,,famili> ,,lett]s ,,on ,,*emi/ry1 ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,comm]ce1 ,,physiology1 ,,& ,,agriculture1 ,,by ,,ju/us ,,liebig1 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,giess54 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,john ,,g>dn]1 ,m4,d41 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,society4 ,second ,edition1 ,correct$4 ,,london3 ,,mdcccxliv4 ,,preface ,! ,lett]s conta9$ 9 ?is little ,volume embrace "s ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry1 9 _! application to ,natural ,philosophy1 ,physiology1 ,agriculture1 & ,comm]ce4 ,"s ( !m treat ( subjects :i* h already be51 or w h]eaft] be1 m fully discuss$ 9 my l>g] works4 ,!y 7 int5d$ to be m]e sket*es1 & 7 writt5 = ! especial purpose ( excit+ ! att5tion ( gov]nm5ts1 & an enlight5$ public1 to ! necessity ( e/abli%+ ,s*ools ( ,*emi/ry1 & ( promot+1 by e means1 ! /udy ( a sci5ce s intimately connect$ ) ! arts1 pursuits1 & social well-be+ ( mod]n civilis$ nations4 ,= my own "p ,i d n scruple to av[ ! conviction1 t ere long1 a k ( ! pr9cipal tru?s ( ,*emi/ry w be expect$ 9 e educat$ man1 & t x w be z necess>y to ! ,/atesman1 ! ,political ,economi/1 & ! ,practical ,agriculturi/1 z x is already indisp5sable to ! ,physician1 & ! ,manufactur]4 ,9 ,g]many1 su* ( ^! ,lett]s z h be5 already publi%$1 h n fail$ to produce "s ( ! results anticipat$4 ,new pr(essor%ips h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,goett+5 & ,wu]tzburg1 = ! express purpose ( facilitat+ ! application ( *emical tru?s to ! practical arts ( life1 & ( foll[+ up ! new l9e ( inve/igation & rese>*--! be>+ ( ,*emi/ry ^u ,physiology1 ,m$ic9e1 & ,agriculture1--:i* may be said to be only j begun4 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,erne/ ,dieff5ba*1 "o ( my fir/ pupils1 :o is well acqua9t$ ) all ! bran*es ( ,*emi/ry1 ,physics1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ,m$ic9e1 sugge/$ to me t a collection ( ^! ,lett]s w\ld be acceptable to ! ,engli% public1 :i* has s fav\rably receiv$ my =m] works4 ,i readily acquiesc$ 9 ! publication ( an ,engli% edition1 & und]took to write a few additional ,lett]s1 :i* %\ld embrace "s conclusions ,i h arriv$ at1 9 my rec5t inve/igations1 9 connection ) ! application ( *emical sci5ce to ! physiology ( plants & agriculture4 ,my e/eem$ fri5d1 ,dr4 ,g>dn]1 has _h ! k9dness to revise ! manuscript & ! pro( %eets = publication1 = :i* ,i _c refra9 express+ my be/ ?anks4 ,x only rema9s = me to add a hope1 t ?is little (f]+ may s]ve to make new fri5ds to our beautiful & useful sci5ce1 & be a remembranc] to ^? old fri5ds :o h1 = _m ye>s pa/1 tak5 a lively int]e/ 9 all my lab\rs4 ,,ju/us ,,liebig ,giess51 ,aug4 #ahdc4 ,,cont5ts ,,lett] ,i ,! ,subject propos$4 ,mat]ials employ$ = ,*emical ,app>atus3-- ,,glass--,,ca\t*\c--,,cork--,,plat9um4 ,,! ,,balance4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,anci5ts1 repres5t ! =ms ( matt]4 ,lavoisi] & 8 successors4 ,/udy ( ! mat]ials compos+ ! ,e>?4 ,syn!tic production ( ,m9]als--,,lapis ,,lazuli4 ,organic ,*emi/ry4 ,,lett] ,,ii ,*anges ( ,=m :i* e k9d ( ,matt] und]goes4 ,conv]sion ( ,gases into ,liquids & ,solids4 ,c>bonic ,acid--its curi\s prop]ties 9 a solid /ate4 ,cond5sation ( ,gases by por\s bodies4 ,by ,spongy ,plat9um4 ,importance ( ?is prop]ty 9 ,nature4 ,,lett] ,,iii ,! ,manufacture ( ,soda f ,cul9>y ,salt2 its importance 9 ! ,arts & 9 ,comm]ce4 ,glass--,soap--,sulphuric ,acid4 ,silv] ,ref9+4 ,blea*+4 ,,trade ,,9 ,,sulphur4 ,,lett] ,,iv ,connection ( ,!ory ) ,practice4 ,employm5t ( ,,magnetism z a mov+ p[]--its impracticability4 ,relation ( ,coals & ,z9c z economic s\rces ( ,=ce4 ,manufacture ( ,beet-root ,sug>--its impolicy4 ,gas = illum9ation4 ,,lett] ,v ,,isom]ism1 or id5tity ( composition 9 bodies ) diff]5t *emical & physical prop]ties4 ,,cry/allisation4 ,,amorphism4 ,,isomorphism1 or simil>ity ( prop]ties 9 bodies totally diff]5t 9 composition4 ,,lett] ,,vi ,,alliance ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,) ,,physiology4 ,division ( ,food into n\ri%m5t1 & mat]ials = combu/ion4 ,effects ( ,atmosph]ic ,oxyg54 ,balance ( ,,c>bon & ,,oxyg54 ,,lett] ,,vii ,,animal ,,heat1 its laws & influ5ce on ! ,animal ,functions4 ,loss & ,,supply4 ,influ5ce ( ,climate4 ,fuel ( ,animal ,heat4 ,ag5cy ( ,oxyg5 9 ,disease4 ,respiration4 ,,lett] ,,viii ,,alim5ts4 ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,blood4 ,fibr9e1 ,album54 ,inorganic ,sub/ances4 ,isom]ism ( ,fibr9e1 ,album51 & elem5ts ( nutrition4 ,relation ( animal & vegetable organisms4 ,,lett] ,,ix ,gr[? ( ,animals4 ,uses ( ,butt] & ,milk4 ,metamorphoses ( ,tissues4 ,food ( ,c>nivora1 & ( ! ,horse4 ,,lett] ,x ,application ( ! prec$+ facts to ,man4 ,division ( human ,food4 ,uses ( ,gelat9e4 ,,lett] ,,xi ,,circulation ,,( ,,matt] ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable ,,k+doms4 ,! ,ocean4 ,,agriculture4 ,,re/itution ,,( ,,an ,,equilibrium ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,causes ( ! exhau/ion ( ,l&4 ,virg9ia4 ,engl&4 ,relief ga9$ by importation ( bones4 ,empirical f>m+ unsatisfactory4 ,necessity = sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e4 ,( ,sal9e & ,e>?y matt]s ( ! soil4 ,,lett] ,,xii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,rationale ( agricultural processes4 ,wa%+ = gold4 ,,lett] ,,xiii ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,to ,,advance ,,& ,,p]fect ,,agriculture4 ,mann] 9 :i* ,,fall[ ameliorates ! soil4 ,uses ( ,lime4 ,effects ( ,burn+4 ,( ,m>l4 ,,lett] ,,xiv ,,nature ,,& ,,effects ,,( ,,manures4 ,animal bodies subject to con/ant wa/e4 ,p>ts sep>at+--exuviae--wa/e vegetable matt]s--toge!r conta9 all ! elem5ts ( ! soil & ( food4 ,v>i\s value ( excrem5ts ( diff]5t animals z manure4 ,,lett] ,,xv ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,c>bon ,,& ,,nitrog5 ,,( ,,plants4 ,produce ( ,c>bon 9 ,=e/s & ,mead[s suppli$ only ) m9]al alim5ts prove x to be f ! atmosph]e4 ,relations betwe5 ,m9]al con/itu5ts1 & ,c>bon & ,nitrog54 ,effects ( ! ,c>bonic ,acid & ,ammonia ( ,manures4 ,necessity ( inorganic con/itu5ts to ! =mation ( alim5ts1 ( blood1 & !re=e ( nutrition4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,inquiries by ,,analysis to advance ,,agriculture4 ,,lett] ,,xvi ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,late/ ,,inquiries4 ,sup]lative importance ( ! ,,phosphates ,,( ,,lime & ,,alkalies to ! cultivation ( ! ,,c]ealia4 ,s\rces ( a ,,supply ( ^! ,,mat]ials4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,*emi/ry ,,lett] ,i ,my de> ,sir1 ,! influ5ce :i* ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry ex]cises ^u human indu/ry1 agriculture1 & comm]ce2 ^u physiology1 m$ic9e1 & o!r sci5ces1 is n[ s int]e/+ a topic ( conv]sation ev]y:]e1 t x may be no unacceptable pres5t to y if ,i trace 9 a few famili> lett]s "s ( ! relations x be>s to ^! v>i\s sci5ces1 & exhibit = y its actual effect ^u ! pres5t social condition ( mank9d4 ,9 speak+ ( ! pres5t /ate ( *emi/ry1 its rise & progress1 ,i %all ne$ no apology if1 z a prelim9>y /ep1 ,i call y\r att5tion to ! implem5ts :i* ! *emi/ employs--! means :i* are indisp5sable to 8 lab\rs & to 8 success4 ,^! consi/1 g5]ally1 ( mat]ials furni%$ to u by nature1 end[$ ) _m mo/ rem>kable prop]ties fitt+ !m = our purposes2 if "o ( !m is a production ( art1 yet its adaptation to ! use ( mank9d1--! qualities :i* r5d] x available to u1--mu/ be ref]r$ to ! same s\rce z ^? d]iv$ imm$iately f nature4 ,cork1 ,plat9um1 ,glass1 & ,ca\t*\c1 are ! sub/ances to :i* ,i allude1 & :i* m9i/] s ess5tially to mod]n *emical inve/igations4 ,)\t !m1 inde$1 we might h made "s progress1 b x w\ld h be5 sl[2 we might h accompli%$ mu*1 b x w\ld h be5 f> less ?an has be5 done ) _! aid4 ,"s p]sons1 by ! employm5t ( exp5sive sub/ances1 might h successfully pursu$ ! sci5ce2 b incalculably few] m9ds w\ld h be5 engag$ 9 its advancem5t4 ,^! mat]ials h only be5 duly appreciat$ & fully adopt$ )9 a v rec5t p]iod4 ,9 ! "t ( ,lavoisi]1 ! ri* alone c\ld make *emical rese>*es2 ! necess>y app>atus c\ld only be procur$ at a v great exp5se4 ,& fir/1 ( ,glass3 e "o is famili> ) mo/ ( ! prop]ties ( ?is curi\s sub/ance2 its transp>5cy1 h>dness1 de/itution ( col\r1 & /ability "u ord9>y circum/ances3 to ^! obvi\s qualities we may add ^? :i* especially adapt x to ! use ( ! *emi/1 namely1 t x is unaffect$ by mo/ acids or o!r fluids conta9$ )9 x4 ,at c]ta9 temp]atures x becomes m ductile & pla/ic ?an wax1 & may be made to assume 9 our h&s1 be=e ! flame ( a common lamp1 ! =m ( e vessel we ne$ to conta9 our mat]ials1 & ( e app>atus requir$ to pursue our exp]im5ts4 ,!n1 h[ admirable & valuable are ! prop]ties ( ,cork6 ,h[ little d m5 reflect ^u ! ine/imable wor? ( s common a sub/ance6 ,h[ few rightly e/eem ! importance ( x to ! progress ( sci5ce1 & ! moral advancem5t ( mank9d6--,!re is no production ( nature or art equally adapt$ to ! purposes to :i* ! *emi/ applies x4 ,cork consi/s ( a s(t1 highly ela/ic sub/ance1 z a basis1 hav+ diffus$ ?r\gh\t a matt] ) prop]ties resembl+ wax1 tall[1 & res91 yet dissimil> to all ( ^!1 & t]m$ sub]94 ,?is r5d]s x p]fectly imp]meable to fluids1 &1 9 a great measure1 ev5 to gases4 ,x is ?us ! fitte/ mat]ial we possess = clos+ our bottles1 & reta9+ _! cont5ts4 ,by its means1 & ) ! aid ( ,ca\t*\c1 we connect our vessels & tubes ( glass1 & con/ruct ! mo/ complicat$ app>atus4 ,we =m jo9ts & l9ks ( connexion1 adapt l>ge ap]tures to small1 & ?us disp5se altoge!r ) ! aid ( ! brassf\nd] & ! me*ani/4 ,?us ! implem5ts ( ! *emi/ are *eaply & easily procur$1 imm$iately adapt$ to any purpose1 & readily repair$ or alt]$4 ,aga91 9 inve/igat+ ! composition ( solid bodies1--( m9]als1--we are "u ! necessity ( br++ !m into a liquid /ate1 ei!r by solution or fusion4 ,n[ vessels ( glass1 ( porcela91 & ( all non-metallic sub/ances1 are de/roy$ by ! means we employ = t purpose1--are act$ ^u by _m acids1 by alkalies & ! alkal9e c>bonates4 ,crucibles ( gold & silv] w\ld melt at high temp]atures4 ,b we h a comb9ation ( all ! qualities we c desire 9 ,plat9um4 ,?is metal 0 only fir/ adapt$ to ^! uses ab\t fifty ye>s s9ce4 ,x is *eap] ?an gold1 h>d] & m durable ?an silv]1 infusible at all temp]atures ( our furnaces1 & is left intact by acids & alkal9e c>bonates4 ,plat9um unites all ! valuable prop]ties ( gold & ( porcela91 resi/+ ! action ( heat1 & ( almo/ all *emical ag5ts4 ,z no m9]al analysis c\ld be made p]fectly )\t plat9um vessels1 _h we n possess$ ?is metal1 ! composition ( m9]als w\ld h yet rema9$ unkn[n2 )\t cork & ca\t*\c we %\ld h requir$ ! co/ly aid ( ! me*anician at e /ep4 ,ev5 )\t ! latt] ( ^! adjuncts our in/rum5ts w\ld h be5 f> m co/ly & fragile4 ,possess+ all ^! gifts ( nature1 we economise incalculably our "t--to u m preci\s ?an money6 ,su* are our in/rum5ts4 ,an equal improvem5t has be5 accompli%$ 9 our laboratory4 ,?is is no long] ! damp1 cold1 firepro( vault ( ! metallurgi/1 nor ! manufactory ( ! druggi/1 fitt$ up ) /ills & retorts4 ,on ! contr>y1 a light1 w>m1 com=table room1 :]e beautifully con/ruct$ lamps supply ! place ( furnaces1 & ! pure & od\rless flame ( gas1 or ( spirits ( w9e1 sup]s$es coal & o!r fuel1 & gives u all ! fire we ne$2 :]e heal? is n invad$1 nor ! free ex]cise ( ?\ght imp$$3 !re we pursue our inquiries1 & int]rogate ,nature to reveal h] secrets4 ,to ^! simple means mu/ be add$ ,! ,balance1 & !n we possess ev]y?+ :i* is requir$ = ! mo/ ext5sive rese>*es4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 ! mann] ( proce$+ 9 *emi/ry & natural philosophy is1 t "o weighs1 ! o!r measures4 ,! natural philosoph] has appli$ 8 measures to nature = _m c5turies1 b only = fifty ye>s h we attempt$ to advance our philosophy by weigh+4 ,= all great discov]ies *emi/s are indebt$ to ! balance--t incomp>able in/rum5t :i* gives p]man5ce to e obs]vation1 dispels all ambiguity1 e/abli%es tru?1 detects error1 & guides u 9 ! true pa? ( inductive sci5ce4 ,! balance1 once adopt$ z a means ( inve/igat+ nature1 put an end to ! s*ool ( ,ari/otle 9 physics4 ,! explanation ( natural ph5om5a by m]e fanciful speculations1 gave place to a true natural philosophy4 ,fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]1 c\ld no long] be reg>d$ z elem5ts4 ,?ree ( !m c\ld h5ce=? be consid]$ only z significative ( ! =ms 9 :i* all matt] exi/s4 ,ev]y?+ ) :i* we are conv]sant ^u ! surface ( ! e>? is solid1 liquid1 or a]i=m2 b ! notion ( ! elem5t>y nature ( air1 e>?1 & wat]1 s univ]sally held1 0 n[ discov]$ to belong to ! errors ( ! pa/4 ,fire 0 f\nd to be b ! visible & o!rwise p]ceptible indication ( *anges proce$+ )9 !1 s call$1 elem5ts4 ,lavoisi] inve/igat$ ! composition ( ! atmosph]e & ( wat]1 & /udi$ ! _m wond]ful (fices p]=m$ by an elem5t common to bo? 9 ! s*eme ( nature1 namely1 oxyg53 & he discov]$ _m ( ! prop]ties ( ?is elem5t>y gas4 ,aft] 8 "t1 ! pr9cipal problem ( *emical philosoph]s 0 to det]m9e ! composition ( ! solid matt]s compos+ ! e>?4 ,to ! eighte5 metals previ\sly kn[n 7 soon add$ tw5ty-f\r discov]$ to be con/itu5ts ( m9]als4 ,! great mass ( ! e>? 0 %[n to be compos$ ( metals 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 to :i* !y are unit$ 9 "o1 two1 or m def9ite & unalt]able proportions1 =m+ comp\nds :i* are t]m$ metallic oxides1 & ^!1 aga91 comb9$ ) oxides ( o!r bodies1 ess5tially diff]5t to metals1 namely1 c>bon & silicium4 ,if to ^! we add c]ta9 comp\nds ( sulphur ) metals1 9 :i* ! sulphur takes ! place ( oxyg51 & =ms sulphurets1 & "o o!r body1--common salt1--7:i* is a comp\nd ( sodium & *lor9e71 we h e sub/ance :i* exi/s 9 a solid =m ^u our globe 9 any v consid]able mass4 ,o!r comp\nds1 innum]ably v>i\s1 are f\nd only 9 small scatt]$ quantities4 ,! *emi/1 h[ev]1 did n rema9 satisfi$ ) ! sep>ation ( m9]als into _! compon5t elem5ts1 i4e4 _! analysis2 b he s\ght by syn!sis1 i4e4 by comb9+ ! sep>ate elem5ts & =m+ sub/ances simil> to ^? con/ruct$ by nature1 to prove ! accuracy ( 8 processes & ! correctness ( 8 conclusions4 ,?us he =m$1 = in/ance1 pumice-/one1 feldsp>1 mica1 iron pyrites1 c4 artificially4 ,b ( all ! a*ievem5ts ( inorganic *emi/ry1 ! artificial =mation ( lapis lazuli 0 ! mo/ brilliant & ! mo/ conclusive4 ,?is m9]al1 z pres5t$ to u by nature1 is calculat$ p[]fully to arre/ our att5tion by its beautiful azure-blue col\r1 its rema9+ un*ang$ by exposure to air or to fire1 & furni%+ u ) a mo/ valuable pigm5t1 ,ultram>9e1 m preci\s ?an gold6 ,! analysis ( lapis lazuli repres5t$ x to be compos$ ( silica1 alum9a1 & soda1 ?ree col\rless bodies1 ) sulphur & a trace ( iron4 ,no?+ c\ld be discov]$ 9 x ( ! nature ( a pigm5t1 no?+ to :i* its blue col\r c\ld be ref]r$1 ! cause ( :i* 0 se>*$ = 9 va94 ,x might !re=e h be5 suppos$ t ! analy/ 0 "h altoge!r at fault1 & t at any rate its artificial production mu/ be impossible4 ,nev]!less1 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 & simply by comb9+ 9 ! prop] proportions1 z det]m9$ by analysis1 silica1 alum9a1 soda1 iron1 & sulphur4 ,?\s&s ( p\nds weight are n[ manufactur$ f ^! +r$i5ts1 & ?is artificial ultram>9e is z beautiful z ! natural1 :ile = ! price ( a s+le ounce ( ! latt] we may obta9 _m p\nds ( ! =m]4 ,) ! production ( artificial lapis lazuli1 ! =mation ( m9]al bodies by syn!sis ceas$ to be a sci5tific problem to ! *emi/2 he has no long] suffici5t int]e/ 9 x to pursue ! subject4 ,he may n[ be satisfi$ t analysis w reveal to him ! true con/itution ( m9]als4 ,b to ! m9]alogi/ & geologi/ x is /ill 9 a great measure an unexplor$ field1 (f]+ inquiries ( ! highe/ int]e/ & importance to _! pursuits4 ,aft] becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( all ! sub/ances )9 our rea* & ! mutual relations ( ^! elem5ts1 ! rem>kable transmutations to :i* ! bodies are subject "u ! influ5ce ( ! vital p[]s ( plants & animals1 became ! pr9cipal object ( *emical inve/igations1 & ! highe/ po9t ( int]e/4 ,a new sci5ce1 inexhau/ible z life itself1 is "h pres5t$ u1 /&+ ^u ! s\nd & solid f\ndation ( a well e/abli%$ inorganic *emi/ry4 ,?us ! progress ( sci5ce is1 l ! developm5t ( nature's works1 gradual & expansive4 ,aft] ! buds & bran*es spr+ =? ! leaves & blossoms1 aft] ! blossoms ! fruit4 ,*emi/ry1 9 its application to animals & vegetables1 endeav\rs jo9tly ) physiology to enlight5 u respect+ ! my/]i\s processes & s\rces ( organic life4 ,,lett] ,,ii ,my de> ,sir1 ,9 my =m] lett] ,i rem9d$ y t ?ree ( ! suppos$ elem5ts ( ! anci5ts repres5t ! =ms or /ate 9 :i* all ! pond]able matt] ( our globe exi/s2 ,i w\ld n[ obs]ve1 t no sub/ance possesses absolutely any "o ( ^? conditions2 t mod]n *emi/ry recognises no?+ un*angeably solid1 liquid1 or a]i=m3 means h be5 devis$ = effect+ a *ange ( /ate 9 almo/ e kn[n sub/ance4 ,plat9um1 alum9a1 & rock cry/al1 x is true1 _c be liquifi$ by ! mo/ int5se heat ( our furnaces1 b !y melt l wax be=e ! flame ( ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( ! tw5ty-eight gase\s bodies ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 tw5ty-five may be r$uc$ to a liquid /ate1 & "o into a solid4 ,probably1 ere long1 simil> *anges ( condition w be ext5d$ to e =m ( matt]4 ,!re are _m ?+s relat+ to ?is cond5sation ( ! gases wor?y ( y\r att5tion4 ,mo/ a]i=m bodies1 :5 subject$ to compression1 are made to occupy a space :i* dim9i%es 9 ! exact ratio ( ! increase ( ! compress+ =ce4 ,v g5]ally1 "u a =ce d\ble or triple ( ! ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 !y become "o half or "o ?ird _! =m] volume4 ,?is 0 a long "t consid]$ to be a law1 & kn[n z ! law ( ,m>riotte2 b a m accurate /udy ( ! subject has demon/rat$ t ?is law is by no means ( g5]al application4 ,! volume ( c]ta9 gases does n decrease 9 ! ratio ( ! increase ( ! =ce us$ to compress !m1 b 9 "s1 a dim9ution ( _! bulk takes place 9 a f> great] degree z ! pressure increases4 ,aga91 if ammoniacal gas is r$uc$ by a compress+ =ce to "o-six? ( its volume1 or c>bonic acid is r$uc$ to "o ?irty-six?1 a portion ( !m loses entirely ! =m ( a gas1 & becomes a liquid1 :i*1 :5 ! pressure is )drawn1 assumes aga9 9 an in/ant its gase\s /ate--ano!r deviation f ! law ( ,m>riotte4 ,our process = r$uc+ gases into fluids is ( admirable simplicity4 ,a simple b5t tube1 or a r$uction ( temp]ature by artificial means1 h sup]s$$ ! p[]ful compress+ ma*9es ( ! e>ly exp]im5t]s4 ,! cyanuret ( m]cury1 :5 heat$ 9 an op5 glass tube1 is resolv$ into cyanog5 gas & metallic m]cury2 if ?is sub/ance is heat$ 9 a tube h]metically seal$1 ! decomposition occurs z be=e1 b ! gas1 unable to escape1 & %ut up 9 a space sev]al hundr$ times small] ?an x w\ld occupy z gas "u ! ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 becomes a fluid 9 t "p ( ! tube :i* is kept cool4 ,:5 sulphuric acid is p\r$ ^u lime/one 9 an op5 vessel1 c>bonic acid escapes ) eff]vesc5ce z a gas1 b if ! decomposition is effect$ 9 a /rong1 close1 & suitable vessel ( iron1 we obta9 ! c>bonic acid 9 ! /ate ( liquid4 ,9 ?is mann] x may be obta9$ 9 consid]able quantities1 ev5 _m p\nds weight4 ,c>bonic acid is sep>at$ f o!r bodies ) :i* x is comb9$ z a fluid "u a pressure ( ?irty-six atmosph]es4 ,! curi\s prop]ties ( fluid c>bonic acid are n[ g5]ally kn[n4 ,:5 a small quantity is p]mitt$ to escape into ! atmosph]e1 x assumes its gase\s /ate ) extraord9>y rapidity1 & deprives ! rema9+ fluid ( caloric s rapidly t x congeals into a :ite cry/all9e mass l sn[3 at fir/1 inde$1 x 0 ?\ght to be really sn[1 b ^u exam9ation x prov$ to be pure froz5 c>bonic acid4 ,?is solid1 contr>y to expectation1 ex]cises only a feeble pressure ^u ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! fluid acid inclos$ 9 a glass tube ru%es at once1 :5 op5$1 into a gase\s /ate1 ) an explosion :i* %att]s ! tube into fragm5ts2 b solid c>bonic acid c be h&l$ )\t produc+ any o!r effect ?an a feel+ ( int5se cold4 ,! p>ticles ( ! c>bonic acid be+ s closely approximat$ 9 ! solid1 ! :ole =ce ( cohesive attraction 7:i* 9 ! fluid is weak7 becomes ex]t$1 & opposes its t5d5cy to assume its gase\s /ate2 b z x receives heat f surr\nd+ bodies1 x passes into gas gradually & )\t viol5ce4 ,! transition ( solid c>bonic acid into gas deprives all ar\nd x ( caloric s rapidly & to s great an ext5t1 t a degree ( cold is produc$ immeasurably great1 ! greate/ inde$ kn[n4 ,t51 tw5ty1 or m p\nds weight ( m]cury1 br\ght into contact ) a mixture ( e!r & solid c>bonic acid1 becomes 9 a few mom5ts firm & malleable4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be accompli%$ )\t consid]able dang]4 ,a melan*oly accid5t occurr$ at ,p>is1 :i* w probably prev5t = ! future ! =mation ( solid c>bonic acid 9 ^! l>ge quantities1 & deprive ! next g5]ation ( ! gratification ( witness+ ^! curi\s exp]im5ts4 ,j be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! lecture 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 an iron cyl9d]1 two feet & a half long & "o foot 9 diamet]1 9 :i* c>bonic acid _h be5 develop$ = exp]im5t be=e ! class1 bur/1 & its fragm5ts 7 scatt]$ ab\t ) ! mo/ trem5d\s =ce2 x cut (f bo? ! legs ( ! assi/ant & kill$ him on ! spot4 ,?is vessel1 =m$ ( ! /ronge/ ca/-iron1 & %ap$ l a cannon1 _h (t5 be5 employ$ to exhibit exp]im5ts 9 ! pres5ce ( ! /ud5ts4 ,we c sc>cely ?9k1 )\t %udd]+1 ( ! dreadful calamity su* an explosion w\ld h occasion$ 9 a hall fill$ ) spectators4 ,:5 we _h asc]ta9$ ! fact ( gases becom+ fluid "u ! influ5ce ( cold or pressure1 a curi\s prop]ty possess$ by *>coal1 t ( absorb+ gas to ! ext5t ( _m times its volume1--t51 tw5ty1 or ev5 z 9 ! case ( ammoniacal gas or muriatic acid gas1 eighty or n9ety fold1--:i* _h be5 long kn[n1 no long] rema9$ a my/]y4 ,"s gases are absorb$ & cond5s$ )9 ! pores ( ! *>coal1 into a space sev]al hundr$ times small] ?an !y be=e occupi$2 & !re is n[ no d\bt !y !re become fluid1 or assume a solid /ate4 ,z 9 a ?\s& o!r in/ances1 *emical action "h supplants me*anical =ces4 ,adhesion or het]og5e\s attraction1 z x is t]m$1 acquir$ by ?is discov]y a m ext5d$ mean+2 x _h nev] be=e be5 ?\ght ( z a cause ( *ange ( /ate 9 matt]2 b x is n[ evid5t t a gas adh]es to ! surface ( a solid body by ! same =ce :i* cond5ses x into a liquid4 ,! smalle/ am\nt ( a gas1--atmosph]ic air = in/ance1--c be compress$ into a space a ?