,systematic ,theology ,a ,compendium and ,commonplace,book ,designed ,for ,the ,use ,of ,theological ,students ,by ,augustus ,hopkins ,strong1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,president and ,professor of ,biblical ,theology in the ,rochester ,theological ,seminary ,revised and ,enlarged ,in ,three ,volumes ,volume #c ,the ,doctrine of ,salvation ,the ,griffith ,rowland ,press ,philadelphia #aiji ,,contents ,part ,,vi4 ,soteriology1 ,or ,the ,doctrine ,of ,salvation ,through ,the ,work ,of ,christ ,and ,of ,the ,holy ,spirit4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,reconciliation ,of ,man ,to ,god1 ,or ,the ,application ,of ,redemption ,through ,the ,work ,of ,the ,holy ,spirit4 ,section ,i4--,the ,application ,of ,christ's ,redemption ,in ,its ,preparation4 ,i4 ,election4 #a4 ,proof of the ,doctrine of ,election4 #b4 ,objections to the ,doctrine of ,election4 ,,ii4 ,calling4 ,a4 ,is ,god's general call sincere8 ,b4 ,is ,god's special call irresistible8 ,section ,,ii4--,the ,application ,of ,christ's ,redemption ,in ,its ,actual ,beginning4 ,i4 ,union with ,christ4 #a4 ,scripture ,representations of this ,union4 #b4 ,nature of this ,union4 #c4 ,consequences of this ,union as respects the ,believer4 ,,ii4 ,regeneration4 #a4 ,scripture ,representations4 #b4 ,necessity of ,regeneration4 #c4 ,the ,efficient ,cause of ,regeneration4 #d4 ,the ,instrumentality used in ,regeneration4 #e4 ,the ,nature of the ,change wrought in ,regeneration4 ,,iii4 ,conversion4 #a4 ,repentance4 #b4 ,faith4 ,,iv4 ,justification4 #a4 ,definition of ,justification4 #b4 ,proof of the ,doctrine of ,justification4 #c4 ,elements of ,justification4 #d4 ,relation of ,justification to ,god's ,law and ,holiness4 #e4 ,relation of ,justification to ,union with ,christ and the ,work of the ,spirit4 #f4 ,relation of ,justification to ,faith4 #g4 ,advice to ,inquirers demanded by a ,scriptural ,view of ,justification4 ,section ,,iii4--,the ,application ,of ,christ's ,redemption ,in ,its ,continuation4 ,i4 ,sanctification4 #a4 ,definition of ,sanctification4 #b4 ,explanations and ,scripture ,proof4 #c4 ,erroneous ,views refuted by these ,scripture ,passages4 ,,ii4 ,perseverance4 #a4 ,proof of the ,doctrine of ,perseverance4 #b4 ,objections to the ,doctrine of ,perseverance4 ,part ,,vii4 ,ecclesiology1 ,or ,the ,doctrine ,of ,the ,church4 ,chapter ,i4 ,the ,constitution ,of ,the ,church4 ,or ,church ,polity4 ,i4 ,definition of the ,church4 ,a4 ,the church1 like the family and the state1 is an institution of divine appointment4 ,b4 ,the church1 unlike the family and the state1 is a voluntary society4 ,,ii4 ,organization of the ,church4 #a4 ,the fact of organization4 #b4 ,the nature of this organization4 #c4 ,the genesis of this organization4 ,,iii4 ,government of the ,church4 #a4 ,nature of this government in general4 ,a4 ,proof that the government of the church is democratic or congregational4 ,b4 ,erroneous views as to church government refuted by the foregoing passages4 #b4 ,officers of the ,church4 ,a4 ,the number of offices in the church is two3--first1 the office of bishop1 presbyter1 or pastor2 and1 secondly1 the office of deacon4 ,b4 ,the duties belonging to these offices4 ,c4 ,ordination of officers4 7a7 ,what is ordination8 7b7 ,who are to ordain8 #c4 ,discipline of the ,church4 ,,iv4 ,relation of ,local ,churches to one another4 #a4 ,the general nature of this relation is that of fellowship between equals4 #b4 ,this fellowship involves the duty of special consultation with regard to matters affecting the common interest4 #c4 ,this fellowship may be broken by manifest departures from the faith or practice of the ,scriptures1 on the part of any church4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,ordinances ,of ,the ,church4 ,i4 ,baptism4 #a4 ,baptism an ,ordinance of ,christ4 #b4 ,the ,mode of ,baptism4 ,a4 ,the command to baptize is a command to immerse4 ,b4 ,no church has the right to modify or dispense with this command of ,christ4 #c4 ,the ,symbolism of ,baptism4 ,a4 ,expansion of this statement as to the symbolism of baptism4 ,b4 ,inferences from the passages referred to4 #d4 ,the ,subjects of ,baptism4 ,a4 ,proof that only persons giving evidence of being regenerated are proper subjects of baptism4 ,b4 ,inferences from the fact that only persons giving evidence of being regenerate are proper subjects of baptism4 ,c4 ,infant ,baptism4 7a7 ,infant baptism is without warrant1 either express or implied1 in the ,scripture4 7b7 ,infant baptism is expressly contradicted4 7c7 ,the rise of infant baptism in the history of the church4 7d7 ,the reasoning by which it is supported is unscriptural1 unsound1 and dangerous in its tendency4 7e7 ,the lack of agreement among pedobaptists4 7f7 ,the evil effects of infant baptism4 ,,ii4 ,the ,lord's ,supper4 #a4 ,the ,lord's ,supper an ordinance instituted by ,christ4 #b4 ,the ,mode of administering the ,lord's ,supper4 #c4 ,the ,symbolism of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,a4 ,expansion of this statement4 ,b4 ,inferences from this statement4 #d4 ,erroneous views of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,a4 ,the ,romanist view4 ,b4 ,the ,lutheran and ,high ,church view4 #e4 ,prerequisites to ,participation in the ,lord's ,supper4 ,a4 ,there are prerequisites4 ,b4 ,the prerequisites are those only which are expressly or implicitly laid down by ,christ and his apostles4 ,c4 ,on examining the ,new ,testament1 we find that the prerequisites to participation in the ,lord's ,supper are four4 ,first1--,regeneration4 ,secondly1--,baptism4 ,thirdly1--,church membership4 ,fourthly1--,an orderly walk4 ,d4 ,the local church is the judge whether these prerequisites are fulfilled4 ,e4 ,special objections to open communion4 ,part ,,viii4 ,eschatology1 ,or ,the ,doctrine ,of ,final ,things4 ,i4 ,physical ,death4 #a4 ,upon rational grounds4 #b4 ,upon scriptural grounds4 ,,ii4 ,the ,intermediate ,state4 #a4 ,of the righteous4 #b4 ,of the wicked4 ,,iii4 ,the ,second ,coming of ,christ4 #a4 ,the nature of this coming4 #b4 ,the time of ,christ's coming4 #c4 ,the precursors of ,christ's coming4 #d4 ,relation of ,christ's second coming to the millennium4 ,,iv4 ,the ,resurrection4 #a4 ,the exegetical objection4 #b4 ,the scientific object4 ,v4 ,the ,last ,judgment4 #a4 ,the nature of the final judgment4 #b4 ,the object of the final judgment4 #c4 ,the ,judge in the final judgment4 #d4 ,the subjects of the final judgment4 #e4 ,the grounds of the final judgment4 ,,vi4 ,the ,final ,states of the ,righteous and of the ,wicked4 #a4 ,of the righteous4 7a7 ,is heaven a place1 as well as a state8 7b7 ,is this earth to be the heaven of the saints8 #b4 ,of the wicked4 ,a4 ,the future punishment of the wicked is not annihilation4 ,b4 ,punishment after death excludes new probation and ultimate restoration of the wicked4 ,c4 ,scripture declares this future punishment of the wicked to be eternal4 ,d4 ,this everlasting punishment of the wicked is not inconsistent with ,god's justice1 but is rather a revelation of that justice4 ,e4 ,this everlasting punishment of the wicked is not inconsistent with ,god's benevolence4 ,f4 ,the proper preaching of the doctrine of everlasting punishment is not a hindrance to the success of the gospel4 ,indexes4 ,index ,of ,subjects4 ,index ,of ,authors4 ,index ,of ,scripture ,texts4 ,index ,of ,apocryphal ,texts4 ,index ,of ,greek ,words4 ,index ,of ,hebrew ,words4 ,cover ,art ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the above cover image was produced by the submitter at ,distributed ,proofreaders1 and is being placed into the public domain4 8,,the ,,eye ,,sees ,,only ,,that ,,which ,,it ,,brings ,,with ,,it ,,the ,,power ,,of ,,seeing40--,cicero4 8,,open ,,thou ,,mine ,,eyes1 ,,that ,i ,,may ,,behold ,,wondrous ,,things ,,out ,,of ,,thy ,,law40--,psalm #aai3ah4 8,,for ,,with ,,thee ,,is ,,the ,,fountain ,,of ,,life3 ,,in ,,thy ,,light ,,shall ,,we ,,see ,,light40--,psalm #cf3i4 8,,for ,,we ,,know ,,in ,,part1 ,,and ,,we ,,prophesy ,,in ,,part2 ,,but ,,when ,,that ,,which ,,is ,,perfect ,,is ,,come1 ,,that ,,which ,,is ,,in ,,part ,,shall ,,be ,,done ,,away40--#a ,cor4 #ac3i1 #aj4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,soteriology1 ,,or ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of ,,salvation ,,through ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,christ ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,spirit4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this ,volume begins with 8,chapter ,,ii01 because 8,chapter ,i0 of 8,part ,,vi0 was printed in ,volume ,,ii4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,reconciliation ,of ,man ,to ,god1 ,or ,the ,application ,of ,redemption ,through ,the ,work ,of ,the ,holy ,spirit4 ,section ,i4--,the ,application ,of ,christ's ,redemption ,in ,its ,preparation4 7a7 ,in this ,section we treat of ,election and ,calling2 ,section ,second being devoted to the ,application of ,christ's ,redemption in its ,actual ,beginning1--namely1 in ,union with ,christ1 ,regeneration1 ,conversion1 and ,justification2 while ,section ,third has for its subject the ,application of ,christ's ,redemption in its ,continuation1--namely1 in ,sanctification and ,perseverance4 ,the arrangement of topics1 in the treatment of the reconciliation of man to ,god1 is taken from ,julius ,mller1 ,prooftexts1 #ce4 8,revelation to us aims to bring about revelation in us4 ,in any being absolutely perfect1 ,god's intercourse with us by faculty1 and by direct teaching1 would absolutely coalesce1 and the former be just as much ,god's voice as the latter0 7,hutton1 ,essays74 7b7 ,in treating ,election and ,calling as applications of ,christ's redemption1 we imply that they are1 in ,god's decree1 logically subsequent to that redemption4 ,in this we hold the ,sublapsarian view1 as distinguished from the ,supralapsarianism of ,beza and other hyper ,calvinists1 which regarded the decree of individual salvation as preceding1 in the order of thought1 the decree to permit the ,fall4 ,in this latter scheme1 the order of decrees is as follows3 #a4 the decree to save certain1 and to reprobate others2 #b4 the decree to create both those who are to be saved and those who are to be reprobated2 #c4 the decree to permit both the former and the latter to fall2 #d4 the decree to provide salvation only for the former1 that is1 for the elect4 ,richards1 ,theology1 #cjbcjg1 shows that ,calvin1 while in his early work1 the ,institutes1 he avoided definite statements of his position with regard to the extent of the atonement1 yet in his latter works1 the ,commentaries1 acceded to the theory of universal atonement4 ,supralapsarianism is therefore hyper,calvinistic1 rather than ,calvinistic4 ,sublapsarianism was adopted by the ,synod of ,dort 7#afah1 #afai74 ,by ,supralapsarian is meant that form of doctrine which holds the decree of individual salvation as preceding the decree to permit the ,fall2 ,sublapsarian designates that form of doctrine which holds that the decree of individual salvation is subsequent to the decree to permit the ,fall4 ,the progress in ,calvin's thought may be seen by comparing some of his earlier with his later utterances4 ,institutes1 #b3bc3e--8;,i say1 with ,augustine1 that the ,lord created those who1 as he certainly foreknew1 were to go to destruction1 and he did so because he so willed40 ,but even then in the ,institutes1 #c3bc3h1 he affirms that 8the perdition of the wicked depends upon the divine predestination in such a manner that the cause and matter of it are found in themselves4 ,man falls by the appointment of divine providence1 but he falls by his own fault40 ,god's blinding1 hardening1 turning the sinner he describes as the consequence of the divine desertion1 not the divine causation4 ,the relation of ,god to the origin of sin is not efficient1 but permissive4 ,in later days ,calvin wrote in his ,commentary on #a ,john #b3b--8;he is the propitiation for our sins2 and not for ours only1 but also for the whole world0--as follows3 8,christ suffered for the sins of the whole world1 and in the goodness of ,god is offered unto all men without distinction1 his blood being shed not for a part of the world only1 but for the whole human race2 for although in the world nothing is found worthy of the favor of ,god1 yet he holds out the propitiation to the whole world1 since without exception he summons all to the faith of ,christ1 which is nothing else than the door unto hope40 ,although other passages1 such as ,institutes1 #c3ba3e1 and #c3bc3a1 assert the harsher view1 we must give ,calvin credit for modifying his doctrine with maturer reflection and advancing years4 ,much that is called ,calvinism would have been repudiated by ,calvin himself even at the beginning of his career1 and is really the exaggeration of his teaching by more scholastic and less religious successors4 ,renan calls ,calvin 8the most ,christian man of his generation40 ,dorner describes him as 8equally great in intellect and character1 lovely in social life1 full of tender sympathy and faithfulness to his friends1 yielding and forgiving toward personal offences40 ,the device upon his seal is a flaming heart from which is stretched forth a helping hand4 ,calvin's share in the burning of ,servetus must be explained by his mistaken zeal for ,god's truth and by the universal belief of his time that this truth was to be defended by the civil power4 ,the following is the inscription on the expiatory monument which ,european ,calvinists raised to ,servetus3 8,on ,october #bg1 #aeec1 died at the stake at ,champel1 ,michael ,servetus1 of ,villeneuve d',aragon1 born ,september #bi1 #aeaa4 ,reverent and grateful sons of ,calvin1 our great ,reformer1 but condemning an error which was that of his age1 and steadfastly adhering to liberty of conscience according to the true principles of the ,reformation and of the gospel1 we have erected this expiatory monument1 on the #bgth of ,october1 #aijc40 ,john ,de,witt1 in ,princeton ,theol4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #aijd3ie--8,take ,john ,calvin4 ,that fruitful conception--more fruitful in church and state than any other conception which has held the ,english speaking world--of the absolute and universal sovereignty of the holy ,god1 as a revolt from the conception then prevailing of the sovereignty of the human head of an earthly church1 was historically the mediator and instaurator of his spiritual career40 ,on ,calvin's theological position1 see ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #a3dji1 note4 7c7 ,but the ,scriptures teach that men as sinners1 and not men irrespective of their sins1 are the objects of ,god's saving grace in ,christ 7,john #ae3i2 ,rom4 #aa3e1 #g2 ,eph4 #a3df2 #a ,pet4 #a3b74 ,condemnation1 moreover1 is an act1 not of sovereignty1 but of justice1 and is grounded in the guilt of the condemned 7,rom4 #b3faa2 #b ,thess4 #a3eaj74 ,the true order of the decrees is therefore as follows3 #a4 the decree to create2 #b4 the decree to permit the ,fall2 #c4 the decree to provide a salvation in ,christ sufficient for the needs of all2 #d4 the decree to secure the actual acceptance of this salvation on the part of some1--or1 in other words1 the decree of ,election4 ,that saving grace presupposes the ,fall1 and that men as sinners are the objects of it1 appears from ,john #ae3ai--8;,if ye were of the world1 the world would love its own3 but because ye are not of the world1 but ,i chose you out of the world1 therefore the world hateth you02 ,rom4 #aa3eg--8;,even so then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace4 ,but if it is by grace1 it is no more of works3 otherwise grace is no more grace4 ,what then8 ,that which ,israel seeketh for1 that he obtained not2 but the election obtained it1 and the rest were hardened40 ,eph4 #a3df--8;even as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world1 that we should be holy and without blemish before him in love3 having foreordained us unto adoption as sons through ,jesus ,christ unto himself1 according to the good pleasure of his will1 to the praise of the glory of his grace1 which he freely bestowed on us in the ,beloved02 #a ,pet4 #a3b--;elect1 8according to the foreknowledge of ,god the ,father1 in sanctification of the ,spirit1 unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of ,jesus3 ,grace to you and peace be multiplied40 ,that condemnation is not an act of sovereignty1 but of justice1 appears from ,rom4 #b3fi--8who will render to every man according to his works 444 wrath and indignation 444 upon every soul of man that worketh evil02 #b ,thess4 #a3fi--8;a righteous thing with ,god to recompense affliction to them that afflict you 444 rendering vengeance to them that know not ,god and to them that obey not the gospel of our ,lord ,jesus3 who shall suffer punishment40 ,particular persons are elected1 not to have ,christ die for them1 but to have special influences of the ,spirit bestowed upon them4 7d7 ,those ,sublapsarians who hold to the ,anselmic view of a limited ,atonement1 make the decrees #c4 and #d41 just mentioned1 exchange places1--the decree of election thus preceding the decree to provide redemption4 ,the ,scriptural reasons for preferring the order here given have been already indicated in our treatment of the extent of the ,atonement 7pages #ggaggc74 ,when 8#c0 and 8#d0 thus change places1 8#c0 should be made to read3 8,the decree to provide in ,christ a salvation sufficient for the elect02 and 8#d0 should read3 8,the decree that a certain number should be saved1--or1 in other words1 the decree of ,election40 ,sublapsarianism of the first sort may be found in ,turretin1 loc4 #d1 qus4 #i2 ,cunningham1 ,hist4 ,theol41 #dafdci4 ,a4 ,j4 ,f4 ,behrends3 8,the divine decree is our last word in theology1 not our first word4 ,it represents the terminus ad quem1 not the terminus a quo4 ,whatever comes about in the exercise of human freedom and of divine grace--that ,god has decreed40 ,yet we must grant that ,calvinism needs to be supplemented by a more express statement of ,god's love for the world4 ,herrick ,johnson3 8,across the ,westminster ,confession could justly be written3 #8,the ,gospel for the elect only4' ,that ,confession was written under the absolute dominion of one idea1 the doctrine of predestination4 ,it does not contain one of three truths3 ,god's love for a lost world2 ,christ's compassion for a lost world1 and the gospel universal for a lost world40 ,i4 ,election4 ,election is that eternal act of ,god1 by which in his sovereign pleasure1 and on account of no foreseen merit in them1 he chooses certain out of the number of sinful men to be the recipients of the special grace of his ,spirit1 and so to be made voluntary partakers of ,christ's salvation4 #a4 ,proof of the ,doctrine of ,election4 ,a4 ,from ,scripture4 ,we here adopt the words of ,dr4 ,hovey3 8,the ,scriptures forbid us to find the reasons for election in the moral action of man before the new birth1 and refer us merely to the sovereign will and mercy of ,god2 that is1 they teach the doctrine of personal election40 ,before advancing to the proof of the doctrine itself1 we may claim ,scriptural warrant for three preliminary statements 7which we also quote from ,dr4 ,hovey71 namely3 ,first1 that 8,god has a sovereign right to bestow more grace upon one subject than upon another1--grace being unmerited favor to sinners40 ,mat4 #bj3abae--8,these last have spent but one hour1 and thou hast made them equal unto us4444 ,friend1 ,i do thee no wrong4444 ,is it not lawful for me to do what ,i will with mine own80 ,rom4 #i3bj1 #ba--8,shall the thing formed say to him that formed it1 ,why didst thou make me thus8 ,or hath not the potter a right over the clay1 from the same lump to make one part a vessel unto honor1 and another unto dishonor80 ,secondly1 that 8,god has been pleased to exercise this right in dealing with men40 ,ps4 #adg3bj--8;,he hath not dealt so with any nation2 ,and as for his ordinances1 they have not known them04 ,rom4 #c3a1 #b--8,what advantage then hath the ,jew8 or what is the profit of circumcision8 ,much every way3 first of all1 that they were intrusted with the oracles of ,god02 ,john #ae3af--8,ye did not choose me1 but ,i chose you1 and appointed you1 that ye should go and bear fruit02 ,acts #i3ae--8;he is a chosen vessel unto me1 to bear my name before the ,gentiles and kings1 and the children of ,israel40 ,thirdly1 that 8,god has some other reason than that of saving as many as possible for the way in which he distributes his grace40 n ,mat4 #aa3ba--,tyre and ,sidon 8would have repented10 if they had had the grace bestowed upon ,chorazin and ,bethsaida2 ,rom4 #i3bbbe--8,what if ,god1 willing to show his wrath1 and to make his power known1 endured with much longsuffering vessels of wrath fitted unto destruction3 and that he might make known the riches of his glory upon vessels of mercy1 which he afore prepared unto glory80 ,the ,scripture passages which directly or indirectly support the doctrine of a particular election of individual men to salvation may be arranged as follows3 7a7 ,direct statements of ,god's purpose to save certain individuals3 ,jesus speaks of ,god's elect1 as for example in ,mark #ac3bg--8then shall he send forth the angels1 and shall gather together his elect02 ,luke #ah3g--8shall not ,god avenge his elect1 that cry to him day and night80 ,acts #ac3dh--8;as many as were ordained 77 to eternal life believed0--here ,whedon translates3 8disposed unto eternal life10 referring to in verse #bc1 where 8fitted0 8fitted themselves40 ,the only instance1 however1 where is used in a middle sense is in #a ,cor4 #af3ae--8set themselves02 but there the object1 1 is expressed4 ,here we must compare ,rom4 #ac3a--8the powers that be are ordained 77 of ,god02 see also ,acts #aj3db--8this is he who is ordained 77 of ,god to be the ,judge of the living and the dead40 ,rom4 #i3aaaf--8;for the children being not yet born1 neither having done anything good or bad1 that the purpose of ,god according to election might stand1 not of works1 but of him that calleth4444 ,i will have mercy upon whom ,i have mercy4444 ,so then it is not of him that willeth1 nor of him that runneth1 but of ,god that hath mercy02 ,eph4 #a3d1 #e1 #i1 #aa--8;chose us in him before the foundation of the world1 not because we were1 or were to be1 holy1 but that we should be holy and without blemish before him in love3 having foreordained us unto adoption as sons through ,jesus ,christ unto himself1 according to the good pleasure of his will 444 the mystery of his will1 according to his good pleasure 444 in whom also we were made a heritage1 having been foreordained according to the purpose of him who worketh all things after the counsel of his will02 ,col4 #c3ab--8;,god's elect02 #b ,thess4 #b3ac--8;,god chose you from the beginning unto salvation in sanctification of the ,spirit and belief of the truth40 7b7 ,in connection with the declaration of ,god's foreknowledge of these persons1 or choice to make them objects of his special attention and care2 ,rom4 #h3bgcj--8;called according to his purpose4 ,for whom he foreknew1 he also foreordained to be conformed to the image of his ,son02 #a ,pet4 #a3a1 #b--8;elect 444 according to the foreknowledge of ,god the ,father1 in sanctification of the ,spirit1 unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of ,jesus ,christ40 ,on the passage in ,romans1 ,shedd1 in his ,commentary1 remarks that 8foreknew10 in the ,hebraistic use1 8is more than simple prescience1 and something more also than simply #8to fix the eye upon1' or to #8select4' ,it is this latter1 but with the additional notion of a benignant and kindly feeling toward the object40 ,in ,rom4 #h3bgcj1 ,paul is emphasizing the divine sovereignty4 ,the ,christian life is considered from the side of the divine care and ordering1 and not from the side of human choice and volition4 ,alexander1 ,theories of the ,will1 #hg1 #hh--8;,if ,paul is here advocating indeterminism1 it is strange that in chapter #i he should be at pains to answer objections to determinism4 ,the apostle's protest in chapter #i is not against predestination and determination1 but against the man who regards such a theory as impugning the righteousness of ,god40 ,that the word 8know10 in ,scripture1 frequently means not merely to 8apprehend intellectually10 but to 8regard with favor10 to 8make an object of care10 is evident from ,gen4 #ah3ai--8;,i have known him1 to the end that he may command his children and his household after him1 that they may keep the way of ,jehovah1 to do righteousness and justice02 ,ex4 #b3be--8;,and ,god saw the children of ,israel1 and ,god took knowledge of them02 cf4 verse #bd--8;,god heard their groaning1 and ,god remembered his covenant with ,abraham1 with ,isaac1 and with ,jacob02 ,ps4 #a3f--8;,for ,jehovah knoweth the way of the righteous2 ,but the way of the wicked shall perish02 #aja3d1 marg4--8,i will know no evil person02 ,hosea #ac3e--8;,i did know thee in the wilderness1 in the land of great drought4 ,according to their pasture1 so were they filled02 ,nahum #a3g--8;he knoweth them that take refuge in him02 ,amos #c3b--8,you only have ,i known of all the families of the earth02 ,mat4 #g3bc--8then will ,i profess unto them1 ,i never knew you02 ,rom4 #g3ae--8;,for that which ,i do ,i know not02 #a ,cor4 #h3c--8;if any man loveth ,god1 the same is known by him02 ,gal4 #d3i--8now that ye have come to know ,god1 or rather1 to be known by ,god02 #a ,thess4 #e3ab1 #ac--8we beseech you1 brethren1 to know them that labor among you1 and are over you in the ,lord1 and admonish you2 and to esteem them exceeding highly in love for their work's sake40 ,so the word 8foreknow03 ,rom4 #aa3b--8;,god did not cast off his people whom he foreknew02 #a ,pet4 #a3bj--;,christ1 8who was foreknown indeed before the foundation of the world40 ,broadus on ,mat4 #g3bc--8;,i never knew you0--says2 8,not in all the passages quoted above1 nor elsewhere1 is there occasion for the oftrepeated arbitrary notion1 derived from the ,fathers1 that #8know' conveys the additional idea of approve or regard4 ,it denotes acquaintance1 with all its pleasures and advantages2 #8knew1' i4 e41 as mine1 as my people40 ,but this last admission seems to grant what ,broadus had before denied4 ,see ,thayer1 ,lex4 ,n4 ,t41 on 3 8,with acc4 of person1 to recognize as worthy of intimacy and love2 so those whom ,god has judged worthy of the blessings of the gospel are said 7#a ,cor4 #h3c2 ,gal4 #d3i72 negatively in the sentence of ,christ3 1 #8,i never knew you1' never had any acquaintance with you40 ,on 1 ,rom4 #h3bi-- 1 8whom he foreknew10 see ,denney1 in ,expositor's ,greek ,testament1 in loco3 8,those whom he foreknew--in what sense8 as persons who would answer his love with love8 ,this is at least irrelevant1 and alien to ,paul's general method of thought4 ,that salvation begins with ,god1 and begins in eternity1 are fundamental ideas with him1 which he here applies to ,christians1 without raising any of the problems involved in the relation of the human will to the divine4 ,yet we may be sure that has the pregnant sense that often has in ,scripture1 e4 g41 in ,ps4 #a3f2 ,amos #c3b2 hence we may render3 #8those of whom ,god took knowledge from eternity' 7,eph4 #a3d740 ,in ,rom4 #h3bhcj1 quoted above1 8foreknew0 elected--that is1 made certain individuals1 in the future1 the objects of his love and care2 8foreordained0 describes ,god's designation of these same individuals to receive the special gift of salvation4 ,in other words1 8foreknowledge0 is of persons3 8foreordination0 is of blessings to be bestowed upon them4 ,hooker1 ,eccl4 ,pol41 appendix to book v4 7vol4 #b3gea7--8 #8whom he did foreknow' 7know before as his own1 with determination to be forever merciful to them7 #8he also predestinated to be conformed to the image of his ,son'--predestinated1 not to opportunity of conformation1 but to conformation itself40 ,so1 for substance1 ,calvin1 ,rckert1 ,de,wette1 ,stuart1 ,jowett1 ,vaughan4 ,on #a ,pet4 #a3a1 #b1 see ,com4 of ,plumptre4 ,the ,arminian interpretation of 8whom he foreknew0 7,rom4 #h3bi7 would require the phrase 8as conformed to the image of his ,son0 to be conjoined with it4 ,paul1 however1 makes conformity to ,christ to be the result1 not the foreseen condition1 of ,god's foreordination2 see ,commentaries of ,hodge and ,lange4 7c7 ,with assertions that this choice is matter of grace1 or unmerited favor1 bestowed in eternity past3 ,eph4 #a3eh--8;foreordained 444 according to the good pleasure of his will1 to the praise of the glory of his grace1 which he freely bestowed on us in the ,beloved 444 according to the riches of his grace02 #b3h--8;by grace have ye been saved through faith2 and that not of yourselves1 it is the gift of ,god0--here 8and that0 7neuter 1 verse #h7 refers1 not to 8faith0 but to 8salvation40 ,but faith is elsewhere represented as having its source in ,god1--see page #ghb1 7k74 #b ,tim4 #a3i--8;his own purpose and grace1 which was given us in ,christ ,jesus before times eternal40 ,election is not because of our merit4 ,mc,laren3 8,god's own mercy1 spontaneous1 undeserved1 condescending1 moved him4 ,god is his own motive4 ,his love is not drawn out by our loveableness1 but wells up1 like an artesian spring1 from the depths of his nature40 7d7 ,that the ,father has given certain persons to the ,son1 to be his peculiar possession3 ,john #f3cg--8;,all that which the ,father giveth me shall come unto me02 #ag3b--8that whatsoever thou hast given him1 to them he should give eternal life02 #f--8;,i manifested thy name unto the men whom thou gavest me out of the world3 thine they were1 and thou gavest them to me02 #i--8;,i pray not for the world1 but for those whom thou hast given me02 ,eph4 #a3ad--8unto the redemption of ,god's own possession02 #a ,pet4 #b3i--8;a people for ,god's own possession40 7e7 ,that the fact of believers being united thus to ,christ is due wholly to ,god3 ,john #f3dd--8,no man can come to me1 except the ,father that sent me draw him02 #aj3bf--8ye believe not1 because ye are not of my sheep02 #a ,cor4 #a3cj--8of him ,god are ye in ,christ ,jesus0 your being1 as ,christians1 in union with ,christ1 is due wholly to ,god4 7f7 ,that those who are written in the ,lamb's book of life1 and they only1 shall be saved3 ,phil4 #d3c--8the rest of my fellowworkers1 whose names are in the book of life02 ,rev4 #bj3ae--8;,and if any was not found written in the book of life1 he was cast into the lake of fire02 #ba3bg--8there shall in no wise enter into it anything unclean 444 but only they that are written in the ,lamb's book of life0 ,god's decrees of electing grace in ,christ4 7g7 ,that these are allotted1 as disciples1 to certain of ,god's servants3 ,acts #ag3d--7literally7--8some of them were persuaded1 and were allotted by ,god to ,paul and ,silas0--as disciples 7so ,meyer and ,grimm72 #ah3i1 #aj--8;,be not afraid1 but speak and hold not thy peace3 for ,i am with thee1 and no man shall set on thee to harm thee3 for ,i have much people in this city40 7h7 ,are made the recipients of a special call of ,god3 ,rom4 #h3bh1 #cj--8;called according to his purpose 444 whom he foreordained1 them he also called02 #i3bc1 #bd--8vessels of mercy1 which he afore prepared unto glory1 even us1 whom he also called1 not from the ,jews only1 but also from the ,gentiles02 #aa3bi--8;for the gifts and the calling of ,god are not repented of02 #a ,cor4 #a3bdbi--8unto them that are called 444 ,christ the power of ,god1 and the wisdom of ,god4444 ,for behold your calling1 brethren1 444 the things that are despised1 did ,god choose1 yea and the things that are not1 that he might bring to naught the things that are3 that no flesh should glory before ,god02 ,gal4 #a3ae1 #af--8when it was the good pleasure of ,god1 who separated me1 even from my mother's womb1 and called me through his grace1 to reveal his ,son in me02 cf4 ,james #b3bc--8;and he ,abraham was called to be the friend of ,god40 7i7 ,are born into ,god's kingdom1 not by virtue of man's will1 but of ,god's will3 ,john #a3ac--8;born1 not of blood1 nor of the will of the flesh1 nor of the will of man1 but of ,god02 ,james #a3ah--8,of his own will he brought us forth by the word of truth02 #a ,john #d3aj--8;,herein is love1 not that we loved ,god1 but that he loved us40 ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahii--8,the law of love is the expression of ,god's loving nature1 and it is only by our participation of the divine nature that we are enabled to render it obedience4 #8,loving ,god1' says ,bushnell1 #8is but letting ,god love us4' ,so ,john's great saying may be rendered in the present tense3 #8not that we love ,god1 but that he loves us4' ,or1 as ,madame ,guyon sings3 #8,i love my ,god1 but with no love of mine1 ,for ,i have none to give2 ,i love thee1 ,lord1 but all the love is thine1 ,for by thy life ,i live'40 7j7 ,receiving repentance1 as the gift of ,god3 ,acts #e3ca--8;,him did ,god exalt with his right hand to be a ,prince and a ,savior1 to give repentance to ,israel1 and remission of sins02 #aa3ah--8,then to the ,gentiles also hath ,god granted repentance unto life02 #b ,tim4 #b3be--8;correcting them that oppose themselves2 if peradventure ,god may give them repentance unto the knowledge of the truth40 ,of course it is true that ,god might give repentance simply by inducing man to repent by the agency of his word1 his providence and his ,spirit4 ,but more than this seems to be meant when the ,psalmist prays3 8,create in me a clean heart1 ,o ,god2 ,and renew a right spirit within me0 7,ps4 #ea3aj74 7k7 ,faith1 as the gift of ,god3 ,john #f3fe--8no man can come unto me1 except it be given unto him of the ,father02 ,acts #ae3h1 #i--8;,god 444 giving them the ,holy ,spirit 444 cleansing their hearts by faith02 ,rom4 #ab3c--8;according as ,god hath dealt to each man a measure of faith02 #a ,cor4 #ab3i--8to another faith1 in the same ,spirit02 ,gal4 #e3bb--8the fruit of the ,spirit is 444 faith0 7,a4 ,v472 ,phil4 #b3ac--;,in all faith1 8it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure02 ,eph4 #f3bc--8,peace be to the brethren1 and love with faith1 from ,god the ,father and the ,lord ,jesus ,christ02 ,john #c3h--8,the ,spirit breatheth where he wills1 and thou as a consequence hearest his voice0 7so ,bengel72 see ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #aff2 #a ,cor4 #ab3c--8,no man can say1 ,jesus is ,lord1 but in the ,holy ,spirit0--but calling ,jesus 8,lord0 is an essential part of faith1--faith therefore is the work of the ,holy ,spirit2 ,tit4 #a3a--8the faith of ,god's elect0--election is not in consequence of faith1 but faith is in consequence of election 7,ellicott74 ,if they get their faith of themselves1 then salvation is not due to grace4 ,if ,god gave the faith1 then it was in his purpose1 and this is election4 7l7 ,holiness and good works1 as the gift of ,god4 ,eph4 #a3d--8;chose us in him before the foundation of the world1 that we should be holy02 #b3i1 #aj--8not of works1 that no man should glory4 ,for we are his workmanship1 created in ,christ ,jesus for good works1 which ,god afore prepared that we should walk in them02 #a ,pet4 #a3b--;elect 8unto obedience40 ,on ,scripture testimony1 see ,hovey1 ,manual of ,theol4 and ,ethics1 #behbfa2 also art4 on ,predestination1 by ,warfield1 in ,hastings' ,dictionary of the ,bible4 ,these passages furnish an abundant and conclusive refutation1 on the one hand1 of the ,lutheran view that election is simply ,god's determination from eternity to provide an objective salvation for universal humanity2 and1 on the other hand1 of the ,arminian view that election is ,god's determination from eternity to save certain individuals upon the ground of their foreseen faith4 ,roughly stated1 we may say that ,schleiermacher elects all men subjectively2 ,lutherans all men objectively2 ,arminians all believers2 ,augustinians all foreknown as ,god's own4 ,schleiermacher held that decree logically precedes foreknowledge1 and that election is individual1 not national4 ,but he made election to include all men1 the only difference between them being that of earlier or of later conversion4 ,thus in his system ,calvinism and ,restorationism go hand in hand4 ,murray1 in ,hastings' ,bible ,dictionary1 seems to take this view4 ,lutheranism is the assertion that original grace preceded original sin1 and that the ,quia ,voluit of ,tertullian and of ,calvin was based on wisdom1 in ,christ4 ,the ,lutheran holds that the believer is simply the nonresistant subject of common grace2 while the ,arminian holds that the believer is the coperant subject of common grace4 ,lutheranism enters more fully than ,calvinism into the nature of faith4 ,it thinks more of the human agency1 while ,calvinism thinks more of the divine purpose4 ,it thinks more of the church1 while ,calvinism thinks more of ,scripture4 ,the ,arminian conception is that ,god has appointed men to salvation1 just as he has appointed them to condemnation1 in view of their dispositions and acts4 ,as ,justification is in view of present faith1 so the ,arminian regards ,election as taking place in view of future faith4 ,arminianism must reject the doctrine of regeneration as well as that of election1 and must in both cases make the act of man precede the act of ,god4 ,all varieties of view may be found upon this subject among theologians4 ,john ,milton1 in his ,christian ,doctrine1 holds that 8there is no particular predestination or election1 but only general4444 ,there can be no reprobation of individuals from all eternity40 ,archbishop ,sumner3 8,election is predestination of communities and nations to external knowledge and to the privileges of the gospel40 ,archbishop ,whately3 8,election is the choice of individual men to membership in the external church and the means of grace40 ,gore1 in ,lux ,mundi1 #cbj--8,the elect represent not the special purpose of ,god for a few1 but the universal purpose which under the circumstances can only be realized through a few40 ,r4 ,v4 ,foster1 a ,cumberland ,presbyterian1 opposed to absolute predestination1 says in his ,systematic ,theology that the divine decree 8is unconditional in its origin and conditional in its application40 ,b4 ,from ,reason4 7a7 ,what ,god does1 he has eternally purposed to do4 ,since he bestows special regenerating grace on some1 he must have eternally purposed to bestow it1--in other words1 must have chosen them to eternal life4 ,thus the doctrine of election is only a special application of the doctrine of decrees4 ,the ,new ,haven views are essentially ,arminian4 ,see ,fitch1 on ,predestination and ,election1 in ,christian ,spectator1 #c3fbb--8;,god's foreknowledge of what would be the results of his present works of grace preceded in the order of nature the purpose to pursue those works1 and presented the grounds of that purpose4 ,whom he foreknew--as the people who would be guided to his kingdom by his present works of grace1 in which result lay the whole objective motive for undertaking those works--he did also1 by resolving on those works1 predestinate40 ,here ,god is very erroneously said to foreknow what is as yet included in a merely possible plan4 ,as we have seen in our discussion of ,decrees1 there can be no foreknowledge1 unless there is something fixed1 in the future1 to be foreknown2 and this fixity can be due only to ,god's predetermination4 ,so1 in the present case1 election must precede prescience4 ,the ,new ,haven views are also given in ,n4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,revealed ,theology1 #cgcddd2 for criticism upon them1 see ,tyler1 ,letters on ,new ,haven ,theology1 #agbahj4 ,if ,god desired the salvation of ,judas as much as of ,peter1 how was ,peter elected in distinction from ,judas8 ,to the question1 8,who made thee to differ80 the answer must be1 8,not ,god1 but my own will40 ,see ,finney1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 #ahgg3gaa--8;,god must have foreknown whom he could wisely save1 prior in the order of nature to his determining to save them4 ,but his knowing who would be saved1 must have been1 in the order of nature1 subsequent to his election or determination to save them1 and dependent upon that determination40 ,foster1 ,christian ,life and ,theology1 #gj--8,the doctrine of election is the consistent formulation1 sub specie eternitatis1 of prevenient grace4444 #hf--,with the doctrine of prevenient grace1 the evangelical doctrine stands or falls40 7b7 ,this purpose cannot be conditioned upon any merit or faith of those who are chosen1 since there is no such merit1--faith itself being ,god's gift and foreordained by him4 ,since man's faith is foreseen only as the result of ,god's work of grace1 election proceeds rather upon foreseen unbelief4 ,faith1 as the effect of election1 cannot at the same time be the cause of election4 ,there is an analogy between prayer and its answer1 on the one hand1 and faith and salvation on the other4 ,god has decreed answer in connection with prayer1 and salvation in connection with faith4 ,but he does not change his mind when men pray1 or when they believe4 ,as he fulfils his purpose by inspiring true prayer1 so he fulfils his purpose by giving faith4 ,augustine3 8,he chooses us1 not because we believe1 but that we may believe3 lest we should say that we first chose him40 7,john #ae3af--8,ye did not choose me1 but ,i chose you02 ,rom4 #i3ba--8;from the same lump02 #af--8not of him that willeth047 ,here see the valuable discussion of ,wardlaw1 ,systematic ,theol41 #b3dheedi--8;,election and salvation on the ground of works foreseen are not different in principle from election and salvation on the ground of works performed40 ,cf4 ,prov4 #ba3a--8,the king's heart is in the hand of ,jehovah as the watercourses2 ,he turneth it whithersoever he will0--as easily as the rivulets of the eastern fields are turned by the slightest motion of the hand or the foot of the husbandman2 ,ps4 #aaj3c--8,thy people offer themselves willingly ,in the day of thy power40 7c7 ,the depravity of the human will is such that1 without this decree to bestow special divine influences upon some1 all1 without exception1 would have rejected ,christ's salvation after it was offered to them2 and so all1 without exception1 must have perished4 ,election1 therefore1 may be viewed as a necessary consequence of ,god's decree to provide an objective redemption1 if that redemption is to have any subjective result in human salvation4 ,before the prodigal son seeks the father1 the father must first seek him1--a truth brought out in the preceding parables of the lost money and the lost sheep 7,luke #ae74 ,without election1 all are lost4 ,newman ,smyth1 ,orthodox ,theology of ,today1 #ef--8,the worst doctrine of election1 today1 is taught by our natural science4 ,the scientific doctrine of natural selection is the doctrine of election1 robbed of all hope1 and without a single touch of human pity in it40 ,hodge1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #b3cce--8,suppose the deistic view be true3 ,god created men and left them2 surely no man could complain of the results4 ,but now suppose ,god1 foreseeing these very results of creation1 should create4 ,would it make any difference1 if ,god's purpose1 as to the futurition of such a world1 should precede it8 ,augustine supposes that ,god did purpose such a world as the deist supposes1 with two exceptions3 7#a7 he interposes to restrain evil2 7#b7 he intervenes1 by providence1 by ,christ1 and by the ,holy ,spirit1 to save some from destruction40 ,election is simply ,god's determination that the sufferings of ,christ shall not be in vain2 that all men shall not be lost2 that some shall be led to accept ,christ2 that to this end special influences of his ,spirit shall be given4 ,at first sight it might appear that ,god's appointing men to salvation was simply permissive1 as was his appointment to condemnation 7#a ,pet4 #b3h71 and that this appointment was merely indirect by creating them with foresight of their faith or their disobedience4 ,but the decree of salvation is not simply permissive1--it is efficient also4 ,it is a decree to use special means for the salvation of some4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 ,popular ,lectures1 #adc--8,the dead man cannot spontaneously originate his own quickening1 nor the creature his own creating1 nor the infant his own begetting4 ,whatever man may do after regeneration1 the first quickening of the dead must originate with ,god40 ,hovey1 ,manual of ,theology1 #bhg--8;,calvinism1 reduced to its lowest terms1 is election of believers1 not on account of any foreseen conduct of theirs1 either before or in the act of conversion1 which would be spiritually better than that of others influenced by the same grace1 but on account of their foreseen greater usefulness in manifesting the glory of ,god to moral beings and of their foreseen noncommission of the sin against the ,holy ,spirit40 ,but even here we must attribute the greater usefulness and the abstention from fatal sin1 not to man's unaided powers but to the divine decree3 see ,eph4 #b3aj--8;,for we are his workmanship1 created in ,christ ,jesus for good works1 which ,god afore prepared that we should walk in them40 7d7 ,the doctrine of election becomes more acceptable to reason when we remember3 first1 that ,god's decree is eternal1 and in a certain sense is contemporaneous with man's belief in ,christ2 secondly1 that ,god's decree to create involves the decree of all that in the exercise of man's freedom will follow2 thirdly1 that ,god's decree is the decree of him who is all in all1 so that our willing and doing is at the same time the working of him who decrees our willing and doing4 ,the whole question turns upon the initiative in human salvation3 if this belongs to ,god1 then in spite of difficulties we must accept the doctrine of election4 ,the timeless existence of ,god may be the source of many of our difficulties with regard to election1 and with a proper view of ,god's eternity these difficulties might be removed4 ,mason1 ,faith of the ,gospel1 #cdicea--8;,eternity is commonly thought of as if it were a state or series anterior to time and to be resumed again when time comes to an end4 ,this1 however1 only reduces eternity to time again1 and puts the life of ,god in the same line with our own1 only coming from further back4444 ,at present we do not see how time and eternity meet40 ,royce1 ,world and ,individual1 #b3cgd--8;,god does not temporally foreknow anything1 except so far as he is expressed in us finite beings4 ,the knowledge that exists in time is the knowledge that finite beings possess1 in so far as they are finite4 ,and no such foreknowledge can predict the special features of individual deeds precisely so far as they are unique4 ,foreknowledge in time is possible only of the general1 and of the causally predetermined1 and not of the unique and free4 ,hence neither ,god nor man can foreknow perfectly1 at any temporal moment1 what a free will agent is yet to do4 ,on the other hand1 the ,absolute possesses a perfect knowledge at one glance of the whole of the temporal order1 past1 present and future4 ,this knowledge is ill called foreknowledge4 ,it is eternal knowledge4 ,and as there is an eternal knowledge of all individuality and of all freedom1 free acts are known as occurring1 like the chords in the musical succession1 precisely when and how they actually occur40 ,while we see much truth in the preceding statement1 we find in it no bar to our faith that ,god can translate his eternal knowledge into finite knowledge and can thus put it for special purposes in possession of his creatures4 ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson1 ,theology1 #b;d ed41 #bej--8;,foreknowing what his creatures would do1 ,god decreed their destiny when he decreed their creation2 and this would still be the case1 although every man had the partial control over his destiny that ,arminians aver1 or even the complete control that ,pelagians claim4 ,the decree is as absolute as if there were no freedom1 but it leaves them as free as if there were no decree40 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,christ in ,creation1 #dj1 #db--8;,as the ,logos or divine ,reason1 ,christ dwells in humanity everywhere and constitutes the principle of its being4 ,humanity shares with ,christ in the image of ,god4 ,that image is never wholly lost4 ,it is completely restored in sinners when the ,spirit of ,christ secures control of their wills and leads them to merge their life in his4444 ,if ,christ be the principle and life of all things1 then divine sovereignty and human freedom1 if they are not absolutely reconciled1 at least lose their ancient antagonism1 and we can rationally #8work out our own salvation1' for the very reason that #8it is ,god that worketh in us1 both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure' 7,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac740 #b4 ,objections to the ,doctrine of ,election4 7a7 ,it is unjust to those who are not included in this purpose of salvation4--,answer3 ,election deals1 not simply with creatures1 but with sinful1 guilty1 and condemned creatures4 ,that any should be saved1 is matter of pure grace1 and those who are not included in this purpose of salvation suffer only the due reward of their deeds4 ,there is1 therefore1 no injustice in ,god's election4 ,we may better praise ,god that he saves any1 than charge him with injustice because he saves so few4 ,god can say to all men1 saved or unsaved1 8,friend1 ,i do thee no wrong4444 ,is it not lawful for me to do what ,i will with mine own80 7,mat4 #bj3ac1 #ae74 ,the question is not whether a father will treat his children alike1 but whether a sovereign must treat condemned rebels alike4 ,it is not true that1 because the ,governor pardons one convict from the penitentiary1 he must therefore pardon all4 ,when he pardons one1 no injury is done to those who are left4 ,but1 in ,god's government1 there is still less reason for objection2 for ,god offers pardon to all4 ,nothing prevents men from being pardoned but their unwillingness to accept his pardon4 ,election is simply ,god's determination to make certain persons willing to accept it4 ,because justice cannot save all1 shall it therefore save none8 ,augustine1 ,de ,predest4 ,sanct41 #h--8,why does not ,god teach all8 ,because it is in mercy that he teaches all whom he does teach1 while it is in judgment that he does not teach those whom he does not teach40 ,in his ,manual of ,theology and ,ethics1 #bfj1 ,hovey remarks that ,rom4 #i3bj--8who art thou that repliest against ,god80--teaches1 not that might makes right1 but that ,god is morally entitled to glorify either his righteousness or his mercy in disposing of a guilty race4 ,it is not that he chooses to save only a few shipwrecked and drowning creatures1 but that he chooses to save only a part of a great company who are bent on committing suicide4 ,prov4 #h3cf--8;he that sinneth against me wrongeth his own soul3 ,all they that hate me love death40 ,it is best for the universe at large that some should be permitted to have their own way and show how dreadful a thing is opposition to ,god4 ,see ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #a3dee4 7b7 ,it represents ,god as partial in his dealings and a respecter of persons4--,answer3 ,since there is nothing in men that determines ,god's choice of one rather than another1 the objection is invalid4 ,it would equally apply to ,god's selection of certain nations1 as ,israel1 and certain individuals1 as ,cyrus1 to be recipients of special temporal gifts4 ,if ,god is not to be regarded as partial in not providing a salvation for fallen angels1 he cannot be regarded as partial in not providing regenerating influences of his ,spirit for the whole race of fallen men4 ,ps4 #dd3c--8;,for they gat not the land in possession by their own sword1 ,neither did their own arm save them2 ,but thy right hand1 and thine arm1 and the light of thy countenance1 ,because thou wast favorable unto them02 ,is4 #de3a1 #d1 #e--8,thus saith ,jehovah to his anointed1 to ,cyrus1 whose right hand ,i have holden1 to subdue nations before him4444 ,for ,jacob my servant's sake1 and ,israel my chosen1 ,i have called thee by thy name3 ,i have surnamed thee1 though thou hast not known me02 ,luke #d3bebg--8,there were many widows in ,israel 444 and unto none of them was ,elijah sent1 but only to ,zarephath1 in the land of ,sidon1 unto a woman that was a widow4 ,and there were many lepers in ,israel 444 and none of them was cleansed1 but only ,naaman the ,syrian02 #a ,cor4 #d3g--8;,for who maketh thee to differ8 and what hast thou that thou didst not receive8 but if thou didst receive it1 why dost thou glory1 as if thou hadst not received it80 #b ,pet4 #b3d--8;,god spared not angels when they sinned1 but cast them down to hell02 ,heb4 #b3af--8;,for verily not to angels doth he give help1 but he giveth help to the seed of ,abraham40 ,is ,god partial1 in choosing ,israel1 ,cyrus1 ,naaman8 ,is ,god partial1 in bestowing upon some of his servants special ministerial gifts8 ,is ,god partial1 in not providing a salvation for fallen angels8 ,in ,god's providence1 one man is born in a ,christian land1 the son of a noble family1 is endowed with beauty of person1 splendid talents1 exalted opportunities1 immense wealth4 ,another is born at the ,five ,points1 or among the ,hottentots1 amid the degradation and depravity of actual1 or practical1 heathenism4 ,we feel that it is irreverent to complain of ,god's dealings in providence4 ,what right have sinners to complain of ,god's dealings in the distribution of his grace8 ,hovey3 8,we have no reason to think that ,god treats all moral beings alike4 ,we should be glad to hear that other races are treated better than we40 ,divine election is only the ethical side and interpretation of natural selection4 ,in the latter ,god chooses certain forms of the vegetable and animal kingdom without merit of theirs4 ,they are preserved while others die4 ,in the matter of individual health1 talent1 property1 one is taken and the other left4 ,if we call all this the result of system1 the reply is that ,god chose the system1 knowing precisely what would come of it4 ,bruce1 ,apologetics1 #bja--8;,election to distinction in philosophy or art is not incomprehensible1 for these are not matters of vital concern2 but election to holiness on the part of some1 and to unholiness on the part of others1 would be inconsistent with ,god's own holiness40 ,but there is no such election to unholiness except on the part of man himself4 ,god's election secures only the good4 ,see 7c7 below4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 ,natural ,selection and ,spiritual ,freedom1 #gc--8,the world is ordered on a basis of inequality2 in the organic world1 as ,darwin has shown1 it is of inequality--of favored races--that all progress comes2 history shows the same to be true of the human and spiritual world4 ,all human progress is due to elect human individuals1 elect not only to be a blessing to themselves1 but still more to be a blessing to multitudes of others4 ,any superiority1 whether in the natural or in the mental and spiritual world1 becomes a vantageground for gaining a greater superiority4444 ,it is the method of the divine government1 acting in the provinces both of nature and of grace1 that all benefit should come to the many through the elect few40 7c7 ,it represents ,god as arbitrary4--,answer3 ,it represents ,god1 not as arbitrary1 but as exercising the free choice of a wise and sovereign will1 in ways and for reasons which are inscrutable to us4 ,to deny the possibility of such a choice is to deny ,god's personality4 ,to deny that ,god has reasons for his choice is to deny his wisdom4 ,the doctrine of election finds these reasons1 not in men1 but in ,god4 ,when a regiment is decimated for insubordination1 the fact that every tenth man is chosen for death is for reasons2 but the reasons are not in the men4 ,in one case1 the reason for ,god's choice seems revealed3 #a ,tim4 #a3af--8;howbeit for this cause ,i obtained mercy1 that in me as chief might ,jesus ,christ show forth all his longsuffering1 for an ensample of them that should thereafter believe on him unto eternal life0--here ,paul indicates that the reason why ,god chose him was that he was so great a sinner3 verse #ae--8;,christ ,jesus came into the world to save sinners2 of whom ,i am chief40 ,hovey remarks that 8the uses to which ,god can put men1 as vessels of grace1 may determine his selection of them40 ,but since the naturally weak are saved1 as well as the naturally strong1 we cannot draw any general conclusion1 or discern any general rule1 in ,god's dealings1 unless it be this1 that in election ,god seeks to illustrate the greatness and the variety of his grace1--the reasons lying1 therefore1 not in men1 but in ,god4 ,we must remember that ,god's sovereignty is the sovereignty of ,god--the infinitely wise1 holy and loving ,god1 in whose hands the destinies of men can be left more safely than in the hands of the wisest1 most just1 and most kind of his creatures4 ,we must believe in the grace of sovereignty as well as in the sovereignty of grace4 ,election and reprobation are not matters of arbitrary will4 ,god saves all whom he can wisely save4 ,he will show benevolence in the salvation of mankind just so far as he can without prejudice to holiness4 ,no man can be saved without ,god1 but it is also true that there is no man whom ,god is not willing to save4 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system1 #eaa--8;,it may be that many of the finally impenitent resist more light than many of the saved40 ,harris1 ,moral ,evolution1 #dja 7for substance7--8,sovereignty is not lost in ,fatherhood1 but is recovered as the divine law of righteous love4 ,doubtless thou art our ,father1 though ,augustine be ignorant of us1 and ,calvin acknowledge us not40 ,hooker1 ,eccl4 ,polity1 #a3b--8,they err who think that of ,god's will there is no reason except his will40 ,t4 ,erskine1 ,the ,brazen ,serpent1 #bei--,sovereignty is 8just a name for what is unrevealed of ,god40 ,we do not know all of ,god's reasons for saving particular men1 but we do know some of the reasons1 for he has revealed them to us4 ,these reasons are not men's merits or works4 ,we have mentioned the first of these reasons3 7#a7 ,men's greater sin and need2 #a ,tim4 #a3af--8that in me as chief might ,jesus ,christ show forth all his longsuffering40 ,we may add to this3 7#b7 ,the fact that men have not sinned against the ,holy ,spirit and made themselves unreceptive to ,christ's salvation2 #a ,tim4 #a3ac--8;,i obtained mercy1 because ,i did it ignorantly in unbelief0--the fact that ,paul had not sinned with full knowledge of what he did was a reason why ,god could choose him4 7#c7 ,men's ability by the help of ,christ to be witnesses and martyrs for their ,lord2 ,acts #i3ae1 #af--8;he is a chosen vessel unto me1 to bear my name before the ,gentiles and kings1 and the children of ,israel3 for ,i will show him how many things he must suffer for my name's sake40 ,as ,paul's mission to the ,gentiles may have determined ,god's choice1 so ,augustine's mission to the sensual and abandoned may have had the same influence4 ,but if ,paul's sins1 as foreseen1 constituted one reason why ,god chose to save him1 why might not his ability to serve the kingdom have constituted another reason8 ,we add therefore3 7#d7 ,men's foreseen ability to serve ,christ's kingdom in bringing others to the knowledge of the truth2 ,john #ae3af--8;,i chose you and appointed you1 that ye should go and bear fruit40 ,notice however that this is choice to service1 and not simply choice on account of service4 ,in all these cases the reasons do not lie in the men themselves1 for what these men are and what they possess is due to ,god's providence and grace4 7d7 ,it tends to immorality1 by representing men's salvation as independent of their own obedience4--,answer3 ,the objection ignores the fact that the salvation of believers is ordained only in connection with their regeneration and sanctification1 as means2 and that the certainty of final triumph is the strongest incentive to strenuous conflict with sin4 ,plutarch3 8,god is the brave man's hope1 and not the coward's excuse40 ,the purposes of ,god are an anchor to the stormtossed spirit4 ,but a ship needs engine1 as well as anchor4 ,god does not elect to save any without repentance and faith4 ,some hold the doctrine of election1 but the doctrine of election does not hold them4 ,such should ponder #a ,pet4 #a3b1 in which ,christians are said to be elect1 8in sanctification of the ,spirit1 unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of ,jesus ,christ40 ,augustine3 8,he loved her the church foul1 that he might make her fair40 ,dr4 ,john ,watson 7,ian ,mc,laren73 8,the greatest reinforcement religion could have in our time would be a return to the ancient belief in the sovereignty of ,god40 ,this is because there is lack of a strong conviction of sin1 guilt1 and helplessness1 still remaining pride and unwillingness to submit to ,god1 imperfect faith in ,god's trustworthiness and goodness4 ,we must not exclude ,arminians from our fellowship--there are too many good ,methodists for that4 ,but we may maintain that they hold but half the truth1 and that absence of the doctrine of election from their creed makes preaching less serious and character less secure4 7e7 ,it inspires pride in those who think themselves elect4--,answer3 ,this is possible only in the case of those who pervert the doctrine4 ,on the contrary1 its proper influence is to humble men4 ,those who exalt themselves above others1 upon the ground that they are special favorites of ,god1 have reason to question their election4 ,in the novel1 there was great effectiveness in the lover's plea to the object of his affection1 that he had loved since he had first set his eyes upon her in her childhood4 ,but ,god's love for us is of longer standing than that4 ,it dates back to a time before we were born1--aye1 even to eternity past4 ,it is a love which was fastened upon us1 although ,god knew the worst of us4 ,it is unchanging1 because founded upon his infinite and eternal love to ,christ4 ,jer4 #ca3c--8;,jehovah appeared of old unto me1 saying1 ,yea1 ,i have loved thee with an everlasting love3 therefore with lovingkindness have ,i drawn thee02 ,rom4 #h3caci--8;,if ,god is for us1 who is against us8444 ,who shall separate us from the love of ,christ80 ,and the answer is1 that nothing 8shall be able to separate us from the love of ,god1 which is in ,christ ,jesus our ,lord40 ,this eternal love subdues and humbles3 ,ps4 #aae3a--8,not unto us1 ,o ,jehovah1 not unto us1 ,but unto thy name give glory ,for thy lovingkindness1 and for thy truth's sake40 ,of the effect of the doctrine of election1 ,calvin1 in his ,institutes1 #c3bb3a1 remarks that 8when the human mind hears of it1 its irritation breaks all restraint1 and it discovers as serious and violent agitation as if alarmed by the sound of a martial trumpet40 ,the cause of this agitation is the apprehension of the fact that one is an enemy of ,god and yet absolutely dependent upon his mercy4 ,this apprehension leads normally to submission4 ,but the conquered rebel can give no thanks to himself1--all thanks are due to ,god who has chosen and renewed him4 ,the affections elicited are not those of pride and selfcomplacency1 but of gratitude and love4 ,christian hymnology witnesses to these effects4 ,isaac ,watts 7 #agdh73 8,why was ,i made to hear thy voice ,and enter while there's room1 ,when thousands make a wretched choice1 ,and rather starve than come4 ',t was the same love that spread the feast ,that sweetly forced me in2 ,else ,i had still refused to taste1 ,and perished in my sin4 ,pity the nations1 ,o our ,god6 ,constrain the earth to come2 ,send thy victorious word abroad1 ,and bring the wanderers home40 ,josiah ,conder 7 #ahee73 8',tis not that ,i did choose thee1 ,for1 ,lord1 that could not be2 ,this heart would still refuse thee2 ,but thou hast chosen me2--,hast1 from the sin that stained me1 ,washed me and set me free1 ,and to this end ordained me ,that ,i should live to thee4 ',t was sovereign mercy called me1 ,and taught my opening mind2 ,the world had else enthralled me1 ,to heavenly glories blind4 ,my heart owns none above thee3 ,for thy rich grace ,i thirst2 ,this knowing1--if ,i love thee1 ,thou must have loved me first40 7f7 ,it discourages effort for the salvation of the impenitent1 whether on their own part or on the part of others4--,answer3 ,since it is a secret decree1 it cannot hinder or discourage such effort4 ,on the other hand1 it is a ground of encouragement1 and so a stimulus to effort2 for1 without election1 it is certain that all would be lost 7cf4 ,acts #ah3aj74 ,while it humbles the sinner1 so that he is willing to err for mercy1 it encourages him also by showing him that some will be saved1 and 7since election and faith are inseparably connected7 that he will be saved1 if he will only believe4 ,while it makes the ,christian feel entirely dependent on ,god's power1 in his efforts for the impenitent1 it leads him to say with ,paul that he 8endures all things for the elects' sake1 that they also may attain the salvation that is in ,christ ,jesus with eternal glory0 7#b ,tim4 #b3aj74 ,god's decree that ,paul's ship's company should be saved 7,acts #bg3bd7 did not obviate the necessity of their abiding in the ship 7verse #ca74 ,in marriage1 man's election does not exclude woman's2 so ,god's election does not exclude man's4 ,there is just as much need of effort as if there were no election4 ,hence the question for the sinner is not1 8,am ,i one of the elect80 but rather1 8,what shall ,i do to be saved80 ,milton represents the spirits of hell as debating foreknowledge and free will1 in wandering mazes lost4 ,no man is saved until he ceases to debate1 and begins to act4 ,and yet no man will thus begin to act1 unless ,god's ,spirit moves him4 ,the ,lord encouraged ,paul by saying to him3 8,i have much people in this city0 7,acts #ah3aj7--people whom ,i will bring in through thy word4 8,old ,adam is too strong for young ,melanchthon40 ,if ,god does not regenerate1 there is no hope of success in preaching3 8,god stands powerless before the majesty of man's lordly will4 ,sinners have the glory of their own salvation4 ,to pray ,god to convert a man is absurd4 ,god elects the man1 because he foresees that the man will elect himself0 7see ,s4 ,r4 ,mason1 ,truth ,unfolded1 #bihcjg74 ,the doctrine of election does indeed cut off the hopes of those who place confidence in themselves2 but it is best that such hopes should be destroyed1 and that in place of them should be put a hope in the sovereign grace of ,god4 ,the doctrine of election does teach man's absolute dependence upon ,god1 and the impossibility of any disappointment or disarrangement of the divine plans arising from the disobedience of the sinner1 and it humbles human pride until it is willing to take the place of a suppliant for mercy4 ,rowland ,hill was criticized for preaching election and yet exhorting sinners to repent1 and was told that he should preach only to the elect4 ,he replied that1 if his critic would put a chalkmark on all the elect1 he would preach only to them4 ,but this is not the whole truth4 ,we are not only ignorant who ,god's elect are1 but we are set to preach to both elect and nonelect 7,ez4 #b3g--8thou shalt speak my words unto them1 whether they will hear1 or whether they will forbear071 with the certainty that to the former our preaching will make a higher heaven1 to the latter a deeper hell 7#b ,cor4 #b3ae1 #af--8;,for we are a sweet savor of ,christ unto ,god1 in them that are saved1 and in them that perish2 to the one a savor from death unto death2 to the other a savor from life unto life02 cf4 ,luke #b3cd--8this child is set for the falling and the rising of many in ,israel0--for the falling of some1 and for the rising up of others74 ,jesus' own thanksgiving in ,mat4 #aa3be1 #bf--8;,i thank thee1 ,o ,father1 ,lord of heaven and earth1 that thou didst hide these things from the wise and understanding1 and didst reveal them unto babes3 yea1 ,father1 for so it was wellpleasing in thy sight0--is immediately followed by his invitation in verse #bh--8;,come unto me1 all ye that labor and are heavy laden1 and ,i will give you rest40 ,there is no contradiction in his mind between sovereign grace and the free invitations of the gospel4 ,g4 ,w4 ,northrup1 in ,the ,standard1 ,sept4 #ai1 #ahhi--8a4 ,god will save every one of the human race whom he can save and remain ,god2 #b4 ,every member of the race has a full and fair probation1 so that all might be saved and would be saved were they to use aright the light which they already have40444 7,private letter73 8,limitations of ,god in the bestowment of salvation3 #a4 ,in the power of ,god in relation to free will2 #b4 ,in the benevolence of ,god which requires the greatest good of creation1 or the greatest aggregate good of the greatest number2 #c4 ,in the purpose of ,god to make the most perfect selflimitation2 #d4 ,in the sovereignty of ,god1 as a prerogative absolutely optional in its exercise2 #e4 ,in the holiness of ,god1 which involves immutable limitations on his part in dealing with moral agents4 ,nothing but some absolute impossibility1 metaphysical or moral1 could have prevented him 'whose nature and whose name is love' from decreeing and securing the confirmation of all moral agents in holiness and blessedness forever40 7g7 ,the decree of election implies a decree of reprobation4--,answer3 ,the decree of reprobation is not a positive decree1 like that of election1 but a permissive decree to leave the sinner to his selfchosen rebellion and its natural consequences of punishment4 ,election and sovereignty are only sources of good4 ,election is not a decree to destroy1--it is a decree only to save4 ,when we elect a ,president1 we do not need to hold a second election to determine that the remaining millions shall be non,presidents4 ,it is needless to apply contrivance or force4 ,sinners1 like water1 if simply let alone1 will run down hill to ruin4 ,the decree of reprobation is simply a decree to do nothing--a decree to leave the sinner to himself4 ,the natural result of this judicial forsaking1 on the part of ,god1 is the hardening and destruction of the sinner4 ,but it must not be forgotten that this hardening and destruction are not due to any positive efficiency of ,god1--they are a selfhardening and a selfdestruction1--and ,god's judicial forsaking is only the just penalty of the sinner's guilty rejection of offered mercy4 ,see ,hosea #aa3h--8;,how shall ,i give thee up1 ,ephraim8444 my heart is turned within me1 my compassions are kindled together02 #d3ag--8;,ephraim is joined to idols2 let him alone02 ,rom4 #i3bb1 #bc--8,what if ,god1 willing to show his wrath1 and to make his power known1 endured with much longsuffering vessels of wrath fitted unto destruction3 and that he might make known the riches of his glory upon vessels of mercy1 which he afore prepared unto glory0--here notice that 8which he afore prepared0 declares a positive divine efficiency1 in the case of the vessels of mercy1 while 8fitted unto destruction0 intimates no such positive agency of ,god1--the vessels of wrath fitted themselves for destruction2 #b ,tim4 #b3bj--8vessels 444 some unto honor1 and some unto dishonor02 #a ,pet4 #b3h--8they stumble at the word1 being disobedient3 whereunto also they were appointed02 ,jude #d--8who were of old set forth #8written of beforehand'--,am4 ,rev4 unto this condemnation02 ,mat4 #be3cd1 #da--8the kingdom prepared for you 444 the eternal fire which is prepared not for you1 nor for men1 but for the devil and his angels0 there is an election to life1 but no reprobation to death2 a 8book of life0 7,rev4 #ba3bg71 but no book of death4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson1 ,christian ,theology1 #cac--8,reprobation1 in the sense of absolute predestination to sin and eternal damnation1 is neither a sequence of the doctrine of election1 nor the teaching of the ,scriptures40 ,men are not 8appointed0 to disobedience and stumbling in the same way that they are 8appointed0 to salvation4 ,god uses positive means to save1 but not to destroy4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher3 8,the elect are whosoever will2 the nonelect are whosoever won't40 ,george ,a4 ,gordon1 ,new ,epoch for ,faith1 #dd--8;,election understood would have been the saving strength of ,israel2 election misunderstood was its ruin4 ,the nation felt that the election of it meant the rejection of other nations4444 ,the ,christian church has repeated ,israel's mistake40 ,the ,westminster ,confession reads3 8,by the decree of ,god1 for the manifestation of his glory1 some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life1 and others to everlasting death4 ,these angels and men1 thus predestinated and foreordained1 are particularly and unchangeably designed2 and their number is so certain and definite that it cannot be either increased or diminished4 ,the rest of mankind ,god was pleased1 according to the unsearchable counsel of his own will1 whereby he extendeth or withholdeth mercy as he pleaseth1 for the glory of his sovereign power over his creatures1 to pass by and to ordain them to dishonor and wrath for their sin1 to the praise of his glorious justice40 ,this reads as if both the saved and the lost were made originally for their respective final estates without respect to character4 ,it is supralapsarianism4 ,it is certain that the supralapsarians were in the majority in the ,westminster ,assembly1 and that they determined the form of the statement1 although there were many sublapsarians who objected that it was only on account of their foreseen wickedness that any were reprobated4 ,in its later short statement of doctrine the ,presbyterian body in ,america has made it plain that ,god's decree of reprobation is a permissive decree1 and that it places no barrier in the way of any man's salvation4 ,on the general subject of ,election1 see ,mozley1 ,predestination2 ,payne1 ,divine ,sovereignty2 ,ridgeley1 ,works1 #a3bfacbd1 esp4 #cbb2 ,edwards1 ,works1 #b3ebg sq42 ,van ,oosterzee1 ,dogmatics1 #ddfdeh2 ,martensen1 ,dogmatics1 #cfbchb2 and especially ,wardlaw1 ,systematic ,theology1 #dheedi2 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,syst4 of ,christian ,theology1 #ejbead2 ,maule1 ,outlines of ,christian ,doctrine1 #cfef2 ,peck1 in ,bapt4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,oct4 #ahia3fhigjf4 ,on objections to election1 and ,spurgeon's answers to them1 see ,williams1 ,reminiscences of ,spurgeon1 #ahi4 ,on the homiletical uses of the doctrine of election1 see ,bib4 ,sac41 ,jan4 #ahic3giib4 ,,ii4 ,calling4 ,calling is that act of ,god by which men are invited to accept1 by faith1 the salvation provided by ,christ4--,the ,scriptures distinguish between3 7a7 ,the general1 or external1 call to all men through ,god's providence1 word1 and ,spirit4 ,is4 #de3bb--8,look unto me1 and be ye saved1 all the ends of the earth2 for ,i am ,god1 and there is none else02 #ee3f--8,seek ye ,jehovah while he may be found2 call ye upon him while he is near02 #fe3ab--8when ,i called1 ye did not answer2 when ,i spake1 ye did not hear2 but ye did that which was evil in mine eyes1 and chose that wherein ,i delighted not02 ,ez4 #cc3aa--8;,as ,i live1 saith the ,lord ,jehovah1 ,i have no pleasure in the death of the wicked2 but that the wicked turn from his way and live2 turn ye1 turn ye from your evil ways2 for why will ye die1 ,o house of ,israel80 ,mat4 #aa3bh--8;,come unto me1 all ye that labor and are heavy laden1 and ,i will give you rest02 #bb3c--8sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the marriage feast3 and they would not come02 ,mark #af3ae--8;,go ye into all the world1 and preach the gospel to the whole creation02 ,john #ab3cb--8;,and ,i1 if ,i be lifted up from the earth1 will draw all men unto myself0--draw1 not drag2 ,rev4 #c3bj--8;,behold1 ,i stand at the door and knock3 if any man hear my voice and open the door1 ,i will come in to him1 and will sup with him1 and he with me40 7b7 ,the special1 efficacious call of the ,holy ,spirit to the elect4 ,luke #ad3bc--8;,go out into the highways and hedges1 and constrain them to come in1 that my house may be filled02 ,rom4 #a3g--8to all that are in ,rome1 beloved of ,god1 called to be saints3 ,grace to you and peace from ,god our father and the ,lord ,jesus ,christ02 #h3cj--8whom he foreordained1 them he also called3 and whom he called1 them he also justified02 #aa3bi--8;,for the gifts and the calling of ,god are not repented of02 #a ,cor4 #a3bc1 #bd--8;but we preach ,christ crucified1 unto ,jews a stumblingblock1 and unto ,gentiles foolishness2 but unto them that are called1 both ,jews and ,greeks1 ,christ the power of ,god1 and the wisdom of ,god02 #bf--8;,for behold your calling1 brethren1 that not many wise after the flesh1 not many mighty1 not many noble1 are called02 ,phil4 #c3ad--8;,i press on toward the goal unto the prize of the high marg4 #8upward' calling of ,god in ,christ ,jesus02 ,eph4 #a3ah--8that ye may know what is the hope of his calling1 what the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints02 #a ,thess4 #b3ab--8to the end that ye should walk worthily of ,god1 who calleth you into his own kingdom and glory02 #b ,thess4 #b3ad--8whereunto he called you through our gospel1 to the obtaining of the glory of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ02 #b ,tim4 #a3i--8who saved us1 and called us with a holy calling1 not according to our works1 but according to his own purpose and grace1 which was given us in ,christ ,jesus before times eternal02 ,heb4 #c3a--8;holy brethren1 partakers of a heavenly calling02 #b ,pet4 #a3aj--8,wherefore1 brethren1 give the more diligence to make your calling and election sure40 ,two questions only need special consideration3 ,a4 ,is ,god's general call sincere8 ,this is denied1 upon the ground that such sincerity is incompatible1 first1 with the inability of the sinner to obey2 and secondly1 with the design of ,god to bestow only upon the elect the special grace without which they will not obey4 7a7 ,to the first objection we reply that1 since this inability is not a physical but a moral inability1 consisting simply in the settled perversity of an evil will1 there can be no insincerity in offering salvation to all1 especially when the offer is in itself a proper motive to obedience4 ,god's call to all men to repent and to believe the gospel is no more insincere than his command to all men to love him with all the heart4 ,there is no obstacle in the way of men's obedience to the gospel1 that does not exist to prevent their obedience to the law4 ,if it is proper to publish the commands of the law1 it is proper to publish the invitations of the gospel4 ,a human being may be perfectly sincere in giving an invitation which he knows will be refused4 ,he may desire to have the invitation accepted1 while yet he may1 for certain reasons of justice or personal dignity1 be unwilling to put forth special efforts1 aside from the invitation itself1 to secure the acceptance of it on the part of those to whom it is offered4 ,so ,god's desires that certain men should be saved may not be accompanied by his will to exert special influences to save them4 ,these desires were meant by the phrase 8revealed will0 in the old theologians2 his purpose to bestow special grace1 by the phrase 8secret will40 ,it is of the former that ,paul speaks1 in #a ,tim1 #b3d--8who would have all men to be saved40 ,here we have1 not the active 1 but the passive 4 ,the meaning is1 not that ,god purposes to save all men1 but that he desires all men to be saved through repenting and believing the gospel4 ,hence ,god's revealed will1 or desire1 that all men should be saved1 is perfectly consistent with his secret will1 or purpose1 to bestow special grace only upon a certain number 7see1 on #a ,tim4 #b3d1 ,fairbairn's ,commentary on the ,pastoral ,epistles74 ,the sincerity of ,god's call is shown1 not only in the fact that the only obstacle to compliance1 on the sinner's part1 is the sinner's own evil will1 but also in the fact that ,god has1 at infinite cost1 made a complete external provision1 upon the ground of which 8he that will0 may 8come0 and 8take the water of life freely0 7,rev4 #bb3ag72 so that ,god can truly say3 8,what could have been done more to my vineyard1 that ,i have not done in it80 7,is4 #e3d74 ,broadus1 ,com4 on ,mat4 #f3aj--8,thy will be done0--distinguishes between ,god's will of purpose1 of desire1 and of command4 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #eba--8;,common grace passes over into effectual grace in proportion as the sinner yields to the divine influence4 ,effectual grace is that which effects what common grace tends to effect40 ,see also ,studien und ,kritiken1 #ahhg3g sq4 7b7 ,to the second1 we reply that the objection1 if true1 would equally hold against ,god's foreknowledge4 ,the sincerity of ,god's general call is no more inconsistent with his determination that some shall be permitted to reject it1 than it is with foreknowledge that some will reject it4 ,hodge1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #b3fdc--8,predestination concerns only the purpose of ,god to render effectual1 in particular cases1 a call addressed to all4 ,a general amnesty1 on certain conditions1 may be offered by a sovereign to rebellious subjects1 although he knows that through pride or malice many will refuse to accept it2 and even though1 for wise reasons1 he should determine not to constrain their assent1 supposing that such influence over their minds were within his power4 ,it is evident1 from the nature of the call1 that it has nothing to do with the secret purpose of ,god to grant his effectual grace to some1 and not to others4444 ,according to the ,augustinian scheme1 the nonelect have all the advantages and opportunities of securing their salvation1 which1 according to any other scheme1 are granted to mankind indiscriminately4444 ,god designed1 in its adoption1 to save his own people1 but he consistently offers its benefits to all who are willing to receive them40 ,see also ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system of ,christian ,theology1 #eaeeba4 ,b4 ,is ,god's special call irresistible8 ,we prefer to say that this special call is efficacious1--that is1 that it infallibly accomplishes its purpose of leading the sinner to the acceptance of salvation4 ,this implies two things3 7a7 ,that the operation of ,god is not an outward constraint upon the human will1 but that it accords with the laws of our mental constitution4 ,we reject the term 8irresistible10 as implying a coercion and compulsion which is foreign to the nature of ,god's working in the soul4 ,ps4 #aaj3c--8,thy people are freewillofferings in the day of thy power3 in holy array1 ,out of the womb of the morning ,thou hast the dew of thy youth0--i4 e41 youthful recruits to thy standard1 as numberless and as bright as the drops of morning dew2 ,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac--8,work out your own salvation with fear and trembling2 for it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure0--i4 e41 the result of ,god's working is our own working4 ,the ,lutheran ,formula of ,concord properly condemns the view that1 before1 in1 and after conversion1 the will only resists the ,holy ,spirit3 for this1 it declares1 is the very nature of conversion1 that out of nonwilling1 ,god makes willing1 persons 7,f4 ,c4 #fj1 #eha1 #ehb1 #fgc74 ,hos4 #d3af--8;,israel hath behaved himself stubbornly1 like a stubborn heifer10 or 8or as a heifer that slideth back0 when the sacrificial offering is brought forward to be slain1 it holds back1 settling on its haunches so that it has to be pushed and forced before it can be brought to the altar4 ,these are not 8the sacrifices of ,god0 which are 8a broken spirit1 a broken and a contrite heart0 7,ps4 #ea3ag74 ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson1 ,theology1 #b;d ed41 #bej--8,the ,n4 ,t4 nowhere declares1 or even intimates1 444 that the general call of the ,holy ,spirit is insufficient4 ,and furthermore1 it never states that the efficient call is irresistible4 ,psychologically1 to speak of irresistible influence upon the faculty of selfdetermination in man is express contradiction in terms4 ,no harm can come from acknowledging that we do not know ,god's unrevealed reasons for electing one individual rather than another to eternal life40 ,dr4 ,johnson goes on to argue that if1 without disparagement to grace1 faith can be a condition of justification1 faith might also be a condition of election1 and that inasmuch as salvation is received as a gift only on condition of faith exercised1 it is in purpose a gift1 even if only on condition of faith foreseen4 ,this seems to us to ignore the abundant ,scripture testimony that faith itself is ,god's gift1 and therefore the initiative must be wholly with ,god4 7b7 ,that the operation of ,god is the originating cause of that new disposition of the affections1 and that new activity of the will1 by which the sinner accepts ,christ4 ,the cause is not in the response of the will to the presentation of motives by ,god1 nor in any mere coperation of the will of man with the will of ,god1 but is an almighty act of ,god in the will of man1 by which its freedom to choose ,god as its end is restored and rightly exercised 7,john #a3ab1 #ac74 ,for further discussion of the subject1 see1 in the next section1 the remarks on ,regeneration1 with which this efficacious call is identical4 ,john #a3ab1 #ac--8;,but as many as received him1 to them gave he the right to become children of ,god1 even to them that believe on his name3 who were born1 not of blood1 nor of the will of the flesh1 nor of the will of man1 but of ,god40 ,god's saving grace and effectual calling are irresistible1 not in the sense that they are never resisted1 but in the sense that they are never successfully resisted4 ,see ,andrew ,fuller1 ,works1 #b3cgc1 #eac1 and #c3hjg2 ,gill1 ,body of ,divinity1 #b3abaacj2 ,robert ,hall1 ,works1 #c3ge4 ,matheson1 ,moments on the ,mount1 #abh1 #abi--8,thy love to ,him is to his love to thee what the sunlight on the sea is to the sunshine in the sky--a reflex1 a mirror1 a diffusion2 thou art giving back the glory that has been cast upon the waters4 ,in the attraction of thy life to him1 in the cleaving of thy heart to him1 in the soaring of thy spirit to him1 thou art told that he is near thee1 thou hearest the beating of his pulse for thee40 ,upton1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #cjb--8;,in regard to our reason and to the essence of our ideals1 there is no real dualism between man and ,god2 but in the case of the will which constitutes the essence of each man's individuality1 there is a real dualism1 and therefore a possible antagonism between the will of the dependent spirit1 man1 and the will of the absolute and universal spirit1 ,god4 ,such real duality of will1 and not the appearance of duality1 as ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley put it1 is the essential condition of ethics and religion40 ,section ,,ii4--,the ,application ,of ,christ's ,redemption ,in ,its ,actual ,beginning4 ,under this head we treat of ,union with ,christ1 ,regeneration1 ,conversion 7embracing ,repentance and ,faith71 and ,justification4 ,much confusion and error have arisen from conceiving these as occurring in chronological order4 ,the order is logical1 not chronological4 ,as it is only 8in ,christ0 that man is 8a new creature0 7#b ,cor4 #e3ag7 or is 8justified0 7,acts #ac3ci71 union with ,christ logically precedes both regeneration and justification2 and yet1 chronologically1 the moment of our union with ,christ is also the moment when we are regenerated and justified4 ,so1 too1 regeneration and conversion are but the divine and human sides or aspects of the same fact1 although regeneration has logical precedence1 and man turns only as ,god turns him4 ,dorner1 ,glaubenslehre1 #c3fid 7,syst4 ,doct41 #d3aei71 gives at this point an account of the work of the ,holy ,spirit in general4 ,the ,holy ,spirit's work1 he says1 presupposes the historical work of ,christ1 and prepares the way for ,christ's return4 8,as the ,holy ,spirit is the principle of union between the ,father and the ,son1 so he is the principle of union between ,god and man4 ,only through the ,holy ,spirit does ,christ secure for himself those who will love him as distinct and free personalities40 ,regeneration and conversion are not chronologically separate4 ,which of the spokes of a wheel starts first8 ,the ray of light and the ray of heat enter at the same moment4 ,sensation and perception are not separated in time1 although the former is the cause of the latter4 8,suppose a nonelastic tube extending across the ,atlantic4 ,suppose that the tube is completely filled with an incompressible fluid4 ,then there would be no interval of time between the impulse given to the fluid at this end of the tube1 and the effect upon the fluid at the other end40 ,see ,hazard1 ,causation and ,freedom in ,willing1 #ccch1 who argues that cause and effect are always simultaneous2 else1 in the intervening time1 there would be a cause that had no effect2 that is1 a cause that caused nothing2 that is1 a cause that that was not a cause4 8,a potential cause may exist for an unlimited period without producing any effect1 and of course may precede its effect by any length of time4 ,but actual1 effective cause being the exercise of a sufficient power1 its effect cannot be delayed2 for1 in that case1 there would be the exercise of a sufficient power to produce the effect1 without producing it1--involving the absurdity of its being both sufficient and insufficient at the same time4 8,a difficulty may here be suggested in regard to the flow or progress of events in time1 if they are all simultaneous with their causes4 ,this difficulty cannot arise as to intelligent effort2 for1 in regard to it1 periods of nonaction may continually intervene2 but if there are series of events and material phenomena1 each of which is in turn effect and cause1 it may be difficult to see how any time could elapse between the first and the last of the series4444 ,if1 however1 as ,i suppose1 these series of events1 or material changes1 are always effected through the medium of motion1 it need not trouble us1 for there is precisely the same difficulty in regard to our conception of the motion of matter from point to point1 there being no space or length between any two consecutive points1 and yet the body in motion gets from one end of a long line to the other1 and in this case this difficulty just neutralizes the other4444 ,so1 even if we cannot conceive how motion involves the idea of time1 we may perceive that1 if it does so1 it may be a means of conveying events1 which depend upon it1 through time also40 ,martineau1 ,study1 #a3adhaej--8,simultaneity does not exclude duration10--since each cause has duration and each effect has duration also4 ,bowne1 ,metaphysics1 #ajf--8;,in the system1 the complete ground of an event never lies in any one thing1 but only in a complex of things4 ,if a single thing were the sufficient ground of an effect1 the effect would coxist with the thing1 and all effects would be instantaneously given4 ,hence all events in the system must be viewed as the result of the interaction of two or more things40 ,the first manifestation of life in an infant may be in the lungs or heart or brain1 but that which makes any and all of these manifestations possible is the antecedent life4 ,we may not be able to tell which comes first1 but having the life we have all the rest4 ,when the wheel goes1 all the spokes will go4 ,the soul that is born again will show it in faith and hope and love and holy living4 ,regeneration will involve repentance and faith and justification and sanctification4 ,but the one life which makes regeneration and all these consequent blessings possible is the life of ,christ who joins himself to us in order that we may join ourselves to him4 ,anne ,reeve ,aldrich1 ,the ,meaning3 8,i lost my life in losing love4 ,this blurred my spring and killed its dove4 ,along my path the dying roses ,fell1 and disclosed the thorns thereof4 ,i found my life in finding ,god4 ,in ecstasy ,i kiss the rod2 ,for who that wins the goal1 but lightly ,thinks of the thorns whereon he trod80 ,see ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 on the ,ordo ,salutis1 in ,princeton ,rev41 ,march1 #ahhh3cjdcba4 ,union with ,christ1 says ,dr4 ,hodge1 8is effected by the ,holy ,ghost in effectual calling4 ,of this calling the parts are two3 7a7 the offering of ,christ to the sinner1 externally by the gospel1 and internally by the illumination of the ,holy ,ghost2 7b7 the reception of ,christ1 which on our part is both passive and active4 ,the passive reception is that whereby a spiritual principle is ingenerated into the human will1 whence issues the active reception1 which is an act of faith with which repentance is always conjoined4 ,the communion of benefits which results from this union involves3 7a7 a change of state or relation1 called justification2 and 7b7 a change of subjective moral character1 commenced in regeneration and completed through sanctification40 ,see also ,dr4 ,hodge's ,popular ,lectures on ,theological ,themes1 #cdj1 and ,outlines of ,theology1 #cccdbi4 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 however1 in his ,system of ,christian ,theology1 is more clear in the putting of ,union with ,christ before ,regeneration4 ,on page #ejb1 he begins his treatment of the ,application of ,redemption with the title3 8,the ,union between ,christ and the individual believer as effected by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,this embraces the subjects of ,justification1 ,regeneration1 and ,sanctification1 with the underlying topic which comes first to be considered1 ,election40 ,he therefore treats ,union with ,christ 7#ecaeci7 before ,regeneration 7#eecefi74 ,he says ,calvin defines regeneration as coming to us by participation in ,christ1 and apparently agrees with this view 7#eei74 8,this union with ,christ is at the ground of regeneration and justification0 7#ecd74 8,the great difference of theological systems comes out here4 ,since ,christianity is redemption through ,christ1 our mode of conceiving that will determine the character of our whole theological system0 7#ecf74 8,the union with ,christ is mediated by his ,spirit1 whence we are both renewed and justified4 ,the great fact of objective ,christianity is incarnation in order to atonement2 the great fact of subjective ,christianity is union with ,christ1 whereby we receive the atonement0 7#ecg74 ,we may add that this union with ,christ1 in view of which ,god elects and to which ,god calls the sinner1 is begun in regeneration1 completed in conversion1 declared in justification1 and proved in sanctification and perseverance4 ,i4 ,union with ,christ4 ,the ,scriptures declare that1 through the operation of ,god1 there is constituted a union of the soul with ,christ different in kind from ,god's natural and providential concursus with all spirits1 as well as from all unions of mere association or sympathy1 moral likeness1 or moral influence1--a union of life1 in which the human spirit1 while then most truly possessing its own individuality and personal distinctness1 is interpenetrated and energized by the ,spirit of ,christ1 is made inscrutably but indissolubly one with him1 and so becomes a member and partaker of that regenerated1 believing1 and justified humanity of which he is the head4 ,union with ,christ is not union with a system of doctrine1 nor with external religious influences1 nor with an organized church1 nor with an ideal man1--but rather1 with a personal1 risen1 living1 omnipresent ,lord 7,j4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stewart74 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,alexander well calls this doctrine of the ,union of the ,believer with ,christ 8the central truth of all theology and of all religion40 ,yet it receives little of formal recognition1 either in dogmatic treatises or in common religious experience4 ,quenstedt1 #hhfiab1 has devoted a section to it2 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge gives to it a chapter1 in his ,outlines of ,theology1 #cfi sq41 to which we are indebted for valuable suggestions2 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith treats of it1 not however as a separate topic1 but under the head of ,justification 7,system1 #ecaeci74 ,the majority of printed systems of doctrine1 however1 contain no chapter or section on ,union with ,christ1 and the majority of ,christians much more frequently think of ,christ as a ,savior outside of them1 than as a ,savior who dwells within4 ,this comparative neglect of the doctrine is doubtless a reaction from the exaggerations of a false mysticism4 ,but there is great need of rescuing the doctrine from neglect4 ,for this we rely wholly upon ,scripture4 ,doctrines which reason can neither discover nor prove need large support from the ,bible4 ,it is a mark of divine wisdom that the doctrine of the ,trinity1 for example1 is so inwoven with the whole fabric of the ,new ,testament1 that the rejection of the former is the virtual rejection of the latter4 ,the doctrine of ,union with ,christ1 in like manner1 is taught so variously and abundantly1 that to deny it is to deny inspiration itself4 ,see ,kahnis1 ,luth4 ,dogmatik1 #c3ddgdej4 #a4 ,scripture ,representations of this ,union4 ,a4 ,figurative teaching4 ,it is illustrated3 7a7 ,from the union of a building and its foundation4 ,eph4 #b3bjbb--8;being built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets1 ,christ ,jesus himself being the chief corner stone2 in whom each several building1 fitly framed together1 groweth into a holy temple in the ,lord2 in whom ye also are builded together for a habitation of ,god in the ,spirit02 ,col4 #b3g--8;builded up in him0--grounded in ,christ as our foundation2 #a ,pet4 #b3d1 #e--8unto whom coming1 a living stone1 rejected indeed of men1 but with ,god elect1 precious1 ye also1 as living stones1 are built up a spiritual house0--each living stone in the ,christian temple is kept in proper relation to every other1 and is made to do its part in furnishing a habitation for ,god1 only by being built upon and permanently connected with ,christ1 the chief cornerstone4 ,cf4 ,ps4 #aah3bb--8,the stone which the builders rejected ,is become the head of the corner02 ,is4 #bh3af--8;,behold1 ,i lay in ,zion for a foundation a stone1 a tried stone1 a precious cornerstone of sure foundation3 he that believeth shall not be in haste40 7b7 ,from the union between husband and wife4 ,rom4 #g3d--8ye also were made dead to the law through the body of ,christ2 that ye should be joined to another1 even to him who was raised from the dead1 that we might bring forth fruit unto ,god0--here union with ,christ is illustrated by the indissoluble bond that connects husband and wife1 and makes them legally and organically one2 #b ,cor4 #aa3b--8;,i am jealous over you with a godly jealousy3 for ,i espoused you to one husband1 that ,i might present you as a pure virgin to ,christ02 ,eph4 #e3ca1 #cb--8;,for this cause shall a man leave his father and mother1 and shall cleave to his wife2 and the two shall become one flesh4 ,this mystery is great3 but ,i speak in regard of ,christ and of the church0--,meyer refers verse #ca wholly to ,christ1 and says that ,christ leaves father and mother 7the right hand of ,god7 and is joined to the church as his wife1 the two constituting thenceforth one moral person4 ,he makes the union future1 however1--8,for this cause shall a man leave his father and mother0--the consummation is at ,christ's second coming4 ,but the ,fathers1 as ,chrysostom1 ,theodoret1 and ,jerome1 referred it more properly to the incarnation4 ,rev4 #ai3g--8the marriage of the ,lamb is come1 and his wife hath made herself ready02 #bb3ag--8;,and the ,spirit and the bride say1 ,come02 cf4 ,is4 #ed3e--8;,for thy ,maker is thine husband02 ,jer4 #c3bj--8,surely as a wife treacherously departeth from her husband1 so have ye dealt treacherously with me1 ,o house of ,israel1 saith ,jehovah02 ,hos4 #b3be--8;for their mother hath played the harlot0--departure from ,god is adultery2 the ,song of ,solomon1 as ,jewish interpreters have always maintained1 is an allegorical poem describing1 under the figure of marriage1 the union between ,jehovah and his people3 ,paul only adopts the ,old ,testament figure1 and applies it more precisely to the union of ,god with the church in ,jesus ,christ4 7c7 ,from the union between the vine and its branches4 ,john #ae3aaj--8;,i am the vine1 ye are the branches3 ,he that abideth in me1 and ,i in him1 the same beareth much fruit3 for apart from me ye can do nothing0--as ,god's natural life is in the vine1 that it may give life to its natural branches1 so ,god's spiritual life is in the vine1 ,christ1 that he may give life to his spiritual branches4 ,the roots of this new vine are planted in heaven1 not on earth2 and into it the halfwithered branches of the old humanity are to be grafted1 that they may have life divine4 ,yet our ,lord does not say 8,i am the root40 ,the branch is not something outside1 which has to get nourishment out of the root1--it is rather a part of the vine4 ,rom4 #f3e--8;if we have become united with him --#8grown together'--used of the man and horse in the ,centaur1 ,xen41 ,cyrop41 #d3c3ah1 in the likeness of his death1 we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection02 #aa3bd--8thou wast cut out of that which is by nature a wild olive tree1 and wast grafted contrary to nature into a good olive tree02 ,col4 #b3f1 #g--8;,as therefore ye received ,christ ,jesus the ,lord1 so walk in him1 rooted and builded up in him0--not only grounded in ,christ as our foundation1 but thrusting down roots into him as the deep1 rich1 allsustaining soil4 ,this union with ,christ is consistent with individuality3 for the graft brings forth fruit after its kind1 though modified by the tree into which it is grafted4 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 in ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,oct4 #ag1 #ahia--8,the lessons of the vine are intimacy1 likeness of nature1 continuous impartation of life1 fruit4 ,between friends there is intimacy by means of media1 such as food1 presents1 care1 words1 soul looking from the eyes4 ,the mother gives her liquid flesh to the babe1 but such intimacy soon ceases4 ,the mother is not rich enough in life continuously to feed the everenlarging nature of the growing man4 ,not so with the vine4 ,it continuously feeds4 ,its rivers crowd all the banks4 ,they burst out in leaf1 blossom1 clinging tendrils1 and fruit1 everywhere4 ,in nature a thorn grafted on a pear tree bears only thorn4 ,there is not pearlife enough to compel change of its nature4 ,but a wild olive1 typical of depraved nature1 grafted on a good olive tree finds1 contrary to nature1 that there is force enough in the growing stock to change the nature of the wild scion40 7d7 ,from the union between the members and the head of the body4 #a ,cor4 #f3ae1 #ai--8,know ye not that your bodies are members of ,christ8444 know ye not that your body is a temple of the ,holy ,spirit which is in you1 which ye have from ,god80 #ab3ab--8;,for as the body is one1 and hath many members1 and all the members of the body1 being many1 are one body2 so also is ,christ0--here ,christ is identified with the church of which he is the head2 ,eph4 #a3bb1 #bc--8;he put all things in subjection under his feet1 and gave him to be head over all things to the church1 which is his body1 the fulness of him that filleth all in all0--as the members of the human body are united to the head1 the source of their activity and the power that controls their movements1 so all believers are members of an invisible body whose head is ,christ4 ,shall we tie a string round the finger to keep for it its own blood8 ,no1 for all the blood of the body is needed to nourish one finger4 ,so ,christ is 8head over all things to for the benefit of the church0 7,tyler1 ,theol4 ,greek ,poets1 preface1 ii74 8,the church is the fulness 77 of ,christ2 as it was not good for the first man1 ,adam1 to be alone1 no more was it good for the second man1 ,christ0 7,c4 ,h4 ,m474 ,eph4 #d3ae1 #af--8;grow up in all things into him1 who is the head1 even ,christ2 from whom all the body 444 maketh the increase of the body unto the building up of itself in love02 #e3bi1 #cj--8;for no man ever hated his own flesh2 but nourisheth and cherisheth it1 even as ,christ also the church2 because we are members of his body40 7e7 ,from the union of the race with the source of its life in ,adam4 ,rom4 #e3ab1 #ba--8;as through one man sin entered into the world1 and death through sin4444 that1 as sin reigned in death1 even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life through ,jesus ,christ our ,lord02 #a ,cor4 #ae3bb1 #de1 #di--8;as in ,adam all die1 so also in ,christ shall all be made alive4444 ,the first man ,adam became a living soul4 ,the last ,adam became a lifegiving ,spirit4444 as we have borne the image of the earthy1 we shall also bear the image of the heavenly0--as the whole race is one with the first man ,adam1 in whom it fell and from whom it has derived a corrupted and guilty nature1 so the whole race of believers constitutes a new and restored humanity1 whose justified and purified nature is derived from ,christ1 the second ,adam4 ,cf4 ,gen4 #b3bc--8,this is now bone of my bones1 and flesh of my flesh3 she shall be called ,woman1 because she was taken out of ,man0--here ,c4 ,h4 ,m4 remarks that1 as man is first created and then woman is viewed in and formed out of him1 so it is with ,christ and the church4 8,we are members of ,christ's body1 because in ,christ we have the principle of our origin2 from him our life arose1 just as the life of ,eve was derived from ,adam4444 ,the church is ,christ's helpmeet1 formed out of ,christ in his deep sleep of death1 as ,eve out of ,adam4444 ,the church will be nearest to ,christ1 as ,eve was to ,adam40 ,because ,christ is the source of all spiritual life for his people1 he is called1 in ,is4 #i3f1 8,everlasting ,father10 and it is said1 in ,is4 #ec3aj1 that 8he shall see his seed0 7see page #fhj74 ,b4 ,direct statements4 7a7 ,the believer is said to be in ,christ4 ,lest we should regard the figures mentioned above as merely ,oriental metaphors1 the fact of the believer's union with ,christ is asserted in the most direct and prosaic manner4 ,john #ad3bj--8ye in me02 ,rom4 #f3aa--8;alive unto ,god in ,christ ,jesus02 #h3a--8no condemnation to them that are in ,christ ,jesus02 #b ,cor4 #e3ag--8;if any man is in ,christ1 he is a new creature02 ,eph4 #a3d--8;chose us in him before the foundation of the world02 #b3ac--8now in ,christ ,jesus ye that once were far off are made nigh in the blood of ,christ40 ,thus the believer is said to be 8in ,christ10 as the element or atmosphere which surrounds him with its perpetual presence and which constitutes his vital breath2 in fact1 this phrase 8in ,christ10 always meaning 8in union with ,christ10 is the very key to ,paul's epistles1 and to the whole ,new ,testament4 ,the fact that the believer is in ,christ is symbolized in baptism3 we are 8baptized into ,christ0 7,gal4 #c3bg74 7b7 ,christ is said to be in the believer4 ,john #ad3bj--8;,i in you02 ,rom4 #h3i--8ye are not in the flesh but in the ,spirit1 if so be that the ,spirit of ,god dwelleth in you4 ,but if any man hath not the ,spirit of ,christ1 he is none of his0--that this ,spirit of ,christ is ,christ himself1 is shown from verse #aj--8;,and if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness02 ,gal4 #b3bj--8;,i have been crucified with ,christ2 and it is no longer ,i that live1 but ,christ liveth in me0--here ,christ is said to be in the believer1 and so to live his life within the believer1 that the latter can point to this as the dominating fact of his experience1--it is not so much he that lives1 as it is ,christ that lives in him4 ,the fact that ,christ is in the believer is symbolized in the ,lord's supper3 8,the bread which we break1 is it not a participation in the body of ,christ80 7#a ,cor4 #aj3af74 7c7 ,the ,father and the ,son dwell in the believer4 ,john #ad3bc--8;,if a man love me1 he will keep my word3 and my ,father will love him1 and we will come unto him1 and make our abode with him02 cf4 #aj--8;,believest thou not that ,i am in the ,father1 and the ,father in me8 the words that ,i say unto you ,i speak not from myself3 but the ,father abiding in me doeth his works0--the ,father and the ,son dwell in the believer2 for where the ,son is1 there always the ,father must be also4 ,if the union between the believer and ,christ in ,john #ad3bc is to be interpreted as one of mere moral influence1 then the union of ,christ and the ,father in ,john #ad3aj must also be interpreted as a union of mere moral influence4 ,eph4 #c3ag--8that ,christ may dwell in your hearts through faith02 #a ,john #d3af--8;he that abideth in love abideth in ,god1 and ,god abideth in him40 7d7 ,the believer has life by partaking of ,christ1 as ,christ has life by partaking of the ,father4 ,john #f3ec1 #ef1 #eg--8;,except ye eat the flesh of the ,son of man and drink his blood1 ye have not life in yourselves 4444 ,he that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood abideth in me1 and ,i in him4 ,as the living ,father sent me and ,i live because of the ,father1 so he that eateth me1 he also shall live because of me0--the believer has life by partaking of ,christ in a way that may not inappropriately be compared with ,christ's having life by partaking of the ,father4 #a ,cor4 #aj3af1 #ag--8the cup of blessing which we bless1 is it not a communion of the blood of ,christ8 ,the bread which we break1 is it not a communion of the body of ,christ80--here it is intimated that the ,lord's ,supper sets forth1 in the language of symbol1 the soul's actual participation in the life of ,christ2 and the margin properly translates the word 1 not 8communion10 but 8participation40 ,cf4 #a ,john #a3c--8our fellowship 77 is with the ,father1 and with his ,son ,jesus ,christ40 ,foster1 ,christian ,life and ,theology1 #baf--8;,in ,john #f1 the phrases call to mind the ancient form of sacrifice1 and the participation therein by the offerer at the sacrificial meal1--as at the ,passover40 7e7 ,all believers are one in ,christ4 ,john #ag3babc--8that they may all be one2 even as thou1 ,father1 art in me1 and ,i in thee1 that they also may be in us3 that the world may believe that thou didst send me4 ,and the glory which thou hast given me ,i have given unto them2 that they may be one1 even as we are one2 ,i in them1 and thou in me1 that they may be perfected into one0--all believers are one in ,christ1 to whom they are severally and collectively united1 as ,christ himself is one with ,god4 7f7 ,the believer is made partaker of the divine nature4 #b ,pet4 #a3d--8that through these promises ye may become partakers of the divine nature0--not by having the essence of your humanity changed into the essence of divinity1 but by having ,christ the divine ,savior continually dwelling within1 and indissolubly joined to1 your human souls4 7g7 ,the believer is made one spirit with the ,lord4 #a ,cor4 #f3ag--8;he that is joined unto the ,lord is one spirit0--human nature is so interpenetrated and energized by the divine1 that the two move and act as one2 cf4 #ai--8know ye not that your body is a temple of the ,holy ,spirit which is in you1 which ye have from ,god80 ,rom4 #h3bf--8the ,spirit also helpeth our infirmity3 for we know not how to pray as we ought2 but the ,spirit himself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered0--the ,spirit is so near to us1 and so one with us1 that our prayer is called his1 or rather1 his prayer becomes ours4 ,weiss1 in his ,life of ,jesus1 says that1 in the view of ,scripture1 human greatness does not consist in a man's producing everything in a natural way out of himself1 but in possessing perfect receptivity for ,god's greatest gift4 ,therefore ,god's ,son receives the ,spirit without measure2 and we may add that the believer in like manner receives ,christ4 #b4 ,nature of this ,union4 ,we have here to do not only with a fact of life1 but with a unique relation between the finite and the infinite4 ,our descriptions must therefore be inadequate4 ,yet in many respects we know what this union is not2 in certain respects we can positively characterize it4 ,it should not surprise us if we find it far more difficult to give a scientific definition of this union1 than to determine the fact of its existence4 ,it is a fact of life with which we have to deal2 and the secret of life1 even in its lowest forms1 no philosopher has ever yet discovered4 ,the tiniest flower witnesses to two facts3 first1 that of its own relative independence1 as an individual organism2 and secondly1 that of its ultimate dependence upon a life and power not its own4 ,so every human soul has its proper powers of intellect1 affection1 and will2 yet it lives1 moves1 and has its being in ,god 7,acts #ag3bh74 ,starting out from the truth of ,god's omnipresence1 it might seem as if ,god's indwelling in the granite boulder was the last limit of his union with the finite4 ,but we see the divine intelligence and goodness drawing nearer to us1 by successive stages1 in vegetable life1 in the animal creation1 and in the moral nature of man4 ,and yet there are two stages beyond all these3 first1 in ,christ's union with the believer2 and secondly1 in ,god's union with ,christ4 ,if this union of ,god with the believer be only one of several approximations of ,god to his finite creation1 the fact that it is1 equally with the others1 not wholly comprehensible to reason1 should not blind us either to its truth or to its importance4 ,it is easier today than at any other previous period of history to believe in the union of the believer with ,christ4 ,that ,god is immanent in the universe1 and that there is a divine element in man1 is familiar to our generation4 ,all men are naturally one with ,christ1 the immanent ,god1 and this natural union prepares the way for that spiritual union in which ,christ joins himself to our faith4 ,campbell1 ,the ,indwelling ,christ1 #aca--8;,in the immanence of ,christ in nature we find the ground of his immanence in human nature4444 ,a man may be out of ,christ1 but ,christ is never out of him4 ,those who banish him he does not abandon40 ,john ,caird1 ,fund4 ,ideas of ,christianity1 #b3bccbef--8;,god is united with nature1 in the atoms1 in the trees1 in the planets4 ,science is seeing nature full of the life of ,god4 ,god is united to man in body and soul4 ,the beating of his heart and the voice of conscience witness to ,god within4 ,god sleeps in the stone1 dreams in the animal1 wakes in man40 ,a4 ,negatively4--,it is not3 7a7 ,a merely natural union1 like that of ,god with all human spirits1--as held by rationalists4 ,in our physical life we are conscious of another life within us which is not subject to our wills3 the heart beats involuntarily1 whether we sleep or wake4 ,but in our spiritual life we are still more conscious of a life within our life4 ,even the heathen said3 8,est ,deus in nobis2 agitante calescimus illo10 and the ,egyptians held to the identification of the departed with ,osiris 7,renouf1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahe74 ,but ,paul urges us to work out our salvation1 upon the very ground that 8it is ,god that worketh0 in us1 8both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure0 7,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac74 ,this life of ,god in the soul is the life of ,christ4 ,the movement of the electric car cannot be explained simply from the working of its own motor apparatus4 ,the electric current throbbing through the wire1 and the dynamo from which that energy proceeds1 are needed to explain the result4 ,in like manner we need a spiritual ,christ to explain the spiritual activity of the ,christian4 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,sermon before the ,baptist ,world ,congress in ,london1 #aije--8,we had in ,america some years ago a steam engine all whose working parts were made of glass4 ,the steam came from without1 but1 being hot enough to move machinery1 this steam was itself invisible1 and there was presented the curious spectacle of an engine1 transparent1 moving1 and doing important work1 while yet no cause for this activity was perceptible4 ,so the church1 humanity1 the universe1 are all in constant and progressive movement1 but the ,christ who moves them is invisible4 ,faith comes to believe where it cannot see4 ,it joins itself to this invisible ,christ1 and knows him as its very life40 7b7 ,a merely moral union1 or union of love and sympathy1 like that between teacher and scholar1 friend and friend1--as held by ,socinians and ,arminians4 ,there is a moral union between different souls3 #a ,sam4 #ah3a--8the soul of ,jonathan was knit with the soul of ,david1 and ,jonathan loved him as his own soul0--here the ,vulgate has3 8,anima ,jonath agglutinata ,davidi40 ,aristotle calls friends 8one soul40 ,so in a higher sense1 in ,acts #d3cb1 the early believers are said to have been 8of one heart and soul40 ,but in ,john #ag3ba1 #bf1 ,christ's union with his people is distinguished from any mere union of love and sympathy3 8that they may all be one2 even as thou1 ,father1 art in me1 and ,i in thee1 that they also may be in us2444 that the love wherewith thou lovedst me may be in them1 and ,i in them40 ,jesus' aim1 in the whole of his last discourse1 is to show that no mere union of love and sympathy will be sufficient3 8apart from me10 he says1 8ye can do nothing0 7,john #ae3e74 ,that his disciples may be vitally joined to himself1 is therefore the subject of his last prayer4 ,dorner says well1 that ,arminianism 7and with this doctrine ,roman ,catholics and the advocates of ,new ,school views substantially agree7 makes man a mere tangent to the circle of the divine nature4 ,it has no idea of the interpenetration of the one by the other4 ,but the ,lutheran ,formula of ,concord says much more correctly3 8,damnamus sententiam quod non ,deus ipse1 sed dona ,dei duntaxat1 in credentibus habitent40 ,ritschl presents to us a historical ,christ1 and ,pfleiderer presents to us an ideal ,christ1 but neither one gives us the living ,christ who is the present spiritual life of the believer4 ,wendt1 in his ,teaching of ,jesus1 #b3caj1 comes equally far short of a serious interpretation of our ,lord's promise1 when he says3 8,this union to his person1 as to its contents1 is nothing else than adherence to the message of the kingdom of ,god brought by him40 ,it is not enough for me to be merely in touch with ,christ4 ,he must come to be 8not so far as even to be near40 ,tennyson1 ,the ,higher ,pantheism3 8,closer is he than breathing1 and nearer than hands or feet40 ,william ,watson1 ,the ,unknown ,god3 8,yea1 in my flesh his ,spirit doth flow1 ,too near1 too far1 for me to know40 7c7 ,a union of essence1 which destroys the distinct personality and subsistence of either ,christ or the human spirit1--as held by many of the mystics4 ,many of the mystics1 as ,schwenkfeld1 ,weigel1 ,sebastian ,frank1 held to an essential union between ,christ and the believer4 ,one of ,weigel's followers1 therefore1 could say to another3 8,i am ,christ ,jesus1 the living ,word of ,god2 ,i have redeemed thee by my sinless sufferings40 ,we are ever to remember that the indwelling of ,christ only puts the believer more completely in possession of himself1 and makes him more conscious of his own personality and power4 ,union with ,christ must be taken in connection with the other truth of the personality and activity of the ,christian2 otherwise it tends to pantheism4 ,martineau1 ,study1 #b3aij--8;,in nature it is ,god's immanent life1 in morals it is ,god's transcendent life1 with which we commune40 ,angelus ,silesius1 a ,german philosophical poet 7#afbdafgg71 audaciously wrote3 8,i know ,god cannot live an instant without me2 ,he must give up the ghost1 if ,i should cease to be40 ,lowde1 a disciple of ,malebranche1 used the phrase 8,godded with ,god1 and ,christed with ,christ10 and ,jonathan ,edwards1 in his ,religious ,affections1 quotes it with disapprobation1 saying that 8the saints do not become actually partakers of the divine essence1 as would be inferred from this abominable and blasphemous language of heretics0 7,allen1 ,jonathan ,edwards1 #bbd74 8,self is not a mode of the divine3 it is a principle of isolation4 ,in order to religion1 ,i must have a will to surrender4444 #8,our wills are ours1 to make them thine4'444 ,though the self is1 in knowledge1 a principle of unification2 in existence1 or metaphysically1 it is a principle of isolation0 7,seth74 ,inge1 ,christian ,mysticism1 #cj--8,some of the mystics went astray by teaching a real substitution of the divine for human nature1 thus depersonalizing man--a fatal mistake1 for without human personality we cannot conceive of divine personality40 ,lyman ,abbott3 8,in ,christ1 ,god and man are united1 not as the river is united with the sea1 losing its personality therein1 but as the child is united with the father1 or the wife with the husband1 whose personality and individuality are strengthened and increased by the union40 ,here ,dr4 ,abbott's view comes as far short of the truth as that of the mystics goes beyond the truth4 ,as we shall see1 the union of the believer with ,christ is a vital union1 surpassing in its intimacy any union of souls that we know4 ,the union of child with father1 or of wife with husband1 is only a pointer which hints very imperfectly at the interpenetrating and energizing of the human spirit by the divine4 7d7 ,a union mediated and conditioned by participation of the sacraments of the church1--as held by ,romanists1 ,lutherans1 and ,high,church ,episcopalians4 ,perhaps the most pernicious misinterpretation of the nature of this union is that which conceives of it as a physical and material one1 and which rears upon this basis the fabric of a sacramental and external ,christianity4 ,it is sufficient here to say that this union cannot be mediated by sacraments1 since sacraments presuppose it as already existing2 both ,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper are designed only for believers4 ,only faith receives and retains ,christ2 and faith is the act of the soul grasping what is purely invisible and supersensible3 not the act of the body1 submitting to ,baptism or partaking of the ,supper4 ,william ,lincoln3 8,the only way for the believer1 if he wants to go rightly1 is to remember that truth is always twosided4 ,if there is any truth that the ,holy ,spirit has specially pressed upon your heart1 if you do not want to push it to the extreme1 ask what is the countertruth1 and lean a little of your weight upon that2 otherwise1 if you bear so very much on one side of the truth1 there is a danger of pushing it into a heresy4 ,heresy means selected truth2 it does not mean error2 heresy and error are very different things4 ,heresy is truth1 but truth pushed into undue importance1 to the disparagement of the truth upon the other side40 ,heresy 77 an act of choice1 the picking and choosing of a part1 instead of comprehensively embracing the whole of truth4 ,sacramentarians substitute the symbol for the thing symbolized4 ,b4 ,positively4--,it is3 7a7 ,an organic union1--in which we become members of ,christ and partakers of his humanity4 ,kant defines an organism1 as that whose parts are reciprocally means and end4 ,the body is an organism2 since the limbs exist for the heart1 and the heart for the limbs4 ,so each member of ,christ's body lives for him who is the head2 and ,christ the head equally lives for his members3 ,eph4 #e3bi1 #cj--8no man ever hated his own flesh2 but nourisheth and cherisheth it1 even as ,christ also the church2 because we are members of his body40 ,the train despatcher is a symbol of the concentration of energy2 the switchmen and conductors who receive his orders are symbols of the localization of force2 but it is all one organic system4 7b7 ,a vital union1--in which ,christ's life becomes the dominating principle within us4 ,this union is a vital one1 in distinction from any union of mere juxtaposition or external influence4 ,christ does not work upon us from without1 as one separated from us1 but from within1 as the very heart from which the lifeblood of our spirits flows4 ,see ,gal4 #b3bj--8;it is no longer ,i that live1 but ,christ liveth in me3 and that life which ,i now live in the flesh ,i live in faith1 the faith which is in the ,son of ,god1 who loved me1 and gave himself up for me20 ,col #c3c1 #d--8;,for ye died1 and your life is hid with ,christ in ,god4 ,when ,christ1 who is our life1 shall be manifested1 then shall ye also with him be manifested in glory40 ,christ's life is not corrupted by the corruption of his members1 any more than the ray of light is defiled by the filth with which it comes in contact4 ,we may be unconscious of this union with ,christ1 as we often are of the circulation of the blood1 yet it may be the very source and condition of our life4 7c7 ,a spiritual union1--that is1 a union whose source and author is the ,holy ,spirit4 ,by a spiritual union we mean a union not of body but of spirit1--a union1 therefore1 which only the ,holy ,spirit originates and maintains4 ,rom4 #h3i1 #aj--8ye are not in the flesh but in the ,spirit1 if so be that the ,spirit of ,god dwelleth in you4 ,but if any man hath not the ,spirit of ,christ1 he is none of his4 ,and if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness40 ,the indwelling of ,christ involves a continual exercise of efficient power4 ,in ,eph4 #c3af1 #ag1 8strengthened with power through his ,spirit in the inward man0 is immediately followed by 8that ,christ may dwell in your hearts through faith40 7d7 ,an indissoluble union1--that is1 a union which1 consistently with ,christ's promise and grace1 can never be dissolved4 ,mat4 #bh3bj--8lo1 ,i am with you always1 even unto the end of the world02 ,john #aj3bh--8they shall never perish1 and no one shall snatch them out of my hand02 ,rom4 #h3ce1 #ci--8,who shall separate us from the love of ,christ8444 nor height1 nor depth1 nor any other creature1 shall be able to separate us from the love of ,god1 which is in ,christ ,jesus our ,lord02 #a ,thess4 #d3ad1 #ag--8them also that are fallen asleep in ,jesus will ,god bring with him 444 then we that are alive1 that are left1 shall together with them be caught up in the clouds1 to meet the ,lord in the air3 and so shall we ever be with the ,lord40 ,christ's omnipresence makes it possible for him to be united to1 and to be present in1 each believer1 as perfectly and fully as if that believer were the only one to receive ,christ's fulness4 ,as ,christ's omnipresence makes the whole ,christ present in every place1 each believer has the whole ,christ with him1 as his source of strength1 purity1 life2 so that each may say3 ,christ gives all his time and wisdom and care to me4 ,such a union as this lacks every element of instability4 ,once formed1 the union is indissoluble4 ,many of the ties of earth are rudely broken1--not so with our union with ,christ1--that endures forever4 ,since there is now an unchangeable and divine element in us1 our salvation depends no longer upon our unstable wills1 but upon ,christ's purpose and power4 ,by temporary declension from duty1 or by our causeless unbelief1 we may banish ,christ to the barest and most remote room of the soul's house2 but he does not suffer us wholly to exclude him2 and when we are willing to unbar the doors1 he is still there1 ready to fill the whole mansion with his light and love4 7e7 ,an inscrutable union1--mystical1 however1 only in the sense of surpassing in its intimacy and value any other union of souls which we know4 ,this union is inscrutable1 indeed2 but it is not mystical1 in the sense of being unintelligible to the ,christian or beyond the reach of his experience4 ,if we call it mystical at all1 it should be only because1 in the intimacy of its communion and in the transforming power of its influence1 it surpasses any other union of souls that we know1 and so cannot be fully described or understood by earthly analogies4 ,eph4 #e3cb--8,this mystery is great3 but ,i speak in regard of ,christ and of the church02 ,col4 #a3bg--8the riches of the glory of this mystery among the ,gentiles1 which is ,christ in you1 the hope of glory40 ,see ,diman1 ,theistic ,argument1 #chj--8;,as physical science has brought us to the conclusion that back of all the phenomena of the material universe there lies an invisible universe of forces1 and that these forces may ultimately be reduced to one allpervading force in which the unity of the physical universe consists2 and as philosophy has advanced the rational conjecture that this ultimate allpervading force is simply willforce2 so the great ,teacher holds up to us the spiritual universe as pervaded by one omnipotent life--a life which was revealed in him as its highest manifestation1 but which is shared by all who by faith become partakers of his nature4 ,he was ,son of ,god3 they too had power to become sons of ,god4 ,the incarnation is wholly within the natural course and tendency of things4 ,it was prepared for1 it came1 in the fulness of times4 ,christ's life is not something sporadic and individual1 having its source in the personal conviction of each disciple2 it implies a real connection with ,christ1 the head4 ,behind all nature there is one force2 behind all varieties of ,christian life and character there is one spiritual power4 ,all nature is not inert matter1--it is pervaded by a living presence4 ,so all the body of believers live by virtue of the allworking ,spirit of ,christ1 the ,holy ,ghost40 ,an epitaph at ,silton1 in ,dorsetshire1 reads3 8,here lies a piece of ,christ--a star in dust1 ,a vein of gold1 a china dish1 that must ,be used in heaven when ,god shall feed the just40 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 in ,examiner1 #ahhj3 8,such is the nature of union with ,christ1--such ,i mean1 is the nature of every believer's union with ,christ4 ,for1 whether he knows it or not1 every ,christian has entered into just such a partnership as this4 ,it is this and this only which constitutes him a ,christian1 and which makes possible a ,christian church4 ,we may1 indeed1 be thus united to ,christ1 without being fully conscious of the real nature of our relation to him4 ,we may actually possess the kernel1 while as yet we have regard only to the shell2 we may seem to ourselves to be united to ,christ only by an external bond1 while after all it is an inward and spiritual bond that makes us his4 ,god often reveals to the ,christian the mystery of the gospel1 which is ,christ in him the hope of glory1 at the very time that he is seeking only some nearer access to a ,redeemer outside of him4 ,trying to find a union of coperation or of sympathy1 he is amazed to learn that there is already established a union with ,christ more glorious and blessed1 namely1 a union of life2 and so1 like the miners in the ,rocky ,mountains1 while he is looking only for silver1 he finds gold4 ,christ and the believer have the same life4 ,they are not separate persons linked together by some temporary bond of friendship1--they are united by a tie as close and indissoluble as if the same blood ran in their veins4 ,yet the ,christian may never have suspected how intimate a union he has with his ,savior2 and the first understanding of this truth may be the gateway through which he passes into a holier and happier stage of the ,christian life40 ,so the ,way leads1 through the ,truth1 to the ,life 7,john #ad3f74 ,apprehension of an external ,savior prepares for the reception and experience of the internal ,savior4 ,christ is first the ,door of the sheep1 but in him1 after they have once entered in1 they find pasture 7,john #aj3gi74 ,on the nature of this union1 see ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system of ,christian ,theology1 #ecaeci2 ,baird1 ,elohim ,revealed1 #fja2 ,wilberforce1 ,incarnation1 #bjhbgb1 and ,new ,birth of ,man's ,nature1 #acj4 ,per contra1 see ,park1 ,discourses1 #aagacf4 #c4 ,consequences of this ,union as respects the ,believer4 ,we have seen that ,christ's union with humanity1 at the incarnation1 involved him in all the legal liabilities of the race to which he united himself1 and enabled him so to assume the penalty of its sin as to make for all men a full satisfaction to the divine justice1 and to remove all external obstacles to man's return to ,god4 ,an internal obstacle1 however1 still remains--the evil affections and will1 and the consequent guilt1 of the individual soul4 ,this last obstacle also ,christ removes1 in the case of all his people1 by uniting himself to them in a closer and more perfect manner than that in which he is united to humanity at large4 ,as ,christ's union with the race secures the objective reconciliation of the race to ,god1 so ,christ's union with believers secures the subjective reconciliation of believers to ,god4 ,in ,baird1 ,elohim ,revealed1 #fjgfaj1 in ,owen1 on ,justification1 chap4 #h1 in ,boston1 ,covenant of ,grace1 chap4 #b1 and in ,dale1 ,atonement1 #bfeddj1 the union of the believer with ,christ is made to explain the bearing of our sins by ,christ4 ,as we have seen in our discussion of the ,atonement1 however 7page #gei71 this explains the cause by the effect1 and implies that ,christ died only for the elect 7see review of ,dale1 in ,brit4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,apr4 #ahgf3bbabbe74 ,it is not the union of ,christ with the believer1 but the union of ,christ with humanity at large1 that explains his taking upon him human guilt and penalty4 ,amnesty offered to a rebellious city may be complete1 yet it may avail only for those who surrender4 ,pardon secured from a ,governor1 upon the ground of the services of an ,advocate1 may be effectual only when the convict accepts it1--there is no hope for him when he tears up the pardon4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,robins3 8,the judicial declaration of acquittal on the ground of the death of ,christ1 which comes to all men 7,rom4 #e3ah71 and into the benefits of which they are introduced by natural birth1 is inchoate justification1 and will become perfected justification through the new birth of the ,holy ,spirit1 unless the working of this divine agent is resisted by the personal moral action of those who are lost40 ,what ,dr4 ,robins calls 8inchoate justification0 we prefer to call 8ideal justification0 or 8attainable justification40 ,humanity in ,christ is justified1 and every member of the race who joins himself to ,christ by faith participates in ,christ's justification4 ,h4 ,e4 ,dudley3 8,adam's sin holds us all down just as gravity holds all1 while ,christ's righteousness1 though secured for all and accessible to all1 involves an effort of will in climbing and grasping which not all will make40 ,justification in ,christ is the birthright of humanity2 but1 in order to possess and enjoy it1 each of us must claim and appropriate it by faith4 ,r4 ,w4 ,dale1 ,fellowship with ,christ1 #g--8,when we were created in ,christ1 the fortunes of the human race for good or evil became his4 ,the ,incarnation revealed and fulfilled the relations which already existed between the ,son of ,god and mankind4 ,from the beginning ,christ had entered into fellowship with us4 ,when we sinned1 he remained in fellowship with us still4 ,our miseries0 we would add3 our guilt 8were his1 by his own choice4444 ,his fellowship with us is the foundation of our fellowship with him4444 ,when ,i have discovered that by the very constitution of my nature ,i am to achieve perfection in the power of the life of ,another--who is yet not ,another1 but the very ground of my being--it ceases to be incredible to me that ,another--who is yet not ,another--should be the ,atonement for my sin1 and that his relation to ,god should determine mine40 ,a tract entitled 8,the ,seven ,togethers0 sums up the ,scripture testimony with regard to the ,consequences of the believer's ,union with ,christ3 #a4 ,crucified together with ,christ--,gal4 #b3bj--4 #b4 ,died together with ,christ--,col4 #b3bj--4 #c4 ,buried together with ,christ--,rom4 #f3d--4 #d4 ,quickened together with ,christ--,eph4 #b3e--4 #e4 ,raised together with ,christ--,col4 #c3a--4 #f4 ,sufferers together with ,christ--,rom4 #h3ag--4 #g4 ,glorified together with ,christ--,rom4 #h3ag--4 ,union with ,christ results in common sonship1 relation to ,god1 character1 influence1 and destiny4 ,imperfect apprehension of the believer's union with ,christ works to the great injury of ,christian doctrine4 ,an experience of union with ,christ first enables us to understand the death of sin and separation from ,god which has befallen the race sprung from the first ,adam4 ,the life and liberty of the children of ,god in ,christ ,jesus shows us by contrast how far astray we had gone4 ,the vital and organic unity of the new race sprung from the second ,adam reveals the depravity and disintegration which we had inherited from our first father4 ,we see that as there is one source of spiritual life in ,christ1 so there was one source of corrupt life in ,adam2 and that as we are justified by reason of our oneness with the justified ,christ1 so we are condemned by reason of our oneness with the condemned ,adam4 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,christ in ,creation1 #age--8;,if it is consistent with evolution that the physical and natural life of the race should be derived from a single source1 then it is equally consistent with evolution that the moral and spiritual life of the race should be derived from a single source4 ,scripture is stating only scientific fact when it sets the second ,adam1 the head of redeemed humanity1 over against the first ,adam1 the head of fallen humanity4 ,we are told that evolution should give us many ,christs4 ,we reply that evolution has not given us many ,adams4 ,evolution1 as it assigns to the natural head of the race a supreme and unique position1 must be consistent with itself1 and must assign a supreme and unique position to ,jesus ,christ1 the spiritual head of the race4 ,as there was but one ,adam from whom all the natural life of the race was derived1 so that there can be but one ,christ from whom all the spiritual life of the race is derived40 ,the consequences of union with ,christ may be summarily stated as follows3 7a7 ,union with ,christ involves a change in the dominant affection of the soul4 ,christ's entrance into the soul makes it a new creature1 in the sense that the ruling disposition1 which before was sinful1 now becomes holy4 ,this change we call ,regeneration4 ,rom4 #h3b--8;,for the law of the ,spirit of life in ,christ ,jesus made me free from the law of sin and of death02 #b ,cor4 #e3ag--8;if any man is in ,christ1 he is a new creature0 7marg4--8there is a new creation072 ,gal4 #a3ae1 #af--8;it was the good pleasure of ,god 444 to reveal his ,son in me02 ,eph4 #b3aj--8;,for we are his workmanship1 created in ,christ ,jesus for good works40 ,as we derive our old nature from the first man ,adam1 by birth1 so we derive a new nature from the second man ,christ1 by the new birth4 ,union with ,christ is the true 8transfusion of blood40 8,the deathstruck sinner1 like the wan1 anmic1 dying invalid1 is saved by having poured into his veins the healthier blood of ,christ0 7,drummond1 ,nat4 ,law in the ,spir4 ,world74 ,god regenerates the soul by uniting it to ,jesus ,christ4 ,in the ,johnston ,harvester ,works at ,batavia1 when they paint their machinery1 they do it by immersing part after part in a great tank of paint1--so the painting is instantaneous and complete4 ,our baptism into ,christ is the outward picture of an inward immersion of the soul not only into his love and fellowship1 but into his very life1 so that in him we become new creatures 7#b ,cor4 #e3ag74 ,as ,miss ,sullivan surrounded ,helen ,keller with the influence of her strong personality1 by intelligence and sympathy and determination striving to awaken the blind and dumb soul and give it light and love1 so ,jesus envelops us4 ,but his ,spirit is more encompassing and more penetrating than any human influence however powerful1 because his life is the very ground and principle of our being4 ,tennyson3 8,o for a man to arise in me1 ,that the man that ,i am may cease to be60 ,emerson3 8,himself from ,god he could not free2 ,he builded better than he knew40 ,religion is not the adding of a new department of activity as an adjunct to our own life or the grafting of a new method of manifestation upon the old4 ,it is rather the grafting of our souls into ,christ1 so that his life dominates and manifests itself in all our activities4 ,the magnet which left to itself can lift only a three pound weight1 will lift three hundred when it is attached to the electric dynamo4 ,expositor's ,greek ,testament on #a ,cor4 #ae3de1 #df--8,the action of ,jesus in #8breathing' upon his disciples while he said1 #8,receive the ,holy ,spirit' 7,john #bj3bb sq47 symbolized the vitalizing relationship which at this epoch he assumed towards mankind2 this act raised to a higher potency the original #8breathing' of ,god by which #8man became a living soul' 7,gen4 #b3g740 7b7 ,union with ,christ involves a new exercise of the soul's powers in repentance and faith2 faith1 indeed1 is the act of the soul by which1 under the operation of ,god1 ,christ is received4 ,this new exercise of the soul's powers we call ,conversion 7,repentance and ,faith74 ,it is the obverse or human side of ,regeneration4 ,eph4 #c3ag--8that ,christ may dwell in your hearts through faith02 #b ,tim4 #c3ae--8the sacred writings which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in ,christ ,jesus40 ,faith is the soul's laying hold of ,christ as its only source of life1 pardon1 and salvation4 ,and so we see what true religion is4 ,it is not a moral life2 it is not a determination to be religious2 it is not faith1 if by faith we mean an external trust that somehow ,christ will save us2 it is nothing less than the life of the soul in ,god1 through ,christ his ,son4 ,to ,christ then we are to look for the origin1 continuance and increase of our faith 7,luke #ag3e--8said unto the ,lord1 ,increase our faith074 ,our faith is but a part of 8his fulness0 of which 8we all received1 and grace for grace0 7,john #a3af74 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,sermon before the ,baptist ,world ,congress1 ,london1 #aije--8;,christianity is summed up in the two facts3 ,christ for us1 and ,christ in us--,christ for us upon the ,cross1 revealing the eternal opposition of holiness to sin1 and yet1 through ,god's eternal suffering for sin making objective atonement for us2 and ,christ in us by his ,spirit1 renewing in us the lost image of ,god1 and abiding in us as the allsufficient source of purity and power4 ,here are the two foci of the ,christian ellipse3 ,christ for us1 who redeemed us from the curse of the law by being made a curse for us1 and ,christ in us1 the hope of glory1 whom the apostle calls the mystery of the gospel4 8,we need ,christ in us as well as ,christ for us4 ,how shall ,i1 how shall society1 find healing and purification within8 ,let me answer by reminding you of what they did at ,chicago4 ,in all the world there was no river more stagnant and fetid than was ,chicago ,river4 ,its sluggish stream received the sweepings of the watercraft and the offal of the city1 and there was no current to carry the detritus away4 ,there it settled1 and bred miasma and fever4 ,at last it was suggested that1 by cutting through the low ridge between the city and the ,desplaines ,river1 the current could be set running in the opposite direction1 and drainage could be secured into the ,illinois ,river and the great ,mississippi4 ,at a cost of fifteen millions of dollars the cut was made1 and now all the water of ,lake ,michigan can be relied upon to cleanse that turbid stream4 ,what ,chicago ,river could never do for itself1 the great lake now does for it4 ,so no human soul can purge itself of its sin2 and what the individual cannot do1 humanity at large is powerless to accomplish4 ,sin has dominion over us1 and we are foul to the very depths of our being1 until with the help of ,god we break through the barrier of our selfwill1 and let the floods of ,christ's purifying life flow into us4 ,then1 in an hour1 more is done to renew1 than all our efforts for years had effected4 ,thus humanity is saved1 individual by individual1 not by philosophy1 or philanthropy1 or selfdevelopment1 or selfreformation1 but simply by joining itself to ,jesus ,christ1 and by being filled in ,him with all the fulness of ,god40 7c7 ,union with ,christ gives to the believer the legal standing and rights of ,christ4 ,as ,christ's union with the race involves atonement1 so the believer's union with ,christ involves ,justification4 ,the believer is entitled to take for his own all that ,christ is1 and all that ,christ has done2 and this because he has within him that new life of humanity which suffered in ,christ's death and rose from the grave in ,christ's resurrection1--in other words1 because he is virtually one person with the ,redeemer4 ,in ,christ the believer is prophet1 priest1 and king4 ,acts #ac3ci--8;by him lit43 #8in him' in union with him every one that believeth is justified02 ,rom4 #f3g1 #h--8;he that hath died is justified from sin 444 we died with ,christ02 #g3d--8;dead to the law through the body of ,christ02 #h3a--8no condemnation to them that are in ,christ ,jesus02 #ag--8;heirs of ,god1 and jointheirs with ,christ02 #a ,cor4 #a3cj--8;,but of him ye are in ,christ ,jesus1 who was made unto us wisdom from ,god1 and righteousness justification02 #c3ba1 #bc--8;all things are yours 444 and ye are ,christ's02 #f3aa--8ye were justified in the name of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and in the ,spirit of our ,god02 #b ,cor4 #e3ad--8we thus judge1 that one died for all1 therefore all died02 #ba--8;,him who knew no sin he made to be sin on our behalf2 that we might become the righteousness justification of ,god in him0 ,god's justified persons1 in union with ,christ 7see pages #gfj1 #gfa74 ,gal4 #b3bj--8;,i have been crucified with ,christ2 and it is no longer ,i that live1 but ,christ liveth in me02 ,eph4 #a3d1 #f--8;chose us in him 444 to the praise of the glory of his grace1 which he freely bestowed on us in the ,beloved02 #b3e1 #f--8;even when we were dead through our trespasses1 made us alive together with ,christ 444 made us to sit with him in the heavenly places1 in ,christ ,jesus02 ,phil4 #c3h1 #i--8that ,i may gain ,christ1 and be found in him1 not having a righteousness of mine own1 even that which is of the law1 but that which is through faith in ,christ1 the righteousness which is from ,god by faith02 #b ,tim4 #b3aa--8;,faithful is the saying3 ,for if we died with him1 we shall also live with him40 ,prophet3 ,luke #ab3ab--8the ,holy ,spirit shall teach you in that very hour what ye ought to say02 #a ,john #b3bj--8ye have an anointing from the ,holy ,one1 and ye know all things40 ,priest3 #a ,pet4 #b3e--8;a holy priesthood1 to offer up spiritual sacrifices1 acceptable to ,god through ,jesus ,christ02 ,rev4 #bj3f--8they shall be priests of ,god and of ,christ02 #a ,pet4 #b3i--8;a royal priesthood40 ,king3 ,rev4 #c3ba--8;,he that overcometh1 ,i will give to him to sit down with me in my throne02 #e3aj--8madest them to be unto our ,god a kingdom and priests40 ,the connection of justification and union with ,christ delivers the former from the charge of being a mechanical and arbitrary procedure4 ,as ,jonathan ,edwards has said3 8,the justification of the believer is no other than his being admitted to communion in1 or participation of1 this head and surety of all believers40 7d7 ,union with ,christ secures to the believer the continuously transforming1 assimilating power of ,christ's life1--first1 for the soul2 secondly1 for the body1--consecrating it in the present1 and in the future raising it up in the likeness of ,christ's glorified body4 ,this continuous influence1 so far as it is exerted in the present life1 we call ,sanctification1 the human side or aspect of which is ,perseverance4 ,for the soul3 ,john #a3af--8of his fulness we all received1 and grace for grace0--successive and increasing measures of grace1 corresponding to the soul's successive and increasing needs2 ,rom4 #h3aj--8;if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness02 #a ,cor4 #ae3de--8,the last ,adam became a lifegiving spirit02 ,phil4 #b3e--8;,have this mind in you1 which was also in ,christ ,jesus02 #a ,john #c3b--8;if he shall be manifested1 we shall be like him40 8,can ,christ let the believer fall out of his hands8 ,no1 for the believer is his hands40 ,for the body3 #a ,cor4 #f3agbj--8;he that is joined unto the ,lord is one spirit 444 know ye not that your body is a temple of the ,holy ,spirit which is in you 444 glorify ,god therefore in your body02 ,thess4 #e3bc--8;,and the ,god of peace himself sanctify you wholly2 and may your spirit and soul and body be preserved entire1 without blame at the coming of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ02 ,rom4 #h3aa--8shall give life also to your mortal bodies through his ,spirit that dwelleth in you02 #a ,cor4 #ae3di--8;as we have borne the image of the earthy man1 we shall also bear the image of the heavenly man02 ,phil4 #c3bj1 #ba--8;,for our citizenship is in heaven2 from whence also we wait for a ,savior1 the ,lord ,jesus ,christ3 who shall fashion anew the body of our humiliation1 that it may be conformed to the body of his glory1 according to the working whereby he is able even to subject all things unto himself40 ,is there a physical miracle wrought for the drunkard in his regeneration8 ,mr4 ,moody says1 ,yes2 ,mr4 ,gough says1 ,no4 ,we prefer to say that the change is a spiritual one2 but that the 8expulsive power of a new affection0 indirectly affects the body1 so that old appetites sometimes disappear in a moment2 and that often1 in the course of years1 great changes take place even in the believer's body4 ,tennyson1 ,idylls3 8,have ye looked at ,edyrn8 ,have ye seen how nobly changed8 ,this work of his is great and wonderful2 ,his very face with change of heart is changed40 8,christ in the soul fashions the germinal man into his own likeness1--this is the embryology of the new life4 ,the cardinal error in religious life is the attempt to live without proper environment0 7see ,drummond1 ,natural ,law in ,spiritual ,world1 #becbhd74 ,human life from ,adam does not stand the test1--only divinehuman life in ,christ can secure us from falling4 ,this is the work of ,christ1 now that he has ascended and taken to himself his power1 namely1 to give his life more and more fully to the church1 until it shall grow up in all things into him1 the ,head1 and shall fitly express his glory to the world4 ,as the accomplished organist discloses unsuspected capabilities of his instrument1 so ,christ brings into activity all the latent powers of the human soul4 8,i was five years in the ministry10 said an ,american preacher1 8before ,i realized that my ,savior is alive40 ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,dale has left on record the almost unutterable feelings that stirred his soul when he first realized this truth2 see ,walker1 ,the ,spirit and the ,incarnation1 preface1 v4 ,many have struggled in vain against sin until they have admitted ,christ to their hearts1--then they could say3 8this is the victory that hath overcome the world1 even our faith0 7#a ,john #e3d74 8,go out1 ,god will go in2 ,die thou1 and let him live2 ,be not1 and he will be2 ,wait1 and he'll all things give40 ,the best way to get air out of a vessel is to pour water in4 ,only in ,christ can we find our pardon1 peace1 purity1 and power4 ,he is 8made unto us wisdom from ,god1 and justification and sanctification1 and redemption0 7#a ,cor4 #a3cj74 ,a medical man says3 8,the only radical remedy for dipsomania is religiomania0 7quoted in ,william ,james1 ,varieties of ,religious ,experience1 #bfh74 ,it is easy to break into an empty house2 the spirit cast out returns1 finds the house empty1 brings seven others1 and 8the last state of that man becometh worse than the first0 7,mat4 #ab3de74 ,there is no safety in simply expelling sin2 we need also to bring in ,christ2 in fact only he can enable us to expel not only actual sin but the love of it4 ,alexander ,mc,laren3 8,if we are #8in ,christ1' we are like a diver in his crystal bell1 and have a solid though invisible wall around us1 which keeps all seamonsters off us1 and communicates with the upper air1 whence we draw the breath of calm life and can work in security though in the ocean depths40 ,john ,caird1 ,fund4 ,ideas1 #b3ih--8;,how do we know that the life of ,god has not departed from nature8 ,because every spring we witness the annual miracle of nature's revival1 every summer and autumn the waving corn4 ,how do we know that ,christ has not departed from the world8 ,because he imparts to the soul that trusts him a power1 a purity1 a peace1 which are beyond all that nature can give40 7e7 ,union with ,christ brings about a fellowship of ,christ with the believer1--,christ takes part in all the labors1 temptations1 and sufferings of his people2 a fellowship of the believer with ,christ1--so that ,christ's whole experience on earth is in some measure reproduced in him2 a fellowship of all believers with one another1--furnishing a basis for the spiritual unity of ,christ's people on earth1 and for the eternal communion of heaven4 ,the doctrine of ,union with ,christ is therefore the indispensable preparation for ,ecclesiology1 and for ,eschatology4 ,fellowship of ,christ with the believer3 ,phil4 #d3ac--8;,i can do all things in him that strengtheneth me02 ,heb4 #d3ae--8;,for we have not a high priest that cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities02 cf4 ,is4 #fc3i--8;,in all their affliction he was afflicted40 ,heb4 #b3ah--8;in that he himself hath suffered being tempted1 he is able to succor them that are tempted0 are being tempted1 are under temptation4 ,bp4 ,wordsworth3 8,by his passion he acquired compassion40 #b ,cor4 #b3ad--8thanks be unto ,god1 who always leadeth us in triumph in ,christ0 ,christ leads us in triumph1 but his triumph is ours1 even if it be a triumph over us4 ,one with him1 we participate in his joy and in his sovereignty4 ,rev4 #c3ba--8;,he that overcometh1 ,i will give to him to sit down with me in my throne40 ,w4 ,f4 ,taylor on ,rom4 #h3i--8,the ,spirit of ,god dwelleth in you4444 if any man hath not the ,spirit of ,christ1 he is none of his0--8,christ dwells in us1 says the apostle4 ,but do we accept him as a resident1 or as a ruler8 ,england was first represented at ,king ,thebau's court by her resident4 ,this official could rebuke1 and even threaten1 but no more1--,thebau was sovereign4 ,burma knew no peace1 till ,england ruled4 ,so ,christ does not consent to be represented by a mere resident4 ,he must himself dwell within the soul1 and he must reign40 ,christina ,rossetti1 ,thee ,only3 8,lord1 we are rivers running to thy sea1 ,our waves and ripples all derived from thee2 ,a nothing we should have1 a nothing be1 ,except for thee4 ,sweet are the waters of thy shoreless sea2 ,make sweet our waters that make haste to thee2 ,pour in thy sweetness1 that ourselves may be ,sweetness to thee60 ,of the believer with ,christ3 ,phil4 #c3aj--8that ,i may know him1 and the power of his resurrection1 and the fellowship of his sufferings1 becoming conformed unto his death02 ,col4 #a3bd--8;fill up on my part that which is lacking of the afflictions of ,christ in my flesh for his body's sake1 which is the church02 #a ,pet4 #d3ac--8partakers of ,christ's sufferings40 ,the ,christian reproduces ,christ's life in miniature1 and1 in a true sense1 lives it over again4 ,only upon the principle of union with ,christ can we explain how the ,christian instinctively applies to himself the prophecies and promises which originally and primarily were uttered with reference to ,christ3 8thou wilt not leave my soul to ,sheol2 ,neither wilt thou suffer thy holy one to see corruption0 7,ps4 #af3aj1 #aa74 ,this fellowship is the ground of the promises made to believing prayer3 ,john #ad3ac--8whatsoever ye shall ask is my name1 that will ,i do02 ,westcott1 ,bib4 ,com41 in loco3 8,the meaning of the phrase #8in my name' is #8as being one with me even as ,i am revealed to you4' ,its two correlatives are #8in me' and the ,pauline #8in ,christ'40 8,all things are yours0 7#a ,cor4 #c3ba71 because ,christ is universal ,king1 and all believers are exalted to fellowship with him4 ,after the battle of ,sedan1 ,king ,william asked a wounded ,prussian officer whether it were well with him4 8,all is well where your majesty leads60 was the reply4 ,phil4 #a3ba--8;,for to me to live is ,christ1 and to die is gain40 ,paul indeed uses the words 8,christ0 and 8church0 as interchangeable terms3 #a ,cor4 #ab3ab--8;as the body is one1 and hath many members1 444 so also is ,christ40 ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #aga--8,there is not in the ,n4 ,t4 from beginning to end1 in the record of the original and genuine ,christian life1 a single word of despondency or gloom4 ,it is the most buoyant1 exhilarating and joyful book in the world40 ,this is due to the fact that the writers believe in a living and exalted ,christ1 and know themselves to be one with him4 ,they descend crowned into the arena4 ,in the ,soudan1 every morning for half an hour before ,general ,gordon's tent there lay a white handkerchief4 ,the most pressing message1 even on matters of life and death1 waited till that handkerchief was withdrawn4 ,it was the signal that ,christ and ,gordon were in communion with each other4 ,of all believers with one another3 ,john #ag3ba--8that they may all be one02 #a ,cor4 #aj3ag--8we1 who are many1 are one bread1 one body3 for we all partake of the one bread02 ,eph4 #b3ae--8;create in himself of the two one new man1 so making peace02 #a ,john #a3c--8that ye also may have fellowship with us3 yea1 and our fellowship is with the ,father1 and with his ,son ,jesus ,christ0--here the word is used4 ,fellowship with each other is the effect and result of the fellowship of each with ,god in ,christ4 ,compare ,john #aj3af--8they shall become one flock1 one shepherd02 ,westcott1 ,bib4 ,com41 in loco3 8,the bond of fellowship is shown to lie in the common relation to one ,lord4444 ,nothing is said of one #8fold' under the new dispensation40 ,here is a unity1 not of external organization1 but of common life4 ,of this the visible church is the consequence and expression4 ,but this communion is not limited to earth1--it is perpetuated beyond death3 #a ,thess4 #d3ag--8so shall we ever be with the ,lord02 ,heb4 #ab3bc--8to the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven1 and to ,god the ,judge of all1 and to the spirits of just men made perfect02 ,rev4 #ba and #bb--the city of ,god1 the new ,jerusalem1 is the image of perfect society1 as well as of intensity and fulness of life in ,christ4 ,the ordinances express the essence of ,ecclesiology--union with ,christ--for ,baptism symbolizes the incorporation of the believer in ,christ1 while the ,lord's ,supper symbolizes the incorporation of ,christ in the believer4 ,christianity is a social matter1 and the true ,christian feels the need of being with and among his brethren4 ,the ,romans could not understand why 8this new sect0 must be holding meetings all the time--even daily meetings4 ,why could they not go singly1 or in families1 to the temples1 and make offerings to their ,god1 and then come away1 as the pagans did8 ,it was this meeting together which exposed them to persecution and martyrdom4 ,it was the natural and inevitable expression of their union with ,christ and so of their union with one another4 ,the consciousness of union with ,christ gives assurance of salvation4 ,it is a great stimulus to believing prayer and to patient labor4 ,it is a duty to 8know what is the hope of his calling1 what the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints1 and what the exceeding greatness of his power to usward who believe0 7,eph4 #a3ah1 #ai74 ,christ's command1 8,abide in me1 and ,i in you0 7,john #ae3d71 implies that we are both to realize and to confirm this union1 by active exertion of our own wills4 ,we are to abide in him by an entire consecration1 and to let him abide in us by an appropriating faith4 ,we are to give ourselves to ,christ1 and to take in return the ,christ who gives himself to us1--in other words1 we are to believe ,christ's promises and to act upon them4 ,all sin consists in the sundering of man's life from ,god1 and most systems of falsehood in religion are attempts to save man without merging his life in ,god's once more4 ,the only religion that can save mankind is the religion that fills the whole heart and the whole life with ,god1 and that aims to interpenetrate universal humanity with that same living ,christ who has already made himself one with the believer4 ,this consciousness of union with ,christ gives 8boldness0 7--,acts #d3ac2 #a ,john #e3ad7 toward men and toward ,god4 ,the word belongs to the ,greek democracies4 ,freemen are bold4 ,demosthenes boasts of his frankness4 ,christ frees us from the hidebound1 introspective1 selfconscious spirit4 ,in him we become free1 demonstrative1 outspoken4 ,so we find1 in ,john's epistles1 that boldness in prayer is spoken of as a virtue1 and the author of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews urges us to 8draw near with boldness unto the throne of grace0 7,heb4 #d3af74 ,an engagement of marriage is not the same as marriage4 ,the parties may be still distant from each other4 ,many ,christians get just near enough to ,christ to be engaged to him4 ,this seems to be the experience of ,christian in the ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,but our privilege is to have a present ,christ1 and to do our work not only for him1 but in him4 8,since ,christ and we are one1 ,why should we doubt or fear80 8,we two are so joined1 ,he'll not be in heaven1 ,and leave me behind40 ,we append a few statements with regard to this union and its consequences1 from noted names in theology and the church4 ,luther3 8,by faith thou art so glued to ,christ that of thee and him there becomes as it were one person1 so that with confidence thou canst say3 #8,i am ,christ1--that is1 ,christ's righteousness1 victory1 etc41 are mine'2 and ,christ in turn can say3 #8,i am that sinner1--that is1 his sins1 his death1 etc41 are mine1 because he clings to me and ,i to him1 for we have been joined through faith into one flesh and bone4' 0 ,calvin3 8,i attribute the highest importance to the connection between the head and the members2 to the inhabitation of ,christ in our hearts2 in a word1 to the mystical union by which we enjoy him1 so that1 being made ours1 he makes us partakers of the blessings with which he is furnished40 ,john ,bunyan3 8,the ,lord led me into the knowledge of the mystery of union with ,christ1 that ,i was joined to him1 that ,i was bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh4 ,by this also my faith in him as my righteousness was the more confirmed2 for if he and ,i were one1 then his righteousness was mine1 his merits mine1 his victory also mine4 ,now could ,i see myself in heaven and on earth at once--in heaven by my ,christ1 my risen head1 my righteousness and life1 though on earth by my body or person40 ,edwards3 8,faith is the soul's active uniting with ,christ4 ,god sees fit that1 in order to a union's being established between two intelligent active beings1 there should be the mutual act of both1 that each should receive the other1 as entirely joining themselves to one another40 ,andrew ,fuller3 8,i have no doubt that the imputation of ,christ's righteousness presupposes a union with him2 since there is no perceivable fitness in bestowing benefits on one for another's sake1 where there is no union or relation between40 ,see ,luther1 quoted1 with other references1 in ,thomasius1 ,christi ,person und ,werk1 #c3cbe4 ,see also ,calvin1 ,institutes1 #a3ffj2 ,edwards1 ,works1 #d3ff1 #fi1 #gj2 ,andrew ,fuller1 ,works1 #b3fhe2 ,pascal1 ,thoughts1 ,eng4 trans41 #dbi2 ,hooker1 ,eccl4 ,polity1 book #e1 ch4 #ef2 ,tillotson1 ,sermons1 #c3cjg2 ,trench1 ,studies in ,gospels1 #bhd1 and ,christ the ,true ,vine1 in ,hulsean ,lectures2 ,schberlein1 in ,studien und ,kritiken1 #ahdg3gfi2 ,caird1 on ,union with ,god1 in ,scotch ,sermons1 sermon #b2 ,godet1 on the ,ultimate ,design of ,man1 in ,princeton ,rev41 ,nov4 #ahhj--the design is 8,god in man1 and man in ,god02 ,baird1 ,elohim ,revealed1 #eijfag2 ,upham1 ,divine ,union1 ,interior ,life1 ,life of ,madame ,guyon and ,fnelon2 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,in ,christ2 ,mc,duff1 ,in ,christo2 ,j4 ,denham ,smith1 ,lifetruths1 #beih2 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,philosophy and ,religion1 #bbjbbe2 ,bishop ,hall's ,treatise on ,the ,church ,mystical2 ,andrew ,murray1 ,abide in ,christ2 ,stearns1 ,evidence of ,christian ,experience1 #ade1 #agd1 #agi2 ,f4 ,b4 ,meyer1 ,christian ,living--essay on ,appropriation of ,christ1 vs4 mere imitation of ,christ2 ,sanday1 ,epistle to the ,romans1 supplementary essay on the ,mystic ,union2 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system of ,theology1 #eca2 ,j4 ,m4 ,campbell1 ,the ,indwelling ,christ4 ,,ii4 ,regeneration4 ,regeneration is that act of ,god by which the governing disposition of the soul is made holy1 and by which1 through the truth as a means1 the first holy exercise of this disposition is secured4 ,regeneration1 or the new birth1 is the divine side of that change of heart which1 viewed from the human side1 we call conversion4 ,it is ,god's turning the soul to himself1--conversion being the soul's turning itself to ,god1 of which ,god's turning it is both the accompaniment and cause4 ,it will be observed from the above definition1 that there are two aspects of regeneration1 in the first of which the soul is passive1 in the second of which the soul is active4 ,god changes the governing disposition1--in this change the soul is simply acted upon4 ,god secures the initial exercise of this disposition in view of the truth1--in this change the soul itself acts4 ,yet these two parts of ,god's operation are simultaneous4 ,at the same moment that he makes the soul sensitive1 he pours in the light of his truth and induces the exercise of the holy disposition he has imparted4 ,this distinction between the passive and the active aspects of regeneration is necessitated1 as we shall see1 by the twofold method of representing the change in ,scripture4 ,in many passages the change is ascribed wholly to the power of ,god2 the change is a change in the fundamental disposition of the soul2 there is no use of means4 ,in other passages we find truth referred to as an agency employed by the ,holy ,spirit1 and the mind acts in view of this truth4 ,the distinction between these two aspects of regeneration seems to be intimated in ,eph4 #b3e1 #f--8made us alive together with ,christ10 and 8raised us up with him40 ,lazarus must first be made alive1 and in this he could not coperate2 but he must also come forth from the tomb1 and in this he could be active4 ,in the old photography1 the plate was first made sensitive1 and in this the plate was passive2 then it was exposed to the object1 and now the plate actively seized upon the rays of light which the object emitted4 ,availing ourselves of the illustration from photography1 we may compare ,god's initial work in the soul to the sensitizing of the plate1 his next work to the pouring in of the light and the production of the picture4 ,the soul is first made receptive to the truth2 then it is enabled actually to receive the truth4 ,but the illustration fails in one respect1--it represents the two aspects of regeneration as successive4 ,in regeneration there is no chronological succession4 ,at the same instant that ,god makes the soul sensitive1 he also draws out its new sensibility in view of the truth4 ,let us notice also that1 as in photography the picture however perfect needs to be developed1 and this development takes time1 so regeneration is only the beginning of ,god's work2 not all the dispositions1 but only the governing disposition1 is made holy2 there is still need that sanctification should follow regeneration2 and sanctification is a work of ,god which lasts for a whole lifetime4 ,we may add that 8heredity affects regeneration as the quality of the film affects photography1 and environment affects regeneration as the focus affects photography0 7,w4 ,t4 ,thayer74 ,sacramentarianism has so obscured the doctrine of ,scripture that many persons who gave no evidence of being regenerate are quite convinced that they are ,christians4 ,uncle ,john ,vassar therefore never asked3 8,are you a ,christian80 but always3 8,have you ever been born again80 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the doctrine of regeneration1 aside from sacramentarianism1 was not apprehended by ,luther or the ,reformers1 was not indeed wrought out till ,wesley taught that ,god instantaneously renewed the affections and the will40 ,we get the doctrine of regeneration mainly from the apostle ,john1 as we get the doctrine of justification mainly from the apostle ,paul4 ,stevens1 ,johannine ,theology1 #cff--8,paul's great words are1 justification1 and righteousness2 ,john's are1 birth from ,god1 and life4 ,but1 for both ,paul and ,john1 faith is lifeunion with ,christ40 ,stearns1 ,evidence of ,christian ,experience1 #acd--8,the sinful nature is not gone1 but its power is broken2 sin no longer dominates the life2 it has been thrust from the centre to the circumference2 it has the sentence of death in itself2 the man is freed1 at least in potency and promise4 #bah--;,an activity may be immediate1 yet not unmediated4 ,god's action on the soul may be through the sense1 yet still be immediate1 as when finite spirits communicate with each other40 ,dubois1 in ,century ,magazine1 ,dec4 #ahid3bcc--8,man has made his way up from physical conditions to the consciousness of spiritual needs4 ,heredity and environment fetter him4 ,he needs spiritual help4 ,god provides a spiritual environment in regeneration4 ,as science is the verification of the ideal in nature1 so religion is the verification of the spiritual in human life40 ,last sermon of ,seth ,k4 ,mitchell on ,rev4 #ba3e--8;,behold1 ,i make all things new0--8,god first makes a new man1 then gives him a new heart1 then a new commandment4 ,he also gives a new body1 a new name1 a new robe1 a new song1 and a new home40 #a4 ,scripture ,representations4 7a7 ,regeneration is a change indispensable to the salvation of the sinner4 ,john #c3g--8,ye must be born anew02 ,gal4 #f3ae--8neither is circumcision anything1 nor uncircumcision1 but a new creature0 7marg4--8creation072 cf4 ,heb4 #ab3ad--8the sanctification without which no man shall see the ,lord0--regeneration1 therefore1 is yet more necessary to salvation2 ,eph4 #b3c--8;by nature children of wrath1 even as the rest02 ,rom4 #c3aa--8,there is none that understandeth1 ,there is none that seeketh after ,god02 ,john #f3dd1 #fe--8,no man can come to me1 except the ,father that sent me draw him 444 no man can come unto me1 except it be given unto him of the ,father02 ,jer4 #ac3bc--8;,can the ,ethiopian change his skin1 or the leopard his spots8 then may ye also do good1 that are accustomed to do evil40 7b7 ,it is a change in the inmost principle of life4 ,john #c3c--8;,except one be born anew1 he cannot see the kingdom of ,god02 #e3ba--8;as the ,father raiseth the dead and giveth them life1 even so the ,son also giveth life to whom he will02 ,rom4 #f3ac--8present yourselves unto ,god1 as alive from the dead02 ,eph4 #b3a--8;,and you did he make alive1 when ye were dead through your trespasses and sins02 #e3ad--8;,awake1 thou that sleepest1 and arise from the dead1 and ,christ shall shine upon thee40 ,in ,john #c3c--8;born anew0 not1 8altered10 8influenced10 8reinvigorated10 8reformed02 but a new beginning1 a new stamp or character1 a new family likeness to ,god and to his children4 8,so is every one that is born of the ,spirit0 7,john #c3h7 #a4 secrecy of process2 #b4 independence of the will of man2 #c4 evidence given in results of conduct and life4 ,it is a good thing to remove the means of gratifying an evil appetite2 but how much better it is to remove the appetite itself6 ,it is a good thing to save men from frequenting dangerous resorts by furnishing safe places of recreation and entertainment2 but far better is it to implant within the man such a love for all that is pure and good1 that he will instinctively shun the impure and evil4 ,christianity aims to purify the springs of action4 7c7 ,it is a change in the heart1 or governing disposition4 ,mat4 #ab3cc1 #ce--8;,either make the tree good1 and its fruit good2 or make the tree corrupt1 and its fruit corrupt3 for the tree is known by its fruit4444 ,the good man out of his good treasure bringeth forth good things3 and the evil man out of his evil treasure bringeth forth evil things02 #ae3ai--8;,for out of the heart come forth evil thoughts1 murders1 adulteries1 fornications1 thefts1 false witness1 railings02 ,acts #af3ad--8;,and a certain woman named ,lydia 444 heard us3 whose heart the ,lord opened to give heed unto the things which were spoken by ,paul02 ,rom4 #f3ag--8;,but thanks be to ,god1 that1 whereas ye were servants of sin1 ye became obedient from the heart to that form of teaching whereunto ye were delivered02 #aj3aj--8with the heart man believeth unto righteousness02 cf4 ,ps4 #ea3aj--8;,create in me a clean heart1 ,o ,god2 ,and renew a right spirit within me02 ,jer4 #ca3cc--8;,i will put my law in their inward parts1 and in their hearts will ,i write it02 ,ez4 #aa3ai--8;,and ,i will give them one heart1 and ,i will put a new spirit within you2 and ,i will take the stony heart out of their flesh1 and will give them a heart of flesh40 ,horace ,mann3 8,one former is worth a hundred reformers40 ,it is often said that the redemption of society is as important as the regeneration of the individual4 ,yes1 we reply2 but the regeneration of society can never be accomplished except through the regeneration of the individual4 ,reformers try in vain to construct a stable and happy community from persons who are selfish1 weak1 and miserable4 ,the first cry of such reformers is3 8,get your circumstances changed60 ,christ's first call is3 8,get yourselves changed1 and then the things around you will be changed40 ,many college settlements1 and temperance societies1 and selfreformations begin at the wrong end4 ,they are like kindling a coalfire by lighting kindlings at the top4 ,the fire soon goes out4 ,we need ,god's work at the very basis of character and not on the outer edge1 at the very beginning1 and not simply at the end4 ,mat4 #f3cc--8seek ye first his kingdom1 and his righteousness2 and all these things shall be added unto you40 7d7 ,it is a change in the moral relations of the soul4 ,eph4 #b3e--8when we were dead through our trespasses1 made us alive together with ,christ02 #d3bc1 #bd--8that ye be renewed in the spirit of your mind1 and put on the new man1 that after ,god hath been created in righteousness and holiness of truth02 ,col4 #a3ac--8who delivered us out of the power of darkness1 and translated us into the kingdom of the ,son of his love40 ,william ,james1 ,varieties of ,religious ,experience1 #ejh1 finds the features belonging to all religions3 #a4 an uneasiness2 and #b4 its solution4 #a4 ,the uneasiness1 reduced to its simplest terms1 is a sense that there is something wrong about us1 as we naturally stand4 #b4 ,the solution is a sense that we are saved from the wrongness by making proper connection with the higher powers4 7e7 ,it is a change wrought in connection with the use of truth as a means4 ,james #a3ah--8,of his own will he brought us forth by the word of truth0--here in connection with the special agency of ,god 7not of mere natural law7 the truth is spoken of as a means2 #a ,pet4 #a3bc--8;having been begotten again1 not of corruptible seed1 but of incorruptible1 through the word of ,god1 which liveth and abideth02 #b ,pet4 #a3d--8;his precious and exceeding great promises2 that through these ye may become partakers of the divine nature02 cf4 ,jer4 #bc3bi--8;,is not my word like fire8 saith ,jehovah2 and like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces80 ,john #ae3c--8;,already ye are clean because of the word which ,i have spoken unto you02 ,eph4 #f3ag--8the sword of the ,spirit1 which is the word of ,god02 ,heb4 #d3ab--8;,for the word of ,god is living1 and active1 and sharper than any twoedged sword1 and piercing even to the dividing of soul and spirit1 of both joints and marrow1 and quick to discern the thoughts and intents of the heart02 #a ,pet4 #b3i--8;called you out of darkness into his marvellous light40 ,an advertising sign reads3 8,for spaces and ideas1 apply to ,johnson and ,smith40 ,in regeneration1 we need both the open mind and the truth to instruct it1 and we may apply to ,god for both4 7f7 ,it is a change instantaneous1 secretly wrought1 and known only in its results4 ,john #e3bd--8;,he that heareth my word1 and believeth him that sent me1 hath eternal life1 and cometh not into judgment1 but hath passed out of death into life02 cf4 ,mat4 #f3bd--8,no man can serve two masters3 for either he will hate the one1 and love the other2 or else he will hold to one1 and despise the other40 ,john #c3h--8,the wind bloweth where it will1 and thou hearest the voice thereof1 but knowest not whence it cometh1 and whither it goeth3 so is every one that is born of the ,spirit02 cf4 ,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac--8work out your own salvation with fear and trembling2 for it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure02 #b ,pet4 #a3aj--8,wherefore1 brethren1 give the more diligence to make your calling and election sure40 7g7 ,it is a change wrought by ,god4 ,john #a3ac--8who were born1 not of blood1 nor of the will of the flesh1 nor of the will of man1 but of ,god02 #c3e--8;,except one be born of water and the ,spirit1 he cannot enter into the kingdom of ,god02 #c3h1 marg4--8,the ,spirit breatheth where it will02 ,eph4 #a3ai1 #bj--8the exceeding greatness of his power to usward who believe1 according to that working of the strength of his might which he wrought in ,christ1 when he raised him from the dead1 and made him to sit at his right hand in the heavenly places02 #b3aj--8;,for we are his workmanship1 created in ,christ ,jesus for good works1 which ,god afore prepared that we should walk in them02 #a ,pet4 #a3c--8;,blessed be the ,god and ,father of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who according to his great mercy begat us again unto a living hope by the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ from the dead02 cf4 #a ,cor4 #c3f1 #g--8;,i planted1 ,apollos watered2 but ,god gave the increase4 ,so then neither is he that planteth anything1 neither he that watereth2 but ,god that giveth the increase40 ,we have seen that we are 8begotten again 444 through the word0 7#a ,pet4 #a3bc74 ,in the revealed truth with regard to the person and work of ,christ there is a divine adaptation to the work of renewing our hearts4 ,but truth in itself is powerless to regenerate and sanctify1 unless the ,holy ,spirit uses it--8the sword of the ,spirit1 which is the word of ,god0 7,eph4 #f3ag74 ,hence regeneration is ascribed preminently to the ,holy ,spirit1 and men are said to be 8born of the ,spirit0 7,john #c3h74 ,when ,robert ,morrison started for ,china1 an incredulous ,american said to him3 8,mr4 ,morrison1 do you think you can make any impression on the ,chinese80 8,no10 was the reply2 8but ,i think the ,lord can40 7h7 ,it is a change accomplished through the union of the soul with ,christ4 ,rom4 #h3b--8;,for the law of the ,spirit of life in ,christ ,jesus made me free from the law of sin and death02 #b ,cor4 #e3ag--8;if any man is in ,christ1 he is a new creature0 7marg4--8there is a new creation072 ,gal4 #a3ae1 #af--8;it was the good pleasure of ,god 444 to reveal his ,son in me02 ,eph4 #b3aj--8;,for we are his workmanship1 created in ,christ ,jesus for good works40 ,on the ,scriptural representations1 see ,e4 ,d4 ,griffin1 ,divine ,efficiency1 #aagafd2 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system of ,theology1 #eecefi--8,regeneration involves union with ,christ1 and not a change of heart without relation to him40 ,eph4 #c3ad1 #ae--8the ,father1 from whom every fatherhood in heaven and on earth is named40 ,but even here ,god works through ,christ1 and ,christ himself is called 8,everlasting ,father0 7,is4 #i3f74 ,the real basis of our sonship and unity is in ,christ1 our ,creator1 and ,upholder4 ,sin is repudiation of this filial relationship4 ,regeneration by the ,spirit restores our sonship by joining us once more1 ethically and spiritually1 to ,christ the ,son1 and so adopting us again into ,god's family4 ,hence the ,holy ,spirit does not reveal himself1 but ,christ4 ,the ,spirit is light1 and light does not reveal itself1 but all other things4 ,i may know that the ,holy ,spirit is working within me whenever ,i more clearly perceive ,christ4 ,sonship in ,christ makes us not only individually children of ,god1 but also members of a commonwealth4 ,ps4 #hg3d--8,yea1 of ,zion it shall be said1 ,this one and that one was born in her0 8the most glorious thing to be said about them is not something pertaining to their separate history1 but that they have become members1 by adoption1 of the city of ,god0 7,perowne74 ,the ,psalm speaks of the adoption of nations1 but it is equally true of individuals4 #b4 ,necessity of ,regeneration4 ,that all men without exception need to be changed in moral character1 is manifest1 not only from ,scripture passages already cited1 but from the following rational considerations3 7a7 ,holiness1 or conformity to the fundamental moral attribute of ,god1 is the indispensable condition of securing the divine favor1 of attaining peace of conscience1 and of preparing the soul for the associations and employments of the blest4 ,phillips ,brooks seems to have taught that regeneration is merely a natural forward step in man's development4 ,see his ,life1 #b3cec--8,the entrance into this deeper consciousness of sonship to ,god and into the motive power which it exercises is ,regeneration1 the new birth1 not merely with reference to time1 but with reference also to profoundness4 ,because man has something sinful to cast away in order to enter this higher life1 therefore regeneration must begin with repentance4 ,but that is an incident4 ,it is not essential to the idea4 ,a man simply imperfect and not sinful would still have to be born again4 ,the presentation of sin as guilt1 of release as forgiveness1 of consequence as punishment1 have their true meaning as the most personal expressions of man's moral condition as always measured by1 and man's moral changes as always dependent upon1 ,god40 ,here imperfection seems to mean depraved condition as distinguished from conscious transgression2 it is not regarded as sinful2 it needs not to be repented of4 ,yet it does require regeneration4 ,in ,phillips ,brooks's creed there is no article devoted to sin4 ,baptism he calls 8the declaration of the universal fact of the sonship of man to ,god4 ,the ,lord's ,supper is the declaration of the universal fact of man's dependence upon ,god for supply of life4 ,it is associated with the death of ,jesus1 because in that the truth of ,god giving himself to man found its completest manifestation40 ,others seem to teach regeneration by education4 ,here too there is no recognition of inborn sin or guilt4 ,man's imperfection of nature is innocent4 ,he needs training in order to fit him for association with higher intelligences and with ,god4 ,in the evolution of his powers there comes a natural crisis1 like that of graduation of the scholar1 and this crisis may be called conversion4 ,this educational theory of regeneration is represented by ,starbuck1 ,psychology of ,religion1 and by ,coe1 ,the ,spiritual ,life4 ,what human nature needs however is not evolution1 but involution and revolution--involution1 the communication of a new life1 and revolution1 change of direction resulting from that life4 ,human nature1 as we have seen in our treatment of sin1 is not a green apple to be perfected by mere growth1 but an apple with a worm at the core1 which left to itself will surely rot and perish4 ,president ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1 in his essay on ,the ,religious ,affirmations of ,psychology1 says that the total depravity of man is an ascertained fact apart from the teachings of the ,bible4 ,there had come into his hands for inspection several thousands of letters written to a medical man who advertised that he would give confidential advice and treatment to all1 secretly4 ,on the strength of these letters ,dr4 ,hall was prepared to say that ,john ,calvin had not told the half of what is true4 ,he declared that the necessity of regeneration in order to the development of character was clearly established from psychological investigation4 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,cleveland ,sermon1 #aijd--8;,here is the danger of some modern theories of ,christian education4 ,they give us statistics1 to show that the age of puberty is the age of strongest religious impressions2 and the inference is drawn that conversion is nothing but a natural phenomenon1 a regular stage of development4 ,the free will1 and the evil bent of that will1 are forgotten1 and the absolute dependence of perverse human nature upon the regenerating spirit of ,god4 ,the age of puberty is the age of the strongest religious impressions8 ,yes1 but it is also the age of the strongest artistic and social and sensuous impressions1 and only a new birth from above can lead the soul to seek first the kingdom of ,god40 7b7 ,the condition of universal humanity as by nature depraved1 and1 when arrived at moral consciousness1 as guilty of actual transgression1 is precisely the opposite of that holiness without which the soul cannot exist in normal relation to ,god1 to self1 or to holy beings4 ,plutarch has a parable of a man who tried to make a dead body stand upright1 but who finished his labors saying3 8,deest aliquid intus0--8,there's something lacking inside40 ,ribot1 ,diseases of the ,will1 #ec--8;,in the vicious man the moral elements are lacking4 ,if the idea of amendment arises1 it is involuntary4444 ,but if a first element is not given by nature1 and with it a potential energy1 nothing results4 ,the theological dogma of grace as a free gift appears to us therefore founded upon a much more exact psychology than the contrary opinion40 8,thou art chained to the wheel of the foe ,by links which a world cannot sever3 ,with thy tyrant through storm and through calm thou shall go1 ,and thy sentence is bondage forever40 ,martensen1 ,christian ,ethics3 8,when ,kant treats of the radical evil of human nature1 he makes the remarkable statement that1 if a good will is to appear in us1 this cannot happen through a partial improvement1 nor through any reform1 but only through a revolution1 a total overturn within us1 that is to be compared to a new creation40 ,those who hold that man may attain perfection by mere natural growth deny this radical evil of human nature1 and assume that our nature is a good seed which needs only favorable external influences of moisture and sunshine to bring forth good fruit4 ,but human nature is a damaged seed1 and what comes of it will be aborted and stunted like itself4 ,the doctrine of mere development denies ,god's holiness1 man's sin1 the need of ,christ1 the necessity of atonement1 the work of the ,holy ,spirit1 the justice of penalty4 ,kant's doctrine of the radical evil of human nature1 like ,aristotle's doctrine that man is born on an inclined plane and subject to a downward gravitation1 is not matched by a corresponding doctrine of regeneration4 ,only the apostle ,paul can tell us how we came to be in this dreadful predicament1 and where is the power that can deliver us2 see ,stearns1 ,evidence of ,christian ,experience1 #bgd4 ,dean ,swift's worthy sought many years for a method of extracting sunbeams from cucumbers4 ,we cannot cure the barren tree by giving it new bark or new branches1--it must have new sap4 ,healing snakebites is not killing the snake4 ,poetry and music1 the uplifting power of culture1 the inherent nobility of man1 the general mercy of ,god--no one of these will save the soul4 ,horace ,bushnell3 8,the soul of all improvement is the improvement of the soul40 ,frost cannot be removed from a window pane simply by scratching it away1--you must raise the temperature of the room4 ,it is as impossible to get regeneration out of reformation as to get a harvest out of a field by mere plowing4 ,reformation is plucking bitter apples from a tree1 and in their place tying good apples on with a string 7,dr4 ,pentecost74 ,it is regeneration or degradation--the beginning of an upward movement by a power not man's own1 or the continuance and increase of a downward movement that can end only in ruin4 ,kidd1 ,social ,evolution1 shows that in humanity itself there resides no power of progress4 ,the ocean steamship that has burned its last pound of coal may proceed on its course by virtue of its momentum1 but it is only a question of the clock how soon it will cease to move1 except as tossed about by the wind and the waves4 ,not only is there power lacking for the good1 but apart from ,god's grace the evil tendencies constantly became more aggravated4 ,the settled states of the affections and will practically dominate the life4 ,charles ,h4 ,spurgeon3 8,if a thief should get into heaven unchanged1 he would begin by picking the angels' pockets40 ,the land is full of examples of the descent of man1 not from the brute1 but to the brute4 ,the tares are not degenerate wheat1 which by cultivation will become good wheat1--they are not only useless but noxious1 and they must be rooted out and burned4 8,society never will be better than the individuals who compose it4 ,a sound ship can never be made of rotten timber4 ,individual reformation must precede social reconstruction40 ,socialism will always be a failure until it becomes ,christian4 ,we must be born from above1 as truly as we have been begotten by our fathers upon earth1 or we cannot see the kingdom of ,god4 7c7 ,a radical internal change is therefore requisite in every human soul--a change in that which constitutes its character4 ,holiness cannot be attained1 as the pantheist claims1 by a merely natural growth or development1 since man's natural tendencies are wholly in the direction of selfishness4 ,there must be a reversal of his inmost dispositions and principles of action1 if he is to see the kingdom of ,god4 ,men's good deeds and reformation may be illustrated by eddies in a stream whose general current is downward2 by walking westward in a railwaycar while the train is going east2 by ,capt4 ,parry's traveling north1 while the icefloe on which he walked was moving southward at a rate much more rapid than his walking4 ,it is possible to be 8ever learning1 and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth0 7#b ,tim4 #c3g74 ,better never have been born1 than not be born again4 ,but the necessity of regeneration implies its possibility3 ,john #c3g--8,ye must be born anew0 ye may be born anew1--the text is not merely a warning and a command1--it is also a promise4 ,every sinner has the chance of making a new start and of beginning a new life4 ,j4 ,d4 ,robertson1 ,the ,holy ,spirit and ,christian ,service1 #eg--8;,emerson says that the gate of gifts closes at birth4 ,after a man emerges from his mother's womb he can have no new endowments1 no fresh increments of strength and wisdom1 joy and grace within4 ,the only grace is the grace of creation4 ,but this view is deistic and not ,christian40 ,emerson's saying is true of natural gifts1 but not of spiritual gifts4 ,he forgot ,pentecost4 ,he forgot the all encompassing atmosphere of the divine personality and love1 and its readiness to enter in at every chink and crevice of our voluntary being4 ,the longing men have to turn over a new leaf in life's book1 to break with the past1 to assert their better selves1 is a preliminary impulse of ,god's ,spirit and an evidence of prevenient grace preparing the way for regeneration4 ,thus interpreted and yielded to1 these impulses warrant unbounded hope for the future4 8,no star is ever lost we once have seen2 ,we always may be what we might have been2 ,the hopes that lost in some far distance seem ,may be the truer life1 and this the dream40 ,the greatest minds feel1 at least at times1 their need of help from above4 ,although ,cicero uses the term 8regeneration0 to signify what we should call naturalization1 yet he recognizes man's dependence upon ,god3 8,nemo vir magnus1 sine aliquo divino afflatu1 unquam fuit40 ,seneca3 8,bonus vir sine illo nemo est40 ,aristotle3 8,wickedness perverts the judgment and makes men err with respect to practical principles1 so that no man can be wise and judicious who is not good40 ,goethe3 8,who ne'er his bread in sorrow ate1 ,who ne'er the mournful midnight hours ,weeping upon his bed has sate1 ,he knows you not1 ye heavenly ,powers40 ,shakespeare1 ,king ,lear3 8,is there a reason in nature for these hard hearts80 ,robert ,browning1 in ,halbert and ,hob1 replies3 8,o ,lear1 ,that a reason out of nature must turn them soft1 seems clear40 ,john ,stuart ,mill 7see ,autobiography1 #acbadb7 knew that the feeling of interest in others' welfare would make him happy1--but the knowledge of this fact did not give him the feeling4 ,the 8enthusiasm of humanity0--unselfish love1 of which we read in 8,ecce ,homo0--is easy to talk about2 but how to produce it1--that is the question4 ,drummond1 ,natural ,law in the ,spiritual ,world1 #faid--8,there is no abiogenesis in the spiritual1 more than in the natural1 world4 ,can the stone grow more and more living until it enters the organic world8 ,no1 ,christianity is a new life1--it is ,christ in you40 ,as natural life comes to us mediately1 through ,adam1 so spiritual life comes to us mediately1 through ,christ4 ,see ,bushnell1 ,nature and the ,supernatural1 #bbjbdi2 ,anderson1 ,regeneration1 #eahh2 ,bennet ,tyler1 ,memoir and ,lectures1 #cdjced4 #c4 ,the ,efficient ,cause of ,regeneration4 ,three views only need be considered1--all others are modifications of these4 ,the first view puts the efficient cause of regeneration in the human will2 the second1 in the truth considered as a system of motives2 the third1 in the immediate agency of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,john ,stuart ,mill regarded cause as embracing all the antecedents to an event4 ,hazard1 ,man a ,creative ,first ,cause1 #abae1 shows that1 as at any given instant the whole past is everywhere the same1 the effects must1 upon this view1 at each instant be everywhere one and the same4 8,the theory that1 of every successive event1 the real cause is the whole of the antecedents1 does not distinguish between the passive conditions acted upon and changed1 and the active agencies which act upon and change them2 does not distinguish what produces1 from what merely precedes1 change40 ,we prefer the definition given by ,porter1 ,human ,intellect1 #eib--;,cause is 8the most conspicuous and prominent of the agencies1 or conditions1 that produce a result02 or that of ,dr4 ,mark ,hopkins3 8,any exertion or manifestation of energy that produces a change is a cause1 and nothing else is4 ,we must distinguish cause from occasion1 or material4 ,cause is not to be defined as #8everything without which the effect could not be realized4' 0 ,better still1 perhaps1 may we say1 that efficient cause is the competent producing power by which the effect is secured4 ,james ,martineau1 ,types1 #a3 preface1 xiii--8,a cause is that which determines the indeterminate40 ,not the light1 but the photographer1 is the cause of the picture2 light is but the photographer's servant4 ,so the 8word of ,god0 is the 8sword of the ,spirit0 7,eph4 #f3ag72 the ,spirit uses the word as his instrument2 but the ,spirit himself is the cause of regeneration4 ,a4 ,the human will1 as the efficient cause of regeneration4 ,this view takes two forms1 according as the will is regarded as acting apart from1 or in conjunction with1 special influences of the truth applied by ,god4 ,pelagians hold the former2 ,arminians the latter4 7a7 ,to the ,pelagian view1 that regeneration is solely the act of man1 and is identical with selfreformation1 we object that the sinner's depravity1 since it consists in a fixed state of the affections which determines the settled character of the volitions1 amounts to a moral inability4 ,without a renewal of the affections from which all moral action springs1 man will not choose holiness nor accept salvation4 ,man's volitions are practically the shadow of his affections4 ,it is as useless to think of a man's volitions separating themselves from his affections1 and drawing him towards ,god1 as it is to think of a man's shadow separating itself from him1 and leading him in the opposite direction to that in which he is going4 ,man's affections1 to use ,calvin's words1 are like horses that have thrown off the charioteer and are running wildly1--they need a new hand to direct them4 ,in disease1 we must be helped by a physician4 ,we do not stop a locomotive engine by applying force to the wheels1 but by reversing the lever4 ,so the change in man must be1 not in the transient volitions1 but in the deeper springs of action--the fundamental bent of the affections and will4 ,see ,henslow1 ,evolution1 #acd4 ,shakespeare1 ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 #b3a3adi--8;,it is not so with ,him that all things knows1 ,as 'tis with us that square our guess with shows2 ,but most it is presumption in us when ,the help of heaven we count the act of men40 ,henry ,clay said that he did not know for himself personally what the change of heart spoken of by ,christians meant2 but he had seen ,kentucky family feuds of long standing healed by religious revivals1 and that whatever could heal a ,kentucky family feud was more than human4--,mr4 ,peter ,harvey was a lifelong friend of ,daniel ,webster4 ,he wrote a most interesting volume of reminiscenses of the great man4 ,he tells how one ,john ,colby married the oldest sister of ,mr4 ,webster4 ,said ,mr4 ,webster of ,john ,colby3 8,finally he went up to ,andover1 ,new ,hampshire1 and bought a farm1 and the only recollection ,i have about him is that he was called the wickedest man in the neighborhood1 so far as swearing and impiety went4 ,i used to wonder how my sister could marry so profane a man as ,john ,colby40 ,years afterwards news comes to ,mr4 ,webster that a wonderful change has passed upon ,john ,colby4 ,mr4 ,harvey and ,mr4 ,webster take a journey together to visit ,john ,colby4 ,as ,mr4 ,webster enters ,john ,colby's house1 he sees open before him a largeprint ,bible1 which he has just been reading4 ,when greetings have been interchanged1 the first question ,john ,colby asks of ,mr4 ,webster is1 8,are you a ,christian80 ,and then1 at ,john ,colby's suggestion1 the two men kneel and pray together4 ,when the visit is done1 this is what ,mr4 ,webster says to ,mr4 ,harvey as they ride away3 8,i should like to know what the enemies of religion would say to ,john ,colby's conversion4 ,there was a man as unlikely1 humanly speaking1 to become a ,christian as any man ,i ever saw4 ,he was reckless1 heedless1 impious1 never attended church1 never experienced the good influence of associating with religious people4 ,and here he has been living on in that reckless way until he has got to be an old man1 until a period of life when you naturally would not expect his habits to change4 ,and yet he has been brought into the condition in which we have seen him to day1--a penitent1 trusting1 humble believer40 8,whatever people may say10 added ,mr4 ,webster1 8nothing can convince me that anything short of the grace of ,almighty ,god could make such a change as ,i1 with my own eyes1 have witnessed in the life of ,john ,colby40 ,when they got back to ,franklin1 ,new ,hampshire1 in the evening1 they met another lifelong friend of ,mr4 ,webster's1 ,john ,taylor1 standing at his door4 ,mr4 ,webster called out3 8,well1 ,john ,taylor1 miracles happen in these latter days as well as in the days of old40 8,what now1 ,squire80 asked ,john ,taylor4 8,why10 replied ,mr4 ,webster1 8,john ,colby has become a ,christian4 ,if that is not a miracle1 what is80 7b7 ,to the ,arminian view1 that regeneration is the act of man1 coperating with divine influences applied through the truth 7synergistic theory71 we object that no beginning of holiness is in this way conceivable4 ,for1 so long as man's selfish and perverse affections are unchanged1 no choosing ,god is possible but such as proceeds from supreme desire for one's own interest and happiness4 ,but the man thus supremely bent on selfgratification cannot see in ,god1 or his service1 anything productive of happiness2 or1 if he could see in them anything of advantage1 his choice of ,god and his service from such a motive would not be a holy choice1 and therefore could not be a beginning of holiness4 ,although ,melanchthon 7#adigaefj7 preceded ,arminius 7#aefjafji71 his view was substantially the same with that of the ,dutch theologian4 ,melanchthon never experienced the throes and travails of a new spiritual life1 as ,luther did4 ,his external and internal development was peculiarly placid and serene4 ,this ,prceptor ,germani had the modesty of the genuine scholar4 ,he was not a dogmatist1 and he never entered the ranks of the ministry4 ,he never could be persuaded to accept the degree of ,doctor of ,theology1 though he lectured on theological subjects to audiences of thousands4 ,dorner says of ,melanchthon3 8,he held at first that the ,spirit of ,god is the primary1 and the word of ,god the secondary1 or instrumental1 agency in conversion1 while the human will allows their action and freely yields to it40 ,later1 he held that 8conversion is the result of the combined action 7copulatio7 of three causes1 the truth of ,god1 the ,holy ,spirit1 and the will of man40 ,this synergistic view in his last years involved the theologian of the ,german ,reformation in serious trouble4 ,luthardt3 8,he made a facultas out of a mere capacitas40 ,dorner says again3 8,man's causality is not to be cordinated with that of ,god1 however small the influence ascribed to it4 ,it is a purely receptive1 not a productive1 agency4 ,the opposite is the fundamental ,romanist error40 ,selflove will never induce a man to give up selflove4 ,selfishness will not throttle and cast out selfishness4 8,such a choice from a selfish motive would be unholy1 when judged by ,god's standard4 ,it is absurd to make salvation depend upon the exercises of a wholly unspiritual power02 see ,dorner1 ,glaubenslehre1 #b3gafgbj 7,syst4 ,doct41 #d3agiahc74 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3eje--8,sin does not first stop1 and then holiness come in place of sin2 but holiness positively expels sin4 ,darkness does not first cease1 and then light enter2 but light drives out darkness40 ,on the ,arminian view1 see ,bib4 ,sac41 #ai3bfe1 #bff4 ,john ,wesley's theology was a modified ,arminianism1 yet it was ,john ,wesley who did most to establish the doctrine of regeneration4 ,he asserted that the ,holy ,spirit acts through the truth1 in distinction from the doctrine that the ,holy ,spirit works solely through the ministers and sacraments of the church4 ,but in asserting