,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,irregul>ities & inconsi/5cies 9 ! text h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,subscript$ text is indicat$ ) curly braces3 #b4 ,words pr9t$ 9 italics are m>k$ ) und]l9es3 italics4 ,,! ,a ,b ,c ,,( ,,m9+ ,a ,h&book = ,prospectors ,,treat+ ,,fully ,,( ,,exploratory ,,& ,,prep>atory ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,ores1 ,,field ,,geology1 ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,& ,,associations ,,( ,,m9]als1 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,*emical ,,analysis ,,& ,,assay1 ,,bl[-,,pipe ,,te/s1 ,,promis+ ,,indications1 ,,& ,,simple ,,me?ods ,,( ,,work+ ,,valuable ,,deposits1 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,qu>tz ,,& ,,hydraulic ,,m9+ ,,& ,,especial ,,detail$ ,,in=mation ,,on ,,plac] ,,m9+1 ,,) ,,an ,,add5da ,,on ,,camp ,,life ,,& ,,m$ical ,,h9ts4 ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,bramble1 ,d4,l4,s41 ,late ( ! ,editorial ,/aff ( ,! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 & =m]ly a ,cr[n ,l&s & ,m9]al ,surveyor = ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,,*icago ,,& ,,new ,,york3 ,,r&1 ,mc,n,a,l,l,y ,,company1 ,,publi%]s4 ,copyright1 #ahih1 by ,r&1 ,mc,nally ,co4 ,,preface4 ,ow+ to rec5t ri* discov]ies 9 m ?an "o m9+ field1 hundr$s ( %rewd1 intellig5t m5 )\t exp]i5ce 9 prospect+ are turn+ _! att5tion to t ardu\s pursuit--to su* ?is book is (f]$ z a safe guide4 ,a complex subject has be5 treat$ z simply z its nature p]mitt$1 & :5 a sci5tific t]m c\ld n be avoid$1 ! explanation 9 ! gloss>y has be5 (f]$4 ,,*>les ,a4 ,,bramble1 ,d4,l4,s4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4 ,a /eady dem& = ?is "w has %[n t x fills a want1 & s]ves ! purpose = :i* x 0 writt54 ,9 issu+ ?is second edition1 a few compositors' errors t _h crept 91 ow+ to ! au?or be+ 9 a v remote region :ile ! book 0 go+ ?r\gh ! press1 h be5 correct$1 b no mat]ial *anges 9 ! text 7 f\nd desirable4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,a ,b ,c ,,( ,,m9+4 ,,page ,*apt] ,i--,prospect+1 #g ,,ii--,h[ to ,te/ = ,m9]als1 #ch ,,iii--,bl[-,pipe ,te/s1 #fe ,,iv--,economic ,ores & ,m9]als1 #ge ,v--,m9+1 #ajj ,,vi--,camp ,life1 #adc ,,vii--,survey+1 #aee ,,viii--,float+ a ,company1 #afa ,,ix--,m$ical ,h9ts1 #afe ,x--,dynamite1 #afh ,,xi--,atomic ,weights1 #agj ,,xii--,odds & ,ends1 #agb ,gloss>y1 #aha ,a ,b ,c ,,( ,,m9+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prospect+4 ,_m m5 seem to ?9k t %\ld _! de/9ies lead !m into p>ts ( ! _w :]e !re is m9]al weal? !y w h little *ance ( discov]+ ! deposits )\t ! te*nical education ( a m9+ eng9e]4 ,?is is wrong4 ,! fact is t ! sph]e ( ! prospector does n cov] t ( ! eng9e]4 ,! "w ( ! "o ends :]e t ( ! o!r beg9s1 & _m ( ! mo/ successful discov]]s ( metallic weal? h be5 entirely ignorant ( ! me?ods by :i* a great m9e %\ld be op5$1 develop$1 & work$4 ,a few simple tools & a n v deep k ( assay+1 ) an obs]vant eye & a bra9 quick to d$uce inf]5ces f :at t eye has se51 are ! mo/ valuable assets ( a prospector4 ,9 "t he w ga9 exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce w tea* him mu* t he c\ld n le>n 9 any college nor f any book4 ,ea* m9+ di/rict diff]s f e o!r1 & x has be5 f\nd t c]ta9 rules :i* hold good 9 "o region1 & guide ! seek] aft] weal? to ! hidd5 treasure t has be5 /or$ up = eons ( "t1 d n apply 9 ano!r region4 ,to %[ :at may be done ) imp]fect1 improvis$ app>atus1 an ,au/ralian assay]1 :o has s9ce become fam\s1 />t$ up c\ntry 9 8 y\? ) ! foll[+ meag] outfit3 ,a *eap pair ( scales1 a piece ( *eese clo?1 a t9 r+ #a-a_/b in*es by #a_/b in*1 a small brass door-knob1 "s p[d]$ borax1 "s c>bonate ( soda & argol1 a few p\nds ( lead l9+ tak5 f a tea *e/1 an empty jam pot1 a %ort /eel drill1 a r$ fl[] pot4 ,) ?is mode/ collection ( implem5ts he made =ty assays ( gold ores t turn$ out to be correct :5 repeat$ 9 a laboratory4 ,ab\t ! be/ advice t c be giv5 to a man :o has det]m9$ to g to "s out ( ! way region :]e !re is a possibility ( 8 discov]+ m9]als is to recomm5d him to visit ! ne>e/ museum & ga9 an acqua9tance ) ! common rocks4 ,%\ld he be unable to d ?is he _h bett] provide himself ) small1 inexp5sive specim5s f ! %op ( "s deal]4 ,x is almo/ impossible to tea* a beg9n] to di/+ui% ! v>i\s rocks by any am\nt ( pr9t$ in/ruction2 ! only way to le>n to recognize !m is to h&le !m & note c>efully _! color1 weight1 & ! m9]als t g to make !m up4 ,! explor] %\ld be able to recognize at a glance1 or at any rate aft] a v %ort inspection1 ! s$im5t>y rocks1 su* z s&/one & lime/one2 ! metamorphic rocks1 t is1 rocks t h be5 alt]$ by ! ag5cy ( great subt]ranean heat 9 ages long pa/1 & :i* 7 probably /ratifi$ rocks at "o p]iod1 su* z granite & gneiss1 & ! truly igne\s rocks--trap1 diabase1 diorite1 etc4 ,he mu/ "k also t my/]i\s rock :i* ! we/]n m9] calls porphyry1 & to :i* is ascrib$ mo/ wond]ful virtues 9 ! way ( ore attraction2 :ile dol]ite & dolomite mu/ be to him famili> t]ms & sub/ances4 ,?is s\nds easy en\gh b ! /ud5t w f9d t a good deal ( h>d "w is necess>y be=e he c readily recognize ea* ( ^! rocks4 ,x is ev5 m necess>y t he %\ld le>n ! metals ?or\ghly4 ,ea* "o diff]s f all ! re/ 9 "s p>ticul>4 ,(t5 ?is diff]5ce w be an obscure "o1 b to ! c>eful inve/igator ! recognition ( ! sub/ance w be 9 ! end c]ta94 ,!y may diff] 9 weight1 9 color1 9 h>dness1 9 a doz5 diff]5t ways1 s t to ! man :o has made a /udy ( ?is subject a det]m9ation is always possible4 ,on acc\nt ( ! wond]ful discov]ies 9 ! ,canadian ,nor?we/ & 9 ,alaska1 ! eyes ( ?\s&s are turn$ t[>ds ^? fields4 ,wond]fully ri* plac] gr\nd has already be5 f\nd & !re c be no reason to d\bt t v mu* l>g] areas rema9 unprov$4 ,:]e ?is gold comes f is an op5 "q2 geologi/s1 m9]alogi/s & *emi/s1 n to m5tion m9+ eng9e]s & practical prospectors1 h disput$ ov] ! s\rce ( ! gold already f\nd1 b x mu/ be confess$ t !re are almo/ z _m !ories z !re are disputants4 ,c\ld x be kn[n ) c]ta9ty h[ & "u :at conditions ! gold got :]e x is f\nd1 ! problem ( seek+ = x might be made easi]4 ,un=tunately ?is is n ! case1 & all prospect+ = ! home ( ! preci\s metal is m or less a grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,we d "k t ! heavie/ p>ticles ( gold d n travel f> f :]e !y 7 fir/ deposit$1 because gold is s enorm\sly heavy--its specific gravity be+ ab\t n9ete5 times t ( wat]--x seeks ! bottom ( ! /ream & /ays !re4 ,x is n an inv>iable rule t ! gold increases 9 co>s5ess z ! /ream is asc5d$1 b x is a v g5]al "o4 ,on "s riv]s ri* & poor /ret*es ( gold-be>+ gravel succe$ "o ano!r z ! explor] makes 8 way up or d[n /ream4 ,?is is difficult to acc\nt =1 b 9 _m cases is believ$ to be caus$ by ! mod]n riv] robb+ ! b$ ( "s "o or m anci5t wat]-c\rses ^: b$s cross$ ! valley ( ! pres5t /ream4 ,?is may or may n be ! case4 ,we only "k t ! m9]s :o f\nd co>se gold on ! l[] regions ( su* riv]s z ! ,fraz] 7 mis]ably disappo9t$ :5 !y rea*$ /ret*es ne> ! s\rce & f\nd no?+ b fl\r gold4 ,?is same feature has be5 notic$ 9 "s ( ! ,alaskan riv]s4 ,x is q )9 ! b\nds ( probability t no v ri* qu>tz ve9s exi/ 9 ,alaska4 ,x does n foll[ f ! ri*ness ( ! plac]s t ! gold is d]iv$ f v ri* qu>tz lodes1 because ?is am\nt ( gold may really repres5t ! product ( a va/ am\nt ( rock t has be5 gr\nd to p[d] & wa%$ away 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,! gold w\ld n travel f>1 & ! deposits be+ une>!d to-day h be5 accumulat+ 9 ^! nor!rn /reams s9ce ! _w 0 "y2 wat]-c\rses are nature's gr\nd sluices4 ,x is possible t "o /ream has cut ?r\gh ! dra9age ( ano!r4 ,sometimes ?is has impov]i%$ ! fir/ & enri*$ ! second1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! rev]se has obta9$4 ,upheavals h =m$ faults#a & fractur$ ! /rata1 & ! gold may h be5 deposit$ by solution 9 ^! fractures4 ,(t5 ! soil w h be5 wa%$ away f ne> ! top ( ! m\nta91 s t lay]s ( /ratifi$ rock are se5 to be duplicat$ on ea* side :ile !y are cov]$ at ! summit4 ,! prospector keeps 8 eye op5 z he goes along & notes c>efully ! "* ( ! fragm5ts ( rock he f9ds 9 ! /reams4 ,qu>tz1 diorite1 diabase1 & porphyry pebbles are gr\nds = expect+ a pr(itable result1 b ( c\rse !re is no c]ta9ty ( su* a happy issue4 ,z soon z ! di/rict beg9s to be fairly well kn[n c]ta9 discov]ies are made t inv>iably r5d] prospect+ easi]4 ,local peculi>ities are not$2 c]ta9 *>act]s are f\nd to be common to ! ore-be>+ bodies or deposits2 ! l9es ( deposits become kn[n1 & a good deal ( light is !n %$ ^u a v difficult problem4 ,z a rule1 :5 ! fragm5ts ( qu>tz1 pyrite1 *alcopyrite1 or gal5a are r\gh1 !y h n travel$ f>1 & ! lode f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$ %\ld be close at h&4 ,wat] & attrition soon r\nd ^! m9]als on _! %>p edges1 & ?us %[ t !y h come f "s little di/ance4 #a ,dislocation ( ! /rata4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 especially :]e vegetation is scanty1 ! outcrop ( a body ( m9]al may be trac$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! vegetation4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa a *a9 ( pools usually foll[s ! c\rse ( a l9e fault1 :i* 9 its turn m>ks :]e an intrusive lode c>ry+ m9]al sep>ates two diff]5t =mations4 ,z a rule1 any heavy m9]al is wor? inve/igat+4 ,ev5 9 remote regions silv]1 m]cury1 t91 nickel1 plat9um1 copp]1 & sev]al o!r metals are wor? pay+ att5tion to4 ,if !y are too f> away f ! railroad or ! /eamboat to-day !y may n be s next ye>1 = civilization advances ) giant /ride 9 ^! days & nev] fa/] ?an :5 transportation companies are rea*+ =? to "s newly discov]$ m9]al field4 ,"o ( ! greate/ drawbacks to prospect+ 9 ! ,nor? is ! d5se gr[?s ( moss & =e/ t cov] ! gr\nd4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,we/]n /ates1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & 9 ,au/ralia ?is drawback does n exi/ & prospect+ 0 by t mu* ! easi]4 ,h[ev]1 z a comp5sation1 !re is abundant wat] 9 ,alaska & ! ,nor?we/1 :ile x 0 & is almo/ entirely abs5t 9 sev]al o!r regions t possess imm5se bodies ( ore :i* are n available = ?is v reason4 ,qu>tz has be5 call$ ! "m ( gold1 & c]ta9ly qu>tz & gold are insep>ably connect$ to-day4 ,z to :]e gold may be f\nd ! be/ reply t c be giv5 is 9 ! words ( ! old m9]1 :o1 :5 ask$ t "q1 said3 ,:]e x be's2 !re x be's1 & !n add$1 & !re b5't ,i4 ,al?\gh mo/ prospectors travel alone f %e] necessity1 !re c be no d\bt t ?ree or f\r m5 =m+ a p>ty & work+ toge!r h ! advantage4 ,!y c d _! "w *eap]1 m ?or\ghly1 & m surely4 ,by co-op]at+ !y may c>ry a m complete outfit4 ,%\ld any accid5t happ5 help is at h&1 :]eas ! solit>y w&]] (t5 dies z ! result ( "s accid5t t w\ld h be5 trivial _h he _h a companion4 ,?ree or f\r claims may be work$ 9 conjunction ) "o ano!r at f> less proportionate exp5se ?an a s+le "o c\ld4 ,nature's prep>ation = ! reception ( great ore deposits is some:at z foll[s3 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? is prep>$ = ! reception ( ! metals by great outbur/s ( igne\s or melt$ rocks2 ! metals !mselves be+ c>ri$ 9 susp5sion 9 ! heat$ wat] t ev]y:]e trav]ses ! /rata4 ,^! metals are deposit$ 9 ! ve9s z soon z ! wat]s beg9 to cool1 & ! pressure to :i* !y 7 subject$ f deep d[n 9 ! e>?'s cru/ is remov$4 ,a great m9]al c\ntry is usually m>k$ by ! outcrops ( ! ve9s be+ p]si/5t 9 _! c\rses & traceable = _m miles1 ?\gh v probably _m breaks may occur 9 ^! outcrops4 ,! rocks associat$ ) great ore bodies are lime1 porphyry1 granite1 %ales1 slates1 qu>tzites1 & diabase4 ,fragm5ts ( m9]al & gangue1 kn[n to ! m9]s z float1 may be litt]$ ov] ! hills & encumb] ! c\rses ( ! /ream4 ,a c5tral l9e ( eruption may (t5 be trac$ by masses ( alt]$ rock1 & b$s ( lava or o!r volcanic products4 ,we f9d ! granite has be5 melt$ & ! lime/one has acquir$ magnesia1 & ?us become dolomatiz$4 ,:5ev] a heavy deposit ( pyrites1 or mundic1 is f\nd m9]al probably exi/s bel[4 ,! cubes ( pyrite are n always valueless1 !y may conta9 gold 9 addition to ! iron & sulphur4 ,:5 ! pyrites decay "u ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r1 & leave ! qu>tz honeycomb$1 ^! cavities (t5 conta9 conc5trat$ gold2 = :i* reason y (t5 get a high] assay f ! surface ?an f any po9t l[] d[n 9 ! ve94 ,9 s9k+ ! %aft soon gets bel[ ?is alt]$ qu>tz & ! ores are !n comb9$ ) sulphur4 ,!y h become sulphides1 & are h>d] to treat4 ,! prospector %\ld !re=e act v cauti\sly :5 try+ to develop a m9e ) a small capital beh9d him2 because1 al?\gh ! fir/ ore may be adapt$ = /amp+1 he may f9d1 be=e he has gone d[n fifty feet1 t x c only be treat$ 9 a smelt]1 & t all ! money he has put into cru%+ app>atus is wa/$4 ,)\t ! prospector !re w\ld be no m9+ & ! _w w\ld yet be 9 ! /one age4 ,he is n appreciat$ at any?+ l 8 real wor?4 ,he requires ability & exp]i5ce1 pu% & p]sev]ance4 ,prospect+ is a se>* = valuable m9]als4 ,he may n be v deeply le>n$ 9 ei!r geology or m9]alogy1 b he mu/ h a ke5 eye & good natural p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,!re are "s sixty or sev5ty elem5ts 9 ! _w1 & ! mo/ common is oxyg54 ,ne>ly all ! color+ matt] ( rocks comes f iron4 ,w9d1 fro/1 ra91 sn[1 & heat1 cause a crumbl+ ( ! diff]5t rocks1 & runn+ wat] we>s !m away1 & c>ries (f & di/ributes ! p>ticles4 ,by ?is ag5cy1 & by float+ ice1 !y are (t5 remov$ to long di/ances4 ,! action ( int]nal heat r5ews ! deposits ( m9]al by eruption1 or by hot spr+s1 b ?is means ( r5ewal 0 mu* m p[]ful 9 ! pa/ ?an x is n[4 ,organic matt] f\nd 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 d]iv$ f animals or vegetables4 ,coal is a legacy f =e/s t fl\ri%$ ages ago1 :ile petroleum is all t rema9s ( va/ s*ools ( fi%es t sw>m$ 9 ,devonian seas4 ,/ratifi$ rocks are ei!r s&1 clay1 or calc>e\s1 :i* means lime-be>+4 ,9 _! natural position !y 7 horizontal1 b ow+ to subsequ5t volcanic action !y are1 9 "s localities1 tilt$ at all conceivable angles4 ,! eruptive rocks h bur/ ?r\gh !m 9 places1 *ang$ _! "*1 divid$ !m by intrusive masses1 & g5]ally enri*$ !m ) m9]al deposits4 ,ev]y?+ n[ kn[n po9ts to ! !ory t ! cont5ts ( ve9s 7 deposit$ 9 ! lodes by infiltration4 ,9 a few in/ances fam\s m9es h no ve9s1 b are lit]ally hills ( m9]al2 !y are !n ( l[ grade1 b mu* m remun]ative ?an av]age high grade m9es1 ow+ ! va/ quantity ( ore1 & ! ease ) :i* x c be m9$4 ,! fam\s ,treadwell m9e1 on ,d\glas ,isl&1 ,alaska1 has ore t is wor? less ?an f\r doll>s a ton1 b x is qu>ri$1 & #fdj /amps "w day & night4 ,!re is ab\t a doll> a ton pr(it1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( tons are treat$ annually4 ,! t9 m9e kn[n z ,m\nt ,bis*(f1 9 ,tasmania1 & ! ,burra copp] m9e 9 ,au/ralia are o!r in/ances4 ,ea* ( ^! deposits 0 f\nd z an outcropp+ on ! b>e top ( a l[ hill1 & none ( !m has walls4 ,a fault may ?r[ ! ve9 up or d[n1 & a good deal ( exploration may h to be done be=e x is recov]$4 ,a l5ticul> ve9 consi/s ( a s]ies ( d\ble po9t$ ore bodies l l5ses :i* may be /rung out1 ov]lapp+1 or n4 ,! outcrop ( a ve9 is nev] ! same z its /rike1 except on a level surface4 ,a /r+] ( ore bran*+ (f f ! ma9 ve9 is kn[n z a *ute1 %oot1 or *imney4 ,9 develop+ a l$ge or lode1 fir/ f9d out :at ! ore is4 ,gold is %[n 9 ! mort>1 especially aft] roa/+4 ,silv] may be recogniz$ at sight1 or by assay te/s1 or bl[ pipe2 copp]1 by its vivid colors1--gre5 or blue = c>bonate & r$ = oxide or metallic copp]4 ,! ore (t5 diff]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ve94 ,explore y\r lode along ! surface1 across1 & d[n its dip4 ,:5 y f9d x cont9u\s x w be "t en\gh to ?9k ( a v]tical %aft4 ,! top ( a %aft mu/ be timb]$ ) logs1 s z to give suffici5t fall to get rid ( ! m9]al :5 x is hoi/$4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! prospector has to consid] is 8 outfit4 ,! m complete ?is is ! bett]1 b n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$ ! difficulties ( transportation 9 a wild region are s enorm\s t he w h to d )\t a great _m ?+s t he w\ld l to h4 ,he mu/ endeavor to make up = ! lack ( tools by +5uity2 !n he may get along fairly well4 ,a pan1 he mu/ h4 ,9 ?is he w wa% c>efully all 8 samples4 ,!n1 a flask ( quicksilv] is m preci\s to him ev5 ?an gold2 =1 hav+ x1 he c resort to pan-amalgamation1 :i* w save ! preci\s metal ev5 :5 x is 9 m9ute p>ticles4 ,?is process may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,a p\nd or two ( ! ore 9 p[d] is plac$ 9 ! pan & wat] is add$ until ! mass becomes a ?9 pulp4 ,"o ounce ( quicksilv] & a small piece ( t deadly poison1 kn[n to ! *emi/ z cyanide ( pota%1 & z prussic acid to ! ord9>y man1 %\ld be add$1 & ! mass %\ld be /irr$ ?or\ghly1 = two h\rs if y c /& x4 ,!n turn 9 wat] & wa% (f ! dirt & ! amalgam w be f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,?is y mu/ collect v c>efully4 ,y %\ld h a squ>e piece ( *amois sk9 or a piece ( /rong :ite cotton clo?4 ,9 ei!r case ! amalgam is put 9 ! c5t] ( ?is squ>e & ! clo? twi/$ until all ! sup]flu\s quicksilv] is press$ out & y\r amalgam rema9s ne>ly free f m]cury4 ,?is amalgam plac$ on a %ovel & held ov] a brisk fire w soon %[ ! yell[ color ( gold4 ,if y h no m\ld y may make "o ( clay1 put y\r gold !re9 ) a little borax1 & v soon1 ! fire be+ hot en\gh1 y w h a t9y +ot ( ! preci\s metal4 ,b mo/ prospectors are satisfi$ :5 !y h obta9$ _! sponge gold1 & d n c>ry _! op]ations fur!r 9 ^! r\gh & ready te/s4 ,! prospector ( to-day is (t5 a v diff]5t man f 8 pr$ecessor ( a g5]ation ago4 ,! old gold hunt] us$ to sally =? arm$ ) a pick1 %ovel & pan1 & usually a v little grub4 ,9 8 /ead m5 are n[ tak+ ! field :o h _h ! b5efits ( a ?or\gh education1 bo? practical & !oretical1 & provid$ ) all ! equipm5t necess>y = _! "w4 ,"s ( ^! m5 c>ry an outfit some:at z foll[s3 ,an iron mort> hold+ half a gallon1 toge!r ) a pe/le a r\gh scale = pulp1 a m delicate "o %[+ troy gra9s & p5nyweights1 a #dj-me% sieve1 a burro furnace & muffle1 "o cupel m\ld1 a c\ple ( doz5 scorifi]s1 tongs to h&le ! cupel & scorifi]s1 two anneal+ cups1 a _s lamp1 a doz5 te/ tubes1 a p\r+ m\ld1 five or six p\nds ( borax & ab\t z mu* c>bonate ( soda1 five p\nds ( bone a%1 ditto ( granulat$ lead1 a p9t ( nitric acid1 ditto ( hydro*loric acid1 ditto sulphuric acid1 ditto ( ammonia1 twice z mu* alcohol & two p\nds or s ( granulat$ z9c4 ,z a bl[ pipe outfit he w take a bl[ pipe1 _s lamp1 nitrate ( cobalt 9 solution1 cyanide ( pota%1 yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 r$ prussiate ( pota%1 a %eet or two ( filt]+ pap] & a c\ple ( ?ree-in* glass filt]s4 ,) ?is outfit he c det]m9e any m9]al he may come across4 ,by pati5ce & obs]vation ! man :o />ts out to take up prospect+ z a road to =tune may easily ma/] ! rudim5ts ( 8 bus9ess4 ,x w n take him long to become famili> ) ! common] rocks1 & ! m valuable ores4 ,8 own r\gh te/s 9 ! field mu/ be confirm$ by compet5t assay]s ^u 8 return to civilization1 & 9 ?is matt] he %\ld be v gu>d$4 ,! mo/ reliable assays are made ei!r at ! diff]5t gov]nm5t assay (fices or by "s ( ! l>ge metallurgical works ^: reputation is _w wide4 ,prospect+ is h>d "w1 b ! life is heal?y & full ( excitem5t1 only ! explor] %\ld h c\rage1 hope1 & good temp]1 = ea* & e "o w be z necess>y 9 8 *os5 vocation z 8 pan & pick4 ,:5 alluvial or plac] gold has be5 f\nd x is reasonable to suppose t ! ve9 f :i* x 0 d]iv$ may also rew>d dilig5t se>*1 = x is und\bt$ly true t mo/ plac] gold has come f qu>tz ve9s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is believ$ n to be inv>iably ! case1 a rec5t s*ool ( m9]alogi/s cont5d+ t pure masses ( alluvial gold h be5 =m$ f ! accretion or gr[? ( ! gold deposit$ f c]ta9 gold salts4 ,?is is 9 any case probably exceptional1 & ! prospector :o f9ds gold 9 gravel %\ld seek 9 ! adjac5t c\ntry = ! qu>tz lodes f :i* x came4 ,important deposits may be expect$ at or ab\t ! l9e ( uncon=mability :]e slates1 %ales1 qu>tzites1 s&/ones1 lime/ones1 s*i/s & o!r s$im5t>y deposits are pi]c$ by intrusive masses ( igne\s rocks4 ,ve9s fill+ ! cracks t once exi/$ betwe5 two diff]+ rocks are kn[n z contact ve9s4 ,su* ve9s are (t5 v ri*4 ,curi\sly en\gh l>ge masses ( true igne\s rock r>ely conta9 valuable deposits ( m9]al1 b :]e su* intrusive masses cut dikes or walls ( porphyry1 or diorite1 ! region is wor?y ( c>eful inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pocket ,,l5s4 ,9 an op5 c\ntry ! prospector %\ld keep to ! hill tops if on ! look\t = ve9s1 z ! outcrops %[ m di/9ctly on ! b>e ridges1 b alluvial deposits are only f\nd 9 valleys & along ! bord]s ( /reams4 ,9 any case1 mu* ( ! nor!rn "p ( ?is cont95t c only be prospect$ by foll[+ ! /reams1 on acc\nt ( ! d5se gr[? ( =e/ ) :i* ! soil is cov]$4 ,! true l9e ( /rike ( a ve9 c be det]m9$ only on a level /ret*4 ,! l9e ( /rike & ! l9e ( dip are always at "r angles to "o ano!r2 ! outcrop may foll[ ! /rike or x may n4 ,a pick1 %ovel1 & pan1 are absolutely necess>y to a prospector's prop] equipm5t4 ,a good pocket l5s1 *eeseclo? scre51 & small iron pe/le & mort> are (t5 useful4 ,! pan is ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! outfit1 & is always bright f use4 ,! regul> gold m9]'s pan is #ac-c_/d in*es 9 diamet] across ! top1 #aj in*es across ! bottom & #b-a_/h in*es deep4 ,! be/ are made ( %eet iron & h a jo9t ar\nd ! bottom rim :i* is ( "s assi/ance 9 reta9+ ! spangles ( gold4 ,a m primitive in/rum5t ?an ! pan is ! batea4 ,?is requires m skill ?an ! pan1 & is mu* 9 favor ) ,s\? ,am]ican m9]s4 ,x is made ( h>d wood1 #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 #b-a_/b in*es deep 9 ! c5t]1 inside measurem5t1 & slop+ gradually to no?+ at ! sides4 ,! horn spoon has be5 h&$ on f antiquity4 ,x is made f a black ox horn1 at lea/ a black "o is ! be/ z x %[s ! gold bett]2 x is eight to t5 in*es long by ?ree in*es wide1 cut (f obliquely4 ,:5 gold is suspect$ 9 qu>tz1 b !re is visible to ! nak$ eye m or less iron1 copp]1 & o!r base metals1 x is well to cru% ! qu>tz into co>se fragm5ts4 ,roa/ on a %ovel or o!r conv5i5t tool ov] a hot fire1 & f9ally pulv]ize 9 ! mort>4 ,if pann$ x w n[ reveal mu* ( its gold1 :ile1 _h ^! measures n be5 tak51 ! sample might h giv5 negative results & be5 decl>$ valueless4 ,aft] pulv]iz+1 ! ore %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! *eese clo? scre5 be=e pann+4 ,if ! approximate value ( ! ore is s\ght1 ! sample mu/ be dri$ & weigh$ be=e cru%+2 & ! result+ gold weigh$4 ,?us3 ,sample is to #b1jjj lbs4 z gold f\nd is to ,ans4 ,ab\t #ac cubic feet ( qu>tz weigh a ton be=e be+ di/urb$2 :5 brok5 to m$ium siz$ lumps #bj cubic feet may be tak5 z repres5t+ a ton4 ,al?\gh exp]i5ce tea*es ! m9] to e/imate v closely ! value ( 8 sample1 x is bett] = ! tyro to h a small pair ( scales ) gra9 weights4 ,a gra9 ( gold1 if tol]ably pure1 is equal to f\r c5ts4 ,above all ?+s avoid ! too common error ( pann+ ! pick ( ! rock1 z a false e/imate is b\nd to foll[ & only too probably ev5tual loss4 ,a y>d ( gravel be=e be+ dug makes "o & a half y>ds aft]w>ds4 ,a pan ( dirt is usually ab\t #bj p\nds1 al?\gh x is n well to fill q full 9 actual "w4 ,_m a valuable m9e has be5 f\nd by foll[+ up float ore4 ,float is deta*$ fragm5ts ( ! ve9 or gangue1 & x becomes m & m abundant z ! lode is approa*$ until x f9ally ceases abruptly4 ,?is indicates t ! ve9 has be5 rea*$ or pass$1 & a tr5* dug ?r\gh\t ! alluvial soil at "r angles to ! assum$ l9e ( ! ve9 w probably reveal x4 ,! float & m9]al ( c\rse drift d[n hill2 if ! side ( ! m\nta9 be saddle-%ap$ ! float w spread out l a fan z x wa%es d[n1 b if concave ! =ce ( gravity w conc5trate x )9 a n>r[ space 9 ! rav9e4 ,float f\nd at ! foot ( a hill has come1 z a rule1 f t hill4 ,! ne>] ! ve9 ! less worn w be ! edges ( ! float & m9]al4 ,! gangue or ve9-rock 9 :i* ! metal is f\nd may be calcite or calc sp>1 fluor sp>1 heavy sp> or b>yta1 or qu>tz4 ,gold is almo/ always f\nd 9 ?is la/ matrix4 ,! upp] p>ts ( mo/ qu>tz lodes are usually oxidiz$1 t is to say1 ! atmosph]e has act$ ^u ! iron pyrites1 free+ ! sulphur & /a9+ ! qu>tz yell[1 r$1 or br[n1 by oxide ( iron4 ,?is is kn[n z gossan or ! iron hat4 ,su* qu>tz is frequ5tly honeycomb$ & rott54 ,bel[ ! wat] level ^! ve9s run to sulphides 9 :i* decomposition has n set 91 & ! gold conta9$ 9 ! qu>tz is no long] free mill+1 i4e4 w n give up its gold to m]cury )\t a prelim9>y treatm5t4 ,:5ev] ! explor] comes across a mass ( gossan he %\ld s9k a trial %aft to ! ve91 z x is almo/ c]ta9 t bel[ ! oxidiz$ sulphides a body ( m9]al exi/s likely to enc\rage m9+ op]ations4 ,native gold is malleable1 w flatt5 out "u ! hamm]1 & a /eel knife w cut x ) ease4 ,x almo/ inv>iably conta9s silv]1 sometimes to ! ext5t ( "o-fif?4 ,a little practice w enable ! prospector to recognize x1 = !re is b "o k+ metal4 ,mu* gold is d]iv$ f copp] & iron pyrites1 & silv] & lead ores are a v l>ge s\rce ( supply4 ,gold is f\nd 9 gravel ( e v>iety1 f f9e/ pipe-clay to b\ld]s weigh+ tons4 ,sometimes volcanic eruptions h cov]$ ^! deposits s9ce ! anci5t riv]s laid !m d[n1 & 9 _m cases _! c\rses d n 9 ! lea/ agree ) ! valleys ( ! %runk5 /reams t h replac$ !m4 ,gold may be di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! :ole ?ickness ( a b$1 b n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$ ! ri*e/ lay] ( gravel is j above ! b$ rock ^u :i* all ! gravel re/s4 ,gold may ev5 be f\nd among ! grass roots1 especially 9 dry localities :]e !re has be5 little wat] to c>ry x d[nw>d4 ,:5 ! b$ rock consi/s ( upturn$ slates ! gold frequ5tly p5etrates x = "s little di/ance4 ,s& is ne>ly always poor] ?an gravel4 ,! exp]i5ce ( m9]s 9 ! ,victoria gold fields is t gold is always f\nd on ! b>s or po9ts1 & n 9 ! deep pools & b5ds4 ,! great difficulty ) :i* any b ! v f9e/ p>ticles ( gold c be mov$ by wat] acc\nts = ! value ( ! deposits dep5d+ l>gely ^u ! local rocks4 ,x is v =tunate t gold's specific gravity is s great1 = 7 x less its recov]y w\ld be mu* m difficult4 ,! sluices & o!r app>atus ( ! m9] are really no?