,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,hi/ory1 ,,!ory1 ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,illum9at+4 ,,sket*$ ,,by ,m4 ,,digby ,,wyatt1 ,v4,p4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,,etc4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,w4 ,r4 ,,tymms4 ,,cond5s$ ,,f ,! ,art ( ,illum9at+1 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,illu/rator ,,& ,,au?or4 ,london3 ,,day ,,& ,,son1 ,li?ograph]s to ! ,que51 ,,gate ,,/reet1 ,,l9coln',s ,,inn ,,fields4 ,,hi/orical ,,manual4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4--,f ! fragm5ts ( ! ,bible ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,h>leian #geea4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,,mss4 ( ! date ( ,*>lemagne & 8 imm$iate successors1 ! ornam5tal =ms are g5]ally comp\nd$ ( ,anglo-,saxon & semi-classical details2 ?us1 fig4 #a pres5ts u ) a lunette1 or ar*-fill+1 borr[$ f "s ,lat9 type2 :ile 9 figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 ! int]lac$ knots1 & 9 figs4 #b & #f ! zoomorphic t]m9ations1 are equally *>act]i/ic ( ,celtic art4 ,?is class ( conv5tional design1 al?\gh app>5tly complicat$1 is ( comp>atively easy execution1 & on t acc\nt =ms a suitable /yle = ! "y illum9ator to try 8 'pr5tice h& ^u4 ,,plate ,,ii4 gives ! outl9e ( ! prec$+ plate1 & ! beg9n] may make 8 fir/ attempt at practical illum9ation 9 an endeav\r to make x resemble ,plate ,i4 z closely z possible4 ,,plate ,,iii41 f ! same s\rce z ,plate ,i41 gives1 9 figs4 #a & #d1 two alphabets1 & 9 fig4 #b "o s5t5ce1 9 ! *>act]s 9 :i* ! ,lat9 text ( ! orig9al is writt5 ?r\gh\t ! volume1 ) ! usual =m ( initial lett]2 toge!r )1 9 fig4 #c1 an ornam5t %[+1 on a l>gi% scale1 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! mo/ common int]lacem5t ( ! ,saxon s*ool is usually work$ out4 ,x may be "h not$ t1 consid]+ x z likely to be m useful to ! /ud5t1 ?r\gh\t ^! illum9ations ! *>act]s1 :i* 9 ! orig9als express ,lat91 ,fr5*1 or b>b>\s ,engli%1 h be5 arrang$ to exhibit ,scripture texts ( simple language1 su* z may be frequ5tly desir$ = ! embelli%m5t ( *ur*es or s*oolrooms4 ,,plate ,,iv41 f ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,reg4 #a1 c4 vii4 ,?is manuscript consi/s ( ! ,books ( ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 & ,ru?1 9 ! ,vulgate v]sion1 ) ,/4 ,j]ome's prologues4 ,x is probably ( ,g]man execution1 & is attribut$ by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd5 to ! middle ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,9 its illu/rations may be recognis$ a s]ies ( good specim5s ( ,romanesque =ms4 ,9 ^! ! scroll may be obs]v$ z hav+ almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! ,c>lov+ian int]lacem5t1 :ile 9 ! foliat$ ends ( ! lead+ /ems 7m p>ticul>ly 9 fig4 #a7 ! g]m9ation ( ,go?ic is di/9ctly p]ceptible4 ,! /ud5t w sc>cely fail to obs]ve h[ entirely dep5d5t ?is /yle ( illum9ation is ^u ! /ead9ess ) :i* ! p5 is h&l$ = all its *>m ( expression4 ,,plate ,v4 gives ! outl9e ( ! prec$+ plate1 to be col\r$ z a lesson 9 %ad+ ) ! bru%4 ,,plate ,,vi4 provides an alphabet ( capital lett]s1 "s initials1 & a complete s5t5ce1 tak5 f ! same ,,ms4 :i* has furni%$ mat]ials = ! two prec$+ plates4 ,,plate ,,vii4 conta9s fully-col\r$ examples f ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,reg4 #a ,d1 fully describ$ at pages #dg & #dh4 ,9 ^! we meet ) ! pl5itude ( ,engli% m$ival illum9ation1--its fre$om ( draw+1 its vig\r ( col\r1 its exquisite delicacy1 & ! g5]al facility ( design its wayw>d l9es atte/4 ,9 ! be/ "w !re is a playfulness n to be (t5 f\nd 9 ! productions ( ! contempor>y ,european s*ools4 ,x ne$s b little +5uity to exp& su* features z ^? :i* con/itute figs4 #a1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 f small book embelli%m5ts to l>ge motives ( elegant mural decoration4 ,,plate ,,viii4 is ! correspond+ outl9e to ,plate ,,vii4 ,,plate ,,ix4 supplies ! /ud5t ) models tak5 f ! same ,,ms4 7,reg4 #a ,d71 ( capital & initial lett]s1 & ord9>y text1 suitable = comb9ation ) ! ri* ornam5ts ( ,plate ,,vii4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all correspond+ plates1 ! object aim$ at is to provide =ms ( lett]+1 at once tol]ably legible1 well-proportion$1 & adapt$ to h>monize1 bo? hi/orically & arti/ically1 ) ! /yles ( pictorial illum9ation giv5 9 connection ) !m4 ,!re are few faults m common 9 mod]n "w1 or m (f5sive to ! educat$ eye1 ?an ! association ( /yles ( lett]+ & /yles ( ornam5tation w>r+ ) ea* o!r 9 ! proprieties ( bo? "t & =m4 ,aga9/ su* x is our e>ne/ object to gu>d ! /ud5t1 bo? by precept & example4 ,,plate ,x4 furni%es "s specim5s ( ! beautiful bord]+s :i* enri* ! pages ( t mo/ preci\s relic ( ! #ae? c5tury1 ! ,b$=d ,missal1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ,book ( ,h\rs4 ,?is exquisite volume has be5 s fully dwelt ^u at pages #ee & #ef1 t x is necess>y only to ref] ! read] to ! notice giv5 !reat4 ,9 ! examples collect$ on ?is plate1 x is manife/ t ! pictorial has n be5 all[$ to usurp ! prop] prov9ce ( ! conv5tional elem5t ( design1 z x too frequ5tly does 9 _m works ( ! same p]iod1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,italy1--und\bt$ly beautiful z mu* ( ! illum9ation ( ! #ae? c5tury 0 9 t c\ntry4 ,,plate ,,xi4 provides an outl9e ( ,plate ,x41 = fully col\r+ 9 facsimile4 ,,plate ,,xii4 %[s ! g5]al /yle ( ! lett]+1 bo? capital & l[]-case1 ! initials1 & ! bord]s :i* p]vade ?is beautiful triumph ( ,flemi% art4 ,( ^!1 figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h are especially adapt$ = mural decoration1 on1 ( c\rse1 a greatly enl>g$ scale4 ,m4 ,d4 ,w4 #cg1 ,,tavi/ock ,,place1 ,,london4 ,april1 #ahfa4 ,,te*nical ,,manual4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 is f ! ,spey] ,passavant ,*>lemagne ,bible1 ,briti% ,museum add4 #aj1edf1 describ$ at page #ci ( ! ,hi/orical ,manual4 ,! /ud5t _c fail to obs]ve h[ di/9ctly legible1 & inde$ h[ entirely ,roman 9 "*1 ! alphabet ( capitals rema9$ s long aft] ! ,augu/an p]iod z ! n9? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,9 ! l[]-case lett]s1 9 :i* ! text is writt51 ! legibility is evid5t2 b ! classical d]ivation ?r\gh ! uncial =m ( writ+ is n equally manife/4 ,desir+ to guide ! beg9n] 9 ! class ( ex]cises mo/ likely to lead him on satisfactorily1 we h 9 ?is te*nical manual 9 e case all[$ ! outl9e illu/rations ( ea* /yle ( writ+ to prec$e ! fully-col\r$ specim5s ( ! correspond+ ornam5t ( ! lead+ epo*s ( ! art ( illum9ation2 en=c+ !reby our conviction t ! /udy & practice ( t1 :i* ( old fell m directly )9 ! prov9ce ( ! scribe ?an )9 t ( ! m9iature pa9t]1 %\ld inv>iably receive ! /ud5t's fir/ & *ief att5tion--=1 let x always be rememb]$ t good writ+ looks well if enhanc$ by little1 or ! v simple/1 ornam5t1 :ile 9 illum9ation ! effect ( ! be/ possible pa9t+ is irretrievably m>r$ if ! writ+ is irregul> & badly =m$ or spac$4 ,,plate ,,ii41 f ! same preci\s volume1 provides "s simple b excell5t conv5tional =ms1 suitable = execution bo? on a small & on an enl>g$ scale4 ,by repeat+ ei!r "o ( ! ?ree bord]s at ! bottom ( ! plate1 v pretty m>g9s may be produc$1 suitable ei!r = surr\nd+ a page ( writ+ or = enclos+ a panel 9 mural decoration4 ,,plate ,,iii4 is an outl9e = practis+ col\r+ ^u4 ,9 us+ ^! outl9es1 x may be a pr(itable ex]cise occasionally to v>y ! col\rs f ^? giv5 on ! correspond+ plate4 ,a comp>ison ( ! effect produc$ by ! orig9al1 & by its copy ) v>iations1 w t5d to fix on ! memory ( ! arti/ ! exact degree ( m]it ( ! orig9al & ( ! alt]$ comb9ations ( col\r4 ,! practical value ( an educat$ eye1 no less ?an ( an educat$ m9d1 is dep5d5t on ! =ce & intellig5ce ( ! memory1 & e ex]cise :i* c assi/ 9 fix+ a fleet+ image on ! bra9 is no less efficaci\s 9 /r5g!n+ ! "o ?an x c be 9 develop+ ! o!r4 ,,plate ,,iv41 f ! ,h>leian ,,ms4 ,no4 #b1hjd1 gives "o ( our usual ex]cises ^u ! ma9 /ructural features ( all illum9ation--! alphabets1 initial lett]s1 & small bord]+s4 ,^!1 9 ?is case 9 ! ,romanesque /yle1 h be5 tak5 f a v rem>kable ,bible =m]ly belong+ to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y1 ne> ,worms4 ,= fur!r notice ( ?is & simil> volumes1 see ,hi/orical ,manual1 page #dc4 ,! ma9 use to ! /ud5t ( ?is class ( lesson is to give him /ead9ess ( h& 9 ! use ( ! p52 a ^w or two ( c\nsel ^u :i* may n be altoge!r unpr(itable to him4 ,fir/ly1 !n1 let him avoid ! habit ( all[+ ! p5 to t\* ! pap] be=e he has cle>ly made up 8 m9d :]e x is to g & :5 x is to be tak5 (f4 ,an ill-direct$ l9e in/antly reveals a li/less m9d1 & a c>eful ma/] c g5]ally detect ! exact po9ts 9 8 "w at :i* ! att5tion ( a usually dilig5t pupil has be5 ab/ract$ f x4 ,secondly1 he %\ld nev] express by half a doz5 or m sep>ate /rokes =ms :i* may be def9$ by a s+le cont9u\s l9e4 ,?irdly1 let him practise mov+ ! p5 or p5cil1 n up & d[n only1 b 9 e direction1 until equal facility is acquir$ 9 draw+ spirals f left to "r & f "r to left4 ,f\r?ly1 x is well to hold ! p5 or p5cil ne>ly v]tical1 j t\*+1 b sc>cely ev] press+ heavily on1 ! surface ( ! draw+4 ,fif?ly1 he %\ld by no means aim at da% or _s until he is q sure t 8 l9es are correct3 no?+ betrays ! ill-educat$ arti/ m surely & readily to ^? :o "k bett] ?an a bold /roke :]e a delicate "o w\ld be m appropriate1 or a d>k t\* 9 ! wrong place4 ,x is ! ignorant only :o are misl$ by an appe>ance ( bravura1 vig\r1 & facility4 ,,plate ,v41 fully col\r$ f ! same s\rce z ,plate ,,iv41 (f]s 9 figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 & #h1 "s easy bord]s1 well adapt$ = enri*+ /r+ c\rses or fill+ 9 long upright panels or pila/]s4 ,! initial lett]s 7figs4 #a & #f7 are design$ ) great _s1 & ! /ud5t may pr(itably amuse himself by endeav\r+ to inv5t o!r capital lett]s made up z ^! are ( apocryphal animals wri?