,! ,f>m ,t ,won't ,we> ,out  ,by ,cyril 
,g4 ,hopk9s       ,preface    ,,! ,,f>m 
,,t ,,won',t ,,we> ,,out   ,,0 ,,fir/   
publi%$ s]ially 9 ,,! ,,c\ntry          
,,g5tleman1 ! privilege hav+ be5 grant$ 
! au?or ( subsequ5t publication4 ,x is  
n[ issu$ 9 book =m 9 response to num]\s 
reque/s com+ especially f ! ,c5tral1    
,ea/]n1 & ,s\!rn ,/ates4  ,,cyril ,g4   
,,hopk9s4  ,,*ampaign1 ,,ill4           
,population mu/ increase rapidly1 m     
rapidly ?an 9 =m] times1 & ere long !   
mo/ valuable ( all arts w be ! art (    
d]iv+ a com=table subsi/5ce f ! smalle/ 
area ( soil4--,l9coln4   ,x is n ! l&   
itself t con/itutes ! f>m]'s weal?1 b x 
is 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 :i* s]ve = !
 nutrition ( plants1 t ?is weal? truly  
consi/s4--,liebig4     ,,cont5ts        
,,*apt] ,i3   ,:at ,goes ,to ,make ,up  
,p]man5t ,f]tility  ,,*apt] ,,ii3  ,!   
,nitrog5 ,problem ,& ,its ,economical   
,solution  ,,*apt] ,,iii3 ,phosphorus3  
,! ,ma/] ,key ,to ,p]man5t ,agriculture 
,,*apt] ,,iv3  ,p]man5t ,soil ,f]tility3

 ,its ,relation to ,pr(its &            
,future ,values     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,:at   
,,goes ,,to ,,make ,,up ,,p]man5t       
,,f]tility   ,,x ,,is an old say+ t any 
fool c f>m1 & ?is 0 almo/ ! tru? :5 f>m+
 consi/$ *iefly 9 r$uc+ ! f]tility (    
new1 ri* l& secur$ at practically no co/
 f a g5]\s ,gov]nm5t4 ,b to re/ore      
deplet$ soils to high productive p[] 9  
economic sy/ems is no fool's job1 = x   
requires m5tal z well z muscul> en]gy2 &
 no apologies %\ld be expect$ f ^? :o   
necess>ily make use ( te*nical t]ms 9 ! 
discussion ( ?is te*nical subject1      
not)/&+ ! common fooli% advice t f>m]s  
%\ld be giv5 a sort ( p>rot in/ruction 9
 almo/ baby language in/ead ( e/abli%$  
facts & pr9ciples 9 def9ite & p]man5t   
sci5tific t]ms4 ,! f>m] %\ld be z       
famili> ) ! names ( ! t5 ess5tial       
elem5ts ( plant food z he is ) ! names (
 8 t5 ne>e/ neighbors4 ,safe & p]man5t  
sy/ems ( soil improvem5t & pres]vation  
may come ) intellig5ce--nev] )          
ignorance--on ! "p ( ! l&[n]s4  ,:5 ! k 

becomes g5]al t food = plants is j z    
necess>y z food = animals1 !n ,am]ican  
agriculture w mean m ?an m]ely work+ !  
l& = all t's 9 x4 ,?is k is z well      
e/abli%$ z ! fact t ! e>? is r\nd1      
al?\gh ! p are relatively few :o und]/& 
or make intellig5t application ( ! exi/+
 in=mation4  ,agricultural plants consi/
 ( t5 elem5ts1 kn[n z ! ess5tial elem5ts
 ( plant food2 & n a k]nel ( corn or a  
gra9 ( :eat1 n a leaf ( clov] or a spe> 
( grass c be produc$ if ! plant fails to
 secure any "o ( ^! t5 elem5ts4 ,"s ( ^!
 are suppli$ to plants 9 abundance by   
natural processes2 o!rs are n s provid$ 
& mu/ be suppli$ by ! f>m]1 or 8 l&     
becomes impov]i%$ & unproductive4       
,foods ,t ,plants ,live ,on  ,two       
elem5ts1 c>bon & oxyg51 are conta9$ 9   
normal air 9 ! =m ( a gas call$ c>bon   
dioxid1 & ?is comp\nd is tak5 into !    
plant ?r\gh ! brea?+ pores1 :i* are     
microscopic op5+s locat$ *iefly on ! "u 
side ( ! leaves4 ,"s plants h m ?an a   
hundr$ ?\s& brea?+ pores to ! squ>e in* 

( leaf surface4  ,:5 plants or plant    
products are burn$ or decompos$ ! c>bon 
( ! combu/ible mat]ial--grass1 wood1    
coal1 & s =?--unites ) ! free oxyg5 ( ! 
atmosph]e to re-=m ! c>bon dioxid1 :i*  
?us returns z a gas to ! air4 ,ev5 !    
food tak5 into ! animal sy/em1 aft] be+ 
dige/$ & c>ri$ into ! blood1 is br\ght1 
into contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air--:i* also
 passes into ! blood ?r\gh ! cell walls 
( ! lungs--& a =m ( combu/ion takes     
place1 ! heat g5]at$ s]v+ to w>m ! body 
:ile ! c>bon dioxid passes back into !  
lungs & is exhal$ into ! op5 air4  ,by  
^! circulation processes ! supply (     
c>bon dioxid 9 ! atmosph]e is r5ew$ &   
ma9ta9$ )\t any special ef=t on ! "p (  
man4 ,hydrog5 is "o ( ! elem5ts ( :i*   
wat] is compos$4 ,wat] is tak5 into !   
plant ?r\gh ! roots1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! /ems 
to ! leaves1 & !re1 "u ! influ5ce (     
*lorophyll1 sunlight & ! life pr9ciple1 
! c>bon1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 are made to    
unite into "s ( ! mo/ important plant   
comp\nds1 su* z ! sug>s1 :i* are lat]   

trans=m$ into />* & fib]4  ,?\gh ^! ?ree
 elem5ts con/itute ! l>g] "p ( ! mature 
agricultural plant !y are no m necess>y 
= plant gr[? ?an ! sev5 :i* are suppli$ 
by ! soil4 ,iron is "o ( ! ess5tial     
elem5ts ( plant food2 b ! am\nt requir$ 
by plants is s small & ! am\nt conta9$ 9
 ! soil is s l>ge t soils h nev] be5    
kn[n to become defici5t 9 iron4 ,?\gh   
sulfur is f\nd 9 plants 9 v appreciable 
am\nts & is kn[n to be ess5tial to plant
 gr[?1 x is evid5t t plants d n ne$ s   
mu* sulfur z !y (t5 conta91 "s ( x be+  
tak5 up & m]ely tol]at$1 z is ! case )  
all ( ! sodium & silicon f\nd 9 plants1 
nei!r ( ^! be+ requir$ = normal gr[?1   
al?\gh commonly f\nd 9 plants 9 v       
consid]able am\nts4 ,! supply ( sulfur 9
 normal soils is n l>ge2 b1 ) !         
combu/ion & decay ( organic             
mat]ials--coal1 wood1 grass1 leaves1 & s
 =?--sulfur passes into ! air & is      
br\ght back to ! soil dissolv$ 9 ra9 or 
absorb$ by direct contact ( soil & air4 
,?us "u normal conditions ! supply (    

sulfur naturally provid$ is ample to    
meet ! ne$s ( ! /aple f>m crops1 al?\gh 
!re are "s plants1 su* z cabbage1 =     
example1 :i* may possibly be b5efit$ by 
f]tiliz+ ) sulfur4  ,b !re are five o!r 
ess5tial elem5ts ( plant food1 & ^!     
require special consid]ation 9          
connection ) p]man5t soil f]tility4 ,!y 
are potassium1 magnesium1 calcium1      
phosphorus & nitrog54 ,!re are also five
 important po9ts to be kept 9 m9d 9     
relation to ea* ( ^! elem5ts3 7#a7 !    
soil's supply1 7#b7 ! crop requirem5ts1 
7#c7 ! loss by lea*+1 7#d7 ! me?ods (   
lib]ation1 & 7#e7 ! means ( r5ewal4  ,! 
neglect ( "o or m ( ^! important po9ts 9
 relation to "o or m ( ^! five elem5ts  
has r$uc$ ! f]tility ( mo/ cultivat$    
soils 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has greatly    
impov]i%$ ! old] f>m l&s1 & has br\ght  
agricultural ab&onm5t to millions (     
acres 9 ! orig9al ?irte5 /ates4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 intellig5t att5tion to ^! same  
factors w br+ re/oration & high         
productive p[] to su* l&s4   ,engl&'s   

,be/ ,lesson 9 ,f>m+  ,:]e ^! five      
elem5ts 7 suppli$ regul>ly to l& on !   
,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5t ,/ation ! av]age     
yield ( :eat = ! ?irty ye>s1 #aheb to   
#ahha1 0 #ce4i bu%els an acre1 :ile     
#ac4f 0 ! av]age yield ( simil>         
unf]tiliz$ l&2 & dur+ ! next ?irty      
ye>s--#ahhb to #aiaa--! correspond+     
av]age yields 7 #ch bu%els an acre on ! 
f]tiliz$ l&1 & #aa4g bu%els :]e no plant
 food 0 appli$4 ,^! /atem5ts are n m]e  
op9ions1 b det]m9$ facts ^: accuracy /&s
 unque/ion$4  ,on ano!r field at        
,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1 ! av]age yield ( b>ley
 = ! same sixty ye>s 0 #dc bu%els an    
acre :]e nitrog51 phosphorus & calcium 7
 regul>ly appli$1 #db4f :]e all five    
elem5ts--includ+ potassium &            
magnesium--7 add$1 b only #ad4c on      
unf]tiliz$ l&4  ,on /ill ano!r ,ro?am/$ 
exp]im5t field1 :]e a f\r-ye> crop      
rotation ( turnips1 b>ley1 clov] 7or    
beans7 & :eat has be5 practic$ s9ce     
#ahdh1 ! yield ( turnips 9 #aijh 0 #gag 
p\nds an acre on unf]tiliz$ l& & #ce1afh

 p\nds :]e ! five important elem5ts (   
plant food _h be5 regul>ly appli$ once e
 f\r ye>s--= ! turnips only--s9ce #ahdh4
 ,9 #aiji ! b>ley yield$ #cc4d bu%els an
 acre on ! f]tiliz$ l&1 b only #aj      
bu%els :]e no plant food 0 appli$4 ,!   
yield ( clov] 9 #aiaj 0 #heij p\nds an  
acre on ! l& f]tiliz$ = turnips1 b only 
#aidi on ! unf]tiliz$ l&4 ,! :eat foll[+
 ! clov] ) no o!r f]tiliz] produc$ #bd4e
 bu%els an acre 9 #aiaa1 b #ch bu%els   
:]e plant food is always appli$ =       
turnips gr[n ?ree ye>s be=e4  ,^! are ! 
e/abli%$ facts f ! longe/ accurate      
record1 & ?us ! mo/ tru/wor?y data ! _w 
af=ds2 & :5 "o he>s promulgat$ ! v      
pleas+ doctr9e t ! rotation ( crops w   
ma9ta9 ! f]tility ( ! soil x is "t to   
rememb] t to err is human4   ,f]tility 9
 ,normal ,soils  ,( ! f\r important     
m9]al elem5ts1 potassium is by f> ! mo/ 
abundant 9 common soils4 ,?us1 z an     
av]age ( t5 residual soils f t5 diff]5t 
geological =mations 9 ! ea/]n "p (      
,unit$ ,/ates1 two million p\nds (      

subsurface soil 7 f\nd to conta93       
,potassium #cg1hfj p\nds      ,magnesium
 #ad1jhj p\nds      ,calcium    #g1haj  
p\nds      ,phosphorus #a1ajj p\nds     
,ev5 ! deplet$1 & to "s ext5t ab&on$1   
g5tly undulat+ upl& ,leon>dt[n loam1 :i*
 0 f>m$ = g5]ations & :i*1 accord+ to ! 
surveys ( ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,soils1    
cov]s #da p] c5t ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,c\nty1   
,m>yl&1 & m ?an #de1jjj acres ( ,pr9ce  
,george's ,c\nty--/ill conta9s 9 two    
million p\nds ( surface                 
soil--correspond+ to ! pl[$ soil ( an   
acre ab\t #f-b_/c in*es deep3           
,potassium #ah1ejj p\nds      ,magnesium
  #c1dhj p\nds      ,calcium    #a1jjj  
p\nds      ,phosphorus   #afj p\nds  ,! 
br[n silt loam prairie soil ( ! e>ly    
,wiscons9 glaciation is ! mo/ common    
type ( ! greate/ soil area 9 ! ,ill9ois 
,corn ,belt4 ,two million p\nds ( ?is   
surface soil conta9 z an av]age3        
,potassium #cf1bej p\nds      ,magnesium
  #h1gij p\nds      ,calcium   #aa1dej  
p\nds      ,phosphorus #a1aij p\nds  ,! 