+ b ! op]ations ( nature imitat$ on a mu* small] scale4 ,!re is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 "t1 t nature c af=d to exp5d 9 prodigi\s p]iods1 :ile man mu/ n wa/e a s+le m9ute4 ,x n be+ possible to po9t out :]e ! anci5t riv] b$s lie1 smo!r$ z !y are by hundr$s ( feet ( ov]ly+ drift1 lava1 & o!r lat] deposits1 ! only feasible plan is a s]ies ( bor+ ) ! diamond drill4 ,:5 gold has be5 discov]$ ! f9d] mu/ act ) ! greate/ prud5ce1 = ev5 gold may be b\ght too de>4 ,! sure/ te/ is a mill run1 t is pass+ #aj to #ej tons ?r\gh all ! op]ations ( cru%+1 mill+1 roa/+1 amalgamat+1 etc41 & s asc]ta9+ :at returns are likely to be obta9able :5 ! deposit is work$ on a comm]cial scale4 ,true sampl+ is necess>y4 ,all p>ts ( ! ve9 %\ld be includ$1 & ! lode cross-cut by gall]ies 9 m ?an "o spot4 ,x is ! v great necessity ( ^! exp5sive prep>atory explorations t has giv5 rise to ! say+1 ,qu>tz m9+ is = ri* m54 ,_m gold m9es h be5 ab&on$ z unpr(itable t c\ld h be5 m9$ at a pr(it _h _! own]s be5 weal?y & ent]pris+ en\gh to d a great deal ( exp5sive prospect+ by diamond drill1 cross cuts1 drifts & rises4 ,9 "o in/ance t came to ! writ]'s k a clev] m9+ eng9e] cle>$ ne>ly #bjj1jjj pr(it by leas+ = a t]m ( ye>s a gold m9e t 0 suppos$ to be exhau/$4 ,a drill hole sunk less ?an #ej feet bel[ ! old work+s reveal$ a pocket ( ore 9 ! ve91 & pay+ qu>tz 0 f\nd = _m hundr$ feet bel[4 ,) ! improvem5ts 9 electricity made rec5tly a *eap p[] has be5 provid$ t w p]mit _m m9es to be reop5$4 ,! sav+ 9 work+ exp5ses effect$ by introduc+ electricity is (t5 v l>ge2 aft] ! plant is once in/all$ ! co/ is almo/ nil :]e turb9es c be employ$ to furni% ! p[] to ! g5]ators4 ,ma*9]y capable ( deliv]+ p[] at a di/ance ( sev]al miles f ! plant1 may be op]at$ at v reasonable co/ z comp>$ to t ( o!r prime mov]s4 ,discov]ies ( _m deposits t h 9 "t be5 successfully m9$ 7 ! result ( *ance4 ,no skill guid$ ! f9d]2 he m]ely /umbl$ ^u 8 luck j z ! wayf>] once 9 a :ile hits 8 toe aga9/ a well-fill$ pocketbook4 ,= in/ance1 a ,s\? ,au/ralian squatt] pick$ up a piece ( copp] ore t a wombat _h ?r[n out ( 8 burr[1 & ! result 0 ! discov]y ( ! great ,wall>oo lode4 ,! fir/ diamond f ,s\? ,africa 0 pick$ up by an ignorant bu% boy & kept ) a lot ( wor?less pebbles 9 ! private collection ( ! boy's ma/]2 no suspicion exi/$ ( its value until a pass+ trad] _h c>ri$ x away & obta9$ #b1ejj = x 9 ,capet[n4 ,gold 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia 9 #ahdh by ! sup]9t5d5t ( a sawmill :o saw x gli/5+ 9 ! flume4 ,simil>ly gold 0 discov]$ 9 bo? ,au/ralia & ,brazil by ! pure/ *ance4 ,_h n a tree be5 uproot$ by ! w9d ! va/ deposits ( s(t hematite iron ore 9 ! ,biwabic iron m9es ( ! ,mesabi range1 ,m9nesota1 might h rema9$ unkn[n = _m a long ye> to come4 ,9 ! desolate region to ! nor?w>d ( ,lake ,huron great /ores ( nickel ore exi/4 ,^! m9es1 :i* may "s day regulate ! price ( ! metal all ! _w ov]1 7 expos$ 9 a railway cutt+2 no "o dream$ ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! ,r$+ton quicksilv] m9e 9 ,cali=nia 0 discov]$ by "s roadmak]s4 ,tradition relates t ! enorm\sly ri* silv] m9es ( ,potosi1 9 ,bolivia1 7 discov]$ by ! accid5tal uproot+ ( a bu% hav+ spangles ( silv] ore atta*$ to its roots4 ,?is 0 9 #aech1 & two hundr$ ye>s lat] a simil> /reak ( luck reveal$ ! weal? ( ! ,catorce di/rict ( ,mexico1 f :i* 9 ?irty ye>s1 ore to ! value ( #ce1jjj1jjj 0 tak54 ,moreov]1 ! se>* = "o m9]al (t5 leads to ! discov]y ( ano!r4 ,! ,com/ock lode 0 fir/ work$ = gold1 & ! m9]s ?rew away ! black sulphide ( silv] wor? #c1jjj to ! ton4 ,! ,brok5 ,hill m9e 9 ,au/ralia 0 claim$ z a t9 deposit by its f9d]2 x is n[ ! greate/ silv] produc] 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,su* in/ances c\ld be multipli$ almo/ indef9itely1 *ance ent]+ into a majority ( m9]al discov]ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has happ5$1 n infrequ5tly1 t purely sci5tific d$uctions & calculations h br\ght to light /ores ( m9]al weal?4 ,c]ta9 m9]als are likely to be f\nd associat$4 ,cassit]ite goes ) boron & t\rmal9e1 topaz1 fluor sp> & li?ia-mica2 all conta9+ fluor9e4 ,x is also f\nd ) wolfram1 *lorite & ars5ical pyrites4 ,magnetite is (t5 accompani$ by rocks conta9+ g>net1 epidote & hornbl5de4 ,z9c bl5d & gal5a may occupy ! same ve91 :i* is likely to be ( b>yta or heavy sp>4 ,mu* gal5a c>ries silv]4 ,gold is associat$ ) _m metallic sulphides su* z iron1 magnetic1 & copp] pyrites1 mispickel1 gal5a1 bl5d1 /ibnite & tetrah$rite4 ,gypsum accompanies salt4 ,surface indications may be describ$ z3 ,=m ( gr\nd1 color1 outcrop1 decompos$ & deta*$ m9]al1 m9]al deposits f spr+s1 alt]$ or peculi> vegetation & o!r simil> guides4 ,a h>d qu>tz outcrop (t5 /&s up l a wall & is traceable = miles4 ,! ,ra9b[ silv] be>+ lode ( ,butte1 ,montana1 /ood #bj feet above ! surface4 ,s(t m9]als1 su* z clay1 are cut into & sunk bel[ ! surr\nd+ level4 ,deposits ( ,kaol9 or ,*9a clay are usually s f\nd4 ,any special bright coloration ( ! rocks ( a di/rict m]its inve/igation4 ,copp] gives gre51 blue1 & r$ /a9s2 iron1 r$ or br[n2 manganese1 black2 lead1 gre51 yell[ or :ite2 cobalt1 p9k2 c9nab> or quicksilv]1 v]milion4 ,! nickel deposits ( ,new ,cal$onia 7 made kn[n to ! _w by ! explor] ,g>ni] 9 #ahfc1 8 curiosity hav+ be5 ar\s$ by ! delicate gre5 coat+ giv5 ! rocks by an ore conta9+ wat]1 qu>tz1 nickel & magnesium4 ,h>d b$s ( %ale decompose on ! surface into s(t clay1 & a /ill m noticeable *ange is ! conv]sion ( ores conta9+ sulphur into oxides4 ,?is *emical *ange causes ! gossan or iron hat1 = :i* tok5 ( und]ly+ weal? ! prospector %\ld be et]nally wat*ful4 ,?is alt]ation may ext5d d[nw>d f\r or five hundr$ feet f ! surface1 b 9 su* cases ! true wea!r+ has ceas$ long be=e ! limit ( discoloration is rea*$1 & ! *ange ( sub/ance is due to ! filt]+ ( surface wat]s ?r\gh ! ve94 ,gossan v>ies greatly 9 its nature4 ,gal5a becomes anglesite1 c]ussite1 pyromorphite & mimetite4 ,copp] pyrite *anges into native copp]1 melaconite1 cuprite1 mala*ite1 *essylite1 or p]haps into a phosphate1 ars5ate1 or silicate ( ! metal4 ,c>bonate ( manganese gives ! black oxides & silv] sulphide ores are1 aft] wea!r+1 kn[n z native silv]1 k]>gyrite & embolite4 ,! ore 9 ! gossan is v g5]ally m valuable ?an x w be bel[1 & ?is is especially true ( gold & silv] ores4 ,! gold hav+ be5 set free f ! close embrace 9 :i* ! iron pyrite held x previ\s to ! latt]'s oxidation1 x is n[ readily caught by quicksilv]4 ,silv] "u simil> conditions becomes *loride1 & likewise amalgamates )\t difficulty4 ,seams conta9+ native sulphur (t5 %[ no trace ( t elem5t on ! surface1 hav+ wea!r$ into a s(t1 :ite1 gray or yell[i%-:ite granul>1 or pulv]ul5t1 v>iety ( gypsum4 ,ve9s ( asbe/os (t5 decompose into a :ite p[d] f\nd 9 ! crevices ( ! rocks2 fibr\s asbe/os exi/+ 9 ! int]ior4 ,petroleum %[s 9 an iridesc5t film ^u /ill pools1 & ! odor is a sure guide to its nature4 ,a dipp+-ne$le is valuable to ! prospector on ! look\t = iron ore2 by its use he may discov] masses ( magnetic ore & trace _! ext5t4 ,z he c>ries ! compass ov] ! gr\nd ! ne$le dips t[>d any iron mass he approa*es2 directly ov] ! ore x becomes v]tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9]',s ,,dipp+ ,,ne$le4 ,9 a wild]ness c\ntry /r5g? ( body & endurance are important qualifications4 ,! prospector mu/1 moreov]1 h su* g5]al k ( geology & m9]alogy z to be able to recognize all valuable m9]als & confirm 8 conjecture by simple te/s4 ,pick1 %ovel & pan mu/ be h&l$ skillfully1 :ile ! rifle1 %otgun & paddle mu/ also be und]/ood4 ,= 9 ! unsettl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! travel] mu/ ev5 yet rely to "s ext5t ^u ! fi% & game he may be able to secure1 & e old prospector becomes a tra9$ hunt] & camp]4 ,kn[+ h[ to bake bread is sometimes m valuable ?an mu* ma!matics2 ability to build a r\gh boat is (t5 ! "o hope ( salvation4 ,9 s9k+ a %ort %aft 9 a sunny c\ntry a l>ge mirror1 incl9$ at a suitable angle ov] ! %aft1 w give suffici5t light4 ,lodes or ve9s foll[+ ! g5]al tr5d ( ! aurif]\s qu>tz are mu* m likely to be ri* ?an are ^? t cross x4 ,gold is nev] di/ribut$ ev5ly 9 ve9s1 ?\gh x may be 9 great b$s ( l[ grade mat]ial2 b m (t5 ri* areas alt]nate ) b>r5 portions4 ,:]e qu>tz ve9s are small & ! ri* pockets sep>at$ by wide int]vals ( poor gangue ! gravel ( ! di/rict w usually be simil> 9 "*4 ,z ?is condition obta9s 9 ! upp] ,yukon di/rict z f> z ! gravels are conc]n$1 x w probably be f\nd to hold good = ! qu>tz leads1 :5 !y %all h be5 discov]$4 ,! m ne>ly ! gold =mation approa*es to ! cry/all9e s*i/s1 ! poor] w ! quality ( ! gold be ?r\gh ! l>g] p]c5tage ( silv] f\nd 9 x4 ,9 slates ! proportion may be #bb gold to #a silv]2 9 s*i/s x has be5 kn[n to be a ratio ( #a to #a4 ,) ! discov]y ( valuable gold-be>+ gravel on ! b>e hillsides ( ! ,nor?we/1 a va/ region has be5 add$ to ! area ! prospector may explore to advantage4 ,no exp]i5ce acquir$ 9 ord9>y ,am]ican plac] gr\nds is likely to be ( mu* use 9 detect+ ^! high] gold-be>+ gravels ( ! ,yukon1 b !y appe> to be some:at simil> 9 "* to ! ,new ,zeal& t]races4 ,t]race-prospect+ requires p]sev]ance & ! use ( "s bra9s1 z x is inf9itely h>d] ?an creek-prospect+4 ,^! t]races or b5*es are ! rema9s ( old riv] b$s4 ,! :ole b5* mu/ be c>efully scann$ ov] because ! gold is q z likely to be 9 "o "p z 9 ! o!r4 ,sometimes x is 9 half a doz5 diff]5t lay]s "o above ! o!r4 ,sometimes ! old riv] t]races are entirely cov]$ by l&slides1 & ! majority ( su* deposits are n likely ev] to be f\nd1 z x is almo/ impossible to guess at locations4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& gold has be5 f\nd on table-l&s ne>ly #f1jjj feet above sea level1 & accord+ to rec5t in=mation valuable claims h be5 discov]$ 9 ,alaska on ! v summits ( ! r\nd$ hills on ea* side ( ,el ,dorado creek4 ,to und]/& h[ su* deposits z ^? ( ! ,nor?we/ may h be5 made1 suppose t su* a ve9 z t ( ! ,idaho1 :i* has be5 work$ = a dep? #a1gjj feet by a wid? ( #a1jjj feet1 & f :i* #ag1jjj1jjj h be5 tak51 to h be5 worn d[n by glacial or o!r =ces4 ,is x n conceivable t ! gold w\ld gradually h accumulat$ 9 ! ne>e/ canyon8 ,illu/ration3 ,,dolly4 ,to obta9 suitable samples ( ! ve9 a dolly is an effici5t app>atus4 ,?is is practically a v simple1 crude1 /amp mill4 ,on ! end ( a solid log1 firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd & /&+ f\r feet or s above ! surface1 a squ>e #f-;in* hole is cut 9 :i* are fitt$ wr\ght iron b>s #c in*es deep by #a_/b in* wide1 & sep>at$ by equal int]vals4 ,^! b>s tap] bel[ s z to p]mit free passage ( ! p\nd$ m9]al4 ,a wood5 box surr\nd+ ! grat+ keeps ! ore 9 place4 ,a block ( wood1 %od ) iron1 =ms ! /amp]4 ,! m9] hauls on ! h&les at e bl[4 ,! gold is sav$ on ! l[] table4 ,no "o ( exp]i5ce 9 m9+ w\ld look = br[n hematite 9 a granite range1 nor = black b&1 ?\gh su* might be a likely region = r$ hematite or magnatite4 ,! explor] %\ld be famili> 9 !ory at lea/ ) ! locality :]e he may expect to f9d valuable m9]als4 ,= in/ance1 %\ld he be se>*+ = "s heavy1 deta*$ sub/ance t is usually f\nd 9 plac] deposits he w keep to ! l[ gr\nd & exam9e c>efully ! b$s ( ! /reams4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %\ld 8 que/ be = "s ore t is m prop]ly a compon5t ( a lode or ve9 he w exam9e ! side hills & summits :]e d5udation w c]ta9ly h expos$ su* deposits4 ,!n he mu/ "k ! appe>ance ( ea* ore1 & ) ! me?ods ( mak+ r\gh & ready te/s he mu/ be p]fectly famili>4 ,gold is always m or less intimately associat$ ) qu>tz4 ,oxide ( t9 is said nev] to h be5 f\nd m ?an two miles f "s granite rock1 "o ( ! compon5ts ( :i* 0 muscovite or :ite mica4 ,! junction ( slates & s*i/s ) igne\s or metamorphic rocks (t5 proves a valuable f9d ( m9]al4 ,rocks = ! purposes ( ! explor] may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 ,igne\s2 metamorphic2 /ratifi$4 ,! fir/ includes lavas2 tra*ytes1 grayi% ) r\gh fracture & ma9ly glassy2 d>k basalts3 & traps1 su* z gre5/one4 ,obsidian is a volcanic glass4 ,metamorphic rocks are ?\ght to h once be5 /ratifi$1 b to h be5 alt]$ by heat4 ,!y comprise granite1 ( qu>tz feldsp> & mica2 sy5ite1 conta9+ hornbl5de in/ead ( mica2 gneiss1 l granite1 b %[+ l9es ( /ratification2 mica s*i/1 made up ( mica & qu>tz & sep>at+ easily into lay]s2 slates4 ,/ratifi$ rocks are ^? deposits f wat]1 su* z s&/one1 lime/one1 clay1 etc4 ,a prospect+ %aft ne$ n be ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,"o #d feet squ>e is amply l>ge = any dep? d[n to #cj feet1 b x mu/ be kept plumb4 ,sometimes %afts are sunk ?r\gh ! pay /reak 9 alluvial gravel1 )\t x be+ detect$4 ,frequ5t pann+ w gu>d aga9/ ?is mi/ake4 ,9 ! ,klondike region x is said e>ly prospectors miss$ v ri* deposits1 t h s9ce be5 discov]$1 by /opp+ %ort ( true b$ rock1 be+ misl$ by a b$ ( h>d] gravel t !y ?\ght 0 bottom4 ,silv] almo/ inv>iably c>ries "s gold4 ,! d>k iron/one hat already ref]r$ to is a good indication ( silv] ore b5ea?2 x is g5]ally compos$ ( conglom]ates cem5t$ by oxides ( iron & manganese4 ,gal5a1 :i* is sometimes s ri* 9 silv] z to be wor? work+ = t metal1 may (t5 be foll[$ by surface indications2 namely1 a :ite limy track ) deta*$ fragm5ts ( float ore 9 ! surface soil4 ,! bl[pipe or fire assay quickly det]m9es silv] ore4 ,t9 9 lode1 /ream1 or alluvial deposits occurs only z an oxide1 b its appe>ance is v>i$4 ,x may be almo/ any color & %ape4 ,x is always ne> granite1 conta9+ :ite mica kn[n z muscovite4 ,! m9]als = :i* x is mo/ easily mi/ak5 are3 ,sp4 gravity4 ,/reak4 ,wolfram #g to #g-a_/b ,r$1 br[n or black4 ,rutile #d4b ,light br[n4 ,t\rmal9e #c4b ,:iti%4 ,black ,jack #d4c ,yell[1 :ite4 ,! magnetic or dipp+ ne$le is us$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 z foll[s1 accord+ to ! ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,w4 ,h4 ,scranton1 ,m4,e43 ,an attraction :i* is conf9$ to a v small spot & is lo/ 9 pass+ a few feet f x1 is mo/ likely to be caus$ by a b\ld] ( ore or p>ticles ( magnetite ) rock4 ,an attraction :i* cont9ues on /eadily 9 ! direction ( ! /rike ( ! rock = a di/ance ( _m feet or rods1 indicates a ve9 ( ore2 & if x is positive & /ronge/ t[>ds ! s\?we/1 x is reasonable to conclude t ! ve9 beg9s ) ! attraction !re4 ,if ! attraction dim9i%es 9 go+ nor?we/1 & f9ally dies out )\t becom+ negative1 x indicates t ! ve9 has cont9u$ on )\t break or end+ until too f> (f to move ! compass ne$le4 ,if1 9 pass+ t[>ds ! nor?we/1 along ! l9e ( attraction1 ! s\? pole is drawn d[n1 x indicates ! end ( ! ve9 or an (fset4 ,if1 on cont9u+ fur!r1 /ill 9 ! same direction1 positive attraction is f\nd1 x %[s t ! ve9 is n end$1 b if no attraction is %[n1 !re is no indication z to ! cont9uance ( ! ore4 ,9 cross+ ve9s ( ore f s\?we/ to nor?we/1 :5 ! dip ( ! rock & ore is z usual to ! s\!a/1 positive attraction is fir/ obs]v$ to come on gradually1 & ! nor?we/ edge ( ! ve9 is indicat$ by ! ne$le sudd5ly %[+ negative attraction j at ! po9t ( pass+ (f x4 ,?is *ange ( attraction w be less m>k$ z ! dep? ( ! ve9 is great]1 or z ! /rike is ne>] nor? & s\?4 ,! /ead9ess & cont9uance ( ! attraction is a mu* bett] indication ( ore ?an ! /r5g? or am\nt ( ! attraction4 ,! ore may v>y 9 its susceptibility to ! magnetic influ5ce f impurities 9 its sub/ance2 x does v>y accord+ to ! position 9 :i* x lies1 t is accord+ to its dip & /rike2 & x also v>ies v mu* accord+ to its di/ance b5ea? ! surface4 ,fur!r in/ructions are giv5 9 ! pap] f :i* ! =ego+ extract 0 tak51 "s ( :i* foll[3 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! fir/ exam9ations are made by pass+ ov] ! gr\nd ) ! compass 9 a nor?we/ & s\?we/ direction1 at int]vals ( a few rods1 until indications ( ore are f\nd4 ,!n ! gr\nd %\ld be exam9$ m c>efully by cross+ ! l9e ( attraction at int]vals ( a few feet1 & m>k+ ! po9ts ^u :i* obs]vations h be5 made1 & record+ ! am\nt ( attraction4 ,obs]vations ) ! ord9>y compass %\ld be made1 & ! v>iation ( ! horizontal ne$le be not$4 ,9 ?is way mat]ials may soon be accumulat$ = /ak+ out ! l9e ( attraction1 or = con/ruct+ a map = /udy or ref]5ce4 ,aft] suffici5t exploration ) ! magnetic ne$le1 x /ill rema9s to prove ! value ( ! ve9 by uncov]+ ! ore1 exam9+ its quality1 measur+ ! size ( ! ve91 & e/imat+ ! co/ ( m9+ & m>ket+ x4 ,uncov]+ %\ld fir/ be done 9 tr5*es dug across ! l9e ( attraction1 & c>ri$ q d[n to ! rock4 ,:5 ! ore is 9 ?is way prov$ to be ( value regul> m9+ may beg94 ,9 places :]e !re are (fsets 9 ! ore1 or :]e x has be5 subject to b5ds1 folds1 or o!r irregul>ities1 s t ! m9] is at fault 9 :at direction to proce$1 explorations may be made ) ! diamond drill4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,te/ ,,= ,,m9]als4 ,:5 ! m9]alogi/ wi%es to "k ! names ( ! specim5 he holds 9 8 h&1 he1 9 ! case ( a m9]al difficult to det]m9e1 consid]s all ! foll[+ prop]ties3 ,cry/all9e =m & /ructure1 ,cleavage1 ,fracture1 ,t5acity1 ,h>dness1 ,specific ,gravity z comp>$ ) t ( wat]1 ,lu/]1 ,color & ,/reak1 ,transp>5cy or o!rwise1 ,ta/e1 ,odor1 ,*emical ,composition te/$ by analysis1 ,pyrogno/ic *>act]s z det]m9$ by ! use ( ! bl[pipe1 ,mode ( occurr5ce & associat$ m9]als4 ,cry/all9e ,=m & ,/ructure4 ,un=tunately ! sci5ce ( cry/allography is extremely complicat$ & long /udy is necess>y to ma/] x2 once acquir$1 h[ev]1 x is ( p>am\nt usefulness to ! /ud5t4 ,accord+ to ,dana !re are six sy/ems1 to "o ( :i* e cry/al may be ref]r$4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,isometric2 7#b7 ,tetragonal2 7#c7 ,hexagonal or ,rhomboh$ral2 7#d7 ,or?orhombic2 7#e7 ,monocl9ic2 7#f7 ,tricl9ic4 ,9 ! isometric sy/em !re are ?ree equal axes at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! tetragonal sy/em !re are ?ree axes at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,two ( ^! are equal1 :ile ! ?ird1 or v]tical angle1 is long] or %ort]4 ,!re are two divisions ( ! hexagonal sy/em2 ! hexagonal sy/em prop]ly s-call$1 & its rhomboh$ral division4 ,all =ms are ref]r$ to f\r axes1 ?ree equal axes incl9$ to ea* o!r at angles #fj degrees 9 a common horizontal plane1 & a f\r? v]tical axis at "r angles1 & long] or %ort]4 ,! rhomboh$ral division comprises cry/als hav+ b ?ree planes ( symmetry1 int]sect+ at angles ( #abj degrees 9 ! v]tical axis4 ,!y are reg>d$ z half =ms ( ! correspond+ hexagonal cry/als4 ,9 ! or?orhombic sy/em !re are ?ree unequal axes at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! monocl9ic sy/em !re are ?ree unequal axes1 ( :i* "o1 ! lat]al axis1 is incl9$ to ! v]tical1 :ile ! angles betwe5 ! o!rs are "r angles4 ,9 ! tricl9ic sy/em !re are ?ree unequal axes & ^! int]sections are all oblique4 ,! /ud5t :o wi%es to pursue ?is subject fur!r %\ld consult ,dana's ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy4 ,physical ,m9]alogy4 ,cleavage is ! l9e ( easie/ sep>ation 9 a m9]al4 ,x may be p]fect1 imp]fect1 int]rupt$1 etc4 ,fracture1 ref]r+ to any surface except t ( a cleavage fall1 may be unev51 con*oidal 7%ell-l71 hackly 7r\gh71 etc4 ,t5acity ref]s to su* qualities z brittle1 sectile1 malleable1 flexible1 or ela/ic4 ,h>dness is repres5t$ by ! difficulty ) :i* a smoo? surface is scrat*$4 ,! scale 9 g5]al ore 0 devis$ by ,mohs4 ,x is3 #a4 ,talc4 ,scrat*$ by ! f+] nail4 #b4 ,gypsum4 ,ditto1 b ) m difficulty4 ,w n scrat* a copp] co94 #c4 ,calcite4 ,scrat*$ by a copp] co94 #d4 ,fluorite4 ,is n scrat*$ by a copp] co9 & does n scrat* glass4 #e4 ,apatite4 ,scrat*es glass1 b ) difficulty4 ,is readily scrat*$ by a knife4 #f4 ,feldsp>4 ,scrat*es glass ) ease4 ,is difficult to scrat* by knife4 #g4 ,qu>tz4 ,_c be scrat*$ by a knife & readily scrat*es glass4 #h4 ,topaz4 ,h>d]4 #i4 ,corundum4 ,h>d]4 #aj4 ,diamond4 ,scrat*es any o!r sub/ance4 ,h>dness may be int]m$iate4 ,= in/ance1 any m9]al t scrat*$ qu>tz & is s(t en\gh to be scrat*$ by topaz1 9 turn w\ld be rat$ at #g4e4 ,specific ,gravity4 ,?is is ! d5sity ( m9]al & o!r sub/ances comp>$ ) t ( wat]4 ,x is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 det]m9+ heavy metals4 ,to f9d ! specific gravity ( any solid body divide its weight 9 air by ! loss ( weight 9 wat]1 at a temp]ature z ne> #fj degrees ,f4 z possible1 & ! quoti5t w equal ! specific gravity4 ,9 ! case ( gases1 su* z nitrog51 oxyg51 etc41 hydrog5 is tak5 z ! unit4 ,lu/]4 ,!re are sev5 k9ds ( lu/]1 viz3 ,metallic1 ! lu/] ( metals2 adamant9e1 t ( ! diamond2 vitre\s1 ( brok5 glass2 res9\s1 ( ! yell[ res9s2 greasy2 pe>ly2 silky4 ,!re are five degrees ( int5sity ( lu/] recogniz$1 viz3 ,spl5d5t2 %9+2 gli/5+2 glimm]+2 dull4 ,color & ,/reak4 ,! /reak is ! color ( ! p[d] ( ! m9]al :5 rubb$ on unglaz$ porcela91 or scrat*$ ) a knife4 ,transp>5cy4 ,m9]als may be transp>5t1 sub-transp>5t1 transluc5t1 sub-transluc5t1 opaque4 ,ta/e4 ,m9]als may be salt1 bitt]1 sweet1 etc4 ,odor4 ,?is te/ is n ( mu* use ) mo/ m9]als until heat is appli$4 ,all ! petroleum oils1 h[ev]1 are (t5 detect$ by _! odor4 ,*emical ,composition4 ,?is may always be det]m9$ by suitable te/s ) reag5ts4 ,pyrogno/ic ,*>act]s4 ,z a means ( readily det]m9+ ! nature ( a specim5 ! bl[pipe is unrivall$--if 9 ! h&s ( "o :o und]/&s x4 ,mode ( occurr5ce & associat$ m9]als4 ,a k ( ^! matt]s (t5 assi/s 9 a det]m9ation4 ,a regul> fire assay is n )9 rea* ( _m prospectors1 = ! necess>y app>atus _c1 z a rule1 be c>ri$ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,:5ev] possible1 h[ev]1 a fire assay gives ! true/ results1 especially 9 ! case ( gold & silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scale ,,= ,,weigh+ ,,ore4 ,! op]ation includes te/+ ! ore1 sampl+ & pulv]iz+1 weigh+ ! ore & reag5ts1 calc9ation & roa/+1 r$uction & fusion1 di/illation & sublimation1 scorification & cupellation1 inqu>tation & p>t+ ! gold & silv]1 weigh+ & tabulat+4 ,notes on ,assay+ by ,dr4 ,ricketts is a v useful manual to h at h&4 ,a ,,tol]ably ,,complete ,,outfit ,,includes3 ,a pair ( scales = weigh+ ore & buttons ( base metal4 ,x %\ld take #aj ounces 9 ea* pan1 & %[ #a_/bj ( a gra94 ,a bullion scale to be kept /rictly = ! preci\s metals4 ,load$ ) "o gramme1 x %\ld %[ #a_/bj ( a milligramme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assay ,,balance ,,= ,,bullion4 ,weights4 ,avoirdupois2 troy1 metric & assay4 ,assay weights save mu* calculation4 ,! unit ( ! sy/em is a weight ( #bi4aff grammes4 ,its d]ivation is z foll[s3 #bjjj lbs4 3 #a ,a4,t4 33 #a oz4 ,troy 3 #a milligramme4 ,to use ?is sy/em1 weigh out "o ,a4,t4 ( ! ore & :atev] numb] ( milligrammes ( gold & silv] ! assay gives indicates an equal numb] ( ,troy ounces to ! ton ( #bjjj lbs4 ,avoirdupois4 ,a muffle & a melt+ furnace1 portable & ( m$ium size1 are h&y1 ?\gh furnaces may be built ( ord9>y brick1 l9$ ) fire brick1 t w\ld be bett] = p]man5t use4 ,! fuels may be coke1 an?racite or bitum9\s coal1 *>coal1 oil or gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assay ,,furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portable ,,assay ,,furnace4 ,crucibles ( black lead1 ,fr5* clay1 ,hessian s&1 & quicklime are necess>y to hold ! assay4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,clay4 ,hessian4 ,,crucibles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scorifi] ,illu/ration3 ,,/eel ,,cupel ,,m\ld4 ,roa/+ di%es1 scorifi]s & cupels are requir$4 ,! cupel is made ( ! a%es ( burnt bone1 & x is bett] to make !m on ! spot1 z ! bone a% may be c>ri$ any:]e )\t damage1 :]eas ! cupels are v fragile4 ,! bone a% is moi/5$ ) wat]1 /amp$ 9 a cupel m\ld1 & all[$ to dry sl[ly4 ,a good "o w absorb its own weight ( lead1 b x is bett] to calculate on its absorb+ b ?ree-qu>t]s ( t am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scorification ,,furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scorification ,,m\ld4 ,! crucible1 scorification & cupel tongs1 a c\ple ( hamm]s1 iron pe/le & mort>1 sieves f #bj to #ajj me%1 & scorification m\ld complete ! requisite tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horn ,,spoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eel ,,mort>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alcohol ,,lamp4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 ! assay] w require q a bulky lot ( app>atus1 reag5ts & *emicals4 ,all deal]s keep li/s ( assay]s' supplies on h&1 & a full & complete assortm5t w co/ ab\t #bjj 9 ,new ,york or ,*icago4 ,qu>t bottles1 ) glass /opp]s2 ord9>y cork$ bottles1 r+ /&s1 alcohol lamps1 wa% bottles1 te/ tubes1 horn spoons1 iron pans1 p>t+ flasks1 anneal+ cups1 glaz$ black pap]--^! w suffice1 provid$ ! assay] has1 z well1 ! outfit recomm5d$ = bl[-pipe "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,te/ ,,tube4 ,dry reag5ts1 su* z li?>ge1 borax 7cry/alliz$71 silica1 cyanide ( potassium1 yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 argol1 *>coal1 />*1 metallic iron1 pure lead1 nitre1 p[d]$ lime1 sulphur1 c>bonate ( ammonia & common salt are necess>y4 ,z solv5ts & precipitants1 di/ill$ wat]1 sulphuric1 nitric & hydro*loric acids1 *loride ( sodium1 nitrate ( silv] & sulphurett$ hydrog5 are also indisp5sable4 ,?is w seem r a =midable li/1 & s1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 x may be2 inde$1 :]e means ( transport is limit$1 all regul> assay "w mu/ be po/pon$ until ! return to civilization4 ,assay+ is n1 h[ev]1 difficult1 be+ mo/ly a matt] ( rule ( ?umb1 & correct results may be arriv$ at )\t a deep k ( *emi/ry1 al?\gh su* k w nev] come amiss4 ,a prelim9>y exam9ation w %[ :at ! ore probably is4 ,! bl[-pipe is especially useful1 ?\gh to ! skill$ assay] (t5 unnecess>y4 ,! ore is fir/ p[d]$1 & any metallic flakes pick$ out & te/$ sep>ately4 ,a fair sample mu/ be select$1 o!rwise all ! "w w be ?r[n away & ! result be valueless4 ,! next /ep is weigh+ ! ore & ! reag5ts4 ,moi/ure is drawn (f by heat+ 9 a crucible1 a l[ heat be+ suffici5t4 ,roa/+ w elim9ate sulphur1 antimony1 ars5ic1 etc41 & mu/ take place 9 a flat di%1 s t ! air may h free access4 ,! p[d] %\ld be /irr$ frequ5tly4 ,r$uction is ! op]ation ( remov+ oxyg51 & x takes place usually 9 a crucible or scorifi]4 ,scorification consi/s 9 plac+ ! ore 9 an op5 di% ) prop] reag5ts1 & collect+ all ! volatile +r$i5ts 9 ! slag4 ,cupellation1 on ! o!r h&1 collects !m 9 ! bone a%1 ( :i* ! cupel is compos$4 ,:5 silv] mu/ be sep>at$ f gold1 x is sometimes conv5i5t to increase its proportion by ! addition ( "s kn[n weight ( ! inf]ior metal4 ,aft] fus+1 ! globule is plac$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! silv] p>t$ f ! gold1 :i* may !n be weigh$4 ,?is result subtract$ f ! weight ( ! orig9al globule gives ! am\nt ( silv]4 ,to te/ an ore = gold1 take a p\nd ( x1 cru% 9 mort> & pass ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,take "o-f\r? ounce ,troy ( ! p[d]4 ,place 9 scorifi] ) an equal am\nt ( li?