file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #debfi-;h4htm or #debfi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #debfi_/pg#debfi-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#debf i_/debfi-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/inv5tions (grea#jj;bondri* ,illu/ration3 ,oil-temp]+ ! l9+ ( a ,big ,gun 7,see page #gf7 ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,w> by ,a4 ,,russell ,,bond ,manag+ ,editor ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,au?or ( ,on ! ,battle-,front ( ,eng9e]+1 etc4 ,) ,_m ,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,new ,york ,! ,c5tury ,co4 #aiai ,copyright1 #aiah1 #aiai1 by ,! ,c5tury ,co4 ,publi%$1 ,june1 #aiai ,,preface ,! great ,_w ,w> 0 m ?an two-?irds ov] :5 ,am]ica ent]$ ! /ruggle1 & yet 9 a s5se ?is c\ntry 0 9 ! w> f its v beg9n+4 ,?ree great inv5tions controll$ ! "* ( ! fight+ & made x diff]5t f any o!r ! _w has ev] se54 ,^! ?ree inv5tions 7 ,am]ican4 ,! subm>9e 0 our inv5tion2 x c>ri$ ! w> into ! sea4 ,! airplane 0 an ,am]ican inv5tion2 x c>ri$ ! w> into ! sky4 ,we inv5t$ ! ma*9e-gun2 x drove ! w> into ! gr\nd4 ,x is n my purpose to boa/ ( ,am]ican g5ius b1 r1 to %[ t we ent]$ ! w> ) heavy responsibilities4 ,! inv5tions we _h giv5 to ! _w _h be5 develop$ m>vel\sly 9 o!r l&s4 ,fur!rmore !y 7 9 ! h&s ( a det]m9$ & unscrupul\s foe1 & we f\nd be=e u ! task ( ov]com+ ! v ma*9es t we _h creat$4 ,yankee +5uity 0 fac$ ) a real te/4 ,! only way ( ov]com+ ! airplane 0 to build m & bett] ma*9es ?an ! enemy possess$4 ,?is we tri$ to d1 b fir/ we _h to be taught by our allies ! late/ ref9em5ts ( ?is ma*9e1 & ! w> 0 ov] be=e we _h m ?an />t$ our arial program4 ,! ma*9e-gun & its accessory1 b>b$ wire 7also an ,am]ican inv5tion71 7 ov]come by ! tank2 & we may f9d :at little com=t we c 9 ! fact t its inv5tion 0 inspir$ by ! sight ( an ,am]ican f>m tractor4 ,b ! tank 0 a ,briti% creation & 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ important inv5tion ( ! w>4 ,on ! sea we 7 fac$ ) a mo/ baffl+ problem4 ,! ,u-boat c\ld n be cop$ ) by ! build+ ( sw>ms ( subm>9es4 ,! ess5tial "h 0 a means ( locat+ ! enemy & de/roy+ him ev5 :ile he lurk$ "u ! surface4 ,two ,am]ican inv5tions1 ! hydrophone & ! dep? bomb1 made ! lot ( ! ,u-boat decid$ly un5viable & !y ha/5$ if !y did n actually end ,g]man frightfulness on ! sea4 ,b ^! 7 by no means ! only inv5tions ( ! w>4 ,great ,brita9 %[$ wond]ful +5uity & res\rcefulness 9 _m directions2 ,france did m>vels ) ! airplane & %[$ great clev]ness 9 h] developm5t ( ! tank & !re 0 a ho/ ( m9or inv5tions to h] cr$it2 :ile ,italy %[$ m>k$ skill 9 ! creation ( l>ge airplanes & small seacraft4 ,! ,c5tral ,p[]s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 less orig9ative b %[$ m>k$ res\rcefulness 9 develop+ ! inv5tions ( o!rs4 ,=ts 7 made valueless by ! l>ge portable ,au/rian guns4 ,! long range gun t %ell$ ,p>is 0 a s5sational a*ievem5t1 b x _c be call$ a great inv5tion because x 0 ( little milit>y value4 ,! great ,g]man ,zeppel9s 7 f> f a success because !y dep5d$ = _! buoyancy on a highly inflammable gas4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :ile ! ,g]mans 7 ackn[l$g+ ! failure ( _! dirigibles ! ,briti% 7 laun*+ an air%ip program1 & "h 9 ,am]ica we _h f\nd an economical way ( produc+ a non-inflammable balloon gas :i* promises a great future = arial navigation4 ,! mo/ important ,g]man contribution to ! w>--x _c be class$ z an inv5tion--0 poison gas1 & x 0 n long ere !y regrett$ ?is infraction ( ! rules ( civiliz$ w>f>e adopt$ at ! ,hague ,conf]5ce2 = ! ,allies soon gave !m a big dose ( _! own m$ic9e & be=e ! w> 0 ov]1 fairly delug$ !m ) le?al gases ( e v>iety4 ,_m inv5tions ( our own & ( our allies 7 n fully develop$ :5 ! w> end$1 & !re 7 "s :i*1 al?\gh prim>ily int5d$ = purposes ( w>1 w be mo/ s]viceable 9 "t ( peace4 ,= ?is w> 0 n "o ( m]e de/ruction4 ,x set m5 to ?9k+ z !y _h nev] ?\ght be=e4 ,x int5sifi$ _! inv5tive faculties1 & z a result1 ! _w is ri*] 9 _m ways4 ,lessons ( ?rift & economy h be5 taught u4 ,manufactur]s h le>n$ ! value ( /&>dization4 ,! bus9ess man has ga9$ an appreciation ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! :ole /ory is too big to be conta9$ )9 ! cov]s ( a s+le book1 b ,i h select$ ! m important & int]e/+ inv5tions & h endeavor$ to describe !m 9 simple language = ! b5efit ( ! read] :o is n te*nically tra9$4 ,a4 ,,russell ,,bond ,new ,york1 ,may1 #aiai ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,& ,,"u ,,! ,,gr\nd #c ,,ii ,,h&-,,gr5ades ,,& ,,tr5* ,,mort>s #bj ,,iii ,,guns ,,t ,,fire ,,!mselves #da ,,iv ,,guns ,,& ,,sup]-,,guns #fb ,v ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,*emi/s #he ,,vi ,,tanks #ajg ,,vii ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,air #abc ,,viii ,,%ips ,,t ,,sail ,,! ,,skies #adh ,,ix ,,gett+ ,,! ,,range #afi ,x ,,talk+ ,,9 ,,! ,,sky #ahd ,,xi ,,w>riors ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t-,,bru% #bji ,,xii ,,subm>9es #bcb ,,xiii ,,gett+ ,,! ,,be/ ,,( ,,! ,u-,,boat #bec ,,xiv ,,devil',s ,,eggs #bgf ,,xv ,,surface ,,boats #bih ,,xvi ,,reclaim+ ,,! ,,victims ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9es #caj ,,index #cci ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,oil-temp]+ ! l9+ ( a big gun ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,l9es ( zig-zag tr5*es z view$ f an aroplane #h ,fr5* sapp]s us+ /e?oscopes to detect ! m9+ op]ations ( ! enemy #i ,a #c-;in* ,/okes mort> & two ( its %ells #cf ,dropp+ a %ell into a #f-;in* tr5* mort> #cf ,! ,maxim ma*9e-gun op]at$ by ! en]gy ( ! recoil #cg ,colt ma*9e-gun p>tly brok5 away to %[ ! op]at+ me*anism #cg ,! ,lewis gun :i* produces its own cool+ curr5t #dd ,! ,b5t-,m]ci gun op]at$ by gas #dd ,br[n+ ma*9e-gun1 weigh+ #cd-a_/b p\nds #de ,br[n+ ma*9e-rifle1 weight only #ae p\nds #de ,lewis ma*9e-guns 9 action at ! front #eb ,an elaborate ,g]man ma*9e-gun =t #ec ,comp>ative diagram ( ! pa? ( a projectile f ! ,g]man sup]-gun #fj ,"o ( our #af-;in* coa/ def5ce guns on a disappe>+ m\nt #fa ,height ( gun z comp>$ ) ! ,new ,york ,city ,hall #fa ,! #aba-mile gun design$ by ,am]ican ordnance (fic] #fh ,am]ican #af-;in* rifle on a railway m\nt #fi ,a long-di/ance sub-calib]$ ,fr5* gun on a railway m\nt #gf ,inside ( a %rapnel %ell & details ( ! fuse cap #gg ,se>*-light %ell & "o ( its c&les #gg ,putt+ on ! gas-masks to meet a gas cl\d attack #hd ,ev5 ! horses _h to be mask$ #he ,portable flame-?r[+ app>atus #he ,liquid fire /ream+ f fix$ flame-?r[+ app>atus #ib ,clean+ up a dug\t ) ! fire-broom #ic ,briti% tank climb+ out ( a tr5* at ,cambrai #aab ,ev5 trees 7 no b>ri] to ! ,briti% tank #aac ,! ,g]man tank 0 v heavy & cumb]some #aac ,! spe$y ,briti% ,:ippet tank t c travel at a spe$ ( twelve miles p] h\r #abj ,! ,fr5* high-spe$ baby tank #abj ,section ?r\gh our ,m>k ,,viii tank %[+ ! lay\t ( ! int]ior #aba ,a ,h&ley-,page bomb+ plane ) "o ( its w+s fold$ back #abh ,h[ an object dropp$ f ! ,woolwor? ,build+ w\ld increase its spe$ 9 fall+ #abi ,ma*9e-gun m\nt$ to fire ov] ! blades ( ! propell] #acf ,me*anism = fir+ betwe5 ! blades ( ! propell] #acf ,x w\ld take a hundr$ horses to supply ! p[] = a small airplane #acg ,! fly+-tank #add ,an ,n-,c 7,navy-,curtiss7 seaplane ( ! type t made ! fir/ flight across ! ,atlantic #ade ,a big ,g]man ,zeppel9 t 0 =c$ to come d[n on ,fr5* soil #adh ,obs]vation c> l[]$ f a ,zeppel9 sail+ above ! cl\ds #adi ,giant ,briti% dirigible built along ! l9es ( a ,zeppel9 #aef ,"o ( ! eng9e c>s or p[] eggs ( a ,briti% dirigible #aef ,crew ( ! ,c-#e 7,am]ican coa/al dirigible7 />t+ = ,newf\ndl& to make a transatlantic flight #aeg ,! curi\s tail ( a kite balloon #afj ,obs]v]s 9 ! basket ( an obs]vation balloon #afj ,enorm\s range-f9d]s m\nt$ on a gun turret ( an ,am]ican w>%ip #afa ,briti% anti-aircraft section gett+ ! range ( an enemy aviator #agf ,a ,briti% aviator mak+ obs]vations ov] ! ,g]man l9es #agg ,radio headge> ( an airman #aib ,c>ry+ on conv]sation by radio ) an aviator miles away #aib ,long di/ance radio app>atus at ! ,arl+ton 7,va47 /ation #aic ,a giant gun conceal$ among trees beh9d ! ,fr5* l9es #bab ,obs]v+ ! enemy f a papi]-m* replica ( a dead horse #bac ,cam\flag$ headqu>t]s ( ! ,am]ican #bf? ,division 9 ,france #bbj ,a cam\flag$ %ip 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] on ,victory ,day #bba ,complex mass ( :eels & dials inside a ,g]man subm>9e #bdj ,surr5d]$ ,g]man subm>9es1 %[+ ! net cutt]s at ! b[ #bda ,=w>d end ( a ,u-boat #bef ,a dep? bomb mort> & a set ( a% cans at ! /]n ( an ,am]ican de/roy] #beg ,a dep? bomb mort> 9 action & a dep? bomb snapp$ z x is be+ hurl$ ?r\gh ! air #bfj ,airplane /unn+ a ,u-boat ) a dep? bomb #bfa ,! false hat* ( a my/]y %ip #bfh ,! same hat* op5$ to disclose ! #c-;in* gun & crew #bfh ,a ,fr5* hydrophone in/allation ) :i* ! pres5ce ( subm>9es 0 detect$ #bfi ,section ( a captur$ m9e-lay+ ,u-boat #bgb ,a p>avane haul$ up ) a %>k caught 9 its jaws #bgc ,a ,dut* m9e-sweep] engag$ 9 cle>+ ! ,nor? ,sea ( ,g]man m9es #bhh ,hook+ up enemy an*or$ m9es #bhi ,an ,italian sea tank climb+ ov] a h>bor boom #cjj ,deck ( a ,briti% aircraft mo!r%ip or hu% %ip #cja ,electrically propell$ boat or surface torp$o1 attack+ a w>%ip #cjd ,haul+ a seaplane up on a b>ge s t x may be t[$ #cje ,climb+ into an armor$ div+ suit #cbj ,l[]+ an armor$ div] into ! wat] #cbj ,a div]'s sea sl$ ready to be t[$ along ! b$ ( ! sea #cba ,! sea sl$ on l& %[+ ! =w>d horizontal & aft] v]tical rudd]s #cba ,! div+ sph]e built = deep sea salvage op]ations #cbd ,! pneumatic breakwat] #cbe ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,& ,,"u ,,! ,,gr\nd ,= ye>s ! ,g]mans _h be5 prep>+ = w>4 ,! :ole _w knew ?is1 b x _h no idea h[ elaborate 7 _! prep>ations1 & h[ ^! 7 c>ri$ out to ! v m9ute/ detail4 ,:5 ! call to arms 0 s\nd$1 x 0 a matt] ( only a few h\rs be=e a va/ army _h be5 assembl$--fully arm$1 completely equipp$1 ready to sw>m ov] ! fronti]s into ,belgium & !nce into ,france4 ,x took mu* long] = ! ,fr5* to raise _! armies ( def5se1 & /ill long] = ! ,briti% to furni% ,france ) any adequate help4 ,despite ! h]oic resi/ance ( ,belgium1 ! ,ent5te ,allies 7 unprep>$ to /em ! tide ( ,g]man soldi]s :o p\r$ into ! nor!rn "p ( ,france4 ,s easy did ! m>* to ,p>is seem1 t ! ,g]mans grew c>eless 9 _! advance & !n sudd5ly !y met ) a rev]se t s5t !m back 9 full retreat4 ,h[ev]1 ! milit>y au?orities ( ,g]many _h /udi$ n only h[ to attack b also h[ to retreat & h[ to /& on ! def5sive4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r phase ( ! conflict1 !y 7 f> 9 advance ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 & aft] _! defeat 9 ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne1 !y retir$ to a /rong position & ha/ily prep>$ to /& on ! def5sive4 ,:5 ! ,allies tri$ to drive !m f>!r back1 !y f\nd t ! ,g]man army _h simply sunk into ! gr\nd4 ,! w> ( manoeuv] _h giv5 way to tr5* w>f>e1 :i* la/$ ?r\gh long1 t$i\s mon?s ne>ly to ! end ( ! great conflict4 ,! ,g]mans f\nd x necess>y to make ! /& because ! ,russians 7 putt+ up su* a /rong fight on ,g]many's ea/]n fronti]4 ,m5 _h to be )drawn f ! we/]n front to /em ! ,russian tide1 :i* meant t ! we/]n armies ( ! kais] _h to cease _! (f5sive activities = ! "t be+4 ,! delay 0 fatal to ! ,g]mans1 = !y _h oppos$ to !m n only brave m5 b intellig5t m5 :o 7 quick to le>n4 ,& :5 ! ,g]mans 7 ready to resume op]ations 9 ! ,we/1 !y f\nd t ! ,allies also _h sunk into ! gr\nd & _h le>n$ all _! tricks ( tr5* w>f>e1 add+ a numb] ( new ones ( _! own4 ,! :ole "* ( ! w> 0 *ang$4 ,! oppos+ =ces 7 dead-lock$ & nei!r c\ld break ?r\gh ! o!r's l9es4 ,! idea ( digg+ into ! gr\nd did n orig9ate ) ?is w>1 b nev] be=e _h x be5 c>ri$ out on s ext5sive a scale4 ,! inv5tive faculties ( bo? sides 7 va9ly ex]cis$ to f9d "s way ( break+ ! dead-lock4 ,hundr$s ( new inv5tions 7 develop$4 ,! hi/ory ( w> f ! days ( ! anci5t ,romans up to ! pres5t "t 0 se>*$ = "s means ( break+ d[n ! oppos+ l9es4 ,h[ev]1 ! dead-lock 0 n brok5 until a special ma*9e _h be5 inv5t$1 a travel+ =t4 ,b ! /ory ( t ma*9e is told 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,at ! outset ! ,allies dug v %all[ dit*es1 su* z _h be5 us$ 9 previ\s w>s4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ^! burr[s w\ld h to be occupi$ = weeks & mon?s1 ! ,fr5* & ,briti% imitat$ ! ,g]mans & dug _! tr5*es s deep t m5 c\ld walk ?r\gh !m freely1 )\t dang] ( expos+ _! heads above gr\nd2 & z ! dit*es grew deep]1 !y _h to be provid$ ) a fir+-/ep on :i* ! riflem5 c\ld /& to fire ov] ! top ( ! tr5*es4 ,! tr5*es 7 zig-zagg$ s t !y c\ld n be flank$1 o!rwise !y w\ld h made dang]\s traps = ! def5d]s2 = _h ! enemy ga9$ "o end ( ! tr5*1 he c\ld h fir$ d[n ! full l5g? ( x1 kill+ or w\nd+ e man x conta9$4 ,b zig-zagg+ made x necess>y to capture ea* turn sep>ately4 ,!re 7 l9es ^u l9es ( ^! tr5*es4 ,ord9>ily !re 7 b ?ree l9es1 sev]al hundr$ feet ap>t1 ) communicat+ tr5*es connect+ !m1 & !n sev]al kilomet]s#a f>!r back 7 res]ve tr5*es1 also connect$ by communicat+ tr5*es ) ! front l9es4 #a ,a kilomet] is1 r\ghly1 six t5?s ( a mile2 or six miles w\ld equal t5 kilomet]s4 ,m5 did n d>e to %[ !mselves out 9 ! op5 ne> ! battle-front = a mile or m beh9d ! front-l9e tr5*es1 = ! enemy's %>p-%oot]s 7 always on ! wat* = a t>get4 ,! m5 _h to /ay 9 ! tr5*es day & night = two or m weeks at a "t1 & sleep+-accommodations ( a v r\gh sort 7 provid$ = !m 9 dug\ts :i* op5$ into ! tr5*es4 ,! dug\ts ( ! ,allies 7 comp>atively crude affairs1 b ! ,g]mans sp5t a great deal ( "t ^u _! burr[s4 ,,und]gr\nd ,,villages ,:5 ! ,fr5* fir/ swept ! ,g]mans back out ( _! tr5*es along ! ,aisne1 !y 7 a/oni%$ to f9d h[ elaborate 7 ^! und]gr\nd dwell+s4 ,!y f\nd t ! gr\nd 0 lit]ally honeycomb$ ) rooms & passageways4 ,(t5 ! dug\ts 7 two /ories 9 dep? & ext5d$ z mu* z sixty feet bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 all along ?is "p ( ! front1 ! ,g]mans _h a cont9u\s und]gr\nd village 9 :i* ?\s&s ( m5 7 ma9ta9$4 ,! (fic]s' qu>t]s 7 p>ticul>ly well fitt$ up1 & e att5tion 0 giv5 to ! com=t ( _! occupants4 ,!re 7 /eel door-mats at ! entrances ( ! qu>t]s4 ,! walls 7 bo>d$ & ev5 pap]$4 ,! b$rooms 7 fitt$ ) spr+ b$s1 *iffoni]s1 & wa%-/&s1 & all ! rooms 7 light$ ) electric lamps4 ,!re 7 spaci\s qu>t]s = ! m51 ) regul> und]gr\nd mess halls & elaborate kit*5s4 ,!re 7 p[]-plants to furni% /eam = ! op]ation ( pumps & = ! light+-plants & = o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,l9es ( ,zig-,zag ,tr5*es z view$ f an ,airplane ,!re 0 a *alk =mation "h 9 :i* 7 _m l>ge natural caves4 ,"o enorm\s cave 0 said to h held ?irty ?\s& soldi]s1 & 9 ?is section ! ,g]mans kept l>ge res]ve =ces4 ,by digg+ f> into ! gr\nd1 ! ,g]man troops secur$ protection f %ell-fire2 9 fact1 ! horrible noise ( battle 0 he>d only z a murmur1 d[n 9 ^! dep?s4 ,) *>act]i/ic ?or\ghness1 ! ,g]mans built _! tr5* sy/em = a long /ay2 :ile ! ,allies1 on ! o!r h&1 look$ ^u _! tr5*es z m]ely tempor>y qu>t]s1 :i* w\ld hold ! enemy at bay until !y c\ld build up armies l>ge en\gh to drive ! invad]s out ( ! c\ntry4 ,! con/ruction ( ! tr5*es along "s p>ts ( ! battle-l9e 0 p>ticul>ly difficult1 because ( ! problem ( dra9age4 ,?is 0 especially true 9 ,fl&]s1 :]e ! tr5*es 9 _m cases 7 bel[ wat]-level1 & elaborate pump+-sy/ems _h to be in/all$ to keep !m dry4 ,"s ( !m 7 concrete-l9$ to make !m wat]pro(4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w>1 be=e ! tr5*es 7 dra9$1 ! m5 _h to /& 9 wat] = a good "p ( ! "t1 & ! only way !y c\ld get ab\t at all 9 ! miry tr5*es 0 by hav+ duck-bo>ds 9 !m4 ,duck-bo>ds are sections ( wood5 sidewalk su* z we f9d 9 small villages 9 ?is c\ntry1 consi/+ ( a c\ple ( rails on :i* crosspieces ( wood are nail$4 ,^! duck-bo>ds fairly float$ 9 ! mud4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,fr5* ,sapp]s us+ ,/e?oscopes to detect ! ,m9+ ,op]ations ( ! ,enemy ,"s ( ! tr5*es 7 provid$ ) b>b$ wire b>ri]s or gates calculat$ to halt a raid+-p>ty if x succe$$ 9 gett+ into ! tr5*4 ,^! gates 7 swung up out ( ! way1 b :5 l[]$ !y 7 kept clos$ ) a r complicat$ sy/em ( bolts :i* ! enemy w\ld be unable to unfa/5 )\t "s delay2 & :ile he 0 /ruggl+ to get ?r\gh ! gate1 he w\ld be a t>get = ! bullets ( ! def5d]s4 ,,hid+ ,,railroads ,,9 ,,dit*es ,because ( ! elaborate sy/em ( tr5*es1 & ! di/ance f ! front l9e to t "p ( ! c\ntry :]e x 0 safe to op]ate 9 ! op51 x 0 necess>y to build railways :i* w\ld travel ?r\gh tunnels & communicat+ tr5*es to ! front l9es4 ,^! 7 n>r[-gage railroads & a special /&>d =m ( track section 0 design$1 :i* 0 entirely ( metal1 some?+ l ! track sections ( toy railroads4 ,! tracks 7 v quickly laid & tak5 up at ne$4 ,! locomotives _h to be sil5t & smokeless & s a special =m ( gasol5e locomotive 0 inv5t$ to haul ! little c>s along ^! m9iature railroads to ! front l9es4 ,usually ! tr5* railroads did n come to ! v front ( ! battle-l9e1 b _! pr9cipal use 0 to c>ry %ell to ! guns :i* 7 locat$ 9 conceal$ positions4 ,railroad or tramway tr5*es c\ld n be %>ply zig-zagg$ b _h to h easy curves1 :i* 7 apt to be recogniz$ by enemy airplanes1 & s !y 7 (t5 conceal$ "u a cov]+ ( wire /rewn ) leaves4 ,,p]iscopes ,,& ,,snip]scopes ,b :ile ! armies 7 buri$ und]gr\nd1 x 0 necess>y = !m to keep _! eyes ^u ea* o!r s t ea* might be ready = any sudd5 onslaught ( ! o!r4 ,snip]s 7 always ready to fire at any head t %[$ itself above ! p>apet ( ! tr5* & s ! soldi]s _h to /eal an idea f ! subm>9es & build !m p]iscopes ) :i* !y c\ld look ov] ! top ( _! tr5*es )\t expos+ !mselves4 ,a tr5* p]iscope 0 a v simple affair1 consi/+ ( a tube ) two mirrors1 "o at ! top & "o at ! bottom1 set at su* an angle t a p]son look+ into ! side ( ! tube at ! bottom c\ld see out ( ! opposite side ( ! tube at ! top4 ,obs]vation po/s 7 e/abli%$ :]ev] !re 0 a slight rise 9 ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes ^! po/s 7 plac$ f> 9 advance ( ! tr5*es & sometimes ev5 beh9d ! tr5*es :]e x 0 possible to obta9 a good view ( ! oppos+ l9es4 ,sometimes a tunnel w\ld be dug =w>d1 lead+ to an outlet close to ! enemy's l9es1 & "h an obs]v] w\ld take 8 position at night to spy ) 8 e>s ^u ! activities ( ! enemy4 ,obs]v]s :o wat*$ ! enemy by day w\ld (t5 n d>e to use p]iscopes1 :i* might be se5 by ! enemy & draw a conc5trat$ fire ( rifles & ev5 %ell4 ,s t e mann] ( concealm5t 0 employ$ to make ! obs]vation po/s invisible & to h !m bl5d ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,obs]v]s ev5 wore veils s t ! :ite ( _! sk9 w\ld n betray !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$rawn f ,milit>y ,map ,read+ by p]mission ( ,e4 ,c4 ,mc,kay ,,fig4 #a4 ,a snip]scope ) :i* a %>p%oot] c\ld take aim )\t %[+ 8 head above ! p>apet ,snip]s 7 equally +5i\s 9 conceal+ !mselves4 ,!y frequ5tly us$ rifles :i* 7 connect$ ) a dummy butt & _h a p]iscope sight+-atta*m5t4 ,?is atta*m5t 0 call$ a snip]scope4 ,! rifle-b>rel c\ld be pu%$ ?r\gh a loophole 9 ! p>apet & ! snip] /&+ safely bel[ ! p>apet c\ld hold ! dummy butt to 8 %\ld] & aim 8 rifle ) p]fect accuracy by means ( ! p]iscope4 ,x 0 next to impossible to locate a snip] hidd5 9 ?is way4 ,"o me?od ( do+ x 0 to exam9e rubbi%1 t9 cans1 or any object t _h be5 p5etrat$ by a bullet & note ! direction tak5 by ! bullet4 ,?is w\ld give a l9e lead+ t[>d ! s\rce ( ! %ot1 & :5 a numb] ( su* l9es 7 trac$1 !y w\ld cross at a spot :]e ! snip] or 8 gun 0 /ation$1 & a few %ell w\ld put ! man out ( bus9ess4 ,dummy heads ( papi] m* 7 sometimes /uck above ! p>apet to draw ! fire ( enemy snip]s & ! bullet-holes :i* quickly appe>$ 9 !m 7 /udi$ to discov] ! location ( ! snip]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$rawn f ,milit>y ,map ,read+ by p]mission ( ,e4 ,c4 ,mc,kay ,,fig4 #b4 ,a fix$ rifle /& arrang$ to be fir$ aft] d>k ,sometimes fix$ rifles 7 us$4 ,^! 7 set on /&s s t !y c\ld be v accurately tra9$ ^u "s important enemy po/4 ,!n !y c\ld be fir$ 9 ! d>k1 )\t aim+1 to di/urb night op]ations ( ! enemy4 ,(t5 a brace ( rifles1 z _m z six1 w\ld be c\pl$ up to be fir$ simultane\sly1 & by op]at+ a s+le lev] ea* gun w\ld ?r[ out ! empty c>tridge %ell & br+ a fre% "o into position4 ,,/eel ,,bri] ,,pat*es ,! mo/ important def5se ( a tr5* sy/em consi/$ 9 ! b>b$ wire entanglem5ts plac$ be=e x4 ,b>b$ wire1 by ! way1 is an ,am]ican inv5tion1 b x 0 orig9ally int5d$ = ! v peaceful purpose = keep+ cattle )9 b\nds4 ,long ago x 0 us$ 9 w>1 b nev] to ! ext5t to :i* x 0 employ$ 9 ?is _w /ruggle4 ,! entanglem5ts 7 usually set up at night & 7 m]ely f5ces consi/+ ( /\t po/s driv5 into ! gr\nd & /rung ) b>b$ wire runn+ 9 all directions1 s z to make an imp5etrable tangle4 ,:]e x 0 possible to prep>e ! entanglem5ts )\t di/urbance & ! position 0 an important "o1 ! mass ( b>b$ wire (t5 ext5d$ = a hundr$ y>ds or m 9 dep?4 ,j beyond ! entanglem5ts trip-wires 7 sometimes us$4 ,a trip-wire 0 a slack wire :i* 0 laid on ! gr\nd4 ,be=e be+ laid1 ! wire 0 tightly coil$ s t x w\ld n lie flat1 b w\ld cat* ! feet ( raid]s & trip !m up4 ,ea* side _h gates 9 ! l9e ?r\gh :i* ?is wire c\ld quickly be remov$ to let its own raid+-p>ties ?r\gh4 ,sometimes raid]s us$ tunnels1 ) outlets beyond ! b>b$ wire1 b !y _h to cut _! way ?r\gh ! metal bri] pat*es ( _! oppon5ts4 ,e>ly 9 ! w>1 v>i\s s*emes 7 devis$ = de/roy+ ! entanglem5ts4 ,!re 7 bombs 9 ! =m ( a rod ab\t twelve feet long1 :i* c\ld be pu%$ "u ! wire & ^u explod+ w\ld te> x ap>t4 ,ano!r s*eme 0 to fire a projectile =m$ l a grapnel4 ,! projectile 0 atta*$ to ! end ( a cable & 0 fir$ f a small gun 9 ! same way t life-l9es are ?r[n out to wrecks ne> %ore4 ,!n ! cable w\ld be w\nd up on a w9* & ! grapnel hooks w\ld te> ! wire f its fa/5+s4 ,su* s*emes1 h[ev]1 did n prove v practicable1 & x 0 ev5tually f\nd t a mu* bett] way ( de/roy+ b>b$ wire 0 to bomb>d x ) high-explosive %ell1 :i* w\ld lit]ally bl[ ! wire ap>t4 ,b x requir$ a great deal ( %ell+ to de/roy ^! entanglem5ts1 & x 0 really n until ! tank 0 inv5t$ t su* ob/ructions c\ld be flatt5$ out s t !y =m$ no b> to ! passage ( ! soldi]s4 ,! ,g]mans n only us$ fix$ entanglem5ts1 b !y _h l>ge /&>d sections ( b>b$ wire arrang$ 9 ! =m ( big cyl9drical frames :i* w\ld be c>ri$ easily by a c\ple ( m5 & c\ld be plac$ 9 position at a mom5t's notice to close a gap 9 ! l9e or ev5 to build up new l9es ( wire ob/ruction4 ,,m9es ,,& ,,c\nt]-,,m9es ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! w> x prov$ s impossible to capture a tr5* :5 x 0 well def5d$ by ma*9e-guns t ef=ts 7 made to bl[ up ! enemy by means ( m9es4 ,tunnels 7 dug rea*+ out "u ! enemy's l9es & l>ge quantities ( explosives 7 /or$ 9 !m4 ,at ! mom5t :5 x 0 int5d$ to make an assault1 !re w\ld be a heavy cannonad+ to disconc]t ! enemy1 & !n ! m9e w\ld be t\*$ (f4 ,9 ! demoraliz+ confusion t result$1 ! /orm+-p>ty w\ld sweep ov] ! enemy4 ,su* m9es 7 tri$ on bo? sides1 & ! only protection aga9/ !m 0 to out-guess ! o!r side & build c\nt]-m9es4 ,if x 7 suspect$1 f ! importance ( a c]ta9 position & ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 t ! enemy w\ld probably try to und]m9e x1 ! def5d]s w\ld dig tunnels ( _! own t[>d ! enemy at a safe di/ance beyond _! own l9es & e/abli% li/5]s !re to see if !y c\ld he> ! m9+-op]ations ( _! oppon5ts4 ,v delicate microphones 7 us$1 :i* ! li/5]s w\ld place on ! gr\nd or aga9/ ! walls ( _! tunnel4 ,!n !y w\ld li/5 = ! fa9te/ s\nd ( digg+1 j z a doctor li/5s ?r\gh a /e?oscope to ! beat+ ( a pati5t's he>t or ! ru% ( air ?r\gh 8 lungs4 ,:5 ^! li/5+-in/rum5ts pick$ up ! noise ( digg+1 ! g5]al direction ( ! digg+ c\ld be foll[$ out by plac+ ! in/rum5t at diff]5t positions & not+ :]e ! noise 0 l\de/4 ,!n a c\nt]-m9e w\ld be ext5d$ 9 t direction1 f> en\gh d[n to pass "u ! enemy's tunnel1 & at ! "r mom5t1 a *>ge ( ,,tnt 7tr9itrotoluol7 w\ld be explod$1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! enemy's sapp]s & put an end to _! ambiti\s plans4 ,a v int]e/+ case ( m9+ 0 furni%$ by ! ,briti% :5 !y blew up ! important po/ ( ,mess9es ,ridge4 ,?is 0 /rongly held by ! ,g]mans & ! only way ( dislodg+ ! enemy 0 to bl[ (f ! top ( ! ridge4 ,be=e "w 0 />t$1 geologi/s 7 call$ ^u to det]m9e :e!r or n ! gr\nd 7 suitable = m9+-op]ations4 ,!y pick$ out a spot :]e ! digg+ 0 good f ! ,briti% side1 b :]e1 if c\nt]-m9es 7 attempt$ f ! ,g]man side1 quicks&s w\ld be enc\nt]$ & tunnel+ ( any sort w\ld be difficult4 ,! ,briti% sapp]s c\ld1 !re=e1 proce$ ) comp>ative safety4 ,! ,g]mans suspect$ t some?+ ( ! sort 0 be+ und]tak51 b !y f\nd x v difficult to dig c\nt]-m9es4 ,h[ev]1 "o day _! suspicions 7 confirm$1 :5 ! :ole top ( ! hill 0 bl[n (f1 ) a big loss ( ,g]man lives4 ,9 ! assault t foll[$ ! ,briti% captur$ ! position & x 0 annex$ to ! ,briti% l9es4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h&-,,gr5ades ,,& ,,tr5* ,,mort>s ,9 primitive times battles 7 f\ght h&-to-h&4 ,! fir/ implem5ts ( w> 7 clubs & spe>s & battle-axes1 all int5d$ = fight+ at close qu>t]s4 ,! b[ & arr[ enabl$ m5 to fight at a di/ance1 b %ields & armor 7 s effective a def5se t x 0 only by h&-to-h& fight+ t a brave enemy c\ld be defeat$4 ,ev5 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] did n sep>ate ! combatants p]man5tly1 = al?\gh x 0 possible to hurl missiles at a great di/ance1 cannon 7 s sl[ 9 _! action t ! enemy c\ld ru% !m betwe5 %ots4 ,%\ld] fire>ms also 7 comp>atively sl[ 9 ! e>ly days1 & liable to miss fire1 & x 0 n until ! automatic rifle ( rec5t ye>s 0 fully develop$ t soldi]s le>n$ to keep _! di/ance4 ,:5 ! great ,european w> />t$1 milit>y au?orities _h come to look ^u w> at close qu>t]s z some?+ relegat$ to bygone days4 ,ev5 ! bayonet 0 beg9n+ to be ?\ght ( little use4 ,rifles c\ld be *>g$ & fir$ s rapidly & ma*9e-guns c\ld play su* a rapid tattoo ( bullets1 t x seem$ impossible = m5 to come ne> en\gh = h&-to-h& fight+1 except at a fe>ful co/ ( life4 ,9 develop+ ! rifle1 e ef=t 0 made to increase its range s t x c\ld be us$ ) accuracy at a di/ance ( a ?\s& y>ds & m4 ,b :5 ! ,g]mans1 aft] _! retreat 9 ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne1 dug !mselves 9 beh9d ! ,aisne1 & ! ,fr5* & ,briti% too f\nd x necess>y to seek %elt] f ma*9e-gun & rifle fire by burr[+ into ! gr\nd1 x became app>5t t :ile rifles & ma*9e-guns c\ld drive ! fight+ into ! gr\nd1 !y 7 ( little value 9 cont9u+ ! fight aft] ! oppos+ sides _h buri$ !mselves4 ,! tr5*es 7 c>ri$ close to "o ano!r1 9 "s in/ances be+ s close t ! soldi]s c\ld actually he> ! conv]sation ( _! oppon5ts across ! int]v5+ gap4 ,"u su* conditions long-di/ance fire>ms 7 ( v little practical value4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a %ort-di/ance gun :i* w\ld get d[n into ! enemy tr5*es4 ,to be sure1 ! tr5*es c\ld be %ell$1 b ! %ell+ _h to be conduct$ f a consid]able di/ance1 :]e ! artill]y w\ld be immune to attack1 & x 0 impossible to give a tr5* ! p>ticul> & individual att5tion :i* x w\ld receive at ! h&s ( m5 attack+ x at close qu>t]s4 ,be=e we g any f>!r we mu/ le>n ! mean+ ( ! ^w trajectory4 ,no bullet or %ell travels 9 a /raight l9e4 ,z soon z x leaves ! muzzle ( ! gun1 x beg9s to fall1 & its c\rse ?r\gh ! air is a v]tical curve t br+s x ev5tually d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,?is curve is call$ ! trajectory4 ,no gun is po9t$ directly at a t>get1 b above x1 s z to all[ = ! pull ( gravity4 ,! fa/] ! bullet travels1 ! flatt] is ?is curve or trajectory1 because !re is less "t = x to fall be=e x rea*es its t>get4 ,mod]n rifles fire _! missiles at s high a spe$ t ! bullets h a v flat trajectory4 ,b 9 tr5* w>f>e a flat trajectory 0 n desir$4 ,:at 0 ! use ( a missile t travel$ 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e1 :5 ! object to be hit 0 hid+ 9 ! gr\nd8 ,tr5* fight+ call$ = a missile t _h a v high trajectory1 s t x w\ld drop "r into ! enemy tr5*4 ,,h&-,,artill]y ,tr5* w>f>e is really a close-qu>t]s fight ( =t aga9/ =t1 & ! soldi]s :o mann$ ! =ts _h to rev]t to ! anci5t me?ods ( fight+ an enemy intr5*$ beh9d =tifications4 ,c5turies ago1 n long aft] ! fir/ use ( gunp[d] 9 w>1 small explosive missiles 7 inv5t$ :i* c\ld be ?r[n by h&4 ,^! 7 orig9ally kn[n z fly+ mort>s4 ,! missile 0 ab\t ! size ( an orange or a pomegranate1 & x 0 fill$ ) p[d] & slugs4 ,a small fuse1 :i* 0 ignit$ j be=e ! device 0 ?r[n1 0 tim$ to explode ! missile :5 x rea*$ ! enemy4 ,because ( its size & %ape1 & because ! slugs x conta9$ correspond$1 9 a mann]1 to ! pulp-cov]$ se$s ) :i* a pomegranate is fill$1 ! missile 0 call$ a gr5ade4 ,gr5ades _h fall5 out ( use 9 mod]n w>f>e1 al?\gh !y _h be5 reviv$ to a small ext5t 9 ! ,russo-,japanese w>1 & _h be5 us$ ) "s success by ! ,bulg>ians & ! ,turks 9 ! ,balkan w>s4 ,& yet !y _h n be5 tak5 v s]i\sly by ! milit>y p[]s ( ,europe1 except ,g]many4 ,g]many 0 always on ! look\t = any device t might prove useful 9 w>1 & :5 ! ,g]mans dug !mselves 9 aft] ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne1 !y _h l>ge quantities ( h&-gr5ades = _! m5 to toss ov] into ! tr5*es ( ! ,allies4 ,^! missiles prov$ v de/ructive inde$4 ,!y took ! place ( artill]y1 & 7 virtually h&-?r[n %rapnel4 ,! ,fr5* & ,briti% 7 entirely unprep>$ = ?is k9d ( fight+1 & !y _h ha/ily to improvise (f5sive & def5sive weapons = tr5* w>f>e4 ,_! h&-gr5ades 7 at fir/ m]ely t9 cans fill$ ) bits ( iron & a high explosive 9 :i* a fuse-cord 0 ins]t$4 ,! cord 0 light$ by means ( a cig>ette & !n ! c ) its splutt]+ fuse 0 ?r[n into ! enemy l9es4 ,z "t w5t on & ! art ( gr5ade fight+ 0 le>n$1 ! fir/ crude missiles 7 greatly improv$ ^u & gr5ades 7 made 9 _m =ms = special s]vice4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 gr5ades hurl$ f %elt]$ positions & ^? us$ 9 op5 fight+4 ,:5 ! ?r[]s 7 %elt]$ beh9d _! own brea/works1 x matt]$ n h[ p[]ful 0 ! explosion ( ! gr5ade4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 h&-artill]y ! %ell is f> m p[]ful 9 proportion to ! di/ance x is ?r[n ?an ! %ell fir$ f a gun1 & _m gr5ades 7 s heavily *>g$ ) explosives t !y w\ld scatt] dea? & de/ruction f>!r ?an !y c\ld be ?r[n by h&4 ,! gr5adi] :o ca/ "o ( ^! gr5ades _h to duck "u cov] or hide "u ! walls ( 8 tr5*1 else ! fragm5ts scatt]$ by ! explod+ missile might fly back & injure him4 ,"s gr5ades w\ld spread de/ruction to a di/ance ( ov] ?ree hundr$ feet f ! po9t ( explosion4 ,= close "w1 gr5ades ( small] radius 7 us$4 ,^! 7 employ$ to fight (f a raid+-p>ty aft] x _h invad$ a tr5*1 & ! de/ructive range ( ^! gr5ades 0 usually ab\t tw5ty-five feet4 ,h&-gr5ades came to be us$ 9 all ! diff]5t ways t artill]y 0 us$4 ,!re 7 gr5ades :i* 7 fill$ ) gas1 n only ( ! suffocat+ & te>-produc+ types1 b also ( ! deadly poison\s v>iety4 ,!re 7 inc5di>y gr5ades :i* w\ld set fire to enemy /ores1 & smoke gr5ades :i* w\ld produce a d5se black scre5 beh9d :i* op]ations c\ld be conceal$ f ! enemy4 ,gr5ades 7 us$ 9 ! same way t %rapnel 0 us$ to produce a b>rage or curta9 ( fire1 ?r\gh :i* ! enemy c\ld n pass )\t fac+ almo/ c]ta9 dea?4 ,curta9s ( fire 7 us$ n only = def5sive purposes :5 ! enemy 0 attack+1 b also to cut (f a "p ( ! enemy s t x c\ld n receive assi/ance & w\ld be oblig$ to surr5d]4 ,9 attacks ^u ! enemy l9es1 gr5ades 7 us$ to ?r[ a b>rage 9 advance ( ! attack+ soldi]s s z to sweep ! gr\nd ahead cle> ( ! enemy4 ,! ,fr5* paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! tra9+ ( gr5adi]s4 ,a man _h to be a good1 cool-head$ pit*] be=e he c\ld be class$ z a gr5adi]4 ,he mu/ be able to ?r[ 8 gr5ade ) p]fect accuracy up to a di/ance ( sev5ty y>ds1 & to ma9ta9 an effective b>rage4 ,! gr5adi] c>ri$ 8 gr5ades 9 l>ge pockets atta*$ to 8 belt1 & he 0 att5d$ by a c>ri] :o br\ght up gr5ades to him 9 baskets1 s t he 0 s]v$ ) a cont9u\s supply4 ,,long-,,di/ance ,,gr5ade-,,?r[+ ,all ?is relates to %ort-di/ance fight+1 b gr5ades 7 also us$ = ranges beyond ! rea* ( ! pit*]'s arm4 ,ev5 back 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! range ( ! human arm 0 n great en\gh to satisfy ! combatants & gr5adi]s us$ a ?r[+-implem5t1 some?+ l a %ovel1 ) :i* ! gr5ade 0 slung to a great] di/ance1 9 mu* ! same way z a lacrosse ball is ?r[n4 ,lat]1 gr5ades 7 fitt$ ) light1 flexible wood5 h&les & 7 ?r[n1 h&le & all1 at ! enemy4 ,by ?is means !y c\ld be slung to a consid]able di/ance4 ,su* gr5ades 7 us$ 9 ! rec5t w>1 p>ticul>ly by ! ,g]mans4 ,! h&le 0 provid$ ) /ream]s s z to keep ! gr5ade head-on to ! enemy1 & x 0 usually explod$ by p]cussion on /rik+ its t>get4 ,^! long-h&l$ gr5ades1 h[ev]1 7 clumsy & bulky1 & ! gr5adi] requir$ a good deal ( elb[-room :5 ?r[+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a rifle gr5ade fitt$ to ! muzzle ( a rifle ,a mu* bett] plan 0 to hurl !m ) ! aid ( a gun4 ,a rifle made an excell5t %ort-di/ance mort>4 ,) x gr5ades c\ld be ?r[n f ?ree to f\r hundr$ y>ds4 ,! gr5ade 0 fa/5$ on a rod :i* 0 ins]t$ 9 ! b>rel ( ! rifle & !n x 0 fir$ out ( ! gun by ! explosion ( a blank c>tridge4 ,! butt ( ! rifle 0 re/$ on ! gr\nd & ! rifle 0 tilt$ s z to ?r[ ! gr5ade up into ! air 9 ! way t a mort> projects its %ell4 ,,/rik+ ,a ,,light ,! light+ ( ! gr5ade fuses ) a cig>ette did v well = ! e>ly t9-c gr5ades1 b ! cig>ettes 7 n always h&y1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! heat ( battle1 & some?+ bett] _h to be devis$4 ,"o s*eme 0 to use a safety-mat* composition on ! end ( a fuse4 ,?is 0 cov]$ ) wax$ pap] to protect x f ! wea!r4 ,! gr5adi] wore an armlet cov]$ ) a friction composition su* z is us$ on a safety-mat* box4 ,be=e ! gr5ade 0 ?r[n1 ! wax$ pap] 0 /ripp$ (f & ! fuse 0 light$ by be+ scrat*$ on ! armlet4 ,9 ano!r type ! fuse 0 light$ by ! twi/+ ( a cap :i* scrat*$ a mat* composition on a friction surface4 ,a safety-p9 kept ! cap f turn+ until ! gr5adi] 0 ready to ?r[ ! gr5ade4 ,! ,mills h&-gr5ade1 :i* prov$ to be ! mo/ popul> type us$ by ! ,briti% ,army1 0 provid$ ) a lev] :i* 0 normally /rapp$ d[n & held by means ( a safety-p94 ,fig4 #d %[s a sectional view ( ?is gr5ade4 ,j be=e ! missile 0 ?r[n1 x 0 seiz$ 9 ! h& s t ! lev] 0 held d[n4 ,!n ! safety-p9 0 remov$ & :5 ! gr5ade 0 ?r[n1 ! lev] w\ld spr+ up "u pull ( ! spr+ ,a4 ,?is w\ld cause ! p9 ,b to /rike ! p]cussion cap ,c1 :i* w\ld light ! fuse ,d4 ,! burn+ fuse w\ld ev5tually c>ry ! fire to ! detonator ,e1 :i* w\ld t\* (f ! ma9 explosive1 %att]+ ! %ell ( ! gr5ade & scatt]+ its fragm5ts 9 all directions4 ,! %ell ( ! gr5ade 0 ind5t$ s t x w\ld break easily into a great _m small pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,details ( ! ,mills h& gr5ade ,!re 7 "s advantages 9 us+ gr5ades light$ by fuse in/ead ( p]cussion1 & also !re 7 _m disadvantages4 ,if too long a "t-fuse 7 us$1 ! enemy might cat* ! gr5ade1 z y w\ld a baseball & hurl x back be=e x explod$4 ,?is 0 a haz>d\s game1 b x 0 (t5 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a ,g]man p>a*ute gr5ade ,among ! diff]5t types ( gr5ades :i* ! ,g]mans us$ 0 "o provid$ ) a p>a*ute z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! object ( ! p>a*ute 0 to keep ! head ( ! gr5ade t[>d ! enemy1 s t :5 x explod$ x w\ld exp5d its en]gies =w>d & w\ld n ca/ fragm5ts back t[>d ! man :o _h ?r[n x4 ,?is 0 a v s5sitive gr5ade1 arrang$ to be fir$ by p]cussion1 b x 0 s easily explod$ t ! fir+-me*anism 0 n releas$ until aft] ! gr5ade _h be5 ?r[n4 ,9 ! h&le ( ?is gr5ade !re 0 a bit ( cord ab\t tw5ty feet long4 ,"o end ( ?is 0 atta*$ to a safety-ne$le1 ,a1 :ile ! o!r end1 =m$ into a loop1 0 held by ! gr5adi] :5 he ?rew ! gr5ade4 ,n until ! missile _h rea*$ a height ( twelve or ?irte5 feet w\ld ! pull ( ! /r+ )draw ! ne$le ,a4 ,?is w\ld p]mit a safety-hook1 ,b1 to drop out ( a r+1 ,c1 on ! end ( a /rik] pellet1 ,d4 ,:5 ! gr5ade /ruck1 ! pellet ,d w\ld move =w>d & a p91 ,e1 w\ld /rike a cap on ! detonator ,f1 explod+ ! missile4 ,?is =m ( safety-device 0 us$ on a numb] ( ,g]man gr5ades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,briti% rifle gr5ade ) a safety-device :i* is unlock$ by ! ru% ( air aga9/ a set ( incl9$ vanes1 ,d1 :5 ! missile is 9 flight ,! ,briti% _h ano!r s*eme = lock+ ! me*anism until aft] ! gr5ade _h travel$ "s di/ance ?r\gh ! air4 ,details ( ?is gr5ade1 :i* 0 ( ! type adopt$ to be fir$ f a rifle1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! /rik] ,a is reta9$ by a c\ple ( bolts1 ,b1 :i* 9 turn are held 9 place by a sleeve1 ,c4 ,on ! sleeve is a set ( w9d-vanes1 ,d4 ,z ! gr5ade travels ?r\gh ! air1 ! w9d-vanes cause ! sleeve ,c to revolve1 screw+ x d[n cle> ( ! bolts ,b1 :i* !n drop out1 p]mitt+ ! p9 ,a to /rike ! detonator ,e ^u impact ( ! gr5ade ) its t>get4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,front1 side1 & sectional views ( a disk-%ap$ ,g]man gr5ade ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a curi\s ,g]man h& gr5ade %ap$ l a hair bru% ,! ,g]mans _h "o peculi> type :i* 0 9 ! %ape ( a disk4 ,9 ! disk 7 six tubes1 f\r ( :i* c>ri$ p]cussion caps s t ! gr5ade 0 sure to explode no matt] on :i* tube x fell4 ,! disk 0 ?r[n ) ! edge up1 & x w\ld roll ?r\gh ! air4 ,ano!r type ( gr5ade 0 kn[n z ! hair-bru% gr5ade because x _h a rectangul> body ( t9 ab\t six in*es long & two & ?ree qu>t] in*es wide & deep1 :i* 0 nail$ to a wood5 h&le4 ,,m9iature ,,artill]y ,h&-artill]y 0 v effective z f> z x w5t1 b x _h its limitations4 ,gr5ades c\ld n be made heavi] ?an two p\nds 9 weight if !y 7 to be ?r[n by h&2 9 fact1 mo/ ( !m 7 mu* light] ?an t4 ,if !y 7 fir$ f a rifle1 ! range 0 increas$ b ! missile c\ld n be made v mu* heavi]4 ,,tnt is a v p[]ful explosive1 b !re is n room = mu* ( x 9 a gr5ade ! size ( a l>ge lemon4 ,tr5* fight+ 0 a duel betwe5 =ts1 & :ile ! h&-artill]y provid$ a means ( attack+ ! def5d]s ( a =t1 x made no impression on ! walls ( ! =t4 ,x correspond$ to %rapnel fire on a m9iature scale1 & some?+ correspond+ to high-explosive fire on a small scale 0 necess>y if ! oppos+ =tifications 7 to be de/roy$4 ,to meet ?is problem1 m5 ca/ _! ?\ghts back to ! primitive artill]y ( ! ,romans1 :o us$ to hurl great rocks at ! enemy ) catapults4 ,& ! tr5* fight]s actually rigg$ up catapults ) :i* !y hurl$ heavy bombs at ! enemy l9es4 ,all sorts ( +5i\s catapults 7 built1 "s model$ aft] ! old ,roman ma*9es4 ,9 "s ( ^! /\t timb]s 7 us$ z spr+s1 9 o!rs !re 7 p[]ful coil spr+s4 ,x 0 n necess>y to ca/ ! bombs f>4 ,= di/ant "w ! regul> artill]y c\ld be us$4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a %ort-di/ance gun = heavy missiles & t is :at ! catapult 04 ,illu/ration3 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,a #c-;in* ,/okes mort> & two ( its %ells ,illu/ration3 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,dropp+ a %ell into a #f-;in* tr5* mort> ,b ! "w ( ! catapult 0 n really satisfactory4 ,! ma*9e 0 clumsy2 x occupi$ too mu* space1 & x c\ld n be aim$ v accurately4 ,x soon gave way to a m mod]n app>atus1 fa%ion$ aft] ! old smoo?-bore mort>s4 ,?is 0 a m9iature mort>1 %ort & wide-m\!d4 ,a rifl$ b>rel 0 n requir$1 because1 s9ce ! missile 0 n to be hurl$ f>1 x 0 n necess>y to set x sp9n+ by means ( rifl+ s z to hold x head-on to ! w9d4 ,,giant ,,pea-,,%oot]s ,bett] aim 0 secur$ :5 a long]-b>rel$ tr5* mort> came to be us$4 ,9 ! tr5*1 weight 0 an important item4 ,!re 0 no room 9 :i* to h&le heavy guns1 & ! mort> _h to be portable s t x c\ld be c>ri$ =w>d by ! infantry 9 a *>ge4 ,z ! walls ( a light b>rel might be bur/ by ! %ock ( explod+ p[d]1 compress$ air 0 us$ in/ead4 ,! %ell 0 virtually bl[n out ( ! gun 9 ! same way t a boy bl[s missiles out ( a pea-%oot]4 ,t ! %ell might be kept f tumbl+1 x 0 fitt$ ) vanes at ! re>4 ,^! act$ l ! fea!rs ( an arr[ to hold ! missile head-on to its c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,! ,maxim ,ma*9e-gun ,op]at$ by ! ,en]gy ( ! ,recoil ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,colt ,ma*9e-gun p>tly brok5 away to %[ ! ,op]at+ ,me*anism ,gas f port ,a pu%es d[n pi/on ,b1 rock+ lev] ,c1 :i* compresses coil-spr+ ,d4 ,! c>tridge f$ into ! gun by :eel ,e1 is extract$ by ,f1 rais$ by ,g to bree* ,h1 & ramm$ 9 by bolt ,i4 ,j1 pi/on fir+-hamm]4 ,! ,fr5* 9 p>ticul> us$ ?is type ( mort> & ! air-pump 0 us$ to compress ! air t propell$ ! %ell or arial torp$o1 or else ! propell+ *>ge 0 tak5 f a compress$-air tank4 ,c>bon-dioxide1 ! gas us$ 9 soda-wat]1 is commonly /or$ 9 tanks "u high pressure & ?is gas 0 sometimes us$ 9 place ( compress$ air4 ,:5 ! gas 9 ! tank 0 exhau/$ ! latt] c\ld be re*>g$ ) air by us+ a h&-pump4 ,two or ?ree hundr$ /rokes ( ! pump w\ld give a pressure ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds p] in*1 & w\ld supply en\gh air to dis*>ge a numb] ( %ell4 ,! air 0 let into ! b>rel ( ! mort> 9 a s+le puff suffici5t to laun* ! %ell2 !n ! tank 0 cut (f at once1 s t ! air x conta9$ w\ld n escape & g to wa/e4 ,,! ,,/okes ,,mort> ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ useful tr5* mort> develop$ dur+ ! w> 0 inv5t$ by ,wilfr$ ,/okes1 a ,briti% inv5tor4 ,9 ?is a comp>atively sl[-act+ p[d] 0 us$ to propel ! missile1 & s a ?9-wall$ b>rel c\ld be us$4 ,! light ,/okes mort> c easily be c>ri$ ov] ! %\ld] by "o man4 ,x has two legs & ! b>rel itself s]ves z a ?ird leg1 & ! mort> /&s l a tripod4 ,! two legs are adju/able1 s t ! b>rel c be incl9$ to any desir$ angle4 ,x took b a mom5t to set up ! mort> = action 9 a tr5* or %ell-hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,sectional view ( a #c-;in* ,/okes mort> %[+ a %ell at ! in/ant ( /rik+ ! anvil ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,a #f-;in* tr5* mort> %ell fitt$ ) tail-vanes ,curi\sly en\gh1 !re is no bree*-block1 trigg] or fire-hole 9 ?is mort>4 ,x is fir$ m]ely by ! dropp+ ( ! missile into ! m\? ( ! b>rel4 ,! %ell c>ries its own propell+ *>ge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,?is is 9 ! =m ( r+s1 ,a1 :i* are fitt$ on a /em1 ,b4 ,at ! end ( ! /em are a detonat+ cap & a c>tridge1 to ignite ! propellant1 ,a4 ,at ! bottom ( ! mort> b>rel1 !re is a /eel po9t1 ,e1 kn[n z ! anvil4 ,:5 ! %ell is dropp$ into ! mort>1 ! cap /rikes ! anvil1 explod+ ! c>tridge & t\*+ (f ! propell+ *>ge1 ,a4 ,! gases =m$ by ! burn+ *>ge hurl ! %ell out ( ! b>rel to a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ y>ds4 ,! fir/ ,/okes mort> 0 made to fire a #c-;in* %ell1 b ! mort> grew 9 size until x c\ld hurl %ell ( #f-;in* & ev5 #h-a_/b-;in* size4 ,( c\rse1 ! l>g] mort>s _h to h a v sub/antial base4 ,!y 7 n s readily portable z ! small] ones & !y c\ld n be c>ri$ by "o man2 b comp>$ ) ord9>y artill]y ( ! same bore !y 7 immeasurably light] & c\ld be br\ght to advanc$ positions & set up 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! l>g] %ell h tail-vanes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 to keep !m f tumbl+ :5 9 flight4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,guns ,,t ,,fire ,,!mselves ,_m ye>s ago a boy tri$ 8 h& at fir+ a ,unit$ ,/ates ,army s]vice rifle4 ,x 0 a heavy rifle ( ! ,civil ,w> p]iod1 & ! lad did n "k j h[ to hold x4 ,he let ! butt ( ! gun re/ unc]ta9ly aga9/ him1 in/ead ( press+ x firmly to 8 %\ld]1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 :5 ! gun w5t (f he receiv$ a p[]ful kick4 ,t kick made a deep impression on ! lad1 n only on 8 fle% b on 8 m9d z well4 ,x gave him a good conception ( ! p[] ( a rifle c>tridge4 ,ye>s aft]w>d1 :5 he _h mov$ to ,engl&1 ! memory ( t kick 0 /ill ) him4 ,x 0 a useless prank ( ! gun1 he ?