the work of the ,holy ,spirit in the individual soul1 he went too far to the opposite extreme of emphasizing the ability of man to choose ,god's service1 when without love to ,god there was nothing in ,god's service to attract4 ,a4 ,h4 ,bradford1 ,age of ,faith3 8,it is as if ,jesus had said3 ,if a sailor will properly set his rudder the wind will fill his sails4 ,the will is the rudder of the character2 if it is turned in the right direction1 all the winds of heaven will favor2 if it is turned in the wrong direction1 they will oppose40 ,the question returns3 ,what shall move the man to set his rudder aright1 if he has no desire to reach the proper haven8 ,here is the need of divine power1 not merely to coperate with man1 after man's will is set in the right direction1 but to set it in the right direction in the first place4 ,phil4 #b3ac--8;it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure40 ,still another modification of ,arminian doctrine is found in the ,revealed ,theology of ,n4 ,w4 ,taylor of ,new ,haven1 who maintained that1 antecedently to regeneration1 the selfish principle is suspended in the sinner's heart1 and that then1 prompted by self love1 he uses the means of regeneration from motives that are neither sinful nor holy4 ,he held that all men1 saints and sinners1 have their own happiness for their ultimate end4 ,regeneration involves no change in this principle or motive1 but only a change in the governing purpose to seek this happiness in ,god rather than in the world4 ,dr4 ,taylor said that man could turn to ,god1 whatever the ,spirit did or did not do4 ,he could turn to ,god if he would2 but he could also turn to ,god if he wouldn't4 ,in other words1 he maintained the power of contrary choice1 while yet affirming the certainty that1 without the ,holy ,spirit's influences1 man would always choose wrongly4 ,these doctrines caused a division in the ,congregational body4 ,those who opposed ,taylor withdrew their support from ,new ,haven1 and founded the ,east ,windsor ,seminary in #ahcd4 ,for ,taylor's view1 see ,n4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,revealed ,theology1 #cfidjf1 and in ,the ,christian ,spectator for #ahbi4 ,the chief opponent of ,dr4 ,taylor was ,dr4 ,bennet ,tyler4 ,he replied to ,dr4 ,taylor that moral character has its seat1 not in the purpose1 but in the affections back of the purpose4 ,otherwise every ,christian must be in a state of sinless perfection1 for his governing purpose is to serve ,god4 ,but we know that there are affections and desires not under control of this purpose--dispositions not in conformity with the predominant disposition4 ,how1 ,dr4 ,tyler asked1 can a sinner1 completely selfish1 from a selfish motive1 resolve not to be selfish1 and so suspend his selfishness8 8,antecedently to regeneration1 there can be no suspension of the selfish principle4 ,it is said that1 in suspending it1 the sinner is actuated by selflove4 ,but is it possible that the sinner1 while destitute of love to ,god and every particle of genuine benevolence1 should love himself at all and not love himself supremely8 ,he loves nothing more than self4 ,he does not regard ,god or the universe1 except as they tend to promote his ultimate end1 his own happiness4 ,no sinner ever suspended this selfishness until subdued by divine grace4 ,we can not become regenerate by preferring ,god to the world merely from regard to our own interest4 ,there is no necessity of the ,holy ,spirit to renew the heart1 if selflove prompts men to turn from the world to ,god4 ,on the view thus combated1 depravity consists simply in ignorance4 ,all men need is enlightenment as to the best means of securing their own happiness4 ,regeneration by the ,holy ,spirit is1 therefore1 not necessary40 ,see ,bennet ,tyler1 ,memoir and ,lectures1 #cafcha1 esp4 #ccd1 #cgj1 #cga2 ,letters on the ,new ,haven ,theology1 #bagb1 #adcafc2 review of ,taylor and ,fitch1 by ,e4 ,d4 ,griffin1 ,divine ,efficiency1 #aced2 ,martineau1 ,study1 #b3i--8;,by making it a man's interest to be disinterested1 do you cause him to forget himself and put any love into his heart8 or do you only break him in and cause him to turn this way and that by the bit and lash of a driving necessity80 ,the sinner1 apart from the grace of ,god1 cannot see the truth4 ,wilberforce took ,pitt to hear ,cecil preach1 but ,pitt declared that he did not understand a word that ,cecil said4 ,apart from the grace of ,god1 the sinner1 even when made to see the truth1 resists it the more1 the more clearly he sees it4 ,then the ,holy ,spirit overcomes his opposition and makes him willing in the day of ,god's power 7,psalm #aaj3c74 ,b4 ,the truth1 as the efficient cause of regeneration4 ,according to this view1 the truth as a system of motives is the direct and immediate cause of the change from unholiness to holiness4 ,this view is objectionable for two reasons3 7a7 ,it erroneously regards motives as wholly external to the mind that is influenced by them4 ,this is to conceive of them as mechanically constraining the will1 and is indistinguishable from necessitarianism4 ,on the contrary1 motives are compounded of external presentations and internal dispositions4 ,it is the soul's affections which render certain suggestions attractive and others repugnant to us4 ,in brief1 the heart makes the motive4 7b7 ,only as truth is loved1 therefore1 can it be a motive to holiness4 ,but we have seen that the aversion of the sinner to ,god is such that the truth is hated instead of loved1 and a thing that is hated1 is hated more intensely1 the more distinctly it is seen4 ,hence no mere power of the truth can be regarded as the efficient cause of regeneration4 ,the contrary view implies that it is not the truth which the sinner hates1 but rather some element of error which is mingled with it4 ,lyman ,beecher and ,charles ,g4 ,finney held this view4 ,the influence of the ,holy ,spirit differs from that of the preacher only in degree1--both use only moral suasion2 both do nothing more than to present the truth2 both work upon the soul from without4 8,were ,i as eloquent as the ,holy ,ghost1 ,i could convert sinners as well as he10 said a popular preacher of this school 7see ,bennet ,tyler1 ,letters on ,new ,haven ,theology1 #afdaga74 ,on this view1 it would be absurd to pray to ,god to regenerate1 for that is more than he can do1--regeneration is simply the effect of truth4 ,miley1 in ,meth4 ,quar41 ,july1 #ahha3dcddfb1 holds that 8the will cannot rationally act without motive1 but that it has always power to suspend action1 or defer it1 for the purpose of rational examination of the motive or end1 and to consider the opposite motive or end4 ,putting the old end or motive out of view will temporarily break its power1 and the new truth considered will furnish motive for right action4 ,thus1 by using our faculty of suspending choice1 and of fixing attention1 we can realize the permanent eligibility of the good and choose it against the evil4 ,this is1 however1 not the realization of a new spiritual life in regeneration1 but the election of its attainment4 ,power to do this suspending is of grace grace1 however1 given equally to all4 ,without this power1 life would be a spontaneous and irresponsible development of evil40 ,the view of ,miley1 thus substantially given1 resembles that of ,dr4 ,taylor1 upon which we have already commented2 but1 unlike that1 it makes truth itself1 apart from the affections1 a determining agency in the change from sin to holiness4 ,our one reply is that1 without a change in the affections1 the truth can neither be known nor obeyed4 ,seeing cannot be the means of being born again1 for one must first be born again in order to see the kingdom of ,god 7,john #c3c74 ,the mind will not choose ,god1 until ,god appears to be the greatest good4 ,edwards1 quoted by ,griffin1 ,divine ,efficiency1 #fd--8,let the sinner apply his rational powers to the contemplation of divine things1 and let his belief be speculatively correct2 still he is in such a state that those objects of contemplation will excite in him no holy affections40 ,the ,scriptures declare 7,rom4 #h3g7 that 8the mind of the flesh is enmity0--not against some error or mistaken notion of ,god--but 8is enmity against ,god40 ,it is ,god's holiness1 mandatory and punitive1 that is hated4 ,a clearer view of that holiness will only increase the hatred4 ,a woman's hatred of spiders will never be changed to love by bringing them close to her4 ,magnifying them with a compound oxyhydrogen microscope will not help the matter4 ,tyler3 8,all the light of the last day will not subdue the sinner's heart40 ,the mere presence of ,god1 and seeing ,god face to face1 will be hell to him1 if his hatred be not first changed to love4 ,see ,e4 ,d4 ,griffin1 ,divine ,efficiency1 #ajeaaf1 #bjcbba2 and review of ,griffin1 by ,s4 ,r4 ,mason1 ,truth ,unfolded1 #chcdjg4 ,bradford1 ,heredity and ,christian ,problems1 #bci--8;,christianity puts three motives before men3 love1 selflove1 and fear40 ,true1 but the last two are only preliminary motives1 not essentially ,christian4 ,the soul that is moved only by selflove or by fear has not yet entered into the ,christian life at all4 ,and any attention to the truth of ,god which originates in these motives has no absolute moral value1 and cannot be regarded as even a beginning of salvation4 ,nothing but holiness and love are entitled to be called ,christianity1 and these the truth of itself cannot summon up4 ,the ,spirit of ,god must go with the truth to impart right desires and to make the truth effective4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the glory of our salvation can no more be attributed to the word of ,god only1 than the glory of a ,praxiteles or a ,canova can be ascribed to the chisel or the mallet with which he wrought into beauty his immortal creations40 ,c4 ,the immediate agency of the ,holy ,spirit1 as the efficient cause of regeneration4 ,in ascribing to the ,holy ,spirit the authorship of regeneration1 we do not affirm that the divine ,spirit accomplishes his work without any accompanying instrumentality4 ,we simply assert that the power which regenerates is the power of ,god1 and that although conjoined with the use of means1 there is a direct operation of this power upon the sinner's heart which changes its moral character4 ,we add two remarks by way of further explanation3 7a7 ,the ,scriptural assertions of the indwelling of the ,holy ,spirit and of his mighty power in the soul forbid us to regard the divine ,spirit in regeneration as coming in contact1 not with the soul1 but only with the truth4 ,the phrases1 8to energize the truth10 8to intensify the truth10 8to illuminate the truth10 have no proper meaning2 since even ,god cannot make the truth more true4 ,if any change is wrought1 it must be wrought1 not in the truth1 but in the soul4 ,the maxim1 8,truth is mighty and will prevail10 is very untrue1 if ,god be left out of the account4 ,truth without ,god is an abstraction1 and not a power4 ,it is a mere instrument1 useless without an agent4 8,the sword of the ,spirit1 which is the word of ,god0 7,eph4 #f3ag71 must be wielded by the ,holy ,spirit himself4 ,and the ,holy ,spirit comes in contact1 not simply with the instrument1 but with the soul4 ,to all moral1 and especially to all religious truth1 there is an inward unsusceptibility1 arising from the perversity of the affections and the will4 ,this blindness and hardness of heart must be removed1 before the soul can perceive or be moved by the truth4 ,hence the ,spirit must deal directly with the soul4 ,denovan3 8,our natural hearts are hearts of stone4 ,the word of ,god is good seed sown on the hard1 trodden1 macadamized highway1 which the horses of passion1 the asses of selfwill1 the wagons of imaginary treasure1 have made impenetrable4 ,only the ,holy ,spirit can soften and pulverize this soil40 ,the ,psalmist prays3 8,incline my heart unto thy testimonies0 7,ps4 #aai3cf71 while of ,lydia it is said3 8whose heart the ,lord opened to give heed unto the things which were spoken by ,paul0 7,acts #af3ad74 ,we may say of the ,holy ,spirit3 8,he freezes and then melts the soil1 ,he breaks the hard1 cold stone1 ,kills out the rooted weeds so vile1--,all this he does alone2 ,and every virtue we possess1 ,and every victory won1 ,and every thought of holiness1 ,are his1 and his alone40 ,hence1 in ,ps4 #ij3af1 #ag1 the ,psalmist says1 first3 8,let thy work appear unto thy servants02 then 8establish thou the work of our hands upon us0--,god's work is first to appear1--then man's work1 which is ,god's work carried out by human instruments4 ,at ,jericho1 the force was not applied to the rams' horns1 but to the walls4 ,when ,jesus healed the blind man1 his power was applied1 not to the spittle1 but to the eyes4 ,the impression is prepared1 not by heating the seal1 but by softening the wax4 ,so ,god's power acts1 not upon the truth1 but upon the sinner4 ,ps4 #ei3aj--8,my ,god with his lovingkindness will meet me02 ,a4 ,v4--8,the ,god of my mercy shall prevent me10 i4 e41 go before me4 ,augustine urges this text as proof that the grace of ,god precedes all merit of man3 8,what didst thou find in me but only sins8 ,before ,i do anything good1 his mercy will go before me4 ,what will unhappy ,pelagius answer here80 ,calvin however says this may be a pious1 but it is not a fair1 use of the passage4 ,the passage does teach dependence upon ,god2 but ,god's anticipation of our action1 or in other words1 the doctrine of prevenient grace1 must be derived from other portions of ,scripture1 such as ,john #a3ac1 and ,eph4 #b3aj4 8,the enthusiasm of humanity0 to which ,j4 ,r4 ,seeley1 the author of ,ecce ,homo1 exhorts us1 is doubtless the secret of happiness and usefulness1--unfortunately he does not tell us whence it may come4 ,john ,stuart ,mill felt the need of it1 but he did not get it4 ,arthur ,hugh ,clough1 ,clergyman's ,first ,tale3 8,would ,i could wish my wishes all to rest1 ,and know to wish the wish that were the best40 ,bradford1 ,heredity1 #bbh--8;,god is the environment of the soul1 yet man has free will4 ,light fills the spaces1 yet a man from ignorance may remain in a cave1 or from choice may dwell in darkness40 ,man needs therefore a divine influence which will beget in him a disposition to use his opportunities aright4 ,we may illustrate the philosophy of revivals by the canal boat which lies before the gate of a lock4 ,no power on earth can open the lock4 ,but soon the lock begins to fill1 and when the water has reached the proper level1 the gate can be opened almost at a touch4 ,or1 a steamer runs into a sandbar4 ,tugs fail to pull the vessel off4 ,her own engines cannot accomplish it4 ,but when the tide comes in1 she swings free without effort4 ,so what we need in religion is an influx of spiritual influence which will make easy what before is difficult if not impossible4 ,the ,superintendent of a ,new ,york ,state ,prison tells us that the common schools furnish #hc per cent41 and the colleges and academies over #d per cent41 of the inmates of ,auburn and ,sing ,sing4 ,truth without the ,holy ,spirit to apply it is like sunshine without the actinic ray which alone can give it vitalizing energy4 7b7 ,even if truth could be energized1 intensified1 illuminated1 there would still be needed a change in the moral disposition1 before the soul could recognize its beauty or be affected by it4 ,no mere increase of light can enable a blind man to see2 the disease of the eye must first be cured before external objects are visible4 ,so ,god's work in regeneration must be performed within the soul itself4 ,over and above all influence of the truth1 there must be a direct influence of the ,holy ,spirit upon the heart4 ,although wrought in conjunction with the presentation of truth to the intellect1 regeneration differs from moral suasion in being an immediate act of ,god4 ,before regeneration1 man's knowledge of ,god is the blind man's knowledge of color4 ,the ,scriptures call such knowledge 8ignorance0 7,eph4 #d3ah74 ,the heart does not appreciate ,god's mercy4 ,regeneration gives an experimental or heart knowledge2 see ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3die4 ,is4 #ej3d--;,god 8wakeneth mine ear to hear40 ,it is false to say that soul can come in contact with soul only through the influence of truth4 ,in the intercourse of dear friends1 or in the discourse of the orator1 there is a personal influence1 distinct from the word spoken1 which persuades the heart and conquers the will4 ,we sometimes call it 8magnetism10--but we mean simply that soul reaches soul1 in ways apart from the use of physical intermediaries4 ,compare the facts1 imperfectly known as yet1 of second sight1 mindreading1 clairvoyance4 ,but whether these be accepted or not1 it still is true that ,god has not made the human soul so that it is inaccessible to himself4 ,the omnipresent ,spirit penetrates and pervades all spirits that have been made by him4 ,see ,lotze1 ,outlines of ,psychology 7,ladd71 #adb1 #adc4 ,in the primary change of disposition1 which is the most essential feature of regeneration1 the ,spirit of ,god acts directly upon the spirit of man4 ,in the securing of the initial exercise of this new disposition--which constitutes the secondary feature of ,god's work of regeneration--the truth is used as a means4 ,hence1 perhaps1 in ,james #a3ah1 we read3 8,of his own will he brought us forth by the word of truth0 instead of 8he begat us by the word of truth10--the reference being to the secondary1 not to the primary1 feature of regeneration4 ,the advocates of the opposite view--the view that ,god works only through the truth as a means1 and that his only influence upon the soul is a moral influence--very naturally deny the mystical union of the soul with ,christ4 ,squier1 for example1 in his ,autobiog41 #cdccgh1 esp4 #cfj1 on the ,spirit's influences1 quotes ,john #af3h--;he 8will convict the world in respect of sin0--to show that ,god regenerates by applying truth to men's minds1 so far as to convince them1 by fair and sufficient arguments1 that they are sinners4 ,christ1 opening blind eyes and unstopping deaf ears1 illustrates the nature of ,god's operation in regeneration1--in the case of the blind1 there is plenty of light1--what is wanted is sight4 ,the negro convert said that his conversion was due to himself and ,god3 he fought against ,god with all his might1 and ,god did the rest4 ,so our moral successes are due to ourselves and ,god1--we have done only the fighting against ,god1 and ,god has done the rest4 ,the sand of ,sahara would not bring forth flowers and fruit1 even if you turned into it a hundred rivers like the ,nile4 ,man may hear sermons for a lifetime1 and still be barren of all spiritual growths4 ,the soil of the heart needs to be changed1 and the good seed of the kingdom needs to be planted there4 ,for the view that truth is 8energized0 or 8intensified0 by the ,holy ,spirit1 see ,phelps1 ,new ,birth1 #fa1 #aba2 ,walker1 ,philosophy of ,plan of ,salvation1 chap4 #ah4 ,per contra1 see ,wardlaw1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #c3bd1 #be2 ,e4 ,d4 ,griffin1 ,divine ,efficiency1 #gcaaf2 ,anderson1 ,regeneration1 #abcafh2 ,edwards1 ,works1 #b3edgeig2 ,chalmers1 ,lectures on ,romans1 chap4 #a2 ,payne1 ,divine ,sovereignty1 lect4 #bc3cfccfg2 ,hodge1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #c3ccg1 #dffdhe4 ,on the whole subject of the ,efficient ,cause of ,regeneration1 see ,hopkins1 ,works1 #a3ded2 ,dwight1 ,theology1 #b3dahdbi2 ,john ,owen1 ,works1 #c3bhbbig1 #cffech2 ,robert ,hall1 ,sermon on the ,cause1 ,agent1 and ,purpose of ,regeneration4 #d4 ,the ,instrumentality used in ,regeneration4 ,a4 ,the ,roman1 ,english and ,lutheran churches hold that regeneration is accomplished through the instrumentality of baptism4 ,the ,disciples1 or followers of ,alexander ,campbell1 make regeneration include baptism1 as well as repentance and faith4 ,to the view that baptism is a means of regeneration we urge the following objections3 7a7 ,the ,scriptures represent baptism to be not the means but only the sign of regeneration1 and therefore to presuppose and follow regeneration4 ,for this reason only believers--that is1 persons giving credible evidence of being regenerated--were baptized 7,acts #h3ab74 ,not external baptism1 but the conscientious turning of the soul to ,god which baptism symbolizes1 saves us 7#a ,pet4 #c3ba-- 74 ,texts like ,john #c3e1 ,acts #b3ch1 ,col4 #b3ab1 ,tit4 #c3e1 are to be explained upon the principle that regeneration1 the inward change1 and baptism1 the outward sign of that change1 were regarded as only different sides or aspects of the same fact1 and either side or aspect might therefore be described in terms derived from the other4 7b7 ,upon this view1 there is a striking incongruity between the nature of the change to be wrought and the means employed to produce it4 ,the change is a spiritual one1 but the means are physical4 ,it is far more rational to suppose that1 in changing the character of intelligent beings1 ,god uses means which have relation to their intelligence4 ,the view we are considering is part and parcel of a general scheme of mechanical rather than moral salvation1 and is more consistent with a materialistic than with a spiritual philosophy4 ,acts #h3ab--8when they believed ,philip preaching good tidings concerning the kingdom of ,god and the name of ,jesus ,christ1 they were baptized02 #a ,pet4 #c3ba--8which also after a true likeness doth now save you1 even baptism1 not the putting away of the filth of the flesh1 but the interrogation marg4--#8inquiry'1 #8appeal' of a good conscience toward ,god0 the inquiry of the soul after ,god1 the conscientious turning of the soul to ,god4 ,plumptre1 however1 makes a forensic term equivalent to 8examination10 and including both question and answer4 ,it means1 then1 the open answer of allegiance to ,christ1 given by the new convert to the constituted officers of the church4 8,that which is of the essence of the saving power of baptism is the confession and the profession which precede it4 ,if this comes from a conscience that really renounces sin and believes on ,christ1 then baptism1 as the channel through which the grace of the new birth is conveyed and the convert admitted into the church of ,christ1 #8saves us1' but not otherwise40 ,we may adopt this statement from ,plumptre's ,commentary1 with the alteration of the word 8conveyed0 into 8symbolized0 or 8manifested40 ,plumptre's interpretation is1 as he seems to admit1 in its obvious meaning inconsistent with infant baptism2 to us it seems equally inconsistent with any doctrine of baptismal regeneration4 ,scriptural regeneration is ,god's 7#a7 changing man's disposition1 and 7#b7 securing its first exercise4 ,regeneration1 according to the ,disciples1 is man's 7#a7 repentance and faith1 and 7#b7 submission to baptism4 ,alexander ,campbell1 ,christianity ,restored3 8,we plead that all the converting power of the ,holy ,spirit is exhibited in the divine ,record40 ,address of ,disciples to ,ohio ,baptist ,state ,convention1 #ahga3 8,with us regeneration includes all that is comprehended in faith1 repentance1 and baptism1 and so far as it is expressive of birth1 it belongs more properly to the last of these than to either of the former40 ,but if baptism be the instrument of regeneration1 it is difficult to see how the patriarchs1 or the penitent thief1 could have been regenerated4 ,luke #bc3dc--8,this day shalt thou be with me in ,paradise40 ,bossuet3 8,this day0--what promptitude6 8,with me0--what companionship6 8,in ,paradise0--what rest6 ,bersier3 8 #8,this day'--what then8 no flames of ,purgatory8 no long period of mournful expiation8 #8,this day'--pardon and heaven60 ,baptism is a condition of being outwardly in the kingdom2 it is not a condition of being inwardly in the kingdom4 ,the confounding of these two led many in the early church to dread dying unbaptized1 rather than dying unsaved4 ,even ,pascal1 in later times1 held that participation in outward ceremonies might lead to real conversion4 ,he probably meant that an initial act of holy will would tend to draw others in its train4 ,similarly we urge unconverted people to take some step that will manifest religious interest4 ,we hope that in taking this step a new decision of the will1 inwrought by the ,spirit of ,god1 may reveal itself4 ,but a religion which consists only in such outward performances is justly denominated a cutaneous religion1 for it is only skindeep4 ,on ,john #c3e--8;,except one be born of water and the ,spirit1 he cannot enter into the kingdom of ,god02 ,acts #b3ch--8,repent ye1 and be baptized every one of you in the name of ,jesus ,christ unto the remission of your sins02 ,col4 #b3ab--8;buried with him in baptism1 wherein ye were also raised with him through faith02 ,tit4 #c3e--8saved us1 through the washing of regeneration and renewing of the ,holy ,spirit0--see further discussion and exposition in our chapter on the ,ordinances4 ,adkins1 ,disciples and ,baptists1 a booklet published by the ,am4 ,bap4 ,pub4 ,society1 is the best statement of the ,baptist position1 as distinguished from that of the ,disciples4 ,it claims that ,disciples overrate the externals of ,christianity and underrate the work of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,per contra1 see ,gates1 ,disciples and ,baptists4 ,b4 ,the ,scriptural view is that regeneration1 so far as it secures an activity of man1 is accomplished through the instrumentality of the truth4 ,although the ,holy ,spirit does not in any way illuminate the truth1 he does illuminate the mind1 so that it can perceive the truth4 ,in conjunction with the change of man's inner disposition1 there is an appeal to man's rational nature through the truth4 ,two inferences may be drawn3 7a7 ,man is not wholly passive at the time of his regeneration4 ,he is passive only with respect to the change of his ruling disposition4 ,with respect to the exercise of this disposition1 he is active4 ,although the efficient power which secures this exercise of the new disposition is the power of ,god1 yet man is not therefore unconscious1 nor is he a mere machine worked by ,god's fingers4 ,on the other hand1 his whole moral nature under ,god's working is alive and active4 ,we reject the 8exercisesystem10 which regards ,god as the direct author of all man's thoughts1 feelings1 and volitions1 not only in its general tenor1 but in its special application to regeneration4 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3ejc--8;,a dead man cannot assist in his own resurrection40 ,this is true so far as the giving of life is concerned4 ,but once made alive1 man can1 like ,lazarus1 obey ,christ's command and 8come forth0 7,john #aa3dc74 ,in fact1 if he does not obey1 there is no evidence that there is spiritual life4 8,in us is ,god2 we burn but as he moves0--8,est deus in nobis2 agitante calescimus illo40 ,wireless telegraphy requires an attuned receiver2 regeneration attunes the soul so that it vibrates responsively to ,god and receives the communications of his truth4 ,when a convert came to ,rowland ,hill and claimed that she had been converted in a dream1 he replied3 8,we will see how you walk1 now that you are awake40 ,lord ,bacon said he would open every one of ,argus's hundred eyes1 before he opened one of ,briareus's hundred hands4 ,if ,god did not renew men's hearts in connection with our preaching of the truth1 we might well give up our ministry4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the conversion of a soul is just as much according to law as the raising of a crop of turnips40 ,simon1 ,reconciliation1 #cgg--8,though the mere preaching of the gospel is not the cause of the conversion and revivification of men1 it is a necessary condition--as necessary as the action of light and heat1 or other physical agencies1 are on a germ1 if it is to develop1 grow1 and bear its proper fruit40 7b7 ,the activity of man's mind in regeneration is activity in view of the truth4 ,god secures the initial exercise of the new disposition which he has wrought in man's heart in connection with the use of truth as a means4 ,here we perceive the link between the efficiency of ,god and the activity of man4 ,only as the sinner's mind is brought into contact with the truth1 does ,god complete his regenerating work4 ,and as the change of inward disposition and the initial exercise of it are never1 so far as we know1 separated by any interval of time1 we can say1 in general1 that ,christian work is successful only as it commends the truth to every man's conscience in the sight of ,god 7#b ,cor4 #d3b74 ,in ,eph4 #a3ag1 #ah1 there is recognized the divine illumination of the mind to behold the truth--8may give unto you a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him2 having the eyes of your heart enlightened1 that ye may know what is the hope of his calling0 ,on truth as a means of regeneration1 see ,hovey1 ,outlines1 #aib1 who quotes ,cunningham1 ,historical ,theology1 #a3fag--8,regeneration may be taken in a limited sense as including only the first impartation of spiritual life 444 or it may be taken in a wider sense as comprehending the whole of that process by which he is renewed or made over again in the whole man after the image of ,god1--i4 e41 as including the production of saving faith and union to ,christ4 ,only in the first sense did the ,reformers maintain that man in the process was wholly passive and not active2 for they did not dispute that1 before the process in the second and more enlarged sense was completed1 man was spiritually alive and active1 and continued so ever after during the whole process of his sanctification40 ,dr4 ,hovey suggests an apt illustration of these two parts of the ,holy ,spirit's work and their union in regeneration3 ,at the same time that ,god makes the photographic plate sensitive1 he pours in the light of truth whereby the image of ,christ is formed in the soul4 ,without the 8sensitizing0 of the plate1 it would never fix the rays of light so as to retain the image4 ,in the process of 8sensitizing10 the plate is passive2 under the influence of light1 it is active4 ,in both the 8sensitizing0 and the taking of the picture1 the real agent is not the plate nor the light1 but the photographer4 ,the photographer cannot perform both operations at the same moment4 ,god can4 ,he gives the new affection1 and at the same instant he secures its exercise in view of the truth4 ,for denial of the instrumentality of truth in regeneration1 see ,pierce1 in ,bap4 ,quar41 ,jan4 #ahgb3eb4 ,per contra1 see ,anderson1 ,regeneration1 #hiabb4 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith holds middle ground4 ,he says3 8,in adults it regeneration is wrought most frequently by the word of ,god as the instrument4 ,believing that infants may be regenerated1 we cannot assert that it is tied to the word of ,god absolutely40 ,we prefer to say that1 if infants are regenerated1 they also are regenerated in conjunction with some influence of truth upon the mind1 dim as the recognition of it may be4 ,otherwise we break the ,scriptural connection between regeneration and conversion1 and open the way for faith in a physical1 magical1 sacramental salvation4 ,squier1 ,autobiog41 #cfh1 says well1 of the theory of regeneration which makes man purely passive1 that it has a benumbing effect upon preaching3 8,the lack of expectation unnerves the efforts of the preacher2 an impression of the fortuitous presence neutralizes his engagedness4 ,this antinomian dependence on the ,spirit extracts all vitality from the pulpit and sense of responsibility from the hearer1 and makes preaching an opus operatum1 like the baptismal regeneration of the formalist40 ,only of the first element in regeneration are ,shedd's words true3 8,a dead man cannot assist in his own resurrection0 7,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3ejc74 ,squier goes to the opposite extreme of regarding the truth alone as the cause of regeneration4 ,his words are none the less a valuable protest against the view that regeneration is so entirely due to ,god that in no part of it is man active4 ,it was with a better view that ,luther cried3 8,o that we might multiply living books1 that is1 preachers60 ,and the preacher is successful only as he possesses and unfolds the truth4 ,john took the little book from the ,covenantangel's hand and ate it 7,rev4 #aj3haa74 ,so he who is to preach ,god's truth must feed upon it1 until it has become his own4 ,for the ,exercisesystem1 see ,emmons1 ,works1 #d3ccidaa2 ,hagenbach1 ,hist4 ,doct41 #b3dci4 #e4 ,the ,nature of the ,change wrought in ,regeneration4 ,a4 ,it is a change in which the governing disposition is made holy4 ,this implies that3 7a7 ,it is not a change in the substance of either body or soul4 ,regeneration is not a physical change4 ,there is no physical seed or germ implanted in man's nature4 ,regeneration does not add to1 or subtract from1 the number of man's intellectual1 emotional or voluntary faculties4 ,but regeneration is the giving of a new direction or tendency to powers of affection which man possessed before4 ,man had the faculty of love before1 but his love was supremely set on self4 ,in regeneration the direction of that faculty is changed1 and his love is now set supremely upon ,god4 ,eph4 #b3aj--8;created in ,christ ,jesus for good works0--does not imply that the old soul is annihilated1 and a new soul created4 ,the 8old man0 which is 8crucified0--7,rom4 #f3f7 and 8put away0 7,eph4 #d3bb7 is simply the sinful bent of the affections and will4 ,when this direction of the dispositions is changed1 and becomes holy1 we can call the change a new birth of the old nature1 because the same faculties that acted before are acting now1 the only difference being that now these faculties are set toward ,god and purity4 ,or1 regarding the change from another point of view1 we may speak of man as having a 8new nature10 as 8recreated10 as being a 8new creature10 because this direction of the affection and will1 which ensures a different life from what was led before1 is something totally new1 and due wholly to the regenerating act of ,god4 ,in #a ,pet4 #a3bc--8;begotten again1 not of corruptible seed1 but of incorruptible0--all materialistic inferences from the word 8seed10 as if it implied the implantation of a physical germ1 are prevented by the following explanatory words3 8through the word of ,god1 which liveth and abideth40 ,so1 too1 when we describe regeneration as the communication of a new life to the soul1 we should not conceive of this new life as a substance imparted or infused into us4 ,the new life is rather a new direction and activity of our own affections and will4 ,there is1 indeed a union of the soul with ,christ2 ,christ dwells in the renewed heart2 ,christ's entrance into the soul is the cause and accompaniment of its regeneration4 ,but this entrance of ,christ into the soul is not itself regeneration4 ,we must distinguish the effect from the cause2 otherwise we shall be in danger of a pantheistic confounding of our own personality and life with the personality and life of ,christ4 ,christ is indeed our life1 in the sense of being the cause and supporter of our life1 but he is not our life in the sense that1 after our union with him1 our individuality ceases4 ,the effect of union with ,christ is rather that our individuality is enlarged and exalted 7,john #aj3aj--8;,i came that they may have life1 and may have it abundantly40 ,see page #gii1 7c774 ,we must therefore take with a grain of allowance the generally excellent words of ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,twofold ,life1 #bb--8,regeneration is the communication of the divine nature to man by the operation of the ,holy ,spirit through the word 7#b ,pet4 #a3d74444 ,as ,christ was made partaker of human nature by incarnation1 that so he might enter into truest fellowship with us1 we are made partakers of the divine nature1 by regeneration1 that we may enter into truest fellowship with ,god4 ,regeneration is not a change of nature1 i4 e41 a natural heart bettered4 ,eternal life is not natural life prolonged into endless duration4 ,it is the divine life imparted to us1 the very life of ,god communicated to the human soul1 and bringing forth there its proper fruit40 ,dr4 ,gordon's view that regeneration adds a new substance or faculty to the soul is the result of literalizing the ,scripture metaphors of creation and life4 ,this turning of symbol into fact accounts for his tendency toward annihilation doctrine in the case of the unregenerate1 toward faith cure and the belief that all physical evils can be removed by prayer4 ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson1 ,the ,holy ,spirit3 8,regeneration is a change1 not in the quantity1 but in the quality1 of the soul40 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson1 ,christian ,theology1 #cbj--8,regeneration consists in a divinely wrought change in the moral affections40 ,so1 too1 we would criticize the doctrine of ,drummond1 ,nat4 ,law in the ,spir4 ,world3 8,people forget the persistence of force4 ,instead of transforming energy1 they try to create it4 ,we must either depend on environment1 or be selfsufficient4 ,the #8cannot bear fruit of itself' 7,john #ae3d7 is the #8cannot' of natural law4 ,natural fruit flourishes with air and sunshine4 ,the difference between the ,christian and the non,christian is the difference between the organic and the inorganic4 ,the ,christian has all the characteristics of life3 assimilation1 waste1 reproduction1 spontaneous action40 ,see criticism of ,drummond1 by ,murphy1 in ,brit4 ,quar41 #ahhd3aahabe--8;,as in resurrection there is a physical connection with the old body1 so in regeneration there is a natural connection with the old soul40 ,also1 ,brit4 ,quar41 ,july1 #ahhj1 art43 ,evolution ,viewed in ,relation to ,theology--8,the regenerating agency of the ,spirit of ,god is symbolized1 not by the vitalization of dead matter1 but by the agency of the organizing intelligence which guides the evolution of living beings40 ,murphy's answer to ,drummond is republished4 ,murphy's ,natural ,selection and ,spiritual ,freedom1 #acc--8,the will can no more create force1 either muscular or mental1 than it can create matter4 ,and it is equally true that for our spiritual nourishment and spiritual force we are altogether dependent on our spiritual environment1 which is ,god40 ,in 8dead matter0 there is no sin4 ,drummond would imply that1 as matter has no promise or potency of life and is not responsible for being without life 7or 8dead10 to use his misleading word71 and if it ever is to live must wait for the lifegiving influence to come unsought1 so the human soul is not responsible for being spiritually dead1 cannot seek for life1 must passively wait for the ,spirit4 ,plymouth ,brethren generally hold the same view with ,drummond1 that regeneration adds something--as vitality--to the substance of the soul4 ,christ is transsubstantiated into the soul's substance2 or1 the is added4 ,but we have given over talking of vitality1 as if it were a substance or faculty4 ,we regard it as merely a mode of action4 ,evolution1 moreover1 uses what already exists1 so far as it will go1 instead of creating new2 as in the miracle of the loaves1 and as in the original creation of man1 so in his recreation or regeneration4 ,dr4 ,charles ,hodge also makes the same mistake in calling regeneration an 8origination of the principle of the spirit of life1 just as literal and real a creation as the origination of the principle of natural life40 ,this1 too1 literalizes ,scripture metaphor1 and ignores the fact that the change accomplished in regeneration is an exclusively moral one4 ,there is indeed a new entrance of ,christ into the soul1 or a new exercise of his spiritual power within the soul4 ,but the effect of ,christ's working is not to add any new faculty or substance1 but only to give new direction to already existing powers4 7b7 ,regeneration involves an enlightenment of the understanding and a rectification of the volitions4 ,but it seems most consonant with ,scripture and with a correct psychology to regard these changes as immediate and necessary consequences of the change of disposition already mentioned1 rather than as the primary and central facts in regeneration4 ,the taste for truth logically precedes perception of the truth1 and love for ,god logically precedes obedience to ,god2 indeed1 without love no obedience is possible4 ,reverse the lever of affection1 and this moral locomotive1 without further change1 will move away from sin1 and toward truth and ,god4 ,texts which seem to imply that a right taste1 disposition1 affection1 logically precedes both knowledge of ,god and obedience to ,god1 are the following3 ,ps4 #cd3h--8,oh taste and see that ,jehovah is good02 #aai3cf--8;,incline my heart unto thy testimonies02 ,jer4 #bd3g--8;,i will give them a heart to know me02 ,mat4 #e3h--8;,blessed are the pure in heart3 for they shall see ,god02 ,john #g3ag--8;,if any man willeth to do his will1 he shall know of the teaching1 whether it is of ,god02 ,acts #af3ad--of ,lydia it is said3 8whose heart the ,lord opened to give heed unto the things which were spoken by ,paul02 ,eph4 #a3ah--8;having the eyes of your heart enlightened40 8,change the centre of a circle and you change the place and direction of all its radii40 ,the text ,john #a3ab1 #ac--8;,but as many as received him1 to them gave him the right to become children of ,god1 even to them that believe on his name3 who were born1 not of blood1 nor of the will of the flesh1 nor of the will of man1 but of ,god0--seems at first sight to imply that faith is the condition of regeneration1 and therefore prior to it4 8,but if here signifies the #8right' or #8privilege' of sonship1 it is a right which may presuppose faith as the work of the ,spirit in regeneration--a work apart from which no genuine faith exists in the soul4 ,but it is possible that ,john means to say that1 in the case of all who received ,christ1 their power to believe was given to them by him4 ,in the original the emphasis is on #8gave1' and this is shown by the order of the words02 see ,hovey1 ,manual of ,theology1 #cde1 and ,com4 on ,john #a3ab1 #ac--8,the meaning would then be this3 #8,many did not receive him2 but some did2 and as to all who received him1 he gave them grace by which they were enabled to do this1 and so to become ,god's children4' 0 ,ruskin3 8,the first and last and closest trial question to any living creature is1 #8,what do you like8' ,go out into the street and ask the first man you meet what his taste is1 and1 if he answers candidly1 you know him1 body and soul4 ,what we like determines what we are1 and is the sign of what we are2 and to teach taste is inevitably to form character40 ,if the taste here spoken of is moral and spiritual taste1 the words of ,ruskin are sober truth4 ,regeneration is essentially a changing of the fundamental taste of the soul4 ,but by taste we mean the direction of man's love1 the bent of his affections1 the trend of his will4 ,and to alter that taste is not to impart a new faculty1 or to create a new substance1 but simply to set toward ,god the affections which hitherto have been set upon self and sin4 ,we may illustrate by the engineer who climbs over the cab into a runaway locomotive and who changes its course1 not by adding any new rod or cog to the machine1 but simply by reversing the lever4 ,the engine slows up and soon moves in an opposite direction to that in which it has been going4 ,man needs no new faculty of love2 he needs only to have his love set in a new and holy direction2 this is virtually to give him a new birth1 to make him a new creature1 to impart to him a new life4 ,but being born again1 created anew1 made alive from the dead1 are physical metaphors1 to be interpreted not literally but spiritually4 7c7 ,it is objected1 indeed1 that we know only of mental substance and of mental acts1 and that the new disposition or state just mentioned1 since it is not an act1 must be regarded as a new substance1 and so lack all moral quality4 ,but we reply that1 besides substance and acts1 there are habits1 tendencies1 proclivities1 some of them native and some of them acquired4 ,they are voluntary1 and have moral character4 ,if we can by repeated acts originate sinful tendencies1 ,god can surely originate in us holy tendencies4 ,such holy tendencies formed a part of the nature of ,adam1 as he came from the hand of ,god4 ,as the result of the ,fall1 we are born with tendencies toward evil for which we are responsible4 ,regeneration is a restoration of the original tendencies toward ,god which were lost by the ,fall4 ,such holy tendencies 7tastes1 dispositions1 affections7 are not only not unmoral--they are the only possible springs of right moral action4 ,only in the restoration of them does man become truly free4 ,mat4 #ab3cc--8,make the tree good1 and its fruit good02 ,eph4 #b3aj--8;created in ,christ ,jesus for good works40 ,the tree is first made good--the character renewed in its fundamental principle1 love to ,god--in the certainty that when this is done the fruit will be good also4 ,good works are the necessary result of regeneration by union with ,christ4 ,regeneration introduces a new force into humanity1 the force of a new love4 ,the work of the preacher is that of coperation with ,god in the impartation of a new life--a work far more radical and more noble than that of moral reform1 by as much as the origination of a new force is more radical and more noble than the guidance of that force after it has been originated4 ,does regeneration cure disease and remove physical ills8 ,not primarily4 ,mat4 #a3ba--8thou shalt call his name ,jesus2 for it is he that shall save his people from their sins40 ,salvation from sin is ,christ's first and main work4 ,he performed physical healing only to illustrate and further the healing of the soul4 ,hence in the case of the paralytic1 when he was expected to cure the body1 he said first3 8thy sins are forgiven0 7,mat4 #i3b72 but1 that they who stood by might not doubt his power to forgive1 he added the raising up of the palsied man4 ,and ultimately in every redeemed man the holy heart will bring in its train the perfected body3 ,rom4 #h3bc--8we ourselves groan within ourselves1 waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body40 ,on holy affection as the spring of holy action1 see especially ,edwards1 ,religious ,affections1 in ,works1 #c3aba4 ,this treatise is ,jonathan ,edwards's ,confessions1 as much as if it were directly addressed to the ,deity4 ,allen1 his biographer1 calls it 8a work which will not suffer by comparison with the work of great teachers in theology1 whether ancient or modern40 ,president ,timothy ,dwight regarded it as most worthy of preservation next to the ,bible4 ,see also ,hodge1 ,essays and ,reviews1 #a3dh2 ,owen on the ,holy ,spirit1 in ,works1 #c3bigccf2 ,charnock on ,regeneration2 ,andrew ,fuller1 ,works1 #b3dfadga1 #eabefj1 and #c3gif2 ,bellamy1 ,works1 #b3ejb2 ,dwight1 ,works1 #b3dah2 ,woods1 ,works1 #c3aba2 ,anderson1 ,regeneration1 #baej4 ,b4 ,it is an instantaneous change1 in a region of the soul below consciousness1 and is therefore known only in its results4 7a7 ,it is an instantaneous change4--,regeneration is not a gradual work4 ,although there may be a gradual work of ,god's providence and ,spirit1 preparing the change1 and a gradual recognition of it after it has taken place1 there must be an instant of time when1 under the influence of ,god's ,spirit1 the disposition of the soul1 just before hostile to ,god1 is changed to love4 ,any other view assumes an intermediate state of indecision which has no moral character at all1 and confounds regeneration either with conviction or with sanctification4 ,conviction of sin is an ordinary1 if not an invariable1 antecedent of regeneration4 ,it results from the contemplation of truth4 ,it is often accompanied by fear1 remorse1 and cries for mercy4 ,but these desires and fears are not signs of regeneration4 ,they are selfish4 ,they are quite consistent with manifest and dreadful enmity to ,god4 ,they have a hopeful aspect1 simply because they are evidence that the ,holy ,spirit is striving with the soul4 ,but this work of the ,spirit is not yet regeneration2 at most1 it is preparation for regeneration4 ,so far as the sinner is concerned1 he is more of a sinner than ever before2 because1 under more light than has ever before been given him1 he is still rejecting ,christ and resisting the ,spirit4 ,the word of ,god and the ,holy ,spirit appeal to lower as well as to higher motives2 most men's concern about religion is determined1 at the outset1 by hope or fear4 ,see ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3eab4 ,all these motives1 though they are not the highest1 are yet proper motives to influence the soul2 it is right to seek ,god from motives of selfinterest1 and because we desire heaven4 ,but the seeking which not only begins1 but ends1 upon this lower plane1 is never successful4 ,until the soul gives itself to ,god from motives of love1 it is never saved4 ,and so long as these preliminary motives rule1 regeneration has not yet taken place4 ,biblereading1 and prayers1 and churchattendance1 and partial reformations1 are certainly better than apathy or outbreaking sin4 ,they may be signs that ,god is working in the soul4 ,but without complete surrender to ,god1 they may be accompanied with the greatest guilt and the greatest danger2 simply because1 under such influences1 the withholding of submission implies the most active hatred to ,god1 and opposition to his will4 ,instance cases of outward reformation that preceded regeneration1--like that of ,john ,bunyan1 who left off swearing before his conversion4 ,park3 8,the soul is a monad1 and must turn all at once4 ,if we are standing on the line1 we are yet unregenerate4 ,we are regenerate only when we cross it40 ,there is a prevenient grace as well as a regenerating grace4 ,wendelius indeed distinguished five kinds of grace1 namely1 prevenient1 preparatory1 operant1 coperant1 and perfecting4 ,while in some cases ,god's preparatory work occupies a long time1 there are many cases in which he cuts short his work in righteousness 7,rom4 #i3bh74 ,some persons are regenerated in infancy or childhood1 cannot remember a time when they did not love ,christ1 and yet take long to learn that they are regenerate4 ,others are convicted and converted suddenly in mature years4 ,the best proof of regeneration is not the memory of a past experience1 however vivid and startling1 but rather a present inward love for ,christ1 his holiness1 his servants1 his work1 and his word4 ,much sympathy should be given to those who have been early converted1 but who1 from timidity1 selfdistrust1 or the faults of inconsistent church members1 have been deterred from joining themselves with ,christian people1 and so have lost all hope and joy in their religious lives4 ,instance the man who1 though converted in a revival of religion1 was injured by a professed ,christian1 and became a recluse1 but cherished the memory of his dead wife and child1 kept the playthings of the one and the clothing of the other1 and left directions to have them buried with him4 ,as there is danger of confounding regeneration with preparatory influences of ,god's ,spirit1 so there is danger of confounding regeneration with sanctification4 ,sanctification1 as the development of the new affection1 is gradual and progressive4 ,but no beginning is progressive or gradual2 and regeneration is a beginning of the new affection4 ,we may gradually come to the knowledge that a new affection exists1 but the knowledge of a beginning is one thing2 the beginning itself is another thing4 ,luther had experienced a change of heart1 long before he knew its meaning or could express his new feelings in scientific form4 ,it is not in the sense of a gradual regeneration1 but in the sense of a gradual recognition of the fact of regeneration1 and a progressive enjoyment of its results1 that 8the path of the righteous0 is said to be 8as the dawning light0--the morning dawn that begins in faintness1 but--8that shineth more and more unto the perfect day0 7,prov4 #d3ah74 ,cf4 #b ,cor4 #d3d--8the god of this world hath blinded the minds of the unbelieving1 that the light of the gospel of the glory of ,christ1 who is the image of ,god1 should not dawn upon them40 ,here the recognition of ,god's work is described as gradual2 that the work itself is instantaneous1 appears from the following verse #f--8,seeing it is ,god1 that said1 ,light shall shine out of darkness1 who shined in our hearts1 to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of ,god in the face of ,jesus ,christ40 ,illustrate by the unconscious crossing of the line which separates one ,state of the ,federal ,union from another4 ,from this doctrine of instantaneous regeneration1 we may infer the duty of reaping as well as of sowing3 ,john #d3ch--8;,i sent you to reap40 8,it is a mistaken notion that it takes ,god a long time to give increase to the seed planted in a sinner's heart4 ,this grows out of the idea that regeneration is a matter of training2 that a soul must be educated from a lost state into a state of salvation4 ,let us remember that three thousand1 whom in the morning ,peter called murderers of ,christ1 were before night regenerated and baptized members of his church40 ,drummond1 in his ,nat4 ,law in the ,spir4 ,world1 remarks upon the humaneness of sudden conversion4 ,as self limitation1 selfmortification1 suicide of the old nature1 it is well to have it at once done and over with1 and not to die by degrees4 7b7 ,this change takes place in the region of the soul below consciousness4--,it is by no means true that ,god's work in regeneration is always recognized by the subject of it4 ,on the other hand1 it is never directly perceived at all4 ,the working of ,god in the human soul1 since it contravenes no law of man's being1 but rather puts him in the full and normal possession of his own powers1 is secret and inscrutable4 ,although man is conscious1 he is not conscious of ,god's regenerating agency4 ,we know our own natural existence only through the phenomena of thought and sense4 ,so we know our own spiritual existence1 as new creatures in ,christ1 only through the new feelings and experiences of the soul4 8,the will does not need to act solitarily1 in order to act freely40 ,god acts on the will1 and the resulting holiness is true freedom4 ,john #h3cf--8;,if therefore the ,son shall make you free1 ye shall be free indeed40 ,we have the consciousness of freedom2 but the act of ,god in giving us this freedom is beyond or beneath our consciousness4 ,both ,luther and ,calvin used the word regeneration in a loose way1 confounding it with sanctification4 ,after the ,federalists made a distinct doctrine of it1 ,calvinists in general came to treat it separately4 ,and ,john ,wesley rescued it from identification with sacraments1 by showing its connection with the truth4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,regeneration is in one sense instantaneous1 in another sense not4 ,there is necessity of some sort of knowledge in regeneration4 ,the doctrine of ,christ crucified is the fit instrument4 ,the object of religion is to produce a sound rather than an emotional experience4 ,revivals of religion are valuable in just the proportion in which they produce rational conviction and permanently righteous action40 ,but none are left unaffected by them4 8,an arm of the magnetic needle must be attracted to the magnetic pole of the earth1 or it must be repelled1--there is no such thing as indifference4 ,modern materialism1 refusing to say that the fear of ,god is the beginning of wisdom1 is led to declare that the hate of ,god is the beginning of wisdom0 7,diesselhoff1 ,die klassische ,poesie1 #h74 7c7 ,this change1 however1 is recognized indirectly in its results4--,at the moment of regeneration1 the soul is conscious only of the truth and of its own exercises with reference to it4 ,that ,god is the author of its new affection is an inference from the new character of the exercises which it prompts4 ,the human side or aspect of regeneration is ,conversion4 ,this1 and the ,sanctification which follows it 7including the special gifts of the ,holy ,spirit71 are the sole evidences in any particular case that regeneration is an accomplished fact4 ,regeneration1 though it is the birth of a perfect child1 is still the birth of a child4 ,the child is to grow1 and the growth is sanctification2 in other words1 sanctification1 as we shall see1 is simply the strengthening and development of the holy affection which begins its existence in regeneration4 ,hence the subject of the epistle to the ,romans--salvation by faith--includes not only justification by faith 7chapters #ag71 but sanctification by faith 7chapters #haf74 ,on evidences of regeneration1 see ,anderson1 ,regeneration1 #afibad1 #bbgbie2 ,woods1 ,works1 #ddee4 ,the transition from justification by faith to sanctification by faith is in chapter #h of the epistle to the ,romans4 ,that begins by declaring that there is no condemnation in ,christ1 and ends by declaring that there is no separation from ,christ4 ,the work of the ,holy ,spirit follows upon the work of ,christ4 ,see ,godet on the epistle4 ,the doctrine of ,alexander ,campbell was a protest against laying an unscriptural emphasis on emotional states as evidences of regeneration--a protest which certain mystical and antinomian exaggerations of evangelical teaching very justly provoked4 ,but ,campbell went to the opposite extreme of practically excluding emotion from religion1 and of confining the work of the ,holy ,spirit to the conscious influence of the truth4 ,disciples need to recognize a power of the ,holy ,spirit exerted below consciousness1 in order to explain the conscious acceptance of ,christ and of his salvation4 ,william ,james1 ,varieties of ,religious ,experience1 #bga--8;,if we should conceive that the human mind1 with its different possibilities of equilibrium1 might be like a many sided solid with different surfaces on which it could lie flat1 we might liken mental revolutions to the spatial revolutions of such a body4 ,as it is pried up1 say by a lever1 from a position in which it lies on surface ,a1 for instance1 it will linger for a time unstably half way up1 and if the lever cease to urge it1 it will tumble back or relapse1 under the continued pull of gravity4 ,but if at last it rotate far enough for its centre of gravity to pass beyond the surface ,a altogether1 the body will fall over1 on surface ,b1 say1 and will abide there permanently4 ,the pulls of gravity towards ,a have vanished1 and may now be disregarded4 ,the polyhedron has become immune against further attraction from this direction40 ,,iii4 ,conversion4 ,conversion is that voluntary change in the mind of the sinner1 in which he turns1 on the one hand1 from sin1 and on the other hand1 to ,christ4 ,the former or negative element in conversion1 namely1 the turning from sin1 we denominate repentance4 ,the latter or positive element in conversion1 namely1 the turning to ,christ1 we denominate faith4 ,for account of repentance and faith as elements of conversion1 see ,andrew ,fuller1 ,works1 #a3fff2 ,luthardt1 ,compendium der ,dogmatik1 #c;d ed41 #bjabjf4 ,the two elements of conversion seem to be in the mind of ,paul1 when he writes in ,rom4 #f3aa--8reckon ye also yourselves to be dead unto sin1 but alive unto ,god in ,christ ,jesus02 ,col4 #c3c--8ye died1 and your life is hid with ,christ in ,god40 ,cf4 1 in ,acts #c3bf--8;in turning away every one of you from your iniquities10 with in ,acts #aa3ba--8;believed0 and 8turned unto the ,lord40 ,a candidate for ordination was once asked which came first3 regeneration or conversion4 ,he replied very correctly3 8,regeneration and conversion are like the cannonball and the hole--they both go through together40 ,this is true however only as to their chronological relation4 ,logically the ball is first and causes the hole1 not the hole first and causes the ball4 7a7 ,conversion is the human side or aspect of that fundamental spiritual change which1 as viewed from the divine side1 we call regeneration4 ,it is simply man's turning4 ,the ,scriptures recognize the voluntary activity of the human soul in this change as distinctly as they recognize the causative agency of ,god4 ,while ,god turns men to himself 7,ps4 #he3d2 ,song #a3d2 ,jer4 #ca3ah2 ,lam4 #e3ba71 men are exhorted to turn themselves to ,god 7,prov4 #a3bc2 ,is4 #ca3f2 #ei3bj2 ,ez4 #ad3f2 #ah3cb2 #cc3i1 #aa2 ,joel #b3abad74 ,while ,god is represented as the author of the new heart and the new spirit 7,ps4 #ea3aj2 ,ez4 #aa3ai2 #cf3bf71 men are commanded to make for themselves a new heart and a new spirit 7,ez4 #ah3ca2 #b ,cor4 #g3a2 cf4 ,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac2 ,eph4 #e3ad74 ,ps4 #he3d--8,turn us1 ,o ,god of our salvation02 ,song #a3d--8;,draw me1 we will run after thee02 ,jer4 #ca3ah--8turn thou me1 and ,i shall be turned02 ,lam4 #e3ba--8,turn thou us unto thee1 ,o ,jehovah1 and we shall be turned40 ,prov4 #a3bc--8,turn you at my reproof3 ,behold1 ,i will pour out my spirit unto you02 ,is4 #ca3f--8,turn ye unto him from whom ye have deeply revolted1 ,o children of ,israel02 #ei3bj--8;,and a ,redeemer will come to ,zion1 and unto them that turn from transgression in ,jacob02 ,ez4 #ad3f--8,return ye1 and turn yourselves from your idols02 #ah3cb--8turn yourselves and live02 #cc3i--8;if thou warn the wicked of his way to turn from it1 and he turn not from his way1 he shall die in his iniquity02 #aa--8turn ye1 turn ye from your evil ways2 for why will ye die1 ,o house of ,israel80 ,joel #b3abad--8turn ye unto me with all your heart40 ,ps4 #ea3aj--8;,create in me a clean heart1 ,o ,god2 ,and renew a right spirit within me02 ,ez4 #aa3ai--8;,and ,i will give them one heart1 and ,i will put a new spirit within you2 and ,i will take the stony heart out of their flesh1 and will give them a heart of flesh02 #cf3bf--8;,a new heart also will ,i give you1 and a new spirit will ,i put within you40 ,ez4 #ah3ca--8;,cast away from you all your transgressions1 wherein ye have transgressed2 and make you a new heart and a new spirit3 for why will ye die1 ,o house of ,israel80 #b ,cor4 #g3a--8;,having therefore these promises1 beloved1 let us cleanse ourselves from all defilement of flesh and spirit1 perfecting holiness in the fear of ,god02 cf4 ,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac--8work out your own salvation with fear and trembling2 for it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure02 ,eph4 #e3ad--8;,awake1 thou that sleepest1 and arise from the dead1 and ,christ shall shine upon thee40 ,when asked the way to heaven1 ,bishop ,wilberforce replied3 8,take the first turn to the right1 and go straight forward40 ,phillips ,brooks's conversion is described by ,professor ,allen1 ,life1 #a3bff1 as consisting in the resolve 8to be true to himself1 to renounce nothing which he knew to be good1 and yet bring all things captive to the obedience of ,god1 444 the absolute surrender of his will to ,god1 in accordance with the example of ,christ3 #8,lo1 ,i am come 444 to do thy will1 ,o ,god' 7,heb4 #aj3g740 7b7 ,this twofold method of representation can be explained only when we remember that man's powers may be interpenetrated and quickened by the divine1 not only without destroying man's freedom1 but with the result of making man for the first time truly free4 ,since the relation between the divine and the human activity is not one of chronological succession1 man is never to wait for ,god's working4 ,if he is ever regenerated1 it must be in and through a movement of his own will1 in which he turns to ,god as unconstrainedly and with as little consciousness of ,god's operation upon him1 as if no such operation of ,god were involved in the change4 ,and in preaching1 we are to press upon men the claims of ,god and their duty of immediate submission to ,christ1 with the certainty that they who do so submit will subsequently recognize this new and holy activity of their own wills as due to a working within them of divine power4 ,ps4 #aaj3c--8,thy people offer themselves willingly in the day of thy power40 ,the act of ,god is accompanied by an activity of man4 ,dorner3 8,god's act initiates action40 ,there is indeed an original changing of man's tastes and affections1 and in this man is passive4 ,but this is only the first aspect of regeneration4 ,in the second aspect of it--the rousing of man's powers--,god's action is accompanied by man's activity1 and regeneration is but the obverse side of conversion4 ,luther's word3 8,man1 in conversion1 is purely passive10 is true only of the first part of the change2 and here1 by 8conversion10 ,luther means 8regeneration40 ,melanchthon said better3 8,non est enim coctio1 ut voluntas non possit repugnare3 trahit ,deus1 sed volentem trahit40 ,see ,meyer on ,rom4 #h3ad--8led by the ,spirit of ,god03 8,the expression10 ,meyer says1 8is passive1 though without prejudice to the human will1 as verse #ac proves3 #8by the ,spirit ye put to death the deeds of the body4' 0 ,as1 by a well known principle of hydrostatics1 the water contained in a little tube can balance the water of a whole ocean1 so ,god's grace can be balanced by man's will4 ,as sunshine on the sand produces nothing unless man sow the seed1 and as a fair breeze does not propel the vessel unless man spread the sails1 so the influences of ,god's ,spirit require human agencies1 and work through them4 ,the ,holy ,spirit is sovereign1--he bloweth where he listeth4 ,even though there be uniform human conditions1 there will not be uniform spiritual results4 ,results are often independent of human conditions as such4 ,this is the truth emphasized by ,andrew ,fuller4 ,but this does not prevent us from saying that1 whenever ,god's ,spirit works in regeneration1 there is always accompanying it a voluntary change in man1 which we call conversion1 and that this change is as free1 and as really man's own work1 as if there were no divine influence upon him4 ,jesus told the man with the withered hand to stretch forth his hand2 it was the man's duty to stretch it forth1 not to wait for strength from ,god to do it4 ,jesus told the man sick of the palsy to take up his bed and walk4 ,it was that man's duty to obey the command1 not to pray for power to obey4 ,depend wholly upon ,god8 ,yes1 as you depend wholly upon wind when you sail1 yet need to keep your sails properly set4 8,work out your own salvation0 comes first in the apostle's exhortation2 8for it is ,god who worketh in you0 follows 7,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac72 which means that our first business is to use our wills in obedience2 then we shall find that ,god has gone before us to prepare us to obey4 ,mat4 #aa3ab--8the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence1 and men of violence take it by force40 ,conversion is like the invasion of a kingdom4 ,men are not to wait for ,god's time1 but to act at once4 ,not bodily exercises are required1 but impassioned earnestness of soul4 ,wendt1 ,teaching of ,jesus1 #b3dief--8,not injustice and violence1 but energetic laying hold of a good to which they can make no claim4 ,it is of no avail to wait idly1 or to seek laboriously to earn it2 but it is of avail to lay hold of it and to retain it4 ,it is ready as a gift of ,god for men1 but men must direct their desire and will toward it4444 ,the man who put on the wedding garment did not earn his share of the feast thereby1 yet he did show the disposition without which he was not permitted to partake of it40 ,james1 ,varieties of ,religious ,experience1 #ab--8,the two main phenomena of religion1 they will say1 are essentially phenomena of adolescence1 and therefore synchronous with the development of sexual life4 ,to which the retort is easy3 ,even were the asserted synchrony unrestrictedly true as a fact 7which it is not71 it is not only the sexual life1 but the entire higher mental life1 which awakens during adolescence4 ,one might then as well set up the thesis that the interest in mechanics1 physics1 chemistry1 logic1 physiology and sociology1 which springs up during adolescent years along with that in poetry and religion1 is also a perversion of the sexual instinct1 but this would be too absurd4 ,moreover1 if the argument from synchrony is to decide1 what is to be done with the fact that the religious age par excellence would seem to be old age1 when the uproar of the sexual life is past80 7c7 ,from the fact that the word 8conversion0 means simply 8a turning10 every turning of the ,christian from sin1 subsequent to the first1 may1 in a subordinate sense1 be denominated a conversion 7,luke #bb3cb74 ,since regeneration is not complete sanctification1 and the change of governing disposition is not identical with complete purification of the nature1 such subsequent turnings from sin are necessary consequences and evidences of the first 7cf4 ,john #ac3aj74 ,but they do not1 like the first1 imply a change in the governing disposition1--they are rather new manifestations of a disposition already changed4 ,for this reason1 conversion proper1 like the regeneration of which it is the obverse side1 can occur but once4 ,the phrase 8second conversion10 even if it does not imply radical misconception of the nature of conversion1 is misleading4 ,we prefer1 therefore1 to describe these subsequent experiences1 not by the term 8conversion10 but by such phrases as 8breaking off1 forsaking1 returning from1 neglects or transgressions10 and 8coming back to ,christ1 trusting anew in him40 ,it is with repentance and faith1 as elements in that first and radical change by which the soul enters upon a state of salvation1 that we have now to do4 ,luke #bb3ca1 #cb--8,simon1 ,simon1 behold1 ,satan asked to have you1 that he might sift you as wheat3 but ,i made supplication for thee1 that thy faith fail not2 and do thou1 when once thou hast turned again ,a4 ,v43 #8art converted'1 establish thy brethren02 ,john #ac3aj--8;,he that is bathed has taken a full bath needeth not save to wash his feet1 but is clean every whit as a whole40 ,notice that ,jesus here announces that only one regeneration is needed1--what follows is not conversion but sanctification4 ,spurgeon said he believed in regeneration1 but not in re regeneration4 ,second blessing8 ,yes1 and a fortysecond4 ,the stages in the ,christian life are like ice1 water1 invisible vapor1 steam1 all successive and natural results of increasing temperature1 seemingly different from one another1 yet all forms of the same element4 ,on the relation between the divine and the human agencies1 we quote a different view from another writer3 8,god decrees to employ means which in every case are sufficient1 and which in certain cases it is foreseen will be effectual4 ,human action converts a sufficient means into an effectual means4 ,the result is not always according to the varying use of means4 ,the power is all of ,god4 ,man has power to resist only4 ,there is a universal influence of the ,spirit1 but the influences of the ,spirit vary in different cases1 just as external opportunities do4 ,the love of holiness is blunted1 but it still lingers4 ,the ,holy ,spirit quickens it4 ,when this love is wholly lost1 sin against the ,holy ,ghost results4 ,before regeneration there is a desire for holiness1 an apprehension of its beauty1 but this is overborne by a greater love for sin4 ,if the man does not quickly grow worse1 it is not because of positive action on his part1 but only because negatively he does not resist as he might4 #8,behold1 ,i stand at the door and knock4' ,god leads at first by a resistible influence4 ,when man yields1 ,god leads by an irresistible influence4 ,the second influence of the ,holy ,spirit confirms the ,christian's choice4 ,this second influence is called #8sealing4' ,there is no necessary interval of time between the two4 ,prevenient grace comes first2 conversion comes after40 ,to this view1 we would reply that a partial love for holiness1 and an ability to choose it before ,god works effectually upon the heart1 seem to contradict those ,scriptures which assert that 8the mind of the flesh is enmity against ,god0 7,rom4 #h3g71 and that all good works are the result of ,god's new creation 7,eph4 #b3aj74 ,conversion does not precede regeneration1--it chronologically accompanies regeneration1 though it logically follows it4 #a4 ,repentance4 ,repentance is that voluntary change in the mind of the sinner in which he turns from sin4 ,being essentially a change of mind1 it involves a change of view1 a change of feeling1 and a change of purpose4 ,we may therefore analyze repentance into three constituents1 each succeeding term of which includes and implies the one preceding3 ,a4 ,an intellectual element1--change of view--recognition of sin as involving personal guilt1 defilement1 and helplessness 7,ps4 #ea3c1 #g1 #aa74 ,if unaccompanied by the following elements1 this recognition may manifest itself in fear of punishment1 although as yet there is no hatred of sin4 ,this element is indicated in the ,scripture phrase 7,rom4 #c3bj2 cf4 #a3cb74 ,ps4 #ea3c1 #aa--8;,for ,i know my transgressions2 ,and my sin is ever before me4444 ,cast me not away from thy presence1 ,and take not thy ,holy ,spirit from me02 ,rom4 #c3bj--8through the law cometh the knowledge of sin02 cf4 #a3cb--8who1 knowing the ordinance of ,god1 that they that practise such things are worthy of death1 not only do the same1 but also consent with them that practise them40 ,it is well to remember that ,god requires us to cherish no views or emotions that contradict the truth4 ,he wants of us no false humility4 ,humility 7humus7 groundness--a coming down to the hardpan of facts--a facing of the truth4 ,repentance1 therefore1 is not a calling ourselves by hard names4 ,it is not cringing1 or exaggerated selfcontempt4 ,it is simple recognition of what we are4 ,the 8'umble0 ,uriah ,heep is the arrant hypocrite4 ,if we see ourselves as ,god sees us1 we shall say with ,job #db3e1 #f--8;,i had heard of thee by the hearing of the ear2 ,but now mine eye seeth thee3 ,wherefore ,i abhor myself1 ,and repent in dust and ashes40 ,apart from ,god's working in the heart there is no proper recognition of sin1 either in people of high or low degree4 ,lady ,huntington invited the ,duchess of ,buckingham to come and hear ,whitefield1 when the ,duchess answered3 8,it is monstrous to be told that you have a heart as sinful as the common wretches that crawl on the earth1--it is highly offensive and insulting40 ,mr4 ,moody1 after preaching to the prisoners in the jail at ,chicago1 visited them in their cells4 ,in the first cell he found two1 playing cards4 ,they said false witnesses had testified against them4 ,in the second cell1 the convict said that the guilty man had escaped1 but that he1 a mere accomplice1 had been caught4 ,in the last cell only ,mr4 ,moody found a man crying over his sins4 ,henry ,drummond1 after hearing the confessions of inquirers1 said3 8,i am sick of the sins of these men1--how can ,god bear it80 ,experience of sin does not teach us to recognize sin4 ,we do not learn to know chloroform by frequently inhaling it4 ,the drunkard does not understand the degrading effects of drink so well as his miserable wife and children do4 ,even the natural conscience does not give the recognition of sin that is needed in true repentance4 ,the confession 8,i have sinned0 is made by hardened ,pharaoh 7,ex4 #i3bg71 double minded ,balaam 7,num4 #bb3cd71 remorseful ,achan 7,josh4 #g3bj71 insincere ,king ,saul 7#a ,sam4 #ae3bd71 despairing ,judas 7,mat4 #bg3d72 but in no one of these cases was there true repentance4 ,true repentance takes ,god's part against ourselves1 has sympathy with ,god1 feels how unworthily the ,ruler1 ,father1 ,friend of men has been treated4 ,it does not ask1 8,what will my sin bring to me80 but1 8,what does my sin mean to ,god80 ,it involves1 in addition to the mere recognition of sin3 ,b4 ,an emotional element1--change of feeling--sorrow for sin as committed against goodness and justice1 and therefore hateful to ,god1 and hateful in itself 7,ps4 #ea3a1 #b1 #aj1 #ad74 ,this element of repentance is indicated in the ,scripture word 4 ,if accompanied by the following element1 it is a 4 ,if not so accompanied1 it is a remorse and despair 7,mat4 #bg3c2 ,luke #ah3bc2 #b ,cor4 #g3i1 #aj74 ,ps4 #ea3a1 #b1 #aj1 #ad--8;,have mercy upon me 444 blot out my transgressions4 ,wash me thoroughly from mine iniquity1 ,and cleanse me from my sin4444 ,create in me a clean heart1 ,o ,god2 444 ,deliver me from bloodguiltiness1 ,o ,god02 ,mat4 #bg3c--8,then ,judas1 who betrayed him1 when he saw that he was condemned1 repented himself1 and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders1 saying1 ,i have sinned in that ,i betrayed innocent blood02 ,luke #ah3bc--8when he heard these things1 he became exceeding sorrowful2 for he was very rich02 #b ,cor4 #g3i1 #aj--8;,i now rejoice1 not that ye were made sorry1 but that ye were made sorry unto repentance2 for ye were made sorry after a godly sort4444 ,for godly sorrow worketh repentance unto salvation1 a repentance which bringeth no regret3 but the sorrow of the world worketh death40 ,we must distinguish sorrow for sin from shame on account of it and fear of its consequences4 ,these last are selfish1 while godly sorrow is disinterested4 8,a man may be angry with himself and may despise himself without any humble prostration before ,god or confession of his guilt0 7,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3ece1 note74 ,true repentance1 as illustrated in ,ps4 #ea1 does not think of #a4 consequences1 #b4 other men1 #c4 heredity1 as an excuse2 but it sees sin as #a4 transgression against ,god1 #b4 personal guilt1 #c4 defiling the inmost being4 ,perowne on ,ps4 #ea3a--8;,in all godly sorrow there is hope4 ,sorrow without hope may be remorse or despair1 but it is not repentance40 ,much socalled repentance is illustrated by the little girl's prayer3 8,o ,god1 make me good1--not real good1 but just good enough so that ,i won't have to be whipped60 ,shakespeare1 ,measure for ,measure1 #b3c--8',tis meet so1 daughter2 but lest you do repent ,as that the sin hath brought you to this shame1 ,which sorrow is always towards ourselves1 not heaven1 ,showing we would not spare heaven as we love it1 ,but as we stand in fear4444 ,i do repent me as it is an evil1 ,and take the shame with joy40 ,tempest1 #c3c--8;,for which foul deed1 the ,powers delaying1 not forgetting1 ,have incensed the seas1 and shores1 yea1 all the creatures1 ,against your peace4444 ,whose wrath to guard you from 444 is nothing but heart's sorrow ,and a clear life ensuing40 ,simon1 ,reconciliation1 #aie1 #cgi--8;,at the very bottom it is ,god whose claims are advocated1 whose part is taken1 by that in us which1 whilst most truly our own1 yea1 our very selves1 is also most truly his1 and of him4 ,the divine energy and idea which constitutes us will not let its own root and source suffer wrong unatoned4 ,god intends us to be givers as well as receivers1 givers even to him4 ,we share in his image that we may be creators and givers1 not from compulsion1 but in love40 ,such repentance as this is wrought only by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,conscience indeed is present in every human heart1 but only the ,holy ,spirit convinces of sin4 ,why is the ,holy ,spirit needed8 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #ahibja--8;,conscience is the witness to the law2 the ,spirit is the witness to grace4 ,conscience brings legal conviction2 the ,spirit brings evangelical conviction4 ,the one begets a conviction unto despair2 the other a conviction unto hope4 ,conscience convinces of sin committed1 of righteousness impossible1 of judgment impending2 the ,comforter convinces of sin committed1 of righteousness imputed1 of judgment accomplished--in ,christ4 ,god alone can reveal the divine view of sin1 and enable man to understand it40 ,but1 however agonizing the sorrow1 it will not constitute true repentance1 unless it leads to1 or is accompanied by3 ,c4 ,a voluntary element1--change of purpose--inward turning from sin and disposition to seek pardon and cleansing 7,ps4 #ea3e1 #g1 #aj2 ,jer4 #be3e74 ,this includes and implies the two preceding elements1 and is therefore the most important aspect of repentance4 ,it is indicated in the ,scripture term 7,acts #b3ch2 ,rom4 #b3d74 ,ps4 #ea3e1 #g1 #aj--8;,behold1 ,i was brought forth in iniquity2 ,and in sin did my mother conceive me4444 ,purge me with hyssop1 and ,i shall be clean3 ,wash me1 and ,i shall be whiter than snow4444 ,create in me a clean heart1 ,o ,god2 ,and renew a right spirit within me02 ,jer4 #be3e--8,return ye now every one from his evil way1 and from the evil of your doings02 ,acts #b3ch--8;,and ,peter said unto them1 ,repent ye1 and be baptized every one of you in the name of ,jesus ,christ02 ,rom4 #b3d--8;despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering1 not knowing that the goodness of ,god leadeth thee to repentance80 ,walden1 ,the ,great ,meaning of ,metanoia1 brings out well the fact that 8repentance0 is not the true translation of the word1 but rather 8change of mind02 indeed1 he would give up the word 8repentance0 altogether in the ,n4 ,t41 except as the translation of 4 ,the idea of is abandonment of sin rather than sorrow for sin1--an act of the will rather than a state of the sensibility4 ,repentance is participation in ,christ's revulsion from sin and suffering on account of it4 ,it is repentance from sin1 not of sin1 nor for sin--always and 1 never or 4 ,the true illustrations of repentance are found in ,job 7#db3f--8;,i abhor myself1 ,and repent in dust and ashes072 in ,david 7,ps4 #ea3aj--8;,create in me a clean heart2 ,and renew a right spirit within me072 in ,peter 7,john #ba3ag--8thou knowest that ,i love thee072 in the penitent thief 7,luke #bc3db--8;,jesus1 remember me when thou comest in thy kingdom072 in the prodigal son 7,luke #ae3ah--8;,i will arise and go to my ,father074 ,repentance implies free will4 ,hence ,spinoza1 who knows nothing of free will1 knows nothing of repentance4 ,in book #d of his ,ethics1 he says3 8,repentance is not a virtue1 that is1 it does not spring from reason2 on the contrary1 the man who repents of what he has done is doubly wretched or impotent40 ,still he urges that for the good of society it is not desirable that vulgar minds should be enlightened as to this matter2 see ,upton1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #cae4 ,determinism also renders it irrational to feel righteous indignation either at the misconduct of other people or of ourselves4 ,moral admiration is similarly irrational in the determinist2 see ,balfour1 ,foundations of ,belief1 #bd4 ,in broad distinction from the ,scriptural doctrine1 we find the ,romanist view1 which regards the three elements of repentance as the following3 7#a7 contrition2 7#b7 confession2 7#c7 satisfaction4 ,of these1 contrition is the only element properly belonging to repentance2 yet from this contrition the ,romanist excludes all sorrow for sin of nature4 ,confession is confession to the priest2 and satisfaction is the sinner's own doing of outward penance1 as a temporal and symbolic submission and reparation to violated law4 ,this view is false and pernicious1 in that it confounds repentance with its outward fruits1 conceives of it as exercised rather toward the church than toward ,god1 and regards it as a meritorious ground1 instead of a mere condition1 of pardon4 ,on the ,romanist doctrine of ,penance1 ,thornwell 7,collected ,writings1 #a3dbc7 remarks3 8,the culpa may be remitted1 they say1 while the pna is to some extent retained40 ,the priest absolves1 not declaratively1 but judicially4 ,denying the greatness of the sin1 it makes man able to become his own ,savior4 ,christ's satisfaction1 for sins after baptism1 is not sufficient2 our satisfaction is sufficient4 ,but performance of one duty1 we object1 cannot make satisfaction for the violation of another4 ,we are required to confess one to another1 and specially to those whom we have wronged3 ,james #e3af--8;,confess therefore your sins one to another1 and pray one for another1 that ye may be healed40 ,this puts the hardest stress upon our natural pride4 ,there are a hundred who will confess to a priest or to ,god1 where there is one who will make frank and full confession to the aggrieved party4 ,confession to an official religious superior is not penitence nor a test of penitence4 ,in the ,confessional women expose their inmost desires to priests who are forbidden to marry4 ,these priests are sometimes1 though gradually1 corrupted to the core1 and at the same time they are taught in the ,confessional precisely to what women to apply4 ,in ,france many noble families will not permit their children to confess1 and their women are not permitted to incur the danger4 ,lord ,salisbury in the ,house of ,lords said of auricular confession3 8,it has been injurious to the moral independence and virility of the nation to an extent to which probably it has been given to no other institution to affect the character of mankind40 ,see ,walsh1 ,secret ,history of the ,oxford ,movement2 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #aaa--8;,asceticism is an absolute inversion of the divine order1 since it seeks life through death1 instead of finding death through life4 ,no degree of mortification can ever bring us to sanctification40 ,penance can never effect true repentance1 nor be other than a hindrance to the soul's abandonment of sin4 ,penance is something external to be done1 and it diverts attention from the real inward need of the soul4 ,the monk does penance by sleeping on an iron bed and by wearing a hair shirt4 ,when ,anselm of ,canterbury died1 his under garments were found alive with vermin which the saint had cultivated in order to mortify the flesh4 ,dr4 ,pusey always sat on a hard chair1 traveled as uncomfortably as possible1 looked down when he walked1 and whenever he saw a coalfire thought of hell4 ,thieves do penance by giving a part of their illgotten wealth to charity4 ,in all these things there is no transformation of the inner life4 ,in further explanation of the ,scripture representations1 we remark3 7a7 ,that repentance1 in each and all of its aspects1 is wholly an inward act1 not to be confounded with the change of life which proceeds from it4 ,true repentance is indeed manifested and evidenced by confession of sin before ,god 7,luke #ah3ac71 and by reparation for wrongs done to men 7,luke #ai3h74 ,but these do not constitute repentance2 they are rather fruits of repentance4 ,between 8repentance0 and 8fruit worthy of repentance10 ,scripture plainly distinguishes 7,mat4 #c3h74 ,luke #ah3ac--8;,but the publican1 standing afar off1 would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven1 but smote his breast1 saying1 ,god1 be thou merciful to me a sinner #8be propitiated to me the sinner'02 #ai3h--8;,and ,zacchus stood1 and said unto the ,lord1 ,behold1 ,lord1 the half of my goods ,i give to the poor2 and if ,i have wrongfully exacted aught of any man1 ,i restore fourfold02 ,mat4 #c3h--8;,bring forth therefore fruit worthy of repentance40 ,fruit worthy of repentance1 or fruits meet for repentance1 are3 #a4 ,confession of sin2 #b4 ,surrender to ,christ2 #c4 ,turning from sin2 #d4 ,reparation for wrong doing2 #e4 ,right moral conduct2 #f4 ,profession of ,christian faith4 ,on ,luke #ag3c--8;if thy brother sin1 rebuke him2 and if he repent1 forgive him0--,dr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,carroll remarks that the law is uniform which makes repentance indispensable to forgiveness4 ,it applies to man's forgiveness of man1 as well as to ,god's forgiveness of man1 or the church's forgiveness of man4 ,but ,i must be sure that ,i cherish toward the offender the spirit of love1 whether he repents or not4 ,freedom from all malice toward him1 however1 and even loving prayerful labor to lead him to repentance1 is not forgiveness4 ,this ,i can grant only when he actually repents4 ,if ,i do forgive him without repentance1 then ,i impose my rule on ,god when ,i pray3 8,forgive us our debts1 as we also have forgiven our debtors0 7,mat4 #f3ab74 ,on the question whether the requirement that we forgive without atonement implies that ,god does1 see ,brit4 and ,for4 ,evang4 ,rev41 ,oct #ahha3fghfia--8;,answer3 #a4 ,the present constitution of things is based upon atonement4 ,forgiveness on our part is required upon the ground of the ,cross1 without which the world would be hell4 #b4 ,god is ,judge4 ,we forgive1 as brethren4 ,when he forgives1 it is as ,judge of all the earth1 of whom all earthly judges are representatives4 ,if earthly judges may exact justice1 much more ,god4 ,the argument that would abolish atonement would abolish all civil government4 #c4 ,i should forgive my brother on the ground of ,god's love1 and ,christ's bearing of his sins4 #d4 ,god1 who requires atonement1 is the same being that provides it4 ,this is #8handsome and generous4' ,but ,i can never provide atonement for my brother4 ,i must1 therefore1 forgive freely1 only upon the ground of what ,christ has done for him40 7b7 ,that repentance is only a negative condition1 and not a positive means of salvation4 ,this is evident from the fact that repentance is no more than the sinner's present duty1 and can furnish no offset to the claims of the law on account of past transgression4 ,the truly penitent man feels that his repentance has no merit4 ,apart from the positive element of conversion1 namely1 faith in ,christ1 it would be only sorrow for guilt unremoved4 ,this very sorrow1 moreover1 is not the mere product of human will1 but is the gift of ,god4 ,acts #e3ca--8;,him did ,god exalt with his right hand to be a ,prince and a ,savior1 to give repentance to ,israel1 and remission of sins02 #aa3ah--8,then to the ,gentiles also hath ,god granted repentance unto life02 #b ,tim4 #b3be--8;if peradventure ,god may give them repentance unto the knowledge of the truth40 ,the truly penitent man recognizes the fact that his sin deserves punishment4 ,he never regards his penitence as offsetting the demands of law1 and as making his punishment unjust4 ,whitefield3 8,our repentance needeth to be repented of1 and our very tears to be washed in the blood of ,christ40 ,shakespeare1 ,henry ,v1 #d3a--8,more will ,i do3 ,though all that ,i can do is nothing worth1 ,since that my penitence comes after all1 ,imploring pardon0--imploring pardon both for the crime and for the imperfect repentance4 7c7 ,that true repentance1 however1 never exists except in conjunction with faith4 ,sorrow for sin1 not simply on account of its evil consequences to the transgressor1 but on account of its intrinsic hatefulness as opposed to divine holiness and love1 is practically impossible without some confidence in ,god's mercy4 ,it is the ,cross which first makes us truly penitent 7cf4 ,john #ab3cb1 #cc74 ,hence all true preaching of repentance is implicitly a preaching of faith 7,mat4 #c3aab2 cf4 ,acts #ai3d71 and repentance toward ,god involves faith in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ 7,acts #bj3ba2 ,luke #ae3aj1 #bd2 #ai3h1 #i2 cf4 ,gal4 #c3g74 ,john #ab3cb1 #cc--8;,and ,i1 if ,i be lifted up from the earth1 will draw all men unto myself4 ,but this he said1 signifying by what manner of death he should die40 ,mat4 #c3aab--;,john the ,baptist's preaching of repentance was also a preaching of faith2 as is shown by ,acts #ai3d--8;,john baptized with the baptism of repentance1 saying unto the people that they should believe on him that should come after him1 that is1 on ,jesus40 ,repentance involves faith3 ,acts #bj3ba--8testifying both to ,jews and to ,greeks repentance toward ,god1 and faith toward our ,lord ,jesus ,christ02 ,luke #ae3aj1 #bd--8there is joy in the presence of the angels of ,god over one sinner that repenteth4444 this my son was dead1 and is alive again2 he was lost1 and is found02 #ai3h1 #i--8the half of my goods ,i give to the poor2 and if ,i have wrongfully exacted aught of any man1 ,i restore fourfold4 ,and ,jesus said unto him1 ,today is salvation come to this house1 forasmuch as he also is a son of ,abraham0--the father of all believers2 cf4 ,gal4 #c3f1 #g--8;,even as ,abraham believed ,god1 and it was reckoned unto him for righteousness4 ,know therefore that they that are of faith1 the same are sons of ,abraham40 ,luke #c3ah says of ,john the ,baptist3 8he preached the gospel unto the people10 and the gospel message1 the glad tidings1 is more than the command to repent1--it is also the offer of salvation through ,christ2 see ,prof4 ,wm4 ,arnold ,stevens1 on ,john the ,baptist and his ,gospel1 in ,studies on the ,gospel according to ,john4 #b ,chron4 #cd3ai--8;,and it came to pass1 when the king had heard the words of the law1 that he rent his clothes40 ,moberly1 ,atonement and ,personality1 #dddf--8;,just in proportion as one sins1 does he render it impossible for him truly to repent4 ,repentance must be the work of another in him4 ,is it not the ,spirit of the ,crucified which is the reality of the penitence of the truly penitent80 ,if this be true1 then it is plain that there is no true repentance which is not accompanied by the faith that unites us to ,christ4 7d7 ,that1 conversely1 wherever there is true faith1 there is true repentance also4 ,since repentance and faith are but different sides or aspects of the same act of turning1 faith is as inseparable from repentance as repentance is from faith4 ,that must be an unreal faith where there is no repentance1 just as that must be an unreal repentance where there is no faith4 ,yet because the one aspect of his change is more prominent in the mind of the convert than the other1 we are not hastily to conclude that the other is absent4 ,only that degree of conviction of sin is essential to salvation1 which carries with it a forsaking of sin and a trustful surrender to ,christ4 ,bishop ,hall3 8,never will ,christ enter into that soul where the herald of repentance hath not been before him40 #b ,cor4 #g3aj--8repentance unto salvation40 ,in consciousness1 sensation and perception are in inverse ratio to each other4 ,clear vision is hardly conscious of sensation1 but inflamed eyes are hardly conscious of anything besides sensation4 ,so repentance and faith are seldom equally prominent in the consciousness of the converted man2 but it is important to know that neither can exist without the other4 ,the truly penitent man will1 sooner or later1 show that he has faith2 and the true believer will certainly show1 in due season1 that he hates and renounces sin4 ,the question1 how much conviction a man needs to insure his salvation1 may be answered by asking how much excitement one needs on a burning steamer4 ,as1 in the latter case1 just enough to prompt persistent effort to escape2 so1 in the former case1 just enough remorseful feeling is needed1 to induce the sinner to betake himself believingly to ,christ4 ,on the general subject of ,repentance1 see ,anderson1 ,regeneration1 #bgibhh2 ,bp4 ,ossory1 ,nature and ,effects of ,faith1 #djdh1 #caacah2 ,woods1 ,works1 #c3fhgh2 ,philippi1 ,glaubenslehre1 #e3aaj1 #bjhbdf2 ,luthardt1 ,compendium1 #c;d ed41 #bjfbjh2 ,hodge1 ,outlines of ,theology1 #cgecha2 ,alexander1 ,evidences of ,christianity1 #dgfj2 ,crawford1 ,atonement1 #dacdai4 #b4 ,faith4 ,faith is that voluntary change in the mind of the sinner in which he turns to ,christ4 ,being essentially a change of mind1 it involves a change of view1 a change of feeling1 and a change of purpose4 ,we may therefore analyze faith also into three constituents1 each succeeding term of which includes and implies the preceding3 ,a4 ,an intellectual element 7notitia1 credere ,deum71--recognition of the truth of ,god's revelation1 or of the objective reality of the salvation provided by ,christ4 ,this includes not only a historical belief in the facts of the ,scripture1 but an intellectual belief in the doctrine taught therein as to man's sinfulness and dependence upon ,christ4 ,john #b3bc1 #bd--8;,how when he was in ,jerusalem at the passover1 during the feast1 many believed on his name1 beholding his signs which he did4 ,but ,jesus did not trust himself unto them1 for that he knew all men02 cf4 #c3b--,nicodemus has this external faith3 8no one can do these signs that thou doest1 except ,god be with him40 ,james #b3ai--8,thou believest that ,god is one2 thou doest well3 the demons also believe1 and shudder40 ,even this historical faith is not without its fruits4 ,it is the spring of much philanthropic work4 ,there were no hospitals in ancient ,rome4 ,much of our modern progress is due to the leavening influence of ,christianity1 even in the case of those who have not personally accepted ,christ4 ,mc,laren1 ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,feb4 #bb1 #aijb3ajg--8,luke does not hesitate to say1 in ,acts #h3ac1 that #8,simon ,magus also himself believed4' ,but he expects us to understand that ,simon's belief was not faith that saved1 but mere credence in the gospel narrative as true history4 ,it had no ethical or spiritual worth4 ,he was #8amazed1' as the ,samaritans had been at his juggleries4 ,it did not lead to repentance1 or confession1 or true trust4 ,he was only #8amazed' at ,philip's miracles1 and there was no salvation in that40 ,merely historical faith1 such as ,disciples and ,ritschlians hold to1 lacks the element of affection1 and besides this lacks the present reality of ,christ himself4 ,faith that does not lay hold of a present ,christ is not saving faith4 ,b4 ,an emotional element 7assensus1 credere ,deo71--assent to the revelation of ,god's power and grace in ,jesus ,christ1 as applicable to the present needs of the soul4 ,those in whom this awakening of the sensibilities is unaccompanied by the fundamental decision of the will1 which constitutes the next element of faith1 may seem to themselves1 and for a time may appear to others1 to have accepted ,christ4 ,mat4 #ac3bj1 #ba--8;he that was sown upon the rocky places1 this is he that heareth the word1 and straightway with joy receiveth it2 yet hath he not root in himself1 but endureth for a while2 and when tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word1 straightway he stumbleth02 cf4 ,ps4 #ajf3ab1 #ac--8,then believed they his words2 they sang his praise4 ,they soon forgat his works2 they waited not for his counsel02 ,ez4 #cc3ca1 #cb--8;,and they come unto thee as the people cometh1 and they sit before thee as my people1 and they hear thy words1 but do them not2 for with their mouth they show much love1 but their heart goeth after their gain4 ,and1 lo1 thou art unto them as a very lovely song of one that hath a pleasant voice1 and can play well on an instrument2 for they hear thy words1 but they do them not02 ,john #e3ce--,of ,john the ,baptist3 8,he was the lamp that burneth and shineth2 and ye were willing to rejoice for a season in his light02 #h3cj1 #ca--8;,as he spake these things1 many believed on him 7 74 ,jesus therefore said to those ,jews that had believed him 771 ,if ye abide in my word1 then are ye truly my disciples40 ,they believed him1 but did not yet believe on him1 that is1 make him the foundation of their faith and life4 ,yet ,jesus graciously recognizes this first faint foreshadowing of faith4 ,it might lead to full and saving faith4 8,proselytes of the gate0 were so called1 because they contented themselves with sitting in the gate1 as it were1 without going into the holy city4 8,proselytes of righteousness0 were those who did their whole duty1 by joining themselves fully to the people of ,god4 ,not emotion1 but devotion1 is the important thing4 ,temporary faith is as irrational and valueless as temporary repentance4 ,it perhaps gained temporary blessing in the way of healing in the time of ,christ1 but1 if not followed by complete surrender of the will1 it might even aggravate one's sin2 see ,john #e3ad--8;,behold1 thou art made whole2 sin no more1 lest a worse thing befall thee40 ,the special faith of miracles was not a high1 but a low1 form of faith1 and it is not to be sought in our day as indispensable to the progress of the kingdom4 ,miracles have ceased1 not because of decline in faith1 but because the ,holy ,spirit has changed the method of his manifestations1 and has led the church to seek more spiritual gifts4 ,saving faith1 however1 includes also3 ,c4 ,a voluntary element 7fiducia1 credere in ,deum71--trust in ,christ as ,lord and ,savior2 or1 in other words--to distinguish its two aspects3 7a7 ,surrender of the soul1 as guilty and defiled1 to ,christ's governance4 ,mat4 #aa3bh1 #bi--8;,come unto me all ye that labor and are heavy laden1 and ,i will give you rest4 ,take my yoke upon you1 and learn of me02 ,john #h3ab--8;,i am the light of the world3 he that followeth me shall not walk in the darkness02 #ad3a--8,let not your heart be troubled3 believe in ,god1 believe also in me02 ,acts #af3ca--8;,believe on the ,lord ,jesus1 and thou shalt be saved40 ,instances of the use of 1 in the sense of trustful committance or surrender1 are3 ,john #b3bd--8;,but ,jesus did not trust himself unto them1 for that he knew all men02 ,rom4 #c3b--8they were intrusted with the oracles of ,god02 ,gal4 #b3g--8when they saw that ,i had been intrusted with the gospel of the uncircumcision40 8trustful selfsurrender to ,god0 7,meyer74 ,in this surrender of the soul to ,christ's governance we have the guarantee that the gospel salvation is not an unmoral trust which permits continuance in sin4 ,aside from the fact that saving faith is only the obverse side of true repentance1 the very nature of faith1 as submission to ,christ1 the embodied law of ,god and source of spiritual life1 makes a life of obedience and virtue to be its natural and necessary result4 ,faith is not only a declaration of dependence1 it is also a vow of allegiance4 ,the sick man's faith in his physician is shown not simply by trusting him1 but by obeying him4 ,doing what the doctor says is the very proof of trust4 ,no physician will long care for a patient who refuses to obey his orders4 ,faith is selfsurrender to the great ,physician1 and a leaving of our case in his hands4 ,but it is also the taking of his prescriptions1 and the active following of his directions4 ,we need to emphasize this active element in saving faith1 lest men get the notion that mere indolent acquiescence in ,christ's plan will save them4 ,faith is not simple receptiveness4 ,it gives itself1 as well as receives ,christ4 ,it is not mere passivity1--it is also selfcommittal4 ,as all reception of knowledge is active1 and there must be attention if we would learn1 so all reception of ,christ is active1 and there must be intelligent giving as well as taking4 ,the ,watchman1 ,april #cj1 #ahif--8;,faith is more than belief and trust4 ,it is the action of the soul going out toward its object4 ,it is the exercise of a spiritual faculty akin to that of sight2 it establishes a personal relation between the one who exercises faith and the one who is its object4 ,when the intellectual feature predominates1 we call it belief2 when the emotional element predominates1 we call it trust4 ,this faith is at once #8,an affirmation and an act ,which bids eternal truth be present fact4' 0 ,there are great things received in faith1 but nothing is received by the man who does not first give himself to ,christ4 ,a conquered general came into the presence of his conqueror and held out to him his hand3 8,your sword first1 sir60 was the response4 ,but when ,general ,lee offered his sword to ,general ,grant at ,appomattox1 the latter returned it1 saying3 8,no1 keep your sword1 and go to your home40 ,jacobi said that 8,faith is the reflection of the divine knowing and willing in the finite spirit of man40 ,g4 ,b4 ,foster1 in ,indiana ,baptist ,outlook1 ,june #ai1 #aijb--8;,catholic orthodoxy is wrong in holding that the authority for faith is the church2 for that would be an external authority4 ,protestant orthodoxy is wrong in holding that the authority for faith is the book2 for that would be an external authority4 ,liberalism is wrong in holding that the reason is the authority for faith4 ,the authority for faith is the revelation of ,god40 ,faith in this revelation is faith in ,christ the ,revealer4 ,it puts the soul in connection with the source of all knowledge and power4 ,as the connection of a wire with the reservoir of electric force makes it the channel of vast energies1 so the smallest measure of faith1 any real connection of the soul with ,christ1 makes it the recipient of divine resources4 ,while faith is the act of the whole man1 and intellect1 affection1 and will are involved in it1 will is the allinclusive and most important of its elements4 ,no other exercise of will is such a revelation of our being and so decisive of our destiny4 ,the voluntary element in faith is illustrated in marriage4 ,here one party pledges the future in permanent selfsurrender1 commits one's self to another person in confidence that this future1 with all its new revelations of character1 will only justify the decision made4 ,yet this is rational2 see ,holland1 in ,lux ,mundi1 #dfdh4 ,to put one's hand into molten iron1 even though one knows of the 8spheroidal state0 that gives impunity1 requires an exertion of will2 and not all workmen in metals are courageous enough to make the venture4 ,the child who leaped into the dark cellar1 in confidence that her father's arms would be open to receive her1 did not act irrationally1 because she had heard her father's command and trusted his promise4 ,though faith in ,christ is a leap in the dark1 and requires a mighty exercise of will1 it is nevertheless the highest wisdom1 because ,christ's word is pledged that 8him that cometh to me ,i will in no wise cast out0 7,john #f3cg74 ,j4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stewart3 8,faith is #a4 a bond between persons1 trust1 confidence2 #b4 it makes ventures1 takes much for granted2 #c4 its security is the character and power of him in whom we believe1--not our faith1 but his fidelity1 is the guarantee that our faith is rational40 ,kant said that nothing in the world is good but the good will which freely obeys the law of the good4 ,pfleiderer defines faith as the free surrender of the heart to the gracious will of ,god4 ,kaftan1 ,dogmatik1 #ba1 declares that the ,christian religion is essentially faith1 and that this faith manifests itself as #a4 doctrine2 #b4 worship2 #c4 morality4 7b7 ,reception and appropriation of ,christ1 as the source of pardon and spiritual life4 ,john #a3ab--8;as many as received him1 to them gave he the right to become children of ,god1 even to them that believe on his name02 #d3ad--8whosoever drinketh of the water that ,i shall give him shall never thirst2 but the water that ,i shall give him shall become in him a well of water springing up unto eternal life02 #f3ec--8;,except ye eat the flesh of the ,son of man and drink his blood1 ye have not life in yourselves02 #bj3ca--8these are written1 that ye may believe that ,jesus is the ,christ1 the ,son of ,god2 and that believing ye may have life in his name02 ,eph4 #c3ag--8that ,christ may dwell in your hearts through faith02 ,heb4 #aa3a--8,now faith is assurance of things hoped for1 a conviction of things not seen02 ,rev4 #c3bj--8;,behold1 ,i stand at the door and knock3 if any man hear my voice and open the door1 ,i will come in to him1 and will sup with him1 and he with me40 ,the three constituents of faith may be illustrated from the thought1 feeling1 and action of a person who stands by a boat1 upon a little island which the rising stream threatens to submerge4 ,he first regards the boat from a purely intellectual point of view1--it is merely an actually existing boat4 ,as the stream rises1 he looks at it1 secondly1 with some accession of emotion1--his prospective danger awakens in him the conviction that it is a good boat for a time of need1 though he is not yet ready to make use of it4 ,but1 thirdly1 when he feels that the rushing tide must otherwise sweep him away1 a volitional element is added1--he gets into the boat1 trusts himself to it1 accepts it as his present1 and only1 means of safety4 ,only this last faith in the boat is faith that saves1 although this last includes both the preceding4 ,it is equally clear that the getting into the boat may actually save a man1 while at the same time he may be full of fears that the boat will never bring him to shore4 ,these fears may be removed by the boatman's word4 ,so saving faith is not necessarily assurance of faith2 but it becomes assurance of faith when the ,holy ,spirit 8beareth witness with our spirit1 that we are children of ,god0 7,rom4 #h3af74 ,on the nature of this assurance1 and on the distinction between it and saving faith1 see pages #hddhdf4 8,coming to ,christ10 8looking to ,christ10 8receiving ,christ10 are all descriptions of faith1 as are also the phrases3 8surrender to ,christ10 8submission to ,christ10 8closing in with ,christ40 ,paul refers to a confession of faith in ,rom4 #aj3i--8;if thou shalt confess with thy mouth ,jesus as ,lord40 ,faith1 then1 is a taking of ,christ as both ,savior and ,lord2 and it includes both appropriation of ,christ1 and consecration to ,christ4 ,the voluntary element in faith1 however1 is a giving as well as a taking4 ,the giving1 or surrender1 is illustrated in baptism by submergence2 the taking1 or reception1 by emergence4 ,see further on the ,symbolism of ,baptism4 ,mc,cosh1 ,div4 ,government3 8,saving faith is the consent of the will to the assent of the understanding1 and commonly accompanied with emotion40 ,pres4 ,hopkins1 in ,princeton ,rev41 ,sept4 #ahgh3eaaedj--8;,in its intellectual element1 faith is receptive1 and believes that ,god is2 in its affectional element1 faith is assimilative1 and believes that ,god is a rewarder2 in its voluntary element1 faith is operative1 and actually comes to ,god 7,heb4 #aa3f740 ,where the element of surrender is emphasized and the element of reception is not understood1 the result is a legalistic experience1 with little hope or joy4 ,only as we appropriate ,christ1 in connection with our consecration1 do we realize the full blessing of the gospel4 ,light requires two things3 the sun to shine1 and the eye to take in its shining4 ,so we cannot be saved without ,christ to save1 and faith to take the ,savior for ours4 ,faith is the act by which we receive ,christ4 ,the woman who touched the border of ,jesus' garment received his healing power4 ,it is better still to keep in touch with ,christ so as to receive continually his grace and life4 ,but best of all is taking him into our inmost being1 to be the soul of our soul and the life of our life4 ,this is the essence of faith1 though many ,christians do not yet realize it4 ,dr4 ,curry said well that faith can never be defined because it is a fact of life4 ,it is a merging of our life in the life of ,christ1 and a reception of ,christ's life to interpenetrate and energize ours4 ,in faith we must take ,christ as well as give ourselves4 ,it is certainly true that surrender without trust will not make us possessors of ,god's peace4 ,f4 ,l4 ,anderson3 8,faith is submissive reliance on ,jesus ,christ for salvation3 #a4 ,reliance on ,jesus ,christ--not mere intellectual belief2 #b4 ,reliance on him for salvation--we can never undo the past or atone for our sins2 #c4 ,submissive reliance on ,christ4 ,trust without surrender will never save40 ,the passages already referred to refute the view of the ,romanist1 that saving faith is simply implicit assent to the doctrines of the church2 and the view of the ,disciple or ,campbellite1 that faith is merely intellectual belief in the truth1 on the presentation of evidence4 ,the ,romanist says that faith can coxist with mortal sin4 ,the ,disciple holds that faith may and must exist before regeneration1--regeneration being completed in baptism4 ,with these erroneous views1 compare the noble utterance of ,luther1 ,com4 on ,galatians1 #a3aia1 #bdg1 quoted in ,thomasius1 ,,iii1 #b3ahc--8,true faith10 says ,luther1 8is that assured trust and firm assent of heart1 by which ,christ is laid hold of1--so that ,christ is the object of faith4 ,yet he is not merely the object of faith2 but in the very faith1 so to speak1 ,christ is present4 ,faith lays hold of ,christ1 and grasps him as a present possession1 just as the ring holds the jewel40 ,edwards1 ,works1 #d3gagc2 #b3fjafda--8;,faith10 says ,edwards1 8includes the whole act of unition to ,christ as a ,savior4 ,the entire active uniting of the soul1 or the whole of what is called coming to ,christ1 and receiving of him1 is called faith in the ,scripture40 ,see also ,belief1 ,what ,is ,it8 #aejagi1 #bijbih4 ,hatch1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ecj--8;,faith began by being3 #a4 a simple trust in ,god2 then followed1 #b4 a simple expansion of that proposition into the assent to the proposition that ,god is good1 and1 #c4 a simple acceptance of the proposition that ,jesus ,christ was his ,son2 then1 #d4 came in the definition of terms1 and each definition of terms involved a new theory2 finally1 #e4 the theories were gathered together into systems1 and the martyrs and witnesses of ,christ died for their faith1 not outside but inside the ,christian sphere2 and instead of a world of religious belief which resembled the world of actual fact in the sublime unsymmetry of its foliage and the deep harmony of its discords1 there prevailed the most fatal assumption of all1 that the symmetry of a system is the test of its truth and the proof thereof40 ,we regard this statement of ,hatch as erroneous1 in that it attributes to the earliest disciples no larger faith than that of their ,jewish brethren4 ,we claim that the earliest faith involved an implicit acknowledgement of ,jesus as ,savior and ,lord1 and that this faith of simple obedience and trust became explicit recognition of our ,lord's deity and atonement just so soon as persecution and the ,holy ,spirit disclosed to them the real contents of their own consciousness4 ,an illustration of the simplicity and saving power of faith is furnished by ,principal ,j4 ,r4 ,andrews1 of ,new ,london1 ,conn41 ,principal of the ,bartlett ,grammar ,school4 ,when the steamer ,atlantic was wrecked off ,fisher's ,island1 though ,mr4 ,andrews could not swim1 he determined to make a desperate effort to save his life4 ,binding a lifepreserver about him1 he stood on the edge of the deck waiting his opportunity1 and when he saw a wave moving shoreward1 he jumped into the rough breakers and was borne safely to land4 ,he was saved by faith4 ,he accepted the conditions of salvation4 ,forty perished in a scene where he was saved4 ,in one sense he saved himself2 in another sense he depended upon ,god4 ,it was a combination of personal activity and dependence upon ,god that resulted in his salvation4 ,if he had not used the life preserver1 he would have perished2 if he had not cast himself into the sea1 he would have perished4 ,so faith in ,christ is reliance upon him for salvation2 but it is also our own making of a new start in life and the showing of our trust by action4 ,tract #ceg1 ,am4 ,tract ,society--8,what is it to believe on ,christ8 ,it is3 ,to feel your need of him2 ,to believe that he is able and willing to save you1 and to save you now2 and ,to cast yourself unreservedly upon his mercy1 and trust in him alone for salvation40 ,in further explanation of the ,scripture representations1 we remark3 7a7 ,that faith is an act of the affections and will1 as truly as it is an act of the intellect4 ,it has been claimed that faith and unbelief are purely intellectual states1 which are necessarily determined by the facts at any given time presented to the mind2 and that they are1 for this reason1 as destitute of moral quality and as far from being matters of obligation1 as are our instinctive feelings of pleasure and pain4 ,but this view unwarrantably isolates the intellect1 and ignores the fact that1 in all moral subjects1 the state of the affections and will affects the judgment of the mind with regard to truth4 ,in the intellectual act the whole moral nature expresses itself4 ,since the tastes determine the opinions1 faith is a moral act1 and men are responsible for not believing4 ,john #c3ahbj--8;,he that believeth on him is not judged3 he that believeth not hath been judged already1 because he hath not believed on the name of the only begotten ,son of ,god4 ,and this is the judgment1 that the light is come into the world1 and men loved the darkness rather than the light2 for their works were evil4 ,for every one that doeth evil hateth the light1 and cometh not to the light1 lest his works should be reproved02 #e3dj--8ye will not come to me1 that ye may have life02 #af3h1 #i--8;,and he1 when he is come1 will convict the world in respect of sin 444 of sin1 because they believe not on me02 ,rev4 #b3ba--8she willed not to repent40 ,notice that the ,revised ,version very frequently substitutes the voluntary and active terms 8disobedience0 and 8disobedient0 for the 8unbelief0 and 8unbelieving0 of the ,authorized ,version1--as in ,rom4 #ae3ca2 ,heb4 #c3ah2 #d3f1 #aa2 #aa3ca4 ,see ,park1 ,discourses1 #de1 #df4 ,savages do not know that they are responsible for their physical appetites1 or that there is any right and wrong in matters of sense1 until they come under the influence of ,christianity4 ,in like manner1 even men of science can declare that the intellectual sphere has no part in man's probation1 and that we are no more responsible for our opinions and beliefs than we are for the color of our skin4 ,but faith is not a merely intellectual act1--the affections and will give it quality4 ,there is no moral quality in the belief that #b #b #d1 because we can not help that belief4 ,but in believing on ,christ there is moral quality1 because there is the element of choice4 ,indeed it may be questioned1 whether1 in every judgment upon moral things1 there is not an act of will4 ,hence on ,john #g3ag--8;,if any man willeth to do his will1 he shall know of the teaching1 whether it is of ,god1 or whether ,i speak from myself0--,f4 ,l4 ,patton calls attention to the two common errors3 7#a7 that obedience will certify doctrine1--which is untrue1 because obedience is the result of faith1 not vice versa2 7#b7 that personal experience is the ultimate test of faith1--which is untrue1 because the ,bible is the only rule of faith1 and it is one thing to receive truth through the feelings1 but quite another to test truth by the feelings4 ,the text really means1 that if any man is willing to do ,god's will1 he shall know whether it be of ,god2 and the two lessons to be drawn are3 7#a7 the gospel needs no additional evidence2 7#b7 the ,holy ,ghost is the hope of the world4 ,on responsibility for opinions and beliefs1 see ,mozley1 on ,blanco ,white1 in ,essays ,philos4 and ,historical1 #b3adb2 ,t4 ,t4 ,smith1 ,hulsean ,lectures for #ahci4 ,wilfrid ,ward1 ,the ,wish to ,believe1 quotes ,shakespeare3 8,thy wish was father1 ,harry1 to that thought02 and ,thomas ,arnold3 8,they dared not lightly believe what they so much wished to be true40 ,pascal3 8,faith is an act of the will40 ,emerson1 ,essay on ,worship3 8,a man bears beliefs as a tree bears apples4 ,man's religious faith is the expression of what he is40 ,bain3 8,in its essential character1 belief is a phase of our active nature1 otherwise called the will40 ,nash1 ,ethics and ,revelation1 #beg--8;,faith is the creative human answer to the creative divine offer4 ,it is not the passive acceptance of a divine favor4444 ,by faith man1 laying hold of the personality of ,god in ,christ1 becomes a true person4 ,and by the same faith he becomes1 under ,god1 a creator and founder of true society40 ,inge1 ,christian ,mysticism1 #eb--8;,faith begins with an experiment and ends with an experience4 ,but even the power to make the experiment is given from above4 ,eternal life is not 1 but the state of acquiring knowledge-- 4 ,it is significant that ,john1 who is so fond of the verb #8to know1' never uses the substantive 40 ,crane1 ,religion of ,tomorrow1 #adh--8 #8,i will not obey1 because ,i do not yet know'8 ,but this is making the intellectual side the only side of faith1 whereas the most important side is the willside4 ,let a man follow what he does believe1 and he shall be led on to larger faith4 ,faith is the reception of the personal influence of a living ,lord1 and a corresponding action40 ,william ,james1 ,will to ,believe1 #fa--8,this life is worth living1 since it is what we make it1 from the moral point of view4444 ,often enough our faith beforehand in an uncertified result is the only thing that makes the result come true4444 ,if your heart does not want a world of moral reality1 your head will assuredly never make you believe in one4444 ,freedom to believe covers only living options which the intellect cannot by itself resolve4444 ,we are not to put a stopper on our heart1 and meantime act as if religion were not true02 ,psychology1 #b3bhb1 #cba--8;,belief is consent1 willingness1 turning of our disposition4 ,it is the mental state or function of cognizing reality4 ,we never disbelieve anything except for the reason that we believe something else which contradicts the first thing4 ,we give higher reality to whatever things we select and emphasize and turn to with a will4444 ,we need only in cold blood act as if the thing in question were real1 and keep acting as if it were real1 and it will infallibly end by growing into such a connection with our life that it will become real4 ,those to whom ,god and duty are mere names1 can make them much more than that1 if they make a little sacrifice to them every day40 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,campbellism makes intellectual belief to be saving faith4 ,but saving faith is consent of the heart as well as assent of the intellect4 ,on the one hand there is the intellectual element3 faith is belief upon the ground of evidence2 faith without evidence is credulity4 ,but on the other hand faith has an element of affection2 the element of love is always wrapped up in it4 ,so ,abraham's faith made ,abraham like ,god2 for we always become like that which we trust40 ,faith therefore is not chronologically subsequent to regeneration1 but is its accompaniment4 ,as the soul's appropriation of ,christ and his salvation1 it is not the result of an accomplished renewal1 but rather the medium through which that renewal is effected4 ,otherwise it would follow that one who had not yet believed 7i4 e41 received ,christ7 might still be regenerate1 whereas the ,scripture represents the privilege of sonship as granted only to believers4 ,see ,john #a3ab1 #ac--8;,but as many as received him1 to them gave he the right to become children of ,god1 even to them that believe on his name3 who were born1 not of blood1 nor of the will of the flesh1 nor of the will of man1 but of ,god02 also #c3e1 #f1 #ajae2 ,gal4 #c3bf2 #b ,pet4 #a3c2 cf4 #a ,john #e3a4 7b7 ,that the object of saving faith is1 in general1 the whole truth of ,god1 so far as it is objectively revealed or made known to the soul2 but1 in particular1 the person and work of ,jesus ,christ1 which constitutes the centre and substance of ,god's revelation 7,acts #ag3ah2 #a ,cor4 #a3bc2 ,col4 #a3bg2 ,rev4 #ai3aj74 ,the patriarchs1 though they had no knowledge of a personal ,christ1 were saved by believing in ,god so far as ,god had revealed himself to them2 and whoever among the heathen are saved1 must in like manner be saved by casting themselves as helpless sinners upon ,god's plan of mercy1 dimly shadowed forth in nature and providence4 ,but such faith1 even among the patriarchs and heathen1 is implicitly a faith in ,christ1 and would become explicit and conscious trust and submission1 whenever ,christ were made known to them 7,mat4 #h3aa1 #ab2 ,john #aj3af2 ,acts #d3ab2 #aj3ca1 #cd1 #ce1 #dd2 #af3ca74 ,acts #ag3ah--8;he preached ,jesus and the resurrection02 #a ,cor4 #a3bc--8we preach ,christ crucified02 ,col4 #a3bg--8this mystery among the ,gentiles1 which is ,christ in you1 the hope of glory3 whom we proclaim02 ,rev4 #ai3aj--8the testimony of ,jesus is the spirit of prophecy40 ,saving faith is not belief in a dogma1 but personal trust in a personal ,christ4 ,it is1 therefore1 possible to a child4 ,dorner3 8,the object of faith is the ,christian revelation--,god in ,christ4444 ,faith is union with objective ,christianity--appropriation of the real contents of ,christianity40 ,dr4 ,samuel ,hopkins1 the great uncle1 defined faith as 8an understanding1 cordial receiving of the divine testimony concerning ,jesus ,christ and the way of salvation by him1 in which the heart accords and conforms to the gospel40 ,dr4 ,mark ,hopkins1 the great nephew1 defined it as 8confidence in a personal being40 ,horace ,bushnell3 8,faith rests on a person4 ,faith is that act by which one person1 a sinner1 commits himself to another person1 a ,savior40 ,in ,john #aa3be--8;,i am the resurrection and the life0--,martha is led to substitute belief in a person for belief in an abstract doctrine4 ,jesus is 8the resurrection10 because he is 8the life40 ,all doctrine and all miracle is significant and important only because it is the expression of the living ,christ1 the ,revealer of ,god4 ,the object of faith is sometimes represented in the ,n4 ,t41 as being ,god the ,father4 ,john #e3bd--8;,he that heareth my word1 and believeth him that sent me1 hath eternal life02 ,rom4 #d3e--8to him that worketh not1 but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly1 his faith is reckoned for righteousness40 ,we can explain these passages only when we remember that ,christ is ,god 8manifested in the flesh0 7#a ,tim4 #c3af71 and that 8he that hath seen me hath seen the ,father0 7,john #ad3i74 ,man may receive a gift without knowing from whom it comes1 or how much it has cost4 ,so the heathen1 who casts himself as a sinner upon ,god's mercy1 may receive salvation from the ,crucified ,one1 without knowing who is the giver1 or that the gift was purchased by agony and blood4 ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #aed--8,no ,n4 ,t4 writer ever remembered ,christ4 ,they never thought of him as belonging to the past4 ,let us not preach about the historical ,christ1 but rather1 about the living ,christ2 nay1 let us preach him1 present and omnipotent4 ,jesus could say3 #8,whither ,i go1 ye know the way' 7,john #ad3d72 for they knew him1 and he was both the end and the way40 ,dr4 ,charles ,hodge unduly restricts the operations of grace to the preaching of the incarnate ,christ3 ,syst4 ,theol41 #b3fdh--8,there is no faith where the gospel is not heard2 and where there is no faith1 there is no salvation4 ,this is indeed an awful doctrine40 ,and yet1 in #b3ffh1 he says most inconsistently3 8,as ,god is everywhere present in the material world1 guiding its operations according to the laws of nature2 so he is everywhere present with the minds of men1 as the ,spirit of truth and goodness1 operating on them according to laws of their free moral agency1 inclining them to good and restraining them from evil40 ,this presence and revelation of ,god we hold to be through ,christ1 the eternal ,word1 and so we interpret the prophecy of ,caiaphas as referring to the work of the personal ,christ3 ,john #aa3ea1 #eb--8;he prophesied that ,jesus should die for the nation2 and not for the nation only1 but that he might also gather together into one the children of ,god that are scattered abroad40 ,since ,christ is the ,word of ,god and the ,truth of ,god1 he may be received even by those who have not heard of his manifestation in the flesh4 ,a proud and selfrighteous morality is inconsistent with saving faith2 but a humble and penitent reliance upon ,god1 as a ,savior from sin and a guide of conduct1 is an implicit faith in ,christ2 for such reliance casts itself upon ,god1 so far as ,god has revealed himself1--and the only ,revealer of ,god is ,christ4 ,we have1 therefore1 the hope that even among the heathen there may be some1 like ,socrates1 who1 under the guidance of the ,holy ,spirit working through the truth of nature and conscience1 have found the way of life and salvation4 ,the number of such is so small as in no degree to weaken the claims of the missionary enterprise upon us4 ,but that there are such seems to be intimated in ,scripture3 ,mat4 #h3aa1 #ab--8many shall come from the east and the west1 and shall sit down with ,abraham1 and ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 in the kingdom of heaven3 but the sons of the kingdom shall be cast forth into the outer darkness02 ,john #aj3af--8;,and other sheep ,i have1 which are not of this fold3 them also ,i must bring1 and they shall hear my voice2 and they shall become one flock1 one shepherd02 ,acts #d3ab--8;,and in none other is there salvation3 for neither is there any other name under heaven1 that is given among men1 wherein we must be saved02 #aj3ca1 #cd1 #ce1 #dd--8;,cornelius1 thy prayer is heard1 and thine alms are had in remembrance in the sight of ,god4444 ,of a truth ,i perceive that ,god is no respecter of persons3 but in every nation he that feareth him1 and worketh righteousness1 is acceptable to him4444 ,while ,peter yet spake these words1 the ,holy ,spirit fell on all them that heard the word02 #af3ca--8;,believe on the ,lord ,jesus1 and thou shalt be saved1 thou and thy house40 ,and instances are found of apparently regenerated heathen2 see in ,godet on ,john #g3ag1 note 7vol4 #b3bgg71 the account of the so called 8,chinese hermit10 who accepted ,christ1 saying3 8,this is the only ,buddha whom men ought to worship60 ,edwards1 ,life of ,brainard1 #agcage1 gives an account 8of one who was a devout and zealous reformer1 or rather restorer1 of what he supposed was the ancient religion of the ,indians40 ,after a period of distress1 he says that ,god 8comforted his heart and showed him what he should do1 and since that time he had known ,god and tried to serve him2 and loved all men1 be they who they would1 so as he never did before40 ,see art4 by ,dr4 ,lucius ,e4 ,smith1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 ,oct4 #ahha3fbbfde1 on the question3 8,is salvation possible without a knowledge of the gospel80 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system1 #cbc1 note1 rightly bases hope for the heathen1 not on morality1 but on sacrifice4 ,a chief of the ,camaroons in ,s4 ,w4 ,africa1 fishing with many of his tribe long before the missionaries came1 was overtaken by a storm1 and while almost all the rest were drowned1 he and a few others escaped4 ,he gathered his people together afterwards and told the story of disaster4 ,he said3 8,when the canoes upset and ,i found myself battling with the waves1 ,i thought3 ,to whom shall ,i cry for help8 ,i knew that the god of the hills could not help me2 ,i knew that the evil spirit would not help me4 ,so ,i cried to the ,great ,father1 ,lord1 save me6 ,at that moment my feet touched the sand of the beach1 and ,i was safe4 ,now let all my people honor the ,great ,father1 and let no man speak a word against him1 for he can help us40 ,this chief afterwards used every effort to prevent strife and bloodshed1 and was remembered by those who came after as a peace maker4 ,his son told this story to ,alfred ,saker1 the missionary1 saying 8,why did you not come sooner8 ,my father longed to know what you have told us2 he thirsted for the knowledge of ,god40 ,mr4 ,saker told this in ,england in #ahgi4 ,john ,fiske appends to his book1 ,the ,idea of ,god1 #afh1 #afi1 the following pathetic words of a ,kafir1 named ,sekese1 in conversation with a ,french traveler1 ,m4 ,arbrouseille1 on the subject of the ,christian religion3 8,your tidings10 said this uncultured barbarian1 8are what ,i want1 and ,i was seeking before ,i knew you1 as you shall hear and judge for yourself4 ,twelve years ago ,i went to feed my flocks2 the weather was hazy4 ,i sat down upon a rock1 and asked myself sorrowful questions2 yes1 sorrowful1 because ,i was unable to answer them4 ,who has touched the stars with his hands--on what pillars do they rest8 ,i asked myself4 ,the waters never weary1 they know no other law than to flow without ceasing from morning till night and from night till morning2 but where do they stop1 and who makes them flow thus8 ,the clouds also come and go1 and burst in water over the earth4 ,whence come they--who sends them8 ,the diviners certainly do not give us rain2 for how could they do it8 ,and why do ,i not see them with my own eyes1 when they go up to heaven to fetch it8 ,i cannot see the wind2 but what is it8 ,who brings it1 makes it blow and roar and terrify us8 ,do ,i know how the corn sprouts8 ,yesterday there was not a blade in my field2 today ,i returned to my field and found some2 who can have given to the earth the wisdom and the power to produce it8 ,then ,i buried my head in both hands40 ,on the question whether men are ever led to faith1 without intercourse with living ,christians or preachers1 see ,life of ,judson1 by his son1 #hd4 ,the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society publish a statement1 made upon the authority of ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 that he met with 8an instance1 which was carefully investigated1 in which all the inhabitants of a remote village in the ,deccan had abjured idolatry and caste1 removed from their temples the idols which had been worshiped there time out of mind1 and agreed to profess a form of ,christianity which they had deduced from the careful perusal of a single ,gospel and a few tracts40 ,max ,mller1 ,chips1 #d3aggahi1 apparently proves that ,buddha is the original of ,st4 ,josaphat1 who has a day assigned to him in the calendar of both the ,greek and the ,roman churches4 8,sancte ,socrates1 ora pro nobis40 ,the ,missionary ,review of the ,world1 ,july1 #ahif3eaiebc1 tells the story of ,adiri1 afterwards called ,john ,king1 of ,maripastoon in ,dutch ,guiana4 ,the ,holy ,spirit wrought in him mightily years before he heard of the missionaries4 ,he was a coalblack negro1 a heathen and a fetish worshiper4 ,he was convicted of sin and apparently converted through dreams and visions4 ,heaven and hell were revealed to him4 ,he was sick unto death1 and ,one appeared to him declaring himself to be the ,mediator between ,god and man1 and telling him to go to the missionaries for instruction4 ,he was persecuted1 but he won his tribe from heathenism and transformed them into a ,christian community4 ,s4 ,w4 ,hamblen1 missionary to ,china1 tells of a very earnest and consistent believer who lived at rather an obscure town of about #bhjj people4 ,the evangelist went to visit him and found that he was a worthy example to those around him4 ,he had become a ,christian before he had seen a single believer1 by reading a ,chinese ,new ,testament4 ,although till the evangelist went to his house he had never met a ,baptist and did not know that there were any ,baptist churches in existence1 yet by reading the ,new ,testament he had become not only a ,christian but a strong ,baptist in belief1 so strong that he could argue with the missionary on the subject of baptism4 ,the ,rev4 ,k4 ,e4 ,malm1 a pioneer ,baptist preacher in ,sweden1 on a journey to the district as far north as ,gestrikland1 met a woman from ,lapland who was on her way to ,upsala in order to visit ,dr4 ,fjellstedt and converse with him as to how she might obtain peace with ,god and get rid of her anxiety concerning her sins4 ,she said she had traveled #fj 7 #bdj ,english7 miles1 and she had still far to go4 ,malm improved the opportunity to speak to her concerning the crucified ,christ1 and she found peace in believing on his atonement4 ,she became so happy that she clapped her hands1 and for joy could not sleep that night4 ,she said later3 8,now ,i will return home and tell the people what ,i have found40 ,this she did1 and did not care to continue her journey to ,upsala1 in order to get comfort from ,dr4 ,fjellstedt4 7c7 ,that the ground of faith is the external word of promise4 ,the ground of assurance1 on the other hand1 is the inward witness of the ,spirit that we fulfil the conditions of the promise 7,rom4 #d3bj1 #ba2 #h3af2 ,eph4 #a3ac2 #a ,john #d3ac2 #e3aj74 ,this witness of the ,spirit is not a new revelation from ,god1 but a strengthening of faith so that it becomes conscious and indubitable4 ,true faith is possible without assurance of salvation4 ,but if ,alexander's view were correct1 that the object of saving faith is the proposition3 8,god1 for ,christ's sake1 now looks with reconciling love on me1 a sinner10 no one could believe1 without being at the same time assured that he was a saved person4 ,upon the true view1 that the object of saving faith is not a proposition1 but a person1 we can perceive not only the simplicity of faith1 but the possibility of faith even where the soul is destitute of assurance or of joy4 ,hence those who already believe are urged to seek for assurance 7,heb4 #f3aa2 #b ,peter #a3aj74 ,rom4 #d3bj1 #ba--8looking unto the promise of ,god1 he wavered not through unbelief1 but waxed strong through faith1 giving glory to ,god1 and being fully assured that what he had promised1 he was able also to perform02 #h3af--8,the ,spirit himself beareth witness with our spirit1 that we are children of ,god02 ,eph4 #a3ac--8;in whom1 having also believed1 ye were sealed with the ,holy ,spirit of promise02 #a ,john #d3ac--8;hereby we know that we abide in him1 and he in us1 because he hath given us of his ,spirit02 #e3aj--8;,he that believeth on the ,son of ,god hath the witness in him40 ,this assurance is not of the essence of faith1 because believers are exhorted to attain to it3 ,heb4 #f3aa--8;,and we desire that each one of you may show the same diligence unto the fulness of hope marg4--#8full assurance' even to the end02 #b ,pet4 #a3aj--8,wherefore1 brethren1 give the more diligence to make your calling and election sure40 ,cf4 ,prov4 #ad3ad--8;a good man shall be satisfied from himself40 ,there is need to guard the doctrine of assurance from mysticism4 ,the witness of the ,spirit is not a new and direct revelation from ,god4 ,it is a strengthening of previously existing faith until he who possesses this faith cannot any longer doubt that he possesses it4 ,it is a general rule that all our emotions1 when they become exceedingly strong1 also become conscious4 ,instance affection between man and woman4 ,edwards1 ,religious ,affections1 in ,works1 #c3hcia1 says the witness of the ,spirit is not a new word or suggestion from ,god1 but an enlightening and sanctifying influence1 so that the heart is drawn forth to embrace the truth already revealed1 and to perceive that it embraces it4 8,bearing witness0 is not in this case to declare and assert a thing to be true1 but to hold forth evidence from which a thing may be proved to be true3 ,god 8beareth witness 444 by signs and wonders0 7,heb4 #b3d74 ,so the 8seal of the ,spirit0 is not a voice or suggestion1 but a work or effect of the ,spirit1 left as a divine mark upon the soul1 to be an evidence by which ,god's children may be known4 ,seals had engraved upon them the image or name of the persons to whom they belonged4 ,the 8seal of the ,spirit10 the 8earnest of the ,spirit10 the 8witness of the ,spirit10 are all one thing4 ,the childlike spirit1 given by the ,holy ,spirit1 is the ,holy ,spirit's witness or evidence in us4 ,see also illustration of faith and assurance1 in ,c4 ,s4 ,robinson's ,short ,studies for ,s4 ,s4 ,teachers1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,faith should be distinguished not only from assurance1 but also from feeling or joy4 ,instance ,abraham's faith when he went to sacrifice ,isaac2 and ,madame ,guyon's faith1 when ,god's face seemed hid from her4 ,see1 on the witness of the ,spirit1 ,short1 ,bampton ,lectures for #ahdf2 ,british and ,for4 ,evan4 ,rev41 #ahhh3fagfca4 ,for the view which confounds faith with assurance1 see ,alexander1 ,discourses on ,faith1 #fcaah4 ,it is important to distinguish saving faith from assurance of faith1 for the reason that lack of assurance is taken by so many real ,christians as evidence that they know nothing of the grace of ,god4 ,to use once more a wellworn illustration3 ,it is getting into the boat that saves us1 and not our comfortable feelings about the boat4 ,what saves us is faith in ,christ1 not faith in our faith1 or faith in the faith4 ,the astronomer does not turn his telescope to the reflection of the sun or moon in the water1 when he can turn it to the sun or moon itself4 ,why obscure our faith1 when we can look to ,christ8 ,the faith in a distant ,redeemer was the faith of ,christian1 in ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,only at the end of his journey does ,christian have ,christ's presence4 ,this representation rests upon a wrong conception of faith as laying hold of a promise or a doctrine1 rather than as laying hold of the living and present ,christ4 ,the old ,scotch woman's direction to the inquirer to 8grip the promise0 is not so good as the direction to 8grip ,christ40 ,sir ,francis ,drake1 the great ,english sailor1 had for his crest an anchor with a cable running up into the sky4 ,a poor boy1 taught in a mission school in ,ireland1 when asked what was meant by saving faith1 replied3 8,it is grasping ,god with the heart40 ,the view of ,charles ,hodge1 like that of ,alexander1 puts doctrine before ,christ1 and makes the formal principle1 the supremacy of ,scripture1 superior to the material principle1 justification by faith4 ,the ,shorter ,catechism is better3 8,faith in ,christ is a saving grace1 whereby we receive and rest on him alone for salvation1 as he is offered to us in the gospel40 ,if this relation of faith to the personal ,christ had been kept in mind1 much religious despondency might have been avoided4 ,murphy1 ,natural ,selection and ,spiritual ,freedom1 #cj1 #ca1 tells us that ,frances ,ridley ,havergal could never fix the date of her conversion4 ,from the age of six to that of fourteen she suffered from religious fears1 and did not venture to call herself a ,christian4 ,it was the result of confounding being at peace with ,god and being conscious of that peace4 ,so the mother of ,frederick ,denison ,maurice1 an admirable and deeply religious woman1 endured long and deep mental suffering from doubts as to her personal election4 ,there is a witness of the ,spirit1 with some sinners1 that they are not children of ,god1 and this witness is through the truth1 though the sinner does not know that it is the ,spirit who reveals it to him4 ,we call this work of the ,spirit conviction of sin4 ,the witness of the ,spirit that we are children of ,god1 and the assurance of faith of which ,scripture speaks1 are one and the same thing1 the former designation only emphasizing the source from which the assurance springs4 ,false assurance is destitute of humility1 but true assurance is so absorbed in ,christ that self is forgotten4 ,selfconsciousness1 and desire to display one's faith1 are not marks of true assurance4 ,when we say3 8,that man has a great deal of assurance10 we have in mind the false and self centered assurance of the hypocrite or the selfdeceiver4 ,allen1 ,jonathan ,edwards1 #bca--8;,it has been said that any one who can read ,edwards's ,religious ,affections1 and still believe in his own conversion1 may well have the highest assurance of its reality4 ,but how few there were in ,edwards's time who gained the assurance1 may be inferred from the circumstance that ,dr4 ,hopkins and ,dr4 ,emmons1 disciples of ,edwards and religious leaders in ,new ,england1 remained to the last uncertain of their conversion40 ,he can attribute this only to the semideistic spirit of the time1 with its distant ,god and imperfect apprehension of the omnipresence and omnipotence of ,christ4 ,nothing so clearly marks the practical progress of ,christianity as the growing faith in ,jesus1 the only ,revealer of ,god in nature and history as well as in the heart of the believer4 ,as never before1 faith comes directly to ,christ1 abides in him1 and finds his promise true3 8,lo1 ,i am with you always1 even unto the end of the world0 7,mat4 #bh3bj74 8,nothing before1 nothing behind2 ,the steps of faith ,fall on the seeming void and find ,the ,rock beneath40 7d7 ,that faith necessarily leads to good works1 since it embraces the whole truth of ,god so far as made known1 and appropriates ,christ1 not only as an external ,savior1 but as an internal sanctifying power 7,heb4 #g3ae1 #af2 ,gal4 #e3f74 ,good works are the proper evidence of faith4 ,the faith which does not lead men to act upon the commands and promises of ,christ1 or1 in other words1 does not lead to obedience1 is called in ,scripture a 8dead10 that is1 an unreal1 faith4 ,such faith is not saving1 since it lacks the voluntary element--actual appropriation of ,christ 7,james #b3adbf74 ,heb4 #g3ae1 #af--8;another priest1 who hath been made1 not after the law of a carnal commandment1 but after the power of an endless life02 ,gal4 #e3f--8;,for in ,christ ,jesus neither circumcision availeth anything1 nor uncircumcision2 but faith working through love02 ,james #b3ad1 #bf--8,what doth it profit1 my brethren1 if a man say he hath faith1 but have not works8 ,can that faith save him8444 ,for as the body apart from the spirit is dead1 even so faith apart from works is dead40 ,the best evidence that ,i believe a man's word is that ,i act upon it4 ,instance the bankcashier's assurance to me that a sum of money is deposited with him to my account4 ,if ,i am a millionaire1 the communication may cause me no special joy4 ,my faith in the cashier's word is tested by my going1 or not going1 for the money4 ,so my faith in ,christ is evidenced by my acting upon his commands and promises4 ,we may illustrate also by the lifting of the trolley to the wire1 and the resulting light and heat and motion to the car that before stood dark and cold and motionless upon the track4 ,salvation by works is like getting to one's destination by pushing the car4 ,true faith depends upon ,god for energy1 but it results in activity of all our powers4 ,rom4 #c3bh--8,we reckon therefore that a man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law40 ,we are saved only by faith1 yet this faith will be sure to bring forth good works2 see ,gal4 #e3f--8;faith working through love40 ,dead faith might be illustrated by ,abraham ,lincoln's ,mississippi steamboat1 whose whistle was so big that1 when it sounded1 the boat stopped4 ,confession exhausts the energy1 so that none is left for action4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,the ,first ,thing in the ,world1 or ,the ,primacy of ,faith3 8,david ,brainard speaks with a kind of suppressed astonishment of what he observed among the degraded ,north ,american ,indians2 how1 preaching to them the good news of salvation through the atonement of ,christ and persuading them to accept it by faith1 and then hastening on in his rapid missionary tours1 he found1 on returning upon his track a year or two later1 that the fruits of righteousness and sobriety and virtue and brotherly love were everywhere visible1 though it had been possible to impart to them only the slightest moral or ethical teaching40 7e7 ,that faith1 as characteristically the inward act of reception1 is not to be confounded with love or obedience1 its fruit4 ,faith is1 in the ,scriptures1 called a work1 only in the sense that man's active powers are engaged in it4 ,it is a work which ,god requires1 yet which ,god enables man to perform 7,john #f3bi-- 4 ,cf4 ,rom4 #a3ag-- 74 ,as the gift of ,god and as the mere taking of undeserved mercy1 it is expressly excluded from the category of works upon the basis of which man may claim salvation 7,rom4 #c3bh2 #d3d1 #e1 #af74 ,it is not the act of the full soul bestowing1 but the act of an empty soul receiving4 ,although this reception is prompted by a drawing of heart toward ,god inwrought by the ,holy ,spirit1 this drawing of heart is not yet a conscious and developed love3 such love is the result of faith 7,gal4 #e3f74 ,what precedes faith is an unconscious and undeveloped tendency or disposition toward ,god4 ,conscious and developed affection toward ,god1 or love proper1 must always follow faith and be the product of faith4 ,so1 too1 obedience can be rendered only after faith has laid hold of ,christ1 and with him has obtained the spirit of obedience 7,rom4 #a3e-- 8obedience resulting from faith074 ,hence faith is not the procuring cause of salvation1 but is only the instrumental cause4 ,the procuring cause is the ,christ1 whom faith embraces4 ,john #f3bi--8,this is the work of ,god1 that ye believe on him whom he hath sent02 cf4 ,rom4 #a3ag--8;,for therein is revealed a righteousness of ,god from faith unto faith3 as it is written1 ,but the righteous shall live by faith02 ,rom4 #c3bh--8,we reckon therefore that a man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law02 #d3d1 #e1 #af--8,now to him that worketh1 the reward is not reckoned as of grace1 but as of debt4 ,but to him that worketh not1 but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly1 his faith is reckoned for righteousness4444 ,for this cause it is of faith1 that it may be according to grace02 ,gal4 #e3f--8;,for in ,christ ,jesus neither circumcision availeth anything1 nor uncircumcision2 but faith working through love02 ,rom4 #a3e--8through whom we received grace and apostleship1 unto obedience of faith among all the nations40 ,faith stands as an intermediate factor between the unconscious and undeveloped tendency or disposition toward ,god inwrought in the soul by ,god's regenerating act1 on the one hand1 and the conscious and developed affection toward ,god which is one of the fruits and evidences of conversion1 on the other4 ,illustrate by the motherly instinct shown in a little girl's care for her doll1--a motherly instinct which becomes a developed mother's love1 only when a child of her own is born4 ,this new love of the ,christian is an activity of his own soul1 and yet it is a 8fruit of the ,spirit0 7,gal4 #e3bb74 ,to attribute it wholly to himself would be like calling the walking and leaping of the lame man 7,acts #c3h7 merely a healthy activity of his own4 ,for illustration of the priority of faith to love1 see ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3ecc1 note2 on the relation of faith to love1 see ,julius ,mller1 ,doct4 ,sin1 #a3aaf1 #aag4 ,the logical order is therefore3 #a4 ,unconscious and undeveloped love2 #b4 ,faith in ,christ and his truth2 #c4 ,conscious and developed love2 #d4 ,assurance of faith4 ,faith and love act and react upon one another4 ,each advance in the one leads to a corresponding advance in the other4 ,but the source of all is in ,god4 ,god loves1 and therefore he gives love to us as well as receives love from us4 ,the unconscious and undeveloped love which he imparts in regeneration is the root of all ,christian faith4 ,the ,roman ,catholic is right in affirming the priority of love to faith1 if he means by love only this unconscious and undeveloped affection4 ,but the ,protestant is also right in affirming the priority of faith to love1 if he means by love a conscious and developed affection4 ,stevens1 ,johannine ,theology1 #cfh--8;,faith is not a mere passive receptivity4 ,as the acceptance of a divine life1 it involves the possession of a new moral energy4 ,faith works by love4 ,in faith a new lifeforce is received1 and new lifepowers stir within the ,christian man40 ,we must not confound repentance with fruits meet for repentance1 nor faith with fruits meet for faith4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,the ,first ,thing in the ,world3 8,love is the greatest thing in the world1 but faith is the first4 ,the tree is greater than the root1 but let it not boast3 #8if thou gloriest1 it is not thou that bearest the root1 but the root thee' 7,rom4 #aa3ah74 ,love has no power to branch out and bear fruit1 except as1 through faith1 it is rooted in ,christ and draws nourishment from him4 #a ,pet4 #a3e--#8who by the power of ,god are guarded through faith unto a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time'2 #a ,cor4 #ac3ac--#8now abideth faith1 hope1 love'2 ,heb4 #aj3aibe--#8;draw near 444 in fulness of faith 444 hold fast the confession of our hope 444 provoke unto love and good works'2 ,rom4 #e3ae--#8;justified by faith 444 rejoice in hope 444 love of ,god hath been shed abroad in our hearts'2 #a ,thess4 #a3a1 #b--#8work of faith and labor of love and patience of hope4' ,faith is the actinic ray1 hope the luminiferous ray1 love the calorific ray4 ,but faith contains the principle of the divine likeness1 as the life of the parent given to the child contains the principle of likeness to the father1 and will insure moral and physical resemblance in due time40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #aab--8 #8,the love of the ,spirit' 7,rom4 #ae3cj7 is the love of the ,spirit of ,christ1 and it is given us for overcoming the world4 ,the divine life is the source of the divine love4 ,therefore the love of ,god is #8shed abroad in our hearts by the ,holy ,spirit who is given unto us' 7,rom4 #e3e74 ,because we are by nature so wholly without heavenly affection1 ,god1 through the indwelling ,spirit1 gives us his own love with which to love himself40 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,christ in ,creation1 #bhf1 #bhg1 points out that in #b ,cor4 #e3ad--8the love of ,christ constraineth us0--the love of ,christ is 8not our love to ,christ1 for that is a very weak and uncertain thing2 nor even ,christ's love to us1 for that is still something external to us4 ,each of these leaves a separation between ,christ and us1 and fails to act as a moving power within4444 ,not simply our love to ,christ1 nor simply ,christ's love to us1 but rather ,christ's love in us1 is the love that constrains4 ,this is the thought of the apostle40 ,the first fruit of this love1 in its still unconscious and undeveloped state1 is faith4 7f7 ,that faith is susceptible of increase4 ,this is evident1 whether we consider it from the human or from the divine side4 ,as an act of man1 it has an intellectual1 an emotional1 and a voluntary element1 each of which is capable of growth4 ,as a work of ,god in the soul of man1 it can receive1 through the presentation of the truth and the quickening agency of the ,holy ,spirit1 continually new accessions of knowledge1 sensibility1 and active energy4 ,such increase of faith1 therefore1 we are to seek1 both by resolute exercise of our own powers1 and above all1 by direct application to the source of faith in ,god 7,luke #ag3e74 ,luke #ag3e--8;,and the apostles said unto the ,lord1 ,increase our faith40 ,the adult ,christian has more faith than he had when a child1--evidently there has been increase4 #a ,cor4 #ab3h1 #i--8;,for to one is given through the ,spirit the word of wisdom 444 to another faith1 in the same ,spirit40 ,in this latter passage1 it seems to be intimated that for special exigencies the ,holy ,spirit gives to his servants special faith1 so that they are enabled to lay hold of the general promise of ,god and make special application of it4 ,rom4 #h3bf1 #bg--8the ,spirit also helpeth our infirmity 444 maketh intercession for us 444 maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of ,god02 #a ,john #e3ad1 #ae--8;,and this is the boldness which we have toward him1 that1 if we ask anything according to his will1 he heareth us3 and if we know that he heareth us whatsoever we ask1 we know that we have the petitions which we have asked of him40 ,only when we begin to believe1 do we appreciate our lack of faith1 and the great need of its increase4 ,the little beginning of light makes known the greatness of the surrounding darkness4 ,mark #i3bd--8;,i believe2 help thou mine unbelief0--was the utterance of one who recognized both the need of faith and the true source of supply4 ,on the general subject of ,faith1 see ,kstlin1 ,die ,lehre von dem ,glauben1 #ache1 #cjacda1 and in ,jahrbuch f4 d4 ,theol41 #d3agg sq42 ,romaine on ,faith1 #ihi2 ,bishop of ,ossory1 ,nature and ,effects of ,faith1 #adj2 ,venn1 ,characteristics of ,belief1 ,introduction2 ,nitzsch1 ,system of ,christ4 ,doct41 #bid4 ,,iv4 ,justification4 #a4 ,definition of ,justification4 ,by justification we mean that judicial act of ,god by which1 on account of ,christ1 to whom the sinner is united by faith1 he declares that sinner to be no longer exposed to the penalty of the law1 but to be restored to his favor4 ,or1 to give an alternative definition from which all metaphor is excluded3 ,justification is the reversal of ,god's attitude toward the sinner1 because of the sinner's new relation to ,christ4 ,god did condemn2 he now acquits4 ,he did repel2 he now admits to favor4 ,justification1 as thus defined1 is therefore a declarative act1 as distinguished from an efficient act2 an act of ,god external to the sinner1 as distinguished from an act within the sinner's nature and changing that nature2 a judicial act1 as distinguished from a sovereign act2 an act based upon and logically presupposing the sinner's union with ,christ1 as distinguished from an act which causes and is followed by that union with ,christ4 ,the word 8declarative0 does not imply a 8spoken0 word on ,god's part1--much less that the sinner hears ,god speak4 ,that justification is sovereign1 is held by ,arminians1 and by those who advocate a governmental theory of the atonement4 ,on any such theory1 justification must be sovereign2 since ,christ bore1 not the penalty of the law1 but a substituted suffering which ,god graciously and sovereignly accepts in place of our suffering and obedience4 ,anselm1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 #aajj1 wrote a tract for the consolation of the dying1 who were alarmed on account of sin4 ,the following is an extract from it3 8,question4 ,dost thou believe that the ,lord ,jesus died for thee8 ,answer4 ,i believe it4 ,qu4 ,dost thou thank him for his passion and death8 ,ans4 ,i do thank him4 ,qu4 ,dost thou believe that thou canst not be saved except by his death8 ,ans4 ,i believe it40 ,and then ,anselm addresses the dying man3 8,come then1 while life remaineth in thee2 in his death alone place thy whole trust2 in naught else place any trust2 to his death commit thyself wholly2 with this alone cover thyself wholly2 and if the ,lord thy ,god will to judge thee1 say1 #8,lord1 between thy judgment and me ,i present the death of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 no otherwise can ,i contend with thee4' ,and if he shall say that thou art a sinner1 say thou3 #8,lord1 ,i interpose the death of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ between my sins and thee4' ,if he say that thou hast deserved condemnation1 say3 #8,lord1 ,i set the death of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ between my evil deserts and thee1 and his merits ,i offer for those which ,i ought to have and have not4' ,if he say that he is wroth with thee1 say3 #8,lord1 ,i oppose the death of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ between thy wrath and me4' ,and when thou hast completed this1 say again3 #8,lord1 ,i set the death of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ between thee and me4' 0 ,see ,anselm1 ,opera 7,migne71 #a3fhf1 #fhg4 ,the above quotation gives us reason to believe that the ,new ,testament doctrine of justification by faith was implicitly1 if not explicitly1 held by many pious souls through all the ages of papal darkness4 #b4 ,proof of the ,doctrine of ,justification4 ,a4 ,scripture proofs of the doctrine as a whole are the following3 ,rom4 #a3ag--8;a righteousness of ,god from faith unto faith02 #c3bdcj--8;being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in ,christ ,jesus 444 the justifier of him that hath faith in ,jesus4444 ,we reckon therefore that a man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law 444 justify the circumcision by faith1 and the uncircumsion through faith02 ,gal4 #c3aa--8,now that no man is justified by the law before ,god1 is evident3 for1 ,the righteous shall live by faith2 and the law is not of faith2 but1 ,he that doeth them shall live in them02 ,eph4 #a3g--8;in whom we have our redemption through his blood1 the forgiveness of our trespasses1 according to the riches of his grace02 ,heb4 #aa3d1 #g--8;,by faith ,abel offered unto ,god a more excellent sacrifice than ,cain1 through which he had witness borne to him that he was righteous4444 ,by faith ,noah 444 moved with godly fear1 prepared an ark 444 became heir of the righteousness which is according to faith02 cf4 ,gen4 #ae3f--8;,and he believed in ,jehovah2 and he reckoned it to him for righteousness02 ,is4 #g3i--8;,if ye will not believe1 surely ye shall not be established02 #bh3af--8;he that believeth shall not be in haste02 ,hab4 #b3d--8the righteous shall live by his faith40 ,ps4 #he3h--8;,he will speak peace unto his people40 ,god's great word of pardon includes all else4 ,peace with him implies all the covenant privileges resulting therefrom4 #a ,cor4 #c3babc--8;all things are yours10 because 8ye are ,christ's2 and ,christ is ,god's40 ,this is not salvation by law1 nor by ideals1 nor by effort1 nor by character2 although obedience to law1 and a loftier ideal1 and unremitting effort1 and a pure character1 are consequences of justification4 ,justification is the change in ,god's attitude toward the sinner which makes all these consequences possible4 ,the only condition of justification is the sinner's faith in ,jesus1 which merges the life of the sinner in the life of ,christ4 ,paul expresses the truth in ,gal4 #b3af1 #bj--8,knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law but through faith in ,jesus ,christ1 even we believed on ,christ ,jesus1 that we might be justified by faith in ,christ1 and not by the works of the law 444 ,i have been crucified with ,christ2 and it is no longer ,i that live1 but ,christ liveth in me3 and that life which ,i now live in the flesh ,i live in faith1 the faith which is in the ,son of ,god1 who loved me1 and gave himself up for me40 ,with these observations and qualifications we may assent to much that is said by ,whiton1 ,divine ,satisfaction1 #fd1 who distinguishes between forgiveness and remission3 8,forgiveness is the righting of disturbed personal relations4 ,remission is removal of the consequences which in the natural order of things have resulted from our fault4 ,god forgives all that is strictly personal1 but remits nothing that is strictly natural in sin4 ,he imparts to the sinner the power to bear his burden and work off his debt of consequences4 ,forgiveness is not remission4 ,it is introductory to remission1 just as conversion is not salvation1 but introductory to salvation4 ,the prodigal was received by his father1 but he could not recover his lost patrimony4 ,he could1 however1 have been led by penitence to work so hard that he earned more than he had lost4 8,here is an element in justification which ,protestantism has ignored1 and which ,romanism has tried to retain4 ,debts must be paid to the uttermost farthing4 ,the scars of past sins must remain forever4 ,forgiveness converts the persistent energy of past sin from a destructive to a constructive power4 ,there is a transformation of energy into a new form4 ,genuine repentance spurs us up to do what we can to make up for time lost and for wrong done4 ,the sinner is clothed anew with moral power4 ,we are all to be judged by our works4 ,that ,paul had been a blasphemer was ever stimulating him to ,christian endeavor4 ,the faith which receives ,christ is a peculiar spirit1 a certain moral activity of love and obedience4 ,it is not mere reliance on what ,christ was and did1 but active endeavor to become and to do like him4 ,human justice takes hold of deeds2 divine righteousness deals with character4 ,justification by faith is justification by spirit and inward principle1 apart from the merit of works or performances1 but never without these4 ,god's charity takes the will for the deed4 ,this is not justification by outward conduct1 as the ,judaizers thought1 but by the godly spirit40 ,if this new spirit be the ,spirit of ,christ to whom faith has united the soul1 we can accept the statement4 ,there is danger however of conceiving this spirit as purely man's own1 and justification as not external to the sinner nor as the work of ,god1 but as the mere name for a subjective process by which man justifies himself4 ,b4 ,scripture use of the special words translated 8justify0 and 8justification0 in the ,septuagint and in the ,new ,testament4 7a7 --uniformly1 or with only a single exception1 signifies1 not to make righteous1 but to declare just1 or free from guilt and exposure to punishment4 ,the only ,o4 ,t4 passage where this meaning is questionable is ,dan4 #ab3c4 ,but even here the proper translation is1 in all probability1 not 8they that turn many to righteousness10 but 8they that justify many10 i4 e41 cause many to be justified4 ,for the ,hiphil force of the verb1 see ,girdlestone1 ,o4 ,t4 ,syn41 #beg1 #beh1 and ,delitzsch on ,is4 #ec3aa2 cf4 ,james #e3ai1 #bj4 ,o4 ,t4 texts3 ,ex4 #bc3g--8;,i will not justify the wicked02 ,deut4 #be3a--8they the judges shall justify the righteous1 and condemn the wicked02 ,job #bg3e--8;,far be it from me that ,i should justify you02 ,ps4 #adc3b--8;in thy sight no man living is righteous02 ,prov4 #ag3ae--8;,he that justifieth the wicked1 and he that condemneth the righteous1 ,both of them alike are an abomination to ,jehovah02 ,is4 #e3bc--8that justify the wicked for a bribe1 and take away the righteousness of the righteous from him02 #ej3h--8;,he is near that justifieth me02 #ec3aa--8;by the knowledge of himself shall my righteous servant justify many2 and he shall bear their iniquities02 ,dan4 #ab3c--8;and they that turn many to righteousness1 as the stars for ever and ever0 78they that justify many10 i4 e41 cause many to be justified72 cf4 ,james #e3ai1 #bj--8,my brethren1 if any among you err from the truth1 and one convert him2 let him know1 that he who converteth a sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death1 and shall cover a multitude of sins40 ,the ,christian minister absolves from sin1 only as he marries a couple3 he does not join them1--he only declares them joined4 ,so he declares men forgiven1 if they have complied with the appointed divine conditions4 ,marriage may be invalid where these conditions are lacking1 but the minister's absolution is of no account where there is no repentance of sin and faith in ,christ2 see ,g4 ,d4 ,boardman1 ,the ,church1 #agh4 ,we are ever to remember that the term justification is a forensic term which presents the change of ,god's attitude toward the sinner in a pictorial way derived from the procedure of earthly tribunals4 ,the fact is larger and more vital than the figure used to describe it4 ,mc,connell1 ,evolution of ,immortality1 #acd1 #ace--8;,christ's terms are biological2 those of many theologians are legal4 ,it may be ages before we recover from the misfortune of having had the truth of ,christ interpreted and fixed by jurists and logicians1 instead of by naturalists and men of science4 ,it is much as though the rationale of the circulation of the blood had been wrought out by ,sir ,matthew ,hale1 or the germ theory of disease interpreted by ,blackstone1 or the doctrine of evolution formulated by a legislative council4444 ,the ,christ is intimately and vitally concerned with the eternal life of men1 but the question involved is of their living or perishing1 not of a system of judicial rewards and penalties40 ,we must remember however that even biology gives us only one side of the truth4 ,the forensic conception of justification furnishes its complement and has its rights also4 ,the ,scriptures represent both sides of the truth4 ,paul gives us the judicial aspect1 ,john the vital aspect1 of justification4 ,in ,rom4 #f3g-- 8he that once died with ,christ was acquitted from the service of sin considered as a penality40 ,in #a ,cor4 #d3d-- 4 8,i am conscious of no fault1 but that does not in itself make certain ,god's acquittal as respects this particular charge40 ,the usage of the epistle of ,james does not contradict this2 the doctrine of ,james is that we are justified only by such faith as makes us faithful and brings forth good works4 8,he uses the word exclusively in a judicial sense2 he combats a mistaken view of 1 not a mistaken view of 02 see ,james #b3ba1 #bc1 #bd1 and ,cremer1 ,n4 ,t4 ,lexicon1 ,eng4 trans41 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,the only ,n4 ,t4 passage where this meaning is questionable is ,rev4 #bb3aa2 but here ,alford1 with 1 ,a and ,b1 reads 4 ,n4 ,t4 texts3 ,mat4 #ab3cg--8;,for by thy words thou shalt be justified1 and by thy words thou shalt be condemned02 ,luke #g3bi--8;,and all the people 444 justified ,god1 being baptized with the baptism of ,john02 #aj3bi--8;,but he1 desiring to justify himself1 said unto ,jesus1 ,and who is my neighbor80 #af3ae--8,ye are they that justify yourselves in the sight of men2 but ,god knoweth your hearts02 #ah3ad--8,this man went down to his house justified rather than the other02 cf4 #ac 7lit47 8,god1 be thou propitiated toward me the sinner02 ,rom4 #d3fh--8;,even as ,david also pronounceth blessing upon the man1 unto whom ,god reckoneth righteousness apart from works1 saying1 ,blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven1 ,and whose sins are covered4 ,blessed is the man to whom the ,lord will not reckon sin02 cf4 ,ps4 #cb3a1 #b1--8;,blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven1 ,whose sin is covered4 ,blessed is the man unto whom ,jehovah imputeth not iniquity1 ,and in whose spirit there is no guile40 ,rom4 #e3ah1 #ai--8,so then as through one trespass the judgment came unto all men to condemnation2 even so through one act of righteousness the free gift came unto all men to justification of life4 ,for as through the one man's disobedience the many were made sinners1 even so through the obedience of the one shall the many be made righteous02 #h3cc1 #cd--8,who shall lay anything to the charge of ,god's elect8 ,it is ,god that justifieth2 who is he that condemneth80 #b ,cor4 #e3ai1 #ba--8;,god was in ,christ reconciling the world unto himself1 not reckoning unto them their trespasses4444 ,him who knew no sin he made to be sin on our behalf2 that we might become the righteousness of ,god ,god's justified persons in him02 ,rom4 #f3g--8;he that hath died is justified from sin02 #a ,cor4 #d3d--8;,for ,i know nothing against myself2 yet am ,i not hereby justified3 but he that judgeth me is the ,lord0 7on this last text1 see ,expositor's ,greek ,testament1 in loco74 ,james #b3ba1 #bc1 #bd--8,was not ,abraham our father justified by works1 in that he offered up ,isaac his son upon the altar8444 ,abraham believed ,god1 and it was reckoned unto him for righteousness4444 ,ye see that by works a man is justified1 and not only by faith40 ,james is denouncing a dead faith1 while ,paul is speaking of the necessity of a living faith2 or1 rather1 ,james is describing the nature of faith1 while ,paul is describing the instrument of justification4 8,they are like two men beset by a couple of robbers4 ,back to back each strikes out against the robber opposite him1--each having a different enemy in his eye0 7,wm4 ,m4 ,taylor74 ,neander on ,james #b3adbf--8;,james is denouncing mere adhesion to an external law1 trust in intellectual possession of it4 ,with him1 law means an inward principle of life4 ,paul1 contrasting law as he does with faith1 commonly means by law mere external divine requisition4444 ,james does not deny salvation to him who has faith1 but only to him who falsely professes to have4 ,when he says that #8by works a man is justified1' he takes into account the outward manifestation only1 speaks from the point of view of human consciousness4 ,in works only does faith show itself as genuine and complete40 ,rev4 #bb3aa--8;he that is righteous1 let him do righteousness still0--not1 as the ,a4 ,v4 seemed to imply1 8he that is just1 let him be justified still0--i4 e41 made subjectively holy4 ,christ is the great ,physician4 ,the physician says3 8,if you wish to be cured1 you must trust me40 ,the patient replies3 8,i do trust you fully40 ,but the physician continues3 8,if you wish to be cured1 you must take my medicines and do as ,i direct40 ,the patient objects3 8,but ,i thought ,i was to be cured by trust in you4 ,why lay such stress on what ,i do80 ,the physician answers3 8,you must show your trust in me by your action4 ,trust in me1 without action in proof of trust1 amounts to nothing0 7,s4 ,s4 ,times74 ,doing without a physician is death2 hence ,paul says works cannot save4 ,trust in the physician implies obedience2 hence ,james says faith without works is dead4 ,crane1 ,religion of ,tomorrow1 #aebaee--8,paul insists on appletree righteousness1 and warns us against ,christmastree righteousness40 ,sagebeer1 ,the ,bible in ,court1 #gg1gh--8;,by works1 ,paul means works of law2 ,james means by works1 works of faith40 ,hovey1 in ,the ,watchman1 ,aug4 #bg1 #ahia--8;,a difference of emphasis1 occasioned chiefly by the different religious perils to which readers were at the time exposed40 7b7 --is the act1 in process1 of declaring a man just1--that is1 acquitted from guilt and restored to the divine favor 7,rom4 #d3be2 #e3ah74 ,rom4 #d3be--8who was delivered up for our trespasses1 and was raised for our justification02 #e3ah--8unto all men to justification of life40 ,griffith,jones1 ,ascent through ,christ1 #cfg1 #cfh--8,raised for our justification0 ,christ's death made our justification possible1 but it did not consummate it4 ,through his rising from the dead he was able to come into that relationship to the believer which restores the lost or interrupted sonship4 ,in the church the fact of the resurrection is perpetuated1 and the idea of the resurrection is realized4 7c7 --is the act1 as already accomplished1 of declaring a man just1--that is1 no longer exposed to penalty1 but restored to ,god's favor 7,rom4 #e3af1 #ah2 cf4 #a ,tim4 #c3af74 ,hence1 in other connections1 has the meaning of statute1 legal decision1 act of justice 7,luke #a3f2 ,rom4 #b3bf2 ,heb4 #i3a74 ,rom4 #e3af1 #ah--8of many trespasses unto justification 444 through one act of righteousness02 cf4 #a ,tim4 #c3af--8;justified in the spirit40 ,the distinction between and may be illustrated by the distinction between poesy and poem1--the former denoting something in process1 an everworking spirit2 the latter denoting something fully accomplished1 a completed work4 ,hence is used in ,luke #a3f--8ordinances of the ,lord02 ,rom4 #b3bf--8ordinances of the law02 ,heb4 #i3a--8ordinances of divine service40 7d7 --is the state of one justified1 or declared just 7,rom4 #h3aj2 #a ,cor4 #a3cj74 ,in ,rom4 #aj3c1 ,paul inveighs against as insufficient and false1 and in its place would put 1--that is1 a which ,god not only requires1 but provides2 which is not only acceptable to ,god1 but proceeds from ,god1 and is appropriated by faith1--hence called or 4 8,the primary signification of the word1 in ,paul's writings1 is therefore that state of the believer which is called forth by ,god's act of acquittal1--the state of the believer as justified10 that is1 freed from punishment and restored to the divine favor4 ,rom4 #h3aj--8the spirit is life because of righteousness02 #a ,cor4 #a3cj--8;,christ ,jesus1 who was made unto us 444 righteousness02 ,rom4 #aj3c--8;being ignorant of ,god's righteousness1 and seeking to establish their own1 they did not subject themselves to the righteousness of ,god40 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3edb--8,the #8righteousness of ,god' is the active and passive obedience of incarnate ,god40 ,see1 on 1 ,cremer1 ,n4 ,t4 ,lexicon1 ,eng4 trans41 #agd2 ,meyer on ,romans1 trans41 #fhgj--8 7gen4 of origin1 emanation from7 rightness which proceeds from ,god--the relation of being right into which man is put by ,god 7by an act of ,god declaring him righteous740 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson1 ,christian ,theology1 #cjd--8,when ,paul addressed those who trusted in their own righteousness1 he presented salvation as attainable only through faith in another2 when he addressed ,gentiles who were conscious of their need of a helper1 the forensic imagery is not employed4 ,scarce a trace of it appears in his discourses as recorded in the ,acts1 and it is noticeably absent from all the epistles except the ,romans and the ,galatians40 ,since this state of acquittal is accompanied by changes in the character and conduct1 comes to mean1 secondarily1 the moral condition of the believer as resulting from this acquittal and inseparably connected with it 7,rom4 #ad3ag2 #b ,cor4 #e3ba74 ,this righteousness arising from justification becomes a principle of action 7,mat4 #c3ae2 ,acts #aj3ce2 ,rom4 #f3ac1 #ah74 ,the term1 however1 never loses its implication of a justifying act upon which this principle of action is based4 ,rom4 #ad3ag--8the kingdom of ,god is not eating and drinking1 but righteousness and peace and joy in the ,holy ,spirit02 #b ,cor4 #e3ba--8that we might become the righteousness of ,god in him02 ,mat4 #c3ae--8,suffer it now3 for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness02 ,acts #aj3ce--8;in every nation he that feareth him1 and worketh righteousness1 is acceptable to him02 ,rom4 #f3ac--8present yourselves unto ,god1 as alive from the dead1 and your members as instruments of righteousness unto ,god40 ,meyer on ,rom4 #c3bc--8;,every mode of conception which refers redemption and the forgiveness of sins1 not to a real atonement through the death of ,christ1 but subjectively to the dying and reviving with him guaranteed and produced by that death 7,schleiermacher1 ,nitzsch1 ,hofmann71 is opposed to the ,n4 ,t41--a mixing up of justification and sanctification40 ,on these ,scripture terms1 see ,bp4 of ,ossory1 ,nature and ,effects of ,faith1 #dcfdif2 ,lange1 ,com41 on ,romans #c3bd2 ,buchanan on ,justification1 #bbfbdi4 ,versus ,moehler1 ,symbolism1 #ajb--8,the forgiveness of sins 444 is undoubtedly a remission of the guilt and the punishment which ,christ hath taken and borne upon himself2 but it is likewise the transfusion of his ,spirit into us02 ,newman1 ,lectures on ,justification1 #fhadc2 ,knox1 ,remains2 ,n4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,revealed ,theology1 #cajcgb4 ,it is a great mistake in method to derive the meaning of from that of 1 and not vice versa4 ,wm4 ,arnold ,stevens1 in ,am4 ,jour4 ,theology1 ,april1 #ahig--81 righteousness1 in all its meanings1 whether ethical or forensic1 has back of it the idea of law2 also the idea of violated law2 it derives its forensic sense from the verb and its cognate noun 2 therefore is legal acceptableness1 the status before the law of a pardoned sinner40 ,denney1 in ,expos4 ,gk4 ,test41 #b3efe--8;,in truth1 #8sin1' #8the law1' #8the curse of the law1' #8death1' are names for something which belongs not to the ,jewish but to the human conscience2 and it is only because this is so that the gospel of ,paul is also a gospel for us4 ,before ,christ came and redeemed the world1 all men were at bottom on the same footing3 ,pharisaism1 legalism1 moralism1 or whatever it is called1 is in the last resort the attempt to be good without ,god1 to achieve a righteousness of our own1 without an initial allinclusive immeasurable debt to him2 in other words1 without submitting1 as sinful men must submit1 to be justified by faith apart from works of our own1 and to find in that justification1 and in that only1 the spring and impulse of all good40 ,it is worthy of special observation that1 in the passages cited above1 the terms 8justify0 and 8justification0 are contrasted1 not with the process of depraving or corrupting1 but with the outward act of condemning2 and that the expressions used to explain and illustrate them are all derived1 not from the inward operation of purifying the soul or infusing into it righteousness1 but from the procedure of courts in their judgments1 or of offended persons in their forgiveness of offenders4 ,we conclude that these terms1 wherever they have reference to the sinner's relation to ,god1 signify a declarative and judicial act of ,god1 external to the sinner1 and not an efficient and sovereign act of ,god changing the sinner's nature and making him subjectively righteous4 ,in the ,canons and ,decrees of the ,council of ,trent1 session #f1 chap4 #i is devoted to the refutation of the 8inanis hreticorum fiducia02 and ,canon #ab of the session anathematizes those who say3 8fidem justificantem nihil aliud esse quam fiduciam divin misericordi1 peccata remittentis propter ,christum02 or that 8justifying faith is nothing but trust in the divine mercy which pardons sins for ,christ's sake40 ,the ,roman ,catholic doctrine on the contrary maintains that the ground of justification is not simply the faith by which the sinner appropriates ,christ and his atoning work1 but is also the new love and good works wrought within him by ,christ's ,spirit4 ,this introduces a subjective element which is foreign to the ,scripture doctrine of justification4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson taught that justification consists of three elements3 #a4 ,acquittal2 #b4 ,restoration to favor2 #c4 ,infusion of righteousness4 ,in this he accepted a fundamental error of ,romanism4 ,he says3 8,justification and sanctification are not to be distinguished as chronologically and statically different4 ,justification and righteousness are the same thing from different points of view4 ,pardon is not a mere declaration of forgiveness--a merely arbitrary thing4 ,salvation introduces a new law into our sinful nature which annuls the law of sin and destroys its penal and destructive consequences4 ,forgiveness of sins must be in itself a gradual process4 ,the final consequences of a man's sins are written indelibly upon his nature and remain forever4 ,when ,christ said3 #8,thy sins are forgiven thee'1 it was an objective statement of a subjective fact4 ,the person was already in a state of living relation to ,christ4 ,the gospel is damnation to the damnable1 and invitation1 love and mercy to those who feel their need of it4 ,we are saved through the enforcement of law on every one of us4 ,forgiveness consists in the removal from consciousness of a sense of illdesert4 ,justification1 aside from its forensic use1 is a transformation and a promotion4 ,sense of forgiveness is a sense of relief from a hated habit of mind40 ,this seems to us dangerously near to a denial that justification is an act of ,god1 and to an affirmation that it is simply a subjective change in man's condition4 ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson3 8,if ,dr4 ,robinson had been content to say that the divine fiat of justification had the manward effect of regeneration1 he would have been correct2 for the verdict would be empty without this manward efficacy4 ,but unfortunately1 he made the effect a part of the cause1 identifying the divine justification with its human fruition1 the clearance of the past with the provision for the future40 ,we must grant that the words inward and outward are misleading1 for ,god is not under the law of space1 and the soul itself is not in space4 ,justification takes place just as much in man as outside of him4 ,justification and regeneration take place at the same moment1 but logically ,god's act of renewing is the cause and ,god's act of approving is the effect4 ,or we may say that regeneration and justification are both of them effects of our union with ,christ4 ,luke #a3cg--8;,for no word from ,god shall be void of power40 ,regeneration and justification may be different aspects of ,god's turning--his turning us1 and his turning himself4 ,but it still is true that justification is a change in ,god and not in the creature4 #c4 ,elements of ,justification4 ,these are two3 ,a4 ,remission of punishment4 7a7 ,god acquits the ungodly who believe in ,christ1 and declares them just4 ,this is not to declare them innocent1--that would be a judgment contrary to truth4 ,it declares that the demands of the law have been satisfied with regard to them1 and that they are now free from its condemnation4 ,rom4 #d3e--8;,but to him that worketh not1 but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly1 his faith is reckoned for righteousness02 cf4 ,john #c3af--8;gave his only begotten ,son1 that whosoever believeth on him should not perish02 see page #hef1 7a71 and ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3edi4 ,rom4 #e3a--8;,being therefore justified by faith1 we have peace with ,god0--not subjective peace or quietness of mind1 but objective peace or reconciliation1 the opposite of the state of war1 in which we are subject to the divine wrath4 ,dale1 ,ephesians1 #fg--8;,forgiveness may be defined3 #a4 in personal terms1 as a cessation of the anger or moral resentment of ,god against sin2 #b4 in ethical terms1 as a release from the guilt of sin which oppresses the conscience2 #c4 in legal terms1 as a remission of the punishment of sin1 which is eternal death40 7b7 ,this acquittal1 in so far as it is the act of ,god as judge or executive1 administering law1 may be denominated pardon4 ,in so far as it is the act of ,god as a father personally injured and grieved by sin1 yet showing grace to the sinner1 it is denominated forgiveness4 ,micah #g3ah--8,who is a ,god like into thee1 that pardoneth iniquity1 and passeth over the transgression of the remnant of his heritage80 ,ps4 #acj3d--8;,but there is forgiveness with thee1 ,that thou mayst be feared40 ,it is hard for us to understand ,god's feeling toward sin4 ,forgiveness seems easy to us1 largely because we are indifferent toward sin4 ,but to the holy ,one1 to whom sin is the abominable thing which he hates1 forgiveness involves a fundamental change of relation1 and nothing but ,christ's taking the penalty of sin upon him can make it possible4 ,b4 ,fay ,mills3 8,a tender spirited follower of ,jesus ,christ said to me1 not long ago1 that it had taken him twelve years to forgive an injury that had been committed against him40 ,how much harder for ,god to forgive1 since he can never become indifferent to the nature of the transgression6 7c7 ,in an earthly tribunal1 there is no acquittal for those who are proved to be transgressors1--for such there is only conviction and punishment4 ,but in ,god's government there is remission of punishment for believers1 even though they are confessedly offenders2 and1 in justification1 ,god declares this remission4 ,there is no forgiveness in nature4 ,f4 ,w4 ,robertson preached this4 ,but he ignored the vis medicatrix of the gospel1 in which forgiveness is offered to all4 ,the natural conscience says3 8,i must pay my debt40 ,but the believer finds that 8,jesus paid it all40 ,illustrate by the poor man1 who on coming to pay his mortgage finds that the owner at death had ordered it to be burned1 so that now there is nothing to pay4 ,ps4 #cd3bb--8;,jehovah redeemeth the soul of his servants1 ,and none of them that take refuge in him shall be condemned40 ,a child disobeys his father and breaks his arm4 ,his sin involves two penalties1 the alienation from his father and the broken arm4 ,the father1 on repentance1 may forgive his child4 ,the personal relation is reestablished1 but the broken bone is not therefore at once reknit4 ,the father's forgiveness1 however1 will assure the father's help toward complete healing4 ,so justification does not ensure the immediate removal of all the natural consequences of our sins4 ,it does ensure present reconciliation and future perfection4 ,clarke1 ,christian ,theology1 #cfd--8;,justification is not equivalent to acquittal1 for acquittal declares that the man has not done wrong4 ,justification is rather the acceptance of a man1 on sufficient grounds1 although he has done wrong40 ,as the ,plymouth ,brethren say3 8,it is not the sinquestion1 but the ,sonquestion40 8,their sins and their iniquities will ,i remember no more0 7,heb4 #aj3ag74 ,the father did not allow the prodigal to complete the confession he had prepared to make1 but interrupted him1 and dwelt only upon his return home 7,luke #ae3bb74 7d7 ,the declaration that the sinner is no longer exposed to the penalty of law1 has its ground1 not in any satisfaction of the law's demand on the part of the sinner himself1 but solely in the bearing of the penalty by ,christ1 to whom the sinner is united by faith4 ,justification1 in its first element1 is therefore that act by which ,god1 for the sake of ,christ1 acquits the transgressor and suffers him to go free4 ,acts #ac3ch1 #ci--8;,be it known unto you therefore1 brethren1 that through this man is proclaimed unto you remission of sins3 and by him lit43 #8in him' every one that believeth is justified from all things1 from which ye could not be justified by the law of ,moses02 ,rom4 #c3bd1 #bf--8;being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in ,christ ,jesus 444 that he might himself be just1 and the justifier of him that hath faith in ,jesus02 #a ,cor4 #f3aa--8;but ye were justified in the name of the ,lord ,jesus02 ,eph4 #a3g--8;in whom we have our redemption through his blood1 the forgiveness of our trespasses1 according to the riches of his grace40 ,this acquittal is not to be conceived of as the sovereign act of a ,governor1 but rather as a judicial procedure4 ,christ secures a new trial for those already condemned--a trial in which he appears for the guilty1 and sets over against their sin his own righteousness1 or rather shows them to be righteous in him4 ,c4 ,h4 ,m43 8,when ,balak seeks to curse the seed of ,abraham1 it is said of ,jehovah3 #8,he hath not beheld iniquity in ,jacob1 ,neither hath he seen perverseness in ,israel' 7,num4 #bc3ba74 ,when ,satan stands forth to rebuke ,joshua1 the word is3 #8,jehovah rebuke thee1 ,o ,satan 444 is not this a brand plucked out of the fire8' 7,zech4 #c3b74 ,thus he ever puts himself between his people and every tongue that would accuse them4 #8,touch not mine anointed ones1' he says1 #8and do my prophets no harm' 7,ps4 #aje3ae74 #8,it is ,god that justifieth2 who is he that condemneth8' 7,rom4 #h3cc1 #cd740 ,it is not sin1 then1 that condemns1--it is the failure to ask pardon for sin1 through ,christ4 ,illustrate by the ring presented by ,queen ,elizabeth to the ,earl of ,essex4 ,queen ,elizabeth did not forgive the penitent ,countess of ,nottingham for withholding the ring of ,essex which would have purchased his pardon4 ,she shook the dying woman and cursed her1 even while she was imploring forgiveness4 ,there is no such failure of mercy in ,god's administration4 ,kaftan1 in ,am4 ,jour4 ,theology1 #d3fih--8,the peculiar characteristic of ,christian experience is the forgiveness of sins1 or reconciliation--a forgiveness which is conceived as an unmerited gift of ,god1 which is bestowed on man independently of his own moral worthiness4 ,other religions have some measure of revelation1 but ,christianity alone has the clear revelation of this forgiveness1 and this is accepted by faith4 ,and forgiveness leads to a better ethics than any religion of works can show40 ,b4 ,restoration to favor4 7a7 ,justification is more than remission or acquittal4 ,these would leave the sinner simply in the position of a discharged criminal1--law requires a positive righteousness also4 ,besides deliverance from punishment1 justification implies ,god's treatment of the sinner as if he were1 and had been1 personally righteous4 ,the justified person receives not only remission of penalty1 but the rewards promised to obedience4 ,luke #ae3bbbd--8;,bring forth quickly the best robe1 and put it on him2 and put a ring on his hand1 and shoes on his feet3 and bring the fatted calf1 and kill it1 and let us eat1 and make merry3 for this my son was dead1 and is alive again2 he was lost1 and is found02 ,john #c3af--8;gave his only begotten ,son1 that whosoever believeth on him should 444 have eternal life02 ,rom4 #e3a1 #b--8;,being therefore justified by faith1 we have peace with ,god through our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 through whom also we have had our access by faith into this grace wherein we stand2 and we rejoice in hope of the glory of ,god0--8this grace0 being a permanent state of divine favor2 #a ,cor4 #a3cj--8;,but of him are ye in ,christ ,jesus1 who was made unto us wisdom from ,god1 and righteousness and sanctification1 and redemption3 that1 according as it is written1 ,he that glorieth1 let him glory in the ,lord02 #b ,cor4 #e3ba--8that we might become the righteousness of ,god in him40 ,gal4 #c3f--8;,even as ,abraham believed ,god1 and it was reckoned unto him for righteousness02 ,eph4 #b3g--8the exceeding riches of his grace in kindness toward us in ,christ ,jesus02 #c3ab--8;in whom we have boldness and access in confidence through our faith in him02 ,phil4 #c3h1 #i--8;,i count all things to be loss for the excellency of the knowledge of ,christ ,jesus my ,lord 444 the righteousness which is from ,god by faith02 ,col4 #a3bb--8reconciled in the body of his flesh through death1 to present you holy and without blemish and unreprovable before him02 ,tit4 #c3d1 #g--8the kindness of ,god our ,savior 444 that1 being justified by his grace1 we might be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life02 ,rev4 #ai3h--8;,and it was given unto her that she should array herself in fine linen1 bright and pure3 for the fine linen is the righteous acts of the saints40 ,justification is setting one right before law4 ,but law requires not merely freedom from offence negatively1 but all manner of obedience and likeness to ,god positively4 ,since justification is in ,christ and by virtue of the believer's union with ,christ1 it puts the believer on the same footing before the law that ,christ is on1 namely1 not only acquittal but favor4 #a ,tim4 #c3af--;,christ was himself 8justified in the spirit10 and the believer partakes of his justification and of the whole of it1 i4 e41 not only acquittal but favor4 ,acts #ac3ci--8;in him every one that believeth is justified0 i4 e41 in ,christ2 #a ,cor4 #f3aa--8;justified in the name of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ02 ,gal4 #d3e--8that we might receive the adoption of sons0--a part of justification2 ,rom4 #e3aa--8through whom we have now received the reconciliation0--in justification2 #b ,cor4 #e3ba--8that we might become the righteousness of ,god in him02 ,phil4 #c3i--8the righteousness which is from ,god by faith02 ,john #a3ab--8to them gave he the right to become children of ,god0--emphasis on 8gave0--intimation that the 8becoming children0 is not subsequent to the justification1 but is a part of it4 ,ellicott on ,tit4 #c3g--81 #8justified1' in the usual and more strict theological sense2 not however as implying only a mere outward nonimputation of sin1 but as involving a #8mutationem status1' an acceptance into new privileges1 and an enjoyment of the benefits thereof 7,waterland1 ,justif1 vol4 vi1 p4 #e72 in the words of the same writer3 #8,justification cannot be conceived without some work of the ,spirit in conferring a title to salvation4' 0 ,the prisoner who has simply served out his term escapes without further punishment and that is all4 ,but the pardoned man receives back in his pardon the full rights of citizenship1 can again vote1 serve on juries1 testify in court1 and exercise all his individual liberties1 as the discharged convict cannot4 ,the ,society of ,friends is so called1 not because they are friends to one another1 but because they regard themselves as friends of ,god4 ,so1 in the ,middle ,ages1 ,master ,eckart1 ,john ,tauler1 ,henry ,suso1 called themselves the friends of ,god1 after the pattern of ,abraham2 #b ,chron4 #bj3g--8;,abraham thy friend02 ,james #b3bc--8;,abraham believed ,god1 and it was reckoned unto him for righteousness2 and he was called the friend of ,god01 i4 e41 one not merely acquitted from the charge of sin1 but also admitted into favor and intimacy with ,god4 7b7 ,this restoration to favor1 viewed in its aspect as the renewal of a broken friendship1 is denominated reconciliation2 viewed in its aspect as a renewal of the soul's true relation to ,god as a father1 it is denominated adoption4 ,john #a3ab--8;,but as many as received him1 to them gave he the right to become children of ,god1 even to them that believe on his name02 ,rom4 #e3aa--8;and not only so1 but we also rejoice in ,god through our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 through whom we have now received the reconciliation02 ,gal4 #d3d1 #e--8;born under the law1 that he might redeem them that were under the law1 that we might receive the adoption of sons02 ,eph4 #a3e--8;having foreordained us unto adoption as sons through ,jesus ,christ unto himself02 cf4 ,rom4 #h3bc--8;even we ourselves groan within ourselves1 waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body0--that is1 this adoption is completed1 so far as the body is concerned1 at the resurrection4 ,luther called ,psalms #cb1 #ea1 #acj1 #adc1 8the ,pauline ,psalms10 because these declare forgiveness to be granted to the believer without law and without works4 ,ps4 #acj3c1 #d--8;,if thou1 ,jehovah1 shouldst mark iniquities1 ,o ,lord1 who could stand8 ,but there is forgiveness with thee1 ,that thou mayest be feared0 is followed by verses #g1 #h--8,o ,israel1 hope in ,jehovah2 ,for with ,jehovah there is lovingkindness1 ,and with him is plenteous redemption4 ,and he will redeem ,israel ,from all his iniquities40 ,whitefield was rebuked for declaring in a discourse that ,christ would receive even the devil's castaways2 but that very day1 while at dinner at ,lady ,huntington's1 he was called out to meet two women who were sinners1 and to whose broken hearts and blasted lives that remark gave hope and healing4 7c7 ,in an earthly pardon there are no special helps bestowed upon the pardoned4 ,there are no penalties1 but there are also no rewards2 law cannot claim anything of the discharged1 but then they also can claim nothing of the law4 ,but what1 though greatly needed1 is left unprovided by human government1 ,god does provide4 ,in justification1 there is not only acquittal1 but approval2 not only pardon1 but promotion4 ,remission is never separated from restoration4 ,after serving a term in the penitentiary1 the convict goes out with a stigma upon him and with no friends4 ,his past conviction and disgrace follow him4 ,he cannot obtain employment4 ,he cannot vote4 ,want often leads him to commit crime again2 and then the old conviction is brought up as proof of bad character1 and increases his punishment4 ,need of ,friendly ,inns and ,refuges for discharged criminals4 ,but the justified sinner is differently treated4 ,he is not only delivered from ,god's wrath and eternal death1 but he is admitted to ,god's favor and eternal life4 ,the discovery of this is partly the cause of the convert's joy4 ,expecting pardon1 at most1 he is met with unmeasured favor4 ,the prodigal finds the father's house and heart open to him1 and more done for him than if he had never wandered4 ,this overwhelms and subdues him4 ,the two elements1 acquittal and restoration to favor1 are never separated4 ,like the expulsion of darkness and restoration of light1 they always go together4 ,no one can have1 even if he would have1 an incomplete justification4 ,christ's justification is ours2 and1 as ,jesus' own seamless tunic could not be divided1 so the robe of righteousness which he provides cannot be cut in two4 ,failure to apprehend this positive aspect of justification as restoration to favor is the reason why so many ,christians have little joy and little enthusiasm in their religious lives4 ,the preaching of the magnanimity and generosity of ,god makes the gospel 8the power of ,god unto salvation0 7,rom4 #a3af74 ,edwin ,m4 ,stanton had ridden roughshod over ,abraham ,lincoln in the conduct of a case at law in which they had been joint counsel4 ,stanton had become vindictive and even violent when ,lincoln was made ,president4 ,but ,lincoln invited ,stanton to be ,secretary of ,war1 and he sent the invitation by ,harding1 who knew of all this former trouble4 ,when ,stanton heard it1 he said with streaming eyes3 8,do you tell me1 ,harding1 that ,mr4 ,lincoln sent this message to me8 ,tell him that such magnanimity will make me work with him as man was never served before60 7d7 ,the declaration that the sinner is restored to ,god's favor1 has its ground1 not in the sinner's personal character or conduct1 but solely in the obedience and righteousness of ,christ1 to whom the sinner is united by faith4 ,thus ,christ's work is the procuring cause of our justification1 in both its elements4 ,as we are acquitted on account of ,christ's suffering of the penalty of the law1 so on account of ,christ's obedience we receive the rewards of law4 ,all this comes to us in ,christ4 ,we participate in the rewards promised to his obedience3 ,john #bj3ca--8that believing ye may have life in his name02 #a ,cor4 #c3babc--8;,for all things are yours2 444 all are yours2 and ye are ,christ's2 and ,christ is ,god's40 ,denovan1 ,toronto ,baptist1 ,dec4 #ahhc1 maintains that 8grace operates in two ways3 7#a7 for the rebel it provides a scheme of justification1--this is judicial1 matter of debt2 7#b7 for the child it provides pardon1--fatherly forgiveness on repentance40 ,heb4 #g3ai--8the law made nothing perfect 444 a bringing in thereupon of a better hope1 through which we draw nigh unto ,god40 ,this 8better hope0 is offered to us in ,christ's death and resurrection4 ,the veil of the temple was the symbol of separation from ,god4 ,the rending of that veil was the symbol on the one hand that sin had been atoned for1 and on the other hand that unrestricted access to ,god was now permitted us in ,christ the great forerunner4 ,bonar's hymn1 8,jesus1 whom angel hosts adore10 has for its concluding stanza3 8',t is finished all3 the veil is rent4 ,the welcome sure1 the access free3--,now then1 we leave our banishment1 ,o ,father1 to return to thee60 ,see pages #gdi 7b71 #ggj 7h74 ,james ,russell ,lowell3 8,at the devil's booth all things are sold4 ,each ounce of dross costs its ounce of gold2 ,for a cap and bells our lives we pay3 ,bubbles we buy with a whole soul's tasking2 ',t is heaven alone that is given away1 ',t is only ,god may be had for the asking40 ,john ,g4 ,whittier3 8,the hour draws near1 howe'er delayed and late1 ,when at the ,eternal ,gate1 ,we leave the words and works we call our own1 ,and lift void hands alone ,for love to fill4 ,our nakedness of soul ,brings to that gate no toll2 ,giftless we come to him who all things gives1 ,and live because he lives40 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system of ,christian ,doctrine1 #ebc1 #ebd--8;,justification and pardon are not the same in ,scripture4 ,we object to the view of ,emmons 7,works1 vol4 #e71 that #8justification is no more nor less than pardon1' and that #8,god rewards men for their own1 and not ,christ's1 obedience1' for the reason that the words1 as used in common life1 relate to wholly different things4 ,if a man is declared just by a human tribunal1 he is not pardoned1 he is acquitted2 his own inherent righteousness1 as respects the charge against him1 is recognized and declared4 ,the gospel proclaims both pardon and justification4 ,there is no significance in the use of the word #8justify1' if pardon be all that is intended4444 8,justification involves what pardon does not1 a righteousness which is the ground of the acquittal and favor2 not the mere favor of the sovereign1 but the merit of ,christ1 is at the basis--the righteousness which is of ,god4 ,the ends of the law are so far satisfied by what ,christ has done1 that the sinner can be pardoned4 ,the law is not merely set aside1 but its great ends are answered by what ,christ has done in our behalf4 ,god might pardon as a sovereign1 from mere benevolence 7as regard to happiness72 but in the gospel he does more1--he pardons in consistency with his holiness1--upholding that as the main end of all his dealings and works4 ,justification involves acquittal from all the penalty of the law1 and the inheritance of all the blessings