>ge4 ,cov] ) borax t has be5 melt$ & p[d]$1 & put ! scorifi] 9 ! muffle ( ! furnace4 ,a blacksmi?'s =ge might d at a p9*4 ,heat until ! mass has become a fluid1 possibly tw5ty or ?irty m9utes4 ,next p\r into ! scorification m\ld1 &1 aft] ! slag has set1 remove x ) a hamm]4 ,hamm] ! button into a cube & place x 9 ! cupel1 :i* mu/ fir/ h be5 ?or\ghly heat$4 ,heat until all ! base metal has be5 absorb$ by ! cupel & ! button has bright5$1 or fla%$2 :5 ?is occurs1 remove ! cupel to ! front ( ! muffle1 cool1 & remove ! button ) p9c]s4 ,weigh x1 & y h ! am\nt ( gold & silv] 9 #a_/d-ounce ,troy4 ,a simple sum 9 proportion gives ! am\nt 9 a ton4 ,all ores conta9+ sulphur1 ars5ic1 antimony1 or z9c1 %\ld be roa/$4 ,!re are ?ree /ages 9 ! scorification process2 roa/+1 fusion1 & scorification4 ,dur+ ! fir/1 ! heat %\ld be mod]ate until fumes cease to be giv5 (f2 dur+ ! second1 ! heat is rais$ & a play ( colors is se5 on ! surface ( ! lead2 9 ! clos+ /age1 ! heat is l[]$ = a "t until ! slag cov]s ! lead1 :5 x is aga9 rais$ = a %ort "t & ! scorifi] remov$4 ,brittle buttons may be due to ars5ic1 antimony1 z9c or li?>ge1 & mu/ be re-scorifi$ be=e cupellation1 ) m lead4 ,take ! cupel sl[ly f ! fire to avoid spitt+1 by :i* portions ( ! buttons are lo/4 ,wat* closely = ! bright5+4 ,silv] is volatile at a high heat1 b :5 ! muffle is almo/ :ite1 ! metal well fus$ & clean1 ! fumes ris+ sl[ly1 & ! cupel a *]ry r$1 all is go+ smoo?ly4 ,if ! fumes rise rapidly1 ! muffle is too hot4 ,on ! o!r h&1 d5se1 fall+ fumes %[ ! temp]ature is too l[4 ,lead t is poor 9 silv] /&s ! highe/ heat )\t vitiat+ ! assay4 ,:5 ! mat]ial 9 ! cupel freezes1 i4e41 ! absorption by ! cupel /ops1 reject ! assay & try aga91 giv+ m heat or m lead4 ,gold4 ,practically1 ! metal mo/ prospectors seek is gold4 ,x is s enorm\sly valuable & con/itutes s v small a p]c5tage ( any ore1 t c>e mu/ be tak5 or x may escape detection & be lo/4 ,pann+ is ! m9]'s me?od4 ,he cru%es 8 ore ?or\ghly1 & places x 9 ! pan ) wat]2 !n1 ) a motion easy to le>n b difficult to describe1 he swirls ! wat] ar\nd1 all[+ a little ( x to escape at ea* revolution1 c>ry+ ) x ! rubbi%1 until f9ally he has a little black s& & p]haps a few gra9s ( yell[ sub/ance1 :i* is gold4 ,mica1 or fool's gold1 puzzles nobody b ! ignoramus4 ,true1 x looks l gold 9 c]ta9 positions & lights1 b gold w beat out ?9 "u ! hamm]1 j z lead w\ld1 :ile mica w break up into a fl\ry p[d]4 ,mica is v light1 :ile gold is v heavy2 s !re is no excuse = conf\nd+ ! two4 ,if an ore conta9s sulphurets & gold1 ! latt] may be coat$ ) "s sulphur or ars5ic1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! gold f amalgamat+4 ,! only rem$y = ?is is roa/+4 ,no s+le acid w dissolve gold1 b a solution kn[n z aqua regia1 made up ( ?ree p>ts ( hydro*loric acid & "o "p ( nitric acid1 dissolves x4 ,if to ! solution s obta9$ y add "s sulphate ( iron1 y w get a precipitate :i* is metallic gold1 al?\gh x does n look l x1 z x is br[n 9 color2 b if y place ?is precipitate 9 a crucible & heat1 y w get a yell[ bead ( pure gold4 ,ano!r te/ = gold is to take ! solution z above obta9$ & add !reto a solution ( *loride ( t91 :5 y obta9 a purple coloration t has be5 call$ ! purple ( ,cassius4 ,gold may be di/+ui%$ f all o!r metals by ! ?ree foll[+ te/s3 ,x is yell[2 x may be flatt5$ by ! hamm]2 x is n act$ ^u by nitric acid4 ,pure gold is s(t1 & ! po9t ( a knife w scrat* x deeply4 ,p\nd$ 9 a mort>1 ! pulv]iz$ m9]al %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a *eese-clo? scre5 /ret*$ ov] a loop ( wood4 ,if ! c\rse conta9s mu* pyrite1 x mu/ be roa/$ be=e wa%+ 9 ! pan & amalgamat+4 ,sample well1 weigh out two p\nds1 put x 9 a black iron pan1 ) f\r ounces ( m]cury1 f\r ounces ( salt1 f\r ounces ( soda & a half gallon ( boil+ wat]4 ,/ir ) a gre5 /ick1 & agitate until ! m]cury has be5 able to rea* all ! gold4 ,pan (f into ano!r di% s z to lose no m]cury1 squeeze ! amalgam ?r\gh *amois lea!r or new calico previ\sly wett$4 ,! pill ( h>d amalgam may be plac$ on a %ovel ov] ! fire or 9 a clay tobacco pipe & retort$4 ,gold is readily act$ ^u by ! mixture ( nitric & hydro*loric acids kn[n z aqua regia1 or by any solution produc+ *lor9e4 ,"s ( ! mixtures :i* attack x are bisulphate ( soda1 nitrate ( soda & common salt1 hydro*loric acid & potassium *lorate1 & blea*+ p[d]4 ,! action is m rapid 9 hot ?an 9 cold solutions1 & impure gold is m easily dissolv$ ?an pure4 ,m]cury dissolves gold rapidly at ord9>y temp]atures1 ! amalgam be+ solid1 pa/y or liquid4 ,gold rubb$ ) m]cury is imm$iately p5etrat$ by x4 ,an amalgam conta9+ #ij p] c5t4 ( m]cury is liquid2 #hg4e p] c5t41 pa/y2 #he p] c5t41 cry/all9e4 ,^! amalgams heat$ gradually to a bright r$ heat lose all _! m]cury1 & h>dly any gold4 ,ab\t "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t4 ( m]cury rema9s 9 ! gold until x is ref9$ by melt+4 ,! ve9s f :i* ! gold ( ! _w is won d n1 on an av]age1 hold ! preci\s metal 9 great] proportion ?an "o "p ( gold 9 #gj1jjj p>ts ( ve9/one4 ,"u favorable conditions a proportion n "o-fif? z ri* z ?is1 may yield a ri* return4 ,9 hydraulic m9+ on a l>ge scale1 "o "p ( gold 9 #ae1jjj1jjj p>ts ( gravel has paid a divid5d4 ,a te/ kn[n z ,d>ton's is believ$ to be a valuable means ( detect+ m9ute quantities ( gold 9 rocks1 ore tail+s1 etc4 ,small p>ts are *ipp$ f all ! sides ( a mass ( rock1 am\nt+ 9 all to ab\t #a_/d ounce4 ,?is is p[d]$ 9 a /eel mort> & well mix$4 ,ab\t half is plac$ 9 a capaci\s te/ tube1 & !n ! tube is p>tly fill$ ) a solution made by dissolv+ #bj gr4 ( iod9e & #cj gr4 ( iodide ( potassium1 9 ab\t #a-a_/b ounces wat]4 ,! mixture ?us =m$ is %ak5 & w>m$4 ,aft] all p>ticles h subsid$1 dip a piece ( f9e :ite filt] pap] 9 x2 all[ x to rema9 = a mom5t2 !n let x dra91 & dry x ov] ! _s lamp4 ,x is next plac$ ^u a piece ( plat9um foil held 9 a p9c]s1 & heat$ to r$ness ov] ! flame4 ,! pap] is spe$ily consum$2 & aft] aga9 heat+ to burn (f all c>bon1 x is all[$ to cool & is !n exam9$4 ,if at all purple1 gold is pres5t 9 ! ore1 & ! relative am\nt may be approximately d$uc$4 ,?is me?od takes little "t1 & is tru/wor?y4 ,black s&1 :i* is iron1 (t5 ) "s plat9um & iridium1 sometimes int]f]es ) ! result ( a gold assay4 ,attwood recomm5ds ! foll[+ me?od z applicable to su* a case3 ,take #ajj to #ajjj gra9s & attack ) aqua regia 9 a flask2 cool = ab\t ?irty m9utes or m2 dilute ) wat] & filt]4 ,if gold is pres5t1 x w n[ be held 9 solution 9 ! filtrate4 ,remove ! filt] & evaporate ! filtrates to dryness2 !n add a little hydro*loric acid1 evaporate & re-dissolve ! dry salt 9 w>m wat]2 add to ! solution s =m$ proto-sulphate ( iron2 :i* w ?r[ d[n ! gold 9 ! =m ( a f9e1 d>k precipitate4 ,! precipitate is seldom f9e1 be+ mix$ ) oxides ( iron1 & mu/ n[ be dri$ 9 ! filt] pap]1 & bo? burn$ ov] ! lamp 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,!n mix ! dri$ precipitate ) ?ree times its weight ( lead2 fuse1 scorify & cupel4 ,9 case plat9um1 iridium1 etc41 are f\nd associat$ ) ! gold1 an extra am\nt ( f9e silv] %\ld be add$ be=e cupellation1 & ! gold button w be f\nd pure4 ,9 "o ( 8 reports ! ,/ate ,m9]alogi/ ( ,cali=nia gives a mo/ lucid description ( a me*anical assay ( gold-be>+ s&s1 /amp$ ore1 etc41 etc4 ,he /ates3 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ?is is only a work+ te/4 ,x does n give all ! gold 9 ! rock1 z %[n by a c>eful fire assay1 b :at is ( equal importance to ! m9e-own]1 mill-man1 & practical m9]1 x gives :at he c reasonably expect to save 9 a good qu>tz mill4 ,x is really mill+ on a small scale4 ,x is g5]ally v correct & reliable1 if a quantity ( mat]ial be sampl$4 ,! only op]ation :i* requires mu* skill is ! wa%+1 g5]ally well und]/ood by ^? :o are mo/ likely to avail !mselves ( ! in/ructions4 ,^! rules apply equally to plac] gravels4 ,take a quantity ( ! ore--! l>g] ! bett]--& break x into egg-siz$ pieces4 ,spread on a good floor1 & ) a %ovel mix v ?or\ghly2 !n %ovel into ?ree piles1 plac+ "o %ovelful ^u ea* 9 succession until all is dispos$ (4 ,two ( ! piles may !n be put into bags4 ,! rema9+ pile is spread on ! floor1 mix$ z be=e1 & %ovell$ 9 ! same mann] into ?ree piles4 ,?is is repeat$ accord+ to ! quantity sampl$1 until ! la/ pile does n conta9 m ?an #cj p\nds ( ore4 ,z ! quantity on ! floor becomes small]1 ! lumps mu/ be brok5 f9] until at la/ !y %\ld n exce$ "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! rema9d] is r$uc$ by a hamm] & iron r+ to ! size ( peas4 ,! :ole #cj p\nds is !n spread out1 & aft] c>eful mix+ portions are lift$ ) a flat knife1 tak+ up ! f9e du/ ) ! l>g] fragm5ts1 until ab\t #aj p\nds h be5 ga!r$4 ,?is quantity is !n gr\nd d[n f9e ) ! mull]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a #dj-me% sieve4 ,if ! rock is ri*1 ! la/ portion w be f\nd to conta9 "s free gold 9 flatt5$ discs1 :i* w n pass ?is sieve4 ,^! mu/ be plac$ ) ! pulv]iz$ ore1 & ! :ole ?or\ghly mix$1 if ! quantity is small1 b if l>ge mu/ be treat$ sep>ately1 & ! am\nt ( gold allott$ to ! :ole #aj p\nds & not$ :5 ! f9al calculation is made4 ,f ! ?or\ghly-mix$ sample1 two kilogrammes 7#bjjj grammes7 mu/ be c>efully laid out4 ,?is is plac$ 9 a pan or1 bett]1 9 a batea1 & c>efully wa%$ d[n until ! gold beg9s to appe>4 ,clean wat] is !n us$1 &1 :5 ! pan & ! small residue are clean$1 mo/ ( ! wat] is p\r$ (f & a globule ( pure m]cury 7:i* mu/ be free f gold7 is dropp$ 91 a piece ( cyanide ( potassium be+ add$ ) x4 ,z ! cyanide dissolves1 a rot>y motion is giv5 ! di%1 be/ done by hold+ ! arms /iff & mov+ ! body4 ,z ! m]cury rolls ov] & pl\ghs ?r\gh ! s&1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! cyanide x w collect toge!r all ! p>ticles ( free gold4 ,:5 x is c]ta9 t all is collect$1 ! m]cury may be c>efully transf]r$ to a small porcela9 cup or te/ tube1 & boil$ ) /rong nitric acid1 :i* mu/ be pure4 ,:5 ! m]cury is all dissolv$ ! acid is p\r$ (f1 m nitric acid appli$ cold1 & reject$1 & ! gold is !n wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] & dri$4 ,! object ( wa%+ ) acid ! second "t is to remove any nitrate ( m]cury :i* might rema9 ) ! gold1 & :i* is imm$iately precipitat$ if wat] is fir/ us$4 ,! result+ gold is n pure1 b has ! composition ( ! natural alloy4 ,be=e accurate calculations ( value are possible1 ! gold mu/ be obta9$ pure & weigh$ c>efully4 ,to purify ! gold x %\ld be melt$ ) silv]1 roll$ out or hamm]$ ?91 boil$ twice ) nitric acid1 wa%$1 dri$1 & heat$ to r$ness4 ,! me?od ( calculat+ ?is assay is simple4 ,x w be obs]v$ t #bjjj grammes repres5t a ton ( #bjjj p\nds2 !n ea* gramme w be ! equival5t ( "o p\nd avoirdupois1 or "o #bjjj? "p ( ! :ole1 & ! decimals ( a gramme to ! decimals ( a p\nd4 ,suppose ! ore yield$ by ! assay j describ$1 f9e gold weigh+ 4#jgb gramme1 x mu/ be q evid5t t a ton ( ! ore w\ld yield ! same decimal ( "o p\nd4 ,n[ "o p\nd ( gold is wor? #cja4df1 & x is only necess>y to multiply ?is value by ! weight ( gold obta9$ 9 grammes & decimals to f9d ! value ( ! gold 9 a ton ( ore--#cja4df 4#jgb--ba4gj4 ,! cyanide solution %\ld be kept r weak1 z gold is slightly soluble 9 /rong solutions ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,cyanide is a deadly poison4 ,t\*/ones are useful 9 decid+ ! probable value ( gold alloys4 ,sev]al pieces ( ! metal "u exam9ation are cut ) a cold *isel1 & ! fre% edges drawn ov] ! t\*/one4 ,^! /reaks are t\*$ ) nitric acid on a glass rod4 ,%\ld no reaction foll[1 ! gold is at lea/ #fdj f9e4 ,wipe ! /one ) s(t l95 & try ) te/ acid1 made by mix+ #ih p>ts ( *emically pure nitric acid ) two p>ts ( hydro*loric acid1 add+ #be p>ts di/ill$ wat] by measure4 ,if ?is has no effect1 take a t\* ne$le m>k$ #gjj1 & make a simil> /reak on ! /one samples4 ,comp>e1 &1 if necess>y1 cont9ue ) ! o!r ne$les1 us+ a high] numb] ea* "t4 ,an approximate e/imate ( ! sample w soon be obta9$4 ,%\ld ! gold seem poor] ?an #fdj f9e1 try ) ! copp] or silv] ne$le4 ,practice & a good eye soon make ?is me?od v c]ta9 9 its results4 ,retort$ amalgam is likely to conta9 m]cury4 ,to te/ = x1 put a small fragm5t into a clos$ glass tube1 tak+ c>e t x falls q to ! bottom4 ,heat ! gold ov] a _s lamp1 & a deposit ( m]cury w soon be se5 ^u ! cold] sides ( ! tube above ! bottom4 ,! tube may be brok5 & ! m]cury collect$ into a globule "u wat]4 ,9 m9+ regions gold du/ passes curr5t z co91 accord+ to :at is suppos$ to be its value4 ,occasionally c\nt]feit du/ is (f]$4 ,! readie/ means by :i* x may be detect$ are z foll[s3 ,! du/ f any "o di/rict is always mu* alike1 & any unusual appe>ance %\ld create suspicion4 ,try any d\btful pieces on a small anvil1 rememb]+ t gold is extremely malleable4 ,te/ "s ( ! gold ) nitric acid2 eff]vesc5ce or evolution ( r$ fumes1 or coloration ( ! acid prove impurities to be pres5t4 ,place two wat*-glasses 7mo/ useful 9 *emical te/s7 on pap]2 ! "o on a :ite %eet1 ! o!r on a black1 & ) a glass rod convey a few drops ( nitric acid f ! di% to ea*4 ,to ! glass on :ite pap] add a drop or two ( ammonia2 a blue color w\ld indicate copp]4 ,to ! o!r add hydro*loric acid2 %\ld a :ite precipitate =m1 x proves silv]4 ,if no action is notic$1 ev5 aft] heat+ ! di%1 ! du/ is g5u9e4 ,z du/ is sometimes m]ely copp] coat$ ) gold1 ! bett] plan is to cut all ! l>g] gra9s 9 two1 s t ! acid may attack ! copp] %\ld x be pres5t4 ,copp]4 ,copp] is a v easy m9]al to te/ =4 ,fir/ cru% ! ore & dissolve x 9 nitric acid by heat+4 ,!n dilute ) "s wat]1 & add ammonia4 ,! solution %\ld turn d>k blue4 ,! c>bonate ores ( copp] d n ext5d deep 9 ! m9e4 ,_! places are tak5 by copp] pyrites4 ,sulphide ores are usually difficult to treat1 & :5 !y are to be te/$ x is bett] to roa/ !m be=e try+ ! te/s = color4 ,te/ = copp] may also be made z foll[s3 ,! sample mu/ be pulv]iz$4 ,take an ounce ( ! p[d]1 & place 9 a porcela9 cup4 ,add =ty drops ( nitric acid1 tw5ty drops ( sulphuric acid & twelve drops ( hydro*loric acid4 ,boil ov] ! _s lamp until :ite fumes arise4 ,:5 cool1 mix ) a little wat]4 ,filt] & add a nail or two to ! liquid4 ,! copp] w be precipitat$1 & may be ga!r$ up & weigh$4 ,! am\nt ( copp] 9 ! sample multipli$ by #cb1jjj w be ! copp] 9 a ton ( ! ore4 ,%\ld copp] be suspect$1 roa/ ! p[d]$ ore & mix ) an equal quantity ( salt & c&le grease or o!r fat2 !n ca/ into ! fire1 & ! *>act]i/ic flame ( copp]--fir/ blue & !n gre5--w appe>4 ,?is te/ is bett] made at night4 ,coal4 ,coal is (t5 m valuable ?an gold1 & ! prospector %\ld be prep>$ to e/imate ! value ( any seams he may come across dur+ 8 travels4 ,! foll[+ is a v r\gh b wond]fully effective te/ = coal4 ,take a clay pipe1 pulv]ize y\r sample1 weigh (f tw5ty p5nyweights1 & place x 9 ! b[l ( ! pipe4 ,make a cov] ) "s damp clay4 ,dry ?or\ghly1 & put ! b[l upside d[n ov] a flame4 ,! gas 9 ! coal w come out ?r\gh ! /em1 & may be lit ) a mat*4 ,let ! pipe cool aft] ! gas has all escap$1 break (f ! cov]+ ( clay1 & if ! coal 0 adapt$ = coke ! result w be a lump ( t sub/ance 9 ! b[l4 ,weigh ?is4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 ! coke & ! tw5ty p5nyweights ( coal t 7 plac$ 9 ! b[l w repres5t ! combu/ible matt] =c$ out by ! heat4 ,n[ take ?is coke & burn x on a porcela9 di% ov] ! lamp4 ,y w h m or less a% left1 & ! diff]5ce 9 weight ( ! a% & ! coke w be ! am\nt ( fix$ c>bon 9 ! coal4 ,y\r te/ is complete1 & x ne$ n h co/ y ev5 ! pipe4 ,sulphur is a detrim5t to coal1 & if y notice mu* ( x 9 ! escap+ fumes1 y may be sure y\r sample is n wor? mu*4 ,m]cury4 ,c9nab>1 ! common ore ( m]cury1 is a sulphide4 ,scrat* x ) a knife1 & ! /reak w be bright crimson4 ,dissolve ! ore 9 nitric acid1 add a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 & y h a yell[ precipitate4 ,a v pretty te/ is to place ! ore pulv]iz$ 9 a glass tube ) "s *loride ( lime2 close ! top ( ! tube1 & place a small] "o !re91 s b5t t x w pass into a bas9 ( wat]2 heat ! bottom ( ! tube conta9+ ! ore & lime1 keep+ ! upp] "p & ! small tube cold ) wet rags1 & y w h a deposit ( quicksilv] 9 ! bas94 ,silv]4 ,silv] ore may be detect$ by dissolv+ a small quantity 9 a te/ tube ) a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,boil until all ! r$ fumes disappe>4 ,let ! solution cool1 & add a little wat]4 ,filt] ! :ole1 & add a few drops ( muriatic acid1 :i* w precipitate ! :ite *loride ( silv]4 ,dissolve ?is precipitate ) ammonia2 !n add nitric acid once m4 ,expos$ to ! light1 ! precipitate soon %[s a violet t9t4 ,pure silv] is ! brighte/ ( metals1 ( a brilliant :ite hue1 ) ri* lu/]4 ,to detect *loride ( silv] 9 a pulp1 rub h>%ly ) a clean1 bright & wet copp] c>tridge or co91 & if !re be silv] 9 ! pulp ! copp] w be coat$ ) x4 ,graphite w also :it5 copp]1 b ! film is easily rubb$ (f4 ,nickel4 ,nickel may be det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,a little ( ! p[d]$ ore tak5 up on ! po9t ( a p5knife1 & dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( t5 drops ( nitric & five drops ( muriatic acid1 %\ld be boil$ ov] a lamp = a few m9utes1 & t5 or twelve drops ( wat] add$4 ,a small quantity ( f]rocyanide ( pota% w ?r[ d[n a :iti%-gre5 precipitate1 indicat+ nickel4 ,plat9um4 ,plat9um is a mo/ refractory metal to treat1 z x mu/ be boil$ = at lea/ two h\rs 9 ! mixture ( muriatic & nitric acid1 kn[n z aqua regia4 ,a small am\nt ( alcohol is to be add$ to ! solution1 & ! latt] filt]$4 ,! plat9um is precipitat$ ) ammonia *loride4 ,manganese4 ,manganese may be prov$ z foll[s3 ,a few gra9s ( p[d]$ ore are plac$ 9 a te/-tube1 ) ?ree or f\r drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,two or ?ree gra9s ( granulat$ lead or li?>ge be+ dropp$ 91 ! color w become p9k %\ld manganese be 9 ! ore4 ,a prelim9>y exam9ation ( a m9]al may be made ) a pocket l5s & a p5knife4 ,) ! fir/1 any conspicu\s con/itu5ts may be recogniz$1 :ile a scrat* ) ! po9t ( ! latt] w give an idea z to ! s(tness or h>dness ( ! m9]al4 ,%\ld mu* qu>tz 7silica7 be pres5t1 a %>p bl[ ) ! /eel w cause sp>ks4 ,! next te/ %\ld be ) "s ore p[d]$ & held ov] a _s flame4 ,a drop or two ( wat] & a drop ( sulpho-cyanide ( pota% w reveal iron1 %\ld su* be pres5t1 by a deep r$ coloration4 ,to ano!r portion add "o drop ( hydro*loric acid1 & a d5se1 curdy precipitate w indicate silv]1 if !re be any4 ,add$ to ! same orig9al nitric acid solution1 sev]al drops ( ammonia wat] w\ld detect copp] by a blue color4 ,antimony1 t91 alum9um1 z9c1 cobalt & nickel1 uranium & titanium are be/ %[n by ! bl[pipe4 ,c>bonates1 t is ^? m9]als t conta9 c>bon & oxyg5 9 addition to ! metal1 eff]vesce :5 br\ght into contact ) hydro*loric acid4 ,"s s&/ones h a small am\nt ( lime c>bonate1 & mu/ be tri$ "u ! l5s1 z ! bubbles are microscopic4 ,^! te/s are extremely useful1 b by no means infallible1 ow+ to s few ores be+ pure4 ,:5 ! explor] wi%es to "k all ! con/itu5ts ( ! ore he has f\nd1 he mu/ analyze x4 ,an analysis gives e sub/ance 9 ! ore4 ,su* exam9ations may be ei!r by ! dry or wet me?ods1 ?\gh usually ! t]m analysis is re/rict$ to ! latt]1 & fire assay is us$ to describe ! =m]4 ,! wet assay = silv]1 lead or m]cury is effect$ z foll[s3 ,drop a little p[d]$ ore 9 a te/ tube2 add nitric acid2 dilute ) #a_/h wat]2 w>m g5tly ov] ! _s lamp4 ,x may dissolve or x may n4 ,9 ! latt] case1 add f\r times z mu* hydro*loric acid4 ,%\ld all ^! attempts fail1 a fre% sample mu/ be tak51 & equal p>ts ( sodium c>bonate & potassium c>bonate add$1 & ! :ole /rongly heat$ 9 a plat9um crucible4 ,! cont5ts1 aft] cool+1 is dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,9 any case ! assay w n[ be dissolv$1 & w be 9 ! solution4 ,filt]4 ,p\r t5 drops into a te/ tube2 add ?ree or f\r drops ( hydro*loric acid4 ,a precipitate appe>s4 ,x may be silv]1 lead or m]cury4 ,if silv]1 x gr[s d>k violet aft] exposure to sunlight1 or #cj or #dj drops ( ammonia dissolves x 9 a few mom5ts4 ,%\ld x n dissolve1 x is lead or m]cury4 ,te/ = lead by filt]+1 & heat+ "s ( ! precipitate on *>coal be=e ! bl[-pipe4 ,a bead & yell[ incru/ation indicate lead4 ,%\ld none ( ^! ?+s happ51 !n ! metal is m]cury4 ,filt]2 place 9 glass tubes2 heat g5tly1 & a mirror ( quicksilv] w appe> on ! sides ( ! glass4 ,?is is z f> z ! prospector1 )\t ! v>i\s reag5ts & *emicals t ! analy/ has always at h&1 w be able to g4 ,m complex treatm5t mu/ be res]v$ until a return to civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,bl[-,,pipe ,,te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bl[-,,pipe4 ,z a means ( readily detect+ ! pres5ce ( m9]als 9 _! ores ! bl[-pipe1 9 ! h&s ( a skillful op]ator1 is unrival$4 ,nor is ?is skill at all h>d to come by2 two or ?ree weeks' pati5t /udy "u a good ma/] %\ld tea* a great deal1 & subsequ5tly pr(ici5cy w\ld come by practice 9 ! field4 ,un=tunately1 "s v clev] m5 h become s en?usia/ic z to bl[-pipe "w t !y h devis$ me?ods by :i* ! am\nt ( metal 9 an ore z well z its nature may be det]m9$1 b 9 s do+ h s enl>g$ ! am\nt ( app>atus1 & complicat$ ! te/s s s]i\sly t ! simplicity ( ! bl[-pipe outfit is 9 dang] ( be+ lo/1 & its *ief advantage ( be+ =gott52 = !re are _m bett] ways ( det]m9+ ! value ( an ore4 ,a good assay or1 bett] /ill1 a mill run1 is wor? incomp>ably m ?an any quantitative bl[-pipe te/1 ev5 :5 conduct$ by a ,plattn]4 ,! *emical bl[-pipe is made ( brass or ,g]man silv]1 ) plat9um tip4 ,! be/ fuel1 tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 is a p>aff9 c&le 9 cold climates1 & a /e>9e c&le 9 hot ones4 ,tall[ may d 9 an em]g5cy1 b x requires too mu* snuff+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$uc+ ,,flame4 ,! bl[-pipe c produce two flames4 ,! "o kn[n z ! r$uc+ flame1 & g5]ally pr9t$ z ,r4,f42 & ! oxidiz+ flame1 repres5t$ by ! initials ,o4,f4 ,9 ! fir/ ! sub/ance "u exam9ation is heat$ out ( contact ) ! air & p>ts ) its oxyg54 ,9 ! second1 x is heat$ 9 ! air & absorbs oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,,oxidiz+ ,,flame4 ,well-burnt p9e or will[ *>coal 9 slabs #c in*es by #a-c_/d in*es is ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! m9]al to be te/$ is plac$4 ,a small %all[ depression is scrap$ out ( "o side ( x & ! assay plac$ !re94 ,plat9um wire1 "s #c in*es long1 conv5i5tly fus$ into a piece ( glass tube z a h&le1 is us$ to te/ ! coloration ( m9]als 9 ! flame4 ,?is %\ld be clean$ occasionally 9 dilute sulphuric acid & !n wa%$ 9 wat]4 ,a small pair ( =ceps ) plat9um po9ts s]ve a great v>iety ( purposes1 b ! beg9n] mu/ be c>eful n to heat metallic sub/ances 9 !m to a r$ heat1 z he may !reby cause an alloy ( ! metal ) ! plat9um & spoil !m = future use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,agate ,,mort>4 ,glass tub+ "o-twelf? to "o-qu>t] in* 9 diamet] & f f\r to six in*es 9 l5g? is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,f ?is mat]ial :at are kn[n z clos$ tubes may be made by heat+ a piece ( ! tub+ at or ab\t its c5t] ov] a _s lamp1 &1 :5 ! glass has fus$1 pull+ x ap>t4 ,^! clos$ tubes are us$ 9 heat+ sub/ances out ( contact ) ! air4 ,a small agate mort> is indisp5sable4 ,x mu/ be us$ = gr9d+ sub/ances s(t] ?an itself to a p[d]1 b x w break if rapp$ %>ply4 ,a small jewel]'s hamm] is us$ to flatt5 metallic globules ^u any h>d surface ,a regul> bl[-pipe outfit w\ld include a small anvil = ?is purpose1 b x is h>dly necess>y1 z any iron or /eel surface w d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,te/ ,,tubes4 ,a magnet w detect ! pres5ce ( any magnetic m9]al1 especially if x is r$uc$ to p[d] & ! te/ made "u wat]4 ,two small files1 "o ?ree-corn]$ & ! o!r rat-tail$1 mu/ be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( requisites4 ,by means ( ! =m]1 glass tub+ may be not*$ & pull$ or pu%$ ap>t1 & ! latt] is necess>y 9 fitt+ glass tub+ to ! cork ( wa%-bottles & o!r app>atus4 ,a good l5s is indisp5sable4 ,t kn[n z ! ,codd+ton is z good z any4 ,a doz5 te/ tubes ( h>d glass1 ) /&1 9 small & m$ium sizes1 %\ld n be =gott54 ,a glass funnel #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] is requisite 9 filt]+4 ,! circul> filt] pap]s are fold$ 9 f\r & plac$ 9 ! funnel1 po9t d[n1 ?ree ?icknesses ( ! pap] be+ on "o side ( ! funnel & "o ?ickness on ! o!r4 ,a wa%-bottle is made f a flask into :i* a s\nd cork has be5 plac$ ) holes 9 x = two pieces ( glass tub+4 ,! "o s]ves z a m\?