\s& times small] by m]e me*anical pressure1 & !n its bulk mu/ be to ! lea/ measurable surface ( a solid body1 z a gra9 ( s& to a m\nta94 ,by ! m]e effect ( mass1--! =ce ( gravity1--gase\s molecules are attract$ by solids & adh]e to _! surfaces2 & :5 to ?is physical =ce is add$ ! feeble/ *emical aff9ity1 ! liquifiable gases _c reta9 _! gase\s /ate4 ,! am\nt ( air cond5s$ by ^! =ces ^u a squ>e in* ( surface is c]ta9ly n measurable2 b :5 a solid body1 pres5t+ sev]al hundr$ squ>e feet ( surface )9 ! space ( a cubic in*1 is br\ght into a limit$ volume ( gas1 we may und]/& :y t volume is dim9i%$1 :y all gases )\t exception are absorb$4 ,a cubic in* ( *>coal mu/ h1 at ! l[e/ computation1 a surface ( "o hundr$ squ>e feet4 ,?is prop]ty ( absorb+ gases v>ies ) diff]5t k9ds ( *>coal3 x is possess$ 9 a high] degree by ^? conta9+ ! mo/ pores1 i4e4 :]e ! pores are f9]2 & 9 a l[] degree 9 ! m spongy k9ds1 i4e4 :]e ! pores are l>g]4 ,9 ?is mann] e por\s body--rocks1 /ones1 ! clods ( ! fields1 c41--imbibe air1 & !re=e oxyg52 ! smalle/ solid molecule is ?us surr\nd$ by its own atmosph]e ( cond5s$ oxyg52 & if 9 _! vic9ity o!r bodies exi/ :i* h an aff9ity = oxyg51 a comb9ation is effect$4 ,:51 = in/ance1 c>bon & hydrog5 are ?us pres5t1 !y are conv]t$ into n\ri%m5t = vegetables1--into c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,! developm5t ( heat :5 air is imbib$1 & ! production ( /eam :5 ! e>? is moi/5$ by ra91 are ackn[l$g$ to be consequ5ces ( ?is cond5sation by ! action ( surfaces4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable & int]e/+ case ( ?is k9d ( action is ! imbibition ( oxyg5 by metallic plat9um4 ,?is metal1 :5 massive1 is ( a lu/r\s :ite col\r1 b x may be br\ght1 by sep>at+ x f its solutions1 into s f9ely divid$ a /ate1 t its p>ticles no long] reflect light1 & x =ms a p[d] z black z soot4 ,9 ?is condition x absorbs eight hundr$ times its volume ( oxyg5 gas1 & ?is oxyg5 mu/ be conta9$ )9 x 9 a /ate ( cond5sation v l t ( fluid wat]4 ,:5 gases are ?us cond5s$1 i4e4 _! p>ticles made to approximate 9 ?is extraord9>y mann]1 _! prop]ties c be palpably %[n4 ,_! *emical actions become app>5t z _! physical *>act]i/ic disappe>s4 ,! latt] consi/s 9 ! cont9ual t5d5cy ( _! p>ticles to sep>ate f ea* o!r2 & x is easy to imag9e t ?is ela/icity ( gase\s bodies is ! pr9cipal imp$im5t to ! op]ation ( _! *emical =ce2 = ?is becomes m en]getic z _! p>ticles approximate4 ,9 t /ate 9 :i* !y exi/ )9 ! pores or ^u ! surface ( solid bodies1 _! repulsion ceases1 & _! :ole *emical action is ex]t$4 ,?us comb9ations :i* oxyg5 _c ent] into1 decompositions :i* x _c effect :ile 9 ! /ate ( gas1 take place ) ! greate/ facility 9 ! pores ( plat9um conta9+ cond5s$ oxyg54 ,:5 a jet ( hydrog5 gas1 = in/ance1 is ?r[n ^u spongy plat9um1 x comb9es ) ! oxyg5 cond5s$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass2 at _! po9t ( contact wat] is =m$1 & z ! imm$iate consequ5ce heat is evolv$2 ! plat9um becomes r$ hot & ! gas is inflam$4 ,if we int]rupt ! curr5t ( ! gas1 ! pores ( ! plat9um become in/antane\sly fill$ aga9 ) oxyg52 & ! same ph5om5on c be repeat$ a second "t1 & s on int]m9ably4 ,9 f9ely pulv]is$ plat9um1 & ev5 9 spongy plat9um1 we !re=e possess a p]petuum mobile--a me*anism l a wat* :i* runs out & w9ds itself up--a =ce :i* is nev] exhau/$--compet5t to produce effects ( ! mo/ p[]ful k9d1 & self-r5ew$ ad inf9itum4 ,_m ph5om5a1 =m]ly inexplicable1 are satisfactorily expla9$ by ^! rec5tly discov]$ prop]ties ( por\s bodies4 ,! metamorphosis ( alcohol into acetic acid1 by ! process kn[n z ! quick v9eg> manufacture1 dep5ds ^u pr9ciples1 at a k ( :i* we h arriv$ by a c>eful /udy ( ^! prop]ties4 ,,lett] ,,iii ,my de> ,sir1 ,! manufacture ( soda f common cul9>y salt1 may be reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( all our mod]n improvem5ts 9 ! dome/ic arts2 & we may take x z af=d+ an excell5t illu/ration ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( human indu/ry & comm]ce ^u ea* o!r1 & _! relation to *emi/ry4 ,soda has be5 us$ f "t immemorial 9 ! manufacture ( soap & glass1 two *emical productions :i* employ & keep 9 circulation an imm5se am\nt ( capital4 ,! quantity ( soap consum$ by a nation w\ld be no inaccurate measure :]eby to e/imate its weal? & civilisation4 ,( two c\ntries1 ) an equal am\nt ( population1 ! weal?ie/ & mo/ highly civilis$ w consume ! greate/ weight ( soap4 ,?is consumption does n subs]ve s5sual gratification1 nor dep5d ^u fa%ion1 b ^u ! feel+ ( ! beauty1 com=t1 & welf>e1 att5dant ^u cleanl9ess2 & a reg>d to ?is feel+ is co9cid5t ) weal? & civilisation4 ,! ri* 9 ! middle ages conceal$ a want ( cleanl9ess 9 _! clo!s & p]sons "u a pr(usion ( co/ly sc5ts & ess5ces1 :il/ !y 7 m luxuri\s 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 9 app>el & horses4 ,) u a want ( cleanl9ess is equival5t to insupportable mis]y & mis=tune4 ,soap belongs to ^? manufactur$ products1 ! money value ( :i* cont9ually disappe>s f circulation1 & requires to be cont9ually r5ew$4 ,x is "o ( ! few sub/ances :i* are entirely consum$ by use1 leav+ no product ( any wor?4 ,brok5 glass & bottles are by no means absolutely wor?less2 = rags we may pur*ase new clo?1 b soap-wat] has no value :atev]4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k accurately ! am\nt ( capital involv$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap2 x is c]ta9ly z l>ge z t employ$ 9 ! c(fee trade1 ) ?is important diff]5ce z respects ,g]many1 t x is entirely d]iv$ f our own soil4 ,france =m]ly import$ soda f ,spa91--,spani% sodas be+ ( ! be/ quality--at an annual exp5diture ( tw5ty to ?irty millions ( francs4 ,dur+ ! w> ) ,engl& ! price ( soda1 & consequ5tly ( soap & glass1 rose cont9ually2 & all manufactures suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! pres5t me?od ( mak+ soda f common salt 0 discov]$ by ,le ,blanc at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x 0 a ri* boon = ,france1 & became ( ! highe/ importance dur+ ! w>s ( ,napoleon4 ,9 a v %ort "t x 0 manufactur$ to an extraord9>y ext5t1 especially at ! seat ( ! soap manufactories4 ,m>seilles possess$ = a "t a monopoly ( soda & soap4 ,! policy ( ,napoleon depriv$ t city ( ! advantages d]iv$ f ?is great s\rce ( comm]ce1 & ?us excit$ ! ho/ility ( ! population to 8 dyna/y1 :i* became fav\rable to ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons4 ,a curi\s result ( an improvem5t 9 a *emical manufacture6 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 9 rea*+ ,engl&4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ! soda ( comm]ce 7:i* is ! c>bonate7 f common salt1 x is fir/ conv]t$ into ,glaub]'s salt 7sulphate ( soda74 ,= ?is purpose #hj p\nds weight ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol7 are requir$ to #ajj p\nds ( common salt4 ,! duty ^u salt *eck$1 = a %ort "t1 ! full advantage ( ?is discov]y2 b :5 ! ,gov]nm5t repeal$ ! duty1 & its price 0 r$uc$ to its m9imum1 ! co/ ( soda dep5d$ ^u t ( sulphuric acid4 ,! dem& = sulphuric acid n[ increas$ to an imm5se ext5t2 &1 to supply x1 capital 0 emb>k$ abundantly1 z x af=d$ an excell5t remun]ation4 ,! orig9 & =mation ( sulphuric acid 0 /udi$ mo/ c>efully2 & f ye> to ye>1 bett]1 simpl]1 & *eap] me?ods ( mak+ x 7 discov]$4 ,) e improvem5t 9 ! mode ( manufacture1 its price fell2 & its sale increas$ 9 an equal ratio4 ,sulphuric acid is n[ manufactur$ 9 lead5 *amb]s1 ( su* magnitude t !y w\ld conta9 ! :ole ( an ord9>y-siz$ h\se4 ,z reg>ds ! process & ! app>atus1 ?is manufacture has rea*$ its acme--sc>cely is ei!r susceptible ( improvem5t4 ,! lead5 plates ( :i* ! *amb]s are con/ruct$1 requir+ to be jo9$ toge!r ) lead 7s9ce t9 or sold] w\ld be act$ on by ! acid71 ?is process 01 until lately1 z exp5sive z ! plates !mselves2 b n[1 by means ( ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe1 ! plates are cem5t$ toge!r at _! edges by m]e fusion1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any k9d ( sold]4 ,& !n1 z to ! process3 accord+ to !ory1 #ajj p\nds weight ( sulphur ought to produce #cjf p\nds ( sulphuric acid2 9 practice #cjj p\nds are actually obta9$2 ! am\nt ( loss is !re=e too insignificant = consid]ation4 ,aga92 saltpetre be+ indisp5sable 9 mak+ sulphuric acid1 ! comm]cial value ( t salt _h =m]ly an important influ5ce ^u its price4 ,x is true t #ajj p\nds ( saltpetre only are requir$ to #ajjj p\nds ( sulphur2 b its co/ 0 f\r times great] ?an an equal weight ( ! latt]4 ,travell]s _h obs]v$ ne> ! small seaport ( ,yquiqui1 9 ! di/rict ( ,atacama1 9 ,p]u1 an effloresc5ce cov]+ ! gr\nd ov] ext5sive di/ricts4 ,?is 0 f\nd to consi/ pr9cipally ( nitrate ( soda4 ,advantage 0 quickly tak5 ( ?is discov]y4 ,! quantity ( ?is valuable salt prov$ to be inexhau/ible1 z x exi/s 9 b$s ext5d+ ov] m ?an #bjj squ>e miles4 ,x 0 br\ght to ,engl& at less ?an half ! freight ( ! ,ea/ ,india saltpetre 7nitrate ( potassa72 & z1 9 ! *emical manufacture nei!r ! pota% nor ! soda 7 requir$1 b only ! nitric acid1 9 comb9ation ) ! alkali1 ! soda-saltpetre ( ,s\? ,am]ica soon supplant$ ! pota%-nitre ( ! ,ea/4 ,! manufacture ( sulphuric acid receiv$ a new impulse2 its price 0 mu* dim9i%$ )\t injury to ! manufactur]2 &1 ) ! exception ( fluctuations caus$ by ! imp$im5ts ?r[n 9 ! way ( ! export ( sulphur f ,sicily1 x soon became r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & rema9$ /ation>y4 ,pota%-saltpetre is n[ only employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]2 x is no long] 9 dem& = o!r purposes2 & ?us1 if ,gov]nm5t effect a sav+ ( _m hundr$ ?\s& p\nds annually 9 gunp[d]1 ?is economy mu/ be attribut$ to ! increas$ manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,we may =m an idea ( ! am\nt ( sulphuric acid consum$1 :5 we f9d t #ej1jjj p\nds weight are made by a small manufactory1 & f #bjj1jjj to #fjj1jjj p\nds by a l>ge "o annually4 ,?is manufacture causes imm5se sums to fl[ annually into ,sicily4 ,x has introduc$ indu/ry & weal? into ! arid & desolate di/ricts ( ,atacama4 ,x has enabl$ u to obta9 plat9a f its ores at a mod]ate & yet remun]at+ price2 s9ce ! vats employ$ = conc5trat+ ?is acid are con/ruct$ ( ?is metal1 & co/ f #ajjjl4 to #bjjjl4 /]l+4 ,x leads to frequ5t improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 :i* cont9ually becomes *eap] & m beautiful4 ,x enables u to return to our fields all _! pota%--a mo/ valuable & important manure--9 ! =m ( a%es1 by sub/itut+ soda 9 ! manufacture ( glass & soap4 ,x is impossible to trace1 )9 ! compass ( a lett]1 all ! ramifications ( ?is tissue ( *anges & improvem5ts result+ f "o *emical manufacture2 b ,i mu/ /ill claim y\r att5tion to a few m ( its mo/ important & imm$iate results4 ,i h already told y1 t 9 ! manufacture ( soda f cul9>y salt1 x is fir/ conv]t$ into sulphate ( soda4 ,9 ?is fir/ "p ( ! process1 ! action ( sulphuric acid produces muriatic acid to ! ext5t ( "o-&-a-half ! am\nt ( ! sulphuric acid employ$4 ,at fir/1 ! pr(it ^u ! soda 0 s great1 t no "o took ! tr\ble to collect ! muriatic acid3 inde$ x _h no comm]cial value4 ,a pr(itable application ( x 01 h[ev]1 soon discov]$3 x is a comp\nd ( *lor9e1 & ?is sub/ance may be obta9$ f x pur] ?an f any o!r s\rce4 ,! blea*+ p[] ( *lor9e has long be5 kn[n2 b x 0 only employ$ ^u a l>ge scale aft] x 0 obta9$ f ?is residu>y muriatic acid1 & x 0 f\nd t 9 comb9ation ) lime x c\ld be transport$ to di/ances )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,!nce=? x 0 us$ = blea*+ cotton2 &1 b = ?is new blea*+ process1 x w\ld sc>cely h be5 possible = ! cotton manufacture ( ,great ,brita9 to h atta9$ its pres5t enorm\s ext5t1--x c\ld n h compet$ 9 price ) ,france & ,g]many4 ,9 ! old process ( blea*+1 e piece mu/ be expos$ to ! air & light dur+ sev]al weeks 9 ! summ]1 & kept cont9ually moi/ by manual lab\r4 ,= ?is purpose1 mead[ l&1 eligibly situat$1 0 ess5tial4 ,n[ a s+le e/abli%m5t ne> ,glasg[ blea*es #adjj pieces ( cotton daily1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,:at an enorm\s capital w\ld be requir$ to pur*ase l& = ?is purpose6 ,h[ greatly w\ld x increase ! co/ ( blea*+ to pay int]e/ ^u ?is capital1 or to hire s mu* l& 9 ,engl&6 ,?is exp5se w\ld sc>cely h be5 felt 9 ,g]many4 ,besides ! dim9i%$ exp5se1 ! cotton /uffs blea*$ ) *lor9e suff] less 9 ! h&s ( skilful workm5 ?an ^? blea*$ 9 ! sun2 & already ! peasantry 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many h adopt$ x1 & f9d x advantage\s4 ,ano!r use to :i* *eap muriatic acid is appli$1 is ! manufacture ( glue f bones4 ,bone conta9s f #cj to #cf p] c5t4 ( e>?y matt]--*iefly phosphate ( lime1 & ! rema9d] is gelat9e4 ,:5 bones are dige/$ 9 muriatic acid !y become transp>5t & flexible l lea!r1 ! e>?y matt] is dissolv$1 & aft] ! acid is all c>efully wa%$ away1 pieces ( glue ( ! same %ape z ! bones rema91 :i* are soluble 9 hot wat] & adapt$ to all ! purposes ( ord9>y glue1 )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,ano!r important application ( sulphuric acid may be adduc$2 namely1 to ! ref9+ ( silv] & ! sep>ation ( gold1 :i* is always pres5t 9 "s proportion 9 native silv]4 ,silv]1 z x is usually obta9$ f m9es 9 ,europe1 conta9s 9 #af ounces1 #f to #h ounces ( copp]4 ,:5 us$ by ! silv]smi?1 or 9 co9+1 #af ounces mu/ conta9 9 ,g]many #ac ounces ( silv]1 9 ,engl& ab\t #ad #a_/b4 ,b ?is alloy is always made artificially by mix+ pure silv] ) ! due proportion ( ! copp]2 & = ?is purpose ! silv] mu/ be obta9$ pure by ! ref9]4 ,?is he =m]ly effect$ by amalgamation1 or by roa/+ x ) lead2 & ! co/ ( ?is process 0 ab\t #bl4 = e hundr$-weight ( silv]4 ,9 ! silv] s prep>$1 ab\t #a_/abjj to #a_/bjjj? "p ( gold rema9$2 to effect ! sep>ation ( ?is by nitrio-hydro*loric acid 0 m exp5sive ?an ! value ( ! gold2 x 0 !re=e left 9 ut5sils1 or circulat$ 9 co91 valueless4 ,! copp]1 too1 ( ! native silv] 0 no use :atev]4 ,b ! #a_/ajjj? "p ( gold1 be+ ab\t "o & a half p] c5t4 ( ! value ( ! silv]1 n[ cov]s ! co/ ( ref9+1 & af=ds an adequate pr(it to ! ref9]2 s t he effects ! sep>ation ( ! copp]1 & returns to 8 employ] ! :ole am\nt ( ! pure silv]1 z well z ! copp]1 )\t dem&+ any paym5t3 he is amply remun]at$ by t m9ute portion ( gold4 ,! new process ( ref9+ is a mo/ beautiful *emical op]ation3 ! granulat$ metal is boil$ 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :i* dissolves bo? ! silv] & ! copp]1 leav+ ! gold ne>ly pure1 9 ! =m ( a black p[d]4 ,! solution is !n plac$ 9 a lead5 vessel conta9+ metallic copp]2 ?is is gradually dissolv$1 & ! silv] precipitat$ 9 a pure metallic /ate4 ,! sulphate ( copp] ?us =m$ is also a valuable product1 be+ employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( gre5 & blue pigm5ts4 ,o!r imm$iate results ( ! economical production ( sulphuric acid1 are ! g5]al employm5t ( phosphorus mat*es1 & ( /e>9e c&les1 t beautiful sub/itute = tall[ & wax4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! pres5t prices & ext5sive applications ( sulphuric & muriatic acids1 ( soda1 phosphorus1 c41 w\ld h be5 consid]$ utt]ly impossible4 ,:o is able to =esee :at new & un?\ght-( *emical productions1 m9i/]+ to ! s]vice & com=ts ( mank9d1 ! next tw5ty-five ye>s may produce8 ,aft] ^! rem>ks y w p]ceive t x is no exagg]ation to say1 we may fairly judge ( ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( a c\ntry f ! am\nt ( sulphuric acid x consumes4 ,reflect+ ^u ! important influ5ce :i* ! price ( sulphur ex]cises ^u ! co/ ( production ( blea*$ & pr9t$ cotton /uffs1 soap1 glass1 c41 & rememb]+ t ,great ,brita9 supplies ,am]ica1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! ,ea/1 ) ^!1 ex*ang+ !m = raw cotton1 silk1 w9e1 rais9s1 indigo1 c41 c41 we c und]/& :y ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t %\ld h resolv$ to resort to w> ) ,naples1 9 ord] to aboli% ! sulphur monopoly1 :i* ! latt] p[] attempt$ rec5tly to e/abli%4 ,no?+ c\ld be m oppos$ to ! true int]e/s ( ,sicily ?an su* a monopoly2 inde$1 _h x be5 ma9ta9$ a few ye>s1 x is highly probable t sulphur1 ! s\rce ( h] weal?1 w\ld h be5 r5d]$ p]fectly valueless to h]4 ,sci5ce & indu/ry =m a p[] to :i* x is dang]\s to pres5t imp$im5ts4 ,x 0 n difficult to p]ceive t ! issue w\ld be ! entire cessation ( ! exportation ( sulphur f ,sicily4 ,9 ! %ort p]iod ! sulphur monopoly la/$1 fifte5 pat5ts 7 tak5 out = me?ods to obta9 back ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 mak+ soda4 ,admitt+ t ^! fifte5 exp]im5ts 7 n p]fectly successful1 !re c be no d\bt x w\ld ere long h be5 accompli%$4 ,b !n1 9 gypsum1 7sulphate ( lime71 & 9 heavy-sp>1 7sulphate ( b>ytes71 we possess m\nta9s ( sulphuric acid2 9 gal5a1 7sulphate ( lead71 & 9 iron pyrites1 we h no less abundance ( sulphur4 ,! problem is1 h[ to sep>ate ! sulphuric acid1 or ! sulphur1 f ^! native /ores4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds weight ( sulphuric acid 7 prep>$ f iron pyrites1 :ile ! high price ( sulphur consequ5t ^u ! monopoly la/$4 ,we %\ld probably ere long h triumph$ ov] all difficulties1 & h sep>at$ x f gypsum4 ,! impulse has be5 giv51 ! possibility ( ! process prov$1 & x may happ5 9 a few ye>s t ! inconsid]ate f9ancial speculation ( ,naples may deprive h] ( t lucrative comm]ce4 ,9 l mann] ,russia1 by h] prohibitory sy/em1 has lo/ mu* ( h] trade 9 tall[ & pota%4 ,"o c\ntry pur*ases only f absolute necessity f ano!r1 :i* excludes h] own productions f h] m>kets4 ,in/ead ( ! tall[ & l9se$ oil ( ,russia1 ,great ,brita9 n[ uses palm oil & cocoa-nut oil ( o!r c\ntries4 ,precisely analog\s is ! comb9ation ( workm5 aga9/ _! employ]s1 :i* has l$ to ! con/ruction ( _m admirable ma*9es = sup]s$+ manual lab\r4 ,9 comm]ce & indu/ry e imprud5ce c>ries ) x its own puni%m5t2 e oppression imm$iately & s5sibly recoils ^u ! head ( ^? f :om x emanates4 ,,lett] ,,iv ,my de> ,sir1 ,"o ( ! mo/ influ5tial causes ( improvem5t 9 ! social condition ( mank9d is t _s ( ent]prise :i* induces m5 ( capital to adopt & c>ry out sugge/ions = ! improvem5t ( ma*9]y1 ! creation ( new articles ( comm]ce1 or ! *eap] production ( ^? already 9 dem&2 & we _c b admire ! en]gy ) :i* su* m5 devote _! tal5ts1 _! "t1 & _! weal?1 to realise ! b5efits ( ! discov]ies & inv5tions ( sci5ce4 ,= ev5 :5 ^! are exp5d$ ^u objects :olly incapable ( realisation1--nay1 ev5 :5 ! idea :i* fir/ gave ! impulse proves 9 ! end to be altoge!r impracticable or absurd1 imm$iate good to ! community g5]ally ensues2 "s useful & p]haps unlook$-= result fl[s directly1 or spr+s ultimately1 f ex]tions fru/rat$ 9 _! ma9 design4 ,?us x is also 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,!ories lead to exp]im5ts & inve/igations2 & he :o inve/igates w sc>cely ev] fail ( be+ rew>d$ by discov]ies4 ,x may be1 inde$1 ! !ory s\ght to be e/abli%$ is entirely unf\nd$ 9 nature2 b :ile se>*+ 9 a "r _s = "o ?+1 ! inquir] may be rew>d$ by f9d+ o!rs f> m valuable ?an ^? :i* he s\ght4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 electro-magnetism1 z a mov+ p[]1 is engag+ great att5tion & /udy2 wond]s are expect$ f its application to ?is purpose4 ,accord+ to ! sangu9e expectations ( _m p]sons1 x w %ortly be employ$ to put into motion e k9d ( ma*9]y1 & among/ o!r ?+s x w be appli$ to impel ! c>riages ( railroads1 & ?is at s small a co/1 t exp5se w no long] be matt] ( consid]ation4 ,engl& is to lose h] sup]iority z a manufactur+ c\ntry1 inasmu* z h] va/ /ore ( coals w no long] avail h] z an economical s\rce ( motive p[]4 ,we1 say ! ,g]man cultivators ( ?is sci5ce1 h *eap z9c1 &1 h[ small a quantity ( ?is metal is requir$ to turn a la!1 & consequ5tly to give motion to any k9d ( ma*9]y6 ,su* expectations may be v attractive1 & yet !y are altoge!r illusory6 !y w n be> ! te/ ( a few simple calculations2 & ^! our fri5ds h n tr\bl$ !mselves to in/itute4 ,) a simple flame ( spirits ( w9e1 "u a prop] vessel conta9+ boil+ wat]1 a small c>riage ( #bjj to #cjj p\nds weight c be put into motion1 or a weight ( #hj to #ajj p\nds may be rais$ to a height ( #bj feet4 ,! same effects may be produc$ by dissolv+ z9c 9 dilute sulphuric acid 9 a c]ta9 app>atus4 ,?is is c]ta9ly an a/oni%+ & highly int]e/+ discov]y2 b ! "q to be det]m9$ is1 :i* ( ! two processes is ! lea/ exp5sive8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 & to judge correctly ( ! hopes ent]ta9$ f ?is discov]y1 let me rem9d y ( :at *emi/s d5om9ate equival5ts4 ,^! are c]ta9 unalt]able ratios ( effects :i* are proportionate to ea* o!r1 & may !re=e be express$ 9 numb]s4 ,?us1 if we require #h p\nds ( oxyg5 to produce a c]ta9 effect1 & we wi% to employ *lor9e = ! same effect1 we mu/ employ nei!r m nor less ?an #ce #a_/b p\nds weight4 ,9 ! same mann]1 #f p\nds weight ( coal are equival5t to #cb p\nds weight ( z9c4 ,! numb]s repres5t+ *emical equival5ts express v g5]al ratios ( effects1 compreh5d+ = all bodies all ! actions !y are capable ( produc+4 ,if z9c be comb9$ 9 a c]ta9 mann] ) ano!r metal1 & submitt$ to ! action ( dilute sulphuric acid1 x is dissolv$ 9 ! =m ( an oxide2 x is 9 fact burn$ at ! exp5se ( ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! fluid4 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is action is ! production ( an electric curr5t1 :i*1 if conduct$ ?r\gh a wire1 r5d]s x magnetic4 ,9 ?us effect+ ! solution ( a p\nd weight1 = example1 ( z9c1 we obta9 a def9ite am\nt ( =ce adequate to raise a giv5 weight "o in*1 & to keep x susp5d$2 & ! am\nt ( weight x w be capable ( susp5d+ w be ! great] ! m rapidly ! z9c is dissolv$4 ,by alt]nately int]rupt+ & r5ew+ ! contact ( ! z9c ) ! acid1 & by v simple me*anical arrangem5ts1 we c give to ! iron an upw>d & d[nw>d or a horizontal motion1 ?us produc+ ! conditions ess5tial to ! motion ( any ma*9]y4 ,?is mov+ =ce is produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! z9c2 &1 sett+ aside ! "n giv5 to ! =ce 9 ?is case1 we "k t x c be produc$ 9 ano!r mann]4 ,if we burn ! z9c "u ! boil] ( a /eam-eng9e1 consequ5tly 9 ! oxyg5 ( ! air in/ead ( ! galvanic pile1 we %\ld produce /eam1 & by x a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce4 ,if we %\ld assume1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is n prov$17 t ! quantity ( =ce is unequal 9 ^! cases1--t1 = in/ance1 we _h obta9$ d\ble or triple ! am\nt 9 ! galvanic pile1 or t 9 ?is mode ( g5]at+ =ce less loss is su/a9$1--we mu/ /ill recollect ! equival5ts ( z9c & coal1 & make ^! elem5ts ( our calculation4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,despretz1 #f p\nds weight ( z9c1 9 comb9+ ) oxyg51 develops no m heat ?an #a p\nd ( coal2 consequ5tly1 "u equal conditions1 we c produce six times ! am\nt ( =ce ) a p\nd ( coal z ) a p\nd ( z9c4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t x w\ld be m advantage\s to employ coal in/ead ( z9c1 ev5 if ! latt] produc$ f\r times z mu* =ce 9 a galvanic pile1 z an equal weight ( coal by its combu/ion "u a boil]4 ,inde$ x is highly probable1 t if we burn "u ! boil] ( a /eam-eng9e ! quantity ( coal requir$ = smelt+ ! z9c f its ores1 we %all produce f> m =ce ?an ! :ole ( ! z9c s obta9$ c\ld orig9ate 9 any =m ( app>atus :atev]4 ,heat1 electricity1 & magnetism1 h a simil> relation to ea* o!r z ! *emical equival5ts ( coal1 z9c1 & oxyg54 ,by a c]ta9 measure ( electricity we produce a correspond+ proportion ( heat or ( magnetic p[]2 we obta9 t electricity by *emical aff9ity1 :i* 9 "o %ape produces heat1 9 ano!r electricity or magnetism4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( aff9ity produces an equival5t ( electricity 9 ! same mann] z1 on ! o!r h&1 we decompose equival5ts ( *emical comp\nds by a def9ite measure ( electricity4 ,! magnetic =ce ( ! pile is !re=e limit$ to ! ext5t ( ! *emical aff9ity1 & 9 ! case be=e u is obta9$ by ! comb9ation ( ! z9c & sulphuric acid4 ,9 ! combu/ion ( coal1 ! heat results f1 & is measur$ by1 ! aff9ity ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e = t sub/ance4 ,x is true t ) a v small exp5se ( z9c1 we c make an iron wire a magnet capable ( su/a9+ a ?\s& p\nds weight ( iron2 let u n all[ ourselves to be misl$ by ?is4 ,su* a magnet c\ld n raise a s+le p\nd weight ( iron two in*es1 & !re=e c\ld n imp>t motion4 ,! magnet acts l a rock1 :i* :ile at re/ presses ) a weight ( a ?