\ght1 a wa/e ( good en]gy4 ,:y c\ld n ! en]gy be put to use8 ,& s he set himself ! task ( h>ness+ ! kick ( ! gun4 ,a v busy program he work$ out = t kick to p]=m4 ,he plann$ to h ! gun use up its exub]ant en]gy 9 load+ & fir+ itself4 ,s he arrang$ ! c>tridges on a belt & f$ ! belt into ! gun4 ,:5 ! gun 0 fir$1 ! recoil w\ld unlock ! bree*1 take out ! empty case ( ! c>tridge j fir$1 select a fre% c>tridge f ! belt1 & cock ! ma9 spr+2 !n ! me*anism w\ld return1 ?r[+ ! empty c>tridge-case out ( ! gun1 pu%+ ! new c>tridge into ! b>rel1 clos+ ! bree*1 & f9ally pull+ ! trigg]4 ,all ?is 0 to be done by ! en]gy ( a s+le kick1 9 ab\t "o t5? ( a second1 & ! gun w\ld keep on repeat+ ! op]ation z long z ! supply ( c>tridges 0 f$ to x4 ,! new gun prov$ s successful t ! inv5tor 0 knight$1 & became ,sir ,hiram ,maxim4 ,a ,,doctor',s ,,t5-,,b>rel$ ,,gun ,b ,maxim's 0 by no means ! fir/ ma*9e-gun4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> a ,*icago physician br\ght out a v +5i\s t5-b>rel$ gun1 ! b>rels ( :i* 7 fir$ "o aft] ! o!r by ! turn+ ( a h&-crank4 ,al?\gh ,dr4 ,gatl+ 0 a graduate ( a m$ical s*ool1 he 0 f> m fond ( t9k]+ ) ma*9]y ?an ( dol+ out pills4 ,he inv5t$ a numb] ( clev] me*anisms1 b ! "o t made him really fam\s 0 t ma*9e-gun4 ,at fir/ our gov]nm5t did n take ! inv5tion s]i\sly4 ,! gun 0 tri$ out 9 ! w>1 b :5ev] x w5t into battle x 0 fir$ n by soldi]s b by a repres5tative ( ,dr4 ,gatl+'s company1 :o w5t into ! army to demon/rate ! wor? ( ! inv5tion4 ,n until long aft] 0 ! ,gatl+ gun (ficially adopt$ by our army4 ,!n x 0 tak5 up by _m ( ! ,european armies z well4 ,al?\gh _m o!r ma*9e-guns 7 inv5t$1 ! ,gatl+ 0 easily ! be/ & mo/ s]viceable1 until ! ,maxim inv5tion made its appe>ance1 & ev5 !n x held its own = _m ye>s2 b ev5tually x _h to succumb4 ,! ,maxim did n h to be crank$3 x fir$ itself1 :i* 0 a di/9ct advantage2 & !n1 in/ead ( be+ a bundle ( guns all b\nd up into a s+le ma*9e1 ,maxim's 0 a s+le-b>rel$ gun & h5ce 0 mu* light] & c\ld be h&l$ mu* m easily4 ,a ,,gun ,,z ,a ,,gas-,,eng9e ,ano!r big advance 0 made by a ?ird ,am]ican1 ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,br[n+1 :o is responsible = ! ,colt gun4 ,x 0 n a kick t set ,br[n+ to ?9k+4 ,he look$ ^u a gun z an eng9e ( ! same ord] z an automobile eng9e1 & really ! resemblance is v close4 ,! b>rel ( ! gun is ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e2 ! bullet is ! pi/on2 & = fuel gunp[d] is us$ 9 place ( gasol5e4 ,z 9 ! automobile eng9e1 ! *>ge is fir$ by a sp>k2 b 9 ! case ( ! gun ! sp>k is produc$ by a bl[ ( ! trigg] ^u a bit ( fulm9ate ( m]cury 9 ! end ( ! c>tridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,! ,lewis ,gun :i* produces its own cool+ curr5t ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,! ,b5t-,m]ci ,gun op]at$ by gas ,explosion is ! same ?+ z burn+4 ,! only way t ! explosion ( gunp[d] diff]s f ! burn+ ( a /ick ( wood is t ! latt] is v sl[1 :ile ! =m] goes l a fla%4 ,9 bo? cases ! fuel turns into great volumes ( gas4 ,9 ! case ( ! gun ! gas is =m$ almo/ in/antly & 9 su* quantity t x has to drive ! bullet out ( ! b>rel to make room = itself4 ,9 ! c>tridge t our army uses1 only ab\t a t5? ( an ounce ( smokeless p[d] is us$1 b ?is builds up s heavy a pressure ( gas t ! bullet is s5t spe$+ out ( ! gun at a rate ( half a mile a second4 ,x travels s fa/ t x w pl[ ?r\gh f\r feet ( solid wood be=e com+ to a /op4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,committee on ,public ,in=mation ,br[n+ ,ma*9e ,rifle1 weight only #ae p\nds ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,committee on ,public ,in=mation ,br[n+ ,ma*9e-,gun1 weigh+ #cd-a_/b p\nds ,n[ x occurr$ to ,br[n+ t x w\ldn't really be /eal+ to take a little ( t gas-p[] & use x to "w ! me*anism ( 8 ma*9e-gun4 ,x 0 ev] s little he want$1 & ! bullet w\ld nev] miss x4 ,! dang] 0 n t he might take too mu*4 ,8 problem 0 to take any p[] at all )\t gett+ m ?an 8 me*anism c\ld /&4 ,:at he did 0 to bore a hole ?r\gh ! side ( ! gun-b>rel4 ,:5 ! gun 0 fir$1 no?+ happ5$ until ! bullet pass$ ?is hole2 !n "s ( ! gas t 0 pu%+ ! bullet be=e x w\ld bl[ out ?r\gh ! hole4 ,b ?is w\ld be a v small am\nt inde$1 = ! in/ant t ! bullet pass$ out ( ! b>rel ! gases w\ld ru% out aft] x1 ! pressure 9 ! gun w\ld drop1 & ! gas w\ld /op bl[+ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,) ! bullet travel+ at ! rate ( ab\t half a mile 9 a second1 imag9e h[ %ort a space ( "t elapses aft] x passes ! hole be=e x em]ges f ! muzzle1 & :at a small am\nt ( gas c pass ?r\gh ! hole 9 t brief int]val6 ,! gas t ,br[n+ got 9 ?is way he l$ into a second cyl9d]1 fitt$ ) a pi/on4 ,?is pi/on 0 giv5 a %ove1 & t gave a lev] a kick :i* set go+ ! me*anism t extract$ ! empty c>tridge-case1 ins]t$ a fre% c>tridge1 & fir$ x4 ,,gett+ ,,rid ,,( ,,heat ,! resemblance ( a ma*9e-gun to a gasol5e-eng9e c be demon/rat$ /ill fur!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( an automobile eng9e is ! cool+-sy/em4 ,! gasol5e burn+ 9 ! cyl9d]s w\ld soon make !m r$-hot1 7 n "s means provid$ to c>ry (f ! heat4 ,! same is true ( a ma*9e-gun4 ,9 fact1 ! heat is "o ( ! bigge/ problems t has to be dealt )4 ,9 a gasol5e-eng9e ! heat is c>ri$ (f 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 7#a7 by pass+ wat] ar\nd ! cyl9d]s2 7#b7 by build+ flanges ar\nd ! cyl9d]s to c>ry ! heat (f into ! air2 & 7#c7 by us+ a fan to bl[ cool air aga9/ ! cyl9d]s4 ,all ( ^! s*emes are us$ 9 ! ma*9e-gun4 ,9 ,dr4 ,gatl+'s gun ! cool+-problem 0 v simple4 ,z !re 7 t5 b>rels1 "o b>rel c\ld be cool+ :ile ! re/ 7 tak+ _! turn 9 ! fir+4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* b>rel receiv$ only a t5? ( ! heat t ! :ole gun 0 produc+2 & yet ,gatl+ f\nd x advisable to surr\nd ! b>rels = ab\t half _! l5g? ) a wat]-jacket4 ,9 ! ,maxim gun a wat]-jacket is us$ t ext5ds ! full l5g? ( ! b>rel1 & into ?is wat]-jacket sev5 & a half p9ts ( wat] are p\r$4 ,yet 9 a m9ute & a half ( /eady fir+ at a mod]ate rate1 or be=e six hundr$ r\nds are dis*>g$1 ! wat] w be boil+4 ,aft] t1 ) e ?\s& r\nds ( cont9u\s fire a p9t & a half ( wat] w be evaporat$4 ,n[ ! wat] & ! wat]-jacket add a great deal ( weight to ! gun1 & ?is ,br[n+ decid$ to d away ) 9 8 ma*9e-gun4 ,in/ead ( wat] he us$ air to c>ry (f ! heat4 ,! m surface ! air t\*es1 ! m heat w x c>ry away2 & s ! ,colt gun 0 at fir/ made ) a v ?ick-wall$ b>rel4 ,b lat] ! ,colt 0 =m$ ) flanges1 l ! flanges on a motor-cycle eng9e1 s z to increase ! surface ( ! b>rel4 ,( c\rse1 air-cool+ is n s effective z wat]-cool+1 b x is claim$ = ?is gun1 & = o!r ma*9e-guns ( ! same class1 t ! b>rel is suffici5tly cool$ = ord9>y s]vice4 ,al?\gh a ma*9e-gun may be capable ( fir+ _m hundr$ %ots p] m9ute1 x is seldom t su* a rate is kept up v long 9 battle4 ,usually1 only a few r\nds are fir$ at a "t & !n !re is a pause1 & !re is pl5ty ( "t = ! b>rel to cool4 ,once 9 a :ile1 h[ev]1 ! gun has to be fir$ cont9u\sly = sev]al m9utes1 & !n ! b>rel gr[s exce$+ly hot4 ,,effect ,,( ,,ov]heat+ ,b :at if ! gun-b>rel does become hot8 ,! real tr\ble is n t ! c>tridge w explode prematurely1 b t ! b>rel w exp& z x gr[s hot1 s t ! bullet w fit too loosely 9 ! bore4 ,inside ! b>rel ! bore is rifl$2 t is1 !re are spiral grooves 9 x :i* give a twi/ to ! bullet z x passes ?r\gh1 sett+ x sp9n+ l a top4 ,! sp9 ( ! bullet keeps its nose po9t+ =w>d4 ,if x 7 n = ! rifl+1 ! bullet w\ld tumble ov] & ov]1 e :i* way1 & x c\ld n g v f> ?r\gh ! air1 to say no?+ ( p5etrat+ /eel armor4 ,to ga9 ! sp9n+-motion ! bullet mu/ fit into ! b>rel snugly en\gh to squeeze into ! spiral grooves4 ,n[ !re is ano!r ,am]ican ma*9e-gun kn[n z ! ,hot*kiss1 :i* 0 us$ to a consid]able ext5t by ! ,fr5* ,army4 ,x is a gas-op]at$ gun1 some?+ l ! ,colt1 & x is air-cool$4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 te/s ( ! ,hot*kiss gun t 9 f ?ree to f\r m9utes ( fir+ ! b>rel 0 exp&$ s mu* t ! %ots began to be a little unc]ta94 ,9 sev5 m9utes ( cont9u\s fir+ ! b>rel _h gr[n s l>ge t ! rifl+ fail$ to grip ! bullet at all4 ,! gun 0 no bett] ?an an old-fa%ion$ smoo?-bore4 ,! bullets w\ld n travel m ?an ?ree hundr$ y>ds4 ,x is because ( ?is dang] ( ov]heat+ t ! ,colt & ! ,hot*kiss guns are always furni%$ ) a sp>e b>rel4 ,z soon z a b>rel gets hot x is unc\pl$ & ! sp>e "o is ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,our m5 are tra9$ to *ange ! b>rel ( a colt 9 ! d>k 9 a qu>t] ( a m9ute4 ,b a gun t has to h a sp>e b>rel & t has to h its b>rel *ang$ 9 ! mid/ ( a hot engagem5t is n an ideal weapon1 by any means4 ,& ?is br+s u to /ill ano!r inv5tion--t1 too1 by an ,am]ican4 ,colonel ,i4 ,n4 ,lewis1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 conceiv$ ( a ma*9e-gun t w\ld be cool$ n by /ill air b by air 9 motion4 ,?is w\ld d away ) all ! bo!r ( wat]-jackets4 ,x w\ld keep ! gun light s t x c\ld be op]at$ by "o man1 & yet x w\ld n h to be suppli$ ) a sp>e b>rel4 ,l ! ,colt & ! ,hot*kiss1 ! ,lewis gun takes its p[] f ! gas t comes ?r\gh a small port 9 ! b>rel1 ne> ! muzzle4 ,9 ! plate fac+ page #dd ! port may be se5 lead+ into a cyl9d] t lies "u ! b>rel4 ,x takes ab\t "o t5-?\s&? "p ( a second = a bullet to pass out ( ! b>rel aft] cle>+ ! port1 b 9 t brief int]val !re is a puff ( gas 9 ! cyl9d] :i* drives back a pi/on4 ,?is pi/on has tee? on x :i* engage a small ge> connect$ ) a ma9-spr+4 ,:5 ! pi/on moves back1 x w9ds ! spr+1 & x is ?is spr+ t op]ates ! me*anism ( ! gun4 ,! c>tridges1 in/ead ( be+ tak5 f a belt or a clip1 are tak5 f a magaz9e t is r\nd & flat4 ,!re are =ty-sev5 c>tridges 9 ! magaz9e & !y are arrang$ l ! spokes ( a :eel1 b 9 two lay]s4 ,z soon z =ty-sev5 r\nds h be5 fir$1 ! %oot+ mu/ /op :ile a new magaz9e is ins]t$4 ,b to ins]t x takes only a c\ple ( seconds4 ,,us+ ,,! ,,bullet ,,to ,,fan ,,! ,,gun ,! mo/ +5i\s "p ( ! ,lewis gun is ! cool+-sy/em4 ,on ! b>rel ( ! gun are sixte5 flanges or f9s4 ,^!1 in/ead ( runn+ ar\nd ! gun1 run l5g?wise ( ! b>rel4 ,!y are v light f9s1 be+ made ( alum9um1 & are surr\nd$ by a cas+ ( ! same metal4 ,! cas+ is op5 at ea* end s t ! air c fl[ ?r\gh x1 b x ext5ds beyond ! muzzle ( ! b>rel1 & !re x is n>r[$ d[n4 ,at ! end ( ! b>rel !re is a m\?piece s %ap$ t ! bullet1 z x flies ?r\gh1 sucks a lot ( air 9 its wake1 mak+ a /rong curr5t fl[ ?r\gh ! sixte5 *annels =m$ betwe5 ! f9s inside ! cas+4 ,?is air fl[s at ! rate ( ab\t sev5ty miles p] h\r1 :i* is en\gh to c>ry (f all ! heat t is g5]at$ by ! fir+ ( ! c>tridges4 ,! gun may be regulat$ to fire betwe5 #cej & #gej r\nds p] m9ute1 & its total weight is only #be-a_/b p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,lewis ,ma*9e-guns 9 action at ! front ,am]ica c ju/ly claim ! honor ( inv5t+ & develop+ ! ma*9e-gun1 al?\gh ,hiram ,maxim did give up 8 ,am]ican citiz5%ip & become a ,briti% subject4 ,by ! way1 he is n to be confus$ ) 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,hudson ,maxim1 ! inv5tor ( high explosives1 :o has always be5 an ,am]ican to ! core4 ,( c\rse we mu/ n get ! impression t only ,am]icans h inv5t$ ma*9e-guns4 ,!re h be5 inv5tors ( su* weapons 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe1 & ev5 9 ,japan4 ,our own army = a :ile us$ a gun kn[n z ! ,b5t-,m]ci1 :i* is some?+ l ! ,hot*kiss4 ,?is 0 inv5t$ by ,l4 ,v4 ,b5t1 an ,am]ican1 & ,h4 ,a4 ,m]ci1 a ,fr5*man1 bo? liv+ 9 ,/4 ,d5is1 ,france4 ,,! ,,br[n+ ,,ma*9e-,,gun ,:5 we ent]$ ! w>1 x 0 expect$ t we w\ld imm$iately equip our =ces ) ! ,lewis gun1 because ! ,briti% & ! ,belgians _h f\nd x an excell5t weapon & also because x 0 inv5t$ by an ,am]ican (fic]1 :o v patriotically (f]$ x to our gov]nm5t )\t *>g+ pat5t royalties4 ,b ! army (ficials w\ld n accept x1 al?\gh _m ,lewis guns 7 b\ght by ! navy4 ,?is rais$ a /orm ( prote/ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry until f9ally x 0 le>n$ t !re 0 ano!r gun = :i* ! army 0 wait+1 :i* x 0 said w\ld be ! v be/ yet4 ,! public 0 skeptical & f9ally a te/ 0 arrang$ 9 ,wa%+ton at :i* ! wor? ( ! new gun 0 demon/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,an elaborate ,g]man ,ma*9e-,gun ,=t ,x 0 a new ,br[n+ model2 or1 r1 !re 7 two di/9ct models4 ,"o ( !m1 kn[n z ! heavy model1 weigh$ only #cd-a_/b p\nds1 ?is ) its wat]-jacket fill$2 = x 0 a wat]-cool$ gun4 ,)\t its *>ge ( wat] ! ma*9e weigh$ b #bb-a_/b p\nds & c\ld be rat$ z a v light ma*9e-gun4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 class$ z a heavy gun & 0 op]at$ f a tripod4 ,! new ma*9e us$ recoil to op]ate its me*anism4 ,! con/ruction 0 simple1 !re 7 few p>ts1 & ! gun c\ld v quickly be tak5 ap>t 9 case ( breakage or dis>rangem5t ( ! me*anism4 ,b ! greate/ c>e 0 ex]cis$ to prev5t jamm+ ( c>tridges1 :i* 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal defects 9 ! o!r types ( ma*9e-guns4 ,9 ! te/ ?is new weapon fir$ tw5ty ?\s& %ots at ! rate ( six hundr$ p] m9ute1 ) int]ruptions ( only f\r & a half seconds1 due p>tly to defective c>tridges4 ,!re 0 no d\bt t ! new ,br[n+ 0 a rem>kable weapon4 ,b if t c\ld be said ( ! heavy gun1 ! light gun 0 a m>vel4 ,x weigh$ only fifte5 p\nds & 0 light en\gh to be fir$ f ! %\ld] or f ! hip1 :ile ! op]ator 0 walk+ or runn+4 ,9 fact1 x 0 really a ma*9e-rifle4 ,! regul> 4#cj-;calib] s]vice c>tridges 7 us$1 & ^! 7 /or$ 9 a clip hold+ tw5ty c>tridges4 ,! c>tridges c\ld be fir$ "o at a "t1 or ! entire clip c\ld be fir$ 9 two & a half seconds4 ,x took b a second to drop an empty clip out ( ! gun & replace x ) a fre% "o4 ,! rifle 0 gas-op]at$ & air-cool$1 b no special cool+-device 0 suppli$ because x w\ld seldom be necess>y to fire a %\ld] rifle fa/ en\gh & long en\gh = ! b>rel to become ov]heat$4 ,aft] ! ,br[n+ ma*9e-rifle 0 demon/rat$ x 0 realiz$ t ! army _h be5 p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 wait+ = ! new weapon4 ,l ! heavy ,br[n+1 ! new rifle 0 a v simple me*anism1 ) few p>ts :i* ne$$ no special tools to take !m ap>t or reassemble !m2 a s+le small wr5* s]v$ ?is purpose4 ,bo? ! heavy & ! light gun 7 pro( aga9/ mud1 s&1 & du/ ( ! battle-field4 ,b be/ ( all1 a man did n h to h highly specializ$ tra9+ be=e he c\ld use ! ,br[n+ rifle4 ,x did n require a crew to op]ate "o ( ^! guns4 ,ea* soldi] c\ld h 8 own ma*9e-gun & c>ry x 9 a *>ge z he w\ld a rifle4 ,! advantage ( ! ma*9e-rifle 0 t ! op]ator c\ld fire z he ran1 wat*+ :]e ! bullets /ruck ! gr\nd by not+ ! du/ !y kick$ up & 9 t way correct+ 8 aim until he 0 on ! t>get4 ,v accurate %oot+ 0 ?us made possible1 & ! ma*9e-rifle prov$ invaluable 9 ! clos+ mon?s ( ! w>4 ,br[n+ is unque/ionably ! =emo/ inv5tor ( fire>ms 9 ! _w4 ,he 0 born ( ,mormon p>5ts1 9 ,ogd51 ,utah1 9 #ahed1 & 8 fa!r _h a gun %op4 ,z a boy ,br[n+ became famili> ) ! use ( fire>ms & :5 he 0 b f\rte5 ye>s ( age he inv5t$ an improv$ bree* me*anism :i* 0 lat] us$ 9 ! ,w9*e/] repeat]4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x 0 a ,br[n+ pi/ol t 0 us$ by ! assass9 at ,s]ajevo :o kill$ ! ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria & precipitat$ ! great ,european w>1 & x 0 ) ! ,br[n+ ma*9e-gun & rifle t our boys swept ! ,g]mans back ?r\gh ! ,argonne ,=e/ & help$ to br+ ! w> to a successful end4 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,gun ,,9 ,,s]vice ,al?\gh ! ma*9e-gun has be5 us$ ev] s9ce ! ,civil ,w>1 x 0 n a vital factor 9 w>f>e until ! rec5t great conflict4 ,army (ficials 7 v sl[ to take x up1 because !y did n und]/& x4 ,!y us$ to ?9k ( x z an inf]ior piece ( light artill]y1 in/ead ( a sup]ior rifle4 ,! ,gatl+ 0 s heavy t x _h to be m\nt$ on :eels1 & naturally x 0 ?\ght ( z a cannon4 ,9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> ! ,fr5* _h a ma*9e-gun by :i* !y set great /ore4 ,x 0 call$ a mitrailleuse1 or a gun = fir+ grape-%ot4 ,x 0 some?+ l ! ,gatl+4 ,! ,fr5* c\nt$ on ?is ma*9e to surprise & ov]:elm ! ,g]mans4 ,b !y made ! mi/ake ( consid]+ x a piece ( artill]y & fir$ x f long range1 s t x did n h a *ance to %[ its wor?4 ,only on "o or two occasions 0 x us$ at close range1 & !n x did frightful execution4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 a v unsatisfactory ma*9e1 & kept gett+ out ( ord]4 ,x e>n$ ! contempt ( ! ,g]mans1 & lat] :5 ! ,maxim gun 0 (f]$ to ! ,g]man ,army !y w\ld h none ( x4 ,!y did n want to bo!r ) a toy cannon4 ,x really 0 n until ! w> betwe5 ,russia & ,japan t milit>y m5 began to realize ! value ( ! ma*9e-gun4 ,z ! w> w5t on1 bo? ! ,russians & ! ,japanese b\ght up all ! ma*9e-guns !y c\ld secure4 ,!y le>n$ :at c\ld be done ) ! aid ( b>b$ wire to ret>d ! enemy :ile ! ma*9e-guns m[$ !m d[n z !y 7 try+ to get ?r\gh4 ,a man ) a ma*9e-gun is wor? a hundr$ m5 ) rifles2 su* is ! milit>y e/imate ( ! weapon4 ,! gun fires s fa/ t aft] hitt+ a man x w hit him aga9 t5 times :ile he is fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,& s x does n pay to fire ! gun cont9u\sly 9 "o direction1 unless !re is a d5se mass ( troops *>g+ ^u x4 ,usually ! ma*9e-gun is swept f side to side s z to cov] z wide a range z possible4 ,x is play$ ^u ! enemy z y w\ld play ! hose ^u ! lawn1 scatt]+ a %[] ( lead among ! advanc+ ho/s4 ,,ma*9e-,,gun ,,=ts ,x us$ to be ?\ght t ! ,belgian =ts ( armor$ /eel & concrete1 almo/ completely buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 w\ld hold out aga9/ any artill]y4 ,b :5 ! ,g]mans br\ght up _! great h[itz]s & hurl$ undream$-( quantities ( high explosives on ^! =ts1 !y broke & crumbl$ to pieces4 ,!n x 0 pr$ict$ t ! day ( ! =t 0 ov]4 ,b ! ma*9e-gun develop$ a new type ( w>f>e4 ,in/ead ( great =ts1 m\nt+ huge guns1 little ma*9e-gun =ts 7 built1 &1 !y 7 f> m tr\blesome ?an ! big fell[s4 ,to ! ,g]mans belongs ! cr$it = ! new type ( =t1 :i* consi/$ ( a small concrete /ructure1 hidd5 f view z f> z possible1 b comm&+ "s important "p ( ! front4 ,pill-boxes1 ! ,briti% call !m1 because ! fir/ ones !y ran across 7 r\nd 9 %ape & some?+ l a pill-box 9 appe>ance4 ,^! pill-boxes 7 j l>ge en\gh to h\se a few m5 & a c\ple ( ma*9e-guns4 ,concealm5t 0 ( ! utmo/ importance2 safety dep5d$ ^u x4 ,airplanes 7 p>ticul>ly fe>$1 because a ma*9e-gun emplacem5t 0 recogniz$ to be s important t a :ole batt]y ( artill]y w\ld be turn$ ^u a suspect$ pill-box4 ,"s ( ! ,g]man ma*9e-gun =ts 7 v elaborate1 consi/+ ( spaci\s und]gr\nd *amb]s :]e a l>ge g>rison ( gunn]s c\ld live4 ,^! =ts 7 kn[n z ,mebus1 a ^w made f ! initials ( ,mas*95gewehr ,eis5-,bettungs ,unt]/&1 mean+ a ma*9e-gun iron-b$d$ f\ndation4 ,x 0 ! ma*9e-gun t 0 responsible = ! enorm\s exp5diture ( ammunition 9 ! w>4 ,be=e a body ( troops d>$ to make a *>ge1 ! gr\nd _h to be ?or\ghly se>*$ by ! big guns = any ma*9e-gun ne/s4 ,unless ^! 7 f\nd & de/roy$ by %ell-fire1 ! only way t rema9$ to get ! be/ ( !m 0 to cru% !m d[n ) tanks4 ,x 0 really ! ma*9e-gun t drove ! armies into tr5*es & "u ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,comp>ative diagram ( ! pa? ( a projectile f ! ,g]man ,sup]-gun ,b a ma*9e-gun did n h to be h\s$ 9 a =t1 p>ticul>ly a light gun ( ! ,lewis type4 ,to be sure1 ! ,lewis gun is a little heavy to be us$ z a rifle1 b x c\ld easily be manag$ ) a re/ = ! muzzle 9 ! crot* ( a tree1 & a /rong man c\ld actually fire ! piece f ! %\ld]4 ,! light ma*9e-gun c\ld g "r along ) a *>g+ body ( troops & d v effici5t s]vice1 p>ticul>ly 9 fight+ 9 a t[n or village1 b x _h to be kept mov+ or x w\ld be a t>get = ! artill]y4 ,9 a c]ta9 village fight a ma*9e-gunn] kept *ang+ 8 position4 ,he w\ld fire = a few m9utes f "o build+ & !n %ift ov] to "s o!r4 ,he did ?is no less ?an six times1 nev] /ay+ m ?an five m9utes at a "t 9 ! same spot4 ,b ea* "o ( ! h\ses 0 %ell$ )9 fifte5 m9utes ( ! "t he op5$ fire f x1 :i* %[s ! importance t ! ,g]mans atta*$ to ma*9e-gun fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,"o ( our #af-;in* ,coa/ ,def5ce ,guns on a disappe>+ m\nt ,illu/ration3 ,height ( gun z comp>$ ) ! ,new ,york ,city ,hall ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,guns ,,& ,,sup]-,,guns ,:5 ! news came t big %ells 7 dropp+ into ,p>is f a gun :i* mu/ be at lea/ sev5ty miles away1 ! _w at fir/ refus$ to believe2 !n x imag9$ t "s br&-new =m ( gun or %ell or p[d] _h be5 inv5t$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,h[ev]1 :ile ! public m>vel$1 ordnance exp]ts 7 int]e/$ b n a/oni%$4 ,!y knew t x 0 p]fectly feasible to build a gun t w\ld hurl a %ell fifty1 or sev5ty-five1 or ev5 a hundr$ miles1 )\t involv+ any?+ new 9 ! sci5ce ( gunn]y4 ,,%oot+ ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,edge ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,b if su* ranges 7 kn[n to be possible1 :y 0 no su* long-di/ance gun built be=e8 ,simply because none b ! ,g]mans w\ld ev] ?9k ( %oot+ ar\nd ! edge ( ! e>? at a t>get s f> away t x w\ld h to be z big z a :ole city to be hit at all4 ,9 a di/ance ( sev5ty miles1 ! curve ( ! e>? is consid]able4 ,p>is is f> bel[ ! horizon ( a man /&+ at ,/4 ,goba91 :]e ! big ,g]man gun 0 locat$4 ,& if a hole 7 bor$ f ,/4 ,goba9 /raight to ,p>is1 s t y c\ld see ! city f ! gun1 x w\ld pass1 midway ( its c\rse1 ?ree ?\s&1 sev5 hundr$ & fifty feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,) ! t>get s f> (f1 x 0 impossible to aim at any p>ticul> =t1 ammunition depot1 or o!r po9t ( milit>y importance4 ,!re is always "s unc]ta9ty z to j :]e a %ell w fall1 due to slight diff]5ces 9 quality & quantity ( ! p[d] us$1 9 ! d5sity ( ! air1 ! direction ( ! w9d1 etc4 ,?is v>iation is bad en\gh :5 a %ell is to be fir$ t5 miles1 b :5 ! missile has to travel sev5ty miles1 x is out ( ! "q to try to hit a t>get t is n miles 9 ext5t4 ,tw5ty ye>s be=e ! w> our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h design$ a fifty-mile gun1 b x 0 n built1 because we c\ld see no possible use = x4 ,our big guns 7 built = fight+ naval battles or = ! def5se ( our coa/s f naval attacks1 & !re is c]ta9ly no use 9 fir+ at a %ip t is s f> bel[ ! horizon t we _c ev5 see ! tips ( its ma/s2 & s our big guns1 ?\gh !y 7 capable ( fir+ a %ell tw5ty-sev5 miles1 if aim$ high en\gh1 7 usually m\nt$ 9 c>riages t w\ld n let !m %oot m ?an twelve or fifte5 miles4 ,! di/ance to :i* a %ell c be hurl$ dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! angle ( ! gun4 ,if ! gun is tilt$ up to an angle ( #ae degrees1 ! %ell w g only ab\t half z f> z if x 7 tilt$ up to #dc-a_/b degrees1 :i* is ! angle t w c>ry a %ell to its greate/ di/ance4 ,if ! long-range ,g]man gun 0 fir$ at t angle1 ! %ell mu/ h ris5 to a height ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles4 ,,beyond ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,atmosph]e ,mo/ ( ! air t surr\nds our globe lies )9 f\r miles ( ! surface4 ,few airplanes c rise to a great] height ?an ?is1 because ! air is s ?9 t x gives no support to ! w+s ( ! ma*9e4 ,! greate/ height to :i* a man has ev] asc5d$ is sev5 miles4 ,a balloon once c>ri$ two m5 to su* a height4 ,"o ( !m lo/ consci\sness1 & ! o!r1 :o 0 ne>ly p>alyz$1 succe$$ 9 pull+ ! safety-valve rope1 ) 8 tee?4 ,t br\ght ! balloon d[n1 & _! in/rum5ts %[$ t !y _h gone up ?irty-six ?\s& feet4 ,:at ! ocean ( air conta9s above t elevation1 we d n "k1 b judg+ by ! way ! atmosph]e ?9s out z we rise f ! surface ( ! e>?1 we reckon t n9e t5?s ( ! air lies )9 t5 miles ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,at tw5ty-f\r miles1 or ! top ( ! curve describ$ by ! %ell ( ! ,g]man long-range guns1 !re mu/ be an almo/ complete vacuum4 ,if only we c\ld accompany a %ell on its c\rse1 we %\ld f9d a /range condition ( affairs4 ,! high] we rose1 ! d>k] w\ld ! heav5s become1 until ! sun w\ld %9e l a fi]y ball 9 a black sky4 ,all ar\nd1 ! />s w\ld tw9kle1 & bel[ w\ld be ! gl>e ( light reflect$ f ! e>?'s surface & its atmosph]e1 :ile ! cold w\ld be f> m int5se ?an any?+ suff]$ on e>?4 ,up at t height1 !re w\ld be no?+ to indicate t ! %ell 0 mov+--no ru% ( air aga9/ ! e>s4 ,we %\ld seem deta*$ f e>? & out 9 ! endless rea*es ( space4 ,x seems absurd to ?9k t a %ell weigh+ close to a qu>t] ( a ton c\ld be ret>d$ appreciably by m]e air4 ,b :5 we realize t ! %ell left ! gun at ! rate ( ov] half a mile a second--travel+ ab\t ?irty times fa/] ?an an express-tra9--we "k t ! air-pressure m\nts up to a respectable figure4 ,! pressure is ! same :e!r a %ell is mov+ ?r\gh ! air or ! air is bl[+ aga9/ ! %ell4 ,:5 ! w9d bl[s at ! rate ( #ajj to #abj miles p] h\r1 x is /rong en\gh to lift h\ses (f _! f\ndations1 to wr5* trees out ( ! gr\nd1 to pick up cattle & c>ry !m sail+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,imag9e :at x w\ld d if its velocity 7 increas$ to #a1hjj miles p] h\r4 ,t is :at ! %ell ( a big gun has to cont5d )4 ,z mo/ ( ! air lies ne> ! e>?1 ! %ell ( long-range guns meet ) less & less resi/ance ! high] !y rise1 until !y get up into su* ?9 air t !re is virtually no ob/ruction4 ,! ma9 tr\ble is to pi]ce ! blanket ( heavy air t lies ne> ! e>?4 ,,ways ,,( ,,increas+ ,,! ,,range ,! big #af-;in* guns t protect our coa/s fire a %ell t weighs #b1djj p\nds4 ,n9e hundr$ p\nds ( smokeless p[d] is us$ to propel ! %ell1 :i* leaves ! muzzle ( ! gun ) a spe$ ( #b1fjj feet p] second4 ,n[1 ! l>g] ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ! great] w be its spe$ at ! muzzle ( ! gun1 because !re w be a great] surface = ! p[d] gases to press aga9/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l>g] ! %ell1 ! m w x be ret>d$ by ! air1 because !re w be a l>g] surface = ! air to press aga9/4 ,x has be5 propos$ by "s ordnance exp]ts t a %ell might be provid$ ) a disk at ea* end1 :i* w\ld make x fit a gun ( l>g] calib]4 ,a #aj-;in* %ell1 = in/ance1 c\ld !n be fir$ f a #af-;in* gun4 ,be+ light] ?an ! #af-;in* %ell1 x w\ld leave ! muzzle ( ! gun at a high] spe$4 ,! disks c\ld be s arrang$ t z soon z ! %ell left ! gun !y w\ld be ?r[n (f1 & !n ! #aj-;in* %ell1 al?\gh />t+ ) a high] velocity ?an a #af-;in* %ell1 w\ld (f] less resi/ance to ! air4 ,9 t way x c\ld be made to cov] a mu* great] range4 ,by ! way1 ! %ell ( ! ,g]man long-range gun 0 ( b #h4b-;in* calib]4 ,ano!r way ( increas+ ! range is to l5g!n ! gun4 ,"r "h we mu/ become acqua9t$ ) ! ^w calib]4 ,calib] means ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,a #af-;in* gun1 = in/ance1 fires a %ell ( #af-;in* calib]2 b :5 we read t ! gun is a #dj-or #ej-;calib] gun1 x means t ! l5g? ( ! gun is =ty or fifty times ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,our bigge/ coa/-def5se guns are #ej-;calib] #af-;in* guns1 :i* means t !y are fifty times #af in*es long1 or #ff-b_/c feet 9 l5g?4 ,:5 a gun is z long z t1 c>e has to be tak5 to prev5t x f sagg+ at ! muzzle ( its own weight4 ,^! guns actually d sag a little1 & :5 ! %ell is fir$ ?r\gh ! long b>rel x /raight5s up ! gun1 mak+ ! muzzle :ip upw>d1 j z a droop+ g>d5 hose does :5 ! wat] %oots ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,! #aba-,mile ,gun design$ by ,am]ican ,ordnance ,(fic]s ,n[ ! long] ! calib] l5g? ( a gun1 ! f>!r x w s5d a %ell1 because ! p[d] gases w h a long] "t to pu% ! %ell4 ,b we _c l5g!n our big guns mu* m )\t us+ "s special support = ! muzzle end ( ! gun1 to keep x f :ipp+ too mu*4 ,x is likely t ! long-range ,g]man gun 0 provid$ ) a sub/antial support at ! muzzle to keep x f sagg+4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,am]ican #af-;,in* ,rifle on a ,railway ,m\nt ,e once 9 a :ile a man comes =? ) a new idea = increas+ ! range4 ,"o plan is to increase ! p[d]-pressure4 ,we h p[d]s t w produce f> m pressure ?an an ord9>y gun c /&4 ,b we h to use p[d]s t w burn comp>atively sl[ly4 ,we d n want too sudd5 a %ock to />t )1 b we wi% ! p[d] to give (f an enorm\s quantity ( gas :i* w keep on pu%+ & spe$+ up ! %ell until ! latt] em]ges f ! muzzle4 ,! fifty-mile gun t 0 propos$ tw5ty ye>s ago 0 design$ to /& a mu* high] pressure ?an is commonly us$1 & x w\ld h fir$ a #aj-;in* %ell weigh+ #fjj p\nds ) a velocity ( #d1jjj feet p] second at ! muzzle4 ,! ,allies built no sup]-guns1 because !y knew t !y c\ld drop a f> great] quantity ( explosives ) mu* great] accuracy f airplanes1 & at a mu* l[] co/4 ,! ,g]man gun at ,/4 ,goba9 0 spectacul> & x did "s damage1 b x _h no milit>y value & x did n intimidate ! ,fr5* z ! ,g]mans _h hop$ x w\ld4 ,a ,,gun ,,) ,a ,,range ,,( ,a ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,tw5ty ,,miles ,b al?\gh we built no su* gun1 aft] ! ,g]mans began %ell+ ,p>is our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t design$ a gun t w\ld fire a %ell to a di/ance ( ov] #abj miles6 ,!re 0 no int5tion ( con/ruct+ ! gun1 b ! design 0 work$ out j z if x 7 actually to be built4 ,x 0 to fire a %ell ( #aj-;in* calib]1 weigh+ #djj p\nds4 ,n[1 an ,elswick /&>d #aj-;in* gun is #db feet long & its %ell weighs #ejj p\nds4 ,two hundr$ p\nds ( p[d] are us$ to propel ! %ell1 :i* leaves ! muzzle ) a velocity ( #c1jjj feet p] second4 ,if ! gun is elevat$ to ! prop] angle1 x w s5d ! %ell #be miles1 & x w take ! %ell a m9ute & ?irty-sev5 seconds to cov] t di/ance4 ,b ! long-range gun our ordnance exp]ts design$ w\ld h to be *>g$ ) #a1ddj p\nds ( p[d] & ! %ell w\ld leave ! muzzle ( ! gun ) a velocity ( #h1ejj feet p] second4 ,x w\ld be 9 ! air f\r m9utes & n9e seconds & w\ld travel #aba4c miles4 ,7 ! gun fir$ f ! ,ab]de5 ,prov+ ,gr\nds1 ne> ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&1 its %ell w\ld travel across ?ree /ates & fall into ,new ,york ,bay at ,p]? ,amboy4 ,at ! top ( its trajectory x w\ld rise #df miles above ! e>?4 ,b ! mo/ a/oni%+ "p ( ! design 0 ! l5g? ( ! gun1 :i* work$ out to #bbe feet4 ,an enorm\s p[d]-*amb] w\ld h to be us$1 s t ! p[d] gases w\ld keep spe$+ up ! %ell until x rea*$ ! requir$ velocity at ! muzzle4 ,! weight ( ! b>rel alone 0 e/imat$ at #cbe tons4 ,x w\ld h to be built up 9 f\r sections screw$ toge!r & because ( its great l5g? & weight x w\ld h to be support$ on a /eel truss4 ,! gun w\ld be m\nt$ l a roll] lift-bridge ) a heavy c\nt]-weight at its l[] end s t x c\ld be elevat$ or depress$ at w & a p[]ful hydraulic jack w\ld be requir$ to raise x4 ,! recoil ( a big gun is always a mo/ important matt]4 ,unless a gun c recoil1 x w be sma%$ by ! %ock ( ! p[d] explosion4 ,usually1 heavy spr+s are us$ to take up ! %ock1 or cyl9d]s fill$ ) oil 9 :i* pi/ons slide4 ,! pi/ons h small holes 9 !m ?r\gh :i* ! oil is =c$ z ! pi/on moves & ?is ret>ds ! gun 9 its recoil4 ,b ?is sup]-gun 0 design$ to be m\nt$ on a c>riage runn+ on a set ( tracks laid 9 a long concrete pit4 ,on ! recoil ! gun w\ld run back along ! tracks1 & its motion w\ld be ret>d$ by friction blocks betwe5 ! c>riage & ! tracks & also by a /eel cable atta*$ to ! =w>d end ( ! c>riage & runn+ ov] a pulley on ! front wall ( ! pit1 to a friction drum4 ,! engrav+ fac+ page #fh gives "s idea ( ! enorm\s size ( ! gun4 ,note ! man at ! bree* ( ! gun4 ,! hydraulic jack is collapsible1 s t ! gun may be br\ght to ! horizontal position = load+1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! co/ ( build+ ?is gun is e/imat$ at two & a half million doll>s & its #djj-p\nd %ell w\ld l& only ab\t sixty p\nds ( high explosives on ! t>get4 ,a bomb+-plane co/+ b ?irty ?\s& doll>s c\ld l& tw5ty-five times z big a *>ge ( high explosives ) f> great] accuracy4 ,aside f ?is1 ! gun l9+ w\ld soon we> out because ( ! trem5d\s erosion ( ! p[d] gases4 ,,! ,,?ree-,,second ,,life ,,( ,a ,,gun ,p[d] gases are v hot inde$--hot en\gh to melt /eel4 ,! great] ! pressure 9 ! gun1 ! hott] !y are4 ,x is only because !y pass ?r\gh ! gun s quickly1 t !y d n melt x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y d we> x out rapidly because ( _! heat & velocity4 ,!y say t ! life ( a big gun is only ?ree seconds4 ,( c\rse1 a %ell passes ?r\gh ! gun 9 a v m9ute "p ( a second1 b if we add up ^! t9y p]iods until we h a total ( ?ree seconds1 dur+ :i* ! gun may h fir$ two hundr$ r\nds1 we %all f9d t ! l9+ ( ! b>rel is s badly erod$ t ! gun is unfit = accurate %oot+1 & x mu/ g back to ! %ops = a new inn] tube4 ,,ela/ic ,,guns ,we _h bett] g back ) x & le>n some?+ ab\t ! manufacture ( a big gun4 ,guns us$ to be ca/ z a solid *unk ( metal4 ,n[ !y are built up 9 lay]s4 ,to und]/& :y ?is is necess>y1 we mu/ realize t /eel is n a dead mass1 b is highly ela/ic--f> m ela/ic ?an rubb]1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x does n /ret* nor compress s f>4 ,:5 a *>ge ( p[d] is explod$ 9 ! b>rel ( a gun1 x exp&s 9 all directions4 ,( c\rse1 ! projectile yields to ! pressure ( ! p[d] gases & is s5t kit+ out ( ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,b = an in/ant be=e ! %ell />ts to move1 an enorm\s =ce is ex]t$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! bore ( ! gun1 &1 because /eel is ela/ic1 ! b>rel is exp&$ by ?is pressure1 & ! bore is actually made l>g] = a mom5t1 only to spr+ back 9 ! next in/ant4 ,y c picture ?is action if y imag9e a gun made ( rubb]2 z soon z ! p[d] 0 fir$1 ! rubb] gun w\ld bulge out ar\nd ! p[d]-*amb]1 only to collapse to its normal size :5 ! pressure 0 reliev$ by ! dis*>ge ( ! bullet4 ,n[1 e ela/ic body has :at is call$ its ela/ic limit4 ,if y take a coil spr+1 y c pull x out or y c compress x1 & x w always return to its orig9al %ape1 unless y pull x out or compress x beyond a c]ta9 po9t2 t po9t is its ela/ic limit4 ,! same is true ( a piece ( /eel3 if y /ret* x beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 x w n return to its orig9al %ape4 ,:5 ! *>ge ( p[d] 9 a cannon exce$s a c]ta9 am\nt1 x /ret*es ! /eel beyond its ela/ic limit1 s t ! bore becomes p]man5tly l>g]4 ,mak+ ! walls ( ! gun heavi] w\ld n prev5t ?is1 because /eel is s ela/ic t ! inside ( ! walls exp&s beyond its ela/ic limit be=e ! outside is affect$ at all4 ,ye>s ago an ,am]ican inv5tor nam$ ,treadwell work$ out a s*eme = all[+ ! bore to exp& m )\t exce$+ its ela/ic limit4 ,he built up 8 gun 9 lay]s1 & %runk ! out] lay]s ^u ! inn] lay]s1 j z a blacksmi? %r9ks a tire on a :eel1 s t ! inn] tube ( ! gun w\ld be squeez$1 or compress$4 ,:5 ! p[d] 0 fir$1 ?is inn] lay] c\ld exp& f>!r )\t dang]1 because x 0 compress$ to />t )4 ,! built-up gun 0 also indep5d5tly inv5t$ by a ,briti% inv5tor4 ,all mod]n big guns are built up4 ,,h[ ,,big ,,guns ,,are ,,made ,! inside tube1 kn[n z ! l9+1 is ca/ r\ghly to %ape1 !n x is bor$ out1 aft] :i* x is =g$ by ! bl[s ( a p[]ful /eam-hamm]4 ,( c\rse1 :ile "u ! hamm]1 ! tube is m\nt$ on a m&rel1 or b>1 t j fits ! bore4 ,! metal is !n s(t5$ 9 an anneal+ furnace1 aft] :i* x is turn$ d[n to ! prop] diamet] & re-bor$ to ! exact calib]4 ,! diamet] ( ! l9+ is made ?ree t5-?\s&?s ( an in* l>g] ?an ! inside ( ! hoop or sleeve t fits ov] x4 ,?is sleeve1 :i* is =m$ 9 ! same way1 is heat$ up to #hjj degrees1 or until its inside diamet] is eight t5?s ( an in* l>g] ?an ! outside diamet] ( ! l9+4 ,! l9+ is /ood up on end & ! sleeve is fitt$ ov] x4 ,!n x is cool$ by means ( wat]1 s t x grips ! l9+ & compresses x4 ,9 ?is way1 lay] aft] lay] is add$ until ! gun is built up to ! prop] size4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph f ,und]wood ,und]wood ,a ,long-di/ance ,sub-calib]$ ,fr5* ,gun on a ,railway ,m\nt ,in/ead ( hav+ a l9+ t is compress$ by means ( sleeves or jackets1 _m big guns are w\nd ) wire :i* is pull$ s tight z to compress ! l9+4 ,! gun-tube is plac$ 9 a la!1 & is turn$ s z to w9d up ! wire ^u x4 ,a heavy brake on ! wire keeps x drawn v tight4 ,?is wire1 also1 is put on 9 lay]s1 s t ea* lay] c exp& consid]ably )\t exce$+ its ela/ic limit4 ,our big #af-;in* coa/-def5se guns are w\nd ) wire t is "o t5? ( an in* squ>e4 ,! l5g? ( wire on "o gun is suffici5t to rea* all ! way f ,new ,york to ,bo/on ) fifty or sixty miles ( wire left ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,inside ( a ,%rapnel ,%ell & ,details ( ! ,fuse ,cap ,se>*-light ,%ell & "o ( its ,c&les ,,guns ,,t ,,play ,,hide-,,&-,,seek ,a v +5i\s inv5tion is ! disappe>+-m\nt :i* is us$ on our coa/ =tifications4 ,by means ( ?is a gun is hidd5 beyond its brea/works s t x is absolutely invisible to ! enemy4 ,9 ?is %elt]$ position x is load$ & aim$4 ,x is n necess>y to sight ! gun on ! t>get z y w\ld sight a rifle4 ,! aim+ is done ma!matically4 ,(f at "s conv5i5t obs]vation po/1 an obs]v] gets ! range ( ! t>get & telephones ?is range to ! plott+-room1 :]e a rapid calculation is made z to h[ mu* ! gun %\ld be elevat$ & swung to ! "r or ! left4 ,?is calculation is !n s5t on to ! gunn]s1 :o adju/ ! gun accord+ly4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! gun is rais$ by hydraulic pressure1 & j z x rises above ! p>apet x is automatically fir$4 ,! recoil ?r[s ! gun back to its cr\*+ position beh9d ! brea/works4 ,all t ! enemy sees1 if any?+1 is ! fla% ( ! dis*>ge4 ,n[ t airplanes h be5 inv5t$1 ! disappe>+-m\nt has lo/ mu* ( its usefulness4 ,big guns h to be hidd5 f above4 ,!y are usually locat$ beh9d a hill1 five or six miles back ( ! tr5*es1 :]e ! enemy _c see !m f ! gr\nd1 & !y are c>efully hidd5 "u trees or a canopy ( foliage or are disguis$ ) pa9t4 ,! huge guns rec5tly built to def5d our coa/s are int5d$ to fire a %ell t w pi]ce ! heavy armor ( a mod]n dreadn\ght4 ,! %ell is arrang$ to explode aft] x has p5etrat$ ! armor1 & ! p5etrat+-p[] is a v important matt]4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago ! ,briti% built ?ree battle-%ips1 ea* fitt$ ) two guns ( #af-a_/d-;in* calib] & #cj-;calib] l5g?4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! p5etrat+-p[] ( ?is gun a t>get 0 built1 consi/+ fir/ ( tw5ty in*es ( /eel armor & eight in*es ( wr\ght-iron2 ?is 0 back$ by tw5ty feet ( oak1 five feet ( granite1 elev5 feet ( concrete1 & six feet ( brick4 ,:5 ! %ell /ruck ?is t>get x pass$ ?r\gh ! /eel1 ! iron1 ! oak1 ! granite1 & ! concrete1 & did n /op until x _h p5etrat$ ?ree feet ( ! brick4 ,we h n subject$ our #af-;in* gun to su* a te/1 b we "k t x w\ld g ?r\gh two su* t>gets & /ill h pl5ty ( en]gy left4 ,incid5tally1 x co/s u #a1fhj ea* "t ! big gun is fir$4 ,,! ,,fam\s ,,=ty-,,two-,,c5timet] ,,gun ,"o ( ! e>ly surprises ( ! w> 0 ! huge gun us$ by ! ,g]mans to de/roy ! p[]ful ,belgian =ts4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ?is 0 n a gun1 b a h[itz]2 & "r "h we mu/ le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 mort>s1 h[itz]s1 & guns4 ,:at we usually mean by gun is a piece ( long calib] :i* is design$ to hurl its %ell ) a flat trajectory4 ,b long ago x 0 f\nd advantage\s to ?r[ a projectile n at b ^u a =tification1 & = ?is purpose %ort pieces ( l>ge bore 7 built4 ,^! w\ld fire at a high angle1 s t ! projectile w\ld fall almo/ v]tically on ! t>get4 ,z we h said1 ! bore ( a gun is rifl$2 t is1 x is provid$ ) spiral grooves t w set ! %ell sp9n+1 s z to keep its nose po9t+ 9 ! direction ( its flight4 ,mort>s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 orig9ally int5d$ = %ort-range fir+1 & _! bore 0 n rifl$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 mort>s h be5 made long] & ) rifl$ bores1 s z to increase _! range1 & su* long mort>s are call$ h[itz]s4 ,! ,g]man #db-;c5timet] h[itz] fir$ a %ell t 0 #b1ajh p\nds 9 weight & 0 ab\t #a-a_/b y>ds long4 ,! diamet] ( ! %ell 0 #db c5timet]s1 :i* is ab\t #af-a_/b in*es4 ,x c>ri$ an enorm\s am\nt ( high explosive1 :i* 0 design$ to g (f aft] ! %ell _h p5etrat$ its t>get4 ,! m>vel ( ?is h[itz] 0 n t x c\ld fire s big a %ell b t s l>ge a piece ( artill]y c\ld be transport$ ov] ! highroads & be set = use 9 battle4 ,b al?