+ 9 convolut$ scrollwork4 ,,plate ,,vi4 gives ! outl9e = col\r+ 9 fac simile ( ,plate ,v4 ,,plate ,,vii41 f a ,lat9 ,bible ( f9e ,engli% illum9ation e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 7,briti% ,museum1 ,reg4 #ae1 ,d4 #b71 corresponds 9 ! g5]al "* ( bo? its te*nical & *ronological peculi>ities ) ^? %[n on ,plates ,,vii41 ,,viii41 & ,,ix41 ( ! ,hi/orical ,manual4 ,! two ,,mss41 h[ev]1 f :i* ! two s]ies ( plates h be5 tak51 diff] 9 "s mat]ial respects1 & x w be well = ! /ud5t to practise ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ea*4 ,"o is ( extraord9>y delicacy1 ! o!r ( great vig\r ( execution4 ,! latt] /amps ! ,,ms4 f :i* ! plate "u consid]ation is tak54 ,! /ud5t is invit$ to obs]ve ! grace & fre$om ) :i* ! floral t]m9ations ( ! pr9cipal initial 7fig4 #b7 da% away1 ext5d+ to bo? ! top & bottom ( ! page1 & n unfrequ5tly 9 simil> examples embrac+1 z x 71 ! text on two or m sides4 7,see ,hi/orical ,manual1 page #dg47 ,great att5tion mu/ n[ be be/[$ ^u ! writ+2 s t nei!r ! true ,m$ival "* may be de/roy$1 nor s exagg]at$ z to lose cle>ness & legibility3 a little c>e & dext]ity may pres]ve bo?4 ,,plate ,,viii4 is int5d$ to draw out all ! capabilities ( ! illum9ator4 ,rais$1 burni%$1 & engrav$1 or ind5t$ gold1 are ess5tial to a prop] realization ( a revival ( su* old "w2 & ! /ud5t :o w\ld rival 9 8 productions ! sob] ri*ness ( ! bru%es ( ! arti/ monks ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 mu/ c>efully /udy ! comb9ations ( col\r giv5 9 ! ,mapp ,clavicula4 ,figs4 #b1 #e1 & #f1 (f] examples ( ! tesselat$ burni%$ diap] gr\nds1 & fill+s 91 :i* sup]s$$ to a great ext5t ! flat burni%$ gold5 gr\nds ( e>li] dates4 ,su* diap]s are little less well adapt$ = walls or ceil+s ?an !y are = book decoration4 ,x c be sc>cely necess>y to dwell ^u :at mu/ be p]fectly obvi\s1 ! great beauty ( ! initial lett]s 7figs4 #a1 #c1 & #d7 giv5 on ?is %eet4 ,,plate ,,ix4 is a c>eful outl9e ( ! above4 ,,plate ,x41 f ! ,missal ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella 7,briti% ,museum1 ,add4 #ahea71 describ$ at page #eg ( ! ,hi/orical ,manual1 introduces u to ! pictorial1 or r m9iature /yle1--"o1 :i* c only be excell$ 9 by ^? :o are prep>$ to devote !mselves to pa9t+ z no long] a decorative1 b z ess5tially a f9e art4 ,f> am ,i f say+ t ! highe/ possible art 0 n br\ght to be> ^u mu* ,m$ival illum9ation2 all t ,i w\ld convey is1 t c>e & neatness may produce v respectable reproductions ( ord9>y ornam5tal "w1 su* z 0 commonly us$ dur+ ! f\rte5?1 & e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5turies2 b t !y alone w be f\nd q inadequate to imitate successfully ! highly modell$ & fully %ad[$ foliage1 l&scape1 ar*itectural gr\ps1 & figure subjects1 :i* incessantly recur 9 books illum9at$ at p]iods correspond+ ) ! great ,r5aissance ( art "u ! ,van ,eycks & ,meml+s ( ,fl&]s1 ! ,dur]s ( ,g]many1 & ! ,p]ug9os1 ,p9turic*ios1 & ,raffaelles1 ( ,italy4 ,,plate ,,xi41 fully col\r$ f ! same s\rce z ,plate ,x41 c only be satisfactorily copi$ by ! /ud5t1 :o may h le>nt to %ad[ ) ! bru% f ei!r objects 9 ! r\nd1 or f really good copies1 ei!r by v great p]sonal devotion & p]sev]ance1 or "u an exp]i5c$ ma/]4 ,,plate ,,xii4 gives a c>eful outl9e ( ! prec$+ plate4 ,m4 ,d4 ,w4 #cg1 ,,tavi/ock ,,place1 ,,london4 ,april1 #ahfa4 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,i4 ,,:at ,,illum9at+ ,,04 ,9 ! foll[+ pages an attempt has be5 made to conc5trate into limit$ dim5sions t :i* has g5]ally be5 treat$ v volum9\sly4 ,few au?ors1 :o h tri$ bo?1 w feel incl9$ to d5y1 t x is a mu* m difficult task to compress a great subject into a little book successfully1 ?an x is to exp& a little subject into a great book4 ,:]e mat]ials ( ! highe/ int]e/1 hi/orically1 arti/ically1 & intellectually1 ab\nd1 ! dang] is le/ suppression & cond5sation may n break ! l9ks ess5tial to b9d a p]spicu\s n>rative toge!r4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 on ^! gr\nds claim ! indulg5ce ( ! read]1 :o may1 ,i tru/1 be induc$ by ! v imp]fections ( my /ory1 to recur to ! pages ( ^? m copi\s & le>n$ writ]s on ! subjects1 :o h be/[$ ^u its elucidation long lives ( exempl>y & p]t9aci\s indu/ry4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ent]+ on my !me1 x is my duty to po9t out to ! read]1 t al?\gh1 = popul> conv5i5ce & simplicity1 x has be5 deem$ exp$i5t to divide ! hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,illum9at+ f ! !ory ( its use & practice1 ,i h consid]$ t ea* ( ! subdivid$ p>ts w\ld be made m valuable by association1 & by be+ made mutually sugge/ive & illu/rative--by be+1 9 fact1 ca/ z two p>ts ( "o "w1 r ?an z two sep>ate works4 ,i h n1 !re=e1 hesitat$ to ref] 9 ?is1 ! ,hi/orical ,manual1 to ! hi/orical int]e/ ( plates conta9$ 9 ! te*nical1 nor 9 ! ,te*nical ,manual to ! te*nical int]e/ ( plates conta9$ 9 ! hi/orical4 ,mu*1 inde$1 ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 bo? %\ld be consid]$ z common to ! two4 ,?us ! anci5t te*nical processes are no less hi/orically int]e/+1 ?an !y may be likely1 by a judici\s revival ( su* z may be wor?y1 to prove practically valuable 9 ! pres5t day4 ,aga91 :atev] pr(ici5cy a /ud5t may atta9 9 ! manipulation ( 8 or h] draw+1 gild+1 or pa9t+1 x w be 9 va9 to hope to be enabl$ to produce a "w ( art :i* %all be satisfactory to ! educat$ eye & ta/e1 until a v consid]able acqua9tance has be5 made ) ! peculi>ities ( ! v>i\s /yles 9 :i* our =efa!rs delight$4 ,no orig9ality c ev] be p]man5tly agreeable :i* does n disc>d ! precise conv5tional =m ( a p]iod1 :i* is b a mode or transi5t fa%ion1 9 fav\r ( ! pr9ciples :i* p]vade all syn*ron\s works ( art1 & :i*1 transmute !m z we may1 mu/ ev] rema9 p]man5t ?r\gh all "t4 ,hi/orically we %\ld rememb] t m9iature ornam5t ( e p]iod reflects on a dim9i%$ scale1 & frequ5tly 9 a highly conc5trat$ =m1 ! lead+ _s :i* may h p]vad$ ! great] revolutions ( monum5tal art4 ,ow+ to ! lic5se :i* ! dim9i%$ scale af=d$1 ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ 9 ^! works 0 re/rict$ by none ( ^? mat]ial imp$im5ts :i*1 9 ! execution ( ! major monum5ts ( art1 protract$ ! realization ( ! *ang+ fa%ions ( ! day1 frequ5tly until long aft] ! p]iod :5 ! orig9al impulse may h be5 communicat$ to ! art 9 :i* ^? v>iations 7 possibly b transi5t fluctuations4 ,?us x is t 9 ^! relics ( ! pa/ may frequ5tly be trac$ arti/ic impulses de/9$ to f9d no o!r embodim5t ?an ! =m 9 :i* !y are pres5t$ to u 9 ! pages ( a manuscript4 ,! copi\sness1 !n1 ( su* docum5t>y illu/rations ( ! inv5tion ( remote p]iods is "o ( ! mo/ valuable features ( ! tea*+ !y %\ld convey to u4 ,no revival n[adays ( any hi/orical /yle by ! ar*itect c be satisfactory :i* is n bas$ ^u a k1 n ( ! purely ar*itectural features ( ! p]iod alone1 b ( ! condition & *>act]i/ics ( all ^? decorative details :i* di/+ui%$ x z a liv+ reality f ! effete & d5ud$ relic :i* may n[ only pres5t itself = our in=mation4 ,?us ev5 ! ,saxon & ,romanesque /yles ( ar*itecture may1 ?r\gh ! ar*itect's c>eful att5tion to ! decorative features exhibit$ to u 9 ! pages ( anci5t illum9at$ books1 be reviv$1 n 9 _! rude & /ructural nudity1 b z gl[+ ) ^? col\rs1 & decorat$ ) ^? =ms1 :i* we may obs]ve z peculi>ly affect$ 9 ! ornam5tal & pictorial embelli%m5ts ( ! be/ arti/s ( ! days :5 ^? /yles 7 ! only ones popul>ly adopt$4 ,& n only are ! beautiful ornam5ts & decorative features ( illum9at$ manuscripts valuable z supply+ u ) correct in=mation z to ! sy/em ( embelli%m5t reg>d$ by ! be/ arti/s ( ea* p]iod z h>moniz+ mo/ p]fectly ) ! /ructural /yles preval5t 9 _! days2 b 9 ! measure ( _! p]man5t beauty !y are no less valuable to u z indications ( :at is excell5t = all "t4 ,?us1 !n1 !y may be us$1 ei!r z enabl+ u to re/ore ! mo/ brilliant features ( ! hi/oric /yles ) an accuracy to be acquir$ f no o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 or !y may be reg>d$ z provid+ u ) mat]ials = t m ext5d$ sy/em ( eclectic selection :i* mu/ af=d ! only basis ( p]fection & orig9ality 9 any /yles :i* we may desire n[ or h]eaft] to orig9ate2 & ! orig9ation & p]fection ( :i* we may desire to bequea? to succe$+ g5]ations1 z te/imonies t1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re liv$ m5 z capable ( ! creation ( beauty z any ^: happie/ inv5tions are to be f\nd 9 ! pages ( ^! anci5t & mo/ preci\s volumes4 ,9 op5+ ?is hi/orical sket*1 ,i ne$ sc>cely recall ! facts1 t n only 0 t :i* we "k z ! e>lie/ type ( writ+ ! mo/ pictorial1 b t x 0 also embelli%$ ) col\r f ! mo/ remote ages4 ,a glance at ! pages ( ,rossel9i or ,lepsius w suffice to conv9ce u t ! monum5tal hi]oglyphics ( ! ,egyptians 7 almo/ inv>iably pa9t$ ) ! livelie/ t9ts2 & :5 simil> hi]oglyphics 7 execut$ on a r$uc$ scale1 & 9 a m cursive =m ^u papyri1 or scrolls made f ! leaves ( ! papyrus1 ! common fl[]+ ru% ( ! ,nile1 illum9ation 0 also employ$ to make ! lead+ pages m attractive to ! eye4 ,nor 0 su* illum9ation peculi> to hi]oglyphic *>act]s2 x prevail$ also1 b n to ! same ext5t1 9 ! hi]atic & demotic modes ( writ+4 ,( su* papyri notable specim5s may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ! mo/ wond]ful 9 exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 is ! rem>kably int]e/+ & graphic illu/ration ( ! fun]al ( a ,ph>aoh1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,museum at ,tur94 ,extraord9>y dext]ity 0 acquir$ 9 a conv5tional mode ( express+ complicat$ =ms by a few rapid t\*es1 & ! life & _s ) :i* famili> sc5es are repres5t$1 & ornam5ts execut$1 9 bo? ! e>ly & late papyri1 are truly rem>kable4 ,! precise ext5t to :i* ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 indebt$ to ! ,egyptians = ! orig9ation & use ( alphabetic symbols1 ! le>n$ h n yet agre$ ^u4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 concurr$ 9 recogniz+ ! fact t ,egypt c]ta9ly suppli$ ! pr9cipal mat]ials by means ( :i* writ+ 0 ord9>ily practis$4 ,! primitive books ( ! anci5ts 7 no o!r ?an rolls =m$ ( papyri1 prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,two leaves ( ! ru% 7 pla/]$ toge!r1 usually ) ! mud ( ! ,nile1 9 su* a fa%ion t ! fibres ( "o leaf %\ld cross ! fibres ( ! o!r at "r angles2 ! ends ( ea* be+ !n cut (f1 a squ>e leaf 0 obta9$1 equally capable ( resi/+ fracture :5 pull$ or tak5 hold ( 9 any direction4 ,9 ?is =m ! papyri 7 export$ 9 great quantities4 ,9 ord] to =m ^! s+le leaves into ! scapi1 or rolls ( ! anci5ts 7! prototypes ( ! rotuli ( ! ,middle ,ages71 ab\t tw5ty 7 glu$ toge!r end to end4 ,! writ+ 0 !n execut$ 9 p>allel columns a few in*es wide1 runn+ transv]sely to ! l5g? ( ! scroll4 ,to ea* end ( ! scrolls 7 atta*$ r\nd /aves simil> to ^? we use = maps4 ,to ^! /aves1 /r+s1 kn[n z umbilici1 7 atta*$1 to ! ends ( :i* bull or weights 7 fix$4 ,! books :5 roll$ up1 7 b\nd up ) ^! umbilici1 & 7 g5]ally kept 9 cyl9drical boxes or caps1 a t]m f :i* ! ,m$ival capsula1 or book-cov]1 0 d]iv$4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! /ud5ts held ! rolls 9 ord] to read f !m is well %[n 9 a pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( a surgeon at ,pompeii4 ,"o ( ! /aves1 ) ! papyrus roll$ r\nd x1 0 held 9 ea* h&1 at a di/ance ap>t equal to ! wid? ( "o or m ( ! transv]se columns ( writ+4 ,z soon z ! eye 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! bottom ( a column1 "o h& roll$ up & ! o!r unroll$ suffici5t ( ! papyrus to br+ a fre% column opposite to ! read]'s eye1 & s on until ! :ole 0 w\nd r\nd "o ( ! /aves1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! /ud5t _h arriv$ at ! end ( 8 book4 ,eum5es1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 be+ unable to procure ! ,egyptian papyrus1 ?r\gh ! jeal\sy ( "o ( ! ,ptolemies1 :o occupi$ himself 9 =m+ a rival libr>y to ! "o :i* subsequ5tly became s celebrat$ at ,p]gamus1 introduc$ ! use ( p>*m5t prop]ly dress$ = tak+ ink & pigm5ts2 & h5ce ! d]ivation ( ! ^w p]gam5a z appli$ to p>*m5t or vellum2 ! =m] sub/ance be+ ! prep>$ sk9 ( %eep1 & ! latt] ( calves4#a ,! %eets ( p>*m5t 7 jo9$ end to end1 z ! %eets ( papyrus _h be51 & :5 writt5 ^u1 on "o side only1 & 9 n>r[ columns across ! bread? ( ! scroll1 7 roll$ up r\nd /aves & b\nd ) /r+s1 to :i* seals ( wax 7 occasionally atta*$1 9 place ( ! m common lead5 bull4 ,! cu/om ( divid+ books into pages is said by ,suetonius to h be5 introduc$ by ,julius ,cs>1 ^: lett]s to ! ,s5ate 7 s made up1 & aft] ^: "t ! practice became usual = all docum5ts ei!r address$ to1 or issu+ f1 t body1 or ! emp]ors4 ,z t =m subsequ5tly crept into g5]al use1 ! books 7 kn[n z codices2 & h5ce ! ord9>y t]m z appli$ to manuscript volumes4 ,all classes ( books1 ! re$s = writ+ 9 !m1 ! ink/&s1 & ! caps or scr9ia1 ! boxes 9 :i* ! scapi or rolls 7 kept1 are m9utely portray$ 9 anci5t wall-pa9t+s & ivory dipty*s4 ,! ink/&s are g5]ally %[n z d\ble1 no d\bt = conta9+ bo? black & r$ ink1 ) ! latt] ( :i* c]ta9 portions ( ! text 7 writt54#b ,ne>ly two ?\s& actual rolls 7 discov]$ at ,h]culaneum1 ( c\rse 9 a highly-c>boniz$ condition1 & ( !m "s hundr$s h be5 unroll$4 ,none appe> to h be5 embelli%$ ) illum9ation2#c s t = pro( ( ! practice ( ! art 9 classical times1 we are ?r[n back ^u ! classical au?ors !mselves4 ,! allusions 9 _! writ+s to ! employm5t ( r$ & black ink are frequ5t4 ,m>tial1 9 8 fir/ epi/le1 po9ts out ! booksell]'s %op opposite ! ,julian ,=um1 9 :i* 8 works may be obta9$ smoo!d ) pumice-/one & decorat$ ) purple4 ,s5eca m5tions books ornam5t$ cum imag9ibus4 ,v>ro is relat$ by ,pl9y to h illu/rat$ 8 works by lik5esses ( m ?an sev5 hundr$ illu/ri\s p]sons4 ,pl9y aga9 in=ms u t writ]s on m$ic9e gave repres5tations 9 _! treatises ( ! plants :i* !y describ$4 ,m>tial dwells on ! editions ( ,virgil1 ) 8 portrait z a frontispiece4 ,! e>lie/ record$ in/ance ( ! ri*] adornm5ts ( gold5 lett]+ on purple or rose-/a9$ vellum1 is giv5 by ,julius ,capitol9us 9 8 life ( ! ,emp]or ,maxim9us ! y\ng]4 ,he !re9 m5tions t ! "m ( ! emp]or pres5t$ to him1 on 8 return to 8 tutor 7e>ly 9 ! #crd c5tury71 a copy ( ! works ( ,hom]1 writt5 9 gold ^u purple vellum4 ,:e!r d]iv$ f ,egypt or ! ,ea/1 ?is luxuri\s mode ( embelli%m5t appe>s to h be5 popul> among ! lat] ,greeks1 a class ( ^: scribes 7 d5om9at$ writ]s 9 gold4 ,f ,greece x 01 no d\bt1 transplant$ to ,rome1 :]e1 f ab\t ! #bnd c5tury1 x1 at fir/ sl[ly1 & ultimately rapidly1 acquir$ popul>ity4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 inde$1 writ+ 9 ! #d? c5tury1 9 a well-kn[n passage 9 8 preface to ! ,book ( ,job1 exclaims3--,habeant qui volunt vet]es libros vel 9 membranis purpureis auro arg5toque descriptos vel uncialibus1 ut vulgo aiunt1 lit]is1 on]a magis ex>ata quam codices2 dummodo mihi meisque p]mittant paup]es hab]e sc$ulas1 et non tam pul*ros codices quam em5datos4#d ,?is almo/ pa!tic appeal ( ! great comm5tator 0 sc>cely necess>y to assure u t su* sumptu\s volumes 7 execut$ = ! ri* alone1 s9ce ! value ( ! gold & vellum1 irrespective ( ! lab\r employ$1 mu/ necess>ily h tak5 !m1 z he indicates1 altoge!r out ( ! rea* ( ! poor4 ,evid5ce inde$ is n want+1 t _m ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* lab\r$ ) _! own h&s to supply !mselves ) writ+s1 :i* no gold5 lett]s or purpl$ vellums c\ld make m valuable to !m or _! primitive foll[]s3 ?us1 ,pamphilus1 ! m>tyr1 :o suff]$ 9 ! ye> #cji1 possess$1 9 8 own h&writ+1 tw5ty-five /it*$ books1 conta9+ ! works ( ,orig54 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,fulg5tius1 & o!rs1 !mselves transcrib$ _m volumes1 preci\s to !mselves & mo/ edify+ to ! fai?ful4 ,:atev] ornam5ts or pictures ^! volumes conta9$1 no d\bt reproduc$ ! /yle ( art fo/]$1 if n eng5d]$1 9 ! ,catacombs4 ,roman illum9at$ manuscripts w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 to h be5 ma9ly divisible into two classes2 fir/ly1 ^? 9 :i* ! text1 simply b elegantly writt5 9 p]fectly-=m$1 or ru/ic 7t is1 incl9$7 capitals1 ma9ly 9 black & sp>+ly 9 r$ ink1 0 illu/rat$ by pictures1 usually squ>e1 ins]t$ 9 simple frames1 g5]ally ( a r$ bord] only2 & secondly1 ! ri*] k9d1 9 :i* at fir/ gold lett]s1 on :ite & /a9$ vellum gr\nds1 & subsequ5tly black & col\r$ lett]s & ornam5ts on gold gr\nds1 7 introduc$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ anci5t /yle1 & to h long rema9$ popul> 9 ! ,we/]n ,empire1 :ile ! second1 :i*1 z ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd5 has obs]v$1 no d\bt came orig9ally to ! ,romans f ! ,greeks1 acquir$ its greate/ p]fection "u ! e>ly emp]ors ( ! ,ea/4 ,( bo? /yles !re are /ill extant "s invaluable specim5s1 :i*1 al?\gh n ( ! f9e/ p]iods ( art1 may /ill be reg>d$ z typical ( ma/]pieces :i* may h exi/$1 & :i* fire or flood1 ,go? or ,v&al1 may h de/roy$4 ,be=e proce$+1 h[ev]1 to an enum]ation ( any ( ^!1 x may be well to def9e c]ta9 t]ms :i* mu/ be employ$ to designate ! peculi>ities ( "* 9 :i* ! diff]5t texts 7 writt51 "s slight k ( :i* is ( great assi/ance 9 arriv+ at a proximate k ( ! dates at :i* !y may h be5 execut$4 ,su* a def9ition _c be m succ9ctly giv5 ?an 9 ! foll[+ passage1 extract$ f ,mr4 ,noel ,humphrey's int]e/+ "w ,on ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art ( ,writ+3--#e ,ne>ly all ! pr9cipal me?ods ( anci5t writ+ may be divid$ into squ>e capitals1 r\nd$ capitals1 & cursive lett]s2 ! squ>e capitals be+ t]m$ simply capitals1 ! r\nd$ capitals uncials1 & ! small lett]s1 or su* z _h *ang$ _! =m dur+ ! creation ( a runn+ h&1 m9uscule4 ,capitals are1 /rictly speak+1 su* lett]s z reta9 ! e>lie/ settl$ =m ( an alphabet2 be+ g5]ally ( su* angul> %apes z c\ld conv5i5tly be c>v$ on wood or /one1 or engrav$ 9 metal1 to be /amp$ on co9s4 ,! e>lie/ ,lat9 ,,mss4 kn[n are writt5 entirely 9 capitals1 l inscriptions 9 metal or m>ble4 ,! uncial lett]s1 z !y are t]m$1 appe> to h aris5 z writ+ on papyrus or vellum became common1 :5 _m ( ! /raight l9es ( ! capitals1 9 t k9d ( writ+1 gradually acquir$ a curv$ =m1 to facilitate _! m rapid execution4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 f ! #f? to ! #h?1 or ev5 #aj? c5tury1 ^! uncials or p>tly-r\nd$ capitals prevail4 ,! mod]n m9uscule1 diff]+ f ! anci5t cursive "*1 appe>s to h aris5 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,dur+ ! #f? & #g? c5turies1 a k9d ( transition /yle prevail$ 9 ,italy & "s o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ! lett]s compos+ :i* h be5 t]m$ semi-uncials1 :i*1 9 a fur!r transition1 became m l ^? ( ! old ,roman cursive4 ,?is mann]1 :5 def9itively =m$1 became :at is n[ t]m$ ! m9uscule mann]2 x began to prevail ov] uncials 9 a c]ta9 class ( ,,mss4 ab\t ! #h? c5tury1 & t[>ds ! #aj? its g5]al use 01 ) few exceptions1 e/abli%$4 ,x is said to h be5 occasionally us$ z e>ly z ! #e? c5tury2 b ,i am unable to cite an au!ntic exi/+ monum5t4 ,! ,psalt] ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 writt5 9 ! #i? c5tury1 is 9 a small ,roman cursive h&1 :i* has induc$ ,casley to consid] x ! "w ( "s ,italian ecclesia/ic4 ,to return f ?is digression on ! "* ( anci5t h&writ+1 to ! examples /ill extant ( ! two great sections into :i* ! manuscripts ( classical ages may be divid$1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t1 fir/ 9 importance & int]e/ ( ! fir/ class may c]ta9ly be reckon$ ! ,vatican squ>e ,virgil ) m9iatures1 :i* has be5 ref]r$ by _m ( ! be/ palograph]s to ! #crd c5tury4 ,x is writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 majuscule ,roman capitals1 :i*1 al?\gh ,,mm4 ,*ampollion & ,sylve/re#f describe !m z ( an elegant b c>eless =m1 appe>$ to me1 :5 ,i exam9$ ! volume m9utely 9 #ahdf1g to exhibit great c>e & regul>ity4 ,! m9iatures1 _m engrav+s f draw+s trac$ f :i* are giv5 9 ,d',ag9c\rt's ,hi/oire de l',art p> les ,monum5ts1#h are altoge!r classical1 bo? 9 design & 9 ! te*nical h&l+ ( ! col\rs1 :i* are appli$ ) a free bru%1 & app>5tly 9 ! true antique mann]1 i4e41 ) sc>cely any previ\s or f9i%+ outl9e4 ,^! m9iatures h also be5 engrav$ by ,pietro ,santo ,b>toli1 b n ) 8 usual accuracy ( /yle4 ,a complete set ( col\r$ trac+s made by him are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,lansd[ne ,coll471 b !y ev5 are n q satisfactory4 ,! ,t]5ce ( ! ,vatican1 :i* is )\t m9iatures1 is 9 a some:at simil> writ+1 & belongs to ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,! ?ird 9 importance ( ! anci5t ,vatican manuscripts ( ?is class1 is 9 ! ru/ic in/ead ( elegant capital lett]+1 & is suppos$ to be ( ! #e? c5tury2 c]ta9ly n lat]4 ,x is a ,virgil1 decorat$ ?r\gh\t ) pictures execut$ 9 app>5t imitation ( ! squ>e ,virgil1 b 9 a mu* m b>b>\s & lifeless /yle4#i ,f an entry ( ! #ac? c5tury conta9$ 9 ! volume1#aj & f our k ( its hav+ be5 long & at a remote p]iod1 pres]v$ 9 ,france1 x w\ld appe> to h belong$ to ! ,p>isian mona/]y ( ,/4 ,d5is1 if n to ! ,sa9t himself4 ,s f> z antiquity1 irrespective ( m]it 9 po9t ( illum9ation is conc]n$1 ! mo/ rem>kable anci5t ,roman manuscript#aa exi/+ belongs to ! curi\s class kn[n z ,palimpse/s1 or books f :i* ! col\r+ matt] ( an orig9al writ+ has be5 dis*>g$1 9 ord] to prep>e ! vellum = receiv+ an altoge!r diff]5t text1 ! latt] be+ g5]ally writt5 at "r angles to ! =m]4#ab ,?is preci\s docum5t is ! celebrat$ treatise de ,republic1 by ,cic]o1 writt5 9 uncial *>act]s1 evid5tly 9 an ,augu/an p]iod1 & 0 discov]$ by ,c>d9al ,angelo ,mai1 "u a copy ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms1 made previ\s to ! #aj? c5tury4 ,! