,transcriber's ,note3 ,minor typographical errors have been corrected without note4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4 ,words printed in italics are marked with underscores3 italics4 ,words printed in bold are marked with tildes3 bold4 ,there are some prescriptions where the symbols cannot be represented in plain text4 ,these are instead shown as3 ,prescription1 ,rx ,scruple1 ,sc ,dram1 ,dr ,ounce1 ,oz4 ,the #bj pages of ads preceding the title page were moved to the end of the book4 ,,how ,,to ,,travel4 ,,hints1 ,,advice1 ,,and ,,suggestions ,,to ,,travelers ,,by ,,land ,,and ,,sea ,,all ,,over ,,the ,,globe4 ,,by ,,thomas ,w4 ,,knox1 ,,author ,,of ,,camp-,,fire ,,and ,,cotton-,,field1 ,,overland ,,through ,,asia1 ,,underground1 ,,backsheesh1 ,,john1 ,,the ,,boy ,,travelers ,,in ,,the ,,far ,,east1 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,charles ,t4 ,,dillingham4 ,,boston3 ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard4 ,,london ,,and ,,geneva ,,the ,,american ,,exchange ,,in ,,europe4 #ahha4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress in the year #ahhj1 by ,,thomas ,w4 ,,knox1 ,in the office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington4 ,all rights of translation and foreign publication are reserved4 ,,to ,,all ,,travelers ,,on ,,land ,,and ,,sea1 ,,this ,,volume ,,is ,,sympathetically ,,inscribed4 ,,preface4 ,in preparing this volume for the press the author of ,how to ,travel has endeavored to supply a want whose existence has long been apparent to him4 ,having journeyed somewhat over the earth he is frequently consulted by friends and acquaintances who are about to travel1 and wish to know what to do before setting out on their undertakings1 and how to meet the various perplexities that are sure to arise4 ,in preparing this book he has answered a great many interrogatories that have been addressed to him in person1 and if the manner of his response should be considered didactic1 he begs the reader to remember that the author is endeavoring to meet the questions of the would-be traveler1 and1 therefore1 addresses him in the second person4 ,as nearly as possible he has embodied in ,how to ,travel as much information as could be wrung from him by a vigorous and thorough interrogation of a couple of long winter evenings1 conducted by an inquisitive couple who were about starting on a journey around the world and up and down its surface4 ,with the changes that are constantly going on1 some of the information here given may be found slightly inaccurate1 but it is hoped that instances of this sort will be rare4 ,prices of hotels1 steamships1 railroads1 and the like are subject to alteration1 and consequently no absolute rule can be laid down4 ,but the author believes that in the instances where his figures may be found astray they are so near the mark that they will prove of material assistance to the traveler4 ,as the author is neither a lady nor a lawyer1 he has found it desirable to invoke the aid of those important members of society in the preparation of the book4 ,a reference to the table of contents will show the assistance they have given him1 the one in a chapter of ,special ,advice to ,ladies and the other in ,legal ,rights of ,travelers4 ,all other parts of the book are of his own production and the results of his experience in travel1 covering a period of more than #bj years and embracing many lands and seas4 ,with this explanatory preface1 and trusting that the volume will be a sufficient apology for its existence1 the author delivers it to the hands of the traveling public1 and hopes for a verdict in its favor4 ,t4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,new ,,york1 ,february1 #ahha4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,general ,advice ,applicable to all ,kinds of ,travel1 #i ,,ii4 ,railway ,travel in the ,united ,states and ,canadas1 #bj ,,iii4 ,american ,steamboat ,travel1 #bh ,,iv4 ,sea and ,ocean ,travel1 #cg ,v4 ,sea ,sickness and ,how to ,avoid it1 #dh ,,vi4 ,special ,advice to ,ladies1 by a ,lady1 #ee ,,vii4 ,daily ,life at ,sea1 #fd ,,viii4 ,going on ,shore--,hotels1 #gf ,,ix4 ,the ,system of ,fees1 #hg ,x4 ,english and ,continental ,money1 #ajb ,,xi4 ,languages and ,couriers1 #ajh ,,xii4 ,railway ,traveling on the ,continent1 #aah ,,xiii4 ,steamboat ,traveling in ,europe1 #acc ,,xiv4 ,sea-going ,steamers in ,european ,waters1 #aci ,,xv4 ,sea and ,ocean ,steamers in ,various ,parts of the ,world1 #adg ,,xvi4 ,travel by ,stage-,coach1 ,diligence1 and ,post1 #aee ,,xvii4 ,traveling with ,camels and ,elephants1 #afg ,,xviii4 ,traveling with ,reindeer and ,dogs1 #agd ,,xix4 ,traveling with ,man-power--,palankeens1 ,jinrikishas1 and ,sedan ,chairs1 #agi ,,xx4 ,pedestrian ,traveling--,mountain ,climbing1 #ahf ,,xxi4 ,traveling ,without ,money--,round the ,world for #ej1 #aic ,,xxii4 ,skeleton ,tours for ,america and ,europe1 #bja ,,xxiii4 ,general ,directions for a ,journey ,round the ,,xxiv4 ,world1 with ,routes1 ,distances1 etc41 etc41 #bjg ,,xxv4 ,legal ,rights of ,travelers1 by a ,lawyer1 #bcj ,,xxvi4 ,wilderness and ,frontier ,travel1 #bdb ,,chapter ,i4 ,,general ,,advice ,,applicable ,,to ,,all ,,kinds ,,of ,,travel4 ,there is an old saying of unknown origin that a light heart and a thin pair of trowsers are the principal requisites for a journey4 ,the proper texture of one's garments depends largely on his route of travel and the difficulties to be encountered2 thin ones would be desirable in hot countries and for lounging on the deck of a ship in low latitudes1 while they would be eminently out of place in the region of the north pole or in the rough traveling of the wilderness4 ,but no one will deny that a light heart has much to do with the pleasure of travel1 and the man who can be serene under all circumstances1 who laughs at mishaps1 and accepts every situation with a smile of content1 or at least with a feeling of resignation1 is the model voyager4 ,for him the miles go by as on the wings of a bird1 while to the grumbler and misanthrope they are weighted with lead4 ,the former comes back from his wanderings refreshed and instructed while the latter is no better in mind and body than when setting out on his journey4 ,for your own comfort and happiness1 and your own mental and physical advantage1 start on your journey with a determination to see the bright side of everything and to endure as cheerfully as possible the jolts and buffetings and petty disappointments that are sure to be your lot4 ,and in the same proportion that a light heart makes you better for yourself it makes you better and more agreeable for those who may be traveling with you4 ,if you have been reared in the belief that your own country1 or your own state1 town1 or hamlet1 contains all that is good in the world1 whether of moral excellence1 mental development1 or mechanical skill1 you must prepare to eradicate that belief at an early date4 ,that you and yours have the best and are the best we will not for a moment deny1 but when you attempt to claim everything you claim too much4 ,to an observant and thoughtful individual the invariable effect of travel is to teach respect for the opinions1 the faith1 or the ways of others1 and to convince him that other civilizations than his own are worthy of consideration4 ,at the same time he will find his love for his native land as strong as ever and his admiration for his own institutions as warm as on the day of his departure4 ,an old traveler once said3 ,i have found good among every people1 and even where there was much to condemn there was much to admire4 ,i have never returned from a journey without an increased respect for the countries ,i have visited and a greater regard for my own land than ever before4 ,the intelligent traveler will certainly be a true patriot4 ,so much for the mental conditions of travel4 ,we will come now to the practical and tangible needs of locomotion4 ,money is the first of these things4 ,it is true that one can travel without money1 and in a later chapter we will see how it may be accomplished2 for the present we will look upon money as a requisite4 ,never carry a large amount of cash about your person or in your baggage4 ,a letter of credit1 procurable at any banker's1 is far better than ready money1 as its loss causes nothing more than temporary inconvenience4 ,it is best not to lose it at all2 but1 in case of its disappearance1 payment may be stopped and the finder or thief can derive no benefit from its possession4 ,the usual form of a letter of credit is about as follows3 ,new ,york1 #ah 4 ,to our correspondents3 ,we have the pleasure of introducing to you 99 99 99 99 99 the bearer of this letter1 whose signature you will find in the margin4 ,we beg you to honor his drafts to the amount of 99 99 99 99 99 pounds sterling upon our ,london house4 ,all deductions and commissions to be at the expense of the bearer4 ,we have the honor to remain1 gentlemen1 ,very truly yours1 99 99 99 99 99 994 ,some banking-houses have their letters printed in ,french instead of ,english1 but the substance is the same4 ,the amount is usually expressed in pounds sterling1 and drafts are made payable in ,london2 but if the traveler is going directly to the continent of ,europe1 some of the bankers will give him1 if he desires it1 a letter on ,paris and state the amount in francs4 ,sterling credits are generally the best to carry1 no matter what country you may be visiting1 as ,london is the money centre of the world1 and there is never any difficulty in ascertaining the rate of exchange upon that great city4 ,the traveling letter of credit is printed on the front of a four-page sheet1 letter size2 the second page is left blank for the endorsement of the amounts drawn1 and the third and fourth pages contain a list of bankers in all the principal cities that the voyager is likely to visit4 ,any respectable banker1 even if not named on the printed list1 will generally cash a letter of credit2 but it is advisable to adhere as much as possible to the correspondents of the establishment that issued the document4 ,the traveler should only draw at one time sufficient money to last him for a few days1 or till he reaches a convenient place for making another draft4 ,a week's supply of cash is usually sufficient for a single draft2 but1 of course1 no absolute rule can be laid down4 ,another form of traveling credit is in the shape of circular notes1 which are issued by some bankers1 though not by all4 ,they are for various amounts--five1 ten1 twenty1 fifty1 or a hundred pounds--and are accompanied by a letter of identification which bears the signature of the holder4 ,the notes are useless without the letter1 and the letter without the notes1 and the traveler is advised to carry them apart from each other4 ,the advantage of this kind of credit is that you can have the notes cashed at a hotel or at any large shop where you may be making purchases1 and you may have remittances follow you from time to time in circular notes1 the same letter of identification answering for all4 ,the disadvantage is that they are bulky1 and consequently inconvenient to carry1 and the possession of two parcels in place of one1 in different parts of your baggage1 doubles the chances of loss4 ,for a long journey where a considerable amount is to be carried1 or where remittances are to follow1 ,i would recommend that part of the funds should be in a letter of credit1 and part in circular notes with an identification4 ,for domestic traveling1 bankers' drafts and credits can always be procured2 but ,american bankers are much more stringent about identifications than are those of ,europe1 and the traveler must be sure that he can be properly identified wherever he is going1 or he may experience difficulty in obtaining his cash4 ,an obliging banker has been known to pay a draft to an individual who had no other identification than his name written on his under-clothing or his initials tattooed on his arm4 ,but such instances are rare1 and the money-changer is very likely to be obdurate1 though polite4 ,it is said that a ,boston banker once cashed a check payable to the order of ,peter ,bean1 under the following circumstances3--,the bearer said he knew nobody in the city1 but he proved his identity by ripping open the lining of his coat-collar and revealing a pea and a bean1 securely stowed away4 ,that's my name1 said he1 ,p4 ,bean2 and that's the way ,i mark my coats4 ,but all names cannot be written with the products of the garden1 and ,mr4 ,bean is not likely to have many imitators4 ,your letters can be sent to the care of any banker on whom your credits are drawn1 and they will be forwarded by him as you may direct4 ,this is the usual custom with ,european travelers1 and there is rarely any cause for complaint4 ,when traveling1 always be careful to have plenty of small change in your pockets1 and be prepared to pay all obligations1 especially the smallest1 in their exact amount4 ,the vast horde of cabmen1 porters1 guides1 waiters1 and all classes of people who render you services1 or pretend to have done so1 are proverbially without change1 and if you cannot tender the exact sum due them you are pretty certain to overpay them4 ,even where they admit that they are possessed of small coin1 they generally manage so as to mulct you in something by having their change give out before the proper return is reached4 ,the ,new ,york hackman to whom you hand a five-dollar bill for him to deduct his fare of two dollars will usually discover that he has only two dollars1 or perhaps two and a half1 in his possession2 and the ,london cabman will play the same trick when you ask him to take half a crown from a five-shilling piece4 ,all over the world you will find it the same4 ,there may be an occasional exception1 but it only proves the rule4 ,and when you enter the great field of gratuities1 you will find that the absence of small change will cost you heavily4 ,many a man has given a shilling where a sixpence was quite sufficient1 and all that was expected2 but he did not have the sixpence in his pocket1 and the shilling had to go4 ,have as little baggage as the circumstances will justify4 ,don't carry anything on the principle of ,mrs4 ,toodles1 that it may come handy some time1 but take only what you know to be absolutely necessary4 ,no rule can be laid down1 and each person must judge for himself4 ,for a man1 a suit of clothes in addition to the one he wears is sufficient for outward adornment1 unless he is in society1 and expects to dine1 attend parties1 or make fashionable visits4 ,in the latter case a dress-suit is indispensable1 and in ,european travel it is generally well to have a dress-suit along1 since there are many public ceremonies where the wearer of ordinary clothing is not admitted4 ,for ladies1 a traveling-dress1 a walking-dress1 and a black silk dress may be considered the minimum4 ,the black silk garment corresponds to the masculine dress-suit1 but it comes in use on many occasions where the latter is not demanded4 ,the quantity of under-clothing will depend largely on personal habits4 ,it should never be less than to cause no inconvenience in a week's absence of the laundress1 and if a long voyage is to be made by steamship the supply should be proportionally increased4 ,it is a good rule never to omit an opportunity of giving your soiled garments to be washed1 even if only a day or two has elapsed since your last employment of the laundress4 ,in all civilized parts of the world where there is an appreciable volume of travel1 washing is done in from twenty-four to forty-eight hours1 but away from the routes you must count on a week1 or four or five days at least4 ,a single trunk of moderate size will contain all that is needed for the actual traveling wants of a reasonable being1 of either sex1 except on a long journey4 ,to this add a hand-satchel to hold your toilet articles1 and any little odds and ends of reading matter1 or other personal comforts4 ,some travelers are content with such toilet materials as they find in hotels1 and do not object to a public comb or hair-brush2 but the majority of individuals are more fastidious4 ,in most hotels in ,america1 soap is supplied in private rooms2 but in ,europe the traveler must provide his own4 ,endeavor as much as possible to avoid being in a hurry4 ,go to your train1 boat1 ship1 diligence1 or other conveyance1 in ample season1 so that all needed arrangements can be made without pressure for want of time4 ,you will save money and temper by adopting this rule4 ,respect the rights of other travelers1 and by so doing you will lead them to respect yours4 ,keep your disposition as unruffled as possible at all times1 and even when angry inside don't let the anger come to the surface4 ,if you find yourself imposed upon by any official or employ of railway or steamer1 state your views quietly but firmly1 and1 if he declines to redress the wrong1 ask him to be kind enough to call his superior4 ,if the latter is inaccessible1 ask1 in the same polite tone1 for his address1 and the chances are ten to one that your cause of complaint will be removed without more discussion4 ,expenses may be roughly set down at five dollars a day1 not including railway or other fares1 and not including luxuries of any kind4 ,ordinary hotel expenses will be not far from three dollars a day1 leaving two dollars for incidentals4 ,most persons would be likely to exceed rather than fall below this figure1 and in the ,united ,states they will find that money melts away more rapidly than in ,europe4 ,england is at least twenty-five per cent4 dearer than the continental countries1 and only a trifle cheaper than ,america4 ,the traveler who is not economical on the one hand and not wasteful on the other can get along very well on six dollars a day in ,england or ,america1 and five dollars on the continent1 with the exception of ,spain and ,russia1 which are dearer than ,germany1 ,france1 ,italy1 or ,switzerland4 ,the usual allowance to commercial travelers for their expenses1 exclusive of railway fares1 is one pound sterling daily in ,england1 and twenty francs on the continent2 and it is probable that the most of them manage to keep within their allowances4 ,a party of two or more will travel somewhat cheaper than the same number of individuals alone1 for the reason that many items are no more for two than for one4 ,including all the expenses of travel--railways1 steamships1 hotels1 carriages1 fees1 and the like--an extended journey may be made for ten dollars a day in ,england and ,europe1 and twelve dollars for the ,united ,states4 ,this allows for first-class places on all conveyances1 and good rooms at good hotels--requires no rigid economy1 and permits no extravagance4 ,for a journey around the world1 to occupy ten or twelve months1 and visiting ,japan1 ,china1 ,siam1 ,java1 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,italy1 ,france1 and ,england1 together with the run across the ,american continent1 the cost will be about four or five thousand dollars4 ,but1 as before stated1 there can be no fixed rule1 and the amount of expenditure depends largely upon the tastes and habits of the traveler and the amount of money at his disposal4 ,more will be said on this topic in subsequent pages4 ,whenever you go out of your own country carry a passport4 ,it may not be needed1 as passports are now demanded in very few countries1 but it is a good thing to have along1 since it serves as an identification in case of trouble with the authorities1 and is useful in civil actions or where the assistance of your consul may be required4 ,in many countries the post-office employs refuse to deliver registered letters to a stranger except on presentation of his passport1 and the document will occasionally be found useful at the banker's4 ,an old frontiersman once said of the revolver which he habitually carried1 ,you don't need it often2 perhaps may never need it at all1 but when you do want it you want it awful bad1 ,i tell you4 ,the same may be said of the passport4 ,passports may be procured through a lawyer or notary public1 and a single passport is sufficient for a family4 ,they may also be obtained at any ,united ,states legation abroad on presentation of proofs of citizenship4 ,the government fee for a passport is five dollars4 ,at the custom-house1 whatever its nationality1 be as civil as possible and anticipate the desires of the officials4 ,they have a duty to perform1 and if you facilitate their labors the chances are they will appreciate the politeness and let you off as easily as they can consistently4 ,unlock your trunk or valise1 or offer to do so1 before they ask you1 and open the various compartments immediately4 ,declare anything that may be liable to duty and call attention to it1 and conduct yourself generally as though it was one of the delights of your life to pass a custom-house examination4 ,if you are inclined to defraud the revenue1 do it gracefully and conceal your contraband articles so that it will not be easy to find them yourself after you are out of reach of the officials4 ,honesty is1 however1 the best policy in this business1 and the smuggler is just as much a violator of the law as a burglar4 ,the ways of the custom-house may sometimes be smoothed by a numismatic application to the hand of the inspector1 but it is not altogether a safe operation4 ,in ,turkey1 ,egypt1 ,syria1 and other ,moslem countries bribery is considered a legitimate and honorable transaction1 and the customs officer looks at the outside of your trunk and extends his open hand for your money with as little attempt at concealment as does the cabman when he asks for your fare4 ,at the ,italian ,dogana fees are taken on the sly1 but you may sometimes make a mistake and hit the wrong man1 and the same is the case in ,spain and ,russia4 ,in the other continental countries generally1 and in ,england and the ,united ,states1 fee-taking at the custom-house is a pretty rare exception1 and the traveler will do far better to avoid crooked ways than to attempt them4 ,instances have been known of ,american inspectors who went straight to the point and suggested that a five-dollar bill would make things easy1 and when it was not forthcoming they gave all the trouble in their power4 ,happily such occurrences are rare1 and if customs officials are occasionally dishonest it should be remembered that they are no worse than those who encourage them to be so4 ,a bribe1 like a bargain1 requires two persons for its consummation1 and of this twain the officer is but one4 ,before starting on any journey buy a copy of ,how to ,travel1 and if you find the book useful be kind enough to recommend it to your friends and acquaintances4 ,find the best guide-books for the region you are to visit and study them carefully2 if you make a mistake and get hold of a poor one1 remember that even a poor guide-book is better than none at all1 and you will generally obtain the worth of your money from it4 ,for the ,united ,states ,osgood's and ,appleton's guides are to be recommended1 though there are others that contain a great deal of information4 ,the name of guide-books for the trans-continental journey is legion2 all have their merits and their faults1 and as they are to be found at all the news-stands on the great railway lines the tourist can choose for himself4 ,for ,europe the principal guide-books are those of ,murray and ,baedeker4 ,baedeker's books are the most convenient1 and contain more practical information than their ,english rival2 and there are probably ten copies of ,baedeker sold to one of ,murray4 ,where a traveler wishes to learn about the hotels1 railways1 cabs1 roads1 and other things of every-day life1 ,baedeker is his friend1 but where he desires a long historical sketch1 or perhaps a dissertation on art1 he will choose ,murray4 ,it is well to have both these guides1 as the one supplies oftentimes what the other lacks4 ,harper's and ,appleton's guide books to ,europe and the ,east1 each in three volumes1 are popular with many ,americans1 on account of their compactness4 ,syria1 ,palestine1 and ,egypt are also covered by both ,baedeker and ,murray1 and the latter has a guide to ,india1 but it has not been revised for a long time4 ,there are no complete guide-books to ,china1 ,japan1 and the ,far ,east generally1 and the tourist must rely on general works of history and travel4 ,in this connection the writer respectfully calls attention to his volumes1 named on the title-page of this work4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,railway ,,travel ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,and ,,canadas4 ,travel in the ,united ,states and ,canada virtually comprises but two kinds of conveyance1 the railway and the steamboat4 ,once the stage-coach was an ,american feature1 and it still remains in some parts of the country1 but the rapid advance of the railway has almost swept it out of existence1 and where it still lingers it is but the shadow of its former self4 ,long ago we had the canal-boat1 a slow but remarkably safe mode of locomotion2 it could not leave the track or be overturned1 nor could it explode2 ,the water beneath it was so shallow that it could not sink1 and in case it took fire you had only to step ashore and be out of danger4 ,but the canal-boat is a thing of the past1 with here and there an exception still more rare than that of the stage-coach4 ,we are a progressive people1 and when the quicker mode of travel was developed the old was forgotten and sent into obscurity4 ,until within the last fifteen or twenty years we had but a single class of passenger cars in ,america1 as the emigrant trains on a few of the trunk lines were hardly to be considered by travelers1 but the invention of the palace and sleeping-coaches 7generally coupled with the name of ,pullman1 their inventor71 has given us two classes which are virtually as distinct as are the first and second of a continental railway4 ,hardly a train runs on any road of consequence without a ,pullman car attached1 and a seat may be had in this vehicle on payment of an extra fee4 ,there is the parlor car for day use only1 but the sleeper is intended for both day and night4 ,by the magic wand of a colored porter the seats are converted into comfortable beds1 and the traveler may be whirled along at the rate of thirty miles an hour1 and all the while he sleeps as calmly as at home4 ,toilet-rooms are at the ends of every carriage1 one for gentlemen and the other for ladies1 where you may perform your ablutions and put your hair in shape1 so as to present as creditable an appearance as when starting on your journey4 ,that necessity is the mother of invention is well exemplified in the history of the ,pullman car4 ,the great distances to be traveled in ,america called for something which should soften the asperities of sitting in an ordinary seat by night as well as by day4 ,step by step the work went on1 till finally we have the perfection of railway travel4 ,the expense of a place in a parlor or sleeping-car on ,american railways varies from two to three dollars for twenty-four hours1 with the addition of a fee to the porter of #be cents a day4 ,for this he looks after your personal needs1 polishes your boots1 and opens or closes your bed when you desire it4 ,there has been considerable mystery relative to the sleeping hours of a porter in a palace car on long routes1 as he appears to be on duty all the time from one day's beginning to another4 ,it is suspected that he belongs to a race apart from the rest of humanity1 and is so constituted that he never sleeps4 ,the tickets for the palace car are not usually sold at the same place as the regular passenger tickets1 but at a separate window or in an office by itself4 ,it is well to secure your place in advance1 as the cars are often crowded and you may arrive at a station to start on a long journey and find that every bed has been sold4 ,places may be secured hours and days ahead1 and the earlier you take them the better choice do you have4 ,the tickets for the car are collected by a conductor1 and if any places are unsecured he can sell them to those who apply for them4 ,never buy your tickets1 either for passage or for a place in a palace car1 of strangers in the street or of chance runners4 ,such tickets may be good1 but the probabilities are not in their favor1 while there can be no doubt about the tickets at the regular offices4 ,where there are rival routes it is often difficult to get the exact facts concerning them1 as the runners are apt to be inexact about the merits of their own lines or the demerits of others4 ,they have been known to state that the track of a rival railway had been torn up and sold for old iron in order that a dividend might be declared to the stockholders1 and the steamboat agent who told a timid old lady that his company had removed all the boilers from their boats1 so as to destroy the possibility of an explosion1 is not without imitators4 ,beware of playing cards with strangers who wish to start a friendly game of euchre which is subsequently changed to draw-poker or some other seductive and costly amusement4 ,this advice is superfluous in case you are in the gambling line yourself1 and confident that you can get away with any adversary you may be pitted against4 ,be cautious1 however1 about waking up the wrong passenger1 as not unfrequently happens to skilled performers with cards4 ,on most of the railways each passenger has an allowance of #ajj pounds of baggage1 but it is never weighed unless the amount is greatly in excess4 ,west of the ,missouri river they are more particular1 and all trunks must pass the scales4 ,on the ,pacific railways all extra baggage above the allowance is charged for at a certain rate per pound1 but on the eastern roads the extra charge is generally for the trunk or box without much regard to its weight4 ,on most of the eastern roads a passenger can take a single trunk without extra payment1 even though it may rival a square piano in size4 ,sometimes a question about extra trunks may be settled by a fee to the man in charge of the baggage-room of the station or the baggage-car of the train4 ,the passenger's ticket must be shown at the baggage-room1 where a metal check will be given to the place of destination4 ,the check secured1 the traveler may proceed to the palace or other car of the train and give his trunk no farther consideration till he nears the place to which it is checked4 ,baggage expresses exist in most of the large cities4 ,they undertake to deliver your impedimenta on payment of a fee of from #be to #ej cents for each parcel1 at any hotel or private residence in the place1 on the surrender of your check4 ,if you are in a hurry and must have your trunk within a few hours after your arrival1 it will be unsafe to trust to the baggage express2 the agent who passes through the train to collect the checks will assure you that your baggage will be delivered within an hour of arrival1 but if you ask a written guarantee to that effect he will be pretty sure to refuse it1 and admit that he does not know when the delivery will take place4 ,the writer speaks knowingly and feelingly of his experience with baggage expresses in ,new ,york2 in only one instance in a period covering more than twenty years has a baggage express delivered his trunk or valise in the time promised by the agent1 and he has been compelled to wait all the way from two to ten hours beyond the time stipulated4 ,on one occasion a trunk that was promised for #g ,a4,m4 was delivered at #h4cj ,p4,m41 and on another a valise promised for #b ,p4,m4 did not reach its destination till #aa ,p4,m4 and the driver of the wagon demanded extra payment for night delivery4 ,carriages from railway stations are always to be had1 and in some of the cities1 notably in ,boston1 the rates are reasonable and honestly stated1 and the service is good and prompt4 ,in ,new ,york very little can be said in praise of the carriage system1 as the drivers are inclined to make as much as possible out of the stranger within the gates1 and are more likely to overcharge him than to state the proper and legal fare4 ,most of the large hotels have their own coaches at the stations on arrival of the principal trains1 not only in ,new ,york but in other cities1 and by taking one of these coaches the traveler will greatly lessen the probabilities of being defrauded4 ,if he intends to take a carriage from the station1 and has only ordinary baggage1 he will not give his checks to the express agent1 but will hand them over to the driver whom he engages4 ,in the western cities there is an omnibus system of a very satisfactory character4 ,as you approach a city1 an agent of the omnibus company 7generally called a ,transfer ,company7 passes through the train1 and interrogates each passenger4 ,you state your destination--whether hotel1 private house1 or another railway station--surrender your baggage check1 and with it your transfer ticket1 if you have one2 or if not1 you pay a fee of from twenty-five to fifty cents4 ,the agent tells you the number or letter of the omnibus you are to enter1 and when you arrive at the station you find the vehicles drawn up in a row against the platform4 ,selecting the one that is to carry you1 you enter it1 and in a little while it moves off1 followed by the wagon that holds your trunk4 ,you are taken with reasonable directness to your destination1 the omnibus sometimes making slight detours to drop passengers along its route4 ,the same vehicles take passengers to the stations1 and1 by leaving notice at the company's office1 you can be called for in any part of the city1 at any hour you name4 ,most of the ,american cities are well provided with street railways1 or tramways1 and with cheap omnibuses that ply along the principal streets4 ,to make use of these to advantage1 a knowledge of the city is necessary2 but strangers will have little difficulty in securing the proper directions by applying to a policeman4 ,professional guides are unknown in ,american cities1 but the services of a bootblack or other small and somewhat ragged boy can generally be secured to put the traveler on the right track4 ,on all the lines of railway there are eating-stations1 where passengers may save themselves from starvation1 and generally do a good deal more4 ,the time allowed varies greatly1 but the usual limit is twenty minutes2 on some lines it is half an hour1 while on others a quarter of an hour is deemed sufficient4 ,the price of a square meal varies from fifty cents to a dollar1 and there are a few places where it is a dollar and a quarter4 ,the square meal is not1 as might be supposed1 a dinner1 supper1 or breakfast in the form of a cube2 it includes the right of eating as much as one pleases from any or all the dishes on the bill of fare1 and if the traveler chooses to repeat1 again and again1 any favorite article of food1 the proprietor offers no objection4 ,the service is generally good1 and the supply of food palatable and bountiful4 ,the majority of travelers1 are apt to eat with considerable velocity at these stopping-places1 and there are few spots in the world where one can witness greater dexterity with knife and fork than where a railway train halts fifteen minutes for refreshments4 ,the performances of the ,east ,indian juggler are thrown in the shade1 and the famous swordsman of ,runjeet ,singh1 who could wield his weapon with such rapidity that it was altogether invisible while removing the head of an antagonist1 might learn something if he would make a visit to the eating-house of an ,american railway4 ,those who do not wish a full meal will generally find a counter at the eating-stations where coffee1 tea1 sandwiches1 and cold meats may be bought cheaply1 and on some roads there are stations where the trains stop for five or ten minutes only1 to enable passengers to take a slight lunch1 of a solid or liquid character4 ,on many of the roads the sale of intoxicating liquors is forbidden2 but these are not held to include beer1 cider1 and light wines4 ,it is a good rule for a traveler never to miss the opportunity of taking a meal4 ,sometimes the hours are a trifle inconvenient1 and he may not feel hungry when an eating-station is reached2 but if he allows it to pass he will find himself faint with hunger before he comes to the next4 ,on long journeys it is well to carry a lunch-basket of such things as may strike the owner's fancy and palate1 but care should be taken to avoid articles that give out disagreeable odors4 ,limburger cheese is not to be recommended--nor1 in fact1 cheese of any sort2 cold tongue is another objectionable article1 as it will not keep many hours1 and has a way of smelling badly1 or even worse4 ,crackers1 ,english biscuit1 and fruit1 with a bottle of claret or some similar drink1 are the best things for a railway lunch-basket1 and sometimes they tend greatly to preserve the temper unruffled1 by filling an aching void when the train is delayed and the square meal unattainable4 ,on several of the great lines running westward1 dining and hotel cars have been established4 ,the latter are both eating and sleeping-coaches in one1 but they are not generally in favor1 as it is found in actual practice that the smell of cookery is disagreeable to the slumberer1 while that of the sleeping-room is not acceptable to the nostrils when one sits down to breakfast or dinner4 ,the dining-car is kitchen and dining-room1 and nothing more4 ,it is attached to the train at a convenient time for a meal1 and runs with it for a couple of hours or so1 when it is turned to a side track and waits to serve the next banquet for a train going the other way4 ,the dining-car is a most admirable institution1 as it enables the traveler to take his meals leisurely while proceeding on his way4 ,it is generally well-managed and liberally supplied1 and one may be fed as bountifully1 and on as well-cooked food1 as in the majority of hotels4 ,on some of these cars meals are served a la carte2 but the most of them have the fixed-price system1 at the same rates as the stations along the lines where they run4 ,in the parlor cars1 your seat is designated on a ticket specially marked and numbered1 and no one has any right to occupy it during your absence4 ,on the ordinary cars1 the seats are common property1 and cannot be retained2 though it is almost universally recognized that the deposit of an overcoat1 shawl1 bag1 or some other article of the travelers equipment in a seat is prima facie evidence that it has been taken4 ,impudent persons will sometimes remove the property of one who is temporarily absent1 and appropriate the seat to themselves2 but they generally vacate it on being reasoned with4 ,if they are obstinate1 the conductor may be called1 and sometimes the muscular persuasion of a strong brakeman or two is necessary to convince the intruder of his mistake4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,american ,,steamboat ,,travel4 ,the railway system of the ,united ,states had its beginning about fifty years ago1 and is consequently a third of a century behind the adoption of the steamboat4 ,according to the best authorities1 the first ,american steamboat that carried passengers and made regular trips was built by ,john ,fitch1 at ,philadelphia1 and was the successor of two experimental boats by the same inventor4 ,she ran on the ,delaware river during the summer of #agij1 and made altogether more than two thousand miles1 at a maximum speed of seven and a half miles an hour4 ,fulton built the ,clermont in #ahjf1 and her regular trips began in #ahjg1 seventeen years later than the achievement of ,fitch4 ,from this beginning1 river-navigation by steam was spread through the ,united ,states till it reached every stream where boats could ply1 and some where they were of no use4 ,of late years the steamboat interest has declined in some parts of the country1 owing to the extension of the railway system2 but it is still of great magnitude1 and will doubtless so continue for many years to come4 ,american steamboats are undisputedly the finest in the world1 and every foreigner who visits the ,united ,states looks with wonder at our floating palaces4 ,whether on eastern or western waters1 the result is the same4 ,the most ordinary boat surpasses the finest that ,english or ,european rivers or lakes can show4 ,the largest and most elaborate of the eastern boats are on the ,hudson river and ,long ,island sound2 the finest of the western boats are on the ,mississippi4 ,some of those that connect ,new ,york and ,albany and ,new ,york and ,boston are capable of carrying six hundred first cabin passengers with comfort1 and they have been known to transport as many as a thousand4 ,on the night-boats there is a general sleeping-room below deck1 and a bed in this locality is included in the ticket4 ,separate rooms on the upper deck must be paid for extra2 but they are worth their cost in the privacy1 better ventilation1 and superior accommodations that they afford1 besides being easier to escape from in case of accidents4 ,the saloons are large1 and elaborately furnished2 and1 if the boat is crowded to repletion1 the sofas are used as sleeping-places by those who were not lucky enough to obtain rooms or beds below4 ,sometimes extra beds are put up in the saloon and lower cabin1 so that the place looks not unlike a hospital1 or the dormitory of a charity school4 ,a crowded steamboat at night is the paradise of the pickpocket1 who frequently manages to reap a rich harvest from the unprotected slumberers4 ,even the private rooms are not safe from thieves1 as their occupants are frequently robbed4 ,on one occasion1 some thirty or more rooms on a sound steamer were entered in a single night4 ,the scoundrels had obtained access to the rooms in the day-time1 and arranged the locks on the doors so that they could not be properly fastened4 ,the night traveler on the steamboats plying in eastern waters should be very particular to fasten his door securely1 and if he finds the lock has been tampered with he should report the circumstance to an officer or to one of the stewards4 ,the windows should be looked after as well as the doors1 and the rules that apply on railways to social games of cards with polite strangers should be remembered on steamboats4 ,where steamboats are in competition with railways their fares are generally much cheaper1 owing to the longer time consumed on the route4 ,where time is not an object the steamboat is the preferable conveyance1 as the traveler is not inconvenienced by dust1 the ventilation is better1 means of circulation are far superior1 and on river routes there is a better opportunity to study the scenery4 ,tickets may be bought and rooms secured at the offices at the terminal points in advance1 and they may also be had on board the boats at the time of departure4 ,it is needless to add that the earlier they are taken the better is the choice of rooms4 ,meals are not included in the price of the ticket4 ,they are served on nearly all boats1 sometimes at a fixed price1 as at the railway stations1 and sometimes a la carte4 ,the latter system appears to be gaining in popularity1 as it is now adopted on many lines that formerly adhered to the old method4 ,on the great lakes there are propellors on the general model of the ocean steamer1 and in summer they ply to all the principal ports4 ,interesting excursions may be made on these steamers1 provided the traveler is not disturbed by a little roughness of the water now and then2 of late years the voyage around the lakes has become highly popular1 and is very pleasurable in ,summer4 ,paddle steamers also abound on the lakes1 but they do not equal those of the ,hudson and ,long ,island sound1 either in size or in the splendor of their accommodations4 ,on the ,western rivers the model of the boat differs materially from the ,eastern one4 ,the main saloon is quite above the engine-room1 which is on the lower deck1 where the freight is piled and the steerage passengers are congregated4 ,the ,eastern and lake boats are propelled by low-pressure engines1 while the craft of the ,mississippi and its tributaries are generally high-pressure1 and sometimes work a hundred and thirty pounds to the square inch4 ,explosions are less frequent now than formerly1 but there are still enough of them to make traveling a trifle hazardous4 ,not infrequently fifty or a hundred lives will be lost by a steamboat explosion1 and on one occasion the number of deaths by the blowing up of a steamboat and her consequent destruction by fire exceeded fifteen hundred4 ,steamboat racing was once one of the amusements of the ,mississippi and is not altogether unknown at present1 though it has greatly declined4 ,in the annals of the ,west there are many famous races recorded1 where large sums of money were risked on the result1 and where the passengers were as much excited over the event as the owners of the boats4 ,in #ahec there was a race from ,new ,orleans to ,louisville1 between the steamers ,eclipse and ,shotwell1 on which seventy thousand dollars were staked by the owners of the rival craft1 and probably the private bets were fully equal to that amount4 ,the two boats were literally stripped for the race2 they were loaded to the depth that would give them the greatest speed1 and their arrangements for taking fuel were as complete as possible4 ,barges were filled with wood at stated points on the river and dropped out to mid-stream as the boats approached2 they were taken alongside and their cargoes of wood transferred without any stoppage of the steamer's engines4 ,at the end of the first twenty-four hours the ,eclipse and ,shotwell were side by side1 #cfj miles from ,new ,orleans4 ,they continued in almost this way to ,louisville1 and1 though the race was supposed to have been won by the ,eclipse1 there was so much dispute about it that the wager was never paid4 ,passenger travel on the ,western rivers has been greatly reduced in the last twenty years1 owing to the creation of lines of railway parallel to the rivers1 and the majority of the boats now running are far behind those of the palmy days between #ahej and #ahfj4 ,fares are lower than on the railways1 and they include rooms and meals as of old1 but the table is less bountifully supplied than formerly1 and the number of servants is not so large4 ,there is less competition1 and the schedule of fares is generally adhered to4 ,in the old days there was comparatively little regularity1 and the clerk or captain of each boat could do pretty much as he liked about terms to passengers4 ,on the ,red river the clerks were accustomed to graduate the fare according to the locality where the passenger came on board4 ,the more fertile and wealthy the region1 the higher was the price of passage4 ,travelers from the cotton districts paid more than those from where tobacco was the staple product1 and those from the sugar country paid more than any other class4 ,with few exceptions there was no ticket system1 every man paying his fare when it best suited him to do so4 ,at present on a chang tout cela4 ,the departure of a steamboat from one of the great landings is a matter of some uncertainty4 ,if she is advertised to leave at a certain time1 those familiar with the business will understand that she will not leave before that hour1 and her departure after it will be guided by circumstances4 ,she will go when her freight and passenger-list are sufficiently full to make the trip a profitable one1 unless she belongs to a line performing a regular service1 in which case she is held to her schedule4 ,the writer once took passage on a ,mississippi steamer that remained at the wharf twenty-nine hours after her advertised time1 and all the while she had steam up and her whistle was blown every half hour or so to indicate that she was just going4 ,and a friend of his once took passage on a steamboat from ,st4 ,louis to ,cincinnati before the days of the railway4 ,he lived on board for nearly a week with the boat tied up to the landing4 ,at the end of that time the trip was abandoned1 as the boat could not obtain a cargo for ,cincinnati1 and the passage-money was refunded in full4 ,when you go on board a ,western steamboat proceed at once to the office and pay your fare4 ,the clerk will hand you the key to your room or assign you to a berth in one that already contains a passenger1 and then you can make yourself at home4 ,you will find the manners of the ,western waters more free than those of the ,east1 and it is quite possible that your room-mate1 if you have one1 will commence the cultivation of your acquaintance with an invitation to drink2 the custom of shooting a man who declines this politeness does not prevail at present1 and the records of its having ever occurred are shrouded in obscurity4 ,western and ,southwestern passengers are often rude and uncouth1 but the rudeness is almost always unintentional1 and the coarse exterior is very apt to cover a warm heart4 ,the stranger will find much to amuse and interest him1 and there are few places where human nature can be studied to better advantage than in the saloon of a ,western steamboat4 ,the gambler once flourished on the ,mississippi4 ,he is less abundant than of yore1 but the supply is still quite equal to the demand4 ,he is generally not so polished as his confrere of the eastern boats and railway trains1 but his ways are no less winning1 so far as the taking of money is concerned1 and he goes much further in the science of cheating4 ,the unsophisticated stranger who takes a fourth hand with a trio of the light-fingered fraternity1 just to make up a game1 might as well hand over his pocket-book at the start1 unless he prefers going through the form of losing his cash4 ,never be in a hurry on a western boat1 as the time of arrival at your destination is a matter of more or less uncertainty4 ,delays at the landings1 to take or discharge freight1 are sometimes vexatious1 and the journey may require double the time that was expected at the start4 ,in the season of low water the boat is liable to get aground1 and may lie there for hours1 days1 or even for weeks1 before she is again afloat4 ,the dangers of the western waters are greater than those of the east4 ,the boats are more liable to take fire1 owing to their form of construction1 and1 as their engines are on the high-pressure principle1 the chance of explosion of the boilers is much greater4 ,the navigation of the rivers is hazardous1 as the sand-banks are constantly shifting1 and the course to be followed by the pilots is rarely the same for three months at a time4 ,snags and sawyers present dangers quite unknown to eastern waters1 and in the ,missouri river especially they are very numerous4 ,a snag is a log or tree-trunk imbedded in the bottom of a river1 with one end at or near the surface4 ,the current causes it to incline down stream1 and it is more dangerous to an ascending boat than to a descending one4 ,the flat bottom of the boat is pierced by it1 and sometimes the craft is impaled as one might impale a fly with a pin4 ,on one occasion1 on the ,missouri river1 some twenty years ago1 a snag pierced the hull of a steamer1 passed through the deck and cabin1 and actually killed the pilot in the wheel-house4 ,the sawyer is a tree that is loosely held by the roots at the bottom of the river1 while its branches are on the surface2 the current causes it to assume a sort of sawing motion1 and hence its name4 ,it is nearly if not quite as dangerous as the snag1 and some of the pilots hold it in greater dread1 for the reason that sawyers frequently change their position1 while the snags1 being more firmly imbedded1 are less likely to drift away4 ,the current of the lower ,mississippi is very strong1 and it is a common remark that when a man falls into that stream his chances of escape are small4 ,many good swimmers have been drowned in it1 and the great majority of those who dwell on its banks have a wholesome dread of attempting to bathe in its waters4 ,when we go westward beyond the valley of the ,mississippi we find very few inland lakes and streams that are navigable4 ,great ,salt ,lake maintains a steamer or two for excursion purposes1 and the waters of ,california had at one time a fair-sized fleet of boats that navigated ,san ,francisco bay and the streams flowing into it4 ,their importance has diminished since the construction of the railway1 and at present the steamboats of the ,golden ,state are of no great consequence4 ,those that exist are managed more on the eastern than on the ,mississippi system1 but the rates are generally higher than on the ,atlantic coast4 ,the ,columbia river and its navigable tributaries have some thirty odd boats1 most of them of small size1 and intended to run where there is little water4 ,the models in use are a modification of those of the ,hudson and ,long ,island sound1 and the rooms on the boats intended for night travel are generally large and comfortable4 ,in going up the river from ,portland1 ,oregon1 the regular boats leave at five o'clock in the morning1 and travelers making that journey will find it to their advantage to sleep on board instead of spending the night at the hotel and rising at an unseasonable hour in the morning4 ,on all the river steamers of ,america it is advisable to get a forward room rather than one near the stern4 ,there is less jarring of the machinery1 less heat from the engines1 and1 when the water is rough1 there is less pitching4 ,on the other hand1 there is more danger from collisions1 and1 on the ,mississippi boats1 a greater chance of being blown up4 ,you pay your money1 and you take your choice4 ,but don't trouble yourself about accidents2 don't put on your life-preserver before you go to sleep1 as timid persons have been known to do2 and if anything should happen try to face the danger coolly1 and do the best you can4 ,if you have occasion to don a life-preserver1 be sure to fasten it well up under the arms1 and not around the waist4 ,in the proper position it will support the head above water1 while1 if fastened around the waist1 it is apt to sustain the lower part of the body and submerge the head4 ,if compelled to take to the water1 divest yourself of the greater part of your clothing1 and have your feet bare1 or1 at best1 only stockinged4 ,ladies should reject their corsets under such circumstances1 as they are serious hindrances to breathing in the water1 and it is hardly necessary to say that long skirts are great impediments to swimming1 or even to floating4 ,some persons have recommended their retention1 on account of their buoyancy2 but this only lasts for a few moments4 ,as soon as they become soaked with water they become heavy1 and have a tendency to drag the wearer down1 rather than to support her4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,sea ,,and ,,ocean ,,travel4 ,the landsman who has never been on a sea-voyage looks with more or less hesitation at the prospect of making one4 ,his thoughts are occupied with what he has heard or read of the perils of the great deep1 and he regards with a feeling akin to veneration the bronzed sailor who has plowed every ocean on the globe1 and tasted the delights of every climate4 ,he questions his friends who have been to sea before him1 and from their varied experience lays up a store of knowledge more or less useful4 ,he wonders how he will enjoy sailing over the blue waters1 how the spectacle will impress him1 and more than all else he wonders whether or no he will be sea-sick4 ,he busies himself with procuring a suitable outfit for his nautical journeys1 and in nine cases out of ten selects a quantity of articles he never uses1 and which it is not always easy to give away4 ,before the days of steamships a sea voyage was an affair of considerable moment1 as it implied an uncertain period on the waters1 and the passenger was obliged to take along a good many articles of necessity or comfort1 or go without them altogether4 ,nowadays the principal preparation is to secure your place and pay for your ticket1 and1 unless you are very eccentric in your wishes and desires1 you will find everything you want to eat or drink on board the ship that is to carry you4 ,in selecting your place1 if you are inexperienced in sea travel1 try and get as near the middle of the ship as you possibly can1 and if you are forward of amidships you are better off than if the same distance aft4 ,in the middle of the ship there is less motion than elsewhere in a pitching sea1 and the further you can get from the screw the less do you feel the jarring of the machinery4 ,the rolling is the same all over the craft1 and there is no position that will rid you of it4 ,several devices in the shape of swinging-berths have been tried1 for the benefit of persons with tender heads and stomachs1 and some of them have been quite successful in smoothing the rough ways of the ocean1 but the steamship companies have been slow to adopt them1 and the old salts do not regard them with a friendly eye4 ,close all your business and have everything ready the day before your departure4 ,it is better to sit around and be idle for a few hours than to have the worry of a lot of things that have been deferred till the last4 ,if you are going on a long voyage by sailing ship and expect to pass through the torrid and both temperate zones1 you should provide yourself with thick and thin clothing suitable to all latitudes4 ,if you are a society man of course you will carry your dress suit and a goodly stock of fine linen to match1 but if you are roughing it1 and have no letters of introduction nor social designs1 the dress suit will be superfluous4 ,take three or four suits of linen for wearing on shore in hot countries1 a medium suit of woolen for temperate lands and a thick suit of the same material for high latitudes north or south4 ,the roughest clothing procurable is what you need for wearing on shipboard1 thin for the torrid zone and thicker for the temperate4 ,woolen or hickory shirts are the proper things for sea wear1 and the only occasion when you need a white shirt is when you go on shore4 ,your own judgment must be your guide as to the proper supply of collars1 handkerchiefs1 and the like2 don't forget to be well provided with underclothing1 and remember that wool is a much safer article to wear against the skin than cotton or linen4 ,take plenty of woolen undershirts of the lightest texture for hot climates1 and of course you will have thick ones for the cold regions4 ,an umbrella and a cane are desirable for protection against sun and rain1 or dogs and beggars1 when going on shore4 ,a sun hat1 or sola topee1 as it is called in ,india1 is desirable in the tropics1 but there is no need of taking it along at the start4 ,it can be bought in the first tropical port you visit1 and will be found there at a lower price than where it is not in regular use4 ,if you are going to ,china or ,india from an ,american port you need take only enough shore clothing to last you till you arrive there1 as the tailors in those countries can outfit you very expeditiously1 and at lower prices than you have at home4 ,of course you should have something to wear during the day or two it will require them to make up the goods after taking your measure4 ,they will not give you a very snug fit1 and quite possibly your garments may look as if they had been made on another man's measure1 but if they are comfortable and succeed in touching you here and there they are about all you can expect4 ,the ,chinese tailor generally suggests no fittee no takee when he measures you1 but his ideas of a fit are different from those of the fashionable clothiers of ,new ,york and ,london4 ,if you carry gloves through the tropics be sure to wrap them well in oiled silk before starting4 ,it is well to observe this rule with gloves on all sea voyages1 as the marine atmosphere is very injurious to them4 ,if you are a smoker carry your own cigars and tobacco4 ,fine cigars should be put up in tin or glass1 as they are apt to suffer from the sea air2 it is the opinion of many travelers that it is not worth the trouble to carry good cigars on an ocean voyage1 as they are quickly spoiled1 and soon taste no better than common ones4 ,a fine cigar may be desirable after each meal1 but for other times and for smoking between smokes an ordinary one is just as well4 ,the author has tried all kinds of cigars at sea1 and gives his verdict in favor of the manilla cigar of the quality called seconds 7understand that the manilla cheroot is not intended1 but only the cigar74 ,seconds are preferable to firsts1 as they are lighter in size and quality2 the firsts make a very fair after-dinner cigar1 and in the ,far ,east many persons prefer them to choice ,havanas4 ,if you smoke a pipe be sure and have a supply of pipes with perforated covers for use on deck when the wind is blowing4 ,for the trans-,atlantic voyage1 between ,america and ,europe1 there is very little need of preparation1 beyond getting your ticket and putting affairs in shape for your absence4 ,take plenty of thick underclothing1 your roughest suit of clothes for wearing on the voyage1 the roughest and heaviest overcoat that you possess for wet weather1 and an equally rough rug or other wrap for keeping you warm on deck when the north wind blows merrily4 ,if you are of a sedentary habit buy a steamer chair1 and when you buy it make up your mind that you will occupy it when you want to4 ,a great number of people who say they don't want the bother of a chair1 or didn't think to get one1 are in the habit of helping themselves to the chairs of others without the least compunction of conscience and without caring a straw as to the desires of the owners for their property4 ,women are worse offenders than men in this matter1 and the young and pretty are worse than the older and plainer4 ,if you have a stony heart you will turn an intruder out of your chair without ceremony1 whatever the age or sex1 but if you cannot muster the courage to do so your best plan is to send the deck steward to bring the chair1 and while he is getting it you can remain quietly out of sight4 ,when you buy the chair have it marked with your name or initials1 so that it can be easily distinguished from others of the same shape and color4 ,you are expected to come to the dinner-table in a black coat on most of the steamship lines4 ,the rule is not imperative1 however1 but it is well to comply with it1 as you will encounter many people whose notions about dressing for dinner are rigid1 and1 besides1 the half hour spent in arranging the toilet before the bell calls you to the table is a variation of the monotony of the voyage4 ,everything needed for the voyage may be contained in a valise or steamer trunk1 with a toilet satchel1 and all heavy luggage should be sent below at the dock4 ,a steamer trunk is designed to be stowed under the berth out of the way2 its proper dimensions are #cj inches long1 #ae or #af wide1 and #ab high4 ,its length or width may be greater1 but its height should not exceed #ab or at most #ac inches1 or it will be often found too large for the space where it is intended to go4 ,an old valise or sack should be taken along for containing the rough sea-clothing which may be left with the steamer-chair at the company's office in ,liverpool or whatever port the passenger may land at4 ,there they remain till his return1 in a storeroom specially provided for them4 ,they should be properly marked1 so that the storekeeper will have no difficulty in selecting them when wanted4 ,the servants who wait upon you will expect a reward for their attentions1 and you will be flying in the face of a long-established custom if you fail to give it4 ,on the ,english steamers half a sovereign 7ten shillings ,english7 is the proper fee for the room-steward on the voyage either way1 and the same to the table-steward4 ,you will not diminish the attention upon you if you say to these men at starting that you will remember each of them with a ten-shilling piece1 provided you are satisfied with them2 they know what to expect and will act accordingly4 ,on the ,french and ,german steamers a ten-franc piece is the usual fee to each of the servants above mentioned4 ,the boots expects a five-shilling or a five-franc piece1 according as the steamer is ,english or ,french1 provided he polishes your boots during the voyage1 and the man in charge of the bath comes along for a similar amount if you make regular use of his services4 ,if you frequent the smoking-room the steward in charge of it expects to be remembered with a half crown1 and a similar coin will not be refused by the deck-steward who looks