old] gray silt loam prairie1 ! mo/      
ext5sive soil ( ,s\!rn ,ill9ois1 conta9s
 9 two million p\nds ( soil3            
,potassium #bd1idj p\nds      ,magnesium
  #d1fij p\nds      ,calcium    #c1dbj  
p\nds      ,phosphorus   #hdj p\nds  ,^!
 data repres5t av]ages involv+ hundr$s (
 soil analyses1 & !y emphasize ! fact t 
normal soils are ri* 9 potassium & poor 
9 phosphorus4 ,?is is to be expect$1 =  
mo/ soils are made f ! e>?'s cru/1 &    
normal soils %\ld be> "s relation 9     
composition to ! av]age ( ! e>?'s cru/1 
:i* conta9s 9 two million p\nds #di1bjj 
p\nds ( potassium & #b1bjj p\nds (      
phosphorus1 z %[n by ! weight$ av]ages (
 analyses involv+ ab\t two ?\s& samples 
( repres5tative rocks1 report$ by !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4      
,measur+ ,f]tility ,losses  ,! plant    
food requir$ = "o acre ( :eat yield+ #ej
 bu%els1 "o acre ea* ( corn & oats      
yield+ #ajj bu%els1 & "o acre ( clov]   
yield+ f\r tons1 includes = ! total     
crops3       ,potassium #cbj p\nds      

,magnesium  #fh p\nds      ,calcium     
#afh p\nds      ,phosphorus #gg p\nds   
,if only ! gra91 includ+ a yield ( #d   
bu%els an acre ( clov] se$1 is consid]$1
 ! /raw1 /alks & hay be+ return$ to !   
soil--ei!r directly or 9 f>m            
f]tiliz]--!n ! loss p] acre f f\r ye>s (
 cropp+ z above w\ld be z foll[s3       
,potassium  #ea p\nds      ,magnesium   
#af p\nds      ,calcium     #e p\nds    
,phosphorus #db p\nds  ,! av]age annual 
loss by lea*+ f good soils 9 humid      
sections is kn[n by ! results ( _m      
analyses to be ab\t z foll[s p] acre3   
,potassium  #aj p\nds      ,calcium     
#cjj p\nds      ,phosphorus  #b p\nds   
,! av]age annual loss ( magnesium 9     
dra9age wat] f good soils is probably   
#cj p\nds or m an acre1 b ! data ?us f> 
secur$ are inconclusive ) respect to t  
elem5t4  ,a c>eful consid]ation ( !     
tru/wor?y data cle>ly reveals ! fact t  
potassium is v abundant 9 normal soils1 
:ile phosphorus is relatively v         
defici5t2 &1 all ?+s consid]$1          

calcium--& probably magnesium--is ( mu* 
great] significance ?an potassium1 f !  
/&po9t ( ! ma9t5ance ( usable plant food
 9 ! soil4 ,x %\ld be not$1 too1 t c]ta9
 crops :i* are exce$+ly important =     
economic sy/ems ( p]man5t agriculture   
require v l>ge am\nts ( calcium z plant 
food4 ,?us a f\r-ton crop ( clov] hay   
takes ab\t #abj p\nds ( calcium f !     
soil1 or ! same am\nt z ( potassium2    
:ile su* a crop ( alfalfa requires ab\t 
#ade p\nds ( calcium1 b only #if p\nds (
 potassium4 ,:5 x is kn[n t ! ab&on$    
,leon>dt[n loam /ill conta9s 9 two      
million p\nds ( surface soil #ah1ejj    
p\nds ( potassium & only #ajjj p\nds (  
total calcium1 ! significance ( ^!      
*emical & ma!matical data mu/ be app>5t4
   ,! ,lib]ation ( ,f]tility  ,probably 
!re has nev] be5 a great] wa/e ( "t &   
ef=t 9 ! "n ( sci5ce ?an 9 ! endeavor to
 det]m9e ! available plant food 9 soils4
 ,! almo/ univ]sal assumption has be5 t 
! plant food 9 ! soil exi/s 9 two di/9ct
 conditions1 available & unavailable1 & 

t ! det]m9ation ( ! available plant food
 w\ld reveal bo? ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! 
soil & ! fundam5tal f]tiliz] requirem5ts
 = ! improvem5t ( ! soil = crop         
production4  ,aft] asc]ta9+ ! total /ock
 ( plant food 9 ! pl[$ soil1 ! next     
important "q is n h[ mu* is available1 b
 r h[ mu* c be made available dur+ !    
crop season1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,9 o!r words 
we mu/ make plant food available by     
practical me?ods ( lib]ation1 by conv]t+
 x f insoluble comp\nds into soluble &  
usable =ms2 = plant food mu/ be 9       
solution be=e ! plant c take x f ! soil4
 ,= ! pres5t1 space is tak5 only to     
emphasize ! value ( decay+ organic      
manures 9 ! important matt] ( mak+ plant
 food available2 & att5tion is also     
call$ to ! fact t ! decomposition ( !   
organic matt] ( ! soil--includ+ bo? fre%
 mat]ials & old humus--is ha/5$ by      
tillage & by und]dra9age1 :i* p]mit !   
oxyg5 ( ! air to ent] ! soil m freely1  
oxyg5 be+ a mo/ active ag5t 9           
nitrification & o!r decomposition       

processes ( organic matt]1 z well z 9 ! 
m common combu/ion ( wood1 coal1 & s =?4
   ,! ,r5ewal ( ,f]tility  ,9 rational  
sy/ems ( g5]al f>m+ ! supply ( any      
elem5t :i* is normally v abundant may be
 r5ew$ f ! subsoil by ev5 ! v slight    
erosion :i* occurs on all ord9>y l&s 9  
humid sections4 ,?is /atem5t applies to 
iron & potassium1 & (t5 to magnesium4   
,if two million p\nds ( normal surface  
soil conta9 #cj1jjj p\nds ( potassium1  
"o in* an acre w\ld conta9 #dejj p\nds (
 t elem5t2 & if a ?ird ( ?is--#aejj     
p\nds--7 remov$ by cropp+ & lea*+ be=e  
its removal by surface wa%+1 !n         
two-?irds ( a c5tury c\ld be all[$ = !  
erosion ( "o in* ( soil1 ) crop yields (
 #ej bu%els ( :eat1 #ajj bu%els ( corn &
 oats1 & #d bu%els ( clov] se$ to !     
acre1 provid$ ! /alks1 /raw & clov] hay 
7 return$ to ! l&1 ei!r directly or 9   
f>m manure4 ,?is am\nt ( surface wa%+ is
 likely to occur on l& suffici5tly      
undulat+ = good surface dra9age1 provid$
 ! l& is pl[$ & cultivat$ z frequ5tly z 

w\ld be requir$ = a f\r-ye> rotation z  
sugge/$ above4 ,:]e hay1 /raw1 potatoes1
 root crops or common m>ket g>d5 crops  
are sold1 v mu* l>g] am\nts ( potassium 
leave ! f>m ?an 9 gra9 f>m+ or live-/ock
 f>m+1 & 9 su* cases potassium mu/      
ultimately be pur*as$ & return$ to !    
soil1 ei!r 9 comm]cial =m or 9 animal   
manures f ! cities4   ,?irty ,bu%els =  
,potassium  ,!re are "s soils1 h[ev]1   
:i* are n normal--soils ^: composition  
be>s no sort ( relation to ! av]age ( ! 
e>?'s cru/2 su*1 = example1 z peaty     
swamp soil or bog l&s1 :i* consi/ l>gely
 ( p>tly decay$ moss & swamp grasses4   
,^! soils are exce$+ly poor 9 potassium1
 & !y are m>k$ly & v pr(itably improv$  
by potassium f]tiliz]s1 su* z potassium 
sulphate & potassium *loride--commonly b
 errone\sly call$ muriate ( pota%4      
,?us1 z an av]age ( triplicate te/s ea* 
ye>1 ! addition ( potassium to su* l& on
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois exp]im5t field 
ne> ,manito1 ,mason c\nty1 increas$ !   
yield by #bj4g bu%els m corn to ! acre 9

 #aijb1 by #bc4e 9 #aijc1 by #bi 9 #aijd
 & by #cf4h 9 #aije2 & ! proce$+s ( !   
midsumm] session ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate     
,f>m]s' ,in/itute = #aiaa report t ! use
 ( #bb1ejj 9 potassium salts on ! peaty 
swamp l&s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,tampico1  
,:iteside c\nty1 increas$ ! value ( !   
corn crop 9 #aiaj by #baj1jjj1 ! av]age 
increase = potassium be+ ab\t #cj bu%els
 ( corn to ! acre4  ,"s s& soils1       
p>ticul>ly residual s&s1 :i* (t5 consi/ 
l>gely ( qu>tz-silicon dioxid--are v    
defici5t 9 potassium2 consequ5tly !     
exp]im5ts or demon/rations conduct$ by !
 pota% syndicate at ,s\!rn ,p9es1 ,nor? 
,c>ol9a1 %[ v m>k$ increases f ! use (  
potassium salts on su* soil1 al?\gh !   
result ought n to be us$ to enc\rage !  
use ( su* f]tiliz]s on normal soils1 :i*
 are exce$+ly ri* 9 potassium4  ,ev5 9  
soils abundantly suppli$ ) potassium    
tempor>y use may well be made ( soluble 
potassium salts :5 no adequate supply ( 
decay+ organic matt] c be provid$4 ,=   
?is purpose1 ka9it--:i* conta9s         

potassium & also magnesium & sodium 9   
*lorides & sulfates--is pref]r$ to ! m  
conc5trat$ & m exp5sive potassium salts4
 ,ab\t #fjj p\nds an acre e f\r ye>s is 
a good application4 ,! ka9it w n only   
furni% soluble potassium & magnesium b w
 also help to dissolve & ?us make       
available o!r m9]al plant food naturally
 pres5t or suppli$1 su* z natural       
phosphates4 ,:5 ! supply ( organic matt]
 produc$ 9 crops & return$ ei!r 9 f>m   
manure or 9 crop residues becomes       
suffici5tly abundant1 !n ! addition (   
ka9it may be discont9u$ on normal soil4 
,?us1 z an av]age ( #aab sep>ate te/s   
cov]+ f\r diff]5t ye>s1 on ! ,s\!rn     
,ill9ois exp]im5t field on worn1 ?9 l&1 
at ,fairfield1 ! use ( #fjj p\nds an    
acre ( ka9it once 9 f\r ye>s increas$ ! 
yield ( corn by #aj4g bu%els :]e no     
organic manure 0 us$1 & by only #a4g    
bu%els :5 appli$ ) eight tons ( f>m     
manure4   ,lim+ ! ,soil  ,9 ! =m ( a%es1
 m>l or *alk1 lime has be5 us$ z a      
f]tiliz] = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x s]ves two v 

important purposes3 to correct ! acidity
 ( s\r soils & to supply calcium &      
sometimes magnesium z plant food4 ,burn$
 lime has also be5 mu* us$1 b 9 m rec5t 
ye>s ! developm5t ( ma*9]y = cru%+ &    
pulv]iz+ rock--especially 9 cem5t       
manufacture--has made possible !        
production ( pulv]iz$ natural lime/one1 
& at mu* less exp5se ?an = cau/ic lime  
made by burn+ & slak+4 ,:]e gr\nd       
lime/one c be easily procur$ x takes !  
place ( burn$ lime1 & x produces bett]  
results at less exp5se1 ev5 ?\gh #a-c_/d
 tons ( gr\nd lime/one are requir$ to   
equal #a ton ( quicklime 9 calcium      
cont5t & 9 p[] to correct acidity4      
,fur!rmore1 gr\nd lime/one c be appli$ 9
 any am\nt ) no injuri\s results1 :ile  
cau/ic lime de/roys ! organic matt] or  
humus ( ! soil1 dissipates soil nitrog51
 is disagreeable to h&le1 & may injure !
 crop unless appli$ 9 limit$ am\nts or  
sev]al mon?s be=e ! crop is to be       
plant$4  ,! mo/ valuable & tru/wor?y    
inve/igation on record 9 reg>d to !     

comp>ative value ( burn$ lime & gr\nd   
lime/one has be5 conduct$ by !          
,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,a      
f\r-ye> rotation ( crops 0 practic$1    
includ+ corn1 oats1 :eat & hay 7clov] & 
timo?y7 on f\r diff]5t fields1 ea* crop 
be+ repres5t$ e ye>4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ! 
results = ! f\r acres %[$ t ! l& treat$ 
) gr\nd lime/one _h produc$ #ii bu%els m
 corn1 #aaf bu%els m oats1 #ac bu%els m 
:eat & #e4f tons m hay ?an ! l& treat$ )
 ab\t an equival5t am\nt ( burn$ lime4  
,at ! end ( sixte5 ye>s ! analysis ( !  
soil %[$ t ! burn$ lime _h de/roy$ #d4g 
tons ( humus & _h dissipat$ #cge p\nds (
 nitrog5 to ! acre1 z comp>$ ) ! gr\nd  
lime/one1 ?is loss be+ equival5t to     
#cg-a_/b tons ( f>m manure4  ,o!r       
tru/wor?y exp]im5ts by ! ,m>yl& & ,ohio 
,exp]im5t ,/ations confirm !            
,p5nsylvania results 9 %[+ bett] crop   
yields :5 unburn$ lime c>bonate 0 us$2 &
 m ext5sive exp]im5ts by ! ,t5nessee    
,exp]im5t ,/ation also agree ) !        
,p5nsylvania data 9 reg>d to !          