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan conta9s a codex ( ,hom]1 ( equal antiquity ) ! ,cic]o1 ) fifty-eight pictures1 mu* 9 ! /yle ( ! ,vatican squ>e ,virgil4 ,?is important ,,ms4 has be5 comm5t$ ^u by ! same di/+ui%$ antiqu>y4#ac ,! ,vi5na ,roman cal5d>1 suppos$ to h be5 execut$ 9 ! #d? c5tury1 & embelli%$ ) eight allegorical figures ( ! mon?s1 is bo? an e>ly & v important specim5 ( ,roman illum9ation1 n only on acc\nt ( ! elegance & dext]\s execution ( ^! figures1 b because x is ! mo/ anci5t manuscript 9 :i* any?+ l ornam5t1 indep5d5t ( pictur$ illu/ration ( ! au?or's text1 is introduc$4 ,( little less note 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 is ! celebrat$ ,dioscorides ( ! same imp]ial libr>y1 ! date ( :i* is fix$ by ! fact ( its be+ enri*$ ) a v graceful portrait ( ! ,empress ,juliana ,anicia1 = :om x is kn[n to h be5 writt5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,bo? ,lambecius#ad & ,d',ag9c\rt give v>i\s facsimiles 7omitt+ col\r7 ( ! f9e illu/rations :i* decorate ?is rem>kable volume4 ,ano!r #e? c5tury ,virgil ( rem>kable purity 9 ! text1 al?\gh )\t m9iatures1 is ! well-kn[n ,m$icean ( ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y at ,flor5ce4 ,! ,p>is ,prud5tius1 9 elegant ru/ic capitals ( ! #f? c5tury1 is ano!r f9e codex ( ! same type4 ,!re are1 9 addition to ^? already cit$1 v>i\s o!r e>ly texts ( ! classics conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t public libr>ies ( ,europe2 & x is s+ul> to rem>k1 t 7s f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta97 none ( !m are embelli%$ ) ^? ri*] decorations1 :i* appe> to h be5 res]v$ aft] ! end ( ! #e? c5tury1 = ! great text-books ( ! ,*ri/ian1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,( ^! sacr$ volumes1 t :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! olde/ complete v]sion ( ! ,bible 9 ,greek1#ae is ! ,codex ,alex&r9us ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 attribut$1 by cons5t ( all ! be/ ,palograph]s1 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,x is )\t gold altoge!r1 & has no o!r illum9ation ?an ! occasional contra/ ( r$ & black inks1 & a l9e slightly fl\ri%$1 at ! close ( ea* book4#af ,! next fragm5t ( ! ,scriptures1 9 po9t ( probable date1 is ! once celebrat$ ,cottonian ,g5esis1 or at lea/ its gho/2 = un=tunately a few *>r$ & %runk5 fragm5ts are all t h be5 sav$ f ! disa/r\s fire :i* de/roy$ s _m ( ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton's preci\s volumes 9 #agca4 ,9 its orig9al /ate1 z we "k f sev]al collations made previ\s to ! fire1 x conta9$1 on #afe pages1 no less ?an #bej m9iatures1 ea* ab\t f\r in*es squ>e4 ,a/le#ag has giv5 a facsimile ( a page1 :i*1 on comp>ison ) ! exi/+ %rivell$ fragm5ts1 proves t 9 _! pres5t /ate !y are j ab\t "o half _! orig9al size4 ,! pa9t+s are 9 all respects antique1 & correspond 9 g5]al "* ) contempor>y secul> m9iatures4 ,dr4 ,waag5#ah rem>ks t only ! hat*$ gold ^u ! bord]s1 ! glories1 & ! lights on ! crimson mantle indicate ! comm5cem5t ( ,byzant9e art4 ,! great rival to ! ,codex ,cottonianus ,g5eseos is ! ,codex ,v9dobon5sis ,g5eseos1 :i* consi/s ( tw5ty-six leaves ) eighty-eight m9iatures4 ,x =ms "o ( ! f\r great lions ( ! ,vi5na ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,^! two rem>kable v]sions ( ,g5esis are suppos$ to be ( ne>ly equal date1 & correspond z to ! "* ( ! truly antique m9iatures v fairly2 ! fact1 h[ev]1 ( ! text ( ! ,engli% v]sion be+ 9 black ink ) v regul>ly-=m$ lett]s1 :ile t ( ! ,vi5na "o is1 = ! mo/ "p1 writt5 9 gold & silv]1 & 9 less ev5ly-di/ribut$ *>act]s1 induces a fair presumption 9 fav\r ( ! great] antiquity ( ! ,cottonian fragm5ts4 ,9 ! m gorge\s details ( ! ,vi5na ,g5esis1 c\pl$ ) its squ>e & unadorn$ classic pictures1 we may ?us cle>ly recognize ! transition f our fir/ or ,lat9 class ( anci5t illum9ation1 to our second or purely ,byzant9e /yle4 ,we especially designate ?is class z ,byzant9e1 because z art 9 illum9ation1 z 9 all o!r bran*es1 decl9$ 9 ! sev5-hill$ city1 x rose 9 ! seat ( empire f\nd$ 9 ! ,ea/ by ! fir/ great ,*ri/ian emp]or4 ,x is true t ideal art deg5]at$ almo/ contemporane\sly 9 ! capitals ( bo? empires2 b 9 decorative art1 at lea/1 !re c be no "q b t ,byzantium ga9$1 z ,rome lo/1 gr\nd4 ,! =m] no d\bt drew fre% inspiration f h] close int]c\rse ) ! ,p]sian & o!r nations ( ! ,ea/1 :ile ! latt] 0 cont5t to produce little1 & t little 9 slavi% rem9isc5ce ( ! pa/4 ,italy no d\bt f$ ! e>lie/ mona/ic libr>ies ( ,we/]n ,europe ) ! quantities ( texts ( anci5t au?ors we "k !m to h conta9$2 b we may fairly assume ^? texts to h be5 b r>ely illu/rat$1 s9ce ! orig9al /yles ( illum9ation produc$ 9 ^? c\ntries to :i* ! classic volumes travell$1 w\ld unque/ionably h betray$ an antique influ5ce m /rongly ?an !y did1 _h ! means ( d]iv+ t influ5ce be5 br\ght copi\sly )9 _! rea*4 ,i proce$ n[ to a slight notice ( ! second class ( anci5t codices1 t on :i* ! ultimate spl5d\r ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool 0 f\nd$4 ,=tunately1 "t has sp>$ to our days sev]al brilliant specim5s ( ! ri*e/ ( ^! quasi-classic manuscripts4 ,( su*1 ! pr9cipal are1 z ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd5 obs]ves1#ai ! celebrat$ ,codex ,arg5teus ( ,ulphilas1 writt5 9 silv] & gold lett]s on a purple gr\nd1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfj1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ anci5t exi/+ specim5 ( ?is magnific5t mode ( caligraphy2 aft] x1 may be in/anc$ ! copy ( ,g5esis at ,vi5na1 already m5tion$1 ! ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 des ,prs1 at ,p>is1 & ! fragm5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,cottonian ,libr>y1 ,titus ,c4 xv41 all execut$ 9 ! #e? & #f? c5turies4 ,! fir/-nam$ ( ^! conta9s1 on ab\t #afj leaves1 a consid]able portion ( ! f\r gospels1 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,upsal1 9 ,sw$54 ,x is ! e>lie/ v]sion ( any "p ( ! sacr$ writ+s 9 ! ,moesogo?ic or anci5t ,walla*ian dialect4#bj ,! second ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd5's notabilities has be5 allud$ to z ( transition "*4 ,! ?ird1 ! ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 des ,prs1 is ascrib$ by ,m4 ,*ampollion ,figeac1 :o has giv5 a portion ( x 9 col\r$ facsimile 9 ! ,moy5 ,age et la ,r5aissance#ba to ! #f? c5tury4 ,x is unque/ionably a beautiful specim5 ( gold writ+ on purple2 b nei!r 9 ! size ( ! lett]s nor 9 ! ample spac+ ( ! l9es1 w x be> comp>ison ) !1 no d\bt1 e>li] example1 ! ,cottonian1 ,titus ,c4 xv4 ,our greate/ au?ority ^u all matt]s connect$ ) e>ly illum9at$ v]sions ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ,mr4 ,we/wood1 rem>ks1 9 speak+ ( ?is la/-nam$ manuscript1 t ,codices purpureo-arg5tei are mu* r>] ?an ^? 9 gold5 writ+1 ! latt] mat]ial be+ us$ n only on purple1 b also on :ite vellum2 :]eas ! silv] lett]s w\ld n easily be legible except on a d>k gr\nd4 ,! writ+ is 9 v l>ge & massive ,greek uncials2 ! words d5ot+ ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,jesus1 ,"l1 ,son1 & ,savi\r1 be+1 = dignity's sake1 writt5 9 gold5 lett]s4 ,! col\r ( ! /a9 has fad$ into a d+y r$di% purple1 & ! silv] is greatly t>ni%$ & turn$ black4 ,?is fragm5t is /at$ by ,horne to be "o ( ! olde/ 7if n ! mo/ anci5t7 manuscripts ( any "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t is extant1 & is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to h be5 execut$ at ! end ( ! #d?1 or1 at ! late/1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,! ,vi5na gold1 silv]1 & purple ,gospels1 ! lett]+ ( :i* corresponds closely ) t la/ describ$1 may be reg>d$ z c]ta9ly next 9 importance1 & are ( ab\t equal antiquity4 ,9 none ( ^! relics ( magnific5ce are we enabl$ to trace ! ,ea/]n or ,p]sian influ5ce1 :i* unque/ionably import$ a previ\sly unkn[n orig9ality & "* into ! art ( ,byzantium dur+ ! reign ( ,ju/9ian ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #ebg to #efe4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 true1 z ,dr4 ,waag5 rem>ks1#bb t ! /yle ( pa9t+ up to 8 "t1 bo? 9 conception1 =m1 & col\r1 0 mu* ! same z t :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! pa9t+s at ,pompeii2 :ile ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 op]at+ ^u ! arti/ic ,greek nature1 /imulat$ x anew to beautiful & orig9al inv5tions4 ,9 a few s+le in/ances ?is /yle ( art 0 ma9ta9$ until ! #aj? c5tury2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 a gradual deg5]acy ensu$1 :i* may be dat$ f ,ju/9ian's p]iod4 ,! proportions ( ! figures gradually became exagg]at$1 elongat$1 ! =ms contract$ ) excessive meagr5ess1 ! motives ( ! drap]y grew paltry1 appe>+ ei!r 9 n>r[ p>allel folds /iffly drawn toge!r1 or s ov]lad5 ) b>b>ic pe>ls & jewels z to exclude all indication ( =m4 ,! fle% assum$ a d>k tone1 ! o!r col\rs became heavy1 gaudy1 & h>d2 :ile 9 glories1 hat*+s1 & gr\nds1 gold 0 call$ into requisition4 ,9 ^! qualities1 unit$ to a gloomy & ascetic "* ( heads1 consi/ ! elem5ts ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ev] to be rememb]$ t ! mortification ( ! old fle% 0 b a symptom ( ! m active life b5ea? x1 sl\gh+ (f ! ,pagan tradition1 & gradually replac+ x by t new & heal?y ,*ri/ian vig\r :i*1 = _m c5turies1 n\ri%$ & aid$ ! nor!rn & we/]n nations ( ,europe 9 _! ef=ts to organize ^? national /yles ( ,*ri/ian ,art :i* are commonly designat$ z ,go?ic4#bc ,to return to ,ju/9ian1 & 8 direct influ5ce on ! *ange ( /yle :i* took place dur+ 8 reign1 x may be not$ z a curi\s fact1 t ! ye> 9 :i* ! great ,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,sophia 0 comm5c$ 0 ! v ye> 9 :i* he conclud$ an et]nal peace ) ,*osroes ,nu%irvan1 k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,9 "o or two reigns antec$5t to 81 ,greek arti/s _h be5 employ$ 9 ,p]sia1 & !re _h be5 a fri5dly communication betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,x may be !re=e assum$1 t :5 ,ju/9ian propos$ to build ?is /ructure 9 s %ort a "t1 he n only enli/$ ! ability ( ^? ab\t him1 b t he recall$ ^? /ray+ ,greeks :o _h gone to seek _! =tunes 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,he mo/ likely1 inde$1 employ$ n only 8 own subjects1 b =eign]s2 & 9 t way probably a consid]able portion ( :at no "o c fail to recognize z ,ori5tal ,art1 0 mix$ ) t kn[n z ,byzant9e4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 _m ( ! mosaic ornam5ts ( ,/a4 ,sophia a v m>k$ ,ori5tal "* is /ill to be trac$4 ,on a close comp>ison ( ^! mosaics#bd ) ! unique ,eusebian ,canons on an entirely gold gr\nd1 two leaves ( :i*1 pa9t$ on bo? sides1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,addit4 ,no4 #eaaa71be ! /ud5t w c]ta9ly1 ,i ?9k1 be induc$ r to agree ) ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd51 9 ascrib+ !m to ! #f? c5tury1 ?an ) ,dr4 ,waag51 :o consid]s t !y c sc>cely be old] ?an ! #i? c5tury4 ,to ! practical illum9ator1 ^! fragm5ts are ( f> high] importance ?an all ! o!rs to :i* we h z yet allud$1 s9ce1 :ile ( equal ar*ological int]e/1 !y con/itute ! e>lie/ specim5s f :i* really decorative illum9ation c be /udi$4#bf ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! ,ea/]n influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u ,*ri/ian manuscripts ( ! age ( ,ju/9ian1 is furni%$ by ! celebrat$ ,syriac ,gospels ( ! #f? c5tury1 writt5 9 ! ye> #ehf 7"o-&-tw5ty ye>s aft] ! emp]or's dea?71 by ,rabula1 a scribe 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,john1 9 ,zagba1 a city ( ,mesopotamia1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y at ,flor5ce4 ,mr4 ,we/wood reg>ds ?is z s important a manuscript 9 respect to ! hi/ory ( ! arts ( illum9ation & design 9 ! ,ea/1 & by reflection 9 ! ,we/1 t he is induc$#bg to give an elaborate description ( its embelli%m5ts1 f :i* ! foll[+ is a %ort extract3-- ,! fir/ illum9ation repres5ts ,*ri/ & ! twelve apo/les seat$ 9 a circle1 ) ?ree lamps burn+ b5ea? a wide ar* support$ by two pla9 columns1 ) foliat$ capitals1 & ) two birds at ! top4 ,! second illum9ation repres5ts ! ,virg9 & ,*ild /&+ )9 a d\ble ar*1 ! columns support+ :i* are tessellat$1 & ! upp] ar* ) sev]al r[s ( zigzags1 & peacocks /&+ at ! top4 ,! ?ird repres5ts ,eusebius & ,ammonius /&+ b5ea? a k9d ( t5t-l canopy1 support$ by ?ree columns1 ) undulat$ ornam5t1 two peacocks ) exp&$ tails /&+ at ! top4 ,! n9ete5 foll[+ plates are occupi$ by ! tables ( ! ,eusebian ,canons1 arrang$ 9 columns1 betwe5 pill>s support+ r\nd$ ar*es1 g5]ally enclos$ betwe5 l>g] & m ornam5t$ columns support+ a l>ge r\nd$ ar*1 on ! outsides ( :i* are repres5t$ v>i\s gr\ps ( figures illu/rat+ scriptural texts1 plants1 & birds4 ,9 "s ( ^!1 h[ev]1 ! small] ar*es are ( ! horse%oe "*4 ,! capitals are1 = ! mo/ "p1 foliat$2 b 9 "o or two !y are compos$ ( human faces1 & a few ( birds' heads4 ,! ar*es1 z well z ! columns by :i* !y are support$1 are ornam5t$ ) *evrons1 loz5ges1 nebules1 quatrefoils1 zigzags1 fl[]s1 fruit1 birds1 c42 _m ( :i* s+ul>ly resemble ^? f\nd 9 e>ly ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 especially 9 ! columns support+ ! ,eusebian ,canons 9 ! purple ,lat9 ,gospels ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,reg4 ,i4 ,e4 #f74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 none ( ! s+ul> int]lac+ ( ! patt]ns s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% manuscripts4 ,i h dwelt ?us 9 detail ^u ^! ,greek pictorial & decorative features1 because !re c be no d\bt t ! exportation ( books s adorn$1 by ! e>ly mission>ies1 :o c>ri$ ,*ri/ianity & a degree ( civilization to ! ,nor!rn & ,we/]n c\ntries1 suppli$ ! orig9al types f :i*1 h[ev] b>b>ic ! imitations1 ! fir/ attempts 7 made to rival1 9 ! extreme ,we/1 ! arts & spiritual graces ( ! ,ea/4 ,on ?is plea1 ,i hope ,i may be p>don$ = dwell+ yet fur!r ^u "s ( ! lead+ di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,byzant9e & ,lat9 7t is1 betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n7 modes ( work+ out religi\s conceptions1 :i* 71 t 9 ! ,we/]n or ,lat9 mode symbolism 0 univ]sal2 ! art ( ! ,catacombs 0 foll[$ di/9ctly1 ?\gh frequ5tly remotely1 develop+ itself 9 my?ical & s5tim5tal =ms1 & sy/ems ( p>allelism betwe5 type & prototype4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ! exposition ( fai?1 ?r\gh art1 took a m tangible =m4 ,symbolism 0 avoid$ on all possible occasions1 & ! direct repres5tation ( sacr$ !mes l$ to a p>tial transf] to ! repres5tation ( ! adoration due to ! ?+ repres5t$4 ,iconoclasm 0 ! reaction to ?is abuse4 ,9 ! advanc$ p]iods ( ,greek art1 ?is reali/ic t5d5cy l$ to a pa9ful view ( ! nature ( religion1 m p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) ! m>tyrdom ( sa9ts1 & ! physical suff]+s ( our ,savi\r & 8 foll[]s1 :i* are frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ positive & repell5t =ms4 ,long1 h[ev]1 be=e ,byzant9e ,art _h "t to deviate mu* f its anci5t traditions1 & ev5 :ile x ma9ta9$ an easy supremacy ov] ! ,we/]n empire1 ! ,lomb>d k+dom1 & all ! ,visi- & ,moeso-,go?ic & ,franki% races1 a =midable competitor = ! lead]%ip 9 ! ,art ( ,illum9ation _h sprung up 9 ! extreme ,we/1 9 ! isl& homes ( ! ,celtic races4 ,x is n necess>y n[ to prove1 :at hi/orians h freely admitt$1 t ,irel& 0 c]ta9ly *ri/ianiz$ = a long "t previ\s to ! date ( ! mission ( ,augu/9e to ,engl&4 ,! disputes :i* arose betwe5 ! foll[]s ( t sa9t & ! ,iri% prie/s1 s soon z !y cle>ly appreh5d$ ! nature ( ! supremacy claim$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 assure u ( _! e>ly isolation 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,ev5 9 _!1 at fir/ entire1 & ultimately p>tial1 rejection ( ! ,vulgate text ( ! ,gospels1 & _! ret5tion ( ! old] v]sions1 f :i* no d\bt _! =mulas ( fai? 7 d]iv$1 !y /eadily ma9ta9$ _! ,ecclesia/ical fre$om f ! dogmatism ( ,rome4 ,z _! cre$ 0 indep5d5t1 s 0 _! ,art orig9al2 no?+ resembl+ x c be trac$ previ\s to x4 ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e ! precise =m assum$ by ?is orig9al art1 x may be well to rem9d ! /ud5t t1 ) ! exception ( a few manuscripts decorat$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,laur5tian ,syriac ,gospels & ! ,briti% ,museum gold5 fragm5ts1 ! g5]al "* ( ! decoration ( all writ+s1 previ\s to ! orig9ation ( ! ,celtic /yle 9 ,irel&1 _h be5 limit$ to ! use ( diff]5t-col\r$1 gold51 & silv] inks1 on /a9$ purple & :ite vellum gr\nds1 to ! occasional enl>gem5t (1 & slight fl\ri%+ ab\t1 initial lett]s2 to ! introduction ( pictures1 g5]ally squ>e1 or oblong1 enclos$ 9 pla91 or slightly bord]$1 frames2 &1 occasionally1 to ! scatt]+ ab\t1 ?r\gh\t ! volumes1 ( a few l9es & scrolls4 ,let u n[ see--9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,we/wood1 :o has done m ?an any previ\s writ] _h done to v9dicate ! hon\r ( ! ,iri% s*ool ( caligraphy#bh--:at features ( novelty x 0 ma9ly res]v$ = t s*ool to orig9ate4 ,its peculi>ities1#bi he /ates1 consi/ 9 ! illum9ation ( ! fir/ page ( ea* ( ! ,sacr$ ,books1--! lett]s ( ! fir/ few words1 & m especially ! initial1 be+ repres5t$ ( a v l>ge size1 & highly ornam5t$ 9 patt]ns ( ! mo/ intricate design1 ) m>g9al r[s ( r$ dots2 ! classical ,acan?us be+ nev] repres5t$4 ,! pr9ciples ( ^! mo/ elaborate ornam5ts are1 h[ev]1 b few 9 numb]1 & may be r$uc$ to ! f\r foll[+3--#a/4 ,"o or m n>r[ ribbons1 diagonally b symmetrically int]lac$1 =m+ an endless v>iety ( patt]ns4 #bnd4 ,"o1 two1 or ?ree sl5d] spiral l9es1 coil+ "o )9 ano!r till !y meet 9 ! c5tre ( ! circle1 _! opposite ends go+ (f to o!r circles4 #crd4 ,a va/ v>iety ( lac]t9e animals & birds1 hide\sly att5uat$1 & coil$ "o )9 ano!r1 ) _! tails1 tongues1 & top-knots =m+ long n>r[ ribbons irregul>ly int]lac$4 #d?4 ,a s]ies ( diagonal l9es1 =m+ v>i\s k9ds ( ,*9ese-l patt]ns4 ,^! ornam5ts are g5]ally introduc$ into small comp>tm5ts1 a numb] ( :i* are arrang$ s z to =m ! l>ge initial lett]s & bord]s1 or tessellat$ pages1 ) :i* ! f9e/ manuscripts are decorat$4 ,! ,iri% mission>ies br\ght _! national /yle ( art ) !m f ,iona to ,l9disf>ne 9 ! #g? c5tury1 z well z _! f9e1 l>ge1 v *>act]i/ic /yle ( writ+2 & z ^! 