after your chair4 ,none of these fees should be paid until the last day of the voyage and the service of the men has ended4 ,it often happens that the room-steward is very attentive through the voyage and in every way satisfactory2 he answers your bell promptly and you consider him a model servant1 but if you give him his fee before he has carried your impedimenta on deck it is quite possible that you will carry them yourself or hire another man to do it4 ,his interest in you has ceased and he is looking after somebody who hasn't yet rewarded him4 ,the same thing may happen with the table-steward1 and he cannot hear your summons after he has been paid off1 though before that event he was the very beau ideal of all you could wish4 ,it is always well to provide yourself with the money of the country you are going to1 or with that of the nationality of the steamer4 ,on an ,english ship1 take ten pounds or so of ,english money1 to cover all your fees and extras1 and to have a supply on landing until a visit can be made to the banker4 ,on the ,french steamers1 take a proportionate amount in francs1 and on the ,german steamers1 a supply of marks will be quite in order4 ,you can get this cash at a money-changer's without as much trouble as you will have in case you find no one on the steamer to make change for you1 and the discount will be less4 ,the perils of the transatlantic voyage are now practically reduced to the dangers resulting from fog on and near the banks of ,newfoundland4 ,the ships performing the service of the best of the lines are built so strong that no wind to which the ,north ,atlantic is accustomed can injure them1 and the captains are men of experience and ability4 ,but the fog is an evil which will not disappear at our bidding2 the most intelligent commander is helpless in the fog1 and he cannot be sure at any moment that he is not rushing to destruction upon a pitiless iceberg1 or dashing forward to collide with another ship1 in which one or both of the unlucky vessels may be lost4 ,the ice is probably the greater of the dangers1 as the steamers give warning of their presence to each other by the sound of whistles or fog-horns1 and of late years there has been an attempt to establish steam lanes across the ,atlantic1 so that steamers going eastward should be several miles from the track of those that are westward-bound4 ,the iceberg hangs out no lights and blows no whistle1 and the first warning the captain can have of its presence is when its white outline looms through the fog less than a ship's length ahead4 ,many a steamer has had a narrow escape from destruction1 and not a few have been lost by encounters with the ice4 ,of those that have never been heard from it is conjectured that the majority were lost by collisions with the ice1 as in most instances it was abundant at the time of their disappearance4 ,the ingenuity of man has been taxed to avert the dangers from the ice and fog1 but thus far comparatively little has been accomplished4 ,at times the density of the fog is so great that the eye cannot penetrate it more than twenty yards2 experiments have been made with the electric light1 but the result has not been favorable to its general adoption4 ,a careful observation of the thermometer will sometimes show the proximity of a berg1 as the melting ice causes a fall in the temperature of the water1 frequently amounting to ten or twelve degrees1 and sometimes there will be a chilly blast of air1 that says very plainly there is ice in the vicinity4 ,the early summer months are the most dangerous on the score of ice1 but the bergs abound till late in autumn2 they come from the west coast of ,greenland1 where they are broken off from the immense glaciers that flow down from the interior and push out into the sea4 ,the great polar current carries them southward1 past ,labrador and ,newfoundland1 till they are thrown into the warm waters of the ,gulf-stream and there melted away4 ,they rarely go further south than to the fortieth parallel1 but are sometimes drifted as far east as the ,azores4 ,by taking a course that will carry them to the south of the ,grand ,banks the steamers might avoid the fog and its consequent dangers2 some of them do so1 and others advertise that they will4 ,after they get at sea the mind of the captain sometimes undergoes a change1 and the ship is headed so that she passes near ,cape ,race4 ,the more to the south a ship is kept the longer will be her course1 and in these days of keen competition to make the shortest passages the temptation is great to run away to the northward as far as possible4 ,the author was once a passenger on a steamer that laid her course within fifty miles of ,cape ,race1 although he had been assured at the office of the company that she would take an extreme southerly course1 and the promise to do so had been inserted in the advertisements4 ,a passenger ventured to say as much to one of the officers and to ask if the managers of the company had not ordered the southerly route4 ,the captain commands here1 was the reply1 and the managers have nothing to do with his course2 he can run wherever he pleases1 and trust to ,providence for the result4 ,it is to be hoped that the great companies will some day make an agreement1 and keep it1 that they will all take the southerly course and make an end of a competition that is dangerous in a certain degree4 ,they would be greatly aided to such an arrangement if the ,american government would withdraw its offer to give the carrying of the mails to the company making the shortest average of passages across the ,atlantic4 ,public opinion might also do something in this way1 but1 unfortunately1 public opinion happens to be in favor of the most rapid transit1 and looks upon safety as a minor consideration4 ,whenever the majority of travelers shall think more of the pleasure of staying longer on the earth than of going over its surface at the greatest speed there will be a move in the right direction4 ,but do not disturb yourself with unpleasant thoughts of what may happen in the fog4 ,remember1 rather1 that of the thousands of voyages that have been made across the ,atlantic only a few dozens have been unfortunate1 and of all the steamers that have plowed these waters only the ,president1 ,city of ,glasgow1 ,pacific1 ,tempest1 ,united ,kingdom1 ,city of ,boston1 and ,ismailia--seven in all--are unheard from4 ,the chances are thousands to one in your favor1 and if this does not satisfy you1 try and recall the philosophy of the man who said it was none of his business whether the ship was in danger1 as he had paid his fare to the company and they were under obligations to carry him safely to the other side4 ,if the wind rises to a gale1 don't worry in the least1 and if you have any doubt about the matter ask your room-steward what the appearances of things are to a sea-faring man like himself4 ,quite possibly his answer may be in the substance1 if not in the words1 of the mariner's song3-- ,a strong nor'-wester's blowing1 ,bill2 ,hark6 don't ye hear it roar now6 ,lord help 'em1 how ,i pities them ,unhappy folks on shore now6 ,when a steamer is in a rough sea1 especially if she is lightly laden1 the screw is frequently out of water for several seconds at a time4 ,relieved from the resistance of the water1 the screw whirls with the rapidity of lightning and gives the stern of the ship a very lively shaking4 ,this is called racing1 and it is anything but pleasant1 but there is a comforting assurance when you hear it that everything is all right and the machinery in order4 ,whenever you hear the racing of the screw in rough weather you will hear a welcome sound4 ,if a wave seems to hit the ship a staggering blow1 and send her half over1 do not listen for a commotion and spring from your berth1 but bend your ears to catch the sound of the engine1 and when you hear its choog6 choog6 you may make yourself easy4 ,in rough weather or in smooth1 the first thing to listen for on awaking is the engine1 and when you hear its steady breathing and feel its great heart pulsating1 as if it were the vital force of an animate being1 you may turn and sleep again1 satisfied that the ship which carries you walks the water like a thing of life and is bearing you safely onward to your destination4 ,inventors have busied themselves to devise something that should put a stop to the racing of the screw1 with its liability to derange the machinery and its certainty of disturbing the nerves of excitable passengers4 ,several plans have been tried1 but1 up to the date of writing this volume1 none of them have proved successful4 ,somebody will doubtless accomplish the desired result before the end of another decade1 and when this is done he should give attention to the jar caused by the machinery4 ,it is hardly reasonable to expect that a fast steamer will ever go over the water with the steadiness of a sailing-ship1 and with no perceptible jarring1 but so much has been done in the last twenty-five years in smoothing the ways of the ocean1 and the vessels that plow it1 that the scheme here suggested is by no means impossible4 ,while sitting on deck some afternoon you may be at a loss for a subject to think about4 ,busy yourself with imagining what will be the style1 model1 speed1 and propelling force of the transatlantic ship of twenty1 fifty1 a hundred1 and five hundred years hence6 ,here is enough to occupy you for many hours1 and perhaps you may devise something that will benefit the human race1 and1 also1 not the least consideration1 put money in your pocket4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,sea-,,sickness ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,avoid ,,it4 ,we come now to the momentous question of mal de mer4 ,it is a question that has puzzled the scientific men of all ages since the departure of the ,argonauts in search of the ,golden ,fleece on the first ship that ever sailed the sea1 and1 from present appearances1 it will continue to be a puzzle as long as the waves of the ocean continue to roll4 ,by some it is claimed to be a nervous disturbance1 others contend that it is purely a stomachic affair and the nerves have nothing to do with it1 and there are others who argue that the brain is the seat of the disorder and disturbs the stomach by sympathetic action4 ,there are wise men who charge sea-sickness to the spleen1 the liver1 or other internal organs1 and it is not impossible that we may yet hear of a savant who attributes it to corns on the toes4 ,sea-sickness is a mystery1 and the more we study it the more are we at sea as to its exact operation4 ,some people1 who are bundles of nerves1 are not affected by the motion of a ship1 while others1 who are nerveless as a paper-weight1 are disturbed with the least movement4 ,weak stomachs escape while strong ones are upset1 and there seems to be no rule that can be laid down with exactness or anything that approaches it4 ,but on one point there can be no two opinions1 that sea-sickness is a most disagreeable malady1 even in its mildest form1 and that any means of relieving it1 or even of mitigating it in a small degree1 will be hailed with delight by all who suffer from it4 ,it will also be a boon to those who are never sea-sick1 as it will relieve them from a companionship that is not always the most agreeable in the world4 ,for some persons there is no escape1 and they will be prostrate in their berths during the whole voyage of the ship1 or just able to get around4 ,but1 in the majority of cases1 sea-sickness may be wholly prevented by a free use of cathartics or anti-bilious remedies a day or two before departure on a voyage4 ,in ,america1 the pills of ,ayer1 ,brandreth1 or ,wright will serve the purpose2 in ,england1 the famous ,cockle's pills1 and in ,france the ,pilules ,duhaut4 ,the relaxation of the system should be sustained during the voyage by the same means or by the use of ,seidlitz powders1 or similar effervescent substances2 this simple precaution will save most persons from being disturbed by sea-sickness1 no matter how wildly the ship may toss1 provided they combine with it an abundance of air and exercise4 ,as before stated1 there is no relief known at present for the other fourth of humanity1 except to stay at home4 ,dr4 ,fordyce ,barker1 an eminent physician who has made a careful study of sea-sickness1 opposes the previous use of cathartics1 and advises that a hearty meal be eaten a short time before going on board4 ,those who are subject to sea-sickness he enjoins to undress and go to bed before the vessel moves from her dock or anchorage4 ,he says they should eat regularly and heartily without raising the head for at least one or two days1 and in this way they will accustom the digestive organs to the performance of their functions4 ,he advises the use of laxative pills the first night out and1 if necessary1 during the entire voyage4 ,the following is his prescription3-- ,,laxative ,,pills4 ,rx4 ,pulv4 ,rhei4 7,turk471 ,drss4 ,ext4 ,hyoscyami1 ,scj4 ,pulv4 ,aloes ,soc41 ,sapo ,cast41 aa gr4 xv4 ,ext4 ,nux ,vomic ,alchoh41 gr4 x4 ,podophyllin p41 gr4 v4 ,ipecac41 gr4 ij4 ,m4 ft4 pil1 7argent7 ,no4 #bj4 ,s4 ,dose--one1 two1 or three4 ,where there is a tendency to diarrhoea1 which sometimes happens at sea1 he recommends the following1 and he also advises the traveler to carry it in his journeys over the ,continent to counteract the effects that occasionally come from drinking bad water4 ,the dose is1 for an adult1 ,rx4 ,tinct4 ,camphor1 ,scvj4 ,tinct4 ,capsici1 ,scij4 ,spts4 ,lavendul4 ,comp41 ,tinct4 ,opii1 aa ,ozss4 ,syr4 ,simp41 ,ozij4 ,m4,s4 ,a small teaspoonful in a wineglass of water after each movement4 ,dr4 ,barker says that in cases where the victim has suffered several days from sea-sickness1 with constant nausea1 nervous depression1 and sleeplessness1 he has found great benefit in the use of bromide of potassium4 ,the powders are to be taken in a half-tumbler of plain soda-water1 and1 if this cannot be obtained1 in cold water sweetened with sugar4 ,it is to be sipped slowly1 so that the stomach may be persuaded to retain and absorb it4 ,the powders should be kept in a wide-mouthed vial1 or in a tin box1 so as to protect them from the effects of the sea-air4 ,the following is the prescription3 ,rx4 ,potass4 ,bromide1 ,ozj4 ,div4 in ,chart ,no4 #bj4 ,s4 ,one1 two1 or three times a day4 ,he also recommends a person about making a sea-voyage to take a supply of mustard leaves1 which can be had at the druggist's4 ,they are useful in allaying the nausea and vomiting by getting up a counter irritation1 and should be applied over the pit of the stomach4 ,many individuals1 especially those inclined to corpulency1 find relief in wearing a tight belt around the waist4 ,this is so well understood that some of the makers of surgical appliances advertise belts for sea-sickness as part of their stock in trade4 ,some persons recommend a tight-fitting undergarment of strong silk1 but1 in order to be of use1 it must be altogether too close for comfort1 and the wearer is quite likely to say that he considers it the greater of the evils4 ,a recumbent position is better than the erect one when a traveler is suffering from the nautical disturbance1 and1 in most cases1 he is too weak to take any other4 ,it is better to lie flat on the back than in any other way1 and there are many persons who are well when thus lying down1 but become ill the minute they attempt to rise4 ,a friend of the writer belongs to this category4 ,his mode of taking his meals when at sea is to lie flat on his sofa1 while the steward cuts his meat into small pieces and gets everything ready4 ,at a given signal the sufferer rises to a sitting posture1 and swallows a few mouthfuls as rapidly as possible4 ,then he drops back1 rests a few minutes1 and repeats the feeding operation4 ,in half a dozen performances of this sort he will take in a creditable dinner2 as long as he remains on his back his digestion goes on all right1 but he cannot be five minutes on his feet without a return of nausea4 ,a round of heavy dinners and champagne suppers before starting is not a good preparation for a sea-voyage1 neither is a send-off on board1 with farewell glasses of inspiriting liquids4 ,many a man has suffered at sea from too much conviviality before his departure4 ,the sufferer on the water is not charmed with the mention of the table1 and even the greatest delicacies fail to arouse his appetite4 ,give him anything he wants1 it won't make much difference1 though it is well1 perhaps1 to deter him from ham and eggs1 chicken or lobster salads1 and anything1 in fact1 that contains grease or oil4 ,tea and toast are the great articles of diet for the sea-sick1 and they may be safely trusted with baked apples1 and with nearly all kinds of fruit4 ,a cracker or an ,albert biscuit will sometimes have charms when nothing else can be swallowed1 and when the victim is convalescent he feels as though a pickle would do him good4 ,lemonade is admissible and soda-water is a safe beverage2 brandy and soda may be ordered by those who do not shine as members of a temperance society1 but it should be taken with caution and the doses must not be repeated too frequently4 ,all drinks that contain carbonic-acid gas are beneficial1 and many persons find relief in occasional small allowances of champagne4 ,those who intend to put any reliance on this wine during sea-sickness should equip themselves with a champagne tap before starting2 they can then draw what they desire from a bottle and keep the rest without fear that it will become stale through loss of gas4 ,hartshorn1 cologne1 and other substances intended for inhalation are all good at this time1 partly because of their effects on their lungs and partly by the distraction of taking them4 ,a volatile article used with great success in sea-sickness is the nitrite of amyl2 it is prepared in the form of a pearl with a thin shell of glass around it so as to prevent its evaporation4 ,any reputable druggist can procure it1 and with the pearls it is desirable to have a tube for crushing them and liberating the liquid4 ,in the absence of the tube they may be crushed in the handkerchief1 but when taken in this way a large part of the effect is lost4 ,always go on deck when you are able to do so1 even if you are carried up by your friends or the stewards and deposited in your chair like an armful of wet clothing4 ,wrap yourself well against the cold1 and on the first instant of chillness get more covering or go below4 ,whenever you feel the impulse to feed the fishes in the early stages of a fit of sea-sickness always go to the lee side of the ship 7the one the wind blows from7 and never to windward4 ,by so doing you will save a considerable amount of damage to your clothing1 and also to that of any who may be near you4 ,many persons will tell you that it is an excellent thing to be sea-sick1 as you are so much better for it afterwards4 ,if you are a sufferer you will do well to accept their statements as entirely correct1 since you are thereby consoled and soothed1 and the malady doesn't care what you think about it1 one way or the other4 ,and now comes a bit of advice which might have been given at the opening of this dissertation on the discomforts of the heaving deep1 but has been reserved to the end in the hope that it will leave a lasting impression4 ,when the ship casts loose from the dock1 or lifts her anchor and gets under way1 you should think of anything and everything except sea-sickness1 and if any one starts the topic in your hearing leave him and walk away1 or ask him to change the subject4 ,if you cannot be thus abrupt1 change it for him by starting a political discussion or other agreeable wrangle2 do anything rather than allow a continuation of his remarks4 ,many a man and many a woman has been talked into being sea-sick1 or has meditated and wondered on the possibility of it till the malady has put in an appearance4 ,we all know how much the mind dominates the body1 how bad news takes away the appetite and good news increases it1 and we have all heard how a well man was driven to his bed by the concentrated efforts of a dozen practical jokers who separately informed him that he looked very pale and something must be the matter with him4 ,don't talk or think of sea-sickness2 you will know it fast enough when it comes1 and till that time it is the wisest course to assume that you are to be the healthiest passenger on the ship4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,g4 ,wilkinson1 of ,washington1 ,d4,c41 says3 ,during ,atlantic crossings for four years past ,i found but one instance in which from twenty to thirty grains of bromide of soda in ice-water three times daily for four days1 commencing two days before sailing1 failed to prevent loss of a single meal4 ,get dry powders put up in foil and enclosed in ground-stoppered bottles1 to prevent deliquescence4 ,i learned this from experimenting for several years with chloral and the various bromides4 ,soda alone was never distasteful4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,beard1 of ,new ,york1 was independently experimenting at the same time1 and first published his conclusions4 ,after vomiting commences he recommends1 ,bromide of soda1 ,dri4 ,tinct4 belladonna1 xxx gutt4 ,aqua1 ,ozvi4 ,teaspoonful every ten minutes until relieved4 ,a lady friend had never been able to take a single meal at sea2 the second day out1 while she was sick1 ,i gave her the above1 and she took every meal for the rest of the voyage4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,special ,,advice ,,to ,,ladies4 ,for the following the author is indebted to a lady who has made several trans-,atlantic voyages1 and is consequently familiar with the necessities and comforts of ocean travel3 ,it is simply preposterous1 says a fashionable friend of mine1 ,here you are1 going to sail for ,europe in three days1 to be gone three months1 and you have nothing ready but that same old trunk1 plastered all over with baggage labels1 every color of the rainbow4 ,j'ai repondu1 ,c'est assez1 mon ami4 ,if you wish to examine its contents ,i will show it you with great pleasure1 and any one else who may desire to see how ,i stow away my traps can look on at the same time4 ,but as the steamer-clothing1 etc41 will be the first to be used1 ,i'll show you the contents of this little fifteen-inch square box first4 ,this ,i call my steamer-trunk4 ,it is not a steamer-trunk proper1 but ,i find it much more convenient than a long flat one such as is used to go under the berth4 ,this will stand on one side of the wash-stand in the state-room1 where a camp-stool is generally found1 and by placing a folded shawl on top it makes a permanent1 comfortable1 and firm seat1 saves trouble of stooping and dragging it out1 as is the case with an ordinary steamer-trunk1 when you want to open it4 ,the lid has a flat leather loop in the center for a handle and can be easily lifted when closed4 ,there is a small tray inside which ,i use as a catch-all1 and there is plenty of room under the tray for all the clean linen ,i shall require on the voyage4 ,this and my dressing-bag1 with one shawl-strap1 is all the baggage ,i put into my state-room4 ,some ladies strew things1 conveniences they call them1 from the top to the bottom of the state-room2 quite regardless are they to the convenience and comfort of a possible fellow passenger4 ,do whatever you please if you can afford a state-room to yourself4 ,but if not1 pray keep your own side of the house4 ,other folks put a lot of eatables in their berths and then complain of rats4 ,don't take anything in the eating line except a basket of lemons1 and if you must take something to drink let it be ,chartreuse4 ,take a box of cathartic pills1 and if you need a dose make it a little larger than you would under the same circumstances on shore4 ,coarse blue flannel or serge is the best for deck wear4 ,have the skirt of the dress as short as possible without looking odd4 ,attach the skirt to the waist of the dress and make the front without side forms so that it will look well without a corset4 ,a blouse waist1 if well made1 will be suitable for almost any figure1 and is the most comfortable1 but it must fit perfectly round the neck and shoulders4 ,one flannel skirt1 one thin skirt of some bright clean gingham1 warm flannels next the body1 one pair of overall flannel drawers1 bright turkey red1 to be worn over the ordinary underclothing and slipped off on going below1 two pair stout boots with good square heels1 and buttons or laces to support the ankles properly1 warm stockings of silk or very fine wool4 ,don't weigh yourself down with a lot of skirts4 ,have the limbs well covered and free for walking4 ,no matter what season of the year1 take along a good stout cloth ulster1 reaching to the bottom of your dress and securely buttoned from the throat to the bottom2 no hood nor cape for the wind to make a sail of1 only one good broad collar for turning up to keep your ears and neck warm while promenading the deck or sitting in your steamer chair2 two or three good outside pockets are indispensable4 ,never venture on deck without this coat1 and a big shawl to cover your feet while sitting down4 ,wear an ordinary night-dress in your berth1 and have a flannel dressing-gown made without any lining to wear over it when going to or from the bath-rooms1 some of which are very luxurious if you enjoy bathing in seawater4 ,don't fail to have gauntlets sewed on to your gloves to keep your wrists warm4 ,you must make your own selection for head-wear2 soft felt hats are very comfortable1 but not always becoming4 ,one of the prettiest and most comfortable head-coverings for ladies over #cj is a sort of ,normandy cap or bonnet made of silk with soft crown and the breast of a grebe on one side2 it will not spoil or get out of shape easily4 ,the best way to dress the hair is to make a smooth coil at the back of the neck and keep the front tidy by brushing each time you go to the state-room2 frizzing and curling are impossible and ludicrous4 ,a pretty opera-hood will do good service for a change4 ,if the weather is very warm on the day you are to sail1 carry your steamer-clothes in your shawl-strap and wear a dress that will do you service for a change on the journey4 ,on your arrival in ,europe put the same dress on to go ashore and put your steamer-clothes into the little trunk1 taking out the underclothing1 which will now be soiled1 and put it into your shawl-strap4 ,leave your steamer-trunk1 chair1 shawls1 etc41 with the steamship company1 subject to your order or return4 ,put your name in full1 and make all into one package1 if possible4 ,the large trunk is a ,saratoga1 #cf inches long1 #bc high1 and #bj inches in width4 ,there is only one tray1 one end of which has a separated compartment for bonnets or hats1 and it is quite large enough to contain three without injury if properly packed round with tissue paper to prevent their falling from side to side4 ,the other two-thirds of the tray is open and flat4 ,here are collars1 cuffs1 gloves1 ribbons1 pocket-handkerchiefs1 a few bright bows1 ready looped or tied1 for hair1 neck1 and corsage1 eight pairs of stockings1 such as ,i wear ordinarily1 four pairs extra thick for cold weather1 or for mountain climbing1 one small box in one corner for cuff-buttons and some inexpensive jewelry which can be worn without constant fear of losing4 ,one little plump pincushion with plenty of short shawl-pins1 three or four long hat-pins and plenty of black and white1 small ones1 some safety-pins1 and a few needles on the under side4 ,make a loop at one corner to hang it up by4 ,into the convex portion of the lid 7which has a separate cover with hook to fasten71 are three pairs of boots1 one for dress1 one for walking1 and one extra stout pair for bad weather4 ,into the remaining space ,i have put a shawl and wrap1 which will not spoil by being put into so small a space2 also my bathing-suit of blue flannel1 which is always kept in a rubber water-proof bag1 with drawing strings1 thereby making it portable whether wet or dry1 which is a great convenience1 both at home and abroad1 for the reason that when you take it off you can immediately put it into the bag1 draw the strings together and carry it back by them to your hotel to be dried by the chambermaid4 ,never leave a nice bathing-suit at the bath-house to be dried4 ,if you do1 the probability is that when you need it you will find it wet from some one else having worn it1 and the buttons off at the places where they are most needed4 ,there is yet space enough left in this little convexity for a few books1 and also for a small bundle of things for a friend whom ,i wish to remember4 ,when all these things are taken out for use on arrival1 the space is very convenient for soiled clothing1 it being quite separate and distinct from any other compartment4 ,do your own packing if you do not keep a maid4 ,have a place for everything1 so that when you want anything in a hurry1 or you feel tired1 you will not have that interminable bug-bear of having to unpack everything to find it4 ,many a good manager or housekeeper seems perfectly lost when she contemplates the possibility of living in a trunk1 as it is vulgarly called4 ,but if she will bring some of her good common sense to bear upon these smaller details1 she will find it not only adds greatly to her own comfort1 but it will save her friends from the depression of listening to her uninteresting complainings4 ,now we lift out the tray1 which has two strong loops for that purpose4 ,you can do it yourself1 for it is not heavy1 having no heavy articles placed in it4 ,into the body of the trunk put all undergarments first4 ,don't roll anything up2 lay all as smooth and even as possible4 ,about twelve of each article will last you twenty days4 ,whatever the season of the year1 don't fail to take a couple of flannel skirts and some warm underflannels for extra cold or damp days1 and before dressing each morning take a peep at the sky and ask the weather which kind of undergarment you shall put on1 thick or thin8 ,one of the greatest comforts for breakfast wear is a wrapper of very dark1 soft summer silk costing about #ej or #fj cents per yard2 line it throughout with unbleached muslin2 twelve yards of silk will make it if cut sparingly1 a la princesse robe1 loose in front with demi train4 ,trim the front from the throat to the bottom of the skirt with some cheap cream color or black lace1 with a few bright bows of your favorite colored ribbon1 about one inch wide1 tack some of the lace in pleats round the neck and fasten securely down the front with buttons concealed under the lace1 put a patch pocket on each side with one bow on each1 one bow and a little of the lace on each sleeve1 and you have a dress that will not spoil if you wish to lie down4 ,it is always tidy with or without a corset4 ,you can go through the halls of the hotels in it1 and if indisposed you can receive your intimate friends without making a change4 ,it will do more service than a dozen dressing-sacques1 and it saves washing1 which is quite an item to the economical4 ,one black grenadine walking dress1 made fashionably1 looks pretty for evening wear1 but it must be lined throughout4 ,no transparent sleeves and neck for rheumatism and consumption4 ,one black silk made to wear with or without extra wraps for the street4 ,one black or very dark green1 or smoke-color cashmere for rougher wear1 trimmed with satin bands1 will not catch the dust and looks handsome4 ,one ,india silk and one alpaca ulster with plenty of pockets1 and if you have a couple of dresses which you wish to finish wearing out1 see that the skirt braid is in good order and take them along to wear under the ulsters1 for railroad traveling1 staging1 etc4 ,see that the ulsters fit properly4 ,don't imagine that because the material is thin it will accommodate itself to your shape4 ,have the silk one washed as often as required1 and it will look like new every time4 ,a blue gauze veil worn with either of these ulsters looks stylish1 and a soft felt hat1 if suitable to your face1 will be the most comfortable for your head4 ,put a wing or bow of ribbon on the left side1 but no ostrich feathers4 ,i would remark that a due regard should be given to the color of the bonnet or hat1 also to bows of ribbon or lace1 selected to be worn with the dresses4 ,the reason is obvious1 viz41 when traveling from place to place you have very little time for dressing and arranging becoming toilets1 therefore--don't mix things4 ,put on each article which is intended to be worn with its particular dress1 and instead of the fatigue of changing your dress every time you go somewhere1 you will have only to put on bonnet1 gloves1 and wrap1 and there you are1 smiling and ready in three minutes4 ,husbands1 brothers1 and fellow-travelers will appreciate this when they find that it is not necessary to ask you1 ,how long will it take you to get ready8 ,get a yard and a half of unbleached glazed linen and bind it all round with wide red worsted braid4 ,put this into the trunk with a good long shawl-strap1 also your umbrella and parasol4 ,one black parasol with white lining will do for every dress1 and look as if it were made for each one in particular4 ,you will not need any of these things on the voyage1 so you can put ,hold in large letters on the trunk1 and that will insure you against the temptation of opening it on the steamer4 ,when you arrive at the end of your ocean journey1 you will appreciate the comfort of having everything to your hand directly you open your trunk4 ,rest for one night 7at least7 at the place of landing1 whether ,queenstown1 ,liverpool1 ,havre1 or elsewhere1 and have your soiled linen washed4 ,if at an ,english port1 you will probably go on to ,london for your first sightseeing2 if at ,havre1 your destination will probably be ,paris4 ,in either case you will find it pleasant to stop over night at one or other of the most attractive towns on the way1 and for your greater comfort you will take out one complete change of clothes1 viz41 a fresh dress and some under-linen1 and your lace-trimmed wrapper4 ,spread the afore-mentioned linen wrap out smooth1 lay your dress lengthwise in the center first1 then put the other things on top 7lengthwise also71 and lastly your umbrella and parasol4 ,fold each side of the linen cover over so as to nearly meet in the center1 and then roll up from end to end1 and put your shawl-strap around it4 ,this1 and your dressing-bag1 is your baggage when you expect to be away from your trunk for a few nights4 ,send the trunk on by petite vitesse1 or ordinary freight1 to your ultimate destination4 ,it will make an appreciable difference in your expenses1 and like a thoughtful friend it will be waiting for you on arrival1 and will have secured a room at the hotel to which it has been addressed4 ,by following this plan you will always have a complete change with you1 and will be relieved from the bother of looking after a trunk while on your journey4 ,the hotel manager can always tell you about forwarding your trunk1 and the porter of the hotel will attend to the matter4 ,and now let me tell you about my hand-bag and what it contains4 ,the best satchels1 and the most convenient1 are those which open very wide and display their contents without obliging one to hunt for each little article needed4 ,fold a nice clean night-dress in a piece of paper and place it in the bottom4 ,it is a great comfort to have such a necessity so handy in cases of late arrival at hotels1 great fatigue1 and possible accident4 ,don't forget a clean towel4 ,a good-sized sponge1 in a water-proof bag long enough to contain a tooth or nail-brush 7some of these bags have a separate pocket for the brushes71 have a piece of soap in a tight metallic soap-box2 one good-sized bottle of cologne-water or bay rum1 well corked2 one powder-box1 with cover screwed on firmly2 one medium-sized hand-mirror2 a small bag 7with drawing string71 into which you have put plenty of buttons1 spools of silk1 thread1 needles1 and thimbles4 ,one thin blotter containing writing-materials1 and which is small enough to lay flat against one side of the hand-bag1 and can be slipped in and out without disarranging the other things1 small bottle of ink1 with screw or spring top1 a couple of pens1 and plenty of pencils4 ,comb and brush in a bag made for the purpose out of a dark silk handkerchief or a piece of chintz4 ,silk is the best because it will not so easily catch the dust4 ,there is always a little pocket on one side of bag for a paper of pins1 a button-hook1 and hair-pins1 also a pair of scissors4 ,put everything back after using1 and make your handbag your catch-all in the state-room1 and when the weather is rough you have only to close it and so keep everything secure and in its right place4 ,when going a journey by rail put in your guide-book and a magazine4 ,also1 a common fan on top to be easily reached4 ,for a becoming head-covering to wear in railroad carriages1 and to keep the dust from your hair when you wish to rest your head1 which often gets tired from wearing a hat for several hours1 take a gentleman's small-sized silk pocket handkerchief1 of becoming color1 and trim the edges with some cheap black ,spanish lace1 gathering it round the corners so it will lie flat and round4 ,fold it crosswise1 and lay it with two corners on the top of the head1 and tie the other two together either under the chin or back-hair4 ,then make two little pleats on each side of the head near the temples1 making it fit the arch of the head nicely1 and you will find that it is very comfortable1 and takes up little room in your bag4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,daily ,,life ,,at ,,sea4 ,on shipboard you may rise as early or sleep as late as you choose1 provided you do not extend your slumbers beyond the breakfast-hour2 you are not by any means compelled to get up when the bell rings1 but it is best to do so unless prevented by illness4 ,you will find the fresh air of the deck invigorating1 and a better appetizer than all the cordials or other stimulants in the possession of the bar-keeper1 and besides1 the room-steward desires to put your cabin in order sometime during the forenoon4 ,time is kept on shipboard by bells1 and those who wish to show their familiarity with the sea are in the habit of dropping the ordinary nomenclature of the hours and reckoning by the sound of the bell4 ,the nautical day begins at noon1 and all calculations regarding the movements of the ship are made with #ab ,m4 as the starting-point4 ,a little practice and observation will accustom the landsman to ship's time1 and afford him a slight distraction when inclined to think the voyage a monotonous one4 ,the bell strikes every half-hour from noon to noon again1 the even strokes representing complete hours1 and the odd numbers the half-hours4 ,the marine day is divided into watches of four hours each1 with the exception of the period from #d ,p4,m4 to #h ,p4,m41 which forms two divisions of two hours each1 known as dog-watches4 ,the object of this arrangement is to prevent the same men being on duty at the same time day after day1 as they would be if the whole twenty-four hours were divided into unbroken watches of four hours each4 ,the crew is divided into watches that relieve each other every four hours1 with the exception of the dog-watch just described4 ,these divisions of the men are known as starboard and larboard1 or starboard and port1 and each watch has an officer in charge of it4 ,the captain does not stand his watch like the other officers1 and when the weather is fine and everything lovely he has little to do4 ,but when a gale arises1 or the ship is enveloped in fog1 it is a time of great anxiety for him1 and sometimes there are days together when he hardly leaves the bridge for more than a few minutes at a time4 ,the prudent passenger will avoid speaking to him during this anxious period1 and it is a good rule never to address the captain until he has first spoken to you4 ,for the most part1 the transatlantic captains are genial and inclined to be sociable1 but you will now and then encounter one who evidently descended from a bear or some other ill-mannered animal1 if the theories of ,charles ,darwin are correct4 ,to know the hour at sea by the bell remember the following3 ,at half an hour past noon there is a single stroke of the bell1 and at one o'clock there are two strokes4 ,at half-past one we have three strokes1 and at two o'clock four strokes4 ,thus it goes on1 adding a single stroke every half-hour till four o'clock1 when eight bells are struck4 ,as before explained1 the time from four to eight is divided into two short watches1 and at eight o'clock a full watch begins1 in which the hours are sounded the same as from noon to #d ,p4,m4 ,this watch ends at midnight and is followed by another till #d ,a4,m42 from #d to #h ,a4,m4 is another1 and from #h ,a4,m4 till noon is another4 ,if you happen to wake in the night and hear five bells you may know that it is half-past two1 unless you have gone to bed very early1 and slept briefly1 in which case it may be half-past ten4 ,but as the lights are not put out till #aa ,p4,m41 and on some ships at #aa4cj1 you are not very liable to mistake the time of one watch for another4 ,and while we are talking about watches we will consider the one you have in your pocket4 ,the change of longitude in a transatlantic voyage implies a corresponding change of time4 ,there is a difference of four hours and fifty-six minutes between ,new ,york and ,london1 i4e41 when it is noon in ,new ,york it is fifty-six minutes past four in the afternoon at ,london4 ,this variation of time is spread over the transatlantic voyage and amounts to not far from half an hour daily with the majority of steamers4 ,when going to the east a ship's day is actually only twenty-three and a half hours long1 while it is twenty-four and a half when she is on her westward course4 ,this may account for the fact that steamers make their best daily runs when their prows are pointed towards the setting sun4 ,if you have a costly watch it is not well to change it daily to correspond with the ship's time4 ,let it run without alteration till you are at the end of the journey1 and depend on the bells or the cabin clock for the actual hours4 ,the writer has found that a cheap watch--such as can be bought for five or ten dollars--is an excellent adjunct to a valuable gold one when traveling4 ,it can be altered daily to correspond with the change of longitude1 and if it is left around carelessly there is little danger that any intelligent thief will care to steal it4 ,in a journey around the world he changed the hour of his pocket-chronometer only five times--at ,san ,francisco1 ,tokio1 ,calcutta1 ,naples1 and ,paris--and depended upon his brass watch for daily service4 ,so much for keeping time on shipboard2 let us see how we can spend it4 ,carry enough books to give you ten or twelve hours reading every day1 and if you get through a quarter of them you will be lucky4 ,you will find an unaccountable disinclination to read1 especially if you have been very active just previous to departure1 and will develop a decided tendency for sleep4 ,what with sleeping1 and eating1 and associating with other passengers1 you find no great amount of time for literature1 and unless you devote yourself to a blood-curdling novel1 in which you are constantly on the strain to know how the plot ended1 and whether she married him or the other man1 you can only get through a few pages at a time4 ,if you are going abroad for the first time it is advisable to confine the reading to descriptions of the countries you are about to visit1 rather than to light literature1 but1 if you are determined to stick to fiction1 you will find sea-stories more interesting than land ones1 for the reason that you are on the great deep1 and the pictures of the novel will be more vivid than if the book were read on shore4 ,a ship is a world1 and the ocean is the measureless azure in which it floats4 ,sea and sky are your boundaries1 and the horizon-line is ever the same4 ,the weaknesses of human nature1 as well as its noble qualities1 are developed here1 and sometimes they are limned in sharper outlines than on land4 ,persons whom you have known for years will develop on shipboard qualities that you never suspected them of possessing4 ,you had always thought your neighbor on the right was a selfish mortal1 but you now find that he is self-sacrificing to the extreme2 on the other hand1 the man whom you believed a model of politeness turns out to be quite the reverse4 ,never in your life have you heard as much gossip in a month as you now hear in a single week2 the occupation1 character1 peculiarities1 hopes1 desires1 and frailties of everybody are canvassed by a goodly proportion of busy tongues1 and the ship will very likely impress you as a school for scandal which ,sheridan might envy4 ,don't take a share in the gossip1 and don't concern yourself about the private affairs of anyone else4 ,be polite to everybody1 but don't be in a hurry to make acquaintances2 by so doing you will stand higher in their estimation1 and will have time to find out those whom you would like the best4 ,a shipful of passengers is generally broken into several parties of persons congenial to each other2 sometimes the groups and parties are on the best of terms1 and at other times there is considerable hostility1 generally caused by a few turbulent spirits1 not always of the sterner sex4 ,the weather has much to do with the formation of cliques on an ocean steamer4 ,when the sea is smooth for a day or two at the start the passengers become generally acquainted and are agreeable all around4 ,but if the steamer puts her prow into a rough sea immediately on leaving port those of tender stomachs disappear before they have had time to exchange a word with a stranger4 ,the unruffled ones get together1 the men in the smoking-room1 and the ladies in the cabin1 and companionship begins4 ,by the time the sea is level again1 and the sea-sick ones appear1 the circles have been formed1 and some of them closed completely2 then the new-comers form rings of their own1 and out of these primary and secondary formations jealousies often grow4 ,join in all the innocent sports that while away the time4 ,by day1 in fine weather1 there are quoits1 shuffle-board1 and other games1 for which the ship furnishes the material1 and in the evening there are impromptu entertainments of a mixed character in the cabin4 ,contribute whatever you can to the general fund of amusement1 and if you can neither sing1 recite1 tell stories1 play on an instrument1 or do anything else to please your fellow passengers1 try and be a good integral part of the audience4 ,you can look on and listen at any rate1 and with a little practice you can do it well4 ,perhaps you can find diversion by investing in the daily pool on the run of the ship1 and1 when coming westward1 there is the inevitable speculation as to the number of the boat from which you take the pilot4 ,but this pool business is sometimes expensive1 and if your purse is thinly lined you will do well to stay out of it4 ,the smoking-room affords opportunities for dropping your spare cash to gentlemen of a playful turn of mind1 and there are usually adepts at cards who will accommodate you with any game you like4 ,the ,atlantic is crossed every year by men who boast that they are always able to cover their expenses1 and very often the boast is far below the reality4 ,the fashionable steamers are sometimes the scenes of very high play1 and gambling at sea seems to be on the increase in the last few years4 ,they can never be made the field of operations similar to those of the river and railway gamblers of ,america1 for the reason that there is no station or landing-place where a performer on the cards can disappear when he has fleeced his victim1 but1 at present1 there is good reason to believe that the business of occasional passengers is less while ashore than when afloat4 ,if you have any complaints to make address them to the purser2 it is his business to look after the welfare of the passengers1 and he nearly always does it4 ,where you desire to make a first-class row you can appeal from the purser to the captain1 and if they are not on the best of terms1 and you lay your schemes carefully1 a great deal of bad blood will be engendered4 ,as a last resort1 you can carry the affair up to the general management of the company1 where complaints are investigated with more or less care1 and satisfaction is given or refused4 ,the great competition between the various lines causes them to be particularly attentive to the wants of passengers1 and it is very rarely that one hears of a well-founded complaint against the captain or purser of a transatlantic steamer4 ,if they err at all it is in paying too much attention to passengers who are often quite willing to be let alone after they have been comfortably settled on board4 ,never attempt to go on the bridge which is exclusively reserved for the officers of the ship1 and do not be anxious to penetrate the mysteries of the engine-room or handle the steering apparatus4 ,on some of the ships notices are posted requesting passengers not to speak to the officers when on duty2 it is well to heed these1 and also well not to get too near the ropes when sails are being hoisted or taken in4 ,when the ship is pitching violently in a head sea1 avoid going forward on deck1 as you may get a drenching unexpectedly1 and possibly may be washed overboard4 ,be cautious about leaning over the taffrail or stern at any time1 and especially in rough weather1 as the ship may jump from under you without the least warning1 and drop you in the sea4 ,old sailors as well as landsmen have been lost in this way4 ,the hours for meals vary on the different lines1 but whatever the arrangement1 there is no danger of starvation4 ,most of the ,english lines give you breakfast1 lunch1 dinner1 and supper1 four meals altogether1 and all of them pretty square ones4 ,the breakfast consists of fish1 ham and eggs1 steaks1 chops1 ,irish stew1 hot rolls1 and a half dozen1 or perhaps a dozen1 other things1 with all the tea or coffee you choose to drink4 ,lunch consists of cold meats and biscuits1 and is not a very heavy affair1 but the dinner is of that solid character which is one of the boasts of ,british liberty4 ,you can eat yourself into dyspepsia without making any apparent impression on the abundance set before you1 and if you try to go through the bill of fare without missing anything1 you will wish you hadn't4 ,of soups1 fish1 roasts1 boils1 stews1 and fries1 there is apparently no end2 the cooking is generally good1 and leads the thoughtful passenger into a profound admiration of the culinary artists of the sea4 ,and it also leads him to wonder why so much is prepared when comparatively little is eaten1 especially in the first touch of rough weather1 when half the passengers and more are confined to their rooms1 and a goodly number of the other half display microscopic appetites4 ,this matter has been discussed by the managers of the lines2 it has been proposed to make the experiment of serving meals on the ,european plan1 and ultimately to abandon the old system1 if the new one is found acceptable4 ,under this scheme the price of passage would be reduced1 and include only the room and transportation2 meals would be served as in a restaurant1 and the traveler could spend much money or little1 according to the dictates of his purse and appetite4 ,the cost of feeding the passengers would be much less than at present1 and all the waste would be borne by the public1 instead of the company4 ,for supper you have toast and cold meats1 with ,welsh rarebits and other things1 such as dreams are made of1 and the strong-hearted ,englishman generally washes it down with a bottle of ale to give him a good digestion4 ,some of the companies give an additional meal called tea1 which runs closely into the supper2 so close is the connection that you can go from the one to the other without leaving the table4 ,in fact1 the meals are so numerous that they are crowded against each other1 and you are hardly through with one and settled into your chair on deck before you are summoned for the next4 ,but if even these are not sufficient for the keen appetite and hearty digestion you have acquired at sea1 you can get something to eat between times by application to the steward4 ,verily1 there is little danger of starvation on a voyage by trans-,atlantic steamer4 ,on the ,french line the arrangement differs somewhat from the ,english4 ,at seven in the morning1 tea or coffee is given1 with bread and butter and a bowl of soup4 ,from half past nine to eleven breakfast is served1 and consists of preliminary appetizers1 such as radishes1 anchovies1 cold ham1 and other trifles1 followed by steaks1 chops1 eggs in every form1 fish1 chicken1 and similar solids4 ,then comes a selection of cheeses and fresh and dry fruits1 and the meal ends with a cup of black coffee4 ,dinner is at half past four1 and resembles the continental table d'hote2 it is served in courses1 and is sufficiently comprehensive to cover the demands of any appetite not altogether unreasonable4 ,wine1 either white or red1 is included for both breakfast and dinner1 and the passenger may drink as freely of it as he likes4 ,tea is served at eight in the evening1 and there is a light lunch of cold meats at one o'clock4 ,the writer has fared admirably on one of the ships of the ,french line1 and on a subsequent voyage by the same steamer1 he fared badly2 on the whole1 he believes the system a good one1 and acceptable to the majority of the passengers4 ,the gastronomic service of the ,german steamers combines certain features of the ,french and ,english lines1 and the hours for meals correspond very nearly to those of the latter4 ,the cooking is ,teutonic1 and the bill of fare includes a liberal allowance of the toothsome sausage and the savory sour-kraut4 ,there is less waste on the ,french and ,german steamers than on the ,english ones2 and it has been remarked that the sea gulls understand the matter very clearly1 and will always follow an ,english ship in preference to one of the others1 for the reason that the chance of picking up a delicate morsel that has been tossed overboard is much greater4 ,seats at table are assigned by the chief steward or taken by the passengers when they go on board4 ,a card with the name of the individual is placed at the desired seat2 the novice might suppose that this would be sufficient to retain the place1 but it is not so by any means4 ,other passengers1 who desire the same places1 will remove the cards and substitute their own1 and sometimes they display great cheek in the transaction4 ,it is best to have the chief steward approve your selection at the time you make it1 and then you will have an appeal in case of the removal of your card4 ,the captain's table is the post of honor1 and the location of the greatest dignity1 but if you are not specially invited by the commander to a place there1 and have no acquaintance with him1 it is best not to seek it4 ,sometimes the purser's table is a pleasant one1 and sometimes the reverse2 and the same may be said of the doctor's table4 ,purser and doctor are proverbially good fellows1 with very few exceptions1 and wherever you may be seated1 your fortune in eating depends more on the table steward than on any one of the officers4 ,when you have once occupied a seat at dinner you retain it through the voyage unless you change with the approval of the steward4 ,a seat in the middle of the saloon is preferred by some to one near the side1 but there is really very little difference in the places1 so far as the motion of the ship is concerned4 ,most of the best steamers have adopted the revolving seat1 so that you may come to or leave your place without disturbing any one1 which is not the case with the old-fashioned bench4 ,where the benches remain1 the passenger should make an effort to secure an end seat1 especially if he is liable to sea-sickness and may suddenly discover some day that he doesn't want any more dinner4 ,if the chief steward assists you to secure a desirable seat1 he will expect a pecuniary compliment for the service2 on most ships it is well to be on the right side of him1 but on some it makes no difference4 ,the first time you go forward beyond a certain line one of the sailors will chalk your boot1 or draw a chalk-mark around you4 ,this is a time-honored custom of extracting a shilling from the novice1 and the money so obtained is invested in liquid refreshments for the crew4 ,there is only a single chalking for each passenger on the voyage2 after he has paid the penalty once he may go forward as much as he pleases without danger of molestation4 ,the days will run on with more or less monotony1 according to circumstances4 ,you will be interested in trivial matters2 a sail that is a mere speck on the horizon will awaken a lively discussion1 and the appearance of a shark1 or a school of porpoises1 is sure to draw at least half the passengers to the side of the ship to watch the movements of the inhabitants of the sea4 ,the birds will be a source of amusement1 and when a wearied land bird1 driven far out to sea by the wind1 and with strength nearly exhausted1 lights on the rigging1 the excitement rises to almost fever heat4 ,what he is1 and whence he came1 are momentous questions1 and if he can be caught and tamed1 as sometimes happens1 he becomes a popular pet throughout the ship4 ,some years ago1 while a steamer was on her way to ,new ,york1 a crow came on board a hundred miles or so from the ,irish coast4 ,he was caught by the sailors1 and soon became perfectly tame and fearless4 ,he liked his new home so well that he did not try to leave it when the ship returned to ,ireland2 he continued to cross and re-cross for several months1 till he was accidentally killed on the dock in ,new ,york1 where the ship was lying4 ,land is in sight1 and we will prepare for shore4 ,the old clothing is packed away for deposit in the store-room of the company till our return1 and the steamer chair is folded1 tied1 and tagged4 ,we don our good garments and may cause a sensation to those who have seen us only in the habiliments of the sea1 but as every one else will do likewise1 the sensation is doubtful4 ,we are ready for the tender that takes us to terra firma1 where the formalities of the custom-house await us4 ,as we leave the ship that has brought us safely over the ocean1 it will be no discredit to our manhood if we say good-bye to her1 and wish her many prosperous voyages4 ,a feeling akin to affection is not unfrequently developed by the traveler for the ship that has carried him1 and ever after he will take a personal interest in her fortunes4 ,a passenger on one of the transatlantic steamers once gave vent to his sentiments in some doggerel verses1 of which the following was the concluding one3-- ,old steamer1 good-bye1 there's some brine in my eye2 ,i can't say where'll be our next meeting1 ,but wherever it is ,i shall welcome your phiz41 ,and give you a right hearty greeting4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,going ,,on ,,shore4--,,hotels4 ,the ,english and ,french custom-houses are not as difficult to pass as the ,american1 and the examination is generally quite brief4 ,the traveler should get all his pieces together1 so as to facilitate the labors of the officials1 and if he has anything liable to duty it is best to declare it before any questions are asked4 ,spirits and tobacco are the things mainly looked for1 and1 if any are found that have not been declared1 they are liable to confiscation4 ,where the passenger has only a small quantity of luggage it is generally passed without being opened2 and if there are several trunks they investigate every second or third one1 making the selection themselves4 ,it is well not to have any of your trunks nicely corded and made up for a long journey1 as the officers have learned from long experience that such packages are more liable to contain contraband goods than any other1 and consequently they are the ones generally chosen to be opened4 ,landing in ,america has more formality than landing in ,england or ,france4 ,the officers come on board at quarantine1 and while the ship is making her way up the harbor the declarations of the passengers are taken4 ,the number and character of each one's packages is marked on a blank1 to which is appended an oath to the effect that the passenger has told the truth4 ,he receives a card bearing the number of his declaration1 and when he reaches the dock and has his baggage ready for examination1 he presents his ticket to the officer in charge2 the latter assigns his subordinate who is to conduct the examination1 and hands him the declaration that the passenger has made4 ,if the number and character of the packages is found to be correct1 and no dutiable goods are discovered that have not been declared1 the inspection is over in a few minutes1 the officer puts a cabalistic mark on each article1 and the passenger may then breathe freely4 ,sometimes the officials conduct the search with a great deal of rigor1 and at others they are not at all particular4 ,there appears to be no regular system about the business1 and the officials are lax or vigilant1 according to the temper of their chief4 ,a change in the office of collector of customs at ,new ,york is followed by a great deal of energy1 but nobody can tell how long it will last4 ,on some occasions the inspectors have actually turned the contents of trunks on the dock in order to facilitate their examinations1 and a great deal of needless rudeness has been displayed by them4 ,for the information of travelers1 the following caution is published3-- ,all articles such as wearing apparel1 not having been worn1 must be declared at the custom-house4 ,travelers not conforming to this regulation will incur not only the confiscation of the articles not declared1 but also the payment of a fine4 ,silks1 laces1 and other foreign goods1 packed with articles of apparel1 or otherwise concealed1 are1 as well as the articles in which they may be placed1 liable to seizure2 and travelers are warned that the seizure is strictly enforced1 unless the examining officer is informed of the articles being in the package1 and the goods duly declared before it is opened4 ,clothing in actual use is admitted free of duty1 and those who return home with a supply of new garments should be particular to wear each article at least once1 in order to be within the regulations4 ,ladies are informed that a dress that has simply been tried on is considered liable to duty1 but if it has actually been worn once or twice1 it is admissible4 ,gloves are exempt from this condition1 but the traveler should not expect to import a large quantity4 ,the strict allowance is one dozen pairs1 but in most cases three or four dozen may be carried without question4 ,the regulations say that each passenger may bring1 free of duty1 a fair amount of clothing1 according to his condition in life1 a statement that has given rise to a great deal of dispute4 ,half a dozen costly silk dresses of the latest fashion would be manifestly out of place in the baggage of ,bridget ,maloney in the steerage1 and fresh from the bogs of ,ireland1 while they would be regarded as a moderate allowance for ,miss ,flora ,m',flimsey1 whose father is a millionaire4 ,in the continental ports1 generally1 there is often considerable delay in examining baggage1 and the following regulations have been made to facilitate the movements of travelers3-- ,passengers1 on landing1 are not permitted to take more than one small bag with them on shore4 ,the custom-house porters1 who are responsible for its safety1 convey it direct from the vessel to the custom-house1 where the owner1 to save personal attendance1 had better send the hotel commissionaire afterwards with the keys4 ,the landlord of the inn is responsible for his honesty4 ,leaving the custom-house behind you1 the way is clear to seek a hotel4 ,generally there are plenty of runners at the landing-place1 and if you have chosen the establishment where you are to stop1 you have only to name it1 and the runner for that house will step forward to take charge of yourself and your belongings4 ,sometimes the baggage is taken on the cab or carriage which carries you1 and at others it is intrusted to licensed porters1 who are responsible for its safe delivery1 and can be trusted without much hesitation4 ,as far as