de/ruction ( organic matt] & loss ( soil
 nitrog5 f ! use ( burn$ lime4 ,if      
dolomitic lime/one is us$1 magnesium z  
well z calcium is ?us add$ to ! soil4   
,lime/one ne$ n be v f9ely pulv]iz$4 ,if
 gr\nd s t x w pass ?r\gh a t5-me% sieve
 x is amply f9e1 assum+ t ! entire      
product is us$1 includ+ ! f9] du/       
produc$ 9 gr9d+1 & x is v possible t    
f9al inve/igations w %[ t ! entire      
product f a qu>t]-in* scre5 is ev5 m    
economical & pr(itable 9 p]man5t sy/ems4
  ,lime/one is q easily soluble 9 soil  
wat] c>ry+ c>bonic acid4 ,x is ?us      
readily available2 9 fact1 x is too     
available to be durable if v f9ely      
gr\nd2 & 9 humid sections ! loss by     
lea*+ f> exce$s t remov$ by cropp+4 ,9  
practical economic sy/ems ( f>m+ ab\t   
two tons an acre ( gr\nd lime/one %\ld  
be appli$ e f\r ye>s1 or correspond+    
am\nts = o!r rotation p]iods4  ,!       
ess5tial facts relat+ to potassium1     
magnesium & calcium & to ! use & value (
 diff]5t =ms ( lime h be5 /at$ above1 & 

!y may be accept$ ) confid5ce = use 9   
economic sy/ems ( f>m+ on normal soils4 
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,nitrog5 ,,problem   
,,& ,,its ,,economical ,,solution   ,,9 
,,! previ\s *apt] emphasis has be5 laid 
^u ! fact t plants z well z animals mu/ 
h food1 & t ! neglect or ignorance ( ?is
 factor 9 ,am]ican agriculture has l$ to
 soil depletion & l& ru9 on va/ areas1  
especially 9 ! old] /ates4  ,x has be5  
%[n t ( ! t5 ess5tial elem5ts ( plant   
food1 five are provid$ by natural       
processes )\t ! int]v5tion ( man2 t1 ( !
 rema9+ five1 potassium is ! mo/        
abundant 9 normal soil1 b requires      
lib]ation by good sy/ems ( f>m+2 t gr\nd
 natural lime/one is ! ideal mat]ial )  
:i* to supply calcium & to prev5t or    
correct soil acidity2 & t if dolomitic  
lime/one be us$ magnesium is also       
suppli$ 9 suitable =m = plant food1 ,?us
 only nitrog5 & phosphorus rema9 =      
consid]ation4  ,keep+ 9 m9d t sy/ems (  
p]man5t pr(itable agriculture 9 ,am]ica 
mu/ be f\nd$ ^u an intellig5t und]/&+ ( 

! f\ndation pr9ciples involv$1 let u    
pray = /r5g? to ackn[l$ge ! tru? & cease
 try+ to deceive ourselves4 ,! tru? is t
 by soil enri*m5t alone ! av]age crop   
yields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld be d\bl$1 
) ! same se$ & seasons & ) b little m "w
 ?an is n[ devot$ to ! fields2 & we %\ld
 cease try+ to deceive ourselves 9 !    
hope or belief t ! f]tility ( our soil w
 be ma9ta9$ if we cont9ue ye> aft] ye>  
to take crops f ! l& & fail to make     
adequate return4  ,nitrog5 is bo? ! mo/ 
abundant agriculturally & ! mo/ exp5sive
 comm]cially ( all ! elem5ts ( plant    
food2 & yet !re is a me?od by :i* x c be
 secur$ n only )\t money b ) pr(it 9 !  
process4 ,! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 normal 
soils decreases ) dep?1 s t subsoils are
 almo/ devoid ( nitrog54 ,?is w\ld be m 
g5]ally und]/ood if x 7 kn[n t ! supply 
( soil nitrog5 9 humid c\ntries is      
conta9$ only 9 ! organic matt]4  ,?is   
organic or vegetable matt] consi/s ( !  
p>tly decompos$ residues ( plants1      
includ+ ! roots & fall5 leaves :i* may  

accumulate naturally1 & ! gre5 manure   
crops1 crop residues & f>m manure :i*   
may be suppli$ 9 f>m practice4 ,?us !   
nitrog5 ( a soil is measur$             
approximately by its cont5t ( organic   
matt]2 &1 vice v]sa1 ! p]c5tage (       
nitrog5 is an approximate measure ( !   
organic matt]1 because nitrog5 is a     
regul> con/itu5t ( ! organic matt]      
normally conta9$ 9 soils4 ,consequ5tly  
if ! organic matt] ( a soil is r$uc$ !  
supply ( nitrog5 is also r$uc$4  ,9 !   
mo/ deplet$ soils nitrog5 is usually !  
mo/ defici5t elem5t1 al?\gh x may n be !
 only defici5cy4 ,?us 9 ! deplet$       
,leon>dt[n loam1 :i* occupies su*       
ext5sive areas ( l& 9 ,s\!rn ,m>yl&1 ne>
 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & :i* has be5  
to a l>ge ext5t agriculturally ab&on$   
aft] "o or two c5turies ( f>m+1 only    
#ijj p\nds ( nitrog5 are f\nd 9 ! pl[$  
soil ( an acre--t is1 9 #b1jjj1jjj p\nds
 ( surface soil1 correspond+ to ab\t    
#f-b_/c in*es an acre4 ,?is total am\nt 
if made available w\ld be suffici5t =   

only six su* crops ( corn z are actually
 produc$ on our be/ l& 9 good seasons1 &
 yet x is f\r times z mu* z is conta9$ 9
 an equal weight ( ! subsoil4  ,! av]age
 prairie l& ( ! ,corn ,belt conta9s only
 #ejjj p\nds ( nitrog5 9 ! pl[$ soil (  
an acre #f-b_/c in*es deep1 :]eas a     
#ajj-;bu%el crop ( corn removes #aej    
p\nds ( nitrog5 f ! soil4 ,a simple     
computation %[s ! supply 9 ! pl[$ soil  
to be suffici5t = only #cc su* crops4   
,ev5 ! #ajj-;bu%el crop ( corn p] acre  
is kn[n to h be5 produc$ 9 _m places on 
exceptionally ri* l&1 & yet ! t5-ye>    
av]age yield 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is only  
#be bu%els to ! acre4   #bjj ,p] ,c5t = 
,nitrog5  ,on ,broadbalk ,field at      
,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1 :eat has be5 gr[n on !
 same l& e ye> = ab\t two-?irds ( a     
c5tury4 ,z an av]age ( ! sixty ye>s1    
#aheb to #aiaa ! yield 0 #ab4f bu%els an
 acre on unf]tiliz$ l&1 #ad4f :]e m9]al 
plant food 0 annually appli$1 #bj4c :]e 
nitrog5 salts alone 7 us$1 & #cg :]e bo?
 nitrog5 & m9]al plant food 7 appli$4   

,dur+ ! ?irty ye>s1 #ahhb to #aiaa !    
av]age yields 7 #aa4g bu%els an acre on 
! unf]tiliz$ l&1 #ad ) m9]als1 #ah4g :]e
 only nitrog5 salts 7 us$1 & #ch :]e bo?
 nitrog5 & m9]als 7 regul>ly suppli$4   
,^! absolute data f ! olde/ agricultural
 exp]im5t /ation 9 ! _w %\ld help u to  
und]/& :y ! t5-ye> av]age yield ( :eat  
is #cc bu%els an acre = all ( ,great    
,brita91 #cg-a_/b = ,engl& alone1 & only
 #ad = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,! application 
( nitrog5 increas$ ! yield ( :eat by #bd
 bu%els an acre--f #ad to #ch bu%els--z 
an av]age ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 foll[+ an 
av]age increase ( #bf4c = ! nitrog5     
appli$ dur+ ! previ\s ?irty ye>s4 ,x is 
true t ! co/ ( ! f]tiliz]s us$ exce$$ ! 
value ( ! increase 9 yield2 b let u be> 
9 m9d t ?is tru? does n de/roy ! o!r    
tru?4  ,prove all ?+s1 & hold fa/ t :i* 
is good4 ,x is a good fact t #abah      
bu%els ( :eat 7 produc$ by ! application
 ( nitrog5 to an acre ( l& dur+ a p]iod 
( sixty ye>s1 ov] & above ! produce (   
ano!r acre :i* diff]$ only by n receiv+ 

nitrog52 :]eas ! total produce f an acre
 ( unf]tiliz$ l& 0 only #gef bu%els dur+
 ! same sixty ye>s4 ,x is a good fact t 
! increase alone f ! nitrog5 appli$ is m
 ?an twice ! total yield ( ! unf]tiliz$ 
l& dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & he does well
 :o holds fa/ ?is fact4  ,x is also a   
good fact t z an av]age ( sixty ye>s !  
yield ( b>ley 0 increas$ by #ba4f bu%els
 an acre by nitrog52 t nitrog5 increas$ 
! yield ( hay on p]man5t mead[ l& at    
,ro?am/$ by #a-a_/b tons an acre z a    
fifty-ye> av]age2 & t nitrog5 increas$ !
 av]age yield ( potatoes by #hh bu%els z
 an av]age ( tw5ty-six ye>s2 :ile !     
av]age ( ! unf]tiliz$ l& 0 only #ea     
bu%els an acre1 ^! increases 9 b>ley1   
bay1 & potatoes be+ obta9$ ov] & above !
 yields :]e m9]als alone 7 us$4   ,:]e  
,is ,nitrog58  ,if nitrog5 has su*      
enorm\s p[] to increase ! yield ( our   
great /aple f>m crops !n we may well    
inquire1 ,:]e is nitrog51 & h[ c x be   
secur$ economically & utiliz$ pr(itably 
9 practical agriculture8  ,! weight ( ! 

atmosph]e is #ae p\nds to ! squ>e in*4  
,?is means t a column ( air #a in* squ>e
 tak5 to ! full height ( ! t]re/rial    
atmosph]e weighs #ae p\nds4 ,m ?an ?ree 
f\r?s ( ! air is nitrog54 ,s9ce !re are 
#dc1efj squ>e feet 9 "o acre1 x foll[s t
 ! nitrog5 9 ! air above ea* acre ( !   
e>?'s surface am\nts to #gj1jjj1jjj     
p\nds1 or ne>ly #ejj1jjj times ! #aej   
p\nds ( nitrog5 requir$ = a hundr$-bu%el
 crop ( corn4 ,! leaves ( ! corn plant  
are bl[n ab\t by ! w9d c>ry+ #ge-a_/b p]
 c5t ( nitrog51 b _c utilize an ounce ( 
?is supply4  ,_m p "k t clov] & o!r     
legumes h p[]1 ?r\gh ! bact]ia :i*      
inhabit _! root tub]cles1 to fe$ ^u !   
inexhau/ible supply ( atmosph]ic nitrog5
 :i* freely ent]s ! pores ( ! soil2 b :o
 kn[s h[ mu* nitrog5 is tak5 f ! air by 
a giv5 crop ( clov]8 ,n "o 9 a ?\s& c   
answ] ?is "q2 & mean:ile our cont9u$    
agricultural & national prosp]ity dep5ds
 9 l>ge "p ^u ! possibility ( wide      
dissem9ation & practical application ( a
 quantitative k ( ! nitrog5 problem4  ,z

 a rule ! s-call$ practical f>m] is a   
!ori/4 ,he fir/ believes t ! virg9 soil 
is inexhau/ible1 ev5 ?\gh cropp$        
cont9u\sly4 ,lat] he cl+s to ! popul>   
!ory t ! rotation ( crops w ma9ta9 !    
productive capacity ( ! l&2 & x is safe 
to say t a l>ge majority ( ! f>m]s ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates gladly hold to ! errone\s 
!ory t clov] gr[n once e ?ree to five   
ye>s w increase & p]man5tly ma9ta9 !    
f]tility ( ! soil4  ,! fact t clov] 0   
gr[n = g5]ations on ! l&s ( ! old]      
,ea/]n /ates until ! clov] crop itself  
f9ally fail$ on millions ( acres n[     
agriculturally ab&on$ is ov]look$ or    
=gott5 by pres5t-day f>m]s1 especially  
by ! desc5dants ( ^? :o h gone ,we/ &   
settl$ on new1 ri* l&s4   ,six ,facts & 
a ,"q  ,! foll[+ six facts w furni% a   
compreh5sive basis = ! solution ( !     
nitrog5 problem 9 practical g5]al       
agriculture3  7#a7 ,to produce #ajj     
p\nds ( gra9 requires ab\t #c p\nds (   
nitrog51 ( :i* #b p\nds are deposit$ 9 !
 gra9 itself & #a p\nd 9 ! /raw or      