7 adopt$ by _! ,anglo-,saxon conv]ts1 & z mo/ ( ! manuscripts :i* h be5 hi!rto describ$ are ( ,anglo-,saxon orig91 x has be5 ! practice to give ! "n ( ,anglo-,saxon to ?is /yle ( art4 ,?us sev]al ( ! f9e/ facsimiles giv5 by ,a/le z ,anglo-,saxon1 are f ,iri% manuscripts2 & ?us ,sylve/re1 :o has copi$ !m 7)\t ackn[l$gm5t71 has fall5 into ! same error2 :il/ ,wanley1 ,casley1 & o!rs1 appe> nev] to h _h a suspicion ( ! exi/5ce ( an anci5t s*ool ( art 9 ,irel&4 ,! monks ( ,iona1 "u ! great ,iri% sa9t & scribe ,columba1 or ,columbkill1 & _! ,anglo-,saxon disciples at ,l9disf>ne1 "u 8 fri5d ,/4 ,aidan1 toge!r ) ! ,iri% monks at ,gla/onbury1 spread ,celtic ornam5t 9 ,engl&1 f :5ce x _h1 to a great ext5t1 retir$ ) ! expulsion ( ! anci5t ,briti%4 ,/4 ,boniface1 ! pr9cipal awak5] ( ,g]many to ,*ri/ianity1 c>ri$ ) him 8 s+ul>ly-ornam5t$ book ( ,gospels1 :i* is /ill pres]v$ z a relic at ,fulda4 ,simil> evid5ce ( ! transmission ( ! ,art preval5t dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,irel&1 to o!r l&s1 by means ( ! mission>ies :o left h] %ores1 is to be f\nd 9 ! books ( ,/4 ,kilian1 ! apo/le ( ,franconia1 /ill pres]v$ at ,wurtzburg2 9 ^? ( ,/4 ,gall1 n[ 9 ! public libr>y ( ,/4 ,gall1 9 ! canton ( ,switz]l& :i* /ill be>s 8 "n2 & 9 ! v important s]ies1 ( :i* ,muratori has giv5 an int]e/+ catalogue1 connect$ ) ! mona/ic in/itution f\nd$ by ,/4 ,columbanus1 at ,bobbio1 9 ,italy1 & n[ pr9cipally 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan4 ,_m ( ^! pi\s m5 7 !mselves scribes1 & _! autograph copies ( ! ,holy ,gospels are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ) ! "n ( ! writ]s1 9 "s cases1 id5tify+ ! volumes1 & absolutely fix+ _! date4 ,?us we h ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,columba1 ! ,leabh> ,dhimma1 or ,gospels ( ,/4 ,dhimma ,mac,nathi1 & ! ,mac,regol ,gospels 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y4 ,all ( ^! are ant]ior to ! #i? c5tury1 & are di/+ui%$ by an elaborate /yle ( ornam5t unlike any o!r ,european type4 ,! ext5t ( influ5ce ex]cis$ by ^! em95t m5 & ! ,episcopi ,vagantes1 or mission>ies1 is /rongly insi/$ ^u by ,m4 ,libri1 unque/ionably "o ( ! mo/ em95t & correctly-in=m$ bibliograph]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,speak+ ( ! latitud9>ianism ( "s among ^! ,*ri/ian m51 he obs]ves1 ,no d\bt c]ta9 pi\s b n>r[ m9ds hop$ to op5 ! door to ecclesia/ical lit]ature only2 b ! exclusion sometimes pron\nc$ aga9/ ! classics 0 nev] g5]al among/ writ]s :o1 ev5 9 _! rud5ess1 always %[$ !mselves imitators ( antiquity4 ,?us we f9d t ! celebrat$ manuscript ( ,livy1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na1 belong$ to ,sutb]t1 an ,iri% monk1 "o ( ^? w&]+ bi%ops :o1 t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury1 _h gone to prea* ,*ri/ianity1 &1 z x w\ld seem also1 to tea* ,roman hi/ory 9 ,belgium4 ,"o _c help rem>k+1 t ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! pi\s mission>ies1 ,/4 ,columbanus1 laid ! f\ndations at ,luxeuil 9 ,france1 at ,/4 ,gall 9 ,switz]l&1 & at ,bobbio 9 ,italy1 ( ?ree mona/]ies :i* aft]w>ds became fam\s = _! admirable manuscripts1 9 _m ( :i* ! influ5ce ( ! ,iri% & ,anglo-,saxon s*ools c be recogniz$ at a glance4 ,! libr>y ( ,/4 ,gall is too celebrat$ to require m5tion4 ,! ,bobbio manuscripts are kn[n ev]y:]e by ! discov]ies :i* h be5 made 9 ! palimpse/s :i* once belong$ to t collection4 ,z = ! manuscripts ( ,luxeuil1 !y h be5 disp]s$2 b ! specim5s ( !m :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,libri collection1 jo9$ to :at has be5 publi%$ on ! subject by ,mabillon1 ,o',conor1 & o!rs1 prove unansw]ably t 9 ?is abbey1 z well z 9 t ( ,/avelot 9 ,belgium1 & o!r anci5t mona/]ies on ! ,cont95t1 a s*ool ( writ+ & m9iature _h sprung up z rem>kable = ! beauty ( its caligraphy1 z = ! c>e appli$ to reproduce ! =ms ( ! ,anglo-,iri% s*ools4#cj ,9 delicacy ( h&l+1 & m9ute b faultless execution1 ! :ole range ( palography (f]s no?+ comp>able to ^! e>ly ,iri% manuscripts1 & ^? produc$ 9 ! same /yle 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 9 ,dubl91 "s ye>s ago1 ,i _h ! opportunity ( /udy+ v c>efully ! mo/ m>vell\s ( all--,! ,book ( ,kells2 "s ( ! ornam5ts ( :i* ,i attempt$ to copy1 b broke d[n 9 despair4 ,( ?is v book1 ,mr4 ,we/wood exam9$ ! pages1 z ,i did1 = h\rs toge!r1 )\t ev] detect+ a false l9e1 or an irregul> int]lacem5t4 ,9 "o space ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* sup]ficial1 he c\nt$1 ) a magnify+-glass1 no less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty-eight int]lacem5ts1 ( a sl5d] ribbon patt]n1 =m$ ( :ite l9es1 edg$ by black ones1 ^u a black gr\nd4 ,no wond] t tradition %\ld allege t ^! un]r+ l9es %\ld h be5 trac$ by angels4#ca ,h[ev] angelic ! ornam5ts may be1 b little c be said 9 fav\r ( ! figure subjects occasionally introduc$4 ,9 "s manuscripts1 su* z ! ,book ( ,kells1 9 pose & motive x is g5]ally obvi\s t "s anci5t model has be5 held 9 view2 b no?+ c be m b>b>ic ?an ! imitation2 :ile 9 ! o!r specim5s1 su* z ! s-call$ autograph ,gospels ( ,/4 ,columba1 or ,columbkill1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #eid1 two ye>s be=e ! adv5t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e--! ,book ( ,/4 ,*ads1 or ! ,gospels ( ,mac,regol--no su* evid5ce ( imitation is to be met )1 & ! figures are altoge!r abortive4 ,i 0 enabl$ "s ye>s ago1 by ! k9dness ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,todd1 ! le>n$ libr>ian ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 to comp>e ! s-call$ autograph ,gospels ( ,/4 ,columba1 ) ! ,book ( ,kells1 :i* is traditionally suppos$ to h belong$ to t sa9t1 & rema9$ /rongly impress$ ) ! sup]ior antiquity ( ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,! "o may h be5 8 prop]ty1 & ! o!r illum9at$ 9 8 hon\r aft] 8 dea?1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,9 none ( !m1 at any p]iod1 7 %ad[s repres5t$ o!rwise ?an by app>5t inlay+s "u ! eyes & beside ! nose2 & yet1 at ! same "t1 ! ornam5ts 7 mo/ intricate1 & (t5 v beautiful1 bo? 9 =m & col\r4 ,! purple /a9 is frequ5tly introduc$1 & is ( excell5t quality2 b gold appe>s1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to obs]ve1 only 9 ! ,durham ,book1 & 9 t ev5 mo/ sp>+ly4#cb ,x is ! mo/ celebrat$ production ( ! ,anglo-,hib]nian mona/]y ( ,l9disf>ne1 f\nd$ by ,/4 ,aidan & ! ,iri% monks ( ,iona1 or ,icolumkille1 9 ! ye> #fcd4 ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 :o 0 made bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne 9 #fhe1 0 r5[n$ z well = 8 piety z = 8 le>n+2 he di$ 9 #fih1 &1 z a monum5t to 8 memory1 8 successor1 ,bi%op ,eadfri?1 caus$ to be writt5 ?is noble volume1 g5]ally call$ ! ,durham ,book1 & kn[n also z ,/4 ,cu?b]t's ,gospels1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is manuscript1 surpass$ 9 gr&eur only by ! ,book ( ,kells1 9 ! same /yle1 0 greatly enri*$ by !lwald1 bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne1 :o succe$$ ,eadfri? 9 #gba1 & caus$ ,/4 ,cu?b]t's book to be ri*ly illum9at$ by ! h]mit ,bilfri?1 :o prefix$ an elaborate pa9t+ ( an ,evangeli/ to ea* ( ! f\r ,gospels1 & also illum9at$ ! capital lett]s at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* book4 ,! bi%op caus$ ! :ole to be encas$ 9 a spl5did b9d+ ( gold1 set ) preci\s /ones2 & 9 #iej1 a prie/ nam$ ,aldr$ r5d]$ ! book /ill m valuable by int]l9+ x ) a ,saxon v]sion ( ! orig9al manuscript1 :i* is ! ,lat9 text ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,want ( space alone prev5ts our foll[+ ,simeon ( ,durham 9 8 t\*+ n>rative ( ! circum/ances :i* att5d$ ! translation ( ?is volume1 toge!r ) ! body ( ! mu*-lov$ sa9t1 to ,durham ,ca!dral1 9 :i* bo? 7 long & pr(\ndly v5]at$4 ,! peculi> importance ( ?is volume 9 ! hi/ory ( ,illum9ation1 consi/s 9 its cle>ly e/abli%+1 by its co9cid5ce ) e>li] examples1 ! class ( caligraphy practis$ by t primitive ,*ur*#cc & p1 to :om ,gregory ! ,great despat*$ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 at ! end ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,) ! mission1 :i* rea*$ its de/9ation1 & effect$ ! conv]sion ( ,e!lb]t & ( _m ( 8 subjects1 9 ! ye> #eig1 ,gregory =w>d$ c]ta9 sacr$ volumes1 ( :i* ! foll[+ 7 long pres]v$ ) ! greate/ v5]ation3--,a ,bible 9 two volumes2 two ,psalt]s2 two books ( ! ,gospels2 a book ( ,m>tyrology2 apocryphal ,lives ( ! ,apo/les1 & expositions ( c]ta9 ,epi/les & ,gospels4 ,! fir/--! ,bible--:i* 0 beautifully writt5 on purple & rose-col\r$ leaves1 ) rubricat$ capitals1 0 c]ta9ly 9 exi/5ce 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 ,mr4 ,we/wood 7,palographia ,sacra1 #ahdc-de7 looks ^u ! magnific5t purple ,lat9 ,gospels ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,royal ,libr>y1 #a ,e #f7 z no o!r ?an ! rema9s ( ! ,gregorian ,bible4 ,9 ?is1 ) ! utmo/ respect = 8 op9ion1 ,i _c concur1 s9ce ! fragm5t exhibits f> too _m g5u9e ,saxon features to h be5 possibly execut$ 9 ! ,ea/]n or ,we/]n empires previ\s to ! date ( ! mission ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,t x may h be5 produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 imitation ( ! m classical orig9al1 by ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ! sa9t1 is1 ,i consid]1 highly probable4 ,! second--! two ,psalt]s--h disappe>$4 ,sev]al le>n$ m5 h inde$ look$ ^u ! ,briti% ,museum ,cottonian ,,mss4 ,vesp4 ,a #a1 z "o ( ^! celebrat$ books1 b1 z ,i v5ture to ?9k1 errone\sly2 = x is difficult to believe t ornam5ts1 s entirely ( ! ,anglo-,iri% s*ool ( ,l9disf>ne1 z ^? :i* decorate ?is volume1 c\ld h be5 execut$ at ,rome dur+ ei!r ! #f? or ev5 ! #g? c5tury4 ,no?+ is m probable ?an t1 out ( ! =ty p]sons :o are believ$ to h con/itut$ ,augu/9e's mission1 sev]al %\ld h be5 skill$1 z mo/ ecclesia/ics !n 71 9 writ+ & 9 ! embelli%m5t ( books2 & 9 any s*ool1 e/abli%$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e = ! multiplication ( ^? preci\s volumes1 )\t :i* m9i/rations & tea*+s 9 consonance ) ,roman dogmas c\ld n be c>ri$ on 9 ! new *ur*es & mona/ic in/itutions f\nd$ among ! conv]ts1 x is mo/ likely t ! native scribes1 on _! conv]sion1 %\ld be employ$ to write & decorate ! holy texts1 ) e ornam5t except+ ^? ( a pictorial nature4 ,9 ! execution ( ^!1 !y c\ld sc>cely prove !mselves z skilful z ! foll[]s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e w\ld1 f _! ret5tion ( "s classical traditions1 be likely to be4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 z ,i believe1 c we acc\nt = ! s+ul> comb9ation ( semi-antique ) ,saxon writ+1 & ( ,lat9 body-col\r pictures1 execut$ almo/ entirely ) ! bru%1 & regul>ly %ad[$ 7su* z ,david ) 8 ,att5dants1 9 ! frontispiece to ! ,vespasian ,a #a ,psalt]71 ) ornam5ts ( an absolutely diff]5t "*1 su* z ! ar* & pila/] :i* =m ! framework = ?is v picture ( ,k+ ,david4 ,ano!r argum5t1 :i* weighs greatly 9 my m9d aga9/ ! probability ( su* a ,psalt] z ,vespasian ,a #a be+ a prototype1 is ! fact1 t ! ,utre*t & ,h>leian ,psalt]s1 to bo? ( :i* ,i %all h occasion aga9 to allude1 9 _! pictorial illu/rations1 pres5t u ) evid5t copies1 9 outl9e1 ( "s classic col\r$ orig9al2 j1 9 fact1 ( su* a manuscript ( ! ,psalms z ! celebrat$ ,vatican ,roll#cd is ( ! book ( ,jo%ua4 ,:at m likely ?an t "o ( ! v5]at$ ,psalt]s br\ght f ,rome %\ld h be5 su* a manuscript1 & %\ld h be5 ! v "o copi$ 9 ! case ( ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 9 ! ru/ic capitals ( ! orig9al1 & 9 ! lat] ,h>leian replica 9 ! curr5t ,saxon uncial8 ,z respects ! ?ird class ( ,augu/9ian books--! ,gospels--! case is f> diff]5t2 = ! accr$it$ & traditional orig9als are1 9 e respect1 su* z w\ld be likely to h be5 produc$ at ,rome or at ,con/ant9ople1 b mo/ probably ! =m]1 dur+ ! pontificate ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,fragm5ts ( ! mo/ important ( ^! ,gospels are pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,!y are writt5 9 black ink g5]ally1 ) occasional l9es 9 r$1 9 ! anci5t mann]4 ,two pages only ( illum9ations are left1 ?