-piece into :i* ! op]ator bl[s1 :ile ! o!r1 rea*+ almo/ to ! bottom ( ! bottle & end+ 9 a sp\t outside ! cork1 p]mits a /ream ( wat] to be =c$ out ( ! bottle :5 x is bl[n into4 ,a few glass rods 9 %ort l5g?s d = /irr]s4 ,a little +5uity is bett] ?an mu* app>atus4 ,( reag5ts1 all ^? to be f\nd 9 a well-appo9t$ laboratory may occasionally be ( s]vice1 b ! r\gh & ready prospector c get along fairly well ) ! foll[+3 ,c>bonate ( soda1 borax1 microcosmic salt1 cobalt solution1 cyanide ( potassium1 lead granulat$1 bone a%1 te/ pap]s ( blue litmus & turm]ic1 ! =m] = prov+ ! pres5ce ( acid 9 a solution & ! latt] t ( an alkali4 ,! =ego+ are all dry reag5ts4 ,among ! wet reag5ts are3 ,wat]--clean ra9wat]--or1 bett] /ill1 di/ill$ wat]2 hydro*loric acid1 sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 ammonia1 nitrate ( cobalt4 ,heat+ a m9]al ) c>bonate ( soda on *>coal is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,! pulv]iz$ m9]al1 intimately mix$ ) ?ree times its bulk ( c>bonate ( soda1 is plac$ 9 ! cavity on ! coal4 ,t9 ore1 :i* is v difficult to r$uce1 %\ld h a fragm5t ( cyanide ( potassium plac$ ^u x aft] x has be5 heat$ = a few seconds1 & ! flame is !n reappli$4 ,a globule ( metal %\ld result1 & p]haps an incru/ation on ! coal4 ,! reaction is z foll[s3 ,metal4 ,globule4 ,incru/ation4 ,gold4 ,yell[1 malleable4 ,none4 ,silv]4 ,:ite1 malleable4 ,none4 ,copp]4 ,r$1 malleable4 ,none4 ,lead4 ,:ite1 malleable4 ,r$ :5 hot1 yell[ :5 cold4 ,bismu?4 ,:ite1 brittle4 ,r$ :5 hot1 yell[ :5 cold4 ,z9c4 ,none4 ,yell[ :5 hot1 :ite :5 cold4 ,antimony4 ,:ite1 brittle1 fumes4 ,:ite4 ,a small loop is made at ! end ( ! plat9um wire1 & x is heat$ & dipp$ 9 borax2 heat$ aga91 !n t\*$ :ile hot to ! p[d]$ m9]al & heat$ once m4 ,! foll[+ colors are obta9$3 ,,color ,,( ,,bead4 ,o4,f4 ,r4,f4 ,metal4 ,r$ or yell[1 hot4 ,bottle-gre54 ,iron4 ,yell[ or colorless1 cold4 ,blue1 hot or cold4 ,blue4 ,cobalt4 ,gre51 hot2 blue1 cold4 ,r$4 ,copp]4 ,ame?y/4 ,colorless4 ,manganese4 ,gre54 ,gre54 ,*romium4 ,violet1 hot2 r$-br[n1 cold4 ,gray4 ,nickel4 ,! sub/ance to be te/$ is g5]ally p[d]$ & moi/5$1 plac$ 9 ! cavity & cov]$ or n z circum/ances may dem&1 ) a p9* ( c>bonate ( soda or o!r suitable reag5t4 ,! foll[+ results may be obta9$3 ,antimony4 ,place ! m9]al 9 ! cavity ) a little ( c>bonate ( soda1 & bl[ ^u x ) ! inn] or oxidiz+ flame4 ,?is is =m$ by ins]t+ ! bl[-pipe an eigh? ( an in* into ! flame & bl[+ /eadily4 ,a :ite incru/ation on ! coal1 & a brittle button ( antimony %\ld be ! result4 ,lead4 ,treat ! suspect$ lead ore ! same way1 & y w get a yell[ incru/ation on ! coal & a button ( malleable lead4 ,z9c4 ,proce$ z above1 & aft] bl[+ = a few seconds moi/5 ! incru/ation ) a drop ( nitrate ( cobalt4 ,heat once m1 b ?is "t use ! out] or r$uc+ flame1 :i* is produc$ by keep+ ! po9t ( ! bl[-pipe a little outside ! flame & bl[+ m g5tly ?an be=e1 s t ! :ole flame play+ ^u ! coal may be yell[ 9 color4 ,a gre5 incru/ation w be an evid5ce ( z9c4 ,copp]4 ,z usual1 mix ! ore & ! soda into a pa/e & fuse x ) ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dig ! mass out ( ! *>coal ) ! po9t ( a knife & rub x 9 ! mort> ) wat]4 ,n[ decant into a te/ tube1 &1 all[+ ! s$im5t to settle1 p\r (f ! wat]4 ,if !re 0 copp] 9 ! ore1 r$ scales w be f\nd 9 ! te/ tube4 ,ars5ic4 ,heat 9 ! inn] flame = a second or two1 & if ! ore conta9s ars5ic y w notice an odor ( g>lic4 ,t94 ,?is is a v difficult ore to r$uce1 b ! addition ( a little cyanide ( pota% to ! p[d]$ ore w make x easi]4 ,fuse1 aft] moi/5+ on ! *>coal1 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 & y w probably obta9 small globules ( t94 ,silv]4 ,make a pa/e ( ! ore ) c>bonate ( soda2 add a small piece ( lead & fuse into a button4 ,make a second pa/e ( bone a% & wat]1 & aft] y h dri$ x ) a g5tle flame place ! button ( silv] & lead on ! bone a%1 & turn on ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,! lead w disappe>1 leav+ a silv] globule4 ,%\ld x n be pure :ite1 b m or less t+$ ) yell[1 x probably conta9s gold2 & if ! button be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 :atev] rema9s beh9d is gold4 ,sometimes x is desirable to det]m9e :e!r tellurium is pres5t 9 an ore4 ,?is is v easy to f9d out4 ,all t is requir$ is a bl[-pipe1 alcohol lamp & a porcela9 di%4 ,break (f a small piece ( ! ore1 place x 9 ! di% previ\sly w>m$1 bl[ ^u ! ore ) ! bl[-pipe until x is oxidiz$1 !n drop a little sulphuric acid on ! ore & di%4 ,if tellurium be pres5t1 c>m9e & purple colors on ! assay w proclaim ! fact4 ,bismu? ores are v heavy2 usually !y h m or less antimony associat$ ) !m1 :i* is a drawback1 z ! sep>ation is an exp5sive matt] & ! returns are less ?an !y w\ld be f a l[ grade pure ore4 ,9 te/+ = ?is metal1 dissolve a cru%$ sample 9 nitric acid & !n add pota% 9 excess4 ,if ! ore is "o conta9+ bismu?1 y %\ld h a :ite precipitate2 if x conta9s cobalt1 y w get a blui%-gre5 coloration4 ,bismu? is wor? ab\t fifty c5ts a p\nd if pure & free f antimony4 ,gal5a is (t5 mi/ak5 = o!r ores1 specul> iron ore = in/ance4 ,if ! ore be cru%$ & heat$ 9 nitric acid until dissolv$1 "s wat] add$1 & an addition made to ! solution ( a few drops ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1 a d>k blood-r$ precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,if ! ore 7 gal5a1 !re w\ld be no coloration4 ,! s-call$ /eel gal5a :i* c>ries a little z9c is g5]ally ri*] 9 silv] ?an ! ord9>y cube gal5a1 ?\gh ! rev]se is sometimes ! case4 ,if lead ore be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 ! solution dilut$1 & "s hydro*loric acid add$1 a :ite precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,add ammonia & ! precipitate rema9s unalt]$4 ,! bl[-pipe op]ator has to le>n to brea! & bl[ at ! same "t2 ! brea?+ he does ?r\gh ! no/rils1 ! bl[+ is produc$ by ! natural t5d5cy ( ! *eeks to collapse :5 di/5d$ ) air4 ,a skillful op]ator c bl[ = _m m9utes at a "t )\t ! slighte/ fatigue4 ,to id5tify c9nab>1 ! ore f :i* quicksilv] is obta9$1 make a pa/e ( ! sub/ance 9 p[d] & c>bonate ( soda4 ,heat 9 ! op5 tube1 & a globule ( m]cury w result4 ,sulphur turns silv] black4 ,make a pa/e ) c>bonate ( soda1 heat on ! *>coal1 & remov+ ! mass ) ! po9t ( a knife lay x on a silv] co9 & moi/54 ,a black sulphide ( silv] %\ld %[ quickly on ! co9 if sulphur is pres5t4 ,magnesia gives a fa9t p9k color :5 heat$ & treat$ ) nitrate ( cobalt on coal4 ,alum9a "u ! same circum/ances give a blue color4 ,roa/+ is an oxidiz+ process1 ! sub/ance be+ heat$ 9 air1 s t x may absorb oxyg54 ,! te/ by r$uction ) soda on coal 9 ! ,r4,f4 is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 ! case ( copp] ore1 z little z #a p] c5t4 be+ detect$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,economic ,,ores ,,& ,,m9]als4 ,alum9um is d]iv$ f two ores1 cryolite & bauxite4 ,?is metal has made rapid /rides into favor dur+ ! pa/ half-doz5 ye>s4 ,al?\gh kn[n s9ce #ahbg1 x rema9$ a r>e sub/ance 9 ! metallic =m1 ?\gh x is ! mo/ abundant ( any ( ! metals 9 its ore4 ,9 ord9>y clay !re is an inexhau/ible s\rce ( alum9um4 ,b ! ores t yield ! metal *eaply are few4 ,until rec5tly1 cryolite1 f\nd abundantly 9 ,gre5l&1 0 ! *ief s\rce ( ! metal1 b n[ bauxite is us$ 9 its place4 ,bauxite is a limonite iron ore 9 :i* a "p ( ! iron has be5 replac$ by alum9um4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,alabama1 ,georgia & ,arkansas1 z well z 9 ,europe4 ,alum9um is :ite1 & v light 9 weight4 ,x does n t>ni% easily4 ,! *emical composition ( ^! ores is3 ,alum9um4 ,cryolite1 ,al#b;,f#f4f,na,f #ab4h p] c5t4 ,bauxite1 ,al#b,o#c4c;,h#b,o #gc4i p] c5t4 ,9 #ahie ! production ( ?is metal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #ijj1jjj p\nds4 ,9 #ahii x rose to #f1ejj1jjj p\nds4 ,! only firm produc+ alum9um is ! ,pittsburg ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,buffalo1 ,n4,y41 :o r$uce ! metal f bauxite1 :i* !y obta9 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,"o ( ! late/ uses = ?is metal is = gold m9]s' pans4 ,! ,fr5* seem to keep ahead ( ! re/ ( ! _w 9 f9d+ new uses = alum9um4 ,mo/ ( ! supply ( cryolite comes f ,gre5l&1 :]e x occurs 9 ve9s runn+ ?r\gh gneiss rocks4 ,glass-mak]s use x & pay good prices = x4 ,lately mak]s ( alum9um also buy x1 z x conta9s #ac p] c5t4 ( t metal4 ,a new alum9um-be>+ m9]al1 discov]$ 9 ,new ,mexico & 9 ,ohio1 is call$ native alum4 ,x gives #ej4af p] c5t4 alum9a1 & may be treat$ by solution 9 w>m wat]1 filtration1 evaporation & roa/+4 ,no e/imate has yet be5 made ( ! am\nt available4 ,z bauxite promises to be 9 great] dem& 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pres5t1 ow+ to ! ev]-increas+ dem& = alum9um1 ! prospector w d well to make himself ?or\ghly famili> ) its appe>ance4 ,x is creamy :ite :5 free f iron1 & ! gra9s are l little peas1 or pisolitic4 ,x conta9s wat]1 alum9um1 silica1 & g5]ally iron4 ,! ,fr5* b$s ne> ! t[n ( ,baux are #cj miles long & #dj feet ?ick4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b$s h be5 f\nd 9 ,alabama1 ,georgia & ,arkansas4 ,! ,georgia b$s are turn+ out ?ree-fif?s ( ! bauxite produc$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ore is 9 b$s & pockets1 & en\gh has be5 prospect$ to assure a supply = "s ye>s to come1 unless ! dem& %\ld gr[ v decid$ly1 9 :i* case a sc>city might soon be felt4 ,! ,am]ican ore is easi] to "w ?an ! ,fr5*1 & manufactur]s pref] x to any !y c import1 ev5 ?\gh ! co/ is high] & ! p]c5tage ( alum9um small]4 ,! ,arkansas deposits are z ?ick z ! ,fr5*1 & only #cjj feet above ! level ( ! tide4 ,import$ bauxite co/ #e to #g a ton 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,am]ican ore co/s #e to #ab a long ton4 ,be/ select$ ,georgia br+s #aj4 ,%\ld ! deposits ( bauxite give out1 ! manufactur]s ( alum9um w\ld probably fall back on cryolite4 ,at ,tvigtuk1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 x exi/s1 z a v heavy ve91 9 gneiss4 ,x is semitransp>5t1 & sn[-:ite4 ,impurities may /a9 x yell[ or r$ or ev5 black4 ,its specific gravity is #b4ie1 & its h>dness #b4e to #c4 ,x is fusible 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 & yields hydr(luoric acid if treat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,x is /ill us$ = mak+ soda & alum9um salts1 & an imitation porcela94 ,x is also 9 g5]al use z a flux4 ,amb]4 ,?is is a fossil res91 or gum1 & may (t5 be f\nd 9 lignite b$s4 ,rec5t discov]ies h be5 made on ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia t are expect$ to supply ! _w4 ,all pipe-smok]s "k x4 ,antimony4 ,! comm]cial ore ( ?is metal is ! sulphide kn[n z /ibnite1 or gray antimony4 ,its composition :5 pure is #gb p] c5t4 antimony & #bh p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,h>dness is #b2 gravity1 #d4e2 lu/]1 metallic2 opaque2 gray2 cleavage1 p]fect4 ,fracture1 con*oidal4 ,texture1 granul> to massive4 ,! ore t>ni%es quickly1 is easily melt$1 or dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! associat$ m9]als are g5]ally ! ores ( lead1 z9c1 & c>bonate ( iron4 ,b>yta may be ! gangue or ve9/one4 ,antimony is wor? f #aj to #ae c5ts a p\nd4 ,al?\gh antimony occurs 9 _m m9]als1 ! only comm]cial s\rce is ! sulphide1 /ibnite4 ,antimony is us$ z an alloy 9 type metal1 pewt]1 & babbitt metals4 ,x is injuri\s to copp]1 ev5 "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t4 r$uc+ ! value ( t metal v consid]ably4 ,! price v>ies greatly1 be+ n[ ab\t #aj c5ts a p\nd4 ,! composition ( /ibnite is3 ,antimony4 ,/ibnite1 ,sb#b,s#c #ga4h p] c5t4 ,! production ( antimony 9 ?is c\ntry is n v l>ge4 ,! output ( #ahii 0 b #a1bej tons1 valu$ at #bda1bej4 ,! ore is wor? f #dj to #ej a ton deliv]$ at ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,n4,y4 ,apatite suff]$ 9 dem& :5 ! *eap phosphates ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7 discov]$1 & ^! 9 turn are be+ ou/$ f ! m>kets ( ! _w by ,?omas slag1 an artificial phosphate1 & by ! easily-m9$ natural phosphates ( ,alg]ia4 ,! price v>ies ) ! quality ( ! rock1 f #a4ge to #aa p] ton1 av]ag+ 9 #ahii1 #c4hf4 ,apatite is a phosphate ( lime1 conta9+ #dc p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,x occurs 9 ! old cry/all9e & prim>y rocks ( ,canada1 b al?\gh /ill ( "s value x has yield$ ! position x once occupi$ to ! ,c>ol9a phosphate deposits1 :i*1 al?\gh n s ri* 9 acid1 are s(t]1 & less exp5sive to utilize4 ,apatite is d\btless d]iv$ f ! rema9s ( animals or fi%es t liv$ 9 ! di/ant pa/4 ,! colors are (t5 beautiful--gre51 p9k1 gray1 etc4--b ! %e5 is always :ite4 ,h>dness ( #d4h4 ,specific gravity1 #c4a4 ,asbe/os4 ,?is fibr\s silicate ( magnesia & lime is to be look$ = among prim>y rocks ne> s]p5t9e dike4 ,! fib]s ( ?is mat]ial may be wov5 into clo? t w be fire-pro(4 ,x is ( consid]able1 ?\gh fluctuat+1 value4 ,! dem& = ?is mat]ial is likely to increase1 ?\gh at pres5t ! supply is fully equal to dem&4 ,x is be+ us$ 9 ,g]many to make fire-pro( pap]1 & 9 ,quebec to make asbe/os pla/] = cov]+ wood-"w4 ,x is g5]ally qu>ri$ 9 op5 pits1 ! rock be+ cru%$ 9 a rock-break]1 & ! fib] fre$ f adh]+ p>ticles ( rock & du/4 ,x is !n sort$1 ! longe/ fib]s go+ into ! fir/ quality heap4 ,! production 9 #ahii 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #iab tons1 value #ac1hfj2 9 ,canada1 #bc1bff tons1 value #eih1gcf4 ,borax4 ,?is m9]al is borate ( soda4 ,its composition is3 #cg p] c5t4 boric acid1 #af p] c5t4 soda1 & #dg p] c5t4 wat]4 ,its gravity is #a4g4 ,h>dness1 #b4c4 ,x is :ite1 & has a sweeti% ta/e4 ,borax is valuable1 b occurr+ z x does z an incru/ation ^u ! gr\nd ov] l>ge areas1 a detail$ description w\ld be sup]flu\s1 z ! explor] w surely recognize x %\ld he f9d x4 ,clay4 ,a good b$ ( clay may be ( value 9 an accessible region4 ,brick-clay conta9s silica1 alum9a1 iron1 etc4 ,pott]s' clay is made by susp5d+ ord9>y brick-clay 9 wat]1 & runn+ (f ! wat] & f9e p>ticles susp5d$ !re94 ,^! are all[$ to settle1 &1 :5 dry1 are f9e pott]s' clay4 ,! bett] ! clay1 ! l>g] ! p]c5tage ( pott]s' clay4 ,fire-clay %\ld conta9 #fj p] c5t4 ( silica1 & #cj p] c5t4 ( alum9a4 ,mix$ ) s& & burnt into bricks1 x w resi/ great heat4 ,light-color$ clays are pref]able = ?is purpose1 z iron is prejudicial to a good fire-brick4 ,kaol9 is ! f9e/ porcela9 clay1 & ! be/ comes f ,*9a1 ,japan or ,france4 ,x is a product ( decay 9 feldsp> rocks4 ,! pota% is wa%$ out1 & ! silica & alum9a left z p>ts ( a :ite clay ( f9e gra94 ,coal4 ,an?racite is bitum9\s coal t has be5 subject$ to great heat & pressure2 9 pla9 language1 bak$4 ,x conta9s ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,specific gravity #a4e to #a4h4 ,h>dness1 #b4c to #b4f4 ,! a% left aft] burn+ is :ite or r$4 ,!re is little or no sulphur 9 an?racite4 ,x does n coke4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 divisions ( coal1 arrang$ accord+ to _! c>bon1 wat] & a%4 ,!y are3 ,c>bon4 ,wat]4 ,a%4 ,an?racite #hj-ie p4c4 #b-c p4c4 #d-aj p4c4 ,bitum9\s #de-hj p4c4 #a-e p4c4 #h-bj p4c4 ,lignite #g-de p4c4 #ae-cf p4c4 #f-dj p4c4 ,good bitum9\s coal conta9s ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 b ! composition v>ies greatly4 ,cannel coal is a v>iety ( bitum9\s t gives (f mu* gas4 ,x burns ) a bright flame 9 an op5 grate1 ignit+ z easily z a c&le4 ,lignite is int]m$iate betwe5 coal & peat4 ,all ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 coals are lignites4 ,x is a v inf]ior coal at its wor/1 :ile at its be/ x is ne>ly ! equal ( a poor bitum9\s coal4 ,"s coals w coke & o!rs w n2 no?+ b a trial c settle ?is matt] 9 ea* individual case4 ,good cok+ coal is v valuable4 ,cobalt4 ,cobalt ores are always f\nd 9 ve9s ) o!r metals4 ,pure cobalt is extremely r>e4 ,cobalt colors are us$ = porcela9 pa9t+1 glass-/a9+1 etc4 ,*romium4 ,all *rome is obta9$ f *romite1 :i* conta9s #fh p] c5t4 ( *rome sesqui-oxide1 ! rema9d] be+ iron protoxide4 ,h>dness1 #e4e2 gravity1 #d4d2 lu/]1 sub-metallic2 opaque4 ,/eel-gray to almo/ black4 ,h>%4 ,brittle4 ,cleavage1 imp]fect4 ,fracture1 unev54 ,texture1 massive to granul>4 ,*romite 9 gravel looks l %ot4 ,s]p5t9e (t5 conta9s x1 :5 x is apt to resemble a f9e-gra9$ magnetite4 ,x is us$ *iefly 9 iron & /eel alloys1 & 9 mak+ armor plate4 ,x is also us$ 9 dye+ fabrics & 9 pa9t manufacture4 ,b little *rome ore is produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! importation 9 #ahii 0 #ae1gic tons1 value #ah4jc p] ton4 ,*romite1 ,fe,o,cr#b,o#c #dg-fh ,?is ore is m]*antable at #bb to #be p] ton4 ,dome/ic ore ranges f #aj to #ab a ton1 :ile ! pure import$ ores are wor? #ba a ton4 ,! ye>ly consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t #af1jjj tons1 & ! ,am]ican production #ajj tons4 ,?is ore is useful z a l9+ = furnaces1 & ! dem& promises to become important4 ,newf\ndl& is said to conta9 l>ge deposits4 ,copp]4 ,native copp] occurs 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 b ! dem&s ( comm]ce are suppli$ f *alcopyrite or copp] pyrites1 & tetrah$rite or gray copp] ore4 ,_m diff]5t ores ( copp] may exi/ 9 ! same ve94 ,on ! surface an iron cap ( gossan reveals ! deposit2 imm$iately bel[ may be black oxide ( copp] ) "s mala*ite1 l[] d[n r$ oxide1 & bel[ ! wat]-l9e copp] sulphides4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal copp] ores3 ,sp4 ,gravity4 ,h>dness4 ,p4 ,c4 ,cu4 ,native copp] #h4h #b4h #ajj ,*alcopyrite #d4b #c4g #ce ,en>gite #d4d #c4j #dh ,tetrah$ite #e4j #c4e to #d4e #ce ,*alcocite #e4f #b4g #hj ,bornite #e4j #c4j #ee ,melaconite #f4b #b4j to #c4j #hj ,cuprite #f4j #c4f #hi ,*rysocolla #b4b #c4j #de ,! common ore is native copp]1 (t5 associat$ ) native silv]1 ! two rema9+1 *emically1 q di/9ct4 ,"s masses ( copp] occur t are too l>ge to h&le & mu/ be cut by cold *isels1 a me?od t co/s m = labor ?an ! value ( ! metal4 ,! ,lake ,sup]ior m9es produce #adj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( copp] a ye>1 :ile ^? ( ,montana made ! gigantic output ( #bbh1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #ahif4 ,! great ,anaconda m9e1 ( ,butte1 is ! heavie/ produc]1 yield+ m ?an half ! /ate's total4 ,dur+ #ahii ! ,new ,york copp] m>ket rate v>i$ betwe5 #ad4ge c5ts & #ah4df c5ts p] p\nd4 ,copp] is probably abundant 9 ! %ape ( pyrites 9 _m p>ts ( ,canada1 especially 9 ! ,nor?we/1 & prospectors 9 t region %\ld se>* dilig5tly = x4 ,! ,lake ,sup]ior m9es are unique 9 be+ deposits ( native copp]4 ,ow+ to ! great dem& = copp] foll[+ ^u ! extraord9>y spread ( electricity1 copp] prop]ties h become s enorm\sly valuable t1 possibly1 ! explor] w be q z =tunate 9 f9d+ copp] z 9 f9d+ gold4 ,moreov]1 ) ! exception ( ,spa9 & ,*ili1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has no s]i\s rivals 9 copp] production1--,montana & ,mi*igan1 produc+ ! great] "p ( ! output4 ,! fam\s ,calumet & ,hecla m9e1 9 ,mi*igan1 is n[ d[n #d1jjj feet & /ill yields ore4 ,! mo/ copp] ores are n difficult to di/+ui%4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! ruddy hue ( pure copp]1 ! color ( ! native metal4 ,x may be flatt5$ "u ! hamm] or cut ) ! knife4 ,a little ( ! ore mix$ ) grease colors a flame gre54 ,copp] ores are heavy1 & g5]ally ( a bright color1 ei!r r$1 blue1 gre51 yell[ or br[n4 ,corundum4 ,n9e hundr$ & sev5ty tons ( ?is abrasive 7 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahii2 value1 #gh1egj4 ,corundum is f\nd 9 feldsp> ve9s1 & associat$ ) *lorites 9 s]p5t9e rock4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a furni%es half ! corundum m>ket$4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is sub/ance is always indicat$ 9 ! ,s\? by s]p5t9e1 *rysolite1 or oliv9e rocks2 exp]i5ce be+ ! only guide ! m9]s h 9 f9d+ new deposits4 ,! contacts ( ! oliv9e rocks ) gneiss usually produce ri* deposits4 ,corundum is ! h>de/ sub/ance kn[n1 next to ! diamond4 ,x is us$ z a poli%+ p[d]4 ,em]y is an impure corundum conta9+ iron4 ,corundum is compos$ ( #ec p] c5t4 alum9um & #dg p] c5t4 oxyg54 ,specific gravity is #d4 ,h>dness1 #i4 ,feldsp>4 ,! ,ma9e1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 & ,connecticut ores are wor? #c to #f p] long ton 7#b1bdj p\nds7 at po9t ( production4 ,fluorsp>4 ,! ,am]ican m>ket is suppli$ by ore f ,rosicl>e1 ,ill41 ,m>ion1 ,ky41 ,h>d9 ,co41 ,ill41 & ,liumpton ,co41 ,ky41 & import$ sp>4 ,x is wor? #f a ton ( #b1jjj p\nds4 ,?is sp> is s(t] ?an qu>tz & ( mo/ brilliant colors1 v>y+ ?r\gh ! yell[s1 gre5s1 blues & r$s1 to pure :ite4 ,! /reak is always :ite4 ,specific gravity1 #c4 ,h>dness1 #d4 ,x is wor? m9+ :5 abundant & accessible4 ,gems4 ,gems are to be look$ = 9 a c\ntry ( cry/all9e rock1 su* z granite1 gneiss1 dolomite1 etc4 ,topaz & ruby are g5]ally discov]$ 9 cry/all9e lime/ones1 :ile turquoise is usually f\nd 9 clay slate4 ,x is n likely t ! ,am]ican prospector w come ^u ! true ori5tal ruby2 he w m probably f9d ! g>net4 ,! ruby is next to ! diamond 9 h>dness & 9 value1 & consi/s practically ( pure alum9a4 ,! g>net is b z h>d z qu>tz1 & is a silicate ( alum9a ) lime & a little iron4 ,!y cry/allize 9 diff]5t sy/ems1 ! m valuable gem belong+ to ! rhomboh$ral1 & ! less valuable to ! isometric sy/em4 ,! turquoise :i* has lately be5 f\nd 9 ,arizona is n a cry/al4 ,! blue color :i* di/+ui%es x is d]iv$ f copp]4 ,x is a phosphate ( alum9a ) wat] 9 composition4 ,9 =m x is kidney %ap$ or /alactitic4 ,lazulite1 a f> less valuable sub/ance1 is also blue1 b z x cry/allizes 9 ! monocl9ic sy/em x %\ld n be mi/ak5 = turquoise4 ,moreov]1 lazulite is s(t] & conta9s magnesia & lime1 :i* ! turquoise does n4 ,lapis lazuli1 :i* is also occasionally mi/ak5 = turquoise1 belongs to ! regul> or isometric sy/em2 x is commonly massive or compact1 & is a silicate ( alum9a ) "s lime & iron4 ,x is f\nd 9 sy5ite1 cry/all9e1 lime/one1 & (t5 associat$ ) pyrites & mica4 ,topaz belongs to ! or?orhombic sy/em4 ,x is a silicate ( alum9a ) fluor9e4 ,p[d]$1 mix$1 & heat$ ) microcosmic salt 9 ! op5 tube1 fluor9e is dis5gag$ ) its *>act]i/ic odor1 & et*+ action ^u glass4 ,) ! bl[ pipe on *>coal1 heat$ ) ! cobalt solution1 x gives ! f9e blue color ( alum9a4 ,! explor] :o comes ^u any h>d1 brightly color$ /one1 t may possibly turn out a gem1 %\ld pres]ve x c>efully until he returns to "s city1 :5 x %\ld be submitt$ to an exp]t4 ,! value ( a gem dep5ds ^u s _m qualities t x 7 hopeless = ! tyro to endeavor to arrive at any j e/imate ( x4 ,he might ru9 a sup]b specim51 )\t becom+ "o bit ! wis]4 ,a few ( ! m prom95t *>act]s ( valuable gems foll[3 ,"n4 ,sp4 ,gravity4 ,h>dness4 ,color4 ,aquam>9e #b4g #g4g ,blue4 ,em]ald #b4g #g4e ,gre54 ,diamond #c4e #aj4j ,colorless4 ,g>net #d4a #g4j ,cl>et4 ,opal #b4b #f4j ,opal9e4 ,ruby #c4e #h4j ,d>k r$4 ,t\rmal9e #c4a #g4c ,v>i\s4 ,turquoise #b4g #f4j ,blue1 gre54 ,ultram>9e #b4e #e4h ,blue to gre54 ,graphite4 ,?is m9]al is commonly kn[n z black lead1 or plumbago4 ,x is ! same 9 composition z ! diamond1 viz43 #ajj p] c5t4 c>bon4 ,specific gravity1 #b to #b4b4 ,h>dness1 #a4b to #a4i4 ,color1 black4 ,greasy4 ,( value :5 free f impurities4 ,us$ 9 mak+ p5cils1 /ove poli%1 crucibles1 etc4 ,f\nd 9 ! e>li] rocks4 ,gypsum4 ,a sulphate ( lime occurr+ 9 great b$s4 ,burnt1 x becomes pla/] ( p>is4 ,iron4 ,?is1 ! mo/ important ( all metals1 is f\nd 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,! ores ( iron are3 ,sp4 ,gravity4 ,h>dness4 ,p4 ,c4 ,fe4 ,native ore #g4g #d4e #ajj ,magnetite #e4a #f4j #gb ,hematite #d4h #f4j #gj ,limonite #c4h #e4b #fj ,sid]ite #c4h #d4j #fb ,pyrite #e4j #f4c #dg ,native iron is only f\nd 9 meteorites t h come f space4 ,magnetite is load/one ore2 ! p[d] is r$di% black1 & ! ore1 d>k br[n to black4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! old] rocks & is an important ore4 ,hematite v>ies f metallic to dull 9 lu/]4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( x1 kn[n z iron/one1 o*]1 ne$le ore1 etc4 ,hematite may be slightly magnetic4 ,imm5se b$s exi/ 9 ! triassic s&/ones1 & 9 ! second>y rocks bel[ ! coal measures4 ,! p[d] & /reak ( limonite are always yell[2 x is an important ore4 ,sid]ite assumes _m =ms4 ,x is call$ spa?ic ore1 clay-iron/one1 c>bonate ( iron1 black b&1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ^! c>bonate iron ores only range betwe5 #cj & #dj p] c5t4 ( metallic iron1 b are 9 dem& z fluxes = o!r iron ores4 ,! pyritic ores ( iron1 includ+ m>casite1 pyrrhotite & mispickel1 are (t5 tak5 = gold by ! inexp]i5c$4 ,9 an accessible region pyrites may be valuable1 z !y are b\ght by mak]s ( sulphuric acid4 ,iron is s l[ 9 price t va/ deposits exi/ :i* _c be made use ( because !y w\ld be too exp5sive to m9e4 ,a deep b$1 or a n>r[ "o1 or ! slighte/ difficulty 9 transportation1 w\ld preclude any pr(itable developm5t4 ,x is kn[n t enorm\s areas 9 nor!rn ,labrador1 = in/ance1 are full ( iron deposits1 yet !re seems no *ance ( _! hav+ ! slighte/ economic value = a long "t1 if ev]4 ,conditions ( comm]ce v diff]5t to ^? n[ obta9+ w h to exi/ be=e !y c be utiliz$4 ,iron ore is mo/ favorably situat$ = pr(itable extraction :5 x is ne> cok+ coal & b$s ( lime/one2 ! =m] = fuel1 ! latt] = flux4 ,occasionally su* regions z t ( ,lake ,sup]ior may be able to compete successfully ) o!rs1 al?\gh !y d n possess ! necess>y smelt+ facilities1 because ^! defici5cies are c\nt]balanc$ by inexhau/ive /ores ( easily m9$ ores1 & transportation facilities unrival$ 9 *eapness4 ,lead4 ,! two important s\rces ( supply are gal5a & c]ussite4 ,! =m] conta9s #hg p] c5t4 ( lead1 & frequ5tly "s silv] & gold4 ,x is s di/9ctive z to be easily recogniz$4 ,lu/]1 metallic2 opaque2 lead-gray2 h>%4 ,brittle to sectile 7may be cut74 ,cleavage1 p]fect4 ,fracture1 ev5 to sub-con*oidal4 ,/ructure1 granul> or foliat$1 tabul>1 or fibr\s4 ,specific gravity is #g4e1 & h>dness1 #b4f4 ,! c>bonate c]ussite conta9s ab\t #gi p] c5t4 lead4 ,lu/]1 vitre\s to res9\s4 ,transluc5t4 ,color1 gray4 ,smoo?4 ,brittle4 ,cleavage1 p]fect to imp]fect4 ,fracture1 con*oidal4 ,massive to granul>4 ,ri* c>bonate ores look l clay1 & are und\bt$ly (t5 pass$ by4 ,! economic ores ( lead are3 ,lead4 ,gal5a ,pb,s #hf4f p4c4 ,c]ussite ,pb,c,o#c #gg4e p4c4 ,anglesite ,pb,s,o#d #fg4g p4c4 ,pyromorphite ,pb#c,p#b,o#h plus #a_/c ,pb,cl#b #ge4cf p4c4 ,lead ores are frequ5tly ri* 9 silv]4 ,!y occur 9 lime/one1 s&/one1 granite & clay4 ,! comm]cial ores are gal5a1 :i* is easily recogniz$ by its /eel-l cubes1 & ! c>bonates4 ,^! latt] are l lightly color$ clays :5 9 p[d] & are v apt to be ov]look$4 ,fluor sp> is z favorable a gangue = lead z qu>tz is = gold4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are ! pr9cipal ,am]ican s\rces ( ?is metal1 b a v l>ge am\nt comes f ! ,mississippi valley4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ! ore is a by-product1 9 silv] smelt+1 be+ obta9$ f arg5tif]\s gal5a1 :ile 9 ,miss\ri1 ,kansas1 ,wiscons9 & ,ill9ois lead & z9c are f\nd free f any mixture ) ! preci\s metal4 ,! age ( ^! deposits v>ies f l[] silurian or cambrian to ! c>bonif]\s4 ,! ore is f\nd 9 lime/one rocks1--sometimes 9 flat op5+s p>allel to ! almo/ horizontal b$s1 or else 9 ga% ve9s almo/ at "r angles to ^!4 ,z lead is (t5 f\nd 9 dolomite lime/one1 t is1 lime/one c>ry+ almo/ z mu* magnesia z lime1 & ?is rock 0 und\bt$ly deposit$ 9 a %all[ sea1 geologi/s incl9e to ! belief t !re=e ! lead is due to a gr[? ( seawe$s 9 ^: a% ?is metal & z9c are kn[n to occur4 ,at any rate1 ^! deposits n[ h great economic value1 & ! lead & z9c ore is easily got at4 ,gal5a & z9c bl5de frequ5tly resemble "o ano!r1 b !y may be di/+ui%$ by ?is infallible sign3 ! p[d] ( gal5a is black1 & t ( bl5de br[n1 or yell[4 ,li?ographic ,/one4 ,?is is a v f9e gra9$ compact lime/one f ,bav>ia4 ,s f> no?