the general        
somnolence which pervaded the           
,university4 ,gibbon's residence there  
was  cut short by his becoming a ,roman 
,catholic4 ,his harsh judgment of  the  
,college1 warped as it was1 cannot be   
entirely refuted4 ,famous               
nineteenth-century members of ,magdalen 

were ,robert ,lowe1 ,lord ,selborne1    
,charles ,reade1 and ,professor ,mozley4
 ,at present it does not look as  if the
 charge of inactivity could ever again  
be preferred against  ,waynflete's      
,foundation4          ,,brasenose       
,,college    ,illustration3 #jaib       
,,the first thing about this ,college to
 excite a stranger's curiosity is  its  
name4 ,the explanation is trivial       
enough4 ,brasenose ,hall 7which was  in 
existence in the thirteenth century and 
became ,brasenose ,college in  #aeji7   
was so called from the brass            
knocker--the head of a lion with a  very
 prominent nose--which adorned its      
gateway4 ,in #accd the members of  the  
,hall1 from whatever reason1 migrated   
into ,lincolnshire1 taking  the knocker 
with them1 and set up their rest at     
,stamford4 ,there is in  ,stamford1     
wrote ,antony ,wood1 a building in ,st4 
,paul's parish1 near to  one of the     
tower gates1 called ,brazenose to this  
day1 and has a great  gate1 and a       

wicket1 upon which wicket is a head or  
face of old cast  brass1 with a ring    
through the nose thereof4 ,it had also a
 fair  refectory within1 and is at this 
time written in leases and deeds        
,brazen ,nose4 ,this building was bought
 by ,b4 ,n4 ,c4 7to adopt ,oxford       
phraseology7 in #ahij1 and the knocker  
brought back to ,oxford1 none the  worse
 for its prolonged rustication4    ,the 
,college named after this venerable     
relic owes its foundation to  a pair of 
friends1 ,william ,smyth1 ,bishop of    
,lincoln1 and ,sir ,richard  ,sutton of 
,sutton1 in the county of ,cheshire1 an 
ecclesiastically-minded  layman1 who    
became ,steward of the monastery of     
,sion1 near ,brentford4  ,unmarried     
himself1 the knight's biographer informs
 us1 and not  anxious to aggrandize his 
family1 ,sir ,richard ,sutton bestowed  
handsome  benefactions and kind         
remembrances among his kinsmen2 but he  
wedded the  public1 and made posterity  
his heir4    ,the ,college which grew up

 under the personal supervision of these
 two  friends1 occupies the ground on   
which stood no less than eight ,halls3 a
  fact which seems to shew that these   
institutions were not large in bulk4    
,the ,founders purchased ,brasenose     
,hall1 ,little ,university ,hall1       
,salisbury  ,hall1 with ,st4 ,marys     
,entry--a picturesque lane1 which       
appears in the  first of ,mr4           
,matthison's illustrations2 and five    
more4 ,tennyson's  phrase1 the tumult of
 the ,halls1 must have been peculiarly  
applicable  in mediaeval ,oxford4       
,distinctly mediaeval were the statues  
of the  new ,foundation2 those who drew 
them up adhered to the training of  the 
schoolmen1 and made no provision for the
 new learning4 ,when ,john  ,claymond1  
first ,president of ,corpus1 endowed six
 scholarships at  ,brasenose 7in #aecf71
 he stipulated that the scholars        
appointed should  attend the lectures of
 the ,latin and ,greek ,readers of his  
own ,college4  ,however1 ,brasenose had 

her own lecturers in these humaner      
studies1  before the century was out4   
,illustration3 #jaie    ,illustration3  
#jaif    ,if one would see the ,front   
,quadrangle as the ,founders viewed it1 
when  the last stones from ,headington  
quarries were put in their places1 he   
must imagine it deprived of its third   
tier of windows and its parapet1  for   
these are ,jacobean additions4 ,the     
alteration1 so far as it affected  the  
outside1 can hardly have been for the   
better2 for the additional  storey has  
certainly dwarfed the proportions of the
 fine ,tower1 which1  with its ,gateway1
 is the most striking feature of the    
second picture4  ,as to the interior of 
the ,quadrangle--sketched by ,mr4       
,matthison from two  points of view--it 
is less easy to form an opinion2 the    
dormer windows  are so quaintly         
ornamental that the severest critic may 
hesitate to wish  them gone4            
,architecture of a totally different    
order meets the eye when the ,inner     