\gh ! #db-;c5timet] gun 0 widely adv]tis$1 ! real "w ( sma%+ ! ,belgian =ts 0 done by ! ,au/rian ,skoda h[itz]s1 :i* fir$ a %ell ( #cj4e-;c5timet] 7#ab-;in*7 calib]1 & n by ! #db-;c5timet] gun4 ,! ,skoda h[itz] c\ld be tak5 ap>t & transport$ by ?ree motor-c>s ( #ajj horse-p[] ea*4 ,! c>s travel$ at a rate ( ab\t twelve miles p] h\r4 ,x is claim$ ! gun c\ld be put toge!r 9 tw5ty-f\r m9utes1 & w\ld fire at ! rate ( "o %ot p] m9ute4 ,,field-,,guns ,s f>1 we h talk$ only ( ! big guns1 b 9 a mod]n battle ! field-gun plays a v important "p4 ,?is fires a %ell t weighs betwe5 f\rte5 & eighte5 p\nds & is ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! %ell & ! p[d] t fires x are conta9$ 9 a c>tridge t is j l ! c>tridge ( a %\ld] rifle4 ,^! field-pieces are built to be fir$ rapidly4 ,! ,fr5* #ge-millimet] gun1 :i* is consid]$ "o ( ! be/1 w fire at ! rate ( tw5ty %ots p] m9ute1 & its effective range is consid]ably ov] ?ree miles4 ,! ,fr5* suppli$ u ) all #ge-millimet] guns we ne$$ 9 ! w>1 :ile we conc5trat$ our ef=ts on ! manufacture ( ammunition4 ,,guns ,,t ,,fire ,,guns ,dur+ ! ,w> ( ! ,revolution1 cannon 7 fir$ at %ort range1 & x 0 ! cu/om to load !m ) grape-%ot1 or small iron balls1 :5 fir+ aga9/ a *>g+ enemy1 because ! grape w\ld scatt] l ! %ot ( a %ot-gun & te> a bigg] gap 9 ! ranks ( ! enemy ?an w\ld a s+le solid cannon-ball4 ,9 mod]n w>f>e1 guns are fir$ f a great] di/ance1 s t !re w be little dang] ( _! capture4 ,x is impossible = !m to fire grape1 because ! ranges are f> too great2 besides1 x w\ld be impossible to aim a *>ge ( grape-%ot ov] any consid]able di/ance1 because ! %ot w\ld />t spread+ z soon z !y left ! muzzle ( ! gun & w\ld scatt] too f> & wide to be ( mu* s]vice4 ,b ?is difficulty has be5 ov]come by ! mak+ ( a %ell :i* is really a gun 9 itself4 ,)9 ?is %ell is ! grape-%ot1 :i* consi/s ( two hundr$ & fifty half-in* balls ( lead4 ,! %ell is fir$ ov] ! l9es ( ! enemy1 & j at ! "r mom5t x explodes & scatt]s a hail ( lead5 balls ov] a fairly wide area4 ,x is n a simple matt] to "t a %rapnel %ell s t x w explode at j ! "r mom5t4 ,spr+-driv5 clockwork has be5 tri$1 :i* w\ld explode a cap aft] ! lapse ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t2 b ?is way ( tim+ %ells has n prov$ satisfactory4 ,n[adays a tra9 ( gunp[d] is us$4 ,:5 ! %ell is fir$1 ! %ock makes a cap 7see draw+ fac+ page #gg7 /rike a p91 ,e1 :i* ignites ! tra9 ( p[d]1 ,a4 ,! head ( ! %ell is made ( two p>ts1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is a p[d]-fuse4 ,!re is a v5t1 or %ort cut1 lead+ f "o fuse to ! o!r1 &1 by ! turn+ ( "o "p ( ! fuse-head ) respect to ! o!r1 ?is %ort cut is made to c>ry ! tra9 ( fire f ! upp] to ! l[] fuse soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! adju/m5t4 ,! fire burns along "o p[d]-tra9 ,a1 & !n jumps ?r\gh ! %ort cut ,b to ! o!r1 or movable tra91 z x is call$1 until x f9ally rea*es1 ?r\gh hole ,c1 ! ma9 *>ge ,f1 9 ! %ell4 ,! movable "p ( ! fuse-head is graduat$ s t ! fuse may be set to explode ! %ell at any desir$ di/ance4 ,9 ! fuse-head !re is also a detonat+-p9 ,k1 :i* w /rike ! prim] ,l & explode ! %ell :5 ! latt] /rikes ! gr\nd1 if ! "t-fuse has fail$ to act4 ,:5 attack+ airplanes1 x is important to be able to foll[ ! flight ( ! %ell1 s "s %rapnel %ell are provid$ ) a smoke-produc+ mixture1 :i* is set on fire :5 ! %ell is dis*>g$1 s z to produce a trail ( smoke4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,committee on ,public ,in=mation ,putt+ on ! ,gas ,masks to ,meet a ,gas ,cl\d ,attack ,9 meet+ ! attack ( any enemy at night1 se>*-light %ell are sometimes us$4 ,on explod+ !y dis*>ge a numb] ( c&les1 ea* provid$ ) a t9y p>a*ute t lets ! c&le drop sl[ly to ! gr\nd4 ,_! brilliant light la/s fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,obvi\sly1 ord9>y se>*-lights c\ld n be us$ on ! battle-field1 because ! lamp w\ld at once be a t>get = enemy batt]ies1 b ) se>*-light %ell ! gun t fires !m c rema9 hidd5 & "o's own l9es be %r\d$ 9 d>kness :ile ! enemy l9es are brilliantly illum9at$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,*emi/s ,"s ye>s ago ! nations ( ! _w ga!r$ at ! city ( ,! ,hague1 9 ,holl&1 to see :at c\ld be done to put an end to w>4 ,!y did n accompli% mu* 9 t direction1 b !y did draw up c]ta9 rules ( w>f>e :i* !y agre$ to abide by4 ,!re 7 "s practices :i* 7 consid]$ too horrible = any civiliz$ nation to indulge 94 ,among ^! 0 ! use ( poison\s gases1 & ,g]many 0 "o ( ! nations t took a solemn pl$ge n to use gas 9 w>4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,kadel ,h]b]t ,ev5 ! ,horses _h to be ,mask$ ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,kadel ,h]b]t ,portable ,flame-?r[+ ,app>atus ,eighte5 ye>s lat] ! ,g]man ,army _h dug itself into a l9e ( tr5*es rea*+ f ! ,engli% ,*annel to ,switz]l&1 & fac+ !m 9 ano!r l9e ( tr5*es 7 ! armies ( ,france & ,engl&1 det]m9$ to hold back ! invad]s4 ,nei!r side c\ld make an advance )\t frightful loss ( life4 ,b a ,g]man sci5ti/ came =? ) a s*eme = break+ ! dead-lock4 ,?is 0 ,pr(essor ,n]n/1 ! inv5tor ( a well-kn[n electric lamp & a man :o _h always viol5tly hat$ ! ,briti%4 ,8 plan 0 to dr[n out ! ,briti% ) a flood ( poison\s gas4 ,to be sure1 !re 0 ! pl$ge tak5 at ,! ,hague ,conf]5ce1 b :y %\ld t /& 9 ,g]many's way8 ,:at c>$ ! ,g]mans = promises n[8 ,already !y _h brok5 a pl$ge 9 _! violation ( ,belgium4 ,already !y _h ra9$ explosives f ! sky on un=tifi$ ,briti% cities 7?us violat+ ano!r pl$ge ( ,! ,hague ,conf]5ce72 already !y _h det]m9$ to w> on def5seless m]*antm54 ,to !m promises meant no?+1 if su* promises int]f]$ ) ! success ( ,g]man arms4 ,!y l$ ! _w 9 ! field ( *emi/ry2 :y1 !y reason$1 %\ldn't !y make use ( ?is advantage8 ,,p\r+ ,,gas ,,l ,,wat] ,x 0 really a new mode ( w>f>e t ! ,g]mans 7 ab\t to laun* & x call$ = mu* /udy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y _h to decide :at sort ( gas to use4 ,x mu/ be a gas t c\ld be obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x mu/ be a v poison\s gas1 t w\ld act quickly on ! enemy2 x mu/ be easily compress$ & liquefi$ s t x c\ld be c>ri$ 9 conta9]s t 7 n too bulky2 x mu/ vaporize :5 ! pressure 0 releas$2 & x mu/ be heavi] ?an air1 s t x w\ld n be dilut$ by ! atmosph]e b w\ld hug ! gr\nd4 ,y c p\r gas j z y p\r wat]1 if x is heavi] ?an air4 ,a heavy gas w /ay 9 ! bottom ( an un/opp]$ bottle & c be p\r$ f "o bottle into ano!r l wat]4 ,if ! gas is color$1 y c see x fl[+ j z if x 7 a liquid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a gas :i* is mu* light] ?an air c also be kept 9 un/opp]$ bottles if ! bottles are turn$ upside d[n1 & ! gas c be p\r$ f "o bottle into ano!r2 b x fl[s up in/ead ( d[n4 ,*lor9e gas 0 select$ because x seem$ to meet all requirem5ts4 ,= ! gas attack a po9t 0 *os5 :]e ! gr\nd slop$ g5tly t[>d ! oppos+ l9es1 s t ! gas w\ld actually fl[ d[n hill into !m4 ,prep>ations 7 c>ri$ out ) ! utmo/ secrecy4 ,j "u ! p>apet ( ! tr5*es deep pits 7 dug1 ab\t a y>d ap>t on a front ( fifte5 miles1 or ov] tw5ty-five ?\s& pits4 ,9 ^! pits 7 plac$ ! *lor9e tanks1 ea* weigh+ ab\t n9ety p\nds4 ,ea* pit 0 !n clos$ ) a plank & ?is 0 cov]$ ) a quilt fill$ ) peat moss soak$ 9 pota%1 s t 9 case ( any leakage ! *lor9e w\ld be tak5 up by ! pota% & r5d]$ h>mless4 ,ov] ! quilts s&bags 7 pil$ to a consid]able height1 to protect ! tanks f %ell-fragm5ts4 ,liquid *lor9e w boil ev5 9 a temp]ature ( #bh degrees bel[ z]o ,fahr5heit1 b 9 tanks x _c boil because !re is no room = x to turn into a gas4 ,^u release ( ! pressure at ord9>y temp]atures1 ! liquid boils viol5tly & big cl\ds ( gas are produc$4 ,if ! gas 7 tapp$ (f f ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 x w\ld freeze on p\r+ out1 because any liquid t turns into a gas has to draw heat f its surr\nd+s4 ,! great] ! expansion1 ! m heat ! gas absorbs1 & 9 ! case ( ! *lor9e tanks1 _h ! nozzles be5 set 9 ! top ( ! tank !y w\ld v quickly h be5 cru/$ ) fro/ & *ok$1 /opp+ ! fl[4 ,b ! ,g]mans _h anticipat$ ?is difficulty1 & in/ead ( draw+ (f ! gas f ! top ( ! tank1 !y drew (f ! liquid f ! bottom 9 small lead5 tubes :i* pass$ up ?r\gh ! liquid 9 ! tank & 7 kept z w>m z ! surr\nd+ liquid4 ,9 fact1 x 0 n gas f ! top ( ! tank1 b liquid f ! bottom1 t 0 /ream$ out & ?is did n turn into gas until x _h left ! nozzle4 ,,wait+ ,,= ,,! ,,w9d ,ev]y?+ 0 ready = ! attack on ! ,briti% 9 ,april1 #aiae4 ,a po9t _h be5 *os5 :]e ! ,briti% l9es made a juncture ) ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,g]mans reckon$ t a jo9t ( ?is sort 9 ! oppon5t's l9es w\ld be a spot ( weakness4 ,also1 !y _h v craftily pick$ out ?is p>ticul> spot because ! ,fr5* portion ( ! l9e 0 mann$ by ,turcos1 or ,alg]ians1 :o w\ld be likely to ?9k !re 0 some?+ sup]natural ab\t a dea?-deal+ cl\d4 ,on ! left ( ! ,africans 0 a division ( ,canadians1 b ! ma9 brunt ( ! gas 0 design$ to fall ^u ! ,turcos4 ,sev]al times ! attack 0 ab\t to be made1 b 0 ab&on$ because ! w9d 0 n j "r4 ,! ,g]mans wi%$ to pick out a "t :5 ! breeze 0 bl[+ /eadily--n s fa/ z to scatt] ! gas1 b yet s fa/ t x w\ld ov]take m5 :o attempt$ to run away f x4 ,x 0 n until ,april #bb t conditions 7 ideal1 & !n ! new mode ( w>f>e 0 laun*$4 ,j z _h be5 expect$1 ! ,turcos 7 awe-/ruck :5 !y saw1 com+ out ( ! ,g]man tr5*es1 volumes ( gre5i%-yell[ gas1 :i* roll$ t[>d !m1 p\r+ d[n into %ell-holes & fl[+ ov] into ! tr5*es z if x 7 a liquid4 ,!y 7 seiz$ ) sup]/iti\s fe>1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! gas ov]came numb]s ( !m1 /ifl+ !m & leav+ !m gasp+ = brea?4 ,imm$iately !re 0 a panic & !y rac$ back1 /riv+ to out-spe$ ! pursu+ cl\d4 ,= a /ret* ( fifte5 miles ! ,alli$ tr5*es 7 empti$1 & ! ,g]mans1 :o foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! gas1 met ) no opposition except 9 ! sector held by ! ,canadians4 ,"h1 on ! fr+e ( ! gas cl\d1 s det]m9$ a fight 0 put up t ! ,g]mans falt]$1 & ! brave ,canadians held !m until re9=cem5ts arriv$ & ! gap 9 ! l9e 0 clos$4 ,! ,g]mans !mselves 7 new at ! game or !y c\ld h made a complete success ( ?is surprise attack4 ,_h !y made ! attack on a broad] front1 no?+ c\ld h kept !m f break+ ?r\gh to ,calais4 ,! valiant ,canadians :o /ruggl$ & f\ght )\t protection 9 ! /ifl+ cl\ds ( *lor9e1 7 almo/ wip$ out4 ,b _m ( !m :o 7 on ! fr+e ( ! cl\d escap$ by wett+ h&k]*iefs1 socks1 or o!r pieces ( clo?1 & wrapp+ !m ar\nd _! m\?s & noses4 ,! _w 0 horrifi$ :5 x read ( ?is ,g]man gas attack1 b !re 0 no "t to be lo/4 ,imm$iately ord]s w5t out = gas-masks1 & 9 all p>ts ( ,engl&1 & ( ,france z well1 wom5 7 busy sew+ ! masks4 ,^! 7 v simple affairs--m]ely a pad ( cotton soak$ 9 wa%+-soda & arrang$ to be ti$ ov] ! m\? & nose4 ,b :5 ! next attack came1 n long aft] ! fir/1 ! m5 7 prep>$ 9 "s measure = x1 & aga9 x fail$ to br+ ! ,g]mans ! success !y _h c\nt$ ^u4 ,"o ?+ t ! ,g]mans _h n c\nt$ ^u 0 ! fact t ! prevail+ w9ds 9 ,fl&]s bl[ f we/ to ea/4 ,dur+ ! entire summ] & autumn ( #aiae1 ! w9ds refus$ to favor !m1 & no gas attacks 7 /ag$ f ,june to ,decemb]4 ,?is gave ! ,briti% a long respite & enabl$ !m n only to prep>e bett] gas-masks1 b also to make plans to give ! ,hun a dose ( 8 own m$ic9e4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,kadel ,h]b]t ,liquid ,fire ,/ream+ f ,fix$ ,flame-?r[+ ,app>atus ,,:5 ,,! ,,w9d ,,play$ ,a ,,trick ,,on ,,! ,,g]mans ,!re 7 _m disadvantages 9 ! use ( gas cl\ds1 :i* develop$ z ! ,g]mans ga!r$ exp]i5ce4 ,! gas />t$ f _! own l9es 9 a v d5se cl\d1 b ! cl\d grew ?9n] & ?9n] z x travel$ t[>d ! enemy1 & lo/ a great deal ( its /r5g?4 ,if ! w9d 7 high] ?an fifte5 miles an h\r1 x w\ld swirl ! gas ar\nd & dissipate x be=e x did mu* h>m to ! oppos+ fight]s4 ,if ! w9d 7 light1 !re 7 o!r dang]s4 ,on "o occasion 9 #aiaf a cl\d ( gas 0 releas$ ^u an ,iri% regim5t4 ,! w9d 0 r fickle4 ,x c>ri$ ! gas t[>d ! ,briti% tr5*es1 b be=e rea*+ !m ! cl\d hesitat$1 ! w9d ve]$ ar\nd1 & soon ! gas began to p\r back ^u ! ,g]man l9es4 ,! ,g]mans 7 entirely unprep>$ = ?is boom]ang attack4 ,_m ( ! ,huns _h no gas-masks on1 & ^? :o _h1 f\nd t ! masks 7 n 9 prop] work+-ord]4 ,z a result ( ?is :im ( ! w9ds1 elev5 ?\s& ,g]mans 7 kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,clean+ ,up a ,dug\t ) ! ,fire ,broom ,:ile *lor9e 0 ! fir/ gas us$1 x 0 evid5t t x 0 n ! only "o t c\ld be employ$4 ,briti% *emi/s _h suspect$ t ! ,g]mans w\ld use phosg5e1 :i* 0 a mu* m deadly gas1 & 9 ! long int]val betwe5 ,june & ,decemb]1 #aiae1 masks 7 con/ruct$ :i* w\ld keep out n only ! fumes ( *lor9e b also ! m poison\s phosg5e4 ,9 "o ( _! sorties ! ,briti% succe$$ 9 captur+ "s valuable notes on gas attacks1 belong+ to a ,g]man g5]al1 :i* %[$ t ! ,g]mans 7 actually prep>+ to use phosg5e4 ,?is deadly gas is m insidi\s 9 its action ?an *lor9e4 ,! man :o inhales phosg5e may n "k t he is gass$4 ,he may exp]i5ce no ill effects1 b h\rs aft]w>d1 p>ticul>ly if he has ex]cis$ 9 ! meantime1 he may sudd5ly fall dead1 ow+ to its p>alyz+ action on ! he>t4 ,,free+ ,,! ,,briti% ,,tr5*es ,,( ,,rats ,phosg5e 0 n us$ alone1 b _h to be mix$ ) *lor9e1 & ! deadly comb9ation ( ! two de/roy$ all life = miles beh9d ! tr5*es4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,briti% 7 ready = x4 ,!y _h be5 drill$ to put on _! masks 9 a few seconds' "t1 on ! fir/ w>n+ ( a gas attack4 ,:5 ! cl\ds ( *lor9e & phosg5e came ov] ,no ,man's ,l&1 !y 7 prep>$1 &1 except = casualties among m5 ^: masks prov$ defective1 ! soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es came ?r\gh ) v few losses4 ,all animal life1 h[ev]1 0 de/roy$4 ,?is 0 a bless+ to ! ,briti% ,tommy1 ^: tr5*es _h be5 ov]run ) rats4 ,! ,briti% _h tri$ e kn[n me?od to get rid ( ^! pe/s1 & n[1 ?anks to ! ,g]mans1 _! qu>t]s 7 mo/ effectively fumigat$ ) phosg5e & e rat 0 kill$4 ,if only ! cooties c\ld h be5 de/roy$ 9 ! same way1 ! ,g]mans might h be5 =giv5 _m ( _! (f5ses4 ,! disadvantages 9 ! use ( gas cl\ds became increas+ly app>5t4 ,:at 0 want$ 0 "s me?od ( plac+ ! gas among ! oppon5ts 9 conc5trat$ =m1 )\t wa/+ any ( x on its way across f "o l9e to ! o!r4 ,?is l$ to ! use ( %ell fill$ ) mat]ials :i* w\ld produce gas4 ,!re 7 _m advantages 9 ^! %ell4 ,!y c\ld be ?r[n exactly :]e x 0 desir$ t !y %\ld fall1 )\t ! help ( ! fickle w9ds4 ,:5 ! %ell l&$ & bur/1 ! full effect ( its cont5ts 0 exp5d$ ^u ! enemy4 ,a gas cl\d w\ld rise ov] a wood1 b ) %ell ! wood c\ld be fill$ ) gas1 :i*1 once !re1 w\ld lurk among ! trees = days4 ,*emicals c\ld be us$ 9 %ell :i* c\ld n be us$ 9 a cl\d attack4 ,! %ell c\ld be fill$ ) a liquid1 or ev5 ) a solid1 because :5 x bur/ ! fill+ w\ld be m9utely pulv]iz$4 ,& s ,g]man *emi/s 7 set to "w devis+ all sorts ( fi5di% s*emes = poison+1 *ok+1 or m]ely annoy+ _! oppon5ts4 ,,gas ,,t ,,made ,,"o ,,weep ,"o ( ! novel %ell ! ,g]mans us$ 0 kn[n z ! te>-gas %ell4 ,?is 0 fill$ ) a liquid1 ! vapor ( :i* 0 v irritat+ to ! eyes4 ,! liquid vaporiz$ v sl[ly & s its effect w\ld la/ a long "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! vapor did n p]man5tly injure ! eyes2 x m]ely fill$ !m ) te>s to su* an ext5t t a soldi] 0 unable to see & consequ5tly 0 confus$ & ret>d$ 9 8 "w4 ,! te>-gas %ell 7 m>k$ ) a ,t by ! ,g]mans & 7 kn[n z ,t-%ell4 ,ano!r type ( %ell1 kn[n z ! ,k-%ell1 conta9$ a v poison\s liquid1 ! object ( :i* 0 to de/roy ! enemy quickly4 ,! effect ( ?is %ell 0 felt at once1 b x left no sl[ vapors on ! gr\nd1 & s x c\ld be foll[$ up almo/ imm$iately by an attack4 ,lat] on1 ! ,g]mans develop$ ?ree types ( gas %ell--"o kn[n z ! ,gre5 ,cross1 ano!r z ! ,yell[ ,cross1 & ! ?ird z ! ,blue ,cross4 ,! ,gre5 ,cross %ell 0 fill$ ) diphosg5e1 or a p>ticul>ly dang]\s comb9ation ( phosg5e 9 liquid =m1 :i* w\ld rema9 9 pools on ! gr\nd or soak into ! gr\nd & w\ld vaporize :5 x became w>m4 ,its vapors 7 deadly4 ,"o _h always to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sun w>m$ ! e>? & vapors 7 se5 to rise f ! damp soil1 te/s 7 made ( ! vapors to see :e!r x 0 m]e wat] vapor or diphosg5e1 be=e m5 7 all[$ to walk ?r\gh x4 ,^! vapors 7 heavi] ?an air & w\ld fl[ d[n into a tr5*1 fill+ e nook & cranny4 ,if phosg5e ent]$ a tr5* by a direct hit1 ! liquid w\ld rema9 !re = days1 r5d]+ t "p ( ! tr5* un9habitable except by m5 9 gas-masks4 ,! infect$ "p ( ! tr5*1 h[ev]1 0 cut (f f ! re/ ( ! tr5* by means ( gas-locks4 ,9 o!r words1 blankets 7 us$ to keep ! gas out1 & usually two blankets 7 hung s t a man 9 pass+ f "o "p ( ! tr5* to ano!r c\ld lift up ! fir/ blanket1 pass "u x1 & close x c>efully beh9d him be=e op5+ ! second blanket :i* l$ into ! portion ( ! tr5* t 0 n infect$4 ,! ,g]mans _h all sorts ( fi5di% s*emes = increas+ ! discom=t ( ! ,allies4 ,= in/ance1 to "s ( _! diphosg5e %ell !y add$ a gas :i* caus$ int5se vomit+4 ,! ,yell[ ,cross %ell 0 ano!r fi5di% inv5tion ( ! ,huns4 ,x 0 popul>ly kn[n z mu/>d gas & 0 int5d$ n to kill b m]ely to discom=t ! enemy4 ,! gas _h a peculi> p5etrat+ smell1 some?+ l g>lic1 & its fumes w\ld burn ! fle% :]ev] x 0 expos$ to !m1 produc+ great bli/]s & sores t 7 mo/ di/ress+4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! %ell 0 a liquid :i* 0 v h>d to get rid ( because x w\ld vaporize s sl[ly4 ,on acc\nt ( ! p]si/5ce ( ?is vapor1 la/+ z x did = days1 ^! gas %ell 7 usually n fir$ by ! ,g]mans on l9es t !y expect$ to attack imm$iately4 ,,! ,,sneez+-,,%ell ,! ,blue ,cross %ell 0 comp>atively h>mless1 al?\gh v annoy+4 ,x conta9$ a solid :i* 0 atomiz$ by ! explosion ( ! %ell1 & :i*1 aft] x got into ! no/rils1 caus$ a viol5t sneez+4 ,! mat]ial1 h[ev]1 0 n poison\s & did n produce any casualties to speak (1 al?\gh x 0 mo/ unpleasant4 ,a /orm ( ,blue ,cross %ell c\ld be foll[$ almo/ imm$iately by an attack1 because ! effect ( ! %ell w\ld h be5 dissipat$ be=e ! attack]s rea*$ ! enemy :o 7 /ill suff]+ f ! irritation ( _! no/rils4 ,,gas-,,masks ,z ! diff]5t k9ds ( gas %ell 7 develop$1 ! gas-masks 7 improv$ to meet !m4 ,9 e attack !re 7 duds or unexplod$ %ell1 :i* ! *emi/s ( ! ,allies analyz$4 ,also1 !y 7 con/antly exp]im5t+ ) new gases1 !mselves1 & (t5 c\ld anticipate ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,allies 7 bett] able to protect !mselves aga9/ gas attacks ?an ! ,g]mans1 because !re 0 a sc>city ( rubb] 9 ,g]many = ! manufacture ( masks4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t phosg5e 0 go+ to be us$1 ! simple cotton-wad masks _h to give way to m elaborate affairs ) *emicals t w\ld neutralize ?is deadly gas4 ,& lat] :5 ! mu/>d gas 0 us$ :i* attack$ ! eyes1 & ! sneez+-gas t attack$ ! nose1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to cov] ! face completely1 p>ticul>ly ! eyes2 & s helmets ( rubb] 7 con/ruct$ :i* 7 tightly fitt$ ar\nd ! neck "u ! coat coll>4 ,! inhal$ air 0 purifi$ by passage ?r\gh a box or c fill$ ) *emicals & *>coal made ( v>i\s mat]ials1 su* z cocoanut %ells1 pea* pits1 horse-*e/nuts1 & ! l4 ,because ! ,g]mans _h no rubb] to sp>e1 !y 7 oblig$ to use lea!r1 :i* made _! masks /iff & heavy4 ,,glass ,,t ,,w ,,n ,,%att] ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties t _h to be cont5d$ ) 0 ! cov]+ ( ! eyes4 ,!re 0 dang] 9 ! use ( glass1 because x 0 liable to be crack$ or brok51 lett+ 9 ! deadly fumes & gass+ ! we>]4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) celluloid & simil> mat]ials1 b ! f9e/ gas-masks produc$ 9 ! w> 7 ^? made = our own soldi]s1 9 :i* ! goggles 7 ( glass1 built up 9 lay]s1 ) a celluloid-l mat]ial betwe51 :i* makes a t\gh composition t w /& up aga9/ a v h>d bl[4 ,ev5 if x cracks1 ?is glass w n %att]4 ,! glasses 7 apt to become coat$ on ! inside ) moi/ure com+ f ! p]spiration ( ! face1 & "s means _h to be provid$ = wip+ !m (f4 ,! ,fr5* hit ^u a clev] s*eme ( hav+ ! inhal$ air /rike ! glasses 9 a jet :i* w\ld dry (f ! moi/ure & keep ! glasses cle>4 ,be=e ?is 0 done1 ! masks 7 provid$ ) little sponges on ! end ( a f+]-piece1 ) :i* ! glasses c\ld be wip$ dry )\t tak+ ! masks (f4 ,b all ?is "t1 ! ,allies 7 n m]ely /&+ on ! def5sive4 ,no soon] _h ! ,g]mans laun*$ _! fir/ attack ?an ! ,briti% & ,fr5* *emi/s began to pay back ! ,hun 9 k9d4 ,m att5tion 0 paid to ! %ell ?an ! cl\d attack1 & soon gas %ell began to ra9 ^u ! ,g]mans4 ,n only 7 ! ,g]man %ell copi$1 b new gases 7 tri$4 ,gas %ell 7 manufactur$ 9 imm5se quantities4 ,!n ,am]ica took a h& 9 ! w> & our *emi/s add$ _! help1 :ile our factories turn$ out /eady /reams ( %ell4 ,if ,g]many want$ gas w>f>e1 ! ,allies 7 det]m9$ t %e %\ld h x4 ,our *emi/s 7 n afraid to be pitt$ aga9/ ! ,g]man *emi/s & ! factories ( ! ,allies 7 m ?an a mat* = ^? ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s4 ,:5 ! ,g]mans fir/ />t$ ! use ( gas1 app>5tly !y c\nt$ only _! own success1 :i* !y ?\ght w\ld be imm$iate & ov]:elm+4 ,!y soon le>n$ t !y mu/ take :at !y gave4 ,! ,allies set !m a pace t !y c\ld n keep up )4 ,:5 ! armi/ice br\ght ! w> to a sudd5 /op1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone 0 mak+ ea* day two tons ( gas = e mile ( ! we/]n front4 ,if ! w> _h cont9u$1 ! ,g]mans w\ld h be5 simply delug$4 ,z x 01 !y 7 gett+ f> m gas ?an !y c\ld possibly produce 9 _! own factories & !y _h pl5ty ( reason to regret _! ra% disreg>d ( _! contract at ,! ,hague ,conf]5ce4 ,"o gas we 7 mak+ 0 ( ! same ord] z mu/>d gas b f> m volatile1 & _h we _h a *ance to use x aga9/ ! ,g]mans !y w\ld h f\nd x v difficult to protect !mselves aga9/ its p5etrat+ fumes4 ,,battl+ ,,) ,,liquid ,,fire ,some:at associat$ ) gas w>f>e 0 ano!r =m ( (f5sive :i* 0 introduc$ ) ! purpose ( break+ up ! dead-lock ( tr5* w>f>e4 ,a man c\ld protect himself aga9/ gas by us+ a suitable mask & clo?+1 b :at c\ld he d aga9/ fire8 ,x look$ z if tr5* def5d]s w\ld h to give up if attack$ ) fire1 & s1 e>ly 9 ! w>1 ! ,g]mans devis$ app>atus = %oot+ =? /reams ( liquid fire1 & ! ,allies 7 n sl[ to copy ! idea4 ,! app>atus 0 ei!r fix$ or portable1 b x 0 n (t5 t ! fix$ app>atus c\ld be us$ to advantage1 because at be/ ! range ( ! flame-?r[] 0 limit$ & 9 few places 7 ! tr5*es ne> en\gh = flam+ oil to be ?r[n across ! int]v5+ gap4 ,= ?is reason portable app>atus 0 *iefly us$1 ) :i* a man c\ld s5d out a /ream = f a hundr$ to a hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,on 8 back he c>ri$ ! oil-tank1 9 ! upp] "p ( :i* !re 0 a *>ge ( compress$ air4 ,a pipe l$ f ! tank to a nozzle :i* ! man held 9 8 h&1 us+ x to direct ! spray4 ,!re 0 "s dang] to ! op]ator 9 h&l+ a highly inflammable oil4 ,! blaze might fl>e back & burn him1 p>ticul>ly :5 he 0 light+ ! /ream1 & s a special way ( sett+ fire to ! spray _h to be devis$4 ,( c\rse1 ! value ( ! app>atus lay 9 its p[] to %oot ! /ream z f> z possible4 ,! compress$ air w\ld s5d ! /ream to a good di/ance1 b aft] light+1 ! oil might be consum$ be=e x rea*$ ! desir$ range4 ,"s way _h to be f\nd ( ignit+ ! oil /ream f> f ! nozzle or z ne> ! limit ( its range z possible4 ,& s two nozzles 7 us$1 "o ) a small op5+ s t x w\ld s5d out a f9e jet ( long range1 :ile ! ma9 /ream ( oil issu$ f ! second nozzle4 ,! fir/ nozzle 0 movable ) respect to ! second & ! two /reams c\ld be regulat$ to come toge!r at any desir$ di/ance f ! op]ator )9 ! range ( ! app>atus4 ,! f9e /ream 0 ignit$ & c>ri$ ! flame out to ! ma9 /ream1 sett+ fire to x ne> ! limit ( its range4 ,9 ?is way a fl>e-back 0 avoid$ & ! oil blaz$ :]e ! flame 0 ne$$4 ,! same sort ( d\ble nozzle 0 us$ on ! /ation>y app>atus & because weight 0 n a consid]ation1 heavi] app>atus 0 us$ :i* %ot ! /ream to a great] di/ance4 ,b flame-?r[+ app>atus _h its drawbacks3 !re 0 always ! dang] t ! tank ( highly inflammable oil might be bur/ op5 by a %ell or h&-gr5ade & its cont5ts set on fire4 ,! fix$ app>atus 0 buri$ "u bags ( s&1 b ! man :o c>ri$ flame-?r[+ app>atus on 8 back _h to take 8 *ances1 n kn[+ at :at in/ant ! oil he c>ri$ might be set ablaze1 turn+ him into a liv+1 wri?+1 human tor*4 ,because ( ?is haz>d1 liquid fire did n play a v important "p 9 tr5* w>f>e2 to set fire to ! spray at its s\rce ) a well direct$ h&-gr5ade 0 too easy4 ,,! ,,fire ,,broom ,!re 7 c]ta9 situations1 h[ev]1 9 :i* liquid fire play$ a v important "p4 ,aft] a l9e ( tr5*es _h be5 captur$ x 0 difficult to cle> out ! enemy :o lurk$ 9 dug\ts & und]gr\nd passages4 ,!y w\ld n surr5d]1 & f _! hidd5 recesses !y c\ld p\r out a deadly ma*9e-gun fire4 ,! only way ( dislodg+ !m 0 to use ! fire broom4 ,9 o!r words1 a /ream ( liquid fire 0 p\r$ into ! dug\t1 burn+ out ! m5 trapp$ 9 x4 ,if !re 7 a second exit1 !y w\ld come tumbl+ out 9 a hurry4 ,if n1 !y w\ld be burn$ to dea?4 ,aft] ! fir/ sweep ( ! broom1 if !re 7 any survivors1 !re w\ld n be any fight left 9 !m1 & !y w\ld be quick to surr5d] be=e be+ subject$ to a second dose ( fire4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,tanks ,!re is no race-horse t c keep up ) an automobile1 no de] t c out-run a locomotive4 ,a bicycli/ c soon tire out ! h>die/ ( h\nds4 ,:y8 ,because animals run on legs1 :ile ma*9es run on :eels4 ,z :eels are s mu* m spe$y ?an legs1 x seems odd t we d n f9d ?is =m ( locomotion 9 nature4 ,!re are _m animals t owe _! v exi/5ce to ! fact t !y c run fa/4 ,:y hasn't nature put !m on :eels s t :5 _! enemy appe>s !y c roll away1 s$ately1 in/ead ( hav+ to j]k _! legs frantically back & =? at ! rate ( a hundr$ /rokes a m9ute8 ,b "o ?+ we mu/ n ov]look4 ,our :eel$ ma*9es mu/ h a special road prep>$ = !m1 ei!r a macadam highway or a /eel track4 ,!y are absolutely helpless :5 !y are oblig$ to travel ov] r\gh c\ntry4 ,no :eel$ vehicle c run ?r\gh fields brok5 by dit*es & swampy spots1 or ov] gr\nd ob/ruct$ ) b\ld]s & tree-/umps4 ,b x is n always possible or practicable to build a road = ! ma*9es to travel ^u1 & x is necess>y to h "s sort ( self-propell$ vehicle t c travel ov] all k9ds ( gr\nd4 ,"s "t ago a ,briti% inv5tor develop$ a ma*9e ) l>ge :eels on :i* 7 m\nt$ ! equival5t ( feet4 ,z ! :eels revolv$1 ^! feet w\ld be plant$ firmly on ! gr\nd1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & ! ma*9e w\ld proce$ /ep by /ep4 ,x c\ld travel ov] comp>atively r\gh gr\nd1 & c\ld actually walk up a flight ( /airs4 ,we h a v curi\s walk+-ma*9e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is a big dr$ge provid$ ) two broad feet & a swivel *air4 ,! ma*9e makes progress by alt]nately plant+ its feet on ! gr\nd1 lift+ itself up1 *air & all1 pu%+ itself =w>d1 & sitt+ d[n aga94 ,al?\gh _m o!r types ( walk+-ma*9es h be5 pat5t$1 none ( !m has am\nt$ to v mu*4 ,cle>ly1 nature hopelessly outclasses u 9 ?is =m ( propulsion4 ,ye>s ago x occur$ to "o +5i\s man t if :eel$ ma*9es mu/ h tracks or roads = _! :eels to run on1 !y might be all[$ to lay _! own tracks4 ,& s he arrang$ 8 track 9 ! =m ( an endless *a9 ( plates t ran ar\nd ! :eels ( 8 ma*9e4 ,! :eels m]ely roll$ on ?is *a91 & z !y progress$1 new l9ks ( ! track 7 laid d[n be=e !m & ! l9ks !y _h pass$ ov] 7 pick$ up beh9d !m4 ,a numb] ( inv5tors work$ on ?is idea1 b "o man 9 p>ticul>1 ,b5jam9 ,holt1 ( ,peoria1 ,ill9ois1 br\ght ! inv5tion to a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,he arrang$ a s]ies ( :eels along ! *a9 track1 ea* c>ry+ a %>e ( ! load ( ! ma*9e1 & ea* m\nt$ on spr+s s t x w\ld yield to any unev5ness ( ! gr\nd1 j z a cat]pill> con=ms itself to ! hills & dales ( ! surface x creeps ov]4 ,9 fact1 ! ma*9e 0 call$ a cat]pill> tractor because ( its crawl+ locomotion4 ,b x 0 no worm ( a ma*9e4 ,9 p[] x 0 a v elephant4 ,x c\ld haul loads t w\ld tax ! /r5g? ( scores ( horses4 ,/umps & b\ld]s 7 no ob/acles 9 its pa?4 ,ev5 dit*es c\ld n b> its progress4 ,! ma*9e w\ld waddle d[n "o bank & up ! o!r )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,x 0 easily /e]$2 9 fact1 x c\ld turn ar\nd 9 its own l5g? by travel+ =w>d on "o ( its *a9s1 or traction-belts1 & backw>d on ! o!r4 ,! ma*9e 0 p>ticul>ly adapt$ to travel on s(t or pl[$ gr\nd1 because ! broad traction-belts gave x a v wide be>+ & spread its weight ov] a l>ge surface4 ,x 0 set to "w on l>ge f>ms1 haul+ gangs ( pl[s & cultivators4 ,little did ,mr4 ,holt ?9k1 z he wat*$ 8 p[]ful me*anical elephants at "w on ! va/ ,we/]n :eat-fields1 t !y1 or r _! (fspr+1 w\ld "s day play a lead+ role 9 a w> t w\ld rack ! :ole _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b we are gett+ ahead ( our /ory4 ,to />t at ! v beg9n+1 we mu/ g back to ! "t :5 ! fir/ savage w>rior us$ a plank ( wood to protect himself f ! rocks hurl$ by 8 enemy4 ,?is 0 ! />t ( ! nev]-end+ competition betwe5 arms & armor4 ,z ! weapons ( (f5se develop$ f /one to spe>1 to arr[1 to arquebus1 ! wood5 plank develop$ into a %ield ( brass & !n ( /eel2 & !n1 s9ce a sep>ate %ield became too bo!rsome to c>ry1 x 0 conv]t$ into armor t ! w>rior c\ld we> & s h bo? h&s free = battle4 ,= e improvem5t 9 arms !re 0 a correspond+ improvem5t 9 armor4 ,aft] gunp[d] 0 inv5t$1 ! idea ( armor = m5 began to wane1 because no armor c\ld be built /rong en\gh to w>d (f ! rifle-bullet & at ! same "t light en\gh = a man to we>4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 arms & armor 0 !n conf9$ to ! big guns & ! /eel protection ( =ts & w>-%ips4 ,b n s long ago ! ma*9e-gun 0 inv5t$1 & ?is introduc$ a new phase ( w>f>e4 ,n m ?an "o rifle-bullet 9 a ?\s& f9ds its m>k on ! battle-field4 ,! ,bo]s 9 ! battle ( ,col5so e/abli%$ a record ) "o hit 9 six hundr$ %ots4 ,9 ! excitem5t ( battle m5 are too n]v\s to take c>eful aim & !y are apt to fire ei!r too high or too l[1 s t ! mortality is n ne>ly s great z "s w\ld expect4 ,b ) ! ma*9e-gun !re is n ?is wa/e ( ammunition1 because x fires a /ream ( bullets1 ! effect ( :i* c readily be det]m9$ by ! man :o op]ates ! volley4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ma*9e-gun fire & rifle fire is some?+ l ! diff]5ce betwe5 hitt+ a t9 c ) a /one or ) a /ream ( wat]4 ,x is no easy matt] to score a hit ) ! /one2 b any "o c tra9 a g>d5 hose on ! c1 because he c see :]e ! wat] is /rik+ & move 8 hose accord+ly until he cov]s ! desir$ spot4 ,9 ! same way1 ) ! ma*9e-gun1 x is mu* easi] to tra9 ! /ream ( bullets ^u ! m>k1 &1 hav+ once f\nd ! m>k1 to hold ! aim4 ,t is "o reason :y ! de/ruction ( a ma*9e-gun is s trem5d\s2 ano!r1 ( c\rse1 be+ t x w dis*>ge s _m m %ots p] m9ute ?an ! common rifle4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,briti% ,tank ,climb+ out ( a ,tr5* at ,cambrai ,9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 ! ,russians play$ havoc ) ! attack+ ,japanese at ,port ,ar?ur by us+ c>efully conceal$ ma*9e-guns1 & ! ,g]man milit>y atta*s 7 quick to note ! value ( ! ma*9e-gun4 ,secretely !y manufactur$ l>ge numb]s ( ma*9e-guns & e/abli%$ a special bran* ( s]vice to h&le ! guns1 & !y develop$ ! sci5ce ( us+ !m ) tell+ effect4 ,& s1 :5 ! rec5t great w> sudd5ly broke out1 !y surpris$ ! _w ) ! c\ntless numb] ( ma*9e-guns !y possess$ & ! effici5t use to :i* !y put !m4 ,?\s&s ( ,briti% soldi]s 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> fell victims to ^! dea?-deal+ ma*9es4 ,two or ?ree m5 ) a ma*9e-gun c\ld defy sev]al companies ( soldi]s1 especially :5 ! attack]s _h to cut _! way ?r\gh b>b$ wire entanglem5ts4 ,x 0 cle>ly evid5t t some?+ mu/ be done to def5d ! m5 aga9/ ! ma*9e-gun2 = to *>ge aga9/ x meant1 simply1 :olesale slaught]4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,ev5 ,trees 7 no ,b>ri] to ! ,briti% ,tank ,illu/ration3 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,! ,g]man ,tank 0 v heavy & cumb]some ,at fir/ ! only means ( combat+ ! ma*9e-guns seem$ to be to de/roy !m ) %ell-fire2 b !y 7 c>efully conceal$1 & x 0 difficult to se>* !m out4 ,only by long-cont9u$ bomb>dm5t 0 x possible to de/roy !m & te> away ! b>b$ wire suffici5tly to p]mit ( a *>ge4 ,be=e an enemy position 0 /orm$ x 0 subject$ to ! fire ( ?\s&s ( guns ( all calib]s = h\rs & ev5 days4 ,b ?is result$ 9 notify+ ! enemy t a *>ge 0 ere long to be attempt$ at a c]ta9 place1 & he c\ld assemble 8 res]ves = a c\nt]-attack4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,g]mans le>n$ to conceal _! ma*9e-guns 9 dug\ts tw5ty or ?irty feet und]gr\nd1 :]e !y 7 safe f ! fire ( ! big guns1 & !n1 :5 ! fire let up1 ! weapons w\ld be dragg$ up to ! surface 9 "t to m[ d[n ! approa*+ infantry4 ,x 0 v cle> t some?+ w\ld h to be done to combat ! ma*9e-gun4 ,if ! necess>y armor 0 too heavy = ! m5 to c>ry1 x mu/ c>ry itself4 ,armor$ automobiles 7 ( no s]vice at all1 because !y c\ld n possibly travel ov] ! %ell-pitt$ gr\nd ( ,no ,man's ,l&4 ,! ,russians tri$ a big /eel %ield m\nt$ on :eels1 :i* a squad ( soldi]s w\ld pu% ahead ( !m1 b _! plan fail$ because ! :eels w\ld get /uck 9 %ell-holes4 ,a "o-man %ield on :eels 0 tri$ by ! ,briti%4 ,"u its %elt] a man c\ld /eal up to ! b>b$ wire & cut x & ev5 crawl up to a ma*9e-gun emplacem5t & de/roy x ) a h&-gr5ade4 ,b ?is did n prove v successful1 ei!r1 because ! :eels did n take k9dly to ! r\gh gr\nd ( ! battle-field4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h is :]e we come back to ,mr4 ,holt's me*anical elephants4 ,j be=e ! great w> broke out1 ,belgium--poor unsuspect+ ,belgium--0 hold+ an agricultural exhibit4 ,an ,am]ican tractor 0 on exhibition4 ,x 0 ! "o develop$ by ,mr4 ,holt1 & its rem>kable p]=mances ga9$ = x a reputation t spread f> & wide4 ,colonel ,e4 ,d4 ,sw9ton ( ! ,briti% ,army he>d ( ! peculi> ma*9e1 & imm$iately realiz$ ! advantages ( an armor$ tractor = battle ov] torn gr\nd4 ,b 9 ! fir/ few mon?s ( ! w> t ensu$1 ?is idea 0 =gott51 until ! effectiv5ess ( ! ma*9e-gun & ! necessity = ov]com+ x recall$ ! matt] to 8 m9d4 ,at 8 sugge/ion a cat]pill> tractor 0 procur$1 & ! milit>y eng9e]s set !mselves to ! task ( design+ an armor$ body to ride on ! cat]pill>-tractor belts4 ,( c\rse ! ma*9e _h to be entirely re-design$4 ,! tractor 0 built = haul+ loads1 & n to climb out ( deep %ell-holes2 b by runn+ ! traction-belts ov] ! entire body ( ! c>1 & runn+ ! =w>d "p ( ! tractor up at a %>p angle ! eng9e]s ov]came t difficulty4 ,9 w>1 absolute secrecy is ess5tial to ! success ( any inv5tion1 & ! ,briti% eng9e]s 7 det]m9$ to let no inkl+ ( ! new armor$ automobiles rea* ! enemy4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma*9es 7 made 9 diff]5t factories1 s t no "o w\ld h an idea ( :at ! :ole w\ld look l4 ,at fir/ ! new ma*9e 0 kn[n z a l&-cruis] or l&-%ip2 b x 0 fe>$ t ?is v "n w\ld give a clue to spies1 & s any descriptive "n 0 =bidd54 ,_m ( ! p>ts consi/$ ( roll$ /eel plates :i* might readily be us$ 9 build+ up vessels to hold wat] or gasol5e2 & to give ! impression t su* vessels 7 be+ con/ruct$ ! "n tank 0 adopt$4 ,! necessity ( gu>d+ ev5 ! "n ( ! ma*9es 0 %[n lat]1 :5 rumors leak$ out t ! tanks 7 be+ built to c>ry wat] ov] ! des]t regions ( ,mesopotamia & ,egypt4 ,ano!r curi\s rumor 0 t ! ma*9es 7 sn[-pl[s = use 9 ,russia4 ,to give "s semblance ( tru? to ?is /ory1 ! p>ts 7 c>efully label$1 ,= ,petrograd4 ,probably nev] 0 a milit>y secret s well gu>d$ z ?is "o1 & :51 on ,septemb] #ae1 #aiaf1 ! waddl+ /eel tractors loom$ up out ( ! morn+ mi/s1 ! ,g]man fight]s 7 tak5 completely by surprise4 ,two days be=e1 _! airm5 _h notic$ "s peculi> ma*9es :i* !y suppos$ 7 armor$ automobiles4 ,!y _h no idea1 h[ev]1 t su* =midable mon/]s 7 ab\t to desc5d ^u !m4 ,! tanks proce$$ leisurely ov] ! %ell-torn regions ( ,no ,man's ,l&1 wall[+ d[n into %ell-holes & clamb]+ up out ( !m ) p]fect ease4 ,!y /raddl$ ! tr5*es & paus$ to p\r d[n !m /reams ( ma*9e-gun bullets4 ,wire entanglem5ts 7 no?+ to !m2 "u _! weight /eel wire snapp$ l ?read4 ,! big brutes m>*$ up & d[n ! l9es ( wire1 tread+ !m d[n into ! gr\nd & cle>+ ! way = ! infantry4 ,ev5 trees 7 no b>ri] to ^! tanks4 ,( c\rse !y did n attack l>ge ones1 b ! smalli% trees 7 simply brok5 d[n be=e _! onslaughts4 ,z = concrete emplacem5ts = ma*9e-guns1 ! tanks m]ely rode ov] !m & cru%$ !m4 ,^? :o attempt$ to def5d !mselves 9 ! ru9s ( build+s f\nd t ! tanks c\ld pl[ "r ?r\gh walls & br+ !m d[n 9 a %[] ( bricks & /one4 ,!re 0 no /opp+ ^! mon/]s1 & ! ,g]mans fl$ 9 con/]nation be=e !m4 ,!re 7 two sizes ( tanks4 ,! l>g] ones aim$ to de/roy ! ma*9e-gun emplacem5ts1 & !y 7 fitt$ up ) guns = fir+ a %ell4 ,! small] tanks1 arm$ ) ma*9e-guns1 devot$ !mselves to fight+ ! infantry4 ,briti% soldi]s foll[+ 9 ! wake ( ! bullet-pro( tank 7 protect$ f ! %ots ( ! enemy & 7 ready to attack him ) bayonets :5 ! "t 0 ripe4 ,b ! tanks also furni%$ an indirect protection = ! troops4 ,x 0 n necess>y = ! m5 to conceal !mselves beh9d ! big tractors4 ,naturally1 e ,hun :o /ood 8 gr\nd & f\ght1 direct$ all 8 fire ^u ! tanks1 leav+ ! ,briti% infantry free to *>ge virtually unmole/$4 ,! success ( ! tank 0 mo/ pron\nc$4 ,9 ! meantime ! ,fr5* _h be5 in=m$ ( ! plans ( _! allies1 & !y set to "w on a diff]5t design ( tractor4 ,x 0 n until six mon?s lat] t _! ma*9es saw s]vice4 ,! ,fr5* design diff]$ f ! ,briti% ma9ly 9 hav+ ! tractor belt conf9$ to ! :eels in/ead ( runn+ ov] ! entire body ( ! tank4 ,x 0 m blunt ?an ! ,briti% & 0 provid$ at ! =w>d end ) a /eel cutt+-edge1 :i* adapt$ x to break its way ?r\gh wire entanglem5ts4 ,at ea* end !re are two upw>d-turn+ skids :i* help$ ! tank to lift itself out ( a hole4 ,! l>g] ma*9es c>ri$ a regul> #ge-millimet] 7#c-;in*7 field-gun1 :i* is a v =midable weapon4 ,!y c>ri$ a crew ( "o (fic] & sev5 m54 ,life 9 a tank is f> f pleasant4 ,! heat & ! noise ( ma*9]y & guns are t]rific4 ,naturally1 v5tilation is poor & ! fumes & gases t accumulate are mo/ annoy+1 to say ! lea/4 ,sometimes ! m5 7 ov]come by !m4 ,b w> is w>1 & su* discom=ts _h to be endur$4 ,b ! tank possess$ "o s]i\s defect :i* ! ,g]mans 7 n sl[ to discov]4 ,its armor 0 pro( aga9/ ma*9e-gun fire1 b x c\ld n w>d (f ! %ells ( field-guns1 & x 0 su* a sl[ travel] t ! enemy did n f9d x a v difficult task to hit x ) a rapid-fire gun if ! gunn] c\ld see 8 t>get4 ,& s ! ,g]mans ord]$ up _! guns to ! front l9es1 :]e !y c\ld score direct hits4 ,only light guns 7 us$ = ?is purpose1 especially ^? ^: rifl+ 0 worn d[n by long s]vice1 because long range 0 n necess>y = tank fight+4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,! ,spe$y ,briti% ,:ippet ,tank t c travel at a spe$ ( twelve miles p] h\r ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,! ,fr5* ,high-,spe$ ,baby ,tank ,:5 ! ,g]mans began _! f9al great drive1 x 0 rumor$ t !y _h built "s mon/] tanks t 7 f> m =midable ?an any?+ ! ,allies _h produc$4 ,unlike ! ,briti%1 !y us$ ! tanks n to lead ! army b to foll[ & de/roy small ne/s ( ,fr5* & ,briti% t 7 left beh9d4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* f9ally did capture "o ( ! ,g]man tanks1 :i* _h fall5 into a qu>ry1 x prov$ to be a poor imitation4 ,x 0 an ugly-look+ affair1 v heavy & cumb]some4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city ( mat]ials = produc+ high-grade armor1 x _h to make up 9 ?ickness ( plat+ :at x lack$ 9 quality ( /eel4 ,! tank 0 int5d$ to c>ry a crew ( eighte5 m5 & x fairly bri/l$ ) guns1 b x c\ld n manoeuv] z well z ! ,briti% tank2 = :5 "s weeks lat] a fleet ( ,g]man tanks enc\nt]$ a fleet ( heavy ,briti% tanks1 ! ,hun ma*9es 7 completely r\t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,automotive ,indu/ries ,section ?r\gh our ,m>k ,,viii ,tank %[+ ! lay\t ( ! int]ior ) ! locations ( ! mo/ important p>ts 9 ! fight+ comp>tm5t 9 ! eng9e room ,x 0 !n t ! ,briti% sprang ano!r surprise ^u ! ,g]mans4 ,aft] ! big fell[s _h done _! "w1 a lot ( baby tanks appe>$ on ! sc5e & *as$ ! ,g]man infantry4 ,^! little tanks c\ld travel at a spe$ ( twelve miles an h\r1 :i* is ab\t z fa/ z an ord9>y man c run4 ,:ippets1 ! ,briti% call$ !m1 because !y 7 l ! spe$y little dogs ( t "n4 ,!y c>ri$ b two m51 "o to guide ! tank & ! o!r to op]ate ! ma*9e-gun4 ,! ,fr5*1 too1 built a light mosquito tank1 :i* 0 ev5 small] ?an ! ,briti% tank1 & fully z fa/4 ,x 0 ) ^! ma*9es1 :i* c\ld d>t ab\t quickly on ! battle-field & dodge ! %ell ( ! field-guns1 & :i* 7 immune to ! fire ( ! ma*9e-gun1 t ! ,allies 7 able to make progress aga9/ ! ,g]mans4 ,:5 ! ,g]mans retir$1 !y left beh9d !m ne/s ( ma*9e-guns to cov] ! )drawal ( _! armies4 ,^! gunn]s 7 ord]$ to fight to ! v end4 ,!y look$ = no m]cy & expect$ no help4 ,_h x n be5 = ! light tanks1 x w\ld h be5 well nigh impossible to ov]come ^! det]m9$ bodies ( m5 )\t frightful losses4 ,s9ce ,am]ica inv5t$ ! ma*9e-gun & also b>b$ wire1 & s9ce ,am]ica furni%$ ! inspiration = ! tank ) :i* to trample d[n ! wire entanglem5ts & /amp out ! ma*9e-guns1 naturally p expect$ our army to come out ) some?+ bett] ?an any?+ produc$ by our allies4 ,we did turn out a numb] ( heavy ma*9es patt]n$ aft] ! orig9al ,briti% tank1 ) armor t c\ld /& up aga9/ heavy fire1 & we also produc$ a small & v spe$y tank simil> to ! ,fr5* baby tank1 b be=e we c\ld put ^! into s]vice ! w> end$4 ,! tanks we did use s effectively at ,/4-,mihiel & 9 ! ,argonne ,=e/ 7 suppli$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,we ,am]icans are a peace-lov+ p1 :i* is ! v reason :y we w5t into ! w>4 ,we _h to help d[n ! p[] t 0 di/urb+ ! peace ( ! _w4 ,we d n believe 9 conque/s--at lea/ ( ! type t ,g]many tri$ to =ce--& yet !re are c]ta9 conque/s t we d indulge 9 once 9 a :ile4 ,elev5 ye>s be=e ,g]many und]took to conqu] ,europe two "y ,am]icans made ! greate/ conque/ t ! _w has ev] se54 ,! ,wright bro!rs sail$ up into ! heav5s & ga9$ ! ma/]y ( ! air4 ,!y (f]$ _! conque/ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b :ile we accept$ _! (f]+ ) en?usiasm at fir/1 we did n "k :at to d ) ! new realm aft] we got x4 ,!re seem$ to be no p>ticul> use 9 fly+4 ,x 0 j a bit too risky to be pleasant sport1 & ab\t all we c\ld see 9 x 0 an exhibition = ! circus or ! c\nty fair4 ,n s 9 ,europe1 h[ev]4 ,fly+ meant some?