+ equal to ! import$ /one has be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,! di/+ui%+ qualities are3 ,gray1 drab or yell[2 por\s1 yet n too s(t2 ( f9e texture1 & free f ve9s & inequalities4 ,manganese4 ,manganese ores 9 #ahii am\nt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to #adc1bef tons1 value #cjf1dgf4 ,?is m9]al is us$ = blea*+ & mak+ oxyg51 & 9 /eel manufacture4 ,pyrolusite conta9s #fc p] c5t4 manganese4 ,h>dness1 #b4c4 ,specific gravity1 #d4h4 ,lu/]1 metallic4 ,opaque4 ,gray to blui% black4 ,h>%4 ,brittle4 ,cleavage1 imp]fect4 ,fracture1 unev54 ,granul>1 massive4 ,manganite is h>d]1 #d4j2 its specific gravity is #d4c4 ,lu/]1 sub-metallic4 ,cleavage1 p]fect4 ,texture1 fibr\s4 ,wad is an impure ore ( manganese f\nd 9 bogs1 ( little or no value4 ,pyrolusite ,mn,o#b #fc4b ,braunite ,mn#b,o#c #fi4fh ,psilomelane 7,v>iable7 8 ,frankl9ite1 a z9c-manganese ore1 is also a common s\rce ( supply4 ,an ore to be comm]cially valuable %\ld conta9 f #dj to #fj p] c5t4 metallic manganese1 & n ov] #j4b to #j4be p] c5t4 phosphorus4 ,to det]m9e ! value ( manganese ores a some:at intricate calculation is necess>y4 ,deliv]$ at ,bessem]1 ,pa41 ! ,c>negie ,/eel ,company pays accord+ to ! foll[+ slid+ scale3 ,p] c5t4 ,mn4 ,p] ,unit ov] #di p4c4 ,fe4 ,mn4 #df #di p4c4 #f;c #bh;c #dc #df p4c4 #f;c #bg;c #dj #dc p4c4 #f;c #bf;c #cg #dj p4c4 #f;c #be;c #cd #cg p4c4 #f;c #bd;c #ca #cd p4c4 #f;c #bc;c #f;c #bb;c ,moreov]1 = ea* "o p] c5t4 ( silica 9 excess ( eight p] c5t4 a d$uction ( fifte5 c5ts a ton is made1 & a d$uction ( "o c5t p] unit ( manganese is made = ea* #b_/ajj ( "o p] c5t4 ( phosphor\s pres5t 9 excess ( #a_/aj p] c5t4 ,f :i* x is evid5t t !re c be little pr(it 9 impure deposits ( manganese4 ,m]cury4 ,quicksilv] usually occurs 9 ! =m ( c9nab>1 ?\gh occasional deposits ( pure metal are f\nd 9 drops & small pockets1 9 lime/one & ! s(t] second>y rocks1 includ+ %ales & slates4 ,z ! appe>ance ( quicksilv] mu/ be famili> to all1 c9nab> alone ne$s description4 ,its specific gravity is #i4j2 its h>dness1 #b4b4 ,x is a r$ br[n e>?y ore1 ! p[d] ( :i* is a dull r$4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 s&/one1 ?\gh x occasionally occurs 9 slates1 %ales & s]p5t9e4 ,heat$ g5tly ) lime c9nab> yields quicksilv]4 ,if copp] be held ov] ! fumes ( m]cury x w be coat$ ) a light film ( ! metal4 ,an alloy ) silv] has be5 f\nd4 ,m]cury is heavy1 extremely brilliant1 & mobile4 ,! composition ( c9nab> is3 ,p] c5t4 ,hg4 ,c9nab> ,hg,s #hf4b ,al?\gh b ?ree ,am]ican /ates h suppli$ ?is metal1 ?is c\ntry has held rank z second produc]4 ,( ^! ,cali=nia is by f> ! mo/ important4 ,oregon & ,utah hav+ nev] _h any b a small & spasmodic output4 ,judg+ by ,cali=nian exp]i5ce1 ! prospector is mo/ likely to f9d c9nab>1 ! ore f :i* ! quicksilv] ( comm]ce is d]iv$1 9 metamorphic rocks4 ,m]cury is always sold 9 flasks ( #gf-a_/b p\nds4 ,! production ( m]cury by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,cali=nia7 0 #bh1hgi flasks 9 #ahii1 :i* 7 valu$ at #a1aee1afj4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! rock 9 :i* ! mo/ fam\s ,cali=nian quicksilv] m9es are3 ,m9e4 ,c\nty4 ,rock4 ,sulphur ,creek ,colusa ,s]p5t9e4 ,abbott ,lake ,%ale-s]p5t9e4 ,great ,we/]n ,lake ,s]p5t9e4 787 tna ,napa ,s&/one4 ,corona ,napa ,s&/one-s]p5t9e4 ,aat ,hill ,napa ,s&/one4 ,new ,almad5 ,santa ,cl>a ,%ale-s]p5t9e4 ,b>ton ,siskiy\ ,%ale-s&/one4 ,c9nab> ,k+ ,sonoma ,s&/one-s]p5t9e4 ,altoona ,tr9ity ,porphyry-s]p5t9e4 ,a /udy ( ! =ego+ %[s t s]p5t9e is almo/ z intimately connect$ ) quicksilv] z is qu>tz ) gold1 or granite ) t94 ,^! are ! ?+s t prospectors %\ld make a note (4 ,) ! great increase ( gold m9+ & ! limit$ /ore ( c9nab> t is available t ore seems c]ta9 to rise 9 value be=e long4 ,mica4 ,! value ( ,indian mica v>ies f #ij a p\nd = %eets #d 94 #a 94 to #ac a p\nd = %eets #aj 94 #h 94 ,! :ite mica 9 l>ge %eets is valuable4 ,! amb]-color$1 & spott$1 are us$ = insulat+ purposes 9 electric plants1 :ile ! co>s] sorts are gr\nd & us$ z lubricants1 or 9 fire-pro( pa9t manufacture4 ,nickel4 ,?is ore is nev] f\nd 9 metallic =m1 b always 9 comb9ation4 ,pyrrhotite1 or magnetic pyrites1 is ! s\rce ( ab\t all ! nickel ( comm]ce4 ,?is ore has be5 already notic$ "u iron4 ,r>e b valuable ores ( nickel are mill]ite1 nickelite1 glance1 & nickel bloom4 ,p] c5t4 nickel4 ,mill]ite ,ni,s #fd4d ,niccolite ,ni,as #dd4j ,"s ( ! nickel ( comm]ce is d]iv$ f nickellif]\s pyrrhotite4 ,petroleum4 ,crude petroleum is nev] f\nd 9 metamorphic or igne\s rocks4 ,! /ratifi$ rocks ( ! ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s & ,cretace\s ages are mo/ likely to hold x4 ,! crude oil is almo/ black1 & consi/s ( ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & #ae p] c5t4 ( hydrog54 ,a long iron-%od /ick is all ! prospector requires to take ) him 9 8 se>* = surface indications ( oil4 ,! w>m] ! day ! easi] ! se>*1 z ! oil rises to ! surface ( ! /reams1 & is f\nd 9 great] quantities ?an on cold days4 ,oil exi/+ 9 ! l[] rocks asc5ds ?r\gh !m until x accumulates "u "s lay] t w n let x pass ?r\gh4 ,9 ?is condition deep bor+ f9ds x1 ! rod usually tapp+ gas fir/4 ,petroleum may be notic$ ooz+ out ( gravel banks1 or float+ z a scum on ! surface1 :5ev] abundant4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 rocks ( widely diff]5t age1 f extremely anci5t =mations to "s t did n prec$e man by s v long1 geologically speak+4 ,plat9um4 ,?is metal is only f\nd native4 ,its gravity is v high1 f #af to #bb4 ,h>dness1 #d to #d4e4 ,lu/]1 metallic4 ,opaque4 ,:iti%-gray4 ,smoo?4 ,ductile4 ,cleavage1 none4 ,fracture1 hackly4 ,texture1 granul>1 f9e4 ,plat9um is unaffect$ by acids1 b if alloy$ ) #aj p] c5t4 ( silv] x dissolves 9 nitric acid4 ,almo/ infusible4 ,plat9um occurs ) plac] gold 9 ! b$s ( /reams4 ,usually x is 9 small gra9s1 b "o or two l>ge nuggets are on record f ,brazil & ,sib]ia4 ,s]p5t9e rocks are believ$ to h orig9ally held ! plat9um f\nd 9 ! b$s ( riv]s1 b none has be5 f\nd 9 ve9s4 ,! entire product ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #cjj ounces 9 #ahih2 valu$ at #c1hcg4 ,9 #ahii !re 0 none produc$4 ,silv]4 ,silv] is g5]ally f\nd 9 s]p5t9e1 trap1 s&/one1 lime/one1 %ale1 or porphyry rocks1 ! gangue be+ qu>tz1 calc1 fluor1 or heavy sp>4 ,all silv] ores are heavy1 & _m ( !m are sectile1 i4e41 may be cut ) ! knife4 ,we/]n m5 te/ = silv] by heat+ ! ore & dipp+ x into wat]4 ,"s metal comes to ! surface 9 a greasy scum1 %\ld silv] be pres5t4 ,native silv] is f\nd occasionally4 ,ow+ to ! fall 9 value ( ?is metal its future is n assur$4 ,x has fall51 dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 once to =ty-n9e c5ts an ounce1 & ?is has _h a mo/ disa/r\s effect ^u _m silv] m9es1 =c+ !m to susp5d op]ations4 ,%\ld ! fall cont9ue1 z seems likely1 & ! price ( silv] g d[n to =ty c5ts an ounce1 little w be produc$ except z a by-product 9 ! treatm5t ( arg5tif]\s lead ores4 ,z silv] ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) sulphur easily1 z is se5 by ! black film t =ms on silv] articles 9 a room :]e gas is burnt1 mo/ silv] ores are sulphides4 ,! v abundance ( silv] has caus$ its great fall 9 value1 & x does n appe> t x is ev] likely to rema9 = long at a price exce$+ fifty c5ts an ounce1 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* x may be produc$1 & ! l>ge quantities t mu/ f9d _! way to m>ket ?r\gh x be+ a by-product 9 lead smelt+4 ,f #ahei to #ahia ! ,com/ock lode 9 ,nevada produc$ #cbe1jjj1jjj4 ,?is lode is a belt ( qu>tz1 #aj1jjj feet long & sev]al hundr$ wide1 & is a contact ve9 betwe5 diorite & diabase4 ,9 ,am]ica gal5a is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( silv]2 ! *lorides & oxides rank next2 :ile1 la/ly1 "s silv] is p>t$ f gold :5 x rea*es ! m9t1 z gold always conta9s m or less ( t metal4 ,no precise /atem5t z to ! mann] ( its occurr5ce may be made s9ce x is f\nd 9 _m diff]5t positions1 & is associat$ ) all sorts ( m9]als4 ,x is nev] f\nd 9 plac] deposits1 z x breaks up "u ! influ5ce ( wat]1 air1 etc4 ,its orig9al s\rce is d\btless ! igne\s rocks1 :]e x occurs 9 association ) augite1 hornbl5de & mica4 ,silv] may be expect$ 9 m\nta9\s regions ( rec5t orig94 ,betwe5 #ahge & #ahia ! _w's product rose f #hb1jjj1jjj to #ahe1eii1fjj4 ,?ree qu>t]s ( ?is came f ! we/]n hemisph]e4 ,! comm]cial ores ( silv] are3 ,silv]4 ,arg5tite ,ag#b,s #hg4a p] c5t4 ,pr\/ite #c;,ag#b,s,as#b,s#c #fe4e p] c5t4 ,prysagyrite #c;,ag#b,s,sb#b,s#c #ei4i p] c5t4 ,/ephanite #e;,ag#b,s,sb#b,s#c #fh4e p] c5t4 ,ces>g]ite ,ag,cl #ge4c p] c5t4 ,! ,anaconda m9e 9 ,butte is ! l>ge/ produc] ( silv] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahif its output 0 #e1jjj1jjj ounces4 ,! ,anaconda is also ! heavie/ copp] produc] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 its yield ( copp] be+ #abe1cej1fic p\nds4 ,sulphur4 ,brim/one is f\nd native 9 ! neighborhood ( volcanoes1 ext9ct or active4 ,x is also d]iv$ f iron pyrites4 ,color1 yell[4 ,h>dness1 #b4 ,specific gravity1 #b4 ,lu/]1 res9\s4 ,smoo?4 ,sectile4 ,texture1 cry/all9e4 ,talc4 ,! sci5tific "n ( ?is m9]al is /eatite4 ,x conta9s silica & magnesia4 ,its gre5 color1 pe>ly lu/]1 & greasy feel1 are v *>act]i/ic4 ,x is n attack$ by boil+ sulphuric acid4 ,useful 9 ! arts1 b ( no great value4 ,t94 ,! composition ( cassit]ite1 ! comm]cial ore ( t91 is ,sn,o#b2 equal to #gh4fg p] c5t4 ( metallic t94 ,cassit]ite or t9 /one is a heavy ore :i* occurs 9 alluvial deposits or 9 ! b$s ( /reams4 ,x w be "o ( ! late/ ores ! "y prospector w f9d himself able to "n ) c]ta9ty4 ,granite1 ) :ite mica z "o ( its con/itu5ts1 has s f> always be5 associat$ ) t94 ,! ,am]ican cont95t yields little t91 & x is n likely ! prospector 9 ei!r ! we/]n /ates or 9 ,canada w /umble ^u x1 ?\gh a good deposit ( /ream t9 w\ld enri* him 9 a %ort "t1 = ! metal is 9 great dem&4 ,! /reak1 :5 ! metal is scrat*$ ) a knife po9t1 is :itey-gray & v di/9ctive4 ,t9 may "s day be f\nd 9 ! nor!rn ,rockies1 z !re is pl5ty ( granite1 :i* is favorable to ?is metal4 ,x is wor? ab\t ?irte5 c5ts a p\nd1 & a ve9 mu/ yield m ?an five p] c5t4 ( metal to pay ! co/ ( m9+ & dress+4 ,cassit]ite1 ! pr9cipal t9 ore1 w\ld h to be roa/$4 ,mo/ ( ! ,european t9 m9es 7 fir/ work$ = ! copp] !y conta9$4 ,! copp] 0 f\nd 9 ! capp+1 b z !y ga9$ 9 dep? !y became m & m valuable = _! t94 ,"s ( ! ,corni% m9es are ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile 9 dep?4 ,v lately t9 has be5 discov]$ & m9$ 9 va/ quantities 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,india4 ,z x is f\nd 9 ! /reams ! exp5se ( m9+ is v light1 & x is kill+ ! ,european m9es4 ,! ,corni% m9]s put _! t9 ore on a %ovel :5 !y wi% to te/ x4 ,! sample is fir/ cru%$ f9e & a few skillful %akes get rid ( all ! gangue1 leav+ beh9d ! t9 & wolfram4 ,?is wolfram is always associat$1 9 ,cornwall1 ) ! t9 & x is got rid ( by roa/+4 ,au/ralasia & ,cornwall produce mo/ ( ! t9 us$ 9 comm]ce4 ,t9 is n f\nd native4 ,specific gravity ( cassit]ite is #f4e to #g4 ,h>dness1 #f4e to #g4 ,lu/]1 vitre\s to adamant9e4 ,transluc5t to opaque4 ,br[n1 black1 gray1 r$ or yell[4 ,h>%4 ,brittle4 ,massive4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is metal is s v>iable t no?+ b a te/ ) reag5ts det]m9es x ) c]ta9ty4 ,granite is frequ5tly ! c\ntry rock 9 :i* t9 is f\nd4 ,z9c4 ,?is is ano!r ore t nev] occurs native4 ,calam9e or silicate ( z9c is ! great produc+ ore4 ,composition3 ,z9c oxide1 #fg p] c5t2 silicate1 #be p] c5t2 wat]1 #h p] c5t4 ,specific gravity1 #c to #c4g4 ,h>dness1 #d4f to #e4 ,lu/]1 vitre\s4 ,transluc5t4 ,:ite4 ,h>%4 ,brittle4 ,cleavage1 p]fect4 ,fracture1 unev54 ,texture1 granul> cry/all9e4 ,calam9e is a difficult m9]al to detect )\t exp]i5ce1 z :5 impure x does n look 9 ! lea/ l a metallic ore4 ,x w\ld be tak5 = clay or %ale4 ,?is ore results f ! decomposition ( z9c bl5de4 ,bl5de conta9s #fg p] c5t4 z9c & #cc p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,x is (t5 d>k br[n or black f iron1 o!rwise x may be r$1 gre5 or blui%4 ,x is a tr\blesome impurity 9 silv] ores4 ,smi?sonite is a c>bonate mu* resembl+1 & (t5 f\nd )1 calam9e4 ,o!r z9c ores are m]ely curiosities & d n affect ! comm]cial value ( ! metal4 ,9 ! ,new ,j]sey m9es ! z9c ores are ! oxides z9cite & willemite1 & ! z9c-iron oxide frankl9ite4 ,9 ! ,miss\ri region1 on ! o!r h&1 sphal]ite & bl5de are ! typical ores4 ,bl5de g5]ally associates ) ! lead sulphide1 gal5a4 ,! ,jopl9 di/rict 9 s\?we/]n ,miss\ri & ! adjo9+ region 9 ,kansas are n[ ma9ly supply+ ! m>kets ( ! c\ntry1 ?\gh ! ,new ,j]sey deposits are v valuable4 ,jopl9 ore assay+ #eh to #fb p] c5t4 has v>i$ greatly 9 price dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s4 ,! l[e/ quotation 0 #bj a ton1 ! highe/ #ea4ej4 ,z9c is d]iv$ ma9ly f ! foll[+ half doz5 ores3 ,z9c4 ,sphal]ite ,zn,s #fg4j p] c5t4 ,z9cite ,zn,o #hj4c p] c5t4 ,smi?sonite ,zn,o,c,o#b #ea4i p] c5t4 ,frankl9ite 7,v>iable7 787 #e4ed p] c5t4 ,willemite #b,zn,o4,,s#b #eh4e p] c5t4 ,calam9e #b,zn,o4,si,o#b4;,,ho#b #ed4b p] c5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,m9+4 ,al?\gh ! scope ( ?is "w does n include ! v complex problem involv$ 9 ! work+ ( a great m9e1 prospect+ & ! simpl] m9+ op]ations are s intimately connect$ t x w\ld n be desirable to make m5tion ( ! "o & ignore ! o!r1 because ! prospector mu/ p]=ce become a m9] z soon z he discov]s m9]al1 ev5 ?\gh 8 op]ations %\ld n g beyond a %all[ trial %aft4 ,! simple/ me?od ( hoi/+ dirt or rock out ( a %aft1 aft] x has become too deep = ! s9k] to ?r[ ! /uff out ) a spade1 is by a bucket & w9dlass1 :i* may be ei!r s+le or d\ble1 accord+ to ! p[] requir$4 ,9 nor?we/]n ,canada1 :]e ! pres5t gold excitem5t has attract$ s _m ?\s& pione]s1 ! m9]s h hi!rto be5 cont5t ) a w9dlass4 ,= _! purpose x answ]s well1 z !y s9k ?r\gh gravel & n m ?an ?irty feet at ! mo/ be=e rea*+ ! b$ rock4 ,! alluvial flats 9 :i* ! co>se gold ( ! upp] ,yukon has be5 discov]$1 are compos$ ( gravel t is inv>iably froz51 summ] z well z w9t]1 & :i* requires to be ?aw$ out be=e x c be work$ ) a pick4 ,/rangely en\gh1 dynamite _c be us$1 z ! gr\nd is s ela/ic "u ! fro/ t ! tamp+ simply bl[s out & ! requir$ effect is n produc$4 ,?is peculi> condition has l$ ! m51 :o are m9+ 9 t "p ( ! cont95t1 to adopt me?ods v simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,sib]ia1 :]e1 also1 ! gr\nd is p]man5tly froz5 to a great dep?4 ,aft] scrat*+ ! surface ( ! soil1 & remov+ ! deep moss t inv>iably cov]s x1 !y light l>ge fires ov] night & 9 ! morn+ remove ! few in*es ( ?aw$ soil und]nea? ! a%es4 ,by ?is pa9fully sl[ me?od !y ev5tually s9k to ! ri*] gravel1 fifte5 or tw5ty1 or ev5 ?irty1 feet bel[ ! surface1 ?\gh !re are few %afts ( ?is dep? on ! ,klondike & ! o!r gold-be>+ creeks ab\t :i* we h he>d s mu*4 ,:5 ! b$ rock is rea*$ & ! few in*es ( decay$ surface remov$1 ! m9] builds 8 fire aga9/ ! side ( ! %aft1 plac+ "s incl9$ logs ov] x z a ro(1 & goes to b$4 ,:5 he awakes next day sev]al feet ( ! soil h fall5 d[n ov] ! logs1 & ?is he has to hoi/4 ,x is at ?is /age t ! w9dlass work$ by 8 companion1 or p>tn]1 demon/rates its value4 ,9 a v %ort "t all ! gravel t ! fire has ?aw$ out is hoi/$ to ! surface1 & add$ to ! dump1 :]e x mu/ rema9 until ! w>m? ( summ] %all h ?aw$ ! /reams & p]mitt$ sluic+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9]',s ,,gold ,,pan4 ,a sluice is really no?+ m nor less ?an a tr\gh1 op5 at ! top1 9 :i* ! gold is sort$ f ! light] gravel & dirt by runn+ wat]4 ,! grade v>ies accord+ to ! co>s5ess ( ! gold4 ,v f9e gold w\ld be c>ri$ away by too swift a curr5t1 :ile co>se gold w resi/ almo/ a torr5t4 ,! sluice is built 9 jo9ts1 usually a doz5 feet 9 l5g?2 ! sides may be six in*es or a foot deep1 & ! wid? v>ies f "o to two feet4 ,!re is no rule 9 ?is matt]1 b ow+ to ! extravagant price ( lumb]--z mu* z a hundr$ & fifty doll>s a ?\s& feet1 bo>d measure--! t5d5cy is to make ! sluices v small & v %ort1 !reby sav+ no?+ b ! v co>se/ gold4 ,a prop]ly con/ruct$ sluice %\ld be sev]al hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & ! incl9ation %\ld n be m ?an "o foot 9 twelve1 :ile x may1 9 a case ( f9e gold1 be advisable to dim9i% ?is incl9ation by at lea/ a f\r?4 ,riffles1 or cross-pieces1 are plac$ across ! sluice at int]vals ( a few feet1 & slats are plac$ l5g?wise1 fill+ up ! int]vals betwe5 ! riffles4 ,into ! crevices & int]/ices ( ^! ob/ructions ! heavy gold s9ks by its own weight1 & e few days1 or weeks1 z ! case may w>rant1 ! m9] %uts (f ! wat] by clos+ ! gate at ! head ( ! sluice1 removes ! slats & riffles1 beg9n+ at ! jo9t ne>e/ ! head & work+ t[>ds ! tail ( ! sluiceway1 & collects all ! gold t has accumulat$4 ,?is is a v simple =m ( m9+1 b x is n ! simple/4 ,mu* gold has be5 recov]$ f ! gravel 9 :i* nature has plac$ x by ! aid ( ! pan1 a %eet iron di% model$ on ! h\sewife's bread pan4 ,next to ! pan ! cradle is z little complicat$ z any?+ us$ 9 ! w9n+ ( gold4 ,aft] ?is comes ! long tom1 a consid]able improvem5t ^u ! cradle1 b x necessitates m wat] & m m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,horse ,,:im4 ,! horse :im is us$ 9 develop+ _m a we/]n prospect4 ,! w9dlass does n "w well bel[ =ty feet1 & :]e fuel & wat] are to be _h any s5sible man w use /eam p[] = deep m9+1 b !re is a gap betwe5 ! w9dlass & ! /eam hoi/ :i* ! horse :im fills acceptably4 ,to a dep? ( #cjj feet a horse :im c usually h&le ! rock & wat]4 ,x is inexp5sive1 9 ! fir/ outlay1 & co/s b little to run4 ,y c br+ y\r bucket f a %aft a hundr$ & fifty feet deep 9 two & a half m9utes1 & ) a sev5 hundr$ p\nd capacity 9 ! bucket1 9 =ty-five trips y c\ld raise fifte5 tons a day4 ,a %aft ?ree hundr$ feet deep w\ld require f\r h\rs' /eady "w to br+ to surface ! same am\nt4 ,a fair spe$ ) a "o-horse :im f a ?ree hundr$ foot %aft is "o hundr$ buckets p] %ift ( t5 h\rs1 b ! prospector r>ely has to figure on %afts ( t dep?4 ,if ! m9e turns out well x is likely to be 9 ! h&s ( a p[]ful company 7( :i* he %\ld be ! pr9cipal %>ehold]7 be=e ! ?ree hundr$ foot level is rea*$4 ,! weight ( ! horse :im is ab\t eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,x c be tak5 to pieces & pack$ any:]e t a mule c travel2 ! heavie/ piece w n weigh m ?an a hundr$ p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prospect+ ,,mill ,,) ,,horse ,,p[]4 ,a small /amp mill1 run by horse p[]1 is a v favorite ma*9e ) we/]n m51 :]e ! ore is free mill+4 ,! mort> 9 :i* ! /amps "w has copp] plates amalgamat$ ) m]cury inside1 & copp] tables ) amalgamat$ plates ov] :i* ! pulp passes aft] ooz+ ?r\gh a f9e scre5 9 front ( ! mort>4 ,^! little mills are s con/ruct$ t !y c be tak5 ap>t or put toge!r 9 an h\r or two4 ,!y require b "o horse p[] & w d good clean "w up to _! capacity4 ,! foll[+ are ! specifications ( a good "o3 ,total weight #a1ejj p\nds4 ,weight ( heavie/ piece #cej p\nds4 ,weight ( /amp #ajj p\nds4 ,drops p] m9ute #fj to #hj4 ,capacity p] h\r #cjj to #djj p\nds4 ,diamet] ( pulley #cj in*es4 ,price1 ) horse p[]1 ab\t #cej4 ,a diamond drill is a mo/ useful adjunct to exploration ( a m9e or deposit4 ,x is1 ess5tially1 a holl[ drill :i* may be l5g!n$ at w1 rotat+ rapidly & c>ry+ a cr[n ( bort or black diamonds at its extremity1 t eats into ! /rata v quickly4 ,holes #c1jjj feet deep h be5 driv5 by ! diamond drill1 b su* ext5sive inve/igations ( ! e>?'s cru/ are trem5d\sly co/ly1 & may only be und]tak5 by gov]nm5ts or ri* companies4 ,= a dep? ( #gjj feet1 h[ev]1 ! exp5se ne$ n exce$ #b1ajj4 ,! co/ ( ! plant = drill+ w\ld be #c1ejj m4 ,wat] is pump$ d[n ! holl[ c5t] ( ! drill1 to keep x cool4 ,! great advantage ( ! diamond ov] ! p]cussion drill is t x p]mits ! sav+ ( a core1 s t ! "* ( ! rocks & m9]als pass$ ?r\gh may be kn[n4 ,! diamond drill does bett] "w 9 h>d /rata ?an x does 9 s(t4 ,! rate1 9 lime/one1 may be ab\t two feet an h\r1 d[n to a dep? ( #bjj feet4 ,a complete outfit = bor+ ) ! diamond drill includes a /eam eng9e & boil]1 diamond cr[n1 l9+ tubes1 rods1 & v>i\s m9or accessories4 ,hydraulic m9+ is ! *eape/ kn[n me?od ( recov]+ gold4 ,9 f\r ye>s ! ,nor? ,bloomfield ,m9+ ,company ( ,cali=nia work$ #cbe1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 :i* yield$ only #b4i c5ts ( gold p] cubic y>d1 & realiz$ "s pr(it4 ,v poor gravel w pay :5 ! conditions are good4 ,*eap wat]1 grades ( f\r in*es 9 a hundr$1 ample dump+ room1 big banks ( light gravel1 l>ge areas ( deposits1 labor at a doll> a day1 & a clev] sup]9t5d5t1 make a comb9ation t w yield a pr(it out ( ?ree-c5t gravel4 ,m9]s speak ( surface & deep plac]s2 ( hill claims2 ( b5* claims on ! old riv] t]races2 ( gul* digg+s2 ( b> claims on ! s& b>s ( exi/+ riv]s2 ( bea* s&s or ^? t 9 a few favor$ localities bord] ! ocean4 ,a sluice is a long boxway to cat* ! gold2 a drift is a tunnel into ! gold-be>+ gravel2 & hydraulic digg+s are ^? 9 :i* wat] "u pressure is us$ to dis9tegrate ! gravel4 ,a gr\nd-sluice is a tr5* cut ?r\gh ! b$ rock4 ,! r\ghness ( ! natural floor s]ves = riffles4 ,boom+ is a process requir+ a l>ge accumulation ( wat] 9 a res]voir1 :i* may be dis*>g$ at once1 & c>ry all ! mat]ial t has collect$ bel[ ! pass1 ) "o full tide1 into ! sluices4 ,?is practice is extremely anci5t2 ,pl9y m5tions x 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,deep m9+ may be divid$ into drift+ & hydraulic m9+4 ,9 ! =m] ! metal is won by means ( tunnels & drifts or horizontal passageways along ! l5g? ( ! deposit4 ,x is usually resort$ to 9 di/ricts :]e a fl[ ( lava has cov]$ ! gold-be>+ gravel1 & made hydraulic m9+ impossible4 ,x is foll[$ 9 ,alaska = ano!r reason1 viz41 because ! con/antly froz5 gr\nd w n p]mit ( ! m remun]ative me?od4 ,! gravel is c>ri$ to ! m\? ( ! tunnel & !re dump$ to be wa%$ 9 ! sluices4 ,:5 cem5t$ x mu/ be brok5 up by /amps4 ,ri* deep plac]s may be work$ by drift+1 b :5ev] practicable hydraulic+ is to be pref]r$ z giv+ bett] results4 ,x yields f f\r to six times ! am\nt ( gold t drift+ does4 ,?or\gh exploration %\ld prec$e ! exp5diture ( l>ge sums 9 a hydraulic plant4 ,ev5 %\ld ! explorations result 9 f9d+ b>r5 gravels ! money w h be5 well sp5t 9 sav+ ! co/ ( an unproductive plant4 ,black s& 7magnetic iron7 almo/ always accompanies gold1 b ?is alone is no sign t gold is pres5t1 z black s& may usually be obta9$ by gr9d+ & wa%+ cry/all9e rocks4 ,dit*es & flumes ( wood or metal are us$ to br+ ! wat] = hydraulic m9+ f ! region :]e x 0 imp\nd$ 9 a cat* bas91 (t5 a di/ance ( _m miles4 ,x is said #ajj1jjj1jjj h be5 inve/$ 9 dit*es & flumes1 m9+ & agricultural1 9 ! we/]n /ates1 & new flumes are be+ plann$ e mon?4 ,"s ( !m consi/ ( wr\ght iron pipe c>ri$ ov] rav9es by tre/les #bej feet high4 ,9 plann+ a dit* ! m9] mu/ see to x t 8 wat] supply is at a suffici5t elevation to comm& ! gr\nd4 ,! m pressure ! wat] works "u ! bett]4 ,! supply %\ld be cont9u\s1 or at lea/ be available dur+ ! :ole work+ season4 ,dit*es 9 regions ( deep sn[ %\ld h a s\!rn exposure4 ,all /reams cross$ by ! dit* %\ld be div]t$ into x1 to c\nt]act leakage & o!r loss4 ,wa/e gates mu/ be provid$ e half mile4 ,dit*es are bett] ?an flumes4 ,n>r[1 deep1 & /eep dit*es are to be pref]r$ 9 m\nta9\s regions1 & ! rev]se 9 valleys ) s(t soil4 ,"s ,cali=nian dit*es ) a capacity ( #hj cubic feet p] second & grades ( #af to #bj feet p] mile h be5 built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,dit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,flume4 ,sometimes ! face ( ! c\ntry requires flumes2 !y may ev5 be hung along ! face ( a cliff4 ,9 %att]$ gr\nd & :]e wat] is sc>ce flumes are bett] ?an dit*es4 ,! grade = a flume is usually #be to #ce feet p] mile & its capacity is small] ?an t ( a dit*4 ,p9e plank+ #b-a_/b in*es by #ab to #bd in*es1 & #ab feet long1 is ! dim5sion /uff g5]ally pref]r$4 ,a flume #b feet #f in*es squ>e requires po/s1 caps1 & sills ( #cd in*2 /r+]s #df in*4 ,great c>e is ne$$ at curves to avoid slack wat] & spla%+4 ,! boxes mu/ be %ort5$ & ! out] side w$g$ up until ! wat] fl[s z ev5ly z 9 ! /raight /ret*es4 ,%\ld an*or ice =m ! wat] mu/ be %ut (f at once4 ,! life ( a flume seldom exce$s a doz5 ye>s1 :]eas at ! end ( a simil> p]iod a dit* w\ld be c>ry+ #aj p] c5t m wat] ?an at fir/1 ow+ to ! sides & bottom hav+ become consolidat$4 ,wr\ght iron pipes are employ$ l>gely 9 ,cali=nia to replace dit*es & flumes4 ,:5 ! pipe crosses a rav9e x is kn[n z an inv]t$ siphon4 ,pip+ is also us$ to convey wat] f ! pressure box to ! gates & nozzle4 ,wr\ght iron pipes h to /& pressure v>y+ f #cd p\nds to #hjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,air valves or bl[-(fs mu/ be provid$ at int]vals to all[ ! escape ( air f ! pipe :ile fill+1 & to prev5t a collapse ( ! pipe aft] a break4 ,a cov]+ ( coal-t> %\ld be giv5 ! pipe bo? inside & out4 ,co/ v>ies f "o doll> to two doll>s a runn+ foot4 ,! pressure box ends ! dit* & f x ! wat] passes into ! supply pipe4 ,! head ( wat] is measur$ f ?is po9t4 ,a box to cat* s& & gravel1 ) a side op5+ & sunk bel[ ! level ( ! dit*1 is call$ ! s& box4 ,"o & a half in* plank is g5]ally ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! pressure box is made4 ,! dep? ( wat] 9 x is su* t ! m\? ( ! pipe is always "u wat]4 ,a grat+ 9 front ( ! pipe cat*es all rubbi%4 ,z no air mu/ be all[$ to get into ! pipe ! wat] mu/ be kept quiet & deep at ! pipe-head2 ?is is insur$ by divid+ ! box into comp>tm5ts1 ! fir/ receiv+ ! wat] & dis*>g+ x ?r\gh suitable op5+s into ! second4 ,! wat] supply & ! dis*>ge %\ld be equal4 ,! wat] passes d[n ! fe$ pipe1 iron gates di/ribut+ x to ! dis*>ge pipes4 ,wat] mu/ be turn$ on gradually1 & ! air valves mu/ be op54 ,! pip+ t]m9ates 9 a nozzle ) knuckle-jo9t & lat]al movem5t4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ secure bolt+ to heavy timb] & ! heavy weight+ ( ! la/ l5g? ( pipe %\ld be reli$ ^u to keep ! hydraulic giant 9 its place4 ,%\ld x once beg9 buck+ e man )9 rea* ( ! p[]ful column ( wat] is 9 imm95t dang]4 ,! nozzle is direct$ by means ( a l>g] deflect+ nozzle1 :i* receives ! impact ( ! wat] & causes ! ma9 nozzle to sw+ "r or left1 up or d[n1 z ! case may dem&4 ,a d]rick capable ( mov+ heavy b\ld]s1 & driv5 by wat] p[]1 is a necessity 9 all hydraulic m9+4 ,ma/s #ajj feet high & booms #ij feet long are sometimes us$1 ! motive p[] com+ f a hurdy gurdy direct impact :eel4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t ! bucket has mu* to d ) ! p[] ( ! :eel4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! wat] imp+$ aga9/ a flat bucket ! effici5cy ( ! :eel 0 less ?an #de p] c5t4 ( :at x %\ld h be5 9 !ory1 :]eas1 ) ! ,pelton bucket1 x rose to #hb4f p] c5t4 ,!re is a great am\nt ( s-call$ cem5t1 or 9 o!r words consolidat$ gravel1 9 all ! nor!rn plac]s1 & 9 _m ,cali=nia deposits1 z well4 ,9 ! old ,c>iboo digg+s on ! upp] ,fraz]1 /rong companies are n[ pulv]iz+ ! anci5t cem5ts t resi/$ all ! ef=ts ( ! #ei m9]s ) p[d] & /amp mill1 & are d]iv+ l>ge pr(its !refrom4 ,black p[d] gives ev5 bett] results ?an dynamite 9 gravel4 ,! usual all[ance ( p[d] is #bj p\nds 9 weight = e #a1jjj cubic feet ( gr\nd to be mov$4 ,make drifts ,t-%ap$1 & tamp ! ma9 drift almo/ to ! junction ) ! arms1 :i* %\ld be p>allel to ! face x is requir$ to dislodge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pelton ,,wat] ,,:eel4 ,sluices h _! maximum dis*>ge :5 set /raight4 ,increas$ grade may be giv5 bel[ any unavoidable curves ) advantage1 & ! out] side ( ! sluice mu/ always be rais$4 ,/eps or drops 9 ! sluices help 9 ! recov]y ( ! gold4 ,9 g5]al1 a grade ( #f-f-a_/b in*es to ! #ab-;foot box is f\nd be/2 ?is is equal to a #d-d-a_/b p] c5t4 grade4 ,exceptional in/ances are on record1 h[ev]1 :]e grades ran f #a-a_/b p] c5t4 to #h p] c5t4 ,9 a #d to #g p] c5t4 grade ! wat] 9 ! sluice %\ld be #aj in*es deep at lea/4 ,! foll[+ table gives useful details3 ,sluice4 ,grade4 ,wat]4 #f ft4 #cf 94 #d to #e p4c4 #b1jjj to #c1ejj m4 94 #d ft4 #cj 94 #d p4c4 #a1hjj to #b1jjj m4 94 #c ft4 #cj 94 #a-a_/b p4c4 #fjj to #a1jjj m4 94 ,! long] ! bett]1 is ! sluice-build]'s motto4 ,! be/ riffles are made ( blocks ( p9e #h to #ac in*es deep1 w$g$ into ! bottom ( ! sluices4 ,!y are laid 9 r[s sep>at$ by a space ( an in* or an in* & a half4 ,riffle /rips keep !m 9 position1 ^! latt] be+ laid crosswise on ! bottom4 ,:5 worn d[n to five in*es1 ! blocks %\ld be replac$4 ,?is am\nt ( we> w probably require six mon?s4 ,/one & longitud9al riffles runn+ l5g?wise ( ! box are (t5 pref]r$4 ,an und]curr5t is a broad sluice set at a heavy grade bel[ ! level ( ! ma9 sluice4 ,! f9e /uff drops ?r\gh a grat+1 :ile ! co>se gravel cont9ues on d[n ! sluice4 ,refuse mat]ial f qu>tz1 hydraulic or o!r m9es is kn[n z tail+s4 ,tail+s are deposit$ on a dump1 :i* 9 ! case ( a hydraulic claim mu/ be suffici5tly spaci\s to receive ! ?