,quadrangle is reached1 as a glance at  
the final illustration proves2  for the 
,italian style is much in evidence4 ,the
 foundation stone of the  present       
,chapel1 which represented an older one1
 was laid in #afef1 and  tradition      
attributes the design of it1 as well as 
that of the ,library1  to ,sir          
,christopher ,wren1 who was then quite a
 young man4 ,its windows  are ,gothic1  
but the ,corinthian pilasters and the   
general idea of the  structure shew that
 the architect's adherence was divided  
between the  older and newer methods4   
,the ceiling is elaborately carved in   
fanwork  tracery4 ,the ,library stands  
between the ,chapel and the south side  
of the  ,quadrangle4 ,there is a curious
 regulation in the statutes directing   
that  each volume it contained should be
 described in the catalogue by the      
first word on the second leaf4 ,the     
reason of this is that the first  leaf1 
being often splendidly illuminated1 was 
liable to be torn out by  dishonest     

borrowers2 and as it was important to be
 able to identify a  book1 this could   
best be done by noting the first word on
 the second  page1 because it would very
 seldom happen that two copyists would  
begin  that page with the same word4    
,hence the initial word of the second   
leaf  of a manuscript would in all      
probability mark that individual copy   
and  no other4    ,illustration3 #jaii  
,illustration3 #jbjj    ,famous members 
of ,brasenose ,college were ,foxe1 the  
historian of the  ,martyrs2 ,robert     
,burton1 author of the ,anatomy of      
,melancholy--we may be  sure he used the
 ,library2 ,john ,marston1 satirist and 
dramatist1 who1  along with ,ben ,jonson
 and ,chapman1 was thrown into prison   
for vilifying  the ,scotch in ,eastward 
,ho2 ,sir ,henry ,savile1 afterwards    
,warden of  ,merton1 ,founder of the    
,savilian ,professorship of ,astronomy2 
,bishop  ,heber2 ,henry ,hart ,milman1  
the historian2 and more noted cricketers
 and  oarsmen than we have space to     

mention4    ,nowell1 ,dean of ,st4      
,paul's1 was chosen ,principal of the   
,college when in  his ninetieth year1   
but resigned after two months of office4
 ,that was in  the sixteenth century4   
,,corpus ,,christi ,,college            
,,corpus--as this ,college is           
universally known among ,oxford men--was
  founded in #aeaf1 during the days of  
the new learning1 by ,richard ,foxe1    
,bishop of ,winchester4 ,zealous for    
education1 he took care that ,greek as  
well as ,latin should be taught to his  
scholars1 appointing two  ,readers in   
those tongues1 whose lectures were to be
 open to the  whole ,university4 ,when1 
therefore1 in #ahec ,corpus endowed the 
new ,latin  ,professorship1 it was      
acting in the spirit of its ,founder4   
,that spirit1  indeed1 has animated the 
,college throughout its history1 for    
hard  work 7by no means divorced from   
athletic excellence7 is traditional at  
,corpus4 ,bishop ,foxes plate and       
crozier are still among the treasures of

  his ,foundation4    ,the first        
illustration shews the exterior of the  
,college4 ,above the  gateway a curious 
piece of sculpture represents ,angels   
bearing the  ,host1 or ,corpus ,christi1
 in a monstrance2 on either side is a   
shield1  the one engraved with ,foxe's  
arms1 the other with those of his see4  
,the second picture gives the interior  
of the ,front ,quadrangle4 ,it is       
perhaps not too fanciful to suggest that
 the solidity and simplicity  of the    
architecture are in keeping with the    
characteristics which  experience has   
taught us to look for in ,corpus men4 ,a
 touch of variety  is given by the      
ancient cylindrical dial1 constructed in
 #aeha by ,sir  ,charles ,turnbull1 a   
,fellow4 ,it is surmounted by the effigy
 of a pelican1  a bird dear to ,corpus4 
,another stone pelican1 by the way1     
broods over  the ,library roof at       
,wadham4    ,illustration3 #jbje        
,illustration3 #jbjf    ,jewel and      
,hooker among theologians1 and ,stowell 

and ,tenterden among  lawyers1 belonged 
to ,bishop ,foxes ,college4 ,here1 too1 
was trained  ,oglethorpe1 philanthropist
 and founder of ,georgia1 whom ,pope    
chose as a  type of strong benevolence  
of soul and ,j ohnson loved to honour2  
and  here were passed in close          
friendship the undergraduate days of    
,arnold  and ,keble1 who1 though later  
estranged by differences of opinion on  
religious questions1 still retained     
their old personal regard4              
,,christ ,,church    ,,if ,magdalen is  
the most beautiful of ,oxford ,colleges1
 ,christ ,church  is assuredly the most 
magnificent4 ,building was one of the   
favourite  pursuits of ,cardinal        
,wolsey1 first ,founder of ,christ      
,church1 as it was  of ,wykeham and     
,waynflete before him3 it is almost     
mysterious how men of  this type1 who   
had the highest affairs of the ,state as
 well as of  the ,church upon their     
shoulders1 found so much leisure to     
devote to  architecture4 ,wolsey's plans

 were cut short by his fall from power1 
but  he had already shewn by his        
completed palace in ,whitehall and by   
,hampton  ,court1 which he built as a   
present for his sovereign1 the grandeur 
and  largeness of his ideas4 ,out of the
 revenues of suppressed monasteries  he 
had designed to establish a ,college far
 larger and far more richly  endowed    
than any of its predecessors2 and three 
sides of the ,great  ,quadrangle had    
arisen before he fell upon adversity4   
,then the king  stopped the work1 and   
for a century the unfinished structure  
stood as a  reminder of                 
,vaulting ambition1 that o'erleaps      
itself1              ,and falls o' the  
other side4    ,yet ,wolsey had a public
 as well as a private ambition4 ,he     
loved  learning1 and desired to promote 
it3 he sought to save the ,church by    
rearing instructed ministers for her    
service4 ,if he failed1 it was a  noble 
failure2 for though ,henry ,,viii41 who 
now assumed the title of  ,founder1     