of the redeemed state4 ,the penalty of the law--spiritual1 temporal1 eternal death--is all taken away2 and the opposite blessings are conferred1 in and through ,christ--the resurrection to blessedness1 the gift of the ,spirit1 and eternal life4444 8,if justification is forgiveness simply1 it applies only to the past4 ,if it is also a title to life1 it includes the future condition of the soul4 ,the latter alone is consistent with the plan and decrees of ,god respecting redemption--his seeing the end from the beginning4 ,the reason why justification has been taken as pardon is twofold3 first1 it does involve pardon1--this is its negative side1 while it has a positive side also--the title to eternal life2 secondly1 the tendency to resolve the gospel into an ethical system4 ,only our acts of choice as meritorious could procure a title to favor1 a positive reward4 ,christ might remove the obstacle1 but the title to heaven is derived only from what we ourselves do4 8,justification is1 therefore1 not a merely governmental provision1 as it must be on any scheme that denies that ,christ's work has direct respect to the ends of the law4 ,views of the atonement determine the views on justification1 if logical sequence is observed4 ,we have to do here1 not with views of natural justice1 but with divine methods4 ,if we regard the atonement simply as answering the ends of a governmental scheme1 our view must be that justification merely removes an obstacle1 and the end of it is only pardon1 and not eternal life40 ,but upon the true view1 that the atonement is a complete satisfaction to the holiness of ,god1 justification embraces not merely pardon1 or acquittal from the punishments of law1 but also restoration to favor1 or the rewards promised to actual obedience4 ,see also ,quenstedt1 #c3ebd2 ,philippi1 ,active ,obedience of ,christ2 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3dcb1 #dcc4 #d4 ,relation of ,justification to ,god's ,law and ,holiness4 ,a4 ,justification has been shown to be a forensic term4 ,a man may1 indeed1 be conceived of as just1 in either of two senses3 7a7 as just in moral character1--that is1 absolutely holy in nature1 disposition1 and conduct2 7b7 as just in relation to law1--or as free from all obligation to suffer penalty1 and as entitled to the rewards of obedience4 ,so1 too1 a man may be conceived of as justified1 in either of two senses3 7a7 made just in moral character2 or1 7b7 made just in his relation to law4 ,but the ,scriptures declare that there does not exist on earth a just man1 in the first of these senses 7,eccl4 #g3bj74 ,even in those who are renewed in moral character and united to ,christ1 there is a remnant of moral depravity4 ,if1 therefore1 there be any such thing as a just man1 he must be just1 not in the sense of possessing an unspotted holiness1 but in the sense of being delivered from the penalty of law1 and made partaker of its rewards4 ,if there be any such thing as justification1 it must be1 not an act of ,god which renders the sinner absolutely holy1 but an act of ,god which declares the sinner to be free from legal penalties and entitled to legal rewards4 ,justus is derived from jus1 and suggests the idea of courts and legal procedures4 ,the fact that 8justify0 is derived from justus and facio1 and might therefore seem to imply the making of a man subjectively righteous1 should not blind us to its forensic use4 ,the phrases 8sanctify the ,holy ,one of ,jacob0 7,is4 #bi3bc2 cf4 #a ,pet4 #c3ae--8sanctify in your hearts ,christ as ,lord07 and 8glorify ,god0 7#a ,cor4 #f3bj7 do not mean1 to make ,god subjectively holy or glorious1 for this he is1 whatever we may do2 they mean rather1 to declare1 or show1 him to be holy or glorious4 ,so justification is not making a man righteous1 or even pronouncing him righteous1 for no man is subjectively righteous4 ,it is rather to count him righteous so far as respects his relations to law1 to treat him as righteous1 or to declare that ,god will1 for reasons assigned1 so treat him 7,payne74 ,so long as any remnant of sin exists1 no justification1 in the sense of making holy1 can be attributed to man3 ,eccl4 #g3bj--8,surely there is not a righteous man upon earth1 that doeth good and sinneth not40 ,if no man is just1 in this sense1 then ,god cannot pronounce him just1 for ,god cannot lie4 ,justification1 therefore1 must signify a deliverance from legal penalties1 and an assignment of legal rewards4 ,o4 ,p4 ,gifford3 ,there is no such thing as 8salvation by character02 what men need is salvation from character4 ,the only sense in which salvation by character is rational or ,scriptural is that suggested by ,george ,harris1 ,moral ,evolution1 #dji--8,salvation by character is not selfrighteousness1 but ,christ in us40 ,but even here it must be remembered that ,christ in us presupposes ,christ for us4 ,the objective atonement for sin must come before the subjective purification of our natures4 ,and justification is upon the ground of that objective atonement1 and not upon the ground of the subjective cleansing4 ,the ,jews had a proverb that if only one man could perfectly keep the whole law even for one day1 the kingdom of ,messiah would at once come upon the earth4 ,this is to state in another form the doctrine of ,paul1 in ,rom4 #g3i--8,when the commandment came1 sin revived1 and ,i died40 ,to recognize the impossibility of being justified by ,pharisaic works was a preparation for the gospel2 see ,bruce1 ,apologetics1 #dai4 ,the ,germans speak of ,werk1 ,lehre1 ,buchstaben1 ,negations1 ,parteigerechtigkeit2 but all these are forms of selfrighteousness4 ,berridge3 8,a man may steal some gems from the crown of ,jesus and be guilty only of petty larceny1 444 but the man who would justify himself by his own works steals the crown itself1 puts it on his own head1 and proclaims himself by his own conquests a king in ,zion40 ,b4 ,the difficult feature of justification is the declaration1 on the part of ,god1 that a sinner whose remaining sinfulness seems to necessitate the vindicative reaction of ,god's holiness against him1 is yet free from such reaction of holiness as is expressed in the penalties of the law4 ,the fact is to be accepted on the testimony of ,scripture4 ,if this testimony be not accepted1 there is no deliverance from the condemnation of law4 ,but the difficulty of conceiving of ,god's declaring the sinner no longer exposed to legal penalty is relieved1 if not removed1 by the three fold consideration3 7a7 ,that ,christ has endured the penalty of the law in the sinner's stead4 ,gal4 #c3ac--8;,christ redeemed us from the curse of the law1 having become a curse for us40 ,denovan3 8,we are justified by faith1 instrumentally1 in the same sense as a debt is paid by a good note or a check on a substantial account in a distant bank4 ,it is only the intelligent and honest acceptance of justification already provided40 ,rom4 #h3c--8;,god1 sending his own ,son 444 condemned sin in the flesh0 the believer's sins were judged and condemned on ,calvary4 ,the way of pardon through ,christ honors ,god's justice as well as ,god's mercy2 cf4 ,rom4 #c3bf--8that he might himself be just1 and the justifier of him that hath faith in ,jesus40 7b7 ,that the sinner is so united to ,christ1 that ,christ's life already constitutes the dominating principle within him4 ,gal4 #b3bj--8;,i have been crucified with ,christ2 and it is no longer ,i that live1 but ,christ liveth in me40 ,god does not justify any man whom he does not foresee that he can and will sanctify4 ,some prophecies produce their own fulfilment4 ,tell a man he is brave1 and you help him to become so4 ,so declaratory justification1 when published in the heart by the ,holy ,spirit1 helps to make men just4 ,harris1 ,god the ,creator1 #b3ccb--8,the objection to the doctrine of justification by faith insists that justification must be conditioned1 not on faith1 but on right character4 ,but justification by faith is itself the doctrine of a justification conditioned on right character1 because faith in ,god is the only possible beginning of right character1 either in men or angels40 ,gould1 ,bib4 ,theol4 ,n4 ,t41 #fggi1 in a similar manner argues that ,paul's emphasis is on the spiritual effect of the death of our ,lord1 rather than on its expiatory effect4 ,the course of thought in the ,epistle to the ,romans seems to us to contradict this view4 ,sin and the objective atonement for sin are first treated2 only after justification comes the sanctification of the believer4 ,still it is true that justification is never the sole work of ,god in the soul4 ,the same ,christ in union with whom we are justified does at that same moment a work of regeneration which is followed by sanctification4 7c7 ,that this life of ,christ is a power in the soul which will gradually1 but infallibly1 extirpate all remaining depravity1 until the whole physical and moral nature is perfectly conformed to the divine holiness4 ,phil4 #c3ba--8who shall fashion anew the body of our humiliation1 that it may be conformed to the body of his glory1 according to the working whereby he is able even to subject all things unto himself02 ,col4 #c3ad--8;,if then ye were raised together with ,christ1 seek the things that are above1 where ,christ is1 seated on the right hand of ,god4 ,set your mind on the things that are above1 not on the things that are upon the earth4 ,for ye died1 and your life is hid with ,christ in ,god4 ,when ,christ1 who is our life1 shall be manifested1 then shall ye also with him be manifested in glory40 ,truth of fact1 and ideal truth1 are not opposed to each other4 ,f4 ,w4 ,robertson1 ,lectures and ,addresses1 #bef--8,when the agriculturist sees a small1 white1 almondlike thing rising from the ground1 he calls that an oak2 but this is not a truth of fact1 it is an ideal truth4 ,the oak is a large tree1 with spreading branches and leaves and acorns2 but that is only a thing an inch long1 and imperceptible in all its development2 yet the agriculturist sees in it the idea of what it shall be1 and1 if ,i may borrow a ,scriptural phrase1 he imputes to it the majesty1 and excellence1 and glory1 that is to be hereafter40 ,this method of representation is effective and unobjectionable1 so long as we remember that the force which is to bring about this future development and perfection is not the force of unassisted human nature1 but rather the force of ,christ and his indwelling ,spirit4 ,see ,philippi1 ,glaubenslehre1 v1 #a3bjabjh4 ,gore1 ,incarnation1 #bbd--8',looking at the mother1' wrote ,george ,eliot of ,mrs4 ,garth in ,the ,mill on the ,floss1 #8you might hope that the daughter would become like her--which is a prospective advantage equal to a dowry--the mother too often standing behind the daughter like a malignant prophecy3 ,such as ,i am1 she will shortly be4' ,george ,eliot imputes by anticipation to the daughter the merits of the mother1 because her life is1 so to speak1 of the same piece4 ,now1 by new birth and spiritual union1 our life is of the same piece with the life of ,jesus4 ,thus he1 our elder brother1 stands behind us1 his people1 as a prophecy of all good4 ,thus ,god accepts us1 deals with us1 #8in the ,beloved1' rating us at something of his value1 imputing to us his merits1 because in fact1 except we be reprobates1 he himself is the most powerful and real force at work in us40 #e4 ,relation of ,justification to ,union with ,christ and the ,work of the ,spirit4 ,a4 ,since the sinner1 at the moment of justification1 is not yet completely transformed in character1 we have seen that ,god can declare him just1 not on account of what he is in himself1 but only on account of what ,christ is4 ,the ground of justification is therefore not1 7a7 as the ,romanists hold1 a new righteousness and love infused into us1 and now constituting our moral character2 nor1 7b7 as ,osiander taught1 the essential righteousness of ,christ's divine nature1 which has become ours by faith2 but 7c7 the satisfaction and obedience of ,christ1 as the head of a new humanity1 and as embracing in himself all believers as his members4 ,ritschl regarded justification as primarily an endowment of the church1 in which the individual participated only so far as he belonged to the church2 see ,pfleiderer1 ,die ,ritschl'sche ,theologie1 #gj4 ,here ,ritschl committed an error like that of the ,romanist1--the church is the door to ,christ1 instead of ,christ being the door to the church4 ,justification belongs primarily to ,christ1 then to all who join themselves to ,christ by faith1 and the church is the natural and voluntary aggregation of those who in ,christ are thus justified4 ,hence the necessity for the resurrection and ascension of the ,lord ,jesus4 8,for as the ministry of ,enoch was sealed by his reception into heaven1 and as the ministry of ,elijah was also abundantly proved by his translation1 so also the righteousness and innocence of ,christ4 ,but it was necessary that the ascension of ,christ should be more fully attested1 because upon his righteousness1 so fully proved by his ascension1 we must depend for all our righteousness4 ,for if ,god had not approved him after his resurrection1 and he had not taken his seat at his right hand1 we could by no means be accepted of ,god0 7,cartwright74 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #df1 #aic1 #aie1 #bjf--8;,christ must be justified in the spirit and received up into glory1 before he can be made righteousness to us and we can become the righteousness of ,god in him4 ,christ's coronation is the indispensable condition of our justification4444 ,christ the ,high ,priest has entered the ,holy of ,holies in heaven for us4 ,until he comes forth again at the second advent1 how can we be assured that his sacrifice for us is accepted8 ,we reply3 ,by the gift of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the presence of the ,spirit in the church is the proof of the presence of ,christ before the throne4444 ,the ,holy ,spirit convinces of righteousness1 #8because ,i go unto the ,father1 and ye see me no more' 7,john #af3aj74 ,we can only know that #8we have a ,paraclete with the ,father1 even ,jesus ,christ the ,righteous' 7#a ,john #b3a71 by that #8other ,paraclete' sent forth from the ,father1 even the ,holy ,spirit 7,john #ad3be1 #bf2 #ae3bf74 ,the church1 having the ,spirit1 reflects ,christ to the world4 ,as ,christ manifests the ,father1 so the church through the ,spirit manifests ,christ4 ,so ,christ gives to us his name1 #8,christians1' as the husband gives his name to the wife40 ,as ,adam's sin is imputed to us1 not because ,adam is in us1 but because we were in ,adam2 so ,christ's righteousness is imputed to us1 not because ,christ is in us1 but because we are in ,christ1--that is1 joined by faith to one whose righteousness and life are infinitely greater than our power to appropriate or contain4 ,in this sense1 we may say that we are justified through a ,christ outside of us1 as we are sanctified through a ,christ within us4 ,edwards3 8,the justification of the believer is no other than his being admitted to communion in1 or participation of1 this head and surety of all believers40 #a ,tim4 #a3ad--8;faith and love which is in ,christ ,jesus02 #c3af--8;,he who was manifested in the flesh1 ,justified in the spirit02 ,acts #ac3ci--8;and by him lit43 #8in him' every one that believeth is justified from all things1 from which ye could not be justified by the law of ,moses02 ,rom4 #d3be--8who was delivered up for our trespasses1 and was raised for our justification02 ,eph4 #a3f--8;accepted in the ,beloved0--,rev4 ,vers43 8freely bestowed on us in the ,beloved02 #a ,cor4 #f3aa--8;justified in the name of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ40 8,we in ,christ0 is the formula of our justification2 8,christ in us0 is the formula of our sanctification4 ,as the water which the shell contains is little compared with the great ocean which contains the shell1 so the actual change wrought within us by ,god's sanctifying grace is slight compared with the boundless freedom from condemnation and the state of favor with ,god into which we are introduced by justification2 ,rom4 #e3a1 #b--8;,being therefore justified by faith1 we have peace with ,god through our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 through whom also we have had our access by faith into this grace wherein we stand2 and we rejoice in hope of the glory of ,god40 ,here we have the third instance of imputation4 ,the first was the imputation of ,adam's sin to us2 and the second was the imputation of our sins to ,christ4 ,the third is now the imputation of ,christ's righteousness to us4 ,in each of the former cases1 we have sought to show that the legal relation presupposes a natural relation4 ,adam's sin is imputed to us1 because we are one with ,adam2 our sins are imputed to ,christ1 because ,christ is one with humanity4 ,so here1 we must hold that ,christ's righteousness is imputed to us1 because we are one with ,christ4 ,justification is not an arbitrary transfer to us of the merits of another with whom we have no real connection4 ,this would make it merely a legal fiction2 and there are no legal fictions in the divine government4 ,instead of this external and mechanical method of conception1 we should first set before us the fact of ,christ's justification1 after he had borne our sins and risen from the dead4 ,in him1 humanity1 for the first time1 is acquitted from punishment and restored to the divine favor4 ,but ,christ's new humanity is the germinal source of spiritual life for the race4 ,he was justified1 not simply as a private person1 but as our representative and head4 ,by becoming partakers of the new life in him1 we share in all he is and all he has done2 and1 first of all1 we share in his justification4 ,so ,luther gives us1 for substance1 the formula3 8,we in ,christ justification2 ,christ in us sanctification40 ,and in harmony with this formula is the statement quoted in the text above from ,edwards1 ,works1 #d3ff4 ,see also ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,presb4 ,rev41 ,july1 #ahha--8,union with ,adam and with ,christ is the ground of imputation4 ,but the parallelism is incomplete4 ,while the sin of ,adam is imputed to us because it is ours1 the righteousness of ,christ is imputed to us simply because of our union with him1 not at all because of our personal righteousness4 ,in the one case1 character is taken into the account2 in the other1 it is not4 ,in sin1 our demerits are included2 in justification1 our merits are excluded40 ,for further statements of ,dr4 ,smith1 see his ,system of ,christian ,theology1 #ebdeeb4 ,c4 ,h4 ,m4 on ,genesis1 page #gh--8,the question for every believer is not #8,what am ,i8' but #8,what is ,christ8' ,of ,abel it is said3 #8,god testified of his gifts' 7,heb4 #aa3d1 ,a4 ,v474 ,so ,god testifies1 not of the believer1 but of his gift1--and his gift is ,christ4 ,yet ,cain was angry because he was not received in his sins1 while ,abel was accepted in his gift4 ,this was right1 if ,abel was justified in himself2 it was wrong1 because ,abel was justified only in ,christ40 ,see also ,hodge1 ,outlines of ,theology1 #chdchh1 #cib2 ,baird1 ,elohim ,revealed1 #ddh4 ,b4 ,the relation of justification to regeneration and sanctification1 moreover1 delivers it from the charges of externality and immorality4 ,god does not justify ungodly men in their ungodliness4 ,he pronounces them just only as they are united to ,christ1 who is absolutely just1 and who1 by his ,spirit1 can make them just1 not only in the eye of the law1 but in moral character4 ,the very faith by which the sinner receives ,christ is an act in which he ratifies all that ,christ has done1 and accepts ,god's judgment against sin as his own 7,john #af3aa74 ,john #af3aa--8of judgment1 because the prince of this world hath been judged0--the ,holy ,spirit leads the believer to ratify ,god's judgment against sin and ,satan4 ,accepting ,christ1 the believer accepts ,christ's death for sin1 and resurrection to life for his own4 ,if it were otherwise1 the first act of the believer1 after his discharge1 might be a repetition of his offences4 ,such a justification would offend against the fundamental principles of justice and the safety of government4 ,it would also fail to satisfy the conscience4 ,this clamors not only for pardon1 but for renewal4 ,union with ,christ has one legal fruit--justification2 but it has also one moral fruit--sanctification4 ,a really guilty man1 when acquitted by judge and jury1 does not cease to be the victim of remorse and fear4 ,forgiveness of sin is not in itself a deliverance from sin4 ,the outward acquittal needs to be accompanied by an inward change to be really effective4 ,pardon for sin without power to overcome sin would be a mockery of the criminal4 ,justification for ,christ's sake therefore goes into effect through regeneration by the ,holy ,spirit2 see ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 ,july1 #ahib3cfb4 ,a ,buddhist priest who had studied some years in ,england printed in ,shanghai not long ago a pamphlet entitled 8,justification by ,faith the only true ,basis of ,morality40 ,it argues that any other foundation is nothing but pure selfishness1 but that morality1 to have any merit1 must be unselfish4 ,justification by faith supplies an unselfish motive1 because we accept the work done for us by another1 and we ourselves work from gratitude1 which is not a selfish motive4 ,after laying down this ,christian foundation1 the writer erects the structure of faith in the ,amida incarnation of ,buddha4 ,buddhism opposes to the ,christian doctrine of a creative ,person1 only a creative process2 sin has relation only to the man sinning1 and has no relation to ,amida ,buddha or to the eternal law of causation2 salvation by faith in ,amida ,buddha is faith in one who is the product of a process1 and a product may perish4 ,tennyson3 8,they are but broken lights of ,thee1 ,and thou1 ,o ,christ1 art more than they40 ,justification is possible1 therefore1 because it is always accompanied by regeneration and union with ,christ1 and is followed by sanctification4 ,but this is a very different thing from the ,romanist confounding of justification and sanctification1 as different stages of the same process of making the sinner actually holy4 ,it holds fast to the ,scripture distinction between justification as a declarative act of ,god1 and regeneration and sanctification as those efficient acts of ,god by which justification is accompanied and followed4 ,both history and our personal observation show that nothing can change the life and make men moral1 like the gospel of free pardon in ,jesus ,christ4 ,mere preaching of morality will effect nothing of consequence4 ,there never has been more insistence upon morality than in the most immoral times1 like those of ,seneca1 and of the ,english deists4 ,as to their moral fruits1 we can safely compare ,protestant with ,roman ,catholic systems and leaders and countries4 ,we do not become right by doing right1 for only those can do right who have become right4 ,the prodigal son is forgiven before he actually confesses and amends 7,luke #ae3bj1 #ba74 ,justification is always accompanied by regeneration1 and is followed by sanctification2 and all three are results of the death of ,christ4 ,but the sinoffering must precede the thankoffering4 ,we must first be accepted ourselves before we can offer gifts2 ,heb4 #aa3d--8;,by faith ,abel offered unto ,god a more excellent sacrifice than ,cain1 through which he had witness borne to him that he was righteous1 ,god bearing witness in respect of his gifts40 ,hence we read in ,eph4 #e3be1 #bf--8;,christ also loved the church1 and gave himself up for it2 that he might sanctify it1 having cleansed after he had cleansed it by the washing of water with the word0 regeneration2 #a ,pet4 #a3a1 #b--8;elect 444 according to the foreknowledge of ,god the ,father1 in sanctification of the ,spirit regeneration1 unto obedience conversion and sprinkling of the blood of ,jesus ,christ justification02 #a ,john #a3g--8;if we walk in the light1 as he is in the light1 we have fellowship one with another1 and the blood of ,jesus his ,son cleanseth us from all sin0--here the 8cleansing0 refers primarily and mainly to justification1 not to sanctification2 for the apostle himself declares in verse #h--8;,if we say that we have no sin1 we deceive ourselves1 and the truth is not in us40 ,quenstedt says well1 that 8justification1 since it is an act1 outside of man1 in ,god1 cannot produce an intrinsic change in us40 ,and yet1 he says1 8although faith alone justifies1 yet faith is not alone40 ,melanchthon3 8,sola fides justificat2 sed fides non est sola40 ,with faith go all manner of gifts of the ,spirit and internal graces of character4 ,but we should let go all the doctrinal gains of the ,reformation if we did not insist that these gifts and graces are accompaniments and consequences of justification1 instead of being a part or a ground of justification4 ,see ,girdlestone1 ,o4 ,t4 ,synonyms1 #ajd1 note--8,justification is ,god's declaration that the individual sinner1 on account of the faith which unites him to ,christ1 is taken up into the relation which ,christ holds to the ,father1 and has applied to him personally the objective work accomplished for humanity by ,christ40 #f4 ,relation of ,justification to ,faith4 ,a4 ,we are justified by faith1 rather than by love or by any other grace3 7a7 not because faith is itself a work of obedience by which we merit justification1--for this would be a doctrine of justification by works2 7b7 nor because faith is accepted as an equivalent of obedience1--for there is no equivalent except the perfect obedience of ,christ2 7c7 nor because faith is the germ from which obedience may spring hereafter1--for it is not the faith which accepts1 but the ,christ who is accepted1 that renders such obedience possible2 but 7d7 because faith1 and not repentance1 or love1 or hope1 is the medium or instrument by which we receive ,christ and are united to him4 ,hence we are never said to be justified 1 on account of faith1 but only 1 through faith1 or 1 by faith4 ,or1 to express the same truth in other words1 while the grace of ,god is the efficient cause of justification1 and the obedience and sufferings of ,christ are the meritorious or procuring cause1 faith is the mediate or instrumental cause4 ,edwards1 ,works1 #d3figc--8;,faith justifies1 because faith includes the whole act of unition to ,christ as a ,savior4 ,it is not the nature of any other graces or virtues directly to close with ,christ as a mediator1 any further than they enter into the constitution of justifying faith1 and do belong to its nature02 ,observations on ,trinity1 #fdfg--8,salvation is not offered to us upon any condition1 but freely and for nothing4 ,we are to do nothing for it1--we are only to take it4 ,this taking and receiving is faith40 ,h4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,system1 #ebd--8;,an internal change is a sine qua non of justification1 but not its meritorious ground40 ,give a man a gold mine4 ,it is his4 ,he has not to work for it2 he has only to work it4 ,working for life is one thing2 working from life is quite another4 ,the marriage of a poor girl to a wealthy proprietor makes her possessor of his riches despite her former poverty4 ,yet her acceptance has not purchased wealth4 ,it is hers1 not because of what she is or has done1 but because of what her husband is and has done4 ,so faith is the condition of justification1 only because through it ,christ becomes ours1 and with him his atonement and righteousness4 ,salvation comes not because our faith saves us1 but because it links us to the ,christ who saves2 and believing is only the link4 ,there is no more merit in it than in the beggar's stretching forth his hand to receive the offered purse1 or the drowning man's grasping the rope that is thrown to him4 ,the ,wesleyan scheme is inclined to make faith a work4 ,see ,dabney1 ,theology1 #fcg4 ,this is to make faith the cause and ground1 or at least to add it to ,christ's work as a joint cause and ground1 of justification2 as if justification were 1 instead of or 4 ,since faith is never perfect1 this is to go back to the ,roman ,catholic uncertainty of salvation4 ,see ,dorner1 ,glaubenslehre1 #b3gdd1 #gde 7,syst4 ,doct41 #d3bjf1 #bjg74 ,c4 ,h4 ,m4 on ,gen4 #c3g--8,they made themselves aprons of figleaves1 before ,god made them coats of skin4 ,man ever tries to clothe himself in garments of his own righteousness1 before he will take the robe of ,christ's4 ,but ,adam felt himself naked when ,god visited him1 even though he had his figleaves on him40 ,we are justified efficiently by the grace of ,god1 meritoriously by ,christ1 instrumentally by faith1 evidentially by works4 ,faith justifies1 as roots bring plant and soil together4 ,faith connects man with the source of life in ,christ4 8,when the boatman with his hook grapples the rock1 he does not pull the shore to the boat1 but the boat to the shore2 so1 when we by faith lay hold on ,christ1 we do not pull ,christ to us1 but ourselves to him40 ,faith is a coupling2 the train is drawn1 not by the coupling1 but by the locomotive2 yet without the coupling it would not be drawn4 ,faith is the trolley that reaches up to the electric wire2 when the connection is sundered1 not only does the car cease to move1 but the heat dies and the lights go out4 ,dr4 ,john ,duncan3 8,i have married the ,merchant and all his wealth is mine60 ,h4 ,c4 ,trumbull3 8,if a man wants to cross the ocean1 he can either try swimming1 or he can trust the captain of a ship to carry him over in his vessel4 ,by or through his faith in that captain1 the man is carried safely to the other shore2 yet it is the ship's captain1 not the passenger's faith1 which is to be praised for the carrying40 ,so the sick man trusts his case in the hands of his physician1 and his life is saved by the physician1--yet by or through the patient's faith4 ,this faith is indeed an inward act of allegiance1 and no mere outward performance4 ,whiton1 ,divine ,satisfaction1 #ib--8,the ,protestant ,reformers saw that it was by an inward act1 not by penances or sacraments that men were justified4 ,but they halted in the crude notion of a legal court room process1 a governmental procedure external to us1 whereas it is an educational1 inward process1 the awakening through ,christ of the filial spirit in us1 which in the midst of imperfections strives for likeness more and more to the ,son of ,god4 ,justification by principle apart from performance makes ,christianity the religion of the spirit40 ,we would add that such justification excludes education1 and is an act rather than a process1 an act external to the sinner rather than internal1 an act of ,god rather than an act of man4 ,the justified person can say to ,christ1 as ,ruth said to ,boaz3 8,why have ,i found favor in thy sight1 that thou shouldest take knowledge of me1 seeing ,i am a foreigner80 7,ruth #b3aj74 ,b4 ,since the ground of justification is only ,christ1 to whom we are united by faith1 the justified person has peace4 ,if it were anything in ourselves1 our peace must needs be proportioned to our holiness4 ,the practical effect of the ,romanist mingling of works with faith1 as a joint ground of justification1 is to render all assurance of salvation impossible4 7,council of ,trent1 #ith chap43 8,every man1 by reason of his own weakness and defects1 must be in fear and anxiety about his state of grace4 ,nor can any one know1 with infallible certainty of faith1 that he has received forgiveness of ,god4074 ,but since justification is an instantaneous act of ,god1 complete at the moment of the sinner's first believing1 it has no degrees4 ,weak faith justifies as perfectly as strong faith2 although1 since justification is a secret act of ,god1 weak faith does not give so strong assurance of salvation4 ,foundations of our ,faith1 #baf--8,the ,catholic doctrine declares that justification is not dependent upon faith and the righteousness of ,christ imputed and granted thereto1 but on the actual condition of the man himself4 ,but there remain in the man an undeniable amount of fleshly lusts or inclinations to sin1 even though the man be regenerate4 ,the ,catholic doctrine is therefore constrained to assert that these lusts are not in themselves sinful1 or objects of the divine displeasure4 ,they are allowed to remain in the man1 that he may struggle against them2 and1 as they say1 ,paul designates them as sinful1 only because they are derived from sin1 and incite to sin2 but they only become sin by the positive concurrence of the human will4 ,but is not internal lust displeasing to ,god8 ,can we draw the line between lust and will8 ,the ,catholic favors self here1 and makes many things lust1 which are really will4 ,a ,protestant is necessarily more earnest in the work of salvation1 when he recognizes even the evil desire as sin1 according to ,christ's precept40 ,all systems of religion of merely human origin tend to make salvation1 in larger or smaller degree1 the effect of human works1 but only with the result of leaving man in despair4 ,see1 in ,ecclesiasticus #c3cj1 an ,apocryphal declaration that alms make atonement for sin4 ,so ,romanism bids me doubt ,god's grace and the forgiveness of sins4 ,see ,dorner1 ,gesch4 prot4 ,theol41 #bbh1 #bbi1 and his quotations from ,luther4 8,but if the ,romanist doctrine is true1 that a man is justified only in such measure as he is sanctified1 then3 #a4 ,justification must be a matter of degrees1 and so the ,council of ,trent declares it to be4 ,the sacraments which sanctify are therefore essential1 that one may be increasingly justified4 #b4 ,since justification is a continuous process1 the redeeming death of ,christ1 on which it depends1 must be a continuous process also2 hence its prolonged reiteration in the sacrifice by the ,mass4 #c4 ,since sanctification is obviously never completed in this life1 no man ever dies completely justified2 hence the doctrine of ,purgatory40 ,for the substance of ,romanist doctrine1 see ,moehler1 ,symbolism1 #giaij2 ,newman1 ,lectures on ,justification1 #beccde2 ,ritschl1 ,christian ,doctrine of ,justification1 #ababbf4 ,a better doctrine is that of the ,puritan divine3 8,it is not the quantity of thy faith that shall save thee4 ,a drop of water is as true water as the whole ocean4 ,so a little faith is as true faith as the greatest4 ,it is not the measure of thy faith that saves thee1--it is the blood that it grips to that saves thee4 ,the weak hand of the child1 that leads the spoon to the mouth1 will feed as well as the strong arm of a man2 for it is not the hand that feeds1 but the meat4 ,so1 if thou canst grip ,christ ever so weakly1 he will not let thee perish40 ,i am troubled about the money ,i owe in ,new ,york1 until ,i find that a friend has paid my debt there4 ,when ,i find that the objective account against me is cancelled1 then and only then do ,i have subjective peace4 ,a child may be heir to a vast estate1 even while he does not know it2 and a child of ,god may be an heir of glory1 even while1 through the weakness of his faith1 he is oppressed with painful doubts and fears4 ,no man is lost simply because of the greatness of his sins2 however illdeserving he may be1 faith in ,christ will save him4 ,luther's climbing the steps of ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 and the voice of thunder3 8,the just shall live by faith10 are not certain as historical facts2 but they express the substance of ,luther's experience4 ,not obeying1 but receiving1 is the substance of the gospel4 ,a man cannot merit salvation2 he cannot buy it2 but one thing he must do1--he must take it4 ,and the least faith makes salvation ours1 because it makes ,christ ours4 ,augustine conceived of justification as a continuous process1 proceeding until love and all ,christian virtues fill the heart4 ,there is his chief difference from ,paul4 ,augustine believes in sin and grace4 ,but he has not the freedom of the children of ,god1 as ,paul has4 ,the influence of ,augustine upon ,roman ,catholic theology has not been wholly salutary4 ,the ,roman ,catholic1 mixing man's subjective condition with ,god's grace as a ground of justification1 continually wavers between selfrighteousness and uncertainty of acceptance with ,god1 each of these being fatal to a healthful and stable religious life4 ,highchurch ,episcopalians1 and ,sacramentalists generally1 are afflicted with this distemper of the ,romanists4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,dale remarks with regard to ,dr4 ,pusey3 8,the absence of joy in his religious life was only the inevitable effect of his conception of ,god's method of saving men2 in parting with the ,lutheran truth concerning justification1 he parted with the springs of gladness40 ,spurgeon said that a man might get from ,london to ,new ,york provided he took a steamer2 but it made much difference in his comfort whether he had a first class or a second class ticket4 ,a new realization of the meaning of justification in our churches would change much of our singing from the minor to the major key2 would lead us to pray1 not for the presence of ,christ1 but from the presence of ,christ2 would abolish the mournful upward inflections at the end of sentences which give such unreality to our preaching2 and would replace the pessimistic element in our modern work and worship with the notes of praise and triumph4 ,in the ,pilgrim's ,progress1 the justification of the believer is symbolized by ,christian's lodging in the ,palace ,beautiful whose window opened toward the sunrising4 ,even ,luther did not fully apprehend and apply his favorite doctrine of justification by faith4 ,harnack1 ,wesen des ,christenthums1 #afh sq41 states the fundamental principles of ,protestantism as3 8#a4 ,the ,christian religion is wholly given in the word of ,god and in the inner experience which answers to that word4 #b4 ,the assured belief that the ,christian has a gracious ,god4 #8,nun weisz und glaub' ich's feste1 ,ich rhm's auch ohne ,scheu1 ,dasz ,gott1 der hchst' und beste1 ,mein ,freund und ,vater sei2 ,und dasz in allen ,fllen ,er mir zur ,rechten steh'1 ,und dampfe ,sturm und ,wellen1 ,und was mir bringet ,weh'4' #c4 ,restoration of simple and believing worship1 both public and private4 ,but ,luther took too much dogma into ,christianity2 insisted too much on the authority of the written word2 cared too much for the means of grace1 such as the ,lord's ,supper2 identified the church too much with the organized body40 ,yet ,luther talked of beating the heads of the ,wittenbergers with the ,bible1 so as to get the great doctrine of justification by faith into their brains4 8,why do you teach your child the same thing twenty times80 he said4 8,because ,i find that nineteen times is not sufficient40 ,c4 ,justification is instantaneous1 complete1 and final3 instantaneous1 since otherwise there would be an interval during which the soul was neither approved nor condemned by ,god 7,mat4 #f3bd72 complete1 since the soul1 united to ,christ by faith1 becomes partaker of his complete satisfaction to the demands of law 7,col4 #b3i1 #aj72 and final1 since the union with ,christ is indissoluble 7,john #aj3bh1 #bi74 ,as there are many acts of sin in the life of the ,christian1 so there are many acts of pardon following them4 ,but all these acts of pardon are virtually implied in that first act by which he was finally and forever justified2 as also successive acts of repentance and faith1 after such sins1 are virtually implied in that first repentance and faith which logically preceded justification4 ,mat4 #f3bd--8,no man can serve two masters02 ,col4 #b3i1 #aj--8;in him dwelleth all the fulness of the ,godhead bodily1 and in him ye are made full1 who is the head of all principality and power02 ,john #aj3bh1 #bi--8they shall never perish1 and no one shall snatch them out of my hand4 ,my ,father1 who hath given them unto me1 is greater than all2 and no one is able to snatch them out of the ,father's hand40 ,plymouth ,brethren say truly that the ,christian has sin in him1 but not on him1 because ,christ had sin on him1 but not in him4 ,the ,christian has sin but not guilt1 because ,christ had guilt but not sin4 ,all our sins are buried in the grave with ,christ1 and ,christ's resurrection is our resurrection4 ,toplady3 8,from whence this fear and unbelief8 ,hast thou1 ,o ,father1 put to grief ,thy spotless ,son for me8 ,and will the righteous ,judge of men ,condemn me for that debt of sin1 ,which1 ,lord1 was laid on thee8 ,if thou hast my discharge procured1 ,and freely in my room endured ,the whole of wrath divine1 ,payment ,god cannot twice demand1 ,first at my bleeding ,surety's hand1 ,and then again at mine4 ,complete atonement thou hast made1 ,and to the utmost farthing paid ,whate'er thy people owed2 ,how then can wrath on me take place1 ,if sheltered in thy righteousness ,and sprinkled with thy blood8 ,turn1 then1 my soul1 unto thy rest2 ,the merits of thy great ,highpriest ,speak peace and liberty2 ,trust in his efficacious blood1 ,nor fear thy banishment from ,god1 ,since ,jesus died for thee60 ,justification1 however1 is not eternal in the past4 ,we are to repent unto the remission of our sins 7,act #b3ch74 ,remission comes after repentance4 ,sin is not pardoned before it is committed4 ,in justification ,god grants us actual pardon for past sin1 but virtual pardon for future sin4 ,edwards1 ,works1 #d3ajd--8;,future sins are respected1 in that first justification1 no otherwise than as future faith and repentance are respected in it2 and future faith and repentance are looked upon by him that justifies as virtually implied in that first repentance and faith1 in the same manner that justification from future sins is implied in that first justification40 ,a man is not justified from his sins before he has committed them1 nor is he saved before he is born4 ,a remarkable illustration of the extreme to which hyper,calvinism may go is found in ,tobias ,crisp1 ,sermons1 #a3ceh--8,the ,lord hath no more to lay to the charge of an elect person1 yet in the height of iniquity1 and in the excess of riot1 and committing all the abomination that can be committed 444 than he has to the charge of the saint triumphant in glory40 ,a far better statement is found in ,moberly1 ,atonement and ,personality1 #fa--8;,as there is upon earth no consummated penitence1 so neither is there any forgiveness consummated4444 ,forgiveness is the recognition1 by anticipation1 of something which is to be1 something toward which it is itself a mighty quickening of possibilities1 but something which is not1 or at least is not perfectly1 yet4444 ,present forgiveness is inchoate1 is educational4444 ,it reaches its final and perfect consummation only when the forgiven penitent has become at last personally and completely righteous4 ,if the consummation is not reached but reversed1 then forgiveness is forfeited 7,mat4 #ah3cbce740 ,this last exception1 however1 as we shall see in our discussion of ,perseverance1 is only a hypothetical one4 ,the truly forgiven do not finally fall away4 #g4 ,advice to ,inquirers demanded by a ,scriptural ,view of ,justification4 7a7 ,where conviction of sin is yet lacking1 our aim should be to show the sinner that he is under ,god's condemnation for his past sins1 and that no future obedience can ever secure his justification1 since this obedience1 even though perfect1 could not atone for the past1 and even if it could1 he is unable1 without ,god's help1 to render it4 ,with the help of the ,holy ,spirit1 conviction of sin may be roused by presentation of the claims of ,god's perfect law1 and by drawing attention1 first to particular overt transgressions1 and then to the manifold omissions of duty1 the general lack of supreme and allpervading love to ,god1 and the guilty rejection of ,christ's offers and commands4 8,even if the next page of the copy book had no blots or erasures1 its cleanness would not alter the smudges and misshapen letters on the earlier pages40 ,god takes no notice of the promise 8,have patience with me1 and ,i will pay thee0 7,mat4 #ah3bi71 for he knows it can never be fulfilled4 7b7 ,where conviction of sin already exists1 our aim should be1 not1 in the first instance1 to secure the performance of external religious duties1 such as prayer1 or ,scripturereading1 or uniting with the church1 but to induce the sinner1 as his first and allinclusive duty1 to accept ,christ as his only and sufficient sacrifice and ,savior1 and1 committing himself and the matter of his salvation entirely to the hands of ,christ1 to manifest this trust and submission by entering at once upon a life of obedience to ,christ's commands4 ,a convicted sinner should be exhorted1 not first to prayer and then to faith1 but first to faith1 and then to the immediate expression of that faith in prayer and ,christian activity4 ,he should pray1 not for faith1 but in faith4 ,it should not be forgotten that the sinner never sins against so much light1 and never is in so great danger1 as when he is convicted but not converted1 when he is moved to turn but yet refuses to turn4 ,no such sinner should be allowed to think that he has the right to do any other thing whatever before accepting ,christ4 ,this accepting ,christ is not an outward act1 but an inward act of mind and heart and will1 although believing is naturally evidenced by immediate outward action4 ,to teach the sinner1 however apparently well disposed1 how to believe on ,christ1 is beyond the power of man4 ,god is the only giver of faith4 ,but ,scripture instances of faith1 and illustrations drawn from the child's taking the father at his word and acting upon it1 have often been used by the ,holy ,spirit as means of leading men themselves to put faith in ,christ4 ,bengel3 8,those who are secure ,jesus refers to the law2 those who are contrite he consoles with the gospel40 ,a man left work and came home4 ,his wife asked why4 8,because ,i am a sinner40 8,let me send for the preacher40 8,i am too far gone for preachers4 ,if the ,lord ,jesus ,christ does not save me ,i am lost40 ,that man needed only to be pointed to the ,cross4 ,there he found reason for believing that there was salvation for him4 ,in surrendering himself to ,christ he was justified4 ,on the general subject of ,justification1 see ,edwards1 ,works1 #d3fdacb2 ,buchanan on ,justification1 #bejdaa2 ,owen on ,justification1 in ,works1 vol4 #e2 ,bp4 of ,ossory1 ,nature and ,effects of ,faith1 #dhaeb2 ,hodge1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #c3aadbab2 ,thomasius1 ,christi ,person und ,werk1 #c3accbjj2 ,herzog1 ,encyclopdie1 art43 ,rechtfertigung2 ,bushnell1 ,vicarious ,sacrifice1 #dafdbj1 #dce4 ,section ,,iii4--,the ,application ,of ,christ's ,redemption ,in ,its ,continuation4 ,under this head we treat of ,sanctification and of ,perseverance4 ,these two are but the divine and the human sides of the same fact1 and they bear to each other a relation similar to that which exists between ,regeneration and ,conversion4 ,i4 ,sanctification4 #a4 ,definition of ,sanctification4 ,sanctification is that continuous operation of the ,holy ,spirit1 by which the holy disposition imparted in regeneration is maintained and strengthened4 ,godet3 8,the work of ,jesus in the world is twofold4 ,it is a work accomplished for us1 destined to effect reconciliation between ,god and man2 it is a work accomplished in us1 with the object of effecting our sanctification4 ,by the one1 a right relation is established between ,god and us2 by the other1 the fruit of the restablished order is secured4 ,by the former1 the condemned sinner is received into the state of grace2 by the latter1 the pardoned sinner is associated with the life of ,god4444 ,how many express themselves as if1 when forgiveness with the peace which it procures has been once obtained1 all is finished and the work of salvation is complete6 ,they seem to have no suspicion that salvation consists in the health of the soul1 and that the health of the soul consists in holiness4 ,forgiveness is not the restablishment of health2 it is the crisis of convalescence4 ,if ,god thinks fit to declare the sinner righteous1 it is in order that he may by that means restore him to holiness40 ,o4 ,p4 ,gifford3 8,the steamship whose machinery is broken may be brought into port and made fast to the dock4 ,she is safe1 but not sound4 ,repairs may last a long time4 ,christ designs to make us both safe and sound4 ,justification gives the first--safety2 sanctification gives the second--soundness40 ,bradford1 ,heredity and ,christian ,problems1 #bbj--8,to be conscious that one is forgiven1 and yet that at the same time he is so polluted that he cannot beget a child without handing on to that child a nature which will be as bad as if his father had never been forgiven1 is not salvation in any real sense40 ,we would say3 ,is not salvation in any complete sense4 ,justification needs sanctification to follow it4 ,man needs ,god to continue and preserve his spiritual life1 just as much as he needed ,god to begin it at the first4 ,creation in the spiritual1 as well as in the natural world1 needs to be supplemented by preservation2 see quotation from ,jonathan ,edwards1 in ,allen's biography of him1 #cga4 ,regeneration is instantaneous1 but sanctification takes time4 ,the 8developing0 of the photographer's picture may illustrate ,god's process of sanctifying the regenerate soul4 ,but it is development by new access of truth or light1 while the photographer's picture is usually developed in the dark4 ,this development cannot be accomplished in a moment4 8,we try in our religious lives to practise instantaneous photography4 ,one minute for prayer will give us a vision of ,god1 and we think that is enough4 ,our pictures are poor because our negatives are weak4 ,we do not give ,god a long enough sitting to get a good likeness40 ,salvation is something past1 something present1 and something future2 a past fact1 justification2 a present process1 sanctification2 a future consummation1 redemption and glory4 ,david1 in ,ps4 #ea3a1 #b1 prays not only that ,god will blot out his transgressions 7justification71 but that ,god will wash him thoroughly from his iniquity 7sanctification74 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,sanctification consists negatively1 in the removal of the penal consequences of sin from the moral nature2 positively1 in the progressive implanting and growth of a new principle of life4444 ,the ,christian church is a succession of copies of the character of ,christ4 ,paul never says3 #8be ye imitators of me' 7#a ,cor4 #d3af71 except when writing to those who had no copies of the ,new ,testament or of the ,gospels40 ,clarke1 ,christian ,theology1 #cff--8,sanctification does not mean perfection reached1 but the progress of the divine life toward perfection4 ,sanctification is the ,christianizing of the ,christian40 ,it is not simply deliverance from the penalty of sin1 but the development of a divine life that conquers sin4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 ,popular ,lectures1 #cdc--8;,any man who thinks he is a ,christian1 and that he has accepted ,christ for justification1 when he did not at the same time accept him for sanctification1 is miserably deluded in that very experience40 ,this definition implies3 7a7 ,that1 although in regeneration the governing disposition of the soul is made holy1 there still remain tendencies to evil which are unsubdued4 ,john #ac3aj--8;,he that is bathed needeth not save to wash his feet1 but is clean every whit i4 e41 as a whole02 ,rom4 #f3ab--8,let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body1 that ye should obey the lusts thereof0--sin dwells in a believer1 but it reigns in an unbeliever 7,c4 ,h4 ,m474 ,subordinate volitions in the ,christian are not always determined in character by the fundamental choice2 eddies in the stream sometimes run counter to the general course of the current4 ,this doctrine is the opposite of that expressed in the phrase3 8the essential divinity of the human40 ,not culture1 but crucifixion1 is what the ,holy ,spirit prescribes for the natural man4 ,there are two natures in the ,christian1 as ,paul shows in ,romans #g4 ,the one flourishes at the other's expense4 ,the vine dresser has to cut the rank shoots from self1 that all our force may be thrown into growing fruit4 ,deadwood must be cut out2 living wood must be cut back 7,john #ae3b74 ,sanctification is not a matter of course1 which will go on whatever we do1 or do not do4 ,it requires a direct superintendence and surgery on the one hand1 and1 on the other hand a practical hatred of evil on our part that coperates with the husbandry of ,god4 7b7 ,that the existence in the believer of these two opposing principles gives rise to a conflict which lasts through life4 ,gal4 #e3ag--8;,for the flesh lusteth against the ,spirit1 and the ,spirit against the flesh2 for these are contrary the one to the other2 that ye may not do the things that ye would0--not1 as the ,a4 ,v4 had it1 8so that ye cannot do the things that ye would02 the ,spirit who dwells in believers is represented as enabling them successfully to resist those tendencies to evil which naturally exist within them2 ,james #d3e 7the marginal and better reading7--8,that spirit which he made to dwell in us yearneth for us even unto jealous envy0--i4 e41 ,god's love1 like all true love1 longs to have its objects wholly for its own4 ,the ,christian is two men in one2 but he is to 8put away the old man0 and 8put on the new man0 7,eph4 #d3bb1 #bc74 ,compare ,ecclesiasticus #b3a--8,my son1 if thou dost set out to serve the ,lord1 prepare thy soul for temptation40 #a ,tim4 #f3ab--8;fight the good fight of the faith0-- the beautiful1 honorable1 glorious fight2 since it has a noble helper1 incentive1 and reward4 ,it is the commonest of all struggles1 but the issue determines our destiny4 ,an ,indian received as a gift some tobacco in which he found a half dollar hidden4 ,he brought it back next day1 saying that good ,indian had fought all night with bad ,indian1 one telling him to keep1 the other telling him to return4 7c7 ,that in this conflict the ,holy ,spirit enables the ,christian1 through increasing faith1 more fully and consciously to appropriate ,christ1 and thus progressively to make conquest of the remaining sinfulness of his nature4 ,rom4 #h3ac1 #ad--8;for if ye live after the flesh1 ye must die2 but if by the ,spirit ye put to death the deeds of the body1 ye shall live4 ,for as many as are led by the ,spirit of ,god1 these are sons of ,god02 #a ,cor4 #f3aa--8;but ye were washed1 but ye were sanctified1 but ye were justified in the name of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and in the ,spirit of our ,god02 ,james #a3bf--8;,if any man thinketh himself to be religious1 while he bridleth not his tongue but deceiveth his heart1 this man's religion is vain0--see ,com4 of ,neander1 in loco--8,that religion is merely imaginary1 seeming1 unreal1 which allows the continuance of the moral defects originally predominant in the character40 ,the ,christian is 8crucified with ,christ0 7,gal4 #b3bj72 but the crucified man does not die at once4 ,yet he is as good as dead4 ,even after the old man is crucified we are still to mortify him1 or put him to death 7,rom4 #h3ac2 ,col4 #c3e74 ,we are to cut down the old rosebush and cultivate only the new shoot that is grafted into it4 ,here is our probation as ,christians4 ,so 8die ,scene wird zum ,tribunal0--the play of life becomes ,god's judgment4 ,dr4 ,hastings3 8,when ,bourdaloue was probing the conscience of ,louis ,,xiv1 applying to him the words of ,st4 ,paul and intending to paraphrase them3 #8,for the good which ,i would1 ,i do not1 but the evil which ,i would not1 that ,i do1' #8,i find two men in me'--the ,king interrupted the great preacher with the memorable exclamation3 #8,ah1 these two men1 ,i know them well6' ,bourdaloue answered3 #8,it is already something to know them1 ,sire2 but it is not enough1--one of the two must perish4' 0 ,and1 in the genuine believer1 the old does little by little die1 and the new takes its place1 as 8,david waxed stronger and stronger1 but the house of ,saul waxed weaker and weaker0 7#b ,sam4 #c3a74 ,as the ,welsh minister found himself after awhile thinking and dreaming in ,english1 so the language of ,canaan becomes to the ,christian his native and only speech4 #b4 ,explanations and ,scripture ,proof4 7a7 ,sanctification is the work of ,god4 #a ,thess4 #e3bc--8;,and the ,god of peace himself sanctify you wholly40 ,much of our modern literature ignores man's dependence upon ,god1 and some of it seems distinctly intended to teach the opposite doctrine4 ,auerbach's 8,on the ,heights10 for example1 teaches that man can make his own atonement2 and 8,the ,villa on the ,rhine10 by the same author1 teaches that man can sanctify himself4 ,the proper inscription for many modern ,french novels is3 8,entertainment here for man and beast40 ,the ,tendenznovelle of ,germany has its imitators in the sceptical novels of ,england4 ,and no doctrine in these novels is so common as the doctrine that man needs no ,savior but himself4 7b7 ,it is a continuous process4 ,phil4 #a3f--8;being confident of this very thing1 that he who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of ,jesus ,christ02 #c3ae--8,let us therefore1 as many as are perfect1 be thus minded3 and if in anything ye are otherwise minded1 this also shall ,god reveal unto you02 ,col4 #c3i1 #aj--8lie not one to another2 seeing that ye have put off the old man with his doings1 and have put on the new man1 that is being renewed unto knowledge after the image of him that created him02 cf4 ,acts #b3dg--8those that were being saved02 #a ,cor4 #a3ah--8unto us who are being saved02 #b ,cor4 #b3ae--8;in them that are being saved02 #a ,thess4 #b3ab--8;,god1 who calleth you into his own kingdom and glory40 ,c4 ,h4 ,parkhurst3 8,the yeast does not strike through the whole lump of dough at a flash4 ,we keep finding unsuspected lumps of meal that the yeast has not yet seized upon4 ,we surrender to ,god in instalments4 ,we may not mean to do it1 but we do it4 ,conversion has got to be brought down to date40 ,a student asked the ,president of ,oberlin ,college whether he could not take a shorter course than the one prescribed4 8,oh yes10 replied the ,president1 8but then it depends on what you want to make of yourself4 ,when ,god wants to make an oak1 he takes a hundred years1 but when he wants to make a squash1 he takes six months40 7c7 ,it is distinguished from regeneration as growth from birth1 or as the strengthening of a holy disposition from the original impartation of it4 ,eph4 #d3ae--8speaking the truth in love1 may grow up in all things into him1 who is the head1 even ,christ02 #a ,thess4 #c3ab--8the ,lord make you to increase and abound in love one toward another1 and toward all men02 #b ,pet4 #c3ah--8;,but grow in the grace and knowledge of our ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ02 cf4 #a ,pet4 #a3bc--8;begotten again1 not of corruptible seed1 but of incorruptible1 through the word of ,god1 which liveth and abideth02 #a ,john #c3i--8,whosoever is begotten of ,god doeth no sin1 because his seed abideth in him3 and he cannot sin1 because he is begotten of ,god40 ,not sin only1 but holiness also1 is a germ whose nature is to grow4 ,the new love in the believer's heart follows the law of all life1 in developing and extending itself under ,god's husbandry4 ,george ,eliot3 8,the reward of one duty done is the power to do another40 ,j4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stewart3 8,when the #bast of ,march has come1 we say #8,the back of the winter is broken4' ,there will still be alternations of frost1 but the progress will be towards heat4 ,the coming of summer is sure1--in germ the summer is already here40 ,regeneration is the crisis of a disease2 sanctification is the progress of convalescence4 ,yet growth is not a uniform thing in the tree or in the ,christian4 ,in some single months there is more growth than in all the year besides4 ,during the rest of the year1 however1 there is solidification1 without which the green timber would be useless4 ,the period of rapid growth1 when woody fibre is actually deposited between the bark and the trunk1 occupies but four to six weeks in ,may1 ,june1 and ,july4 #b ,pet4 #a3e--8;adding on your part all diligence1 in your faith supply virtue2 and in your virtue knowledge0--adding to the central grace all those that are complementary and subordinate1 till they attain the harmony of a chorus 774 7d7 ,the operation of ,god reveals itself in1 and is accompanied by1 intelligent and voluntary activity of the believer in the discovery and mortification of sinful desires1 and in the bringing of the whole being into obedience to ,christ and conformity to the standards of his word4 ,john #ag3ag--8,sanctify them in the truth3 thy word is truth02 #b ,cor4 #aj3e--8;casting down imaginations1 and every high thing that is exalted against the knowledge of ,god1 and bringing every thought into captivity to the obedience of ,christ02 ,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac--8work out your own salvation with fear and trembling2 for it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure02 #a ,pet4 #b3b--8;as newborn babes1 long for the spiritual milk which is without guile1 that ye may grow thereby unto salvation40 ,john #ae3c--8;,already ye are clean because of the word which ,i have spoken unto you40 ,regeneration through the word is followed by sanctification through the word4 ,eph4 #e3a--8;,be ye therefore imitators of ,god1 as beloved children40 ,imitation is at first a painful effort of will1 as in learning the piano2 afterwards it becomes pleasurable and even unconscious4 ,children unconsciously imitate the handwriting of their parents4 ,charles ,lamb sees in the mirror1 as he is shaving1 the apparition of his dead father4 ,so our likeness to ,god comes out as we advance in years4 ,col4 #c3d--8,when ,christ who is our life1 shall be manifested1 then shall ye also with him be manifested in glory40 ,horace ,bushnell said that1 if the stars did not move1 they would rot in the sky4 ,the man who rides the bicycle must either go on1 or go off4 ,a large part of sanctification consists in the formation of proper habits1 such as the habit of ,scripture reading1 of secret prayer1 of church going1 of efforts to convert and benefit others4 ,baxter3 8,every man must grow1 as trees grow1 downward and upward at once4 ,the visible outward growth must be accompanied by an invisible inward growth40 ,drummond3 8,the spiritual man having passed from death to life1 the natural man must pass from life to death40 ,there must be increasing sense of sin3 8,my sins gave sharpness to the nails1 ,and pointed every thorn40 ,there must be a bringing of new and yet newer regions of thought1 feeling1 and action1 under the sway of ,christ and his truth4 ,there is a grain of truth even in ,macaulay's jest about 8essentially ,christian cookery40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #fc1 #ajiaaa--8,the church is ,christian no more than as it is the organ of the continuous passion of ,christ4 ,we must suffer with sinning and lost humanity1 and so #8fill up 444 that which is lacking of the afflictions of ,christ' 7,col4 #a3bd74 ,christ's crucifixion must be prolonged side by side with his resurrection4 ,there are three deaths3 #a4 death in sin1 our natural condition2 #b4 death for sin1 our judicial condition2 #c4 death to sin1 our sanctified condition4444 ,as the ascending sap in the tree crowds off the dead leaves which in spite of storm and frost cling to the branches all the winter long1 so does the ,holy ,spirit within us1 when allowed full sway1 subdue and expel the remnants of our sinful nature40 7e7 ,the agency through which ,god effects the sanctification of the believer is the indwelling ,spirit of ,christ4 ,john #ad3ag1 #ah--8the ,spirit of truth 444 he abideth with you1 and shall be in you4 ,i will not leave you desolate2 ,i come unto you02 #ae3ce--8;,already ye are clean4444 ,abide in me 444 apart from me ye can do nothing02 ,rom4 #h3i1 #aj--8the ,spirit of ,god dwelleth in you4 ,but if any man hath not the ,spirit of ,christ1 he is none of his4 ,and if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness02 #a ,cor4 #a3b1 #cj--8sanctified in ,christ ,jesus 444 ,christ ,jesus1 who was made unto us 444 sanctification02 #f3ai--8know ye not that your body is a temple of the ,holy ,spirit which is in you1 which ye have from ,god80 ,gal4 #e3af--8,walk by the ,spirit1 and ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh02 ,eph4 #e3ah--8;,and be not drunken with wine1 wherein is riot1 but be filled with the ,spirit02 ,col4 #a3bgbi--8the riches of the glory of this mystery among the ,gentiles1 which is ,christ in you1 the hope of glory3 whom we proclaim1 admonishing every man and teaching every man in all wisdom1 that we may present every man perfect in ,christ2 whereunto ,i labor also1 striving according to his working1 which worketh in me mightily02 #b ,tim4 #a3ad--8,that good thing which was committed unto thee guard through the ,holy ,spirit which dwelleth in us40 ,christianity substitutes for the old sources of excitement the power of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,here is a source of comfort1 energy1 and joy1 infinitely superior to any which the sinner knows4 ,god does not leave the soul to fall back upon itself4 ,the higher up we get in the scale of being1 the more does the new life need nursing and tending1--compare the sapling and the babe4 ,god gives to the ,christian1 therefore1 an abiding presence and work of the ,holy ,spirit1--not only regeneration1 but sanctification4 ,c4 ,e4 ,smith1 ,baptism of ,fire3 8,the soul needs the latter as well as the former rain1 the sealing as well as the renewing of the ,spirit1 the baptism of fire as well as the baptism of water4 ,sealing gives something additional to the document1 an evidence plainer than the writing within1 both to one's self and to others40 8,few flowers yield more honey than serves the bee for its daily food40 ,so we must first live ourselves off from our spiritual diet2 only what is over can be given to nourish others4 ,thomas ,kempis1 ,imitation of ,christ3 8,have peace in thine own heart2 else thou wilt never be able to communicate peace to others40 ,godet3 8,man is a vessel destined to receive ,god1 a vessel which must be enlarged in proportion as it is filled1 and filled in proportion as it is enlarged40 ,matthew ,arnold1 ,morality3 8,we cannot kindle when we will ,the fire which in the heart resides2 ,the ,spirit bloweth and is still2 ,in mystery our soul abides4 ,but tasks in hours of insight willed ,can be in hours of gloom fulfilled4 ,with aching hands and bleeding feet1 ,we dig and heap1 lay stone on stone2 ,we bear the burden and the heat ,of the long day1 and wish 't were done4 ,not till the hours of light return ,all we have built do we discern40 7f7 ,the mediate or instrumental cause of sanctification1 as of justification1 is faith4 ,acts #ae3i--8;cleansing their hearts by faith02 ,rom4 #a3ag--8;,for therein is revealed a righteousness of ,god from faith unto faith3 as it is written1 ,but the righteous shall live from faith40 ,the righteousness includes sanctification as well as justification2 and the subject of the epistle to the ,romans is not simply justification by faith1 but rather righteousness by faith1 or salvation by faith4 ,justification by faith is the subject of chapters #ag2 sanctification by faith is the subject of chapters #haf4 ,we are not sanctified by efforts of our own1 any more than we are justified by efforts of our own4 ,god does not share with us the glory of sanctification1 any more than he shares with us the glory of justification4 ,he must do all1 or nothing4 ,william ,law3 8,a root set in the finest soil1 in the best climate1 and blessed with all that sun and air and rain can do for it1 is not in so sure a way of its growth to perfection1 as every man may be whose spirit aspires after all that which ,god is ready and infinitely desirous to give him4 ,for the sun meets not the springing bud that stretches toward him with half that certainty as ,god1 the source of all good1 communicates himself to the soul that longs to partake of him40 7g7 ,the object of this faith is ,christ himself1 as the head of a new humanity and the source of truth and life to those united to him4 #b ,cor4 #c3ah--8we all1 with unveiled face1 beholding as in a mirror the glory of the ,lord1 are transformed into the same image from glory to glory1 even as from the ,lord the ,spirit02 ,eph4 #d3ac--8till we all attain unto the unity of the faith1 and of the knowledge of the ,son of ,god1 unto a fullgrown man1 unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of ,christ40 ,faith here is of course much more than intellectual faith1--it is the reception of ,christ himself4 ,as ,christianity furnishes a new source of life and energy--in the ,holy ,spirit3 so it gives a new object of attention and regard--the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,as we get air out of a vessel by pouring in water1 so we can drive sin out only by bringing ,christ in4 ,see ,chalmers' ,sermon on ,the ,expulsive ,power of a ,new ,affection4 ,drummond1 ,nat4 ,law in the ,spir4 ,world1 #abcadj--8,man does not grow by making efforts to grow1 but by putting himself into the conditions of growth by living in ,christ40 #a ,john #c3c--8;every one that hath this hope set on him 7 7 purifieth himself1 even as he is pure40 ,sanctification does not begin from within4 ,the objective ,savior must come first4 ,the hope based on him must give the motive and the standard of selfpurification4 ,likeness comes from liking4 ,we grow to be like that which we like4 ,hence we use the phrase 8,i like10 as a synonym for 8,i love40 ,we cannot remove frost from our window by rubbing the pane2 we need to kindle a fire4 ,growth is not the product of effort1 but of life4 8,taking thought10 or 8being anxious0 7,mat4 #f3bg71 is not the way to grow4 ,only take the hindrances out of the way1 and we grow without care1 as the tree does4 ,the moon makes no effort to shine1 nor has it any power of its own to shine4 ,it is only a burnt out cinder in the sky4 ,it shines only as it reflects the light of the sun4 ,so we can shine 8as lights in the world0 7,phil4 #b3ae71 only as we reflect ,christ1 who is 8the ,sun of ,righteousness0 7,mal4 #d3b7 and 8the ,light of the world0 7,john #h3ab74 7h7 ,though the weakest faith perfectly justifies1 the degree of sanctification is measured by the strength of the ,christian's faith1 and the persistence with which he apprehends ,christ in the various relations which the ,scriptures declare him to sustain to us4 ,mat4 #i3bi--8;,according to your faith be it done unto you02 ,luke #ag3e--8,lord1 increase our faith02 ,rom4 #ab3b--8;be not fashioned according to this world3 but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind1 that ye may prove what is the good and acceptable and perfect will of ,god02 #ac3ad--8;,but put ye on the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and make not provision for the flesh1 to fulfil the lusts thereof02 ,eph4 #d3bd--8put on the new man1 that after ,god hath been created in righteousness and holiness of truth02 #a ,tim4 #d3g--8;exercise thyself unto godliness40 ,leighton3 8,none of the children of ,god are born dumb40 ,milton3 8,good1 the more communicated1 the more abundant grows40 ,faith can neither be stationary nor complete 7,westcott1 ,bible ,com4 on ,john #ae3h--8so shall ye become my disciples074 ,luther3 8,he who is a ,christian is no ,christian02 8,christianus non in esse1 sed in fieri40 ,in a ,bible that belonged to ,oliver ,cromwell is this inscription3 8,o4 ,c4 #afdd4 ,qui cessat esse melior cessat esse bonus0--8,he who ceases to be better ceases to be good40 ,story1 the sculptor1 when asked which of his works he valued most1 replied3 8,my next40 ,the greatest work of the ,holy ,spirit is the perfecting of ,christian character4 ,col4 #a3aj--8;,increasing by the knowledge of ,god0--here the instrumental dative represents the knowledge of ,god as the dew or rain which nurtures the growth of the plant 7,lightfoot74 ,mr4 ,gladstone had the habit of reading the ,bible every ,sunday afternoon to old women on his estate4 ,tholuck3 8,i have but one passion1 and that is ,christ40 ,this is an echo of ,paul's words3 8to me to live is ,christ0 7,phil4 #a3ba74 ,but ,paul is far from thinking that he has already obtained1 or is already made perfect4 ,he prays 8that ,i may gain ,christ1 444 that ,i may know him0 7,phil4 #c3h1 #aj74 7i7 ,from the lack of persistence in using the means appointed for ,christian growth--such as the word of ,god1 prayer1 association with other believers1 and personal effort for the conversion of the ungodly--sanctification does not always proceed in regular and unbroken course1 and it is never completed in this life4 ,phil4 #c3ab--8,not that ,i have already obtained1 or am already made perfect3 but ,i press on1 if so be that ,i may lay hold on that for which also ,i was laid hold on by ,jesus ,christ02 #a ,john #a3h--8;,if we say that we have no sin1 we deceive ourselves1 and the truth is not in us40 ,carlyle1 in his ,life of ,john ,sterling1 chap4 #h1 says of ,coleridge1 that 8whenever natural obligation or voluntary undertaking made it his duty to do anything1 the fact seemed a sufficient reason for his not doing it40 ,a regular1 advancing sanctification is marked1 on the other hand1 by a growing habit of instant and joyful obedience4 ,the intermittent spring depends upon the reservoir in the mountain cave1--only when the rain fills the latter full1 does the spring begin to flow4 ,so to secure unbroken ,christian activity1 there must be constant reception of the word and ,spirit of ,god4 ,galen3 8,if diseases take hold of the body1 there is nothing so certain to drive them out as diligent exercise40 ,williams1 ,principles of ,medicine3 8,want of exercise and sedentary habits not only predispose to1 but actually cause1 disease40 ,the little girl who fell out of bed at night was asked how it happened4 ,she replied that she went to sleep too near where she got in4 ,some ,christians lose the joy of their religion by ceasing their ,christian activities too soon after conversion4 ,yet others cultivate their spiritual lives from mere selfishness4 ,selfishness follows the line of least resistance4 ,it is easier to pray in public and to attend meetings for prayer1 than it is to go out into the unsympathetic world and engage in the work of winning souls4 ,this is the fault of monasticism4 ,those grow most who forget themselves in their work for others4 ,the discipline of life is ordained in ,god's providence to correct tendencies to indolence4 ,even this discipline is often received in a rebellious spirit4 ,the result is delay in the process of sanctification4 ,bengel3 8,deus habet horas et moras0--8,god has his hours and his delays40 ,german proverb3 8,gut ,ding will ,weile haben0--8,a good thing requires time40 7j7 ,sanctification1 both of the soul and of the body of the believer1 is completed in the life to come1--that of the former at death1 that of the latter at the resurrection4 ,phil4 #c3ba--8who shall fashion anew the body of our humiliation1 that it may be conformed to the body of his glory1 according to the working whereby he is able even to subject all things unto himself02 ,col4 #c3d--8,when ,christ1 who is our life1 shall be manifested1 then shall we also with him be manifested in glory02 ,heb4 #ab3ad1 #bc--8;,follow after peace with all men1 and the sanctification without which no man shall see the ,lord 444 spirits of just men made perfect02 #a ,john #c3b--8;,beloved1 now are we children of ,god1 and it is not yet made manifest what we shall be4 ,we know that1 if he shall be manifested1 we shall be like him2 for we shall see him even as he is02 ,jude #bd--8;able to guard you from stumbling1 and to set you before the presence of his glory without blemish in exceeding joy02 ,rev4 #ad3e--8;,and in their mouth was found no lie3 they are without blemish40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #aba1 puts the completion of our sanctification1 not at death1 but at the appearing of the ,lord 8a second time1 apart from sin1 444 unto salvation0 7,heb4 #i3bh2 #a ,thess4 #c3ac2 #e3bc74 ,when we shall see him as he is1 instantaneous photographing of his image in our souls will take the place of the present slow progress from glory to glory 7#b ,cor4 #c3ah2 #a ,john #c3b74 ,if by sanctification we mean1 not a sloughing off of remaining depravity1 but an ever increasing purity and perfection1 then we may hold that the process of sanctification goes on forever4 ,our relation to ,christ must always be that of the imperfect to the perfect1 of the finite to the infinite2 and for finite spirits1 progress must always be possible4 ,clarke1 ,christian ,theology1 #cgc--8,not even at death can sanctification end4444 ,the goal lies far beyond deliverance from sin4444 ,there is no such thing as bringing the divine life to such completion that no further progress is possible to it4444 ,indeed1 free and unhampered progress can scarcely begin until sin is left behind40 8,o snows so pure1 ,o peaks so high6 ,i shall not reach you till ,i die60 ,as ,jesus' resurrection was prepared by holiness of life1 so the ,christian's resurrection is prepared by sanctification4 ,when our souls are freed from the last remains of sin1 then it will not be possible for us to be holden by death 7cf4 ,acts #b3bd74 ,see ,gordon1 ,the ,twofold ,life1 or ,christ's ,work for us and in us2 ,brit4 and ,for4 ,evang4 ,rev41 ,april1 #ahhd3bjebbi2 ,van ,oosterzee1 ,christian ,dogmatics1 #fegffb4 #c4 ,erroneous ,views refuted by these ,scripture ,passages4 ,a4 ,the ,antinomian1--which holds that1 since ,christ's obedience and sufferings have satisfied the demands of the law1 the believer is free from obligation to observe it4 ,the ,antinomian view rests upon a misinterpretation of ,rom4 #f3ad--8,ye are not under law1 but under grace40 ,agricola and ,amsdorf 7#aeei7 were representatives of this view4 ,amsdorf said that 8good works are hurtful to salvation40 ,but ,melanchthon's words furnish the reply3 8,sola fides justificat1 sed fides non est sola40 ,f4 ,w4 ,robertson states it3 8,faith alone justifies1 but not the faith that is alone40 ,and he illustrates3 8,lightning alone strikes1 but not the lightning which is without thunder2 for that is summer lightning and harmless40 ,see ,browning's poem1 ,johannes ,agricola in ,meditation1 in ,dramatis ,person1 #cjj--8;,i have ,god's warrant1 ,could ,i blend ,all hideous sins as in a cup1 ,to drink the mingled venoms up1 ,secure my nature will convert ,the draught to blossoming gladness40 ,agricola said that ,moses ought to be hanged4 ,this is ,sanctification without ,perseverance4 ,sandeman1 the founder of the sect called ,sandemanians1 asserted as his fundamental principle the deadliness of all doings1 the necessity for inactivity to let ,god do his work in the soul4 ,see his essay1 ,theron and ,aspasia1 referred to by ,allen1 in his ,life of ,jonathan ,edwards1 #aad4 ,anne ,hutchinson was excommunicated and banished by the ,puritans from ,massachusetts1 in #afcg1 for holding 8two dangerous errors3 #a4 ,the ,holy ,spirit personally dwells in a justified person2 #b4 ,no sanctification can evidence to us our justification40 ,here the latter error almost destroyed the influence of the former truth4 ,there is a little ,antinomianism in the popular hymn3 8,lay your deadly doings down1 ,down at ,jesus' feet2 ,doing is a deadly thing2 ,doing ends in death40 ,the colored preacher's poetry only presented the doctrine in the concrete3 8,you may rip and teyar1 ,you may cuss and sweyar1 ,but you're jess as sure of heaven1 ',s if you'd done gone deyar40 ,plain ,andrew ,fuller in ,england 7#agedahae7 did excellent service in overthrowing popular ,antinomianism4 ,to this view we urge the following objections3 7a7 ,that since the law is a transcript of the holiness of ,god1 its demands as a moral rule are unchanging4 ,only as a system of penalty and a method of salvation is the law abolished in ,christ's death4 ,mat4 #e3agai--8,think not that ,i came to destroy the law or the prophets3 ,i came not to destroy1 but to fulfil4 ,for verily ,i say unto you1 ,till heaven and earth pass away1 one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass away from the law1 till all things be accomplished4 ,whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments1 and shall teach men so1 shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven3 but whosoever shall do and teach them1 he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven02 #dh--8,ye therefore shall be perfect1 as your heavenly ,father is perfect02 #a ,pet4 #a3af--8,ye shall be holy2 for ,i am holy02 ,rom4 #aj3d--8;,for ,christ is the end of the law unto righteousness to every one that believeth02 ,gal4 #b3bj--8;,i have been crucified with ,christ02 #c3ac--8;,christ redeemed us from the curse of the law1 having become a curse for us02 ,col4 #b3ad--8;having blotted out the bond written in ordinances that was against us1 which was contrary to us3 and he hath taken it out of the way1 nailing it to the cross02 ,heb4 #b3ae--8;deliver all them who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage40 7b7 ,that the union between ,christ and the believer secures not only the bearing of the penalty of the law by ,christ1 but also the impartation of ,christ's spirit of obedience to the believer1--in other words1 brings him into communion with ,christ's work1 and leads him to ratify it in his own experience4 ,rom4 #h3i1 #aj1 #ae--8ye are not in the flesh but in the ,spirit1 if so be that the ,spirit of ,god dwelleth in you4 ,but if any man hath not the ,spirit of ,christ1 he is none of his4 ,and if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness4444 ,for ye received not the spirit of bondage again unto fear3 but ye received the spirit of adoption1 whereby we cry1 ,abba1 ,father02 ,gal4 #e3bbbe--8;,but the fruit of the ,spirit is love1 joy1 peace1 longsuffering1 kindness1 goodness1 faithfulness1 meekness1 selfcontrol2 against such there is no law4 ,and they that are of ,christ ,jesus have crucified the flesh with the passions and the lusts thereof02 #a ,john #a3f--8;,if we say that we have fellowship with him and walk in the darkness1 we lie1 and do not the truth02 #c3f--8,whosoever abideth in him sinneth not3 whosoever sinneth hath not seen him1 neither knoweth him40 7c7 ,that the freedom from the law of which the ,scriptures speak1 is therefore simply that freedom from the constraint and bondage of the law1 which characterizes those who have become one with ,christ by faith4 ,ps4 #aai3ig--8,o how love ,i thy law6 it is my meditation all the day02 ,rom4 #c3h1 #ca--8;and why not 7as we are slanderously reported1 and as some affirm that we say71 ,let us do evil1 that good may come8 whose condemnation is just4444 ,do we then make the law of none effect through faith8 ,god forbid3 nay1 we establish the law02 #f3ad1 #ae1 #bb--8;,for sin shall not have dominion over you3 for ye are not under law1 but under grace4 ,what then8 shall we sin1 because we are not under law1 but under grace8 ,god forbid 444 now being made free from sin and become servants to ,god1 ye have your fruit unto sanctification1 and the end eternal life02 #g3f--8;,but now we have been discharged from the law1 having died to that wherein we were held2 so that we serve in newness of the spirit1 and not in oldness of the letter02 #h3d--8that the ordinance of the law might be fulfilled in us1 who walk not after the flesh1 but after the ,spirit02 #a ,cor4 #g3bb--8;he that was called in the ,lord being a bondservant1 is the ,lord's freedman02 ,gal4 #e3a--8;,for freedom did ,christ set us free3 stand fast therefore1 and be not entangled again in a yoke of bondage02 #a ,tim4 #a3i--8law is not made for a righteous man1 but for the lawless and unruly02 ,james #a3be--8the perfect law1 the law of liberty40 ,to sum up the doctrine of ,christian freedom as opposed to ,antinomianism1 we may say that ,christ does not free us1 as the ,antinomian believes1 from the law as a rule of life4 ,but he does free us 7#a7 from the law as a system of curse and penalty2 this he does by bearing the curse and penalty himself4 ,christ frees us 7#b7 from the law with its claims as a method of salvation2 this he does by making his obedience and merits ours4 ,christ frees us 7#c7 from the law as an outward and foreign compulsion2 this he does by giving to us the spirit of obedience and sonship1 by which the law is progressively realized within4 ,christ1 then1 does not free us1 as the ,antinomian believes1 from the law as a rule of life4 ,but he does free us 7#a7 from the law as a system of curse and penalty4 ,this he does by bearing the curse and penalty himself4 ,just as law can do nothing with a man after it has executed its deathpenalty upon him1 so law can do nothing with us1 now that its deathpenalty has been executed upon ,christ4 ,there are some insects that expire in the act of planting their sting2 and so1 when the law gathered itself up and planted its sting in the heart of ,christ1 it expended all its power as a judge and avenger over us who believe4 ,in the ,cross1 the law as a system of curse and penalty exhausted itself2 so we were set free4 ,christ frees us 7#b7 from the law with its claims as a method of salvation3 in other words1 he frees us from the necessity of trusting our salvation to an impossible future obedience4 ,as the sufferings of ,christ1 apart from any sufferings of ours1 deliver us from eternal death1 so the merits of ,christ1 apart from any merits of ours1 give us a title to eternal life4 ,by faith in what ,christ has done and simple acceptance of his work for us1 we secure a right to heaven4 ,obedience on our part is no longer rendered painfully1 as if our salvation depended on it1 but freely and gladly1 in gratitude for what ,christ has done for us4 ,illustrate by the ,english nobleman's invitation to his park1 and the regulations he causes to be posted up4 ,christ frees us 7#c7 from the law as an outward and foreign compulsion4 ,in putting an end to legalism1 he provides against license4 ,this he does by giving the spirit of obedience and sonship4 ,he puts love in the place of fear2 and this secures an obedience more intelligent1 more thorough1 and more hearty1 than could have been secured by mere law4 ,so he frees us from the burden and compulsion of the law1 by realizing the law within us by his ,spirit4 ,the freedom of the ,christian is freedom in the law1 such as the musician experiences when the scales and exercises have become easy1 and work has turned to play4 ,see ,john ,owen1 ,works1 #c3cfffea2 #f3acac2 ,campbell1 ,the ,indwelling ,christ1 #gcha4 ,gould1 ,bib4 ,theol4 ,n4 ,t41 #aie--8,the supremacy of those books which contain the words of ,jesus himself i4 e41 the ,synoptic ,gospels is that they incorporate1 with the other elements of the religious life1 the regulative will4 ,here for instance in ,john is the gospel of the contemplative life1 which1 #8beholding as in a mirror the glory of the ,lord is changed into the same image from glory to glory1 as by the ,spirit of the ,lord' 7#b ,cor4 #c3ah74 ,the belief is that1 with this beholding1 life will take care of itself4 ,life will never take care of itself4 ,among other things1 after the most perfect vision1 it has to ask what aspirations1 principles1 affections1 belong to life1 and then to cultivate the will to embody these things4 ,here is the common defect of all religions4 ,they fail to marry religion to the common life4 ,christ did not stop short of this final word2 but if we leave him for even the greatest of his disciples1 we are in danger of missing it40 ,this utterance of ,gould is surprising in several ways4 ,it attributes to ,john alone the contemplative attitude of mind1 which the quotation given shows to belong also to ,paul4 ,it ignores the constant appeals in ,john to the will3 8,he that hath my commandments and keepeth them1 he it is that loveth me0 7,john #ad3ba74 ,it also forgets that 8life0 in ,john is the whole being1 including intellect1 affection1 and will1 and that to have ,christ for one's life is absolutely to exclude ,antinomianism4 ,b4 ,the ,perfectionist1--which holds that the ,christian may1 in this life1 become perfectly free from sin4 ,this view was held by ,john ,wesley in ,england1 and by ,mahan and ,finney in ,america4 ,finney1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #ejj1 declares regeneration to be 8an instantaneous change from entire sinfulness to entire holiness40 ,the claims of ,perfectionists1 however1 have been modified from 8freedom from all sin10 to 8freedom from all known sin10 then to 8entire consecration10 and finally to 8,christian assurance40 ,h4 ,w4 ,webb,peploe1 in ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,june #be1 #ahih--8,the ,keswick teaching is that no true ,christian need wilfully or knowingly sin4 ,yet this is not sinless perfection4 ,it is simply according to our faith that we receive1 and faith only draws from ,god according to our present possibilities4 ,these are limited by the presence of indwelling corruption2 and1 while never needing to sin within the sphere of the light we possess1 there are to the last hour of our life upon the earth powers of corruption within every man1 which defile his best deeds and give to even his holiest efforts that #8nature of sin' of which the #ith ,article in the ,church of ,england ,prayerbook speaks so strongly40 ,yet it is evident that this corruption is not regarded as real sin1 and is called 8nature of sin0 only in some nonnatural sense4 ,dr4 ,george ,peck says3 8,in the life of the most perfect ,christian there is every day renewed occasion for selfabhorrence1 for repentance1 for renewed application of the blood of ,christ1 for application of the rekindling of the ,holy ,spirit40 ,but why call this a state of perfection8 ,f4 ,b4 ,meyer3 8,we never say that self is dead2 were we to do so1 self would be laughing at us round the corner4 ,the teaching of ,romans #f is1 not that self is dead1 but that the renewed will is dead to self1 the man's will saying ,yes to ,christ1 and ,no to self2 through the ,spirit's grace it constantly repudiates and mortifies the power of the flesh40 ,for statements of the ,perfectionist view1 see ,john ,wesley's ,christian ,theology1 edited by ,thornley ,smith1 #bfebgc2 ,mahan1 ,christian ,perfection1 and art4 in ,bib4 ,repos4 #b;d ,series1 vol4 ,,iv1 ,oct4 #ahdj3djhdbh2 ,finney1 ,systematic ,theology1 #ehfgff2 ,peck1 ,christian ,perfection2 ,ritschl1 ,bib4 ,sac41 ,oct4 #ahgh3fef2 ,a4 ,t4 ,pierson1 ,the ,keswick ,movement4 ,in reply1 it will be sufficient to observe3 7a7 ,that the theory rests upon false conceptions3 first1 of the law1--as a slidingscale of requirement graduated to the moral condition of creatures1 instead of being the unchangeable reflection of ,god's holiness2 secondly1 of sin1--as consisting only in voluntary acts instead of embracing also those dispositions and states of the soul which are not conformed to the divine holiness2 thirdly1 of the human will1--as able to choose ,god supremely and persistently at every moment of life1 and to fulfil at every moment the obligations resting upon it1 instead of being corrupted and enslaved by the ,fall4 ,this view reduces the debt to the debtor's ability to pay1--a short and easy method of discharging obligations4 ,i can leap over a church steeple1 if ,i am only permitted to make the church steeple low enough2 and ,i can touch the stars1 if the stars will only come down to my hand4 ,the ,philistines are quite equal to ,samson1 if they may only cut off ,samson's locks4 ,so ,i can obey ,god's law1 if ,i may only make ,god's law what ,i want it to be4 ,the fundamental error of perfectionism is its low view of ,god's law2 the second is its narrow conception of sin4 ,john ,wesley3 8,i believe a person filled with love of ,god is still liable to involuntary transgressions4 ,such transgressions you may call sins1 if you please2 ,i do not40 ,the third error of perfectionism is its exaggerated estimate of man's power of contrary choice4 ,to say that1 whatever may have been the habits of the past and whatever may be the evil affections of the present1 a man is perfectly able at any moment to obey the whole law of ,god1 is to deny that there are such things as character and depravity4 ,finney1 ,gospel ,themes1 #chc1 indeed1 disclaimed 8all expectations of attaining this state ourselves1 and by our own independent1 unaided efforts40 ,on the ,law of ,god1 see pages #ecgedd4 ,augustine3 8,every lesser good has an essential element of sin40 ,anything less than the perfection that belongs normally to my present stage of development is a coming short of the law's demand4 ,r4 ,w4 ,dale1 ,fellowship with ,christ1 #cei--8;,for us and in this world1 the divine is always the impossible4 ,give me a law for individual conduct which requires a perfection that is within my reach1 and ,i am sure that the law does not represent the divine thought4 #8,not that ,i have already obtained1 or am already made perfect3 but ,i press on1 if so be that ,i may lay hold on that for which also ,i was laid hold on by ,christ ,jesus' 7,phil4 #c3ab7--this1 from the beginning1 has been the confession of saints40 ,the ,perfectionist is apt to say that we must 8take ,christ twice1 once for justification and once for sanctification40 ,but no one can take ,christ for justification without at the same time taking him for sanctification4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge calls this doctrine 8,neonomianism10 because it holds not to one unchanging1 ideal1 and perfect law of ,god1 but to a second law given to human weakness when the first law has failed to secure obedience4 7#a7 ,the law of ,god demands perfection4 ,it is a transcript of ,god's nature4 ,its object is to reveal ,god4 ,anything less than the demand of perfection would misrepresent ,god4 ,god could not give a law which a sinner could obey4 ,in the very nature of the case there can be no sinlessness in this life for those who have once sinned4 ,sin brings incapacity as well as guilt4 ,all men have squandered a part of the talent intrusted to them by ,god1 and therefore no man can come up to the demands of that law which requires all that ,god gave to humanity at its creation together with interest on the investment4 7#b7 ,even the best ,christian comes short of perfection4 ,regeneration makes only the dominant disposition holy4 ,many affections still remain unholy and require to be cleansed4 ,only by lowering the demands of the law1 making shallow our conceptions of sin1 and mistaking temporary volition for permanent bent of the will1 can we count ourselves to be perfect4 7#c7 ,absolute perfection is attained not in this world but in the world to come4 ,the best ,christians count themselves still sinners1 strive most earnestly for holiness1 have imputed but not inherent sanctification1 are saved by hope4 7b7 ,that the theory finds no support in1 but rather is distinctly contradicted by1 ,scripture4 ,first1 the ,scriptures never assert or imply that the ,christian may in this life live without sin2 passages like #a ,john #c3f1 #i1 if interpreted consistently with the context1 set forth either the ideal standard of ,christian living or the actual state of the believer so far as respects his new nature4 #a ,john #c3f--8,whosoever abideth in him sinneth not2 whosoever sinneth hath not seen him1 neither knoweth him02 #i--8,whosoever is begotten of ,god doeth no sin1 because his seed abideth in him3 and he cannot sin1 because he is begotten of ,god40 ,ann4 ,par4 ,bible1 in loco3--8,john is contrasting the states in which sin and grace severally predominate1 without reference to degrees in either1 showing that all men are in one or the other40 ,neander3 8,john recognizes no intermediate state1 no gradations4 ,he seizes upon the radical point of difference4 ,he contrasts the two states in their essential nature and principle4 ,it is either love or hate1 light or darkness1 truth or a lie4 ,the ,christian life in its essential nature is the opposite of all sin4 ,if there be sin1 it must be the afterworking of the old nature40 ,yet all ,christians are required in ,scripture to advance1 to confess sin1 to ask forgiveness1 to maintain warfare1 to assume the attitude of ill desert in prayer1 to receive chastisement for the removal of imperfections1 to regard full salvation as matter of hope1 not of present experience4 ,john paints only in black and white2 there are no intermediate tints or colors4 ,take the words in #a ,john #c3f literally1 and there never was and never can be a regenerate person4 ,the words are hyperbolical1 as ,paul's words in ,rom4 #f3b--8,we who died to sin1 how shall we any longer live therein0--are metaphorical2 see ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 #ahib3cge1 note4 ,the ,emperor ,william refused the request for an audience prepared by a ,german,american1 saying that ,germans born in ,germany but naturalized in ,america became ,americans3 8,ich kenne ,amerikaner1 ,ich kenne ,deutsche1 aber ,deutsch,amerikaner kenne ,ich nicht0--8,i know ,americans1 ,i know ,germans1 but ,german,americans ,i do not know40 ,lowrie1 ,doctrine of ,st4 ,john1 #aaj--8,st4 ,john uses the noun sin and the verb to sin in two senses3 to denote the power or principle of sin1 or to denote concrete acts of sin4 ,the latter sense he generally expresses by the plural sins4444 ,the ,christian is guilty of particular acts of sin for which confession and forgiveness are required1 but as he has been freed from the bondage of sin he cannot habitually practise it nor abide in it1 still less can he be guilty of sin in its superlative form1 by denial of ,christ40 ,secondly1 the apostolic admonitions to the ,christians and ,hebrews show that no such state of complete sanctification had been generally attained by the ,christians of the first century4 ,rom4 #h3bd--8;,for in hope were we saved3 but hope that is seen is not hope3 for who hopeth for that which he seeth80 ,the party feeling1 selfishness1 and immorality found among the members of the ,corinthian church are evidence that they were far from a state of entire sanctification4 ,thirdly1 there is express record of sin committed by the most perfect characters of ,scripture--as ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,job1 ,david1 ,peter4 ,we are urged by perfectionists 8to keep up the standard40 ,we do this1 not by calling certain men perfect1 but by calling ,jesus ,christ perfect4 ,in proportion to our sanctification1 we are absorbed in ,christ1 not in ourselves4 ,selfconsciousness and display are a poor evidence of sanctification4 ,the best characters of ,scripture put their trust in a standard higher than they have ever realized in their own persons1 even in the righteousness of ,god4 ,fourthly1 the word 1 as applied to spiritual conditions already attained1 can fairly be held to signify only a relative perfection1 equivalent to sincere piety or maturity of ,christian judgment4 #a ,cor4 #b3f--8,we speak wisdom1 however1 among the perfect10 or1 as the ,am4 ,revisers have it1 8among them that are fullgrown02 ,phil4 #c3ae--8,let us therefore1 as many as are perfect1 be thus minded40 ,men are often called perfect1 when free from any fault which strikes the eyes of the world4 ,see ,gen4 #f3i--8,noah was a righteous man1 and perfect02 ,job #a3a--8that man was perfect and upright40 ,on 1 see ,trench1 ,syn4 ,n4 ,t41 #a3aaj4 ,the are described in ,heb4 #e3ad--8,solid food is for the mature 77 who on account of habit have their perceptions disciplined for the discriminating of good and evil0 7,dr4 ,kendrick's translation74 ,the same word 8perfect0 is used of ,jacob in ,gen4 #be3bg--8;,jacob was a quiet man1 dwelling in tents0 a harmless man1 exemplary and wellbalanced1 as a man of business4 ,genung1 ,epic of the ,inner ,life1 #acb--8',perfect' in ,job ,horace's #8integer vit1' being the adjective of which #8integrity' is the substantive40 ,fifthly1 the ,scriptures distinctly deny that any man on earth lives without sin4 #a ,k4 #h3df--8there is no man that sinneth not02 ,eccl4 #g3bj--8,surely there is not a righteous man upon earth1 that doeth good1 and sinneth not02 ,james #c3b--8;,for in many things we all stumble4 ,if any stumbleth not in word1 the same is a perfect man1 able to bridle the whole body also02 #a ,john #a3h--8;,if we say that we have no sin1 we deceive ourselves1 and the truth is not in us40 ,t4 ,t4 ,eaton1 ,sanctification3 8#a4 ,some mistake regeneration for sanctification4 ,they have been unconverted church members4 ,when led to faith in ,christ1 and finding peace and joy1 they think they are sanctified1 when they are simply converted4 #b4 ,some mistake assurance of faith for sanctification4 ,but joy is not sanctification4 #c4 ,some mistake the baptism of the ,holy ,spirit for sanctification4 ,but ,peter sinned grievously at ,antioch1 after he had received that baptism4 #d4 ,some think that doing the best one can is sanctification4 ,but he who measures by inches1 for feet1 can measure up well4 ,some regard sin as only a voluntary act1 whereas the sinful nature is the fountain4 ,stripping off the leaves of the ,upas tree does not answer4 #f4 ,some mistake the power of the human will1 and fancy that an act of will can free a man from sin4 ,they ignore the settled bent of the will1 which the act of will does not change40 ,sixthly1 the declaration3 8ye were sanctified0 7#a ,cor4 #f3aa71 and the designation3 8saints0 7#a ,cor4 #a3b71 applied to early believers1 are1 as the whole epistle shows1 expressive of a holiness existing in germ and anticipation2 the expressions deriving their meaning not so much from what these early believers were1 as from what ,christ was1 to whom they were united by faith4 ,when ,n4 ,t4 believers are said to be 8sanctified10 we must remember the ,o4 ,t4 use of the word4 8,sanctify0 may have either the meaning 8to make holy outwardly10 or 8to make holy inwardly40 ,the people of ,israel and the vessels of the tabernacle were made holy in the former sense2 their sanctification was a setting apart to the sacred use4 ,num4 #h3ag--8;all the firstborn among the children of ,israel are mine4444 ,i sanctified them for myself02 ,deut4 #cc3c--8,yea1 he loveth the people2 all his saints are in thy hand02 #b ,chron4 #bi3ai--8;all the vessels 444 have we prepared and sanctified40 ,the vessels mentioned were first immersed1 and then sprinkled from day to day according to need4 ,so the ,christian by his regeneration is set apart for ,god's service1 and in this sense is a 8saint0 and 8sanctified40 ,more than this1 he has in him the beginnings of purity1--he is 8clean as a whole10 though he yet needs 8to wash his feet0 7,john #ac3aj7--that is1 to be cleansed from the recurring defilements of his daily life4 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3eea--8,the error of the ,perfectionist is that of confounding imputed sanctification with inherent sanctification4 ,it is the latter which is mentioned in #a ,cor4 #a3cj--#8;,christ ,jesus1 who was made unto us 444 sanctification4' 0 ,water from the ,jordan is turbid1 but it settles in the bottle and seems pure--until it is shaken4 ,some ,christians seem very free from sin1 until you shake them1--then they get 8riled40 ,clarke1 ,christian ,theology1 #hga--8;,is there not a higher ,christian life8 ,yes1 and a higher life beyond it1 and a higher still beyond4 ,the ,christian life is ever higher and higher4 ,it must pass through all stages between its beginning and its perfection40 ,c4 ,d4 ,case3 8,the great objection to this theory of complete sanctification is that1 if possessed at all1 it is not a development of our own character40 7c7 ,that the theory is disapproved by the testimony of ,christian experience4--,in exact proportion to the soul's advance in holiness does it shrink from claiming that holiness has been already attained1 and humble itself before ,god for its remaining apathy1 ingratitude1 and unbelief4 ,phil4 #c3abad--8,not that ,i have already obtained1 or am already made perfect3 but ,i press on1 if so be that ,i may lay hold on that for which also ,i was laid hold on by ,christ ,jesus40 ,some of the greatest advocates of perfectionism have been furthest from claiming any such perfection2 although many of their less instructed followers claimed it for them1 and even professed to have attained it themselves4 ,in ,luke #g3aaj1 the centurion does not think himself worthy to go to ,jesus1 or to have him come under his roof1 yet the elders of the ,jews say3 8,he is worthy that thou shouldest do this02 and ,jesus himself says of him3 8,i have not found so great faith1 no1 not in ,israel40 8,holy to ,jehovah0 was inscribed upon the mitre of the high priest 7,ex4 #bh3cf74 ,others saw it1 but he saw it not4 ,moses knew not that his face shone 7,ex4 #cd3bi74 ,the truest holiness is that of which the possessor is least conscious2 yet it is his real diadem and beauty 7,a4 ,j4 ,gordon74 8,the nearer men are to being sinless1 the less they talk about it0 7,dwight ,l4 ,moody74 8,always strive for perfection3 never believe you have reached it0 7,arnold of ,rugby74 ,compare with this1 ,ernest ,renan's declaration that he had nothing to alter in his life4 8,i have not sinned for some time10 said a woman to ,mr4 ,spurgeon4 8,then you must be very proud of it10 he replied4 8,indeed ,i am60 said she4 ,a pastor says3 8,no one can attain the #8,higher ,life1' and escape making mischief40 ,john ,wesley lamented that not one in thirty retained the blessing4 ,perfectionism is best met by proper statements of the nature of the law and of sin 7,ps4 #aai3if74 ,while we thus rebuke spiritual pride1 however1 we should be equally careful to point out the inseparable connection between justification and sanctification1 and their equal importance as together making up the ,biblical idea of salvation4 ,while we show no favor to those who would make sanctification a sudden and paroxysmal act of the human will1 we should hold forth the holiness of ,god as the standard of attainment1 and the faith in a ,christ of infinite fulness as the medium through which that standard is to be gradually but certainly realized in us 7#b ,cor4 #c3ah74 ,we should imitate ,lyman ,beecher's method of opposing perfectionism--by searching expositions of ,god's law4 ,when men know what the law is1 they will say with the ,psalmist3 8,i have seen an end of all perfection2 thy commandment is exceeding broad0 7,ps4 #aai3if74 ,and yet we are earnestly and hopefully to seek in ,christ for a continually increasing measure of sanctification3 #a ,cor4 #a3cj--8;,christ ,jesus1 who was made unto us 444 sanctification02 #b ,cor4 #c3ah--8;,but we all1 with unveiled face beholding as in a mirror the glory of the ,lord1 are transformed into the same image from glory to glory1 even as from the ,lord the ,spirit40 ,arnold of ,rugby3 8,always expect to succeed1 and never think you have succeeded40 ,mr4 ,finney meant by entire sanctification only that it is possible for ,christians in this life by the grace of ,god to consecrate themselves so unreservedly to his service as to live without conscious and wilful disobedience to the divine commands4 ,he did not claim himself to have reached this point2 he made at times very impressive confessions of his own sinfulness2 he did not encourage others to make for themselves the claim to have lived without conscious fault4 ,he held however that such a state is attainable1 and therefore that its pursuit is rational4 ,he also admitted that such a state is one1 not of absolute1 but only of relative1 sinlessness4 ,his error was in calling it a state of entire sanctification4 ,see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,christ in ,creation1 #cggchd4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #aaf--8;,it is possible that one may experience a great crisis in his spiritual life1 in which there is such a total surrender of self to ,god and such an infilling of the ,holy ,spirit1 that he is freed from the bondage of sinful appetites and habits1 and enabled to have constant victory over self instead of suffering constant defeat4444 ,if the doctrine of sinless perfection is a heresy1 the doctrine of contentment with sinful imperfection is a greater heresy4444 ,it is not an edifying spectacle to see a ,christian worldling throwing stones at a ,christian perfectionist40 ,caird1 ,evolution of ,religion1 #a3ach--8;,if1 according to the ,german proverb1 it is provided that the trees shall not grow into the sky1 it is equally provided that they shall always grow toward it2 and the sinking of the roots into the soil is inevitably accompanied by a further expansion of the branches40 ,see ,hovey1 ,doctrine of the ,higher ,christian ,life1 ,compared with ,scripture1 also ,hovey1 ,higher ,christian ,life ,examined1 in ,studies in ,ethics and ,theology1 #cdddbg2 ,snodgrass1 ,scriptural ,doctrine of ,sanctification2 ,princeton ,essays1 #a3ccecfe2 ,hodge1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #c3bacbeh2 ,calvin1 ,institutes1 ,,iii1 #aa3f2 ,bib4 ,repos41 #b;d ,series1 #a3ddeh2 #b3adcaff2 ,woods1 ,works1 #d3dfeebc2 ,h4 ,a4 ,boardman1 ,the 8,higher ,life0 ,doctrine of ,sanctification2 ,william ,law1 ,practical ,treatise on ,christian ,perfection2 ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson1 ,the ,highest ,life4 ,,ii4 ,perseverance4 ,the ,scriptures declare that1 in virtue of the original purpose and continuous operation of ,god1 all who are united to ,christ by faith will infallibly continue in a state of grace and will finally attain to everlasting life4 ,this voluntary continuance1 on the part of the ,christian1 in faith and welldoing we call perseverance4 ,perseverance is1 therefore1 the human side or aspect of that spiritual process which1 as viewed from the divine side1 we call sanctification4 ,it is not a mere natural consequence of conversion1 but involves a constant activity of the human will from the moment of conversion to the end of life4 ,adam's holiness was mutable2 ,god did not determine to keep him4 ,it is otherwise with believers in ,christ2 ,god has determined to give them the kingdom 7,luke #ab3cb74 ,yet this keeping by ,god1 which we call sanctification1 is accompanied and followed by a keeping of himself on the part of the believer1 which we call perseverance4 ,the former is alluded to in ,john #ag3aa1 #ab--8keep them in thy name4444 ,i kept them in thy name4444 ,i guarded them1 and not one of them perished1 but the son of perdition02 the latter is alluded to in #a ,john #e3ah--8;he that was begotten of ,god keepeth himself40 ,both are expressed in ,jude #ba1 #bd--8,keep yourselves in the love of ,god4444 ,now unto him that is able to guard you from stumbling4440 ,a ,german treatise on ,pastoral ,theology is entitled3 8,keep ,what ,thou ,hast0--an allusion to #b ,tim4 #a3ad--8,that good thing which was committed unto thee guard through the ,holy ,spirit which dwelleth in us40 ,not only the pastor1 but every believer1 has a charge to keep2 and the keeping of ourselves is as important a point of ,christian doctrine as is the keeping of ,god4 ,both are expressed in the motto3 ,teneo1 ,teneor--the motto on the front of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 building in ,boston1 underneath a stone cross1 firmly clasped by two hands4 ,the colored preacher said that 8,perseverance means3 #a4 ,take hold2 #b4 ,hold on2 #c4 ,never let go40 ,physically1 intellectually1 morally1 spiritually1 there is need that we persevere4 ,paul1 in #a ,cor4 #i3bg1 declares that he smites his body under the eye and makes a slave of it1 lest after having preached to others he himself should be rejected2 and in #b ,tim4 #d3g1 at the end of his career1 he rejoices that he has 8kept the faith40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #aae--8,the ,christian is as #8a tree planted by the streams of water1 that bringeth forth its fruit in its season' 7,ps4 #a3c71 but to conclude that his growth will be as irresistible as that of the tree1 coming as a matter of course simply because he has by regeneration been planted in ,christ1 is a grave mistake4 ,the disciple is required to be consciously and intelligently active in his own growth1 as the tree is not1 #8to give all diligence to make his calling and election sure' 7#b ,pet4 #a3aj7 by surrendering himself to the divine action40 ,clarke1 ,christian ,theology1 #cgi--8,man is able to fall1 and ,god is able to keep him from falling2 and through the various experiences of life ,god will so save his child out of all evil that he will be morally incapable of falling40 #a4 ,proof of the ,doctrine of ,perseverance4 ,a4 ,from ,scripture4 ,john #aj3bh1 #bi--8they shall never perish1 and no one shall snatch them out of my hand4 ,my ,father1 who hath given them unto me1 is greater than all2 and no one is able to snatch them out of the ,father's hand02 ,rom4 #aa3bi--8;,for the gifts and the calling of ,god are without repentance02 #a ,cor4 #ac3g--8;endureth all things02 cf4 #ac--8;,but now abideth faith1 hope1 love02 ,phil4 #a3f--8;being confident of this very thing1 that he who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of ,jesus ,christ02 #b ,thess4 #c3c--8;,but the ,lord is faithful1 who shall establish you1 and guard you from the evil one02 #b ,tim4 #a3ab--8;,i know him whom ,i have believed1 and ,i am persuaded that he is able to guard that which ,i have committed unto him against that day02 #a ,pet4 #a3e--8who by the power of ,god are guarded through faith unto a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time02 ,rev4 #c3aj--8;,because thou didst keep the word of my patience1 ,i also will keep thee from the hour of trial1 that hour which is to come upon the whole world1 to try them that dwell upon the earth40 #b ,tim4 #a3ab-- --,ellicott translates3 8the trust committed to me10 or 8my deposit0 the office of preaching the gospel1 the stewardship entrusted to the apostle2 cf4 #a ,tim4 #f3bj--8,o ,timothy1 keep thy deposit0-- 2 and #b ,tim4 #a3ad--8,keep the good deposit0--where the deposit seems to be the faith or doctrine delivered to him to preach4 ,nicoll1 ,the ,church's ,one ,foundation1 #baa--8,some ,christians waken each morning with a creed of fewer articles1 and those that remain they are ready to surrender to a process of argument that convinces them4 ,but it is a duty to keep4 #8,ye have an anointing from the ,holy ,one1 and ye know' 7#a ,john #b3bj74444 ,ezra gave to his men a treasure of gold and silver and sacrificial vessels1 and he charged them3 #8,watch ye1 and keep them1 until ye weigh them 444 in thy chambers of the house of ,jehovah' 7,ezra #h3bi740 ,see in the ,autobiography of ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon1 #a3bbe1 #bef1 the outline of a sermon on ,john #f3cg--8;,all that which the ,father giveth me shall come unto me2 and him that cometh to me ,i will in no wise cast out40 ,mr4 ,spurgeon remarks that this text can give us no comfort unless we see3 #a4 that ,god has given us his ,holy ,spirit2 #b4 that we have given ourselves to him4 ,christ will not cast us out because of our great sins1 our long delays1 our trying other saviors1 our hardness of heart1 our little faith1 our poor dull prayers1 our unbelief1 our inveterate corruptions1 our frequent backslidings1 nor finally because every one else passes us by4 ,b4 ,from ,reason4 7a7 ,it is a necessary inference from other doctrines1--such as election1 union with ,christ1 regeneration1 justification1 sanctification4 ,election of certain individuals to salvation is election to bestow upon them such influences of the ,spirit as will lead them not only to accept ,christ1 but to persevere and be saved4 ,union with ,christ is indissoluble2 regeneration is the beginning of a work of new creation1 which is declared in justification1 and completed in sanctification4 ,all these doctrines are parts of a general scheme1 which would come to naught if any single ,christian were permitted to fall away4 7b7 ,it accords with analogy1--,god's preserving care being needed by1 and being granted to1 his spiritual1 as well as his natural1 creation4 ,as natural life cannot uphold itself1 but we 8live1 and move1 and have our being0 in ,god 7,acts #ag3bh71 so spiritual life cannot uphold itself1 and ,god maintains the faith1 love1 and holy activity which he has originated4 ,if he preserves our natural life1 much more may we expect him to preserve the spiritual4 #a ,tim4 #f3ac--8;,i charge thee before ,god who preserveth all things alive0 7,r4 ,v4 marg47-- the great ,preserver of all enables us to persist in our ,christian course4 7c7 ,it is implied in all assurance of salvation1--since this assurance is given by the ,holy ,spirit1 and is based not upon the known strength of human resolution1 but upon the purpose and operation of ,god4 ,s4 ,r4 ,mason3 8,if ,satan and ,adam both fell away from perfect holiness1 it is a million to one that1 in a world full of temptations and with all appetites and habits against me1 ,i shall fall away from imperfect holiness1 unless ,god by his almighty power keep me40 ,it is in the power and purpose of ,god1 then1 that the believer puts his trust4 ,but since this trust is awakened by the ,holy ,spirit1 it must be that there is a divine fact corresponding to it2 namely1 ,god's purpose to exert his power in such a way that the ,christian shall persevere4 ,see ,wardlaw1 ,syst4 ,theol41 #b3eejegh2 ,n4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,revealed ,theology1 #ddedfj4 ,job #f3aa--8,what is my strength1 that ,i should wait8 ,and what is mine end1 that ,i should be patient80 8,here is a note of self distrust4 ,to be patient without any outlook1 to endure without divine support--,job does not promise it1 and he trembles at the prospect2 but none the less he sets his feet on the toilsome way0 7,genung74 ,dr4 ,lyman ,beecher was asked whether he believed in the perseverance of the saints4 ,he replied3 8,i do1 except when the wind is from the ,east40 ,but the value of the doctrine is that we can believe it even when the wind is from the ,east4 ,it is well to hold on to ,god's hand1 but it is better to have ,god's hand hold on to us4 ,when we are weak1 and forgetful and asleep1 we need to be sure of ,god's care4 ,like the child who thought he was driving1 but who found1 after the trouble was over1 that his father after all had been holding the reins1 we too find when danger comes that behind our hands are the hands of ,god4 ,the ,perseverance of the ,saints1 looked at from the divine side1 is the ,preservation of the ,saints1 and the hymn that expresses the ,christian's faith is the hymn3 8,how firm a foundation1 ye saints of the ,lord1 ,is laid for your faith in his excellent word60 #b4 ,objections to the ,doctrine of ,perseverance4 ,these objections are urged chiefly by ,arminians and by ,romanists4 ,a4 ,that it is inconsistent with human freedom4--,answer3 ,it is no more so than is the doctrine of ,election or the doctrine of ,decrees4 ,the doctrine is simply this1 that ,god will bring to bear such influences upon all true believers1 that they will freely persevere4 ,moule1 ,outlines of ,christian ,doctrine1 #dg--8;,is grace1 in any sense of the word1 ever finally withdrawn8 ,yes1 if by grace is meant any free gift of ,god tending to salvation2 or1 more specially1 any action of the ,holy ,spirit tending in its nature thither4444 ,but if by grace be meant the dwelling and working of ,christ in the truly regenerate1 there is no indication in ,scripture of the withdrawal of it40 ,b4 ,that it tends to immorality4--,answer3 ,this cannot be1 since the doctrine declares that ,god will save men by securing their perseverance in holiness4 #b ,tim4 #b3ai--8;,howbeit the firm foundation of ,god standeth1 having this seal1 ,the ,lord knoweth them that are his3 and1 ,let every one that nameth the name of the ,lord depart from unrighteousness02 that is1 the temple of ,christian character has upon its foundation two significant inscriptions1 the one declaring ,god's power1 wisdom1 and purpose of salvation2 the other declaring the purity and holy activity1 on the part of the believer1 through which ,god's purpose is to be fulfilled2 #a ,pet4 #a3a1 #b--8;elect 444 according to the foreknowledge of ,god the ,father1 in sanctification of the ,spirit1 unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of ,jesus ,christ02 #b ,pet4 #a3aj1 #aa--8,wherefore1 brethren1 give the more diligence to make your calling and election sure3 for if ye do these things1 ye shall never stumble3 for thus shall be richly supplied unto you the entrance into the eternal kingdom of our ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ40 ,c4 ,that it leads to indolence4--,answer3 ,this is a perversion of the doctrine1 continuously possible only to the unregenerate2 since1 to the regenerate1 certainty of success is the strongest incentive to activity in the conflict with sin4 #a ,john #e3d--8;,for whatsoever is begotten of ,god overcometh the world2 and this is the victory that hath overcome the world1 even our faith40 ,it is notoriously untrue that confidence of success inspires timidity or indolence4 ,thomas ,fuller3 8,your salvation is his business2 his service your business40 ,the only prayers ,god will answer are those we ourselves cannot answer4 ,for the very reason that 8it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to work1 for his good pleasure10 the apostle exhorts3 8work out your own salvation with fear and trembling0 7,phil4 #b3ab1 #ac74 ,d4 ,that the ,scripture commands to persevere and warnings against apostasy show that certain1 even of the regenerate1 will fall away4--,answer3 7a7 ,they show that some1 who are apparently regenerate1 will fall away4 ,mat4 #ah3g--8,woe unto the world because of occasions of stumbling6 for it must needs be that the occasions come2 but woe to that man through whom the occasion cometh02 #a ,cor4 #aa3ai--8;,for there must be also factions lit4 #8heresies' among you1 that they that are approved may be made manifest among you02 #a ,john #b3ai--8,they went out from us1 but they were not of us2 for if they had been of us1 they would have continued with us3 but they went out1 that they might be made manifest that they all are not of us40 ,judas probably experienced strong emotions1 and received strong impulses toward good1 under the influence of ,christ4 ,the only falling from grace which is recognized in ,scripture is not the falling of the regenerate1 but the falling of the unregenerate1 from influences tending to lead them to ,christ4 ,the ,rabbins said that a drop of water will suffice to purify a man who has accidentally touched a creeping thing1 but an ocean will not suffice for his cleansing so long as he purposely keeps the creeping thing in his hand4 7b7 ,they show that the truly regenerate1 and those who are only apparently so1 are not certainly distinguishable in this life4 ,mal4 #c3ah--8,then shall ye return and discern between the righteous and the wicked1 between him that serveth ,god and him that serveth him not02 ,mat4 #ac3be1 #dg--8while men slept1 his enemy came and sowed tares also among the wheat1 and went away4444 ,again1 the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net1 that was cast into the sea1 and gathered of every kind02 ,rom4 #i3f1 #g--8;,for they are not all ,israel1 that are of ,israel3 neither1 because they are ,abraham's seed1 are they all children02 ,rev4 #c3a--8;,i know thy works1 that thou hast a name that thou livest1 and thou art dead40 ,the tares were never wheat1 and the bad fish never were good1 in spite of the fact that their true nature was not for a while recognized4 7c7 ,they show the fearful consequences of rejecting ,christ1 to those who have enjoyed special divine influences1 but who are only apparently regenerate4 ,heb4 #aj3bfbi--8;,for if we sin wilfully after that we have received the knowledge of the truth1 there remaineth no more a sacrifice for sins1 but a certain fearful expectation of judgment1 and a fierceness of fire which shall devour the adversaries4 ,a man that hath set at nought ,moses' law dieth without compassion on the word of two or three witnesses3 of how much sorer punishment1 think ye1 shall he be judged worthy1 who hath trodden under foot the ,son of ,god1 and hath counted the blood of the covenant wherewith he was sanctified an unholy thing1 and hath done despite unto the ,spirit of grace80 ,here 8sanctified0 external sanctification1 like that of the ancient ,israelites1 by outward connection with ,god's people2 cf4 #a ,cor4 #g3ad--8the unbelieving husband is sanctified in the wife40 ,in considering these and the following ,scripture passages1 much will depend upon our view of inspiration4 ,if we hold that ,christ's promise was fulfilled and that his apostles were led into all the truth1 we shall assume that there is unity in their teaching1 and shall recognize in their variations only aspects and applications of the teaching of our ,lord2 in other words1 ,christ's doctrine in ,john #aj3bh1 #bi will be the norm for the interpretation of seemingly diverse and at first sight inconsistent passages4 ,there was a 8faith which was once for all delivered unto the saints10 and for this primitive faith we are exhorted 8to contend earnestly0 7,jude #c74 7d7 ,they show what the fate of the truly regenerate would be1 in case they should not persevere4 ,heb4 #f3df--8;,for as touching those who were once enlightened and tasted of the heavenly gift1 and were made partakers of the ,holy ,spirit1 and tasted the good word of ,god1 and the powers of the world to come1 and then fell away1 it is impossible to renew them again unto repentance2 seeing they crucify to themselves the ,son of ,god afresh1 and put him to an open shame40 ,this is to be understood as a hypothetical case1--as is clear from verse #i which follows3 8,but1 beloved1 we are persuaded better things of you1 and things which accompany salvation1 though we thus speak40 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kendrick1 ,com4 in loco3 8,in the phrase #8once enlightened1' the #8once' is once for all4 ,the text describes a condition subjectively possible1 and therefore needing to be held up in earnest warning to the believer1 while objectively and in the absolute purpose of ,god1 it never occurs4444 ,if passages like this teach the possibility of falling from grace1 they teach also the impossibility of restoration to it4 ,the saint who once apostatizes has apostatized forever40 ,so ,ez4 #ah3bd--8when the righteous turneth away from his righteousness1 and committeth iniquity 444 in them shall he die02 #b ,pet4 #b3bj--8;,for if1 after they have escaped the defilements of the world through the knowledge of the ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ1 they are again entangled therein and overcome1 the last state is become worse with them than the first40 ,so1 in ,mat4 #e3ac--8;if the salt have lost its savor1 wherewith shall it be salted80--if this teaches that the regenerate may lose their religion1 it also teaches that they can never recover it4 ,it really shows only that ,christians who do not perform their proper functions as ,christians become harmful and contemptible 7,broadus1 in loco74 7e7 ,they show that the perseverance of the truly regenerate may be secured by these very commands and warnings4 #a ,cor4 #i3bg--8;,i buffet my body1 and bring it into bondage3 lest by any means1 after that ,i have preached to others1 ,i myself should be rejected0--or1 to bring out the meaning more fully3 8,i beat my body blue or1 #8strike it under the eye'1 and make it a slave1 lest after having been a herald to others1 ,i myself should be rejected0 78unapproved10 8counted unworthy of the prize072 #aj3ab--8,wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall40 ,quarles1 ,emblems3 8,the way to be safe is never to be secure40 ,wrightnour3 8,warning a traveler to keep a certain path1 and by this means keeping him in that path1 is no evidence that he will ever fall into a pit by the side of the path simply because he is warned of it40 7f7 ,they do not show that it is certain1 or possible1 that any truly regenerate person will fall away4 ,the ,christian is like a man making his way uphill1 who occasionally slips back1 yet always has his face set toward the summit4 ,the unregenerate man has his face turned downwards1 and he is slipping all the way4 ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon3 8,the believer1 like a man on shipboard1 may fall again and again on the deck1 but he will never fall overboard40 ,e4 ,that we have actual examples of such apostasy4--,we answer3 7a7 ,such are either men once outwardly reformed1 like ,judas and ,ananias1 but never renewed in heart2 ,but1 per contra1 instance the experience of a man in typhoid fever1 who apparently repented1 but who never remembered it when he was restored to health4 ,sickbed and deathbed conversions are not the best4 ,there was one penitent thief1 that none might despair2 there was but one penitent thief1 that none might presume4 ,the hypocrite is like the wire that gets a secondhand electricity from the live wire running parallel with it4 ,this secondhand electricity is effective only within narrow limits1 and its efficacy is soon exhausted4 ,the live wire has connection with the source of power in the dynamo4 7b7 ,or they are regenerate men1 who1 like ,david and ,peter1 have fallen into temporary sin1 from which they will1 before death1 be reclaimed by ,god's discipline4 ,instance the young profligate who1 in a moment of apparent drowning1 repented1 was then rescued1 and afterward lived a long life as a ,christian4 ,if he had not been rescued1 his repentance would never have been known1 nor the answer to his mother's prayers4 ,so1 in the moment of a backslider's death1 ,god can renew repentance and faith4 ,cromwell on his deathbed questioned his ,chaplain as to the doctrine of final perseverance1 and1 on being assured that it was a certain truth1 said3 8,then ,i am happy1 for ,i am sure that ,i was once in a state of grace40 ,but reliance upon a past experience is like trusting in the value of a policy of life insurance upon which several years' premiums have been unpaid4 ,if the policy has not lapsed1 it is because of extreme grace4 ,the only conclusive evidence of perseverance is a present experience of ,christ's presence and indwelling1 corroborated by active service and purity of life4 ,on the general subject1 see ,edwards1 ,works1 #c3ejiecb1 and #d3ajd2 ,ridgeley1 ,body of ,divinity1 #b3afdaid2 ,john ,owen1 ,works1 vol4 #aa2 ,woods1 ,works1 #c3bbabdf2 ,van ,oosterzee1 ,christian ,dogmatics1 #ffbfff4 ,,part ,,vii4 ,,ecclesiology1 ,,or ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,chapter ,i4 ,the ,constitution ,of ,the ,church4 ,or ,church ,polity4 ,i4 ,definition of the ,church4 7a7 ,the church of ,christ1 in its largest signification1 is the whole company of regenerate persons in all times and ages1 in heaven and on earth 7,mat4 #af3ah2 ,eph4 #a3bb1 #bc2 #c3aj2 #e3bd1 #be2 ,col4 #a3ah2 ,heb4 #ab3bc74 ,in this sense1 the church is identical with the spiritual kingdom of ,god2 both signify that redeemed humanity in which ,god in ,christ exercises actual spiritual dominion 7,john #c3c1 #e74 ,mat4 #af3ah--8thou art ,peter1 and upon this rock ,i will build my church2 and the gates of ,hades shall not prevail against it02 ,eph4 #a3bb1 #bc--8;and he put all things in subjection under his feet1 and gave him to be head over all things to the church1 which is his body1 the fulness of him that filleth all in all02 #c3aj--8to the intent that now unto the principalities and the powers in the heavenly places might be made known through the church the manifold wisdom of ,god02 #e3bd1 #be--8;,but as the church is subject to ,christ1 so let the wives also be to their husbands in everything4 ,husbands1 love your wives1 even as ,christ also loved the church1 and gave himself up for it02 ,col4 #a3ah--8;,and he is the head of the body1 the church3 who is the beginning1 the firstborn from the dead2 that in all things he might have the preeminence02 ,heb4 #ab3bc--8the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven02 ,john #c3c1 #e--8;,except one be born anew1 he cannot see the kingdom of ,god4 444 ,except one be born of water and the ,spirit1 he cannot enter into the kingdom of ,god40 ,cicero's words apply here3 8,una navis est jam bonorum omnium0--all good men are in one boat4 ,cicero speaks of the state1 but it is still more true of the church invisible4 ,andrews1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 ,jan4 #ahhc3ad1 mentions the following differences between the church and kingdom1 or1 as we prefer to say1 between the visible church and the invisible church3 7#a7 the church began with ,christ1--the kingdom began earlier2 7#b7 the church is confined to believers in the historic ,christ1--the kingdom includes all ,god's children2 7#c7 the church belongs wholly to this world--not so the kingdom2 7#d7 the church is visible1--not so the kingdom2 7#e7 the church has quasi organic character1 and leads out into local churches1--this is not so with the kingdom4 ,on the universal or invisible church1 see ,cremer1 ,lexicon ,n4 ,t41 transl41 #aac1 #aad1 #cca2 ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #ab4 ,h4 ,c4 ,vedder3 8,the church is a spiritual body1 consisting only of those regenerated by the ,spirit of ,god40 ,yet the ,westminster ,confession affirms that the church 8consists of all those throughout the world that profess the true religion1 together with their children40 ,this definition includes in the church a multitude who not only give no evidence of regeneration1 but who plainly show themselves to be unregenerate4 ,in many lands it practically identifies the church with the world4 ,augustine indeed thought that 8the field10 in ,mat4 #ac3ch1 is the church1 whereas ,jesus says very distinctly that it 8is the world40 ,augustine held that good and bad alike were to be permitted to dwell together in the church1 without attempt to separate them2 see ,broadus1 ,com4 in loco4 ,but the parable gives a reason1 not why we should not try to put the wicked out of the church1 but why ,god does not immediately put them out of the world1 the tares being separated from the wheat only at the final judgment of mankind4 ,yet the universal church includes all true believers4 ,it fulfils the promise of ,god to ,abraham in ,gen4 #ae3e--8,look now toward heaven1 and number the stars1 if thou be able to number them3 and he said into him1 ,so shall thy seed be40 ,the church shall be immortal1 since it draws its life from ,christ3 ,is4 #fe3bb--8;as the days of a tree shall be the days of my people02 ,zech4 #d3b1 #c--8;a candlestick all of gold 444 and two olivetrees by it40 ,dean ,stanley1 ,life and ,letters1 #b3bdb1 #bdc--8;,a ,spanish ,roman ,catholic1 ,cervantes1 said3 #8,many are the roads by which ,god carries his own to heaven4' ,dllinger3 #8,theology must become a science not1 as heretofore1 for making war1 but for making peace1 and thus bringing about that reconciliation of churches for which the whole civilized world is longing4' ,in their loftiest moods of inspiration1 the ,catholic ,thomas ,kempis1 the ,puritan ,milton1 the ,anglican ,keble1 rose above their peculiar tenets1 and above the limits that divide denominations1 into the higher regions of a common ,christianity4 ,it was the ,baptist ,bunyan who taught the world that there was #8a common ground of communion which no difference of external rites could efface4' ,it was the ,moravian ,gambold who wrote3 #8,the man ,that could surround the sum of things1 and spy ,the heart of ,god and secrets of his empire1 ,would speak but love4 ,with love1 the bright result ,would change the hue of intermediate things1 ,and make one thing of all theology4' 0 7b7 ,the church1 in this large sense1 is nothing less than the body of ,christ--the organism to which he gives spiritual life1 and through which he manifests the fulness of his power and grace4 ,the church therefore cannot be defined in merely human terms1 as an aggregate of individuals associated for social1 benevolent1 or even spiritual purposes4 ,there is a transcendent element in the church4 ,it is the great company of persons whom ,christ has saved1 in whom he dwells1 to whom and through whom he reveals ,god 7,eph4 #a3bb1 #bc74 ,eph4 #a3bb1 #bc--8the church1 which is his body1 the fulness of him that filleth all in all40 ,he who is the life of nature and of humanity reveals himself most fully in the great company of those who have joined themselves to him by faith4 ,union with ,christ is the presupposition of the church4 ,this alone transforms the sinner into a ,christian1 and this alone makes possible that vital and spiritual fellowship between individuals which constitutes the organizing principle of the church4 ,the same divine life which ensures the pardon and the perseverance of the believer unites him to all other believers4 ,the indwelling ,christ makes the church superior to and more permanent than all humanitarian organizations2 they die1 but because ,christ lives1 the church lives also4 ,without a proper conception of this sublime relation of the church to ,christ1 we cannot properly appreciate our dignity as church members1 or our high calling as shepherds of the flock4 ,not 8ubi ecclesia1 ibi ,christus10 but 8ubi ,christus1 ibi ecclesia10 should be our motto4 ,because ,christ is omnipresent and omnipotent1 8the same yesterday1 and today1 yea and forever0 7,heb4 #ac3h71 what ,burke said of the nation is true of the church3 ,it is 8indeed a partnership1 but a partnership not only between those who are living1 but between those who are living1 those who are dead1 and those who are yet to be born40 ,mc,giffert1 ,apostolic ,church1 #eja--8,paul's conception of the church as the body of ,christ was first emphasized and developed by ,ignatius4 ,he reproduces in his writings the substance of all the ,paulinism that the church at large made permanently its own3 the prexistence and deity of ,christ1 the union of the believer with ,christ without which the ,christian life is impossible1 the importance of ,christ's death1 the church the body of ,christ4 ,rome never fully recognized ,paul's teachings1 but her system rests upon his doctrine of the church the body of ,christ4 ,the modern doctrine however makes the kingdom to be not spiritual or future1 but a reality of this world40 ,the redemption of the body1 the redemption of institutions1 the redemption of nations1 are indeed all purposed by ,christ4 ,christians should not only strive to rescue individual men from the slough of vice1 but they should devise measures for draining that slough and making that vice impossible2 in other words1 they should labor for the coming of the kingdom of ,god in society4 ,but this is not to identify the church with politics1 prohibition1 libraries1 athletics4 ,the spiritual fellowship is to be the fountain from which all these activities spring1 while at the same time ,christ's 8kingdom is not of this world0 7,john #ah3cf74 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #bd1 #be1 #bjg--8;,as ,christ is the temple of ,god1 so the church is the temple of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,as ,god could be seen only through ,christ1 so the ,holy ,spirit can be seen only through the church4 ,as ,christ was the image of the invisible ,god1 so the church is appointed to be the image of the invisible ,christ1 and the members of ,christ1 when they are glorified with him1 shall be the express image of his person4444 ,the church and the kingdom are not identical terms1 if we mean by the kingdom the visible reign and government of ,jesus ,christ on earth4 ,in another sense they are identical4 ,as is the king1 so is the kingdom4 ,the king is present now in the world1 only invisibly and by the ,holy ,spirit2 so the kingdom is now present invisibly and spiritually in the hearts of believers4 ,the king is to come again visibly and gloriously2 so shall the kingdom appear visibly and gloriously4 ,in other words1 the kingdom is already here in mystery3 it is to be here to manifestation4 ,now the spiritual kingdom is administered by the ,holy ,spirit1 and it extends from ,pentecost to ,parousia4 ,at the ,parousia--the appearing of the ,son of man in glory--when he shall take unto himself his great power and reign 7,rev4 #aa3ag71 when he who has now gone into a far country to be invested with a kingdom shall return and enter upon his government 7,luke #ai3ae71 then the invisible shall give way to the visible1 the kingdom in mystery shall emerge into the kingdom in manifestation1 and the ,holy ,spirit's administration shall yield to that of ,christ40 7c7 ,the ,scriptures1 however1 distinguish between this invisible or universal church1 and the individual church1 in which the universal church takes local and temporal form1 and in which the idea of the church as a whole is concretely exhibited4 ,mat4 #aj3cb--8;,every one therefore1 who shall confess me before men1 him will ,i also confess before my ,father who is in heaven02 #ab3cd1 #ce--8out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh4 ,the good man out of his good treasure bringeth forth good things02 ,rom4 #aj3i1 #aj--8;if thou shalt confess with thy month ,jesus as ,lord1 and shalt believe in thy heart that ,god raised him from the dead1 thou shalt be saved3 for with the heart man believeth unto righteousness2 and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation02 ,james #a3ah--8,of his own will he brought us forth by the word of truth1 that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures0--we were saved1 not for ourselves only1 but as parts and beginnings of an organic kingdom of ,god2 believers are called 8firstfruits10 because from them the blessing shall spread1 until the whole world shall be pervaded with the new life2 ,pentecost1 as the feast of firstfruits1 was but the beginning of a stream that shall continue to flow until the whole race of man is gathered in4 ,r4 ,s4 ,storrs3 8,when any truth becomes central and vital1 there comes the desire to utter it10--and we may add1 not only in words1 but in organization4 ,so beliefs crystallize into institutions4 ,but ,christian faith is something more vital than the common beliefs of the world4 ,linking the soul to ,christ1 it brings ,christians into living fellowship with one another before any bonds of outward organization exist2 outward organization1 indeed1 only expresses and symbolizes this inward union of spirit to ,christ and to one another4 ,horatius ,bonar3 8,thou must be true thyself1 ,if thou the truth wouldst teach2 ,thy soul must overflow1 if thou ,another's soul wouldst reach2 ,it needs the overflow of heart ,to give the lips full speech4 ,think truly1 and thy thoughts ,shall the world's famine feed2 ,speak truly1 and each word of thine ,shall be a fruitful seed2 ,live truly1 and thy life shall be ,a great and noble creed40 ,contentio ,veritatis1 #abh1 #abi--8,the kingdom of ,god is first a state of the individual soul1 and then1 secondly1 a society made up of those who enjoy that state40 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,patton3 8,the best way for a man to serve the church at large is to serve the church to which he belongs40 ,herbert ,stead3 8,the kingdom is not to be narrowed down to the church1 nor the church evaporated into the kingdom40 ,to do the first is to set up a monstrous ecclesiasticism2 to do the second is to destroy the organism through which the kingdom manifests itself and does its work in the world 7,w4 ,r4 ,taylor74 ,prof4 ,dalman1 in his work on ,the ,words of ,jesus in the ,light of ,postbiblical ,writing and the ,aramaic ,language1 contends that the ,greek phrase translated 8kingdom of ,god0 should be rendered 8the sovereignty of ,god40 ,he thinks that it points to the reign of ,god1 rather than to the realm over which he reigns4 ,this rendering1 if accepted1 takes away entirely the support from the ,ritschlian conception of the kingdom of ,god as an earthly and outward organization4 7d7 ,the individual church may be defined as that smaller company of regenerate persons1 who1 in any given community1 unite themselves voluntarily together1 in accordance with ,christ's laws1 for the purpose of securing the complete establishment of his kingdom in themselves and in the world4 ,mat4 #ah3ag--8;,and if he refuse to hear them1 tell it unto the church3 and if he refuse to hear the church also1 let him be unto thee as the ,gentile and the publican02 ,acts #ad3bc--8;appointed for them elders in every church02 ,rom4 #af3e--8salute the church that is in their house02 #a ,cor4 #a3b--8the church of ,god which is at ,corinth02 #d3ag--8;even as ,i teach everywhere in every church02 #a ,thess4 #b3ad--8the churches of ,god which are in ,juda in ,christ ,jesus40 ,we do not define the church as a body of 8baptized believers10 because baptism is but one of 8,christ's laws10 in accordance with which believers unite themselves4 ,since these laws are the laws of churchorganization contained in the ,new ,testament1 no ,sunday ,school1 ,temperance ,society1 or ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 is properly a church4 ,these organizations #a4 lack the transcendent element--they are instituted and managed by man only2 #b4 they are not confined to the regenerate1 or to those alone who give credible evidence of regeneration2 #c4 they presuppose and require no particular form of doctrine2 #d4 they observe no ordinances2 #e4 they are at best mere adjuncts and instruments of the church1 but are not themselves churches2 #f4 their decisions therefore are devoid of the divine authority and obligation which belong to the decisions of the church4 ,the laws of ,christ1 in accordance with which believers unite themselves into churches1 may be summarized as follows3 #a4 the sufficiency and sole authority of ,scripture as the rule both of doctrine and polity2 7#b7 credible evidence of regeneration and conversion as prerequisite to churchmembership2 7#c7 immersion only1 as answering to ,christ's command of baptism1 and to the symbolic meaning of the ordinance2 7#d7 the order of the ordinance1 ,baptism1 and the ,lord's ,supper1 as of divine appointment1 as well as the ordinances themselves2 7#e7 the right of each member of the church to a voice in its government and discipline2 7#f7 each church1 while holding fellowship with other churches1 solely responsible to ,christ2 7#g7 the freedom of the individual conscience1 and the total independence of church and state4 ,hovey in his ,restatement of ,denominational ,principles 7,am4 ,bap4 ,pub4 ,society7 gives these principles as follows3 #a4 the supreme authority of the ,scriptures in matters of religion2 #b4 personal accountability to ,god in religion2 #c4 union with ,christ essential to salvation2 #d4 a new life the only evidence of that union2 #e4 the new life one of unqualified obedience to ,christ4 ,the most concise statement of ,baptist doctrine and history is that of ,vedder1 in ,jackson's ,dictionary of ,religious ,knowledge1 #a3gdhe4 ,with the lax views of ,scripture which are becoming common among us there is a tendency in our day to lose sight of the transcendent element in the church4 ,let us remember that the church is not a humanitarian organization resting upon common human brotherhood1 but a supernatural body1 which traces its descent from the second1 not the first1 ,adam1 and which manifests the power of the divine ,christ4 ,mazzini in ,italy claimed ,jesus1 but repudiated his church4 ,so modern socialists cry3 8,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity10 and deny that there is need of anything more than human unity1 development1 and culture4 ,but ,god has made the church to sit with ,christ 8in the heavenly places0 7,eph4 #b3f74 ,it is the regeneration which comes about through union with ,christ which constitutes the primary and most essential element in ecclesiology4 8,we do not stand1 first of all1 for restricted communion1 nor for immersion as the only valid form of baptism1 nor for any particular theory of ,scripture1 but rather for a regenerate church membership4 ,the essence of the gospel is a new life in ,christ1 of which ,christian experience is the outworking and ,christian consciousness is the witness4 ,christian life is as important as conversion4 ,faith must show itself by works4 ,we must seek the temporal as well as spiritual salvation of men1 and the salvation of society also0 7,leighton ,williams74 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,christ founded a church only proleptically4 ,in ,mat4 #ah3ag1 is not used technically4 ,the church is an outgrowth of the ,jewish synagogue1 though its method and economy are different4 ,there was little or no organization at first4 ,christ himself did not organize the church4 ,this was the work of the apostles after ,pentecost4 ,the germ however existed before4 ,three persons may constitute a church1 and may administer the ordinances4 ,councils have only advisory authority4 ,diocesan episcopacy is antiscriptural and antichristian40 ,the principles mentioned above are the essential principles of ,baptist churches1 although other bodies of ,christians have come to recognise a portion of them4 ,bodies of ,christians which refuse to accept these principles we may1 in a somewhat loose and modified sense1 call churches2 but we cannot regard them as churches organized in all respects according to ,christ's laws1 or as completely answering to the ,new ,testament model of church organization4 ,we follow common usage when we address a ,lieutenant ,colonel as 8,colonel10 and a ,lieutenant ,governor as 8,governor40 ,it is only courtesy to speak of pedobaptist organizations as 8churches10 although we do not regard these churches as organized in full accordance with ,christ's laws as they are indicated to us in the ,new ,testament4 ,to refuse thus to recognize them would be a discourtesy like that of the ,british ,commander in ,chief1 when he addressed ,general ,washington as 8,mr4 ,washington40 ,as ,luther1 having found the doctrine of justification by faith1 could not recognize that doctrine as ,christian which taught justification by works1 but denounced the church which held it as ,antichrist1 saying1 8,here ,i stand2 ,i cannot do otherwise1 ,god help me10 so we1 in matters not indifferent1 as feetwashing1 but vitally affecting the existence of the church1 as regenerate churchmembership1 must stand by the ,new ,testament1 and refuse to call any other body of ,christians a regular church1 that is not organized according to ,christ's laws4 ,the ,english word 8church0 like the ,scotch 8kirk0 and the ,german 8,kirche10 is derived from the ,greek 1 and means 8belonging to the ,lord40 ,the term itself should teach us to regard only ,christ's laws as our rule of organization4 7e7 ,besides these two significations of the term 8church10 there are properly in the ,new ,testament no others4 ,the word is indeed used in ,acts #g3ch2 #ai3cb1 #ci2 ,heb4 #b3ab1 to designate a popular assembly2 but since this is a secular use of the term1 it does not here concern us4 ,in certain passages1 as for example ,acts #i3ca 71 sing41 ,a ,b ,c71 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh1 ,phil4 #c3f1 and #a ,tim4 #c3ae1 appears to be used either as a generic or as a collective term1 to denote simply the body of independent local churches existing in a given region or at a given epoch4 ,but since there is no evidence that these churches were bound together in any outward organization1 this use of the term cannot be regarded as adding any new sense to those of 8the universal church0 and 8the local church0 already mentioned4 ,acts #g3ch--8the church marg4 #8congregation' in the wilderness0 the whole body of the people of ,israel2 #ai3cb--8the assembly was in confusion0--the tumultuous mob in the theatre at ,ephesus2 #ci--8the regular assembly02 #i3ca--8,so the church throughout all ,juda and ,galilee and ,samaria had peace1 being edified02 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh--8;,and ,god hath set some in the church1 first apostles1 secondly prophets1 thirdly teachers02 ,phil4 #c3f--8;as touching zeal1 persecuting the church02 #a ,tim4 #c3ae--8that thou mayest know how men ought to behave themselves in the house of ,god1 which is the church of the living ,god1 the pillar and ground of the truth40 ,in the original use of the word 1 as a popular assembly1 there was doubtless an allusion to the derivation from and 1 to call out by herald4 ,some have held that the ,n4 ,t4 term contains an allusion to the fact that the members of ,christ's church are called1 chosen1 elected by ,god4 ,this1 however1 is more than doubtful4 ,in common use1 the term had lost its etymological meaning1 and signified merely an assembly1 however gathered or summoned4 ,the church was never so large that it could not assemble4 ,the church of ,jerusalem gathered for the choice of deacons 7,acts #f3b1 #e71 and the church of ,antioch gathered to hear ,paul's account of his missionary journey 7,acts #ad3bg74 ,it is only by a common figure of rhetoric that many churches are spoken of together in the singular number1 in such passages as ,acts #i3ca4 ,we speak generically of 8man10 meaning the whole race of men2 and of 8the horse10 meaning all horses4 ,gibbon1 speaking of the successive tribes that swept down upon the ,roman ,empire1 uses a noun in the singular number1 and describes them as 8the several detachments of that immense army of northern barbarians10--yet he does not mean to intimate that these tribes had any common government4 ,so we may speak of 8the ,american college0 or 8the ,american theological seminary10 but we do not thereby mean that the colleges or the seminaries are bound together by any tie of outward organization4 ,so ,paul says that ,god has set in the church apostles1 prophets1 and teachers 7#a ,cor4 #ab3bh71 but the word 8church0 is only a collective term for the many independent churches4 ,in this same sense1 we may speak of 8the ,baptist church0 of ,new ,york1 or of ,america2 but it must be remembered that we use the term without any such implication of common government as is involved in the phrases 8the ,presbyterian church10 or 8the ,protestant ,episcopal church10 or 8the ,roman ,catholic church02 with us1 in this connection1 the term 8church0 means simply 8churches40 ,broadus1 in his ,com4 on ,mat41 page #cei1 suggests that the word in ,acts #i3ca1 8denotes the original church at ,jerusalem1 whose members were by the persecution widely scattered throughout ,judea and ,galilee and ,samaria1 and held meetings wherever they were1 but still belonged to the one original organization4444 ,when ,paul wrote to the ,galatians1 nearly twenty years later1 these separate meetings had been organized into distinct churches1 and so he speaks 7,gal4 #a3bb7 in reference to that same period1 of #8the churches of ,juda which were in ,christ4' 0 ,on the meaning of 1 see ,cremer1 ,lex4 ,n4 ,t41 #cbi2 ,trench1 ,syn4 ,n4 ,t41 #a3ah2 ,girdlestone1 ,syn4 ,o4 ,t41 #cfg2 ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #cja2 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #be2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #ajjabj2 ,robinson1 ,n4 ,t4 ,lex41 sub voce4 ,the prevailing usage of the ,n4 ,t4 gives to the term the second of these two significations4 ,it is this local church only which has definite and temporal existence1 and of this alone we henceforth treat4 ,our definition of the individual church implies the two following particulars3 ,a4 ,the church1 like the family and the state1 is an institution of divine appointment4 ,this is plain3 7a7 from its relation to the church universal1 as its concrete embodiment2 7b7 from the fact that its necessity is grounded in the social and religious nature of man2 7c7 from the ,scripture1--as for example1 ,christ's command in ,mat4 #ah3ag1 and the designation 8church of ,god10 applied to individual churches 7#a ,cor4 #a3b74 ,president ,wayland3 8,the universal church comes before the particular church4 ,the society which ,christ has established is the foundation of every particular association calling itself a church of ,christ40 ,andrews1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 ,jan4 #ahhc3ceeh1 on the conception in the ,n4 ,t41 says that 8the #8church' is the prius of all local #8churches4' in ,acts #i3ca the church1 so far as represented in those provinces4 ,it is ecumenicallocal1 as in #a ,cor4 #aj3cc4 ,the local church is a microcosm1 a specialized localization of the universal body4 1 in the ,o4 ,t4 and in the ,targums1 means the whole congregation of ,israel1 and then secondarily those local bodies which were parts and representations of the whole4 ,christ1 using ,aramaic1 probably used in ,mat4 #ah3ag4 ,he took his idea of the church from it1 not from the heathen use of the word 1 which expresses the notion of locality and state much more than 4 ,the larger sense of is the primary4 ,local churches are points of consciousness and activity for the great allinclusive unit1 and they are not themselves the units for an ecclesiastical aggregate4 ,they are faces1 not parts of the one church40 ,christ1 in ,mat4 #ah3ag1 delegates authority to the whole congregation of believers1 and at the same time limits authority to the local church4 ,the local church is not an end in itself1 but exists for the sake of the kingdom4 ,unity is not to be that of merely local churches1 but that of the kingdom1 and that kingdom is internal1 8cometh not with observation0 7,luke #ag3bj71 but consists in 8righteousness and peace and joy in the ,holy ,spirit0 7,rom4 #ad3ag74 ,the word 8church10 in the universal sense1 is not employed by any other ,n4 ,t4 writer before ,paul4 ,paul was interested1 not simply in individual conversions1 but in the growth of the church of ,god1 as the body of ,christ4 ,he held to the unity of all local churches with the mother church at ,jerusalem4 ,the church in a city or in a house is merely a local manifestation of the one universal church and derived its dignity therefrom4 ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles3 8,as this broken bread was scattered upon the mountains1 and being gathered became one1 so may thy church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into thy kingdom40 ,sabatier1 ,philos4 ,religion1 #ib--8,the social action of religion springs from its very essence4 ,men of the same religion have no more imperious need than that of praying and worshiping together4 ,state police have always failed to confine growing religious sects within the sanctuary or the home 444 ,god1 it is said1 is the place where spirits blend4 ,in rising toward him1 man necessarily passes beyond the limits of his own individuality4 ,he feels instinctively that the principle of his being is the principle of the life of his brethren also1 that that which gives him safety must give it to all40 ,rothe held that1 as men reach the full development of their nature and appropriate the perfection of the ,savior1 the separation between the religious and the moral life will vanish1 and the ,christian state1 as the highest sphere of human life representing all human functions1 will displace the church4 8,in proportion as the ,savior ,christianizes the state by means of the church1 must the progressive completion of the structure of the church prove the cause of its abolition4 ,the decline of the church is not therefore to be deplored1 but is to be recognized as the consequence of the independence and completeness of the religious life0 7,encyc4 ,brit41 #ba3b74 ,but it might equally be maintained that the state1 as well as the church1 will pass away1 when the kingdom of ,god is fully come2 see ,john #d3ba--8the hour cometh1 when neither in this mountain1 nor in ,jerusalem1 shall ye worship the ,father02 #a ,cor4 #ae3bd--8,then cometh the end1 when he shall deliver up the kingdom to ,god1 even the ,father2 when he shall have abolished all rule and all authority and power02 ,rev4 #ba3bb--8;,and ,i saw no temple therein3 for the ,lord ,god the ,almighty1 and the ,lamb1 are the temple thereof40 ,b4 ,the church1 unlike the family and the state1 is a voluntary society4 7a7 ,this results from the fact that the local church is the outward expression of that rational and free life in ,christ which characterizes the church as a whole4 ,in this it differs from those other organizations of divine appointment1 entrance into which is not optional4 ,membership in the church is not hereditary or compulsory4 7b7 ,the doctrine of the church1 as thus defined1 is a necessary outgrowth of the doctrine of regeneration4 ,as this fundamental spiritual change is mediated not by outward appliances1 but by inward and conscious reception of ,christ and his truth1 union with the church logically follows1 not precedes1 the soul's spiritual union with ,christ4 ,we have seen that the church is the body of ,christ4 ,we now perceive that the church is1 by the impartation to it of ,christ's life1 made a living body1 with duties and powers of its own4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #ec1 emphasizes the preliminary truth4 ,he shows that the definition3 ,the church a voluntary association of believers1 united together for the purposes of worship and edification1 is most inadequate1 not to say incorrect4 ,it is no more true than that hands and feet are voluntarily united in the human body for the purposes of locomotion and work4 ,the church is formed from within4 ,christ1 present by the ,holy ,ghost1 regenerating men by the sovereign action of the ,spirit1 and organizing them into himself as the living centre1 is the only principle that can explain the existence of the church4 ,the ,head and the body are therefore one--one in fact1 and one in name4 ,he whom ,god anointed and filled with the ,holy ,ghost is called 8the ,christ0 7#a ,john #e3a--8,whosoever believeth that ,jesus is the ,christ is begotten of ,god072 and the church which is his body and fulness is also called 8the ,christ0 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ab--8;all the members of the body1 being many1 are one body2 so also is the ,christ074 ,dorner includes under his doctrine of the church3 7#a7 the genesis of the church1 through the new birth of the ,spirit1 or ,regeneration2 7#b7 the growth and persistence of the church through the continuous operation of the ,spirit in the means of grace1 or ,ecclesiology proper1 as others call it2 7#c7 the completion of the church1 or ,eschatology4 ,while this scheme seems designed to favor a theory of baptismal regeneration1 we must commend its recognition of the fact that the doctrine of the church grows out of the doctrine of regeneration and is determined in its nature by it4 ,if regeneration has always conversion for its obverse side1 and if conversion always includes faith in ,christ1 it is vain to speak of regeneration without faith4 ,and if union with the church is but the outward expression of a preceding union with ,christ which involves regeneration and conversion1 then involuntary churchmembership is an absurdity1 and a misrepresentation of the whole method of salvation4 ,the value of compulsory religion may be illustrated from ,david ,hume's experience4 ,a godly matron of the ,canongate1 so runs the story1 when ,hume sank in the mud in her vicinity1 and on account of his obesity could not get out1 compelled the sceptic to say the ,lord's ,prayer before she would help him4 ,amos ,kendall1 on the other hand1 concluded in his old age that he had not been acting on ,christ's plan for saving the world1 and so1 of his own accord1 connected himself with the church4 ,martineau1 ,study1 #a3cai--8,till we come to the ,state and the ,church1 we do not reach the highest organism of human life1 into the perfect working of which all the disinterested affections and moral enthusiasms and noble ambitions flow40 ,socialism abolishes freedom1 which the church cultivates and insists upon as the principle of its life4 ,tertullian3 8,nec religionis est cogere religionem0--8,it is not the business of religion to compel religion40 ,vedder1 ,history of the ,baptists3 8,the community of goods in the church at ,jerusalem was a purely voluntary matter2 see ,acts #e3d--#8,while it remained1 did it not remain thine own8 and after it was sold1 was it not in thy power8' ,the community of goods does not seem to have continued in the church at ,jerusalem after the temporary stress had been relieved1 and there is no reason to believe that any other church in the apostolic age practised anything of the kind40 ,by abolishing freedom1 socialism destroys all possibility of economical progress4 ,the economical principle of socialism is that1 relatively to the enjoyment of commodities1 the individual shall be taken care of by the community1 to the effect of his being relieved of the care of himself4 ,the communism in the ,acts was3 #a4 not for the community of mankind in general1 but only for the church within itself2 #b4 not obligatory1 but left to the discretion of individuals2 #c4 not permanent1 but devised for a temporary crisis4 ,on socialism1 see ,james ,mac,gregor1 in ,presb4 and ,ref4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahib3cefh4 ,schurman1 ,agnosticism1 #aff--8;,few things are of more practical consequence for the future of religion in ,america than the duty of all good men to become identified with the visible church4 ,liberal thinkers have1 as a rule1 underestimated the value of the church4 ,their point of view is individualistic1 #8as though a man were author of himself1 and knew no other kin4' #8,the old is for slaves' they declare4 ,but it is also true that the old is for freedmen who know its true uses4 ,it is the bane of the religion of dogma that it has driven many of the choicest religious souls out of the churches4 ,in its purification of the temple1 it has lost sight of the object of the temple4 ,the church1 as an institution1 is an organism and embodiment such as the religion of spirit necessarily creates4 ,spiritual religion is not the enemy1 it is the essence1 of institutional religion40 ,,ii4 ,organization of the ,church4 #a4 ,the fact of organization4 ,organization may exist without knowledge of writing1 without written records1 lists of members1 or formal choice of officers4 ,these last are the proofs1 reminders1 and helps of organization1 but they are not essential to it4 ,it is however not merely informal1 but formal1 organization in the church1 to which the ,new ,testament bears witness4 ,that there was such organization is abundantly shown from 7a7 its stated meetings1 7b7 elections1 and 7c7 officers2 7d7 from the designations of its ministers1 together with 7e7 the recognized authority of the minister and of the church2 7f7 from its discipline1 7g7 contributions1 7h7 letters of commendation1 7i7 registers of widows1 7j7 uniform customs1 and 7k7 ordinances2 7l7 from the order enjoined and observed1 7m7 the qualifications for membership1 and 7n7 the common work of the whole body4 7a7 ,acts #bj3g--8upon the first day of the week1 when we were gathered together to break bread1 ,paul discoursed with them02 ,heb4 #aj3be--8not forsaking our own assembling together1 as the custom of some is1 but exhorting one another40 7b7 ,acts #a3bcbf--the election of ,matthias2 #f3e1 #f--the election of deacons4 7c7 ,phil4 #a3a--8the saints in ,christ ,jesus that are at ,philippi1 with the bishops and deacons40 7d7 ,acts #bj3ag1 #bh--8the elders of the church 444 the flock1 in which the ,holy ,spirit hath made you bishops marg43 #8overseers'40 7e7 ,mat4 #ah3ag--8;,and if he refuse to hear them1 tell it unto the church3 and if he refuse to hear the church also1 let him be unto thee as the ,gentile and the publican02 #a ,pet4 #e3b--8,tend the flock of ,god which is among you1 exercising the oversight1 not of constraint1 but willingly1 according to the will of ,god40 7f7 #a ,cor4 #e3d1 #e1 #ac--8;in the name of our ,lord ,jesus1 ye being gathered together1 and my spirit1 with the power of our ,lord ,jesus1 to deliver such a one unto ,satan for the destruction of the flesh1 that the spirit may be saved in the day of the ,lord ,jesus4444 ,put away the wicked man from among yourselves40 7g7 ,rom4 #ae3bf--8;,for it hath been the good pleasure of ,macedonia and ,achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor among the saints that are at ,jerusalem02 #a ,cor4 #af3a1 #b--8,now concerning the collection for the saints1 as ,i gave order to the churches of ,galatia1 so also do ye4 ,upon the first day of the week let each one of you lay by him in store1 as he may prosper1 that no collection be made when ,i come40 7h7 ,acts #ah3bg--8;,and when he was minded to pass over into ,achaia1 the brethren encouraged him1 and wrote to the disciples to receive him02 #b ,cor4 #c3a--8;,are we beginning again to commend ourselves8 or need we1 as do some1 epistles of commendation to you or from you80 7i7 #a ,tim4 #e3i--8,let none be enrolled as a widow under threescore years old02 cf4 ,acts #f3a--8there arose a murmuring of the ,grecian ,jews against the ,hebrews1 because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration40 7j7 #a ,cor4 #aa3af--8;,but if any man seemeth to be contentious1 we have no such custom1 neither the churches of ,god40 7k7 ,acts #b3da--8,they then that received his word were baptized02 #a ,cor4 #aa3bcbf--8;,for ,i received of the ,lord that which also ,i delivered unto you0--the institution of the ,lord's ,supper4 7l7 #a ,cor4 #ad3dj--8let all things be done decently and in order02 ,col4 #b3e--8;,for though ,i am absent in the flesh1 yet am ,i with you in the spirit1 joying and beholding your order1 and the stedfastness of your faith in ,christ40 7m7 ,mat4 #bh3ai--8;,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of all the nations1 baptizing them into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit02 ,acts #b3dg--8;,and the ,lord added to them day by day those that were being saved40 7n7 ,phil4 #b3cj--8;because for the work of ,christ he came nigh unto death1 hazarding his life to supply that which was lacking in your service toward me40 ,as indicative of a developed organization in the ,n4 ,t4 church1 of which only the germ existed before ,christ's death1 it is important to notice the progress in names from the ,gospels to the ,epistles4 ,in the ,gospels1 the word 8disciples0 is the common designation of ,christ's followers1 but it is not once found in the ,epistles4 ,in the ,epistles1 there are only 8saints10 8brethren10 8churches40 ,a consideration of the facts here referred to is sufficient to evince the unscriptural nature of two modern theories of the church3 ,a4 ,the theory that the church is an exclusively spiritual body1 destitute of all formal organization1 and bound together only by the mutual relation of each believer to his indwelling ,lord4 ,the church1 upon this view1 so far as outward bonds are concerned1 is only an aggregation of isolated units4 ,those believers who chance to gather at a particular place1 or to live at a particular time1 constitute the church of that place or time4 ,this view is held by the ,friends and by the ,plymouth ,brethren4 ,it ignores the tendencies to organization inherent in human nature2 confounds the visible with the invisible church2 and is directly opposed to the ,scripture representations of the visible church as comprehending some who are not true believers4 ,acts #e3aaa--;,ananias and ,sapphira show that the visible church comprehended some who were not true believers2 #a ,cor4 #ad3bc--8;,if therefore the whole church be assembled together and all speak with tongues1 and there come in men unlearned or unbelieving1 will they not say that ye are mad80--here1 if the church had been an unorganized assembly1 the unlearned visitors who came in would have formed a part of it2 ,phil4 #c3ah--8;,for many walk1 of whom ,i told you often1 and now tell you even weeping1 that they are the enemies of the cross of ,christ40 ,some years ago a book was placed upon the ,index1 at ,rome1 entitled3 8,the ,priesthood a ,chronic ,disorder of the ,human ,race40 ,the ,plymouth ,brethren dislike church organizations1 for fear they will become machines2 they dislike ordained ministers1 for fear they will become bishops4 ,they object to praying for the ,holy ,spirit1 because he was given on ,pentecost1 ignoring the fact that the church after ,pentecost so prayed3 see ,acts #d3ca--8;,and when they had prayed1 the place was shaken wherein they were gathered together2 and they were all filled with the ,holy ,spirit1 and they spake the word of ,god with boldness40 ,what we call a giving or descent of the ,holy ,spirit is1 since the ,holy ,spirit is omnipresent1 only a manifestation of the power of the ,holy ,spirit1 and this certainly may be prayed for2 see ,luke #aa3ac--8;,if ye then1 being evil1 know how to give good gifts unto your children1 how much more shall your heavenly ,father give the ,holy ,spirit to them that ask him80 ,the ,plymouth ,brethren would 8unite ,christendom by its dismemberment1 and do away with all sects by the creation of a new sect1 more narrow and bitter in its hostility to existing sects than any other40 ,yet the tendency to organize is so strong in human nature1 that even ,plymouth ,brethren1 when they meet regularly together1 fall into an informal1 if not a formal1 organization2 certain teachers and leaders are tacitly recognized as officers of the body2 committees and rules are unconsciously used for facilitating business4 ,even one of their own writers1 ,c4 ,h4 ,m41 speaks of the 8natural tendency to association without ,god1--as in the ,shinar ,association or ,babel ,confederacy of ,gen4 #aa1 which aimed at building up a name upon the earth4 ,the ,christian church is ,god's appointed association to take the place of all these4 ,hence ,god confounds the tongues in ,gen4 #aa 7judgment72 gives tongues in ,acts #b 7grace72 but only one tongue is spoken in ,rev4 #g 7glory740 ,the ,nation1 ,oct4 #af1 #ahij3cjc--8;,every body of men must have one or more leaders4 ,if these are not provided1 they will make them for themselves4 ,you cannot get fifty men together1 at least of the ,anglo,saxon race1 without their choosing a presiding officer and giving him power to enforce rules and order40 ,even socialists and anarchists have their leaders1 who often exercise arbitrary power and oppress their followers4 ,lyman ,abbott says nobly of the community of true believers3 8,the grandest river in the world has no banks2 it rises in the ,gulf of ,mexico2 it sweeps up through the ,atlantic ,ocean along our coast2 it crosses the ,atlantic1 and spreads out in great broad fanlike form along the coast of ,europe2 and whatever land it kisses blooms and blossoms with the fruit of its love4 ,the apricot and the fig are the witness of its fertilizing power4 ,it is bound together by the warmth of its own particles1 and by nothing else40 ,this is a good illustration of the invisible church1 and of its course through the world4 ,but the visible church is bound to be distinguishable from unregenerate humanity1 and its inner principle of association inevitably leads to organization4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,reid1 ,plymouth ,brethrenism ,unveiled1 #giadc1 attributes to the sect the following ,churchprinciples3 7#a7 the church did not exist before ,pentecost2 7#b7 the visible and the invisible church identical2 7#c7 the one assembly of ,god2 7#d7 the presidency of the ,holy ,spirit2 7#e7 rejection of a oneman and manmade ministry2 7#f7 the church is without government4 ,also the following heresies3 7#a7 ,christ's heavenly humanity2 7#b7 denial of ,christ's righteousness1 as being obedience to law2 7#c7 denial that ,christ's righteousness is imputed2 7#d7 justification in the risen ,christ2 7#e7 ,christ's nonatoning sufferings2 7#f7 denial of moral law as rule of life2 7#g7 the ,lord's day is not the ,sabbath2 7#h7 perfectionism2 7#i7 secret rapture of the saints1--caught up to be with ,christ4 ,to these we may add2 7#aj7 premillennial advent of ,christ4 ,on the ,plymouth ,brethren and their doctrine1 see ,british ,quar41 ,oct4 #ahgc3bjb2 ,princeton ,rev41 #ahgb3dhgg2 ,h4 ,m4 ,king1 in ,baptist ,review1 #ahha3dchdfe2 ,fish1 ,ecclesiology1 #cadcaf2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #hjhc2 ,r4 ,h4 ,carson1 ,the ,brethren1 #had2 ,j4 ,c4 ,l4 ,carson1 ,the ,heresies of the ,plymouth ,brethren2 ,croskery1 ,plymouth ,brethrenism2 ,teulon1 ,hist4 and ,teachings of ,plymouth ,brethren4 ,b4 ,the theory that the form of church organization is not definitely prescribed in the ,new ,testament1 but is a matter of expediency1 each body of believers being permitted to adopt that method of organization which best suits its circumstances and condition4 ,the view under consideration seems in some respects to be favored by ,neander1 and is often regarded as incidental to his larger conception of church history as a progressive development4 ,but a proper theory of development does not exclude the idea of a church organization already complete in all essential particulars before the close of the inspired canon1 so that the record of it may constitute a providential example of binding authority upon all subsequent ages4 ,the view mentioned exaggerates the differences of practice among the ,n4 ,t4 churches2 underestimates the need of divine direction as to methods of church union2 and admits a principle of 'church powers1' which may be historically shown to be subversive of the very existence of the church as a spiritual body4 ,dr4 ,galusha ,anderson finds the theory of optional church government in ,hooker's ,ecclesiastical ,polity1 and says that not until ,bishop ,bancroft was there claimed a divine right of ,episcopacy4 ,hunt1 also1 in his ,religious ,thought in ,england1 #a3eg1 says that ,hooker gives up the divine origin of ,episcopacy4 ,so ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of the ,n4 ,t41 and ,hatch1 ,organization of ,early ,christian ,churches1--both ,jacob and ,hatch belonging to the ,church of ,england4 ,hooker identified the church with the nation2 see ,eccl4 ,polity1 book viii1 chap4 #a3g2 #d3f2 #h3i4 ,he held that the state has committed itself to the church1 and that therefore the church has no right to commit itself to the state4 ,the assumption1 however1 that the state has committed itself to the church is entirely unwarranted2 see ,gore1 ,incarnation1 #bji1 #baj4 ,hooker declares that1 even if the ,episcopalian order were laid down in ,scripture1 which he denies1 it would still not be unalterable1 since neither 8,god's being the author of laws for the government of his church1 nor his committing them unto ,scripture1 is any reason sufficient wherefore all churches should forever be bound to keep them without change40 ,t4 ,m4 ,lindsay1 in ,contemp4 ,rev41 ,oct4 #ahie3edhefc1 asserts that there were at least five different forms of church government in apostolic times3 #a4 derived from the seven wise men of the ,hebrew village community1 representing the political side of the synagogue system2 #b4 derived from the 1 the director of the religious or social club among the heathen ,greeks2 #c4 derived from the patronate 71 7 known among the ,romans1 the churches of ,rome1 ,corinth1 ,thessalonica1 being of this sort2 #d4 derived from the personal preminence of one man1 nearest in family to our ,lord1 ,james being president of the church at ,jerusalem2 #e4 derived from temporary superintendents 771 or leaders of the band of missionaries1 as in ,crete and ,ephesus4 ,between all these churches of different polities1 there was intercommunication and fellowship4 ,lindsay holds that the unity was wholly spiritual4 ,it seems to us that he has succeeded merely in proving five different varieties of one generic type--the generic type being only democratic1 with two orders of officials1 and two ordinances--in other words1 in showing that the simple ,n4 ,t4 model adopts itself to many changing conditions1 while the main outlines do not change4 ,upon any other theory1 church polity is a matter of individual taste or of temporary fashion4 ,shall missionaries conform church order to the degraded ideas of the nations among which they labor8 ,shall church government be despotic in ,turkey1 a limited monarchy in ,england1 a democracy in the ,united ,states of ,america1 and twoheaded in ,japan8 ,for the development theory of ,neander1 see his ,church ,history1 #a3agiaij4 ,on the general subject1 see ,hitchcock1 in ,am4 ,theol4 ,rev41 #ahfj3bhed2 ,davidson1 ,eccl4 ,polity1 #adb2 ,harvey1 ,the ,church4 #b4 ,the nature of this organization4 ,the nature of any organization may be determined by asking1 first3 who constitute its members8 secondly3 for what object has it been formed8 and1 thirdly3 what are the laws which regulate its operations8 ,the three questions with which our treatment of the nature of this organization begins are furnished us by ,pres4 ,wayland1 in his ,principles and ,practices of ,baptists4 ,a4 ,they only can properly be members of the local church1 who have previously become members of the church universal1--or1 in other words1 have become regenerate persons4 ,only those who have been previously united to ,christ are1 in the ,new ,testament1 permitted to unite with his church4 ,see ,acts #b3dg--8;,and the ,lord added to them day by day those that were being saved ,am4 ,rev43 #8those that were saved'02 #e3ad--8;and believers were the more added to the ,lord02 #a ,cor4 #a3b--8the church of ,god which is at ,corinth1 even them that are sanctified in ,christ ,jesus1 called to be saints1 with all that call upon the name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ in every place1 their ,lord and ours40 ,from this limitation of membership to regenerate persons1 certain results follow3 7a7 ,since each member bears supreme allegiance to ,christ1 the church as a body must recognize ,christ as the only lawgiver4 ,the relation of the individual ,christian to the church does not supersede1 but furthers and expresses1 his relation to ,christ4 #a ,john #b3bj--8;,and ye have an anointing from the ,holy ,one1 and ye know all things0--see ,neander1 ,com41 in loco--8,no believer is at liberty to forego this maturity and personal independence1 bestowed in that inward anointing of the ,holy ,spirit1 or to place himself in a dependent relation1 inconsistent with this birthright1 to any teacher whatever among men44444 ,this inward anointing furnishes an element of resistance to such arrogated authority40 ,here we have reproved the tendency on the part of ministers to take the place of the church1 in ,christian work and worship1 instead of leading it forward in work and worship of its own4 ,the missionary who keeps his converts in prolonged and unnecessary tutelage is also untrue to the church organization of the ,new ,testament and untrue to ,christ whose aim in church training is to educate his followers to the bearing of responsibility and the use of liberty4 ,macaulay3 8,the only remedy for the evils of liberty is liberty40 8,malo periculosam libertatem0--8,liberty is to be preferred with all its dangers40 ,edwin ,burritt ,smith3 8,there is one thing better than good government1 and that is selfgovernment40 ,by their own mistakes1 a selfgoverning people and a selfgoverning church will finally secure good government1 whereas the 8good government0 which keeps them in perpetual tutelage will make good government forever impossible4 ,ps4 #add3ab--8our sons shall be as plants grown up in their youth40 ,archdeacon ,hare3 8,if a gentleman is to grow up1 it must be like a tree3 there must be nothing between him and heaven40 ,what is true of the gentleman is true of the ,christian4 ,there need to be encouraged and cultivated in him an independence of human authority and a sole dependence upon ,christ4 ,the most sacred duty of the minister is to make his church selfgoverning and self supporting1 and the best test of his success is the ability of the church to live and prosper after he has left it or after he is dead4 ,such ministerial work requires selfsacrifice and self effacement4 ,the natural tendency of every minister is to usurp authority and to become a bishop4 ,he has in him an undeveloped pope4 ,dependence on his people for support curbs this arrogant spirit4 ,a church establishment fosters it4 ,the remedy both for slavishness and for arrogance lies in constant recognition of ,christ as the only ,lord4 7b7 ,since each regenerate man recognizes in every other a brother in ,christ1 the several members are upon a footing of absolute equality 7,mat4 #bc3haj74 ,mat4 #bc3haj--8;,but be not ye called ,rabbi3 for one is your teacher1 and all ye are brethren4 ,and call no man your father on the earth3 for one is your ,father1 even he who is in heaven02 ,john #ae3e--8;,i am the vine1 ye are the branches0--no one branch of the vine outranks another2 one may be more advantageously situated1 more ample in size1 more fruitful2 but all are alike in kind1 draw vitality from one source4 ,among the planets 8one star differeth from another star in glory0 7#a ,cor4 #ae3da71 yet all shine in the same heaven1 and draw their light from the same sun4 8,the servingman may know more of the mind of ,god than the scholar40 ,christianity has therefore been the foe to heathen castes4 ,the ,japanese noble objected to it1 8because the brotherhood of man was incompatible with proper reverence for rank04 ,there can be no rightful human lordship over ,god's heritage 7#a ,pet4 #e3c--8neither as lording it over the charge allotted to you1 but making yourselves ensamples to the flock074 ,constantine thought more highly of his position as member of ,christ's church than of his position as head of the ,roman ,empire4 ,neither the church nor its pastor should be dependent upon the unregenerate members of the congregation4 ,many a pastor is in the position of a lion tamer with his head in the lion's mouth4 ,so long as he strokes the fur the right way1 all goes well2 but1 if by accident he strokes the wrong way1 off goes his head4 ,dependence upon the spiritual body which he instructs is compatible with the pastor's dignity and faithfulness4 ,but dependence upon those who are not ,christians and who seek to manage the church with worldly motives and in a worldly way1 may utterly destroy the spiritual effect of his ministry4 ,the pastor is bound to be the impartial preacher of the truth1 and to treat each member of his church as of equal importance with every other4 7c7 ,since each local church is directly subject to ,christ1 there is no jurisdiction of one church over another1 but all are on an equal footing1 and all are independent of interference or control by the civil power4 ,mat4 #bb3ba--8,render therefore unto ,csar the things that are ,csar's2 and unto ,god the things that are ,god's02 ,acts #e3bi--8,we must obey ,god rather than men40 ,as each believer has personal dealings with ,christ and for even the pastor to come between him and his ,lord is treachery to ,christ and harmful to his soul1 so much more does the ,new ,testament condemn any attempt to bring the church into subjection to any other church or combination of churches1 or to make the church the creature of the state4 ,absolute liberty of conscience under ,christ has always been a distinguishing tenet of ,baptists1 as it is of the ,new ,testament 7cf4 ,rom4 #ad3d--8,who art thou that judgest the servant of another8 to his own lord he standeth or falleth4 ,yea1 he shall be made to stand2 for the ,lord hath power to make him stand074 ,john ,locke1 #ajj years before ,american independence3 8,the ,baptists were the first and only propounders of absolute liberty1 just and true liberty1 equal and impartial liberty40 ,george ,bancroft says of ,roger ,williams3 8,he was the first person in modern ,christendom to assert the doctrine of liberty of conscience in religion4444 ,freedom of conscience was from the first a trophy of the ,baptists4444 ,their history is written in blood40 ,on ,roger ,williams1 see ,john ,fiske1 ,the ,beginnings of ,new ,england3 8,such views are today quite generally adopted by the more civilized portions of the ,protestant world2 but it is needless to say that they were not the views of the sixteenth century1 in ,massachusetts or elsewhere40 ,cotton ,mather said that ,roger ,williams 8carried a windmill in his head10 and even ,john ,quincy ,adams called him 8conscientiously contentious40 ,cotton ,mather's windmill was one that he remembered or had heard of in ,holland4 ,it had run so fast in a gale as to set itself and a whole town on fire4 ,leonard ,bacon1 ,genesis of the ,new ,england ,churches1 vii1 says of ,baptist churches3 8,it has been claimed for these churches that from the age of the ,reformation onward they have been always foremost and always consistent in maintaining the doctrine of religious liberty4 ,let me not be understood as calling in question their right to so great an honor40 ,baptists hold that the province of the state is purely secular and civil1--religious matters are beyond its jurisdiction4 ,yet for economic reasons and to ensure its own preservation1 it may guarantee to its citizens their religious rights1 and may exempt all churches equally from burdens of taxation1 in the same way in which it exempts schools and hospitals4 ,the state has holidays1 but no holy days4 ,hall ,caine1 in ,the ,christian1 calls the state1 not the pillar of the church1 but the caterpillar1 that eats the vitals out of it4 ,it is this1 when it transcends its sphere and compels or forbids any particular form of religious teaching4 ,on the charge that ,roman ,catholics were deprived of equal rights in ,rhode ,island1 see ,am4 ,cath4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahid3afiagg4 ,this restriction was not in the original law1 but was a note added by revisers1 to bring the state law into conformity with the law of the mother country4 ,ezra #h3bb--8;,i was ashamed to ask of the king a band of soldiers and horsemen 444 because 444 ,the hand of our ,god is upon all them that seek him1 for good0--is a model for the churches of every age4 ,the church as an organized body should be ashamed to depend for revenue upon the state1 although its members as citizens may justly demand that the state protect them in their rights of worship4 ,on ,state and ,church in #adib and #ahib1 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,christ in ,creation1 #bjibdf1 esp4 #bcibda4 ,on taxation of church property1 and opposing it1 see ,h4 ,c4 ,vedder1 in ,magazine of ,christian ,literature1 ,feb4 #ahij3 #bfebgb4 ,b4 ,the sole object of the local church is the glory of ,god1 in the complete establishment of his kingdom1 both in the hearts of believers and in the world4 ,this object is to be promoted3 7a7 ,by united worship1--including prayer and religious instruction2 7b7 by mutual watchcare and exhortation2 7c7 by common labors for the reclamation of the impenitent world4 7a7 ,heb4 #aj3be--8not forsaking our own assembling together1 as the custom of some is1 but exhorting one another40 ,one burning coal by itself will soon grow dull and go out1 but a hundred together will give a fury of flame that will set fire to others4 ,notice the value of 8the crowd0 in politics and in religion4 ,one may get an education without going to school or college1 and may cultivate religion apart from the church2 but the number of such people will be small1 and they do not choose the best way to become intelligent or religious4 7b7 #a ,thess4 #e3aa--8,wherefore exhort one another1 and build each other up1 even as also ye do02 ,heb4 #c3ac--8;,exhort one another day by day1 so long as it is called ,today2 lest any one of you be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin40 ,churches exist in order to3 #a4 create ideals2 #b4 supply motives2 #c4 direct energies4 ,they are the leaven hidden in the three measures of meal4 ,but there must be life in the leaven1 or no good will come of it4 ,there is no use of taking to ,china a lamp that will not burn in ,america4 ,the light that shines the furthest shines brightest nearest home4 7c7 ,mat4 #bh3ai--8;,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of all the nations02 ,acts #h3d--8,they therefore that were scattered abroad went about preaching the word02 #b ,cor4 #h3e--8;and this1 not as we had hoped1 but first they gave their own selves to the ,lord1 and to us through the will of ,god02 ,jude #bc--8;,and on some have mercy1 who are in doubt2 and some save1 snatching them out of the fire40 ,inscribed upon a mural tablet of a ,christian church1 in ,aneityum in the ,south ,seas1 to the memory of ,dr4 ,john ,geddie1 the pioneer missionary in that field1 are the words3 8,when he came here1 there were no ,christians2 when he went away1 there were no heathen40 ,inscription over the grave of ,david ,livingstone in ,westminster ,abbey3 8,for thirty years his life was spent in an unwearied effort to evangelize the native races1 to explore the undiscovered secrets1 to abolish the desolating slave trade of ,central ,africa1 where with his last words he wrote3 #8,all ,i can add in my solitude is1 ,may ,heaven's richest blessing come down on everyone1 ,american1 ,english or ,turk1 who will help to heal this open sore of the world4' 0 ,c4 ,the law of the church is simply the will of ,christ1 as expressed in the ,scriptures and interpreted by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,this law respects3 7a7 ,the qualifications for membership4--,these are regeneration and baptism1 i4 e41 spiritual new birth and ritual new birth2 the surrender of the inward and of the outward life to ,christ2 the spiritual entrance into communion with ,christ's death and resurrection1 and the formal profession of this to the world by being buried with ,christ and rising with him in baptism4 7b7 ,the duties imposed on members4--,in discovering the will of ,christ from the ,scriptures1 each member has the right of private judgment1 being directly responsible to ,christ for his use of the means of knowledge1 and for his obedience to ,christ's commands when these are known4 ,how far does the authority of the church extend8 ,it certainly has no right to say what its members shall eat and drink2 to what societies they shall belong2 what alliances in marriage or in business they shall contract4 ,it has no right1 as an organized body1 to suppress vice in the community1 or to regenerate society by taking sides in a political canvass4 ,the members of the church1 as citizens1 have duties in all these lines of activity4 ,the function of the church is to give them religious preparation and stimulus for their work4 ,in this sense1 however1 the church is to influence all human relations4 ,it follows the model of the ,jewish commonwealth rather than that of the ,greek state4 ,the ,greek was limited1 because it was the affirmation of only personal rights4 ,the ,jewish commonwealth was universal1 because it was the embodiment of the one divine will4 ,the ,jewish state was the most comprehensive of the ancient world1 admitting freely the incorporation of new members1 and looking forward to a worldwide religious communion in one faith4 ,so the ,romans gave to conquered lands the protection and the rights of ,rome4 ,but the ,christian church is the best example of incorporation in conquest4 ,see ,westcott1 ,hebrews1 #chf1 #chg2 ,john ,fiske1 ,beginnings of ,new ,england1 #abj2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #gdii2 ,curtis on ,communion1 #afa4 ,abraham ,lincoln3 8,this country cannot be half slave and half free0 the one part will pull the other over2 there is an irrepressible conflict between them4 ,so with the forces of ,christ and of ,antichrist in the world at large4 ,alexander ,duff3 8,the church that ceases to be evangelistic will soon cease to be evangelical40 ,we may add that the church that ceases to be evangelical will soon cease to exist4 ,the ,fathers of ,new ,england proposed 8to advance the gospel in these remote parts of the world1 even if they should be but as steppingstones to those who were to follow them40 ,they little foresaw how their faith and learning would give character to the great ,west4 ,church and school went together4 ,christ alone is the ,savior of the world1 but ,christ alone cannot save the world4 ,zinzendorf called his society 8,the ,mustardseed ,society0 because it should remove mountains 7,mat4 #ag3bj74 ,hermann1 ,faith and ,morals1 #ia1 #bch--8;,it is not by means of things that pretend to be imperishable that ,christianity continues to live on2 but by the fact that there are always persons to be found who1 by their contact with the ,bible traditions1 become witnesses to the personality of ,jesus and follow him as their guide1 and therefore acquire sufficient courage to sacrifice themselves for others40 #c4 ,the genesis of this organization4 7a7 ,the church existed in germ before the day of ,pentecost1--otherwise there would have been nothing to which those converted upon that day could have been 8added0 7,acts #b3dg74 ,among the apostles1 regenerate as they were1 united to ,christ by faith and in that faith baptized 7,acts #ai3d71 under ,christ's instruction and engaged in common work for him1 there were already the beginnings of organization4 ,there was a treasurer of the body 7,john #ac3bi71 and as a body they celebrated for the first time the ,lord's ,supper 7,mat4 #bf3bfbi74 ,to all intents and purposes they constituted a church1 although the church was not yet fully equipped for its work by the outpouring of the ,spirit 7,acts #b71 and by the appointment of pastors and deacons4 ,the church existed without officers1 as in the first days succeeding ,pentecost4 ,acts #b3dg--8;,and the ,lord added to them marg43 #8together' day by day those that were being saved02 #ai3d--8;,and ,paul said1 ,john baptized with the baptism of repentance1 saying unto the people that they should believe on him that should come after him1 that is1 on ,jesus02 ,john #ac3bi--8;,for some thought1 because ,judas had the bag1 that ,jesus said unto him1 ,buy what things we have need of for the feast2 or1 that he should give something to the poor02 ,mat4 #bf3bfbi--8;,and as they were eating1 ,jesus took bread 444 and he gave to the disciples1 and said1 ,take1 eat4444 ,and he took a cup1 and gave thanks1 and gave to them1 saying1 ,drink ye all of it02 ,acts #b--the ,holy ,spirit is poured out4 ,it is to be remembered that ,christ himself is the embodied union between ,god and man1 the true temple of ,god's indwelling4 ,so soon as the first believer joined himself to ,christ1 the church existed in miniature and germ4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #ee1 quotes ,acts #b3da--8;and there were added10 not to them1 or to the church1 but1 as in ,acts #e3ad1 and #aa3bd--8to the ,lord40 ,this1 ,dr4 ,gordon declares1 means not a mutual union of believers1 but their divine coniting with ,christ2 not voluntary association of ,christians1 but their sovereign incorporation into the ,head1 and this incorporation effected by the ,head1 through the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the old proverb1 8,tres faciunt ecclesiam10 is always true when one of the three is ,jesus 7,dr4 ,deems74 ,cyprian was wrong when he said that 8he who has not the church for his mother1 has not ,god for his ,father02 for this could not account for the conversion of the first ,christian1 and it makes salvation dependent upon the church rather than upon ,christ4 ,the ,cambridge ,platform1 #afdh1 chapter #f1 makes officers essential1 not to the being1 but only to the well being1 of churches1 and declares that elders and deacons are the only ordinary officers2 see ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #dci4 ,fish1 ,ecclesiology1 #adaa1 by a striking analogy1 distinguishes three periods of the church's life3 7#a7 the prenatal period1 in which the church is not separated from ,christ's bodily presence2 7#b7 the period of childhood1 in which the church is under tutelage1 preparing for an independent life2 7#c7 the period of maturity1 in which the church1 equipped with doctrines and officers1 is ready for selfgovernment4 ,the three periods may be likened to bud1 blossom1 and fruit4 ,before ,christ's death1 the church existed in bud only4 7b7 ,that provision for these offices was made gradually as exigencies arose1 is natural when we consider that the church immediately after ,christ's ascension was under the tutelage of inspired apostles1 and was to be prepared1 by a process of education1 for independence and self government4 ,as doctrine was communicated gradually yet infallibly1 through the oral and written teaching of the apostles1 so we are warranted in believing that the church was gradually but infallibly guided to the adoption of ,christ's own plan of church organization and of ,christian work4 ,the same promise of the ,spirit which renders the ,new ,testament an unerring and sufficient rule of faith1 renders it also an unerring and sufficient rule of practice1 for the church in all places and times4 ,john #af3abbf is to be interpreted as a promise of gradual leading by the ,spirit into all the truth2 #a ,cor4 #ad3cg--8the things which ,i write unto you 444 they are the commandments of the ,lord40 ,an examination of ,paul's epistles in their chronological order shows a progress in definiteness of teaching with regard to church polity1 as well as with regard to doctrine in general4 ,in this matter1 as in other matters1 apostolic instruction was given as providential exigencies demanded it4 ,in the earliest days of the church1 attention was paid to preaching rather than to organization4 ,like ,luther1 ,paul thought more of church order in his later days than at the beginning of his work4 ,yet even in his first epistle we find the germ which is afterwards continuously developed4 ,see3 7#a7 #a ,thess4 #e3ab1 #ac 7,a4 ,d4 #eb7--8;,but we beseech you1 brethren1 to know them that labor among you1 and are over you 77 in the ,lord1 and admonish you2 and to esteem them exceeding highly in love for their work's sake40 7#b7 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh 7,a4 ,d4 #eg7--8;,and ,god hath set some in the church1 first apostles1 secondly prophets1 thirdly teachers1 then miracles1 then gifts of healings1 helps gifts needed by deacons1 governments gifts needed by pastors1 divers kinds of tongues40 7#c7 ,rom4 #ab3fh 7,a4 ,d4 #eh7--8;,and having gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us1 whether prophecy1 let us prophesy according to the proportion of our faith2 or ministry 1 let us give ourselves to our ministry2 or he that teacheth1 to his teaching2 or he that exhorteth1 to his exhorting3 he that giveth1 let him do it with liberality2 he that ruleth 1 with diligence2 he that showeth mercy1 with cheerfulness40 7#d7 ,phil4 #a3a 7,a4 ,d4 #fb7--8,paul and ,timothy1 servants of ,jesus ,christ1 to all the saints in ,christ ,jesus that are at ,philippi1 with the bishops 1 marg43 #8overseers' and deacons 40 7#e7 ,eph4 #d3aa 7,a4 ,d4 #fc7--8;,and he gave some to be apostles2 and some1 prophets2 and some1 evangelists2 and some1 pastors and teachers 40 7#f7 #a ,tim4 #c3a1 #b 7,a4 ,d4 #ff7--8;,if a man seeketh the office of a bishop1 he desireth a good work4 ,the bishop therefore must be without reproach40 ,on this last passage1 ,huther in ,meyer's ,com4 remarks3 8,paul in the beginning looked at the church in its unity1--only gradually does he make prominent its leaders4 ,we must not infer that the churches in earlier time were without leadership1 but only that in the later time circumstances were such as to require him to lay emphasis upon the pastor's office and work40 ,see also ,schaff1 ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles1 #fbge4 ,mc,giffert1 in his ,apostolic ,church1 puts the dates of ,paul's ,epistles considerably earlier1 as for example3 #a ,thess41 circ4 #dh2 #a ,cor41 c4 #ea1 #eb2 ,rom41 #eb1 #ec2 ,phil41 #efeh2 ,eph41 #eb1 #ec1 or #efeh2 #a ,tim41 #efeh4 ,but even before the earliest ,epistles of ,paul comes ,james #e3ad--8;,is any among you sick8 let him call for the elders of the church0--written about #dh ,a4 ,d41 and showing that within twenty years after the death of our ,lord there had grown up a very definite form of church organization4 ,on the question how far our ,lord and his apostles1 in the organization of the church1 availed themselves of the synagogue as a model1 see ,neander1 ,planting and ,training1 #bhcd4 ,the ministry of the church is without doubt an outgrowth and adaptation of the eldership of the synagogue4 ,in the synagogue1 there were elders who gave themselves to the study and expounding of the ,scriptures4 ,the synagogues held united prayer1 and exercised discipline4 ,they were democratic in government1 and independent of each other4 ,it has sometimes been said that election of officers by the membership of the church came from the ,greek 1 or popular assembly4 ,but ,edersheim1 ,life and ,times of ,jesus the ,messiah1 #a3dch1 says of the elders of the synagogue that 8their election depended on the choice of the congregation40 ,talmud1 ,berachob1 #ee a3 8,no ruler is appointed over a congregation1 unless the congregation is consulted40 7c7 ,any number of believers1 therefore1 may constitute themselves into a ,christian church1 by adopting for their rule of faith and practice ,christ's law as laid down in the ,new ,testament1 and by associating themselves together1 in accordance with it1 for his worship and service4 ,it is important1 where practicable1 that a council of churches be previously called1 to advise the brethren proposing this union as to the desirableness of constituting a new and distinct local body2 and1 if it be found desirable1 to recognize them1 after its formation1 as being a church of ,christ4 ,but such action of a council1 however valuable as affording ground for the fellowship of other churches1 is not constitutive1 but is simply declaratory2 and1 without such action1 the body of believers alluded to1 if formed after the ,n4 ,t4 example1 may notwithstanding be a true church of ,christ4 ,still further1 a band of converts1 among the heathen or providentially precluded from access to existing churches1 might rightfully appoint one of their number to baptize the rest1 and then might organize1 de novo1 a ,new ,testament church4 ,the church at ,antioch was apparently selfcreated and self directed4 ,there is no evidence that any human authority1 outside of the converts there1 was invoked to constitute or to organize the church4 ,as ,john ,spillsbury put it about #afdj3 8,where there is a beginning1 some must be first40 ,the initiative lies in the individual convert1 and in his duty to obey the commands of ,christ4 ,no body of ,christians can excuse itself for disobedience upon the plea that it has no officers4 ,it can elect its own officers4 ,councils have no authority to constitute churches4 ,their work is simply that of recognizing the already existing organization and of pledging the fellowship of the churches which they represent4 ,if ,god can of the stones raise up children unto ,abraham1 he can also raise up pastors and teachers from within the company of believers whom he has converted and saved4 ,hagenbach1 ,hist4 ,doct41 #b3bid1 quotes from ,luther1 as follows3 8,if a company of pious ,christian laymen were captured and sent to a desert place1 and had not among them an ordained priest1 and were all agreed in the matter1 and elected one and told him to baptize1 administer the ,mass1 absolve1 and preach1 such a one would be as true a priest as if all the bishops and popes had ordained him40 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #ea--8,luther came near discovering and reproducing ,congregationalism4 ,three things checked him3 #a4 he undervalued polity as compared with doctrine2 #b4 he reacted from ,anabaptist fanaticisms2 #c4 he thought ,providence indicated that princes should lead and people should follow4 ,so1 while he and ,zwingle alike held the ,bible to teach that all ecclesiastical power inheres under ,christ in the congregation of believers1 the matter ended in an organization of superintendents and consistories1 which gradually became fatally mixed up with the state40 ,,iii4 ,government of the ,church4 #a4 ,nature of this government in general4 ,it is evident from the direct relation of each member of the church1 and so of the church as a whole1 to ,christ as sovereign and lawgiver1 that the government of the church1 so far as regards the source of authority1 is an absolute monarchy4 ,in ascertaining the will of ,christ1 however1 and in applying his commands to providential exigencies1 the ,holy ,spirit enlightens one member through the counsel of another1 and as the result of combined deliberation1 guides the whole body to right conclusions4 ,this work of the ,spirit is the foundation of the ,scripture injunctions to unity4 ,this unity1 since it is a unity of the ,spirit1 is not an enforced1 but an intelligent and willing1 unity4 ,while ,christ is sole king1 therefore1 the government of the church1 so far as regards the interpretation and execution of his will by the body1 is an absolute democracy1 in which the whole body of members is intrusted with the duty and responsibility of carrying out the laws of ,christ as expressed in his word4 ,the seceders from the established church of ,scotland1 on the memorable #ahth of ,may1 #ahdc1 embodied in their protest the following words3 ,we go out 8from an establishment which we loved and prized1 through interference with conscience1 the dishonor done to ,christ's crown1 and the rejection of his sole and supreme authority as ,king in his church40 ,the church should be rightly ordered1 since it is the representative and guardian of ,god's truth--its 8pillar and ground0 7#a ,tim4 #c3ae7--the ,holy ,spirit working in and through it4 ,but it is this very relation of the church to ,christ and his truth which renders it needful to insist upon the right of each member of the church to his private judgment as to the meaning of ,scripture2 in other words1 absolute monarchy1 in this case1 requires for its complement an absolute democracy4 ,president ,wayland3 8,no individual ,christian or number of individual ,christians1 no individual church or number of individual churches1 has original authority1 or has power over the whole4 ,none can add to or subtract from the laws of ,christ1 or interfere with his direct and absolute sovereignty over the hearts and lives of his subjects40 ,each member1 as equal to every other1 has right to a voice in the decisions of the whole body2 and no action of the majority can bind him against his conviction of duty to ,christ4 ,john ,cotton of ,massachusetts ,bay1 #afdc1 ,questions and ,answers3 8,the royal government of the churches is in ,christ1 the stewardly or ministerial in the churches themselves40 ,cambridge ,platform1 #afdh1 #ajth chapter--8,so far as ,christ is concerned1 church government is a monarchy2 so far as the brotherhood of the church is concerned1 it resembles a democracy40 ,unfortunately the ,platform goes further and declares that1 in respect of the ,presbytery and the ,elders' power1 it is also an aristocracy4 ,herbert ,spencer and ,john ,stuart ,mill1 who held diverse views in philosophy1 were once engaged in controversy4 ,while the discussion was running through the press1 ,mr4 ,spencer1 forced by lack of funds1 announced that he would be obliged to discontinue the publication of his promised books on science and philosophy4 ,mr4 ,mill wrote him at once1 saying that1 while he could not agree with him in some things1 he realized that ,mr4 ,spencer's investigations on the whole made for the advance of truth1 and so he himself would be glad to bear the expense of the remaining volumes4 ,here in the philosophical world is an example which may well be taken to heart by theologians4 ,all ,christians indeed are bound to respect in others the right of private judgment while stedfastly adhering themselves to the truth as ,christ has made it known to them4 ,loyola1 founder of the ,society of ,jesus1 dug for each neophyte a grave1 and buried him all but the head1 asking him3 8,art thou dead80 ,when he said3 8,yes60 the ,general added3 8,rise then1 and begin to serve1 for ,i want only dead men to serve me40 ,jesus1 on the other hand1 wants only living men to serve him1 for he gives life and gives it abundantly 7,john #aj3aj74 ,the ,salvation ,army1 in like manner1 violates the principle of sole allegiance to ,christ1 and like the ,jesuits puts the individual conscience and will under bonds to a human master4 ,good intentions may at first prevent evil results2 but1 since no man can be trusted with absolute power1 the ultimate consequence1 as in the case of the ,jesuits1 will be the enslavement of the subordinate members4 ,such autocracy does not find congenial soil in ,america1--hence the rebellion of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,ballington ,booth4 ,a4 ,proof that the government of the church is democratic or congregational4 7a7 ,from the duty of the whole church to preserve unity in its action4 ,rom4 #ab3af--8;,be of the same mind one toward another02 #a ,cor4 #a3aj--8,now ,i beseech you 444 that ye all speak the same thing1 and that there be no divisions among you2 but that ye be perfected together in the same mind and in the same judgment02 #b ,cor4 #ac3aa--8;be of the same mind02 ,eph4 #d3c--8;giving diligence to keep the unity of the ,spirit in the bond of peace02 ,phil4 #a3bg--8that ye stand fast in one spirit1 with one soul striving for the faith of the gospel02 #a ,pet4 #c3h--8;be ye all likeminded40 ,these exhortations to unity are not mere counsels to passive submission1 such as might be given under a hierarchy1 or to the members of a society of ,jesuits2 they are counsels to coperation and to harmonious judgment4 ,each member1 while forming his own opinions under the guidance of the ,spirit1 is to remember that the other members have the ,spirit also1 and that a final conclusion as to the will of ,god is to be reached only through comparison of views4 ,the exhortation to unity is therefore an exhortation to be openminded1 docile1 ready to subject our opinions to discussion1 to welcome new light with regard to them1 and to give up any opinion when we find it to be in the wrong4 ,the church is in general to secure unanimity by moral suasion only2 though1 in case of wilful and perverse opposition to its decisions1 it may be necessary to secure unity by excluding an obstructive member1 for schism4 ,a quiet and peaceful unity is the result of the ,holy ,spirit's work in the hearts of ,christians4 ,new ,testament church government proceeds upon the supposition that ,christ dwells in all believers4 ,baptist polity is the best possible polity for good people4 ,christ has made no provision for an unregenerate churchmembership1 and for ,satanic possession of ,christians4 ,it is best that a church in which ,christ does not dwell should by dissension reveal its weakness1 and fall to pieces2 and any outward organization that conceals inward disintegration1 and compels a merely formal union after the ,holy ,spirit has departed1 is a hindrance instead of a help to true religion4 ,congregationalism is not a strong government to look at4 ,neither is the solar system4 ,its enemies call it a rope of sand4 ,it is rather a rope of iron filings held together by a magnetic current4 ,wordsworth3 8,mightier far ,than strength of nerve or sinew1 or the sway ,of magic portent over sun and star1 ,is love40 ,president ,wayland3 8,we do not need any hoops of iron or steel to hold us together40 ,at high tide all the little pools along the sea shore are fused together4 ,the unity produced by the inflowing of the ,spirit of ,christ is better than any mere external unity1 whether of organization or of creed1 whether of ,romanism or of ,protestantism4 ,the times of the greatest external unity1 as under ,hildebrand1 were times of the church's deepest moral corruption4 ,a revival of religion is a better cure for church quarrels than any change in church organization could effect4 ,in the early church1 though there was no common government1 unity was promoted by active intercourse4 ,hospitality1 regular delegates1 itinerant apostles and prophets1 apostolic and other epistles1 still later the gospels1 persecution1 and even heresy1 promoted unity--heresy compelling the exclusion of the unworthy and factious elements in the ,christian community4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,a4 ,hort1 ,the ,christian ,ecclesia3 8,not a word in the ,epistle to the ,ephesians exhibits the one ecclesia as made up of many ecclesi4444 ,the members which make up the one ecclesia are not communities1 but individual men4444 ,the unity of the universal ecclesia 444 is a truth of theology and religion1 not a fact of what we call ecclesiastical politics4444 ,the ecclesia itself1 i4 e41 the sum of all its male members1 is the primary body1 and1 it would seem1 even the primary authority4444 ,of officers higher than elders we find nothing that points to an institution or system1 nothing like the ,episcopal system of later times4444 ,the monarchical principle receives practical though limited recognition in the position ultimately held by ,st4 ,james at ,jerusalem1 and in the temporary functions entrusted by ,st4 ,paul to ,timothy and ,titus40 ,on this last statement ,bartlett1 in ,contemp4 ,rev41 ,july1 #ahig1 says that ,james held an unique position as brother of our ,lord1 while ,paul left the communities organized by ,timothy and ,titus to govern themselves1 when once their organization was set agoing4 ,there was no permanent diocesan episcopate1 in which one man presided over many churches4 ,the ecclesi had for their officers only bishops and deacons4 ,should not the majority rule in a ,baptist church8 ,no1 not a bare majority1 when there are opposing convictions on the part of a large minority4 ,what should rule is the mind of the ,spirit4 ,what indicates his mind is the gradual unification of conviction and opinion on the part of the whole body in support of some definite plan1 so that the whole church moves together4 ,the large church has the advantage over the small church in that the single crotchety member cannot do so much harm4 ,one man in a small boat can easily upset it1 but not so in the great ship4 ,patient waiting1 persuasion1 and prayer1 will ordinarily win over the recalcitrant4 ,it is not to be denied1 however1 that patience may have its limits1 and that unity may sometimes need to be purchased by secession and the forming of a new local church whose members can work harmoniously together4 7b7 ,from the responsibility of the whole church for maintaining pure doctrine and practice4 #a ,tim4 #c3ae--8the church of the living ,god1 the pillar and ground of the truth02 ,jude #c--8;exhorting you to contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all delivered unto the saints02 ,rev4 #b and #c--;exhortations to the seven churches of ,asia to maintain pure doctrine and practice4 ,in all these passages1 pastoral charges are given1 not by a socalled bishop to his subordinate priests1 but by an apostle to the whole church and to all its members4 ,in #a ,tim4 #c3ae1 ,dr4 ,hort would translate 8a pillar and ground of the truth0--apparently referring to the local church as one of many4 ,eph4 #c3ah--8strong to apprehend with all saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth40 ,edith ,wharton1 ,vesalius in ,zante1 in ,n4 ,a4 ,rev41 ,nov4 #ahib--8,truth is many tongued4 ,what one man failed to speak1 another finds ,another word for4 ,may not all converge1 ,in some vast utterance of which you and ,i1 ,fallopius1 were but the halting syllables80 ,bruce1 ,training of the ,twelve1 shows that the ,twelve probably knew the whole ,o4 ,t4 by heart4 ,pandita ,ramabai1 at ,oxford1 when visiting ,max ,mller1 recited from the ,rig ,veda passim1 and showed that she knew more of it by heart than the whole contents of the ,o4 ,t4 7c7 ,from the committing of the ordinances to the charge of the whole church to observe and guard4 ,as the church expresses truth in her teaching1 so she is to express it in symbol through the ordinances4 ,mat4 #bh3ai1 #bj--8;,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of all the nations1 baptizing them 444 teaching them02 cf4 ,luke #bd3cc--8;,and they rose up that very hour 444 found the eleven gathered together1 and them that were with them02 ,acts #a3ae--8;,and in these days ,peter stood up in the midst of the brethren1 and said 7and there was a multitude of persons gathered together1 about a hundred and twenty702 #a ,cor4 #ae3f--8then he appeared to above five hundred brethren at once0--these passages show that it was not to the eleven apostles alone that ,jesus committed the ordinances4 #a ,cor4 #aa3b--8,now ,i praise you that ye remember me in all things1 and hold fast the traditions1 even as ,i delivered them to you02 cf4 #bc1 #bd--8;for ,i received of the ,lord that which also ,i delivered unto you1 that the ,lord ,jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread2 and when he had given thanks1 he brake it1 and said1 ,this is my body1 which is for you3 this do in remembrance of me0--here ,paul commits the ,lord's ,supper into the charge1 not of the body of officials1 but of the whole church4 ,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper1 therefore1 are not to be administered at the discretion of the individual minister4 ,he is simply the organ of the church2 and pocket baptismal and communion services are without warrant4 ,see ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #bii2 ,robinson1 ,harmony of ,gospels1 notes1 #agj4 7d7 ,from the election by the whole church1 of its own officers and delegates4 ,in ,acts #ad3bc1 the literal interpretation of is not to be pressed4 ,in ,titus #a3e1 8when ,paul empowers ,titus to set presiding officers over the communities1 this circumstance decides nothing as to the mode of choice1 nor is a choice by the community itself thereby necessarily excluded40 ,acts #a3bc1 #bf--8;,and they put forward two 444 and they gave lots for them2 and the lot fell upon ,matthias2 and he was numbered with the eleven apostles02 #f3c1 #e--8,look ye out therefore1 brethren1 from among you seven men of good report 444 ,and the saying pleased the whole multitude3 and they chose ,stephen1 444 and ,philip1 and ,prochorus1 and ,nicanor1 and ,timon1 and ,parmenas1 and ,nicolaus0--as deacons2 ,acts #ac3b1 #c--8;,and as they ministered to the ,lord1 and fasted1 the ,holy ,spirit said1 ,separate me ,barnabas and ,saul for the work whereunto ,i have called them4 ,then1 when they had fasted and prayed and laid their hands on them1 they sent them away40 ,on this passage1 see ,meyer's comment3 8 #8,ministered' here expresses the act of celebrating divine service on the part of the whole church4 ,to refer to the #8prophets and teachers' is forbidden by the --and by verse #c4 ,this interpretation would confine this most important missionact to five persons1 of whom two were the missionaries sent2 and the church would have had no part in it1 even through its presbyters4 ,this agrees1 neither with the common possession of the ,spirit in the apostolic church1 nor with the concrete cases of the choice of an apostle 7ch4 #a7 and of deacons 7ch4 #f74 ,compare #ad3bg1 where the returned missionaries report to the church4 ,the imposition of hands 7verse #c7 is by the presbyters1 as representatives of the whole church4 ,the subject in verses #b and #c is #8the church'--7represented by the presbyters in this case74 ,the church sends the missionaries to the heathen1 and consecrates them through its elders40 ,acts #ae3b1 #d1 #bb1 #cj--8the brethren appointed that ,paul and ,barnabas1 and certain other of them1 should go up to ,jerusalem4444 ,and when they were come to ,jerusalem1 they were received of the church and the apostles and the elders4444 ,then it seemed good to the apostles and the elders1 with the whole church1 to choose men out of their company1 and send them to ,antioch with ,paul and ,barnabas4444 ,so they 444 came down to ,antioch2 and having gathered the multitude together1 they delivered the epistle02 #b ,cor4 #h3ai--8who was also appointed by the churches to travel with us in the matter of this grace0--the contribution for the poor in ,jerusalem2 ,acts #ad3bc--8;,and when they had appointed 77 for them elders in every church0--the apostles announced the election of the church1 as a ,college ,president confers degrees1 i4 e41 by announcing degrees conferred by the ,board of ,trustees4 ,to this same effect witnesses the newly discovered ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles1 chapter #ae3 8,appoint therefore for yourselves bishops and deacons40 ,the derivation of 1 holding up of hands1 as in a popular vote1 is not to be pressed1 any more than is the derivation of from 4 ,the former had come to mean simply 8to appoint10 without reference to the manner of appointment1 as the latter had come to mean an 8assembly10 without reference to the calling of its members by ,god4 ,that the church at ,antioch 8separated0 ,paul and ,barnabas1 and that this was not done simply by the five persons mentioned1 is shown by the fact that1 when ,paul and ,barnabas returned from the missionary journey1 they reported not to these five1 but to the whole church4 ,so when the church at ,antioch sent delegates to ,jerusalem1 the letter of the ,jerusalem church is thus addressed3 8,the apostles and the elders1 brethren1 unto the brethren who are of the ,gentiles in ,antioch and ,syria and ,cilicia0 7,acts #ae3bc74 ,the ,twelve had only spiritual authority4 ,they could advise1 but they did not command4 ,hence they could not transmit government1 since they had it not4 ,they could demand obedience1 only as they convinced their hearers that their word was truth4 ,it was not they who commanded1 but their ,master4 ,hackett1 ,com4 on ,acts--8 is not to be pressed1 since ,paul and ,barnabas constitute the persons ordaining4 ,it may possibly indicate a concurrent appointment1 in accordance with the usual practice of universal suffrage2 but the burden of proof lies on those who would so modify the meaning of the verb4 ,the word is frequently used in the sense of choosing1 appointing1 with reference to the formality of raising the hand40 ,per contra1 see ,meyer1 in loco3 8,the church officers were elective4 ,as appears from analogy of #f3bf 7election of deacons71 the word retains its etymological sense1 and does not mean #8constituted' or #8created4' ,their choice was a recognition of a gift already bestowed1--not the ground of the office and source of authority1 but merely the means by which the gift becomes known1 recognized1 and an actual office in the church40 ,baumgarten1 ,apostolic ,history1 #a3def--8,they--the two apostles--allow presbyters to be chosen for the community by voting40 ,alexander1 ,com4 on ,acts--8,the method of election here1 as the expression indicates1 was the same as that in ,acts #f3e1 #f1 where the people chose the seven1 and the twelve ordained them40 ,barnes1 ,com4 on ,acts3 8,the apostles presided in the assembly where the choice was made1--appointed them in the usual way by the suffrage of the people40 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #ach--8 #8,ordained' means here #8prompted and secured the election' of elders in every church40 ,so in ,titus #a3e--8;appoint elders in every city40 ,compare the ,latin3 8dictator consules creavit0 prompted and secured the election of consuls by the people4 ,see ,neander1 ,church ,history1 #a3ahi2 ,guericke1 ,church ,history1 #a3aaj2 ,meyer1 on ,acts #ac3b4 ,the ,watchman1 ,nov4 #g1 #aija--8,the rootdifficulty with many schemes of statecraft is to be found in deepseated distrust of the capacities and possibilities of men4 ,wendell ,phillips once said that nothing so impressed him with the power of the gospel to solve our problems as the sight of a prince and a peasant kneeling side by side in a ,european ,cathedral40 ,dr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,huntington makes the strong points of ,congregationalism to be3 #a4 a lofty estimate of the value of trained intelligence in the ,christian ministry2 #b4 a clear recognition of the duty of every lay member of a church to take an active interest in its affairs1 temporal as well as spiritual4 ,he regards the weaknesses of ,congregationalism to be3 #a4 a certain incapacity for expansion beyond the territorial limits within which it is indigenous2 #b4 an undervaluation of the mystical or sacramental1 as contrasted with the doctrinal and practical sides of religion4 ,he argues for the objectsymbolism as well as the verbalsymbolism of the real presence and grace of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,dread of idolatry1 he thinks1 should not make us indifferent to the value of sacraments4 ,baptists1 we reply1 may fairly claim that they escape both of these charges against ordinary ,congregationalism1 in that they have shown unlimited capacity of expansion1 and in that they make very much of the symbolism of the ordinances4 7e7 ,from the power of the whole church to exercise discipline4 ,passages which show the right of the whole body to exclude1 show also the right of the whole body to admit1 members4 ,mat4 #ah3ag--8;,and if he refuse to hear them1 tell it unto the church3 and if he refuse to hear the church also1 let him be unto thee as the ,gentile and the publican4 ,verily ,i say unto you1 ,what things soever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven2 and what things soever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven0--words often inscribed over ,roman ,catholic confessionals1 but improperly1 since they refer not to the decisions of a single priest1 but to the decisions of the whole body of believers guided by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,in ,mat4 #ah3ag1 quoted above1 we see that the church has authority1 that it is bound to take cognizance of offences1 and that its action is final4 ,if there had been in the mind of our ,lord any other than a democratic form of government1 he would have referred the aggrieved party to pastor1 priest1 or presbytery1 and1 in case of a wrong decision by the church1 would have mentioned some synod or assembly to which the aggrieved person might appeal4 ,but he throws all the responsibility upon the whole body of believers4 ,cf4 ,num4 #ae3ce--8;all the congregation shall stone him with stones0--the man who gathered sticks on the ,sabbath day4 ,every ,israelite was to have part in the execution of the penalty4 #a ,cor4 #e3d1 #e1 #ac--8ye being gathered together 444 to deliver such a one unto ,satan4444 ,put away the wicked man from among yourselves02 #b ,cor4 #b3f1 #g--8,sufficient to such a one is this punishment which was inflicted by the many2 so that contrariwise ye should rather forgive him and comfort him02 #g3aa--8;,for behold1 this selfsame thing 444 what earnest care it wrought in you1 yea1 what clearing of yourselves4444 ,in every thing ye approved yourselves to be pure in the matter02 #b ,thess4 #c3f1 #ad1 #ae--8withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly 444 if any man obeyeth not our word by this epistle1 note that man1 that ye have no company with him1 to the end that he may be ashamed4 ,and yet count him not as an enemy1 but admonish him as a brother40 ,the evils in the church at ,corinth were such as could exist only in a democratic body1 and ,paul does not enjoin upon the church a change of government1 but a change of heart4 ,paul does not himself excommunicate the incestuous man1 but he urges the church to excommunicate him4 ,the educational influence upon the whole church of this election of pastors and deacons1 choosing of delegates1 admission and exclusion of members1 management of church finance and general conduct of business1 carrying on of missionary operations and raising of contributions1 together with responsibility for correct doctrine and practice1 cannot be overestimated4 ,the whole body can know those who apply for admission1 better than pastors or elders can4 ,to put the whole government of the church into the hands of a few is to deprive the membership of one great means of ,christian training and progress4 ,hence the pastor's duty is to develop the selfgovernment of the church4 ,the missionary should not command1 but advise4 ,that minister is most successful who gets the whole body to move1 and who renders the church independent of himself4 ,the test of his work is not while he is with them1 but after he leaves them4 ,then it can be seen whether he has taught them to follow him1 or to follow ,christ2 whether he has led them to the formation of habits of independent ,christian activity1 or whether he has made them passively dependent upon himself4 ,it should be the ambition of the pastor not 8to run the church10 but to teach the church intelligently and ,scripturally to manage its own affairs4 ,the word 8minister0 means1 not master1 but servant4 ,the true pastor inspires1 but he does not drive4 ,he is like the trusty mountain guide1 who carries a load thrice as heavy as that of the man he serves1 who leads in safe paths and points out dangers1 but who neither shouts nor compels obedience4 ,the individual ,christian should be taught3 #a4 to realize the privilege of church membership2 #b4 to fit himself to use his privilege2 #c4 to exercise his rights as a church member2 #d4 to glory in the ,new ,testament system of church government1 and to defend and propagate it4 ,a ,christian pastor can either rule1 or he can have the reputation of ruling2 but he can not do both4 ,real ruling involves a sinking of self1 a working through others1 a doing of nothing that some one else can be got to do4 ,the reputation of ruling leads sooner or later to the loss of real influence1 and to the decline of the activities of the church itself4 ,see ,coleman1 ,manual of ,prelacy and ,ritualism1 #hgabe2 and on the advantages of ,congregationalism over every other form of churchpolity1 see ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #bcfbif4 ,dexter1 #bij1 note1 quotes from ,belcher's ,religious ,denominations of the ,u4 ,s41 #ahd1 as follows3 8,jefferson said that he considered ,baptist church government the only form of pure democracy which then existed in the world1 and had concluded that it would be the best plan of government for the ,american ,colonies4 ,this was eight or ten years before the ,american ,revolution40 ,on ,baptist democracy1 see ,thomas ,armitage1 in ,n4 ,amer4 ,rev41 ,march1 #ahhg3bcbbdc4 ,john ,fiske1 ,beginnings of ,new ,england3 8,in a church based upon such a theology that of ,calvin1 there was no room for prelacy4 ,each single church tended to become an independent congregation of worshipers1 constituting one of the most effective schools that has ever existed for training men in local selfgovernment40 ,schurman1 ,agnosticism1 #afj--8,the ,baptists1 who are nominally ,calvinists1 are now1 as they were at the beginning of the century1 second in numerical rank in ,america2 but their fundamental principle--the ,bible1 the ,bible only--taken in connection with their polity1 has enabled them silently to drop the old theology and unconsciously to adjust themselves to the new spiritual environment40 ,we prefer to say that ,baptists have not dropped the old theology1 but have given it new interpretation and application2 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,our ,denominational ,outlook1 ,sermon in ,cleveland1 #aijd4 ,b4 ,erroneous views as to church government refuted by the foregoing passages4 7a7 ,the worldchurch theory1 or the ,romanist view4--,this holds that all local churches are subject to the supreme authority of the bishop of ,rome1 as the successor of ,peter and the infallible vicegerent of ,christ1 and1 as thus united1 constitute the one and only church of ,christ on earth4 ,we reply3 ,first1--,christ gave no such supreme authority to ,peter4 ,mat4 #af3ah1 #ai1 simply refers to the personal position of ,peter as first confessor of ,christ and preacher of his name to ,jews and ,gentiles4 ,hence other apostles also constituted the foundation 7,eph4 #b3bj2 ,rev4 #ba3ad74 ,on one occasion1 the counsel of ,james was regarded as of equal weight with that of ,peter 7,acts #ae3gcj71 while on another occasion ,peter was rebuked by ,paul 7,gal4 #b3aa71 and ,peter calls himself only a fellowelder 7#a ,pet4 #e3a74 ,mat4 #af3ah1 #ai--8;,and ,i also say unto thee1 that thou art ,peter1 and upon this rock ,i will build my church2 and the gates of ,hades shall not prevail against it4 ,i will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven3 and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven2 and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven40 ,peter exercised this power of the keys for both ,jews and ,gentiles1 by being the first to preach ,christ to them1 and so admit them to the kingdom of heaven4 ,the 8rock0 is a confessing heart4 ,the confession of ,christ makes ,peter a rock upon which the church can be built4 ,plumptre on ,epistles of ,peter1 ,introd41 #ad--8;,he was a stone--one with that rock with which he was now joined by an indissoluble union40 ,but others come to be associated with him3 ,eph4 #b3bj--8;built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets1 ,christ ,jesus himself being the chief corner stone02 ,rev4 #ba3ad--8;,and the wall of the city had twelve foundations1 and on them twelve names of the twelve apostles of the ,lamb40 ,acts #ae3gcj--the ,council of ,jerusalem4 ,gal4 #b3aa--8;,but when ,cephas came to ,antioch1 ,i resisted him to the face1 because he stood condemned02 #a ,pet4 #e3a--8,the elders therefore among you ,i exhort1 who am a fellow elder40 ,here it should be remembered that three things were necessary to constitute an apostle3 7#a7 he must have seen ,christ after his resurrection1 so as to be a witness to the fact that ,christ had risen from the dead2 7#b7 he must be a worker of miracles1 to certify that he was ,christ's messenger2 7#c7 he must be an inspired teacher of ,christ's truth1 so that his final utterances are the very word of ,god4 ,in ,rom4 #af3g--8,salute ,andronicus and ,junias1 my kinsmen1 and my fellowprisoners1 who are of note among the apostles0 means simply3 8who are highly esteemed among1 or by1 the apostles40 ,barnabas is called an apostle1 in the etymological sense of a messenger3 ,acts #ac3b1 #c--8,separate me ,barnabas and ,saul for the work whereunto ,i have called them4 ,then1 when they had fasted and prayed and laid their hands on them1 they sent them away02 ,heb4 #c3a--8;consider the ,apostle and ,high ,priest of our confession1 even ,jesus40 ,in this latter sense1 the number of the apostles was not limited to twelve4 ,protestants err in denying the reference in ,mat4 #af3ah to ,peter2 ,christ recognizes ,peter's personality in the founding of his kingdom4 ,but ,romanists equally err in ignoring ,peter's confession as constituting him the 8rock40 ,creeds and confessions alone will never convert the world2 they need to be embodied in living personalities in order to save2 this is the grain of correct doctrine in ,romanism4 ,on the other hand1 men without a faith1 which they are willing to confess at every cost1 will never convert the world2 there must be a substance of doctrine with regard to sin1 and with regard to ,christ as the divine ,savior from sin2 this is the just contention of ,protestantism4 ,baptist doctrine combines the merits of both systems4 ,it has both personality and confession4 ,it is not hierarchical1 but experiential4 ,it insists1 not upon abstractions1 but upon life4 ,truth without a body is as powerless as a body without truth4 ,a flag without an army is even worse than an army without a flag4 ,phillips ,brooks3 8,the truth of ,god working through the personality of man has been the salvation of the world40 ,pascal3 8,catholicism is a church without a religion2 ,protestantism is a religion without a church40 ,yes1 we reply1 if church means hierarchy4 ,secondly1--,if ,peter had such authority given him1 there is no evidence that he had power to transmit it to others4 ,fisher1 ,hist4 ,christian ,church1 #bdg--8,william of ,occam 7#abhjacdg7 composed a treatise on the power of the pope4 ,he went beyond his predecessors in arguing that the church1 since it has its unity in ,christ1 is not under the necessity of being subject to a single primate4 ,he placed the ,emperor and the ,general ,council above the pope1 as his judges4 ,in matters of faith he would not allow infallibility even to the ,general ,councils4 #8,only ,holy ,scripture and the beliefs of the universal church are of absolute validity4' 0 ,w4 ,rauschenbusch1 in ,the ,examiner1 ,july #bh1 #ahib--8,the age of an ecclesiastical organization1 instead of being an argument in its favor1 is presumptive evidence against it1 because all bodies organized for moral or religious ends manifest such a frightful inclination to become corrupt4444 ,marks of the true church are3 present spiritual power1 loyalty to ,jesus1 an unworldly morality1 seeking and saving the lost1 selfsacrifice and selfcrucifixion40 ,romanism holds to a transmitted infallibility4 ,the pope is infallible3 #a4 when he speaks as pope2 #b4 when he speaks for the whole church2 #c4 when he defines doctrine1 or passes a final judgment2 #d4 when the doctrine thus defined is within the sphere of faith or morality2 see ,brandis1 in ,n4 ,a4 ,rev41 ,dec4 #ahib3 #fed4 ,schurman1 ,belief in ,god1 #aad--8,like the ,christian pope1 ,zeus is conceived in the ,homeric poems to be fallible as an individual1 but infallible as head of the sacred convocation4 ,the other gods are only his representatives and executives40 ,but1 even if the primacy of the ,roman pontiff were acknowledged1 there would still be abundant proof that he is not infallible4 ,the condemnation of the letters of ,pope ,honorius1 acknowledging monothelism and ordering it to be preached1 by ,pope ,martin ,i and the first ,council of ,lateran in #fdi1 shows that both could not be right4 ,yet both were ex cathedra utterances1 one denying what the other affirmed4 ,perrone concedes that only one error committed by a pope in an ex cathedra announcement would be fatal to the doctrine of papal infallibility4 ,martineau1 ,seat of ,authority1 #aci1 #adj1 gives instances of papal inconsistencies and contradictions1 and shows that ,roman ,catholicism does not answer to either one of its four notes or marks of a true church1 viz43 #a4 unity2 #b4 sanctity2 #c4 universality2 #d4 apostolicity4 ,dean ,stanley had an interview with ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 and came away saying that the infallible man had made more blunders in a twenty minutes' conversation than any person he had ever met4 ,dr4 ,fairbairn facetiously defines infallibility1 as 8inability to detect errors even where they are most manifest40 ,he speaks of 8the folly of the men who think they hold ,god in their custody1 and distribute him to whomsoever they will40 ,the ,pope of ,rome can no more trace his official descent from ,peter than ,alexander the ,great could trace his personal descent from ,jupiter4 ,thirdly1--,there is no conclusive evidence that ,peter ever was at ,rome1 much less that he was bishop of ,rome4 ,clement of ,rome refers to ,peter as a martyr1 but he makes no claim for ,rome as the place of his martyrdom4 ,the tradition that ,peter preached at ,rome and founded a church there dates back only to ,dionysius of ,corinth and ,irenus of ,lyons1 who did not write earlier than the eighth decade of the second century1 or more than a hundred years after ,peter's death4 ,professor ,lepsius of ,jena submitted the ,roman tradition to a searching examination1 and came to the conclusion that ,peter was never in ,italy4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 in ,princetoniana1 #abi--8,three unproved assumptions3 #a4 that ,peter was primate2 #b4 that ,peter was bishop of ,rome2 #c4 that ,peter was primate and bishop of ,rome4 ,the last is not unimportant2 because ,clement1 for instance1 might have succeeded to the bishopric of ,rome without the primacy2 as ,queen ,victoria came to the crown of ,england1 but not to that of ,hanover4 ,or1 to come nearer home1 ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant was president of the ,united ,states and husband of ,mrs4 ,grant4 ,mr4 ,hayes succeeded him1 but not in both capacities60 ,on the question whether ,peter founded the ,roman ,church1 see ,meyer1 ,com4 on ,romans1 transl41 vol4 #a3bc--8,paul followed the principle of not interfering with another apostle's field of labor4 ,hence ,peter could not have been laboring at ,rome1 at the time when ,paul wrote his epistle to the ,romans from ,ephesus2 cf4 ,acts #ai3ba2 ,rom4 #ae3bj2 #b ,cor4 #aj3af40 ,meyer thinks ,peter was martyred at ,rome1 but that he did not found the ,roman church1 the origin of which is unknown4 8,the ,epistle to the ,romans10 he says1 8since ,peter cannot have labored at ,rome before it was written1 is a fact destructive of the historical basis of the ,papacy0 7p4 #bh74 ,see also ,elliott1 ,hor ,apocalyptic1 #c3efj4 ,fourthly1--,there is no evidence that he really did so appoint the bishops of ,rome as his successors4 ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #aia--8,the church was first the company of those united to ,christ and living in ,christ2 then it became a society based on creed2 finally a society based on clergy40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #acj--8,the ,holy ,spirit is the real #8,vicar of ,christ4' ,would any one desire to find the clue to the great apostasy whose dark eclipse now covers two thirds of nominal ,christendom1 here it is3 ,the rule and authority of the ,holy ,spirit ignored in the church2 the servants of the house assuming mastery and encroaching more and more on the prerogatives of the ,head1 till at last one man sets himself up as the administrator of the church1 and daringly usurps the name of the ,vicar of ,christ40 ,see also ,r4 ,v4 ,littledale1 ,the ,petrine ,claims4 ,the secret of ,baptist success and progress is in putting truth before unity4 ,james #c3ag--8the wisdom that is from above is first pure1 then peaceable40 ,the substitution of external for internal unity1 of which the apostolic succession1 so called1 is a sign and symbol1 is of a piece with the whole sacramental scheme of salvation4 ,men cannot be brought into the kingdom of heaven1 nor can they be made good ministers of ,jesus ,christ1 by priestly manipulation4 ,the ,frankish wholesale conversion of races1 the ,jesuitical putting of obedience instead of life1 the identification of the church with the nation1 are all false methods of diffusing ,christianity4 ,the claims of ,rome need irrefragible proof1 if they are to be accepted4 ,but they have no warrant in ,scripture or in history4 ,methodist ,review3 8,as long as the ,bible is recognized to be authoritative1 the church will face ,romeward as little as ,leo ,x will visit ,america to attend a ,methodist campmeeting1 or ,justin ,d4 ,fulton be elected as his successor in the ,papal chair40 ,see ,gore1 ,incarnation1 #bjh1 #bji4 ,fifthly1--,if ,peter did so appoint the bishops of ,rome1 the evidence of continuous succession since that time is lacking4 ,on the weakness of the argument for apostolic succession1 see remarks with regard to the national church theory1 below4 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #gae--8,to spiritualize and evangelize ,romanism1 or ,high ,churchism1 will be to ,congregationalize it40 ,if all the ,roman ,catholics who have come to ,america had remained ,roman ,catholics1 there would be sixteen millions of them1 whereas there are actually only eight millions4 ,if it be said that the remainder have no religion1 we reply that they have just as much religion as they had before4 ,american democracy has freed them from the domination of the priest1 but it has not deprived them of anything but external connection with a corrupt church4 ,it has given them opportunity for the first time to come in contact with the church of the ,new ,testament1 and to accept the offer of salvation through simple faith in ,jesus ,christ4 8,romanism10 says ,dorner1 8identifies the church and the kingdom of ,god4 ,the professedly perfect hierarchy is itself the church1 or its essence40 ,yet ,moehler1 the greatest modern advocate of the ,romanist system1 himself acknowledges that there were popes before the ,reformation 8whom hell has swallowed up02 see ,dorner1 ,hist4 ,prot4 ,theol41 ,introd41 ad finem4 ,if the ,romanist asks3 8,where was your church before ,luther80 the ,protestant may reply3 8,where was your face this morning before it was washed80 ,disciples of ,christ have sometimes kissed the feet of ,antichrist1 but it recalls an ancient story4 ,when an ,athenian noble thus1 in old times1 debased himself to the ,king of ,persia1 his fellowcitizens at ,athens doomed him to death4 ,see ,coleman1 ,manual on ,prelacy and ,ritualism1 #bfebgd2 ,park1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 #b3dea2 ,princeton ,rev41 ,apr41 #ahgf3bfe4 ,sixthly1--,there is abundant evidence that a hierarchical form of church government is corrupting to the church and dishonoring to ,christ4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #acaadj--8;,catholic writers claim that the ,pope1 as the ,vicar of ,christ1 is the only mouthpiece of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,but the ,spirit has been given to the church as a whole1 that is1 to the body of regenerated believers1 and to every member of that body according to his measure4 ,the sin of sacerdotalism is1 that it arrogates for a usurping few that which belongs to every member of ,christ's mystical body4 ,it is a suggestive fact that the name 1 #8the charge allotted to you1' which ,peter gives to the church as #8the flock of ,god' 7#a ,pet4 #e3b71 when warning the elders against being lords over ,god's heritage1 now appears in ecclesiastical usage as 'the clergy1' with its orders of pontiff and prelates and lord bishops1 whose appointed function it is to exercise lordship over ,christ's flock4444 ,but committees and majorities may take the place of the ,spirit1 just as perfectly as a pope or a bishop4444 ,this is the reason why the light has been extinguished in many a candlestick4444 ,the body remains1 but the breath is withdrawn4 ,the ,holy ,spirit is the only ,administrator40 ,canon ,melville3 8,make peace if you will with ,popery1 receive it into your ,senate1 enshrine it in your chambers1 plant it in your hearts4 ,but be ye certain1 as certain as there is a heaven above you and a ,god over you1 that the ,popery thus honored and embraced is the ,popery that was loathed and degraded by the holiest of your fathers2 and the same in haughtiness1 the same in intolerance1 which lorded it over kings1 assumed the prerogative of ,deity1 crushed human liberty1 and slew the saints of ,god40 ,on the strength and weakness of ,romanism1 see ,harnack1 ,what is ,christianity8 #bdfbfc4 7b7 ,the nationalchurch theory1 or the theory of provincial or national churches4--,this holds that all members of the church in any province or nation are bound together in provincial or national organization1 and that this organization has jurisdiction over the local churches4 ,we reply3 ,first1--the theory has no support in the ,scriptures4 ,there is no evidence that the word in the ,new ,testament ever means a national church organization4 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh1 ,phil4 #c3f1 and #a ,tim4 #c3ae1 may be more naturally interpreted as referring to the generic church4 ,in ,acts #i3ca1 is a mere generalization for the local churches then and there existing1 and implies no sort of organization among them4 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh--8;,and ,god hath set some in the church1 first apostles1 secondly prophets1 thirdly teachers1 then miracles1 then gifts of healings1 helps1 governments1 divers kinds of tongues02 ,phil4 #c3f--8;as touching zeal1 persecuting the church02 #a ,tim4 #c3ae--8that thou mayest know how men ought to behave themselves in the house of ,god1 which is the church of the living ,god1 the pillar and ground of the truth02 ,acts #i3ca--8,so the church throughout all ,juda and ,galilee and ,samaria had peace1 being edified40 ,for advocacy of the ,presbyterian system1 see ,cunningham1 ,historical ,theology1 #b3eadeef2 ,mc,pherson1 ,presbyterianism4 ,per contra1 see ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #i--8,there is no example of a national church in the ,new ,testament40 ,secondly1--,it is contradicted by the intercourse which the ,new ,testament churches held with each other as independent bodies1--for example at the ,council of ,jerusalem 7,acts4 #ae3ace74 ,acts #ae3b1 #f1 #ac1 #ai1 #bb--8the brethren appointed that ,paul and ,barnabas1 and certain other of them1 should go up to ,jerusalem unto the apostles and elders about this question4444 ,and the apostles and the elders were gathered together to consider of this matter4444 ,james answered 444 my judgment is1 that we trouble not them that from among the ,gentiles turn to ,god 444 it seemed good to the apostles and the elders1 with the whole church1 to choose men out of their company1 and send them to ,antioch with ,paul and ,barnabas40 ,mc,giffert1 ,apostolic ,church1 #fde--8,the steps of developing organization were3 #a4 ,recognition of the teaching of the apostles as exclusive standard and norm of ,christian truth2 #b4 ,confinement to a specific office1 the ,catholic office of bishop1 of the power to determine what is the teaching of the apostles2 #c4 ,designation of a specific institution1 the ,catholic church1 as the sole channel of divine grace4 ,the ,twelve1 in the church of ,jerusalem1 had only a purely spiritual authority4 ,they could advise1 but they did not command4 ,hence they were not qualified to transmit authority to others4 ,they had no absolute authority themselves40 ,thirdly1--,it has no practical advantages over the ,congregational polity1 but rather tends to formality1 division1 and the extinction of the principles of selfgovernment and direct responsibility to ,christ4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the ,anglican schism is the most sectarian of all the sects40 ,principal ,rainey thus describes the position of the ,episcopal ,church3 8,they will not recognize the church standing of those who recognize them2 and they only recognize the church standing of those1 ,greeks and ,latins1 who do not recognize them4 ,is not that an odd sort of ,catholicity80 8,every priestling hides a popeling40 ,the elephant going through the jungle saw a brood of young partridges that had just lost their mother4 ,touched with sympathy he said3 8,i will be a mother to you10 and so he sat down upon them1 as he had seen their mother do4 ,hence we speak of the 8incumbent0 of such and such a parish4 ,there were no councils that claimed authority till the second century1 and the independence of the churches was not given up until the third or fourth century4 ,in ,bp4 ,lightfoot's essay on the ,christian ,ministry1 in the appendix to his ,com4 on ,philippians1 progress to episcopacy is thus described3 8,in the time of ,ignatius1 the bishop1 then primus inter pares1 was regarded only as a centre of unity2 in the time of ,irenus1 as a depositary of primitive truth2 in the time of ,cyprian1 as absolute vicegerent of ,christ in things spiritual40 ,nothing is plainer than the steady degeneration of church polity in the hands of the ,fathers4 ,archibald ,alexander3 8,a better name than ,church ,fathers for these men would be church babies4 ,their theology was infantile40 ,luther3 8,never mind the ,scribes1--what saith the ,scripture80 ,fourthly1--,it is inconsistent with itself1 in binding a professedly spiritual church by formal and geographical lines4 ,instance the evils of ,presbyterianism in practice4 ,dr4 ,park says that 8the split between the ,old and the ,new ,school was due to an attempt on the part of the majority to impose their will on the minority4444 ,the ,unitarian defection in ,new ,england would have ruined ,presbyterian churches1 but it did not ruin ,congregational churches4 ,a ,presbyterian church may be deprived of the minister it has chosen1 by the votes of neighboring churches1 or by the few leading men who control them1 or by one single vote in a close contest40 ,we may illustrate by the advantage of the adjustable cardcatalogue over the old method of keeping track of books in a library4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #acg1 note--8,by the candlesticks in the ,revelation being seven1 instead of one as in the tabernacle1 we are taught that whereas1 in the ,jewish dispensation1 ,god's visible church was one1 in the ,gentile dispensation there are many visible churches1 and that ,christ himself recognizes them alike0 7quoted from ,garratt1 ,com4 on ,rev41 #cb74 ,bishop ,moule1 ,veni ,creator1 #aca1 after speaking of the unity of the ,spirit1 goes on to say3 8,blessed will it be for the church and for the world when these principles shall so vastly prevail as to find expression from within in a harmonious counterpart of order2 a far different thing from what is1 ,i cannot but think1 an illusory prospect--the attainment of such internal unity by a previous exaction of exterior governmental uniformity40 ,fifthly1--,it logically leads to the theory of ,romanism4 ,if two churches need a superior authority to control them and settle their differences1 then two countries and two hemispheres need a common ecclesiastical government1--and a worldchurch1 under one visible head1 is ,romanism4 ,hatch1 in his ,bampton ,lectures on ,organization of ,early ,christian ,churches1 without discussing the evidence from the ,new ,testament1 proceeds to treat of the postapostolic development of organization1 as if the existence of a germinal ,episcopacy very soon after the apostles proved such a system to be legitimate or obligatory4 ,in reply1 we would ask whether we are under moral obligation to conform to whatever succeeds in developing itself4 ,if so1 then the priests of ,baal1 as well as the priests of ,rome1 had just claims to human belief and obedience4 ,prof4 ,black3 8,we have no objection to antiquity1 if they will only go back far enough4 ,we wish to listen1 not only to the fathers of the church1 but also to the grandfathers40 ,phillips ,brooks speaks of 8the fantastic absurdity of apostolic succession40 ,and with reason1 for in the ,episcopal system1 bishops qualified to ordain must be3 7#a7 baptized persons2 7#b7 not scandalously immoral2 7#c7 not having obtained office by bribery2 7#d7 must not have been deposed4 ,in view of these qualifications1 ,archbishop ,whately pronounces the doctrine of apostolic succession untenable1 and declares that 8there is no ,christian minister existing now1 who can trace up with complete certainty his own ordination1 through perfectly regular steps1 to the time of the apostles40 ,see ,macaulay's ,review of ,gladstone on ,church and ,state1 in his ,essays1 #d3affagh4 ,there are breaks in the line1 and a chain is only as strong as its weakest part4 ,see ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahhf3hiabf4 ,mr4 ,flanders called ,phillips ,brooks 8an ,episcopalian with leanings toward ,christianity40 ,bishop ,brooks replied that he could not be angry with 8such a dear old motheaten angel40 ,on apostolic succession1 see ,c4 ,anderson ,scott1 ,evangelical ,doctrine1 #cgdh1 #bfgbhh4 ,apostolic succession has been called the pipeline conception of divine grace4 ,to change the figure1 it may be compared to the monopoly of communication with ,europe by the submarine cable4 ,but we are not confined to the pipeline or to the cable4 ,there are wells of salvation in our private grounds1 and wireless telegraphy practicable to every human soul1 apart from any control of corporations4 ,we see leanings toward the worldchurch idea in ,pananglican and ,panpresbyterian ,councils4 ,human nature ever tends to substitute the unity of external organization for the spiritual unity which belongs to all believers in ,christ4 ,there is no necessity for common government1 whether ,presbyterian or ,episcopal2 since ,christ's truth and ,spirit are competent to govern all as easily as one4 ,it is a remarkable fact1 that the ,baptist denomination1 without external bonds1 has maintained a greater unity in doctrine1 and a closer general conformity to ,new ,testament standards1 than the churches which adopt the principle of episcopacy1 or of provincial organization4 ,with ,abp4 ,whately1 we find the true symbol of ,christian unity in 8the tree of life1 bearing twelve manner of fruits0 7,rev4 #bb3b74 ,cf4 ,john #aj3af-- 1 --8they shall become one flock1 one shepherd0 not one fold1 not external unity1 but one flock in many folds4 ,see ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #acj2 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #bcf2 ,coleman1 ,manual on ,prelacy and ,ritualism1 #abhbfd2 ,albert ,barnes1 ,apostolic ,church4 ,as testimonies to the adequacy of ,baptist polity to maintain sound doctrine1 we quote from the ,congregationalist1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,withrow3 8,there is not a denomination of evangelical ,christians that is throughout as sound theologically as the ,baptist denomination4 ,there is not an evangelical denomination in ,america today that is as true to the simple plain gospel of ,god1 as it is recorded in the word1 as the ,baptist denomination40 ,and the ,presbyterian1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,t4 ,shedd1 in a private letter dated ,oct4 #a1 #ahhf1 writes as follows3 8,among the denominations1 we all look to the ,baptists for steady and firm adherence to sound doctrine4 ,you have never had any internal doctrinal conflicts1 and from year to year you present an undivided front in defense of the ,calvinistic faith4 ,having no judicatures and regarding the local church as the unit1 it is remarkable that you maintain such a unity and solidarity of belief4 ,if you could impart your secret to our ,congregational brethren1 ,i think that some of them at least would thank you40 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,sermon in ,london before the ,baptist ,world ,congress1 ,july1 #aije--8;,coperation with ,christ involves the spiritual unity not only of all ,baptists with one another1 but of all ,baptists with the whole company of true believers of every name4 ,we cannot1 indeed1 be true to our convictions without organizing into one body those who agree with us in our interpretation of the ,scriptures4 ,our denominational divisions are at present necessities of nature4 ,but we regret these divisions1 and1 as we grow in grace and in the knowledge of the truth1 we strive1 at least in spirit1 to rise above them4 ,in ,america our farms are separated from one another by fences1 and in the springtime1 when the wheat and barley are just emerging from the earth1 these fences are very distinguishable and unpleasing features of the landscape4 ,but later in the season1 when the corn has grown and the time of harvest is near1 the grain is so tall that the fences are entirely hidden1 and for miles together you seem to see only a single field4 ,it is surely our duty to confess everywhere and always that we are first ,christians and only secondly ,baptists4 ,the tie which binds us to ,christ is more important in our eyes than that which binds us to those of the same faith and order4 ,we live in hope that the ,spirit of ,christ in us1 and in all other ,christian bodies1 may induce such growth of mind and heart that the sense of unity may not only overtop and hide the fences of division1 but may ultimately do away with these fences altogether40 #b4 ,officers of the ,church4 ,a4 ,the number of offices in the church is two3--first1 the office of bishop1 presbyter1 or pastor2 and1 secondly1 the office of deacon4 7a7 ,that the appellations 8bishop10 8presbyter10 and 8pastor0 designate the same office and order of persons1 may be shown from ,acts #bj3bh-- 7cf4 #ag--72 ,phil4 #a3a2 #a ,tim4 #c3a1 #h2 ,titus #a3e1 #g2 #a ,pet4 #e3a1 #b-- 444 444 444 4 ,conybeare and ,howson3 8,the terms #8bishop' and #8elder' are used in the ,new ,testament as equivalent1--the former denoting 7as its meaning of overseer implies7 the duties1 the latter the rank1 of the office40 ,see passages quoted in ,gieseler1 ,church ,history1 #a3ij1 note #a--;as1 for example1 ,jerome3 8,apud veteres iidem episcopi et presbyteri1 quia illud nomen dignitatis est1 hoc tatis4 ,idem est ergo presbyter qui episcopus40 ,acts #bj3bh--8,take heed unto yourselves1 and to all the flock1 in which the ,holy ,spirit hath made you bishops marg4 #8overseers'1 to feed lit4 #8to shepherd1' #8be pastors of' the church of the ,lord which he purchased with his own blood02 cf4 #ag--8the elders of the church0 are those whom ,paul addresses as bishops or overseers1 and whom he exhorts to be good pastors4 ,phil4 #a3a--8;bishops and deacons02 #a ,tim4 #c3a1 #h--8;,if a man seeketh the office of a bishop1 he desireth a good work4444 ,deacons in like manner must be grave02 ,tit4 #a3e1 #g--8;appoint elders in every city4444 ,for the bishop must be blameless02 #a ,pet4 #e3a1 #b--8,the elders therefore among you ,i exhort1 who am a fellowelder4444 ,tend lit4 #8shepherd1' #8be pastors of' the flock of ,god which is among you1 exercising the oversight acting as bishops1 not of constraint1 but willingly1 according to the will of ,god40 ,in this last passage1 ,westcott and ,hort1 with ,tischendorf's #hth edition1 follow and ,b in omitting 4 ,tregelles and our ,revised ,version follow ,a and c in retaining it4 ,rightly1 we think2 since it is easy to see how1 in a growing ecclesiasticism1 it should have been omitted1 from the feeling that too much was here ascribed to a mere presbyter4 ,lightfoot1 ,com4 on ,philippians1 #ieii--8;,it is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion that in the language of the ,n4 ,t4 the same officer in the church is called indifferently #8bishop' 77 and #8elder' or #8presbyter' 774444 ,to these special officers the priestly functions and privileges of the ,christian people are never regarded as transferred or delegated4 ,they are called stewards or messengers of ,god1 servants or ministers of the church1 and the like1 but the sacerdotal is never once conferred upon them4 ,the only priests under the gospel1 designated as such in the ,n4 ,t41 are the saints1 the members of the ,christian brotherhood40 ,on ,titus #a3e1 #g--8;appoint elders4444 ,for the bishop must be blameless0--,gould1 ,bib4 ,theol4 ,n4 ,t41 #aej1 remarks3 8,here the word #8for' is quite out of place unless bishops and elders are identical4 ,all these officers1 bishops as well as deacons1 are confined to the local church in their jurisdiction4 ,the charge of a bishop is not a diocese1 but a church4 ,the functions are mostly administrative1 the teaching office being subordinate1 and a distinction is made between teaching elders and others1 implying that the teaching function is not common to them all40 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #aad1 shows that bishop1 elder1 pastor are names for the same office3 7#a7 from the significance of the words2 7#b7 from the fact that the same qualifications are demanded from all2 7#c7 from the fact that the same duties are assigned to all2 7#d7 from the fact that the texts held to prove higher rank of the bishop do not support that claim4 ,plumptre1 in ,pop4 ,com41 ,pauline ,epistles1 #eee1 #eef--8,there cannot be a shadow of doubt that the two titles of ,bishop and ,presbyter were in the ,apostolic ,age interchangeable40 7b7 ,the only plausible objection to the identity of the presbyter and the bishop is that first suggested by ,calvin1 on the ground of #a ,tim4 #e3ag4 ,but this text only shows that the one office of presbyter or bishop involved two kinds of labor1 and that certain presbyters or bishops were more successful in one kind than in the other4 ,that gifts of teaching and ruling belonged to the same individual1 is clear from ,acts #bj3bhca2 ,eph4 #d3aa2 ,heb4 #ac3g2 #a ,tim4 #c3b-- 4 #a ,tim4 #e3ag--8,let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honor1 especially those who labor in the word and in teaching02 ,wilson1 ,primitive ,government of ,christian ,churches1 concedes that this last text 8expresses a diversity in the exercise of the ,presbyterial office1 but not in the office itself02 and although he was a ,presbyterian1 he very consistently refused to have any ruling elders in his church4 ,acts #bj3bh1 #ca--8;bishops1 to feed the church of the ,lord 444 wherefore watch ye02 ,eph4 #d3aa--8;and some1 pastors and teachers0--here ,meyer remarks that the single article binds the two words together1 and prevents us from supposing that separate offices are intended4 ,jerome3 8,nemo 444 pastoris sibi nomen assumere debet1 nisi possit docere quos pascit40 ,heb4 #ac3g--8,remember them that had the rule over you1 men that spake unto you the word of ,god02 #a ,tim4 #c3b--8,the bishop must be 444 apt to teach40 ,the great temptation to ambition in the ,christian ministry is provided against by having no gradation of ranks4 ,the pastor is a priest1 only as every ,christian is4 ,see ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #ef2 ,olshausen1 on #a ,tim4 #e3ag2 ,hackett on ,acts #ad3bc2 ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahhf3hiabf4 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #eb--8;,calvin was a natural aristocrat1 not a man of the people like ,luther4 ,taken out of his own family to be educated in a family of the nobility1 he received an early bent toward exclusiveness4 ,he believed in authority and loved to exercise it4 ,he could easily have been a despot4 ,he assumed all citizens to be ,christians until proof to the contrary4 ,he resolved church discipline into police control4 ,he confessed that the eldership was an expedient to which he was driven by circumstances1 though after creating it he naturally enough endeavored to procure ,scriptural proof in its favor40 ,on the question1 ,the ,christian ,ministry1 is it a ,priesthood8 see ,c4 ,anderson ,scott1 ,evangelical ,doctrine1 #bjebbd4 7c7 ,in certain of the ,n4 ,t4 churches there appears to have been a plurality of elders 7,acts #bj3ag2 ,phil4 #a3a2 ,tit4 #a3e74 ,there is1 however1 no evidence that the number of elders was uniform1 or that the plurality which frequently existed was due to any other cause than the size of the churches for which these elders cared4 ,the ,n4 ,t4 example1 while it permits the multiplication of assistant pastors according to need1 does not require a plural eldership in every case2 nor does it render this eldership1 where it exists1 of cordinate authority with the church4 ,there are indications1 moreover1 that1 at least in certain churches1 the pastor was one1 while the deacons were more than one1 in number4 ,acts #bj3ag--8;,and from ,miletus he sent to ,ephesus1 and called to him the elders of the church02 ,phil4 #a3a--8,paul and ,timothy1 servants of ,christ ,jesus1 to all the saints in ,christ ,jesus that are at ,philippi1 with the bishops and deacons02 ,tit4 #a3e--8;,for this cause ,i left thee in ,crete1 that thou shouldest set in order the things that were wanting1 and appoint elders in every city1 as ,i gave thee charge40 ,see1 however1 ,acts #ab3ag--8,tell these things unto ,james1 and to the brethren02 #ae3ac--8;,and after they had held their peace1 ,james answered1 saying1 ,brethren1 hearken unto me02 #ba3ah--8;,and the day following ,paul went in with us unto ,james2 and all the elders were present02 ,gal4 #a3ai--8;,but other of the apostles saw ,i none1 save ,james the ,lord's brother02 #b3ab--8;certain came from ,james40 ,these passages seem to indicate that ,james was the pastor or president of the church at ,jerusalem1 an intimation which tradition corroborates4 #a ,tim4 #c3b--8,the bishop therefore must be without reproach02 ,tit4 #a3g--8;,for the bishop must be blameless1 as ,god's steward02 cf4 #a ,tim4 #c3h1 #aj1 #ab--8;,deacons in like manner must be grave4444 ,and let these also first be proved2 then let them serve as deacons1 if they be blameless4444 ,let deacons be husbands of one wife1 ruling their children and their own houses well0--in all these passages the bishop is spoken of in the singular number1 the deacons in the plural4 ,so1 too1 in ,rev4 #b3a1 #h1 #ab1 #ah and #c3a1 #g1 #ad1 8the angel of the church0 is best interpreted as meaning the pastor of the church2 and1 if this be correct1 it is clear that each church had1 not many pastors1 but one4 ,it would1 moreover1 seem antecedently improbable that every church of ,christ1 however small1 should be required to have a plural eldership1 particularly since churches exist that have only a single male member4 ,a plural eldership is natural and advantageous1 only where the church is very numerous and the pastor needs assistants in his work3 and only in such cases can we say that ,new ,testament example favors it4 ,for advocacy of the theory of plural eldership1 see ,fish1 ,ecclesiology1 #bbibdi2 ,ladd1 ,principles of ,church ,polity1 #bbbi4 ,on the whole subject of offices in the church1 see ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #ggih2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #bdabff2 ,lightfoot on the ,christian ,ministry1 appended to his ,commentary on ,philippians1 and published in his ,dissertations on the ,apostolic ,age4 ,b4 ,the duties belonging to these offices4 7a7 ,the pastor1 bishop1 or elder is3 ,first1--a spiritual teacher1 in public and private2 ,acts #bj3bj1 #ba1 #ce--8;how ,i shrank not from declaring unto you anything that was profitable1 and teaching you publicly1 and from house to house1 testifying both to ,jews and to ,greeks repentance toward ,god1 and faith toward our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4444 ,in all things ,i gave you an example1 that so laboring ye ought to help the weak1 and to remember the words of the ,lord ,jesus1 that he himself said1 ,it is more blessed to give than to receive02 #a ,thess4 #e3ab--8;,but we beseech you1 brethren1 to know them that labor among you1 and are over you in the ,lord1 and admonish you02 ,heb4 #ac3g1 #ag--8,remember them that had the rule over you1 men that spake unto you the word of ,god2 and considering the issue of their life1 imitate their faith4444 ,obey them that have the rule over you1 and submit to them3 for they watch in behalf of your souls1 as they that shall give account40 ,here we should remember that the pastor's private work of religious conversation and prayer is equally important with his public ministrations2 in this respect he is to be an example to his flock1 and they are to learn from him the art of winning the unconverted and of caring for those who are already saved4 ,a ,jewish ,rabbi once said3 8,god could not be every where1--therefore he made mothers40 ,we may substitute1 for the word 'mothers1' the word 'pastors4' ,bishop ,ken is said to have made a vow every morning1 as he rose1 that he would not be married that day4 ,his own lines best express his mind3 8,a virgin priest the altar best attends2 our ,lord that state commands not1 but commends40 ,secondly1--administrator of the ordinances2 ,mat4 #bh3ai1 #bj--8;,go ye therefore and make disciples of all the nations1 baptizing them into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit3 teaching them to observe all things whatsoever ,i commanded02 #a ,cor4 #a3af1 #ag--8;,and ,i baptized also the household of ,stephanas3 besides1 ,i know not whether ,i baptized any other4 ,for ,christ sent me not to baptize1 but to preach the gospel40 ,here it is evident that1 although the pastor administers the ordinances1 this is not his main work1 nor is the church absolutely dependent upon him in the matter4 ,he is not set1 like an ,o4 ,t4 priest1 to minister at the altar1 but to preach the gospel4 ,in an emergency any other member appointed by the church may administer them with equal propriety1 the church always determining who are fit subjects of the ordinances1 and constituting him their organ in administering them4 ,any other view is based on sacramental notions1 and on ideas of apostolic succession4 ,all ,christians are 8priests unto 444 ,god0 7,rev4 #a3f74 8,this universal priesthood is a priesthood1 not of expiation1 but of worship1 and is bound to no ritual1 or order of times and places0 7,p4 ,s4 ,moxom74 ,thirdly1--superintendent of the discipline1 as well as presiding officer at the meetings1 of the church4 ,superintendent of discipline3 #a ,tim4 #e3ag--8,let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honor1 especially those who labor in the word and in teaching02 #c3e--8;if a man knoweth not how to rule his own house1 how shall he take care of the church of ,god80 ,presiding officer at meetings of the church3 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh--8;governments0--here 1 or 8governments10 indicating the duties of the pastor1 are the counterpart of 1 or 8helps10 which designate the duties of the deacons2 #a ,pet4 #e3b1 #c--8,tend the flock of ,god which is among you1 exercising the oversight1 not of constraint1 but willingly1 according to the will of ,god2 nor yet for filthy lucre1 but of a ready mind2 neither as lording it over the charge allotted to you1 but making yourselves ensamples to the flock40 ,in the old ,congregational churches of ,new ,england1 an authority was accorded to the pastor which exceeded the ,new ,testament standard4 8,dr4 ,bellamy could break in upon a festival which he deemed improper1 and order the members of his parish to their homes40 ,the congregation rose as the minister entered the church1 and stood uncovered as he passed out of the porch4 ,we must not hope or desire to restore the ,new ,england rgime4 ,the pastor is to take responsibility1 to put himself forward when there is need1 but he is to rule only by moral suasion1 and that only by guiding1 teaching1 and carrying into effect the rules imposed by ,christ and the decisions of the church in accordance with those rules4 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #aae1 #aee1 #aeg--8,the ,governor of ,new ,york suggests to the ,legislature such and such enactments1 and then executes such laws as they please to pass4 ,he is chief ruler of the ,state1 while the ,legislature adopts or rejects what he proposes40 ,so the pastor's functions are not legislative1 but executive4 ,christ is the only lawgiver4 ,in fulfilling this office1 the manner and spirit of the pastor's work are of as great importance as are correctness of judgment and faithfulness to ,christ's law4 8,the young man who cannot distinguish the wolves from the dogs should not think of becoming a shepherd40 ,gregory ,nazianzen3 8,either teach none1 or let your life teach too40 ,see ,harvey1 ,the ,pastor2 ,wayland1 ,apostolic ,ministry2 ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #ii2 ,samson1 in ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #bfabhh4 7b7 ,the deacon is helper to the pastor and the church1 in both spiritual and temporal things4 ,first1--relieving the pastor of external labors1 informing him of the condition and wants of the church1 and forming a bond of union between pastor and people4 ,acts #f3af--8,now in these days1 when the number of the disciples was multiplying1 there arose a murmuring of the ,grecian ,jews against the ,hebrews1 because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration4 ,and the twelve called the multitude of the disciples unto them1 and said1 ,it is not fit that we should forsake the word of ,god1 and serve tables4 ,look ye out therefore1 brethren1 from among you seven men of good report1 full of the ,spirit and of wisdom1 whom we may appoint over this business4 ,but we will continue stedfastly in prayer1 and in the ministry of the word4 ,and the saying pleased the whole multitude3 and they chose ,stephen1 a man full of faith and of the ,holy ,spirit1 and ,philip1 and ,prochorus1 and ,nicanor1 and ,timon1 and ,parmenas1 and ,nicolaus a proselyte of ,antioch2 whom they set before the apostles3 and when they had prayed1 they laid their hands upon them02 cf4 #hbj--where ,stephen shows power in disputation2 ,rom4 #ab3g--8or ministry 1 let us give ourselves to our ministry02 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh--8;helps0--here 1 8helps10 indicating the duties of deacons1 are the counterpart of 1 8governments10 which designate the duties of the pastor2 ,phil4 #a3a--8;bishops and deacons40 ,dr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson did not regard the election of the seven1 in ,acts #f3ad1 as marking the origin of the diaconate1 though he thought the diaconate grew out of this election4 ,the ,autobiography of ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon1 #c3bb1 gives an account of the election of 8elders0 at the ,metropolitan ,tabernacle in ,london4 ,these 8elders0 were to attend to the spiritual affairs of the church1 as the deacons were to attend to the temporal affairs4 ,these 8elders0 were chosen year by year1 while the office of deacon was permanent4 ,secondly1--helping the church1 by relieving the poor and sick and ministering in an informal way to the church's spiritual needs1 and by performing certain external duties connected with the service of the sanctuary4 ,since deacons are to be helpers1 it is not necessary in all cases that they should be old or rich2 in fact1 it is better that among the number of deacons the various differences in station1 age1 wealth1 and opinion in the church should be represented4 ,the qualifications for the diaconate mentioned in ,acts #f3ad and #a ,tim4 #c3hac1 are1 in substance3 wisdom1 sympathy1 and spirituality4 ,there are advantages in electing deacons1 not for life1 but for a term of years4 ,while there is no ,new ,testament prescription in this matter1 and each church may exercise its option1 service for a term of years1 with reelection where the office has been well discharged1 would at least seem favored by #a ,tim4 #c3aj--8,let these also first be proved2 then let them serve as deacons1 if they be blameless02 #ac--8;,for they that have served well as deacons gain to themselves a good standing1 and great boldness in the faith which is in ,christ ,jesus40 ,expositor's ,greek ,testament1 on ,acts #e3f1 remarks that those who carried out and buried ,ananias are called --8the young men0--and in the case of ,sapphira they were --meaning the same thing4 8,upon the natural distinction between and --elders and young men--it may well have been that official duties in the church were afterward based40 ,dr4 ,leonard ,bacon thought that the apostles included the whole membership in the 8we10 when they said3 8,it is not fit that we should forsake the word of ,god1 and serve tables40 ,the deacons1 on this interpretation1 were chosen to help the whole church in temporal matters4 ,in ,rom4 #af3a1 #b1 we have apparent mention of a deaconess--8,i commend unto you ,phbe our sister1 who is a servant marg43 #8deaconess' of the church that is at ,cenchre 444 for she herself also hath been a helper of many1 and of mine own self40 ,see also #a ,tim4 #c3aa--8,women in like manner must be grave1 not slanderers1 temperate1 faithful in all things0--here ,ellicott and ,alford claim that the word 8women0 refers1 not to deacons' wives1 as our ,auth4 ,vers4 had it1 but to deaconesses4 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #fi1 #acb1 maintains that the office of deaconess1 though it once existed1 has passed away1 as belonging to a time when men could not1 without suspicion1 minister to women4 ,this view that there are temporary offices in the church does not1 however1 commend itself to us4 ,it is more correct to say that there is yet doubt whether there was such an office as deaconess1 even in the early church4 ,each church has a right in this matter to interpret ,scripture for itself1 and to act accordingly4 ,an article in the ,bap4 ,quar41 #ahfi3dj1 denies the existence of any diaconal rank or office1 for male or female4 ,fish1 in his ,ecclesiology1 holds that ,stephen was a deacon1 but an elder also1 and preached as elder1 not as deacon1--,acts #f3ad being called the institution1 not of the diaconate1 but of the ,christian ministry4 ,the use of the phrase 1 and the distinction between the diaconate and the pastorate subsequently made in the ,epistles1 seem to refute this interpretation4 ,on the fitness of women for the ministry of religion1 see ,f4 ,p4 ,cobbe1 ,peak of ,darien1 #aiibfb2 ,f4 ,e4 ,willard1 ,women in the ,pulpit2 ,b4 ,t4 ,roberts1 ,ordaining ,women4 ,on the general subject1 see ,howell1 ,the ,deaconship2 ,williams1 ,the ,deaconship2 ,robinson1 ,n4 ,t4 ,lexicon1 4 ,on the ,claims of the ,christian ,ministry1 and on ,education for the ,ministry1 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,philosophy and ,religion1 #bficah1 and ,christ in ,creation1 #cadcca4 ,c4 ,ordination of officers4 7a7 ,what is ordination8 ,ordination is the setting apart of a person divinely called to a work of special ministration in the church4 ,it does not involve the communication of power1--it is simply a recognition of powers previously conferred by ,god1 and a consequent formal authorization1 on the part of the church1 to exercise the gifts already bestowed4 ,this recognition and authorization should not only be expressed by the vote in which the candidate is approved by the church or the council which represents it1 but should also be accompanied by a special service of admonition1 prayer1 and the laying on of hands 7,acts #f3e1 #f2 #ac3b1 #c2 #ad3bc2 #a ,tim4 #d3ad2 #e3bb74 ,licensure simply commends a man to the churches as fitted to preach4 ,ordination recognizes him as set apart to the work of preaching and administering ordinances1 in some particular church or in some designated field of labor1 as representative of the church4 ,of his call to the ministry1 the candidate himself is to be first persuaded 7#a ,cor4 #i3af2 #a ,tim4 #a3ab72 but1 secondly1 the church must be persuaded also1 before he can have authority to minister among them 7#a ,tim4 #c3bg2 #d3ad2 ,titus #a3fi74 ,the word 8ordain0 has come to have a technical signification not found in the ,new ,testament4 ,there it means simply to choose1 appoint1 set apart4 ,in #a ,tim4 #b3g--8whereunto ,i was appointed a preacher and an apostle 444 a teacher of the ,gentiles in faith and truth0--it apparently denotes ordination of ,god4 ,in the following passages we read of an ordination by the church3 ,acts #f3e1 #f--8;,and the saying pleased the whole multitude3 and they chose ,stephen 444 and ,philip1 and ,prochorus1 and ,nicanor1 and ,timon1 and ,parmenas1 and ,nicolaus 444 whom they set before the apostles3 and when they had prayed1 they laid their hands upon them0--the ordination of deacons2 #ac3b1 #c--8;,and as they ministered to the ,lord1 and fasted1 the ,holy ,spirit said1 ,separate me ,barnabas and ,saul for the work whereunto ,i have called them4 ,then1 when they had fasted and prayed and laid their hands on them1 they sent them away02 #ad3bc--8;,and when they had appointed for them elders in every church1 and had prayed with fasting1 they commended them to the ,lord1 on whom they had believed02 #a ,tim4 #d3ad--8,neglect not the gift that is in thee1 which was given thee by prophecy1 with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery02 #e3bb--8,lay hands hastily on no man1 neither be partaker of other men's sins40 ,cambridge ,platform1 #afdh1 chapter #i--8,ordination is nothing else but the solemn putting of a man into his place and office in the church whereunto he had right before by election1 being like the installing of a ,magistrate in the ,commonwealth40 ,ordination confers no authority--it only recognizes authority already conferred by ,god4 ,since it is only recognition1 it can be repeated as often as a man changes his denominational relations4 ,leonard ,bacon3 8,the action of a ,council has no more authority than the reason on which it is based4 ,the church calling the ,council is a competent court of appeal from any decision of the ,council40 ,since ordination is simply choosing1 appointing1 setting apart1 it seems plain that in the case of deacons1 who sustain official relations only to the church that constitutes them1 ordination requires no consultation with other churches4 ,but in the ordination of a pastor1 there are three natural stages3 7#a7 the call of the church2 7#b7 the decision of a council 7the council being virtually only the church advised by its brethren72 7#c7 the publication of this decision by a public service of prayer and the layingon of hands4 ,the prior call to be pastor may be said1 in the case of a man yet unordained1 to be given by the church conditionally1 and in anticipation of a ratification of its action by the subsequent judgment of the council4 ,in a wellinstructed church1 the calling of a council is a regular method of appeal from the church unadvised to the church advised by its brethren2 and the vote of the council approving the candidate is only the essential completing of an ordination1 of which the vote of the church calling the candidate to the pastorate was the preliminary stage4 ,this setting apart by the church1 with the advice and assistance of the council1 is all that is necessarily implied in the ,new ,testament words which are translated 8ordain02 and such ordination1 by simple vote of church and council1 could not be counted invalid4 ,but it would be irregular4 ,new ,testament precedent makes certain accompaniments not only appropriate1 but obligatory4 ,a formal publication of the decree of the council1 by layingon of hands1 in connection with prayer1 is the last of the duties of this advisory body1 which serves as the organ and assistant of the church4 ,the layingon of hands is appointed to be the regular accompaniment of ordination1 as baptism is appointed to be the regular accompaniment of regeneration2 while yet the layingon of hands is no more the substance of ordination1 than baptism is the substance of regeneration4 ,the imposition of hands is the natural symbol of the communication1 not of grace1 but of authority4 ,it does not make a man a minister of the gospel1 any more than coronation makes ,victoria a queen4 ,what it does signify and publish1 is formal recognition and authorization4 ,viewed in this light1 there not only can be no objection to the imposition of hands upon the ground that it favors sacramentalism1 but insistence upon it is the bounden duty of every council of ordination4 ,mr4 ,spurgeon was never ordained4 ,he began and ended his remarkable ministry as a lay preacher4 ,he revolted from the sacramentalism of the ,church of ,england1 which seemed to hold that in the imposition of hands in ordination divine grace trickled down through a bishop's finger ends1 and he felt moved to protest against it4 ,in our judgment it would have been better to follow ,new ,testament precedent1 and at the same time to instruct the churches as to the real meaning of the layingon of hands4 ,the ,lord's ,supper had in a similar manner been interpreted as a physical communication of grace1 but ,mr4 ,spurgeon still continued to observe the ,lord's ,supper4 ,his gifts enabled him to carry his people with him1 when a man of smaller powers might by peculiar views have ruined his ministry4 ,he was thankful that he was pastor of a large church1 because he felt that he had not enough talent to be pastor of a small one4 ,he said that when he wished to make a peculiar impression on his people he put himself into his cannon and fired himself at them4 ,he refused the degree of ,doctor of ,divinity1 and said that 8,d4 ,d40 often meant 8,doubly ,destitute40 ,dr4 ,p4 ,s4 ,henson suggests that the letters mean only 8,fiddle ,dee ,dee40 ,for ,spurgeon's views on ordination1 see his ,autobiography1 #a3cee sq4 ,john ,wesley's three tests of a call to preach3 8,inquire of applicants10 he says1 8#a4 ,do they know ,god as a pardoning ,god8 ,have they the love of ,god abiding in them8 ,do they desire and see nothing but ,god8 ,and are they holy1 in all manner of conversation8 #b4 ,have they gifts1 as well as grace1 for the work8 ,have they a clear sound understanding8 ,have they a right judgment in the things of ,god8 ,have they a just conception of salvation by faith8 ,and has ,god given them any degree of utterance8 ,do they speak justly1 readily1 clearly8 #c4 ,have they fruit8 ,are any truly convinced of sin1 and converted to ,god1 by their preaching80 ,the second of these qualifications seems to have been in the mind of the little girl who said that the bishop1 in laying hands on the candidate1 was feeling of his head to see whether he had brains enough to preach4 ,there is some need of the preaching of a 8trial sermon0 by the candidate1 as proof to the ,council that he has the gifts requisite for a successful ministry4 ,in this respect the ,presbyteries of ,scotland are in advance of us4 7b7 ,who are to ordain8 ,ordination is the act of the church1 not the act of a privileged class in the church1 as the eldership has sometimes wrongly been regarded1 nor yet the act of other churches1 assembled by their representatives in council4 ,no ecclesiastical authority higher than that of the local church is recognized in the ,new ,testament4 ,this authority1 however1 has its limits2 and since the church has no authority outside of its own body1 the candidate for ordination should be a member of the ordaining church4 ,since each church is bound to recognize the presence of the ,spirit in other rightly constituted churches1 and its own decisions1 in like manner1 are to be recognized by others1 it is desirable in ordination1 as in all important steps affecting other churches1 that advice be taken before the candidate is inducted into office1 and that other churches be called to sit with it in council1 and if thought best1 assist in setting the candidate apart for the ministry4 ,hands were laid on ,paul and ,barnabas at ,antioch1 not by their ecclesiastical superiors1 as ,high ,church doctrine would require1 but by their equals or inferiors1 as simple representatives of the church4 ,ordination was nothing more than the recognition of a divine appointment and the commending to ,god's care and blessing of those so appointed4 ,the council of ordination is only the church advised by its brethren1 or a committee with power1 to act for the church after deliberation4 ,the council of ordination is not to be composed simply of ministers who have been themselves ordained4 ,as the whole church is to preserve the ordinances and to maintain sound doctrine1 and as the unordained church member is often a more sagacious judge of a candidate's ,christian experience than his own pastor would be1 there seems no warrant1 either in ,scripture or in reason1 for the exclusion of lay delegates from ordaining councils4 ,it was not merely the apostles and elders1 but the whole church at ,jerusalem1 that passed upon the matters submitted to them at the council1 and others than ministers appear to have been delegates4 ,the theory that only ministers can ordain has in it the beginnings of a hierarchy4 ,to make the ministry a close corporation is to recognize the principle of apostolic succession1 to deny the validity of all our past ordinations1 and to sell to an ecclesiastical caste the liberties of the church of ,god4 ,very great importance attaches to decorum and settled usage in matters of ordination4 ,to secure these1 the following suggestions are made with regard to ,i4 ,,preliminary ,,arrangements to be attended to by the candidate3 #a4 ,his letter of dismission should be received and acted upon by the church before the ,council convenes4 ,since the church has no jurisdiction outside of its own membership1 the candidate should be a member of the church which proposes to ordain him4 #b4 ,the church should vote to call the ,council4 #c4 ,it should invite all the churches of its ,association4 #d4 ,it should send printed invitations1 asking written responses4 #e4 ,should have printed copies of an ,order of ,procedure1 subject to adoption by the ,council4 #f4 ,the candidate may select one or two persons to officiate at the public service1 subject to approval of the ,council4 #g4 ,the clerk of the church should be instructed to be present with the records of the church and the minutes of the ,association1 so that he may call to order and ask responses from delegates4 #h4 ,ushers should be appointed to ensure reserved seats for the ,council4 #i4 ,another room should be provided for the private session of the ,council4 #aj4 ,the choir should be instructed that one anthem1 one hymn1 and one doxology will suffice for the public service4 #aa4 ,entertainment of the delegates should be provided for4 #ab4 ,a member of the church should be chosen to present the candidate to the ,council4 #ac4 ,the church should be urged on the previous ,sunday to attend the examination of the candidate as well as the public service4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,candidate ,,at ,,the ,,council3 #a4 ,his demeanor should be that of an applicant4 ,since he asks the favorable judgment of his brethren1 a modest bearing and great patience in answering their questions1 are becoming to his position4 #b4 ,let him stand during his narration1 and during questions1 unless for reasons of ill health or fatigue he is specially excused4 #c4 ,it will be well to divide his narration into #ae minutes for his ,christian experience1 #aj minutes for his call to the ministry1 and #ce minutes for his views of doctrine4 #d4 ,a viva voce statement of all these three is greatly preferable to an elaborate written account4 #e4 ,in the relation of his views of doctrine3 7a7 the more fully he states them1 the less need there will be for questioning2 7b7 his statement should be positive1 not negative--not what he does not believe1 but what he does believe2 7c7 he is not required to tell the reasons for his belief1 unless he is specially questioned with regard to these2 7d7 he should elaborate the later and practical1 not the earlier and theoretical1 portions of his theological system2 7e7 he may well conclude each point of his statement with a single text of ,scripture proof4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,duty ,,of ,,the ,,council3 #a4 ,it should not proceed to examine the candidate until proper credentials have been presented4 #b4 ,it should in every case give to the candidate a searching examination1 in order that this may not seem invidious in other cases4 #c4 ,its vote of approval should read3 8,we do now set apart10 and 8,we will hold a public service expressive of this fact40 #d4 ,strict decorum should be observed in every stage of the proceedings1 remembering that the ,council is acting for ,christ the great head of the church and is transacting business for eternity4 #e4 ,the ,council should do no other business than that for which the church has summoned it1 and when that business is done1 the ,council should adjourn sine die4 ,it is always to be remembered1 however1 that the power to ordain rests with the church1 and that the church may proceed without a ,council1 or even against the decision of the ,council4 ,such ordination1 of course1 would give authority only within the bounds of the individual church4 ,where no immediate exception is taken to the decision of the ,council1 that decision is to be regarded as virtually the decision of the church by which it was called4 ,the same rule applies to a ,council's decision to depose from the ministry4 ,in the absence of immediate protest from the church1 the decision of the ,council is rightly taken as virtually the decision of the church4 ,in so far as ordination is an act performed by the local church with the advice and assistance of other rightly constituted churches1 it is justly regarded as giving formal permission to exercise gifts and administer ordinances within the bounds of such churches4 ,ordination is not1 therefore1 to be repeated upon the transfer of the minister's pastoral relation from one church to another4 ,in every case1 however1 where a minister from a body of ,christians not ,scripturally constituted assumes the pastoral relation in a rightly organized church1 there is peculiar propriety1 not only in the examination1 by a ,council1 of his ,christian experience1 call to the ministry1 and views of doctrine1 but also in that act of formal recognition and authorization which is called ordination4 ,the ,council should be numerous and impartially constituted4 ,the church calling the ,council should be represented in it by a fair number of delegates4 ,neither the church1 nor the ,council1 should permit a prejudgment of the case by the previous announcement of an ordination service4 ,while the examination of the candidate should be public1 all danger that the ,council be unduly influenced by pressure from without should be obviated by its conducting its deliberations1 and arriving at its decision1 in private session4 ,we subjoin the form of a letter missive1 calling a ,council of ordination2 an order of procedure after the ,council has assembled2 and a programme of exercises for the public service4 ,,letter ,,missive4--,the ---- church of ---- to the ---- church of ----3 ,dear ,brethren3 ,by vote of this church1 you are requested to send your pastor and two delegates to meet with us in accordance with the following resolutions1 passed by us on the ---- ----1 #ai--3 ,whereas1 brother ----1 a member of this church1 has offered himself to the work of the gospel ministry1 and has been chosen by us as our pastor1 therefore1 ,resolved1 #a4 ,that such neighboring churches1 in fellowship with us1 as shall be herein designated1 be requested to send their pastor and two delegates each1 to meet and counsel with this church1 at -- o'clock --4 ,m41 on ----1 #ai----1 and if1 after examination1 he be approved1 that brother ---- be set apart1 by vote of the ,council1 to the gospel ministry1 and that a public service be held1 expressive of this fact4 ,resolved1 #b4 ,that the ,council1 if it do so ordain1 be requested to appoint two of its number to act with the candidate1 in arranging the public services4 ,resolved1 #c4 ,that printed letters of invitation1 embodying these resolutions1 and signed by the clerk of this church1 be sent to the following churches1 ---- ---- ---- ---- ----1 and that these churches be requested to furnish to their delegates an officially signed certificate of their appointment1 to be presented at the organization of the ,council4 ,resolved1 #d4 ,that ,rev4 ----1 and brethren ---- ----1 be also invited by the clerk of the church to be present as members of the ,council4 ,resolved1 #e4 ,that brethren ----1 ----1 and ----1 be appointed as our delegates1 to represent this church in the deliberations of the ,council2 and that brother ---- be requested to present the candidate to the ,council1 with an expression of the high respect and warm attachment with which we have welcomed him and his labors among us4 ,in behalf of the church1 ---- ----1 ,clerk4 ----1 #ai--4 ,,order ,,of ,,procedure4--#a4 ,reading1 by the clerk of the church1 of the lettermissive1 followed by a call1 in their order1 upon all churches and individuals invited1 to present responses and names in writing2 each delegate1 as he presents his credentials1 taking his seat in a portion of the house reserved for the ,council4 #b4 ,announcement1 by the clerk of the church1 that a ,council has convened1 and call for the nomination of a moderator1--the motion to be put by the clerk1--after which the moderator takes the chair4 #c4 ,organization completed by election of a clerk of the ,council1 the offering of prayer1 and an invitation to visiting brethren to sit with the ,council1 but not to vote4 #d4 ,reading1 on behalf of the church1 by its clerk1 of the records of the church concerning the call extended to the candidate1 and his acceptance1 together with documentary evidence of his licensure1 of his present church membership1 and of his standing in other respects1 if coming from another denomination4 #e4 ,vote1 by the ,council1 that the proceedings of the church1 and the standing of the candidate1 warrant an examination of his claim to ordination4 #f4 ,introduction of the candidate to the ,council1 by some representative of the church1 with an expression of the church's feeling respecting him and his labors4 #g4 ,vote to hear his ,christian experience4 ,narration on the part of the candidate1 followed by questions as to any features of it still needing elucidation4 #h4 ,vote to hear the candidate's reasons for believing himself called to the ministry4 ,narration and questions4 #i4 ,vote to hear the candidate's views of ,christian doctrine4 ,narration and questions4 #aj4 ,vote to conclude the public examination1 and to withdraw for private session4 #aa4 ,in private session1 after prayer1 the ,council determines1 by three separate votes1 in order to secure separate consideration of each question1 whether it is satisfied with the candidate's ,christian experience1 call to the ministry1 and views of ,christian doctrine4 #ab4 ,vote that the candidate be hereby set apart to the gospel ministry1 and that a public service be held1 expressive of this fact2 that for this purpose1 a committee of two be appointed1 to act with the candidate1 in arranging such service of ordination1 and to report before adjournment4 #ac4 ,reading of minutes1 by clerk of ,council1 and correction of them1 to prepare for presentation at the ordination service1 and for preservation in the archives of the church4 #ad4 ,vote to give the candidate a certificate of ordination1 signed by the moderator and clerk of the ,council1 and to publish an account of the proceedings in the journals of the denomination4 #ae4 ,adjourn to meet at the service of ordination4 ,,programme ,,of ,,public ,,service 7two hours in length74--#a4 ,voluntary--five minutes4 #b4 ,anthem--five4 #c4 ,reading minutes of the ,council1 by the clerk of the ,council--ten4 #d4 ,prayer of invocation--five4 #e4 ,reading of ,scripture--five4 #f4 ,sermon--twenty five4 #g4 ,prayer of ordination1 with layingon of hands--fifteen4 #h4 ,hymn--ten4 #i4 ,right hand of fellowship--five4 #aj4 ,charge to the candidate--fifteen4 #aa4 ,charge to the church--fifteen4 #ab4 ,doxology--five4 #ac4 ,benediction by the newly ordained pastor4 ,the tenor of the ,n4 ,t4 would seem to indicate that deacons should be ordained with prayer and the layingon of hands1 though not by council or public service4 ,evangelists1 missionaries1 ministers serving as secretaries of benevolent societies1 should also be ordained1 since they are organs of the church1 set apart for special religious work on behalf of the churches4 ,the same rule applies to those who are set to be teachers of the teachers1 the professors of theological seminaries4 ,philip1 baptizing the eunuch1 is to be regarded as an organ of the church at ,jerusalem4 ,both home missionaries and foreign missionaries are evangelists2 and both1 as organs of the home churches to which they belong1 are not under obligation to take letters of dismission to the churches they gather4 ,george ,adam ,smith1 in his ,life of ,henry ,drummond1 #bfe1 says that ,drummond was ordained to his professorship by the layingon of the hands of the ,presbytery3 8,the rite is the same in the case whether of a minister or of a professor1 for the church of ,scotland recognizes no difference between her teachers and her pastors1 but lays them under the same vows1 and ordains them all as ministers of ,christ's gospel and of his sacraments40 ,rome teaches that ordination is a sacrament1 and 8once a priest1 always a priest10 but only when ,rome confers the ordination4 ,it is going a great deal further than ,rome to maintain the indelibility of all orders--at least1 of all orders conferred by an evangelical church4 ,at ,dover in ,england1 a medical gentleman declined to pay his doctor's bill upon the ground that it was not the custom of his calling to pay one another for their services4 ,it appeared however that he was a retired practitioner1 and upon that ground he lost his case4 ,ordination1 like vaccination1 may run out4 ,retirement from the office of public teacher should work a forfeiture of the official character4 ,the authorization granted by the ,council was based upon a previous recognition of a divine call4 ,when by reason of permanent withdrawal from the ministry1 and devotion to wholly secular pursuits1 there remains no longer any divine call to be recognized1 all authority and standing as a ,christian minister should cease also4 ,we therefore repudiate the doctrine of the 8indelibility of sacred orders10 and the corresponding maxim3 8,once ordained1 always ordained02 although we do not1 with the ,cambridge ,platform1 confine the ministerial function to the pastoral relation4 ,that ,platform held that 8the pastoral relation ceasing1 the ministerial function ceases1 and the pastor becomes a layman again1 to be restored to the ministry only by a second ordination1 called installation4 ,this theory of the ministry proved so inadequate1 that it was held scarcely more than a single generation4 ,it was rejected by the ,congregational churches of ,england ten years after it was formulated in ,new ,england40 8,the ,national ,council of ,congregational ,churches1 in #ahhj1 resolved that any man serving a church as minister can be dealt with and disciplined by any church1 no matter what his relations may be in church membership1 or ecclesiastical affiliations4 ,if the church choosing him will not call a council1 then any church can call one for that purpose02 see ,new ,englander1 ,july1 #ahhc3dfadia4 ,this latter course1 however1 presupposes that the steps of fraternal labor and admonition1 provided for in our next section on the ,relation of ,local ,churches to one another1 have been taken1 and have been insufficient to induce proper action on the part of the church to which such minister belongs4 ,the authority of a ,presbyterian church is limited to the bounds of its own denomination4 ,it cannot ordain ministers for ,baptist churches1 any more than it can ordain them for ,methodist churches or for ,episcopal churches4 ,when a ,presbyterian minister becomes a ,baptist1 his motives for making the change and the conformity of his views to the ,new ,testament standard need to be scrutinized by ,baptists1 before they can admit him to their ,christian and church fellowship2 in other words1 he needs to be ordained by a ,baptist church4 ,ordination is no more a discourtesy to the other denomination than ,baptism is4 ,those who oppose rerdination in such cases virtually hold to the ,romish view of the sacredness of orders4 ,the ,watchman1 ,april #ag1 #aijb--8,the ,christian ministry is not a priestly class which the laity is bound to support4 ,if the minister cannot find a church ready to support him1 there is nothing to prevent his entering another calling4 ,only ten per cent4 of the men who start in independent business avoid failure1 and a much smaller proportion achieve substantial success4 ,they are not failures1 for they do useful and valuable work4 ,but they do not secure the prizes4 ,it is not wonderful that the proportion of ministers securing prominent pulpits is small4 ,many men fail in the ministry4 ,there is no sacred character imparted by ordination4 ,they should go into some other avocation4 #8,once a minister1 always a minister' is a piece of ,popery that ,protestant churches should get rid of40 ,see essay on ,councils of ,ordination1 their ,powers and ,duties1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 in ,philosophy and ,religion1 #beibfh2 ,wayland1 ,principles and ,practices of ,baptists1 #aad2 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #acf1 #ade1 #adf1 #aej1 #aea4 ,per contra1 see ,fish1 ,ecclesiology1 #cfecii2 ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahhf3hiabf4 #c4 ,discipline of the ,church4 ,a4 ,kinds of discipline4--,discipline is of two sorts1 according as offences are private or public4 7a7 ,private offences are to be dealt with according to the rule in ,mat4 #e3bc1 #bd2 #ah3aeag4 ,mat4 #e3bc1 #bd--8;,if therefore thou art offering thy gift at the altar1 and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against thee1 leave there thy gift before the altar1 and go thy way1 first be reconciled to thy brother1 and then come and offer thy gift0--here is provision for selfdiscipline on the part of each offender2 #ah3aeag--8;,and if thy brother sin against thee1 go1 show him his fault between thee and him alone3 if he hear thee1 thou hast gained thy brother4 ,but if he hear thee not1 take with thee one or two more1 that at the mouth of two witnesses or three every word may be established4 ,and if he refuse to hear them1 tell it unto the church3 and if he refuse to hear the church also1 let him be unto thee as the ,gentile and the publican0--here is1 first1 private discipline1 one of another2 and then1 only as a last resort1 discipline by the church4 ,westcott and ,hort1 however omit the --8against thee0--in ,mat4 #ah3ae1 and so make each ,christian responsible for bringing to repentance every brother whose sin he becomes cognizant of4 ,this would abolish the distinction between private and public offences4 ,when a brother wrongs me1 ,i am not to speak of the offence to others1 nor to write to him a letter1 but to go to him4 ,if the brother is already penitent1 he will start from his house to see me at the same time that ,i start from my house to see him1 and we will meet just half way between the two4 ,there would be little appeal to the church1 and little cherishing of ancient grudges1 if ,christ's disciples would observe his simple rules4 ,these rules impose a duty upon both the offending and the offended party4 ,when a brother brings a personal matter before the church1 he should always be asked whether he has obeyed ,christ's command to labor privately with the offender4 ,if he has not1 he should be bidden to keep silence4 7b7 ,public offences are to be dealt with according to the rule in #a ,cor4 #e3ce1 #ac1 and #b ,thess4 #c3f4 #a ,cor4 #e3ce1 #ac--8;,for ,i verily1 being absent in body but present in spirit1 have already as though ,i were present judged him that hath so wrought this thing1 in the name of the ,lord ,jesus1 ye being gathered together1 and my spirit1 with the power of our ,lord ,jesus1 to deliver such a one unto ,satan for the destruction of the flesh1 that the spirit may be saved in the day of the ,lord ,jesus4444 ,put away the wicked man from among yourselves40 ,notice here that ,paul gave the incestuous person no opportunity to repent1 confess1 or avert sentence4 ,the church can have no valid evidence of repentance immediately upon discovery and arraignment4 ,at such a time the natural conscience always reacts in remorse and selfaccusation1 but whether the sin is hated because of its inherent wickedness1 or only because of its unfortunate consequences1 cannot be known at once4 ,only fruits meet for repentance can prove repentance real4 ,but such fruits take time1 ,and the church has no time to wait4 ,its good repute in the community1 and its influence over its own members1 are at stake4 ,these therefore demand the instant exclusion of the wrongdoer1 as evidence that the church clears its skirts from all complicity with the wrong4 ,in the case of gross public offences1 labor with the offender is to come1 not before1 but after1 his excommunication2 cf4 #b ,cor4 #b3fh--8,sufficient to such a one is this punishment which was inflicted by the many2444 forgive him and comfort him2444 confirm your love toward him40 ,the church is not a ,mutual ,insurance ,company1 whose object is to protect and shield its individual members4 ,it is a society whose end is to represent ,christ in the world1 and to establish his truth and righteousness4 ,christ commits his honor to its keeping4 ,the offender who is only anxious to escape judgment1 and who pleads to be forgiven without delay1 often shows that he cares nothing for the cause of ,christ which he has injured1 but that he has at heart only his own selfish comfort and reputation4 ,the truly penitent man will rather beg the church to exclude him1 in order that it may free itself from the charge of harboring iniquity4 ,he will accept exclusion with humility1 will love the church that excludes him1 will continue to attend its worship1 will in due time seek and receive restoration4 ,there is always a way back into the church for those who repent4 ,but the ,scriptural method of ensuring repentance is the method of immediate exclusion4 ,in #b ,cor4 #b3fh--8;inflicted by the many0 might at first sight seem to imply that1 although the offender was excommunicated1 it was only by a majority vote1 some members of the church dissenting4 ,some interpreters think he had not been excommunicated at all1 but that only ordinary association with him had ceased4 ,but1 if ,paul's command in the first epistle to 8put away the wicked man from among yourselves0 7#a ,cor4 #e3ac7 had been thus disobeyed1 the apostle would certainly have mentioned and rebuked the disobedience4 ,on the contrary he praises them that they had done as he had advised4 ,the action of the church at ,corinth was blessed by ,god to the quickening of conscience and the purification of life4 ,in many a modern church the exclusion of unworthy members has in like manner given to ,christians a new sense of their responsibility1 while at the same time it has convinced worldly people that the church was in thorough earnest4 ,the decisions of the church1 indeed1 when guided by the ,holy ,spirit1 are nothing less than an anticipation of the judgments of the last day2 see ,mat4 #ah3ah--8,what things soever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven2 and what things soever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven40 ,in ,john #h3g1 ,jesus recognizes the sin and urges repentance1 while he challenges the right of the mob to execute judgment1 and does away with the traditional stoning4 ,his gracious treatment of the sinning woman gave no hint as to the proper treatment of her case by the regular synagogue authorities4 #b ,thess4 #c3f--8,now we command you1 brethren1 in the name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly1 and not after the tradition which they received of us40 ,the mere 8dropping0 of names from the list of members seems altogether contrary to the spirit of the ,n4 ,t4 polity4 ,that recognizes only three methods of exit from the local church3 7#a7 exclusion2 7#b7 dismission2 7#c7 death4 ,to provide for the case of members whose residence has long been unknown1 it is well for the church to have a standing rule that all members residing at a distance shall report each year by letter or by contribution1 and1 in case of failure to report for two successive years1 shall be subject to discipline4 ,the action of the church1 in such cases1 should take the form of an adoption of preamble and resolution3 8,whereas ,a4 ,b4 has been absent from the church for more than two years1 and has failed to comply with the standing rule requiring a yearly report or contribution1 therefore1 ,resolved1 that the church withdraw from ,a4 ,b4 the hand of fellowship40 ,in all cases of exclusion1 the resolution may uniformly read as above2 the preamble may indefinitely vary1 and should always cite the exact nature of the offence4 ,in this way1 neglect of the church or breach of covenant obligations may be distinguished from offences against common morality1 so that exclusion upon the former ground shall not be mistaken for exclusion upon the latter4 ,as the persons excluded are not commonly present at the meeting of the church when they are excluded1 a written copy of the preamble and resolution1 signed by the ,clerk of the ,church1 should always be immediately sent to them4 ,b4 ,relation of the pastor to discipline4--7a7 ,he has no original authority2 7b7 but is the organ of the church1 and 7c7 superintendent of its labors for its own purification and for the reclamation of offenders2 and therefore 7d7 may best do the work of discipline1 not directly1 by constituting himself a special policeman or detective1 but indirectly1 by securing proper labor on the part of the deacons or brethren of the church4 ,the pastor should regard himself as a judge1 rather than as a prosecuting attorney4 ,he should press upon the officers of his church their duty to investigate cases of immorality and to deal with them4 ,but if he himself makes charges1 he loses dignity1 and puts it out of his power to help the offender4 ,it is not well for him to be1 or to have the reputation of being1 a ferreterout of misdemeanors among his church members4 ,it is best for him in general to serve only as presiding officer in cases of discipline1 instead of being a partisan or a counsel for the prosecution4 ,for this reason it is well for him to secure the appointment by his church of a ,prudential ,committee1 or ,committee on ,discipline1 whose duty it shall be at a fixed time each year to look over the list of members1 initiate labor in the case of delinquents1 and1 after the proper steps have been taken1 present proper preambles and resolutions in cases where the church needs to take action4 ,this regular yearly process renders discipline easy2 whereas the neglect of it for several successive years results in an accumulation of cases1 in each of which the person exposed to discipline has friends1 and these are tempted to obstruct the church's dealing with others from fear that the taking up of any other case may lead to the taking up of that one in which they are most nearly interested4 ,the church which pays no regular attention to its discipline is like the farmer who milked his cow only once a year1 in order to avoid too great a drain2 or like the small boy who did not see how any one could bear to comb his hair every day1--he combed his own only once in six weeks1 and then it nearly killed him4 ,as the ,prudential ,committee1 or ,committee on ,discipline1 is simply the church itself preparing its own business1 the church may well require all complaints to be made to it through the committee4 ,in this way it may be made certain that the preliminary steps of labor have been taken1 and the disquieting of the church by premature charges may be avoided4 ,where the committee1 after proper representations made to it1 fails to do its duty1 the individual member may appeal directly to the assembled church2 and the difference between the ,new ,testament order and that of a hierarchy is this1 that according to the former all final action and responsibility is taken by the church itself in its collective capacity1 whereas on the latter the minister1 the session1 or the bishop1 so far as the individual church is concerned1 determines the result4 ,see ,savage1 ,church ,discipline1 ,formative and ,corrective2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #bfhbgd4 ,on church discipline in cases of remarriage after divorce1 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,philosophy and ,religion1 #dcaddb4 ,,iv4 ,relation of ,local ,churches to one another4 #a4 ,the general nature of this relation is that of fellowship between equals4 ,notice here3 7a7 ,the absolute equality of the churches4--,no church or council of churches1 no association or convention or society1 can relieve any single church of its direct responsibility to ,christ1 or assume control of its action4 7b7 ,the fraternal fellowship and coperation of the churches4--,no church can properly ignore1 or disregard1 the existence or work of other churches around it4 ,every other church is presumptively possessed of the ,spirit1 in equal measure with itself4 ,there must therefore be sympathy and mutual furtherance of each other's welfare among churches1 as among individual ,christians4 ,upon this principle are based letters of dismission1 recognition of the pastors of other churches1 and all associational unions1 or unions for common ,christian work4 ,h4 ,o4 ,rowlands1 in ,bap4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,oct4 #ahia3ffifgg1 urges the giving up of special ,councils1 and the turning of the ,association into a ,permanent ,council1 not to take original cognizance of what cases it pleases1 but to consider and judge such questions as may be referred to it by the individual churches4 ,it could then revise and rescind its action1 whereas the present ,council when once adjourned can never be called together again4 ,this method would prevent the packing of a ,council1 and the ,council when once constituted would have greater influence4 ,we feel slow to sanction such a plan1 not only for the reason that it seems destitute of ,new ,testament authority and example1 but because it tends toward a ,presbyterian form of church government4 ,all permanent bodies of this sort gradually arrogate to themselves power2 indirectly if not directly they can assume original jurisdiction2 their decisions have altogether too great influence1 if they go further than personal persuasion4 ,the independence of the individual church is a primary element of polity which must not be sacrificed or endangered for the mere sake of interecclesiastical harmony4 ,permanent ,councils of any sort are of doubtful validity4 ,they need to be kept under constant watch and criticism1 lest they undermine our ,baptist church government1 a fundamental principle of which is that there is no authority on earth above that of the local church4 #b4 ,this fellowship involves the duty of special consultation with regard to matters affecting the common interest4 7a7 ,the duty of seeking advice4--,since the order and good repute of each is valuable to all the others1 cases of grave importance and difficulty in internal discipline1 as well as the question of ordaining members to the ministry1 should be submitted to a council of churches called for the purpose4 7b7 ,the duty of taking advice4--,for the same reason1 each church should show readiness to receive admonition from others4 ,so long as this is in the nature of friendly reminder that the church is guilty of defects from the doctrine or practice enjoined by ,christ1 the mutual acceptance of whose commands is the basis of all church fellowship1 no church can justly refuse to have such defects pointed out1 or to consider the ,scripturalness of its own proceeding4 ,such admonition or advice1 however1 whether coming from a single church or from a council of churches1 is not itself of binding authority4 ,it is simply in the nature of moral suasion4 ,the church receiving it has still to compare it with ,christ's laws4 ,the ultimate decision rests entirely with the church so advised or asking advice4 ,churches should observe comity1 and should not draw away one another's members4 ,ministers should bring churches together1 and should teach their members the larger unity of the whole church of ,god4 ,the pastor should not confine his interest to his own church or even to his own ,association4 ,the ,state ,convention1 the ,education ,society1 the ,national ,anniversaries1 should all claim his attention and that of his people4 ,he should welcome new laborers and helpers1 instead of regarding the ministry as a close corporation whose numbers are to be kept forever small4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the spirit of sectarianism is devilish4 ,it raises the church above ,christ4 ,christ did not say3 #8,blessed is the man who accepts the ,westminster ,confession or the ,thirty,nine ,articles4' ,there is not the least shadow of churchism in ,christ4 ,churchism is a revamped and whitewashed ,judaism4 ,it keeps up the middle wall of partition which ,christ has broken down40 ,dr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,mell1 in his ,manual of ,parliamentary ,practice1 calls ,church ,councils 8,committees of ,help40 ,president ,james ,c4 ,welling held that 8,we ,baptists are not true to our democratic polity in the conduct of our collective evangelical operations4 ,in these matters we are simply a bureaucracy1 tempered by individual munificence40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #adi1 #aej1 remarks on ,mat4 #ah3ai--8;,if two of you shall agree0--1 from which our word 8symphony0 comes3 8,if two shall #8accord1' or #8symphonize' in what they ask1 they have the promise of being heard4 ,but1 as in tuning an organ1 all the notes must be keyed to the standard pitch1 else harmony were impossible1 so in prayer4 ,it is not enough that two disciples agree with each other1--they must agree with a ,third--the righteous and holy ,lord1 before they can agree in intercession4 ,there may be agreement which is in most sinful conflict with the divine will3 #8,how is it that ye have agreed together'----the same word--#8to try the ,spirit of the ,lord8' says ,peter 7,acts #e3i74 ,here is mutual accord1 but guilty discord with the ,holy ,spirit40 #c4 ,this fellowship may be broken by manifest departures from the faith or practice of the ,scriptures1 on the part of any church4 ,in such case1 duty to ,christ requires the churches1 whose labors to reclaim a sister church from error have proved unavailing1 to withdraw their fellowship from it1 until such time as the erring church shall return to the path of duty4 ,in this regard1 the law which applies to individuals applies to churches1 and the polity of the ,new ,testament is congregational rather than independent4 ,independence is qualified by interdependence4 ,while each church is1 in the last resort thrown upon its own responsibility in ascertaining doctrine and duty1 it is to acknowledge the indwelling of the ,holy ,spirit in other churches as well as in itself1 and the value of the public opinion of the churches as an indication of the mind of the ,spirit4 ,the church in ,antioch asked advice of the church in ,jerusalem1 although ,paul himself was at ,antioch4 ,although no church or union of churches has rightful jurisdiction over the single local body1 yet the ,council1 when rightly called and constituted1 has the power of moral influence4 ,its decision is an index to truth1 which only the gravest reasons will justify the church in ignoring or refusing to follow4 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #fie--8;,barrowism gave all power into the hands of the elders1 and it would have no ,councils4 ,congregationalism is ,brownism4 ,it has two foci3 ,independence and ,interdependence40 ,charles ,s4 ,scott1 on ,baptist ,polity and the ,pastorate1 in ,bap4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,july1 #ahij3biabig--8,the difference between the polity of ,baptist and of ,congregational churches is in the relative authority of the ,ecclesiastical ,council4 ,congregationalism is ,councilism4 ,not only the ordination and first settlement of the minister must be with the advice and consent of a ,council1 but every subsequent unsettlement and settlement40 ,baptist churches have regarded this dependence upon ,councils after the minister's ordination as extreme and unwarranted4 ,the fact that the church has always the right1 for just cause1 of going behind the decision of the ,council1 and of determining for itself whether it will ratify or reject that decision1 shows conclusively that the church has parted with no particle of its original independence or authority4 ,yet1 though the ,council is simply a counsellor--an organ and helper of the church1--the neglect of its advice may involve such ecclesiastical or moral wrong as to justify the churches represented in it1 as well as other churches1 in withdrawing1 from the church that called it1 their denominational fellowship4 ,the relation of churches to one another is analogous to the relation of private ,christians to one another4 ,no meddlesome spirit is to be allowed2 but in matters of grave moment1 a church1 as well as an individual1 may be justified in giving advice unasked4 ,lightfoot1 in his new edition of ,clemens ,romanus1 shows that the ,epistle1 instead of emanating from ,clement as ,bishop of ,rome1 is a letter of the church at ,rome to the ,corinthians1 urging them to peace4 ,no pope and no bishop existed1 but the whole church congregationally addressed its counsels to its sister body of believers at ,corinth4 ,congregationalism1 in ,a4 ,d4 #ie1 considered it a duty to labor with a sister church that had in its judgment gone astray1 or that was in danger of going astray4 ,the only primacy was the primacy of the church1 not of the bishop2 and this primacy was a primacy of goodness1 backed up by metropolitan advantages4 ,all this fraternal fellowship follows from the fundamental conception of the local church as the concrete embodiment of the universal church4 ,park3 8,congregationalism recognizes a voluntary coperation and communion of the churches1 which ,independency does not do4 ,independent churches ordain and depose pastors without asking advice from other churches40 ,in accordance with this general principle1 in a case of serious disagreement between different portions of the same church1 the council called to advise should be1 if possible1 a mutual1 not an ex parte1 council2 see ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #b1 #c1 #fafd4 ,it is a more general application of the same principle1 to say that the pastor should not shut himself in to his own church1 but should cultivate friendly relations with other pastors and with other churches1 should be present and active at the meetings of ,associations and ,state ,conventions1 and at the ,anniversaries of the ,national ,societies of the denomination4 ,his example of friendly interest in the welfare of others will affect his church4 ,the strong should be taught to help the weak1 after the example of ,paul in raising contributions for the poor churches of ,judea4 ,the principle of church independence is not only consistent with1 but it absolutely requires under ,christ1 all manner of ,christian coperation with other churches2 and ,social and ,mission ,unions to unify the work of the denomination1 to secure the starting of new enterprises1 to prevent one church from trenching upon the territory or appropriating the members of another1 are only natural outgrowths of the principle4 ,president ,wayland's remark1 8,he who is displeased with everybody and everything gives the best evidence that his own temper is defective and that he is a bad associate10 applies to churches as well as to individuals4 ,each church is to remember that1 though it is honored by the indwelling of the ,lord1 it constitutes only a part of that great body of which ,christ is the head4 ,see ,davidson1 ,eccl4 ,polity of the ,n4 ,t42 ,ladd1 ,principles of ,church ,polity2 and on the general subject of the ,church1 ,hodge1 ,essays1 #bja2 ,flint1 ,christ's ,kingdom on ,earth1 #echb2 ,hooker1 ,ecclesiastical ,polity2 ,the ,church1--a collection of essays by ,luthardt1 ,kahnis1 etc42 ,hiscox1 ,baptist ,church ,directory2 ,ripley1 ,church ,polity2 ,harvey1 ,the ,church2 ,crowell1 ,church ,members' ,manual2 ,r4 ,w4 ,dale1 ,manual of ,congregational ,principles2 ,lightfoot1 ,com4 on ,philippians1 excursus on the ,christian ,ministry2 ,ross1 ,the ,church,kingdom--,lectures on ,congregationalism2 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #fhagaf1 as seen in its ,literature2 ,allison1 ,baptist ,councils in ,america4 ,for a denial that there is any real apostolic authority for modern church polity1 see ,o4 ,j4 ,thatcher1 ,sketch of the ,history of the ,apostolic ,church4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,ordinances ,of ,the ,church4 ,by the ordinances1 we mean those outward rites which ,christ has appointed to be administered in his church as visible signs of the saving truth of the gospel4 ,they are signs1 in that they vividly express this truth and confirm it to the believer4 ,in contrast with this characteristically ,protestant view1 the ,romanist regards the ordinances as actually conferring grace and producing holiness4 ,instead of being the external manifestation of a preceding union with ,christ1 they are the physical means of constituting and maintaining this union4 ,with the ,romanist1 in this particular1 sacramentalists of every name substantially agree4 ,the ,papal ,church holds to seven sacraments or ordinances3--ordination1 confirmation1 matrimony1 extreme unction1 penance1 baptism1 and the eucharist4 ,the ordinances prescribed in the ,n4 ,t41 however1 are two and only two1 viz43--,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper4 ,it will be well to distinguish from one another the three words3 symbol1 rite1 and ordinance4 #a4 ,a symbol is the sign1 or visible representation1 of an invisible truth or idea2 as for example1 the lion is the symbol of strength and courage1 the lamb is the symbol of gentleness1 the olive branch of peace1 the sceptre of dominion1 the wedding ring of marriage1 and the flag of country4 ,symbols may teach great lessons2 as ,jesus' cursing the barren fig tree taught the doom of unfruitful ,judaism1 and ,jesus' washing of the disciples' feet taught his own coming down from heaven to purify and save1 and the humble service required of his followers4 #b4 ,a rite is a symbol which is employed with regularity and sacred intent4 ,symbols became rites when thus used4 ,examples of authorized rites in the ,christian ,church are the laying on of hands in ordination1 and the giving of the right hand of fellowship4 #c4 ,an ordinance is a symbolic rite which sets forth the central truths of the ,christian faith1 and which is of universal and perpetual obligation4 ,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper are rites which have become ordinances by the specific command of ,christ and by their inner relation to the essential truths of his kingdom4 ,no ordinance is a sacrament in the ,romanist sense of conferring grace2 but1 as the sacramentum was the oath taken by the ,roman soldier to obey his commander even unto death1 so ,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper are sacraments1 in the sense of vows of allegiance to ,christ our ,master4 ,president ,h4 ,g4 ,weston has recorded his objections to the observance of the socalled 8,christian ,year10 in words that we quote1 as showing the danger attending the ,romanist multiplication of ordinances4 8#a4 ,the #8,christian ,year' is not ,christian4 ,it makes everything of actions1 and nothing of relations4 ,make a day holy that ,god has not made holy1 and you thereby make all other days unholy4 #b4 ,it limits the ,christian's view of ,christ to the scenes and events of his earthly life4 ,salvation comes through spiritual relations to a living ,lord4 ,the #8,christian ,year' makes ,christ only a memory1 and not a living1 present1 personal power4 ,life1 not death1 is the typical word of the ,n4 ,t4 ,paul craved1 not a knowledge of the fact of the resurrection1 but of the power of it4 ,the ,new ,testament records busy themselves most of all with what ,christ is doing now4 #c4 ,the appointments of the #8,christian ,year' are not in accord with the ,n4 ,t4 ,these appointments lack the reality of spiritual life1 and are contrary to the essential spirit of ,christianity40 ,we may add that where the 8,christian ,year0 is most generally and rigidly observed1 there popular religion is most formal and destitute of spiritual power4 ,i4 ,baptism4 ,christian ,baptism is the immersion of a believer in water1 in token of his previous entrance into the communion of ,christ's death and resurrection1--or1 in other words1 in token of his regeneration through union with ,christ4 #a4 ,baptism an ,ordinance of ,christ4 ,a4 ,proof that ,christ instituted an external rite called baptism4 7a7 ,from the words of the great commission2 7b7 from the injunctions of the apostles2 7c7 from the fact that the members of the ,new ,testament churches were baptized believers2 7d7 from the universal practice of such a rite in ,christian churches of subsequent times4 7a7 ,mat4 #bh3ai--8;,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of all the nations1 baptizing them into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit02 ,mark #af3af--8;,he that believeth and is baptized shall be saved0--we hold1 with ,westcott and ,hort1 that ,mark #af3ibj is of canonical authority1 though probably not written by ,mark himself4 7b7 ,acts #b3ch--8;,and ,peter said unto them1 ,repent ye1 and be baptized every one of you in the name of ,jesus ,christ unto the remission of your sins02 7c7 ,rom4 #f3ce--8,or are ye ignorant that all we who were baptized into ,christ ,jesus were baptized into his death8 ,we were buried therefore with him through baptism into death3 that like as ,christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the ,father1 so we also might walk in newness of life4 ,for if we have become united with him in the likeness of his death1 we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection02 ,col4 #b3aa1 #ab--8;in whom ye were also circumcised with a circumcision not made with hands1 in the putting off of the body of the flesh1 in the circumcision of ,christ2 having been buried with him in baptism1 wherein ye were also raised with him through faith in the working of ,god1 who raised him from the dead40 7d7 ,the only marked exceptions to the universal requisition of baptism are found in the ,society of ,friends1 and in the ,salvation ,army4 ,the ,salvation ,army does not regard the ordinance as having any more permanent obligation than feetwashing4 ,general ,booth3 8,we teach our soldiers that every time they break bread1 they are to remember the broken body of the ,lord1 and every time they wash the body1 they are to remind themselves of the cleansing power of the blood of ,christ and of the indwelling ,spirit40 ,the ,society of ,friends regard ,christ's commands as fulfilled1 not by any outward baptism of water1 but only by the inward baptism of the ,spirit4 ,b4 ,this external rite intended by ,christ to be of universal and perpetual obligation4 7a7 ,christ recognized ,john the ,baptist's commission to baptize as derived immediately from heaven4 ,mat4 #ba3be--8,the baptism of ,john1 whence was it8 from heaven or from men80--here ,jesus clearly intimates that ,john's commission to baptize was derived directly from ,god2 cf4 ,john #a3be--the delegates sent to the ,baptist by the ,sanhedrin ask him3 8,why then baptizest thou1 if thou art not the ,christ1 neither ,elijah1 neither the prophet80 thus indicating that ,john's baptism1 either in its form or its application1 was a new ordinance that required special divine authorization4 ,broadus in his ,american ,com4 on ,mat4 #c3f1 claims that ,john's baptism was no modification of an existing rite4 ,proselyte baptism is not mentioned in the ,mishna 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj72 the first distinct account of it is in the ,babylonian ,talmud 7,gemara7 written in the fifth century2 it was not adopted from the ,christians1 but was one of the ,jewish purifications which came to be regarded1 after the destruction of the ,temple1 as a peculiar initiatory rite4 ,there is no mention of it1 as a ,jewish rite1 in the ,o4 ,t41 ,n4 ,t41 ,apocrypha1 ,philo1 or ,josephus4 ,for the view that proselytebaptism did not exist among the ,jews before the time of ,john1 see ,schneckenburger1 ,ueber das ,alter der jdischen ,proselytentaufe2 ,stuart1 in ,bib4 ,repos41 #ahcc3cchcee2 ,toy1 ,in ,baptist ,quarterly1 #ahgb3cjaccb4 ,dr4 ,toy1 however1 in a private note to the author 7#ahhd71 says3 8,i am disposed now to regard the ,christian rite as borrowed from the ,jewish1 contrary to my view in #ahgb40 ,so holds ,edersheim1 ,life and ,times of ,jesus1 #b3gdbgdd--8,we have positive testimony that the baptism of proselytes existed in the times of ,hillel and ,shammai4 ,for1 whereas the school of ,shammai is said to have allowed a proselyte who was circumcised on the eve of the ,passover1 to partake1 after baptism1 of the ,passover1 the school of ,hillel forbade it4 ,this controversy must be regarded as proving that at that time previous to ,christ the baptism of proselytes was customary40 ,porter1 on ,proselyte ,baptism1 ,hastings' ,bible ,dict41 #d3acb--8;,if circumcision was the decisive step in the case of all male converts1 there seems no longer room for serious question that a bath of purification must have followed1 even though early mention of such proselyte baptism is not found4 ,the law 7,lev4 #aaae2 ,num4 #ai7 prescribed such baths in all cases of impurity1 and one who came with the deep impurity of a heathen life behind him could not have entered the ,jewish community without such cleansing40 ,plummer1 on ,baptism1 ,hastings' ,bible ,dict41 #a3bci--8,what is wanted is direct evidence that1 before ,john the ,baptist made so remarkable a use of the rite1 it was the custom to make all proselytes submit to baptism2 and such evidence is not forthcoming4 ,nevertheless the fact is not really doubtful4 ,it is not credible that the baptizing of proselytes was instituted and made essential for their admission to ,judaism at a period subsequent to the institution of ,christian baptism2 and the supposition that it was borrowed from the rite enjoined by ,christ is monstrous40 ,although the ,o4 ,t4 and the ,apocrypha1 ,josephus and ,philo1 are silent with regard to proselyte baptism1 it is certain that it existed among the ,jews in the early ,christian centuries2 and it is almost equally certain that the ,jews could not have adopted it from the ,christians4 ,it is probable1 therefore1 that the baptism of ,john was an application to ,jews of an immersion which1 before that time1 was administered to proselytes from among the ,gentiles2 and that it was this adaptation of the rite to a new class of subjects and with a new meaning1 which excited the inquiry and criticism of the ,sanhedrin4 ,we must remember1 however1 that the ,lord's ,supper was likewise an adaptation of certain portions of the old ,passover service to a new use and meaning4 ,see also ,kitto1 ,bib4 ,cyclop41 #c3eic4 7b7 ,in his own submission to ,john's baptism1 ,christ gave testimony to the binding obligation of the ordinance 7,mat4 #c3acag74 ,john's baptism was essentially ,christian baptism 7,acts #ai3d71 although the full significance of it was not understood until after ,jesus' death and resurrection 7,mat4 #bj3agbc2 ,luke #ab3ej2 ,rom4 #f3cf74 ,mat4 #c3acag--8,suffer it now3 for thus it becometh us to fulfill all righteousness02 ,acts #ai3d--8;,john baptized with the baptism of repentance1 saying unto the people that they should believe on him that should come after him1 that is1 on ,jesus02 ,mat4 #bj3ah1 #ai1 #bb--8the ,son of man shall be delivered unto the chief priests and scribes2 and they shall condemn him to death1 and shall deliver him unto the ,gentiles to mock1 and to scourge1 and to crucify4444 ,are ye able to drink the cup that ,i am about to drink80 ,luke #ab3ej--8;,but ,i have a baptism to be baptized with2 and how am ,i straitened till it be accomplished60 ,rom4 #f3c1 #d--8,or are ye ignorant that all we who were baptized into ,christ ,jesus were baptized into his death8 ,we were buried therefore with him through baptism into death3 that like as ,christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the ,father1 so we also might walk is newness of life40 ,robert ,hall1 ,works1 #a3cfgcii1 denies that ,john's baptism was ,christian baptism1 and holds that there is not sufficient evidence that all the apostles were baptized4 ,the fact that ,john's baptism was a baptism of faith in the coming ,messiah1 as well as a baptism of repentance for past and present sin1 refutes this theory4 ,the only difference between ,john's baptism1 and the baptism of our time1 is that ,john baptized upon profession of faith in a ,savior yet to come2 baptism is now administered upon profession of faith in a ,savior who has actually and already come4 ,on ,john's baptism as presupposing faith in those who received it1 see treatment of the ,subjects of ,baptism1 page #iej4 7c7 ,in continuing the practice of baptism through his disciples 7,john #d3a1 #b71 and in enjoining it upon them as part of a work which was to last to the end of the world 7,mat4 #bh3ai1 #bj71 ,christ manifestly adopted and appointed baptism as the invariable law of his church4 ,john #d3a1 #b--8,when therefore the ,lord knew that the ,pharisees had heard that ,jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than ,john 7although ,jesus himself baptized not1 but his disciples702 ,mat4 #bh3ai1 #bj--8;,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of all the nations1 baptizing them into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit3 teaching them to observe all things whatsoever ,i commanded you3 and lo1 ,i am with you always1 even unto the end of the world40 7d7 ,the analogy of the ordinance of the ,lord's ,supper also leads to the conclusion that baptism is to be observed as an authoritative memorial of ,christ and his truth1 until his second coming4 #a ,cor4 #aa3bf--8;,for as often as ye eat this bread1 and drink the cup1 ye proclaim the ,lord's death till he come40 ,baptism1 like the ,lord's ,supper1 is a teaching ordinance1 and the two ordinances together furnish an indispensable witness to ,christ's death and resurrection4 7e7 ,there is no intimation whatever that the command of baptism is limited1 or to be limited1 in its application1--that it has been or ever is to be repealed2 and1 until some evidence of such limitation or repeal is produced1 the statute must be regarded as universally binding4 ,on the proof that baptism is an ordinance of ,christ1 see ,pepper1 in ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #heaad2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #iba4 #b4 ,the ,mode of ,baptism4 ,this is immersion1 and immersion only4 ,this appears from the following considerations3 ,a4 ,the command to baptize is a command to immerse4 ,we show this3 7a7 ,from the meaning of the original word 4 ,that this is to immerse1 appears3 ,first1--from the usage of ,greek writers--including the church ,fathers1 when they do not speak of the ,christian rite1 and the authors of the ,greek version of the ,old ,testament4 ,liddell and ,scott1 ,greek ,lexicon3 81 to dip in or under water2 ,lat4 immergere40 ,sophocles1 ,lexicon of ,greek ,usage in the ,roman and ,byzantine ,periods1 #adj ,b4 ,c4 to #ajjj ,a4 ,d4--81 to dip1 to immerse1 to sink 444 ,there is no evidence that ,luke and ,paul and the other writers of the ,n4 ,t4 put upon this verb meanings not recognized by the ,greeks40 ,thayer1 ,n4 ,t4 ,lexicon3 81 literally to dip1 to dip repeatedly1 to immerse1 to submerge1 444 metaphorically1 to overwhelm4444 1 immersion1 submersion 444 a rite of sacred immersion commanded by ,christ40 ,prof4 ,goodwin of ,harvard ,university1 ,feb4 #ac1 #ahie1 says3 8,the classical meaning of 1 which seldom occurs1 and of the more common 1 is dip 7literally or metaphorically71 and ,i never heard of its having any other meaning anywhere4 ,certainly ,i never saw a lexicon which gives either sprinkle or pour1 as meanings of either4 ,i must be allowed to ask why ,i am so often asked this question1 which seems to me to have but one perfectly plain answer40 ,in the ,international ,critical ,commentary1 see ,plummer on ,luke1 p4 #hf--8;,it is only when baptism is administered by immersion that its full significance is seen02 ,abbott on ,colossians1 p4 #bea--8,the figure was naturally suggested by the immersion in baptism02 see also ,gould on ,mark1 p4 #abg2 ,sanday on ,romans1 p4 #aedaeg4 ,no one of these four ,commentaries was written by a ,baptist4 ,the two latest ,english ,bible ,dictionaries agree upon this point4 ,hastings1 ,bib4 ,dict41 art43 ,baptism1 p4 #bdc a--8,the mode of using was commonly immersion4 ,the symbolism of the ordinance required this02 ,cheyne1 ,encyc4 ,biblica1 #a3dgc1 while arguing from the ,didache that from a very early date 8a triple pouring was admitted where a sufficiency of water could not be had10 agrees that 8such a method as immersion is presupposed as the ideal1 at any rate1 in ,paul's words about death1 burial and resurrection in baptism 7,rom4 #f3ce740 ,conant1 ,appendix to ,bible ,union ,version of ,matthew1 #afd1 has examples 8drawn from writers in almost every department of literature and science2 from poets1 rhetoricians1 philosophers1 critics1 historians1 geographers2 from writers on husbandry1 on medicine1 on natural history1 on grammar1 on theology2 from almost every form and style of composition1 romances1 epistles1 orations1 fables1 odes1 epigrams1 sermons1 narratives3 from writers of various nations and religions1 ,pagan1 ,jew1 and ,christian1 belonging to many countries and through a long succession of ages4 ,in all1 the word has retained its groundmeaning without change4 ,from the earliest age of ,greek literature down to its close1 a period of nearly two thousand years1 not an example has been found in which the word has any other meaning4 ,there is no instance in which it signifies to make a partial application of water by affusion or sprinkling1 or to cleanse1 to purify1 apart from the literal act of immersion as the means of cleansing or purifying40 ,see ,stuart1 in ,bib4 ,repos41 #ahcc3cac2 ,broadus on ,immersion1 #eg1 note4 ,dale1 in his ,classic1 ,judaic1 ,christic1 and ,patristic ,baptism1 maintains that alone means 8to dip10 and that never means 8to dip10 but only 8to put within10 giving no intimation that the object is to be taken out again4 ,but see ,review of ,dale1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,kendrick1 in ,bap4 ,quarterly1 #ahfi3abi1 and by ,harvey1 in ,bap4 ,review1 #ahgi3adaafc4 8,plutarch used the word 1 when he describes the soldiers of ,alexander on a riotous march as by the roadside dipping 7lit43 baptizing7 with cups from huge wine jars and mixing bowls1 and drinking to one another4 ,here we have used where ,dr4 ,dale's theory would call for 4 ,the truth is that 1 the stronger word1 came to be used in the same sense with the weaker2 and the attempt to prove a broad and invariable difference of meaning between them breaks down4 ,of ,dr4 ,dale's three meanings of --7#a7 intusposition without influence 7stone in water71 7#b7 intusposition with influence 7man drowned in water71 7#c7 influence without intusposition1--the last is a figment of ,dr4 ,dale's imagination4 ,it would allow me to say that when ,i burned a piece of paper1 ,i baptized it4 ,the grand result is this3 ,beginning with the position that baptize means immerse1 ,dr4 ,dale ends by maintaining that immersion is not baptism4 ,because ,christ speaks of drinking a cup1 ,dr4 ,dale infers that this is baptism40 ,for a complete reply to ,dale1 see ,ford1 ,studies on ,baptism4 ,secondly1--every passage where the word occurs in the ,new ,testament either requires or allows the meaning 8immerse40 ,mat4 #c3f1 #aa--8;,i indeed baptize you in water unto repentance 444 he shall baptize you in the holy ,spirit and in fire02 cf4 #b ,kings #e3ad--8,then went he ,naaman down1 and dipped himself seven times in the ,jordan02 ,mark #a3e1 #i--8they were baptized of him in the river ,jordan1 confessing their sins4444 ,jesus came from ,nazareth of ,galilee1 and was baptized of ,john into the ,jordan02 #g3d--8;and when they come from the marketplace1 except they bathe lit43 #8baptize' themselves1 they eat not3 and many other things there are1 which they have received to hold1 washings lit43 #8baptizings' of cups1 and pots1 and brasen vessels0--in this verse1 ,westcott and ,hort1 with and ,b1 read 1 instead of 2 but it is easy to see how subsequent ignorance of ,pharisaic scrupulousness might have changed into 2 but not easy to see how should have been changed into 4 ,on ,mat4 #ae3b 7and the parallel passage ,mark #g3d71 see ,broadus1 ,com4 on ,mat41 pages #ccb1 #ccc4 ,herodotus1 #b3dg1 says that if any ,egyptian touches a swine in passing1 with his clothes1 he goes to the river and dips himself from it4 ,meyer1 ,com4 in loco--8 is not to be understood of washing the hands 7,lightfoot1 ,wetstein71 but of immersion1 which the word in classic ,greek and in the ,n4 ,t4 everywhere means2 here1 according to the context1 to take a bath40 ,the ,revised ,version omits the words 8and couches10 although ,maimonides speaks of a ,jewish immersion of couches2 see quotation from ,maimonides in ,ingham1 ,handbook of ,baptism1 #cgc--8,whenever in the law washing of the flesh or of the clothes is mentioned1 it means nothing else than the dipping of the whole body in a laver2 for if any man dip himself all over except the tip of his little finger1 he is still in his uncleanness4444 ,a bed that is wholly defiled1 if a man dip it part by part1 it is pure40 ,watson1 in ,annotated ,par4 ,bible1 #aabf4 ,luke #aa3ch--8;,and when the ,pharisee saw it1 he marvelled that he had not first bathed lit43 #8baptized' himself before dinner02 cf4 ,ecclesiasticus #ca3be--8;,he that washeth himself after the touching of a dead body0 7 72 ,judith #ab3g--8washed herself in a fountain of water by the camp02 ,lev4 #bb3df--8,whoso toucheth anything that is unclean by the dead 444 unclean until the even 444 bathe his flesh in water40 ,acts #b3da--8,they then that received his word were baptized3 and there were added unto them in that day about three thousand souls40 ,although the water supply of ,jerusalem is naturally poor1 the artificial provision of aqueducts1 cisterns1 and tanks1 made water abundant4 ,during the siege of ,titus1 though thousands died of famine1 we read of no suffering from lack of water4 ,the following are the dimensions of pools in modern ,jerusalem3 ,king's ,pool1 #ae feet x #af x #c2 ,siloam1 #ec x #ah x #ai2 ,hezekiah1 #bdj x #adj x #aj2 ,bethesda 7socalled71 #cfj x #acj x #ge2 ,upper ,gihon1 #caf x #bah x #ai2 ,lower ,gihon1 #eib x #bfj x #ah2 see ,robinson1 ,biblical ,researches1 #a3cbccdh1 and ,samson1 ,watersupply of ,jerusalem1 pub4 by ,am4 ,bap4 ,pub4 ,soc4 ,there was no difficulty in baptizing three thousand in one day2 for1 in the time of ,chrysostom1 when all candidates of the year were baptized in a single day1 three thousand were once baptized2 and1 on ,july #c1 #ahgh1 #bbbb ,telugu ,christians were baptized by two administrators in nine hours4 ,these ,telugu baptisms took place at ,velumpilly1 ten miles north of ,ongole4 ,the same two men did not baptize all the time4 ,there were six men engaged in baptizing1 but never more than two men at the same time4 ,acts #af3cc--8;,and he took them the same hour of the night1 and washed their stripes2 and was baptized1 he and all his1 immediately0--the prison was doubtless1 as are most large edifices in the ,east1 whether public or private1 provided with tank and fountain4 ,see ,cremer1 ,lexicon of ,n4 ,t4 ,greek1 sub voce--81 immersion or submersion for a religious purpose40 ,grimm's ed4 of ,wilke--81 #a4 ,immerse1 submerge2 #b4 ,wash or bathe1 by immersing or submerging 7,mark #g3d1 also ,naaman and ,judith72 #c4 ,figuratively1 to overwhelm1 as with debts1 misfortunes1 etc40 ,in the ,n4 ,t4 rite1 he says it denotes 8an immersion in water1 intended as a sign of sins washed away1 and received by those who wished to be admitted to the benefits of ,messiah's reign40 ,dllinger1 ,kirche und ,kirchen1 #ccg--8,the ,baptists are1 however1 from the ,protestant point of view1 unassailable1 since for their demand of baptism by submersion they have the clear ,bible text2 and the authority of the church and of her testimony is not regarded by either party0--i4 e41 by either ,baptists or ,protestants1 generally4 ,prof4 ,harnack1 of ,giessen1 writes in the ,independent1 ,feb4 #ai1 #ahhe--8a4 ,baptizein undoubtedly signifies immersion 7eintauchen74 #b4 ,no proof can be found that it signifies anything else in the ,n4 ,t4 and in the most ancient ,christian literature4 ,the suggestion regarding a #8sacred sense' is out of the question4 #c4 ,there is no passage in the ,n4 ,t4 which suggests the supposition that any ,new ,testament author attached to the word baptizein any other sense than eintauchen untertauchen 7immerse1 submerge740 ,see ,com4 of ,meyer1 and ,cunningham1 ,croall lectures4 ,thirdly1--the absence of any use of the word in the passive voice with 8water0 as its subject confirms our conclusion that its meaning is 8to immerse40 ,water is never said to be baptized upon a man4 7b7 ,from the use of the verb with prepositions3 ,first1--with 7,mark #a3i--where is the element into which the person passes in the act of being baptized74 ,mark #a3i1 marg4--8,and it came to pass in those days1 that ,jesus came from ,nazareth of ,galilee1 and was baptized of ,john into the ,jordan40 ,secondly1--with 7,mark #a3e1 #h2 cf4 ,mat4 #c3aa4 ,john #a3bf1 #ca1 #cc2 cf4 ,acts #b3b1 #d74 ,in these texts1 is to be taken1 not instrumentally1 but as indicating the element in which the immersion takes place4 ,mark #a3e1 #h--8they were baptized of him in the river ,jordan1 confessing their sins4444 ,i baptized you in water2 but he shall baptize you in the ,holy ,spirit0--here see ,meyer's ,com4 on ,mat4 #c3aa--8 is in accordance with the meaning of 7immerse71 not to be understood instrumentally1 but on the contrary1 in the sense of the element in which the immersion takes place40 ,those who pray for a 8baptism of the ,holy ,spirit0 pray for such a pouring out of the ,spirit as shall fill the place and permit them to be flooded or immersed in his abundant presence and power2 see ,c4 ,e4 ,smith1 ,baptism of ,fire1 #ahha3cjecaa4 ,plumptre3 8,the baptism with the ,holy ,ghost would imply that the souls thus baptized would be plunged1 as it were1 in that creative and informing ,spirit1 which was the source of light and holiness and wisdom40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #fg--8,the upper room became the ,spirit's baptistery4 ,his presence #8filled all the house where they were sitting' 7,acts #b3b74444 ,baptism in the ,holy ,spirit was given once for all on the day of ,pentecost1 when the ,paraclete came in person to make his abode in the church4 ,it does not follow that every believer has received this baptism4 ,god's gift is one thing1--our appropriation of that gift is quite another thing4 ,our relation to the second and to the third persons of the ,godhead is exactly parallel in this respect4 #8,god so loved the world1 that he gave his only begotten ,son' 7,john #c3af74 #8,but as many as received him1 to them gave he the right to become children of ,god1 even to them that believe on his name' 7,john #a3ab74 ,we are required to appropriate the ,spirit as sons1 in the same way that we are required to appropriate ,christ as sinners4444 #8,he breathed on them1 and saith unto them1 ,receive ye'--take ye1 actively--#8the ,holy ,spirit' 7,john #bj3bb740 7c7 ,from circumstances attending the administration of the ordinance 7,mark #a3aj-- 2 ,john #c3bc-- 2 ,acts #h3ch1 #ci-- 444 74 ,mark #a3aj--8;coming up out of the water02 ,john #c3bc--8;,and ,john also was baptizing in non near to ,salim1 because there was much water there0--a sufficient depth of water for baptizing2 see ,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stevens1 on non near to ,salim1 in ,journ4 ,soc4 of ,bib4 ,lit4 and ,exegesis1 ,dec4 #ahhc4 ,acts #h3ch1 #ci--8;and they both went down into the water1 both ,philip and the eunuch2 and he baptized him4 ,and when they came up out of the water44440 ,in the case of ,philip and the eunuch1 ,president ,timothy ,dwight1 in ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,aug4 #bg1 #ahib1 says3 8,the baptism was apparently by immersion40 ,the ,editor adds that 8practically scholars are agreed that the primitive meaning of the word 'baptize' was to immerse40 7d7 ,from figurative allusions to the ordinance4 ,mark #aj3ch--8;,are ye able to drink the cup that ,i drink8 or to be baptized with the baptism that ,i am baptized with80--here the cup is the cup of suffering in ,gethsemane2 cf4 ,luke #bb3db--8;,father1 if thou be willing1 remove this cup from me02 and the baptism is the baptism of death on ,calvary1 and of the grave that was to follow2 cf4 ,luke #ab3ej--8;,i have a baptism to be baptized with2 and how am ,i straitened till it be accomplished60 ,death presented itself to the ,savior's mind as a baptism1 because it was a sinking under the floods of suffering4 ,rom4 #f3d--8,we were buried therefore with him through baptism into death3 that like as ,christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the ,father1 so we also might walk in newness of life0--,conybeare and ,howson1 ,life and ,epistles of ,st4 ,paul1 say1 on this passage1 that 8it cannot be understood without remembering that the primitive method of baptism was by immersion40 ,on ,luke #ab3di1 marg4--8,i came to cast fire upon the earth1 and how would ,i that it were already kindled60--see ,wendt1 ,teaching of ,jesus1 #b3bbe--8;,he knew that he was called to bring a new energy and movement into the world1 which mightily seizes and draws everything towards it1 as a hurled firebrand1 which whereever it falls kindles a flame which expands into a vast sea of fire0--the baptism of fire1 the baptism in the ,holy ,spirit8 #a ,cor4 #aj3a1 #b--8our fathers were all under the cloud1 and all passed through the sea2 and were all baptized unto ,moses in the cloud and in the sea02 ,col4 #b3ab--8;having been buried with him in baptism1 wherein ye were also raised with him02 ,heb4 #aj3bb--8;having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience1 and having our body washed with pure water0--here ,trench1 ,n4 ,t4 ,synonyms1 #baf1 #bag1 says that 8 implies always1 not the bathing of a part of the body1 but of the whole40 #a ,pet #c3bj1 #ba--8saved through water3 which also after a true likeness doth now save you1 even baptism1 not the putting away of the filth of the flesh1 but the interrogation of a good conscience toward ,god1 through the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ0--as the ark whose sides were immersed in water saved ,noah1 so the immersion of believers typically saves them2 that is1 the answer of a good conscience1 the turning of the soul to ,god1 which baptism symbolizes4 8,in the ritual of ,moses and ,aaron1 three things were used3 oil1 blood1 and water4 ,the oil was poured1 the blood was sprinkled1 the water was used for complete ablution first of all1 and subsequently for partial ablution to those to whom complete ablution had been previously administered0 7,wm4 ,ashmore74 7e7 ,from the testimony of church history as to the practice of the early church4 ,tertullian1 ,de ,baptismo1 chap4 #ab--8,others make the suggestion 7forced enough1 clearly7 that the apostles then served the turn of baptism when in their little ship they were sprinkled and covered with the waves2 that ,peter himself also was immersed enough when he walked on the sea4 ,it is however1 as ,i think1 one thing to be sprinkled or intercepted by the violence of the sea2 another thing to be baptized in obedience to the discipline of religion40 ,fisher1 ,beginnings of ,christianity1 #efe--8;,baptism1 it is now generally agreed among scholars1 was commonly administered by immersion40 ,schaff1 ,history of the ,apostolic ,church1 #egj--8,respecting the form of baptism1 the impartial historian is compelled by exegesis and history substantially to yield the point to the ,baptists40 ,elsewhere ,dr4 ,schaff says3 8,the baptism of ,christ in the ,jordan1 and the illustrations of baptism used in the ,n4 ,t41 are all in favor of immersion1 rather than of sprinkling1 as is freely admitted by the best exegetes1 ,catholic and ,protestant1 ,english and ,german4 ,nothing can be gained by unnatural exegesis4 ,the persistency and aggressiveness of ,baptists have driven pedobaptists to opposite extremes40 ,dean ,stanley1 in his address at ,eton ,college1 ,march1 #ahgi1 on ,historical ,aspects of ,american ,churches1 speaks of immersion as 8the primitive1 apostolical1 and1 till the #acth century1 the universal1 mode of baptism1 which is still retained throughout the ,eastern churches1 and which is still in our own church as positively enjoined in theory as it is universally neglected in practice40 ,the same writer1 in the ,nineteenth ,century1 ,oct4 #ahgi1 says that 8the change from immersion to sprinkling has set aside the larger part of the apostolic language regarding baptism1 and has altered the very meaning of the word40 ,neander1 ,church ,hist41 #a3caj--8;,in respect to the form of baptism1 it was1 in conformity with the original institution and the original import of the symbol1 performed by immersion1 as a sign of entire baptism into the ,holy ,spirit1 of being entirely penetrated by the same4444 ,it was only with the sick1 where exigency required it1 that any exception was made4 ,then it was administered by sprinkling2 but many superstitious persons imagined such sprinkling to be not fully valid1 and stigmatized those thus baptized as clinics40 ,until recently1 there has been no evidence that clinic baptism1 i4 e41 the baptism of a sick or dying person in bed by pouring water copiously around him1 was practised earlier than the time of ,novatian1 in the third century2 and in these cases there is good reason to believe that a regenerating efficacy was ascribed to the ordinance4 ,we are now1 however1 compelled to recognize a departure from ,n4 ,t4 precedent somewhat further back4 ,important testimony is that of ,prof4 ,harnack1 of ,giessen1 in the ,independent of ,feb4 #ai1 #ahhe--8,up to the present moment we possess no certain proof from the period of the second century1 in favor of the fact that baptism by aspersion was then even facultatively administered2 for ,tertullian 7,de ,pnit41 #f1 and ,de ,baptismo1 #ab7 is uncertain2 and the age of those pictures upon which is represented a baptism by aspersion is not certain4 ,the #8,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles1' however1 has now instructed us that already1 in very early times1 people in the church took no offence when aspersion was put in place of immersion1 when any kind of outward circumstances might render immersion impossible or impracticable4444 ,but the rule was also certainly maintained that immersion was obligatory if the outward conditions of such a performance were at hand40 ,this seems to show that1 while the corruption of the ,n4 ,t4 rite began soon after the death of the apostles1 baptism by any other form than immersion was even then a rare exception1 which those who introduced the change sought to justify upon the plea of necessity4 ,see ,schaff1 ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles1 #bieg1 and other testimony in ,coleman1 ,christian ,antiquities1 #bge2 ,stuart1 in ,bib4 ,repos41 #ahhc3ceecfc4 ,the 8,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles10 section #g1 reads as follows3 8,baptize 444 in living water4 ,and if thou have no living water1 baptize in other water2 and if thou canst not in cold1 then in warm4 ,and if thou have neither1 pour water upon the head thrice40 ,here it is evident that 8baptize0 means only 8immerse10 but if water be scarce pouring may be substituted for baptism4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,antipedobaptism1 #e1 says that 8,the ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles0 may possibly belong to the second half of the second century1 but in its present form is probably much later4 ,it does not explicitly teach baptismal regeneration1 but this view seems to be implied in the requirement1 in case of an absolute lack of a sufficiency of water of any kind for baptism proper1 that pouring water on the head three times be resorted to as a substitute4 ,catechetical instruction1 repentance1 fasting1 and prayer1 must precede the baptismal rite4 ,dexter1 in his ,true ,story of ,john ,smyth and ,sebaptism1 maintains that immersion was a new thing in ,england in #afda4 ,but if so1 it was new1 as ,congregationalism was new--a newly restored practice and ordinance of apostolic times4 ,for reply to ,dexter1 see ,long1 in ,bap4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahhc3ab1 #ac1 who tells us1 on the authority of ,blunt's ,ann4 ,book of ,com4 ,prayer1 that from #ajhe to #aedi1 the 8,salisbury ,use0 was the accepted mode1 and this provided for the child's trine immersion4 8,the ,prayerbook of ,edward ,,vi succeeded to the ,salisbury ,use in #aedi2 but in this too immersion has the place of honor--affusion is only for the weak4 ,the ,english church has never sanctioned sprinkling 7,blunt1 #bbf74 ,in #affd1 the ,westminster ,assembly said 'sprinkle or pour1' thus annulling what ,christ commanded #afjj years before4 ,queen ,elizabeth was immersed in #aecc4 ,if in #afda immersion had been so generally and so long disused that men saw it with wonder and regarded it as a novelty1 then the more distinct1 emphatic1 and peculiarly their own was the work of the ,baptists4 ,they come before the world1 with no partners1 or rivals1 or abettors1 or sympathizers1 as the restorers and preservers of ,christian baptism40 7f7 ,from the doctrine and practice of the ,greek church4 ,de,stourdza1 the greatest modern theologian of the ,greek church1 writes2 8 signifies literally and always #8to plunge4' ,baptism and immersion are therefore identical1 and to say #8baptism by aspersion' is as if one should say #8immersion by aspersion1' or any other absurdity of the same nature4 ,the ,greek church maintain that the ,latin church1 instead of a 1 practice a mere 1--instead of baptism1 a mere sprinkling0--quoted in ,conant on ,mat41 appendix1 #ii4 ,see also ,broadus on ,immersion1 #ah4 ,the evidence that immersion is the original mode of baptism is well summed up by ,dr4 ,marcus ,dods1 in his article on ,baptism in ,hastings' ,dictionary of ,christ and the ,apostles4 ,dr4 ,dods defines baptism as 8a rite wherein by immersion in water the participant symbolizes and signalizes his transition from an impure to a pure life1 his death to a past he abandons1 and his birth to a future he desires40 ,as regards the 8mode of baptism10 he remarks3 8,that the normal mode was by immersion of the whole body may be inferred 7a7 from the meaning of baptizo1 which is the intensive or frequentative form of bapto1 #8,i dip1' and denotes to immerse or submerge--the point is1 that #8dip' or #8immerse' is the primary1 #8wash' the secondary meaning of bapto or baptizo4 7b7 ,the same inference may be drawn from the law laid down regarding the baptism of proselytes3 #8,as soon as he grows whole of the wound of circumcision1 they bring him to baptism1 and being placed in the water1 they again instruct him in some weightier and in some lighter commands of the ,law1 which being heard1 he plunges himself and comes up1 and behold1 he is an ,israelite in all things' 7,lightfoot's ,hor ,hebraic74 ,to use ,pauline language1 his old man is dead and buried in water1 and he rises from this cleansing grave a new man4 ,the full significance of the rite would have been lost had immersion not been practised4 ,again1 it was required in proselyte baptism that #8every person baptized must dip his whole body1 now stripped and made naked1 at one dipping4 ,and wheresoever in the ,law washing of the body or garments is mentioned1 it means nothing else than the washing of the whole body4' 7c7 ,that immersion was the mode of baptism adopted by ,john is the natural conclusion from his choosing the neighborhood of the ,jordan as the scene of his labors2 and from the statement of ,john #c3bc that he was baptizing in ,enon #8because there was much water there4' 7d7 ,that this form was continued in the ,christian ,church appears from the expression ,loutron palingenesias 7bath of regeneration1 ,titus #c3e71 and from the use made by ,st4 ,paul in ,romans #f of the symbolism4 ,this is well put by ,bingham 7,antiquities xi4#b740 ,the author quotes ,bingham to the effect that 8total immersion under water0 was the universal practice during the early ,christian centuries 8except in some particular cases of exigence1 wherein they allow of sprinkling1 as in the case of a clinic baptism1 or where there is a scarcity of water40 ,dr4 ,dods continues3 8,this statement exactly reflects the ideas of the ,pauline ,epistles and the ',didache'0 7,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles74 ,the prevailing usage of any word determines the sense it bears1 when found in a command of ,christ4 ,we have seen1 not only that the prevailing usage of the ,greek language determines the meaning of the word 8baptize0 to be 8immerse10 but that this is its fundamental1 constant1 and only meaning4 ,the original command to baptize is therefore a command to immerse4 ,as evidence that quite diverse sections of the ,christian world are coming to recognize the original form of baptism to be immersion1 we may cite the fact that a memorial to the late ,archbishop of ,canterbury has recently been erected in the parish church of ,lambeth1 and that it is in the shape of a 8fontgrave10 in which a believer can be buried with ,christ in baptism2 and also that the ,rev4 ,g4 ,campbell ,morgan has had a baptistery constructed in the newly renovated ,westminster ,congregational ,church in ,london4 ,pfleiderer1 ,philos4 ,religion1 #b3baa--8;,as in the case of the ,lord's ,supper1 so did ,baptism also first receive its sacramental significance through ,paul4 ,as he saw in the immersing under water the symbolical repetition of the death and resurrection of ,christ1 baptism appeared to him as the act of spiritual dying and renovation1 or regeneration1 of incorporation into the mystical body of ,christ1 that 'new creation4' ,as for ,paul the baptism of adults only was in question1 faith in ,christ is already of course presupposed by it1 and baptism is just the act in which faith realizes the decisive resolution of giving one's self up actually as belonging to ,christ and his community4 ,yet the outward act is not on that account a mere semblance of what is already present in faith1 but according to the mysticism common to ,paul with the whole ancient world1 the symbolical act effectuates what it typifies1 and therefore in this case the mortification of the carnal man and the animation of the spiritual man40 ,for the view that sprinkling or pouring constitutes valid baptism1 see ,hall1 ,mode of ,baptism4 ,per contra1 see ,hovey1 in ,baptist ,quarterly1 ,april1 #ahge2 ,wayland1 ,principles and ,practices of ,baptists1 #he2 ,carson1 ,noel1 ,judson1 and ,pengilly1 on ,baptism2 especially recent and valuable is ,burrage1 ,act of ,baptism4 ,b4 ,no church has the right to modify or dispense with this command of ,christ4 ,this is plain3 7a7 ,from the nature of the church4 ,notice3 ,first1--that1 besides the local church1 no other visible church of ,christ is known to the ,new ,testament4 ,secondly1--that the local church is not a legislative1 but is simply an executive1 body4 ,only the authority which originally imposed its laws can amend or abrogate them4 ,thirdly1--that the local church cannot delegate to any organization or council of churches any power which it does not itself rightfully possess4 ,fourthly1--that the opposite principle puts the church above the ,scriptures and above ,christ1 and would sanction all the usurpations of ,rome4 ,mat4 #e3ai--8,whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments1 and shall teach men so1 shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven3 but whosoever shall do and teach them1 he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven02 cf4 #b ,sam4 #f3g--8;,and the anger of ,jehovah was kindled against ,uzzah2 and ,god smote him there for his error2 and there he died by the ark of ,god40 ,shakespeare1 ,henry ,,vi1 ,part ,i1 #b3d--8;,faith1 ,i have been a truant in the law1 ,and never yet could frame my will to it1 ,and therefore frame the law unto my will40 ,as at the ,reformation believers rejoiced to restore communion in both kinds1 so we should rejoice to restore baptism as to its subjects and as to its meaning4 ,to administer it to a wailing and resisting infant1 or to administer it in any other form than that prescribed by ,jesus' command and example1 is to desecrate and destroy the ordinance4 7b7 ,from the nature of ,god's command3 ,first1--as forming a part1 not only of the law1 but of the fundamental law1 of the church of ,christ4 ,the power claimed for a church to change it is not only legislative but constitutional4 ,secondly1--as expressing the wisdom of the ,lawgiver4 ,power to change the command can be claimed for the church1 only on the ground that ,christ has failed to adapt the ordinance to changing circumstances1 and has made obedience to it unnecessarily difficult and humiliating4 ,thirdly1--as providing in immersion the only adequate symbol of those saving truths of the gospel which both of the ordinances have it for their office to set forth1 and without which they become empty ceremonies and forms4 ,in other words1 the church has no right to change the method of administering the ordinance1 because such a change vacates the ordinance of its essential meaning4 ,as this argument1 however1 is of such vital importance1 we present it more fully in a special discussion of the ,symbolism of ,baptism4 ,abraham ,lincoln1 in his debates with ,douglas1 ridiculed the idea that there could be any constitutional way of violating the ,constitution4 ,f4 ,l4 ,anderson3 8,in human governments we change the constitution to conform to the will of the people2 in the divine government we change the will of the people to conform to the ,constitution40 ,for advocacy of the church's right to modify the form of an ordinance1 see ,coleridge1 ,aids to ,reflection1 in ,works1 #a3ccccdh--8,where a ceremony answered1 and was intended to answer1 several purposes which at its first institution were blended in respect of the time1 but which afterward1 by change of circumstances1 were necessarily disunited1 then either the church hath no power or authority delegated to her1 or she must be authorized to choose and determine to which of the several purposes the ceremony should be attached40 ,baptism1 for example1 at the first symbolized not only entrance into the church of ,christ1 but personal faith in him as ,savior and ,lord4 ,it is assumed that entrance into the church and personal faith are now necessarily disunited4 ,since baptism is in charge of the church1 she can attach baptism to the former1 and not to the latter4 ,we of course deny that the separation of baptism from faith is ever necessary4 ,we maintain1 on the contrary1 that thus to separate the two is to pervert the ordinance1 and to make it teach the doctrine of hereditary church membership and salvation by outward manipulation apart from faith4 ,we say with ,dean ,stanley 7on ,baptism1 in the ,nineteenth ,century1 ,oct4 #ahgi71 though not1 as he does1 with approval1 that the change in the method of administering the ordinance shows 8how the spirit that lives and moves in human society can override the most sacred ordinances40 ,we cannot with him call this spirit 8the free spirit of ,christianity10--we regard it rather as an evil spirit of disobedience and unbelief4 8,baptists are therefore pledged to prosecute the work of the ,reformation until the church shall return to the simple forms it possessed under the apostles0 7,g4 ,m4 ,stone74 ,see ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #bcdbde4 ,objections3 #a4 ,immersion is often impracticable4--,we reply that1 when really impracticable1 it is no longer a duty4 ,where the will to obey is present1 but providential circumstances render outward obedience impossible1 ,christ takes the will for the deed4 #b4 ,it is often dangerous to health and life4--,we reply that1 when it is really dangerous1 it is no longer a duty4 ,but then1 we have no warrant for substituting another act for that which ,christ has commanded4 ,duty demands simple delay until it can be administered with safety4 ,it must be remembered that ardent feeling nerves even the body4 8,brethren1 if your hearts be warm1 ,ice and snow can do no harm40 ,the cold climate of ,russia does not prevent the universal practice of immersion by the ,greek church of that country4 #c4 ,it is indecent4--,we reply1 that there is need of care to prevent exposure1 but that with this care there is no indecency1 more than in fashionable seabathing4 ,the argument is valid only against a careless administration of the ordinance1 not against immersion itself4 #d4 ,it is inconvenient4--,we reply that1 in a matter of obedience to ,christ1 we are not to consult convenience4 ,the ordinance which symbolizes his sacrificial death1 and our spiritual death with him1 may naturally involve something of inconvenience1 but joy in submitting to that inconvenience will be a test of the spirit of obedience4 ,when the act is performed1 it should be performed as ,christ enjoined4 #e4 ,other methods of administration have been blessed to those who submitted to them4--,we reply that ,god has often condescended to human ignorance1 and has given his ,spirit to those who honestly sought to serve him1 even by erroneous forms1 such as the ,mass4 ,this1 however1 is not to be taken as a divine sanction of the error1 much less as a warrant for the perpetuation of a false system on the part of those who know that it is a violation of ,christ's commands4 ,it is1 in great part1 the position of its advocates1 as representatives of ,christ and his church1 that gives to this false system its power for evil4 #c4 ,the ,symbolism of ,baptism4 ,baptism symbolizes the previous entrance of the believer into the communion of ,christ's death and resurrection1--or1 in other words1 regeneration through union with ,christ4 ,a4 ,expansion of this statement as to the symbolism of baptism4 ,baptism1 more particularly1 is a symbol3 7a7 ,of the death and resurrection of ,christ4 ,rom4 #f3c--8,or are ye ignorant that all we who were baptized into ,christ ,jesus were baptized into his death80 cf4 ,mat #c3ac--8,then cometh ,jesus from ,galilee to the ,jordan unto ,john1 to be baptized of him02 ,mark #aj3ch--8;,are ye able to drink the cup that ,i drink8 or to be baptized with the baptism that ,i am baptized with802 ,luke #ab3ej--8;,but ,i have a baptism to be baptized with2 and how am ,i straitened till it be accomplished60 ,col4 #b3ab--8;buried with him in baptism1 wherein ye were also raised with him through faith in the working of ,god1 who raised him from the dead40 ,for the meaning of these passages1 see note on the baptism of ,jesus1 under ,b4 7a71 pages #idb1 #idc4 ,denney1 in ,expositor's ,greek ,testament1 on ,rom4 #f3ce--8,the argumentative requirements of the passage 444 demand the idea of an actual union to1 or incorporation in ,christ4444 ,we were buried with him in the act of immersion through that baptism into his death4444 ,if the baptism1 which is a similitude of ,christ's death1 has had a reality answering to its obvious import1 so that we have really died in it as ,christ died1 then we shall have a corresponding experience of resurrection4 ,baptism1 inasmuch as one emerges from the water after being immersed1 is a similitude of resurrection as well as of death40 7b7 ,of the purpose of that death and resurrection1--namely1 to atone for sin1 and to deliver sinners from its penalty and power4 ,rom4 #f3d--8,we were buried therefore with him through baptism into death3 that like as ,christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the ,father1 so we also might walk in newness of life02 cf4 #g1 #aj1 #aa--8;for he that hath died is justified from sin4444 ,for the death that he died1 he died unto sin once3 but the life that he liveth1 he liveth unto ,god4 ,even so reckon ye also yourselves to be dead unto sin1 but alive unto ,god in ,christ ,jesus02 #b ,cor4 #e3ad--8we thus judge1 that one died for all1 therefore all died40 ,baptism is therefore a confession of evangelical faith both as to sin1 and as to the deity and atonement of ,christ4 ,no one is properly a ,baptist who does not acknowledge these truths which baptism signifies4 ,t4 ,w4 ,chambers1 in ,presb4 and ,ref4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahij3aacaah1 objects that this view of the symbolism of baptism is based on two texts1 ,rom4 #f3d and ,col4 #b3ab1 which are illustrative and not explanatory1 while the great majority of passages make baptism only an act of purification4 ,yet ,dr4 ,chambers concedes3 8,it is to be admitted that nearly all modern critical expositors 7,meyer1 ,godet1 ,alford1 ,conybeare1 ,lightfoot1 ,beet7 consider that there is a reference here in ,rom4 #f3d to the act of baptism1 which1 as the ,bishop of ,durham says1 #8is the grave of the old man and the birth of the new--an image of the believer's participation both in the death and in the resurrection of ,christ4444 ,as he sinks beneath the baptismal waters1 the believer buries there all his corrupt affections and past sins2 as he emerges thence1 he rises regenerate1 quickened to new hopes and a new life4' 0 7c7 ,of the accomplishment of that purpose in the person baptized1--who thus professes his death to sin and resurrection to spiritual life4 ,gal4 #c3bg--8;,for as many of you as were baptized into ,christ did put on ,christ02 #a ,pet4 #c3ba--8which water also after a true likeness doth now save you1 even baptism1 not the putting away of the filth of the flesh1 but the interrogation of a good conscience toward ,god1 through the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ02 cf4 ,gal4 #b3ai1 #bj--8;,for ,i through the law died unto the law1 that ,i might live unto ,god4 ,i have been crucified with ,christ2 and it is no longer ,i that live1 but ,christ liveth in me3 and that life which ,i now live in the flesh ,i live in faith1 the faith which is in the ,son of ,god1 who loved me1 and gave himself up for me02 ,col4 #c3c--8;,for ye died1 and your life is hid with ,christ in ,god40 ,c4 ,h4 ,m43 8,a truly baptized person is one who has passed from the old world into the new4444 ,the water rolls over his person1 signifying that his place in nature is ignored1 that his old nature is entirely set aside1 in short1 that he is a dead man1 that the flesh with all that pertained thereto--its sins and its liabilities--is buried in the grave of ,christ and can never come into ,god's sight again4444 ,when the believer rises up from the water1 expression is given to the truth that he comes up as the possessor of a new life1 even the resurrection life of ,christ1 to which divine righteousness inseparably attaches40 7d7 ,of the method in which that purpose is accomplished1--by union with ,christ1 receiving him and giving one's self to him by faith4 ,rom4 #f3e--8;,for if we have become united with him in the likeness of his death1 we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection0--1 or 1 is used of the man and the horse as grown together in the ,centaur1 by ,lucian1 ,dial4 ,mort41 #af3d1 and by ,xenophon1 ,cyrop41 #d3c3ah4 ,col4 #b3ab--8;having been buried with him in baptism1 wherein ye were also raised with him through faith in the working of ,god1 who raised him from the dead40 ,dr4 ,n4 ,s4 ,burton3 8,the oneness of the believer and ,christ is expressed by the fact that the one act of immersion sets forth the death and resurrection of both ,christ and the believer40 ,as the voluntary element in faith has two parts1 a giving and a taking1 so baptism illustrates both4 ,submergence surrender to ,christ2 emergence reception of ,christ2 see page #hci1 7b74 8,putting on ,christ0 7,gal4 #c3bg7 is the burying of the old life and the rising to a new4 ,cf4 the active and the passive obedience of ,christ 7pages #gdi1 #ggj71 the two elements of justification 7pages #hedhei71 the two aspects of formal worship 7page #bc71 the two divisions of the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,william ,ashmore holds that incorporation into ,christ is the root idea of baptism1 union with ,christ's death and resurrection being only a part of it4 ,we are 8baptized into ,christ0 7,rom4 #f3c71 as the ,israelites were 8baptized into ,moses0 7#a ,cor4 #aj3b74 ,as baptism symbolizes the incorporation of the believer into ,christ1 so the ,lord's ,supper symbolizes the incorporation of ,christ into the believer4 ,we go down into the water1 but the bread goes down into us4 ,we are 8in ,christ10 and ,christ is 8in us40 ,the candidate does not baptize himself1 but puts himself wholly into the hands of the administrator4 ,this seems symbolic of his committing himself entirely to ,christ1 of whom the administrator is the representative4 ,similarly in the ,lord's ,supper1 it is ,christ who through his representative distributes the emblems of his death and life4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson regarded baptism as implying3 #a4 death to sin2 #b4 resurrection to new life in ,christ2 #c4 entire surrender of ourselves to the authority of the triune ,god4 ,baptism 8into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit0 7,mat #bh3ai7 cannot imply supreme allegiance to the ,father1 and only subordinate allegiance to the ,son4 ,baptism therefore is an assumption of supreme allegiance to ,jesus ,christ4 ,n4 ,e4 ,wood1 in ,the ,watchman1 ,dec4 #c1 #ahif1 #ae--8;,calvinism has its five points2 but ,baptists have also their own five points3 the ,trinity1 the ,atonement1 ,regeneration1 ,baptism1 and an inspired ,bible4 ,all other doctrines gather round these40 7e7 ,of the consequent union of all believers in ,christ4 ,eph4 #d3e--8one ,lord1 one faith1 one baptism02 #a ,cor4 #ab3ac--8;,for in one ,spirit were we all baptized into one body1 whether ,jews or ,greeks1 whether bond or free2 and were all made to drink of one ,spirit02 cf4 #aj3c1 #d--8;and did all eat the same spiritual food2 and did all drink the same spiritual drink3 for they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them3 and the rock was ,christ40 ,in ,eph4 #d3e1 it is noticeable that1 not the ,lord's ,supper1 but baptism1 is referred to as the symbol of ,christian unity4 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,cleveland ,sermon1 #aijd--8,our fathers lived in a day when simple faith was subject to serious disabilities4 ,the establishments frowned upon dissent and visited it with pains and penalties4 ,it is no wonder that believers in the ,new ,testament doctrine and polity felt that they must come out from what they regarded as an apostate church4 ,they could have no sympathy with those who held back the truth in unrighteousness and persecuted the saints of ,god4 ,but our doctrine has leavened all ,christendom4 ,scholarship is on the side of immersion4 ,infant baptism is on the decline4 ,the churches that once opposed us now compliment us on our stedfastness in the faith and on our missionary zeal4 ,there is a growing spirituality in these churches1 which prompts them to extend to us hands of fellowship4 ,and there is a growing sense among us that the kingdom of ,christ is wider than our own membership1 and that loyalty to our ,lord requires us to recognize his presence and blessing even in bodies which we do not regard as organized in complete accordance with the ,new ,testament model4 ,faith in the larger ,christ is bringing us out from our denominational isolation into an inspiring recognition of our oneness with the universal church of ,god throughout the world40 7f7 ,of the death and resurrection of the body1--which will complete the work of ,christ in us1 and which ,christ's death and resurrection assure to all his members4 #a ,cor4 #ae3ab1 #bb--8,now if ,christ is preached that he hath been raised from the dead1 how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead8444 ,for as in ,adam all die1 so also in ,christ shall all be made alive40 ,in the ,scripture passages quoted above1 we add to the argument from the meaning of the word the argument from the meaning of the ordinance4 ,luther wrote1 in his ,babylonish ,captivity of the ,church1 section #ajc 7,english translation in ,wace and ,buchheim1 ,first ,principles of the ,reformation1 #aib73 8,baptism is a sign both of death and resurrection4 ,being moved by this reason1 ,i would have those that are baptized to be altogether dipped into the water1 as the word means and the mystery signifies40 ,see ,calvin on ,acts #h3ch2 ,conybeare and ,howson on ,rom4 #f3d2 ,boardman1 in ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #aaeace4 ,b4 ,inferences from the passages referred to4 7a7 ,the central truth set forth by baptism is the death and resurrection of ,christ1--and our own death and resurrection only as connected with that4 ,the baptism of ,jesus in ,jordan1 equally with the subsequent baptism of his followers1 was a symbol of his death4 ,it was his death which he had in mind1 when he said3 8,are ye able to drink the cup that ,i drink8 or to be baptized with the baptism that ,i am baptized with80 7,mark #aj3ch72 8,but ,i have a baptism to be baptized with2 and how am ,i straitened till it be accomplished60 7,luke #ab3ej74 ,the being immersed and overwhelmed in waters is a frequent metaphor in all languages to express the rush of successive troubles2 compare ,ps4 #fi3b--8;,i am come into deep waters1 where the floods overflow me02 #db3g--8;,all thy waves and thy billows are gone over me02 #abd3d1 #e--8,then the waters had overwhelmed us1 ,the stream had gone over our soul2 ,then the proud waters had gone over our soul40 ,so the suffering1 death1 and burial1 which were before our ,lord1 presented themselves to his mind as a baptism1 because the very idea of baptism was that of a complete submersion under the floods of waters4 ,death was not to be poured upon ,christ1--it was no mere sprinkling of suffering which he was to endure1 but a sinking into the mighty waters1 and a being overwhelmed by them4 ,it was the giving of himself to this1 which he symbolized by his baptism in ,jordan4 ,that act was not arbitrary1 or formal1 or ritual4 ,it was a public consecration1 a consecration to death1 to death for the sins of the world4 ,it expressed the essential nature and meaning of his earthly work3 the baptism of water at the beginning of his ministry consciously and designedly prefigured the baptism of death with which that ministry was to close4 ,jesus' submission to ,john's baptism of repentance1 the rite that belonged only to sinners1 can be explained only upon the ground that he was 8made to be sin on our behalf0 7#b ,cor4 #e3ba74 ,he had taken our nature upon him1 without its hereditary corruption indeed1 but with all its hereditary guilt1 that he might redeem that nature and reunite it to ,god4 ,as one with humanity1 he had in his unconscious childhood submitted to the rites of circumcision1 purification1 and legal redemption 7,luke #b3babd2 cf4 ,ex4 #ac3b1 #ac2 see ,lange1 ,alford1 ,webster and ,wilkinson on ,luke #b3bd7--;all of them rites appointed for sinners4 8,made in the likeness of men0 7,phil4 #b3g71 8the likeness of sinful flesh0 7,rom4 #h3c71 he was 8to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself0 7,heb4 #i3bf74 ,in his baptism1 therefore1 he could say1 8,thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness0 7,mat4 #c3ae7 because only through the final baptism of suffering and death1 which this baptism in water foreshadowed1 could he 8make an end of sins0 and 8bring in everlasting righteousness0 7,dan4 #i3bd7 to the condemned and ruined world4 ,he could not be 8the ,lord our ,righteousness0 7,jer4 #bc3f7 except by first suffering the death due to the nature he had assumed1 thereby delivering it from its guilt and perfecting it forever4 ,all this was indicated in that act by which he was first 8made manifest to ,israel0 7,john #a3ca74 ,in his baptism in ,jordan1 he was buried in the likeness of his coming death1 and raised in the likeness of his coming resurrection4 #a ,john #e3f--8,this is he that came by water and blood1 even ,jesus ,christ2 not in the water only1 but in the water and in the blood0 in the baptism of water at the beginning of his ministry1 and in the baptism of blood with which that ministry was to close4 ,as that baptism pointed forward to ,jesus' death1 so our baptism points backward to the same1 as the centre and substance of his redeeming work1 the one death by which we live4 ,we who are 8baptized into ,christ0 are 8baptized into his death0 7,rom4 #f3c71 that is1 into spiritual communion and participation in that death which he died for our salvation2 in short1 in baptism we declare in symbol that his death has become ours4 ,on the ,baptism of ,jesus1 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,philosophy and ,religion1 #bbfbcg4 7b7 ,the correlative truth of the believer's death and resurrection1 set forth in baptism1 implies1 first1--confession of sin and humiliation on account of it1 as deserving of death2 secondly1--declaration of ,christ's death for sin1 and of the believer's acceptance of ,christ's substitutionary work2 thirdly1--acknowledgment that the soul has become partaker of ,christ's life1 and now lives only in and for him4 ,a false mode of administering the ordinance has so obscured the meaning of baptism that it has to multitudes lost all reference to the death of ,christ1 and the ,lord's ,supper is assumed to be the only ordinance which is intended to remind us of the atoning sacrifice to which we owe our salvation4 ,for evidence of this1 see the remarks of ,president ,woolsey in the ,sunday ,school ,times3 8,baptism it the ,christian religion could share in with the doctrine of ,john the ,baptist1 and if a similar rite had existed under the ,jewish law1 it would have been regarded as appropriate to a religion which inculcated renunciation of sin and purity of heart and life4 ,but in the ,lord's ,supper we go beyond the province of baptism to the very penetrale of the gospel1 to the efficacy and meaning of ,christ's death40 ,baptism should be a public act4 ,we cannot afford to relegate it to a corner1 or to celebrate it in private1 as some professedly ,baptist churches of ,england are said to do4 ,like marriage1 the essence of it is the joining of ourselves to another before the world4 ,in baptism we merge ourselves in ,christ1 before ,god and angels and men4 ,the ,mohammedan stands five times a day1 and prays with his face toward ,mecca1 caring not who sees him4 ,luke #ab3h--8;,every one who shall confess me before men1 him shall the ,son of man also confess before the angels of ,god40 7c7 ,baptism symbolizes purification1 but purification in a peculiar and divine way1--namely1 through the death of ,christ and the entrance of the soul into communion with that death4 ,the radical defect of sprinkling or pouring as a mode of administering the ordinance1 is that it does not point to ,christ's death as the procuring cause of our purification4 ,it is a grievous thing to say by symbol1 as those do say who practice sprinkling in place of immersion1 that a man may regenerate himself1 or1 if not this1 yet that his regeneration may take place without connection with ,christ's death4 ,edward ,beecher's chief argument against ,baptist views is drawn from ,john #c3bbbe--8;a questioning on the part of ,john's disciples with a ,jew about purifying40 ,purification is made to be the essential meaning of baptism1 and the conclusion is drawn that any form expressive of purification will answer the design of the ordinance4 ,but if ,christ's death is the procuring cause of our purification1 we may expect it to be symbolized in the ordinance which declares that purification2 if ,christ's death is the central fact of ,christianity1 we may expect it to be symbolized in the initiatory rite of ,christianity4 7d7 ,in baptism we show forth the ,lord's death as the original source of holiness and life in our souls1 just as in the ,lord's ,supper we show forth the ,lord's death as the source of all nourishment and strength after this life of holiness has been once begun4 ,as the ,lord's ,supper symbolizes the sanctifying power of ,jesus' death1 so baptism symbolizes its regenerating power4 ,the truth of ,christ's death and resurrection is a precious jewel1 and it is given us in these outward ordinances as in a casket4 ,let us care for the casket lest we lose the gem4 ,as a scarlet thread runs through every rope and cord of the ,british navy1 testifying that it is the property of the ,crown1 so through every doctrine and ordinance of ,christianity runs the red line of ,jesus' blood4 ,it is their common reference to the death of ,christ that binds the two ordinances together4 7e7 ,there are two reasons1 therefore1 why nothing but immersion will satisfy the design of the ordinance3 first1--because nothing else can symbolize the radical nature of the change effected in regeneration--a change from spiritual death to spiritual life2 secondly1--because nothing else can set forth the fact that this change is due to the entrance of the soul into communion with the death and resurrection of ,christ4 ,christian truth is an organism4 ,part is bound to part1 and all together constitute one vitalized whole4 ,to give up any single portion of that truth is like maiming the human body4 ,life may remain1 but one manifestation of life has ceased4 ,the whole body of ,christian truth has lost its symmetry and a part of its power to save4 ,pfleiderer1 ,philos4 ,religion1 #b3bab--8;,in the ,eleusinian mysteries1 the act of reception was represented as a regeneration1 and the hierophant appointed to the temple service had to take a sacramental bath1 out of which he proceeded as a #8new man' with a new name1 which signifies that1 as they were wont to say1 #8the first one was forgotten1'--that is1 the old man was put off at the same time with the old name4 ,the parallel of this ,eleusinian rite with the thoughts which ,paul has written about ,baptism in the ,epistle to the ,romans1 and therefore from ,corinth1 is so striking that a connection between the two may well be conjectured2 and all the more that even in the case of the ,lord's ,supper1 ,paul has brought in the comparison with the heathen festivals1 in order to give a basis for his mystical theory40 7f7 ,to substitute for baptism anything which excludes all symbolic reference to the death of ,christ1 is to destroy the ordinance1 just as substituting for the broken bread and poured out wine of the communion some form of administration which leaves out all reference to the death of ,christ would be to destroy the ,lord's ,supper1 and to celebrate an ordinance of human invention4 ,baptism1 like the ,fourth of ,july1 the ,passover1 the ,lord's ,supper1 is a historical monument4 ,it witnesses to the world that ,jesus died and rose again4 ,in celebrating it1 we show forth the ,lord's death as truly as in the celebration of the ,supper4 ,but it is more than a historical monument4 ,it is also a pictorial expression of doctrine4 ,into it are woven all the essential truths of the ,christian scheme4 ,it tells of the nature and penalty of sin1 of human nature delivered from sin in the person of a crucified and risen ,savior1 of salvation secured for each human soul that is united to ,christ1 of obedience to ,christ as the way to life and glory4 ,thus baptism stands from age to age as a witness for ,god--a witness both to the facts and to the doctrine of ,christianity4 ,to change the form of administering the ordinance is therefore to strike a blow at ,christianity and at ,christ1 and to defraud the world of a part of ,god's means of salvation4 ,see ,ebrard's view of ,baptism1 in ,baptist ,quarterly1 #ahfi3beg1 and in ,olshausen's ,com4 on ,n4 ,t41 #a3bgj1 and #c3eid4 ,also ,lightfoot1 ,com4 on ,colossians #b3bj1 and #c3a4 ,ebrard3 8,baptism ,death40 ,so ,sanday1 ,com4 on ,rom4 #f--8;,immersion ,death2 ,submersion ,burial 7the ratification of death72 ,emergence ,resurrection 7the ratification of life740 ,william ,ashmore3 8,solomon's ,temple had two monumental pillars3 ,jachin1 #8he shall establish1' and ,boaz1 #8in it is strength4' ,in ,zechariah's vision were two olive trees on either side of the golden candlestick4 ,in like manner1 ,christ has left two monumental witnesses to testify concerning himself--,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper40 ,the lady in the street car1 who had inadvertently stuck her parasol into a man's eye1 very naturally begged his pardon4 ,but he replied3 8,it is of no consequence1 madame2 ,i have still one eye left40 ,our friends who sprinkle or pour put out one eye of the gospel witness1 break down one appointed monument of ,christ's saving truth1--shall we be content to say that we have still one ordinance left8 ,at the ,rappahannock one of the ,federal regiments1 just because its standard was shot away1 was mistaken by our own men for a regiment of ,confederates1 and was subjected to a murderous enfilading fire that decimated its ranks4 ,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper are the two flags of ,christ's army1--we cannot afford to lose either one of them4 #d4 ,the ,subjects of ,baptism4 ,the proper subjects of baptism are those only who give credible evidence that they have been regenerated by the ,holy ,spirit1--or1 in other words1 have entered by faith into the communion of ,christ's death and resurrection4 ,a4 ,proof that only persons giving evidence of being regenerated are proper subjects of baptism4 7a7 ,from the command and example of ,christ and his apostles1 which show3 ,first1 that those only are to be baptized who have previously been made disciples4 ,mat4 #bh3ai--8;,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of all the nations1 baptizing them into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit02 ,acts #b3da--8,they then that received his word were baptized40 ,secondly1 that those only are to be baptized who have previously repented and believed4 ,mat4 #c3b1 #c1 #f--8,repent ye 444 make ye ready the way of the ,lord 444 and they were baptized of him in the river ,jordan1 confessing their sins02 ,acts #b3cg1 #ch--8,now when they heard this1 they were pricked in their heart1 and said unto ,peter and the rest of the apostles1 ,brethren1 what shall we do8 ,and ,peter said unto them1 ,repent ye1 and be baptized every one of you02 #h3ab--8;,but when they believed ,philip preaching good tidings concerning the kingdom of ,god and the name of ,jesus ,christ1 they were baptized1 both men and women02 #ah3h--8;,and ,crispus1 the ruler of the synagogue1 believed in the ,lord with all his house2 and many of the ,corinthians hearing believed1 and were baptized02 #ai3d--8;,john baptized with the baptism of repentance1 saying unto the people that they should believe on him that should come after him1 that is1 on ,jesus40 7b7 ,from the nature of the church--as a company of regenerate persons4 ,john #c3e--8;,except one be born of water and the ,spirit1 he cannot enter into the kingdom of ,god02 ,rom4 #f3ac--8neither present your members unto sin as instruments of unrighteousness2 but present yourselves unto ,god1 as alive from the dead1 and your members as instruments of righteousness unto ,god40 7c7 ,from the symbolism of the ordinance1--as declaring a previous spiritual change in him who submits to it4 ,acts #aj3dg--8;,can any man forbid the water1 that these should not be baptized1 who have received the ,holy ,spirit as well as we80 ,rom4 #f3be--8,we who died to sin1 how shall we any longer live therein8 ,or are ye ignorant that all we who were baptized into ,christ ,jesus were baptized into his death8 ,we were buried therefore with him through baptism into death3 that like as ,christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the ,father1 so we also might walk in newness of life4 ,for if we have become united with him in the likeness of his death1 we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection02 ,gal4 #c3bf1 #bg--8;,for ye are all sons of ,god1 through faith1 in ,christ ,jesus4 ,for as many of you as were baptized into ,christ did put on ,christ40 ,as marriage should never be solemnized except between persons who are already joined in heart and with whom the outward ceremony is only the sign of an existing love1 so baptism should never be administered except in the case of those who are already joined to ,christ and who signify in the ordinance their union with him in his death and resurrection4 ,see ,dean ,stanley on ,baptism1 #bd--8;,in the apostolic age and in the three centuries which followed1 it is evident that1 as a general rule1 those who came to baptism came in full age1 of their own deliberate choice4 ,the liturgical service of baptism was framed for fullgrown converts1 and is only by considerable adaptation applied to the case of infants02 ,wayland1 ,principles and ,practices of ,baptists1 #ic2 ,robins1 in ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #acfaei4 ,b4 ,inferences from the fact that only persons giving evidence of being regenerate are proper subjects of baptism4 7a7 ,since only those who give credible evidence of regeneration are proper subjects of baptism1 baptism cannot be the means of regeneration4 ,it is the appointed sign1 but is never the condition1 of the forgiveness of sins4 ,passages like ,mat4 #c3aa2 ,mark #a3d2 #af3af2 ,john #c3e2 ,acts #b3ch2 #bb3af2 ,eph4 #e3bf2 ,titus #c3e2 and ,heb4 #aj3bb1 are to be explained as particular instances 8of the general fact that1 in ,scripture language1 a single part of a complex action1 and even that part of it which is most obvious to the senses1 is often mentioned for the whole of it1 and thus1 in this case1 the whole of the solemn transaction is designated by the external symbol40 ,in other words1 the entire change1 internal and external1 spiritual and ritual1 is referred to in language belonging strictly only to the outward aspect of it4 ,so the other ordinance is referred to by simply naming the visible 8breaking of bread10 and the whole transaction of the ordination of ministers is termed the 8imposition of hands0 7cf4 ,acts #b3db2 #a ,tim4 #d3ad74 ,mat4 #c3aa--8;,i indeed baptize you in water unto repentance02 ,mark #a3d--8the baptism of repentance unto remission of sins02 #af3af--8;,he that believeth and is baptized shall be saved02 ,john #c3e--8;,except one be born of water and the ,spirit1 he cannot enter into the kingdom of ,god0--here ,nicodemus1 who was familiar with ,john's baptism1 and with the refusal of the ,sanhedrin to recognize its claims1 is told that the baptism of water1 which he suspects may be obligatory1 is indeed necessary to that complete change by which one enters outwardly1 as well as inwardly1 into the kingdom of ,god2 but he is taught also1 that to 8be born of water0 is worthless unless it is the accompaniment and sign of a new birth of 8the ,spirit02 and therefore1 in the further statements of ,christ1 baptism is not alluded to2 see verses #f1 #h--8that which is born of the ,spirit is spirit 444 so is every one that is born of the ,spirit40 ,acts #b3ch--8,repent ye1 and be baptized 444 unto the remission of your sins0--on this passage see ,hackett3 8,the phrase #8in order to the forgiveness of sins' we connect naturally with both the preceding verbs 7#8repent' and #8be baptized'74 ,the clause states the motive or object which should induce them to repent and be baptized4 ,it enforces the entire exhortation1 not one part to the exclusion of the other0--i4 e41 they were to repent for the remission of sins1 quite as much as they were to be baptized for the remission of sins4 ,acts #bb3af--8;arise1 and be baptized1 and wash away thy sins1 calling on his name02 ,eph4 #e3bf--8that he might sanctify it the church1 having cleansed it by the washing of water with the word02 ,tit4 #c3e--8;according to his mercy he saved as1 through the washing of regeneration baptism and renewing of the ,holy ,spirit the new birth02 ,heb4 #aj3bb--8;having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience regeneration3 and having our body washed with pure water baptism02 cf4 ,acts #b3db--8the breaking of bread02 #a ,tim4 #d3ad--8the laying on of the hands of the presbytery40 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kendrick3 8,considering how inseparable they were in the ,christian profession--believe and be baptized1 and how imperative and absolute was the requisition upon the believer to testify his allegiance by baptism1 it could not be deemed singular that the two should be thus united1 as it were1 in one complex conception4444 ,we have no more right to assume that the birth from water involves the birth from the ,spirit and thus do away with the one1 than to assume that the birth from the ,spirit involves the birth from water1 and thus do away with the other4 ,we have got to have them both1 each in its distinctness1 in order to fulfil the conditions of membership in the kingdom of ,god40 ,without baptism1 faith is like the works of a clock that has no dial or hands by which one can tell the time2 or like the political belief of a man who refuses to go to the polls and vote4 ,without baptism1 discipleship is ineffective and incomplete4 ,the inward change--regeneration by the ,spirit--may have occurred1 but the outward change--,christian profession--is yet lacking4 ,campbellism1 however1 holds that instead of regeneration preceding baptism and expressing itself in baptism1 it is completed only in baptism1 so that baptism is a means of regeneration4 ,alexander ,campbell3 8,i am bold to affirm that every one of them1 who in the belief of what the apostle spoke was immersed1 did1 in the very instant in which he was put under water1 receive the forgiveness of his sins and the gift of the ,holy ,spirit40 ,but ,peter commanded that men should be baptized because they had already received the ,holy ,spirit3 ,acts #aj3dg--8;,can any man forbid the water1 that these should not be baptized1 who have received the ,holy ,spirit as well as we80 ,baptists baptize ,christians2 ,disciples baptize sinners1 and in baptism think to make them ,christians4 ,with this form of sacramentalism1 ,baptists are necessarily less in sympathy than with pedobaptism or with sprinkling4 ,the view of the ,disciples confines the divine efficiency to the word 7see quotation from ,campbell on page #hba74 ,it was anticipated by ,claude ,pajon1 the ,reformed theologian1 in #afgc3 see ,dorner1 ,gesch4 prot4 ,theologie1 #ddhdej4 ,that this was not the doctrine of ,john the ,baptist would appear from ,josephus1 ,ant41 #ah3e3b1 who in speaking of ,john's baptism says3 8,baptism appears acceptable to ,god1 not in order that those who were baptized might get free from certain sins1 but in order that the body might be sanctified1 because the soul beforehand had already been purified through righteousness40 ,disciples acknowledge no formal creed1 and they differ so greatly among themselves that we append the following statements of their founder and of later representatives4 ,alexander ,campbell1 ,christianity ,restored1 #ach 7in ,the ,christian ,baptist1 #e3ajj73 8,in and by the act of immersion1 as soon as our bodies are put under water1 at that very instant our former or old sins are washed away4444 ,immersion and regeneration are ,bible names for the same act4444 ,it is not our faith in ,god's promise of remission1 but our going down into the water1 that obtains the remission of sins40 ,w4 ,e4 ,garrison1 ,alexander ,campbell's ,theology1 #bdgbii--8;,baptism1 like naturalization1 is the formal oath of allegiance by which an alien becomes a citizen4 ,in neither case does the form in itself effect any magical change in the subject's disposition4 ,in both cases a change of opinion and of affections is presupposed1 and the form is the culmination of a process4444 ,it is as easy for ,god to forgive our sins in the act of immersion as in any other way40 ,all work of the ,spirit is through the word1 only through sensible means1 emotions being no criterion4 ,god is transcendent2 all authority is external1 enforced only by appeal to happiness--a thoroughly utilitarian system4 ,isaac ,erret is perhaps the most able of recent ,disciples4 ,in his tract entitled 8,our ,position10 published by the ,christian ,publishing ,company1 ,st4 ,louis1 he says3 8,as to the design of baptism1 we part company with ,baptists1 and find ourselves more at home on the other side of the house2 yet we cannot say that our position is just the same with that of any of them4 ,baptists say they baptize believers because they are forgiven1 and they insist that they shall have the evidence of pardon before they are baptized4 ,but the language used in the ,scriptures declaring what baptism is for1 is so plain and unequivocal that the great majority of ,protestants as well as the ,roman ,catholics admit it in their creeds to be1 in some sense1 for the remission of sins4 ,the latter1 however1 and many of the former1 attach to it the idea of regeneration1 and insist that in baptism regeneration by the ,holy ,spirit is actually conferred4 ,even the ,westminster ,confession squints strongly in this direction1 albeit its professed adherents of the present time attempt to explain away its meaning4 ,we are as far from this ritualistic extreme as from the antiritualism into which the ,baptists have been driven4 ,with us1 regeneration must be so far accomplished before baptism that the subject is changed in heart1 and in faith and penitence must have yielded up his heart to ,christ--otherwise baptism is nothing but an empty form4 ,but forgiveness is something distinct from regeneration4 ,forgiveness is an act of the ,sovereign--not a change of the sinner's heart2 and while it is extended in view of the sinner's faith and repentance1 it needs to be offered in a sensible and tangible form1 such that the sinner can seize it and appropriate it with unmistakable definiteness4 ,in baptism he appropriates ,god's promise of forgiveness1 relying on the divine testimonies3 #8,he that believeth and is baptized shall be saved'2 #8,repent and be baptized1 every one of you1 in the name of ,jesus ,christ1 for the remission of sins1 and you shall receive the gift of the ,holy ,spirit4' ,he thus lays hold of the promise of ,christ and appropriates it as his own4 ,he does not merit it1 nor procure it1 nor earn it1 in being baptized2 but he appropriates what the mercy of ,god has provided and offered in the gospel4 ,we therefore teach all who are baptized that1 if they bring to their baptism a heart that renounces sin and implicitly trusts the power of ,christ to save1 they should rely on the ,savior's own promise--',he that believeth and is baptized shall be saved4'0 ,all these utterances agree in making forgiveness chronologically distinct from regeneration1 as the concluding point is distinct from the whole4 ,regeneration is not entirely the work of ,god1--it must be completed by man4 ,it is not wholly a change of heart1 it is also a change in outward action4 ,we see in this system of thought the beginnings of sacramentalism1 and we regard it as containing the same germs of error which are more fully developed in pedobaptist doctrine4 ,shakespeare represents this view in ,henry ,v1 #a3b--8,what you speak is in your conscience washed ,as pure as sin with baptism02 ,othello1 #b3c--;,desdemona could 8,win the ,moor--were't to renounce his baptism--,all seals and symbols of redeemed sin40 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,lasher1 in the ,journal and ,messenger1 holds that ,mat4 #c3aa--8;,i indeed baptize you in water unto 77 repentance0--does not imply that baptism effects the repentance2 the baptism was because of the repentance1 for ,john refused to baptize those who did not give evidence of repentance before baptism4 ,mat4 #aj3db--8whosoever shall give 444 a cup of cold water only1 in 77 the name of a disciple0--the cup of cold water does not put one into the name of a disciple1 or make him a disciple4 ,mat4 #ab3da--8,the men of ,nineveh 444 repented at 77 the preaching of ,jonah0 because of4 ,dr4 ,lasher argues that1 in all these cases1 the meaning of is 8in respect to10 8with reference to40 ,so he would translate ,acts #b3ch--8,repent ye1 and be baptized 444 with respect to1 in reference to1 the remission of sins40 ,this is also the view of ,meyer4 ,he maintains that always means 8baptize with reference to0 7cf4 ,mat4 #bh3ai2 #a ,cor4 #aj3ab2 ,gal4 #c3bg2 ,acts #b3ch2 #h3af2 #ai3e74 ,we are brought through baptism1 he would say1 into fellowship with his death1 so that we have a share ethically in his death1 through the cessation of our life to sin4 ,the better parallel1 however1 in our judgment1 is found in ,rom4 #aj3aj--8with the heart man believeth unto 77 righteousness2 and with the mouth confession is made unto 77 salvation10--where evidently salvation is the end to which works the whole change and process1 including both faith and confession4 ,so ,broadus makes ,john's 8baptism unto repentance0 mean baptism in order to repentance1 repentance including both the purpose of the heart and the outward expression of it1 or baptism in order to complete and thorough repentance4 ,expositor's ,greek ,testament1 on ,acts #b3ch--8unto the remission of your sins03 81 unto1 signifying the aim40 ,for the ,high ,church view1 see ,sadler1 ,church ,doctrine1 #daabd4 ,on ,f4 ,w4 ,robertson's view of ,baptismal ,regeneration1 see ,gordon1 in ,bap4 ,quar41 #ahfi3dje4 ,on the whole matter of baptism for the remission of sins1 see ,gates1 ,baptists and ,disciples 7advocating the ,disciple view72 ,willmarth1 in ,bap4 ,quar41 #ahgg3abf 7verging toward the ,disciple view72 and per contra1 ,adkins1 ,disciples and ,baptists1 booklet pub4 by ,am4 ,bap4 ,pub4 ,society 7the best brief statement of the ,baptist position72 ,bap4 ,quar41 #ahgg3dgfdhi2 #ahgb3bad2 ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,pol4 of ,n4 ,t41 #bee1 #bef4 7b7 ,as the profession of a spiritual change already wrought1 baptism is primarily the act1 not of the administrator1 but of the person baptized4 ,upon the person newly regenerate the command of ,christ first terminates2 only upon his giving evidence of the change within him does it become the duty of the church to see that he has opportunity to follow ,christ in baptism4 ,since baptism is primarily the act of the convert1 no lack of qualification on the part of the administrator invalidates the baptism1 so long as the proper outward act is performed1 with intent on the part of the person baptized to express the fact of a preceding spiritual renewal 7,acts #b3cg1 #ch74 ,acts #b3cg1 #ch--8;,brethren1 what shall we do8444 ,repent ye and be baptized40 ,if baptism be primarily the act of the administrator or of the church1 then invalidity in the administrator or the church renders the ordinance itself invalid4 ,but if baptism be primarily the act of the person baptized--an act which it is the church's business simply to scrutinize and further1 then nothing but the absence of immersion1 or of an intent to profess faith in ,christ1 can invalidate the ordinance4 ,it is the erroneous view that baptism is the act of the administrator which causes the anxiety of ,high ,church ,baptists to deduce their ,baptist lineage from regularly baptized ministers all the way back to ,john the ,baptist1 and which induces many modern endeavors of pedobaptists to prove that the earliest ,baptists of ,england and the ,continent did not immerse4 ,all these solicitudes are unnecessary4 ,we have no need to prove a ,baptist apostolic succession4 ,if we can derive our doctrine and practice from the ,new ,testament1 it is all we require4 ,the ,council of ,trent was right in its ,canon3 8,if any one saith that the baptism which is even given by heretics in the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,ghost1 with the intention of doing what the church doeth1 is not true baptism1 let him be anathema40 ,dr4 ,norman ,fox3 8,it is no more important who baptizes a man than who leads him to ,christ40 ,john ,spilsbury1 first pastor of the church of ,particular ,baptists1 holding to a limited atonement1 in ,london1 was newly baptized in #afcc1 on the ground that 8baptizedness is not essential to the administrator10 and he repudiated the demand for apostolic succession1 as leading logically to the 8popedom of ,rome40 ,in #afda1 immersion followed1 though two or three years before this1 or in ,march1 #afci1 ,roger ,williams was baptized by ,ezekiel ,holliman in ,rhode ,island4 ,williams afterwards doubted its validity1 thus clinging still to the notion of apostolic succession4 7c7 ,as intrusted with the administration of the ordinances1 however1 the church is1 on its part1 to require of all candidates for baptism credible evidence of regeneration4 ,this follows from the nature of the church and its duty to maintain its own existence as an institution of ,christ4 ,the church which cannot restrict admission into its membership to such as are like itself in character and aims must soon cease to be a church by becoming indistinguishable from the world4 ,the duty of the church to gain credible evidence of regeneration in the case of every person admitted into the body involves its right to require of candidates1 in addition to a profession of faith with the lips1 some satisfactory proof that this profession is accompanied by change in the conduct4 ,the kind and amount of evidence which would have justified the reception of a candidate in times of persecution may not now constitute a sufficient proof of change of heart4 ,if an ,odd ,fellows' ,lodge1 in order to preserve its distinct existence1 must have its own rules for admission to membership1 much more is this true of the church4 ,the church may make its own regulations with a view to secure credible evidence of regeneration4 ,yet it is bound to demand of the candidate no more than reasonable proof of his repentance and faith4 ,since the church is to be convinced of the candidate's fitness before it votes to receive him to its membership1 it is generally best that the experience of the candidate should be related before the church4 ,yet in extreme cases1 as of sickness1 the church may hear this relation of experience through certain appointed representatives4 ,baptism is sometimes figuratively described as 8the door into the church40 ,the phrase is unfortunate1 since if by the church is meant the spiritual kingdom of ,god1 then ,christ is its only door2 if the local body of believers is meant1 then the faith of the candidate1 the credible evidence of regeneration which he gives1 the vote of the church itself1 are all1 equally with baptism1 the door through which he enters4 ,the door1 in this sense1 is a double door1 one part of which is his confession of faith1 and the other his baptism4 7d7 ,as the outward expression of the inward change by which the believer enters into the kingdom of ,god1 baptism is the first1 in point of time1 of all outward duties4 ,regeneration and baptism1 although not holding to each other the relation of effect and cause1 are both regarded in the ,new ,testament as essential to the restoration of man's right relations to ,god and to his people4 ,they properly constitute parts of one whole1 and are not to be unnecessarily separated4 ,baptism should follow regeneration with the least possible delay1 after the candidate and the church have gained evidence that a spiritual change has been accomplished within him4 ,no other duty and no other ordinance can properly precede it4 ,neither the pastor nor the church should encourage the convert to wait for others' company before being baptized4 ,we should aim continually to deepen the sense of individual responsibility to ,christ1 and of personal duty to obey his command of baptism just so soon as a proper opportunity is afforded4 ,that participation in the ,lord's ,supper cannot properly precede ,baptism1 will be shown hereafter4 7e7 ,since regeneration is a work accomplished once for all1 the baptism which symbolizes this regeneration is not to be repeated4 ,even where the persuasion exists1 on the part of the candidate1 that at the time of baptism he was mistaken in thinking himself regenerated1 the ordinance is not to be administered again1 so long as it has once been submitted to1 with honest intent1 as a profession of faith in ,christ4 ,we argue this from the absence of any reference to second baptisms in the ,new ,testament1 and from the grave practical difficulties attending the opposite view4 ,in ,acts #ai3ae1 we have an instance1 not of rebaptism1 but of the baptism for the first time of certain persons who had been wrongly taught with regard to the nature of ,john the ,baptist's doctrine1 and so had ignorantly submitted to an outward rite which had in it no reference to ,jesus ,christ and expressed no faith in him as a ,savior4 ,this was not ,john's baptism1 nor was it in any sense true baptism4 ,for this reason ,paul commanded them to be 8baptized in the name of the ,lord ,jesus40 ,in the respect of not being repeated1 ,baptism is unlike the ,lord's ,supper1 which symbolizes the continuous sustaining power of ,christ's death1 while baptism symbolizes its power to begin a new life within the soul4 ,in ,acts #ai3ae1 ,paul instructs the new disciples that the real baptism of ,john1 to which they erroneously supposed they had submitted1 was not only a baptism of repentance1 but a baptism of faith in the coming ,savior4 8,and when they heard this1 they were baptized in the name of the ,lord ,jesus0--as they had not been before4 ,here there was no rebaptism1 for the mere outward submersion in water to which they had previously submitted1 with no thought of professing faith in ,christ1 was no baptism at all--whether ,johannine or ,christian4 ,see ,brooks1 in ,baptist ,quarterly1 ,april1 #ahfg1 art43 ,rebaptism4 ,whenever it is clear1 as in many cases of ,campbellite immersion1 that the candidate has gone down into the water1 not with intent to profess a previously existing faith1 but in order to be regenerated1 baptism is still to be administered if the person subsequently believes on ,christ4 ,but wherever it appears that there was intent to profess an already existing faith and regeneration1 there should be no repetition of the immersion1 even though the ordinance has been administered by the ,campbellites4 ,to rebaptize whenever a ,christian's faith and joy are rekindled so that he begins to doubt the reality of his early experiences1 would1 in the case of many fickle believers1 require many repetitions of the ordinance4 ,the presumption is that1 when the profession of faith was made by baptism1 there was an actual faith which needed to be professed1 and therefore that the baptism1 though followed by much unbelief and many wanderings1 was a valid one4 ,rebaptism1 in the case of unstable ,christians1 tends to bring reproach upon the ordinance itself4 7f7 ,so long as the mode and the subjects are such as ,christ has enjoined1 mere accessories are matters of individual judgment4 ,the use of natural rather than of artificial baptisteries is not to be elevated into an essential4 ,the formula of baptism prescribed by ,christ is 8into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit40 ,mat4 #bh3ai--8;baptizing them into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit02 cf4 ,acts #h3af--8they had been baptized into the name of the ,lord ,jesus02 ,rom4 #f3c--8,or are ye ignorant that all we who were baptized into ,christ ,jesus were baptized into his death80 ,gal4 #c3bg--8;,for as many of you as were baptized into ,christ did put on ,christ40 ,baptism is immersion into ,god1 into the presence1 communion1 life of the ,trinity2 see ,com4 of ,clark1 and of ,lange1 on ,mat4 #bh3ai2 also ,c4 ,e4 ,smith1 in ,bap4 ,rev41 #ahha3cjecaa4 ,president ,wayland and the ,revised ,version read1 8into the name40 ,per contra1 see ,meyer 7transl41 #a3bha1 note7 on ,rom4 #f3c2 cf4 ,mat4 #aj3da2 #ah3bj2 in all which passages1 as well as in ,mat4 #bh3ai1 he claims that signifies 8with reference to the name40 ,in ,acts #b3ch1 and #aj3dh1 we have 8in the name40 ,for the latter translation of ,mat4 #bh3ai1 see ,conant1 ,notes on ,mat41 #aga4 ,on the whole subject of this section1 see ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #acgc2 ,ingham1 ,subjects of ,baptism4 ,c4 ,infant ,baptism4 ,this we reject and reprehend1 for the following reasons3 7a7 ,infant baptism is without warrant1 either express or implied1 in the ,scripture4 ,first1--there is no express command that infants should be baptized4 ,secondly1--there is no clear example of the baptism of infants4 ,thirdly1--the passages held to imply infant baptism contain1 when fairly interpreted1 no reference to such a practice4 ,in ,mat4 #ai3ad1 none would have 8forbidden10 if ,jesus and his disciples had been in the habit of baptizing infants4 ,from ,acts #af3ae1 cf4 #dj1 and ,acts #af3cc1 cf4 #cd1 ,neander says that we cannot infer infant baptism4 ,for #a ,cor4 #af3ae shows that the whole family of ,stephanas1 baptized by ,paul1 were adults 7#a ,cor4 #a3af74 ,it is impossible to suppose a whole heathen household baptized upon the faith of its head4 ,as to #a ,cor4 #g3ad1 ,jacobi calls this text 8a sure testimony against infant baptism1 since ,paul would certainly have referred to the baptism of children as a proof of their holiness1 if infant baptism had been practised40 ,moreover1 this passage would in that case equally teach the baptism of the unconverted husband of a believing wife4 ,it plainly proves that the children of ,christian parents were no more baptized and had no closer connection with the ,christian church1 than the unbelieving partners of ,christians4 ,mat4 #ai3ad--8,suffer the little children1 and forbid them not1 to come unto me3 for to such belongeth the kingdom of heaven02 ,acts #af3ae--8;,and when she ,lydia was baptized1 and her household02 cf4 #dj--8;,and they went out of the prison1 and entered into the house of ,lydia3 and when they had seen the brethren1 they comforted them1 and departed40 ,acts #af3cc--,the jailor 8was baptized1 he and all his1 immediately02 cf4 #cd--8;,and he brought them up into his house1 and set food before them1 and rejoiced greatly1 with all his house1 having believed in ,god02 #a ,cor4 #af3ae--8ye know the house of ,stephanas1 that it is the firstfruits of ,achaia1 and that they have set themselves to minister unto the saints02 #a3af--8;,and ,i baptized also the household of ,stephanas02 #g3ad--8;,for the unbelieving husband is sanctified in the wife1 and the unbelieving wife is sanctified in the brother3 else were your children unclean2 but now are they holy0--here the sanctity or holiness attributed to unbelieving members of the household is evidently that of external connection and privilege1 like that of the ,o4 ,t4 ,israel4 ,broadus1 ,am4 ,com41 on ,mat4 #ai3ad--8,no ,greek ,commentator mentions infant baptism in connection with this passage1 though they all practised that rite40 ,schleiermacher1 ,glaubenslehre1 #b3chc--8;,all the traces of infant baptism which it has been desired to find in the ,new ,testament must first be put into it40 ,pfleiderer1 ,grundriss1 #ahdahg--8;,infant baptism cannot be proved from the ,n4 ,t41 and according to #a ,cor4 #g3ad it is antecedently improbable2 yet it was the logical consequence of the command1 ,mat4 #bh3ai sq41 in which the church consciousness of the #b;d century prophetically expressed ,christ's appointment that it should be the universal church of the nations4444 ,infant baptism represents one side of the ,biblical sacrament1 the side of the divine grace2 but it needs to have the other side1 appropriation of that grace by personal freedom1 added in confirmation40 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,crapsey1 formerly an ,episcopal rector in ,rochester1 made the following statement in the introduction to a sermon in defence of infant baptism3 8,now in support of this custom of the church1 we can bring no express command of the word of ,god1 no certain warrant of holy ,scripture1 nor can we be at all sure that this usage prevailed during the apostolic age4 ,from a few obscure hints we may conjecture that it did1 but it is only conjecture after all4 ,it is true ,st4 ,paul baptized the household of ,stephanas1 of ,lydia1 and of the jailor at ,philippi1 and in these households there may have been little children2 but we do not know that there were1 and these inferences form but a poor foundation upon which to base any doctrine4 ,better say at once1 and boldly1 that infant baptism is not expressly taught in holy ,scripture4 ,not only is the word of ,god silent on this subject1 but those who have studied the subject tell us that ,christian writers of the very first age say nothing about it4 ,it is by no means sure that this custom obtained in the church earlier than in the middle of the second or the beginning of the third century40 ,dr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,mead1 in a private letter1 dated ,may #bg1 #ahie--8,though a ,congregationalist1 ,i cannot find any ,scriptural authorization of pedobaptism1 and ,i admit also that immersion seems to have been the prevalent1 if not the universal1 form of baptism at the first40 ,a review of the passages held by pedobaptists to support their views leads us to the conclusion expressed in the ,north ,british ,review1 ,aug4 #aheb3baa1 that infant baptism is utterly unknown to ,scripture4 ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #bgjbge--8;,infant baptism is not mentioned in the ,n4 ,t4 ,no instance of it is recorded there2 no allusion is made to its effects2 no directions are given for its administration4444 ,it is not an apostolic ordinance40 ,see also ,neander's view1 in ,kitto1 ,bib4 ,cyclop41 art43 ,baptism2 ,kendrick1 in ,christian ,rev41 ,april1 #ahfc2 ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #if2 ,wayland1 ,principles and ,practices of ,baptists1 #abe2 ,cunningham1 lect4 on ,baptism1 in ,croall ,lectures for #ahhf4 7b7 ,infant baptism is expressly contradicted4 ,first1--by the ,scriptural prerequisites of faith and repentance1 as signs of regeneration4 ,in the great commission1 ,matthew speaks of baptizing disciples1 and ,mark of baptizing believers2 but infants are neither of these4 ,secondly1--by the ,scriptural symbolism of the ordinance4 ,as we should not bury a person before his death1 so we should not symbolically bury a person by baptism until he has in spirit died to sin4 ,thirdly1--by the ,scriptural constitution of the church4 ,the church is a company of persons whose union with one another presupposes and expresses a previous conscious and voluntary union of each with ,jesus ,christ4 ,but of this conscious and voluntary union with ,christ infants are not capable4 ,fourthly1--by the ,scriptural prerequisites for participation in the ,lord's ,supper4 ,participation in the ,lord's ,supper is the right only of those who can discern the ,lord's body 7#a ,cor4 #aa3bi74 ,no reason can be assigned for restricting to intelligent communicants the ordinance of the ,supper1 which would not equally restrict to intelligent believers the ordinance of ,baptism4 ,infant baptism has accordingly led in the ,greek church to infant communion4 ,this course seems logically consistent4 ,if baptism is administered to unconscious babes1 they should participate in the ,lord's ,supper also4 ,but if confirmation or any intelligent profession of faith is thought necessary before communion1 why should not such confirmation or profession be thought necessary before baptism8 ,on ,jonathan ,edwards and the ,halfway ,covenant1 see ,new ,englander1 ,sept4 #ahhd3fjafad2 ,g4 ,l4 ,walker1 ,aspects of ,religious ,life of ,new ,england1 #fahb2 ,dexter1 ,congregationalism1 #dhg1 note--8,it has been often intimated that ,president ,edwards opposed and destroyed the ,halfway ,covenant4 ,he did oppose ,stoddardism1 or the doctrine that the ,lord's ,supper is a converting ordinance1 and that unconverted men1 because they are such1 should be encouraged to partake of it40 ,the tendency of his system was adverse to it2 but1 for all that appears in his published writings1 he could have approved and administered that form of the ,halfway ,covenant then current among the churches4 ,john ,fiske says of ,jonathan ,edwards's preaching3 8,the prominence he gave to spiritual conversion1 or what was called #8change of heart1' brought about the overthrow of the doctrine of the ,halfway ,covenant4 ,it also weakened the logical basis of infant baptism1 and led to the winning of hosts of converts by the ,baptists40 ,other pedobaptist bodies than the ,greek ,church save part of the truth1 at the expense of consistency1 by denying participation in the ,lord's ,supper to those baptized in infancy until they have reached years of understanding and have made a public profession of faith4 ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,jefferson1 at the ,international ,congregational ,council of ,boston1 ,september1 #ahii1 urged that the children of believers are already church members1 and that as such they are entitled1 not only to baptism1 but also to the ,lord's ,supper--8an assertion that started much thought06 ,baptists may well commend ,congregationalists to the teaching of their own ,increase ,mather1 ,the ,order of the ,gospel 7#agjj71 #aa--8,the ,congregational ,church discipline is not suited for a worldly interest or for a formal generation of professors4 ,it will stand or fall as godliness in the power of it does prevail1 or otherwise4444 ,if the begun ,apostacy should proceed as fast the next thirty years as it has done these last1 surely it will come that in ,new ,england 7except the gospel itself depart with the order of it7 that the most conscientious people therein will think themselves concerned to gather churches out of churches40 ,how much of ,judaistic externalism may linger among nominal ,christians is shown by the fact that in the ,armenian ,church animal sacrifices survived1 or were permitted to converted heathen priests1 in order they might not lose their livelihood4 ,these sacrifices continued in other regions of ,christendom1 particularly in the ,greek church1 and ,pope ,gregory the ,great permitted them2 see ,conybeare1 in ,am4 ,jour4 ,theology1 ,jan4 #ahic3fbij4 ,in ,the ,key of ,truth1 a manual of the ,paulician ,church of ,armenia1 whose date in its present form is between the seventh and the ninth centuries1 we have the ,adoptianist view of ,christ's person1 and of the subjects and the mode of baptism3 8,thus also the ,lord1 having learned from the ,father1 proceeded to teach us to perform baptism and all other commandments at the age of full growth and at no other time4444 ,for some have broken and destroyed the holy and precious canons which by the ,father ,almighty were delivered to our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and have trodden them underfoot with their devilish teaching1 444 baptizing those who are irrational1 and communicating the unbelieving40 ,minority is legally divided into three septennates3 #a4 ,from the first to the seventh year1 the age of complete irresponsibility1 in which the child cannot commit a crime2 #b4 from the seventh to the fourteenth year1 the age of partial responsibility1 in which intelligent consciousness of the consequences of actions is not assumed to exist1 but may be proved in individual instances2 #c4 from the fourteenth to the twentyfirst year1 the age of discretion1 in which the person is responsible for criminal action1 may choose a guardian1 make a will1 marry with consent of parents1 make business contracts not wholly void1 but is not yet permitted fully to assume the free man's position in the ,state4 ,the church however is not bound by these hard and fast rules4 ,wherever it has evidence of conversion and of ,christian character1 it may admit to baptism and church membership1 even at a very tender age4 7c7 ,the rise of infant baptism in the history of the church4 ,the rise of infant baptism in the history of the church is due to sacramental conceptions of ,christianity1 so that all arguments in its favor from the writings of the first three centuries are equally arguments for baptismal regeneration4 ,neander's view may be found in ,kitto1 ,cyclopdia1 #a3bhg--8;,infant baptism was established neither by ,christ nor by his apostles4 ,even in later times ,tertullian opposed it1 the ,north ,african church holding to the old practice40 ,the newly discovered ,teaching of the ,apostles1 which ,bryennios puts at #adjafj ,a4,d41 and ,lightfoot at #hjaaj ,a4 ,d41 seems to know nothing of infant baptism4 ,professor ,a4 ,h4 ,newman1 in ,bap4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahhd--8;,infant baptism has always gone hand in hand with ,state churches4 ,it is difficult to conceive how an ecclesiastical establishment could be maintained without infant baptism or its equivalent4 ,we should think1 if the facts did not show us so plainly the contrary1 that the doctrine of justification by faith alone would displace infant baptism4 ,but no4 ,the establishment must be maintained4 ,the rejection of infant baptism implies insistence upon a baptism of believers4 ,only the baptized are properly members of the church4 ,even adults would not all receive baptism on professed faith1 unless they were actually compelled to do so4 ,infant baptism must therefore be retained as the necessary concomitant of a ,state church4 8,but what becomes of the justification by faith8 ,baptism1 if it symbolizes anything1 symbolizes regeneration4 ,it would be ridiculous to make the symbol to forerun the fact by a series of years4 ,luther saw the difficulty2 but he was sufficient for the emergency4 #8,yes1' said he1 #8justification is by faith alone4 ,no outward rite1 apart from faith1 has any efficacy4' ,why1 it was against opera operata that he was laying out all his strength4 ,yet baptism is the symbol of regeneration1 and baptism must be administered to infants1 or the ,state church falls4 ,with an audacity truly sublime1 the great reformer declares that infants are regenerated in connection with baptism1 and that they are simultaneously justified by personal faith4 ,an infant eight days old believe8 #8,prove the contrary if you can6' triumphantly ejaculates ,luther1 and his point is gained4 ,if this kind of personal faith is said to justify infants1 is it wonderful that those of maturer years learned to take a somewhat superficial view of the faith that justifies80 ,yet ,luther had written3 8,whatever is without the word of ,god is by that very fact against ,god02 see his ,briefe1 ed4 ,de,wette1 ,,ii3#bib2 ,j4 ,g4 ,walch1 ,de ,fide in ,utero4 ,there was great discordance between ,luther as reformer1 and ,luther as conservative churchman4 ,his ,catholicism1 only half overcome1 broke into all his views of faith4 ,in his early years1 he stood for reason and ,scripture2 in his later years he fought reason and ,scripture in the supposed interest of the church4 ,mat4 #ah3aj--8,see that ye despise not one of these little ones0--which refers not to little children but to childlike believers1 ,luther adduces as a proof of infant baptism1 holding that the child is said to believe--8little ones that believe on me0 7verse #f7--;because it has been circumcised and received into the number of the elect4 8,and so1 through baptism1 children become believers4 ,how else could the children of ,turks and ,jews be distinguished from those of ,christians80 ,does this involve the notion that infants dying unbaptized are lost8 ,to find the very apostle of justification by faith saying that a little child becomes a believer by being baptized1 is humiliating and disheartening 7so ,broadus4 ,com4 on ,matthew1 page #chd1 note74 ,pfleiderer1 ,philos4 ,religion1 #b3cdbcde1 quotes from ,lang as follows3 8,by mistaking and casting down the ,protestant spirit which put forth its demands on the time in ,carlstadt1 ,zwingle1 and others1 ,luther made ,protestantism lose its salt2 he inflicted wounds upon it from which it has not yet recovered today2 and the ecclesiastical struggle of the present is just a struggle of spiritual freedom against ,lutherism40 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,infant baptism is a rag of ,romanism4 ,since regeneration is always through the truth1 baptismal regeneration is an absurdity40 ,see ,christian ,review1 ,jan4 #ahea2 ,neander1 ,church ,history1 #a3caa1 #cac2 ,coleman1 ,christian ,antiquities1 #behbfj2 ,arnold1 in ,bap4 ,quarterly1 #ahfi3cb2 ,hovey1 in ,bap4 ,quarterly1 #ahga3ge4 7d7 ,the reasoning by which it is supported is unscriptural1 unsound1 and dangerous in its tendency4 ,first1--in assuming the power of the church to modify or abrogate a command of ,christ4 ,this has been sufficiently answered above4 ,secondly1--in maintaining that infant baptism takes the place of circumcision under the ,abrahamic covenant4 ,to this we reply that the view contradicts the ,new ,testament idea of the church1 by making it a hereditary body1 in which fleshly birth1 and not the new birth1 qualifies for membership4 8,as the national ,israel typified the spiritual ,israel1 so the circumcision which immediately followed1 not preceded1 natural birth1 bids us baptize children1 not before1 but after spiritual birth40 ,thirdly1--in declaring that baptism belongs to the infant because of an organic connection of the child with the parent1 which permits the latter to stand for the former and to make profession of faith for it1--faith already existing germinally in the child by virtue of this organic union1 and certain for the same reason to be developed as the child grows to maturity4 8,a law of organic connection as regards character subsisting between the parent and the child1--such a connection as induces the conviction that the character of the one is actually included in the character of the other1 as the seed is formed in the capsule40 ,we object to this view that it unwarrantably confounds the personality of the child with that of the parent2 practically ignores the necessity of the ,holy ,spirit's regenerating influences in the case of children of ,christian parents2 and presumes in such children a gracious state which facts conclusively show not to exist4 ,what takes the place of circumcision is not baptism but regeneration4 ,paul defeated the attempt to fasten circumcision on the church1 when he refused to have that rite performed on ,titus4 ,but later ,judaizers succeeded in perpetuating circumcision under the form of infant baptism1 and afterward of infant sprinkling 7,mc,garvey1 ,com4 on ,acts74 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,circumcision is not a type of baptism3 #a4 ,it is purely a gratuitous assumption that it is so4 ,there is not a word in ,scripture to authorize it2 #b4 ,circumcision was a national1 a theocratic1 and not a personal1 religious rite2 #c4 ,if circumcision be a type1 why did ,paul circumcise ,timothy8 ,why did he not explain1 on an occasion so naturally calling for it1 that circumcision was replaced by baptism80 ,on the theory that baptism takes the place of circumcision1 see ,pepper1 ,baptist ,quarterly1 ,april1 #aheg2 ,palmer1 in ,baptist ,quarterly1 #ahga3cad4 ,the ,christian ,church is either a natural1 hereditary body1 or it was merely typified by the ,jewish people4 ,in the former case1 baptism belongs to all children of ,christian parents1 and the church is indistinguishable from the world4 ,in the latter case1 it belongs only to spiritual descendants1 and therefore only to true believers4 8,that ,jewish ,christians1 who of course had been circumcised1 were also baptized1 and that a large number of them insisted that ,gentiles who had been baptized should also be circumcised1 shows conclusively that baptism did not take the place of circumcision4444 ,the notion that the family is the unit of society is a relic of barbarism4 ,this appears in the ,roman law1 which was good for property but not for persons4 ,it left none but a servile station to wife or son1 thus degrading society at the fountain of family life4 ,to gain freedom1 the ,roman wife had to accept a form of marriage which opened the way for unlimited liberty of divorce40 ,hereditary churchmembership is of the same piece with hereditary priesthood1 and both are relics of ,judaism4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 ,nat4 ,selection and ,spir4 ,freedom1 #ha--8,the institution of hereditary priesthood1 which was so deeply rooted in the religions of antiquity and was adopted into ,judaism1 has found no place in ,christianity2 there is not1 ,i believe1 any church whatever calling itself by the name of ,christ1 in which the ministry is hereditary40 ,yet there is a growing disposition to find in infant baptism the guarantee of hereditary church membership4 ,washington ,gladden1 ,what is ,left8 #bebbed--8,solidarity of the generations finds expression in infant baptism4 ,families ought to be ,christian and not individuals only4 ,in the ,society of ,friends every one born of parents belonging to the ,society is a birthright member4 ,children of ,christian parents are heirs of the kingdom4 ,the ,state recognizes that our children are organically connected with it4 ,when parents are members of the ,state1 children are not aliens4 ,they are not called to perform duties of citizenship until a certain age1 but the rights and privileges of citizenship are theirs from the moment of their birth4 ,the ,state is the mother of her children2 shall the church be less motherly than the ,state8444 ,baptism does not make the child ,god's child2 it simply recognizes and declares the fact40 ,another illustration of what we regard as a radically false view is found in the sermon of ,bishop ,grafton of ,fond du ,lac1 at the consecration of ,bishop ,nicholson in ,philadelphia3 8,baptism is not like a function in the natural order1 like the coronation of a king1 an acknowledgment of what the child already is4 ,the child1 truly ,god's loved offspring by way of creation1 is in baptism translated into the new creation and incorporated into the ,incarnate ,one1 and made his child40 ,yet1 as the great majority of the inmates of our prisons and the denizens of the slums have received this 8baptism10 it appears that this 8loved offspring0 very early lost its 8new creation0 and got 8translated0 in the wrong direction4 ,we regard infant baptism as only an ancient example of the effort to bring in the kingdom of ,god by externals1 the protest against which brought ,jesus to the cross4 ,our modern methods of salvation by sociology and education and legislation are under the same indictment1 as crucifying the ,son of ,god afresh and putting him to open shame4 ,prof4 ,moses ,stuart urged that the form of baptism was immaterial1 but that the temper of heart was the thing of moment4 ,francis ,wayland1 then a student of his1 asked3 8,if such is the case1 with what propriety can baptism be administered to those who cannot be supposed to exercise any temper of heart at all1 and with whom the form must be everything80--,the third theory of organic connection of the child with its parents is elaborated by ,bushnell1 in his ,christian ,nurture1 #ijbbc4 ,per contra1 see ,bunsen1 ,hippolytus and his ,times1 #agi1 #baa2 ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #bfb4 ,hezekiah's son ,manasseh was not godly2 and it would be rash to say that all the drunkard's children are presumptively drunkards4 7e7 ,the lack of agreement among pedobaptists4 ,the lack of agreement among pedobaptists as to the warrant for infant baptism and as to the relation of baptized infants to the church1 together with the manifest decline of the practice itself1 are arguments against it4 ,the propriety of infant baptism is variously argued1 says ,dr4 ,bushnell1 upon the ground of 8natural innocence1 inherited depravity1 and federal holiness2 because of the infant's own character1 the parent's piety1 and the church's faith2 for the reason that the child is an heir of salvation already1 and in order to make it such4444 ,no settled opinion on infant baptism and on ,christian nurture has ever been attained to40 ,quot homines1 tot sententi4 ,the belated traveler in a thunderstorm prayed for a little more light and less noise4 ,bushnell1 ,christian ,nurture1 #ihi1 denies original sin1 denies that hereditary connection can make a child guilty4 ,but he seems to teach transmitted righteousness1 or that hereditary connection can make a child holy4 ,he disparages 8sensible experiences0 and calls them 8explosive conversions40 ,but because we do not know the time of conversion1 shall we say that there never was a time when the child experienced ,god's grace8 ,see ,bib4 ,sac41 #ahgb3ffe4 ,bushnell said3 8,i don't know what right we have to say that a child can't be born again before he is born the first time40 ,did not ,john the ,baptist preach ,christ before he was born8 7,luke #a3ae1 #da1 #dd74 ,the answer to ,bushnell is simply this1 that regeneration is through the truth1 and an unborn child cannot know the truth4 ,to disjoin regeneration from the truth1 is to make it a matter of external manipulation in which the soul is merely passive and the whole process irrational4 ,there is a secret work of ,god in the soul1 but it is always accompanied by an awakening of the soul to perceive the truth and to accept ,christ4 ,are baptized infants members of the ,presbyterian ,church8 ,we answer by citing the following standards3 #a4 ,the ,confession of ,faith1 #be3b--8,the visible church 444 consists of all those throughout the world1 that profess the true religion1 together with their children40 #b4 ,the ,larger ,catechism1 #fb--8,the visible church is a society made up of all such as in all ages and places of the world do profess the true religion1 and of their children40 #aff--8;,baptism is not to be administered to any that are not of the visible church 444 till they profess their faith in ,christ and obedience to him3 but infants descending from parents either both or but one of them professing faith in ,christ and obedience to him are in that respect within the covenant and are to be baptized40 #c4 ,the ,shorter ,catechism1 #if--8;,baptism is not to be administered to any that are out of the visible church1 till they profess their faith in ,christ and obedience to him3 but the infants of such as are members of the visible church are to be baptized40 #d4 ,form of ,government1 #c--8;,a particular church consists of a number of professing ,christians1 with their offspring40 #e4 ,directory for ,worship1 #a--8;,children born within the pale of the visible church and dedicated to ,god in baptism are under the inspection and government of the church4444 ,when they come to years of discretion1 if they be free from scandal1 appear sober and steady1 and to have sufficient knowledge to discern the ,lord's body1 they ought to be informed it is their duty and their privilege to come to the ,lord's ,supper40 ,the ,maplewood ,congregational ,church of ,malden1 ,mass41 enrolls as members all children baptized by the church4 ,the relation continues until they indicate a desire either to continue it or to dissolve it4 ,the list of such members is kept distinct from that of the adults1 but they are considered as members under the care of the church4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,t4 ,shedd3 8,the infant of a believer is born into the church as the infant of a citizen is born into the ,state4 ,a baptized child in adult years may renounce his baptism1 become an infidel1 and join the synagogue of ,satan1 but until he does this1 he must be regarded as a member of the church of ,christ40 ,on the ,decline of ,infant ,baptism1 see ,vedder1 in ,baptist ,review1 ,april1 #ahhb3agcahi1 who shows that in fifty years past the proportion of infant baptisms to communicants in general has decreased from one in seven to one in eleven2 among the ,reformed1 from one in twelve to one in twenty2 among the ,presbyterians1 from one in fifteen to one in thirtythree2 among the ,methodists1 from one in twentytwo to one in twentynine2 among the ,congregationalists1 from one in fifty to one in seventyseven4 7f7 ,the evil effects of infant baptism4 ,first1--in forestalling the voluntary act of the child baptized1 and thus practically preventing his personal obedience to ,christ's commands4 ,the person baptized in infancy has never performed any act with intent to obey ,christ's command to be baptized1 never has put forth a single volition looking toward obedience to that command2 see ,wilkinson1 ,the ,baptist ,principle1 #djdf4 ,every man has the right to choose his own wife4 ,so every man has the right to choose his own ,savior4 ,secondly1--in inducing superstitious confidence in an outward rite as possessed of regenerating efficacy4 ,french parents still regard infants before baptism as only animals 7,stanley74 ,the haste with which the minister is summoned to baptize the dying child shows that superstition still lingers in many an otherwise evangelical family in our own country4 ,the ,english ,prayerbook declares that in baptism the infant is 8made a child of ,god and an inheritor of the kingdom of heaven40 ,even the ,westminster ,assembly's ,catechism1 #bh3f1 holds that grace is actually conferred in baptism1 though the efficacy of it is delayed till riper years4 ,mercersburg ,review3 8,the objective medium or instrumental cause of regeneration is baptism4 ,men are not regenerated outside the church and then brought into it for preservation1 but they are regenerated by being incorporated with or engrafted into the church through the sacrament of baptism40 ,catholic ,review3 8,unbaptized1 these little ones go into darkness2 but baptized1 they rejoice in the presence of ,god forever40 ,dr4 ,beebe of ,hamilton went after a minister to baptize his sick child1 but before he returned the child died4 ,reflection made him a ,baptist1 and the ,editor of ,the ,examiner4 ,baptists unhesitatingly permit converts to die unbaptized1 showing plainly that they do not regard baptism as essential to salvation4 ,baptism no more makes one a ,christian1 than putting a crown on one's head makes him a king4 ,zwingle held to a symbolic interpretation of the ,lord's ,supper1 but he clung to the sacramental conception of ,baptism4 ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson1 ,uses and ,abuses of ,ordinances1 #cc1 claims that1 while baptism is not a justifying or regenerating ordinance1 it is a sanctifying ordinance1--sanctifying1 in the sense of setting apart4 ,yes1 we reply1 but only as church going and prayer are sanctifying2 the efficacy is not in the outward act but in the spirit which accompanies it4 ,to make it signify more is to admit the sacramental principle4 ,in the ,roman ,catholic ,church the baptism of bells and of rosaries shows how infant baptism has induced the belief that grace can be communicated to irrational and even material things4 ,in ,mexico people bring caged birds1 cats1 rabbits1 donkeys1 and pigs1 for baptism4 ,the priest kneels before the altar in prayer1 reads a few words in ,latin1 then sprinkles the creature with holy water4 ,the sprinkling is supposed to drive out any evil spirit that may have vexed the bird or beast4 ,in ,key ,west1 ,florida1 a town of #bb1jjj inhabitants1 infant baptism has a stronger hold than anywhere else at the ,south4 ,baptist parents had sometimes gone to the ,methodist preachers to have their children baptized4 ,to prevent this1 the ,baptist pastors established the custom of laying their hands upon the heads of infants in the congregation1 and 8blessing0 them1 i4 e41 asking ,god's blessing to rest upon them4 ,but this custom came to be confounded with christening1 and was called such4 ,now the ,baptist pastors are having a hard struggle to explain and limit the custom which they themselves have introduced4 ,perverse human nature will take advantage of even the slightest additions to ,n4 ,t4 prescriptions1 and will bring out of the germs of false doctrine a fearful harvest of evil4 ,obsta principiis--8,resist beginnings40 ,thirdly1--in obscuring and corrupting ,christian truth with regard to the sufficiency of ,scripture1 the connection of the ordinances1 and the inconsistency of an impenitent life with churchmembership4 ,infant baptism in ,england is followed by confirmation1 as a matter of course1 whether there has been any conscious abandonment of sin or not4 ,in ,germany1 a man is always understood to be a ,christian unless he expressly states to the contrary--in fact1 he feels insulted if his ,christianity is questioned4 ,at the funerals even of infidels and debauchees the pall used may be inscribed with the words3 8,blessed are the dead that die in the ,lord40 ,confidence in one's ,christianity and hopes of heaven based only on the fact of baptism in infancy1 are a great obstacle to evangelical preaching and to the progress of true religion4 ,wordsworth1 ,the ,excursion1 #eif1 #fjb 7book #e7--8;,at the baptismal font4 ,and when the pure ,and consecrating element hath cleansed ,the original stain1 the child is thus received ,into the second ark1 ,christ's church1 with trust ,that he1 from wrath redeemed therein shall float ,over the billows of this troublesome world ,to the fair land of everlasting life4444 ,the holy rite ,that lovingly consigns the babe to the arms ,of ,jesus and his everlasting care40 ,infant baptism arose in the superstitious belief that there lay in the water itself a magical efficacy for the washing away of sin1 and that apart from baptism there could be no salvation4 ,this was and still remains the ,roman ,catholic position4 ,father ,doyle1 in ,anno ,domini1 #b3ahb--8;,baptism regenerates4 ,by means of it the child is born again into the newness of the supernatural life40 ,theodore ,parker was baptized1 but not till he was four years old1 when his 8,oh1 don't60--in which his biographers have found prophetic intimation of his mature dislike for all conventional forms--was clearly the small boy's dislike of water on his face2 see ,chadwick1 ,theodore ,parker1 #f1 #g4 8,how do you know1 my dear1 that you have been christened80 8,please1 mum1 'cos ,i've got the marks on my arm now1 mum60 ,fourthly1--in destroying the church as a spiritual body1 by merging it in the nation and the world4 ,ladd1 ,principles of ,church ,polity3 8,unitarianism entered the ,congregational churches of ,new ,england through the breach in one of their own avowed and most important tenets1 namely1 that of a regenerate churchmembership4 ,formalism1 indifferentism1 neglect of moral reforms1 and1 as both cause and results of these1 an abundance of unrenewed men and women1 were the causes of their seeming disasters in that sad epoch40 ,but we would add1 that the serious and alarming decline of religion which culminated in the ,unitarian movement in ,new ,england had its origin in infant baptism4 ,this introduced into the ,church a multitude of unregenerate persons and permitted them to determine its doctrinal position4 ,w4 ,b4 ,matteson3 8,no one practice of the church has done so much to lower the tone of its life and to debase its standards4 ,the first ,new ,england churches were established by godly and regenerated men4 ,they received into their churches1 through infant baptism1 children presumptively1 but alas not actually1 regenerated4 ,the result is well known--swift1 startling1 seemingly irresistible decline4 #8,the body of the rising generation1' writes ,increase ,mother1 #8is a poor perishing1 inconverted1 and1 except the ,lord pour out his ,spirit1 an undone generation4' ,the #8,halfway ,covenant' was at once a token of preceding1 and a cause of further1 decline4 ,if ,god had not indeed poured out his ,spirit in the great awakening under ,edwards1 ,new ,england might well1 as some feared1 #8be lost even to ,new ,england and buried in its own ruins4' ,it was the new emphasis on personal religion--an emphasis which the ,baptists of that day largely contributed--that gave to the ,new ,england churches a larger life and a larger usefulness4 ,infant baptism has never since held quite the same place in the polity of those churches4 ,it has very generally declined4 ,but it is still far from extinct1 even among evangelical ,protestants4 ,the work of ,baptists is not yet done4 ,baptists have always stood1 but they need still to stand1 for a believing and regenerated churchmembership40 ,fifthly1--in putting into the place of ,christ's command a commandment of men1 and so admitting the essential principle of all heresy1 schism1 and false religion4 ,there is therefore no logical haltingplace between the ,baptist and the ,romanist positions4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,archbishop ,hughes of ,new ,york1 said well to a ,presbyterian minister3 8,we have no controversy with you4 ,our controversy is with the ,baptists40 ,lange of ,jena3 8,would the ,protestant church fulfil and attain to its final destiny1 the baptism of infants must of necessity be abolished40 ,the ,english ,judge asked the witness what his religious belief was4 ,reply3 8,i haven't any40 8,where do you attend church80 8,nowhere40 8,put him down as belonging to the ,church of ,england40 ,the small child was asked where her mother was4 ,reply3 8,she has gone to a ,christian and devil meeting40 ,the child meant a ,christian ,endeavor meeting4 ,some systems of doctrine and ritual1 however1 answer her description1 for they are a mixture of paganism and ,christianity4 ,the greatest work favoring the doctrine which we here condemn is ,wall's ,history of ,infant ,baptism4 ,for the ,baptist side of the controversy see ,arnold1 in ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #afjahb2 ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #bgd1 #bge2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #addbjb4 ,,ii4 ,the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the ,lord's ,supper is that outward rite in which the assembled church eats bread broken and drinks wine poured forth by its appointed representative1 in token of its constant dependence on the once crucified1 now risen ,savior1 as source of its spiritual life2 or1 in other words1 in token of that abiding communion of ,christ's death and resurrection through which the life begun in regeneration is sustained and perfected4 ,norman ,fox1 ,christ in the ,daily ,meal1 #ca1 #cc1 says that the ,scripture nowhere speaks of the wine as 8poured forth02 and in #a ,cor4 #aa3bd--8my body which is broken for you10 the ,revised ,version omits the word 8broken02 while on the other hand the ,gospel according to ,john 7#ai3cf7 calls especial attention to the fact that ,christ's body was not broken4 ,we reply that ,jesus1 in giving his disciples the cup1 did speak of his blood as 8poured out0 7,mark #ad3bd72 and it was not the body1 but 8a bone of him10 which was not to be broken4 ,many ancient manuscripts add the word 8broken0 in #a ,cor4 #aa3bd4 ,on the ,lord's ,supper in general1 see ,weston1 in ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #ahcaie2 ,dagg1 ,church ,order1 #bjcbad4 #a4 ,the ,lord's ,supper an ordinance instituted by ,christ4 7a7 ,christ appointed an outward rite to be observed by his disciples in remembrance of his death4 ,it was to be observed after his death2 only after his death could it completely fulfil its purpose as a feast of commemoration4 ,luke #bb3ai--8;,and be took bread1 and when he had given thanks1 he brake it1 and gave to them1 saying1 ,this is my body which is given for you3 this do in remembrance of me4 ,and the cup in like manner after supper1 saying1 ,this cup is the new covenant in my blood1 even that which is poured out for you02 #a ,cor4 #aa3bcbe--8;,for ,i received of the ,lord that which also ,i delivered unto you1 that the ,lord ,jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread2 and when he had given thanks1 he brake it1 and said1 ,this is my body1 which is for you3 this do in remembrance of me4 ,in like manner also the cup1 after supper1 saying1 ,this cup is the new covenant in my blood3 this do1 as often as ye drink it1 in remembrance of me40 ,observe that this communion was ,christian communion before ,christ's death1 just as ,john's baptism was ,christian baptism before ,christ's death4 7b7 ,from the apostolic injunction with regard to its celebration in the church until ,christ's second coming1 we infer that it was the original intention of our ,lord to institute a rite of perpetual and universal obligation4 #a ,cor4 #aa3bf--8;,for as often as ye eat this bread1 and drink the cup1 ye proclaim the ,lord's death till he come02 cf4 ,mat4 #bf3bi--8;,but ,i say unto you1 ,i shall not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine1 until that day when ,i drink it new with you in my ,father's kingdom02 ,mark #ad3be--8,verily ,i say unto you1 ,i will no more drink of the fruit of the vine1 until that day when ,i drink it new in the kingdom of ,god40 ,as the paschal supper continued until ,christ came the first time in the flesh1 so the ,lord's ,supper is to continue until he comes the second time with all the power and glory of ,god4 7c7 ,the uniform practice of the ,n4 ,t4 churches1 and the celebration of such a rite in subsequent ages by almost all churches professing to be ,christian1 is best explained upon the supposition that the ,lord's ,supper is an ordinance established by ,christ himself4 ,acts #b3db--8;,and they continued stedfastly in the apostles' teaching and fellowship1 in the breaking of bread and the prayers02 #df--8;,and day by day1 continuing stedfastly with one accord in the temple1 and breaking bread at home1 they took their food with gladness and singleness of heart0--on the words here translated 8at home0 7 71 but meaning1 as ,jacob maintains1 8from one worshiproom to another10 see page #ifa4 ,acts #bj3g--8;,and upon the first day of the week1 when we were gathered together to break bread1 ,paul discoursed with them02 #a ,cor4 #aj3af--8,the cup of blessing which we bless1 is it not a communion of the blood of ,christ8 ,the bread which we break1 is it not a communion of the body of ,christ8 seeing that we1 who art many1 are one bread1 one body3 for we all partake of the one bread40 #b4 ,the ,mode of administering the ,lord's ,supper4 7a7 ,the elements are bread and wine4 ,although the bread which ,jesus broke at the institution of the ordinance was doubtless the unleavened bread of the ,passover1 there is nothing in the symbolism of the ,lord's ,supper which necessitates the ,romanist use of the wafer4 ,although the wine which ,jesus poured out was doubtless the ordinary fermented juice of the grape1 there is nothing in the symbolism of the ordinance which forbids the use of unfermented juice of the grape1--obedience to the command 8,this do in remembrance of me0 7,luke #bb3ai7 requires only that we should use the 8fruit of the vine0 7,mat4 #bf3bi74 ,huguenots and ,roman ,catholics1 among ,parkman's ,pioneers of ,france in the ,new ,world1 disputed whether the sacramental bread could be made of the meal of ,indian corn4 ,but it is only as food1 that the bread is symbolic4 ,dried fish is used in ,greenland4 ,the bread only symbolizes ,christ's life and the wine only symbolizes his death4 ,any food or drink may do the same4 ,it therefore seems a very conscientious but unnecessary literalism1 when ,adoniram ,judson 7,life by his ,son1 #ceb7 writes from ,burma3 8,no wine to be procured in this place1 on which account we are unable to meet with the other churches this day in partaking of the ,lord's ,supper40 ,for proof that ,bible wines1 like all other wines1 are fermented1 see ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahha3hjaad2 #ahhb3ghajh1 #cidcii1 #ehf2 ,hovey1 in ,bap4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,april1 #ahhg3aebahj4 ,per contra1 see ,samson1 ,bible ,wines4 ,on the ,scripture ,law of ,temperance1 see ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahhb3bhgcbd4 7b7 ,the communion is of both kinds1--that is1 communicants are to partake both of the bread and of the wine4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church withholds the wine from the laity1 although it considers the whole ,christ to be present under each of the forms4 ,christ1 however1 says3 8,drink ye all of it0 7,mat4 #bf3bg74 ,to withhold the wine from any believer is disobedience to ,christ1 and is too easily understood as teaching that the laity have only a portion of the benefits of ,christ's death4 ,calvin3 8,as to the bread1 he simply said #8,take1 eat4' ,why does he expressly bid them all drink8 ,and why does ,mark explicitly say that #8they all drank of it' 7,mark #ad3bc780 ,bengel3 ,does not this suggest that1 if communion in 8one kind alone were sufficient1 it is the cup which should be used8 ,the ,scripture thus speaks1 foreseeing what ,rome would do40 ,see ,expositor's ,greek ,testament on #a ,cor4 #aa3bg4 ,in the ,greek ,church the bread and wine are mingled and are administered to communicants1 not to infants only but also to adults1 with a spoon4 7c7 ,the partaking of these elements is of a festal nature4 ,the ,passover was festal in its nature4 ,gloom and sadness are foreign to the spirit of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the wine is the symbol of the death of ,christ1 but of that death by which we live4 ,it reminds us that he drank the cup of suffering in order that we might drink the wine of joy4 ,as the bread is broken to sustain our physical life1 so ,christ's body was broken by thorns and nails and spear to nourish our spiritual life4 #a ,cor4 #aa3bi--8;,for he that eateth and drinketh1 eateth and drinketh judgment onto himself1 if he discern not the body40 ,here the ,authorized ,version wrongly had 8damnation0 instead of 8judgment40 ,not eternal condemnation1 but penal judgment in general1 is meant4 ,he who partakes 8in an unworthy manner0 7verse #bg71 i4 e41 in hypocrisy1 or merely to satisfy bodily appetites1 and not discerning the body of ,christ of which the bread is the symbol 7verse #bi71 draws down upon him ,god's judicial sentence4 ,of this judgment1 the frequent sickness and death in the church at ,corinth was a token4 ,see verses #cjcd1 and ,meyer's ,com42 also ,gould1 in ,am4 ,com4 on #a ,cor4 #aa3bg--8unworthily0--8,this is not to be understood as referring to the unworthiness of the person himself to partake1 but to the unworthy manner of partaking4444 ,the failure to recognize practically the symbolism of the elements1 and hence the treatment of the ,supper as a common meal1 is just what the apostle has pointed out as the fault of the ,corinthians1 and it is what he characterizes as an unworthy eating and drinking40 ,the ,christian therefore should not be deterred from participation in the ,lord's ,supper by any feeling of his personal unworthiness1 so long as he trusts ,christ and aims to obey him1 for 8,all the fitness he requireth ,is to feel our need of him40 7d7 ,the communion is a festival of commemoration1--not simply bringing ,christ to our remembrance1 but making proclamation of his death to the world4 #a ,cor4 #aa3bd1 #bf--8this do in remembrance of me4444 ,for as often as ye eat this bread and drink this cup1 ye proclaim the ,lord's death till he come40 ,as the ,passover commemorated the deliverance of ,israel from ,egypt1 and as the ,fourth of ,july commemorates our birth as a nation1 so the ,lord's ,supper commemorates the birth of the church in ,christ's death and resurrection4 ,as a mother might bid her children meet over her grave and commemorate her1 so ,christ bids his people meet and remember him4 ,but subjective remembrance is not its only aim4 ,it is public proclamation also4 ,whether it brings perceptible blessing to us or not1 it is to be observed as a means of confessing ,christ1 testifying our faith1 and publishing the fact of his death to others4 7e7 ,it is to be celebrated by the assembled church4 ,it is not a solitary observance on the part of individuals4 ,no 8showing forth0 is possible except in company4 ,acts #bj3g--8;gathered together to break bread02 #a ,cor4 #aa3ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #cc1 #cd--8when ye come together in the church 444 assemble yourselves together 444 have ye not houses to eat and to drink in8 or despise ye the church of ,god1 and put them to shame that have not8 444 when ye come together to eat4444 ,if any man is hungry1 let him eat at home2 that your coming together be not unto judgment40 ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #aiaaid1 claims that in ,acts #b3df--8;breaking bread at home0--where we have 1 not 1 is not a private house1 but a 8worshiproom10 and that the phrase should be translated 8breaking bread from one worshiproom to another10 or 8in various worshiprooms40 ,this meaning seems very apt in ,acts #e3db--8;,and every day1 in the temple and at home rather1 #8in various worshiprooms'1 they ceased not to teach and to preach ,jesus as the ,christ02 #h3c--8;,but ,saul laid waste the church1 entering into every house rather1 #8every worshiproom' and dragging men and women committed them to prison02 ,rom4 #af3e--8salute the church that is in their house rather1 #8in their worshiproom'02 ,titus #a3aa--8men who overthrow whole houses rather1 #8whole worshiprooms'1 teaching things which they ought not1 for filthy lucre's sake40 ,per contra1 however1 see #a ,cor4 #aa3cd--8let him eat at home10 where is contrasted with the place of meeting2 so also #a ,cor4 #ad3ce and ,acts #bj3bj1 where seems to mean a private house4 ,the celebration of the ,lord's ,supper in each family by itself is not recognized in the ,new ,testament4 ,stanley1 in ,nineteenth ,century1 ,may1 #ahgh1 tells us that as infant communion is forbidden in the ,western ,church1 and evening communion is forbidden by the ,roman ,church1 so solitary communion is forbidden by the ,english ,church1 and deathbed communion by the ,scottish ,church4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,no single individual in the ,new ,testament ever celebrates the ,lord's ,supper by himself40 ,mrs4 ,browning recognized the essentially social nature of the ordinance1 when she said that truth was like the bread at the ,sacrament--to be passed on4 ,in this the ,supper gives us a type of the proper treatment of all the goods of life1 both temporal and spiritual4 ,dr4 ,norman ,fox1 ,christ in the ,daily ,meal1 claims that the ,lord's ,supper is no more an exclusively church ordinance than is singing or prayer2 that the command to observe it was addressed1 not to an organized church1 but only to individuals2 that every meal in the home was to be a ,lord's ,supper1 because ,christ was remembered in it4 ,but we reply that ,paul's letter with regard to the abuses of the ,lord's ,supper was addressed1 not to individuals1 but to 8the church of ,god which is at ,corinth40 7#a ,cor4 #a3b74 ,paul reproves the ,corinthians because in the ,lord's ,supper each ate without thought of others3 8,what1 have ye not houses to eat and to drink in8 or despise ye the church of ,god1 and put them to shame that have not80 7#aa3bb74 ,each member having appeased his hunger at home1 the members of the church 8come together to eat0 7#aa3cj71 as the spiritual body of ,christ4 ,all this shows that the celebration of the ,lord's ,supper was not an appendage to every ordinary meal4 ,in ,acts #bj3g--8upon the first day of the week1 when we were gathered together to break bread1 ,paul discoursed with them0--the natural inference is that the ,lord's ,supper was a sacred rite1 observed apart from any ordinary meal1 and accompanied by religious instruction4 ,dr4 ,fox would go back of these later observances to the original command of our ,lord4 ,he would eliminate all that we do not find in ,mark1 the earliest gospel4 ,but this would deprive us of the ,sermon on the ,mount1 the parable of the ,prodigal ,son1 and the discourses of the fourth gospel4 ,mc,giffert gives ,a4 ,d4 #eb1 as the date of ,paul's first letter to the ,corinthians1 and this antedates ,mark's gospel by at least thirteen years4 ,paul's account of the ,lord's ,supper at ,corinth is therefore an earlier authority than ,mark4 7f7 ,the responsibility of seeing that the ordinance is properly administered rests with the church as a body2 and the pastor is1 in this matter1 the proper representative and organ of the church4 ,in cases of extreme exigency1 however1 as where the church has no pastor and no ordained minister can be secured1 it is competent for the church to appoint one from its own number to administer the ordinance4 #a ,cor4 #aa3b1 #bc--8,now ,i praise you that ye remember me in all things1 and hold fast the traditions1 even as ,i delivered them to you4444 ,for ,i received of the ,lord that which also ,i delivered unto you1 that the ,lord ,jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread40 ,here the responsibility of administering the ,lord's ,supper is laid upon the body of believers4 7g7 ,the frequency with which the ,lord's ,supper is to be administered is not indicated either by the ,n4 ,t4 precept or by uniform ,n4 ,t4 example4 ,we have instances both of its daily and of its weekly observance4 ,with respect to this1 as well as with respect to the accessories of the ordinance1 the church is to exercise a sound discretion4 ,acts #b3df--8;,and day by day1 continuing stedfastly with one accord in the temple1 and breaking bread at home or perhaps1 #8in various worshiprooms'02 #bj3g--8;,and upon the first day of the week1 when we were gathered together to break bread40 ,in #ahgh1 thirtynine churches of the ,establishment in ,london held daily communion2 in two churches it was held twice each day4 ,a few churches of the ,baptist faith in ,england and ,america celebrate the ,lord's ,supper on each ,lord's day4 ,carlstadt would celebrate the ,lord's ,supper only in companies of twelve1 and held also that every bishop must marry4 ,reclining on couches1 and meeting in the evening1 are not commanded2 and both1 by their inconvenience1 might in modern times counteract the design of the ordinance4 #c4 ,the ,symbolism of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the ,lord's ,supper sets forth1 in general1 the death of ,christ as the sustaining power of the believer's life4 ,a4 ,expansion of this statement4 7a7 ,it symbolizes the death of ,christ for our sins4 #a ,cor4 #aa3bf--8;,for as often as ye eat this bread1 and drink the cup1 ye proclaim the ,lord's death till he come02 cf4 ,mark #ad3bd--8,this is my blood of the covenant1 which is poured out for many0--the blood upon which the covenant between ,god and ,christ1 and so between ,god and us who are one with ,christ1 from eternity past was based4 ,the ,lord's ,supper reminds us of the covenant which ensures our salvation1 and of the atonement upon which the covenant was based2 cf4 ,heb4 #ac3bj--8;blood of an eternal covenant40 ,alex4 ,mc,laren3 8,the suggestion of a violent death1 implied in the doubling of the symbols1 by which the body is separated from that of the blood1 and still further implied in the breaking of the bread1 is made prominent in the words in reference to the cup4 ,it symbolizes the blood of ,jesus which is #8shed4' ,that shed blood is covenant blood4 ,by it the ,new ,covenant1 of which ,jeremiah had prophesied1 one article of which was1 #8,their sins and iniquities ,i will remember no more1' is sealed and ratified1 not for ,israel only but for an indefinite #8many1' which is really equivalent to all4 ,could words more plainly declare that ,christ's death was a sacrifice8 ,can we understand it1 according to his own interpretation of it1 unless we see in his words here a reference to his previous words 7,mat4 #bj3bh7 and recognize that in shedding his blood #8for many1' he #8gave his life a ransom for many'8 ,the ,lord's ,supper is the standing witness1 voiced by ,jesus himself1 that he regarded his death as the very centre of his work1 and that he regarded it not merely as a martyrdom1 but as a sacrifice by which he put away sins forever4 ,those who reject that view of that death are sorely puzzled what to make of the ,lord's ,supper40 7b7 ,it symbolizes our personal appropriation of the benefits of that death4 #a ,cor4 #aa3bd--8,this is my body1 which is for you02 cf4 #a ,cor4 #e3g--8;,christ our passover is sacrificed for us02 or ,r4 ,v4--8our passover also hath been sacrificed1 even ,christ02 here it is evident not only that the showing forth of the ,lord's death is the primary meaning of the ordinance1 but that our partaking of the benefits of that death is as clearly taught as the ,israelites' deliverance was symbolized in the paschal supper4 7c7 ,it symbolizes the method of this appropriation1 through union with ,christ himself4 #a ,cor4 #aj3af--8,the cup of blessing which we bless1 is it not a communion of marg43 #8participation in' the blood of ,christ8 ,the bread which we break1 is it not a communion of marg43 #8participation in' the body of ,christ80 ,here 8is it not a participation0 8does it not symbolize the participation80 ,so ,mat4 #bf3bf--8this is my body0 8this symbolizes my body40 7d7 ,it symbolizes the continuous dependence of the believer for all spiritual life upon the once crucified1 now living1 ,savior1 to whom he is thus united4 ,cf4 ,john #f3ec--8,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto you1 except ye eat the flesh of the ,son of man and drink his blood1 ye have not life in yourselves0--here is a statement1 not with regard to the ,lord's ,supper1 but with regard to spiritual union with ,christ1 which the ,lord's ,supper only symbolizes2 see page #ife1 7a74 ,like ,baptism1 the ,lord's ,supper presupposes and implies evangelical faith1 especially faith in the ,deity of ,christ2 not that all who partake of it realize its full meaning1 but that this participation logically implies the five great truths of ,christ's prexistence1 his supernatural birth1 his vicarious atonement1 his literal resurrection1 and his living presence with his followers4 ,because ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson perceived that the ,lord's ,supper implied ,christ's omnipresence and deity1 he would no longer celebrate it1 and so broke with his church and with the ministry4 7e7 ,it symbolizes the sanctification of the ,christian through a spiritual reproduction in him of the death and resurrection of the ,lord4 ,rom4 #h3aj--8;,and if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness02 ,phil4 #c3aj--8that ,i may know him1 and the power of his resurrection1 and the fellowship of his sufferings1 becoming conformed unto his death2 if by any means ,i may attain unto the resurrection from the dead40 ,the bread of life nourishes2 but it transforms me1 not ,i it4 7f7 ,it symbolizes the consequent union of ,christians in ,christ1 their head4 #a ,cor4 #aj3ag--8seeing that we1 who are many1 are one bread1 one body3 for we all partake of the one bread40 ,the ,roman ,catholic says that bread is the unity of many kernels1 the wine the unity of many berries1 and all are changed into the body of ,christ4 ,we can adopt the former part of the statement1 without taking the latter4 ,by being united to ,christ1 we become united to one another2 and the ,lord's ,supper1 as it symbolizes our common partaking of ,christ1 symbolizes also the consequent oneness of all in whom ,christ dwells4 ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles1 ,,ix--8,as this broken bread was scattered upon the mountains1 and being gathered together became one1 so may thy church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into thy kingdom40 7g7 ,it symbolizes the coming joy and perfection of the kingdom of ,god4 ,luke #bb3ah--8;for ,i say unto you1 ,i shall not drink from henceforth of the fruit of the vine1 until the kingdom of ,god shall come02 ,mark #ad3be--8,verily ,i say unto you1 ,i will no more drink of the fruit of the vine1 until that day when ,i drink it new in the kingdom of ,god02 ,mat4 #bf3bi--8;,but ,i say unto you1 ,i shall not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine1 until that day when ,i drink it new with you in my ,father's kingdom40 ,like ,baptism1 which points forward to the resurrection1 the ,lord's ,supper is anticipatory also4 ,it brings before us1 not simply death1 but life2 not simply past sacrifice1 but future glory4 ,it points forward to the great festival1 8the marriage supper of the ,lamb0 7,rev4 #ai3i74 ,dorner3 8,then ,christ will keep the ,supper anew with us1 and the hours of highest solemnity in this life are but a weak foretaste of the powers of the world to come40 ,see ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #agfbaf2 ,the ,lord's ,supper1 a ,clerical ,symposium1 by ,pressens1 ,luthardt1 and ,english ,divines4 ,b4 ,inferences from this statement4 7a7 ,the connection between the ,lord's ,supper and ,baptism consists in this1 that they both and equally are symbols of the death of ,christ4 ,in ,baptism1 we show forth the death of ,christ as the procuring cause of our new birth into the kingdom of ,god4 ,in the ,lord's ,supper1 we show forth the death of ,christ as the sustaining power of our spiritual life after it has once begun4 ,in the one1 we honor the sanctifying power of the death of ,christ1 as in the other we honor its regenerating power4 ,thus both are parts of one whole1--setting before us ,christ's death for men in its two great purposes and results4 ,if baptism symbolized purification only1 there would be no point of connection between the two ordinances4 ,their common reference to the death of ,christ binds the two together4 7b7 ,the ,lord's ,supper is to be often repeated1--as symbolizing ,christ's constant nourishment of the soul1 whose new birth was signified in ,baptism4 ,yet too frequent repetition may induce superstitious confidence in the value of communion as a mere outward form4 7c7 ,the ,lord's ,supper1 like ,baptism1 is the symbol of a previous state of grace4 ,it has in itself no regenerating and no sanctifying power1 but is the symbol by which the relation of the believer to ,christ1 his sanctifier1 is vividly expressed and strongly confirmed4 ,we derive more help from the ,lord's ,supper than from private prayer1 simply because it is an external rite1 impressing the sense as well as the intellect1 celebrated in company with other believers whose faith and devotion help our own1 and bringing before us the profoundest truths of ,christianity--the death of ,christ1 and our union with ,christ in that death4 7d7 ,the blessing received from participation is therefore dependent upon1 and proportioned to1 the faith of the communicant4 ,in observing the ,lord's ,supper1 we need to discern the body of the ,lord 7#a ,cor4 #aa3bi7--that is1 to recognize the spiritual meaning of the ordinance1 and the presence of ,christ1 who through his deputed representatives gives to us the emblems1 and who nourishes and quickens our souls as these material things nourish and quicken the body4 ,the faith which thus discerns ,christ is the gift of the ,holy ,spirit4 7e7 ,the ,lord's ,supper expresses primarily the fellowship of the believer1 not with his brethren1 but with ,christ1 his ,lord4 ,the ,lord's ,supper1 like ,baptism1 symbolizes fellowship with the brethren only as consequent upon1 and incidental to1 fellowship with ,christ4 ,just as we are all baptized 8into one body0 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ac7 only by being 8baptized into ,christ0 7,rom4 #f3c71 so we commune with other believers in the ,lord's ,supper1 only as we commune with ,christ4 ,christ's words3 8this do in remembrance of me0 7#a ,cor4 #aa3bd71 bid us think1 not of our brethren1 but of the ,lord4 ,baptism is not a test of personal worthiness4 ,nor is the ,lord's ,supper a test of personal worthiness1 either our own or that of others4 ,it is not primarily an expression of ,christian fellowship4 ,nowhere in the ,new ,testament is it called a communion of ,christians with one another4 ,but it is called a communion of the body and blood of ,christ 7#a ,cor4 #aj3af7--or1 in other words1 a participation in him4 ,hence there is not a single cup1 but many3 8divide it among yourselves0 7,luke #bb3ag74 ,here is warrant for the individual communioncup4 ,most churches use more than one cup3 if more than one1 why not many8 #a ,cor4 #aa3bf--8;as often as ye eat 444 ye proclaim the ,lord's death0--the ,lord's ,supper is a teaching ordinance1 and is to be observed1 not simply for the good that comes to the communicant and to his brethren1 but for the sake of the witness which it gives to the world that the ,christ who died for its sins now lives for its salvation4 ,a4 ,h4 ,ballard1 in ,the ,standard1 ,aug4 #ah1 #aijj1 on #a ,cor4 #aa3bi--8;eateth and drinketh judgment unto himself1 if he discern not the body0--8,he who eats and drinks1 and does not discern that he is redeemed by the offering of the body of ,jesus ,christ once for all1 eats and drinks a double condemnation1 because he does not discern the redemption which is symbolized by the things which he eats and drinks4 ,to turn his thought away from that sacrificial body to the company of disciples assembled is a grievous error--the error of all those who exalt the idea of fellowship or communion in the celebration of the ordinance40 ,the offence of a ,christian brother1 therefore1 even if committed against myself1 should not prevent me from remembering ,christ and communing with the ,savior4 ,i could not commune at all1 if ,i had to vouch for the ,christian character of all who sat with me4 ,this does not excuse the church from effort to purge its membership from unworthy participants2 it simply declares that the church's failure to do this does not absolve any single member of it from his obligation to observe the ,lord's ,supper4 ,see ,jacob1 ,eccl4 ,polity of ,n4 ,t41 #bhe4 #d4 ,erroneous views of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,a4 ,the ,romanist view4 ,the ,romanist view1--that the bread and wine are changed by priestly consecration into the very body and blood of ,christ2 that this consecration is a new offering of ,christ's sacrifice2 and that1 by a physical partaking of the elements1 the communicant receives saving grace from ,god4 ,to this doctrine of 8transubstantiation0 we reply3 7a7 ,it rests upon a false interpretation of ,scripture4 ,in ,mat4 #bf3bf1 8this is my body0 means3 8this is a symbol of my body40 ,since ,christ was with the disciples in visible form at the institution of the ,supper1 he could not have intended them to recognize the bread as being his literal body4 8,the body of ,christ is present in the bread1 just as it had been in the passover lamb1 of which the bread took the place0 7,john #f3ec contains no reference to the ,lord's ,supper1 although it describes that spiritual union with ,christ which the ,supper symbolizes2 cf4 #fc4 ,in #a ,cor4 #aj3af1 #ag1 is a figurative expression for the spiritual partaking of ,christ4 ,in ,mark #h3cc1 we are not to infer that ,peter was actually 8,satan10 nor does #a ,cor4 #ab3ab prove that we are all ,christs4 ,cf4 ,gen4 #da3bf2 #a ,cor4 #aj3d74 ,mat4 #bf3bh--8,this is my blood 444 which is poured out10 cannot be meant to be taken literally1 since ,christ's blood was not yet shed4 ,hence the ,douay version 7,roman ,catholic71 without warrant1 changes the tense and reads1 8which shall be shed40 ,at the institution of the ,supper1 it is not conceivable that ,christ should hold his body in his own hands1 and then break it to the disciples4 ,there were not two bodies there4 ,zwingle3 8,the words of institution are not the mandatory #8become'3 they are only an explanation of the sign40 ,when ,i point to a picture and say3 8,this is ,george ,washington10 ,i do not mean that the veritable body and blood of ,george ,washington are before me4 ,so when a teacher points to a map and says3 8,this is ,new ,york10 or when ,jesus refers to ,john the ,baptist1 and says3 8this is ,elijah1 that is to come0 7,mat4 #aa3ad74 ,jacob1 ,the ,lord's ,supper1 ,historically ,considered--8,it originally marked1 not a real presence1 but a real absence1 of ,christ as the ,son of ,god made man0--that is1 a real absence of his body4 ,therefore the ,supper1 reminding us of his body1 is to be observed in the church 8till he come0 7#a ,cor4 #aa3bf74 ,john #f3ec--8;,except ye eat the flesh of the ,son of man and drink his blood1 ye have not life in yourselves0 must be interpreted by verse #fc--8;,it is the spirit that giveth life2 the flesh profiteth nothing3 the words that ,i have spoken unto you are spirit1 and are life40 #a ,cor4 #aj3af--8,the cup of blessing which we bless1 is it not a communion of marg43 #8participation in' the blood of ,christ8 ,the bread which we break1 is it not a communion of marg4 #8participation in' the body of ,christ80--see ,expositor's ,greek ,testament1 in loco2 ,mark #h3cc--8;,but he turning about1 and seeing his disciples1 rebuked ,peter1 and saith1 ,get thee behind me1 ,satan02 #a ,cor4 #ab3ab--8;,for the body is one1 and hath many members1 and all the members of the body1 being many1 are one body2 so also is ,christ40 cf4 ,gen4 #da3bf--8,the seven good kine are seven years2 and the seven good ears are seven years3 the dream is one20 #a ,cor4 #aj3d--8they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them3 and the rock was ,christ40 ,queen ,elizabeth3 8,christ was the ,word that spake it3 ,he took the bread and brake it2 ,and what that ,word did make it1 ,that ,i believe and take it40 ,yes1 we say2 but what does the ,lord make it8 ,not his body1 but only a symbol of his body4 ,sir ,thomas ,more went back to the doctrine of transubstantiation which the wisdom of his age was almost unanimous in rejecting4 ,in his ,utopia1 written to earlier years1 he had made deism the ideal religion4 ,extreme ,romanism was his reaction from this former extreme4 ,bread and wine are mere remembrancers1 as were the lamb and bitter herbs at the ,passover4 ,the partaker is spiritually affected by the bread and wine1 only as was the pious ,israelite in receiving the paschal symbols2 see ,norman ,fox1 ,christ in the ,daily ,meal1 #be1 #db4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the greatest power in ,romanism is its power of visible representation4 ,ritualism is only elaborate symbolism4 ,it is interesting to remember that this prostration of the priest before the consecrated wafer is no part of even original ,roman ,catholicism40 ,stanley1 ,life and ,letters1 #b3bac--8,the pope1 when he celebrates the communion1 always stands in exactly the opposite direction to that of modern ritualists1 not with his back but with his face to the people1 no doubt following the primitive usage40 ,so in ,raphael's picture of the ,miracle of ,bolsina1 the priest is at the north end of the table1 in the very attitude of a ,protestant clergyman4 ,pfleiderer1 ,philos4 ,religion1 #b3baa--8,the unity of the bread1 of which each enjoys a part1 represents the unity of the body of ,christ1 which consists in the community of believers4 ,if we are to speak of a presence of the body of ,christ in the ,lord's ,supper1 that can only be thought of1 in the sense of ,paul1 as pertaining to the mystical body1 i4 e41 the ,christian ,community4 ,augustine and ,zwingle1 who have expressed most clearly this meaning of the ,supper1 have therefore caught quite correctly the sense of the ,apostle40 ,norman ,fox1 ,christ in the ,daily ,meal1 #djec--8,the phrase #8consecration of the elements' is unwarranted4 ,the leaven and the mustard seed were in no way consecrated when ,jesus pronounced them symbols of divine things4 ,the bread and wine are not arbitrarily appointed remembrancers1 they are remembrancers in their very nature4 ,there is no change in them4 ,so every other loaf is a symbol1 as well as that used in the ,supper4 ,when ,st4 ,patrick held up the shamrock as the symbol of the ,trinity1 he meant that every such sprig was the same4 ,only the bread of the daily meal is ,christ's body4 ,only the washing of dirty feet is the fulfilment of ,christ's command4 ,the loaf not eaten to satisfy hunger is not ,christ's symbolic body at all40 ,here we must part company with ,dr4 ,fox4 ,we grant the natural fitness of the elements for which he contends4 ,but we hold also to a divine appointment of the bread and wine for a special and sacred use1 even as the 8bow in the cloud0 7,gen4 #i3ac71 because it was a natural emblem1 was consecrated to a special religious use4 7b7 ,it contradicts the evidence of the senses1 as well as of all scientific tests that can be applied4 ,if we cannot trust our senses as to the unchanged material qualities of bread and wine1 we cannot trust them when they report to us the words of ,christ4 ,gibbon was rejoiced at the discovery that1 while the real presence is attested by only a single sense--our sight as employed in reading the words of ,christ--the real presence is disproved by three of our senses1 sight1 touch1 and taste4 ,it is not well to purchase faith in this dogma at the price of absolute scepticism4 ,stanley1 on ,baptism1 in his ,christian ,institutions1 tells us that1 in the third and fourth centuries1 the belief that the water of baptism was changed into the blood of ,christ was nearly as firmly and widely fixed as the belief that the bread and wine of the communion were changed into his flesh and blood4 ,dllinger3 8,when ,i am told that ,i must swear to the truth of these doctrines of papal infallibility and apostolic succession1 my feeling is just as if ,i were asked to swear that two and two make five1 and not four40 ,teacher3 8,why did ,henry ,,viii quarrel with the pope80 ,scholar3 8,because the pope had commanded him to put away his wife on pain of transubstantiation40 ,the transubstantiation of ,henry ,,viii is quite as rational as the transubstantiation of the bread and wine in the ,eucharist4 7c7 ,it involves the denial of the completeness of ,christ's past sacrifice1 and the assumption that a human priest can repeat or add to the atonement made by ,christ once for all 7,heb4 #i3bh-- 74 ,the ,lord's ,supper is never called a sacrifice1 nor are altars1 priests1 or consecrations ever spoken of1 in the ,new ,testament4 ,the priests of the old dispensation are expressly contrasted with the ministers of the new4 ,the former 8ministered about sacred things10 i4 e41 performed sacred rites and waited at the altar2 but the latter 8preach the gospel0 7#a ,cor4 #i3ac1 #ad74 ,heb4 #i3bh--8so ,christ also1 having been once offered0--here means 8once for all10 as in ,jude #c--8the faith which was once for all delivered unto the saints02 #a ,cor4 #i3ac1 #ad--8,know ye not that they that minister about sacred things eat of the things of the temple1 and they that wait upon the altar have their portion with the altar8 ,even so did the ,lord ordain that they that proclaim the gospel should live of the gospel40 ,romanism introduces a mediator between the soul and ,christ1 namely1 bread and wine1--and the priest besides4 ,dorner1 ,glaubenslehre1 #b3fhjfhg 7,syst4 ,doct41 #d3 #adfafc7--8;,christ is thought of as at a distance1 and as represented only by the priest who offers anew his sacrifice4 ,but ,protestant doctrine holds to a perfect ,christ1 applying the benefits of the work which he long ago and once for all completed upon the cross40 ,chillingworth3 8,romanists hold that the validity of every sacrament but baptism depends upon its administration by a priest2 and without priestly absolution there is no assurance of forgiveness4 ,but the intention of the priest is essential in pronouncing absolution1 and the intention of the bishop is essential in consecrating the priest4 ,how can any human being know that these conditions are fulfilled80 ,in the ,new ,testament1 on the other hand1 ,christ appears as the only priest1 and each human soul has direct access to him4 ,norman ,fox1 ,christ in the ,daily ,meal1 #bb--8,the adherence of the first ,christians to the ,mosaic law makes it plain that they did not hold the doctrine of the modern ,church of ,rome that the bread of the ,supper is a sacrifice1 the table an altar1 and the minister a priest4 ,for the old altar1 the old sacrifice1 and the old priesthood still remained1 and were still in their view appointed media of atonement with ,god4 ,of course they could not have believed in two altars1 two priesthoods and two contemporaneous sets of sacrifices40 ,christ is the only priest4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 ,popular ,lectures1 #beg--8,the three central dangerous errors of ,romanism and ,ritualism are3 #a4 the perpetuity of the apostolate2 #b4 the priestly character and offices of ,christian ministers2 #c4 the sacramental principle1 or the depending upon sacraments1 as the essential1 initial1 and ordinary channels of grace40 8,hierarchy10 says another1 8is an infraction of the divine order2 it imposes the weight of an outworn symbolism on the true vitalities of the gospel2 it is a remnant rent from the shroud of the dead past1 to enwrap the limbs of the living present40 7d7 ,it destroys ,christianity by externalizing it4 ,romanists make all other service a mere appendage to the communion4 ,physical and magical salvation is not ,christianity1 but is essential paganism4 ,council of ,trent1 ,session ,,vii1 ,on ,sacraments in ,general1 ,canon ,,iv3 8,if any one saith that the sacraments of the ,new ,testament are not necessary to salvation1 but are superfluous1 and that without them1 and without the desire thereof1 men attain of ,god1 through faith alone1 the grace of justification2 though all the sacraments are not indeed necessary for every individual3 let him be anathema40 ,on ,baptism1 ,canon ,,iv3 8,if any one saith that the baptism which is even given by heretics in the name of the ,father1 ,son and ,holy ,ghost1 with the intention of doing what the church doth1 is not true baptism1 let him be anathema40 ,baptism1 in the ,romanist system1 is necessary to salvation3 and baptism1 even though administered by heretics1 is an admission to the church4 ,all baptized persons who1 through no fault of their own1 but from lack of knowledge or opportunity1 are not connected outwardly with the true church1 though they are apparently attached to some sect1 yet in reality belong to the soul of the true church4 ,many belong merely to the body of the ,catholic church1 and are counted as its members1 but do not belong to its soul4 ,so says ,archbishop ,lynch1 of ,toronto2 and ,pius ,,ix extended the doctrine of invincible ignorance1 so as to cover the case of every dissentient from the church whose life shows faith working by love4 ,adoration of the ,host 7,latin hostia1 victim7 is a regular part of the service of the ,mass4 ,if the ,romanist view were correct that the bread and wine were actually changed into the body and blood of ,christ1 we could not call this worship idolatry4 ,christ's body in the sepulchre could not have been a proper object of worship1 but it was so after his resurrection1 when it became animated with a new and divine life4 ,the ,romanist error is that of holding that the priest has power to transform the elements2 the worship of them follows as a natural consequence1 and is none the less idolatrous for being based upon the false assumption that the bread and wine are really ,christ's body and blood4 ,the ,roman ,catholic system involves many absurdities1 but the central absurdity is that of making religion a matter of machinery and outward manipulation4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mac,arthur calls sacramentalism 8the pipeline conception of grace40 ,there is no patent ,romanist plumbing4 ,dean ,stanley said that ,john ,henry ,newman 8made immortality the consequence of frequent participation of the ,holy ,communion40 ,even ,faber made game of the notion1 and declared that it 8degraded celebrations to be so many breadfruit trees40 ,it is this transformation of the ,lord's ,supper into the ,mass that turns the church into 8the ,church of the ,intonement40 8,cardinal ,gibbons10 it was once said1 8makes his own ,god--the wafer40 ,his error is at the root of the supersanctity and celibacy of the ,romanist clergy1 and ,president ,garrett forgot this when he made out the pass on his railway for 8,cardinal ,gibbons and wife40 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,parkhurst3 8,there is no more place for an altar in a ,christian church than there is for a golden calf40 ,on the word 8priest0 in the ,n4 ,t41 see ,gardiner1 in ,o4 ,t4 ,student1 ,nov4 #ahhi3bhebia2 also ,bowen1 in ,theol4 ,monthly1 ,nov4 #ahhi3cafcbi4 ,for the ,romanist view1 see ,council of ,trent1 session ,,xiii1 canon ,,iii3 per contra1 see ,calvin1 ,institutes1 #b3ehefjb2 ,c4 ,hebert1 ,the ,lord's ,supper3 ,history of ,uninspired ,teaching4 ,b4 ,the ,lutheran and ,high ,church view4 ,the ,lutheran and ,high ,church view1--that the communicant1 in partaking of the consecrated elements1 eats the veritable body and drinks the veritable blood of ,christ in and with the bread and wine1 although the elements themselves do not cease to be material4 ,to this doctrine of 8consubstantiation0 we object3 7a7 ,that the view is not required by ,scripture4--,all the passages cited in its support may be better interpreted as referring to a partaking of the elements as symbols4 ,if ,christ's body be ubiquitous1 as this theory holds1 we partake of it at every meal1 as really as at the ,lord's ,supper4 7b7 ,that the view is inseparable from the general sacramental system of which it forms a part4--,in imposing physical and material conditions of receiving ,christ1 it contradicts the doctrine of justification only by faith2 changes the ordinance from a sign1 into a means1 of salvation2 involves the necessity of a sacerdotal order for the sake of properly consecrating the elements2 and logically tends to the ,romanist conclusions of ritualism and idolatry4 7c7 ,that it holds each communicant to be a partaker of ,christ's veritable body and blood1 whether he be a believer or not1--the result1 in the absence of faith1 being condemnation instead of salvation4 ,thus the whole character of the ordinance is changed from a festival occasion to one of mystery and fear1 and the whole gospel method of salvation is obscured4 ,encyc4 ,britannica1 art43 ,luther1 #ae3ha--8;,before the peasants' war1 ,luther regarded the sacrament as a secondary matter1 compared with the right view of faith4 ,in alarm at this war and at ,carlstadt's mysticism1 he determined to abide by the tradition of the church1 and to alter as little as possible4 ,he could not accept transubstantiation1 and he sought a via media4 ,occam gave it to him4 ,according to ,occam1 matter can be present in two ways1 first1 when it occupies a distinct place by itself1 excluding every other body1 as two stones mutually exclude each other2 and1 secondly1 when it occupies the same space as another body at the same time4 ,everything which is omnipresent must occupy the same space as other things1 else it could not be ubiquitous4 ,hence consubstantiation involved no miracle4 ,christ's body was in the bread and wine naturally1 and was not brought into the elements by the priest4 ,it brought a blessing1 not because of ,christ's presence1 but because of ,god's promise that this particular presence of the body of ,christ should bring blessings to the faithful partaker40 ,broadus1 ,am4 ,com4 on ,mat41 #ebi--8,luther does not say how ,christ is in the bread and wine1 but his followers have compared his presence to that of heat or magnetism in iron4 ,but how then could this presence be in the bread and wine separately80 ,for the view here combated1 see ,gerhard1 x3 #ceb--8,the bread1 apart from the sacrament instituted by ,christ1 is not the body of ,christ1 and therefore it is 7breadworship7 to adore the bread in these solemn processions0 7of the ,roman ,catholic church74 #cig--8;,faith does not belong to the substance of the ,eucharist2 hence it is not the faith of him who partakes that makes the bread a communication of the body of ,christ2 nor on account of unbelief in him who partakes does the bread cease to be a communication of the body of ,christ40 ,see also ,sadler1 ,church ,doctrine1 #abdaii2 ,pusey1 ,tract ,no4 #ij1 of the ,tractarian ,series2 ,wilberforce1 ,new ,birth2 ,nevins1 ,mystical ,presence4 ,per contra1 see ,calvin1 ,institutes1 #b3ebeehd2 ,g4 ,p4 ,fisher1 in ,independent1 ,may #a1 #ahhd--8;,calvin differed from ,luther1 in holding that ,christ is received only by the believer4 ,he differed from ,zwingle1 in holding that ,christ is truly1 though spiritually1 received40 ,see also ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson1 in ,baptist ,quarterly1 #ahfi3heaji2 ,rogers1 ,priests and ,sacraments4 ,consubstantiation accounts for the doctrine of apostolic succession and for the universal ritualism of the ,lutheran ,church4 ,bowing at the name of ,jesus1 however1 is not1 as has been sometimes maintained1 a relic of the papal worship of the ,real ,presence1 but is rather a reminiscence of the fourth century1 when controversies about the person of ,christ rendered orthodox ,christians peculiarly anxious to recognize ,christ's deity4 8,there is no #8corner' in divine grace0 7,c4 ,h4 ,parkhurst74 8,all notions of a needed #8priesthood1' to bring us into connection with ,christ1 must yield to the truth that ,christ is ever with us0 7,e4 ,g4 ,robinson74 8,the priest was the conservative1 the prophet the progressive4 ,hence the conflict between them4 ,episcopalians like the idea of a priesthood1 but do not know what to do with that of prophet40 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon3 8,ritualism1 like eczema in the human body1 is generally a symptom of a low state of the blood4 ,as a rule1 when the church becomes secularized1 it becomes ritualized1 while great revivals1 pouring through the church1 have almost always burst the liturgical bands and have restored it to the freedom of the ,spirit40 ,puseyism1 as defined by ,pusey himself1 means3 8#a4 high thoughts of the two sacraments2 #b4 high estimate of ,episcopacy as ,god's ordinance2 #c4 high estimate of the visible church as the body wherein we are made and continue to be members of ,christ2 #d4 regard for ordinances as directing our devotions and disciplining us1 such as daily public prayers1 fasts and feasts2 #e4 regard for the visible part of devotion1 such as the decoration of the house of ,god1 which acts insensibly on the mind2 #f4 reverence for and deference to the ancient church1 instead of the reformers1 as the ultimate expounder of the meaning of our church40 ,pusey declared that he and ,maurice worshiped different ,gods4 #e4 ,prerequisites to ,participation in the ,lord's ,supper4 ,a4 ,there are prerequisites4 ,this we argue from the fact3 7a7 ,that ,christ enjoined the celebration of the ,supper1 not upon the world at large1 but only upon his disciples2 7b7 that the apostolic injunctions to ,christians1 to separate themselves from certain of their number1 imply a limitation of the ,lord's ,supper to a narrower body1 even among professed believers2 7c7 that the analogy of ,baptism1 as belonging only to a specified class of persons1 leads us to believe that the same is true of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the analogy of ,baptism to the ,lord's ,supper suggests a general survey of the connections between the two ordinances3 #a4 ,both ordinances symbolize primarily the death of ,christ2 then secondarily our spiritual death to sin because we are one with him2 it being absurd1 where there is no such union1 to make our ,baptism the symbol of his death4 #b4 ,we are merged in ,christ first in ,baptism2 then in the ,supper ,christ is more and more taken into us2 ,baptism we in ,christ1 the ,supper ,christ in us4 #c4 ,as regeneration is instantaneous and sanctification continues in time1 so ,baptism should be for once1 the ,lord's ,supper often2 the first single1 the second frequent4 #d4 ,if one ordinance1 the ,supper1 requires discernment of the ,lord's body1 so does the other1 the ordinance of ,baptism2 the subject of ,baptism should know the meaning of his act4 #e4 ,the order of the ordinances teaches ,christian doctrine1 as the ordinances do2 to partake of the ,lord's ,supper before being baptized is to say in symbol that one can be sanctified without being regenerated4 #f4 ,both ordinances should be public1 as both 8show forth0 the ,lord's death and are teaching ordinances2 no celebration of either one is to be permitted in private4 #g4 ,in both the administrator does not act at his own option1 but is the organ of the church2 ,philip acts as organ of the church at ,jerusalem when he baptizes the eunuch4 #h4 ,the ordinances stand by themselves1 and are not to be made appendages of other meetings or celebrations2 they belong1 not to associations or conventions1 but to the local church4 #i4 ,the ,lord's ,supper needs scrutiny of the communicant's qualifications as much as ,baptism2 and only the local church is the proper judge of these qualifications4 #aj4 ,we may deny the ,lord's ,supper to one whom we know to be a ,christian1 when he walks disorderly or disseminates false doctrine1 just as we may deny ,baptism to such a person4 #aa4 ,fencing the tables1 or warning the unqualified not to partake of the ,supper1 may1 like instruction with regard to ,baptism1 best take place before the actual administration of the ordinance2 and the pastor is not a special policeman or detective to ferret out offences4 ,see ,expositor's ,greek ,testament on #a ,cor4 #aj3af4 ,b4 ,the prerequisites are those only which are expressly or implicitly laid down by ,christ and his apostles4 7a7 ,the church1 as possessing executive but not legislative power1 is charged with the duty1 not of framing rules for the administering and guarding of the ordinance1 but of discovering and applying the rules given it in the ,new ,testament4 ,no church has a right to establish any terms of communion2 it is responsible only for making known the terms established by ,christ and his apostles4 7b7 ,these terms1 however1 are to be ascertained not only from the injunctions1 but also from the precedents1 of the ,new ,testament4 ,since the apostles were inspired1 ,new ,testament precedent is the 8common law0 of the church4 ,english law consists mainly of precedent1 that is1 past decisions of the courts4 ,immemorial customs may be as binding as are the formal enactments of a legislature4 ,it is ,new ,testament precedent that makes obligatory the observance of the first day1 instead of the seventh day1 of the week4 ,the common law of the church consists1 however1 not of any and all customs1 but only of the customs of the apostolic church interpreted in the light of its principles1 or the customs universally binding because sanctioned by inspired apostles4 ,has ,new ,testament precedent the authority of a divine command8 ,only so far1 we reply1 as it is an adequate1 complete and final expression of the divine life in ,christ4 ,this we claim for the ordinances of ,baptism and of the ,lord's ,supper1 and for the order of these ordinances4 ,see ,proceedings of the ,baptist ,congress1 #ahif3bc4 ,the ,mennonites1 thinking to reproduce even the incidental phases of ,n4 ,t4 action1 have adopted3 #a4 the washing of feet2 #b4 the marriage only of members of the same faith2 #c4 nonresistance to violence2 #d4 the use of the ban1 and the shunning of expelled persons2 #e4 refusal to take oaths2 #f4 the kiss of peace2 #g4 formal examination of the spiritual condition of each communicant before his participation in the ,lord's ,supper2 #h4 the choice of officials by lot4 ,and they naturally break up into twelve sects1 dividing upon such points as holding all things in common2 plainness of dress1 one sect repudiating buttons and using only hooks upon their clothing1 whence their nickname of ,hookers2 the holding of services in private houses only2 the asserted possession of the gift of prophecy 7,a4 ,s4 ,carman74 ,c4 ,on examining the ,new ,testament1 we find that the prerequisites to participation in the ,lord's ,supper are four4 ,first1--,regeneration4 ,the ,lord's ,supper is the outward expression of a life in the believer1 nourished and sustained by the life of ,christ4 ,it cannot therefore be partaken of by one who is 8dead through 444 trespasses and sins40 ,we give no food to a corpse4 ,the ,lord's ,supper was never offered by the apostles to unbelievers4 ,on the contrary1 the injunction that each communicant 8examine himself0 implies that faith which will enable the communicant to 8discern the ,lord's body0 is a prerequisite to participation4 #a ,cor4 #aa3bgbi--8,wherefore whosoever shall eat the bread or drink the cup of the ,lord in an unworthy manner1 shall be guilty of the body and the blood of the ,lord4 ,but let a man prove himself1 and so let him eat of the bread1 and drink of the cup4 ,for he that eateth and drinketh1 eateth and drinketh judgment unto himself1 if he discern not the ,lord's body40 ,schaff1 in his ,church ,history1 #b3eag1 tells us that in the ,greek ,church1 in the seventh and eighth centuries1 the bread was dipped in the wine1 and both elements were delivered in a spoon4 ,see ,edwards1 on ,qualifications for ,full ,communion1 in ,works1 #a3ha4 ,secondly1--,baptism4 ,in proof that baptism is a prerequisite to the ,lord's ,supper1 we urge the following considerations3 7a7 ,the ordinance of baptism was instituted and administered long before the ,supper4 ,mat4 #ba3be--8,the baptism of ,john1 whence was it8 from heaven or from men80--,christ here intimates that ,john's baptism had been instituted by ,god before his own4 7b7 ,the apostles who first celebrated it had1 in all probability1 been baptized4 ,acts #a3ba1 #bb--8,of the men therefore that have companied with us all the time that the ,lord ,jesus went in and went out among us1 beginning from the baptism of ,john 444 of these must one become a witness with us of his resurrection02 #ai3d--8;,john baptized with the baptism of repentance1 saying unto the people that they should believe on him that should come after him1 that is1 on ,jesus40 ,several of the apostles were certainly disciples of ,john4 ,if ,christ was baptized1 much more his disciples4 ,jesus recognized ,john's baptism as obligatory1 and it is not probable that he would take his apostles from among those who had not submitted to it4 ,john the ,baptist himself1 the first administrator of baptism1 must have been himself unbaptized4 ,but the twelve could fitly administer it1 because they had themselves received it at ,john's hands4 ,see ,arnold1 ,terms of ,communion1 #ag4 7c7 ,the command of ,christ fixes the place of baptism as first in order after discipleship4 ,mat4 #bh3ai1 #bj--8;,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of all the nations1 baptizing them into the name of the ,father and of the ,son and of the ,holy ,spirit3 teaching them to observe all things whatsoever ,i commanded you0--here the first duty is to make disciples1 the second to baptize1 the third to instruct in right ,christian living4 ,is it said that there is no formal command to admit only baptized persons to the ,lord's ,supper8 ,we reply that there is no formal command to admit only regenerate persons to baptism4 ,in both cases1 the practice of the apostles and the general connections of ,christian doctrine are sufficient to determine our duty4 7d7 ,all the recorded cases show this to have been the order observed by the first ,christians and sanctioned by the apostles4 ,acts #b3da1 #df--8,they then that received his word were baptized4444 ,and day by day1 continuing stedfastly with one accord in the temple1 and breaking bread at home rather1 #8in various worshiprooms' they took their food with gladness and singleness of heart02 #h3ab--8;,but when they believed ,philip 444 they were baptized02 #aj3dg1 #dh--8;,can any man forbid the water1 that these should not be baptized1 who have received the ,holy ,spirit as well as we8 ,and he commanded them to be baptized in the name of ,jesus ,christ02 #bb3af--8;,and now why tarriest thou8 arise1 and be baptized1 and wash away thy sins1 calling on his name40 7e7 ,the symbolism of the ordinances requires that baptism should precede the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the order of the facts signified must be expressed in the order of the ordinances which signify them2 else the world is taught that sanctification may take place without regeneration4 ,birth must come before sustenance--8nascimur1 pascimur40 ,to enjoy ceremonial privileges1 there must be ceremonial qualifications4 ,as none but the circumcised could eat the passover1 so before eating with the ,christian family must come adoption into the ,christian family4 ,as one must be 8born of the ,spirit0 before he can experience the sustaining influence of ,christ1 so he must be 8born of water0 before he can properly be nourished by the ,lord's ,supper4 ,neither the unborn nor the dead can eat bread or drink wine4 ,only when ,christ had raised the daughter of the ,jewish ruler to life1 did he say3 8,give her to eat40 ,the ordinance which symbolizes regeneration1 or the impartation of new life1 must precede the ordinance which symbolizes the strengthening and perfecting of the life already begun4 ,the ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles1 dating back to the second half of the second century1 distinctly declares 7#i3e1 #aj7--8,let no one eat or drink of your ,eucharist except those baptized into the name of the ,lord2 for as regards this also the ,lord has said3 #8,give not that which is holy unto the dogs'4444 ,the ,eucharist shall be given only to the baptized40 7f7 ,the standards of all evangelical denominations1 with unimportant exceptions1 confirm the view that this is the natural interpretation of the ,scripture requirements respecting the order of the ordinances4 8,the only protest of note has been made by a portion of the ,english ,baptists40 ,to these should be added the comparatively small body of the ,free ,will ,baptists in ,america4 ,pedobaptist churches in general refuse full membership1 officeholding1 and the ministry1 to unbaptized persons4 ,the ,presbyterian church does not admit to the communion members of the ,society of ,friends4 ,not one of the great evangelical denominations accepts ,robert ,hall's maxim that the only terms of communion are terms of salvation4 ,if individual ministers announce this principle and conform their practice to it1 it is only because they transgress the standards of the churches to which they belong4 ,see ,tyerman's ,oxford ,methodists1 preface1 page vi--8,even in ,georgia1 ,wesley excluded dissenters from the ,holy ,communion1 on the ground that they had not been properly baptized2 and he would himself baptize only by immersion1 unless the child or person was in a weak state of health40 ,baptist ,noel gave it as his reason for submitting to baptism1 that to approach the ,lord's ,supper conscious of not being baptized would be to act contrary to all the precedents of ,scripture4 ,see ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #cjd4 ,the dismission of ,jonathan ,edwards from his church at ,northampton was due to his opposing the ,halfway ,covenant1 which admitted unregenerate persons to the ,lord's ,supper as a step on the road to spiritual life4 ,he objected to the doctrine that the ,lord's ,supper was 8a converting ordinance40 ,but these very unregenerated persons had been baptized1 and he himself had baptized many of them4 ,he should have objected to infant baptism1 as well as to the ,lord's ,supper1 in the case of the unregenerate4 7g7 ,the practical results of the opposite view are convincing proof that the order here insisted on is the order of nature as well as of ,scripture4 ,the admission of unbaptized persons to the communion tends always to1 and has frequently resulted in1 the disuse of baptism itself1 the obscuring of the truth which it symbolizes1 the transformation of ,scripturally constituted churches into bodies organized after methods of human invention1 and the complete destruction of both church and ordinances as ,christ originally constituted them4 ,arnold1 ,terms of ,communion1 #gf--,the steps of departure from ,scriptural precedent have not unfrequently been the following3 7#a7 administration of baptism on a weekday evening1 to avoid giving offence2 7#b7 reception1 without baptism1 of persons renouncing belief in the baptism of their infancy2 7#c7 giving up of the ,lord's ,supper as nonessential1--to be observed or not observed by each individual1 according as he finds it useful2 7#d7 choice of a pastor who will not advocate ,baptist views2 7#e7 adoption of ,congregational articles of faith2 7#f7 discipline and exclusion of members for propagating ,baptist doctrine4 ,john ,bunyan's church1 once either an open communion church or a mixed church both of baptized and unbaptized believers1 is now a regular ,congregational body4 ,armitage1 ,history of the ,baptists1 #dhb sq41 claims that it was originally a ,baptist church4 ,vedder1 however1 in ,bap4 ,quar4 ,rev41 #ahhf3bhi1 says that 8,the church at ,bedford is proved by indisputable documentary evidence never to have been a ,baptist church in any strict sense40 ,the results of the principle of open communion are certainly seen in the ,regent's ,park church in ,london1 where some of the deacons have never been baptized4 ,the doctrine that baptism is not essential to church membership is simply the logical result of the previous practice of admitting unbaptized persons to the communion table4 ,if they are admitted to the ,lord's ,supper1 then there is no bar to their admission to the church4 ,see ,proceedings of the ,baptist ,congress1 ,boston1 ,november1 #aijb2 ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #bifbih4 ,thirdly1--,church membership4 7a7 ,the ,lord's ,supper is a church ordinance1 observed by churches of ,christ as such4 ,for this reason1 membership in the church naturally precedes communion4 ,since communion is a family rite1 the participant should first be a member of the family4 ,acts #b3df #dg--8;breaking bread at home rather1 #8in various worshiprooms'0 7see ,com4 of ,meyer72 #bj3g--8upon the first day of the week1 when we were gathered together to break bread02 #a ,cor4 #aa3ah1 #bb--8when ye come together in the church 444 have ye not houses to eat and to drink in8 or despise ye the church of ,god1 and put them to shame that have not80 7b7 ,the ,lord's ,supper is a symbol of church fellowship4 ,excommunication implies nothing1 if it does not imply exclusion from the communion4 ,if the ,supper is simply communion of the individual with ,christ1 then the church has no right to exclude any from it4 #a ,cor4 #aj3ag--8we1 who are many1 are one bread1 one body3 for we all partake of the one bread40 ,though the ,lord's ,supper primarily symbolizes fellowship with ,christ1 it symbolizes secondarily fellowship with the church of ,christ4 ,not all believers in ,christ were present at the first celebration of the ,supper1 but only those organized into a body--the apostles4 ,i can invite proper persons to my teatable1 but that does not give them the right to come uninvited4 ,each church1 therefore1 should invite visiting members of sister churches to partake with it4 ,the ,lord's ,supper is an ordinance by itself1 and should not be celebrated at conventions and associations1 simply to lend dignity to something else4 ,the ,panpresbyterian ,council at ,philadelphia1 in #ahhj1 refused to observe the ,lord's ,supper together1 upon the ground that the ,supper is a church ordinance1 to be observed only by those who are amenable to the discipline of the body1 and therefore not to be observed by separate church organizations acting together4 ,substantially upon this ground1 the ,old ,school ,general ,assembly long before1 being invited to unite at the ,lord's table with the ,new ,school body with whom they had dissolved ecclesiastical relations1 declined to do so4 ,see ,curtis1 ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #cjd2 ,arnold1 ,terms of ,communion1 #cf4 ,fourthly1--,an orderly walk4 ,disorderly walking designates a course of life in a church member which is contrary to the precepts of the gospel4 ,it is a bar to participation in the ,lord's ,supper1 the sign of church fellowship4 ,with ,arnold1 we may class disorderly walking under four heads3-- 7a7 ,immoral conduct4 #a ,cor4 #e3aac--,paul commands the ,corinthian church to exclude the incestuous person3 8,i wrote unto you in my epistle to have no company with fornicators2444 but now ,i write unto you not to keep company1 if any man that is named a brother be a fornicator1 or covetous1 or an idolater1 or a reviler1 or a drunkard1 or an extortioner2 with such a one no1 not to eat4444 ,put away the wicked man from among yourselves40--,here it is evident that the most serious forms of disorderly walking require exclusion not only from church fellowship but from ,christian fellowship as well4 7b7 ,disobedience to the commands of ,christ4 #a ,cor4 #ad3cg--8;,if any man thinketh himself to be a prophet1 or spiritual1 let him take knowledge of the things which ,i write unto you1 that they are the commandments of the ,lord02 #b ,thess4 #c3f1 #aa1 #ae--8,now we command you1 brethren1444 that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly1 and not after the tradition which they received of us444 ,for we hear of some that walk among you disorderly1 that work not at all1 but are busybodies4444 ,and if any man obeyeth not our word by this epistle1 note that man1 that ye have no company with him1 to the end that he may be ashamed4 ,and yet count him not as an enemy1 but admonish him as a brother40--,here is exclusion from church fellowship1 and from the ,lord's ,supper its sign1 while yet the offender is not excluded from ,christian fellowship1 but is still counted 8a brother40 ,versus ,g4 ,b4 ,stevens1 in ,n4 ,englander1 #ahhg3djdg4 ,in these passages ,paul intimates that 8not to walk after the tradition received from him1 not to obey the word contained in his epistles1 is the same as disobedience to the commands of ,christ1 and as such involves the forfeiture of church fellowship and its privileged tokens0 7,arnold1 ,prerequisites to ,communion1 #fh74 ,since ,baptism is a command of ,christ1 it follows that we cannot properly commune with the unbaptized4 ,to admit such to the ,lord's ,supper is to give the symbol of church fellowship to those who1 in spite of the fact that they are ,christian brethren1 are1 though perhaps unconsciously1 violating the fundamental law of the church4 ,to withhold protest against plain disobedience to ,christ's commands is to that extent to countenance such disobedience4 ,the same disobedience which in the church member we should denominate disorderly walking must a fortiori destroy all right to the ,lord's ,supper on the part of those who are not members of the church4 7c7 ,heresy1 or the holding and teaching of false doctrine4 ,titus #c3aj--8;,a man that is heretical ,am4 ,revisers3 #8a factious man' after a first and second admonition refuse02 see ,ellicott1 ,com41 in loco3 8 one who gives rise to divisions by erroneous teaching1 not necessarily of a fundamentally heterodox nature1 but of the kind just described in verse #i40 ,cf4 ,acts #bj3cj--8;from among your own selves shall men arise1 speaking perverse things1 to draw away the disciples after them02 #a ,john #d3b1 #c--8;,hereby know ye the ,spirit of ,god3 every spirit that confesseth that ,jesus ,christ is come in the flesh is of ,god3 and every spirit that confesseth not ,jesus is not of ,god3 and this is the spirit of the antichrist40 ,b4 ,b4 ,bosworth3 8,heresy1 in the ,n4 ,t41 does not necessarily mean the holding of erroneous opinions1--it may also mean the holding of correct opinions in an unbrotherly or divisive spirit40 ,we grant that the word 8heretical0 may also mean 8factious02 but we claim that false doctrine is the chief source of division1 and is therefore in itself a disqualification for participation in the ,lord's ,supper4 ,factiousness is an additional bar1 and we treat it under the next head of ,schism4 ,the ,panpresbyterian ,council1 mentioned above1 refused to admit to their body the ,cumberland ,presbyterians1 because1 though the latter adhere to the ,presbyterian form of church government1 they are ,arminian in their views of the doctrines of grace4 ,as we have seen1 on pages #idjidb1 that ,baptism is a confession of evangelical faith1 so here we see that the ,lord's ,supper also is a confession of evangelical faith1 and that no one can properly participate in it who denies the doctrines of sin1 of the deity1 incarnation and atonement of ,christ1 and of justification by faith1 which the ,lord's ,supper symbolizes4 ,such denial should exclude from all ,christian fellowship as well4 ,there is heresy which involves exclusion only from church fellowship4 ,since pedobaptists hold and propagate false doctrine with regard to the church and its ordinances--doctrines which endanger the spirituality of the church1 the sufficiency of the ,scriptures1 and the lordship of ,christ--we cannot properly admit them to the ,lord's ,supper4 ,to admit them or to partake with them1 would be to treat falsehood as if it were truth4 ,arnold1 ,prerequisites to ,communion1 #gb--8,pedobaptists are guilty of teaching that the baptized are not members of the church1 or that membership in the church is not voluntary2 that there are two sorts of baptism1 one of which is a profession of faith of the person baptized1 and the other is profession of faith of another person2 that regeneration is given in and by baptism1 or that the church is composed in great part of persons who do not give1 and were never supposed to give1 any evidence of regeneration2 that the church has a right to change essentially one of ,christ's institutions1 or that it is unessential whether it be observed as he ordained it or in some other manner2 that baptism may be rightfully administered in a way which makes much of the language in which it is described in the ,scriptures wholly unsuitable and inapplicable1 and which does not at all represent the facts and doctrines which baptism is declared in the ,scriptures to represent2 that the ,scriptures are not in all religious matters the sufficient and only binding rule of faith and practice40 7d7 ,schism1 or the promotion of division and dissension in the church4--,this also requires exclusion from church fellowship1 and from the ,lord's ,supper which is its appointed sign4 ,rom4 #af3ag--8,now ,i beseech you1 brethren1 mark them that are causing the divisions and occasions of stumbling contrary to the doctrine which ye learned3 and turn away from them40 ,since pedobaptists1 by their teaching and practice1 draw many away from ,scripturally constituted churches1--thus dividing true believers from each other and weakening the bodies organized after the model of the ,new ,testament1--it is imperative upon us to separate ourselves from them1 so far as regards that communion at the ,lord's table which is the sign of church fellowship4 ,mr4 ,spurgeon admits pedobaptists to commune with his church 8for two or three months40 ,then they are kindly asked whether they are pleased with the church1 its preaching1 doctrine1 form of government1 etc4 ,if they say they are pleased1 they are asked if they are not disposed to be baptized and become members8 ,if so inclined1 all is well2 but if not1 they are kindly told that it is not desirable for them to commune longer4 ,thus baptism is held to precede church membership and permanent communion1 although temporary communion is permitted without it4 ,arnold1 ,prerequisites to ,communion1 #hj--8;,it may perhaps be objected that the passages cited under the four preceding subdivisions refer to church fellowship in a general way1 without any specific reference to the ,lord's ,supper4 ,in reply to this objection1 ,i would answer1 in the first place1 that having endeavored previously to establish the position that the ,lord's ,supper is an ordinance to be celebrated in the church1 and expressive of church fellowship1 ,i felt at liberty to use the passages that enjoin the withdrawal of that fellowship as constructively enjoining exclusion from the ,communion1 which is its chief token4 ,i answer1 secondly1 that the principle here assumed seems to me to pervade the ,scriptural teachings so thoroughly that it is next to impossible to lay down any ,scriptural terms of communion at the ,lord's table1 except upon the admission that the ordinance is inseparably connected with church fellowship4 ,to treat the subject otherwise1 would be1 as it appears to me1 a violent putting asunder of what the ,lord has joined together4 ,the objection suggests an additional argument in favor of our position that the ,lord's ,supper is a church ordinance40 8,who ,christ's body doth divide1 ,wounds afresh the ,crucified2 ,who ,christ's people doth perplex1 ,weakens faith and comfort wrecks2 ,who ,christ's order doth not see1 ,works in vain for unity2 ,who ,christ's word doth take for guide1 ,with the ,bridegroom loves the ,bride40 ,d4 ,the local church is the judge whether these prerequisites are fulfilled4 ,the local church is the judge whether these prerequisites are fulfilled in the case of persons desiring to partake of the ,lord's ,supper4--,this is evident from the following considerations3 7a7 ,the command to observe the ordinance was given1 not to individuals1 but to a company4 7b7 ,obedience to this command is not an individual act1 but is the joint act of many4 7c7 ,the regular observance of the ,lord's ,supper cannot be secured1 nor the qualifications of persons desiring to participate in it be scrutinized1 unless some distinct organized body is charged with this responsibility4 7d7 ,the only organized body known to the ,new ,testament is the local church1 and this is the only body1 of any sort1 competent to have charge of the ordinances4 ,the invisible church has no officers4 7e7 ,the ,new ,testament accounts indicate that the ,lord's ,supper was observed only at regular appointed meetings of local churches1 and was observed by these churches as regularly organized bodies4 7f7 ,since the duty of examining the qualifications of candidates for baptism and for membership is vested in the local church and is essential to its distinct existence1 the analogy of the ordinances would lead us to believe that the scrutiny of qualifications for participation in the ,lord's ,supper rests with the same body4 7g7 ,this care that only proper persons are admitted to the ordinances should be shown1 not by open or forcible debarring of the unworthy at the time of the celebration1 but by previous public instruction of the congregation1 and1 if needful in the case of persistent offenders1 by subsequent private and friendly admonition4 8,what is everybody's business is nobody's business40 ,if there be any power of effective scrutiny1 it must be lodged in the local church4 ,the minister is not to administer the ordinance of the ,lord's ,supper at his own option1 any more than the ordinance of ,baptism4 ,he is simply the organ of the church4 ,he is to follow the rules of the church as to invitations and as to the mode of celebrating the ordinance1 of course instructing the church as to the order of the ,new ,testament4 ,in the case of sick members who desire to communicate1 brethren may be deputed to hold a special meeting of the church at the private house or sick room1 and then only may the pastor officiate4 ,if an invitation to the ,communion is given1 it may well be in the following form3 8,members in good standing of other churches of like faith and practice are cordially invited to partake with us40 ,but since the comity of ,baptist churches is universally acknowledged1 and since ,baptist views with regard to the ordinances are so generally understood1 it should be taken for granted that all proper persons will be welcome even if no invitation of any sort is given4 ,mr4 ,spurgeon1 as we have seen1 permitted unbaptized persons temporarily to partake of the ,lord's ,supper unchallenged1 but if there appeared a disposition to make participation habitual1 one of the deacons in a private interview explained ,baptist doctrine and urged the duty of baptism4 ,if this advice was not taken1 participation in the ,lord's ,supper naturally ceased4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,s4 ,henson proposes a middle path between open and close communion1 as follows3 8,preach and urge faith in ,jesus and obedience to him4 ,leave choice with participants themselves4 ,it is not wise to set up a judgmentseat at the ,lord's table4 ,always preach the ,scriptural order--#a4 ,faith in ,jesus2 #b4 ,obedience in ,baptism2 #b4 ,observance of the ,lord's ,supper40 ,j4 ,b4 ,thomas3 8,objections to strict communion come with an ill grace from pedobaptists who withhold communion from their own baptized1 whom they have forcibly made quasimembers in spite of the only protest they are capable of offering1 and whom they have retained as subjects of discipline without their consent40 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,cleveland ,sermon on ,our ,denominational ,outlook1 ,may #ai1 #aijd--8;,if ,i am asked whether ,baptists still hold to restricted communion1 ,i answer that our principle has not changed1 but that many of us apply the principle in a different manner from that of our fathers4 ,we believe that ,baptism logically precedes the ,lord's ,supper1 as birth precedes the taking of nourishment1 and regeneration precedes sanctification4 ,we believe that the order of the ordinances is an important point of ,christian doctrine1 and itself teaches ,christian doctrine4 ,hence we proclaim it and adhere to it1 in our preaching and our practice4 ,but we do not turn the ,lord's ,supper into a judgmentseat1 or turn the officers of the church into detectives4 ,we teach the truth1 and expect that the truth will win its way4 ,we are courteous to all who come among us2 and expect that they in turn will have the courtesy to respect our convictions and to act accordingly4 ,but there is danger here that we may break from our moorings and drift into indifferentism with regard to the ordinances4 ,the recent advocacy of open church membership is but the logical consequence of a previous concession of open communion4 ,i am persuaded that this new doctrine is confined to very few among us4 ,the remedy for this false liberalism is to be found in that same ,christ who solves for us all other problems4 ,it is this ,christ who sets the solitary in families1 and who makes of one every nation that dwells on the face of the earth4 ,christian denominations are at least temporarily his appointment4 ,loyalty to the body which seems to us best to represent his truth is also loyalty to him4 ,love for ,christ does not involve the surrender of the ties of family1 or nation1 or denomination1 but only consecrates and ennobles them4 8,yet ,christ is ,king in ,zion4 ,there is but one army of the living ,god1 even though there are many divisions4 ,we can emphasize our unity with other ,christian bodies1 rather than the differences between us4 ,we can regard them as churches of the ,lord ,jesus1 even though they are irregularly constituted4 ,as a marriage ceremony may be valid1 even though performed without a license and by an unqualified administrator2 and as an ordination may be valid1 even though the ordinary layingon of hands be omitted2 so the ordinance of the ,lord's ,supper as administered in pedobaptist churches may be valid1 though irregular in its accompaniments and antecedents4 ,though we still protest against the modern perversions of the ,new ,testament doctrine as to the subjects and mode of ,baptism1 we hold with regard to the ,lord's ,supper that irregularity is not invalidity1 and that we may recognize as churches even those bodies which celebrate the ,lord's ,supper without having been baptized4 ,our faith in the larger ,christ is bringing us out from our denominational isolation into an inspiring recognition of our oneness with the universal church of ,god throughout the world40 ,on the whole subject1 see ,madison ,avenue ,lectures1 #bagbfj2 and ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 on ,christian ,truth and its ,keepers1 in ,philosophy and ,religion1 #bchbdd4 ,e4 ,special objections to open communion4 ,the advocates of this view claim that baptism1 as not being an indispensable term of salvation1 cannot properly be made an indispensable term of communion4 ,robert ,hall1 ,works1 #a3bhe1 held that there can be no proper terms of communion which are not also terms of salvation4 ,he claims that 8we are expressly commanded to tolerate in the church all those diversities of opinion which are not inconsistent with salvation40 ,for the open communion view1 see also ,john ,m4 ,mason1 ,works1 #a3cfi2 ,princeton ,review1 ,oct4 #ahej2 ,bib4 ,sac41 #ba3ddi2 #bd3dhb2 #be3dja2 ,spirit of the ,pilgrims1 #f3ajc1 #adb4 ,but1 as ,curtis remarks1 in his ,progress of ,baptist ,principles1 #bib1 this principle would utterly frustrate the very objects for which visible churches were founded--to be 8the pillar and ground of the truth0 7#a ,tim4 #c3ae72 for truth is set forth as forcibly in ordinances as in doctrine4 ,in addition to what has already been said1 we reply3 7a7 ,this view is contrary to the belief and practice of all but an insignificant fragment of organized ,christendom4 ,a portion of the ,english ,baptists1 and the ,free ,will ,baptists in ,america1 are the only bodies which in their standards of faith accept and maintain the principles of open communion4 ,as to the belief and practice of the ,methodist ,episcopal denomination1 the ,new ,york ,christian ,advocate states the terms of communion as being3 #a4 ,discipleship2 #b4 ,baptism2 #c4 ,consistent church life1 as required in the 8,discipline02 and ,f4 ,g4 ,hibbard1 ,christian ,baptism1 #agd1 remarks that1 8in one principle the ,baptist and pedobaptist churches agree4 ,they both agree in rejecting from the communion at the table of the ,lord1 and denying the rights of church fellowship to all who have not been baptized4 ,valid baptism1 they consider1 is essential to constitute visible church membership4 ,this also we ,methodists hold4444 ,the charge of close communion is no more applicable to the ,baptists than to us40 ,the ,interior states the ,presbyterian position as follows3 8,the difference between our ,baptist brethren and ourselves is an important difference4 ,we agree with them1 however1 in saying that unbaptized persons should not partake of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,close communion1 in our judgment1 is a more defensible position than open communion40 ,dr4 ,john ,hall3 8,if ,i believed1 with the ,baptists1 that none are baptized but those who are immersed on profession of faith1 ,i should1 with them1 refuse to commune with any others40 ,as to the views of ,congregationalists1 we quote from ,dwight1 ,systematic ,theology1 sermon #afj--8;,it is an indispensable qualification for this ordinance that the candidate for communion be a member of the visible church of ,christ1 in full standing4 ,by this ,i intend that he should be a man of piety2 that he should have made a public profession of religion2 and that he should have been baptized40 ,the ,independent3 8,we have never been disposed to charge the ,baptist church with any special narrowness or bigotry in their rule of admission to the ,lord's table4 ,we do not see how it differs from that commonly admitted and established among ,presbyterian churches40 ,the ,episcopal standards and authorities are equally plain4 ,the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 ,order of ,confirmation1 declares3 8,there shall none be admitted to the holy communion1 until such time as he be confirmed1 or be ready and desirous to be confirmed0--confirmation always coming after baptism4 ,wall1 ,history of ,infant ,baptism1 part #b1 chapter #i--8,no church ever gave the communion to any persons before they were baptized4 ,among all the absurdities that ever were held1 none ever maintained that any person should partake of the communion before he was baptized40 7b7 ,it assumes an unscriptural inequality between the two ordinances4 ,the ,lord's ,supper holds no higher rank in ,scripture than does ,baptism4 ,the obligation to commune is no more binding than the obligation to profess faith by being baptized4 ,open communion1 however1 treats baptism as if it were optional1 while it insists upon communion as indispensable4 ,robert ,hall should rather have said3 8,no church has a right to establish terms of baptism which are not also terms of salvation10 for baptism is most frequently in ,scripture connected with the things that accompany salvation4 ,we believe faith to be one prerequisite1 but not the only one4 ,we may hold a person to be a ,christian1 without thinking him entitled to commune unless he has been also baptized4 ,ezra's reform in abolishing mixed marriages with the surrounding heathen was not narrow nor bigoted nor intolerant4 ,miss ,willard said well that from the ,gerizim of holy beatitudes there comes a voice3 8,blessed are the inclusive1 for they shall be included10 and from ,mount ,ebal a voice1 saying3 8,sad are the exclusive1 for they shall be excluded40 ,true liberality is both ,christian and wise4 ,we should be just as liberal as ,christ himself1 and no more so4 ,even ,miss ,willard would not include rumsellers in the ,christian ,temperance ,union1 nor think that town blessed that did not say to saloon keepers3 8,repent1 or go40 ,the choir is not narrow because it does not include those who can only make discords1 nor is the sheepfold intolerant that refuses to include wolves1 nor the medical society that excludes quacks1 nor the church that does not invite the disobedient and schismatic to its communion4 7c7 ,it tends to do away with baptism altogether4 ,if the highest privilege of church membership may be enjoyed without baptism1 baptism loses its place and importance as the initiatory ordinance of the church4 ,robert ,hall would admit to the ,lord's ,supper those who deny ,baptism to be perpetually binding on the church4 ,a foreigner may love this country1 but he cannot vote at our elections unless he has been naturalized4 ,ceremonial rites imply ceremonial qualifications4 ,dr4 ,meredith in ,brooklyn said to his great ,bible ,class that a man1 though not a ,christian1 but who felt himself a sinner and needing ,christ1 could worthily partake of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,this is the logic of open communion4 ,the ,supper is not limited to baptized persons1 nor to church members1 nor even to converted people1 but belongs also to the unconverted world4 ,this is not only to do away with ,baptism1 but to make the ,lord's ,supper a converting ordinance4 7d7 ,it tends to do away with all discipline4 ,when ,christians offend1 the church must withdraw its fellowship from them4 ,but upon the principle of open communion1 such withdrawal is impossible1 since the ,lord's ,supper1 the highest expression of church fellowship1 is open to every person who regards himself as a ,christian4 ,h4 ,f4 ,colby3 8,ought we to acknowledge that evangelical pedobaptists are qualified to partake of the ,lord's ,supper8 ,we are ready to admit them on precisely the same terms on which we admit ourselves4 ,our communion bars come to be a protest1 but from no plan of ours4 ,they become a protest merely as every act of loyalty to truth becomes a protest against error40 ,constitutions of the ,holy ,apostles1 book #b1 section #g 7about #bej ,a4 ,d47--8,but if they those who have been convicted of wickedness afterwards repent and turn from their error1 then we receive them as we receive the heathen1 when they wish to repent1 into the church indeed to hear the word1 but do not receive them to communion until they have received the seal of baptism and are made complete ,christians40 7e7 ,it tends to do away with the visible church altogether4 ,for no visible church is possible1 unless some sign of membership be required1 in addition to the signs of membership in the invisible church4 ,open communion logically leads to open church membership1 and a church membership open to all1 without reference to the qualifications required in ,scripture1 or without examination on the part of the church as to the existence of these qualifications in those who unite with it1 is virtually an identification of the church with the world1 and1 without protest from ,scripturally constituted bodies1 would finally result in its actual extinction4 ,dr4 ,walcott ,calkins1 in ,andover ,review3 8,it has never been denied that the ,puritan way of maintaining the purity and doctrinal soundness of the churches is to secure a soundly converted membership4 ,there is one denomination of ,puritans which has never deviated a hair's breadth from this way4 ,the ,baptists have always insisted that regenerate persons only ought to receive the sacraments of the church4 ,and they have depended absolutely upon this provision for the purity and doctrinal soundness of their churches40 ,at the ,free ,will ,baptist ,convention at ,providence1 ,oct41 #ahgd1 the question came up of admitting pedobaptists to membership4 ,this was disposed of by resolving that 8,christian baptism is a personal act of public consecration to ,christ1 and that believers' baptism and immersion alone1 as baptism1 are fundamental principles of the denomination40 ,in other words1 unimmersed believers would not be admitted to membership4 ,but is it not the ,lord's church8 ,have we a right to exclude8 ,is this not bigotry8 ,the ,free ,will ,baptist answers3 8,no1 it is only loyalty to truth40 ,we claim that1 upon the same principle1 he should go further1 and refuse to admit to the communion those whom he refuses to admit to church membership4 ,the reasons assigned for acting upon the opposite principle are sentimental rather than rational4 ,see ,john ,stuart ,mill's definition of sentimentality1 quoted in ,martineau's ,essays1 #a3id--8,sentimentality consists in setting the sympathetic aspect of things1 or their loveableness1 above their sthetic aspect1 their beauty2 or above the moral aspect of them1 their right or wrong40 ,,objections ,,to ,,strict ,,communion1 ,,and ,,answers ,,to ,,them 7condensed from ,arnold1 ,terms of ,communion1 #hb73 8#ast4 ,primitive rules are not applicable now4 ,reply3 7#a7 ,the laws of ,christ are unchangeable4 7#b7 ,the primitive order ought to be restored4 8#b;d4 ,baptism1 as an external rite1 is of less importance than love4 ,reply3 7#a7 ,it is not inconsistent with love1 but the mark of love1 to keep ,christ's commandments4 7#b7 ,love for our brethren requires protest against their errors4 8#c;d4 ,pedobaptists think themselves baptized4 ,reply3 7#a7 ,this is a reason why they should act as if they believed it1 not a reason why we should act as if it were so4 7#b7 ,we cannot submit our consciences to their views of truth without harming ourselves and them4 8#dth4 ,strict communion is a hindrance to union among ,christians4 ,reply3 7#a7 ,christ desires only union in the truth4 7#b7 ,baptists are not responsible for the separation4 7#c7 ,mixed communion is not a cure but a cause of disunion4 8#eth4 ,the rule excludes from the communion baptized members of pedobaptist churches4 ,reply3 7#a7 ,these persons are walking disorderly1 in promoting error4 7#b7 ,the ,lord's ,supper is a symbol of church fellowship1 not of fellowship for individuals1 apart from their church relations4 8#fth4 ,a plea for dispensing with the rule exists in extreme cases where persons must commune with us or not at all4 ,reply3 7#a7 ,it is hard to fix limits to these exceptions3 they would be likely to encroach more and more1 till the rule became merely nominal4 7#b7 ,it is a greater privilege and means of grace1 in such circumstances1 to abstain from communing1 than contrary to principle to participate4 7#c7 ,it is not right to participate with others1 where we cannot invite them reciprocally4 8#g4 ,alleged inconsistency of our practice4--7a7 ,since we expect to commune in heaven4 ,reply3 ,this confounds ,christian fellowship with church fellowship4 ,we do commune with pedobaptists spiritually1 here as hereafter4 ,we do not expect to partake of the ,lord's ,supper with them1 or with others1 in heaven4 7b7 ,since we reject the better and receive the worse4 ,reply3 ,we are not at liberty to refuse to apply ,christ's outward rule1 because we cannot equally apply his inward spiritual rule of character4 ,pedobaptists withhold communion from those they regard as unbaptized1 though they may be more spiritual than some in the church4 7c7 ,since we recognize pedobaptists as brethren in union meetings1 exchange of pulpits1 etc4 ,reply3 ,none of these acts of fraternal fellowship imply the church communion which admission to the ,lord's table would imply4 ,this last would recognize them as baptized3 the former do not4 8#hth4 ,alleged impolicy of our practice4 ,reply3 7#a7 ,this consideration would be pertinent1 only if we were at liberty to change our practice when it was expedient1 or was thought to be so4 7#b7 ,any particular truth will inspire respect in others in proportion as its advocates show that they respect it4 ,in ,england our numbers have diminished1 compared with the population1 in the ratio of #cc per cent2 here we have increased #ej per cent4 in proportion to the ratio of population4 8,summary4 ,open communion must be justified1 if at all1 on one of four grounds3 ,first1 that baptism is not prerequisite to communion4 ,but this is opposed to the belief and practice of all churches4 ,secondly1 that immersion on profession of faith is not essential to baptism4 ,but this is renouncing ,baptist principles altogether4 ,thirdly1 that the individual1 and not the church1 is to be the judge of his qualifications for admission to the communion4 ,but this is contrary to sound reason1 and fatal to the ends for which the church is instituted4 ,for1 if the conscience of the individual is to be the rule of the action of the church in regard to his admission to the ,lord's ,supper1 why not also with regard to his regeneration1 his doctrinal belief1 and his obedience to ,christ's commands generally8 ,fourthly1 that the church has no responsibility in regard to the qualifications of those who come to her communion4 ,but this is abandoning the principle of the independence of the churches1 and their accountableness to ,christ1 and it overthrows all church discipline40 ,see also ,hovey1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 #ahfb3acc2 ,pepper1 in ,bap4 ,quar41 #ahfg3baf2 ,curtis on ,communion1 #bib2 ,howell1 ,terms of ,communion2 ,williams1 ,the ,lord's ,supper2 ,theodosia ,ernest1 pub4 by ,am4 ,bap4 ,pub4 ,soc42 ,wilkinson1 ,the ,baptist ,principle4 ,in concluding our treatment of ,ecclesiology1 we desire to call attention to the fact that ,jacob1 the ,english ,churchman1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,polity of the ,n4 ,t41 and ,cunningham1 the ,scotch ,presbyterian1 in his ,croall ,lectures for #ahhf1 have furnished ,baptists with much valuable material for the defence of the ,new ,testament doctrine of the ,church and its ,ordinances4 ,in fact1 a complete statement of the ,baptist positions might easily be constructed from the concessions of their various opponents4 ,see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 on ,unconscious ,assumptions of ,communion ,polemics1 in ,philosophy and ,religion1 #bdebdi4 ,,part ,,viii4 ,,eschatology1 ,,or ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of ,,final ,,things4 ,neither the individual ,christian character1 nor the ,christian church as a whole1 attains its destined perfection in this life 7,rom4 #h3bd74 ,this perfection is reached in the world to come 7#a ,cor4 #ac3aj74 ,as preparing the way for the kingdom of ,god in its completeness1 certain events are to take place1 such as death1 ,christ's second coming1 the resurrection of the body1 the general judgment4 ,as stages in the future condition of men1 there is to be an intermediate and an ultimate state1 both for the righteous and for the wicked4 ,we discuss these events and states in what appears from ,scripture to be the order of their occurrence4 ,rom4 #h3bd--8;in hope were we saved3 but hope that is seen is not hope3 for who hopeth for that which he seeth80 #a ,cor4 #ac3aj--8when that which is perfect is come1 that which is in part will be done away40 ,original sin is not wholly eradicated from the ,christian1 and the ,holy ,spirit is not yet sole ruler4 ,so1 too1 the church is still in a state of conflict1 and victory is hereafter4 ,but as the ,christian life attains its completeness only in the future1 so with the life of sin4 ,death begins here1 but culminates hereafter4 ,james #a3ae--8the sin1 when it is full grown1 bringeth forth death40 ,the wicked man here has only a foretaste of 8the wrath to come0 7,mat4 #c3g74 ,we may 8lay up 444 treasures in heaven0 7,mat4 #f3bj71 but we may also 8treasure up for ourselves wrath0 7,rom4 #b3e71 i4 e41 lay up treasures in hell4 ,dorner3 8,to the actuality of the consummation of the church belongs a cessation of reproduction through which there is constantly renewed a world which the church must subdue4444 ,the mutually external existence of spirit and nature must give way to a perfect internal existence4 ,their externality to each other is the ground of the mortality of the natural side1 and of its being a means of temptation to the spiritual side4 ,for in this externality the natural side has still too great independence and exerts a determining power over the personality4444 ,art1 the beautiful1 receives in the future state its special place2 for it is the way of art to delight in visible presentation1 to achieve the classical and perfect with unfettered play of its powers4 ,every one morally perfect will thus wed the good to the beautiful4 ,in the rest1 there will be no inactivity2 and in the activity also1 no unrest40 ,schleiermacher3 8,eschatology is essentially prophetic2 and is therefore vague and indefinite1 like all unfulfilled prophecy40 ,schiller's ,thekla3 8,every thought of beautiful1 trustful seeming ,stands fulfilled in ,heaven's eternal day2 ,shrink not then from erring and from dreaming1--,lofty sense lies oft in childish play40 ,frances ,power ,cobbe1 ,peak of ,darien1 #bfe--8;,human nature is a ship with the tide out2 when the tide of eternity comes in1 we shall see the purpose of the ship40 ,eschatology deals with the precursors of ,christ's second coming1 as well as with the second coming itself4 ,we are to labor for the coming of the kingdom of ,god in society as well as in the individual and in the church1 in the present life as well as in the life to come4 ,kidd1 in his ,principles of ,western ,civilization1 says that survives which helps the greatest number4 ,but the greatest number is always in the future4 ,the theatre has become too wide for the drama4 ,through the roof the eternal stars appear4 ,the image of ,god in man implies the equality of all men4 ,political equality implies universal suffrage2 economic equality implies universal profit4 ,society has already transcended1 first1 city isolation1 and secondly1 state isolation4 ,the ,united ,states presents thus far the largest free trade area in history4 ,the next step is the unity of the ,english speaking peoples4 ,the days of separate nationalities are numbered4 ,laissez faire surviving barbarism4 ,there are signs of larger ideas in art1 ethics1 literature1 philosophy1 science1 politics1 economics1 religion4 ,competition must be moralized1 and must take into account the future as well as the present4 ,see also ,walter ,rauschenbusch1 ,christianity and the ,social ,crisis4 ,george ,b4 ,stevens1 in ,am4 ,jour4 ,theology1 ,oct4 #aijb3 #ffffhd1 asks3 8,is there a selfconstituted ,new ,testament ,eschatology80 ,he answers1 for substance1 that only three things are sure3 #a4 ,the certain triumph of the kingdom--this being the kernel of truth in the doctrine of ,christ's second coming2 #b4 the victory of life over death--the truth in the doctrine of the resurrection2 #c4 the principle of judgment--the truth at the basis of the belief in rewards and punishments in the world to come4 ,this meagre and abstract residuum argues denial both of the unity and the sufficiency of ,scripture4 ,our view of inspiration1 while it does not assure us of minute details1 does notwithstanding give us a broad general outline of the future consummation1 and guarantees its trustworthiness by the word of ,christ and his apostles4 ,faith in that consummation is the main incitement to poetic utterance and to lofty achievement4 ,shairp1 ,province of ,poetry1 #bh--8;,if poetry be not a river fed from the clear wells that spring on the highest summits of humanity1 but only a canal to drain off stagnant ditches from the flats1 it may be a very useful sanitary contrivance1 but has not1 in ,bacon's words1 any 'participation of divineness4'0 ,shakespeare uses prose for ideas detached from emotion1 such as the merrymaking of clowns or the maundering of fools4 ,but lofty thought with him puts on poetry as its singing robe4 ,savage1 ,life beyond ,death1 #ae--8,when ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau lay dying at ,concord1 his friend ,parker ,pillsbury sat by his bedside4 ,he leaned over1 took him by the hand1 and said3 #8,henry1 you are so near to the border now1 can you see anything on the other side8' ,and ,thoreau answered3 #8,one world at a time1 ,parker6' ,but ,i cannot help asking about that other world1 and if ,i belong to a future world as well as to this1 my life will be a very different one40 ,jesus knew our need of certain information about the future1 and therefore he said3 8,in my ,father's house are many mansions2 if it were not so1 ,i would have told you2 for ,i go to prepare a place for you0 7,john #ad3b74 ,hutton1 ,essays1 #b3baa--8;,imagination may be powerful without being fertile2 it may summon up past scenes and live in them without being able to create new ones4 ,national unity and supernatural guidance were beliefs which kept ,hebrew poetry from being fertile or original in its dealings with human story2 for national pride is conservative1 not inventive1 and believers in actual providence do not care to live in a world of invention4 ,the ,jew saw in history only the illustration of these two truths4 ,he was never thoroughly stirred by mere individual emotion4 ,the modern poet is a student of beauty2 the ,o4 ,t4 poet a student of ,god4 ,to the latter all creation is a mere shadow2 the essence of its beauty and the sustaining power of its life are in the spiritual world4 ,go beyond the spiritual nature of man1 and the sympathy of the ,hebrew poet is dried up at once4 ,his poetry was true and divine1 but at the expense of variousness of insight and breadth of sympathy4 ,it was heliocentric rather than geocentric4 ,only ,job1 the latest1 is a conscious effort of the imagination40 ,apocalyptic poetry for these reasons was most natural to the ,hebrew mind4 ,balfour1 ,foundations of ,belief1 #ff--8,somewhere and for some ,being1 there shines an unchanging splendor of beauty1 of which in nature and in art we see1 each of us from his own standpoint1 only passing gleams and stray reflections1 whose different aspects we cannot now cordinate1 whose import we cannot fully comprehend1 but which at least is something other than the chance play of subjective sensibility or the faroff echo of ancestral lusts40 ,dewey1 ,psychology1 #bjj--8;,all products of the creative imagination are unconscious testimonials to the unity of spirit which binds man to man1 and man to nature1 in one organic whole40 ,tennyson1 ,idylls of the ,king3 8,as from beyond the limit of the world1 ,like the last echo born of a great cry1 ,sounds1 as if some fair city were one voice ,around a king returning from his wars40 ,see1 on the whole subject of ,eschatology1 ,luthardt1 ,lehre von den letzten ,dingen1 and ,saving ,truths of ,christianity2 ,hodge1 ,systematic ,theology1 #c3gachhj2 ,hovey1 ,biblical ,eschatology2 ,heagle1 ,that ,blessed ,hope4 ,i4 ,physical ,death4 ,physical death is the separation of the soul from the body4 ,we distinguish it from spiritual death1 or the separation of the soul from ,god2 and from the second death1 or the banishment from ,god and final misery of the renited soul and body of the wicked4 ,spiritual death3 ,is4 #ei3b--8;but your iniquities have separated between you and your ,god1 and your sins have hid his face from you1 so that he will not hear02 ,rom4 #g3bd--8,wretched man that ,i am6 who shall deliver me out of the body of this death80 ,eph4 #b3a--8;dead through your trespasses and sins40 ,the second death3 ,rev4 #b3aa--8;,he that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death02 #bj3ad--8;,and death and ,hades were cast into the lake of fire4 ,this is the second death1 even the lake of fire02 #ba3h--8;,but for the fearful1 and unbelieving1 and abominable1 and murderers1 and fornicators1 and sorcerers1 and idolaters1 and all liars1 their part shall be in the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone2 which is the second death40 ,julius ,mller1 ,doctrine of ,sin1 #b3cjc--8,spiritual death1 the inner discord and enslavement of the soul1 and the misery resulting therefrom1 to which belongs that other death1 the second death1 an outward condition corresponding to that inner slavery40 ,trench1 ,epistles to the ,seven ,churches1 #aea--8,this phrase #8second death' is itself a solemn protest against the ,sadduceeism and ,epicureanism which would make natural death the beall and the endall of existence4 ,as there is a life beyond the present life for the faithful1 so there is death beyond that which falls under our eyes for the wicked40 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the second death is the continuance of spiritual death in another and timeless existence40 ,hudson1 ,scientific ,demonstration of a ,future ,life1 #bbb--8;,if a man has a power that transcends the senses1 it is at least presumptive evidence that it does not perish when the senses are extinguished4444 ,the activity of the subjective mind is in inverse proportion to that of the body1 though the objective mind weakens with the body and perishes with the brain40 ,prof4 ,h4 ,h4 ,bawden3 8,consciousness is simply the growing of an organism1 while the organism is just that which grows4 ,consciousness is a function1 not a thing1 not an order of existence at all4 ,it is the universe coming to a focus1 flowering so to speak in a finite centre4 ,society is an organism in the same sense that the human being is an organism4 ,the spatial separation of the elements of the social organism is relatively no greater than the separation of the unit factors of the body4 ,as the neurone cannot deny the consciousness which is the function of the body1 so the individual member of society has no reason for denying the existence of a cosmic life of the organism which we call society40 ,emma ,m4 ,caillard1 on ,man in the ,light of ,evolution1 in ,contemp4 ,rev41 ,dec4 #ahic3hgh--8,man is nature risen into the consciousness of its relationship to the divine4 ,there is no receding from this point4 ,when #8that which drew from out the boundless deep turns again home1' the persistence of each personal life is necessitated4 ,human life1 as it is1 includes1 though it transcends the lower forms through which it has developed4 ,human life1 as it will be1 must include though it may transcend its present manifestation1 viz41 personality40 8,sometime1 when all life's lessons have been learned1 ,and suns and stars forevermore have set1 ,and things which our weak judgments here have spurned1 ,the things o'er which we grieved with lashes wet1 ,will flash before us through our life's dark night1 ,as stars shine most in deepest tints of blue3 ,and we shall see how all ,god's plans were right1 ,and most that seemed reproof was love most true3 ,and if sometimes commingled with life's wine ,we find the wormwood and rebel and shrink1 ,be sure a wiser hand than yours or mine ,pours out this portion for our lips to drink4 ,and if some friend we love is lying low1 ,where human kisses cannot reach his face1 ,o do not blame the loving ,father so1 ,but wear your sorrow with obedient grace2 ,and you shall shortly know that lengthened breath ,is not the sweetest gift ,god sends his friend1 ,and that sometimes the sable pall of death ,conceals the fairest boon his love can send4 ,if we could push ajar the gates of life1 ,and stand within1 and all ,god's working see1 ,we could interpret all this doubt and strife1 ,and for each mystery find a key40 ,although physical death falls upon the unbeliever as the original penalty of sin1 to all who are united in ,christ it loses its aspect of penalty1 and becomes a means of discipline and of entrance into eternal life4 ,to the ,christian1 physical death is not a penalty3 see ,ps4 #aaf3ae--8,precious in the sight of ,jehovah ,is the death of his saints02 ,rom4 #h3aj--8;,and if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness02 #ad3h--8;,for whether we live1 we live unto the ,lord2 or whether we die1 we die unto the ,lord3 whether we live therefore1 or die1 we are the ,lord's02 #a ,cor4 #c3bb--8whether ,paul1 or ,apollos1 or ,cephas1 or the world1 or life1 or death1 or things present1 or things to come2 all are yours02 #ae3ee--8,o death1 where is thy victory8 ,o death1 where is thy sting80 #a ,pet4 #d3f--8;,for unto this end was the gospel preached even to the dead1 that they might be judged indeed according to men in the flesh1 but live according to ,god in the spirit02 cf4 ,rom4 #a3ah--8;,for the wrath of ,god is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men1 who hinder the truth in unrighteousness02 #h3a1 #b--8,there is therefore now no condemnation to them that are in ,christ ,jesus4 ,for the law of the ,spirit of life in ,christ ,jesus made me free from the law of sin and of death02 ,heb4 #ab3f--8;,for whom the ,lord loveth he chasteneth40 ,dr4 ,hovey says that 8the present sufferings of believers are in the nature of discipline1 with an aspect of retribution2 while the present sufferings of unbelievers are retributive1 with a glance toward reformation40 ,we prefer to say that all penalty has been borne by ,christ1 and that1 for him who is justified in ,christ1 suffering of whatever kind is of the nature of fatherly chastening1 never of judicial retribution2 see our discussion of the ,penalty of ,sin1 pages #febffj4 8,we see but dimly through the mists and vapors ,amid these earthly damps2 ,what are to us but sad funereal tapers ,may be ,heaven's distant lamps4 ,there is no death1--what seems so is transition2 ,this life of mortal breath ,is but a suburb of the life ,elysian ,whose portal men call death40 8',tis meet that we should pause awhile1 ,ere we put off this mortal coil1 ,and in the stillness of old age1 ,muse on our earthly pilgrimage40 ,shakespeare1 ,romeo and ,juliet1 #d3e--8;,heaven and yourself ,had part in this fair maid2 now ,heaven hath all1 ,and all the better is it for the maid3 ,your part in her you could not keep from death1 ,but ,heaven keeps his part in eternal life4 ,the most you sought was her promotion1 ,for 't was your heaven she should be advanced2 ,and weep ye now1 seeing she is advanced ,above the clouds1 as high as ,heaven itself80 ,phbe ,cary's ,answered3 8,i thought to find some healing clime ,for her ,i loved2 she found that shore1 ,that city whose inhabitants ,are sick and sorrowful no more4 ,i asked for human love for her2 ,the ,loving knew how best to still ,the infinite yearning of a heart ,which but infinity could fill4 ,such sweet communion had been ours1 ,i prayed that it might never end2 ,my prayer is more than answered2 now ,i have an angel for my friend4 ,i wished for perfect peace to soothe ,the troubled anguish of her breast2 ,and numbered with the loved and called ,she entered on untroubled rest4 ,life was so fair a thing to her1 ,i wept and pleaded for its stay2 ,my wish was granted me1 for lo6 ,she hath eternal life today60 ,victor ,hugo3 8,the tomb is not a blind alley2 it is a thoroughfare4 ,it closes with the twilight1 to open with the dawn4444 ,i feel that ,i have not said the thousandth part of what is in me4444 ,the thirst for infinity proves infinity40 ,shakespeare3 8,nothing is here for tears2 nothing to wail1 ,or knock the breast2 no weakness1 no contempt1 ,dispraise or blame2 nothing but well and fair40 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes3 8,build thee more stately mansions1 ,o my soul1 ,as the swift seasons roll6 ,leave thy lowvaulted past6 ,let each new temple1 nobler than the last ,shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast1 ,till thou at length art free1 ,leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea60 ,j4 ,g4 ,whittier3 8,so when ,time's veil shall fall asunder1 ,the soul may know ,no fearful change or sudden wonder1 ,nor sink the weight of mystery under1 ,but with the upward rise1 and with the vastness grow40 ,to neither saint nor sinner is death a cessation of being4 ,this we maintain1 against the advocates of annihilation3 #a4 ,upon rational grounds4 7a7 ,the metaphysical argument4--,the soul is simple1 not compounded4 ,death1 in matter1 is the separation of parts4 ,but in the soul there are no parts to be separated4 ,the dissolution of the body1 therefore1 does not necessarily work a dissolution of the soul4 ,but1 since there is an immaterial principle in the brute1 and this argument taken by itself might seem to prove the immortality of the animal creation equally with that of man1 we pass to consider the next argument4 ,the ,gnostics and the ,manichans held that beasts had knowledge and might pray4 ,the immateriality of the brute mind was probably the consideration which led ,leibnitz1 ,bishop ,butler1 ,coleridge1 ,john ,wesley1 ,lord ,shaftesbury1 ,mary ,somerville1 ,james ,hogg1 ,toplady1 ,lamartine1 and ,louis ,agassiz to encourage the belief in animal immortality4 ,see ,bp4 ,butler1 ,analogy1 part i1 chap4 i 7,bohn's ed41 #haia72 ,agassiz1 ,essay on ,classification1 #ii--8,most of the arguments for the immortality of man apply equally to the permanency of this principle in other living beings40 ,elsewhere ,agassiz says of animals3 8,i cannot doubt of their immortality any more than ,i doubt of my own40 ,lord ,shaftesbury in #ahha remarked3 8,i have ever believed in a happy future for animals2 ,i cannot say or conjecture how or where2 but sure ,i am that the love1 so manifested by dogs especially1 is an emanation from the divine essence1 and as such it can1 or rather1 it will1 never be extinguished40 ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi preached to birds1 and called sun1 moon1 earth1 fire1 water1 stones1 flowers1 crickets1 and death1 his brothers and sisters4 8,he knew not if the brotherhood ,his homily had understood2 ,he only knew that to one ear ,the meaning of his words was clear0 7,longfellow1 ,the ,sermon of ,st4 ,francis--to the birds74 8,if death dissipates the sagacity of the elephant1 why not that of his captor80 ,see ,buckner1 ,immortality of ,animals2 ,william ,adams ,brown1 ,christian ,theology in ,outline1 #bdj4 ,mansel1 ,metaphysics1 #cga1 maintains that all this argument proves is that the objector cannot show the soul to be compound1 and so cannot show that it is destructible4 ,calderwood1 ,moral ,philosophy1 #bei--8,the facts which point toward the termination of our present state of existence are connected with our physical nature1 not with our mental40 ,john ,fiske1 ,destiny of the ,creature1 #aaj--8,with his illegitimate hypothesis of annihilation1 the materialist transgresses the bounds of experience quite as widely as the poet who sings of the ,new ,jerusalem1 with its river of life and its streets of gold4 ,scientifically speaking1 there is not a particle of evidence for either view40 ,john ,fiske1 ,life ,everlasting1 #hjhe--8;,how could immortal man have been produced through heredity from an ephemeral brute8 ,we do not know4 ,nature's habit is to make prodigious leaps1 but only after long preparation4 ,slowly rises the water in the tank1 inch by inch through many a weary hour1 until at length it overflows1 and straightway vast systems of machinery are awakened into rumbling life4 ,slowly the ellipse becomes eccentric1 until suddenly the finite ellipse becomes an infinite paraboloid40 ,ladd1 ,philosophy of ,mind1 #bjf--8,the ideas of dividing up or splitting off are not applicable to mind4 ,the argument for the indestructibility of mind as growing out of its indiscerptibility1 and the argument by which ,kant confuted it1 are alike absurd within the realm of mental phenomena40 ,adeney1 ,christianity and ,evolution1 #abg--8,nature1 this argument shows1 has nothing to say against the immortality of that which is above the range of physical structure40 ,lotze3 8,everything which has once originated will endure forever so soon as it possesses an unalterable value for the coherent system of the world2 but it will1 as a matter of course1 in turn cease to be1 if this is not the case40 ,bowne1 ,int4 to ,psych4 ,theory1 #caecah--8,of what use would brutes be hereafter8 ,we may reply3 ,of what use are they here8444 ,those things which have perennial significance for the universe will abide40 ,bixby1 ,crisis in ,morals1 #bjc--8;,in living beings there is always a pressure toward larger and higher existence4444 ,the plant must grow1 must bloom1 must sow its seeds1 or it withers away4444 ,the aim is to bring forth consciousness1 and in greatest fulness4444 ,beasts of prey and other enemies to the ascending path of life are to be swept out of the way40 ,but is not the brute a part of that ,nature which has been subjected to vanity1 which groans and travails in pain1 and which waits to be redeemed8 ,the answer seems to be that the brute is a mere appendage to man1 has no independent value in the creation1 is incapable of ethical life or of communion with ,god the source of life1 and so has no guarantee of continuance4 ,man on the other hand is of independent value4 ,but this is to anticipate the argument which follows4 ,it is sufficient here to point out that there is no proof that consciousness is dependent upon the soul's connection with a physical organism4 ,mc,lane1 ,evolution in ,religion1 #bfa--8;,as the body may preserve its form and be to a degree made to act after the psychic element is lost by removal of the brain1 so this psychic element may exist1 and act according to its nature after the physical element ceases to exist40 ,hovey1 ,bib4 ,eschatology1 #ai--8;,if ,i am in a house1 ,i can look upon surrounding objects only through its windows2 but open the door and let me go out of the house1 and the windows are no longer of any use to me40 ,shaler1 ,interpretation of ,nature1 #bie--8,to perpetuate mind after death is less surprising than to perpetuate or transmit mind here by inheritance40 ,see also ,martineau1 ,study1 #b3ccbccg1 #cfccfe4 ,william ,james1 in his ,essay on ,human ,immortality1 argues that thought is not necessarily a productive function of the brain2 it may rather be a permissive or transmissive function4 ,thought is not made in the brain1 so that when the brain perishes the soul dies4 ,the brain is only the organ for the transmission of thought1 just as the lens transmits the light which it does not produce4 ,there is a spiritual world behind and above the material world4 ,our brains are thin and half transparent places in the veil1 through which knowledge comes in4 ,savage1 ,life after ,death1 #bhi--8,you may attach a dynamo for a time to some particular machine4 ,when you have removed the machine1 you have not destroyed the dynamo4 ,you may attach it to some other machine and find that you have the old time power4 ,so the soul may not be confined to one body40 ,these analogies seem to us to come short of proving personal immortality4 ,they belong to 8psychology without a soul10 and while they illustrate the persistence of some sort of life1 they do not render more probable the continuance of my individual consciousness beyond the bounds of death4 ,they are entirely consistent with the pantheistic theory of a remerging of the personal existence in the great whole of which it forms a part4 ,tennyson1 ,in ,memoriam3 8,that each1 who seems a separate whole1 ,should move his rounds and1 fusing all ,the skirts of self again1 should fall ,remerging in the general ,soul1 ,is faith as vague as all unsweet40 ,see ,pfleiderer1 ,die ,ritschl'sche ,theologie1 #ab2 ,howison1 ,limits of ,evolution1 #bgicab4 ,seth1 ,hegelianism3 8,for ,hegel1 immortality is only the permanence of the ,absolute1 the abstract process4 ,this is no more consoling than the continued existence of the chemical elements of our bodies in new transformations4 ,human selfconsciousness is a spark struck in the dark1 to die away on the darkness whence it has arisen40 ,this is the only immortality of which ,george ,eliot conceived in her poem1 ,the ,immortal ,choir3 8,o may ,i join the choir invisible ,of those immortal dead who live again ,in minds made better by their presence2 live ,in pulses stirred to generosity1 ,in deeds of daring rectitude1 in scorn ,for miserable aims that end in self1 ,in thoughts sublime that pierce the night like stars1 ,and with their mild persistence urge man's search ,to vaster issues40 ,those who hold to this unconscious immortality concede that death is not a separation of parts1 but rather a cessation of consciousness2 and that therefore1 while the substance of human nature may endure1 mankind may ever develop into new forms1 without individual immortality4 ,to this we reply1 that man's self consciousness and selfdetermination are different in kind from the consciousness and determination of the brute4 ,as man can direct his selfconsciousness and selfdetermination to immortal ends1 we have the right to believe this selfconsciousness and selfdetermination to be immortal4 ,this leads us to the next argument4 7b7 ,the teleological argument4--,man1 as an intellectual1 moral1 and religious being1 does not attain the end of his existence on earth4 ,his development is imperfect here4 ,divine wisdom will not leave its work incomplete4 ,there must be a hereafter for the full growth of man's powers1 and for the satisfaction of his aspirations4 ,created1 unlike the brute1 with infinite capacities for moral progress1 there must be an immortal existence in which those capacities shall be brought into exercise4 ,though the wicked forfeit all claim to this future1 we have here an argument from ,god's love and wisdom to the immortality of the righteous4 ,in reply to this argument1 it has been said that many right wishes are vain4 ,mill1 ,essays on ,religion1 #bid--8;,desire for food implies enough to eat1 now and forever8 hence an eternal supply of cabbage80 ,but our argument proceeds upon three presuppositions3 7#a7 that a holy and benevolent ,god exists2 7#b7 that he has made man in his image2 7#c7 that man's true end is holiness and likeness to ,god4 ,therefore1 what will answer the true end of man will be furnished2 but that is not cabbage--it is holiness and love1 i4 e41 ,god himself4 ,see ,martineau1 ,study1 #b3cgjcha4 ,the argument1 however1 is valuable only in its application to the righteous4 ,god will not treat the righteous as the tyrant of ,florence treated ,michael ,angelo1 when he bade him carve out of ice a statue1 which would melt under the first rays of the sun4 ,in the case of the wicked1 the other law of retribution comes in--the taking away of 8even that which he hath0 7,mat4 #be3bi74 ,since we are all wicked1 the argument is not satisfactory1 unless we take into account the further facts of atonement and justification--facts of which we learn from revelation alone4 ,but while1 taken by itself1 this rational argument might be called defective1 and could never prove that man may not attain his end in the continued existence of the race1 rather than in that of the individual1 the argument appears more valuable as a rational supplement to the facts already mentioned1 and seems to render certain at least the immortality of those upon whom ,god has set his love1 and in whom he has wrought the beginnings of righteousness4 ,lord ,erskine3 8,inferior animals have no instincts or faculties which are not subservient to the ends and purposes of their being4 ,man's reason1 and faculties endowed with power to reach the most distant worlds1 would be useless if his existence were to terminate in the grave40 ,there would be wastefulness in the extinction of great minds2 see ,jackson1 ,james ,martineau1 #dci4 ,as water is implied by the organization of the fish1 and air by that of the bird1 so 8the existence of spiritual power within us is likewise presumption that some fitting environment awaits the spirit when it shall be set free and perfected1 and sex and death can be dispensed with0 7,newman ,smyth1 ,place of ,death in ,evolution1 #ajf74 ,ngeli1 the ,german botanist1 says that ,nature tends to perfection4 ,yet the mind hardly begins to awake1 ere the bodily powers decline 7,george1 ,progress and ,poverty1 #eje74 8,character grows firmer and solider as the body ages and grows weaker4 ,can character be vitally implicated in the act of physical dissolution80 7,upton1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #cec74 ,if a rational and moral ,deity has caused the gradual evolution in humanity of the ideas of right and wrong1 and has added to it the faculty of creating ethical ideals1 must he not have provided some satisfaction for the ethical needs which this development has thus called into existence8 7,balfour1 ,foundations of ,belief1 #cea74 ,royce1 ,conception of ,god1 #ej1 quotes ,le ,conte as follows3 8,nature is the womb in which1 and evolution the process by which1 are generated sons of ,god4 ,without immortality this whole process is balked--the whole process of cosmic evolution is futile4 ,shall ,god be so long and at so great pains to achieve a spirit1 capable of communing with himself1 and then allow it to lapse again into nothingness80 ,john ,fiske1 ,destiny of ,man1 #aaf1 accepts the immortality of the soul by 8a supreme act of faith in the reasonableness of ,god's work40 ,if man is the end of the creative process and the object of ,god's care1 then the soul's career cannot be completed with its present life upon the earth 7,newman ,smyth1 ,place of ,death in ,evolution1 #ib1 #ic74 ,bowne1 ,philosophy of ,theism1 #bed--8,neither ,god nor the future life is needed to pay us for present virtue1 but rather as the condition without which our nature falls into irreconcilable discord with itself1 and passes on to pessimism and despair4 ,high and continual effort is impossible without correspondingly high and abiding hopes4444 ,it is no more selfish to desire to live hereafter than it is to desire to live tomorrow40 ,dr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,anderson used to say that there must be a heaven for canal horses1 washerwomen1 and college presidents1 because they do not get their deserts in this life4 ,life is a series of commencements rather than of accomplished ends4 ,longfellow1 on ,charles ,sumner3 8,death takes us by surprise1 ,and stays our hurrying feet2 ,the great design unfinished lies1 ,our lives are incomplete4 ,but in the dark unknown ,perfect their circles seem1 ,even as a bridge's arch of stone ,is rounded in the stream40 ,robert ,browning1 ,abt ,vogler3 8,there never shall be one lost good02 ,prospice3 8,no work begun shall ever pause for death02 8,pleasure must succeed to pleasure1 else past pleasure turns to pain2 ,and this first life claims a second1 else ,i count its good no gain02 ,old ,pictures in ,florence3 8,we are faulty--why not8 ,we have time in store02 ,grammarian's ,funeral3 8,what's time8 ,leave ,now for dogs and apes1--,man has ,forever40 ,robert ,browning wrote in his wife's ,testament the following testimony of ,dante3 8,thus ,i believe1 thus ,i affirm1 thus ,i am certain it is1 that from this life ,i shall pass to another better1 there where that lady lives1 of whom my soul was enamored40 ,and ,browning says in a letter3 8,it is a great thing--the greatest--that a human being should have passed the probation of life1 and sum up its experience in a witness to the power and love of ,god4444 ,i see even more reason to hold by the same hope40 7c7 ,the ethical argument4--,man is not1 in this world1 adequately punished for his evil deeds4 ,our sense of justice leads us to believe that ,god's moral administration will be vindicated in a life to come4 ,mere extinction of being would not be a sufficient penalty1 nor would it permit degrees of punishment corresponding to degrees of guilt4 ,this is therefore an argument from ,god's justice to the immortality of the wicked4 ,the guilty conscience demands a state after death for punishment4 ,this is an argument from ,god's justice to the immortality of the wicked1 as the preceding was an argument from ,god's love to the immortality of the righteous4 8,history defies our moral sense by giving a peaceful end to ,sulla40 ,louis ,,xv and ,madame ,pompadour died in their beds1 after a life of extreme luxury4 ,louis ,,xvi and his queen1 though far more just and pure1 perished by an appalling tragedy4 ,the fates of these four cannot be explained by the wickedness of the latter pair and the virtue of the former4 ,alexander the ,sixth1 the worst of the popes1 was apparently prosperous and happy in his iniquities4 ,though guilty of the most shameful crimes1 he was serenely impenitent1 and to the last of his days he defied both ,god and man4 ,since there is not an execution of justice here1 we feel that there must be a 8judgment to come10 such as that which terrified ,felix 7,acts #bd3be74 ,martineau1 ,study1 #b3chcchh4 ,stopford ,a4 ,brooke1 ,justice3 8,three men went out one summer night1 ,no care had they or aim1 ,and dined and drank4 #8,ere we go home ,we'll have1' they said1 #8a game4' ,three girls began that summer night ,a life of endless shame1 ,and went through drink1 disease1 and death ,as swift as racing flame4 ,lawless and homeless1 foul1 they died2 ,rich1 loved and praised1 the men3 ,but when they all shall meet with ,god1 ,and ,justice speaks1--what then80 ,see ,john ,caird1 ,fund4 ,ideas of ,christianity1 #b3beebig4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wilkin1 ,control in ,evolution3 8,belief in immortality is a practical necessity of evolution4 ,if the decisions of today are to determine our eternal destiny1 then it is vastly more important to choose and act aright1 than it is to preserve our earthly life4 ,the martyrs were right4 ,conscience is vindicated4 ,we can live for the ideal of manhood4 ,immortality is a powerful reformatory instrument40 ,martineau1 ,study of ,religion1 #b3chh--8;,if ,death gives a final discharge to the sinner and the saint alike1 ,conscience has told us more lies than it has ever called to their account40 ,shakespeare1 ,henry ,v1 #d3b--8;,if transgressors have defeated the law and outrun native punishment1 though they can outstrip men1 they have no wings to fly from ,god02 ,henry ,,vi1 #b;d part1 #e3b--8;,can we outrun the heavens80 ,addison1 ,cato3 8,it must be so1--,plato1 thou reasonest well4--,else whence this pleasing hope1 this fond desire1 ,this longing after immortality8 ,or whence this secret dread and inward horror ,of falling into naught8 ,why shrinks the soul ,back on herself and startles at destruction8 ',tis the divinity that stirs within us1 ',tis ,heaven itself that points out a hereafter1 ,and intimates eternity to man40 ,gildersleeve1 in ,the ,independent1 ,march #cj1 #ahii--8,plato in the ,phdo argues for immortality from the alternation of opposites3 life must follow death as death follows life4 ,but alternation of opposites is not generation of opposites4 ,he argues from reminiscence4 ,but this involves preexistence and a cycle of incarnations1 not the immortality which we crave4 ,the soul abides1 as the idea abides1 but there is no guarantee that it abides forever4 ,he argues from the uncompounded nature of the soul4 ,but we do not know the soul's nature1 and at most this is an analogy3 as soul is like ,god1 invisible1 it must like ,god abide4 ,but this is analogy1 and nothing more40 ,william ,james1 ,will to ,believe1 #hg--8,that our whole physical life may lie soaking in a spiritual atmosphere1 a dimension of being which we at present have no organ for apprehending1 is vividly suggested to us by the analogy of the life of our domestic animals4 ,our dogs1 for example1 are in our human life1 but are not of it4 ,they bite1 but do not know what it means2 they submit to vivisection1 and do not know the meaning of that40 ,george ,eliot1 walking with ,frederic ,myers in the ,fellows' ,garden at ,trinity1 ,cambridge1 8stirred somewhat beyond her wont1 and taking as her text the three words which have been used so often as the inspiring trumpetcalls of men--the words ,god1 ,immortality1 ,duty--pronounced with terrible earnestness how inconceivable was the first1 how unbelievable the second1 and yet how peremptory and absolute the third40 ,but this idea of the infinite nature of ,duty is the creation of ,christianity--the last infinite would never have attained its present range and intensity1 had it not been indissolubly connected with the other two 7,forrest1 ,christ of ,history and ,experience1 #af74 ,this ethical argument has probably more power over the minds of men than any other4 ,men believe in ,minos and ,rhadamanthus1 if not in the ,elysian ,fields4 ,but even here it may be replied that the judgment which conscience threatens may be1 not immortality1 but extinction of being4 ,we shall see1 however1 in our discussion of the endlessness of future punishment1 that mere annihilation cannot satisfy the moral instinct which lies at the basis of this argument4 ,that demands a punishment proportioned in each case to the guilt incurred by transgression4 ,extinction of being would be the same to all4 ,as it would not admit of degrees1 so it would not1 in any case1 sufficiently vindicate ,god's righteousness4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman3 8,if man be not immortal1 ,god is not just40 ,but while this argument proves life and punishment for the wicked after death1 it leaves us dependent on revelation for our knowledge how long that life and punishment will be4 ,kant's argument is that man strives equally for morality and for well being2 but morality often requires the sacrifice of wellbeing2 hence there must be a future reconciliation of the two in the wellbeing or reward of virtue4 ,to all of which it might be answered1 first1 that there is no virtue so perfect as to merit reward2 and secondly1 that virtue is its own reward1 and so is wellbeing4 7d7 ,the historical argument4--,the popular belief of all nations and ages shows that the idea of immortality is natural to the human mind4 ,it is not sufficient to say that this indicates only such desire for continued earthly existence as is necessary to selfpreservation2 for multitudes expect a life beyond death without desiring it1 and multitudes desire a heavenly life without caring for the earthly4 ,this testimony of man's nature to immortality may be regarded as the testimony of the ,god who made the nature4 ,testimonies to this popular belief are given in ,bartlett1 ,life and ,death ,eternal1 preface3 ,the arrowheads and earthen vessels laid by the side of the dead ,indian2 the silver obolus put in the mouth of the dead ,greek to pay ,charon's passage money2 the furnishing of the ,egyptian corpse with the ,book of the ,dead1 the papyrusroll containing the prayer he is to offer and the chart of his journey through the unseen world4 ,the ,gauls did not hesitate to lend money1 on the sole condition that he to whom they lent it would return it to them in the other life1--so sure were they that they should get it again 7,valerius ,maximus1 quoted in ,boissier1 ,la ,religion ,romaine1 #a3bfd74 ,the ,laplanders bury flint and tinder with the dead1 to furnish light for the dark journey4 ,the ,norsemen buried the horse and armor for the dead hero's triumphant ride4 ,the ,chinese scatter paper images of sedan porters over the grave1 to help along in the sombre pilgrimage4 ,the ,greenlanders bury with the child a dog to guide him 7,george ,dana ,boardman1 ,sermon on ,immortality74 ,savage1 ,life after ,death1 #aah--8;,candles at the head of the casket are the modern representatives of the primitive man's fire which was to light the way of the soul on its dark journey4444 ,ulysses talks in the underworld with the shade of ,hercules though the real ,hercules1 a demigod1 had been transferred to ,olympus1 and was there living in companionship with the gods4444 ,the ,brahman desired to escape being reborn4 ,socrates3 #8,to die and be released is better for me4' ,here ,i am walking on a plank4 ,it reaches out into the fog1 and ,i have got to keep walking4 ,i can see only ten feet ahead of me4 ,i know that pretty soon ,i must walk over the end of that plank1--,i haven't the slightest idea into what1 and ,i don't believe anybody else knows4 ,and ,i don't like it40 ,matthew ,arnold3 8,is there no other life8 ,pitch this one high40 ,but without positive revelation most men will say3 8,let us eat and drink1 for tomorrow we die0 7#a ,cor4 #ae3cb74 8,by passionately loving life1 we make ,loved life unlovely1 hugging her to death40 ,theodore ,parker3 8,the intuition of mortality is written in the heart of man by a ,hand that writes no falsehoods4444 ,there is evidence of a summer yet to be1 in the buds which lie folded through our northern winter--efflorescences in human nature unaccountable if the end of man is in the grave40 ,but it may be replied that many universal popular impressions have proved false1 such as belief in ghosts1 and in the moving of the sun round the earth4 ,while the mass of men have believed in immortality1 some of the wisest have been doubters4 ,cyrus said3 8,i cannot imagine that the soul lives only while it remains in this mortal body40 ,but the dying words of ,socrates were3 8,we part2 ,i