\s&s ( y>ds ( debris deposit$ on x ea* day4 ,:5 available a n>r[1 deep canyon1 or a tunnel1 may take ! places ( dumps4 ,quicksilv] is us$ 9 ! sluices1 #ad to #ah flasks be+ us$ e =tnight 9 a long sluice4 ,x is n plac$ 9 ! la/ #cjj or #djj feet4 ,9 work+1 keep ! face ( ! bank squ>e4 ,wa%+ %\ld be c>ri$ on cont9u\sly4 ,wat*es mu/ be set ov] ! sluices1 or gold is likely to be miss$4 ,z an extra precaution1 ! sluices %\ld be run full ( gravel be=e %utt+ (f ! wat]4 ,!re is no fix$ cu/om regulat+ clean ups4 ,"s manag]s d s e #bj days1 o!rs run two or ?ree mon?s1 o!rs aga9 clean up b once 9 a season4 ,9 l>ge op]ations1 ! fir/ #b1jjj feet ( sluice are clean$ up e =tnight2 ! rema9+ boxes once a ye>4 ,sluices are clean$ f ! head d[nw>d1 ! blocks be+ tak5 up = t purpose4 ,! amalgam ( gold & quicksilv] is collect$ 9 %eet iron buckets4 ,! f9al /ep is rea*$ :5 ! amalgam is retort$ & melt$ 9 a graphite crucible4 ,! pr9ciple ( :i* ! hydraulic m9] takes advantage is ! great specific gravity ( gold z comp>$ ) wat] & rock4 ,to illu/rate ?is quality x may be not$ t on a smoo? surface incl9$ at an angle ( #a 9 #dh1 subject$ to a heavy /ream ( wat]1 #ie p] c5t4 ( ! f9e gold 9 gravel does n travel ?ree feet4 ,! loss ( quicksilv] f$ into sluices w v>y1 ev5 "u good managem5t1 f #aa p] c5t4 to #be p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt f$ to ! boxes4 ,hydraulic m9es "u favorable conditions are v pay+ inve/m5ts4 ,gravel yield+ #aj c5ts a cubic y>d has be5 work$ = #f c5ts a cubic y>d1 at ! rate ( a million cubic y>ds a ye>4 ,on ano!r l>ge claim #fjj1jjj cubic y>ds 7 work$ = #f c5ts a cubic y>d1 yield+ #ac c5ts a cubic y>d4 ,riv] dr$g+ is ano!r =m ( gold w9n+ t has be5 br\ght to a great /ate ( p]fection 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,al?\gh ! dr$ge has n yet acquir$ ! importance 9 ,am]ica t 0 expect$1 x is successful on "o or two we/]n riv]s1 & z ! subject becomes bett] und]/ood x is conceivable t ,am]ican m9+ eng9e]s w be z successful 9 devis+ improv$ dr$ges z !y h be5 9 all o!r bran*es ( _! pr(ession4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! bucket dr$ge has prov$ m satisfactory ?an ! suction dr$ge1 al?\gh a ha/y conclusion w\ld probably give ! latt] ! palm4 ,at ,bannack1 ,mont41 ! ,bucyrus ,company has sev]al dr$ges 9 successful op]ation4 ,"o is #ajb feet long1 #cf feet wide1 & draws #cf in*es ( wat]4 ,x is v sub/antially made1 & weighs ne>ly #gjj1jjj p\nds4 ,be=e su* a dr$ge is laun*$1 a dam is built across ! gul* to imp\nd suffici5t wat]4 ,z ! gravel is dr$g$ & wa%$1 x is dump$ a/]n ( ! dr$ge1 :i*1 9 ! case ( a %all[ creek1 moves up to ! excavation made by ! buckets4 ,! boil]s ( ?is dr$ge are d\ble1 & toge!r h #bej ,h4,p4 ,!re are #cf buckets1 & ea* "o has a horizontal drag ( eight feet1 a capacity ( five cubic feet1 & travels at ! rate ( f\rte5 feet a m9ute4 ,aft] treatm5t by trommels1 or revolv+ scre5s1 copp]s1 & sluices1 & f9ally by a c5trifugal pump1 ! n[ almo/ valueless gravel goes ov]bo>d aga91 leav+ beh9d #ih p] c5t4 ( ! gold x once held4 ,! traction dr$ge is really a l&-m9+ ma*9e1 z x is adapt$ = "w on l& ne>ly flat1 :]e b little wat] is obta9able4 ,! ma*9e travels on bogie tracks4 ,a #ej-;,h4,p4 boil] supplies ! wat]4 ,a boom1 #dj feet long1 c>ries a %ovel ( #a4e cubic y>ds' capacity1 & moves #gj cubic y>ds ea* h\r4 ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,gray1 "o ( ! be/ au?orities1 has rec5tly writt5 to ! ,m9+ & ,sci5tific ,press ( ,san ,francisco a mo/ int]e/+ description ( ! progress made 9 sav+ ! gold f ! /reams 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,he says1 9 "p3 ,aft] great ef=t1 num]\s trials1 _m failures & "s l>ge losses1 ?is sy/em ( ga9+ gold has be5 evolv$ f crude beg9n+s into a sy/ematic & satisfactory me?od ( m9+4 ,dr$g+ = gold is n[ attract+ att5tion & bids fair to become an e/abli%$ =m ( m9+ = t metal4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 :]e m "w ( ?is nature has be5 done ?an else:]e1 ! evolution ( ! indu/ry has be5 ! "w ( ye>s4 ,! riv]s ^u :i* dr$g+ op]ations are c>ri$ on are swift-fl[+ /reams1 subject to frequ5t floods1 hav+ a consid]able dep? ( gravel1 ) b\ld]s & runs ( pay dirt int]/ratifi$4 ,! conditions are1 !re=e1 n ! be/ = economical & successful "w1 & x is n surpris+ t _m failures h occurr$4 ,! runs ( gold are1 h[ev]1 (t5 ext5sive & ri*1 & op]ations c>ri$ on ^u su* rea*es h 9 a numb] ( cases giv5 satisfactory results4 ,! improv$ =m ( dr$ge is a d\ble pontoon1 ) ladd] & *a9-bucket arrangem5t betwe54 ,scre5s sep>ate ! co>se f ! f9e mat]ial4 ,wide sluic+ tables cat* ! gold1 c5trifugal pumps supply ! wat]1 & wa/e mat]ial is h&l$ by elevators4 ,! p[] is usually /eam1 al?\gh electricity is us$ 9 a few in/ances1 :]e conditions are favorable4 ,! dr$ges v>y 9 size & capacity1 b are n[ built ( l>ge size & great /r5g?4 ,tw5ty ?\s& doll>s is ! co/ ( a l>ge dr$ge ) all ! late/ contrivances4 ,"u favorable conditions1 mat]ial has be5 h&l$ )\t loss t only yield$ a gra9 ( gold to ! cubic y>d4 ,! real co/ 9 actual cont9u$ work+ is believ$ to be v mu* 9 excess ( t figure :]e av]age conditions exi/4 ,"o dr$ge on ! ,clyde side ( ! ,%otov]1 work+ to a dep? ( tw5ty feet bel[ wat] level1 lift$ #dj tons p] h\r :5 op]at+4 ,! pr(it on elev5 dr$ges = ! f\r weeks end+ ,july #bd1 #ahig1 0 an av]age ( #b1fhf = ea* dr$ge4 ,s f> 9 ?is c\ntry 7,unit$ ,/ates71 ) a few exceptions1 dr$g+ op]ations = gold h n be5 f9ancially successful4 ,f crude beg9n+s1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9es h be5 rapidly improv$ & p]fect$1 until n[1 9 "s localities1 dr$ges believ$ to be ! mo/ complete yet con/ruct$ are be+ put 9 op]ation1 & results are promis$1 n yet atta9$1 9 ! way ( economical work+ & high p]c5tage ( sav+4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 a numb] ( dr$ges h be5 op]at$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,idaho1 ,montana & ,colorado1 b ) poor success4 ,v few prove !mselves capable ( pay+ _! way4 ,"s ( ! ma*9es 7 faulty )9 !mselves1 o!rs 7 entirely unable to cope ) ! swift curr5ts & l>ge b\ld]s ( ! /reams ^u :i* !y 7 op]at$4 ,?is latt] is said to h notably prov$ ! case ) ! dr$ges tri$ ^u ! ,fraz] & ,oues5elle riv]s4 ,dr$g+ op]ations on ,gras%opp] ,creek1 ne> ,bannack1 ,mont41 are n[ c>ri$ on successfully ^u a l>ge scale4 ,! upp] ,sacram5to riv]1 9 ?is /ate1 has a dr$ge do+ pr(itable "w1 &1 9 a small way1 dr$g+ is successful ^u ! ,kzama?4 ,a dr$ge ^u t riv]1 compos$ ( two flat boats ) a l>ge /eel scoop betwe51 is able to cut & hoi/ ! gravel & s(t b$ rock1 & to h&le b\ld]s ( f f\r to six tons' weight4 ,! dr$ge is run day & night1 has a #be-;,h4,p4 eng9e1 & requires ?ree m5 = ea* %ift4 ,9 gravel #aj to #be feet deep1 #djj cubic y>ds c be h&l$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,co/ ( dr$ge1 #h1jjj4 ,a l>ge dr$ge ( ! *a9-bucket v>iety is op]at+ 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico1 9 a dry c\ntry1 :]e !re is little wat]4 ,! actual capacities ( ^! ma*9es are #fj1 #ajj & #aej y>ds p] h\r4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ dr$ge yet br\ght to ! notice ( ! public is "o lately built by ! ,risdon ,iron ,works1 ,san ,francisco1 & n[ op]at+ ^u ! ,yuba riv]1 ne> ,sm>tsville1 ,cal4 ,x is ( ! elevator1 or *a9-bucket1 type1 #if feet long1 compos$ ( two pontoons1 sep>at$ by a space five feet 9 wid?1 9 :i* is op]at$ ! ladd] c>ry+ ! buckets4 ,"o man controls ! dr$ge by means ( a p[] w9* ) six drums4 ,f\r drums c>ry l9es f ! corn]s ( ! dr$ge to an*orages on %ore--"o a head-l9e & "o ! ladd] l9e4 ,! ma*9e is to dr$ge to a dep? ( #de feet1 & is said to h a gross capacity ( #ic cubic y>ds p] h\r4 ,! mat]ial dis*>ges f ! buckets into a revolv+ & p]=at$ scre54 ,?is segregates ! l>ge mat]ial1 :i* is !n convey$ away by ! tail+s elevator4 ,wat] 7#c1jjj gallons p] m9ute7 is suppli$ to ! revolv+ scre5 = wa%+ & sluic+ purposes by a c5trifugal pump1 & ! f9e /uff falls ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! scre5 into a di/ribut+ box1 f :i* x passes to a set ( gold-sav+ tables & !nce to a flume4 ,! tables are cov]$ ) cocoa matt+ & exp&$ metal4 ,! top tumbl] ( bucket-*a9 is op]at$ by a v]tical comp\nd cond5s+ eng9e indicat+ #ce ,h4,p41 :i* also op]ates ! pump4 ,x is claim$ = ?is dr$ge t 9 any gr\nd n deep] ?an #fj feet bel[ wat] level or m ?an #bj feet above1 & :i* conta9s b\ld]s ( n m ?an "o ton weight1 ! mat]ial c be h&l$ at f #c to #e c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,if ! capacity ( ! ma*9e is giv5 )\t d$uction = wat] rais$1 imp]fect fill+ & g5]al delays1 & ! increase 9 volume ( ! gravel :5 brok5 up 9 fill+ ! buckets1 ! actual work+ capacity w\ld be less1 & f ^! causes & ! losses f we> & te>1 breakages & repairs1 ! co/ ( op]at+ w\ld be increas$4 ,! co/ ( ! dr$ge complete ^u ! riv] is said to h be5 #be1jjj4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! dr$ge into ! elevator or *a9-bucket ma*9e1 n[ ! popul> =m1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( dr$ges 7 giv5 trials4 ,! dipp] dr$ge is n adapt$ to dr$g+ = gold1 & "s ( ! gold is lo/4 ,) agitation ( ! gravel ! gold soon settles & is n recov]$4 ,x is also v difficult1 if n impossible1 to con/ruct a dipp] dr$ge t is wat]-tight4 ,ano!r objection is t ! mat]ial is suppli$ int]mitt5tly1 ?us mak+ necess>y c]ta9 undesirable arrangem5ts = supply+ ! mat]ial 9 a cont9u\s fl[ to ! gold-sav+ tables4 ,! same objections apply ) great] =ce to ! clam-%ell =m ( dr$ge4 ,x is by no means wat]-tight1 & loses mo/ ( ! gold 9 ! act ( dr$g+ & br++ up ! gravel4 ,! objections w\ld seem n to h ! same =ce if appli$ to h>d cem5t$ gravel or to gravel ) suffici5t clay or o!r b9d+ mat]ial to make x consi/5t4 ,x is well to rememb] t ^! =ms ( dr$ges are1 9 _m positions1 economical ( op]ation4 ,! hydraulic dr$ge has _h fair trials & prov$ a failure4 ,l>ge /orms greatly less5 ! effici5cy ( ?is =m ( dr$ge1 & num]\s b\ld]s hamp] ! pump+ "w4 ,! suction =ce1 be+ int5se ne> ! pipe & decreas+ rapidly a %ort di/ance away1 causes ! s& & gravel to be c>ri$ (f1 leav+ ! gold beh9d4 ,a c5trifugal pump is !re=e ( little use to cat* co>se gold1 or to cle> a h>d1 unev5 bottom4 ,cutt]s d n remove ! tr\ble1 s9ce ! gravel is disp]s$ by ! cutt+1 & ! gold is sep>at$ !refrom4 ,^! objections w\ld n obta9 "u c]ta9 conditions1 & x w\ld seem q possible t conditions might be f\nd exi/+ :]e ! suction dr$ges might be arrang$ to d good "w4 ,a dr$g+ company is n[ con/ruct+1 at ,seattle1 two dr$ges ( ! suction type to op]ate ^u ! ,yukon riv]4 ,?is w\ld indicate t !re are ^? :o believe t deposits occur 9 & along t riv] :i* c be successfully work$ 9 ?is way4 ,! *a9-bucket ma*9e1 ! popul> =m = op]at+ "u av]age conditions1 is a comb9ation ( ! foll[+ elem5ts3 ,an excavat+ app>atus :i* cle>s ! bottom & h&les ! mat]ial ) little agitation & sl[ly & cont9u\sly deliv]s a regul> quantity ( gravel to ! gold-sav+ appliances2 revolv+ scre5 to receive & wa% ! mat]ial & sep>ate ! co>se f ! f9e2 an elevator or contrivance = c>ry+ (f ! co>se gravel & /ones2 gold-sav+ arrangem5ts1 or tables1 ov] :i* ! f9e mat]ial passes & ^u :i* ! gold is caught2 a pump+ app>atus to supply wat] = wa%+ & sluic+4 ,! prop] capacity ( a ma*9e seems to be regulat$ by ! capacity ( ! gold-sav+ appliances4 ,! tables %\ld be z wide z possible1 ) frequ5t drops1 & ! f9e mat]ial %\ld be di/ribut$ ov] ! tables 9 a ?9 film4 ,! tables are cov]$ ) plu% or cocoa matt+1 & suffici5t wat] suppli$ to keep ! mat]ial cle>4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be suppli$ ev5ly1 cont9u\sly1 & regul>ly to ! tables4 ,c>e & att5tion are requir$ to cat* ! f9e gold4 ,a disreg>d ( ! =ego+ directions results 9 great loss1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! f9e gold4 ,me*anical skill is requir$ to prop]ly design & con/ruct a dr$ge1 & ! c>e ( a compet5t me*anic is necess>y to see t ! ma*9e is kept 9 ord] & economically op]at$4 ,! sav+ ( ! gold1 h[ev]1 is :at makes dr$g+ op]ations a comm]cial success4 ,a man skill$ 9 ^! matt]s %\ld be 9 *>ge ( runn+ op]ations4 ,dr$ges %\ld be built ( det]m9$ capacities1 & %\ld be design$ to suit ! conditions "u :i* !y are to op]ate4 ,c>eful exam9ation & inve/igation ( ! gr\nd to be work$ %\ld be made be=eh&1 & ! surr\nd+ conditions /udi$1 & x goes )\t say+ t ^! matt]s require eng9e]+ skill & exp]i5ce4 ,! field = dr$g+ = gold seems l>ge4 ,:]e ! prop] conditions exi/1 x is a sy/em :i* comm5ds itself1 & :i* gives promise1 9 compet5t h&s1 ( be+ an economical me?od ( m9+4 ,!re is probably a v l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry :]e dr$g+ = gold w be c>ri$ on pr(itably4 ,! gr\nd ne$ n be 9 a riv]1 if !re is seepage wat] suffici5t to float ! dr$ge & supply cle> wat] = ! sav+ ( ! gold4 ,dr$g+ requires little wat] z comp>$ ) t requir$ = sluic+ & elevat+1 & ?is wat] c1 9 _m dry localities1 be suppli$ at small exp5se1 :]e a supply = hydraulic "w or elevat+ w\ld co/ a v l>ge sum1 or be impossible at any co/4 ,any p[] suitable = driv+ ! prime motors c be utiliz$ to run ! dr$ge4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem z if a sy/em ( m9+ 0 ab\t to be p]fect$ :i* may make possible ! pr(itable work+ ( _m deposits n easy to be work$ by o!r me?ods1 & :i* may1 9 _m in/ances1 solve problems reg>d+ ! successful work+ ( deposits :i* hi!rto h seem$ mo/ p]plex+ & ev5 impossible ( solution4 ,"s d\bt exi/s z to possible economical dr$g+ op]ations "u ! wat] ( torr5tial /reams4 ,! /rong curr5ts1 ! frequ5t floods1 & _m l>ge b\ld]s f\nd 9 ! *annels ( su* /reams make ! work+ ( ! ma*9es difficult & co/ly4 ,?is w\ld n be s mu* ! case 9 ! long /ret*es ( less curr5t1 nor w\ld x be s at all 9 ! valley-l rea*es 9 ! l[] portions ( ri* /reams1 nor 9 ! wide1 flat portions ( c\ntry :]e ! /reams ent] ! pla9s4 ,v few gold-be>+ lodes conta9 no?+ b free gold2 on ! contr>y1 !y c>ry ! bulk ( _! values 9 ! =m ( sulphurets1 hav+ m or less gold incorporat$1 & ev5 :5 ! gold is native & free-mill+ at ! surface1 x is g5]ally *ang$ into sulphurets z dep? is ga9$4 ,s ! m9] has to consid] me?ods ( recov]y m complicat$ & exp5sive ?an simple amalgamation ) m]cury1 = ^u gold includ$ 9 pyrites m]cury has no effect4 ,titanic iron1 hematite1 & tung/ate ( iron (t5 hold gold1 or s(t clay ores c>ry x 9 _! mid/1 & su* comb9ations tax all ! skill ( ! m9+ eng9e] m]ely to save a respectable p]c5tage ( ! assay value4 ,sometimes *lor9ation & sometimes cyanization are ! measures tri$1 b suppos+ ! prelim9>y treatm5t to h be5 by /amps 9 ! batt]y1 conc5trat+ is "o ( ! ma9 reliances ( ! mill man4 ,! blanket table is und\bt$ly ! olde/ type ( conc5trat+ ma*9e1 b x is v inf]ior to mod]n inv5tions4 ,p]cussion tables (t5 d good "w4 ,9 ?is sy/em a %>p & frequ5tly repeat$ bl[ is giv5 ! table1 9 su* fa%ion z to make ! heavy mat]ial sep>ate f ! light4 ,%ak+ & rock+ tables are favor$ 9 "s mills1 & !y give bett] results on f9e gold ?an any ( ! previ\sly m5tion$ devices4 ,b ! be/ ma*9e s f> inv5t$ is ! ,frue ,vann]--an endless rubb] b& drawn ov] an incl9$ table1 hav+ bo? revolv+ & side motions4 ,! light] p>ticles are c>ri$ (f by wat]1 & ! heavi] collect$ 9 a tr\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frue ,,vann]4 ,ve9s1 lodes1 or l$ges1 may be f\nd 9 /ratifi$ or un/ratifi$ rocks1 & 9 ! =m] !y g5]ally cut ! b$s at an angle4 ,ve9s are b\nd$ by walls4 ,! rock 9 :i* a ve9 is f\nd is a c\ntry rock4 ,smoo? walls are call$ slick5sides4 ,! upp] wall ( an incl9$ ve9 is ! hang+ wall2 ! o!r ! foot wall4 ,a lay] ( clay betwe5 ! ve9s & wall is a selvage4 ,a mass ( rock enclos$ 9 ! ve9 is a horse4 ,! ve9 /one1 or gangue1 is all t "p ( a ve9 t is n m9]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fault4 ,! ?r[ ( a fault 9 a ve9 is measur$ by ! am\nt ( v]tical displacem5t4 ,:5 ! m9] comes to a fault1 he %\ld foll[ ! great] angle 9 8 attempt to recov] ! lode4 ,= in/ance1 on m9+ along ,a ,b to ! l9e ( fault ,x ,y1 ! exploration w be cont9u$ d[nw>d1 because ! angle ,a ,b ,y is great] ?an ! angle ,a ,b ,x4 ,m]cury t has be5 sick5$1 t is to say1 has lo/ its brightness & p[] ( amalgamat+1 may (t5 be cur$ by wa%+ ) an extremely weak solution ( sulphuric acid & add+ a little z9c4 ,z reg>ds ! comp>ative m]its ( *lor9ation & cyanization1 x may be said ! "o is ! equal ( ! o!r4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 *lor9e gives a high] p]c5tage ( gold2 "u o!rs ! same may be said ( cyanide4 ,a description ( ei!r process w\ld be out ( place1 h[ev]1 9 a simple elem5t>y "w4 ,h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies1 ! primitive arra/ra is /ill useful 9 c]ta9 cont+5cies4 ,x is l a cid] mill 9 its pr9ciple1 & 0 probably sugge/$ by recollections ( t ma*9e1 or else ( ! ,spani% w9e-press4 ,a circul>1 %all[ pit1 a doz5 feet or m 9 diamet]1 is fir/ pav$ ) h>d1 uncut /ones ( granite1 basalt1 or o!r h>d rock4 ,?is pavem5t is a foot ?ick1 & b5ea? x is a b$ ( puddl$ clay #f in*es deep4 ,a v]tical %aft ) an arm1 or arms1 revolves 9 ! c5t] ( ! arra/ra4 ,gr9d+ blocks weigh+ #djj1 or p]haps ev5 #a1jjj p\nds1 are fa/5$ to ! arms by *a9s or ra:ide /rips4 ,! =w>d "p ( ea* /one is rais$ a c\ple ( in*es (f ! floor4 ,mule1 horse1 wat] or /eam p[] may be us$1 ! spe$ rang+ f #d to #ah turns a m9ute4 ,no?+ c be simpl]1 less exp5sive1 or save a great] proportion ( ! value 9 ! ore ?an ! arra/ra4 ,its limit$ capacity is its wor/ fault4 ,an arra/ra #aj feet 9 diamet] w treat #ejj or #fjj p\nds ( ore at a *>ge1 & h&le "o ton a day ( #bd h\rs4 ,ores t 7 s poor !y yield$ no?+ to ! /amp mill h paid well ) ! arra/ra4 ,?is humble device may be us$ to advantage1 probably 9 "s ( ! poor] gold-be>+ cem5t$ gravels ( ! ,nor?we/4 ,! ore %\ld be cru%$ to pigeon-egg size4 ,small quantities ( m]cury1 ab\t a tablespoonful to e five tons ( gravel1 has be5 f\nd a satisfactory proportion 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 a p]man5t arra/ra a lay] ( neatly-dress$ & po9t$ /ones is laid 9 hydraulic cem5t4 ,a fair-siz$ arra/ra w require #ej p\nds ( qu>tz to *>ge x1 & ! mat]ial mu/ be brok5 into pigeon-egg size4 ,aft] ! ma*9e has be5 />t$1 & a little wat] add$ f "t to "t1 little else ne$ to be done = f\r or five h\rs1 & ?is is p]haps "o ( ! reasons = :i* x has always be5 s favor$ 9 indol5t ,mexico4 ,at ?is /age1 ! qu>tz & ore w be v f9ely pulv]iz$1 & wat] %\ld be add$ until ! pulp is z ?9 z cream4 ,quicksilv] mu/ n[ be add$ 9 ! proportion ( #a-a_/d ounce = e suppos$ ounce ( gold 9 ! ore be+ treat$4 ,two h\rs' fur!r gr9d+ is giv51 & wat] !n admitt$ until ! pa/e is q ?91 ! spe$ ( ! arra/ra be+ r$uc$ at ! same "t s z to all[ ! amalgam & quicksilv] to s9k to ! bottom4 ,a half an h\r ( ?is treatm5t suffices & ! ?9 mud is run (f1 leav+ ! gold & amalgam on ! floor ( ! arra/ra4 ,a second *>ge ( brok5 qu>tz is put 9 & ! op]ation repeat$1 ! clean-up n tak+ place (t5] ?an e t5 days1 & sometimes only at int]vals ( a mon? or s4 ,! r\gh] ! bottom ! long] ! int]val betwe5 clean-ups1 z all ! /one "w mu/ be tak5 up ea* "t & all ! s& & mud betwe5 !m mu/ be wa%$ c>efully4 ,! arra/ra is extremely valuable to ! poor man :o1 hav+ discov]$ a gold-be>+ ve91 wi%es to transf] "s ( ! metal into 8 own pocket1 at ! lea/ possible outlay4 ,its *eapness places x )9 rea* ( all1 :ile a /amp w co/ a good deal4 ,!n aga9 ! amalgamation be+ m p]fect 9 ! arra/ra ?an 9 any o!r mill1 x is p>ticul>ly suit$ = ! poor1 lean ores4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only adapt$ to ^? t are free-mill+1 o!rs n be+ suit$ to ?is =m ( app>atus1 nor1 inde$1 to any save v co/ly plants4 ,"s arra/ras h be5 built to treat old tail+s1 & h paid well :5 wat] p[] c\ld be us$4 ,free-mill+ gold & high-grade silv] & gold ores are ^? usually treat$4 ,! flagg+ %\ld be ( t\gh1 co>se rock2 granite1 basalt or compact qu>tz are all good4 ,?is flagg+ %\ld be at ! v lea/ a foot ?ick4 ,:5 ! arms ( a #aj-;foot arra/ra are revolv+ #ad times a m9ute1 ! out] /one is travel+ #djj feet a m9ute4 ,r\nd holes clos$ by wood5 plugs1 or a side gate1 lets ! liquid mud out4 ,"s mill m5 use *emicals 9 ! arra/ra2 potassium cyanide1 & wood a%es or lye are probably ! mo/ useful1 z ! latt] cuts grease & ! =m] gives life to ! quicksilv]4 ,ri* silv] ores are treat$ ) blue /one & salt4 ,:5 ! pulp has be5 gr\nd suffici5tly1 quicksilv] is add$1 sometimes #bej p\nds be+ put 9 a s+le *>ge4 ,a #ab-;foot arra/ra w nev] treat m ?an two tons a day1 & (t5 no m ?an "o-half t4 ,"o man a %ift c look aft] a c\ple ( arra/ras1 & ! own]1 9 case ( "o arra/ra t is work+ on tail+s1 (t5 does ev]y?+ himself4 ,ov]%ot :eels1 or turb9es1 or hurdy-gurdies1 furni% ! p[] 9 _m cases4 ,a simple mule-p[] arra/ra may be built = #aej4 ,a side hill %\ld be *os5 = ! site ( a batt]y4 ,ample wat] p[] is necess>y1 ?