sanctioned an establishment less wide   
and generous than ,wolsey  proposed1    
even so the new ,college easily         
surpassed all others in the  scale of   
its endowments4    ,illustration3 #jbaa 
,illustration3 #jbac    ,the finest view
 of ,christ ,church from without is that
 which is obtained  from ,st4 ,aidates  
,street1 and is shewn in ,mr4           
,matthison's first drawing4  ,tom       
,tower1 which forms the centre of the   
faade1 was not part of the  original    
scheme1 but was added in #afhb1 when    
,dr4 ,john ,fell was  ,dean4 ,the       
,college owes a debt of gratitude to    
,dr4 ,fell for employing  ,wren as his  
architect1 if for nothing else4 ,wolseys
 gate1 which was  no higher than the two
 smaller towers between which his statue
 stands1  might easily have been spoilt 
by a less skilful designer1 but ,wren   
added  to its beauty1 and made it one of
 the finest structures in ,oxford4 ,the 
,tower is named after the great bell    
which it contains1 brought from  ,osney 

,abbey4 ,every night ,tom tolls a curfew
 of a hundred and one  strokes at nine  
o'clock1 and at the closing stroke all  
,college gates are  shut and all        
undergraduates supposed to be within    
their ,college walls4  ,dr4 ,john ,fell1
 by the way1 is the ,dr4 ,fell whom the 
epigrammatist  disliked without being   
able to assign a cause4 ,his pictures   
shew a  forbidding countenance enough1  
but he deserved well of his ,college and
  the ,university4 ,in addition to the  
,tower1 he completed the front towards  
,st4 ,aidates1 fostered the ,university 
,press1 and did his best to make        
examinations a reality4 ,he planted also
 the elms of the ,broad ,walk1 a        
beautiful avenue which custom has       
decreed as the regulation promenade on  
,show ,sunday 7in ,commemoration ,week72
 but within the last twenty years       
storms have made havoc of the trees1 and
 little of the ,walk's former  beauty   
remains4    ,the ,great                 
,quadrangle--,tom ,quad4 in ,oxford     

parlance--dwarfs by  its large          
dimensions all the other courts of      
,oxford4 ,the arches and  rib-mouldings 
indicate the original intention of the  
first builders1  which was to surround  
the ,quadrangle with a cloister4 ,as it 
is1 though  this design was never       
carried out1 the impression conveyed is 
one of  great splendour4 ,never is the  
appearance of ,tom ,quad4 more effective
  than at the moment when the           
white-robed congregation comes out of   
the  ,cathedral doors4 ,all             
undergraduates of ,the ,house wear      
surplices--worn  by scholars only1 save 
here and at ,keble--and the ,cathedral  
is their  ,chapel4 ,mr4 ,matthison has  
chosen such a moment for his drawing1   
when the  ,quadrangle is in a moment    
flooded by the white surplices1 varied  
here  and there by the crimson hood of a
 ,master or a ,doctor's scarlet robes4  
,on the left of the drawing appears the 
,cathedral spire2 in the centre  the    
,belfry ,tower1 a solid and handsome    

structure put up in ,dean  ,liddell's   
day2 and on the right the windows and   
pinnacles of the ,hall4                 
,illustration3 #jbaf    ,illustration3  
#jbag    ,to approach the ,hall one     
passes through the archway at the       
south-east  corner of the ,quadrangle1  
and ascends a wide staircase notable for
 the  wonderful fanwork tracery of the  
ceiling4 ,this tracery dates from the   
time of ,dean ,samuel ,fell 7father of  
,dr4 ,john ,fell71 and was completed  in
 #afdj2 it appears in ,mr4 ,matthison's 
fourth drawing4 ,the ,hall itself       
7which is the subject of the next       
illustration7 has no rival in ,oxford   
and no superior in ,england1            
,westminster ,hall only excepted4 ,it   
measures  #aae feet by #dj1 and is #ej  
feet in height4 ,the window above the   
dais  contains full length stained-glass
 representations of ,wolsey1 ,more1     
,erasmus1 ,colet1 and other great men of
 the ,reformation era2 and the  walls   
are hung with a very fine collection of 

portraits1 including those  of ,henry   
,,viii4 and ,wolsey 7by ,holbein71      
,deans ,aldrich and ,atterbury 7by      
,kneller71 ,charles ,wesley 7by         
,romney71 ,george ,canning 7by          
,lawrence71  ,gladstone 7by ,millais71  
,lewis ,carroll 7by ,herkomer71 and     
,dean ,liddell  7by ,watts74            
,illustration3 #jbbj    ,illustration3  
#jbba    ,there is still much of ,christ
 ,church to explore1 as the remaining   
illustrations indicate4 ,from ,merton   
,street one approaches ,the ,house  by  
,canterbury ,gate1 which opens upon the 
small ,canterbury ,quadrangle  7erected 
towards the end of the eighteenth       
century74 ,beyond is ,peckwater         
,quadrangle1 built in #agje after the   
,italian model1 on the site of          
,peckwater's ,inn4 ,the black and       
crumbling walls of this quadrangle are  
in striking contrast to the smooth      
surface of ,tom ,quad41 but in  the     
summer term1 when every window is gay   
with flowers1 the gloom of  ,peckwater  