\s& p\nds ^u a basis2 x is l an inclos$ lake1 )\t an outlet & )\t a fall4 ,b x may be said1 we h1 by me*anical arrangem5ts1 giv5 x an outlet & a fall4 ,true2 & ?is mu/ be reg>d$ z a great triumph ( me*anics2 & ,i believe x is susceptible ( fur!r improvem5ts1 by :i* great] =ce may be obta9$4 ,b ) e conceivable advantage ( me*anism1 no "o w dispute t "o p\nd ( coal1 "u ! boil] ( a /eam-eng9e1 w give motion to a mass sev]al hundr$ times great] ?an a p\nd ( z9c 9 ! galvanic pile4 ,our exp]i5ce ( ! employm5t ( electro-magnetism z a motory p[] is1 h[ev]1 too rec5t to enable u to =esee ! ultimate results ( contrivances to apply x2 &1 !re=e1 ^? :o h devot$ !mselves to solve ! problem ( its application %\ld n be disc\rag$1 inasmu* z x w\ld und\bt$ly be a mo/ important a*ievem5t to sup]s$e ! /eam-eng9e1 & ?us escape ! dang] ( railroads1 ev5 at d\ble _! exp5se4 ,pr(essor ,web] ( ,gott+5 has ?r[n out a sugge/ion1 t if a contrivance c\ld be devis$ to enable u to conv]t at w ! :eels ( ! /eam-c>riage into magnets1 we %\ld be enabl$ to asc5d & desc5d acclivities ) great facility4 ,?is notion may ultimately be1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 realis$4 ,! employm5t ( ! galvanic pile z a motory p[]1 h[ev]1 mu/1 l e o!r contrivance1 dep5d ^u ! "q ( its relative economy3 probably "s "t h5ce x may s f> succe$ z to be adopt$ 9 c]ta9 fav\rable localities2 x may /& 9 ! same relation to /eam p[] z ! manufacture ( beet sug> be>s to t ( cane1 or z ! production ( gas f oils & res9s to t f m9]al coal4 ,! hi/ory ( beet-root sug> af=ds u an excell5t illu/ration ( ! effect ( prices ^u comm]cial productions4 ,?is bran* ( indu/ry seems at l5g?1 z to its processes1 to be p]fect$4 ,! mo/ beautiful :ite sug> is n[ manufactur$ f ! beet-root1 9 ! place ( ! treacle-l sug>1 hav+ ! ta/e ( ! root1 :i* 0 fir/ obta9$2 & in/ead ( #c or #d p] c5t41 ! proportion obta9$ by ,a*>d1 d\ble or ev5 treble t am\nt is n[ produc$4 ,& not)/&+ ! p]fection ( ! manufacture1 x is probable x w ere long be 9 mo/ places entirely discont9u$4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahbd to #ahbg1 ! prices ( agricultural produce 7 mu* l[] ?an at pres5t1 :ile ! price ( sug> 0 ! same4 ,at t "t "o malt] #a ( :eat 0 #ajs41 & "o klaft] #b ( wood #ahs41 & l& 0 fall+ 9 price4 ,?us1 food & fuel 7 *eap1 & ! dem& = sug> unlimit$2 x 01 !re=e1 advantage\s to gr[ beet-root1 & to dispose ( ! produce ( l& z sug>4 ,all ^! circum/ances are n[ diff]5t4 ,a malt] ( :eat co/s #ahs42 a klaft] ( wood1 #cjs4 to #cfs4 ,wages h ris51 b n 9 proportion1 :il/ ! price ( colonial sug> has fall54 ,)9 ! limits ( ! ,g]man comm]cial league1 z1 = in/ance1 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 a p\nd ( ! :ite/ & be/ loaf sug> is #g;d42 ! import duty is #ca_/;d41 or #cjs4 p] cwt41 leav+ #ca_/;d4 z ! price ( ! sug>4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbg1 !n1 "o malt] ( :eat 0 equal to #dj lbs4 weight ( sug>1 :il/ at pres5t t quantity ( :eat is wor? #gj lbs4 ( sug>4 ,if inde$ fuel 7 ! same 9 price z =m]ly1 & #gj lbs4 ( sug> c\ld be obta9$ f ! same quantity ( ! root z !n yield$ #dj lbs41 x might /ill be advantage\sly produc$2 b ! am\nt1 if n[ obta9$ by ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( extraction1 falls f> %ort ( ?is2 & z fuel is d\ble ! price1 & lab\r de>]1 x foll[s t1 at pres5t1 x is f> m advantage\s to cultivate :eat & to pur*ase sug>4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r elem5ts :i* mu/ ent] into our calculations2 b ^! s]ve to confirm our conclusion t ! manufacture ( beet-root sug> z a comm]cial speculation mu/ cease4 ,! leaves & residue ( ! root1 aft] ! juice 0 express$1 7 us$ z food = cattle1 & _! value naturally increas$ ) ! price ( gra94 ,by ! process =m]ly pursu$1 #ge lbs4 weight ( juice 7 obta9$ f #ajj lbs4 ( beet-root1 & gave #e lbs4 ( sug>4 ,! me?od ( ,s*utz5ba*1 :i* 0 eag]ly adopt$ by ! manufactur]s1 produc$ f ! same quantity ( root #h lbs4 ( sug>2 b x 0 att5d$ ) m exp5se to produce1 & ! loss ( ! residue z food = cattle4 ,! increas$ exp5se 9 ?is process arises f ! l>g] quantity ( fuel requir$ to evaporate ! wat]2 = in/ead ( m]ely evaporat+ ! juice1 ! dry residue is treat$ ) wat]1 & we require fuel suffici5t to evaporate #ajf lbs4 ( fluid in/ead ( #ge lbs41 & ! residue is only fit = manure4 ,! additional #c lbs4 ( sug> are pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( mu* fuel1 & ! loss ( ! residue z an article ( food4 ,if ! valley ( ! ,rh9e possess$ m9es ( diamonds z ri* z ^? ( ,golconda1 ,visiapoor1 or ! ,brazils1 !y w\ld probably n be wor? ! work+3 at ^? places ! co/ ( extraction is #bhs4 to #cjs4 ! c>at4 ,) u x am\nts to ?ree or f\r times z mu*--to m1 9 fact1 ?an diamonds are wor? 9 ! m>ket4 ,! s& ( ! ,rh9e conta9s gold2 & 9 ! ,gr& ,du*y ( ,bad5 _m p]sons are occupi$ 9 gold-wa%+ :5 wages are l[2 b z soon z !y rise1 ?is employm5t ceases4 ,! manufacture ( sug> f beet-root1 9 ! l mann]1 twelve to f\rte5 ye>s ago (f]$ advantages :i* are n[ lo/3 in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ma9ta9+ x at a great sacrifice1 x w\ld be m reasonable1 m 9 accordance ) true natural economy1 to cultivate o!r & m valuable productions1 & ) !m pur*ase sug>4 ,n only w\ld ! /ate be ! ga9]1 b e memb] ( ! community4 ,?is argum5t does n apply1 p]haps1 to ,france & ,bohemia1 :]e ! prices ( fuel & ( colonial sug> are v diff]5t to ^? 9 ,g]many4 ,! manufacture ( gas = light+1 f coal1 res91 & oils1 /&s ) u on ! same b>r5 gr\nd4 ,! price ( ! mat]ials f :i* gas is manufactur$ 9 ,engl& be>s a direct proportion to ! price ( corn3 !re ! co/ ( tall[ & oil is twice z great z 9 ,g]many1 b iron & coal are two-?irds *eap]2 & ev5 9 ,engl& ! manufacture ( gas is only advantage\s :5 ! o!r products ( ! di/illation ( coal1 ! coke1 c41 c be sold4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be e/eem$ "o ( ! greate/ discov]ies ( ! age if any "o c\ld succe$ 9 cond5s+ coal gas into a :ite1 dry1 solid1 od\rless sub/ance1 portable1 & capable ( be+ plac$ ^u a c&le/ick1 or burn$ 9 a lamp4 ,wax1 tall[1 & oil1 are combu/ible gases 9 a solid or fluid =m1 :i* (f] _m advantages = light+1 n possess$ by gas3 !y furni%1 9 well-con/ruct$ lamps1 z mu* light1 )\t requir+ ! exp5sive app>atus necess>y = ! combu/ion ( gas1 & !y are g5]ally m economical4 ,9 l>ge t[ns1 or su* e/abli%m5ts z hotels1 :]e coke is 9 dem&1 & :]e losses 9 /ol5 tall[ or oil mu/ be consid]$1 toge!r ) ! lab\r ( snuff+ c&les & clean+ lamps1 ! high] price ( gas is comp5sat$4 ,9 places :]e gas c be manufactur$ f res91 oil ( turp5t9e1 & o!r *eap oils1 z at ,frank=t1 ?is is advantage\s s long z x is pursu$ on small scale only4 ,if l>ge t[ns 7 light$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! mat]ials w\ld rise 9 price3 ! :ole am\nt at pres5t produc$ w\ld sc>cely suffice = two su* t[ns z ,b]l9 & ,muni*4 ,b no j calculation c be made f ! pres5t prices ( turp5t9e1 res91 c41 :i* are n produc$ ^u any l>ge scale4 ,footnote #a3 ,malt]--a measure conta9+ sev]al bu%els1 b v>y+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,footnote #b3 ,klaft]--a cord1 a /ack1 measur+ six feet e way4 ,,lett] ,v ,my de> ,sir1 ,until v rec5tly x 0 suppos$ t ! physical qualities ( bodies1 i4e4 h>dness1 col\r1 d5sity1 transp>5cy1 c41 & /ill m _! *emical prop]ties1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! nature ( _! elem5ts1 or ^u _! composition4 ,x 0 tacitly receiv$ z a pr9ciple1 t two bodies conta9+ ! same elem5ts 9 ! same proportion1 mu/ ( necessity possess ! same prop]ties4 ,we c\ld n imag9e an exact id5tity ( composition giv+ rise to two bodies entirely diff]5t 9 _! s5sible appe>ance & *emical relations4 ,! mo/ +5i\s philosoph]s ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t *emical comb9ation is an int]-p5etration ( ! p>ticles ( diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 & t all matt] is susceptible ( inf9ite division4 ,?is has prov$ to be altoge!r a mi/ake4 ,if matt] 7 inf9itely divisible 9 ?is s5se1 its p>ticles mu/ be impond]able1 & a million ( su* molecules c\ld n weigh m ?an an inf9itely small "o4 ,b ! p>ticles ( t impond]able matt]1 :i*1 /rik+ ^u ! ret9a1 give u ! s5sation ( light1 are n 9 a ma!matical s5se inf9itely small4 ,int]-p5etration ( elem5ts 9 ! production ( a *emical comp\nd1 supposes two di/9ct bodies1 ,a & ,b1 to occupy "o & ! same space at ! same "t4 ,if ?is 7 s1 diff]5t prop]ties c\ld n consi/ ) an equal & id5tical composition4 ,t hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 has %>$ ! fate ( innum]able imag9ative explanations ( natural ph5om5a1 9 :i* our pr$ecessors indulg$4 ,!y h n[ no advocate4 ,! =ce ( tru?1 dep5d5t ^u obs]vation1 is irresi/ible4 ,a great _m sub/ances h be5 discov]$ among/ organic bodies1 compos$ ( ! same elem5ts 9 ! same relative proportions1 & yet exhibit+ physical & *emical prop]ties p]fectly di/9ct "o f ano!r4 ,to su* sub/ances ! t]m ,isom]ic 7f #a_/;ao#a_/ equal & aei#a_/o#a_/ "p7 is appli$4 ,a great class ( bodies1 kn[n z ! volatile oils1 oil ( turp5t9e1 ess5ce ( lemons1 oil ( balsam ( copaiba1 oil ( rosem>y1 oil ( junip]1 & _m o!rs1 diff]+ widely f ea* o!r 9 _! od\r1 9 _! m$ic9al effects1 9 _! boil+ po9t1 9 _! specific gravity1 c41 are exactly id5tical 9 composition1--!y conta9 ! same elem5ts1 c>bon & hydrog51 9 ! same proportions4 ,h[ admirably simple does ! *emi/ry ( organic nature pres5t itself to u f ?is po9t ( view6 ,an extraord9>y v>iety ( comp\nd bodies produc$ ) equal weights ( two elem5ts6 & h[ wide _! dissimil>ity6 ,! cry/allis$ "p ( ! oil ( roses1 ! delici\s fragrance ( :i* is s well kn[n1 a solid at ord9>y temp]atures1 al?\gh readily volatile1 is a comp\nd body conta9+ exactly ! same elem5ts1 & 9 ! same proportions1 z ! gas we employ = light+ our /reets2 &1 9 %ort1 ! same elem5ts1 9 ! same relative quantities1 are f\nd 9 a doz5 o!r comp\nds1 all diff]+ ess5tially 9 _! physical & *emical prop]ties4 ,^! rem>kable tru?s1 s highly important 9 _! applications1 7 n receiv$ & admitt$ z suffici5tly e/abli%$1 )\t abundant pro(s4 ,_m examples h long be5 kn[n :]e ! analysis ( two diff]5t bodies gave ! same composition2 b su* cases 7 reg>d$ z d\btful3 at any rate1 !y 7 isolat$ obs]vations1 homeless 9 ! realms ( sci5ce3 until1 at l5g?1 examples 7 discov]$ ( two or m bodies ^: absolute id5tity ( composition1 ) totally di/9ct prop]ties1 c\ld be demon/rat$ 9 a m obvi\s & conclusive mann] ?an by m]e analysis2 t is1 !y c be conv]t$ & reconv]t$ into ea* o!r )\t addition & )\t subtraction4 ,9 cyanuric acid1 hydrat$ cyanic acid1 & cyamelide1 we h ?ree su* isom]ic comp\nds4 ,cyanuric acid is cry/all9e1 soluble 9 wat]1 & capable ( =m+ salts ) metallic oxides4 ,hydrat$ cyanic acid is a volatile & highly bli/]+ fluid1 :i* _c be br\ght into contact ) wat] )\t be+ in/antane\sly decompos$4 ,cyamelide is a :ite sub/ance v l porcela91 absolutely insoluble 9 wat]4 ,n[ if we place ! fir/1--cyanuric acid1--9 a vessel h]metically seal$1 & apply a high degree ( heat1 x is conv]t$ by its influ5ce into hydrat$ cyanic acid2 &1 !n1 if ?is is kept = "s "t at ! common temp]ature1 x passes into cyamelide1 no o!r elem5t be+ pres5t4 ,&1 aga9 inv]sely1 cyamelide c be conv]t$ into cyanuric acid & hydrat$ cyanic acid4 ,we h ?ree o!r bodies :i* pass ?r\gh simil> *anges1 9 aldehyde1 metaldehyde1 & etaldehyde2 &1 aga9 two1 9 urea & cyanuret ( ammonia4 ,fur!r1 #ajj p>ts ( aldehyde hydrat$ butyric acid & acetic e!r conta9 ! same elem5ts 9 ! same proportion4 ,?us "o sub/ance may be conv]t$ into ano!r )\t addition or subtraction1 & )\t ! p>ticipation ( any =eign bodies 9 ! *ange4 ,! doctr9e t matt] is n inf9itely divisible1 b on ! contr>y1 consi/s ( atoms incapable ( fur!r division1 alone furni%es u ) a satisfactory explanation ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,9 *emical comb9ations1 ! ultimate atoms ( bodies d n p5etrate ea* o!r1 !y are only arrang$ side by side 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & ! prop]ties ( ! comp\nd dep5d entirely ^u ?is ord]4 ,if !y are made to *ange _! place--_! mode ( arrangem5t--by an impulse f )\t1 !y comb9e aga9 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & ano!r comp\nd is =m$ ) totally diff]5t prop]ties4 ,we may suppose t "o atom comb9es ) "o atom ( ano!r elem5t to =m a comp\nd atom1 :ile 9 o!r bodies two & two1 f\r & f\r1 eight & eight1 are unit$2 s t 9 all su* comp\nds ! am\nt p] c5t4 ( ! elem5ts is absolutely equal2 & yet _! physical & *emical prop]ties mu/ be totally diff]5t1 ! con/itution ( ea* atom be+ peculi>1 9 "o body consi/+ ( two1 9 ano!r ( f\r1 9 a ?ird ( eight1 & 9 a f\r? ( sixte5 simple atoms4 ,! discov]y ( ^! facts imm$iately l$ to _m mo/ beautiful & int]e/+ results2 !y furni%$ u ) a satisfactory explanation ( obs]vations :i* 7 be=e veil$ 9 my/]y1--a key to _m ( ,nature's mo/ curi\s recesses4 ,aga92 solid bodies1 :e!r simple or comp\nd1 are capable ( exi/+ 9 two /ates1 :i* are kn[n by ! t]ms amorph\s & cry/all9e4 ,:5 matt] is pass+ f a gase\s or liquid /ate sl[ly into a solid1 an incessant motion is obs]v$1 z if ! molecules 7 m9ute magnets2 !y are se5 to repel ea* o!r 9 "o direction1 & to attract & coh]e toge!r 9 ano!r1 & 9 ! end become arrang$ into a regul> =m1 :i* "u equal circum/ances is always ! same = any giv5 k9d ( matt]2 t is1 cry/als are =m$4 ,"t & fre$om ( motion = ! p>ticles ( bodies are necess>y to ! =mation ( cry/als4 ,if we =ce a fluid or a gas to become sudd5ly solid1 leav+ no "t = its p>ticles to arrange !mselves1 & coh]e 9 t direction 9 :i* ! cohesive attraction is /ronge/1 no cry/als w be =m$1 b ! result+ solid w h a diff]5t col\r1 a diff]5t degree ( h>dness & cohesion1 & w refract light diff]5tly2 9 "o ^w1 w be amorph\s4 ,?us we h c9nab> z a r$ & a jet-black sub/ance2 sulphur a fix$ & brittle body1 & s(t1 semitransp>5t1 & ductile2 glass z a milk-:ite opaque sub/ance1 s h>d t x /rikes fire ) /eel1 & 9 its ord9>y & well-kn[n /ate4 ,^! dissimil> /ates & prop]ties ( ! same body are occasion$ 9 "o case by a regul>1 9 ! o!r by an irregul>1 arrangem5t ( its atoms2 "o is cry/all9e1 ! o!r amorph\s4 ,apply+ ^! facts to natural productions1 we h reason to believe t clay-slate1 & _m k9ds ( greywacke1 are amorph\s feldsp>1 z transition lime/one is amorph\s m>ble1 basalt & lava mixtures ( amorph\s zeolite & augite4 ,any?+ t influ5ces ! cohesion1 mu/ also 9 a c]ta9 degree alt] ! prop]ties ( bodies4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 if cry/allis$ at ord9>y temp]atures1 possesses ! cry/all9e =m1 h>dness1 & refract+ p[] ( common sp>2 if cry/allis$ at a high] temp]ature1 x has ! =m & prop]ties ( arragonite4 ,f9ally1 ,isomorphism1 or ! equality ( =m ( _m *emical comp\nds hav+ a diff]5t composition1 t5ds to prove t matt] consi/s ( atoms ! m]e arrangem5t ( :i* produces all ! prop]ties ( bodies4 ,b :5 we f9d t a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! same elem5ts gives rise to v>i\s physical & *emical prop]ties1 & a simil> arrangem5t ( diff]5t elem5ts produces prop]ties v mu* ! same1 may we n inquire :e!r "s ( ^? bodies :i* we reg>d z elem5ts may n be m]ely modifications ( ! same sub/ance8--:e!r !y are n ! same matt] 9 a diff]5t /ate ( arrangem5t8 ,we "k 9 fact ! exi/5ce ( iron 9 two /ates1 s dissimil>1 t 9 ! "o1 x is to ! electric *a9 l plat9um1 & 9 ! o!r x is l z9c2 s t p[]ful galvanic ma*9es h be5 con/ruct$ ( ?is "o metal4 ,among ! elem5ts are sev]al in/ances ( rem>kable simil>ity ( prop]ties4 ,?us !re is a /rong resemblance betwe5 plat9um & iridium2 brom9e & iod9e2 iron1 manganese1 & magnesium2 cobalt & nickel2 phosphorus & ars5ic2 b ?is resemblance consi/s ma9ly 9 _! =m+ isomorph\s comp\nds 9 :i* ^! elem5ts exi/ 9 ! same relative proportion4 ,^! comp\nds are simil>1 because ! atoms ( :i* !y are compos$ are arrang$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! conv]se ( ?is is also true3 nitrate ( /rontia becomes q dissimil> to its common /ate if a c]ta9 proportion ( wat] is tak5 into its composition4 ,if we suppose sel5ium to be m]ely modifi$ sulphur1 & phosphorus modifi$ ars5ic1 h[ does x happ51 we mu/ inquire1 t sulphuric acid & sel5ic acid1 phosphoric & ars5ic acid1 respectively =m comp\nds :i* x is impossible to di/+ui% by _! =m & solubility8 ,7 ^! m]ely isom]ic1 !y ought to exhibit prop]ties q dissimil>6 ,we h n1 ,i believe1 at pres5t ! remote/ gr\nd to suppose t any "o ( ^? sub/ances :i* *emi/s reg>d z elem5ts c be conv]t$ into ano!r4 ,su* a conv]sion1 inde$1 w\ld presuppose t ! elem5t 0 compos$ ( two or m +r$i5ts1 & 0 9 fact n an elem5t2 & until ! decomposition ( ^! bodies is accompli%$1 & _! con/itu5ts discov]$1 all pret5sions to su* conv]sions des]ve no notice4 ,dr4 ,br[n ( ,ed9burgh ?\ght he _h conv]t$ iron into rhodium1 & c>bon or p>acyanog5 into silicon4 ,8 pap] ^u ?is subject 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 & conta9$ int]nal evid5ce1 )\t a repetition ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t he 0 totally unacqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( *emical analysis4 ,b 8 exp]im5ts h be5 c>efully repeat$ by qualifi$ p]sons1 & !y h completely prov$ 8 ignorance3 8 rhodium is iron1 & 8 silicon an impure incombu/ible coal4 ,,lett] ,,vi ,my de> ,sir1 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable effects ( ! rec5t progress ( sci5ce is ! alliance ( *emi/ry ) physiology1 by :i* a new & unexpect$ light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! vital processes ( plants & animals4 ,we h n[ no long] any difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! diff]5t actions ( alim5ts1 poisons1 & rem$ial ag5ts--we h a cle> conception ( ! causes ( hung]1 ( ! exact nature ( dea?2 & we are n1 z =m]ly1 oblig$ to cont5t ourselves ) a m]e description ( _! symptoms4 ,x is n[ asc]ta9$ ) positive c]ta9ty1 t all ! sub/ances :i* con/itute ! food ( man mu/ be divid$ into two great classes1 "o ( :i* s]ves = ! nutrition & reproduction ( ! animal body1 :il/ ! o!r m9i/]s to q diff]5t purposes4 ,?us />*1 gum1 sug>1 be]1 w9e1 spirits1 c41 furni% no elem5t capable ( ent]+ into ! composition ( blood1 muscul> fibre1 or any "p :i* is ! seat ( ! vital pr9ciple4 ,x mu/ surely be univ]sally int]e/+ to trace ! great *ange our views h und]gone ^u ^! subjects1 z well z to become acqua9t$ ) ! rese>*es f :i* our pres5t k is d]iv$4 ,! prim>y conditions ( ! ma9t5ance ( animal life1 are a con/ant supply ( c]ta9 matt]s1 animal food1 & ( oxyg51 9 ! %ape ( atmosph]ic air4 ,dur+ e mom5t ( life1 oxyg5 is absorb$ f ! atmosph]e 9 ! organs ( respiration1 & ! act ( brea?+ _c cease :ile life cont9ues4 ,! obs]vations ( physiologi/s h demon/rat$ t ! body ( an adult man suppli$ abundantly ) food1 nei!r increases nor dim9i%es 9 weight dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & yet ! quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ into 8 sy/em1 9 t p]iod1 is v consid]able4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi]1 an adult man takes into 8 sy/em f ! atmosph]e1 9 "o ye>1 no less ?an #gdf p\nds weight ( oxyg52 ! calculations ( ,m5zies make ! quantity am\nt ev5 to #hcg p\nds2 b we f9d 8 weight at ! end ( ! ye> ei!r exactly ! same or diff]5t "o way or ! o!r by at mo/ a few p\nds4 ,:at1 x may be ask$1 has become ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( oxyg5 ?us introduc$ into ! human sy/em 9 ! c\rse ( "o ye>8 ,we c answ] ?is "q satisfactorily4 ,no "p ( ! oxyg5 rema9s 9 ! body1 b is giv5 out aga91 comb9$ ) c>bon & hydrog54 ,! c>bon & hydrog5 ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! animal body comb9e ) ! oxyg5 introduc$ ?r\gh ! lungs & sk91 & pass (f 9 ! =ms ( c>bonic acid & vap\r ( wat]4 ,at e expiration & e mom5t ( life1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( its elem5ts are sep>at$ f ! animal organism1 hav+ ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a basis = ! approximate calculation1 we may assume1 ) ,lavoisi] & ,segu91 t an adult man absorbs into 8 sy/em #cb #a_/b ounces ( oxyg5 daily1--t is1 #df1jcg cubic in*es #ae1ffa gra9s1 ,fr5* weight2 & fur!r1 t ! weight ( ! :ole mass ( 8 blood is #bd p\nds1 ( :i* #hj p] c5t4 is wat]4 ,n[1 f ! kn[n composition ( ! blood1 we "k t 9 ord] to conv]t its :ole am\nt ( c>bon & hydrog5 into c>bonic acid & wat]1 #fd4ajb gra9s ( oxyg5 are requir$4 ,?is quantity w be tak5 into ! sy/em 9 f\r days & five h\rs4 ,:e!r ! oxyg5 ent]s into comb9ation directly ) ! elem5ts ( ! blood1 or ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( o!r p>ts ( ! body1 x foll[s inevitably--! weight ( ! body rema9+ un*ang$ & 9 a normal condition--t z mu* ( ^! elem5ts z w suffice to supply #bd p\nds ( blood1 mu/ be tak5 into ! sy/em 9 f\r days & five h\rs2 & ?is necess>y am\nt is furni%$ by ! food4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 rema9$ satisfi$ ) m]e approximation3 we h det]m9$ accurately1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! quantity ( c>bon tak5 daily 9 ! food1 & ( t :i* passes out ( ! body 9 ! faeces & ur9e comb9$--t is1 uncomb9$ ) oxyg52 & f ^! inve/igations x appe>s t an adult man tak+ mod]ate ex]cise consumes #ac4i ounces ( c>bon1 :i* pass (f ?r\gh ! sk9 & lungs z c>bonic acid gas4 #a ,x requires #cg ounces ( oxyg5 to conv]t #ac #i_/aj ( c>bon into c>bonic acid4 ,aga92 accord+ to ! analysis ( ,b\ss+ault1 7,annales de ,*im4 et de ,phys41 lxx4 i4 p4#acf71 a horse consumes #gi #a_/aj ounces ( c>bon 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a mil* c[ #gj #c_/d ounces2 s t ! horse requires #ac p\nds #c #a_/b ounces1 & ! c[ #aa p\nds #aj #c_/d ounces ( oxyg54 #b ,z no "p ( ! oxyg5 tak5 into ! sy/em ( an animal is giv5 (f 9 any o!r =m ?an comb9$ ) c>bon or hydrog51 & z 9 a normal condition1 or /ate ( heal?1 ! c>bon & hydrog5 s giv5 (f are replac$ by ^? elem5ts 9 ! food1 x is evid5t t ! am\nt ( n\ri%m5t requir$ by an animal = its support mu/ be 9 a direct ratio ) ! quantity ( oxyg5 tak5 9 to its sy/em4 ,two animals :i* 9 equal times take up by means ( ! lungs & sk9 unequal quantities ( oxyg51 consume an am\nt ( food unequal 9 ! same ratio4 ,! consumption ( oxyg5 9 a giv5 "t may be express$ by ! numb] ( respirations2 x is1 !re=e1 obvi\s t 9 ! same animal ! quantity ( n\ri%m5t requir$ mu/ v>y ) ! =ce & numb] ( respirations4 ,a *ild brea!s quick] ?an an adult1 &1 consequ5tly1 requires food m frequ5tly & proportionably 9 l>g] quantity1 & be>s hung] less easily4 ,a bird depriv$ ( food dies on ! ?ird day1 :ile a s]p5t1 conf9$ "u a bell1 respires s sl[ly t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid g5]at$ 9 an h\r c sc>cely be obs]v$1 & x w live ?ree mon?s1 or long]1 )\t food4 ,! numb] ( respirations is few] 9 a /ate ( re/ ?an dur+ lab\r or ex]cise3 ! quantity ( food necess>y 9 bo? cases mu/ be 9 ! same ratio4 ,an excess ( food1 a want ( a due am\nt ( respir$ oxyg51 or ( ex]cise1 z also great ex]cise 7:i* obliges u to take an increas$ supply ( food71 toge!r ) weak organs ( dige/ion1 are incompatible ) heal?4 ,b ! quantity ( oxyg5 receiv$ by an animal ?r\gh ! lungs n only dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( respirations1 b also ^u ! temp]ature ( ! respir$ air4 ,! size ( ! ?orax ( an animal is un*angeable2 we may !re=e reg>d ! volume ( air :i* ent]s at e inspiration z uni=m4 ,b its weight1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( oxyg5 x conta9s1 is n con/ant4 ,air is exp&$ by heat1 & contract$ by cold--an equal volume ( hot & cold air conta9s1 !re=e1 an unequal am\nt ( oxyg54 ,9 summ] atmosph]ic air conta9s wat] 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 x is ne>ly depriv$ ( x 9 w9t]2 ! volume ( oxyg5 9 ! same volume ( air is small] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,9 summ] & w9t]1 at ! pole & at ! equator1 we inspire an equal volume ( air2 ! cold air is w>m$ dur+ respiration & acquires ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to introduce into ! lungs a giv5 am\nt ( oxyg51 less exp5diture ( =ce is necess>y 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 & = ! same exp5diture ( =ce m oxyg5 is inspir$ 9 w9t]4 ,x is also obvi\s t 9 an equal numb] ( respirations we consume m oxyg5 at ! level ( ! sea ?an on a m\nta94 ,! oxyg5 tak5 into ! sy/em is giv5 out aga9 9 ! same =m1 bo? 9 summ] & w9t]3 we expire m c>bon at a l[ ?an at a high temp]ature1 & require m or less c>bon 9 our food 9 ! same proportion2 &1 consequ5tly1 m is respir$ 9 ,sw$5 ?an 9 ,sicily1 & 9 our own c\ntry & eigh? m 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,ev5 if an equal weight ( food is consum$ 9 hot & cold climates1 ,inf9ite ,wisdom has orda9$ t v unequal proportions ( c>bon %all be tak5 9 x4 ,! food prep>$ = ! inhabitants ( s\!rn climes does n conta9 9 a fre% /ate m ?an #ab p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 :ile ! blubb] & tra9 oil :i* fe$ ! inhabitants ( ,pol> regions conta9 #ff to #hj p] c5t4 ( t elem5t4 ,f ! same cause x is comp>atively easy to be temp]ate 9 w>m climates1 or to be> hung] = a long "t "u ! equator2 b cold & hung] unit$ v soon produce exhau/ion4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e receiv$ into ! blood 9 ! lungs1 & circulat$ ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! animal body1 act+ ^u ! elem5ts ( ! food1 is ! s\rce ( animal heat4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is