/alks4  7#b7 ,9 live-/ock f>m+ "o-f\r? (
 ! nitrog5 9 ! food consum$ is reta9$ 9 
! animal products--meat1 milk1 wool1 & s
 on--& ?ree-f\r?s may be return$ to ! l&
 9 ! excrem5ts if sav$ )\t loss4  7#c7  
,:5 gr[n on soils ( normal productive   
capacity legumes secure ab\t two-?irds (
 _! total nitrog5 f ! air & "o-?ird f ! 
soil4  7#d7 ,clov] & o!r bi5nial or     
p]5nial legumes h ab\t two-?irds ( _!   
total nitrog5 9 ! tops & "o-?ird 9 !    
roots1 :ile ! roots ( c[peas & o!r      
annual legumes conta9 only ab\t "o-t5? (
 _! total nitrog54  7#e7 ,hay made f our
 common legumes conta9s ab\t #dj p\nds (
 nitrog5 p] ton4  7#f7 ,av]age f>m      
manure conta9s #af p\nds ( nitrog5 p]   
ton4  ,"q3 ,h[ _m tons ( av]age f>m     
manure mu/ be appli$ to a #dj-;acre     
field 9 ord] to provide z mu* nitrog5 z 
w\ld be add$ to ! soil by pl[+ "u       
#b-a_/b tons ( clov] p] acre8 ,answ]3   
#djj tons4  ,ei!r me?od w furni% ab\t z 
mu* nitrog5 z w\ld be tak5 f ! soil by a
 #ej-;bu%el crop ( :eat1 a #ge-;bu%el   

crop ( corn or a #ajj-;bu%el crop ( oats
 p] acre4 ,! decision by ! individual   
betwe5 live-/ock f>m+ & gra9 f>m+ %\ld  
be bas$ ^u pref]5ce & pr(it r ?an ^u !  
errone\s tea*+ t f>m manure is ei!r     
ess5tial or suffici5t = ! ma9t5ance (   
soil f]tility 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,bread is !
 /aff ( life1 & _m mu/ sell gra94 ,i d n
 advise all gra9 f>m]s to become        
live-/ock f>m]s2 b ,i d advise bo? gra9 
f>m]s & live-/ock f>m]s to enri* _!     
soils by practical1 pr(itable & p]man5t 
me?ods4 ,bo? classes ( f>m]s may secure 
new nitrog5--t is1 !y c positively      
increase _! nitrog5 supply by suffici5t 
use ( legume crops4   ,h[ to ,supply    
,nitrog5  ,! cotton-gr[] :o sells cotton
 l9t at #aj c5ts a p\nd & ! m>ket g>d5] 
:o sells f #ajj to #cjj wor? ( fruits & 
vegetables f "o acre may well make      
lib]al use ( comm]cial nitrog5 at #ae or
 #bj c5ts a p\nd2 b if aft] d$uct+ ! co/
 ( h>ve/+1 ?re%+1 /or+ & m>ket+ ! av]age
 f>m] receives only #a c5t a p\nd = 8   
gra9 & if #dj p] c5t ( ! comm]cial      

nitrog5 appli$ is lo/ by lea*+1 !n !    
total crop ( gra9 w\ld br+ only en\gh   
money to pay = ! nitrog5 requir$ to     
produce x1 at #bj c5ts a p\nd4 ,we may  
sometimes advise ! ,am]ican gra9-gr[] to
 buy wat] ) :i* to irrigate 8 crop1 b n 
to buy nitrog5 ) :i* to f]tilize x4  ,if
 ! gra9 f>m] gr[s #dj bu%els ( :eat to !
 acre1 clov] hav+ be5 se$$ on ! same l& 
9 ord] to pl[ "u ! equival5t ( #a-a_/b  
tons ( hay z gre5 manure ! foll[+ spr+1 
& foll[s ?is by a #fj-;bu%el crop ( corn
 & a #ej-;bu%el crop ( oats1 & ?is !    
f\r? ye> by two crops ( clov] aggregat+ 
#c tons an acre1 includ+ #b bu%els (    
se$1 he c ?us secure f ! air ab\t #ahj  
p\nds ( nitrog5 9 ! #d-a_/b tons (      
clov]4 ,moreov]1 if ! fir/ cutt+ ( clov]
 ! f\r? ye> is left on ! l& & ! ?re%$   
clov] /raw f ! se$ crop & likewise all  
/raw & /alks are return$ to ! soil1 only
 #aed p\nds ( nitrog5 an acre w\ld leave
 ! f>m if ! total gra9 & clov] se$ 7    
sold4 ,) #hj c5ts a bu%el = :eat1 #ej   
c5ts = corn1 #dj c5ts = oats & #h =     

clov] se$1 ! total returns f ! f\r acres
 w\ld am\nt to #ih4  ,on ! o!r h& !     
live-/ock f>m] may gr[ two #fj-;bu%el   
crops ( corn1 foll[$ by #ej bu%els (    
oats & !n #c tons ( clov] hay conta9+   
#abj p\nds ( new nitrog54 ,! f\r crops  
w\ld conta9 #cej p\nds ( nitrog52 & if !
 gra9 & hay & half ! corn-/alks are us$ 
= fe$1 ) ! /raw & ! rema9d] ( ! /alks = 
b$d+1 x is likewise possible to replace 
! #bcj p\nds ( nitrog5 requir$ = ! gra9 
crops1 provid$ n m ?an "o-sev5? ( !     
manure is lo/ be=e be+ return$ to ! l&4 
,! important weakness on ! common       
live-/ock f>m lies 9 ! enorm\s wa/e (   
manure4  ,if #aj p\nds ( fe$ produce #a 
p\nd increase 9 ! live-weight ( !       
animals f$1 & if !y br+ #f c5ts a p\nd  
on ! ho(1 ! gross returns aggregate     
#ajg4ej f ! f\r acres1 b>r+ losses f    
accid5ts1 animal diseases1 & s on4      
,?us1 ) a few e/abli%$ facts 9 m9d1 "o c
 easily det]m9e h[ to ma9ta9 or ev5 to  
increase ! supply ( nitrog5 9 ! soil1 & 
)\t ! pur*ase ( nitrog5 9 any =m2 & x is

 j z possible & j z necess>y ?us to     
provide ! nitrog5 ne$$ 9 gra9 f>m+ z 9  
live/ock f>m+4 ,:5 we consid] t animals 
de/roy two-?irds ( ! organic matt] 9 !  
food consum$ we f9d t z betwe5 ! two    
sy/ems above describ$ ! organic matt] or
 humus ( ! soil w be bett] ma9ta9$ 9 !  
gra9 sy/em outl9$4   ,live-,/ock or     
,gra9 ,f>m+  ,= ^? :o believe t         
live-/ock f>m+ mu/ be adopt$ = !        
ma9t5ance ( f]tility on all f>ms1       
att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! fact t !re  
are #ijj1jjj1jjj acres ( f>m-l& 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates & only #ij1jjj1jjj head ( 
live-/ock equival5t to c[s1 includ+ all 
f>m animals4 ,w ! manure f "o c[ s]ve to
 enri* #aj acres ( l&8  ,x %\ld also be 
kn[n t a hundr$ bu%els ( gra9 w support 
five times z _m p z c\ld live = ! same  
l5g? ( "t on ! meat & milk t c\ld be    
made by fe$+ ! gra9 to dome/ic animals4 
,x is because ( ?is fact t ! consum] may
 sometimes boycott meat or o!r animal   
products1 :ile he nev] boycotts bread2 b
 let u hope t p]man5t sy/ems w become   

g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,am]ica1 = ! production
 ( bo? gra9 & live /ock1 s t high /&>ds 
( liv+ may be ma9ta9$ = all classes ( p 
9 ?is c\ntry4  ,! olde/ direct comp>ison
 betwe5 ^! two sy/ems ( f>m+1 s f> z !  
writ] has le>n$1 is on ! exp]im5t fields
 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 :]e z an    
av]age ( six ye>s ! yield ( corn has be5
 #hg bu%els an acre 9 gra9 f>m+ & #ij   
bu%els 9 live-/ock f>m+1 ! same crop    
rotation be+ practic$4 ,:]e :eat 0      
introduc$ ! av]age yield = six ye>s 0   
#dc4a bu%els 9 gra9 f>m+ & #dc4e 9      
live-/ock f>m+4  ,no nitrog5 0 pur*as$ 9
 any =m 9 ei!r ( ^! sy/ems2 b clov] is  
gr[n 9 ! rotation to secure nitrog5 f ! 
air & !n ! crop residues or f>m manure  
is return$ to ! soil to provide         
suffici5t nitrog5 = ! gra9 crops4 ,9 all
 cases phosphorus 0 us$ = ^! yields4    
,ev5 m enc\rag+ ?an ^! six-ye> av]age   
results f ,ill9ois are ! results ( sixty
 ye>s f ,agdell ,field at ,ro?am/$4     
,:]e m9]al plant food 0 regul>ly appli$1
 & :]e all ! manure produc$ by fe$+ !   

turnips 0 return$ to ! soil1 9 a f\r-ye>
 rotation ( turnips1 b>ley1 clov] 7or   
beans7 & :eat1 ) no o!r provision made =
 supply+ nitrog51 ! yields p] acre 7 z  
foll[s3    ,turnips1 #bd1gbd lbs4 9     
#ahdh1 & #bf1daj 9 #aijh4   ,b>ley1     
#db4h bu%els 9 #ahdi & #bb4a 9 #aiji    
,clov]1 #eehf p\nds 9 #ahej & #gaij 9   
#aiaj4   ,:eat1 #cb bu%els 9 #ahea &    
#cg4h 9 #aiaa4  ,"h we h data :i* span a
 p]iod ( sixty ye>s & :i* %[ t :]e m9]al
 plant food has be5 provid$ ! clov] 9   
rotation & ! manure produc$ by ! fe$+ ( 
only "o ( ! f\r crops h ma9ta9$ ! yield 
( all crops except ! b>ley-! ?ird crop  
aft] clov]-& )\t ! application ( nitrog5
 9 any o!r =m4 ,if ! clov] & /raw _h be5
 return$ to ! l& ei!r directly or 9 f>m 
manure ! additional nitrog5 ?us provid$ 
w\ld h be5 suffici5t bo? to ma9ta9 !    
yield ( b>ley & to prev5t ! mod]ate     
decrease :i* has occurr$ 9 ! nitrog5    
cont5t ( ! soil4     ,,*apt] ,,iii      
,,phosphorus3 ,,! ,,ma/] ,,key ,,to     
,,p]man5t ,,agriculture   ,,! greate/   

economic loss t ,am]ica has ev] su/a9$  
has be5 ! loss ( en]gy & pr(it 9 f>m+ ) 
an inadequate supply ( phosphorus4      
,phosphorus is a ,greek ^w :i* signifies
 light-br+]2 b x is a light :i* few     
,am]icans h yet se51 else we %\ld n     
p]mit ! annual exportation ( m ?an a    
million tons ( our be/ phosphate rock1 =
 :i* we receive at ! m9es ! paltry sum (
 five million doll>s1 c>ry+ away f !    
,unit$ ,/ates an am\nt ( ! "o elem5t (  
plant food we %all always ne$ to buy1   
:i* if reta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry & appli$ to  
our own soils w\ld be wor? n five       
million b a ?\s& million doll>s = !     
production ( food = ! oncom+ g5]ations (
 ,am]icans4  ,= five million doll>s we  
export to ,europe ea* ye> en\gh         
phosphorus = #a1djj1jjj1jjj bu%els (    
:eat1 or twice ! av]age crop ( ! entire 
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mean:ile our            
t5-ye>-av]age yield ( :eat is #ad bu%els
 an acre1 :ile ,g]many's yield has gone 
up to #bi1 ,great ,brita9's to #cc1     
,engl&'s to #cg-a_/b & ,d5m>k's to m ?an

 #dj z ! av]age = a decade4   ,potato   
,yield ,twice ,d\bl$  ,!re is only "o   
place 9 ! _w :]e we c g = ! results (   
soil improvem5t = m ?an a qu>t] ( a     
c5tury 9 connection ) ! gr[+ ( potatoes4
 ,( c\rse ?is place is ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1
 :]e z an av]age = tw5ty-six ye>s !     
yield ( potatoes 0 #ea bu%els an acre on
 unf]tiliz$ l& & exactly #ajb bu%els :]e
 only a phosphate f]tiliz] 0 appli$4    
,:]e ! same am\nt ( phosphorus--#bi     
p\nds ( ! elem5t p] acre p] annum--0 us$
 9 connection ) o!r m9]als--#cjj p\nds (
 potassium sulfate & #ajj p\nds ea* ( ! 
sulfates ( magnesium & sodium--! av]age 
yield ( potatoes 0 #aji bu%els4 ,:]e #hf
 p\nds ( nitrog5 0 appli$ 9 sodium      
nitrate ! av]age yield 0 #gi bu%els2 b  
:]e ! nitrog51 phosphorus & o!r m9]als 7
 all appli$ ! av]age yield = ! tw5ty-six
 ye>s 0 #bjc bu%els4  ,at #ej c5ts a    
bu%el = potatoes1 ! inve/m5t 9          
phosphorus alone paid #fjj p] c5t net   
pr(it2 & ev5 ! complete f]tiliz]1       
includ+ #cib p\nds ( acid phosphate1    