possible1 it is best to keep your baggage always with you when traveling1 but there are many instances where it is not convenient to do so4 ,before you leave the custom-house there are some fees to be paid to the porters who have handled your luggage1 but none to the officers who examined it4 ,you will find1 too1 that the man who puts it on the carriage desires to be remembered1 and you discover very early in your travels that you are in the land of fees4 ,if you are in charge of the hotel runner you can let him settle these matters1 or1 if you prefer to attend to them yourself1 you can do so1 but you run the risk of giving too much4 ,the runner is not always to be trusted1 as he sometimes has a secret arrangement with the porters to compel strangers to bleed freely with the understanding that he is to receive the surplus4 ,for putting the ordinary baggage of a traveler through the custom-house and on the top of a cab1 a shilling is sufficient1 and if it is handled by two persons they should be satisfied with a sixpence each4 ,it is best to ask the hotel proprietor to settle for your cab rather than attempt it yourself4 ,it is next to impossible to ascertain from a driver how much he is legally entitled to2 he either lies about it1 or will not give a direct answer4 ,he will leave it to the gentleman1 and the more you persist in knowing1 the more he will leave it to your honor4 ,and finally when you make a venture1 and through fear of giving too little give too much1 the chances are1 five to one1 he will declare himself under-paid1 and demand more4 ,he promises beforehand to leave it to you1 but rarely does1 and therein is the aggravating part of the business4 ,the only way to do under such circumstances is to walk off and leave him to shower imprecations on you2 if you prefer peace and quietness you will pay what he demands4 ,this payment will be followed by a request for an additional something for drinking your health1 and possibly by a hint that the horse is hungry1 and a trifle to buy oats would be appreciated by the beast4 ,don't expect a driver in the ,united ,kingdom to change a coin for you2 his pockets may be bulging with shillings and sixpences1 but he declares with the most solemn face that he has no change1 and possibly insists that you are the first patron he has had for two days4 ,our copy-books at school generally inform us that the horse is a noble animal4 ,no one will be likely to dispute the statement1 as we all have a respect for the horse1 and many of us are familiar with incidents that show his excellent character4 ,but1 admitting his nobility1 it is a little singular that he should be associated with so much that is the reverse of noble1 or rather that the great majority of those who associate with him are inclined to rascality4 ,the whole race of hackmen and cabmen1 from one end of the world to the other1 are distinguished for their swindling tendencies2 horse-trading and horse-jockeying are synonyms of cheating1 and the race-track is the resort of scoundrels of all grades and kinds4 ,if the traveler is not prepared to accept this proposition before landing in the old world1 he will have excellent opportunities to verify it before he has been a month on the eastern side of the ,atlantic4 ,in the ,english hotels the traveler will find many things to remind him that he is not in the ,united ,states4 ,instead of an office with a marble counter1 a heavy register1 and a clerk gorgeous as to hair and sparkling as to breast-pin1 he finds a little window opening into a room only a few feet square1 and behind the window a woman4 ,she takes his application for lodging1 and as he peers into the nook where she sits he wonders how the ,new ,york hotel clerk would get along in such narrow limits4 ,perhaps he may see a door opening beyond the office into an equally small apartment1 where the book-keeper is stationed1 and1 in many instances1 he finds that the accounts are kept by one of the gentler sex4 ,in many hotels not a man is visible about the office1 with the possible exception of the porter1 and the entire management is in feminine hands4 ,the proprietor is rarely seen1 and even the manager1 where there is a masculine one1 is a personage who is reached with more or less difficulty4 ,at a famous hotel in ,ireland1 which bears the name of its proprietor1 the story goes that a gentleman asked one day if that individual was in4 ,he's in his private office1 sir1 was the reply4 ,say that ,i wish to see him a moment1 said the gentleman1 who was a ,london merchant of considerable prominence1 and well known as a frequent patron of the hotel4 ,the clerk disappeared1 and shortly returned with the following message3-- ,mr4 ---- is engaged at present over some papers1 and will send his secretary out in a few minutes to see what you want4 ,the ,american will miss the wide corridors of the hotels of his native land1 and he finds the space usually given up to the public in the ,united ,states is here reserved for the strict use of the house4 ,there are no broad reading-rooms and parlors1 with a plentiful supply of papers from all parts of the country1 as in the great hostelries at home2 the bar is a dingy nook1 scarcely larger than the office1 and the most conspicuous ornaments in it are the handles of the beer-pumps4 ,the bartender is absent1 and in his place the bar-maid presides2 those who are bibulously inclined will find comparatively little to tempt them1 as the array of mixed drinks1 so common in an ,american bar1 is practically unknown in ,england4 ,a few drinking establishments in ,london have sought to attract the patronage of strangers from the ,united ,states by advertising ,american drinks1 but those who have tried them say that the ,british concoctions are base counterfeits of the great originals4 ,in some hotels there is no public bar whatever1 and drinks are served to order in the dining and smoking-rooms1 or in the private apartments4 ,smoking is usually forbidden in the corridors1 and sometimes the stranger who ventures to light a cigar in his private room will be told that he is violating the rules1 and must go to the smoking-room4 ,in the last few years the ,english appear to have taken a hint from their transatlantic cousins in the way of hotel-keeping1 and several establishments containing many of the ,american features have sprung into existence4 ,the most of them have been successful1 and it is probable that the crop will increase4 ,bedrooms in the ,english hotels are usually larger than in ,american houses1 and furnished on a more liberal scale4 ,the beds are spacious1 and frequently you find an old-fashioned four-poster of considerable antiquity1 together with others that were fashioned in the present time4 ,a hotel in ,liverpool boasts of a bed in which ,oliver ,cromwell once slept1 and certainly he could have occupied it without being cramped for space4 ,those who are liable to colds and rheumatic pains should be particular to have the sheets well aired and dried before retiring2 the moist climate of the ,british ,islands is apt to leave a disagreeable dampness on bed-linen1 and make it very detrimental to the general health4 ,many a man has taken a severe cold by sleeping in damp sheets on his arrival in ,england1 and discovered to his sorrow that his recovery was a thing of several weeks1 if not longer4 ,the prevailing moisture of the ,united ,kingdom is an excellent thing for the ruddy cheeks of the women1 and beneficial to the potato crop1 but the stranger is not usually enamored of it1 especially if he comes from a region where dry atmosphere is the fashion4 ,there are only a very few hotels where the traveler is received on the ,american system1 and pays a lump sum per day for everything4 ,the engagement is nearly always for the room alone1 and all meals are charged extra1 and may be taken wherever the customer chooses4 ,there is an extra item for attendance1 and custom has fixed this at one shilling and sixpence at the majority of the ,english hotels4 ,some hotels compel you to breakfast in the house1 or at all events they charge you for that meal1 whether you take it or not1 but the dinner is quite optional with you4 ,the dining-room is generally known as the coffee-room1 but in some hotels there is a larger hall in addition to the coffee-room1 where the table d'hote dinner is served4 ,one can breakfast very comfortably in the coffee-room1 as he will find the morning papers there1 and frequently a stock of guide-books and writing materials1 with which he may amuse himself while his chop or steak is being prepared4 ,chops1 steaks1 ham and eggs1 and cold meats are the principal items of an ,english breakfast1 and there is hardly any variation from day to day4 ,if the dinner is served in the continental style1 the traveler has no choice1 but takes the courses in the order in which they are brought4 ,a dinner off the joint is another thing1 and a peculiarly ,british institution4 ,soup is served1 and then fish1 and then comes the joint1 which is the piece de resistance of the day4 ,a huge round of beef1 smoking hot from the fire1 or perhaps an equally huge piece of mutton1 is mounted on a small table whose legs terminate in casters2 by means of this table the joint is wheeled before each customer1 who indicates to the carver the exact morsel he desires4 ,there can be no deception1 and no opportunity to serve up slices that have been warmed over from a previously cooked joint4 ,the form of service is quite a novelty to the newly-arrived ,american1 and various opinions have been passed upon its advantages4 ,some are loud in its praise while others declare that the sight of the steaming joints destroys their appetite4 ,the dinner costs from two shillings1 sixpence1 to five shillings1 and there is an extra charge of threepence or sixpence for attendance1 if the customer is not stopping in the hotel1 and sometimes when he is4 ,this attendance business is a nuisance1 and many a stranger has spoken his mind freely in denouncing it as a well-regulated swindle4 ,the theory is that it pays for the service1 but it does nothing of the kind1 and every waiter who has done the least thing for you1 as well as others who have not lifted a finger in your aid1 expects to receive a fee before your departure4 ,some of the hotels have the impertinence to print on their bill-heads the service is all included1 and nothing more is expected1 a falsehood as glaring as any that has ever been told in the history of the world4 ,the stranger who takes them at their word1 and leaves the house without distributing sixpences and shillings to the servants1 would be looked upon as little less than a downright swindler1 and be received with coldness and negligence if he had the temerity to venture there again4 ,the prices of bedrooms vary according to their location and character2 they are rarely less than two shillings--with the inevitable attendance--and often as high as five shillings4 ,the following may be taken as a fair average of charges in an ,english hotel of medium pretensions3 ,bedroom1 #c shillings4 ,breakfast1 #c shillings4 ,dinner1 #d shillings4 ,supper1 #b shillings #f pence4 ,attendance1 #a shillings #f pence4 ,if tea is added to this it will cost not less than one shilling1 and generally more4 ,the fees to the servants are not likely to be less than a shilling a day for each person of the party1 and it requires careful management to bring them down to that figure4 ,the fees should never be given till the moment of departure1 for the reason already mentioned in our talk about steamships4 ,at all hotels in the ,united ,kingdom and on the ,continent be sure to have the price of everything distinctly understood at the time the room is taken4 ,perhaps it is from a consciousness of the dishonesty of the charge for attendance1 the manager or other person who assigns your room never mentions that item1 and a direct question is needed to bring it out4 ,the following inquiries will cover the ordinary circumstances of arrival at a hotel3-- ,what is the price of a bedroom8 ,what is the charge for attendance8 ,how much for dinner8 ,how much for breakfast8 ,what time must a room be given up8 ,the last interrogatory is necessary in consequence of the varying rules of the hotels4 ,most of them have their day1 like the nautical one1 begin at noon1 and a person who remains till one or two ,p4,m4 must pay for an extra day of room and attendance4 ,some hotels begin their day at #aa ,a4,m41 and some as early as #aj2 it is a noticeable fact that in several of these latter instances important trains leave a couple of hours after the termination of the diurnal reckoning4 ,the traveler who holds his room till it is time to go to the train finds to his astonishment that the last hour of his occupation has cost him the same as an entire day4 ,but the hotel keepers have a living to make1 and must keep an eye to the main chance4 ,guides for the city or neighborhood can be had at all hotels1 and are preferable to those picked up the street4 ,carriages and cabs can also be ordered at the hotel1 but if the traveler can trust himself to make a bargain it is better to secure them outside1 since the house not infrequently adds a commission for its services4 ,besides it is well to learn as much as possible of the people you are among1 and there are no more sharply-defined characters in the world than the professional drivers of ,irish1 ,scotch1 or ,english cities4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,system ,,of ,,fees4 ,allusion has been made in preceding paragraphs to the system of gratuities that prevails in ,great ,britain and on the ,continent4 ,it is the greatest of all the annoyances of ,european travel1 not so much for the money it consumes as for the perplexities it makes1 and the perpetual irritation of being asked at every step to give an indefinite sum for real or fancied services4 ,it would be a good deal mitigated if the expectants would name the exact amount they are entitled to2 a regular tariff for gratuities would be a vast relief to the traveling public1 but this boon is emphatically refused4 ,the amount is always left to the stranger1 partly for the reason that custom has so ordained1 and partly because an avenue is thus left open for an increased demand4 ,the waiter is much less likely than his friend the cab-man to tell you he is under-paid1 but he vouchsafes that information far more frequently than is agreeable to the traveler4 ,he rarely speaks when conveying this reproof1 but his manner is unmistakable4 ,occasionally he puts the money back in your hand1 and declines to accept it2 his manner is as lofty as the summit of ,mount ,blanc1 and quite as cold1 and to judge by his appearance his most tender susceptibilities have been sorely wounded4 ,the novice generally soothes him by an addition to the amount of the offer1 but the experienced voyager does nothing of the kind4 ,he drops the returned cash into his pocket and turns away2 the movement brings the offended dignity to his senses1 and for a moment he undergoes a mental struggle over the situation4 ,shall he preserve his haughty manner and refuse to pursue the subject1 or shall he accept what he has just declined8 ,these are the questions that flit through his brain1 and he carefully balances the pros and cons4 ,the usual result is in favor of the last-named course1 and he pockets his fee in silence and thankfulness1 not unaccompanied with a sullen air4 ,occurrences of this kind are more rare in ,england than on the ,continent1 and the ,continent again is freer from them than the countries farther ,east4 ,perhaps the worst of all is ,egypt1 where backsheesh6 7a present7 is dinned into the traveler's ears from morn till night2 it is the word he first hears on his arrival1 and the last at his departure1 and in after years it haunts his dreams1 and is by no means banished from his waking hours4 ,whatever he does or does not do1 he is expected to pay for2 services are impudently forced upon him1 and then the demand for compensation is as insolent as it is exorbitant4 ,the manner of the ,egyptian ,arab in this matter of backsheesh is most insulting1 and the wonder is he has been allowed to practice it so long4 ,give him what you consider a fair return for his services1 either real or fancied1 and he pushes the money back into your hands and lifts his nose into the air2 you have been in his estimation a miser1 and your coin is unfit for him to touch4 ,but if you drop it into your pocket and turn away1 his whole attitude changes2 he is no longer the proud descendant of the ,mamelukes and the kings of ,egypt1 but the most cringing suppliant you can imagine4 ,he begs you to give again what he has just refused1 and if you persist in keeping it he has resource to tears4 ,not unfrequently he rolls on the ground and screams like an angry child1 and he will follow you for hours in the hope that you will relent4 ,sometimes1 instead of thrusting the money into your hand1 he throws it on the ground1 knowing that you will be very unlikely to stoop to pick it up2 by so doing he endeavors to make sure of the original offer1 and takes his chances in shaming or bullying you into giving more4 ,the question naturally occurs to an ,american1 ',how shall ,i ascertain what is proper to give when a service has been rendered to me8' ,no general rule can be laid down1 and the traveler must depend often on his judgment4 ,where it is possible to do so1 you can ask any person who is familiar with the subject1 and he will tell you2 when this cannot be done you have only yourself to rely upon4 ,remember that in ,england and on the ,continent money has a greater purchasing power than in ,america1 and gauge your fees accordingly4 ,where you have engaged cabmen1 guides1 or other individuals whose rate of service is previously arranged1 or is regulated by a tariff1 you will be about right if you add ten per cent4 for a gratuity4 ,thus a guide whose tariff is five francs a day should be satisfied with half a franc1 but1 if he has been specially zealous and useful1 you can give him a franc with safety4 ,the ,paris cabman expects four sous additional on the course or six sous an hour2 his fee is obligatory in a certain sense1 as his wages are too low for him to live upon without the pour boire4 ,the ,german cabman expects his trinkgeld as a matter of course1 and you will really under-pay him if you do not give it4 ,the same is the case with his class in all parts of the ,continent1 as well as in ,great ,britain1 and you will fully hit the mark if you augment the regular tariff by fifteen or twenty per cent4 ,in the restaurants the waiters generally receive nothing in the form of wages2 they rely entirely on the donations of patrons for their compensation1 and the system is well understood by the public4 ,the money thus obtained is dropped into a box at the cashier's counter1 and divided among all the waiters of the establishment at the end of the week4 ,this has been found after long experience the best way to secure uniform attention to all customers1--better than to allow each waiter to pocket the money he receives4 ,in the latter case1 a patron known to be liberal would be carefully looked after1 while the man who gave only the regulation fee would be neglected4 ,under the present arrangement a waiter can have no great inducement to neglect the niggardly man to an undue extent1 and1 on the other hand1 he will not be over-serviceable to the generous one4 ,the box for the money is in full view of all the waiters1 so as to prevent any frauds on the revenue2 it is usually of metal1 and a foot or so in height4 ,the shape and material cause the coin to jingle when it falls1 and thus the waiters can be taught by the ear as well as by the eye that the donations are properly bestowed4 ,a ,french barber shop frequently amuses the stranger on account of the way the pour boire is received4 ,you have whatever tonsorial operation you choose1 and when the work is finished you pay according to the tariff4 ,when change has been made you leave a few sous on the counter for the inevitable extra2 the cashier drops them in the metal box which stands ready for their reception1 and the sound of their fall is followed by a chorus of ,merci1 monsieur1 from all the barbers in the place1 be they few or many4 ,half a dozen masculine voices pronouncing those words in measured cadence have a strange effect on the ears of a novice4 ,in many hotels and restaurants in ,england1 and on the ,continent1 not only do the servants receive no wages1 but they even pay something to the proprietor for their places4 ,in the restaurants of ,vienna there is a man who is designated the zoll-kellner1 7pay-waiter7 who carries a leather sack at his side to hold the coin for making change4 ,your accounts are settled with him1 and not with the waiter who has served you1 and it is to the zoll-kellner that you give your gratuities4 ,out of the gratuities he pays the wages of the waiters1 and reimburses himself for his services1 so that the attendance costs the establishment nothing4 ,some of the larger bier-halles in ,vienna derive a revenue from the service1 as they require the zoll-kellner to pay some hundreds of dollars annually for his privilege1 besides giving his time and paying the waiters4 ,the usual fee in a restaurant on the ,continent is a sou on each franc of the bill1 or one sou in twenty4 ,thus1 if you have ten francs to pay for your dinner1 you give half a franc1 or ten sous1 to the waiter1 and if you have expended only five francs you give him five sous4 ,a sou on a franc is a good general rule2 it is followed by the great majority of ,frenchmen and other continental people1 but you should not adhere to it by giving a single sou when you have only a franc to pay4 ,never give less than two sous1 where you give anything at all1 except to the professional beggar of whom you wish to rid yourself4 ,the cashiers of the restaurants always arrange the change1 so that you will have the material for the pour boire4 ,suppose your bill is exactly ten francs1 and you put down a twenty-franc piece from which the amount is to be taken4 ,the cashier sends back1 not a ten-franc piece1 but a five-franc piece1 four francs1 half a franc1 and the rest in copper4 ,sometimes there is an attempt to cause the stranger to bleed freely by making change so that he will be compelled to give more than is necessary4 ,thus in the instance described above1 the cashier would send back a five-franc piece and five pieces of one franc each1 so as to compel a donation of a franc4 ,whenever this is done you can be entirely sure that it is an effort to extract more than is due2 you can meet it by asking change--la monnaie--for one of the franc pieces1 or better still1 give the exact pour boire from the reserve you should always have in your pocket4 ,the regulation of the fees necessary for a hotel is more difficult than for a restaurant4 ,the amount given should be proportioned to the time you have been in the house1 the services of the waiters1 the demands you have made upon them1 and the size of your party4 ,it is best to let one person of a party pay all the gratuities1 and do it in a systematic way so that each servant receives his or her due4 ,suppose you are four in number1 and have been a week in the house2 you pay the concierge from five to eight francs1 the chambermaid four to six1 the waiter who has brought the coffee in the morning1 and otherwise looked after you1 five to eight1 and the porter who has handled luggage and blacked your boots1 five to six francs4 ,these figures are for a fair amount of service1 and are liberal enough for most cases4 ,every traveler must judge for himself whether he has made an undue demand upon the servants1 and gauge his gratuities accordingly4 ,so much has been said about the fee system that some of the hotels have adopted the plan of certain ,english ones in announcing that the service is all included and nothing more is expected4 ,but the pretence is a very thin one1 as the departing traveler will surely ascertain4 ,the servants come to his room while he is putting the finishing touch to his packing1 they lie in wait in the halls and on the stairways1 and they assemble at the door to see him off4 ,there is often a preconcerted system of signals by which all the servants can be notified of the approaching departure of a patron of a hotel4 ,bells will be rung1 or somebody will be called in a loud voice to bring something either real or imaginary4 ,the writer had the following experience in a hotel in ,paris3 ,he had been in the house nearly a week1 and followed the usual custom of leaving his key with the concierge whenever he went out4 ,if he came in in the afternoon he was usually informed that the chambermaid had the key upstairs1 and on proceeding to his hall he summoned that damsel by touching a bell at the head of the stairway2 the concierge never made any pretence of calling her1 but simply indicated that the key was above4 ,one afternoon he came in1 asked for his key1 and received the usual response that the chambermaid had it4 ,as he turned to go upstairs he asked to have his bill made out1 as he was going away immediately4 ,the half-asleep concierge seemed to have been struck with a shock from an electric battery4 ,she protruded her head from the window of her office1 and shouted so that she could have been heard to the uttermost parts of the house3- ,fifine6 ,fifine6 apportez le clef pour numero trente deux2 monsieur va partir--il va partir 7,bring the key for number #cb2 the gentlemen is going away2 he's going away67 ,the echoes of the last syllable of the last word of her call followed number #cb up the stairs to his door4 ,when he had arranged his packing and descended1 he found the servants waiting for him1 with the exception of those he had already encountered on his way down4 ,at least half of them he had never seen1 but all had their hands open for any tokens of remembrance in the shape of the current coin of the country4 ,the custom of assembling all the servants on the departure of a traveler is descended from the ,middle ,ages when the retainers of a castle were summoned by the bell at the portcullis to welcome the coming and speed the parting guest4 ,like many another honorable usage of olden times it has suffered degradation2 at present it is simply a form of extracting money from the traveler1 and not one servant in a hundred is aware of its origin1 or thinks of it in any other light than the practical one4 ,the fee system to the hotel waiter had a similar origin1 and is likewise a relic of feudalism4 ,the guest at the castle of a baron of the ,middle ,ages was not expected to pay for his accommodation2 he was in every sense a guest1 and like many a guest of modern days1 he often felt that he was causing a good deal of trouble and extra work on the part of the servants and retainers4 ,consequently he opened his purse at his departure and scattered his cash among those who had cared for him2 the shell of the custom has been retained1 but its sentiment is altogether gone4 ,the patron of a hotel pays his bill1 and is in no sense a guest1 as many keepers of hostelries like to call him1 and the excuse for his distribution of money among the servants has the lightest possible foundation4 ,in high circles the habits of the olden time remain in all their purity1 and princes and kings and nobles are obliged to pay heavily for their entertainment4 ,after his sojourn in ,paris in #ahfg1 the ,emperor of ,russia gave #dj1jjj francs to be distributed among the servants of the palace where he was lodged1 and the ,king of ,italy gave #aj1jjj francs under similar circumstances at ,vienna in #ahgc4 ,american and other foreigners of distinction who visit ,egypt are often honored with lodgings in one of the ,khedive's palaces1 or with one of his private steamers to go up the ,nile4 ,but it is bad economy to accept these courtesies1 for the reason that the backsheesh to servants and officers amounts to a large figure1 frequently to several hundreds of dollars4 ,it was said of ,ismail ,pacha that he paid nothing to the attaches of his boats and palaces but reimbursed them by giving them an occasional distinguished visitor to pluck4 ,the fee system has grown into so many abuses in these latter days that several governments have passed laws restricting it1 and forbidding its servants to accept fees4 ,this is noticeable in the public galleries of ,france1 ,italy1 and other countries1 where no fees are demanded except a slight charge for taking care of a cane or umbrella1 and sometimes an entrance fee1 which is bought at a ticket-office1 and must be paid by everybody who enters4 ,at the ruins of ,pompeii signs are posted in all the languages of ,europe forbidding the guides to accept fees in any form under penalty of dismissal2 the regulations are so stringent that no guide dares to accept a piece of money1 no matter how willing you may be to give it4 ,but there is a form of keeping the word of promise to the ear and breaking it to the hope2 the guides are allowed to sell photographs of the various objects of interest1 and sometimes they pester you with them to an extent far worse than any direct application for gratuities4 ,the traveler should be cautious about making a half-bargain with guides1 valets1 et id omne genus1 who will be sure to make all kinds of claim against him4 ,never accept the services of one of these men without a positive agreement as to the amount he is to receive1 and if you can have it include his pour boire1 so much the better4 ,he always desires to leave something open for a demand1 while you should be equally certain to have no loop-hole in the contract4 ,a ,neapolitan guide will fix his services at five francs a day1 and something for myself if you are satisfied4 ,now this something breeds a great deal of trouble4 ,the writer had one of these fellows to accompany him up ,vesuvius on his first visit to ,naples4 ,the 'something' was left undetermined2 the guide received five francs at the end of the day with a franc extra1 which was thought to be quite sufficient4 ,he struck an attitude of astonishment and declared himself outrageously treated2 gentlemen always gives me five francs extra1 he remarked1 and some of them gives ten4 ,this was said with an air of withering contempt1 but there was nothing in his neighborhood that withered immediately4 ,when a guide proposes to hire himself for five francs and something if you are satisfied1 endeavor to fix the amount of the satisfaction4 ,if he will not do it he is a good subject to drop1 unless he is the only one of his kind attainable1 and you happen to be in a hurry4 ,remember always that a half-bargain is a bad bargain1 everywhere1 and especially in the countries where the fee system is in vogue4 ,sometimes even a careful bargain will not protect the traveler from trouble4 ,italian boatmen will agree for a certain sum1 and while on the way they demand more4 ,if you are going on board a steamer at ,naples they are apt to be extortionate1 as they know you are leaving port and are not likely to give them trouble with the police4 ,a boatman agrees to carry you and your baggage for two francs2 you enter his boat and off you go4 ,half way to the ship he stops rowing and demands four1 or perhaps five1 francs1 and threatens to return to shore unless you comply4 ,if you are strong1 and carry a cane or good umbrella1 a threat to break his head1 accompanied with a gesture to that effect1 will generally cause him to proceed4 ,if you are weak and timid1 the best way is to say nothing1 and if you are tough in conscience and don't mind meeting downright rascality with a white lie1 you can nod assent and let him go on4 ,before he gets to the ship he will increase his demand1 and you may nod again4 ,when you reach the vessel do not show your money till your baggage is safe on board1 the heavy trunks in the hold1 and the lighter things in your cabin4 ,then pay the sum you first agreed to give1 and not a centime more1 and1 having discharged the obligation1 descend to the saloon4 ,the boatman is not allowed to follow you there1 but he will give vent to a volley of imprecations that fall harmless on your devoted head if you happen to be ignorant of ,italian4 ,when these fellows get too noisy they are ordered away from the ship1 and after their departure you may mount again to the deck and enjoy the wonderfully beautiful panorama of the bay of ,naples4 ,the boatmen of ,alexandria1 ,egypt1 are worse than their ,neapolitan brethren1 as they sometimes resort to downright violence4 ,a strong cane is the best argument for them1 and if you are two or three men against an equal or inferior number1 you have a moral force that stands in good stead4 ,one man alone may face two or three of these rascals1 but he is not altogether safe1 as they would have little hesitation in robbing him and then throwing him overboard1 if they could be sure of escaping undetected4 ,they have been known to pull around the harbor for an hour or two to compel their victim to come to terms1 and if brought before the police for their misconduct they generally manage to bribe themselves out of trouble1 unless their prosecutor is able and willing to pay more for their punishment than they can for their liberty4 ,the inhabitants of ,switzerland have been noted in all ages for their thrifty habits and their ability to make much of an opportunity4 ,in former times their genius was displayed in watch-making and other industries2 in these latter days1 they have devoted themselves in great measure to fleecing the tourists that come among them1 and some of their performances in this line border on the wonderful4 ,watch-making and wood-carving still exist1 and quite probably there are yet many honest people in the land of the ,alps4 ,down to a recent period the exploitation of the stranger was left to the hotel-keepers1 guides1 porters1 and others with whom he came in contact1 and if he felt aggrieved and brought complaint against his swindlers he could receive redress at the hands of the law4 ,on a chang tout cela1 the government has come to the assistance of the exploiting class1 and what was before optional is now official4 ,at every step the tourist encounters a tariff1 and if he objects to anything his attention is called to the fact that it is official4 ,the hotel porter takes your trunk to the door of the establishment where you have been lodged1 and hands it over to a licensed porter1 who carries it to the boat1 train1 or diligence4 ,he stops at the dock1 or at the front of the station1 where another licensed porter comes forward and bears the trunk to the baggageman2 each of the porters must be paid1 and the baggageman also expects something1 and if you object you are shown the official tariff1 from which there is no appeal4 ,the official tariff is made the scapegoat of a great many extortions and downright falsehoods2 the writer will give a bit of his personal experience to illustrate this statement4 ,he was in ,martigny1 on his way to ,chamouny1 in the summer of #ahhj1 and wished to hire a carriage for the journey2 he had been told that one could be had for thirty or forty francs1 and asked the proprietor of the hotel ,clerc where carriages were to be had and the price to be paid4 ,the latter answered that the tariff for a carriage for two persons was fifty francs1 and there was no other price4 ,but1 said the stranger1 ,i have been told that a carriage can be had for thirty or forty francs4 ,is it not so8 ,not at all1 was the proprietor's answer2 there is only one price1 fifty francs4 ,they will tell you so at the office of the ,association of ,drivers4 7,societe des cochers de ,martigny47 ,he indicated the office1 which was close to the hotel1 and the stranger went there4 ,the agent assured him that no carriage could be had under fifty francs1 and he pointed to the official tariff1 by which all drivers were bound4 ,convinced of the truthfulness of the landlord's statement1 the stranger engaged a carriage and paid twenty-five francs in advance1 the balance being due on arrival at ,chamouny4 ,then he strolled up the street and came upon an office bearing the announcement3-- ,carriages for ,chamouny4--,two persons1 thirty francs2 three persons1 forty francs2 four persons1 fifty francs4 ,full of wrath at having been swindled1 he returned to the hotel and interviewed the landlord4 ,there was a good deal of frankness to the square foot of the conversation1 and the landlord became very indignant when told that he had dealt sparingly with the truth4 ,he defended his action on the ground that the official tariff was fifty francs1 and he did not recognize the existence of the opposition4 ,in whatever light the case was presented1 he responded that the opposition was not recognized1 and he would not allow his patrons to travel by it if possible to prevent their doing so4 ,he denied receiving any commission from the official drivers1 and waxed wroth at the intimation of such a thing1 but the writer ascertained afterwards to his full satisfaction that the drivers gave ten per cent4 of their revenues to the hotel-keepers on condition that the latter would ignore the existence of the opposition1 and give all patronage to the association4 ,cases like the foregoing may be found all over ,switzerland in one form or another4 ,great stress is laid upon the words official and tariff1 and matters are so arranged that the traveler can be bled as much as possible with the least possible chance of redress4 ,the authorities connive at the frauds1 and the chances are twenty to one that a tourist who has the temerity to bring his disputes before them will be required to pay the sum in question1 with a heavy addition in the shape of a fine4 ,as an instance of official connivance1 the following may be cited3-- ,tourists going from ,zermatt to the railway station at ,visp have a journey of about eight hours1 partly by saddle and partly by wagon2 it is customary to forward trunks and valises by the government post1 which is due at ,visp at #d ,p4,m41 while the train for ,lausanne and ,geneva leaves at five o'clock4 ,the traveler times his movements so as to get to ,visp to claim his baggage and take it to the railway station in season for the train1 but he finds on arrival that the postmaster is busy with the verification of the lists1 copying them1 sorting letters1 and arranging parcels in general1 so that there is no delivery till after the departure of the train4 ,this neat arrangement compels the traveler who wishes to keep with his luggage to spend a night at ,visp1 to the profit of one of the two hotels that adorn this uninteresting place1 and1 furthermore1 they have a habit of closing the office half an hour before the departure of the forenoon train1 and the hotel-keepers manage to keep you at breakfast until this half-hour has been reached4 ,in this case you must wait till afternoon1 or go on without your property1 either of which is unpleasant1 and if you venture to complain you are told that such is the regulation of the office1 and as the postmaster represents the government the futility of any opposition is at once apparent4 ,the ,swiss excel even the ,chinese in their genius for combinations and guilds2 and the object of these enterprises is not1 like those of the ,chinese1 altogether in the interest of legitimate labor1 but to the end that the pocket of the stranger can be depleted to the advantage of the inhabitants of the land of ,william ,tell4 ,items that were formerly regarded as gratuities1 and therefore optional1 are now obligatory1 and they are frequently demanded with an insolence that rouses the traveler's ire4 ,there are doubtless many honest people in ,switzerland1 but it is not easy for the ordinary traveler to find them1 and the difficulty seems to be increasing every year4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,english ,,and ,,continental ,,money4 ,we have already considered the subject of letters of credit and the uses to be made of them4 ,we will now look at the perplexities of the ,english and ,continental currencies4 ,the ,english stand at the head of the list in having one of the most troublesome monetary systems imaginable2 it is a never-failing source of inconvenience to the stranger1 especially if he has come from a land where the decimal system in one form or another is in vogue4 ,we all know it from the school-books3-- #d farthings make one penny1 #ab pence make one shilling1 #bj shillings make one pound1 #ba shillings make one guinea4 ,it is easy enough to commit the above to memory1 but not at all easy to put it into practice4 ,the farthing is imaginary1 like the ,american mill1 the smallest coin being two farthings1 or half a penny1 usually called a ha'penny1 with the accent on the first syllable4 ,this coin is about equal to the ,american cent1 so that a penny is worth two cents1 or very nearly4 ,the shilling is nearly the equivalent of twenty-five cents4 ,four shillings may be reckoned as a dollar1 and a pound as five dollars4 ,the actual value is less than five dollars1 but it is near enough for rough calculations4 ,the guinea is obsolete1 and does not exist in circulation1 but the coins can be bought as curiosities1 and may be seen occasionally dangling from the watch-chains of their possessors4 ,english tradesmen are fond of stating prices in guineas when dealing with foreigners1 as they can thereby add five per cent4 to their revenues2 the ,english customer is on the look-out for this trick and cannot be caught by it1 but the ,american is very likely to confound pounds with guineas and not think of the difference4 ,some unscrupulous tailors and other tradesmen are in the habit of making their bills in guineas when only pounds have been mentioned1 and not infrequently the bills are paid without the discovery of the swindle4 ,the smallest bank-notes in circulation in ,england are of five pounds each1 though the banks in ,ireland and ,scotland1 and some of the private banks in ,england1 issue notes of one pound4 ,the gold coins are twenty shillings and ten shillings each1 and known as sovereigns and half-sovereigns4 ,in common usage the larger is frequently called a sov41 and a ten-shilling piece a half-sov4 ,silver coins are for five shillings1 two and a half shillings1 two shillings1 one shilling1 sixpence1 fourpence1 and threepence4 ,the copper coins of a penny and a halfpenny complete the list4 ,the two-and-a-half-shilling piece is called half a crown1 the five-shilling piece sometimes a crown and sometimes1 in slang language1 five bob4 ,a shilling is designated as a bob by the lower classes1 and a sixpence as a tanner4 ,two bobs and a tanner1 means two shillings and sixpence4 ,the two-shilling piece is the newest of the ,english coins1 and is heartily detested by the cabman1 the waiter1 and all others whose existence has any dependence on gratuities4 ,where half a crown was formerly given1 the two-shilling piece comes in use2 the giver saves a sixpence1 and the receiver is out just that amount4 ,if a vote of the fee-taking classes could be had on the subject it would be unanimous for the abolition of this hated coin4 ,travelers economically inclined would do well to consider the advantages of this piece of money1 and govern themselves accordingly4 ,on the ,continent the currency in nearly all countries is far simpler than in ,england1 for the reason that it is on a decimal basis4 ,the franc is the acknowledged unit of ,france1 ,belgium1 ,switzerland1 and ,italy1 and it is divided into a hundred parts1 known as centimes in the three countries first named1 and as centissimi in the last of the list4 ,reckonings are in francs and centimes2 the approximate value of the franc is twenty cents of ,american money--though in reality it is a trifle over eighteen cents4 ,the centime is consequently one-fifth of a cent1 but no coins of that value are stamped except in ,italy2 five centimes make a sou in all the countries except ,italy1 where the coin is known as a soldi1 and it is the smallest of the coins in general use4 ,the sou is practically the equivalent of the ,american cent1 and is about as large as the old-fashioned copper of twenty years ago4 ,there is a two-sous piece of copper in all the countries named1 and quite recently some of them have adopted nickel coins of the value of five1 ten1 and twenty centimes4 ,there are silver coins of twenty and fifty centimes 7the last being a half-franc71 and then come the pieces of one franc1 two francs1 and five francs1 the last being about the size of the ,american dollar4 ,the gold coins are of ten and twenty francs1 and occasionally we encounter pieces of forty francs1 and also some slender ones of five francs4 ,bank-notes are of #aj1 #bj1 #ej1 #ajj1 #ejj1 and #ajjj francs1 and rarely smaller except in ,italy1 where there is a depreciated paper currency with forced circulation4 ,gold and silver are as scarce in ,italy as they were in the ,united ,states in the decade following our civil war2 the rate of discount for paper varies according to the condition of the national treasury1 and for other countries1 and can always be ascertained at any banker's1 or in the hotels4 ,where it is not expressly stipulated to the contrary1 all hotel and other bills in ,italy are payable in paper at par whatever may be the rate of discount2 if a hotel-keeper attempts to compel the payment of his bill in gold1 without previous notification1 he can be brought to terms by referring him to the police4 ,the franc is commonly called a lira in ,italy1 especially among the lower classes1 who have a tendency to stick to their national terms4 ,the unit of ,austria is the florin 7about fifty ,american cents71 which is divided into a hundred kreutzers4 ,the currency is in paper1 at a varying discount1 with coins of one1 five1 ten1 and twenty kreutzers1 based on the paper values4 ,there is a ten-florin piece of gold which is intended to be equal to the twenty-franc piece1 but is just a trifle short of it1 and is consequently refused by bankers and others1 except at a discount4 ,the unit of ,russia is the rouble 7about seventy-five cents ,american71 and it is divided into one hundred kopecks2 the circulation is in paper1 and it fluctuates in value with the varying conditions of the public treasury1 and the alternating events of war or peace4 ,the ,german ,states had until within a few a years a bewildering array of currencies that would require whole pages of this book for their enumeration4 ,since the unification of the ,empire the old currencies have mostly disappeared1 and a uniform system has been adopted4 ,the unit is the mark 7twenty-five cents ,american1 or one shilling ,english71 and the mark is divided into one hundred pfennings4 ,the silver coins are five marks1 two marks1 and one mark1 and fifty and twenty pfennings1 the nickel of ten and five pfennings1 the copper of two pfennings and one pfenning2 the gold coins are twenty1 ten1 and five marks1 and the largest of the three is intended to be equal to the ,english sovereign4 ,english sovereigns can be exchanged in any country of ,europe for the local currency1 and so can the ,french1 ,italian1 or other pieces of twenty francs4 ,the latter are generally called napoleons1 but since the establishment of the ,french ,republic there has been a revival of the old name louis1 or louis d'or4 ,some intense ,republicans denominate the coin in question une piece de vingt francs1 and do not seem to mind the loss of time requisite for pronouncing four words instead of one4 ,the traveler who has a stock of sovereigns or napoleons1 either or both1 can always settle his bill at the hotels with those coins1 but he must be careful to have a supply of the money of the country for paying railway fares4 ,in most countries of ,europe the railways are more or less under government control1 and the ticket-sellers are forbidden to accept foreign money4 ,sometimes a ticket-seller will change the traveler's money for him1 but he naturally expects to be paid for his trouble4 ,at the frontier railway stations there are money-changers who do a very good business on small capital4 ,travelers can exchange the money of the country they are leaving for that of the one they are entering1 and the changer can turn his capital as many times as there are trains each way daily1 and make a small percentage on each operation4 ,he has a fine profit and no risk1 except that he may take an occasional counterfeit1 but in the latter case he will have little difficulty in passing it on the first verdant customer4 ,counterfeit coins abound in ,spain1 ,switzerland1 ,england1 and some other countries1 but not in great number4 ,the traveler is sure to be caught by them once in a while1 and also by coins which have been called in and are declared uncurrent4 ,the latter can be disposed of as gratuities to waiters and guides1 and the former may be kept as curiosities1 or dropped into the hats of importunate beggars4 ,for a rough calculation you can turn your dollars into pounds by dividing their amount by five1 and into francs by using the same number as a multiplier4 ,multiply your dollars by four for ,german marks1 and by two for ,austrian florins2 and if you get as far as ,turkey and wish to reckon in piastres1 you must multiply by twenty4 ,to reach the amount in dollars of any values in the above currencies1 you have only to reverse the operation1 and after a little practice you will do it very rapidly4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,languages ,,and ,,couriers4 ,as long as the ,american is in the ,united ,kingdom he finds no trouble in making himself understood1 but when he crosses the channel and lands on the ,continent1 the situation changes4 ,strange languages assail his ears1 and the farther he goes the more languages he finds4 ,if he has never studied any tongue save his mother one1 he will often find himself helpless1 and he execrates the memory of the man who first proposed the erection of the tower of ,babel1 and thereby brought trouble on the whole human race4 ,he wishes he had studied some of the foreign lingo before he left home1 and vows that before he comes again he will be able to make himself understood in ,french and ,german4 ,an excellent resolution this is1 and1 like most good resolves1 it is rarely kept4 ,an ,american who is entirely ignorant of any language beyond the vernacular of his own land may travel from one end of ,europe to the other without any very serious trouble4 ,but he will pay dear for his lack of lingual accomplishments1 as he will be regarded as a fair subject for exploitation by the inn-keepers1 guides1 and others with whom he is brought in contact1 and he cannot go out of the beaten track of tourists4 ,in the principal hotels throughout ,europe there are ,english-speaking clerks and servants1 and it is usually easy to find guides and valets who are able to get on in the language of the ,british ,isles4 ,those with deep and well-lined purses may employ a courier who will look after everything--engage rooms at hotels1 buy railway tickets1 attend to the luggage1 and in various ways relieve the traveler from a great deal of perplexity4 ,but he is a luxury that only the affluent can afford1 as he not only has his wages and traveling expenses1 but he obtains a commission1 or squeeze1 on nearly every disbursement in your behalf4 ,he takes you to the best hotels and secures the best rooms in them1 and he leads you to the shops where the prices are highest1 with correspondingly large commissions4 ,he is generally honest so far as actual plunder of your money is concerned1 and he takes care that no one but himself fleeces you1 unless he can have a share of the spoil4 ,his operations are conducted upon well understood principles1 and he regards the taking of a commission as entirely compatible with rigid integrity4 ,now and then a courier can be found who disdains commissions1 and faithfully watches the interest of his employer1 and when such a man is obtained he may be regarded as a treasure4 ,be very particular in employing a courier1 as your happiness or misery will depend in great measure upon his goodness or badness4 ,your banker in ,london or ,paris can generally recommend a trustworthy man1 and there is a couriers' association in ,london that is well spoken of4 ,the association is responsible for the honesty of each member1 and also for his sobriety and general good conduct1 but in any event the credentials of the man you are considering should be carefully examined4 ,especially should this be done with a courier who seeks you and offers his services1 and if he cannot produce good references he should be rejected at once4 ,the genuineness of the testimonials should also be investigated1 as there have been instances where these documents were mostly imaginary1 and written to order4 ,a courier should be familiar with ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 and ,italian1 and if you are going to ,spain1 ,russia1 or the ,scandinavian countries1 you should seek for one who knows the languages along your intended route of travel4 ,you can hire a good courier for fifty or sixty dollars a month1 though he will frequently ask more1 and you must pay extra for one who speaks ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 or ,spanish4 ,whenever there are second-class carriages on the train he will travel in them1 but it often happens that the express trains have none but first-class coaches1 and in that event you must provide him with a first-class ticket4 ,he should be called by his surname1 without any preliminary mister1 and1 if he understands his business1 you can be perfectly free with him without fear that he will overstep the proper bounds4 ,don't invite him to sit with you at table or to ride with you in a carriage1 as he does not expect anything of the sort2 if you do1 you will encourage him to undue familiarity1 which may result in his assuming the air of a gentleman who is permitting you to travel with him for companionship4 ,in your financial relations with him1 do exactly as you would with a clerk or cashier in business affairs4 ,have the contract carefully drawn in writing so as to avoid misunderstandings1 and examine his accounts frequently and thoroughly1 going over every item1 whether small or large4 ,it is well to arrange beforehand that he shall bring the accounts to you every second or third morning1 and if he neglects to do so1 and shows a persistence in the neglect1 you will have reason to believe he is not honest4 ,when you start on a journey give him money enough to pay the various items of expenditure to your first stopping-place4 ,it is not good policy to be close with him1 and1 on the other hand1 it is very impolitic to be careless of his accounts4 ,the courier is supposed to pay his own hotel bill1 or to be boarded free of charge by the establishment4 ,the real fact is that your own bill is sufficiently augmented to cover the courier's expenses1 and in some instances he has been known to receive a commission in money in addition to his free living4 ,make it a part of your contract that he is to act as local guide in the cities you visit2 otherwise you will be compelled to employ a guide in each place in addition to your courier4 ,some of the grand ones refuse to do so1 and it is for you to determine whether to engage a man of high notions1 or another who is not so exacting4 ,if not disposed to incur the expense of a courier you can hire a traveling servant for about half the price you will pay for the more distinguished attach4 ,these servants are not generally satisfactory1 for the reason that they do not claim to understand all about the cities1 routes1 etc41 and cannot speak the continental languages4 ,very often they are quite as helpless as the traveler himself1 if not more so1 and some of them are continually getting lost and giving no end of trouble to their employers to find them4 ,if you undertake to get along without any assistance1 it is advisable to learn something of the language of the country you are to travel in4 ,ever so little is better than none at all1 and you will be surprised to find how much you can accomplish with a very limited capital of words4 ,learn to count in ,french2 you can do so in a few hours if you give your mind to it1 and you will never regret the time you have devoted to the accomplishment of enumeration4 ,commit to memory a few phrases1 such as where is8 how much8 and the like1 and make yourself able to understand the bills of fare in restaurants and hotels4 ,when you have done this you can look proudly down on the unfortunate wretch who knows nothing1 and cannot help himself4 ,after being thus perfected in ,french1 you can attack ,german in the same way1 and afterwards ,italian2 if you are to be ten days or more in a country it is worth your while to learn to count in its language1 and when you have acquired the numerals you will want to know something more4 ,don't practice your lingual acquirements on your friends if you can find anybody else to try them on4 ,but don't be afraid to talk when on shopping excursions1 or in other places where your ,french can be used2 the continental people are polite1 and will help you out of difficulty when you lose your footing1 and they never smile at your most awkward blunders4 ,books of the sentences and phrases in most frequent use are abundant and cheap4 ,they are given in ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 and ,italian1 in parallel columns1 and are generally divided according to the subjects of conversation4 ,they are excellent in theory1 but it is generally discovered in practice that you can rarely find the sentence you wish to use1 and may turn the leaves over and over again to no purpose4 ,if you find that you are not understood in your native language1 and know no other1 remember that it will not help the listener's understanding if you shout into his ear1 or repeat a question over and over again with an increased emphasis each time4 ,many laughable mistakes will occur in your efforts to get on in a country where you do not know the language1 but they are part of the experiences of travel1 and a good deal of instruction can be obtained from them4 ,sometimes a slight change in the pronunciation of a single word or syllable1 or the incorrect use of an article1 causes an awkward misunderstanding1 but all such accidents should be taken good-humoredly and made the subject of merriment rather than of vexation4 ,an ,american one day1 in a ,paris restaurant1 wished to call for bread1 and was astonished when the waiter after some delay brought him stewed rabbit4 ,he pondered over the subject1 and finally remembered that instead of saying du pain1 he had made it le pain1 which was naturally supposed to be lapin1 the ,french word for rabbit or hare4 ,he ate the stew in silence1 and never allowed the waiter to understand that a mistake had been made4 ,a story is told of a party of ,americans taking a ride in the ,bois du ,boulogne1 and they wished to induce the driver to go faster1 but the more they urged1 the more angry he became1 and their attempts at the ,french for go faster1 driver1 seemed to set him wild4 ,at last he stopped and wanted to fight1 and when they refused to indulge in a trial of muscular capacity1 he called a policeman4 ,some one happened along at this juncture who could act as interpreter1 and it was discovered that they had been addressing the jehu as cochon 7pig7 instead of cocher 7driver74 ,an explanation was made1 the driver received a franc as a salve to his wounded dignity1 and the drive was continued at a more satisfactory speed4 ,many things may be said in pantomime where you are ignorant of the words that are needed4 ,if you wish to employ a carriage by the hour1 and cannot grapple with a l'heure1 you can show the face of your watch to the driver and point to the time2 he will understand your meaning at once1 and will indicate his comprehension of it by a nod4 ,if you wish the carriage for only a single course you do not show your watch at all1 but simply give or show the address to which you want to go4 ,a desire for food or drink may be manifested by the conveyance of imaginary viands or liquids to the mouth1 and following the said conveyance with equally imaginary mastication or deglutition4 ,mistakes will occur in pantomime as well as in spoken words1 and the traveler should be prepared for them4 ,an ,englishman at a ,german inn endeavored to show that he wished to go to bed1 and did it by commencing the removal of his clothing1 and making a motion with his arms1 as if he would spread himself over the invisible couch4 ,the inn-keeper nodded1 and disappeared2 and he soon returned1 followed by the servants1 bringing a large tub and some water1 under the impression that the stranger wished to take a bath4 ,the latter made himself understood by resting his head on his hand and closing his eyes1 whereupon there was a laugh all around1 and he was shown to his sleeping-room4 ,not infrequently you will throw yourself into a condition of exhaustion by mustering all your ,french for an effort2 after it is made1 and you are at your wit's end1 you are answered in ,english1 and find that your mental struggle has been thrown away4 ,during the last ,paris exposition one of the hotels imported a lot of waiters from ,london for the benefit of their ,english patrons4 ,a ,briton arrived at this house one morning1 unaware of the importation1 and after making himself presentable he proceeded to the breakfast-room4 ,beckoning to a waiter1 he gave his order4 ,donnez moi du biftek1 du pomme de terre1 et du cafe au lait4 7,give me a beefsteak1 potatoes1 and coffee with milk47 ,he was at the end of his ,french1 and drew a long breath as he finished the sentence4 ,the waiter listened attentively1 with a blank expression on his face1 and replied3-- ,if it's all the same1 sir1 couldn't you just as well do it in ,english8 ,i've only been here three days4 ,whether you can speak the continental languages or not1 you must put yourself into the hands of a dragoman when you go to the ,orient and endeavor to make a journey into the interior4 ,the dragoman differs from the courier in being a contractor who undertakes to manage your journey for a fixed sum per day1 or for the entire trip1 and he makes a margin sufficiently large to include the compensation for his own services4 ,he combines the services of courier1 butler1 and maitre d'hotel all in one1 and a good dragoman is able to relieve the traveler of all trouble by attending to every kind of petty detail1 and managing the journey so that the tourist has nothing to think of beyond enjoying himself4 ,dragomen are of all kinds1 from the worst to the best2 most of them bring recommendations from former employers1 and1 while these should have due weight1 it is best not to rely on them implicitly4 ,there are some of the profession who enjoy a high reputation1 and their prices are fixed accordingly2 a cheap dragoman is almost sure to be a poor one1 but not all high-priced ones are necessarily good4 ,if possible1 when starting for a journey in ,syria and ,egypt1 get a friend who has been there before you to recommend a dragoman1 and make a careful note of the name and address1 so that there can be no mistake4 ,good ones may also be heard of around the consulate of your country1 and in whatever bargain you make you should have the consular approval4 ,the dragomen who hang about the hotels are not to be relied on1 as they are often in league with the establishments to make something out of the stranger1 or have agreed to pay a commission to whoever can get them an engagement4 ,george ,william ,curtis1 in his ,nile ,notes1 says1 ,the dragoman is of four species2 the ,maltese1 or able knave2 the ,greek1 or the cunning knave2 the ,syrian1 or the active knave2 and the ,egyptian1 or the stupid knave4 ,the description is by no means inaccurate1 but it gives the impression that all are knaves1 whatever their race or nationality4 ,there is little to choose between them1 and whatever kind you employ it is quite possible you may wish you had taken another4 ,there are honest and efficient ones among all the different races1 and also a liberal allowance of those who are worthless1 or even worse4 ,detailed directions for engaging dragomen1 and the forms of contracts to be made with them1 can be found in the guide-books of ,murray and ,baedeker1 to which the reader is referred4 ,never trust yourself to draw a contract that will be iron-clad1 but go to your consulate and have the matter attended to there1 at a cost of five dollars4 ,then1 in case of trouble1 the consul can be called to arbitrate the matter1 and his decision will be final4 ,as you are required to pay half1 or more1 of the