is forgotten4 ,on the right hand is the 
,library1 which1 beside  books1 contains
 an interesting collection of paintings 
of the early  ,italian schools4 ,the    
outlook from the ,meadow ,buildings     
7#ahfc71 which  includes the ,broad     
,walk1 the ,long ,walk1 and glimpses of 
the ,river1 is a  pleasant one1 though  
the buildings themselves are not1 from  
the outside1  particularly attractive4  
,some of the famous sons of ,christ     
,church have already been incidentally  
mentioned4 ,as might be expected from   
its numerous muster-roll1 it  has had   
members who attained distinction in     
every walk of life2 but  statistics seem
 to shew that there is something in the 
atmosphere of  ,the ,house peculiarly   
favourable to the growth of statesmen4  
,no other  ,college1 at any rate1 has   
given ,england three premiers in        
succession1  ,mr4 ,gladstone 7a double  
first71 ,lord ,salisbury1 and ,lord     
,rosebery4 ,to  make an exhaustive list 
might weary the reader1 but the honoured

 name  of ,sir ,robert ,peel must at    
least be mentioned4 ,strenuous as were  
these  men's labours in after-life1 it  
is permissible to fancy that amid the   
pleasant surroundings of their student  
days they did not altogether  scorn     
delights4 ,here1 for instance1 is an    
extract from the diary  kept by ,charles
 ,wesley when an undergraduate3 ,wrote  
to  ,v4--translated--played an hour at  
billiards4 ,there is no harm in         
supposing ,v4 a girl1 if we choose4     
,how strangely runs the little list     
,of ,wesley's day1 like ,isis rippling1 
,while yet the mighty ,methodist        
',mid striplings merry made1 a          
stripling4    to quote the words of an  
anonymous rhymer4    ,again1 the        
expounding of mathematics term after    
term is a sober pursuit  enough1 yet ,c4
 ,l4 ,dodgson1 mathematical tutor of    
,christ ,church1 had  leisure to be     
,lewis ,carroll also1 the nursery       
classic1 the delight  of children of all
 ages4 ,the serious purpose of ,john    

,ruskin1 who as  the anonymous ,oxford  
,graduate took the ,art world by storm1 
could not  extinguish his lambent       
humour4 ,it is a part of the genius of  
,christ  ,church to keep alive a certain
 sunshine of the mind4 ,let us hope that
  this was the case even with her       
austerer thinkers2 with ,locke1 who  was
 forced to leave the ,college on account
 of his ,whig opinions2  with ,william  
,penn1 who was sent down for            
nonconformity--you will  find sunshine  
as well as shadow in his little volume1 
,some ,fruits of  ,solitude1 which he is
 thought to have composed1 partly at any
 rate1 in  prison2 and with ,dr4 ,pusey1
 as he searched for the way of          
perfection  among the dusty folios of   
patristic lore4    ,illustration3 #jbbd 
,illustration3 #jbbe          ,,trinity 
,,college    ,,trinity ,,college was    
founded by ,sir ,thomas ,pope1 a rich   
lawyer1 in  #aeee4 ,the site was        
previously occupied by ,durham ,college1
 a now  extinct foundation1 which       

existed for the training of students    
from the  ,benedictine monastery of     
,durham4    ,there is much that is      
admirable about the buildings and       
grounds of  ,trinity2 and its position  
is so little secluded that anyone       
passing down  ,broad ,street or ,parks  
,road can hardly help noticing its      
beauties4 ,the  first illustration shews
 the ,college as seen from ,broad       
,street4 ,in the  foreground are the    
handsome wrought-iron gates--there is a 
companion  pair at the verge of the     
garden1 in ,parks ,road--beyond which is
 the  square ,entrance ,tower leading to
 the ,small ,quadrangle1 decorated by   
four  figures representing ,astronomy1  
,geometry1 ,divinity1 and ,medicine4    
,the  old cottage buildings on the right
 of the ,porter's ,lodge1 facing ,broad 
,street1 which are now used as ,college 
rooms1 are in striking contrast  with   
the new buildings designed by ,mr4 ,t4  
,g4 ,jackson1 ,r4,a41 and finished  in  
#ahhg2 these are some of the last       

century's most successful additions  to 
ancient ,oxford4    ,the ,chapel has an 
unwonted fragrance1 for the wainscot is 
of cedar2 it  is famous also for its    
carving1 being in this particular one of
 the best  examples of the work of      
,grinling ,gibbons4 ,the ,hall has an   
unusually good  collection of portraits4
 ,of all the buildings the ,buttery is  
probably  the most ancient4             
,illustration3 #jbca    ,illustration3  
#jbcb    ,the second illustration1 taken
 from ,parks ,road1 shews a part of the 
garden1 with the ,inner ,quadrangle in  
the background2 this latter is  built in
 the ,italian manner1 after ,wren's     
design4 ,the costume of the  loiterers  
in the garden1 of both sexes1 suggests  
that ,mr4 ,matthison  painted his       
picture on some warm day of spring4 ,on 
such a day it is  pleasant to fleet the 
time carelessly amid such scenes as     
these2 nor  must the beautiful ,lime    
,tree ,walk escape mention1 whose       
pleached boughs  form a continuous      