#eej p\nds ( sodium nitrate & #ejj p\nds
 ( alkali salts1 aggregat+ #addb p\nds1 
& co/+ at mod]ate prices #bd4bh an acre 
p] annum1 paid back #gf a ye> z a       
tw5ty-six ye> av]age1 ?us mak+ #cjj p]  
c5t ev5 on an inve/m5t ( ne>ly #be an   
acre a ye>4   ,phosphorus ,helps ,good  
,f>m+  ,!re is also b "o place 9 ! _w   
:]e we c le>n ! results secur$ f !      
application ( phosphorus = a p]iod (    
?irty-six ye>s 9 a good sy/em ( f>m+2 & 
aga9 ?is place is ,ro?am/$4  ,9 #ahdh   
,sir ,john ,lawes & ,sir ,h5ry ,gilb]t  
began inve/igations on ,agdell ,field4  
,! ,norfolk rotation1 already kn[n at t 
"t z "o ( ! be/ rotation sy/ems1 0      
turnips1 b>ley1 clov]1 & :eat2 & 9 ^!   
practical field exp]im5ts ! turnips 7 f$
 on ! l& & ! animal f]tiliz] ?us produc$
 0 return$ to ! soil1 :i* 0 well suppli$
 ) lime/one4  ,dur+ ! next ?irty-six    
ye>s #bi4eb wor? ( phosphorus p] acre 0 
appli$ to "o "p ( ! field2 & 9 comp>ison
 ) ano!r "p ( ! same field cropp$ &     
manag$ simil>ly1 except t no phosphorus 

0 appli$1 ! #bi4eb wor? ( phosphorus    
produc$ #ih4jb increase 9 ! value ( !   
turnips1 #cg4de 9 b>ley1 #dh4ic 9 clov] 
7& beans7 & #de4ii 9 :eat4  ,! total    
value ( ! crops gr[n on ! l& n receiv+  
phosphorus dur+ ! ?irty-six ye>s 0      
#dcb4dc an acre1 :ile on ! phosphat$ l& 
! crop values am\nt$ to #ffb4hb1 an     
increase ( #bcj4ci f an inve/m5t (      
#bi4eb1 ! turnips be+ figur$ at #a4dj a 
ton1 b>ley at #ej c5ts a bu%el1 clov]   
hay at #f a ton1 beans at #a4be a bu%el1
 :eat at #gj c5ts a bu%el1 & phosphorus 
at #ab c5ts a p\nd4 ,z a g5]al av]age at
 ^! cons]vative prices1 ! inve/m5t (    
#c4bh an acre e f\r ye>s paid back      
#be4fj 9 ! f\r crops4  ,9 mo/ /ates !   
legal rate ( int]e/ is #f p] c5t b "h is
 an inve/m5t t paid ! pr9cipal & #fhj p]
 c5t int]e/ e f\r ye>s4 ,& ^!           
inve/igations %[ t ! phosphorus 0 us$ ) 
pr(it = ! production ( m>k$ly diff]5t   
crops1 includ+ potatoes & turnips1 b>ley
 & :eat1 clov] & beans4  ,b ! soil at   
,ro?am/$ is no poor] 9 phosphorus ?an is

 ! av]age soil ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ^!  
results are giv5 "h n only because !y   
are ! olde/ & mo/ tru/wor?y ! _w af=ds1 
b because !y are /rictly applicable to !
 production ( common crops on va/ areas 
( agricultural l& 9 our own c\ntry4   ,!
 ,=m ( ,phosphorus to ,use  ,!          
unf]tiliz$ soil at ! ,ro?am/$ /ation    
conta9s1 9 #b1jjj1jjj p\nds--correspond+
 to ab\t #f-b_/c in*es to ! acre--#ajjj 
p\nds ( phosphorus & #ce1jjj (          
potassium1 :ile an acre ( pl[$ soil ( ! 
same weight at ,/ate ,college1          
,p5nsylvania1 conta9s #aajj p\nds (     
phosphorus & #ej1gjj ( potassium4  ,9 a 
^w1 normal soils are defici5t 9         
phosphorus1 & ! application ( phosphorus
 9 good sy/ems ( f>m+ produces m>k$ &   
pr(itable increases 9 crop yields4 ,b   
:at =m ( phosphorus %all we apply8 ,?is 
is a v important "q 9 agricultural      
economics1 = we h _m diff]5t k9ds (     
f]tiliz+ mat]ials t conta9 phosphorus1 &
 "o may co/ t5 times z mu* z ano!r z a  
s\rce ( phosphorus4 ,?us #bej p\nds (   

phosphorus 9 a ton ( f9ely gr\nd natural
 rock phosphate c be pur*as$ at ! m9es 9
 ,t5nessee & deliv]$ at ! f>m]'s railway
 /ation 9 ! he>t ( ! ,corn ,belt = #h4  
,or ! ton ( raw phosphate may be mix$ ) 
a ton ( sulfuric acid 9 ! f]tiliz]      
factory1 & ! two tons ( acid phosphate  
may be sold to ! same f>m] = #cb4 ,or ! 
f]tiliz] manufactur] may mix ! two tons 
( acid phosphate ) two tons ( fill]1    
conta9+ a little nitrog5 & potassium1 & 
!n sell ! same f>m] ! f\r tons ( s-call$
 complete f]tiliz] = #hj2 & ! f>m] gets 
no m phosphorus 9 ! f\r tons ( complete 
f]tiliz] = #hj ?an 9 ! "o ton ( natural 
phosphate = #h4  ,! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate  
,college conduct$ an exp]im5t = twelve  
ye>s--#ahhd to #ahie--;9 :i* #a4je an   
acre 0 inve/$ 9 gr\nd raw rock phosphate
 ) a rotation ( corn1 oats1 :eat & hay  
7clov] & timo?y71 & ! value ( ! increase
 produc$ by ! phosphorus am\nt$ to #e4he
 z an av]age = ! twelve ye>s1 & to #h4da
 z an av]age = ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,?us !   
pr(it 0 f ab\t #efj to #hjj p] c5t on ! 

inve/m5t1 c\nt+ corn at #ce c5ts a      
bu%el1 oats at #cj c5ts1 :eat at #gj    
c5ts1 & hay at #f a ton4 ,^! figures    
repres5t ! increase produc$ by          
phosphorus ov] & above ! value ( ! crops
 gr[n )\t phosphorus f]tiliz]4 ,9 ?is   
case no f>m manure 0 us$ on ei!r "p ( ! 
field2 b comm]cial nitrog5 & potassium 7
 appli$ alike on bo? p>ts1 & clov] 0    
gr[n 9 ! rotation4  ,acid phosphate 0   
also us$ 9 direct comp>ison2 &1 9 answ] 
to ! "q :e!r ! g5]al f>m] %\ld apply    
lib]al am\nts ( f9ely gr\nd natural rock
 phosphate1 or :e!r he %\ld pay f\r     
times z mu* = phosphorus aft] ! f]tiliz]
 manufactur] has mix$ "o "p ( ! raw rock
 ) "o ( sulfuric acid & ?us produc$ two 
p>ts ( acid phosphate1 ^! ,p5nsylvania  
exp]im5ts tell u t ! ye>ly av]age = !   
twelve ye>s gave a ga9 p] ye> ( #b4de f 
! raw phosphate & #dh c5ts f ! acid     
phosphate1 at ! prices us$ by !         
,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,b we   
mu/ n draw g5]al conclusions f ?is "o   
exp]im5t1 ev5 ?\gh x cov]s twelve ye>s4 

,9 #ahie ! ,m>yl& ,exp]im5t ,/ation     
began field exp]im5ts ) diff]5t =ms (   
phosphorus2 &1 z an av]age ( six te/s e 
ye> = twelve ye>s1 #a4ife inve/$ 9 gr\nd
 raw rock phosphate produc$ increases 9 
corn1 :eat & hay t 7 wor? #bb4aa1 at #ce
 c5ts a bu%el = corn1 #gj c5ts = :eat1  
#f a ton = hay1 & #c c5ts a p\nd =      
phosphorus 9 ! gr\nd natural phosphate4 
,h[ w\ld y l #ajjj p] c5t pr(it z !     
result ( mix+ bra9 ) brawn1 9 connection
 ) ! improvem5t ( y\r own bus9ess1 ?us  
keep+ ! inve/m5t "u y\r own control8    
,m9d y1 ?is does n prove t f>m+ is      
pr(itable1 b only t ! intellig5t use (  
phosphorus 9 f>m+ is pr(itable4 ,9 o!r  
words ! admixture--bra9s--is pr(itable4 
,9 comm5t+ ^u 8 inve/igations ! director
 ( ! ,m>yl& ,agricultural ,exp]im5t     
,/ation /ates t ! raw phosphate produc$ 
a high] total av]age yield ?an acid     
phosphate1 & at less ?an half ! co/4  ,!
 ,rhode ,isl& ,exp]im5t ,/ation began a 
s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) diff]5t =ms (       
phosphorus 9 #ahid4 ,if we add toge!r   

all ! hay & gra9 crops gr[n dur+ !      
decade foll[+ ! fir/ ye> ( ^! exp]im5ts1
 we f9d t ! increases p] acre 7 #ad1ehj 
p\nds = raw phosphate & #ad1eej p\nds = 
acid phosphate1 on unlim$ l&2 :ile lime 
& raw phosphate produc$ #bg1jcj p\nds1 &
 lime & acid phosphate #bi1fij p\nds1 ( 
increase2 & ! acid phosphate co/ ?ree   
times z mu* z ! raw phosphate4  ,9      
comm5t+ ^u ^! inve/igations ! director (
 ! ,rhode ,isl& ,exp]im5t ,/ation /ates 
t ! raw phosphate gave v good results ) 
su* f>m crops z oats1 peas1 crimson     
clov]1 millet1 soy beans1 & s =?1 b v   
poor results ) su* g>d5 crops z turnips1
 rutabagas1 cabbage1 beets1 lettuce1    
squa%1 & s =?1 & its use = ^! g>d5 crops
 is n advis$4  ,9 #ahij ! ,massa*usetts 
,exp]im5t ,/ation began inve/igations ) 
diff]5t phosphates appli$ 9 equal money 
value1 & 9 8 report = #aijj ! director  
/ates t ! raw rock phosphate ranks above
 ! acid phosphate bo? z an av]age = !   
entire p]iod & z an av]age betwe5 #ahie 
& #aijj1 dur+ :i* "t ! l& to :i* no     

phosphorus 0 appli$ produc$ only #ee p] 
c5t z mu* z :]e raw phosphate 0 us$--a  
result wor? e f>m]'s consid]ation4   ,m 
,bu%els & ,tons  ,! ,ohio ,agricultural 
,exp]im5t ,/ation has report$           
inve/igations cov]+ sixte5 ye>s 9 :i*   
raw phosphate 0 comp>$ ) acid phosphate 
co/+ twice z mu* p] acre4 ,z an av]age (
 all results secur$1 #cbj p\nds ( raw   
phosphate appli$ ) manure on clov] sod  
produc$ #h4d bu%els m corn1 #d4g bu%els 
m :eat1 & #j4di ton m hay p] acre ?an   
:]e manure alone 0 us$1 & #cbj p\nds (  
acid phosphate1 co/+ twice z mu* money b
 conta9+ only half z mu* phosphorus1    
appli$ ) ! same am\nt ( manure1 produc$ 
#g4e bu%els m corn1 #e4a bu%els m :eat1 
& #j4df ton m hay ?an :]e ! manure alone
 0 us$4  ,n[ ,i h pres5t$ ! av]ages or  
summ>ies ( all inve/igations t h be5    
report$ cov]+ t5 ye>s or m :]e equal    
money values ( raw phosphate & acid     
phosphate h be5 us$1 or :]e any app>5t  
provision 0 made to supply "s organic   
manure1 :e!r z f>m manure1 gre5 manure  