+ ov] !re--!re :]e ! fronti]s h ev] bri/l$ ) big guns & /rong =tifications1 & :]e huge milit>y =ces h slept on _! arms1 nev] kn[+ :at dreadful w> ! morn+ w\ld br+ =?4 ,! w>-lov]s hail$ ! airplane z a new in/rum5t ) :i* to t]rorize _! neighbors2 ! peace-lov]s saw 9 x ano!r m5ace to _! homes2 x gave !m a new fronti] to def5d4 ,& s ! milit>y p[]s ( ,europe took up ! airplane s]i\sly & e>ne/ly & develop$ x4 ,at fir/ milit>y au?orities _h rat$ ! airplane *iefly z a fly+ sc\t4 ,"s bomb-dropp+ exp]im5ts _h be5 made ) x1 b x prov$ v difficult to l& ! bombs ne> ! t>get1 &1 besides1 ma*9es ( ^? days 7 n built to c>ry v heavy loads1 s t x did n seem especially pr(itable to attack ! enemy f ! skies4 ,z = actual battles up among ! cl\ds1 !y 7 dream$ ( only by ! writ]s ( fiction4 ,b wild dreams became /]n realities 9 ! mighty /ruggle betwe5 ! great p[]s ( ! _w4 ,,eyes ,,9 ,,! ,,sky ,z a sc\t+-ma*9e ! airplane did prove to be f> sup]ior to m\nt$ patrols :i* us$ to p]=m sc\t-"w4 ,9 fact1 x *ang$ completely ! "* ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,f 8 position high up 9 ! heav5s ! fly+ sc\t _h an unob/ruct$ view ( ! c\ntry = miles & he c\ld see j :at ! enemy 0 do+4 ,he c\ld see :e!r l>ge =ces ( m5 7 collect+ = an attack4 ,he c\ld wat* ! c\rse ( supply-tra9s1 & judge ( _! size4 ,he c\ld locate ! artill]y ( ! enemy & come back ) in=mation :i* 9 =m] times a sc\t po/$ 9 a tall tree or ev5 9 a captive balloon c\ld n beg9 to acquire4 ,surprise attacks 7 impossible1 ) eyes 9 ! sky4 ,! aviator c\ld help 8 own batt]ies by signal+ to !m :]e to s5d _! %ell1 & :5 ! fir+ began he w\ld spot ! %ots z !y l&$ & signal back to ! batt]y h[ to correct its aim s z to drop ! %ell squ>ely on ! t>get4 ,! ,fr5* sprang a surprise on ! ,g]mans by actually attack+ ! infantry f ! sky4 ,! idea ( attack f ov]head 0 s novel t armies did n realize ! dang] ( expos+ !mselves beh9d ! battle-front4 ,long convoys ( trucks & masses ( infantry mov$ freely ov] ! roads beh9d ! l9es & !y 7 tak5 by surprise :5 ! ,fr5* began dropp+ /eel d>ts ^u !m4 ,^! 7 ab\t ! size ( a p5cil1 ) po9t$ end & flut$ tail1 s t !y w\ld travel ?r\gh ! air l an arr[4 ,! d>ts 7 dropp$ by ! hundr$ :]ev] ! airm5 saw a l>ge gr\p ( ! enemy1 & !y /ruck ) suffici5t velocity to pi]ce a man f head to foot4 ,b /eel d>ts 7 n us$ v long4 ,! enemy took to cov] & !n ! only way to attack him 0 to drop explosives :i* w\ld bl[ up 8 %elt]4 ,at ! outset1 air sc\ts 7 m afraid ( ! enemy on ! gr\nd ?an 9 ! sky4 ,! ,g]mans _h anti-aircraft guns t 7 fir$ ) accuracy & acc\nt$ = _m ,alli$ planes4 ,9 ^? days1 airplanes flew at comp>atively l[ altitudes & !y 7 well )9 ! rea* ( ! enemy's guns4 ,b x 0 n long be=e ! airplanes began to fight "o ano!r4 ,ea* side 0 v mu* annoy$ by ! fly+ sc\ts ( its oppon5ts & aft] a numb] ( pi/ol duels 9 ! sky ! ,fr5* began to arm _! planes ) ma*9e-guns4 ,two mon?s aft] ! w> />t$ ! fir/ airplane 0 s5t cra%+ to e>? aft] a battle 9 ! sky4 ,! fight took place five ?\s& feet above ! e>?1 betwe5 a ,fr5* & a ,g]man ma*9e4 ,! ,g]man pilot 0 kill$ & ! plane fell beh9d ! ,fr5* l9es1 c>ry+ ) x a ,prussian nobleman :o di$ be=e he c\ld be pull$ out ( ! wreckage4 ,! w> _h be5 c>ri$ into ! skies4 ,b if sc\ts 7 to fight "o ano!r1 !y c\ld n pay mu* att5tion to sc\t+ & spott+ & x began to be realiz$ t !re 7 f\r di/9ct classes ( "w = ! airplane to d--sc\t+1 artill]y-spott+1 battl+1 & bomb+4 ,ea* call$ = special tra9+ & its own type ( ma*9e4 ,z air fight+ grew m specializ$ ^! classes 7 fur!r subdivid$1 b we ne$ n g into su* ref9em5ts4 ,,air ,,sc\ts ,,& ,,_! ,,dang]s ,! sc\t+-airplane usually c>ri$ two m51 "o to drive ! ma*9e & ! o!r to make obs]vations4 ,! obs]v] _h to c>ry a cam]a1 to take photographs ( :at lay bel[1 & he 0 usually equipp$ ) a wireless outfit1 ) :i* he c\ld s5d important in=mation back to 8 own base4 ,! cam]a 0 sometimes fitt$ ) a /ock l t ( a gun1 s t x c\ld be aim$ f ! %\ld]4 ,"s small cam]as 7 %ap$ s t !y c\ld be held 9 ! h& l a pi/ol & aim$ ov] ! side ( ! fuselage1 or body1 ( ! airplane2 b ! be/ "w 0 done ) l>ge cam]as fitt$ ) telescopic l5ses1 or telephoto l5ses1 z !y are call$4 ,"s ( ^! 7 built into ! airplane1 ) ! l5s op5+ d[n ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! fuselage4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,a ,h&ley-,page ,bomb+ ,plane ) ,"o ( its ,w+s ,fold$ ,back ,! sc\t+-airplane c>ri$ a ma*9e-gun1 n = attack1 b = def5se4 ,x _h to be a quick climb] & a good dodg]1 s t x c\ld escape f an attack+ plane4 ,usually x did n h to g v f> into ! enemy c\ntry1 & x 0 provid$ ) a l>ge w+-spread1 s t if any?+ happ5$ to ! eng9e1 x c\ld volplane1 or glide back1 to its own l9es4 ,z ! sc\t+-planes 7 l>ge1 !y (f]$ a big t>get to anti-aircraft guns1 & s ! "w ( ! air sc\t 0 to swoop d[n ^u ! enemy1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! ma*9e w\ld be travel+ at high velocity1 because x w\ld h all ! spe$ ( fall+ add$ to t :i* its own propell] gave x4 ,illu/ration3 ,h[ an object dropp$ f ! ,woolwor? ,build+ w\ld increase its spe$ 9 fall+ ,x 0 really a v difficult matt] to hit a rapidly mov+ airplane2 & ev5 if x 7 hit1 !re 7 few spots 9 :i* x c\ld be mortally w\nd$4 ,hundr$s ( %ots c\ld g ?r\gh ! w+s ( an airplane )\t impair+ its fly+ 9 ! lea/4 ,! eng9e1 too1 c\ld be pretty well pepp]$ ) ord9>y bullets )\t be+ disabl$4 ,z = ! m5 9 ! ma*9e1 !y furni%$ small t>gets1 & ev5 !y c\ld be hit 9 _m places )\t be+ put entirely out ( bus9ess4 ,& s ! dang]s ( air sc\t+ 7 n s great z might at fir/ be suppos$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ vuln]able spots 9 ! airplane 0 ! gasol5e-tank4 ,if t 7 punctur$ s t ! fuel w\ld run out1 ! airplane w\ld h to come to ! gr\nd4 ,worse /ill1 ! gasol5e might take fire & !re 0 no?+ ! aviator dread$ m ?an fire4 ,!re 7 occasions 9 :i* he _h to *oose betwe5 leap+ to e>? & burn+ to dea?1 & ! =m] 0 usually pref]r$ z a quick] & less pa9ful dea?4 ,9 "s ( ! lat] ma*9es ! gasol5e-tank c\ld be pit*$ ov]bo>d if x took fire1 by ! ?r[+ ( a lev]1 & !n ! aviator c\ld glide to e>? 9 safety4 ,,! ,,self-,,heal+ ,,gasol5e-,,tank ,"o ( ! contributions :i* we made to milit>y aronautics 0 a gasol5e-tank t 0 puncture-pro(4 ,x 0 made ( s(t rubb] ) a ?9 l9+ ( copp]4 ,!re are "s v s(t eras]s on ! m>ket ?r\gh :i* y c pass a lead p5cil & nev] f9d ! hole aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh1 because ! rubb] has clos$ 9 & heal$ ! w\nd4 ,su* 0 ! rubb] us$ 9 ! gasol5e-tank4 ,x c\ld be pepp]$ ) bullets & yet w\ld n leak a drop ( gasol5e1 unless ! bullet *anc$ to pl[ along ! edge ( ! tank & op5 a long ga%4 ,! ,g]mans us$ f\r diff]5t k9ds ( c>tridges 9 _! aircraft guns4 ,! fir/ c>ri$ ! ord9>y bullet1 a second type _h = its bullet a %ell ( ,g]man silv] fill$ ) a phosphor comp\nd4 ,?is 0 automatically ignit$ ?r\gh a small op5+ 9 ! base ( ! %ell :5 x 0 fir$ f ! gun & x left a trail ( smoke by :i* ! gunn] c\ld trace its c\rse ?r\gh ! air & correct 8 aim4 ,at night ! bright spot ( light made by ! burn+ comp\nd w\ld s]ve ! same purpose4 ,su* a bullet1 if x hit an ord9>y gasol5e-tank1 w\ld set fire to its cont5ts4 ,! bullet w\ld pl[ ?r\gh ! tank & out at ! opposite side & !re1 at its po9t ( exit1 is :]e ! gasol5e w\ld be set on fire4 ,su* inc5di>y bullets 7 repeat$ly fir$ into or ?r\gh ! rubb] tanks & ! hole w\ld close beh9d ! bullet1 prev5t+ ! cont5ts f tak+ fire4 ,! two o!r types ( bullets ref]r$ to 7 an explosive bullet or t9y %ell :i* w\ld explode on /rik+ ! t>get & a p]=at+ /eel bullet :i* 0 int5d$ to pi]ce armor or p5etrate into vital p>ts ( an airplane eng9e4 ,ma*9es ) :i* artill]y-spott+ 0 done 7 usually mann$ by a pilot & an obs]v]1 s t ! latt] c\ld devote 8 entire att5tion to not+ ! fire ( ! guns & signal+ ranges )\t be+ hamp]$ by hav+ to drive ! ma*9e4 ,^! ma*9es 7 usually ( ! pu%] type1 s t ! obs]v] c\ld h an unob/ruct$ view4 ,!y did n h to be fa/ ma*9es4 ,x 0 really bett] = !m to move sl[ly4 ,_h x be5 possible = !m to /op altoge!r & hov] ov] ! spot t 0 be+ %ell$1 x w\ld h be5 a di/9ct advantage4 ,t w\ld h giv5 ! obs]v] a *ance to note ) bett] accuracy ! fall ( ! %ell4 ,l ! sc\t1 ! spott] _h to be a fa/ climb]1 s t x c\ld get out ( ! range ( enemy guns & run away f attack+ planes4 ,,giants ,,( ,,! ,,sky ,! l>ge/ w>-planes 7 ! bomb-dropp+ ma*9es4 ,!y _h to be capable ( c>ry+ heavy loads ( explosives4 ,!y 7 usually sl[ ma*9es1 spe$ be+ sacrific$ 9 c>ry+-capacity4 ,! ,g]mans paid a great deal ( att5tion to big bomb-dropp+ ma*9es1 p>ticul>ly aft] _! ,zeppel9s prov$ a failure4 ,_! huge ,go?as 7 built to make night raids on undef5d$ cities4 ,! ,italians & ! ,briti% retaliat$ ) ma*9es t 7 ev5 l>g]4 ,at fir/ ! ,fr5* 7 incl9$ to let giant planes alone4 ,!y did n c>e to conduct long-di/ance bomb+-raids on ,g]man cities because _! own important cities 7 s ne> ! battle-front t ! ,g]mans c\ld h done ^? places m h>m ?an ! ,fr5* c\ld h inflict$4 ,lat] !y built "s giant ma*9es1 al?\gh n s l>ge z ^? ( ! ,italians & ! ,briti%4 ,! l>ge triplane ,capronis built by ! ,italians held a crew ( ?ree m54 ,!y 7 arm$ ) ?ree guns & c>ri$ #bgej p\nds ( explosives4 ,t made a useful load ( #djjj p\nds4 ,! ma*9e 0 driv5 by ?ree eng9es ) a total ( #ijj horse-p[]4 ,! big ,briti% plane 0 ! ,h&ley-,page1 :i* _h a w+-spread ( #abe feet & c\ld c>ry a useful load ( ?ree tons4 ,^! enorm\s ma*9es conduct$ _! raids at night because !y 7 comp>atively sl[ & c\ld n def5d !mselves aga9/ spe$y battle-planes4 ,! big ,italian ma*9es us$ se>*-light bombs to help !m locate important po9ts on ! gr\nd b5ea?4 ,^! 7 brilliant magnesium tor*es susp5d$ f p>a*utes s t !y w\ld fall sl[ly & give a broad illum9ation1 :ile ! airplane itself 0 %ield$ f ! light by ! p>a*ute4 ,b ^! giants 7 n ! only bomb+-ma*9es4 ,!re 7 small] ma*9es t op]at$ ov] ! enemy's battle-l9e & dropp$ bombs on any suspici\s object beh9d ! enemy l9es4 ,^! ma*9es _h to be convoy$ by fa/ battle-planes :i* f\ght (f ho/ile airm54 ,,h[ ,,fa/ ,,is ,a ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r8 ,9 naval w>f>e ! battle-%ip is ! bigge/ & heavie/ %ip ( ! fleet1 b 9 ! air ! battle-planes are ! lighte/ & ! smalle/ ( ! lot4 ,!y are "o-man ma*9es1 z a rule1 little fell[s1 b enorm\sly spe$y4 ,spe$ is su* an important factor 9 arial w>f>e t !re 0 a cont9u\s /ruggle betwe5 ! oppos+ =ces to produce ! fa/] ma*9e4 ,airplanes 7 con/antly gr[+ spe$i]1 until a spe$ ( #aej miles p] h\r 0 n an uncommon rate ( travel4 ,x is h>d to imag9e su* a spe$ z t1 b we may ga9 "s idea if we consid] a fall+ object4 ,! obs]vation plat=m ( ! ,woolwor? ,build+1 9 ,new ,york1 is ab\t #gej feet above ! gr\nd4 ,if y %\ld drop an object f ?is plat=m y w\ld />t x on a j\rney t w\ld gr[ increas+ly spe$y1 p>ticul>ly z x ne>$ ! gr\nd4 ,by ! "t x _h dropp$ f ! sixtie? /ory to ! fifty-n9? x w\ld h atta9$ a spe$ ( ne>ly #bj miles p] h\r4 7,we are n mak+ any all[ances = ! resi/ance ( ! air & :at x w\ld d to *eck ! spe$47 ,z x pass$ ! fiftie? /ory x w\ld be travel+ z fa/ z an express-tra91 or #fj miles p] h\r4 ,x w\ld f9ally rea* ! gr\nd ) a spe$ equal to t ( a fa/ battle-plane--#aej miles p] h\r4 ,! battle-plane 0 usually fitt$ ) a s+le ma*9e-gun t 0 fix$ to ! airplane1 s t x 0 br\ght to be> on ! t>get by aim+ ! entire ma*9e4 ,9 ?is ! plane 0 some?+ l a subm>9e1 :i* mu/ po9t its b[ at its int5d$ victim 9 ord] to aim its torp$o4 ,! op]ator ( ! battle-plane simply drove 8 ma*9e at ! enemy & t\*$ a button on 8 /e]+-lev] to />t 8 ma*9e-gun go+4 ,,%oot+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,propell] ,n[1 ! fleete/ ma*9es & ! mo/ easily manoeuv]$ are ^? ( ! tractor type1 t is1 ! ones :i* h ! propell] 9 front2 b hav+ ! propell] 9 front is a h&icap = a s+le-seat] ma*9e1 = ! gun has to be fir$ ?r\gh ! propell] & ! bullets are sure to hit ! propell]-blades4 ,nev]!less ! ,fr5* did fire "r ?r\gh ! propell]1 reg>dless ( :e!r or n ! blades 7 hit2 b at ! po9t :]e !y came 9 l9e ) ! fire ( ! gun !y 7 armor$ ) /eel1 s t !re 0 no dang] ( _! be+ cut by ! bullets4 ,x 0 calculat$ t n m ?an "o bullet 9 eighte5 w\ld /rike ! propell]-blade & be deflect$ f its c\rse1 :i* 0 a v trifl+ loss2 nev]!less1 x 0 a loss1 & on ?is acc\nt a me*anism 0 devis$ :i* w\ld "t ! op]ations ( ! ma*9e-gun s t ! %ots w\ld come only :5 ! propell]-blades 7 cle> ( ! l9e ( fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,ma*9e-,gun m\nt$ to ,fire ov] ! ,blades ( ! ,propell] ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,me*anism = ,fir+ ,betwe5 ! ,blades ( ! ,propell] ,! cam ,b on ! propell] %aft lifts ! rod ,c1 rock+ ! angle lev] ,d :i* moves ! rod ,e & op]ates ! fir+-piece ,f4 ,fir+ may be /opp$ by means ( lev] ,h & ,b[d5 wire ,g4 ,i is ! ejection-tube = empty c>tridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,x w\ld take a ,hundr$ ,horses to ,supply ! ,p[] = a ,small ,airplane ,a cam plac$ on ! propell]-%aft work$ ! trigg] ( ! ma*9e-gun4 ,?is did n sl[ up ! fire ( ! ma*9e-gun4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( ! fire ( ! ma*9e-guns z v rapid1 b !y usually fire only ab\t five hundr$ r\nds p] m9ute1 :ile an airplane propell] w make some?+ l twelve hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute4 ,& s ! me*anism 0 arrang$ to pull ! trigg] only once = e two revolutions ( ! propell]4 ,,fight+ ,,among ,,! ,,cl\ds ,!re 0 no s]vice ( ! w> t began to comp>e ) t ( ! sky fight]4 ,he _h to climb to enorm\s heights4 ,air battles took place at elevations ( tw5ty ?\s& feet4 ,! high] ! battle-plane c\ld climb1 ! bett]1 because ! man above _h a trem5d\s advantage4 ,cl\ds 7 bo? a hav5 & a m5ace to him4 ,at any mom5t an enemy plane might bur/ out ( ! cl\ds ^u him4 ,he _h to be ready to g ?r\gh all ! ?rill+ tricks ( a circus p]=m] s z to dodge ! o!r fell[ & get a comm&+ position4 ,if he 7 gett+ ! wor/ ( x1 he might feign dea? & let 8 ma*9e g tumbl+ & flutt]+ d[n = a ?\s& feet or s1 only to recov] 8 equilibrium sudd5ly & d>t away :5 ! enemy 0 ?r[n (f 8 gu>d4 ,he might escape into "s fri5dly cl\d1 b he d>$ n hide 9 x v long1 le/ he get lo/4 ,x is a peculi> s5sation t comes ov] an aviator :5 he is fly+ ?r\gh a ?ick mass ( cl\ds4 ,he is cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,he c he> no?+ b ! t]rific ro> ( 8 own motor & ! hurricane ru% ( ! w9d aga9/ 8 e>s4 ,he c see no?+ b ! blui% fog ( ! cl\ds4 ,he beg9s to lose all s5se ( direction4 ,8 compass appe>s to sw+ viol5tly to & fro1 :5 really x is 8 ma*9e t is zig-zagg+ "u 8 un/eady guidance4 ,! m he tries to /eady x1 ! worse becomes ! sw+ ( ! compass4 ,z he turns he banks 8 ma*9e automatically1 j z a bicycli/ does :5 r\nd+ a corn]4 ,he does ?is unconsci\sly1 & he may get to sp9n+ r\nd & r\nd1 ) 8 ma*9e /&+ on its side4 ,9 "s cases aviators actually em]g$ f ! cl\ds ) _! ma*9es upside d[n4 ,to be sure1 ?is 0 n an al>m+ position = an exp]i5c$ aviator2 at ! same "t1 x 0 n altoge!r a safe "o4 ,a ma*9e 0 sometimes brok5 by its op]ator's ef=t to "r x sudd5ly4 ,& s :ile ! cl\ds made h&y %elt]s1 !y 7 n always safe h>bors4 ,to ! battle-plane fell ! task ( cle>+ ! air ( ! enemy4 ,if ! enemy's battle-planes 7 dispos$ (1 8 bomb+-planes1 8 spott]s1 & 8 sc\ts c\ld n op]ate1 & he w\ld be bl9d4 ,& s ea* side tri$ to beat out ! o!r ) spe$i]1 m p[]ful1 & m num]\s battle-planes4 ,fa/ d\ble-seat]s 7 built ) guns m\nt$ s t !y c\ld turn 9 any direction4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,tank ,! ,g]mans actually built an armor$ battle-plane kn[n z ! fly+ tank4 ,x 0 a two-seat] int5d$ ma9ly = attack+ infantry & 0 provid$ ) two ma*9e-guns t po9t$ d[n ?r\gh ! floor ( ! fuselage4 ,a ?ird gun m\nt$ on a revolv+ wood5 r+ c\ld be us$ to fight (f ho/ile planes4 ,! bottom & sides ( ! fuselage or body ( ! airplane f ! gunn]'s cockpit =w>d 7 %ea!d ) plates ( /eel armor4 ,! ma*9e 0 a r cumb]some craft & did n prove v successful4 ,a fly+ tank 0 br\ght d[n )9 ! ,am]ican l9es j be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,,am]ica',s ,,help ,our own contribution to ! w> 9 ! air 0 consid]able1 b we _h h>dly />t$ be=e ! armi/ice br\ght ! fight+ to an end4 ,be=e we ent]$ ! w> we did n give ! airplane any v s]i\s consid]ation4 ,to be sure1 we built a l>ge numb] ( airplanes = ! ,briti%1 b !y 7 n good en\gh to be s5t to ! front2 !y 7 us$ m]ely z practice planes 9 ! ,briti% tra9+-s*ools4 ,we knew t we 7 hopelessly outclass$1 b we did n c>e v mu*4 ,!n we /epp$ into ! conflict4 ,:at c we d to help8 we ask$ our allies1 & _! answ] gave u a %ock4 ,airplanes6 !y cri$4 ,build u airplanes--?\s&s ( !m--s t we c drive ! enemy out ( ! air & bl9d 8 armies6 ,x took u a :ile to recov] f our surprise1 & !n we realiz$ :y we _h be5 ask$ to build airplanes4 ,! reputation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a manufactur] ( ma*9]y _h spread ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we ,am]icans love to take hold ( a ma*9e & turn x out 9 big quantities4 ,our allies 7 sure t we c\ld turn out fir/-class airplanes1 & _m ( !m1 if we tri$4 ,congress made an appropriation ( six hundr$ & =ty million doll>s = aronautics1 & !n ?+s began to hum4 ,a ,,bir?day ,,pres5t ,,to ,,! ,,nation ,! he>t ( an airplane is its eng9e4 ,we "k a great deal ab\t gasol5e-eng9es1 especially automobile eng9es2 b an airplane eng9e is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,x mu/ be trem5d\sly p[]ful1 & at ! same "t extremely light4 ,e ounce ( unnecess>y weight mu/ be %av$ (f4 ,x mu/ be built ) ! precision ( a wat*2 its vital p>ts mu/ be true to a t5-?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,x takes a v p[]ful horse to develop "o horse-p[] = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,x w\ld take a hundr$ horses to supply ! p[] = ev5 a small airplane1 & !y w\ld weigh a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds4 ,an airplane motor ( ! same p[] w\ld weigh less ?an ?ree hundr$ p\nds1 :i* is a qu>t] ( ! weight ( a s+le horse4 ,x 0 ?is p[]ful1 yet mo/ delicate1 ma*9e t we 7 call$ ^u to turn out by ! ?\s&4 ,!re 0 no "t to wa/e2 a motor mu/ be design$ t c\ld be built 9 ! ,am]ican way1 )\t any t9k]+ or fussy h&-"w4 ,two ( our be/ eng9e]s met 9 a hotel 9 ,wa%+ton on ,june #c1 #aiag1 & work$ = five days )\t once leav+ _! rooms4 ,!y _h be=e !m all ! airplane k ( our allies4 ,am]ican eng9e-build]s (f]$ up _! trade secrets4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done to make ?is motor wor?y ( ,am]ica's reputation4 ,!re 0 a race to h ! motor f9i%$ by ! ,f\r? ( ,july4 ,sure en\gh1 on ,indep5d5ce ,day ! f9i%$ motor 0 !re 9 ,wa%+ton--! ,lib]ty motor1 a bir?day pres5t to ! nation4 ,( c\rse t did n mean t we 7 ready at once to turn out ,lib]ty motors by ! ?\s&4 ,! eng9e _h to und]go _m te/s & a l>ge numb] ( alt]ations be=e x 0 p]fectly satisfactory & !n special ma*9]y _h to be con/ruct$ be=e x c\ld be manufactur$ 9 quantity4 ,x 0 ,?anksgiv+ ,day be=e ! fir/ manufactur$ ,lib]ty 0 turn$ out & ev5 aft] t *ange ^u *ange 0 made 9 ?is little detail & t4 ,x 0 n until a ye> aft] we w5t to w> t ! eng9e began to be turn$ out 9 quantity4 ,!re 0 no?+ />tl+ly new ab\t ! eng9e4 ,x 0 a composite ( a numb] ( o!r eng9es1 b x 0 design$ to be turn$ out 9 enorm\s quantities1 & x 0 rem>kably effici5t4 ,x weigh$ only #hbe p\nds & x develop$ ov] #dbj horse-p[]4 ,"s ma*9es w5t up z high z #dhe horse-p[]4 ,an airplane eng9e weigh+ less ?an #b p\nds p] horse-p[] is wond]fully effici5t4 ,( c\rse ! ,lib]ty 0 too heavy = a light battle-plane 7a heavy ma*9e1 no matt] h[ p[]ful1 _c make %>p turns71 b x 0 excell5t = o!r types ( airplanes & l>ge ord]s = ,lib]ty eng9es 7 made by our allies4 ,( c\rse we made o!r eng9es z well1 & ! planes to c>ry !m4 ,we built l>ge ,caproni & ,h&ley-,page ma*9es1 & we 7 develop+ "s rem>kably swift & p[]ful planes ( our own :5 ! ,g]mans ?\ght x ab\t "t to /op fight+4 ,,fly+ ,,boats ,s f> we h said no?+ ab\t ! seaplanes :i* 7 us$ 9 l>ge numb]s to wat* = subm>9es4 ,^! 7 big fly+ boats 9 :i* spe$ 0 n a v important matt]4 ,"o ( ! really big ma*9es we develop$1 b :i* 0 n f9i%$ until aft] ! w>1 0 a giant ) a #aaj-;foot span & a body or hull #ej feet long4 ,dur+ ! w> seaplanes c>ri$ wireless telephone app>atus ) :i* !y c\ld call to de/roy]s & subm>9e-*as]s :5 !y spott$ a subm>9e4 ,!y also c>ri$ bombs :i* !y c\ld drop on ,u-boats1 & ev5 heavy guns ) :i* !y c\ld fire %ell4 ,a /ill lat] developm5t are ! giant planes ( ! ,n4 ,c4 type ) a w+-spread ( #abf feet & driv5 by f\r ,lib]ty motors4 ,!y c>ry a useful load ( f\r & a half tons4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,! ,fly+-tank--an ,armor$ ,g]man ,airplane design$ = fir+ on troops on ! m>* ,e>ly 9 ! w>1 l>ge guns 7 m\nt$ on airplanes1 b ! %ock ( ! recoil prov$ too mu* = ! airplane to /&4 ,h[ev]1 an ,am]ican inv5tor produc$ a gun :i* _h no recoil4 ,?is he accompli%$ by us+ a d\ble-end gun1 :i* 0 fir$ f ! middle4 ,! bullet or %ell 0 %ot out at ! =w>d end ( ! gun & a dummy *>ge ( s& 0 %ot out at ! re> end4 ,! s& spread out & did no damage at a %ort di/ance f ! gun1 b c>e _h to be tak5 n to come too close4 ,^! non-recoil guns 7 made 9 diff]5t sizes1 to fire #a-a_/b-;in* to #c-;in* %ell4 ,,! ,,automatic ,,seaplane ,ano!r int]e/+ developm5t 0 ! t>get airplane us$ = ! tra9+ ( arial gunn]s4 ,?is 0 a small seaplane ) a span ( only #ah-a_/b feet1 driv5 by a #ab-;horse-p[] motor1 ! :ole ma*9e weigh+ b #age p\nds4 ,?is 0 s5t up )\t a pilot & x w\ld fly at ! rate ( =ty to fifty miles p] h\r until its supply ( gasol5e gave out1 :5 x w\ld drop d[n into ! sea4 ,x af=d$ a real t>get = gunn]s 9 practice ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,an ,n-,c 7,navy-,curtiss7 ,seaplane ( ! type t made ! fir/ flight across ! ,atlantic ,e>ly 9 ! w> an ,am]ican inv5tor propos$ t seaplanes be provid$ ) torp$oes :i* !y c\ld laun* at an enemy %ip4 ,! seaplane w\ld swoop d[n out ( ! sky to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! %ip1 drop its projectile1 & fly (f aga91 & ! torp$o w\ld cont9ue on its c\rse until x blew up ! vessel4 ,x 0 urg$ t a fleet ( su* seaplanes protect$ by a convoy ( fa/ battle-planes c\ld invade ! enemy h>bors & de/roys its p[]ful fleet4 ,x seem$ l a r wild idea1 b ! ,briti% actually built su* torp$o-planes & te/$ !m4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,g]man fleet surr5d]$ be=e x 0 necess>y to bl[ x up 9 su* fa%ion4 ,,airplanes ,,aft] ,,! ,,w> ,) ! w> end$1 all ! ,alli$ p[]s h l>ge numb]s ( airplanes on _! h&s & also l>ge numb]s ( tra9$ aviators4 ,und\bt$ly airplanes w cont9ue to fill ! skies 9 ,europe & we %all see m & m ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ev5 dur+ ! w> !y 7 us$ = o!r purposes ?an fight+4 ,!re 7 ambulances on w+s--ma*9es ) ! top ( ! fuselage removable s t a pati5t on a /ret*] c\ld be plac$ inside4 ,a ,fr5* ma*9e 0 furni%$ ) a complete hospital equipm5t = em]g5cy treatm5t & ev5 = p]=m+ an op]ation 9 case ( necessity4 ,! fly+ hospital c\ld c>ry ! pati5t back to ! field or base hospital aft] treatm5t4 ,mail-c>ry+ airplanes are already an old /ory4 ,9 ,europe ! big bomb+-ma*9es are be+ us$ = pass5g] s]vice betwe5 cities4 ,!re is an air l9e betwe5 ,p>is & ,london4 ,! airplanes c>ry f a doz5 to z _m z fifty pass5g]s on a s+le trip4 ,9 "s cities "h1 z well z abroad1 ! police are be+ tra9$ to fly1 s t !y c police ! heav5s :5 ! public takes to w+s4 ,evid5tly ! fly+-era is "h4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,%ips ,,t ,,sail ,,! ,,skies ,%ortly aft] ! ,civil ,w> broke out1 ,?addeus ,s4 ,c4 ,l[e1 an en?usia/ic ,am]ican aronaut1 conceiv$ ! idea ( s5d+ up sc\t balloons to reconnoit] ! position ( ! enemy4 ,^! balloons 7 to be connect$ by telegraph wires ) ! gr\nd1 s t !y c\ld direct ! artill]y fire4 ,! idea 0 s novel to ! milit>y au?orities ( t day t x 0 n receiv$ ) favor4 ,balloons 7 look$ ^u z freak inv5tions1 entirely impracticable = ! /]n realities ( w>2 & z = telegraph+ f a balloon1 no "o _h ev] done t be=e4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,a big ,g]man ,zeppel9 t 0 =c$ to come d[n on ,fr5* soil ,b ?is en?usia/ 0 n to be daunt$1 & he made a direct appeal to ,presid5t ,l9coln1 (f]+ to prove ! practicability ( ?is means ( sc\t+4 ,s he took 8 balloon to ,wa%+ton & made an asc5t f ! gr\nds ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 :ile ! ,presid5t came out on ! lawn s\? ( ! ,:ite ,h\se to wat* ! demon/ration4 ,9 ord] to te/ him1 ,mr4 ,l9coln took (f 8 hat1 wav$ 8 h&k]*ief1 & made o!r signals4 ,l[e obs]v$ ea* act ?r\gh 8 field-glasses & report$ x to ! ,presid5t by telegraph4 ,mr4 ,l9coln 0 s impress$ by ! demon/ration t he ord]$ ! army to use ! obs]vation balloon1 & s ) "s reluctance ! gas-bag 0 introduc$ into milit>y s]vice1 ,pr(essor ,l[e be+ made *ief aronautic eng9e]4 ,"u ,l[e's direction ! obs]vation balloons play$ an important "p 9 ! op]ations ( ! ,union ,army4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,obs]vation ,c> l[]$ f a ,zeppel9 sail+ above ! cl\ds ,on "o occasion a "y ,g]man milit>y atta* begg$ ! privilege ( mak+ an asc5t 9 ! balloon4 ,p]mission 0 giv5 & :5 ! ,g]man (fic] return$ to e>? he 0 wildly en?usia/ic 9 praise ( ?is arial obs]vation po/4 ,he _h _h a spl5did view ( ! enemy & c\ld wat* op]ations ?r\gh 8 field-glasses :i* 7 ( utmo/ importance4 ,realiz+ ! milit>y value ( ! aircraft1 he return$ to ,g]many & urg$ milit>y au?orities to provide !mselves ) captive balloons4 ,?is "y (fic] 0 ,c\nt ,f]d9& von ,zeppel91 :o 0 de/9$ lat] to become ! mo/ fam\s aronautic au?ority 9 ! _w & :o liv$ to see ,g]many equipp$ ) a fleet ( balloons :i* 7 self-propell+ & c\ld travel ov] l& & sea to spread ,g]man frightfulness into ,engl&4 ,he also liv$ to see ! virtual failure ( ?is type ( w>-ma*9e 9 ! rec5t great conflict1 & x 0 possibly because ( 8 deep disappo9tm5t at hav+ 8 huge exp5sive air%ips be/$ by *eap little airplanes t ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 di$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiag4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 sp>$ ! humiliation ( see+ a fleet ( ,zeppel9s lose _! way 9 a fog & fall into ,france1 "o ( !m be+ captur$ be=e x c\ld be de/roy$1 s t all its secrets ( con/ruction 7 le>n$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,hydrog5 ,be=e we describe ! ,zeppel9 air%ips & ! means by :i* !y 7 ev5tually ov]come1 we mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ! pr9ciples ( balloons4 ,e "o kn[s t balloons are kept up 9 ! air by means ( a v light gas1 b someh[ ! g5]al public fails to und]/& :y ! gas %\ld hold x up4 ,"s p h a notion t !re is some?+ my/]i\s ab\t hydrog5 gas :i* makes x resi/ ! pull ( gravity1 & t ! m hydrog5 y cr[d into ! balloon ! m weight x w lift4 ,b hydrog5 has weight & feels ! pull ( gravity j z air does1 or wat]1 or lead4 ,! only reason ! balloon rises is because x weighs less ?an ! air x displaces4 ,x is h>d to ?9k ( air z hav+ weight1 b if we weigh air1 hydrog51 coal-gas1 or any o!r gas1 9 a vacuum1 x w tip ! scales j z a solid w\ld4 ,a ?\s& cubic feet ( air weighs #hj p\nds4 ,9 o!r words1 ! air 9 a room t5 feet squ>e ) a ceil+ t5 feet high1 weighs j ab\t #hj p\nds4 ,! same am\nt ( coal-gas weigh$ 9 a vacuum w\ld regi/] only #dj p\nds2 :ile an equal volume ( hydrog5 w\ld weigh only #e-a_/b p\nds4 ,b :5 we speak ( volumes ( gas we mu/ rememb] t gas1 unlike a liquid or a solid1 c be compress$ or exp&$ to almo/ any dim5sions4 ,= in/ance1 we c\ld easily fill our room ) a ton ( air if ! walls w\ld /& ! pressure2 or we c\ld pump out ! air1 until !re 7 b a few ounces ( air left4 ,b 9 "o case ! air w\ld be s highly compress$ t x w\ld ex]t a pressure ( ab\t #cge p\nds on e squ>e in* ( ! wall ( ! room1 :ile 9 ! o!r case its pressure w\ld be almo/ inf9itesimal4 ,b #hj p\nds ( air 9 a room ( a ?\s& cubic feet w\ld ex]t ! same pressure z ! atmosph]e1 or #ae p\nds on e squ>e in*4 ,& :5 we say t a ?\s& cubic feet ( hydrog5 weighs only a little ov] #e p\nds1 we are talk+ ab\t hydrog5 at ! same pressure z ! atmosph]e4 ,s9ce ! hydrog5 is sixte5 times light] ?an air1 naturally x w float 9 ! air1 j z a piece ( wood w float 9 wat] because x is light] ?an ! same volume ( wat]4 ,if we surr\nd$ ! ?\s& cubic feet ( hydrog5 ) a bag s t ! gas w n diffuse into ! air & mix ) x1 we %all h a balloon :i* w\ld float 9 air provid$ ! bag & ! hydrog5 x conta9s d n weigh m ?an eighty p\nds4 ,z we rise f ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! air becomes less & less d5se1 or1 9 o!r words1 x becomes light]1 & ! balloon w keep on ris+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e until x rea*es a po9t at :i* its weight1 gas-bag & all1 is exactly ! same z t ( an equal volume ( air4 ,b !re are _m conditions t affect ! height to :i* ! balloon w asc5d4 ,! high] we rise1 ! cold] x is apt to become1 & cold has a t5d5cy to compress ! hydrog51 collaps+ ! balloon & mak+ x relatively heavi]4 ,:5 ! sun beats ^u a balloon1 x heats ! hydrog51 exp&+ x & mak+ x relatively light]1 & if !re is no room = ?is expansion to take place 9 ! bag1 ! bag w bur/4 ,= ?is reason1 a big safety-valve mu/ be provid$ & ! ord9>y r\nd balloon is op5 at ! bottom s t ! hydrog5 c escape :5 x exp&s too mu* & ! ballooni/ c>ries balla/ 9 ! =m ( s& :i* he c ?r[ ov] to light5 ! balloon :5 ! gas is contract$ by a sudd5 draft ( cold air4 ,al?\gh a r\nd balloon c>ries no eng9e & no propell]1 x c be guid$ ?r\gh ! air to "s degree4 ,:5 an aronaut wi%es to g 9 any p>ticul> direction1 he s5ds up 8 balloon by ?r[+ out balla/ or l[]s x by lett+ out a c]ta9 am\nt ( gas1 until he rea*es a level at :i* he f9ds a breeze bl[+ 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,su* 0 ! air%ip ( ,civil ,w> times1 b = milit>y purposes x 0 n advisable to use free balloons1 because ( ! difficulty ( controll+ !m4 ,!y 7 too liable to fall into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,all t 0 ne$$ 0 a high obs]vation po/ f :i* ! enemy c\ld be wat*$1 & f :i* obs]vations c\ld be report$ by telegraph4 ,! balloon 0 n look$ ^u z a fight+-ma*9e4 ,,zeppel9',s ,,failures ,,& ,,successes ,b ,c\nt ,zeppel9 0 a man ( vision4 ,he dream$ ( a real %ip ( ! air--a ma*9e t w\ld sail :]ev] ! helmsman *ose1 reg>dless ( w9d & wea!r4 ,_m ye>s elaps$ be=e he actually began to "w out 8 dreams1 & !n he met ) failure aft] failure4 ,he believ$ 9 big ma*9es & ! loss ( "o ( 8 air%ips meant ! wa/e ( a l>ge sum ( money1 b he p]si/$1 ev5 ?\gh he sp5t all 8 =tune1 & _h to g heavily 9 debt4 ,e "o ?\ght him a crank until he built 8 ?ird air%ip & prov$ its wor? by mak+ a trip ( #bgj miles4 ,at once ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 0 int]e/$ & saw wond]ful milit>y possibilities 9 ! new craft4 ,! ,zeppel9 0 pur*as$ by ! gov]nm5t & money 0 giv5 ! inv5tor to fur!r 8 exp]im5ts4 ,t 0 n ! end ( 8 failures4 ,be=e ! w> broke out1 ?irte5 ,zeppel9s _h be5 de/roy$ by "o accid5t or ano!r4 ,evid5tly ! build+ ( ,zeppel9 air%ips 0 n a pay+ und]tak+1 al?\gh !y 7 us$ to c>ry pass5g]s on %ort arial voyages4 ,b ! gov]nm5t made up money losses & ,zeppel9 w5t on develop+ 8 air%ips4 ,( c\rse1 he 0 n ! only "o to build air%ips1 nor ev5 ! fir/ to build a dirigible4 ,! ,fr5* built "s l>ge dirigibles1 b !y fail$ to see any great milit>y advantage 9 %ips t c\ld sail ?r\gh ! air1 p>ticul>ly aft] ! airplane 0 inv5t$1 & s x happ5$ t :5 ! w> />t$ ! ,fr5* 7 devot+ virtually all _! en]gies to ! con/ruction ( spe$y1 p[]ful airplanes4 ,z = ! ,briti%1 !y did n pay mu* att5tion to air%ips4 ,! idea t _! isles might be attack$ f ! sky seem$ an exce$+ly remote possibility4 ,,rigid1 ,,semi-,,rigid1 ,,& ,,flexible ,,balloons ,c\nt ,zeppel9 always held t ! dirigible balloons mu/ be rigid1 s t !y c\ld be driv5 ?r\gh ! air readily & w\ld hold _! %ape despite v>iations 9 ! pressure ( ! hydrog54 ,! ,fr5*1 on ! o!r h&1 us$ a semi-rigid air%ip2 t is1 "o 9 :i* a flexible balloon is atta*$ to a rigid keel or body4 ,! ,briti% clung to ! idea ( an entirely flexible balloon & !y susp5d$ _! c> f ! gas-bag )\t any rigid framework to hold ! gas-bag 9 %ape4 ,9 e case1 ! balloons 7 kept taut or di/5d$ by means ( air-bags or ballonets4 ,^! air-bags 7 plac$ inside ! gas-bags & z ! hydrog5 exp&$ x w\ld =ce ! air out ?r\gh valves1 b ! hydrog5 itself w\ld n escape4 ,:5 ! hydrog5 contract$1 ! air-bags 7 pump$ full ( air s z to ma9ta9 ! balloon 9 its fully di/5d$ condition4 ,additional supplies ( compress$ hydrog5 7 kept 9 metal tanks4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,giant ,briti% ,dirigible built along ! l9es ( a ,zeppel9 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,"o ( ! eng9e c>s or p[] eggs ( a ,briti% ,dirigible ,9 ! ,zeppel9 balloon1 h[ev]1 ! gas 0 conta9$ 9 sep>ate bags :i* 7 plac$ 9 a framework ( alum9um cov]$ ov] ) fabric4 ,c\nt ,zeppel9 did n believe 9 plac+ all 8 eggs 9 "o basket4 ,if "o ( ^! balloons bur/ or 0 injur$ 9 any way1 !re 0 en\gh buoyancy 9 ! re/ ( ! gas-bags to hold up ! air%ip4 ,z ! ,zeppel9s 7 enorm\s /ructures1 ! framework _h to be made /rong & light1 & x 0 built up ( a latticework ( alum9um alloy4 ,alum9um itself 0 n /rong en\gh = ! purpose1 b a mixture ( alum9um & z9c & lat] ano!r alloy kn[n z duralum91 consi/+ ( alum9um ) ?ree p] c5t ( copp] & "o p] c5t ( nickel1 provid$ a v rigid framework t 0 exce$+ly light4 ,duralum9 is f\r or five times z /rong z alum9um & yet weighs b little m4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,int]national ,film ,s]vice ,crew ( ! ,c-#e 7,am]ican ,coa/al ,dirigible7 />t+ = ,newf\ndl& to make a ,transatlantic ,flight ,! body ( ! ,zeppel9 is n a p]fect circle 9 section1 b is made up 9 ! =m ( a polygon ) sixte5 sides1 & ! l>ge/ ( ! ,zeppel9s us$ dur+ ! w> conta9$ sixte5 comp>tm5ts1 9 ea* ( :i* 0 plac$ a l>ge hydrog5 gas-bag4 ,a sup]-,zeppel91 z ! late/ type is call$1 0 ab\t sev5ty-five feet 9 diamet] & sev5 hundr$ & sixty feet long1 or almo/ z long z ?ree ,new ,york /reet blocks4 ,9 its gas-bags x c>ri$ two million cubic feet ( hydrog5 & al?\gh ! :ole ma*9e ) its fuel1 /ores1 & pass5g]s weigh$ close to fifty tons1 x 0 s mu* light] ?an ! air x displac$ t x _h a res]ve buoyancy ( ov] t5 tons4 ,,keep+ ,,eng9es ,,cle> ,,( ,,! ,,inflammable ,,hydrog5 ,z hydrog5 is a v inflammable gas1 x is extremely dang]\s to h an int]nal-combu/ion eng9e op]at+ v ne> ! gas-bags4 ,9 ! sup]-,zeppel9s ! eng9es 7 plac$ 9 f\r c>s susp5d$ f ! balloon4 ,!re 0 "o ( ^! c>s =w>d1 & "o at ! /]n1 :ile ne> ! c5t] 7 two c>s side by side4 ,9 ! re> c> !re 7 two eng9es1 ei!r ( :i* c\ld be us$ to drive ! propell]4 ,by means ( l>ge /e]+ rudd]s & horizontal rudd]s1 ! ma*9e c\ld be =c$ to dive or rise or turn 9 ei!r direction lat]ally4 ,! pilot ( ! ,zeppel9 _h an elaborate op]at+-comp>tm5t f :i* he c\ld control ! rudd]s1 & he also _h control ( ! valves 9 ! ballonets s t by ! t\* ( a button he c\ld regulate ! pressure ( gas 9 any "p ( ! dirigible4 ,!re 7 n9ete5 m5 9 ! crew ( ! ,zeppel9--two 9 ! op]at+-comp>tm5t1 & two 9 ea* ( ! c>s conta9+ eng9es1 except = ! "o at ! /]n 9 :i* !re 7 ?ree m54 ,! o!r m5 7 plac$ 9 :at 0 kn[n z ! cat walk or passageway runn+ inside ! framework "u ! gas-bags4 ,^! m5 7 giv5 v>i\s tasks & 7 suppos$ to get z mu* sleep z !y c\ld1 s z to be ready to replace ! o!r m5 at ne$4 ,! eng9e c>s at ea* side ( ! balloon 7 kn[n z p[] eggs because ( _! g5]al egg %ape4 ,at ! c5t] ( ! ,zeppel9 ! bombs 7 /or$1 & !re 7 electro-magnetic releas+-devices op]at$ f ! pilot's room by :i* ! pilot c\ld drop ! bombs :5ev] he *ose4 ,! ,zeppel9 also c>ri$ ma*9e-guns to fight (f airplanes4 ,gasol5e 0 /or$ 9 tanks :i* 7 plac$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 any "o ( :i* c\ld fe$ "o or all ( ! eng9es1 & !y 7 s arrang$ t !y c\ld be ?r[n ov]bo>d :5 ! gasol5e 0 us$ up1 s z to light5 ! load ( ! ,zeppel94 ,wat] balla/ 0 us$ in/ead ( s&1 & alcohol 0 mix$ ) ! wat] to keep x f freez+4 ,! ma*9e :i* came d[n 9 ,fr5* t]ritory & 0 captur$ be=e x c\ld be de/roy$ by ! pilot1 f\nd itself unable to rise because 9 ! int5se cold ( ! upp] air ! wat] balla/ _h froz51 & x c\ld n be let out to light5 ! load ( ! ,zeppel94 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph f ,kadel ,h]b]t ,! ,curi\s ,tail ( a ,kite ,balloon ,illu/ration3 ,briti% ,(ficial ,photograph f ,kadel ,h]b]t ,obs]v]s 9 ! ,basket ( an ,obs]vation-,balloon ,,! ,,zeppel9',s ,,t9y ,,antagoni/s ,! "o ?+ above all o!rs t ! ,zeppel9 comm&] fe>$ 0 ! attack ( airplanes4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w>1 x 0 consid]$ unsafe = airplanes to fly by night because ( ! difficulty ( mak+ a l&+ 9 ! d>k4 ,lat] ?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ! use ( se>*-lights at ! l&+-fields4 ,! airplane w\ld signal its desire to l& & ! se>*-lights w\ld po9t out ! prop] l&+-field = x4 ,s t aft] ! fir/ few mon?s ( ! w> ,zeppel9s 7 subject$ to ! dang] ( airplane attack4 ,( c\rse1 on a d>k night x 0 v difficult = an airplane to locate a ,zeppel91 because ! huge ma*9e c\ld n be se5 & ! ?rob ( its eng9es 0 dr[n$ out by ! eng9es ( ! airplane itself4 ,nev]!less1 ,zeppel9s 7 occasionally locat$ & de/roy$ by airplanes4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,kadel ,h]b]t ,enorm\s ,range-f9d]s m\nt$ on a ,gun ,turret ( an ,am]ican ,w>%ip ,! dang] ( ! ,zeppel9 lay 9 ! fact t x 0 support$ by an enorm\s volume ( v inflammable gas & ! airplane ne$$ b to set fire to ?is gas to cause ! de/ruction ( ! giant ( ! air4 ,& s ! ma*9e-guns c>ri$ by airplanes 7 provid$ ) explosive1 flam+ bullets4 ,a bur/ ( flame )9 ! gas-bag w\ld n set ! gas on fire1 because !re w\ld be no air inside to fe$ ! fire1 b surr\nd+ ! gas-bag !re 0 always a c]ta9 leakage ( hydrog5 :i* w\ld mix ) ! air 9 ! comp>tm5t & ?is w\ld produce an explosive mixture :i* ne$$ b ! t\* ( fire to set x (f4 ,! ,zeppel9 0 provid$ ) a v5tilat+-sy/em to c>ry (f ^! explosive gases1 b !y c\ld nev] be dispos$ ( v effectively1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 a numb] ( ,zeppel9s 7 de/roy$ by ! t9y antagoni/s t 7 s5t up by ! ,briti% & ! ,fr5*4 ,to fight (f ^! assailants ! ,g]mans provid$ _! ,zeppel9s ) guns :i* w\ld fire %rapnel %ell4 ,x is difficult = a ,zeppel9 to use ma*9e-guns aga9/ an airplane because ! latt] w\ld m]ely climb above ! ,zeppel9 & w\ld be %ield$ by ! balloon itself4 ,& s ! ,g]mans put a gun emplacem5t on top ( ! balloon bo? =w>d & aft4 ,!re 0 a deck ext5d+ along ! top ( ! balloon :i* 0 rea*$ by a ladd] runn+ up ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! air%ip4 ,b x 0 impossible to w>d (f ! fleet little antagoni/s1 once ! dirigible 0 discov]$4 ,true1 a ,zeppel9 c\ld make z mu* z sev5ty miles p] h\r1 b ! fa/e/ airplanes c\ld travel twice z fa/ z t4 ,,susp5d+ ,,an ,,obs]v] ,,bel[ ,,! ,,zeppel9 ,"o +5i\s s*eme t 0 tri$ 0 to susp5d an obs]vation c> "u ! ,zeppel94 ,! c> 0 ab\t f\rte5 feet long & five feet 9 diamet]1 fitt$ ) a tail to keep x head$ 9 ! direction x 0 t[$4 ,x _h glass w9d[s =w>d & !re 0 pl5ty ( room 9 x = a man to lie at full l5g? & make obs]vations ( ?+s bel[4 ,! c> ) its obs]v] c\ld be l[]$ a few ?\s& feet bel[ ! ,zeppel91 s t ! obs]v] c\ld wat* proce$+s bel[1 :ile ! air%ip rema9$ hidd5 among ! cl\ds4 ,! obs]v] 0 connect$ by telephone ) ! *>t-room ( ! ,zeppel9 & c\ld report 8 discov]ies or ev5 act z a pilot to direct ! c\rse ( ! %ip4 ,b despite ev]y?