archway of foliage4    ,trinity can     
point to a remarkably long list of      
distinguished members1 of  whom it may  
suffice to name here the poets ,lodge   
and ,denham1 ,harrington  7author of    
,oceana71 ,chatham1 ,professor ,freeman1
 ,bishop ,stubbs1 and  ,richard ,burton4
 ,but ,burtons stay was a short one2 he 
heard already the  call of the wild4    
,,st4 ,,john',s ,,college               
,illustration3 #jbcf    ,,archbishop    
,,chichele',s ,college of ,st4 ,bernard1
 established by him in  #adcg and       
suppressed by ,henry ,,viii41 occupied  
the site of what is now ,st4  ,john's   
,college4 ,one reminder of the older    
foundation is the statue of  ,st4       
,bernard1 which still stands in the     
,tower over the ,gateway4 ,this         
,gateway1 sketched from ,st4 ,giles'1   
forms the subject of the second         
illustration4 ,the ,hall and ,chapel    
too1 though much altered in later       
times1 were in the first instance used  
by the ,cistercians4    ,st4 ,john's was

 founded by ,sir ,thomas ,white1 ,lord  
,mayor of ,london1 in  #aeee4 ,his      
portrait hangs in the ,hall1 as well as 
those of ,laud and  ,juxon1 successively
 ,presidents of the ,college and        
,archbishops of  ,canterbury1 and that  
of ,george ,,iii4 ,st4 ,john's was      
devoted to the ,stuart  cause1 so it may
 be supposed that the likeness of the   
,hanoverian king  was not hung without  
compunctions on the part of senior      
members4 ,the  ,library contains a      
portrait of ,charles ,i41 and statues of
 him and of his  queen face each other  
in the ,inner ,quadrangle4    ,reference
 has been already made to the second    
illustration4 ,the first  shews the     
exterior of the ,front ,quadrangle1     
sketched from within the  walled row of 
elm trees4 ,this ,quadrangle was only   
finished in #aeig1 when  its eastern    
side 7facing the ,gateway7 was built4   
,the ,inner ,quadrangle1 which was begun
 at the same date and completed  in the 
first half of the seventeenth century1  

is1 from an architectural  point of     
view1 of unusual interest4 ,the visitor 
may naturally inquire  what two         
classical colonnades are doing in a     
,gothic quadrangle4 ,there is  no more  
satisfactory reply than that the        
architect1 ,inigo ,jones1 made a        
somewhat bold experiment1 combining     
,italian reminiscences with a ,gothic   
scheme4 ,individual taste may determine 
how far he was successful2  probably    
most critics will admire the colonnades 
in themselves1 but  think them out of   
place where they are4 ,laud furnished   
the funds for  ,inigo ,jones' work1 but 
happily the pair excluded the ,italian  
element  from their ,garden ,front1     
which is certainly one of the most      
beautiful  things in ,oxford4 ,diverse  
as are the judgments which have been    
passed  upon ,laud's character and      
actions1 there cannot be two opinions as
 to  the beauty and fitness of this     
building1 nor could any ,head of a      
,college  desire a worthier memorial4   

,coming up to ,st4 ,john's as a scholar 
in  #aeij1 ,laud became ,president in   
#afaa1 and on the completion of his  new
 buildings had the honour of receiving  
,king ,charles ,i4 and ,queen           
,henrietta ,maria as his guests4 ,full  
of stress as his life was1 and  tragic  
as was its end1 his most peaceful hours 
were probably passed  within the walls  
of the ,foundation which his generosity 
did so much to  adorn4 ,his body1 which 
had been buried in ,london after his    
execution1  was brought to ,st4 ,john's 
at the ,restoration1 and laid to rest1  
as he  had desired1 beneath the altar in
 the ,chapel4 ,the ,library contains a  
valuable collection of ecclesiastical   
vestments which are said to be his      
gift4    ,illustration3 #jbci           
,illustration3 #jbdj    ,the third and  
fourth illustrations shew the north and 
south ends of the  ,garden ,front4 ,the 
open window in ,mrs4 ,waltons sketch is 
that of the room  occupied by ,laud4    
,the ,garden is among the most          