engagement-money at the time of making the contract1 you thus place yourself at the mercy of the man you are engaging1 and it is worth while to be cautious4 ,if a particular dragoman has been recommended to you by some friend at home1 you will very likely be told on enquiring for him that he died a few months ago4 ,of course1 it is just possible that he is no longer alive1 as drago--like other men--are but mortal1 but his death at that time is by no means a certainty4 ,his rivals have a convenient way of ridding themselves of his competition by killing him metaphorically1 and they are particular to state time1 place1 and circumstances with great minuteness4 ,bayard ,taylor became much attached to his dragoman in his journey up the ,nile in #aheb1 and recommended him1 a few years afterwards1 to some friends4 ,they brought back the information of the man's death1 but on visiting ,cairo in #ahgd ,taylor found his old companion alive and well1 and very much chagrined at the announcement of his demise4 ,he is dead1 or ,he has just left with a party1 is the stereotyped answer of the dragomen you encounter around the hotels when you ask for one whose name has been given to you by a friend at home1 although it is well known by them that the man in question is within a dozen blocks of them1 and waiting for a job4 ,it is the custom at the end of a journey in the ,holy ,land1 or on the ,nile1 to make a present to the servants in addition to the contract-price agreed upon with the dragoman or manager of the party4 ,the dragoman is always ready to attend to the distribution of this gratuity1 and shows great activity in looking after it4 ,verdant travelers are apt to place the affair and the money in his hands with the expectation that he will carry out their wishes2 the only distribution he makes1 in nine cases out of ten1 is to distribute the cash around the pockets of his own garments1 and leave the other servants without a penny4 ,unless you give the money to the waiters with your own hands the chances are ten to one they will get nothing1 and the whole amount will go to enrich the dragoman2 it will not even answer to allow that worthy to distribute it to them in your presence1 as he will manage by certain dexterous turns of the wrist to retain the larger portion for himself4 ,complaints of his misconduct are unlikely to reach your ears1 as the servants are his subordinates1 and liable to lose their places if they incur his displeasure4 ,the writer was once a member of a party on a ,nile steamboat that made up a purse for the servants2 while the money was being raised two or three of the cabin-waiters intimated privately that if the money was put in the hands of the dragoman they would get nothing1 since he always kept the whole of it4 ,whatever you give us1 said they1 please put in our own hands1 and we acted on the hint to the great disgust of the dragoman4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,railway ,,traveling ,,on ,,the ,,continent4 ,the ,american traveler who makes his first tour abroad will come upon something new as soon as he visits a railway station4 ,the cars are quite unlike those to which he has been accustomed at home2 they have no passage-way running the whole length of the vehicle1 and most of them present a ,lilliputian appearance when compared with the ,american passenger car4 ,they are divided into compartments which generally contain seats for eight persons1 and are entered by doors at either end4 ,the occupants of a compartment face each other1 so that when the place is full half the passengers are riding backwards and the other half forwards4 ,some persons are made ill unless they have their faces in the direction they are traveling2 a tourist who belongs to this category should make sure of his place by the aid of a porter1 and there is generally no trouble about the matter4 ,those who are not disturbed by the aforesaid nausea prefer to sit with their backs toward the locomotive1 as they escape a good deal of the dust and smoke that fall to the lot of those in the front-face position4 ,there is a large window in the upper half of the door1 and there are smaller windows at the ends of the rows of seats2 if you have your back towards the engine1 and are in an end seat1 the open window in the door will give you all the air you need1 while in the opposite seat you might find the breeze too strong4 ,a seat on the windward side of the train is preferable to a leeward one1 though much will depend upon the position of the sun and the scenery along the route4 ,on the ,swiss railways many of the carriages are on the ,american system1 with doors at the ends and a passageway in the center1 but they still cling to the compartment idea1 and have partitions with doors that permit free circulation4 ,in ,italy1 and some other countries1 you occasionally find a carriage with a saloon in the center1 capable of seating twelve or sixteen persons1 but such cars are not common1 and are considered a luxury to be specially ordered4 ,some of the first-class carriages have the compartments arranged for six passengers--three on a side--but the majority are intended for eight4 ,on every train you will usually find one or more carriages with a coup at the end2 it can be made to hold four persons1 but there is no advantage in securing it for more than two4 ,it is considered as a place de luxe1 and can only be occupied by payment of an extra charge1 which is usually about one-sixth of the price of the passage ticket4 ,two persons in a coup are tolerably certain not to be disturbed by the entrance of other passengers1 but a single passenger is not so safe4 ,the coup may be engaged beforehand on application to the station-master1 but the companies will never guarantee that a particular train will contain coup carriages4 ,the ,pullman palace and sleeping-cars have not been introduced in ,europe to any extent1 notwithstanding persistent efforts by the ,pullman ,company for a decade or more4 ,the ,midland ,railway ,company1 of ,england1 has adopted them1 and they are used on two or three smaller lines in the ,united ,kingdom1 but not in any great number4 ,on the ,continent they have found their principal footing in ,italy1 under the auspices of the ,strada ,ferrata del' ,alta ,italia 7,railway of ,upper ,italy71 which has adopted them for the comfort of passengers on the ,indian mail route between ,london and ,brindisi4 ,on several of the continental lines the ,mann ,boudoir sleeping-car has been introduced2 it is the enterprise of an ,american1 and is a very serviceable vehicle1 though less comfortable than the famous ,pullman4 ,the ,mann car is the ordinary ,european railway carriage equipped with sleeping accommodations1 lavatories and the like2 the traveler must have a first-class ticket to be admitted1 and he pays in addition about #b4ej per night4 ,there are offices in ,paris1 ,berlin1 ,vienna1 and other large cities1 where places may be secured in the ,mann sleeping-cars just as they are secured in the ,pullman cars in ,america4 ,some of the companies have cars fitted up with the fauteuil-lit1 or bed-chair2 it is the ordinary seat so arranged that it may be converted into a bed1 or a poor substitute for one1 and the extra cost is nearly1 if not quite1 equal to a third of the price of the ticket4 ,three fauteuils-lits fill a compartment1 and the occupants of those away from the door must climb over the one nearest to it in getting in or out after the beds have been opened4 ,very few of the roads have any kind of sleeping-carriage whatever1 and the night traveler on long journeys will miss the luxuries that he finds in the ,united ,states4 ,bless the name of ,pullman1 he will often exclaim1 as he crawls1 dusty and disjointed1 from where he has sat bolt or limply upright for hours1 and contrasts his present feelings with those he would have at the end of a journey from ,new ,york to ,chicago4 ,there are no toilet facilities on the ,european trains1 with the exception of those on the few sleeping-cars in use1 and retiring-closets are by no means universal4 ,most of the coups contain them1 and they can generally be found in the baggage-wagon or under the brake-van4 ,the keys of these cabinets are in charge of the conductor1 who will readily open them on application1 but they can only be reached or left while the train is halted at a station4 ,the carriages are of three and sometimes four classes1 and their character is indicated in different ways in different countries4 ,in ,england they are labelled first-class1 second-class1 or third-class1 as the case may be2 in ,france they are marked premiere1 seconde1 troisieme1 or with the abbreviation of those words into figures and letters1 and in ,germany and some other countries by ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,sometimes you find only the figures #a1 #b1 and #c on the doors of the carriages to indicate the class1 and sometimes the designation is by a number of stars1 corresponding to the class4 ,when you leave a carriage temporarily at a station1 be careful to observe and remember its number1 or you may have difficulty in finding it when you return4 ,if you have the number and class well in mind1 you will not be likely to make a mistake4 ,nearly every train will have one or more compartments exclusively for ladies2 they are labelled ,dames ,seules in ,france1 ,damen ,coup1 or ,fur ,damen1 in ,germany1 and ,per ,signore in ,italy4 ,the sterner sex is not allowed in these carriages under any pretext whatever2 even the offer of a piece of money1 so potent in other matters1 will not secure the violation of the rule4 ,smoking is forbidden except in compartments specially designated for that amusement2 in ,france smoking-carriages are labelled ,pour ,fumeurs1 and in ,italy ,per ,fumare4 ,the ,germans get at the subject in the opposite way by allowing smoking in all carriages save those wherein it is forbidden2 these are labelled ,nicht ,rauchen1 but if an entire party in one of them chooses to suspend the rules1 it may do so4 ,it is customary in case of doubt to ask permission to smoke1 and if any person objects1 the rule must be obeyed4 ,in ,germany the second-class carriages are quite comfortable1 but they are apt to be crowded1 and the traveler who desires plenty of room will do well to buy a first-class ticket4 ,the first-class vehicles are upholstered with velvet1 and the second with cloth2 the former are often the more uncomfortable in hot weather1 as the velvet retains more heat than the cloth4 ,the third-class carriages have seats of plain boards1 and the fourth-class no seats at all2 if you travel fourth-class in ,germany1 you must stand and cling to an iron rod1 or1 if there are not many passengers1 you may sit or lie on the floor4 ,fourth-class is rarely found in any other country than ,germany1 and only where there is a considerable amount of travel among those who cannot afford to pay for the higher grades4 ,second-class in ,germany is nearly if not quite as comfortable as first-class in ,france or ,italy1 and this is so well understood that mixed tickets are sold for long journeys1 entitling the holder to first-class in other countries and second in ,germany4 ,in some countries1 but not in all1 there is a difference in fares1 according to the speed of the train by which you take passage1 so that a given distance costs less by a way-train than by an express4 ,in ,france and ,italy the quickest trains are generally made up of first-class carriages only1 so that the economical voyageur must content himself to move more slowly than his first-class rival4 ,the fares by mixed trains 7freight and passengers7 are often only about a third of those of the first-class expresses4 ,this is particularly the case in ,austria and all the ,south ,german ,states4 ,the allowance of baggage varies greatly4 ,in ,england it is one hundred pounds1 but the weight is not always taken1 and even if it is considerably in excess1 a shilling in the hand of the man who weighs it will cause a sudden diminution of its avoirdupois1 so as to bring it within the limit4 ,this is particularly the case on the roads where notices are posted forbidding the employs of the companies to receive gratuities1 under penalty of dismissal4 ,in ,france and ,spain the allowance is thirty kilogrammes 7about sixty-five pounds74 ,in most parts of ,germany it is fifty pounds1 and sometimes sixty1 and in ,bavaria1 ,italy1 and most parts of ,switzerland there is no allowance1 and every pound of luggage must be paid for4 ,in ,austria the traveler1 no matter what class ticket he holds1 is allowed fifty-five pounds4 ,in ,russia fifty-five1 in ,sweden sixty-six pounds to first-class and forty-seven to second-class1 and in ,denmark fifty-five pounds4 ,the rates for excessive luggage are pretty high1 and in the countries where no allowance is made the rate of transportation is worse than in any other4 ,the sale of tickets ceases from five to ten minutes before the departure of a train1 and the registration of luggage not less than fifteen minutes4 ,the traveler first buys his ticket and then goes to the baggage agent1 who stands in a little office close to the baggage-counter4 ,the baggage is weighed and the weight declared by one of the attendants2 the agent takes the ticket1 stamps it to show that it has received its baggage allowance1 then fills out a receipt stating the number of trunks1 their weight1 and the amount paid 7if any74 ,where there is no excess there is usually a charge of ten centimes 7two cents7 for the receipt2 the paper should be carefully guarded1 as its production is necessary at the destination to secure the delivery of the baggage4 ,the attentive traveler who closely scans his receipt will find that there is a column for dogs1 and if he investigates the train he will discover a compartment for those animals1 with grated doors4 ,on most of the ,english roads no receipt is given for baggage1 and the traveler must take the chances of its loss4 ,a label showing its destination is pasted on your trunk1 and when you are at the journey's end you must go to the platform where the contents of the van have been discharged1 and pick out your property4 ,attempts have been made to introduce the ,american checking system in ,england1 but the ,english are too conservative to take up with such a ,yankee notion4 ,ticket and baggage arranged1 the traveler is permitted to go to the waiting-room4 ,there the intending passengers 7no others are admitted7 are huddled together till within a few minutes of the departure of the train1 and very often the room is overcrowded1 and cheerless in the extreme4 ,passengers are not allowed on the platforms till everything is ready1 and sometimes there is hardly time for all to get comfortably seated before the train moves4 ,latterly some of the roads have made a reform in this matter2 the ,paris1 ,lyon ,mediterranee was the first to relax the rules and allow passengers to go direct to the platform1 after passing the supervisor of tickets1 instead of shivering or crowding in the waiting-room4 ,on some lines the porters are not permitted to enter the waiting-rooms1 and passengers must carry their own satchels and other impedimenta1 while on others the porters can go direct to the carriages1 and secure desirable seats for actual or expected return in cash4 ,on account of the high tariff for extra baggage1 travelers on the ,continent usually carry more in their hands than would be the case with the same people in ,america4 ,parcels may be stowed under the seats or in the racks overhead1 but no one is allowed to have anything that will be an inconvenience to others in the same compartment4 ,this rule is not rigidly enforced1 as will often be seen2 the old woman with six bandboxes and three bundles is as common in ,europe as she was traditionally in ,america1 and very often it is impossible for eight passengers to dispose of all their traps without holding some of them on their knees4 ,railway fares are much higher on the eastern side of the ,atlantic than on the western1 and those of ,england are dearer than the fares on the ,continent4 ,the ,english fares are threepence1 twopence1 and one penny a mile for the respective classes2 i4e41 about six cents1 four cents1 and two cents of ,american currency4 ,in ,france the rate is calculated at twelve centimes1 the kilometre which is equivalent to very nearly twenty centimes 7four cents71 the mile4 ,this is for first-class2 third-class is half the price of first-class1 and second-class midway between the two4 ,italian fares are a trifle higher than those of ,france1 while those of ,belgium1 ,bavaria1 ,sweden1 ,norway1 and ,germany are lower4 ,a rough calculation of the cost of travel by railway may be made by allowing four cents to the mile for first-class1 and the corresponding rates for the other classes4 ,another mode of ready reckoning is to allow five francs 7one dollar7 per hour for the time required for transit from one city to another by first-class ordinary trains1 and six francs an hour for the fast expresses4 ,for example1 the fare from ,paris to ,marseilles is one hundred and six francs1 twenty centimes1 and the distance is eight hundred and sixty-three kilometres1 or five hundred and thirty-nine miles4 ,there is a train called the ,rapide that runs through in fifteen hours1 and makes only eight stoppages2 the ordinary express takes a trifle over twenty hours for the same journey1 and the so-called ,directe train requires twenty-three hours4 ,the direct train contains carriages of the three classes1 but the express and ,rapide are exclusively first-class4 ,any one who is curious in arithmetic can apply the rules given above1 and will find that they bring the result near enough for rough estimates4 ,return tickets are sold at various discounts from the full rates1 generally about twenty-five per cent4 less than the double fare4 ,they are sometimes good only for the day of issue1 but are usually available for two days1 and in some countries for four or five4 ,on some lines they do not issue return tickets for express trains1 or for trains exclusively first-class4 ,the holder of a return ticket 7first-class7 often feels that he is harshly treated when refused a place on a train of first-class coaches only1 and if he cannot speak the language1 it is impossible to make him comprehend the rules of the company4 ,circular tickets are issued at a great reduction from the single fares1 but they are subject to certain restrictions that go far toward counterbalancing the saving in money4 ,a circular ticket is limited in time1 according to the localities it covers2 it may be available for only one week from the date1 or it may be good for three months1 or even longer4 ,the journey can commence at any point of the route1 but once begun it must be continued in the same direction1 and on the route indicated1 and if it is not completed within the time specified1 no money will be returned for unused coupons4 ,if the traveler halts at any intermediate station not indicated on the itinerary1 he must pay his fare to the next indicated station on resuming his journey1 and he is also required to have his ticket stamped by the proper official when he arrives at a station where he is to stop4 ,these circular tickets are highly popular1 and have been the means of creating a great deal of travel by reason of their cheapness4 ,a tourist who selects his route and finds a circular ticket that covers it will make a large saving over the single fares from one place to another4 ,to illustrate3 the writer once bought for one hundred francs a circular ticket 7first-class7 with the following itinerary3 ,paris1 ,vichy1 ,lyons1 ,grenoble1 ,aix-les-,bains1 ,culoz1 ,besanon1 ,dijon1 ,paris1 with the option of returning from ,grenoble by way of ,lyons1 ,macon1 and ,dijon to ,paris1 instead of passing by ,besanon and ,dijon4 ,the single fares from place to place would have aggregated something over two hundred francs for the journey4 ,in many instances the saving by a circular ticket is considerably more than one-half4 ,the circular tickets issued by the railway companies should not be confounded with those sold by private individuals in ,london1 ,paris1 ,new ,york1 and other cities4 ,the railway companies sell their own tickets at their own offices or agencies2 it frequently happens that the most direct of the lines will have nothing to do with the tourist agencies1 so that those who patronize the latter establishments find that they are sent by roundabout ways from one great city to another4 ,at all the principal ticket-offices on the railway lines there is a table of fares near the window2 it is printed in large letters and figures so that there is little chance of a mistake4 ,and in most countries there is an additional security to the traveler2 the fare is printed on the ticket in plain figures1 so that the most laudable intentions of the seller to cheat the stranger may be frustrated1 provided the latter knows enough to count his money4 ,in ,northern ,europe1 especially in ,russia1 the carriages are warmed by stoves1 though sometimes the first-class passengers are the only ones having the benefits of heat4 ,in ,central and ,southern ,europe long cylinders of sheet iron containing hot water are thrust into the compartments at intervals more or less regular2 by means of these cylinders the traveler can keep his feet comfortable1 and if the weather is not too frosty1 they give all the heat to be desired in the compartment4 ,in cold weather the railway traveler should be well provided with wraps1 as the night air has a penetrating familiarity1 especially when the wind is blowing4 ,eating-rooms1 or buffets1 are abundant1 and generally good4 ,the best are on the long lines where there is a large amount of through travel1 so that a good patronage is secured1 and the trains halt there at convenient hours for meals4 ,the table d'hote system prevails1 but there are always plenty of small tables where those who do not want a square meal can be accommodated4 ,the price of a table d'hote breakfast varies from two francs1 fifty centimes1 to four francs1 and that of a dinner from three francs to five francs1 wine included4 ,on most of the lines the keepers of the restaurants are required to post a notice in a conspicuous place1 showing the prices of meals1 so as to prevent any possible cheating2 any complaint addressed to the management of the road is pretty certain to receive attention1 as the companies are desirous of having the best possible service4 ,a table d'hote breakfast or dinner on the great lines1 especially on the ,paris1 ,lyon ,mediterranee1 is the perfection of railway feeding1 and the most rapid eater the world ever saw cannot complain of the dilatoriness of the waiters4 ,the conductor generally telegraphs the number of passengers on the train1 so that the restaurateur knows pretty nearly how many will patronize him2 as the train rolls into the station1 the first dish of the course is placed on the table1 and you have only to drop into a chair and begin eating4 ,before you are through with the first course the second is at your side1 and the third is there before you can possibly finish with the second4 ,thus the meal is served1 and when it is near its end the cashier passes around and collects the stipulated money4 ,the time allowed is from fifteen to thirty minutes2 five minutes before the moment of starting1 a bell rings or a gong is struck1 or perhaps a horn in blown1 and the signal is repeated four minutes later1 and when you hear the second signal there is no more chance for delay1 as the train1 like time and tide1 will wait for no man4 ,the form of the signal1 and also the period of giving it1 are not the same in all countries1 and the verdant traveler will do well to watch the motions of his neighbors1 and be governed accordingly4 ,the buffets are divided into the first1 second1 and third class at the great stations1 and there are waiting-rooms with the same distinctions4 ,in ,france the smaller stations are known as stations1 and the larger ones1 especially at terminal points1 are called gares4 ,bahnhof in ,germany1 and stazione in ,italy means the same as station in ,england and depot in the ,united ,states4 ,on some of the roads meals are served in baskets1 so that they can be eaten while the train is in motion4 ,an hour or more before you arrive at the restaurant station1 the conductor1 or some other employ of the company1 takes your order for a breakfast or dinner according to a bill of fare which he presents4 ,the order is telegraphed forward1 and you are told to ask for a certain number1 by which it has been indicated4 ,when the train reaches the station a basket containing what you have ordered is handed in through the door of the compartment1 and the train moves on4 ,the baskets are specially made for the business1 and contain compartments for everything needed in the meal1 together with the inevitable bottle of wine4 ,you eat at your leisure1 and at a stopping place an hour further on the basket is removed and sent back to the place whence it came4 ,the plan has certain merits1 and likewise certain defects2 to eat without hurry and without delay is certainly a great advantage1 but it is not altogether comfortable to breakfast or dine from a wicker basket that rests on your knees1 and it frequently happens that the pepper1 salt1 or some other necessary trifle1 has been overlooked4 ,a private lunch-basket is as desirable on a ,european railway as on an ,american one1 and may be stocked to suit the owner's taste4 ,on a long journey provide yourself with a bottle of water1 as there is no water-cooler on the train1 and you might suffer from thirst without the means of alleviating it4 ,the advocates of principles opposed to the total abstinence theories of ,father ,mathew will not forget their pocket-flasks with stimulating contents4 ,measures of distance on the railways in the ,british ,dominions are in ,english miles1 as in ,america4 ,in ,france1 ,switzerland1 ,italy1 ,spain1 and ,belgium1 they are in kilometres2 in ,russia1 in versts1 and in ,germany in ,german miles4 ,the kilometer is five-eighths of an ,english mile1 and the verst very nearly the same2 the ,german long mile equals five and three-fourths ,english miles1 and the ,german short mile is about three and a half ,english4 ,the rapid spread of the metric system of weights and measures will probably make the kilometer the unit of all railway distances on the ,continent in the next decade4 ,trains are run by the time of the capitals of their respective countries1 without regard to the longitude1 and you will often find the local clocks a long way ahead or behind those of the railway station4 ,on arriving at a continental railway station there will be an abundance of porters to carry your hand-baggage to the hotel omnibusses that wait outside for passengers4 ,you have only to indicate the name of your hotel and the porter who takes charge of you will lead the way to its carriage4 ,you hand the receipt for your heavy baggage to the porter1 after depositing the light impedimenta in the omnibus1 and follow him to the salle des bagages1 where you have a period of waiting1 more or less tedious4 ,when the trunks are ready for delivery you point out the pieces which the porter has gathered according to the numbers on them1 and the formalities of the octroi begin4 ,the octroi is a continental institution1 distinct from the custom-house1 but greatly resembling it1 whereby every article of food or drink entering a city pays a tax4 ,the officers of the octroi rarely request a traveler to open his trunks1 as they know very well he is not likely to transport mutton-chops1 cheese1 or wine1 at the high rates charged for railway luggage4 ,but they are sure to ask whether you have anything liable to the octroi1 and when you answer in the negative you may depart4 ,the porter mounts your impedimenta to the top of the omnibus1 and receives his fee--five cents for each heavy parcel1 and five or ten for all the light ones together--you take your seat1 and when all is ready you rattle away to the hotel4 ,there are plenty of cabs and two-horse carriages to be had at the stations1 if you do not wish an omnibus1 but they are more troublesome than the other vehicles in consequence of the acquisitive tendencies of the drivers1 and the stranger ignorant of the language had better reject them4 ,in some cities1 notably in ,berlin1 you have no choice in the selection of your carriage1 but must take the first that is offered4 ,as the drivers come to the station before the arrival of the train each of them hands to an official a metal check bearing his number4 ,these checks are strung on a cane or rod1 and when the train arrives the rod is reversed1 and the numbers come off in the order in which the cabbies presented themselves4 ,the system is a fair one for the drivers1 but bad for the public1 as it often happens that a party of three or four persons will find themselves assigned to a two-seated cab2 in such case they must keep it1 and if they cannot stow themselves into it somehow they can take an additional vehicle4 ,in most of the large cities of ,europe the railway companies have an omnibus system not unlike that of the western cities of the ,united ,states4 ,on arriving at the station you can engage an omnibus1 if you happen to be three or more1 and it is as much under your control as a private cab would be4 ,these vehicles are of all sizes1 carrying from four up to thirty-two persons1 and there is a gallery on the top for baggage4 ,you can telegraph ahead if you want to make sure of having an omnibus at the station2 address your despatch to the ,chef de gare1 and say for how many persons you desire the omnibus4 ,these omnibusses are specially useful for family and other parties of three or more who are about leaving a city and are not stopping at a large hotel4 ,go to one of the company's agencies the day before1 and say by what train you intend to leave and the number of your party1 and the omnibus will be at your door at the proper time4 ,the cost of a vehicle of this sort is less than for a carriage of the same capacity1 and the printed tariff leaves no chance for a mistake4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,steamboat ,,travel ,,in ,,europe4 ,compared with the ,united ,states the continent of ,europe has a small amount of inland navigation4 ,russia contains more rivers where steamers may run than all the rest of ,europe1 and until within a few years her steamboat interest was greater than that of her railways4 ,the ,rhine is the most important stream of ,western ,europe1 and the ,danube has the greatest navigable length of any river outside of ,russia4 ,the ,danube has a serious impediment at the ,iron ,gates1 where a succession of rapids and a channel full of rocks prevent the passage of boats4 ,from the days of the ,romans to the present there has been talk of a canal around the ,iron ,gates1 and there are the remains to-day of a canal that was begun by one of the ,roman emperors1 but never completed4 ,from the head of navigation at ,ulm to its entrance into the ,black ,sea the ,danube has a course of more than seventeen hundred miles1 while the ,rhine can only claim a navigable distance of less than five hundred4 ,the ,rhone and its tributary1 the ,saone1 are classed as navigable streams1 but their currents are so swift that their steamboat interest has never been an important one1 on account of the great cost of making an ascending journey4 ,many of the smaller rivers of ,europe are navigated by freight-boats only2 as a general statement it is fair to say that the inland navigation available to the tourist is comprised in the ,rhine and ,danube rivers1 and the ,swiss and ,italian lakes4 ,in ,russia he will find the ,volga1 the ,don1 and the ,dnieper rivers worthy of attention1 and1 if he is on the lookout for more streams1 he may venture on the ,vistula1 and one or two others of lesser consequence4 ,all the ,swiss lakes are well equipped with steamboats1 and the service is prompt enough to suit the most exacting4 ,on the lake of ,geneva1 for example1 there are half a dozen boats each way1 daily1 the whole length of the lake1 some of them stopping at every landing1 and others making only two or three halts4 ,the boats are long and narrow1 and present a most insignificant appearance when compared with the steamers of the ,hudson and ,mississippi2 the after part is reserved for the first-class passengers1 who can sit under an awning on deck1 or retire to a cabin below4 ,the second-class is forward1 and in fine weather is preferable to the first1 since the latter has all the benefit of the smoke and cinders as they blow aft4 ,the boats on the ,swiss lakes are for day service1 and contain no sleeping-cabins1 but there are sofas and couches on which an invalid may recline1 provided the craft is not too much crowded4 ,meals are served a la carte1 and sometimes at a fixed price2 the latter are not to be recommended on the majority of the boats1 though they are cheaper than meals a la carte4 ,tickets are bought at the clerk's office1 and the traveler is advised to visit that locality and settle his fare as soon as he goes on board4 ,no receipts are given for baggage1 and if there is an excessive amount it is charged for4 ,there is an attach of the boat who looks after the baggage--expecting a fee as a matter of course--but even with his watchfulness it behooves the stranger to keep an eye out for himself1 or he may find on reaching his destination that his trunk has gone ashore by mistake at some other landing4 ,in selecting a seat on deck take one on the side of the boat opposite the sun1 so at to avoid the reflection on the water1 and whenever you leave your seat for a moment put a satchel or some other article in it4 ,fashionable travelers on the ,swiss lakes are not always respectful of the rights of others1 and will drop into an eligible locality the moment it is vacated1 even though they know your absence will be exceedingly brief4 ,the description of the ,swiss steamers will apply in general terms to those of the ,italian lakes4 ,the boats are for day service only1 and their models are very nearly those of the ,swiss4 ,most of the attachs of the boats1 especially the waiters in the cabin1 speak ,french1 and occasionally one may be found who can grapple with ,english4 ,some of the boats are much finer than others1 and the traveler will do well to make enquiries before taking passage4 ,when embarking at an intermediate landing buy a ticket immediately1 or you may be charged for the whole distance from the steamer's starting point4 ,this custom is not altogether unknown in other countries2 there have even been occasions when it cost less to go from ,new ,york to ,albany than to a point half-way between those cities1 as many an individual can testify4 ,for a long time the steamers on the ,rhine were of the model already described1 and the accommodations for passengers were decidedly limited4 ,but with the increase of travel there has been a great improvement1 and now there is a line of ,american steamboats plying the river so famous for its crumbling castles and historic associations4 ,the steamers of the ,american rivers have been taken as models for these boats1 and some of them are finely fitted up and contain many features of real comfort4 ,they are fast winning the favor of the ,germans1 and1 of course1 are patronized by ,americans and ,english to the neglect of the old boats4 ,the traveler should make sure of the name and character of a boat before buying his ticket and embarking1 or he may find himself delegated to an antiquated tub1 with limited accommodations and snail-like speed1 when he had expected to be on a floating palace4 ,the tariff of fares is carefully arranged1 and is posted at the window of each ticket-office1 so that there can be no doubt as to the proper sum to be paid4 ,in most instances tickets are sold at the offices on the docks1 but it is well not to purchase at an intermediate landing until the boat is in sight2 boats are liable to detention from various causes1 and1 if a tourist is in a hurry1 he can take the railway1 which follows the bank of the ,rhine1 or very near it1 all the way from ,dusseldorf to ,mayence4 ,on the ,rhine steamers meals are served a la carte and at fixed prices1 but there has been a tendency of late years to abolish the fixed-price system and serve only a la carte4 ,on most of the boats there is a table d'hote breakfast or dinner at certain hours1 and a notice thereof is given by the ringing of a bell4 ,the waiters are fond of delaying the collection of a passenger's bill till just as he is going on shore2 by so doing they have a better chance of imposing on him than when his memory is quite fresh as to the items with which he can be properly charged4 ,baggage is not checked unless an extra price is paid1 but there is a free allowance of one hundred pounds for each passenger4 ,the charge for guaranteeing the safety of baggage varies from two to ten cents a parcel1 according to its size and estimated value2 when this amount is paid the company is responsible for loss1 and will indemnify the owner according to a fixed tariff4 ,everything goes by tariff on the ,rhine1 except the fees to the waiters1 and the current of the river1 and the wind4 ,on the ,upper ,danube1 from ,ulm to ,linz1 and from ,linz to ,vienna1 the steamers are small and the accommodations limited1 but on the lower part of the stream there is a different state of affairs4 ,the ,danube ,steam ,navigation ,company has some large boats elegantly fitted up1 and though they are deficient in several things they remind the ,american of home4 ,the sleeping accommodations are rather limited1 as there is only a common cabin with two or three tiers of berths1 unless a high price extra is paid for a private room4 ,the dining-saloon is airy and well lighted1 and the table generally excellent4 ,there are two1 and sometimes three1 classes of steamers2 the fastest is the ,accelerated1 which makes only the few principal landings1 and leaves the other boats to perform the details of the service4 ,on the ,accelerated boats meals are included in the fare1 and the payment for them is compulsory1 while on the other steamers the traveler pays only his passage1 and the meals are an extra that he may take or leave alone4 ,there is a ,hungarian line with its headquarters at ,pesth1 and on the lower part of the ,danube there is a ,turkish line that has periodical fits of suspension1 and once in a while disappears for months at a time4 ,there is a considerable amount of travel between ,central ,europe and ,constantinople by the ,danube route2 a traveler from ,vienna goes as far as ,rustchuk by the river1 and then proceeds 7in about eight hours7 to ,varna by rail4 ,from ,varna is a run of fourteen hours by steamship through the ,black ,sea1 and down the ,bosphorus1 till the domes of ,saint ,sophia's ,mosque rise to view4 ,the steamers on the ,russian inland waters leave much to be desired in the way of personal comforts1 and the most that can be said of them is that they are better than no steamers at all4 ,on some of the rivers1 especially on the ,volga1 there are some boats that are fairly equipped1 but the cooking is not the best in the world1 and the passenger must expect to do a good deal of roughing it4 ,the first-class travel is not sufficient to pay for anything like a good service and liberal table1 and if one is on the hunt for luxuries he will keep away from the steamboat service in the land of the ,czar4 ,on the ,siberian lakes and rivers there is a steamboat service of very limited character4 ,the great rivers1 with the exception of the ,amoor1 flow into the ,arctic ,ocean1 and consequently their only business is a local one4 ,there are only two or three steamers on the ,obi1 and the same number on the ,yenesei2 the commerce of the ,amoor maintains from twenty to twenty-five steamboats1 and there are less than half a dozen on ,lake ,baikal and its outlet1 the ,angara4 ,all these steamers are small1 compared with ,american boats1 and their accommodations leave much to be desired4 ,the first cabin is usually an open room1 with wide sofas running all around it1 and on these sofas the traveler makes his couch with his own bed-clothing1 none being provided by the boat4 ,the ticket does not include food1 and the table is supplied by the captain1 at an expense of about a dollar a day for each passenger4 ,a traveler across ,siberia must expect hard fare and poor accommodations1 and find the compensation for his privations in the novel scenes the journey affords4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,sea-,,going ,,steamers ,,in ,,european ,,waters4 ,the name of steam lines in the waters adjacent to ,europe is more than legion1 and the enumeration of them would occupy several pages of this volume4 ,bradshaw's ,continental ,railway and ,steamboat ,guide contains a list of these lines1 corrected from month to month1 according to the changes that have occurred2 the information is conveyed in skeleton form something like the following3 ,malta to ,tripoli4--,by a ,french steamer1 three times a month4 ,twenty-two hours4 ,first-class 7including food71 #b1 #hs4 ,london to ,honfleur4--,the ,villa de ,lisbon and the ,villa de ,paris twice a week4 ,all the great steamship companies issue pamphlets 7gratuitously7 containing the information needed by travelers4 ,these can be obtained by writing to the office of the company1 or by personal application1 and it is advisable for a traveler who expects to wander away from terra firma to provide himself with a stock of these documents4 ,they are of essential advantage in laying out a route1 and by a little study a tourist may often save much time and money4 ,take the following as an illustration3-- ,in #ahgc the writer was at ,vienna to attend the great exhibition of that year4 ,at the close of the affair he projected a journey to ,syria1 ,palestine1 and ,egypt1 and persuaded a friend to accompany him2 the time of each was limited1 and it was desirable to make the trip as expeditiously as possible consistent with doing it thoroughly4 ,information concerning the facilities of eastern travel was difficult to obtain1 and it was concluded to postpone final arrangements until reaching ,constantinople4 ,there were three companies engaged in navigating the waters of the ,levant1 but no one of them would give the least information about another4 ,you can buy a through ticket by our line1 said the agent of each1 and then you may stop over at each port till the next ship of our company comes along4 ,this seemed fair enough1 and is what is done by the majority of tourists1 but it was thought possible to improve on the plan4 ,the handbooks of the companies1 ,french1 ,austrian1 and ,russian1 were obtained1 and with these books before them the twain sat down one evening in the hotel4 ,it required a couple of hours to arrange a route1 but by dint of hard work it was accomplished4 ,the result was something like the following3-- ,leave ,constantinople by ,austrian ,lloyd steamer of the --th1 and go to ,syra1 one of the ,greek ,islands4 ,there connect with a steamer of the same company for ,athens4 ,spend eight days in and around ,athens1 and return to ,syra by an ,austrian ,lloyd ship4 ,spend a day at ,syra1 and then take the fortnightly ,french steamer for ,beyrout4 ,it stops two days at ,smyrna1 and part of a day at each of half a dozen points including ,rhodes1 ,alexandretta1 and ,latakieh1 so that a fair view of those places can be had4 ,eight days after the arrival of the ,french steamer at ,beyrout1 an ,austrian one will touch there4 ,this time will suffice for a journey to ,baalbeck1 and ,damascus1 and the return to ,beyrout1 so as to catch the ,austrian steamer1 and proceed to ,jaffa1 the port of ,jerusalem4 ,eleven days later a ,russian steamer will touch at ,jaffa1 on her way to ,egypt4 ,eleven days will be enough for ,jerusalem1 ,bethlehem1 the ,dead ,sea1 and the river ,jordan1 together with the return to ,jaffa1 to catch this ,russian steamer4 ,the plan was carried out to the letter4 ,there was plenty of time for seeing everything1 and no loss in waiting for ships in the different ports1 save in a single instance that had no serious consequences4 ,the scheme had a decided advantage over the ordinary plan of buying a ticket by a single line1 and depending only on the ships of that line4 ,in the latter instance you are compelled to wait for a fixed period1 while by traveling independently1 and knowing the movements of all the ships serving the ports in which you are interested1 there is often a material saving of time4 ,in addition to the regular lines1 there are many independent steamers trading along the coast of the ,mediterranean and through the north seas1 and by scanning the advertisements1 or enquiring at the steamship offices1 the traveler will often find something decidedly to his advantage4 ,for example1 the writer was once in ,singapore1 at the ,straits of ,malacca1 intending to go to ,java4 ,there is a steamer once a week from ,singapore to ,batavia1 the capital of ,java1 and the vessel for that particular week was a ,french one that had only sixteen berths in her cabin2 it was whispered around the hotel that she would be terribly overcrowded1 as she had nearly fifty passengers booked1 and perhaps more4 ,by enquiring at the shipping offices it was ascertained that a ,dutch steamer had been at ,singapore for repair1 and would return the same day and hour as the ,french one1 but she had not been advertised1 and nothing would have been known of her in the ordinary way4 ,the writer and his friend secured passage on the ,dutch steamer1 and had a pleasant voyage2 she had the same accommodations as the ,french ship1 and only seven persons to occupy them1 while the latter had fifty-two6 ,they were packed somewhat after the manner of sardines in a can1 and had a hard time of it1 while every passenger on the ,dutch ship had a room to himself1 and all the space he wanted at the dinner table4 ,the rules and regulations on the steamers in and around ,european waters vary somewhat1 according to the nationalities of the companies4 ,the ,american traveler will run across what will be to him a curious custom1 on some of the ,mediterranean lines2 the supplying of food1 and the service of the table generally is not undertaken by the company1 but is leased or farmed out1 the same as a hotel-keeper in ,new ,york leases the space for a cigar or newspaper stand4 ,the consequence is that the table will vary considerably on different ships of the same company1 in proportion as the steward is liberal or the reverse4 ,it also happens frequently that the captain and steward are not on friendly terms1 as the latter does not run the table in accordance with the ideas of the former2 the steward is not responsible to the captain1 and cannot be removed by him1 and as long as the contract is a favorable one for the company1 and the passengers make no complaint1 the managers of the concern are likely to uphold the steward as against the captain4 ,on most of the ,french and ,italian lines it is useless to make any complaint to the captain concerning the table1 and the steward will laugh at you for so doing4 ,but if you write your objections in the official complaint book1 the situation is changed at once4 ,this matter requires a little explanation4 ,on all ,italian mail steamers1 and on some of the ,french and ,austrian ones1 there is a book accessible to the passengers for the express purpose of receiving their complaints4 ,the pages are numbered consecutively1 and they are stamped by the chief maritime officer of the port where the ship is registered1 and at the completion of every voyage the book goes to that functionary for examination4 ,if there is any complaint it is investigated1 and receives the proper punishment1 at least such is the general belief4 ,the service of the table of an ,italian steamer has been changed from bad to good by the mere threat of writing a complaint1 and on one occasion1 when the matter had been written out1 the captain and officers subsequently begged the complaining passenger to add a postscript to the effect that the cause of his growl had been removed1 and he was willing to withdraw his remarks4 ,they had bestirred themselves to make things pleasant1 and so he complied with their request1 but not till the steamer was in sight of port1 lest their vigilance might relax4 ,it is a pity that the same system is not in vogue on some of the trans-,atlantic steamers1 as it would have a good effect now and then on the discipline of the servants4 ,one great inconvenience of travel in the ,mediterranean1 and also at many ports on the eastern and northern coast of the ,continent of ,europe1 is the necessity of landing or embarking in row-boats4 ,the boats are rarely supplied by the company owning the steamers1 but must be secured by the passenger1 and as the boatmen are rapacious1 and more or less dishonest 7generally more71 the negotiations are not pleasant4 ,besides it is no joke when the sea is rough1 and the distance long1 to be tossed in a skiff between shore and steamer1 or steamer and shore1 especially if one is inclined to sea-sickness1 and not over-confident in the safety of the craft that carries him4 ,the operation of landing or embarking when the waves are tossing1 has an element of risk about it1 and many a person has been dropped into the water in stepping from a skiff to the gangway stairs1 or from stairs to skiff4 ,the steamship companies shirk the responsibility of transfers in harbors where they connect with ships of their own lines2 in the voyage just mentioned1 from ,constantinople to ,syra1 and from ,syra to ,athens1 the tickets were purchased through from the ,golden ,horn to the ,piraeus1 but on reaching ,syra the party was told it must pay its own expense for transferring to the branch vessel that was waiting for them4 ,gouty1 feeble1 and timid persons are warned that a tour of the ,mediterranean is not to be undertaken lightly1 by reason of this impossibility of landing directly at a dock4 ,of all the ports of the ,mediterranean there are not half a dozen where the steamers lie at docks1 so as to render the small boat unnecessary4 ,for general advice concerning the business of going down to the sea in ships1 the reader is referred to a previous section of this volume4 ,the precautions against sea-sickness are as good 7or as useless7 in the one case as the other1 and the stewards and other employs of the ship are much alike1 whatever their nationality4 ,on the ,french1 ,italian1 and ,austrian steamers1 the chief steward has the assignment of rooms instead of the purser2 the latter functionary is rarely seen by the passenger1 and is supposed to be busy with his accounts of the freight4 ,consequently the chief steward is the proper personage to evince any friendly disposition for1 and he is generally open to arguments of a financial character4 ,a five-franc piece will render him attentive1 for ten francs he is obsequious1 and for twenty he may possibly harbor the proposal to throw the captain overboard1 and put you in chief command4 ,for parties containing ladies it is well to remember that ,english1 ,french1 or ,austrian steamers on the ,mediterranean and ,black ,sea lines1 are preferable to other nationalities1 as they generally carry stewardesses1 while the others do not4 ,there are exceptions to this rule on some of the ,italian ships on long voyages1 but they are decidedly rare4 ,in the matter of cleanliness1 the various nationalities may be ranged in the following order3--,english1 ,french1 ,austrian1 ,russian1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,greek4 ,the ,turkish and ,egyptian steamers are hardly worth including in the list as they have at best very poor accommodations for occidentals of the sterner sex1 while they are totally unfit for ladies to travel on4 ,in ,northern ,europe the ,german1 ,dutch1 ,swedish1 ,norwegian1 and ,russian ships are pretty nearly alike1 and if there is any difference it is in the order named4 ,all the northern nations are good sailors1 and the captains are competent navigators2 the ,latin races are less reliable in this respect than the ,teutons and their kindred1 and the ,orientals are the worst of all4 ,of the ,latins the ,french are the best1 and especially those from ,marseilles and its vicinity4 ,the ,italians were once hardy navigators1 and the mariners of ,genoa1 ,venice1 and other maritime cities of ,italy have a noble record2 but in these latter days they have degenerated very seriously1 and their triumphs on the sea are not of great renown4 ,the best of ,italian seamen and sailors come from ,genoa1 ,sardinia1 and ,corsica1--the latter1 though belonging to ,france1 may be classed as ,italian1 since the people are of that lineage and speak the language of the peninsula4 ,in the same way the ,austrian ,lloyd steamers belong properly to the ,italian classification1 since ,trieste1 the headquarters of the company1 is essentially ,italian1 and it is not unusual to find captains and other officers of the company who speak no other language1 although ,german is the tongue of the country under whose flag they sail4 ,the ,spanish sailors are a sad travesty on the men that four hundred years ago traversed the ,atlantic with ,columbus1 and during the three following centuries made the ,spanish name respected and feared on the seas all over the globe4 ,a ,spanish steamer generally abounds in fleas and dirt1 and the cuisine leaves much to be desired2 if you call the attention of the steward to creeping or jumping things in the berths he will gravely inform you that such a thing was never known before on the ship and you must have brought it on board when you embarked4 ,the ,turk is too much a fatalist to be a good sailor4 ,he is not deficient in bravery or intelligence1 but in a place of peril he is very apt to fold his arms and say ,inshallah 7,god wills it71 and let events shape themselves4 ,therefore it is well to avoid a ,turkish or ,egyptian ship whenever another nationality can be found1 not only on the score of cleanliness already mentioned1 but on that of safety4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,sea ,,and ,,ocean ,,steamers ,,in ,,various ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,there is now hardly any part of the world touched by salt water that cannot be reached by steamer2 wherever there is sufficient commerce to give promise of remuneration a steam line is sure to be established4 ,most of the ,european governments support lines of steamers by subsidies in the shape of mail contracts2 in this way they have built up a mercantile marine1 comprising thousands of ships that plow the waves in all directions and spread their flags wherever the breezes blow4 ,commerce has been developed by the steamship1 and one after another the subsidized lines have created a trade that has enabled them to take care of themselves1 or will thus enable them as the years roll on4 ,the steamer is one of the links to unite the nations1 and the familiar intercourse that it creates is a sure promotor of universal peace4 ,of transatlantic lines there are many2 it is impossible to give the exact number for the reason that new ones may be created or old ones suspended during the time this volume is passing through the press4 ,on the ,american coast the ports of ,montreal1 ,quebec1 ,halifax1 ,portland1 ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,charleston1 ,savannah1 and ,new ,orleans are served by transatlantic steam lines2 ,new ,york alone has a dozen 7roughly stated7 and several of the others have each two or three4 ,the ports on the other side of the ,atlantic that are thus connected with the ,united ,states are ,liverpool1 ,london1 ,glasgow1 ,belfast1 ,bristol1 ,hull1 ,southampton1 ,hamburg1 ,bremen1 ,rotterdam1 ,antwerp1 ,havre1 and ,bordeaux4 ,the ,liverpool steamers touch at ,queenstown1 both going and returning1 so that the latter port has an almost daily communication with ,america by steam without herself owning a single ship4 ,there are lines between ,new ,york and the ports of the ,mediterranean1 with a service more or less regular4 ,in the fruit season there is more activity in their movements1 and their numbers are greater than when the oranges have ceased to be gathered and the lemon has been squeezed4 ,occasionally there is a steamer for ports on the ,baltic1 and not many years ago there was a line to ,stettin and another to ,amsterdam4 ,they may be revived any day1 and new lines may come into existence while yet we are talking about them4 ,thus far there are no regular lines of steamers between the ,atlantic coast of the ,united ,states and the ports of ,asia4 ,one of the ,new ,york and ,liverpool companies has a line to ,bombay and can send passengers and freight all the way by its own ships1 with a transfer in ,liverpool4 ,in the tea season steamers come from ,china to ,new ,york by way of the ,suez ,canal1 bringing cargoes of the herb that forms our breakfast beverage1 but they do not return by the way they came2 from ,china to ,new ,york they make a direct voyage1 but on the return journey to the ,land of the ,celestials they take cargoes for ,liverpool1 ,london1 or any other port that offers4 ,most of these ships are specially designed for freighting purposes1 and their passenger accommodations are limited2 some of them are noted for their speed1 though they rarely make as rapid progress as the crack vessels of the transatlantic lines4 ,the great majority of the steam lines everywhere are under the ,english flag2 of the transatlantic companies only one is ,american1 but not all of its ships are of ,american build4 ,of the two great companies that connect ,europe with the far ,east one is ,french and the other ,english2 there are two smaller companies connecting ,england with ,china1 both of them ,english1 and there are occasional irregular ships1 all of the same nationality4 ,without attempting statistical exactness it is safe to say that of the ocean steamers that link the different parts of the world together at least nine out of every ten are ,british4 ,we have already glanced at the steamship service in waters adjacent to ,europe2 let us now look away to the ,east4 ,there is an average of fully four steamers a week from ,europe to ,alexandria1 ,egypt1 and in the winter season the number is greater4 ,the lines are ,english1 ,french1 ,austrian1 and ,italian1 with a semi-monthly ,russian and an occasional craft of some other nationality4 ,some of these steamers end their journey at ,alexandria and return thence to ,europe1 while others proceed to ,asia by way of the ,suez ,canal4 ,the steamers touching at ,alexandria form but a small part of those that use the ,suez ,canal2 the traffic through that artificial highway has steadily increased1 from year to year1 until it now amounts to #abj ships a month1 or four per day4 ,nearly all the craft that pass through the ,canal are steamers1 as it has not been found profitable for sailing ships to make the voyage up or down the ,red ,sea1 with its treacherous winds and dangerous navigation4 ,it is probable that within the next decade the number of steamers passing the ,canal will be not less than #bjj per month1 and many persons familiar with the subject predict an increase still greater4 ,from ,suez the steamers follow the narrow track of the ,red ,sea1 where the sun pours down its pitiless rays and causes the panting traveler to absorb copiously of beverages that cool if they do not inebriate4 ,from the ,straits of ,bab-el-,mandel 7,gate of ,tears7 the routes diverge2 one tends northward and eastward to the ,persian ,gulf and the rivers that flow into it1 while another heads almost due east to ,bombay4 ,the route of the ,persian ,gulf is served by an ,english company1 while that of ,bombay can boast of three or four ,english lines1 an ,austrian line1 and an ,italian one1 not to mention the many irregular steamers on the hunt for chance cargoes and passengers4 ,a hundred miles from the entrance of the ,red ,sea is the verdureless ,rock of ,aden1 where ,british enterprise has established a port and coaling station4 ,most of the regular lines make a halt there1 and it has been found in practice that ,aden is an important point of divergence4 ,some of the ,english companies have a service down the east coast of ,africa as far as the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and the ,french have a line to ,seychelles1 ,mauritius1 and ,reunion4 ,the majority of the steamers going east from ,aden head for ,pointe de ,galle1 at the southern extremity of ,ceylon4 ,here they diverge again1 some going to ,calcutta1 some to ,australia1 around its southern coast1 a few to ,burmah1 and the rest to ,singapore1 at the ,straits of ,malacca4 ,from ,singapore there are various routes for the ships that have followed each other from ,pointe de ,galle4 ,northward go some to the capital of ,siam1 less northerly others to ,cochin ,china1 and others to ,hong ,kong1 ,shanghai1 ,yokohama1 and the different ports of the ,celestial ,empire1 and the ,land of the ,mikado4 ,others turn southward from ,singapore to ,java1 and there is a line between ,singapore and ,australia1 by way of ,java and ,torres ,straits1 following the northern coast of the great island instead of its southern one4 ,irregular ships go to ,borneo and around ,sumatra1 and there is a ,spanish line that unites ,singapore with the ,philippine ,islands4 ,from ,japan and ,china to ,europe there is a regular mail service each way once a week1 and the arrivals and departures can be relied upon very nearly like those of railway trains4 ,one week it is performed by the ,french steamers1 and the next by the ,english1 and so it goes on1 from the year's beginning to the year's ending4 ,the smaller lines of steamers add materially to the opportunities for a traveler between ,europe and the far ,east1 and it may be fairly stated that at all times of the year there are two steamers a week each way1 while during the tea season there are double that number4 ,when the new crop of teas comes in there is generally a race between two or more steamers from ,china to ,london2 the shortest passage thus far recorded was made in thirty-seven days from ,shanghai to the docks at ,london by one of these tea steamers1 and her competitor was only a few hours behind her4 ,an ,english company skirts the coast of ,india and ,ceylon from ,bombay to ,calcutta with weekly steamers each way2 it sends its ships northward from ,bombay to ,kurrachee1 ,bushire1 and up the ,tigris as far as ,bagdad1 and from ,calcutta it sends them to ,burmah1 the ,straits of ,malacca1 and ,singapore4 ,there is a ,chinese line from ,rangoon to ,singapore1 touching the principal ports of ,burmah and the ,straits1 and there is a ,chinese line and a ,siamese one also1 connecting ,singapore with ,bangkok every four or five days4 ,the ,dutch owners of ,java have a line from ,amsterdam to ,batavia twice a month each way1 touching ,gibraltar1 ,naples1 and ,suez1 and they have several lines around the ,java seas1 to communicate with the ,spice ,islands1 and enable them to keep a watchful eye over their possessions4 ,about once a month they send a steamer to ,melbourne and ,sidney by way of ,torres ,straits1 and they send a ship every week around the coast of ,sumatra4 ,the coast of ,china is well served by ,english lines1 and in the last few years by a ,chinese one1 composed of ships purchased of foreigners4 ,in the same way there is a ,japanese company that navigates the waters around the ,mikado's ,empire1 and also connects the ,japanese ports with ,shanghai and ,hong ,kong4 ,the ,yang-tse1 the great river of ,china1 is navigated by a ,chinese company and an ,english one1 the former being equipped with steamers built in the ,united ,states1 and the latter with boats constructed in ,england1 after the ,american model4 ,the ports of ,australia and ,new ,zealand are connected by local lines1 and there are two or more lines of steamers that ply between ,australia and ,england2 from ,england to ,australia the route is by the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 but on the return voyage the ships go through the ,suez ,canal1 in consequence of the peculiar course of the trade-winds4 ,on their outward passage they touch at the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and thus come in competition with the lines that have been established between ,england and ,south ,africa4 ,the regular service is weekly1 and performed by two companies1 making alternate departures4 ,coming back to ,europe1 we will turn our eyes toward the west once more4 ,there