\gh provision may be made = sav+ x 9 cat* bas9s %\ld su* a c\rse be desir$4 ,moreov]1 !re mu/ be pl5ty ( room bel[ ! mill = ! tail+s1 z x may be desirable at "s future "t to put !m ?r\gh a second c\rse ( treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/amp ,,batt]y4 ,automatic ore-fe$]s are always put 9 by good mill m54 ,9 cold climates ! wat] t goes ?r\gh ! mill %\ld be heat$1 & ?is may be done by ! exhau/ /eam1 b c>e is necess>y t no grease get into x1 z x w\ld prev5t ! gold f amalgamat+4 ,! /amps = a light mill may be #c or #e 9 numb]1 & weigh f #gjj to #hej p\nds4 ,tables mu/ be wat]-tight1 ) half an in* to "o in* drop to ! foot1 accord+ to ! f95ess ( ! gold4 ,bel[ !m tables1 hav+ ! same incl9ation & cov]$ ) blanket+1 are us$ to reta9 specks ( gold t h pass$ ov] ! plates )\t amalgamat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,/amp ,,batt]y4 ,aft] ! conc5trat$ mat]ials1 always spok5 ( z ! conc5trates1 h pass$ ov] ! tables1 !y are (t5 roa/$ to get rid ( ! sulphur1 ars5ic1 etc41 & aft]w>ds treat$ ) quicksilv] 9 ! pan1 or t91 ) *lor9e or cyanide4 ,^! processes belong1 h[ev]1 to ! doma9 ( ! pr(essional *emi/ & metallurgi/1 & require ! k & exp]i5ce ( an exp]t to /& a *ance ( success4 ,! co>s5ess ( ! mort> scre5s is subject to inf9ite v>iety1 accord+ to individual pref]5ce4 ,! numb] ( holes to ! squ>e in* ranges betwe5 #fj & #hjj 9 ,au/ralia1 & betwe5 #ijj & #aj1jjj 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! holes1 :5 r\nd1 agree 9 numb]s ) ^? ( sew+-ma*9e ne$les1 f #j to #aj4 ,:5 slots are pref]r$ to holes1 !y are g5]ally #c_/h-;in* 9 l5g? & ,no4 #f diamet]4 ,russia %eet iron1 or %eet /eel #a_/cb-;in* ?ick is ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made4 ,x %\ld weigh "o p\nd to ! squ>e foot1 be v s(t & t\gh1 h a clean1 smoo? surface1 & %[ no ru/ or flaws4 ,9 ,au/ralia #a_/af %eet copp] is pref]r$4 ,! holes 9 any case mu/ be pun*$ 9 ! %eet s t ! r\gh edges are turn$1 & ?us any pulp t f9ds its way into "o ( ! holes is c]ta9 to get out aga9 & n clog4 ,a batt]y may require #ac sets ( scre5s a ye>2 ea* scre5 hav+ a surface ( ab\t #a-a_/b squ>e feet4 ,russia iron scre5s endure #ae to #dj days4 ,z ! "w a /amp c d dep5ds entirely ^u h[ mu* pulp c escape ?r\gh ! scre5 9 any giv5 "t1 ! latt] is evid5tly a v important detail ( a batt]y4 ,prospect+ /amp batt]ies diff] f ord9>y batt]ies1 *iefly 9 be+ ( light build & weight4 ,amalgam com+ f batt]y /amps is (t5 mix$ ) all sorts ( rubbi%4 ,aft] be+ ga!r$1 x is dri$ ) a sponge1 =eign matt] pick$ (f ! surface & clean quicksilv] add$4 ,s(t unglaz$ pap] ?ru/ into ! m]cury removes ! la/ ve/iges ( wat]1 & !n a c>d is drawn v]tically or a piece ( blanket horizontally across ! m]cury to clean x ( iron4 ,aft] squeez+1 ! amalgam is retort$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold ,,retort4 ,all ! amalgam is plac$ 9 "o l>ge kettle &1 if possible1 ! latt] is put on a /rong table hav+ an incl9$ surface ) a groove & hole at ! l[] end to cat* any /ray globules ( quicksilv]4 ,sodium amalgam1 "o ounce to ea* #ge p\nds ( m]cury1 is put 9 ! amalgam kettle & ! :ole /irr$4 ,?is sodium amalgam is n absolutely necess>y1 b is desirable4 ,aft] "s m9utes1 wat] is p\r$ on ! m]cury & ! :ole /irr$4 ,all dirt rises to ! surface & is remov$ ) a sponge4 ,! clean+ is cont9u$ until ! m]cury seems absolutely free f any impurity1 :5 x is dri$ ) a sponge4 ,x is next turn$ into po9t$ bags ( /\t canvas & =ce appli$ until mo/ ( ! quicksilv] has squeez$ ?r\gh4 ,! amalgam rema9s beh9d4 ,! quicksilv] /ill conta9s "s gold1 b x _h bett] rema9 if ! m]cury is to be us$ aga91 z gold attracts gold2 x c always be recov]$ by retort+4 ,sodium amalgam is be/ made by ! m9] himself1 en\gh = "o clean-up at a "t4 ,metallic sodium & quicksilv] are ! necess>y +r$i5ts2 ! =m] be+ kept 9 a wide-m\!d bottle cov]$ ) coal oil4 ,a fry+-pan makes a useful mix]4 ,x mu/ be dry & clean4 ,five p\nds ( clean m]cury is p\r$ into ! pan1 & dri$ ) a sponge1 & heat$ beyond ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 b n mu* above1 or !re w be a s5sible loss ( m]cury4 ,a piece ( sodium is wip$ dry1 cut into #a_/b-;in* squ>es & plac$ ) a long pair ( tongs 9 ! c5t] ( ! w>m quicksilv]1 :i*1 by ! way1 is n[ (f ! fire & 9 ! op5 air1 ! op]ator mean:ile keep+ religi\sly to w9dw>d ( x1 unless he c\rts salivation & all its att5dant ills4 ,z soon z ! sodium t\*es ! m]cury a fla% & mild explosion w foll[1 b aft] a few cubes h be5 introduc$ into ! fry+-pan1 always 9 ! c5t]1 ?is w cease4 ,z soon z a solid mass ( amalgam =ms 9 ! middle ( ! pan1 ! cont5ts mu/ be /irr$ sl[ly1 & a little m sodium add$4 ,! :ole mass n[ cry/allizes out1 & if put into closely-/opp$ bottles x w keep )\t fur!r protection = a little "t4 ,once op5$1 ea* bottle mu/ be us$4 ,obs]ve all ^! directions fai?fully1 !n !re w be no dang] ( inhal+ m]curial fumes nor ( be+ bl[n to atoms4 ,aft] ! amalgam is once made1 x is safe z sug>4 ,9 retort+ amalgam nev] fill ! flask too full1 & apply ! heat gradually1 & always f ! top ( ! flask d[nw>d4 ,! rock] is a box #dj in*es long1 #af in*es wide on ! bottom1 slop$ l a cradle1 & ) rock]s at ea* end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,rock]4 ,a hopp] #bj in*es squ>e & #d in*es deep1 hav+ an iron bottom p]=at$ ) #a_/b-;in* holes1 occupies ! top4 ,a light canvas-cov]$ frame is /ret*$ "u ?is1 =m+ a riffle4 ,riffles1 & occasionally amalgamat$ copp] plates1 are plac$ 9 ! bottom4 ,! gravel is f$ into ! hopp]1 ! cradle be+ !n rock$ by "o h& :ile wat] is f$ by a dipp] ) ! o!r4 ,! cradle mu/ be plac$ on an incl9ation :ile be+ work$1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! cont9u$ side-to-side rock+ ! dirt is quickly dis9tegrat$1 passes ?r\gh ! riddle & falls on ! apron4 ,f ! apron x is convey$ to ! inn] end ( ! cradle floor1 f :i* x fl[s ov] ! riffles1 or b>s1 & out at ! m\?4 ,! diff]5ce 9 level ( ! floor is g5]ally ab\t #b-a_/b in*es1 b ?is may be v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! dirt treat$4 ,l>ge /ones 9 ! riddle or hopp] mu/ be ?r[n out1 b small] ones assi/ 9 break+ up ! lumps ( dirt4 ,e little :ile ! pebbles are turn$ out & look$ ov] = nuggets4 ,clean-ups are necess>y two or ?ree times a day4 ,! hopp] is tak5 (f fir/1 !n ! apron is slid out1 & wa%$ 9 a bucket or tub conta9+ clean wat]1 & f9ally ! gold & amalgam are collect$ 9 an iron spoon f beh9d ! riffle b>s1 & pann$ out4 ,gravel requires at lea/ ?ree times its own weight ( wat] to wa% x4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way is to lead ! wat] f a /ream ?r\gh a pipe dis*>g+ directly ov] ! hopp]1 b ?is is1 ( c\rse1 impracticable 9 "s places4 ,m (t5 ! wat] is l$ to a little pit on ! "r h& side ( ! op]ator1 f :i* he ladles x up z requir$4 ,"o man c wa% f "o to ?ree cubic y>ds daily accord+ to ! "* ( ! dirt1 b e "t he /ops ! ma*9e to fe$ x ) gravel or to empty ! riddle1 ! s& w pack1 & mu/ be remov$ be=e wa%+ c g on4 ,two m5 c wa% ne>ly ?ree times z mu* dirt 9 a day z "o man4 ,b 9 any case1 ! rock] is only a primitive ma*9e1 hav+ a capacity b "o-fif? z great z t ( ! ,long ,tom1 & b "o-t5? t ( a v poor sluice1 b z x is *eap1 requires b little wat]1 & saves a high p]c5tage ( co>se gold1 ! rock] w cont9ue to be us$ 9 _m di/ricts4 ,! ,long ,tom 0 inv5t$ _m ye>s ago by ,georgia m9]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,long ,,tom4 ,x is a tr\gh #ab feet by #ae to #bj in*es at ! upp] end1 & #cj in*es at ! l[]1 & #h in*es deep4 ,! grade is usually #a 9 #ab4 ,a %eet iron plate =ms ! l[] end ( ! tr\gh4 ,^! figures ref] to ! upp] tr\gh4 ,! l[] or riffle-box is #ab feet long by #c feet wide1 ) a fall equal to t ( ! tr\gh & a suffici5t dep? to keep ! mat]ial & wat] f spill+ ov] ! sides4 ,x %\ld h f\r riffles4 ,= ?is means ( sav+ ! gold1 to "w satisfactorily1 ! metal mu/ be co>se & ! wat] pl5tiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sluice ,,boxes4 ,e sluice is an incl9$ *annel ?r\gh :i* fl[s a /ream ( wat]1 c>ry+ away all ! light] matt] ?r[n into x1 & sep>at+ x f ! heavy4 ,:5 ! op]ations w\ld n be p]man5t en\gh1 or sometimes = o!r reasons1 a gr\nd sluice is pref]r$ to ! ord9>y box sluice made ( bo>ds4 ,gr\nd sluic+ requires1 h[ev]1 six times z mu* wat] z does a box sluice to d ! same am\nt ( "w4 ,x is simply a gutt] 9 ! b$ rock1 & if ! bottom is h>d & unev5 its inequalities w arre/ ! gold2 if n1 a numb] ( b\ld]s too heavy to be mov$ by ! /ream are put into ! sluice to act z riffles4 ,no m]cury is us$4 ,! wat] is turn$ (f & ! collect$ co>se gold wa%$ 9 ! pan4 ,sluice boxes may be any l5g?1 f #cj to #e1jjj feet4 ,!y v>y 9 wid? f #a to #e feet1 ?\gh g5]ally #af or #ah in*es4 ,! grade is proportion$ to ! f95ess ( ! gold1 v>y+ f #h in*es to #b feet to ! #ab-;foot box or l5g?4 ,! bottom %\ld be ( #a-a_/b in* plank1 & ! sides ( #a-;in* bo>ds4 ,! boxes are made #d in*es wid] at ! upp] end ?an at ! l[]1 s z to telescope4 ,! be/ me?od f\nd yet = arre/+ f9e gold is ! copp] plate amalgamat$ ) m]cury on its face4 ,^! plates are nev] us$ at ! head ( a sluice or o!r situation :]e !re is mu* co>se gold1 z !y w\ld be sup]flu\s 9 su* a situation1 b are plac$ "s di/ance d[n ! sluice & are mo/ efficaci\s 9 arre/+ ! fl\r1 or excessively f9e gold4 ,plates are always ( copp] above #a_/af in* ?ick1 & may be #f feet or m long1 & ( a wid? suit$ to ! capacity ( ! sluice4 ,:5 treat$ ) quicksilv]1 !y become z brittle z glass1 & mu/ be h&l$ ) c>e4 ,! copp] plate is fir/ wa%$ ) a weak solution ( nitric acid1 & !n m]cury t has be5 treat$ ) a weak nitric acid solution is rubb$ on ! plate4 ,z ?is surface ( quicksilv] we>s (f1 x may be replac$ by a little fre% m]cury4 ,any gre5 slime on a plate is an evid5ce ( copp] salts 9 ! wat]4 ,x mu/ be scrap$ (f & ! spot rubb$ ) fre% quicksilv]4 ,gold attracts gold1 !re=e ! plates %\ld n be clean$ up too (t54 ,copp] plates may be fre$ f gold by heat+ !m ov] a fire & caus+ ! quicksilv] to evaporate sl[ly4 ,! plates1 aft] be+ cool$1 are rubb$ ) dilute muriatic acid & cov]$ ) damp clo?s = "o night4 ,!y are !n rubb$ ) a solution conta9+ salt pet] & sal ammoniac1 & once m heat$ ov] "s hot coals1 b n all[$ to get r$ hot4 ,soon ! gold scale rises 9 bli/]s2 ! plates are !n remov$ f ! fire & scrap$4 ,^? p>ts ( ! plates t h n yield$ up _! gold mu/ be re-treat$ & fir$ until !y d s4 ,all ^! scales ( gold are !n collect$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 ! base metals are dissolv$ out ) nitric acid1 & ! gold is !n smelt$4 ,corrosive sublimate %\ld be plac$ 9 ! crucible z long z any blue flame is se5 to come f x4 ,"s mill m5 pref] to amalgamate _! copp] plates ) silv] amalgam1 claim+ t silv]-coat$ plates save a high] p]c5tage ( gold4 ,to amalgamate 9 ?is way take "s silv] bullion1 or silv] co91 & dissolve 9 weak nitric acid1 only j /rong en\gh to act ^u ! silv]4 7,if y use too mu* nitric acid y w wa/e m]cury & make ! amalgam h>d] ?an x %\ld be = ! be/ results47 ,aft] cry/als h =m$1 quicksilv] mu/ be add$1 heat+ g5tly mean:ile1 until a ?ick1 pa/y amalgam has =m$4 ,let ?is new comp\nd /& = "s h\rs1 & squeeze ?r\gh *amois z usual4 ,! proportion ( silv] may be ab\t #a ounce to ! squ>e foot ( copp] to be plat$4 ,9 fac+ new copp] plates ) ?is amalgam1 !y %\ld be wa%$ fir/ ) dilute nitric acid2 !n 9 cle> wat]2 ! ball ( amalgam be+ rubb$ ov] _! surfaces1 "s little =ce be+ appli$4 ,plates %\ld n be us$ = #bd h\rs aft] coat+4 ,por\s copp] plates ( ! be/ quality1 & n too heavily roll$1 %\ld be us$4 ,foll[ ! amalgam ) a swab1 & rub ! alloy well into ! plate4 ,z9c amalgam 7pref]able :5 m9e wat] conta9+ sulphuric acid is us$ 9 ! batt]y7 is appli$ to ! plate aft] x has be5 clean$ ) a mod]ately dilute mixture ( sulphuric acid & wat]4 ,! z9c-quicksilv] ball is rubb$ 9 & appli$ :ile ! plate is /ill wet4 ,z9c amalgam is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,cut z9c-%eet into small pieces2 wa% 9 weak sulphuric acid2 & dissolve 9 m]cury4 ,:5 ! quicksilv] w take no m z9c1 squeeze ?r\gh *amois & rub 94 ,z9c-coat$ plates %\ld /& a week be=e be+ us$4 ,v weak sulphuric acid w always clean ^! plates ( any scum t may =m be=e !y h receiv$ a gold coat4 ,sometimes ! m9] w be tr\bl$ ) impure gold aft] retort+4 ,if ! metal is v d>k ?is %ade may come f ! pres5ce ( l>ge am\nts ( iron4 ,a heavy proportion ( m9]al salts1 su* z *loride ( calcium 7,ca,cl71 sodium 7,na,cl71 & magnesium 7,ng,cl#b71 9 ! batt]y wat] sometimes acc\nts = ?is4 ,9 su* cases amalgamate1 retort1 pulv]ize & roa/4 ,!n smelt ) borax1 ! iron pass+ into ! slag4 ,if necess>y smelt a second "t1 :5 ! gold %\ld be pure en\gh to dispose (4 ,9 extreme cases1 ! gold may weigh b "o-fif? ( ! amalgam treat$4 ,9 di/ricts :]e suffici5t wat] = sluic+ is n procurable1 dry wa%+ is resort$ to4 ,no?+ b ri*1 co>se gold c be work$ by ?is me?od1 & ! dry wa%] r>ely delves f> bel[ ! surface = 8 gold4 ,9 ! ,mexican des]ts ! dirt is laid on raw hide1 all ! l>ge pebbles pick$ out & ! s& rubb$ z f9e z possible betwe5 ! h&s4 ,! s& is plac$ 9 a batea & w9n[$ by toss+ 9 ! air1 ! light] mat]ial be+ bl[n to leaw>d & ! heavy gold fall+ into ! batea4 ,a =m ( w9n[+ ma*9e has be5 pat5t$1 :i* may be driv5 by horse or h&-p[]1 :i* is said to give satisfaction4 ,x works by =c+ a /rong bla/ ( air f a fan ?r\gh a canvas scre54 ,! inv5tor claims t x w d ! "w ( ?ree m51 & "w dirt = #b-a_/b c5ts a cubic y>d4 ,:5 !re is a t5d5cy 9 ! mat]ial to cake1 dry wa%+ is impossible4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,camp ,,life4 ,! ,indian tru?fully obs]ves3 ,:ite man make heap big fire2 keep f> (f4 ,indian make little fire2 get close4 ,all same4 ,! small fire does be/ 9 ! circul> tepee t5t1 made ( canvas or lea!r1 9 use on ! pla9s4 ,! tepee is q an in/itution1 b x is g5]ally z full ( smoke z a kit*5 *imney1 & = t reason _c tru?fully be recomm5d$4 ,9 !ory1 ! smoke %\ld all pass out ( ! op5+ 9 ! top4 ,by us+ no second sk9 & c>efully exclud+ all air f ar\nd ! l[] rim ( ! tepee1 x w become an admirable place to cure hams1 fi%1 etc41 by ! orig9al smoke-dri$ process4 ,! ,scripture decl>es t he t t>rie? ov] ! w9e cup has r$ eyes next morn+1 & s has he t sleeps 9 a smoky tepee4 ,prop]ly made1 h[ev]1 ! tepee is ! ?+ :]e wood is sc>ce4 ,"s orig9al spirits are said to h />t$ = ,dawson ,city1 ,n4,w4,t41 a few ye>s ago ) bicycles & pu% c>ts4 ,if ^! means ( transport _h suffic$1 ! _w w\ld h le>nt some?+1 z h]et(ore a canoe & a /urdy pair ( legs 7 suppos$ to help ! wayf>] 9 t region bett] ?an any?+ else4 ,t is 9 summ]2 9 w9t]1 ! dog-tra9 is ! quicke/ mode ( travel4 ,9 ! we/]n /ates & 9 ,briti% ,columbia pack horses or mules d ! mo/ ( ! prospector's freight+1 & 9 ! f> nor? he ei!r c>ries 8 outfit on 8 back or else transports x by canoe 9 summ]1 or by dog-tra9 aft] ! riv]s h froz54 ,illu/ration3 ,,hudson',s ,,bay ,,dog ,,sl$4 ,no am\nt ( writt5 in/ructions w tea* a man to ?r[ a diamond hit*1 or h&le a canoe 9 swift wat]4 ,a lesson or two f an exp]t w1 h[ev]1 set 8 ?\ghts 9 ! "r direction1 & 9 "t he may become pr(ici5t4 ,canoe+1 freight+ & *opp+ are ?ree ?+s t are be/ begun 9 boyhood2 no "o ev] yet became m>vel\sly pr(ici5t 9 any "o ( !m t began aft] rea*+ adult age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yukon ,,sl$ ,,& ,,h>ness4 ,dog teams are made up ( f ?ree to six dogs2 a full-siz$ team dragg+ a load ( #bjj p\nds =ty miles a day = a week at a "t4 ,9 ! ,hudson ,bay region ! dogs are h>ness$ "o beh9d ! o!r1 b on ! ,yukon ea* pulls by a sep>ate trace1 & ! team spreads out l a fan :5 at "w4 ,aft] ,*ri/mas ! sn[-%oe is g5]ally a necessity 9 ! nor?4 ,)\t paddles on ! feet ! explor] c\ld h>dly make 8 way ?r\gh ! woods1 :ile ) !m on he sails along gayly1 mak+ a bee-l9e ov] froz5 lake & wat] c\rses1 & tak+ w9dfalls & d[n timb] 9 8 /ride4 ,! %oe 9 vogue 9 ! =e/ is %ort & almo/ r\nd1 & flat1 :ile t ( ! pla9s is v long1 upturn$ at ! toe1 & n>r[4 ,!re is a reason = ^! modifications1 z ! tyro w soon f9d out %\ld he sub/itute ! "o = ! o!r 9 ! native habitat ( ei!r4 ,b ! loop by :i* ! %oe is fa/5$ on ! foot is always ! same4 ,! /r+ is made ( moose hide2 /ret*$1 & greas$ be=e use4 ,c>ib\1 or re9de] hide1 makes ! be/ fill+1 b horse or bull hide w d at a p9*4 ,! frame is usually ( gr\nd a%1 or "s o!r t\gh1 h>d wood4 ,a camp kit ( cook+ ut5sils (t5 beg9s & ends ) a fry+-pan & t9 kettle4 ,c]ta9ly :5 travel+ light1 ^! ?+s %\ld be ! la/ to g1 z ) !m all ?+s are possible1 ev5 to amalgamat+ & retort+ ! preci\s metals4 ,! fry+-pan mu/ h a socket in/ead ( a long h&le1 z ! latt] may be cut f a bu% at any "t4 ,a l[1 broad kettle boils 9 less "t ?an a deep1 n>r[ "o ( ! same cubic capacity4 ,all provisions %\ld be kept 9 canvas bags4 ,mat*es 9 a lea!r case or safe1 or 9 a cork$ bottle4 ,blankets are nev] kick$ (f if sewn up at foot & side into a sleep+ bag4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! prospector be+ pass$ 9 regions :]e ! s-call$ b5efits ( civilization h n p5etrat$1 he is g5]ally a heal?y1 happy1 hopeful man4 ,especially1 hopeful4 ,i d n rememb] ev] meet+ "o t 0 n brimful ( expectation & tru/ 9 ! future4 ,possibly prospectors t h become pessimi/ic drop out ( ! ranks4 ,n[ ! man :o elects to dwell ) nature has only himself to ?ank if he does n l 8 lodg+s4 ,he c be com=table or wret*$1 accord+ to 8 k ( woodcraft & wild]ness resid5ce4 ,:]eas ! tyro />ts out ) ! av[$ int5tion ( r\gh+ x1 ! vet]an is p>ticul>ly c>eful to take matt]s z smoo?ly z he may1 be+ well assur$ t 9 any case !re w be en\gh inevitable discom=t 9 8 lot to satisfy any reasonable crav+4 ,x is j ! same 9 o!r walks ( life2 ! sailor1 ! trapp] & ! soldi] ea* le>ns to look aft] 8 own com=t & to seize e opportunity ( mak+ life z pleasant z possible4 ,! ?ree prime wants are food1 clo?+ & %elt]1 & _! importance is 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,n[1 food is some?+ t is pa9fully sc>ce 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & "o ( ! great problems ( wild]ness travel is to provide transport = ! supplies t mu/ be c>ri$ f civilization4 ,a rigor\s nor!rn climate necessitates a l>ge consumption ( /rong1 heat-produc+ food1 :ile 9 ! tropics ! explor] gets along v com=tably ) rice or an occasional sk9ny f[l1 ) planta9s = dess]t1 & pl5ty ( boil$ & filt]$ wat]4 ,comp>e su* a diet ) t ( ,nans51 ! arctic explor]6 ,he & 8 companion liv$ & wax$ fat on a diet ( lean be>'s meat ?ree times a day1 wa%$ d[n by draughts ( melt$ sn[ wat]4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh gov]nm5t exp$itions1 provid$ ) e cann$ & pott$ luxury ! /ores conta91 h suff]$ ! ravages ( scurvy1 ^! two adv5tur\s ,norwegians1 liv+ on ! food _! rifles _h provid$1 did n "k :at sickness meant4 ,o!r travel]s h f\nd t !y f>$ bett] by copy+ to "s ext5t ! mann] & cu/oms ( ! natives4 ,fat seal blubb] gives wond]ful resi/+ p[] aga9/ cold1 x is said2 :ile a mild1 un/imulat+ diet ( rice suits ! liv] bett] "u ! ,equator ?an ! ,bass ale & roa/ beef galore4 ,on ?is cont95t ! work+ man f\nd out long ago t pork & beans suits him nicely4 ,! lumb]man says3 ,x /icks to ! ribs1 by :i* robu/1 if n classical1 phrase he means t he c *op long] )\t feel+ hungry on pork & beans ?an on almo/ any o!r food4 ,! labor] hav+ f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! side ( a pig & a sack ( beans 0 a good comb9ation to h 9 ! l>d]1 ! man ( sci5ce aft] a c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s or s ( delib]ation confirms ! discov]y by ann\nc+ t ! fle% ( a sw9e mix$ ) ! fruit ( ! bean conta9s all ! c>bo-hydrates1 etc41 necess>y to su/a9 life4 ,! moral ( all ?is is t pork & beans mu/ n be =gott5 :5 outfitt+4 ,a few o!r ?+s be+ desirable1 ! foll[+ li/ may be consult$ to advantage by ! prospective prospector4 ,?is li/ %\ld suffice = fe$+ "o man = #ab mon?s3 ,sug> #ge p\nds4 ,apples 7evaporat$7 #ej p\nds4 ,salt #be p\nds4 ,salt pork #bab p\nds4 ,pepp] #a p\nd4 ,cond5s$ milk #a case4 ,fl\r #b b>rels4 ,c&les #a box4 ,mat*es #ab boxes4 ,soap #a doz4 b>s4 ,tea #a_/b case4 ,beans #bjj p\nds4 ,! dictates ( fa%ion be+ unhe>d on ! m\nta9 side1 & b5ea? ! p9es1 dress resolves itself into a m]e "q ( w>m? & com=t4 ,cut is ( importance truly1 b only insomu* z x all[s free play to ! limbs2 to ! arms 9 digg+1 & to ! legs 9 climb+ ! /iff side ( a canyon4 ,home-spun1 heavy tann$ duck1 corduroy or molesk91 & flannel und]clo?+ %\ld be ! ma9/ays ( a m9]'s w>drobe4 ,rubb] boots & slick]s are also necess>y to 8 com=t1 :ile = w9t] use a heavy ,mack9aw ov]coat1 or ev5 fur1 = ! extreme nor?1 is advisable4 ,:5 actually at "w ! m9] is m (t5 9 8 %irt sleeves ?an n1 & cold inde$ mu/ ! day be if an old woodsman is caught travel+ ?r\gh ! =e/ ) 8 burly =m encas$ 9 furs4 ,= arctic conditions ak9 to ^? f\nd on ! upp] ,yukon an outfit su* z ! foll[+ %\ld be *os53 #b heavy knitt$ und]%irts4 #b flannel %irts4 #f pairs wor/$ socks4 #b pairs ov]/ock+s4 #a pair m9]'s boots4 #a pair gum boots4 #b pairs moccas9s4 #a suit homespun4 #a horsehide jacket4 #a pair molesk9 tr\s]s4 #a broad-brimm$ felt hat4 #a fur cap4 #a ,mack9aw ov]coat4 #b pairs flannel mitts4 #a pair fur mitts4 #a muffl]4 #a suit oil slick]s4 #b pairs blankets4 ,9 cold wea!r ! feet1 f+]s & face require ! mo/ c>e4 ,! fir/ %\ld be /[$ into two pairs ( wool socks1 & a long pair ( knee-high ov]socks be drawn ov] ^!4 ,boots mu/ be replac$ by moccas9s4 ,a pair ( ?ick wor/$ mitts1 & a pair ( lea!r mitts outside1 keep ! h&s w>m en\gh ev5 at #bj degrees bel[ z]o4 ,at #ej degrees bel[ put on an extra pair--or g home until ! wea!r mod]ates4 ,! favorite /yle ( ar*itecture 9 ! wild]ness is nei!r ,doric nor ! ,go?ic nor yet ! ,r5aissance4 ,x is call$ ! dug\t4 ,! beauty ( ! dug\t is its extreme simplicity4 ,a hole 9 ! side ( a dry bank1 a few sods or logs = ro(1 & !re y h x4 ,a vet]an m9] goes to e>? z easily z a rabbit1 &1 l bunny1 is nev] at a loss = an habitation4 ,next to ! dug\t ! log cab9 des]ves m5tion1 :ile ! wattle & daub or 'dobe c]ta9ly secures ?ird honors4 ,! only drawback to ! pre-em95ce ( ! log cab9 is t to make x y mu/ h logs--j z ! cook always insi/s on pigeons be=e %e makes pigeon pie--& logs are 9 "s di/ricts only kn[n z museum specim5s4 ,n[1 ! dug\t or ! 'dobe only require a gravel bank1 or "o ( ^? deposits ( argilite t ! vulg> p]si/ 9 call+ clay2 7 x n = ?is fatal ease ( gett+1 e m9] & prospector w\ld d\btless pref] liv+ 9 a snug log hut1 !re to await 9 peace1 com=t1 & dignity ! arrival ( ! repres5tative ( ! ,engli% syndicate to :om he is de/9$ to sell 8 claim4 ,napoleon f\nd1 aft] fight+ 8 way across ,europe & back aga91 t 8 troops 7 m heal?y biv\ack+ 9 ! op5 ?an %elt]$ 9 t5ts4 ,9 tru?1 ! t5t is a v uncom=table & unheal?y make-%ift2 cold1 hot1 & damp1 by turns1 & (t5 badly v5tilat$4 ,a simple lean-to %elt]1 & a ro>+ fire are inf9itely pref]able :]e wood is abundant4 ,b x takes a lot ( wood to keep a biv\ac w>m on a w9t]'s night2 z mu* p]haps z w\ld fe$ a fair-siz$ family furnace = a mon?4 ,! trapp]s' fire is a mo/ regal blaze4 ,two back logs2 a pair ( h& junks & a =e/ick are ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! /ructure is re>$1 b ! edifice itself (t5 consumes a tall1 full-limb$ rock maple1 or a /ately bir* betwe5 ! sett+ ( ! sun & ! ris+ ( ! same4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( mak+ a fire2 ! fir/ is suit$ = a wood5 c\ntry2 ! second is us$ by ,lo1 & o!r prairie travel]s1 :]e fuel is sc>ce4 ,if ov]tak5 by /orm 9 any wild nor!rn region1 d z ! animals & ,indians d "u l circum/ances3 seek ! ne>e/ %elt] & lie close until ! wea!r has mod]at$4 ,! secret is to cons]ve y\r en]gy1 n to fritt] x away fight+ a p[] aga9/ :i* y may make no real headway4 ,a %all[1 bru%-l9$ gully2 ! lea ( a bank1 or small clump ( trees2 ^! & o!r seem+ly slight protections sometimes mean life in/ead ( dea?4 ,! exp]i5c$ woodsman nev] leaves camp )\t mat*es 9 8 pocket2 & 9 w9t] he c>ries a few pieces ( dry bir* b>k 9 ! bosom ( 8 hunt+ %irt1 z he kn[s h[ vitally necess>y x is on occasions to be able to k9dle a blaze at v %ort notice4 ,a t5t %\ld nev] be pit*$ loosely1 z no matt] h[ f9e ! ev5+ ! wea!r ere morn+ may be tempe/u\s 9 ! extreme1 & ! unpleasantness ( hav+ a t5t come d[n ab\t "o's e>s 9 ! d>k mu/ be exp]i5c$ to be realiz$4 ,also1 nev] pit* a t5t ) ! doorway t[>d ! nor?we/ 9 w9t]1 because t is ! qu>t] f :i* comes ! cold4 ,9 summ]1 f ,june until mid-,augu/1 ! mosquito1 ! black fly & ! midge or s& fly1 make life a burd5 9 ! nor?4 ,! be/ rem$y = ! mosquito & black fly is a mixture ( t> & olive oil1 ( ! consi/5cy ( cream1 rubb$ on all expos$ p>ts ( ! p]son4 ,a d>k gre5 veil w also keep ! insect pe/s out ( ! eyes1 m\? & e>s1 & 9 w9t] is bett] ?an sn[ goggles to av]t bl9dness4 ,b1 un=tunately1 x int]f]es ) ! enjoym5t ( ! pipe1 & h5ce is n 9 mu* favor ) woodsm54 ,to make good bread x is n necess>y to take ei!r yea/ cakes or mix+ pan into ! wild]ness4 ,an old h& ?9ks himself ri* ) a few p\nds ( fl\r 9 8 sack1 & soon has a bat* ( bread bak+ t w\ld turn _m a h\sewife gre5 ) envy4 ,he proce$s 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,a visit to ! ne>e/ h>dwood ridge %[s him a gre5 p>asitic li*5 gr[+ on ! b>k ( ! maples 7lungwort74 ,"s ( ?is he ga!rs1 & /eeps x ov] night 9 w>m wat] ne> ! emb]s4 ,9 ! morn+ he mixes 8 fl\r into a pa/e ) ?is decoction1 us+ ! bag z a pan4 ,! d\gh is next cov]$ ) a clo? & set 9 a w>m corn] to rise2 a few h\rs lat] x is re-knead$ & bak$4 ,! result %\ld be delici\s bread4 ,"s ( ! leav51 or rais$ d\gh1 may be kept1 & w suffice = ! next bat* ( bread1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,mak+ b$ takes long] 9 camp ?an 9 ! city1 b ! result is j z satisfactory4 ,no?+ m com=t+ ?an a c\* ( fir b\ghs has be5 devis$ by man4 ,*oos+ a level spot ! woodsman cuts sev]al armfuls ( ! fea!ry tips ( ! fir balsam4 ,^! he places 9 lay]s l %+les on a ro(1 beg9n+ at ! foot & lay+ ! butt ( ea* b\gh t[>d ! head4 ,if suffici5tly deep1 say a c\ple ( feet or s1 su* a b$ w be s(t & ela/ic = a night or two1 :5 x w require re-lay+4 ,fragrant x always is1 ) ! delici\s aroma ( ! fir balsam4 ,! :ite man /ret*es himself in/9ctively feet to ! fire2 ! ,indian j z in/9ctively recl9es ) 8 side to x--& 8 way is ! mo/ philosophical4 ,/range z x may seem1 ! greate/ dang] ! w&]] runs is on 8 return to civilization4 ,l& surveyors1 eng9e]s1 & o!rs ^: "w calls !m into camp = mon?s at a /ret*1 dread _! fir/ night 9 a fea!r b$4 ,!y f9d by exp]i5ce t !y are lucky if !y escape ) no?+ m s]i\s ?an a heavy cold4 ,hot1 /uffy air1 & poor v5tilation cause ! tr\ble4 ,leav+ ! w9d[ wide op5 w almo/ always prev5t ^! evil consequ5ces1 & all[ ! con/itution to become once m tol]ant ( a lack ( oxyg54 ,9 ! wild]ness1 not)/&+1 wet1 cold1 & exposure1 su* ills z consumption1 pneumonia1 bron*itis1 etc41 are unhe>d (4 ,boat build+ & net mak+ are two arts t ! prospector w d well to ma/]4 ,a few weeks pass$ 9 a build+ y>d1 & a half doz5 lessons f an old fi%]man w tea* him all t he requires ( ^! simple b extremely useful accompli%m5ts4 ,! be/ food = su/a9+ life 9 ! nor? is pemmican4 ,x 0 once made out ( buffalo meat1 b n[ ! fle% ( ! moose1 or c>ib\1 or ( ! de]1 is sub/itut$4 ,! meat is cut 9 ?9 flakes & air-dri$2 !n a mixture is made ( "o-?ird dri$ meat1 "o-?ird pure haun* fat1 & "o-?ird s]vice b]ries 7,a4 canad5sis74 ,^! are ramm$ by ma9 =ce into a bag ( gre5 hide1 & p\nd$ until z solid z a rock4 ,su* a solid mass ( food w keep = ye>s 9 a cool climate4 ,p]haps ! read] may be incl9$ to exclaim3 ,:y s mu* ab\t ! ,nor?2 :y n m ab\t ! ,ea/1 ,s\? or ,we/8 ,my reply to su* w\ld be3 ,because ! great f9ds ( ! future w surely be made 9 ! ,nor?4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,dawson1 ! be/ au?ority on ! subject1 has said !re are #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles ( virg9 t]ritory 9 ,canada to-day1 & no d\bt a v l>ge proportion ( x conta9s m9]al deposits4 ,?is #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles he divides into sixte5 sep>ate areas1 "s half z l>ge z ,irel&1 o!rs half t ( ,europe1 & 9 none ( !m has ! footfall ( a :ite man yet be5 e*o$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,survey+4 ,a man1 to make a success ( prospect+1 mu/ h :at is kn[n z a good eye = a c\ntry4 ,giv5 t faculty he w readily pick up ! little k ( survey+ t is sometimes almo/ indisp5sable4 ,a tape measure1 & a prismatic or survey+ compass1 are all t he is likely to require 9 lay+ (f to 8 own satisfaction ! ext5t ( 8 claim1 or any simil> simple op]ation4 ,! survey+ compass has two fix$ sights1 & a ,jacob /aff m\nt+1 into :i* a wood5 support is ins]t$4 ,! nor? end ( ! compass is always po9t$ ahead1 :ile ! ne$le1 :i* ( c\rse indicates ! magnetic nor?1 gives ! be>+ ( ! l9e run t[>d t nor?4 ,n[1 magnetic nor? is n by any means ! same ?+ z true nor?1 9 fact 9 v few localities on ! e>?'s surface are !y ! same1 & !n nev] = long4 ,9 ! extreme ea/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ne$le po9ts "s tw5ty degrees to ! we/ ( true nor?1 & 9 ,alaska x po9ts ?irty-five degrees to ! ea/w>d ( x4 ,!re is !re=e "o m]idian some:]e 9 ! c5tral valley :]e ! true nor? corresponds ) ! magnetic nor?1 b z ! magnetic pole is always %ift+ ?is nev] rema9s true ( ! same m]idian = long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,survey+ ,,compass4 ,:5 !re is no local magnetism f iron ores1 or rocks conta9+ magnetite1 ! ne$le is fairly reliable1 ?