or m]ely z clov] gr[n 9 ! rotation2 & ,i
 invite ! read] to mix 8 own bra9s ) ^! 
data & n to expect me to /ate :e!r he   
%\ld use ! relatively *eap gr\nd natural
 phosphate rock or ! m co/ly manufactur$
 acidulat$ phosphate 9 ! improvem5t ( 8 
own soil 9 sy/ems ( p]man5t pr(itable   
agriculture4   ,mak+ ,phosphate         
,available  ,if ! natural rock is us$ x 
%\ld be gr\nd s t at lea/ #ij p] c5t w  
pass ?r\gh a sieve ) #aj1jjj me%es to ! 
squ>e in*1 & ( c\rse its cont5t (       
phosphorus 7f #ab to #ae p] c5t7 or (   
s-call$ phosphoric acid 7f #bg to #cd p]
 c5t7 %\ld also be gu>ante$4 ,moreov] x 
%\ld be us$ lib]ally & 9 connection )   
pl5ty ( decay+ organic matt]4 ,p        
sometimes ask1 ,h[ mu* ( ! phosphorus 9 
raw phosphate is available8 ,! be/ answ]
 to ?is "q is1 ,none ( x2 &1 if y are n 
go+ to make x available1 don't use x4   
,on my own f>m ,i use ab\t "o ton p]    
acre ( raw phosphate once e six ye>s1   
?us add+ at lea/ #bej p\nds ( phosphorus
 at a co/ ( less ?an #h2 :]eas #bjj     

p\nds ( ! common complete f]tiliz] p]   
acre ye>ly w\ld co/ #ab e six ye>s1 &   
w\ld supply only #dj p\nds ( phosphorus4
 ,i d n use complete f]tiliz]s1 because 
!re is pl5ty ( nitrog5 9 ! air & pl5ty (
 potassium 9 ! soil2 & because1 by gr[+ 
& pl[+ "u pl5ty ( clov]1 ,i n only      
secure nitrog5 f ! air & lib]ate        
potassium f ! soil b also lib]ate !     
phosphorus f ! raw rock phosphate appli$
 to ! soil4 ,9 beg9n+ ! use ( raw       
phosphate :]e ! supply ( organic manures
 is limit$1 ,i apply "o ton ( phosphate 
& #fjj p\nds ( ka9it 9 intimate         
connection1 turn !m "u1 pref]ably )     
organic matt]1 !n add gr\nd lime/one if 
ne$$1 & ?us prep>e to gr[ clov]4  ,by f>
 ! mo/ important ag5cies "u ! f>m]'s    
control = ! lib]ation ( plant food are !
 decomposition products ( f]m5t+ or     
decay+ organic matt]1 su* z gre5        
manures1 crop residues & ord9>y f>m     
manures4 ,9 ! decomposition ( ^! organic
 mat]ials s\r or acid products are =m$4 
,?us v9eg>1 conta9+ acetic acid1 is =m$ 

f ! f]m5tation ( apple juice1 h>d cid]  
be+ an int]m$iate product4 ,sweet1      
*opp$1 immature field corn becomes s\r  
silage 9 ! silo1 lactic1 acetic1 c>bonic
 & o!r acids be+ =m$4 ,by a simil>      
process cabbage is turn$ into sau]kraut4
 ,likewise sweet milk becomes s\r1 ) !  
=mation ( lactic acid4 ,oxalic1 citric1 
t>t>ic1 succ9ic1 malic1 gallic & tannic 
are o!r well-kn[n organic acids4 ,"s (  
^! are conta9$ 9 ! sap or juice ( c]ta9 
plants1 & ^! or o!rs are =m$ :5 crop    
residues are decompos$ 9 ! soil4  ,9 !  
ultimate decomposition ( organic matt] !
 c>bon appe>s 9 ! =m ( c>bon dioxid :i* 
:5 comb9$ ) wat] =ms c>bonic acid4 ,?\gh
 ?is is a v weak acid1 its solv5t action
 is v important4  ,b1 9 addition to !   
v>i\s organic acids & c>bonic acid1 we h
 also to consid] ! =mation ( nitric acid
 9 connection ) ! decomposition (       
organic manures4 ,nitric acid is "o ( ! 
/ronge/ kn[n1 & 9 solv5t p[] x is       
excell$ by no s+le acid4 ,! nitrog5     
conta9$ 9 crop residues & o!r organic   

manures is *iefly 9 *emical comb9ation )
 c>bon1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 mu* ( x 9      
insoluble prote9 comp\nds4 ,normally ?is
 organic nitrog5 is trans=m$ 9 ! soil1  
fir/ into ammonia nitrog51 next into    
nitrite nitrog51 & la/ly into nitrate   
nitrog51 ^! ?ree trans=mations be+      
effect$ by bio*emical action produc$ by 
diff]5t k9ds ( liv+ microscopic         
organisms call$ bact]ia4 ,?\gh          
detectable am\nts ( free nitric acid d n
 accumulate dur+ ?is process (          
nitrification1 ! soluble nitrate or f9al
 product is =m$ by ! action ( nitric    
acid ^u a m9]al base1 su* z calcium1    
magnesium1 or potassium1 :i* may h be5 9
 ! soil 9 insoluble =m1 s t ! nitrog5   
mu/ pass ?r\gh ! =m ( nitric acid 9 !   
trans=mation into nitrates4  ,:ile !    
organic matt] appli$ to ! soil conta9s  
ab\t tw5ty times z mu* c>bon z nitrog51 
& :ile correspond+ am\nts ( c>bonic acid
 & important am\nts ( int]m$iate organic
 acids mu/ be =m$1 x is ( mu* int]e/ to 
"k t ev5 ! nitric acid =m$ 9 !          

trans=mation ( organic nitrog5 to       
nitrate nitrog5 9 suffici5t quantity = a
 giv5 crop is sev5 times z mu* acid z   
w\ld be requir$ to conv]t raw rock      
phosphate into soluble phosphate to     
furni% ! phosphorus requir$ = ! same    
crop4 ,a k ( ?is def9ite quantitative   
relation%ip %\ld help u to appreciate ! 
possibilities ( decay+ organic manures 9
 ! important matt] ( mak+ plant food    
available1 includ+ potassium1 calcium & 
magnesium z well z phosphorus & nitrog54
  ,! value ( rye1 rape1 buck:eat & o!r  
non-legumes :5 us$ z gre5 manures is v  
l>gely due to ! lib]ation ( plant food  
by _! decomposition 9 contact ) !       
natural phosphates1 pota% & o!r m9]als  
conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,! f>m] has no m      
important bus9ess ?an t ( mak+ plant    
food available1 especially by supply+   
lib]al am\nts ( decay+ organic matt]4   
,! foll[+ sugge/ions are (f]$ to ! l&   
own]3  ,to enri* ! soil apply lib]al    
am\nts ( lime/one1 organic manures &    
phosphorus4  ,to enri* ! sell] apply    

small am\nts ( high-pric$ complete      
comm]cial f]tiliz]s4  ,?us ! av]age (   
sev5ty-?ree ,coop]ative ,f]tiliz] ,te/s 
on ,clay & ,loam ,soils1 ext5d+ into    
?irty-eight diff]5t c\nties 9 ,indiana  
7,bullet9 #aee71 %[s #ac c5ts z ! f>m]'s
 pr(it f ea* doll> sp5t = complete      
f]tiliz]s us$ = corn1 oats1 :eat1       
timo?y1 & potatoes1 if valu$ 9 ! field  
at #dj c5ts a bu%el = corn1 #cj c5ts =  
oats1 #hj c5ts = :eat1 #ej c5ts =       
potatoes1 & at #aj a ton = hay1 ov] &   
above ! extra exp5se = h>ve/+ & m>ket+ !
 increase1 & ( c\rse ! soil gr[s poor]1 
because ! crops h>ve/$ remov$ mu* m     
plant food ?an ! f]tiliz]s suppli$4     
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,p]man5t ,,soil          
,,f]tility   ,its ,relation to ,pr(its &
 ,future ,values  ,,?\gh intellig5t soil
 improvem5t is ! mo/ pr(itable bus9ess 9
 :i* an hone/ man c engage1 ord9>y f>m+ 
is n a highly remun]ative occupation1 & 
to a l>ge ext5t ! =tune ( ! f>m] is b\nd
 up ) ! increase or depreciation 9 !    
m>ket value ( 8 l&4 ,!re are at lea/    

?ree important factors ( influ5ce :i*   
induce p to cont9ue f>m+3  ,fir/1 ! f>m]
 is 8 own employ]4 ,he controls 8 own   
job1 is 8 own boss & has no sup]ior     
(fic] to lay him (f because (           
disagreem5t1 dull bus9ess or political  
pref]m5t4 ,f>m]s con/itute by f> ! l>ge/
 class ( citiz5s :o own _! own bus9ess1 
& are ?us indep5d5t4  ,second1 ! f>m] is
 able z a rule to make "s sort ( a liv+ 
= 8 family v l>gely out ( ! produce ( ! 
f>m1 s t he gets "s return = 8 labor 9  
t]ms ( food1 ev5 :5 !re is no pr(it 9   
f>m+ z a bus9ess2 :]eas ! wage-e>n] ( ! 
city1 z soon z 8 wages /op & 8 sav+s &  
cr$it are exhau/$1 mu/ see 8 family     
support$ by *>ity or />ve4 ,?is is n    
fiction1 b fact4  ,?ird1 l& is usually  
consid]$ a safe inve/m5t1 9 :i* "o may  
hold a p]fect & undivid$ title to 8     
prop]ty2 & p w reta9 possession ( a f>m 
ev5 :5 x pays a l[ rate ( int]e/1 r ?an 
sell & inve/ ! proce$s 9 "s o!r         
ent]prise :i* !y _c control z           
individuals or :i* may sudd5ly          

depreciate 9 e>n+ p[]1 fail or be utt]ly
 de/roy$4   ,is ,l& a ,safe ,inve/m5t8  
,?\gh x is true t f>m l& does n pass out
 ( exi/5ce 9 a day1 nev]!less x is by no
 means a safe inve/m5t1 z witness !     
num]\s ab&on$ f>ms 9 ! old] agricultural
 sections ( ?is new c\ntry4 ,x is easily
 possible = "o ( means to become        
l&-poor--to h inve/m5ts 9 l& :i* w n pay
 ! taxes & upkeep ( build+s1 f5ces & s  
=?4 ,at prevail+ prices = f>m produce & 
labor !re are va/ areas ( l& 9 ! old]   
/ates f> pa/ ! po9t ( possible          
self-r$emption2 &1 z a matt] ( bus9ess1 
"o might bett] burn 8 money & save 8    
en]gy ?an to exp5d all 8 res\rces 9     
half-pay+ = su* deplet$ l&1 dep5d+ ^u ! 
imm$iate income f x to raise a mortgage 
cov]+ ! unpaid balance4  ,intellig5t    
optimism is admirable1 b fact is bett]  
?an fiction2 & bl9d bigotry p>ad$ z     
optimism is dang]\s & condemnable4 ,"s  
"o has said t su* a bigot is n an       
optimi/ b a *e]ful idiot4 ,to pur*ase   
ri*1 well-wat]$ l& at a l[ price &      

become weal?y by m]ely wait+ till ! l&  
increases 9 value t5fold1 :ile mak+ a   
liv+ by tak+ f]tility f ! soil1 has be5 
easy & common 9 ! great agricultural    
/ates dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,b1       
p>adoxical z x may seem1 l& values h    
increas$ :ile f]tility & productiv5ess h
 decreas$ &1 ) %ort] days = high] pric$ 
& less effici5t f>m labor1 ) m middlem5 
absorb+ ! pr(its betwe5 ! produc] & !   
consum]1 x is n[ difficult inde$ to buy 
l& ) borr[$ money & pay = x f subsequ5t 
f>m pr(its4 ,if cont9u$ soil depletion  
is practic$1 ultimate failure is ! only 
future = su* inve/m5ts4  ,t va/ areas ( 
l& once cultivat$ ) pr(it 9 ! orig9al   
?irte5 /ates n[ lie agriculturally      
ab&on$ is common k2 & t ! f>m l&s ( !   
great ,corn ,belt & ,:eat ,belt ( !     
,nor?-,c5tral /ates are ev5 n[ und]go+ !
 mo/ rapid soil depletion ev] witness$  
is kn[n to all :o possess ! facts4      
,unless ?is t5d5cy is *eck$ ^! l&s w g !
 way ( ! ab&on$ f>ms4   ,"s ,broad      
,facts  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( !    