is an ,english line running to the ,west ,indies1 touching the principal ports as far as ,aspinwall1 where they connect with the steamers of another ,english line from ,panama to the ,straits of ,magellan4 ,three ,french lines perform nearly a similar service1 one going from ,saint ,nazaire to ,aspinwall1 a second from ,saint ,nazaire to ,vera ,cruz1 and a third from ,havre and ,bordeaux to ,aspinwall4 ,all these lines touch at ports on the way1 and one of them has a branch to ,cayenne2 the departures each way in each direction are monthly1 while that of the ,english one is fortnightly4 ,another ,french line goes to ,brazil and ,la ,plata1 touching at the ,french colony of ,senegal1 on the ,african coast1 and there are two ,italian lines from ,naples and ,genoa that cover the same route1 but without visiting ,senegal4 ,there are two other ,french lines to the east coast of ,south ,america1 and two or three ,english ones1 so that the traveler in either direction will have plenty of ships to choose from4 ,then there are local lines all along the coast1 and there is an ,english line through the ,straits of ,magellan1 and up the west coast of ,south ,america as far as ,callao1 not to be confounded with the one already mentioned from ,panama southward4 ,besides these there is a ,spanish company plying between ,cadiz and ,havana1 and a ,portuguese one from ,lisbon to ,brazil4 ,we have almost girdled the world in our observations of steamships1 and may now return to ,new ,york4 ,the advertising columns of the leading dailies will tell all about the numerous local lines that skirt our coast as far ,south as ,vera ,cruz and ,aspinwall1 and they may or may not tell us of a line from ,new ,york to ,rio de ,janeiro flying the ,american flag4 ,several lines of this kind have been established1 but they have never been of long duration1 as the cost of maintaining them is greater than the receipts1 and the ,united ,states government refuses to adopt the ,english policy of sustaining steam lines by permanent mail contracts4 ,as this page is being written such a line is in full operation2 its permanency is to be most devoutly hoped1 but hopes will not always pay the expense of running a steamship4 ,an ,english line connects ,new ,york with ,brazil1 but does it in a roundabout way2 the steamers go from ,england to ,brazil1 carrying cargoes of ,english manufactures1 thence they take cargoes of coffee and other ,south ,american produce to ,new ,york1 and at the latter port they load for home with whatever freight is offering4 ,between ,san ,francisco and ,japan and ,china there are two lines of steamers2 both are under ,american management1 and the ships of one are of ,american build while those of the other are leased from ,english owners4 ,the service is semi-monthly1 divided between the two companies1 and the broad ,pacific is traversed in about twenty days4 ,there is a coasting line from ,san ,francisco to ,panama1 and there are two coast lines going north to ,oregon and ,british ,columbia4 ,an ,american line runs from ,san ,francisco once a month to the ,sandwich ,islands1 and the ,feejees to ,new ,zealand1 and there connects with the local steamers to ,australia4 ,here we are at the point we reached by steamer from ,europe1 and may pause awhile to consider other matters4 ,we have seen the ,north ,star and the ,southern ,cross1 the pine and palm2 blasts from high latitudes have chilled our limbs1 and we have been faint and suffering under the terrible heat of the equator4 ,but our tireless steamer bears us on and on1 indifferent whether it breathes the airs of the tropics or the poles2 its pulseless limbs are never wearied so long as we supply its digestive and respiratory organs with their needed aliments4 ,the steamer has destroyed the poetry of the ocean1 but it has been a material force in bringing peace on earth and good will to men4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,by ,,stage-,,coach1 ,,diligence1 ,,and ,,post4 ,the world moves rapidly1 and the greater part of its motion1 from a traveler's point of view1 is by steam4 ,on land and on sea the steam engine is the great propelling force2 the railway train has usurped the place of the stage-coach and diligence1 and the white wings of the sailing ship have been shrouded by the smoke of the steamer's funnel4 ,the sailing ship and the stage-coach still exist1 but their importance is gone1 and1 from present indications1 there is no likelihood that they will ever return to their former greatness4 ,on a few routes in ,england coaching has been revived1 but only as an amusement1 and there is no prospect that it will gain more than a slender patronage4 ,the sailing ship is not a remunerative possession in competition with the steamer1 and the persons who take passage in it wherever there is opportunity for the more expeditious form of travel are few and far between4 ,before the general adoption of the railway in the ,united ,states1 the mail-coach was in the height of its glory2 all over the settled portion of the country the crack of the driver's whip resounded1 and the vehicle1 gaudy with paint1 and dusty with what it had gathered from the road1 was the admiration of all who saw it4 ,the veterans who guided these conveyances were famous in their line as victorious generals1 and it was the proud ambition of many a noble youth to be a first-class stage-driver on a great route4 ,early in the century1 and down to #ahdj1 the triumphs of these jehus were mainly in the ,atlantic ,states and over the ,alleghenies1 but with the extension of the railway1 the stage-coach became a star of empire1 and took its course westward4 ,the last great route of the stage-coach was covered by the completion of the ,pacific ,railway1 and now its services are confined to localities that have not been reached by the iron horse4 ,the ,pacific ,states have several important stage lines of a local character1 and some of them have acquired a national reputation4 ,every visitor to ,california can tell about the drive to the ,geysers1 or the road to the ,yosemite ,valley1 where teams of six and eight horses are driven at full speed around sharp turns1 and a mishap might send coach and passengers whirling a thousand feet down the mountain side4 ,those who have journeyed north from ,california to ,oregon are familiar with the mountain ride of three hundred miles between the termini of the railways of the two states1 and there are several interior places of importance where the railway has not yet penetrated4 ,the newer states and territories have a considerable number of stage routes in operation1 and in the summer season the whip of the stage-driver is heard among the mountains of the eastern states1 and in other pleasure-resorts where the denizen of the city seeks coolness and relaxation4 ,for traveling by stage-coach in ,america the preparations are not numerous4 ,if the journey is to be one of several days you will need a strong constitution1 as the luxuries of a palace-car1 or an ocean steamship1 are not to be found on the horse-propelled vehicle4 ,have a suit of clothes as near the color of dust as possible1 and1 if your sex is masculine1 cut your hair and beard so that your head will resemble that of a pugilist1 or the back of a bull-dog4 ,carry very little baggage1 the least you can possibly get along with1 and don't keep it where it will get in your way4 ,find a rear seat in the coach1 and1 if in winter1 try to have it on the side favored by the sun4 ,of course you will try for a corner seat1 and1 if you get it1 you will be all right4 ,these things accomplished1 resign yourself to fate and the care of the driver4 ,on a long ride by stage-coach you will naturally wonder how you are to sleep4 ,for the first twenty-four hours you have a hard time of it1 and your first night's sleep will be principally made up of wakefulness4 ,but ,nature will assert herself2 the second night is quite comfortable1 while on the succeeding nights you find yourself sleeping as well as in your bed at home1 at least so far as obtaining relief from weariness is concerned4 ,if you have never tried it you will be astonished to find how little you are fatigued after a ride of five or ten days4 ,in regions where there are highwaymen1 facetiously termed road agents by the ,californians1 carry as little money as possible1 and leave your valuable gold watch behind4 ,you may have a revolver if you like1 but it is generally of very little use1 as the robbers come on you in such numbers1 or under such circumstances1 that your weapons cannot be employed4 ,generally the first intimation of their presence is the protrusion of several rifles or pistols into the windows of the coach1 with a request1 more or less polite1 for you to hand over your valuables4 ,when you have no alternative but to hand over1 do so with alacrity1 and lead your assailants to think it the happiest moment of your life4 ,if you are compelled1 as often happens1 to step outside the vehicle and hold your hands in the air while standing in line with the other passengers1 try and hold them a little higher1 and be more in line1 than anybody else4 ,where resistance is useless do not make the least attempt to oppose your uninvited interviewers1 as they are a fastidious set of gentlemen1 and regard with suspicion any movement of your hand towards your hip-pocket4 ,the traveler who accepts the situation1 and conducts himself philosophically under such circumstances1 runs very little risk of bodily harm2 the robbers are after his valuables and not his life1 as it is not the least use to them1 and they are unwilling to take it except in self-defense1 or to aid their search for his personal property4 ,american highwaymen have not yet learned the art of carrying travelers away and holding them for ransom4 ,this accomplishment is of ,italian origin1 and flourishes in ,italy1 ,sicily1 and other parts of ,southern ,europe4 ,it was introduced into ,mexico by the ,italian emigrants who went there with ,maximilian1 and prevails to some extent in ,south ,america4 ,accidents on stage-coaches are much more rare than one might expect when the occasional badness of the roads and the apparently reckless driving are considered4 ,the fact is the driving is more reckless in appearance than in reality2 the stage companies generally employ men who understand their business1 though they may not be altogether ,chesterfieldian in their manners4 ,if you have any doubts as to the merits of the man who is to conduct you they can be generally settled by consultation with the agents of the company2 the story they tell you may not be true1 but there will be a vast amount of comfort in it4 ,a great many stories1 mostly apocryphal1 are told of stage accidents in the far west4 ,one is to the effect that a driver once informed a timid traveler that nobody was ever hurt on his stage1 though a good many had been killed4 ,the stranger naturally asked an explanation1 and received the following3 ,there used to be a good many accidents1 said he1 and lots of people were killed or wounded4 ,the killed ones didn't make any fuss2 the company just settled with their relatives1 and that was the end of it1 but them that was hurt made a good deal of trouble4 ,they were always bringing suits for damages for large amounts1 and generally getting 'em1 and so ,i made up my mind to put a stop to it4 ,when we have an accident nowadays ,i just take a linch-pin and go round and finish up all the wounded ones1 and we find things going on much better4 ,for a short ride in good weather an outside seat is preferable1 especially where there is fine scenery along the route4 ,the place by the driver is usually the post of honor1 and if that worthy is talkative1 as he generally is1 a good deal of information can be gleaned from him4 ,he is usually unaffected by temperance principles1 and a pull at a flask will serve to loosen the cords of his tongue4 ,the ,american coaches are of varied size and construction1 according to the character of the roads where they are used4 ,the old-fashioned stage-coach usually had a capacity for carrying twenty-one passengers1 twelve inside and nine out1 and was suspended on leathern braces4 ,the form is still retained in the so-called ,troy coaches and ,concord coaches1 but in many vehicles steel springs have taken the place of leather4 ,a form of coach largely used in the far west is the mud-wagon1 which can traverse routes impassable for the larger and heavier carriage1 and is specially preferred where the roads are bad4 ,on some of the ,california routes1 when the roads are moulting in the spring1 there is often a depth of several inches of mud1 and only the lightest vehicles can pass through it4 ,the diligence in ,europe corresponds to the stage-coach in ,america2 like the latter it has seen its sphere diminished by the construction of railways1 and like it1 too1 it reflects the institutions of the countries where it exists4 ,on the ,american coach there is no distinction2 all seats have an equal price1 and the first-comer has the choice4 ,on the diligence there are grades and classes1 and the seats are numbered and reserved like those of a theatre4 ,the most costly places are in the coup1 which is beneath the driver's seat1 and has windows in front above the level of the horses' backs2 then comes the banquette1 which is behind the driver1 and is an excellent spot in fine weather1 but disagreeable in a storm4 ,the interieur1 as its name implies1 is an inside affair1 and affords very little view of the road1 and the rotonde is at the back of the banquette1 and cheapest of all1 as it is also the poorest4 ,particular places may be secured for days ahead2 on some of the ,swiss diligences you may take your place thirty days in advance by payment at the office1 or by enclosing the price of the fare with your card and a memorandum of the day and hour of departure4 ,diligences are in use all over ,europe to reach towns and villages that are not accessible by rail4 ,their fares are regulated by government1 and the hours of departure and arrival may be relied upon as exactly as those of railway trains4 ,at present the greatest country of diligences is ,switzerland2 they are to be found on many roads of that mountainous region1 and on some routes they have a heavy patronage4 ,between ,geneva and ,chamouny1 a distance of about fifty miles1 there are sometimes a dozen diligences each way daily in summer1 all of them filled with passengers4 ,the diligences on this route are a solution of the problem1 often declared impossible by ,american stage-drivers1 of making a coach where all the seats are outside ones4 ,the body of the vehicle contains the baggage1 and the seats are in rows on the top1 over which an awning is spread4 ,the only exceptions to the rule of putting all the seats outside is in the coup1 which commands a higher price than the banquette1 but in fair weather is far less desirable4 ,the old-fashioned diligence with coup1 interieur1 banquette1 and rotonde1 is not much used on pleasure-routes1 as very few of the seats are desirable for tourists4 ,for a long journey the coup is the most comfortable part of the diligence2 it contains three and sometimes four seats1 but one or two persons may secure it by paying for the whole space4 ,the ,french in ,algeria have introduced the diligence1 and the writer has pleasant recollections of some night rides in a capacious coup1 while journeying with a friend to and from the ,desert of ,sahara4 ,the coup or any other part of the vehicle1 once engaged1 it cannot be invaded by any other person1 and not even a ,prince1 ,grand ,duke1 or any other titled individual would dream of taking it from you4 ,posting is still in vogue in some parts of ,europe1 especially in ,russia4 ,where the system exists it is under control of government1 and the supervision is usually pretty strict4 ,one may travel by post in many parts of ,switzerland2 he may have his own carriage or he can hire one from the government or from a private individual4 ,one hour's notice is required for hiring a conveyance of this sort1 and the changes at the relay stations generally take from #ae to #cj minutes4 ,as in stage coaching1 or any other travel by horse-power1 the less baggage you have the better4 ,the country par excellence of posting is the ,asiatic portion of ,russia1 commonly called ,siberia4 ,european ,russia was formerly traversed by post routes1 but the construction of railways has caused most of them to be discontinued4 ,in ,siberia there are as yet no railways1 the country is large and the roads are excellent4 ,all these conditions are favorable to the posting system1 and by means of it you may travel from the ,ural mountains to the ,sea of ,okhotsk without a break4 ,the writer once journeyed by post from the head of navigation on the ,amoor ,river1 in ,siberia1 to ,nijne ,novgorod1 in ,european ,russia1 a distance of nearly five thousand miles4 ,fourteen hundred miles of this was accomplished in a wheeled carriage 7called a tarantass7 and #c1fjj in a sleigh4 ,a brief account of this journey will describe the ,russian posting system4 ,the first requisite for the road is a ,padarojnia1 or road pass1 which is issued by the government authorities1 and without it no one can pass a single station of the route or obtain horses4 ,the document states the name1 residence1 and destination of the bearer1 the number of horses to which he is entitled1 and the grade of his pass4 ,there are three grades of road passes1 the first for government couriers and high officials1 the second for lesser lights in the official firmament1 or for distinguished civilians1 and the third for the common civilian4 ,horses are kept waiting for the first1 and are generally forthcoming for the second1 but the holder of a third class ,padarojnia will often wait for hours before he can be supplied1 unless he is willing to pay an extra fee to the station master for expeditious service4 ,baggage must be in flat and broad valises of soft leather1 and all hard boxes and square parcels should be thrown away at the start4 ,these broad valises1 or chemidans1 are spread on the bottom of the vehicle2 straw or hay is laid over them and the whole is covered with a heavy coarse quilt4 ,you sit1 recline1 or lie at full length on this soft flooring2 no seats are in the vehicle1 and one very soon learns that he is far better off without them4 ,a couple of thick and strong pillows are necessary to hold you in your corner and save you from the frequent thumps you would otherwise receive4 ,you can travel in the vehicle 7telega7 belonging to the government stations1 but in this event you must change at every station1 a performance that speedily becomes a nuisance1 especially in a cold night4 ,it is best to hire a tarantass to be taken through1 or1 if you cannot hire one1 you had better purchase it outright and sell for what you can get at the end of the journey4 ,the tarantass is mounted on a pair of stout and flexible poles that serve as springs1 and sometimes they are so long that the two axles are at least twelve feet apart4 ,it has a hood like an old-fashioned chaise1 and is equipped with a boot and an apron1 so that it can be quite shut in at night or in a storm4 ,to protect him from the cold the writer had a suit of thick clothing1 covered with a sheepskin coat that buttoned tight around the neck and descended to the ankles4 ,over this he had a deerskin coat with the hair outside2 it reached to his heels1 trailing like a lady's dress when he walked1 and was large enough inside for a man and a boy4 ,the collar was a foot wide1 and the sleeves were six inches longer than the wearer's arms2 they were very inconvenient when he wanted to pick up anything1 and when the collar was turned up and brought around in front it suggested the idea of a man without a head4 ,for wraps he had a robe made of nine sheepskins1 sewed together and backed with heavy felting2 the robe was about three yards square and as impervious to cold as the side of an ordinary house4 ,then he had a fur cap fitting close to the head1 fur gloves for his hands1 and a mitten of sable skin for his nose4 ,he discarded the ordinary boot of civilization and wore1 over his ordinary socks1 a pair of socks of squirrel skin with the fur inside4 ,over these he had sheepskin stockings reaching to the knees1 with the wool inside1 and over these he had deerskin boots that rose to the bifurcation of his legs1 and were held in place by thongs4 ,thus equipped one may bid defiance to the low temperature of a winter journey across ,siberia4 ,at ,irkutsk1 the capital of ,eastern ,siberia1 he remained a month1 till the snows fell and the winter roads were good4 ,then he bought a sleigh 7kibitka71 constructed after the general pattern of the tarantass1 save that it was on runners instead of wheels4 ,with a slight expenditure for repairs he carried this sleigh through to ,nijne ,novgorod 7#c1fjj miles71 or rather was carried by the sleigh4 ,a ,siberian journey may begin at any hour of the day the traveler chooses1 and is continued day and night till it closes4 ,the usual custom is to order the post horses to be brought around about #aj ,p4,m42 the day and evening have been spent in feasting and farewells1 and towards midnight the departing traveler nestles down among his garments and thick wraps1 and is ready to go to sleep while the team dashes over the road at a rattling pace4 ,sometimes he is escorted to the first station by a party of friends1 and in this case they set off all together about sunset and make an evening of it4 ,the horses are changed at distances varying from ten to twenty-five miles2 they are paid for at each change1 and the traveler must be provided with a bag of copper coin1 so that he will never be at a loss to make out the exact amount that may be due4 ,the driver expects a small gratuity1 and he generally earns it by driving at a lively gait2 a placard is hung in every station1 showing the distance to the stations on each side1 and the price per horse1 so that the best intentions of the station master to cheat the wayfarer are frustrated4 ,everything included1 cost of padarojnia1 hire of horses1 and gratuities to drivers1 the expense of posting in ,siberia is about four cents a mile2 two persons may occupy a kibitka1 and some of these vehicles will hold three1 and the number of persons makes no difference in the cost except when it is so large as to call for more horses4 ,the station master is required by law to furnish travelers with hot water and bread1 at a fixed price1 and he may sell anything else that he chooses4 ,eggs can generally be had at the stations1 but no other article of food can be relied on4 ,the traveler will carry his own tea1 coffee1 brandy1 and edibles generally2 in winter the frost preserves them perfectly1 and he is under no apprehension that his perishable provisions will perish4 ,soup is carried in cakes like small bricks2 roast beef resembles red granite1 and must be carved with an axe4 ,there is always a fire in the travelers' room at the stations1 and no difficulty in preparing one's dinner1 which is seasoned with that best of all sauces1 a keen appetite4 ,the sleigh glides merrily over the smooth roads and bounds the reverse of joyously where the way is rough4 ,as long as the harness holds together and the team is in motion the driver pays no attention to the passengers1 but lets them rattle about as they will4 ,occasionally there is a spill1 but it rarely amounts to anything more than a disagreeable shaking up and a scattering of one's property along the road4 ,to guard against a mishap of this sort it is customary to lash the baggage into its place by passing a strong cord over it a half-dozen times or more4 ,on and on you go1 changing horses at the stations1 and alighting two or three times a day for meals4 ,in the cities and large towns you may halt a day or two for relief from the monotony1 and for any repairs that your sleigh may need4 ,the road is long2 there are #bji changes of horses between ,irkutsk and ,nijne ,novgorod1 and some #ij odd between the head of the ,amoor and ,irkutsk4 ,it gets tiresome after a while1 and you gladly hear the whistle of the locomotive which tells you that your long ride is at an end4 ,the winter is by far the best season of the year for traversing ,siberia4 ,in summer the roads are dusty1 the delays at the river crossings are frequently long and vexatious1 mosquitoes and flies fill the air1 provisions will only keep fresh for a day or so1 and the tarantass is a heavy vehicle to draw4 ,the frost seals the rivers1 shuts up the flies and mosquitoes1 lays the dust1 extinguishes the malaria of the marshes1 and preserves your animal food for an indefinite period4 ,if you intend taking the longest and most exhilarating post ride in the world1 by all means make up your mind to try it in winter4 ,the whole of ,asiatic ,russia enjoys the benefits of the posting system1 and one may go by the government roads to the shores of the ,arctic ocean in the north1 or to the country of the ,kirghes and ,turcomans on the south4 ,whenever a new region in ,central ,asia is conquered and brought under the ,russian rule1 a post route is opened and stations are established1 so as to afford certain and quick communication4 ,the post route is to ,russia what the railway is to the ,united ,states in developing new territory1 and carrying to it the blessings1 as well as the curses1 of civilization4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,traveling ,,with ,,camels ,,and ,,elephants4 ,next to the horse the camel is the beast of burden available for travelers1 and in some parts of the world he is a most important animal4 ,he has long been known as ,the ,ship of the ,desert1 and without his aid the sandy wastes of ,asia and ,africa would be well-nigh impassable4 ,the regions where the camel is in use are practically comprised in ,persia1 ,tartary1 ,arabia1 ,northern ,africa1 and portions of ,china and ,india4 ,there are several varieties of camels that differ from each other1 like the various kinds of horses2 the finest and best of the race is the one called the dromedary1 which bears the same relation to the ordinary camel as the carefully-bred trotter does to the common horse4 ,the pace of the common camel is about three miles an hour1 and his day's journey is from twenty to thirty miles4 ,at this rate he can carry from five hundred to nine hundred pounds of burden1 and for a short journey a strong camel can be loaded with one thousand pounds4 ,the swift camel or saddle dromedary has been known to make ten miles an hour1 though his ordinary pace will not exceed seven or eight4 ,he will travel fifty miles a day for days together1 and1 on emergencies1 he will accomplish one hundred miles or more without resting4 ,mohammed ,ali ,pasha1 who ruled over ,egypt in the early part of this century1 once rode on a dromedary from ,suez to ,cairo1 eighty-two miles1 in less than ten hours4 ,he made only a single halt of about half an hour2 the driver of the beast ran at his side for the entire distance1 and died the next day from the exertion4 ,the stomach of the camel is so arranged that it can hold water enough for a week's supply2 the animal is thus enabled to traverse the desert where the wells are often several days' journey from each other4 ,his foot is a spongy mass that flattens to a great breadth when placed on the ground1 and enables him to walk on the yielding sand1 and his hump is a store of fat that sustains him in the privations of the desert4 ,attempts have been made to employ the camel on the arid wastes of the south-western parts of the ,united ,states1 but none of them have been more than experimentally successful4 ,the motion of a camel is far from agreeable to the novice2 even the slow walk is unpleasant and wearying1 and when it comes to the trotting camel1 or swift dromedary1 the exercise is like being tossed violently in a wooden blanket1 and allowed to fall heavily every other second4 ,the rider's head and shoulders are thrown forward and then back with a jerk1 and as the jerks average about thirty-eight to the minute each way1 they become monotonous after a while4 ,the novice who reads this book is advised not to try a trotting camel till he has become thoroughly accustomed to the dignified walker2 the latter will give him all the amusement he wants for a week or so1 and perhaps longer2 and if he accomplishes twenty-five miles a day on his humpbacked steed he should be satisfied4 ,the first day he will feel somewhat shaken up1 but unable to locate his pains2 the next day he feels as though his backbone had been removed1 and the third day he finds it has returned1 but is converted into glass4 ,after that his pains will subside1 and a week will find him acclimated4 ,the riding saddle for a camel is a sort of dish with a pommel1 and the practiced rider crosses his legs around this pommel1 and thus holds himself in place4 ,stirrups are sometimes added1 but they do not properly belong to the equipment of a camel4 ,a very good seat may be arranged by taking the common pack-saddle1 slinging the saddle-bags across1 and then piling on rugs and wraps enough to form a soft and wide seat4 ,the whole should be firmly lashed to prevent slipping2 stirrups may be added either at the pommel or at the side1 and when thus arranged the rider may mount to his place4 ,he may ride in any way he likes1 either astride or sidewise1 and he soon finds that he can change his position without difficulty or danger4 ,a gentleman who has had much experience in camel riding gives the following directions3-- ,place a light box or package on either side of the pack-saddle1 sufficiently closely corded to form one wide horizontal surface4 ,on this lay a carpet1 mattress1 blanket1 and wraps1 thus forming a delicious seat or couch1 and giving the option of lying down or sitting1 either sidesaddle or cross-legged4 ,sheets1 pillow1 rug1 etc41 may be rolled up and strapped to the back of the saddle1 and form an excellent support to the back or elbow4 ,the object of the light box or package is to a certain extent answered by a pair of well-stuffed saddle-bags4 ,the traveler on a camel in the hot regions of ,africa should have a good supply of white clothing and a pith hat1 or sola topee1 to protect his head from the broiling sun4 ,but he should always have a suit of tolerably thick clothing1 for the night-air is cold1 even in the tropics1 and a heavy overcoat will often prove useful4 ,water is carried in barrels1 or goat-skins2 of late years boxes of galvanized iron have been used very successfully1 the first man to try them being ,dr4 ,rohlfs1 the celebrated explorer of ,northern ,africa4 ,in addition to this1 every man carries a small water-skin1 called a zemzemeeyah1 at his saddle-bow1 for use during the day1 and as a reserve in case he strays from camp4 ,the outfit for a journey by camel will depend much on the locality to be visited1 and the time consumed1 and consequently no general rules for it can be laid down4 ,whether it be the ,african deserts of ,lybia or ,sahara1 or the desert of ,arabia1 the traveler must carry the most of his provisions with him1 and be prepared to rough it a good deal4 ,with an enormous train of camels it is possible to transport many of the luxuries of life1 including spacious tents1 carpets1 bedsteads1 and other furniture1 but if you cannot be comfortable without all these things you had better stay at home4 ,the usual allowance for travelers in the ,arabian desert is a tent for every four or five persons1 and an extra tent for a dining and sitting-room4 ,the expense varies from five to eight dollars a day for each person1 and depends a good deal on the size of the party and the style of traveling4 ,at all the starting-points it is easy to find a dragoman who will undertake the whole business1 but his recommendations should be critically examined1 and the contract drawn with judicious care4 ,the dragoman is too often a slippery party1 who seeks to enrich himself at the expense of his employer4 ,a good one is a treasure1 but a bad one is a source of never-ending trouble4 ,in ,northern ,china the camel is largely used1 especially on the desert of ,gobi4 ,travelers between ,pekin and ,kiachta1 on the frontier of ,siberia1 generally ride in camel carts1 or at all events have them in reserve1 while they promenade on their saddle ponies4 ,formerly all the tea that entered ,russia was imported overland1 and in the tea season long files of camels1 laden with the delicious herb1 could be seen entering ,kiachta at any hour of the day4 ,since the opening of the ,russian ports to importations by sea the camel traffic has largely diminished1 but there are still a goodly number of these patient animals traversing the desert of ,gobi1 and the regions to the west of it4 ,the camel is an important reliance of ,russia in her military conquests in ,central ,asia1 and the failure of an expedition is often chargeable to him4 ,for riding purposes the elephant is preferable to the camel1 as the motion is far less disagreeable1 and the broad back of the beast affords a comfortable seat4 ,the driver sits on the neck of his steed and manages him with an iron goad that has a hook at the end1 as well as a straight point4 ,the traveler has nothing to do with directing the elephant beyond giving his instructions to the driver before starting2 if the ground is wooded he must keep a sharp watch for the limbs of the trees1 or run the risk of being brushed from his place4 ,the writer's first experience with elephant riding was at ,benares1 in ,india2 a magnificent elephant1 belonging to a native prince1 was furnished to him for an excursion1 and he returned from the adventure without any of the disagreeable aches that accompanied his novitiate with the camel4 ,the howdah1 or saddle1 was like a small carriage1 capable of seating four persons2 it was held in place by several thongs and cords1 and was reached by means of a ladder placed against the animal's side4 ,a more primitive equipment is a pad-saddle1 which is described by its name2 it is simply a broad pad1 like a well-stuffed mattress1 and is held in position the same as the howdah4 ,an elephant can easily carry all the passengers that can cling to him1 as his ordinary load is anything less than two thousand pounds4 ,when troops are on the march they have a form of saddle that will carry eight men1 and some of the largest will hold ten4 ,it consists of two benches or settees placed back to back and resting on a small platform that gives support to the feet4 ,in riding in this way the traveler looks to one side1 the same as in an ,irish jaunting car1 and if he wants to see anything on the opposite side he must give his neck a twist1 more or less inconvenient4 ,there are two species of elephant1 the ,african and the ,asiatic2 the former is much the more fierce and not often domesticated1 though it is pretty clearly demonstrated that the first elephants ever tamed and used by man were from ,africa4 ,the ,asiatic elephant is employed in ,siam1 ,ceylon1 ,burmah1 and ,india as a beast of burden1 and in a few other countries4 ,the traveler in ,india will often see dozens of these beasts at the railway stations waiting to receive their burdens of bales and boxes1 and sometimes he sees them at work on the roads4 ,the great expense of feeding them makes them an expensive article of luxury1 and it is not likely they will ever come into general use4 ,a good elephant will carry a ton of cargo and march fifty miles a day over ordinary roads2 he gets along very well on level ground1 but sometimes topples and falls backward when trying to climb a steep hill with a burden on his back4 ,one caution the elephant rider should bear in mind4 ,it is a peculiar trait of this animal to take fright from slight and often absurd causes1 and sometimes he gets beyond the control of his driver4 ,in such a case do not seek safety by slipping or jumping from his back2 you may escape injury from the fall but will be in danger of being trampled to death by the elephant or pierced by his tusks4 ,even while he is going quietly along the road you should be careful not to fall by accident to the ground1 or attempt to jump there1 as he is very apt to turn and attack you4 ,the most docile elephants are nearly as dangerous in this respect as the ferocious ones2 while the writer was in ,india an engineer officer was one day riding a favorite elephant that had been in his possession for years and was much attached to him4 ,by some accident he slipped from the saddle and fell to the ground2 the elephant immediately turned1 and in spite of the efforts of the driver to stop him1 pierced his master with his tusks1 killing him almost instantly4 ,another peculiarity of the elephant is to become suddenly insane from no apparent cause4 ,the animal may be walking quietly along the road1 or standing in his stable1 when1 without a moment's warning1 he raises his trunk in the air1 bellows loudly1 and rushes upon the nearest man or beast with an effort to annihilate him4 ,the paroxysm may be over in a few minutes or it may last for hours2 while it continues1 the beast is full of malice1 and it is dangerous in the extreme to approach him4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,traveling ,,with ,,reindeer ,,and ,,dogs4 ,comparatively few of the readers of this volume are likely to have any practical use for information concerning the modes of traveling with reindeer and dogs1 and therefore the subject will be treated very briefly4 ,the use of these animals for riding or driving purposes is confined to the ,arctic ,circle1 and regions adjacent to it1 rarely going below the fiftieth parallel of north latitude4 ,in ,lapland1 and in some portions of ,northern ,siberia1 the reindeer is employed to the exclusion of the dog1 while in ,greenland and that part of ,north ,america bordering the ,arctic ,ocean the dog is the only beast of burden4 ,the ,american and ,greenland dogs are of the variety known as ,esquimaux1 and closely allied to the familiar and treacherous ,spitz4 ,in ,kamchatka and ,northeastern ,siberia both dogs and reindeer are employed for drawing sledges1 and the reindeer for a saddle animal4 ,the ,kamchadale dog is quite like the ,esquimaux in appearance1 character1 qualities1 and uses1 and the description of one will answer in general terms for both4 ,the sledge used for the reindeer in ,lapland is a sort of box1 not unlike a coffin in general appearance1 and it has the faculty of overturning very easily4 ,the animal is harnessed with a broad collar of deerskin1 and a stout thong extends between his legs to the front of the sledge4 ,a single rein is fastened to one of his horns1 and by means of this he is guided4 ,sometimes there are two thongs or traces1 one on each side of the deer1 and when two deer are employed together they are harnessed side by side4 ,in that case a rein is fastened to the horn of each4 ,in ,kamchatka and ,siberia the sledge is higher and broader than that of ,lapland2 the latter has frequently but a single runner1 like a broad plank turned up at the ends1 while the former has a pair of runners1 each about six inches wide4 ,generally the occupant of the sledge is his own driver1 especially if he has but a single deer1 but with a fine turnout of a pair of trotters the driver sits on the forward part of the vehicle while the passenger is wrapped in his furs and takes things comfortably4 ,the ordinary deer is not a fast animal and his speed does not exceed five or six miles an hour1 but the fancy team is quite another thing4 ,it has been known to make fifteen or sixteen miles an hour and to travel a hundred and forty miles without any rest beyond a few brief halts4 ,a ride behind a fast reindeer has the disadvantage that the driver and passenger are pelted with balls of snow1 thrown by the animals hoofs1 unless the weather is so cold that the snow will not unite4 ,in ,northeastern ,siberia the reindeer is much oftener used under the saddle than with a sledge4 ,the saddle is placed directly over the animal's withers1 as the back is not strong1 and will give way under the weight of an ordinary man2 it is nothing but a flat pad without stirrups1 and the rider1 who is passing his novitiate1 has no easy task4 ,the first time he gets on he generally tumbles off on the other side at once1 and even after he has succeeded in balancing himself the first step of the deer is pretty sure to send him to the ground4 ,it is customary to carry a long stick with which to preserve the balance1 and some riders provide themselves with two sticks1 one on each side4 ,the stick is absolutely necessary in mounting1 as the deer is liable to be thrown down if mounted as one would mount a horse4 ,a hundred pounds is considered a sufficient load for an ordinary deer1 and it is only the very best of the animals that can sustain the weight of a good sized man4 ,nature has made the inhabitants of the country of small stature and slender figures1 probably in an effort to adapt them to the carrying capacities of their beasts of burden4 ,a native rides one deer and leads a pack train of any number up to a dozen1 the halter of one being fastened to the tail of his predecessor4 ,the one that he rides is guided by a halter around the neck1 and a line which is fastened to the nose in case the animal is without horns4 ,in ,kamchatka and the ,arctic ,regions generally1 where dogs are employed for drawing sledges1 they are broken to their work while quite young4 ,their training begins when they are six months old1 but they are not put to actual labor till three years old1 unless in times of great distress and a scarcity of dogs4 ,one mode of training is to fasten them to posts or trees1 with thongs of green skin1 and then place their food just beyond their reach4 ,by reaching for it they stretch the green thong2 in this way they learn to pull steadily for some minutes at a time1 and the muscles of their necks are strengthened4 ,occasionally they are harnessed to carts or sledges and made to run for short distances1 and are thus gradually trained to the work they are to perform4 ,dogs are driven without reins and generally without a whip4 ,the driver has a stick1 called an ostoll1 with one end pointed with iron2 this he uses for stopping his team when he wishes to bring it to a halt1 and checks its speed when descending hills4 ,occasionally he punishes a refractory dog with it1 but not often as the hard stick is apt to inflict permanent injury on the slender bones of the animal4 ,the most important dog in the team is the leader1 whose position is indicated by his name4 ,he is selected for his superior intelligence and docility1 and his training requires much care and attention4 ,an ordinary team dog is worth from eight to twelve dollars1 while fifty or even a hundred dollars may be refused for a good leader4 ,the leader obeys the voice of his driver and turns to the right or left1 according to directions4 ,when the team is weary and moves at a slow pace1 the leader has been known to put fresh life into their movements by suddenly pretending to have fallen on the track of an animal1 by putting his nose to the ground or snow and barking violently4 ,away they go in pursuit1 and only the leading dog and the driver are aware of the ruse that has been played4 ,a team may consist of any number of dogs up to twenty1 but the large teams are only used for carrying freight1 and rarely travel faster than a walk4 ,a team of running dogs for traveling purposes usually consists of five or seven2 the number is almost always odd1 as it consists of one or more pairs of dogs and a leader4 ,the sledge is long and narrow1 and the size and shape are varied1 according to the way it is to be used4 ,the driver sits sidewise on the sledge and clings to it with one hand1 while he manages his ostoll with the other4 ,the traveling sledge is as light as possible1 and just large enough to support the driver and a very little cargo4 ,it is made of wood1 fastened together with thongs of deerskin1 and the runners are usually shod with polished bone4 ,a good team will travel from forty to sixty miles a day with favorable roads4 ,sometimes a hundred miles may be made in a single day1 but such performances are rare4 ,the news of the declaration of the ,crimean war was carried from ,bolcheretsk to ,petropavlovsk1 one hundred and twenty-five miles1 in twenty-three hours without change of dogs4 ,a good team can average forty miles a day1 and even fifty miles for a week or more1 but they must be lightly laden1 and have favorable roads4 ,the comparative merits of dogs and reindeer in the countries where both are used may be set down as follows3-- ,the reindeer seeks his own food2 he lives on moss that grows beneath the snow1 which he scrapes away to reach it4 ,thus he may travel any length of time and be in good condition1 provided he has sufficient time each day for feeding4 ,the food for dogs must be carried on the sledge1 unless the traveler is certain of finding it along his route4 ,the maximum supply that can be carried by a team for its sustenance is for one week4 ,consequently where dog food cannot be procured every five or six days those animals are useless4 ,a forced journey can be made with dogs1 but not with reindeer4 ,dogs may be driven till utterly exhausted1 and they will travel an entire day1 or even more1 after their food has given out4 ,but when the reindeer is weary and hungry he stops and lies down1 and no argument that his driver can use will induce him to move on4 ,he may be pounded with sticks1 or prodded with goads for hours1 but all to no purpose4 ,he wants his food and will have it at whatever risk4 ,when a reindeer team thus halts there is no alternative but to turn the animals out to feed1 and wait till they have eaten all they wish4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,traveling ,,with ,,man-,,power4 ,,palankeens1 ,,jinrikishas1 ,,and ,,sedan-,,chairs4 ,to be carried on the shoulders of his fellow-man is not often the lot of the ,american2 the most frequent form of this species of locomotion in the ,united ,states is decidedly uncomfortable and degrading1 and is known as riding on a rail4 ,the costume for an expedition of this sort is inexpensive and ungraceful1 though fitting closely2 it usually consists of a veneering of warm tar applied to the skin of the tourist1 and immediately afterwards he is rolled in a bed of feathers4 ,thus equipped he is mounted on a pole1 generally a fence-rail1 without saddle or bridle1 and borne on the shoulders of those who supplied his wardrobe4 ,there is no mode of traveling known to civilization where the accommodations are so wretched1 and the mental and physical discomforts so great1 as in riding on a rail after the ,american system4 ,the only thing in its favor is its cheapness1 as it is generally quite gratuitous4 ,in ,europe1 before the adoption of wheeled vehicles1 those who could afford the luxury1 were carried in chairs by two or more porters2 the conveyance was said to have originated in ,sedan1 ,france1 and thus became known as the sedan chair4 ,it was introduced into ,england about the time of ,king ,charles ,first1 and speedily attained great popularity4 ,it was gradually displaced by the wheeled carriage1 and disappeared from the cities of ,continental ,europe1 one after another2 it lingers in ,constantinople with other relics of past ages1 and may be seen occasionally at the ,european watering-places1 where it is used to convey invalids to and from the baths and springs4 ,before the construction of the railway on ,mount ,vesuvius chairs were employed to carry visitors up the steep incline1 and they can be seen now and then among the ,swiss mountains4 ,to see the chaise a porteurs in all its glory it is necessary to visit ,asia4 ,the first vehicle of this sort that meets the traveler's gaze as he journeys eastward from ,europe is the palankeen1 or palkee1 as it is usually called in ,india4 ,it is a conveyance peculiar to ,india1 and consists of a box about seven feet long by four wide and three high4 ,it is entirely of wood1 roof and all1 and there is a sliding door in each side1 while the interior is equipped with a hard mattress and bolster4 ,there is a pole three or four feet long at each end1 which rests on the shoulders of the bearers1 and is generally made secure by iron braces4 ,to enter this contrivance you back into it till you can sit on the mattress1 and then by a skilful swing you bring head and feet inside at the same moment4 ,then you lie down at full length and the coolies move off4 ,you are expected to lie still1 so as not to disturb the equilibrium1 and in the enervating climate of ,india you are quite willing to be motionless4 ,the bearers have a peculiar swinging step that saves you from any jolts1 and the motion is quite luxurious4 ,formerly in the cities of ,india the foreign residents made great use of the palankeen1 and every person of respectability was supposed to keep one1 together with the appropriate number of bearers4 ,of late years it has been largely superceded by the horse carriage1 of which there are two or three varieties1 and the palkee-bearers have been forced to seek other employments4 ,four bearers are necessary to carry the palkee1 and four more run alongside to take their share of the burden when the first are weary4 ,at night a torch-bearer is necessary to light the way1 and to do the thing in style1 there should be four torch-bearers1 two in front and two in the rear4 ,formerly the palkee was the only means of traveling in the interior of ,india1 but the carriage road1 and later the railway1 have made the palkee dawk 7palankeen express7 among the things that were4 ,for traveling on the high roads through the interior each palankeen required sixteen bearers1 and if the traveler had more than a very little baggage he was compelled to hire from eight to twelve men to carry it4 ,the torch-bearers and other attendants generally brought his retinue up to thirty-five or forty men1 and sometimes even more4 ,there were stations on the road every ten miles where relays were obtained1 and there was always more or less delay at these stations1 so that the palkee was not a rapid means of travel4 ,the lightning dawk1 as the natives call the locomotive1 has beaten it quite out of sight4 ,a cheaper vehicle for country travel is the dhoolie1 a sort of chair with a covering of canvas or muslin2 it is lighter than the palkee1 and requires only twelve bearers instead of sixteen4 ,an ,english statesman of considerable renown once spoke in ,parliament of the ferocious dhoolies that carried the wounded from the battle-field on a certain occasion2 he was under the impression that the dhoolie was a blood-thirsty native rather than an inoffensive chair4 ,what the palankeen was to ,india the sedan-chair is to ,china4 ,as the traveler finds it at ,hong ,kong or ,canton it is a bamboo chair with a ventilating top1 like a ,venetian blind1 and it has curtains at the side that may be rolled up or let down at will4 ,it has a floor for the feet1 and rests for the arms1 and altogether the ,chinese chair is a very comfortable vehicle4 ,long poles are fastened to the sides1 parallel with each other and projecting three or four feet in front and rear1 and by these poles the concern is carried4 ,the chair is placed on the ground for you to enter it1 and you have none of the difficulty experienced in getting into a palankeen4 ,you simply sit down as in an arm-chair at home2 when you are seated1 the bearers seize the poles1 and1 at a signal from their leader1 swing the burden to its place on their shoulders4 ,they move at a swinging pace1 and usually1 but not always1 keep step in unison4 ,every ten minutes or so they change the pole from one shoulder to the other1 and about every half hour they halt and put the chair on the ground for a few minutes4 ,you may retain your place during this halt or get out and stretch your limbs1 just as you please4 ,in all the cities of ,china the chair is in use1 and in most1 if not all of them1 the streets are so narrow that carriages could not possibly move about4 ,for a short ride two bearers are sufficient1 and the chairs for hire in the streets of ,hong ,kong rarely have more than two4 ,but for an excursion into the country1 or to the summit of ,victoria peak1 overlooking ,hong ,kong harbor1 four bearers are necessary4 ,there is a regular tariff for chairs1 just as there is for cabs in ,london or ,paris4 ,a short course costs ten cents1 and a longer one in proportion1 and a chair with four bearers for an entire day1 in making the circuit of ,canton1 may be had for a dollar4 ,labor is cheap in the far ,east4 ,two-wheeled cabs1 drawn by a single horse1 take the place of the chair to some extent in ,pekin1 but there are many streets where the cabs cannot circulate4 ,in ,shanghai the wheelbarrow is a rival of the chair2 it is cheaper and more uncomfortable1 and its use is almost entirely confined to the natives4 ,it has no springs1 the pavement is rough1 the man between the shafts is generally far from strong1 and altogether the wheelbarrow of ,northern ,china is not to be recommended4 ,the man-power vehicle1 par excellence1 is the jinrikisha of ,japan4 ,it replaces the norimon and cango1 peculiar forms of the sedan-chair1 and has only been in use since #ahgj4 ,it is said to have been invented by an ,american1 and the first jinrikishas that were used were imported from ,san ,francisco4 ,probably not less than a hundred thousand of them are now in use throughout ,japan1 and they are said to have penetrated to the remotest districts4 ,the jinrikisha is a carriage like a small chaise of the ,new ,england pattern2 it is on two wheels1 and has shafts like a handcart1 and there is a hood over the top that can be opened or closed at pleasure4 ,the coolie that draws it places the shafts on the ground to permit you to enter1 and1 until he picks them up1 you are sitting with your head bent forward4 ,the cross-piece of the shafts held against his breast brings the carriage to a level1 and then you are ready for a start4 ,the jinrikisha is intended for one person1 but occasionally you see two ,japanese or ,chinese of medium size occupying a single vehicle4 ,for a short ride in a ,japanese city one man to pull your carriage is sufficient1 but for a journey into the country1 or of several miles1 you need two men1 or perhaps three4 ,where you have but one man you should not expect to go as rapidly as with two or three1 and you must dismount in sandy places1 or when a hill is to be ascended4 ,the speed and endurance of these men is something wonderful4 ,it is nothing unusual for three of them to pull a jinrikisha fifty miles in twelve hours1 with only three halts of a quarter of an hour each1 and they have been known to make sixty-five miles between sunrise and sunset of a long day4 ,the writer1 with three men to his carriage1 traveled from ,osaka to ,nara1 a distance of thirty miles1 between #aj ,a4,m4 and #e ,p4,m41 with a halt of an hour for dinner4 ,the next day he continued his journey to ,kioto1 thirty miles more1 in a pouring rain1 with the same men in the same time4 ,the coolies were as fresh on the second day as on the first1 and as cheerful as one could wish1 although their passenger was not a light weight1 and was suffering from a lameness that prevented his walking up any of the hills4 ,riding with a jinrikisha is cheap enough for the most contracted purse4 ,the tariff in the large cities of ,japan is ten cents an hour1 or fifty cents for a day of twelve hours1 and if the traveler wishes to keep his carriage waiting for him1 and subject to his call1 he can readily make a bargain for not over three dollars a week4 ,most of the foreigners in ,japan keep their own carriages by buying a jinrikisha1 and hiring a couple of men for six or seven dollars each per month4 ,they perform the work of general servants about the house and grounds1 and whenever the master wishes to ride out he orders the jinrikisha and its accompanying coolies4 ,a carriage of ordinary workmanship costs about twenty-five dollars1 and a swell one can be had for fifty or something less4 ,its name is compounded of three ,japanese words--jin1 man1 riki1 power1 and sha1 carriage--jin-riki-sha1 man-power-carriage4 ,the stranger in ,japan1 ,china1 or ,india1 finds it disagreeable to ride on men's shoulders1 or to be drawn by them in a vehicle4 ,especially is this the case in ,japan1 where you have the struggling and perspiring man directly before you1 and witness the effort he is making to propel you over the ground4 ,everybody experiences this feeling1 and his first ride in a man-power carriage is rarely agreeable4 ,but when you remember that the coolie considers it a favor to be employed1 and that nothing would displease him more than to have the offer of his services refused1 you will change your mind1 and take your ease in a jinrikisha4 ,regard him as you would the man whom you employ to saw wood or dig potatoes2 he is thankful for the opportunity of working1 and so is the ,japanese coolie who exerts his strength to pull you about4 ,and when you have done with him give a few cents extra1 and he will thank you with an expression so heartfelt that you cannot fail to be touched by it4 ,many of the ,japanese still prefer the cango to the jinrikisha1 but it is rapidly going out of use in all the localities where the miniature chaise can run4 ,the cango is a sort of open-sided basket slung on a pole1 and carried by two men in the same way that a sedan-chair is carried4 ,the occupant must double his legs beneath him1 and sit perfectly still2 this is easy enough for a ,japanese1 but is torture to a ,european4 ,no man from ,europe or ,america will ever find the cango enjoyable until a system is invented whereby he can unscrew his legs before starting1 and screw them on again when his journey is completed4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,pedestrian ,,traveling4--,,mountain ,,climbing4 ,the earliest form of traveling was on foot2 it was in universal use before the horse and other beasts of burden were subdued to the will of man1 and before the railway and steamship were invented4 ,in spite of the lapse of ages1 and the many improvements in locomotive means1 it continues to be practiced by a great many persons1 and will doubtless so continue as long as men have feet to walk with4 ,the large majority of pedestrians are such from necessity1 but the class that prefers to walk when it can afford to ride is by no means small4 ,the railway has been the great destroyer of pedestrian travel1 and1 at the present time1 very few people1 except those absolutely without money1 take to the high-road where there is an iron way to carry them to their destination4 ,unless there is some reason for the foot journey beyond the desire to reach a certain place1 the railway affords the greatest economy of money and time1 as the merest glance at the figures will show4 ,suppose a man wishes to go from ,new ,york to ,philadelphia1 a distance of ninety miles2 at thirty miles a day he will be three days on the road if he uses his feet1 and three hours if he takes the railway4 ,the fare by railway will be two dollars1 and his loss of time half a day2 reckoning his meals and lodging along the high-road at one dollar a day his expenses in footing it would be three dollars1 without counting the loss of time1 which most ,americans consider equivalent to money4 ,far greater is the contrast in a long journey across the ,continent1 or over a considerable portion of it1 so that the most miserly of men is not likely to put his own feet in competition with the wheels of the locomotive4 ,pedestrian journeys in ,america are mainly confined to young men in search of health1 who throng the routes of ,new ,england and northern ,new ,york in the summer months4 ,in ,europe the principal resorts of the pedestrian are the mountain regions of ,switzerland1 ,italy1 and ,germany1 and there is a fair amount of the same kind of travel in ,norway1 ,sweden1 and the lake and mountain districts of ,scotland4 ,workmen going from one town to another in search of employment are often encountered1 and in some countries of the ,continent such journeys are obligatory upon apprentices before they can be allowed to practice the trades they have learned4 ,fifty years or more ago there was a half-pedestrian system in vogue in the ,united ,states1 especially on the great roads leading to the west4 ,it was known by the name of ride and tie1 and many an emigrant of those days found his way west by this process4 ,it was about as follows3 ,two men1 whom we will call ,smith and ,jones1 unite their funds and buy a horse and saddle4 ,their baggage is stowed in the saddle-bags1 so that neither of them has anything to carry beyond his strong walking-stick4 ,on the morning fixed for their departure ,smith mounts the horse and starts at an easy pace along the road1 while ,jones follows on foot4 ,it has been arranged that the first tie shall be at a village twenty miles away4 ,in four hours ,smith and the horse have made the twenty miles1 and the horse is put up at a tavern and fed1 while ,smith proceeds on foot4 ,when ,jones arrives the horse has had a rest of three hours or more1 and is ready for another twenty miles which ,jones proceeds to give him4 ,he passes ,smith on the way1 and arrives at the next village1 where he orders supper and awaits the arrival of his comrade4 ,they spend the night in company1 and the next morning the journey is continued in the same way2 generally the scheme is reversed on successive mornings1 the one who was first to ride one day being the last to do so on the next4 ,in this way they make forty miles a day1 and each of them has only a comfortable walk while the horse is kept in good condition4 ,for a pedestrian tour among the mountains1 either of ,europe or ,america1 the principal requisites are a reasonably strong constitution1 good feet1 and good shoes to wear on them4 ,shoes are preferable to boots1 as the latter are apt to weaken the ankles1 especially if made with elastic at the sides4 ,besides they are heavier than shoes1 and where we are taking a walk of many miles every infinitesimal fraction of an ounce added to the weight of our foot-gear counts against us4 ,of course there are occasions where boots are required for protection against mud1 snow1 or sand1 but where roads are good and smooth shoes should have the preference4 ,they should be easy without being loose1 and sufficiently wide to give freedom to the toes4 ,the soles should be broad1 and the heels low and wide2 all doubts on this score can be settled by ascertaining the kind of shoes worn by the professional pedestrians in the great walking-matches that have recently become fashionable4 ,the author of ,baedeker's guide-books is a good adviser in the matter of pedestrian excursions1 as he has tramped over the most of ,switzerland and ,germany1 and believes that the best way of doing them is on foot4 ,he says as follows3-- ,a light 'gibeciere1' or game-bag1 such as may be procured in every town1 amply suffices to contain all that is necessary for a fortnight's excursion4 ,heavy and complicated knapsacks should be avoided2 a light pouch1 or game-bag1 is far less irksome1 and its position may be shifted at pleasure4 ,a change of flannel shirts and worsted stockings1 a few pocket-handkerchiefs1 a pair of slippers1 and the articles of the toilet will generally be found sufficient1 to which a light mackintosh and a stout umbrella should be added4 ,a piece of green crape or colored glasses1 to protect the eyes from the glare of the snow1 and a leather drinking-cup will be found useful4 ,the traveler should1 of course1 have a more extensive reserve of clothing1 especially if he expects to visit towns of importance4 ,this can be contained in a valise1 which he can easily wield when necessary1 and may forward from town to town by post4 ,the first golden rule of the pedestrian is to start on his way betimes in the morning4 ,if strength permit1 and a good halting place is to be met with1 a two hours' walk may be accomplished before breakfast4 ,at noon a moderate luncheon is preferable to the regular table d'hote dinner4 ,repose should be taken during the hottest hours1 and the journey then continued till #e or #f ,p4,m41 when a substantial meal may be eaten4 ,the traveler's own feelings will best dictate the hour for retiring to bed4 ,for wounds and bruises a vial of tincture of arnica should be carried1 and it has an invigorating effect if rubbed on the limbs after fatigue4 ,the traveler should not fail to be provided with a few of the simple medicines best adapted to his system1 as he may often need them when they are quite unattainable4 ,avoid