+ t c\ld be done1 ! ,zeppel9 ev5tually prov$ a failure z a w>-vessel because x 0 s v co/ly to con/ruct & op]ate & c\ld s easily be de/roy$1 & ! ,g]mans began to build huge airplanes ) :i* bomb+-raids c\ld be cont9u$4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ! ,g]mans 7 ready to admit ! failure ( _! big air%ip1 :5 ! w> /opp$ ! ,allies 7 actually build+ ma*9es patt]n$ aft] ! ,zeppel91 b ev5 l>g]1 & expect$ to use !m = bomb+-excursions ov] ,g]many4 ,?is a/oni%+ turn ( ! tables 0 due to ! fact t ,am]ica _h made a contribution to aronautics t solv$ ! "o *ief drawback ( ! ,zeppel94 ,a ,,balloon ,,gas ,,t ,,w ,,n ,,burn ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> aga9/ ,g]many1 our allies plac$ be=e u all _! problems & among !m 0 ?is "o ( ! highly inflammable air%ip4 ,c\ld we n furni% a sub/itute = hydrog5 t w\ld n burn8 ,x 0 sugge/$ to u t helium w\ld d if we c\ld produce t gas *eaply & 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,n[1 helium has a hi/ory ( its own t is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,e n[ & !n ! moon bobs its head into our light & we h a sol> eclipse4 ,b our satellite is n big en\gh to cut (f all ! light ( ! big lum9>y & ! fi]y atmosph]e ( ! sun %[s u a brilliant halo all ar\nd ! black disk ( ! moon4 ,long ago1 a/ronom]s analyz$ ?is flam+ atmosph]e ) ! spectroscope1 & by ! diff]5t b&s ( light t appe>$ !y 7 able to det]m9e :at gases 7 pres5t 9 ! sun's atmosph]e4 ,b !re 0 "o b& ( bright yell[ :i* !y c\ld n id5tify4 ,evid5tly ?is 0 produc$ by a gas unkn[n on e>?1 & !y call$ x helium or sun gas4 ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury ?is sun gas rema9$ a my/]y2 !n "o day1 9 #ahie1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay discov]$ ! same b& ( light :5 /udy+ ! spectrum ( ! m9]al cleveite4 ,! fact t a/ronom]s _h be5 able to s+le out an elem5t on ! sun n9ety million miles away be=e our *emi/s c\ld f9d x "r "h on e>?1 produc$ a mild s5sation1 b ! g5]al public atta*$ no special importance to ! gas itself4 ,x prov$ to be a v light sub/ance1 next to hydrog5 ! lighte/ ( gases1 & = ye>s x resi/$ all attempts at liquefaction4 ,only :5 ,onnes1 ! ,dut* sci5ti/1 succe$$ 9 gett+ x d[n to a temp]ature ( #dej degrees bel[ z]o1 ,fahr5heit1 did ! gas yield to ! *ill & cond5se into a liquid4 ,! gas w\ld n burn2 x w\ld n comb9e ) any o!r elem5ts1 & app>5tly x _h no use on e>?1 & x might h rema9$ indef9itely a lazy memb] ( ! *emical frat]nity _h n ! great _w conflict /irr$ u into fr5zi$ activity 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce 9 our ef=t to beat ! ,hun4 ,because ! gas _h no comm]cial value1 !re 0 only a small am\nt ( helium to be f\nd 9 ! :ole _w4 ,n a s+le laboratory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h m ?an five cubic feet ( x & its price rang$ f #a1ejj to #f1jjj p] cubic foot4 ,at ! l[e/ price x w\ld co/ #c1jjj1jjj1jjj to provide gas en\gh = "o air%ip ( ,zeppel9 dim5sions & x seem$ absurd ev5 to ?9k ( a helium air%ip4 ,,am]ican ,,*emi/s ,,to ,,! ,,rescue ,j be=e ! w> x 0 discov]$ t !re is a consid]able am\nt ( helium 9 ! natural gas ( ,oklahoma1 ,texas1 & ,kansas1 & ,sir ,william ,ramsey sugge/$ t our *emi/s might /udy "s me?od ( gett+ helium f ?is s\rce4 ,! only way ( sep>at+ x out 0 to liquefy ! gases by subject+ !m to extreme cold4 ,all gases turn to liquid if !y are cool$ suffici5tly1 & !n fur!r cold w freeze !m solid4 ,b helium c /& m cold ?an any o!r & ?is fact gave ! clue to its recov]y f natural gas4 ,! latt] 0 froz5 & "o aft] ano!r ! diff]5t elem5ts cond5s$ into liquid1 until f9ally only helium 0 left4 ,?is s\nds simple1 b x is a difficult matt] to get su* l[ temp]ature z t on a l>ge scale & d x economically4 ,to be ( any real s]vice 9 aronautics helium w\ld h to be r$uc$ 9 co/ f fifte5 hundr$ doll>s to less ?an t5 c5ts p] cubic foot4 ,sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( refrig]at+-ma*9]y 7 tri$ & f9ally j be=e ! w> 0 br\ght to a close by ! armi/ice we _h succe$$ 9 produc+ helium at ! rate ( eight c5ts p] cubic foot1 ) ! prospect ( r$uc+ its co/ /ill fur!r4 ,a l>ge plant = recov]+ helium 0 be+ built4 ,! plant w h be5 complet$ be=e ?is book is publi%$1 & x w be turn+ out helium = peaceful in/ead ( milit>y air%ips4 ,! r$uction 9 ! co/ ( helium is really "o ( ! mo/ important developm5ts ( ?is w>4 ,by remov+ ! fire risk f air%ips we c safely use ^! craft = arial cruises or = quick long-di/ance travel ov] l& & sea4 ,=1 ev5 9 "t ( peace1 sail+ "u millions ( cubic feet ( hydrog5 is a s]i\s matt]4 ,al?\gh no inc5di>y bullets are to be fe>$1 !re is always ! dang] ( sett+ fire to ! gas )9 ! exhau/ ( ! eng9es4 ,eng9es h _h to be hung 9 c>s well bel[ ! balloon prop]4 ,b ) helium 9 ! gas-bags ! eng9es c be plac$ inside ! balloon envelop & ! propell]s c op]ate on ! c5t] l9e ( ! c>4 ,9 ! case ( "o ,zeppel91 ! hydrog5 0 set on fire by an electric sp>k produc$ by friction on ! fabric ( "o ( ! gas-bags1 & s ev5 ) ! eng9e exhau/s prop]ly scre5$ !re is dang]4 ,! helium air%ip1 h[ev]1 w\ld be p]fectly safe f fire & pass5g]s c\ld smoke on deck or 9 _! cab9s )9 ! balloon itself )\t any m fe> ( fire ?an !y w\ld h on %ipbo>d4 ,wond]ful possibilities h be5 op5$ by ! production ( helium on a l>ge & economical scale1 & ! air%ip seems de/9$ to play an important "p 9 transportation v soon4 ,z ?is book is go+ to press1 we le>n ( enorm\s dirigibles ab\t to be built 9 ,engl& = pass5g] s]vice1 :i* w h half aga9 z great a lift+-p[] z ! l>ge/ ,zeppel9s4 ,! f9al *apt] ( ! /ory ( dirigibles is yet to be writt51 b 9 conclud+ ?is *apt] x is int]e/+ to note t ! _w's greate/ aronautic exp]t got 8 fir/ inspiration f ,am]ica & f9ally t ,am]ica has n[ furni%$ ! "o elem5t :i* 0 lack+ to make ! dirigible balloon a real success4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,gett+ ,,! ,,range ,e p]son ) a good pair ( eyes 9 8 head is a range-f9d]4 ,he may n "k x1 b he is1 j ! same1 & ! way to prove x is to try a little range-f9d+ on a small scale4 ,use ! top ( a table = y\r field ( op]ations1 & pick out "s spot )9 easy rea* ( y\r h& = ! t>get ^: range y wi% to f9d4 ,! t>get may be a p5ny or a small circle drawn on a piece ( :ite pap]4 ,take a p5cil 9 y\r h& & imag9e x is a %ell :i* y are go+ to l& on ! t>get4 ,x is n q fair to h a bird's-eye view ( ! field1 s get d[n on y\r knees & br+ y\r eyes )9 a few in*es ( ! top ( ! table4 ,n[ close "o eye & mak+ y\r h& describe an arc ?r\gh ! air1 l ! arc t a %ell w\ld describe1 see h[ ne>ly y c br+ ! p5cil-po9t d[n on ! c5t] ( ! t>get4 ,d x sl[ly1 s t y\r eye may guide ! h& ?r\gh\t its c\rse4 ,y w be surpris$ to f9d out h[ f> y come %ort1 or ov]rea* ! m>k4 ,y w h actually to grope = ! t>get4 ,if by any *ance y %\ld score a hit on ! fir/ try1 y may be sure t x is an accid5t4 ,h a fri5d move ! t>get ar\nd to a diff]5t position1 & try aga94 ,evid5tly1 ) "o eye y are n a good range-f9d]2 b n[ use two eyes & y w score a hit e "t4 ,n only c y l& ! p5cil on ! p5ny1 b y w be able to br+ x d[n on ! v c5t] ( ! t>get4 ,! explanation ( ?is is t :5 y br+ y\r eyes to be> ^u any object t is ne> by1 !y h to be turn$ 9 slightly1 s t bo? ( !m %all be aim$ directly at t object4 ,! ne>] ! object1 ! m !y are turn$ 91 & ! f>!r ! object1 ! m ne>ly p>allel are ! eyes4 ,long exp]i5ce has taught y to gage ! di/ance ( an object by ! feel ( ! eyes--t is1 by ! ef=t y\r muscles h to make to pull ! eyes to a focus--& 9 ?is way ! eyes give y ! range ( an object4 ,y d n "k :at ! di/ance is 9 feet or in*es1 b y c tell :5 ! p5cil-po9t has mov$ out until x is at ! same focus z ! t>get4 ,! exp]im5t c be tri$ on a l>g] scale ) ! end ( a fi%+-rod1 b "h y w probably h to use a l>g] t>get4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a limit to :i* y c gage ! range4 ,at a di/ance (1 say1 fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 a v>iation ( a few in*es beyond or ?is side ( ! t>get makes sc>cely any *ange 9 ! focus ( ! eyes4 ,t is because ! eyes are s close toge!r4 ,if !y 7 f>!r ap>t1 !y c\ld tell ! range at mu* great] di/ances4 ,,spread+ ,,! ,,eyes ,,f> ,,ap>t ,n[ ! ord9>y range-f9d]1 us$ 9 ! army & 9 ! navy1 is an arrangem5t = spread+ ! eyes ap>t to a consid]able di/ance4 ,( c\rse ! eyes are n actually spread1 b _! vision is4 ,! range-f9d] is really a d\ble telescope4 ,! b>rel is n po9t$ at an object1 b x is held at "r angles to x4 ,y look into ! in/rum5t at ! middle ( ! b>rel & out ( x at ! two ends4 ,a sy/em ( mirrors or prisms makes ?is possible4 ,! range-f9d] may be a y>d or m 9 l5g?1 :i* is equival5t to spread+ y\r eyes a y>d or m ap>t4 ,n[1 ! prisms or object-glasses at ! ends ( ! tube are adju/able1 s t !y w turn 9 until !y focus directly on ! t>get ^: range y wi% to f9d1 & ! angle ?r\gh :i* ^! glasses are turn$ gives a measure ( ! di/ance ( ! t>get4 ,! :ole ?+ is calculat$ out s t ! di/ance 9 feet1 y>ds1 or met]s1 or :atev] ! measure may be1 is regi/]$ on a scale 9 ! range-f9d]4 ,ord9>ily only "o eye is us$ to look ?r\gh ! range-f9d]1 because ! sy/em ( mirrors is set to divide ! sight ( t "o eye & make x s]ve ! purposes ( two4 ,t leaves ! o!r eye free to read ! scale1 :i* comes automatically into view z ! range-f9d] is adju/$ = ! diff]5t ranges4 ,on ! battle-%ips enorm\s range-f9d]s are us$4 ,"s ( !m are tw5ty feet long4 ,) ! eyes spread z f> ap>t z t & ) a microscope to read ! scale1 y c imag9e h[ accurately ! range c be f\nd1 ev5 :5 ! t>get is miles away4 ,b on l& su* big range-f9d]s _c conv5i5tly be us$2 !y are too bulky4 ,:5 x is necess>y to get ! range ( a v di/ant object1 two obs]v]s are us$ :o are /ation$ sev]al hundr$ y>ds ap>t4 ,^! obs]v]s h telescopes :i* !y be> ^u ! object1 & ! angle ?r\gh :i* !y h to turn ! telescope is report$ by telephone to ! batt]y1 :]e1 by a rapid calculation1 x is possible to e/imate ! exact position ( ! t>get4 ,!n ! gun is mov$ up or d[n1 to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ to ! calculation4 ,! obs]v]s h to creep z ne> to ! enemy z possible & !y mu/ be up high en\gh to comm& a good view ( ! t>get4 ,sometimes !y are plac$ on top ( telegraph poles or hidd5 up a tall tree1 or 9 a *ur* /eeple4 ,,gett+ ,,! ,,obs]v] ,,(f ,,! ,,gr\nd ,?is 0 ! me?od ( gett+ ! range 9 previ\s w>s & x 0 us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ! w> we h j be5 ?r\gh4 ,b ! great ,european conflict br\ght out wond]ful improvem5ts 9 all bran*es ( fight+2 & range-f9d+ 0 absolutely revolutioniz$1 because %ell+ 0 done at great] ranges ?an ev] be=e1 b *iefly because ! w> 0 c>ri$ up into ! sky4 ,a bird's-eye obs]vation is mu* m accurate ?an any t c be obta9$ f ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 be=e ?is w>1 "s obs]vations 7 tak5 by s5d+ a man up 9 a kite1 p>ticul>ly a kite t[$ f a %ip1 & ev5 z f> back z ! ,civil ,w> captive balloons 7 us$ to raise an obs]v] to a good height above ! gr\nd4 ,!y 7 ! ord9>y r\nd balloons1 b ! obs]vation balloon ( to-day is a v diff]5t-look+ object4 ,x is a sausage-%ap$ gas-bag t is held on a slant to ! w9d l a kite1 s t ! w9d helps to hold x up4 ,to keep x head-on to ! w9d1 !re is a big air-bag t curls ar\nd ! l[] end ( ! sausage4 ,?is acts l a rudd]1 & /eadies ! balloon4 ,"s balloons h a tail consi/+ ( a s]ies ( cone-%ap$ cups /rung on a cable4 ,a kite balloon w ride /eadily 9 a w9d t w\ld da% a common r\nd balloon 9 all directions4 ,obs]v]s 9 ^! kite balloons are provid$ ) telephone in/rum5ts by :i* !y c communicate in/antly ) ! batt]y ^: fire !y are direct+4 ,b a kite balloon is a helpless object2 x _c fight ! enemy4 ,! hydrog5 gas t holds x up w burn furi\sly if set on fire4 ,9 ! w> an enemy airplane _h m]ely to drop a bomb ^u x or fire an inc5di>y bullet into x1 & ! balloon w\ld g up 9 smoke4 ,no?+ c\ld save x1 once x took fire1 & all ! obs]v]s c\ld d 0 to jump = _! lives z soon z !y saw ! enemy close by4 ,!y always _h p>a*utes /rapp$ to !m1 s !y c\ld leap )\t an in/ant's delay 9 case ( sudd5 dang]4 ,at ! v fir/ approa* ( an enemy airplane1 ! kite balloon _h to be haul$ d[n or x w\ld surely be de/roy$1 & s kite balloons 7 n v dep5dable obs]vation /ations = ! side :i* did n control ! air4 ,z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 j be=e ! fight+ came to an end1 our army 0 prep>+ to use balloons t 7 n afraid ( flam+ bullets1 because !y 7 to be fill$ ) a gas t w\ld n burn4 ,,mak+ ,,maps ,,) ,a ,,cam]a ,because airplanes fill$ ! sky ) eyes1 ev]y?+ t ! army did ne> ! front _h to be c>efully hidd5 f ! w+$ sc\ts4 ,batt]ies 7 conceal$ 9 ! woods1 or "u canopies :]e ! woods 7 %ot to pieces1 or !y 7 plac$ 9 dug\ts s t !y c\ld n be locat$4 ,su* t>gets c\ld seldom be f\nd ) a kite balloon4 ,x 0 ! task ( airplane obs]v]s to se>* out ^! hidd5 batt]ies4 ,! eye alone 0 n dep5d$ ^u to f9d !m4 ,l>ge cam]as 7 us$ ) telescopic l5ses :i* w\ld br+ ! surface ( ! e>? ne> :ile ! airplane flew at a safe height4 ,^! 7 (t5 motion-picture cam]as :i* w\ld automatically make an exposure e second1 or e few seconds4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,briti% ,anti-aircraft ,section gett+ ! ,range ( an ,enemy ,aviator ,:5 ! ma*9e return$ f a photograph+-exp$ition1 ! films 7 develop$ & pr9t$1 & !n piec$ toge!r to =m a photographic map4 ,! map 0 scrut9iz$ v c>efully = any evid5ce ( a hidd5 batt]y or = any suspici\s enemy object4 ,z ! enemy 0 always c>eful to disguise its "w1 ! cam]a _h to be fitt$ ) color-scre5s :i* w\ld enable x to pick out details t w\ld n be evid5t to ! eye4 ,z new photographic maps 7 made f day to day1 !y 7 c>efully comp>$ "o ) ! o!r s t x might be se5 if !re 0 ! slighte/ *ange 9 !m :i* w\ld indicate "s enemy activity4 ,z soon z a suspici\s spot 0 discov]$1 its position 0 not$ on a l>ge-scale milit>y map & ! guns 7 tra9$ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,kadel ,h]b]t ,a ,briti% ,aviator mak+ ,obs]vations ov] ! ,g]man ,l9es ,,correct+ ,,! ,,aim ,x is "o ?+ to "k :]e ! t>get is & ano!r to get ! %ell to drop ^u x4 ,9 ! fir+ ( a %ell a di/ance ( t5 or tw5ty miles1 ! slighte/ v>iation 9 ! gun w make a diff]5ce ( _m y>ds 9 ! po9t :]e ! %ell l&s4 ,n only t1 b ! direction ( ! w9d & ! d5sity ( ! air h a "p to play 9 ! j\rney ( ! %ell4 ,if ! %ell travel$ ?r\gh a vacuum1 x w\ld be a mu* simpl] matt] to score a hit by ! map alone4 ,b ev5 !n !re w\ld be "s diff]5ces1 because a gun has to be w>m$ up be=e x w fire accord+ to calculation4 ,t is :y x is necess>y to h obs]v]s1 or spott]s z !y are call$1 to see :]e ! %ell actually d l& & tell ! gun-po9t]s :e!r to elevate or depress ! gun1 & h[ mu* to trav]se x--t is1 move x sideways4 ,?is w\ld n be a v difficult matt] if !re 7 only "o gun fir+1 b :5 a l>ge numb] ( guns are be+ us$1 z 0 almo/ inv>iably ! case 9 ! w>1 ! spott] _h to "k :i* %ell belong$ to ! gun he 0 direct+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions ( ! w> 0 ! wireless telephone1 :i* airplanes us$ & :i* 7 br\ght to su* p]fection t ! pilot ( an airplane c\ld talk to a /ation on ! e>? )\t any difficulty1 f a di/ance ( t5 miles2 & 9 "s cases he c\ld rea* a range ( fifty miles4 ,) ! wireless telephone1 ! obs]v] c\ld communicate in/antly ) ! gun-po9t]1 & tell him :5 to fire4 ,usually ?irty seconds 7 all[$ aft] ! signal s5t by ! obs]v] be=e ! gun 0 fir$1 & on ! in/ant ( fir+1 a signal 0 s5t to ! man 9 ! airplane to be on ! look\t = ! %ell4 ,kn[+ ! position ( ! t>get1 ! gun-po9t] w\ld "k h[ long x w\ld take ! %ell to travel ?r\gh ! air1 & he w\ld keep ! man 9 ! airplane po/$1 w>n+ him at t5 seconds1 five seconds1 & s =?1 be=e ! %ell 0 due to l&4 ,9 ord] to keep ! eyes fre% = obs]vation & n to h !m di/ract$ by o!r sights1 ! obs]v] usually gaz$ into space until j be=e ! in/ant ! %ell 0 to l&4 ,!n he w\ld look = ! column ( smoke produc$ by ! explosion ( ! %ell & report back to ! batt]y h[ f> wide ( ! m>k ! %ell _h l&$4 ,a numb] ( %ell w\ld be fir$ at regul> int]vals1 say f\r or five p] m9ute1 s t ! obs]v] w\ld "k :i* %ell belong$ to ! gun 9 "q4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( %ell4 ,"s w explode on ! in/ant ( contact ) ! e>?4 ,^! are meant to spread de/ruction ov] ! surface4 ,!re are o!r %ell :i* w explode a little m sl[ly & ^! p5etrate ! gr\nd to "s ext5t be=e go+ (f2 :ile a ?ird type has a delay$ action & is int5d$ to be buri$ deep 9 ! gr\nd be=e explod+1 s z to de/roy dug\ts & und]gr\nd positions4 ,! bur/s ( smoke f ! delay$-action %ell & ! semi-delay$-action %ell rise 9 a sl5d] v]tical column & are n s easily se5 f ! sky4 ,! in/antane\s %ell1 h[ev]1 produces a broad bur/ ( smoke :i* c be spott$ mu* m readily1 & ?is enables ! man 9 ! airplane to det]m9e ! position ( ! %ell ) great] accuracy4 ,= ?is reason1 in/antane\s %ell 7 usually us$ = spott+-purposes1 & aft] ! gun _h f\nd its t>get1 o!r %ell 7 us$ suit$ to ! "* ( ! "w t 0 to be done4 ,,m9iature ,,battle-,,fields ,obs]vation ( %ell-fire f an airplane call$ = a great deal ( exp]i5ce1 & our spott]s 7 giv5 tra9+ on a m9iature scale be=e !y und]took to d spott+ f ! air4 ,a scaffold+ 0 erect$ 9 ! tra9+-qu>t]s ov] a l>ge picture ( a typical bit ( enemy t]ritory4 ,m5 7 po/$ at ! top ( ?is scaffold+ s t !y c\ld get a bird's-eye view ( ! t]ritory repres5t$ on ! map1 & !y 7 connect$ by telephone or telegraph ) m5 bel[ :o repres5t$ ! batt]ies4 ,! in/ructor w\ld fla% a little electric light "h & !re on ! m9iature battle-field1 & ! obs]v]s _h to locate ^! fla%es & tell in/antly h[ f> !y 7 f c]ta9 t>gets4 ,?is taught !m to be ke5 & quick & to judge di/ance accurately4 ,airplane obs]v+ 0 difficult & dang]\s1 & (t5 impossible4 ,on cl\dy days ! obs]v] might be unable to fly at a safe height )\t be+ lo/ 9 ! cl\ds4 ,!n dep5d5ce _h to be plac$ ^u obs]v]s /ation$ at vantage-po9ts ne> ! enemy1 or 9 kite balloons4 ,,spott+ ,,by ,,s\nd ,:5 !re is no way ( see+ ! "w ( a gun1 x is /ill possible to correct ! aim1 because ! %ell c be made to d its own spott+4 ,e "t a %ell l&s1 x imm$iately ann\nces ! fact ) a l\d report4 ,t report is really a message :i* ! %ell s5ds out 9 all directions ) a spe$ ( ne>ly #hjj miles p] h\r--#a1adb feet p] second1 to be exact4 ,?is s\nd-message is pick$ up by a record] at sev]al diff]5t receiv+-/ations4 ,( c\rse x rea*es ! ne>e/ /ation a fraction ( a second be=e x arrives at ! next ne>e/ "o4 ,! di/ance ( ea* /ation f ! t>get is kn[n by c>eful measurem5t on ! map1 & ! "t x takes = s\nd to travel f ! t>get to ea* /ation is accurately work$ out4 ,if ! s\nd arrives at ea* /ation on s*$ule "t1 ! %ell has scor$ a hit2 b if x rea*es "o /ation a trifle ahead ( "t & lags beh9d at ano!r1 t is evid5ce t ! %ell has miss$ ! t>get & a c>eful measure ( ! di/ance 9 "t %[s h[ f> & 9 :at direction x is wide ( ! m>k4 ,9 ?is way x 0 possible to come )9 fifty or ev5 tw5ty-five y>ds ( ! t>get4 ,?is s\nd-me?od 0 also us$ to locate an enemy batt]y4 ,x 0 (t5 well nigh impossible to locate a batt]y 9 any o!r way4 ,) ! use ( smokeless p[d]1 !re is no?+ to betray ! position ( ! gun1 except ! fla% at ! in/ant ( dis*>ge1 & ev5 ! fla% 0 hidd5 by scre5s f ! view ( an airplane4 ,aside f ?is1 :5 an airplane came ne> en\gh actually to see "o ( ^! guns1 ! gun w\ld /op fir+ until ! airplane _h be5 driv5 (f4 ,b a big gun has a big voice1 & x is impossible to sil5ce x4 ,(t5 a gun ^: position has rema9$ a secret = a long "t 0 discov]$ because ! gun itself pea*$4 ,! ma9 tr\ble ) s\nd-spott+ 0 t !re 7 usually s _m %ell & guns go+ (f at ! same "t t x 0 difficult if n impossible to di/+ui% "o f ano!r4 ,sometimes ! voice ( a hidd5 gun 0 purposely dr[n$ by ! noise ( a lot ( o!r guns4 ,aft] all1 ! ma9 responsibility = good %oot+ _h to fall on obs]v]s :o c\ld actually see ! t>get1 & :5 we ?9k ( ! spl5did "w ( our soldi]s 9 ! w>1 we mu/ n =get to give full cr$it to ! tireless m5 ^: duty x 0 to wat*1 to ! m5 on w+s :o d>$ ! fi]ce battle-planes ( ! enemy1 to ! m5 afloat high 9 ! sky :o mu/ leap at a mom5t's notice f "u a blaz+ mass ( hydrog51 & f9ally to ! m5 :o crept out to p]il\s vantage-po9ts at risk ( in/ant dea?1 9 ord] to make ! fire ( _! batt]ies tell4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,talk+ ,,9 ,,! ,,sky ,9 "o field ( w> inv5tion ! ,unit$ ,/ates held almo/ a monopoly & ! progress ,am]icans a*iev$ 0 epo*-mak+4 ,be=e ! w>1 an aviator :5 on ! w+ 0 bo? deaf & dumb4 ,he c\ld communicate ) o!r airplanes or ) ! gr\nd only by signal or1 = %ort di/ances1 by radiotelegraphy1 b he c\ld n ev5 c>ry on conv]sation ) a fell[ pass5g] 9 ! ma*9e )\t a speak+-tube fitt$ to m\? & e>s s z to cut out ! t]rific ro> ( 8 own eng9e4 ,n[ ! range ( 8 voice has be5 s ext5d$ t he c *at ) fell[ aviators miles away4 ,?is rem>kable a*ievem5t & _m o!rs 9 ! field ( radio-communication h+e ^u a delicate electrical device inv5t$ by ,de=e/ 9 #aijf & kn[n z ! audion4 ,= ye>s ?is in/rum5t 0 us$ by radiotelegraph]s )\t a real appreciation ( its m>vel\s possibilities1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 its e>li] crude =m x 0 n capable ( p]=m+ ! wond]s x has a*iev$ s9ce x 0 tak5 ov] & develop$ by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,bell ,telephone ,sy/em4 ,,! ,,audion ,al?\gh ! audion is famili> to all amateur radio-op]ators1 we %all h to give a brief outl9e ( its con/ruction & op]ation = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n _h ! opportunity to dabble 9 wireless telegraphy4 ,! audion is a small glass bulb f :i* ! air is exhau/$ to a high degree ( vacuum4 ,! bulb conta9s ?ree elem5ts4 ,"o is a t9y filam5t :i* is heat$ to inc&esc5ce by a batt]y1 s t x emits negatively *>g$ electrons4 ,! filam5t is at "o side ( ! bulb & at ! opposite side !re is a metal plate4 ,:5 ! plate & ! filam5t are connect$ ) opposite poles ( a batt]y1 !re is a fl[ ( curr5t betwe5 !m1 b because only negative electrons are emitt$ by ! filam5t1 ! curr5t w fl[ only 9 "o direction--t is1 f ! plate to ! filam5t4 ,if ! audion be plac$ 9 ! circuit ( an alt]nat+-curr5t g5]ator1 x w let ?r\gh only ! curr5t runn+ 9 "o direction4 ,?us x w rectify ! curr5t or conv]t alt]nat+ curr5t into direct curr5t4 ,b ! mo/ important "p ( ! audion1 ! "p = :i* ,de=e/ is responsible1 is ! ?ird elem5t1 :i* is a grid or flat coil ( plat9um wire plac$ betwe5 ! filam5t & ! plate4 ,?is grid furni%es a v delicate control ( ! /r5g? ( ! electric curr5t betwe5 plate & filam5t4 ,! slighte/ *ange 9 electric p[] 9 ! grid w produce l>ge *anges ( p[] 9 ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! audion4 ,?is makes x possible to magnify or amplify v feeble electric waves1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! amplify+ c be c>ri$ is virtually limitless1 because a s]ies ( audions c be us$1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ be+ connect$ ) ! grid ( ! next1 & s on4 ,,talk+ ,,f ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,san ,,francisco ,!re is a limit to :i* telephone conv]sations c be c>ri$ on ov] a wire1 unless !re is "s way ( add+ fre% en]gy along ! l9e4 ,= ye>s all sorts ( exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ) me*anical devices :i* w\ld receive a telephone message & s5d x on ) a fre% relay ( curr5t4 ,b ^! devices di/ort$ ! message s t x 0 un9telligible4 ,! range ( wire telephony 0 greatly increas$ by ! use ( c]ta9 coils inv5t$ by ,pup91 :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! l9e at int]vals2 b /ill !re 0 a limit to :i* conv]sation c\ld be c>ri$ on by wire & x look$ z if x w\ld nev] be possible to telephone f "o end ( ?is big c\ntry ( ours to ! o!r4 ,b ! audion suppli$ a wond]fully effici5t relay & "o day we awoke to he> ,san ,francisco call+1 ,hello1 to ,new ,york4 ,us$ z a relay1 ! improv$ audion made x possible to pick up v fa9t wireless-telegraph messages & 9 t way increas$ ! range ( radio outfits4 ,messages c\ld be receiv$ f great di/ances )\t any ext5sive or elaborate arials1 & ! audion c\ld be us$ at ! s5d+-/ation to magnify ! signals transmitt$ & s5d !m =? ) f> great] p[]4 ,hav+ improv$ ! audion & us$ x successfully = long-di/ance telephone conv]sation ov] wires1 ! telephone company began to exp]im5t ) wireless telephony4 ,!y believ$ t x might be possible to use radiotelephony 9 places :]e wires c\ld n be laid4 ,= in/ance1 x might be possible to talk across ! ,atlantic4 ,b be=e we g f>!r1 j a ^w ( explanation conc]n+ radiotelegraphy & radiotelephony = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n ev5 an elem5t>y k ( ! subject4 ,,simple ,,explanation ,,( ,,radiotelegraphy ,suppose we %\ld set up two /akes 9 a pond ( wat]1 at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 & ar\nd ea* we set a r+-%ap$ cork float4 ,if we %\ld move "o ( ^! floats up & d[n on its /ake1 x w\ld produce ripples 9 ! wat] :i* w\ld spread out 9 all directions & f9ally w\ld rea* ! opposite /ake & cause ! float !re to bob up & d[n 9 exactly ! same way z did ! float mov$ by h&4 ,9 wireless telegraphy ! two /akes are repres5t$ by ant5n or arials & ! cork floats are electric *>ges :i* are s5t oscillat+ up & d[n ! ant5n4 ,! oscillations produc$ at "o arial w set up electro-magnetic waves :i* w spread out 9 all directions 9 ! e!r until !y rea* a receiv+-arial1 & !re !y w produce electric oscillations simil> to ! ones at ! transmitt+-ant5na4 ,telegraph signals are s5t by ! break+ up ( ! oscillations at ! transmitt+-/ation into long & %ort tra9s ( oscillations correspond+ to ! dots & da%es ( ord9>y wire telegraphy4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! s5d+-key is held d[n = a da%1 !re w be a long s]ies ( oscillations 9 ! ant5na1 & = ! dot a %ort s]ies1 & ^! %ort & long tra9s ( waves w spread out to ! receiv+-arial :]e !y w reproduce ! same s]ies ( oscillations4 ,b only a small "p ( ! en]gy w act on ! receiv+-arial because ! waves l ^? on ! pond spread 9 all directions & gr[ rapidly weak]4 ,h5ce ! advantage ( an extremely delicate in/rum5t l ! audion to amplify ! signals receiv$4 ,! oscillations us$ 9 wireless telegraphy ^! days are v rapid1 usually entirely too rapid1 to affect an ord9>y telephone receiv]1 & if !y did !y w\ld produce a note ( su* high pit* t x c\ld n be he>d4 ,s x is cu/om>y to int]rupt ! oscillations1 break+ !m up into %ort tra9s ( waves1 & ^! successive tra9s produce a note ( l[ en\gh pit* to be he>d 9 ! telephone receiv]4 ,( c\rse ! int]ruptions are ( su* high frequ5cy t 9 ! s5d+ ( a dot-&-da% message ea* dot is made up ( a great _m ( ! %ort tra9s ( waves4 ,n[ 9 radiotelephony x is n necess>y to break up ! oscillations1 b !y are all[$ to run cont9u\sly at v high spe$ & act z c>ri]s = o!r waves produc$ by speak+ into ! transmitt]2 t is1 a s+le spee*-wave w\ld be made up ( a l>ge numb] ( small] waves4 ,to make wireless telephony a success x 0 necess>y to f9d "s way ( mak+ p]fectly uni=m c>ri]-waves1 & !n ( load+ on !m waves ( spee*4 ,( c\rse1 ! latt] are n s\nd-waves1 because !y are n waves ( air1 b !y are electro-magnetic waves correspond+ exactly to ! s\nd-waves ( air & at ! receiv+-end !y affect ! telephone receiv] 9 ! same way t x is affect$ by ! electric waves :i* are s5t ov] telephone wires4 ,! telephone eng9e]s f\nd t ! audion c\ld be us$ to regulate ! c>ri]-waves & also to sup]pose ! spee*-waves ^u !m1 & at ! receiv+-/ation ! audion 0 us$ to pick up ^! waves1 no matt] h[ feeble !y might be1 & amplify !m s t !y c\ld be he>d 9 a telephone receiv]4 ,,talk+ ,,)\t ,,wires ,attempts at long-di/ance talk+ )\t wires 7 made f ,montauk ,po9t1 on ! tip ( ,long ,isl&1 to ,wilm+ton1 ,delaw>e1 & !y 7 successful4 ,?is 0 9 #aiae4 ,! app>atus 0 /ill fur!r improv$ & !n ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ ( talk+ f ! big ,arl+ton /ation ne> ,wa%+ton to ,d>i51 on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,?is 0 a di/ance ( tw5ty-"o hundr$ miles1 & spee* 0 actually transmitt$ ?r\gh space ov] t great di/ance4 ,t hav+ prov$ successful1 ! next attempt 0 to talk f ,arl+ton to ,m>e ,isl& & ,san ,diego1 on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 a di/ance ( ov] tw5ty-five hundr$ miles4 ,?is prov$ a success1 too1 & x 0 f\nd possible ev5 to talk z f> z ,honolulu4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,g4 ,v4 ,buck ,radio ,head-ge> ( an ,airman ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,g4 ,v4 ,buck ,c>ry+ on ,conv]sation by ,radio ) an ,aviator ,miles ,away ,! eng9e]s n[ felt confid5t t !y c\ld talk across ! ,atlantic to ,europe1 & s 9 ,octob] ( #aiae arrangem5ts 7 made to conduct exp]im5ts betwe5 ,arl+ton & ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is4 ,al?\gh ! w> 0 at its height1 & ! ,fr5* 7 /ra9+ e ef=t to hold back ! ,g]mans at t "t1 & al?\gh !re 7 con/ant dem&s = ! use ( radiotelegraphy1 ! ,fr5* %[$ su* an appreciation ( sci5ce t !y 7 will+ to l5d _! aid to ^! exp]im5ts4 ,! ,eiffel ,t[] c\ld be us$ only = %ort p]iods ( "t1 & !re 0 mu* int]f]5ce f o!r high-p[]$ /ations4 ,nev]!less1 ! exp]im5t prov$ p]fectly successful1 & conv]sation 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 our capital & t ( ,france1 a di/ance ( ?irty-six hundr$ miles4 ,at ! same "t1 an op]ator 9 ,honolulu1 =ty-five hundr$ miles away1 he>d ! messages1 & s ! voice at ,arl+ton c>ri$ virtually "o ?ird ( ! way ar\nd ! globe4 ,aft] t a*ievem5t1 !re 0 a lull 9 ! wireless-telephone exp]im5ts because ( ! w>4 ,b !re soon came an opportunity to make v practical use ( all ! exp]im5tal "w4 ,z soon z !re seem$ to be a possibility t we might be drawn into ! w>1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy ask$ = ! design ( app>atus t w\ld make x possible = %ips to conv]se ) "o ano!r & ) %ore /ations4 ,( c\rse all vessels are equipp$ ) wireless-telegraph app>atus1 b !re is a decid$ advantage 9 hav+ ! capta9 ( "o %ip talk directly ) ! capta9 ( ano!r %ip1 or take 8 ord]s f headqu>t]s1 ) an ord9>y telephone receiv] & transmitt]4 ,a special equipm5t 0 design$ = battle-%ips & on te/ x 0 f\nd t %ips c\ld easily conv]se ) "o ano!r ov] a di/ance ( ?irty-five miles & to %ore /ations f a di/ance ( a hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles4 ,! app>atus 0 s improv$ t n9e conv]sations c\ld be c>ri$ on at ! same "t )\t any int]f]5ce ( "o by ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s ,long ,di/ance ,radio ,app>atus at ! ,arl+ton 7,va47 ,/ation1 ) enl>g$ view ( ! ,type ( ,vacuum ,tube us$ ,:5 x became c]ta9 t we %\ld h to ent] ! w>1 !re came a call = radiotelephone app>atus = subm>9e-*as]s1 & "w 0 />t$ on small1 compact outfits = ^! little vessels4 ,,radiotelephones ,,= ,,airplanes ,!n !re 0 a dem& = radiotelephone app>atus to be us$ on airplanes4 ,?is 0 a mu* m complicat$ matt] & call$ = a great deal ( /udy4 ,! way 9 :i* problem aft] problem arose & 0 solv$ makes an exce$+ly int]e/+ n>rative4 ,x seem$ almo/ absurd to ?9k t a delicate radiotelegraph app>atus c\ld be made to "w 9 ! t]rific noise & j>r+ ( an airplane4 ,! fir/ task 0 to make ! app>atus noise-pro(4 ,a special s\nd-pro( room 0 con/ruct$ 9 :i* a noise 0 produc$ exactly imitat+ t ( ! eng9e exhau/ ( an airplane eng9e4 ,9 ?is room1 v>i\s helmets 7 tri$ 9 ord] to see :e!r !y w\ld be pro( aga9/ ! noise1 & f9ally a v suitable helmet 0 design$1 9 :i* ! telephone receiv] & transmitt] 7 in/all$4 ,by summ]-"t ! "w _h proce$$ s f> t an airplane equipp$ ) transmitt+-app>atus c\ld s5d spok5 messages to an op]ator on ! gr\nd f a di/ance ( two miles4 ,! ant5na ( ! airplane consi/$ ( a wire ) a weight on ! l[] end1 :i* hung d[n ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds f ! body ( ! ma*9e4 ,b a trail+ ant5na 0 a nuisance 9 airplane manoeuv]s1 & x 0 also f\nd t ! helmet :i* 0 s satisfactory 9 ! laboratory 0 n j ! ?+ = actual s]vice 9 an airplane4 ,x _h to fit v tightly ar\nd ! e>s & ! m\?1 & z ! airplane w5t to high altitudes :]e ! air-pressure 0 mu* l[] ?an at ! gr\nd level1 pa9ful pressures 7 produc$ 9 ! e>s :i* 7 mo/ annoy+4 ,aside f t1 9 actual w>f>e airplanes h to op]ate at extreme heights1 :]e ! air is s r>e t oxyg5 mu/ be suppli$ to ! aviators1 & x 0 difficult to provide ?is supply ( oxyg5 ) ! radio helmet tightly /rapp$ to ! head ( ! op]ator4 ,b aft] consid]able exp]im5t1 ?is difficulty 0 ov]come & also t ( ! v>y+ pressures on ! e>s4 ,ano!r great difficulty 0 to obta9 a /eady supply ( p[] on ! airplane to op]ate ! transmitt+-app>atus4 ,x has be5 ! practice to supply curr5t on airplanes = wireless-telegraph app>atus by means ( a small electric g5]ator :i* is revolv$ by a little propell]4 ,! propell] 9 turn is revolv$ by ! ru% ( air z x is c>ri$ along by ! plane4 ,b ! spe$ ( ! airplane v>ies consid]ably4 ,at times1 x may be travel+ at only =ty miles p] h\r1 & at o!r times z high z "o hundr$ & sixty miles p] h\r1 s t ! little g5]ator is subject$ to great v>iations ( spe$ & consequ5t v>iations ( voltage4 ,?is made x impossible to produce ! /eady oscillations t are requir$ 9 wireless telephony4 ,aft] consid]able exp]im5t1 a g5]ator 0 produc$ ) two w9d+s1 "o ( :i* op]at$ ?r\gh a vacuum tube1 some:at l an audion1 & to resi/ ! increase ( voltage produc$ by ! o!r w9d+4 ,!n ano!r tr\ble develop$4 ,! sp>ks produc$ by ! magneto 9 ! airplane motor set up electro-magnetic waves :i* s]i\sly affect$ ! receiv+-in/rum5t4 ,!re 0 no way ( gett+ rid ( ! magneto1 b ! wires lead+ f x to ! eng9e 7 incas$ 9 metal tubes :i* 7 gr\nd$ at frequ5t int]vals1 & 9 t way ! tr\ble 0 ov]come to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! magnetos !mselves 7 also incas$ 9 su* a way t electro-magnetic waves w\ld n be radiat$ f !m4 ,in/ead ( us+ trail+ wires :i* 7 liable to become entangl$ 9 ! propell]1 ! ant5na 0 ext5d$ f ! upp] plane to ! tail ( ! ma*9e1 & lat] x 0 f\nd t by us+ two %ort trail+ ant5n "o f ea* tip ( ! w+s1 ! v be/ results c\ld be obta9$4 ,/ill ano!r developm5t 0 to emb$ ! ant5na wires 9 ! w+s ( ! plane4 ,x 0 consid]$ necess>y1 if ! app>atus 0 to be practicable1 to be able to use x ov] a di/ance ( two ?\s& y>ds1 b 9 exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ,octob]1 #aiag1 a c\ple ( airplanes 7 able to talk to ea* o!r :5 tw5ty-?ree miles ap>t1 & conv]sations 7 c>ri$ on ) ! gr\nd f a di/ance ( =ty-five miles4 ,! conditions "u :i* ^! di/ances 7 atta9$ 7 unusual1 & a di/ance ( ?ree miles 0 accept$ z a /&>d = communication betwe5 airplanes4 ,! app>atus weigh$ only fifty-eight p\nds & x 0 connect$ ) bo? ! pilot & ! obs]v] s t !y c\ld c>ry on conv]sations ) ea* o!r & c\ld bo? he> ! conv]sation ) o!r airplanes or ! gr\nd4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 airplanes ) /&>d app>atus are able to talk cle>ly to a di/ance ( five miles & ev5 to a di/ance ( t5 miles :5 conditions are favorable1 & !y c receive messages f ! gr\nd ov] almo/ any di/ance4 ,a simil> app>atus 0 con/ruct$ = subm>9e-*as]s ) a /&>d range ( conv]sation ( ov] five miles4 ,app>atus 0 manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ?is c\ntry & all our subm>9e-*as]s 7 equipp$ ) x1 z well z a great _m ( our airplanes & seaplanes1 & we furni%$ radio-app>atus sets to our allies :i* prov$ ( imm5se value 9 ! w>4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly s 9 ! case ( subm>9e detection1 :5 x 0 possible = a seaplane or a balloon to report its f9d+s at once to subm>9e-*as]s & de/roy]s1 & to guide !m 9 pursuit ( subm>9es4 ,! improv$ audion holds out a wond]ful future = radiotelephony4 ,= receiv+1 at lea/1 no elaborate arial w be ne$$1 & ) a small loop ( wire1 an audion or two1 & simple tun+-app>atus any "o c he> ! radio gossip ( ! :ole _w4 ,,telegraph+ ,,twelve ,,hundr$ ,,words ,,p] ,,m9ute ,"s rem>kable advances 7 made 9 telegraphy also4 ,dur+ ! w> & s9ce1 messages h be5 s5t direct f ,wa%+ton to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! telegraph room op]ators are connect$ by wire ) ! diff]5t radio /ations along ! coa/ & !y c control ! radio transmitt]s1 s5d+ _! messages )\t any repeat+ at ! radio /ations4 ,long messages are copi$ (f on a ma*9e some?+ l a type-writ]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n make type impressions1 b cuts p]=ations 9 a long %eet ( pap]4 ,! pap] is !n run ?r\gh a transmitt] at a high spe$ & ! message is s5t out at a rate ( z mu* z twelve hundr$ words a m9ute4 ,at ! receiv+-/ation1 ! message is receiv$ photographically on a /rip ( pap]4 ,! receiv+-in/rum5t has a f9e qu>tz ?read 9 x1 :i* c>ries a t9y mirror4 ,a beam ( light is reflect$ f ! mirror ^u ! /rip ( s5sitiz$ pap]4 ,! radio waves twi/ ! qu>tz ?read ev] s slightly1 :i* makes ! beam ( light play back & =?1 b ( c\rse ! motion is greatly magnifi$4 ,9 ?is way a p]fect record is made ( ! message 9 dots & da%es1 :i* are translat$ into ! correspond+ lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,,detect+ ,,radio ,,spies ,!re is ano!r radio inv5tion :i* we contribut$ dur+ ! w>1 t prov$ ( utmo/ s]vice 9 ?w>t+ ,g]man spies & :i* is go+ to prove equally valuable 9 "t ( peace4 ,al?\gh a w> inv5tion1 its peacetime s]vice w be to save lives4 ,x is a v simple matt] to rig up a wireless-telegraph sy/em t w s5d messages to a consid]able di/ance1 & simpl] /ill to rig up a receiv+-set4 ,european gov]nm5ts h always disc\rag$ amateur radiotelegraphy1 b 9 ?is c\ntry re/rictions us$ to be s slight t almo/ any "o c\ld set up & use a radio set1 bo? = receiv+ & = transmitt+4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> we 7 glad t amateurs _h be5 enc\rag$ to play ) wireless1 because we _h hundr$s ( good radio op]ators ready to "w ! sets :i* ! army & ! navy ne$$4 ,b ?is 0 a disadvantage1 too4 ,_m op]ators 7 ei!r ,g]mans or pro-,g]mans & 7 only too will+ to use _! radio exp]i5ce 9 ! int]e/ ( our enemies4 ,x 0 a simple matt] to obta9 ! necess>y app>atus1 because !re 0 pl5ty ( x to be _h ev]y:]e4 ,!y c\ld s5d ord]s to fell[ work]s & receive messages f !m1 or !y c\ld li/5 to dispat*es s5t out by ! gov]nm5t & glean in=mation ( great milit>y & naval importance4 ,! app>atus c\ld easily be conceal$3 a wire hung inside a *imney1 a wat]-pipe1 ev5 a brass b$/ead c\ld be us$ = ! receiv+-arial4 ,x 0 highly important t ^! conceal$ /ations be locat$1 b h[ 7 !y to be discov]$8 ,,! ,,wireless ,,compass ,?is problem 0 solv$ v nicely4 ,! audion _h made x possible to receive radio signals on a v small arial4 ,9 place ( ! ord9>y /ation>y arial a frame five feet squ>e 0 set up s t x c\ld be turn$ to any po9t ( ! compass4 ,a few turns ( copp]-bronze wire 7 w\nd r\nd x4 ,?is 0 call$ ! wireless compass4 ,x 0 set up on ! ro( ( ! radio /ation & conceal$ )9 a cupola4 ,! %aft on :i* x 0 m\nt$ ext5d$ d[n into ! op]at+-room & c>ri$ a :eel by :i* x c\ld be turn$4 ,on ! %aft 0 a circul> b& ( alum9um engrav$ ) ! #cfj degrees ( ! circle1 & a c\ple ( fix$ po9t]s indicat$ true nor? & s\?4 ,n[ :5 a signal 0 receiv$ by ! arial1 if x /ruck ! frame edgewise ! radio waves w\ld rea* "o side be=e !y w\ld ! o!r4 ,tak+ a s+le wave1 z %[n by ! draw+1 ,fig4 #aa1 we see t :ile ! cre/ ( ! wave is sweep+ ov] "o side ( ! frame1 ! tr\gh ( ! wave is pass+ ! o!r side4 ,two curr5ts are set up 9 ! radio compass1 "o 9 ! wires at ! ne> side ( ! compass1 & ano!r 9 ! wires at ! f> side ( ! compass4 ,z ^! curr5ts are ( ! same direction1 !y oppose ea* o!r & t5d to kill ea* o!r (f1 b "o ( ! curr5ts is /rong] ?an ! o!r because ! cre/ ( ! wave is sweep+ ov] t side1 :ile ! tr\gh ( ! wave is pass+ ov] ! o!r4 ,! l5g? ( ! wave may be any?+1 b always "o side w be /rong] ?an ! o!r1 & a curr5t equal 9 /r5g? to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two curr5ts goes d[n into ! op]at+-room & affects ! receiv]4 ,n[ :5 ! compass is set at "r angles to ! oncom+ wave1 bo? sides are affect$ simultane\sly & ) ! same /r5g?1 s t !y kill ea* o!r (f completely1 & no curr5t goes d[n to ! receiv]4 ,?us ! /r5g? ( ! signal receiv$ c be v>i$ f a maximum1 :5 ! compass is p>allel to ! oncom+ waves1 to z]o1 :5 x is at "r angles to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! radio compass turn$ p>allel to an oncom+ electro-magnetic wave ,to f9d out :]e a s5d+-/ation is1 ! compass is turn$ until ! l\de/ s\nd is he>d 9 ! receiv] & !n ! compass dial %[s f :at direction ! signals are com+4 ,at ! same "t1 ano!r l9e on ! signals w be f\nd by a second /ation ) ano!r compass4 ,^! directions are trac$ on a map2 & :]e !y meet1 ! s5d+-/ation mu/ be locat$4 ,) ?is app>atus x 0 possible to locate ! direction ( ! /ation )9 a degree4 ,aft] ! /ation _h be5 locat$ z closely z possible 9 ?is way1 a motor-truck 0 s5t out 9 :i* !re 0 a conceal$ radio compass4 ,! truck w\ld patrol ! region locat$ by ! fix$ compasses1 & ) x ! position ( ! conceal$ /ation c\ld be det]m9$ ) p]fect accuracy4 ,! build+ w\ld be raid$ & its occupants jail$ & ! radio equipm5t confiscat$4 ,ev5 receiv+-sets 7 discov]$ ) ! portable compass1 b to f9d !m 0 a f> m difficult task4 ,= ! receiv+ ( messages f di/ant po9ts )\t a conspicu\s arial an audion w\ld h to be us$ & ?is w\ld set up feeble oscillations :i* c\ld be pick$ up "u favorable conditions by ! portable compass4 ,,pilot+ ,,%ips ,,into ,,port ,& n[ = ! peace-"t application ( all ?is4 ,if ! compass c\ld be us$ to f9d ^? :o tri$ to hide1 :y c\ld x n also be us$ to f9d ^? :o wi%$ to be f\nd8 ,e n[ & !n a %ip runs ^u ! rocks because x has lo/ its be>+s 9 ! fog4 ,b !re w be no excuse = su* accid5ts n[4 ,a numb] ( radio-compass /ations h be5 locat$ ar\nd ! entrance & approa* to ,new ,york ,h>bor4 ,simil> /ations h be51 or soon w be1 e/abli%$ at o!r ports4 ,z soon z a %ip arrives )9 fifty or a hundr$ miles ( port %e is requir$ to call = h] be>+s4 ,! op]ator ( ! control /ation in/ructs ! %ip to s5d h] call lett]s = ?irty seconds1 & at ! same "t notifies ea* compass /ation to get a be>+ on ! %ip4 ,?is ea* does1 report+ back to ! control /ation4 ,! be>+s are plott$ on a *>t & inside ( two m9utes f ! "t ! %ip gives h] call lett]s1 h] be>+ is fla%$ to h] by radio f ! control /ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #ab4 ,approa*es to ,new ,york ,h>bor %[+ location ( ?ree radio compass /ations & h[ position ( a %ip s5d+ signals f ,a may be det]m9$ ,! *>t on :i* ! plott+ is done is cov]$ ) a %eet ( glass4 ,holes are pi]c$ ?r\gh ! glass at ! location ( ea* compass /ation4 ,see ,fig4 #ab4 ,on ! *>t1 ar\nd ea* /ation1 !re is a dial m>k$ (f 9 ! #cfj degrees ( ! circle4 ,a ?read passes ?r\gh ! *>t & ! hole 9 ! glass at ea* /ation4 ,^! ?reads are atta*$ to weights "u ! *>t4 ,:5 a compass /ation reports a be>+1 ! ?read ( t /ation is pull$ out & ext5d$ across ! correspond+ degree on ! dial4 ,! same is done z ea* /ation reports & :]e ! ?reads cross1 ! %ip mu/ be locat$4 ,n only c ! direction-f9d] be us$ to pilot a %ip into a h>bor1 b x w also s]ve to prev5t collisions at sea1 because a %ip equipp$ ) a radio compass c tell :e!r ano!r %ip is com+ directly t[>d h]4 ,& s z "o ( ! happy outcomes ( ! dreadful w>1 we h an app>atus t w rob sea-fogs ( _! t]rors to navigation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,w>riors ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t-,,bru% ,:5 ! great ,european w> broke out1 x 0 v evid5t t ! ,ent5te ,allies w\ld h to ex]cise e res\rce to beat ! foe :i* _h be5 prep>+ = ye>s to conqu] ! _w4 ,b :o ev] imag9$ t geologi/s w\ld be call$ 9 to *oose ! be/ places = bor+ m9es "u ! enemy3 t meteorologi/s w\ld be summon$ to =eca/ ! wea!r & det]m9e ! be/ "t to laun* an (f5sive2 t psycologi/s w\ld be employ$ to pick out ! m5 ) ! be/ n]ves to man ! ma*9e-guns & pilot ! battle-planes8 ,c]ta9ly no "o guess$ t arti/s & ! mak]s ( /age sc5]y w\ld play an important "p 9 ! conflict4 ,b ! airplane fill$ ! sky ) eyes t at fir/ made x impossible = an army to conceal its plans f ! enemy4 ,& !n !re 7 eyes t swam 9 ! sea--cruel eyes t belong$ to deadly subm>9e mon/]s1 eyes t c\ld see )\t be+ se51 eyes t c\ld pop up out ( ! wat] at unexpect$ mom5ts1 eyes t direct$ deadly missiles at in(f5sive m]*antm54 ,!y 7 c[>dly eyes1 too1 :i* gave ! %ip no opportunity to /rike back at ! unse5 enemy4 ,a vessel's only safety lay 9 ! *ance t out 9 ! broad rea*es ( ! ocean x might pass beyond ! range ( ^? lurk+ eyes4 ,x 0 a game ( hide-&-seek 9 :i* ! pursu] & n ! pursu$ 0 hidd54 ,some?