,c5sus reports t ! total production (   
our five great gra9 crops--corn1 :eat1  
oats1 b>ley & rye--am\nt$ to            
#d1dad1jjj1jjj bu%els 9 #ahii1 & to     
#d1dde1jjj1jjj bu%els 9 #aiji1 an       
increase ( less ?an "o p] c5t4          
,fur!rmore1 if we assume ! av]age       
production report$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = ! ?ree-ye>   
p]iods #ahih to #aijj & #aijh to #aiaj z
 ! normal = #ahii1 & #aiji1             
respectively1 & comp>e ^! av]ages ) !   
production actually report$ by t        
dep>tm5t = #ahii & #aiji1 we f9d t z an 
av]age ( all ^! crops #aiji 0 a slightly
 m favorable season ?an #ahii1 :i*      
indicates t ) /rictly comp>able seasons 
! increase f #ahii to #aiji 0 less ?an  
#a_/b p] c5t 9 ! production ( ^! five   
great gra9 crops ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,on
 ! o!r h&1 ! ,bureau ( ,c5sus reports t 
dur+ ! same decade ! acreage ( f>m l& 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ by #d4h p] c5t1
 & t ! acreage ( improv$ f>m l&-t is1   
f>m$ l&-increas$ by #aed p] c5t4 ,?us ! 

c5sus data pla9ly %[ r$uc$ yield p]     
acre4 ,9 addition we h actual records   
:i* %[ t dur+ ! decade our :eat exports 
decreas$ f #baj1jjj1jjj to #ajh1jjj1jjj 
bu%els1 & t our corn exports decreas$ f 
#aif1jjj1jjj to #di1jjj1jjj bu%els1 9   
ord] to help fe$ ! increase ( #ba p] c5t
 9 our population4 ,& yet ! p compla9$ (
 ! high co/ ( pla9 liv+ & _m h be5 =c$  
to adopt l[] /&>ds = ! table4 ,mean:ile 
! value ( ! f>m l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
increas$ by #aah p] c5t dur+ ! t5       
ye>s--f #ac1jjj1jjj1jjj to              
#bh1ejj1jjj1jjj--;z report$ by ! ,bureau
 ( ,c5sus4   ,! ,value ( ,l&  ,! great  
prim>y reason :y l& values h increas$ s 
m>k$ly dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s is t       
,am]ica has no m free l& ( good quality 
9 humid sections4 ,civiliz$ man is      
*>act]iz$ by hung] = ! own]%ip ( l&4    
,our population cont9ues to increase by 
m ?an #bj p] c5t ea* decade1 b all      
future possible additions to ! f>m l&s (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt to only #i p] c5t
 ( ! pres5t acreage1 & mo/ ( ?is small  

addition requires exp5sive irrigation or
 dra9age4  ,if x co/ #d an acre to raise
 corn1 #e c5ts a bu%el to h>ve/ & m>ket 
! crop1 #i c5ts a bu%el to ma9ta9 !     
f]tility ( ! soil1 & #a_/b p] c5t on !  
value ( ! l& = taxes1 !n1 if money is   
wor? #e p] c5t1 l& t produces #bj bu%els
 ( #dj-;c5t corn is wor? #ba4ha an acre4
 ,on ! same basis1 :at w\ld l& be wor? t
 produces #dj bu%els ( corn & equival5t 
values ( o!r crops8 ,at fir/ ?\ght "o   
might say1 #dc4fb2 b ?is answ] w\ld be  
f> f ! correct "o1 :i* is #aaf4cf4  ,&1 
if we aga9 d\ble ! yield1 mak+ x #hj    
bu%els an acre1 ! value ( ! l& becomes n
 #hg4bd1 & n #bcb4gb2 b easy computation
 w %[ t ! gross receipts f an #hj-;bu%el
 crop w pay #g4bj an acre = soil        
enri*m5t1 #d = rais+ ! crop1 #d = h>ve/+
 & m>ket+1 #a4ec = taxes & #e p] c5t    
int]e/ on a valuation ( #cje4de an acre4
  ,! av]age yield ( corn 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates is only #be bu%els an acre1 & !  
av]age net returns ev5 f ! f>ms ( !     
,corn ,belt w n pay #d p] c5t int]e/ on 

_! pres5t m>ket value4 ,b ! intellig5t  
inve/m5t ( #b an acre annually 9        
positive soil enri*m5t w increase ! crop
 yield by two bu%els ( corn ea* ye>--or 
by equival5t am\nts ( o!r crops gr[n 9 !
 rotation--& w ma9ta9 ?is increase = at 
lea/ a doz5 ye>s on ! av]age l& n[ "u   
cultivation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no o!r 
safe inve/m5t c be nam$ t w pay s great 
returns4 ,( c\rse1 ! co/ is #a a bu%el =
 ! fir/ ye>'s increase1 & ev5 ! second  
ye> ! #d bu%els ( corn co/ #b2 b :at is 
! co/ p] bu%el ( ! increase ! t5? ye>8  
,x is #aj c5ts2 & ! twelf? ye> ! #bd    
bu%els ( increase co/ only #h-a_/c c5ts 
a bu%el1 ) a return ( ne>ly #ejj p] c5t 
on ! annual inve/m5t 9 soil improvem5t4 
,& ?is is n bas$ on m]e !oretical       
consid]ations4 ,! av]age ,corn-,belt l& 
is produc+ only #dj bu%els ( corn to !  
acre2 :ile a six-ye> av]age yield ( #ij 
bu%els has be5 produc$ on ! common      
,corn-,belt l& ) prop] & pr(itable soil 
treatm5t4 ,?us is x too mu* = any f>m]  
to adopt a def9ite sy/em bas$ ^u        

e/abli%$ practical sci5tific in=mation  
:i* makes x possible = 8 yield to       
increase f #dj bu%els to an av]age ( #fd
 bu%els an acre8 ,b let him make sure t 
! sy/em he adopts is cumulative & truly 
p]man5t1 & n m]ely /imulat+ & tempor>y4 
,:at ,phosphorus ,did on ,"o ,f>m  ,on 8
 #ejj-;acre f>m ne> ,gilman1 9 ! he>t ( 
! ,ill9ois ,corn ,belt1 ,mr4 ,frank ,i4 
,mann has produc$ a #gj-;bu%el av]age   
yield ( corn = a five-ye> p]iod1 & )    
#bjj acres ( l& 9 corn annually4 ,x co/ 
him only #a an acre a ye> 9 f9e-gr\nd   
natural rock phosphate to produce       
increas$ yields ( #af bu%els m corn1 #bc
 bu%els m oats & #a ton m clov] ?an !   
av]age yields secur$ )\t add+           
phosphorus4  ,b ?is progressive1        
practical f>m] is only putt+ into       
pr(itable practice ! results ( !        
long-cont9u$ c>eful inve/igations ) raw 
phosphate conduct$ by su* public-s]vice 
in/itutions z ! agricultural exp]im5t   
/ations ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ,rhode  
,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,ohio & ,ill9ois4 

,he kn[s also t on f\r diff]5t fields ( 
typical ,corn-,belt l& 9 ,mc,lean c\nty1
 ,ill9ois1 ! total crop values p] acre =
 a p]iod ( t5 ye>s 7 #adh4ge #aea-cj1   
#adi4dc & #adi4if1 respectively1 & t on 
f\r o!r adjo9+ or int]v5+ fields1 :i*   
diff]$ only by two lib]al additions (   
phosphorus dur+ ! t5 ye>s1 ! respective 
crop values = ! same "t 7 #bbi1cg1      
#bba4cj1 #bbi4bj & #bbe4eg4  ,( c\rse1  
,mr4 ,mann does n buy nitrog51 b he     
takes x f ! inexhau/ible supply 9 ! air 
by means ( clov] & alfalfa or o!r       
legumes4 ,he does n buy potassium       
because he kn[s h[ to lib]ate x f !     
inexhau/ible supply conta9$ 9 ! soil1 & 
because he kn[s t 9 ! ,ill9ois          
inve/igation j cit$ ! crop values f f\r 
diff]5t fields n receiv+ potassium 7    
#adh4ge1 #aea4cj1 #bbi4cg & #bba4cj2    
:ile f\r o!r adjo9+ fields1 :i* diff]$  
only by lib]al applications ( potassium1
 produc$ dur+ ! same t5 ye>s #adi4dc1   
#adi4if1 #bbi4bj & #bbe4eg1             
respectively4  ,?us1 z a g5]al av]age1  

phosphorus increas$ ! crop values by    
#gf4ej an acre1 :i* am\nts to m ?an #cjj
 p] c5t on ! inve/m5t1 & at ! end ( ! t5
 ye>s ! soil on ! be/ treat$ & highe/   
yield+ l& 0 #aj p] c5t ri*] 9 phosphorus
 ?an at ! beg9n+2 :ile ! crops f !      
unf]tiliz$ l& remov$ an am\nt (         
phosphorus equal to ne>ly "o-t5? ( !    
total supply 9 ! pl[$ soil4 ,b a simil> 
g5]al av]age %[s t potassium produc$    
increas$ crop values wor? only #hf c5ts1
 or #c p] c5t ( its co/4  ,:at o!r      
results %\ld be expect$ f l& conta9+ 9 !
 pl[$ soil ( an acre less ?an #abjj     
p\nds ( phosphorus & m ?an #cf1jjj p\nds
 ( potassium8   ,work+ ! ,l&  ,if !re is
 "o agricultural fact t ne$s to be      
impress$ ^u ! ,am]ican p x is t ! f>m]s 
( ?is c\ntry h be5 liv+1 n ^u ! int]e/ f
 _! inve/m5ts1 b ^u _! pr9cipal2 &      
:atev] measure ( app>5t prosp]ity !y h  
_h has be5 tak5 f _! capital /ock4 ,!   
boa/ful /atem5t sometimes made1 t !     
,am]ican l&[n] has become a sci5tific   
f>m]1 is z errone\s z x is optimi/ic4   

,su* /atem5ts are bas$ ^u a few select$ 
examples or r>e illu/rations1 & n ^u any
 adequate k ( g5]al f>m practice4 ,ev5  
to ?is date almo/ e ef=t put =? by !    
mass ( ,am]ican f>m]s has result$ 9     
decreas+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4  ,!       
productive p[] ( normal l& 9 humid      
climates dep5ds almo/ :olly ^u ! p[] ( !
 soil to fe$ ! crop2 b ! ,am]ican f>m]  
does ev]y?+ except to re/ore to ! soil !
 plant food requir$ to ma9ta9 p]man5tly 
its crop-produc+ p[]4 ,^! ought be to h 
done1 b n to leave ! o!r undone4 ,?us1  
tile dra9age adds no?+ to ! soil out (  
:i* crops are made1 b only p]mits !     
removal ( m f]tility 9 ! l>g] crops     
produc$ on ! well-dra9$ l&4 ,m ?or\gh   
tillage ) our improv$ implem5ts (       
cultivation is m]ely work+ ! l& = all   
t's 9 x4 ,! use ( bett] se$ produces    
l>g] crops1 b only at ! exp5se ( ! soil4
 ,ev5 ! f>m manure is s limit$ & is     
spread s ?9ly ) manure-spread]s made = !
 purpose t x adds b little to ! soil 9  
comp>ison ) ! crops remov$ & sold 9 gra9

 & hay z well z 9 meat & milk4 ,clov]1 z
 commonly produc$ & h>ve/$1 adds little 
or no nitrog5 to ! soil4  ,! ord9>y     
high-pric$1 manufactur$1 acidulat$1     
s-call$ complete comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 9 
! small am\nts t f>m]s c af=d to use1 & 
d use q g5]ally 9 ! old] /ates1 s]ve 9  
"p z soil-/imulants & commonly leave !  
l& poor] ye> by ye>2 & if ! f>m]s ( !   
great ,corn & ,:eat ,belts are ev] to   
adopt sy/ems ( p]man5t agriculture1 x   
mu/ be done 9 ! ne> future1 or !y too w 
awake to f9d _! l&s impov]i%$ beyond    
self-r$emption4  ,ev5 9 ! /ate (        
,massa*usetts1 :]e a mo/ active campaign
 has be5 wag$ = =ty ye>s by ! mix$      
comm]cial f]tiliz] int]e/s1 urg+ &      
p]suad+ _m f>m]s to use _! high-pric$   
artificial soil /imulants1 v l>ge areas 
( l& are be+ agriculturally ab&on$4 ,?us
 ! foll[+ /atem5t appe>s 9 ! report ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,c5sus 9 reg>d  
to ! f>m l& ( ,massa*usetts3  ,! area ( 
improv$ l& decreas$ )\t int]ruption     
until 9 #aiaj x 0 only ab\t "o-half :at 

x 0 9 #ahhj4  ,x %\ld n be =gott51      
h[ev]1 t m>ket g>d5]s (t5 sell f #ajj to
 #cjj wor? ( produce f an acre & !y c   
well af=d to use l>ge am\nts ( soluble  
comm]cial plant food 7acid phosphate1   
nitrates1 etc47 z well z animal manures 
f ! cities4   ,is ! ,soil ,inexhau/ible8
  ,x is n ! fault ( ! f>m] alone t      
soil-robb+ & l& ru9 h foll[$ 8 "w 9     
,am]ica4 ,nei!r ! av]age f>m] ( today   
nor any ( 8 ance/ors receiv$ any        
agricultural in/ruction 9 ! s*ools2 & ! 
gre$y f]tiliz] ag5t has p]suad$ him to  
buy 8 pat5t soil m$ic9e & has tak5 #ajj 
( ! f>m]'s money & giv5 him 9 return    
only #aj wor? ( :at he really ne$s to   
buy2 & ev5 ! ,bureau ( ,soils ( ! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t has = sev]al ye>s promulgat$ 
! errone\s & condemnable !ory express$ 9
 ! foll[+ quotations3  ,f ! mod]n       
conception ( ! nature & purpose ( ! soil
 x is evid5t t x _c we> out2 t1 s f> z !
 m9]al food is conc]n$1 x w cont9ue     
automatically to supply adequate        
quantities ( ! m9]al plant foods =      

crops4 7,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,soils1 
,bullet9 ,no4 #ee1 p4 #gi47  ,!re is    
ano!r way 9 :i* ! f]tility ( ! soil c be
 ma9ta9$3 namely1 by arrang+ a sy/em (  
rotation & gr[+ ea* ye> a crop t is n   
injur$ by ! excreta ( ! prec$+ crop3 !n 
:5 ! "t comes r\nd = ! fir/ crop to be  
plant$ aga91 ! soil has _h ample "t to  
dispose ( ! sewage result+ f ! gr[? ( ! 
plant two or ?ree ye>s be=e4 7,unit$    
,/ates ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #beg1 p4   
#ba47  ,! soil is ! "o inde/ructible1   
immutable asset t ! nation possesses4 ,x
 is ! "o res\rce t _c be exhau/$2 t _c  
be us$ up4 7,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau (     
,soils1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ee1 p4 #ff47  ,& 
^! are only samples ( ! false tea*+     
spread abroad by ?is bureau ( !ori/s1   
ev5 ?\gh ! congressm5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
c n ent] ! capitol ( ! nation f any     
direction )\t pass+ deplet$ &           
agriculturally ab&on$ l&s4 ,is x n 9    
ord] to ask ! ,congress or ! presid5t ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates h[ long ! ,am]ican f>m] 
is to be burd5$ ) ^! p]nici\s1 disprov$ 