drinking water too freely1 especially where it comes directly from the melting snows of the mountains4 ,there are many persons who rarely drink water1 whether on pedestrian excursions or at other times1 and to them the preceding advice will be superfluous4 ,cold tea is regarded as the best beverage by the majority of pedestrians1 and its invigorating powers are often remarkable4 ,when starting on a pedestrian excursion be careful not to overtax your strength4 ,five or six hours a day are sufficient to begin with1 and when no fatigue results from a single day's work that of the next may be increased4 ,by adding half an hour daily to his task1 a traveler will soon be able to devote ten or twelve hours out of the twenty-four to the use of his feet4 ,the most experienced pedestrians advise that the limit should be ten hours1 except on extraordinary occasions4 ,an even1 steady pace should be adopted1 and everything like a spurt is to be avoided4 ,many a traveler has broken down in the effort to do more than he ought1 either in going too far in a given time1 or walking faster than the accustomed pace to see how many miles he could cover in an hour4 ,for climbing high mountains1 special practice in walking is a necessity4 ,there is a great deal of fatigue consequent upon the ascent of ,mont ,blanc and his snow-covered brethren of the ,alps1 partly due to the exertion of walking through the snow1 and over the rough rocks1 and partly to the rarity of the atmosphere in elevated positions4 ,none but good walkers should attempt these journeys1 as it is a serious matter to break down at a point far from roads1 and where assistance may be a long time coming4 ,the members of the ,english and other ,alpine clubs generally devote at least a month to the ordinary excursions among the mountains before venturing on a course extraordinaire1 like the ascent of ,mont ,blanc4 ,the ascent of the ,matterhorn is far more difficult than that of ,mont ,blanc1 and the preliminary practice proportionally longer4 ,the equipment for an ,alpine ascent above the snow-line is quite simple1 but should be of the very best quality4 ,the traveler will need an alpenstock1 or strong stick1 from five to six feet long2 it should be of the best seasoned ash1 and one end should be pointed with iron to give it a firm hold on the ice4 ,it should be as light as possible1 consistent with strength1 and the test to be given is to have it sustain the weight of its owner1 when supported at the ends4 ,ice-axes and ropes are also needed for the higher mountains1 and sometimes it is necessary to carry a ladder for crossing crevasses4 ,mountain-climbing in ,switzerland has been reduced to a system1 and there are associations of guides who make it a business to accompany tourists in ascents more or less difficult4 ,the ascent of ,mont ,blanc1 formerly so difficult1 is now quite easy1 as there is a hotel at the ,grands ,mulets where the night is passed1 and though the accommodations are limited1 they are quite sufficient for the robust traveler4 ,everything that is needed for the journey can be obtained from the guides at fixed rates1 and the only care of the stranger is to see that what he orders is of the best quality4 ,the regulation time at present for the ascent of ,mont ,blanc from ,chamouny and return is two days4 ,the traveler starts at #g ,a4,m4 and arrives at the ,grands ,mulets about #c or #d in the afternoon4 ,at #d the next morning he is called1 and after a light breakfast a start is made for the summit1 which should be reached by nine o'clock4 ,the return to ,chamouny is usually accomplished by sunset1 but many travelers who have plenty of time at their disposal prefer to spend the second night at the ,grands ,mulets1 and return leisurely on the third day to ,chamouny4 ,each tourist requires a guide and a porter to accompany him1 and sometimes half a dozen guides to each tourist are taken4 ,each guide receives one hundred francs 7twenty dollars7 for his services1 and the porter half that amount1 so that the cost of an ascent of ,mont ,blanc is by no means small4 ,the dangers are now much less than formerly1 as the crevasses are all well known to the guides1 whose directions should be followed implicitly4 ,the principal peril is from sudden storms of snow1 in which travelers are overwhelmed as in a sand-storm in the desert4 ,in #ahgj a party of eleven persons perished in a snow-storm2 they had been to the summit and were nearly half-way back to the ,grands ,mulets when the snow-cloud burst upon them4 ,the guides can generally foretell the approach of bad weather1 and the cautious tourist will not insist upon making the ascent against their advice4 ,it has been said that tourists need only go part of the way up the mountain to obtain a certificate of having made the entire ascent1 provided they pay for the complete course4 ,it is doubtful if this is the case2 not that the guides would be unwilling to oblige a patron1 but because the summit is in full view of the village of ,chamouny1 and parties who make the ascent are watched through powerful telescopes by loungers on the verandas of the hotels4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,traveling ,,without ,,money4 ,anyone can travel who has time and money at his disposal1 but it requires genius1 or its first cousin1 improvidence1 to travel without it4 ,one who is not a genius1 but who possesses common-sense and prudent habits may see a great deal of the world for a very little cash4 ,bayard ,taylor made the tour of ,europe in his younger days for less than five hundred dollars1 and devoted more than a year to the journey2 how he did it is told in his volume entitled ,views ,afoot4 ,he has had many imitators1 and some of them have traveled for less than he did2 of this class was ,ralph ,keeler1 who claimed to have seen ,europe for less than two hundred dollars1 but he went through many hardships that the majority of men would decline to undergo4 ,in the fall of #ahhj an account was published of a printer who made a tour around the world in four years1 and had only fifty dollars in his pocket when he started4 ,according to his story1 he left ,san ,francisco in #ahgf as steward of a sailing-ship1 which he quitted at ,honolulu for work in a newspaper office there4 ,after setting type for a month he arranged to take care of some horses that were being shipped to ,melbourne1 and in this way he reached ,australia4 ,he remained in that country nearly a year1 tramping through it1 and occasionally working at his trade4 ,he shipped on a coasting-vessel as a sailor in the fall of #ahgg1 was wrecked on a reef1 and picked up by a ship that carried him to ,suez4 ,through ,egypt and the ,holy ,land he went as servant to travelers1 and as a vagrant1 and in this way managed to get to ,constantinople1 and thence up the ,danube to ,vienna4 ,from ,vienna he walked northward to the shores of the ,baltic1 where he again became a sailor during the summer of #ahgh4 ,in the fall of that year he re-crossed ,europe1 most of the way on foot1 till he reached ,rome1 and from there he proceeded to ,spain1 and thence to ,paris4 ,he was in the ,french capital till ,july1 #ahgi1 when he had earned money enough to carry him to ,london1 where he remained some weeks1 and then sailed for ,charleston1 ,s4,c4 ,from ,charleston he walked through most of the coast ,states1 and when the account was published he had reached ,detroit on his way to ,san ,francisco4 ,when asked if he had experienced any real hard times1 he answered3-- ,i suppose you would call it hard to go twenty-four hours without food1 but ,i have done that many times and it didn't hurt me1 and ,i have lived for weeks at a time without knowing what a bed was1 and without clean clothes1 except as ,i would wash my own shirt and wear my coat buttoned closely while it was drying4 ,he said further that such little conveniences as stockings1 collars1 cuffs1 and handkerchiefs never entered his thoughts4 ,not many would care to travel after the manner of this wandering printer1 but there is a fair number of ,americans who set out to see the world with very little more money than this man had in his pocket at the commencement of his journey4 ,if the annals of the ,american consulates could be published a great many of us would be surprised to know the number of appeals to the consular pocket for aid4 ,the story usually told at the consulates is that the traveler's remittances have failed to reach him1 and he desires a loan for a few days till his letters arrive4 ,they generally do not come1 and when the money that was borrowed is gone another appeal is made and with the same excuse4 ,when the consul's patience is exhausted 7and also his purse71 the adventurer makes a final petition for sufficient money to carry him to the next city1 where the same story is told1 and the same process goes on4 ,in this way a tourist may live comfortably for a couple of weeks or so in each of the principal cities of ,europe1 provided he can find the consuls able and willing to lend him what he wants4 ,the foregoing is intended as a hint to the enterprising ,american who has neither conscience nor money and is desirous of traveling abroad4 ,the best time for him to begin his travels on this plan is just after a change of the presidential administration has caused a sweeping removal in the consular offices and the appointment of a new set of incumbents4 ,a new consul is anxious to be polite and obliging1 and will often prove a rich mine to the adventurer1 while the old one has become case-hardened in the service1 and is sceptical about the stories that the unfortunates tell him1 and you should gauge your appeal according to the time a man has filled a consular office4 ,if he is newly-arrived you can make three or four loans of ten dollars or so while waiting for your remittances1 and can then borrow more to move on with4 ,if he has been there a year or two you can hardly expect more than a couple of preliminaries1 or perhaps only one1 and if he has been there three or four years you cannot expect him to do more than pay your second or third-class passage to the next place4 ,the adventurer who seeks to travel for nothing sometimes claims to be the correspondent of a newspaper1 and not unfrequently he writes letters for a daily or weekly journal4 ,if he cannot obtain the loan he wants he revenges himself by writing an abusive letter about the consul who has refused him1 and sometimes he gets the latter into trouble4 ,nine-tenths of the abusive letters about our consuls abroad come from the fellows who try to borrow money and fail4 ,as a general thing the ,american consuls in ,europe and ,asia are capable men who render their country good service for inadequate pay2 the government gives them no contingent fund from which to make up their losses from loans to swindlers1 and all these sums must come out of their own pockets4 ,the evil is so great that there is not a consul who has been a year in the service who does not tremble when a strange ,american presents himself at the consulate and wishes to see the representative of his country4 ,the chances are three to one that a loan is wanted1 and the tale that accompanies the application is so pitiful that it would melt the heart of a bronze dog4 ,some of the consuls require strangers to state their business to the clerk before they can see the chief1 but it needs more courage to demand it than is possessed by the majority of ,american officials4 ,some of our representatives abroad have painful recollections of visits from inspectors of consulates appointed by the government to make tours of inspection in various parts of the world4 ,two at least of this gentry made it a practice to ask a loan of fifty dollars of each consul before inspecting his office2 if the money was forthcoming the office was speedily examined and found to be in excellent condition1 but if the consul was not in a lending mood he was reported to have his books in bad shape1 and to be personally unfit for the position he was filling4 ,it is needless to say that the great majority of the consuls saw the point1 and imitated the example of ,captain ,scott's coon by coming down before the fire was opened4 ,and no one of them to this day has been repaid a penny of the borrowed money4 ,memorandum3 ,if you can add the title of ,inspector of ,consulates to your other accomplishments you will vastly improve your chances of swindling your way around the world4 ,the most of these officials are men of excellent character1 and if you try the rle you must assume the manners of a gentleman1 however much you may be devoid of his instincts4 ,there is a fair number of ,american adventurers in the ,european cities who live by searching out their country-men as fast as they arrive and making loans more or less small4 ,these fellows watch the hotel registers and the lists of strangers in the newspapers1 and their methods of conducting their operations are numerous and varied4 ,london and ,paris contain more of them than any other cities1 and perhaps ,london has a greater number than its ,french rival4 ,one of the most ingenious devices for fleecing the stranger was adopted by an ,american who lived some years in ,paris2 he had no patent upon it1 and as he is dead now anyone who chooses may take it up4 ,it was as follows3-- ,he operated around the ,grand ,hotel1 and other resorts of ,americans1 and managed to make himself acquainted with as many new-comers as possible4 ,he was particular in cultivating anyone to give his card and ask that of the stranger1 and to ascertain at what hotel the latter was stopping4 ,immediately they separated he called at the hotel in question and left his card1 so that the stranger would be impressed with his new-found friend4 ,then the next morning about eight o'clock a messenger would come in great haste with a note from the swindler1 which ran about like this3-- ,,dear ,,sir3--,i regret to inform you that ,i have been run over by an omnibus1 and while ,i was insensible my pocket was picked of all the money ,i had about me4 ,you may not be aware that in this country a man who gets run over is fined for being in the way2 ,i am at the police-station of the #abth arrondisement1 and they refuse to let me go till ,i pay fifty francs4 ,as ,i cannot draw money at my banker's at this hour of the morning1 ,i venture to ask a favor of you4 ,i beg that you will oblige me by sending fifty francs by the bearer1 and as soon as the banks open ,i will go to my banker's and get the money to return to you immediately4 ,you can expect me a few minutes past ten o'clock1 and ,i shall hope to find you in4 ,in case you are gone out ,i will leave the money with the concierge4 ,the appeal was so reasonable that many a stranger was taken in4 ,the swindler endeavored to keep out of the way of his victim1 but if met and interrogated he always declared that he left the money with the concierge1 and the latter had doubtless pocketed it4 ,he thrived for a while1 but at length the gentle but firm hand of the police was laid upon him1 and he was forced to emigrate4 ,the ,continental police are apt to interfere with schemes of this sort1 and an enterprising man has little chance among them4 ,the only successful traveler without money is of the class usually designated as the tramp4 ,he has increased in numbers in the last few years till there is altogether too many of him2 so much is this the case that several of the state legislatures have been compelled to pass laws for his suppression1 and thus his operations have been greatly curtailed4 ,but in the states where no laws have been made against him he flourishes in all his glory2 he generally lives well by begging at kitchen doors1 or at houses along the country roads1 and he is satisfied with lodgings in a barn or under a haystack4 ,in summer he traverses the country1 and in winter the cold drives him to the city1 where he stays till the trees bud and blossom again1 and the robin sings in the orchards4 ,then he returns again to the country1 and so he goes on from year to year1 unwilling to accept honest employment1 and giving no equivalent for his support4 ,it is his evident impression that the world owes him a living1 and the only duty devolving upon him is to collect the debt4 ,during the ,world's fair at ,paris in #ahfg1 one of the ,london papers published a scheme whereby a man could spend three days at the ,exposition for #ej francs4 ,it was something like the following3-- fr4 c4 ,lodging three nights at #c francs per night1 #i #jj ,breakfast three days at a ,duval restaurant1 at #a fr4 #ej c41 #d #ej ,omnibus to ,exposition1 at #ej c41 #a #ej ,admission to ,exposition1 #a fr4 daily1 #c #jj ,lunch and glass of beer1 #b fr4 #ej c4 daily1 #g #ej ,return from ,exposition1 same as going there1 #a #ej ,dinner1 with wine1 at ,duval restaurant or ,table d' ,hote1 #d fr4 daily1 #ab #jj ,theatre in the evening 7gallery71 #c fr41 #i #jj ,extras1 #b #jj ,total1 #ej #jj ,a ,paris paper1 a few days later1 made an improvement on the above1 and showed how a man could spend three days at the ,exposition for nothing4 ,this is the way it was done3-- ,lodging three nights at police stations1 #jj per night1 #jj ,breakfast at hydrant1 three times1 #jj each time1 #jj ,ride to ,exposition by hanging on steps of omnibus1 #jj ,admission1 make a bundle of your coat and enter as an exhibitor1 #jj ,lunch1 similar to breakfast with addition of samples1 obtained in the alimentary section of the ,exposition1 #jj ,return same way as going1 #jj ,dinner at hydrant with remains of lunch1 #jj ,theatre in evening1 beg a check from somebody leaving1 #jj ,total1 #jj ,it would be difficult to find a cheaper system than this1 though it is on record that once during a period of steamship opposition between ,san ,francisco and ,oregon1 the ,pacific ,mail ,steamship ,company advertised a free passage and a chromo to anybody who wished to make the voyage4 ,a hundred or more of the impecunious ones of ,san ,francisco thought it would be a good opportunity to go to ,oregon and back for nothing1 and have a week's board1 and so they took passage4 ,nothing was said about the return2 the opposition company made terms with the ,pacific ,mail just as the steamer reached ,portland1 and the old rates of fare were at once established4 ,the majority of the tourists had great difficulty in getting home again1 and some of them became permanent residents of the region to which they had unintentionally emigrated4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,skeleton ,,tours ,,for ,,america ,,and ,,europe4 ,it is well to have your route laid out beforehand when you start on a pleasure tour1 at least in a general way1 so that you can approximate the necessary time and money for the journey4 ,to facilitate the traveler's plans a few skeleton routes will be given1 together with an estimate of the time necessary for a rapid journey to cover them4 ,it should not be understood that the routes given embrace a tenth or a twentieth of those that exist2 any railway or steamship agent can give you dozens or perhaps hundreds of routes of travel1 and after you think the subject is exhausted you can easily find a rival agent who can give you a selection from many more4 ,the lines of travel that are here laid out are intended to embrace the chief cities of ,europe and ,america1 together with the principal pleasure-resorts4 ,the traveler will pay his money and take his choice1 or rather he will take his choice and then pay his money4 ,the ,american tours take ,new ,york as a starting and also as a returning point1 for the obvious reason that it is the largest city of ,america4 ,for the ,european tours ,london or ,liverpool will be taken as the terminal points1 since nine-tenths of the ,americans who visit ,europe land at ,liverpool and proceed thence to ,london with more or less directness4 ,any one of the ,american routes can be covered in from one to two months1 with a sufficient amount of time for seeing enough to satisfy an ordinary tourist4 ,this does not allow for a stay of a week or more at each of two or three points1 but only for a visit of sufficient length for doing the necessary sight-seeing1 and a very little more4 ,as there are no antiquities in ,american cities1 and comparatively few stock sights1 a tour of a given number of miles or places will take less time than a similar tour in ,europe4 ,a few hundred years hence we may be able to point to ancient buildings and ruins around which cluster many historical associations1 but at present1 to use a ,hibernianism1 all our antiquities are modern4 ,without further preliminary the following routes are presented3-- ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,washington1 ,lynchburg1 ,charlotte1 ,atlanta1 ,montgomery1 ,mobile1 ,new ,orleans4 ,the ,mississippi ,river1 passing ,baton ,rouge1 ,port ,hudson1 ,natchez1 ,vicksburg1 ,memphis1 and ,cairo to ,st ,louis2 rail via ,springfield to ,chicago and back to ,new ,york by ,detroit and ,niagara ,falls4 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,washington1 ,lynchburg1 ,danville1 ,charlotte1 ,atlanta1 ,montgomery1 ,mobile1 ,new ,orleans4 ,the ,mississippi ,river1 passing ,natchez1 ,vicksburg1 ,memphis1 and ,cairo2 thence on the ,ohio ,river1 passing ,evansville and ,louisville to ,cincinnati1 and back to ,new ,york1 by ,pittsburg and ,altoona4 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,washington1 ,norfolk1 day steamer on the ,james ,river to ,richmond1 ,gordonsville1 ,goshen 7for ,natural ,bridge71 ,white ,sulphur ,springs1 ,kanawha ,falls1 ,huntington1 steamer on the ,ohio ,river to ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,springfield1 ,chicago1 through the ,lakes to ,buffalo1 ,niagara ,falls1 ,toronto1 the ,thousand ,islands and ,rapids of the ,st4 ,lawrence to ,montreal1 ,lake ,champlain1 ,lake ,george1 ,saratoga1 ,rutland1 ,boston1 ,springfield1 ,hartford1 ,new ,haven1 and ,new ,york4 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,washington1 ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,springfield1 ,chicago1 rail or steamer through the ,lakes to ,buffalo1 ,niagara ,falls1 ,toronto1 the ,thousand ,islands and ,rapids of the ,st4 ,lawrence to ,montreal1 rail or boat to ,quebec1 ,gorham1 stage to ,glen ,house1 ,summit of ,mount ,washington1 ,crawford ,house1 ,fabyan ,house1 ,bethlehem1 ,profile ,house1 rail to ,concord1 ,nashua1 and ,boston1 and ,sound steamboat to ,new ,york4 ,none of the routes thus given will carry the traveler farther west than ,st4 ,louis4 ,the tourist who wishes to extend his journey to the ,rocky ,mountains1 to ,utah1 or to the ,pacific ,coast will be pretty certain to make either ,st4 ,louis or ,chicago his point of departure1 and therefore we will make up our routes from those cities4 ,from ,st4 ,louis we can go as follows3-- ,st4 ,louis1 ,kansas ,city1 ,denver1 ,cheyenne1 ,ogden1 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,virginia ,city1 ,sacramento1 and ,san ,francisco1 where we pause to consider the sights of ,california4 ,these include the wonderful ,yosemite ,valley1 the ,north ,pacific ,coast ,railway through the ,redwood forests1 the ,geysers1 and the wine-growing regions of ,sonoma1 and other valleys north of ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,from ,san ,francisco we can go to ,oregon1 either overland or by steamship2 in either case we arrive at ,portland1 whence a journey may be made up the ,columbia ,river and back again4 ,as this book goes to press there is no satisfactory route for reaching the ,east except by returning to ,san ,francisco1 but in a few years it will be possible to ride in railway carriages from the head of navigation on the ,columbia to ,st4 ,paul1 in ,minnesota1 and thence through the states of the ,northwest to ,chicago4 ,suppose we go back from ,oregon to ,san ,francisco and are ready to return to the ,east4 ,we may go as we came as far as ,cheyenne1 and thence to ,omaha1 where we have the choice of four routes to ,chicago4 ,or we may turn to the southward1 over the ,southern ,pacific ,railway1 which will carry us to ,los ,angeles1 and thence to ,yuma1 by way of the ,desert1 where at one point we are #bff feet below the level of the sea4 ,from ,yuma the route is eastward over the dry plains of ,arizona1 and among the mountains to the ,rio ,grande1 and thence through ,new ,mexico and along the valley of the ,arkansas to ,kansas ,city4 ,from the latter point there is a bewildering choice of railways to ,st4 ,louis or ,chicago4 ,the majority of tourists would doubtless prefer going by one route and returning over the other4 ,in case you take the northern route for the westward journey ,chicago would be the best point of departure1 while if the southern route is chosen the start should be made from ,st4 ,louis4 ,in either instance ,denver and the mining and grazing regions of ,colorado may be visited by a detour--by the northern route from ,cheyenne1 and by the southern from ,pueblo4 ,let us turn now to ,europe4 ,the voyage over the ,atlantic will occupy about ten days each way1 and therefore three weeks should be added to all the estimates of time in the following tours4 ,and as before stated the time allowed for the tour itself is only what would give a hurried view of each place1 and the objects of interest along the route4 ,if the tourist wishes to go leisurely he should double the figures1 and he will not be far out of the way4 ,or he may add #ej per cent4 with the knowledge that he is just avoiding a rush through the country4 ,a tour of twenty days may be made1 embracing the following cities3-- ,liverpool1 ,glasgow or ,london1 ,antwerp1 ,rotterdam1 ,the ,hague1 ,amsterdam1 ,utrecht1 ,cologne1 ,the ,rhine1 ,wiesbaden1 ,brussels1 ,paris1 ,rouen1 ,dieppe1 ,brighton1 ,london1 ,glasgow1 ,liverpool or ,london4 ,one of forty days will include most of the foregoing1 and also ,strasburg1 ,basle1 ,luzerne1 ,brunig ,pass1 ,interlaken1 ,berne1 ,lausanne1 ,villeneuve1 ,martigny1 ,chamouny1 ,geneva1 ,macon1 ,dijon1 ,paris1 and back to point of departure in ,england4 ,one of sixty-five days1 embracing ,england1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,austria1 ,germany1 and ,belgium1 will include ,liverpool1 ,glasgow or ,london1 ,dover1 ,calais1 ,paris1 ,macon1 ,mt4 ,cenis ,tunnel1 ,turin1 ,genoa1 ,leghorn1 ,rome1 ,naples1 ,florence1 ,venice1 ,verona1 the ,austrian ,tyrol1 ,innspruck1 ,munich1 ,salzburg1 ,vienna1 ,prague1 ,dresden1 ,berlin1 ,hanover1 ,cologne1 ,brussels1 ,antwerp1 ,london or ,liverpool4 ,one of about the same time1 and embracing ,england1 ,belgium1 the ,rhine1 ,germany1 ,bavaria1 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and ,france1 will take the tourist through ,antwerp1 ,brussels1 ,cologne1 the ,rhine1 ,mayence1 ,heidelberg1 ,stuttgart1 ,munich1 ,lake ,constance1 ,coire1 the ,splugen ,pass1 ,colico1 ,lake ,como1 ,bergamo1 ,verona1 ,venice1 ,florence1 ,rome1 ,leghorn1 ,pisa1 ,genoa1 ,turin1 ,milan1 ,arona1 the ,simplon ,pass1 ,brieg1 ,martigny1 ,chamouny1 ,geneva1 ,lausanne1 ,berne1 ,thun1 ,interlaken1 the ,brunig ,pass1 ,lucerne1 ,basle1 ,paris1 and thence to ,great ,britain for the return to ,america4 ,one of sixty days will embrace ,england1 ,france1 ,italy1 and ,switzerland1 and will include1 ,london1 ,paris1 ,dijon1 ,macon1 the ,mt4 ,cenis ,tunnel1 ,turin1 ,genoa1 ,pisa1 ,rome1 ,naples1 ,florence1 ,venice1 ,verona1 ,milan1 ,como1 ,lugano1 ,st4 ,gothard ,pass1 ,andermatt1 ,lucerne1 ,interlaken1 ,berne1 ,neuchatel1 ,pontarlier1 ,paris1 ,london or ,liverpool4 ,leaving out ,italy the tour can be made in thirty days1 as follows3--,london1 ,paris1 ,troyes1 ,mulhausen1 ,basle1 ,lucerne1 the ,bernese ,oberland1 ,interlaken1 ,berne1 ,freiburg1 ,lausanne1 ,geneva1 ,macon1 ,dijon1 ,paris1 ,london1 ,glasgow or ,liverpool4 ,the list may be extended indefinitely2 enough has been given to show the possibilities of travel1 so as to visit the most of the countries of ,central and ,southern ,europe4 ,for the probable cost the reader is referred to preceding pages of this volume1 where the expense of travel is set down as nearly as it can be estimated4 ,but1 as before stated1 no general rule can be made1 and the cost of a journey will depend very largely upon the tastes of the traveler1 and his financial ability to gratify them4 ,the ,american who visits ,europe for the first time is apt to be in a hurry1 and to endeavor to see too much4 ,he will very likely return with a confused notion of his experiences1 and will be obliged to refer to his note-book to know what he has done4 ,instances have occurred of tourists who could not tell whether ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral was in ,london or ,rome1 and who had a vague impression that the tomb of ,napoleon was beneath the ,arc de ,triomphe4 ,they told of the wonderful wood-carving to be seen at ,venice1 and thought that ,michael ,angelo1 ,john ,titian1 and ,sir ,christopher ,wren were among the most famous painters ,switzerland had ever produced4 ,they ascended the ,volcano of ,mount ,blanc from ,vienna1 and had a delightful view of the eternal snows of ,vesuvius from their hotel windows at ,berlin2 where they also visited ,trajan's column1 and the ,falls of ,schaffhausen4 ,in short they came back with things decidedly mixed1 and all from making their journey too quickly4 ,moral--,don't be in a hurry4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,general ,,directions1 ,,with ,,routes1 ,,distances1 ,,etc41 ,,for ,a ,,journey ,,round ,,the ,,world4 ,if stout old ,sir ,francis ,drake1 the first navigator to sail around the globe1 could appear on earth to-day1 he would be quite justifiable in standing transfixed with astonishment4 ,the announcement that he could encircle our sphere in less than eighty days would be too much for his equanimity1 when he reflected that the voyage in the ,elizabeth1 from ,plymouth back to ,plymouth again1 consumed nearly two years1 and compelled him to cross the ,equator no less than four times4 ,the performance of the modern steamship would be likely to bewilder him1 and he could scarcely comprehend the transit of the ,american ,continent in a single week4 ,from ,new ,york to ,omaha1 without change of cars or clothes1 would be beyond his understanding1 and from ,omaha to ,san ,francisco in a ,pullman car would appear to his old-fashioned mind like the work of the magician4 ,there is good reason to believe he would not be thankful that he had been awakened from his sleep of three centuries4 ,to the question1 ,what would ,admiral ,drake say if he were alive now8 the historic ,irishman might respond1 ,he would say he's glad he's dead6 ,from the two years required for the circumnavigation of the globe in the time of ,sir ,francis1 the progress down to our day was not very rapid4 ,for two hundred years after that eventful voyage of the ,elizabeth1 there was little if any reduction in the time for a similar cruise1 though there was a material diminution in the profits to be derived from semi-piratical adventures along the route4 ,the brave old ,admiral made his enterprise remunerative in a high degree1 both to his government and himself2 the courts are said to be troubled at the present day about the rightful ownership of some dozens of millions which belonged originally to the estate of ,sir ,francis ,drake1 and have increased through the operations of time and the tables of simple and compound interest4 ,there was a glorious uncertainty about the voyages of ,sir ,francis ,drake and ,captain ,cook that exists no longer4 ,it was a problem if ever those navigators should return2 and1 in the case of ,captain ,cook1 the solution was not to the satisfaction of that enterprising explorer and his friends4 ,but1 setting aside the ordinary uncertainty of human affairs1 a voyage of circumnavigation to-day is no more problematic than a trip from ,new ,york to ,chicago4 ,a man may start for a journey around the world1 and fix almost to a day the date of his return4 ,on the third day of ,july1 #ahgg1 the writer sailed from ,san ,francisco for ,japan1 ,china1 ,india1 and other ,eastern countries1 intending to return by way of ,europe4 ,a friend was at the dock to see him off1 and1 as they shook hands in farewell1 the latter said3 ,i am going to ,paris next spring2 when will you meet me there8 ,the outward-bound voyager thought a moment1 and then said3 ,i'll meet you in ,paris on the #aeth of ,april4 ,and so they separated1 one to go west1 and the other1 a few months later1 to go east4 ,on the evening of the #adth of ,april the first-mentioned tourist landed at ,marseilles1 and the next day he was at ,paris2 his friend1 who had been notified by telegraph1 was at the station to meet him1 and the meeting1 as we see1 was exactly on the day appointed4 ,a traveler can arrange his time with absolute certainty1 if he will take the trouble to study the tables of the steamship and railway lines1 and determine the period of his detention in each city and country along his route4 ,and this is precisely what was done in the instance above mentioned4 ,a man in ,new ,york thinks nothing of making a business appointment for a week from to-day2 he is going to ,chicago in the meantime1 but will be back on the date he names4 ,it is just as feasible for him to say1 ,it is now the #acth of ,june2 ,i must go to ,hong ,kong for a little business which will keep me a couple of days1 and the movements of the steamers are such that ,i shall lose a day and a half waiting there when my business is ended4 ,if you will call at my office at noon on the #bdth of ,august1 we will go to lunch and talk this matter over2 ,i really haven't time to attend to it to-day4 ,i may possibly have to go to ,calcutta2 if so1 ,i'll telegraph you1 and we'll make the appointment hold over till the #ahth of ,september1 as ,i shall arrive by the steamer of the #agth4 ,good-day2 ,i leave by this evening's train4 ,year by year the travel around the world increases1 and doubtless it will continue to increase as people become familiar with the requirements of time and money for the journey4 ,a ticket around the world can be bought at a price varying from one thousand to twelve hundred dollars1 according to the line of steamers chosen for certain parts of the route1 and whether one passes through ,india or adheres to the steamer from ,singapore to ,suez4 ,the time required is from three months upward1 according to the abilities of the traveler to spare it1 and the amount of money at his disposal4 ,the old adage1 that time is money1 is nowhere more applicable than on the journey around the world4 ,you can't have a good time unless you have the money to pay for it1 and you can't have a good time with your money unless you have time enough to spend it properly4 ,how much does it cost to go around the world8 is as difficult to answer as ,how much does a horse cost8 ,one man will get along with a quarter of what another will consider absolutely necessary1 and can live luxuriously on what will starve another4 ,tastes and ways differ in travel as in anything else1 and an exact rule cannot be set for everybody4 ,a youth who has not learned by practical experience the value of a dollar1 who indulges in ways of living more or less riotous1 and1 above all1 who occasionally whiles the weary hours at the seductive game of poker with chance travelers1 will require a liberal allowance to enable him to make the circuit of the world in what he would call style4 ,this allowance might be anywhere from five or six thousand dollars upward1 and would probably leave occasional souvenirs in the shape of unpaid bills1 which are altogether too numerous at present for the reputation of our countrymen4 ,but to the man of unwasteful habits1 who knows the worth of his money1 and quietly makes up his mind to have it1 who uses his eyes and his brains1 finds what is proper to pay in each instance1 and then pays it1 the journey can be made in ten months1 at an expenditure of about four thousand dollars4 ,ten months will allow for sufficient stoppages along the route1 and the sum mentioned will enable him to travel first-class on all ships1 and stop at first-class hotels--if the majority of the caravansaries in the ,east can be called first-class4 ,generally the only features about them that warrant that name are their bills4 ,the traveler can also purchase a fair allowance of inexpensive curios1 as souvenirs of his tour1 without going beyond the last-named figures4 ,if ladies are of the party the expenses will be a trifle more than where it consists entirely of the sterner sex4 ,ladies need have no hesitation in attempting the tour of the world2 they might even go unaccompanied by gentlemen1 but it is not advisable for them to do so4 ,hotels are to be found everywhere on the great routes of travel1 and even on some of the by-ways there is passable accommodation4 ,in the tropics where the heat is so great as to compel passengers to sleep on deck when going from one port to another1 one side of the deck is reserved for ladies and the other is allotted to the men4 ,it is not advisable for a traveler to buy his ticket at once for the entire journey1 but to take it in sections as he goes along4 ,from ,new ,york1 or any other ,american city1 to ,yokohama is enough for the first section2 beyond ,yokohama the routes divide1 and your movements depend upon circumstances which generally are not easy to foresee4 ,therefore1 when you have determined to buy a ticket around the world1 buy it as you go along1 and not all in a lump4 ,the best way of going around the world from ,america is by going westward4 ,the seasons can be taken more easily in their natural course in this way than by going eastward1 and each country on the route can be seen in the best time for seeing it4 ,the monsoons can be taken in a favoring direction1 and the typhoons1 those scourges of the ,eastern waters1 can be avoided4 ,from ,may to ,july is the best time for leaving ,san ,francisco--not earlier than the first of ,may1 and not later than the first week of ,july4 ,this will give the summer months in ,japan1 the autumn for ,china and ,siam--if the latter country is included--and the winter for ,java1 the ,straits1 ,ceylon1 and ,india4 ,by the end of ,february one should leave ,india1 spend a fortnight or three weeks in ,egypt1 and then go on to ,europe4 ,he can land in ,naples late in ,march or early in ,april1 and then go north with the season till he reaches that ,mecca of the wanderer--,paris4 ,thence1 if he does not possess the ingenuity to find his way home1 he has traveled to very little purpose2 whether he will be anxious to find his way home from ,paris at an early date depends largely upon circumstances--and upon ,paris4 ,it is advisable for the intending traveler to have his finances so arranged that he will run no risk of being stranded penniless in some ,eastern port1 and compelled to wait till a remittance reaches him4 ,a letter of credit for the whole amount needed on the journey is the best thing to have2 but if this is not attainable1 he should carry a credit for at least half the amount1 and arrange for remittances in sterling drafts on ,london to meet him at points previously designated4 ,these should be forwarded in duplicate in registered letters1 and by different mails1 so that a loss of one will not be likely to mean the loss of both4 ,and in order to take these registered letters from the post-office1 and for other purposes of identification1 every traveler should carry a passport4 ,in taking out a letter of credit1 be sure and have it from a house that has correspondents in the principal cities and the open ports of the ,east4 ,the same precaution should be observed relative to drafts that may be forwarded to meet the traveler at any of the points he is to touch2 and he should not conclude that because he is personally cognizant of the high standing of a banking-house1 it will be all right wherever he goes4 ,a draft made by a well-known house in ,new ,york1 on the ,barings of ,london1 reached the writer in ,singapore2 when he proceeded to turn it into cash he was surprised to find that nobody in ,singapore had ever heard of the makers of the draft1 and if he had been without introductions1 and had had no letter of credit in reserve1 he would have been in a very awkward predicament4 ,too much precaution cannot be observed about one's means of obtaining money in the far ,east2 and to be stranded on the other side of the world without cash is very inconvenient4 ,we will suppose you have equipped yourself with the necessary letter of credit2 the next thing is to have a suitable frame of mind for the journey1 and the next a light and properly garnished trunk4 ,the frame of mind is an important consideration4 ,if you are a morose1 ill-tempered brute1 determined to see nothing good in any country but your own1 you had better stay at home2 and if a friend has arranged to travel with you1 it would be an act of kindness to advise him to drop you and go with some one else1 or alone4 ,arrange your time-table as nearly as possible before starting1 and then tell your friends where letters will reach you4 ,have them sent to the principal post-offices--,yokohama1 ,hong ,kong1 ,singapore1 ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 etc4--according to the dates you expect to be in those cities1 and when you are about leaving those places you can instruct the post-master as to your subsequent address4 ,if you do so your mail matter will be forwarded1 and with proper care you will be pretty certain to get all your letters4 ,do not have newspapers sent after you1 as they are not very likely to turn up on account of the accumulating postage4 ,as to baggage1 you don't want a large amount to start with4 ,a couple of ordinary suits of clothing1 and a dress-suit for dinners1 will be the basis2 remember that the dress-suit is indispensable1 as its absence will sometimes deprive you of the pleasure of attending an interesting ceremonial1 and that a gentlemen in the ,east1 as well as in ,europe1 is expected to wear an evening garb when invited to dinner4 ,a light overcoat should be taken1 and a heavy one for rough work2 the latter should be of coarse but strong material1 and will often come handy at sea when storms are blowing1 and on land when the owner is compelled to camp out or travel through severe weather4 ,a rug or shawl may be taken1 if one has a fancy for it1 but it is not at all necessary1 as the stout overcoat supplies its place1 and serves the additional purposes of an overcoat4 ,take the same underclothing that you would take for a six weeks' trip anywhere in the ,states2 when your stock is exhausted you can buy a fresh supply in any of the ports or inland cities of the ,east1 particularly the former4 ,clothing of all kinds is as cheap in ,hong ,kong1 ,shanghai1 ,yokohama1 ,singapore1 ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 or the other great ports1 as in ,new ,york1 and in some of the cities ,i have mentioned it is cheaper4 ,it would be well to have your shirt-maker get you up a dozen shirts of a kind specially adapted to the journey1 and if you are inclined to be a swell1 you might take two or three dozen4 ,have them made of the strongest muslin you can find2 pay no attention to fineness1 but a great deal to strength4 ,the front1 or bosom1 may be as fine as you please1 but ,i wouldn't be too particular about it2 as to the rest1 the nearer you can come to sail-cloth or sheet-iron the better4 ,the laundress in the far ,east is invariably a man1 and1 to judge by the way he knocks your clothing to pieces1 he must be the strongest man in the community4 ,he is native and to the manner born1 and his manner is not at all pleasing4 ,in ,yokohama1 and other ,japanese cities1 he is1 of course1 a ,jap2 in ,china1 he is the wanchee-washee man1 with whom ,san ,francisco and ,new ,york are familiar2 in ,java1 he is a ,malay1 and in ,india he is a ,bengalee4 ,no matter which one you have first1 you will think he is worse than any of the others can possibly be1 and when you try the others you will find that your first love was the mildest of them all4 ,the ,bengalee is the worst of the lot for destructiveness1 but he is only an infinitesimal distance ahead of the ,chinese4 ,the ,eastern way of washing is to pound the garments with a club1 when clubs are handy1 but as they are generally out of the way1 and firewood is dear1 the artist contents himself with laying your shirts and other things on a stone1 and pounding them with another stone2 and the rougher these two geological products are1 the better for his purpose4 ,three or four washings will generally make an end of handkerchiefs2 shirts and other garments may survive a sixth or eighth journey to the lavatory1 but the tenth or twelfth will usually send them to the rag-bag4 ,therefore ,i advise that all underlinen should be of the strongest material1 and fineness a secondary consideration4 ,when you reach ,yokohama you will probably want to buy some clothing suitable for the warm climate of the ,east4 ,a sola topee1 or sun-hat1 is the first requisite2 it is made of pith1 has a white cover which can go to the wash every few days1 and an internal arrangement so that the wearer's head is constantly cooled by the air which circulates around it4 ,then you will want some suits of white linen1 about ten of them1 which will cost you from five to six dollars a suit2 a couple of suits of blue serge1 at ten or twelve dollars each4 ,these1 with your ordinary clothing1 will be sufficient for your wants1 if you exercise proper care in keeping close at the heels of the washman2 you will generally find that your washing will be promptly done1 but it is always best to have an extra provision laid up for a rainy day4 ,in the ,east everybody carries a goodly amount of baggage1 and as there is always a plentiful supply of porters1 and the allowance of the steamship companies is liberal1 you need not mind the addition of a trunk or two4 ,well1 we are off from ,new ,york2 we are not in a frightful hurry1 and are determined to see as much as we can for our time and money4 ,the transcontinental trains between ,new ,york and ,san-,francisco are a daily affair each way1 and the regular time of running through is seven days4 ,the price of a ticket varies according to the harmony1 or the lack of it1 between the ,eastern roads2 #adj may be taken as a fair average for the through ticket1 with an addition of #be or #cj for sleeping-coaches and meals4 ,from ,san ,francisco1 the departures are semi-monthly for ,japan and ,china2 the steamers of the ,pacific ,mail and ,occidental and ,oriental ,companies perform the service alternately1 so that each line sends a ship every month4 ,they were formerly in opposition1 but are now working harmoniously2 a passage-certificate bought of the one is good on the ships of the other1 and there is nothing to choose between them1 so far as the comfort of the voyage is concerned4 ,the running time to ,yokohama is about twenty days1 and no matter what the ship or which the company that the traveler patronizes1 he is pretty certain to be pleased with his fare and treatment4 ,a ticket from ,san ,francisco to ,yokohama costs #bej1 and if bought in ,new ,york it entitles the passenger to an allowance of two hundred and fifty pounds of baggage overland1 instead of the ordinary allowance of one hundred pounds4 ,after the globe-trotter1 as the tourist is called in the ,east1 has done with ,yokohama1 ,tokio1 and the eastern part of the empire1 he can take a steamer any ,wednesday afternoon for ,hiogo1 which is the port of ,osaka and ,kioto4 ,this is a voyage of a day and a half2 and when the western part of the empire has been seen1 another steamer may be taken to ,shanghai1 passing through the famous inland ,sea of ,japan1 and halting at ,simoneseki and ,nagasaki4 ,the line is weekly each way1 and is known as the ,mitsu ,bishi 7,three ,diamonds72 it is a ,japanese organization1 sustained by a government subsidy in the shape of a mail contract1 and its ships are mostly of ,american build4 ,old travelers on the line between ,new ,york and ,san ,francisco by the ,isthmus route will find an acquaintance in the steamer ,new ,york1 transformed to the ,tokio ,maru1 and the ,oregonian to the ,nagoya ,maru2 the ,golden ,age is the ,maru something or other1 and so are several of the former vessels of the ,pacific ,mail ,company4 ,a ticket from ,yokohama to ,shanghai costs #de1 and it makes no difference whether you buy it through or in sections4 ,there are chance steamers at frequent and irregular intervals1 that carry passengers at a reduced rate1 but they are less comfortable than the ,mitsu ,bishi ,company's boats1 and more uncertain4 ,the crews of the ,mitsu ,bishi steamers are ,japanese1 the waiters in the cabin are ,chinese1 and the captains1 officers1 engineers1 and stewards1 are ,americans1 ,english1 or some other ,caucasian nationality4 ,when the equipage of one of these steamers is drawn up for inspection1 the affair is emphatically une revue des deux mondes4 ,from ,shanghai one can ascend the ,yang-,tse as far as ,hankow1 a distance of a trifle over six hundred miles1 and there are boats of the ,china ,merchants' company every three or four days4 ,the price of a ticket varies2 it was once #djj each way1 but at the time of my visit to ,shanghai it had fallen to #ah1 in consequence of an opposition by an ,english company4 ,it was the intention1 as soon as the opposition ended1 to raise it again to #ej1 where it probably now is4 ,the steamers are large and comfortable1 and the table is excellent4 ,the ,china ,merchants' ,company has a weekly line to ,tien-,tsin1 whence one may go overland to ,pekin1 a distance of ninety miles4 ,there is said to be a smooth way of the world and a rough one2 where the smooth one may be ,i will not attempt to say1 but there is little doubt that the rough one is the stretch of ninety miles between ,tien-,tsin and ,pekin4 ,about two thousand years ago the road was built1 and it has never been repaired since the contractors left it2 it was made of large and irregular boulders1 badly laid down1 with no attempt at evenness1 and has been a good deal damaged by old ,tempus ,edax ,rerum in the twenty centuries that he has been gnawing at it4 ,you can make the journey to ,pekin on horseback1 by cart1 or by a mule-litter1 or you can go on foot4 ,for a vigorous man1 the saddle is recommended2 for a more luxurious one1 the mule-litter2 for a brave and small one1 the cart2 and a man who has a touch of the walking mania can try pedestrianism4 ,the mule-litter is a box like a covered chair1 slung on a couple of poles2 these poles are long enough1 and just far enough apart1 to serve as shafts for two mules--one in front and the other in the rear--and are suspended over the saddles of the beasts by stout straps4 ,the pace is not unpleasant1 and the movement would soon become monotonous were it not that the suspensory apparatus is constantly giving way1 and letting the box to the ground with a general shaking up as the result4 ,occasionally the mules run away1 indulge in kicking-matches1 or otherwise disport themselves in ways more or less exciting2 so that the traveler is in no danger of perishing with ennui4 ,the ,chinese cart is a small box on a single pair of wheels2 it is not long enough for an average man to lie down in1 and too low for him to sit erect4 ,the occupant is doubled up very much as if he were in a wine-cask2 the cart has no springs1 but the body rests directly on the axle1 so that every jolt1 however small1 is felt by him4 ,when all these facts are considered1 in connection with the character of the road1 it will be readily seen that a traveler who journeys from ,tien-,tsin to ,pekin in a ,chinese cart1 feels1 on arrival1 very much as though he had been passed through a patent clothes-wringer4 ,there is another route1 via ,tung-,chow4 ,a ,chinese boat is taken to the latter point1 which is twelve miles from the capital2 the usual way is to go to ,pekin by the road1 and return by ,tung-,chow and the river4 ,in this way the current favors1 and the descent can be made in a couple of days1 while the ascent takes four or five4 ,few travelers to ,pekin fail to visit the ,great ,wall1 which is about a hundred miles northwest of the city4 ,saddle-horses and mule-litters are the modes of conveyance1 and the most of the provisions which you expect to consume on the journey must be taken along4 ,the journey from ,shanghai to ,pekin and back again will require about a month in time1 and #djj in money1 including the visit to the ,great ,wall4 ,brief allusion has been made to the steam lines in the far ,east on another page4 ,a more detailed account will be given here4 ,from ,shanghai to ,hong ,kong there is a weekly service1 which is performed alternately by the ,peninsular and ,oriental ,steam ,navigation ,company 7,english71 and the ,compagnie ,messageries ,maritimes 7,french74 ,these lines are usually called the ,p4 and ,o41 and the ,french ,mail1 and it may be roundly stated that they run from ,england and ,france to ,china and ,japan4 ,one week there comes the ,p4 and ,o4 boat1 and the next the ,french ,mail1 and so they go on alternately each way weekly1 year after year4 ,the fares are about the same1 but the ,french line includes wine in the price of passage1 which the ,english does not4 ,as far as ,i could observe1 the ,french steamers are the most comfortable1 their table is better1 and there is more civility on the part of the officers4 ,it is noticeable that the majority of the passengers on the ,french steamers are ,english1 and ,i have known ,englishmen who were intensely patriotic in other matters to delay their departure a week to go on a ,french ship instead of an ,english one4 ,the itinerary of the ,p4 and ,o4 ,line from ,shanghai to ,southampton touches the following ports3--,hong ,kong1 ,singapore1 ,penang1 ,pointe de ,galle1 ,aden1 ,suez1 ,port ,said1 ,alexandria1 ,malta1 and ,gibraltar4 ,there are branch lines between ,hong ,kong and ,yokohama1 ,singapore and ,batavia1 7,java17 ,pointe de ,galle and ,australia1 ,pointe de ,galle and ,calcutta1 ,aden and ,bombay1 and ,alexandria and ,brindisi4 ,the ,french route is from ,shanghai to ,hong ,kong1 ,saigon1 ,singapore1 ,pointe de ,galle1 ,colombo1 ,aden1 ,suez1 ,port ,said1 ,naples1 and ,marseilles1 with branches between ,hong ,kong and ,yokohama1 ,singapore and ,batavia1 ,pointe de ,galle and ,calcutta1 ,aden and the ,mauritius4 ,both lines receive a heavy subsidy from their respective governments in the form of mail contracts1 and they do a great deal to maintain ,english and ,french prestige throughout the ,east4 ,for several years the ,p4 and ,o4 had a virtual monopoly of the business1 and looked with disdain upon the efforts of the ,french to enter the field4 ,but not only did the ,french ,line establish itself1 but other lines have sprung up1 and manage to flourish without the advantage to be gained from a contract for carrying the mails4 ,there is one known as the ,holt ,line1 which performs a semimonthly service each way between ,england and ,china2 and there are numerous irregular steamers in addition1 so that there is no lack of communication between the ,occident and the ,orient4 ,the rates of fare in the ,east are decidedly high1 when we compare them with the price of passage over the ,atlantic and on the seaboard lines of the ,united ,states4 ,from ,yokohama or ,shanghai1 by the ,english line1 to ,southampton1 or to ,marseilles by the ,french one1 the fare is #aje1 or #ebe in round figures4 ,the local fares are higher than this in proportion4 ,it is #fc from ,shanghai to ,hong ,kong--a run of three days2 and #ajh from ,singapore to ,pointe de ,galle--a voyage of five days4 ,to ,java1 by the branch line from ,singapore1 a voyage of exactly forty-eight hours1 requires a disbursement of #df4 ,you will save about #bj per cent4 on your fare by purchasing a through ticket2 but1 as already hinted1 the saving is accompanied by a restriction of one's movements that more than balances the advantage in the reduction4 ,at the agencies in the ,east they do not assign you to a room on the steamer when you buy your ticket1 but tell you that you will get it from the steward when you go on board4 ,they give as a reason for this the impossibility of knowing what rooms are reserved1 as the tickets are generally bought before the ship arrives in port1 and before there is any communication between the purser and the agent4 ,this excuse will not hold good at the beginning point of the voyage1 and so they plumply tell you that it is not their custom to assign the rooms except on board1 and they can make no deviation from their rules4 ,generally the ships are not crowded1 and so the custom works well enough2 in case of a rush of passengers it also works admirably--for the company4 ,the agent can continue to sell tickets to all applicants and assure them that there is abundance of room1 although he knows that he has sold twice or three times the capacity of the steamer4 ,the ship that performs the branch service for the ,french company between ,singapore and ,batavia has accommodations in her cabin for sixteen persons--eight rooms1 with two berths in each room4 ,the agent at ,singapore blandly assured the writer that there were very few passengers engaged1 and he would be certain to have a room to himself--when all the time more than forty passengers were booked1 and the agent had the list in his possession4 ,it may be impolite to say he lied1 but he certainly was not mathematically exact4 ,when the steamer sailed she had fifty-two passengers1 and they were packed like negroes on a slave-ship4 ,of course there was much grumbling1 but the officers of the steamer referred the matter to the agent--whose fault it was2 and the agent was safe on shore1 and out of reach of the angry travelers4 ,two things are necessary to one's comfort in traveling on steamers in the tropical ,east--pajamas1 and a bamboo chair4 ,a pajama suit consists of a loose sack and drawers of the ,chinese pattern1 and nearly every foreigner in the ,east adopts them1 in place of the night-shirt of civilization1 for sleeping purposes4 ,they may be of muslin1 silk1 grass-cloth1 or anything else that suits the wearer's fancy--some prefer one thing and some another1 and there is no way of harmonizing tastes4 ,any ,chinese tailor can make you a pajama suit at a few hours' notice2 and if you would be comfortable1 you will order half a dozen suits at least4 ,around the hotels and on board ship it is perfectly en rgle to be in pajamas between the hours of #i ,p4,m4 and #h ,a4,m42 and on the steamer it is interesting to observe how universally the passengers avail themselves of the permission4 ,through the tropics1 it is generally too hot to sleep below2 nearly everybody takes to the deck and makes it his home by day and by night4 ,the reclining chair comes in play here1 as it can serve as a bed for most persons1 and at any rate it is a capital lounge4 ,it can be bought very cheaply in all the ,eastern ports1 and no traveler's equipment is complete without it4 ,and the man who neglects to provide himself with pajamas in the first port he reaches will have reason to regret his action4 ,he might even do a more unwise thing than purchase a supply before he leaves ,san ,francisco1 provided the ,chinese have not all gone thence before he reaches the ,pacific coast4 ,the hours for meals vary somewhat on the different lines1 but may be taken as resembling in general the hours on the transatlantic ships1 with the exception that they are fewer4 ,as soon as you rise you can have a preliminary coffee or tea1 or you may have it before you rise1 if it so please you4 ,then from eight to ten you have breakfast1 which consists of omelets1 meat of two or three kinds1 and curry1 the latter being universal and perennial4 ,somewhere between noon and #a ,p4,m4 there is a cold lunch with fruit1 and at #e ,p4,m4 comes dinner4 ,this is not much unlike the steamship dinner of other parts of the world1 except that the curry comes up warm and smiling on every occasion1 and is eaten by nearly everybody4 ,few people like it when they first eat it1 and few people eat it half a dozen times without acquiring a taste for it that is akin to love4 ,it is conceded that curry is necessary to keep the liver in a proper condition of activity1 and the man who does not eat it is very liable to find himself out of order internally in a very short time4 ,it is surprising that such a warm substance as curry should be the proper thing in a hot climate2 but the weight of testimony is emphatically in its favor1 and we should respect the verdict of time and experience4 ,there is no pleasanter steamship life anywhere than in the ,east1 so far as the associations are concerned4 ,the brainless idiots that add a pang to existence on the transatlantic voyage are rarely seen so far away from home as the coast of ,china2 the majority of the people you meet there are the possessors of at least a fair amount of intelligence1 and know how to use it4 ,among twenty passengers on a steamer1 you will find three or four globe-trotters1 like yourself2 as many merchants2 as many clerks and other employs of ,eastern houses2 two or three men who have been or still are in the consular or diplomatic service2 a banker or two2 two or three soldiers of fortune who have been serving one of the ,oriental governments in one way or another2 and the balance will be made up of nondescripts1 who cannot be classed in any regular list4 ,if there are any of the gentler sex1 they will be the wives1 widows1 sisters1 or daughters of men who have been making a home in the ,east2 and you will occasionally encounter some of them who have made a dozen voyages back and forth1 and know every wave of the sea along the route4 ,the great majority of the passengers are sure to have had sufficient attrition against the world to wear away their rough corners2 you will find them social without forwardness1 and communicative without being garrulous4 ,if the traveler is limited in time and money1 he will avoid the north of ,china1 and also the western part of ,japan2 he will proceed direct from ,yokohama to ,hong ,kong1 and can take for this purpose a ship of either of the transpacific lines or of the ,english or ,french mail companies4 ,the former are preferable1 as the fare1 when combined with that from ,san ,francisco1 is lower1 and the steamers are larger and better than the ,english or ,french mail-packets4 ,from ,hong ,kong one can go daily to ,canton 7ninety miles7 in about eight hours2 and by no means should a tourist omit seeing this most interesting of the cities of ,china4 ,from ,hong ,kong1 when ,canton has been finished1 the regular route leads to ,singapore--the ,english steamers going direct1 and the ,french ones touching at ,saigon4 ,those who wish to leave the regular track may go to ,siam by steamers that leave every week or ten days1 and1 though of ,english build and ownership1 are managed by a ,chinese agency1 and carry their cargoes on ,chinese account4 ,they are nominally freight-steamers1 but have accommodations for a few passengers2 and the same is the case with the steamers that will take the tourist from ,bangkok to ,singapore when his visit to ,siam is concluded4 ,from ,singapore you may make a detour to ,java or ,manila1 but eventually you will find your way back again1 since all the routes of the ,east lead by this point1 as1 anciently1 all roads led to ,rome4 ,if you have a month to spare when south of the equator1 you may make a circular trip on a ,dutch steamer that goes to all the principal ports of ,java and the ,spice ,islands1 and comes around in the end to her starting-point4 ,when back in ,singapore1 and ready to go on to the westward1 you have choice of two1 or1 rather1 of three routes3 you can go by mail-steamer to ,ceylon1 and stop at ,galle1 whence you proceed by land to ,colombo1 and ,kandy2 you can go to ,calcutta direct2 or you may go to ,calcutta by a steamer that halts at ,malacca1 ,penang1 and ,moulmein a day each1 and two days at ,rangoon4 ,this indirect voyage consumes seventeen days1 but it is full of interest4 ,the direct voyage to ,calcutta requires six days4 ,if you do ,india by way of ,ceylon1 you will finish the land of spicy breezes1 where only man is vile1 and then cross from ,colombo to ,tuticorin1 whence you can go by rail to the uttermost parts of the great ,indian peninsula2 or you may take1 once a week1 a ship of the ,british ,india ,steam ,navigation ,company1 which makes the voyage to ,calcutta in fourteen days1 touching at ,madras and a dozen other ports4 ,as the ship is usually halted in the daytime and moving at night1 this mode of traveling is not at all unpleasant4 ,from ,calcutta the railway will