am going to die1 and you to live2 which of us goes the better way is known to ,god alone40 ,cicero declared3 8,upon this subject ,i entertain no more than conjectures20 and said that1 when he was reading ,plato's argument for immortality1 he seemed to himself convinced1 but when he laid down the book he found that all his doubts returned4 ,farrar1 ,darkness and ,dawn1 #acd--8,though ,cicero wrote his ,tusculan ,disputations to prove the doctrine of immortality1 he spoke of that doctrine in his letters and speeches as a mere pleasing speculation1 which might be discussed with interest1 but which no one practically held40 ,aristotle1 ,nic4 ,ethics1 #c3i1 calls death 8the most to be feared of all things 444 for it appears to be the end of everything2 and for the deceased there appears to be no longer either any good or any evil40 schylus3 8,of one once dead there is no resurrection40 ,catullus3 8,when once our brief day has set1 we must sleep one everlasting night40 ,tacitus3 8,if there is a place for the spirits of the pious2 if1 as the wise suppose1 great souls do not become extinct with their bodies40 8,in that if10 says ,uhlhorn1 8lies the whole torturing uncertainty of heathenism40 ,seneca1 ,ep4 liv4--8,mors est non esse0--8,death is not to be02 ,troades1 ,v1 #cic--8,post mortem nihil est1 ipsaque mors nihil0--8,there is nothing after death1 and death itself is nothing40 ,marcus ,aurelius3 8,what springs from earth dissolves to earth again1 and heavenborn things fly to their native seat40 ,the ,emperor ,hadrian to his soul3 8,animula1 vagula1 blandula1 ,hospes comesque corporis1 ,qu nunc abibis in loca8 ,pallidula1 rigida1 nudula40 ,classic writers might have said of the soul at death3 8,we know not where is that ,promethean torch ,that can its light relume40 ,chadwick1 #ahd--8,with the growth of all that is best in man of intelligence and affection1 there goes the development of the hope of an immortal life4 ,if the hope thus developed is not a valid one1 then we have a radical contradiction in our moral nature4 ,the survival of the fittest points in the same direction40 ,andrew ,marvell 7#afbaafgh7--8;,at my back ,i always hear ,time's winged chariot hurrying near2 ,and yonder all before us lie ,deserts of vast ,eternity40 ,goethe in his last days came to be a profound believer in immortality4 8,you ask me what are my grounds for this belief8 ,the weightiest is this1 that we cannot do without it40 ,huxley wrote in a letter to ,morley3 8,it is a curious thing that ,i find my dislike to the thought of extinction increasing as ,i get older and nearer the goal4 ,it flashes across me at all sorts of time that in #aijj ,i shall probably know no more of what is going on than ,i did in #ahjj4 ,i had sooner be in hell1 a great deal1--at any rate in one of the upper circles1 where climate and the company are not too trying40 ,the book of ,job shows how impossible it is for man to work out the problem of personal immortality from the point of view of merely natural religion4 ,shakespeare1 in ,measure for ,measure1 represents ,claudio as saying to his sister ,isabella3 8,aye1 but to die1 and go we know not where2 ,to lie in cold obstruction and to rot2 ,this sensible warm motion to become ,a kneaded clod40 ,strauss1 ,glaubenslehre1 #b3gci--8,the other world is in all men the one enemy1 in its aspect of a future world1 however1 the last enemy1 which speculative criticism has to fight1 and if possible to overcome40 ,omar ,khayym1 ,rubiyt1 ,stanzas #bhce--8;,i came like ,water1 and like ,wind ,i go4444 ,up from ,earth's ,centre through the seventh gate ,i rose1 and on the throne of ,saturn sate1 ,and many a knot unravelled by the ,road1 ,but not the masterknot of human fate4 ,there was the ,door to which ,i found no ,key2 ,there was the ,veil through which ,i might not see3 ,some little talk awhile of ,me and ,thee ,there was1--,and then no more of ,thee and ,me4 ,earth could not answer1 nor the ,seas that mourn1 ,in flowing purple1 of their ,lord forlorn2 ,nor rolling ,heaven1 with all his signs revealed1 ,and hidden by the sleeve of ,night and ,morn4 ,then of the ,thee in ,me1 who works behind ,the veil1 ,i lifted up my hands to find ,a ,lamp1 amid the darkness2 and ,i heard ,as from without--#8,the ,me within ,thee blind4' ,then to the lip of this poor earthen ,urn ,i leaned1 the secret of my life to learn2 ,and ,lip to ,lip it murmur'd--#8,while you live1 ,drink6--for1 once dead1 you never shall return6' 0 ,so 8,the ,phantom ,caravan has reached ,the ,nothing it set out from40 ,it is a demonstration of the hopelessness and blindness and sensuality of man1 when left without the revelation of ,god and of the life to come4 ,the most that can be claimed for this fourth argument from popular belief is that it indicates a general appentency for continued existence after death1 and that the idea is congruous with our nature4 ,w4 ,e4 ,forster said to ,harriet ,martineau that he would rather be damned than annihilated2 see ,f4 ,p4 ,cobbe1 ,peak of ,darien1 #dd4 ,but it may be replied that there is reason enough for this desire for life in the fact that it ensures the earthly existence of the race1 which might commit universal suicide without it4 ,there is reason enough in the present life for its existence1 and we are not necessitated to infer a future life therefrom4 ,this objection cannot be fully answered from reason alone4 ,but if we take our argument in connection with the ,scriptural revelation concerning ,god's making of man in his image1 we may regard the testimony of man's nature as the testimony of the ,god who made it4 ,we conclude our statement of these rational proofs with the acknowledgment that they rest upon the presupposition that there exists a ,god of truth1 wisdom1 justice1 and love1 who has made man in his image1 and who desires to commune with his creatures4 ,we acknowledge1 moreover1 that these proofs give us1 not an absolute demonstration1 but only a balance of probability1 in favor of man's immortality4 ,we turn therefore to ,scripture for the clear revelation of a fact of which reason furnishes us little more than a presumption4 ,everett1 ,essays1 #gf1 #gg--8;,in his ,trume eines ,geistersehers1 ,kant foreshadows the ,method of his ,kritik4 ,he gives us a scheme of disembodied spirits1 and calls it a bit of mystic 7geheimen7 philosophy2 then the opposite view1 which he calls a bit of vulgar 7gemeimen7 philosophy4 ,then he says the scales of the understanding are not quite impartial1 and the one that has the inscription #8,hope for the future' has a mechanical advantage4 ,he says he cannot rid himself of this unfairness4 ,he suffers feeling to determine the result4 ,this is intellectual agnosticism supplemented by religious faith40 ,the following lines have been engraved upon the tomb of ,professor ,huxley3 8,and if there be no meeting past the grave1 ,if all is darkness1 silence1 yet 'tis rest4 ,be not afraid1 ye waiting hearts that weep1 ,for ,god still giveth his beloved sleep1 ,and if an endless sleep he wills1 so best40 ,contrast this consolation with3 8,let not your heart be troubled3 ye believe in ,god1 believe also in me4 ,in my ,father's house are many mansions3 if it were not so1 ,i would have told you4 ,i go to prepare a place for you4 ,and if ,i go and prepare a place for you1 ,i will come again1 and receive you unto myself1 that where ,i am1 there ye may be also0 7,john #ad3ac74 ,dorner3 8,there is no rational evidence which compels belief in immortality4 ,immortality has its pledge in ,god's making man in his image1 and in ,god's will of love for communion with men40 ,luthardt1 ,compendium1 #bhi--8,the truth in these proofs from reason is the idea of human personality and its relation to ,god4 ,belief in ,god is the universal presupposition and foundation of the universal belief in immortality40 ,when ,strauss declared that this belief in immortality is the last enemy which is to be destroyed1 he forgot that belief in ,god is more ineradicable still4 ,frances ,power ,cobbe1 ,life1 #ib--8,the doctrine of immortality is to me the indispensable corollary of that of the goodness of ,god40 ,hadley1 ,essays1 ,philological and ,critical1 #cibcig--8,the claim of immortality may be based on one or the other of two assumptions3 7#a7 ,the same organism will be reproduced hereafter1 and the same functions1 or part of them1 again manifested in connection with it1 and accompanied with consciousness of continued identity2 or1 7#b7 ,the same functions may be exercised and accompanied with consciousness of identity1 though not connected with the same organism as before2 may in fact go on without interruption1 without being even suspended by death1 though no longer manifested to us40 ,the conclusion is3 8,the light of nature1 when all directed to this question1 does furnish a presumption in favor of immortality1 but not so strong a presumption as to exclude great and reasonable doubts upon the subject40 ,for an excellent synopsis of arguments and objections1 see ,hase1 ,hutterus ,redivivus1 #bgf4 ,see also ,bowen1 ,metaph4 and ,ethics1 #dagdda2 ,a4 ,m4 ,fairbairn1 on ,idea of ,immortality1 in ,studies in ,philos4 of ,religion and of ,history2 ,wordsworth1 ,intimations of ,immortality2 ,tennyson1 ,two ,voices2 ,alger1 ,critical ,history of ,doctrine of ,future ,life1 with ,appendix by ,ezra ,abbott1 containing a ,catalogue of ,works relating to the ,nature1 ,origin1 and ,destiny of the ,soul2 ,ingersoll ,lectures on ,immortality1 by ,george ,a4 ,gordon1 ,josiah ,royce1 ,william ,james1 ,dr4 ,osler1 ,john ,fiske1 ,b4 ,i4 ,wheeler1 ,hyslop1 ,mnsterberg1 ,crothars4 #b4 ,upon scriptural grounds4 7a7 ,the account of man's creation1 and the subsequent allusions to it in ,scripture1 show that1 while the body was made corruptible and subject to death1 the soul was made in the image of ,god1 incorruptible and immortal4 ,gen4 #a3bf1 #bg--8,let us make man in our image02 #b3g--8;,and ,jehovah ,god formed man of the dust of the ground1 and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life2 and man became a living soul0--here1 as was shown in our treatment of ,man's ,original ,state1 page #ebc1 it is not the divine image1 but the body1 that is formed of dust2 and into this body the soul that possesses the divine image is breathed4 ,in the ,hebrew records1 the animating soul is everywhere distinguished from the earthly body4 ,gen4 #c3bb1 #bc--8;,behold1 the man is become as one of us1 to know good and evil2 and now1 lest he put forth his hand1 and take also of the tree of life1 and eat1 and live for ever3 therefore ,jehovah ,god sent him forth from the garden of ,eden0--man had immortality of soul1 and now1 lest to this he add immortality of body1 he is expelled from the tree of life4 ,eccl4 #ab3g--8the dust returneth to the earth as it was1 and the spirit returneth unto ,god who gave it02 ,zech4 #ab3a--8;,jehovah1 who stretcheth forth the heavens1 and layeth the foundation of the earth1 and formeth the spirit of man within him40 ,mat4 #aj3bh--8;,and be not afraid of them that kill the body1 but are not able to kill the soul3 but rather fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell02 ,acts #g3ei--8;,and they stoned ,stephen1 calling upon the ,lord1 and saying1 ,lord ,jesus1 receive my spirit03 #b ,cor4 #ab3b--8;,i know a man in ,christ1 fourteen years ago 7whether in the body1 ,i know not2 or whether out of the body1 ,i know not2 ,god knoweth71 such a one caught up even to the third heaven02 #a ,cor4 #ae3de1 #df--8,the first man ,adam became a living soul4 ,the last ,adam became a lifegiving spirit4 ,howbeit that is not first which is spiritual1 but that which is natural2 then that which is spiritual0--the first ,adam was made a being whose body was psychical and mortal--a body of flesh and blood1 that could not inherit the kingdom of ,god4 ,so ,paul says the spiritual is not first1 but the psychical2 but there is no intimation that the soul also was created mortal1 and needed external appliances1 like the tree of life1 before it could enter upon immortality4 ,but it may be asked3 ,is not all this1 in #a ,cor4 #ae1 spoken of the regenerate--those to whom a new principle of life has been communicated8 ,we answer1 yes2 but that does not prevent us from learning from the passage the natural immortality of the soul2 for in regeneration the essence is not changed1 no new substance is imparted1 no new faculty or constitutive element is added1 and no new principle of holiness is infused4 ,the truth is simply that the spirit is morally readjusted4 ,for substance of the above remarks1 see ,hovey1 ,state of ,impenitent ,dead1 #abg4 ,savage1 ,life after ,death1 #df1 #ec--8,the word translated #8soul'1 in ,gen4 #b3g1 is the same word which in other parts of the ,o4 ,t4 is used to denote the lifeprinciple of animals4 ,it does not follow that soul implies immortality1 for then all animals would be immortal4444 ,the firmament of the ,hebrews was the cover of a dinnerplatter1 solid1 but with little windows to let the rain through4 ,above this firmament was heaven where ,god and angels abode1 but no people went there4 ,all went below4 ,but growing moral sense held that the good could not be imprisoned in ,hades4 ,so came the idea of resurrection4444 ,if a force1 a universe with ,god left out1 can do all that has been done1 ,i do not see why it cannot also continue my existence through what is called death40 ,dr4 ,h4 ,heath ,bawden3 8,it is only the creature that is born that will die4 ,monera and ,amb are immortal1 as ,weismann tells us4 ,they do not die1 because they never are born4 ,the death of the individual as a somatic individual is for the sake of the larger future life of the individual in its germinal immortality4 ,so we live ourselves spiritually into our children1 as well as physically4 ,an organism is nothing but a centre or focus through which the world surges4 ,what matter if the irrelevant somatic portion is lost in what we call death6 ,the only immortality possible is the immortality of function4 ,my body has changed completely since ,i was a boy1 but ,i have become a larger self thereby4 ,birth and death simply mark steps or stages in the growth of such an individual1 which in its very nature does not exclude but rather includes within it the lives of all other individuals4 ,the individual is more than a passive member1 he is an active organ of a biological whole4 ,the laws of his life are the social organism functioning in one of its organs4 ,he lives and moves and has his being in the great spirit of the whole1 which comes to a focus or flowers out in his conscious life40 7b7 ,the account of the curse in ,genesis1 and the subsequent allusions to it in ,scripture1 show that1 while the death then incurred includes the dissolution of the body1 it does not include cessation of being on the part of the soul1 but only designates that state of the soul which is the opposite of true life1 viz41 a state of banishment from ,god1 of unholiness1 and of misery4 ,gen4 #b3ag--8;in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die02 cf4 #c3h--8the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of ,jehovah ,god02 #afai--the curse of pain and toil3 #bbbd--;banishment from the garden of ,eden and from the tree of life4 ,mat4 #h3bb--8;,follow me2 and leave the dead to bury their own dead02 #be3da1 #df--8;,depart from me1 ye cursed1 into the eternal fire4444 ,these shall go away into eternal punishment02 ,luke #ae3cb--8this thy brother was dead1 and is alive again2 and was lost1 and is found02 ,john #e3bd--8;,he that heareth my word1 and believeth him that sent me1 hath eternal life1 and cometh not into judgment1 but hath passed out of death into life02 #f3dg1 #ec1 #fc--8;,he that believeth hath eternal life4444 ,except ye eat the flesh of the ,son of man and drink his blood1 ye have not life in yourselves4444 the words that ,i have spoken unto you are spirit1 and are life03 #h3ea--8;,if a man keep my word1 he shall never see death40 ,rom4 #e3ba--8that1 as sin reigned in death1 even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life02 #h3ac--8;if ye live after the flesh1 ye must die2 but if by the ,spirit ye put to death the deeds of the body1 ye shall live02 ,eph4 #b3a--8;dead through your trespasses and sins02 #e3ad--8;,awake1 thou that sleepest1 and arise from the dead1 and ,christ shall shine upon thee02 ,james #e3bj--8;he who converteth a sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death1 and shall cover a multitude of sins02 #a ,john #c3ad--8,we know that we have passed out of death into life1 because we love the brethren02 ,rev4 #c3a--8;,i know thy works1 that thou hast a name that thou livest1 and thou art dead40 ,we are to interpret ,o4 ,t4 terms by the ,n4 ,t4 meaning put into them4 ,we are to interpret the ,hebrew by the ,greek1 not the ,greek by the ,hebrew4 ,it never would do to interpret our missionaries' use of the ,chinese words for 8,god01 8spirit01 8holiness01 by the use of those words among the ,chinese before the missionaries came4 ,by the later usage of the ,n4 ,t41 the ,holy ,spirit shows us what he meant by the usage of the ,o4 ,t4 7c7 ,the ,scriptural expressions1 held by annihilationists to imply cessation of being on the part of the wicked1 are used not only in connections where they cannot bear this meaning 7,esther #d3af71 but in connections where they imply the opposite4 ,esther #d3af--8;if ,i perish1 ,i perish02 ,gen4 #f3aa--8;,and the earth was corrupt before ,god0--here1 in the ,,lxx1 the word 1 translated 8was corrupt10 is the same word which in other places is interpreted by annihilationists as meaning extinction of being4 ,in ,ps4 #aai3agf1 8,i have gone astray like a lost sheep0 cannot mean 8,i have gone astray like an annihilated sheep40 ,is4 #di3ag--8thy destroyers annihilators8 and they that made thee waste shall go forth from thee02 #eg3a1 #b--8,the righteous perisheth is annihilated8 and no man layeth it to heart2 and merciful men are taken away1 none considering that the righteous is taken away from the evil to come4 ,he entereth into peace2 they rest in their beds1 each one that walketh in his uprightness02 ,dan4 #i3bf--8;,and after the three score and two weeks shall the anointed one be cut off annihilated840 ,mat4 #aj3f1 #ci1 #db--8the lost sheep of the house of ,israel 444 he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it 444 he shall in no wise lose his reward0--in these verses we cannot substitute 8annihilate0 for 8lose02 ,acts #ac3da--8;,behold1 ye despisers1 and wonder1 and perish02 cf4 ,mat4 #f3af--8;for they disfigure their faces0--where the same word is used4 #a ,cor4 #c3ag--8;,if any man destroyeth annihilates8 the temple of ,god1 him shall ,god destroy02 #b ,cor4 #g3b--8we corrupted no man0--where the same word is used4 #b ,thess4 #a3i--8who shall suffer punishment1 even eternal destruction from the face of the ,lord and from the glory of his might0 the wicked shall be driven out from the presence of ,christ4 ,destruction is not annihilation4 8,destruction from0 separation2 7per contra1 see ,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stevens1 ,com4 in loco3 8from0 the source from which the 8destruction0 proceeds74 8,a ship engulfed in quicksands is destroyed2 a temple broken down and deserted is destroyed02 see ,lillie1 ,com4 in loco4 #b ,pet4 #c3g--8;day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men0--here the word 8destruction0 77 is the same with that used of the end of the present order of things1 and translated 8perished0 77 in verse #f4 8,we cannot accordingly infer from it that the ungodly will cease to exist1 but only that there will be a great and penal change in their condition0 7,plumptre1 ,com4 in loco74 7d7 ,the passages held to prove the annihilation of the wicked at death cannot have this meaning1 since the ,scriptures foretell a resurrection of the unjust as well as of the just2 and a second death1 or a misery of the reunited soul and body1 in the case of the wicked4 ,acts #bd3ae--8there shall be a resurrection both of the just and unjust02 ,rev4 #b3aa--8;,he that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death02 #bj3ad1 #ae--8;,and death and ,hades were cast into the lake of fire4 ,this is the second death1 even the lake of fire4 ,and if any was not found written in the book of life1 he was cast into the lake of fire02 #ba3h--8their part shall be in the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone2 which is the second death40 ,the 8second death0 is the first death intensified4 ,having one's 8part in the lake of fire0 is not annihilation4 ,in a similar manner the word 8life0 is to be interpreted not as meaning continuance of being1 but as meaning perfection of being4 ,as death is the loss not of life1 but of all that makes life desirable1 so life is the possession of the highest good4 #a ,tim4 #e3f--8,she that giveth herself to pleasure is dead while she liveth0--here the death is spiritual death1 and it is implied that true life is spiritual life4 ,john #aj3aj--8;,i came that they may have life1 and may have it abundantly0--implies that 8life0 is not3 #a4 mere existence1 for they had this before ,christ came2 nor #b4 mere motion1 as squirrels go in a wheel1 without making progress2 nor #c4 mere possessions1 8for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of things which he possesseth0 7,luke #ab3ae74 ,but life is3 #a4 right relation of our powers1 or holiness2 #b4 right use of our powers1 or love2 #c4 right number of our powers1 or completeness2 #d4 right intensity of our powers1 or energy of will2 #e4 right environment of our powers1 or society2 #f4 right source of our powers1 or ,god4 7e7 ,the words used in ,scripture to denote the place of departed spirits have in them no implication of annihilation1 and the allusions to the condition of the departed show that death1 to the writers of the ,old and the ,new ,testaments1 although it was the termination of man's earthly existence1 was not an extinction of his being or his consciousness4 ,on ,sheol1 ,gesenius1 ,lexicon1 #ajth ed41 says that1 though is commonly explained as infinitive of 1 to demand1 it is undoubtedly allied to 7root 71 to be sunk1 and 8sinking10 8depth10 or 8the sunken1 deep1 place40 1 ,hades1 not 8hell10 but the 8unseen world10 conceived by the ,greeks as a shadowy1 but not as an unconscious1 state of being4 ,genung1 ,epic of the ,inner ,life1 on ,job #g3i--8,sheol1 the ,hebrew word designating the unseen abode of the dead2 a neutral word1 presupposing neither misery nor happiness1 and not infrequently used much as we use the word #8the grave'1 to denote the final undefined restingplace of all40 ,gen4 #be3h1 #i--;,abraham 8was gathered to his people4 ,and ,isaac and ,ishmael his sons buried him in the cave of ,machpelah40 8,yet ,abraham's father was buried in ,haran1 and his more remote ancestors in ,ur of the ,chaldees4 ,so ,joshua's generation is said to be #8gathered to their fathers' though the generation that preceded them perished in the wilderness1 and previous generations died in ,egypt0 7,w4 ,h4 ,green1 in ,s4 ,s4 ,times74 ,so of ,isaac in ,gen4 #ce3bi1 and of ,jacob in #ai3bi1 #cc1--;all of whom were gathered to their fathers before they were buried4 ,num4 #bj3bd--8;,aaron shall be gathered unto his people0--here it is very plain that being 8gathered unto his people0 was something different from burial4 ,deut4 #aj3f--8,there ,aaron died1 and there he was buried40 ,job #c3ac1 #ah--8;,for now should ,i have lain down and been quiet2 ,i should have slept2 then had ,i been at rest4444 ,there the prisoners are at ease together2 ,they hear not the voice of the taskmaster02 #g3i--8;,as the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away1 ,so he that goeth down to ,sheol shall come up no more02 #ad3bb--8;,but his flesh upon him hath pain1 ,and his soul within him mourneth40 ,ez4 #cb3ba--8,the strong among the mighty shall speak to him out of the midst of ,sheol02 ,luke #af3bc--8;,and in ,hades he lifted up his eyes1 being in torments1 and seeth ,abraham afar off1 and ,lazarus in his bosom02 #bc3dc--8,today shalt thou be with me in ,paradise02 cf4 #a ,sam4 #bh3ai--,samuel said to ,saul in the cave of ,endor3 8tomorrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me0--evidently not in an unconscious state4 ,many of these passages intimate a continuity of consciousness after death4 ,though ,sheol is unknown to man1 it is naked and open to ,god 7,job #bf3f72 he can find men there to redeem them from thence 7,ps4 #di3ae7--proof that death is not annihilation4 ,see ,girdlestone1 ,o4 ,t4 ,synonyms1 #ddg4 7f7 ,the terms and phrases which have been held to declare absolute cessation of existence at death are frequently metaphorical1 and an examination of them in connection with the context and with other ,scriptures is sufficient to show the untenableness of the literal interpretation put upon them by the annihilationists1 and to prove that the language is merely the language of appearance4 ,death is often designated as a 8sleeping0 or a 8falling asleep02 see ,john #aa3aa1 #ad--8,our friend ,lazarus is fallen asleep2 but ,i go1 that ,i may awake him out of sleep4444 ,then ,jesus therefore said unto them plainly1 ,lazarus is dead40 ,here the language of appearance is used2 yet this language could not have been used1 if the soul had not been conceived of as alive1 though sundered from the body2 see ,meyer on #a ,cor4 #a3ah4 ,so the language of appearance is used in ,eccl4 #i3aj--8there is no work1 nor device1 nor knowledge1 nor wisdom1 in ,sheol whither thou goest0--and in ,ps4 #adf3d--8;,his breath goeth forth2 he returneth to his earth2 ,in that very day his thoughts perish40 ,see ,mozley1 ,essays1 #b3aga--8,these passages often describe the phenomena of death as it presents itself to our eyes1 and so do not enter into the reality which takes place beneath it40 ,bartlett1 ,life and ,death ,eternal1 #ahiceh--8;,because the same ,hebrew word is used for #8spirit' and #8breath1' shall we say that the spirit is only breath8 #8,heart' in ,english might in like manner be made to mean only the material organ2 and ,david's heart1 panting1 thirsting1 melting within him1 would have to be interpreted literally4 ,so a man may be #8eaten up with avarice1' while yet his being is not only not extinct1 but is in a state of frightful activity40 7g7 ,the ,jewish belief in a conscious existence after death is proof that the theory of annihilation rests upon a misinterpretation of ,scripture4 ,that such a belief in the immortality of the soul existed among the ,jews is abundantly evident3 from the knowledge of a future state possessed by the ,egyptians 7,acts #g3bb72 from the accounts of the translation of ,enoch and of ,elijah 7,gen4 #e3bd2 cf4 ,heb4 #aa3e2 #b ,k4 #b3aa72 from the invocation of the dead which was practised1 although forbidden by the law 7#a ,sam4 #bh3gad2 cf4 ,lev4 #bj3bh2 ,deut4 #ah3aj1 #aa72 from allusions in the ,o4 ,t4 to resurrection1 future retribution1 and life beyond the grave 7,job #ai3bebg2 ,ps4 #af3iaa2 ,is4 #bf3ai2 ,ez4 #cg3aad2 ,dan4 #ab3b1 #c1 #ac72 and from distinct declarations of such faith by ,philo and ,josephus1 as well as by the writers of the ,n4 ,t4 7,mat4 #bb3ca1 #cb2 ,acts #bc3f2 #bf3fh2 ,heb4 #aa3acaf74 ,the ,egyptian coffin was called 8the chest of the living40 ,the ,egyptians called their houses 8hostelries10 while their tombs they called their 8eternal homes0 7,butcher1 ,aspects of ,greek ,genius1 #cj74 ,see the ,book of the ,dead1 translated by ,birch1 in ,bunsen's ,egypt's ,place1 #abcccc3 ,the principal ideas of the first part of the ,book of the ,dead are 8living again after death1 and being born again as the sun10 which typified the ,egyptian resurrection 7#ach74 8,the deceased lived again after death0 7#acd74 8,the ,osiris lives after he dies1 like the sun daily2 for as the sun died and was born yesterday1 so the ,osiris is born0 7#afd74 ,yet the immortal part1 in its continued existence1 was dependent for its blessedness upon the preservation of the body2 and for this reason the body was embalmed4 ,immortality of the body is as important as the passage of the soul to the upper regions4 ,growth or natural reparation of the body is invoked as earnestly as the passage of the soul4 8,there is not a limb of him without a god2 ,thoth is vivifying his limbs0 7#aig74 ,maspero1 ,recueil de ,travaux1 gives the following readings from the inner walls of pyramids twelve miles south of ,cairo3 8,o ,unas1 thou hast gone away dead1 but living02 8,teti is the living dead02 8,arise1 ,o ,teti1 to die no more02 8,o ,pepi1 thou diest no more02--these inscriptions show that to the ,egyptians there was life beyond death4 8,the life of ,unas is duration2 his period is eternity02 8,they render thee happy throughout all eternity02 8,he who has given thee life and eternity is ,ra02--here we see that the life beyond death was eternal4 8,rising at his pleasure1 gathering his members that are in the tomb1 ,unas goes forth02 8,unas has his heart1 his legs1 his arms02 this asserts reunion with the body4 8,reunited to thy soul1 thou takest thy place among the stars of heaven02 8the soul is thine within thee02--there was reunion with the soul4 8,a god is born1 it is ,unas02 8,o ,ra1 thy son comes to thee1 this ,unas comes to thee02 8,o ,father of ,unas1 grant that he may be included in the number of the perfect and wise gods02 here it is taught that the reunited soul and body becomes a god and dwells with the gods4 ,howard ,osgood3 8,osiris1 the son of gods1 came to live on earth4 ,his life was a pattern for others4 ,he was put to death by the god of evil1 but regained his body1 lived again1 and became1 in the other world1 the judge of all men40 ,tiele1 ,egyptian ,religion1 #bhj--8,to become like god ,osiris1 a benefactor1 a good being1 persecuted but justified1 judged but pronounced innocent1 was looked upon as the ideal of every pious man1 and as the condition on which alone eternal life could be obtained1 and as the means by which it could be continued40 ,ebers1 tudes ,archologiques1 #ba--8,the texts in the pyramids show us that under the ,pharaohs of the #eth dynasty 7before #bejj ,b4 ,c47 the doctrine that the deceased became god was not only extant1 but was developed more thoroughly and with far higher flight of imagination than we could expect from the simple statements concerning the other world hitherto known to us as from that early time40 ,revillout1 on ,egyptian ,ethics1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 ,july1 #ahij3cjd--8;,an almost absolute sinlessness was for the ,egyptian the condition of becoming another ,osiris and enjoying eternal happiness4 ,of the penitential side1 so highly developed in the ancient ,babylonians and ,hebrews1 which gave rise to so many admirable penitential psalms1 we find only a trace among the ,egyptians4 ,sinlessness is the rule1--the deceased vaunts himself as a hero of virtue40 ,see ,uarda1 by ,ebers2 ,dr4 ,howard ,osgood1 on ,resurrection among the ,egyptians1 in ,hebrew ,student1 ,feb4 #ahhe4 ,the ,egyptians1 however1 recognized no transmigration of souls2 see ,renouf1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahaahd4 ,it is morally impossible that ,moses should not have known the ,egyptian doctrine of immortality3 ,acts #g3bb--8;,and ,moses was instructed in all the wisdom of the ,egyptians40 ,that ,moses did not make the doctrine more prominent in his teachings1 may be for the reason that it was so connected with ,egyptian superstitions with regard to ,osiris4 ,yet the ,jews believed in immortality3 ,gen4 #e3bd--8;and ,enoch walked with ,god3 and he was not2 for ,god took him02 cf4 ,heb4 #aa3e--8;,by faith ,enoch was translated that he should not see death02 #b ,kings #b3aa--8;,elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven02 #a ,sam4 #bh3gad--the invocation of ,samuel by the woman of ,endor2 cf4 ,lev4 #bj3bg--8;,a man also or a woman that hath a familiar spirit1 or that is a wizard1 shall surely be put to death02 ,deut4 #ah3aj1 #aa--8,there shall not be found with thee 444 a consulter with a familiar spirit1 or a wizard1 or a necromancer40 ,job #ai3bebg--8;,i know that my ,redeemer liveth1 ,and at last he will stand up upon the earth3 ,and after my skin1 even this body1 is destroyed1 ,then without my flesh shall ,i see ,god2 ,whom ,i1 even ,i1 shall see1 on my side1 ,and mine eyes shall behold1 and not as a stranger4 ,my heart is consumed within me02 ,ps4 #af3iaa--8,therefore my heart is glad1 and my glory rejoiceth3 ,my flesh also shall dwell in safety4 ,for thou wilt not leave my soul to ,sheol2 ,neither wilt thou suffer thy holy one to see corruption4 ,thou wilt show me the path of life3 ,in thy presence is fulness of joy2 ,in thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore02 ,is4 #bf3ai--8,thy dead shalt live2 my dead bodies shall arise4 ,awake and sing1 ye that dwell in the dust2 for thy dew is as the dew of herbs1 and the earth shall cast forth the dead02 ,ez4 #cg3aad--the valley of dry bones--8,i will open your graves1 and cause you to come up out of your graves1 ,o my people0--a prophecy of restoration based upon the idea of immortality and resurrection2 ,dan4 #ab3b1 #c1 #ac--8;,and many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake1 some to everlasting life1 and some to shame and everlasting contempt4 ,and they that are wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament2 and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever4444 ,but go thou thy way till the end be3 for thou shalt rest1 and shalt stand in thy lot1 at the end of the days40 ,josephus1 on the doctrine of the ,pharisees1 in ,antiquities1 ,,xviii3#a3c1 and ,wars of the ,jews1 ,,ii3#h3ajad--8,souls have an immortal vigor4 ,under the earth are rewards and punishments4 ,the wicked are detained in an everlasting prison4 ,the righteous shall have power to revive and live again4 ,bodies are indeed corruptible1 but souls remain exempt from death forever4 ,but the doctrine of the ,sadducees is that souls die with their bodies40 ,mat4 #bb3ca1 #cb--8;,but as touching the resurrection of the dead1 have ye not read that which was spoken unto you by ,god1 saying1 ,i am the ,god of ,abraham1 and the ,god of ,isaac1 and the ,god of ,jacob8 ,god is not the ,god of the dead1 but of the living40 ,christ's argument1 in the passage last quoted1 rests upon the two implied assumptions3 first1 that love will never suffer the object of its affection to die2 beings who have ever been the objects of ,god's love will be so forever2 secondly1 that body and soul belong normally together2 if body and soul are temporarily separated1 they shall be united2 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob are living1 and therefore they shall rise again4 ,it was only an application of the same principle1 when ,robert ,hall gave up his early materialism as he looked down into his father's grave3 he felt that this could not be the end2 cf4 ,ps4 #bb3bf--8,your heart shall live forever40 ,acts #bc3f--8;,i am a ,pharisee1 a son of ,pharisees3 touching the hope and resurrection of the dead ,i am called in question02 #bf3g1 #h--8;,and concerning this hope ,i am accused by the ,jews1 ,o king6 ,why is it judged incredible with you1 if ,god doth raise the dead80 ,heb4 #aa3acaf--the present life was reckoned as a pilgrimage2 the patriarchs sought 8a better country1 that is1 a heavenly02 cf4 ,gen4 #dg3i4 ,on ,jesus' argument for the resurrection1 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,christ in ,creation1 #djfdba4 ,the argument for immortality itself presupposes1 not only the existence of a ,god1 but the existence of a truthful1 wise1 and benevolent ,god4 ,we might almost say that ,god and immortality must be proved together1--like two pieces of a broken crock1 when put together there is proof of both4 ,and yet logically it is only the existence of ,god that is intuitively certain4 ,immortality is an inference therefrom4 ,henry ,more3 8,but souls that of his own good life partake ,he loves as his own self2 dear as his eye ,they are to him3 he'll never them forsake2 ,when they shall die1 then ,god himself shall die2 ,they live1 they live in blest eternity40 ,god could not let ,christ die1 and he cannot let us die4 ,southey3 8,they sin who tell us love can die4 ,with life all other passions fly2 ,all others are but vanity4 ,in heaven ambition cannot dwell1 ,nor avarice in the vaults of hell2 ,they perish where they had their birth2 ,but love is indestructible40 ,emerson1 ,threnody on the death of his beloved and gifted child3 8,what is excellent1 ,as ,god lives1 is permanent3 ,hearts are dust1 hearts' loves remain2 ,heart's love will meet thee again40 ,whittier1 ,snowbound1 #bjj sq4--8,yet ,love will dream1 and ,faith will trust 7,since ,he who knows our need is just71 ,that somehow1 somewhere1 meet we must4 ,alas for him who never sees ,the stars shine through his cypress trees6 ,who hopeless lays his dead away1 ,nor looks to see the breaking day ,across his mournful marbles play6 ,who hath not learned1 in hours of faith1 ,the truth to flesh and sense unknown1 ,that ,life is ever lord of death1 ,and ,love can never lose its own40 ,robert ,browning1 ,evelyn ,hope3 8,for ,god above ,is great to grant as mighty to make1 ,and creates the love to reward the love2 ,i claim you still for my own love's sake6 ,delayed it may be for more lives yet1 ,through worlds ,i shall traverse not a few2 ,much is to learn and much to forget1 ,ere the time be come for taking you40 ,the river ,st4 ,john in ,new ,brunswick descends seventeen feet between the city and the sea1 and ships cannot overcome the obstacle1 but when the tide comes in1 it turns the current the other way and bears vessels on mightily to the city4 ,so the laws of nature bring death1 but the tides of ,christ's life counteract them1 and bring life and immortality 7,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stewart74 ,mozley1 ,lectures1 #bfei1 and ,essays1 #b3afi--8,true religion among the ,jews had an evidence of immortality in its possession of ,god4 ,paganism was hopeless in its loss of friends1 because affection never advanced beyond its earthly object1 and therefore1 in losing it1 lost all4 ,but religious love1 which loves the creature in the ,creator1 has that on which to fall back1 when its earthly object is removed40 7h7 ,the most impressive and conclusive of all proofs of immortality1 however1 is afforded in the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ1--a work accomplished by his own power1 and demonstrating that the spirit lived after its separation from the body 7,john #b3ai1 #ba2 #aj3ag1 #ah74 ,by coming back from the tomb1 he proves that death is not annihilation 7#b ,tim4 #a3aj74 ,john #b3ai1 #ba--8;,jesus answered and said unto them1 ,destroy this temple1 and in three days ,i will raise it up4444 ,but he spake of the temple of his body02 #aj3ag1 #ah--8,therefore doth the ,father love me1 because ,i lay down my life1 that ,i may take it again4444 ,i have power to lay it down1 and ,i have power to take it again02 #b ,tim4 #a3aj--8our ,savior ,christ ,jesus1 who abolished death1 and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel0--that is1 immortality had been a truth dimly recognized1 suspected1 longed for1 before ,christ came2 but it was he who first brought it out from obscurity and uncertainty into clear daylight and convincing power4 ,christ's resurrection1 moreover1 carries with it the resurrection of his people3 8,we two are so joined1 ,he'll not be in glory and leave me behind40 ,christ taught immortality3 7#a7 ,by exhibiting himself the perfect conception of a human life4 ,who could believe that ,christ could become forever extinct8 7#b7 ,by actually coming back from beyond the grave4 ,there were many speculations about a trans,atlantic continent before #adib1 but these were of little worth compared with the actual word which ,columbus brought of a new world beyond the sea4 7#c7 ,by providing a way through which his own spiritual life and victory may be ours2 so that1 though we pass through the valley of the shadow of death1 we may fear no evil4 7#d7 ,by thus gaining authority to teach us of the resurrection of the righteous and of the wicked1 as he actually does4 ,christ's resurrection is not only the best proof of immortality1 but we have no certain evidence of immortality without it4 ,hume held that the same logic which proved immortality from reason alone1 would also prove prexistence4 8,in reality10 he said1 8it is the ,gospel1 and the ,gospel alone1 that has brought immortality to light40 ,it was truth1 though possibly spoken in jest4 ,there was need of this revelation4 ,the fear of death1 even after ,christ has come1 shows how hopeless humanity is by nature4 ,krupp1 the great ,german maker of cannon1 would not have death mentioned in his establishment4 ,he ran away from his own dying relatives4 ,yet he died4 ,but to the ,christian1 death is an exodus1 an unmooring1 a homecoming4 ,here we are as ships on the stocks2 at death we are launched into our true element4 ,before ,christ's resurrection1 it was twilight2 it is sunrise now4 ,balfour3 8,death is the fall of the curtain1 not at the end of the piece1 but at the end of the act40 ,george ,dana ,boardman3 8,christ is the resurrection and the life4 ,being himself the ,son of man--the archetypal man1 the representative of human nature1 the head and epitome of mankind--mankind ideally1 potentially1 virtually rose1 when the ,son of man rose4 ,he is the resurrection1 because he is the life4 ,the body does not give life to itself1 but life takes on body and uses it40 ,george ,adam ,smith1 ,yale ,lectures3 8,some of the ,psalmists have only a hope of corporate immortality4 ,but this was found wanting4 ,it did not satisfy ,israel4 ,it cannot satisfy men today4 ,the ,o4 ,t4 is of use in reminding us that the hope of immortality is a secondary1 subordinate1 and dispensable element of religious experience4 ,men had better begin and work for ,god's sake1 and not for future reward4 ,the ,o4 ,t4 development of immortality is of use most of all because it deduces all immortality from ,god40 ,athanasius3 8,man is1 according to nature1 mortal1 as a being who has been made of things that are perishable4 ,but on account of his likeness to ,god he can by piety ward off and escape from his natural mortality and remain indestructible if he retain the knowledge of ,god1 or lose his incorruptibility if he lose his life in ,god0 7quoted in ,mc,connell1 ,evolution of ,immortality1 viii1 #dfdh74 ,justin ,martyr1 #a ,apol41 #ag1 expects resurrection of both just and unjust2 but in ,dial4 ,tryph41 #e1 he expressly denounces and dismisses the ,platonic doctrine that the soul is immortal4 ,athenagoras and ,tertullian hold to native immortality1 and from it argue to bodily resurrection4 ,so ,augustine4 ,but ,theophilus1 ,irenus1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 with ,athanasius1 counted it a pagan error4 ,for the annihilation theory1 see ,hudson1 ,debt and ,grace1 and ,christ our ,life2 also ,dobney1 ,future ,punishment4 ,per contra1 see ,hovey1 ,state of the ,impenitent ,dead1 #abg1 and ,manual of ,theology and ,ethics1 #aecafh2 ,luthardt1 ,compendium1 #bhibib2 ,delitzsch1 ,bib4 ,psych41 #cigdjg2 ,herzog1 ,encyclop41 art43 ,tod2 ,splittgerber1 ,schlaf und ,tod2 ,estes1 ,christian ,doctrine of the ,soul2 ,baptist ,review1 #ahgi3daadci2 ,presb4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahhb3bjc4 ,,ii4 ,the ,intermediate ,state4 ,the ,scriptures affirm the conscious existence of both the righteous and the wicked1 after death1 and prior to the resurrection4 ,in the intermediate state the soul is without a body1 yet this state is for the righteous a state of conscious joy1 and for the wicked a state of conscious suffering4 ,that the righteous do not receive the spiritual body at death1 is plain from #a ,thess4 #d3af1ag and #a ,cor4 #ae3eb1 where an interval is intimated between ,paul's time and the rising of those who slept4 ,the rising was to occur in the future1 8at the last trump40 ,so the resurrection of the wicked had not yet occurred in any single case 7#b ,tim4 #b3ah--;it was an error to say that the resurrection was 8past already072 it was yet future 7,john #e3bhcj--8the hour cometh0-- 1 not --8now is10 as in verse #be2 ,acts #bd3ae--8there shall be a resurrection0-- 74 ,christ was the firstfruits 7#a ,cor4 #ae3bj1 #bc74 ,if the saints had received the spiritual body at death1 the patriarchs would have been raised before ,christ4 #a4 ,of the righteous4 ,of the righteous1 it is declared3 7a7 ,that the soul of the believer1 at its separation from the body1 enters the presence of ,christ4 #b ,cor4 #e3ah--8;if the earthly house of our tabernacle be dissolved1 we have a building from ,god1 a house not made with hands1 eternal in the heavens4 ,for verily in this we groan1 longing to be clothed upon with our habitation which is from heaven3 if so be that being clothed we shall not be found naked4 ,for indeed we that are in this tabernacle do groan1 being burdened2 not for that we would be unclothed1 but that we would be clothed upon1 that what is mortal may be swallowed up of life 444 willing rather to be absent from the body1 and to be at home with the ,lord0--,paul hopes to escape the violent separation of soul and body--the being 8unclothed0--by living till the coming of the ,lord1 and then putting on the heavenly body1 as it were1 over the present one 772 yet whether he lived till ,christ's coming or not1 he knew that the soul1 when it left the body1 would be at home with the ,lord4 ,luke #bc3dc--8,today shalt thou be with me in ,paradise02 ,john #ad3c--8;,and if ,i go and prepare a place for you1 ,i come again1 and will receive you unto myself2 that where ,i am1 there ye may be also02 #b ,tim4 #d3ah--8,the ,lord will deliver me from every evil work1 and will save me unto or1 #8into' his heavenly kingdom0 will save me and put me into his heavenly kingdom 7,ellicott71 the characteristic of which is the visible presence of the ,king with his subjects4 ,it is our privilege to be with ,christ here and now4 ,and nothing shall separate us from ,christ and his love1 8neither death1 nor life 444 nor things present1 nor things to come0 7,rom4 #h3ch72 for he himself has said3 8,lo1 ,i am with you always1 even unto the consummation of the age0 7,mat4 #bh3bj74 7b7 ,that the spirits of departed believers are with ,god4 ,heb4 #ab3bc--,ye are come 8to the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven1 and to ,god the ,judge of all02 cf4 ,eccl4 #ab3g--8the dust returneth to the earth as it was1 and the spirit returneth unto ,god who gave it02 ,john #bj3ag--8,touch me not2 for ,i am not yet ascended unto the ,father0--probably means3 8my body has not yet ascended40 ,the soul had gone to ,god during the interval between death and the resurrection1 as is evident from ,luke #bc3dc1 #df--8with me in ,paradise 444 ,father1 into thy hands ,i commend my spirit40 7c7 ,that believers at death enter paradise4 ,luke #bc3db1 #dc--8;,and he said1 ,jesus1 remember me when thou comest in thy kingdom4 ,and he said unto him1 ,verily ,i say unto thee1 ,today shalt thou be with me in paradise02 cf4 #b ,cor4 #ab3d--8;caught up into ,paradise1 and heard unspeakable words1 which it is not lawful for a man to utter02 ,rev4 #b3g--8,to him that overcometh1 to him will ,i give to eat of the tree of life1 which is in the ,paradise of ,god02 ,gen4 #b3h--8;,and ,jehovah ,god planted a garden eastward1 in ,eden2 and there he put the man whom he had formed40 ,paradise is none other than the abode of ,god and the blessed1 of which the primeval ,eden was the type4 ,if the penitent thief went to ,purgatory1 it was a ,purgatory with ,christ1 which was better than a ,heaven without ,christ4 ,paradise is a place which ,christ has gone to prepare1 perhaps by taking our friends there before us4 7d7 ,that their state1 immediately after death1 is greatly to be preferred to that of faithful and successful laborers for ,christ here4 ,phil4 #a3bc--8;,i am in a strait betwixt the two1 having the desire to depart and be with ,christ2 for it is very far better0--here ,hackett says3 8 departing1 cutting loose1 as if to put to sea1 followed by 1 as if ,paul regarded one event as immediately subsequent to the other40 ,paul1 with his burning desire to preach ,christ1 would certainly have preferred to live and labor1 even amid great suffering1 rather than to die1 if death to him had been a state of unconsciousness and inaction4 ,see ,edwards the younger1 ,works1 #b3ecj1 #eca2 ,hovey1 ,impenitent ,dead1 #fa4 7e7 ,that departed saints are truly alive and conscious4 ,mat4 #bb3cb--8;,god is not the ,god of the dead1 but of the living02 ,luke #af3bb--8;carried away by the angels into ,abraham's bosom02 #bc3dc--8,today shalt thou be with me in ,paradise0--8with me0 in the same state1--unless ,christ slept in unconsciousness1 we cannot think that the penitent thief did2 ,john #aa3bf--8whosoever liveth and believeth on me shall never die02 #a ,thess4 #e3aj--8who died for us1 that1 whether we wake or sleep1 we should live together with him02 ,rom4 #h3aj--8;,and if ,christ is in you1 the body is dead because of sin2 but the spirit is life because of righteousness40 ,life and consciousness clearly belong to the 8souls under the altar0 mentioned under the next head1 for they cry3 8,how long80 ,phil4 #a3f--8;he who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of ,jesus ,christ0--seems to imply a progressive sanctification1 through the ,intermediate ,state1 up to the time of ,christ's second coming4 ,this state is3 #a4 a conscious state 78,god of the living072 #b4 a fixed state 7no 8passing from thence072 #c4 an incomplete state 78not to be unclothed074 7f7 ,that they are at rest and blessed4 ,rev4 #f3iaa--8;,i saw underneath the altar the souls of them that had been slain for the word of ,god1 and for the testimony which they held3 and they cried with a great voice1 saying1 ,how long1 ,o ,master1 the holy and true1 dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth8 ,and there was given them to each one a white robe2 and it was said unto them1 that they should rest yet for a little time1 until their fellowservants also and their brethren1 who should be killed even as they were1 should have fulfilled their course02 #ad3ac--8;,blessed are the dead who die in the ,lord from henceforth3 yea1 saith the ,spirit1 that they may rest from their labors2 for their works follow with them02 #bj3ad--8;,and death and ,hades were cast into the lake of fire0--see ,evans1 in ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahhc3cjc--8,the shadow of death lying upon ,hades is the penumbra of ,hell4 ,hence ,hades is associated with death in the final doom40 #b4 ,of the wicked4 ,of the wicked1 it is declared3 7a7 ,that they are in prison1--that is1 are under constraint and guard 7#a ,peter #c3ai--74 #a ,pet4 #c3ai--8;,in which spirit also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison0--there is no need of putting unconscious spirits under guard4 ,hovey3 8,restraint implies power of action1 and suffering implies consciousness40 7b7 ,that they are in torment1 or conscious suffering 7,luke #af3bc-- 74 ,luke #af3bc--8;,and in ,hades he lifted up his eyes1 being in torments1 and seeth ,abraham afar off1 and ,lazarus in his bosom4 ,and he cried and said1 ,father ,abraham1 have mercy on me1 and send ,lazarus1 that he may dip the tip of his finger in water1 and cool my tongue2 for ,i am in anguish in this flame40 ,here many unanswerable questions may be asked3 ,had the rich man a body before the resurrection1 or is this representation of a body only figurative8 ,did the soul still feel the body from which it was temporarily separated1 or have souls in the intermediate state temporary bodies8 ,however we may answer these questions1 it is certain that the rich man suffers1 while probation still lasts for his brethren on earth4 ,fire is here the source of suffering1 but not of annihilation4 ,even though this be a parable1 it proves conscious existence after death to have been the common view of the ,jews1 and to have been a view sanctioned by ,christ4 7c7 ,that they are under punishment 7#b ,pet4 #b3i--74 #b ,pet4 #b3i--8the ,lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptation1 and to keep the unrighteous under punishment unto the day of judgment0--here 8the unrighteous0 not only evil angels1 but ungodly men2 cf4 verse #d--8;,for if ,god spared not angels when they sinned1 but cast them down to hell1 and committed them to pits of darkness1 to be reserved unto judgment40 ,in the parable of the rich man and ,lazarus1 the body is buried1 yet still the torments of the soul are described as physical4 ,jesus here accommodates his teaching to the conceptions of his time1 or1 better still1 uses material figures to express spiritual realities4 ,surely he does not mean to say that the ,rabbinic notion of ,abraham's bosom is ultimate truth4 8,parables10 for this reason among others1 8may not be made primary sources and seats of doctrine40 ,luckock1 ,intermediate ,state1 #bj--8,may the parable of the rich man and ,lazarus be an anticipatory picture of the final state8 ,but the rich man seems to assume that the judgment has not yet come1 for he speaks of his brethren as still undergoing their earthly probation1 and as capable of receiving a warning to avoid a fate similar to his own40 ,the passages cited enable us properly to estimate two opposite errors4 ,a4 ,they refute1 on the one hand1 the view that the souls of both righteous and wicked sleep between death and the resurrection4 ,this view is based upon the assumption that the possession of a physical organism is indispensable to activity and consciousness--an assumption which the existence of a ,god who is pure spirit 7,john #d3bd71 and the existence of angels who are probably pure spirits 7,heb4 #a3ad71 show to be erroneous4 ,although the departed are characterized as 8spirits0 7,eccl4 #ab3g2 ,acts #g3ei2 ,heb4 #ab3bc2 #a ,pet4 #c3ai71 there is nothing in this 'absence from the body' 7#b ,cor4 #e3h7 inconsistent with the activity and consciousness ascribed to them in the ,scriptures above referred to4 ,when the dead are spoken of as 8sleeping0 7,dan4 #ab3b2 ,mat4 #i3bd2 ,john #aa3aa2 #a ,cor4 #aa3cj2 #ae3ea2 #a ,thess4 #d3ad2 #e3aj71 we are to regard this as simply the language of appearance1 and as literally applicable only to the body4 ,john #d3bd--8;,god is a ,spirit or rather1 as margin1 #8,god is spirit'02 ,heb4 #a3ad--8;,are they angels not all ministering spirits80 ,eccl4 #ab3g--8the dust returneth to the earth as it was1 and the spirit returneth unto ,god who gave it02 ,acts #g3ei--8;,and they stoned ,stephen1 calling upon the ,lord1 and saying1 ,lord ,jesus1 receive my spirit02 ,heb4 #ab3bc--8to ,god the ,judge of all1 and to the spirits of just men made perfect02 #a ,pet4 #c3ai--8;in which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison02 #b ,cor4 #e3h--8we are of good courage1 ,i say1 and are willing rather to be absent from the body1 and to be at home with the ,lord02 ,dan4 #ab3b--8many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake02 ,mat4 #i3bd--8the damsel is not dead1 but sleepeth02 ,john #aa3aa--8,our friend ,lazarus is fallen asleep2 but ,i go1 that ,i may awake him out of sleep02 #a ,cor4 #aa3cj--8;,for this cause many among you are weak and sickly1 and not a few sleep02 #a ,thess4 #d3ad--8;,for if we believe that ,jesus died and rose again1 even so them also that are fallen asleep in ,jesus will ,god bring with him02 #e3aj--8who died for us1 that1 whether we wake or sleep1 we should live together with him40 ,b4 ,the passages first cited refute1 on the other hand1 the view that the suffering of the intermediate state is purgatorial4 ,according to the doctrine of the ,roman ,catholic church1 8all who die at peace with the church1 but are not perfect1 pass into purgatory40 ,here they make satisfaction for the sins committed after baptism by suffering a longer or shorter time1 according to the degree of their guilt4 ,the church on earth1 however1 has power1 by prayers and the sacrifice of the ,mass1 to shorten these sufferings or to remit them altogether4 ,but we urge1 in reply1 that the passages referring to suffering in the intermediate state give no indication that any true believer is subject to this suffering1 or that the church has any power to relieve from the consequences of sin1 either in this world or in the world to come4 ,only ,god can forgive1 and the church is simply empowered to declare that1 upon the fulfilment of the appointed conditions of repentance and faith1 he does actually forgive4 ,this theory1 moreover1 is inconsistent with any proper view of the completeness of ,christ's satisfaction 7,gal4 #b3ba2 ,heb4 #i3bh72 of justification through faith alone 7,rom4 #c3bh72 and of the condition after death1 of both righteous and wicked1 as determined in this life 7,eccl4 #aa3c2 ,mat4 #be3aj2 ,luke #af3bf2 ,heb4 #i3bg2 ,rev4#bb3aa74 ,against this doctrine we quote the following texts3 ,gal #b3ba--8;,i do not make void the grace of ,god3 for if righteousness is through the law1 then ,christ died for nought02 ,heb4 #i3bh--8so ,christ also1 having been once or1 #8once for all' offered to bear the sins of many1 shall appear a second time1 apart from sin1 to them that wait for him1 unto salvation02 ,rom4 #c3bh--8,we reckon therefore that a man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law02 ,eccl4 #aa3c--8;if a tree fall toward the south or toward the north1 in the place where the tree falleth there shall it be02 ,mat4 #be3aj--8;,and while they went away to buy1 the bridegroom came2 and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage feast3 and the door was shut02 ,luke #af3bf--8;,and besides all this1 between us and you there is a great gulf fixed1 that they that would pass from hence to you may not be able1 and that none may cross over from thence to us02 ,heb4 #i3bg--8;it is appointed unto men once to die1 and after this cometh judgment02 ,rev4 #bb3aa--8;,he that is unrighteous1 let him do unrighteousness still3 and he that is filthy1 let him be made filthy still3 and he that is righteous1 let him do righteousness still3 and he that is holy1 let him be made holy still40 ,rome teaches that the agonies of purgatory are intolerable4 ,they differ from the pains of the damned only in this1 that there is a limit to the one1 not the other4 ,bellarmine1 ,de ,purgatorio1 #b3ad--8,the pains of purgatory are very severe1 surpassing any endured in this life40 ,since none but actual saints escape the pains of purgatory1 this doctrine gives to the death and the funeral of the ,roman ,catholic a dreadful and repellent aspect4 ,death is not the coming of ,christ to take his disciples home1 but is rather the ushering of the shrinking soul into a place of unspeakable suffering4 ,this suffering makes satisfaction for guilt4 ,having paid their allotted penalty1 the souls of the purified pass into ,heaven without awaiting the day of judgment4 ,the doctrine of purgatory gives hope that men may be saved after death2 prayer for the dead has influence2 the priest is authorized to offer this prayer2 so the church sells salvation for money4 ,amory ,h4 ,bradford1 ,ascent of the ,soul1 #bfgbhg1 argues in favor of prayers for the dead4 ,such prayers1 he says1 help us to keep in mind the fact that they are living still4 ,if the dead are free beings1 they may still choose good or evil1 and our prayers may help them to choose the good4 ,we should be thankful1 he believes1 to the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 for keeping up such prayers4 ,we reply that no doctrine of ,rome has done so much to pervert the gospel and to enslave the world4 ,for the ,romanist doctrine1 see ,perrone1 ,prlectiones ,theologic1 #b3ciadbj4 ,per contra1 see ,hodge1 ,systematic ,theology1 #c3gdcggj2 ,barrows1 ,purgatory4 ,augustine1 ,encheiridion1 #fi1 suggests the possibility of purgatorial fire in the future for some believers4 ,whiton1 ,is ,eternal ,punishment ,endless8 page #fi1 says that ,tertullian held to a delay of resurrection in the case of faulty ,christians2 ,cyprian first stated the notion of a middle state of purification2 ,augustine thought it 8not incredible02 ,gregory the ,great called it 8worthy of belief02 it is now one of the most potent doctrines of the ,roman ,catholic ,church2 that church has been1 from the third century1 for all souls who accept her last consolations1 practically restorationist4 ,gore1 ,incarnation1 #ah--8;,in the ,church of ,rome1 the 'peradventure' of an ,augustine as to purgatory for the imperfect after death--'non redarguo'1 he says1 'quia forsitan verum est1'--has become a positive teaching about purgatory1 full of exact information40 ,elliott1 ,hor ,apocalyptic1 #a3daj1 adopts ,hume's simile1 and says that purgatory gave the ,roman ,catholic ,church what ,archimedes wanted1 another world on which to fix its lever1 that so fixed1 the church might with it move this world4 ,we must remember1 however1 that the ,roman church teaches no radical change of character in purgatory1--purgatory is only a purifying process for believers4 ,the true purgatory is only in this world1--for only here are sins purged away by ,god's sanctifying ,spirit2 and in this process of purification1 though ,god chastises1 there is no element of penalty4 ,on ,dante's ,purgatory1 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,philosophy and ,religion1 #eaeeah4 ,luckock1 ,after ,death1 is an argument1 based upon the ,fathers1 against the ,romanist doctrine4 ,yet he holds to progress in sanctification in the intermediate state1 though the work done in that state will not affect the final judgment1 which will be for the deeds done in the body4 ,he urges prayer for the departed righteous4 ,in his book entitled ,the ,intermediate ,state1 ,luckock holds to mental and spiritual development in that state1 to active ministry1 mutual recognition1 and renewed companionship4 ,he does not believe in a second probation1 but in a first real probation for those who have had no proper opportunities in this life4 ,in their reaction against purgatory1 the ,westminister divines obliterated the ,intermediate ,state4 ,in that state there is gradual purification1 and must be1 since not all impurity and sinfulness are removed at death4 ,the purging of the will requires time4 ,white robes were given to them while they were waiting 7,rev4 #f3aa74 ,but there is no second probation for those who have thrown away their opportunities in this life4 ,robert ,browning1 ,the ,ring and the ,book1 #bcb 7,pope1 #babi71 makes the ,pope speak of following ,guido 8,into that sad1 obscure1 sequestered state ,where ,god unmakes but to remake the soul ,he else made first in vain2 which must not be40 ,but the idea of hell as permitting essential change of character is foreign to ,roman ,catholic doctrine4 ,we close our discussion of this subject with a single1 but an important1 remark1--this1 namely1 that while the ,scriptures represent the intermediate state to be one of conscious joy to the righteous1 and of conscious pain to the wicked1 they also represent this state to be one of incompleteness4 ,the perfect joy of the saints1 and the utter misery of the wicked1 begin only with the resurrection and general judgment4 ,that the intermediate state is one of incompleteness1 appears from the following passages3 ,mat4 #h3bi--8,what have we to do with thee1 thou ,son of ,god8 art thou come hither to torment us before the time80 #b ,cor4 #e3c1 #d--8;if so be that being clothed we shall not be found naked4 ,for indeed we that are in this tabernacle do groan1 being burdened2 not for that we would be unclothed1 but that we would be clothed upon1 that what is mortal may be swallowed up of life02 cf4 ,rom4 #h3bc--8;,and not only so1 but ourselves also1 who have the firstfruits of the ,spirit1 even we ourselves groan within ourselves1 waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body02 ,phil4 #c3aa--8;if by any means ,i may attain unto the resurrection from the dead02 #b ,pet4 #b3i--8the ,lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptation1 and to keep the unrighteous under punishment unto the day of judgment02 ,rev4 #f3aj--8;and they the souls underneath the altar cried with a great voice1 saying1 ,how long1 ,o ,master1 the holy and true1 dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth80 ,in opposition to ,locke1 ,human ,understanding1 #b3a3aj1 who said that 8the soul thinks not always02 and to ,turner1 ,wish and ,will1 #dh1 who declares that 8the soul need not always think1 any more than the body always move2 the essence of the soul is potentiality for activity02 ,descartes1 ,kant1 ,jouffroy1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 all maintain that it belongs to mental existence continuously to think4 ,upon this view1 the intermediate state would be necessarily a state of thought4 ,as to the nature of that thought1 ,dorner remarks in his ,eschatology that 8in this relatively bodiless state1 a still life begins1 a sinking of the soul into itself and into the ground of its being1--what ,steffens calls #8involution1' and ,martensen #8selfbrooding4' ,in this state1 spiritual things are the only realities4 ,in the unbelieving1 their impurity1 discord1 alienation from ,god1 are laid bare4 ,if they still prefer sin1 its form becomes more spiritual1 more demoniacal1 and so ripens for the judgment40 ,even here1 ,dorner deals in speculation rather than in ,scripture4 ,but he goes further1 and regards the intermediate state as one1 not only of moral progress1 but of elimination of evil2 and holds the end of probation to be1 not at death1 but at the judgment1 at least in the case of all nonbelievers who are not incorrigible4 ,we must regard this as a practical revival of the ,romanist theory of purgatory1 and as contradicted not only by all the considerations already urged1 but also by the general tenor of ,scriptural representation that the decisions of this life are final1 and that character is fixed here for eternity4 ,this is the solemnity of preaching1 that the gospel is 8a savor from life unto life10 or 8a savor from death unto death0 7#b ,cor4 #b3af74 ,descartes3 8,as the light always shines and the heat always warms1 so the soul always thinks40 ,james1 ,psychology1 #a3afdage1 argues against unconscious mental states4 ,the states were conscious at the time we had them2 but they have been forgotten4 ,in the ,unitarian ,review1 ,sept4 #ahhd1 ,prof4 ,james denies that eternity is given at a stroke to omniscience4 ,lotze1 in his ,metaphysics1 #bfh1 in opposition to ,kant1 contends for the transcendental validity of time4 ,green1 on the contrary1 in ,prolegomena to ,ethics1 book #a1 says that every act of knowledge in the case of man is a timeless act4 ,in comparing the different aspects of the stream of successive phenomena1 the mind must1 he says1 be itself out of time4 ,upton1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #cjf1 denies this timeless consciousness even to ,god1 and apparently agrees with ,martineau in maintaining that ,god does not foreknow free human acts4 ,de ,quincey called the human brain a palimpsest4 ,each new writing seems to blot out all that went before4 ,yet in reality not one letter has ever been effaced4 ,loeb1 ,physiology of the ,brain1 #bac1 tells us that associative memory is imitated by machines like the phonograph4 ,traces left by speech can be reproduced in speech4 ,loeb calls memory a matter of physical chemistry4 ,stout1 ,manual of ,psychology1 #h--8;,consciousness includes not only awareness of our own states1 but these states themselves whether we are aware of them or not4 ,if a man is angry1 that is a state of consciousness1 even though he does not know that he is angry4 ,if he does know that he is angry1 that is another modification of consciousness1 and not the same40 ,on unconscious mental action1 see ,ladd1 ,philosophy of ,mind1 #cghchb--8;,cerebration cannot be identified with psychical processes4 ,if it could be1 materialism would triumph4 ,if the brain can do these things1 why not do all the phenomena of consciousness8 ,consciousness becomes a mere epiphenomenon4 ,unconscious cerebration wooden iron or unconscious consciousness4 ,what then becomes of the soul in its intervals of unconsciousness8 ,answer3 ,unconscious finite minds exist only in the ,worldground in which all minds and things have their existence40 ,on the whole subject1 see ,hovey1 ,state of ,man after ,death2 ,savage1 ,souls of the ,righteous2 ,julius ,mller1 ,doct4 ,sin1 #b3cjdddf2 ,neander1 ,planting and ,training1 #dhbdhd2 ,delitzsch1 ,bib4 ,psychologie1 #djgddh2 ,bib4 ,sac41 #ac3aec2 ,methodist ,rev41 #cd3bdj2 ,christian ,rev41 #bj3cha2 ,herzog1 ,encyclop41 art43 ,hades2 ,stuart1 ,essays on ,future ,punishment2 ,whately1 ,future ,state2 ,hovey1 ,biblical ,eschatology1 #giadd4 ,,iii4 ,the ,second ,coming of ,christ4 ,while the ,scriptures represent great events in the history of the individual ,christian1 like death1 and great events in the history of the church1 like the outpouring of the ,spirit at ,pentecost and the destruction of ,jerusalem1 as comings of ,christ for deliverance or judgment1 they also declare that these partial and typical comings shall be concluded by a final1 triumphant return of ,christ1 to punish the wicked and to complete the salvation of his people4 ,temporal comings of ,christ are indicated in3 ,mat4 #bd3bc1 #bg1 #cd--8,then if any man shall say unto you1 ,lo1 here is the ,christ1 or1 ,here2 believe it not4444 ,for as the lightning cometh forth from the east1 and is seen even unto the west2 so shall be the coming of the ,son of man4444 ,verily ,i say unto you1 ,this generation shall not pass away1 till all these things be accomplished02 #af3bh--8,verily ,i say unto you1 ,there are some of them that stand here1 who shall in no wise taste of death1 till they see the ,son of man coming in his kingdom02 ,john #ad3c1 #ah--8;,and if ,i go and prepare a place for you1 ,i come again1 and will receive you unto myself2 that where ,i am1 there ye may be also4444 ,i will not leave you desolate3 ,i come unto you02 ,rev4 #c3bj--8;,behold1 ,i stand at the door and knock3 if any man hear my voice and open the door1 ,i will come in to him1 and will sup with him1 and he with me40 ,so the ,protestant ,reformation1 the modern missionary enterprise1 the battle against papacy in ,europe and against slavery in this country1 the great revivals under ,whitefield in ,england and under ,edwards in ,america1 were all preliminary and typical comings of ,christ4 ,it was a sceptical spirit which indited the words3 8,god's new ,messiah1 some great ,cause02 yet it is true that in every great movement of civilization we are to recognize a new coming of the one and only ,messiah1 8,jesus ,christ1 the same yesterday and today and forever0 7,heb4 #ac3h74 ,schaff1 ,hist4 ,christ4 ,church1 #a3hdj--8,the coming began with his ascension to heaven 7cf4 ,mat4 #bf3fd--#8;henceforth from now ye shall see the ,son of man sitting at the right hand of ,power1 and coming on the clouds of heaven'740 ,matheson1 ,spir4 ,devel4 of ,st4 ,paul1 #bhf--8,to ,paul1 in his later letters1 this world is already the scene of the second advent4 ,the secular is not to vanish away1 but to be permanent1 transfigured1 pervaded by the divine life4 ,paul began with the ,christ of the resurrection2 he ends with the ,christ who already makes all things new40 ,see ,metcalf1 ,parousia vs4 ,second ,advent1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 ,jan4 #aijg3fafe4 ,the final coming of ,christ is referred to in3 ,mat4 #bd3cj--8they shall see the ,son of man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory4 ,and he shall send forth his angels with a great sound of a trumpet1 and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds1 from one end of heaven to the other02 #be3ca--8;,but when the ,son of man shall come in his glory1 and all the angels with him1 then shall he sit on the throne of his glory02 ,acts #a3aa--8,ye men of ,galilee1 why stand ye looking into heaven8 this ,jesus1 who was received up from you into heaven1 shall so come in like manner as ye beheld him going into heaven02 #a ,thess4 #d3af--8;,for the ,lord himself shall descend from heaven1 with a shout1 with the voice of the archangel1 and with the trump of ,god02 #b ,thess4 #a3g1 #aj--8the revelation of the ,lord ,jesus from heaven with the angels of his power 444 when he shall come to be glorified in his saints1 and to be marvelled at in all them that believed02 ,heb4 #i3bh--8so ,christ also1 having been once offered to bear the sins of many1 shall appear a second time1 apart from sin1 to them that wait for him1 unto salvation02 ,rev4 #a3g--8;,behold1 he cometh with the clouds2 and every eye shall see him1 and they that pierced him2 and all the tribes of the earth shall mourn over him40 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kendrick1 ,com4 on ,heb4 #a3f--8;,and when he shall conduct back again into the inhabited world the ,firstborn1 he saith1 ,and let all the angels of ,god worship him0--in the glory of the second coming ,christ's superiority to angels will be signally displayed--a contrast to the humiliation of his first coming4 ,the tendency of our day is to interpret this second class of passages in a purely metaphorical and spiritual way4 ,but prophecy can have more than one fulfilment4 ,jesus' words are pregnant words4 ,the present spiritual coming does not exhaust their meaning4 ,his coming in the great movements of history does not preclude a final and literal coming1 in which 8every eye shall see him0 7,rev4 #a3g74 ,with this proviso1 we may assent to much of the following quotation from ,gould1 ,bib4 ,theol4 ,n4 ,t41 #ddeh--8,the last things of which ,jesus speaks are not the end of the world1 but of the age--the end of the ,jewish period in connection with the destruction of ,jerusalem4444 ,after the entire statement is in1 including both the destruction of ,jerusalem and the coming of the ,lord which is to follow it1 it is distinctly said that that generation was not to pass away until all these things are accomplished4 ,according to this1 the coming of the ,son of man must be something other than a visible coming4 ,in ,o4 ,t4 prophecy any divine interference in human affairs is represented under the figure of ,god coming in the clouds of heaven4 ,mat4 #bf3fd says3 #8,from this time ye shall see the ,son of man seated 444 and coming in the clouds of heaven4' ,coming and judgment are both continuous4 ,the slow growth in the parables of the leaven and the mustard seed contradicts the idea of ,christ's early coming4 #8,after a long time the ,lord of these servants cometh' 7,mat4 #be3ai74 ,christ came in one sense at the destruction of ,jerusalem2 in another sense all great crises in the history of the world are comings of the ,son of man4 ,these judgments of the nations are a part of the process for the final setting up of the kingdom4 ,but this final act will not be a judgment process1 but the final entire submission of the will of man to the will of ,god4 ,the end is to be1 not judgment1 but salvation40 ,we add to this statement the declaration that the final act here spoken of will not be purely subjective and spiritual1 but will constitute an external manifestation of ,christ comparable to that of his first coming in its appeal to the senses1 but unspeakably more glorious than was the coming to the manger and the cross4 ,the proof of this we now proceed to give4 #a4 ,the nature of this coming4 ,although without doubt accompanied1 in the case of the regenerate1 by inward and invisible influences of the ,holy ,spirit1 the second advent is to be outward and visible4 ,this we argue3 7a7 ,from the objects to be secured by ,christ's return4 ,these are partly external 7,rom4 #h3ba1 #bc74 ,nature and the body are both to be glorified4 ,these external changes may well be accompanied by a visible manifestation of him who 8makes all things new0 7,rev4 #ba3e74 ,rom4 #h3ajbc--8;in hope that the creation also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the liberty of the glory of the children of ,god 444 waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body02 ,rev4 #ba3e--8;,behold1 ,i make all things new40 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #di--8,we must not confound the ,paraclete and the ,parousia4 ,it has been argued that1 because ,christ came in the person of the ,spirit1 the ,redeemer's advent in glory has already taken place4 ,but in the ,paraclete ,christ comes spiritually and invisibly2 in the ,parousia he comes bodily and gloriously40 7b7 ,from the ,scriptural comparison of the manner of ,christ's return with the manner of his departure 7,acts #a3aa7--see ,commentary of ,hackett1 in loco3--8 visibly1 and in the air4 ,the expression is never employed to affirm merely the certainty of one event as compared with another4 ,the assertion that the meaning is simply that1 as ,christ had departed1 so also he would return1 is contradicted by every passage in which the phrase occurs40 ,acts #a3aa--8this ,jesus1 who was received up from you into heaven1 shall so come in like manner as ye beheld him going into heaven02 cf4 ,acts #g3bh--8wouldest thou kill me1 as thou killedst the ,egyptian yesterday80 ,mat4 #bc3cg--8;how often would ,i have gathered thy children together1 even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings02 #b ,tim4 #c3h--8;as ,jannes and ,jambres withstood ,moses1 so do these also withstand the truth40 ,lyman ,abbott refers to ,mat4 #bc3cg1 and ,luke #ac3ce1 as showing that1 in ,acts #a3aa1 8in like manner0 means only 8in like reality40 ,so1 he says1 the ,jews expected ,elijah to return in form1 according to ,mal4 #d3e1 whereas he returned only in spirit4 ,jesus similarly returned at ,pentecost in spirit1 and has been coming again ever since4 ,the remark of ,dr4 ,hackett1 quoted in the text above1 is sufficient proof that this interpretation is wholly unexegetical4 7c7 ,from the analogy of ,christ's first coming4 ,if this was a literal and visible coming1 we may expect the second coming to be literal and visible also4 #a ,thess4 #d3af--8;,for the ,lord himself in his own person shall descend from heaven1 with a shout something heard1 with the voice of the archangel1 and with the trump of ,god0--see ,com4 of ,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stevens3 8,so different from ,luke #ag3bj1 where #8the kingdom of ,god cometh not with observation4' ,the #8shout' is not necessarily the voice of ,christ himself 7lit4 #8in a shout1' or #8in shouting'74 #8,voice of the archangel' and #8trump of ,god' are appositional1 not additional40 ,rev4 #a3g--8;every eye shall see him02 as every ear shall hear him3 ,john #e3bh1 #bi--8;all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice02 #b ,thess4 #b3b--8to the end that ye be not quickly shaken from your mind1 nor yet be troubled 444 as that the day of the ,lord is now present0--they may have 8thought that the first gathering of the saints to ,christ was a quiet1 invisible one--a stealthy advent1 like a thief in the night0 7,lillie74 #b ,john #g--8;,for many deceivers are gone forth into the world1 even they that confess not that ,jesus ,christ cometh in the flesh0--here denial of a future second coming of ,christ is declared to be the mark of a deceiver4 ,alford and ,alexander1 in their ,commentaries on ,acts #a3aa1 agree with the view of ,hackett quoted above4 ,warren1 ,parousia1 #fafe1 #ajfaad1 controverts this view and says that 8an omnipresent divine being can come1 only in the sense of manifestation40 ,he regards the parousia1 or coming of ,christ1 as nothing but ,christ's spiritual presence4 ,a writer in the ,presb4 ,review1 #ahhc3bba1 replies that ,warren's view is contradicted 8by the fact that the apostles often spoke of the parousia as an event yet future1 long after the promise of the ,redeemer's spiritual presence with his church had begun to be fulfilled1 and by the fact that ,paul expressly cautions the ,thessalonians against the belief that the parousia was just at hand40 ,we do not know how all men at one time can see a bodily ,christ2 but we also do not know the nature of ,christ's body4 ,the day exists undivided in many places at the same time4 ,the telephone has made it possible for men widely separated to hear the same voice1--it is equally possible that all men may see the same ,christ coming in the clouds4 #b4 ,the time of ,christ's coming4 7a7 ,although ,christ's prophecy of this event1 in the twentyfourth chapter of ,matthew1 so connects it with the destruction of ,jerusalem that the apostles and the early ,christians seem to have hoped for its occurrence during their lifetime1 yet neither ,christ nor the apostles definitely taught when the end should be1 but rather declared the knowledge of it to be reserved in the counsels of ,god1 that men might ever recognize it as possibly at hand1 and so might live in the attitude of constant expectation4 #a ,cor4 #ae3ea--8,we shall not all sleep1 but we shall all be changed02 #a ,thess4 #d3ag--8then we that are alive1 that are left1 shall together with them be caught up in the clouds1 to meet the ,lord in the air2 and so shall we ever be with the ,lord02 #b ,tim4 #d3h--8;henceforth there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness1 which the ,lord1 the righteous judge1 shall give to me at that day3 and not only to me1 but also to all them that have loved his appearing02 ,james #e3g--8;,be patient therefore1 brethren1 until the coming of the ,lord02 #a ,pet4 #d3g--8;,but the end of all things is at hand3 be ye therefore of sound mind1 and be sober unto prayer02 #a ,john #b3ah--8,little children1 it is the last hour3 and as ye heard that antichrist cometh1 even now have there risen many antichrists2 whereby we know that it is the last hour40 ,phil4 #d3e--8,the ,lord is at hand 774 ,in nothing be anxious0--may mean 8the ,lord is near0 7in space71 without any reference to the second coming4 ,the passages quoted above1 expressing as they do the surmises of the apostles that ,christ's coming was near1 while yet abstaining from all definite fixing of the time1 are at least sufficient proof that ,christ's advent may not be near to our time4 ,we should be no more warranted than they were1 in inferring from these passages alone the immediate coming of the ,lord4 ,wendt1 ,teaching of ,jesus1 #b3cdicej1 maintains that ,jesus expected his own speedy second coming and the end of the world4 ,there was no mention of the death of his disciples1 or the importance of readiness for it4 ,no hard and fast organization of his disciples into a church was contemplated by him1--,mat4 #af3ah and #ah3ag are not authentic4 ,no separation of his disciples from the fellowship of the ,jewish religion was thought of4 ,he thought of the destruction of ,jerusalem as the final judgment4 ,yet his doctrine would spread through the earth1 like leaven and mustard seed1 though accompanied by suffering on the part of his disciples4 ,this view of ,wendt can be maintained only by an arbitrary throwing out of the testimony of the evangelist1 upon the ground that ,jesus' mention of a church does not befit so early a stage in the evolution of ,christianity4 ,wendt's whole treatment is vitiated by the presupposition that there can be nothing in ,jesus' words which is inexplicable upon the theory of natural development4 ,that ,jesus did not expect speedily to return to earth is shown in ,mat4 #be3ai--8;,after a long time the ,lord of those servants cometh02 and ,paul1 in #b ,thess41 had to correct the mistake of those who interpreted him as having in his first ,epistle declared an immediate coming of the ,lord4 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,cleveland ,sermon1 #aijd3bg--8,the faith in a second coming of ,christ has lost its hold upon many ,christians in our day4 ,but it still serves to stimulate and admonish the great body1 and we can never dispense with its solemn and mighty influence4 ,christ comes1 it is true1 in ,pentecostal revivals and in destructions of ,jerusalem1 in ,reformation movements and in political upheavals4 ,but these are only precursors of another and literal and final return of ,christ1 to punish the wicked and to complete the salvation of his people4 ,that day for which all other days are made will be a joyful day for those who have fought a good fight and have kept the faith4 ,let us look for and hasten the coming of the day of ,god4 ,the ,jacobites of ,scotland never ceased their labors and sacrifices for their king's return4 ,they never tasted wine1 without pledging their absent prince2 they never joined in song1 without renewing their oaths of allegiance4 ,in many a prison cell and on many a battlefield they rang out the strain3 #8,follow thee1 follow thee1 wha wadna follow thee8 ,long hast thou lo'ed and trusted us fairly3 ,chairlie1 ,chairlie1 wha wadna follow thee8 ,king o' the ,highland hearts1 bonnie ,prince ,chairlie6' ,so they sang1 so they invited him1 until at last he came4 ,but that longing for the day when ,charles should come to his own again was faint and weak compared with the longing of true ,christian hearts for the coming of their ,king4 ,charles came1 only to suffer defeat1 and to bring shame to his country4 ,but ,christ will come1 to put an end to the world's long sorrow1 to give triumph to the cause of truth1 to bestow everlasting reward upon the faithful4 #8,even so1 ,lord ,jesus1 come6 ,hope of all our hopes the sum1 ,take thy waiting people home6 ,long1 so long1 the groaning earth1 ,cursed with war and flood and dearth1 ,sighs for its redemption birth4 ,therefore come1 we daily pray2 ,bring the resurrectionday2 ,wipe creation's curse away6' 0 7b7 ,hence we find1 in immediate connection with many of these predictions of the end1 a reference to intervening events and to the eternity of ,god1 which shows that the prophecies themselves are expressed in a large way which befits the greatness of the divine plans4 ,mat4 #bd3cf--8;,but of that day and hour knoweth no one1 not even the angels of heaven1 neither the ,son1 but the ,father only02 ,mark #ac3cb--8;,but of that day or that hour knoweth no one1 not even the angels in heaven1 neither the ,son1 but the ,father4 ,take ye heed1 watch and pray3 for ye know not when the time is02 ,acts #a3g--8;,and he said unto them1 ,it is not for you to know times or seasons1 which the ,father hath set within his own authority02 #a ,cor4 #aj3aa--8,now these things happened unto them by way of example2 and they were written for our admonition1 upon whom the ends of the ages are come02 #af3bb--8,marana tha marg43 that is1 ,o ,lord1 come602 #b ,thess4 #b3ac--8,now we beseech you1 brethren1 touching the coming of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and our gathering together unto him2 to the end that ye be not quickly shaken from your mind1 nor yet be troubled 444 as that the day of the ,lord is now present ,am4 ,rev43 #8is just at hand'2 let no man beguile you in any wise3 for it will not be1 except the falling away come first1 and the man of sin be revealed1 the son of perdition40 ,james #e3h1 #i--8;,be ye also patient2 establish your hearts3 for the coming of the ,lord is at hand4 ,murmur not1 brethren1 one against another1 that ye be not judged3 behold1 the judge standeth before the doors02 #b ,pet4 #c3cab--8;in the last days mockers shall come 444 saying1 ,where is the promise of his coming8 for1 from the day that the fathers fell asleep1 all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation4 ,for this they wilfully forget1 that there were heavens from of old4444 ,but forget not this one thing1 beloved1 that one day is with the ,lord as a thousand years1 and a thousand years as one day4 ,the ,lord is not slack concerning his promise4444 ,but the day of the ,lord will come as a thief 444 what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy living and godliness1 looking for and earnestly desiring marg43 #8hastening' the coming of the day of ,god0--awaiting it1 and hastening its coming by your prayer and labor4 ,rev4 #a3c--8;,blessed is he that readeth1 and they that hear the words of the prophecy1 and keep the things that are written therein3 for the time is at hand03 #bb3ab1 #bj--8;,behold1 ,i come quickly2 and my reward is with me1 to render to each man according as his work is4444 ,he who testifieth these things saith1 ,yea3 ,i come quickly4 ,amen3 come1 ,lord ,jesus40 ,from these passages it is evident that the apostles did not know the time of the end1 and that it was hidden from ,christ himself while here in the flesh4 ,he1 therefore1 who assumes to know1 assumes to know more than ,christ or his apostles--assumes to know the very thing which ,christ declared it was not for us to know6 ,gould1 ,bib4 ,theol4 ,n4,t41 #aeb--8,the expectation of our ,lord's coming was one of the elements and motifs of that generation1 and the delay of the event caused some questioning4 ,but there is never any indication that it may be indefinitely postponed4 ,the early church never had to face the difficulty forced upon the church today1 of belief in his second coming1 founded upon a prophecy of his coming during the lifetime of a generation long since dead4 ,and until this ,epistle #b ,peter1 we do not find any traces of this exegetical legerdemain as such a situation would require4 ,but here we have it fullgrown2 just such a specimen of harmonistic device as orthodox interpretation familiarizes us with4 ,the definite statement that the advent is to be within that generation is met with the general principle that #8one day is with the ,lord as a thousand years1 and a thousand years as one day' 7#b ,pet4 #c3h740 ,we must regard this comment of ,dr4 ,gould as an unconscious fulfilment of the prediction that 8in the last days mockers shall come with mockery0 7#b ,pet4 #c3c74 ,a better understanding of prophecy1 as divinely pregnant utterance1 would have enabled the critic to believe that the words of ,christ might be partially fulfilled in the days of the apostles1 but fully accomplished only at the end of the world4 7c7 ,in this we discern a striking parallel between the predictions of ,christ's first1 and the predictions of his second1 advent4 ,in both cases the event was more distant and more grand than those imagined to whom the prophecies first came4 ,under both dispensations1 patient waiting for ,christ was intended to discipline the faith1 and to enlarge the conceptions1 of ,god's true servants4 ,the fact that every age since ,christ ascended has had its ,chiliasts and ,second ,adventists should turn our thoughts away from curious and fruitless prying into the time of ,christ's coming1 and set us at immediate and constant endeavor to be ready1 at whatsoever hour he may appear4 ,gen4 #d3a--8;,and the man knew ,eve his wife2 and she conceived1 and bare ,cain1 and said1 ,i have gotten a man with the help of ,jehovah lit43 #8,i have gotten a man1 even ,jehovah'0--an intimation that ,eve fancied her firstborn to be already the promised seed1 the coming deliverer2 see ,mac,whorter1 ,jahveh ,christ4 ,deut4 #ah3ae--8;,jehovah thy ,god will raise up unto thee a prophet from the midst of thee1 of thy brethren1 like unto me2 unto him ye shall hearken0--here is a prophecy which ,moses may have expected to be fulfilled in ,joshua1 but which ,god designed to be fulfilled only in ,christ4 ,is4 #g3ad1 #af--8,therefore the ,lord himself will give you a sign3 behold1 a virgin shall conceive1 and bear a son1 and shall call his name ,immanuel4444 ,for before the child shall know to refuse the evil1 and choose the good1 the land whose two kings thou abhorrest shall be forsaken0--a prophecy which the prophet may have expected to be fulfilled in his own time1 and which was partly so fulfilled1 but which ,god intended to be fulfilled ages thereafter4 ,luke #b3be--8,simeon2 and this man was righteous and devout1 looking for the consolation of ,israel0--,simeon was the type of holy men1 in every age of ,jewish history1 who were waiting for the fulfilment of ,god's promise1 and for the coming of the deliverer4 ,so under the ,christian dispensation4 ,augustine held that ,christ's reign of a thousand years1 which occupies the last epoch of the world's history1 did not still lie in the future1 but began with the founding of the church 7,ritschl1 ,just4 and ,reconc41 #bhf74 ,luther1 near the time of his death1 said3 8,god forbid that the world should last fifty years longer6 ,let him cut matters short with his last judgment60 ,melanchthon put the end less than two hundred years from his time4 ,calvin's motto was3 8,domine1 quousque80--8,o ,lord1 how long80 ,jonathan ,edwards1 before and during the great ,awakening1 indulged high expectations as to the probable extension of the movement until it should bring the world1 even in his own lifetime1 into the love and obedience of ,christ 7,life1 by ,allen1 #bcd74 ,better than any one of these is the utterance of ,dr4 ,broadus3 8,if ,i am always ready1 ,i shall be ready when ,jesus comes40 ,on the whole subject1 see ,hovey1 in ,baptist ,quarterly1 ,oct4 #ahgg3dafdcb2 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3fdafdf2 ,stevens1 in ,am4 ,com4 on ,thessalonians1 ,excursus on ,the ,parousia1 and notes on #a ,thess4 #d3ac1 #af2 #e3aa2 #b ,thess4 #b3c1 #ab2 ,goodspeed1 ,messiah's ,second ,advent2 ,heagle1 ,that ,blessed ,hope4 #c4 ,the precursors of ,christ's coming4 7a7 ,through the preaching of the gospel in all the world1 the kingdom of ,christ is steadily to enlarge its boundaries1 until ,jews and ,gentiles alike become possessed of its blessings1 and a millennial period is introduced in which ,christianity generally prevails throughout the earth4 ,dan4 #b3dd1 #de--8;,and in the days of those kings shall the ,god of heaven set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed1 nor shall the sovereignty thereof be left to another people2 but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms1 and it shall stand forever4 ,forasmuch as thou sawest that a stone was cut out of the mountain without hands1 and that it brake in pieces the iron1 the brass1 the clay1 the silver1 and the gold2 the great ,god hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter3 and the dream is certain1 and the interpretation thereof sure40 ,mat4 #ac3ca1 #cb--8,the kingdom of heaven is like unto a grain of mustard seed 444 which indeed is less than all seeds2 but when it is grown1 it is greater than the herbs1 and becometh a tree1 so that the birds of heaven come and lodge in the branches thereof0--the parable of the leaven1 which follows1 apparently illustrates the intensive1 as that of the mustard seed illustrates the extensive1 development of the kingdom of ,god2 and it is as impossible to confine the reference of the leaven to the spread of evil as it is impossible to confine the reference of the mustard seed to the spread of good4 ,mat4 #bd3ad--8;,and this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world for a testimony unto all the nations2 and then shall the end come02 ,rom4 #aa3be1 #bf--8;a hardening in part hath befallen ,israel1 until the fulness of the ,gentiles be come in2 and so all ,israel shall be saved02 ,rev4 #bj3df--8;,and ,i saw thrones1 and they sat upon them1 and judgment was given unto them3 and ,i saw the souls of them that had been beheaded for the testimony of ,jesus1 and for the word of ,god1 and such as worshipped not the beast1 neither his image1 and received not the mark upon their forehead and upon their hand2 and they lived1 and reigned with ,christ a thousand years40 ,col4 #a3bc--8the gospel which ye heard1 which was preached in all creation under heaven0--,paul's phrase here and the apparent reference in ,mat4 #bd3ad to ,a4 ,d4 #gj as the time of the end1 should restrain theorizers from insisting that the second coming of ,christ cannot occur until this text has been fulfilled with literal completeness 7,broadus74 7b7 ,there will be a corresponding development of evil1 either extensive or intensive1 whose true character shall be manifest not only in deceiving many professed followers of ,christ and in persecuting true believers1 but in constituting a personal ,antichrist as its representative and object of worship4 ,this rapid growth shall continue until the millennium1 during which evil1 in the person of its chief1 shall be temporarily restrained4 ,mat4 #ac3cj1 #ch--8,let both grow together until the harvest3 and in the time of the harvest ,i will say to the reapers1 ,gather up first the tares1 and bind them in bundles to burn them3 but gather the wheat into my barn 444 the field is the world2 and the good seed1 these are the sons of the kingdom2 and the tares are the sons of the evil one02 #bd3e1 #aa1 #ab1 #bd--8;,for many shall come in my name1 saying1 ,i am the ,christ2 and shall lead many astray4444 ,and many false prophets shall arise1 and shall lead many astray4 ,and because iniquity shall be multiplied1 the love of the many shall wax cold4444 ,for there shall arise false ,christs1 and false prophets1 and shall show great signs and wonders2 so as to lead astray1 if possible1 even the elect40 ,luke #ba3ab--8;,but before all these things1 they shall lay their hands on you1 and shall persecute you1 delivering you up to the synagogues and prisons1 bringing you before kings and governors for my name's sake02 #b ,thess4 #b3c1 #d1 #g1 #h1--8;it will not be1 except the falling away come first1 and the man of sin be revealed1 the son of perdition1 he that opposeth and exalteth himself against all that is called ,god or that is worshipped2 so that he sitteth in the temple of ,god1 setting himself forth as ,god4444 ,for the mystery of lawlessness doth already work3 only there is one that restraineth now1 until he be taken out of the way4 ,and then shall be revealed the lawless one1 whom the ,lord ,jesus shall slay with the breath of his mouth1 and bring to nought by the manifestation of his coming40 ,elliott1 ,hor ,apocalyptic1 #a3fe1 holds that 8,antichrist means another ,christ1 a pro,christ1 a vice,christ1 a pretender to the name of ,christ1 and in that character1 an usurper and adversary4 ,the principle of ,antichrist was already sown in the time of ,paul4 ,but a certain hindrance1 i4 e41 the ,roman ,empire as then constituted1 needed first to be removed out of the way1 before room could be made for ,antichrist's development40 ,antichrist1 according to this view1 is the hierarchical spirit1 which found its final and most complete expression in the ,papacy4 ,dante1 ,hell1 #ai3ajfaag1 speaks of the ,papacy1 or rather the temporal power of the ,popes1 as ,antichrist3 8,to you ,st4 ,john referred1 ,o shepherds vile1 ,when she who sits on many waters1 had ,been seen with kings her person to defile02 see ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,philosophy and ,religion1 #ejg4 ,it has been objected that a simultaneous growth both of evil and of good is inconceivable1 and that the progress of the divine kingdom implies a diminution in the power of the adversary4 ,only a slight reflection however convinces us that1 as the population of the world is always increasing1 evil men may increase in numbers1 even though there is increase in the numbers of the good4 ,but we must also consider that evil grows in intensity just in proportion to the light which good throws upon it4 8,wherever ,god erects a house of prayer1 ,the devil always builds a chapel there40 ,every revival of religion stirs up the forces of wickedness to opposition4 ,as ,christ's first advent occasioned an unusual outburst of demoniac malignity1 so ,christ's second advent will be resisted by a final desperate effort of the evil one to overcome the forces of good4 ,the great awakening in ,new ,england under ,jonathan ,edwards caused on the one hand a most remarkable increase in the number of ,baptist believers1 but also on the other hand the rise of modern ,unitarianism4 ,the optimistic ,presbyterian pastor at ,auburn argued with the pessimistic chaplain of the ,state's ,prison that the world was certainly growing better1 because his congregation was increasing2 whereupon the chaplain replied that his own congregation was increasing also4 7c7 ,at the close of this millennial period1 evil will again be permitted to exert its utmost power in a final conflict with righteousness4 ,this spiritual struggle1 moreover1 will be accompanied and symbolized by political convulsions1 and by fearful indications of desolation in the natural world4 ,mat4 #bd3bi1 #cj--8;,but immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun shall be darkened1 and the moon shall not give her light1 and the stars shall fall from heaven1 and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken3 and then shall appear the sign of the ,son of man in heaven02 ,luke #ba3hbh--;false prophets2 wars and tumults2 earthquakes2 pestilences2 persecutions2 signs in the sun1 moon1 and stars2 8,and then shall they see the ,son of man coming in a cloud with power and great glory4 ,but when these things begin to come to pass1 look up1 and lift up your heads2 because your redemption draweth nigh40 ,interpretations of the book of ,revelation are divided into three classes3 7#a7 the ,prterist 7held by ,grotius1 ,moses ,stuart1 and ,warren71 which regards the prophecy as mainly fulfilled in the age immediately succeeding the time of the apostles 7#fff ,neron ,kaisar72 7#b7 the ,continuous 7held by ,isaac ,newton1 ,vitringa1 ,bengel1 ,elliott1 ,kelly1 and ,cumming71 which regards the whole as a continuous prophetical history1 extending from the first age until the end of all things 7#fff ,lateinos72 ,hengstenberg and ,alford hold substantially this view1 though they regard the seven seals1 trumpets1 and vials as synchronological1 each succeeding set going over the same ground and exhibiting it in some special aspect2 7#c7 the ,futurist 7held by ,maitland and ,todd71 which considers the book as describing events yet to occur1 during the times immediately preceding and following the coming of the ,lord4 ,of all these interpretations1 the most learned and exhaustive is that of ,elliott1 in his four volumes entitled ,hor ,apocalyptic4 ,the basis of his interpretation is the 8time and times and half a time0 of ,dan4 #g3be1 which according to the yearday theory means #abfj years--the year1 according to ancient reckoning1 containing #cfj days1 and the 8time0 being therefore #cfj years #cfj 7#b ,x #cfj7 #ahj #abfj4 ,this phrase we find recurring with regard to the woman nourished in the wilderness 7,rev4 #ab3ad74 ,the blasphemy of the beast for forty and two months 7,rev4 #ac3e7 seems to refer to the same period #db ,x #cj #abfj1 as before4 ,the two witnesses prophecy #abfj days 7,rev4 #aa3c72 and the woman's time in the wilderness is stated 7,rev4 #ab3f7 as #abfj days4 ,this period of #abfj years is regarded by ,elliott as the time of the temporal power of the ,papacy4 ,there is a twofold terminus a quo1 and correspondingly a twofold terminus ad quem4 ,the first commencement is ,a4 ,d4 #eca1 when in the edict of ,justinian the dragon of the ,roman ,empire gives its power to the beast of the ,papacy1 and resigns its throne to the rising ,antichrist1 giving opportunity for the rise of the ten horns as ,european kings 7,rev4 #ac3ac74 ,the second commencement1 adding the seventyfive supplementary years of ,daniel #ab3ab #acce #abfj #ge1 is ,a4 ,d4 #fjf1 when the ,emperor ,phocas acknowledges the primacy of ,rome1 and the ten horns1 or kings1 now diademed1 submit to the ,papacy 7,rev4 #ag3ab1 #ac74 ,the first endingpoint is ,a4 ,d4 #agia1 when the ,french ,revolution struck the first blow at the independence of the ,pope #eca #abfj #agia4 ,the second endingpoint is ,a4 ,d4 #ahff1 when the temporal power of the ,pope was abolished at the unification of the kingdom of ,italy #fjf #abfj #ahff4 ,elliott regards the twohorned beast 7,rev4 #ac3aa7 as representing the ,papal ,clergy1 and the image of the beast 7,rev4 #ac3ad1 #ae7 as representing the ,papal ,councils4 ,unlike ,hengstenberg and ,alford1 who consider the seals1 trumpets1 and vials as synchronological1 ,elliott makes the seven trumpets to be an unfolding of the seventh seal1 and the seven vials to be an unfolding of the seventh trumpet4 ,like other advocates of the premillennial advent of ,christ1 ,elliott regards the four chief signs of ,christ's near approach as being3 7#a7 the decay of the ,turkish ,empire 7the drying up of the river ,euphrates--,rev4 #af3ab72 7#b7 the ,pope's loss of temporal power 7the destruction of ,babylon--,rev4 #ag3ai72 7#c7 the conversion of the ,jews and their return to their own land 7,ez4 #cg2 ,rom4 #aa3abae1 #bebg--;but on this last1 see ,meyer72 7#d7 the pouring out of the ,holy ,spirit and the conversion of the ,gentiles 7the way of the kings of the ,east--,rev4 #af3ab2 the fulness of the ,gentiles--,rom4 #aa3be74 ,elliott's whole scheme1 however1 is vitiated by the fact that he wrongly assumes the book of ,revelation to have been written under ,domitian 7#id or #if71 instead of under ,nero 7#fg or #fh74 ,his terminus a quo is therefore incorrect1 and his interpretation of chapters #ei is rendered very precarious4 ,the year #ahff1 moreover1 should have been the time of the end1 and so the terminus ad quem seems to be clearly misunderstood--unless indeed the seventy five supplementary years of ,daniel are to be added to #ahff4 ,we regard the failure of this most ingenious scheme of ,apocalyptic interpretation as a practical demonstration that a clear understanding of the meaning of prophecy is1 before the event1 impossible1 and we are confirmed in this view by the utterly untenable nature of the theory of the millennium which is commonly held by socalled ,second ,adventists1 a theory which we now proceed to examine4 ,a long preparation may be followed by a sudden consummation4 ,drilling the rock for the blast is a slow process2 firing the charge takes but a moment4 ,the woodwork of the ,windsor ,hotel in ,new ,york was in a charred and superheated state before the electric wires that threaded it wore out their insulation1--then a slight increase of voltage turned heat into flame4 ,the ,outlook1 ,march #cj1 #ahie--8;,an evolutionary conception of the ,second ,coming1 as a progressive manifestation of the spiritual power and glory of ,christ1 may issue in a dnouement as unique as the first advent was which closed the preparatory ages40 ,joseph ,cook1 on ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon3 8,there is a wide distinction between the flashlight theory and the burningglass theory of missions4 ,the latter was ,dr4 ,gordon's view4 ,when a burningglass is held over inflammable material1 the concentrated rays of the sun rapidly produce in it discoloration1 smoke1 and sparks4 ,at a certain instant1 after the sparks have been sufficiently diffused1 the whole material suddenly bursts into flame4 ,there is then no longer any need of the burningglass1 for fire has itself fallen from on high and is able to do its own work4 ,so the world is to be regarded as inflammable material to be set on fire from on high4 ,our ,lord's life on earth is a burningglass1 concentrating rays of light and heat upon the souls of men4 ,when the heating has gone on far enough1 and the sparks of incipient conflagration have been sufficiently diffused1 suddenly spiritual flame will burst up everywhere and will fill the earth4 ,this is the second advent of him who kindled humanity to new life by his first advent4 ,as ,i understand the premillenarian view of history1 the date when the sparks shall kindle into flame is not known1 but it is known that the duty of the church is to spread the sparks and to expect at any instant1 after their wide diffusion1 the victorious descent of millennial flame1 that is1 the beginning of our ,lord's personal and visible reign over the whole earth40 ,see article on ,millenarianism1 by ,g4 ,p4 ,fisher1 in ,mc,clintock and ,strong's ,cyclopdia2 also by ,semisch1 in ,schaff,herzog1 ,cyclopdia2 cf4 ,schaff1 ,history of the ,christian ,church1 #a3hdj4 #d4 ,relation of ,christ's second coming to the millennium4 ,the ,scripture foretells a period1 called in the language of prophecy 8a thousand years10 when ,satan shall be restrained and the saints shall reign with ,christ on the earth4 ,a comparison of the passages bearing on this subject leads us to the conclusion that this millennial blessedness and dominion is prior to the second advent4 ,one passage only seems at first sight to teach the contrary1 viz43 ,rev4 #bj3daj4 ,but this supports the theory of a premillennial advent only when the passage is interpreted with the barest literalness4 ,a better view of its meaning will be gained by considering3 7a7 ,that it constitutes a part1 and confessedly an obscure part1 of one of the most figurative books of ,scripture1 and therefore ought to be interpreted by the plainer statements of the other ,scriptures4 ,we quote here the passage alluded to3 ,rev4 #bj3daj--8;,and ,i saw thrones1 and they sat upon them1 and judgment was given unto them3 and ,i saw the souls of them that had been beheaded for the testimony of ,jesus1 and for the word of ,god1 and such as worshipped not the beast1 neither his image1 and received not the mark upon their forehead and upon their hand2 and they lived1 and reigned with ,christ a thousand years4 ,the rest of the dead lived not until the thousand years should be finished4 ,this is the first resurrection4 ,blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection3 over these the second death hath no power2 but they shall be priests of ,god and of ,christ1 and shall reign with him a thousand years40 ,emerson and ,parker met a ,second ,adventist who warned them that the end of the world was near4 ,parker replied3 8,my friend1 that does not concern me2 ,i live in ,boston40 ,emerson said3 8,well1 ,i think ,i can get along without it40 ,a similarly cheerful view is taken by ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #bcb--8;,christ certainly comes1 according to the picture in ,revelation1 before the millennium2 but the question of importance is1 whether the conception of the millennium itself1 related as it is to ,ezekiel1 is essential to faith4 ,i cannot think that it is4 ,the religious content of the passages--what they offer for faith to grasp--is1 ,i should say1 simply this3 that until the end the conflict between the kingdom of ,god and the kingdom of the world must go on2 that as the end approaches it becomes ever more intense1 progress in humanity not being a progress in goodness merely or in badness only1 but in the antagonism between the two2 and that the necessity for conflict is sure to emerge even after the kingdom of ,god has won its greatest triumphs4 ,i frankly confess that to seek more than this in such ,scriptural indications seems to me trifling40 7b7 ,that the other ,scriptures contain nothing with regard to a resurrection of the righteous which is widely separated in time from that of the wicked1 but rather declare distinctly that the second coming of ,christ is immediately connected both with the resurrection of the just and the unjust and with the general judgment4 ,mat4 #af3bg--8;,for the ,son of man shall come in the glory of his ,father with his angels2 and then shall he render unto every man according to his deeds02 #be3cacc--8;,but when the ,son of man shall come in his glory1 and all the angels with him1 then shall he sit on the throne of his glory3 and before him shall be gathered all the nations3 and he shall separate them one from another1 as the shepherd separateth the sheep from the goats02 ,john #e3bh1 #bi--8,marvel not at this3 for the hour cometh1 in which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice1 and shall some forth2 they that have done good1 unto the resurrection of life2 and they that have done evil1 unto the resurrection of judgment02 #b ,cor4 #e3aj--8;,for we must all be made manifest before the judgment seat of ,christ2 that each one may receive the things done in the body1 according to what he hath done1 whether it be good or bad02 #b ,thess4 #a3faj--8;if so be that it is a righteous thing with ,god to recompense affliction to them that afflict you1 and to you that are afflicted rest with us1 at the revelation of the ,lord ,jesus from heaven with the angels of his power in flaming fire1 rendering vengeance to them that know not ,god1 and to them that obey not the gospel of our ,lord ,jesus3 who shall suffer punishment1 even eternal destruction from the face of the ,lord and from the glory of his might1 when he shall come to be glorified in his saints1 and to be marvelled at in all them that believed40 #b ,pet4 #c3g1 #aj--8the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men4444 ,but the day of the ,lord will come as a thief2 in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise1 and the elements shall be dissolved with fervent heat1 and the earth and the works that are therein shall be burned up02 ,rev4 #bj3aaae--8;,and ,i saw a great white throne1 and him that sat upon it1 from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away2 and there was found no place for them4 ,and ,i saw the dead1 the great and the small1 standing before the throne2 and books were opened3 and another book was opened1 which is the book of life3 and the dead were judged out of the things that were written in the books1 according to their works4 ,and the sea gave up the dead that were in it2 and death and ,hades gave up the dead that were in them3 and they were judged every man according to their works4 ,and death and ,hades were cast into the lake of fire4 ,this is the second death1 even the lake of fire4 ,and if any was not found written in the book of life1 he was cast into the lake of fire40 ,here is abundant evidence that there is no interval of a thousand years between the second coming of ,christ and the resurrection1 general judgment1 and end of all things4 ,all these events come together4 ,the only answer of the premillennialists to this objection to their theory is1 that the day of judgment and the millennium may be contemporaneous1--in other words1 the day of judgment may be a thousand years long4 ,elliott holds to a conflagration1 partial at the beginning of this period1 complete at its close1--,peter's prophecy treating the two conflagrations as one1 while the book of ,revelation separates them2 so a nearer view resolves binary stars into two4 ,but we reply that1 if the judgment occupies the whole period of a thousand years1 then the coming of ,christ1 the resurrection1 and the final conflagration should all be a thousand years also4 ,it is indeed possible that1 in this case1 as ,peter says in connection with his prophecy of judgment1 8one day is with the ,lord as a thousand years1 and a thousand years as one day0 7#b ,pet4 #c3h74 ,but if we make the word 8day0 so indefinite in connection with the judgment1 why should we regard it as so definite1 when we come to interpret the #abfj days8 7c7 ,that the literal interpretation of the passage--holding1 as it does1 to a resurrection of bodies of flesh and blood1 and to a reign of the risen saints in the flesh1 and in the world as at present constituted--is inconsistent with other ,scriptural declarations with regard to the spiritual nature of the resurrectionbody and of the coming reign of ,christ4 #a ,cor4 #ae3dd1 #ej--8;it is sown a natural body2 it is raised a spiritual body4444 ,now this ,i say1 brethren1 that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of ,god2 neither doth corruption inherit incorruption40 ,these passages are inconsistent with the view that the resurrection is a physical resurrection at the beginning of the thousand years--a resurrection to be followed by a second life of the saints in bodies of flesh and blood4 ,they are not1 however1 inconsistent with the true view1 soon to be mentioned1 that 8the first resurrection0 is simply the raising of the church to a new life and zeal4 ,westcott1 ,bib4 ,com4 on ,john #ad3ah1 #ai--8;,i will not leave you desolate marg43 #8orphans'3 ,i come unto you4 ,yet a little while1 and the world beholdeth me no more2 but ye behold me03--8,the words exclude the error of those who suppose that ,christ will #8come' under the same conditions of earthly existence as those to which he submitted at his first coming40 ,see ,hovey1 ,bib4 ,eschatology1 #ffgh4 7d7 ,that the literal interpretation is generally and naturally connected with the expectation of a gradual and necessary decline of ,christ's kingdom upon earth1 until ,christ comes to bind ,satan and to introduce the millennium4 ,this view not only contradicts such passages as ,dan4 #b3cd1 #ce1 and ,mat4 #ac3ca1 #cb1 but it begets a passive and hopeless endurance of evil1 whereas the ,scriptures enjoin a constant and aggressive warfare against it1 upon the very ground that ,god's power shall assure to the church a gradual but constant progress in the face of it1 even to the time of the end4 ,dan4 #b3cd1 #ce--8,thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands1 which smote the image upon its feet that were of iron and clay1 and brake them in pieces4 ,then was the iron1 the clay1 the brass1 the silver1 and the gold1 broken in pieces together1 and became like the chaff of the summer threshing floors2 and the wind carried them away1 so that no place was found for them3 and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain1 and filled the whole earth02 ,mat4 #ac3ca1 #cb--8,the kingdom of heaven is like unto a grain of mustard seed1 which a man took1 and sowed in his field3 which indeed is less than all seeds2 but when it is grown1 it is greater than the herbs1 and becometh a tree1 so that the birds of the heaven come and lodge in the branches thereof40 ,in both these figures there is no sign of cessation or of backward movement1 but rather every indication of continuous advance to complete victory and dominion4 ,the premillennial theory supposes that for the principle of development under the dispensation of the ,holy ,spirit1 ,god will substitute a reign of mere power and violence4 ,j4 ,b4 ,thomas3 8,the kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard seed1 not like a can of nitroglycerine40 ,leighton ,williams3 8,the kingdom of ,god is to be realized on earth1 not by a cataclysm1 apart from effort and will1 but through the universal dissemination of the gospel all but lost to the world40 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,second ,adventism stultifies the system and scheme of ,christianity40 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon could not deny that the early disciples were mistaken in expecting the end of the world in their day4 ,so we may be4 ,scripture does not declare that the end should come in the lifetime of the apostles1 and no definite date is set4 8,after a long time0 7,mat4 #be3ai7 and 8the falling away come first0 7#b ,thess4 #b3c7 are expressions which postpone indefinitely4 ,yet a just view of ,christ's coming as ever possible in the immediate future may make us as faithful as were the original disciples4 ,the theory also divests ,christ of all kingly power until the millennium1 or1 rather1 maintains that the kingdom has not yet been given to him2 see ,elliott1 ,hor ,apocalyptic1 #a3id--where ,luke #ai3ab--8;,a certain nobleman went into a far country1 to receive for himself a kingdom1 and to return0--is interpreted as follows3 8,subordinate kings went to ,rome to receive the investiture to their kingdoms from the ,roman ,emperor1 and then returned to occupy them and reign4 ,so ,christ received from his ,father1 after his ascension1 the investiture to his kingdom2 but with the intention not to occupy it1 till his return at his second coming4 ,in token of this investiture he takes his seat as the ,lamb on the divine throne0 7,rev4 #e3fh74 ,but this interpretation contradicts ,mat4 #bh3ah1 #bj--8;,all authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth 444 lo1 ,i am with you always1 even unto the end of the world40 ,see ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahhb3bbh4 ,on the effects of the premillennial view in weakening ,christian endeavor1 see ,j4 ,h4 ,seelye1 ,christian ,missions1 #idabg2 per contra1 see ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 in ,independent1 ,feb4 #ahhf4 7e7 ,we may therefore best interpret ,rev4 #bj3daj as teaching in highly figurative language1 not a preliminary resurrection of the body1 in the case of departed saints1 but a period in the later days of the church militant when1 under special influence of the ,holy ,ghost1 the spirit of the martyrs shall appear again1 true religion be greatly quickened and revived1 and the members of ,christ's churches become so conscious of their strength in ,christ that they shall1 to an extent unknown before1 triumph over the powers of evil both within and without4 ,so the spirit of ,elijah appeared again in ,john the ,baptist 7,mal4 #d3e2 cf4 ,mat4 #aa3ac1 #ad74 ,the fact that only the spirit of sacrifice and faith is to be revived is figuratively indicated in the phrase3 8,the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years should be finished0 the spirit of persecution and unbelief shall be1 as it were1 laid to sleep4 ,since resurrection1 like the coming of ,christ and the judgment1 is twofold1 first1 spiritual 7the raising of the soul to spiritual life71 and secondly1 physical 7the raising of the body from the grave71 the words in ,rev4 #bj3e--8this is the first resurrection0--seem intended distinctly to preclude the literal interpretation we are combating4 ,in short1 we hold that ,rev4 #bj3daj does not describe the events commonly called the second advent and resurrection1 but rather describes great spiritual changes in the later history of the church1 which are typical of1 and preliminary to1 the second advent and resurrection1 and therefore1 after the prophetic method1 are foretold in language literally applicable only to those final events themselves 7cf4 ,ez4 #cg3aad2 ,luke #ae3cb74 ,mal4 #d3e--8;,behold1 ,i will send you ,elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of ,jehovah come02 cf4 ,mat4 #aa3ac1 #ad--8;,for all the prophets and the law prophesied until ,john4 ,and if ye are willing to receive it1 this is ,elijah1 that is to come02 ,ez4 #cg3aad--the vision of the valley of dry bones either the political or the religious resuscitation of the ,jews2 ,luke #ae3cb--8this thy brother was dead1 and is alive again0--of the prodigal son4 ,it will help us in our interpretation of ,rev4 #bj3daj to notice that death1 judgment1 the coming of ,christ1 and the resurrection1 are all of two kinds1 the first spiritual1 and the second literal3 7#a7 ,first1 a spiritual death 7,eph4 #b3a--8;dead through your trespasses and sins072 and secondly1 a physical and literal death1 whose culmination is found in the second death 7,rev4 #bj3ad--8;,and death and ,hades were cast into the lake of fire4 ,this is the second death1 even the lake of fire074 7#b7 ,first1 a spiritual judgment 7,is4 #bf3i--8when thy judgments are in the earth02 ,john #ab3ca--8,now is the judgment of this world3 now shall the prince of this world be cast out02 #c3ah--8;he that believeth not hath been judged already072 and secondly1 an outward and literal judgment 7,acts #ag3ca--8;hath appointed a day in which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he hath ordained074 7#c7 ,first1 the spiritual and invisible coming of ,christ 7,mat4 #af3bh--8shall in no wise taste of death1 till they see the ,son of man coming in his kingdom0--at the destruction of ,jerusalem2 ,john #ad3af1 #ah--8;another ,comforter 444 ,i come unto you0--at ,pentecost2 #ad3c--8;,and if ,i go and prepare a place for you1 ,i come again1 and will receive you unto myself0--at death72 and secondly1 a visible literal coming 7,mat4 #be3ca--8the ,son of man shall come in his glory1 and all the angels with him074 7#d7 ,first1 a spiritual resurrection 7,john #e3be--8,the hour cometh1 and now is1 when the dead shall hear the voice of the ,son of ,god2 and they that hear shall live072 and secondly1 a physical and literal resurrection 7,john #e3bh1 #bi--8the hour cometh1 in which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice1 and shall come forth2 they that have done good1 unto the resurrection of life2 and they that have done evil1 unto the resurrection of judgment074 ,the spiritual resurrection foreshadows the bodily resurrection4 ,this twofoldness of each of the four terms1 death1 judgment1 coming of ,christ1 resurrection1 is so obvious a teaching of ,scripture1 that the apostle's remark in ,rev4 #bj3e--8,this is the first resurrection0--seems distinctly intended to warn the reader against drawing the premillenarian inference1 and to make clear the fact that the resurrection spoken of is the first or spiritual resurrection1--an interpretation which is made indubitable by his proceeding1 further on1 to describe the outward and literal resurrection in verse #ac--8;,and the sea gave up the dead that were in it3 and death and ,hades gave up the dead that were in them40 ,this physical resurrection takes place when 8the thousand years0 are 8finished0 7verse #e74 ,this interpretation suggests a possible way of reconciling the premillenarian and postmillenarian theories1 without sacrificing any of the truth in either of them4 ,christ may come again1 at the beginning of the millennium1 in a spiritual way1 and his saints may reign with him spiritually1 in the wonderful advances of his kingdom2 while the visible1 literal coming may take place at the end of the thousand years4 ,dorner's view is postmillennial1 in this sense1 that the visible coming of ,christ will be after the thousand years4 ,hengstenberg curiously regards the millennium as having begun in the ,middle ,ages 7#hjjahjj ,a4 ,d474 ,this strange view of an able interpreter1 as well as the extraordinary diversity of explanations given by others1 convinces us that no exegete has yet found the key to the mysteries of the ,apocalypse4 ,until we know whether the preaching of the gospel in the whole world 7,mat4 #bd3ad7 is to be a preaching to nations as a whole1 or to each individual in each nation1 we cannot determine whether the millennium has already begun1 or whether it is yet far in the future4 ,the millennium then is to be the culmination of the work of the ,holy ,spirit1 a universal revival of religion1 a nation born in a day1 the kings of the earth bringing their glory and honor into the city of ,god4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #baa--8;,after the present elective work of the ,spirit has been completed1 there will come a time of universal blessing1 when the ,spirit shall literally be poured out upon all flesh1 when that which is perfect shall come and that which is in part shall be done away4444 ,the early rain of the ,spirit was at ,pentecost2 the latter rain will be at the ,parousia40 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,sermon before the ,baptist ,world ,congress1 ,london1 ,july #ab1 #aije--8,let us expect the speedy spiritual coming of the ,lord4 ,i believe in an ultimate literal and visible coming of ,christ in the clouds of heaven to raise the dead1 to summon all men to the judgment1 and to wind up the present dispensation4 ,but ,i believe that this visible and literal coming of ,christ must be preceded1 and prepared for1 by his invisible and spiritual coming and by a resurrection of faith and love in the hearts of his people4 #8,this is the first resurrection' 7,rev4 #bj3e74 ,i read in ,scripture of a spiritual second coming that precedes the literal1 an inward revelation of ,christ to his people1 a restraining of the powers of darkness1 a mighty augmentation of the forces of righteousness1 a turning to the ,lord of men and nations1 such as the world has not yet seen4 ,i believe in a long reign of ,christ on earth1 in which his saints shall in spirit be caught up with him1 and shall sit with him upon his throne1 even though this muddy vesture of decay compasses them about1 and the time of their complete glorification has not yet come4 ,let us hasten the coming of the day of ,god by our faith and prayer4 #8,when the ,son of man cometh1 shall he find faith on the earth8' 7,luke #ah3h74 ,let him find faith1 at least in us4 ,our faith can certainly secure the coming of the ,lord into our hearts4 ,let us expect that ,christ will be revealed in us1 as of old he was revealed in the ,apostle ,paul40 ,our own interpretation of ,rev4 #bj3aaj1 was first given1 for substance1 by ,whitby4 ,he was followed by ,vitringa and ,faber4 ,for a fuller elaboration of it1 see ,brown1 ,second ,advent1 #bjfbei2 ,hodge1 ,outlines of ,theology1 #ddgdec4 ,for the postmillennial view generally1 see ,kendrick1 in ,bap4 ,quar41 ,jan4 #ahgj2 ,new ,englander1 #ahgd3cef2 #ahgi3dgdi1 #aadadg2 ,pepper1 in ,bap4 ,rev41 #ahhj3ae2 ,princeton ,review1 ,march1 #ahgi3daedcd2 ,presb4 ,rev41 #ahhc3bbabeb2 ,bib4 ,sac41 #ae3cha1 #fbe2 #ag3aaa2 ,harris1 ,kingdom of ,christ1 #bbjbcg2 ,waldegrave1 ,bampton ,lectures for #ahed1 on the ,millennium2 ,neander1 ,planting and ,training1 #ebf1 #ebg2 ,cowles1 ,dissertation on ,premillennial ,advent1 in ,com4 on ,jeremiah and ,ezekiel2 ,weiss1 ,premillennial ,advent2 ,crosby1 ,second ,advent2 ,fairbairn on ,prophecy1 #dcbdhj2 ,woods1 ,works1 #c3bfg2 ,abp4 ,whately1 ,essays on ,future ,state4 ,for the premillennial view1 see ,elliott1 ,hor ,apocalyptic1 #d3adjaif2 ,william ,kelly1 ,advent of ,christ ,premillennial2 ,taylor1 ,voice of the ,church on the ,coming and ,kingdom of the ,redeemer2 ,litch1 ,christ ,yet to ,come4 ,,iv4 ,the ,resurrection4 ,while the ,scriptures describe the impartation of new life to the soul in regeneration as a spiritual resurrection1 they also declare that1 at the second coming of ,christ1 there shall be a resurrection of the body1 and a reunion of the body to the soul from which1 during the intermediate state1 it has been separated4 ,both the just and the unjust shall have part in the resurrection4 ,to the just1 it shall be a resurrection unto life2 and the body shall be a body like ,christ's--a body fitted for the uses of the sanctified spirit4 ,to the unjust1 it shall be a resurrection unto condemnation2 and analogy would seem to indicate that1 here also1 the outward form will fitly represent the inward state of the soul--being corrupt and deformed as is the soul which inhabits it4 ,those who are living at ,christ's coming shall receive spiritual bodies without passing through death4 ,as the body after corruption and dissolution1 so the outward world after destruction by fire1 shall be rehabilitated and fitted for the abode of the saints4 ,passages describing a spiritual resurrection are3 ,john #e3bdbg1 especially #be--8,the hour cometh1 and now is1 when the dead shall hear the voice of the ,son of ,god2 and they that hear shall live02 ,rom4 #f3d1 #e--8;as ,christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the ,father1 so we also might walk in newness of life4 ,for if we have become united with him by the likeness of his death1 we shall be also by the likeness of his resurrection02 ,eph4 #b3a1 #e1 #f--8;,and you did he make alive1 when ye were dead through your trespasses and sins 444 even when we were dead through our trespasses1 made us alive together with ,christ 444 and raised us up with him1 and made us to sit with him in the heavenly places1 in ,christ ,jesus02 #e3ad--8;,awake1 thou that sleepest1 and arise from the dead1 and ,christ shall shine upon thee40 ,phil4 #c3aj--8that ,i may know him1 and the power of his resurrection02 ,col4 #b3ab1 #ac--8;having been buried with him in baptism1 wherein ye were also raised with him through faith in the working of ,god1 who raised him from the dead4 ,and you1 being dead through your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh1 you1 ,i say1 did he make alive together with him02 cf4 ,is4 #bf3ai--8,thy dead shall live2 my dead bodies shall arise4 ,awake and sing1 ye that dwell in the dust2 for thy dew is as the dew of herbs1 and the earth shall cast forth the dead02 ,ez4 #cg3aad--the valley of dry bones3 8,i will open your graves1 and cause you to come up out of your graves1 ,o my people2 and ,i will bring you into the land of ,israel40 ,passages describing a literal and physical resurrection are3 ,job #ad3abae--8,so man lieth down and riseth not3 ,till the heavens be no more1 they shall not awake1 ,nor be raised out of their sleep4 ,oh that thou wouldest hide me in ,sheol1 ,that thou wouldest keep me secret1 until thy wrath be past1 ,that thou wouldest appoint me a set time1 and remember me6 ,if a man die1 shall he live again8 ,all the days of my warfare would ,i wait1 ,till my release should come4 ,thou wouldest call1 and ,i would answer thee3 ,thou wouldest have a desire to the work of thy hands02 ,john #e3bh1 #bi--8the hour cometh1 in which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice1 and shalt come forth3 they that have done good1 unto the resurrection of life2 and they that have done evil1 unto the resurrection of judgment40 ,acts #bd3ae--8;having hope toward ,god 444 that there shall be a resurrection both of the just and unjust02 #a ,cor4 #ae3ac1 #ag1 #bb1 #db1 #ea1 #eb--8;if there is no resurrection of the dead1 neither hath ,christ been raised 444 and if ,christ hath not been raised1 your faith is vain2 ye are yet in your sins 444 as in ,adam all die1 so also in ,christ shall all be made alive 444 it is sown in corruption3 it is raised in incorruption4444 ,we shall not all sleep1 but we shall all be changed1 in a moment1 in the twinkling of an eye1 at the last trump3 for the trumpet shall sound1 and the dead shall be raised incorruptible02 ,phil4 #c3ba--8who shall fashion anew the body of our humiliation1 that it may be conformed to the body of his glory1 according to the working whereby he is able even to subject all things unto himself02 #a ,thess4 #d3adaf--8;,for if we believe that ,jesus died and rose again1 even so them also that are fallen asleep in ,jesus will ,god bring with him4 ,for this we say unto you by the word of the ,lord1 that we that are alive1 that are left unto the coming of the ,lord1 shall in no wise precede them that are fallen asleep4 ,for the ,lord himself shall descend from heaven1 with a shout1 with the voice of the archangel1 and with the trump of ,god3 and the dead in ,christ shall rise first40 #b ,pet4 #c3g1 #aj1 #ac--8the heavens that now are1 and the earth1 by the same word have been stored up for fire1 being reserved against the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men4444 ,but the day of the ,lord will come as a thief in the night1 which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise1 and the elements shall be dissolved with fervent heat1 and the earth and the works that are therein shall be burned up4444 ,but1 according to his promise1 we look for new heavens and a new earth1 wherein dwelleth righteousness02 ,rev4 #bj3ac--8;,and the sea gave up the dead that were in it2 and death and ,hades gave up the dead that were in them02 #ba3a1 #e--8;,and ,i saw a new heaven and a new earth3 for the first heaven and the first earth are passed away2 and the sea is no more4444 ,and he that sitteth on the throne said1 ,behold1 ,i make all things new40 ,the smooth face of death with the lost youth restored1 and the pure white glow of the marble statue with all passion gone and the lofty and heroic only visible1 are indications of what is to be4 ,art1 in its representations alike of the human form1 and of an ideal earth and society in landscape and poem1 is prophetic of the future1--it suggests the glorious possibilities of the resurrectionmorning4 ,nicoll1 ,life of ,christ3 8,the river runs through the lake and pursues its way beyond4 ,so the life of faith passes through death and is only purified thereby4 ,as to the body1 all that is worth saving will be saved4 ,other resurrections such as that of ,lazarus were resurrections to the old conditions of earthly life2 the resurrection of ,christ was the revelation of new life40 ,stevens1 ,pauline ,theology1 #ceg note--8,if we could assume with confidence that the report of ,paul's speech before ,felix accurately reproduced his language in detail1 the apostle's belief in a #8resurrection both of the just and of the unjust' 7,acts #bd3ae7 would be securely established3 but1 in view of the silence of his epistles1 this assumption becomes a precarious one4 ,paul speaks afterwards of #8attaining to the resurrection from the dead' 7,phil4 #c3aa71 as if this did not belong to all40 ,the scepticism of ,prof4 ,stevens seems to us entirely needless and unjustified4 ,it is the blessed resurrection to which ,paul would 8attain10 and which he has in mind in ,philippians1 as in #a ,cor4 #ae--;a fact perfectly consistent with a resurrection of the wicked to 8shame and everlasting contempt0 7,daniel #ab3b2 ,john #e3bi74 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #bje1 #bjf--8,the rapture of the saints 7#a ,thess4 #d3ag7 is the earthly ,christ rising to meet the heavenly ,christ2 the elect church1 gathered in the ,spirit and named 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ab71 taken up to be united in glory with ,christ the head of the church1 #8himself the ,savior of the body' 7,eph4 #e3bc74 ,it is not by acting upon the body of ,christ from without1 but by energizing it from within1 that the ,holy ,ghost will effect its glorification4 ,in a word1 the ,comforter1 who on the day of ,pentecost came down to form a body out of flesh1 will at the ,parousia return to heaven in that body1 having fashioned it like unto the body of ,christ 7,phil4 #c3ca74444 ,here then is where the lines of ,christ's ministry terminate1--in sanctification1 the perfection of the spirit's holiness2 and in resurrection1 the perfection of the body's health40 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,personality is the indestructible principle--not intelligence1 else deny that infants have souls4 ,personality takes to itself a material organization4 ,it is a divinely empowered second cause4 ,this refutes materialism and annihilationism4 ,no one pretends that the individual elements of the body will be raised4 ,the individuality only1 the personal identity1 will be preserved4 ,the soul is the organific power4 ,medical practice teaches that merely animal life is a mechanical process1 but this is used by a personal power4 ,materialism1 on the contrary1 would make the soul the product of the body4 ,every man1 in becoming a ,christian1 begins the process of resurrection4 ,we do not know but resurrection begins at the moment of dissolution1 yet we do not know that it does4 ,but if ,christ arose with identically the same body unchanged1 how can his resurrection be a type of ours8 ,answer3 ,the nature of ,christ's resurrection body is an open question40 ,upon the subject of the resurrection1 our positive information is derived wholly from the word of ,god4 ,further discussion of it may be most naturally arranged in a series of answers to objections4 ,the objections commonly urged against the doctrine1 as above propounded1 may be reduced to two3 #a4 ,the exegetical objection4 ,the exegetical objection1--that it rests upon a literalizing of metaphorical language1 and has no sufficient support in ,scripture4 ,to this we answer3 7a7 ,that1 though the phrase 8resurrection of the body0 does not occur in the ,new ,testament1 the passages which describe the event indicate a physical1 as distinguished from a spiritual1 change 7,john #e3bh1 #bi2 ,phil4 #c3ba2 #a ,thess4 #d3acag74 ,the phrase 8spiritual body0 7#a ,cor4 #ae3dd7 is a contradiction in terms1 if it be understood as signifying 8a body which is simple spirit40 ,it can only be interpreted as meaning a material organism1 perfectly adapted to be the outward expression and vehicle of the purified soul4 ,the purely spiritual interpretation is1 moreover1 expressly excluded by the apostolic denial that 8the resurrection is past already0 7#b ,tim4 #b3ah71 and by the fact that there is a resurrection of the unjust1 as well as of the just 7,acts #bd3ae74 ,john #e3bh1 #bi--8;all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice1 and shall come forth02 ,phil4 #c3ba--8who shall fashion anew the body of our humiliation02 #a ,thess4 #d3af1 #ag--8;,for the ,lord himself shall descend from heaven1 with a shout1 with the voice of the archangel1 and with the trump of ,god2 and the dead in ,christ shall rise first02 #a ,cor4 #ae3dd--8;it is sown a natural marg43 #8psychical' body2 it is raised a spiritual body02 #b ,tim4 #b3ag1 #ah--8;,hymenus and ,philetus2 men who concerning the truth have erred1 saying that the resurrection is past already1 and overthrow the faith of some02 ,acts #bd3ae--8;,having hope toward ,god 444 that there shall be a resurrection both of the just and the unjust40 ,in #a ,cor4 #ae3dd1 the word 1 translated 8natural0 or 8psychical10 is derived from the ,greek word 1 soul1 just as the word 1 translated 8spiritual10 is derived from the ,greek word 1 spirit4 ,and as ,paul could not mean to say that this earthly body is composed of soul1 neither does he say that the resurrection body is composed of spirit4 ,in other words1 these adjectives 8psychical0 and 8spiritual0 do not define the material of the respective bodies1 but describe those bodies in their relations and adaptations1 in their powers and uses4 ,the present body is adapted and designed for the use of the soul2 the resurrection body will be adapted and designed for the use of the spirit4 #b ,tim4 #b3ah--8saying that the resurrection is past already0 undue contempt for the body came to regard the resurrection as a purely spiritual thing 7,ellicott74 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon said that the 8spiritual body0 means 8the body spiritualized40 ,e4 ,h4 ,johnson3 8,the phrase #8spiritual body' describes not so much the nature of the body itself1 as its relations to the spirit40 ,savage1 ,life after ,death1 #hj--8,resurrection does not mean the raising up of the body1 and it does not mean the mere rising of the soul in the moment of death1 but a rising again from the prison house of the dead1 after going down at the moment of death40 ,d4 ,r4 ,goodwin1 ,journ4 ,soc4 ,bib4 ,exegesis1 #ahha3hd--8,the spiritual body is body1 and not spirit1 and therefore must come under the definition of body4 ,if it were to be mere spirit1 then every man in the future state would have two spirits--the spirit that he has here and another spirit received at the resurrection40 7b7 ,that the redemption of ,christ is declared to include the body as well as the soul 7,rom4 #h3bc2 #a ,cor4 #f3acbj74 ,the indwelling of the ,holy ,spirit has put such honor upon the frail mortal tenement which he has made his temple1 that ,god would not permit even this wholly to perish 7,rom4 #h3aa-- 1 i4 e41 because of his indwelling ,spirit1 ,god will raise up the mortal body74 ,it is this belief which forms the basis of ,christian care for the dead 7,phil4 #c3ba2 cf4 ,mat4 #bb3cb74 ,rom4 #h3bc--8waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body02 #a ,cor4 #f3acbj--8,meats for the belly and the belly for meats3 but ,god shall bring to nought both it and them4 ,but the body is not for fornication1 but for the ,lord2 and the ,lord for the body3 and ,god both raised the ,lord1 and will raise up us through his power4444 ,but he that is joined unto the ,lord is one spirit4444 ,or know ye not that your body is a temple of the ,holy ,spirit which is in you1 which ye have from ,god8444 glorify ,god therefore in your body02 ,rom4 #h3aa--8;,but if the ,spirit of him that raised up ,jesus from the dead dwelleth in you1 he that raised up ,christ ,jesus from the dead shall give life also to your mortal bodies through his ,spirit that dwelleth in you0--here the ,revised ,version follows ,tisch41 #hth ed41 and ,westcott and ,hort's reading of 4 ,tregelles1 ,tisch41 #gth ed41 and ,meyer1 have 1 and this reading we regard as1 on the whole1 the best supported4 ,phil4 #c3ba--8shall fashion anew the body of our humiliation40 ,dr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,hitchcock1 in ,south ,church ,lectures1 #cch1 says that 8there is no ,scripture declaration of the resurrection of the flesh1 nor even of the resurrection of the body40 ,while this is literally true1 it conveys a false idea4 ,the passages just cited foretell a quickening of our mortal bodies1 a raising of them up1 a changing of them into the likeness of ,christ's body4 ,dorner1 ,eschatology3 8,the ,new ,testament is not contented with a bodiless immortality4 ,it is opposed to a naked spiritualism1 and accords completely with a deeper philosophy which discerns in the body1 not merely the sheath or garment of the soul1 but a side of the person belonging to his full idea1 his mirror and organ1 of the greatest importance for his activity and history40 ,christ's proof of the resurrection in ,mat4 #bb3cb--8;,god is not the ,god of the dead1 but of the living0--has for its basis this very assumption that soul and body belong normally together1 and that1 since they are temporally separated in the case of the saints who live with ,god1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob shall rise again4 ,the idealistic philosophy of thirty years ago led to a contempt of the body2 the recent materialism has done at least this service1 that it has reasserted the claims of the body to be a proper part of man4 7c7 ,that the nature of ,christ's resurrection1 as literal and physical1 determines the nature of the resurrection in the case of believers 7,luke #bd3cf2 ,john #bj3bg74 ,as1 in the case of ,christ1 the same body that was laid in the tomb was raised again1 although possessed of new and surprising powers1 so the ,scriptures intimate1 not simply that the saints shall have bodies1 but that these bodies shall be in some proper sense an outgrowth or transformation of the very bodies that slept in the dust 7,dan4 #ab3b2 #a ,cor4 #ae3ec1 #ed74 ,the denial of the resurrection of the body1 in the case of believers1 leads naturally to a denial of the reality of ,christ's resurrection 7#a ,cor4 #ae3ac74 ,luke #bd3ci--8,see my hands and my feet1 that it is ,i myself3 handle me1 and see2 for a spirit hath not flesh and bones1 as ye behold me having02 ,john #bj3bg--8,then saith he to ,thomas1 ,reach hither thy finger1 and see my hands2 and reach hither thy hand1 and put it into my side3 and be not faithless1 but believing02 ,dan4 #ab3b--8;,and many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake1 some to everlasting life1 and some to shame and everlasting contempt02 #a ,cor4 #ae3ec1 #ed--8;,for this corruptible must put on incorruption1 and this mortal must put on immortality4 ,but when this corruption shall have put on incorruption1 and this mortal shall have put on immortality1 then shall come to pass the saying that is written1 ,death is swallowed up in victory02 #ac--8;,but if there is no resurrection of the dead1 neither hath ,christ been raised40 ,sadducean materialism and ,gnostic dualism1 which last held matter to be evil1 both denied the resurrection4 ,paul shows that to deny it is to deny that ,christ rose2 since1 if it were impossible in the case of his followers1 it must have been impossible in his own case4 ,as believers1 we are vitally connected with him2 and his resurrection could not have taken place without drawing in its train the resurrection of all of us4 ,having denied that ,christ rose1 where is the proof that he is not still under the bond and curse of death8 ,surely then our preaching is vain4 ,paul's epistle to the ,corinthians was written before the ,gospels2 and is therefore1 as ,hanna says1 the earliest written account of the resurrection4 ,christ's transfiguration was a prophecy of his resurrection4 ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,march #bb1 #aijb3afa--8,the resurrection of ,jesus was not a mere rising again1 like that of ,lazarus and the son of the widow of ,nain4 ,he came forth from the tomb so changed that he was not at once or easily recognized1 and was possessed of such new and surprising powers that he seemed to be pure spirit1 no longer subject to the conditions of his natural body4 ,so he was the #8firstfruits' of the resurrectionharvest 7#a ,cor4 #ae3bj74 ,our resurrection1 in like manner1 is to involve a change from a corruptible body to an incorruptible1 from a psychical to a spiritual40 7d7 ,that the accompanying events1 as the second coming and the judgment1 since they are themselves literal1 imply that the resurrection is also literal4 ,rom4 #h3aibc--8;,for the earnest expectation of the creation waiteth for the revealing of the sons of ,god 444 the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now 444 even we ourselves groan within ourselves1 waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body0--here man's body is regarded as a part of nature1 or the 8creation10 and as partaking in ,christ of its deliverance from the curse2 ,rev4 #ba3d1 #e--8;he shall wipe away every tear from their eyes2 and death shall be no more4444 ,and he that sitteth on the throne said1 ,behold1 ,i make all things new0--a declaration applicable to the body1 the seat of pain and the avenue of temptation1 as well as to outward nature4 ,see ,hanna1 ,the ,resurrection1 #bh2 ,fuller1 ,works1 #c3bia2 ,boston1 ,fourfold ,state1 in ,works1 #h3bgabhi4 ,on ,olshausen's view of immortality as inseparable from body1 see ,aids to the ,study of ,german ,theology1 #fc4 ,on resurrection of the flesh1 see ,jahrbuch f4 d4 ,theol41 #a3bhicag4 #b4 ,the scientific object4 ,this is threefold3 7a7 ,that a resurrection of the particles which compose the body at death is impossible1 since they enter into new combinations1 and not unfrequently become parts of other bodies which the doctrine holds to be raised at the same time4 ,we reply that the ,scripture not only does not compel us to hold1 but it distinctly denies1 that all the particles which exist in the body at death are present in the resurrectionbody 7#a ,cor4 #ae3cg-- 2 #ej74 ,the ,scripture seems only to indicate a certain physical connection between the new and the old1 although the nature of this connection is not revealed4 ,so long as the physical connection is maintained1 it is not necessary to suppose that even a germ or particle that belonged to the old body exists in the new4 #a ,cor4 #ae3cg1 #ch--8that which thou sowest1 thou sowest not the body that shall be1 but a bare grain1 it may chance of wheat1 or of some other kind2 but ,god giveth it a body even as it pleased him1 and to each seed a body of its own40 ,jerome tells us that the risen saints 8habent dentes1 ventrem1 genitalia1 et tamen nec cibis nec uxoribus indigent40 ,this view of the resurrection is exposed to the objection mentioned above4 ,pollok's ,course of ,time represented the day of resurrection as a day on which the limbs that had been torn asunder on earth hurtled through the air to join one another once more4 ,the amputated arm that has been buried in ,china must traverse thousands of miles to meet the body of its former owner1 as it rose from the place of its burial in ,england4 ,there are serious difficulties attending this view4 ,the bodies of the dead fertilized the field of ,waterloo4 ,the wheat grown there has been ground and made into bread1 and eaten by thousands of living men4 ,particles of one human body have become incorporated with the bodies of many others4 8,the ,avon to the ,severn runs1 ,the ,severn to the sea1 ,and ,wycliffe's dust shall spread abroad1 ,wide as the waters be40 ,through the clouds and the rain1 particles of ,wycliffe's body may have entered into the water which other men have drunk from their wells and fountains4 ,there is a propagation of disease by contagion1 or the transmission of infinitesimal germs from one body to another1 sometimes by infection of the living from contact with the body of a friend just dead4 ,in these various ways1 the same particle might1 in the course of history1 enter into the constitution of a hundred living men4 ,how can this one particle1 at the resurrection1 be in a hundred places at the same time8 8,like the woman who had seven husbands1 the same matter may belong in succession to many bodies1 for #8they all had it' 0 7,smyth74 ,the cannibal and his victim cannot both possess the same body at the resurrection4 ,the ,providence ,journal had an article entitled3 8,who ate ,roger ,williams80 ,when his remains were exhumed1 it was found that one large root of an apple tree followed the spine1 divided at the thighs1 and turned up at the toes of ,roger ,williams4 ,more than one person had eaten its apples4 ,this root may be seen today in the cabinet of ,brown ,university4 ,these considerations have led some1 like ,origen1 to call the doctrine of a literal resurrection of the flesh 8the foolishness of beggarly minds10 and to say that resurrection may be only 8the gathering round the spirit of new materials1 and the vitalizing them into a new body by the spirit's ,godgiven power02 see ,newman ,smyth1 ,old ,faiths in a ,new ,light1 #cdicia2 ,porter1 ,human ,intellect1 #ci4 ,but this view seems as great an extreme as that from which it was a reaction4 ,it gives up all idea of unity between the new and the old4 ,if my body were this instant annihilated1 and if then1 an hour hence1 ,god should create a second body1 precisely like the present1 ,i could not call it the same with the present body1 even though it were animated by the same informing soul1 and that soul had maintained an uninterrupted existence between the time of the annihilation of the first body and the creation of the second4 ,so1 if the body laid in the tomb were wholly dissipated among the elements1 and ,god created at the end of the world a wholly new body1 it would be impossible for ,paul to say3 8this corruptible must put on incorruption0 7#a ,cor4 #ae3ec71 or3 8it is sown in dishonor2 it it raised in glory0 7verse #dc74 ,in short1 there is a physical connection between the old and the new1 which is intimated by ,scripture1 but which this theory denies4 ,paul himself gives us an illustration which shows that his view was midway between the two extremes3 8that which thou sowest1 thou sowest not the body that shall be0 7#a ,cor4 #ae3cg74 ,on the one hand1 the wheat that springs up does not contain the precise particles1 perhaps does not contain any particles1 that were in the seed4 ,on the other hand1 there has been a continuous physical connection between the seed sown and the ripened grain at the harvest4 ,if the seed had been annihilated1 and then ripe grain created1 we could not speak of identity between the one and the other4 ,but1 because there has been a constant flux1 the old particles pressed out by new1 and these new in their turn succeeded by others that take their places1 we can say3 8the wheat has come up40 ,we bury grain in order to increase it4 ,the resurrectionbody will be the same with the body laid away in the earth1 in the same sense as the living stalk of grain is identical with the seed from which it germinated4 8,this mortal must put on immortality0--not the immortal spirit put on an immortal body1 but the mortal body put on immortality1 the corruptible body put on incorruption 7#a ,cor4 #ae3ec74 8,ye know not the ,scriptures1 nor the power of ,god0 7,mark #ab3bd71 says our ,lord2 and ,paul asks3 8,why is it judged incredible with you1 if ,god doth raise the dead80 7,acts #bf3h74 ,or1 to use another illustration nearer to the thing we desire to illustrate3 ,my body is the same that it was ten years ago1 although physiologists declare that every particle of the body is changed1 not simply once in seven years1 but once in a single year4 ,life is preserved only by the constant throwing off of dead matter and the introduction of new4 ,there is indeed a unity of consciousness and personality1 without which ,i should not be able to say at intervals of years3 8this body is the same2 this body is mine40 ,but a physical connection between the old and the new is necessary in addition4 ,the nails of the hands are renewed in less than four months1 or about twentyone times in seven years4 ,they grow to full length1 an average of seven twelfths of an inch1 in from #aba to #ach days4 ,young people grow them more rapidly1 old people more slowly4 ,in a man of #ba1 it took #abf days2 in a man of #fg1 it took #bdd2 but the average was a third of a year4 ,a ,baptist pastor attempted to prove that he was a native of ,south ,carolina though born in another state1 upon the ground that the body he brought with him from ,tennessee had exchanged its physical particles for matter taken from ,south ,carolina4 ,two dentists1 however1 maintained that he still had the same teeth which he owned in ,tennessee seven years before1 there being no circulation in the enamel4 ,should we then say3 ,every particle of the body has changed1 except the enamel of the teeth8 ,pope's ,martinus ,scriblerus3 8,sir ,john ,cutler had a pair of black worsted stockings which his maid darned so often with silk that they became at last a pair of silk stockings40 ,adeney1 in ,christianity and ,evolution1 #abb1 #abc--8;,herod's temple was treated as identical with the temple that ,haggai knew1 because the rebuilding was gradual1 and was carried on side by side with the demolition of the several parts of the old structure40 ,the ocean wave travels around the world and is the same wave2 but it is never in two consecutive seconds composed of the same particles of water4 ,the ,north ,river is the same today that it was when ,hendrick ,hudson first discovered it2 yet not a particle of its current1 nor the surface of the banks which that current touches now1 is the same that it was then4 ,two things make the present river identical with the river of the past4 ,the first is1 that the same formative principle is at work1--the trend of the banks is the same1 and there is the same general effect in the flow and direction of the waters drained from a large area of country4 ,the second is1 the fact that1 ever since ,hendrick ,hudson's time1 there has been a physical connection1 old particles in continuous succession having been replaced by new4 ,so there are two things requisite to make our future bodies one with the bodies we now inhabit3 first1 that the same formative principle be at work in them2 and secondly1 that there be some sort of physical connection between the body that now is and the body that shall be4 ,what that physical connection is1 it is vain to speculate4 ,we only teach that1 though there may not be a single material particle in the new that was present in the old1 there yet will be such a physical connection that it can be said3 8the new has grown out of the old02 8that which was in the grave has come forth02 8this mortal has put on immortality40 7b7 ,that a resurrectionbody1 having such a remote physical connection with the present body1 cannot be recognized by the inhabiting soul or by other witnessing spirits as the same with that which was laid in the grave4 ,to this we reply that bodily identity does not consist in absolute sameness of particles during the whole history of the body1 but in the organizing force1 which1 even in the flux and displacement of physical particles1 makes the old the basis of the new1 and binds both together in the unity of a single consciousness4 ,in our recognition of friends1 moreover1 we are not wholly dependent1 even in this world1 upon our perception of bodily form2 and we have reason to believe that in the future state there may be methods of communication far more direct and intuitive than those with which we are familiar here4 ,cf4 ,mat4 #ag3c1 #d--8;,and behold1 there appeared unto them ,moses and ,elijah talking with him4 ,and ,peter answered1 and said unto ,jesus1 ,lord1 it is good for us to be here3 if thou wilt1 ,i will make here three tabernacles2 one for thee1 and one for ,moses1 and one for ,elijah0--here there is no mention of information given to ,peter as to the names of the celestial visitants2 it would seem that1 in his state of exalted sensibility1 he at once knew them4 ,the recent proceedings of the ,english ,society for ,psychical ,research seem to indicate the possibility of communication between two minds without physical intermediaries4 ,hudson1 ,scientific ,demonstration of a ,future ,life1 #bid1 #bie1 holds that telepathy is the means of communication in the future state4 ,g4 ,s4 ,fullerton1 ,sameness and ,identity1 #f1 #cb1 #fg--8;,heracleitus of ,ephesus declared it impossible to enter the same river twice4 ,cratylus replied that the same river could not be entered once4444 ,the kinds of sameness are3 #a4 ,thing same with itself at any one instant2 #b4 ,same pain today ,i felt yesterday a like pain2 #c4 ,i ,see the same tree at different times two or more percepts represent the same object2 #d4 ,two plants belonging to the same class are called the same2 #e4 ,memory gives us the same object that we formerly perceived2 but the object is not the past1 it is the memoryimage which represents it2 #f4 ,two men perceive the same object they have like percepts1 while both percepts are only representative of the same object2 #g4 ,external thing same with its representative in consciousness1 or with the substance or noumenon supposed to underlie it40 ,ladd1 ,philosophy of ,mind1 #aec1 #bee--8,what is called #8remaining the same1' in the case of all organic beings is just this1--remaining faithful to some immanent idea1 while undergoing a great variety of changes in the pursuit1 as it were1 of the idea4444 ,self consciousness and memory are themselves processes of becoming4 ,the mind that does not change1 in the way of growth1 has no claim to be called mind4 ,one cannot be conscious of changes without also being conscious of being the very being that is changed4 ,when he loses this consciousness1 we say that #8he has lost his mind4' ,amid changes of its ideas the ego remains permanent because it is held within limits by the power of some immanent idea4444 ,our bodies as such have only a formal existence4 ,they are a stream in constant flow and are ever changing4 ,my body is only a temporary loan from ,nature1 to be repaid at death40 ,with regard to the meaning of the term 8identity10 as applied to material things1 see ,porter1 ,human ,intellect1 #fca--8;,here the substance is called the same1 by a loose analogy taken from living agents and their gradual accretion and growth40 ,the ,euphrates is the same stream that flowed1 8,when high in ,paradise ,by the four rivers the first roses blew10 even though after that time the flood1 or deluge1 stopped its flow and obliterated all the natural features of the landscape4 ,so this flowing organism which we call the body may be the same1 after the deluge of death has passed away4 ,a different and less satisfactory view is presented in ,dorner's ,eschatology3 8,identity involves3 #a4 ,plastic form1 which for the earthly body had its moulding principle in the soul4 ,that principle could effect nothing permanent in the intermediate state2 but with the spiritual consummation of the soul1 it attains the full power which can appropriate to itself the heavenly body1 accompanied by a cosmical process1 made like ,christ4 #b4 ,appropriation1 from the world of elements1 of what it needs4 ,the elements into which everything bodily of earth is dissolved1 are an essentially uniform mass1 like an ocean2 and it is indifferent what parts of this are assigned to each individual man4 ,the whole world of substance1 which makes the constant change of substance possible1 is made over to humanity as a common possession 7,acts #d3cb--#8not one of them said that aught of the things which he possessed was his own2 but they had all things common'740 7c7 ,that a material organism can only be regarded as a hindrance to the free activity of the spirit1 and that the assumption of such an organism by the soul1 which1 during the intermediate state1 had been separated from the body1 would indicate a decline in dignity and power rather than a progress4 ,we reply that we cannot estimate the powers and capacities of matter1 when brought by ,god into complete subjection to the spirit4 ,the bodies of the saints may be more ethereal than the air1 and capable of swifter motion than the light1 and yet be material in their substance4 ,that the soul1 clothed with its spiritual body1 will have more exalted powers and enjoy a more complete felicity than would be possible while it maintained a purely spiritual existence1 is evident from the fact that ,paul represents the culmination of the soul's blessedness as occurring1 not at death1 but at the resurrection of the body4 ,rom4 #h3bc--8waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body02 #b ,cor4 #e3d--8not for that we would be unclothed2 but that we would be clothed upon1 that what is mortal may be swallowed up of life02 ,phil4 #c3aa--8;if by any means ,i may attain unto the resurrection from the dead40 ,even ,ps4 #hf3aa--8,unite my heart to fear thy name0--may mean the collecting of all the powers of the body as well as soul4 ,in this respect for the body1 as a normal part of man's being1 ,scripture is based upon the truest philosophy4 ,plotinus gave thanks that he was not tied to an immortal body1 and refused to have his portrait taken1 because the body was too contemptible a thing to have its image perpetuated4 ,but this is not natural1 nor is it probably anything more than a whim or affectation4 ,eph4 #e3bi--8no man ever hated his own flesh2 but nourisheth and cherisheth it40 ,what we desire is not the annihilation of the body1 but its perfection4 ,renouf1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahh--8;,in the ,egyptian ,book of the ,dead1 the soul reunites itself to the body1 with the assurance that they shall never again be separated40 ,mc,cosh1 ,intuitions1 #bac--8,the essential thing about the resurrection is the development1 out of the dead body1 of an organ for the communion and activity of the spiritual life40 ,ebrard1 ,dogmatik1 #b3bbfbcd1 has interesting remarks upon the relation of the resurrectionbody to the present body4 ,the essential difference he considers to be this1 that whereas1 in the present body1 matter is master of the spirit1 in the resurrectionbody spirit will be the master of matter1 needing no reparation by food1 and having control of material laws4 ,ebrard adds striking speculations with regard to the glorified body of ,christ4 ,a4 ,j4 ,gordon1 ,ministry of the ,spirit1 #abf--8,now the body bears the spirit1 a slow chariot whose wheels are often disabled1 and whose swiftest motion is but labored and tardy4 ,then the spirit will bear the body1 carrying it as on wings of thought whithersoever it will4 ,the ,holy ,ghost1 by his divine inworking will1 has completed in us the divine likeness1 and perfected over us the divine dominion4 ,the human body will now be in sovereign subjection to the human spirit1 and the human spirit to the divine ,spirit1 and ,god will be all in all40 ,newman ,smyth1 ,place of ,death in ,evolution1 #aab--8,weismann maintains that the living germ not only persists and is potentially immortal1 but also that under favorable conditions it seems capable of surrounding itself with a new body4 ,if a vital germ can do this1 why not a spiritual germ80 ,two martyrs were led to the stake4 ,one was blind1 the other lame4 ,as the fires kindled1 the latter exclaimed3 8,courage1 brother6 this fire will cure us both60 ,we may sum up our answers to objections1 and may at the same time throw light upon the doctrine of the resurrection1 by suggesting four principles which should govern our thinking with regard to the subject1--these namely3 #a4 ,body is in continual flux2 #b4 ,since matter is but the manifestation of ,god's mind and will1 body is plastic in ,god's hands2 #c4 ,the soul in complete union with ,god may be endowed with the power of ,god2 #d4 ,soul determines body1 and not body soul1 as the materialist imagines4 ,ice1 the flowing stream1 the waterfall with the rainbow upon it1 steam with its power to draw the railway train or to burst the boiler of the locomotive1 are all the same element in varied forms1 and they are all material4 ,wundt regards physical development1 not as the cause1 but as the effect1 of psychical development4 ,aristotle defines the soul as 8the prime entelechy of the living body40 ,swedenborg regarded each soul here as fashioning its own spiritual body1 either hideous or lovely4 ,spenser1 ,a ,hymne to ,beautie3 8,for of the soul the body form doth take1 ,for soul is form1 and doth the body make40 ,wordsworth1 ,sonnet #cf1 ,afterthought3 8,far backward1 ,duddon1 as ,i cast my eyes1 ,i see what was1 and is1 and will abide2 ,still glides the stream1 and shall not cease to glide2 ,the ,form remains1 the ,function never dies02 ,the ,primrose of the ,rock3 8,sinblighted as we are1 we too1 ,the reasoning sons of men1 ,from one oblivious winter called1 ,shall rise and breathe again1 ,and in eternal summer lose ,our threescore years and ten4 ,to humbleness of heart descends ,this prescience from on high4 ,the faith that elevates the just ,before and when they die1 ,and makes each soul a separate heaven1 ,a court for ,deity40 ,robert ,browning1 ,asolando3 8,one who never turned his back1 but marched breastforward2 ,never doubted clouds would break2 ,never dreamed1 though right were worsted1 ,wrong would triumph2 ,held we fall to rise1 are baffled to fight better1 ,sleep to wake40 ,mrs4 ,browning3 8,god keeps a niche ,in heaven to hold our idols1 and albeit ,he broke them to our faces and denied ,that our close kisses should impair their white1 ,i know we shall behold them raised1 complete1 ,the dust shook off1 their beauty glorified40 ,on the spiritual body as possibly evolved by will1 see ,harris1 ,philos4 ,basis of ,theism1 #chf4 ,on the nature of the resurrection body1 see ,burnet1 ,state of the ,departed1 chaps4 #c and #h2 ,cudworth1 ,intell4 ,system1 #c3caj sq42 ,splittgerber1 ,tod1 ,fortleben and ,auferstehung4 ,on the doctrine of the ,resurrection among the ,egyptians1 see ,dr4 ,howard ,osgood1 in ,hebrew ,student1 ,feb4 #ahhe2 among the ,jews1 see ,grbler1 in ,studien und ,kritiken1 #ahgi3 ,heft #d2 ,de,wnsche1 in ,jahrbuch f4 prot4 ,theol41 #ahhj3 ,heft #b and #d2 ,revue ,thologique1 #ahha3aag4 ,for the view that the resurrection is wholly spiritual and takes place at death1 see ,willmarth1 in ,bap4 ,quar41 ,october1 #ahfh1 and ,april1 #ahgj2 ,ladd1 in ,new ,englander1 ,april1 #ahgd2 ,crosby1 ,second ,advent4 ,on the whole subject1 see ,hase1 ,hutterus ,redivivus1 #bhj2 ,herzog1 ,encyclop41 art42 ,auferstehung2 ,goulburn1 ,bampton ,lectures for #ahej1 on the ,resurrection2 ,cox1 ,the ,resurrection2 ,neander1 ,planting and ,training1 #dgidhg1 #ebdebf2 ,naville1 ,la ,vie ternelle1 #bec1 #bed2 ,delitzsch1 ,bib4 ,psychologie1 #decdfc2 ,moorhouse1 ,nature and ,revelation1 #hgaab2 ,unseen ,universe1 #cc2 ,hovey1 in ,baptist ,quarterly1 ,oct4 #ahfg2 ,westcott1 ,revelation of the ,risen ,lord1 and in ,contemporary ,review1 vol4 #cj2 ,r4 ,w4 ,macan1 ,resurrection of ,christ2 ,cremer1 ,beyond the ,grave4 ,v4 ,the ,last ,judgment4 ,while the ,scriptures represent all punishment of individual transgressors and all manifestations of ,god's vindicatory justice in the history of nations as acts or processes of judgment1 they also intimate that these temporal judgments are only partial and imperfect1 and that they are therefore to be concluded with a final and complete vindication of ,god's righteousness4 ,this will be accomplished by making known to the universe the characters of all men1 and by awarding to them corresponding destinies4 ,passages describing temporal or spiritual judgment are3 ,ps4 #i3g--8;,he hath prepared his throne for judgment02 ,is4 #bf3i--8when thy judgments are in the earth1 the inhabitants of the world learn righteousness02 ,mat4 #af3bg1 #bh--8;,for the ,son of man shall come in the glory of his ,father with his angels2 and then shall he render unto every man according to his deeds4 ,verily ,i say unto you1 ,there be some of them that stand here1 who shall in no wise taste of death1 till they see the ,son of man coming in his kingdom02 ,john #c3ah1 #ai--8;he that believeth not hath been judged already1 because he hath not believed on the name of the only begotten ,son of ,god4 ,and this is the judgment1 that the light is come into the world1 and men loved the darkness rather than the light2 for their works were evil02 #i3ci--8;,for judgment came ,i into this world1 that they that see not may see2 and that they that see may become blind02 #ab3ca--8,now is the judgment of this world3 now shall the prince of this world be cast out40 ,passages describing the final judgment are3 ,mat4 #be3cadf--8;,but when the ,son of man shall come in his glory1 and all the angels with him1 then shall he sit on the throne of his glory3 and before him shall be gathered all the nations3 and he shall separate them one from another1 as the shepherd separateth the sheep from the goats44440 ,acts #ag3ca--8;he hath appointed a day1 in which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he hath ordained2 whereof he hath given assurance unto all men1 in that he hath raised him from the dead02 ,rom4 #b3af--8;in the day when ,god shall judge the secrets of men1 according to my gospel1 by ,jesus ,christ02 #b ,cor4 #e3aj--8;,for we must all be made manifest before the judgmentseat of ,christ2 that each one may receive the things done in the body1 according to what he hath done1 whether it be good or bad02 ,heb4 #i3bg1 #bh--8;,and inasmuch as it is appointed unto men once to die1 and after this cometh judgment2 so ,christ also1 having been once offered to bear the sins of many1 shall appear a second time1 apart from sin1 to them that wait for him1 unto salvation02 ,rev4 #bj3ab--8;,and ,i saw the dead1 the great and the small1 standing before the throne2 and books were opened3 and another book was opened1 which is the book of life3 and the dead were judged out of the things which were written in the books1 according to their works40 ,delitzsch3 8,the fall of ,jerusalem was the day of the ,lord1 the bloody and fiery dawn of the last great day--the day of days1 the endingday of all days1 the settling day of all days1 the day of the promotion of time into eternity1 the day which for the church breaks through and breaks off the night of this present world40 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,judgment begins here4 ,the callousing of conscience in this life is a penal infliction4 ,punishment begins in this life and is carried on in the next4 ,we have no right to assert that there are no positive inflictions1 but1 if there are none1 still every word of ,scripture threatening would stand4 ,there is no day of judgment or of resurrection all at one time4 ,judgment is an eternal process4 ,the angels in #b ,pet4 #b3d--#8;cast 444 down to hell'--suffer the selfperpetuating consequences of transgression44444 ,man is being judged every day4 ,every man honest with himself knows where he is going to4 ,those who are not honest with themselves are playing a trick1 and1 if they are not careful1 they will get a trick played on them40 #a4 ,the nature of the final judgment4 ,the final judgment is not a spiritual1 invisible1 endless process1 identical with ,god's providence in history1 but is an outward and visible event1 occurring at a definite period in the future4 ,this we argue from the following considerations3 7a7 ,the judgment is something for which the evil are 8reserved 0 7#b ,peter #b3d1 #i72 something to be expected in the future 7,acts #bd3be2 ,heb4 #aj3bg72 something after death 7,heb4 #i3bg72 something for which the resurrection is a preparation 7,john #e3bi74 #b ,pet4 #b3d1 #i--8;,god spared not angels when they sinned1 but cast them down to hell 444 reserved unto judgment 444 the lord knoweth how 444 to keep the unrighteous unto punishment unto the day of judgment02 ,acts #bd3be--8;as he reasoned of righteousness1 and selfcontrol1 and the judgment to come1 ,felix was terrified02 ,heb4 #aj3bg--8;a certain fearful expectation of judgment02 #i3bg--8;it is appointed unto men once to die1 and after this cometh judgment02 ,john #e3bi--8the resurrection of judgment40 7b7 ,the accompaniments of the judgment1 such as the second coming of ,christ1 the resurrection1 and the outward changes of the earth1 are events which have an outward and visible1 as well as an inward and spiritual1 aspect4 ,we are compelled to interpret the predictions of the last judgment upon the same principle4 ,john #e3bh1 #bi--8,marvel not at this3 for the hour cometh1 in which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice1 and shall come forth2 they that have done good1 unto the resurrection of life2 and they that have done evil1 unto the resurrection of judgment02 #b ,pet4 #c3g1 #aj--8the day of judgment 444 the day of the ,lord 444 in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise1 and the elements shall be dissolved with fervent heat02 #b ,thess4 #a3g1 #h1 #b3aj--8the revelation of the ,lord ,jesus from heaven with the angels of his power in flaming fire1 rendering vengeance to them that know not ,god 444 when he shall come 444 in that day40 7c7 ,god's justice1 in the historical and imperfect work of judgment1 needs a final outward judgment as its vindication4 8,a perfect justice must judge1 not only moral units1 but moral aggregates2 not only the particulars of life1 but the life as a whole40 ,the crime that is hidden and triumphant here1 and the goodness that is here maligned and oppressed1 must be brought to light and fitly recompensed4 8,otherwise man is a ,tantalus--longing but never satisfied02 and ,god's justice1 of which his outward administration is the expression1 can only be regarded as approximate4 ,renouf1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #aid--8,the ,egyptian ,book of the ,dead represents the deceased person as standing in the presence of the goddess ,mat 1 who is distinguished by the ostrichfeather on her head2 she holds the sceptre in one hand and the symbol of life in the other4 ,the man's heart1 which represents his entire moral nature1 is being weighed in the balance in the presence of ,osiris1 seated upon his throne as judge of the dead40 ,rationalism believes in only present and temporal judgment2 and this it regards as but the reaction of natural law3 8,die ,weltgeschichte ist das ,weltgericht1--the world's history is the world's judgment0 7,schiller1 ,resignation74 ,but there is an inner connection between present1 temporal1 spiritual judgments1 and the final1 outward1 complete judgment of ,god4 ,nero's murder of his mother was not the only penalty of his murder of ,germanicus4 ,dorner3 8,with ,christ's appearance1 faith sees that the beginning of the judgment and of the end has come4 ,christians are a prophetic race4 ,without judgment1 ,christianity would involve a sort of dualism3 evil and good would be of equal might and worth4 ,christianity cannot always remain a historic principle alongside of the contrary principle of evil4 ,it is the only reality40 ,god will show or make known his righteousness with regard to3 7#a7 the disparity of lots among men2 7#b7 the prosperity of the wicked2 7#c7 the permission of moral evil in general2 7#d7 the consistency of atonement with justice4 8,the 7#8end of the world1' ,mat4 #ac3ci7 stripping hostile powers of their usurped might1 revelation of their falsity and impotence1 consigning them to the past4 ,evil shall be utterly cut off1 given over to its own nothingness1 or made a subordinate element40 ,a great statesman said that what he dreaded for his country was not the day of judgment1 but the day of no judgment4 8,jove strikes the ,titans down1 ,not when they first begin their mountainpiling1 ,but when another rock would crown their work40 ,r4 ,w4 ,emerson3 8,god said3 ,i am tired of kings1 ,i suffer them no more2 ,up to my ears the morning brings ,the outrage of the poor40 ,royce1 ,the ,world and the ,individual1 #b3chd sq4--8,if ,god's life is given to free individual souls1 then ,god's life can be given also to free nations and to a free race of men4 ,there may be an apostasy of a family1 nation1 race1 and a judgment of each according to their deeds40 ,the ,expositor1 ,march1 #ahih--8;,it is claimed that we are being judged now1 that laws execute themselves1 that the system of the universe is automatic1 that there is no need for future retribution4 ,but all ages have agreed that there is not here and now any sufficient vindication of the principle of eternal justice4 ,the mills of the gods grind slowly4 ,physical immorality is not proportionately punished4 ,deterioration is not an adequate penalty4 ,telling a second lie does not recompense the first4 ,punishment includes pain1 and here is no pain4 ,that there is not punishment here is due1 not to law1 but to grace40 ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #bdj1 #bda--8,the dualistic conception of an endless suspense1 in which good and evil permanently balance each other and contest with each other the right to inherit the earth1 is virtually atheistic1 and the whole ,bible is a protest against it4444 ,it is impossible to overestimate the power of the final judgment1 as a motive1 in the primitive church4 ,on almost every page of ,st4 ,paul1 for instance1 we see that he lives in the presence of it2 he lets the awe of it descend into his heart to keep his conscience quick40 #b4 ,the object of the final judgment4 ,the object of the final judgment is not the ascertainment1 but the manifestation1 of character1 and the assignment of outward condition corresponding to it4 7a7 ,to the omniscient ,judge1 the condition of all moral creatures is already and fully known4 ,the last day will be only 8the revelation of the righteous judgment of ,god40 ,they are inwardly judged when they die1 and before they die2 they are outwardly judged at the last day3 ,rom4 #b3e1 #f--8treasurest up for thyself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of ,god2 who will render to every man according to his works0--see ,meyer on this passage2 not 8against the day of wrath10 but 8in the day of wrath0--wrath existing beforehand1 but breaking out on that day4 #a ,tim4 #e3bd1 #be--8,some men's sins are evident1 going before unto judgment2 and some men also they follow after4 ,in like manner also there are good works that are evident2 and such as are otherwise cannot be hid02 ,rev4 #ad3ac--8;for their works follow with them0--as close companions1 into ,god's presence and judgment 7,ann4 ,par4 ,bible74 ,epitaph3 8,hic jacet in expectatione diei supremi4444 ,qualis erat1 dies iste indicabit0--8,here lies1 in expectation of the last day4444 ,of what sort he was1 that day will show40 ,shakespeare1 ,hamlet1 #c3c--8;,in the corrupted currents of this world ,offence's glided hand may shove by justice4 ,but 'tis not so above4 ,there is no shuffling1 there the action lies ,in his true nature2 and we ourselves compelled1 ,even to the teeth and forehead of our faults4 ,to give in evidence02 ,king ,john1 #d3b--8,oh1 when the last account 'twixt heaven and earth ,is to be made1 then shall this hand and seal the warrant for the murder of ,prince ,arthur ,witness against us to damnation40 8,not all your piety nor wit ,can lure it justice back to cancel half a line1 ,nor all your tears wash out one word of it40 7b7 ,in the nature of man1 there are evidences and preparations for this final disclosure4 ,among these may be mentioned the law of memory1 by which the soul preserves the records of its acts1 both good and evil 7,luke #af3be72 the law of conscience1 by which men involuntarily anticipate punishment for their own sins 7,rom4 #b3ae1 #af2 ,heb4 #aj3bg72 the law of character1 by which every thought and deed makes indelible impress upon the moral nature 7,heb4 #c3h1 #ae74 ,the law of memory4--,luke #af3be--8,son1 remember60 ,see ,maclaren1 ,sermons1 #a3ajiabb--,memory 7#a7 will embrace all the events of the past life2 7#b7 will embrace them all at the same moment2 7#c7 will embrace them continuously and continually4 ,memory is a process of selfregistry4 ,as every business house keeps a copy of all letters sent or orders issued1 so every man retains in memory the record of his sins4 ,the mind is a palimpsest2 though the original writing has been erased1 the ink has penetrated the whole thickness of the parchment1 and ,god's chemistry is able to revive it4 ,hudson1 ,dem4 of ,future ,life1 #bab1 #bac--8,subjective memory is the retention of all ideas1 however superficially they may have been impressed upon the objective mind1 and it admits of no variation in different individuals4 ,recollection is the power of recalling ideas to the mind4 ,this varies greatly4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton calls the former #8mental latency4' 0 ,the law of conscience4--,rom4 #b3ae1 #af--8they show the work of the law written in their hearts1 their conscience bearing witness therewith1 and their thoughts one with another accusing or else excusing them2 in the day when ,god shall judge the secrets of men1 according to my gospel1 by ,jesus ,christ02 ,heb4 #aj3bg--8;a certain fearful expectation of judgment1 and a fierceness of fire which shall devour the adversaries40 ,goethe said that his writings1 taken together1 constituted a great confession4 ,wordsworth1 ,excursion1 ,,iii3#egi--8;,for1 like a plague will memory break out4 ,and1 in the blank and solitude of things1 ,upon his spirit1 with a fever's strength1 ,will conscience prey40 ,a man who afterwards became a ,methodist preacher was converted in ,whitefield's time by a vision of the judgment1 in which he saw all men gathered before the throne1 and each one coming up to the book of ,god's law1 tearing open his heart before it 8as one would tear open the bosom of his shirt10 comparing his heart with the things written in the book1 and1 according as they agreed or disagreed with that standard1 either passing triumphant to the company of the blest1 or going with howling to the company of the damned4 ,no word was spoken2 the ,judge sat silent2 the judgment was one of selfrevelation and selfcondemnation4 ,see ,autobiography of ,john ,nelson 7quoted in the ,diary of ,mrs4 ,kitty ,trevylyan1 #bjg1 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,charles1 the author of ,the ,schnberg,cotta ,family74 ,the law of character4--,heb4 #c3h1 #ae--8;,harden not your hearts1 as in the provocation1 ,like as in the day of the trial in the wilderness4444 ,today1 if ye shall hear his voice1 ,harden not your hearts1 as in the provocation40 ,sin leaves its marks upon the soul2 men become 8past feeling0 7,eph4 #d3ai74 ,in ,england1 churchmen claim to tell a dissenter by his walk--not a bad sign by which to know a man4 ,god needs only to hold up our characters to show what have been our lives4 ,sin leaves its scars upon the soul1 as truly as lust and hatred leave their marks upon the body4 ,so with the manifestation of the good--8the chivalry that does the right1 and disregards ,the yea and nay of the world4444 ,expect nor question nor reply ,at what we figure as ,god's judgmentbar0 7,robert ,browning1 ,ring and ,book1 #agh1 #bjb74 ,mr4 ,edison says3 8,in a few years the world will be just like one big ear2 it will be unsafe to speak in a house till one has examined the walls and the furniture for concealed phonographs40 ,but the world even now is 8one big ear01 and we ourselves in our characters are writing the books of the judgment4 ,brooks1 ,foundations of ,zology1 #acd1 #ace--8;,every part of the material universe contains a permanent record of every change that has taken place therein1 and there is also no limit to the power of minds like ours to read and interpret the record40 ,draper1 ,conflict of ,science and ,religion3 8,if on a cold polished metal1 as a new razor1 any object1 such as a wafer1 be laid1 and the metal breathed upon1 and when the moisture has had time to disappear1 the wafer be thrown off1 though now the most critical inspection of the polished surface can discern no trace of any form1 if we breathe once more upon it1 a spectral image of the wafer comes plainly into view2 and this may be done again and again4 ,nay1 more2 if the polished metal be carefully put aside where nothing can injure its surface1 and be kept so for many months1 on breathing upon it again1 the shadowy form emerges4 ,a shadow never falls upon a wall without leaving thereon a permanent trace1 a trace which might be made visible by resorting to proper processes4 ,upon the walls of our most private apartments1 where we think the eye of intrusion is altogether shut out1 and our retirement can never be profaned1 there exist the vestiges of all our acts40 ,babbage1 ,ninth ,bridgewater ,treatise1 #aacaae--8;,if we had power to follow and detect the minutest effects of any disturbance1 each particle of existing matter would furnish a register of all that has happened4 ,the track of every canoe1 of every vessel that has yet disturbed the surface of the ocean1 whether impelled by manual force or elemental power1 remains forever registered in the future movement of all succeeding particles which may occupy its place4 ,the furrow which it left is indeed filled up by the closing waters1 but they draw after them other and larger portions of the surrounding element1 and these again1 once moved1 communicate motion to others in endless succession4 ,the air itself is one vast library1 in whose pages are forever written all that man has said or even whispered4 ,there1 in their mutable but unerring characters1 mixed with the earliest as well as the latest sighs of mortality1 stand forever recorded vows unredeemed1 promises unfulfilled1 perpetuating in the united movements of each particle the testimony of man's changeful will40 7c7 ,single acts and words1 therefore1 are to be brought into the judgment only as indications of the moral condition of the soul4 ,this manifestation of all hearts will vindicate not only ,god's past dealings1 but his determination of future destinies4 ,mat4 #ab3cf--8;,and ,i say unto you1 that every idle word that man shall speak1 they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment02 ,luke #ab3b1 #h1 #i--8there is nothing covered up1 that shall not be revealed2 and hid1 that shall not be known4444 ,every one who shall confess me before men1 him shall the ,son of man also confess before the angels of ,god3 but he that denieth me in the presence of men shall be denied in the presence of the angels of ,god02 ,john #c3ah--8;,he that believeth on him is not judged3 he that believeth not hath been judged already1 because he hath not believed on the name of the only begotten ,son of ,god02 #b ,cor4 #e3aj--8;,for we must all be made manifest not3 #8must all appear1' as in ,a4 ,vers4 before the judgmentseat of ,christ40 ,even the human judge1 in passing sentence1 commonly endeavors so to set forth the guilt of the criminal that he shall see his doom to be just4 ,so ,god will awaken the consciences of the lost1 and lead them to pass judgment on themselves4 ,each lost soul can say as ,byron's ,manfred said to the fiend that tortured his closing hour3 8,i have not been thy dupe1 nor am thy prey1 ,but was my own destroyer40 ,thus ,god's final judgment will be only the culmination of a process of natural selection1 by which the unfit are eliminated1 and the fit are caused to survive4 ,o4 ,j4 ,smith1 ,the ,essential ,verity of ,religion3 8,belief in the immortality of the soul and belief in the accountability of the soul are fundamental beliefs in all religion4 ,the origin of the belief in immortality is found in the fact that justice can be established in human affairs only upon the theory that the soul of man is immortal1 and the belief that man is accountable for his actions eternally is based upon the conviction that justice should and will be enforced4 ,the central verity in religion therefore is eternal justice4 ,the sense of justice makes us men4 ,religion has no miraculous origin1--it is born with the awakening of man's moral sense4 ,friendship and love are based on reciprocity1 which is justice4 #8,universal justice1' says ,aristotle1 #8includes all virtues4' 0 ,if by justice here is meant the divine justice1 implied in the awakening of man's moral sense1 we can agree with the above4 ,as we have previously intimated1 we regard the belief in immortality as an inference from the intuition of ,god's existence1 and every new proof that ,god is just strengthens our conviction of immortality4 #c4 ,the ,judge in the final judgment4 ,god1 in the person of ,jesus ,christ1 is to be the judge4 ,though ,god is the judge of all 7,heb4 #ab3bc71 yet this judicial activity is exercised through ,christ1 at the last day1 as well as in the present state 7,john #e3bb1 #bg74 ,heb4 #ab3bc--8to ,god the judge of all02 ,john #e3bb1 #bg--8;,for neither doth the ,father judge any man1 but he hath given all judgment unto the ,son 444 and he gave him authority to execute judgment1 because he is a son of man40 ,stevens1 ,johannine ,theology1 #cdi--8;,jesus says that he judges no man 7,john #h3ae74 ,he does not personally judge men4 ,his attitude toward men is solely that of ,savior4 ,it is rather his work1 his word1 his truth1 which pronounces condemnation against them both here and hereafter4 ,the judgment is that light is come2 men's attitude toward the light involves their judgment2 the light judges them1 or1 they judge themselves4444 ,the ,savior does not come to judge but to save them2 but1 by their rejection of salvation1 they turn the saving message itself into a judgment40 ,this1 for three reasons3 7a7 ,christ's human nature enables men to understand both the law and the love of ,god1 and so makes intelligible the grounds on which judgment is passed4 ,whoever says that ,god is too distant and great to be understood may be pointed to ,christ1 in whose human life the divine 8law appears1 drawn out in living characters10 and the divine love is manifest1 as suffering upon the cross to save men from their sins4 7b7 ,the perfect human nature of ,christ1 united as it is to the divine1 ensures all that is needful in true judgment1 viz43 that it be both merciful and just4 ,acts #ag3ca--8;he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he hath ordained2 whereof he hath given assurance unto all men1 in that he hath raised him from the dead40 ,as ,f4 ,w4 ,robertson has shown in his sermon on 8,the ,sympathy of ,christ0 7vol4 #a3 sermon vii71 it is not sin that most sympathizes with sin4 ,sin blinds and hardens4 ,only the pure can appreciate the needs of the impure1 and feel for them4 7c7 ,human nature1 sitting upon the throne of judgment1 will afford convincing proof that ,christ has received the reward of his sufferings1 and that humanity has been perfectly redeemed4 ,the saints shall 8judge the world0 only as they are one with ,christ4 ,the lowly ,son of man shall sit upon the throne of judgment4 ,and with himself he will join all believers4 ,mat4 #ai3bh--8ye who have followed me1 in the regeneration when the ,son of man shall sit on the throne of his glory1 ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones1 judging the twelve tribes of ,israel02 ,luke #bb3bhcj--8;,but ye are they that have continued with me in my temptations2 and ,i appoint unto you a kingdom1 even as my ,father appointed unto me1 that ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom2 and ye shall sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of ,israel02 #a ,cor4 #f3b1 #c--8know ye not that the saints shall judge the world8444 ,know ye not that we shall judge angels80 ,rev4 #c3ba--8;,he that overcometh1 ,i will give to him to sit down with me in my throne1 as ,i also overcame1 and sat down with my ,father in his throne40 #d4 ,the subjects of the final judgment4 ,the persons upon whose characters and conduct this judgment shall be passed are of two great classes3 7a7 ,all men--each possessed of body as well as soul1--the dead having been raised1 and the living having been changed4 #a ,cor4 #ae3ea1 #eb--8,we all shall not sleep1 but we shall all be changed1 in a moment1 in the twinkling of an eye1 at the last trump3 for the trumpet shall sound1 and the dead shall be raised incorruptible1 and we shall be changed02 #a ,thess4 #d3af1 #ag--8;,for the ,lord himself shall descend from heaven1 with a shout1 with the voice of an archangel1 and with the trump of ,god3 and the dead in ,christ shall rise first2 then we that are alive1 that are left1 shall together with them be caught up in the clouds1 to meet the ,lord in the air3 and so shall we ever be with the ,lord40 7b7 ,all evil angels1--good angels appearing only as attendants and ministers of the ,judge4 ,evil angels3 #b ,pet4 #b3d--8;,for if ,god spared not angels when they sinned1 but cast them down to hell1 and committed them to pits of darkness1 to be reserved unto judgment02 ,jude #f--8;,and angels that kept not their own principality1 but left their proper habitation1 he hath kept in everlasting bonds under darkness unto the judgment of the great day02 ,good angels3 ,mat4 #ac3da1 #db--8,the ,son of man shall send forth his angels1 and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that cause stumbling1 and them that do iniquity1 and shall cast them into the furnace of fire3 there shall be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth02 #be3ca--8;,but when the ,son of man shall come in his glory1 and all the angels with him1 then shall he sit on the throne of his glory3 and before him shall be gathered all the nations40 #e4 ,the grounds of the final judgment4 ,these will be two in number3 7a7 ,the law of ,god1--as made known in conscience and in ,scripture4 ,john #ab3dh--8;,he that rejecteth me1 and receiveth not my sayings1 hath one that judgeth him3 the word that ,i spake1 the same shall judge him in the last day02 ,rom4 #b3ab--8;,for as many as have sinned without the law shall also perish without the law3 and as many as have sinned under the law shall be judged by the law40 ,on the selfregistry and disclosure of sin1 see ,f4 ,a4 ,noble1 ,our ,redemption1 #eigf4 ,dr4 ,noble quotes ,daniel ,webster in the ,knapp case at ,salem3 8,there is no refuge from confession but suicide1 and suicide is confession40 ,thomas ,carlyle said to ,lord ,houghton3 8,richard ,milnes6 in the day of judgment1 when the ,lord asks you why you did not get that pension for ,alfred ,tennyson1 it will not do to lay the blame on your constituents1--it is you that will be damned40 7b7 ,the grace of ,christ 7,rev4 #bj3ab71--those whose names are found 8written in the book of life0 being approved1 simply because of their union with ,christ and participation in his righteousness4 ,their good works shall be brought into judgment only as proofs of this relation to the ,redeemer4 ,those not found 8written in the book of life0 will be judged by the law of ,god1 as ,god has made it known to each individual4 ,rev4 #bj3ab--8;,and ,i saw the dead1 the great and the small1 standing before the throne2 and books were opened3 and another book was opened1 which is the book of life3 and the dead were judged out of the things which were written in the books1 according to their works40 ,the 8book of life0 the book of justification1 in which are written the names of those who are united to ,christ by faith2 as the 8book of death0 would the book of condemnation1 in which are written the names of those who stand in their sins1 as unrepentant and unforgiven transgressors of ,god's law4 ,ferries1 in ,hastings' ,bible ,dictionary1 #b3hba--8,the judgment1 in one aspect or stage of it1 is a present act4 ,for judgment ,christ is come into this world 7,john #i3ci74 ,there is an actual separation of men in progress here and now4444 ,this judgment which is in progress now1 is destined to be perfected4444 ,in the last assize1 ,christ will be the ,judge as before4444 ,it may be said that men will hereafter judge themselves4 ,those who are unlike ,christ will find themselves as such to be separate from him4 ,the two classes of people are parted because they have acquired distinct natures like the sheep and the goat4444 ,the character of each person is a #8book' or record1 preserving1 in moral and spiritual effects1 all that he has been and done and loved1 and in the judgment these books will be #8opened1' or each man's character will be manifested as the light of ,christ's character falls upon it4444 ,the people of ,christ themselves receive different rewards1 according as their life has been40 ,dr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,robins1 in his ,restatement1 holds that only under the gracesystem can the deeds done in the body be the ground of judgment4 ,these deeds will be repentance and faith1 not words of external morality4 ,they will be fruits of the ,spirit1 such as spring from the broken and contrite heart4 ,christ1 as head of the mediatorial kingdom1 will fitly be the ,judge4 ,so ,judgment will be an unmixed blessing to the righteous4 ,to them the words 8prepare to meet thy ,god0 7,amos #d3ab7 should have no terror2 for to meet ,god is to meet their deliverance and their reward4 8,teach me to live that ,i may dread ,the grave as little as my bed3 ,teach me to die1 that so ,i may ,rise glorious at the judgment day40 ,on the whole subject1 see ,hodge1 ,outlines of ,theology1 #def1 #deg2 ,martensen1 ,christian ,dogmatics1 #dfe1 #dff2 ,neander1 ,planting and ,training1 #ebdebf2 ,jonathan ,edwards1 ,works1 #b3dii1 #ejj2 #d3bjbbbe2 ,fox1 in ,lutheran ,rev41 #ahhg3bjfbbf4 ,,vi4 ,the ,final ,states of the ,righteous and of the ,wicked4 #a4 ,of the righteous4 ,the final state of the righteous is described as eternal life 7,mat4 #be3df71 glory 7#b ,cor4 #d3ag71 rest 7,heb4 #d3i71 knowledge 7#a ,cor4 #ac3haj71 holiness 7,rev4 #ba3bg71 service 7,rev4 #bb3c71 worship 7,rev4 #ai3a71 society 7,heb4 #ab3bc71 communion with ,god 7,rev4 #ba3c74 ,mat4 #be3df--8;,and these shall go away into eternal punishment3 but the righteous into eternal life02 #b ,cor4 #d3ag--8;,for our light affliction1 which is for the moment1 worketh for us more and more exceedingly an eternal weight of glory02 ,heb4 #d3i--8,there remaineth therefore a sabbath rest for the people of ,god02 #a ,cor4 #ac3haj--8,love never faileth3 but whether there be prophecies1 they shall be done away2 whether there be tongues1 they shall cease2 whether there be knowledge1 it shall be done away4 ,for we know in part1 and we prophesy in part3 but when that which is perfect is come1 that which is in part shall be done away02 ,rev4 #ba3bg--8;and there shall in no wise enter into it anything unclean1 or he that maketh an abomination and a lie3 but only they that are written in the ,lamb's book of life02 #bb3c--8;and his servants shall serve him02 #ai3a1 #b--8;,after these things ,i heard as it were a great voice of a great multitude in heaven1 saying1 ,hallelujah2 ,salvation1 and glory1 and power1 belong to our ,god2 for true and righteous are his judgments02 ,heb4 #ab3bc--8to the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven02 ,rev4 #ba3c--8;,and ,i heard a great voice out of the throne saying1 ,behold1 the tabernacle of ,god is with men1 and he shall dwell with them1 and they shall be his peoples1 and ,god himself shall be with them1 and be their ,god40 ,is4 #ce3g--8,the mirage shall become a pool0 aspiration shall become reality2 ,hos4 #b3ae--8;,i will give her 444 the valley of ,achor that is1 ,troubling for a door of hope40 ,victor ,hugo3 8,if you persuade ,lazarus that there is no ,abraham's bosom awaiting him1 he will not lie at ,dives' door1 to be fed with his crumbs1--he will make his way into the house and fling ,dives out of the window40 ,it was the preaching of the ,methodists that saved ,england from the general crash of the ,french ,revolution4 ,it brought the common people to look for the redress of the inequalities and injustices of this life in a future life--a world of less friction than this 7,s4 ,s4 ,times74 ,in the ,alps one has no idea of the upper valleys until he enters them4 ,he may long to ascend1 but only actual ascending can show him their beauty4 ,and then1 8beyond the ,alps lies ,italy10 and the revelation of heaven will be like the outburst of the sunny landscape after going through the darkness of the ,st4 ,gothard tunnel4 ,robert ,hall1 who for years had suffered acute bodily pain1 said to ,wilberforce3 8,my chief conception of heaven is rest40 8,mine10 replied ,wilberforce1 8is love--love to ,god and to every bright inhabitant of that glorious place40 ,wilberforce enjoyed society4 ,heaven is not all rest4 ,on the door is inscribed3 8,no admission except on business40 8,his servants shall serve him0 7,rev4 #ba3c74 ,butler1 ,things ,old and ,new1 #adc--8,we know not2 but if life be there ,the outcome and the