delightful in ,oxford2 and for beauty   
and  diversity of flowers it certainly  
bears the palm4 ,like the garden at     
,wadham1 it was formerly laid out in the
 stiff ,dutch style4    ,sir ,thomas    
,white1 the ,founder1 was a member of   
the ,guild of ,merchant  ,taylors2 and a
 considerable number of the scholarships
 are given to  members of that          
,company's ,london school4              
,illustration3 #jbdc          ,,jesus   
,,college    ,,jesus ,,college since its
 birth in #aega has always been closely 
connected  with ,wales4 ,queen          
,elizabeth1 who did not forget her      
,welsh ancestry1 and  took no scorn1    
perhaps1 to wear the leek upon ,saint   
,tavy's day1 was  willing to accept from
 ,hugh ,price1 its actual originator1   
the honorary  title of ,founder4 ,the   
,college possesses three portraits of   
this  sovereign1 as well as pictures of 
,charles ,i4 and ,charles ,,ii4 7who    
were  benefactors74    ,the buildings   
are in the late ,gothic style4 ,the two 

illustrations shew  different aspects of
 the ,front ,quadrangle1 which conveys  
an impression  of beauty and            
restfulness4    ,the ,chapel is         
interesting4 ,above the entrance is a   
,latin inscription1  signifying ,may    
prayer ascend1 may grace descend4       
,within are the tombs  of ,dr4 ,henry   
,maurice1 ,professor of ,divinity1      
#afia2 ,sir ,edward ,stradling1  a      
colonel in ,charles ,i4's army1 #afdd2  
and several ,principals of the          
,college3--,dr4 ,francis ,mansell1 who  
held that office three times2 ,sir      
,eubule ,thelwall1 ,principal from #afba
 to #afcj2 and ,sir ,leoline ,jenkins1  
appointed in #affa4 ,first appointed in 
#afbj1 ,dr4 ,mansell resigned the       
following year in favour of ,thelwall1  
who had completed the building of  the  
,college4 ,his second term of office was
 cut short in ,commonwealth  days1 but  
he was reinstated at the ,restoration2  
the only ,head of a  ,college1 perhaps1 
who underwent such repeated             

vicissitudes4 ,sir ,leoline  ,jenkins   
did much to repair the damages which the
 ,college suffered in the  ,civil ,wars4
    ,the service in the ,chapel on      
,wednesday and ,friday evenings is      
entirely  in the ,welsh language4       
,distinguished members in the past of   
,jesus ,college were ,henry ,vaughan1   
the poet2 ,beau ,nash1 the arbiter of   
fashion in ,bath2 ,lloyd of ,st4        
,asaph1 one of the ,seven ,bishops2 and 
,j4 ,r4 ,green1 the historian4    ,were 
,sir ,hugh ,evans and ,fluellen1 those  
embodiments of ,welsh humours1          
suggested by ,jesus men8 ,we may think  
so1 if we will2 for ,shakespeare is     
known to have visited ,oxford1 and is   
quite as likely to have picked up  his  
,welshmen there as anywhere else4       
,illustration3 #jbdg    ,illustration3  
#jbdh          ,,wadham ,,college       
,,it can only be conjectured how long   
the vision of a stately building  which1
 like ,absalom's ,pillar1 should        
preserve the memory of his  childless   

house1 haunted the vacant hours of      
,nicholas ,wadham of  ,merifield1 in the
 county of ,somerset4 ,what is certain  
is that death cut  short his day-dreams1
 and that he committed the              
accomplishment of his  design to his    
wife ,dorothy4 ,this remarkable woman   
was seventy-five years  of age when the 
task devolved upon her4 ,she assumed its
 responsibilities  to such good purpose 
that within three years the ,college    
which bears her  name was completed4    
,the members of the first ,foundation   
were admitted in  #afac1 and the        
,foundress lived some five years more4  
,wadham is one of the most perfect      
specimens of late ,gothic architecture  
in existence4    ,no alteration whatever
 has taken place in the ,front          
,quadrangle since its  erection2 only1  
where the stones have crumbled1 they    
have been cunningly  replaced4 ,the     
,chapel1 though ,perpendicular1 was     
erected at the same time  as the other  
buildings4 ,the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4       

,parker made the reasonable  suggestion 
that the architect desired to emphasise 
by this variation of  style the         
religious and secular uses of the       
several structures4 ,wadham1  whether   
viewed from ,parks ,road or from its own
 delightful gardens1 is a  veritable joy
 to the beholder1 as our illustrations  
indicate4 ,the ,hall1  moreover1 which  
is one of the finest in ,oxford and     
contains a large  collection of         
portraits1 should not be neglected1 nor 
the interior  of the ,chapel1 with the  
sombre grandeur of its stained windows  
and  prophets blazoned on the panes4    
,illustration3 #jbec    ,illustration3  
#jbed    ,wadham's early prosperity     
received a check in ,civil ,war times1  
when  its plate was melted down for the 
king and its ,warden driven out by the  
,roundheads4 ,yet ,wilkins1 its new     
,warden1 did not abuse his trust2 and1  
thanks to his interest in science1 it   
was within the walls of this  ,college  
that the idea of the ,royal ,society was