& condemnable doctr9es p\r$ =? & spread 
abroad by ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,soils8  ,x
 is true t ^! errone\s tea*+s h be5     
oppos$ or ridicul$ 9 ,europe2 !y h be5  
d5\nc$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial     
,agricultural ,*emi/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 & reject$ by e l&-grant college &      
agricultural exp]im5t /ation t has be5  
he>d f1 includ+ ^? 9 =ty-sev5 /ates2 &  
yet ?is doctr9e1 emanat+ f :at %\ld be !
 position ( highe/ au?ority1 is ! mo/   
pot5t ( all exi/+ influ5ces to prev5t ! 
prop] c>e ( our soils4   ,! ,values 9   
,l&  ,x 0 ,b>on von ,liebig :o taught1  
bo? 9 ,g]many & 9 ,engl&1 t--x is n ! l&
 itself t con/itutes ! f>m]'s weal?1 b x
 is 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 :i* s]ve = 
! nutrition ( plants1 t ?is weal? truly 
consi/s4 ,& x is 9 ! application ( ?is  
tea*+1 completely v]ifi$ by sixty ye>s (
 inve/igation & demon/ration by ,lawes &
 ,gilb]t at ,ro?am/$1 t ,engl& has be5  
able to raise h] #aj-ye> av]age yield ( 
:eat to #cg-a_/b bu%els an acre1 :ile ! 
av]age = ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&s at #ad     

bu%els4  ,9 ,ill9ois1 :]e ! agricultural
 college & exp]im5t /ation1 ! /ate      
f>m]s' in/itute & ! agricultural press h
 be5 work+ 9 p]fect co-op]ation 9 tea*+ 
& demon/rat+ ! ne$ & value ( soil       
enri*m5t z well z ( se$ selection &     
prop] tillage1 ! #aj-ye> av]age yield ( 
:eat is already #c bu%els high] & !     
#aj-ye> av]age yield ( corn is #g-a_/b  
bu%els high] ?an ! av]ages = ! #be-ye>  
p]iod end+ ) #ahij1 be=e ! def9ite      
in=mation f ,ill9ois inve/igations began
 to be widely dissem9at$2 & yet x mu/ be
 confess$ t on ! av]age ,ill9ois is     
produc+ only #af bu%els ( :eat & #cf    
bu%els ( corn to ! acre1 :i* is less ?an
 half a crop1 measur$ by ! possibilities
 ( our soil & climate4  ,b :at %all we  
say ( ,georgia1 bo? an old] & a l>g]    
/ate1 & ) f> bett] climatic conditions =
 corn1 yet ) a #aj-ye> av]age yield (   
less ?an #ab bu%els ( corn to ! acre1   
not)/&+ ! ye>ly exp5diture ( #bj1jjj1jjj
 = m ?an #bjjj diff]5t br&s ( comm]cial 
f]tiliz]s t h be5 b\ght by ,georgia     

f>m]s8 ,! facts are t :ile "s pr(it c be
 secur$ f ! use ( high-pric$ mix$       
comm]cial f]tiliz]s = cotton ) l9t at   
#aj c5ts a p\nd1 !y sc>cely pay _! co/  
:5 us$ = corn1 ev5 at ,georgia prices4  
,work+ ,m9d & ,muscle  ,b ,georgia sp5ds
 money en\gh = f]tiliz]s to d\ble !     
av]age crop yields ( ! entire /ate )9 a 
decade if wisely inve/$ 9 positive soil 
enri*m5t 9 rational p]man5t sy/ems (    
agriculture4  ,:y %\ld n ! f>m]s (      
,georgia & o!r ,s\!rn /ates be br\ght to
 und]/& & to apply ! results ( ^? mo/   
valuable inve/igations conduct$ by !    
,l\isiana ,exp]im5t ,/ation on typical  
worn upl& soil ( ! ,s\?1 :i* %[ t ! use 
( organic manures produc$ ^u ! f>m-f>m  
manure1 legume cov]-crops & cottonse$   
meal--re-en=c$ by lib]al additions (    
phosphorus1 increas$ ! crop yields f    
#dff to #aead p\nds p] acre ( se$       
cotton1 f #i4d to #ca4d bu%els ( corn1 &
 f #af4d to #da4h bu%els ( oats1 z !    
av]ages = n9ete5 ye>s8  ,?is exp]im5t   
occupi$ #f acres ( l&1 b :5 ! results   

are appli$ to a #fj-;acre f>m x is f\nd 
t ! gross returns f ! untreat$ l& w\ld  
am\nt to #eie4gf1 :ile ! net returns f !
 soil treatm5t am\nt to #ief4jh         
annually1 bo? ! value ( produce & ! co/ 
( f]tiliz] be+ comput$ at ! prices t 7  
us$ by ! ,l\isiana ,exp]im5t ,/ation4   
,?us ! comb9$ gross e>n+ p[] ( bo? l& & 
labor is less ?an #fjj a ye>2 :ile !    
bra9 "w appli$ to ! improvem5t ( ! soil 
on ! same f>m br+s a net return ( m ?an 
#iej4 ,once 9 ?ree ye>s #ej p\nds an    
acre ( ka9it 0 also appli$4 ,?is w\ld   
conta9 only #e p\nds ( potassium1 or    
less ?an w\ld be requir$ = "o #g-;bu%el 
crop ( corn4  ,^! are ! olde/ exp]im5ts 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* organic manures 
h be5 re-en=c$ ) phosphorus1 & ! only   
addition sugge/$ = ! pr(itable          
improvem5t ( ?is sy/em is gr\nd lime/one
 on acid soils4 ,^! results only        
emphasize ! fact t ! av]age f>m yields  
small returns ^u ! capital & labor      
inve/$1 b ! /atem5t may well be repeat$ 
t ! intellig5t improvem5t ( 8 soil1 9   

sy/ems ( p]man5t agriculture1 is ! mo/  
pr(itable bus9ess 9 :i* ! f>m] & l& own]
 c engage4     ,,au?or',s ,,note  ,!    
foll[+ g5]\s /atem5ts are quot$ "h only 
because ( ! hope & e>ne/ desire t ^? :o 
h read ! prec$+ pages may cont9ue _!    
/udy ( ! soil--! f\ndation ( all        
agriculture--until !y ma/] ! subject1 & 
make _! own ! exi/+ k ( ! fundam5tal    
pr9ciples ( p]man5t soil f]tility4      
,ano!r ,great ,s]mon  ,h y read x8 ,x is
 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,soil1 by ,doctor ,cyril  
,g4 ,hopk9s1 & n s9ce ! publication (   
,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 has any writ] 9 ! _w
 produc$ a book ( su* trem5d\s          
importance to pres5t & future g5]ations4
 ,?is s]mon is 9 h>mony ) #bj? c5tury   
ideals4 ,h4 ,a4 ,mc,k,e,e,n,e1 ,secret>y
 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,f>m]s ,in/itute4  ,!   
,/ory ( ! ,soil3 f ! basis ( absolute   
sci5ce & real life4 ,?is is an odd book4
 ,x has a love /ory runn+ ?r\gh x1 & x  
has an index1 n a usual app5dix to a    
novel4 ,& yet x is n really a novel1 b a
 sci5tific book on agriculture4 ,!re is 

j en\gh /ory to entice ! less will+     
read] to absorb "s ( ! late/ results (  
soil analysis4 ,! "y man ( ! /ory visits
 ,virg9ia & ,new ,engl&1 ) a view to    
pur*as+ a worn-out f>m & build+ x up4   
,he f9ally buys su* a f>m1 & by ! me?ods
 c>efully expla9$ re/ores x to f]tility 
& pr(it4 ,?is requires dialogs & lett]s 
on sci5tific husb&ry1 ev5 9 ! love-mak+1
 & "o :o reads & dige/s x w make a bett]
 f>m]4--,! ,indep5d5t1 ,new ,york4  ,!  
,/ory ( ! ,soil has prov5 an inspiration
 to _m ( our ,cali=nia f>m]s4 ,we wi% = 
! book a widespread                     
circulation4--,cali=nia ,cultivator4  ,i
 d\bt if a doz5 p 9 ! c\ntry w\ld       
believe t x is possible to write a novel
 ab\t ! soil--^! big soil problems h&l$ 
s ably1 s pla9ly t any p]son c und]/&4  
,"h is a book t c]ta9ly e man 9 ! l&    
%\ld read4--,editor ,,*>les ,w4         
,,burkett1 ( ,am]ican ,agriculturi/ & ( 
,g9n  ,company's ,c\ntry ,life          
,education ,s]ies4  ,i mu/ say t ,i ?9k 
! book is de/9$ to d m good1 /ir m      

?\ght1 enc\rage m upw>d ef=t among !    
f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry1 ?an any o!r         
publication t has yet appe>$4 ,x 0 a    
happy ?\ght mak+ a human /ory (         
x4--,ex-,gov4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,ho>d1 ,editor ( 
,ho>d's ,dairyman1 ,=t ,atk9son1 ,wis4  
,:5 ,dr4 ,cyril ,hopk9s sets out to     
write a book we "k we are 9 = some?+    
unconv5tional1 b ?is "t he has excell$  
himself 9 unconv5tionality1 & has essay$
 a task t no au?or has attempt$ = ! la/ 
sixty ye>s1--to tell ! /ory ( ! soil 9 !
 =m ( a *ronicle4 ,! result is          
rem>kable2 a cle> acc\nt is giv5 ( !    
soil 9 relation to ! crop1 & ! int]e/ ( 
! subject is broad5$ by skillfully weav+
 9 ! ?reads ( a mild novel4 ,light read+
 ! book c]ta9ly is1 z ! au?or int5d$1 b 
x has dep? & p]man5t value4--,,dr4      
,e4,j4 ,russell1 ,director ( ! ,ro?am/$ 
,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,engl&1--f ,nature4  
,9 ?is book ,dr4 ,hopk9s has embodi$ 9 !
 %ape ( an int]e/+ /ory1 deal+ ) life on
 a f>m1 ! sci5ce ( soil f]tility &      
p]man5t agriculture4 ,he has demon/rat$ 

h[ ! mo/ badly run-d[n soil c be re/or$ 
to m ?an virg9 f]tility1 & ) pr(it 9 !  
do+ ( ! "w4--,editor ,j4 ,f4 ,,jackson1 
( ! ,s\!rn ,plant]1 ,ri*mond1 ,va4  ,i  
wi% t e f>m] & f>m]'s family 9 ! l& c\ld
 read ,! ,/ory ( ! ,soil1 = x gives 9 a 
nut%ell ! results ( ye>s ( pati5t /udy &
 inve/igation ^u ! mo/ vital "q t n[    
confronts ! f>m]3 ,h[ %all he cons]ve 8 
soil8 ,i h read x ) great pleasure &    
pr(it4--,,fr$ ,l4 ,,hat*1 ,f>m]1 ,spr+  
,grove1 ,ill4  ,9 ! =m ( a /ory--a real1
 live1 int]e/+ /ory--! book develops a v
 l>ge numb] ( highly important facts 9  
connection ) soils & f>m f]tility4 ,we h
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read ! purely sci5tific works4 ,! au?or 
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book are reliable4--,ohio ,f>m]4  ,!    
,/ory ( ! ,soil1 by ,cyril ,g4 ,hopk9s1 
,pr(essor ( ,soils & ,crops1 ,univ]sity 
( ,ill9ois1 a practical f>m] & a        
sci5tific soil inve/igator2 a book (    

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pap]1 9 /rong & durable b9d+2 illu/rat$ 
) photographic reproductions ( actual   
results secur$ 9 pr(itable sy/ems (     
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index & gloss>y4 ,price #a4jj ,c also be
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