\gh x is evid5t t ! volume once conta9$ a l>ge & complete s]ies4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! repres5ts ,/4 ,luke1 clad 9 tunic & toga1 seat$ "u j su* a triumphal ar* z is frequ5tly to be met ) 9 ! ,roman ,mosaics ( ! #e? & #f? c5turies4#ce ,! second illum9at$ page comprises a s]ies ( small squ>e pictures1 fram$ r\nd ) ! simple r$ l9e ( ! olde/ ,lat9 manuscripts4 ,! o!r ,augu/9ian fragm5t>y ,gospel is to be f\nd among ! ,hatton manuscripts 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d3 x is )\t any o!r illum9ation ?an ! contra/ ( r$ & black ink1 & a few ornam5ts ab\t "s ( ! initial lett]s4 ,! evid5ce1 ^u :i* x may be assum$ t ^! volumes 7 ei!r br\ght to ?is c\ntry by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 or =m$ "s ( ! codices multos1#cf s5t by ,gregory ! ,great to ! mission on its e/abli%m5t1 re/s n only ^u ! antiquity & purely ,lat9 "* ( ! fragm5ts1 b on ! fact t bo? ,gospels conta9 entries 9 ,saxon ( upw>ds ( "o ?\s& ye>s old1 connect+ !m ) ! libr>y ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,augu/9e at ,cant]bury2 &1 fur!rmore1 !y correspond ) ! description giv5 by a monk ( t mona/]y1 :o1 writ+ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,v41 dwells ^u ! primitie librorum totius ,ecclesie ,anglicane pres]v$ 9 t libr>y1 z ! v ,gospels 9 ! v]sion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 br\ght to ,engl& by ,/4 ,augu/9e himself4 ,! ,m>tyrology1 ! apocryphal ,lives ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,expositions :i* complet$ ! s]ies1 _c be n[ id5tifi$4 ,to rapidly multiply copies ( ^! text-books ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 01 no d\bt1 "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ important duties ( ! monks ( ,cant]bury2 & f ! traces we may detect 9 v>i\s manuscripts ( ! ,anglo-,saxon mode ( writ+ & ornam5t+ writ+1 comb9$ ) pa9t+s su* z ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 incompet5t to execute = "s "t aft] ! close ( ! #f? c5tury1 we may safely inf] t ! monks bo? work$ !mselves & l>gely employ$ ! native scribes4 ,?us1 z ,mr4 ,we/wood obs]ves 9 a rec5t article 9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 ,we h suffici5t evid5ce t1 soon aft] ! settlem5t ( ! foll[]s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 !re mu/ h be5 e/abli%$ a scriptorium1 :]e "s ( ! mo/ beautiful manuscripts 7 writt5 9 ! pure/ uncial or ru/ic capitals1 b decorat$ ) initials 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon or ,iri% /yle4 ,( su* ,,mss4 we c n[ record-- #a4 ,! purple ,gospels at ,/ockholm1 writt5 9 v l>ge uncials1 b ) illum9at$ title-pages1 ) pure ,anglo-,saxon ornam5ts1 & gr& figures ( ! ,evangeli/s 9 a mix$ classical & ,anglo-,saxon /yle4 #b4 ,! ,utre*t ,gospels4 #c4 ,! ,gospels 9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y1 ,durham2 ,a/le's ',orig9 & ,progress ( ,writ+1' pl4 #ad1 fig4 ,b1 p4 #hc4 #d4 ,! ,utre*t ,psalt]4 #e4 ,! s-call$ ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,,mss4 ,cotton41 ,vespasian1 ,a #a2 ,a/le1 pl4 #i1 fig4 #b4 #f4 ,! ,bodleian ,,ms4 ( ! ,rule ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ,"l ,hatton's ,,mss41 ,no4 #ic2 ,a/le1 pl4 #i1 fig4 #a1 p4 #hb4 ,7 x n = ! initials1 & o!r illum9ations 9 ! g5u9e ,anglo-,saxon /yle1 n "o ( ^! ,,mss4 c\ld be suppos$ to h be5 execut$ 9 ,engl&4 ,!y are1 nev]!less1 among ! f9e/ specim5s ( e>ly caligraphic art 9 exi/5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ?is int]e/+ class ( manuscripts is1 unque/ionably1 t ( ! ,psalms1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! public libr>y at ,utre*t4 ,x 0 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton1 & %\ld be n[ ) ! re/ ( 8 libr>y 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! volume conta9s1 besides ! ,psalms1 ! ,pusillus eram1 ! ,cr$o1 & ! ,canticles1 ) a few leaves f ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,x is writt5 ^u vellum1 & ea* psalm has a p5-&-ink illu/ration1 9 ! same /yle z ^? 9 ! ,h>leian ,psalt]1 ,no4 #fjc1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ! #aj? c5tury2 & simil> also to ^? 9 ! ,cambridge ,psalt] ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,! writ+ 9 ! ,utre*t ,psalt] is execut$ 9 ,roman ru/ic capitals2 x is arrang$ 9 ?ree columns 9 ea* page2 & ! elegance ) :i* ! lett]s are =m$1 w\ld place ! manuscripts among/ ^? ( ! #f? or #g? c5tury3 b ! illu/rations be=e m5tion$1 ) ! l>ge uncial ,b1 height5$ ) gold1 9 ! ,saxon int]lac$ /yle1 :i* comm5ces ! fir/ psalm1 w\ld give x a lat] date1 c]ta9ly n e>li] ?an ! #g? or #h? c5tury2 & ! p5-&-ink draw+s 7 probably execut$ a c5tury lat]4 ,mr4 ,we/wood1 to ^: highly int]e/+ ,ar*ological ,notes ( a ,t\r 9 ,d5m>k1 ,prussia1 & ,holl&1 publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 ,i am indebt$ = ! above in=mation1 tells u t ! date ( ! few pages ( ! ,gospel1 m5tion$ z be+ b\nd up 9 ?is volume1 is z unc]ta9 z t ( ! ,psalt]2 ! text be+ writt5 9 a /yle :i* w\ld place x among/ ! works ( ! #f? or #g? c5tury1 :il/ ! ^w ,lib]1 ) :i* x comm5ces1 is writt5 9 l>ge squ>e ,roman capitals1 9 gold1 ) ! rema9s ( ornam5t simil> to t 9 ,vespasian1 ,a #a4 ,t :i* gives1 h[ev]1 its greate/ value to ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 is ! rem>kable fre$om & clev]ness ( ! p5-&-ink draw+s ) :i* x is embelli%$4 ,9 !m may be recogniz$1 ,i believe1 ! e>lie/ trace ( ^? peculi> flutt]$ drap]ies1 elongat$ proportions1 & fl\ri%$ t\*es1 :i* became almo/ a di/9ct /yle 9 lat] ,anglo-,saxon illum9ation4 ,s diff]5t is x1 bo? f ! ,anglo-,hib]nian "w1 preval5t 9 ,engl& up to ! adv5t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & f ! contempor>y imitation ( ! antique1 practis$ by ,byzant9e1 ,lat91 ,lomb>d1 or ,franki% illum9ators1 t ! conclusion seems1 z x 71 =c$ ^u u1 t x c h be5 orig9at$ 9 no o!r way ?an by sett+ ! already mo/ skilful p5man1 b altoge!r ignorant arti/1 to reproduce1 z he be/ c\ld1 ! freely-pa9t$ m9iatures ( ! books1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 import$1 z we "k1 9 abundance1 f ,rome1 dur+ ! #g? & #h? c5turies4 ,to s great an ext5t d antique types & features prevail 9 ! e>li] specim5s ( ?is class ( ,anglo-,saxon volumes1 t1 until comp>atively rec5tly1 ! catalogue ( ! ,utre*t ,libr>y has designat$ ! illu/rations ( ! ,psalt] n[ "u notice1 z evid5tly productions ( ! reign ( ,val5t9ian2#cg :ile ! outl9e subjects1 9 a simil> /yle1 & ( consid]ably lat] date1 :i* are introduc$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,aratus1 7 attribut$1 by ev5 ,mr4 ,ottley's critical judgm5t1 to a some:at simil> p]iod4 ,! ,h>leian ,psalt] 7,no4 #fjc71 to :i* allusion has be5 already made1 al?\gh writt5 9 lat] *>act]s1 is decorat$ ) _m pictures1 all b id5tical ) ^? 9 ! ,utre*t manuscript1 !reby demon/rat+1 ) comp>ative c]ta9ty1 t bo? 7 tak5 f "s popul> prototype1 possibly "o ( ! ,augu/9ian ,psalt]s already allud$ to4#ch ,! ,bodleian ,cdmon's1 or pseudo-,cdmon's1 ,metrical ,p>aphrase ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 writt5 & illu/rat$ 9 outl9e1#ci dur+ ! #aj? or #aa? c5tury1 & ! lfric's ,heptateu* ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,cottonian1 ,claudius ,b iv41 ( a some:at lat] date1 af=d excell5t illu/rations ( ! endur+ popul>ity ( ?is peculi> mode ( outl9e-draw+4 ,! /rik+ diff]5ce may1 h[ev]1 be not$ betwe5 ^! lat] & ! e>li] specim5s 9 ! same /yle1 t :]eas ! types ( ! latt] are1 ) sc>cely any exception1 antique1 ^? ( ! =m] are comp>atively orig9al1 & exhibit t /rong incl9ation to c>icature1 :i* has always =m$ "o ( ! lead+ features ( ,engli% illum9ation4 ,:ile1 9 ?is class ( ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 ! influ5ce ( ,lat9 art may be trac$ on ! orig9al ,hib]no-,briti% s*ool ( scribes1 a correspond+ *ange 0 effect$1 ?r\gh ! introduction into ?is c\ntry ( specim5s ( ! m brilliant examples ( ,byzant9e execution or d]ivation4 ,?us1 z ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd5 obs]ves1#dj ,! ta/e = gold & purple manuscripts seems only to h rea*$ ,engl& at ! close ( ! #g? c5tury1 :5 ,wilfrid1 ar*bi%op ( ,york1 enri*$ 8 *ur* ) a copy ( ! ,gospels ?us adorn$2 & x is describ$ by 8 biograph]1 ,eddius 7:o liv$ at t p]iod or %ortly aft]71 z 'inauditum ante seculis no/ris quoddam miraculum1'--almo/ a miracle1 & be=e t "t unhe>d ( 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,b 9 ! #h? & #i? c5turies ! art ( /a9+ ! vellum appe>s to h decl9$1 & ! col\r is no long] ! same bright & beautiful purple1 violet1 or rose-col\r ( ! prec$+ c5turies4 ,x is r>e also to meet ) a volume /a9$ ?r\gh\t2 ! arti/ cont5t+ himself ) col\r+ a c]ta9 portion1 su* z ! title1 preface1 or canon ( ! mass4 ,manuscripts writt5 9 lett]s ( gold1 on :ite vellum1 are *iefly conf9$ to ! #h?1 #i?1 & #aj? c5turies4 ,( ^!1 ! ,bible & ,h\rs ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,p>is1 & ! ,gospels ( ! ,h>leian collection1 ,no4 #bghh1 are probably ! f9e/ examples extant4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! art ( writ+ 9 gold seems to h be5 b imp]fectly und]/ood 9 e>ly times1 & ! in/ances ( x v uncommon4 ,inde$1 ! only rem>kable "o t occurs ( x is ! *>t] ( ,k+ ,edg> to ! new m9/] at ,w9*e/]1 9 ! ye> #iff4 ,?is volume is writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 gold4 ,al?