 conceived4    ,wadham has not lacked   
famous members1 of diverse professions  
and highly  divergent opinions4 ,there  
is ,admiral ,blake1 whose statue watches
 to-day  over his native ,bridgewater2  
,wilmot1 ,earl of ,rochester1 who was   
made  ,master of ,arts at fourteen2     
,onslow1 ,speaker of the ,house of      
,commons2  ,lord ,westbury1 whose       
inscription in the ante-chapel tells us 
that he  dated all his success in life  
from the time when he was elected  a    
scholar of ,wadham at the age of        
fifteen2 ,dean ,church among            
ecclesiastics and ,dr4 ,congreve among  
,positivists4 ,finally1 there is  ,sir  
,christopher ,wren1 whose name has been 
kept to the end in order that  there may
 be coupled with it the name of ,mr4 ,t4
 ,g4 ,jackson1 ,r4,a42 for  these two   
architects1 both sons of ,wadham1 have  
left impressions which  deserve to be   
indelible upon the ,oxford that we know4
          ,,pembroke ,,college          
,,pembroke dates its collegiate life    

from #afbd1 but it had already  existed 
and flourished for several centuries as 
,broadgates ,hall4 ,it owed  its rise in
 the world to the benefactions of       
,thomas ,tesdale and ,richard           
,wightwick1 burgesses of ,abingdon1 who 
desired to endow a ,college for the     
benefit of their native town1 and its   
new name to the ,earl of ,pembroke1     
then ,chancellor of ,oxford4 ,thomas    
,browne1 who was later to be the author 
of ,religio ,medici1 being senior       
commoner of the ,hall at this epoch1    
delivered a ,latin oration at the       
opening ceremony1 in which he did not   
fail to employ the metaphor of the      
,phoenix rising out of its ashes4       
,architecturally1 ,pembroke is a little 
put out of countenance by the           
neighbouring glories of ,christ ,church2
 nevertheless1 the interior of  the     
,inner ,quadrangle 7,the ,grass ,quad41 
as it is called71 which is the  subject 
of the first illustration1 possesses an 
irregular but restful  beauty4 ,up and  

down its staircases trod ,george        
,whitefield1 who1 as a  servitor1 had   
the ungrateful duty of seeing that the  
students were in  their rooms at a fixed
 hour2 yet not one syllable of          
discontent with so  humble a vocation   
disfigures the pages of his diary4      
,illustration3 #jbfj    ,illustration3  
#jbfa    ,on the right hand1 as one     
enters the ,front ,quadrangle1 is  the  
,library1 formerly the refectory of     
,broadgates ,hall1 and the only         
surviving part of that institution4 ,the
 ,chapel1 renovated and decorated  by   
,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,kempe in #ahhd1 should be 
visited4 ,the view of the gateway       
possesses an added interest from the    
fact that ,samuel ,j ohnson1 when an    
undergraduate of ,pembroke1 lodged in a 
room in the second storey over  the     
entrance4 ,johnson ever retained an     
affection for his ,university and       
,college1 but it is to be feared that   
during his residence of fourteen  months
 poverty and ill-health combined to make

 him far from happy4 ,to  others1       
perhaps1 he appeared gay and frolicsome1
 bent on entertaining  his companions   
and keeping them from their studies1 but
 to ,boswell  he gave a different       
explanation4 ,ah1 sir1 he said1 ,i was  
mad  and violent4 ,it was bitterness    
which they mistook for frolic4 ,i was   
miserably poor1 and ,i thought to fight 
my way by my literature and my  wit1 so 
,i disregarded all power and all        
authority4 ,in a more cheerful1  mood he
 spoke of ,pembroke as a nest of singing
 birds2 and it is on  record that he cut
 lectures to go sliding on ,christ      
,church ,meadow4 ,dr4  ,johnson is      
,pembroke's most famous son2 but she can
 also point to the  names of ,francis   
,beaumont1 ,john ,pym1 ,shenstone1      
,blackstone1 and ,birkbeck  ,hill1      
,boswell's greatest editor4             
,,worcester ,,college    ,illustration3 
#jbfe    ,,worcester ,,college is the   
successor to ,gloucester ,hall1 a hostel
 of  the ,benedictine ,order founded in 

the thirteenth century4 ,this ,hall was 
originally designed for students from   
the monastery at ,gloucester1 but  was  
soon thrown open to other ,benedictine  
houses4 ,suppressed at the              
,reformation1 it was called back to life
 in ,elizabeth's reign by ,sir  ,thomas 
,white1 who had already shewn his zeal  
for education by founding  ,st4 ,john's 
,college1 and for several generations   
had a successful  career4 ,among its    
distinguished members may be mentioned  
,thomas ,allen1  mathematician2 ,sir    
,kenelm ,digby1 the romantic wooer of   
the brilliant and  high-spirited        
,venetia ,stanley2 and ,richard         
,lovelace1 the ,cavalier poet4  ,at the 
,restoration bad times came1 and        
,gloucester ,hall1 like the  earlier    
,hertford ,college of a subsequent age1 
seemed likely to perish of  inanition4  
,at this crisis there stepped in a      
benefactor1 ,sir ,thomas ,crookes of    
,worcestershire1 with a bequest of      
#aj1jjj2 and the transformed ,hall was  

known1 from #afih onwards1 as ,worcester
 ,college4    ,worcester is             
comparatively at some distance from the 
other ,colleges1  a fact on which       
undergraduate humour loves to dwell2 but
 jests on this  subject reflect rather  
on the poor walking powers of those who 
make  them4 ,at any rate1 a well-girt   
visitor to ,oxford need not hesitate  to
 take the journey1 and will certainly   
find his pains rewarded1  for ,worcester
 has much to show that is of interest1  
and much that is  beautiful4    ,the    
first view gives the interior of the    
,front ,quadrangle4 ,the buildings  here
 are stately and dignified1 if a little 
cold2 they are obviously  of the same   
date as those overlooking the deer-park 
of ,magdalen1 and  suggest the genius of
 the eighteenth century4    ,there could
 hardly be a greater contrast to these  
than the ancient  structures which are  
at the left hand of the ,quadrangle1 as 
one enters2  for these old buildings    
take us back to the monastic days of    