+ _h to be done to conceal ! pursu$ z well1 b 9 ! op5 sea !re 0 no?+ to hide beh9d4 ,,hid+ ,,9 ,,pla9 ,,sight ,!re is su* a ?+ z hid+ 9 pla9 sight4 ,y c look "r at a tree-toad )\t see+ him1 because 8 colors bl5d p]fectly ) ! tree to :i* he is cl++4 ,y c wat* a gre5 leaf curl up & %rivel )\t realiz+ t ! curl$ edge is really a cat]pill>1 cunn+ly ve9$ & color$ to look j l a dy+ leaf2 & out 9 ! woods a speckl$ bird or /rip$ animal w escape obs]vation j because x mat*es ! spott$ light t comes ?r\gh ! und]bru%4 ,nature is con/antly protect+ its helpless animals ) color$ coats t bl5d ) ! surr\nd+s4 ,long ago clumsy attempts at concealm5t 7 made :5 w>-vessels 7 giv5 a coat ( d>k-gray pa9t :i* 0 suppos$ to make !m invisible at a di/ance4 ,actually ! pa9t made !m m conspicu\s2 b1 !n1 concealm5t did n c\nt = v mu* be=e ! pres5t w>4 ,x 0 ! eyes ( ! subm>9es t br\ght a hurry call = ! arti/s1 & up to !m 0 put ! problem ( hid+ %ips 9 pla9 sight4 ,a new "n 0 co9$ = ^! w>riors ( ! pa9t-bru%3 cam\fleurs !y 7 call$1 & _! "w 0 kn[n z cam\flage4 ,,mat*+ ,,! ,,sky ,( c\rse1 no pa9t w make a %ip absolutely invisible at a %ort di/ance1 b a l>ge vessel may be made to disappe> completely f view at a di/ance ( six or sev5 miles if x is prop]ly pa9t$4 ,to be invisible1 a %ip mu/ reflect z mu* light & ! same %ade ( light z d its surr\nd+s4 ,if x is se5 aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! sea1 x mu/ be ( a blui% or a gre5i% t9t1 b a subm>9e lies s l[ 9 ! wat] t any object se5 at a di/ance is silh\ett$ aga9/ ! sky1 & s ! %ip mu/ h a coat ( pa9t t w reflect ! same colors z does ! sky4 ,n[1 ! sky may be ( almo/ any color ( ! ra9b[1 dep5d+ ^u ! position ( ! sun & ! am\nt ( vapor or du/ 9 ! air4 ,=tunately 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! wat]s ab\t ! ,briti% ,isles1 :]e mo/ ( ! subm>9e attacks took place1 ! wea!r is hazy mo/ ( ! "t1 & ! %ip _h to be pa9t$ ( su* a color t x w\ld reflect ! same light z t reflect$ by a hazy sky4 ,) a backgr\nd ( haze & m or less haze betwe5 ! %ip & ! p]iscope ( ! ,u-boat1 x 0 n a v difficult matt] to pa9t a %ip s t x w\ld be invisible six or sev5 miles away4 ,"o %ade ( gray 0 us$ to conceal a %ip 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & an entirely diff]5t %ade 0 us$ = ! bright] skies ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,int]national ,film ,a ,giant ,gun ,conceal$ ,among ,trees ,beh9d ! ,fr5* ,l9es ,9 ?is way1 ! arti/s made x possible = %ips to sail 9 safety mu* ne>] ! pursu] :o 0 try+ to f9d !m1 & by j s mu* !y r$uc$ 8 p[]s ( de/ruction4 ,b /ill ! odds 7 too heavy aga9/ ! m]*antman4 ,some?+ mu/ be done = him :5 he f\nd himself )9 ! sev5-mile dang]-zone4 ,"h aga9 ! arti/s came to ! rescue4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,committee on ,public ,in=mation ,obs]v+ ! ,enemy f a ,papi]-,m* ,replica ( a ,dead ,horse ,be=e m]*ant %ips 7 arm$1 a subm>9e w\ld n wa/e a torp$o on !m1 b w\ld p\nd !m into submission ) %ell4 ,ev5 aft] %ips 7 provid$ ) guns1 subm>9es m\nt$ heavi] guns & unless a %ip 0 spe$y en\gh to %[ a clean pair ( heels1 ! pursu+ ,u-boat w\ld /& (f out ( range ( ! %ip's guns & p\r a deadly fire into x4 ,b ! %ips1 too1 m\nt$ l>g] guns & ! subm>9es _h to fall back ^u _! torp$oes4 ,,gett+ ,,! ,,range ,,= ,,! ,,torp$o ,9 ord] to fire its torp$o ) any c]ta9ty1 ! ,u-boat _h to get )9 a ?\s& y>ds ( its victim4 ,a torp$o travels at f ?irty to =ty miles p] h\r4 ,x takes "t = x to rea* its t>get & a t>get :i* is mov+ at1 say1 fifte5 knots1 w travel five hundr$ y>ds :ile a ?irty-knot torp$o is mak+ "o hundr$ y>ds4 ,& s be=e ! ,u-boat comm&] c\ld dis*>ge 8 torp$o1 he _h to "k h[ fa/ ! %ip 0 travel+ & h[ f> away x 0 f him4 ,he c\ld n come to ! surface & make delib]ate obs]vations1 b _h to /ay "u cov]1 n d>+ ev5 to keep 8 eye out ( wat]1 = fe> t ! long wake ( foam trail+ beh9d ! p]iscope w\ld give him away4 ,all he c\ld d1 !n1 0 to ?r[ 8 p]iscope up = a mom5t>y glimpse & make 8 calculations v quickly2 !n he c\ld move to ! position he figur$ t he %\ld occupy & %oot up 8 p]iscope = ano!r glimpse to *eck up 8 calculations4 ,on ! glass ( ?is p]iscope1 !re 7 a numb] ( graduations runn+ v]tically & horizontally4 ,if he knew 8 victim & happ5$ to "k ! height ( its smoke-/acks or ! l5g? ( ! boat1 he not$ h[ _m graduations !y cov]$1 & !n by a set =mula he c\ld tell h[ f> he 0 f ! boat4 ,at ! same "t he _h to "w out its rate ( travel & note c>efully ! c\rse x 0 hold+ be=e he c\ld figure :]e 8 torp$o mu/ be aim$4 ,!re 0 always m or less unc]ta9ty ab\t su* obs]vations1 because !y _h to be tak5 ha/ily1 & ! cam\fleurs 7 n sl[ to take advantage ( ?is weakness4 ,!y increas$ ! enemy's confusion by pa9t+ high b[-waves :i* made ! %ip look z if x 7 travel+ at high spe$4 ,!y pa9t$ ! b[ to look l ! /]n1 & ! /]n to look l ! b[1 & ! /acks 7 pa9t$ s t !y appe>$ to slant 9 ! opposite direction1 s t x w\ld look z if ! vessel 7 head$ ! o!r way4 ,u-boats came to h a v :olesome respect = de/roy]s & w\ld seldom attack a %ip if "o ( ^! fa/ fight+-craft 0 ab\t1 & s de/roy]s 7 pa9t$ on ! sides ( %ips z sc>ecr[s to fright5 (f ! enemy4 ,,mak+ ,,/raight ,,l9es ,,look ,,crook$ ,we say t see+ is believ+1 b x is n v h>d to deceive ! eye4 ,! l9es 9 ,fig4 #ac look absolutely p>allel1 & !y are2 b cross-hat* ! spaces betwe5 !m1 ) ! hat*+ rev]s$ 9 alt]nate spaces1 z 9 ,fig4 #ad1 & !y no long] look /raight4 ,take ! lett]s on ! left1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,!y look all higgl$y-piggl$y1 b !y are really /raight & p>allel1 z "o c prove by lay+ a /raight-edge aga9/ !m1 or by draw+ a /raight l9e ?r\gh ea* lett]1 z %[n at ! "r1 ,fig4 #af4 ,su* illusions 7 us$ on %ips4 ,/ripes 7 pa9t$ on ! hull t tap]$ slightly1 f b[ to /]n1 s t ! vessel appe>$ to be head$ (f at an angle1 :5 x 0 really broadside to ! wat*] at ! o!r end ( ! p]iscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,p>allel l9es t look /raight ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,p>allel l9es t d n look /raight ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,subm>9e ,def5se ,association ,,fig4 #ae4 ,lett]s t look all higgl$y-piggl$y1 b are really /raight ,!re are color illusions1 too1 t 7 tri$4 ,if y draw a r$ *alk-m>k & a blue "o on a p]fectly clean blackbo>d1 ! r$ l9e w seem to /& out & ! blue "o to s9k into ! black surface ( ! bo>d1 because y\r eye has to focus diff]5tly = ! two colors1 & a v dazzl+ effect c be _h ) alt]nat+ squ>es ( blue & r$4 ,o!r colors give ev5 m dazzl+ effects1 & "s ( !m1 :5 view$ at a di/ance1 w bl5d into ! v %ade ( gray t w make a boat invisible at six miles4 ,:5 ,u-boat comm&]s took obs]vations on a %ip pa9t$ ) a dazzle cam\flage1 !y saw a %imm]+ image :i* x 0 h>d = !m to measure on ! f9e graduations ( _! p]iscopes4 ,"s %ips 7 pa9t$ ) heavy blot*es ( black & :ite1 & ! enemy mak+ a ha/y obs]vation w\ld be apt to focus 8 att5tion on ! d>k masses & ov]look ! :ite p>ts4 ,s he 0 likely to make a mi/ake 9 e/imat+ ! height ( ! smoke-/ack or 9 measur+ ! app>5t l5g? ( a vessel4 ,a ,,joke ,,on ,,! ,,photograph] ,e>ly 9 ! subm>9e campaign "o ( our boats 0 giv5 a coat ( cam\flage1 & :5 ! vessel sail$ f its pi] 9 ! ,nor? ,riv]1 ,new ,york1 ! own]s s5t a photograph] two or ?ree pi]s d[n ! riv] to photograph ! %ip z %e w5t by4 ,he took ! picture1 b :5 ! negative 0 develop$1 mu* to 8 a/oni%m5t he f\nd t ! boat 0 n all on ! plate4 ,9 ! f9d] ( 8 cam]a1 he _h mi/ak5 a heavy b& ( black pa9t = ! /]n ( ! %ip1 q ov]look+ ! real /]n1 :i* 0 pa9t$ a grayi% :ite4 ,! arti/ _h fool$ ! photograph] & at a di/ance ( n m ?an two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds6 ,,see+ ,,beyond ,,! ,,horizon ,! p]iscope ( a subm>9e t is runn+ awa% c be rais$ ab\t fifte5 feet above ! wat]1 :i* means t ! horizon z view$ f t elevation is ab\t six miles away1 & if y draw a circle ) a six-mile radius on ! map ( ! ,atlantic1 y w f9d t x is a m]e speck 9 ! ocean2 b a ,u-boat comm&] c\ld see objects t lay f> beyond 8 horizon because he 0 se>*+ = objects :i* t[]$ _m feet above ! wat]4 ,! smoke-/acks ( "s vessels rise a hundr$ feet above ! wat]-l9e1 & ! ma/s rea* up to mu* great] altitudes4 ,aside f ?is1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> /eam]s burn$ s(t coal & _! funnels bel*$ =? huge columns ( smoke :i* 0 visible f tw5ty to ?irty miles away4 ,:5 ?is 0 realiz$1 ef=ts 7 made to cut d[n ! sup]/ructure ( a %ip z mu* z possible4 ,"s vessels _h _! /acks cut d[n almo/ to ! deck-l9e1 & air-pumps 7 in/all$ to furni% ! draft necess>y to keep _! furnaces go+4 ,!y _h no ma/s except = sl5d] iron pipes :i* c\ld be fold$ d[n aga9/ ! deck & c\ld be erect$ at a mom5t's notice1 to c>ry ! arials ( ! wireless sy/em4 ,ov] ! %ip f /em to /]n 0 /ret*$1 a cable1 famili>ly kn[n z a clo!s-l9e1 ^u :i* 7 laid /rips ( canvas t completely cov]$ ! sup]/ructure ( ! %ip4 ,^! boats lay s l[ t !y c\ld n be se5 at any great di/ance1 & x 0 difficult = ! ,u-boats to f9d !m4 ,!y 7 sl[ boats2 too sl[ to run away f a mod]n subm>9e1 b because ( _! l[ly /ructure1 !y manag$ to elude ! ,g]man ,u-boats4 ,:5 !y 7 se51 ! ,u-boat comm&]s 7 afraid ( !m4 ,!y 7 suspici\s ( any?+ t look$ out ( ! ord9>y1 & pref]r$ to let ! clo!s-l9e %ips g4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,committee on ,public ,in=mation ,f ,we/]n ,newspap] ,union ,cam\flag$ ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,am]ican #bf? ,division 9 ,france ,,! ,,briti% ,,my/]y ,,%ips ,! ,g]mans _h "s v unheal?y exp]i5ces ) ! ,q-boats or my/]y %ips ( ! ,briti%4 ,^! 7 vessels rigg$ up mu* l ord9>y tramp /eam]s1 b !y 7 load$ ) wood1 s t !y w\ld n s9k1 & _! hat*es 7 arrang$ to fall op5 at ! t\* ( a button1 expos+ p[]ful guns4 ,!y also 7 equipp$ ) torp$o-tubes1 s t !y c\ld give ! ,u-boat a dose ( its own m$ic9e4 ,^! %ips w\ld travel along ! lanes frequ5t$ by subm>9es1 & invite attack4 ,!y w\ld limp along z if !y _h be5 injur$ by a /orm or a ,u-boat attack1 & look$ l easy prey4 ,:5 a subm>9e did attack !m1 !y w\ld s5d out frantic calls = help1 & !y _h s-call$ panic p>ties :i* took to ! boats4 ,meantime1 a pick$ crew rema9$ abo>d1 c>efully conceal$ f view1 & ! capta9 kept 8 eye ^u ! enemy ?r\gh a p]iscope disguis$ z a small v5tilator1 wait+ = ! ,u-boat to come )9 range ( c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,sometimes ! panic p>ty w\ld lure ! subm>9e into a favorable position by r[+ "u ! /]n z if to hide ar\nd ! o!r side ( ! %ip4 ,at ! prop] mom5t1 up w\ld g ! :ite ensign--! ,briti% man-(-w> flag--! batt]ies w\ld be unmask$1 & a hail ( %ell w\ld break loose ov] ! ,hun4 ,_m a ,g]man subm>9e 0 acc\nt$ = by su* traps4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,a ,cam\flag$ ,%ip 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] on ,victory ,day ,subm>9es !mselves us$ all sorts ( cam\flage4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly equipp$ ) sails :i* !y w\ld raise to disguise !mselves z peaceful sloops1 & 9 ?is way !y 7 able to /eal up on a victim )\t discov]y4 ,sometimes !y w\ld seize a %ip & hide beh9d x 9 ord] to get ne> _! prey4 ,,cam\flage ,,on ,,l& ,b ! call = ! wield]s ( ! pa9tbru% came n only f ! sea4 ,_! s]vices 7 ne$$ fully z mu* on l&1 & ! mak+ ( l& cam\flage 0 f> m int]e/+ because x 0 m v>i$ & m successful4 ,besides1 x call$ = m ?an m]e pa9t2 all sorts ( tricks ) canvas1 grass1 & bran*es 7 us$4 ,( c\rse1 ! soldi]s 7 g>b$ 9 du/-color$ clo?+ & %9y armor 0 disc>d$4 ,! helmets !y wore 7 cov]$ ) a mat]ial t ca/ no gleam ( light4 ,9 e respect1 !y tri$ to make !mselves ( ! same %ade z _! surr\nd+s4 ,l ! ,indians1 !y pa9t$ _! faces4 ,?is 0 done :5 !y made _! raids at night4 ,!y pa9t$ _! faces black s t !y w\ld n %[ ! fa9te/ reflection ( light4 ,a ,,pap] ,,horse ,! mo/ int]e/+ cam\flage "w 0 done = ! b5efit ( snip]s or = obs]v]s at li/5+-po/s close to ! enemy tr5*es4 ,x 0 v important to spy on ! enemy & discov] 8 plans1 & s m5 7 s5t out z ne> 8 l9es z possible1 to li/5 to ! conv]sation & to note any signs ( unusual activity :i* w\ld be likely to prec$e a raid4 ,^! m5 7 suppli$ ) telephone wires :i* !y dragg$ ov] ,no ,man's ,l&1 & by :i* !y c\ld communicate _! discov]ies to headqu>t]s4 ,"s v +5i\s li/5+-po/s 7 e/abli%$4 ,9 "o case a papi]-m* duplicate ( a dead horse 0 made1 :i* 0 an exact facsimile ( an animal t _h be5 %ot & lay betwe5 ! two l9es4 ,"o night1 ! c>cass ( ! horse 0 remov$ & ! papi]-m* replica took its place4 ,9 ! latt] a man 0 /ation$ ) telephone connection back to 8 own l9es4 ,"h he _h an excell5t *ance to wat* ! enemy4 ,on ano!r occasion a /&+ tree1 ^: bran*es _h be5 %ot away1 0 c>efully photograph$ & an exact copy ( x made1 b ) a *amb] inside 9 :i* an obs]v] c\ld be conceal$4 ,"o night :ile ! noise ( ! workm5 0 dr[n$ by heavy cannonad+1 ?is tree 0 remov$ & its facsimile 0 set up in/ead1 & x rema9$ = _m a day be=e ! enemy discov]$ t x 0 a fake tree-trunk4 ,x provid$ a tall obs]vation po/ f :i* an obs]v] c\ld direct ! fire ( 8 own artill]y4 ,,fool+ ,,! ,,wat*]s ,,9 ,,! ,,sky ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w>1 x seem$ impossible to hide any?+ f ! ,g]mans4 ,!y _h eyes ev]y:]e & 7 able to anticipate ev]y?+ ! ,allies did4 ,b ! spies t infe/$ ! sky 7 ! wor/ h&icap4 ,ev5 :5 ! ,allies ga9$ control ( ! air1 ! control 0 m or less nom9al because e n[ & !n an enemy obs]v] w\ld slip ov] or "u ! patroll+ aroplanes & make photographs ( ! ,allies' l9es4 ,! photographs 7 c>efully comp>$ ) o!rs previ\sly tak51 t ! slighte/ *ange 9 detail might be discov]$4 ,airplane obs]v]s n only w\ld be ready to drop bombs on any suspici\s object or ^u masses ( troops mov+ along ! roads1 b w\ld telephone back to _! artill]y to direct its fire ^u ^! t>gets4 ,( c\rse1 ! enemy knew :]e ! roads 7 locat$ & a c>eful wat* 0 kept ( !m4 ,! ,fr5* did n try to hide ! roads1 b !y conceal$ ! traffic on ! roads by hang+ r[s ( curta9s ov] !m4 ,z ^! curta9s hung v]tically & 7 spac$ ap>t1 "o w\ld suppose t !y w\ld furni% little concealm5t1 b !y prev5t$ an obs]v] 9 an aroplane f look+ d[n ! l5g? ( a road4 ,all ! road he c\ld see 0 t :i* lay directly "u 8 ma*9e1 because !re he c\ld look betwe5 ! curta9s2 if he look$ obliquely at ! road1 ! curta9s w\ld appe> to ov]lap "o ano!r & w\ld conceal op]ations go+ on "u !m4 ,9 "o case1 ! ,g]mans completely cov]$ a sunk5 road ) canvas pa9t$ to repres5t a road surface4 ,"u ?is canvas canopy1 troops 7 mov$ to an important /rategic po9t )\t ! slighte/ indication ( su* a movem5t4 ,,hid+ ,,big ,,guns ,nature's tricks ( cam\flage 7 freely us$ 9 ! hid+ ( ! implem5ts ( w> on l&4 ,our big guns 7 conceal$ by be+ pa9t$ ) leop>d spots & tig] /ripes1 ! color & nature ( ! cam\flage dep5d+ ^u ! /ation !y 7 to occupy4 ,9 _m cases1 !y 7 cov]$ ) bran*es ( trees or ) rope nett+ ov]spread ) leaves4 ,s c>eful 0 ! obs]vation ( ! air sc\ts t ev5 ! grass scor*$ by ! fire ( ! gun _h to be cov]$ ) gre5 canvas to prev5t betrayal ( ! position ( ! gun4 ,,roads ,,t ,,l$ ,,n[h]e ,9 ! mak+ ( an emplacem5t = a gun x 0 ( ! utmo/ importance t no fre% upturn$ e>? be disclos$ to ! arial obs]v]s4 ,ev5 foot-pa?s lead+ to x _h to be conceal$4 ,plans 7 c>efully made to cov] up all traces ( ! "w be=e ! "w 0 begun4 ,:]e x 0 impossible to conceal ! pa?s1 !y 7 purposely made to lead well beyond ! po9t :]e ! emplacem5t 0 build+1 &1 /ill fur!r to deceive ! enemy1 a %[ ( "w 0 sometimes und]tak5 at ! end ( ! pa?4 ,:]ev] ! sod _h to be upturn$1 x 0 cov]$ ov] ) gre5 canvas4 ,! e>? t 0 remov$ _h to be conceal$ some:]e & ! be/ place ( concealm5t 0 f\nd to be "s old %ell-hole :i* w\ld hold a great deal ( e>? )\t any evid5ce t w\ld be app>5t to an obs]v] 9 an aroplane4 ,if no %ell-hole 7 h&y1 ! excavat$ mat]ial _h to be haul$ = miles be=e a safe dump+-gr\nd c\ld be f\nd4 ,z f> z possible ev]y?+ 0 sunk bel[ ! e>? level4 ,big pits 7 dug 9 :i* ! mort>s 7 plac$1 or if a %ell-hole 7 empty1 ?is 0 us$ in/ead4 ,,%ad[less ,,build+s ,any projection above ! gr\nd 0 apt to ca/ a %ad[ :i* w\ld %[ up on ! obs]v]'s photographs4 ,?is 0 a difficulty t 0 exp]i5c$ 9 build+ ! hang>s = airplanes4 ,! ro(s ( ^! %$s 7 pa9t$ gre5 s z to mat* ! sod ar\nd !m1 b z !y project$ above _! surr\nd+s1 !y ca/ %ad[s :i* made !m cle>ly evid5t to ! enemy4 ,?is 0 ov]come by ! build+ ( %ad[less hang>s2 t is1 hang>s ) ro(s t ext5d$ all ! way to ! gr\nd at su* an angle t !y w\ld cause no %ad[ except :5 ! sun 0 l[4 ,9 "s cases1 aroplanes 7 h\s$ 9 und]gr\nd hang>s1 ! approa* to :i* 0 conceal$ by a canvas cov]+4 ,z = ! ma*9es !mselves1 !y scorn$ ! use ( cam\flage4 ,pa9t 0 little protection to !m4 ,"s attempt 0 made to use transp>5t w+s ( cellon1 a mat]ial simil> to celluloid1 b ?is did n prove a success4 ,,! ,,photographic ,,eye ,al?\gh cam\fleurs made p]fect imitations ( natural objects & surr\nd+s1 !y 7 greatly conc]n$ to f9d t ! fly+ obs]v]s c\ld see ?r\gh _! disguises4 ,to ! nak$ eye ! l&scape w\ld n %[ ! slighte/ trace ( any suspicions object1 b by ! use ( a color-scre5 to cut out c]ta9 rays ( light1 a big diff]5ce w\ld be %[n betwe5 ! real colors ( nature & ! arti/'s copies ( !m4 ,= in/ance1 if a ro( pa9t$ to look l gre5 grass 7 view$ ?r\gh a r$ color-scre51 x w\ld look br[n2 :ile ! real grass1 :i* app>5tly 0 ( exactly ! same %ade z ! ro(1 w\ld look r$4 ,x _h n be5 realiz$ by ! arti/s :o _h nev] /udi$ ! composition ( light1 t !re is a great deal ( r$ 9 ! gre5 light reflect$ by grass1 & t if !y 7 to duplicate ?is %ade ( gre51 !y mu/ put a c]ta9 am\nt ( r$ pa9t 9 _! imitation grass ro(s4 ,air sc\ts did n dep5d ^u _! eyes alone1 b us$ cam]as s t !y c\ld /udy _! photographs at _! leisure & by fitt+ ! cam]as ) diff]5t color-scre5s1 !y c\ld analyze ! cam\flage & undo ! pati5t "w ( ! arti/4 ,a ,,call ,,= ,,! ,,physici/ ,to meet ?is situation1 ano!r man 0 summon$ to help--! physici/1 :o looks ^u color m]ely z waves ( e!r2 :o c pick a ray ( light to pieces j z a *emi/ c analyze a lump ( sug>4 ,"u 8 exp]t guidance1 colors ( nature 7 imitat$ s t !y w\ld defy detection4 ,aside f ?is1 ! physici/ help$ to solve ! tricks ( ! enemy's cam\fleurs4 ,b ! physici/ _h b>ely roll$ up 8 sleeves & got into ! fray :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ :i* put an end to ! %ams z well z to ! realities ( ! great w>4 ,:ile ! "w ( cam\flage 0 n complet$1 we owe an ine/imable debt to ! m5 :o knew h[ to fake sc5]y & to _! le>n$ associates :o c\nt ! wave l5g?s ( light1 & al?\gh _! trade 0 a trade ( deception & %ams1 !re 0 no %am ab\t ! s]vice !y r5d]$4 ,,mak+ ,,%ips ,,visible ,:ile 9 w> safety lies 9 invisibility1 9 peace ! rev]se is true4 ,n[ t ! w> is ov]1 x may seem t ! "w ( ! cam\fleurs c f9d no useful application2 b x 0 impossible to le>n h[ to make objects invisible )\t also le>n+ h[ to make !m conspicu\sly visible4 ,z a consequ5ce1 we "k n[ h[ to pa9t a %ip s t x w %[ up m cle>ly 9 foggy wea!r1 !reby r$uc+ ! dang] ( collision4 ,we "k1 too1 h[ to pa9t light-%ips1 buoys1 etc41 s t !y w be mu* m conspicu\s & bett] guides to m>9]s1 & h[ to color railroad signals & road signs s t !y w be m easily se5 by locomotive eng9e]s & automobile driv]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,subm>9es ,x 0 an ,am]ican inv5tion t dragg$ ,am]ica into ! w>--an ,am]ican inv5tion 9 ! h&s ( b>b>ians & put to unspeakably b>b>\s use4 ,aft] see+ h[ ! ,huns us$ ! subm>9e we are n s sure t we c take mu* pride 9 its inv5tion4 ,b if any blame atta*es to u = develop+ ! subm>9e1 we made am5ds by ! way 9 :i* we f\ght ! ,g]man ,u-boat & put an end to ,g]man frightfulness on ! sea4 ,( c\rse1 ! cr$it = ,g]many's defeat is n = a mom5t claim$ by ,am]icans alone1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t we play$ an important "p 9 ov]com+ ! m5ace ( ! ,u-boat4 ,!re is no "q t ! subm>9e 0 an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,to be sure1 we c look into anci5t books & f9d sugge/ions = navigat+ "u ! surface ( ! sea1 b ! fir/ man :o did actually build a successful subm>9e 0 ,david ,bu%nell1 back 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,aft] him came ,rob]t ,fulton1 :o c>ri$ ! inv5tion f>!r4 ,he built & op]at$ a subm>9e = ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 &1 9 m rec5t ye>s1 ! subm>9e became a practical vessel ( w> 9 ! h&s ( ,john ,p4 ,holl& & ,simon ,lake1 bo? ,am]icans4 ,h[ev]1 we are n int]e/$1 j n[1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subm>9e1 b r 9 ! developm5t ( ?is craft dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,) ,great ,brita9 z an enemy1 ,g]many knew t %e 0 hopelessly outclass$ on ! sea2 b :ile ,britannia rul$ ! waves1 %e did n rule ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & s ,g]many decid$ to claim ?is realm = h] own4 ,little att5tion did %e pay to surface vessels4 ,except 9 ! ,dogg] ,bank engagem5t & ! ,battle ( ,jutl&1 ! ,g]man fir/-class vessels did n v5ture out ^u ! op5 sea1 & ev5 ! light] craft m]ely made occasional raids "u cov] ( fog or d>kness1 only to cut & run z soon z ! ,briti% vessels appe>$4 ,! subm>9e boat1 or unt]seeboot z ! ,g]mans call$ x1 0 virtually ! only boat t d>$ g out into ! high seas2 consequ5tly1 ! ,g]mans specializ$ ^u t type ( craft & "u _! close att5tion x grew into a highly p]fect$ w>-vessel4 ,b ! ,g]mans 7 n ! only ones to develop ! subm>9e1 z we %all see4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,u-,,boats ,:5 ! great w> broke out1 ! ,g]man ,u-boat 0 a comp>atively small craft1 less ?an #aej feet long1 ) its ma9 hull only #ab feet 9 diamet]4 ,x c\ld make a spe$ ( #ab knots on ! surface & only #i :5 subm]g$4 ,b z ! w> progress$1 x grew l>g] & l>g]1 until x atta9$ a l5g? ( ov] #cjj feet & its spe$ 0 increas$ to #ab knots :5 subm]g$ & #ah knots on ! surface4 ,figs4 #af to #ah %[ ! con/ruction ( "o ( ! e>ly ,u-boats4 ,! lat] boats 7 built aft] ! same g5]al plan1 b on a bigg] scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #af4 ,sectional view ( "o ( ! e>li] ,g]man ,u-,boats ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #ag4 ,sectional plan view ( a ,g]man ,u-,boat ( ! type us$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ,x is n always safe to judge a ?+ by its "n2 to d s is apt to lead to sad mi/akes4 ,"o w\ld naturally suppose1 f its "n1 t a subm>9e is a boat t lives "u wat]1 l a fi%4 ,b x is n a fi%2 x is an air-brea?+ animal t pref]s to /ay on ! surface1 only occasionally div+ "u to hide f dang] or to /eal ^u its prey4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ! ,g]man ,u-boats did n av]age ?ree h\rs p] day "u ! surface6 ,because !y 7 int5d$ to run on ! surface !y _h to be built 9 ! =m ( a surface vessel1 s z to ?r[ (f ! waves & keep f roll+ & pit*+ too mu* 9 a seaway4 ,b !y also _h to be built to )/& ! cru%+ weight ( deep wat]1 & z a cyl9d] is mu* /rong] ?an a /ructure ( ord9>y boat %ape1 ! ma9 hull 0 made circul> 9 section & ( heavy plat+1 /rongly fram$1 :ile ar\nd ?is 0 an out] hull ( boat %ape1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,putt+ ,,holes ,,9 ,a ,,tank ,,to ,,keep ,,x ,,full ,! space betwe5 ! inn] & out] hulls 0 us$ = wat] balla/ & = res]voirs ( oil to drive ! eng9es2 &1 /range z x may seem1 ! oil-tanks 7 always kept full by means ( holes 9 ! bottom ( !m4 ,z ! oil 0 consum$ by ! eng9es1 wat] w\ld fl[ into ! res]voir to take its place1 & ! oil1 be+ light] ?an wat]1 w\ld float on top4 ,! false hull 0 ( light metal1 because z x 0 op5 to ! sea1 ! pressure on ! inside 0 always ! same z t on ! outside4 ,! res]voirs ( oil & ! wat]-balla/ tanks protect$ ! inn] hull ( ! vessel f accid5tal damage & f ho/ile %ell & bombs4 ,!re 7 wat]-balla/ tanks inside ! inn] hull z well1 z %[n 9 ! cross-sectional view1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! wat] 9 ! balla/-tanks 0 bl[n out by compress$ air to light5 ! ,u-boat & ! boat 0 kept on an ev5 keel by ! bl[+ out or ! lett+ 9 ( wat] 9 ! =w>d & aft] tanks4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #ah4 ,transv]se section ?r\gh conn+-t[]1 %[+ ! int]ior 7circul>7 pressure-resi/+ hull & ! light] ext]ior hull1 :i* is op5 to ! sea ,a heavy lead keel 0 atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! boat1 to keep x f roll+ too mu*4 ,9 case ( accid5t1 if !re 7 no o!r way ( br++ ! boat to ! surface1 ?is keel c\ld be ca/ loose4 ,at ! =w>d end1 :]e ! torp$o-tubes 7 locat$1 !re 0 a torp$o-trimm+ tank4 ,torp$oes are heavy missiles & e "t "o 0 dis*>g$ ! boat 0 light5$1 & ! balance ( ! subm>9e 0 upset4 ,to make up = ! loss ( weight1 wat] _h to be let into ! torp$o-trimm+ tank4 ,a subm>9e _c float "u-wat] )\t swimm+2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ keep its propell]s go+ to avoid ei!r s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! sea or bobb+ up to ! surface4 ,to be sure1 x c make itself heavi] or light] by lett+ wat] into or bl[+ wat] out ( its balla/-tanks1 b x is impossible to regulate ! wat] balla/ s delicately t ! subm>9e w float subm]g$2 & %\ld ! boat s9k to a dep? ( two hundr$ feet or s1 ! weight ( wat] above x w\ld be suffici5t to cru% ! hull1 s x is a case ( s9k or swim4 ,usually en\gh balla/ is tak5 on to make ! subm>9e only a little light] ?an ! wat] x displaces2 & !n to rema9 "u1 ! vessel mu/ keep mov+1 ) its horizontal rudd]s tilt$ to hold x d[n4 ,! horizontal rudd]s or hydroplanes ( ! ,u-boat are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 bo? at ! b[ & at ! /]n4 ,! ma9 hull ( ! vessel 0 lit]ally fill$ ) ma*9]y4 ,9 ! aft] "p ( ! boat 7 ! ,diesel oil-eng9es ) :i* ! ,u-boat 0 propell$ :5 on ! surface4 ,!re 7 two eng9es1 ea* driv+ a propell]-%aft4 ,x 0 impossible to use ! eng9es :5 ! vessel 0 subm]g$1 n because ( ! gases !y produc$--^! c\ld easily h be5 c>ri$ out ( ! boat--b because e int]nal-combu/ion eng9e consumes enorm\s quantities ( air4 ,9 a few m9utes ! eng9es w\ld dev\r all ! air 9 ! hull ( ! subm>9e & w\ld !n die ( suffocation4 ,& s ! eng9es 7 us$ only :5 ! subm>9e 0 runn+ awa% or on ! surface1 & !n ! air consum$ by !m w\ld ru% d[n ! hat*way l a hurricane to supply _! mighty lungs4 ,,eng9es ,,t ,,burn ,,heavy ,,oil ,! oil-eng9es 7 /rictly a ,g]man inv5tion4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( ! subm>9e gasol5e-eng9es 7 us$1 b despite e precaution1 gasol5e vapors occasionally w\ld leak out ( ! res]voirs & accumulate 9 pockets or along ! floors ( ! hull1 & x ne$$ b a sp>k to produce an explosion t w\ld bl[ up ! subm>9e4 ,b ,rudolph ,diesel1 a ,g]man1 inv5t$ an eng9e :i* w\ld burn heavy oils4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,complex ,mass ( ,:eels & ,dials inside a ,g]man ,subm>9e ,9 ! ,diesel eng9e !re are no sp>k-plugs & no magneto3 ! eng9e fires itself )\t electrical help4 ,air is let into ! cyl9d] at ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 or fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,b x is compress$ by ! upw>d /roke ( ! pi/on to ab\t five hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,:5 air is compress$ x develops heat & ! sudd5 high compression to ov] ?irty times its normal pressure raises ! temp]ature to some?+ l #ajjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,j z ?is temp]ature is rea*$1 a jet ( oil is bl[n into ! cyl9d] by air "u /ill high] pressure4 ,imm$iately ! spray ( oil bur/s into flame & ! hot gases ( combu/ion drive ! pi/on d[n4 ,because ( ! int5se heat almo/ any oil1 f light gasol5e to heavy1 almo/ t>like oils1 c be us$4 ,z heavy oils d n ?r[ (f any explosive vapors unless !y are heat$1 !y make a v safe fuel = subm>9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,int]national ,film ,s]vice ,surr5d]$ ,g]man ,subm>9es1 %[+ ! ,net ,cutt]s at ! ,b[ ,to drive ! ,u-boat :5 no air 0 to be _h = ! eng9es1 electric motors 7 us$4 ,!re 0 "o on ea* propell]-%aft & ! %afts c\ld be disconnect$ f ! oil-eng9es :5 ! motors 7 driv+4 ,! motors got _! p[] f /orage batt]ies 9 ! /]n ( ! subm>9e & "u ! floors =w>d4 ,! motors :5 c\pl$ to & driv5 by ! eng9es g5]at$ curr5t :i* 0 /or$ 9 ! /orage batt]ies4 ,! subm>9e c\ld n run on indef9itely und]wat]4 ,:5 its batt]ies 7 exhau/$ x w\ld h to come to ! surface & run its eng9es to /ore up a fre% *>ge ( electricity4 ,! electric motors gave ! boat a spe$ ( ab\t n9e knots4 ,9 addition to ! ma9 eng9es & motors1 !re 0 a mass ( auxili>y ma*9]y4 ,!re 7 pumps = compress+ air to bl[ ! balla/-tanks & to dis*>ge ! torp$oes4 ,!re 0 a special me*anism = op]at+ ! rudd] & hydroplanes1 & all sorts ( valves1 indicators1 speak+-tubes1 signal l9es1 etc4 ,! t9y hull 0 simply cramm$ ) me*anism ( all k9ds & p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>ly boats !re 0 little room = ! accommodation ( ! (fic]s & crew4 ,! (fic]s' qu>t]s 7 locat$ amid%ips1 & =w>d !re 7 ! fold+ b]?s ( ! crews4 ,9 ! lat] boats m space 0 giv5 ! m54 ,! l>ge ,u-boats c>ri$ a crew ( =ty & z ! haz>ds ( subm>9e w>f>e increas$1 m att5tion _h to be paid to ! m54 ,,fat ,,m5 ,,n ,,want$ ,oddly en\gh1 small1 sl5d] m5 7 pref]r$ = subm>9e duty1 n because ( lack ( space1 b because x 0 apt to be v cold 9 a subm>9e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! w9t]-"t4 ,! wat] cool$ (f ! boat :5 ! subm>9e 0 travel+ subm]g$1 & ! motors gave (f little heat2 :ile :5 ! vessel 0 runn+ on ! surface ! ru% ( w9d to supply ! eng9es kept ! !rmomet] l[4 ,?is meant t ! m5 _h to pile on mu* clo?+ to keep w>m1 :i* made !m v bulky4 ,! hat*way 0 none too l>ge & a fat man1 7 he bundl$ up ) en\gh clo?+ to keep him w>m1 w\ld h a h>d "t squeez+ ?r\gh4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! vessel 0 ! ma9 hat*way1 lead+ up to ! conn+-t[]1 :i* 0 l>ge en\gh to hold f ?ree to five m54 ,?is 0 ! navigat+-room :5 ! vessel 0 runn+ subm]g$1 & above x 0 ! navigat+-bridge1 us$ :5 ! subm>9e 0 on ! surface4 ,9 ! conn+-t[] !re 0 a gyroscopic compass2 a magnetic compass w\ld n "w at all inside ! /eel hull ( ! ,u-boat4 ,& "h 7 ! p]iscopes or eyes ( ! subm>9e1 ris+ f fifte5 to tw5ty feet above ! ro( ( ! conn+-t[]4 ,!re 7 usually two p]iscopes4 ,!y c\ld be turn$ ar\nd to give ! man at ! :eel a view 9 any direction & !y 7 us$ sometimes ev5 :5 ! vessel 0 runn+ on ! surface1 to give a long] range ( vision4 ,,! ,,bl9dness ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,n[1 a subm>9e _c see any?+ und]wat]4 ,! comm&] _c ev5 see ! b[ ( 8 boat f ! conn+-t[]1 & until he gets ne> en\gh to ! surface to poke 8 p]iscope out ( wat] he is absolutely bl9d & mu/ feel 8 way ab\t ) compass & dep?-gage4 ,x 0 always an anxi\s mom5t = ! ,u-boat comm&]1 :5 he 0 com+ up1 until 8 p]iscope broke out ( ! wat] & he c\ld get 8 be>+s2 & ev5 t 0 att5d$ ) dang]1 = 8 p]iscope might be se54 ,( c\rse a p]iscope is a v insignificant object on ! broad sea1 b :5 a subm>9e is mov+ its p]iscope is foll[$ by a wake :i* is v conspicu\s1 & s ! ,u-boat ran a *ance ( be+ discov]$ & de/roy$ be=e x c\ld dive aga9 to a safe dep?4 ,lat]1 telescop+ p]iscopes 7 us$1 :i* c\ld be rais$ by means ( a h&-lev]4 ,! subm>9e w\ld run along j "u ! surface & e n[ & !n x w\ld sudd5ly raise its p]iscope = an obs]vation & drop x d[n aga9 "u cov] if !re 0 dang] nigh4 ,?is 0 mu* simpl] & quick] ?an hav+ a six-or eight-hundr$-ton boat come up to ! surface & dive to safety4 ,he might ev5 collide ) a vessel float+ on ! surface1 b to less5 ?is dang] subm>9es 7 furni%$ ) e>s or big microphone diaphragms at ea* side ( ! hull by :i* a %ip c\ld be locat$ by ! noise ( its propell]s4 ,9 ! b[ 7 ! torp$o-tubes & ! magaz9e ( torp$oes4 ,at fir/ !re 7 only two torp$o-tubes1 b lat] ! numb] 0 increas$ to f\r4 ,^! 7 kept con/antly load$1 s t ! projectiles c\ld be laun*$ 9 rapid succession1 if necess>y1 )\t a pause = ! ins]tion ( a fre% torp$o4 ,9 "s subm>9es tubes 7 provid$ 9 ! /]n also s t ! boat c\ld dis*>ge a torp$o at its enemy :ile runn+ away f him4 ,ea* tube 0 clos$ at ! out] end by a cap & at ! inside end by a bree*-block4 ,! tube 0 bl[n cle> ( wat] by means ( compress$ air1 & ( c\rse ! out] cap 0 clos$ :5 ! bree* 0 op5 to let 9 a torp$o4 ,!n ! bree* 0 clos$1 ! cap op5$1 & ! torp$o 0 dis*>g$ f ! tube by a bla/ ( air4 ,,! ,,torp$o ,a torp$o is really a motor-boat1 a wond]fully con/ruct$ boat1 fitt$ ) an eng9e ( its own t is driv5 by compress$ air & :i* drives ! torp$o ?r\gh ! wat] at ab\t =ty miles p] h\r4 ,! motor-boat is %ap$ l a cig> & t us$ by ! ,g]mans 0 ab\t fifte5 feet long & f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,we us$ mu* l>g] torp$oes1 "s ( !m be+ tw5ty-two feet long4 ,ours h a l>ge compress$-air res]voir & w travel = miles2 b ! ,g]mans us$ _! torp$oes at %ort ranges ( a ?\s& y>ds & "u1 cutt+ d[n ! air-res]voir z mu* z possible & load+ ! torp$o ) an extra l>ge explosive *>ge4 ,we f\nd 9 ! ,diesel eng9e t :5 air is highly compress$ x becomes v hot4 ,:5 compress$ air is exp&$1 ! rev]se takes place1 ! air becomes v cold4 ,! air t drives ! motor ( ! torp$o gr[s s cold t 7 no precautions tak5 x w\ld freeze any moi/ure t might be pres5t & w\ld *oke up ! eng9e ) ! fro/4 ,& s an alcohol flame is us$ to heat ! air4 ,! air-motor is />t$ automatically by release ( a trigg] z ! torp$o is bl[n out ( ! torp$o-tube4 ,by means ( ge>+1 ! motor drives two propell]s4 ,^! run 9 opposite directions1 s z to balance ea* o!r & prev5t any t5d5cy = ! torp$o to sw]ve f its c\rse4 ,! torp$o is /e]$ by a rudd] :i* is controll$ by a gyroscope1 & x is kept at ! prop] dep? "u wat] by div+-rudd]s :i* are controll$ by a v s5sitive valve work$ by ! weight ( ! wat] above x4 ,! deep] ! wat]1 ! great] ! weight or pressure2 & ! valve is s arrang$ t1 %\ld ! torp$o run too f> "u1 ! pressure w cause ! div+-rudd]s to tilt until ! torp$o comes up aga92 !n if ! torp$o rises too high1 ! valve w feel ! r$uction ( pressure & turn ! rudd]s 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! bus9ess end ( a torp$o is a w>-head pack$ ) ab\t f\r hundr$ p\nds ( ,,tnt4 ,at ! nose ( ! torp$o is a fir+-p91 ) :i* ! w>-head is explod$4 ,ord9>ily1 ! fir+-p9 does n project f ! torp$o1 b !re is a little propell] at ! =w>d end :i* is turn$ by ! ru% ( wat] z ! torp$o is driv5 on its c\rse4 ,?is draws out ! fir+-p9 & gets ev]y?+ ready = ! ,,tnt to explode z soon z ! fir+-p9 is /ruck4 ,b ! fir+-p9 is n ! only means ( explod+ ! torp$o4 ,inside !re is a v delicate me*anism t w set (f ! *>ge at ! lea/ provocation4 ,9 "o type ( torp$o a /eel ball is provid$ :i* re/s 9 a %all[ depression & ! slighte/ %ock1 ! sudd5 /opp+ or ev5 a sudd5 sw]ve ( ! torp$o1 w\ld dislodge ! ball & set (f ! *>ge4 ,h5ce v>i\s s*emes1 propos$ by inv5tors1 = deflect+ a torp$o )\t t\*+ ! fir+-p91 w\ld h be5 ( no value at all4 ,,guns ,,on ,,subm>9es ,z torp$oes are exp5sive ?+s1 ! ,u-boats 7 suppli$ ) o!r means ( de/roy+ _! victims4 ,! ,g]mans sprang a surprise by m\nt+ guns on ! decks ( _! subm>9es4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 arrang$ to be l[]$ into a hat* :5 ! boat 0 runn+ subm]g$1 b lat] !y 7 p]man5tly m\nt$ on ! decks s t !y w\ld be ready = in/ant use4 ,!y 7 heavily coat$ ) grease & ! bore 0 swabb$ out imm$iately :5 ! boat came to ! surface1 s t !re 0 no dang] ( s]i\s ru/ & corrosion4 ,! #c-;in* gun ( ! e>ly mon?s ( ! w> soon gave way to heavi] pieces & ! late/ ,u-boats 7 suppli$ ) guns ( almo/ #f-;in* calib] & !re 0 a gun on ! aft] deck z well z =w>d4 ,! ,u-boats dep5d$ ^u radiotelegraphy to get _! ord]s & al?\gh !y did n h a v wide s5d+-range1 !y c\ld receive messages f ! p[]ful ,g]man /ation ne> ,b]l94 ,! ma/s :i* c>ri$ ! radio arials c\ld be fold$ d[n into pockets 9 ! deck4 ,f /em to /]n ov] ! entire boat a cable 0 /ret*$ :i* 0 int5d$ to p]mit ! ,u-boat to slide "u nets protect+ h>bor entrances1 & 9 lat] boats !re 7 ke5-too!d knives at ! b[ :i* w\ld cut ?r\gh a /eel net4 ,dur+ ! w> ,g]man & ,au/rian ,u-boats occupi$ s mu* att5tion t ! public did n realize ! "p t ! ,ent5te ,allies 7 play+ "u ! sea4 ,am]ica1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,italy made good use ( subm>9es1 op]at+ !m aga9/ enemy vessels1 blockad+ enemy ports1 & actually fight+ enemy subm>9es4 ,a ,,/eam-,,driv5 ,,subm>9e ,! ,briti% 9 p>ticul> did spl5did "w ) ! subm>9e & develop$ boats t 7 sup]ior to any?+ turn$ out by ! ,g]mans4 ,= in/ance1 !y develop$ a subm>9e :i* is virtually a subm]sible de/roy]4 ,x is #cdj feet long & x c make a spe$ ( #bd knots on ! surface4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ?is boat is t its eng9es are driv5 by /eam4 ,its boil]s are fir$ ) oil fuel4 ,!re are two smoke-/acks :i* fold d[n :5 x subm]ges4 ,( c\rse :5 runn+ "u-wat] ! vessel is driv5 by electricity & x makes a spe$ ( #aj knots4 ,x c>ries ?ree #d-;in* guns1 two =w>d & "o aft1 & its displacem5t subm]g$ is #bgjj tons z aga9/ #hjj tons = ! l>ge/ ,g]man subm>9es4 ,a ,,subm>9e ,,t ,,m\nts ,a ,,twelve-,,in* ,,gun ,/ill m rem>kable is ! big sup]-subm>9e design$ by ! ,briti% to bomb>d ! =ts ( ! ,d>danelles1 b un=tunately x 0 built too late to be us$ !re4 ,?is subm>9e c>ries a gun big en\gh = a battle-%ip4 ,x is ( #ab-;in* calib] & weighs #ej tons4 ,( c\rse a big gun l t c\ld n be fir$ a?w>t ! subm>9e4 ,x might b[l ! little vessel ov]1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 a #agjj-ton subm>9e4 ,! gun is m\nt$ to fire =e & aft1 ) a deviation ( only a few degrees to "o side or ! o!r1 s t ! %ock ( ! recoil is tak5 by ! l5g? in/ead ( ! beam ( ! subm>9e4 ,x fires a %ell weigh+ #fbj p\nds & a full *>ge is n us$1 s t ! extreme range is only ab\t #ae1jjj y>ds4 ,?is subm>9e monitor w\ld h be5 a v difficult t>get = ! ,turki% gunn]s to hit4 ,:5 ! w> came to an end & ! ,g]man subm>9es surr5d]$ to ! ,ent5te ,allies at ,h>wi*1 !re 0 consid]able public curiosity z to :e!r or n an exam9ation ( ! ,u-boats w\ld disclose any wond]ful secrets4 ,b !y conta9$ no?+ t ! ,allies did n already "k1 & "o ,briti% (fic] /at$ t ! plans ( ! ,g]man subm>9es _h (t5 fall5 into _! h&s long be=e a ,u-boat ( ! same type 0 captur$6 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,gett+ ,,! ,,be/ ,,( ,,! ,u-,,boat ,! ,u-boat comm&] :o salli$ =? f ! h>bor ( ,wilhelm%av5 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> _h no?+ to fe>4 ,he 0 out to murd]1 n to fight4 ,8 prey 0 always out 9 ! op51 :ile he c\ld kill )\t expos+ m ?an 8 eye above wat]4 ,n ev5 a sport+ *ance 0 all[$ 8 victims1 p>ticul>ly :5 he *ose un>m$ m]*antm5 = 8 t>gets4 ,he c\ld come up boldly to ! surface & %ell a %ip into submission4 ,?is 0 *eap] ?an torp$o+ ! vessel1 because torp$oes are exp5sive4 ,if ! %ip 7 spe$y x might run away2 or if ! ,u-boat came up too close to its int5d$ prey1 ! latt] might run x d[n4 ,t happ5$ occasionally & x 0 ! only dang] t ! ,h]r ,komm&ant _h to fe>4 ,if a de/roy] sudd5ly appe>$1 ! ,u-boat c\ld dive into ! %elt] ( ! sea4 ,if ! wat] 7 n too deep1 x c\ld lie on ! bottom = two or m days if ne$ be4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( air 9 ! hull to su/a9 life = _m h\rs1 & !n ! compress$ air us$ = bl[+ ! balla/-tanks c\ld be drawn ^u4 ,9 ! ,u-boat !re 7 pota% c>tridges to take up ! c>bon-dioxide1 & tanks ( pure oxyg5 to revitalize ! air4 ,if ! subm>9e 7 damag$1 x 0 n necess>y = x to come to ! surface to effect repairs4 ,!re 7 air-locks ?r\gh :i* a div] c\ld be let out ( ! boat4 ,he 0 fitt$ ) oxyg5 & pota% c>tridges1 s t he did n ne$ to be connect$ by an air-hose ) ! boat1 b c\ld walk ar\nd x freely to m5d injur$ rudd]s or to cle> ! propell] ( entanglem5ts4 ,ev5 ! small subm>9es ( ^? e>ly days 7 capable ( tak+ long voyages4 ,sett+ 8 c\rse at a com=table pace ( #aj knots1 ! ,u-boat comm&] c\ld c\nt on en\gh fuel to c>ry him #afjj miles1 & if ne$ be he c\ld sl[ d[n to #h knots & by us+ c]ta9 ( 8 wat]-balla/ tanks = additional oil-res]voirs1 ext5d 8 cruis+-radius to ne>ly #cjjj miles4 ,! big #hjj-ton ,u-boats t 7 built lat] _h a radius ( #ejjj miles at an #h-knot spe$4 ,& s :5 ! ,briti% clos$ ! ,engli% ,*annel ) nets & m9es1 ,h]r ,komm&ant 0 n at all p]turb$2 he c\ld sail ar\nd ! ,briti% ,isles if he *ose & make w> ^u transatlantic %ipp+4 ,:5 h>bors 7 wall$ (f ) nets1 he c\ld rema9 outside & s9k vessels t 7 leav+ or ent]+ !m4 ,,subm>9e-,,*as]s ,a real m5ace came :5 ! ,u-boat comm&] popp$ 8 p]iscope out ( ! sea & saw sev]al little motor-boats be>+ d[n ^u him4 ,!y seem$ h>mless en\gh1 b a mom5t's inspection %[$ !m to be arm$ ) guns fully z p[]ful z ^? he c>ri$4 ,x 0 useless to dis*>ge a torp$o at s spe$y & small a foe4 ,a torp$o has to h a fairly deep cov]+ ( wat]1 else its c\rse w be di/urb$ by surface waves2 & ! subm>9e-*as]s drew s little wat] t a torp$o w\ld pass h>mlessly "u !m4 ,x 0 useless = ! ,u-boat comm&] to come up & fight !m ) 8 guns4 ,!y w\ld h be5 ^u him be=e he c\ld d t1 & _! spe$ & dim9utive size made !m v difficult t>gets to hit4 ,besides1 he d>$ n risk a duel ( %ell1 = he knew t if ! preci\s inn] hull ( 8 boat 7 punctur$1 he c\ld n seek refuge "u wat]2 & if he c\ld n hide1 he 0 lo/4 ,! little arm$ mosquito craft sw>m$ ab\t ! h>bor entrances1 ready to da% at any subm>9e t %[$ itself4 ,!y c\ld travel twice z fa/ z ! subm>9e :5 x 0 subm]g$ & half aga9 z fa/ z :5 x 0 runn+ on ! surface4 ,subm>9es _h to take to cov] :5 ^! *as]s 7 ab\t4 ,h]r ,komm&ant did n ev5 d>e to take a look ar\nd ?r\gh 8 p]iscope1 because ! /reak ( foam t trail$ 9 its wake w\ld betray him & imm$iately ! spe$y motor-boats w\ld take up ! *ase2 & !y _h a disagreeable way ( dropp+ bombs :i*1 ev5 if !y did n s9k ! subm>9e1 might produce su* a concussion z to spr+ its seams4 ,8 foes _h discov]$ "o ( 8 mo/ s]i\s defects4 ,he 0 bl9d "u-wat] & !y 7 mak+ ! mo/ ( ?is h&icap4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,=w>d ,end ( a ,u-boat4 ,note ! ,f\r ,torp$o ,tubes ,beh9d ! ,(fic] ,grop+ along "u-wat] by dead-reckon+ 0 n any too safe a proc$ure ne> l&1 because he 0 liable at any mom5t to cra% into an un*>t$ rock or maybe into ! wreck ( "s subm>9e victim4 ,he c\ld n correct 8 be>+s )\t com+ to ! surface1 &1 9 ! black dep?s ( ! sea1 a slight miscalculation might s5d him to 8 doom4 ,z 0 expla9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 he _h to keep mov+1 because he c\ld n rema9 susp5d$ "u wat]4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,a ,dep?