bear us to the north1 and we can see ,benares1 ,agra1 ,cawnpore1 ,lucknow1 ,allahabad1 ,delhi1 ,jeypoor1 and other cities1 arriving eventually at ,bombay4 ,six weeks will serve for seeing ,india1 or1 rather1 that part of it in the ,bengal and ,bombay presidencies1 and very few who have done the country will care to return4 ,the distance from ,bombay to ,calcutta1 by the direct route1 is #a1dji miles1 and the fare 7first-class7 about #fj4 ,benares and ,allahabad are the only cities of importance that lie on the direct line2 the others are reached by branches1 and it will require another thousand miles of travel to take them in4 ,we will suppose we have finished with ,india1 and are ready to leave ,bombay for ,egypt and ,europe4 ,the ,p4 ,o4 ,company sends a weekly steamer1 and its departure is fixed for ,saturday during the prevalence of the southwest monsoon1 and for ,monday when the monsoon is not blowing4 ,there is another weekly service1 formed by the ,hall ,line and the ,anchor ,line1 making fortnightly departures alternately4 ,there is an ,italian line and an ,austrian line1 each monthly1 and there are numerous irregular steamers1 so that four departures a week may be fairly counted upon4 ,the fares vary considerably2 the ,p4 ,o4 charges #bej to carry you to ,suez1 #c1jjj miles3 the ,italian line will take you there for #afj2 the ,anchor and ,hall lines for #aee1 and the ,austrian for #aej4 ,patronage appears to be fairly divided among the lines2 those who have plenty of money1 together with a great many who have not1 go by the ,p4 ,o4 ships1 while others who are more matter-of-fact1 and do not care to keep up appearances1 select the cheaper lines4 ,to irascible bachelors1 the voyage from ,bombay westward has a lively terror4 ,from ,february to ,may the steamers are crowded with children and their nurses on their way to ,england1 and1 no matter what ship you take1 you cannot avoid them4 ,like the poor1 they are always with you1 and cannot be shaken off2 very often the number of juvenile passengers equals that of the adults1 and on occasions painfully frequent it is greater4 ,from rosy morn till dewy eve1 and from eve till morn again1 they make things the reverse of monotonous1 and a passionate lover of infantile ways has all the entertainment he desires4 ,selfish and irreverent travelers are apt to think affectionately of ,king ,herod1 and wonder if his like will ever be seen again4 ,this migration of children is for the reason that they lose health1 and generally their lives1 if kept in ,india beyond the age of four or five years4 ,the spring and early summer are considered the best time for them to arrive in ,europe1 and consequently the traveler at this season finds the steamers filled with them4 ,they are mostly of the spoiled class1 accustomed to have their own way1 to receive the attentions of a multitude of servants1 and to resent with anger the least attempt to thwart them4 ,the companies would doubtless find it to their profit to send an occasional steamer at higher rates1 from which children should be excluded1 just as our transatlantic lines advertise ships carrying no steerage passengers1 and charge more for places thereon4 ,in ,egypt1 one can go directly through the canal1 and thence to ,europe1 or he may land at ,suez1 go by rail to ,cairo 7eight hours71 and when he has done with ,cairo he may go in four hours to ,alexandria1 where he will find three or four steamers a week for ,brindisi1 ,naples1 ,marseilles1 and ,england1 and steamers at least once a week for ,syria1 ,palestine1 ,asia ,minor1 ,constantinople1 the ,black ,sea1 and also for ,greece and the ,adriatic4 ,he may take his time in ,europe1 and get home the best way he can4 ,following is a table of distances of a journey around the world1 without taking into account the numerous detours1 which will vary according to the tastes and means of each traveler1 and the time he has allotted to himself for his personal gratification1 either in the pursuit of pleasure1 science and art1 or commerce3-- ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco1 #c1dej miles2 ,san ,francisco to ,yokohama1 #d1gfd2 ,yokohama to ,hong ,kong1 #a1fbj2 ,hong ,kong to ,singapore1 #a1aej2 ,singapore to ,calcutta1 #a1bjj2 ,calcutta to ,bombay1 #a1dji2 ,bombay to ,aden1 #a1ffd2 ,aden to ,suez1 #a1cjh2 ,suez to ,alexandria1 #bej2 ,alexandria to ,marseilles1 #a1cjj2 ,marseilles to ,paris1 #ecf2 ,paris to ,london1 #caf2 ,london to ,liverpool1 #bje2 ,liverpool to ,new ,york1 #c1jjj4 ,total1 #bb1agb miles4 7,distances by rail are in italics2 by sea in roman47 ,separating the above distance into land and sea travel1 we have #f1aff miles of railway1 and a trifle over #af1jjj miles of water4 ,allowing continuous progress at the rate of twenty-five miles an hour on land and twelve miles on the water we could swing around the great circle inside of sixty-seven days4 ,and if we take the quickest journeys that have been made over the different portions of the route--the special trains that have passed across the ,continent on two or three occasions1 and the extraordinary runs of steamers on the ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 and ,indian ,oceans1 and in the ,china and ,mediterranean ,seas--add them together1 and make no deductions for delays in port1 we can have a theoretical journey around the world in less than sixty days4 ,phileas ,fogg is left far in the rear1 and ,jules ,verne must resume his pen and make another trial1 if he would really astonish us4 ,give us the highest recorded speed upon railways and ocean steamers1 and apply it to the route in question1 and we will put a girdle around the earth in the half of eighty days1 with several hours to spare4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,legal ,,rights ,,of ,,travelers4 ,for the information contained in this chapter the author is indebted to a well-known lawyer of ,new ,york1 who has had considerable experience in suits of individuals against railway and steamship companies1 and is therefore thoroughly competent to write on the subject4 ,in considering the legal rights of travelers it is necessary to remember that they are not the same in all countries1 nor even in different states of one country4 ,legal right in ,england may not be legal right in ,france or the ,united ,states1 and a decision of a court in ,new ,york may be quite opposed to one in a case exactly similar in ,ohio or ,california4 ,i will endeavor to give a summary of decisions embodying the most important relations of the traveler to the carrying companies1 and where there are two cases of similar character1 that have been differently decided1 ,i shall prefer the one from the higher court4 ,one of the most frequent causes of dispute in the ,united ,states is the time for which a ticket is valid4 ,it has been generally held that a ticket for a single trip over a railway is good for any length of time1 with the understanding that when the journey begins it shall be completed in a continuous ride4 ,this applies only to single tickets over the road of one company2 when the ticket has one or more coupons attached1 and is sold at a lower rate than the single fares would amount to if added together1 it is liable to be refused on the ground that it is in the form of a contract that expired a certain number of days after the ticket was issued4 ,there have been many decisions on this subject1 the majority of them favoring the claims of the company against the passenger4 ,an excursion or round trip ticket1 sold at a reduced rate1 is held to be a contract1 and is worthless if not used in the time specified4 ,it is also non-transferable1 if so printed on the face1 and the conductor may refuse it when offered1 on the return trip1 by any person other than the one who used the first half4 ,the theory is that in consideration of the reduced rate the company should have the benefit of any chance that the original purchaser does not return within the specified time4 ,the courts of most of the ,united ,states1 and also those of ,england and the ,continental countries1 are in accord on this subject4 ,a ticket marked 'good for this day only1' or 'for this train only1' was formerly held to be good for any day till used1 but of late years the majority of decisions are in favor of the printed limitation1 on the ground that the companies have a right to regulate their business1 and that they must know how many people are to travel by a train in order to make it up properly4 ,but in this case the purchaser of a ticket may have his money returned provided he asks for it before the departure of the train1 or can show that it is the fault of the company that he has not used it4 ,in regard to the validity of a ticket in the reverse direction from what it reads1 there have been several decisions both ways1 the passenger claiming that he had paid to be carried a given number of miles over the road and he had a right to travel either way1 as he chose4 ,a passenger on the ,new ,york and ,new ,haven railway recovered damages for injuries received while being ejected from the cars1 but it required a law-suit of five years1 and repeated trials1 to obtain them4 ,he had offered a ticket from ,new ,haven to ,new ,york while riding in the reverse direction1 and was put off in consequence4 ,in another instance a passenger from ,boston to ,portland sued for damages1 for ejection from the train when he offered a ticket 'from ,portland to ,boston1' and lost his case2 and the majority of the decisions in ,england and the ,united ,states favor this view of the subject4 ,it has been held repeatedly that a passenger is entitled to a seat1 and cannot be required to give up his ticket until a seat is provided1 though he must show it if asked4 ,a passenger on a ,new ,york railway found no seats in the ordinary coaches and went into the drawing-room car that formed part of the train4 ,when called on for the extra charge for the seat he refused it1 but announced his readiness to return to the ordinary coaches as soon as a place was provided for him there4 ,thereupon he was ejected by the porter1 and he brought suit against the railway company for damages4 ,the latter claimed it was not responsible1 as the drawing-room car was the property of a private individual1 and not of the railway1 but the courts rejected this claim and gave damages to the passenger4 ,similar decisions have been made in several cases where railway and sleeping-car companies were concerned1 the courts holding that the railways are responsible for the management of the cars that compose their trains1 although they may not own them4 ,this principle has been affirmed by the ,court of ,appeals of ,new ,york1 and by the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states4 ,it was formerly held that a conductor must allow a passenger to ride when he had lost his ticket1 providing he gave reasonable proof of having purchased one before entering the train1 but of late years the courts are inclined to the opinion that it is the passenger's place to take care of his ticket1 and it is unfair to ask the conductor to hold a court of inquiry concerning it4 ,besides1 the company has no protection against carrying the person who finds the ticket4 ,in ,illinois a passenger in a ,pullman car lost his ticket after showing it to the porter2 the conductor came around before the train started and demanded the ticket1 or its equivalent1 and refused to take the porter's word about it1 whereupon the passenger went to the ticket-office and procured a certificate to the effect that he had bought a ticket4 ,this the conductor refused1 and compelled the passenger to ride in the ordinary coach all night4 ,a jury gave #c1jjj damages to the passenger1 but a higher court said this amount was excessive1 and the man was only entitled to what he had paid for the ticket1 and moderate compensation for the inconvenience of being deprived of a place in the sleeping-car4 ,there have been frequent lawsuits involving the rights of persons traveling on free passes2 the railway pass usually bears on its back a printed notice that 'the person accepting this free pass thereby assumes all risk of accidents1' etc41 etc4 ,the courts have generally held that this notice is of no consequence1 and the holders of free passes have collected damages for injury to their persons1 or loss of property1 while using said tickets4 ,the theory is that the pass is granted for some consideration which is the equivalent of the money that would be required to purchase a ticket at the office1 and therefore the company is liable1 and it has been affirmed by the ,supreme ,court4 ,since these decisions1 some of the railways print the notice in the form of a contract or agreement1 which the passenger signs before delivering the pass to the conductor2 no suit under this form of pass has been reported1 and the companies think they could not be mulcted under it1 as they could show a specific agreement on the part of the passenger not to ask for damages in any event4 ,a tramp1 or other person1 stealing a ride on a train has no redress for damages1 nor any other rights which the company is bound to respect4 ,damages have been recovered in several instances for injuries received in railway stations before the intending passenger had entered the train1 or even purchased a ticket1 and they have also been recovered for injuries received in the station after the completion of the journey4 ,in all these cases it was shown that the person was in the station either for the intention of traveling1 or after the completion of the journey1 and in one case where the plaintiff could not establish this fact he lost his case4 ,in a case where a passenger in an omnibus was injured by the upsetting of the vehicle1 through the driver's carelessness1 damages were given by a jury4 ,the omnibus belonged to the railway company1 and was run by them between the station and neighboring village4 ,the passenger had no ticket1 as tickets were only sold at the station1 whither he was going1 but it was held that his journey began when he entered the company's omnibus with the intention of traveling by the railway4 ,the right of a passenger to protection from drunken and disorderly persons1 and from ruffians in general1 has been established4 ,the courts have decided that the company through its agents must use 'due diligence' for the protection of peaceable passengers1 and unless it does so it is liable4 ,a good illustration is that of a railway in ,mississippi where some rowdies beat a passenger severely1 and the latter sued the company for negligence4 ,it was shown that the conductor simply asked the rowdies not to get him into trouble1 and then left the car2 the court held that the company was liable for his failure to use due diligence in protecting the passenger1 and gave the latter #f1jjj damages1 but if the conductor had stopped the train1 and called the brakemen and passengers to assist him1 the damages would not have been allowed1 even if the conductor had failed in his effort at protection4 ,suits have arisen out of the loss of property by passengers in sleeping-cars1 and in most instances the company is not held responsible1 as it is not a common carrier1 and the court rules that it is the passenger's duty to take care of his own personal valuables4 ,the same rulings have been made in several cases where property has been lost in an ordinary passenger-car and suit brought against the company1 the courts holding that when a man chooses to take care of his valise or hand-bag it is not in the care of the company4 ,so1 also1 in instances where passengers have been robbed while on railway trains1 the courts have exonerated the companies1 except where absolute negligence has been shown4 ,in one case some ruffians entered a car and robbed a passenger of #ae1jjj in ,u4,s4 bonds2 the courts held that the company was not responsible1 since #ae1jjj was altogether too large an amount of valuables to be carried about one's person1 and before the company was to be held liable it should have been notified1 and the property intrusted to its care4 ,responsibility for baggage has given rise to a great many suits on the part of passengers1 and the decisions are numerous and varied4 ,in general it is held that a passenger can recover for the loss of personal property such as he wishes to use and actually needs on his journey1 'in reasonable amount4' ,most of the railway companies in ,america stipulate on their tickets that the passenger is limited to one hundred dollars in value and one hundred pounds in weight of baggage1 and if he has more than one hundred dollars' worth he must declare it1 and pay in addition at the rate of a single fare for every five hundred dollars in value4 ,extra trunks are usually paid for by the piece1 rather than by the weight or value1 and checks given accordingly4 ,in a suit growing out of the loss of baggage the passenger is required to tell the contents of his trunk1 and the jury must decide whether the missing articles belonged properly to the traveler's outfit4 ,in one case a man lost a trunk which contained his 'wardrobe4' ,when he stated1 which he did very reluctantly1 that the trunk contained sixteen coats of different sizes1 and no other garments1 the jury thought it a remarkable wardrobe for a traveler1 and he lost his case4 ,money1 watches1 and jewelry are admitted to be a part of one's baggage1 but they must be carefully packed1 and not excessive in amount4 ,discrimination is made in favor of money1 as most civilized nations have recognized this article as a requisite of travel4 ,surgeons' instruments1 law books1 and papers for a lawyer going to attend court1 dresses of actors and actresses1 uniforms of soldiers1 and in general anything that may be classed under the head of 'tools of a trade or profession' are legitimate baggage1 and form a good basis of a suit for damages in case of loss4 ,a gambler once brought suit for the loss of his trunk1 which contained a roulette table and other paraphernalia of his 'profession1' together with two revolvers and a bowie-knife4 ,the court decided against him on the ground that his occupation was contra bonos mores1 and the railway company could not be held to a responsibility for anything intended to demoralize the community4 ,where there is clear proof of the loss of a trunk a railway company will generally pay without litigation1 if the claimant is a person of respectability1 and there is reason to believe that the statement of contents is correct1 provided also that the amount claimed is not enormous4 ,it is better for the company to pay one or two hundred dollars in a genuine case than to go to the courts1 where it would be pretty sure to be defeated1 but there are some companies that make it a rule never to pay until sued1 on the ground that they frighten away a great many timid persons1 as well as others who cannot afford the time for a lawsuit4 ,a famous case1 involving the question of what is necessary to one's personal comfort on a journey1 is that of a ,russian countess against the ,new ,york ,central railway4 ,one of her trunks1 containing laces to the value of #bjj1jjj1 was opened while she was traveling from ,new ,york to ,niagara ,falls1 and about #bjj yards of lace were stolen4 ,it was antique and costly1 and valued at #hj1jjj2 the trunk was old and worn1 and its exterior gave no indication of the wealth within4 ,the ,countess sued for the value of the lace1 and the company defended the suit on the ground that the lady had no right to carry such property in a common trunk1 and that it was her duty to inform the company1 through its agent1 the baggage-master1 of the value of the trunk1 and pay the proper price for its insurance4 ,the court held that she was not bound to volunteer information1 but it was her duty to answer all proper questions concerning her baggage1 and to pay whatever was demanded as extra freight4 ,but as nobody had questioned her she was not in the wrong2 considering her station in life the laces were necessary to her comfort1 and she was awarded #cj1jjj in compensation for her loss4 ,suits for lost baggage are far less common in ,europe than in ,america4 ,they generally result in favor of the companies1 especially where two or more are concerned4 ,between ,paris and ,london losses occur from time to time1 and when the passenger seeks redress he is told that he must show whether the loss took place in ,france1 ,england1 or on the channel1 so that the responsibility can be fixed4 ,of course he can rarely do so2 all he knows is that his trunk started from one end of the route and failed to arrive at the other2 the company that took it swears it delivered it safely to the other1 while the latter swears that it never received it4 ,the unlucky passenger gets the worst of it1 and the matter is complicated by having different languages1 laws1 and customs to contend with4 ,the courts generally take the side of the companies by throwing the burden of proof on the loser2 a similar juggle is not unknown in ,america1 as the patrons of freight1 express1 and transportation lines in general can testify4 ,a parcel or a box will be lost between ,new ,york and ,san ,francisco2 the shipper holds a receipt or a bill of lading from the company to whom he delivered it in ,new ,york1 and it is clearly evident that he can know nothing about the movements of his property after it left his hands4 ,but when he asks for redress he is told to 'prove where the loss occurred and let us know who is responsible4' ,most of the ,continental lines of railway have a fixed tariff for payment for lost baggage1 and on proof of disappearance of a trunk or a satchel they pay with reasonable promptness4 ,baggage is so well cared for on the ,continent that losses are rare1 but the complaints are not infrequent of robberies from trunks while in transit4 ,travelers on their way from ,italy to ,england sometimes find that their baggage1 which was booked through1 has been opened while on the road1 and valuables abstracted2 suspicion points directly to the railway servants1 but when a sufferer asks the railway companies to pay him he is met with the response that he must prove on what road the theft occurred1 and must also name the man or men concerned in it4 ,as he is unable to do this he loses his time as well as his property1 and his principal consolation is to write an account of the affair to the ,london ,times or some other ,english newspaper4 ,the laws regarding common carriers apply to steamships and steamboats the same as to railways1 and the decisions in cases arising from loss of the property of passengers are of the general character already described4 ,many suits have arisen consequent upon the failure of railway companies to run their trains at the advertised time1 missing connections1 or otherwise causing loss to the passenger4 ,the courts have generally held that the advertised time-table of a company has the validity of a contract with the public1 and unless it can show that the failure to keep the agreement was quite beyond its control1 the passenger must be paid for any immediate loss resulting therefrom4 ,but the allowances are confined to 'direct' rather than to 'indirect' damages1 and include extra expense for hotel bills or for special conveyances1 and sometimes compensation for injury to health by exposure4 ,a merchant may be able to show that by missing a connection he lost the opportunity to make a valuable contract2 a lawyer may prove that a case went against him because the delay on the railway prevented his reaching court till after the judge had rendered his decision2 or an actor may show that he disappointed an audience and lost the profits of a performance for the same reason4 ,in all these instances the courts will not hold the companies responsible1 as the loss is constructive and not actual4 ,on the other hand the passenger is held guiltless for a free ventilation of his opinions to the conductor or other representative of the company1 and he may even indulge in profane expressions1 if he is unrestrained by moral training4 ,there is a case on record in which a railway train that was running behind time was struck by a tornado1 whereby a passenger was injured4 ,a suit was brought for damages on the ground that if the train had been on time it would not have encountered the storm1 but the court held that the delay was not in any way the cause of the tornado1 and therefore the company had no responsibility in the matter4 ,accidents from floods1 snow-storms1 and similar causes are regarded by the courts as 'the act of ,god1' and if a company can show that it used all diligence to avert disaster1 and made every reasonable effort to get the train through on time1 it is exonerated4 ,delays on steamships are regarded in the same light4 ,if a steamer meets with an accident at sea1 or is detained by storms1 the occurrence is treated as a case of force majeure1 for which the owners of the ship are not responsible1 unless negligence or incapacity of the officers can be clearly shown4 ,if a steamer breaks down after starting on a voyage1 and returns to the port of departure1 her passengers are entitled to be conveyed on the vessel as soon as the necessary repairs are effected1 or on some other vessel of the same company1 but the company is not required to return the money paid for the passenger's fare unless it has no vessel to start on the voyage 'within a reasonable time4' ,it generally does so by courtesy1 to avoid making enemies1 and not infrequently the company pays the hotel bills of delayed passengers for the same reason4 ,in the ,mediterranean and the far ,east a passenger delayed by the failure of a ship to make a connection1 or from any other cause1 must pay his own hotel bills1 and if he lives on board the ship while waiting in port he must pay for his meals1 but not for his lodging4 ,when a ship is detained in quarantine the passengers must pay for their meals1 at a reasonable price1 which is usually fixed beforehand4 ,several suits1 growing out of delays in quarantine1 have arisen1 and almost invariably the decisions have been in favor of the steamship companies4 ,in one instance a steamer touched at an infected port on her way1 and thereby subjected herself to be quarantined on arriving at her destination4 ,it was shown that she was not advertised to touch at the port in question1 and her agents1 at the point of departure1 had distinctly stated she would not stop there2 the court compelled the refunding of the money paid for board during the ten days' quarantine1 and also other expenses caused by the delay1 on the ground that there had been a clear violation of agreement with the public4 ,the reader who desires fuller information on this subject will do well to consult ',judge and ,jury1' by ,benjamin ,vaughan ,abbott1 and ',the ,law of the ,road1 or ,wrongs and ,rights of a ,traveler1' by ,r4 ,vashon ,rogers4 ',judge and ,jury' endeavors to show the law of the land on topics of general public interest1 and about sixty pages of the book are devoted to travel and transportation4 ',the ,law of the ,road' is in the form of a story1 introducing all the incidents and accidents of travel1 and their legal aspects4 ,in both books the decisions of the courts are cited1 so that they can be readily found4 ',lawson on ,common ,carriers' is also recommended as an excellent authority on matters indicated by its title4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,wilderness ,,and ,,frontier ,,travel4 ,the rapid extension of the railway across the ,american ,continent1 and the construction of lateral lines1 have greatly diminished the volume of travel with wagons1 and other primitive modes1 but have by no means made an end of them4 ,there is yet a large area without settlements1 and unprovided with the iron road1 and for many years to come the wagon of the emigrant and explorer will wend its way through the wilderness4 ,for those who contemplate pushing beyond the borders of civilization1 the writer presents this chapter4 ,the means of transportation available in frontier or wilderness regions are wagons and pack-animals2 the former are adapted to most open and prairie countries1 but in mountain regions it often happens that the wagon cannot be used4 ,the pack-animals in general use are horses and mules2 the latter are the surest of foot1 especially the ,mexican variety1 which is smaller than the ,american mule1 and can live where the latter would starve4 ,where snow is to be encountered horses are to be preferred1 as the horse will plod on through the drifts long after the mule has given up in despair4 ,the writer of ,how to ,travel has an unhappy recollection of crossing the divide between the ,arkansas and ,platte rivers in the winter of #ahfj1 when paths had to be trodden in the snow for the mules before they would consent to go ahead4 ,our horses kept on through snow that was nearly thirty inches deep1 but even when they had made a very good path it was difficult to urge the mules forward4 ,the best pack-saddles for either horses or mules are of the ,grimsley pattern2 they are open at the top1 and covered with rawhide that shrinks while drying1 and is thus drawn straight4 ,the ,grimsley fits well on the animal's back1 and saves it from soreness longer than any other form of saddle in use4 ,the ,indians have pack-saddles in the form of saw-horses1 and the ,mexicans use a leather sack like a mattress1 which is stuffed with hay1 and has no projections for fastening the load in place4 ,in putting it on a mule they draw the belt so tight that it seems to threaten to cut the poor brute in two1 and certainly must give him great pain4 ,all the forms of pack-saddles1 as well as the best riding-saddles for frontier use1 have broad girths of braided horse-hair1 that are far less likely to slip than any girth of leather4 ,the proper adjustment of a load on a pack-saddle is a work of art that can only be accomplished after long experience4 ,in the first place1 the load must be accurately balanced1 so that it will not have a tendency to turn over1 and1 secondly1 it must be lashed to prevent its working 'loose1 and scattering' itself along the trail4 ,it is not agreeable to find soon after leaving camp that your lashings have loosened1 and the load1 which was your pride at starting1 is being distributed by the wayside4 ,to add to the perplexity1 the mule invariably helps the business along by executing a waltz1 and kicking at imaginary dogs above the tree-tops4 ,men have been known to use profane language on such occasions1 but a mule never does4 ,at night the packs should be placed in a row and covered with the saddles and saddle-blankets1 to protect them from possible dew or rain1 and have them convenient for loading up in the morning4 ,great care should be exercised to prevent the backs of the animals from getting sore2 the best preventive is a well-fitting saddle1 but in any case the backs of the beasts should be closely watched4 ,if a horse or mule is found to be sweating when unsaddled1 it is well to allow the saddle-blanket to remain until the skin is dry4 ,grease can be applied to a spot that shows a tendency to soreness1 and a piece of bacon-rind may be tied on and left over night4 ,it is not a good plan to wash an animal's back immediately after unsaddling1 and while he is hot and sweating2 the back should be allowed to cool completely before water is applied4 ,a very important member of a pack-train1 especially when it is composed of mules1 is the madrina1 or bell-mare4 ,she must be chosen for her dignity and docility1 and be ornamented with a bell like the ordinary cow-bell of the eastern ,states4 ,its tinkle is a great attraction to the mules1 and wherever she goes they are sure to follow4 ,when the train is on the march she should be kept in front1 and when rivers are to be crossed she must be sent over first4 ,the affection shown by mules for the bell-mare is often very touching2 they will crowd around her and struggle for the privilege of rubbing their noses against her sides1 and1 if she is accompanied by a colt1 they show as much fondness for it as girls do for a baby4 ,many are the stories told by old plainsmen about the bell-mare1 and the devotion of the rest of the animals to her2 she saves a vast deal of trouble1 both in camp and on the march1 as she keeps the herd together when all other means would fail4 ,for wagon travel on long and rough roads1 where grain cannot be obtained1 oxen are preferable to mules or horses1 as they have more endurance1 though they move more slowly4 ,they keep in good condition where horses and mules would give out1 and in cases of emergency1 where the animals must be slaughtered for food1 they make orthodox and more attractive beef4 ,fifteen to twenty miles is a good day's journey for an ox-team1 while horses and mules can make from twenty to thirty1 if the roads are fairly good4 ,oxen are less liable to be stampeded by ,indians1 and are easier to keep from straying2 with a few days' training they can be made to work under the pack-saddle if necessary1 and in ,south ,africa pack-oxen are in general use4 ,anderson1 who traveled in ,south ,africa1 said he had an ox named ',spring' that he rode for two thousand miles1 and found him an excellent beast under the saddle4 ,it is well for a long journey to have some cows along1 as they find their own food1 and give milk1 and1 in emergencies1 they may be worked in the teams like oxen4 ,wagons should be as light as possible1 consistent with strength1 and the wood should be perfectly seasoned1 in order to resist the effects of the changes of the atmosphere4 ,the wagon-body should be water-tight1 so that it will preserve its contents when fording streams1 and it can also be used as a boat where a river is too deep to be forded4 ,there should be a joint in the pole where it enters the hounds1 and the coupling pole should be movable2 the joint will often prevent the breaking of the hounds1 and the movable perch enables a part of the wagon to be converted into a cart1 when a broken wheel or axle prevents the further use of the entire vehicle4 ,every wagon should have strong bows and a double cover of thick osnaburg to protect the contents from the rain and dew4 ,the bolts that connect the running-gear should be riveted at the ends to prevent the nuts from falling off1 as the loss of a nut in the wilderness often leads to the loss of the entire wagon4 ,the load of the wagon should be closely and securely packed1 and everything arranged to prevent chafing in the many jolts of the road4 ,provisions for the journey should be in the most compact form1 and not a superfluous ounce of stuff should be taken along4 ,bacon and flour are best carried in strong sacks1 and all boxes and barrels must be rejected1 except one or two light flour barrels for getting water4 ,sugar and salt must be in canvas bags with an outer covering of ,india-rubber or oil-cloth1 to prevent the moisture reaching the contents1 and tea and coffee require air-tight cans for their preservation4 ,desiccated and canned vegetables are excellent2 the former deserve the preference on account of their more condensed form4 ,citric acid and the essence of lemons should be taken on long journeys where fresh vegetables cannot be obtained1 as they are an efficient anti-scorbutic1 and it is well to have a few simple medicines in a small box that ought to be kept in a corner of one of the wagons1 where it can be easily reached4 ,the personal outfit of a campaigner in the wilderness is not very elaborate4 ,white shirts should be discarded1 and blue or red flannel worn instead4 ,the coat should be short and of some strong woolen material1 and the overcoat heavy without being stiff4 ,the trowsers should be thick and soft1 and if the wearer intends to do any saddle-riding he should have his nether garments half-soled1 or renforced with buckskin where they touch the saddle1 and thus preserve them from wear4 ,an outfit for a campaign of a hundred days might be about as follows3-- ,overcoat1 coat1 and soft hat1 one each1 two flannel over-shirts1 two woolen undershirts1 two pairs thick cotton drawers1 four pairs woolen socks1 two pairs cotton socks1 three pairs shoes1 one pair strong and high boots1 one ,india-rubber poncho1 and six colored silk handkerchiefs4 ,then add castile soap for toilet purposes1 and three pounds bar soap for clothes1 comb and brush1 and tooth-brushes1 and a quantity of needles1 thread1 pins1 buttons1 beeswax1 etc41 in a small bag of buckskin4 ,by the way1 don't forget a good quantity of buckskin and an awl2 they come handy in many ways for repairing harness1 clothing1 saddles1 shoes1 and the like1 and you will greatly miss them if you forget them till too late4 ,for bed and bedding you want two blankets1 a quilt1 and a pillow1 the whole wrapped in a cover of ,india-rubber or painted canvas1 which can be spread on the ground at night to keep out the moisture4 ,for dining-room and kitchen you want for every six persons a camp-kettle1 a coffee-pot1 a mess1 a frying1 and a bake-pan1 all of wrought-iron4 ,have an extra camp-kettle for accidents1 and a bucket of galvanized-iron for bringing water2 don't trust to wood1 as it is liable to many accidents from which iron is secure4 ,your judgment will tell you about knives1 forks1 and spoons2 cups and plates should be of strong tin1 and the handles of the former riveted on1 never soldered4 ,pepper and matches should be in glass bottles1 with close corks1 and kept in the safest place4 ,every horse and mule should have at least two lariats1 or picket-ropes1 and every wagon needs an axe1 and a spade1 and some ,s's1 and extra chain-links for repairs4 ,so much for the outfit1 to which you will add the firearms that suit your fancy and the requirements of the region you are about to visit4 ,those that use fixed ammunition are undoubtedly to be preferred1 if you can be sure of a sufficient supply of cartridges at all times1 but where this is not the case1 it is best to adhere to the old-fashioned ,colt's revolver1 loading with loose powder and ball4 ,a ,remington1 ,winchester1 or other cartridge rifle may be carried for rapid work in fighting ,indians1 or killing large game1 and a ,colt's revolver1 with loose ammunition1 will be a convenient thing for every day use and ornament4 ,now we are off1 and must look out for ourselves4 ,provisions for our sustenance are in the wagons1 and we must think of food and water for our riding and team animals4 ,make short and easy drives for the first few days1 till the teams get accustomed to their work1 and then we will increase the distance2 we will not make more than half a dozen miles the first day1 and even if we only go a mile or two1 and camp just outside the town1 we shall have gained so much4 ,we will make our marches in the early part of the day1 have a long rest at noon1 especially if we are using oxen1 and then go on again till sunset4 ,we must always camp near grass and water1 and it is better to make a very long drive than not to do so2 if possible1 we should have grass and water at the noon halt1 but1 in case of necessity1 we can do without water1 and then lengthen the afternoon march so as to reach it4 ,an old traveler will find water where the novice declares it does not exist2 none of the rules are absolutely infallible1 and the shrewdest will sometimes be disappointed4 ,observe the fresh tracks of animals1 and the flight of birds1 and they will frequently lead to water1 especially the tracks of deer and mustangs4 ,examine the dry beds of streams1 and if they are sandy push a long stick or cane as far into the sand as it will go2 if you find it moist when you withdraw it1 you can be certain of water4 ,then dig a hole with your spade1 and use an empty flour-barrel for a curb1 and if the hole is deep you can place one barrel above another4 ,in a little while the water will enter the barrel1 and you may draw from this improvised well all you need for your party and your stock4 ,in countries where streams and springs are scarce1 water may be caught during showers by means of tents1 awnings1 wagon-covers1 and even by rubber overcoats4 ,drinking-water may be obtained where there are heavy dews by dragging a blanket over the grass1 and then wringing it out2 it is hardly necessary to add that the blanket should be a clean one4 ,water from stagnant pools may be purified by thorough boiling1 and then mixing with powdered charcoal2 in a muddy pond1 it may be partially cleansed by boring small holes in the lower half of a barrel1 filling it two-thirds full with layers of moss or grass1 with alternate layers of clean sand1 if the latter can be had4 ,then place the barrel in the pond till the top is nearly level with the surface2 as the water enters the barrel it will pass through the improvised filter2 and be found far purer than in its original state4 ,always form your camp by the side of a river or stream of some kind1 if it is possible to do so1 as you thereby make sure of plenty of water for your stock2 if in a hostile country1 where attacks from ,indians are possible1 have an eye to the defences of the position4 ,a peninsula in a river is the best place1 as the water forms a natural fortification1 and you have only the neck of the peninsula to look after2 if you cannot find such a spot1 take the place that most nearly resembles it1 and if you cannot do better1 have the river or stream on one side of you4 ,if you camp away from water1 select a spot so as to have the crest of a hill on one side of you1 where a lookout can be stationed4 ,it is the custom for large parties traveling on the western plains of the ,united ,states to arrange their wagons in a circle1 or an oval1 with an opening at each end1 at every halt4 ,a yard is thus formed1 into which the stock may be driven to be harnessed or yoked4 ,it may be enclosed at night1 or when hostile attacks are made1 and1 finally1 the yard1 or corral1 is an excellent redoubt from which to make a defense against ,indians4 ,many a train has been captured by neglecting this precaution1 and many another saved by observing it4 ,no good captain of a train will ever allow it to go into camp even for an hour without forming the wagons into a corral4 ,when the stock is driven in1 the openings at the ends of the corral may be closed by the simple operation of stretching a chain across4 ,where there is a scarcity of water1 you will find you can get along without it for many purposes for which at home it is considered absolutely necessary4 ,all your cooking and dining utensils can be cleansed thoroughly without it2 knives and forks by thrusting them several times into the ground till every vestige of their recent use is removed1 and plates and pans by means of wisps of grass and dry earth1 joined to what is known in the ,eastern ,states as elbow-grease4 ,great care should be exercised in regions where water contains alkaline matter1 as it induces diseases that require a long time for curing4 ,fuel is the great need of a traveler next to water4 ,in a wooded country he has no trouble in finding it1 but he should never waste it1 no matter how plentiful4 ,never build a fire in a hollow log1 or one that is partially decayed1 but clear a space of ground1 and roll or carry your fuel to it4 ,when you move on in the morning put out the fire1 or encircle it1 so that it cannot by any possibility spread and cause damage4 ,the danger of a hollow log is that the fire may smolder there for days1 or even weeks1 and then break out2 if the season is dry1 and the forests extensive1 many acres and miles of country may be burned over1 and perhaps human lives may fall victims to your carelessness4 ,in the open and treeless country the wilderness-traveler is often hard pressed for the material for a fire4 ,the most commonly used article is the dry dung of buffaloes1 known to the ,canadian voyageurs as bois de vache4 ,it makes a hot fire1 with very little smoke1 and as the animals haunt the valleys of the streams in search of the best grass1 they leave this material in the region of the camping grounds where it is most needed4 ,it is excellent for tinder1 and with a burning-glass and a piece of buffalo-chip you can get a fire in a few moments1 provided the sun is shining4 ,in many parts of the world the dried excrement of grass-feeding animals forms the only fuel of the inhabitants or of travelers4 ,if you sleep near a fire at night1 and the weather is so cold as to render the heat desirable1 always lie with your feet towards it2 as long as the feet are kept warm the rest of the body is likely to be so1 and with cold feet no one can be comfortable4 ,unless the surrounding circumstances compel you to sleep with your boots or shoes on be sure to remove them before you go to bed1 as their absence makes your sleep far more refreshing than it is with them4 ,when you arrive at a stream1 on whose banks you intend to camp1 but which you must cross before proceeding on your journey1 make the crossing before you halt for the night4 ,streams rise suddenly1 and it often happens that what was a tiny rivulet at sunset is a roaring torrent on the following morning1 and it may be a day1 or several days1 before it subsides4 ,the rule here given is followed by all experienced travelers on the plains of the great west4 ,when you break camp in the morning one of the party should remain behind1 after the wagons have moved away1 and carefully examine the ground to see that nothing has been forgotten4 ,the members of the party may take turns in this duty1 or it may be assigned to one person who should be held responsible for whatever may be lost by forgetfulness4 ,it will often happen that some article of camp equipage has been left behind1 and its absence is unknown until camp is formed1 at the end of the day's march4 ,a thought ,b had put it in the wagon1 and ,b was certain that ,a had attended to it1 or at least he should have done so4 ,many a quarrel has been saved by this simple precaution1 and also many a deprivation1 as the loss of a camp-kettle or frying-pan1 when it cannot be replaced1 is a very serious matter4 ,since the writer gave up the wilderness for civilized travel it has always been his custom1 after his trunks have been packed and locked at a hotel1 to renew his practice of olden times and go through his room with the utmost care1 examining every drawer of bureau or washstand1 and looking into every closet4 ,candor compels him to say that once in a while he finds articles of greater or less value that but for this rule he would have left behind4 ,one of the perplexities of travel in wild countries is the passage of rivers4 ,shallow streams can be forded1 and if the current is not strong a depth of five feet may be passed without serious difficulty4 ,many streams are full of quicksand1 and in such case the rule is to keep your team in constant motion after it enters the water4 ,as long as a man keeps moving on quicksand there is no danger1 but whenever he stops his feet begin to sink1 and if he remains stationary he will speedily find himself beyond his depth4 ,the same conditions are true of saddle or draught animals1 and of the wheels of wagons4 ,where there are quicksands horses should be led across1 and to insure their going steadily forward they should be allowed to drink all they wish before entering the stream4 ,horses and oxen are more certain to go ahead without halting than mules2 the latter are apt to lie down and refuse to move1 exactly as they do in deep snow4 ,in a difficult ford the teams had better be doubled4 ,the driver should stand on the front of the wagon with a reliable whip in his hand1 and be assisted by one or more mounted men on each side of the team4 ,it is well also to have a mounted man ride ahead with a long lariat on picket rope attached to the forward leaders of the team1 so as to direct their course4 ,in a swift current the ford should be made obliquely downwards if possible1 so that the current can assist the progress of the wagons4 ,in crossing a stream too deep for fording1 boats or rafts may be improvised from wagon beds1 or they may be built on the spot4 ,if the current is swift a ferry must be made1 and for this purpose 7after the spot for crossing has been selected7 an expert swimmer goes over with a fish-line or other slender cord in his mouth4 ,by means of this cord a strong lariat can be drawn over2 it should be twice as long as the width of the river1 and fastened on each shore to a tree1 or a wagon tongue set in the ground if there are no trees4 ,to make a ferry-boat from a wagon-bed put it in the center of a wagon-cover or other strong canvas1 and then bring the edges up over the sides to the top2 the leakage will then be so slight that a man with a cup can easily keep it free from water4 ,the contents of the wagons can be passed in this boat by means of the ferry rope1 the animals can swim over1 and the empty wagons may be passed by fastening them down to the axles1 and attaching ropes to the tongue and also to the rear4 ,they are then drawn over by the men on the farther bank1 and kept from drifting by means of the rear rope4 ,if you are about to swim a stream with a horse it is not a good plan to remain in the saddle1 as your weight presses heavily on the animal and restricts his movements4 ,it is better to dismount1 tie a cord eight or ten feet long to his bridle1 drive him into the stream1 and then grasp his tail and be towed over4 ,if he tries to turn back you can direct him with the cord or by splashing water towards his head4 ,if you do remain in the saddle give him a free rein1 and do not pull in the least1 except when it is necessary to guide him4 ,horses and oxen are better swimmers than mules2 the latter are easily frightened and may suddenly turn down stream1 refusing all attempts to bring them to land4 ,they are also more liable to be drowned1 and great care should be taken that they do not get water in their ears2 as soon as you see a mule droop his ears you may know that he is in danger1 and the water should be removed immediately on reaching land1 if you are so fortunate as to get him there4 ,for this reason never splash water towards a mule's head1 and do not make him jump into the water if possible to avoid doing so4 ,an excellent ferry-boat may be made from a green or soaked hide of ox or buffalo1 or better still1 from two or more hides4 ,you will generally find willows growing on the banks of the streams2 gather some of the smaller ones1 sharpen the butts and drive them into the ground1 so as to form an oval figure of the size of your intended boat4 ,then bring the tops together1 weave slender willow rods among the larger ones till the structure resembles a basket with a round bottom1 and have a specially strong willow running around all of them near the ground1 and firmly fastened1 to make the gunwale of your boat4 ,if your boat is made of one hide stretch it over the basket and sew it to the large rod around the top1 and let the whole thing stand a few hours in the sun to get dry2 then cut off the rods where they enter the ground and you have a boat that will carry four or five hundred pounds with ease4 ,for a larger boat1 with two or more hides1 you want a more pretentious frame1 a stout pole for a keel1 and two smaller poles for gunwales4 ,this water vehicle is known on the plains as a bull-boat1 and can be easily constructed1 provided the traveler has a supply of willows1 some green or soaked hides1 and a fair amount of common sense4 ,where a traveler expects to encounter streams that cannot be forded he would do well to carry two or three dried hides1 and then he will have the material for covering a bull-boat always at hand4 ,while we are speaking of hides1 another use of them may be mentioned4 ,it often happens that emigrants1 or settlers in a new country1 wish to salt a quantity of beef or other meat but have no cask or other receptacle in which to place it4 ,in this emergency dig a hole in the ground1 of such dimensions that the hide of the slaughtered animal will just line it2 then place the hide in the hole1 with the flesh side up1 fasten the edges to the ground with wooden pegs1 and you have a salting cask that you may use1 sans peur et sans reproache4 ,an animal's hide is also useful to bake him in1 and in this way3 ,skin and dress your game and then sew what you intend to bake into the hide4 ,build a good fire in a hole in the ground with a sort of rude oven of stones around it1 and keep it going till the ground and stones are hot4 ,now sweep out the ashes1 throw in your roasting piece1 cover it with dry or green leaves1 put back the hot embers as quickly as possible1 and then continue the fire long enough to cook the meat beneath it4 ,the writer has practiced this form of cookery on several occasions and found the result very satisfactory4 ,if your supply of fuel is limited1 and you have much cooking to do1 dig a narrow trench for the fire and place your kettles and pots above it2 make the trench with one end towards the wind1 and build a small chimney of stones or earth at the other end4 ,another way is to dig a round hole a foot deep1 and place the kettles in a circle on its border1 half of each kettle being on the ground and half over the fire4 ,if you lose all your kettles and frying-pans it is well to know that you can improvise a frying-pan by taking two large flat stones and laying one above another1 with a few pebbles between to keep them apart4 ,build a fire around them1 and when they are well heated sweep away all the ashes and put your slices of meat between the stones2 you will be well satisfied with the frying process that ensues4 ,but space is limited and we must pause4 ,the writer could go on for many more pages1 giving advice to travelers in the wilderness1 of varying degrees of usefulness1 and mainly drawn from his own experience as a frontier campaigner years and years ago4 ,but the demands of the printer1 and the interests of the non-migrating reader1 forbid an extension of the chapter4 ,if more on the same subject is desired it will be found in an eminently practical little volume entitled ,the ,prairie ,traveler1 by ,captain 7since ,general7 ,r4 ,b4 ,marcy2 the author is thoroughly familiar with the subject1 as any old officer of the army can testify4 ,,hanover ,,fire ,,insurance ,,company1 ,no4 #aha ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,cash ,,capital1 #a1jjj1jjj4jj ,,reserve ,,for ,,re-,,insurance1 #dge1bfb4cg ,,reserve ,,for ,,all ,,other ,,liabilities1 #id1aic4cb ,,net ,,surplus1 #hcj1fbf4ei ------------ ,,total ,,assets1 ,january1 #ahha1 #b1djj1jhb4bh ,,benjamin ,s4 ,,walcott1 ,,president4 ,i4 ,,remsen ,,lane1 ,vice-,president and ,secretary4 ,,charles ,l4 ,,roe1 ,assistant ,secretary4 ,chesapeake ,ohio ,railway4 ,,laid ,,with ,,steel ,,rail4 ,the only route between the ,east and ,west via ,white ,sulphur and various other ,springs and ,pleasure ,resorts in the beautiful and picturesque mountains of ,virginia and ,west ,virginia4 ,regular and ,excursion ,tickets on sale at all principal ,ticket ,offices throughout the ,united ,states at lowest rates4 ,sleeping ,cars and all modern improvements4 ,pointing finger ,see ,circulars of the ,grand ,centennial ,celebration at ,yorktown1 ,va41 in ,october1 #ahha4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,carr1 ,gen'l ,eastern ,agent1 #bbi ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,conway ,r4 ,,howard1 ,gen'l ,pass4 and ,ticket ,agent1 ,,richmond1 ,,va4 ,,fisk ,,hatch1 ,,bankers ,,and ,,dealers ,,in ,,government ,,bonds ,and other desirable ,investment ,securities1 ,,no4 #e ,,nassau ,,st41 ,n4,y4 ,buy and sell all issues of ,government ,bonds1 in large or small amounts1 at current market prices1 and will be pleased to furnish information in reference to all matters connected with investments in ,government ,bonds4 ,we are prepared to give information in regard to first-class ,railway ,securities and to execute orders for the same4 ,buy and sell all marketable ,stocks and ,bonds on commission at the ,stock ,exchange or in the open market4 ,receive accounts of ,banks1 ,bankers1 ,merchants1 and others1 and allow interest on daily balances2 and for those keeping accounts with us we collect ,u4,s4 coupons and registered interest1 and other coupons1 dividends1 etc41 and credit without charge4 ,pointing finger ,we give special attention to orders from ,banks1 ,bankers1 ,institutions1 and ,investors out of the city1 by ,mail or ,telegraph1 to buy or sell ,government ,bonds1 ,state and ,railroad ,bonds1 ,bank ,stocks1 ,railroad ,stocks1 and other securities4 ,,fisk ,,hatch4 ,,national ,,line4 ,,passenger ,,steamships4 ,illustration3 ,sailing ships ,,fleet4 ,,spain1 ,,egypt1 ,,england1 ,,erin1 ,,helvetia1 ,,the ,,queen1 ,,italy1 ,,france1 ,,holland1 ,,denmark1 ,,canada1 ,,greece4 ,,the ,,steamships of this line are amongst the largest in the ,atlantic service leaving the ,port of ,new ,york4 ,they have been constructed by the most celebrated builders in ,great ,britain1 and are of great strength and power1 and of beautiful model1 enabling them to make regular passage in all kinds of weather4 ,they are built entirely of ,iron and ,steel1 except the merely decorative parts1 and divided into watertight and fireproof compartments1 with steam pumping1 hoisting1 and steering gear1 and provided with fire-extinguishers1 improved sounding apparatus1 and generally found throughout in everything calculated to add to their ,safety1 and to the comfort and convenience of ,passengers heretofore unattained at sea4 ,one of the ,steamers will sail from ,new ,york every ,saturday for ,queenstown and ,liverpool1 and weekly from ,london direct1 from ,pier #ci1 ,north ,river4 ,,rates ,,of ,,passage1 in currency3--,to ,queenstown and ,liverpool1 #ej to #gj4 ,to ,london direct 7,victoria ,docks71 #ej to #fj2 ,excursion ,tickets1 #ajj currency4 ,steerage passage1 outward1 #bf currency4 ,prepaid ,tickets1 #bh1 being #b lower than most other lines4 ,for passage1 ,bank ,drafts1 ,sovereigns1 etc41 apply to ,f4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,hurst1 ,,manager1 ,company's ,offices1 ,nos4 #fi1 #ga1 and #gc ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,anchor ,,line4 ,united ,states ,mail ,steamers ,,sail ,,weekly ,,to ,,and ,,from ,new ,york and ,glasgow1 ,,and ,new ,york and ,london4 ,,the ,,anchor ,,line ,,steamers are first-class in every respect1 built especially for ,passenger ,traffic2 are safe1 comfortable1 reliable1 splendidly equipped1 and in their appointments and accommodations are not excelled by any other ,line4 ,,rates ,,of ,,passage ,,from ,,new ,,york ,to ,glasgow1 ,liverpool1 ,londonderry1 or ,belfast4 ,aft ,outside ,berth1 #hj ,,first ,excursion #adj ,aft ,inside ,berth1 #ge ,,cabin4 ,tickets1 available #acj ,forward ,berth1 #fj for ,one ,year1 #aaj ,,to ,,london ,,direct4--,first ,cabin1 #ee and #fe2 ,excursion1 #ajj and #abj1 according to location of ,stateroom4 ,for ,books of ,information for ,passengers1 ,rates of ,passage1 ,cabin ,plans1 etc41 apply to ,,company',s ,,offices4 #g ,,bowling ,,green1 ,,new ,,york4 #if ,,washington ,,street1 ,,chicago4 #g ,,and #i ,,state ,,street1 ,,boston4 ,,henderson ,,brothers1 ,,agents4 ,,american ,,exchange ,,in ,,europe1 7,,limited47 ,,capital1 ,,one ,,million ,,dollars1 7,in ,one ,hundred ,thousand ,shares of ,ten ,dollars each1 with power to increase47 ,fully ,paid-up ,shares1 #ejj1jjj4jj4 ,,president1 ,,joseph ,r4 ,,hawley4 ,,gen',l ,,manager1 ,,henry ,f4 ,,gillig4 ,financial ,offices and ,reading ,rooms1 ,passenger and ,railroad ,offices1 #ddi ,,strand1 ,w4,c4 ,exchange and ,news ,department1 ,commission and ,shipping ,departments1 #c ,,adelaide ,,st41 ,emigration and ,land ,branches1 ,,charing ,,cross1 ,express and ,storage ,divisions1 ,,london1 ,,england4 ,,new ,,york ,,branch ,,office1 #ajb ,broadway4 ,general ,agent1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,boone4 ,fiscal ,agents1 ,,donnell1 ,,lawson ,,simpson4 ,branch ,office of ,commission and ,shipping ,departments1 #ej ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,the ,,general ,,object ,,of ,,this ,,company ,,is ,,to ,,advance ,,and ,,protect ,,american ,,interests ,,in ,,europe3 #ast4--,by establishing direct ,business and ,financial ,relations between every important business centre of the ,united ,states and the great commercial and money centres of ,europe4 #b;d4--,by opening up and extending new markets in ,europe for ,american ,manufactures and other ,products1 and ,railroad1 ,mining1 ,landed1 and other ,properties4 #c;d4--,by promoting ,emigration from ,england and other ,european countries to the ,united ,states4 #dth4--,by aiding and protecting ,american ,travel in ,europe through the extension of ,financial ,facilities to ,travelers1 and rendering other necessary services4 #eth4--,by promoting ,european ,travel to the ,united ,states1 and through the ,united ,states to ,japan1 ,china1 ,australia1 etc4 ,,travelers' ,,circular ,,notes1 available throughout the world1 issued without charge1 for actual value in cash4 ,n4,b4 ,the ,circular ,notes issued by this corporation are secured by deposit of ,united ,states ,government ,bonds4 ,,letters ,,of ,,credit issued either against deposit of cash1 or satisfactory guarantee of payment4 ,,money ,,transmitted ,,by ,,telegraph to all points4 ,,drafts issued at current rates on all principal cities of the world4 ,,henry ,f4 ,,gillig1 ,general ,manager4 ,,parties ,,going ,,abroad ,,should ,,leave ,,their ,,property ,,safely ,,insured4 ,,condition ,,january #a1 #ahha1 ,,of ,,continental ,,insurance ,,company1 #ajj ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,reserve for re-insurance of outstanding risks1 #a1cdf1aie4fi ,reserve ample for all other claims1 #bhf1chg4ie ,capital paid in cash1 #a1jjj1jjj4jj ,unallotted ,surplus reserved for contingencies1 #cjf1ace4gg ,net ,surplus1 #a1jjj1jjj4jj ------------ #c1ich1gai4da ,deduct for future decline if any1 in market values1 #ej1jjj4jj ------------ ,total cash assets1 ,january #a1 #ahha #c1hhh1gai4da ,this ,company conducts its business under the restrictions of the ,new ,york ,safety ,fund ,law4 ,the two ,safety ,funds together equal #a1jjj1jjj4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,lamport1 ,vice-,president4 ,,george ,t4 ,,hope1 ,president4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,townsend1 ,sec'y ,agency ,dep't4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,dutcher4 ,sec'y ,brooklyn ,dep't4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,oakley1 ,gen'l ,agent4 ,,cyrus ,,peck1 ,sec'y4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,kirby1 ,sec'y ,local ,dep't4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,moore1 ,agency ,manager4 ,,mallory ,,lines4 ,,brazil1 ,,texas1 ,,florida1 ,,nassau1 ,n4,p41 ,,and ,,matanzas1 ,,cuba4 ,the ,,only ,direct ,lines of ,passenger ,steamships from ,new ,york to ,,texas and ,,florida1 and the only ,steamship ,lines to ,,brazil1 ,,nassau1 ,n4,p41 and ,,matanzas1 ,,cuba4 ,brazil ,steamers ,sail #eth of ,every ,month ,for ,st ,thomas1 ,para1 ,pernambuco1 ,bahia1 and ,rio de ,janeiro1 connecting at ,st4 ,thomas with ,steamers for ,porto ,rico1 ,jamaica1 and the ,spanish ,main4 ,through rates and ,bills of ,lading given to ,paranagua1 ,santa ,catherina1 ,rio ,grande do ,sul1 ,pelotas1 and ,porto ,alegre4 ,,through ,,tickets ,,issued ,,to ,,all ,,points reached by the ,royal ,mail ,packet ,company's ,intercolonial ,steamers1 and to ,monte ,video1 and ,buenos ,ayres4 ,texas ,steamers ,sail ,every ,saturday ,for ,,galveston1 giving through ,freight and ,passage ,rates to all points in ,texas4 ,florida ,steamers ,sail ,every ,friday ,for ,,jacksonville and ,,fernandina1 ,,fla4 ,pamphlets and ,schedules mailed1 and all information given upon application to ,c4 ,h4 ,,mallory ,,co41 ,agents1 ,pier #bj ,east ,river1 near ,fulton ,ferry1 ,new ,york4 ,,before ,,leaving ,,home ,,provide ,,yourself ,,with ,a ,,supply ,,of ,,parker',s ,,ginger ,,tonic4 ,the occasional use of this delicious medicine will prevent any dangerous consequences from changing diet or water1 and travelers will find it an unequalled appetizer and an invigorant to the highest degree1 without intoxicating properties4 ,it strengthens the ,stomach1 ,bowels1 and ,digestive ,organs1 builds up the system1 is a sure remedy for ,sea ,sickness1 ,dyspepsia1 ,dysentery1 etc41 and is the ,,best ,,medicine ,,you ,,can ,,use ,,for ,,restoring ,,health ,,and ,,strength4 ,a bottle of this ,tonic by keeping you in good health and spirits will greatly increase the pleasure of any journey4 ,sold by all ,druggists at #ej ,cents1 and #a4jj4 ,,large ,,saving ,,in ,,buying ,,the ,,dollar ,,size4 ,,hiscox ,,co41 ,,proprietors1 #afc ,,william ,,street1 ,n4,y4 ,,floreston ,,cologne1 ,is the most lasting1 delicate1 and