acc\nt is d$uc$ f obs]vations made ^u ! av]age daily consumption ( ab\t #cj soldi]s 9 b>racks4 ,! food ( ^! m51 consi/+ ( meat1 bread1 potatoes1 l5tils1 peas1 beans1 butt]1 salt1 pepp]1 c41 0 accurately weigh$ dur+ a mon?1 & ea* article subject$ to ultimate analysis4 ,( ! quantity ( food1 be]1 & spirits1 tak5 by ! m5 :5 out ( b>racks1 we h a close approximation f ! report ( ! s]geant2 & f ! weight & analysis ( ! faeces & ur9e1 x appe>s t ! c>bon :i* passes (f ?r\gh ^! *annels may be consid]$ equival5t to ! am\nt tak5 9 t portion ( ! food1 & ( s\r-cr\t1 :i* 0 n includ$ 9 ! e/imate4 ,footnote #b3 #ag4e ounces #j4e kilogramme4 ,,lett] ,,vii ,my de> ,sir1 ,! s\rce ( animal heat1 its laws1 & ! influ5ce x ex]ts ^u ! functions ( ! animal body1 con/itute a curi\s & highly int]e/+ subject1 to :i* ,i w\ld n[ direct y\r att5tion4 ,all liv+ creatures1 ^: exi/5ce dep5ds ^u ! absorption ( oxyg51 possess )9 !mselves a s\rce ( heat1 indep5d5t ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,?is g5]al tru? applies to all animals1 & ext5ds to ! se$ ( plants 9 ! act ( g]m9ation1 to fl[]-buds :5 develop+1 & fruits dur+ _! maturation4 ,9 ! animal body1 heat is produc$ only 9 ^? p>ts to :i* art]ial blood1 & ) x ! oxyg5 absorb$ 9 respiration1 is convey$4 ,hair1 wool1 & fea!rs1 receive no art]ial blood1 &1 !re=e1 9 !m no heat is develop$4 ,! comb9ation ( a combu/ible sub/ance ) oxyg5 is1 "u all circum/ances1 ! only s\rce ( animal heat4 ,9 :atev] way c>bon may comb9e ) oxyg51 ! act ( comb9ation is accompani$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( heat4 ,x is indiff]5t :e!r ?is comb9ation takes place rapidly or sl[ly1 at a high or at a l[ temp]ature3 ! am\nt ( heat lib]at$ is a con/ant quantity4 ,! c>bon ( ! food1 be+ conv]t$ into c>bonic acid )9 ! body1 mu/ give out exactly z mu* heat z if x _h be5 directly burnt 9 oxyg5 gas or 9 common air2 ! only diff]5ce is1 ! production ( ! heat is diffus$ ov] unequal times4 ,9 oxyg5 gas ! combu/ion ( c>bon is rapid & ! heat int5se2 9 atmosph]ic air x burns sl[] & = a long] "t1 ! temp]ature be+ l[]2 9 ! animal body ! comb9ation is /ill m gradual1 & ! heat is l[] 9 proportion4 ,x is obvi\s t ! am\nt ( heat lib]at$ mu/ increase or dim9i% ) ! quantity ( oxyg5 introduc$ 9 equal times by respiration4 ,^? animals1 !re=e1 :i* respire frequ5tly1 & consequ5tly consume mu* oxyg51 possess a high] temp]ature ?an o!rs1 :i*1 ) a body ( equal size to be heat$1 take into ! sy/em less oxyg54 ,! temp]ature ( a *ild 7#ajb deg7 is high] ?an t ( an adult 7#ii #a_/b deg74 ,t ( birds 7#ajd deg to #aje4d deg7 is high] ?an t ( quadrup$s 7#ih #a_/b deg to #ajj4d deg7 or ?an t ( fi%es or amphibia1 ^: prop] temp]ature is f #b4g to #c4f deg high] ?an t ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live4 ,all animals1 /rictly speak+1 are w>m-blood$2 b 9 ^? only :i* possess lungs is ! temp]ature ( ! body q indep5d5t ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! mo/ tru/wor?y obs]vations prove t 9 all climates1 9 ! temp]ate zones z well z at ! equator or ! poles1 ! temp]ature ( ! body 9 man1 & 9 :at are commonly call$ w>m-blood$ animals1 is inv>iably ! same2 yet h[ diff]5t are ! circum/ances "u :i* !y live6 ,! animal body is a heat$ mass1 :i* be>s ! same relation to surr\nd+ objects z any o!r heat$ mass4 ,x receives heat :5 ! surr\nd+ objects are hott]1 x loses heat :5 !y are cold]1 ?an itself4 ,we "k t ! rapidity ( cool+ increases ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! heat$ body & t ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium2 t is1 ! cold] ! surr\nd+ m$ium ! %ort] ! "t requir$ = ! cool+ ( ! heat$ body4 ,h[ unequal1 !n1 mu/ be ! loss ( heat 9 a man at ,pal]mo1 :]e ! ext]nal temp]ature is ne>ly equal to t ( ! body1 & 9 ! pol> regions1 :]e ! ext]nal temp]ature is f #gj deg to #ij deg l[]6 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is extremely unequal loss ( heat1 exp]i5ce has %[n t ! blood ( ! inhabitant ( ! arctic circle has a temp]ature z high z t ( ! native ( ! s\?1 :o lives 9 s diff]5t a m$ium4 ,?is fact1 :5 its true significance is p]ceiv$1 proves t ! heat giv5 (f to ! surr\nd+ m$ium is re/or$ )9 ! body ) great rapidity4 ,?is comp5sation mu/ consequ5tly take place m rapidly 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 at ! pole ?an at ! equator4 ,n[1 9 diff]5t climates ! quantity ( oxyg5 introduc$ into ! sy/em by respiration1 z has be5 already %[n1 v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air2 ! quantity ( inspir$ oxyg5 increases ) ! loss ( heat by ext]nal cool+1 & ! quantity ( c>bon or hydrog5 necess>y to comb9e ) ?is oxyg5 mu/ be increas$ 9 ! same ratio4 ,x is evid5t t ! supply ( ! heat lo/ by cool+ is effect$ by ! mutual action ( ! elem5ts ( ! food & ! inspir$ oxyg51 :i* comb9e toge!r4 ,to make use ( a famili>1 b n on t acc\nt a less j illu/ration1 ! animal body acts1 9 ?is respect1 z a furnace1 :i* we supply ) fuel4 ,x signifies no?+ :at int]m$iate =ms food may assume1 :at *anges x may und]go 9 ! body2 ! la/ *ange is uni=mly ! conv]sion ( its c>bon into c>bonic acid1 & ( its hydrog5 into wat]4 ,! unassimilat$ nitrog5 ( ! food1 along ) ! unburn$ or unoxidis$ c>bon1 is expell$ 9 ! ur9e or 9 ! solid excrem5ts4 ,9 ord] to keep up 9 ! furnace a con/ant temp]ature1 we mu/ v>y ! supply ( fuel accord+ to ! ext]nal temp]ature1 t is1 accord+ to ! supply ( oxyg54 ,9 ! animal body ! food is ! fuel2 ) a prop] supply ( oxyg5 we obta9 ! heat giv5 out dur+ its oxidation or combu/ion4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 we take ex]cise 9 a cold atmosph]e1 & :5 consequ5tly ! am\nt ( inspir$ oxyg5 increases1 ! necessity = food conta9+ c>bon & hydrog5 increases 9 ! same ratio2 & by gratify+ ! appetite ?us excit$1 we obta9 ! mo/ effici5t protection aga9/ ! mo/ pi]c+ cold4 ,a />v+ man is soon froz5 to dea?4 ,! animals ( prey 9 ! arctic regions1 z e "o kn[s1 f> exce$ 9 voracity ^? ( ! torrid zone4 ,9 cold & temp]ate climates1 ! air1 :i* incessantly /rives to consume ! body1 urges man to labori\s ef=ts 9 ord] to furni% ! means ( resi/ance to its action1 :ile1 9 hot climates1 ! necessity ( lab\r to provide food is f> less urg5t4 ,our clo?+ is m]ely an equival5t = a c]ta9 am\nt ( food4 ,! m w>mly we are clo!d ! less urg5t becomes ! appetite = food1 because ! loss ( heat by cool+1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( heat to be suppli$ by ! food1 is dim9i%$4 ,if we 7 to g nak$1 l c]ta9 savage tribes1 or if 9 hunt+ or fi%+ we 7 expos$ to ! same degree ( cold z ! ,samoy$es1 we %\ld be able ) ease to consume #aj lbs4 ( fle%1 & p]haps a doz5 ( tall[ c&les into ! b>ga91 daily1 z w>mly clad travell]s h relat$ ) a/oni%m5t ( ^! p4 ,we %\ld !n also be able to take ! same quantity ( br&y or tra9 oil )\t bad effects1 because ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ^! sub/ances w\ld only suffice to keep up ! equilibrium betwe5 ! ext]nal temp]ature & t ( our bodies4 ,accord+ to ! prec$+ expositions1 ! quantity ( food is regulat$ by ! numb] ( respirations1 by ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & by ! am\nt ( heat giv5 (f to ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,no isolat$ fact1 app>5tly oppos$ to ?is /atem5t1 c affect ! tru? ( ?is natural law4 ,)\t tempor>y or p]man5t injury to heal?1 ! ,neapolitan _c take m c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! %ape ( food ?an he expires z c>bonic acid & wat]2 & ! ,esquimaux _c expire m c>bon & hydrog5 ?an he takes 9 ! sy/em z food1 unless 9 a /ate ( disease or ( />vation4 ,let u exam9e ^! /ates a little m closely4 ,! ,engli%man 9 ,jamaica p]ceives ) regret ! disappe>ance ( 8 appetite1 previ\sly a s\rce ( frequ5tly recurr+ enjoym5t2 & he succe$s1 by ! use ( cay5ne pepp]1 & ! mo/ p[]ful /imulants1 9 enabl+ himself to take z mu* food z he 0 accu/om$ to eat at home4 ,b ! :ole ( ! c>bon ?us introduc$ into ! sy/em is n consum$2 ! temp]ature ( ! air is too high1 & ! oppressive heat does n all[ him to increase ! numb] ( respirations by active ex]cise1 & ?us to proportion ! wa/e to ! am\nt ( food tak52 disease ( "s k9d1 !re=e1 ensues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,engl& s5ds h] sick to s\!rn regions1 :]e ! am\nt ( ! oxyg5 inspir$ is dim9i%$ 9 a v l>ge proportion4 ,^? ^: diseas$ dige/ive organs h 9 a great] or less degree lo/ ! p[] ( br++ ! food into ! /ate be/ adapt$ = oxidation1 & !re=e are less able to resi/ ! oxidis+ influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e ( _! native climate1 obta9 a great improvem5t 9 heal?4 ,! diseas$ organs ( dige/ion h p[] to place ! dim9i%$ am\nt ( food 9 equilibrium ) ! inspir$ oxyg51 9 ! mild climate2 :il/ 9 a cold] region ! organs ( respiration !mselves w\ld h be5 consum$ 9 furni%+ ! necess>y resi/ance to ! action ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,9 our climate1 hepatic diseases1 or ^? aris+ f excess ( c>bon1 prevail 9 summ]2 9 w9t]1 pulmon>y diseases1 or ^? aris+ f excess ( oxyg51 are m frequ5t4 ,! cool+ ( ! body1 by :atev] cause x may be produc$1 increases ! am\nt ( food necess>y4 ,! m]e exposure to ! op5 air1 9 a c>riage or on ! deck ( a %ip1 by increas+ radiation & vaporisation1 increases ! loss ( heat1 & compels u to eat m ?an usual4 ,! same is true ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to dr9k l>ge quantities ( cold wat]1 :i* is giv5 (f at ! temp]ature ( ! body1 #ih #a_/b deg4 ,x increases ! appetite1 & p]sons ( weak con/itution f9d x necess>y1 by cont9u$ ex]cise1 to supply to ! sy/em ! oxyg5 requir$ to re/ore ! heat ab/ract$ by ! cold wat]4 ,l\d & long cont9u$ speak+1 ! cry+ ( infants1 moi/ air1 all ex]t a decid$ & appreciable influ5ce on ! am\nt ( food :i* is tak54 ,we h assum$ t c>bon & hydrog5 especially1 by comb9+ ) oxyg51 s]ve to produce animal heat4 ,9 fact1 obs]vation proves t ! hydrog5 ( ! food plays a no less important "p ?an ! c>bon4 ,! :ole process ( respiration appe>s mo/ cle>ly develop$1 :5 we consid] ! /ate ( a man1 or o!r animal1 totally depriv$ ( food4 ,! fir/ effect ( />vation is ! disappe>ance ( fat1 & ?is fat _c be trac$ ei!r 9 ! ur9e or 9 ! scanty faeces4 ,its c>bon & hydrog5 h be5 giv5 (f ?r\gh ! sk9 & lungs 9 ! =m ( oxidis$ products2 x is obvi\s t !y h s]v$ to support respiration4 ,9 ! case ( a />v+ man1 #cb #a_/b oz4 ( oxyg5 ent] ! sy/em daily1 & are giv5 out aga9 9 comb9ation ) a "p ( 8 body4 ,currie m5tions ! case ( an individual :o 0 unable to swall[1 & ^: body lo/ #ajj lbs4 9 weight dur+ a mon?2 &1 accord+ to ,m>tell 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 vol4 xi4 p4#daa71 a fat pig1 ov]:elm$ 9 a slip ( e>?1 liv$ #afj days )\t food1 & 0 f\nd to h dim9i%$ 9 weight1 9 t "t1 m ?an #abj lbs4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( hyb]nat+ animals1 & ! well-e/abli%$ facts ( ! p]iodical accumulation1 9 v>i\s animals1 ( fat1 :i*1 at o!r p]iods1 entirely disappe>s1 prove t ! oxyg51 9 ! respiratory process1 consumes1 )\t exception1 all su* sub/ances z are capable ( ent]+ into comb9ation ) x4 ,x comb9es ) :atev] is pres5t$ to x2 & ! defici5cy ( hydrog5 is ! only reason :y c>bonic acid is ! *ief product2 =1 at ! temp]ature ( ! body1 ! aff9ity ( hydrog5 = oxyg5 f> surpasses t ( c>bon = ! same elem5t4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t ! gram9ivora expire a volume ( c>bonic acid equal to t ( ! oxyg5 inspir$1 :ile ! c>nivora1 ! only class ( animals ^: food conta9s fat1 inspire m oxyg5 ?an is equal 9 volume to ! c>bonic acid expir$4 ,exact exp]im5ts h %[n1 t 9 _m cases only half ! volume ( oxyg5 is expir$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid4 ,^! obs]vations _c be ga9said1 & are f> m conv9c+ ?an ^? arbitr>y & artificially produc$ ph5om5a1 sometimes call$ exp]im5ts2 exp]im5ts :i*1 made z too (t5 !y are1 )\t reg>d to ! necess>y & natural conditions1 possess no value1 & may be entirely disp5s$ )2 especially :51 z 9 ! pres5t case1 ,nature af=ds ! opportunity = obs]vation1 & :5 we make a rational use ( t opportunity4 ,9 ! progress ( />vation1 h[ev]1 x is n only ! fat :i* disappe>s1 b also1 by degrees all su* ( ! solids z are capable ( be+ dissolv$4 ,9 ! wa/$ bodies ( ^? :o h suff]$ />vation1 ! muscles are %runk & unnaturally s(t1 & h lo/ _! contractibility2 all ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* 7 capable ( ent]+ into ! /ate ( motion h s]v$ to protect ! rema9d] ( ! frame f ! de/ructive influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e4 ,t[>ds ! end1 ! p>ticles ( ! bra9 beg9 to und]go ! process ( oxidation1 & delirium1 mania1 & dea? close ! sc5e2 t is to say1 all resi/ance to ! oxidis+ p[] ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 ceases1 & ! *emical process ( eremacausis1 or decay1 comm5ces1 9 :i* e "p ( ! body1 ! bones except$1 ent]s into comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,! "t :i* is requir$ to cause dea? by />vation dep5ds on ! am\nt ( fat 9 ! body1 on ! degree ( ex]cise1 z 9 lab\r or ex]tion ( any k9d1 on ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & f9ally1 on ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( wat]4 ,?r\gh ! sk9 & lungs !re escapes a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 & z ! pres5ce ( wat] is ess5tial to ! cont9uance ( ! vital motions1 its dissipation ha/5s dea?4 ,cases h occurr$1 9 :i* a full supply ( wat] be+ accessible to ! suff]]1 dea? has n occurr$ till aft] ! lapse ( tw5ty days4 ,9 "o case1 life 0 su/a9$ 9 ?is way = ! p]iod ( sixty days4 ,9 all *ronic diseases dea? is produc$ by ! same cause1 namely1 ! *emical action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ^? sub/ances are want+1 ^: function 9 ! organism is to support ! process ( respiration1 :5 ! diseas$ organs are incapable ( p]=m+ _! prop] function ( produc+ ^! sub/ances1 :5 !y h lo/ ! p[] ( trans=m+ ! food into t %ape 9 :i* x may1 by ent]+ into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 protect ! sy/em f its influ5ce1 !n1 ! sub/ance ( ! organs !mselves1 ! fat ( ! body1 ! sub/ance ( ! muscles1 ! n]ves1 & ! bra91 are unavoidably consum$4 ,! true cause ( dea? 9 ^! cases is ! respiratory process1 t is1 ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,a defici5cy ( food1 & a want ( p[] to conv]t ! food into a "p ( ! organism1 are bo?1 equally1 a want ( resi/ance2 & ?is is ! negative cause ( ! cessation ( ! vital process4 ,! flame is ext+ui%$1 because ! oil is consum$2 & x is ! oxyg5 ( ! air :i* has consum$ x4 ,9 _m diseases sub/ances are produc$ :i* are incapable ( assimilation4 ,by ! m]e deprivation ( food1 ^! sub/ances are remov$ f ! body )\t leav+ a trace beh9d2 _! elem5ts h ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,f ! fir/ mom5t t ! function ( ! lungs or ( ! sk9 is int]rupt$ or di/urb$1 comp\nds1 ri* 9 c>bon1 appe> 9 ! ur9e1 :i* acquires a br[n col\r4 ,ov] ! :ole surface ( ! body oxyg5 is absorb$1 & comb9es ) all ! sub/ances :i* (f] no resi/ance to x4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! body :]e ! access ( oxyg5 is imp$$2 = example1 9 ! arm-pits1 or 9 ! soles ( ! feet1 peculi> comp\nds are giv5 out1 recognisable by _! appe>ance1 or by _! od\r4 ,^! comp\nds conta9 mu* c>bon4 ,respiration is ! fall+ weight--! b5t spr+1 :i* keeps ! clock 9 motion2 ! inspirations & expirations are ! /rokes ( ! p5dulum :i* regulate x4 ,9 our ord9>y "t-pieces1 we "k ) ma!matical accuracy ! effect produc$ on _! rate ( go+1 by *anges 9 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 or 9 ! ext]nal temp]ature4 ,few1 h[ev]1 h a cle> conception ( ! influ5ce ( air & temp]ature on ! heal? ( ! human body2 & yet ! rese>* into ! conditions necess>y to keep x 9 ! normal /ate is n m difficult ?an 9 ! case ( a clock4 ,,lett] ,,viii ,my de> ,sir1 ,hav+ attempt$ 9 my la/ lett] to expla9 to y ! simple & admirable (fice subs]v$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e 9 its comb9ation ) c>bon 9 ! animal body1 ,i w n[ proce$ to pres5t y ) "s rem>ks ^u ^? mat]ials :i* su/a9 its me*anisms 9 motion1 & keep up _! v>i\s functions1--namely1 ! ,alim5ts4 ,if ! increase 9 mass 9 an animal body1 ! developm5t & reproduction ( its organs dep5d ^u ! blood1 !n ^? sub/ances only :i* are capable ( be+ conv]t$ into blood c be prop]ly reg>d$ z n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ord] !n to asc]ta9 :at p>ts ( our food are nutriti\s1 we mu/ comp>e ! composition ( ! blood ) ! composition ( ! v>i\s articles tak5 z food4 ,two sub/ances require especial consid]ation z ! *ief +r$i5ts ( ! blood2 "o ( ^! sep>ates imm$iately f ! blood :5 x is )drawn f ! circulation4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ?is case blood coagulates1 & sep>ates into a yell[i% liquid1 ! s]um ( ! blood1 & a gelat9\s mass1 :i* adh]es to a rod or /ick 9 s(t1 ela/ic fibres1 :5 coagulat+ blood is briskly /irr$4 ,?is is ! fibr9e ( ! blood1 :i* is id5tical 9 all its prop]ties ) muscul> fibre1 :5 ! latt] is purifi$ f all =eign matt]s4 ,! second pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ! blood is conta9$ 9 ! s]um1 & gives to ?is liquid all ! prop]ties ( ! :ite ( eggs1 ) :i* x is inde$ id5tical4 ,:5 heat$1 x coagulates into a :ite ela/ic mass1 & ! coagulat+ sub/ance is call$ album54 ,fibr9e & album51 ! *ief +r$i5ts ( blood1 conta91 9 all1 sev5 *emical elem5ts1 among :i* nitrog51 phosphorus1 & sulphur are f\nd4 ,!y conta9 also ! e>? ( bones4 ,! s]um reta9s 9 solution sea salt & o!r salts ( pota% & soda1 9 :i* ! acids are c>bonic1 phosphoric1 & sulphuric acids4 ,! globules ( ! blood conta9 fibr9e & album51 along ) a r$ col\r+ matt]1 9 :i* iron is a con/ant elem5t4 ,besides ^!1 ! blood conta9s c]ta9 fatty bodies 9 small quantity1 :i* diff] f ord9>y fats 9 sev]al ( _! prop]ties4 ,*emical analysis has l$ to ! rem>kable result1 t fibr9e & album5 conta9 ! same organic elem5ts unit$ 9 ! same proportion1--i4e41 t !y are isom]ic1 _! *emical composition--! proportion ( _! ultimate elem5ts--be+ id5tical4 ,b ! diff]5ce ( _! ext]nal prop]ties %[s t ! p>ticles ( :i* !y are compos$ are arrang$ 9 a diff]5t ord]4 7,see ,lett] ,v74 ,?is conclusion has lately be5 beautifully confirm$ by a di/+ui%$ physiologi/ 7,d5is71 :o has succe$$ 9 conv]t+ fibr9e into album51 t is1 9 giv+ x ! solubility1 & coagulability by heat1 :i* *>act]ise ! :ite ( egg4 ,fibr9e & album51 besides hav+ ! same composition1 agree also 9 ?is1 t bo? dissolve 9 conc5trat$ muriatic acid1 yield+ a solution ( an int5se purple col\r4 ,?is solution1 :e!r made ) fibr9e or album51 has ! v same re-actions ) all sub/ances yet tri$4 ,bo? album5 & fibr9e1 9 ! process ( nutrition1 are capable ( be+ conv]t$ into muscul> fibre1 & muscul> fibre is capable ( be+ reconv]t$ into blood4 ,^! facts h long be5 e/abli%$ by physiologi/s1 & *emi/ry has m]ely prov$ t ^! metamorphoses c be accompli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( a c]ta9 =ce1 )\t ! aid ( a ?ird sub/ance1 or ( its elem5ts1 & )\t ! addition ( any =eign elem5t1 or ! sep>ation ( any elem5t previ\sly pres5t 9 ^! sub/ances4 ,if we n[ comp>e ! composition ( all organis$ p>ts ) t ( fibr9e & album51 ! foll[+ relations pres5t !mselves3-- ,all p>ts ( ! animal body :i* h a decid$ %ape1 :i* =m p>ts ( organs1 conta9 nitrog54 ,no "p ( an organ :i* possesses motion & life is de/itute ( nitrog52 all ( !m conta9 likewise c>bon & ! elem5ts ( wat]2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 9 no case 9 ! proportion to =m wat]4 ,! *ief +r$i5ts ( ! blood conta9 ne>ly #ag p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 & f num]\s analyses x appe>s t no "p ( an organ conta9s less ?an #ag p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,! mo/ conv9c+ exp]im5ts & obs]vations h prov$ t ! animal body is absolutely incapable ( produc+ an elem5t>y body1 su* z c>bon or nitrog51 out ( sub/ances :i* d n conta9 x2 & x obvi\sly foll[s1 t all k9ds ( food fit = ! production ei!r ( blood1 or ( cellul> tissue1 membranes1 sk91 hair1 muscul> fibre1 c41 mu/ conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( nitrog51 because t elem5t is ess5tial to ! composition ( ! above-nam$ organs2 because ! organs _c create x f ! o!r elem5ts pres5t$ to !m2 &1 f9ally1 because no nitrog5 is absorb$ f ! atmosph]e 9 ! vital process4 ,! sub/ance ( ! bra9 & n]ves conta9s a l>ge quantity ( album51 &1 9 addition to ?is1 two peculi> fatty acids1 di/+ui%$ f o!r fats by conta9+ phosphorus 7phosphoric acid874 ,"o ( ^! conta9s nitrog5 7,fremy74 ,f9ally1 wat] & common fat are ^? +r$i5ts ( ! body :i* are de/itute ( nitrog54 ,bo? are amorph\s or unorganis$1 & only s f> take "p 9 ! vital process z t _! pres5ce is requir$ = ! due p]=mance ( ! vital functions4 ,! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! body are1 iron1 lime1 magnesia1 common salt1 & ! alkalies4 ,! nutritive process is se5 9 its simple/ =m 9 c>nivor\s animals4 ,?is class ( animals lives on ! blood & fle% ( ! gram9ivora2 b ?is blood & fle% are1 9 all _! prop]ties1 id5tical ) _! own4 ,nei!r *emical nor physiological diff]5ces c be discov]$4 ,! nutrim5t ( c>nivor\s animals is d]iv$ orig9ally f blood2 9 _! /oma* x becomes dissolv$1 & capable ( rea*+ all o!r p>ts ( ! body2 9 its passage x is aga9 conv]t$ into blood1 & f ?is blood are reproduc$ all ^? p>ts ( _! organisation :i* h und]gone *ange or metamorphosis4 ,) ! exception ( ho(s1 hair1 fea!rs1 & ! e>? ( bones1 e "p ( ! food ( c>nivor\s animals is capable ( assimilation4 ,9 a *emical s5se1 !re=e1 x may be said t a c>nivor\s animal1 9 support+ ! vital process1 consumes itself4 ,t :i* s]ves = its nutrition is id5tical ) ^? p>ts ( its organisation :i* are to be r5ew$4 ,! process ( nutrition 9 gram9ivor\s animals appe>s at fir/ sight altoge!r diff]5t4 ,_! dige/ive organs are less simple1 & _! food consi/s ( vegetables1 ! great mass ( :i* conta9s b little nitrog54 ,f :at sub/ances1 x may be ask$1 is ! blood =m$1 by means ( :i* ( _! organs are develop$8 ,?is "q may be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,*emical rese>*es h %[n1 t all su* p>ts ( vegetables z c af=d nutrim5t to animals conta9 c]ta9 con/itu5ts :i* are ri* 9 nitrog52 & ! mo/ ord9>y exp]i5ce proves t animals require = _! support & nutrition less ( ^! p>ts ( plants 9 proportion z !y ab\nd 9 ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts4 ,animals _c be f$ on matt]s de/itute ( ^! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts4 ,^! important products ( vegetation are especially abundant 9 ! se$s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra91 & ( peas1 beans1 & l5tils2 9 ! roots & ! juices ( :at are commonly call$ vegetables4 ,!y exi/1 h[ev]1 9 all plants1 )\t exception1 & 9 e "p ( plants 9 l>g] or small] quantity4 ,^! nitrog5is$ =ms ( nutrim5t 9 ! vegetable k+dom may be r$uc$ to ?ree sub/ances1 :i* are easily di/+ui%$ by _! ext]nal *>act]s4 ,two ( !m are soluble 9 wat]1 ! ?ird is insoluble4 ,:5 ! newly-express$ juices ( vegetables are all[$ to /&1 a sep>ation takes place 9 a few m9utes4 ,a gelat9\s precipitate1 commonly ( a gre5 t+e1 is deposit$1 & ?is1 :5 act$ on by liquids :i* remove ! col\r+ matt]1 leaves a grayi% :ite sub/ance1 well kn[n to druggi/s z ! deposite f vegetable juices4 ,?is is "o ( ! nitrog5is$ comp\nds :i* s]ves = ! nutrition ( animals1 & has be5 nam$ vegetable fibr9e4 ,! juice ( grapes is especially ri* 9 ?is con/itu5t1 b x is mo/ abundant 9 ! se$s ( :eat1 & ( ! c]ealia g5]ally4 ,x may be obta9$ f :eat fl\r by a me*anical op]ation1 & 9 a /ate ( tol]able purity2 x is !n call$ glut51 b ! glut9\s prop]ty belongs1 n to vegetable fibr9e1 b to a =eign sub/ance1 pres5t 9 small quantity1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! o!r c]ealia4 ,! me?od by :i* x is obta9$ suffici5tly proves t x is insoluble 9 wat]2 al?