-bomb ,mort> & a ,set ( ,a% ,cans at ! ,/]n ( an ,am]ican ,de/roy] ,he 0 m helpless ?an a %ip sail+ 9 ! d5se/ ( fogs4 ,a %ip c /op & li/5 to s\nd-signals1 or ev5 to ! beat+ ( ! surf on ! %ore1 or x c take s\nd+s to locate its position2 & yet x is no uncommon occurr5ce = a %ip to run a%ore 9 a fog4 ,h[ mu* easi] x is = a subm>9e to lose its be>+s :5 oblig$ to travel by dead-reckon+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! disconc]t+ excitem5t ( ! *ase6 ,to avoid ! dang] ( collision ) surface vessels1 ! comm&] *ose to run at a dep? ( sixty-five feet4 ,t 0 ! upp] limit ( 8 safety-zone4 ,a dep? ( ov] two hundr$ feet 0 8 l[] limit1 because1 z /at$ be=e1 ! wat]-pressure at t dep? w\ld cru% 9 8 hull or at lea/ />t its seams4 ,if ! bottom 7 smoo? & s&y1 & n too deep1 he c\ld settle g5tly ^u x & wait = d>kness1 to make 8 escape4 ,b :ile he lay on a s&y bottom1 he 0 /ill 9 dang]4 ,trawl]s 7 sweep+ ! bottom ) nets4 ,he might be discov]$2 & !n if he did n come up & surr5d]1 a bomb w\ld let 9 ! sea ^u him4 ,a ,,h9t ,,f ,,nature ,:ile he c\ld n see "u wat]1 8 adv]s>ies c\ld4 ,!y _h tak5 a h9t f nature4 ,! fi%-hawk has no difficulty 9 spy+ 8 subm>9e prey4 ,fly+ high above ! wat]1 he c see 8 victims at a consid]able dep?1 & wait 8 *ance to p\nce ^u an unw>y fi% t comes too ne> ! surface4 ,x is said t ! ,briti% tra9$ sea-gulls to hunt subm>9es4 ,sea-gulls w foll[ a %ip f> out to sea = ! sake ( fe$+ on refuse t is ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,briti% subm>9es enc\rag$ ! birds to foll[ !m1 by ?r[+ out bait :5ev] !y came to ! surface4 ,( c\rse ! birds c\ld see ! subm>9e ev5 :5 x 0 subm]g$1 & if !y pursu$ x1 !y 7 always rew>d$ ) pl5ty ( food4 ,! gulls drew no f9e di/9ction betwe5 ,hun & ,briton1 & s x came t ,h]r ,komm&ant (t5 grop$ 8 way along 9 ! d>k sea1 totally oblivi\s ( ! fact t he 0 att5d$ by an escort ( fea!r$ folk :o kept ! ,briti% *as]s in=m$ ( 8 pres5ce4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,briti% tra9$ sea lions to hunt subm>9es4 ,! animals 7 taught at fir/ to swim to a fri5dly subm>9e1 locat+ x by ! s\nd ( its propell]s4 ,!y 7 always rew>d$ ) fi%4 ,^! sea lions 7 muzzl$ s t !y c\ld n g fi%+ on _! own acc\nt4 ,!n !y le>n$ to locate enemy subm>9es & po9t$ !m out by swimm+ directly t[>d !m & div+ d[n to !m4 ,b !re 7 human eyes1 z well1 t spi$ ^u ! ,u-boat4 ,fa/ seaplanes patroll$ ! wat]s1 se>*+ con/antly = any trace ( subm>9e4 ,its =m c\ld be vaguely outl9$ to a dep? ( f fifty to sev5ty-five feet1 unless ! sea 7 *oppy1 & once x 0 discov]$1 *as]s or trawl]s 7 signal$ to de/roy x ) bombs or to entangle x 9 nets4 ,(t5 a subm>9e w\ld be discov]$ by a leak 9 its oil-tank :i* w\ld leave a tell-tale trail4 ,sometimes :5 ! ,u-boat itself c\ld n be disc]n$1 !re w\ld be slight %imm]1 su* z may be se5 above a hot /ove1 caus$ by refraction ( light 9 its wake4 ,?is 0 easily recogniz$ by tra9$ obs]v]s4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,a ,dep?-bomb ,mort> 9 ,action & a ,dep?-bomb snapp$ z x is be+ hurl$ ?r\gh ! air ,ev5 bett] arial patrols 7 ! small dirigibles kn[n z ,blimps4 ,!y are a cross betwe5 a balloon & an airplane1 = !y h ! body & ! p[]-plant ( an airplane1 b ! planes are replac$ by a gas-bag4 ,blimps c\ld cruise leisurely & se>* ! sea ?or\ghly4 ,!y c\ld /op & hov] directly ov] a subm>9e & drop explosives ^u x ) great accuracy4 ,& s ,h]r ,komm&ant c\ld take no com=t 9 hid+ "u a blanket ( waves unless ! blanket 7 s ?ick z to conceal 8 =m completely f ! eyes ov]head4 ,?is made x imp]ative to leave ! %all[] wat]s ne> %ore & pu% out into ! deep sea1 :]e ! small *as]s c\ld n pursue him4 ,b he c\ld n %ake (f 8 pursu]s4 ,/ream-trawl]s are built to ride ! heavie/ gales & !y took up ! *ase out into ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,airplane ,/unn+ a ,u-boat ) a ,dep?-bomb ,!re 0 a decid$ advantage = ! ,u-boat 9 mov+ out to sea4 ,x _h a wid] field ( activity & c\ld m easily escape f its pursu]s4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 its prey also _h an advantage4 ,out 9 ! op5 ocean !y 7 n oblig$ to foll[ ! usual %ip lanes & x 0 m difficult = a subm>9e to int]cept !m4 ,!re x took m ,u-boats to blockade a giv5 area4 ,a ,,game ,,( ,,hide-,,&-,,seek ,!n1 x ceas$ to be q s "o-sid$ a game :5 m]*antm5 began to c>ry guns4 ,t made x necess>y = ! subm>9e comm&] to creep up on 8 victims /eal?ily1 & dep5d ^u 8 torp$oes4 ,he _h to get )9 a ?\s& y>ds ( ! %ip & pref]ably )9 five hundr$ y>ds1 9 ord] to be sure ( hitt+ x4 ,if ! %ip c\ld travel fa/] ?an he c\ld1 he _h to d ?is )\t betray+ 8 pres5ce4 ,b %ip-capta9s soon le>n$ t _! safety lay 9 zig-zagg+4 ,:5 ,h]r ,komm&ant rea*$ ! po9t f :i* he _h plann$ to attack1 he w\ld raise 8 telescopic p]iscope out ( ! wat]1 expect+ to see 8 victim )9 good torp$o range1 only to f9d x sail+ safely on ano!r tack4 ,aga91 he w\ld h to take obs]vations & make ano!r try1 probably ) no bett] luck4 ,x 0 a game ( hide-&-seek 9 :i* ! m]*ant %ip _h a good *ance ( mak+ its escape1 p>ticul>ly :5 blot*es ( cam\flage pa9t made x difficult = him to get ! range1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,subm>9e ,def5se ,association ,,fig4 #ai4 ,h[ a %ip hid beh9d smoke produc$ on its own /]n1 ) diff]5t directions ( w9d ,sl[] %ips c\ld be attack$ )\t all ?is manoeuv]+1 provid$ ! subm>9e's guns outrang$ ^? ( ! %ip4 ,& s ,u-boats 7 provid$ ) l>g] & l>g] guns1 :i* made x possible = !m to /& (f & p\nd ! m]*antm5 :ile out ( rea* ( ! vessel's guns4 ,b %ips f\nd a way ( hid+ on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,a vessel w\ld sp\t =? volumes ( d5se black smoke :i* w\ld oblit]ate x f view4 7,see ,fig4 #ai47 ,if ! w9d 0 qu>t]+1 ! %ip w\ld *ange its c\rse & dodge beh9d ! %elt]+ pall ( smoke4 ,n only 0 ! smoke produc$ on ! vessel itself1 b smoke-boxes 7 ca/ ov]bo>d to =m a scre5 beh9d ! vessel4 ,^! smoke-boxes conta9$ a mixture ( coal-t> & phosphorus & o!r *emicals :i* w\ld produce incomplete combu/ion4 ,!y 7 ignit$ by ! rubb+ ( a phosphorus comp\nd on a prim+-composition1 & !n ca/ adrift to p\r out d5se volumes ( heavy smoke4 7,see ,fig4 #bj47 ,beh9d ?is scre51 ! %ip c\ld dodge & zig-zag & if h] spe$ 7 great] ?an t ( ! subm>9e1 h] *ances ( escape 7 v good4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,subm>9e ,def5se ,association ,,fig4 #bj4 ,h[ a %ip hid beh9d a scre5 ( smoke produc$ by ?r[+ smoke-boxes ov]bo>d ,ano!r annoyance t ,h]r ,komm&ant exp]i5c$ 01 :5 he lift$ 8 p]iscopic eye above wat]1 to f9d x s sme>$ ) a /icky sub/ance t he c\ld n see4 ,8 foes _h /rewn ! wat] ) t>-oil t _h spread 9 a ?9 film ov] a surface miles 9 ext5t4 ,?is bl9d$ him at fir/1 b be=e long he 0 equipp$ ) a jet = wa%+ (f ! p]iscope glass & t little annoyance 0 ov]come4 ,b ! craft mo/ dread$ by ! ,u-boat comm&] 7 ! de/roy]s4 ,^! light1 high-p[]$1 heavily arm$ vessels c\ld travel twice z fa/ z he c\ld on ! surface & ?ree times z fa/ z he c\ld subm]g$4 ,%ells 7 inv5t$ :i* w\ld n rico*et f ! surface ( ! sea1 b w\ld pl[ "r ?r\gh ! wat]1 :]e !y /ruck & hit ! subm>9e bel[ wat]-level4 ,,dea?-,,deal+ ,,a% ,,cans ,h[ev]1 x 0 n %ell-fire t he dread$1 b ! big a% cans load$ ) ,,tnt :i* 7 tim$ to explode f> "u wat]1 & :i* w\ld cru% 8 boat or />t its seams4 ,x 0 n necess>y = ^! bombs to hit ! ,u-boat4 ,:5 !y w5t (f !y w\ld s5d out a wave ( pressure t w\ld cru% ! boat or />t its seams ev5 if x 7 a hundr$ feet & m f ! po9t ( ! explosion4 ,)9 limits1 ! deep] ! explosion ! wid] w\ld its de/ructive area be4 ,! tim+-me*anism ( "s dep? bombs consi/$ m]ely ( a float on ! end ( a cord4 ,:5 ! bomb 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d ?is float rema9$ on ! surface until ! cord 0 pull$ out to its full l5g?1 :5 !re w\ld be a yank on ! fir+-trigg] & ! *>ge w\ld explode4 ,9 o!r dep? bombs !re 0 a valve op]at$ by ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! bomb sank to ! dep? = :i* ! valve 0 set1 ! pressure ( ! wat] w\ld =ce ! valve 91 explod+ a c>tridge :i* set (f ! *>ge4 ,s p[]ful 7 ^! dep? bombs t ! de/roy] _h to travel at high spe$ to get out ( range ( ! explosion4 ,dep? bombs 7 roll$ (f ! /]n ( ! de/roy] & also ?r[n out f ! sides ( ! vessel by means ( mort>s4 ,"s ( ! mort>s 7 ,y-%ap$ & held a dep? bomb 9 ea* arm ( ! ,y4 ,:5 a blank #c-;in* %ell 0 explod$ at ! base ( ! gun1 bo? bombs w\ld be hurl$ f ! %ip1 "o to port & ! o!r to />bo>d4 ,9 ?is way ! de/roy] c\ld drop ! bombs 9 a patt]n ( wide area4 ,h]r ,komm&ant ga9$ a :olesome respect = ^! t]ri]s ( ! sea4 ,x 0 suicide to %[ himself any:]e ne> a de/roy]4 ,9 a mom5t ! spe$y boat w\ld be ^u him1 s[+ dep? bombs along 8 c\rse4 ,8 *ances ( escap+ ?r\gh ?is hail ( high explosives 7 remote inde$4 ,! %ips t he 0 mo/ eag] to de/roy 7 ei!r too spe$y = him to cat*1 unless !y happ5$ to come 8 way1 or else !y 7 h]d$ 9 l>ge convoys protect$ by ^! dread$ de/roy]s4 ,! convoy prov$ a mo/ baffl+ problem = ,h]r ,komm&ant4 ,he d>$ n attack ! convoy by daylight4 ,9 a fog he might take a *ance at pick+ (f "o ( ! %ips1 b ev5 t 0 v risky4 ,he c\ld trail ! convoy until dusk & !n "u cov] ( d>kness draw ne> en\gh to dis*>ge a torp$o1 b 9 ! daytime he mu/ keep 8 di/ance because !re 7 eyes 9 ! sky wat*+ = him4 ,at ! van & re> ( ! convoy !re 7 kite balloons high 9 ! sky1 ) obs]v]s con/antly wat*+ = p]iscopes1 & = ,u-boats t might be lurk+ "u ! surface4 ,z ! de/roy]s ga9$ 9 exp]i5ce1 ! difficulties ( ! ,u-boat attack grew great] & its "w grew m & m p]il\s4 ,! crew grumbl$ & grew mut9\s4 ,! morale ( ! m5 0 %ak54 ,we c imag9e ! horror ( plung+ hurri$ly into ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & ru%+ along bl9dly "u ! surface1 dodg+ ?is way & t1 :ile t]rific explosions ( dep? bombs /agg] ! subm>9e & ?reat5 to cru% x1 & !re is ! con/ant expectation t ! next explosion w te> ! ?9 %ell ( ! ,u-boat & let 9 ! black hungry wat]4 ,! tables 7 turn$4 ,n[1 if nev] be=e1 ,h]r ,komm&ant1 ! hunt]1 knew :at x felt l to be hunt$4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,! ,false ,hat* ( a ,my/]y ,%ip &-- ,illu/ration3 ,! same ,hat* op5$ to disclose ! #c-;,in* ,gun & ,crew ,x takes an exceptional man to g ?r\gh su* a h>r[+ exp]i5ce ) un%att]$ n]ves4 ,on at lea/ "o occasion1 a subm>9e t 0 be+ dep?-bomb$ came sudd5ly to ! surface4 ,! hat* flew op5 & ! crew ru%$ out1 hold+ up _! h&s & cry+1 ,kam]ad4 ,! ,u-boat 0 un9jur$1 b ! %ock ( a dep? bomb explosion _h put ! electric-light+ sy/em out ( commission1 & ! crew1 unn]v$ by ! explosion & t]rifi$ by ! d>kness1 _h ov]p[]$ _! (fic]s & br\ght ! boat to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,fr5* ,hydrophone ,in/allation ) :i* ! pres5ce ( ,subm>9es 0 detect$ ,,eyes ,,9 ,,! ,,sea ,!re 7 o!r craft t ,h]r ,komm&ant _h to look out =4 ,8 7 n ! only subm>9es 9 ! sea4 ,8 foes also 7 possess$ ( subm>9es4 ,!y c\ld n see "u wat] any bett] ?an he c\ld1 b !y c\ld fight on ! surface z well z he1 & !y c\ld creep up on him ev5 z he crept up on 8 prey4 ,z a ,fr5* subm>9e comm&] puts x3 ,! ,u-boats us$ to enjoy ! advantage ( rema9+ !mselves invisible :ile all ! surface & arial craft :i* 7 s5t 9 pursuit ( !m 7 boldly outl9$ aga9/ ! sky & visible to !m4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons we us$ subm>9es to ambu% ,u-boats4 ,subm>9es 7 also us$ to accompany ! convoys1 s t ! ,u-boat comm&] _h to wat* n only = ! eyes ( ! %ip's look\ts & ! eyes 9 ! kite balloons1 b also = ! p]iscope eyes t swam 9 ! sea4 ,,trail+ ,u-,,boats ,,by ,,s\nd ,! tr\bles ( ! subm>9e-comm&] 7 multiply+4 ,all ov] ! _w inv5tors 7 plott+ 8 de/ruction4 ,z long z we dep5d$ ^u our eyes to f]ret him out1 ! sea 0 a safe refuge1 provid$ he div$ deep en\gh1 b :5 we began to use our e>s z well1 he f\nd himself 9 a v s]i\s pr$icam5t4 ,al?\gh light is badly brok5 up 9 its passage ?r\gh wat]1 s\nd-waves w travel ?r\gh wat] mu* bett] ?an 9 air4 ,! fir/ li/5+-devices us$ 7 crude affairs & did n am\nt to mu*1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! ,u-boats muffl$ _! motors & eng9es s t !y 7 virtually noiseless4 ,b ! ,fr5* inv5t$ a v s5sitive s\nd-detector4 ,x consi/$ ( a lot ( t9y diaphragms set 9 a big hemisph]e4 ,!re 7 two ( ^! hemisph]es1 "o at ea* side ( ! boat4 ,:5 s\nd-waves /ruck ^! hemisph]es1 ! diaphragms w\ld respond4 ,at ! focus ( ea* hemisph]e !re 0 a megaphone receiv]2 "o ( ^! c>ri$ ! s\nd to ! op]ator's "r e> & ! o!r to 8 left4 ,he w\ld turn a megaphone ar\nd until he f\nd ! diaphragm t produc$ ! l\de/ s\nd4 ,?is gave him ! direction ( ! s\nd-wave4 ,!n ! boat w\ld be /e]$ 9 t direction4 ,he knew t x 0 aim$ prop]ly :5 ! s\nd com+ to 8 "r e> 0 j z l\d z t :i* came into 8 left e>4 ,a /ill bett] hydrophone 0 develop$ by a gr\p ( ,am]ican inv5tors4 ,! details ( ?is _c yet be disclos$1 b we "k t x 0 adopt$ at once by our allies4 ,a v s5sitive receiv] 0 us$ :i* c\ld detect a ,u-boat miles away & det]m9e its direction accurately4 ,"u ideal conditions ! range ( ! device 0 f fifte5 to tw5ty-five miles1 b ! av]age 0 f ?ree to eight miles4 ,if two or m boats fitt$ ) s\nd-detectors 7 us$1 !y c\ld det]m9e ! position ( ! ,u-boat p]fectly4 ,"o drawback 0 t ! vessel w\ld h to /op s t ! noise ( its own eng9es w\ld n di/urb ! li/5]1 b ?is 0 l>gely ov]come by trail+ ! detector a hundr$ feet or m f ! /em ( ! %ip4 ,! s\nds 7 !n br\ght 9 by an electric cable to ! li/5] 9 ! %ip4 ,^! s\nd-detectors 7 plac$ on ,alli$ subm>9es z well z surface vessels & !y 7 actually tri$ out on balloons & dirigibles1 s t !y c\ld foll[ a ,u-boat aft] x _h subm]g$ too deeply to be foll[$ by sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #ba4 ,*>t ( an actual pursuit ( a ,u-boat :i* end$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! subm>9e ,illu/ration3 ,section ( a captur$ ,m9e-lay+ ,u-boat1 %[+ h[ ! m9es 7 laid ,_m ,u-boats 7 *as$ to _! doom by ! aid ( ! ,am]ican hydrophone4 ,fig4 #ba illu/rates a v dramatic *ase4 ,! full l9e %[s ! c\rse ( ! ,u-boat z plott$ out by hydrophones & ! brok5 l9e ! c\rse ( ! subm>9e-*as]s4 ,! dots repres5t patt]ns ( dep? bombs dropp$ ^u ! ,u-boat4 ,try z he w\ld1 ! ,h]r ,komm&ant c\ld n %ake (f 8 pursu]s4 ,at "o "t1 z ! li/5]s /opp$ to take obs]vations1 !y he>d hamm]+ 9 ! ,u-boat z if repairs 7 be+ made4 ,! motors ( ! subm>9e w\ld />t & /op1 %[+ cle>ly t x 0 disabl$4 ,m dep? bombs 7 dropp$ & !n !re 0 p]fect sil5ce1 :i* 0 soon brok5 by tw5ty-five revolv]-%ots4 ,evid5tly ! crew1 unable to come to ! surface1 _h giv5 up 9 despair & committ$ suicide4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,a ,p>avane haul$ up ) a ,%>k caught 9 its jaws ,! ,adriatic ,sea 0 an ideal place = ! use ( ! hydrophone4 ,! wat] !re is s deep t subm>9es d>$ n re/ on ! bottom1 b _h to keep mov+1 & s !y c\ld easily be foll[$4 ,across ! sea1 at ! heel ( ! boot ( ,italy1 a b>rage ( boats 0 e/abli%$4 ,u-boats w\ld come d[n to ?is b>rage at night &1 :5 )9 two or ?ree miles ( ! boats1 dive & pass "u !m4 ,b :5 hydrophones 7 us$ t game prov$ v haz>d\s4 ,our li/5]s w\ld he> !m com+ :5 !y 7 miles away4 ,!n !y w\ld he> !m %ift f oil-to electric-drive & plunge "u ! surface4 ,d>kness 0 no protection to ! ,u-boats4 ,! s\nd-detector work$ j z well at night z 9 ! daytime & a gr\p ( ?ree boats w\ld drop a patt]n ( bombs t w\ld s5d ! ,u-boat to ! bottom4 ,on "o occasion aft] an attack x 0 evid5t t ! subm>9e _h be5 s]i\sly injur$4 ,its motors 7 op]at+1 b some?+ mu/ h gone wrong ) its /e]+-ge>1 or its balla/-*amb]s may h be5 flood$1 because x kept go+ d[n & soon ! li/5]s he>d a crun*+ noise z x 0 cru%$ by ! trem5d\s pressure ( ! wat]4 ,& s ,u-boat w>f>e grew m & m t]rible = ,h]r ,komm&ant4 ,! dep?s ( ! sea 7 gr[+ ev5 m dang]\s ?an ! surface4 ,on e h& he 0 los+ out4 ,he _h tri$ to ma/] ! sea )\t ma/]+ ! surface ( ! sea4 ,b he c nev] really ma/] :o d>es n fight out 9 ! op54 ,= a "t1 ! ,g]man did prevail1 b 8 adv]s>ies 7 quick to see 8 defici5cies &1 by play+ ^u ^!1 to rob ! t]ror ( ! sea ( 8 p[]s4 ,& z ,h]r ,komm&ant looks back at ! "t :5 he /epp$ into ! lime-light z ! mo/ brutal de/roy] ! _w has ev] se51 he _c take mu* satisfaction 9 reflect+ t ! sum total ( 8 ef=ts 0 to spread hatr$ ( ,g]many ?r\gh\t ! _w1 to summon into ! conflict a great nation ^: armies turn$ ! tide ( victory aga9/ 8 soldi]s1 & f9ally to subject 8 navy1 second only to t ( ,great ,brita91 to ! mo/ humiliat+ surr5d] ! _w has ev] se54 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,devil',s ,,eggs ,9 mod]n w>f>e a duel betwe5 fix$ =ts & float+ =ts is almo/ c]ta9 to end 9 a draw4 ,because ! =m] are fix$ !y make good t>gets1 :ile ! w>-%ip1 be+ able to move ab\t1 c dodge ! %ell t are fir$ aga9/ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a =t on l& c /& a great deal ( p\nd+ & ea* ( its guns mu/ be put out ( action individually1 be=e x is subdu$1 :ile ! =t t is afloat runs ! risk ( be+ sunk ) a few well-direct$ %ots4 ,b =tifications alone w n protect a h>bor f a det]m9$ enemy4 ,!y _c prev5t ho/ile %ips f creep+ by !m "u cov] ( d>kness or a heavy fog4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! h>bor mu/ be m9$1 & ?is mu/ be done 9 su* a way t fri5dly %ipp+ c be pilot$ ?r\gh ! m9e-field1 :ile ho/ile craft w be sure to /rike ! m9es & be de/roy$4 ,! m9es may be arrang$ to be fir$ by electricity f %ore /ations1 9 :i* case !y are an*or$ at su* a dep? t %ips c sail ov] !m )\t t\*+ !m4 ,if a ho/ile vessel tri$ to da% into ! h>bor1 ! t\* ( a button on %ore w\ld s9k x :5 x pass$ ov] "o ( ! m9es4 ,b ! success ( electrically fir$ m9es w\ld dep5d ^u ! see+4 ,9 a heavy fog !y w\ld prove no protection4 ,ano!r way ( us+ electric m9es is to h telltale devices :i* a %ip w\ld /rike & :i* w\ld indicate to ! op]ator on %ore t a vessel 0 rid+ ov] ! m9es & w\ld also let him "k ov] :i* p>ticul> m9es x 0 at ! mom5t pass+4 ,no fri5dly vessel w\ld und]take to ent] ! h>bor 9 a fog or aft] d>k & ! op]ator w\ld n hesitate to bl[ up ! invad] ev5 if he c\ld n see him4 ,h[ev]1 ! ord9>y me?od ( m9+ a h>bor is to lay fields ( an*or$ m9es across ! *annels & entrances to ! h>bor--s5sitive m9es t w bl[ up at ! slighte/ t\* ( a %ip's hull--& leave tortu\s passages ?r\gh ! fields = fri5dly %ipp+4 ,( c\rse pilots h to guide ! %ips ?r\gh ! passages & le/ enemy spies le>n j :]e ! op5+s are ! m9e-fields mu/ be %ift$ n[ & !n4 ,! m9es are1 !re=e1 made s t !y c be tak5 up by fri5dly m9e-sweep]s :o "k j h[ to h&le !m1 & plant$ else:]e4 ,^! are def5sive m9es1 b !re are o!r m9es t are n int5d$ to be mov$4 ,!y are plant$ 9 front ( enemy h>bors to block enemy %ipp+ & !y are made s s5sitive or ( su* design t !y w surely explode if tamp]$ )4 ,,! ,,m9e ,,t ,,does ,,its ,,own ,,s\nd+ ,a favorite type ( m9e us$ dur+ ! w> 0 "o :i* automatically adju/$ itself to s9k to ! desir$ dep?4 ,subm]g$ m9es are m dang]\s to ! enemy because !y _c be se5 & avoid$4 ,!y %\ld float f> en\gh "u ! surface to rema9 hidd5 & yet n s deep t a %all[-draft %ip c pass ov] !m )\t hitt+ !m4 ,z ! sea bottom may be v irregul>1 x is impossible to tell h[ long ! an*or cable %\ld be )\t s\nd+ ! dep? ( ! wat] at e po9t at :i* a m9e is plant$4 ,b ! automatic an*or takes c>e ( ?is4 ,v +5i\sly x does its own s\nd+ & holds ! m9e d[n to ! dep? = :i* x is set4 ,! m9e cable is w\nd up on a reel 9 ! an*or & ! m9e is held fa/ to ! an*or by a lat*4 ,! an*or is ( box-%ape or cyl9drical =m1 ) p]=ations 9 x4 ,at fir/ x s9ks comp>atively sl[ly1 b z x fills ) wat] x goes d[n fa/]4 ,atta*$ to ! an*or is a plummet or weight1 connect$ by a cord to ! lat*4 ,! l5g? ( ?is cord det]m9es ! dep? at :i* ! m9e w float4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #bb4 ,h[ ! m9e automatically adju/s itself to v>i\s dep?s ( wat] ,! op]ation ( ! m9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,:5 x is ?r[n ov]bo>d 7#a7 x imm$iately turns ov] s t ! buoyant m9e ,a floats on ! surface 7#b74 ,:ile ! an*or is sl[ly fill+ & s9k+1 ! plummet ,b runs out 7#c74 ,if ! m9es are to float at a dep? (1 say1 t5 feet1 ?is cord mu/ be t5 feet long4 ,z soon z x runs out to its full l5g? 7#d7 x spr+s a lat*1 ,c1 releas+ ! m9e ,a4 ,!n ! m9e cable ,d pays out1 z ! an*or ,e s9ks1 until ! plummet ,b /rikes bottom 7#e74 ,z soon z ! plummet cord slack5s a spr+-press$ pawl is releas$ & locks ! m9e-cable reel1 s t z ! an*or cont9ues to s9k x draws ! m9e d[n ) x1 until x t\*es bottom 7#f71 & z ! an*or 0 t5 feet f ! bottom :5 ! plummet t\*$ bottom & lock$ ! reel1 ! m9e mu/ necess>ily be dragg$ d[n to a dep? ( t5 feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! m9e itself1 or ! devil's egg z x is call$1 is usually a big buoyant sph]e ( metal fill$ ) ,,tnt or "s o!r p[]ful explosive2 & project+ f x are a numb] ( v fragile prongs :i* if brok5 or ev5 crack$ w set (f ! m9e4 ,!re is a safety-lev] or p9 t makes ! m9e h>mless :5 x is be+ h&l$1 & ?is mu/ be )drawn j be=e ! m9e is to be laun*$4 ,9 "s m9es ! prongs are little plung]s t are )drawn into ! m9e-%ell & held by a cem5t :i* s(t5s aft] ! m9e is subm]g$ & lets ! plung]s spr+ out4 ,:5 ! plung]s are brok51 wat] ent]s &1 com+ 9 contact ) c]ta9 *emicals1 produces en\gh heat to set (f a c>tridge :i* fires ! m9e4 ,,pick+ ,,inf]nal ,,ma*9es ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,! enemy m9e-fields 7 (t5 locat$ by seaplanes & !n m9e-sweep]s _h to und]take ! extremely haz>d\s task ( rais+ ! m9es or de/roy+ !m4 ,if !y 7 ( ! (f5sive type1 x 0 mu* bett] to de/roy !m4 ,b occasionally1 :5 conditions p]mitt$1 m9e-sweep]s und]took to raise ! m9es & reclaim !m = future use aga9/ ! enemy4 ,! "w ( seiz+ a m9e & mak+ x fa/ to ! hoi/+-cable ( ! m9e-sweep] 0 usually done f a small r[boat4 ,rais+ ! fir/ m9e 0 always ! mo/ p]il\s und]tak+1 because no "o knew j :at type ( m9e x 0 & h[ to h&le x ) safety1 or :e!r !re 0 any way 9 :i* x c\ld be made h>mless4 ,!re 7 "s m9es1 = in/ance1 t conta9$ )9 !m a small vial p>tly fill$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! m9e c>ri$ no prongs1 b if x 7 tilt$ m ?an tw5ty degrees ! acid w\ld spill out & bl[ up ! m9e4 ,su* a m9e w\ld be exce$+ly difficult if n impossible to h&le f a boat t 0 rock$ ab\t by ! waves4 ,aft] ! fir/ m9e ( ! field 0 rais$ & its safety-me*anism /udi$1 ! task ( rais+ ! re/ 0 n s dang]\s4 ,a wat] telescope 0 us$ to locate ! m9e & to aid 9 hook+ ! hoi/+-cable into ! %ackle on ! m9e4 ,! hook 0 screw$ to ! end ( a pole & aft] ! m9e 0 hook$1 ! pole 0 unscrew$ & ! cable haul$ 91 br++ up ! devil's egg bri/l+ ) dea?4 ,c>e _h to be tak5 to keep ! bobb+ boat f t\*+ ! delicate prongs until ! safety-device c\ld be set4 ,h[ev]1 ?is pa9/ak+ & c>eful me?od ( rais+ m9es 0 n (t5 employ$4 ,%all[-draft m9e-sweep]s w\ld run ov] ! m9e-field1 dragg+ a cable betwe5 !m4 ,! cable w\ld be kept d[n by means ( hydrovanes or wat] kites deep en\gh to f\l ! an*or cables ( ! m9es4 ,! wat] kites 7 ,v-%ap$ /ructures t 7 connect$ to ! cable 9 su* a way t !y w\ld nose d[n z !y 7 dragg$ ?r\gh ! wat] & c>ry ! cable "u4 ,! action is j ! rev]se ( a kite1 :i* is set to nose up into ! w9d & c>ry ! kite up :5 x is dragg$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,by means ( ! cable ! an*or *a9 ( ! m9e 0 caught & !n ! m9e ) its an*or 0 dragg$ up4 ,if ! m9e broke loose f its an*or x c\ld be explod$ ) a rifle-%ot if x did n automatically explode on f\l+ ! cable4 ,,float+ ,,m9es ,:5 ,engl& ent]$ ! w> %e m9$ h] h>bors because1 al?\gh %e _h ! ma/]y ( ! sea1 %e _h to gu>d aga9/ raids ( enemy %ips c>ri$ out 9 foggy & d>k wea!r4 ,b ! m9es 7 no protection aga9/ subm>9es4 ,!y w\ld creep along ! bottom "u ! m9es4 ,!n cable nets 7 /ret*$ across ! h>bor *annels to b> ! subm>9es1 b ! ,u-boats 7 fitt$ ) cutt]s :i* w\ld te> ?r\gh ! nets1 & x became necess>y to use m9es set at l[] dep?s s t ! subm>9es c\ld n pass "u !m2 & nets 7 furni%$ ) bombs :i* w\ld explode :5 f\l$ by subm>9es4 ,9 fact1 m9es 7 set adrift ) nets /ret*$ betwe5 !m1 to trap subm>9es4 ,float+ m9es 7 also us$ by ! ,g]mans = ! de/ruction ( surface vessels & ^! 7 usually set adrift 9 pairs1 ) a long cable connect+ !m1 s t if a vessel ran into ! cable ! m9es w\ld be dragg$ 9 aga9/ its hull & bl[ x up4 ,! laws ( w> require t float+ m9es be ( su* a design t !y w become inop]ative 9 a few h\rs2 o!rwise !y might drift ab\t = weeks or mon?s or ye>s & be a con/ant m5ace to %ipp+4 ,sometimes an*or$ m9es break away f _! moor+s & are c>ri$ ar\nd by ocean curr5ts or are bl[n ab\t by ! w9ds4 ,a ye> aft] ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> a %ip 0 bl[n up by /rik+ a m9e t _h be5 torn f its an*orage & _h drift$ f> f ! field 9 :i* x 0 plant$4 ,no d\bt !re are hundr$s ( m9es afloat 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean :i* = _m ye>s to come w hold out ! ?reat ( sudd5 de/ruction to ocean vessels2 = ! ,g]mans knew no laws ( w> & _h no scruples aga9/ sett+ adrift m9es t w\ld rema9 alive until !y 7 eat5 up ) ru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,fig4 #bc4 ,ocean curr5ts ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic %[+ ! probable pa? ( drift+ m9es ,! *>t on ! next page %[s ! c\rse ( ocean curr5ts 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic z plott$ out by ! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco1 f :i* x may be se5 t ,g]man m9es w probably make a complete circuit ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 drift+ d[n ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe1 across ! ,atlantic1 ar\nd ! ,azores1 & into ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* w c>ry !m back to ! ,nor? ,sea1 only to />t all ov]4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47 ,"s ( !m w run up into ! ,arctic ,ocean1 :]e !y w be bl[n up by /rik+ iceb]gs & _m w be trapp$ 9 ! mass ( float+ seawe$ 9 ! ,s>gasso ,sea4 ,b _m ye>s w pass be=e all dang] ( m9es w be remov$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! w> has left a trem5d\s am\nt ( "w to be done 9 rais+ an*or$ m9es & de/roy+ !m4 ,,egg-,,lay+ ,,subm>9es ,e>ly 9 ! w> ! ,briti% 7 a/oni%$ to f9d enemy m9e-fields 9 _! own wat]s1 f> f any ,g]man ports4 ,!y c\ld n h be5 plant$ by surface m9e-lay]s1 unless ^! _h manag$ to creep up disguis$ z peaceful trawl]s4 ,?is seem$ h>dly likely1 because ^! fields appe>$ 9 places t 7 well gu>d$4 ,!n x 0 discov]$ t ,g]man ,u-boats 7 do+ ?is "w4 ,special m9e-lay+ ,u-boats _h be5 built & "o ( !m 0 captur$ ) its c>go ( devil's eggs4 ,a sectional view ( ! m9e-lay+ ,u-boat is %[n opposite page #bgb4 ,9 ! aft] "p ( ! boat 7 m9e-*utes 9 ea* ( :i* ?ree m9es 7 /or$4 ,a m9e-lay+ subm>9e w\ld c>ry ab\t a score ( m9es4 ,^! c\ld be releas$ "o at a "t4 ,! m9e ) its an*or w\ld drop to ! bottom4 ,z soon z x /ruck1 an*or-arms w\ld be tripp$ & spread out to cat* 9 ! s& or mud1 :ile ! m9e cable w\ld be releas$ & ! m9e w\ld rise z f> z ! cable w\ld all[ x4 ,! ,u-boat comm&] w\ld h to "k ! dep? ( wat] 9 :i* ! m9es 7 to be laid & adju/ ! cables to ?is dep? 9 advance4 ,?is c\ld n be done :ile ! ,u-boat 0 subm]g$4 ,) ! m9es all set = ! dep? at a c]ta9 spot1 ! ,u-boat comm&] _h to f9d t v spot to lay 8 eggs1 o!rwise !y w\ld ei!r lie too deep to d any h>m to %ipp+1 or else !y w\ld rea* up to ! surface1 :]e !y might be discov]$ by ! ,alli$ patrols4 ,z he _h to d 8 navigat+ bl9dly1 by dead-reckon+1 x 0 v difficult = him to locate 8 m9e-fields prop]ly4 ,b ! ,g]mans did n h a monopoly on subm>9e m9e-lay+4 ,! ,briti% also laid m9es by subm>9e )9 ,g]man h>bors & *annels1 "r "u ! guns ( ,heligol&1 & _m a ,u-boat 0 de/roy$ by su* m9es )9 its home wat]s4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,a ,dut* ,m9e-sweep] engag$ 9 cle>+ ! ,nor? ,sea ( ,g]man ,m9es ,,p>avanes ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,allies _h a way ( sail+ "r ?r\gh fields ( enemy m9es ) little dang]4 ,our %ips 7 equipp$ ) p>avanes :i* are some?+ l ! wat] kites us$ by m9e-sweep]s1 & !y are /ill us$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! w> zone4 ,p>avanes are /eel floats ) torp$o-%ap$ bodies & a horizontal plane ne> ! =w>d end4 ,at ! tail ( ! p>avane1 !re are horizontal & v]tical rudd]s :i* c be set to make ! device run out f ! side ( ! vessel t is t[+ x1 & at ! desir$ dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,two p>avanes are us$1 "o at ea* side ( ! %ip1 & ! t[+-cables lead f ! b[ ( ! vessel4 ,?us !re are two taut cables t run out f ! %ip 9 ! =m ( a ,v & at su* a dep? t !y w f\l ! moor+-cable ( any m9e t might be enc\nt]$4 ,! m9e cable slides along ! p>avane cable & 9 ?is way is c>ri$ cle> ( ! %ip's hull4 ,:5 x rea*es ! p>avane x is caught 9 a %>p-too!d jaw :i* cuts ! m9e cable & lets ! m9e bob up to ! surface4 ,! m9e is !n explod$ by rifle or ma*9e-gun fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,hook+ ,up ,enemy ,an*or$ ,m9es ,9 "s =ms ( p>avane !re is a h+$ jaw :i* is op]at$ f ! %ip to %e> ! cable4 ,! jaw is repeat$ly op5$ & clos$ by a l9e t runs to a w9* on ! %ip4 ,?is w9* w9ds up ! l9e until x is taut & !n ! l9e is p]mitt$ to slip1 lett+ ! jaw op51 only to close aga9 z ! w9* keeps on turn+ & w9d+ up ! l9e4 ,gu>d$ by /eel %>ks on ea* side1 _! jaws con/antly work+1 a %ip c pl[ "r ?r\gh a field ( an*or$ m9es ) little dang]4 ,to be sure1 ! b[ might *ance to hit a m9e1 :51 ( c\rse1 !re w\ld be an explosion2 b ! %ip c\ld /& damage "h bett] ?an any:]e else & unless ! b[ actually hit ! m9e1 "o or o!r ( ! p>avanes w\ld take c>e ( x & keep x f be+ dragg$ 9 aga9/ ! hull ( ! vessel4 ,,p5n+ ,,9 ,,! ,u-,,boats ,accord+ to ,g]man te/imony1 m9es 7 responsible = ! failure ( ! ,u-boat4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n m]ely ! scatt]$ m9e-fields s[n 9 ,g]man wat]s t br\ght ! ,u-boat to t]ms1 b an enorm\s m9e-field /ret*+ across ! ,nor? ,sea f ! ,orkney ,isl&s to ! coa/ ( ,norway4 ,e>ly 9 ! w>1 ,u-boats _h be5 prev5t$ f ent]+ ! ,engli% ,*annel by nets & m9es /ret*$ across ! ,/raits ( ,dov]4 ,z ! subm>9e m5ace grew1 x 0 urg$ t a simil> net be /ret*$ across ! ,nor? ,sea to p5 ! ,u-boats 94 ,b x seem$ l a /up5d\s task4 ,! di/ance across at ! n>r[e/ po9t is ne>ly two hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,x w\ld n h be5 necess>y to h ! net come to ! surface4 ,x c\ld j z well h be5 an*or$ s t its upp] edge w\ld be cov]$ ) ?irty feet ( wat]4 ,surface vessels c\ld !n h sail$ ov] x )\t tr\ble & subm>9es c\ld n h pass$ ov] x )\t %[+ !mselves to patroll+ de/roy]s4 ,x w\ld n h be5 necess>y to c>ry ! net to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,a belt ( nett+ a hundr$ & fifty feet wide w\ld h made an effective b> to ! passage ( ,u-boats4 ,z ,u-boats might cut _! way ?r\gh ! net1 x 0 propos$ to m\nt bombs or m9es on !m :i* w\ld explode on contact & de/roy any subm>9e t tri$ to pass4 ,h[ev]1 lay+ a net two hundr$ feet long ev5 :5 x is laid 9 sections1 is no small job1 b :5 ! net is load$ ) contact m9es1 ! difficulty ( ! "w may be well imag9$4 ,& yet _h x be5 ?\ght t ! net w\ld be a success x w\ld h be5 laid anyh[1 b x 0 argu$ t seawe$ w\ld clog ! me%es ( ! net & ocean curr5ts w\ld te> gaps 9 x4 ,ev5 if x _h n be5 torn away1 ! tidal curr5ts w\ld h swept x d[n & borne x "u s f> t ,u-boats c\ld h pass$ ov] x 9 safety )\t com+ to ! surface4 ,a ,,wall ,,( ,,m9es ,:5 ,am]ica ent]$ ! w>1 we 7 v insi/5t t some?+ mu/ be done to block ! ,nor? ,sea1 & we propos$ t a b>rage ( an*or$ m9es be /ret*$ across ! sea & t ^! m9es be set at diff]5t levels s z to make a wall t subm>9es c\ld n dive "u4 ,?is w\ld d away ) all ! drawbacks ( a net4 ,ocean curr5ts & masses ( seawe$ c\ld n affect individual m9es z !y w\ld a net4 ,fur!rmore1 an ,am]ican inv5tor _h devis$ a new type ( m9e :i* 0 peculi>ly adapt$ to ! propos$ m9e b>rage4 ,x _h a fir+-me*anism t 0 v s5sitive & ! m9e _h twice ! rea* ( any o!r4 ,at l5g? ! ,briti% m9e-lay+ =ces 7 prevail$ ^u to jo9 ) u 9 lay+ ?is enorm\s m9e4 ,x 0 "o ( ! bigge/ & mo/ successful und]tak+s ( ! w>4 ,x 0 to be two hundr$ & ?irty miles long & twelve miles wide on ! av]age1 rea*+ f ! rocky %ores ( ! ,orkney ,isl&s to ,norway4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( deep wat] close to ! coa/ ( ,norway & x 0 aga9/ int]national law to lay m9es )9 ?ree miles ( ! %ores ( a neutral nation1 s t ! ,u-boats might h _h a cle> passage ar\nd ! end ( ! b>rage4 ,b z x 0 also aga9/ ! law = ! ,u-boats to sail ?r\gh neutral wat]s1 ,norway laid a m9e-field (f its coa/ to en=ce neutrality1 & ?is 0 to jo9 ) t :i* ! ,briti% & we 7 to lay4 ,mo/ ( ! m9e-lay+ 0 to be done by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & we 7 to furni% ! m9es4 ,! ord] to proce$ ) ! "w 0 giv5 9 ,octob]1 #aiag1 & x 0 a big ord]4 ,a hundr$ ?\s& m9es 7 to be made & to pres]ve secrecy1 z well z to hurry ! "w z mu* z possible1 x 0 divid$ among five hundr$ contractors & subcontractors4 ,! p>ts 7 put toge!r 9 "o plant & !n s5t to ano!r1 :]e ea* m9e 0 fill$ ) ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( molt5 ,,tnt4 ,to c>ry !m across ! ocean small /eam]s 7 us$1 s t if "o %\ld be bl[n up by a subm>9e ! loss ( m9es w\ld n be v great4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-f\r ( ^! /eam]s1 ea* c>ry+ f twelve hundr$ to eighte5 hundr$ m9es & only "o ( !m 0 de/roy$ by a subm>9e4 ,! /eam]s deliv]$ _! loads on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl& & ! m9es 7 tak5 across to ! ea/ coa/ by rail & motor canal-boats4 ,"h ! m9es 7 f9ally assembl$1 ready = plant+4 ,sev5ty ?\s& m9es 7 plant$1 f\r fif?s ( !m by ,am]ican m9e-lay]s & ! re/ by ! ,briti%4 ,,m9e ,,railroads ,,on ,,%ips ,to h&le ! m9es ! %ips 7 specially fitt$ ) m9iature railroads = transport+ ! m9es to ! laun*+-po9t1 s t !y c\ld be dropp$ at regul> int]vals )\t int]ruption4 ,ea* an*or m9e 0 provid$ ) flang$ :eels t ran on rails4 ,! m9es 7 c>ri$ on ?ree decks & ea* deck 0 cov]$ ) a network ( rails1 swit*es1 & turn-tables1 :ile elevators 7 provid$ to c>ry ! m9es f "o deck to ano!r4 ,! m9es1 l m9iature railroad c>s1 7 c\pl$ up 9 tra9s ( ?irty or =ty & z ea* m9e weigh$ f\rte5 hundr$ p\nds1 /eam w9*es _h to be us$ to haul !m4 ,at ! laun*+-po9t ! tracks ran out ov] ! /]n ( ! boat & "h a trap 0 provid$ :i* w\ld hold only "o m9e at a "t4 ,by ! pull+ ( a lev] ! jaws ( ! trap w\ld op5 & ! m9e w\ld slide (f ! rails & plunge into ! sea4 ,! m9es 7 dropp$ e ?ree hundr$ feet 9 l9es five hundr$ feet ap>t1 z x 0 unsafe = ! m9e-lay]s to /eam any clos] to "o ano!r ?an t4 ,! m9es 7 ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb & automatically adju/$ !mselves to v>i\s dep?s4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] ran d[n to twelve hundr$ feet ne> ! ,norwegian coa/4 ,nev] be=e _h m9es be5 plant$ at any:]e ne> t dep?4 ,x 0 dang]\s "w1 because ! enemy knew :]e ! m9es 7 be+ plant$1 z neutral %ipp+ _h to be w>n$ mon?s 9 advance4 ,! m9e-lay]s 7 9 con/ant dang] ( subm>9e attack1 al?\gh !y 7 convoy$ by de/roy]s to take c>e ( ! ,u-boats4 ,!re 0 ev5 dang] ( a surface attack & s battle-cruis]s 7 assign$ ! job ( gu>d+ ! m9e-lay]s4 ,! m9e-lay]s /eam$ 9 l9e abrea/1 & _h "o ( !m be5 bl[n up1 ! %ock w\ld probably h be5 en\gh to bl[ up ! o!rs z well4 ,enemy m9es 7 s[n 9 ! pa? ( ! m9e-lay]s1 s ! latt] _h to be prec$$ by m9e-sweep]s4 ,navigation buoys _h to be plant$ at ! ends ( ! l9es ( m9es & ! enemy _h a habit ( plant+ m9es ne> ! buoys or ( mov+ ! buoys :5ev] he _h a *ance4 ,b despite all risks ! "w 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,! b>ri] 0 n an impassable "o4 ,) ! m9es ?ree hundr$ feet ap>t1 a subm>9e might get ?r\gh1 ev5 ?\gh ! field 0 tw5ty-five miles broad1 b ! haz>ds 7 s]i\s4 ,be=e ! fir/ l9es ( m9es _h be5 ext5d$ half-way across1 its value 0 demon/rat$ by ! de/ruction ( sev]al ,u-boats1 & z ! safety-lane 0 n>r[$ d[n ! losses increas$4 ,x is said t altoge!r tw5ty-?ree ,g]man subm>9es met _! doom 9 ! great m9e b>rage4 ,u-boat comm&]s balk$ at runn+ ?r\gh x1 & ,u-boat w>f>e virtually came to a /&/ill4 ,accord+ to ,capta9 ,b>t5ba*1 comm&] ( subm>9e bases 9 ,fl&]s1 ?ree ,u-boats 7 sunk by an*or$ m9es = e "o t 0 de/roy$ by a dep? bomb4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,surface ,,boats ,! w> on ! subm>9e 0 f\ght ma9ly f ! surface ( ! sea & f ! air above ! sea1 & naturally x result$ 9 _m int]e/+ naval developm5ts4 ,z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii1 ! fir/ (f5sive measure aga9/ ! ,u-boat 0 ! build+ ( sw>ms ( spe$y motor-boats :i* drove ! invad]s away f h>bors & into ! op5 sea4 ,to foll[ ! ,u-boats out into r\gh wat] l>g] subm>9e-*as]s 7 built1 b ev5 !y c\ld n cope ) ! enemy f> f ! h>bors4 ,,motor ,,torp$o-,,boats ,! ,italians made excell5t use ( spe$y motor-boats 9 ! protect$ wat]s ( ! ,adriatic ,sea4 ,"o type ( motor-boat 0 equipp$ ) two torp$o-tubes 9 ! b[4 ,small #ad-;in* torp$oes 7 us$1 b z ea* torp$o c>ri$ two hundr$ p\nds ( high explosive1 ! motor-boat 0 a =midable vessel if x crept 9 close en\gh to dis*>ge "o ( ^! missiles at its foe4 ,on "o occasion1 a patrol ( ^! little boats sight$ a c\ple ( ,au/rian dreadn\ghts head$ d[n ! coa/1 surr\nd$ by a scre5 ( t5 de/roy]s4 ,favor$ by ! mi/1 two ( ! motor-boats crept ?r\gh ! scre5 ( de/roy]s1 & torp$o$ ! battle-%ips4 ,!n !y made good _! escape4 ,a de/roy] t pursu$ "o ( ! boats decid$ t ! game 0 n wor? :ile :5 x 0 sudd5ly %ak5 up by ! explosion ( a dep? bomb dropp$ f ! motor-boat4 ,,! ,,sea ,,tank ,! ,italians %[$ a great deal ( naval initiative4 ,!y 7 =ev] try+ to trap ! ,au/rian fleet or to invade its h>bors4 ,l all o!r naval p[]s1 ! ,au/rians protect$ _! h>bors ) nets & m9es4 ,x 0 impossible = subm>9es to make an entrance & ! ports 7 too well =tifi$ to p]mit an op5 attack on ! surface4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,italians did break ?r\gh ! h>bor def5ses on "o or two occasions & sank ,au/rian w>-vessels4 ,aga9 x 0 ) a small boat t !y did ! trick4 ,! nets :i* ! ,au/rians /ret*$ across _! h>bor entrance 7 support$ on wood5 booms or logs :i* s]v$ z floats4 ,^! booms (f]$ an effective b> to small boats :i* might attempt to ent] ! h>bor "u cov] ( d>kness4 ,b ! ,italians f\nd a way to ov]come ?is ob/ruction4 ,!y built a flat-bottom$ motor-boat :i* drew v little wat]4 ,runn+ "u ! boat 7 two endless *a9s1 l ! treads ( a tank4 ,9 fact1 ! boat came to be kn[n z a sea tank4 ,! *a9s 7 motor-driv5 & _h spik$ sprockets1 s t :5 a boom 0 enc\nt]$ !y w\ld bite into ! wood & pull ! boat up ov] ! log1 or maybe !y w\ld drag ! log d[n "u ! boat4 ,at any rate1 ) ?is arrangem5t x 0 n v difficult to pass ! boom & ent] ! h>bor4 ,at ! re> ! *a9s 7 c>ri$ back f> en\gh to prev5t ! propell] f /rik+ :5 ! boat _h pass$ ov] ! log4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,an ,italian ,sea-tank climb+ ov] a ,h>bor ,boom ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,deck ( a ,briti% ,aircraft ,mo!r%ip or ,hu% %ip ,,! ,,awkw>d ,,eagles ,a curi\s boat t we und]took to furni% dur+ ! w> 0 a cross betwe5 a de/roy] & a subm>9e-*as]4 ,aft] ! subm>9e _h be5 driv5 out to sea its greate/ foe 0 und\bt$ly ! de/roy]1 & frantic ef=ts 7 made to turn out z _m de/roy]s z possible4 ,b x takes "t to build de/roy]s & s a new type ( boat 0 design$1 to be turn$ out quickly 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,a hundr$ & t5 ,eagles 7z ^! boats are call$7 7 ord]$1 b ! armi/ice 0 sign$ be=e any ( !m 7 put into s]vice2 & x is j z well t su* 0 ! case1 = 9 _! con/ruction ev]y?