crown of this3 ,what else can make their perfect bliss ,than in their ,master's work to share8 ,resting1 but not in slumberous ease1 ,working1 but not in wild unrest1 ,still ever blessing1 ever blest1 ,they see us as the ,father sees40 ,tennyson1 ,crossing the ,bar3 8,sunset and evening star1 ,and one clear call for me2 ,and may there be no moaning of the bar ,when ,i put out to sea6 ,but such a tide as moving seems asleep1 ,too full for sound and foam1 ,when that which drew from out the boundless deep ,turns again home4 ,twilight and evening bell1 ,and after that the dark2 ,and may there be no sadness of farewell1 ,when ,i embark4 ,for though from out our bourne of time and place ,the flood may bear me far1 ,i hope to see my ,pilot face to face1 ,when ,i have crossed the bar40 ,mat4 #f3bj--8lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven0 there are no permanent investments except in heaven4 ,a man at death is worth only what he has sent on before him4 ,christ prepares a place for us 7,john #ad3c7 by gathering our friends to himself4 ,louise ,chandler ,moulton3 8,some day or other ,i shall surely come ,where true hearts wait for me2 ,then let me learn the language of that home1 ,while here on earth ,i be2 ,lest my poor lips for want of words be dumb ,in that high company40 ,bronson ,alcott3 8,heaven will be to me a place where ,i can get a little conversation40 ,some of his friends thought it would be a place where he could hear himself talk4 ,a pious ,scotchman1 when asked whether he ever expected to reach heaven1 replied3 8,why1 mon1 ,i live there noo60 ,summing up all these1 we may say that it is the fulness and perfection of holy life1 in communion with ,god and with sanctified spirits4 ,although there will be degrees of blessedness and honor1 proportioned to the capacity and fidelity of each soul 7,luke #ai3ag1 #ai2 #a ,cor4 #c3ad1 #ae71 each will receive as great a measure of reward as it can contain 7#a ,cor4 #b3i71 and this final state1 once entered upon1 will be unchanging in kind and endless in duration 7,rev4 #c3ab2 #bb3ae74 ,luke #ai3ag1 #ai--8,well done1 thou good servant3 because thou wast found faithful in a very little1 have thou authority over ten cities4444 ,be thou also over five cities02 #a ,cor4 #c3ad1 #ae--8;,if any man's work shall abide which he built thereon1 he shall receive a reward4 ,if any man's work shall be burned1 he shall suffer loss3 but he himself shall be saved2 yet so as through fire02 #b3i--8,things which eye saw not1 and ear heard not1 ,and which entered not into the heart of man1 ,whatsoever things ,god prepared for them that love him02 ,rev4 #c3ab--8;,he that overcometh1 ,i will make him a pillar in the temple of my ,god1 and he shall go out thence no more02 #bb3ae--8,without are the dogs1 and the sorcerers1 and the fornicators1 and the murderers1 and the idolaters1 and every one that loveth and maketh a lie40 ,in the parable of the laborers 7,mat4 #bj3aaf71 each receives a penny4 ,rewards in heaven will be equal1 in the sense that each saved soul will be filled with good4 ,but rewards will vary1 in the sense that the capacity of one will be greater than that of another2 and this capacity will be in part the result of our improvement of ,god's gifts in the present life4 ,the relative value of the penny may in this way vary from a single unit to a number indefinitely great1 according to the work and spirit of the recipient4 ,the penny is good only for what it will buy4 ,for the eleventh hour man1 who has done but little work1 it will not buy so sweet rest as it buys for him who has 8borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat40 ,it will not buy appetite1 nor will it buy joy of conscience4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,heaven is not to be compared to a grasshopper on a shingle floating down stream4 ,heaven is a place where men are taken up1 as they leave this world1 and are carried forward4 ,no sinners will be there1 though there may be incompleteness of character4 ,there is no intimation in ,scripture of that sudden transformation in the hour of dissolution which is often supposed40 ,ps4 #hd3g--8,they go from strength to strength2 ,every one of them appeareth before ,god in ,zion0--it is not possible that progress should cease with our entrance into heaven2 rather is it true that uninterrupted progress will then begin4 #a ,cor4 #ac3ab--8now we see in a mirror1 darkly2 but then face to face40 ,there1 progress is not towards1 but within1 the sphere of the infinite4 ,in this world we are like men living in a cave1 and priding themselves on the rushlights with which they explore it1 unwilling to believe that there is a region of sunlight where rushlights are needless4 ,heaven will involve deliverance from defective physical organization and surroundings1 as well as from the remains of evil in our hearts4 ,rest1 in heaven1 will be consistent with service1 an activity without weariness1 a service which is perfect freedom4 ,we shall be perfect when we enter heaven1 in the sense of being free from sin2 but we shall grow to greater perfection thereafter1 in the sense of a larger and completer being4 ,the fruit tree shows perfection at each stage of its growth--the perfect bud1 the perfect blossom1 and finally the perfect fruit2 yet the bud and the blossom are preparatory and prophetic2 neither one is a finality4 ,so 8when that which is perfect is come1 that which is in part shall be done away0 7#a ,cor4 #ac3aj74 ,a broadshouldered convert at the ,rescue ,mission said3 8,i'm the happiest man in the room tonight4 ,i couldn't be any happier unless ,i were larger40 ,a little pail can be as full of water as is a big tub1 but the tub will hold much more than the pail4 ,to be 8filled unto all the fulness of ,god0 7,eph4 #c3ai7 will mean much more in heaven than it means here1 because we shall then 8be strong to apprehend with all the saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth1 and to know the love of ,christ which passeth knowledge40 ,in the book of ,revelation1 ,john seems to have mistaken an angel for the ,lord himself1 and to have fallen down to worship 7,rev4 #bb3h74 ,the time may come in eternity when we shall be equal to what we now conceive ,god to be 7#a ,cor4 #b3i74 ,plato's ,republic and ,more's ,utopia are only earthly adumbrations of ,st4 ,john's ,city of ,god4 ,the representation of heaven as a city seems intended to suggest security from every foe1 provision for every want1 intensity of life1 variety of occupation1 and closeness of relation to others2 or1 as ,hastings' ,bible ,dictionary1 #a3ddf1 puts it3 8,safety1 ,security1 ,service40 ,here1 the greatest degradation and sin are found in the great cities4 ,there1 the life of the city will help holiness1 as the life of the city here helps wickedness4 ,brotherly love in the next world implies knowing those we love1 and loving those we know4 ,we certainly shall not know less there than here4 ,if we know our friends here1 we shall know them there4 ,and1 as love to ,christ here draws us nearer to each other1 so there we shall love friends1 not less but more1 because of our greater nearness to ,christ4 ,zech4 #h3e--8;,and the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof40 ,newman ,smyth1 ,through ,science to ,faith1 #abe--8;,as of the higher animals1 so even more of men and women it may be true1 that those who play best may succeed best and thrive best40 ,horace ,bushnell1 in his essay1 ,work and ,play1 holds that ideal work is work performed so heartily and joyfully1 and with such a surplus of energy1 that it becomes play4 ,this is the activity of heaven3 ,john #aj3aj--8;,i came that they may have life1 and may have it abundantly40 ,we enter into the life of ,god3 ,john #e3ag--8,my ,father worketh even until now1 and ,i work40 ,a nurse who had been ill for sixteen years1 said3 8,if ,i were well1 ,i would be at the smallpox hospital4 ,i'm not going to heaven to do nothing40 ,savage1 ,life after ,death1 #abi1 #bib--8;,in ,dante's universe1 the only reason for any one's wanting to get to heaven is for the sake of getting out of the other place4 ,there is nothing in heaven for him to do1 nothing human for him to engage in4444 ,a good deacon in his depression thought he was going to hell2 but when asked what he would do there1 he replied that he would try to start a prayer meeting40 ,with regard to heaven1 two questions present themselves1 namely3 7a7 ,is heaven a place1 as well as a state8 ,we answer that this is probable1 for the reason that the presence of ,christ's human body is essential to heaven1 and that this body must be confined to place4 ,since deity and humanity are indissolubly united in ,christ's single person1 we cannot regard ,christ's human soul as limited to place without vacating his person of its divinity4 ,but we cannot conceive of his human body as thus omnipresent4 ,as the new bodies of the saints are confined to place1 so1 it would seem1 must be the body of their ,lord4 ,but1 though heaven be the place where ,christ manifests his glory through the human body which he assumed in the incarnation1 our ruling conception of heaven must be something higher even than this1 namely1 that of a state of holy communion with ,god4 ,john #ad3b1 #c--8;,in my ,father's house are many mansions2 if it were not so1 ,i would have told you2 for ,i go to prepare a place for you4 ,and if ,i go and prepare a place for you1 ,i come again1 and will receive you unto myself2 that where ,i am1 there ye may be also02 ,heb4 #ab3ad--8;follow after peace with all men1 and the sanctification without which no man shall see the ,lord40 ,although heaven is probably a place1 we are by no means to allow this conception to become the preponderant one in our minds4 ,milton3 8,the mind is its own place1 and in itself ,can make a heaven of hell1 a hell of heaven40 ,as he goes through the gates of death1 every ,christian can say1 as ,csar said when he crossed the ,rubicon3 8,omnia mea mecum porto40 ,the hymn 8,o sing to me of heaven1 when ,i am called to die0 is not true to ,christian experience4 ,in that hour the soul sings1 not of heaven1 but of ,jesus and his cross4 ,as houses on riverflats1 accessible in time of flood by boats1 keep safe only goods in the upper story1 so only the treasure laid up above escapes the destroying floods of the last day4 ,dorner3 8,the soul will possess true freedom1 in that it can no more become unfree2 and that through the indestructible loveenergy springing from union with ,god40 ,milton3 8,what if earth be ,but the shadow of heaven1 and things therein ,each to the other like1 more than on earth is thought80 ,omar ,khayym1 ,rubiyt1 stanzas #ff1 #fg--8;,i sent my soul through the ,invisible1 ,some letter of that ,afterlife to spell3 ,and by and by my soul returned to me1 ,and answered #8,i myself am ,heaven and ,hell' 444 ,heaven but the vision of fulfilled desire1 ,and ,hell the shadow of a soul on fire40 ,in other words1 not the kind of place1 but the kind of people in it1 makes ,heaven or ,hell4 ,crane1 ,religion of ,to morrow1 #cda--8,the earth is but a breedingground from which ,god intends to populate the whole universe4 ,after death1 the soul goes to that place which ,god has prepared as its home4 ,in the resurrection they #8neither marry nor are given in marriage' 7,mat4 #bb3cj7 ours is the only generative planet4 ,there is no reproduction hereafter4 ,to incorporate himself into the race1 the ,father must come to the reproductive planet40 ,dean ,stanley3 8,till death us part6 ,so speaks the heart ,when each repeats to each the words of doom2 ,through blessing and through curse1 ,for better and for worse1 ,we will be one till that dread hour shall come4 ,life1 with its myriad grasp1 ,our yearning souls shall clasp1 ,by ceaseless love and still expectant wonder1 ,in bonds that shall endure1 ,indissolubly sure1 ,till ,god in death shall part our paths asunder4 ,till death us join6 ,o voice yet more divine1 ,that to the broken heart breathes hope sublime2 ,through lonely hours and shattered powers1 ,we still are one despite of change or time4 ,death1 with his healing hand1 ,shall once more knit the band1 ,which needs but that one link which none may sever2 ,till through the only ,good1 ,heard1 felt and understood1 ,our life in ,god shall make us one forever40 7b7 ,is this earth to be the heaven of the saints8 ,we answer3 ,first1--that the earth is to be purified by fire1 and perhaps prepared to be the abode of the saints1--although this last is not rendered certain by the ,scriptures4 ,rom4 #h3aibc--8;,for the earnest expectation of the creation waiteth for the revealing of the sons of ,god4 ,for the creation was subjected to vanity1 not of its own will1 but by reason of him who subjected it1 in hope that the creation itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the liberty of the glory of the children of ,god4 ,for we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now4 ,and not only so1 but ourselves also1 who have the firstfruits of the ,spirit1 even we ourselves groan within ourselves1 waiting for our adoption1 to wit1 the redemption of our body02 #b ,pet4 #c3ab1 #ac--8looking for and earnestly desiring the coming of the day of ,god1 by reason of which the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved1 and the elements shall melt with fervent heat4 ,but1 according to his promise1 we look for new heavens and a new earth1 wherein dwelleth righteousness02 ,rev4 #ba3a--8;,and ,i saw a new heaven and a new earth3 for the first heaven and the first earth are passed away2 and the sea is no more40 ,dorner3 8,without loss of substantiality1 matter will have exchanged its darkness1 hardness1 heaviness1 inertia1 and impenetrableness1 for clearness1 radiance1 elasticity1 and transparency4 ,a new stadium will begin--,god's advance to new creations1 with the coperation of perfected mankind40 ,is the earth a molten mass1 with a thin solid crust8 ,lord ,kelvin says no1--it is more rigid and solid than steel4 ,the interior may be intensely hot1 yet pressure may render it solid to the very centre4 ,the wrinkling of the surface may be due to contraction1 or 8solid flow10 like the wrinkling in the skin of a baked apple that has cooled4 ,see article on ,the ,interior of the ,earth1 by ,g4 ,f4 ,becker1 in ,n4 ,american ,rev41 ,april1 #ahic4 ,edward ,s4 ,holden1 ,director of the ,lick ,observatory1 in ,the ,forum1 ,oct4 #ahic3baabbj1 tells us that 8the star ,nova ,aurig1 which doubtless resembled our sun1 within two days increased in brilliancy sixteen fold4 ,three months after its discovery it had become invisible4 ,after four months again it reappeared and was comparatively bright4 ,but it was no longer a star but a nebula4 ,in other words it had developed changes of light and heat which1 if repeated in the case of our own sun1 would mean a quick end of the human race1 and the utter annihilation of every vestige of animal and other life upon this earth4444 ,this catastrophe occured in ,december1 #ahia1 or was announced to us by light which reached us then4 ,but this light must have left the star twenty1 perhaps fifty1 years earlier40 ,secondly1--that this fittingup of the earth for man's abode1 even if it were declared in ,scripture1 would not render it certain that the saints are to be confined to these narrow limits 7,john #ad3b74 ,it seems rather to be intimated that the effect of ,christ's work will be to bring the redeemed into union and intercourse with other orders of intelligence1 from communion with whom they are now shut out by sin 7,eph4 #a3bj2 ,col4 #a3bj74 ,john #ad3b--8;,in my ,father's house are many mansions02 ,eph4 #a3aj--8unto a dispensation of the fulness of the times1 to sum up all things in ,christ1 the things in the heavens1 and the things upon the earth02 ,col4 #a3bj--8through him to reconcile all things unto himself1 having made peace through the blood of his cross2 through him1 ,i say1 whether things upon the earth1 or things in the heavens40 ,see ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kendrick1 in ,bap4 ,quarterly1 ,jan4 #ahgj4 ,dr4 ,kendrick thinks we need local associations4 ,earth may be our home1 yet from this home we may set out on excursions through the universe1 after a time returning again to our earthly abodes4 ,so ,chalmers1 interpreting literally #b ,pet4 #c4 ,we certainly are in a prison here1 and look out through the bars1 as the ,prisoner of ,chillon looked over the lake to the green isle and the singing birds4 ,why are we shut out from intercourse with other worlds and other orders of intelligence8 ,apparently it is the effect of sin4 ,we are in an abnormal state of durance and probation4 ,earth is out of harmony with ,god4 ,the great harp of the universe has one of its strings out of tune1 and that one discordant string makes a jar through the whole4 ,all things in heaven and earth shall be reconciled when this one jarring string is keyed right and set in tune by the hand of love and mercy4 ,see ,leitch1 ,god's ,glory in the ,heavens1 #cbgccj4 #b4 ,of the wicked4 ,the final state of the wicked is described under the figures of eternal fire 7,mat4 #be3da72 the pit of the abyss 7,rev4 #i3b1 #aa72 outer darkness 7,mat4 #h3ab72 torment 7,rev4 #ad3aj1 #aa72 eternal punishment 7,mat4 #be3df72 wrath of ,god 7,rom4 #b3e72 second death 7,rev4 #ba3h72 eternal destruction from the face of the ,lord 7#b ,thess4 #a3i72 eternal sin 7,mark #c3bi74 ,mat4 #be3da--8;,depart from me1 ye cursed1 into the eternal fire which is prepared for the devil and his angels02 ,rev4 #i3b1 #aa--8;,and he opened the pit of the abyss2 and there went up a smoke out of the pit1 as the smoke of a great furnace4444 ,they have over them as king the angel of the abyss3 his name in ,hebrew is ,abaddon1 and in the ,greek tongue he hath the name ,apollyon02 ,mat4 #h3ab--8;but the sons of the kingdom shall be cast forth into the outer darkness3 there shall be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth02 ,rev4 #ad3aj1 #aa--8;he also shall drink of the wine of the wrath of ,god1 which is prepared unmixed in the cup of his anger2 and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels1 and in the presence of the ,lamb3 and the smoke of their torment goeth up for ever and ever02 ,mat4 #be3df--8;,and these shall go away into eternal punishment40 ,rom4 #b3e--8;after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up for thyself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of ,god02 ,rev4 #ba3h--8;,but for the fearful1 and unbelieving1 and abominable1 and murderers1 and fornicators1 and sorcerers1 and idolaters1 and all liars1 their part shall be in the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone2 which is the second death03 #b ,thess4 #a3i--8who shall suffer punishment1 even eternal destruction from the face of the ,lord and from the glory of his might0--here 1 from1 not separation1 but 8proceeding from10 and indicates that the everlasting presence of ,christ1 once realized1 ensures everlasting destruction2 ,mark #c3bi--8whosoever shall blaspheme against the ,holy ,spirit hath never forgiveness1 but is guilty of an eternal sin0--a text which implies that 7#a7 some will never cease to sin2 7#b7 this eternal sinning will involve eternal misery2 7#c7 this eternal misery1 as the appointed vindication of the law1 will be eternal punishment4 ,as ,uzziah1 when smitten with leprosy1 did not need to be thrust out of the temple1 but 8himself hasted also to go out0 7#b ,chron4 #bf3bj71 so ,judas is said to go 8to his own place0 7,acts #a3be2 cf4 #d3bc--where ,peter and ,john1 8being let go1 they came to their own company074 ,cf4 ,john #h3ce--8the bondservant abideth not in the house forever0 whatever be his outward connection with ,god1 it can be only for a time2 #ae3b--8;,every branch in me that beareth not fruit1 he taketh it away0--at death2 the history of ,abraham showed that one might have outward connection with ,god that was only temporary3 ,ishmael was cast out2 the promise belonged only to ,isaac4 ,wrightnour3 8,gehenna was the place into which all the offal of the city of ,jerusalem was swept4 ,so hell is the penitentiary of the moral universe4 ,the profligate is not happy in the prayer meeting1 but in the saloon2 the swine is not at home in the parlor1 but in the sty4 ,hell is the sinner's own place2 he had rather be there than in heaven2 he will not come to the house of ,god1 the nearest thing to heaven2 why should we expect him to enter heaven itself80 ,summing up all1 we may say that it is the loss of all good1 whether physical or spiritual1 and the misery of an evil conscience banished from ,god and from the society of the holy1 and dwelling under ,god's positive curse forever4 ,here we are to remember1 as in the case of the final state of the righteous1 that the decisive and controlling element is not the outward1 but the inward4 ,if hell be a place1 it is only that the outward may correspond to the inward4 ,if there be outward torments1 it is only because these will be fit1 though subordinate1 accompaniments of the inward state of the soul4 ,every living creature will have an environment suited to its character--8its own place40 8,i know of the future judgment1 ,how dreadful so e'er it be1 ,that to sit alone with my conscience ,will be judgment enough for me40 ,calvin3 8,the wicked have the seeds of hell in their own hearts40 ,chrysostom1 commenting on the words 8,depart1 ye cursed10 says3 8,their own works brought the punishment on them2 the fire was not prepared for them1 but for ,satan2 yet1 since they cast themselves into it1 #8,impute it to yourselves1' he says1 #8that you are there4' 0 ,milton1 ,par4 ,lost1 #d3ge--,satan3 8,which way ,i fly is hell2 myself am hell40 ,byron3 8,there is no power in holy men1 ,nor charm in prayer1 nor purifying form ,of penitence1 nor outward look1 nor fast1 ,nor agony1 nor1 greater than all these1 ,the innate torture of that deep despair ,would make a hell of heaven1 can exorcise ,from out the unbounded spirit the quick sense ,of its own sins40 ,phelps1 ,english ,style1 #bbh1 speaks of 8a law of the divine government1 by which the body symbolizes1 in its experience1 the moral condition of its spiritual inhabitant4 ,the drift of sin is to physical suffering4 ,moral depravity tends always to a corrupt and tortured body4 ,certain diseases are the product of certain crimes4 ,the whole catalogue of human pains1 from a toothache to the angina pectoris1 is but a witness to a state of sin expressed by an experience of suffering4 ,carry this law into the experience of eternal sin4 ,the bodies of the wicked live again as well as those of the righteous4 ,you have therefore a spiritual body1 inhabited and used1 and therefore tortured1 by a guilty soul1--a body1 perfected in its sensibilities1 inclosing and expressing a soul matured in its depravity40 ,augustine1 ,confessions1 #be--8;,each man's sin is the instrument of his punishment1 and his iniquity is turned into his torment40 ,lord ,bacon3 8,being1 without wellbeing1 is a curse1 and the greater the being1 the greater the curse40 ,in our treatment of the subject of eternal punishment we must remember that false doctrine is often a reaction from the unscriptural and repulsive overstatements of ,christian apologists4 ,we freely concede3 #a4 that future punishment does not necessarily consist of physical torments1--it may be wholly internal and spiritual2 #b4 that the pain and suffering of the future are not necessarily due to positive inflictions of ,god1--they may result entirely from the soul's sense of loss1 and from the accusations of conscience2 and #c4 that eternal punishment does not necessarily involve endless successions of suffering1--as ,god's eternity is not mere endlessness1 so we may not be forever subject to the law of time4 ,an overliteral interpretation of the ,scripture symbols has had much to do with such utterances as that of ,savage1 ,life after ,death1 #aja--8;,if the doctrine of eternal punishment was clearly and unmistakably taught in every leaf of the ,bible1 and on every leaf of all the ,bibles of all the world1 ,i could not believe a word of it4 ,i should appeal from these misconceptions of even the seers and the great men to the infinite and eternal ,good1 who only is ,god1 and who only on such terms could be worshiped40 ,the figurative language of ,scripture is a miniature representation of what cannot be fully described in words4 ,the symbol is a symbol2 yet it is less1 not greater1 than the thing symbolized4 ,it is sometimes fancied that ,jonathan ,edwards1 when1 in his sermon on 8,sinners in the ,hands of an ,angry ,god10 he represented the sinner as a worm shriveling in the eternal fire1 supposed that hell consists mainly of such physical torments4 ,but this is a misinterpretation of ,edwards4 ,as he did not fancy heaven essentially to consist in streets of gold or pearly gates1 but rather in holiness and communion with ,christ1 of which these are the symbols1 so he did not regard hell as consisting in fire and brimstone1 but rather in the unholiness and separation from ,god of a guilty and accusing conscience1 of which the fire and brimstone are symbols4 ,he used the material imagery1 because he thought that this best answered to the methods of ,scripture4 ,he probably went beyond the simplicity of the ,scripture statements1 and did not sufficiently explain the spiritual meaning of the symbols he used2 but we are persuaded that he neither understood them literally himself1 nor meant them to be so understood by others4 ,sin is selfisolating1 unsocial1 selfish4 ,by virtue of natural laws the sinner reaps as he has sown1 and sooner or later is repaid by desertion or contempt4 ,then the selfishness of one sinner is punished by the selfishness of another1 the ambition of one by the ambition of another1 the cruelty of one by the cruelty of another4 ,the misery of the wicked hereafter will doubtless be due in part to the spirit of their companions4 ,they dislike the good1 whose presence and example is a continual reproof and reminder of the height from which they have fallen1 and they shut themselves out of their company4 ,the judgment will bring about a complete cessation of intercourse between the good and the bad4 ,julius ,mller1 ,doctrine of ,sin1 #a3bci--8;,beings whose relations to ,god are diametrically opposite1 and persistently so1 differ so greatly from each other that other ties of relationship became as nothing in comparison40 ,in order1 however1 to meet opposing views1 and to forestall the common objections1 we proceed to state the doctrine of future punishment in greater detail3 ,a4 ,the future punishment of the wicked is not annihilation4 ,in our discussion of ,physical ,death1 we have shown that1 by virtue of its original creation in the image of ,god1 the human soul is naturally immortal2 that neither for the righteous nor the wicked is death a cessation of being2 that on the contrary1 the wicked enter at death upon a state of conscious suffering which the resurrection and the judgment only augment and render permanent4 ,it is plain1 moreover1 that if annihilation took place at death1 there could be no degrees in future punishment1--a conclusion itself at variance with express statements of ,scripture4 ,the old annihilationism is represented by ,hudson1 ,debt and ,grace1 and ,christ our ,life2 also by ,dobney1 ,future ,punishment4 ,it maintains that 1 8punishment0 7in ,mat4 #be3df--8;eternal punishment071 means etymologically an everlasting 8cuttingoff40 ,but we reply that the word had to a great degree lost its etymological significance1 as is evident from the only other passage where it occurs in the ,new ,testament1 namely1 #a ,john #d3ah--8;fear hath punishment0 7,a4 ,v43 8fear hath torment074 ,for full answer to the old statements of the annihilationtheory1 see under ,physical ,death1 pages #iiaiih4 ,that there are degrees of punishment in ,god's administration is evident from ,luke #ab3dg1 #dh--8;,and that servant1 who knew his ,lord's will1 and made not ready1 nor did according to his will1 shall be beaten with many stripes2 but he that knew not1 and did things worthy of stripes1 shall be beaten with few stripes02 ,rom4 #b3e1 #f--8;after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up for thyself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of ,god2 who will render to every man according to his works02 #b ,cor4 #e3aj--8;,for we must all be made manifest before the judgmentseat of ,christ2 that each one may receive the things done in the body1 according to what he hath done1 whether it be good or bad02 #aa3ae--8whose end shall be according to their works02 #b ,tim4 #d3ad--8;,alexander the coppersmith did me much evil3 the ,lord will render to him according to his works02 ,rev4 #b3bc--8;,i will give unto each one of you according to your works02 #ah3e1 #f--8;her sins have reached even unto heaven1 and ,god hath remembered her iniquities4 ,render unto her even as she rendered1 and double unto her the double according to her works3 in the cup which she mingled1 mingle unto her double40 ,a ,french ,christian replied to the argument of his deistical friend3 8,probably you are right2 probably you are not immortal2 but ,i am40 ,this was the doctrine of conditional immortality1 the doctrine that only the good survive4 ,we grant that the measure of our faith in immortality is the measure of our fitness for its blessings2 but it is not the measure of our possession of immortality4 ,we are immortal beings1 whether we believe it or not4 ,the acorn is potentially an oak1 but it may never come to its full development4 ,there is a saltless salt1 which1 though it does not cease to exist1 is cast out and trodden under foot of men4 ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #bef--8;,conditional immortality denies that man can exist after death without being united to ,christ by faith4 ,but the immortality of man cannot be something accidental1 something appended to his nature1 after he believes in ,christ4 ,it must be something1 at the very lowest1 for which his nature is constituted1 even if apart from ,christ it can never realize itself as it ought40 ,broadus1 ,com4 on ,mat4 #be3df 7page #ead7--8;,he who caused to exist could keep in existence4 ,mark #i3di--#8;,every one shall be salted with fire'--has probably this meaning4 ,fire is usually destructive2 but this unquenchable fire will act like salt1 preserving instead of destroying4 ,so ,keble1 ,christian ,year1 #eth ,sunday in ,lent1 says of the ,jews in their present condition3 #8,salted with fire1 they seem to show ,how spirits lost in endless woe ,may undecaying live4 ,oh1 sickening thought6 ,yet hold it fast ,long as this glittering world shall last1 ,or sin at heart survive4' 0 ,there are two forms of the annihilation theory which are more plausible1 and which in recent times find a larger number of advocates1 namely3 7a7 ,that the powers of the wicked are gradually weakened1 as the natural result of sin1 so that they finally cease to be4--,we reply1 first1 that moral evil does not1 in this present life1 seem to be incompatible with a constant growth of the intellectual powers1 at least in certain directions1 and we have no reason to believe the fact to be different in the world to come2 secondly1 that if this theory were true1 the greater the sin1 the speedier would be the relief from punishment4 ,this form of the annihilation theory is suggested by ,bushnell1 in his ,forgiveness and ,law1 #adf1 #adg1 and by ,martineau1 ,study1 #b3ajgh4 ,dorner also1 in his ,eschatology1 seems to favor it as one of the possible methods of future punishment4 ,he says3 8,to the ethical also pertains ontological significance4 ,the 'second death' may be the dissolving of the soul itself into nothing4 ,estrangement from ,god1 the source of life1 ends in extinction of life4 ,the orthodox talk about demented beings1 raging in impotent fury1 amounts to the same--annihilation of their human character4 ,evil is never the substance of the soul1--this remains metaphysically good40 ,it is argued that even for saved sinners there is a loss4 ,the prodigal regained his father's favor1 but he could not regain his lost patrimony4 ,we cannot get back the lost time1 nor the lost growth4 ,much more1 then1 in the case of the wicked1 will there be perpetual loss4 ,draper3 8,at every return to the sun1 comets lose a portion of their size and brightness1 stretching out until the nucleus loses control1 the mass breaks up1 and the greater portion navigates the sky1 in the shape of disconnected meteorites40 ,to this argument it is often replied that certain minds grow in their powers1 at least in certain directions1 in spite of their sin4 ,napoleon's military genius1 during all his early years1 grew with experience4 ,sloane1 in his ,life of ,napoleon1 however1 seems to show that the ,emperor lost his grip as he went on4 ,success unbalanced his judgment2 he gave way to physical indulgence2 his body was not equal to the strain he put upon it2 at ,waterloo he lost precious moments of opportunity by vacillation and inability to keep awake4 ,there was physical1 mental1 and moral deterioration4 ,but may this not be the result of the soul's connection with a body8 ,satan's cunning and daring seem to be on the increase from the first mention of him in ,scripture to its end4 ,see ,princeton ,review1 #ahhb3fgcfid4 ,will not this very cunning and daring1 however1 work its own ruin1 and lead ,satan to his final and complete destruction8 ,does not sin blunt the intellect1 unsettle one's sober standards of decision1 lead one to prefer a trifling present triumph or pleasure to a permanent good8 ,gladden1 ,what is ,left8 #ajd1 #aje--8;,evil is benumbing and deadening4 ,selfishness weakens a man's mental grasp1 and narrows his range of vision4 ,the schemer becomes less astute as he grows older2 he is morally sure1 before he dies1 to make some stupendous blunder which even a tyro would have avoided4444 ,the devil1 who has sinned longest1 must be the greatest fool in the universe1 and we need not be at all afraid of him40 ,to the view that this weakening of powers leads to absolute extinction of being1 we oppose the consideration that its award of retribution is glaringly unjust in making the greatest sinner the least sufferer2 since to him relief1 in the way of annihilation1 comes the soonest4 7b7 ,that there is for the wicked1 certainly after death1 and possibly between death and the judgment1 a positive punishment proportioned to their deeds1 but that this punishment issues in1 or is followed by1 annihilation4--,we reply first1 that upon this view1 as upon any theory of annihilation1 future punishment is a matter of grace as well as of justice--a notion for which ,scripture affords no warrant2 secondly1 that ,scripture not only gives no hint of the cessation of this punishment1 but declares in the strongest terms its endlessness4 ,the second form of the annihilation theory seems to have been held by ,justin ,martyr 7,trypho1 ,edinb4 transl47--8,some1 who have appeared worthy of ,god1 never die2 but others are punished so long as ,god wills them to exist and be punished40 ,the soul exists because ,god wills1 and no longer than he wills4 8,whenever it is necessary that the soul should cease to exist1 the spirit of life is removed from it1 and there is no more soul1 but it goes back to the place from which it was taken40 ,schaff1 ,hist4 ,christ4 ,church1 #b3fjh1 #fji--8;,justin ,martyr teaches that the wicked or hopelessly impenitent will be raised at the judgment to receive an eternal punishment4 ,he speaks of it in twelve passages3 #8,we believe that all who live wickedly and do not repent will be punished in eternal fire4' ,such language is inconsistent with the annihilation theory for which ,justin ,martyr has been claimed4 ,he does indeed reject the idea of the independent immortality of the soul1 and hints at the possible final destruction of the wicked2 but he puts that possibility countless ages beyond the final judgment1 so that it loses all practical significance40 ,a modern advocate of this view is ,white1 in his ,life in ,christ4 ,he favors a conditional immortality1 belonging only to those who are joined to ,christ by faith2 but he makes a retributive punishment and pain fall upon the godless1 before their annihilation4 ,the roots of this view lie in a false conception of holiness as a form or manifestation of benevolence1 and of punishment as deterrent and preventive instead of vindicative of righteousness4 ,to the minds of its advocates1 extinction of being is a comparative blessing2 and they1 for this reason1 prefer it to the common view4 ,see ,whiton1 ,is ,eternal ,punishment ,endless8 ,a view similar to that which we are opposing is found in ,henry ,drummond1 ,natural ,law in the ,spiritual ,world4 ,evil is punished by its own increase4 ,drummond1 however1 leaves no room for future life or for future judgment in the case of the unregenerate4 ,see reviews of ,drummond1 in ,watts1 ,new ,apologetic1 #ccb2 and in ,murphy1 ,nat4 ,selection and ,spir4 ,freedom1 #aiba1 #ggabd4 ,while ,drummond is an annihilationist1 ,murphy is a restorationist4 ,more rational and ,scriptural than either of these is the saying of ,tower3 8,sin is ,god's foe4 ,he does not annihilate it1 but he makes it the means of displaying his holiness2 as the ,romans did not slay their captured enemies1 but made them their servants40 ,the terms and 1 which we have still to consider1 afford additional ,scripture testimony against annihilation4 ,see also the argument from the divine justice1 pages #ajdfajea2 article on the ,doctrine of ,extinction1 in ,new ,englander1 ,march1 #ahgi3bjabbd2 ,hovey1 ,manual of ,theology and ,ethics1 #aecafh2 ,j4 ,s4 ,barlow1 ,endless ,being2 ,w4 ,h4 ,robinson1 on ,conditional ,immortality1 in ,report of ,baptist ,congress for #ahhf4 ,since neither one of these two forms of the annihilation theory is ,scriptural or rational1 we avail ourselves of the evolutionary hypothesis as throwing light upon the problem4 ,death is not degeneracy ending in extinction1 nor punishment ending in extinction1--it is atavism that returns1 or tends to return1 to the animal type4 ,as moral development is from the brute to man1 so abnormal development is from man to the brute4 ,lord ,byron3 8,all suffering doth destroy1 or is destroyed40 ,this is true1 not of man's being1 but of his well being4 ,ribot1 ,diseases of the ,will1 #aae--8;,dissolution pursues a regressive course from the more voluntary and more complex to the less voluntary and more simple1 that is to say1 toward the automatic4 ,one of the first signs of mental impairment is incapacity for sustained attention4 ,unity1 stability1 power1 have ceased1 and the end is extinction of the will40 ,we prefer to say1 loss of the freedom of the will4 ,on the principle of evolution1 abuse of freedom may result in reversion to the brute1 annihilation not of existence but of higher manhood1 punishment from within rather than from without1 eternal penalty in the shape of eternal loss4 ,mat4 #bd3ac--8;he that endureth to the end1 the same shall be saved0--has for its parallel passage ,luke #ba3ai--8;,in your patience ye shall win your souls10 i4 e41 shall by free will get possession of your own being4 ,losing one's soul is just the opposite1 namely1 losing one's free will1 by disuse renouncing freedom1 becoming a victim of habit1 nature1 circumstance1 and this is the cutting off and annihilation of true manhood4 8,to be in hell is to drift2 to be in heaven is to steer0 7,bernard ,shaw74 ,in ,john #ae3b ,christ says of all men--the natural branches of the vine--8,every branch in me that beareth not fruit1 he taketh it away02 ,ps4 #di3bj--8,man that is in honor1 and understandeth not1 ,is like the beasts that perish02 ,rev4 #bb3ae--8,without are the dogs40 ,in heathen fable men were turned into beasts1 and even into trees4 ,the story of ,circe is a parable of human fate1--men may become apes1 tigers1 or swine4 ,they may lose their higher powers of consciousness and will4 ,by perpetual degradation they may suffer eternal punishment4 ,all life that is worthy of the name may cease1 while still existence of a low animal type is prolonged4 ,we see precisely these results of sin in this world4 ,we have reason to believe that the same laws of development will operate in the world to come4 ,mc,connell1 ,evolution of ,immortality1 #heie1 #ii1 #abd1 #ahj--8;,immortality1 or survival after death1 depends upon man's freeing himself from the law which sweeps away the many1 and becoming an individual 7indivisible7 that is fit to survive4 ,the individual must become stronger than the species4 ,by using will aright1 he lays hold of the infinite ,life1 and becomes one who1 like ,christ1 has #8life in himself' 7,john #e3bf74 ,gravitation and chemical affinity had their way in the universe until they were arrested and turned about in the interest of life4 ,overproduction1 death1 and the survival of the fittest1 had their ruthless sway until they were reversed in the interest of affection4 ,the supremacy of the race at the expense of the individual we may expect to continue until something in the individual comes to be of more importance than that law1 and no longer4444 ,goodness can arrest and turn back for nations the primal law of growth1 vigor1 and decline4 ,is it too much to believe that it may do the same for an individual man8444 ,life is a thing to be achieved4 ,at every step there are a thousand candidates who fail1 for one that attains4444 ,until moral sensibility becomes selfconscious1 all question of personal immortality becomes irrelevant1 because there is1 accurately speaking1 no personality to be immortal4 ,up to that point the individual living creature1 whether in human form or not1 falls short of that essential personality for which eternal life can have any meaning40 ,but how about children who never come to moral consciousness8 ,mc,connell appeals to heredity4 ,the child of one who has himself achieved immortality may also prove to be immortal4 ,but is there no chance for the children of sinners8 ,the doctrine of ,mc,connell leans toward the true solution1 but it is vitiated by the belief that individuality is a transient gift which only goodness can make permanent4 ,we hold on the other hand that this gift of ,god is 8without repentance0 7,rom4 #aa3bi71 and that no human being can lose life1 except in the sense of losing all that makes life desirable4 ,b4 ,punishment after death excludes new probation and ultimate restoration of the wicked4 ,some have maintained the ultimate restoration of all human beings1 by appeal to such passages as the following3 ,mat4 #ai3bh2 ,acts #c3ba2 ,eph4 #a3i1 #aj4 ,mat4 #ai3bh--8;in the regeneration when the ,son of man shall sit on the throne of his glory02 ,acts #c3ba--;,jesus1 8whom the heaven must receive until the times of restoration of all things02 #a ,cor4 #ae3bf--8,the last enemy that shall be abolished is death02 ,eph4 #a3i1 #aj--8;according to his good pleasure which he purposed in him unto a dispensation of the fulness of the times1 to sum up all things in ,christ1 the things in the heavens1 and the things upon the earth02 ,phil4 #b3aj1 #aa--8that in the name of ,jesus every knee should bow1 of things in heaven and things on earth and things under the earth1 and that every tongue should confess that ,jesus ,christ is ,lord1 to the glory of ,god the ,father02 #b ,pet4 #c3i1 #ac--8not wishing that any should perish1 but that all should come to repentance 444 ,but1 according to his promise1 we look for new heavens and a new earth1 wherein dwelleth righteousness40 ,robert ,browning3 8,that ,god1 by ,god's own ways occult1 ,may--doth1 ,i will believe--bring back ,all wanderers to a single track40 ,b4 ,w4 ,lockhart3 8,i must believe that evil is essentially transient and mortal1 or alter my predicates of ,god4 ,and ,i must believe in the ultimate extinction of that personality whom the power of ,god cannot sometime win to goodness4 ,the only alternative is the termination of a wicked life either through redemption or through extinction40 ,mulford1 ,republic of ,god1 claims that the soul's state cannot be fixed by any event1 such as death1 outside of itself4 ,if it could1 the soul would exist1 not under a moral government1 but under fate1 and ,god himself would be only another name for fate4 ,the soul carries its fate1 under ,god1 in its power of choice2 and who dares to say that this power to choose the good ceases at death8 ,for advocacy of a second probation for those who have not consciously rejected ,christ in this life1 see ,newman ,smyth's edition of ,dorner's ,eschatology4 ,for the theory of restoration1 see ,farrar1 ,eternal ,hope2 ,birks1 ,victory of ,divine ,goodness2 ,jukes1 ,restitution of ,all ,things2 ,delitzsch1 ,bib4 ,psychologie1 #dfidgf2 ,robert ,browning1 ,apparent ,failure2 ,tennyson1 ,in ,memoriam1 liv4 ,per contra1 see ,hovey1 ,bib4 ,eschatology1 #ieadd4 ,see also1 ,griffith,jones1 ,ascent through ,christ1 #djfddj4 7a7 ,these passages1 as obscure1 are to be interpreted in the light of those plainer ones which we have already cited4 ,thus interpreted1 they foretell only the absolute triumph of the divine kingdom1 and the subjection of all evil to ,god4 ,the true interpretation of the passages above mentioned is indicated in ,meyer's note on ,eph4 #a3i1 #aj--this namely1 that 8the allusion is not to the restoration of fallen individuals1 but to the restoration of universal harmony1 implying that the wicked are to be excluded from the kingdom of ,god40 ,that there is no allusion to a probation after this life1 is clear from ,luke #af3aica--the parable of the rich man and ,lazarus4 ,here penalty is inflicted for the sins done 8in thy lifetime0 7v4 #be72 this penalty is unchangeable--8there is a great gulf fixed0 7v4 #bf72 the rich man asks favors for his brethren who still live on the earth1 but none for himself 7v4 #bg1 #bh74 ,john #e3bebi--8,the hour cometh1 and now is1 when the dead shall hear the voice of the ,son of ,god2 and they that hear shall live4 ,for as the ,father hath life in himself1 even so gave he to the ,son also to have life in himself3 and he gave him authority to execute judgment1 because he is a son of man4 ,marvel not at this3 for the hour cometh1 in which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice1 and shall come forth2 they that have done good1 unto the resurrection of life2 and they that have done evil1 until the resurrection of judgment0--here it is declared that1 while for those who have done good there is a resurrection of life1 there is for those who have done ill only a resurrection of judgment4 ,john #h3ba1 #bd--8shall die in your sin3 whither ,i go1 ye cannot come 444 except ye believe that ,i am he1 ye shall die in your sins0--sayings which indicate finality in the decisions of this life4 ,orr1 ,christian ,view of ,god and the ,world1 #bdc--8,scripture invariably represents the judgment as proceeding on the data of this life1 and it concentrates every ray of appeal into the present40 ,john #i3d--8,we must work the works of him that sent me1 while it is day3 the night cometh when no man can work0--intimates that there is no opportunity to secure salvation after death4 ,the ,christian hymn writer has caught the meaning of ,scripture1 when he says of those who have passed through the gate of death3 8,fixed in an eternal state1 ,they have done with all below2 ,we a little longer wait2 ,but how little1 none can know40 7b7 ,a second probation is not needed to vindicate the justice or the love of ,god1 since ,christ1 the immanent ,god1 is already in this world present with every human soul1 quickening the conscience1 giving to each man his opportunity1 and making every decision between right and wrong a true probation4 ,in choosing evil against their better judgment even the heathen unconsciously reject ,christ4 ,infants and idiots1 as they have not consciously sinned1 are1 as we may believe1 saved at death by having ,christ revealed to them and by the regenerating influence of his ,spirit4 ,rom4 #a3ahbh--there is probation under the light of nature as well as under the gospel1 and under the law of nature as well as under the gospel men may be given up 8unto a reprobate mind02 #b3faf--;,gentiles shall be judged1 not by the gospel1 but by the law of nature1 and shall 8perish without the law 444 in the day when ,god shall judge the secrets of men40 #b ,cor4 #e3aj--8;,for we must all be made manifest before the judgmentseat of ,christ2 not that each may have a new opportunity to secure salvation1 but that each one may receive the things done in the body1 according to what he hath done1 whether it be good or bad02 ,heb4 #f3h--8whose end is to be burned0--not to be quickened again2 #i3bg--8;,and inasmuch as it is appointed unto men once to die1 and after this cometh not a second probation1 but judgment40 ,luckock1 ,intermediate ,state1 #bb--8;,in ,heb4 #i3bg1 the word #8judgment' has no article4 ,the judgment alluded to is not the final or general judgment1 but only that by which the place of the soul is determined in the ,intermediate ,state40 ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #bdc--8;,in ,mat4 #be1 our ,lord gives a pictorial representation of the judgment of the heathen4 ,all nations--all the ,gentiles--are gathered before the ,king2 and their destiny is determined1 not by their conscious acceptance or rejection of the historical ,savior1 but by their unconscious acceptance or rejection of him in the persons of those who needed services of love4444 ,this does not square with the idea of a future probation4 ,it rather tells us plainly that men may do things of final and decisive import in this life1 even if ,christ is unknown to them4444 ,the real argument against future probation is that it depreciates the present life1 and denies the infinite significance that1 under all conditions1 essentially and inevitably belongs to the actions of a selfconscious moral being4 ,a type of will may be in process of formation1 even in a heathen man1 on which eternal issues depend4444 ,second probation lowers the moral tone of the spirit4 ,the present life acquires a relative unimportance4 ,i dare not say that if ,i forfeit the opportunity the present life gives me ,i shall ever have another1 and therefore ,i dare not say so to another man40 ,for an able review of the ,scripture testimony against a second probation1 see ,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 ,relation of ,death to ,probation1 iv4 ,emerson1 the most recent advocate of restorationism1 in his ,doctrine of ,probation ,examined1 #db1 is able to evade these latter passages only by assuming that they are to be spiritually interpreted1 and that there is to be no literal outward day of judgment--an error which we have previously discussed and refuted1--see pages #ajbd1 #ajbe4 7c7 ,the advocates of universal restoration are commonly the most strenuous defenders of the inalienable freedom of the human will to make choices contrary to its past character and to all the motives which are or can be brought to bear upon it4 ,as a matter of fact1 we find in this world that men choose sin in spite of infinite motives to the contrary4 ,upon the theory of human freedom just mentioned1 no motives which ,god can use will certainly accomplish the salvation of all moral creatures4 ,the soul which resists ,christ here may resist him forever4 ,emerson1 in the book just referred to1 says3 8,the truth that sin is in its permanent essence a free choice1 however for a time it may be held in mechanical combination with the notion of moral opportunity arbitrarily closed1 can never mingle with it1 and must in the logical outcome permanently cast it off4 ,scripture presumes and teaches the constant capability of souls to obey as well as to be disobedient40 ,emerson is correct4 ,if the doctrine of the unlimited ability of the human will be a true one1 then restoration in the future world is possible4 ,clement and ,origen founded on this theory of will their denial of future punishment4 ,if will be essentially the power of contrary choice1 and if will may act independently of all character and motive1 there can be no objective certainty that the lost will remain sinful4 ,in short1 there can be no finality1 even to ,god's allotments1 nor is any last judgment possible4 ,upon this view1 regeneration and conversion are as possible at any time in the future as they are today4 ,but those who hold to this defective philosophy of the will should remember that unlimited freedom is unlimited freedom to sin1 as well as unlimited freedom to turn to ,god4 ,if restoration is possible1 endless persistence in evil is possible also2 and this last the ,scripture predicts4 ,whittier3 8,what if thine eye refuse to see1 ,thine ear of heaven's free welcome fail1 ,and thou a willing captive be1 ,thyself thine own dark jail80 ,swedenborg says that the man who obstinately refuses the inheritance of the sons of ,god is allowed the pleasures of the beast1 and enjoys in his own low way the hell to which he has confined himself4 ,every occupant of hell prefers it to heaven4 ,dante1 ,hell1 iv--8,all here together come from every clime1 ,and to o'erpass the river are not loth1 ,for so heaven's justice goads them on1 that fear ,is turned into desire4 ,hence never passed good spirit40 ,the lost are ,heautoutimoroumenoi1 or selftormentors1 to adopt the title of ,terence's play4 ,see ,whedon1 in ,meth4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahhd2 ,robbins1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 #ahha3dfjejg4 ,denney1 ,studies in ,theology1 #bee--8,the very conception of human freedom involves the possibility of its permanent misuse1 or of what our ,lord himself calls #8eternal sin' 7,mark #c3bi740 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3fii--8,origen's restorationism grew naturally out of his view of human liberty0--the liberty of indifference--8endless alternations of falls and recoveries1 of hells and heavens2 so that practically he taught nothing but a hell40 ,j4 ,c4 ,adams1 ,the ,leisure of ,god3 8,it is lame logic to maintain the inviolable freedom of the will1 and at the same time insist that ,god can1 through his ample power1 through protracted punishment1 bring the soul into a disposition which it does not wish to feel4 ,there is no compulsory holiness possible4 ,in our ,civil ,war there was some talk of #8compelling men to volunteer1' but the idea was soon seen to involve a selfcontradiction40 7d7 ,upon the more correct view of the will which we have advocated1 the case is more hopeless still4 ,upon this view1 the sinful soul1 in its very sinning1 gives to itself a sinful bent of intellect1 affection1 and will2 in other words1 makes for itself a character1 which1 though it does not render necessary1 yet does render certain1 apart from divine grace1 the continuance of sinful action4 ,in itself it finds a selfformed motive to evil strong enough to prevail over all inducements to holiness which ,god sees it wise to bring to bear4 ,it is in the next world1 indeed1 subjected to suffering4 ,but suffering has in itself no reforming power4 ,unless accompanied by special renewing influences of the ,holy ,spirit1 it only hardens and embitters the soul4 ,we have no ,scripture evidence that such influences of the ,spirit are exerted1 after death1 upon the still impenitent2 but abundant evidence1 on the contrary1 that the moral condition in which death finds men is their condition forever4 ,see ,bushnell's 8,one ,trial ,better than ,many10 in ,sermons on ,living ,subjects2 also see his ,forgiveness and ,law1 #adf1 #adg4 ,bushnell argues that ,god would give us fifty trials1 if that would do us good4 ,but there is no possibility of such result4 ,the first decision adverse to ,god renders it more difficult to make a right decision upon the next opportunity4 ,character tends to fixity1 and each new opportunity may only harden the heart and increase its guilt and condemnation4 ,we should have no better chance of salvation if our lives were lengthened to the term of the sinners before the flood4 ,mere suffering does not convert the soul2 see ,martineau1 ,study1 #b3ajj4 ,a life of pain did not make ,blanco ,white a believer2 see ,mozley1 ,hist4 and ,theol4 ,essays1 vol4 #b1 essay #a4 ,edward ,a4 ,lawrence1 ,does ,everlasting ,punishment ,last ,forever8--8,if the deeds of the law do not justify here1 how can the penalties of the law hereafter8 ,the pain from a broken limb does nothing to mend the break1 and the suffering from disease does nothing to cure it4 ,penalty pays no debts1--it only shows the outstanding and unsettled accounts40 ,if the will does not act without motive1 then it is certain that without motives men will never repent4 ,to an impenitent and rebellious sinner the motive must come1 not from within1 but from without4 ,such motives ,god presents by his ,spirit in this life2 but when this life ends and ,god's ,spirit is withdrawn1 no motives to repentance will be presented4 ,the soul's dislike for ,god will issue only in complaint and resistance4 ,shakespeare1 ,hamlet1 #c3d--8,try what repentance can8 what can it not8 ,yet what can it1 when one cannot repent80 ,marlowe1 ,faustus3 8,hell hath no limits1 nor is circumscribed ,in one self place2 for where we are is hell1 ,and where hell is1 there we must ever be40 ,the pressure of the atmosphere without is counteracted by the resistance of the atmosphere within the body4 ,so ,god's life within is the only thing that can enable us to bear ,god's afflictive dispensations without4 ,without ,god's ,spirit to inspire repentance the wicked man in this world never feels sorrow for his deeds1 except as he realizes their evil consequences4 ,physical anguish and punishment inspire hatred1 not of sin1 but of the effects of sin4 ,the remorse of ,judas induced confession1 but not true repentance4 ,so in the next world punishment will secure recognition of ,god and of his justice1 on the part of the transgressor1 but it will not regenerate or save4 ,the penalties of the future life will be no more effectual to reform the sinner than were the invitations of ,christ and the strivings of the ,holy ,spirit in the present life4 ,the transientness of good resolves which are forced out of us by suffering is illustrated by the old couplet3 8,the devil was sick1--the devil a monk would be2 ,the devil got well1--the devil a monk was he40 ,charles ,g4 ,sewall3 8,paul ,lester ,ford1 the novelist1 was murdered by his brother ,malcolm1 because the father of the two brothers had disinherited the one who committed the crime4 ,has ,god the right to disinherit any one of his children8 ,we answer that ,god disinherits no one4 ,each man decides for himself whether he will accept the inheritance4 ,it is a matter of character4 ,a father cannot give his son an education4 ,the son may play truant and throw away his opportunity4 ,the prodigal son disinherited himself4 ,heaven is not a place1--it is a way of living1 a condition of being4 ,if you have a musical ear1 ,i will admit you to a lovely concert4 ,if you have not a musical ear1 ,i may give you a reserved seat and you will hear no melody4 ,some men fail of salvation because they have no taste for it and will not have it40 ,the laws of ,god's universe are closing in upon the impenitent sinner1 as the iron walls of the medival prison closed in night by night upon the victim1--each morning there was one window less1 and the dungeon came to be a coffin4 ,in ,jean ,ingelow's poem 8,divided10 two friends1 parted by a little rivulet across which they could clasp hands1 walk on in the direction in which the stream is flowing1 till the rivulet becomes a brook1 and the brook a river1 and the river an arm of the sea across which no voice can be heard and there is no passing4 ,by constant neglect to use our opportunity1 we lose the power to cross from sin to righteousness1 until between the soul and ,god 8there is a great gulf fixed0 7,luke #af3bf74 ,john ,g4 ,whittier wrote within a twelvemonth of his death3 8,i do believe that we take with us into the next world the same freedom of will we have here1 and that there1 as here1 he that turns to the ,lord will find mercy2 that ,god never ceases to follow his creatures with love1 and is always ready to hear the prayer of the penitent4 ,but ,i also believe that now is the accepted time1 and that he who dallies with sin may find the chains of evil habit too strong to break in this world or the other40 ,and the following is the ,quaker poet's verse3 8,though ,god be good and free be heaven1 ,not force divine can love compel2 ,and though the song of sins forgiven ,might sound through lowest hell1 ,the sweet persuasion of his voice ,respects the sanctity of will4 ,he giveth day2 thou hast thy choice ,to walk in darkness still40 ,longfellow1 ,masque of ,pandora3 8,never by lapse of time ,the soul defaced by crime ,into its former self returns again2 ,for every guilty deed ,holds in itself the seed ,of retribution and undying pain4 ,never shall be the loss ,restored1 till ,helios ,hath purified them with his heavenly fires2 ,then what was lost is won1 ,and the new life begun1 ,kindled with nobler passions and desires40 ,seth1 ,freedom as ,ethical ,postulate1 #db--8;,faust's selling his soul to ,mephistopheles1 and signing the contract with his life's blood1 is no single transaction1 done deliberately1 on one occasion2 rather1 that is the lurid meaning of a life which consists of innumerable individual acts1--the life of evil means that40 ,see ,john ,caird1 ,fundamental ,ideas of ,christianity1 #b3hh2 ,crane1 ,religion of ,to morrow1 #cae4 7e7 ,the declaration as to ,judas1 in ,mat4 #bf3bd1 could not be true upon the hypothesis of a final restoration4 ,if at any time1 even after the lapse of ages1 ,judas be redeemed1 his subsequent infinite duration of blessedness must outweigh all the finite suffering through which he has passed4 ,the ,scripture statement that 8good were it for that man if he had not been born0 must be regarded as a refutation of the theory of universal restoration4 ,mat4 #bf3bd--8,the ,son of man goeth1 even as it is written of him3 but woe unto that man through whom the ,son of man is betrayed6 good were it for that man if he had not been born40 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 ,relation of ,death to ,probation3 8,as ,christ of old healed only those who came or were brought to him1 so now he waits for the coperation of human agency4 ,god has limited himself to an orderly method in human salvation4 ,the consuming missionary zeal of the apostles and the early church shows that they believed the decisions of this life to be final decisions4 ,the early church not only thought the heathen world would perish without the gospel1 but they found a conscience in the heathen answering to this belief4 ,the solicitude drawn out by this responsibility for our fellows may be one means of securing the moral stability of the future4 ,what is bound on earth is bound in heaven2 else why not pray for the wicked dead80 ,it is certainly a remarkable fact1 if this theory be true1 that we have in ,scripture not a single instance of prayer for the dead4 ,the apocryphal #b ,maccabees #ab3ci sq4 gives an instance of ,jewish prayer for the dead4 ,certain who were slain had concealed under their coats things consecrated to idols4 ,judas and his host therefore prayed that this sin might be forgiven to the slain1 and they contributed #b1jjj drachmas of silver to send a sin offering for them to ,jerusalem4 ,so modern ,jews pray for the dead2 see ,luckock1 ,after ,death1 #edff--;an argument for such prayer4 ,john ,wesley1 ,works1 #i3ee1 maintains the legality of prayer for the dead4 ,still it is true that we have no instance of such prayer in canonical ,scriptures4 ,ps4 #acb3a--8;,jehovah1 remember for ,david ,all his affliction0--is not a prayer for the dead1 but signifies3 8,remember for ,david01 so as to fulfil thy promise to him1 8all his anxious cares0--with regard to the building of the temple2 the psalm having been composed1 in all probability1 for the temple dedication4 ,paul prays that ,god will 8grant mercy to the house of ,onesiphorus0 7#b ,tim4 #a3af71 from which it has been unwarrantably inferred that ,onesiphorus was dead at the time of the apostle's writing2 but ,paul's further prayer in verse #ah--8the ,lord grant unto him to find mercy of the ,lord in that day0--seems rather to point to the death of ,onesiphorus as yet in the future4 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3gae note--8,many of the arguments constructed against the doctrine of endless punishment proceed upon the supposition that original sin1 or man's evil inclination1 is the work of ,god3 that because man is born in sin 7,ps4 #ea3e71 he was created in sin4 ,all the strength and plausibility of ,john ,foster's celebrated letter lies in the assumption that the moral corruption and impotence of the sinner1 whereby it is impossible to save himself from eternal death1 is not self originated and selfdetermined1 but infused by his ,maker4 #8,if1' says he1 #8the very nature of man1 as created by the ,sovereign ,power1 be in such desperate disorder that there is no possibility of conversion or salvation except in instances where that ,power interposes with a special and redeeming efficacy1 how can we conceive that the main portion of the race1 thus morally impotent 7that is1 really and absolutely impotent71 will be eternally punished for the inevitable result of this moral impotence8' ,if this assumption of concreated depravity and impotence is correct1 ,foster's objection to eternal retribution is conclusive and fatal4444 ,endless punishment supposes the freedom of the human will1 and is impossible without it4 ,selfdetermination runs parallel with hell40 ,the theory of a second probation1 as recently advocated1 is not only a logical result of that defective view of the will already mentioned1 but it is also in part a consequence of denying the old orthodox and ,pauline doctrine of the organic unity of the race in ,adam's first transgression4 ,new ,school ,theology has been inclined to deride the notion of a fair probation of humanity in our first father1 and of a common sin and guilt of mankind in him4 ,it cannot find what it regards as a fair probation for each individual since that first sin2 and the conclusion is easy that there must be such a fair probation for each individual in the world to come4 ,but we may advise those who take this view to return to the old theology4 ,grant a fair probation for the whole race already passed1 and the condition of mankind is no longer that of mere unfortunates unjustly circumstanced1 but rather that of beings guilty and condemned1 to whom present opportunity1 and even present existence1 is a matter of pure grace1--much more the general provision of a salvation1 and the offer of it to any human soul4 ,this world is already a place of second probation2 and since the second probation is due wholly to ,god's mercy1 no probation after death is needed to vindicate either the justice or the goodness of ,god4 ,see ,kellogg1 in ,presb4 ,rev41 ,april1 #ahhe3bbfbef2 ,cremer1 ,beyond the ,grave1 preface by ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 xxxvi sq42 ,e4 ,d4 ,morris1 ,is ,there ,salvation ,after ,death8 ,a4 ,h4 ,strong1 on ,the ,new ,theology1 in ,bap4 ,quar4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahhh1--reprinted in ,philosophy and ,religion1 #afdagi4 ,c4 ,scripture declares this future punishment of the wicked to be eternal4 ,it does this by its use of the terms 1 4--,some1 however1 maintain that these terms do not necessarily imply eternal duration4 ,we reply3 7a7 ,it must be conceded that these words do not etymologically necessitate the idea of eternity2 and that1 as expressing the idea of 8agelong10 they are sometimes used in a limited or rhetorical sense4 #b ,tim4 #a3i--8;his own purpose and grace1 which was given us in ,christ ,jesus before times eternal0--but the past duration of the world is limited2 ,heb4 #i3bf--8now once at the end of the ages hath he been manifested0--here the have an end2 ,tit4 #a3b--8;eternal life 444 promised before times eternal02 but here there may be a reference to the eternal covenant of the ,father with the ,son2 ,jer4 #ca3c--8;,i have loved thee with an everlasting love0 a love which antedated time2 ,rom4 #af3be1 #bf--8the mystery which hath been kept in silence through times eternal 444 according to the commandment of the eternal ,god0--here 8eternal0 is used in the same verse in two senses4 ,it is argued that in ,mat4 #be3df--8these shall go away into eternal punishment0--the word 8eternal0 may be used in the narrower sense4 ,arthur ,chambers1 ,our ,life after ,death1 #bbbbcf--8;,in ,mat4 #ac3ci--#8the harvest is the end of the 1' and in #b ,tim4 #d3aj--#8;,demas forsook me1 having loved this present '--the word clearly implies limitation of time4 ,why not take the word in this sense in ,mark #c3bi--#8;hath never forgiveness1 but is guilty of an eternal sin'8 ,we must not translate by #8world1' and so express limitation1 while we translate by #8eternal1' and so express endlessness which excludes limitation2 cf4 ,gen4 #ac3ae--#8;all the land which thou seest1 to thee will ,i give it1 and to thy seed forever'2 ,num4 #be3ac--#8;it shall be unto him ,phinehas1 and to his seed after him1 the covenant of an everlasting priesthood'2 ,josh4 #bd3b--#8your fathers dwelt of old time from eternity beyond the ,river'2 ,deut4 #bc3c--#8;,an ,ammonite or a ,moabite shall not enter 444 into the assembly of ,jehovah for ever'2 ,ps4 #bd3g1 #h--#8;be ye lifted up1 ye everlasting doors4' 0 7b7 ,they do1 however1 express the longest possible duration of which the subject to which they are attributed is capable2 so that1 if the soul is immortal1 its punishment must be without end4 ,gen4 #di3bf--8the everlasting hills02 #ag3h1 #ac--8;,i will give unto thee 444 all the land of ,canaan1 for an everlasting possession 444 my covenant of circumcision shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant02 ,ex4 #ba3f--8;he the slave shall serve him his master for ever02 #b ,chron4 #f3b--8;,but ,i have built thee an house of habitation1 and a place for thee to dwell in for ever0--of the temple at ,jerusalem2 ,jude #f1 #g--8;angels 444 he hath kept in everlasting bonds under darkness unto the judgment of the great day4 ,even as ,sodom and ,gomorrah 444 are set forth as an example1 suffering the punishment of eternal fire0--here in ,jude #f1 bonds which endure only to the judgment day are called 7the same word which is used in ,rom4 #a3bj--8;his everlasting power and divinity071 and fire which lasts only till ,sodom and ,gomorrah are consumed is called 4 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3fhg--8,to hold land forever is to hold it as long as grass grows and water runs1 i4 e41 as long as this world or on endures40 ,in all the passages cited above1 the condition denoted by lasts as long as the object endures of which it is predicated4 ,but we have seen 7pages #ihbiih7 that physical death is not the end of man's existence1 and that the soul1 made in the image of ,god1 is immortal4 ,a punishment1 therefore1 that lasts as long as the soul1 must be an everlasting punishment4 ,another interpretation of the passages in ,jude is1 however1 entirely possible4 ,it is maintained by many that the 8everlasting bonds0 of the fallen angels do not cease at the judgment1 and that ,sodom and ,gomorrah suffer 8the punishment of eternal fire0 in the sense that their condemnation at the judgment will be a continuation of that begun in the time of ,lot 7see ,mat4 #aj3ae--8;,it shall be more tolerable for the land of ,sodom and ,gomorrah in the day of judgment1 than for that city074 7c7 ,if1 when used to describe the future punishment of the wicked1 they do not declare the endlessness of that punishment1 there are no words in the ,greek language which could express that meaning4 ,c4 ,f4 ,wright1 ,relation of ,death to ,probation3 8,the ,bible writers speak of eternity in terms of time1 and make the impression more vivid by reduplicating the longest timewords they had e4 g41 #8unto the ages of the ages'4 ,plato contrasts and 1 as we do time and eternity1 and ,aristotle says that eternity belongs to ,god4444 ,the ,scriptures have taught the doctrine of eternal punishment as clearly as their general style allows40 ,the destiny of lost men is bound up with the destiny of evil angels in ,mat4 #be3da--8;,depart from me1 ye cursed1 into the eternal fire which is prepared for the devil and his angels40 ,if the latter are hopelessly lost1 then the former are hopelessly lost also4 7d7 ,in the great majority of ,scripture passages where they occur1 they have unmistakably the signification 8everlasting40 ,they are used to express the eternal duration of ,god1 the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit 7,rom4 #af3bf2 #a ,tim4 #a3ag2 ,heb4 #i3ad2 ,rev4 #a3ah72 the abiding presence of the ,holy ,spirit with all true believers 7,john #ad3ag72 and the endlessness of the future happiness of the saints 7,mat4 #ai3bi2 ,john #f3ed1 #eh2 #b ,cor4 #i3i74 ,rom4 #af3bf--8the commandment of the eternal ,god02 #a ,tim4 #a3ag--8,now unto the ,king eternal1 incorruptible1 invisible1 the only ,god1 be honor and glory for ever and ever02 ,heb4 #i3ad--8the eternal ,spirit02 ,rev4 #a3ag1 #ah--8;,i am the first and the last1 and the ,living one2 and ,i was dead1 and behold1 ,i am alive for evermore02 ,john #ad3af1 #ag--8;,and ,i will pray the ,father1 and he shall give you another ,comforter1 that he may be with you for ever1 even the ,spirit of truth02 ,mat4 #ai3bi--8;every one that hath left houses1 or brethren1 or sisters 444 for my name's sake1 shall receive a hundredfold1 and shall inherit eternal life02 ,john #f3ed1 #eh--8;,he that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood hath eternal life4444 he that eateth this bread shall live for ever02 #b ,cor4 #i3i--8;,his righteousness abideth for ever02 cf4 ,dan4 #g3ah--8;,but the saints of the ,most ,high shall receive the kingdom1 and possess the kingdom for ever1 even for ever and ever40 ,everlasting punishment is sometimes said to be the punishment which takes place in1 and belongs to1 an 1 with no reference to duration4 ,but ,president ,woolsey declares1 on the other hand1 that 8 cannot denote #8pertaining to an 1 or world period4' 0 ,the punishment of the wicked cannot cease1 any more than ,christ can cease to live1 or the ,holy ,spirit to abide with believers2 for all these are described in the same terms2 8 is used in the ,n4 ,t4 #ff times1--#ea times of the happiness of the righteous1 #b times of the duration of ,god and his glory1 #f times where there is no doubt as to its meaning #8eternal1' #g times of the punishment of the wicked2 is used #ie times1--#ee times of unlimited duration1 #ca times of duration that has limits1 #i times to denote the duration of future punishment40 ,see ,joseph ,angus1 in ,expositor1 ,oct4 #ahhg3bgdbhf4 7e7 ,the fact that the same word is used in ,mat4 #be3df to describe both the sufferings of the wicked and the happiness of the righteous shows that the misery of the lost is eternal1 in the same sense as the life of ,god or the blessedness of the saved4 ,mat4 #be3df--8;,and these shall go away into eternal punishment3 but the righteous into eternal life40 ,on this passage see ,meyer3 8,the absolute idea of eternity1 in respect to the punishments of hell1 is not to be set aside1 either by an appeal to the popular use of 1 or by an appeal to the figurative term #8fire'2 to the incompatibility of the idea of the eternal with that of moral evil and its punishment1 or to the warning design of the representation2 but it stands fast exegetically1 by means of the contrasted 1 which signifies the endless ,messianic life40 7f7 ,other descriptions of the condemnation and suffering of the lost1 excluding1 as they do1 all hope of repentance or forgiveness1 render it certain that and 1 in the passages referred to1 describe a punishment that is without end4 ,mat4 #ab3ca1 #cb--8;,every sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men2 but the blasphemy against the ,spirit shall not be forgiven4444 it shall not be forgiven him1 neither in this world1 nor in that which is to come02 #be3aj--8;and the door was shut02 ,mark #c3bi--8whosoever shall blaspheme against the ,holy ,spirit hath never forgiveness1 but is guilty of an eternal sin02 #i3dc1 #dh--8to go into hell1 into the unquenchable fire 444 where their worm dieth not1 and the fire is not quenched0--not the dying worm but the undying worm2 not the fire that is quenched1 but the fire that is unquenchable2 ,luke #c3ag--8the chaff he will burn up with unquenchable fire02 #af3bf--8;between us and you there is a great gulf fixed1 that they that would pass from hence to you may not be able1 and that none may cross over from thence to us02 ,john #c3cf--8;he that obeyeth not the ,son shall not see life1 but the wrath of ,god abideth on him40 ,review of ,farrar's ,eternal ,hope1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 ,oct4 #ahgh3ghb--8,the original meaning of the ,english word #8hell' and #8damn' was precisely that of the ,greek words for which they stand4 ,their present meaning is widely different1 but from what did it arise8 ,it arose from the connotation imposed upon these words by the impression the ,scriptures made on the popular mind4 ,the present meaning of these words is involved in the ,scripture1 and cannot be removed by any mechanical process4 ,change the words1 and in a few years #8judge' will have in the ,bible the same force that #8damn' has at present4 ,in fact1 the words were not mistranslated1 but the connotation of which ,dr4 ,farrar complains has come upon them since1 and that through the ,scriptures4 ,this proves what the general impression of ,scripture upon the mind is1 and shows how far ,dr4 ,farrar has gone astray40 7g7 ,while1 therefore1 we grant that we do not know the nature of eternity1 or its relation to time1 we maintain that the ,scripture representations of future punishment forbid both the hypothesis of annihilation1 and the hypothesis that suffering will end in restoration4 ,whatever eternity may be1 ,scripture renders it certain that after death there is no forgiveness4 ,we regard the argument against endless punishment drawn from and as a purely verbal one which does not touch the heart of the question at issue4 ,we append several utterances of its advocates4 ,the ,christian ,union3 8,eternal punishment is punishment in eternity1 not throughout eternity2 as temporal punishment is punishment in time1 not throughout time40 ,westcott3 8,eternal life is not an endless duration of being in time1 but being of which time is not a measure4 ,we have indeed no powers to grasp the idea except through forms and images of sense4 ,these must be used1 but we must not transfer them to realities of another order40 ,farrar holds that 1 8everlasting01 which occurs but twice in the ,n4 ,t4 7,rom4 #a3bj and ,jude #f71 is not a synonym of 1 8eternal01 but the direct antithesis of it2 the former being the unrealizable conception of endless time1 and the latter referring to a state from which our imperfect human conception of time is absolutely excluded4 ,whiton1 ,gloria ,patri1 #ade1 claims that the perpetual immanence of ,god in conscience makes recovery possible after death2 yet he speaks of the possibility that in the incorrigible sinner conscience may become extinct4 ,to all these views we may reply with ,schaff1 ,ch4 ,history1 #b3ff--8;,after the general judgment we have nothing revealed but the boundless prospect of onian life and onian death4444 ,everlasting punishment of the wicked always was and always will be the orthodox theory40 ,for the view that and are used in a limited sense1 see ,de ,quincey1 ,theological ,essays1 #a3abfadf2 ,maurice1 ,essays1 #dcf2 ,stanley1 ,life and ,letters1 #a3dhedhh2 ,farrar1 ,eternal ,hope1 #bjj2 ,smyth1 ,orthodox ,theology of ,today1 #aahabc2 ,chambers1 ,life after ,death2 ,whiton1 ,is ,eternal ,punishment ,endless8 ,for the common orthodox view1 see ,fisher and ,tyler1 in ,new ,englander1 ,march1 #ahgh2 ,gould1 in ,bib4 ,sac41 #ahhj3babbdh2 ,princeton ,review1 #ahgc3fbj2 ,shedd1 ,doctrine of ,endless ,punishment1 #abaag2 ,broadus1 ,com4 on ,mat4 #be3de4 ,d4 ,this everlasting punishment of the wicked is not inconsistent with ,god's justice1 but is rather a revelation of that justice4 7a7 ,we have seen in our discussion of ,penalty 7pages #febfef7 that its object is neither reformatory nor deterrent1 but simply vindicatory2 in other words1 that it primarily aims1 not at the good of the offender1 nor at the welfare of society1 but at the vindication of law4 ,we have also seen 7pages #bfi1 #bia7 that justice is not a form of benevolence1 but is the expression and manifestation of ,god's holiness4 ,punishment1 therefore1 as the inevitable and constant reaction of that holiness against its moral opposite1 cannot come to an end until guilt and sin come to an end4 ,the fundamental error of ,universalism is its denial that penalty is vindicatory1 and that justice is distinct from benevolence4 ,see article on ,universalism1 in ,johnson's ,cyclopdia3 8,the punishment of the wicked1 however severe or terrible it may be1 is but a means to a beneficent end2 not revengeful1 but remedial2 not for its own sake1 but for the good of those who suffer its infliction40 ,with this agrees ,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,beecher3 8,i believe that punishment exists1 both here and hereafter2 but it will not continue after it ceases to do good4 ,with a ,god who could give pain for pain's sake1 this world would go out like a candle40 ,but we reply that the doctrine of eternal punishment is not a doctrine of 8pain for pain's sake10 but of pain for holiness' sake4 ,punishment could have no beneficial effect upon the universe1 or even upon the offender1 unless it were just and right in itself4 ,and if just and right in itself1 then the reason for its continuance lies1 not in any benefit to the universe1 or to the sufferer1 to accrue therefrom4 ,f4 ,l4 ,patton1 in ,brit4 and ,for4 ,ev4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #ahgh3abfaci1 on the ,philosophy of ,punishment--8,if the ,universalist's position were true1 we should expect to find some manifestations of love and pity and sympathy in the infliction of the dreadful punishments of the future4 ,we look in vain for this1 however4 ,we read of ,god's anger1 of his judgments1 of his fury1 of his taking vengeance2 but we get no hint1 in any passage which describes the sufferings of the next world1 that they are designed to work the redemption and recovery of the soul4 ,if the punishments of the wicked were chastisements1 we should expect to see some bright outlook in the ,biblepicture of the place of doom4 ,a gleam of light1 one might suppose1 might make its way from the celestial city to this dark abode4 ,the sufferers would catch some sweet refrain of heavenly music which would be a promise and prophecy of a faroff but coming glory4 ,but there is a finality about the ,scripture statements as to the condition of the lost1 which is simply terrible40 ,the reason for punishment lies not in the benevolence1 but in the holiness1 of ,god4 ,that holiness reveals itself in the moral constitution of the universe4 ,it makes itself felt in conscience--imperfectly here1 fully hereafter4 ,the wrong merits punishment4 ,the right binds1 not because it is the expedient1 but because it is the very nature of ,god4 8,but the great ethical significance of this word right will not be known10 7we quote again from ,dr4 ,patton17 8its imperative claims1 its sovereign behests1 its holy and imperious sway over the moral creation will not be understood1 until we witness1 during the lapse of the judgment hours1 the terrible retribution which measures the ill desert of wrong40 ,when ,dr4 ,johnson seemed overfearful as to his future1 ,boswell said to him3 8,think of the mercy of your ,savior40 8,sir10 replied ,johnson1 8my ,savior has said that he will place some on his right hand1 and some on his left40 ,a ,universalist during our ,civil ,war announced his conversion to ,calvinism1 upon the ground that hell was a military necessity4 8,in ,rom4 #ab3ai1 #8vengeance1' 1 means primarily #8vindication4' ,god will show to the sinner and to the universe that the apparent prosperity of evil was a delusion and a snare0 7,crane1 ,religion of ,tomorrow1 #cai note74 ,that strange book1 ,letters from ,hell1 shows how memory may increase our knowledge of past evil deeds1 but may lose the knowledge of ,god's promises4 ,since we retain most perfectly that which has been the subject of most constant thought1 retribution may come to us through the operation of the laws of our own nature4 ,jackson1 ,james ,martineau1 #aicaie--8,plato holds that the wise transgressor will seek1 not shun1 his punishment4 ,james ,martineau painted a fearful picture of the possible lashing of conscience4 ,he regarded suffering for sin1 though dreadful1 yet as altogether desirable1 not to be asked reprieve from1 but to be prayed for3 #8,smite1 ,lord2 for thy mercy's sake1 spare not6' ,the soul denied such suffering is not favored1 but defrauded4 ,it learns the truth of its condition1 and the truth and the right of the universe are vindicated40 ,the ,connecticut preacher said3 8,my friends1 some believe that all will be saved2 but we hope for better things4 ,chaff and wheat are not to be together always4 ,one goes to the garner1 and the other to the furnace40 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3gee--8,luxurious ages and luxurious men recalcitrate at hell1 and #8kick against the goad' 7,acts #bf3ad74 ,no theological doctrine is more important than eternal retribution to those modern nations which1 like ,england1 ,germany and the ,united ,states1 are growing rapidly in riches1 luxury and earthly power4 ,without it1 they will infallibly go down in that vortex of sensuality and wickedness that swallowed up ,babylon and ,rome4 ,the bestial and shameless vice of the dissolute rich that has recently been uncovered in the commercial metropolis of the world is a powerful argument for the necessity and reality of #8the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone' 7,rev4 #ba3h740 ,the conviction that after death there must be punishment for sin has greatly modified the older ,universalism4 ,there is little modern talk of all men1 righteous and wicked alike1 entering heaven the moment this life is ended4 ,a purgatorial state must intervene4 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,universalism results from an exaggerated idea of the atonement4 ,there is no genuine ,universalism in our day4 ,restorationism has taken its place40 7b7 ,but guilt1 or illdesert1 is endless4 ,however long the sinner may be punished1 he never ceases to be illdeserving4 ,justice1 therefore1 which gives to all according to their deserts1 cannot cease to punish4 ,since the reason for punishment is endless1 the punishment itself must be endless4 ,even past sins involve an endless guilt1 to which endless punishment is simply the inevitable correlate4 ,for full statement of this argument that guilt1 as never coming to an end1 demands endless punishment1 see ,shedd1 ,doctrine of ,endless ,punishment1 #aahafc--8,suffering that is penal can never come to an end1 because guilt is the reason for its infliction1 and guilt once incurred1 never ceases to be4444 ,one sin makes guilt1 and guilt makes hell40 ,man does not punish endlessly1 because he does not take account of ,god4 8,human punishment is only approximate and imperfect1 not absolute and perfect like the divine4 ,it is not adjusted exactly and precisely to the whole guilt of the offence1 but is more or less modified1 first1 by not considering its relation to ,god's honor and majesty2 secondly1 by human ignorance of inward motives2 and thirdly1 by social expediency40 ,but 8hell is not a penitentiary4444 ,the ,lamb of ,god is also ,lion of the tribe of ,judah4444 ,the human penalty that approaches nearest to the divine is capital punishment4 ,this punishment has a kind of endlessness4 ,death is a finality4 ,it forever separates the murderer from earthly society1 even as future punishment separates forever from the society of ,god and heaven40 ,see ,martineau1 ,types1 #b3fefi4 ,the lapse of time does not convert guilt into innocence4 ,the verdict 8,guilty for ten days0 was ,hibernian4 ,guilt is indivisible and untransferable4 ,the whole of it rests upon the criminal at every moment4 ,richelieu3 8,all places are temples1 and all seasons summer1 for justice40 ,george ,eliot3 8,conscience is harder than our enemies1 knows more1 accuses with more nicety40 ,shedd3 8,sin is the only perpetual motion that has ever been discovered4 ,a slip in youth1 committed in a moment1 entails lifelong suffering4 ,the punishment nature inflicts is infinitely longer than the time consumed in the violation of law1 yet the punishment is the legitimate outgrowth of the offence40 7c7 ,not only eternal guilt1 but eternal sin1 demands eternal punishment4 ,so long as moral creatures are opposed to ,god1 they deserve punishment4 ,since we cannot measure the power of the depraved will to resist ,god1 we cannot deny the possibility of endless sinning4 ,sin tends evermore to reproduce itself4 ,the ,scriptures speak of an 8eternal sin0 7,mark #c3bi74 ,but it is just in ,god to visit endless sinning with endless punishment4 ,sin1 moreover1 is not only an act1 but also a condition or state1 of the soul2 this state is impure and abnormal1 involves misery2 this misery1 as appointed by ,god to vindicate law and holiness1 is punishment2 this punishment is the necessary manifestation of ,god's justice4 ,not the punishing1 but the notpunishing1 would impugn his justice2 for if it is just to punish sin at all1 it is just to punish it as long as it exists4 ,mark #c3bi--8whosoever shall blaspheme against the ,holy ,spirit hath never forgiveness1 but is guilty of an eternal sin02 ,rev4 #bb3aa--8;,he that is unrighteous1 let him do unrighteousness still2 and he that is filthy1 let him be made filthy still40 ,calvin3 8,god has the best reason for punishing everlasting sin everlastingly40 ,president ,dwight3 8,every sinner is condemned for his first sin1 and for every sin that follows1 though they continue forever40 ,what ,martineau 7,study1 #b3ajf7 says of this life1 we may apply to the next3 8,sin being there1 it would be simply monstrous that there should be no suffering40 ,but we must remember that men are finally condemned1 not merely for sins1 but for sin2 they are punished1 not simply for acts of disobedience1 but for evil character4 ,the judgment is essentially a remanding of men to their 8own place0 7,acts #a3be74 ,the soul that is permanently unlike ,god cannot dwell with ,god4 ,the consciences of the wicked will justify their doom1 and they will themselves prefer hell to heaven4 ,he who does not love ,god is at war with himself1 as well as with ,god1 and cannot be at peace4 ,even though there were no positive inflictions from ,god's hand1 the impure soul that has banished itself from the presence of ,god and from the society of the holy has in its own evil conscience a source of torment4 ,and conscience gives us a pledge of the eternity of this suffering4 ,remorse has no tendency to exhaust itself4 ,the memory of an evil deed grows not less but more keen with time1 and self reproach grows not less but more bitter4 ,ever renewed affirmation of its evil decision presents to the soul forever new occasion for conviction and shame4 ,f4 ,w4 ,robertson speaks of 8the infinite maddening of remorse40 ,and ,dr4 ,shedd1 in the book above quoted1 remarks3 8,though the will to resist sin may die out of a man1 the conscience to condemn it never can4 ,this remains eternally4 ,and when the process is complete2 when the responsible creature1 in the abuse of free agency1 has perfected his ruin2 when his will to good is all gone2 there remain these two in his immortal spirit--sin and conscience1 #8brimstone and fire' 7,rev4 #ba3h740 ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson3 8,the fundamental argument for eternal punishment is the reproductive power of evil4 ,in the divine law penalty enforces itself4 ,rom4 #f3ai--#8ye presented your members as servants 444 to iniquity unto iniquity4' ,wherever sin occurs1 penalty is inevitable4 ,no man of sense would now hold to eternal punishment as an objective judicial infliction1 and the sooner we give this up the better4 ,it can be defended only on the ground of the reactionary power of elective preference1 the reduplicating power of moral evil4 ,we have no right to say that there are no other consequences of sin but natural ones2 but1 were this so1 every word of threatening in ,scripture would still stand4 ,we shall never be as complete as if we never had sinned4 ,we shall bear the scars of our sins forever4 ,the eternal law of wrongdoing is that the wrongdoer is cursed thereby1 and harpies and furies follow him into eternity4 ,god does not need to send a policeman after the sinner2 the sinner carries the policeman inside4 ,god does not need to set up a whipping post to punish the sinner2 the sinner finds a whipping post wherever he goes1 and his own conscience applies the lash40 7d7 ,the actual facts of human life and the tendencies of modern science show that this principle of retributive justice is inwrought into the elements and forces of the physical and moral universe4 ,on the one hand1 habit begets fixity of character1 and in the spiritual world sinful acts1 often repeated1 produce a permanent state of sin1 which the soul1 unaided1 cannot change4 ,on the other hand1 organism and environment are correlated to each other2 and in the spiritual world1 the selfish and impure find surroundings corresponding to their nature1 while the surroundings react upon them and confirm their evil character4 ,these principles1 if they act in the next life as they do in this1 will ensure increasing and unending punishment4 ,gal4 #f3g1 #h--8;,be not deceived2 ,god is not mocked3 for whatsoever a man soweth1 that shall he also reap4 ,for he that soweth unto his own flesh shall of the flesh reap corruption02 ,rev4 #ba3aa--8;,he that is unrighteous1 let him do unrighteousness still3 and he that is filthy1 let him be made filthy still40 ,dr4 ,heman ,lincoln1 in an article on ,future ,retribution 7,examiner1 ,april #b1 #ahhe7--speaks of two great laws of nature which confirm the ,scripture doctrine of retribution4 ,the first is that 8the tendency of habit is towards a permanent state4 ,the occasional drinker becomes a confirmed drunkard4 ,one who indulges in oaths passes into a reckless blasphemer4 ,the gambler who has wasted a fortune1 and ruined his family1 is a slave to the cardtable4 ,the ,scripture doctrine of retribution is only an extension of this wellknown law to the future life40 ,the second of these laws is that 8organism and environment must be in harmony4 ,through the vast domain of nature1 every plant and tree and reptile and bird and mammal has organs and functions fitted to the climate and atmosphere of its habitat4 ,if a sudden change occur in climate1 from torrid to temperate1 or from temperate to arctic2 if the atmosphere change from dry to humid1 or from carbonic vapors to pure oxygen1 sudden death is certain to overtake the entire fauna and flora of the region affected1 unless plastic nature changes the organism to conform to the new environment4 ,the interpreters of the ,bible find the same law ordained for the world to come4 ,surroundings must correspond to character4 ,a soul in love with sin can find no place in a holy heaven4 ,if the environment be holy1 the character of the beings assigned to it must be holy also4 ,nature and ,revelation are in perfect accord40 ,see ,drummond1 ,natural ,law in the ,spiritual ,world1 chapters3 ,environment1 ,persistence of ,type1 and ,degradation4 ,hosea #ac3i--8;,it is thy destruction1 ,o ,israel1 that thou art against me1 against thy help0--if men are destroyed1 it is because they destroy themselves4 ,not ,god1 but man himself1 makes hell4 ,schurman3 8,external punishment is unthinkable of human sins40 ,jackson1 ,james ,martineau1 #aeb--8,our light1 such as we have1 we carry with us2 and he who in his soul knows not ,god is still in darkness though1 like the angel in the ,apocalypse1 he were standing in the sun40 ,crane1 ,religion of ,tomorrow1 #cac--8,to insure perpetual hunger deprive a man of nutritious food1 and so long as he lives he will suffer2 so pain will last so long as the soul is deprived of ,god1 after the artificial stimulants of sin's pleasures have lost their effect4 ,death has nothing to do with it2 for as long as the soul lives apart from ,god1 whether on this or on another planet1 it will be wretched4 ,if the unrepentant sinner is immortal1 his sufferings will be immortal40 8,magnas inter opes1 inops0--povertystricken amid great riches--his very nature compels him to suffer4 ,nor can he change his nature2 for character1 once set and hardened in this world1 cannot be cast into the melting pot and remoulded in the world to come4 ,the hell of ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll is far more terrible than the orthodox hell4 ,he declares that there is no forgiveness and no renewal4 ,natural law must have its way4 ,man is a ,mazeppa bound to the wild horse of his passions2 a ,prometheus1 into whose vitals remorse1 like a vulture1 is ever gnawing4 7e7 ,as there are degrees of human guilt1 so future punishment may admit of degrees1 and yet in all those degrees be infinite in duration4 ,the doctrine of everlasting punishment does not imply that1 at each instant of the future existence of the lost1 there is infinite pain4 ,a line is infinite in length1 but it is far from being infinite in breadth or thickness4 8,an infinite series may make only a finite sum2 and infinite series may differ infinitely in their total amount40 ,the ,scriptures recognize such degrees in future punishment1 while at the same time they declare it to be endless 7,luke #ab3dg1 #dh2 ,rev4 #bj3ab1 #ac74 ,luke #ab3dg1 #dh--8;,and that servant who knew his ,lord's will1 and made not ready1 nor did according to his will shall be beaten with many stripes2 but he that knew not1 and did things worthy of stripes1 shall be beaten with few stripes02 ,rev4 #bj3ab1 #ac--8;,and ,i saw the dead1 the great and the small1 standing before the throne2 and books were opened3 and another book was opened1 which is the book of life3 and the dead were judged out of the things which were written in the books1 according to their works 444 judged every man according to their works40 7f7 ,we know the enormity of sin only by ,god's own declarations with regard to it1 and by the sacrifice which he has made to redeem us from it4 ,as committed against an infinite ,god1 and as having in itself infinite possibilities of evil1 it may itself be infinite1 and may deserve infinite punishment4 ,hell1 as well as the ,cross1 indicates ,god's estimate of sin4 ,cf4 ,ez4 #ad3bc--8ye shall know that ,i have not done without cause all that ,i have done in it1 saith the ,lord ,jehovah40 ,valuable as the vine is for its fruit1 it is fit only for fuel when it is barren4 ,every single sin1 apart from the action of divine grace1 is the sign of pervading and permanent apostasy4 ,but there is no single sin4 ,sin is a germ of infinite expansion4 ,the single sin1 left to itself1 would never cease in its effects of evil1--it would dethrone ,god4 8,the idea of disproportion between sin and its punishment grows out of a belittling of sin and its guilt4 ,one who regards murder as a slight offence will think hanging an outrageous injustice4 ,theodore ,parker hated the doctrine of eternal punishment1 because he considered sin as only a provocation to virtue1 a step toward triumph1 a fall upwards1 good in the making40 ,but it is only when we regard its relation to ,god that we can estimate sin's ill desert4 ,see ,edwards the younger1 ,works1 #a3abid4 ,dr4 ,shedd maintains that the guilt of sin is infinite1 because it is measured1 not by the powers of the offender1 but by the majesty of the ,god against whom it is committed2 see his ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3gdj1 #gdi--8;,crime depends upon the object against whom it is committed1 as well as upon the subject who commits it4444 ,to strike is a voluntary act1 but to strike a post or a stone is not a culpable act4444 ,killing a dog is as bad as killing a man1 if merely the subject who kills and not the object killed is considered4444 ,as ,god is infinite1 offence against him is infinite in its culpability4444 ,any man who1 in penitent faith1 avails himself of the vicarious method of setting himself right with the eternal ,nemesis1 will find that it succeeds2 but he who rejects it must through endless cycles grapple with the dread problem of human guilt in his own person1 and alone40 ,quite another view is taken by others1 as for example ,e4 ,g4 ,robinson1 ,christian ,theology1 #bib--8,the notion that the qualities of a finite act can be infinite--that its qualities can be derived from the person to whom the act is directed rather than from the motives that prompt it1 needs no refutation4 ,the notion itself1 one of the bastard thoughts of medival metaphysical theology1 has maintained its position in respectable society solely by the services it has been regarded as capable of rendering40 ,simon1 ,reconciliation1 #abc--8,to represent sins as infinite1 because ,god against whom they are committed is infinite1 logically requires us to say that trust or reverence or love towards ,god are infinite1 because ,god is infinite40 ,we therefore regard it as more correct to say1 that sin as a finite act demands finite punishment1 but as endlessly persisted in demands an endless1 and in that sense an infinite1 punishment4 ,e4 ,this everlasting punishment of the wicked is not inconsistent with ,god's benevolence4 ,it is maintained1 however1 by many who object to eternal retribution1 that benevolence requires ,god not to inflict punishment upon his creatures except as a means of attaining some higher good4 ,we reply3 7a7 ,god is not only benevolent but holy1 and holiness is his ruling attribute4 ,the vindication of ,god's holiness is the primary and sufficient object of punishment4 ,this constitutes a good which fully justifies the infliction4 ,even love has dignity1 and rejected love may turn blessing into cursing4 ,love for holiness involves hatred of unholiness4 ,the love of ,god is not a love without character4 ,dorner3 8,love may not throw itself away4444 ,we have no right to say that punishment is just only when it is the means of amendment40 ,we must remember that holiness conditions love 7see pages #bifbih74 ,robert ,buchanan forgot ,god's holiness when he wrote3 8,if there is doom for one1 ,thou1 ,maker1 art undone60 ,shakespeare1 ,king ,john1 #d3c--8;,beyond the infinite and boundless reach ,of mercy1 if thou didst this deed of death1 ,art thou damned1 ,hubert60 ,tennyson3 8,he that shuts ,love out1 in turn shall be ,shut out from ,love1 and on the threshold lie ,howling in utter darkness40 ,theodore ,parker once tried to make peace between ,wendell ,phillips and ,horace ,mann1 whom ,phillips had criticized with his accustomed severity4 ,mann wrote to ,parker3 8,what a good man you are6 ,i am sure nobody would be damned if you were at the head of the universe4 ,but10 he continued1 8,i will never treat a man with respect whom ,i do not respect1 be the consequences what they may--so help me--,horace ,mann60 7,chadwick1 ,theodore ,parker1 #ccj74 ,the spirit which animated ,horace ,mann may not have been the spirit of love1 but we can imagine a case in which his words might be the utterance of love as well as of righteousness4 ,for love is under law to righteousness1 and only righteous love is true love4 7b7 ,in this life1 ,god's justice does involve certain of his creatures in sufferings which are of no advantage to the individuals who suffer2 as in the case of penalties which do not reform1 and of afflictions which only harden and embitter4 ,if this be a fact here1 it may be a fact hereafter4 ,there are many sufferers on earth1 in prisons and on sickbeds1 whose suffering results in hardness of heart and enmity to ,god4 ,the question is not a question of quantity1 but of quality4 ,it is a question whether any punishment at all is consistent with ,god's benevolence1--any punishment1 that is to say1 which does not result in good to the punished4 ,this we maintain2 and claim that ,god is bound to punish moral impurity1 whether any good comes therefrom to the impure or not4 ,archbishop ,whately says it is as difficult to change one atom of lead to silver as it is to change a whole mountain4 ,if the punishment of many incorrigibly impenitent persons is consistent with ,god's benevolence1 so is the punishment of one incorrigibly impenitent person2 if the punishment of incorrigibly impenitent persons for eternity is inconsistent with ,god's benevolence1 so is the punishment of such persons for a limited time1 or for any time at all4 ,in one of his early stories ,william ,black represents a sour tempered ,scotchman as protesting against the idea that a sinner he has in mind should be allowed to escape the consequences of his acts3 8,what's the good of being good10 he asks1 8if things are to turn out that way80 ,the instinct of retribution is the strongest instinct of the human heart4 ,it is bound up with our very intuition of ,god's existence1 so that to deny its rightfulness is to deny that there is a ,god4 ,there is 8a certain fearful expectation of judgment0 7,heb4 #aj3bg7 for ourselves and for others1 in case of persistent transgression1 without which the very love of ,god would cease to inspire respect4 ,since neither annihilation nor second probation is ,scriptural1 our only relief in contemplating the doctrine of eternal punishment must come from3 #a4 the fact that eternity is not endless time1 but a state inconceivable to us2 and #b4 the fact that evolution suggests reversion to the brute as the necessary consequence of abusing freedom4 7c7 ,the benevolence of ,god1 as concerned for the general good of the universe1 requires the execution of the full penalty of the law upon all who reject ,christ's salvation4 ,the ,scriptures intimate that ,god's treatment of human sin is matter of instruction to all moral beings4 ,the selfchosen ruin of the few may be the salvation of the many4 ,dr4 ,joel ,parker1 ,lectures on ,universalism1 speaks of the security of free creatures as attained through a gratitude for deliverance 8kept alive by a constant example of some who are suffering the vengeance of eternal fire40 ,our own race may be the only race 7of course the angels are not a 8race07 that has fallen away from ,god4 ,as through the church the manifold wisdom of ,god is made manifest 8to principalities and powers in the heavenly places0 7,eph4 #c3aj72 so1 through the punishment of the lost1 ,god's holiness may be made known to a universe that without it might have no proof so striking1 that sin is moral suicide and ruin1 and that ,god's holiness is its irreconcilable antagonist4 ,with regard to the extent and scope of hell1 we quote the words of ,dr4 ,shedd1 in the book already mentioned3 8,hell is only a spot in the universe of ,god4 ,compared with heaven1 hell is narrow and limited4 ,the kingdom of ,satan is insignificant1 in contrast with the kingdom of ,christ4 ,in the immense range of ,god's dominion1 good is the rule and evil is the exception4 ,sin is a speck upon the infinite azure of eternity2 a spot on the sun4 ,hell is only a corner of the universe4 ,the ,gothic etymon denotes a coveredup hole4 ,in ,scripture1 hell is a #8pit1' a #8lake'2 not an ocean4 ,it is #8bottomless1' not boundless4 ,the ,gnostic and ,dualistic theories which make ,god1 and ,satan or the ,demiurge1 nearly equal in power and dominion1 find no support in ,revelation4 ,the ,bible teaches that there will always be some sin and death in the universe4 ,some angels and men will forever be the enemies of ,god4 ,but their number1 compared with that of unfallen angels and redeemed men1 is small4 ,they are not described in the glowing language and metaphors by which the immensity of the holy and blessed is delineated 7,ps4 #fh3ag2 ,deut4 #cb3b2 ,ps4 #ajc3ba2 ,mat4 #f3ac2 #a ,cor4 #ae3be2 ,rev4 #ad3a2 #ba3af1 #bd1 #be47 ,the number of the lost spirits is never thus emphasized and enlarged upon4 ,the brief1 stern statement is1 that #8the fearful and unbelieving 444 their part shall be in the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone' 7,rev4 #ba3h74 ,no metaphors and amplifications are added to make the impression of an immense #8multitude which no man can number4' 0 ,dr4 ,hodge3 8,we have reason to believe that the lost will bear to the saved no greater proportion than the inmates of a prison do to the mass of a community40 ,the ,north ,american ,review engaged ,dr4 ,shedd to write an article vindicating eternal punishment1 and also engaged ,henry ,ward ,beecher to answer it4 ,the proof sheets of ,dr4 ,shedd's article were sent to ,mr4 ,beecher1 whereupon he telegraphed from ,denver to the ,review3 8,cancel engagement1 ,shedd is too much for me4 ,i half believe in eternal punishment now myself4 ,get somebody else40 ,the article in reply was never written1 and ,dr4 ,shedd remained unanswered4 7d7 ,the present existence of sin and punishment is commonly admitted to be in some way consistent with ,god's benevolence1 in that it is made the means of revealing ,god's justice and mercy4 ,if the temporary existence of sin and punishment lead to good1 it is entirely possible that their eternal existence may lead to yet greater good4 ,a priori1 we should have thought it impossible for ,god to permit moral evil1--heathenism1 prostitution1 the saloon1 the ,african slavetrade4 ,but sin is a fact4 ,who can say how long it will be a fact8 ,why not forever8 ,the benevolence that permits it now may permit it through eternity4 ,and yet1 if permitted through eternity1 it can be made harmless only by visiting it with eternal punishment4 ,lillie on ,thessalonians1 #deg--8;,if the temporary existence of sin and punishment lead to good1 how can we prove that their eternal existence may not lead to greater good80 ,we need not deny that it causes ,god real sorrow to banish the lost4 ,christ's weeping over ,jerusalem expresses the feelings of ,god's heart3 ,mat4 #bc3cg1 #ch--8,o ,jerusalem1 ,jerusalem1 that killeth the prophets1 and stoneth them that are sent unto her6 how often would ,i have gathered thy children together1 even as a hen gathered her chickens under her wings1 and ye would not6 ,behold1 your house is left unto you desolate02 cf4 ,hosea #aa3h--8;,how shall ,i give thee up1 ,ephraim8 how shall ,i cast thee off1 ,israel8 how shall ,i make thee as ,admah8 how shall ,i set thee as ,zeboiim8 my heart is turned within me1 my compassions are kindled together40 ,dante1 ,hell1 iii--the inscription over the gate of ,hell3 8,justice the founder of my fabric moved2 ,to rear me was the task of power divine1 ,supremest wisdom and primeval love40 ,a4 ,h4 ,bradford1 ,age of ,faith1 #bed1 #bfg--8;,if one thinks of the ,deity as an austere monarch1 having a care for his own honor but none for those to whom he has given being1 optimism is impossible4 ,for what shall we say of our loved ones who have committed sins8 ,that splendid boy who yielded to an inherited tendency--what has become of him8 ,those millions who with little light and mighty passions have gone wrong--what of them8 ,those countless myriads who peopled the earth in ages past and had no clear motive to righteousness1 since their perception of ,god was dim--is this all that can be said of them3 ,in torment they are exhibiting the glorious holiness of the ,almighty in his hatred of sin8 ,some may believe that1 but1 thank ,god1 the number is not large4444 ,no1 penalty1 remorse1 despair1 are only signs of the deep remedial force in the nature of things1 which has always been at work and always will be1 and which1 unless counteracted1 will result sometime in universal and immortal harmony4444 ,retribution is a natural law2 it is universal in its sweep2 it is at the same time a manifestation of the beneficence that pervades the universe4 ,this law must continue its operation so long as one free agent violates the moral order4 ,neither justice nor love would be honored if one soul were allowed to escape the action of that law4 ,but the sting in retribution is ordained to be remedial and restorative rather than punitive and vengeful4444 ,will any forever resist that discipline8 ,we know not2 but it is difficult to understand how any can be willing to do so1 when the fulness of the divine glory is revealed40 7e7 ,as benevolence in ,god seems in the beginning to have permitted moral evil1 not because sin was desirable in itself1 but only because it was incident to a system which provided for the highest possible freedom and holiness in the creature2 so benevolence in ,god may to the end permit the existence of sin and may continue to punish the sinner1 undesirable as these things are in themselves1 because they are incidents of a system which provides for the highest possible freedom and holiness in the creature through eternity4 ,but the condition of the lost is only made more hopeless by the difficulty with which ,god brings himself to this1 his 8strange work0 of punishment 7,is4 #bh3ba74 ,the sentence which the judge pronounces with tears is indicative of a tender and suffering heart1 but it also indicates that there can be no recall4 ,by the very exhibition of 8eternal judgment0 7,heb4 #f3b71 not only may a greater number be kept true to ,god1 but a higher degree of holiness among that number be forever assured4 ,the ,endless ,future1 published by ,south4 ,meth4 ,pub4 ,house1 supposes the universe yet in its infancy1 an eternal liability to rebellion1 an evergrowing creation kept from sin by one example of punishment4 ,mat4 #g3ac1 #ad--8;few there be that find it0--8seems to have been intended to describe the conduct of men then living1 rather than to foreshadow the two opposite currents of human life to the end of time02 see ,hovey1 ,bib4 ,eschatology1 #afg4 ,see ,goulburn1 ,everlasting ,punishment2 ,haley1 ,the ,hereafter of ,sin4 ,a4 ,h4 ,bradford1 ,age of ,faith1 #bci1 mentions as causes for the modification of view as to everlasting punishment3 #a4 ,increased freedom in expression of convictions2 #b4 ,interpretation of the word 8eternal02 #c4 ,the doctrine of the immanence of ,god1--if ,god is in every man1 then he cannot everlastingly hate himself1 even in the poor manifestation of himself in a human creature2 #d4 ,the influence of the poets1 ,burns1 ,browning1 ,tennyson1 and ,whittier4 ,whittier1 ,eternal ,goodness3 8,the wrong that pains my soul below1 ,i dare not throne above3 ,i know not of his hate1--,i know ,his goodness and his love40 ,we regard ,dr4 ,bradford as the most plausible advocate of restoration4 ,but his view is vitiated by certain untenable theological presuppositions3 #a4 that righteousness is only a form of love2 #b4 that righteousness1 apart from love1 is passionate and vengeful2 #c4 that man's freedom is incapable of endless abuse2 #d4 that not all men here have a fair probation2 #e4 that the amount of light against which they sin is not taken into consideration by ,god2 #f4 that the immanence of ,god does not leave room for free human action2 #g4 that ,god's object in his administration is1 not to reveal his whole character1 and chiefly his holiness1 but solely to reveal his love2 #h4 that the declarations of ,scripture with regard to 8an eternal sin0 7,mark #c3bi71 8eternal punishment0 7,mat4 #be3df71 8eternal destruction0 7#b ,thess4 #a3i71 still permit us to believe in the restoration of all men to holiness and likeness to ,god4 ,we regard as more ,scriptural and more rational the view of ,max ,mller1 the distinguished ,oxford philologist3 8,i have always held that this would be a miserable universe without eternal punishment4 ,every act1 good or evil1 must carry its consequences1 and the fact that our punishment will go on forever seems to me a proof of the everlasting love of ,god4 ,for an evil deed to go unpunished would be to destroy the moral order of the universe40 ,max ,mller simply expresses the ineradicable conviction of mankind that retribution must follow sin2 that ,god must show his disapproval of sin by punishment2 that the very laws of man's nature express in this way ,god's righteousness2 that the abolition of this order would be the dethronement of ,god and the destruction of the universe4 ,f4 ,the proper preaching of the doctrine of everlasting punishment is not a hindrance to the success of the gospel4 ,the proper preaching of the doctrine of everlasting punishment is not a hindrance to the success of the gospel1 but is one of its chief and indispensable auxiliaries4--,it is maintained by some1 however1 that1 because men are naturally repelled by it1 it cannot be a part of the preacher's message4 ,we reply3 7a7 ,if the doctrine be true1 and clearly taught in ,scripture1 no fear of consequences to ourselves or to others can absolve us from the duty of preaching it4 ,the minister of ,christ is under obligation to preach the whole truth of ,god2 if he does this1 ,god will care for the results4 ,ez4 #b3g--8;,and thou shalt speak my words unto them1 whether they will hear1 or whether they will forbear02 #c3aj1 #aa1 #ah1 #ai--8,moreover he said unto me1 ,son of man1 all my words that ,i shall speak unto thee receive in thine heart1 and hear with thine ears4 ,and go1 get thee to them of the captivity1 unto the children of thy people1 and speak unto them1 and tell them1 ,thus saith the ,lord ,jehovah2 whether they will hear1 or whether they will forbear4444 ,when ,i say unto the wicked1 ,thou shalt surely die2 and thou givest him not warning1 nor speakest to warn the wicked from his wicked way1 to save his life2 the same wicked man shall die in his iniquity2 but his blood will ,i require at thy hand4 ,yet if thou warn the wicked1 and he turn not from his wickedness1 nor from his wicked way1 he shall die in his iniquity2 but thou hast delivered thy soul40 ,the old ,french ,protestant church had as a coat of arms the device of an anvil1 around which were many broken hammers1 with this motto3 8,hammer away1 ye hostile bands2 ,your hammers break1 ,god's anvil stands40 ,st4 ,jerome3 8,if an offence come out of the truth1 better is it that the offence come1 than that the truth be concealed40 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3fhj--8;,jesus ,christ is the ,person responsible for the doctrine of eternal perdition40 ,the most fearful utterances with regard to future punishment are those of ,jesus himself1 as for example1 ,mat4 #bc3cc--8,ye serpents1 ye offspring of vipers1 how shall ye escape the judgment of hell80 ,mark #c3bi--8whosoever shall blaspheme against the ,holy ,spirit hath never forgiveness1 but is guilty of an eternal sin02 ,mat4 #aj3bh--8;be not afraid of them that kill the body1 but are not able to kill the soul3 but rather fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell02 #be3df--8these shall go away into eternal punishment40 7b7 ,all preaching which ignores the doctrine of eternal punishment just so far lowers the holiness of ,god1 of which eternal punishment is an expression1 and degrades the work of ,christ1 which was needful to save us from it4 ,the success of such preaching can be but temporary1 and must be followed by a disastrous reaction toward rationalism and immorality4 ,much apostasy from the faith begins with refusal to accept the doctrine of eternal punishment4 ,theodore ,parker1 while he acknowledged that the doctrine was taught in the ,new ,testament1 rejected it1 and came at last to say of the whole theology which includes this idea of endless punishment1 that it 8sneers at common sense1 spits upon reason1 and makes ,god a devil40 ,but1 if there be no eternal punishment1 then man's danger was not great enough to require an infinite sacrifice2 and we are compelled to give up the doctrine of atonement4 ,if there were no atonement1 there was no need that man's ,savior should himself be more than man2 and we are compelled to give up the doctrine of the deity of ,christ1 and with this that of the ,trinity4 ,if punishment be not eternal1 then ,god's holiness is but another name for benevolence2 all proper foundation for morality is gone1 and ,god's law ceases to inspire reverence and awe4 ,if punishment be not eternal1 then the ,scripture writers who believed and taught this were fallible men who were not above the prejudices and errors of their times2 and we lose all evidence of the divine inspiration of the ,bible4 ,with this goes the doctrine of miracles2 ,god is identified with nature1 and becomes the impersonal ,god of pantheism4 ,theodore ,parker passed through this process1 and so did ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,logically1 every one who denies the everlasting punishment of the wicked ought to reach a like result2 and we need only a superficial observation of countries like ,india1 where pantheism is rife1 to see how deplorable is the result in the decline of public and of private virtue4 ,emory ,storrs3 8,when hell drops out of religion1 justice drops out of politics40 ,the preacher who talks lightly of sin and punishment does a work strikingly analogous to that of ,satan1 when he told ,eve3 8,ye shall not surely die0 7,gen4 #c3d74 ,such a preacher lets men go on what ,shakespeare calls 8the primrose way to the everlasting bonfire0 7,macbeth1 #b3c74 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3fga--8,vicarious atonement is incompatible with universal salvation4 ,the latter doctrine implies that suffering for sin is remedial only1 while the former implies that it is retribution4444 ,if the sinner himself is not obliged by justice to suffer in order to satisfy the law he has violated1 then certainly no one needs suffer for him for this purpose40 ,sonnet by ,michael ,angelo3 8,now hath my life across a stormy sea ,like a frail bark reached that wide port where all ,are bidden1 ere the final reckoning fall ,of good and evil for eternity4 ,now know ,i well how that fond fantasy1 ,which made my soul the worshiper and thrall ,of earthly art1 is vain2 how criminal ,is that which all men seek unwillingly4 ,those amorous thoughts that were so lightly dressed--,what are they when the double death is nigh8 ,the one ,i know for sure1 the other dread4 ,painting nor sculpture now can lull to rest ,my soul that turns to his great ,love on high1 ,whose arms1 to clasp us1 on the ,cross were spread40 7c7 ,the fear of future punishment1 though not the highest motive1 is yet a proper motive1 for the renunciation of sin and the turning to ,christ4 ,it must therefore be appealed to1 in the hope that the seeking of salvation which begins in fear of ,god's anger may end in the service of faith and love4 ,luke #ab3d1 #e--8;,and ,i say unto you my friends1 ,be not afraid of them that kill the body1 and after that have no more that they can do4 ,but ,i will warn you whom ye shall fear3 ,fear him1 who after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell2 yea1 ,i say unto you1 ,fear him02 ,jude #bc--8;and some save1 snatching them out of the fire40 ,it is noteworthy that the ,old ,testament1 which is sometimes regarded1 though incorrectly1 as a teacher of fear1 has no such revelations of hell as are found in the ,new4 ,only when ,god's mercy was displayed in the ,cross were there opened to men's view the depths of the abyss from which the ,cross was to save them4 ,and1 as we have already seen1 it is not ,peter or ,paul1 but our ,lord himself1 who gives the most fearful descriptions of the suffering of the lost1 and the clearest assertions of its eternal duration4 ,michael ,angelo's picture of the ,last ,judgment is needed to prepare us for ,raphael's picture of the ,transfiguration4 ,shedd1 ,dogm4 ,theology1 #b3geb--8,what the human race needs is to go to the divine ,confessional4444 ,confession is the only way to light and peace4444 ,the denial of moral evil is the secret of the murmuring and melancholy with which so much of modern letters is filled40 ,matthew ,arnold said to his critics3 8,non me tua fervida terrent dicta2 ,dii me terrent et ,jupiter hostis0--8,i am not afraid of your violent judgments2 ,i fear only ,god and his anger40 ,heb4 #aj3ca--8;,it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living ,god40 ,daniel ,webster said3 8,i want a minister to drive me into a corner of the pew1 and make me feel that the devil is after me40 7d7 ,in preaching this doctrine1 while we grant that the material images used in ,scripture to set forth the sufferings of the lost are to be spiritually and not literally interpreted1 we should still insist that the misery of the soul which eternally hates ,god is greater than the physical pains which are used to symbolize it4 ,although a hard and mechanical statement of the truth may only awaken opposition1 a solemn and feeling presentation of it upon proper occasions1 and in its due relation to the work of ,christ and the offers of the gospel1 cannot fail to accomplish ,god's purpose in preaching1 and to be the means of saving some who hear4 ,acts #bj3ca--8,wherefore watch ye1 remembering that by the space of three years ,i ceased not to admonish every one night and day with tears02 #b ,cor4 #b3adag--8;,but thanks be unto ,god1 who always leadeth us in triumph in ,christ1 and maketh manifest through us the savor of his knowledge in every place4 ,for we are a sweet savor of ,christ unto ,god1 in them that are being saved1 and in them that are perishing2 to the one a savor from death unto death2 to the other a savor from life unto life4 ,and who is sufficient for these things8 ,for we are not as the many1 corrupting the word of ,god3 but as of sincerity1 but as of ,god1 in the sight of ,god1 speak we in ,christ02 #e3aa--8,knowing therefore the fear of the ,lord1 we persuade men1 but we are made manifest unto ,god2 and ,i hope that we are made manifest also in your consciences02 #a ,tim4 #d3af--8,take heed to thyself and to thy teaching4 ,continue in these things2 for in doing this thou shalt save both thyself and them that hear thee40 8,omne simile claudicat0 as well as 8volat0--8,every simile halts as well as flies40 ,no symbol expresses all the truth4 ,yet we need to use symbols1 and the ,holy ,spirit honors our use of them4 ,it is 8,god's good pleasure through the foolishness of the preaching to save them that believe0 7#a ,cor4 #a3ba74 ,it was a deep sense of his responsibility for men's souls that moved ,paul to say3 8woe is unto me1 if ,i preach not the gospel0 7#a ,cor4 #i3af74 ,and it was a deep sense of duty fulfilled that enabled ,george ,fox1 when he was dying1 to say3 8,i am clear6 ,i am clear60 ,so ,richard ,baxter wrote3 8,i preached as never sure to preach again4 ,and as a dying man to dying men40 ,it was ,robert ,mc,cheyne who said that the preacher ought never to speak of everlasting punishment without tears4 ,mc,cheyne's tearful preaching of it prevailed upon many to break from their sins and to accept the pardon and renewal that are offered in ,christ4 ,such preaching of judgment and punishment were never needed more than now1 when lax and unscriptural views with regard to law and sin break the force of the preacher's appeals4 ,let there be such preaching1 and then many a hearer will utter the thought1 if not the words1 of the ,dies ,ir1 #haj--8,rex tremend majestatis1 ,qui salvandos salvas gratis1 ,salva me1 fons pietatis4 ,recordare1 ,jesu pie1 ,quod sum causa tu vi3 ,ne me perdas ilia die4 ,qurens me sedisti lassus1 ,redemisti crucem passus3 ,tautus labor non sit cassus40 ,see ,edwards1 ,works1 #d3bbfcba2 ,hodge1 ,outlines of ,theology1 #deidfh2 ,murphy1 ,scientific ,bases of ,faith1 #caj1 #cai1 #dfd2 ,dexter1 ,verdict of ,reason2 ,george1 ,universalism not of the ,bible2 ,angus1 ,future ,punishment2 ,jackson1 ,bampton ,lectures for #ahge1 on the ,doctrine of ,retribution2 ,shedd1 ,doctrine of ,endless ,punishment1 preface1 and ,dogm4 ,theol41 #b3ffgged4 ,,indexes4 ,the author acknowledges his great indebtness to the ,reverend ,robert ,kerr ,eccles1 ,m4 ,d41 of ,lemoore1 ,california1 for the preparation of the exceedingly full and valuable ,indexes which follow1 and a similar obligation to ,mr4 ,herman ,k4 ,phinney1 ,assistant ,librarian of the ,university of ,rochester1 for his care in the proofreading of the whole work4 ,index ,of ,subjects4 ,ability1 gracious1 #fjb1 #fdj natural1 of ,new ,school1 #fdj1 #fda not test of sin1 #eeh ,pelagian1 #fdj ,abiogenesis1 #chi ,absolute1 its denotation1 #i as applied to divine attributes1 #bdi how related to finite1 #eh1 #bee ,reason1 an1 the postulate of logical thought1 #fj ,abydos1 triad of1 #cea ,acceptilatio1 the ,grotian1 #gdj ,acquittal of believing sinners1 from punishment1 #hed ,action1 divine1 not in distantia1 #dah ,acts1 evil1 ,god's concurrence with1 #dah ,ad aperturam libri1 #cb ,adam1 his original righteousness not immutable1 #eai had power of contrary choice1 #eai not created undecided1 #eai his love1 ,godgiven1 #eai his exercise of holy will not meritorious1 #ebj unfallen1 according to ,romish theologians1 #ebj his physical perfection1 #ebc unfallen1 according to ,fathers and ,scholastics1 #ebc his relations to lower creation1 #ebd his relations to ,god1 #ebd his surroundings and society1 #ebe the test of his virtue1 #ebf physical immortality possible to1 #ebg his ,fall1 see ,fall4 his twofold death1 resulting from ,fall1 #eij his communion with ,god interrupted1 #eib his banishment from ,god1 #eic imputation of his sin to his posterity1 see ,imputation4 in him 8the natural10 had he continued upright1 might without death have obtained 8the spiritual10 #feh was ,christ in1 #gei ,christ1 the ,last1 #fgh ,christ1 the ,second1 #fhj ,adoption1 what81 #heg ,aequale temperamentum1 #ebc ,affections1 #cfb1 #hae holy1 authors on1 #hbf ,agency1 free1 and divine decrees1 #ceicfb ,alexander1 unifier of ,greek ,east1 #ffh ,allegorical arrangement in theology1 #ej ,allosis1 #fhf ,altruism1 #bii ,ambition1 what8 #efi ,american theology1 #dh1 #di ,anacoloutha1 ,paul's1 #baj ,analytical method1 in theology1 #de1 #di ,ancestry of race1 proofs of a common1 #dgfdhb 8,angel of the church10 #deb1 #iaf 8,angel of ,jehovah10 #cai ,angelology of ,scripture1 not derived from ,egyptian or ,persian sources1 #ddh 8,angels' food10 #dde ,angels1 their class defined1 #ddc ,scholastic subtleties regarding1 their influence1 #ddc1 #ddd ,milton and ,dante upon1 #ddc their existence a scientific possibility1 #ddd faith in1 enlarges conception of universe1 #ddd list of authors upon1 #ddd ,scriptural statements and intimations concerning1 #ddadei are created beings1 #ddd are incorporeal1 #dde are personal1 #dde possessed of superhuman intelligence1 #dde distinct from and older than man1 #dde not personifications1 #dde numerous1 #ddg are a company1 not a race1 #ddg were created holy1 #dej had a probation1 #dej some preserved their integrity1 #dej some fell from innocence1 #dej the good1 confirmed in goodness1 #dej the evil1 confirmed in evil1 #dej ,angels1 good1 they stand worshiping ,god1 #dea they rejoice in ,god's works1 #dea they work in nature1 #dea they guide nations1 #dea watch over interests of churches1 #deb assist individual believers1 #deb punish ,god's enemies1 #deb ministers of ,god's special providences1 #deb act within laws of spiritual and moral world1 #dec their influence illustrated by psychic phenomena1 #dec1 #ded ,angels1 evil1 oppose ,god1 #ded hinder man's welfare1 #dee tempt negatively and positively1 #dee their intercourse with ,christ1 #def execute ,god's will1 #deg their power not independent of human will1 #deg limited by permissive will of ,god1 #deh the doctrine of1 not opposed to science1 #dei not opposed to right views of space or spirit1 #dei not impossible that1 though wise1 they should rebel1 #dfj the continuance and punishment of evil1 not inconsistent with divine benevolence1 #dfa their organization1 though sinful1 not impossible1 #dfa the doctrine of evil1 not hurtful1 #dfa1 #dfb the doctrine of evil1 does not degrade man1 #dfb good1 the doctrine of1 its uses1 #dfb evil1 the doctrine of1 its uses1 #dfc fallen1 if no redemption provided for1 why8 #dfc created in ,christ1 #dfd their salvation1 ,scripture silent upon1 #dfd ,anger1 sometimes a duty1 #bid ,annihilation1 of infants1 held by ,emmons1 #fji at death1 inequitable1 #ihg1 #ajcf disproved by ,scripture1 #iiaiih terms which seemingly teach1 #iic language adduced to prove1 often metaphorical1 #iid old view of1 #ajcf the theory that it is a result of the weakening of powers of soul by sin1 considered1 #ajcf 8second death0 regarded as dissolution of the soul1 #ajcf the theory that a positive punishment proportioned to guilt precedes and ends in1 #ajcg the tenet of1 rests on a defective view of holiness1 #ajcg a part of the 8conditional immortality0 hypothesis1 #ajcg as connected with the principle1 8,evil is punished by its own increase10 #ajch ,annihilationists1 #dhg 8,answer 7,interrogation7 of a good conscience10 phrase examined1 #hba ,anthropological argument for ,god's existence1 #hjhe ,anthropological method in theology1 #ej ,anthropology1 a division of theology1 #dfd ,anthropomorphism1 #abb1 #bej 8,anthropomorphism inverse10 #dfh ,antichrist1 #ajji 8,anticipative consequences10 #djc1 #feh ,antinomianism1 #hge ,antiquity of race1 relation of ,scripture to1 #bbdbbf ,apocalypse1 its exegetic not yet found1 #ajad ,apocrypha1 #aae1 #aej1 #hfe ,apollinarianism1 #dhg1 #fgj1 #fga ,apostasy1 man's state of1 #eccffd ,apostasy of the believer1 how treated in ,scripture1 #hhdhhf ,a posteriori reasoning1 #ff1 #hf ,apostles1 #aiibja1 #iji1 #iga ,apotelesmaticum genus1 #fhf ,a priori argument for ,god's existence1 the1 see ,god4 judgments1 #aj reasons for expecting a divine revelation1 #aaaaad ,arbitrium1 #eeg ,argument ad hominem in ,scripture1 #bcc for existence of ,god1 its value1 #fefg1 #ga1 #gb1 #hghi ,arianism1 #cbhccj1 #fgj ,arminianism1 #cfb1 #fjafjf ,arrangement of material in theology1 #b1 #di1 #ej ,art1 #ebi1 #ajaf ,aryan and ,semitic languages1 their connection1 #dgi ,ascension1 ,christ's1 #gjhgaj ,christ's humanity1 how related to the ,logos in1 #gji ,aseity of ,god1 #bef1 #beg not confined to ,father1 #cdb ,assensus1 an element in faith1 #hcg ,assurance of salvation1 #hjh1 #hde 8,asymptote of ,god10 man1 the1 #efe ,athanasian ,creed1 #cbi ,atoms1 #if1 #cgd ,atomism1 #fjj1 #fce ,atonement1 facts in ,christ's sufferings which prove1 #gac defined1 #gac satisfies holiness1 the fundamental attribute of ,god1 #gac meets the conditions of a universe in which happiness is connected with righteousness and suffering with sin1 #gad in it ,christ as ,logos1 the ,revealer of ,god in the universe1 inflicts the penalty of sin1 while1 as ,life of humanity1 he endures the infliction1 #gad humanity has made1 when righteousness in ,christ1 as generic humanity1 condemns sin1 and love in ,christ endures the penalty1 #gad substitutionary and sharing1 #gae in1 ,christ suffers as the very life of man1 #gae not made1 but revealed1 by ,christ's historical sufferings1 #gae the sacrifice of1 the final revelation of the heart of ,god and of the law of universal life1 #gaf a model of1 and stimulus to1 selfsacrifice1 #gaf its subjective effects must not exclude consideration of its ground and cause1 #gaf ,scripture methods of representing1 #gafgbb originates in ,god's love and manifests it1 #gaf an example of disinterested love to secure our deliverance from selfishness1 #gaf1 #gag a ransom in which death is the price paid1 #gag an act of obedience to law1 #gag an act of priestly mediation1 #gahgbh a sinoffering1 #gai a propitiation1 #gai a substitution1 #gbj correct views of1 grounded on proper interpretation of the institution of sacrifice1 #gba is it to be interpreted according to notions derived from ,jewish or heathen sacrifices8 #gbh theories of1 #gbhgff ,socinian 7example7 theory1 #gbh1 #gbi objections to above1 #gcegdj ,bushnellian 7moral influence7 theory1 #gccgce objections to above1 #gcegdj ,grotian 7governmental7 theory of1 #gdj1 #gda ,irvingian 7gradually extirpated depravity7 theory of1 #gdd1 #gde objections to theory1 #gdegdg ,anselmic 7commercial7 theory of1 #gdg1 #gdh ,military theory of1 #gdg objections to1 #gdhgej ,criminal theory of1 #gdh the ,ethical theory of1 #gejgga a true theory of1 resolves two problems1 #gej1 #gea grounded in holiness of ,god1 #gea a satisfaction of an ethical demand of the divine nature1 #gea1 #geb1 #gec substitution in1 an operation of grace1 #geb the righteousness of law maintained in1 #geb maintains1 as a first subordinate result1 the interests of the divine government1 #gec provides1 as a second subordinate result1 for the needs of human nature1 #gec the classical passage with reference to1 #gec sets forth ,christ as so related to humanity that he is under obligation to pay and does pay1 #ged explains how the innocent can suffer for the guilty in1 #gee1 #gef1 #geg ,andover theory of1 #gef by one whose nature was purified1 but his obligation to suffer undiminished1 #geg the guilt resting on ,christ in1 what it was1 #fde1 #fdf1 #geg as a member of the race1 did he not suffer in1 for his own sin81 #geh showed what had been in the heart of ,god from eternity1 #geh explanations of ,christ's identification with humanity as a reason why he made1 #geigfa exposition of #b ,cor4 #e3ba1 #gfj grounded in the holiness and love of ,god1 #gfa is accomplished through the solidarity of the race1 and ,christ the common life1 bearing guilt for men1 #gfa ground of1 on the part of man1 #gfa rather revealed than made by incarnate ,christ1 #gfb1 #gfc ,ethical theory of1 philosophically correct1 #gfd combines the valuable elements of other theories1 #gfd shows most satisfactorily how demands of holiness are met1 #gfd presents only explanation of sacrificial rites and language1 #gfe alone gives proper place to death of ,christ1 #gfe is best explanation of sufferings of ,christ1 #gfe satisfies most completely the ethical demand of human nature1 #gfe1 #gff objected to1 as inconsistent with ,god's omnipotence or love1 #gff objected to1 as presented ideas mutually exclusive1 #gfg objected to1 as obviating real propitiation1 #gfh objected to1 as an act of injustice1 #gfh objected to1 because transfer of punishment is impossible1 #gfh1 #gfi objected to1 because the remorse implied in it1 was impossible to ,christ1 #gfi objected to1 because sufferings finite in time cannot satisfy infinite demands of law1 #gfi1 #ggj objected to1 that it renders ,christ's active obedience superfluous1 #ggj objected to1 as immoral in tendency1 #ggj objected to1 as requiring faith to complete a satisfaction which ought to be itself perfect1 #gga extent of1 #ggaggc unlimited1 #gga its application limited1 #gga passages asserting its special efficacy1 #gga passages asserting its sufficiency for all1 #gga secures for all men delay in execution of sentence against sin1 #ggb has made objective provision for all1 #ggb1 #ggc has procured for all incentives to repentance1 #ggc limited1 advocates of1 #ggc universal1 advocates of1 #ggc ,attributes1 divine1 see ,god4 mental1 higher than those of matter1 inference from1 #ib ,aurignac ,cave1 its evidence doubtful1 #ecb ,australian languages1 their affinities1 #dgi ,automatic1 mental activity largely1 #eej 8,automatic excellence or badness10 #faa ,avarice1 defined1 #efi ,avatars1 ,hindu1 #ahg ,christ's incarnation unlike1 #fih ,ayat of ,koran1 #bac ,baalim1 #cah ,balaam1 inspired1 yet unholy1 #bjg ,baptism and ,lord's ,supper1 only accounted for as monuments1 #aeg the formula of1 correlates ,christ's name with ,god's1 #cab according to ,romish church1 #ebb of ,jesus1 its import1 #gfa1 #gfb1 #idb ,christian1 definition of1 #ica instituted by ,christ1 #ica of universal and perpetual obligation1 #ica ignored by ,salvation ,army and ,society of ,friends1 #ica ,john's recognized by ,christ1 #ica1 #icb ,john's1 was it a modification of a previously existing rite81 #ica1 #icb proselyte1 its existence discussed1 #ica1 #icb ,john's1 essentially ,christian baptism1 #gcb made the law of the church1 #icb ,christian1 complementally related to ,lord's ,supper1 is of equal permanency1 #icb1 #icc its mode1 immersion1 #icc meaning of its original word1 according to ,greek usage1 #icc1 #icd meaning of original word as determined by contextual relation1 #icd meaning of original word determined by voice used with 'water1'1 #ice meaning of original word determined by prepositional connections1 #ice meaning of original word derived from circumstances1 #ice original meaning of word determined from figurative allusions1 #icf original meaning of word determined by practice of early church1 #icf occasional change in its mode permitted for seeming sufficient reason at an early date1 #icf original meaning of word determined by usage of ,greek church1 #icg1 #ich ,dr4 ,dods' statement as to its mode1 #ich concession to its original method of observance in the introduction of baptisteries or 8fontgraves0 into non ,baptist places of worship1 #ich the church1 being only an executive body1 cannot modify ,christ's law concerning1 #ici the law of1 fundamental1 and therefore unalterable save by ,legislator himself1 #ici any modification of1 by church1 implies unwisdom in ,appointer of rite1 #ici any change in mode vacates ordinance of its symbolic significance1 #ici objections to its mode1 immersion1 #idj if its mode impracticable1 ordinance not a duty1 #idj when its mode dangerous1 ordinance not to be performed1 #idj the mode of baptism decently impressive1 #idj the ordinance symbolizing suffering and death is consistently somewhat inconvenient1 #idj ,god's blessing on an irregular administration of1 no sanction of irregularity1 #idj its symbolism1 #idjide what it symbolizes is general1 #idj it symbolizes death and burial of ,christ1 #idj it symbolizes union with ,christ1 #ida it symbolizes atonement and redemption1 #ida it symbolizes to the believer being baptized his spiritual death and resurrection1 #ida it symbolizes union of believers with each other1 #idb it symbolizes the death and resurrection of the body1 #idb the central truth1 set forth by1 #idb a correlative truth set forth by1 #idc sets forth purification through communion with death of ,christ1 #idd symbolizes regenerating power of ,jesus' death1 #idd immersion in1 alone symbolizes the passage from death unto life in regeneration and communion with ,christ in his death and rising1 #idd the substituting for the correct mode of1 one which excludes all reference to ,christ's death destroys the ordinance1 #idd is a historical monument1 #ide is a pictorial expression of doctrine1 #ide and ,lord's ,supper1 #ide subjects of1 #ideiei the proper subjects of1 #ide those only to be baptized who have first been made disciples1 #ide those only to be baptized who have repented and believed1 #ide those only to be baptized who can be members of the church1 #ide those only to be baptized for whom the symbolism is valid1 #idf not a means of regeneration1 #idf the spiritual and the ritual so combined in1 that the whole ordinance may be designated by its outward aspect1 #idf as a being 8born of water10 #idf connected with repentance 8for the remission of sins101 #idf without baptism1 discipleship incomplete1 and ineffective1 #idg the teachings of ,campbellism regarding1 #idg1 #idh act of person baptized1 #idh before it is administered1 church should require evidence that candidates are regenerated1 #idi incorrectly called 8door into the church101 #idi as expressive of inward character of candidate1 #iej as regeneration is once for all1 baptism must not be repeated1 #iej as outward expression of inward change1 is the first of all duties1 #iej should follow regeneration with least possible delay1 #iej if an actual profession of faith1 not to be repeated1 #iej accessories to1 matters of individual judgment1 #iea its formula1 #iea ,infant1 #ieaiei without warrant in scripture1 #iea has no express command1 #iea no clear example1 #iea passages held to imply it1 have no reference thereto1 #iea expressly contradicted1 #ieb in it the prerequisites of faith and repentance impossible1 #ieb in it the symbolism of baptism has lost significance1 #ieb its practice inconsistent with constitution of the church1 #ieb is unharmonious with prerequisites to the ,lord's ,supper1 #ieb has led in ,greek ,church to infant communion1 #iec denied by the ,paulicians1 #iec the reasons of its rise and spread1 #iec a necessary concomitant of a ,state ,church1 #ied founded on unscriptural and dangerous reasonings1 #ied it assumes power of church to tamper with ,christ's commands1 #ied contradicts ,new ,testament ideas of church1 #ied assumes a connection of parent and child closer and more influential than facts of ,scripture and experience will support1 #ied1 #iee its propriety urged on various unsettled grounds1 #ief does it make its subjects members of the church81 #ief its evil effects1 #iegiei forestalls any voluntary act1 #ieg induces superstitious confidence1 #ieg has led to baptism of irrational and material things1 #ieg has obscured and corrupted ,christian truth1 #ieh is often an obstacle to evangelical views1 #ieh merges church in nation and world1 #ieh substitutes for ,christ's command an invention of men1 #ieh1 #iei literature concerning1 #iei ,baptismal ,regeneration1 #hbjhbb1 #idf1 #idg literature upon1 #idh ,baptist ,theology1 #dg ,baptists1 ,english1 #igb1 #igg ,free ,will1 #igb1 #igg1 #igi ,believers1 and the 8old man101 #hgj and the ,intermediate ,state1 #iih1 #iii ,bewusstsein1 in ,gottesbewusstsein1 #fc ,bible1 see ,scripture4 ,bishop1 office of1 early made sole interpreter of apostles1 #iab in his progress from primus inter pares to ,christ's vicegerent1 #iab ordaining1 his qualifications in ,episcopal church1 #iac 8presbyter0 and 8pastor0 designate same order1 #iad1 #iae the duties of1 #iaf1 #iag ordination of1 #iahibd ,blessedness1 what81 #bfe contrasted with glory1 #bfe ,bodies1 new1 of saints1 are confined to space1 #ajcb ,body1 image of ,god1 mediately or significative1 #ebc honorable1 #dhh suggestions as to reason why given1 #dhh immortality of1 sought by ,egyptians1 #iie not indispensable to activity and consciousness1 #ajjj spiritual1 what it imports1 #ajaf1 #ajbaajbc resurrection of1 see ,resurrection4 same1 though changed annually1 #ajbj a 8flowing organism101 #ajba to regard it as a normal part of man's being1 ,scriptural and philosophical1 #ajba1 #ajbb 8,bond servant of sin10 what81 #eji1 #eaj ,book may be called by name of chief author1 #bci ,book of ,mormon1 #ada of ,enoch1 #afe of ,judges1 #aff1 #aga of the ,law1 its finding1 #afg ,books of ,o4 ,t4 quoted by ,jesus1 #aii of ,n4 ,t4 received and used1 in #b;d century1 #adf ,brahma1 #aha ,brahmanism1 #aha ,bread1 in ,lord's ,supper1 its significance1 #ifc of life1 #ifc ,brethren1 ,plymouth1 #hie1 #hif ,bride catching1 not primeval1 #ebh 8,brimstone and fire10 sin and conscience1 #ajdi ,brute1 conscious but not self conscious1 #beb1 #dfg cannot objectify self1 #beb1 #dfg is determined from without1 #beb1 #dfh none ever thought ',i1' #dfg has not apperception1 #dfg has no concepts1 #dfg has no language1 #dfg forms no judgments1 #dfg does not associate ideas by similarity1 #dfg cannot reason1 #dfg has no general ideas1 #dfh has no conscience1 #dfh has no religious nature1 #dfh man came not from the1 but through the1 #dfg ,buddha1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc ,buddhism1 its grain of truth1 #aha a missionary religion1 #aha its universalism1 #aha its altruism1 #aha its atheism1 #ahb its fatalism1 #ahb 8,buncombe10 #ag ,burial of food and weapons with the dead body1 why practiced by some races1 #ecb ,burnt offering1 its significance1 #gbf ,byzantine and ,italian artists differ in their pictures of ,jesus ,christ1 #fgh ,csar1 writes in the third person1 #aea unifier of the ,latin ,west1 #eff his words on passing the ,rubicon1 #ajcb 8,caged eagle theory0 of man's life1 #efj ,caiaphas1 inspired yet unholy1 #bjg ,cain1 #dgg ,calixtus1 his analytic method in systematic theology1 #de1 #df ,call to ministry1 #iai ,calling1 efficacious1 #ggg1 #ghb1 #gij1 #gia1 #gic1 #gid general or external1 #gia is general1 sincere81 #gia1 #gib ,calvinism1 in history1 #cfh ,calvinistic and ,arminian views1 their approximation1 #cfb1 #cfh ,cambridge ,platform1 #ibc 8,carnal mind10 its meaning1 #efb ,carthage1 ,council of 7#cig71 and ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 #aeb ,synod of 7#dab71 and ,pelagius1 #eig ,caste1 what81 #aha and ,buddhism1 #aha and ,christianity1 #hih ,casualism1 #dbg1 #dbh ,casuistry1 non scriptural1 #fdh ,catacombs1 #aia ,catechism1 ,roman1 on originalis justiti donum additum1 #ebb ,westminster ,assembly's1 on ,infant ,baptism1 #ieg ,causality1 its law1 #gc does not require a first cause1 #gd ,cause and effect1 simultaneity of1 #gic ,cause1 equivalent to 'requisite1'1 #dd formal1 #dd material1 #dd efficient1 #dd final1 #dd can an infinite1 be inferred from a finite universe8 #gi when the efficient1 gives place to the final8 #abe various definitions of1 #had1 #hae ,causes1 ,aristotle's four1 #dd an infinite series of1 does not require a cause of itself1 #gd ,celsus1 derides the same religion for many peoples1 #aib ,certainty not necessity1 #cfb ,chalcedon 7#dea7 ,symbol1 on ,mary as 'mother of ,god1' #fga1 #fhf condemned ,eutychianism1 #fgb promulgated orthodox doctrine as to the ,person of ,christ1 #fgc its formula negative with a single exception1 #fgc ,chance as a name for ignorance1 term allowable1 #dbh as implying absence of causal connection in phenomena1 not allowable1 #dbh as undesigning cause1 insufficient1 #dbh ,change1 orderly1 requires intelligent cause1 #ge ,character1 helped by systematic truth1 #af changed rather than expressed by some actions1 #cfj what it is1 #ejf1 #fjj how a man may change1 #ejg extent of one's responsibility for1 #fje sinning makes1 #ajda sinful1 renders certain continuance in sinful actions1 #ajda dependent on habit1 #ajdi ,chastisement1 not punishment1 #fed1 #gff ,cherubim1 #ddi1 #eic ,child1 unborn1 has promise and potency of spiritual manhood1 #fdd individuality of the1 #dib visited for sins of fathers1 #fcd ,chiliasts in all ages1 #ajjg ,chinese1 their religion a survival of patriarchial family worship1 #ahj their history1 its commencement1 #bbe may have left primitive abodes while language still monosyllabic1 #dgh ,choice1 of an ultimate end1 #ejd of means1 #ejd decision in favor of one among several conflicting desires1 #eje1 #ejf not creation1 our destiny1 #ejh ,new ,school idea of1 #eej first moral1 #faa evil1 uniformity of1 what it implies1 #faa contrary1 possessed by ,adam1 #eai not essential to will1 #fjj as at present possessed by man1 #fje ,god's1 see ,election4 ,christ1 his person and character must be historical1 #ahf ,christ1 no source for conception of1 other than himself1 #ahg conception of1 could not originate in human genius1 #ahg acceptance of the story of1 a proof of his existence1 #ahg some of the difficulties in which the assumption that the story of1 is false1 lands us1 #ahh if the story of1 is true1 ,christianity is true1 #ahh his testimony to himself1 its substance1 #ahi his testimony to himself1 not that of an intentional deceiver1 #ahi his testimony to himself1 not that of insanity or vanity1 #ahi if neither mentally nor morally unsound1 his testimony concerning himself is true1 #aij in his sympathy and sorrow reveals ,god's feeling1 #bff the whole ,christ present in each believer1 #bha his supreme regard for ,god1 #cjb recognized as ,god in certain passages1 #cjecjh some passages once relied on to prove his divinity now given up for textual reasons1 #cjh ,old ,testament descriptions of ,god applied to him1 #cji possesses attributes of ,god1 #cji undelegated works of ,god are ascribed to him1 #caj receives honor and worship due only to ,god1 #caa his name associated on equality with that of ,god1 #cab equality with ,god expressly claimed for him1 #cab 8si non ,deus1 non bonus101 #cac proofs of his divinity in certain phrases applied to him1 #cac his divinity corroborated by ,christian experience1 #cac1 #fhb his divinity exhibited in hymns and prayers of church1 #cac his divinity1 passages which seem inconsistent with1 how to be regarded1 #cad as preincarnate ,logos1 ,angel of ,jehovah1 #cai in preexistent state1 the ,logos1 #cce in preexistent state1 the ,image of ,god1 #cce in preexistent state1 the ,effulgence of ,god1 #cce the centrifugal action of ,deity1 #ccf and ,spirit1 how their work differs1 #cch his eternal ,sonship1 #cdj if not ,god1 cannot reveal him1 #cdi orders of creation to be united in1 #ddd his human soul1 #dic his character convinces of sin1 #eci he is the ideal and the way to it1 #edd not law1 8the perfect ,image0 of ,god1 #edh his holiness1 in what it consisted1 #egb in ,gethsemane felt for the race1 #fce with him believers have a connection of spiritual life1 #fcf human nature in1 may have guilt without depravity1 #fde educator of the race1 #fff the ,person of1 #ffigjj the doctrine of his ,person stated1 #ffi a brief historical survey of the doctrine of his ,person1 #ffi views of the ,ebionites concerning1 #ffi reality of his body denied by ,docet1 #fgj views of ,arians concerning1 #fgj views of ,apollinarians1 #fgj1 #fga views of ,nestorians1 #fga1 #fgb views of ,eutychians1 #fgb the two natures of1 their integrity1 #fgc his humanity real1 #fgc is expressly called 8a man101 #fgc his genealogies1 #fgc had the essential elements of human nature1 #fgd had the same powers and principles of normal humanity1 #fgd his elocution1 #fgd subject to the laws of human development1 #fge in twelfth year seems to enter on consciousness of his divine ,sonship1 #fge suffered and died1 #fge dies 7,stroud7 of a broken heart1 #fge lived a life of faith and prayer1 and study of ,scripture1 #fge the integrity of his humanity1 #fgefha supernaturally conceived1 #fge free from hereditary depravity and actual sin1 #fgf his ideal human nature1 #fgh his human nature finds its personality in union with the divine1 #fgi his human nature germinal1 #fhj the 8,everlasting ,father10 #fhj the ,vine man1 #fhj ,docetic doctrine concerning1 confuted1 #fha possessed a knowledge of his own deity1 #fha exercised divine prerogatives1 #fhb in him divine knowledge and power1 #fhb union of two natures in his one person1 #fhcgjj possesses a perfect divine and human nature1 #fhc1 #fhd proof of this union of natures in1 #fhd speaks of himself as a single person1 #fhd attributes of both his natures ascribed to one person1 #fhd1 #fhe ,scriptural representation of infinite value of atonement and union of race with ,god prove him divine1 #fhe ,lutheran view as to communion of natures in1 #fhf four genera regarding the natures of ,christ1 #fhf union of natures in1 #fhf theory of his incomplete humanity1 #fhf objections to this theory1 #fhg1 #fhh theory of his gradual incarnation1 #fhh1 #fhi objections to this view1 #fhifia real nature of union of persons in1 #fiagjj importance of correct views of the person of1 #fia1 #fib chief problems in the doctrine of the person of1 #fib why the union of the natures in the person of ,christ is inscrutable1 #fic on what the possibility of the union of deity and humanity in his person is grounded1 #fic1 #fid no double personality in1 #fidfif union of natures in1 its effect upon his humanity1 #fif1 #fig union of natures in1 its effect upon the divine1 #fig this union of natures in the person of1 necessary1 #fih the union of natures in1 eternal1 #fih1 #fii the infinite and finite in1 #fii1 #gjj the two states of1 #gjagaj the nature of his humiliation1 #gjagjf not the union in him of ,logos and human nature1 #gja his humiliation did not consist in the surrender of the relative divine attributes1 #gja objections to above view1 #gjagjc his humiliation consisted in the surrender of the independent exercise of the ,divine attributes1 #gjc his humiliation consisted in the assumption by the preexistent ,logos of the servantform1 #gjc his humiliation consisted in the submission of the ,logos to the ,holy ,spirit1 #gjc his humiliation consisted in the surrender as to his human nature of all advantages accruing thereto from union with deity1 #gjc1 #gjd the five stages of his humiliation1 #gjdgjf his state of exaltation1 #gjfgaj the nature of his exaltation1 #gjf1 #gjg the stages of his exaltation1 #gjggaj his quickening and resurrection1 #gjg1 #gjh his ascension1 #gjhgaj his offices1 #gajggf his offices three1 #gaj his ,prophetic work1 #gajgac prophet1 its meaning as applied to him1 #gaj three methods of fulfilling the prophet's office1 #gaa his preparatory work as ,logos1 #gaa his ministry as incarnate1 #gaa1 #gab his ascended guidance and teaching of the church on earth1 #gab his final revelation of the ,father to the saints in glory1 #gab1 #gac his ,priestly office1 #gacgge in what respects he was a priest1 #gac his atoning work1 see ,atonement4 as immanent in the universe1 see ,logos4 bearer of our humanity1 life of our race1 #gae his sufferings not atonement but revelation of atonement1 #gae his death a moral stimulus to men1 #gaf did he ever utter the words 8give his life a ransom for many081 #gag did not preach1 but established the gospel1 #gba a noble martyr1 #gbi his death the central truth of ,christianity1 #gcc1 #gfd his death set forth by ,baptism and ,lord's ,supper1 #gcc the ,great ,penitent1 #gcd1 #gcg1 #gfj the ,savior of all men1 #gci refused 8the wine mingled with myrrh101 #gdb never makes confession of sin1 #gdf a stumblingblock to modern speculation1 #gdf had not hereditary depravity but guilt1 #gdg1 #gfb was he slain by himself or another81 #gdg does he suffer intensively the infinite punishment of sin81 #gdg his obedience1 active and passive1 needed in salvation1 #gdi1 #ggj died for all1 #gej incorporate with humanity1 became our substitute1 #gej how 8lifted up101 #gea mediator between the just ,god and the merciful ,god1 #ged in his organic union with the race is the vital relation which makes his vicarious sufferings either possible or just1 #ged as ,god immanent in humanity1 is priest and victim1 condemning and condemned1 atoning and atoned1 #gee created humanity1 and as immanent ,god sustains it1 while it sins1 thus becoming responsible for its sin1 #gee1 #gfi as ,logos smitten by guilt and punishment1 #gee the 8must be0 of his sufferings1 what81 #gee his raceresponsibility not destroyed by incarnation1 or purification in womb of ,virgin1 #gef his sufferings reveal the cross hidden in the divine love from foundation of the world1 #gef1 #gfc in womb of ,virgin purged from depravity1 guilt and penalty remaining1 #geg1 #gei the central brain of our race through which all ideas must pass1 #geg his guilt1 what81 #geg innocent in personal1 but not race relations1 #geh his secular and church priesthood1 #geh did he suffer only for his own share in sin of the race81 #geh his incarnation an expression of a prior union with race beginning at creation1 #geh various explanations of his identification with race1 #gei he longed to suffer1 #gei he could not help suffering1 #gfj all nerves and sensibilities of race meet in him1 #gfj his place in #b ,cor4 #e3ba1 #gfj1 #gfa when and how did he take guilt and penalty on himself1 #gfa import of his submission to ,john's baptism1 #gfb was he unjustified till his death81 #gfb his guilt first purged on ,cross1 #gfb as incarnate1 revealed1 rather than made1 atonement1 #gfb the personally unmerited sufferings of1 the mystery of atonement1 #gfh may have felt remorse as central conscience of humanity1 #gfi his sufferings1 though temporal1 met infinite demands of law1 #gfi paid a penalty equivalent1 though not identical1 #gfi1 #ggj how ,savior of all men1 #ggb specially ,savior of those who believe1 #ggc his priesthood1 everlasting1 #ggc as ,priest he is intercessor1 see ,intercession4 his ,kingly office1 #gge his kingship defined1 #gge his kingdom of power1 #gge his kingdom of grace1 #gge1 #ggf the only instance of ,fortwirkung after death1 #ggf his kingdom of glory1 #ggf his kingdom1 the antidote to despair concerning church1 #ggf his kingship1 two practical remarks upon1 #ggf union with1 see ,union4 ascended1 communicates life to church1 #hjf heathen may receive salvation from ,christ without knowing giver or how gift was purchased1 #hdc his sufferings secure acquittal from penalty of law1 #heh his obedience secures reward of law1 #heh union with1 secures his life as dominant principle in soul1 #hfj his life in believer will infallibly extirpate all depravity1 #hfj 8we in10 ,justification1 #hfb 8in us10 ,sanctification1 #hfb his twofold work in the world1 #hfi a new object of attention to the believer1 #hgc union with1 secures impartation of spirit of obedience1 #hge his commands must not be modified by any church1 #ici submitted to rites appointed for sinners1 #idc ,god's judicial activity exercised through1 #ajbg qualified by his two natures to act as judge1 #ajbg his body confined to space1 #ajcb his soul not limited to space1 #ajcb ,christianity1 its triumph over paganism1 the wonder of history1 #aiaaic its influence on civilization1 #aic1 #aid its influence on individuals1 #aid1 #aie submits to judgment by only test of a religion1 not ideals1 but performances1 #aie and pantheism1 #bhb circumstances favorable to its propagation1 #fff ,japanese objection to its doctrine of brotherhood1 #hih ,christological method in theology1 #ej ,christology1 #ffeggf ,chronology1 schemes of1 #bbd1 #bbe ,church1 its safety and aggressiveness dependent on sound doctrine1 #ah its relation to truth1 #cc polity and ordinances of1 their purpose1 #edf a prophetic institution1 #gab doctrine of the1 #hhgihj constitution of the1 or its ,polity1 #hhgibi in its largest signification1 #hhg and kingdom1 difference between1 #hhg1 #hhi definition of1 in ,westminster ,confession1 #hhg the universal1 includes all believers1 #hhh universal1 the body of ,christ1 #hhh a transcendent element in1 #hhh union with ,christ1 the presupposition of1 #hhh the indwelling ,christ1 its elevating privilege1 #hhh the universal or invisible distinguished from the local or visible1 #hhi individual1 defined1 #hij the laws of ,christ on which church gathered1 #hij not a humanitarian organization1 #hij the term employed in a loose sense1 #hia significance of the term etymologically1 #hia the secular use of its ,greek form1 #hia used as a generic or collective term1 #hia the ,greek term translated1 its derivation1 #hia applied by a figure of rhetoric to many churches1 #hia the local1 a divine appointment1 #hib the ,hebrew terms for1 its larger and narrower use1 #hib ,christ took his idea of1 from ,hebrew not heathen sources1 #hib exists for sake of the kingdom1 #hib will be displaced by a ,christian state1 #hic the decline of1 not to be deplored1 #hic a voluntary society1 #hic membership in1 not hereditary or compulsory1 #hic union with1 logically follows union with ,christ1 #hic its doctrine1 a necessary outgrowth of the doctrine of regeneration1 #hic highest organism of human life1 #hid is an organism such as the religion of spirit necessarily creates1 #hia its organization may be informal1 #hid its organization may be formal1 #hid its organization in ,n4 ,t4 formal1 #hid its developed organization indicated by change of names from ,gospels to ,epistles1 #hie not an exclusively spiritual organization1 #hie doctrine of ,plymouth ,brethren concerning1 #hie1 #hif organization of the1 not definitely prescribed in ,n4 ,t4 and left to expediency2 an erroneous theory1 #hif government of1 five alleged forms in ,n4 ,t41 #hig regenerate persons only members of1 #hig ,christ law giver of1 #hig members on equality1 #hih one member of1 has no jurisdiction over another1 #hih independent of civil power1 #hii local1 its sole object1 #hii local1 united worship a duty of1 #hii its law1 the will of ,christ1 #ijj membership in1 qualifications prescribed for1 #ijj membership in1 duties attached to1 #ijj its genesis1 #ijj in germ before ,pentecost1 #ijj three periods in life of1 #ija officers elected as occasion demanded1 #ija ,paul's teaching concerning1 progressive1 #ijb how far synagogue was model of1 #ijb a new1 how constituted1 #ijb in formation of1 a council not absolutely requisite1 #ijb1 #ijc at ,antioch1 its independent career1 #ijc its government1 #ijcibf its government1 as to source of authority1 an absolute monarchy1 #ijc its government1 as to interpretation and execution of ,christ's law1 an absolute democracy1 #ijc should be united in action1 #ijd union of1 in action should be1 not passive submission1 but intelligent cooperation1 #ijd peaceful unity in1 result of ,spirit's work1 #ijd ,baptist1 law of majority rule in1 #ijd as a whole responsible for doctrinal and practical purity1 #ije ordinances committed to custody of whole1 #ije as a whole1 elects its officers and delegates1 #ijf as a whole1 exercises discipline1 #ijg the self government of1 an educational influence1 #ijh pastor's duty to1 #ijh the world church or ,romanist theory of1 considered1 #ijhiaa ,peter as foundation of1 what meant by the statement1 #ijiiaa ,see also ,peter4 the hierarchical government of1 corrupting and dishonoring to ,christ1 #iaa the theory of a national1 considered1 #iabiad ,presbyterian system of the1 authors upon1 #iab independence of1 when given up1 #iab a spiritual1 incapable of delimitation1 #iac officers of the1 #iadibd offices in1 two1 #iadiaf a plurality of eldership in the primitive1 occasional1 #iae1 #iaf the pastor1 bishop or elder of the1 his three fold duty1 #iaf1 #iag the deacon1 his duties1 #iag1 #iah did women in the early church discharge diaconal functions81 #iah ordination of officers in1 #iahibd ,see ,ordination4 local1 highest ecclesiastical authority in ,n4 ,t41 #ibj discipline of1 #ibdibf relation of1 to sister churches1 #ibfibi each1 the equal of any other1 #ibf each1 directly responsible to ,christ1 and with spiritual possibilities equal to any other1 #ibf each1 to maintain fraternity and cooperation with other churches1 #ibf each1 should seek and take advice from other churches1 #ibg the fellowship of a1 with another church may be broken by departures from ,scriptural faith and practice1 #ibh independence of1 qualified by interdependence1 #ibh what it ought to do if distressed by serious internal disagreements1 #ibh its independence requires largest cooperation with other churches1 #ibi list of authorities on general subject of the1 #ibi ordinances of the1 #icjihj ,see ,ordinances1 ,baptism1 and ,lord's ,supper4 ,circulatio1 #ccc ,circumcision1 of ,christ1 its import1 #gfa its law and that of baptism not the same1 #ied1 #iee ,circumincessio1 #ccc ,civilization1 can its arts be lost81 #ebi ,coffin1 called by ,egyptians 'chest of the living1'1 #iie ,cogito ergo ,deus est1 #fa ,cogito ergo sum cogito scilicet sum1 #ee ,cogito cogitans sum1 #ee ,cognition of finiteness1 dependence1 etc41 the occasion of the direct cognition of the ,infinite1 ,absolute1 etc41 #eb ,coming1 second1 of ,christ1 #ajjcajae the doctrine of1 stated1 #ajjc ,scriptures describing1 #ajjc1 #ajjd statements concerning1 not all spiritual1 #ajjd outward and visible1 #ajjd the objects to be secured at1 #ajjd said to be 8in like manner0 to his ascension1 #ajjd1 #ajje analogous to his first1 #ajje can all men at one time see ,christ at the81 #ajje the time of1 not definitely taught1 #ajje predictions of1 parallel those of his first1 #ajjg patient waiting for1 disciplinary1 #ajjg precursors of1 #ajjhajaj a general prevalence of ,christianity1 a precursor of1 #ajjh a deep and wide spread development of evil1 a precursor of1 #ajjh a personal antichrist1 a precursor of1 #ajjh four signs of1 according to some1 #ajaj millennium1 prior to1 #ajaj1 #ajaa and millennium as pointed out in ,rev4 #bj3daj1 #ajaa immediately connected with a general resurrection and judgment1 #ajaa of two kinds1 #ajad a reconciliation of premillenarian and postmillenarian theories suggested1 #ajad is the preaching which is to precede1 to nations as wholes1 or to each individual in a nation81 #ajad the destiny of those living at1 #ajae ,comings of ,christ1 partial and typical1 #ajjc ,commenting1 its progress1 #ce ,commission1 ,christ's final1 not confined to eleven1 #ijf ,commercial theory of ,atonement1 #gdg ,common law of church1 what81 #igj ,communion1 prerequisites to1 #ifiihj limitation of1 commanded by ,christ and apostles1 #ifi limitation of1 implied in its analogy to ,baptism1 #ifi prerequisites to1 laid down not by church1 but by ,christ and his apostles expressly or implicitly1 #igj prerequisites to1 are four1 #igj ,regeneration1 a prerequisite to1 #iga ,baptism1 a prerequisite to1 #iga the apostles were baptized before1 #iga the command of ,christ places baptism before1 #iga in all cases recorded in ,n4 ,t4 baptism precedes1 #iga the symbolism of the ordinances requires baptism to precede1 #iga1 #igb standards of principal denominations place baptism before1 #igb where baptism customarily does not precede1 the results are unsatisfactory1 #igb church membership1 a prerequisite to1 #igc a church rite1 #igc a symbol of ,christian fellowship1 #igc an orderly walk1 a prerequisite to1 #igc immoral conduct1 a bar to1 #igc1 #igd disobedience to the commands of ,christ1 a bar to1 #igd heresy1 a bar to1 #igd schism1 a bar to1 #ige restricted1 the present attitude of ,baptist churches to1 #igf local church under responsibility to see its1 preserved from disorder1 #ige1 #igf open1 advocated because baptism cannot be a term of communion1 not being a term of salvation1 #igg open1 contrary to the practice of organised ,christianity1 #igg no more binding than baptism1 #igh open1 tends to do away with baptism1 #igh open1 destroys discipline1 #igh open1 tends to do away with the visible church1 #igi strict1 objections to1 answered briefly1 #igi1 #ihj open1 its justification briefly considered1 #ihj a list of authors upon1 #ihj ,compact with ,satan1 #deh ,complex act1 part may designate whole1 #idf ,concept1 not a mental image1 #g in theology1 may be distinguished by definition from all others1 #ae ,concupiscence1 what81 #ebb ,romish doctrine of1 #fjd ,concurrence in all operations at basis of preservation1 #daa divine efficiency in1 does not destroy or absorb the efficiency assisted1 #dah ,god's1 in evil acts only as they are natural acts1 #dah1 #dai ,confession1 ,romanist view of1 #hcd ,conflagration1 final1 #ajab ,confucianism1 #ahj1 #aha ,confucius1 #ahj1 #aha ,connate ideas1 #ec1 #ed ,conscience1 what81 #hb1 #hc proves existence of a holy ,lawgiver and ,judge1 #hb its supremacy1 #hb warns of existence of law1 #hb speaks in imperative1 #hb represents to itself some other as judge1 #hb the will it expresses superior to ours1 #hc witness against pantheism1 #ajc thirst of1 assuaged by ,christ's sacrifice1 #big its nature1 #dih not a faculty1 but a mode1 #dih intellectual element in1 #dih emotional element in1 #dih solely judicial1 #dih discriminative1 #dih impulsive1 #dih other mental processes from which it is to be distinguished1 #dii the moral judiciary of the soul1 #ejj must be enlightened and cultivated1 #ejj an echo of ,god's voice1 #eja in its relation to ,god as holy1 #ejb the organ by which the human spirit finds ,god in itself1 and itself in ,god1 #ejc rendered less sensitive1 but cannot be annulled1 by sin1 #fdg needs ,christ's propitiation1 #gcf absolute liberty of1 a distinguishing tenet of ,baptists1 #hih1 #hii ,consciousness1 ,christian1 not norma normans1 but norma normata1 #bh defined1 #fc not source of other knowledge1 #fc self1 primarily a distinguishing of itself from itself1 #ajd comes logically before consciousness of the world1 #ajd self consciousness1 what81 #beb ,consubstantiation1 #ifh ,contrary choice1 in ,adam1 #eai not essential to will1 #fjj1 #fje its present limits1 #fje ,contrition1 ,romish doctrine of1 #hcd ,conversion1 ,god's act in the will in1 #gic sudden1 #hbg defined1 #hbi relation to regeneration1 #hbi voluntary1 #hbi man's relation to ,god in1 #hcj conversions other than the first1 #hca relations of the divine and human in1 #hca ,cosmological argument1 see ,god4 ,covetousness1 what81 #efi ,cranial capacity of man and apes1 #dgc ,creatianism1 its advocates1 #dia its tenets1 #dia its untenability1 #diadic ,creation1 attributed to ,christ1 #caj attributed to ,spirit1 #caf doctrine of1 #cgadaj definition of1 #cga1 #cgb by man of ideas and volitions and indirectly of brain modifications1 #cga is change of energy into force1 #cga ,lotzean1 author's view of1 #cgb is not 8production out of nothing101 #cgb is not 8fashioning101 #cgb1 #cgc not an emanation from divine substance1 #cgb the divine in1 the origination of substance1 #cgc free act of a rational will1 #cgc externalization of ,god's thought1 #cgc creation and 8generation0 and 8procession101 #cgc is ,god's voluntary limitation of himself1 #cgc how an act of the triune ,god1 #cgc not necessary to a trinitarian ,god1 #cgc the doctrine of1 proved only from ,scripture1 #cgd direct ,scripture statements concerning1 discussed1 #cgdcgg idea of1 originates1 when we think of things as originating in ,god immediately1 #cge ,paul's idea of1 #cgf absolute1 heathen had glimpses of1 #cgf best expressed in ,hebrew1 #cgf found among early ,babylonians1 #cgf found in pre,zoroastrian1 ,vedic1 and early ,egyptian religions1 #cgf in heathen systems1 #cgg literature on1 #cgg 8out of nothing10 its origin1 #cgg indirect evidence of1 from ,scripture1 #cgg1 #cgh theories which oppose1 #cghcia ,dualism opposes1 see ,dualism4 ,emanation opposes1 see ,emanation4 ,creation from eternity1 theory stated1 #chf not necessitated by ,god's omnipotence1 #chg contradictory in terms and irrational1 #chg another form of the seesaw philosophy1 #chg not necessitated by ,god's timelessness1 #chg inconceivable1 #chg not consistent with the conception of universe as an organism1 #chh not necessitated by ,god's immutability1 #chh not necessitated by ,god's love1 #chh1 #chi inconsistent with ,god's independence and personality1 #chi outgrowth of ,unitarian tendencies1 #chi ,creation1 opposed by theory of spontaneous generation1 see ,generation1 ,spontaneous4 ,mosaic account of1 #ciacig asserts originating act of ,god in1 #cia makes ,god antedate and create matter1 #cia recognizes development1 #cib lays the foundation for cosmogony1 #cib can be interpreted in harmony with mediate creation or evolution1 #cib not an allegory or myth1 #cid ,mosaic account of1 not the blending of inconsistent stories1#cid not to be interpreted in a hyperliteral way1 #cid does not use 8day0 for a period of twentyfour hours1 #cid is not a precise geological record1 #cie its scheme in detail1 #ciecig literature upon1 #cif1 #cig ,creation1 ,god's end in1 #cigdjb ,god's end in1 his own glory1 #cih ,god's chief end in1 the manifestation of his glory1 #cih his glory most valuable end in1 #cii his glory only end in1 consistent with his independence and sovereignty1 #cii his glory the end in1 which secures every interest of the universe1 #djj his glory the end in1 because it is the end proposed to his creatures1 #dja its final value1 its value for ,god1 #djb the doctrine of1 its relation to other doctrines1 #djbdaj its relation to the holiness and benevolence of ,god1 #djb first1 in what senses 8very good101 #djb pain and imperfection in1 before moral evil1 reasons for1 #djb sets forth wisdom and freewill of ,god1 #djd ,christ in1 the ,revealer of ,god1 and the remedy of pessimism1 #dje presents ,god in ,providence and ,redemption1 #djg gives value to the ,sabbath1 #djh ,creation of man1 exclusively a fact of ,scripture1 #dfe ,scripture declares it an act of ,god1 #dfe ,scripture silent on method of1 #dfe ,scripture does not exclude mediate creation of body1 if this method probable from other sources1 #dfe1 #dia and theistic evolution1 #dff his soul1 its creation1 though mediate1 yet immediate1 #dff1 #dia not from brute1 but from ,god1 through brute1 #dfg1 #dfi1 #dgb the last stage in the development of life1 #dfi unintelligible unless the immanent ,god is regarded as giving new impulses to the process1 #dgj as to soul and body1 in a sense immediate1 #dgj natural selection1 its relations to1 #dgj by laws of development1 which are methods of the ,creator1 #dgb when finished presents1 not a brute1 but a man1 #dgb constitutes him the offspring of ,god1 and ,god his ,father1 #dgd as taking place through ,christ1 made its product a son of ,god by relationship to the ,eternal ,son1 #dgd theory of its occurrence at several centres1 #dha and his new creation compared1 #fid in it body made corruptible1 soul incorruptible1 #iia ,creation1 continuous1 its doctrine1 #dae its advocates1 #daf the element of truth in1 #daf its error1 #daf contradicts consciousness1 #daf exaggerates ,god's power at expense of other attributes1 #dag renders personal identity inexplicable1 #dag tends to pantheism1 #dag ,creatura1 #cib ,credo quia impossibile est1 #cd ,creeds1 #ah1 #db ,crime best prevented by conviction of its desert of punishment1 #fee ,crimen ls majestatis1 #gdh ,criminal theory1 #gdh ,criticism1 higher1 #afiagb what it means1 #afi influenced by spirit in which conducted1 #afi1 #agj its teachings on ,pentateuch and ,hexateuch1 #agj reveals ,god's method in making up record of his revelation1 #agb literature upon1 #agb ,cumulative argument1 #ga ,cur ,deus ,homo1 synopsis of1 #gdh 8,curse0 in ,gal4 #c3ac1 #gfj 8,custom1 immemorial10 binding1 #igj 8,damn10 its present connotation acquired from impression made on popular mind by ,scriptures1 #ajdf 8,damnation0 in #a ,cor4 #aa3bb1 its meaning1 #ifj ,darwinism1 its teaching1 #dgj its truth1 #dgj is not a complete explanation of the history of life1 #dgj fails to account for origin of substance and of variations1 #dgj does not take account of sudden appearance in the geological record of important forms of life1 #dgj leaves gap between highest anthropoid and lowest specimen of man unspanned1 #dga fails to explain many important facts in heredity1 #dga must admit that natural selection has not yet produced a species1 as far as we know1 #dgb as its author understood it1 was not opposed to the ,christian faith1 #dgc ,day in ,gen4 #a1 #ce its meaning1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #cid1 #cie ,deacons1 their duties1 #iag1 #iah ordination of1 #iai ,deaconesses1 #iah ,dead1 ,christ's preaching to1 #gjg1 #gjh ,dead1 ,egyptian ,book of the1 #iie extracts from1 #iie resurrection in1 #ajbb judgment in1 #ajbd 8,deadly sins1 the seven10 of ,romanism1 #ega1 #egb ,death1 spiritual1 a consequence of the ,fall1 #eia spiritual1 in what it consists1 #eia1 #fei1 #ffj1 #ihb physical1 its nature1 #fef1 #ihb physical1 a part of the penalty of sin proved from ,scripture1 #fef1 #feg and sin complemental1 #feg a natural law1 on occasion of man's sin1 appointed to a moral use1 #feg the liberator of souls1 #feh the penalty of sin1 proved from reason1 #feh its universality how alone explained consistently with idea of ,god's justice1 #feh not a necessary law of organized being1 #feh higher being might have been attained without its intervention1 #feh to ,christian not penalty1 but chastisement and privilege1 #fei1 #ihc1 #ihd eternal1 what81 #ffj second1 #fdh1 #ihb1 #ihc1 #ajac not cessation of being1 #ihd as dissolution1 cannot affect indivisible soul1 #ihd as a cessation of consciousness preparatory to other development1 considered1 #ihf cannot terminate the development for which man was made1 #ihf cannot so extinguish being that no future vindication of ,god's moral government is possible1 #ihg cannot1 by annihilation1 falsify the testimony of man's nature to immortality1 #ihi man's body only made liable to1 #iia as applied to soul1 designates an unholy and unhappy state of being1 #iib consciousness after1 indicated in many ,scriptures1 #iic1 #iid a 8sleep101 #iid of two kinds1 #ajac its passionless and statuesque tranquility prophetic1 #ajaf ,decree to act not the act1 #ced1 #cei ,decree1 the divine1 permissive in case of evil1 #ced1 #cfe ,decree1 not a cause1 #cfj of end and means combined1 #cec1 #cfc1 #cfd does not efficiently work evil choices in men1 #cfe to permit sin1 and the fact of the permission of sin equally equitable1 #cfe to initiate a system in which sin has a place1 how consistent with ,god's holiness81 #cfg ,decrees of ,god1 the1 #ceccgj their definition1 #ceccee many to us1 yet in nature one plan1 #cec relations between1 not chronological but logical1 #cec without necessity1 #cec relate to things outside of ,god1 #ec respect acts1 both of ,god and free creatures1 #ced not addressed to creatures1 #ced all human acts covered by1 #ced none of them read 8you shall sin101 #ced sinful acts of men1 how related to1 #ced how divided1 #cee declared by ,scripture to include all things1 #cee declared by ,scripture to deal with special things and events1 #cee proved from divine foreknowledge1 #cef respect foreseen results1 #cef proved from divine wisdom1 #ceh proved from divine immutability1 #ceh1 #cei proved from the divine benevolence1 #cei a ground of thanksgiving1 #cei not inconsistent with man's free agency1 #cei do not remove motive for exertion1 #cfc and fate1 #cfc encourage effort1 #cfd they do not make ,god the author of sin1 #cfe practical uses of the doctrine of1 #cfh the doctrine of1 dear to matured understanding and deep experience1 #cfh how the doctrine should be preached1 #cfi ,deism1 defined1 #dad some of its advocates1 #dad an exaggeration of ,god's transcendence1 #dad rests upon a false analogy1 #dae a system of anthropomorphism1 #dae denies providential interference1 #dae tends to atheism1 #dae 8,delivering to ,satan10 #deg ,delphic oracle1 #acf ,demons1 see ,angels1 evil4 ,depravity1 explained by a personal act in the previous timeless state of being1 #dhh of nature1 repented of by ,christians1 #eee ,arminian theory of1 #fja1 #fjb ,new ,school theory of1 #fjf1 #fjg ,federal theory of1 #fab1 #fac ,augustinian theory of1 #fai1 #fbj defined1 #fcg total1 its meaning1 #fcgfci is subjective pollution1 #fde1 #fdf ,christ had no1 #fde1 #gefgeh of human will1 requires special divine influence1 #ghd of all humanity1 #hac ,determinatio est negatio1 #i ,determinism1 #cfb1 #ejgeaj ,deus nescit se quid est quia non est quid1 #bdd ,deuteronomy1 #afgafi1 #aga1 #bci ,devil1 #ded1 #dee ,dextra ,dei ubique est1 #gjh ,diabolus nullus1 nullus ,redemptor1 #dfb ,diatoms1 and natural selection1 #dga ,dichotomous and ,dichotomy1 see ,man4 ,dies ,ir1 the1 #fde1 #ajef ,dignity1 the plural of1 #cah ,disciples or ,campbellites1 #hba1 #hdj1 #idg ,discrepancies1 alleged1 in ,scripture1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #agc1 #agd ,divorce1 permitted by ,moses1 #bcj ,docet1 #fgj ,doctor angelicus1 #dd ,doctor subtilis1 #de ,doctrine1 #ag1 #cc1 #cd ,documentary evidence1 #ada1 #adb ,doddridge's dream1 #dec ,dogmatic system implied in ,scripture1 #ae ,dogmatism1 #db ,domine1 quousque8 ,calvin's motto1 #ajjh ,donum supernaturale1 #ebb ,dort1 ,synod of1 #fad1 #ggg ,douay version1 ,mat4 #bf3bh in1 #ife ,dualism1 two forms of1 #cgh a form of1 holds two distinct and coeternal principles1 #cgh a history of this form of1 #cghchj this form of1 presses the maxim ex nihilo nihil fit too far1 #chj this form of1 applies the test of inconceivability too rigidly1 #chj this form of1 unphilosophical1 #cha this form of1 limits ,god's power and blessedness1 #cha this form of1 fails to account for moral evil1 #cha another form of1 holds the existence of two antagonistic spirits1 #cha1 #chb this form of1 at variance with the ,scriptural representation of ,god1 #chb this form of1 opposed to the ,scriptural representation of the ,prince of ,evil1 #chb ,ducit quemque voluptas1 #bii ,duties1 our1 not all disclosed in revelation1 #ede ,ebionism1 #ffi ,ebionites1 #ffi1 #fgj ,ecclesiastes1 #bdj ,ecclesiology1 #hhgihj ,eden1 adapted to infantile and innocent manhood1 #ehc ,education1 by impersonal law1 and by personal dependence1 #dcd ,efficacious call1 its nature1 #gib1 #gic 8,effulgence101 #cce ,ego1 cognition of it logically precedes that of non ego1 #ajd ,egyptian language1 old1 its linguistic value1 #dig idea of blessedness of future life dependent on preservation of body1 #iie idea of permanent union of soul and body1 #ajbb way of representing ,god1 #cgf1 #cgg knowledge of future state1 #iie ,einzige1 der1 every man is1 #cec ,eldership1 plural1 #iae1 #iaf ,election1 its relation to ,god's decrees1 #cee logically subsequent to redemption1 #ggg not to share in atonement but to special influence of ,spirit1 #ggi doctrine of1 #ggigij definition1 #ggi proof from ,scripture1 #ggighb statement preliminary to proof1 #ggi asserted of certain individuals1 #ghj asserted in connection with divine foreknowledge1 #ghj1 #gha asserted to be a matter of grace1 #gha connected with a giving by ,father to ,son of certain persons1 #gha connected with union with ,christ1 #gha connected with entry in the ,lamb's ,book of ,life1 #gha connected with allotment as disciples to certain believers1 #ghb connected with a special call of ,god1 #ghb connected with a birth by ,god's will1 #ghb connected with gift of repentance and faith1 #ghb connected with holiness and good works as a gift1 #ghb ,lutheran view of1 #ghb1 #ghc ,arminian view of1 #ghc a group of views concerning1 #ghc proved from reason1 #ghcghe is the purpose or choice which precedes gift of regenerating grace1 #ghc is not conditioned on merit or faith in chosen1 #ghd needed by depravity of human will1 #ghd other considerations which make it more acceptable to reason1 #ghe objections to1 #ghegij is unjust1 #ghe is partial1 #ghf the ethical side of natural selection1 #ghf is arbitrary1 #ghg is immoral1 #ghg1 #ghh fosters pride1 #ghh discourages effort1 #ghh1 #ghi implies reprobation1 #ghi1 #gij list of authors on1 #gij ,elijah1 his translation1 #iie ,john the ,baptist as1 #ajac ,elizabeth1 ,queen1 immersed1 #icg ,elohim1 #cah1 #cai ,emanation theory of origin of universe1 #cghchc ,empirical theory of morals1 truth in1 #eja reconciled with intuitional theory1 #eja ,encratites1 deny to woman 8the image of ,god101 #ebd ,endor1 woman of1 #iff 8,enemies10 ,rom4 #e3aj1 #gai ,energy1 mental1 life1 #beb resisted1 force1 #beb universe derived from1 #beb its change into force is creation1 #beb dissipation of1 #cgd1 #dae ,enghis and ,neanderthal crania1 #dga ,enmity to ,god1 #efi1 #hag1 #hah ,enoch1 translation of1 #feh1 #iid ,environment1 #dbf1 #ajcd1 #ajdi ,eophyte and ,eozoon1 #cie ,epicureanism1 #ia1 #ahd1 #bii ,error1 systems of1 suggest organizing superhuman intelligences1 #deg ,errors in ,scripture1 alleged1 #bbbbcf ,eschatology1 #ihaajef ,esprit gel 7matter7 ,schelling's bon mot1 #chf ,essenes1 #ghg ,esther1 book of1 #bcg1 #cji 8,eternal sin1 an101 #ajcd1 #ajdh ,eternity1 #bgf ,ethics1 how conditioned1 #c ,christian and ,christian faith inseparable1 #fcf ,eucharist1 see ,supper1 the ,lord's4 ,eutaxiology1 #ge ,eutychians 7,monophysites71 #fgb ,eve1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #fgf ,evidence1 principles of1 #adaadd ,evil1 #ced1 #ajec ,evolution1 behind that of our own reason stands the ,supreme ,reason1 #be and revelation constitute nature1 #bf an1 of ,scripture as of natural science1 #ce of ideas1 not from sense to nonsense1 #fd has given man the height fromwhich he can discern stars of moral truth previously hidden below the horizon1 #fe a process1 not a power1 #gf only a method of ,god1 #gf spells purpose1 #gf awake to ends within the universe1 but not to the great end of the universe itself1 #gf answers objections by showing the development of useful collocations from initial imperfections1 #gh has reinforced the evidences of intelligence in the universe1 #gi transfers cause to an immanent rational principle1 #gi a materialized1 logical process1 #hd of universe inexplicable unless matter is moved from without1 #ib extension and1 being1 having thought and will1 reveals itself in1 #aja only another name for ,christ1 #aji views nature as a progressive order consisting of higher levels and phenomena unknown before1 #aba its principle1 the ,logos or ,divine ,reason1 #abc its continuity that of plan not of force1 #abh depends on increments of force with persistency of plan1 #abc irreconcilable with ,deism and its distant ,god1 #abc the basis and background of a ,christianity which believes in a dynamical universe of which a personal and loving ,god is the inner source of energy1 #abc implies not the uniformity1 but universality of law1 #abf has successive stages1 with new laws coming in1 and becoming dominant1 #abe of ,hegel1 a fact but fatalistic1 #agf of human society not primarily intellectual1 but religious1 #aid is developing reverence with its allied qualities1 #aid if not recognized in ,scripture leads to a denial of its unity1 #bag of 8,truth--evolvable from the whole1 evolved at last painfully101 #bah has given us a new ,bible--a book which has grown1 #bbd1 #bcj1 #bca in a progress in prophecy1 doctrine and churchpolity seen in ,paul's epistles1 #bcf not a tale of battle1 but a lovestory1 #bfd the object of nature1 and altruism the object of evolution1 #bfd explains the world as the return of the highest to itself1 #bff in the idea of holiness and love exhibited in the palontological struggle for life and for the life of others1 #bfh1 #cic is ,god's omnipresence in time1 #bhb of his own being1 ,god not shut up to a necessary1 #bhg working out a nobler and nobler justice is proof that ,god is just1 #bib a method of ,christ's operation1 #caa in its next scientific form will maintain the divineness of man and exalt ,jesus of ,nazareth to an eminence secure and supreme1 #cbh 8,father10 more than symbol of the cause of organic1 #ccd and gravitation1 all the laws of1 are the work and manifestation of the present ,christ1 #ccg the conception of ,god in1 leads to a ,trinitarian conception1 #cdi theological1 are the heathen trinities stages in81 #ceb is a regress terminating in the necessity of a creator1 #cgd a self1 of ,god1 so ,stoic monism regarded the world1 #chi implies previous involution1 #cij assumes initial arrangements containing the possibilities of the order afterwards evolved1 #cij unable to create something out of nothing1 #cij the attempt to comprehend the world of experience in terms of fundamental idealistic postulates1 #cij that ignores freedom of ,god is pantheistic1 #cij from the nebula to man1 unfolds a ,divine ,self1 #cij but a habitual operation of ,god1 #cij not an eternal or selforiginated process1 #cia natural selection without teleological factors cannot account for biological1 #cia and creation1 no antagonism between1 #cia its limits1 #cib ,spencer's definition of1 stated and criticized1 #cib illustrated in progress from ,orohippus to horse of the present1 #cib of inorganic forces and materials1 an1 in this the source of animate species1 yet the ,mosaic account of creation not discredited1 #cib in all forms of energy1 higher and lower1 dependent directly on will of ,god1 #cic the struggle for life to palontological stages of1 the beginning of the sense of right and justice1 #bfh1 #cic the struggle for the life of others in palontological stages of1 the beginning of altruism1 #bfh1 #cic the science of1 has strengthened teleology1 #cig its flow constitutes the selfrevelation of the ,infinite ,one1 #dac process of1 easier believed in as a divine selfevolution than as a mechanical process1 #dei of man1 physical and psychical1 no exception to process of1 yet faith in ,god intact1 #dfe cannot be explained without taking into account the originating agency of ,god1 #dfe does not make the idea of ,creator superfluous1 #dff theist must accept1 if he keep his argument for existence of ,god from unity of design1 #dff of music depends on power of transmitting intellectual achievements1 #dff unintelligible except as immanent ,god gives new impulses to the process1 #dgj according to ,mivart1 it can account neither for body or soul of man1 #dgb still incomplete1 man is still on all fours1 #dgb an atheistic1 a reversion to the savage view1 #dgc theistic1 regards human nature as efflux and reflection of the ,divine ,personality1 #dgc atheistic1 satirized1 #dgc a superior intelligence has guided1 #dgc phylogenetic1 in the creation of ,eve1 #ebe normal1 man's will may induce a counterevolution to1 #eia the goal of man's1 is ,christ1 #fhj the derivation of spiritual gifts from the ,second ,adam consonant with1 #fha of humanity1 the whole1 depicted in the ,cross and ,passion1 #gaf the process by which sons of ,god are generated1 #ifg ,example1 ,christ did not simply set1 #gcb ,exegesis based on trustworthiness of verbal vehicle of inspiration1 #baf ,exercisesystem of ,hopkins and ,emmons1 #de1 #daf1 #dag1 #ehd1 #fjg1 #hbb ,existence of ,god1 see ,god4 ,ex nihilo nihil fit1 #chj ,experience1 #bh1 #fcfe ,expiation1 representative1 recognized among ,greeks1 #gbc ,ezra1 his relation to ,o4 ,t41 #afg ,fact local1 truth universal1 #bdj ,facts not to be neglected1 because relations are obscure1 #cf ,faculties1 mental1 man's three1 #dhg ,faith1 a higher sort of knowledge1 #c physical science rests on1 #c never opposed to reason1 #c conditioned by holy affection1 #c act of integral soul1 #d can alone furnish material for a scientific theology1 #d not blind1 #e its fiducia includes notitia1 #e its place in the ,arminian system1 #fje1 #hfd in a truth1 possible in spite of difficulties to us insoluble1 #fbi does not save1 but atonement which it accepts1 #gga saving1 is the gift of ,god1 #ghb an effect1 not cause1 of election1 #ghd involves repentance1 #hcf defined1 #hcf analyzed1 #hcg an intellectual element 7notitia1 credere ,deum7 in1 #hcg must lay hold of a present ,christ1 #hcg an emotional element 7assensus1 credere ,deo7 in1 #hcg a voluntary element 7fiducia1 credere in ,deum7 in1 #hch selfsurrender to good physician1 #hch the reflection of the ,divine knowing and willing in man's finite spirit1 #hch its most important element1 will1 #hch is a bond between persons1 #hci appropriates ,christ as source of pardon and life1 #hci its three elements illustrated1 #hci phrases descriptive of1 #hci no element in1 must be exaggerated at expense of the others1 #hci views refuted by a proper conception of1 #hdj an act of the affections and will1 #hdj not a purely intellectual state1 #hda is a moral act1 and involves responsibility1 #hda saving1 its general and particular objects1 #hdb is believing in ,god as far as he has revealed himself1 #hdb1 is it ever produced 8without a preacher08 #hdc1 #hdd its ground of faith1 the external word1 #hdd its ground of assurance1 the ,spirit's inward witness1 #hdd it is possible without assurance81 #hde necessarily leads to goods works1 #hdf is not to be confounded with love or obedience1 #hdg a work and yet excluded from the category of works1 #hdg instrumental cause of salvation1 #hdg the intermediate factor between undeveloped tendency toward ,god and developed affection for ,god1 #hdg must not be confounded with its fruits1 #hdh the actinic ray1 #hdh is susceptible of increase1 #hdh authors on the general subject of1 #hdi why justified by faith rather than other graces81 #hfd not with the work of ,christ a joint cause of justification1 #hfd its relation to justification1 #hfe the mediate cause of sanctification1 #hgb secures righteousness 7justification plus sanctification71 #hgc ,faithfulness1 ,divine1 #bhh1 #bhi ,fall1 ,scriptural account of temptation and1 #ehbehe if account of1 mythical1 yet inspired and profitable1 #ehb reasons for regarding account of1 as historical1 #ehb1 #ehc the stages of temptation that preceded1 #ehd1 #ehe how possible to a holy being81 #ehe1 #ehf incorrect explanations of1 #ehe ,god not its author1 #ehf was man's free act of revolt from ,god1 #ehg cannot be explained on grounds of reason1 #ehg was wilful resistance to the inworking ,god1 #ehg was choice of supreme love to the world and self rather than supreme devotion to ,god1 #ehg cannot be explained psychologically1 #ehg is an ultimate fact1 #ehg an immanent preference which was first a choice and then an affection1 #ehh ,god's permission of the temptation preceding1 benevolent1 #ehh not ,satanic1 because not selforiginated1 #ehh its temptation objectified in an embodied seducer1 an advantage1 #ehh presented no temptation having tendency in itself to lead astray1 #ehh1 #ehi the slightness of the command in1 the best test of obedience1 #ehi the command in1 was not arbitrary1 #ehi the greatness of the sanction incurred in1 had been announced and should have deterred1 #eij the revelation of a will alienated from ,god1 #eij physical death a consequence of1 #eij brought death at once1 #eij mortal effects of the1 counteracted by grace1 #eij death said by some not to be a consequence of the1 #eia spiritual death1 a consequence of1 #eia arrested the original tendency of man's whole nature to ,god1 #eia depraved man's moral and religious nature1 #eia left him with his will fundamentally inclined to evil1 #eib darkened the intuition of reason1 #eib rendered conscience perverse in its judgments1 #eib terminated man's unrestrained intercourse with ,god1 #eib1 #eic imposed banishment from the garden1 #eic constituted ,adam's posterity sinful1 see ,imputation4 of human nature could only occur in ,adam1 #fbi repented of1 because apostasy of our common nature1 #fbi all responsible for the one sin of the1 as racesin1 #fcj has depraved human nature1 #fcg has rendered human nature totally unable to do that which is good in ,god's sight1 #fdj has brought the race under obligation to render satisfaction for self determined violation of law1 #fdd ,fallen condition of man1 ,romanist and ,protestant views of1 #eba1 #ebb ,falsehood1 what81 #efi ,fatalism1 #dbg ,fate and the decrees of ,god1 #cfc ,father1 ,god as1 see ,trinity4 8,father10 how applied to whole ,trinity1 #ccc 'our1' import1 #ccd ,federal theology1 #de1 #df1 #ej1 #fabfaf ,feeling1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba ,fellowship1 ,christian1 not church1 #igi ,fetichism1 #ef1 #ecb ,fiction1 the truest1 has no heroes1 #ege ,final cause1 #dd1 #eb1 #fj1 #fb1 #gegg ,final ,things1 doctrine of1 #ihaajef ,finality1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #gi ,fishes1 the earliest1 ganoids large and advanced in type1 #dgj ,flesh1 #efb1 #ehh1 #fgc 8,fold10 none under ,new ,dispensation1 #hjg ,fons ,trinitatis1 #cda ,force1 no mental image of1 #g not the atom1 the real ultimate1 #ia a property of matter1 #ia1 #if behind all its forms1 coordinating mind1 #ie atom a centre of1 #if matter a manifestation of1 #if1 #aji expressed in vibrations foundation of all we know of extended world1 #if the only1 we know is that of our own wills1 #if real1 lies in the ,divine ,being1 as living1 active will1 #ig matter and mind as respectively external and internal centres of1 #ih as a function of will1 #ii1 #aji1 #dae1 #daf all except that of men's free will1 is the will of ,god1 #ii the product of will1 #aji in universe works in rational ways and must be product of spirit1 #aji ,christ1 the principle of every manifestation of1 #aji is ,god with his moral attributes omitted1 #bei is energy under resistance1 #cga is energy manifesting itself under selfconditioning or differential forms1 #cga identified with the ,divine ,will1 theories in which1 #dab and will are one in ,god1 #dab every natural1 a generic volition of ,god1 #dac a portion of ,god's1 disjoined from him in the freewill of intelligent beings1 #dad super cuncta1 subter cuncta1 #dad not always ,divine will1 #daf in its various differentations adjusted by ,god1 #dcf ,foreknowledge of ,god of all future acts directly1 #bhd acts of free will excepted by some1 #bhd1 #bhe denial of the absolute1 productive of dread1 #bhe regarded by some as insoluble1 #bhe perhaps explicable by the possibility of an allembracing present1 #bhe constant teaching of ,scripture favors1 #bhe mediate1 what81 #bhe immediate1 what81 #bhe if intuitive1 difficulty removed1 #bhe1 #ceg1 #cfb rests on foreordination1 #cef preceded logically by decree1 #cef1 #ceg of undecreed actuals 7scientia media71 not possible1 #ceg two kinds of1 #ceh the middle knowledge of ,molina1 #ceh of individuals1 #gha distinguished from foreordination1 #gha ,forgiveness1 not in nature but in grace1 #edh cannot be granted unconditionally by public bodies1 #gff more than the taking away of penalty1 #gfg optional with ,god since he makes satisfaction1 #gfg human accorded without atonement1 why not divine81 #hce defined in personal1 ethical and legal terms1 #hed1 #hee ,god's act as ,father1 #hee none in nature1 #hee does not ensure immediate removal of natural consequences of sin1 #hee the peculiar characteristic of ,christian experience1 #hef ,foreordination1 its nature1 #cee1 #cha the basis of foreknowledge1 #cef distinguished from foreknowledge1 #gha ,forms of thought are facts of nature1 #aj ,fourth gospel1 its genuineness1 #aea ,free agency defined1 #cfj can predict its action1 #cfj ,freedom1 man's1 consistent with the divine decrees1 #ceicfb four senses of word1 #cfa of indifference1 #cfb of choice1 which is not incompatible with the complete bondage of will1 #eji1 #eaj remnants of1 left to man1 #eaj1 #fdj ,freundlos war der grosse ,weltenmeister1 #chf ,frsehung and ,vorsehung combined in 8,providence10 #dai ,future life1 the evidence of ,jewish belief in a1 #iid ,egyptian ideas about1 #iie ,moses instructed in ,egyptian 8learning0 concerning1 #iie prooftexts for1 #iif doctrine of ,pharisees supports1 #iif ,christ's argument for1 #iif argument for1 presupposes the existence of a truthful1 wise and good creator1 #iif the most conclusive proof of1 ,christ's resurrection1 #iig ,christ taught the doctrine of1 #iig a revelation of1 needed1 #iig ,futurist method of interpreting ,revelation1 #ajji ,galton's view of piety1 #hc ,ganoids1 the first geologic fishes1 #dgj ,gemachte1 das1 sin is1 #eff ,genealogies of ,scripture1 #bbi ,generation1 as applied to the ,son1 #cdjcdc spontaneous1 #chi ,genuineness of the ,christian documents1 #adcaed of the books of ,o4 ,t41 #afeagb ,genus apotelesmaticum1 #fhf idiomaticum1 #fhf majestaticum1 #fhf ,genus tapeinoticon1 #fhf ,gesetz1 #ecc ,gethsemane1 #fgg1 #gca ,gewordene1 das1 is not sin1 #eff ,glory1 final state of righteous1 #ajbi his own1 why ,god's end in creation81 #cigdjb ,gnostic ,ebionism1 #ffi1 #fgj ,gnostics1 #bj1 #cgh1 #chc1 #dhg ,god1 the subject of theology1 though aprehended by faith1 yet a subject of science1 #c human mind can recognize ,god1 #d though not phenomenal1 can be known1 #e because of analogies between his nature and ours1 can be known1 #g though no adequate image of1 can be formed1 yet may be known1 #g since all predicates of ,god are not negative1 he may be known1 #i so limited and defined1 that he may be known1 #aj his laws of thought ours1 and so he may be known1 #aj can reveal himself by external revelation1 #ab revealed in nature1 history1 conscience1 ,scripture1 #ad ,christ the only revealer of1 #ad the existence of1 #ebaaj definitions of the term1 #eb his existence a first truth1 or rational intuition1 #eb his existence conditions observation and reasoning1 #eb his existence rises into consciousness on reflection on phenomena of nature and mind1 #eb knowledge of his existence1 universal1 #efeh knowledge of his existence1 necessary1 #eh1 #ei knowledge of his existence1 logically independent of and prior to1 all other knowledge1 #eifb other suggested sources of our idea of1 #fbfg idea of1 not from external revelation1 #fb1 #fc idea of1 not from tradition1 #fc idea of1 not from experience1 #fcfe idea of1 not from sense perception and reflection1 #fc1 #fd idea of1 not from raceexperience1 #fd1 #fe idea of1 not from actual contact of our sensitive nature with ,god1 #fe rational intuition of1 sometimes becomes presentative1 #fe idea of1 does not arise from reasoning1 #fe1 #ff faith in1 not proportioned to strength of reasoning faculty1 #fe we know more of1 than reasoning can furnish1 #fe1 #ff idea of1 not derived from inference1 #ff1 #fg belief in1 not a mere working hypothesis1 #fg intuition of1 its contents1 #fggj what he is1 men to some extent know intuitively1 #fg a presentative intuition of1 possible1 #fg a presentative intuition of1 perhaps normal experience1 #fg loss of love has weakened rational intuition of1 #fg the passage of the intuition of1 into personal and presentative knowledge1 #fh his existence not proved but assumed and declared in ,scripture1 #fh evidence of his existence inlaid in man's nature1 #fh knowledge of1 though intuitive may be explicated and confirmed by argument1 #ga the intuition of1 supported by arguments probable and cumulative1 #ga the intuition of1 explicated by reflection and reasoning1 #gb arguments for existence of1 classified1 #gb ,cosmological ,argument for his existence1 #gcge its proper statement1 #gc its defects1 #gc1 #gd its value1 #gd1 #ge ,teleological ,argument for his existence1 #gehj its nature1 #gegh its defects1 #ghhj its value1 #hj ,anthropological ,argument for his existence1 #hjhe its nature1 #hjhc its defects1 #hd its value1 #hd1 #he ,historical ,argument for his existence1 #he ,biblical ,argument for his existence1 #he ,ontological ,argument for his existence1 #hehi its three forms1 #he1 #hf its defects1 #hg its value1 #hghi evidence of his existence from the intellectual startingpoint1 #hh evidence of his existence from the religious startingpoint1 #hh the nature1 decrees and works of1 #bdccgj the attributes of1 #bdccjf his acts and words arise from settled dispositions1 #bdc his dispositions inhere in a spiritual substance1 #bdc his attributes1 definition of1 #bdd relation of his attributes to his essence1 #bddbdf his attributes have an objective existence1 #bdd his attributes are distinguishable from his essence and from each other1 #bdd regarded falsely as being of absolute simplicity1 #bdd he is a being infinitely complex1 #bde nominalistic notion1 its error1 #bde his attributes inhere in his essence1 #bde1 #bdf is not a compound of attributes1 #bde extreme realism1 its danger1 #bde attributes of1 belong to his essence1 #bde his attributes distinguished from personal distinctions in his ,godhead1 #bdf his attributes distinguished from his relations to the world1 #bdf illustrated by intellect and will in man1 #bdf his attributes essential to his being1 #bdf his attributes manifest his essence1 #bdf in knowing his attributes1 we know the being to whom attributes belong1 #bdf his attributes1 methods of determining1 #bdf1 #bdg rational method of determining1 #bdg three vi of rational method of determining his attributes1 #bdg ,biblical method1 #bdg his attributes1 how classified1 #bdgbdi absolute or immanent1 #bdg his relative or transitive attributes1 #bdg his attributes1 a threefold division of the relative or transitive1 #bdh his attributes1 schedule of1 #bdh order in which they present themselves to the mind1 #bdh his moral perfection involves relation of himself to himself1 #bdi his absolute or immanent attributes1 #bdibge his spirituality1 #bdibed is not matter1 #bdi is not dependent upon matter1 #bdi the material universe1 not his sensorium1 #bej his spirituality not denied by anthropomorphic ,scriptures1 #bej pictures of him1 degrading1 #bej desire for an incarnate ,god1 satisfied in ,christ1 #bea his spirituality involves life and personality1 #bea1 #beb life as an attribute of1 #bea life in1 has a subject1 #bea life in1 not correspondence with environment1 #bea life in1 is mental energy1 the source of universal being and activity1 #beb personality1 an attribute of1 #beb his personality1 its content1 #beb his infinity1 its meaning1 #bed his infinity1 a positive idea1 #bed does not involve identity with ',the ,all1'1 #bee intensive rather than extensive1 #bee his infinity enables him to love infinitely the single ,christian1 #bef his infinity qualifies his other attributes1 #bef what his infinity involves1 #befbfj his selfexistence1 what81 #bef he is causa sui1 #bef his aseity1 what81 #bef exists by necessity of his own being1 #beg his immutability1 what81 #beg said to change1 how explained1 #beg his immutability secures his adaptation to the changing conditions of his children1 #beh his immutability consistent with the execution in time of his eternal purposes1 #beh permits activity and freedom1 #beh his unity1 what81 #bei notion of more than one1 selfcontradictory and unphilosophical1 #bei his unity not inconsistent with ,trinity1 #bei his unity1 its lessons1 #bei his perfection1 explanation of the term1 #bfj involves moral attributes1 #bfjbge himself1 a sufficient object for his own activity1 #bfj his truth1 what81 #bfj his immanent truth to be distinguished from veracity and faithfulness1 #bfj he is truth1 as the truth that is known1 #bfa his truth1 a guarantee of revelation1 and ground of eternal divine self contemplation1 #bfb his love1 what81 #bfc his immanent love to be distinguished from mercy and goodness1 #bfc his immanent love finds a personal object in his own perfection1 #bfc his immanent love1 not his allinclusive ethical attribute1 #bfc his immanent love1 not a regard for mere being in general1 #bfc his immanent love1 not a mere emotional or utilitarian affection1 #bfd his immanent love1 rational and voluntary1 #bfd his immanent love subordinates its emotional element to truth and holiness1 #bfe his immanent love has its standard in his holiness1 and a perfect object in the image of his own infinite perfections1 #bfe his immanent love1 a ground of his blessedness1 #bfe his immanent love involves the possibility of his suffering on account of sin1 which suffering is atonement1 #bff is passible1 #bff blessedness consistent with sorrow1 #bff a suffering being1 a ,n4 ,t4 thought1 #bfg his passibility1 authors on1 #bfg his holiness1 selfaffirming purity1 #bfh his holiness1 not its expression1 justice1 #bfi his holiness is not an aggregate of perfections1 but simple and distinct1 #bfi his holiness is not utilitarian selflove1 #bgj his holiness is neither love nor its manifestation1 #bga his holiness is purity of substance1 #bgc his holiness is energy of will1 #bgc his holiness is ,god's selfwilling1 #bgd his holiness is purity willing itself1 #bgd his holiness1 authors on1 #bge his relative or transitive attributes1 #bgebie his eternity1 defined1 #bge his eternity1 infinity in its relation to time1 #bgf regards existing time as an objective reality1 #bgg in what sense the past1 present and future are to him 'one eternal now1'1 #bgg his immensity1 what81 #bgh not under law of space1 #bgi is not in space1 #bgi space is in him1 #bgi to him space has an objective reality1 #bgi his omnipresence1 what81 #bgi his omnipresence not potential but essential1 #bhj in what sense he 8dwells in ,heaven101 #bhj his omnipresence mistaken by ,socinian and ,deist1 #bhj his whole essence present in every part of his universe at the same time1 #bha his omnipresence not necessary1 but free1 #bhc his omniscience1 what81 #bhc his omniscience1 from what deducible1 #bhc its characteristics1 as free from all imperfections1 #bhc his knowledge direct1 #bhc his omniscience1 ,egyptian symbol of1 #bhc his intense scrutiny1 #bhc knows things as they are1 #bhd foreknows motives and acts by immediate knowledge1 #bhd his prescience not causative1 #bhf his omniscience embraces the actual and the possible1 #bhf his omniscience called in ,scripture 8wisdom101 #bhf his omnipotence1 what81 #bhf his omnipotence does not extend to the self contradictory or the contradictory to his own nature1 #bhg has power over his own power1 #bhg can do all he will1 not will do all he can1 #bhg has a willpower over his naturepower1 #bhg his omnipotence implies power of selflimitation1 #bhh his omnipotence permits human freedom1 #bhh his omnipotence humbles itself in the incarnation1 #bhh his attributes which have relation to moral being1 #bhhbie his veracity and faithfulness1 or transitive truth1 #bhh his veracity secures the consistency of his revelations with himself1 and with each other1 #bhh his veracity secures the fulfilment of all promises expressed or implied1 #bhi his mercy and goodness1 or transitive love1 #bhi his mercy1 what81 #bhi his goodness1 what81 #bhi his love finds its object in his own nature1 #bij his love1 men its subordinate objects1 #bij his justice and righteousness or transitive holiness1 #bij his righteousness1 what81 #bia his justice1 what81 #bia his justice and righteousness not mere benevolence1 nor so founded in the nature of things as to be apart from ,god1 #bia his justice and righteousness are revelations of his inmost nature1 #bib do not bestow reward1 #bic are devoid of passion and caprice1 #bid revulsion of his nature from impurity and selfishness1 #bid his attributes1 rank and relations1 #biecjc his attributes related1 #bie his moral attributes more jealously guarded than his natural1 #bie his fundamental attribute is holiness1 #bif may be merciful1 but must be holy1 #bif his holiness put most prominently in ,scripture1 #bif his holiness1 its supremacy asserted by conscience1 #bif his holiness conditions exercise of other attributes1 #big his holiness1 a principle in his nature which must be satisfied before he can redeem1 #bih his holiness1 the ground of moral obligation1 #bihcjc commands us to be holy on the ground of his own holiness1 #cjb as holy1 the object of the love that fulfils the law1 #cjb his holy will1 ,christ1 our example1 supremely devoted to1 #cjb the ,doctrine of the ,trinity in the ,one ,god1 #cjdceb see ,trinity4 is causa sui1 #cch is 8self willing right10 #cch relations sustained by1 in virtue of personal distinctions1 #cdc unity and threeness equally essential to1 #cdf independence and blessedness of1 require ,trinity1 #cdg ,doctrine of his ,decrees1 #ceccgj definition of his decrees1 itemized1 #ceccee evil acts1 how objects of the decrees of1 #ced his permissive1 not conditional agency1 #ced his decrees1 how classified1 #cee his decrees referred to in ,scripture and supported by reason1 #ceecei can preserve from sin without violation of moral agency1 #cff his works1 or the execution of his decrees1 #cgadfd not a demiurge working on eternal matter1 #cia his supreme end in creation1 his own glory1 #cigdjb 8his own sake10 the fundamental reason of activity in1 #cii his self expression not selfishness1 but benevolence1 #djj the only ,being who can rightly live for himself1 #dja that he will secure his end in creation1 the great source of comfort1 #dja his rest1 a new exercise of power1 #daa not 8the soul of the universe10 #daa the physical universe in no sense independent of1 #dac has disjoined in the free will of intelligent beings a certain amount of force from himself1 #dad the perpetual ,observer1 #dae does not work all1 but all in all1 #dah represented sometimes by ,hebrew writers as doing what he only permits1 #dbd his agency1 natural and moral1 distinguished1 #dda his ,fatherhood1 #dgddgf implied in man's divine sonship1 #dgd extends in a natural relation to all1 #dgd provides the atonement1 #dgd special1 towards those who believe1 #dgd secures the natural and physical sonship of all men1 #dgd this natural sonship preliminary in some to a spiritual sonship1 #dgd texts referring to1 in a natural or common sense1 #dgd in the larger sense1 what it implies1 #dgd natural1 mediated by ,christ1 #dgd texts referring to1 in a special sense1 #dgd1 #dge to the race rudimental to the actual realization in ,christ1 #dge extends to those who are not his children1 #dge controversy on the doctrine mere logomachy1 #dge as announced by ,jesus1 a relation of love and holiness1 #dge if not true1 then selfishness logical1 #dge this relationship realized in a spiritual sense through atoning and regenerating grace1 #dge logical outcome of the denial of1 #dge1 #dgf universal ground for accepting1 #dgf authors upon1 #dgf our knowledge of1 conditioned by love1 #eai1 #ebj 8,god prays0 fulfilled in ,christ1 #fge reflected in universe1 #gad the immanent1 is ,christ1 the ,logos1 #gad exercises his creative1 preserving and providential activity through ,christ1 #gad the ,revealer of1 is ,christ1 the ,logos1 #gad personal existence grounded in him1 #gad all perceptions or recognitions of the objective through him1 #gad as ,universal ,reason1 at the basis of our self consciousness and thinking1 #gad1 #gae is the common conscience1 over finite1 individual consciences1 #gae the eternal suffering of1 on account of human sin1 manifested in the historical sufferings of the incarnate ,christ1 #gae the heart of1 finally revealed in the historic sacrifice of ,calvary1 #gaf dealings of repentant sinner with1 rather than with government1 #gda salvation of all1 in which sense desired by1 #gia1 #gib ,golden ,age1 classic references to1 #ebf ,good deeds of an unregenerated man1 how related to the tenor of his life1 #had ,goodness1 defined1 #bhi ,goodness of ,god1 witness to among heathen1 #aac ,gospel1 testimony of1 conformable with experience1 #agc its initial successes1 a proof of its divine origin1 #aia makes men moral1 #hfc ,gospels1 run counter to ,jewish ideas1 #aef superior in literary character to contemporary writings1 #aeh their relation to a historical ,christ1 #aei coincidence of their statements with collateral circumstances1 #agc1 #agd ,gottesbewusstsein1 knowledge of ,god1 #fc ,government1 common1 not necessary in church of ,christ1 #iac ,government1 church1 #ijcibf ,grace1 supplements law as the expression of the whole nature of the lawgiver1 #edg1 #edh1 #geb without works on the sinner's part1 and without necessity on ,god's1 #edh an expression of the heart of ,god1 beyond law1 and in ,christ1 #edh does not abrogate but reinforces and fulfils law1 #edh secures fulfilment of law by removing obstacles to pardon in the divine mind1 and enabling man to obey1 #edh has its law which subsumes but transcends 8the law of sin and death10 #edh has its place between the ,pelagian and ,rationalistic ideas of penalty1 #edh a revelation partly of law1 but chiefly of love1 #edi the ,pelagian idea of1 #eih universal1 according to ,wesley1 #fjc what1 from the ,arminian point of view1 #fje may afford sinners a better security for salvation than if they were ,adams1 #fce a kingdom of1 #gge men as sinners1 its objects1 #ggh certain sinful men chosen to be recipients of special1 #ggi 8unmerited favor to sinners10 #ggi more may be equitably bestowed on one man than on another1 #ggi ,gracious ,ability1 #fjbfjd ,guilt1 defined1 #fad1 #fdd how related to sin1 #fdd1 #fde how incurred1 #fdd not mere liability to penalty1 #fdd constructive1 has no place in divine government1 #fdd to be distinguished from depravity1 #fde1 #gfb is obligation to satisfy outraged holiness of ,god1 #fde of sin1 how set forth in ,scripture1 #fde how ,christ may have1 without depravity1 #fde and depravity1 reatus and macula1 #fde of race1 how ,christ bears1 #fdf1 #gei not to be confounded with the consciousness of1 #fdg first a relation to ,god1 then to conscience1 #fdg administers its own anesthetics1 #fdg degrees of1 #fdhfeb degrees of1 set forth in ,mosaic ritual1 #fdh casuistical refinements upon1 not to be regarded1 #fdh variety of award in ,judgment explained by degrees in1 #fdh measured by men's opportunities and powers1 #fdi measured by the energy of evil will1 #fdi measured by degrees of unreceptiveness in soul1 #fej of race1 shared in by ,christ1 #gei imparted and imputed to ,christ1 #gei ,habit and character1 #ajdi 8,hands of the ,living ,god10 what8 #eci ,hatred1 what8 #efi ,heart1 its meaning in ,scripture1 #d ,heathen1 the1 their virtues1 what8 #egj may be saved who have not heard the gospel1 #ffd1 #hdc their religious systems corrupting1 #fff whatever good in their religions1 ,god in1 #fff in proportion to their culture1 become despairing1 #fff have an external revelation1 #fff instances of apparently regenerated1 #hdc1 #hdd ,heathenism1 a negative preparation for redemption1 #ffe1 #fff partly a positive preparation for redemption1 #ffe in it ,christ as ,logos or immanent ,god revealed himself in conscience and history1 #ffe had the starlight of religious knowledge1 #fff their religions not the direct work of the devil1 #fff authors on heathenism as an evangelical preparation1 #fff ,heaven1 conception of1 #ajcj elements of its happy perfection1 #ajca rewards in1 equal yet various1 #ajca is deliverance from defective physical organization and circumstances1 #ajca its rest1 #ajca how perfect on entering1 #ajca a city1 #ajca its love1 #ajca its activities1 #ajca is it a place as well as a state8 #dfj1 #ajcb probably a place1 #dfj1 #ajcb may be a state1 #dfj the essential presence of ,christ's body would imply place1 #ajcb is it on a purified and prepared earth8 #ajcb1 #ajcc ,hebrews1 genuineness and authorship1 #aeb anti,ebionite1 #ffi ,hell1 essentially an inward condition1 #dfj1 #ajcd the outward corresponds with inward1 #ajcd the pains of1 not necessarily positive inflictions of ,god1 #ajce is not an endless succession of sufferings1 #ajce its extent and scope1 #ajeb compared with heaven1 narrow and limited1 #ajeb only a spot1 a corner in the universe1 #ajeb ,henotheism1 what8 #bei ,heredity1 none in the race to predetermine selfconsciousness1 #dfg some facts which heredity cannot explain1 #dga often presents a product differing from both the producing agents1 #dib its influence in fiction1 #dib laws of1 simply descriptions not explanations1 #dic illustrations of heredity1 #die1 #dif cause of variations in1 discussed1 #dig ,weismann's views of1 #dff1 #dig1 #fca works for theology1 #fba1 #fcb is ,god working in us1 #fbd the law by which living beings tend to reproduce themselves in their descendants1 #fbe the scientific attitude of mind in regard to1 #fcb the opposing views of1 illustrated1 #fcb the conclusion best warranted by science in relation to1 #fcb when modifications are transmitted by1 #fcb may be intensified by individual action1 #fcb has given new currency to doctrine of 8,original ,sin10 #fcf ,heresy1 what8 #hjj ,hingewandt zu1 ,dorner's translation of in ,john #a3c1 #ccg ,hipparion1 the twotoed horse1 #dgb ,holiness of ,god1 see ,god4 ,holy ,spirit1 #ac1 #ccg organ of internal revelation1 #ac1 #ccg recognized as ,god1 #cae possession of1 #cbb1 #cdc is a person1 #cbc his work other than that of ,christ1 #cch1 #cci sin against1 #fdh1 #fejfeb relation to ,christ in his state of humiliation1 #ffi1 #fig1 #gjc application of redemption through work of1 #ggghhf ,honestum and utile1 #cjj ,host1 ,romish adoration of1 #ifh 8,host10 ,scriptural use of1 #ddh ,humanity1 capable of religion1 #eh full concept of1 marred in ,first ,adam1 realized in ,second1 #fgh its exaltation in ,christ1 the experience of his people1 #gjg justified in ,christ's justification1 #hfb ,humanity of ,christ1 #fgcfha atonement as related to1 #gedgfc see ,christ4 ,humiliation of ,christ1 #gjagjf see ,christ4 ,humility1 what8 #hcb ,hyperphysical communication between minds perhaps possible1 #ajba 8,i ,am10 as a ,divine title1 #bec ,idea of ,god1 origin of our1 #ebgj see ,god4 ,ideal human nature in ,christ1 #fgh ,idealism1 its view of revelation1 #aa1 #ab ,idealism1 ,materialistic1 #ieajj ,ideas have decided fate of world1 #dbf ,identity1 ,edwards's theory of1 #fjg what it consists in1 #ajbjajbc ,idiomaticum genus1 #fhf 8,idle word10 #eed ,idolatry1 #g1 #acc1 #bea1 #deg1 #ecb1 #ifh ,ignorance1 sins of1 #eed1 #fdi invincible1 #ifg ,ignorantia legis neminem excusat1 #eeh ,image1 what it suggests1 #cce1 #ead and likeness1 #ebj ,image of ,god1 in what it consisted1 #ead its natural element1 #ead its moral element1 #ead personality1 an element in1 #eae holiness1 an element in1 #eae1 #eaf its original righteousness1 #eag1 #eah not confined to personality1 #eai1 #ebj not consisting in a natural capacity for religion1 #ebjebc reflects itself in physical form1 #ebc in soul proprie1 in body significative1 #ebc subjects sensuous impulses to control of spirit1 #ebc1 #ebd gives dominion over lower creation1 #ebd secures communion with ,god1 #ebd1 #ebe had suitable surroundings and society1 #ebe furnished with tests of virtue1 #ebf had associated with it1 an opportunity of securing physical immortality1 #ebg combated by those who hold that civilization has proceeded from primitive savagery1 #ebgeca combated by those who hold that religion begins in fetichism1 #eca1 #ecb ,immortality1 metaphysical argument for1 #ihd1 #ihe teleological argument for1 #ihf1 #ihg ethical argument for1 #ihg1 #ihh historical argument1 #ihi widespread belief in1 #ihi1 #iij a general appetency for1 #iij idea of1 congruous with our nature1 #iij authors for and against1 #iia maintained on ,scriptural grounds1 #iiaiih an inference from the intuition of the existence of ,god1 #iif the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ the most conclusive proof of1 #iig ,christ taught1 #iig ,imprecatory ,psalms1 #bca ,imputatio metaphysica1 #fae ,imputation of ,adam's sin to his posterity1 #eicfcg taught in ,scripture1 #eic two questions demanding answer1 #eic the meaning of the phrase1 #ced has a realistic basis in ,scripture1 #eid two fundamental principles in1 #eie theories of ,new and ,old ,schools1 #eif1 #eig theories of1 #eigfcg ,pelagian theory of1 considered1 #eigfja ,arminian theory of1 considered1 #fjafjf ,new ,school theory of1 considered1 #fjffab ,federal theory of1 considered1 #fabfaf ,mediate theory of1 #faffai ,augustinian theory of1 considered1 #faifcg grounded on organic unity of mankind1 #fai tabular views1 #fbh objections to ,augustinian theory1 #fbifcg authors on1 #fcg of sin to ,christ1 grounded on a real union1 #geh of ,christ's righteousness to us1 grounded on a real union1 #hje1 #hfb ,indwelling of ,god1 #fic1 #gih ,inexistentia1 #ccc ,infant salvation1 #fjb1 #fji doctrine of1 #ffjffd is assured1 #ffa its early advocates1 #ffd leads to the conclusion that no one is lost solely for sin of nature1 #ffd ,infanticide might have been encouraged by too definite assurances of infant salvation1 #ffc ,infants1 their death proves their sinful nature1 #egi are regarded by some as animals1 #egi1 #faa1 #ieg are unregenerate and in a state of sin1 #ffa relatively innocent1 #ffa objects of special divine care1 #ffa1 #ffb chosen by ,christ to eternal life1 #ffb salvation assured to those who die prior to moral consciousness1 #ffb in some way receive and are united to ,christ1 #ffb at final judgment among the saved1 #ffb regeneration effected at soul's first view of ,christ1 #ffc ,inference1 its nature and kinds1 #ff ,infinite1 #i1 #hg1 #bed ,infinity of ,god1 #bedbef see ,god4 ,infirmity1 sins of1 #fdi1 #fej ,innate or connate ideas1 what81 #ed ,insit vel potius innat cogitationes1 #ec ,inspiration of ,scripture1 #aifbdb definition of1 #aifaih defined by result1 #aif may include revelation1 #aif may include illumination1 #aif list of works on1 #aih proof of1 #aih presumption in favor of1 #aih of the ,o4 ,t41 vouched for by ,jesus1 #aii promised by ,jesus1 #aii1 #bjj claimed by the apostles1 #bjj1 #bja attested by miracle or prophecy1 #bja chief proof of1 internal characteristics1 #bja theories of1 #bjbbbb the ,intuitiontheory of1 #bjb this theory of1 its doctrinal connections1 #bjb this theory of1 uses only man's natural insight1 #bjc this theory of1 denies to man's insight1 vitiated in matters of religion and morals1 an indispensable help1 #bjc this theory of1 is selfcontradictory1 #bjc is 8the growth of the ,divine through the capacities of the human101 #bjd this theory of1 makes moral and religious truth purely subjective1 #bjd this theory of1 practically denies a ,god who is ,truth and its ,revealer1 #bjd the ,illuminationtheory of1 #bjd this theory of1 its doctrinal connections1 #bjd this theory of1 principal advocates of1 #bje in some cases amounted only to illumination1 #bjf more than an illumination1 which cannot account for revelation of new truth1 #bjf if illumination only1 cannot secure writers from serious error1 #bjg as mere illumination can enlighten truth already imparted but not impart it1 #bjg the ,dictationtheory of1 #bjh this theory of1 its doctrinal connections1 #bjh this theory of1 its principal advocates1 #bjh this theory of1 postreformation1 #bji this theory of1 covers the few cases in which definite words were used with the command to write them down1 #bji this theory of1 rests on an imperfect induction of ,scriptural facts1 #baj this theory of1 fails to account for the human element in ,scripture1 #baj this theory of1 spendthrift in means1 as dictating truth already known to recipient1 #baj this theory of1 reduces man's highest spiritual experience to mechanism1 #baj the ,dynamical theory of1 #baabbb distinguished from other theories of1 #baa no theory of1 necessary to ,christian faith1 #baa union of the ,divine and human elements in1 #babbbb its mystery1 the union of the divine and human1 #bab and hypnotic suggestion1 #bab the speaking and writing the words of ,god from within1 in the conscious possession and exercise of intellect1 emotion and will1 #bab pressed into service all the personal peculiarities1 excellencies and defects of its subjects1 #bac uses all normal methods of literary composition1 #bad may use even myth and legend1 #bad a gradual evolution1 #bad1 #bae the divine side of what on its human side is discovery1 #bae does not guarantee inerrancy in things not essential to its purpose1 #bae in it ,god uses imperfect means1 #bae is divine truth in historical and individually conditioned form1 #baf did not directly communicate the words which its subjects employed1 #baf has permitted no form of words which would teach essential error1 #baf verbal1 refuted by two facts1 #baf constitutes its ,scriptures an organic whole1 #bag develops a progressive system with ,christ as centre1 #bag furnishes1 in the ,bible as a whole1 a sufficient guide to truth and salvation1 #bah overstatement of1 has made sceptics1 #bah constitutes ,scripture an authority1 but subordinate to the ultimate authority1 ,christ1 #bai three cardinal principles regarding1 #bbj three common questions regarding1 #bbj1 #bba objections to the doctrine of1 #bbbbdb objected to1 on the ground of errors in secular matters1 #bbb said to be erroneous in its science1 #bbc reply to above allegation against1 #bbcbbf said to be erroneous in its history1 #bbf reply to above allegation against1 #bbfbbi said to be erroneous in its morality1 #bcj reply to above allegation against1 #bcjbcb said to be erroneous in its reasoning1 #bcb reply to above allegation against1 #bcb1 #bcc said to be erroneous in quotation and interpretation1 #bcd reply to above allegation against1 #bcd1 #bce said to be erroneous in its prophecy1 #bce reply to above allegation against1 #bce1 #bcf admits books unworthy of a place as inspired1 #bcf reply to above allegation against1 #bcfbch admits as authentic portions of books written by others than the persons to whom they are ascribed1 #bch reply to above allegation against1 #bchbdj admits sceptical or fictitious narratives1 #bdj reply to above allegation against1 #bdjbdb acknowledges noninspiration of its teachers and writers1 #bdb reply to above allegation against1 #bdb ,intercession of ,christ1 #ggcgge see ,christ4 ,intercessors1 saints on earth are1 #gge ,intercommunicatio1 #ccc ,intercommunion of the ,persons in the ,trinity1 #ccbccd ,intermediate ,state1 #iihajjc of the righteous1 #ihh1 #iii of the wicked1 #iii1 #ajjj not a sleep1 #ajjj not purgatorial1 #ajjj one of incompleteness1 #ajjb a state of thought1 #ajjb sin if preferred in this more spiritual state becomes demoniacal1 #ajjb some place the end of man's probation at the close of the1 #ajjb ,intuition1 #eb1 #ec1 #fg1 #gb1 #abe1 #dii ,intuitiontheory of inspiration1 see ,inspiration4 ,intuitional theory of morals1 #eja reconciled with the empirical theory1 #eja ,intuitions1 #eb1 #ec1 #fg1 #bdh ,isaiah1 its composite character1 #bci ,islam1 #ahf1 #dbg ,james1 the apostle1 his position on ,justification1 #hea ,jefferson1 ,thomas1 on a ,baptist church as the truest form of democracy1 #ijh ,jehovah1 #bef1 #cji ,jesus1 bowing at the name of1 #ifi ,jews1 the only forwardlooking people1 #fff educated in three great truths1 #fff1 #ffg above truths presented by three agencies1 #ffg1 #ffh this education first of all by law1 #ffg this education by prophecy1 #ffg this education by judgment1 #ffh effects of the exile upon1 #ffh as propagators of the gospel1 #ffh authors on ,judaism as a preparation for ,christ1 #ffh ,job1 the book of1 when written1 #bda is a dramatic poem1 #bdj1 #bda ,john1 gospel of1 differs from synoptics in its account of ,jesus1 #adc its genuineness1 #aea1 #aeb compared with ,revelation1 #aea1 #aeb does its characteristic ,logos doctrine necessitate a later date81 #cbj1 #cba ,judas1 #hhd1 #ajdc ,judex damnatur cum nocens absolvitur1 #bic ,judge1 ,christ the final1 #ajbg1 #ajbh ,judgment1 the last1 a final and complete vindication of ,god's righteousness1 #ajbc1 #ajbd its nature outward1 visible1 definite in time1 #ajbd1 #ajbe its object1 the manifestation of character1 and assignment of corresponding condition1 #ajbe1 #ajbf evidences of1 and preparation for1 already in the nature of man1 #ajbf1 #ajbg single acts and words adduced in1 why81 #ajbg1 #ajbh the judge in1 see preceding item1 the subjects of1 men and evil angels1 #ajbh1 #ajbi the grounds of1 the law of ,god and grace of ,christ1 #ajbi list of authors on1 #ajbi ,justice of ,god1 #bijbie see ,god4 ,justification1 involved in union with ,christ1 #hje the doctrine of1 #hdihfh defined1 #hdi declarative and judicial1 #hdi held as sovereign by ,arminians1 #hdi1 #hee ,scriptural proof of1 #hdi1 #hej its nature determined by ,scriptural use of 'justify' and its derivatives1 #hejhed ,james and ,paul on1 #hea includes remission of punishment1 #hedhef a declaration that the sinner is just or free from condemnation of law1 #hed is pardon or forgiveness as ,god is regarded as judge or father1 #hee is on the ground of union with ,christ who has borne the penalty1 #hee includes restoration to favor1 #hef since it treats the sinner as personally righteous it must give him the rewards of obedience1 #hef is reconciliation or adoption as ,god is regarded as friend or father1 #heg this restoration rests solely on the righteousness of ,christ to whom sinner is united by faith1 #heh its difficult feature stated1 #hei believed on testimony of ,scripture1 #hfj the difficulty in1 relieved by three considerations1 #hfj is granted to a sinner in whose stead ,christ has borne penalty1 #hfj is bestowed on one who is so united to ,christ as to have ,christ's life dominating his being1 #hfj is declared of one in whom the present ,christ life will infallibly extirpate all remaining depravity1 #hfj its ground is not the infusion into us of righteousness and love 7,romish view71 #hfa its ground is not the essential righteousness of ,christ become the sinner's by faith1 7,osiander7 #hfa its ground is the satisfaction and obedience of ,christ the head of a new humanity of which believers are members1 #hfa is ours1 not because ,christ is in us1 but because we are in ,christ1 #hfb its relation to regeneration and sanctification delivers it from externality and immorality1 #hfb1 #hfc and sanctification1 not different stages of same process1 #hfc a declarative1 as distinguished from the efficient acts of ,god's grace1 regeneration and sanctification1 #hfc gifts and graces accompaniments1 not consequences of1 #hfd why 8by faith0 rather than other graces81 #hfd produced efficiently by grace1 meritoriously by ,christ1 instrumentally by faith1 evidentially by works1 #hfe as being complete at the moment of believing1 is the ground of peace1 #hfe is instantaneous1 complete and final1 #hfg not eternal in the past1 #hfg in1 ,god grants actual pardon for past sin1 and virtual pardon for future sin1 #hfg cannot be secured by future obedience1 #hfh must be secured by accepting ,christ and manifesting trust and submission by prompt obedience1 #hfh list of authors on1 #hfh ,justitia civilis1 #fci ,justus et justificans1 #gec ,kalpa1 #ceb ,karen tradition1 #aaf ,kenosis1 #gja1 #gjd1 #gje ,keri and ,kethib1 #cji 8,know10 its meaning in ,scripture1 #ghj ,knowledge includes faith as a higher sort of1 #c1 #d1 #e analogy to one's nature or experience not necessary to1 #g is 8recognition and classification101 #g mental image1 not essential to1 #g of whole not essential to partial1 and of a part1 #h may be adequate though not exhaustive1 #h involves limitation or definition1 #i relative to knowing agent1 #aj is of the thing as it is1 #aj though imperfect1 valuable1 #cg requires presupposition of an ,absolute ,reason1 #fa does not ensure right action1 #aaa1 #dfj aggravates1 but is not essential to1 sin1 #eeh two kinds of1 and scientia media1 #ceg sins of1 #fdi final state of righteous one of1 #ajbi ,koran1 #aae1 #ahf ,kungfutse1 see ,confucius4 ,language1 difficulty of putting spiritual truths into1 #ce dead only living1 #ci not essential to thought1 #baf defined1 #dfg is the effect1 not the cause of mind1 #dfg ,law1 cause and force known without mental image1 #g is method1 not cause1 #gf the transcript of ,god's nature1 #bic in general1 #eccecf its essential idea1 #ecc its implications1 #ecc first used of voluntary agents1 #ecc its use in physics implicitly confesses a ,supreme ,will1 #ecc its derivation in several languages1 #ecc because of its ineradicable implications1 8method0 has been suggested as a substitute1 #ecc definitions of1 #ecc1 #ecd cannot reign1 #ecd its generality1 #ecd deals in general rules1 #ecd implies power to enforce1 #ecd1 #ece without penalty is advice1 #ece in the case of rational and free agents implies duty and sanctions1 #ece expresses and demands nature1 #ece formulates relations arising in nature1 #ece of ,god in particular1 #ecfedg elemental1 #ecfedd physical or natural1 #ecf moral law1 #ecg moral law1 its implications1 #ecg is discovered1 not made1 #ech not constituted1 but tested1 by utility1 #ech of ,god1 what81 #ech the method of ,christ1 #eci authors upon1 #eci not arbitrary1 #eci not temporary1 or provisional1 #edj not merely negative1 #edj as seen in ,decalogue1 #edj not addressed to one part of man's nature1 #edj not outwardly published1 #edj1 #eda not limited by man's consciousness of it1 #eda not local1 #eda not modifiable1 #eda not violated even in salvation1 #eda the ideal of human nature1 #edb reveals love and mercy mandatorily1 #edb1 #edi is allcomprehensive1 #edb is spiritual1 #edc is a unit1 #edc is not now proposed as a method of salvation1 #edc is a means of discovering and developing sin1 #edc1 #edd reminds man of the heights from which he has fallen1 #edd as positive enactment1 #eddedg as shown in general moral precepts1 #ede as shown in ceremonial or special injunctions1 #ede its positive form a reenactment of its elemental principles1 #ede the written1 why imperfect81 #edf the ,puritan mistake in relation to1 #edf its relation to the grace of ,god1 #edgedi is a general expression of ,god's will1 #edg is a partial1 not an exhaustive1 expression of ,god's nature1 #edg pantheistic mistake in relation to1 #edg1 #edh alone1 leaves parts of ,god's nature to be expressed by gospel1 #edh is not1 ,christ is1 the perfect image of ,god1 #edh not abrogated by grace1 but republished and reenforced1 #edh of sin and death1 #edh in the manifestation of grace1 combined with a view of the personal love of the ,lawgiver1 #edi its allembracing requirement1 #egb identical with the constituent principles of being1 #fbi allcomprehending demand of harmony with ,god1 #fcg the ,mosaic1 inspired hope of pardon and access to ,god1 #ffg its basis in the nature of ,god1 #gfd as a moral rule unchanging1 #hge freedom from1 what81 #hgf believer not free from obligation to observe1 #hgf as a system of penalty1 believer free from1 #hgf as a method of salvation1 believer free from1 #hgf as an outward and foreign compulsion1 believer free from1 #hgf not a sliding scale graduated to one's moral condition1 #hgg ,god's1 as known in conscience and ,scripture1 a ground of final judgment1 #ajbi ,laws of knowing correspond to nature of things1 #aj of theological thought1 laws of ,god's thought1 #aj of nature1 not violated in miracle1 #aba of nature1 act not merely singly1 but in combination1 #dcd1 #dce 8,layingon of hands10 its significance1 #ibj ,lettermissive calling council of ordination1 #ibb ,lex1 its derivation1 #ecc ,licensure1 its nature1 #iai ,life contains promise and potency of every form of matter1 #ia not produced from matter1 #ic as it ascends1 it differentiates1 #bdj not definable1 #bea not a mere process1 #bea more than environmental correspondence1 #bea ascribed to ,christ1 #cji ascribed to ,holy ,spirit1 #cae animal1 though propagated1 not material1 #die has power to draw from the putrescent material for its living1 #fgg its various relations honored by being taken into union with ,divinity in ,christ1 #fhb man's physical1 conscious of a life within not subject to will1 #gii man's spiritual1 conscious of life within its life1 #gii man's natural1 preserved by ,god1 much more his spiritual1 #hhc ,christian1 attains completeness in future1 #iha sinful1 attains completeness in future1 #iha 8book of10 the book of justification1 #ajbi ,lineamenta extrema1 #fad ,locutiones vari1 sed non contrari2 divers1 sed non advers1 #bbg ,logos1 the whole1 present in the man1 ,christ ,jesus1 #bha ,john's doctrine of the1 radically different from ,philo's1 #cbj1 #cba ,john's doctrine of the1 related to the 8memra0 doctrine1 #cbj doctrine of the1 authorities on1 #cba significance of term1 #cce the preincarnate1 granted to men a natural light of reason and conscience1 #fjc purged of depravity that portion of human nature which he assumed in ,incarnation1 in the very act of taking it1 #fgg during earthly life of ,jesus existed outside of flesh1 #gjd the whole present in ,christ1 and yet present everywhere else1 #gjd can suffer on earth1 and yet reign in heaven at same time1 #gad his surrender of independent exercise of divine attributes1 how best conceived1 #gje his part in evangelical preparation1 #gaa 8,lord of ,hosts10 its significance1 #ddh ,lord's ,day1 #daj ,lord's ,supper1 #ieiihj ,lord's ,supper and ,baptism1 historical monuments1 #aea ,love1 necessary to right use of reason with regard to ,god1 #c1 #bi1 #eai1 #ebj its loss obscures rational intuitions of ,god1 #fg ,god's1 nature cannot prove it1 #hd ,god's immanent1 what81 #bfc not to be confounded with mercy and goodness1 #bfe ,god's1 finds a personal object within the ,trinity1 #bhe constitutes a ground of divine blessedness1 #bhe ,god's transitive1 what81 #bhi ,god's transitive1 is mercy and goodness1 #bhi distinct from holiness1 #bij1 #efg attributed to ,christ1 #cji attributed to ,holy ,spirit1 #caf revealed in grace rather than in law1 #edh defined1 #efg to ,god1 allembracing requirement of law1 #egb eternity of ,god's1 an effective element in appeal1 #ghh ,god's1 fixed on sinners of whom he knows the worst1 #ghh ,god's unchanging1 #ghh ,god's1 has dignity1 #ajea brotherly1 in heaven implies knowledge1 #ajca ,maat1 the ,egyptian goddess1 #ajbd ,maccabees1 ,first1 no direct mention of ,god in1 #cji ,magister sententiarum1 #dd ,magnetism1 personal1 what8 #hbj ,majestaticum genus1 #fhf ,malice1 what8 #efi ,malum metaphysicum1 what8 #dbd ,man1 in what sense supernatural1 #bf furnishes highest type of intelligence and will in nature1 #gi as to intellect and freedom1 not eternal a parte ante1 #ha his intellectual and moral nature1 implies an intellectual and moral author1 #ha his moral nature proves existence of a holy ,lawgiver1 #hb his emotional and voluntary nature proves the existence of a ,being who may be a satisfying object of human affection and end of human activity1 #hc recognizes in ,god1 not his like1 but his opposite1 #hc mistakes as to his own nature lead him into mistakes as to the ,first ,cause1 #hd1 #bec his consciousness1 ,royce's view1 #ii his will above nature1 #aba a concave glass towards ,god1 #beb can objectify self1 #beb is selfdetermining1 #beb not explicable from nature1 #daa a spiritually reproductive agent1 yet ,god begets1 #dah a creation1 and child of ,god1 #dfedgf his creation a fact of ,scripture1 #dfe exists by creative acts of ,god1 #dfe though result of evolution1 yet originating agency of ,god needed1 #dfe whether mediately or immediately created ,scripture does not explicitly state1 #dfe the true doctrine of evolution consistent with the ,scriptural doctrine of creation1 #dff certain psychological human endowments cannot have come from the brute1 #dff ,god's breathing into men was such a reinforcement of the processes of life as turned the animal into man1 #dfg and brute1 both created by the immanent ,god1 the former comes to his status not from but through the latter1 #dfg the beginnings of his conscious life1 #dfg some simple distinctions between man and brute1 #dfg1 #dfh if of brute ancestry1 yet the offspring of ,god1 #dfi ,scripture teaches that man's nature is the creation of ,god1 #dfi his relations to animals1 authors upon1 #dfi immediate creation of his body not forbidden by comparative physiology1 #dgj that his physical system is descended by natural generation from the simi1 an irrational hypothesis1 #dgj as his soul was an immediate creation of ,god1 so1 in this sense1 was his body also1 #dgj does not degenerate as we travel back in time1 #dga no natural process accounts for his informing soul nor for the body informed by that soul1 #dgb the laws of development followed in man's origin from a brute ancestry are but methods of ,god1 and proofs of his creatorship1 #dgb comes upon the scene not as a brute but as a selfconscious1 self determining being1 #dgb his original and new creation1 both from within1 #dgb an emanation of that ,divine ,life of which the brute was a lower manifestation1 #dgb his nature not an undesigned result of atheous evolution but the efflux of the divine personality1 #dgc natural selection may account for man's place in nature1 but not for his place as a spiritual being above nature1 #dgc his intellectual and moral faculties have only an adequate cause in the world of spirits1 #dgc apart from the controlling action of a higher intelligence1 the laws of the material universe insufficient for his production1 #dgc his brute ancestry1 list of authors on1 #dgc1 #dgd his racial unity1 #dgfdhc his racial unity1 a fact of ,scripture1 #dgf his racial unity at foundation of certain ,pauline doctrines1 #dgf his racial unity1 the ground of natural brotherhood1 #dgf the pre,adamite1 #dgf1 #dgg his racial unity1 sustained by history1 #dgg1 #dgh his racial unity1 sustained by philology1 #dgh1 #dgi his racial unity1 sustained by psychology1 #dgi his racial unity1 sustained by physiology1 #dhj1 #dhc a single species under several varieties1 #dhj unity of species of1 argues unity of origin1 #dha according to ,agassiz from eight centres of origin1 #dha his racial unity1 consistent with all existing physical varieties1 #dha1 #dhb physiological change in1 illustrated1 #dhb his 8originally greater plasticity10 #dhb his racial unity1 authorities on1 #dhb1 #dhc the essential elements of his nature1 #dhcdhh the dichotomous theory of his nature1 #dhc1 #dhd the dichotomous theory of1 supported by consciousness1 #dhc the dichotomous theory of1 supported by ,scripture1 #dhc1 #dhd the trichotomous theory of his nature1 #dhddhh his and 1 #dhd his spirit and soul1 texts on1 #dhd trichotomous theory of his nature1 element of truth in1 #dhd the trichotomous theory of his nature untenable1 #dhe1 #dhf the true relation of and in his nature1 #dhfdhh is different in kind from the brute1 though possessed of certain powers in common with it1 #dhf since spirit is soul when in connection with the body1 soul cannot be immortal unless with spiritual body1 #dhf the trichotomous theory of the nature of1 untenable on psychological grounds1 #dhf a true view of the spiritual nature of1 refutes six errors1 #dhf1 #dhg some who have held the trichotomous view of1 #dhg his body1 why honorable8 #dhh has been provided with a fleshly body1 for two suggested reasons1 #dhh origin of his soul1 #dhhdig the theory of the preexistence of his soul1 #dhhdia the advocates1 ancient and modern1 of this theory of soul preexistence1 #dhh1 #dhi the truth at the basis of soul preexistence1 #dhh the theory of soul preexistence1 founded on an illusion of memory1 #dhh explanations of this illusion1 #dhh the theory of the soul's preexistence1 without ,scriptural warrant1 #dhi1 #dij if his soul was conscious and personal in the preexistent state1 why is recollection even of important decisions so defective8 #dij the preexistence theory of the soul of1 is of no theological assistance1 #dij ,mller's view of preexistence stated and examined1 #dij1 #dia the creatian theory of his soul1 #diadic its advocates1 #dia ,scripture does not teach that ,god immediately creates his soul1 #dia creatianism repulsively false as representing him as not father of his offspring's noblest part1 #dib his individuality1 how best explained1 #dib the creatian theory of his birth makes ,god the author of sin1 #dic the creatian theory of his birth1 certain mediating modifications of1 #dic the traducian theory of his birth1 #dicdig the traducian theory1 its advocates1 #dic the traducian theory explained1 #did the traducian theory best accords with ,scripture1 #did the traducian theory is favored by the analogy of animal and vegetable life1 #die the traducian theory supported by the transmission of physical1 mental1 and moral characteristics1 #die1 #dif the traducian theory embraces the element of truth in the creatian theory in that it holds to a divine concurrence in the development of the human species1 #dig his moral nature1 #digeac the powers which enter into his moral nature1 #dig his conscience defined1 #dih has no separate ethical faculty1 #dih his conscience discriminative and impulsive1 #dih his conscience distinguished from related mental processes1 #dii his conscience the moral judiciary of the soul1 #ejj his conscience an echo of ,god's voice1 #eja has the authority of the personal ,god1 of whose nature law is but a transcript1 #ejbejd his will1 #ejdeac his will defined1 #ejd1 #eje his will and the other faculties1 #eje his will and permanent states1 #eje1 #ejf his will and motives1 #ejf1 #ejg his will and contrary choice1 #ejg1 #ejh his will and his responsibility1 #eji1 #eaj his responsibility for the inherited selfish preferences of his will1 its ,scriptural explanation1 #eaj his natural bent of will to evil so constant1 inveterate1 and powerful that only regeneration can save him from it1 #eaj the hurtful nature of a deterministic theory of his will1 #eaaeac and his will1 authors upon1 #eac his original state1 #eadecb his original state described only in ,scripture1 #ead list of authors on his original state1 #ead essentials of his original state1 #eadebc made 8in the image of ,god10 what implied81 #ead made in natural likeness to ,god or personality1 #ead made in moral likeness to ,god or holiness1 #ead the elements in his original likeness to ,god1 more clearly explicated1 #ead1 #eae indwelt by the ,logos or divine ,reason1 #eae never wholly loses 8the image of ,god101 #eae in a minor sense 8gods0 and 8partakers of the divine nature101 #eae has 8a deeper depth0 rooted and grounded in ,god1 #eae created a personal being with power to know and determine self1 #eae his natural likeness to ,god inalienable and the capacity that makes redemption possible1 #eae his personality further defined1 #eae should reverence his humanity1 #eae1 #eaf originally possessed such a direction of affections and will as constituted ,god the supreme end of his being1 and himself a finite reflection of ,god's moral attributes1 #eag his chief endowment1 holiness1 #eag his original righteousness as taught in ,scripture1 #eag in what the dignity of his human nature consists1 #eag his original righteousness not the essence of his human nature1 #eah his original righteousness not a gift from without and after creation1 #eah his original righteousness a tendency of affections and will to ,god1 #eah his original righteousness propagable to descendants1 #eah his likeness to ,god1 more than the perfect mutual adjustment of his spiritual powers1 #eai his fall assigned by some to preexistent state1 #eai 8the image of ,god0 in1 was1 some say1 merely the possibility 7,anlage7 of real likeness1 #eai his individual will not the author of his condition of sin or of holiness1 #eai since he originally knew ,god1 must have loved ,god1 #eai1 #ebj primal 8image of ,god10 not simply ability to be like ,god1 but actual likeness1 #ebj if morally neutral1 is a violator of ,god's law1 #ebj the original 8image of ,god0 in1 more than capacity for religion1 #ebj scholastics and the ,romanist church distinguished between 8image0 and 8likeness0 as applied to his first estate1 #ebj his nature at creation1 according to ,romanism1 received a donum superadditum of grace1 #ebj his progress from the state in puris naturalibus to the state spoliatus a nudo1 as the ,romish church teaches1 pictorially stated1 #eba the ,romish theory as to his original state considered in detail1 #ebjebc results of his original possession of the divine image1 #ebcebe his physical form reflects his original endowment1 #ebc originally possessed an quale temperamentum of body and spirit which1 though physically perfect1 was only provisional1 #ebc had dominion over the lower creation1 #ebd enjoyed communion with ,god1 #ebd1 #ebe concomitants of his possession of the divine image1 #ebeecb his surroundings and society fitted to afford happiness and help1 #ebe1 #ebf his wife and her creation1 #ebe was perhaps hermaphrodite1 #ebf his garden1 ,eden1 #ebf provisions for trying his virtue1 #ebf1 #ebg opportunity for securing for himself physical immortality1 #ebg the first1 had he maintained his integrity1 would have been developed and transformed without undergoing death1 #ebg the ,scriptural view of his original state opposed by those who hold a prehistoric development of the race from savagery to civilization1 #ebg the originally savage condition of1 an illfounded assumption1 #ebgeca the ,scriptural account of his original state opposed by those who hold the ,positivist theory of the three consecutive conditions of knowledge1 #eca the assumption that he must hold fetichism1 polytheism1 and monotheism in successive steps1 if he progresses religiously1 contradicted by facts1 #eca1 #ecb monotheistic before polytheistic1 #eca1 #ecb in some stocks never practiced fetichism1 #ecb the earliest discovered sepulchral remains of1 prove by presence of food and weapons an advance upon fetichism1 #ecb his theologic thought not transient but rooted in his intuitions and desires1 #ecb in what sense a law unto himself1 #eci as finite needs law1 #edb as a free being needs moral law1 #edb as a progressive being needs an ideal and infinite standard of attainment1 #edb according to ,scripture responsible for more than his merely personal acts1 #fcd not wholly a spontaneous development of inborn tendencies1 #fdi the ideal1 realized only in ,christ1 #fgh1 #fgi his reconciliation to ,god1 #ggghhe his perfection reached only in the world to come1 #iha ,manhood of ,christ1 ideal1 #fgh1 #fgi ,manichanism1 #chb1 #fgj ,moriolatry1 invocation of saints1 and transubstantiation1 origin of1 #fgc ,marriage1 a type of human and divine nature in ,christ1 #fic ',mary1 mother of ,god1'1 #fga1 #fhf ,material force as little observable as divine agency1 #h organism1 not necessarily a hindrance to activity of spirit1 #ajba ,materialism1 idealism1 and pantheism1 arise from desire after scientific unity1 #ij ,materialism1 what81 #ij element of truth in1 #ij objection to1 from intuition1 #ib objection to1 from mind's attributes1 #ib1 #ic cannot explain the psychical from the physical1 #ic furnishes no sufficient cause for highest phenomena of universe1 #id furnishes no evidence of consciousness in others1 #id1 #ie ,sadducean1 denies resurrection of body1 #ajah recent1 its services to proper views of body1 #ajah ,materialistic ,idealism1 #ieajj its definition1 #ie its development1 #ieig defective in its definition of matter1 #ig defective in its definition of mind1 #ig1 #ih opposed to the imperative assumptions of nonempirical1 transcendent knowledge of thingsinthemselves1 #ih however modified1 cumbered with the difficulties of pure materialism1 #ih1 #ii a view of1 held by many ,christian thinkers1 #ii1 #ajj ,mathematics1 a disclosure of the divine nature1 #bfa crystallized1 the heavens are1 #bfa ,matter1 regarded as atoms which have force as a universal and inseparable property1 #ij1 #ia in its more modern aspect1 a manifestation of force1 #ia the ,tyndall and ,crookes deliverances regarding1 #ia mind intuitively regarded as different from it in kind1 and higher in rank1 #ib to be regarded as secondary and subordinate to mind1 #ic and mind1 relations between1 #ic1 #id does it provide 8the needful objectivity for ,god081 #cdg its eternity not disprovable by reason1 #cgd not stuff that emanated from ,god1 #che not stuff1 but an activity of ,god1 #che according to ,schelling1 esprit gel1 #chf its continuance dependent on ,god1 #dac made by ,god1 and1 therefore1 pure1 #efj its capacities1 as subservient to spirit1 inestimable1 #ajba1 #ajbb ,memory1 its impeccability in the case of the apostles1 secured by promised ,spirit1 #bjg a preparation for the final judgment1 #ajbf of an evil deed1 becomes keener with time1 #ajbi ,memra1 relation to ,johannine ,logos1 #cbj ,mendacium officiosum1 #bfb ,mennonites1 #igj ,mens humana capax divin1 #bab ,mens rea1 essential to crime1 #eed ,mercy1 in the ,god of nature1 some indications which point to1 #aac optional1 #bga1 #bif1 #big defined1 #bhi divine1 a matter of revelation1 #bif election a matter of1 #ggi ,messiah1 #cba1 #ffg1 #ffh ,metaphysical generation of the soul1 #dic ,military theory of atonement1 #gdg ,millennium1 #ajjhajae ,mind1 has no parts1 yet divisible1 #i its organizing instinct1 #ae1 #af gives both final and efficient cause1 #gf recognizes itself as another and higher than the material organization it uses1 #ib its attributes and itself different in kind and higher in rank than matter1 #ib1 #ic not transformed physical force1 #ic the only substantive thing in the universe1 all else is adjective1 #id unsatisfactorily defined as a 8series of feelings aware of itself101 #ig ,absolute1 not conditioned as the finite mind1 #ajd 8carnal10 its meaning1 #eib ,minister1 his chief qualification1 #ag his relation to church work1 #hih forfeiture of his standing as1 #ibc1 #ibd ,miracle1 a preliminary definition1 #aag modified definition suggested by ,babbage1 #aag1 #aah 8signality0 must be preserved in definition of1 #aah preferable definition1 #aah1 #aai never regarded in ,scripture as an infraction of law1 #aai natural processes may be in1 #aai the attitude of some theologians towards1 irrational1 #abj a number of opinions upon1 presented1 #abj possibility of1 #abaabc not beyond the power of a ,god dwelling in and controlling the universe1 shown in some observations1 #abaabc possibility of1 doubly strong to those who give the ,logos or ,divine ,reason his place in his universe1 #abb possible on ,lotzean view of universe1 #abc possible because ,god is not far away1 #abc possible because of the action and reaction between the world and the personal ,absolute1 #abc a presumption against1 #abd presupposes1 and derives its value from1 law1 #abd a uniformity of nature1 inconsistent with miracle1 nonexistent1 #abd no one is entitled to say a priori that it is impossible 7,huxley71 #abd but the higher stage as seen from the lower1 #abe when the efficient cause gives place to the final cause1 #abe exists because the uniformity of nature is of less importance in the sight of ,god than the moral growth of the human spirit1 #abe 8the greatest ,i know1 my conversion0 7,vinet71 #abe our view of1 determined by our belief in a moral or a nonmoral ,god1 #abf is extraordinary1 never arbitrary1 #abf not a question of power1 but of rationality and love1 #abf implies selfrestraint and selfunfolding1 #abf accompanied by a sacrifice of feeling on the part of ,christ1 #abf probability of1 greater from point of view of ethical monism1 #abf a work in which ,god lovingly limits himself1 #abf probability of1 drawn from the concessions of ,huxley1 #abg the amount of testimony necessary to prove a1 #abg ,hume's misrepresentation of the abnormality of1 #abg ,hume's argument against1 fallacious1 #abg evidential force of1 #abhaca accompanies and attests new communications from ,god1 #abh its distribution in history1 #abh1 #abi its cessation or continuance1 #abh1 #acb1 #acc certifies directly not to the truth of a doctrine1 but of a teacher1 #abi must be supported by purity of life and doctrine1 #abi to see in all nature the working of the living ,god removes prejudice against1 #acj the revelation of ,god1 not the proof of that revelation1 #acj does not lose its value in the process of ages1 #acj of the resurrection sustains the authority of ,christ as a teacher1 #acj of ,christ's resurrection1 is it 8an obsolete picture of an eternal truth081 #acj of ,christ's resurrection1 has complete historical attestation1 #acj1 #aca of ,christ's resurrection1 not explicable by the swoontheory of ,strauss1 #aca of ,christ's resurrection1 not explicable by the spirittheory of ,keim1 #aca of ,christ's resurrection1 not explicable by the visiontheory of ,renan1 #aca of ,christ's resurrection1 its three lessons1 #aca the counterfeit1 #acb only a direct act of ,god a1 #acb the counterfeit1 attests the true1 #acb how the false1 may be distinguished from the true1 #acb1 #acc ,miracles as attesting ,divine ,revelation1 #aagacc ,mohammedanism1 #ahf1 #cdg1 #dbg ,molecular movement and thought1 #ic ,molecules1 manufactured articles1 #gg ,molluscs1 their beauty inexplicable by 8natural selection101 #dga ,monarchians1 #cbg ,monism presents that deep force1 in which effects1 psychical and bodily1 find common origin1 #fi there must be a basal1 #hj ,monism1 ,ethical1 defined1 #aje consistent with the teachings of ,holy ,writ1 #aje the faith of ,augustine1 #aje the faith of ,anselm1 #aje1 #ajf embraces the one element of truth in pantheism1 #ajf is entirely consistent with ethical fact1 #ajf is ,metaphysical ,monism qualified by ,psychological ,monism1 #ajf is supplanting ,dualism in philosophic thought1 #ajf it rejects the two main errors of pantheism1 #ajg1 #aji it regards the universe as a finite1 partial1 and progressive revelation of ,god1 #ajg1 #ajh it regards matter as ,god's limitation under law of necessity1 #ajg it regards humanity as ,god's selflimitation under law of freedom1 #ajg it regards incarnation and atonement as ,god's selflimitation under law of grace1 #ajg regards universe as related to ,god as thought to the thinker1 #ajg regards nature as the province of ,god's pledged and habitual causality1 #ajg is the doctrine largely of the poets1 #ajg1 #ajh guarantees individuality and rights of each portion of universe1 #ajh in moral realm estimates worth by the voluntary recognition and appropriation of the divine1 #ajh does not1 like pantheism1 involve moral indifference to the variations observed in universe1 #ajh does not regard saint and sensualist1 men and mice as of equal value1 #ajh it regards the universe as a graded and progressing manifestation of ,god's love for righteousness and opposition to wrong1 #ajh it recognizes the mysterious power of selfhood to oppose the divine law1 #ajh it recognizes the protective and vindicatory reaction of the divine against evil1 #ajh it gives ethical content to ,spinoza's apophthegm1 'all things serve1'1 #ajh it neither cancels moral distinctions1 nor minifies retribution1 #ajh recognizes ,christ as the ,logos of ,god in its universal acceptance1 #aji recognizes as the ,creator1 ,upholder1 and ,governor of the universe1 ,him who in history became incarnate and by death made atonement for human sin1 #aji rests on ,scriptural statements1 #aji secures a ,christian application of modern philosophical doctrine1 #aji gives a more fruitful conception of matter1 #aji considers nature as the omnipresent ,christ1 #aji presents ,christ as the unifying reality of physical1 mental and moral phenomena1 #aji its relation to pantheism and deism1 #aji furnishes a foundation for new interpretation in theology and philosophy1 #aji helps to acceptance of ,trinitarianism1 #aji teaches that while the natural bond uniting to ,god cannot be broken1 the moral bond may1 #aji1 #aaj how it interprets 8rejecting0 ,christ1 #aaj enables us to understand the principle of the atonement1 #aaj strengthens the probability of miracle1 #abf teaches that ,god is pure and perfect mind that passes beyond all phenomena and is their ground1 #bee teaches that 8that which hath been made was life in him10 ,christ1 #caa teaches that in ,christ all things 8consist10 hold together1 as cosmos rather than chaos1 #caa teaches that gravitation1 evolution1 and the laws of nature are ,christ's habits1 and nature but his constant will1 #caa teaches that in ,christ is the intellectual bond1 the uniformity of law1 the unity of truth1 #caa teaches that ,christ is the principle of induction1 the medium of interaction1 and the moral attraction of the universe1 reconciling all things in heaven and earth1 #caa teaches that ,god transcendent1 the ,father1 is revealed by ,god immanent1 the ,son1 #cad teaches that ,christ is the life of nature1 #ccg teaches that creation is thought in expression1 reason externalized1 #cha teaches a dualism that holds to underground connections of life between man and man1 man and nature1 man and ,god1 #chf teaches that the universe is a life and not a mechanism1 #cia teaches that ,god personally present in the wheat makes it grow1 and in the dough turns it into bread1 #daa teaches that every man lives1 moves1 and has his being in ,god1 and that whatever has come into being1 whether material or spiritual1 has its life only in ,christ1 #dac teaches that 8,dei voluntas est rerum natura101 #dac teaches that nothing finite is only finite1 #dac its further teaching concerning natural forces and personal beings1 #dac1 #dad1 #dah1 #dai allows of 8second cause101 #daf ,monogenism1 modern science in favor of1 #dhj ,monophysites1 #fgb see ,eutychians4 ,monotheism1 facts point to an original1 #ef1 #eca ,hebrew1 preceeds polytheistic systems of antiquity1 #eca1 #ecb more and more evident in heathen religions as we trace them back1 #eca1 #ecb an original1 authors on1 #eca1 #ecb ,montanists1 #cjd ,montanus1 #gab ,moral argument for the existence of ,god1 the designation criticized1 #ha faculty1 its deliverances1 evidences of an intelligent cause1 #hb freedom1 what81 #cfa nature of man1 #digeac likeness to himself1 how restored by ,god1 #eah law1 what81 #ecgedd law1 man's relations to1 reach beyond consciousness1 #eid government of ,god1 recognizes raceresponsibilities1 #eid union of human and divine in ,christ1 #fga analogies of atonement1 #gaf evil1 see ,sin4 obligation1 its grounds determined1 #bihcjc judgments1 involve will1 #hda ,morality1 ,christian1 a fruit of doctrine1 #af of ,n4 ,t41 #agg1 #agh ,christian1 criticized by ,mill1 #agi heathen systems of1 #agiahf of ,bible1 progressive1 #bcj mere insistence on1 cannot make men moral1 #hfc 8,morning stars101 #dde 8,mother of ,god101 #fha ,motive1 not cause but occasion1 #cfj1 #ejf man never acts without or contrary to1 #cfj a ground of prediction1 #cfj influences1 without infringing on free agency1 #cfj the previously dominant1 not always the impulsive1 #cfj ,motives1 man can choose between1 #cfj persuade but never compel1 #cfb1 #ejf1 #fdi not wholly external to mind influenced by them1 #ejf1 #hag lower1 sometimes seemingly appealed to in ,scripture1 #hbf1 #hbg ,muratorian ,canon1 #adg ,music1 reminiscent of possession lost1 #ebf ,mystic1 #ca1 #ha ,mysticism1 true and false1 #cb ,mystik and ,mysticismus1 #ca ,myth1 its nature1 #aee as distinguished from saga and legend1 #aee 8the ,divine ,spirit can avail himself of0 7,sabatier71 #aee 'may be made the medium of revelation' 7,denney71 #bad not a falsehood1 #aee1 #bad early part of ,genesis may be of the nature of a1 #bad ,myththeory of the origin of the gospels 7,strauss71 #aeeaeg described1 #aee1 #aef objected to1 #aef1 #aeg authors on1 #aeg ,nachwirkung and ,fortwirkung1 #ggf 8,name1 in my101 #hjg ,names of ,god1 the five ,hebrew1 ,ewald on1 #cah ,nascimur1 pascimur1 #igb ,natura1 #cib ,natura enim non nisi parendo vincitur1 #eda ,natura humana in ,christo capax divin1 #fid ,natura naturans 7,spinoza71 #bdd1 #bhg ,natura naturata 7,spinoza71 #bdd1 #bhg1 #gjj ,natur minister et interpres1 #b ,natural psychical1 #dhd ,natural insight as to source of religious knowledge1 #bjc ,natural law1 advantages of its general uniformity1 #abd events aside from its general fixity to be expected if moral ends require1 #abe life1 ,god's gift of1 foreshadows larger blessings1 #bhi realism1 and location of mind in body1 #bhj revelation supplemented by ,scripture1 #bg ,natural ,selection1 artificial after all1 #ic its teaching1 #dgj is partially true1 #dgj is not a complete explanation of the history of life1 #dgj gives no account of origin of substance or variations1 #dgj by the survival does not explain the arrival of the fittest1 #dgj does not explain the sudden and apparently independent appearance of important geologic forms1 #dgj certain entomological and anatomical facts are inexplicable upon the theory of1 #dga fails to explain the beauty in lower forms of life1 #dga no species has as yet been produced by either artificial or1 #dgb does not necessarily make the idea of ,creator superfluous1 #dgc may account for man's place in1 but not above1 nature1 #dgc requires1 according to ,wallace1 a superior intelligence to guide in definite direction or for special purpose1 #dgc a list of authors upon1 #dgd atheistically taught1 is election with hope and pity left out1 #ghd ,natural theology1 what81 #bfj ,nature1 its usual sense1 #bf1 #aba its proper sense1 #bf1 #aba its witness to ,god1 outward and inward1 #bf argument for ,god's existence from change in1 #gcge argument for ,god's existence from useful collocation in1 #gehj ,mill's indictment of1 #gh apart from man1 cannot be interpreted1 #gi does not assure us of ,god's love and provision for the sinner1 #aac1 #aad by itself furnishes a presumption against miracles1 #abd as synonym of substance1 #bdc according to ,schleiermacher1 #bhg its forces1 dependent and independent1 #dad the brute submerged in1 #dfh human1 why it should be reverenced1 #eae in what sense sin a1 #eah as something inborn1 #eah1 #egg1 #egh the race has a corrupted nature1 #eggehb sinful acts and dispositions explained by a corrupt1 #egg a corrupt1 belongs to man from first moment of his being1 #egh a corrupt1 underlies man's consciousness1 #egh a corrupt1 which cannot be changed by a man's own power1 #egh a corrupt1 the common heritage of the race1 #egh designates1 not substance1 but corruption of substance1 #egh how responsible for a depraved1 which one did not personally originate1 #eic human1 ,pelagian view of1 #eih human1 semi,pelagian view of1 #eih human1 ,augustinian view of1 #eih human1 organic view of1 #fjj human1 atomistic view of1 #fjj the whole human race once a personality in ,adam1 #fbi human1 can apostatize but once1 #fcj human1 totally depraved1 #fcgfci man can to a certain extent modify his1 #fdb sin of1 and personal transgression1 #fdh impersonal human1 #fid and person1 #fid1 #fie ,robinson's definition of1 #fie human1 is it to develop into new forms1 #ihf 8,nature of things1 in the10 the phrase examined1 #ceg ,nazarenes1 #ffi see ,ebionites4 ,nebular hypothesis1 #cie ,necessitarian philosophy1 correct for the brute1 #dfh ,negation1 involves affirmation1 #i ,neron ,kaisar1 and 8#fff01 #ajji ,nescience1 divine1 #bhf see ,god4 ,nestorians1 #fga ,neutrality1 moral1 never created by ,god1 #eba moral1 a sin1 #eba ,new ,england theology1 #dh1 #di ,new ,haven theology1 #di ,new ,school theology1 #dh1 #di1 #fjf its definition of holiness1 #bga1 #bgb its definition of sin1 how it differs from that of ,old ,school1 #edi1 #eej ignores the unconscious and subconscious elements in human character1 #eej its watchword as to sin1 #eie its theory of imputation1 an evasion1 #eif its theory of imputation explained1 #fjf1 #fjg development of its theory of inspiration1 #fjg1 #fjh modifications of view within1 #fjh contradicts ,scripture1 #fjh1 #fji its advocates cannot understand ,paul1 #fji rests upon false philosophical principles1 #fji1 #faj impugns the justice of ,god1 #faj1 #faa inconsistent with facts1 #faa1 #fab its aim that of all the theories of imputation1 #fab ,nihil in intellectu nisi quod ante fuerit in sensu1 #fc ,nineveh1 winged creatures of1 #ddi ,nirvana1 #ahb ,noblesse oblige1 #cja ,nomina become numina1 #bde ,nominalism inconsistent with ,scripture1 #bdd ,nominalist notion of ,god's nature1 #bdd ,nonapostolic writings recommended by apostles1 #bja ,noninspiration1 seeming1 of certain ,scriptures1 #bdb ,non pleni nascimur1 #eig 8,nothing1 creation out of101 #cgb ,notitia1 an element in faith1 #hcg ,noumenon in external and internal phenomena1 #f ,nullus in microcosmo spiritus1 nullus in macrocosmo ,deus1 #gi ,obduracy1 sins of1 incomplete and final1 #fej ,obedience1 ,christ's active and passive1 #gdi1 #ggj 8,obey10 not the imperative of religion1 #ba ,obligation to obey law based on man's original ability1 #eda ,offences between men1 #gff between church members1 #ibd1 #ibe ,old ,school theology1 #di1 #fjf1 #fjg ,omission1 sins of1 #eed1 #fdh ,omne vivum e vivo 7ex ovo71 #chi ,omnia mea mecum porto1 #ajcb ,omnipotence of ,god1 #bhfbhh see ,god4 ,omnipresence of ,god1 #bgibhb see ,god4 ,omnipresent1 how ,god might cease to be1 #bhb ,omniscience of ,god1 #bhbbhf see ,god4 8,one eternal now10 how to be understood1 #bgg ,ontological argument for existence of ,god1 #hehi see ,god4 ,optimism1 #djd1 #dje ,oracles1 ancient1 #ace ,ordinances of the church1 #ibiihj ,ordination of church officers1 #iahibi ,ordo salutis1 #gid ,organic and organized substances1 #ic ,organic1 the1 and atomistic views of human nature1 #fjj ,original 8image of ,god0 in man1 its nature1 #eadebc ,original natural likeness to ,god1 or personality1 #eae1 #eai1 #ebj moral likeness to ,god1 man's1 or holiness1 #eafeah righteousness1 what8 #eag1 #eah knowledge of ,god1 man's1 implied a direction of the affections and will toward ,god1 #eai sin1 as held by ,old ,school theologians1 #di twofold problem of1 #eic its definition1 #eid1 #eie two principles fundamental to consideration of1 #eie a correct view of raceresponsibility essential to a correct view of1 #eie some facts in connection with the guilt of1 #eif substance of ,scriptural teaching concerning1 #fbefbg a misnomer1 if applied to any theory but that of its author1 ,augustine1 #fcf no one finally condemned merely on account of1 #eif1 #ffc1 #ffd state of man1 #eadecc essentials of1 #eadebb results of1 #ebcebe concomitants of1 #ebeecb ,romish and ,protestant views of1 #eba1 #ebb ,os sublime1 manifestation of internal endowments1 #ebc ,pain1 physical1 existed before entrance of moral evil into world1 #djb this supralapsarian pain1 how to be regarded1 #djb due not to ,god1 but to man1 #djb verdicts declarative of the secondary place of1 #djb cannot explain its presence here by the good it may do1 #djc it is ,god's protest against sin1 #djc has its reason in the misconduct of man1 #djc supralapsarian pain an 8anticipative consequence101 #djc ,god's frown upon sin1 and warning against it1 #djc ,palestine1 #agd1 #dba ,pantheism1 ,idealistic1 defined1 #ajj the elements of truth in1 #ajj its error1 #ajj denies real existence of the finite1 #ajj deprives the infinite of selfconsciousness and freedom1 #ajj in it the worshiped is the worshiper1 #ajj the later ,brahmanism is1 #ajj the fruit of absence of will and longing for rest as end of existence1 as among ,hindus1 #ajj in ,hegelianism1 presents the alternative1 no ,god or no man1 #ajj of ,hegel and ,spinoza1 #ajj1 #aja of ,hegel1 its different interpreters1 #aja of ,hegel1 as modified by ,schopenhauer1 #aja its idea of ,god selfcontradictory1 #aja1 #ajb its asserted unity of substance without proof1 #ajb it assigns no sufficient cause for highest fact of universe1 personal intelligence1 #ajb it contradicts the affirmations of our moral and religious nature1 #ajc antagonizes our intuitive conviction of the absolute perfection of ,god1 #ajd its objection that in eternity there was not notself over against the ,infinite to call forth selfconsciousness1 without foundation1 #ajd denies miracle1 #abb denies inspiration1 #bjd antitrinitarianism leads to1 #cdg involved in doctrine of emanation1 #chc assumes that law fully expresses ,god1 #edg should worship ,satan1 #eff at basis of ,docetism1 #fgf not involved in doctrine of ,union with ,christ1 #hjj ,parables1 #bdj1 #ghd ,paradise1 #djc1 #iih1 #iii ,paradoxon summum evangelicum1 #gec ,pardon1 limited by atonement1 objections to1 refuted1 #gff its conditions can of right be assigned by ,god1 #gfg the act of ,god as judge in justification1 #hee and justification distinguished1 #heh1 #hei through ,christ1 honors ,god's justice and mercy1 #hfj ,parseeism1 #ahe ,parsimony1 law of1 #gd1 #hg ,passion1 the1 necessitated by ,christ's incarnation1 #gfj ,passover1 #aeg1 #gbc1 #gbf1 #ifj ,pastor1 #ijh1 #iad1 #iae1 #iag 8,pastors and teachers101 #iae ,patripassians1 #cbg ,paul1 #baj1 #bce1 #hea1 #iii ,peace1 #hfe ,peccatum alienum1 #faf ,pelagianism1 a development of rationalism1 #hi its theory of imputation1 #eigfja its principal author and present advocates1 #eig its exposition1 #eig its view of ,romans #e3ab1 #eig its seven points1 #eig its sinless men1 #eig its 8non pleni nascimur101 #eig its misinterpretation of the divine influence in man1 #eig is deism applied to man's nature1 #eih ignores his dignity and destiny1 #eih unformulated and sporadic1 #eih unscriptural1 #eih1 #eii a survival of paganism1 #eih its key doctrine3 ,homo libero arbitrio emancipatus a ,deo1 #eih its unscriptural tenets specified1 #eih1 #eii regards sins as isolated volitions1 #eii its method contrasted with that of ,augustinianism1 #eii presents an ,ebionitic view of ,christ1 #eii its principles false in philosophy1 #fjj ignores law by which acts produce states1 #fjj ,penalty1 what81 #bid1 #feb1 #fec ,penalty1 #febffj its idea1 #feb more than natural consequences of transgression1 #feb not essentially reformatory1 #fec what essentially81 #fec not essentially to secure social or governmental safety1 #fec1 #fee not essentially deterrent1 #fee of sin1 twofold1 #fef of sin1 is physical death1 #feffei of sin1 is spiritual death1 #fei1 #ffj ,penitence1 #gff ,pentateuch 7,hexateuch71 its authorship1 #agjagb literature upon1 #agb ,perfect1 as applied to men1 #egd ,perfection1 in ,god1 #i1 #bfjbge of ,christian and church reached in world to come1 #iha ,perfectionism1 its tenet1 #hgg its teachers1 #hgg its modifications1 #hgg authorities upon1 #hgg its fundamental false conceptions1 #hgg1 #hgh is contradicted by ,scripture1 #hghhhf disproved by ,christian experience1 #hhj how best met1 #hhj1 #hha ,permanent states of the faculties1 #ejf1 #eej1 #eea ,perseverance1 human side of sanctification1 #hfh1 #hha definition1 #hha its proof from ,scripture1 #hhb its proof from reason1 #hhb1 #hhc is not inconsistent with human freedom1 #hhc does not tend to immorality1 #hhc1 #hhd does not lead to indolence1 #hhd the ,scriptural warnings against apostasy do not oppose it1 #hhd1 #hhe apparent instances of apostasy do not oppose it1 #hhe1 #hhf list of authors on general subject of1 #hhf 8,person0 in doctrine of ,trinity1 only approximately accurate1 #ccj ,person1 how communicated in different measures1 #cbd ,person and character of ,christ1 as proof of revelation1 #ahfaij ,person of ,christ1 the doctrine of1 #ffigjj historical survey of views regarding1 #ffifgc the two natures in their reality and integrity1 #fgcfhc the union of the two natures in one1 #fhcgjj ,personal identity1 #ib1 #dag intelligences cannot be accounted for by pantheism1 #ajb influence1 often distinct from word spoken1 #hbj ,personality1 defined1 #hb1 #beb1 #bec1 #ccj1 #cce1 #eae1 #fie of ,god1 the conclusion of the anthropological argument1 #hd of ,god1 denied by pantheism1 #ajj the highest dependent on infiniteness1 #ajd selfconscious and selfdetermining1 #bec triple1 in ,godhead1 consistent with essential unity1 #ccj in man1 inalienable1 #eae involves boundless possibilities1 #eae foundation of mutual love among men1 #eae constitutes a capacity for redemption1 #eae ,pessimism1 #djd1 #dje ,peter1 how he differed with ,paul1 #bad ,romish assumptions regarding1 #iji ,peter1 ,second1 #adg1 #adi1 #aec ,pharaoh1 the hardening of his heart1 #dcd ,phenomena1 #f ,philemon and ,onesimus1 moralized1 #gfg ,philosophy1 defined1 #db ,physicotheological argument1 a term of ,kant's1 #ge ,physiology1 comparative1 favors unity of race1 #dhjdhc ,pictures of ,christ1 #bea ,pie hoc potest dici1 ,deum esse ,naturam1 #ajg ,plasticity of species1 greater toward origin1 #dhb ,plural quantitative1 #cah ,pluralis majestaticus1 #cah ,poesy and poem1 #heb ,poetry1 #ebf ,polytheism1 #bei1 #cdg ,pools of modern ,jerusalem1 #icd ,positive ,philosophy1 #f1 #i1 #ece1 #ede1 #fcb ,possession by demons1 #def ,prterist interpreters of ,revelation1 #ajji ,prayer1 relation of ,providence to1 #dcc its effect1 not solely reflex influence1 #dcc its answers not confined to spiritual means1 #dcc not answered by suspension or breach of the order of nature1 #dcd has no direct influence on nature1 #dcd is answered by new combinations of natural forces1 #dcd as an appeal to a personal and present ,god1 it moves ,god1 #dce its answer1 while an expression of ,god's will1 may come through the use of appointed means1 #dce ,god's immanency in nature helps to a solution of the problem1 how prayer is answered1 #dcf how the potency of prayer may be tested1 #dcg1 #dch ,prayerbook1 ,english1 ,arminian1 #df on infant baptism1 #ieg ,prayerbook of ,edward ,,vi1 mode of baptism in1 #ieg ,preaching of doctrinal sermons1 #ai of the decrees1 #cfi of the organic unity of the race in transgression1 #fcd larger part of1 should consist in application of ,divine law to personal acts1 #fdh1 #fdi addressed to elect and nonelect1 #ghi must press immediate submission to ,christ1 #hcj of everlasting punishment an auxiliary to the gospel appeal1 #ajec ,pre,adamites1 #dgf ,precedent1 ,n4 ,t41 the 'commonlaw' of the church1 #igj 8,preconformity to future events101 #gf ,predestination1 #cee1 #cfj1 #gha ,predicata1 not attributes1 #bde ,prediction1 only a part of prophecy1 #acd1 #gaj 8,preestablished harmony101 #ic ,preexistence of soul1 #dhhdia ,preference1 immanent1 #ead 8elective101 #eeg ,preparation1 historical1 for redemption1 #ffeffh ,prerational instinct1 #ih ,prescience1 ,divine1 #bhf ,presentative intuition1 #eb1 #ec1 #fg ,preservation1 #dajdai definition of1 positive and negative1 #daj1 #daa proofs of1 from ,scripture and reason1 #daadad deism1 with its ,god withdrawn1 denies1 #dad1 #dae continuous creation1 with momently new universe1 inconsistent with1 #daedah divine concurrence in1 considered1 #dah1 #dai ,pretermission of sin1 #ggb ,preventive providence1 #dbc ,pride1 #efi 8,priest0 and 8minister101 #iae1 #ifg ,priestly office of ,christ1 #gacgge ,probability1 #ga ,probation after death1 #gjg1 #ajjb1 #ajcaajdd in ,adam1 #fbi ,procession of the ,holy ,spirit1 its true formula1 #cbc consistent with his equality in ,trinity1 #cdj1 #cda ,progress of early ,christianity1 what principally conduced to81 #ahg ,prolegomena1 #aae ,proof of ,divine ,revelation1 principles of evidence applicable to1 #dadd ,prophecy1 as attesting a divine revelation1 #acdada defined in its narrow sense1 #acd1 #ace its relation to miracles1 #ace requirements in1 #ace general features of ,scriptural1 #ace1 #acf ,messianic in general1 #acf as used by ,christ1 #acfach the double sense of1 #achadj evidential force of1 #adj1 #ada alleged errors in1 #bce1 #bcf ,christians have gifts of1 #gab modern1 as far as true1 what81 #gab ,prophet1 not always aware of meaning of his own prophecies1 #aci later may elucidate earlier utterances1 #bce1 #bcf his soul1 is it rapt into ,god's timeless existence and vision81 #bgh larger meaning of the word1 #gaj ,prophet priores1 #gaj ,prophetic office of ,christ1 #gajgac see ,christ4 its nature1 #gaj1 #gaa fulfilled in three ways1 #gaa its four stages1 #gaagac in his ,logoswork1 #gaa in his earthly ministry1 #gaa1 #gab in his guidance and teaching of the church since his ascension1 #gab in his revelations of the ,father to the saints in glory1 #gab1 #gac will be eternal1 #gab ,propitiation1 #gai1 #gbj ,proprietates1 distinguished from attributes1 #bdf ,proselytebaptism1 #ica1 #icb ,protevangelium1 ,scripture germinally1 #age ,providence1 doctrine of1 #daiddc defined1 #dai explains evolution and progress of universe1 #dai1 #dbj doctrine of1 its proof from ,scripture1 #dbadbe a general providential control1 #dba1 #dbb a control extending to free actions of men in general1 #dbb1 #dbc four sorts1 preventive1 permissive1 directive1 determinative1 #dbcdbe rational proof of1 #dbedbg arguments a priori1 #dbe1 #dbf arguments a posteriori1 #dbf opposed by theory of fatalism1 #dbg opposed by casualism1 #dbg1 #dbh opposed by theory of a merely general providence1 #dbhdca its relation to miracles and works of grace1 #dcadcc its relation to prayer1 #dccdci its relation to ,christian activity1 #dcidda to evil acts of free agents1 #ddaddc ',providential miracles1'1 #dcb ,psychic phenomena1 #aag ,punctiliousness1 warning against1 #dbh ,punishment1 implied in man's moral nature1 #hb does not proceed from love1 #bgb proceeds from justice1 #bic its idea1 #feb1 #geb what implied in its idea1 #febfef has in it1 beyond the natural consequences of transgression1 a personal element1 #feb its object not the reformation of the sufferer1 #fec is the necessary reaction of divine holiness against sin1 #fec is not essentially deterrent1 #fee of sin is physical death1 #feffei of sin is spiritual death1 #fei1 #ffj an ethical need of the divine nature1 #gea an ethical need in man's moral nature1 #gea of guilty1 ,christ's sufferings substituted for1 #geb is borne by the judge and punisher in the nature that has sinned1 #geb as presented in atonement1 what it secures1 #gec endured by ,christ righteously1 because of his relation to the sinning race1 #ged1 #gee remitted in justification1 #hed remitted on the ground of what ,christ1 to whom the sinner is united by faith1 has done1 #hed1 #heh the final1 of the wicked described in ,scriptural figures1 #ajcc1 #ajcd the final1 of the wicked1 summed up1 #ajcd future1 some concessions regarding1 #ajce of wicked1 the future1 not annihilation1 #ajce1 #ajcf not a weakening process ending in cessation of existence1 #ajcf1 #ajcg not an annihilating punishment after death1 #ajcg light from the evolutionary process thrown on1 #ajch excludes new probation and ultimate restoration of the wicked1 #ajci declared in ,scripture to be eternal1 #ajdd is a revelation of ,god's justice1 #ajdf as the reaction of holiness against sin must continue while sin continues1 #ajdf1 #ajdg is endless since guilt is endless1 #ajdh is eternal since sin is 8eternal101 #ajdh the facts of human life and tendencies of scientific thought point to the perpetuity of1 #ajdi may have degrees yet be eternal1 #ajej may be eternal as the desert of sin of infinite enormity1 #ajej not inconsistent with ,god's benevolence1 #ajeaajed its proper preaching not a hindrance to success of the gospel1 #ajed if it is a fact1 it ought to be preached1 #ajed to ignore it in pulpit teaching lowers the holiness of ,god1 #ajee the fear of1 not the highest but a proper motive to seek salvation1 #ajee in preaching it1 the misery of the soul should have special emphasis1 #ajef ,purgatory1 #fei1 #hff1 #ajjjajjb ,purification of ,christ1 the ritual1 #gfa1 #idb1 #idc ,puritans1 #edf1 #eeg ,purpose of ,god includes many decrees1 #cec in election1 what81 #cee in reprobation1 what81 #cee to save individuals1 passages which prove1 #ghjghc to do what he does1 eternal1 #ghc to save1 not conditioned upon merit or faith1 #ghd ,quasi carcere1 ,christ not thus in ,heaven1 #gji ,quia voluit of ,calvin1 not final answer as to ,god's acts1 #djd ,quickening1 ,christ's1 distinguished from his resurrection1 #gjg ,quietism1 #dci1 #ddj ,quo non ascendam8 not ,christ's query1 #gfd ,race1 ,scripture teaches its descent from a single pair1 #dgf its descent from a single pair a foundation truth of ,paul's1 #dgf its descent from a single pair the foundation of brotherhood1 #dgf its descent from a single pair corroborated by history1 #dgg1 #dgh its descent from a single pair corroborated by language1 #dgh1 #dgi its descent from a single pair corroborated by psychology1 #dgi1 #dhj its descent from a single pair corroborated by physiology1 #dhjdhc ,raceresponsibility1 #eideig ,rational intuition1 #eb1 #fg ,rationalism and ,scripture1 #bi1 #cj1 #hi ,readings1 various1 #bbf ,realism1 in relation to ,god1 #bde ,reason1 definition of1 #d1 #bi its office1 #bi says scio1 not conscio1 #ejj moral1 depraved1 #eja ,reasoning1 not reason1 #bi not a source of the idea of ,god1 #fe errors of1 in ,bible1 #bcb1 #bcc ,recognition1 postresurrectional1 #ajbj1 #ajba ,recollection of things not before seen1 the seeming1 explained1 #dhh memory greater than1 #gje ,reconciliation1 removal of ,god's wrath1 #gai of man to ,god1 #ggghhf objective1 secured by ,christ's union with race1 #hjb subjective1 secured by ,christ's union with believers1 #hjb ,redemption and resurrection1 what is secured by1 #ebg wrought by ,christ1 #ffeggf its meaning1 #gjg legal1 of ,christ1 its import1 #gfa its application1 #ggghhf application of1 in its preparation1 #ggggic application of1 in its actual beginning1 #gichfh application of1 in its continuation1 #hfhhhf ,redi's maxim1 #chi ,reformed theology1 #dddf ,regenerate1 some apparently such1 will fall away1 #hhd the truly1 not always distinguishable in this life from the seemingly so1 #hhd their fate if they should not persevere described1 #hhe these warnings secure their perseverance1 #hhe ,regeneration1 illustrative of inspiration1 #bab ascribed to ,holy ,spirit1 #caf its nature1 according to ,romanists1 #ebb the view that a child may be educated into1 #fjf its place in the ordo salutis1 #gic does a physical miracle attend81 #hjf defined1 #hji its active and passive aspects1 #hji how represented in ,scripture1 #hajhab indispensable1 #haj a change in the inmost principle of life1 #haj a change in governing disposition1 #haj a change in moral relations1 #haj1 #haa wrought through use of truth1 #haa is instantaneous1 #haa wrought by ,god1 #haa through union of soul with ,christ1 #haa1 #hab its necessity1 #habhad its efficient cause1 #hadhbj the will not the efficient cause1 #haehag is more than selfreformation1 #hae is not cooperation with divine influence1 which to the natural man is impossible1 #haf the truth is not the efficient cause1 #hag1 #hah the ,holy ,spirit1 the efficient cause of1 #hahhbj the ,spirit in1 operates not on the truth but on the soul1 #hai the ,spirit in1 effects a change in the moral disposition1 #hbj the instrumentality used in1 #hbjhbc baptism a sign of1 #hba as a spiritual change cannot be effected by physical means1 #hba is accomplished through the instrumentality of the truth1 #hbb man not wholly passive at time of his1 #hbb man's mind at time of1 active in view of truth1 #hbb nature of the change wrought in1 #hbchbi is a change by which governing disposition is made holy1 #hbchbe does not affect the quantity but the quality of the soul1 #hbd involves an enlightenment of the understanding and a rectification of the volitions1 #hbe an origination of holy tendencies1 #hbf an instantaneous change in soul1 below consciousness and known only in results1 #hbfhbi is an instantaneous change1 #hbf1 #hbg should not be confounded with preparatory stages1 #hbg taken place in region of the soul below consciousness1 #hbh is recognized indirectly in its results1 #hbh1 #hbi the growth that follows1 is sanctification1 #hbi ,regna1 glori1 grati 7et natur71 #gge ,reign of sin1 what81 #eec1 #eed ,religion and theology1 how related1 #ai derivation of word1 #ai1 #bj false conceptions of it advocated by ,hegel1 ,schleiermacher1 and ,kant1 #bj1 #ba its essential idea1 #ba1 #bb there is but one1 #bb1 #bc its content greater than that of theology1 #bc distinguished from formal worship1 #bc1 #bd conspectus of the systems of1 in world1 #agiahf ,remorse1 perhaps an element in ,christ's suffering1 #gfi ,reparative goodness of ,god in nature1 #aac ,repentance1 more for sin than sins1 #eee the gift of ,god1 #ghb described1 #hcb contains an intellectual element1 #hcb contains an emotional element1 #hcb1 #hcc contains a voluntary element1 #hcc1 #hcd implies freewill1 #hcd ,romish view1 #hcd wholly an inward act1 #hcd manifested by fruits of repentance1 #hce a negative and not a positive means of salvation1 #hce if true1 is in conjunction with faith1 #hcf accompanies true faith1 #hcf ,reprobation1 #cee ,rerum natura ,dei voluntas est1 #aai ,respice1 aspice1 prospice of ,bernard applied to prophet's function1 #gaj ,responsibility for whatever springs from will1 #eji for inherited moral evil1 its ground1 #eji is special help of ,spirit essential to8 #fjc1 #fjd for a sinful nature which one did not personally originate1 a fact1 #fbi none for immediate heredities1 #fcj for belief1 authors on1 #hda ,restoration of all human beings1 #ajciajdd ,resurrection1 an event not within the realm of nature1 #aah of ,christ1 the central and sufficient evidence of ,christianity1 #ach of ,christ1 dilemma for those who deny1 #acj of ,christ1 ,strauss fails to explain belief in1 #aeg of ,christ1 attested by epistles regarded as genuine by ,baur1 #afj of ,christ1 ,renan's view of1 #afj1 #afa ,christ's argument for1 ,matt4 #bb3cb1 #bcb1 #iif1 #ajah attributed to ,christ1 #caj attributed to ,holy ,spirit1 #caf of ,christ1 angel present at1 #dhc of ,christ1 gave proof that penalty of sin was exhausted1 #feg a stage in ,christ's exaltation1 #gjg proclaimed ,christ as perfected and glorified man1 #gjh of ,christ1 the time of his justification1 #gfb secured to believer by union with ,christ1 #hje1 #hjf1 #hfg relation to regeneration1 #hbd sanctification completed at the1 #hgd of ,christ and of the believer1 ,baptism a symbol of1 #idjide implied in symbolism of ,lord's ,supper1 #ifc1 #ifd ,christ's body1 an object that may be worshiped1 #ifh an event preparing for the kingdom of ,god1 #iha allusions to1 in ,o4 ,t41 #iie of ,christ1 the only certain proof of immortality1 #iig perfect joy or misery subsequent to1 #ajjb ,scriptures describing a spiritual1 #ajae ,scriptures describing a physical1 #ajae art and postresurrection possibilities1 #ajaf personality in1 being indestructible1 takes to itself a body1 #ajaf ,christ's body in1 an open question1 #ajaf an exegetical objection to1 #ajaf 8of the body10 the phrase not in ,n4 ,t41 #ajaf receive a 8spiritual body0 in1 #ajaf1 #ajag the indwelling of the ,holy ,spirit secures preservation of body in1 #ajag the believer's1 as literal and physical as ,christ's1 #ajah literal1 to be suitable to events which accompany1 #ajah the physical connection between old and new body in1 not unscientific1 #ajai the oneness of the body in1 and our present body1 rests on two things1 #ajbj the body in1 though not absolutely the same1 will be identical with the present1 #ajbj1 #ajba the spiritual body in1 will complete rather than confine1 the activities of spirit1 #ajba1 #ajbb four principles should influence our thinking about1 #ajbb1 #ajbc authors on the subject in departments and entirety1 #ajbc ,revelation1 of such a nature as to make scientific theology possible1 #aaae ,revelation in nature requires supplementing1 #bf1 #bg ,god submits to limitations of1 which are largely those of theology1 #cdcf how regarded in 8period of criticism and speculation101 #df the ,scriptures a1 from ,god1 #aaabdb reasons for expecting from ,god a1 #aaaaad psychology shows that the intellectual and moral nature of man needs a1 #aaa1 #aab history shows that man needs a1 #aab what we know of ,god's nature leads to hope of a1 #aab1 #aac a priori reasons for expecting1 #aac1 #aad marks of the expected1 #aadaag its substance1 #aad its method1 #aadaaf will have due attestation1 #aaf1 #aag attended by miracles1 #aagacd attested by prophecy1 #acdada principles of historical evidence entering into proof of1 #adaadd ,scripture1 #age its connection with inspiration and illumination1 #aif1 #aig ,revenge1 what81 #efi 8,reversion to type0 never occurs in man1 #daa ,rewards1 earthly1 appealed to in ,o4 ,t41 #bcj proceed from goodness of ,god1 #bij1 #bic not bestowed by justice or righteousness1 #bic goodness to creatures1 righteousness to ,christ1 #bic are motives1 not sanctions1 #ece ,right1 abstract1 not ground of moral obligations1 #bii ,god is selfwilling1 #cch based on arbitrary will is not right1 #cch based on passive nature1 is not right1 #cch as being is ,father1 #cch as willing is ,son1 #cch ,righteousness of ,god1 what81 #bij holiness in its mandatory aspect1 #bia its meaning in #b ,cor4 #e3ba1 #gfj demands punishment of sin1 #gfd is justification and sanctification1 #hgc ,romanism1 and ,scripture1 #cc1 #cd a mystical element in1 #cc it places church before the ,bible1 #cc would keep men in perpetual childhood1 #cc1 #cd ,sabbath commemorates ,god's act of creation1 #djh made at creation applies to man always and everywhere1 #djh recognized in ,assyria and ,babylonia1 as far back as ,accadian times before ,abraham1 #djh was not abrogated by our ,lord or his apostles1 #dji upon1 #dji ,sabbath1 ,christ's example and apostolic sanction have transferred it from seventh to first day of week1 #dji ,justin ,martyr on1 #daj authors on1 #daj ,sabellianism1 #cbg1 #cbh ,sacrifice1 #gbbgbh what it is not1 #gbb1 #gbc its true import1 #gbc1 #gbd pagan and ,semitic1 its implications1 #gbc1 #gbd in the legend of schylus1 #gbc of the ,passover1 ,h4 ,c4 ,trumbull's views of1 #gbc its theocratical and spiritual offices1 #gbd of ,o4 ,t41 when rightly offered1 what implied in1 #gbe1 #gbf cannot present a formal divine institution1 #gbf how ,abel's differed from ,cain's1 #gbg the terminology of ,o4 ,t4 regarding1 needful to correct interpretation of ,n4 ,t4 usage regarding atonement of ,christ1 #gbg differing views as to significance of1 #gbh ,sacrifices1 ,jewish1 a tentative scheme of1 #gbe1 #gbf ,saints1 prayer to1 #gge how intercessors81 #gge as applied to believers1 #hhj ,sanctification1 related to regeneration and justification1 #hfb1 #hfc definition of1 #hfi what implied in definition of1 #hfi1 #hgj explanations and ,scripture proof of1 #hgjhge a work of ,god1 #hgj a continuous process1 #hga distinguished from regeneration1 #hga shown in intelligent and voluntary activity of believer1 #hga1 #hgb the agency employed in1 the indwelling ,spirit of ,christ1 #hgb its mediate or instrumental cause is faith1 #hgb the object of this instrumental faith is ,christ himself1 #hgc measured by strength of faith1 #hgc influenced by lack of persistency in using means of growth1 #hgd completed in life to come1 #hgd erroneous views of1 #hgehha the ,antinomian view1 #hgehgg the ,perfectionist view1 #hgghha ,sanctify1 its twofold meaning1 #hhj ,satan1 his personality1 #ddg not a collective term for all evil beings1 #ddg various literary conceptions of1 #ddg meaning of term1 #ded opposed by ,holy ,spirit1 #ded his temptations1 #dee has access to human mind1 #dee may influence through physical organism1 #dee 8delivering to10 #deg was specially active during earthly ministry of ,christ1 #deh his power limited1 #deh the idea of his fall not selfcontradictory1 #dfj not irrational to suppose that by a single act he could change his nature1 #dfj present passion may lead a wise being to enter on a foolish course1 #dfj that ,god should create and uphold evil spirits no more inconsistent with benevolence than similar action towards evil men1 #dfa a ganglionic centre of an evil system1 #dfa the doctrine of1 if given up1 leads to laxity in administration of justice1 #dfb as tool and slave of1 humanity is indeed degraded1 but was not always1 nor needs to be1 #dfb the fall of1 uncaused from without1 #ehe like ,adam1 sins under the best circumstances1 #ehh permitted to divide the guilt with man that man might not despair1 #ehh grows in cunning and daring1 #ajcg ,satisfaction to an immanent demand of divine holiness rendered by ,christ's obedience and suffering1 #gac1 #gbc by substitution founded on incorporation1 #gbc and forgiveness not mutually exclusive because the judge makes satisfaction to his own violated holiness1 #gfg penal and pecuniary1 #gfg sinner's own act1 according to ,romish view1 #hcd ,scholasticism and ,scholastics1 #dd1 #de1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #ddc ,science1 defined1 #b its aim1 #b on what its possibility is grounded1 #b requires a knowledge of more than phenomena1 #f existence of a personal ,god1 its necessary datum1 #fj ,scientia media1 simplicis intelligenti1 visionis1 #ceh ,scientific unity1 desire for1 its influence1 #ij ,scio and conscio1 #ejj ,scripture and nature1 #bf and rationalism1 #bica contains nothing repugnant to a properly conditioned and enlightened reason1 #bi and mysticism1 #ca1 #cb and ,romanism1 #cc1 #cd knowledge of1 incomplete1 #ce topics on which silent1 #gb supernatural character of its teaching1 #age its moral and religious ideas uncontradicted and unsuperseded1 #age its supernaturally secured unity1 #agf ,christ testifies to its supernatural character1 #ahi result of its propagation1 #aia how interpreted81 #bag authors differ1 divine mind one1 #bag the ,christian rule of faith and practice1 #bah contains no scientific untruth1 #bbd not a code of practical action1 but an enunciation of principles1 #ede ,scriptures1 the1 a revelation from ,god1 #aaabdb work of one ,god1 and so organically articulated 7,scripture71 #bag why so many interpretations of81 #bbc1 #bbd a rule in their interpretation1 #ajaa 8,sealing101 #hca1 #hgb ,seals1 in ,revelation1 #ajaj ,selection1 natural1 without teleological factors1 its inadequacy1 #cia is it in any sense the cause of the origin of species81 #cia it has probably increased the rapidity of development1 #cia1 #cib or 8survival of the fittest10 how suggested81 #djc defined1 #dgj is partially true1 #dgj it gives no account of the origin of substance or variations1 #dgj not the savior of the fittest1 but the destroyer of the failures1 #dgj facts that it cannot explain1 #dgj1 #dga nor artificial has produced a new species1 #dga ,selflimitation1 divine1 #i1 #abf1 #bee ,selfishness1 the essence of sin1 #efg cannot be resolved into simpler elements1 #efh forms in which it manifests itself1 #efh1 #efi of unregenerate1 the substitution of a lower for a higher end1 #egj ,sentimentality1 #igi 8,signality10 in miracle1 #aah ,sin1 ,god the author of free beings who are the authors of1 #cfe the decree to permit not efficient1 #cfe its permission a difficulty of all theistic systems1 #cff its permission1 how not to be explained1 #cff its permission1 how it may be partially explained1 #cff the problem of1 one of four at present not to be completely solved1 #cff1 #cfg observations from many sources aiming to throw light on the existence of moral evil1 #cfg1 #cfh man's1 as suggested from without1 perhaps the mitigating circumstance that allows of his redemption1 #dfb in what sense a nature81 #eah effect of first1 not a weakening but a perversion of human nature1 #eba the first did more than despoil man of a special gift of grace1 #eba or man's state of apostasy1 #eccffd its nature1 #ediegc defined1 #edi ,old and ,new ,school views regarding1 their difference and approximation1 #edi1 #eej as a state1 some psychological notes explanatory of1 #eej1 #eea as a state is counteracted by an immanent divine power which leads towards salvation1 #eea 8total depravity0 as descriptive of1 an outgrown phrase1 #eeb as act of transgression and disposition or state1 proved from ,scripture1 #eebeed the words which describe1 applicable to dispositions and states1 #eeb ,n4 ,t4 descriptions of1 give prominence to states and dispositions1 #eeb1 #eec and moral evil in the thoughts1 affections1 and heart1 #eec is name given to a state which originated wrong desires1 #eec is represented as existing in soul prior to consciousness of it1 #eec a permanent power or reigning principle1 #eec ,mosaic sacrifices for sins other than mere act1 #eed universally attributed to disposition or state1 #eed attributed to outward act only when such act is symptomatic of inward state1 #eed if it tend from act to a state1 regarded as correspondingly blameworthy1 #eed in an individual condemned though it cannot be traced back to a conscious originating act1 #eed1 #eee when it becomes fixed and dominant moral corruption1 meets special disapprobation1 #eee regarded by the ,christian as a manifestation of subconscious depravity of nature1 #eee repented of1 principally as depravity of nature1 #eee rather than 8sins0 repented of by ,christians advanced in spiritual culture2 a conspectus of quotations to prove this1 #eeeeeg its definition as 'the voluntary transgression of known law' discussed1 #eegeei is not always a distinct and conscious volition1 #eeg intention aggravates1 but is not essential to1 #eeh knowledge aggravates1 but is not essential to1 #eeh ability to fulfil the law1 not essential to1 #eeh definition of1 #eeh1 #eei its essential principle1 #eeiegc is not sensuousness1 #eeiefc is not finiteness1 #efceff is selfishness1 #efgegc is universal1 #egcehb committed by every human being1 arrived at maturity1 #egc its universality set forth in ,scripture1 #egc1 #egd its universality proved from history1 #egd its universality proved from ,christian experience1 #egf the outcome of a corrupt nature possessed by every human being1 #egg is act or disposition referred to a corrupt nature1 #egg rests on men who are called in ,scripture 'children of wrath1'1 #egh its penalty1 death1 visits those who have never exercised personal or conscious choice1 #egi its universality proved from reason1 #egi1 #ehj testimony of great thinkers regarding1 #ehjehb its origin in the personal act of ,adam1 #ehbeic the origin of the sinful nature whence it comes is beyond the investigations of reason1 #ehb ,scriptural account of its origin1 #ehbehe ,adam's1 its essential nature1 #ehg of ,adam in resisting inworking ,god1 #ehg an immanent preference of the world1 #ehg not to be accounted for psychologically1 #ehg the external temptation to first sin a benevolent permission1 #ehh selforiginated1 ,satanic1 #ehh the first temptation to1 had no tendency to lead astray1 #ehh the first1 though in itself small1 a revelation of will thoroughly alienated from ,god1 #eij consequences of original1 as respects ,adam1 #eijeic physical death1 a consequence of his first1 #eij1 #eia spiritual death1 a consequence of his first1 #eia1 #eib exclusion from ,god's presence1 a consequence of his first1 #eib banishment from the ,garden1 a consequence of man's first1 #eic the1 of our first parents constituted their posterity sinners1 #eic two insistent questions regarding the first1 and the ,scriptural answer1 #eic imputation of1 its true meaning1 #eid original1 its meaning1 #eid man's relations to moral law extend beyond conscious and actual1 #eie ,god's moral government recognizes racesin1 #eie actual1 more guilty than original1 #eif no man condemned for original1 alone1 #eif1 #ffd the only ground of responsibility for racesin1 #eif original1 its correlate1 #eif imputation of ,adam's1 #eigfcg see ,imputation4 ,pelagian theory of the imputation of1 #eigfja ,arminian theory of the imputation of1 #fjafjf ,new ,school theory of the imputation of1 #fjffab ,federal theory of the imputation of1 #fabfaf ,mediate theory of the imputation of1 #faffai ,augustinian theory of the imputation of1 #faifcg table of theories of imputation of1 #fbh apart from1 and prior to1 consciousness1 #fbi conscience and ,scripture attest that we are responsible for our unborn tendency to1 #fbi as our nature1 rightly punishable with resulting sin1 #fcb reproductive1 each reproduction increasing guilt and punishment1 #fcc each man guilty of personal1 which expresses more than original depravity of nature1 #fcc is selfperpetuating1 #fcc is selfisolating1 #fcd the nature1 and sins its expression1 #fce as ,adam's1 ruins1 so ,christ's obedience saves1 #fce consequences of1 to ,adam's posterity1 #fcgffd depravity a consequence of ,adam's1 #fcgfdj in nature1 as 8total depravity10 considered1 #fcgfdj total inability a consequence of ,adam's1 #fdjfdd guilt a consequence of ,adam's1 #fddfeb penalty1 a consequence of ,adam's1 #febffj infants in a state of1 #ffa venial and mortal1 #fdh of nature and personal transgression1 #fdh1 #fdi of ignorance and of knowledge1 #fdi of infirmity and of presumption1 #fdi1 #fej of incomplete and final obduracy1 #fejfeb unto death1 considered1 #fejfeb against ,holy ,spirit1 why unpardonable1 #fea1 #feb penalty of1 considered1 #febffj infants in a state of1 #ffa ,christ free from hereditary and actual1 #fgffgh ,christ responsible for human1 #gei ,christ responsible for ,adam's1 #gei ,christ as great ,penitent confesses racesin1 #gfj ,christ1 how made to be1 #gfjgfc a pretermission of1 justified in cross1 #ggb does not condemn1 but the failure to ask pardon for it1 #hef judged and condemned on ,calvary1 #hfj future1 the virtual pardon of1 #hfg 8dwelling10 and 8reigning101 #hfi1 #hgj expelled by bringing in ,christ1 #hgc does not most sympathize with sin1 #ajbh hinders intercourse with other worlds1 #ajcc 8eternal101 #ajcc made the means of displaying ,god's glory1 #ajch chosen in spite of infinite motives to the contrary1 #ajdj ,sinner1 the incorrigible1 glorifies ,god in his destruction1 #ddb negatively described1 #fcg1 #fch positively described1 #fci what he can do1 #fdj what he cannot do1 #fdj under conviction1 more of a sinner than before1 #hbg has no right to do anything before accepting ,christ1 #hfh 8,six hundred sixtysix101 #egj 8,slope1 the101 #ehj ,society1 atomistic theory of1 #fbc ,society1 bellum omnium contra omnes 7,hobbes71 #dfa ,socinianism1 #dg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ebd1 #eeh1 #eig1 #gbhgcc ,solidarity1 #fbd ,sola fides justificat1 sed fides non est sola1 #geh 8,son10 its import in ,trinity1 #ccd ,son1 the1 a perfect object of will1 knowledge and love to ,god1 #bge1 #chh his eternal generation1 #cda uncreate1 #cda his essence not derived from essence of the ,father1 #cda his existence eternal1 #cda exists by internal necessity of ,divine nature1 #cdb eternal generation of1 a life movement of the ,divine nature1 #cdb in person subordinate to person of ,father1 #cdb in essence equal with ,father1 #cdb ,son of man1 cannotes1 among other things1 a veritable humanity1 #fgc ,song of ,solomon1 #bcc1 #bch ,sonship of ,christ1 eternal1 #cdj metaphysical1 #cdj authors on1 #cdc ,sorrow for sin1 #hcb1 #hcc ,soteriology1 #ffehid ,soul1 what81 #ib dichotomous view of1 #dhc trichotomous view of1 #dhd distinguished from spirit1 #dhd its origin1 #dhh its preexistence1 according to poets1 #dhi creatian theory of1 #dia not something added from without1 #dib introduced into body1 sicut vinum in vase acetoso1 #dic metaphysical generation of1 #dic traducian theory of1 #diddig history of theory1 #dic1 #did observations favorable to1 #diddig image of ,god1 proprie1 #ebh always active1 though not always conscious1 #eej may influence another soul apart from physical intermediaries1 #hbj not inaccessible to ,god's direct operation1 #hbj as uncompounded cannot die1 #ihd see ,immortality4 8,sovereign1 the10 a title of ,messiah1 #cba ,space1 #bgh1 #bgi ,space and time1 #he1 #bge ,space 8in ,god101 #bgi ,species1 #cib1 #dhjdhb1 #did ,spirit1 the ,holy1 his teaching1 a necessity1 #bg hides himself1 #bac recognized as ,god1 #cae divine characteristics and prerogatives ascribed to1 #caf associated with ,god1 #caf his deity supported by ,christian experience1 #caf his deity1 a doctrine of the church1 #caf the ,holy1 his deity not disproved by ,o4 ,t4 limitations1 #cag his deity1 authors on1 #cag is a person1 #cbc designations of personality given to him1 #cbc 8the motherprinciple0 in the ,godhead1 #cbc so mentioned with other persons as to imply personality1 #cbc1 #cbd performs acts of personality1 #cbd affected by acts of others1 #cbd possesses an emotional nature1 #cbe visibly appears as distinct from1 yet connected with ,father and ,son1 #cbe ascription to him1 of personal subsistence1 #cbe import of his presence in ,trinity1 #ccd the centripetal movement of ,deity1 #ccf and ,christ1 differences in their work1 #cchcdj his nature and work1 authors on1 #cdj his eternal procession1 #cdjcdc if not ,god1 ,god could not be appropriated1 #cdi a work of completing belongs to1 #cac applies ,scriptural truth to present circumstances1 #ddj directs the ,godman in his humiliation1 #fif his intercession1 #ggd1 #gge his intermediacy1 #gic witness of1 what81 #hdd1 #hde doctrine of 8sealing0 distinguished from mysticism1 #hde in believer1 substitutes old excitements1 #hgb 8,spirit0 and 8soul101 #hdc ,spirit1 how applied to ,christ1 #ccc ,spirits1 evil1 tempt1 #dee control natural phenomena1 #dee execute ,god's plans1 #deg not independent of human will1 #deg1 #deh restrained by permissive will of ,god1 #deh exist and act on sufferance1 #dei their existence not inconsistent with benevolence of ,god1 #dfa are organized1 #dfa the doctrine of1 not immoral1 #dfa1 #dfb doctrine of1 not degrading1 #dfb their nature and actions illustrate the evil of sin1 #dfc knowledge of their existence inspires a salutary fear1 #dfc sense of their power drives to ,christ1 #dfc contrasting their unsaved state with our spiritual advantages causes us to magnify grace of ,god1 #dfc 8,spirits in prison101 #gjg1 #gjh ,spiritual body1 #ajaf1 #ajag ,spiritualism1 #cb1 #acb ,spontaneous generation1 #chi ,stoicism1 #ahd ,style1 #bbc ,sublapsarianism1 #ggg ,subordinationism1 #cdb ,substance1 known1 #e its characteristics1 #f a direct knowledge of it as underlying phenomena1 #ig ,substances1 the theory of two eternal1 #cghchc ,see ,dualism4 ,substantia una et unica1 #hf ,suffering1 in itself not reformatory1 #ajd ,suggestion1 #dec1 #ded 8,sunday10 used by ,justin ,martyr1 #adh ,supererogation1 works of1 #ebb ,supper1 the ,lord's1 a historical monument1 #aeg its ritual and import1 #iei instituted by ,christ1 #iei1 #ifj its mode of administration1 #ifjifb its elements1 #ifj its communion of both kinds1 #ifj is of a festal nature1 #ifj1 #ifa commemorative1 #ifa celebrated by assembled church1 #ifa responsibility of its proper observance rests with pastor as representative of church1 #ifb its frequency discretional1 #ifb it symbolizes personal appropriation of the benefits of ,christ's death1 #ifc it symbolizes union with ,christ1 #ifc it symbolizes dependence on ,christ1 #ifc it symbolizes a reproduction of death and resurrection in believer1 #ifc it symbolizes union in ,christ1 #ifc it symbolizes the coming joy and perfection of the kingdom of ,god1 #ifc its connection with baptism1 #ifd is to be often repeated1 #ifd implies a previous state of grace1 #ifd the blessing conveyed in communion depends on communicant1 #ifd expresses fellowship of believer1 #ifd the ,romanist view of1 #ifeifh the ,lutheran and ,high ,church view of1 #ifh1 #ifi there are prerequisites1 #ifi1 #igj prerequisites laid down by ,christ1 #igj regeneration1 a prerequisite to1 #iga baptism1 a prerequisite to1 #igaigc church membership1 a prerequisite to1 #igc an orderly walk1 a prerequisite to1 #igcige the local church the judge as to the fulfilment of these prerequisites1 #igeigg special objections to open communion presented1 #iggihj ,supralapsarianism1 #ggg ,symbol1 derivation and meaning1 #db less than thing symbolized1 #ajce ,symbolism1 period of1 #de ,symbolum ,quicumque1 #cbi ,synagogue1 #ijb ,synergism1 #haf ,synoptic gospels1 date1 #aej 8,synthetic idealization of our existence101 #efh ,synthetic method in theology1 #ej ,system of theology1 a dissected map1 some parts of which already put together1 #ae ,systematic theologian1 the first1 #dd ,systematic truth influences character1 #af ,tabula rasa theory1 of ,locke1 #ce ,talmud shows what the unaided genius for religion could produce1 #aae ,tapeinoticon genus1 #fhf 8,teaching1 the1 of the ,twelve ,apostles101 #aei1 #icg1 #iec ,teleological argument for the existence of ,god1 #gehj statement of argument1 #ge called also 8physicotheological101 #ge divided by some into eutaxiology and teleology proper1 #ge the major premise is a primitive and immovable conviction1 #ge the minor premise1 a working principle of science1 #gg it does not prove a personal ,god1 #gh1 #gi it does not prove unity1 eternity1 or infinity of ,god1 #gi1 #hj adds intelligence and volition to the causative power already proved to exist1 #hj ,telepathy1 #ajba ,temptation1 prevented by ,god's providence1 #dbc does not pervert1 but confirms1 the holy soul1 #ehh1 #ehi ,adam's1 ,scriptural account of1 #ehb1 #ehc ,adam's1 its course and result1 #ehd1 #ehe ,adam's1 contrasted with ,christ's1 #fgg1 #fgh ,christ's1 as possible as that of ,adam1 #fgg aided by limitations of his human intelligence1 #fgg aided by his susceptibility to all forms of innocent gratification1 #fgg in wilderness1 addressed to desire1 #fgg in ,gethsemane1 to fear1 #fgg ,ueberglaube1 ,aberglaube1 ,unglaube1 appealed to1 #fgg is always 8without sin101 #fgg authors upon1 #fgh by ,satan1 negative and positive1 #dee ,tempter's promise1 the1 #egb ,tendencytheory of ,baur1 #aegafj ,tendency1 undeveloped1 #hdg ,terminology1 a1 needed in progress of a science1 #ce ,testament ,new1 genuineness of1 #adfafe rationalistic theories to explain origin of its gospels1 #aeeafe its moral system1 #aggahf its morality contrasted with that of heathenism1 #agiahf ,testament1 ,old1 in what sense its works are genuine1 #afb how proved1 #afeage alleged errors in quoting or interpreting1 #bcd1 #bce ,testimony1 science assumes faith in1 #c amount of1 necessary to prove miracle1 #abg1 #abh in general1 #adbadd statements in1 may conflict without being false1 #bbg ,tests1 does ,god submit to81 #dcg ,theologian1 characteristics of1 #chda ,theological ,encyclopdia1 #db ,theology1 its definition1 #a1 #b its aim1 #b its possibility1 #bae its necessity1 #aeai its relation to religion1 #aibd rests on ,god's selfrevelation1 #be rests on his revelation in nature1 #bf natural and ,scriptural1 how related1 #bfbi rests on ,scripture and reason1 #bi rationalism hurtful to1 #cjca rests on ,scripture and a true mysticism1 #ca avoids a false mysticism1 #cb accepts history of doctrine as ancillary1 #cc declines the combination1 ,scripture and ,romanism1 #cc1 #cd its limitations1 #cdcf a perfect system of1 impossible1 #cf1 #cg is progressive1 #cg its method1 #chea requisites to its study1 #chda see ,theologian4 divisions of1 #dadd ,biblical1 #da historical1 #da systematic1 #da1 #db practical1 #dbdd ,theology1 ,systematic1 its history1 #dd in ,eastern church1 #dd in ,western ,church1 #dddf its period of scholasticism1 #dd1 #de its period of symbolism1 #de1 #df its period of criticism and speculation1 #df a list of authorities in1 differing from ,protestantism1 #dg ,british theology1 #dg1 #dh ,baptist theologians1 #dg ,puritan theologians1 #dg1 #dh ,scotch ,presbyterian theologians1 #dh ,methodist theologians1 #dh ,quaker theologians1 #dh ,english ,church theologians1 #dh ,american theology1 #dh1 #di the ,reformed system1 #dh1 #di the older ,calvinism1 #di order in which its subjects may be treated1 #di1 #ej analytic method in1 #di1 #ej synthetic method in1 #ej textbooks in1 #ej1 #ea ,theonomy1 #hc ,theophany1 ,christ not a mere1 #fhf 8,things101 #ie1 #if1 #bed ,thought1 does not go on in the brain1 #ic possible without language1 #baf intermittent or continuous81 #ajjb ,three thousand baptized in one day in time of ,chrysostom1 #icd ,thucydides never mentions ,socrates1 #add ,time1 its definition1 #bgf ,god not under law of1 #bgf has objective reality to ,god1 #bgf his 8one eternal now10 how to be understood1 #bgg can the human spirit escape the conditions of1 #bgh authors on 8time0 and 8eternity101 #bgh ,torments of wicked1 outward1 subordinate results and accompaniments of state of soul1 #ajcd ,tradition1 and idea of ,god1 #fc cannot long be trusted to give correct evidence1 #adb of a 8golden age0 and matters cognate1 #dhj1 #ebf ,traducianism1 its advocates and teaching1 #dic1 #did best accords with ,scripture1 #did1 #die favored by analogy of vegetable and animal life1 #dif heredities1 mental1 spiritual1 and moral1 prove men's souls of human ancestry1 #dif does not exclude divine concurrence in the development of the human species1 #dif ,fathers1 who held1 #fbj ,trafalgar1 omitted in ,napoleon's dispatches1 #adc ,transcendence1 divine1 denied by pantheism1 #ajj taught in ,scripture1 #ajb deism1 an exaggeration of1 #dad ,transgression1 a stab at heart of ,god1 #eda not proper translation of #a ,john #c3d1 #deb its universality directly taught in ,scripture1 #egc its universality proved in universal need of atonement1 regeneration1 and repentance1 #egc its universality shown in condemnation that rests on all who do not accept ,christ1 #egd its universality1 consistent with passages which ascribe a sort of goodness to some men1 #egd its universality proved by history1 and individual experience and observation1 #egd1 #ege proved from ,christian experience1 #egf uniformity of actual transgression1 a proof that will is impotent1 #faa all moral consequences flowing from1 are sanctions of law1 #fcg ,transubstantiation1 what81 #ife rests on a false interpretation of ,scripture1 #ife contradicts the senses1 #iff denies completeness of sacrifice of ,calvary1 #ifg externalizes and destroys ,christianity1 #ifg1 #ifh ,trees of 8life0 and 8knowledge101 #ebf1 #ebg1 #ehc ,trichotomous theory of man's nature1 #dhddhg ,trimurti1 ,brahman ,trinity1 #cea ,trinitas dualitatem ad unitatem reducit1 #cch ,trinitatem1 ,i ad ,jordanem et videbis1 #cbe ,trinities1 heathen1 #cea ,trinity1 renders possible an eternal divine selfcontemplation1 #bfb the immanent love of ,god understood only in light of1 #bfe the immanent holiness of ,god rendered intelligible by doctrine of1 #bgd has close relations to doctrine of immanent attributes1 #bge1 #ccf doctrine of the1 #cjdceb a truth of revelation only1 #cjd intimated in ,o4 ,t41 made known in ,n4 ,t41 #cjd six main statements concerning1 #cjd the term ascribed to ,tertullian1 #cjd a designation of four facts1 #cjd held implicitly1 or in solution1 by the apostles1 #cjd took shape in the ,athanasian ,creed 7#hth or #ith century71 #cje usually connected with 8semitrinitarian0 ,nicene ,creed 7#cbe ,a4 ,d471 #cje references on doctrine of1 #cje implies the recognition in ,scripture of three as ,god1 #cjecbb presents proofs from ,n4 ,t41 #cjecag presents ,father as recognized as ,god1 #cje presents ,jesus ,christ as recognized as ,god1 #cjecae appeals to ,christian experience as confirming the deity of ,christ1 #cac1 #cad explains certain passages apparently inconsistent with ,christ's deity1 #cad1 #cae allows an order of office and operation consistent with essential oneness and equality1 #cad1 #cdb doctrine of1 how its construction started1 #cad presents the ,holy ,spirit recognized as ,god1 #caecag intimations of1 in the ,o4 ,t41 #cagcbb seemingly alluded to in passages which teach a plurality of some sort in the ,godhead1 #cagcai seemingly alluded to in passages relating to the ,angel of ,jehovah1 #cai seemingly alluded to in descriptions of ,divine ,wisdom and ,word1 #cbj1 #cba owes nothing to foreign sources1 #cbj seemingly alluded to in descriptions of the ,messiah1 #cbacbb ,o4 ,t4 contains germ of doctrine of1 #cbb its clear revelation1 why delayed81 #cbb insists that the three recognized as ,god are presented in ,scripture as distinct persons1 #cbbcbf asserts that this tripersonality of the divine nature is immanent and eternal1 #cbf it alleges ,scriptural proof that the distinctions of personality are eternal1 #cbf the ,sabellian heresy regarding1 #cbgcbh the ,arian heresy regarding1 #cbhccj teaches a tripersonality which is not tritheism1 for while the persons are three1 the essence is one1 #ccj how the term 8person0 is used in1 #ccj1 #cca the oneness of essence explained1 #ccaccd teaches an association which is more than partnership1 #cca presents itself as the organism of the deity1 #cca permits intercommunion and mutual immanency of persons1 #ccb1 #ccc teaches equality of the three persons1 #ccdcdc teaches that the titles belong to the persons1 #ccd1 #cce employs the personal titles in a qualified sense1 #ccecdj presents to us lifemovement in the ,godhead1 #ccfcch teaches a 8generation0 that is consistent with equality1 #cdj teaches a 8procession0 that is consistent with equality1 #cdj is inscrutable1 #cdd all analogies inadequate to represent it1 #cdd illustrations of1 their only use1 #cde not selfcontradictory1 #cde presents faculty and function at highest differentiation1 #cdf its relations to other doctrines1 #cdg its acceptance essential to any proper theism1 #cdg its denial leads to pantheism1 #cdg essential to any proper revelation1 #cdi evidence of1 in prayer1 #cdi essential to any proper redemption1 #cej effects of its denial on religious life1 #cej1 #cea essential to any proper model for human life1 #cea sets law of love before us as eternal1 #cea shows divine pattern of receptive life1 #cea authors on the doctrine1 #cea ,trisagion1 the1 #cah ,tritheism1 inconsistent with idea of ,god1 #ccj ,trivialities in ,scripture1 their use1 #bag ,truth1 ,god's1 what81 #bfj immanent1 #bfj a matter of being1 #bfa foundation of truth among men1 #bfa the principle and guarantee of all revelation1 #bfb not of ,god's will1 but of his being1 #bfb ,god's transitive1 #bhhbij see ,veracity and ,faithfulness4 attributed to ,christ1 #cji attributed to the ,holy ,spirit1 #caf as the efficient cause of regeneration1 #haghbj hated by sinner1 #hag neither known nor obeyed without a change of the affections1 #hah even ,god cannot make it more true1 #hai without ,god1 an abstraction1 not a power1 #hai ,ubi caritas1 ibi claritas1 #ebj ,ubi ,spiritus1 ibi ,christus1 #ccc ,ubi tres medici1 ibi duo athei1 #ci ,ubiquity of ,christ's human body1 #gji relation to ,lord's ,supper1 #ifh relation to views of heaven1 #ajcb ,ueberglaube1 ,aberglaube1 ,unglaube1 the chief avenues of temptation1 #fgg ,uhlhorn1 on the 8if's0 of ,tacitus1 #ihi ,ullmann1 on the derivation of sapientia1 #d ,una navis est jam bonorum omnium1 #hha ,uncaused cause1 the idea of1 not from logical inference1 but intuitive belief1 #gd ,unconditioned being1 the presupposition of our knowing1 #eh ,unconscious mental action1 #eea1 #eee ,unconscious substance cannot produce selfconscious and free beings1 #ajb ,understanding1 the servant of the will1 #dfj ,unicus1 as applied to the divine nature1 #bei ,uniformity of nature1 a presumption against miracles1 #abd not absolute and universal1 #abd could only be asserted on the ground of absolute and universal knowledge1 #abd disproved by geology1 #abd breaks in1 illustrated1 #abe final cause is beneath1 #abe of volitional action rests on character1 #eji of evil choice1 implies tendency or determination1 #faa of transgression1 a demonstration of impotence of will1 #faa ,unio personalis1 #fhi1 #fij ,union of the two natures in the one person of ,christ1 #fhcgjj moral1 between different souls1 #gii with ,christ1 believer's1 and man's with ,adam1 compared1 #fbg with ,christ1 believer's1 wholly due to ,god1 #gha its relation to regeneration and conversion1 #gic doctrine of1 #giehjh reasons for its neglect1 #gie ,scripture representations of1 #giegih represented by building and foundation1 #gie represented by marriage union1 #gie1 #gif represented by vine and branch1 #gif consistent with individuality1 #gif represented by head and members1 #gif represented by union of race with ,adam1 #gig believer is in ,christ1 #gig ,christ is in believer1 #gig ,father and ,son dwell in believer1 #gig believer has life by ,christ as ,christ has life by union with the ,father1 #gig believers are one through1 #gig believers made partakers of divine nature through1 #gih by it believer made one spirit with the ,lord1 #gih nature of1 #gihhjb not a merely natural union1 #gii not a merely moral union1 #gii not a union of essence1 #gii1 #hjj in it believer most conscious of his personality and power1 #hjj not mediated by sacraments1 #hjj an organic union1 #hjj a vital union1 #hja a spiritual union1 #hja originated and sustained by ,holy ,spirit1 #hja by virtue of omnipresence the whole ,christ with each believer1 #bha1 #gjd1 #hja inscrutable1 #hja in what sense mystical1 #hja authors on1 #hjb consequences of1 to believer1 #hjbhji removes the internal obstacle to man's return to ,god1 in the case of his people1 #hjb involves change in the dominant affection of the soul 7,regeneration71 #hjd is the true 8transfusion of blood101 #hjd involves a new exercise of soul's powers in ,repentance and ,faith 7,conversion71 #hjd this phase of1 illustrated by the depuration of ,chicago ,river1 #hjd1 #hje with ,christ gives to believer legal standing and rights of ,christ 7,justification71 #hje secures to the believer the transforming1 assimilating power of ,christ's life1 for soul and body 7,sanctification and ,perseverance71 #hje does it secure physical miracles in deliverance from fleshly besetments of those who experience it81 #hjf brings about a fellowship with ,christ1 and thus a fellowship of believers with one another here and hereafter 7,ecclesiology and ,eschatology71 #hjf secures among ,christians the unity not of external organization1 but of a common life1 #hjg gives assurance of salvation1 #hjh excerpts upon1 from noted names in theology1 #hjh references upon1 #hjh1 #hji ,unique1 the1 #bdd ,unitarianism1 derivation of term1 #ccj its founders1 #dg their relation to ,arianism1 #cbi tends to pantheism1 #cdg fosters lax views of sin1 #cej holds to ,pelagian views of sin1 #eig holds to ,socinian views of atonement1 #gbh1 #gbi ,unity of ,scripture1 #age ,unity of ,god1 #bei1 #cjd consistent with a trinity1 #bei ,unity of human race1 taught in ,scripture1 #dgf lies at foundation of ,pauline doctrine of sin and salvation1 #dgf ground of obligation of brotherhood among men1 #dgf various arguments for1 #dggdhc opposed by theorists who propound different centres of creation1 #dha opposed on the ground that the physical diversities in the race are inconsistent with a common origin1 #dha1 #dhb ,universalia1 ante and post rem1 and in re1 #fba ,universalism1 its error1 #ajdg ,universality of transgression1 #egcegg ,universals1 #fba ,universe1 regarded as thought1 must have had an absolute thinker1 #fj its substance cannot be shown to have had a beginning1 #gc has its phenomena had a cause within itself 7pantheism781 #gc mind in it1 leads us to infer mind in maker1 #gc if eternal1 yet1 as contingent and relative1 it only requires an eternal creator1 #gd since its infinity cannot be proved1 why infer from its perhaps limited existence an infinite creator81 #gd its order and useful collocation may be due to an impersonal intelligence 7pantheism71 #gg its present harmony proves a will and intelligence equal to its contrivance1 #hj facts of1 erroneous explanations of1 #ijaje not necessary to divine blessedness1 #bfe 8,god's ceaseless conversation with his creatures101 #dcf exists for moral and spiritual ends1 #dcf a harp in which one string1 our world1 is out of tune1 #dea1 #ajcc ,unus1 as applied to divine nature1 #bei ,utopia1 ,more's1 an adumbration of ,st4 ,john's ,city of ,god1 #ajca ,vacuum1 #bgi ,vanity1 what81 #efi ,variation1 law of1 #dgj1 #dia1 #dib ,variations1 are in the divine operation1 not in the divine plan1 #beh ,vedas1 #ef1 #bjc1 #bbb1 #bbe ,veracity and faithfulness of ,god1 the1 his transitive truth1 #bhh1 #bhi by virtue of1 his revelations consist with his being and with each other1 #bhh by virtue of1 he fulfils all his promises expressed or implied1 #bhi ,vi1 employed in determining the divine attributes1 #bdg ,vice1 can it be created81 #ebj ,virginbirth of ,christ1 #fgefgh ,virgin1 the ,immaculate ,conception of1 its absurdity1 #fgg ,virtue1 #bihcjc see ,moral obligation4 ,vishnu1 incarnations of1 #cea ,volition1 the shadow of the affections1 #hae executive1 #ejd a subordinate1 not always determined by fundamental choice1 #eaj1 #hgj 8,voluntary0 and 8volitional0 contrasted1 #eeg 8,voluntas0 and 8arbitrium0 distinguished1 #eeg ,vorsehung1 an aspect of providence1 #dai ,vulgate1 #bbf1 #gii 8,waters10 the best term in ,hebrew to express 8fluid mass101 #cie ,weltgeschichte1 die1 ist das ,weltgericht1 #ajbd ,wicked1 in the intermediate state1 #iii1 #ajjj in intermediate state1 under constraint and guard1 #iii in intermediate state1 in conscious suffering1 #iii in intermediate state1 under punishment1 #ajjj in intermediate state1 their souls do not sleep1 #ajjj in the final state1 #ajccajef their final state1 in ,scriptural figures1 #ajcc their final state1 a summing up statement1 #ajcd their final state is not annihilation1 #ajce1 #ajcf their final state has in it no element of new probation or final restoration1 #ajciajdc their final state1 one of everlasting punishment1 #ajddajdf their final state1 a revelation of ,god's justice1 #ajdfajea their final state1 a revelation of a benevolence which permits the self chosen ruin of a few to work for the salvation of the many1 #ajeaajed their final state1 should be preached with sympathy and solemnity1 #ajedajef ,will1 free1 not under law of physical causation1 #bf human1 acts on nature without suspending its laws1 #aba human1 acts initially without means1 #abb its power over body1 #abb has not the freedom of indifference1 #cfc an act of pure1 unknown to human consciousness1 #cfc1 #ejg and sensibility1 two distinct powers1 #cfc ,christianity gives us more1 #ddj ,holy ,spirit emancipates the1 #ddj defined1 #ejd determinism of1 rejected1 #ejd and other faculties1 #eje element in every act of soul1 #eje man is chiefly1 #ejd the verb has no imperative1 #eje and permanent state1 #eje1 #ejf slight decisions of1 lead to fixation of character1 #ejf and motives1 #ejf1 #ejg permanent states influence1 #ejf not compelled1 but persuaded by motive1 #ejf in choosing between motives1 chooses with a motive1 namely the motive chosen1 #ejg and contrary choice1 #ejg1 #ejh we know causality only as we know1 #ejh a power of originating action1 limited by subjective and social conditions1 #ejh will1 free1 chooses between impulses1 #ejh and responsibility1 #eji1 #eaj naturally exercised with a bias1 #eji free1 gives existence to duty and morality1 #eaj is defeated in immorality1 #eaa deterministic theory of1 objections to1 #eaa will does not create force1 but directs it1 #eab will as great a mystery as the ,trinity1 #eab references on1 #eac evil1 the man himself1 #eee more than faculty of volitions1 #fjj its impotence proved by uniformity of transgression1 #faa such a decision of1 as will justify ,god in condemning men1 when found1 #fab a determination of the1 prior to individual consciousness--a difficult but fruitful hypothesis1 #fbd the cause of sin in holy beings1 #fbi not absolutely as a man's character1 #fcc character its surest but not its infallible index1 #fcc man's1 does more than express1 it may curb1 his nature1 #fcc has permanent states1 as well as transient acts1 #gfd ,god's action1 in conversion1 #gib1 #gic the depraved1 has inconceivable power to resist ,god1 #ajdh ,god's1 not sole force in universe1 #daa ,god's 8revealed0 and 8secret10 #gia 8,will10 and 8shall10 as to man's actions1 distinguished1 #ced ,wille and ,wilkr1 #eeg ,wisdom1 divine1 its nature1 #bhf in ,o4 ,t41 #cbj in ,apocrypha1 #cbj ,witness of ,spirit1 #hdd1 #hde ,word1 divine1 the medium and test of spiritual communications1 #cb divine1 in ,o4 ,t41 #cbj ,christ1 the1 #cce ,works of ,god1 #cgadfd ,world1 final conflagration and rehabilitation1 #ajae may be part of the heaven of the saints1 #ajcb1 #ajcc ,worship1 defined1 #bc its relation to religion1 #bc depends on ,god's glory1 #bee final state of righteous one of1 #ajbi1 #ajcj ,wrong1 must be punished whether good comes of it or not1 #fee 8,yea1 the0 7#b ,cor4 #a3bj7 objective certainty1 #ad 8,zechariah10 proper reading for 8,jeremiah10 in ,mat4 #bg3i1 #bbf ,zoroastrianism1 ,parseeism1 #ahe1 #aij1 #chb ,index ,of ,authors4 ,abbot1 ,ezra1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aei1 #afe1 #ahj1 #cjg ,abbott1 ,a4 ,e41 #aee ,abbott1 ,f4 ,e41 #fba ,abbott1 ,lyman1 #abh1 #bja1 #bjh1 #cgi1 #ebd1 #ehi1 #eii1 #fid1 #gjj1 #gbj1 #gbb1 #gcb1 #gci1 #gfh1 #hjj1 #hif1 #ajje4 ,abbott1 ,t4 ,k41 #icc ,abelard1 ,peter1 #a1 #cd1 #dd1 #gcd ,ackermann1 ,c41 #fff ,adams1 ,j4 ,c41 #ajda ,adams1 ,john1 #bbh ,adams1 ,john ,quincy1 #hii ,adams1 ,nehemiah1 #cfi ,adams1 ,thomas1 #dh ,adamson1 ,thomas1 #acc1 #aij1 #cad1 #cae1 #dci1 #fge1 #fha4 ,addison1 ,joseph1 #fdi1 #ihh ,adeney1 ,w4 ,f41 #ihe1 #ajbj ,adkins1 ,f41 #hbb1 #idh lfric1 #eje schylus1 #aaa1 #edc1 #gbc1 #ihi sop1 #cfi ,agassiz1 ,louis1 #cif1 #dha1 #ihd ,ahrens1 ,henri1 #ecf 8,aids to ,faith101 #aci1 #dje 8,aids to ,study of ,german ,theology101 #gd ,albertus ,magnus1 #ebd ,alcuin1 ,flaccus1 #gdd ,alden1 ,joseph1 #f1 #aa1 #ajj ,aldrich1 ,anne ,reeve1 #aee1 #gid 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#ci1 #fb1 #ff1 #gd1 #abh1adc1 #agd1 #ddd1 #ebh1 #ghc1 #iac1 #ajjc1 #ajae1 #ajeb4 ,whedon1 ,d4 ,d41 #dh1 #bfb1 #bgc1 #bhf1 #ced1 #cfb1 #ebj1 #eei1 #fjb1 #fjc1 #fjd1 #fjf1 #ghj1 #ajda4 ,whewell1 ,william1 #b1 #gd1 #gg1 #ejj ,whitby1 ,daniel1 #fjb1 #ajad ,white1 ,blanco1 #cg1 #egj1 #ajda ,white1 ,edward1 #ajcg ,whitefield1 ,george1 #cfh1 #hce ,whitehouse1 ,owen ,c41 #dfa ,whitman1 ,walt1 #efg ,whitney1 ,adeline ,d4 ,t41 #dci ,whitney1 ,william ,d41 #ahe1 #bag1 #dgi ,whiton1 ,j4 ,m41 #aai1 #bjh1 #big1 #cje1 #ccd1 #ccf1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #cdh1 #dac1 #eaf1 #edb1 #fcc1 #fhj1 #fhd1 #fii1 #gdc1 #ggb1 #hej1 #ajja1 #ajcg1 #ajdf4 ,whittier1 ,john ,g41 #cfi1 #fgh1 #gfe1 #ihd1 #iif1 #ajda1 #ajdb4 ,wicksteed1 ,p4 ,h41 #bgg ,wieseler1 ,karl1 #add ,wiggers1 ,g4 ,f41 #eig1 #fdd ,wilberforce1 ,r4 ,i41 #fga1 #fgi1 #fhj1 #fic1 #fif1 #fig1 #fih1 #ifi4 ,wilberforce1 ,samuel1 #dgb1 #hcj ,wilder1 ,burt ,g41 #dgj ,wilkin1 ,g4 ,f41 #eia1 #ihh ,wilkinson1 ,w4 ,c41 #dj1 #ahb1 #aig1 #bid1 #cih1 #fda1 #ieg1 #ihj4 ,wilkinson1 ,w4 ,f41 #gfa ,wilkinson1 ,w4 ,f41 #ie ,willard1 ,frances ,e41 #iah1 #igh ,william ,,iii1 #eab ,william of ,occam1 #de1 #bdd1 #bih1 #bii1 #iji ,williams1 ,a4 ,p41 #ihj ,williams1 ----1 #iah ,williams1 ,leighton1 #bjh1 #hij ,williams1 ,m4 ,monier1 #ahc1 #ceb1 #chb ,williams1 ,n4 ,m41 #egg ,williams1 ,roger1 #cfi1 #idi ,williams1 ,rowland1 #ajj ,williams1 ,w41 #gij ,willis1 ,n4 ,p41 #egj ,willmarth1 ,j4 ,w41 #idh1 #ajbc ,wilson1 ,c4 ,t41 #iae ,wilson1 ,j4 ,m41 #gai ,wilson1 ,woodrow1 #b ,winchell1 ,alexander1 #dgf ,windelband1 ,wilhelm1 #cgi ,winer1 ,g4 ,b41 #ebc1 #gag ,winslow1 ,edward1 #bbg ,withrow1 ,j4 ,l41 #iad ,witsius1 ,h41 #df1 #ej ,wrter1 ,friedrich1 #eih ,wollaston1 ,william1 #cfa ,wood1 ,n4 ,e41 #idb ,wood1 ,n4 ,r41 #cha ,wood1 ,w4 ,c41 #daj ,woods1 ,f4 ,h41 #aga ,woods1 ,leonard1 #dh1 #di1 #bfh1 #fjh1 #ggc1 #hbf1 #hbh1 #hcf1 #hha1 #hhf1 #ajae4 ,woolman1 ,john1 #gfj ,woolsey1 ,t4 ,d41 #bbi1 #gda1 #idc1 #ajde ,wordsworth1 ,c41 #fh1 #dda1 #deh1 #fbb ,wordsworth1 ,william1 #cj1 #ci1 #eh1 #ei1 #ajc1 #beb1 #chj1 #djf1 #dda1 #dhi1 #eja1 #efh1 #egf1 #eii1 #ieh1 #iia1 #ajbb4 ,wortman1 ,j4 ,l41 #dgh ,wotton1 ,henry1 #ebc ,wright1 ,charles ,h4 ,h41 #afg1 #dje1 #dgf ,wright1 ,chauncey1 #gf1 #dbh ,wright1 ,g4 ,f41 #acj1 #aed1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #ceg1 #dcb1 #dfi1 #dga1 #dgh1 #gjh1 #ajdj1 #ajdc1 #ajde4 ,wright1 ,t4 ,h41 #abj1 #ded1 #def ,wrightnour1 ,j4 ,s41 #bad1 #ffg1 #fii1 #gfd ,wu ,ting ,fang1 #ahj ,wnsche1 ,aug4 de1 #gbf ,wundt1 ,wilhelm1 #dc1 #bha1 #eje ,wuttke1 ,adolph1 #fb1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #cjb1 #eaf1 #eci1 #eha4 ,wynne1 ,f4 ,h41 #aed1 #aei ,xenophon1 #adc1 #adh1 #ida ,young1 ,edward1 #bif1 #eeg ,young1 ,john1 #ahi1 #aij1 #cfg1 #gbh1 #gcd ,zahn1 ----1 #bgh ,zahn1 ,a41 #gce ,zahn1 ,th41 #gjg1 #gce ,zeller1 ,edward1 #ch1 #eab ,zeno1 #ahd ,zinzendorf1 ,count ,n4 ,l41 #ijj ,zckler1 ,otto1 #db1 #bbe1 #cgg1 #cig1 #dgd1 #dgh1 #dhb1 #ead4 ,zoroaster1 #chb ,zwingle1 ,ulrich1 #de1 #bcg1 #fba1 #ijc1 #ieg ,index ,of ,scripture ,texts4 ,genesis4 #a3 -- #ce4 #a3a -- #cji1 #cbf1 #ccc4 #a3b -- #fh1 #acd1 #bbc1 #bhg1 #caf1 #cah1 #cbd1 #cbf1 #cci1 #cgh1 #ddf4 #a3ac -- #bhf4 #a3aa -- #dah4 #a3bd -- #dfe4 #a3bf1 -- #cah1 #ebd4 #a3bf1 #bg -- #ead1 #iia4 #a3bg -- #dfe4 #a3bg1 #bh -- #dgf1 #did4 #a3bgca -- #dij4 #a3ca -- #dej1 #dhh1 #ead1 #eba4 #b3b -- #dab1 #did4 #b3c -- #djh4 #b3d -- #cie4 #b3g -- #aig1 #aih1 #cdj1 #dfe1 #dfi1 #did1 #ebc1 #eej1 #iia4 #b3g1 #bb -- #dgf4 #b3h -- #iii4 #b3i -- #ebf1 #ebg4 #b3af -- #ebd4 #b3ag -- #ehd1 #eij1 #fef1 #ffj1 #iib4 #b3ai1 #bj -- #ebd4 #b3bc -- #gig4 #c3a -- #ehd4 #c3a1 #d -- #ded4 #c3a1 #e -- #dee4 #c3ag -- #ehb4 #c3aae -- #ddh4 #c3c -- #ehd1 #eij4 #c3d -- #dfa4 #c3d1 #e1 #f -- #ehd4 #c3e -- #egb4 #c3h -- #ebc1 #ebd1 #iib4 #c3i -- #eib4 #c3aj -- #bbd4 #c3ab -- #eff4 #c3ad -- #dej4 #c3ae -- #age1 #ffg1 #fgf4 #c3afai -- #iib4 #c3agai -- #feh4 #c3ai -- #fef4 #c3bj -- #dgf1 #dgg4 #c3ba -- #gbf4 #c3bb -- #ebc1 #ebd1 #ehe4 #c3bb1 #bc -- #iia4 #c3bd -- #ddi4 #d3a -- #did1 #ffe4 #d3c -- #djh4 #d3c1 #d -- #eic1 #gbf4 #d3ad -- #dgf4 #d3af -- #eic4 #d3ag -- #dgf4 #d3bf -- #caa4 #e3c -- #did1 #eag4 #e3f -- #bbe4 #e3bd -- #iie4 #f3a1 #b -- #dgf4 #f3b -- #dde4 #f3c -- #cbd1 #fjd1 #feb4 #f3f -- #beh1 #bff4 #g3ai -- #bbc4 #h3a -- #beh4 #h3ajab -- #djh4 #h3bj1 #ba -- #gbe4 #i3b1 #c -- #ebd4 #i3f -- #eae4 #i3ac -- #cif4 #i3ai -- #dgf4 #i3bjbg -- #bcj4 #i3be -- #cfe4 #aj3f1 #ac1 #ae1 #af -- #bbd4 #aa3 -- #hif4 #aa3e -- #ebc4 #aa3g -- #cah4 #ac3ae -- #ajdd4 #ae3e -- #hhh4 #ae3f -- #hej4 #ae3ac -- #bbg4 #ae3af -- #fch4 #af3iac -- #cai4 #af3ac -- #bhc1 #bhd4 #ag3a -- #bhf4 #ag3hac -- #ajdd4 #ah3b -- #dea4 #ah3b1 #ac -- #cai4 #ah3h -- #ddc4 #ah3ad -- #bhg4 #ah3ae -- #ebc4 #ah3ai -- #ghj4 #ah3be -- #bij4 #ai3bd -- #cah4 #ai3bf -- #dcb4 #ai3cjch -- #bcj4 #bj3f -- #dbc4 #bj3g -- #gaj4 #bj3ab -- #ddg4 #bj3ac -- #cah4 #bb3had -- #dba4 #bb3aa -- #dfd4 #bb3aaaf -- #cai4 #bb3ac -- #gbe4 #bb3af -- #bff4 #bd3i -- #ea4 #be3h1 #i -- #iid4 #bg3aibd -- #bcj4 #bh3 -- #acd4 #bh3e -- #bhj4 #bh3ab -- #dfc4 #bi3bg1 #bh -- #djh4 #ca3aa1 #ac -- #cai4 #ca3bd -- #dbc4 #cb3a1 #b -- #dfc4 #cb3b -- #ddh4 #cb3ac1 #ad -- #gfe4 #cb3bj -- #gbj4 #cb3bd -- #dfc4 #cb3bdbh -- #beh4 #ce3a1 #f1 #i -- #bei4 #ce3g -- #cah4 #ce3ah -- #dhc4 #ce3bi -- #iid4 #ci3ai -- #cah4 #dj3a -- #cah4 #da3h -- #dhc4 #da3dadd -- #cah4 #df3bf -- #did4 #dg3i -- #iif4 #dg3ca -- #bcd4 #dh3ae1 #af -- #cai4 #dh3af -- #dfc4 #di3 -- #acd4 #di3bf -- #ajdd4 #ej3bj -- #cee1 #cfe1 #dbd4 ,exodus4 #a3af -- #ddb4 #b3bd1 #be -- #ghj4 #c3b -- #dea4 #c3b1d1e -- #cai4 #c3d -- #bji4 #c3e -- #cai4 #c3ab -- #gac4 #c3ad -- #bec1 #beg1 #bge4 #d3adaf -- #bjj4 #d3af -- #cjg4 #d3ba -- #dbd4 #f3c -- #beg4 #g3a -- #bjj1 #cjg4 #g3ab -- #gcc4 #g3ac -- #dbd4 #h3h1 #ae -- #dbd4 #i3bg -- #hcb4 #aj3bh -- #dei4 #ab3cf -- #dbb4 #ab3dj1 #da -- #bbg4 #ac3b1 #ac -- #gfa4 #ad3ad -- #bda4 #ad3bc -- #ajej4 #ae3aa -- #bfh4 #af3e -- #djh4 #ah3bj -- #fcj1 #fdd4 #ai3ajaf -- #bfh4 #bj3aag -- #ede4 #bj3c -- #cai4 #bj3h -- #djh1 #eeh4 #bj3ab -- #bcj4 #bj3bb -- #ac4 #bj3bc -- #afi4 #bj3bd -- #afi4 #bj3be -- #ede4 #ba3f -- #ajdd4 #bb3bh -- #cjg4 #bc3g -- #hej4 #bh3iab -- #gge4 #bh3bb -- #fec4 #ca3b1 #c -- #aig4 #cb3ai -- #edj4 #cb3bd -- #dah4 #cb3cj1 #cb -- #gbe4 #cc3ah -- #bef4 #cc3ah1 #bj -- #aej4 #cc3ca1 #cb -- #hcg4 #cd3aj -- #ccg4 #ce3be -- #d4 #cf3ba1 #bb -- #cfg1 #cig1 #fec4 #ci3g -- #cig4 ,leviticus4 #a3c -- #eed4 #a3d -- #gbe4 #d3ad1 #bj1 #ca -- #eed4 #d3bj1 #ca1 #ce -- #gbe4 #e3e1 #f -- #eed4 #e3ajaf -- #gbe4 #e3aa -- #eed4 #e3ag -- #feb1 #fdg1 #gah4 #f3g -- #gbe4 #aa3ae -- #icb4 #aa3dd -- #bfi4 #ab3h -- #eed4 #ac3de -- #eee4 #ad3ag -- #gcb4 #af3acd -- #gbe4 #af3h -- #ddh4 #af3af1 #ba -- #eeb4 #af3ba -- #gfe4 #af3ba1 #bb -- #gbj4 #ag3ab -- #gbe4 #bj3bg -- #iif4 #bj3bh -- #iie4 #bb3df -- #icd4 ,numbers4 #e3a -- #dcb4 #f3bdbf -- #cah4 #f3bd1 #bf -- #ggd4 #g3hi -- #bji4 #h3a -- #bji4 #ab3fh -- #bjc4 #ad3cd -- #gah4 #af3bb -- #dfe1 #dhd4 #ae3ce -- #ijg4 #af3bi -- #fef4 #af3cj -- #cgg4 #ai3bi1 #cc -- #iid4 #bc3e -- #aig1 #bjg4 #bc3ai -- #beh1 #bhh4 #bc3ba -- #ded1 #hef4 #be3i -- #bbg4 #be3ac -- #gai1 #ajdd4 #be3bh -- #eeb4 #bg3c -- #feg4 #bg3af -- #dfe4 #cb3bc -- #bie4 #cc3b -- #afi4 ,deuteronomy4 #a3f1 #g -- #edi4 #a3ci -- #ffa4 #d3ai -- #ddh4 #f3d -- #bei4 #h3b -- #dbc4 #h3c -- #dba4 #aj3f -- #iid4 #af3b1 #f -- #gai4 #ag3c -- #ddh4 #ah3aj1 #aa -- #iif4 #ah3ae -- #aci1 #gaa4 #ba3ah -- #gbe4 #ba3bc -- #gah4 #bc3c -- #ajdd4 #be3a -- #hej4 #bi3bi -- #cf1 #cfd4 #cb3d -- #bfj1 #bij4 #cb3dj -- #bge4 #cc3b -- #ddg1 #deb4 ,joshua4 #b3abd -- #bcj4 #b3ah -- #bcd4 #g3bj -- #hcb4 #aj3ab1 #ac -- #bbc4 #bd3b -- #ajdd4 ,judges4 #d3agbb -- #bcj4 #e3bd -- #bcj4 #e3cj -- #bca4 #f3ag1 #cfdj -- #aaf4 #i3ad1 #ae -- #bda4 #ac3bjbb -- #cai4 #ac3bd1 #be -- #aig4 #ad3ab -- #djh4 #bj3ah -- #eeb4 #a ,samuel4 #a3 -- #acf4 #a3aa -- #ddh4 #f3ai -- #bbf4 #i3bg -- #aii4 #aj3 -- #acf4 #ae3aa -- #beh4 #ae3bd -- #hcb4 #ae3bi -- #beh4 #af3a -- #dba4 #ah3a -- #gii4 #ah3aj -- #dbd4 #bc3ab -- #bhb4 #bd3ah -- #dbb4 #bh3gad -- #iie1 #iif4 #bh3ai -- #iid4 #bi3d -- #gai4 #b ,samuel4 #f3g -- #ici4 #aa3ad -- #bcj4 #ab3bc -- #ffb4 #ad3bj -- #dde4 #af3aj -- #dbc4 #ah3cc -- #gfi4 #bc3bc -- #bjf4 #bd3a -- #dbc1 #dbd4 #a ,kings4 #a3bg -- #bgh4 #h3bg -- #aje1 #bed1 #bha1 #ebc4 #h3df -- #egc4 #aa3i -- #bid4 #ab3aebd -- #cee4 #ag3d1 #i -- #ddc4 #ag3ba -- #dhc4 #ah3cfch -- #aaf4 #ah3cfch -- #aaf1 #dcg4 #ah3dbde -- #dcc4 #ai3e -- -- #deb4 #ai3ae -- #dcc4 #bb3 -- #acf4 #bb3ai -- #ddh4 #bb3bc -- #deg4 #b ,kings4 #b3aa -- #iie1 #iif4 #d3ag -- #dfe4 #e3ad -- #icd4 #e3bf -- #ac4 #f3ag -- #dea1 #dei4 #ag3f1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #cc -- #afg4 #ai3ce -- #afg4 #bb3h -- #afg4 #bc3b -- #afg4 #a ,chronicles4 #ba3a -- #ddh4 #bb3ad -- #bbf4 #bh3af -- #bbe4 #b ,chronicles4 #f3b -- #ajdd4 #ac3c1 #ag -- #bbf4 #af3ab1 #ac -- #dci4 #ag3adai -- #bbf4 #ah3ah -- #ddh4 #bi3bg -- #gfe4 #cb3ca -- #dbc4 #cd3ai -- #edc1 #hcf4 #cf3bb -- #aig4 ,ezra4 #a3c -- #bg4 #d3 -- #afg4 #h3bb -- #hii4 #i3f -- #fcd4 ,nehemiah4 #a3f -- #eid1 #fcd4 #h3ab1 #ah -- #dji4 #i3f -- #dab1 #ddh4 ,esther4 #f3a -- #dbi4 ,job4 #a3e -- #gbe4 #a3f -- #ded4 #a3fab -- #ddh4 #a3i -- #dfa4 #a3i1 #aa -- #ded4 #a3aa -- #dei4 #a3ab -- #dbe4 #a3ab1 #af1 #ai -- #dee4 #b3d1 #e -- #ded4 #b3e -- #dei4 #b3f -- #dbe4 #b3g -- #dee4 #c3h -- #djf4 #c3ac1 #ah -- #iid4 #d3ah -- #dde4 #g3i -- #iid4 #g3bj -- #bhb1 #dab4 #aa3g -- #cd4 #aa3g1 #i -- #bed4 #ab3bc -- #dba4 #ad3d -- #egh1 #ffa4 #ad3e -- #cee4 #ae3ae -- #dde4 #ai3be -- #ffg4 #ai3be1 #bg -- #iie1 #iif4 #ba3g -- #aac4 #bc3aj -- #dca4 #bc3ac -- #beb1 #cei4 #bc3ac1 #ad -- #bei4 #bd3a -- #aac4 #be3e -- #dde4 #bf3f -- #iid4 #bf3ad -- #adc1 #bhg4 #bg3c -- #dhc4 #bg3e -- #hej4 #bg3e1 #f -- #bge4 #ca3cg -- #bge4 #cb3h -- #aig1 #aih1 #dfi1 #dhc4 #cb3ah -- #cch4 #cc3d -- #dhd4 #cd3ad1 #ae -- #cch4 #cg3e1 #aj -- #dba4 #ch3g -- #ddf1 #dea1 #dec4 #db3e1 #f -- #edc1 #hcb4 #db3f -- #hcc4 #db3gi -- #gbe4 ,psalms4 #a3f -- #ghj1 #gha4 #b3ad -- #eda4 #b3fh -- #gge4 #b3g -- #cah1 #cbb1 #cdj4 #b3gh -- #cef4 #d3d -- #bcd4 #d3h -- #dba4 #e3e -- #bij4 #e3ab -- #dba4 #g3iab -- #bij4 #g3aa -- #bde1 #beh1 #fde4 #g3ab1 #ac -- #dba4 #h3 -- #gjf4 #h3c1 #d -- #bdi4 #h3dh -- #fgh4 #h3e -- #eae4 #h3ef -- #fig4 #h3eh -- #ebd4 #h3f -- #gge4 #i3g -- #ajbc4 #aj3c -- #hag4 #aa3f -- #dba4 #aa3aj -- #fc4 #ad3a -- #bag4 #af3 -- #fge4 #af3g -- #cb4 #af3iaa -- #iie1 #iif4 #ag3 -- #aac4 #ag3ac1 #ad -- #dbc4 #ah3bdbf -- #bij4 #ah3cj -- #bfj4 #ai3 -- #bf4 #ai3a -- #bg1 #bef4 #ai3af -- #bf4 #ai3g -- #ech4 #ai3ab -- #eec1 #eeh1 #egh1 #fdg4 #ai3ab1ac -- #fej4 #ai3ac -- #dbc4 #bb3bj -- #deh4 #bb3bf -- #iif4 #bb3bh -- #dba4 #bc3b -- #cfd4 #bd3g1 #h -- #ajdd4 #be3aa -- #cad1 #dja4 #be3ad -- #dj4 #bf3i -- #ajbc4 #bi3a1 #b -- #dea4 #bi3c -- #dbd4 #ca3e -- #gdf4 #cb3 -- #dca4 #cb3a -- #eeb4 #cb3a1 #b -- #hea4 #cb3f -- #gjj4 #cb3h -- #ddj4 #cc3f -- #cah1 #cbf1 #ddh4 #cc3i -- #cgg4 #cc3acae -- #bhb4 #cc3ad1 #ae -- #dbb4 #cd3g -- #dfc4 #cd3h -- #d1 #hbe4 #cf3a -- #dj4 #cf3f -- #dab4 #cf3i -- #cej4 #cg3 -- #aac4 #cg3g -- #dci4 #dj3e -- #bhc4 #dj3fh -- #bcd4 #db3f -- #dhc4 #db3g -- #fid1 #idb4 #dd3c -- #cfi1 #ghf4 #de3b -- #fgh4 #de3f -- #cah4 #de3f1 #g -- #cbb4 #di3 -- #aac4 #di3ae -- #iid4 #di3bj -- #fdb4 #ej3e -- #gai4 #ea3 -- #hcc4 #ea3a1 #b1 #aj1 #ad -- #hcb4 #ea3b -- #eeb4 #ea3c1 #g1 #aa -- #hcb4 #ea3d -- #egc1 #fdf1 #geg4 #ea3df -- #fde4 #ea3e -- #egh1 #ffa1 #ajdc4 #ea3f -- #eee1 #eeh1 #egh1 #fdg4 #ea3f1 #g -- #egh4 #ea3aj -- #eai1 #ghb1 #haj1 #hbi1 #hcc4 #ea3aa -- #cag4 #ea3ag -- #gib4 #ef3h -- #bhb4 #eh3c -- #egh4 #ei3aj -- #cfd1 #hai4 #fc3h -- #dba4 #ff3g -- #dba4 #fh3aj -- #dba4 #fh3ag -- #ddg1 #ajeb4 #fh3ah -- #cji1 #geh4 #fi3b -- #idb4 #fi3i -- #gbd4 #ga3ae -- #bef4 #gb3f -- #eah4 #gb3ae -- #cad4 #gb3ah -- #dde4 #gc3 -- #aac4 #gd3e -- #aee4 #ge3f1 #g -- #dba4 #gf3aj -- #dbd4 #gg3ai1 #bj -- #aai4 #gh3be -- #ddc1 #dde4 #gh3da -- #bef4 #gh3di -- #deg4 #ha3ab1 #ac -- #dbc4 #hb3a -- #cjg4 #hb3f -- #chj1 #eae4 #hb3f1 #g -- #cjg4 #hb3g -- #fad4 #hd3aa -- #bhi1 #ccf4 #he3d -- #hbi4 #he3h -- #hej4 #he3i -- #fhg4 #he3aj -- #bih1 #ged4 #he3aj1 #aa -- #bde4 #hf3aa -- #cdf4 #hg3d -- #hab4 #hh3ce -- #cii4 #hi3c -- #bef4 #hi3g -- #dej4 #ij3b -- #bge1 #cgg4 #ij3g1 #h -- #feh4 #ij3gi -- #feg4 #ij3h -- #egg4 #ij3af1 #ag -- #hai4 #ia3aa -- #deb4 #ic3a -- #bbc4 #id3i1 #aj -- #fh4 #id3aj -- #fff4 #if3aj -- #djc4 #ig3b -- #bgb1 #bib1 #bif4 #ig3g -- #cjf4 #ig3aj -- #bid1 #fdf1 #gdc4 #ig3aa -- #ffg4 #ii3d1 #e1 #i -- #bif4 #aja3d -- #ghj4 #aja3e1 #f -- #bid4 #ajb3ac1 #ad -- #bge4 #ajb3bg -- #beg1 #bge4 #ajc3ai -- #dba4 #ajc3bj -- #dde1 #dea4 #ajd3 -- #dab4 #ajd3d -- #dea4 #ajd3ad -- #dba4 #ajd3af -- #dba4 #ajd3ba1 #bh -- #dba4 #ajd3bd -- #bhb4 #ajd3bf -- #dab4 #ajd3bi1 #cj -- #dab4 #aje3ae -- #gaj1 #hef4 #ajf3ab1 #ac -- #hcg4 #ajf3ac -- #ddj4 #ajf3cj -- #gcg4 #ajg3bj -- #cbj4 #ajg3bc1 #bh -- #dca4 #aaj3c -- #ghd1 #gib1 #hcj4 #aac3df -- #bef4 #aac3e -- #aje1 #bhj4 #aac3e1 #f -- #bdi1 #bee1 #bhh4 #aad3a -- #dja1 #ghh4 #aae3c -- #abb1 #bhg4 #aaf3ah -- #dcg4 #aaf3ae -- #ihc4 #aah3 -- #fge4 #aah3bb -- #gie4 #aah3bb1 #bc -- #ach4 #aai3ah -- #ce4 #aai3cf -- #eai1 #hai1 #hbe4 #aai3hi -- #bih1 #cbj4 #aai3hiia -- #cee4 #aai3if -- #edb4 #aba3c -- #dba4 #abc3a -- #bhj4 #abd3b -- #dbe4 #abd3d1 #e -- #idb4 #acj3d -- #hee4 #acb3a -- #ajdc4 #ace3f1 #g -- #dba4 #ach3b -- #bhh4 #aci3b -- #bhb4 #aci3f -- #bhb4 #aci3g -- #aje1 #bhj1 #caf4 #aci3ab -- #bhc4 #aci3ac1 #ad -- #dia4 #aci3ae1 #af -- #die4 #aci3af -- #dba4 #aci3ag1 #ah -- #bhd4 #adj3e -- #cgg4 #adc3b -- #egc1 #hej4 #adc3aa -- #cig4 #add3ab -- #hih4 #ade3c -- #bed4 #ade3e -- #bib4 #adf3d -- #iid4 #adg3d -- #bhb4 #adg3aeah -- #cbj4 #adg3bj -- #ggi4 #adh3be -- #ddd4 #adi3f -- #fdf4 ,proverbs4 #a3bc -- #hbi4 #c3f -- #ddj4 #c3ai -- #cbj4 #d3ah -- #hbg4 #e3bb -- #fcc1 #feb4 #h3a -- #cbj4 #h3bb1 #cj1 #ca -- #cbj4 #h3bbca -- #cda4 #h3bc -- #cji1 #cgh4 #h3cf -- #ghf4 #ad3i -- #fdi4 #ad3ac -- #bid4 #af3a -- #dbb4 #af3d -- #cig4 #af3ad -- #gbj4 #af3cb -- #bhh4 #af3cc -- #dba4 #ag3ae -- #hej4 #ai3ba -- #dbc4 #bj3i -- #egc4 #bj3bd -- #dbc4 #bj3bg -- #bb1 #dhf4 #ba3a -- #dbc1 #ghd4 #cj3d -- #cah1 #cda4 #ca3d -- #bca4 #ca3fg -- #bca4 ,ecclesiastes4 #b3aa -- #djd4 #c3ba -- #dhe4 #g3bj -- #egc4 #g3bi -- #eag4 #i3aj -- #iid4 #aa3c -- #ajja4 #ab3g -- #dfi1 #dhc1 #dij1 #iia1 #ajjj4 ,song ,of ,solomon4 #a3d -- #hbi4 ,isaiah4 #a3a -- #bci4 #a3e -- #eec4 #d3e -- #cgg4 #d3aa -- #ffa4 #e3d -- #djd1 #gib4 #e3ac -- #ace4 #e3af -- #bfi4 #e3ah -- #fej4 #e3bc -- #hej4 #f3a -- #cji4 #f3c -- #bef1 #bfh1 #bif1 #cah4 #f3e -- #eee1 #fcd4 #f3e1 #g -- #bfh4 #f3h -- #cah4 #g3 -- #acf4 #g3i -- #hej4 #g3ajac -- #dcg4 #g3adaf -- #ach1 #ajjg4 #h3 -- #acf4 #h3bj -- #aad1 #ddj4 #i3f -- #cbb1 #fhj1 #fig1 #gig1 #haa4 #i3f1 #g -- #ach1 #caj4 #aj3e -- #dbd4 #aj3e1 #g -- #ddb4 #ac3af -- #acf4 #ad3g -- #bba4 #ad3ab -- #eah4 #ad3bf1 #bg -- #cee4 #ag3a -- #acf4 #bd3bb -- #aci4 #be3d -- #ffi4 #be3g -- #fff4 #bf3ai -- #iie1 #iif4 #bh3af -- #gie1 #hej4 #bh3ba -- #abf1 #ajec4 #ca3f -- #hbi4 #cg3cdcg -- #acf4 #ch3ag1 #ah -- #feg4 #dj3c -- #cji1 #ejf4 #dj3ah -- #aai1 #bhh4 #dj3ae1 #af -- #cii4 #dj3ff -- #bci4 #da3d -- #bge4 #da3h -- #acf4 #da3bj -- #cgg4 #da3ba1 #bb -- #bhe4 #da3bc -- #ace4 #db3a -- #ach1 #dhe4 #db3ag -- #acg1 #fig4 #db3i -- #ace4 #db3af -- #dbf1 #dda4 #db3ai -- #fdi4 #db3ba -- #gdj1 #gdi4 #dc3g -- #cig4 #dd3f -- #bei4 #dd3bd -- #bhf4 #dd3bh -- #acf1 #aig1 #bhb1 #cee4 #de3e -- #aig1 #dba4 #de3g1 #h -- #cgg4 #de3bb -- #gia4 #df3i1 #aj -- #bhb4 #df3aj1 #aa -- #cee4 #dh3aa -- #cig4 #dh3af -- #cah4 #dh3ah -- #bhd4 #di3aab -- #fif1 #fig4 #di3ej1 #fa -- #fge4 #ej3b -- #hej4 #eb3b -- #fgh4 #eb3aj -- #bef4 #ec3 -- #acg1 #ach4 #ec3aab -- #gbe4 #ec3d1 #aj -- #dbc4 #ec3e -- #gcb4 #ec3e1 #f -- #gbj4 #ec3f -- #bfe4 #ec3fab -- #gai4 #ec3aj -- #fhj1 #gig4 #ec3aj1 #aa -- #fig4 #ec3aa -- #hej4 #ec3ab -- #ggd4 #ed3e -- #gif4 #ee3f -- #gia4 #eg3b -- #dci4 #eg3ae -- #aje1 #bhj4 #eg3af -- #dia4 #eg3ai -- #cgg4 #ei3b -- #aih1 #ihc4 #ei3bj -- #hbi4 #fj3ba -- #cig4 #fa3a -- #acg4 #fa3c -- #cig4 #fc3g1 #aj -- #cah4 #fc3i -- #bff4 #fc3aj -- #cbd4 #fd3d -- #dba4 #fe3ab -- #gia4 #fe3ag -- #cgg4 #fe3bb -- #hhh4 #fe3bd -- #cfd4 #ff3a -- #bed4 #ff3aa -- #ebc4 #ff3ac -- #cbc4 ,jeremiah4 #a3d -- #bg4 #a3e -- #dba4 #c3ae -- #af4 #c3bj -- #gif4 #c3be -- #cid4 #i3i -- #dhe4 #i3bc1 #bd -- #bde4 #i3bd -- #c4 #aj3aj -- #bde1 #bea4 #aj3bc -- #dbc4 #aj3bd -- #bgb1 #fec4 #ac3ba -- #egh4 #ac3bc -- #haj4 #ad3bj -- #eid4 #ag3i -- #eec1 #egh4 #ah3h -- #acf4 #bj3g -- #bdj4 #bc3f -- #idc4 #bc3bc1 #bd -- #aje1 #bhj4 #bc3bi -- #haa #bd3g -- #d1 #hbe4 #be3e -- #hcc4 #bf3ac1 #ai -- #acf4 #ca3c -- #ghh1 #ajdd4 #ca3ah -- #hbi4 #ca3bb -- #cgg4 #ca3cc -- #haj4 #cb3ah -- #fcd4 #cf3bc -- #edj4 #dd3d -- #bie1 #dah1 #feb4 #de3e -- #daj4 #ee3cd1 #dd -- #bda4 ,lamentations4 #a3ab -- #geg4 #c3cide -- #fcd4 #e3g -- #gah4 #e3ba -- #hbi4 ,ezekiel4 #a3 -- #ddi4 #a3e1 #ab -- #ddi4 #b3g -- #ghi4 #aj3 -- #ddi4 #aa3ai -- #haj1 #hbi4 #ad3f -- #hbi4 #ah3d -- #fcc4 #ah3ca -- #hbi4 #ah3cb -- #hbi4 #bj3e -- #fcj4 #bf3gad -- #acf4 #bh3adai -- #dej4 #bh3bb -- #bgb4 #bi3agbj -- #acf4 #cb3ba -- #iid4 #cc3i1 #aa -- #hbi4 #cc3aa -- #gia4 #cf3ba1 #bb -- #bgb4 #cf3bf -- #hbi4 #cg3aad -- #iie1 #iif4 #cg3f -- #ddi4 #cg3iad -- #cci4 ,daniel4 #b3bh1 #cf -- #gaa4 #b3de -- #ada4 #c3ah -- #dbf4 #c3be1 #bh -- #cai4 #d3ca -- #bji4 #d3ce -- #cee1 #dca4 #f3bb -- #deb4 #g3aj -- #ddi4 #g3ac -- #ada1 #fgh1 #fhb4 #i3bg -- #ada4 #aj3ad -- #aci4 #aj3ai -- #dde4 #aa3ca -- #ada4 #aa3cf -- #ach1 #ded4 #ab3a -- #ada4 #ab3b -- #ajjj1 #ajah4 #ab3b1 #c1 #ac -- #iie1 #iif4 #ab3c -- #hej4 #ab3h1 #i -- #aci4 ,hosea4 #a3g -- #cah4 #b3be -- #gif4 #b3f -- #dbc4 #d3ag -- #dbd1 #feb1 #gij4 #d3ah -- #gib4 #f3g -- #fad4 #h3a1 #b -- #fad4 #aa3a -- #ach1 #bce4 #aa3h -- #gij1 #ajec4 #ab3c1 #d -- #dfc4 #ac3e -- #ghj4 #ac3i -- #ajej4 ,joel4 #b3abad -- #hbi4 #b3bh -- #ehg4 ,amos4 #a3 -- #acf4 #a3b -- #ace4 #b3 -- #acf4 #c3b -- #ghj1 #gha4 #f3h -- #dhe4 #i3i #acf4 #i3ad #acf4 ,jonah4 #b3i #acg4 #c3c #bda4 #c3d #acf4 #c3d1 #aj -- #beh4 #c3aj #acf4 #d3aa #ffa4 ,micah4 #c3ab #ach4 #e3b #cbb4 #f3h #bii4 #g3c #fej4 #g3ah #hee4 ,nahum4 #a3g -- #ghj4 ,habakkuk4 #a3ac -- #dah4 #b3d -- #hej4 #c3d -- #adc4 #c3bj -- #gac4 ,haggai4 #a3ac -- #cai4 ,zechariah4 #c3a -- #ded4 #c3ac -- #ddh4 #c3b -- #ded1 #deh1 #hef4 #d3b1 #c -- #hhh4 #e3a -- #cee4 #f3h -- #gec4 #i3ad -- #bci4 #ab3a -- #dfi1 #dhc1 #dia1 #iia4 #ab3aj -- #gag4 ,malachi4 #a3f -- #fch1 #fci4 #b3aj -- #dgd4 #b3ae -- #bef4 #c3a -- #cbb4 #c3f -- #beg1 #bei4 #c3aj -- #bhg1 #dch4 #c3af -- #bhb4 #d3d -- #aad4 ,matthew4 #a3a -- #bbe4 #a3aaf -- #fhg4 #a3aag -- #fgc4 #a3ab -- #hbf4 #a3bj #cai1 -- #fhf4 #a3bb1 #bc -- #ach4 #b3ae #ach1 -- #bce4 #b3bb -- #gag4 #c3aab -- #hcf4 #c3b1 #c1 #f -- #ide4 #c3c -- #cji4 #c3f -- #icd4 #c3faa -- #icd4 #c3g -- #iha #c3h -- #hce4 #c3i -- #bhg4 #c3aa -- #bhg1 #ice4 #c3ac -- #idj4 #c3ac1 #ag -- #icb4 #c3ad -- #fgd4 #c3ae -- #gag1 #gfa1 #hec1 #idc4 #c3af -- #fif4 #c3af1 #ag -- #cbe4 #c3ag -- #adh1 #bji1 #baf1 #cda1 #gfb4 #d3aaa -- #fgg4 #d3b -- #fgd4 #d3c -- #dfa4 #d3c1 #f1 #i -- #dee4 #d3d -- #af1 #dab4 #d3d1 #f1 #g -- #aii4 #d3f1 #g -- #bag4 #d3aj -- #fgg4 #d3aa -- #deb1 #dec4 #e3a -- #bbg4 #e3aab -- #eed4 #e3c -- #ffi4 #e3g -- #cg4 #eh3 -- #ede4 #e3h -- #d1 #fg1 #bdf1 #ebd1 #hbe4 #e3aj -- #bcj4 #eg3 -- #gaa4 #e3ag -- #gah4 #e3ag1 #ah -- #ede4 #e3ah -- #aii1 #bhh4 #e3ai -- #ici4 #e3ba1 #bb -- #ede1 #fde4 #e3bb -- #eec4 #e3bg1 #bh -- #ede4 #e3bc1 #bd -- #gai1 #ibd4 #e3bb1 #bh -- #ede4 #e3bh -- #eec4 #e3cb -- #bdb4 #e3cc1 #cd -- #ede4 #e3cd -- #cjf4 #e3ch1 #ci -- #ede4 #e3cidb -- #edf4 #e3dd -- #bfd4 #e3dd1 #de -- #bhi1 #dge4 #e3de -- #dba4 #e3dh -- #bfj1 #bij1 #cjb1 #edc1 #ede4 #f3h -- #bhb1 #dba4 #f3i1 #aj -- #bgb4 #f3aj -- #cfh1 #dcd1 #dej1 #gib4 #f3ab -- #fde1 #hce4 #f3abad -- #egc4 #f3ac -- #bef1 #dej4 #f3af -- #bhh4 #f3bj -- #iha4 #f3bb1 #bc -- #dhf1 #eja4 #f3bd -- #haa4 #f3bf -- #dba1 #ddj4 #f3cj -- #dba4 #f3cb1 #cc -- #dba4 #f3cc -- #bhi1 #dja1 #haj4 #g3aa -- #egh4 #g3bb -- #aag1 #ghj4 #g3bc -- #ghj4 #h3aa -- #ggb4 #h3aa1 #ab -- #hdb1 #hdc4 #h3bb -- #fei1 #ijb1 #iib4 #h3bd -- #fgd4 #h3bh -- #bbg1 #ddf4 #h3bi -- #deg1 #ajjb #h3ca -- #dde4 #i3b -- #hbf4 #i3d -- #caj4 #i3e -- #abh4 #i3f -- #fhb4 #i3ab -- #aib4 #i3ab1 #ac -- #egd4 #i3bd -- #ajjj4 #i3cf -- #fgd4 #i3ef -- #abi4 #aj3a -- #bja4 #aj3ae -- #fdi1 #ajde4 #aj3ag1 #ai1 #bj -- #bjg4 #aj3bj -- #bjf4 #aj3bf -- #bhc4 #aj3bh -- #dei1 #dhc1 #ffj1 #iia1 #ajee4 #aj3bi -- #bhb1 #dba1 #hea1 #iia4 #aj3cj -- #bhb1 #dbj1 #dba4 #aj3cb -- #fde1 #hhi4 #aj3ch -- #gah1 #gfb4 #aj3dj -- #eaf4 #aj3da -- #iea4 #aj3db -- #idh4 #aa3c1 #d1 #e -- #aef4 #aa3i -- #gaj4 #aa3aj -- #aii4 #aa3ab -- #hcj4 #aa3ai -- #cbj4 #aa3ba -- #ghj4 #aa3bc -- #bhb4 #aa3bd -- #fch4 #aa3be1 #bf -- #ghi4 #aa3bg -- #afc1 #bdf1 #ccd1 #fha1 #fia4 #aa3bh -- #faa1 #fhc1 #gdd1 #gia4 #aa3bh1 #bi -- #hch4 #aa3bi -- #ahi4 #ab3ajac -- #eda4 #ab3bh -- #abi1 #caf4 #ab3ca -- #cbd4 #ab3ca1 #cb -- #dfd1 #fej1 #ajdf4 #ab3cb -- #feb4 #ab3cc -- #ejg1 #hbf4 #ab3ccce -- #haj4 #ab3cd -- #egh4 #ab3cd1 #ce -- #hhi4 #ab3cf -- #eed4 #ab3cg -- #hea4 #ab3ci -- #abf1 #acg1 #dch4 #ab3da -- #idh4 #ab3dc -- #dde4 #ab3dc1 #de -- #deh4 #ab3de -- #hjf4 #ac3e1 #f -- #ehi4 #ac3ai -- #bg1 #dej1 #ejf4 #ac3bj -- #bha4 #ac3bj1 #ba -- #hcg4 #ac3bc -- #dfb4 #ac3bd -- #caj4 #ac3bdcj -- #ced4 #ac3bh -- #ehh4 #ac3cj -- #bcd4 #ac3cj1 #ch -- #ajjh4 #ac3ca1 #cb -- #ajjh4 #ac3cc -- #bcd4 #ac3ch -- #eib1 #hhg4 #ac3ci -- #ded1 #ajdd4 #ac3eb -- #ai1 #da4 #ac3eg -- #gaa4 #ad3ai -- #dfe4 #ad3bc -- #fgd4 #ae3b -- #icd4 #ae3ac1 #ad -- #db4 #ae3ah -- #ejf4 #ae3ai -- #eec1 #haj4 #af3ae -- #hea4 #af3ah -- #hhg4 #af3ah1 #ai -- #iji4 #af3be -- #fdb4 #af3bf -- #gag4 #af3bg -- #ajaa4 #af3bg1 #bh -- #ajbc4 #af3bh -- #ajjc4 #ag3ah -- #fgh4 #ag3b -- #fif4 #ag3e -- #baj4 #ag3h -- #bcd4 #ag3ae1 #ah -- #def4 #ag3ag -- #abf4 #ag3bj -- #ijj4 #ag3cd -- #ajba4 #ah3e1 #f1 #aj1 #ad -- #ffa4 #ah3aj -- #dej1 #dea1 #deb1 #ied4 #ah3ad -- #ffb1 #hea4 #ah3aeag -- #ibd4 #ah3ag -- #hij1 #hib1 #ijg4 #ah3ah -- #ibe4 #ah3ai -- #ibg4 #ah3ai1 #bj -- #ggd4 #ah3bj -- #iea4 #ah3bd1 #be -- #gdi4 #ai3caj -- #bdb4 #ai3h -- #ede4 #ai3ad -- #fdh1 #ffa1 #iea4 #ai3ag -- #hid4 #ai3ai -- #bfd4 #ai3bf -- #bhg4 #ai3bi -- #ajde4 #bj3c -- #dhi4 #bj3abae -- #ggi4 #bj3ac1 #ae -- #ghf4 #bj3agbc -- #icb4 #bj3bb -- #gdc4 #bj3bh -- #dhc1 #fgc1 #fig1 #gag1 #gej4 #bj3cj -- #baj1 #bbg4 #ba3b -- #fha4 #ba3ba -- #dcg4 #ba3be -- #ica4 #ba3db -- #ach4 #bb3c -- #gia4 #bb3ba -- #hih4 #bb3bc -- #aca4 #bb3cj -- #dde1 #ddg4 #bb3ca1 #cb -- #iie1 #iif4 #bb3cb -- #iii1 #ajag4 #bb3cg -- #cjb4 #bb3cgci -- #egb4 #bb3cgdj -- #ede4 #bb3db -- #ffi4 #bb3dc -- #cad4 #bc3h1 #aj -- #hih4 #bc3bc -- #fch4 #bc3cb -- #fdh4 #bc3cc -- #ajee4 #bc3ce -- #cae4 #bc3cg -- #ajje4 #bc3cg1 #ch -- #ajec4 #bd3 -- #ach4 #bd3b -- #fha4 #bd3e1 #aa1 #ab1 #bd -- #ajjh4 #bd3ad -- #ajjh4 #bd3ae -- #ada4 #bd3bc -- #ajjc4 #bd3bi1 #cj -- #ajji4 #bd3cj -- #ajjc4 #bd3cd -- #ach4 #bd3ce -- #cej4 #bd3cf -- #dde1 #ajjf4 #be3 -- #ach4 #be3aac -- #bcd4 #be3aj -- #ajja1 #ajdf4 #be3ai -- #ajjf4 #be3bd -- #bic4 #be3bg -- #edj4 #be3bi -- #ihf4 #be3ca -- #ach1 #cae1 #dec1 #ajjd4 #be3ca1 #cb -- #caj1 #fhc1 #gge4 #be3caci -- #ajaa4 #be3ca1 #df -- #ajbc4 #be3cb -- #afc4 #be3cd -- #gij4 #be3da -- #ddh1 #dee1 #deg1 #dfd1 #ffj1 #gij4 #be3dadf -- #iib4 #be3de -- #fdh4 #be3de1 #df -- #ffb4 #be3df -- #bic1 #ajdd1 #ajde1 #ajee4 #bf3bd -- #cfe1 #ajdc4 #bf3bf1 #bh -- #fgd4 #bf3bf1 #bi -- #ija4 #bf3bg -- #ifj4 #bf3bh -- #baj1 #gai4 #bf3bi -- #iei1 #ifj4 #bf3cd -- #fha4 #bf3cg -- #cbe4 #bf3ch -- #fgd4 #bf3ci -- #bih1 #dch1 #fih1 #gah1 #gfb4 #bf3ci1 #ec -- #fgg4 #bf3ec -- #ddh1 #gjc4 #bf3ec1 #ed -- #gee4 #bf3fjge -- #bcj4 #bf3fcfd -- #cac4 #bf3fd -- #ada4 #bg3c1 #d -- #hcb4 #bg3i -- #bbf4 #bg3ah -- #caj4 #bg3cg -- #bbh4 #bg3db -- #fgg1 #gfb4 #bg3df -- #gdb1 #gdc1 #gfb4 #bg3ej -- #dhc4 #bh3a -- #daj4 #bh3b -- #dec4 #bh3d -- #dde4 #bh3ah -- #afc1 #gge4 #bh3ahbj -- #gjh4 #bh3ai -- #bai1 #caf1 #hie1 #hii1 #ica1 #idb1 #ide1 #idh1 #iea1 #ieb4 #bh3ai1 #bj -- #ije1 #iaf1 #icb4 #bh3bj -- #afc1 #bdb1 #caj1 #dfj1 #fhe1 #fig1 #fii1 #hja1 #hdf1 #iih4 #bh3bi -- #cbd4 #bh3df -- #ajjc4 ,mark4 #a3e1 #h -- #ice4 #a3e1 #i -- #icd4 #a3i1 #aj -- #ice4 #a3da -- #aah4 #b3g -- #fhb4 #b3bg -- #dji1 #edf4 #c3e -- #fgd1 #fgg4 #c3aa1 #ab -- #def4 #c3ag -- #aeb4 #c3bi -- #dfc1 #fej1 #ajda1 #ajdf1 #ajdh1 #ajee4 #d3ae -- #dee4 #d3ci -- #fhb4 #e3b1 #d -- #def4 #e3i -- #dee4 #e3ai -- #aij4 #e3ci1 #dj -- #fei4 #e3da -- #fif4 #g3d -- #icd4 #g3ac -- #aii4 #g3ad -- #gch4 #g3ae -- #edf4 #g3cd -- #abf4 #h3d -- #aij4 #h3bg1 #bi -- #age4 #h3cf1 #cg -- #dhe4 #h3ch -- #dej4 #i3bd -- #hdh4 #i3be -- #def4 #i3bi -- #deh4 #i3dc1 #dh -- #ajdf4 #aj3b -- #edf4 #aj3e -- #ede4 #aj3aa -- #bdb4 #aj3ah -- #cjb4 #aj3ba -- #fch1 #fgd4 #aj3ba1 #bb -- #ega4 #aj3bc -- #bfi4 #aj3cb -- #fgh1 #gfj4 #aj3ch -- #idj1 #idb4 #aj3ci -- #icf4 #aj3de -- #gag4 #aa3bd -- #dcc4 #ab3bi1 #cj -- #edc4 #ab3cj -- #dhe4 #ab3cj1 #ca -- #edc4 #ac3ai -- #cgh4 #ac3bg -- #ghj4 #ac3cb -- #cad1 #ddf1 #fgg1 #fie1 #ajjf4 #ad3ae -- #fha4 #ad3bc -- #ifj4 #ad3bd -- #baj1 #iei4 #ad3be -- #iei4 #ad3bg -- #aii4 #ae3bc -- #gdb4 #ae3bf -- #bbh4 #ae3de -- #aca4 #af3ibj -- #bci1 #egc1 #ica4 #af3ae -- #fjd1 #gia4 #af3af -- #egc1 #ffb1 #ica4 #af3ai -- #gjh4 ,luke4 #a3ad -- #bch4 #a3f -- #heb4 #a3cd1 #ce -- #fge4 #a3ce -- #cji1 #cbe1 #cci1 #fgg1 #fhf1 #fhi4 #a3cg -- #hed4 #a3ch -- #icd4 #a3df -- #dhe4 #a3eb -- #dba4 #b3aa -- #ggf4 #b3ac -- #ddh1 #dec4 #b3ad -- #cig4 #b3ba -- #idc4 #b3ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd -- #gfa4 #b3bd -- #eed1 #idc4 #b3be -- #ajjg4 #b3cd -- #ghi4 #b3dj1 #df1 #di1 #eb -- #fge4 #c3ah -- #hcf4 #c3ba1 #bb -- #cbe4 #c3bb -- #baf4 #c3bcch -- #fgc4 #c3ch -- #dgd1 #dge4 #d3dab -- #aii4 #d3ac -- #fgg4 #d3ad -- #cbe4 #d3bb -- #fgh4 #d3bebg -- #ghf4 #d3cd -- #dde4 #e3a -- #bg4 #e3fi -- #fha4 #e3h -- #bif1 #eee4 #e3bj1 #ba -- #fif4 #f3ag -- #bbg4 #f3ai -- #fif4 #f3dcde -- #egh4 #g3ac -- #acj4 #g3bi -- #hea4 #g3ce -- #cbj4 #h3cj1 #ca -- #def4 #i3bbbd -- #gaf4 #i3bd -- #idc4 #aj3ag1 #ah -- #def4 #aj3bg -- #cdf4 #aj3cjcg -- #egd4 #aj3ca -- #dbh4 #aa3aa -- #gag4 #aa3ac -- #egc1 #hie4 #aa3bj -- #aah4 #aa3bg -- #ddh4 #aa3bg1 #bh -- #bjh4 #aa3bi -- #aca4 #aa3di -- #cbj4 #ab3d1 #e -- #ajee4 #ab3ab -- #cbd1 #hje4 #ab3ad -- #bda4 #ab3dg1 #dh -- #fdh1 #fdi1 #ajej4 #ab3dh -- #eeh4 #ab3di -- #icf4 #ab3ej -- #fde1 #gah1 #gfb1 #icb1 #icf1 #idj1 #idb4 #ab3ef -- #gfj4 #ac3b1 #c -- #fcj4 #ac3d -- #fde4 #ac3aa1 #af -- #dee4 #ac3ag -- #ajdf4 #ac3bc1 #bd -- #ce4 #ac3cc -- #gaa4 #ad3bc -- #bcd1 #gia4 #ae3 -- #eaf1 #ghd4 #ae3h -- #eae4 #ae3aj1 #bd -- #hcf4 #ae3aacb -- #bda1 #dgd4 #ae3ab1 #ac -- #egb4 #ae3ag -- #cch1 #eeh4 #ae3ah -- #hcc4 #ae3bc1 #bd -- #hef4 #ae3cb -- #fei1 #iib4 #af3ah -- #bda4 #af3ah -- #bdb4 #af3bb -- #deb1 #iii4 #af3bc -- #iid1 #iii4 #af3bc -- #iid1 #iii4 #af3bf -- #ajja1 #ajdb1 #ajdf4 #af3cb -- #ddf4 #ag3c -- #hce4 #ag3e -- #hjd1 #hdh4 #ag3gaj -- #bic4 #ag3bj -- #hib4 #ah3g -- #ghj4 #ah3ac -- #eef1 #gbj1 #gda1 #hcd4 #ah3bc -- #hcb4 #ah3ce -- #baj1 #bbg4 #ai3h -- #hce4 #ai3h1 #i -- #hcf4 #ai3bc -- #eda4 #ai3ch -- #ggf4 #bj3ac -- #fha4 #bj3cf -- #dde1 #ddg4 #ba3hbh -- #ajji4 #ba3ab -- #ajjh4 #ba3ai -- #iei4 #bb3ai -- #ifj4 #bb3bj -- #baj4 #bb3bb -- #cee4 #bb3ca -- #deg4 #bb3ca1 #cb -- #ggd1 #hca4 #bb3ca1 #dj -- #deh4 #bb3cg -- #gbj4 #bb3db -- #fie1 #icf4 #bb3dc -- #dde1 #dec4 #bb3dd -- #fge4 #bc3ae -- #gfj4 #bc3cd -- #cbe1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #fdi1 #fgg1 #ggd4 #bc3ch -- #bbh4 #bc3db -- #hcc4 #bc3dc -- #hba1 #iid1 #iih4 #bc3dcdf -- #iih1 #iii4 #bc3df -- #caa1 #gdf4 #bd3be -- #d4 #bd3bf -- #fdf1 #gfd4 #bd3bg -- #aad1 #acg4 #bd3cc -- #ije4 #bd3cf -- #ajah4 #bd3ci -- #aca1 #fgd1 #fia4 ,john4 #a3a -- #b1 #aea1 #cje1 #cji1 #cce1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cgh1 #chh4 #a3a1 #b -- #cbf4 #a3ad -- #aji4 #a3aah -- #cbj4 #a3c -- #bge1 #caj1 #cbf4 #a3c1 #d -- #caa #a3d -- #cji1 #ehd1 #fid4 #a3d1 #i -- #gae4 #a3e -- #fjc4 #a3i -- #fh1 #aji1 #acd1 #aig1 #ega1 #fjc1 #fff1 #fha1 #gdd4 #a3ab -- #dge1 #hci1 #ice4 #a3ab1 #ac -- #dgd1 #gic1 #hbe1 #hdb4 #a3ac -- #die1 #eih1 #fdb1 #ghb1 #haa1 #hai4 #a3ad -- #aji1 #afj1 #bcd1 #cbb1 #cda1 #fgc1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fhg4 #a3ae -- #caj4 #a3af -- #bef1 #hjd1 #hje4 #a3ag -- #bfb1 #edh4 #a3ah -- #ad1 #bdf1 #cjf1 #cbb1 #cbf1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cda1 #cdi4 #a3ai -- #aji4 #a3bc -- #ich4 #a3be -- #ica4 #a3bf -- #ice4 #a3bi -- #bjf1 #eed1 #fdf1 #fdg1 #gai1 #gbh1 #gdd1 #geg4 #a3ca -- #ice1 #idc4 #a3cc -- #ice4 #a3da -- #acg4 #a3db1 #dc -- #fha4 #a3dgej -- #fha4 #a3ej -- #bef4 #b3b -- #fhe1 #gga4 #b3gaj -- #dfe4 #b3aa1 #bd1 #be -- #fif4 #b3ai -- #aca4 #b3ai1 #ba -- #bcd4 #b3ba -- #aca4 #b3bc1 #bd -- #hcg4 #b3bd -- #hch4 #b3bd1 #be -- #caj1 #fhb4 #c3b -- #hcg4 #c3c -- #cf1 #haj1 #hah1 #hhg4 #c3ce -- #egc4 #c3e -- #fdb1 #haa1 #hba1 #hbb1 #hhg1 #ide4 #c3e1 #f1 #ajac -- #hdb4 #c3f -- #die1 #dif1 #egh1 #eii1 #ffa1 #fhg4 #c3g -- #fgg1 #haj1 #had4 #c3g1 #ad -- #gbi4 #c3h -- #beh1 #bhg1 #caf1 #cbd1 #cch1 #cdj1 #ghb1 #haj1 #haa4 #c3aa -- #fhd4 #c3ab -- #fha4 #c3ac -- #fha1 #fhf4 #c3ad -- #gea1 #gfj4 #c3ad1 #ae -- #gcc4 #c3af -- #bde1 #bfd1 #bhi1 #hef1 #ice4 #c3ah -- #fde4 #c3ah1 #ai -- #ajbc4 #c3ahbj -- #hda4 #c3ahcf -- #egd1 #fde4 #c3ba -- #e4 #c3bc -- #ice4 #c3cc -- #bhh4 #c3cd -- #fif4 #c3cf -- #fde1 #ajdf4 #d3a -- #cb4 #d3a1 #b -- #icb4 #d3f -- #cad1 #fgd4 #d3i -- #afg4 #d3aj -- #bhi4 #d3ad -- #hci4 #d3agai1 #ci -- #fha4 #d3ba -- #bhj1 #hic4 #d3bd -- #bej1 #cje1 #cch1 #edj1 #ajjj4 #d3bi -- #agf4 #d3ch -- #hbg4 #d3ci -- #gaa4 #d3dh -- #aag4 #e3c1 #d -- #bci4 #e3ad -- #hcg4 #e3ag -- #bec1 #bei1 #dab1 #dai1 #dbf4 #e3ag1 #ai -- #ccc4 #e3ah -- #cac4 #e3ai -- #cjb4 #e3bjbi -- #ajbd4 #e3ba -- #fhj1 #haj4 #e3bb -- #ccc4 #e3bc -- #caa4 #e3bd -- #fei1 #haa1 #hdb1 #iib4 #e3bf -- #bde1 #bea1 #cji4 #e3bg -- #fgh1 #fhb4 #e3bgbi -- #caj4 #e3bh -- #cej4 #e3bh1 #bi -- #ajje1 #ajaa1 #ajag4 #e3bhcj -- #iih4 #e3bi -- #ajdb4 #e3cj -- #cjb1 #egb1 #fgg4 #e3cbcg -- #cbb4 #e3ce -- #hcg4 #e3ci -- #ai4 #e3ci1 #dj -- #bj4 #e3dj -- #hda4 #e3db -- #fci4 #e3dd -- #bei4 #e3df -- #bci1 #cad4 #f3ad -- #gaa4 #f3ai -- #baj4 #f3bj -- #hdf4 #f3bg -- #bic1 #cje4 #f3cb -- #bjf4 #f3cg -- #gha1 #hci4 #f3da1 #ea -- #fhf4 #f3dd -- #gh1 #fdb4 #f3dd1 #fe -- #haj4 #f3dg1 #eb1 #fc -- #iib4 #f3ej -- #egc4 #f3ec -- #hci4 #f3ec1 #ef1 #eg -- #gig4 #f3ed1 #eh -- #ajde4 #f3ee -- #big4 #f3fb -- #caj4 #f3fd -- #cae4 #f3fe -- #ghb4 #f3fi -- #cji4 #g3ag -- #d1 #bj1 #ehd1 #hbe1 #hda4 #g3ah -- #eeb1 #egb4 #g3ci -- #cag4 #g3ec -- #fch4 #h3aaa -- #bci1 #fch4 #h3g -- #ibe4 #h3i -- #fch4 #h3ab -- #hch4 #h3bi -- #bfi4 #h3cj1 #ca -- #hcg4 #h3cacf -- #eji4 #h3cd -- #eec1 #fdb4 #h3ce -- #dge4 #h3cf -- #eji1 #hbh4 #h3dj -- #fgc4 #h3dadd -- #dge4 #h3dd -- #dej1 #ehc1 #feg4 #h3df -- #fgg4 #h3ea -- #fei1 #iib4 #h3eg -- #cdh1 #fgh4 #h3eh -- #afc1 #caj1 #cbf1 #fha1 #fie4 #i3b1 #c -- #fcj4 #i3c -- #fde4 #i3cj -- #ajbc4 #aj3c -- #cfd4 #aj3g -- #cd4 #aj3gi -- #hjb4 #aj3aj -- #hbd4 #aj3aa -- #gbj4 #aj3af -- #hdb1 #hdc1 #iad4 #aj3ag1 #ah -- #gjc4 #aj3ah -- #aca4 #aj3bh -- #gha1 #hja4 #aj3cj -- #cac1 #fie4 #aj3cdcf -- #cjg1 #eae4 #aj3ce -- #aii4 #aj3cf -- #bcd1 #cbb1 #ffi4 #aj3da -- #aca1 #aef4 #aa3aa -- #ajjj4 #aa3aaad -- #iid4 #aa3ad -- #fha4 #aa3be -- #hdb4 #aa3bf -- #ffj1 #iii4 #aa3cc1 #ce -- #fgd4 #aa3ce -- #gch4 #aa3ce1 #dc -- #acj4 #aa3cf -- #bfd4 #aa3dc -- #hbb4 #aa3dieb -- #bjg4 #aa3ea1 #eb -- #hdc4 #ab3bd -- #fhj4 #ab3bg -- #dhc1 #gca1 #gfb4 #ab3ca -- #ajbc4 #ab3cb -- #caa1 #gia4 #ab3cb1 #cc -- #hce4 #ab3cc -- #cae1 #fha4 #ab3da -- #cji4 #ab3dd -- #cej4 #ab3dg -- #bda1 #egc4 #ac3a -- #cae4 #ac3g -- #ce4 #ac3h -- #ega1 #gcc4 #ac3aj -- #hca4 #ac3ba -- #dhc4 #ac3bg -- #dbd1 #dee1 #fgd4 #ac3bi -- #ija4 #ac3cc -- #fhj4 #ad3a -- #hch4 #ad3ac -- #iia4 #ad3c -- #fei1 #iih4 #ad3cah -- #ajjc4 #ad3f -- #bh1 #bea1 #bfj1 #cji1 #hjb4 #ad3i -- #ad1 #cac1 #ccc1 #cdi1 #fii1 #hde4 #ad3i1 #aj -- #fha4 #ad3aj1 #bc -- #gig4 #ad3aa -- #aag1 #hcc4 #ad3ab -- #abj4 #ad3ad -- #caa4 #ad3af -- #ggd4 #ad3af1 #ag -- #cbc1 #cci4 #ad3afah -- #cbc4 #ad3ag -- #bhh1 #fjd1 #ajde4 #ad3ah -- #cbc1 #ccc1 #fhj4 #ad3bj -- #gei1 #gig4 #ad3ba -- #bef4 #ad3bf -- #bjg1 #cbc1 #gdd4 #ad3bh -- #cad1 #cdb4 #ad3cj -- #ddh1 #fgg4 #ae3a -- #eaf1 #fhj1 #gif4 #ae3c -- #haa4 #ae3d1 #e -- #fdb4 #ae3df -- #aaj4 #ae3e -- #cca1 #hih4 #ae3f -- #dgd1 #dge4 #ae3g -- #dch4 #ae3i -- #ggh4 #ae3aj -- #cca4 #ae3ae -- #ba1 #ddj1 #gcg4 #ae3af -- #eih1 #ggi1 #ghd1 #ghg4 #ae3bf -- #cbc1 #ccc1 #cda4 #ae3bf1 #bg -- #bjg4 #af3b -- #aib4 #af3g -- #cbc1 #fjd1 #fig4 #af3h -- #caf1 #cbd1 #cci1 #ded1 #hef4 #af3h1 #i -- #hda4 #af3haa -- #cch4 #af3i -- #cej4 #af3aj -- #gfb4 #af3aa -- #ddh4 #af3ab -- #ce4 #af3ab1 #ac -- #afd4 #af3ab1 #bf -- #ija4 #af3ac -- #ca1 #acd1 #acg1 #bjf1 #bjg4 #af3ac1 #ad -- #caf4 #af3ad -- #acd1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbf4 #af3ad1 #ae -- #cag4 #af3ae -- #cac1 #cdi4 #af3ah -- #bdb4 #af3bf -- #fih4 #af3bh1 #cj -- #caj4 #ag3b -- #gha4 #ag3c -- #c1 #fg1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #fia4 #ag3d -- #cbd1 #gdf4 #ag3d1 #e -- #caj4 #ag3e -- #bef1 #cji1 #cad1 #cbf1 #cgh1 #fih1 #fii1 #gjc4 #ag3f -- #ghg4 #ag3h -- #bjg4 #ag3i -- #ggd1 #gha4 #ag3i1 #bj1 #bd -- #gga4 #ag3aj -- #cac4 #ag3aa -- #bgb1 #cac4 #ag3ab -- #dcj1 #dge4 #ag3ai -- #fgd1 #gfb4 #ag3babc -- #gih4 #ag3bb -- #cac4 #ag3bb1 #bc -- #cja4 #ag3bc -- #bde1 #fhd4 #ag3bd -- #bfc1 #caj1 #cbf1 #ggf4 #ag3be -- #bgd4 #ah3d -- #fhb4 #ah3h1 #i -- #dcj4 #ah3aa -- #gdc4 #ah3cb -- #fha4 #ah3cf -- #hhi4 #ah3cf1 #cg -- #ggf4 #ah3cg -- #bfb1 #fcc4 #ah3ch -- #aef4 #ai3aa -- #fdh1 #fdi4 #ai3ai -- #bbh4 #ai3bh -- #fgd4 #ai3cj -- #gcc1 #gfb4 #ai3cj1 #cd -- #fge4 #ai3ch -- #iei4 #bj3ag -- #fhj1 #fha1 #gjg1 #iih4 #bj3bb -- #gji1 #ice4 #bj3bf -- #daj4 #bj3bg -- #fia1 #ajah4 #bj3bh -- #cjf1 #caa4 #bj3ca -- #hci4 #ba3f -- #fha4 #ba3ag -- #hcc4 #ba3ai -- #cae1 #cee1 #fha4 ,acts4 #a3a -- #aej1 #afd4 #a3b -- #cae1 #caf1 #daj1 #fif1 #gjc4 #a3g -- #ajjf4 #a3aj -- #dec4 #a3aa -- #ajjd4 #a3ae1 #bc1 #bf -- #ijf4 #a3bcbf -- #hid4 #a3bd -- #caj4 #a3be -- #ffj1 #ajdi4 #b3 -- #hif1 #ija4 #b3b -- #bhg4 #b3d -- #cbd4 #b3bb -- #aag1 #fgc4 #b3bc -- #beh1 #bhb1 #cee1 #fge4 #b3bd1 #ca -- #gjg4 #b3ca -- #aca4 #b3cc -- #ggd4 #b3cg1 #ch -- #ide1 #idi4 #b3ch -- #hba1 #hbb1 #hcc1 #ica1 #idf1 #idh1 #iea4 #b3da -- #icd4 #b3db -- #idf1 #iei1 #ifj4 #b3df -- #iei1 #ifj4 #b3dg -- #hie1 #hig1 #ija4 #c3ac1 #bf -- #fig4 #c3ah -- #fdf4 #c3bb -- #acg1 #gaa4 #c3bf -- #hbi4 #d3ab -- #egc1 #hdb1 #hdc4 #d3bg1 #bh -- #dbd4 #d3bg1 #cj -- #fig4 #d3ca -- #hie4 #d3cb -- #gii4 #e3c -- #dee4 #e3c1 #d -- #cae1 #deh4 #e3c1 #d1 #i -- #cbd4 #e3d -- #hid4 #e3f -- #iah4 #e3gaa -- #ehe4 #e3i -- #ibg4 #e3aa -- #hie4 #e3ad -- #hig1 #ija4 #e3bi -- #hih4 #e3ca -- #ghb1 #hce4 #e3cf -- #bbh4 #f3ad -- #iah4 #f3af -- #iag4 #f3b -- #hia4 #f3c1 #e -- #ijf4 #f3e -- #hia4 #f3e1 #f -- #hid1 #iai4 #f3hbj -- #iag4 #g3b -- #bef4 #g3f -- #abg4 #g3af -- #bbf4 #g3bb -- #afi1 #iid1 #iie4 #g3bh -- #ajjd4 #g3ch -- #hia4 #g3ci1 #ec -- #ddh4 #g3db -- #ddh4 #g3ea -- #cb4 #g3ec -- #deb4 #g3ee -- #gjh4 #g3ei -- #caa1 #iia1 #ajjj4 #g3fj -- #eie1 #fei4 #h3d -- #hii4 #h3ab -- #hba1 #ide4 #h3ac -- #hcg4 #h3af -- #idh1 #iea4 #h3be -- #bg4 #h3bf -- #cai4 #h3bi -- #cbd4 #h3ch1 #ci -- #ice1 #icf4 #i3e -- #bji4 #i3ae -- #ggi4 #i3ae1 #af -- #ghg4 #i3ca -- #hia1 #hib1 #iab4 #aj3ai1 #bj -- #cbd4 #aj3cadd -- #hdc4 #aj3cd1 #ce -- #bc4 #aj3ce -- #egd1 #hec4 #aj3ch -- #cae1 #caf1 #cbe1 #dee1 #fif1 #gjj1 #gjc4 #aj3db -- #ghj4 #aj3dc -- #acg4 #aj3dh -- #iea4 #aa3ah -- #ghb1 #hce4 #aa3ba -- #hbi4 #aa3bd -- #ija4 #aa3bh -- #acg4 #ab3g -- #cai4 #ab3ae -- #deb4 #ab3bc -- #deb4 #ac3b -- #cbd1 #ijg4 #ac3b1 #c -- #ijf1 #iji1 #iai4 #ac3cc1 #cd1 #ce -- #cdj1 #cda4 #ac3ch1 #ci -- #hee4 #ac3ci -- #gic1 #hje4 #ac3dh -- #ghj4 #ac3dh1 #di -- #bg4 #ad3 -- #bb4 #ad3ae -- #bc4 #ad3af -- #dbd4 #ad3af1 #ag -- #fff4 #ad3ag -- #bf1 #cb1 #aac4 #ad3bc -- #hij1 #ijf1 #iai4 #ad3bg -- #hia1 #ijf4 #ae3ace -- #iab4 #ae3b1 #d1 #bb1 #cj -- #ijf4 #ae3faa -- #bae4 #ae3gcj -- #iji4 #ae3h -- #bhb4 #ae3h1 #i -- #ghb4 #ae3i -- #ggj4 #ae3ah -- #bhb4 #ae3bc -- #ijf4 #ae3bh -- #cbd4 #af3f1 #g -- #cbd4 #af3ad -- #haj1 #hai1 #hbe4 #af3ae -- #iea4 #af3af -- #def4 #af3ca -- #hdc4 #af3cc -- #icd4 #af3cc1 #cd1 #dj -- #iea4 #ag3 -- #bb4 #ag3c -- #aaj1 #gfj1 #gfd4 #ag3d -- #ghb4 #ag3ah -- #hdb4 #ag3babf -- #did4 #ag3bb -- #bc4 #ag3bc -- #bg4 #ag3bebg -- #aac4 #ag3bf -- #aae1 #cee1 #dba1 #dgf1 #fia1 #fib4 #ag3bg -- #fh4 #ag3bg1 #bh -- #aje1 #bhj1 #ega4 #ag3bh -- #bed1 #dab1 #dgd1 #ejc1 #gae1 #gih4 #ag3bi -- #gei4 #ag3cj -- #egc1 #fdi1 #feb4 #ag3ca -- #ccc1 #dje4 #ah3h -- #ide4 #ah3i1 #aj -- #ghb4 #ah3aj -- #ghi4 #ah3ad -- #aeb4 #ah3bf -- #edg4 #ah3bg -- #hie4 #ai3ae -- #iej4 #ai3d -- #hcf1 #ija1 #icb1 #ide4 #ai3e -- #idh4 #ai3aj1 #bj -- #bg4 #ai3ba -- #iaj4 #ai3cb1 #ci -- #iha4 #bj3g -- #daj1 #hid1 #ifj4 #bj3ag -- #iad4 #bj3bj1 #ba -- #iaf4 #bj3ba -- #hcf4 #bj3bh -- #acg1 #hid1 #iad4 #bj3bhca -- #iae4 #bj3ca -- #ajef4 #bj3ce -- #bfe1 #iaf4 #ba3i -- #edg4 #ba3aj -- #acg4 #ba3cacc -- #bdj4 #bb3af -- #idf4 #bb3bfbi -- #bdj4 #bc3e -- #bdb4 #bc3f -- #iie1 #iif4 #bc3bfcj -- #bdj4 #bd3ae -- #iih4 #bd3be -- #ihh1 #ajbd4 #bf3fh -- #iie4 #bf3g1 #h -- #iif4 #bf3i -- #ejj4 #bf3bc -- #fdf4 #bf3bd1 #be -- #ca4 #bg3aj -- #acg4 #bg3babf -- #acg4 #bg3bbbd -- #cfd4 #bg3bd -- #ghi4 ,romans4 #a3c -- #fhd4 #a3c1 #d -- #cdj4 #a3d -- #abi1 #fgf1 #gfb4 #a3e -- #hdg4 #a3g -- #gia4 #a3ac -- #die4 #a3af -- #gdf4 #a3ag -- #hdg1 #hdi4 #a3agbj -- #bf4 #a3ah -- #bff1 #fdd1 #ihc4 #a3ai -- #ac4 #a3aiba1 #bh1 #cb -- #fh4 #a3aibe -- #cai4 #a3bj -- #bf1 #cb1 #fh1 #fi1 #ajdd1 #ajdf4 #a3bc -- #bef4 #a3bd -- #fcc4 #a3bd1 #bh -- #dbd4 #a3be -- #bhh4 #a3bh -- #fh4 #a3cb -- #bf1 #fdi1 #hcb4 #b3d -- #aac1 #bhi1 #ega1 #ggf1 #hcc4 #b3e -- #iha4 #b3ef -- #ffb1 #ajbe4 #b3f -- #bij1 #fdh4 #b3faa -- #ggh4 #b3g -- #iag4 #b3ab -- #eeh1 #fdi4 #b3ad -- #egd1 #fch4 #b3ad1 #ae -- #eda4 #b3ad1 #ai -- #ech4 #b3ae -- #bf1 #fh4 #b3aj -- #ajbc4 #b3bf -- #fag1 #heb4 #c3a1 #b -- #ggi4 #c3b -- #hch4 #c3d -- #bhh4 #c3i -- #egd1 #fci4 #c3ajab -- #egc4 #c3aa -- #haj4 #c3ab -- #aae4 #c3ae -- #fh4 #c3ai -- #fde4 #c3ai1 #bj1 #bc -- #egc4 #c3bj -- #edc1 #hcb4 #c3bb -- #ggb4 #c3bc -- #edb1 #faj4 #c3bdbf -- #hee4 #c3be -- #ggb4 #c3bdcj -- #hdi4 #c3be -- #aab1 #dje1 #dbc1 #gad4 #c3be1 #bf -- #gah1 #gai1 #gec4 #c3bf -- #bih1 #hdf4 #c3bh -- #hdg1 #ajja4 #c3ca -- #edh4 #d3daf -- #hdg4 #d3e -- #hdb1 #hed4 #d3f1 #h -- #hea4 #d3ag -- #bhg1 #cgf1 #cgg4 #d3bj1 #ba -- #hdd4 #d3bd1be -- #ae1 #feg4 #d3be -- #gag1 #gfc1 #heb4 #e3a -- #hed4 #e3ab -- #hef4 #e3e -- #hdh4 #e3fh -- #gbj4 #e3h -- #bij1 #gbf4 #e3aj -- #edd1 #gai4 #e3aa -- #hef4 #e3ab -- #ci1 #baj1 #dij1 #die1 #eic1 #fjd1 #fji1 #faj1 #fac1 #fad1 #fbj1 #feh4 #e3abad -- #egi4 #e3abag -- #feg4 #e3abai -- #ae1 #dgf1 #dgg1 #fjc1 #fbe4 #e3abba -- #fbb1 #ffj1 #gig4 #e3ac -- #eid4 #e3ad -- #ffa1 #ffb1 #fhf4 #e3ad1 #ah1 #ba -- #ffj4 #e3ae -- #fgc4 #e3af -- #eic4 #e3afah -- #fai1 #heb4 #e3ai -- #eic1 #fad1 #gah4 #e3bj -- #edc4 #e3ba -- #eec1 #iib4 #f3c -- #idj1 #ida1 #iea4 #f3ce -- #ica4 #f3cf -- #icb4 #f3d -- #icf1 #ida4 #f3e -- #gif1 #ida4 #f3f -- #hbd4 #f3g -- #hea4 #f3g1 #h -- #hje4 #f3gaj -- #gfb4 #f3i1 #aj -- #feg4 #f3aa -- #gig1 #hbi4 #f3ab -- #eec4 #f3ac -- #haj1 #ide4 #f3ac1 #ah -- #hec4 #f3aebc -- #eji4 #f3ag -- #ca1 #haj4 #f3ai -- #fcc1 #ajdi4 #f3bc -- #bic1 #fde1 #feg4 #g3d -- #hje4 #g3g1 #h -- #edd4 #g3h1 #i1 #aj -- #eec4 #g3ajaa -- #ida4 #g3aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #bj -- #eec4 #g3ad -- #edj4 #g3ae -- #ghj4 #g3ag -- #eeb4 #g3ah -- #efb1 #fci1 #fdb1 #fhg4 #g3bc -- #eha1 #fci1 #fdf4 #g3bd -- #eee1 #egh1 #fdb1 #ihc4 #h3a -- #fdf1 #fdg1 #fei4 #h3ab -- #ihc4 #h3aag -- #hje4 #h3b -- #caf1 #edh1 #eij1 #hjd1 #haa4 #h3c -- #cda1 #fgg1 #gjf1 #gad1 #gah1 #gfb1 #idc4 #h3c1 #aj1 #aa -- #feg4 #h3d -- #edh4 #h3g -- #efb1 #ega1 #egc1 #ehj1 #fci1 #hah1 #hca4 #h3g1 #h -- #fde4 #h3i1 #aj -- #gig1 #hja4 #h3aj -- #hje1 #heb1 #ihc1 #iii4 #h3aa -- #caf1 #cbd1 #cci1 #dhh1 #hjf1 #ajag4 #h3ac -- #fei1 #iib4 #h3ad -- #cci1 #dda1 #hcj4 #h3ad1 #ae -- #dgd4 #h3af -- #ejb1 #hci1 #hdd4 #h3ahbc -- #ajah4 #h3ai -- #gig4 #h3bj1 #ba -- #djb1 #djc4 #h3bjbc -- #feh4 #h3babc -- #ajjd4 #h3bc -- #hbf1 #ajjb1 #ajag1 #ajbb4 #h3bd -- #iha4 #h3bf -- #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cch1 #cci1 #dci1 #ded1 #gih4 #h3bf1 #bg -- #dch1 #ggd1 #hdh4 #h3bg -- #cdi4 #h3bgcj -- #ghj4 #h3bh -- #cec1 #cfh1 #dba1 #ddc4 #h3bh1 #bi1 #cj -- #gha4 #h3cj -- #gia4 #h3caci -- #ghh4 #h3cb -- #bfe1 #bff1 #bhi1 #cda1 #dje4 #h3cd -- #edd1 #ggd4 #h3ceci -- #hja4 #h3ch -- #iih4 #h3ci -- #bgh4 #i3 -- #ghj4 #i3a -- #ejb4 #i3e -- #cjf4 #i3aa -- #ffa4 #i3aaaf -- #ghj4 #i3af -- #ghd4 #i3ag -- #cig4 #i3ag1 #ah -- #dbd4 #i3ag1 #bb1 #bc -- #cig4 #i3ah -- #bif4 #i3bj -- #ghf4 #i3bj1 #ba -- #ggi4 #i3ba -- #ghd4 #i3bb1 #bc -- #gij4 #i3bbbe -- #ghj4 #i3bc -- #bef4 #i3bc1 #bd -- #ghb4 #i3bh -- #hbg4 #aj3c -- #heb4 #aj3d -- #edd4 #aj3fg -- #bhj4 #aj3fh -- #bhb4 #aj3g -- #gjg4 #aj3i -- #cji1 #hci4 #aj3i1 #aj -- #hhi4 #aj3i1 #ab -- #caa4 #aj3aj -- #haj1 #idh4 #aa3b -- #ghj4 #aa3eg -- #ggh4 #aa3h -- #aeb4 #aa3ac -- #bed4 #aa3af -- #cig4 #aa3ah -- #hdh4 #aa3be -- #ffh4 #aa3be1 #bf -- #ajjh4 #aa3bi -- #aih1 #ghb1 #gia4 #aa3cb -- #dbc4 #aa3cc -- #cd1 #bhb4 #aa3cf -- #bge1 #ccg4 #aa3ch -- #cgh4 #ab3a -- #cb1 #ggf4 #ab3b -- #dj1 #bfj4 #ab3c -- #ghb4 #ab3e -- #gee4 #ab3fh -- #ijb4 #ab3ae -- #fae4 #ab3af -- #ijd4 #ab3ai -- #ggf4 #ac3a -- #aag1 #ghj4 #ac3e -- #ghj4 #ac3haj -- #egb4 #ac3aj -- #cjb4 #ad3d -- #hii4 #ad3g -- #egb4 #ad3h -- #ihc4 #ad3ad -- #bda4 #ad3ag -- #hec1 #hib4 #ad3bc -- #cb1 #eec4 #ae3b -- #bfe1 #edf1 #efh4 #ae3c -- #egb1 #gbd4 #ae3ai -- #cbd1 #cbe4 #ae3bj -- #iaj4 #ae3bf -- #hid4 #ae3cj -- #bfc1 #caf1 #cbd4 #ae3ca -- #hda4 #af3a1 #b -- #iah4 #af3e -- #hij4 #af3g -- #iji4 #af3bb -- #ajjf4 #af3be1 #bf -- #ajdd4 #af3bf -- #ajde4 #ai3bc -- #ffb4 #bj3daj -- #ajaa4 #a ,corinthians4 #a3b -- #bja1 #hij1 #hib1 #hig4 #a3c -- #ggd4 #a3i -- #bhh4 #a3aj -- #ijd4 #a3af -- #baj1 #iea4 #a3af1 #ag -- #iaf4 #a3ah -- #bg4 #a3ba -- #d1 #ajef4 #a3bc -- #hdb4 #a3bc1 #bd -- #gdf4 #a3bc1 #bd1 #bf -- #gia4 #a3bdbi -- #ghb4 #a3bf -- #efb4 #a3bh -- #cgg4 #a3cj -- #gaj1 #gha1 #hje1 #hjf1 #heb4 #a3ca -- #aeb4 #b3d -- #cbe4 #b3g -- #bge1 #cef4 #b3gaf -- #bej4 #b3i -- #cf1 #bhi4 #b3iac -- #bjf4 #b3aj -- #bec1 #caf4 #b3ajab -- #ac1 #cbd4 #b3aa -- #bec1 #caf1 #dhc4 #b3aa1 #ab -- #dj4 #b3ac -- #ai1 #ce4 #b3ad -- #d1 #dhd1 #fdb4 #b3ad1 #af -- #bjc4 #b3bh -- #iag4 #c3a1 #b -- #af4 #c3f -- #egd4 #c3f1 #g -- #haa4 #c3aj -- #ca1 #cch4 #c3ajae -- #af4 #c3af -- #cae1 #caf4 #c3ba -- #dj4 #c3ba1 #bc -- #hje4 #c3bb -- #ihc4 #d3d -- #hea4 #d3e -- #caj1 #hid4 #d3g -- #fjd1 #ghf4 #d3ac -- #hid4 #d3ae -- #dah4 #d3ag -- #hij4 #e3c -- #dhc4 #e3ce -- #bjj1 #ibd4 #e3d1 #e -- #ijg4 #e3e -- #deg4 #e3i -- #ade1 #aej4 #e3ac -- #ijg1 #ibd1 #ibe4 #e3ba -- #fdf1 #gdg4 #e3cg1 #ch -- #dbf4 #f3c -- #dde1 #ddf4 #f3aa -- #hje4 #f3acbj -- #ajag4 #f3ae1 #ai -- #gif4 #f3ag -- #gih4 #f3ai -- #cae1 #dhh4 #f3bj -- #gag4 #g3aj1 #ab -- #bdb4 #g3ad -- #eig1 #fji1 #ffa1 #iea1 #ieb4 #g3ag -- #bja1 #hjf4 #g3bc -- #gag4 #g3dj -- #bdb4 #h3c -- #ebj1 #ghj1 #gha4 #h3d -- #bei1 #ddf1 #deg4 #h3f -- #ae1 #caj1 #cgh1 #dai1 #gjj4 #h3ab -- #eja4 #i3af -- #iai1 #ajef4 #aj3ab -- #icf4 #aj3b -- #ida4 #aj3c1 #d -- #idb4 #aj3h -- #bbg4 #aj3aa -- #ajjf4 #aj3ab -- #idh4 #aj3ac -- #dbe1 #deh4 #aj3af1 #ag -- #gig4 #aj3bj -- #deg4 #aj3ca -- #dja4 #aj3cc -- #hib4 #aa3b -- #ijf4 #aa3c -- #cdb1 #eae1 #fhj4 #aa3e -- #edg4 #aa3g -- #eae4 #aa3h -- #did4 #aa3aj -- #deb4 #aa3aa1 #ab -- #ebe4 #aa3af -- #hie4 #aa3bc -- #bjj4 #aa3bc1 #bd -- #ijf4 #aa3bcbe -- #iei4 #aa3bcbf -- #hie4 #aa3bd -- #iei4 #aa3bdbe -- #caa4 #aa3bf -- #edf1 #icc1 #iei4 #aa3bg -- #ifj4 #aa3bi -- #ieb1 #ifj4 #aa3cj -- #ajjj4 #ab3c -- #cji1 #ghb4 #ab3d1 #f -- #cae4 #ab3d1 #h1 #aa -- #cbe4 #ab3f -- #dah4 #ab3haa -- #cbd4 #ab3i -- #ghb4 #ab3aa -- #caf4 #ab3ab -- #gif1 #hic4 #ab3ac -- #idb4 #ab3bh -- #dja1 #gaj1 #hia1 #ijb1 #iab1 #iag4 #ac3 -- #ce4 #ac3d -- #cbe4 #ac3aj -- #iha4 #ac3ab -- #h1 #ce1 #adc1 #bai4 #ac3ac -- #hdh4 #ad3bc -- #hie4 #ad3be -- #edf4 #ad3cg -- #ija4 #ad3cg1 #ch -- #bjj4 #ad3dj -- #hie4 #ae3c1 #d -- #ae4 #ae3f -- #ijf4 #ae3h -- #aca4 #ae3ab -- #idb4 #ae3bj1 #bc -- #fhj1 #iih4 #ae3ba -- #fgc4 #ae3ba1 #bb -- #dgf1 #feg4 #ae3bb -- #die1 #eic1 #fjc1 #fbb1 #idb1 #iih4 #ae3bb1 #de -- #fhf4 #ae3bb1 #de1 #di -- #gig4 #ae3bd -- #hic4 #ae3be -- #cef1 #ggf4 #ae3bf -- #eij4 #ae3bh -- #cad1 #cig1 #fih1 #fii4 #ae3cb -- #ihi4 #ae3cd -- #fh4 #ae3cg1 #ch -- #ajai4 #ae3ch1 #dj -- #efc4 #ae3dj -- #hjf4 #ae3dj1 #de -- #fgh4 #ae3da -- #hih4 #ae3db1 #ej -- #feh4 #ae3dd -- #dhd1 #dhh1 #ajaf4 #ae3de -- #caf1 #ccc1 #ebg1 #fig1 #hje4 #ae3de1 #df -- #hjb1 #iia4 #ae3df -- #ebd4 #ae3ea -- #feh1 #ajje4 #ae3ec1 #ed -- #ajah4 #ae3edeg -- #fei4 #ae3ee -- #ihc4 #af3a1 #b -- #hid4 #af3ae -- #ghj1 #iea4 #af3bb -- #cbi1 #ajjf4 #b ,corinthians4 #a3bj -- #bhh4 #a3bd -- #bje4 #b3f1 #g -- #ijg4 #b3fh -- #ibe4 #b3aa -- #dfd4 #b3ad -- #dca4 #b3adag -- #ajef4 #b3ae1 #af -- #ghi4 #b3af -- #ajjb4 #c3a -- #hie4 #c3e -- #fdc4 #c3f -- #ce1 #cbd4 #c3ae1 #af -- #e4 #c3ag1 #ah -- #cbf1 #ccc1 #fig4 #c3ah -- #bai1 #cae1 #ffc1 #fgh4 #d3b -- #hbb4 #d3d -- #eag1 #eah1 #hbg4 #d3f -- #bhf1 #ccf1 #ccg4 #d3g -- #bac4 #d3ag -- #bef1 #djb4 #e3ah -- #iih4 #e3ai -- #fei4 #e3c1 #d -- #ajjb4 #e3d -- #bce4 #e3h -- #ajjj4 #e3aj -- #ajaa1 #ajbc4 #e3aa -- #ajef4 #e3ac -- #ca4 #e3ad -- #fbb1 #fbc1 #hje1 #ida4 #e3ad1 #ae -- #gff4 #e3ae -- #egb1 #ffb1 #gaf4 #e3ag -- #gic1 #gig1 #hjd1 #haa4 #e3ah1 #ai -- #gai4 #e3ai -- #ccc1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gad1 #gah1 #gfh4 #e3ba -- #fde1 #fgg1 #gah1 #gca1 #gdc1 #gfj4 #e3ba -- #gah1 #gca1 #gdc1 #hje1 #hec1 #hef1 #idc4 #f3ag -- #dgd4 #g3a -- #bfh1 #fci1 #hbi4 #g3i1 #aj -- #hcb4 #g3aj -- #hcf4 #g3aa -- #bid1 #ijg4 #h3e -- #hii4 #h3f -- #ccd4 #h3i -- #gjc4 #h3ai -- #gje1 #ijf4 #i3i -- #ajde4 #i3ae -- #ged4 #aj3e -- #edc4 #aj3af -- #iaj4 #aa3a -- #baj4 #aa3b -- #gif4 #aa3ad -- #dej4 #ab3b -- #iia4 #ab3d -- #ce1 #iii4 #ab3g -- #dch1 #dee4 #ab3h1 #i -- #hdh4 #ab3i -- #fhg4 #ab3aj -- #aj1 #cag4 #ac3d -- #gjh4 #ac3aa -- #ijd4 #ac3ab -- #bja4 #ac3ad -- #cjf1 #cbd1 #ggd4 ,galatians4 #a3b -- #bjj4 #a3d -- #gaf1 #gah4 #a3g -- #dge4 #a3ab -- #bjj4 #a3ae1 #af -- #dba1 #ghb1 #hjd1 #haa4 #a3af -- #ab4 #a3bb -- #hib4 #b3g -- #hch4 #b3aj -- #gae4 #b3aa -- #bae1 #iji4 #b3ae -- #egh4 #b3afbj -- #hej4 #b3aibj -- #ida4 #b3bj -- #ead1 #egb1 #fdc1 #gig1 #hja1 #hje4 #b3ba -- #ajjj4 #c3f -- #hef4 #c3g -- #hcf4 #c3aj -- #aeb4 #c3aa -- #hdi4 #c3aaac -- #bdb4 #c3ac -- #dcj1 #feg1 #gah1 #gbh4 #c3ag -- #bbg4 #c3ai -- #ddh1 #deb1 #dec4 #c3bb -- #egc4 #c3bd -- #edd4 #c3bf -- #ccd1 #dgd1 #hdb4 #c3bf1 #bg -- #idf4 #c3bg -- #gig1 #ida1 #idh1 #iea4 #d3ag -- #dge4 #d3c -- #ffe4 #d3d -- #beh1 #cbb1 #cda1 #chh1 #ffe4 #d3d1 #e -- #gfa4 #d3e -- #cch1 #gag4 #d3f -- #cbb1 #cbc1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #dgd4 #d3i -- #ghj1 #gha4 #d3ai -- #ac4 #d3be -- #caj4 #d3bh -- #egg4 #e3f -- #ggj1 #hdf1 #hdg4 #e3aa -- #gdf4 #e3ad -- #egb4 #e3ai -- #eed4 #e3bb -- #eed1 #ghb1 #hdg4 #f3a -- #fej4 #f3g1 #h -- #ajdi4 #f3ae -- #haj4 ,ephesians4 #a3 -- #cee4 #a3b1 #c -- #fhe4 #a3c -- #eib4 #a3bc -- #fig4 #a3d -- #bge1 #cji1 #chh1 #gha1 #ghb1 #gig4 #a3de -- #ghj4 #a3df -- #ggh1 #hje4 #a3d1 #g -- #gga4 #a3e -- #ccd1 #cce4 #a3e1 #f -- #dgd4 #a3e1 #f1 #i -- #cig4 #a3eh -- #gha4 #a3f -- #ggd4 #a3g -- #aad1 #hdi1 #hee4 #a3i -- #bec4 #a3iaa -- #ghj4 #a3aj -- #ddd1 #dej1 #fhj4 #a3aa -- #bec1 #bhg1 #cec1 #cee1 #dba4 #a3ac -- #hdd4 #a3ad -- #gha4 #a3agah -- #hbc4 #a3ah -- #d1 #fi1 #hbe1 #gia4 #a3ai -- #bhg4 #a3ai1 #bj -- #haa4 #a3ba1 #bb -- #fii4 #a3bb -- #ggf4 #a3bb1 #bc -- #aji1 #fhe1 #gjh1 #gif1 #hhg1 #hhh4 #a3bc -- #afc1 #caj1 #dah4 #b3a -- #eba1 #fdc1 #fei1 #haj1 #ihc1 #iib4 #b3b -- #ddh1 #dea1 #dee1 #fdb4 #b3c -- #dei1 #dge1 #die1 #egh1 #egi1 #eic1 #fjc1 #fji1 #fde1 #ffa1 #haj4 #b3e -- #haa4 #b3e1 #f -- #hje4 #b3f -- #hij4 #b3h -- #gha4 #b3haj -- #fdc4 #b3aj -- #cee1 #cfd1 #dbc1 #dge1 #eba1 #eih1 #ghb1 #ghe1 #hjd1 #haa1 #hai1 #hbd1 #hbf1 #hca4 #b3ab -- #fh4 #b3ab1 #af1 #ah1 #ai -- #gai4 #b3ac -- #gig4 #b3ae -- #ede4 #b3afah1 #ba1 #bb -- #fhe4 #b3ah -- #ggd4 #b3bj -- #gaj1 #iji4 #b3bjbb -- #gie4 #b3bh -- #cch4 #c3a -- #dca4 #c3e -- #gaj4 #c3i -- #bg1 #aac1 #cgh4 #c3aj -- #bhb1 #ddf1 #dej1 #dfj1 #gac1 #hhg1 #ajeb4 #c3aj1 #aa -- #cef4 #c3aa -- #cec4 #c3ab -- #ggd4 #c3ad1 #ae -- #ccd1 #ddh1 #dgd1 #haa4 #c3af1 #ag -- #hja4 #c3ag -- #gig1 #hjd1 #hci4 #c3ah -- #ije4 #c3ai -- #h4 #c3bj -- #bhg4 #d3c -- #ijd4 #d3e -- #geh1 #ida4 #d3e1 #f -- #bei4 #d3f -- #ajb1 #ccc4 #d3gh -- #cji4 #d3h -- #cdj4 #d3aj -- #fhe1 #gjh4 #d3aa -- #ai1 #gde1 #ijb1 #iae4 #d3ae1 #af -- #gif4 #d3ah -- #fci1 #hbj4 #d3ah1 #ai -- #fdg4 #d3bj -- #bfa4 #d3bb -- #hbd4 #d3bbbd -- #fci4 #d3bc -- #dhd1 #fcc4 #d3bc1 #bd -- #haa4 #d3bd -- #ead1 #eag4 #d3bf -- #bcd1 #bid1 #gdc4 #d3cj -- #bff1 #caf1 #cbd1 #cbe4 #d3cb -- #cad4 #e3a -- #edc4 #e3b -- #gai1 #gcf4 #e3i -- #ca4 #e3aj -- #cb4 #e3ad -- #fei1 #haj1 #hbi1 #iib4 #e3ah -- #dfd4 #e3ba -- #caa4 #e3bc -- #fhj4 #e3bd1 #be -- #hhg4 #e3be1 #bg -- #gag4 #e3bf -- #idf4 #e3bg -- #gci4 #e3bi -- #ajbb4 #e3bi1 #cj -- #hjj4 #e3ca -- #gjf4 #e3ca1 #cb -- #gif4 #e3cb -- #hja4 #f3aa -- #deh4 #f3ab -- #chb1 #dde1 #dee4 #f3af -- #deh4 #f3ag -- #ag1 #cb1 #bbj1 #haa1 #hae1 #hai4 #f3bc -- #ghb4 ,philippians4 #a3a -- #hid1 #ijb1 #iad4 #a3f -- #iii4 #a3i -- #bfe1 #big1 #ddj4 #a3ai -- #ccc4 #a3ba1 #bc -- #fei4 #a3bc -- #gca1 #iii4 #a3bg -- #ijd4 #b3e -- #hjf4 #b3f -- #cjh1 #cac1 #cad1 #cbf1 #ccf1 #gjc1 #gah4 #b3f1 #g -- #bdi1 #gjc4 #b3faa -- #gjb1 #gjf4 #b3g -- #cad1 #egb1 #fhi1 #idc4 #b3g1 #h -- #bhh4 #b3aj -- #cad4 #b3aj1 #aa -- #caa4 #b3ab -- #hbi4 #b3ab1 #ac -- #beh1 #cef1 #cfd1 #dah1 #fda1 #gae1 #ghe1 #gib1 #gii1 #haa1 #hcj4 #b3ac -- #dbc1 #ghb1 #haf4 #b3af -- #cc4 #b3cj -- #hie4 #c3f -- #hia1 #iab4 #c3h -- #gjf4 #c3h1 #i -- #edd1 #hje4 #c3h1 #aj -- #fia4 #c3i -- #hef4 #c3aa -- #ajjb4 #c3ad -- #gia4 #c3ae -- #egd4 #c3ah -- #hie4 #c3bj1 #ba -- #hjf4 #c3ba -- #fgh1 #ajae1 #ajag4 #d3c -- #edg1 #gha4 #d3e -- #bcf1 #ajjf4 #d3ac -- #eab4 #d3ai -- #dba4 ,colossians4 #a3i1 #aj -- #ddj4 #a3ac -- #haa4 #a3ae -- #cac1 #ccf1 #cdj1 #cda1 #eae4 #a3ae1 #ag -- #cbf4 #a3af -- #af1 #caj1 #cbf1 #cgh1 #chb1 #cig1 #ddd1 #dde1 #ddh1 #dgd1 #dge1 #fgi4 #a3af1 #ag -- #aji1 #cgg1 #dfd4 #a3ag -- #aaj1 #caj1 #caa1 #cgh1 #dab1 #gei4 #a3ah -- #aej1 #fgh1 #fhj1 #hhg4 #a3ai -- #cac4 #a3bj -- #aji1 #caj1 #chh1 #dej1 #gai4 #a3bb -- #gag4 #a3bc -- #ajjh4 #a3bd -- #gaf4 #a3bg -- #ai1 #fia1 #hja1 #hdb4 #a3bh -- #bfj4 #b3b -- #fia4 #b3b1 #c -- #aji4 #b3c -- #bh1 #caj4 #b3e -- #hie4 #b3g -- #gie4 #b3i -- #aji1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cdh1 #fhj1 #fhf1 #fib4 #b3i1 #aj -- #cb1 #bec4 #b3aj -- #ddd4 #b3aa1 #ab -- #ica4 #b3ab -- #hba1 #hbb1 #icf1 #idj1 #ida4 #b3ae -- #ddb1 #dei4 #b3ah -- #ddf1 #deb1 #dec4 #b3bj1 #ba1 #bb -- #bag4 #b3ba -- #baf4 #c3b -- #ida4 #c3c -- #hbi4 #c3c1 #d -- #haj4 #c3aj -- #ead1 #eag4 #c3aa -- #edf4 #c3ab -- #ghj4 #d3af -- #bja4 #a ,thessalonians4 #a3a1 #b -- #hdh4 #a3f -- #bid4 #a3i -- #bea4 #b3aj -- #bid4 #b3ab -- #gia4 #b3ad -- #hij4 #b3ah -- #dee4 #c3e -- #dee4 #c3ac -- #bfh1 #cjc4 #d3b1 #h -- #bjj4 #d3g -- #bfh4 #d3acag -- #ajag4 #d3ad -- #ajjj4 #d3adaf -- #ajae4 #d3af -- #ajjd1 #ajje4 #d3ad1 #ag -- #hja4 #d3aeag -- #acg1 #bce4 #d3af -- #ddh1 #iih1 #ajjd1 #ajje4 #d3ag -- #ajje4 #e3aj -- #iii1 #ajjj4 #e3aa -- #hii4 #e3ab -- #iaf4 #e3ab1 #ac -- #ghj1 #ijb4 #e3bb -- #gcb4 #e3bc -- #dhd1 #dhe1 #hjf4 #e3bd -- #bhh4 #b ,thessalonians4 #a3eaj -- #ggh4 #a3faj -- #ajaa4 #a3g -- #dde4 #a3g1 #aj -- #ajjd4 #a3i -- #ffj4 #b3a1 #b -- #ach1 #adj4 #b3a1 #c -- #ajjf4 #b3b -- #aej1 #ajje4 #b3c -- #acg1 #ach4 #b3c1 #d -- #egb4 #b3c1 #d1 #g1 #h -- #ajjh4 #b3c1 #d1 #i -- #ded4 #b3ce -- #bcf4 #b3g -- #dbe1 #ehg4 #b3h -- #deg4 #b3i -- #acb1 #acc1 #deg4 #b3aj -- #ajbd4 #b3aa1 #ab -- #dbc4 #b3ac -- #ghj4 #b3ad -- #gia4 #c3f -- #ibd1 #ibe4 #c3aa -- #adj4 #c3ad1 #ae -- #ijg4 #a ,timothy4 #a3c -- #ghg4 #a3aj -- #ci4 #a3aa -- #bde4 #a3ab -- #iai4 #a3ac1 #ae1 #af -- #fdi4 #a3ae -- #eef1 #ghg4 #a3af -- #ghg4 #a3ag -- #bei1 #bge1 #ajde4 #a3bj -- #deg4 #b3d -- #gig4 #b3e -- #cjh1 #fgc1 #fhe4 #b3e -- #cjh1 #fgc1 #fhe1 #fih4 #b3f -- #gag1 #gga4 #b3aa1 #ab -- #edf4 #b3ae -- #fhj4 #c3a -- #iad4 #c3a1 #b -- #ijb4 #c3b -- #ai1 #ci1 #iae4 #c3bg -- #iai4 #c3 -- #iab4 #c3e -- #iag4 #c3h -- #iad4 #c3hac -- #iah4 #c3aa -- #iah4 #c3ae -- #ah1 #cc1 #hia1 #ijc1 #ije1 #igg4 #c3af -- #ae1 #fhf1 #fia1 #gah1 #gfb1 #hdc1 #heb1 #hef4 #d3b -- #eja4 #d3d -- #geh4 #d3aj -- #geh1 #gga4 #d3ad -- #iai1 #idf4 #d3af -- #ajef4 #e3b -- #dfd4 #e3f -- #fei4 #e3i -- #hie4 #e3ag -- #iae1 #iag4 #e3ba -- #ddg1 #dej1 #deb4 #e3bb -- #iai4 #e3bd -- #fej4 #f3d -- #ci4 #f3ac -- #dab4 #f3ae -- #bei1 #dde4 #f3af -- #ad1 #bdf1 #bfb1 #bge1 #ddd4 #f3bj -- #ci1 #adi4 #b ,timothy4 #a3i -- #gga1 #gha1 #gia1 #ajdd4 #a3aj -- #aca1 #eij4 #a3ab -- #fg1 #adi4 #a3ac -- #ah4 #a3ad -- #adi4 #a3afah -- #ajdc4 #a3ah -- #cah4 #b3c -- #ah4 #b3aj -- #ghi4 #b3aa -- #hje4 #b3ae -- #ai4 #b3ah -- #iih1 #ajag4 #b3bj -- #gij4 #b3be -- #ag1 #dea1 #ghb1 #hce4 #b3bf -- #dde1 #hce4 #c3b -- #egb1 #fci4 #c3d -- #fci4 #c3g -- #had4 #c3ac -- #fcc1 #fch4 #c3ae -- #bah1 #hjd4 #c3af -- #aig1 #bjj1 #bje4 #d3b -- #ai4 #d3f -- #bcf4 #d3h -- #ajjj1 #ajje4 #d3ac -- #bag4 #d3af -- #eid4 #d3ah -- #caa1 #iih4 ,titus4 #a3a -- #ghb4 #a3b -- #bhh1 #ajdd4 #a3e -- #ijf1 #iad4 #a3f -- #iai4 #a3g -- #iad4 #a3i -- #ai1 #iai4 #a3ab -- #afe1 #fif4 #a3ae -- #fci4 #b3aj -- #ccc4 #b3aa -- #geh1 #gga4 #b3ac -- #cjg4 #b3ad -- #gag4 #c3d -- #bhi4 #c3e -- #caf1 #hba1 #hbb1 #idf4 ,hebrews4 #a3a -- #bad1 #bba4 #a3b -- #afj1 #cbj1 #cbf1 #ccc1 #cgh4 #a3b1 #c -- #aji1 #dab1 #fhe4 #a3c -- #afe1 #bef1 #bhf1 #caj1 #cac1 #cbj1 #ccf1 #dai1 #eae1 #gfb1 #gge4 #a3e1 #f -- #cdj4 #a3f -- #cjg1 #caa1 #ajjd4 #a3g -- #deg4 #a3h -- #cjg1 #cah1 #eih1 #ggf4 #a3i -- #bff4 #a3aj -- #caj1 #cbf4 #a3aa -- #caj4 #a3ad -- #dde1 #deb1 #ajjj4 #b3b -- #ddh1 #deb4 #b3b1 #c -- #fdh4 #b3c -- #aec4 #b3d -- #hde4 #b3f -- #fec4 #b3faj -- #fgh4 #b3g -- #cae1 #gjf4 #b3h1 #i -- #dje1 #gge4 #b3i -- #gaf1 #gdc4 #b3aj -- #fge1 #gde4 #b3aa -- #dgf1 #fhj1 #fib4 #b3ab -- #hia4 #b3ac -- #fig4 #b3ad -- #dee1 #dei1 #fgj1 #fhe4 #b3ad1 #ae -- #geg4 #b3af -- #ddh1 #dec1 #dee1 #dfd1 #dgf1 #fhg1 #gfh1 #ghf4 #b3ag -- #gbj4 #b3ag1 #ah -- #fih1 #ggd4 #b3ah -- #fge4 #c3a -- #gia1 #iji4 #c3c1 #d -- #caj4 #c3ab -- #eec1 #fci4 #c3ac -- #hii4 #c3ad1 #af -- #fgd4 #c3ah -- #hda4 #d3d -- #aec4 #d3f1 #aa -- #hda4 #d3ei -- #daj4 #d3ab -- #dhd1 #dhe1 #haa4 #d3ac -- #bhb4 #d3ae -- #fgg4 #d3ae1 #af -- #fih1 #ggd4 #e3g -- #fgd4 #e3h -- #fge4 #e3ad -- #af4 #f3a1 #b -- #ae4 #f3b -- #ajec4 #f3aj -- #cii4 #f3aa -- #hdd4 #f3ah -- #bhh4 #f3ah1 #ai -- #dhe4 #g3aj -- #did4 #g3ae1 #af -- #fhj1 #fid1 #hdf4 #g3af -- #cji4 #g3bc1 #be -- #ggc4 #g3bd1 #be -- #fih4 #g3be -- #fci1 #fih1 #ggd1 #ggf4 #g3bf -- #cji1 #fdf1 #fgg4 #h3b -- #bfj4 #h3e -- #aeb1 #caj4 #h3h1 #i -- #fad4 #h3ac -- #aeb4 #i3a -- #heb4 #i3aa1 #ab -- #gah4 #i3ac1 #ad -- #gbd4 #i3ad -- #bih1 #dae1 #caf1 #cag1 #cbf1 #cch1 #cda1 #cgh1 #fgg1 #fif1 #gjc1 #gcf1 #ajde4 #i3ad1 #bb1 #be -- #gai4 #i3ae -- #gah4 #i3bb -- #fde1 #gfe4 #i3bf -- #idc1 #ajdd4 #i3bg -- #ajja1 #ajbd4 #i3bg1 #bh -- #ajbc4 #i3bh -- #gah1 #ajja1 #ajjd4 #aj3eg -- #bcd4 #aj3g -- #hcj4 #aj3i -- #eci4 #aj3ab -- #icf4 #aj3aibe -- #hdh4 #aj3bb -- #eja1 #idf4 #aj3be -- #hid1 #hii4 #aj3bf1 #bi4 -- #cej4 #aj3bg -- #ajeb4 #aj3bh -- #fej4 #aj3ca -- #eci1 #feb1 #ffj1 #ajef4 #aj3ch -- #dhe4 #aa3a -- #hci4 #aa3b -- #fge4 #aa3c -- #cgg4 #aa3d -- #gbf4 #aa3dg -- #hej4 #aa3e -- #iie1 #iif4 #aa3f -- #fdc4 #aa3h -- #bhj1 #dda4 #aa3ab -- #bcd4 #aa3acaf -- #iie1 #iif4 #aa3ca -- #bcj1 #hda4 #aa3cd1 #ch -- #afe4 #ab3b -- #bff4 #ab3b1 #af -- #gag4 #ab3f -- #bgb1 #ihc4 #ab3i -- #dfe1 #dgd1 #dhc1 #dia1 #die4 #ab3ad -- #bif4 #ab3ai -- #bji4 #ab3bj -- #bcd4 #ab3bb1 #bc -- #ddf4 #ab3bc -- #ccc1 #cfg1 #dhc1 #eji1 #hhg1 #iih1 #ajjj4 #ab3bi -- #bfh1 #bgb1 #fec4 #ac3g -- #iae1 #iaf4 #ac3h -- #afc1 #cji1 #hhh1 #ajjc4 #ac3ag -- #iaf4 #ac3ba -- #caa4 #ac3cc -- #fhj4 ,james4 #a3e -- #bfe1 #ddj4 #a3ac1 #ad -- #efb4 #a3ad1 #ae -- #efb4 #a3ae -- #egc1 #ehe1 #fcc1 #iha4 #a3ag -- #bef1 #beg1 #cei4 #a3ah -- #ghb1 #haa1 #hhi4 #a3ba -- #dhe4 #a3bc1 #bd -- #edc4 #a3bcbe -- #bai1 #fha4 #a3bg -- #bd4 #b3h -- #egb4 #b3aj -- #edc4 #b3adbf -- #hdf4 #b3ai -- #deg1 #hcg4 #b3ba1 #bc1 #bd -- #hea4 #b3bc -- #ghb4 #b3be -- #bcj4 #b3bf -- #dhc4 #c3b -- #egc4 #c3i -- #eae4 #c3ag -- #big1 #iaa4 #d3g -- #deh4 #d3ab -- #edc4 #d3acae -- #dbc4 #d3ag -- #edb1 #eec1 #fdh4 #e3g -- #ajjf4 #e3h1 #i -- #ajjg4 #e3i -- #bcf4 #e3aa -- #bda4 #e3ad -- #ijb4 #e3af -- #hcd4 #e3ai1 #bj -- #hej4 #e3bj -- #ffj1 #iib4 #a ,peter4 #a3a1 #b -- #cbd1 #dej1 #ghj1 #gha4 #a3b -- #cje1 #caf1 #cbd1 #ggh1 #ghb1 #ghh4 #a3c -- #dah1 #haa4 #a3e -- #hdh4 #a3aj1 #aa -- #bce4 #a3aa -- #acd1 #acg1 #aig1 #bjf4 #a3aa1 #ab -- #bjj4 #a3ab -- #dde1 #dej4 #a3af -- #bij1 #bif1 #cjb1 #edc4 #a3ah -- #gai4 #a3ai -- #fgg4 #a3ai1 #bj -- #bff4 #a3bj -- #ghj4 #a3bc -- #cc1 #haa1 #hbd4 #b3d1 #e -- #gie4 #b3e -- #ggd4 #b3e1 #i -- #hje4 #b3h -- #cee1 #ghd1 #gij4 #b3i -- #dja1 #gha1 #haa4 #b3ag -- #eae4 #b3ba -- #fgh1 #gbi1 #gcb4 #b3ba1 #bd -- #gag4 #b3bb -- #fgg4 #c3a1 #b -- #iad4 #c3h -- #ijd4 #c3ae -- #caa1 #gci4 #c3af -- #eja4 #c3ah -- #fhe1 #gbj1 #gfb4 #c3ah1 #bj -- #gjg1 #gjh4 #c3ai -- #iii1 #ajjj4 #c3ba -- #eja1 #ggf1 #hba1 #ida4 #c3cb -- #ddd4 #d3f -- #feg1 #gfb1 #ihc4 #d3g -- #bcf1 #ajjf4 #d3aa -- #dja1 #fda4 #d3ad -- #bef4 #d3ai -- #bhh4 #e3a -- #iji4 #e3b -- #hid1 #iaa4 #e3b1 #c -- #iag4 #e3c -- #hih4 #e3f -- #bhh4 #e3h -- #ded1 #dee4 #e3i -- #deh4 #b ,peter4 #a3c -- #bhi1 #hdb4 #a3d -- #dge1 #eae1 #eib1 #fhe1 #fic1 #gig1 #haa4 #a3aj -- #caa1 #gia1 #hdd4 #a3aa -- #ggf4 #a3af -- #aeg4 #a3ai -- #aab4 #a3ai1 #bj -- #aci4 #a3ba -- #acg1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bje1 #cag1 #cbe1 #cci4 #b3a -- #gag1 #gga4 #b3d -- #bif1 #chb1 #dej1 #dfd1 #ghf4 #b3d1 #i -- #ajbd4 #b3i -- #ajjj1 #ajjb4 #b3aa -- #dde4 #c3b -- #bjj4 #c3cab -- #ajjg4 #c3d -- #bcf4 #c3e -- #eji1 #eeh4 #c3g1 #aj -- #ajaa1 #ajbd4 #c3g1 #aj1 #ac -- #ajae4 #c3gac -- #bhg4 #c3ae1 #af -- #bja4 #c3af -- #bjj4 #c3ah -- #af1 #caa4 #a ,john4 #a3a -- #fgd4 #a3c -- #gig4 #a3e -- #bej1 #bfi1 #bgc1 #cdd4 #a3g -- #gai4 #a3g1 #h -- #fde4 #a3h -- #egc4 #a3i -- #bhi1 #gci4 #a3ab -- #hef4 #b3a -- #cbb1 #cci1 #gci1 #ggd4 #b3a1 #b -- #cbc4 #b3b -- #gbj4 #b3g -- #dj4 #b3g1 #h -- #bfc4 #b3ah -- #ajjf4 #b3bj -- #hje1 #hig4 #c3a1 #b -- #dgd4 #c3b -- #ebd1 #ffc1 #gje1 #hjf4 #c3c -- #fgh4 #c3cf -- #bfc4 #c3d -- #eeb4 #c3eg -- #fgg4 #c3h -- #dei4 #c3i -- #dah4 #c3ad -- #ffj1 #iib4 #c3af -- #cji4 #c3bj -- #fdg1 #gbb4 #d3a -- #ddj4 #d3b -- #fgd1 #fhd1 #fhf4 #d3g -- #fh1 #aeb1 #egj4 #d3g1 #h -- #d4 #d3h -- #bej1 #bfc1 #ccf1 #ebj4 #d3i -- #gaf4 #d3aj -- #gbj1 #ggf4 #d3ac -- #hdd4 #d3af -- #gig4 #d3ai -- #fid4 #d3ba -- #dfj4 #e3a -- #hic4 #e3d -- #gcb4 #e3f -- #idc4 #e3g -- #bfa1 #bhh4 #e3aj -- #bjj1 #hdd4 #e3ad1 #ae -- #hdh4 #e3af1 #ag -- #fej4 #e3ag -- #eec4 #e3ah1 #ai -- #dej4 #e3ai -- #egd4 #e3bj -- #bfj1 #cjh4 #b ,john4 #g -- #fhf1 #ajje4 #h -- #bic4 #c ,john4 #b -- #dhc4 ,jude4 #c -- #db1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #ije4 #d -- #gij4 #f -- #afe1 #dej1 #deh1 #ajdf4 #f1 #g -- #ajdd4 #i -- #afe1 #ddh4 #ai -- #dhd1 #dhe4 #ba -- #cbd4 #bc -- #hii4 #be -- #bge1 #chh4 #bh -- #ajee4 ,revelation4 #a3a -- #adj4 #a3c -- #ajjg4 #a3f -- #ggf1 #iag4 #a3g -- #dfj1 #gaj1 #ajjd1 #ajje4 #a3h -- #bge1 #caj4 #a3aj -- #daj4 #a3aj1 #aa -- #bji4 #a3ah -- #ajde4 #a3bj -- #deb4 #b3 -- #ije4 #b3a -- #iaf4 #b3f -- #caj4 #b3g -- #iii4 #b3h -- #iaf4 #b3aa -- #ihc4 #b3ab -- #iaf4 #b3ac -- #ddh4 #b3ah -- #iaf4 #b3ba -- #hda4 #c3a -- #iaf1 #iib4 #c3g -- #cji1 #iaf4 #c3ad -- #caj1 #iaf4 #c3bj -- #dfd1 #gia1 #hci1 #ajjc4 #c3ba -- #hje4 #d3c -- #bgb4 #d3fh -- #ddi4 #d3h -- #bif4 #d3aa -- #cig1 #djf4 #e3a1 #g1 #i -- #cef4 #e3f -- #ccc1 #ggd4 #e3i -- #ddi4 #e3aj -- #hje4 #e3aa -- #ddg4 #e3ab -- #adj4 #e3ac1 #ad -- #caa #e3bj -- #ffe4 #f3i -- #dhc1 #dhe4 #f3iaa -- #iii4 #f3aj1 #aa -- #ajjb4 #f3af -- #cej4 #g3 -- #hif4 #g3af -- #bea4 #g3af1 #ag -- #ggd4 #h3bh1 #bi -- #ghb4 #aj3f -- #bgh4 #aj3haa -- #hbc4 #aa3aa -- #bea4 #aa3ag -- #hhi4 #ab3iab -- #deg4 #ab3aj -- #ded4 #ab3aa -- #gcb1 #gea4 #ab3ab -- #dde1 #dfa4 #ac3h -- #bff1 #bhe1 #bih1 #gfb4 #ad3aj -- #dfd4 #ad3aa -- #ffj4 #ad3ac -- #iii4 #ae3ad -- #bgc1 #fec4 #ae3b -- #bgd4 #ae3h -- #bge4 #ae3ac -- #cbe4 #af3c -- #dhe4 #af3e -- #bgc1 #fec4 #af3aj -- #ddh4 #ag3ag -- #cee4 #ah3ac -- #dde1 #eaf4 #ai3b -- #bgc1 #fec4 #ai3e -- #fec4 #ai3g -- #gif4 #ai3i -- #bji4 #ai3aj -- #hdb4 #ai3ad -- #ddh4 #ai3ae1 #af -- #gge4 #bj3ae -- #djc1 #ajae4 #bj3b -- #chb1 #dee4 #bj3b1 #c -- #dbe4 #bj3baj -- #dde4 #bj3df -- #ajjh4 #bj3f -- #hje4 #bj3aj -- #chb1 #deg1 #dfd4 #bj3aaae -- #ajaa4 #bj3ab -- #ajbc4 #bj3ab1 #ac -- #ajbc1 #ajej4 #bj3ac -- #ajae4 #bj3ad -- #ihc1 #iii4 #bj3ae -- #gha4 #ba3d1 #e -- #ajah4 #ba3e -- #bji1 #haj1 #ajjd4 #ba3h -- #ihc1 #ajdh4 #ba3i -- #ajdh4 #ba3aj -- #caj4 #ba3aa -- #ajdi4 #ba3ad -- #iji4 #ba3ag -- #gha4 #ba3bb -- #hic4 #ba3bc -- #bef1 #gab4 #bb3b -- #iad4 #ba3bg -- #gij4 #bb3d -- #fg4 #bb3f -- #bjj1 #dfe4 #bb3h1 #i -- #cai1 #dec1 #eae4 #bb3i -- #ddf4 #bb3aa -- #hea1 #heb1 #ajja1 #ajdh4 #bb3ab1 #bj -- #ajjg4 #bb3ac1 #ad -- #cbf4 #bb3ad -- #ebg4 #bb3af -- #fhj1 #fig4 #bb3ag -- #cib1 #edg1 #gif4 ,index ,of ,apocryphal ,texts4 #a ,esdras4 #a3bh -- #aff4 #a3ch -- #bfa4 #d3cech -- #cbj4 #f3a -- #bfa4 #b ,esdras4 #c3g -- #fbf4 #c3ba -- #fbf4 #f3ee1 #ff -- #aef4 #g3aa -- #fbf4 #g3df -- #fbf4 #g3dh -- #fbf4 #g3aah -- #fbf4 #i3ai -- #fbf4 ,tobit4 #d3ae -- #aha4 ,judith4 #ab3ga -- #icd4 ,esther1 ,continuation of4 #a3a -- #cji4 ,wisdom4 #b3bc1 #bd -- #fbf4 #g3bf -- #cbj4 #g3bh -- #cbj4 #i3i1 #aj -- #cbj4 #aa3af -- #fcc4 #aa3ag -- #cgg4 ,ecclesiasticus1 or ,sirach4 ,prologue -- #aff4 #b3a -- #hgj4 #b3cj -- #hfe4 #ah3a -- #ddf4 #bd3bcbg -- #aff4 #be3bd -- #fbf4 #ca3be -- #icd4 #dh3bd -- #aff4 ,baruch4 #b3ba -- #aff4 ,bel and the ,dragon4 ,book of -- #aae4 #a ,maccabees4 ,book of -- #afe1 #cji4 #ab3i -- #aff4 #b ,maccabees4 #b3acae -- #afg4 #f3bc -- #aff4 #g3bh -- #cgg4 #ab3ci -- #ajdc4 ,book of ,enoch4 #afe4 ,assumption of ,moses4 ,book of -- #afe4 v4 #i -- #feh4 ,index ,of ,greek ,words4 1 #fg 1 #hba 1 #efb1 #fhg 1 #bfd 1 #ce1 #cdb 1 1 #a ,john #c3af1 the personal ,love1 #cji 1 #gjf 1 #gbh 1 #fh 1 #hgj 1 #hgj 1 #eda 1 #eeb 1 forsaken of ,god1 #fh 1 #fga 1 #iid 1 #ajdd1 #ajdf 1 #gec 1 meaning in ,titus #c3aj1 #igd 1 its meaning in ,john #a3bi1 #gai 1 spiritual discernment1 ,phil4 #a3i1 #ddj 1 #ajch1 #ajdd1 #ajde1 #ajdf 1 #cjg 1 #ajch1 #ajdd1 #ajde1 #ajdf 1 #ajbe 1 1 #bge 1 #bjd1 #edi 1 the ,veracious1 #bfj 1 #a ,john #e3bj1 #aea1 #bfj1 #cjh and the 1 #fga and the 1 #fga 1 ,rom4 #e3ab1 #ai1 #fbf 1 #fbf 1 #eeb1 #feg1 #gjf1 #gad1 #gfa1 #hcb1 #hea 1 #fbg 1 #fbf 1 #aea 1 #ebc 1 #ice 1 #fhj 1 #iii 1 1 #iih 1 #did 1 #ice 1 #fff 1 #baj 1 #ejf1 #ebc1 #igd 1 the state of1 #eeb 1 #gag1 #gba 1 #gag1 #gbj 1 #ijb1 #iag1 #iah 1 #gag 1 #fgc1 #fgi 1 #ebc 1 #ajjc 1 once for all1 #bjj1 #hhe1 #ifg 1 #bbb 1 #ccf 1 #hjc 1 #a ,pet4 #c3bj1 #gjh 1 #bcc 1 #fdg 1 1 #bde 1 #hcc1 #ajcd 1 #aea 1 #bf 1 #ac 1 #adh 1 1 #bca 1 #hea 1 #eeb1 #ajjh 1 #hbi 1 genus apotelesmaticum1 #fhf 1 1 a patristic dictum1 #fga 1 #gba1 #iic 1 #iic 1 #aea 1 #ajjc 1 #ifi 1 #cbj 1 #caj1 #fge 1 1 #cji 1 #dej 1 #cbj 1 #eeb 1 #ffe 1 #cic 1 #caj 1 #hcg 1 #ijf 1 #iic 1 #ijf 1 #icc1 #icd1 #ice1 #icg1 #ich1 #idb1 #idh 1 #icc 1 #icg 1 #icc1 #icd1 #ich 1 #egi 1 1 #iii 1 #dde 1 #bge 1 #aea 1 arbitrium1 ,willkr1 #eeg 1 its translation in ,heb4 #b3g1 #gjf 1 #caa 1 #adh 1 #ajai 1 #iad 1 #gje 1 #fha 1 #cic 1 #bcc 1 #hda 1 #gha 1 #gha 1 #gfa 1 #bba 1 #a ,tim4 #f3bj2 cf4 1 #b ,pet4 #a3b1 #ca1 #hda 1 #bf1 #fh 1 1 singular denotes unity1 #aii 1 #ejf 1 1 #hea 1 applied by ,philo to his ,logos1 #cbj 1 #a ,thess4 #a3f1 #gjh 1 justification not1 but or 1 #hfd and 1 ,rom4 #h3aa1 #dhh1 #ajag 1 ,rom4 #e3ab1 #ci 1 #fad 1 #iah 1 #ijb1 #iag 1 #ijb 1 #ded 1 #iae 1 #baj 1 #ijb 1 #fbc 1 #fbg 1 #bia 1 #heb1 #hec 1 that required and provided for by ,god1 #hdg1 #heb1 #hec 1 #hea 1 1 repudiated by ,paul1 #heb 1 or 1 #heb 1 #gec 1 #hej1 #hea1 #hec 1 #hef 1 #heb 1 #heb1 #hec 1 #dhc 1 #aea 1 #bdb1 #fgj 1 #cjg1 #ccf 1 #egf 1 #egi 1 1 1 #aea 1 #aag 1 #cde 1 ,,lxx1 for ,hebrew 8his soul101 #dhe 1 #ghj 1 ,phil4 #d3e1 #ajjf 1 #fhg 1 #gha 1 #aea 1 #cce 1 1 #cgg1 #gec 1 #cjf 1 #cac1 #fbg1 #fga 1 #ice1 #idh and 1 ,rom4 #c3bb1 #gbb 1 #hcg 1 #cab 1 #ibd 1 #iea 1 ,john #a3ah1 #ccg 1 #hcc1 #hia 1 earliest work on ,systematic ,theology1 #dd 1 applied to the ,holy ,spirit1 #cbc 1 ,phil4 #b3g1 #gja 1 #gjg 1 #hij1 #hia1 #hib1 #ije1 #ijf1 #iab 1 #cjh 1 #edi 1 #fhg 1 #eid 1 #cac1 #ceb 1 its force with 1 #ice 1 ,john #a3a1 #cji 1 #fhg 1 ,rom4 #c3be1 #gec 1 1 #dhh1 #ajag 1 #fgi 1 #fga 1 #fgc 1 #cgg 1 #aeg 1 #cdi 1 #gbi1 #gcg 1 ex nihilo1 #b ,maccabees #g3bh1 #cgg 1 ,john #a3ab1 #hbe 1 #hgc 1 #b ,cor4 #e3b1 #d1 #bce1 #iih 1 #hba 1 #ggb1 #hcc 1 #b ,pet4 #a3ab2 cf4 1 #a ,tim4 #f3bj1 #ca1 1 #hcb 1 state1 #eeb 1 #hig1 #ijb1 #iad1 #iae 1 #iad1 #iae 1 #hbi 1 #bba 1 #cjg 1 #hga 1 #aag 1 #hdg 1 ,john #e3bhcj1 #iih 1 ,john #a3ad1 #bcd1 #fhg 1 #caj1 #efb1 #fhg 1 #iai 1 ,rom4 #i3e1 #cjf 1 ,phil4 #b3h1 #gje 1 ,rom4 #e3ab1 #ci1 #fbf 1 #cjh 1 ,gen4 #f3aa1 ,,lxx1 #iic 1 state1 #eeb 1 #gai 1 #adi 1 #caa1 #fbf1 #ajde 1 #dab1 #hhc 1 #hig 1 #ejf 1 #ajf 1 #faj1 #fbb1 #fbc1 #fbe1 #fbf 1 #cji1 #caj 1 rest1 summit of ,aristotle's 8slope01 #ehj 1 #fbf 1 #gjh 1 #aff 1 #eg1 #fha 1 #fff 1 voluntas1 ,wille1 #eeg 1 #aig1 #bje 1 #eg1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cba1 #cdb1 #eag 1 #gca1 #gha #hdg 1 #aea 1 #bd 1 #cjg 1 #gbh 1 #bjc 1 #gbh 1 #gbh 1 #gec 1 #ice 1 #eag 1 #gbh 1 #fh 1 #gec 1 #eeb 1 #hia1 #hif 1 #hgj 1 #ade 1 #cic 1 ,acts #b3df1 #ifj1 #ifa 1 1 #bge 1 #gfa 1 #fbg 1 #fbg 1 #ice 1 ,rom4 #i3bc1 #ghj 1 #aea 1 #a ,pet4 #c3ahbj1 #gjg 1 #iaa 1 #a ,cor4 #aj3af1 #ag2 #a ,john #a3c1 #gif1 #hjg1 #ife 1 #b ,pet4 #b3i1 #ajjj 1 ,mat4 #be3df2 #a ,john #d3ah1 #ajcf 1 #ccg 1 #efc 1 #cbj 1 #bge 1 #cda 1 creatura1 #cib 1 1 #chh 1 #a ,cor4 #ab3bh1 #ijb1 #iag 1 ,kirche1 kirk1 church1 #hia 1 #dde 1 #cjf1 #cji 1 #cjh 1 #b ,cor4 #c3ah1 #cae 1 ,phil4 #b3g1 #gje 1 #icf 1 #adh 1 #adi 1 #eid 1 #b1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cba1 #cce1 #cdb1 #edi1 #ffe1 #fhg1 #gjj 1 by ,gregory of ,nyssa1 #dd 1 #ffe 1 #bjj 1 #edi 1 #aaa 1 #icf 1 #hcb 1 #hcb 1 #gag1 #gbj1 #gba 1 1 #eg 1 #gaj 1 #fgb 1 #hcc 1 #hcb 1 #hcc 1 #gfa 1 #cgg 1 #cbg 1 #ccf 1 variant in ,john #a3ah1 #cjf1 #cda 1 ,phil4 #b3f1 #gje 1 #gje 1 #aeg 1 #fia 1 #ca 1 #ffe 1 #iah 1 #icd 1 #ecc 1 #iah 1 #ecc1 #eda 1 ,jas4 #a3be1 #edi 1 #ci 1 ,rom4 #a3aiba1 #fh 1 #cc1 #fh1 #ceb1 #cid1 #fgj1 #fga 1 #iih 1 in ,john #a3a and #d3bd1 #cje 1 #aea 1 #b ,cor4 #e3ad1 #fbc 1 ,rom4 #e3ai1 #fbg 1 #fg 1 #efb 1 #ifa 1 #ifj1 #ifa and 1 #cbi1 #ccf1 #gjj 1 1 #gjf 1 #fbf 1 ,acts #a3aa1 #ajjd 1 #iea 1 ,rom4 #a3ah1 #bf 1 #cda 1 ,gen4 #d3g1 #gbg 1 #fg 1 #adi 1 #hea 1 #gha 1 #cji 1 #fha1 #fhf1 #fig 1 #ccc1 #egh1 #fgc 1 ,rom4 #e3ab1 #fbf 1 #fig 1 1 #ajb1 #cib 1 1 #ajb 1 #caa 1 #ggb 1 ,rom4 #e3ab1 #fbb1 #fbc1 #fbf 1 #ccg1 #cda 1 #fad 1 #adi1 #hhb 1 #iad 1 #cbc1 #cci1 #gaj 1 ,rom4 #e3ai1 #fbg 1 #gec 1 #hjh 1 #ddh 1 #ccd1 #ddh 1 #aea 1 #cjf 1 #baj1 #gad1 #hcc 1 of ,origen1 #dd1 #dhi 1 of ,iamblicus1 #aaa 1 #aea 1 #ccc 1 #adi 1 #ehj 1 #ggb 1 #hch 1 #gec1 #hdg1 #hfd1 #hgj 1 #hch1 #hea 1 #cdh1 #gif 1 #bac1 #cbc1 #dhcdhh1 #dij1 #dia1 #efb1 #fgj1 #fga1 #fhf1 #fhg1 #fhh1 #gjg1 #ajag 1 #gjh 1 #ajag 1 #baj 1 #aea 1 1 #fh 1 #aea1 #iad 1 #iad 1 #ijb 1 1 #iad 1 1 #iad 1 #ifd 1 #feb 1 #ccg1 #ijj 1 #fbg 1 #fbg 1 #gag1 #gbj 1 #bba 1 #bad 1 #eeb 1 #aea 1 #iad1 #iae 1 #gha 1 #gha 1 #gec 1 #hig1 #ijb 1 ,john #a3a1 #ccg 1 #gbg 1 #ifg 1 #hig 1 #gbh 1 #ccc1 #fgc 1 #gaj 1 #cda 1 variant in ,mark #g3d1 #icd 1 #icg 1 #cjg 1 #efb1 #fhg 1 #fhg1 #gjf 1 #eeb1 #efb1 #efc1 #fhg 1 #ibd 1 #aeg 1 #aag 1 #aea 1 #aeg 1 #aea 1 #ffe 1 #bcc 1 #fgb 1 #db 1 #hjc 1 #ida 1 #iad 1 #gif1 #ida 1 1 #ibg 1 #iii 1 #fga 1 #hjc 1 #hjc 1 #hba 1 #hjc 1 #hjc 1 #hjc 1 ,mat4 #ac3ci1 #ajbe 1 #ch 1 #dhd1 #dhg1 #fga1 #ajai 1 #ife and 1 #gia 1 #cjg 1 #a ,tim4 #c3b1 #ci 1 #adi 1 #ghj 1 #hgi 1 #fge 1 #dhc1 #dhd 1 #aag 1 ,acts #ac3dc1 #ghj 1 #bhc 1 #chh 1 #gag 1 #bf 1 1 #aea 1 #bfe1 #ddj 1 #gha 1 #iah 1 #dhd 1 #ajje 1 #efi 1 #ci 1 1 #ice 1 #ice 1 #cjg 1 #cce 1 #cba1 #cgh1 #gjj 1 #fbg 1 #hdg 1 #baj1 #gaj and 1 #gag 1 #ca 1 #ccf 1 #ccc1 #fgc 1 #fgc 1 #adi 1 #fbc 1 ,rom4 #a3ai1 #bj1 #ac 1 #b ,pet4 #a3ba1 #bje 1 #iic 1 #bfd 1 1 #iii 1 natura1 #cib1 #egi 1 ,heb4 #a3c1 #ccf 1 #bef and 1 #bf 1 #ijf1 #ijg 1 #ajaf 1 #ife and 1 #ajde 1 #caa1 #gca 1 #dhe 1 #ceb1 #che1 #dhcdhg1 #dij1 #dia1 #fga1 #gag1 #ajag 1 #dhe 1 #ajag 1 #cdi1 #fha1 #fhf1 #fig 1 #iih 1 ,acts #aj3db1 #ghj 1 #fad 1 #ebc ,index ,of ,hebrew ,words4 1 ,codex ,sinaiticus1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #ddi1 #fha1 #fhf1 #fig1 #hea1 #hia1 #iae1 #icd4 1 8poor10 whence term 8,ebionite101 #ffi 1 ,hos4 #f3g1 1 ,,lxx1 8like men that break a covenant101 #fad 1 #cji 1 ,exod4 #c3ad1 ,i am1 #beb1 #beg 1 a singular noun1 might have been used instead of 1 #cah 1 to fear1 to adore1 root of 1 #cah 1 #cah employed with singular verb1 #cah applied to ,son1 #cah not a pluralis majestaticus1 #cah according to ,oehler1 8a quantitative plural101 #cah its derivation1 #cah 1 implies production of effect without natural antecedent1 #cge in ,kal used only of ,god1 #cge never has accusative of material1 #cge used1 in ,gen4 #a and #b1 to mark introduction of world of matter1 life1 and spirit1 #cgd distinguished from words signifying 8to make0 and 8to form101 #cge in ,gen4 #a3b1 must mean 8calling into being101 #cge the original signification 8to cut10 though retained in ,piel1 does not militate against a more spiritual sense in other species1 #cgf the only word for absolute creation in ,hebrew1 #cgf the meaning 8creation by law0 suggested1 #cib 1 8the likeness of ,god10 according to ,moehler3 8the pious exercise of 1 the religious faculty101 #ebb according to ,romanist theologians1 a product of man's obedience1 #ebj a synonym of 1 #eba 1 8seed10 ,gen4 #bb3ah1 referred to in ,gal4 #c3af1 #bcc 1 1 ,hiphil1 to make a miss1 ,judges #bj3af1 #eeb 1 1 missing1 failure1 applicable not merely to act but likewise to state1 #eeb 1 #cji 1 8day10 ,gen4 #a1 #ce its hyperliteral interpretation1 #cid often used for a period of indefinite duration1 #cid theory that 8six days0 indicates series merely1 #cie a scheme harmonizing the ,mosaic 8six days0 creation with the order of the geologic record1 #ciccig 1 #cge 1 ,ez4 #a1 ,ex4 #cg3fi1 ,gen4 #c3bd1 #ddi to be identified with the 8seraphim0 and 8the living creatures101 #ddi are temporary symbolic figures1 #ddi symbols of human nature spiritualized and sanctified1 #ddi exalted to be the dwellingplace of ,god1 #ddi symbols of mercy1 #ddi angels and cherubim never together1 #ddi in closing visions of ,revelation no longer seen1 #ddi some regard them as symbols of divine government1 #ddi list of authorities on1 #ddi 1 #cji 1 identifies himself with ,jehovah1 #cai is so identified by others1 #cai accepts divine worship1 #cai with perhaps single exception in ,o4 ,t41 designates preincarnate ,logos1 #cai 1 ,,lxx1 bending1 perverseness1 iniquity1 referring to state as well as act1 #eeb 1 #cge 1 judicial visitation1 punishment1 #feg 1 ,,lxx1 separation from1 rebellion1 indicative of state as well as act1 #eeb 1 ,gen4 #a3bf1 according to ,moehler1 8the religious faculty101 #ebb according to ,bellarmine1 8ipsa natura mentis et voluntatis01 #ebb according to ,scholastic and ,romanist theologians1 alone belonged to man's nature at its creation1 #ebj required addition of supernatural grace that it might possess original righteousness1 #ebj a synonym of 1 #eba 1 ,hiphil form in ,dan4 #ab3c1 best rendered 8they that justify many101 #hej 1 its meaning in ,o4 ,t4 and ,targums1 #hib perhaps used by ,christ in ,mat4 #ah3ag1 #hib how it differs from 1 #hib 1 #cji 1 bad1 evil1 #eeb 1 a wicked person1 #eeb 1 an alleged root of ,sheol1 #iid 1 a probable root of ,sheol1 #iid 1 #iid 1 its derivation1 #iid its rootmeaning1 #iid the soul is still conscious in1 #iid ,god can recover men from1 #iid 1 ,is4 #f3b1 to be identified with the 8cherubim0 of ,genesis1 ,exodus and ,ezekiel1 and with 8the living creatures0 of ,revelation1 #ddi