\gh nev] p]fectly accurate1 b :5 su* attraction exi/s ! compass is unsatisfactory4 ,su* areas ( attraction1 h[ev]1 are usually limit$1 & by squ9t+ back1 tak+ :at is kn[n z a back sight1 a local attraction may be detect$1 & 9 t case rang+ by rods mu/ be resort$ to until ! compass ne$le once m seeks its true position4 ,to range by rods ! c\rse ( ! l9e hav+ be5 det]m9$ by retrac+ ! r\te foll[$ to ! la/ reliable m>k1 a /ake is driv5 9 at t po9t1 & ! surveyor /&+ "s little di/ance beh9d x on ! correct l9e directs an assi/ant to place ano!r rod 9 su* a position t ! fir/ hides x f view4 ,x w !n be on a prolongation ( ! l9e1 & ?is op]ation be+ cont9u$ ! surveyor w1 9 due "t1 f9d himself beyond ! rea* ( ! local attraction t deflect$ 8 ne$le & c resume compass "w4 ,a *a9 is #ff feet long4 ,(t5times 9 m\nta9\s or bru%-cov]$ c\ntries a half *a9 ( #cc feet1 made ( light wire l9ks1 is pref]r$4 ,two m5 d ! *a9+1 :i* c\ld ( c\rse be done by means ( an ord9>y tape measure 9 an em]g5cy1 ! lead] c>ry+ t5 p9s ( iron or wood1 & ! re> man tak+ "o up z ea* *a9 is measur$ (f4 ,:5 all are us$1 t5 *a9s 7#a_/h mile7 h be5 cov]$4 ,! m5 ex*ange p9s & ! tally man1 usually ! h9d *a9man1 calls out ,tally "o1 & cuts a not* 9 a /ick4 ,c>eful *a9+ is ! ess5ce ( good survey+4 ,! *a9 mu/ always be kept horizontal1 or else an all[ance made = ! incl9ation at :i* x 0 held :5 ! measurem5t 0 tak51 o!rwise ! results w be mislead+1 = all surveyors' measurem5ts ( areas are !oretically on a flat surface4 ,to asc]ta9 ! height ( a tree1 t[]1 etc41 fold a squ>e ( pap] across1 & glanc+ along ! hypo!nuse 7longe/ side7 ( ! "r angle s f\nd1 asc]ta9 at :at po9t y\r l9e ( sight j cat*es ! top ( ! object4 ,!n its height is ! same di/ance z ! di/ance f :]e y /& to its foot1 or ! l5g? ( a plumb l9e fall+ f its summit1 toge!r ) ! height ( y\r eye above ! gr\nd1 add$4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r me?od is to measure ! %ad[ ( ! object on a level surface1 next measure y\r own4 ,!n ,z y\r %ad[ is to y\r height s is ! %ad[ ( ! object to its height4 ,! area ( a squ>e is equal to ! squ>e ( "o ( its sides4 ,! area ( a triangle is equal to ! base multipli$ by half ! height4 ,! areas ( figures conta9+ m ?an ?ree sides may always be f\nd by resolv+ su* figures into a s]ies ( "r angl$ triangles4 ,v frequ5tly ! surveyor is call$ ^u to measure an inaccessible l9e4 ,!re are _m ways ( solv+ su* a problem1 b "o ( ! simple/ is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,suppos+ ! requir$ di/ance is t f bank to bank ( a riv] 7,y-,x74 ,!n lay (f ! base l9e ,y-,m1 driv+ /akes at ea* end2 make ,m-,p at "r angles to ,y-,m4 ,sight f ,p to ,x1 & drive 9 a /ake at ,z4 ,!n3 ,z ,m 3 ,m ,p 33 ,z ,y 3 ,y ,x4 ,:ile ^! simple survey+ problems are easily solv$1 ! prospector %\ld nev] =get t m9e survey+ requires skill1 exp]i5ce & accuracy4 ,he w d well always to call 9 ! s]vice ( a m9+ eng9e] %\ld 8 prospect ev] become a full-fl$g$ m9e1 z little errors ( direction are p>ticul>ly co/ly mi/akes :5 !y occur und]gr\nd4 ,%\ld y wi% to lay (f a c]ta9 acreage z a squ>e1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,z !re are t5 squ>e *a9s to "o acre1 multiply ! cont5t 9 acres by #aj to r$uce to squ>e *a9s4 ,!n f9d ! squ>e root ( ?is numb] ( squ>e *a9s1 & t w be ! l5g? ( a side ( ! squ>e requir$4 ,= in/ance3 ,to lay (f #be acres z a squ>e3 #be times #aj equals #bej squ>e *a9s4 ,^: squ>e root is #ae4ha4 ,ans4 ,! plot mu/ be #ae *a9s #ha l9ks squ>e4 ,sev5ty av]age paces is almo/ exactly equal to ! side ( a squ>e acre4 ,if y "k ! cont5t & l5g? ( "o ( ! sides ( a rectangul> figure x is easy to lay x (f4 ,?us3 ,giv5 a claim #aj *a9s long1 h[ wide mu/ x be to cov] #e acres8 #e times #aj equals #ej squ>e *a9s4 #aj divid$ by #ej equals #e4 ,ans4 #e *a9s wide4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,float+ ,a ,,company4 ,%\ld ! prospector discov] m9]al t increases 9 am\nt z ! m9e is op5$1 & %[s t x is likely to prove a pr(itable deposit1 he w h little difficulty 9 sell+ out to "s weal?y syndicate4 ,b if 8 m9e is likely to become a big produc] he %\ld try r to organize a company1 ( :i* he %\ld be a %>ehold]--! controll+ "o if possible--z !n ! output ( ! m9e w probably make him a ri* man4 ,x is r>e t a prospector sell+ outright obta9s any?+ b a fraction ( ! value ( a good m9e4 ,nor is x reasonable to suppose he %\ld4 ,:5 he sells1 ! pr(its ( ! buy]s are all 9 ! future1 & may nev] mat]ialize4 ,!y take all risk1 & consequ5tly insi/ ^u a b>ga94 ,! m money a prospector c inve/ 9 ! developm5t ( a good m9e ! bett] price he is likely to get :5 he sells4 ,bus9ess m5 de>ly l to see great masses ( ore 9 ! %afts & cuts1 & are always m will+ to pay a h&some price :5 !y "k some?+ di/9ctly promis+ ab\t ! pur*ase4 ,let ! prospector1 !re=e1 lay op5 8 prospect z ?or\ghly z he c ) ! means at 8 disposal1 & if he has fai?--z he %\ld h--9 ! m9e he is sell+1 let him take a good big block ( /ock 9 "p paym5t4 ,he mu/ see to x1 too1 t suffici5t work+ capital is provid$1 z !re are v few m9es t pay exp5ses f ! />t4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! %>ehold]s are v timid1 & b little money has be5 paid into ! treasury 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !y become re/ive aft] a call or two & refuse to honor fur!r dem&s4 ,?is has be5 ! ru9 ( _m a promis+ v5ture4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ?is mi/ake has be5 avoid$1 & t suffici5t funds are 9 ! treasury to meet all likely1 legitimate dra9s ^u x1 ! "q ( (fic]s rema9s a weighty "o4 ,! bo>d ( directors %\ld be level-head$1 %rewd m51 ) common-s5se1 bus9ess ideas2 ! secret>y %\ld und]/& 8 "w2 & ! m9+ eng9e] plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! m9e %\ld be "o ^: pr(essional k is equal to ! dem&s ( ! position4 ,! secret>y mu/ h su* a k ( ! prop] price ( labor1 & mat]ial1 z to detect any extravagance on ! "p ( ! manag]4 ,at lea/ "o memb] ( ! bo>d ( directors %\ld und]/& m9+4 ,good sal>ies paid to ! m9+ eng9e] or manag]1 & to ! secret>y1 w be money well sp5t1 provid$ !y are compet5t4 ,*eap m5 h no bus9ess 9 su* responsible positions1 :]e ! h&l+ & wise exp5diture ( l>ge sums ( money necessitate bra9s & special tra9+4 ,z to ! m9e manag]1 he %\ld be a m9]1 surveyor1 metallurgi/1 assay]1 bookkeep] & half-doz5 o!r ?+s roll$ into "o1 & t "o an hone/ man4 ,v l[ grade ore w\ld probably pay 9 ! h&s ( su* a p>agon ( p]fection--b he mu/ be s\ght = long & dilig5tly1 & ev5 !n he may n be f\nd4 ,new processes are to be %unn$ until !y h prov$ _! wor? & ceas$ to be new4 ,no soon] is a m9e float$ ?an all sorts ( knaves & fools appe> on ! sc5e1 ) new & wond]ful appliances = sav+ #ii4i p] c5t4 ( all ! value 9 ! ore4 ,be rude to !m4 ,drive !m away ) /icks & /ones if necess>y1 b z y value y\r salvation d n he>k5 to !m4 ,let "s "o else d ! exp]im5t+2 :5 y "k a process is good1 ! "t w h come to sp5d money on x4 ,!re are at ! pres5t mom5t ?\s&s ( tons ( co/ly ma*9]y ru/+ 9 lonely ,rocky ,m\nta9 canyons t 7 9 _! day novelties1 w>rant$ to save all ! values 9 ! ore1 :ile ! un=tunate %>ehold]s1 ^: missp5t money freight$ ^! ?+s to _! f9al re/+ place1 are n[1 p]*ance1 t\*+ ! belat$ ,*icago or ,new ,york p$e/rians = a nickel4 ,! only real guide to ! economic value ( an ore is ! treatm5t ( a l>ge bulk ( x 9 ! mill4 ,pl5ty ( ore %\ld be kept block$ out ahead ( ! work+s4 ,! m ore 9 sight ! bett] = ! future ( ! m9e4 ,la/ly1 rememb] t ?iev+ sometimes takes place on r a l>ge scale1 & be on ! wat* to detect x4 ,b !re is a bright side to m9+ z well z a d>k1 & ^? =tunate m5 :o paid #c1 #e or #h c5ts = ! /ock ( a m9e t n[ sells = #g c see x q pla9ly2 & !re are _m su*4 ,m9+ is n a gamble z "s w\ld h ! _w believe1 b a legitimate occupation1 dem&+ great n]ve & skill1 & sometimes great pati5ce1 b n infrequ5tly rew>d+ ! possessors ( ^! admirable attributes by weal? almo/ inexhau/ible4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,m$ical ,,h9ts4 ,m9]s z a rule are a heal?y1 h>dy lot ( m51 b nev]!less !y are occasionally tak5 ill1 & !re is v seldom a doctor ne> at h&4 ,moreov]1 by ! v nature ( _! "w !y are p>ticul>ly liable to accid5ts4 ,! s-call$ m9]'s consumption is caus$ by want ( fre% air4 ,! m9] passes mo/ ( 8 life 9 places :]e !re is a great defici5cy ( oxyg54 ,deep d[n 9 ! m9e ! air is usually v bad1 be+ full ( smoke & damp1 & ! hut 9 :i* he sleeps is too (t5 ov]cr[d$1 :ile ! places 9 :i* he seeks 8 amusem5t1 %\ld he live 9 a m9+ camp1 are usually little bett]4 ,! rem$y = ?is /ate ( affairs is to get all ! fre% air possible1 !n consumption is n to be fe>$4 ,%\ld poison h be5 swall[$1 an emetic ought to be giv5 z quickly z possible4 ,mu/>d1 or salt & w>m wat]1 are tol]ably efficaci\s1 b a dose ( #fj gra9s ( ipecac is m effectual4 ,:ile ! emetic is act+1 ! pati5t %\ld dr9k freely ( w>m wat] or w>m milk4 ,9 case ( app>5t dr[n+ ! body %\ld be /ripp$ d[n to ! wai/1 rapidly dri$1 plac$ on a flat surface ) ! head & %\ld]s rais$ a little1 & hot bricks appli$ to ! feet4 ,brea?+ %\ld be imitat$ by rais+ ! arms above ! head & turn+ ! body on its side2 turn ! body back on ! face & press ! arms d[n to ! side4 ,d ?is ab\t sixte5 times a m9ute1 & keep x up half an h\r if necess>y4 ,9 case ( a w\nd :i* ble$s freely1 a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 blood issu+ f a ve9 & blood issu+ f an art]y4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x w be ne>ly black1 or at lea/ v d>k2 9 ! second1 x w be bright r$ & spurt =?4 ,:5 f a ve91 ble$+ mu/ be controll$ by pressure bel[ ! w\nd1 t is1 f>!r away f ! he>t1 :ile 9 ! case ( an art]y1 :i* is always m dang]\s1 imm$iate pressure mu/ be made above ! w\nd on ! l9e ( ! art]y betwe5 ! w\nd & ! he>t4 ,a pebble roll$ up 9 a h&k]*ief & ti$ ar\nd ! limb1 ) ! /one directly above ! art]y1 & tight5$ by twi/+ a /ick 9 x1 is a good r\gh-&-ready means to /op ble$+4 ,sometimes a pad %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! h&k]*ief & ! art]y4 ,any?+ t excludes ! air1 su* z :eat fl\r1 or olive oil1 or boil$ l9se$1 or grat$ raw potato1 is good to spread ov] a burn4 ,if any consid]able surface is burn$ ! pati5t is 9 great dang]1 b small burns are r>ely fatal1 al?\gh !y may be v pa9ful4 ,! be/ application ( all is l9se$ oil & lime wat]4 ,scurvy is a disease t is v mu* to be dread$ :5ev] fre% meat & vegetables are sc>ce4 ,x is n[ ?\ght to be a condition ( acid-poison+1 & ! rem$y is alkal9e salts1 su* z c>bonate ( soda or c>bonate ( pota%4 ,lime juice is also an anti-scorbutic4 ,9 cold wea!r a diet ( almo/ exclusively fre% fat meat w keep (f scurvy4 ,pneumonia is usually mo/ fatal 9 cr[d$ camps1 :]e ! m5 d n get a suffici5t am\nt ( pure1 fre% air4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,dynamite4 ,dynamite %\ld be /or$ 9 a magaz9e :i* mu/ be dry1 cool1 & well v5tilat$4 ,bricks are be/1 b :5 built ( wood1 ! frame %\ld be cov]$ inside & out ) bo>ds all[+ ! air to h free circulation betwe5 ! walls1 s t ! inn] wall may n be heat$ by ! sun4 ,d n /ore y\r caps ) y\r dynamite4 ,if p[d] 0 well made1 x is z good a doz5 ye>s aft]w>ds z x 0 on ! day x came f ! mill4 ,mo/ accid5ts occur 9 ?aw+ dynamite4 ,dynamite freezes betwe5 #dj & #de degrees ,f>41 t is1 #aj degrees above ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 & al?\gh x does n explode1 if heat$ sl[ly1 until #cbj degrees ,f>4 is rea*$1 yet ! quick application ( dry heat may explode x at #abj degrees ,f>4 ,?is makes x s dang]\s1 = a /ick ( p[d] hot en\gh to explode "u c]ta9 conditions may be held 9 ! h& ) little inconv5i5ce4 ,p[d] %\ld be ?aw$ by plac+ x 9 a wat]-tight vessel & ! vessel set 9 hot wat]4 ,x %\ld nev] be plac$ on or "u a /ove1 or 9 an ov51 or on a boil] wall to ?aw out1 z is s (t5 done by ! un?9k+4 ,froz5 dynamite is especially liable to explode f heat quickly appli$4 ,nev]!less1 reckless m5 w cont9ue to bl[ !mselves to pieces by foolh>dy c>elessness4 ,froz5 p[d] is unfit = use4 ,x w burn or sm\ld]1 & "s ( x may be left 9 ! drill hole to explode :5 x is n want$ to4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,atomic ,,weights4 ,! atomic weight ( a m9]al is ! proportion 9 :i* its elem5ts are unit$1 i4e41 !y repres5t ! weights ( ! diff]5t atoms 9 ! m9]als4 ,hydrog51 be+ lighte/1 is made ! unit4 ,suppos+ x becomes desirable to f9d ! proportional weights ( ! elem5ts ( any sub/ance ) a kn[n *emical =mula4 ,multiply ! atomic weight ( ea* elem5t by ! numb] ( atoms ( su* elem5t1 & add ^! products toge!r2 ?is w give ! weight ( all4 ,! proportion ( ea* is arriv$ at by a simple calculation4 ,= in/ance3 ,h[ mu* metallic silv] is !re 9 #ajj p\nds ( ,arg5tite1 or silv] glance1 ^: composition is ,ag#b,s8 ,!n ,ag equals #ajh times #b1--baf4 ,s equals #cb times #a1--cb4 ,s t 9 e #bdh p\nds ( ! glance !re are #baf p\nds ( metallic silv]1 & by proportion we f9d its p]c5tage is #hg4a4 ,! foll[+ tables give ! symbols1 atomic weights & specific gravities ( c]ta9 abundant elem5ts4 ,r>e elem5ts are omitt$3 ,symbol4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,sp4 ,gr4 ,alum9um ,al #bg4e #b4ef ,antimony ,sb #abb4j #f4gj ,ars5ic ,z #ge #e4gj ,b>ium ,ba #acg #d4jj ,bismu? ,bi #baj #i4g ,calcium ,ca #dj #a4eh ,c>bon ,c #ab #c4ej ,*romium ,cr #eb4e #f4ha ,cobalt ,co #eh4h #g4gj ,copp] ,cu #fc4e #h4if ,gold 7,aurum7 ,au #aif4gg #ai4cj ,hydrog5 ,h #a4j #j4jfi ,iod9e ,i #abg4j #d4id ,iron 7,f]rum7 ,fe #ef4j #g4gi ,lead 7,plumbum7 ,pb #bjg4j #aa4dd ,manganese ,mn #ee4j #h4a ,m]cury 7,hydr>gyrum7 ,hg #bjj #ac4ei ,nickel ,ni #eh4h #h4fj ,nitrog5 ,n #ad4j #j4igb ,oxyg5 ,o #af4j #a4aje ,phosphorus ,p #ca4j #a4hc ,plat9um ,pt #aig4d #ba4ec ,potassium 7,kalium7 ,k #ci4j #j4hfe ,sel5ium ,se #gi4e #d4gh ,silicon ,si #bh4j #b4di ,silv] 7,arg5tum7 ,ag #ajh4j #aj4je ,sodium 7,natrium7 ,na #bc4j #j4igb ,sulphur ,s #cb4j #b4je ,tellurium ,te #abi4j #f4jb ,t9 7,/annum7 ,sn #aah4j #g4bh ,z9c ,zn #fe4j #g4ad ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,odds ,,& ,,ends4 ,,m9]',s ,,in*4 ,a m9]'s in* ( wat] v>ies 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 & is1 !re=e1 n a fix$ quantity4 ,9 "s ,/ates x means ! quantity ( wat] t w fl[ ?r\gh an orifice "o in* squ>e on ! bottom or side ( a box "u a pressure ( f\r in*es4 ,"u ^! conditions a m9]'s in* w dis*>ge #bbei cubic feet1 or #ag1fdh gallons e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :i* is at ! rate ( #ab gallons a m9ute4 ,fifty ( ^! m9]'s in*es are equal to a cubic foot ( wat] dis*>g$ e second4 ,"o cubic foot ( wat] a second w\ld be suffici5t to supply ! wants ( sev5 ?\s& city dwell]s4 ,9 calculat+ ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ by a /amp mill x is usual to all[ #gb gallons = e /amp1 #abj gallons = e pan1 #ge gallons = e settl]1 #abj gallons = e ,fruevann]1 #cj gallons = a conc5trator1 #cej gallons = a jig1 & #g-a_/b gallons = e horse-p[] ( a boil] ea* h\r4 ,if ! wat] aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! mill is imp\nd$ & us$ ov] aga91 ! loss w be ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,,lumb] ,,9 ,a ,,log4 ,to ,f9d3 ,multiply ! diamet] 9 in*es at ! small end by "o-half ! numb] ( in*es1 & aga9 multiply ?is product by ! l5g? ( ! log 9 feet2 ?is product divid$ by #ab w give ! numb] ( feet ( "o-in* bo>ds ! log w make4 ,,horse-,,p[] ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,= horizontal1 tubul> & flue boil]s1 divide ! numb] ( feet ( heat+ surface by #ae2 ?is w give ! horse-p[]4 ,a cord ( p9e wood weigh+ #b1jjj p\nds is ab\t equal to #a1jjj p\nds ( s(t coal = /eam purposes4 ,ea* foot ( grate %\ld burn #bj p\nds ( s(t coal1 or #dj ( wood1 p] h\r1 ) a natural draught4 ,,horse-,,p[] ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e4 ,multiply ! area ( ! cyl9d] 9 squ>e in*es by ! av]age effective pressure 9 p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 d$uct+ ?ree p\nds p] squ>e in* = friction4 ,multiply ?is rema9d] by ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divide by #cc1jjj4 ,! quoti5t w be ! true horse-p[]4 ,,horse-,,p[] ,,( ,,pelton ,,:eel4 ,! ,pelton :eel is 9 high favor ) ,cali=nia m9]s4 ,:5 ! head ( wat] is kn[n 9 feet1 multiply by #j4jjbdadg & ! product is ! horse-p[] t "o m9]'s in* ( wat] w give4 ,,assay+4 ,! muffle furnaces ( ! ,morgan ,crucible ,company ( ,batt]sea are favorably kn[n4 ,! mo/ useful size is t tak+ a ,d ,muffle1 #h-a_/b in*es by #e in*es by #c-a_/d in*es4 ,a ,,*eap ,,te/+ ,,outfit4 ,sometimes ! pione] is =c$ to attempt a good _m inve/igations ) v simple app>atus4 ,%\ld he possess ! foll[+1 he c a*ieve mu*3 ,a _s lamp1 c&le1 bl[-pipe1 magnet1 a bottle ( hydro*loric acid1 qu>t glass j>1 ?ree te/ tubes ) corks1 two feet ( glass tub+ 7h>d glass71 copp] wire1 two squ>e in*es ( t9 plate1 =ceps & te/ pap]4 ,su* an outfit c\ld c]ta9ly be b\ght = #a4 ,,weight ,,( ,,e>?1 ,,s&1 ,,gravel1 ,,etc4 ,a ton ( %+le av]ages #bc cubic feet4 ,a ton ( pit s& av]ages #bb cubic feet4 ,a ton ( e>? av]ages #ba cubic feet4 ,a ton ( riv] s& av]ages #ai cubic feet4 ,a ton ( co>se gravel av]ages #ai cubic feet4 ,a ton ( clay av]ages #ah cubic feet4 ,a ton ( m>l av]ages #ah cubic feet4 ,a ton ( *alk av]ages #ad cubic feet4 ,,weights ,,( ,,ores ,,& ,,rocks4 ,qu>tz1 #afb p\nds a cubic foot2 silv] glance1 #dee p\nds2 ruby silv]1 #cfb2 brittle silv]1 #chf2 horn silv]1 #cde2 antimony glance1 #bhg2 c9nab>1 #edi2 copp] pyrites1 #bfb2 gray copp]1 #bhj2 gal5a1 #dfa2 z9c bl5de1 #bdi2 iron pyrites1 #cab2 lime/one1 #agd2 clay1 #afb4 ,,cali=nia ,,pump4 ,a v useful pump1 9 regions :]e transportation is a problem1 is ! ,cali=nia pump4 ,x is a r\gh *a9-pump4 ,a box #aj in*es by #c in*es1 inside measurem5t1 & #aj feet to #cj feet 9 l5g?1 accord+ to requirem5ts1 =ms a tube rea*+ f ! wat] to be remov$ to ! level at :i* x is to be dis*>g$4 ,9 ?is an endless b& ( /\t canvas or lea!r works1 pass+ "u a roll] at ! l[] end1 :i* is imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,at ! high] end ! belt passes ar\nd a drum work$ by wat]1 horse1 or manual p[]4 ,on ! belt are wood5 or metal projections t fit ! box1 =c+ ! wat] upw>d z ! drum revolves4 ,,hydraulic ,,data4 ,! prospector1 & m especially ! m9]1 w d well to commit ! foll[+ figures to memory3 ,an ,imp]ial gallon ( wat] weighs #aj p\nds4 ,gallons multipli$ by 4#afjf equals cubic feet4 ,cubic feet multipli$ by #f4bhh equals gallons4 ,gallons multipli$ by #bgg4df equals cubic in*es4 ,cubic in*es multipli$ by #j4jjcfjd equals gallons4 ,cubic feet multipli$ by #fb4h equals p\nds4 ,p\nds multipli$ by 4#jaff equals cubic feet4 ,gallons multipli$ by #j4jjddfd equals tons4 ,tons multipli$ by #bbd equals gallons4 ,tons multipli$ by #ce4ig equals cubic feet4 ,a head ( #aj feet gives a pressure ( ab\t #d-a_/c p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,let ,h repres5t ! head ( wat] 9 feet1 & ,p ! pressure to ! squ>e in*4 ,!n3 ,h equals ,p times #b4caa4 ,p equals ,h times 4#dcbf4 ,a ,,fire ,,lute4 ,to make a fire-pro( jo9t betwe5 ! lid & body ( a retort1 or crucible1 use ! foll[+ z a lute3 ,qu>tz s&4 #h p>ts4 ,clay 7pure z possible7 #b p>ts4 ,horse dung #a "p4 ,mix & temp] l mort>4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,a ,,ve94 ,to f9d ! numb] ( cubic feet p] fa?om ( matt] 9 a ve91 multiply its ?ickness 9 in*es by #c4 ,great c>e is requisite 9 e/imat+ ! ore 9 a ve9 or ! am\nt ( m9]al 9 sight4 ,v clev] m5 (t5 make grave mi/akes 9 su* calculations4 ,a ,,make-,,%ift ,,flux4 ,r\gh smelt+ may be done ) p[d]$ :ite glass1 ?\gh ei!r borax or c>bonate ( soda is bett]4 ,z soon z ! gold is melt$ & ! flux fluid & /ill1 remove ! bulk ( ! flux ) an iron spoon1 & p\r ! metal into a clay m\ld4 ,cru% ! flux = gold4 ,,sav+ ,,bla/ ,,samples4 ,place a quantity ( spruce b\ghs ov] a hole be=e fir+ ! %ot1 & v few /ones w fly4 ,a ,,simple ,,retort4 ,squeeze ! quicksilv] amalgam conta9+ gold ?r\gh a *amois sk9 or piece ( cotton until x is z dry z y c get x4 ,!n take a l>ge potato1 cut (f "o end & holl[ out a piece ( x l>ge en\gh to receive ! amalgam4 ,heat a %ovel or a piece ( %eet iron r$ hot1 hold ! potato up & press ! %ovel to x1 cov]+ ! amalgam4 ,z soon z ! potato /icks fa/ to ! %ovel1 turn x ov] s t ! potato is on ! top & place x ov] ! fire & keep x r$ hot until ! retort+ is f9i%$4 ,z soon z x cools1 loos5 ! potato ) a knife1 & ! gold w be und]nea? & ! quicksilv] 9 ! potato4 ,! quicksilv] may be recov]$ by bruis+ ! potato to pulp 9 a cup ) wat]4 ,,clean+ ,,amalgamat$ ,,plates4 ,illu/ration ,a v simple plan = gett+ ! gold (f an amalgamat$ copp] plate is z foll[s3 ,take out ! surface dirt = ! dep? ( n9e in*es ov] an area a little l>g] ?an ! plate to be scal$2 place six bricks ar\nd ! excavation z supports = ! plate4 ,make a brick fire1 & let x burn d[n to r$ hot emb]s4 ,lay ! plate on ?ree iron b>s re/+ on ! bricks1 & cov] ! face ) /rips ( old blanket soak$ 9 a /rong solution ( borax4 ,keep ! blankets wet ) ! solution1 & :5 ! amalgam is :ite1 remove ! plate & scrape4 ,,calculat+ ,,weight ,,( ,,ore4 ,measure ! cubic cont5ts ( ! mass2 multiply ?is by ! weight ( "o cubic foot ( ! m9]al4 ,= small masses1 :]e no scales are at h&1 fill a bucket ) wat]1 & /& x 9 an empty b>rel4 ,fill ! bucket brimful2 introduce ! rock1 or ore1 & measure ! wat] x displaces4 ,f9d ! numb] ( cubic in*es 9 ! ov]fl[ by ref]5ce to ! foll[+ table3 #a gallon equals #bca cubic in*es4 #a qu>t equals #eg4ge cubic in*es4 #a p9t equals #bh4hg cubic in*es4 #a gill equals #g4ba cubic in*es4 ,multiply ! total s f\nd by ! specific gravity ( ! ore1 & ! result w be ! answ] s\ght4 ,suppos+ ! bottom ( ! b9 to be w$ge-%ap$1 measure half ! height f ! bottom to ! top & multiply ! numb] ( feet by ! wid? & l5g?1 bo? 9 feet4 ,?is w give numb] ( cubic feet 9 ! b94 ,multiply ! numb] ( cubic feet by ! weight ( "o cubic foot ( ! ore1 & ! result w %[ ! numb] ( p\nds ( ore ! b9 w hold4 ,divide by #b1jjj to r$uce to tons4 ,,m9+ ,,regulations4 ,! m9+ regulations ( e c\ntry diff]1 & ! prospector mu/ le>n by he>t ! provisions ( ! "o he works "u4 ,a claim notice writt5 ) a h>d p5cil or surveyor's m>k+ lead on a s(t p9e bo>d w la/ = ye>s4 ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4 ,troy ,weight4 #bd gra9s #a p5nyweight4 #bj pwts4 #a ounce4 #ab ounces #a p\nd4 ,long ,measure4 #ab in*es #a foot4 #c feet #a y>d4 #b y>ds #a fa?om4 #af-a_/b feet #a rod4 #d rods #a *a94 #aj *a9s #a furlong4 #h furlongs #a mile4 ,squ>e ,measure4 #i sq4 feet #a sq4 y>d4 #cj-a_/d sq4 yds4 #a sq4 rod4 #dj sq4 rods #a sq4 rood4 #d sq4 roods #a sq4 acre4 #fdj sq4 acres #a sq4 mile4 ,an acre is #bji feet squ>e4 ,l& ,measure4 #g4ib in*es #a l9k4 #be l9ks #a rod4 #d rods #a *a94 #hj *a9s #a mile4 ,avoirdupois ,weight4 #af drams #a ounce4 #af ounces #a p\nd4 #be p\nds #a qu>t]4 #d qu>t]s #a cwt4 #bj cwt4 7#b1jjj p\nds7 #a ton4 ,apo!c>y's ,weight4 #bj gra9s #a scruple4 #c scruples #a dram4 #h drams #a ounce4 #ab ounces #a p\nd4 ,,gloss>y4 ,adamant9e--,hav+ diamond lu/]4 ,adit--,a horizontal tunnel f ! surface dra9+ a m9e4 ,alluvium--,deposit by /reams4 ,amalgamation--,comb9+ m]cury ) ano!r metal4 ,analysis--,a *emical se>* :]eby ! nature 7qualitative7 & am\nt 7quantitative7 ( ! compon5ts ( a sub/ance are f\nd out4 ,aqua regia--,a mixture ( #c p>ts hydro*loric acid ) #a "p /rong nitric acid4 ,ar5ace\s--,s&y4 ,arg5tif]\s--,silv]-be>+4 ,argillace\s--,clay-be>+4 ,arra/ra--,a rot>y & primitive mill4 ,assay--,a te/4 ,assay-ton--#bi4aff #b-c grammes4 ,aurif]\s--,gold-be>+4 ,b>--,ob/ruction 9 ! b$ ( a riv]4 ,b>-digg+s--,claims 9 ! %all[s ( /reams4 ,base ,metals--,^? n class$ z preci\s4 ,batea--,mexican gold-wa%+ di%4 ,batt]y--,a set ( /amps = cru%+4 ,b$--,a seam or deposit4 ,b$-rock--,solid /ratum bel[ por\s mat]ial4 ,b5*--,old riv] b$2 also call$ a t]race4 ,boom+--,! sudd5 dis*>ge ( accumulat$ wat]4 ,bort--,black diamond4 ,calcite--,c>bonate ( lime4 ,canon--,pron\nc$ canyon2 a gorge4 ,c>at--,ab\t #d gra9s ,troy4 ,cem5t--,compact$ gravel4 ,color--,a speck ( gold4 ,c\ntry ,rock--,! rock enclos+ a ve94 ,cradle--,a m9+ app>atus2 also call$ a rock]4 ,cuprif]\s--,copp]-be>+4 ,decrepitate--,crackl+ :5 hot4 ,developm5t--,"w done 9 op5+ a m9e4 ,dip--,! incl9ation ( a ve9 at "r angles to its l5g?4 ,dolly--,a primitive /amp-mill4 ,drift--,a horizontal gall]y 9 a m9e2 or ! rubbi% left by ! la/ ice age4 ,drift+--,driv+ a tunnel4 ,dump--,a heap ( ve9 /uff1 etc4 ,exploitation--,! actual m9+ foll[+ exploration4 ,fa?om--,six feet4 ,fault--,a break 9 a ve9 or b$4 ,float-gold--,f9e gra9s t d n s9k 9 ! wat]4 ,float--,ve9/one or ore by :i* a ve9 is trac$4 ,flume--,wood5 tr\ghs c>ry+ wat]4 ,flux--,mat]ial add$ to help fusion4 ,foliat$--,9 ?9 lay]s4 ,gangue--,ve9/one4 ,g\ge--,a selvage ( clay betwe5 ve9 & c\ntry rock4 ,grade--,! incl9ation ( a dit*1 etc4 ,grat+--,p]=at$ iron %eet1 or b>s ) spaces4 ,gravel--,brok5 d[n1 r\nd$ rock fragm5ts4 ,gr\nd ,sluice--,a gutt] 9 :i* gold is wa%$4 ,iridesc5t--,%[+ ! hues ( ! ra9b[4 ,li?>ge--,proto oxide ( lead4 ,long ,tom--,a ma*9e = sav+ alluvial gold4 ,m>l--,clay conta9+ lime4 ,m9]'s ,in*--,an arbitr>y measure ( wat] regulat$ by local cu/om4 ,mundic--,iron pyrites4 ,op5 ,cut--,a surface work+4 ,outcrop--,t "p ( a ve9 %[+ on ! surface4 ,oxidation--,a *emical union ) oxyg54 ,oxide--,comb9ation ( a metal ) oxyg54 ,pann+--,wa%+ gravel1 or cru%$ rock1 9 a gold-m9]'s pan to detect gold1 etc4 ,p]oxide--,! oxide ( any sub/ance t is ri*e/ 9 oxyg54 ,plac]--,a deposit ( valuable metal 9 gravel4 ,plat--,a map f an orig9al survey4 ,plumbago--,graphite or black lead4 ,precipitate--,matt] sep>at$ f a solution4 ,pulp--,pulv]iz$ ore mix$ ) wat]4 ,qu>ry--,an op5 work+4 ,qu>tz--,silica4 ,qu>tzose--,conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( qu>tz4 ,r$uce--,to turn ore into metal by tak+ away oxyg54 ,riffle--,a groove or /rip to cat* gold & m]cury 9 a sluice4 ,roa/+--,heat+ 9 contact ) air4 ,%aft--,a pit giv+ access to a ve9 or work+4 ,/ratum--,b$ or lay]4 ,/riat$--,m>k$ ) p>allel work+s4 ,/rip--,to remove ov]ly+ mat]ial f a ve94 ,sulphate--,a salt conta9+ sulphuric acid4 ,sulphide--,a comb9ation ( sulphur & a metal4 ,sulphurets--,:5 ! m9] employs ?is t]m he usually means pyrites4 ,tail+s--,! refuse matt] aft] ore has be5 cru%$4 ,?r[--,! movem5ts ( ve9 caus$ by a fault2 x may be up or d[n4 ,transluc5t--,if light passes ?r\gh a m9]al1 x is transluc5t2 if y c see ! details ( an object ?r\gh x1 x is transp>5t4 ,und]lie--,! same ?+ z dip4 ,un/ratifi$--,)\t /ratification or b$d+4 ,wa% ,dirt--,aurif]\s gravel or clay4 ,:im--,a ma*9e = hoi/+ by a revolv+ drum4 ,w9ze--,an int]ior %aft connect+ ! levels4 ,z9c--,:ite oxide ( z9c4