+ 0 sacrific$ to spe$ ( production4 ,z a consequ5ce !y are v ugly boats1 ) none ( ! f9e l9es ( a de/roy]1 & !y roll badly1 ev5 :5 ! sea is comp>atively peaceful4 ,!y are five-hundr$-ton boats design$ to make eighte5 knots1 :i* w\ld n h be5 fa/ en\gh to cope ) ,u-boats1 because ! latt] c\ld make z high a spe$ z t !mselves1 :5 travel+ on ! surface1 & ! two #d-;in* guns ( ! ,eagles w\ld h be5 f> outrang$ by ! #e4i-;in* guns ( ! l>g] ,u-boats4 ,,seaplane ,,t[+-,,b>ges ,:5 ! w> on ! ,u-boat 0 c>ri$ up into ! sky1 _m new naval problems cropp$ up1 p>ticul>ly :5 ,g]man subm>9es *ose to "w f> out at sea4 ,big seaplanes 7 us$1 b !y consum$ a great deal ( fuel 9 fly+ out & back1 cutt+ d[n by j s mu* _! fly+-radius at ! sc5e ( activities4 ,a special t[+-b>ge 0 us$4 ,^! b>ges _h trimm+-tanks aft1 :i* c\ld be flood$ s t ! /]n ( ! b>ge w\ld subm]ge4 ,a cradle 0 m\nt$ to run on a pair ( rails on ! b>ge4 ,! body ( ! seaplane 0 la%$ to ?is cradle & !n drawn up on ! b>ge by means ( a w9dlass4 ,?is done1 ! wat] 0 bl[n out ( ! trimm+-tanks by means ( compress$ air & ! b>ge 0 br\ght up to an ev5 keel4 ,! b>ge ) its load 0 n[ ready to be t[$ by a de/roy] or o!r fa/ boat to ! sc5e ( op]ations4 ,!re wat] 0 aga9 let into ! trimm+-tanks & ! seaplane 0 let back into ! wat]4 ,f ! wat] ! seaplane arose into ! air 9 ! usual way4 ,un=tunately1 :5 ! sea is at all r\gh x is exce$+ly difficult = a seaplane to take w+1 p>ticul>ly a l>ge seaplane4 ,a bett] />t+-plat=m ?an ! sea _h to be furni%$4 ,at fir/ "s seaplanes 7 furni%$ ) :eels1 s t !y c\ld be laun*$ f plat=ms on l>ge %ips2 & !n1 to increase ! fly+-radius1 seaplanes 7 disc>d$ 9 favor ( airplanes4 ,once ^! ma*9es 7 laun*$1 !re 0 no way = !m to get back to ! %ip4 ,!y _h to get back to l& be=e _! fuel 0 exhau/$4 ,on ! l>ge w>-vessels a />t+-plat=m 0 built on a pair ( long guns4 ,!n ! w>-%ip w\ld head into ! w9d & ! comb9$ travel ( ! %ip & ( ! airplane along ! plat=m gave spe$ en\gh to raise ! plane (f ! plat=m be=e x _h run ! full l5g? ( ! guns4 ,b z long z aviators _h no hav5 until !y got back to l&1 !re 7 _m casualties4 ,eag] to cont9ue _! patrol z long z possible1 !y w\ld sometimes l+] too long be=e head+ = home & !n !y w\ld n h en\gh fuel left to rea* l&4 ,_m an aviator 0 lo/ 9 ?is way1 & f9ally "m-%ips = airplanes _h to be built4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,electrically ,propell$ ,boat or ,surface ,torp$o1 ,attack+ a ,w>%ip1 "u ,guidance ( an ,airplane ,sc\t ,,! ,,hu% ,,%ips ,! ,briti% ,navy _h con/ruct$ a numb] ( v fa/ cruis]s to deal ) any raid]s ! ,g]mans might s5d out4 ,^! cruis]s 7 light vessels capable ( su* high spe$s t !y c\ld ev5 ov]take a de/roy]4 ,!y 7 #hdj feet long & _! turb9es develop$ #ij1jjj horse-p[]4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! vessels 0 = a long "t kept a pr(\nd secret & x 0 n until ! ,g]man fleet surr5d]$ t photographs ( !m 7 all[$ to be publi%$4 ,because ( ?is secrecy ! boats 7 popul>ly kn[n z hu% %ips4 ,!y 7 n armor$2 x 0 n necess>y to load !m d[n ) armor plate1 because _! protection lay 9 spe$ & !y 7 design$ to fight at v long range4 ,9 fact1 !y 7 to c>ry guns t w\ld outrange ^? ( ! mo/ p[]ful dreadn\ghts4 ,our l>ge/ naval guns are ( #af-;in* calib]1 b ! hu% %ips 7 ea* to c>ry two #ah-;in* guns4 ,! guns 7 mon/]s weigh+ #aej tons ea* & !y fir$ a %ell #ah in*es 9 diamet] & #g feet long to a di/ance ( #cj miles :5 elevat$ to an angle ( #de degrees4 ,! weight ( ! %ell 0 #cfjj p\nds & x c>ri$ #ejj p\nds ( high explosive or m ?an is c>ri$ 9 ! l>ge/ torp$oes4 ,at ! #cb-mile range ! %ell w\ld pass ?r\gh #ab in*es ( face-h>d5$ armor & at half t range x w\ld pass ?r\gh armor #ah in*es ?ick1 & !re is no armor afloat any heavi] ?an ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,haul+ a ,seaplane up on a ,b>ge s t x may be ,t[$ at ,high ,spe$ by a ,de/roy] ,,"m-,,boats ,,= ,,airplanes ,arm$ ) su* p[]ful guns z ^!1 ! hu% %ips w\ld h be5 v =midable inde$2 b :5 ! guns 7 m\nt$ on "o ( ! cruis]s1 ! ,furi\s1 !y 7 f\nd too p[]ful = ! vessel4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! mon/]s w\ld v s]i\sly rack _! own %ip4 ,s ! guns 7 tak5 (f ! cruis] & x 0 turn$ into a "m-%ip = airplanes4 ,a broad1 unob/ruct$ deck 0 built on ! %ip :i* provid$ a runway f :i* airplanes c\ld be laun*$1 & ?is runway 0 actually broad en\gh to p]mit airplanes to l& ^u x4 ,"u ! runway 7 ! hang>s 9 :i* ! airplanes 7 h\s$4 ,o!r hu% %ips 7 also conv]t$ into airplane "m-boats & !re 7 special boats built = ?is v purpose1 al?\gh !y 7 n able to make ! spe$ ( ! hu% %ips4 ,"o ( ^! special boats _h funnels t turn$ horizontally to c>ry (f ! furnace smoke ov] ! /]n & leave a p]fectly cle> fly+-deck1 #ccj feet long4 ,,torp$o-,,pro( ,,mon/]s ,z = ! #ah-;in* guns1 !y 7 put to ano!r use4 ,e>ly 9 ! w> ! ,briti% _h ne$ = p[]ful %all[-draft vessels :i* c\ld op]ate (f ! ,fl&]s coa/ & attack ! coa/ =tifications t 7 be+ built by ! ,g]mans4 ,! %ips t 7 built to meet ?is dem& 7 kn[n z monitors1 because l ! fam\s monitor ( our ,civil ,w> !y c>ri$ a s+le turret4 ,^! monitors 7 v broad = _! l5g? & 7 v sl[4 ,at be/ !y c\ld make only sev5 knots & 9 heavy wea!r !y c\ld n make m ?an two or ?ree knots4 ,to be made pro( aga9/ torp$oes ^! boats 7 =m$ ) bli/]s or holl[ r\nd$ swells 9 ! hull at ea* side :i* ext5d$ out to a di/ance ( twelve to fifte5 feet4 ,! bli/]s 7 subdivid$ into comp>tm5ts1 s t if a torp$o /ruck ! %ip x w\ld explode aga9/ a bli/] at a consid]able di/ance f ! real hull ( ! %ip & ! =ce ( ! explosion w\ld be exp5d$ 9 ! comp>tm5ts4 ,! bli/]s 7 ! salvation ( ! monitors4 ,(t5 7 ! boats /ruck by torp$oes )\t be+ sunk4 ,un=tunately1 ?is =m ( protection c\ld n be appli$ to ord9>y vessels1 because x w\ld h int]f]$ s]i\sly ) navigation4 ,! bli/]s made ! monitors v difficult to /e] & hamp]$ ! progress ( a %ip1 p>ticul>ly 9 a seaway4 ,) %ips su* z ^! ! ,briti% bomb>d$ ,zeebrugge f a di/ance ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five miles4 ,( c\rse1 ! range _h to be plott$ out ma!matically1 z ! t>get 0 f> beyond ! horizon ( ! %ip1 & ! fir+ _h to be direct$ by spott]s 9 airplanes4 ,at fir/ guns f antiquat$ battle-%ips 7 us$ 9 ! monitors2 !n l>g] guns 7 us$1 until f9ally two ( ! monitors inh]it$ ! #ah-;in* guns ( ! ,furi\s4 ,a s+le gun 0 m\nt$ on ! aft] deck ( ea* vessel & ! gun 0 arrang$ to fire only on ! />bo>d side4 ,no heavily armor$ turret 0 provid$1 b m]ely a light h\s+ to %elt] ! gun4 ,,an ,,electrically ,,/e]$ ,,motor-,,boat ,! ,briti% w>-vessels t op]at$ 9 ! %all[ wat]s (f ! coa/ ( ,fl&]s 7 a con/ant s\rce ( annoyance to ! ,g]mans4 ,because ( ! %all[ wat] x 0 seldom possible = a subm>9e to creep up on !m4 ,a ,u-boat requir$ at lea/ ?irty-five feet ( wat] = complete subm]g5ce & x did n d>e to attack 9 ! op54 ,?is l$ ! ,g]mans to laun* a motor-boat load$ ) high explosive1 :i* 0 /e]$ f %ore4 ,! motor-boat c>ri$ a reel ( wire :i* connect$ x ) an op]ator on %ore4 ,!re 0 no pilot 9 ! boat1 b ! helm 0 controll$ electrically by ! man at ! %ore /ation4 ,z x 0 difficult = ! helmsman to see j :at 8 boat 0 do+1 or j h[ to /e] x :5 x 0 sev]al miles (f1 an airplane flew high above x & direct$ ! helmsman1 by radiotelegraphy1 h[ to /e] 8 boat4 ,( c\rse1 radiotelegraphy might h be5 us$ to op]ate ! /e]+-me*anism ( ! boat1 b !re 0 ! dang] t ! radio op]ators ( ! ,briti% might s5d out di/urb+ waves t w\ld upset ! control ( ! motor-boat1 & s direct wire transmission 0 us$ in/ead4 ,=tunately1 :5 ! ,g]mans tri$ ?is =m ( attack1 an al]t ,briti% look\t discov]$ ! t9y motor-boat4 ,! al>m 0 giv5 & a lucky %ot blew up ! boat ) its *>ge be=e x came ne> ! ,briti% vessel4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,reclaim+ ,,! ,,victims ,,( ,,! ,,subm>9e ,ne>ly fifte5 million tons ( %ipp+ lie at ! bottom ( ! sea1 sunk by ,g]man ,u-boats1 & ! value ( ^! %ips ) _! c>go is e/imat$ at ov] sev5 billion doll>s4 ,9 "o ye>1 #aiag1 ! loss 0 ne>ly a million doll>s a day4 ,( c\rse ^! wrecks w\ld n be wor? any?+ l t n[1 if !y 7 rais$ & float$4 ,mu* ( ! c>go w\ld be s damag$ by its long imm]sion 9 salt wat] t x w\ld be absolutely valueless1 b !re are _m k9ds ( m]*&ise t are n injur$ 9 ! lea/ by wat]4 ,e %ip c>ries a c]ta9 am\nt ( gold & silv]2 & !n ! %ip's hull itself is well wor? salv+1 provid$ x 0 n too badly damag$ by ! torp$o t sank x4 ,altoge!r1 !re is pl5ty ( ri* treasure 9 ! sea await+ ! salvor :o is bold en\gh to g aft] x4 ,to be sure1 n all ( ! ,u-boat's victims 7 sunk 9 deep wat]4 ,_m torp$o$ vessels 7 bea*$ or succe$$ 9 rea*+ %all[ wat] be=e !y f\nd]$4 ,"s 7 sunk 9 h>bors :ile !y lay at an*or1 be=e ! precaution 0 tak5 ( protect+ ! h>bors ) nets4 ,! ,allies did n wait = ! w> to end be=e try+ to refloat ^! vessels4 ,9 fact1 dur+ ! w> sev]al hundr$ %ips 7 rais$ & put back into s]vice4 ,a special =m ( pat* 0 inv5t$ to close holes torn by torp$oes4 ,electric pumps 7 built :i* w\ld "w "u wat] & ^! 7 l[]$ into ! holds ( %ips to pump !m out4 ,! salvors 7 provid$ ) special gas-masks to protect !m f poison\s fumes ( decay$ matt] 9 ! wrecks4 ,our own navy has play$ an important "p 9 salvage4 ,%ortly aft] we ent]$ ! w>1 all ! wreck+-equipm5t 9 ?is c\ntry 0 comm&e]$ by ! gov]nm5t & we s5t ov] to ! o!r side exp]i5c$ ,am]ican salvors1 provid$ ) complete equipm5t ( app>atus & ma*9]y4 ,! majority ( wrecks1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 ! op5 sea1 :]e x w\ld h be5 fooli% to attempt any salvage-op]ations because ( ! m5ace ( subm>9e attack4 ,on at lea/ "o occasion a salvage vessel1 :ile attempt+ to raise ! victims ( a subm>9e1 fell1 itself1 a prey to a ,hun torp$o4 ,n[ t ?is m5ace has be5 remov$1 su* vessels z lie 9 comp>atively %all[ wat]1 & 9 positions n subject to sudd5 tempe/s1 c be rais$ by ! ord9>y me?ods2 or if x is impracticable to raise !m1 mu* ( _! c>go c be reclaim$4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! torp$o$ %ips lie at su* dep?s t _! salvage w\ld ord9>ily be despair$ (4 ,,9 ,,! ,,dep?s ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,x w be int]e/+ to look into conditions t exi/ 9 deep wat]4 ,someh[ ! notion has gone =? t a %ip w n surely s9k to ! v bottom ( ! deep sea1 b on rea*+ a c]ta9 level w f9d ! wat] s d5se t ev5 solid iron w float1 z if 9 a sea ( m]cury1 & t "h ! %ip w be ma9ta9$ 9 susp5sion1 to be c>ri$ hi!r & yon by e *ance curr5t4 ,inde$1 x makes a r fanta/ic picture to ?9k ( ^! lo/ %ips drift+ 9 endless procession1 f> d[n b5ea? ! cold gre5 waves1 & de/9$ to roam =ev] l doom$ spirits 9 a circle ( ,dante's ,inf]no4 ,b ! laws ( physics %att] any su* illusion & bid u pa9t a v diff]5t picture4 ,liquids are almo/ incompressible4 ,! diff]5ce 9 d5sity betwe5 ! wat] at ! surface ( ! sea & t at a dep? ( a mile is almo/ insignificant4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 at t dep? ! wat] w\ld support only ab\t half a p\nd m p] cubic foot ?an at ! surface4 ,! pressure1 h[ev]1 w\ld be enorm\s4 ,take ! ,titanic1 = in/ance1 :i* lies on ! b$ ( ! ocean 9 wat] two miles deep4 ,x mu/ endure a pressure ( ab\t two long tons on e squ>e in* ( its surface4 ,long be=e ! vessel rea*$ ! bottom h] hull mu/ h be5 cru%$ 94 ,e /ick ( wood1 e compressible "p ( h] /ructure & ( h] c>go1 mu/ h be5 /av$ 9 or flatt5$4 ,z a %ip s9ks x is n ! wat] b ! %ip t gr[s progressively d5s]4 ,! ,titanic mu/ h actually ga9$ 9 weight z %e w5t d[n1 & s %e mu/ h ga!r$ spe$ z %e sank4 ,we may be c]ta91 !re=e1 t e victim ( ,g]many's ru?less ,u-boats t sank 9 deep wat] lies prone ^u ! floor ( ! sea4 ,x matt]s n h[ or :]e x 0 sunk1 :e!r x 0 /agg]$ by ! unexpect$ bl[ ( ! torp$o & !n plung$ headlong into ! dep?s ( ! sea1 or :e!r x l+]$1 mortally w\nd$1 on ! surface1 quietly settl+ d[n until ! waves clos$ ov] x4 ,!oretically1 ( c\rse1 a p]fect balance might be rea*$ :i* w\ld keep a subm]g$ vessel 9 susp5sion1 b practically su* a condition is next to impossible4 ,once a %ip has />t$ d[n1 %e w keep on until %e rea*es ! v bottom1 :e!r x be t5 fa?oms or t5 hundr$4 ,a ,,subm>9e ,,gravey>d ,in/ead ( ! l9e ( w&]+ spect]s1 !n1 we mu/ conjure up a diff]5t picture1 equally weird--an "u-_w %r\d$ 9 d>kness2 = little light p5etrates ! deep sea4 ,"h 9 ! cold blackness1 on ! b$ ( ! ocean1 ! wrecks ( vessels t once sail$ pr\dly ov]head lie /ill & dea?ly sil5t--"s keel$ ov] on _! sides1 "s turn$ turtle1 & mo/ ( !m probably on ev5 keel4 ,"h & !re may be "o ) its nose buri$ deep 9 ! mud2 & 9 ! %all[] wat]s we may come across "o p9n$ d[n by ! /]n1 b ) its head buoy$ by a pocket ( air1 /ra9+ upw>d & sway+ slightly ) e g5tle movem5t ( ! sea1 z if /ill alive4 ,?is subm>9e gravey>d (f]s wond]ful opportunities = ! eng9e]1 because ! rais+ ( wreck$ vessels is really a bran* ( eng9e]+4 ,x is a v special bran*1 to be sure1 & "o t has n begun to receive ! highly conc5trat$ /udy t h su* o!r bran*es z tunnel+1 bridge-con/ruction1 etc4 ,nev]!less x is eng9e]+1 & x has be5 said ( ! eng9e] t 8 abilities are limit$ only by ! funds at 8 disposal4 ,n[ he has a *ance to %[ :at he c d1 = !re are hundr$s ( vessels to be salv$ :]e be=e !re 0 b "o4 ,! va/ numb] ( wrecks 9 deep wat] w make x pay to d ! "w on a l>g] & gr&] scale ?an has be5 possible h]et(ore4 ,special app>atus t c\ld n be built economically = a s+le wreck may be con/ruct$ ) pr(it if a numb] ( vessels dem&+ simil> treatm5t are to be salv$4 ,! pr9cipal fields ( ,g]man activities 7 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & ! wat]s surr\nd+ ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,al?\gh ! subm>9e zone cov]$ "s v deep wat]1 :]e ! s\nd+-lead runs d[n two miles )\t t\*+ bottom1 obvi\sly m havoc c\ld be wr\ght ne> ports :]e vessels 7 oblig$ to foll[ a prescrib$ c\rse1 & s mo/ ( ! ,u-boat victims 7 /rick5 :5 almo/ 9 sight ( l&4 ,9 fact1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]1 x 0 n until effici5t patrol measures made x uncom=table = ! subm>9es t !y pu%$ out into ! op5 ocean to pursue _! nef>i\s "w4 ,! ,lusitania w5t d[n only eight miles f ,old ,head ( ,k9sale1 9 fifty fa?oms ( wat]4 ,if we draw a l9e f ,fa/net ,rock to ! ,scilly ,isl&s & f !re to ! we/]nmo/ extremity ( ,france1 we enclose an area 9 :i* ! ,g]man subm>9es 7 p>ticul>ly active4 ,! s\nd+s "h run up to ab\t sixty fa?oms 9 "s places1 b ! prevail+ dep? is less ?an fifty fa?oms4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 too1 except = a comp>atively n>r[ lane along ! ,norwegian coa/--:i*1 by ! way1 m>k$ ! safety lane ( ! ,g]man blockade zone--! *>t %[s fifty fa?oms or "u4 ,if our salvors c\ld rea* d[n z f> z t1 mo/ ( ! subm>9e victims c\ld be reclaim$4 ,b fifty fa?oms means #cjj feet1 :i* is a =midable dep? = salvage "w4 ,only "o vessel has ev] be5 br\ght up f su* a dep? & t 0 a small craft1 "o ( our subm>9es1 ! ,f-#d1 :i* sank (f ! coa/ ( ,hawaii f\r ye>s ago4 ,,diff]5t ,,ways ,,( ,,salv+ ,a ,,wreck ,!re are f\r well-kn[n me?ods ( rais+ a vessel t is completely subm]g$4 ,( c\rse1 if ! %ip is n completely subm]g$1 ! holes 9 h] hull may be pat*$ up1 & !n :5 h] hull is pump$ out1 ! sea itself w raise ! %ip1 unless x be deeply emb$d$ 9 s& or mud4 ,if ! vessel is completely subm]g$1 ! same process may be resort$ to1 b fir/ ! sides ( ! hull mu/ be ext5d$ to ! surface to keep ! wat] f fl[+ 9 z fa/ z x is pump$ out4 ,x is n usual to build up ! entire l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,if ! deck is 9 good condition1 x may suffice to con/ruct c(f]-dams or walls ar\nd sev]al ( ! hat*es4 ,b build+ up ! sides ( a %ip1 or con/ruct+ c(f]-dams on ! %ip's deck is a difficult task1 at be/1 because x mu/ be done "u wat] by div]s4 ,a record = ?is type ( salvage "w 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,japanese :5 !y rais$ ! battle-%ip ,mikasa t lay 9 "s eighty feet ( wat]4 ,h] decks 7 subm]g$ to a dep? ( =ty feet4 ,x is d\btful t ?is salvage "w c\ld be duplicat$ by any o!r p ( ! _w4 ,! wond]ful patriotism & loyalty ( ! ,japanese race 7 call$ =?4 ,x is no small task to build a l>ge c(f]-dam /rong en\gh to )/& ! weight ( =ty feet ( wat]1 or a pressure ( a ton & a qu>t] p] squ>e foot1 ev5 :5 ! "w is done on ! surface4 ,p]fect discipl9e & organiz$ ef=t ( ! highe/ sort 7 requir$4 ,labor is *eap 9 ,japan & !re 0 no de>? ( m5 = ! "w4 ,ov] "o hundr$ div]s 7 employ$4 ,9 addition to ! c(f]-dam con/ruction mu* repair "w 0 necess>y4 ,m>vel\s acts ( devotion & h]oism 7 p]=m$4 ,x is rumor$ t 9 "s places x 0 necess>y = div]s to close !mselves 91 cut _! air supply-pipes & seal !mselves (f f ! slighte/ *ance ( escape2 & t !re 7 m5 :o actually volunte]$ to sacrifice _! lives 9 ?is way = _! belov$ c\ntry & its "y navy4 ,:]e1 inde$1 outside ( ! ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun c\ld we f9d su* patriotic devotion6 ,a second salvage me?od consi/s 9 build+ a c(f]-dam n on ! %ip b ar\nd x1 & !n pump+ ?is out s z to expose ! %ip z 9 a dry-dock4 ,su* 0 ! plan foll[$ out 9 recov]+ ! ,ma9e4 ,obvi\sly1 x is a v exp5sive me?od & is us$ only 9 exceptional cases1 su* z ?is1 9 :i* x 0 necess>y to make a po/-mortem exam9ation to det]m9e :at caus$ ! de/ruction ( ! vessel4 ,nei!r ( ^! me?ods ( salvage w s]ve = rais+ a %ip sunk 9 deep wat]4 ,,rais+ ,a ,,%ip ,,on ,,air ,a salvage sy/em t has come into prom95ce )9 rec5t ye>s consi/s 9 pump+ air into ! vessel to drive ! wat] out1 ?us mak+ ! boat light en\gh to float4 ,?is s*eme c be us$ only :5 ! deck & bulkheads ( ! boat are /rongly built & able to /& ! /ra9 ( lift+ ! wreck1 & :5 ! hole t sank ! vessel is 9 or ne> ! bottom1 s z to all[ en\gh airspace above x to lift ! boat4 ,! "w ( ! div] 9 ?is case consi/s ( clos+ hat*es & bulkhead doors1 repair+ holes 9 ! upp] "p ( ! hull1 & g5]ally /r5g!n+ ! deck4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a deck is built to take ! /ra9 ( heavy weights be>+ d[n ^u x4 ,x is n built to be pu%$ up f b5ea?1 s t frequ5tly ?is me?od ( salv+ is r5d]$ impracticable because ! deck itself _c /& ! /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,climb+ into an ,armor$ ,div+ ,suit ,illu/ration3 ,l[]+ an ,armor$ ,div] into ! ,wat] ,a m common salvage me?od consi/s 9 pass+ cables or *a9s "u ! wreck & atta*+ !m to l>ge floats or pontoons4 ,! slack 9 ! *a9s is tak5 up :5 ! tide is l[1 s t on ! turn ( ! tide ! wreck w be lift$ (f ! bottom4 ,! p>tially rais$ wreck is !n t[$ into %all[] wat]1 until x gr\nds4 ,at ! next l[ tide1 ! slack ( ! *a9s is aga9 tak5 91 & at flood-tide ! wreck is t[$ ne>] l&4 ,! "w proce$s /ep by /ep1 until ! vessel is mov$ in%ore f> en\gh to br+ its decks awa%2 :5 x may be pat*$ up & pump$ out4 ,:]e ! rise ( ! tide is n suffici5t to be ( mu* assi/ance1 hydraulic jacks or o!r lift+-app>atus are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,div]'s ,sea ,sl$ ready to be t[$ along ! b$ ( ! sea ,illu/ration3 ,! ,sea ,sl$ on ,l& %[+ ! =w>d horizontal & aft] v]tical rudd]s ,,salv+ ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,subm>9e ,f-#d ,if ! salvor c\ld always be assur$ ( cle> wea!r1 8 tr\bles w\ld be r$uc$ a hundr$fold1 b at be/ x takes a long "t to p]=m any "w dep5d5t ^u div]s1 & ! *ances are v good :5 !y are op]at+ 9 an un%elt]$ spot1 t a /orm may come up at any "t & undo ! result ( weeks & mon?s ( labor4 ,?is is :at happ5$ :5 ! subm>9e ,f-#d 0 salv$4 ,aft] a mon? ( try+ ef=t ! subm>9e 0 caught 9 sl+s hung f b>ges1 lift$ two hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet1 & dragg$ )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! *annel entrance ( ! h>bor1 :]e ! wat] 0 b fifty feet deep4 ,b j !n a viol5t /orm arose1 :i* made ! b>ges surge back & =? & plunge s viol5tly t ! =w>d sl+ cut into ! plat+ ( ! subm>9e & cru%$ x4 ,! wreck _h to be l[]$ to ! bottom & ! b>ges cut free to save !m f be+ sma%$4 ,at ! next attempt to raise ! ,f-#d pontoons 7 aga9 us$1 b in/ead ( be+ arrang$ to float on ! surface1 !y 7 haul$ d[n to ! wreck & made fa/ directly to ! hull ( ! subm>9e4 ,!n :5 ! wat] 0 =c$ out ( ! pontoons ) compress$ air1 !y came up to ! surface1 br++ ! subm>9e ) !m4 ,9 ?is way all dang] ( damage due to sudd5 /orms 0 avoid$ because wat] "u ! surface is n di/urb$ by /orms ov]head2 & :5 ! wreck 0 float$1 ! pontoons & subm>9e =m$ a compact unit4 ,:ile ?is me?od ( salvage seems l a v logical "o = "w 9 ! op5 sea1 "o is apt to =get h[ l>ge ! pontoons mu/ be to lift a vessel ( any appreciable size4 ,n only mu/ !y support _! own dead weight1 toge!r ) t ( ! sunk5 vessel1 b "s all[ance mu/ usually be made = dragg+ ! wreck out ( ! clut*es ( a s&y or muddy bottom4 ,imag9e ! "w ( build+ pontoons l>ge en\gh to raise ! ,lusitania4 ,!y w\ld h to h a comb9$ displacem5t great] ?an t ( ! vessel itself1 & !y w\ld h to be s l>ge t !y w\ld be v unwieldy ?+s to h&le 9 a seaway4 ,x is = ?is reason t subm>9e pontoons are n (t5 us$ to take ! entire weight ( ! vessel4 ,s f> !y h be5 employ$ ma9ly to salve small %ips & !n only to take a portion ( ! weight1 ! pr9cipal "w be+ done by l>ge wreck+-cranes4 ,in/ead ( horizontal pontoons x has be5 sugge/$ t v]tical pontoons be employ$1 s z to provide a great] lift+-p[] )\t involv+ ! use ( enorm\s unwieldy units4 ,%ips are n built s t !y c be pick$ up by ! ends4 ,su* treatm5t w\ld be liable to break _! backs 9 ! middle4 ,7 !y built m l a bridge truss1 ! salvor's difficulties w\ld be mat]ially less5$4 ,x w\ld be a mu* simpl] matt] to raise a vessel ) pontoons 7 x s con/ruct$ t ! *a9s ( ! pontoon c\ld be atta*$ to ea* end ( ! hull4 ,b because a %ip is built to be support$ by ! wat] uni=mly ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 ! salvor mu/ use a l>ge numb] ( *a9s1 prop]ly spac$ along ! hull1 s z to di/ribute ! load uni=mly & see t too mu* weight does n fall on ?is or t pontoon4 ,! ma9 problem1 h[ev]1 is to get hold ( ! wreck & ?is requires ! s]vices ( div]s1 s t if !re 7 no o!r limit+ factor1 ! dep? to :i* a div] may p5etrate & p]=m 8 duties sets ! m>k beyond :i* salvage z n[ conduct$ is impossible4 ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,int]national ,film ,s]vice ,! ,div+ ,sph]e built = ,deep ,sea ,salvage ,op]ations ,a common div]'s suit does n protect ! div] f hydraulic pressure4 ,only a flexible suit & a ?9 lay] ( air sep>ates him f ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,?is air mu/ necess>ily be ( ! same pressure z ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,! air t is pump$ d[n to ! div] n only s]ves to supply 8 lungs1 b by ent]+ 8 blood transmits its pressure to e "p ( 8 anatomy4 ,z long z ! ext]nal pressure is equaliz$ by a correspond+ pressure )9 him1 ! div] exp]i5ces no s]i\s discom=t4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! pressure is n excessively high he f9ds x r exhil>at+ to "w "u su* conditions2 =1 ) e brea?1 he takes 9 an abnormal am\nt ( oxyg54 ,:5 he returns to ! surface he realizes t he has be5 work+ "u =c$ draft4 ,he is v mu* exhau/$ & he is v hungry4 ,x takes a comp>atively %ort "t to build up ! high int]nal pressure1 :i* ! div] mu/ h 9 ord] to )/& ! pressure ( ! wat] outside1 b x is ! decompression :5 he returns to ! surface t is att5d$ ) great discom=t & positive dang]4 ,if ! decompression is n prop]ly effect$1 ! div] w suff] agonies & ev5 dea? f ! s-call$ ,caisson ,disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pneumatic ,breakwat]--,subm]g$ ,air ,tubes protect+ a ,cali=nia ,pi] f ,ocean ,/orms ,a ,,human ,,soda-,,wat] ,,bottle ,we "k n[ a great deal m ?an we us$ to "k ab\t ! effect ( compress$ air on ! human sy/em1 & because ( ?is k div]s h rec5tly desc5d$ to dep?s undream$ ( a few ye>s ago4 ,:5 a div] brea!s compress$ air1 ! oxyg5 is l>gely consum$ & exhal$ f ! lungs 9 ! =m ( c>bon-dioxide1 b mu* ( ! nitrog5 is dissolv$ 9 ! blood & does n escape4 ,h[ev]1 l a bottle ( soda-wat]1 ! blood %[s no sign ( ! pres5ce ( ! gas z long z ! pressure is ma9ta9$4 ,b on a sudd5 removal ( ! pressure1 ! blood turns into a fro? ( nitrog5 bubbles1 j z ! soda-wat] fro?s :5 ! /opp] ( ! bottle is remov$4 ,?is fro? int]rupts ! circulation4 ,! release ( pressure is felt fir/ 9 ! art]ies & l>ge ve9s4 ,x takes "s "t to rea* all ! t9y ve9s1 & s]i\s diff]5ces ( pressure are apt to occur t (t5 result 9 ! rupture ( blood-vessels4 ,! grip+ pa9s t accompany ! ,caisson ,disease are excruciat+4 ,! only cure is to re/ore ! blood to its orig9al pressure by plac+ ! pati5t 9 a hospital lock1 or boil]-l affair1 :]e compress$ air may be admitt$2 & !n to decompress ! air v sl[ly4 ,x is possible to relieve ! pressure 9 a bottle ( soda-wat] s gradually t ! gas w pass (f )\t ! =mation ( visible bubbles1 & t is :at is s\ght 9 decompress+ a div]4 ,aft] c>eful rese>* x has be5 f\nd t ! pressure may be cut d[n v quickly to half or ev5 less ( ! orig9al am\nt1 b !n ! div] mu/ wait = ! decompression to ext5d to ! inn]mo/ recesses ( 8 be+ & to all ! t9y capill>ies ( 8 v5\s sy/em4 ,9 ! salvage ( ! ,f-#d a div] w5t d[n #cjf feet1 & rema9$ on ! bottom half an h\r4 ,! pressure ^u him 0 #ace p\nds p] squ>e in*1 or ab\t #ade tons on ! surface ( 8 entire body4 ,"s idea ( :at ?is means may be ga9$ if we consid] t ! talle/ (fice build+ 9 ! _w does n be> on its f\ndations ) a great] weight ?an #bae p\nds to ! squ>e in* or only ab\t #ej p] c5t m ?an ! cru%+ pressure ?is div] _h to endure4 ,x took ! div] a v %ort "t to g d[n4 ,on com+ up he proce$$ comp>atively rapidly until he rea*$ a dep? ( #ajj feet4 ,!re he f\nd ! bottom rung ( a rope ladd]4 ,on x he 0 oblig$ to re/ = sev]al m9utes be=e proce$+ to ! next rung4 ,! rungs ( ?is ladd] 7 #aj feet ap>t1 & on ea* rung ! div] _h to re/ a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 accord+ to a s*$ule t _h be5 c>efully work$ out4 ,at ! top rung1 = in/ance1 only #aj feet f ! surface1 he 0 oblig$ to wait =ty m9utes4 ,9 all1 x took him an h\r & =ty-five m9utes to come up to ! surface4 ,! decompression 0 complete & he suff]$ no symptoms ( ! ,caisson ,disease4 ,b he 0 s exhau/$ f 8 ef=ts t he 0 unfit = "w = sev]al days4 ,yet ! op]ations t he p]=m$ at ! dep? ( #cjj feet w\ld n h tak5 m ?an a few m9utes on ! surface4 ,a ,,subm>9e ,,re/-,,*amb] ,! ,g]mans h paid a great deal ( att5tion to deep-div+ op]ations1 & no d\bt :ile _! ,u-boats 7 s9k+ m]*ant %ips ,g]man salvors 7 anticipat+ ri* h>ve/s aft] ho/ilities end$4 ,"o s*eme !y develop$ 0 a subm>9e re/-*amb] :i* c\ld be p]man5tly locat$ on ! bottom ( ! sea close to ! po9t :]e ! salvage op]ations 7 to take place4 ,?is *amb] consi/s ( a l>ge /eel box :i* is suppli$ ) air f ! surface & 9 :i* div]s may make !mselves com=table :5 !y ne$ a re/ aft] ardu\s "w4 ,entrance to ! *amb] is effect$ ?r\gh a door 9 ! floor4 ,! pressure ( ! air inside prev5ts ! wat] f ris+ into ! *amb] & flood+ x4 ,f ?is subm>9e base ! div]s may g out to ! wreck1 ei!r equipp$ ) ! ord9>y air-tube helmets or ) self-reg5]at+ app>atus :i* makes !m indep5d5t ( an air-supply = a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,:5 ! div] has work$ = an h\r or two1 or :5 he is tir$1 he may return to ?is *amb]1 remove 8 helmet1 eat a he>ty meal1 take a nap if he ne$s x1 & !n return to ! salvage "w )\t go+ ?r\gh ! exhau/+ op]ation ( decompress+4 ,,cutt+ ,,metal ,,"u ,,wat] ,,) ,a ,,tor* ,! "w ( ! div] usually consi/s ( f> m ?an m]ely pass+ l9es "u a sunk5 hull4 ,x is con/antly necess>y = him to cut away ob/ruct+ p>ts4 ,he mu/ sometimes use bla/+-p[]4 ,pneumatic cutt+-tools frequ5tly come into play1 b ! ,g]mans h lately devis$ an oxy-hydrog5 tor* = und]wat] use1 ) :i* ! div] c cut metal by burn+ ?r\gh x4 ,?is is accompli%$ by us+ a cup-%ap$ nozzle ?r\gh :i* a bla/ ( air is project$ "u su* pressure t x bl[s away ! wat] ov] ! "p to be cut4 ,! oxyg5 & hydrog5 jets are !n ignit$ electrically1 & ! "w ( cutt+ ! metal proce$s 9 ! hole 9 ! wat] made by ! air-bla/4 ,a simil> subm>9e tor* has rec5tly be5 develop$ by an ,am]ican salvage company4 ,x 0 employ$ successfully 9 cutt+ dra9age-holes 9 ! bulkheads ( ! ,/4 ,paul1 :i* 0 rais$ 9 ,new ,york ,h>bor 9 ! summ] ( #aiah4 ,,explor+ ,,! ,,sea ,,bottom ,,9 ,a ,,div]',s ,,sl$ ,! div]'s sl$ is /ill ano!r int]e/+ ,g]man inv5tion4 ,x is a sl$ provid$ ) v]tical & horizontal rudd]s1 :i* is t[$ by means ( a motor-boat at ! surface4 ,! div]1 seat$ on ! sl$1 & provid$ ) a self-conta9$ div+-suit1 c direct ! motor-boat by telephone & /e] 8 sl$ up & d[n & :]ev] he *ooses4 ,& s )\t any physical ex]tion1 he c explore ! bottom ( ! sea & hunt = wrecks4 ,,armor$ ,,div+-,,suits ,f "t to "t attempts h be5 made to con/ruct a div]'s suit t w n yield to ! pressure ( ! sea1 s t ! div] w n be subject$ to ! weight ( ! wat] ab\t him1 b c brea! air at ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure4 ,curi\s armor ( /eel has be5 devis$1 ) articulat$ arms & legs1 9 :i* ! div] is completely encas$4 ,) ! ord9>y rubb] suit1 ! div] usually has 8 h&s b>e1 because he is almo/ z dep5d5t ^u ! s5se ( t\* z a bl9d man4 ,b :]e ! pressure m\nts up to su* a high degree t a metal suit mu/ be us$1 no "p ( ! body may be expos$4 ,if a b>e h& 7 ext5d$ out ( ! protect+ armor x w\ld imm$iately be ma%$ into a pulp & =c$ back ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! arms ( ! suit4 ,! be/ t c be done1 !n1 is to furni% ! arms ( ! suit ) hooks or tongs or o!r me*anical sub/itutes = h&s :i* w enable ! div] to make fa/ to ! wreck or v>i\s p>ts ( x4 ,b if a div] feels helpless 9 ! bag ( a suit n[ commonly worn1 :at w\ld he d :5 encas$ 9 a /eel boil]2 = t is virtually :at ! armor$ suit is6 ,a common mi/ake t inv5tors ( armor units h made is to fail to consid] ! effects ( ! enorm\s hydraulic pressure on ! jo9ts ( ! suit4 ,9 ord] to make !m p]fectly tight1 pack+s mu/ be employ$1 & ^! are liable to be s jamm$ by ! hydraulic pressure t x is well nigh impossible to articulate ! limbs4 ,aga91 ! con/ruction ( ! suit %\ld be su* t :5 a limb is flex$ x w\ld n displace any m wat] ?an :5 9 an ext5d$ position1 & vice v]sa4 ,a div] may f9d t he _c b5d 8 arm1 because 9 do+ s he w\ld exp& ! cubical cont5t ( 8 armor by a few cubic in*es1 & to make room = ?is increm5t ( volume x w\ld be necess>y = him to lift sev]al hundr$ p\nds ( wat]4 ,! hydraulic pressure w r$uce ! /eel suit to its smalle/ possible dim5sions1 :i* may result ei!r 9 d\bl+ up ! memb]s or ext5d+ !m rigidly4 ,b ^! difficulties are n insup]able4 ,!re is no reason :y a /eel manik9 _c be con/ruct$ ) a man inside to direct its movem5ts4 ,,! ,,salvor',s ,,subm>9e ,o!r s*emes h be5 devis$ to relieve ! div] ( abnormally high air-pressure4 ,"o plan is to con/ruct a l>ge sph]ical work+-*amb] /rong en\gh to )/& any hydraulic pressure t might be enc\nt]$4 ,?is work+-*amb] is equipp$ ) heavy glass ports ?r\gh :i* ! work]s c obs]ve _! surr\nd+s 9 ! light ( an electric se>*-light controll$ f )9 ! *amb]4 ,! sph]e is to be l[]$ to ! wreck f a b>ge1 ) :i* x w be 9 telephonic communication & f :i* x w be suppli$ ) electric curr5t to op]ate v>i\s electrically driv5 me*anisms4 ,by means ( electromagnets ?is sph]e may be made fa/ to ! /eel hull ( ! vessel & !reupon an electric drill is op]at$ to bore a hole 9 ! %ip & ins]t ! hook ( a hoi/+-*a94 ,?is done1 ! sph]e w\ld be mov$ to ano!r position1 z direct$ by telephone & ano!r *a9 made fa/4 ,! hoi/+-*a9s are secur$ to sunk5 pontoons & aft] en\gh ( ! *a9s h be5 atta*$ to ! wreck ! pontoons are pump$ out & ! wreck is rais$4 ,x is a pity t %ip-build]s h n _h ! =e?\ght to provide sub/antial %ackles at frequ5t int]vals firmly secur$ to ! fram+4 ,a sunk5 vessel is really a v difficult object to make fa/ to & ! ,pat5t ,(fice has record$ _m v fanta/ic s*emes = gett+ hold ( a %ip's hull )\t ! use ( div]s4 ,"o man proposes ! use ( a gigantic pair ( ice-tongs2 & !re h be5 no end ( sugge/ions t lift+-magnets be employ$1 b no "o :o has any idea ( h[ l>ge & h[ heavy su* magnets mu/ be w\ld give ^! sugge/ions any s]i\s consid]ation4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! *ief ob/acle to salvage 9 ! op5 sea is ! dang] ( /orms2 mon?s ( prep>ation & ?\s&s ( doll>s' wor? ( equipm5t may be wip$ out 9 a mom5t4 ,,fight+ ,,! ,,waves ,,) ,,air ,h[ev]1 !re has be5 ano!r rec5t developm5t :i* may h a v important be>+ on ?is problem ( deep-sea salvage "w4 ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t a subm]g$ reef1 tw5ty or ?irty feet bel[ ! surface1 may act z a breakwat] to /op ! /orm+ waves4 ,an inv5tor :o /udi$ ?is ph5om5on arriv$ at ! !ory t ! reefs set up eddies 9 ! wat] :i* break up ! rhy?m ( ! waves & conv]t !m into a smo!r ( foam j above ! reef4 ,!reupon he conceiv$ ! idea ( p]=m+ ! same "w by means ( compress$ air4 ,he laid a pipe on ! sea bottom1 =ty or fifty feet bel[ ! surface1 & pump$ air ?r\gh x4 ,j z he _h expect$1 ! l9e ( air bubbles produc$ exactly ! same effect z ! subm]g$ reef4 ,!y set up a v]tical curr5t ( wat] :i* broke up ! waves z soon z !y /ruck ?is b>ri] ( air4 ,! pneumatic breakwat]1 z x is call$1 has be5 tri$ out on an expos$ "p ( ! ,cali=nia coa/1 to protect a long pi] us$ by an oil company4 ,x has prov$ s satisfactory t ! same company has n[ con/ruct$ a second breakwat] ab\t ano!r pi] ne> by4 ,!re is no reason :y a breakwat] ( ?is sort %\ld n be made ab\t a wreck to protect ! work]s f /orms4 ,:]e ! wat] is v deep1 x w\ld n be necess>y to lay ! compress$-air pipe on ! bottom1 b x c\ld be c>ri$ by buoys at a conv5i5t dep?4 ,summ+ up ! situation1 !n1 !re are two s]i\s b>s to ! successful salvage ( %ips sunk 9 ! op5 sea--! wild fury ( ! waves on ! surface2 & ! sil5t1 remorseless pressure ( ! deep4 ,! =m] is ! m to be fe>$2 & if ! waves really c be calm$1 consid]ably m ?an half ! problem is solv$4 ,z = ! pressure ( ! sea1 x c be ov]come1 z we h se51 ei!r by ! use ( special subm>9e me*anisms1 or ( man-op]at$ manik9s or ev5 ( un>mor$ div]s4 ,we h rea*$ a v int]e/+ /age 9 ! sci5ce ( salvage1 ) ! promise ( important developm5ts4 ,fifty fa?oms no long] seems a hopeless dep?4 ,ev5 9 times ( peace ! sea exacts a dreadful toll ( lives & prop]ty4 ,be=e ! w> ! annual loss by %ipwreck ar\nd ! ,briti% ,isles alone 0 e/imat$ at =ty-five million doll>s4 ,b ! w>1 al?\gh x 0 frightfully de/ructive to %ipp+1 may 9 ! long run save m vessels ?an x sank2 = x has giv5 u s\nd-detectors :i* %\ld remove ! dang] ( collisions 9 foggy wea!r1 & ! wireless compass1 :i* %\ld keep %ips f runn+ (f ! c\rse & on ! rocks4 ,& n[1 if salvage eng9e]+ develops z x %\ld1 ! sea w be made to give up n only mu* ( ! weal? x swall[$ dur+ ! w>1 b also _m ( ! ri* c>goes ( gold & silv] x has be5 ho>d+ s9ce ! days ( ! ,spani% galleon4 ,,index ,air1 fight+ waves1 #ccd rais+ %ip1 on1 #cai w> 91 #abc ,airplane1 ambulance1 #adf armor$1 #aci artill]y-spott+1 #aca cam]a1 #agc c>tridges1 #aca classes ( "w1 #abg fight+ among cl\ds1 #acg fly+ boats1 #add gasol5e tank1 #acj giant1 #acb hospital1 #adf laun*+ f %ip1 #cjc ,lib]ty motor1 #adb sc\t+1 #abe sc\ts1 #abh spe$ (1 #acd spott+1 #agg tra9+ spott]s1 #ahj wireless telephone1 #aid ,see also ,seaplane ,ambulance airplane1 #adf ,armor$ div+-suit1 #ccj ,arms & armor1 #aaa ,artill]y1 h&1 #bc ,atmosph]e1 %oot+ beyond1 #fd ,audion1 #ahe ,balloon1 ,blimp1 #bfj helium1 #afd hi/orical1 #adh hydrog51 #aej ,balloon1 kite1 #agd pr9ciples1 #aej record flight1 #fe ,b>b$ wire1 #ae cyl9d]s1 #ag gate1 tr5*1 #i gates ?r\gh1 #ae %ell+1 #af ,b>ge = t[+ seaplanes1 #cjb ,b>rage1 gr5ade1 #bg m9e1 #bib ,battle-fields1 m9iature1 #ahj ,blimp1 #bfj ,bli/]s on %ips1 #cjg ,boats1 electric1 #cjh ,eagle1 #cja fly+1 #add surface1 #bih ,bombs to de/roy b>b$ wire1 #af ,breakwat]1 pneumatic1 #cce ,br[n+1 ,john ,m41 #ef ,build+s1 %ad[less1 #bbg ,caisson disease1 #cbe ,calib]1 #fh ,cam]a1 airplane1 #agc ,cam\flage & cam\fleurs1 #baa build+s1 #bbg grass1 #bbi horse1 #bbc l&1 #bbb roads1 #bbe ,cam\flage1 %ips1 #baa ,c>tridges1 aircraft guns1 #aca ,catapults1 #cf ,cat]pill> tractor1 #aji ,caves1 #h ,c(f]-dam1 salvage1 #cah ,color1 analyz+1 #bbi scre5s1 #bbi ,compass1 wireless1 #bja ,convoy1 #bfg ,c\nt]m9es1 #ag ,deep sea1 conditions 91 #cab ,deep wat] div+1 #cbg ,dep? bombs1 #bfe ,devil's eggs1 #bgf ,diesel eng9e1 #bdj ,direction-f9d]1 #bje ,dirigible1 see ,balloon ,disease1 caisson1 #cbe ,div]1 armor$ suit1 #ccj caisson disease1 #cbe re/ *amb]1 #cbh sl$1 #ccj subm>9e tor*1 #cbi suit1 #cbd ,div+1 deep1 #cbd record dep?1 #cbg ,duck-bo>ds1 #i ,dug\ts1 #g ,dummy heads ( papi] m*1 #ac ,eagle boats1 #cja ,egg-lay+ subm>9es1 #bhg ,eggs1 ,devil's1 #bgf ,electric motor-boat1 #cjh ,eng9e1 ,diesel1 #bdj ,field-guns1 #ha ,fire broom1 #aje liquid1 #ajc ,=ts1 ma*9e-gun1 #eh ,fuse1 gr5ade1 #bh ,gas1 #he ,am]ican1 #ajb ,gas attack1 boom]ang1 #ib fir/1 #hi ,gas1 *lor9e1 #hg diphosg5e1 #if ext]m9at+ rats1 #id gr5ades1 #bf helium1 #afd hydrog51 #aej lock1 #ig masks1 #ii mu/>d1 #ih phosg5e1 #ic p\r+ l wat]1 #hf %ell1 #ie sneez+1 #ih te>1 #ie vomit+1 #ih ,gasol5e-tank1 airplane1 #acj ,gate1 b>b$ wire1 tr5*1 #i ,gates ?r\gh b>b$ wire1 #ae ,gatl+ gun1 #dc ,geologi/s1 ,mess9es ,ridge1 #ai ,glass1 non-%att]+1 #ajj ,grapnel %ell1 #af ,gravey>d1 subm>9e1 #cad ,gr5ade1 disk-%ap$1 #cc fuse1 #bh gas1 #bf hair bru%1 #cd hi/ory (1 #bc ,mills1 #bi p>a*ute1 #ca range (1 #be rifle1 #bh ?r[+ implem5t1 #bg ,gr5ade1 w9d-vane safety device1 #cb ,gun1 aircraft1 #aca ,am]ican1 #ej-mile1 #fc big1 hid+1 #bbf calib]1 #fh disappe>+1 #gg d\ble-end1 #ade #ah-;in*1 monitors1 #cjf ela/ic1 #gc field1 #ha #db-;c5timet]1 #gi h[ made1 #gf #abj-mile1 #gj long range1 ,g]man1 #fb non-recoil1 #ade on subm>9e1 #bdi #af-;in*1 coa/ def5se1 #gh ,skoda1 #ha spott+ by s\nd1 #aha ?ree-second life1 #gc #ab-;in*1 subm>9e1 #bea ways ( increas+ range1 #fg wire-w\nd1 #gf ,h&-gr5ade1 see ,gr5ade ,helium1 #afd ,hospital1 airplane1 #adg ,horizon1 see+ beyond1 #bai ,h[itz]1 #gi ,hu% %ips1 #cjd ,hydroaroplanes1 see ,seaplanes ,hydrog51 weight (1 #aej ,hydrophone1 #bgj ,illusions1 optical1 #bae ,kilomet]1 l5g? 9 miles1 #f ,kite balloons1 #agd ,kite1 wat]1 #bhc ,lib]ty motor1 #adb ,liquid-fire1 #ajc ,locomotives1 gasol5e1 #aj ,lusitania1 #caf ,ma*9e-gun1 #aab airplane1 #abg ,b5t-,m]ci1 #eb ,br[n+1 #ec ,colt1 #dd =ts1 #eh ,gatl+1 #dc hi/ory1 #da ,hot*kiss1 #di ,lewis1 #ej ,maxim1 #db wat]-jacket1 #dg wor? 9 rifles1 #eh ,ma*9e-rifle1 #ee ,magnets1 lift+1 salvage1 #ccd ,maps1 mak+ ) cam]a1 #age ,m>ne1 fir/ battle (1 #d ,mess9es ,ridge1 m9e1 #ai ,metal-cutt+ "u wat]1 #cbi ,microphone detectors1 m9es1 #ah ,m9e-field1 ,nor? ,sea1 #bij ,m9e lay+1 ,nor? ,sea1 #bib ,m9e-lay+ subm>9e1 #bhg ,m9e railroad1 #bid ,m9e-sweep+1 #bha ,m9es1 #bgf an*or$1 #bgh & c\nt]-m9es1 #ag automatic s\nd+1 #bgh drift (1 #bhe electric1 #bgg float+1 #bhd ,mess9es ,ridge1 #ai ,m9es1 p>avanes1 #bhh ,monitors1 #cjf ,mort>s1 #gi dep? bomb1 #bff fly+1 #bc ,mort>s1 ,see also ,tr5* mort>s ,"m-%ips = airplanes1 #cje ,motor-boat1 electric1 #cjh sea ,tank1 #bii ,motor torp$o-boats1 #bih ,my/]y %ips1 #bbj ,net1 ,nor? ,sea1 #bij ,ocean curr5ts1 #bhe ,optical illusions1 #bae ,oxy-hydrog5 tor*1 subm>9e1 #cbi ,pa9t 9 w>1 #bji ,papi] m* heads1 #ac ,papi] m* horse1 #bbc ,p>a*ute1 #age gr5ade1 #ca se>*-light %ell1 #hd ,p>avanes1 #bhh ,p]iscope1 subm>9e1 #bdd tr5*1 #aa ,pill-boxes1 #ei ,pneumatic breakwat]1 #cce ,pontoons1 salvage1 #cbj ,propell]1 %oot+ ?r\gh1 #acf ,radio1 see ,wireless ,railroad1 m9e1 #bid ,railways1 tr5*1 #aj ,range-f9d]1 #agj ,range1 gett+ !1 #afi ,range ( guns1 increas+1 #fg ,range1 torp$o1 #bac ,rats1 free+ tr5*es (1 #id ,rifle gr5ade1 #bh safety device1 #cb ,rifle1 ma*9e1 #ee ,rifle /&1 fix$1 #ad ,roads1 cam\flage1 #bbe ,salvage1 #caj div+1 #cbd ice-tongs1 #ccd lift+-magnets1 #ccd me?ods1 #cag pneumatic1 #cai pontoons1 #cbj %ackles on %ips1 #ccc subm>9e ,f-#d1 #cba subm>9e sph]e1 #ccb ,sc\ts1 airplane1 #abh ,sea1 deep1 conditions1 #cab ,sea gulls f9d+ subm>9es1 #beh ,sea lions locat+ subm>9es1 #bei ,sea tank1 #bii ,seaplane1 #adc automatic1 #ade subm>9e patrol1 #bei torp$o1 #ade t[+-b>ges1 #cjb ,se>*-light %ell1 #hd ,%ackles1 salvage1 #ccc ,%ad[less build+s1 #bbg ,%ell1 gas1 #ie grapnel1 #af se>*-light1 #hd %rapnel1 #hc ,/okes mort>1 #ci ,%ield on :eels1 #aad ,%ips1 airplane1 #cjd ,%ips1 bli/]s1 #cjg cam\flage1 #baa clo!s-l9e1 #bbj convoy1 #bfg hu%1 #cjd mak+ visible1 #bcj monitors1 #cjf my/]y1 #bbj railroads on1 #bid sunk by subm>9es1 #caj ,%ips1 see also ,salvage ,%rapnel %ell1 #hc ,sl$1 subm>9e1 #ccj ,smoke scre51 #bfb ,snip]1 locat+1 #ac ,snip]scopes1 #ab ,s\nd1 detect+ subm>9es1 #bfi ,s\nd detectors1 m9es1 #ah ,s\nd1 spott+ by1 #aha ,sph]e1 salvor's subm>9e1 #ccb ,spott+ by s\nd1 #aha ,spott+ gun-fire1 #agg ,subm>9e1 bl9dness1 #bdd *as]s1 #bee con/ruction1 #bcd dep? bombs1 #bfe egg-lay+1 #bhg eng9es1 #bdf ,f-#d1 salv+1 #cba gett+ be/ (1 #bec gravey>d1 #cad guns on1 #bdi hi/ory1 #bcb hydrophone1 #bgj m9e-field1 #bij m9e-lay+1 #bhg net1 #bij oil-tank1 #bcf p]iscope1 #bdd reclaim+ victims (1 #caj re/ *amb]1 #cbh salvage vessel1 #ccb sea-gulls1 #beh sea-lions1 #bei seaplanes1 #bei %ips sunk1 #caj sl$1 #ccj /eam-driv51 #bej tor*1 #cbi torp$o1 #bdf #ab-;in* gun1 #bea vs4 subm>9e1 #bfi ,sup]-guns1 #fb ,tank1 #ajg ,am]ican1 #abb fly+1 #aci ,fr5*1 #aai ,g]man1 #abj "o-man1 #aad sea1 #bii small1 #aba ,telegraphy1 rapid1 #aii ,telephone1 ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco1 #ahf wireless1 #agh ,titanic1 #cad ,,tnt 7tr9itrotoluol71 #ah ,tor*1 subm>9e1 #cbi ,torp$o1 #bii boats1 motor1 #bih electrically /e]$1 #cjh con/ruction1 #bdf gett+ range1 #bac pro( %ips1 #cjf seaplane1 #ade ,t[+-b>ge1 seaplane1 #cjb ,trajectory1 #bb ,tr5*1 gas-lock1 #ig ,tr5* mort>1 #cf pneumatic1 #cg ,/okes1 #ch ,tr5* railways1 #aj ,tr5* w>f>e1 #d ,tr5*es1 #ba b>b$ wire gates1 #i duck-bo>ds1 #i ,tunnels1 m9es1 #ag to obs]vation po/s1 #ab ,u-boats1 see ,subm>9es ,villages1 und]gr\nd1 #g ,walk+-ma*9e1 #ajh ,w>1 pa9t1 #bji ,wat] kites1 #bhc ,waves1 fight+ ) air1 #ccd ,wireless compass1 #bja spy detector1 #bjj ,wireless telegraph1 rapid1 #aii ,wireless telegraphy expla9$1 #ahh ,wireless telephone1 #agh airplane1 #ahd ,wireless telephony across ,atlantic1 #aib ,woolwor? ,build+1 fall+ f1 #ace ,wrecks1 see ,salvage ,zeppel9 & ,l[e's balloon1 #adi ,zeppel9 balloon1 con/ruction1 #aef ,zeppel91 susp5d$ obs]v]1 #afb ,zeppel9's failures & successes1 #aed 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]s' note3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,"s illu/rations h be5 slightly reposition$ to improve _! appe>ance 9 e,books4 ,page #gf3 eight t5?s ( an in* may be a mispr9t = eight t5-?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,page #ajj3 inhal$ air 0 mispr9t$ z inhal$ aid4 ,page #ajd3 w\ld s5d ! /ream 0 mispr9t$ z s5t4 ,page #aac3 ,secretely 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #bji3 psycologi/s 0 pr9t$ t way4