\gh we _c d\bt t x 0 orig9ally dissolv$ 9 ! vegetable juice1 f :i* x aft]w>ds sep>at$1 exactly z fibr9e does f blood4 ,! second nitrog5is$ comp\nd rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! juice aft] ! sep>ation ( ! fibr9e4 ,x does n sep>ate f ! juice at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 b is in/antly coagulat$ :5 ! liquid conta9+ x is heat$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,:5 ! cl>ifi$ juice ( nutriti\s vegetables1 su* z caulifl[]1 asp>agus1 mangelwurzel1 or turnips1 is made to boil1 a coagulum is =m$1 :i* x is absolutely impossible to di/+ui% f ! sub/ance :i* sep>ates z a coagulum1 :5 ! s]um ( blood1 or ! :ite ( an egg1 dilut$ ) wat]1 are heat$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,?is is vegetable album54 ,x is f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance 9 c]ta9 se$s1 9 nuts1 almonds1 & o!rs1 9 :i* ! />* ( ! gram9eae is replac$ by oil4 ,! ?ird nitrog5is$ con/itu5t ( ! vegetable food ( animals is vegetable case9e4 ,x is *iefly f\nd 9 ! se$s ( peas1 beans1 l5tils1 & simil> legum9\s se$s4 ,l vegetable album51 x is soluble 9 wat]1 b diff]s f x 9 ?is1 t its solution is n coagulat$ by heat4 ,:5 ! solution is heat$ or evaporat$1 a sk9 =ms on its surface1 & ! addition ( an acid causes a coagulum1 j z 9 animal milk4 ,^! ?ree nitrog5is$ comp\nds1 vegetable fibr9e1 album51 & case9e1 are ! true nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts ( ! food ( gram9ivor\s animals2 all o!r nitrog5is$ comp\nds occurr+ 9 plants1 are ei!r reject$ by animals1 z 9 ! case ( ! *>act]i/ic pr9ciples ( poison\s & m$ic9al plants1 or else !y occur 9 ! food 9 su* v small proportion1 t !y _c possibly contribute to ! increase ( mass 9 ! animal body4 ,! *emical analysis ( ^! ?ree sub/ances has l$ to ! v int]e/+ result t !y conta9 ! same organic elem5ts1 unit$ 9 ! same proportion by weight2 &1 :at is /ill m rem>kable1 t !y are id5tical 9 composition ) ! *ief con/itu5ts ( blood1 animal fibr9e1 & album54 ,!y all ?ree dissolve 9 conc5trat$ muriatic acid ) ! same deep purple col\r1 & ev5 9 _! physical *>act]s1 animal fibr9e & album5 are 9 no respect diff]5t f vegetable fibr9e & album54 ,x is especially to be notic$1 t by ! phrase1 id5tity ( composition1 we d n "h int5d m]e simil>ity1 b t ev5 9 reg>d to ! pres5ce & relative am\nt ( sulphur1 phosphorus1 & phosphate ( lime1 no diff]5ce c be obs]v$4 ,h[ beautifully & admirably simple1 ) ! aid ( ^! discov]ies1 appe>s ! process ( nutrition 9 animals1 ! =mation ( _! organs1 9 :i* vitality *iefly resides6 ,^? vegetable pr9ciples1 :i* 9 animals are us$ to =m blood1 conta9 ! *ief con/itu5ts ( blood1 fibr9e & album51 ready =m$1 z f> z reg>ds _! composition4 ,all plants1 besides1 conta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( iron1 :i* reappe>s 9 ! col\r+ matt] ( ! blood4 ,vegetable fibr9e & animal fibr9e1 vegetable album5 & animal album51 h>dly diff]1 ev5 9 =m2 if ^! pr9ciples be want+ 9 ! food1 ! nutrition ( ! animal is arre/$2 & :5 !y are pres5t1 ! gram9ivor\s animal obta9s 9 its food ! v same pr9ciples on ! pres5ce ( :i* ! nutrition ( ! c>nivora entirely dep5ds4 ,vegetables produce 9 _! organism ! blood ( all animals1 = ! c>nivora1 9 consum+ ! blood & fle% ( ! gram9ivora1 consume1 /rictly speak+1 only ! vegetable pr9ciples :i* h s]v$ = ! nutrition ( ! latt]4 ,vegetable fibr9e & album5 take ! =m 9 ! /oma* ( ! gram9ivor\s animal z animal fibr9e & album5 d 9 t ( ! c>nivor\s animal4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x foll[s t ! developm5t ( ! animal organism & its gr[? are dep5d5t on ! reception ( c]ta9 pr9ciples id5tical ) ! *ief con/itu5ts ( blood4 ,9 ?is s5se we may say t ! animal organism gives to ! blood only its =m2 t x is incapable ( creat+ blood out ( o!r sub/ances :i* d n already conta9 ! *ief con/itu5ts ( t fluid4 ,we _c1 inde$1 ma9ta9 t ! animal organism has no p[] to =m o!r comp\nds1 = we "k t x is capable ( produc+ an ext5sive s]ies ( comp\nds1 diff]+ 9 composition f ! *ief con/itu5ts ( blood2 b ^! la/1 :i* =m ! />t+-po9t ( ! s]ies1 x _c produce4 ,! animal organism is a high] k9d ( vegetable1 ! developm5t ( :i* beg9s ) ^? sub/ances ) ! production ( :i* ! life ( an ord9>y vegetable ends4 ,z soon z ! latt] has borne se$1 x dies1 or a p]iod ( its life comes to a t]m9ation4 ,9 t endless s]ies ( comp\nds1 :i* beg9s ) c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 & wat]1 ! s\rces ( ! nutrition ( vegetables1 & includes ! mo/ complex con/itu5ts ( ! animal bra91 !re is no blank1 no int]ruption4 ,! fir/ sub/ance capable ( af=d+ nutrim5t to animals is ! la/ product ( ! creative en]gy ( vegetables4 ,! sub/ance ( cellul> tissue & ( membranes1 ( ! bra9 & n]ves1 ^! ! vegetable _c produce4 ,! seem+ly miracul\s 9 ! productive ag5cy ( vegetables disappe>s 9 a great degree1 :5 we reflect t ! production ( ! con/itu5ts ( blood _c appe> m surpris+ ?an ! occurr5ce ( ! fat ( beef & mutton 9 cocoa beans1 ( human fat 9 olive-oil1 ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( butt] 9 palm-oil1 & ( horse fat & tra9-oil 9 c]ta9 oily se$s4 ,,lett] ,,ix ,my de> ,sir1 ,! facts detail$ 9 my la/ lett] w satisfy y z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! increase ( mass 9 an animal1 t is1 its gr[?1 is accompli%$2 we h /ill to consid] a mo/ important "q1 namely1 ! function p]=m$ 9 ! animal sy/em by sub/ances de/itute ( nitrog52 su* z sug>1 />*1 gum1 pect9e1 c4 ,! mo/ ext5sive class ( animals1 ! gram9ivora1 _c live )\t ^! sub/ances2 _! food mu/ conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( "o or m ( !m1 & if ^! comp\nds are n suppli$1 dea? quickly ensues4 ,?is important inquiry ext5ds also to ! con/itu5ts ( ! food ( c>nivor\s animals 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( life2 = ?is food also conta9s sub/ances1 :i* are n necess>y = _! support 9 ! adult /ate4 ,! nutrition ( ! "y ( c>nivora is obvi\sly accompli%$ by means simil> to ^? by :i* ! gram9ivora are n\ri%$2 _! developm5t is dep5d5t on ! supply ( a fluid1 :i* ! body ( ! "m secretes 9 ! %ape ( milk4 ,milk conta9s only "o nitrog5is$ con/itu5t1 kn[n "u ! "n ( case9e2 besides ?is1 its *ief +r$i5ts are butt] 7fat71 & sug> ( milk4 ,! blood ( ! "y animal1 its muscul> fibre1 cellul> tissue1 n]v\s matt]1 & bones1 mu/ h d]iv$ _! orig9 f ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5t ( milk--! case9e2 = butt] & sug> ( milk conta9 no nitrog54 ,n[1 ! analysis ( case9e has l$ to ! result1 :i*1 aft] ! details ,i h giv51 c h>dly excite y\r surprise1 t ?is sub/ance also is id5tical 9 composition ) ! *ief con/itu5ts ( blood1 fibr9e & album54 ,nay m--a comp>ison ( its prop]ties ) ^? ( vegetable case9e has %[n--t ^! two sub/ances are id5tical 9 all _! prop]ties2 insomu*1 t c]ta9 plants1 su* z peas1 beans1 & l5tils1 are capable ( produc+ ! same sub/ance :i* is =m$ f ! blood ( ! "m1 & employ$ 9 yield+ ! blood ( ! "y animal4 ,! "y animal1 !re=e1 receives 9 ! =m ( case9e1--:i* is di/+ui%$ f fibr9e & album5 by its great solubility1 & by n coagulat+ :5 heat$1--! *ief con/itu5t ( ! "m's blood4 ,to conv]t case9e into blood no =eign sub/ance is requir$1 & 9 ! conv]sion ( ! "m's blood into case9e1 no elem5ts ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! blood h be5 sep>at$4 ,:5 *emically exam9$1 case9e is f\nd to conta9 a mu* l>g] proportion ( ! e>? ( bones ?an blood does1 & t 9 a v soluble =m1 capable ( rea*+ e "p ( ! body4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its life1 ! developm5t ( ! organs1 9 :i* vitality resides1 is1 9 ! c>nivor\s animal1 dep5d5t on ! supply ( a sub/ance1 id5tical 9 organic composition ) ! *ief con/itu5ts ( its blood4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! use ( ! butt] & ! sug> ( milk8 ,h[ does x happ5 t ^! sub/ances are indisp5sable to life8 ,butt] & sug> ( milk conta9 no fix$ bases1 no soda nor pota%4 ,sug> ( milk has a composition closely alli$ to t ( ! o!r k9ds ( sug>1 ( />*1 & ( gum2 all ( !m conta9 c>bon & ! elem5ts ( wat]1 ! latt] precisely 9 ! proportion to =m wat]4 ,!re is add$1 !re=e1 by means ( ^! comp\nds1 to ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts ( food1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>bon2 or1 z 9 ! case ( butt]1 ( c>bon & hydrog52 t is1 an excess ( elem5ts1 :i* _c possibly be employ$ 9 ! production ( blood1 because ! nitrog5is$ sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! food already conta9 exactly ! am\nt ( c>bon :i* is requir$ = ! production ( fibr9e & album54 ,9 an adult c>nivor\s animal1 :i* nei!r ga9s nor loses weight1 p]ceptibly1 f day to day1 its n\ri%m5t1 ! wa/e ( organis$ tissue1 & its consumption ( oxyg51 /& to ea* o!r 9 a well-def9$ & fix$ relation4 ,! c>bon ( ! c>bonic acid giv5 (f1 ) t ( ! ur9e2 ! nitrog5 ( ! ur9e1 & ! hydrog5 giv5 (f z ammonia & wat]2 ^! elem5ts1 tak5 toge!r1 mu/ be exactly equal 9 weight to ! c>bon1 nitrog51 & hydrog5 ( ! metamorphos$ tissues1 & s9ce ^! la/ are exactly replac$ by ! food1 to ! c>bon1 nitrog51 & hydrog5 ( ! food4 ,7 ?is n ! case1 ! weight ( ! animal c\ld n possibly rema9 un*ang$4 ,b1 9 ! "y ( ! c>nivora1 ! weight does n rema9 un*ang$2 on ! contr>y1 x increases f day to day by an appreciable quantity4 ,?is fact presupposes1 t ! assimilative process 9 ! "y animal is m en]getic1 m int5se1 ?an ! process ( trans=mation 9 ! exi/+ tissues4 ,if bo? processes 7 equally active1 ! weight ( ! body c\ld n increase2 & 7 ! wa/e by trans=mation great]1 ! weight ( ! body w\ld decrease4 ,n[1 ! circulation 9 ! "y animal is n weak]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 m rapid2 ! respirations are m frequ5t2 &1 = equal bulks1 ! consumption ( oxyg5 mu/ be great] r ?an small] 9 ! "y ?an 9 ! adult animal4 ,b1 s9ce ! metamorphosis ( organis$ p>ts goes on m sl[ly1 !re w\ld ensue a defici5cy ( ^? sub/ances1 ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( :i* are adapt$ = comb9ation ) oxyg52 because1 9 ! c>nivora1 nature has de/9$ ! new comp\nds1 produc$ by ! metamorphosis ( organis$ p>ts1 to furni% ! necess>y resi/ance to ! action ( ! oxyg51 & to produce animal heat4 ,:at is want+ = ^! purposes an ,inf9ite ,wisdom has suppli$ to ! "y 9 its natural food4 ,! c>bon & hydrog5 ( butt]1 & ! c>bon ( ! sug> ( milk1 no "p ( ei!r ( :i* c yield blood1 fibr9e1 or album51 are de/9$ = ! support ( ! respiratory process1 at an age :5 a great] resi/ance is oppos$ to ! metamorphosis ( exi/+ organisms2 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! production ( comp\nds1 :i*1 9 ! adult /ate1 are produc$ 9 quantity amply suffici5t = ! purpose ( respiration4 ,! "y animal receives ! con/itu5ts ( its blood 9 ! case9e ( ! milk4 ,a metamorphosis ( exi/+ organs goes on1 = bile & ur9e are secret$2 ! mat]ials ( ! metamorphos$ p>ts are giv5 (f 9 ! =m ( ur9e1 ( c>bonic acid1 & ( wat]2 b ! butt] & sug> ( milk also disappe>2 !y _c be detect$ 9 ! faeces4 ,! butt] & sug> ( milk are giv5 out 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & wat]1 & _! conv]sion into oxidis$ products furni%es ! cle>e/ pro( t f> m oxyg5 is absorb$ ?an is requir$ to conv]t ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! metamorphos$ tissues into c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,! *ange & metamorphosis ( organis$ tissues go+ on 9 ! vital process 9 ! "y animal1 consequ5tly yield1 9 a giv5 "t1 mu* less c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! =m adapt$ = ! respiratory process ?an correspond to ! oxyg5 tak5 up 9 ! lungs4 ,! sub/ance ( its organis$ p>ts w\ld und]go a m rapid consumption1 & w\ld necess>ily yield to ! action ( ! oxyg51 7 n ! defici5cy ( c>bon & hydrog5 suppli$ f ano!r s\rce4 ,! cont9u$ increase ( mass1 or gr[?1 & ! free & unimp$$ developm5t ( ! organs 9 ! "y animal1 are dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances1 :i*1 9 ! nutritive process1 h no o!r function ?an to protect ! newly-=m$ organs f ! action ( ! oxyg54 ,! elem5ts ( ^! sub/ances unite ) ! oxyg52 ! organs !mselves c\ld n d s )\t be+ consum$2 t is1 gr[?1 or increase ( mass 9 ! body1--! consumption ( oxyg5 rema9+ ! same1--w\ld be utt]ly impossible4 ,! prec$+ consid]ations leave no d\bt z to ! purpose = :i* ,nature has add$ to ! food ( ! "y ( c>nivor\s mammalia sub/ances devoid ( nitrog51 :i* _! organism _c employ = nutrition1 /rictly s call$1 t is1 = ! production ( blood2 sub/ances :i* may be entirely disp5s$ ) 9 _! n\ri%m5t 9 ! adult /ate4 ,9 ! "y ( c>nivor\s birds1 ! want ( all motion is an obvi\s cause ( dim9i%$ wa/e 9 ! organis$ p>ts2 h5ce1 milk is n provid$ = !m4 ,! nutritive process 9 ! c>nivora ?us pres5ts itself "u two di/9ct =ms2 "o ( :i* we aga9 meet ) 9 ! gram9ivora4 ,9 gram9ivor\s animals1 we obs]ve1 t dur+ _! :ole life1 _! exi/5ce dep5ds on a supply ( sub/ances hav+ a composition id5tical ) t ( sug> ( milk1 or closely resembl+ x4 ,ev]y?+ t !y consume z food conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( />*1 gum1 or sug>1 mix$ ) o!r matt]s4 ,! function p]=m$ 9 ! vital process ( ! gram9ivora by ^! sub/ances is indicat$ 9 a v cle> & conv9c+ mann]1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! v small relative am\nt ( ! c>bon :i* ^! animals consume 9 ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts ( _! food1 :i* be>s no proportion :atev] to ! oxyg5 absorb$ ?r\gh ! sk9 & lungs4 ,a horse1 = example1 c be kept 9 p]fectly good condition1 if he obta9 z food #ae lbs4 ( hay & #d #a_/b lbs4 ( oats daily4 ,if we n[ calculate ! :ole am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ^! matt]s1 z asc]ta9$ by analysis 7#a #a_/b p] c5t4 9 ! hay1 #b4b p] c5t4 9 ! oats71 9 ! =m ( blood1 t is1 z fibr9e & album51 ) ! due proportion ( wat] 9 blood 7#hj p] c5t471 ! horse receives daily no m ?an #d #a_/b oz4 ( nitrog51 correspond+ to ab\t #h lbs4 ( blood4 ,b along ) ?is nitrog51 t is1 comb9$ ) x 9 ! =m ( fibr9e or album51 ! animal receives only ab\t #ad #a_/b oz4 ( c>bon4 ,)\t go+ fur!r into ! calculation1 x w readily be admitt$1 t ! volume ( air inspir$ & expir$ by a horse1 ! quantity ( oxyg5 consum$1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid giv5 out by ! animal1 are mu* great] ?an 9 ! respiratory process 9 man4 ,b an adult man consumes daily abut #ad oz4 ( c>bon1 & ! det]m9ation ( ,b\ss+ault1 accord+ to :i* a horse expires #gi oz4 daily1 _c be v f> f ! tru?4 ,9 ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts ( 8 food1 !re=e1 ! horse receives r less ?an ! fif? "p ( ! c>bon :i* 8 organism requires = ! support ( ! respiratory process2 & we see t ! wisdom ( ! ,creator has add$ to 8 food ! f\r-fif?s :i* are want+1 9 v>i\s =ms1 z />*1 sug>1 c4 ) :i* ! animal mu/ be suppli$1 or 8 organism w be de/roy$ by ! action ( ! oxyg54 ,x is obvi\s1 t 9 ! sy/em ( ! gram9ivora1 ^: food conta9s s small a portion1 relatively1 ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! blood1 ! process ( metamorphosis 9 exi/+ tissues1 & consequ5tly _! re/oration or reproduction1 mu/ g on f> less rapidly ?an 9 ! c>nivora4 ,7 ?is n ! case1 a vegetation a ?\s& times m luxuriant ?an ! actual "o w\ld n suffice = _! n\ri%m5t4 ,sug>1 gum1 & />*1 w\ld no long] be necess>y to support life 9 ^! animals1 because1 9 t case1 ! products ( ! wa/e1 or metamorphosis ( ! organis$ tissues1 w\ld conta9 en\gh c>bon to support ! respiratory process4 ,,lett] ,x ,my de> ,sir1 ,let me n[ apply ! pr9ciples ann\nc$ 9 ! prec$+ lett]s to ! circum/ances ( our own species4 ,man1 :5 conf9$ to animal food1 requires = 8 support & n\ri%m5t ext5sive s\rces ( food1 ev5 m widely ext5d$ ?an ! lion & tig]1 because1 :5 he has ! opportunity1 he kills )\t eat+4 ,a nation ( hunt]s1 on a limit$ space1 is utt]ly incapable ( increas+ its numb]s beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 :i* is soon atta9$4 ,! c>bon necess>y = respiration mu/ be obta9$ f ! animals1 ( :i* only a limit$ numb] c live on ! space suppos$4 ,^! animals collect f plants ! con/itu5ts ( _! organs & ( _! blood1 & yield !m1 9 turn1 to ! savages :o live by ! *ase alone4 ,!y1 aga91 receive ?is food unaccompani$ by ^? comp\nds1 de/itute ( nitrog51 :i*1 dur+ ! life ( ! animals1 s]v$ to support ! respiratory process4 ,9 su* m51 conf9$ to an animal diet1 x is ! c>bon ( ! fle% & ( ! blood :i* mu/ take ! place ( />* & sug>4 ,b #ae lbs4 ( fle% conta9 no m c>bon ?an #d lbs4 ( />*1 & :ile ! savage ) "o animal & an equal weight ( />* %\ld ma9ta9 life & heal? = a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 he w\ld be compell$1 if conf9$ to fle% alone1 9 ord] to procure ! c>bon necess>y = respiration1 dur+ ! same "t1 to consume five su* animals4 ,x is easy to see1 f ^! consid]ations1 h[ close ! connection is betwe5 agriculture & ! multiplication ( ! human species4 ,! cultivation ( our crops has ultimately no o!r object ?an ! production ( a maximum ( ^? sub/ances :i* are adapt$ = assimilation & respiration1 9 ! smalle/ possible space4 ,gra9 & o!r nutriti\s vegetables yield u1 n only 9 />*1 sug>1 & gum1 ! c>bon :i* protects our organs f ! action ( oxyg51 & produces 9 ! organism ! heat :i* is ess5tial to life1 b also 9 ! =m ( vegetable fibr9e1 album51 & case9e1 our blood1 f :i* ! o!r p>ts ( our body are develop$4 ,man1 :5 conf9$ to animal food1 respires1 l ! c>nivora1 at ! exp5se ( ! matt]s produc$ by ! metamorphosis ( organis$ tissues2 &1 j z ! lion1 tig]1 hya5a1 9 ! cages ( a m5ag]ie1 are compell$ to accel]ate ! wa/e ( ! organis$ tissues by incessant motion1 9 ord] to furni% ! matt] necess>y = respiration1 s1 ! savage1 = ! v same object1 is =c$ to make ! mo/ labori\s ex]tions1 & g ?r\gh a va/ am\nt ( muscul> ex]cise4 ,he is compell$ to consume =ce m]ely 9 ord] to supply matt] = respiration4 ,cultivation is ! economy ( =ce4 ,sci5ce tea*es u ! simple/ means ( obta9+ ! greate/ effect ) ! smalle/ exp5diture ( p[]1 & ) giv5 means to produce a maximum ( =ce4 ,! unpr(itable ex]tion ( p[]1 ! wa/e ( =ce 9 agriculture1 9 o!r bran*es ( indu/ry1 9 sci5ce1 or 9 social economy1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! savage /ate1 or ( ! want ( k4 ,9 accordance ) :at ,i h already /at$1 y w p]ceive t ! sub/ances ( :i* ! food ( man is compos$ may be divid$ into two classes2 into nitrog5is$ & non-nitrog5is$4 ,! =m] are capable ( conv]sion into blood2 ! latt] are incapable ( ?is trans=mation4 ,out ( ^? sub/ances :i* are adapt$ to ! =mation ( blood1 are =m$ all ! organis$ tissues4 ,! o!r class ( sub/ances1 9 ! normal /ate ( heal?1 s]ve to support ! process ( respiration4 ,! =m] may be call$ ! pla/ic elem5ts ( nutrition2 ! latt]1 elem5ts ( respiration4 ,among ! =m] we reckon-- ,vegetable fibr9e4 ,vegetable album54 ,vegetable case9e4 ,animal fle%4 ,animal blood4 ,among ! elem5ts ( respiration 9 our food1 are-- ,fat4 ,pect9e4 ,/>*4 ,bassor9e4 ,gum4 ,w9e4 ,cane sug>4 ,be]4 ,grape sug>4 ,spirits4 ,sug> ( milk4 ,! mo/ rec5t & exact rese>*es h e/abli%$ z a univ]sal fact1 to :i* no?+ yet kn[n is oppos$1 t ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts ( vegetable food h a composition id5tical ) t ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! blood4 ,no nitrog5is$ comp\nd1 ! composition ( :i* diff]s f t ( fibr9e1 album51 & case9e1 is capable ( support+ ! vital process 9 animals4 ,! animal organism unque/ionably possesses ! p[] ( =m+1 f ! con/itu5ts ( its blood1 ! sub/ance ( its membranes & cellul> tissue1 ( ! n]ves & bra91 & ( ! organic "p ( c>tilages & bones4 ,b ! blood mu/ be suppli$ to x p]fect 9 ev]y?+ b its =m--t is1 9 its *emical composition4 ,if ?is be n done1 a p]iod is rapidly put to ! =mation ( blood1 & consequ5tly to life4 ,?is consid]ation enables u easily to expla9 h[ x happ5s t ! tissues yield+ gelat9e or *ondr9e1 z1 = example1 ! gelat9e ( sk9 or ( bones1 are n adapt$ = ! support ( ! vital process2 = _! composition is diff]5t f t ( fibr9e or album54 ,x is obvi\s t ?is means no?+ m ?an t ^? p>ts ( ! animal organism :i* =m ! blood d n possess ! p[] ( effect+ a trans=mation 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts ( gelat9e1 or ( ^? tissues :i* conta9 x4 ,! gelat9\s tissues1 ! gelat9e ( ! bones1 ! membranes1 ! cells & ! sk9 suff]1 9 ! animal body1 "u ! influ5ce ( oxyg5 & moi/ure1 a progressive alt]ation2 a "p ( ^! tissues is sep>at$1 & mu/ be re/or$ f ! blood2 b ?is alt]ation & re/oration are obvi\sly conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,:ile1 9 ! body ( a />v+ or sick individual1 ! fat disappe>s & ! muscul> tissue takes once m ! =m ( blood1 we f9d t ! t5dons & membranes reta9 _! natural condition1 & ! limbs ( ! dead body _! connections1 :i* dep5d on ! gelat9\s tissues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see t ! gelat9e ( bones dev\r$ by a dog entirely disappe>s1 :ile only ! bone e>? is f\nd 9 8 excrem5ts4 ,! same is true ( man1 :5 f$ on food ri* 9 gelat9e1 z1 = example1 /rong s\p4 ,! gelat9e is n to be f\nd ei!r 9 ! ur9e or 9 ! faeces1 & consequ5tly mu/ h und]gone a *ange1 & mu/ h s]v$ "s purpose 9 ! animal economy4 ,x is cle> t ! gelat9e mu/ be expell$ f ! body 9 a =m diff]5t f t 9 :i* x 0 introduc$ z food4 ,:5 we consid] ! trans=mation ( ! album5 ( ! blood into a "p ( an organ compos$ ( fibr9e1 ! id5tity 9 composition ( ! two sub/ances r5d]s ! *ange easily conceivable4 ,inde$ we f9d ! *ange ( a dissolv$ sub/ance into an insoluble organ ( vitality1 *emically speak+1 natural & easily expla9$1 on acc\nt ( ?is v id5tity ( composition4 ,h5ce ! op9ion is n unwor?y ( a clos] inve/igation1 t gelat9e1 :5 tak5 9 ! dissolv$ /ate1 is aga9 conv]t$1 9 ! body1 into cellul> tissue1 membrane & c>tilage2 t x may s]ve = ! reproduction ( su* p>ts ( ^! tissues z h be5 wa/$1 & = _! gr[?4 ,& :5 ! p[]s ( nutrition 9 ! :ole body are affect$ by a *ange ( ! heal?1 !n1 ev5 %\ld ! p[] ( =m+ blood rema9 ! same1 ! organic =ce by :i* ! con/itu5ts ( ! blood are trans=m$ into cellul> tissue & membranes mu/ necess>ily be enfeebl$ by sickness4 ,9 ! sick man1 ! int5sity ( ! vital =ce1 its p[] to produce metamorphoses1 mu/ be dim9i%$ z well 9 ! /oma* z 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! uni=m exp]i5ce ( practical physicians %[s t gelat9\s matt]s 9 a dissolv$ /ate ex]cise a mo/ decid$ influ5ce on ! /ate ( ! heal?4 ,giv5 9 a =m adapt$ = assimilation1 !y s]ve to husb& ! vital =ce1 j z may be done1 9 ! case ( ! /oma*1 by due prep>ation ( ! food 9 g5]al4 ,brittl5ess 9 ! bones ( gram9ivor\s animals is cle>ly ow+ to a weakness 9 ^? p>ts ( ! organism ^: function x is to conv]t ! con/itu5ts ( ! blood into cellul> tissue & membrane2 & if we c tru/ to ! reports ( physicians :o h resid$ 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,turki% wom51 9 _! diet ( rice1 & 9 ! frequ5t use ( enemata ( /rong s\p1 h unit$ ! conditions necess>y = ! =mation bo? ( cellul> tissue & ( fat4 ,,lett] ,,xi ,my de> ,sir1 ,9 ! imm5se1 yet limit$ expanse ( ! ocean1 ! animal & vegetable k+doms are mutually dep5d5t ^u1 & successive to ea* o!r4 ,! animals obta9 _! con/itu5t elem5ts f ! plants1 & re/ore !m to ! wat] 9 _! orig9al =m1 :5 !y aga9 s]ve z n\ri%m5t to a new g5]ation ( plants4 ,! oxyg5 :i* m>9e animals )draw 9 _! respiration f ! air1 dissolv$ 9 sea wat]1 is return$ to ! wat] by ! vital processes ( sea plants2 t air is ri*] 9 oxyg5 ?an atmosph]ic air1 conta9+ #cb to #cc p] c5t4 ,oxyg51 also1 comb9es ) ! products ( ! putrefaction ( dead animal bodies1 *anges _! c>bon into c>bonic acid1 _! hydrog5 into wat]1 & _! nitrog5 assumes aga9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,?us we obs]ve 9 ! ocean a circulation takes place )\t ! addition or subtraction ( any elem5t1 unlimit$ 9 duration1 al?\gh limit$ 9 ext5t1 inasmu* z 9 a conf9$ space ! n\ri%m5t ( plants exi/s 9 a limit$ quantity4 ,we well "k t m>9e plants _c d]ive a supply ( humus = _! n\ri%m5t ?r\gh _! roots4 ,look at ! great sea-tang1 ! ,fucus giganteus3 ?is plant1 accord+ to ,cook1 rea*es a height ( #cfj feet1 & a s+le specim51 ) its imm5se ramifications1 n\ri%es ?