fragrant of perfumes4 ,as it relieves ,headache1 ,prostration1 and ,nervousness1 often induced by the fatigue of travel1 it will be found an exceedingly refreshing and delightful toilet companion4 ,price1 #be ,cents2 ,large ,bottles1 #ge ,cents4 ,manufactured only by ,,hiscox ,,co41 ,chemists1 ,new ,york4 ,,parker',s ,,hair ,,balsam1 ,,the ,,best1 ,,cleanest1 ,,and ,,most ,,economical ,,hair ,,dressing4 ,elegantly perfumed and made from materials that are beneficial to the hair and scalp4 ,parker's ,hair ,balsam is far more satisfactory than any other hair preparation4 ,it ,never ,fails to ,restore ,gray ,hair to the youthful color and beauty and is warranted to prevent baldness1 falling of the hair1 and dandruff4 #ej ,cent and #a4jj ,sizes at all ,druggists4 ,,hiscox ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,enoch ,,morgan',s ,,sons ,illustration3 ,hand ,,hand ,,sapolio1 ,is far preferable to the best brands of ,soap4 ,it is a perfect emollient1 keeping the skin smooth and soft under all climatic changes and exposure4 ,it is delightfully ,scented1 and wears away slowly4 ,its frequent use will remove tan1 stains of all kinds1 ink1 and other blemishes from the skin4 ,it will also completely remove grease and stains from garments1 and rust from metal4 ,,every ,,traveler ,,should ,,carry ,,it4 ,each cake is wrapped in tinfoil1 and a year's supply occupies but small space4 ,sold by all ,grocers and ,fancy ,goods ,dealers throughout ,america4 ,,manufactured ,,only ,,by ,enoch ,morgan's ,sons ,co41 #bb ,,park ,,place1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,for ,,travel1 ,nothing is so ,refreshing and ,invigorating ,,as ,illustration3 ,,non ,,alcoholic ,,sparkling ,,phosphated ,,iron ,,beverage ,,manftrs ,,the ,,zoedone ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,wrexham4 ,zoedone ,,every ,,bottle ,,prepared ,,for ,,america ,,has ,,over ,,the ,,cork ,,signature ,,of ,signature ,hugh ,hamilton4 ,u4,s4 ,,registered ,,trade ,,mark ,,no4 #cjee4 ,,no ,,new ,,untried ,,beverage1 ,,but ,,having ,,an ,,established ,,prestige ,,conferred ,,by ,,the ,,royal ,,family1 ,,nobility1 ,,gentry1 ,,and ,,people ,,of ,,great ,,britain1 ,consuming ,annually ,over ,ten ,million ,bottles1 ,,and ,,the ,,indorsement ,,of ,,high ,,medical ,,authority4 ,the use of ,zoedone is followed by all the refreshing and stimulating effects of champagne without fear of intoxication or after injurious reactionary effects4 ,on the contrary the iron and phosphorus in ,zoedone combine to convert what would otherwise be an agreeable but ephemeral stimulant into a valuable tonic4 ,,packed ,,without ,,straw4 #ae per case1 ,six ,dozen ,pints2 #h ,three ,dozen ,pints4 ,,supplied ,,by ,,wine ,,merchants1 ,,grocers1 ,,druggists4 ,,zoedone ,,bureau1 #bg ,,park ,,place ,,the ,,most ,,reliable ,,trunks1 ,,bags1 ,,valises1 ,c41 ,,are ,,made ,,by ,,crouch ,,fitzgerald1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration3 ,shipping trunk ,,trunks ,,for ,,american ,,steamer ,,and ,,european ,,travel4 ,,extra ,,fine ,,quality ,,of ,,traveling ,,bags1 ,c41 ,c4 ,stores3 #a ,,cortland ,,street4 #eef ,,broadway4 7,new ,store17 #gbc ,,sixth ,,avenue1 ,below ,forty-,second ,street4 ,pointing finger ,,send ,,for ,,illustrated ,,catalogue4 ,,books ,,for ,,travelers4 ,,american ,,publishing ,,co41 ,,hartford1 ,,conn4 ,,publishers ,,of ,,mark ,,twain',s ,,works3 ,,innocents ,,abroad1 ,,tramp ,,abroad1 ,,and ,,others4 ,,josiah ,,allen',s ,,wife',s ,,books3 ,,betsey ,,bobbett1 ,,my ,,wayward ,,pardner1 ,,etc4 ,,books ,,of ,,travel ,,in ,,various ,,countries1 ,,making ,,valuable ,,guide ,,books1 ,by ,,thos4 ,w4 ,,knox1 ,,bret ,,harte1 and other ,popular ,authors4 ,decoration ,send for ,catalogue4 ,decoration ,books sent to any part of the ,world on receipt of price4 ,address1 ,,american ,,publishing ,,company1 ,agents ,wanted4 ,,hartford1 ,,conn4 ,illustration3 ,,get,,the,,best ,,miss,,parloa',s ,,new ,,cook,,book ,,and ,,marketing,,guide ,,millions ,,of ,,dollars ,,saved ,,to ,,the ,,wasteful ,,people ,,in ,,this ,,country ,,by ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,this ,,safe ,,guide4 ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,tribune says3 ,for comprehensiveness and precision1 this book may be said to be unique4 ,,the ,,boston ,,traveller says3 ,in her ,new ,cook-,book1 ,miss ,parloa has rendered a good service to humanity4 ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,times says3 ,it has no nonsense in it1 and can be recommended for general use4 ,,the ,,new ,,haven ,,journal says3 ,it is in many respects the best book of its kind ever printed4 #a vol41 #abmo1 cloth1 #dcj pages1 and #hi illustrations1 #a4ej4 ,published by ,,estes ,,lauriat1 ,,boston4 ,for sale by all ,booksellers4 ,sent postpaid on receipt of price4 ,,traveling ,,companions4 ,,before ,,starting ,,on ,a ,,journey1 ,,stow ,,away ,,some ,,pleasant ,,novel ,,in ,,your ,,satchel4 ,we invite attention to the following choice selection of ,novels3 ,,the ,,no ,,name ,,series4 ,mercy ,philbrick's ,choice2 ,afterglow2 ,deirdr2 ,hetty's ,strange ,history2 ,is that ,all8 ,will ,denbigh1 ,nobleman2 ,kismet2 ,the ,wolf at the ,door2 ,the ,great ,match2 ,marmorne2 ,mirage2 ,a ,modern ,mephistopheles2 ,gemini2 ,a ,masque of ,poets4 #afmo1 ,cloth1 ,black and ,gold1 price #a4jj each4 ,,the ,,no ,,name 7,,second7 ,,series4 ,signor ,monaldini's ,niece2 ,the ,colonel's ,opera ,cloak2 ,his ,majesty1 ,myself2 ,mrs4 ,beauchamp ,brown2 ,salvage2 ,don ,john4 ,manuela ,pardes 7in preparation74 #afmo1 ,cloth1 ,green and ,gold1 price #a4jj each4 ,,by ,,the ,,tiber2 a novel1 by the author of ,signor ,monaldini's ,niece4 ,,the ,,head ,,of ,,medusa2 a novel1 by the author of ,kismet and ,mirage4 ,,blessed ,,saint ,,certainty2 by the author of ,his ,majesty1 ,myself4 ,uniform volumes1 #afmo1 ,cloth1 ,black and ,gold1 price #a4ej each4 ,,my ,,marriage2 a novel1 #afmo1 cloth1 price #a4jj4 ,,irene ,,the ,,missionary2 a novel1 #afmo1 cloth1 price #a4be4 ,,moondyne2 a story of the ,under-,world1 by ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly2 #afmo1 cloth1 price #a4ej4 ,,sarah ,,de ,,berenger2 a novel1 by ,jean ,ingelow2 uniform with ,off the ,skelligs and ,fated to be ,free2 #afmo1 cloth1 price #a4ej4 ,these books can be procured of any ,bookseller1 or the ,publishers will mail them1 post-paid1 on receipt of price4 ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,,boston4 ,books for ,european ,tourists4 ,a ,,satchel ,,guide ,,for ,,the ,,vacation ,,tourist ,,in ,,europe4 ,a compact itinerary of the ,british ,isles1 ,belgium and ,holland1 ,germany and the ,rhine1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 ,austria1 and ,italy4 ,with ,maps1 ,appendix1 and ,memoranda pages4 ,revised every year4 #afmo1 roan1 flexible1 #b4jj4 ,the book is indeed a model of perspicacity and brevity2 all the advice it gives will be found of immediate service4 ,the ',satchel ,guide' tells the reader how to travel cheaply without a sacrifice of comfort1 and this feature of the book will recommend it to many ,tourists4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,saunterings4 ,by ,,charles ,,dudley ,,warner4 #a4be4 ,the book contains a little about ,england and ,france1 more about ,switzerland and ,holland1 and a great deal concerning ,south ,germany and ,italy4 ,there is not a dull page in it4--,,springfield ,,republican4 ,,castilian ,,days4 ,a very attractive book by ,,john ,,hay1 treating the history1 country1 cities1 people1 and politics of ,spain4 #b4jj4 ,,the ,,lands ,,of ,,scott4 ,by ,,james ,f4 ,,hunnewell4 #b4ej4 ,it is a delightful epitome of the great author's life and works2 the reader being introduced to a detailed acquaintance with these1 while he is led through the localities which the genius of ,scott has celebrated4--,,buffalo ,,courier4 ,,old ,,england3 ,,its ,,scenery1 ,,art1 ,,and ,,people4 ,by ,prof4 ,,james ,m4 ,,hoppin1 of ,yale ,college4 #afmo1 #a4ge4 ,includes descriptions of ,derbyshire1 ,devonshire1 the ,lake ,country1 ,cornwall1 the ,old ,cathedral ,towns1 and those ,historic ,scenes which most interest ,tourists4 ,asterism ,for sale by ,booksellers4 ,sent postpaid on receipt of price by the ,publishers1 ,,houghton1 ,,mifflin ,,co41 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,,people ,,who ,,know ,,how ,,to ,,travel1 ,,go ,,to ,,europe ,,by ,,the ,,state ,,line1 ,composed of new and powerful first-class ,passenger ,steamers sailing weekly between ,,new ,,york1 ,,glasgow1 ,,and ,,liverpool4 ,,every ,,thursday ,,from ,,new ,,york4 ,,safety ,,and ,,speed ,,combined4 ,by taking this route1 excursionists will economize in expenditures and yet enjoy all the comforts and luxuries of an ocean voyage1 and a trip through ,scotland via rail to ,liverpool free of cost4 ,no live stock carried on these steamers4 ,passage and ,state-,rooms can be secured in advance by communicating by letter or telegraph with ,agents1 or to ,,austin1 ,,baldwin ,,co41 #afd ,randolph ,st41 ,,chicago4 ,,gen',l ,,agents1 #ec ,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,excursionists ,,who ,,make ,,purchases ,,abroad ,,can ,,save ,,trouble ,,and ,,expense ,,by ,,placing ,,them ,,in ,,charge ,,of ,,the ,,american-,,european ,,express4 7,established #ahdh47 ,,baldwin ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,,proprietors1 #ec ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,parcels1 packages1 statuary1 paintings1 and valuables taken charge of and forwarded to ,america with care and at very moderate charges4 ,custom-house business attended to and goods delivered to any address in ,europe or ,america4 ,,principal ,,agencies4--,h4 ,starr ,co41 #ai ,australian ,avenue1 ,jewin ,crescent1 ,london2 ,j4 ,r4 ,mc,cracken1 #ch ,queen ,street1 ,london2 ,lherbette1 ,kane ,co41 #ai ,rue ,scribe1 ,paris2 ,staveley ,co41 #a ,the ,temple1 ,dale ,street1 ,liverpool2 ,lherbette1 ,kane ,co41 #i ,rue de la ,bourse1 ,havre2 ,matthias ,rohde ,co41 ,hamburg2 ,j4 ,h4 ,bachmann1 ,bremen2 ,a4 ,warmuth1 ,berlin2 ,maquay1 ,hooker ,co41 ,rome2 ,maquay4 ,hooker ,co41 ,florence2 ,w4 ,j4 ,turner ,co41 ,naples2 ,guiseppe ,scala1 ,naples2 ,carlo ,ponti1 ,venice2 ,e4 ,ramirez1 #af ,mercaderes1 ,havana2 ,john ,wallis1 ,cork2 ,john ,wallis1 #cc ,bachelors' ,walk1 ,dublin4 ,,white ,,star ,,line ,,united ,,states ,,and ,,royal ,,mail ,,steamers ,,between ,new ,york1 ,queenstown1 and ,liverpool4 ,,britannic1 ,,celtic1 ,,germanic1 ,,baltic1 ,,adriatic1 ,,republic4 ,sail from ,new ,york every alternate ,,thursday and ,,saturday4 ,they are all of them1 without exception1 among the largest and finest of ocean steamers1 and were constructed with special reference to the conveyance of passengers4 ,the saloon and staterooms are located in the midship section1 where but little motion is felt4 ,no ,cattle1 ,sheep1 or ,pigs carried4 ,rates of ,passage as low as by any first-class line4 ,for inspection of plans1 rates of passage1 etc41 apply at the ,,company',s ,,offices1 #cg ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,cortis1 ,,agent4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,bartlett ,,co41 ,,agents ,,for ,,boston4 ,,barritt ,,cattell1 ,,agents ,,for ,,philadelphia4 ,a4 ,,lagergren1 ,general ,western ,agent1 ,,chicago4 ,fine ,art in ,jewelry4 ,three centuries ago the ,jewelers of ,europe were ,artists in every sense of the word1 and ,artists of such taste and skill that their works which have come down to us now command prices as utterly disproportionate to the intrinsic value of the precious substances of which they are made as the prices paid for the best works of the ,sculptor in bronze and marble are to the intrinsic value of the materials out of which those works are hewn or moulded4 ,many such ,artists bequeathed legacies1 since enormously increased in value1 to the ,goldsmiths' ,company for the purpose of keeping alive their art1 and the enlightened public of ,london are now beginning to insist that these endowments shall be put to their legitimate use4 ,we have no ,goldsmiths' ,company in ,new ,york1 but an hour spent in such an establishment as that of ,mr4 ,,theodore ,b4 ,,starr1 #bjf ,fifth ,avenue1 in this city1 will throw a great deal of light1 for those who have eyes to see1 on the possible importance1 hitherto almost unappreciated among ourselves1 of the sthetic aspects of the beautiful industry by which that great corporation has been built up in the mother country4 ,mr4 ,starr has devoted himself steadily and successfully now for nearly twenty years to artistic work in ,jewelry1 and the display which he now makes of such work really deserves to rank among the most interesting and instructive of our existing art collections4 ,in the choice and conservation of the more brilliant gems--for there is an art in conserving as well as detecting the special perfection of special gems as respects alike their surfaces1 their crystallization1 and their color--,mr4 ,starr shows the taste and training of an ,artist1 not less than in the skill and judgment with which he combines and sets such gems4--,,new ,,york ,,world4 ,,columbia ,,bicycle4 ,illustration3 ,a man riding a bicycle ,the permanence of the ,bicycle as a practical road-vehicle is an established fact1 and thousands of riders are daily enjoying the delightful and health-giving exercise4 ,the beautiful model and elegant appearance of the ,,columbia excite universal admiration2 it is carefully finished in every particular1 and is confidently guaranteed as the best value for the money attained in a ,bicycle4 ,,from ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,local ,,telegraph ,,co41 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,i am familiar with the various methods adopted by enlightened nations for healthful sports1 agreeable pastime1 and exercise1 and ,i must say that1 in my opinion1 a consistent use of the wheel far surpasses them all1 both for body and mind4 ,the very marked improvements made by yourselves and our ,english friends1 in ,bicycles1 within the past year or so1 convince me that they will soon be no longer a luxury1 but a necessity4 7,signed17 ,,henry ,,bentley4 ,send #c-;cent stamp for #bd-page catalogue1 with price-lists and full information4 ,,the ,,pope ,,mfg4 ,,co41 #eig ,washington ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,established #ahej4 ,,inman ,,line ,united ,states and ,royal ,mail ,steamers4 ,,city ,,of ,,rome1 #h1cjj ,tons4 ,tons4 ,,city ,,of ,,berlin1 #e1dia4 ,,city ,,of ,,richmond1 #d1fjg4 ,,city ,,of ,,chester1 #d1eff4 ,,city ,,of ,,montreal1 #d1dij4 ,,city ,,of ,,brussels1 #c1gge4 ,,city ,,of ,,new ,,york1 #c1ejj4 ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,liverpool1--,,thursdays ,,or ,,saturdays4 ,,liverpool ,,to ,,new ,,york1--,,tuesdays ,,or ,,thursdays4 ,,rates ,,of ,,passage1 #hj and #ajj1 according to accommodation1 all having equal saloon privileges4 ,children between two and twelve years of age1 half fare4 ,servants1 #ej4 ,,round ,,trip ,,tickets1 #add and #ahj4 ,,tickets ,,to ,,london1 #g1 and to ,,paris #ae and #bj additional1 according to the route selected4 ,,the ,,steamers of this ,line1 built in watertight compartments1 are among the strongest1 largest1 and fastest on the ,atlantic4 ,,the ,,saloons are luxuriously furnished1 have revolving chairs1 are especially well lighted and ventilated1 and take up the whole width of the ship4 ,,the ,,principal ,,staterooms are amidships1 forward of the engines1 where least noise and motion is felt1 and all replete with every comfort1 having double berths1 electric bells1 and all latest improvements4 ,,ladies' ,,cabins and bath-rooms1 ,gentlemen's smoking and bath-rooms1 ,barbers' shops1 pianos1 libraries1 etc41 provided4 ,,meals ,,served a la carte4 ,these ,steamers do not carry ,horses1 ,cattle1 ,sheep1 or ,pigs4 ,for further particulars apply to ,,john ,g4 ,,dale1 ,agent1 #ca and #cc ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,faulk1 ,agent1 #aje ,south ,fourth ,st41 ,philadelphia4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,palmer1 ,agent1 #c ,old ,state ,house1 ,boston4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,brown1 ,agent1 #cb ,south ,clark ,street1 ,chicago4 ,,wm4 ,,knabe ,,co41 #aab ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration3 ,grand piano #bjd ,,and #bjf ,w4 ,,baltimore ,,street1 ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,pianos4 ,,guion ,,line4 ,united ,states ,mail ,steamers ,,sailing ,,weekly ,,between ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,liverpool4 7,,calling ,,at ,,queenstown47 ,,these ,,steamers are built of ,iron1 in watertight compartments1 and are furnished with every requisite to make the passage across the ,atlantic both safe and agreeable1 having bath-room1 smoking-room1 drawing-room1 piano1 and library2 also experienced ,surgeon1 ,stewardess1 and ,caterer on each ,steamer4 ,the staterooms are all upper deck1 thus insuring those greatest of all luxuries at sea1 perfect ventilation and light4 ,,cabin ,,passage1 #fj1 #hj1 and #ajj1 according to ,location1 etc4 ,,intermediate4--,this is a class that affords people of moderate means a respectable way of traveling4 ,beds1 bedding1 wash-basins1 etc41 together with good food1 separate dining-room from either cabin or steerage being provided4 ,passage1 #dj single2 #hj round trip4 ,,steerage ,,passage at ,low ,rates4 ,,drafts payable in ,ireland1 ,england1 and ,scotland at low rates4 ,,apply ,,to ,,williams ,,guion1 #bi ,,broadway1 ,n4,y4 ,,brown ,,brothers ,,co41 #ei ,wall ,street1 ,,new ,,york1 #bji ,chestnut ,street1 ,,philadelphia1 #ff ,state ,street1 ,,boston1 ,,and ,,alexander ,,brown ,,sons1 ,,cor4 ,,baltimore ,,and ,,calvert ,,streets1 ,,baltimore4 ,,buy ,,and ,,sell ,,bills ,,of ,,exchange ,,on ,,great ,,britain ,,and ,,ireland1 ,,france1 ,,germany1 ,,belgium1 ,,and ,,holland4 ,,issue ,,commercial ,,and ,,travelers' ,,credits ,,in ,,sterling1 available in any part of the world1 and ,,in ,,francs1 for use in ,,martinique and ,,guadaloupe4 ,,make ,,telegraphic ,,transfers ,,of ,,money ,,between ,,this ,,and ,,other ,,countries1 ,,through ,,london ,,and ,,paris4 ,,to ,,travelers4--,travelers ,credits issued either against cash deposited or satisfactory guarantee of repayment4 ,in ,dollars1 for use in the ,united ,states and adjacent countries2 or in ,pounds ,sterling1 for use in any part of the world4 ,application for ,credits may be addressed to either of the above houses direct1 or through any first-class ,bank or ,banker4 ,,houses ,,in ,,london ,,and ,,liverpool4 ,,messrs4 ,,brown1 ,,shipley ,,co4 ,,hatch ,,foote1 ,,bankers1 ,no4 #ab ,,wall ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,we buy and sell ,u4,s4 ,bonds1 execute orders in ,stocks1 ,bonds1 and ,miscellaneous ,securities1 and transact a general ,banking ,business4 ,interest allowed on deposits4 ,,oregon ,railway and ,navigation ,co41 ,,owning ,,and ,,operating ,,the ,,walla ,,walla ,,columbia ,,river ,r4,r4 ,,ocean ,,division4 ,the only direct ,mail ,line from ,san ,francisco to ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,carrying ,,wells1 ,,fargo ,,co',s ,,express4 ,,george ,w4 ,,elder4 ,,oregon4 ,,columbia4 ,regular ,steamships from ,portland to ,san ,francisco and return1 every ,five ,days until further notice4 ,connections made at ,portland1 ,oregon1 for all points in ,oregon1 ,washington and ,idaho ,territories1 ,british ,columbia1 and ,alaska4 ,k4 ,,van ,,oterendorf1 ,superintendent4 ,columbia ,willamette ,division4 ,connecting with ,northern ,pacific ,r4,r4 at ,kalama and ,ainsworth2 and with ,walla ,walla and ,columbia ,river ,r4,r4 at ,wallula4 ,,geo4 ,j4 ,,ainsworth1 ,superintendent4 ,walla ,walla ,columbia ,river ,railroad4 ,connects at ,wallula 7on ,columbia ,river7 with ,steamboats of ,o4 ,r4 ,n4 ,co4 ,this ,line1 being rapidly constructed1 is now open to ,weston1 ,oregon4 ,,consign ,,all ,,freight ,,via ,,oregon ,,railway ,,navigation ,,co4 ,h4 ,,villard1 ,president4 ,t4 ,f4 ,,oakes1 ,vice-,pres't and ,gen'l ,manager4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,stokes1 ,general ,eastern ,passenger ,agent1 #eb ,clark ,street1 ,,chicago4 ,to ,travellers ,visiting ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,international ,,exchange ,,and ,,reading ,,rooms1 ,,madison ,,square1 ,,new ,,york4 7,entrances #iec ,broadway1 and #ahe ,fifth ,avenue1 corner of #bc;d ,street47 ,c4 ,a4 ,o',,rourke ,,co41 ,,proprietors4 ,strangers to the ,united ,states1 or to ,new ,york1 can find at this institution the information and facilities most useful to them4 ,among the features of the establishment are3 #a4 ,the leading newspapers of the principal cities of the world are kept on file4 ,the latest issues of these journals are received by every mail4 #b4 ,information for travellers as to the places of interest in the city1 and how to visit them4 ,also in regard to travel1 routes1 cost1 etc41 to all points of the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 ,mexico1 the ,west ,indies1 and ,south ,america4 ,accommodations secured in advance at leading hotels in all cities4 ,interpreters and guides furnished4 #c4 ,theatre1 ,railroad1 and ,steamship ,tickets can be purchased at regular rates4 ,diagrams of the seats1 and ,telephonic communications with leading ,theatres4 #d4 ,foreign ,money ,exchanged4 #e4 ,direct ,telegraphic communication at regular rates with all parts of the world4 #f4 ,the important news of the world1 especially if of financial or commercial interest1 received at the ,exchange and ,bulletined4 #g4 ,notification of ,steamship arrivals1 and of arrivals and departures of ,mails4 ,subscribers can receive their ,letters at the ,exchange4 #h4 ,quotations of ,railroad1 ,mining1 ,produce1 and other ,stocks1 received at the ,exchange by telegraph4 ,americans sojourning in ,new ,york en route to ,europe can avail themselves not only of the general advantages of the ,exchange1 but can obtain information in regard to routes of travel1 principal places of resort1 cost1 etc41 on the other side of the ,atlantic4 ,the ,international ,exchange counts among its annual subscribers a very large number of the leading business and public men of ,new ,york4 ,subscription price #be4jj per year1 #aj4jj per quarter1 #e4jj per month1 payable in advance4 ,the ,traveller1 published weekly by the ,international ,exchange contains1 besides matters of general interest1 information in a concise form most useful for travellers4 ,,american ,,exchange ,,in ,,europe1 7,,limited47 ,,headquarters ,,for ,,americans ,,in ,,europe1 ,,and ,post-,office ,address for ,travelers' ,correspondence1 #ddi ,,strand1 ,,london1 ,,england4 ,,president1 ,,gen',l ,,manager1 ,,joseph ,r4 ,,hawley4 ,,henry ,f4 ,,gillig4 ,the following ,particular ,advantages for ,travelers3 #ast4--,the largest number of ,american newspapers on file in ,europe4 #b;d4--,the only place in ,europe where the directories of ,american cities and towns can be found4 #c;d4--,the only place where arrivals are published weekly1 and circulated throughout the world4 #dth4--,the only place where ,,travelers ,,can ,,obtain ,,their ,,letters ,,every ,,day in the year1 and offering facilities to travelers for correspondence with their friends4 #eth4--,the only place where the arrival of ,steamers on both sides of the ,atlantic is made known by telegraph immediately on being signaled4 #fth4--,the only channel for economical telegraphic communication between ,america and ,europe by a code containing innumerable phrases specially compiled for travelers1 and relating to domestic as well as business matters4 #gth4--,the only place in ,europe where all the leading ,american newspapers are kept on sale4 #hth4--,the only place where there is a separate reading and writing room for ladies4 #ith4--,the only place where all the lines of ,steamers and ,routes of ,european travel are impartially represented2 where impartial information and advice on all subjects relating to travel can be obtained2 and where every requirement of the traveler is supplied4 #ajth4--,the only place of the kind in ,europe managed exclusively by ,americans4 ,over six hundred ,newspapers1 two hundred city and state ,directories1 three hundred official ,state and ,municipal ,reports regularly filed in the ,reading ,rooms of the ,exchange4 ,travelers' ,branch open daily from #i ,a4,m4 to midnight4 ,passage ,tickets issued available by any line of ,steamers4 ,freight and ,parcels booked at through rates to all parts of the world4 ,,baggage ,,and ,,goods ,,stored4 ,n4,b4--,printed ,addressed ,envelopes can be obtained ,free of ,cost at the ,branch ,office1 #ajb ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 and at ,hotels1 ,railroad and ,steamship ,ticket ,offices throughout the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,europe4 ,,henry ,f4 ,,gillig1 ,general ,manager4 ,e4 ,,remington ,,sons1 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,their ,,celebrated ,,military ,,breech-,,loading ,,rifles1 ,,carbines and ,,pistols1 of which more than #a1ejj1jjj have been sold to nearly every ,government in the ,world4 ,,also1 ,long1 ,mid1 ,short-,range and ,sporting ,,breech-,,loading ,,rifles1 ,which have won for themselves world-renowned reputation for accurate shooting at ,creedmoor1 ,new ,york2 ,dollymount1 ,ireland2 ,wimbledon1 ,england2 ,ontario1 ,canada1 and many other ranges throughout the civilized world4 ,,likewise ,double and ,single-,barreled ,shot ,guns ,equaled by few and inferior to none extant4 ,revolving1 ,repeating and ,single ,shot ,pistols2 ,,army1 ,,navy1 ,,police1 ,,house ,,and ,,pocket ,,sizes1 ,,one ,,to ,,six ,,shots4 ,,cartridges1 ,,loading ,,implements1 ,,shooting ,,canes1 ,,bullets1 ,,primers1 ,,shells1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,manufactory3 ,,ilion1 ,,herkimer ,,county1 ,n4,y41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,salesrooms3 #bhc ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 #ga ,state ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 #ba ,so4 ,howard ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,lighten ,,your ,,labor ,,by ,,using ,,the ,,perfected ,,type-,,writer4 ,,see ,,what ,,it ,,will ,,do4 ,,from ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,how ,,to ,,travel4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,march #d1 #ahha4 ,e4 ,,remington ,,sons3--,gentlemen3 ,in reply to your inquiry of yesterday ,i beg to say that ,i consider the ,type-,writer invaluable to any one who has a large amount of writing to do4 ,for clearing off an accumulation of correspondence on returning from a journey it is admirable1 and for preparing printer's copy it is unrivaled4 ,if ,i could not get another ,type-,writer ,i would not willingly take ten thousand dollars for the one ,i now have4 ,it is little more than two years since ,i bought it1 and in all that time its repairs have cost exactly fifty cents4 ,besides all my private correspondence1 magazine articles1 and newspaper matter1 ,i have written four books with this machine and shall complete a fifth in a few days4 ,the saving of time to me is not far from #be per cent41 and in this one item the ,type-,writer has paid for itself several times over4 ,very truly yours1 ,,thos4 ,w4 ,,knox4 ,,manufactured ,,and ,,sold ,,only ,,by ,e4 ,,remington ,,sons1 ,,principal ,,offices3 #bha and #bhc ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,branch ,,offices3 #ch ,madison ,st41 ,chicago4 #abd ,so4 #gth ,st41 ,philadelphia4 ,,lindo ,,bros4 ,,diamonds1 ,,fine ,,watches1 ,,rich ,,jewelry1 ,,silverware1 ,,etc4 ,,purchases ,,at ,,highest ,,prices4 #abje ,,broadway1 ,,opposite ,,gilsey ,,house4 ,dessins et valuations faite pour la monture de ,diamants4 ,m4 ,crane1 #ec1 #ee1 and #eg ,park ,place1 ,new ,york4 ,electrotyping and ,stereotyping ,in all its ,branches4 ,fine ,electrotypes from ,engravings a ,specialty4 ,specimens of work sent on application1 and ,satisfaction ,guaranteed4 ,,the ,,permanent ,,cure ,,of ,,catarrh4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,p4 ,childs' ,treatment the ,only ,effectual ,way4 ,,childs' ,,catarrh ,,specific ,is no new untried cure1 but a ,positive and ,certain ,remedy4 ,,we1 ,,above ,,all ,,things1 ,,desire ,,to ,,establish ,,confidence ,,in ,,our ,,treatment1 ,,so ,,that ,,every ,,sufferer ,,from ,,catarrh ,,and ,,bronchitis ,,may ,,feel ,,certain ,,of ,,success ,,in ,,its ,,use4 #aic ,e4 ,fayette ,st41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,dec4 #bj1 #ahgi4 ,,rev4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,childs4--,i have the pleasure of informing you that after a faithful use of your remedy for eight weeks ending ,march #bh1 #ahgi1 ,i am completely rid of a stubborn case of catarrh of three years' standing--breathing tubes clear as a whistle1 appetite good1 and digestion good4 ,yours1 ,,thomas ,b4 ,,hand4 ,,rev4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,childs3 ,dear ,sir--,i think you have the true theory and practice for cure of nasal catarrh1 and also for the treatment of respiratory organs4 ,my throat is now so well restored that ,i can lecture daily without any difficulty1 and find no difficulty whatever in preaching4 ,you are at full liberty to use my name for the benefit of others4 ,yours very truly1 ,e4 ,b4 ,,fairchild1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,chancellor of the ,university of ,nebraska1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,what ,,the ,,editors ,,say4 ,while not supposing that all cases of catarrh will be cured by the prescription advertised1 the publishers of the ,illustrated ,christian ,weekly1 after diligent inquiry1 have reason to believe that it has in many cases proved effectual4--,illustrated ,christian ,weekly1 ,new ,york4 ,the publishers of the ,congregationalist1 with multitudes of other people1 are somewhat suspicious of patent medicines as a rule1 and when we received the advertisement of ,mr4 ,childs we at first declined its insertion2 but1 on making inquiry1 we received such satisfactory replies1 and one especially from a well-known ,congregational pastor not far from ,rev4 ,mr4 ,childs1 the proprietor of the medicine1 that we withdrew our objections4--,congregationalist1 ,boston4 ,,childs' ,,catarrh ,,specific will effectually and permanently cure any case of catarrh1 no matter how desperate4 ,it can only be obtained at ,troy1 ,ohio4 ,the treatment is local as well as constitutional1 and cannot be obtained at the drug stores4 ,we especially desire to treat those who have tried other remedies without success4 ,child's ,treatment of ,catarrh1 and for diseases of the ,bronchial ,tubes1 can be taken at home1 with perfect ease and safety1 by the patient4 ,no expense need be entailed beyond the cost of the medicine4 ,,rev4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,childs1 ,,troy1 ,,ohio4 ,,the ,,poland ,,spring ,,water ,has cured numerous cases of ,,bright',s ,,disease ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys1 as well as other forms of disease resulting from ,,blood ,,poison1 such as ,,malarial ,,fever1 ,,rheumatic ,,fever1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,constipation1 ,,gravel1 ,,diabetes1 ,,scrofula1 ,,dropsy1 ,,etc4 ,although an exceedingly pleasant water to drink1 it possesses those peculiar properties that restore to action the ,kidneys1 ,liver1 and other ,internal ,organs that may have become sluggish in their movements4 ,thus by cleansing the blood the body is restored to its original vigor1 and the complexion to its original freshness and beauty4 ,were it more generally used there would be far less demand for drugs and cosmetics4 ,the following gentlemen of this city will cheerfully bear testimony to its remarkable curative qualities3 ,j4 ,w4 ,pottle2 ,s4 ,jacoby1 #ajc ,broad ,street2 ,j4 ,m4 ,schuyler1 #aad ,wall ,street2 ,c4 ,e4 ,blumenthal1 ,m4,d41 #ed ,west #deth ,street2 ,w4 ,g4 ,tuller and ,ira ,thorn1 ,fifth ,avenue ,hotel2 ,j4 ,munroe ,taylor1 #aac ,water ,street2 ,c4 ,y4 ,wemple1 ,vice-,pres't ,manhattan ,life ,insurance ,company2 ,root ,childs1 #hg ,worth ,street2 ,j4 ,b4 ,libby1 of ,h4 ,j4 ,libby ,co41 ,white ,street2 ,deering ,milliken1 #gi and #ha ,leonard ,street2 ,g4 ,n4 ,dickinson1 of ,lee1 ,tweedy ,co42 ,a4 ,a4 ,vantine1 #hbg1 #hbi1 and #hca ,broadway2 ,edward ,carroll1 of ,falconer1 ,carroll ,co42 ,c4 ,p4 ,tooker1 of ,kiggins1 ,tooker ,co41 #abe ,william ,street2 ,john ,r4 ,ames1 ,board of ,education2 ,george ,a4 ,dresser and ,wm4 ,silver1 ,queens ,insurance ,company2 ,w4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,m4,d41 #h ,east #dast ,street2 ,henry ,c4 ,houghton1 ,m4,d41 #dd ,west #ceth ,street2 ,h4 ,k4 ,white1 #edh ,broadway2 ,wm4 ,h4 ,lindsley1 #bgi ,broadway2 ,m4 ,m4 ,stanfield1 ,victoria ,hotel2 ,wm4 ,b4 ,bogle1 of ,bogle ,lyles2 ,i4 ,f4 ,slader1 ,brandreth ,house2 ,f4 ,j4 ,allen1 ,astor ,house2 ,j4 ,h4 ,small1 #aaa ,front ,street4 ,the undersigned have within their personal knowledge cases in which ,,poland ,,spring ,,water has proved highly beneficial4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,bridgman4 ,,thos4 ,w4 ,,knox ,pointing finger ,for sale in large or small quantities by ,o4 ,,hutchinson1 the ,authorized ,agent1 #ade ,,nassau ,,st41 ,,new ,,york ,j4 ,h4 ,,johnston1 #aej ,bowery1 ,new ,york1 ,duplicate ,wedding ,presents1 ,,surplus ,,silverware1 ,,diamonds1 ,,watches1 ,,jewelry1 ,,bronzes1 ,,and ,,paintings4 ,inscriptions erased and ,silverware refinished and sold #ej ,,per ,,cent4 ,,below ,,manufacturers' ,,cost4 ,constant ,bargains in ,new and ,second-hand ,,watches4 ,,fine ,,diamonds ,,below ,,paris ,,prices4 ,,established ,,over #cj ,,years1 ,dealing only in ,fine ,goods4 ,a visit to #aej ,bowery will well repay the curious1 or those who want the best ,goods at surprisingly low prices4 ,illustration3 ,j4,h4 ,,johnston ,,dealer ,,in ,,duplicate ,,wedding ,,gifts4 #aej ,,bowery4 ,n4,y4 ,,mrs4 ,,potiphar4 ,,see ,,husband4 ,,she ,,has ,,six ,,pickle ,,castors1 ,,and ,,five ,,coffee ,,urns1 ,,how ,,funny6 ,,mr4 ,p4 ,,oh6 ,,she',s ,,all ,,right4 ,,johnston ,,in ,,the ,,bowery ,,will ,,buy ,,all ,,the ,,duplicates4 ,,he ,,makes ,a ,,business ,,of ,,it4 ,,tourjee',s ,,tours1 ,,fourth ,,season1 ,the most enjoyable1 economical and successful excursion tours ever planned to the ,,old ,,world4 ,,all ,,travel ,,and ,,hotels ,,first-,,class4 ,,company ,,select4 ,important additions to our former tours4 ,extra inducements without extra charge4 ,early registration important4 ,parties contemplating a visit to ,europe should send for circular giving full particulars4 ,e4 ,,tourjee1 ,,music ,,hall1 ,,boston4 ,the following is from the ,physicians' ,pocket ,manual and ,year ,book4 ,three years ago1 he planned a new way of seeing the wonders of the ,old ,world1 and what have now become famous as the ,tourjee ,excursions are such as every intelligent person will heartily endorse4 ,the cost to each excursionist varies from #age to #gjj1 and these figures include first-class transportation1 hotel accommodations1 carriage drives1 lunches and all incidentals4 ,from the time he embarks to the day he returns to ,new ,york1 the tourist is not obliged to take out an additional cent from his purse4 ,we heartily endorse these pleasant trips1 and believe that they merit the appreciation of the medical profession4 ,in the previous excursions1 quite a number of eastern medical men participated1 and several will have gone over the ground again the present year4 ,the advantages which they offer for recuperation1 both to physicians and patients1 are unsurpassed1 and we hope that many a year will have passed before they shall be discontinued4 ,the old way of seeing the ,old ,world has always had many drawbacks2 the new way affords thrice the benefit for less than one-half the expenditure4 ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,illustrated ,,publications4 ,,rates ,,of ,,subscription1 ,,postage ,,paid4 ,,weeklies4 ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,illustrated ,,newspaper--,the only pictorial record of current events1 devoted to news1 literature1 art1 and science1 #d4jj ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,chimney ,,corner--,the best ,american family journal1 story paper1 and home friend1 #d4jj ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,lady',s ,,journal--,the highest exponent of fashion and taste1 #d4jj ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,illustrirte ,,zeitung--,in the ,german language4 ,a weekly compendium of news and literature1 #d4jj ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,boys' ,,and ,,girls' ,,weekly--,an illustrated journal of amusement1 adventure1 and instruction1 #b4ej ,,monthlies4 ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,popular ,,monthly--,the cheapest and most attractive monthly magazine1 #c4jj ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,sunday ,,magazine--,the best pictorial religious periodical1 #c4jj ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,lady',s ,,magazine--,regarded universally as a fashion standard1 #c4ej ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,pleasant ,,hours--,cheap and entertaining4 ,devoted to fiction4 ,every article complete1 #a4ej ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,budget ,,of ,,wit--,filled with intelligent humor1 #a4ej ,,annuals4 ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,illustrated ,,almanac ,,for #ahha--;,a charming annual1 with colored ,plates1 4#be ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,comic ,,almanac--,a racy annual compendium of fun1 humor1 and information1 4#aj ,the various publications of this house embrace a wide range of popular reading4 ,the illustrations are of the highest order1 by the most skilful artists4 ,the literary matter is contributed by authors and writers of great reputation and acknowledged popularity4 ,most liberal outlays are made to secure the best talent in the market1 both instructive and amusing4 ,no traveling agent is authorized to collect money for our publications4 ,remit by money-order1 draft on ,new ,york1 or registered letter1 at our risk4 ,address ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,publishing ,,house1 #ec1 #ee1 and #eg ,,park ,,place1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,the ,,associated ,,lines ,,of ,southern ,railway ,travel1 ,,comprising ,,piedmont ,,air ,,line1 ,,central ,,short ,,line1 ,,atlantic ,,coast ,,line1 ,,the ,,bay ,,line4 ,concentration of control under ,,one ,,management4 ,special ,u4,s4 ,,fast ,,mail1 and ,double ,daily ,,passenger ,,route4 ,,shortest ,,lines ,,between ,,north ,,and ,,south4 ,extended ,pullman ,sleeping-,car ,service4 ,first-class equipment and all standard appliances4 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,,and ,washington ,,to ,new ,orleans1 ,mobile1 ,montgomery1 ,atlanta1 ,,and ,,intermediate ,,points2 ,,also1 ,charleston1 ,macon1 ,savannah1 all points in ,southwest ,georgia1 and ,florida4 ,,immigration4 ,arrangements have been perfected by which a complete system of settlers' and immigrants' fares from leading ,eastern cities exist to each station upon the lines of railways of this organization1 and the attention of immigrants and all persons seeking investments in the ,southern ,states is invited to exhibits soon to be published concerning unimproved lands1 improved farms1 sites for manufacturing purposes1 supplies and location of growing hard woods1 deposits of minerals1 metals1 and building materials1 together with facts of physical attractions1 accessibility to railway or water transportation1 or desirable markets4 ,full information concerning the ,lines1 points reached1 matters of tickets1 schedules1 sleeping car reservations1 etc41 etc41 to be had on application to #cjf ,washington ,st41 ,boston4 #hch ,chestnut ,st41 ,philadelphia4 #bbi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 #eaa ,pennsylvania ,ave41 ,washington4 ,,and ,,all ,,leading ,,ticket ,,offices ,,east4 ,a4 ,pope1 ,general ,passenger and ,ticket ,agent4 ,,wing ,,son ,,piano-,,fortes ,possess all the delicate tone and action qualities claimed by the leading makers4 ,an inspection will surely prove the fact4 ,the new ,,treble ,,reflector 7,wing ,son's invention17 gives a remarkable bird-like quality to the ,,high ,,treble ,,notes4 ,,as ,,to ,,prices4 ,this establishment can furnish a remarkable instrument in its musical qualities and encased after a new and unconventional design for the sum of #djj4 ,send for the reports of ,,hoffman and other celebrated ,pianists to the office of ,wing ,son1 #abih and #acjj ,,broadway1 ,n4,y4 ,,for ,,magazines ,,and ,,newspapers1 ,,american ,,and ,,foreign4 ,,send ,,for ,,our ,,catalogue1 ,,now ,,ready ,,for ,,distribution4 ,it gives ,,club ,,rates for all the prominent ,publications1 ,american and ,english4 ,pointing finger ,we make the import of ,foreign ,periodicals1 by mail or otherwise1 a specialty4 ,the following are samples of our prices per year1 post-paid3 ,,english4 ,academy1 #d4ae ,athenum1 #d4cj ,agricultural ,gazette1 #e4ej ,architect1 #f4jj ,boy's ,own ,paper1 #b4jj ,building ,news1 #f4ej ,british ,architect1 #e4ge ,chamber's ,journal1 #b4ej ,chemical ,news1 #d4ge ,engineering1 #h4hj ,english ,mechanic1 #c4be ,graphic1 #h4ge ,illustrated ,news1 #h4ge ,london ,times 7,weekly71 #c4be ,pall ,mall ,budget1 #g4dj ,punch1 #c4ge ,queen1 #i4be ,saturday ,review1 #g4dj ,spectator1 #g4dj ,art ,journal1 #h4ej ,cornhill1 #c4fj ,fraser1 #h4jj ,hamerton's ,portfolio1 #h4ej ,london ,society1 #c4fj ,contemporary ,review1 #g4be ,nineteenth ,century1 #g4be ,fortnightly1 #f4ej ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ad4be ,,american4 ,harper's ,magazine1 #c4de ,harper's ,bazaar1 #c4de ,harper's ,weekly1 #c4de ,harper's ,young ,people1 #a4ce ,american ,architect1 #e4ej ,american ,journal of ,science and ,art1 #e4jj ,blackwood1 #c4de ,contemporary ,review 7reprint71 #b4ae ,literary ,world1 #a4hj ,lippincott's ,magazine1 #b4fe ,popular ,science ,monthly1 #d4ce ,appleton's ,journal1 #b4fe ,sunday ,magazine1 #b4fe ,american ,law ,review1 #c4de ,new ,englander1 #c4hg ,atlantic ,monthly1 #c4de ,scribner's ,monthly1 #c4de ,st4 ,nicholas1 #b4fe ,pointing finger ,,librarians ,,and ,,managers ,,of ,,book ,,clubs ,,and ,,reading ,,associations are especially requested to notice this4 ,,time1 ,,labor1 and ,,money are saved by ordering through our agency4 ,pointing finger ,send for our ,catalogue1 giving prices of nearly ,two ,thousand ,periodicals1 ,,american1 ,,english1 ,,french1 and ,,german1 at club-rates4 ,free to any address upon request4 ,,albert ,h4 ,,roffe ,,co41 #aa ,,bromfield ,,street1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,illustration3 ,steam ship ,,daily ,,ocean ,,excursions ,,to ,,rockaway ,,beach1 ,,by ,,the ,,entirely ,,new ,,palatial ,,steamers1 ,,grand ,,republic ,,and ,,columbia4 ,universally conceded to be the largest1 finest1 and best adapted ,excursion ,steamers in the world1 combining everything that contributes to the safety1 comfort1 and luxury of pleasure seekers4 ,,the ,,grand ,,republic1 ,with ,band and the ,columbia ,glee ,club1 ,,leaves3 #bb;d ,street1 ,north ,river1 at #aj4jj ,a4,m4 ,pier #f1 ,north ,river1 at #aj4bj ,a4,m4 ,jewell's ,wharf1 ,brooklyn1 at #aj4dj ,a4,m4 ,,leaving ,,rockaway1 ,upper ,landings1 at #d4jj ,p4,m4 ,lower ,landings1 at #d4cj ,p4,m4 ,,the ,,columbia1 ,with ,deverell's #acth ,reg't ,band and ,concordia ,glee ,club1 ,cornet ,soloist1 ,xylophone1 etc41 ,,leaves3 ,west #bb;d ,street1 at #i4jj ,a4,m4 and #b4jj ,p4,m4 ,pier #f1 ,north ,river1 at #i4ae ,a4,m4 and #b4ae ,p4,m4 ,jewell's ,wharf1 ,brooklyn1 at #i4cj ,a4,m4 and #b4cj ,p4,m4 ,,direct ,,for ,,rockaway ,,beach4 ,,leaving ,,rockaway1 ,upper ,landings1 at #e4cj ,p4,m4 ,lower ,landings1 at #f4jj ,p4,m4 ,the best order and discipline maintained4 ,ladies with ,children are perfectly safe in traveling under the care of the ,captains1 aided by efficient ,officers and a platoon of ,police4 ,passage ,cards1 #ce cents4 ,excursion ,tickets1 #ej cents4 ,children from #e to #ab years1 ,half-price2 ,under #e1 ,free4 ,,the ,,mutual ,,life ,,insurance ,,company1 ,,of ,,new ,,york4 ,,nos4 #add ,,and #adf ,,broadway4 ,f4 ,s4 ,,winston1 ,,president4 ,r4 ,a4 ,mc,c,u,r,d,y1 ,,vice-,,president4 ,assets1 ,january #a1 #ahha1 ,,over ,,ninety-,,one ,,millions ,,of ,,dollars4 ,,colonel ,,knox',s ,,books ,,of ,,travel4 ,,the ,,boy ,,travelers ,,in ,,the ,,far ,,east4 ,,part ,i4 ,adventures of ,two ,youths in a ,journey to ,japan and ,china4 ,by ,,thomas ,w4 ,,knox4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,illuminated ,cloth1 #c4jj4 ,,the ,,boy ,,travelers ,,in ,,the ,,far ,,east4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,adventures of ,two ,youths in a ,journey to ,siam and ,java4 ,with descriptions of ,cochin-,china1 ,cambodia1 ,sumatra1 and the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,by ,,thomas ,w4 ,,knox4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,illuminated ,cloth1 #c4jj4 ,these volumes will serve an admirable purpose in the education of our young people4--,n4,y4 ,,herald4 ,that which ,mayne ,reid did for a past generation ,col4 ,knox is doing for readers of to-day4 ,he is producing books of travel fascinating alike for old and young4--,n4,y4 ,,journal ,,of ,,commerce4 ,great favorites with youthful readers4--,,christian-,,at-,,work1 ,n4,y4 ,the best1 most instructive1 and pleasing books for boys ever issued4--,,boston ,,post4 ,,published ,,by ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,,franklin ,,square1 ,,new ,,york4 ,pointing finger ,,harper ,,brothers will send any of the above works by mail1 postage prepaid1 to any part of the ,united ,states1 on receipt of price4 ,whoever would derive the most information1 enjoyment1 and satisfaction from travel1 should always use the best ,guide-,books4 ,,osgood',s ,,american ,,guide-,,books4 ,these books contain everything which the traveler wants to know1 in precisely the shape he wants to have it4--,,boston ,,journal4 ,arranged on the celebrated ,baedeker plan1 indorsed by all ,european travelers4 ,the history1 poetry1 and legends of each locality1 tersely and clearly given4 ,scores of maps1 city plans1 and panoramas4 ,giving prices and locations of all hotels and boarding-houses1 summer resorts1 and routes4 ,there are ,,four ,,volumes1 bound in flexible cloth1 and each of about #ejj pages1 with many maps and plans4 ,,new ,,england1 ,,the ,,maritime ,,provinces1 ,,the ,,middle ,,states1 ,,the ,,white ,,mountains4 ,they are simply indispensable to tourists in the regions named2 and those who have sallied forth without them have omitted the really most important part of their equipment4--,,literary ,,world4 ,as for accuracy1 the amount of work done by the editor has been enormous4 ,to say that the books are better than any ,american books of the sort that have hitherto appeared would be superfluous2 there is no comparison to be made between them and their predecessors4--,,the ,,independent4 ,,revised ,,annually4 ,,price #a4ej ,,each4 ,asterism ,for sale by all ,booksellers1 or sent postpaid on receipt of price1 by the ,publishers1 ,,james ,r4 ,,osgood ,,co41 ,,boston4 ,,established #ahja4 ,the ,evening ,post4 ,,broadway ,,and ,,fulton ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,never was this paper more able1 bright1 and newsy than at present4--,st4 ,paul ,press4 ,,younger1 fresher1 and altogether a better newspaper than ever4--,trenton ,gazette4 ,,exceedingly welcome visitor to the evening companionship of reading people4--,philadelphia ,ledger4 ,,very few ,american journals equal the ,,evening ,,post for reputation and influence among thinking people4--,newspaper ,directory4 ,,even its advertising columns are jealously guarded against questionable or objectionable advertisements4--,newspaper ,guide4 ,,now the ablest evening paper in the world4 ,faithful and accurate as a newspaper4--,mohawk ,valley ,democrat4 ,,its readers include a large proportion1 if not a majority1 of the literary and business world4--,n4,y4 ,daily ,bulletin4 ,,nothing is to be found in its columns which would exclude it from the most refined family circle4--,pittsburgh ,post4 ,,generally acknowledged to be the door by which access is to be gained to the ,new ,york homes4--,rowell's ,newspaper ,guide4 ,,politically it is the ablest and most independent journal of republican proclivities in ,new ,york4--,philadelphia ,times4 ,,our contemporary's prosperity speaks well for its management1 and for the moral tone of its readers4--,newburgh ,journal4 ,,suited for the family circle as well as for the office of the man interested in politics and news4--,pittsburgh ,post4 ,,the ,,evening ,,post has a very large circulation among the respectable reading public of this city4--,new ,york ,world4 ,,daily1 #i2 ,,semi-,,weekly1 #c2 ,,weekly1 #a4ej4 ,favorable ,terms to ,clubs4 ,specimen ,copy ,free4 ,,the ,w4 ,c4 ,,bryant ,,co41 ,,publishers1 ,,broadway ,,and ,,fulton ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,tribune4 ,,the ,,tribune is now spending more labor and money than ever before to maintain the distinction it has long enjoyed of having the largest circulation among the best people4 ,it secured1 and means to retain it1 by becoming the medium of the best thought and the voice of the best conscience of the time1 by keeping abreast of the highest progress1 favoring the freest discussion1 hearing all sides1 appealing always to the best intelligence and the purest morality1 and refusing to cater to the tastes of the vile or the prejudices of the ignorant4 ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,universal ,,knowledge1 embracing ,chambers' ,encyclopdia complete1 omitting only some of the cuts1 with extensive additions by an able corps of ,american editors1 treating about #ae1jjj additional topics1 thoroughly ,americanizing the entire work1 adding to it over #be per cent4 of the latest1 freshest1 and most valuable matter1 the whole making #ae handsome ,octavo ,volumes of #f by #i-a_/b inches in size1 printed in large type on good strong calendered paper1 and neatly and substantially bound in cloth4 ,we can offer this valuable work in connection with ,,the ,,tribune as follows3 ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,universal ,,knowledge ,,for complete in #ae octavo volumes1 substantially #ae4;bound in cloth as above described1 and ,,the ,,weekly ,,tribune #e years to one subscriber4 ,,for ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,universal ,,knowledge #bj4;as above described1 and ,,the ,,semi-,,weekly ,,tribune #e years to one subscriber4 ,,for ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,universal ,,knowledge #ai4;as above described1 and ten copies of ,,the ,,weekly ,,tribune one year4 ,,for ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,universal ,,knowledge #bh4;as above described1 and twenty copies of ,,the ,,weekly ,,tribune one year4 ,for further particulars concerning this and other valuable premiums1 address ,,the ,,tribune1 ,,new ,,york4 ,the ,hartford 7,,conn47 ,courant4 ,,the ,,oldest ,,newspaper ,,in ,,america4 ,a ,,representative ,,journal ,,of ,,new ,,england4 ,,established3 ,,weekly1 #agfd2 ,,daily1 #ahcf4 ,,joseph ,r4 ,,hawley1 ,hawley1 ,goodrich ,co41 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,goodrich1 ,,publishers4 ,,chas4 ,,dudley ,,warner1 ,,stephen ,a4 ,,hubbard4 ,,new ,,courant ,,building1 ,,state ,,st4 ,,the ,,courant is the ,oldest ,newspaper in the ,united ,states1 and1 with less than half a dozen exceptions1 the oldest print in the ,english language4 ,it was founded in ,october1 #agfd1 and has been published uninterruptedly1 under the same title1 ever since4 ,,terms3 ,,weekly1 #a4ej ,a ,,year2 ,,daily1 #h4jj4 ,,the ,,best ,,advertising ,,medium ,,in ,,the ,,state4 ,pointing finger ,send for sample copies1 which will be sent ,,free4 ,,insure ,,your ,,life ,,in ,,an ,,old ,,and ,,strong ,,company4 ,,the ,,tna ,,life ,,of ,,hartford1 ,,conn41 ,issues ,policies upon all ,desirable ,plans at ,rates ,lower than those of most ,companies4 ,,the ,,tna ,,life ,,insurance ,,company4--,in mentioning this ,company we must reiterate the well-known fact that it stands at the very head of the list of life insurance companies4 ,for thirty years it has stood the storms of financial fluctuation1 and now remains the strongest life insurance company in the country4 ,its management is in the hands of experienced and trustworthy men1 as is shown by referring to the condition of the ,company shown by their statement of affairs4--,,hartford ,,journal4 ,,statuary ,,in ,,granite1 ,,marble2 ,,and ,,bronze1 ,artistic ,memorials1 ,,and ,,building ,,work ,,in ,,all ,,kinds ,,of ,,granite4 ,original ,designs and ,estimates furnished ,free on application4 ,,work ,,delivered ,,in ,,all ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,country4 ,,address ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,granite ,,works1 ,,hartford1 ,,conn4 ,,quarries ,,at ,,westerly1 ,r4,i4 ,,buy ,,the ,,hartford ,,woven ,,wire ,,mattress ,illustration3 ,wire mattress ,,for ,,durability1 ,,comfort1 ,,and ,,economy4 ,,warranted ,,never ,,to ,,sag4 ,,never ,,to ,,lose ,,its ,,shape4 ,,never ,,to ,,make ,a ,,noise4 ,,never ,,to ,,need ,a ,,repair4 ,the ,,hartford ,mattress is durable4 ,it will last a life-time4 ,one-third of every person's life ought to be spent in sleep1 hence the necessity for a perfect sleeping arrangement4 ,the ,,hartford ,mattress affords the greatest comfort2 conforming to the body1 it makes a most delightful bed4 ,the ,,hartford ,mattress will never wear out or need a repair4 ,requiring over the ,mattress only a blanket or a very light mattress1 much is saved in the way of expense in not being obliged to purchase heavy hair mattresses or other over-bedding4 ,the ,,hartford ,woven ,wire ,mattress is free from the disagreeable noises so annoying in the upright spiral spring4 ,the ,,hartford ,mattress always keeps its shape1 being as elastic and flexible after fifteen years use as when first manufactured4 ,investigate its merits4 ,buy only the genuine ,,hartford4 ,take no other4 ,beware of imitations and infringements4 ,every ,mattress marked ,,hartford4 ,for prices1 catalogues1 or any desired information1 ,,address ,hartford ,woven ,wire ,mattress ,co41 ,,box #adh1 ,,hartford1 ,,conn41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,henry ,,roberts1 ,,secretary4 ,,the ,,hartford ,,sewing ,,machine4 ,,the ,,latest ,,production1 ,combining all the ,,best ,,points of former models of ,machines with new excellencies of its own4 ,the lightest running ,machine ever made4 ,,simple1 ,,strong1 ,,durable4 ,the only ,high-,arm ,machine making the ,pearl ,stitch4 ,all ,bearings of ,steel or ,forgings4 ,self-,adjusting ,tensions4 ,the ,original and ,simplest ,cylinder ,shuttle4 ,elegant ,ornamentation4 ,,the ,,general ,,favorite1 ,,for ,,shoemakers1 ,,saddlers1 ,,tailors1 ,,etc41 ,,is ,,the ,,standard ,,among ,,american ,,manufacturers4 ,weed ,sewing ,machine ,company1 ,,hartford1 ,,conn41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,esterbrook',s ,steel ,pens4 ,illustration3 ,pen nib ,the ,most ,popular ,pens in ,use4 ,for sale by all ,stationers4 ,leading ,nos4 #jdh1 #ad1 #acj1 #ccc1 #afa4 ,samples and ,catalogue on ,application4 ,,the ,,esterbrook ,,steel ,,pen ,,co41 ,works1 ,camden1 ,n4,j4 #bf ,john ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,n4 ,p4 ,,fletcher ,,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn41 ,,publishers1 ,,and ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,the ,,celebrated ,fletcher ,ink ,extracts4 ,these preparations are soluble concentrated compounds1 containing the coloring matters and mordants used in the best ,inks4 ,by the addition of water only1 an ,ink of beautiful color and fine quality is at once produced4 ,invaluable for ,travelers1 as the dry and powdered ,extracts can be carried in small space and used at convenience4 ,used for the last six years in the best ,banks1 ,insurance ,offices1 and ,counting ,rooms of the ,united ,states4 ,,colors3 ,rose-,scarlet1 ,brilliant ,green1 ,blue1 ,violet1 and ,black4 ,full descriptive circulars mailed on application4 ,,fairbanks' ,,scales4 ,,the ,,worlds' ,,standard4 ,,highest ,,awards1 ,,world',s ,,fairs4 ,,london1 #ahea4 ,,new ,,york1 #ahec4 ,,paris1 #ahfg4 ,,vienna1 #ahgc4 ,,santiago1 ,,chili1 #ahge4 ,,philadelphia1 #ahgf4 ,,sydney1 ,,australia1 #ahgg4 ,,paris1 #ahgh4 ,,sydney1 ,,australia1 #ahhj4 ,,melbourne1 ,,australia1 #ahha4 ,at the ,world's ,fair in ,paris1 in #ahgh1 ,fairbanks ,co4 received seven medals1 more than were awarded any other ,american exhibitors2 at the ,sydney1 ,australia1 ,world's ,fair1 in #ahha1 in competition with manufacturers from the ,united ,states1 ,great ,britain1 and ,france1 they received a special award above all others2 and at ,melbourne1 ,australia1 ,world's ,fair1 in #ahha1 also in competition with ,american1 ,english1 and ,french manufacturers1 ,fairbanks' scales received the four highest awards4 ,,the ,,cheapest ,,scale ,,manufactured6 ,,quality ,,considered4 ,correspondence solicited4 ,price list furnished upon application4 ,,over ,,one ,,million ,,of ,,these ,,scales ,,in ,,use4 ,,principal ,,warehouse1 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,new ,,orleans4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,buffalo1 ,n4,y4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,montreal4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,london1 ,,eng4 ,,fairbanks1 ,,brown ,,co41 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,,fairbanks1 ,,morse ,,co41 ,,chicago4 ,,fairbanks1 ,,morse ,,co41 ,,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,fairbanks1 ,,morse ,,co41 ,,cleveland1 ,o4 ,,fairbanks1 ,,morse ,,co41 ,,pittsburg1 ,,pa4 ,,fairbanks1 ,,morse ,,co41 ,,louisville1 ,,ky4 ,,fairbanks ,,co41 ,,st4 ,,louis4 ,,fairbanks ,,hutchinson1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,agent for ,fairbanks' ,scales ,j4 ,,block1 ,,moscow ,,and in the ,,russian ,,empire1 ,,st4 ,,petersburg ,,liberal ,,and ,,important ,,concessions ,,in ,,life ,,insurance ,,contracts4 ,,examine ,,the ,,new ,,form ,,of ,,policy ,,issued ,,by ,the ,united ,states ,life ,insurance ,company1 ,,before ,,insuring ,,elsewhere4 ,,note ,,the ,,liberality ,,of ,,its ,,terms4 ,after the premiums for three or more years have been paid1 upon receiving the required notice from the assured1 the ,company will continue the ,policy in force without further payments1 for its ,,full ,,face1 for such a period as the ,,entire ,,reserve will carry it4 ,should the death of the insured take place during the continued term of insurance as provided for above1 the full face of the ,policy will be paid--no deduction being made for forborne or unpaid premiums1 excepting in the event of the death occurring within three years after the default4 ,the new form of ,,endowment ,policy provides3 ,that if the ,,entire ,,reserve is a greater sum than the single premium required to carry the full amount of insurance to the end of the ,endowment term1 the ,,excess shall be issued as a single premium to purchase a pure ,endowment1 payable at the end of the term1 thus guaranteeing to the ,policy-holder in every event the full value of his ,,reserve4 ,,no ,,surrender of the ,policy is required--only a notice from the ,policy-holder1 on blanks furnished by the ,company4 ,,all ,,restrictions1 ,,all ,,restrictions and ,,conditions in regard to travel1 residence1 occupation1 and cause of death are removed1 thus making the ,policies after three years ,,incontestable ,,for ,,any ,,cause ,,excepting ,,fraud4 ,all ,forms of ,life and ,endowment ,policies ,issued4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,life ,insurance ,company in the ,city of ,new ,york1 #bfa ,,broadway4 ,,officers4 ,t4 ,h4 ,,brosnan1 ,,president4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,fraleigh1 ,,secretary4 ,a4 ,,wheelwright1 ,,assistant ,,secretary4 ,,chas4 ,h4 ,,miller1 ,,cashier4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,burford1 ,,actuary4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,buck1 ,,medical ,,director4 ,,john ,p4 ,,munn1 ,,medical ,,examiner4 ,,hegeman ,,buel1 ,,counsel4 ,,board ,,of ,,directors4 ,,charles ,e4 ,,bill1 ,banker1 #ac ,broad ,street4 ,,isaac ,n4 ,,phelps1 ,banker1 #de ,wall ,street4 ,,clinton ,,gilbert1 ,treasurer ,greenwich ,savings ,bank4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,bolles1 ,retired ,merchant1 ,garden ,city1 ,l4,i4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,ford1 ,pres4 ,bank of the ,republic4 ,,edgar ,s4 ,,van ,,winkle1 ,counsellor1 #dh ,wall ,street4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,ogden ,,hegeman1 ,counsellor1 #bfa ,broadway4 ,,thomas ,,gardiner1 ,retired1 #ac ,east #fb;d ,street4 ,n4 ,f4 ,,graves1 ,pres4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bkg4 ,co41 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y4 ,d4 ,,kellogg ,,baker1 ,provisions1 #cce ,greenwich ,street4 ,,james ,,buell1 ,banker4 ,h4 ,k4 ,,thurber1 ,wholesale ,grocer1 #aaf ,reade ,street4 ,p4 ,,van ,,volkenburgh1 ,dry ,goods1 #fb ,worth ,street4 ,,edward ,h4 ,,ammidown1 ,dry ,goods1 #hg ,leonard ,street4 ,,julius ,,catlin1 ,,jr41 ,dry ,goods1 #acb ,church ,street4 ,,jno4 ,a4 ,,livingston1 ,sugar ,refiner1 #ia ,wall ,street4 ,,henry ,c4 ,,hulbert1 ,paper1 #ac ,beekman ,street4 ,,james ,r4 ,,plum1 ,leather1 #db ,spruce ,street4 ,,george ,g4 ,,williams1 ,pres4 ,chemical ,national ,bank4 ,,antony ,,wallach1 ,mfg4 ,jeweler1 #aa ,maiden ,lane4 ,,oliver ,p4 ,,buel1 ,counsellor1 #bfa ,broadway4 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,perkins1 ,president ,mercantile ,national ,bank4 ,,timothy ,h4 ,,brosnan1 ,president4 ,,henry ,l4 ,,clapp1 ,scales1 #caa ,broadway4 ,,raphael ,,buchman1 ,clothing1 #dfe ,broome ,street4 ,,edward ,,van ,,volkenburgh1 ,dry ,goods1 #fb ,worth ,st4 ,,charles ,p4 ,,fraleigh1 ,secretary1 #bfa ,broadway4 ,,john ,p4 ,,munn1 ,m4,d41 #ej ,east #cast ,street4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,mutual ,,accident ,,association4 ,office1 #dji ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,incorporated ,,oct4 #aa1 #ahgg4 #c4jj will procure a certificate of membership entitling the member to #e1jjj4jj in the event of death by accident1 and #be4jj weekly indemnity for totally disabling injury4 ,over #d1jjj ,business ,men now members4 ,,charles ,b4 ,,peet1 ,,president4 ,,james ,r4 ,,pitcher1 ,,secretary4 ,,board ,,of ,,directors4 ,,chas4 ,b4 ,,peet1 of ,rogers1 ,peet ,co4 ,,wm4 ,,brinckerhoff1 of ,wm4 ,brinckerhoff ,co4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,perry1 with ,wheeler ,wilson ,manufacturing ,co4 ,,william ,e4 ,,tefft1 of ,tefft1 ,weller ,co4 ,,ferdinand ,p4 ,,earle1 of ,earle's ,hotel4 ,,decatur ,m4 ,,sawyer1 of ,gowing1 ,grew ,co4 ,,wm4 ,,bro4 ,,smith1 #bbi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,gilmore1 ,crouch ,fitzgerald4 ,,wm4 ,,gibson1 with ,morrison1 ,herriman ,co4 ,,leopold ,,wormser1 with ,l4 ,levenson ,co4 ,,james ,s4 ,,leeds1 of ,wm4 ,t4 ,lloyd ,co4 ,,george ,c4 ,,clarke1 of ,tefft1 ,weller ,co4 ,,portability ,,combined ,,with ,,great ,,power ,,in ,,glasses ,,field1 ,,marine1 ,,tourist1 ,,opera1 ,,and ,,general ,,out-,,door ,,day ,,and ,,night ,,double ,,perspective ,illustration3 ,opera glasses ,will show ,objects ,distinctly ,two to ,six ,miles4 ,,spectacles ,,and ,,eye-,,glasses1 ,,to ,,strengthen ,,and ,,improve ,,the ,,sight1 ,,adjusted ,,to ,,all ,,defects ,,of ,,vision4 ,catalogues sent by enclosing stamp4 ,,semmons1 ,,oculist ,,and ,,optician1 #fhg ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,accident ,,department4 ,,mutual ,,benefit ,,life ,,co4 #aah ,asylum ,street1 ,,hartford1 ,,conn4 ,accident ,protection at ,actual ,cost6 ,,admission3 #c for any ,amount up to #ejjj4 ,future ,expenses #be cents per month as long as continued1 and assessments to cover losses only1 at table rates4 ,,any ,,man ,,his ,,own ,,agent4 ,send for ,application1 which anyone may fill out1 and return to ,company with fee4 ,,weekly ,,indemnity1 #e to #be4 ,pointing finger ,,agents ,,wanted ,,everywhere4 ,,the ,,travelers ,life and ,accident ,insurance ,co41 ,,hartford1 ,,conn4 ,,oldest ,,and ,,largest ,,in ,,america4 ,,jas4 ,g4 ,,batterson1 ,,president4 ,,rodney ,,dennis1 ,,secretary4 ,,cash ,,assets1 #e1eai1jjj ,,surplus1 #a1dfg1jjj ,,benefits ,,paid1 #e1fej1jjj ,,general ,,accident ,,policies1 by the year or month1 written by ,agents4 ,,registered ,,accident ,,tickets1 one to thirty days1 at ,agencies and ,railroad ,stations4 ,,permit ,,for ,,foreign ,,voyage at slight addition to cost of ordinary ,policy4 ,accident ,policies ,written1 #fej1jjj ,accident ,claims ,paid1 #ee1jjj ,amount ,paid for ,accidents1 #d1jjj1jjj ,,regular ,,life ,,insurance1 all best forms1 with ample security1 at ,low ,cash ,rates4