,gloucester  ,hall4 ,a glimpse of them1 
as viewed from the ,garden1 is given in 
the  second illustration4               
,illustration3 #jbfh    ,illustration3  
#jbfi    ,the ,garden itself is         
delightful1 and has1 alone of ,oxford   
pleasances1  the additional feature of a
 lake4 ,mr4 ,matthison's drawing shows  
how  beautiful this lake and its        
surroundings can be1 when the colours   
are  newly laid on by the brush of      
summer4          ,,hertford ,,college   
,hertford college consists of an        
anomalous collection of buildings1  of  
various styles and dates4 ,the eye rests
 with most pleasure on the  ,jacobean   
part of the ,quadrangle1 opposite the   
gateway4 ,one view  gives the interior  
of the ,quadrangle--in which is a       
sloping stairway  reminiscent of a      
larger one of the same type in ,blois   
,castle1 the other  shews the ,college  
from without1 and includes the new      
buildings recently  finished4    ,this  
medley of structures is suggestive of   

the vicissitude through which  the      
,college has passed4    ,illustration3  
#jbgb    ,illustration3 #jbgc    ,so far
 back as the thirteenth century it was  
in existence as ,hart  ,hall2 and here  
the students of ,exeter and ,new        
,college were successively  lodged1     
while their own ,colleges were building4
 ,rightly or wrongly1  ,exeter ,college 
claimed the ownership of ,hart ,hall for
 four centuries2  but in #agdj the then 
,principal of the ,hall1 ,dr4 ,newton1  
was successful  in asserting its        
independence1 and ,hart ,hall became    
,hertford ,college4  ,the endowments1   
however1 were insignificant2 the members
 fell off  and the walls 7or a part of  
them7 fell down2 and in #ahbj a         
commission  declared that ,hertford     
,college no longer existed4    ,about   
this time ,magdalen ,hall1 which stood  
close to ,magdalen ,college1  was burned
 down1 and the ,university allotted the 
buildings of ,hertford  to its roofless 
inhabitants2 and the name of ,hertford  

was changed to  ,magdalen ,hall4    ,the
 final transformation came in #ahgd1    
when ,hertford ,college1 its title      
revived by ,act of ,parliament1 was     
endowed by ,mr4 ,baring1 the banker4    
,thus1 with finances very different to  
the slender endowments of ,dr4          
,newton's time1 the ,college began a new
 era of prosperity4    ,the famous      
,selden was at ,hart ,hall1 and ,charles
 ,james ,fox at ,hertford2  the old     
,magdalen ,hall bred ,william ,tyndale1 
,sir ,matthew ,hale1 ,lord  ,clarendon1 
and ,thomas ,hobbes1 author of          
,leviathan4          ,,keble ,,college  
,,membership of this ,college is        
restricted to those who belong to the   
,church of ,england4 ,another primary   
purpose of ,keble is to provide a less  
expensive education than that afforded  
by other ,colleges4 ,at the moment  when
 the scheme was formulated died ,john   
,keble1 author of the ,christian  ,year1
 and it was decided to name the new     
foundation after him1 at once  as a     

tribute to his memory and in order to   
enlist the active sympathies  of his    
many admirers4 ,an appeal for funds met 
with a liberal and  widespread response1
 and ,keble ,college was opened in the  
,michaelmas term  of #ahgj4             
,illustration3 #jbgf    ,illustration3  
#jbgf    ,the external appearance of    
,keble is not commonly admired4 ,it is a
  pleasanter task to dwell for a moment 
on the beauty of the interior of  the   
,chapel1 which was presented by ,mr4    
,william ,gibbs1 and completed  in      
#ahgf4 ,the visitor will be struck by   
the noble proportions of this  edifice1 
its finely toned windows and its        
elaborate mosaics4 ,a small  ante-chapel
 contains ,holman ,hunts celebrated     
picture--,the ,light of the  ,world1    
presented by ,mrs4 ,combe4    ,keble    
soon took its place among the other     
,colleges1 both in work and  play4 ,it  
has a splendid ,hall and ,library1 given
 by the ,gibbs family4  ,in accordance  
with the economy of the scheme1 the     

rooms of the  undergraduates are small1 
and all meals are taken in common in    
,hall4  ,there is consequently more of  
the air of a public school about ,keble 
than is looked for in ordinary ,college 
life4 ,its first warden1 ,dr4  ,talbot1 
is now ,bishop of ,southwark4