\s&s ( m>9e animals1 yet its root is a small body1 no l>g] ?an ! fi/4 ,:at n\ri%m5t c ?is draw f a nak$ rock1 ^u ! surface ( :i* !re is no p]ceptible *ange8 ,x is q obvi\s t ^! plants require only a hold1--a fa/5+ to prev5t a *ange ( place1--z a c\nt]poise to _! specific gravity1 :i* is less ?an t ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y float4 ,t m$ium provides ! necess>y n\ri%m5t1 & pres5ts x to ! surface ( e "p ( ! plant4 ,sea-wat] conta9s n only c>bonic acid & ammonia1 b ! alkal9e & e>?y phosphates & c>bonates requir$ by ^! plants = _! gr[?1 & :i* we always f9d z con/ant con/itu5ts ( _! a%es4 ,all exp]i5ce demon/rates t ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( m>9e plants are ! same :i* are ess5tial to t]re/rial plants4 ,b ! latt] d n live l sea-plants1 9 a m$ium :i* conta9s all _! elem5ts & surr\nds ) appropriate n\ri%m5t e "p ( _! organs2 on ! contr>y1 !y require two m$ia1 ( :i* "o1 namely ! soil1 conta9s ^? ess5tial elem5ts :i* are abs5t f ! m$ium surr\nd+ !m1 i4e4 ! atmosph]e4 ,is x possible t we c\ld ev] be 9 d\bt respect+ ! (fice :i* ! soil & its compon5t p>ts subs]ve 9 ! exi/5ce & gr[? ( vegetables8--t !re %\ld h be5 a "t :5 ! m9]al elem5ts ( plants 7 n reg>d$ z absolutely ess5tial to _! vitality8 ,has n ! same circulation be5 obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! e>? :i* we h j contemplat$ 9 ! ocean1--! same incessant *ange1 di/urbance & re/itution ( equilibrium8 ,exp]i5ce 9 agriculture %[s t ! production ( vegetables on a giv5 surface increases ) ! supply ( c]ta9 matt]s1 orig9ally p>ts ( ! soil :i* _h be5 tak5 up f x by plants--! excrem5ts ( man & animals4 ,^! are no?+ m ?an matt]s d]iv$ f vegetable food1 :i* 9 ! vital processes ( animals1 or aft] _! dea?1 assume aga9 ! =m "u :i* !y orig9ally exi/$1 z p>ts ( ! soil4 ,n[1 we "k t ! atmosph]e conta9s none ( ^! sub/ances1 & !re=e c replace none2 & we "k t _! removal f a soil de/roys its f]tility1 :i* may be re/or$ & increas$ by a new supply4 ,is x possible1 aft] s _m decisive inve/igations into ! orig9 ( ! elem5ts ( animals & vegetables1 ! use ( ! alkalies1 ( lime & ! phosphates1 any d\bt c exi/ z to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* a rational agriculture dep5ds8 ,c ! art ( agriculture be bas$ ^u any?+ b ! re/itution ( a di/urb$ equilibrium8 ,c x be imag9$ t any c\ntry1 h[ev] ri* & f]tile1 ) a fl\ri%+ comm]ce1 :i* = c5turies exports its produce 9 ! %ape ( gra9 & cattle1 w ma9ta9 its f]tility1 if ! same comm]ce does n re/ore1 9 "s =m ( manure1 ^? elem5ts :i* h be5 remov$ f ! soil1 & :i* _c be replac$ by ! atmosph]e8 ,mu/ n ! same fate await e su* c\ntry :i* has actually befall5 ! once prolific soil ( ,virg9ia1 n[ 9 _m p>ts no long] able to gr[ its =m] /aple productions--:eat & tobacco8 ,9 ! l>ge t[ns ( ,engl& ! produce bo? ( ,engli% & =eign agriculture is l>gely consum$2 elem5ts ( ! soil indisp5sable to plants d n return to ! fields1--contrivances result+ f ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ,engli% p1 & peculi> to !m1 r5d] x difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to collect ! enorm\s quantity ( ! phosphates :i* are daily1 z solid & liquid excrem5ts1 c>ri$ into ! riv]s4 ,^! phosphates1 al?\gh pres5t 9 ! soil 9 ! smalle/ quantity1 are its mo/ important m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t _m ,engli% fields exhau/$ 9 t mann] imm$iately d\bl$ _! produce1 z if by a miracle1 :5 dress$ ) bone e>? import$ f ! ,cont95t4 ,b if ! export ( bones f ,g]many is cont9u$ to ! ext5t x has hi!rto rea*$1 our soil mu/ be gradually exhau/$1 & ! ext5t ( our loss may be e/imat$1 by consid]+ t "o p\nd ( bones conta9s z mu* phosphoric acid z a hundr$-weight ( gra94 ,! imp]fect k ( ,nature & ! prop]ties & relations ( matt] possess$ by ! al*emi/s gave rise1 9 _! "t1 to an op9ion t metals z well z plants c\ld be produc$ f a se$4 ,! regul> =ms & ramifications se5 9 cry/als1 !y imag9$ to be ! leaves & bran*es ( metal plants2 & z !y saw ! se$ ( plants gr[1 produc+ root1 /em & leaves1 & aga9 blossoms1 fruit & se$s1 app>5tly )\t receiv+ any supply ( appropriate mat]ial1 !y deem$ x wor?y ( zeal\s inquiry to discov] ! se$ ( gold1 & ! e>? necess>y = its developm5t4 ,if ! metal se$s 7 once obta9$1 might !y n ent]ta9 hopes ( _! gr[?8 ,su* ideas c\ld only be ent]ta9$ :5 no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! atmosph]e1 & its p>ticipation ) ! e>?1 9 adm9i/]+ to ! vital processes ( plants & animals4 ,mod]n *emi/ry inde$ produces ! elem5ts ( wat]1 &1 comb9+ !m1 =ms wat] anew2 b x does n create ^? elem5ts--x d]ives !m f wat]2 ! new-=m$ artificial wat] has be5 wat] be=e4 ,_m ( our f>m]s are l ! al*emi/s ( old1--!y are se>*+ = ! miracul\s se$1--! means1 :i*1 )\t any fur!r supply ( n\ri%m5t to a soil sc>cely ri* en\gh to be spr9kl$ ) indig5\s plants1 %all produce crops ( gra9 a hundr$-fold4 ,! exp]i5ce ( c5turies1 nay1 ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 is insuffici5t to gu>d m5 aga9/ ^! fallacies2 our only security f ^! & simil> absurdities mu/ be d]iv$ f a correct k ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( natural philosophy1 organic life 0 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f wat] only2 aft]w>ds1 x 0 admitt$ t c]ta9 elem5ts d]iv$ f ! air mu/ be sup]add$ to ! wat]2 b we n[ "k t o!r elem5ts mu/ be suppli$ by ! e>?1 if plants are to ?rive & multiply4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 suit$ to ! n\ri%m5t ( plants1 is limit$2 b x mu/ be abundantly suffici5t to cov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>? ) a ri* vegetation4 ,"u ! tropics1 & 9 ^? p>ts ( our globe :]e ! mo/ g5ial conditions ( f]tility exi/1--a suitable soil1 a moi/ atmosph]e1 & a high temp]ature1--vegetation is sc>cely limit$ by space2 &1 :]e ! soil is want+1 x is gradually suppli$ by ! decay+ leaves1 b>k & bran*es ( plants4 ,x is obvi\s !re is no defici5cy ( atmosph]ic n\ri%m5t = plants 9 ^? regions1 nor are ^! want+ 9 our own cultivat$ fields3 all t plants require = _! developm5t is convey$ to !m by ! incessant motions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! air betwe5 ! tropics conta9s no m ?an t ( ! arctic zones2 & yet h[ diff]5t is ! am\nt ( produce ( an equal surface ( l& 9 ! two situations6 ,?is is easily explicable4 ,all ! plants ( tropical climates1 ! oil & wax palms1 ! sug> cane1 c41 conta9 only a small quantity ( ! elem5ts ( ! blood necess>y to ! nutrition ( animals1 z comp>$ ) our cultivat$ plants4 ,! tub]s ( ! potato 9 ,*ili1 its native c\ntry1 :]e ! plant resembles a %rub1 if collect$ f an acre ( l&1 w\ld sc>cely suffice to ma9ta9 an ,iri% family = a s+le day 7,d>w974 ,! result ( cultivation 9 ^? plants :i* s]ve z food1 is to produce 9 !m ^? con/itu5ts ( ! blood4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! elem5ts ess5tial to ^! 9 ! soil1 />*1 sug> & woody fibre1 are p]haps =m$2 b no vegetable fibr9e1 album51 or case9e4 ,if we int5d to produce on a giv5 surface ( soil m ( ^! latt] matt]s ?an ! plants c obta9 f ! atmosph]e or receive f ! soil ( ! same surface 9 its uncultivat$ & normal /ate1 we mu/ create an artificial atmosph]e1 & add ! ne$$ elem5ts to ! soil4 ,! n\ri%m5t :i* mu/ be suppli$ 9 a giv5 "t to diff]5t plants1 9 ord] to admit a free & unimp$$ gr[?1 is v unequal4 ,on pure s&1 on calc>e\s soil1 on nak$ rocks1 only a few g5]a ( plants prosp]1 & ^! are1 = ! mo/ "p1 p]5nial plants4 ,!y require1 = _! sl[ gr[?1 only su* m9ute quantities ( m9]al sub/ances z ! soil c furni%1 :i* may be totally b>r5 = o!r species4 ,annual1 & especially summ] plants1 gr[ & atta9 _! p]fection 9 a comp>atively %ort "t2 !y !re=e d n prosp] on a soil :i* is poor 9 ^? m9]al sub/ances necess>y to _! developm5t4 ,to atta9 a maximum 9 height 9 ! %ort p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 ! n\ri%m5t conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e is n suffici5t4 ,if ! end ( cultivation is to be obta9$1 we mu/ create 9 ! soil an artificial atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid & ammonia2 & ?is surplus ( n\ri%m5t1 :i* ! leaves _c appropriate f ! air1 mu/ be tak5 up by ! correspond+ organs1 i4e4 ! roots1 f ! soil4 ,b ! ammonia1 toge!r ) ! c>bonic acid1 are alone insuffici5t to become "p ( a plant de/9$ to ! n\ri%m5t ( animals4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! alkalies1 ! phosphates & o!r e>?y salts1 no vegetable fibr9e1 no vegetable case9e1 c be =m$4 ,! phosphoric acid ( ! phosphate ( lime1 indisp5sable to ! c]ealia & o!r vegetables 9 ! =mation ( _! se$s1 is sep>at$ z an excrem5t1 9 great quantities1 by ! r9d & b>ks ( ligne\s plants4 ,h[ diff]5t are ! ev]gre5 plants1 ! cacti1 ! mosses1 ! f]ns1 & ! p9es1 f our annual grasses1 ! c]ealia & legum9\s vegetables6 ,! =m]1 at e "t ( ! day dur+ w9t] & summ]1 obta9 c>bon ?r\gh _! leaves by absorb+ c>bonic acid :i* is n furni%$ by ! b>r5 soil on :i* !y gr[2 wat] is also absorb$ & reta9$ by _! coriace\s or fle%y leaves ) great =ce4 ,!y lose v little by evaporation1 comp>$ ) o!r plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ v small is ! quantity ( m9]al sub/ances :i* !y )draw f ! soil dur+ _! almo/ con/ant gr[? 9 "o ye>1 9 comp>ison ) ! quantity :i* "o crop ( :eat ( an equal weight receives 9 ?ree mon?s6 ,x is by means ( moi/ure t plants receive ! necess>y alkalies & salts f ! soil4 ,9 dry summ]s a ph5om5on is obs]v$1 :i*1 :5 ! importance ( m9]al elem5ts to ! life ( a plant 0 unkn[n1 c\ld n be expla9$4 ,! leaves ( plants fir/ develop$ & p]fect$1 & !re=e ne>] ! surface ( ! soil1 %rivel up & become yell[1 lose _! vitality1 & fall (f :ile ! plant is 9 an active /ate ( gr[?1 )\t any visible cause4 ,?is ph5om5on is n se5 9 moi/ ye>s1 nor 9 ev]gre5 plants1 & b r>ely 9 plants :i* h long & deep roots1 nor is x se5 9 p]5nials 9 autumn & w9t]4 ,! cause ( ?is premature decay is n[ obvi\s4 ,! p]fectly-develop$ leaves absorb cont9ually c>bonic acid & ammonia f ! atmosph]e1 :i* are conv]t$ into elem5ts ( new leaves1 buds1 & %oots2 b ?is metamorphosis _c be effect$ )\t ! aid ( ! alkalies1 & o!r m9]al sub/ances4 ,if ! soil is moi/1 ! latt] are cont9ually suppli$ to an adequate am\nt1 & ! plant reta9s its lively gre5 col\r2 b if ?is supply ceases f a want ( moi/ure to dissolve ! m9]al elem5ts1 a sep>ation takes place 9 ! plant itself4 ,! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! juice are )drawn f ! leaves already =m$1 & are us$ = ! =mation ( ! "y %oots2 & z soon z ! se$s are develop$1 ! vitality ( ! leaves completely ceases4 ,^! )]$ leaves conta9 only m9ute traces ( soluble salts1 :ile ! buds & %oots are v ri* 9 !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 obs]v$1 t :]e a soil is too highly impregnat$ ) soluble sal9e mat]ials1 ^! are sep>at$ ^u ! surface ( ! leaves4 ,?is happ5s to cul9>y vegetables especially1 ^: leaves become cov]$ ) a :ite cru/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! exudations ! plant sick5s1 its organic activity decreases1 its gr[? is di/urb$2 & if ?is /ate cont9ues long1 ! plant dies4 ,?is is mo/ frequ5tly se5 9 foliace\s plants1 ! l>ge surfaces ( :i* evaporate consid]able quantities ( wat]4 ,c>rots1 pumpk9s1 peas1 c41 are frequ5tly ?us diseas$1 :51 aft] dry wea!r1 ! plant be+ ne> its full gr[?1 ! soil is moi/5$ by %ort %[]s1 foll[$ aga9 by dry wea!r4 ,! rapid evaporation c>ries (f ! wat] absorb$ by ! root1 & ?is leaves ! salts 9 ! plant 9 a f> great] quantity ?an x c assimilate4 ,^! salts effloresce ^u ! surface ( ! leaves1 & if !y are h]bace\s & juicy1 produce an effect ^u !m z if !y _h be5 wat]$ ) a solution conta9+ a great] quantity ( salts ?an _! organism c be>4 ,( two plants ( ! same species1 ?is disease befalls t :i* is ne>e/ its p]fection2 if "o %\ld h be5 plant$ lat]1 or be m backw>d 9 its developm5t1 ! same ext]nal cause :i* de/roys ! "o w contribute to ! gr[? ( ! o!r4 ,,lett] ,,xii ,my de> ,sir1 ,hav+ n[ occupi$ sev]al lett]s ) ! attempt to unravel1 by means ( *emi/ry1 "s ( ! mo/ curi\s functions ( ! animal body1 &1 z ,i hope1 made cle> to y ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! two k9ds ( con/itu5t elem5ts 9 food1 & ! purposes !y sev]ally subs]ve 9 su/a9+ life1 let me n[ direct y\r att5tion to a sc>cely less int]e/+ & equally important subject--! means ( obta9+ f a giv5 surface ( ! e>? ! l>ge/ am\nt ( produce adapt$ to ! food ( man & animals4 ,agriculture is bo? a sci5ce & an art4 ,! k ( all ! conditions ( ! life ( vegetables1 ! orig9 ( _! elem5ts1 & ! s\rces ( _! n\ri%m5t1 =ms its sci5tific basis4 ,f ?is k we d]ive c]ta9 rules = ! ex]cise ( ! ,,art1 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! me*anical op]ations ( f>m+ dep5d1 ! usefulness or necessity ( ^! = prep>+ ! soil to support ! gr[? ( plants1 & = remov+ e obnoxi\s influ5ce4 ,no exp]i5ce1 drawn f ! ex]cise ( ! art1 c be oppos$ to true sci5tific pr9ciples1 because ! latt] %\ld include all ! results ( practical op]ations1 & are 9 "s in/ances solely d]iv$ !refrom4 ,!ory mu/ correspond ) exp]i5ce1 because x is no?+ m ?an ! r$uction ( a s]ies ( ph5om5a to _! la/ causes4 ,a field 9 :i* we cultivate ! same plant = sev]al successive ye>s becomes b>r5 = t plant 9 a p]iod v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! soil3 9 "o field x w be 9 ?ree1 9 ano!r 9 sev51 9 a ?ird 9 tw5ty1 9 a f\r? 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,"o field be>s :eat1 & no peas2 ano!r beans or turnips1 b no tobacco2 a ?ird gives a pl5tiful crop ( turnips1 b w n be> clov]4 ,:at is ! reason t a field loses its f]tility = "o plant1 ! same :i* at fir/ fl\ri%$ !re8 ,:at is ! reason "o k9d ( plant succe$s 9 a field :]e ano!r fails8 ,^! que/ions belong to ,sci5ce4 ,:at means are necess>y to pres]ve to a field its f]tility = "o & ! same plant8--:at to r5d] "o field f]tile = two1 = ?ree1 = all plants8 ,^! la/ que/ions are put by ,art1 b !y _c be answ]$ by ,art4 ,if a f>m]1 )\t ! guidance ( j sci5tific pr9ciples1 is try+ exp]im5ts to r5d] a field f]tile = a plant :i* x o!rwise w n be>1 8 prospect ( success is v small4 ,?\s&s ( f>m]s try su* exp]im5ts 9 v>i\s directions1 ! result ( :i* is a mass ( practical exp]i5ce =m+ a me?od ( cultivation :i* accompli%es ! desir$ end = c]ta9 places2 b ! same me?od frequ5tly does n succe$1 x inde$ ceases to be applicable to a second or ?ird place 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,h[ l>ge a capital1 & h[ mu* p[]1 are wa/$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts6 ,v diff]5t1 & f> m secure1 is ! pa? indicat$ by ,,sci5ce2 x exposes u to no dang] ( fail+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x furni%es u ) e gu>antee ( success4 ,if ! cause ( failure--( b>r5ness 9 ! soil = "o or two plants--has be5 discov]$1 means to rem$y x may readily be f\nd4 ,! mo/ exact obs]vations prove t ! me?od ( cultivation mu/ v>y ) ! geogno/ical condition ( ! subsoil4 ,9 basalt1 graywacke1 porphyry1 s&/one1 lime/one1 c41 are c]ta9 elem5ts indisp5sable to ! gr[? ( plants1 & ! pres5ce ( :i* r5d]s !m f]tile4 ,?is fully expla9s ! diff]5ce 9 ! necess>y me?ods ( culture = diff]5t places2 s9ce x is obvi\s t ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! soil mu/ v>y ) ! v>ieties ( composition ( ! rocks1 f ! dis9tegration ( :i* !y orig9at$4 ,:eat1 clov]1 turnips1 = example1 ea* require c]ta9 elem5ts f ! soil2 !y w n fl\ri% :]e ! appropriate elem5ts are abs5t4 ,sci5ce tea*es u :at elem5ts are ess5tial to e species ( plants by an analysis ( _! a%es4 ,if !re=e a soil is f\nd want+ 9 any ( ^? elem5ts1 we discov] at once ! cause ( its b>r5ness1 & its removal may n[ be readily accompli%$4 ,! empiric attributes all 8 success to ! me*anical op]ations ( agriculture2 he exp]i5ces & recognises _! value1 )\t inquir+ :at are ! causes ( _! utility1 _! mode ( action3 & yet ?is sci5tific k is ( ! highe/ importance = regulat+ ! application ( p[] & ! exp5diture ( capital1--= insur+ its economical exp5diture & ! prev5tion ( wa/e4 ,c x be imag9$ t ! m]e pass+ ( ! pl\gh%>e or ! h>r[ ?r\gh ! soil--! m]e contact ( ! iron--c imp>t f]tility miracul\sly8 ,nobody1 p]haps1 s]i\sly ent]ta9s su* an op9ion4 ,nev]!less1 ! modus op]&i ( ^! me*anical op]ations is by no means g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! fact is q c]ta91 t c>eful pl\gh+ ex]ts ! mo/ fav\rable influ5ce3 ! surface is ?us me*anically divid$1 *ang$1 increas$1 & r5ovat$2 b ! pl\gh+ is only auxili>y to ! end s\ght4 ,9 ! effects ( "t1 9 :at 9 ,agriculture are te*nically call$ fall[s--! repose ( ! fields--we recognise by sci5ce c]ta9 *emical actions1 :i* are cont9ually ex]cis$ by ! elem5ts ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! :ole surface ( our globe4 ,by ! action ( its oxyg5 & its c>bonic acid1 aid$ by wat]1 ra91 *anges ( temp]ature1 c41 c]ta9 elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( rocks1 or ( _! ru9s1 :i* =m ! soil capable ( cultivation1 are r5d]$ soluble 9 wat]1 & consequ5tly become sep>able f all _! insoluble p>ts4 ,^! *emical actions1 poetically d5om9ates ! too? ( "t1 de/roy all ! works ( man1 & gradually r$uce ! h>de/ rocks to ! condition ( du/4 ,by _! influ5ce ! necess>y elem5ts ( ! soil become fitt$ = assimilation by plants2 & x is precisely ! end :i* is obta9$ by ! me*anical op]ations ( f>m+4 ,!y accel]ate ! decomposition ( ! soil1 9 ord] to provide a new g5]ation ( plants ) ! necess>y elem5ts 9 a condition fav\rable to _! assimilation4 ,x is obvi\s t ! rapidity ( ! decomposition ( a solid body mu/ increase ) ! ext5sion ( its surface2 ! m po9ts ( contact we (f] 9 a giv5 "t to ! ext]nal *emical ag5t1 ! m rapid w be its action4 ,! *emi/1 9 ord] to prep>e a m9]al = analysis1 to decompose x1 or to increase ! solubility ( its elem5ts1 proce$s 9 ! same way z ! f>m] deals ) 8 fields--he sp>es no lab\r 9 ord] to r$uce x to ! f9e/ p[d]2 he sep>ates ! impalpable f ! co>s] p>ts by wa%+1 & repeats 8 me*anical bruis+ & trituration1 be+ assur$ 8 :ole process w fail if he is inatt5tive to ?is ess5tial & prelim9>y "p ( x4 ,! influ5ce :i* ! increase ( surface ex]cises ^u ! dis9tegration ( rocks1 & ^u ! *emical action ( air & moi/ure1 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ ^u a l>ge scale 9 ! op]ations pursu$ 9 ! gold-m9es ( ,yaquil1 9 ,*ili4 ,^! are describ$ 9 a v int]e/+ mann] by ,d>w94 ,! rock conta9+ ! gold ore is p\nd$ by mills into ! f9e/ p[d]2 ?is is subject$ to wa%+1 :i* sep>ates ! light] p>ticles f ! metallic2 ! gold s9ks to ! bottom1 :ile a /ream ( wat] c>ries away ! light] e>?y p>ts into ponds1 :]e x subsides to ! bottom z mud4 ,:5 ?is deposit has gradually fill$ up ! pond1 ?is mud is tak5 out & pil$ 9 heaps1 & left expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e & moi/ure4 ,! wa%+ completely removes all ! soluble "p ( ! dis9tegrat$ rock2 ! insoluble "p1 moreov]1 _c und]go any fur!r *ange :ile x is cov]$ ) wat]1 & s exclud$ f ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e at ! bottom ( ! pond4 ,b be+ expos$ at once to ! air & moi/ure1 a p[]ful *emical action takes place 9 ! :ole mass1 :i* becomes indicat$ by an effloresc5ce ( salts cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! heaps 9 consid]able quantity4 ,aft] be+ expos$ = two or ?ree ye>s1 ! mud is aga9 subject$ to ! same process ( wa%+1 & a consid]able quantity ( gold is obta9$1 ?is hav+ be5 sep>at$ by ! *emical process ( decomposition 9 ! mass4 ,! exposure & wa%+ ( ! same mud is repeat$ six or sev5 times1 & at e wa%+ x furni%es a new quantity ( gold1 al?\gh its am\nt dim9i%es e "t4 ,precisely simil> is ! *emical action :i* takes place 9 ! soil ( our fields2 & we accel]ate & increase x by ! me*anical op]ations ( our agriculture4 ,by ^! we sev] & ext5d ! surface1 & endeav\r to make e atom ( ! soil accessible to ! action ( ! c>bonic acid & oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,we ?us produce a /ock ( soluble m9]al sub/ances1 :i* s]ves z n\ri%m5t to a new g5]ation ( plants1 mat]ials :i* are indisp5sable to _! gr[? & prosp]ity4 ,,lett] ,,xiii ,my de> ,sir1 ,hav+ 9 my la/ lett] spok5 ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! sci5ce & art ( agriculture mu/ be bas$1 let me n[ direct y\r att5tion to "s ( ^? p>ticul>s betwe5 *emi/ry & agriculture1 & demon/rate ! impossibility ( p]fect+ ! important art ( re>+ food = man & animals1 )\t a pr(\nd k ( our sci5ce4 ,all plants cultivat$ z food require = _! heal?y su/5ance ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 ea* 9 a c]ta9 proportion2 & 9 addition to ^!1 ! c]ealia d n succe$ 9 a soil de/itute ( silica 9 a soluble condition4 ,! comb9ations ( ?is sub/ance f\nd z natural productions1 namely1 ! silicates1 diff] greatly 9 ! degree ( facility ) :i* !y und]go decomposition1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unequal resi/ance oppos$ by _! integral p>ts to ! dissolv+ p[] ( ! atmosph]ic ag5cies4 ,?us ! granite ( ,corsica deg5]ates into a p[d] 9 a "t :i* sc>cely suffices to deprive ! poli%$ granite ( ,heidelb]g ( its lu/re4 ,"s soils ab\nd 9 silicates s readily decomposable1 t 9 e "o or two ye>s1 z mu* silicate ( pota% becomes soluble & fitt$ = assimilation z is requir$ by ! leaves & /raw ( a crop ( :eat4 ,9 ,hung>y1 ext5sive di/ricts are n uncommon :]e :eat & tobacco h be5 gr[n alt]nately ^u ! same soil = c5turies1 ! l& nev] receiv+ back any ( ^? m9]al elem5ts :i* 7 )drawn 9 ! gra9 & /raw4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are fields 9 :i* ! necess>y am\nt ( soluble silicate ( pota% = a s+le crop ( :eat is n sep>at$ f ! insoluble masses 9 ! soil 9 less ?an two1 ?ree1 or ev5 m ye>s4 ,! t]m fall[1 9 ,agriculture1 designates t p]iod 9 :i* ! soil1 left to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 becomes enri*$ ) ^? soluble m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,fall[1 h[ev]1 does n g5]ally imply an entire cessation ( cultivation1 b only an int]val 9 ! gr[? ( ! c]ealia4 ,t /ore ( silicates & alkalies :i* is ! pr9cipal condition ( _! success is obta9$1 if potatoes or turnips are gr[n ^u ! same fields 9 ! int]m$iate p]iods1 s9ce ^! crops d n ab/ract a p>ticle ( silica1 & !re=e leave ! field equally f]tile = ! foll[+ crop ( :eat4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks w r5d] x obvi\s to y1 t ! me*anical work+ ( ! soil is ! simple/ & *eape/ me?od ( r5d]+ ! elem5ts ( nutrition conta9$ 9 x accessible to plants4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,are !re n o!r means ( decompos+ ! soil besides its me*anical subdivision8--are !re n sub/ances1 :i* by _! *emical op]ation w equally well or bett] r5d] its con/itu5ts suitable = ent]+ into vegetable organisms8 ,yes3 we c]ta9ly possess su* sub/ances1 & "o ( !m1 namely1 quick-lime1 has be5 employ$ = ! la/ c5tury pa/ 9 ,engl& = ?is purpose2 & x w\ld be difficult to f9d a sub/ance bett] adapt$ to ?is s]vice1 z x is simple1 & 9 almo/ all localities *eap & easily accessible4 ,9 ord] to obta9 correct views respect+ ! effect ( quick-lime ^u ! soil1 let me rem9d y ( ! fir/ process employ$ by ! *emi/ :5 he is desir\s ( analys+ a m9]al1 & = ?is purpose wi%es to br+ its elem5ts into a soluble /ate4 ,let ! m9]al to be exam9$ be1 = in/ance1 feldsp>2 ?is sub/ance1 tak5 alone1 ev5 :5 r$uc$ to ! f9e/ p[d]1 requires = its solution to be treat$ ) an acid = weeks or mon?s2 b if we fir/ mix x ) quick-lime1 & expose ! mixture to a mod]ately /rong heat1 ! lime ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! feldsp>1 & its alkali 7potass7 is set free4 ,& n[ ! acid1 ev5 )\t heat1 dissolves n only ! lime1 b also s mu* ( ! silica ( ! feldsp> z to =m a transp>5t jelly4 ,! same effect :i* ! lime 9 ?is process1 ) ! aid ( heat1 ex]ts ^u ! feldsp>1 x produces :5 x is mix$ ) ! alkal9e argillace\s silicates1 & !y are = a long "t kept toge!r 9 a moi/ /ate4 ,common pott]s' clay1 or pipe-clay1 diffus$ ?r\gh wat]1 & add$ to milk ( lime1 ?ick5s imm$iately ^u mix+2 & if ! mixture is kept = "s mon?s1 & !n treat$ ) acid1 ! clay becomes gelat9\s1 :i* w\ld n occur )\t ! admixture ) ! lime4 ,! lime1 9 comb9+ ) ! elem5ts ( ! clay1 liquifies x2 &1 :at is m rem>kable1 lib]ates ! great] "p ( its alkalies4 ,^! int]e/+ facts 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,fu*s1 at ,muni*3 !y h n only l$ to a m intimate k ( ! nature & prop]ties ( ! hydraulic cem5ts1 b1 :at is f> m important1 !y expla9 ! effects ( cau/ic lime ^u ! soil1 & guide ! agriculturi/ 9 ! application ( an invaluable means ( op5+ x1 & sett+ free its alkalies--sub/ances s important1 nay1 s indisp5sable to 8 crops4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob] ! fields ( ,york%ire & ,ox=d%ire look z x !y 7 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,:ole squ>e miles are se5 :it5$ ov] ) quicklime1 :i* dur+ ! moi/ w9t] mon?s1 ex]cises its b5eficial influ5ce ^u ! /iff1 clayey soil1 ( ^? c\nties4 ,accord+ to ! humus !ory1 quick-lime ought to ex]t ! mo/ noxi\s influ5ce ^u ! soil1 because all organic matt]s conta9$ 9 x are de/roy$ by x1 & r5d]$ incapable ( yield+ _! humus to a new vegetation4 ,! facts are inde$ directly contr>y to ?is n[ ab&on$ !ory3 ! f]tility ( ! soil is increas$ by ! lime4 ,! c]ealia require ! alkalies & alkal9e silicates1 :i* ! action ( ! lime r5d]s fit = assimilation by ! plants4 ,if1 9 addition to ^!1 !re is any decay+ organic matt] pres5t 9 ! soil supply+ c>bonic acid1 x may facilitate _! developm5t2 b x is n ess5tial to _! gr[?4 ,if we furni% ! soil ) ammonia1 & ! phosphates1 :i* are indisp5sable to ! c]ealia1 ) ! alkal9e silicates1 we h all ! conditions necess>y to ensure an abundant h>ve/4 ,! atmosph]e is an inexhau/ible /ore ( c>bonic acid4 ,a no less fav\rable influ5ce ?an t ( lime is ex]cis$ ^u ! soil ( peaty l& by ! m]e act ( burn+ x3 ?is greatly enhances its f]tility4 ,we h n long be5 acqua9t$ ) ! rem>kable *ange :i* ! prop]ties ( clay und]go by burn+4 ,! obs]vation 0 fir/ made 9 ! process ( analys+ ! clay silicates4 ,_m ( ^!1 9 _! natural /ate1 are n act$ on by acids1 b !y become p]fectly soluble if heat$ to r$ness be=e ! application ( ! acid4 ,?is prop]ty belongs to pott]s' clay1 pipe-clay1 loam1 & _m diff]5t modifications ( clay 9 soils4 ,9 _! natural /ate !y may be boil$ 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 )\t s5sible *ange2 b if feebly burn$1 z is done ) ! pipe-clay 9 _m alum manufactories1 !y dissolve 9 ! acid ) ! greate/ facility1 ! conta9$ silica be+ sep>at$ l jelly 9 a soluble /ate4 ,pott]s' clay belongs to ! mo/ /]ile k9ds ( soil1 & yet x conta9s )9 itself all ! con/itu5t elem5ts ess5tial to a mo/ luxuri\s gr[? ( plants2 b _! m]e pres5ce is insuffici5t to secure ?is end4 ,! soil mu/ be accessible to ! atmosph]e1 to its oxyg51 to its c>bonic acid2 ^! mu/ p5etrate x1 9 ord] to secure ! conditions necess>y to a happy & vigor\s developm5t ( ! roots4 ,! elem5ts pres5t mu/ be br\ght into t peculi> /ate ( comb9ation :i* w enable !m to ent] into plants4 ,pla/ic clay is want+ 9 ^! prop]ties2 b !y are imp>t$ to x by a feeble calc9ation4 ,at ,h>dwicke ,c\rt1 ne> ,gl\ce/]1 ,i h se5 a g>d5 7,mr4 ,bak]'s7 consi/+ ( a /iff clay1 :i* 0 p]fectly /]ile1 become by m]e burn+ extremely f]tile4 ,! op]ation 0 ext5d$ to a dep? ( ?ree feet4 ,?is 0 an exp5sive process1 c]ta9ly2 b x 0 effectual4 ,! great diff]5ce 9 ! prop]ties ( burnt & unburnt clay is illu/rat$ by :at is se5 9 brick h\ses1 built 9 moi/ situations4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,fl&]s1 = in/ance1 :]e mo/ build+s are ( brick1 efflores5ces ( salts cov] ! surfaces ( ! walls1 l a :ite nap1 )9 a few days aft] !y are erect$4 ,if ?is sal9e incru/ation is wa%$ away by ! ra91 x soon re-appe>s2 & ?is is ev5 obs]v$ on walls :i*1 l ! gateway ( ,lisle1 h be5 erect$ = c5turies4 ,^! sal9e incru/ations consi/ ( c>bonates & sulphates1 ) alkal9e bases2 & x is well kn[n ^! act an important "p 9 vegetation4 ,! influ5ce ( lime 9 _! production is manife/$ by _! appe>+ fir/ at ! place :]e ! mort> & brick come into contact4 ,x w n[ be obvi\s to y1 t 9 a mixture ( clay ) lime1 all ! conditions exi/ = ! solution ( ! silicat$ clay1 & ! solubility ( ! alkal9e silicates4 ,! lime gradually dissolv+ 9 wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 acts l milk ( lime ^u ! clay4 ,?is expla9s also ! fav\rable influ5ce :i* m>l 7by :i* t]m all ^? v>ieties ( clay ri* 9 *alk are designat$7 ex]ts ^u mo/ k9ds ( soil4 ,!re are m>ly soils :i* surpass all o!rs 9 f]tility = all k9ds ( plants2 b ,i believe m>l 9 a burnt /ate mu/ be f> m effective1 z well z o!r mat]ials possess+ a simil> composition2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? species ( lime/one :i* are adapt$ to ! prep>ation ( hydraulic cem5ts1--= ^! c>ry to ! soil n only ! alkal9e bases useful to plants1 b also silica 9 a /ate capable ( assimilation4 ,! a%es ( coals & lignite are also excell5t means ( ameliorat+ ! soil1 & !y are us$ 9 _m places = ?is purpose4 ,! mo/ suitable may be readily kn[n by _! prop]ty ( =m+ a gelat9\s mass :5 treat$ ) acids1 or by becom+1 :5 mix$ ) cream ( lime1 l hydraulic cem5t1--solid & h>d z /one4 ,i h n[1 ,i tru/1 expla9$ to y\r satisfaction1 t ! me*anical op]ations ( agriculture--! application ( lime & *alk to l&s1 & ! burn+ ( clay--dep5d ^u "o & ! same sci5tific pr9ciple3 !y are means ( accel]at+ ! decomposition ( ! alkal9e clay silicates1 9 ord] to provide plants1 at ! beg9n+ ( a new vegetation1 ) c]ta9 inorganic matt]s indisp5sable = _! nutrition4 ,,lett] ,,xiv ,my de> ,sir1 ,i treat$1 9 my la/ lett]1 ( ! means ( improv+ ! condition ( ! soil = agricultural purposes by me*anical op]ations & m9]al ag5ts4 ,i h n[ to speak ( ! uses & effects ( animal exuviae1 & vegetable matt]s or manures--prop]ly s call$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( ^!1 & ! peculi>ity ( _! influ5ce ^u our fields1 x is highly important to keep 9 m9d ! s\rce :5ce !y are d]iv$4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n1 t if we deprive an animal ( food1 ! weight ( its body dim9i%es dur+ e mom5t ( its exi/5ce4 ,if ?is ab/95ce is cont9u$ = "s "t1 ! dim9ution becomes app>5t to ! eye2 all ! fat ( ! body disappe>s1 ! muscles decrease 9 firmness & bulk1 &1 if ! animal is all[$ to die />v$1 sc>cely any?+ b sk91 t5don1 & bones1 rema94 ,?is emaciation :i* occurs 9 a body o!rwise heal?y1 demon/rates to u1 t dur+ ! life ( an animal e "p ( its liv+ sub/ance is und]go+ a p]petual *ange2 all its compon5t p>ts1 assum+ ! =m ( lifeless comp\nds1 are ?r[n (f by ! sk91 lungs1 & ur9>y sy/em1 alt]$ m or less by ! secretory organs4 ,?is *ange 9 ! liv+ body is intimately connect$ ) ! process ( respiration2 x is1 9 tru?1 occasion$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e 9 brea?+1 :i* comb9es ) all ! v>i\s matt]s )9 ! body4 ,at e inspiration a quantity ( oxyg5 passes into ! blood 9 ! lungs1 & unites ) its elem5ts2 b al?\gh ! weight ( ! oxyg5 ?us daily ent]+ into ! body am\nts to #cb or m ounces1 yet ! weight ( ! body is n !reby increas$4 ,exactly z mu* oxyg5 z is imbib$ 9 inspiration passes (f 9 expiration1 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & wat]2 s t ) e brea? ! am\nt ( c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! body is dim9i%$4 ,b ! emaciation--! loss ( weight by />vation--does n simply dep5d ^u ! sep>ation ( ! c>bon & hydrog52 b all ! o!r sub/ances :i* are 9 comb9ation ) ^! elem5ts 9 ! liv+ tissues pass (f 9 ! secretions4 ,! nitrog5 und]goes a *ange1 & is ?r[n out ( ! sy/em by ! kidneys4 ,_! secretion1 ! ur9e1 conta9s n only a comp\nd ri* 9 nitrog51 namely urea1 b ! sulphur ( ! tissues 9 ! =m ( a sulphate1 all ! soluble salts ( ! blood & animal fluids1 common salt1 ! phosphates1 soda & pota%4 ,! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! blood1 ( ! muscul> fibre1 & ( all ! animal tissues :i* c und]go *ange1 return into ! atmosph]e4 ,! nitrog51 & all ! soluble inorganic elem5ts are c>ri$ to ! e>? 9 ! ur9e4 ,^! *anges take place 9 ! heal?y animal body dur+ e mom5t ( life2 a wa/e & loss ( sub/ance proce$s cont9ually2 & if ?is loss is to be re/or$1 & ! orig9al weight & sub/ance repair$1 an adequate supply ( mat]ials mu/ be furni%$1 f :5ce ! blood & wa/$ tissues may be reg5]at$4 ,?is supply is obta9$ f ! food4 ,9 an adult p]son 9 a normal or heal?y condition1 no s5sible increase or decrease ( weight occurs f day to day4 ,9 y\? ! weight ( ! body increases1 :il/ 9 old age x decreases4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ! adult1 ! food has exactly replac$ ! loss ( sub/ance3 x has suppli$ j s mu* c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & o!r elem5ts1 z h pass$ ?r\gh ! sk91 lungs1 & ur9>y organs4 ,9 y\? ! supply is great] ?an ! wa/e4 ,"p ( ! elem5ts ( ! food rema9 to augm5t ! bulk ( ! body4 ,9 old age ! wa/e is great] ?an ! supply1 & ! body dim9i%es4 ,x is unque/ionable1 t1 ) ! exception ( a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bon & hydrog51 :i* are secret$ ?r\gh ! sk9 & lungs1 we obta91 9 ! solid & fluid excrem5ts ( man & animals1 all ! elem5ts ( _! food4 ,we obta9 daily1 9 ! =m ( urea1 all ! nitrog5 tak5 9 ! food bo? ( ! "y & ! adult2 & fur!r1 9 ! ur9e1 ! :ole am\nt ( ! alkalies1 soluble phosphates & sulphates1 conta9$ 9 all ! v>i\s alim5ts4 ,9 ! solid excrem5ts are f\nd all ^? sub/ances tak5 9 ! food :i* h und]gone no alt]ation 9 ! dige/ive organs1 all indige/ible matt]s1 su* z woody fibre1 ! gre5 col\r+ matt] ( leaves 7 *lorophyle71 wax1 c4 ,physiology tea*es u1 t ! process ( nutrition 9 animals1 t is1 _! increase ( bulk1 or ! re/oration ( wa/$ p>ts1 proce$s f ! blood4 ,! purpose ( dige/ion & assimilation is to conv]t ! food into blood4 ,9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 !re=e1 all ^? sub/ances 9 ! food capable ( conv]sion into blood are sep>at$ f its o!r con/itu5ts2 9 o!r words1 dur+ ! passage ( ! food ?r\gh ! inte/9al canal !re is a con/ant absorption ( its nitrog51 s9ce only azotis$ sub/ances are capable ( conv]sion into blood2 & !re=e ! solid excrem5ts are de/itute ( t elem5t1 except only a small portion1 9 ! con/itution ( t secretion :i* is =m$ to facilitate _! passage4 ,) ! solid excrem5ts1 ! phosphates ( lime & magnesia1 :i* 7 conta9$ 9 ! food & n assimilat$1 are c>ri$ (f1 ^! salts be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 & !re=e n ent]+ ! ur9e4 ,we may obta9 a cle> insight into ! *emical con/itution ( ! solid excrem5ts )\t fur!r inve/igation1 by comp>+ ! faeces ( a dog ) 8 food4 ,we give t animal fle% & bones--sub/ances ri* 9 azotis$ matt]--& we obta91 z ! la/ product ( its dige/ion1 a p]fectly :ite excrem5t1 solid :ile moi/1 b becom+ 9 dry air a p[d]4 ,?is is ! phosphate ( lime ( ! bones1 ) sc>cely "o p] c5t4 ( =eign organic matt]4 ,?us we see t 9 ! solid & fluid excrem5ts ( man & animals1 all ! nitrog5--9 %ort1 all ! con/itu5t +r$i5ts ( ! consum$ food1 soluble & insoluble1 are return$2 & z food is prim>ily d]iv$ f ! fields1 we possess 9 ^? excrem5ts all ! +r$i5ts :i* we h tak5 f x 9 ! =m ( se$s1 roots1 or h]bs4 ,"o "p ( ! crops employ$ = fatt5+ %eep & cattle is consum$ by man z animal food2 ano!r "p is tak5 directly--z fl\r1 potatoes1 gre5 vegetables1 c42 a ?ird portion consi/s ( vegetable refuse1 & /raw employ$ z litt]4 ,none ( ! mat]ials ( ! soil ne$ be lo/4 ,we c1 x is obvi\s1 get back all its con/itu5t p>ts :i* h be5 )drawn !refrom1 z fruits1 gra9 & animals1 9 ! fluid & solid excrem5ts ( man1 & ! bones1 blood & sk9s ( ! slaught]$ animals4 ,x dep5ds ^u ourselves to collect c>efully all ^! scatt]$ elem5ts1 & to re/ore ! di/urb$ equilibrium ( composition 9 ! soil4 ,we c calculate exactly h[ mu* & :i* ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! soil we export 9 a %eep or an ox1 9 a qu>t] ( b>ley1 :eat or potatoes1 & we c discov]1 f ! kn[n composition ( ! excrem5ts ( man & animals1 h[ mu* we h to supply to re/ore :at is lo/ to our fields4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we c\ld procure f o!r s\rces ! sub/ances :i* give to ! exuviae ( man & animals _! value 9 agriculture1 we %\ld n ne$ ! latt]4 ,x is q indiff]5t = our purpose :e!r we supply ! ammonia 7! s\rce ( nitrog57 9 ! =m ( ur9e1 or 9 t ( a salt d]iv$ f coal-t>2 :e!r we d]ive ! phosphate ( lime f bones1 apatite1 or fossil excrem5ts 7! coproli!s74 ,! pr9cipal problem = agriculture is1 h[ to replace ^? sub/ances :i* h be5 tak5 f ! soil1 & :i* _c be furni%$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! manure supplies an imp]fect comp5sation = ?is loss1 ! f]tility ( a field or ( a c\ntry decreases2 if1 on ! contr>y1 m are giv5 to ! fields1 _! f]tility increases4 ,an importation ( ur9e1 or ( solid excrem5ts1 f a =eign c\ntry1 is equival5t to an importation ( gra9 & cattle4 ,9 a c]ta9 "t1 ! elem5ts ( ^? sub/ances assume ! =m ( gra91 or ( fodd]1 !n become fle% & bones1 ent] into ! human body1 & return aga9 day by day to ! =m !y orig9ally possess$4 ,! only real loss ( elem5ts we are unable to prev5t is ( ! phosphates1 & ^!1 9 accordance ) ! cu/oms ( all mod]n nations1 are deposit$ 9 ! grave4 ,= ! re/1 e "p ( t enorm\s quantity ( food :i* a man consumes dur+ 8 lifetime 7 say 9 sixty or sev5ty ye>s71 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! fields1 c be obta9$ & return$ to !m4 ,we "k ) absolute c]ta9ty1 t 9 ! blood ( a "y or gr[+ animal !re rema9s a c]ta9 quantity ( phosphate ( lime & ( ! alkal9e phosphates1 to be /or$ up & to m9i/] to ! gr[? ( ! bones & g5]al bulk ( ! body1 & t1 ) ! exception ( ?is v small quantity1 we receive back1 9 ! solid & fluid excrem5ts1 all ! salts & alkal9e bases1 all ! phosphate ( lime & magnesia1 & consequ5tly all ! inorganic elem5ts :i* ! animal consumes 9 its food4 ,we c ?us asc]ta9 precisely ! quantity1 quality1 & composition ( animal excrem5ts1 )\t ! tr\ble ( analys+ !m4 ,if we give a horse daily #d #a_/b p\nds' weight ( oats1 & #ae p\nds ( hay1 & kn[+ t oats give #d p] c5t4 & hay #i p] c5t4 ( a%es1 we c calculate t ! daily excrem5ts ( ! horse w conta9 #ba ounces ( inorganic matt] :i* 0 drawn f ! fields4 ,by analysis we c det]m9e ! exact relative am\nt ( silica1 ( phosphates1 & ( alkalies1 conta9$ 9 ! a%es ( ! oats & ( ! hay4 ,y w n[ und]/& t ! con/itu5ts ( ! solid p>ts ( animal excrem5ts1 & !re=e _! qualities z manure1 mu/ v>y ) ! nature ( ! creature's food4 ,if we fe$ a c[ ^u beetroot1 or potatoes1 )\t hay1 /raw or gra91 !re w be no silica 9 h] solid excrem5ts1 b !re w be phosphate ( lime & magnesia4 ,h] fluid excrem5ts w conta9 c>bonate ( pota% & soda1 toge!r ) comp\nds ( ! same bases ) inorganic acids4 ,9 "o ^w1 we h1 9 ! fluid excrem5ts1 all ! soluble p>ts ( ! a%es ( ! consum$ food2 & 9 ! solid excrem5ts1 all ^? p>ts ( ! a%es :i* are insoluble 9 wat]4 ,if ! food1 aft] burn+1 leaves beh9d a%es conta9+ soluble alkal9e phosphates1 z is ! case ) bread1 se$s ( all k9ds1 & fle%1 we obta9 f ! animal by :i* !y are consum$ a ur9e hold+ 9 solution ^! phosphates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! a%es ( food conta9 no alkal9e phosphates1 b ab\nd 9 insoluble e>?y phosphates1 z hay1 c>rots1 & potatoes1 ! ur9e w be free f alkal9e phosphates1 b ! e>?y phosphates w be f\nd 9 ! faeces4 ,! ur9e ( man1 ( c>nivor\s & gram9ivor\s animals1 conta9s alkal9e phosphates2 t ( h]bivor\s animals is free f ^! salts4 ,! analysis ( ! excrem5ts ( man1 ( ! piscivor\s birds 7z ! guano71 ( ! horse1 & ( cattle1 furni%es u ) ! precise k ( ! salts !y conta91 & demon/rates1 t 9 ^? excrem5ts1 we return to ! fields ! a%es ( ! plants :i* h s]v$ z food1--! soluble & insoluble salts & e>?s indisp5sable to ! developm5t ( cultivat$ plants1 & :i* mu/ be furni%$ to !m by a f]tile soil4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 9 supply+ ^! excrem5ts to ! soil1 we return to x ^? con/itu5ts :i* ! crops h remov$ f x1 & we r5ew its capability ( n\ri%+ new crops3 9 "o ^w1 we re/ore ! di/urb$ equilibrium2 & consequ5tly1 kn[+ t ! elem5ts ( ! food d]iv$ f ! soil ent] into ! ur9e & solid excrem5ts ( ! animals x n\ri%es1 we c ) ! greate/ facility det]m9e ! exact value ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( manure4 ,?us ! excrem5ts ( pigs :i* we h f$ ) peas & potatoes are pr9cipally suit$ = manur+ crops ( potatoes & peas4 ,9 fe$+ a c[ ^u hay & turnips1 we obta9 a manure conta9+ ! inorganic elem5ts ( grasses & turnips1 & :i* is !re=e pref]able = manur+ turnips4 ,! excrem5t ( pigeons conta9s ! m9]al elem5ts ( gra92 t ( rabbits1 ! elem5ts ( h]bs & kit*5 vegetables4 ,! fluid & solid excrem5ts ( man1 h[ev]1 conta9 ! m9]al elem5ts ( gra9 & se$s 9 ! greate/ quantity4 ,,lett] ,,xv ,my de> ,sir1 ,y are n[ acqua9t$ ) my op9ions respect+ ! effects ( ! application ( m9]al ag5ts to our cultivat$ fields1 & also ! rationale ( ! influ5ce ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( manures2 y w1 !re=e1 n[ readily und]/& :at ,i h to say ( ! s\rces :5ce ! c>bon & nitrog51 indisp5sable to ! gr[? ( plants1 are d]iv$4 ,! gr[? ( =e/s1 & ! produce ( mead[s1 demon/rate t an inexhau/ible quantity ( c>bon is furni%$ = vegetation by ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e4 ,we obta9 f an equal surface ( =e/1 or mead[-l&1 :]e ! necess>y m9]al elem5ts ( ! soil are pres5t 9 a suitable /ate1 & to :i* no c>bonace\s matt] :atev] is furni%$ 9 manures1 an am\nt ( c>bon1 9 ! %ape ( wood & hay1 q equal1 & (times m ?an is produc$ by our fields1 9 gra91 roots1 & /raw1 ^u :i* abundance ( manure has be5 heap$4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t ! atmosph]e mu/ furni% to our cultivat$ fields z mu* c>bonic acid1 z x does to an equal surface ( =e/ or mead[1 & t ! c>bon ( ?is c>bonic acid is assimilat$1 or may be assimilat$ by ! plants gr[+ !re1 provid$ ! conditions ess5tial to its assimilation1 & becom+ a con/itu5t elem5t ( vegetables1 exi/ 9 ! soil ( ^! fields4 ,9 _m tropical c\ntries ! produce ( ! l& 9 gra9 or roots1 dur+ ! :ole ye>1 dep5ds ^u "o ra9 9 ! spr+4 ,if ?is ra9 is defici5t 9 quantity1 or altoge!r want+1 ! expectation ( an abundant h>ve/ is dim9i%$ or de/roy$4 ,n[ x _c be ! wat] m]ely :i* produces ?is enliv5+ & f]tilis+ effect obs]v$1 & :i* la/s = weeks & mon?s4 ,! plant receives1 by means ( ?is wat]1 at ! "t ( its fir/ developm5t1 ! alkalies1 alkal9e e>?s1 & phosphates1 necess>y to its organization4 ,if ^! elem5ts1 :i* are necess>y previ\s to its assimilation ( atmosph]ic n\ri%m5t1 be abs5t1 its gr[? is ret>d$4 ,9 fact1 ! developm5t ( a plant is 9 a direct ratio to ! am\nt ( ! matt]s x takes up f ! soil4 ,if1 !re=e1 a soil is defici5t 9 ^! m9]al con/itu5ts requir$ by plants1 !y w n fl\ri% ev5 ) an abundant supply ( wat]4 ,! produce ( c>bon on a mead[1 or an equal surface ( =e/ l&1 is indep5d5t ( a supply ( c>bonace\s manure1 b x dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! soil :i* 9 !mselves conta9 no c>bon1 toge!r ) ! exi/5ce ( conditions "u :i* _! assimilation by plants c be effect$4 ,we increase ! produce ( our cultivat$ fields1 9 c>bon1 by a supply ( lime1 a%es1 & m>l1 sub/ances :i* _c furni% c>bon to ! plants1 & yet x is indisputable1--be+ f\nd$ ^u abundant exp]i5ce1--t 9 ^! sub/ances we furni% to ! fields elem5ts :i* greatly increase ! bulk ( _! produce1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( c>bon4 ,if we admit ^! facts to be e/abli%$1 we c no long] d\bt t a defici5t produce ( c>bon1 or 9 o!r words1 ! b>r5ness ( a field does n dep5d ^u c>bonic acid1 because we are able to increase ! produce1 to a c]ta9 degree1 by a supply ( sub/ances :i* d n conta9 any c>bon4 ,! same s\rce :5ce ! mead[ & ! =e/ are furni%$ ) c>bon1 is also op5 to our cultivat$ plants4 ,! great object ( agriculture1 !re=e1 is to discov] ! means be/ adapt$ to enable ^! plants to assimilate ! c>bon ( ! atmosph]e :i* exi/s 9 x z c>bonic acid4 ,9 furni%+ plants1 !re=e1 ) m9]al elem5ts1 we give !m ! p[] to appropriate c>bon f a s\rce :i* is inexhau/ible2 :il/ 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! elem5ts ! mo/ abundant supply ( c>bonic acid1 or ( decay+ vegetable matt]1 w\ld n increase ! produce ( a field4 ,) an adequate & equal supply ( ^! ess5tial m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! soil1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid absorb$ by a plant f ! atmosph]e 9 a giv5 "t is limit$ by ! quantity :i* is br\ght into contact ) its organs ( absorption4 ,! )drawal ( c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e by ! vegetable organism takes place *iefly ?r\gh its leaves2 ?is absorption requires ! contact ( ! c>bonic acid ) _! surface1 or ) ! "p ( ! plant by :i* x is absorb$4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid absorb$ 9 a giv5 "t is 9 direct proportion to ! surface ( ! leaves & ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! air2 t is1 two plants ( ! same k9d & ! same ext5t ( surface ( absorption1 9 equal times & "u equal conditions1 absorb "o & ! same am\nt ( c>bon4 ,9 an atmosph]e conta9+ a d\ble proportion ( c>bonic acid1 a plant absorbs1 "u ! same condition1 twice ! quantity ( c>bon4 ,b\ss+ault obs]v$1 t ! leaves ( ! v9e1 inclos$ 9 a vessel1 )drew all ! c>bonic acid f a curr5t ( air :i* 0 pass$ ?r\gh x1 h[ev] great its velocity4 7,dumas ,lecon1 p4#bc47 ,if1 !re=e1 we supply d\ble ! quantity ( c>bonic acid to "o plant1 ! ext5t ( ! surface ( :i* is only half t ( ano!r liv+ 9 ord9>y atmosph]ic air1 ! =m] w obta9 & appropriate z mu* c>bon z ! latt]4 ,h5ce results ! effects ( humus1 & all decay+ organic sub/ances1 ^u vegetation4 ,if we suppose all ! conditions = ! absorption ( c>bonic acid pres5t1 a "y plant w increase 9 mass1 9 a limit$ "t1 only 9 proportion to its absorb+ surface2 b if we create 9 ! soil a new s\rce ( c>bonic acid1 by decay+ vegetable sub/ances1 & ! roots absorb 9 ! same "t ?ree times z mu* c>bonic acid f ! soil z ! leaves d]ive f ! atmosph]e1 ! plant w increase 9 weight f\rfold4 ,?is f\rfold increase ext5ds to ! leaves1 buds1 /alks1 c41 & 9 ! increas$ ext5t ( ! surface1 ! plant acquires an increas$ p[] ( absorb+ n\ri%m5t f ! air1 :i* cont9ues 9 action f> beyond ! "t :5 its d]ivation ( c>bonic acid ?r\gh ! roots ceases4 ,humus1 z a s\rce ( c>bonic acid 9 cultivat$ l&s1 is n only useful z a means ( increas+ ! quantity ( c>bon--an effect :i* 9 mo/ cases may be v indiff]5t = agricultural purposes--b ! mass ( ! plant hav+ increas$ rapidly 9 a %ort "t1 space is obta9$ = ! assimilation ( ! elem5ts ( ! soil necess>y = ! =mation ( new leaves & bran*es4 ,wat] evaporates incessantly f ! surface ( ! "y plant2 its quantity is 9 direct proportion to ! temp]ature & ! ext5t ( ! surface4 ,! num]\s radical fibrillae replace1 l s _m pumps1 ! evaporat$ wat]2 & s long z ! soil is moi/1 or p5etrat$ ) wat]1 ! indisp5sable elem5ts ( ! soil1 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 are suppli$ to ! plant4 ,! wat] absorb$ by ! plant evaporat+ 9 an a]i=m /ate leaves ! sal9e & o!r m9]al con/itu5ts )9 x4 ,! relative proportion ( ^! elem5ts tak5 up by a plant1 is great]1 ! m ext5sive ! surface & m abundant ! supply ( wat]2 :]e ^! are limit$1 ! plant soon rea*es its full gr[?1 :ile if _! supply is cont9u$1 a great] am\nt ( elem5ts necess>y to enable x to appropriate atmosph]ic n\ri%m5t be+ obta9$1 its developm5t proce$s mu* fur!r4 ,! quantity1 or mass ( se$ produc$1 w correspond to ! quantity ( m9]al con/itu5ts pres5t 9 ! plant4 ,t plant1 !re=e1 conta9+ ! mo/ alkal9e phosphates & e>?y salts w produce m or a great] weight ( se$s ?an ano!r :i*1 9 an equal "t has absorb$ less ( !m4 ,we consequ5tly obs]ve1 9 a hot summ]1 :5 a fur!r supply ( m9]al +r$i5ts f ! soil ceases ?r\gh want ( wat]1 t ! height & /r5g? ( plants1 z well z ! developm5t ( _! se$s1 are 9 direct proportion to its absorption ( ! elem5t>y p>ts ( ! soil 9 ! prec$+ epo*s ( its gr[?4 ,! f]tility ( ! ye> dep5ds 9 g5]al ^u ! temp]ature1 & ! moi/ure or dryness ( ! spr+1 if all ! conditions necess>y to ! assimilation ( ! atmosph]ic n\ri%m5t be secur$ to our cultivat$ plants4 ,! action ( humus1 !n1 z we h expla9$ x above1 is *iefly ( value 9 ga9+ "t4 ,9 agriculture1 ?is mu/ ev] be tak5 into acc\nt & 9 ?is respect humus is ( importance 9 fav\r+ ! gr[? ( vegetables1 cabbages1 c4 ,b ! c]ealia1 & plants gr[n = _! roots1 meet on our fields1 9 ! rema9s ( ! prec$+ crop1 ) a quantity ( decay+ vegetable sub/ances correspond+ to _! cont5ts ( m9]al nutrim5t f ! soil1 & consequ5tly ) a quantity ( c>bonic acid adequate to _! accel]at$ developm5t 9 ! spr+4 ,a fur!r supply ( c>bonic acid1 !re=e1 w\ld be q useless1 )\t a correspond+ increase ( m9]al +r$i5ts4 ,f a morg5 ( good mead[ l&1 #b1ejj p\nds weight ( hay1 accord+ to ! be/ agriculturi/s1 are obta9$ on an av]age4 ,?is am\nt is furni%$ )\t any supply ( organic sub/ances1 )\t manure conta9+ c>bon or nitrog54 ,by irrigation1 & ! application ( a%es or gypsum1 d\ble t am\nt may be gr[n4 ,b assum+ #b1ejj p\nds weight ( hay to be ! maximum1 we may calculate ! am\nt ( c>bon & nitrog5 d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e by ! plants ( mead[s4 ,accord+ to elem5t>y analysis1 hay1 dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj deg ,reaumur1 conta9s #de4h p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & #a #a_/b p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 #ad p] c5t4 ( wat] reta9$ by ! hay1 dri$ at common temp]atures1 is driv5 (f at #ajj deg4 #b1ejj p\nds weight ( hay1 !re=e1 corresponds to #b1aej p\nds1 dri$ at #ajj deg4 ,?is %[s u1 t #ihd p\nds ( c>bon1 & #cb4b p\nds weight ( nitrog51 h be5 obta9$ 9 ! produce ( "o morg5 ( mead[ l&4 ,suppos+ t ?is nitrog5 has be5 absorb$ by ! plants 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 ! atmosph]e conta9s #ci4a p\nds weight ( ammonia to e #cfdj p\nds weight ( c>bonic acid 7#ihd c>bon1 or #bg p] c5t471 or 9 o!r words1 to e #a1jjj p\nds weight ( c>bonic acid1 #aj4g p\nds ( ammonia1 t is to ab\t #a_/ajj1jjj1 ! weight ( ! air1 or #a_/fj1jjj ( its volume4 ,= e #ajj p>ts ( c>bonic acid absorb$ by ! surface ( ! leaves1 ! plant receives f ! atmosph]e some:at m ?an "o "p ( ammonia4 ,) e #a1jjj p\nds ( c>bon1 we obta9-- ,f a mead[ 4 #cb #g_/aj p\nds ( nitrog54 ,f cultivat$ fields1 ,9 ,:eat 4 #ba #a_/b ,oats 4 #bb4c ,rye 4 #ae4b ,potatoes 4 #cd4a ,beetroot 4 #ci4a ,clov] 4 #dd ,peas 4 #fb ,b\ss+ault obta9$ f 8 f>m at ,be*elbronn1 9 ,alsace1 9 five ye>s1 9 ! %ape ( potatoes1 :eat1 clov]1 turnips1 & oats1 #h1chc ( c>bon1 & #bej4g nitrog54 ,9 ! foll[+ five ye>s1 z beetroot1 :eat1 clov]1 turnips1 oats1 & rye1 #h1aib ( c>bon1 & #bhd4b ( nitrog54 ,9 a fur!r c\rse ( six ye>s1 potatoes1 :eat1 clov]1 turnips1 peas1 & rye1 #aj1idi ( c>bon1 #cef4f ( nitrog54 ,9 #af ye>s1 #bg1dbd c>bon1 #heh #a_/b nitrog51 :i* gives = e #a1jjj c>bon1 #ca4c nitrog54 ,f ^! int]e/+ & unque/ionable facts1 we may d$uce "s conclusions ( ! highe/ importance 9 _! application to agriculture4 #a4 ,we obs]ve t ! relative proportions ( c>bon & nitrog51 /& 9 a fix$ relation to ! surface ( ! leaves4 ,^? plants1 9 :i* all ! nitrog5 may be said to be conc5trat$ 9 ! se$s1 z ! c]ealia1 conta9 on ! :ole less nitrog5 ?an ! legum9\s plants1 peas1 & clov]4 #b4 ,! produce ( nitrog5 on a mead[ :i* receives no nitrog5is$ manure1 is great] ?an t ( a field ( :eat :i* has be5 manur$4 #c4 ,! produce ( nitrog5 9 clov] & peas1 :i* agriculturi/s w ackn[l$ge require no nitrog5is$ manure1 is f> great] ?an t ( a potato or turnip field1 :i* is abundantly suppli$ ) su* manures4 ,la/ly4 ,& ?is is ! mo/ curi\s d$uction to be d]iv$ f ! above facts1--if we plant potatoes1 :eat1 turnips1 peas1 & clov]1 7plants conta9+ pota%1 lime1 & silex17 ^u ! same l&1 ?ree times manur$1 we ga9 9 #af ye>s1 = a giv5 quantity ( c>bon1 ! same proportion ( nitrog5 :i* we receive f a mead[ :i* has receiv$ no nitrog5is$ manure4 ,on a morg5 ( mead[-l&1 we obta9 9 plants1 conta9+ silex1 lime1 & pota%1 #ihd c>bon1 #cb4b nitrog54 ,on a morg5 ( cultivat$ l&1 9 an av]age ( #af ye>s1 9 plants conta9+ ! same m9]al elem5ts1 silex1 lime1 & pota%1 #heg c>bon1 #bf4h nitrog54 ,if we add ! c>bon & nitrog5 ( ! leaves ( ! beetroot1 & ! /alk & leaves ( ! potatoes1 :i* h n be5 tak5 into acc\nt1 x /ill rema9s evid5t t ! cultivat$ fields1 not)/&+ ! supply ( c>bonace\s & nitrog5is$ manures1 produc$ no m c>bon & nitrog5 ?an an equal surface ( mead[-l& suppli$ only ) m9]al elem5ts4 ,:at !n is ! rationale ( ! effect ( manure1--( ! solid & fluid excrem5ts ( animals8 ,?is "q c n[ be satisfactorily answ]$3 t effect is ! re/oration ( ! elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( ! soil :i* h be5 gradually drawn f x 9 ! %ape ( gra9 & cattle4 ,if ! l& ,i am speak+ ( _h n be5 manur$ dur+ ^? #af ye>s1 n m ?an "o-half1 or p]haps ?an "o-?ird "p ( ! c>bon & nitrog5 w\ld h be5 produc$4 ,we owe x to ! animal excrem5ts1 t x equall$ 9 production ! mead[-l&1 & ?is1 because !y re/or$ ! m9]al +r$i5ts ( ! soil remov$ by ! crops4 ,all t ! supply ( manure accompli%$1 0 to prev5t ! l& f becom+ poor] 9 ^!1 ?an ! mead[ :i* produces #b1ejj p\nds ( hay4 ,we )draw f ! mead[ 9 ?is hay z l>ge an am\nt ( m9]al sub/ances z we d 9 "o h>ve/ ( gra91 & we "k t ! f]tility ( ! mead[ is j z dep5d5t ^u ! re/oration ( ^! +r$i5ts to its soil1 z ! cultivat$ l& is ^u manures4 ,two mead[s ( equal surface1 conta9+ unequal quantities ( inorganic elem5ts ( n\ri%m5t1--o!r conditions be+ equal1--are v unequally f]tile2 t :i* possesses mo/1 furni%es mo/ hay4 ,if we d n re/ore to a mead[ ! )drawn elem5ts1 its f]tility decreases4 ,b its f]tility rema9s unimpair$1 ) a due supply ( animal excrem5ts1 fluid & solid1 & x n only rema9s ! same1 b may be increas$ by a supply ( m9]al sub/ances alone1 su* z rema9 aft] ! combu/ion ( ligne\s plants & o!r vegetables2 namely1 a%es4 ,a%es repres5t ! :ole n\ri%m5t :i* vegetables receive f ! soil4 ,by furni%+ !m 9 suffici5t quantities to our mead[s1 we give to ! plants gr[+ on !m ! p[] ( cond5s+ & absorb+ c>bon & nitrog5 by _! surface4 ,may n ! effect ( ! solid & fluid excrem5ts1 :i* are ! a%es ( plants & gra9s1 :i* h und]gone combu/ion 9 ! bodies ( animals & ( man1 be dep5d5t ^u ! same cause8 ,%\ld n ! f]tility1 result+ f _! application1 be altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! ammonia !y conta98 ,w\ld n _! effect be precisely ! same 9 promot+ ! f]tility ( cultivat$ plants1 if we _h evaporat$ ! ur9e1 & dri$ & burn$ ! solid excrem5ts8 ,surely ! c]ealia & legum9\s plants :i* we cultivate mu/ d]ive _! c>bon & nitrog5 f ! same s\rce :5ce ! gram9ea & legum9\s plants ( ! mead[s obta9 !m6 ,no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ ( _! capability to d s4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 ^u ! l[e/ calculation1 #bb p\nds weight ( nitrog5 7 tak5 on ! av]age1 ye>ly1 f e morg5 ( ! :eat-fields4 ,?is w\ld am\nt1 9 #ajj ye>s1 to #b1bjj p\nds weight4 ,if ?is 7 d]iv$ f ! soil1 e morg5 ( x mu/ h conta9$ ! equival5t ( #aaj1jjj p\nds weight ( animal excrem5ts 7assum+ ! latt]1 :5 dri$1 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 to conta9 #b p] c5t474 ,9 ,hung>y1 z ,i rem>k$ 9 a =m] ,lett]1 tobacco & :eat h be5 gr[n ^u ! same field = c5turies1 )\t any supply ( nitrog5is$ manure4 ,is x possible t ! nitrog5 ess5tial to1 & ent]+ into1 ! composition ( ^! crops1 c\ld h be5 drawn f ! soil8 ,e ye> r5ews ! foliage & fruits ( our =e/s ( bee*1 oak1 & *esnuts2 ! leaves1 ! acorns1 ! *esnuts1 are ri* 9 nitrog52 s are cocoa-nuts1 bread-fruit1 & o!r tropical productions4 ,?is nitrog5 is n suppli$ by man1 c x inde$ be d]iv$ f any o!r s\rce ?an ! atmosph]e8 ,9 :atev] =m ! nitrog5 suppli$ to plants may be conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 9 :atev] /ate x may be :5 absorb$1 f ! atmosph]e x mu/ h be5 d]iv$4 ,did n ! fields ( ,virg9ia receive _! nitrog5 f ! same s\rce z wild plants8 ,is ! supply ( nitrog5 9 ! excrem5ts ( animals q a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 or d we receive back f our fields a quantity ( ! elem5ts ( blood correspond+ to ?is supply8 ,! rese>*es ( ,b\ss+ault h solv$ ?is problem 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,if1 9 8 gr& exp]im5ts1 ! manure :i* he gave to 8 fields 0 9 ! same /ate1 i4e4 dri$ at #aaj deg 9 a vacuum1 z x 0 :5 analys$1 ^! fields receiv$1 9 #af ye>s1 #a1cjj p\nds ( nitrog54 ,b we "k t by dry+ all ! nitrog5 escapes :i* is conta9$ 9 solid animal excrem5ts1 z volatile c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,9 ?is calculation ! nitrog5 ( ! ur9e1 :i* by decomposition is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( ammonia1 has n be5 includ$4 ,if we suppose x am\nt$ to half z mu* z t 9 ! dri$ excrem5ts1 ?is w\ld make ! quantity ( nitrog5 suppli$ to ! fields #a1iej p\nds4 ,9 #af ye>s1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 only #a1eag p\nds ( nitrog51 0 conta9$ 9 _! produce ( gra91 /raw1 roots1 et cet]a--t is1 f> less ?an 0 suppli$ 9 ! manure2 & 9 ! same p]iod ! same ext5t ( surface ( good mead[-l& 7"o hect>e a ,hessian morg571 :i* receiv$ no nitrog5 9 manure1 #b1jfb p\nds ( nitrog54 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ,egypt1 f ! defici5cy ( wood1 ! excrem5t ( animals is dri$1 & =ms ! pr9cipal fuel1 & t ! nitrog5 f ! soot ( ?is excrem5t 01 = _m c5turies1 import$ into ,europe 9 ! =m ( sal ammoniac1 until a me?od ( manufactur+ ?is sub/ance 0 discov]$ at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury by ,grav5hor/ ( ,brunswick4 ,! fields 9 ! delta ( ! ,nile are suppli$ ) no o!r animal manures ?an ! a%es ( ! burnt excrem5ts1 & yet !y h be5 prov]bially f]tile f a p]iod e>li] ?an ! fir/ dawn ( hi/ory1 & t f]tility cont9ues to ! pres5t day z admirable z x 0 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,^! fields receive1 e ye>1 f ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 a new soil1 9 its mud deposit$ ov] _! surface1 ri* 9 ^? m9]al elem5ts :i* h be5 )drawn by ! crops ( ! previ\s h>ve/4 ,! mud ( ! ,nile conta9s z little nitrog5 z ! mud d]iv$ f ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 :i* f]tilises our fields aft] ! inundations ( ! ,rh9e4 ,if ?is f]tilis+ mud ow$ ?is prop]ty to nitrog5is$ matt]s2 :at enorm\s b$s ( animal & vegetable exuviae & rema9s ought to exi/ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,africa1 9 heights ext5d+ beyond ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 :]e no bird1 no animal f9ds food1 f ! abs5ce ( all vegetation6 ,abundant evid5ce 9 support ( ! important tru? we are discuss+1 may be d]iv$ f o!r well kn[n facts4 ,?us1 ! trade ( ,holl& 9 *eese may be adduc$ 9 pro( & illu/ration !re(4 ,we "k t *eese is d]iv$ f ! plants :i* s]ve z food = c[s4 ,! mead[-l&s ( ,holl& d]ive ! nitrog5 ( *eese f ! same s\rce z ) u2 i4e4 ! atmosph]e4 ,! mil* c[s ( ,holl& rema9 day & night on ! graz+-gr\nds1 & !re=e1 9 _! fluid & solid excrem5ts return directly to ! soil all ! salts & e>?y elem5ts ( _! food3 a v insignificant quantity only is export$ 9 ! *eese4 ,! f]tility ( ^! mead[s c1 !re=e1 be z little impair$ z our own fields1 to :i* we re/ore all ! elem5ts ( ! soil1 z manure1 :i* h be5 )drawn 9 ! crops4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 9 ,holl& !y rema9 on ! field1 :il/ we collect !m at home & c>ry !m1 f "t to "t1 to ! fields4 ,! nitrog5 ( ! fluid & solid excrem5ts ( c[s1 is d]iv$ f ! mead[-plants1 :i* receive x f ! atmosph]e2 ! nitrog5 ( ! *eese also mu/ be drawn f ! same s\rce4 ,! mead[s ( ,holl& h1 9 ! lapse ( c5turies1 produc$ millions ( hundr$weights ( *eese4 ,?\s&s ( hundr$weights are annually export$1 & yet ! productiv5ess ( ! mead[s is 9 no way dim9i%$1 al?\gh !y nev] receive m nitrog5 ?an !y orig9ally conta9$4 ,no?+ !n c be m c]ta9 ?an ! fact1 t an exportation ( nitrog5is$ products does n exhau/ ! f]tility ( a c\ntry2 inasmu* z x is n ! soil1 b ! atmosph]e1 :i* furni%es its vegetation ) nitrog54 ,x foll[s1 consequ5tly1 t we _c increase ! f]tility ( our fields by a supply ( nitrog5is$ manure1 or by salts ( ammonia1 b r t _! produce increases or dim9i%es1 9 a direct ratio1 ) ! supply ( m9]al elem5ts capable ( assimilation4 ,! =mation ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( blood1 t is1 ( ! nitrog5is$ pr9ciples 9 our cultivat$ plants1 dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( inorganic matt]s 9 ! soil1 )\t :i* no nitrog5 c be assimilat$ ev5 :5 !re is a mo/ abundant supply4 ,! ammonia conta9$ 9 animal excrem5ts ex]cises a fav\rable effect1 inasmu* z x is accompani$ by ! o!r sub/ances necess>y to accompli% its transition into ! elem5ts ( ! blood4 ,if we supply ammonia associat$ ) all ! conditions necess>y to its assimilation1 x m9i/]s to ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plants2 b if ?is artificial supply is n giv5 !y c d]ive all ! ne$$ nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e--a s\rce1 e loss f :i* is re/or$ by ! decomposition ( ! bodies ( dead animals & ! decay ( plants4 ,ammonia c]ta9ly fav\rs1 & accel]ates1 ! gr[? ( plants 9 all soils1 :]e9 all ! conditions ( its assimilation are unit$2 b x is altoge!r )\t effect1 z respects ! production ( ! elem5ts ( blood :]e any ( ^! conditions are want+4 ,we c suppose t asp>ag91 ! active con/itu5t ( asp>agus1 ! mucilag9\s root ( ! m>%-mall[1 ! nitrog5is$ & sulphur\s +r$i5ts ( mu/>d-se$1 & ( all crucif]\s plants1 may orig9ate )\t ! aid ( ! m9]al elem5ts ( ! soil4 ,b if ! pr9ciples ( ^? vegetables1 :i* s]ve z food1 c\ld be g5]at$ )\t ! co-op]ation ( ! m9]al elem5ts ( blood1 )\t pota%1 soda1 phosphate ( soda1 phosphate ( lime1 !y w\ld be useless to u & to h]bivor\s animals z food2 !y w\ld n fulfil ! purpose = :i* ! wisdom ( ! ,creator has de/9$ !m4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( alkalies & ! phosphates1 no blood1 no milk1 no muscul> fibre c be =m$4 ,)\t phosphate ( lime our horses1 %eep & cattle1 w\ld be )\t bones4 ,9 ! ur9e & 9 ! solid excrem5ts ( animals we c>ry ammonia1 &1 consequ5tly1 nitrog51 to our cultivat$ plants1 & ?is nitrog5 is accompani$ by all ! m9]al elem5ts ( food exactly 9 ! same proportions1 9 :i* bo? are conta9$ 9 ! plants :i* s]v$ z food to ! animals1 or :at is ! same1 9 ^? proportions 9 :i* bo? c s]ve z n\ri%m5t to a new g5]ation ( plants1 to :i* bo? are ess5tial4 ,! effect ( an artificial supply ( ammonia1 z a s\rce ( nitrog51 is1 !re=e1 precisely analog\s to t ( humus z a s\rce ( c>bonic acid--x is limit$ to a ga9 ( "t2 t is1 x accel]ates ! developm5t ( plants4 ,?is is ( great importance1 & %\ld always be tak5 into acc\nt 9 g>d5+1 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( ! kit*5-g>d52 & z mu* z possible1 9 agriculture on a l>ge scale1 :]e ! "t occupi$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! plants cultivat$ is ( importance4 ,:5 we h exactly asc]ta9$ ! quantity ( a%es left aft] ! combu/ion ( cultivat$ plants :i* h gr[n ^u all v>ieties ( soil1 & h obta9$ correct analyses ( ^! a%es1 we %all le>n ) c]ta9ty :i* ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! plants are con/ant & :i* are *angeable1 & we %all arrive at an exact k ( ! sum ( all ! +r$i5ts we )draw f ! soil 9 ! diff]5t crops4 ,) ?is k ! f>m] w be able to keep an exact record1 ( ! produce ( 8 fields 9 h>ve/1 l ! acc\nt-book ( a well regulat$ manufactory2 & !n by a simple calculation he c det]m9e precisely ! sub/ances he mu/ supply to ea* field1 & ! quantity ( ^!1 9 ord] to re/ore _! f]tility4 ,he w be able to express1 9 p\nds weight1 h[ mu* ( ?is or t elem5t he mu/ give 9 ord] to augm5t its f]tility = any giv5 k9d ( plants4 ,^! rese>*es & exp]im5ts are ! great desid]atum ( ! pres5t "t4 ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,ef=ts ,,( ,,! ,,*emi/s ,,( ,,all ,,c\ntries ,,we ,,may ,,confid5tly ,,look ,,= ,a ,,solution ,,( ,,^! ,,great ,,que/ions1 & by ! aid ( ,,enlight5$ ,,agriculturi/s we %all arrive at a ,,rational sy/em ( ,,g>d5+1 ,,horticulture1 & ,,agriculture1 applicable to e c\ntry & all k9ds ( soil1 & :i* w be bas$ ^u ! immutable f\ndation ( ,,obs]v$ ,,facts & ,,philosophical ,,induction4 ,,lett] ,,xvi ,my de> ,sir1 ,my rec5t rese>*es into ! con/itu5t +r$i5ts ( our cultivat$ fields h l$ me to ! conclusion t1 ( all ! elem5ts furni%$ to plants by ! soil & m9i/]+ to _! n\ri%m5t1 ! phosphate ( lime--or1 r1 ! phosphates g5]ally--mu/ be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important4 ,9 ord] to furni% y ) a cle> idea ( ! importance ( ! phosphates1 x may be suffici5t to rem9d y ( ! fact1 t ! blood ( man & animals1 besides common salt1 always conta9s alkal9e & e>?y phosphates4 ,if we burn blood & exam9e ! a%es :i* rema91 we f9d c]ta9 p>ts ( !m soluble 9 wat]1 & o!rs insoluble4 ,! soluble p>ts are1 common salt & alkal9e phosphates2 ! insoluble consi/ ( phosphate ( lime1 phosphate ( magnesia1 & oxide ( iron4 ,^! m9]al +r$i5ts ( ! blood--)\t ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 ! food ! =mation ( blood is impossible--bo? man & animals d]ive ei!r imm$iately1 or m$iately ?r\gh o!r animals1 f vegetable sub/ances us$ z food2 !y _h be5 con/itu5ts ( vegetables1 !y _h be5 p>ts ( ! soil ^u :i* ! vegetable sub/ances 7 develop$4 ,if we comp>e ! am\nt ( ! phosphates 9 diff]5t vegetable sub/ances ) ea* o!r1 we discov] a great v>iety1 :il/ !re is sc>cely any a%es ( plants altoge!r devoid ( !m1 & ^? p>ts ( plants :i* exp]i5ce has taught u are ! mo/ nutriti\s1 conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion4 ,to ^! belong all se$s & gra91 especially ! v>ieties ( bread-corn1 peas1 beans1 & l5tils4 ,x is a mo/ curi\s fact t if we inc9]ate gra9 or its fl\r1 peas1 beans1 & l5tils1 we obta9 a%es1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! a%es ( all o!r p>ts ( vegetables by ! abs5ce ( alkal9e c>bonates4 ,! a%es ( ^! se$s :5 rec5tly prep>$1 d n eff]vesce ) acids2 _! soluble +r$i5ts consi/ solely ( alkal9e phosphates1 ! insoluble p>ts ( phosphate ( lime1 phosphate ( magnesia1 & oxide ( iron3 consequ5tly1 ( ! v same salts :i* are conta9$ 9 blood1 & :i* are absolutely indisp5sable to its =mation4 ,we are ?us br\ght to ! fur!r indisputable conclusion t no se$ suitable to become food = man & animals c be =m$ 9 any plant )\t ! pres5ce & co-op]ation ( ! phosphates4 ,a field 9 :i* phosphate ( lime1 or ! alkal9e phosphates1 =m no "p ( ! soil1 is totally incapable ( produc+ gra91 peas1 or beans4 ,an enorm\s quantity ( ^! sub/ances indisp5sable to ! n\ri%m5t ( plants1 is annually )drawn f ! soil & c>ri$ into great t[ns1 9 ! %ape ( fl\r1 cattle1 et cet]a4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is incessant removal ( ! phosphates mu/ t5d to exhau/ ! l& & dim9i% its capability ( produc+ gra94 ,! fields ( ,great ,brita9 are 9 a /ate ( progressive exhau/ion f ?is cause1 z is prov$ by ! rapid ext5sion ( ! cultivation ( turnips & mangel wurzel--plants :i* conta9 ! lea/ am\nt ( ! phosphates1 & !re=e require ! smalle/ quantity = _! developm5t4 ,^! roots conta9 #hj to #ib p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,_! great bulk makes ! am\nt ( produce fallaci\s1 z respects _! adaptation to ! food ( animals1 inasmu* z _! cont5ts ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! blood1 i4e4 ( sub/ances :i* c be trans=m$ into fle%1 /&s 9 a direct ratio to _! am\nt ( phosphates1 )\t :i* nei!r blood nor fle% c be =m$4 ,our fields w become m & m defici5t 9 ^! ess5tial +r$i5ts ( food1 9 all localities :]e cu/om & habits d n admit ! collection ( ! fluid & solid excrem5ts ( man1 & _! application to ! purposes ( agriculture4 ,9 a =m] lett] ,i %[$ y h[ great a wa/e ( phosphates is unavoidable 9 ,engl&1 & ref]r$ to ! well-kn[n fact t ! importation ( bones re/or$ 9 a mo/ admirable mann] ! f]tility ( ! fields exhau/$ f ?is cause4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbg ! importation ( bones = manure am\nt$ to #dj1jjj tons1 & ,huskisson e/imat$ _! value to be f ,l #ajj1jjj to ,l #bjj1jjj /]l+4 ,! importation is /ill great] at pres5t1 b x is f> f be+ suffici5t to supply ! wa/e4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! efficacy ( ! phosphates 9 re/or+ f]tility to exhau/$ l& is af=d$ by ! use ( ! guano--a manure :i*1 al?\gh ( rec5t introduction into ,engl&1 has f\nd su* g5]al & ext5sive application4 ,we believe t ! importation ( "o hundr$-weight ( guano is equival5t to ! importation ( eight hundr$-weight ( :eat--! hundr$-weight ( guano assumes 9 a "t :i* c be accurately e/imat$ ! =m ( a quantity ( food correspond+ to eight hundr$-weight ( :eat4 ,! same e/imate is applicable 9 ! valuation ( bones4 ,if x 7 possible to re/ore to ! soil ( ,engl& & ,scotl& ! phosphates :i* dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s h be5 c>ri$ to ! sea by ! ,?ames & ! ,clyde1 x w\ld be equival5t to manur+ ) millions ( hundr$-weights ( bones1 & ! produce ( ! l& w\ld increase "o-?ird1 or p]haps d\ble itself1 9 five to t5 ye>s4 ,we _c d\bt t ! same result w\ld foll[ if ! price ( ! guano admitt$ ! application ( a quantity to ! surface ( ! fields1 conta9+ z mu* ( ! phosphates z h be5 )drawn f !m 9 ! same p]iod4 ,if a ri* & *eap s\rce ( phosphate ( lime & ! alkal9e phosphates 7 op5 to ,engl&1 !re c be no "q t ! importation ( =eign corn might be altoge!r disp5s$ ) aft] a %ort "t4 ,= ^! mat]ials ,engl& is at pres5t dep5d5t ^u =eign c\ntries1 & ! high price ( guano & ( bones prev5ts _! g5]al application1 & 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,e ye> ! trade 9 ^! sub/ances mu/ decrease1 or _! price w rise z ! dem& = !m increases4 ,accord+ to ^! premises1 x _c be disput$1 t ! annual exp5se ( ,great ,brita9 = ! importation ( bones & guano is equival5t to a duty on corn3 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! am\nt is paid to =eign]s 9 money4 ,to re/ore ! di/urb$ equilibrium ( con/itution ( ! soil1--to f]tilise h] fields1--,engl& requires an enorm\s supply ( animal excrem5ts1 & x mu/1 !re=e1 excite consid]able int]e/ to le>n1 t %e possesses b5ea? h] soil b$s ( fossil guano1 /rata ( animal excrem5ts1 9 a /ate :i* w probably all[ ( _! be+ employ$ z a manure at a v small exp5se4 ,! coproli!s discov]$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 7a discov]y ( ! highe/ int]e/ to ,geology17 are ^! excrem5ts2 & x seems extremely probable t 9 ^! /rata ,engl& possesses ! means ( supply+ ! place ( rec5t bones1 & !re=e ! pr9cipal conditions ( improv+ agriculture--( re/or+ & exalt+ ! f]tility ( h] fields4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahdb1 ,dr4 ,buckl& po9t$ out to me a b$ ( coproli!s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,clifton1 f half to "o foot ?ick1 inclos$ 9 a lime/one =mation1 ext5d+ z a br[n /ripe 9 ! rocks1 = miles along ! banks ( ! ,sev]n4 ,! lime/one m>l ( ,lyme ,regis consi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( "o-f\r? "p ( fossil excrem5ts & bones4 ,! same are abundant 9 ! lias ( ,ba?1 ,ea/]n & ,broadway ,hill1 ne> ,eve%am4 ,dr4 ,buckl& m5tions b$s1 sev]al miles 9 ext5t1 ! sub/ance ( :i* consi/s1 9 _m places1 ( a f\r? "p ( coproli!s4 ,pieces ( ! lime/one rock 9 ,clifton1 ne> ,bri/ol1 :i* is ri* 9 coproli!s & organic rema9s1 fragm5ts ( bones1 tee?1 c41 7 subject$ to analysis1 & 7 f\nd to conta9 above #ah p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime4 ,if ?is lime/one is burn$ & br\ght 9 t /ate to ! fields1 x mu/ be a p]fect sub/itute = bones1 ! efficacy ( :i* z a manure does n dep5d1 z has be5 g5]ally1 b errone\sly suppos$1 ^u ! nitrog5is$ matt] :i* !y conta91 b on _! phosphate ( lime4 ,! osse\s breccia f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& des]ves especial att5tion1 z x is highly probable t 9 a %ort "t x w become an important article ( comm]ce4 ,:at a curi\s & int]e/+ subject = contemplation6 ,9 ! rema9s ( an ext9ct animal _w1 ,engl& is to f9d ! means ( increas+ h] weal? 9 agricultural produce1 z %e has already f\nd ! great support ( h] manufactur+ indu/ry 9 fossil fuel1--! pres]v$ matt] ( primeval =e/s1--! rema9s ( a vegetable _w4 ,may ?is expectation be realis$6 & may h] excell5t population be ?us r$eem$ f pov]ty & mis]y6