\gh b few books 7 ?us gorge\sly writt51 _m 7 sumptu\sly decorat$2 &1 inde$1 !re exi/ no m brilliant volumes ?an "s ( ^? produc$ by ,anglo-,saxon scribes4 ,( ^! sev]al h be5 pres]v$2 b if two or ?ree only are notic$1 x w be q suffici5t to e/abli% ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! s*ool1 :i* appe>s to h be5 organiz$ "u ,e!lwold1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 at ,new ,m9/]1 or ,hyde ,abbey1 ne> ,w9*e/]1 dur+ ! #aj? c5tury4 ,! names ( sev]al lead+ ma/]s ( t great nurs]y ( illum9ation h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,?us ,e?ric & ,wulfric--monks--are record$ z hav+ be5 pa9t]s2 b ,godemann is spok5 ( z ! greate/ ( all4 ,=tunately1 a magnific5t specim5 ( 8 art is pres]v$ 9 ! celebrat$ b5$ictional ( ,/4 ,e!lwold1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire1 & engrav$ 9 ext5so1 ) great c>e1 9 ! tw5ty-f\r? volume ( ! ,ar*ologia4#da ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ sumptu\s manuscripts :i* has be5 execut$ 9 any age by any scribe1 & diff]s widely f ! ,anglo-,saxon ,,mss4 previ\sly describ$4 ,! text is g5]ally enclos$ )9 a ri* framework1 =m$ by wide & solid b>s ( gold1 ab\t & ov] :i* tw9e & break elegantly-%ad$ masses ( conv5tional foliation4 ,9 ! initial lett]s1 & occasionally 9 ! ornam5t1 ! peculi>ly ,saxon int]lac+ & knotwork is reta9$2 b 9 mo/ ( ! embelli%m5ts1 a reaction c be trac$ f ! ,c>lov+ian manuscripts !mselves1 orig9ally act$ ^u1 z w be h]eaft] se51 by ! ,saxon s*ool ( caligraphy4#db ,! figure subjects 9 ?is volume are cramp$ 9 /yle & action1 exhibit b little classical influ5ce1 & possess1 z a lead+ m]it1 only a s+ul>ly su/a9$ brilliancy ( t9t & ev5 execution ?r\gh\t4 ,next to ?is great ma/]piece1 & f ! same f\nta9-head1 come ! foll[+1 sev]al ( :i* are exce$+ly beautiful3--,! two ,r\5 ,gospels2 ! ,gospels ( ,k+ ,canute1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,reg4 ,d #i2 ! ,cottonian ,psalt]1 ,tib4 ,c vi42 ! ,hyde ,abbey ,book1 lately 9 ! ,/[e ,libr>y2 & ! ,gospels ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,! ornam5ts 9 all ^! volumes are pa9t$ 9 ?ick body-col\rs1 & ) a vehicle s viscid 9 texture1 t ,dr4 ,dibd9#dc inf]s f its "*1 z evid5c$ 9 ! ,b5$ictional1 ! possibility or ev5 probability ( oil be+ mix$ up 9 ! col\rs ( ! m anci5t illum9ations4 ,9 ?is op9ion ,i d n concur1 z ,i believe ! peculi> body & gloss ( ! pigm5t to be produc$ by ! use ( :ite ( egg4 ,if ! "* ( ,anglo-,saxon ar*itecture & sculpture agre$ ) ! repres5tations ( bo? giv5 9 ! ,b5$ictional ( ,e!lwold--z ,i h e reason to believe x did--x mu/ h be5 massive & elaborate 9 ! highe/ degree2 & !re is no reason to suppose t a p :o 7 capable ( draw+ s well z !y assur$ly c\ld1 %\ld h limit$ _! productions 9 ! si/] arts to ! rude & clumsy1 long & %ort1 & o!r simil> "w1 :i* we are 9 ! habit ( suppos+1 *>act]iz$ all _! pr9cipal productions4 ,i h dwelt 9 "s detail ^u ,saxon illum9ation1 = two reasons3 fir/ly1 because x is a !me on :i* "s national self-gratulation may be ju/ifiably ent]ta9$2#dd &1 secondly1 because x is "o on :i*1 al?\gh mu* has be5 writt51 comp>atively little light has z yet be5 ?r[n4 ,be=e leav+ x1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al obs]vations %\ld be made ^u ! classes ( books mo/ 9 dem&1 & ! means by :i* !y 7 multipli$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 &1 inde$1 ) slight local diff]5ces1 on ! great cont95t ( ,europe z well1--,byzantium1 ,rav5na1 ,rome1 ,monte ,cass9o1 ,subiaco1 ,p>is1 ,t\rs1 ,limoges1 ,arles1 ,soissons1 ,blois1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,cologne1 ,hilde%eim1 ,worms1 ,treves1 ,gla/onbury1 ,cant]bury1 ,w9*e/]1 ,york1 ,durham1 ,l9disf>ne1 ,we>m\?1 ,j>r[1 ,croyl&1 & ,pet]bor\gh1 be+ ! great c5tres ( production4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod religi\s zeal 0 mu* %[n 9 its (f]+s to ! ,*ur*1 by laym51 m or less pi\s1--! lea/ pi\s be+1 9 fact1 sometimes ! mo/ lib]al donors1--& v l>ge sums 7 exp5d$ 9 illum9at+ & ornam5t+ manuscripts = t purpose4 ,_m ( ^! books 7 rem>kable = ! extreme beauty ( ! pa9t+s & ornam5tal lett]s enri*$ ) gold & silv]1 :i* decorate !m1 z well z = ! execution ( ! writ+1 ! mo/ preci\s b9d+s frequ5tly add+ greatly to _! co/4 ,gospels1 books ( an!ms1 & missals1 7 mo/ frequ5tly *os5 = su* gifts2 b !y 7 n conf9$ to sacr$ subjects1 includ+ occasionally ! be/ writ+s ( ,greece & ,rome1 :i* 7 eag]ly s\ght aft] z models ( eloqu5ce1 &1 /ill m1 z (t5 be+ suppos$ to conta9 prophecies ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 & pro(s ( ! tru? ( 8 doctr9es4 ,! piety ( individuals (t5 l$ !m to exp5d l>ge sums 9 ! prep>ation ( _! (f]+s to ! ,*ur*2 ! f9e/ & be/ p>*m5t :i* c\ld be procur$ be+ us$ = manuscripts4 ,:5 black ink 0 us$ 9 liturgical writ+s1 ! title-page & heads ( ! *apt]s 7 writt5 9 r$ ink2 :5ce comes ! t]m ,rubric4 ,gre51 blue1 & yell[ inks 7 us$1 sometimes = words1 b *iefly = ornam5tal capital lett]s2 ! writ]s & m9iature-pa9t]s ex]cis+ _! own ta/e & judgm5t 9 ! decoration1 & height5+ its effect ) gold & ! mo/ exp5sive col\rs1 su* z azure & ! pure/ c9nab> or v]milion4 ,! great] "p ( ^! works 7 intru/$ to monks & _! cl]ks1 :o 7 exhort$1 by ! rules ( _! ord]1 to le>n writ+1 & to p]sev]e 9 ! "w ( copy+ manuscripts1 z be+ "o mo/ acceptable to ,god2 ^? :o c\ld n write be+ recomm5d$ to le>n to b9d books4 ,alcu9 entreats all to employ !mselves 9 copy+ books1 say+1 ,x is a mo/ m]itori\s "w1 m useful to ! heal? ?an work+ 9 ! fields1 :i* pr(its only a man's body1 :il/ ! lab\r ( a copyi/ pr(its 8 s\l4#de ,home production c\ld1 h[ev]1 by no means suffice to multiply books1 & especially religi\s books1 ) suffici5t rapidity to satisfy ! eag] dem& = !m4 ,long j\rneys appe> to h be5 tak5 to =eign c\ntries1 by le>n$ ecclesia/ics1 = sc>cely any o!r purpose ?an ! collection ( manuscripts2 :ile quantities 7 import$ into ,engl& f abroad4 ,?us ,b$e tells u1 t ,wilfrid1 bi%op ( ,we>m\? & ,j>r[1 & ,acca1 ,wilfrid's successor1 collect$ _m books abroad = _! libr>ies1 at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,?us ,!odore ( ,t>sus br\ght back an ext5sive libr>y ( ,grecian & ,roman au?ors1 on 8 return to ,cant]bury1 9 #ffh1 f a mission to ,rome2 & ?us1 z we are told by ,mr4 ,maitl&1#df :5 ,aldhelm1 :o became ,bi%op ( ,s*ireburn 9 ! ye> #gje1 w5t to ,cant]bury1 to be consecrat$ by 8 old fri5d & companion ,b]?wold 7p>it] lit]is /udu]ant1 p>it]que viam religionis triv]ant71 ! ar*bi%op kept him !re _m days1 tak+ c\nsel ) him ab\t ! affairs ( 8 diocese4 ,he>+ ( ! arrival ( ! %ips at ,dov] dur+ ?is "t1 he w5t !re to inspect _! unload+1 & to see if !y _h br\ght any?+ 9 8 way 7si quid =te commodum ecclesia/ico usui attidiss5t naut qui e ,gallico s9u 9 ,angliam1 provecti librorum copiam apportass5t74 ,among _m o!r books1 he saw "o conta9+ ! :ole ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 :i* he at l5g? b\ght3 & ,william ( ,malmesbury1 :o wrote 8 life 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 tells u x 0 /ill pres]v$ at t place4 ,h[ deeply mu/ all lov]s ( illum9ation regret ! inf9ite de/ruction ( books t has prevail$ 9 all ages6 ,( all ?is librorum copiam1 h[ few survive4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 ! ,danes _h de/roy$ ! majority ( !m2 =1 z t great royal ,bibliomaniac exclaims1 9 8 preface to ! ,pa/oral ( ,gregory1--,i saw1 be=e all 7 spoil$ & burnt1 h[ ! *ur*es ?r\gh\t ,brita9 7 fill$ ) treasures & books4 ,i n[ leave our own c\ntry = a :ile1 & return to ! g5]al cont95t ( ,europe2 hav+1 ,i tru/1 satisfactorily e/abli%$ ! individuality ( ^? ?ree great /yles ( illum9ation1 f ! fusion ( :i* ! ,romanesque1 & ultimately ! ,m$ival1 sy/em sprang1--viz41 ! ,roman1 or pictorial2 ! ,greek1 or gold52 & ! ,hib]no-,saxon1 or intricate4 ,! comm5cem5t ( t fusion has be5 trac$ 9 ! lat] ,anglo-,saxon "w1 & x n[ rema9s to obs]ve ! circum/ances "u :i* a simil>1 & ev5 m m>k$1 amalgamation took place on ! cont95t1 "u ! auspices ( ,*>lemagne1 ! greate/ patron ( ! art :o ev] liv$4 ,mu* has be5 assum$ by e>ly ,palograph]s1 & ev5 "s rec5t ones1 ) respect to ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,lomb>d ,,mss4 execut$ betwe5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,lomb>d k+dom 9 ! ye> #efh1 & its absorption ,a4,d4 #ggd1 9 ! empire ( ,*>lemagne1 on ! class ( illum9ation introduc$ "u 8 auspices2 b ! specim5s :i* h desc5d$ to ^! days exhibit su* an entire decrepitude ( /yle1 z to ju/ify ! belief t1 ) ! exception ( a peculi> brok5-back$ lett]1 kn[n z ,lomb>d bris1 ! ,lomb>ds !mselves contribut$ little or no?+ to ! results :i* att5d$ ! ef=ts made by t great sov]eign to raise ! art ( book-decoration 9 8 day to its highe/ pit*4 ,x 0 ma9ly by ! aid1 & ?r\gh ! direct in/rum5tality1 ( ! le>n$ ,anglo-,saxon1 ,alcu91 t ,*>lemagne c>ri$ out 8 laudable design4 ,?is indu/ri\s ecclesia/ic1 :o 0 born 9 ! ye> #gce1 receiv$ 8 education "u ,egb]t & ,elb]t1 successive ar*bi%ops ( ! see ( ,york1--hav+ be5 appo9t$ at an e>ly age cu/odian to ! libr>y collect$ by ! =m]4 ,on ! dea? ( ,elb]t1 he 0 s5t to ,rome to receive ! pallium ( inve/iture = ! new ar*bi%op ,enbalde4 ,on 8 j\rney home1 9 #ghj1 he pass$ ?r\gh ,p>ma1 :]e ,*>lemagne happ5$ to be at ! "t4 ,! consequ5ce ( _! meet+ 9 t city 01 t ,alcu9 receiv$ & accept$ an invitation to take up 8 resid5ce at ! c\rt ( ! ,franki% sov]eign4 ,dur+ f\r-&-tw5ty ye>s1 until 8 dea?1 inde$1 9 #hjd1 he reta9$ ! affection & respect ( 8 royal patron1 & occupi$ himself 9 incessant lab\r = ! advancem5t ( le>n+1 & ! multiplication ( pure texts ( ! ,holy ,scriptures & o!r good books4 ,sev]al ( ,alcu9's lett]s to ,*>lemagne are /ill extant1 9 :i* ! supremacy ( ! ,engli% s*ools & libr>ies is di/9ctly recogniz$1 z well z ! direct influ5ce ex]cis$ by !m on ,franki% lit]ature1 &1 z 9 ^? days lit]ature & illum9ation 7 insep>able1 on illum9ation also4 ,?us1 9 "o place he begs 8 ma/] to give him ^? exquisite books ( erudition :i* ,i _h 9 my own c\ntry by ! good & dev\t indu/ry ( my ma/] ,egb]t1 ! ar*bi%op4 ,aga91 ref]r+ to ! same treasures ( wisdom1 he proposes1--,if x %all please y\r wisdom1 ,i w s5d "s ( our boys1 :o may copy f !nce :atev] is necess>y1 & c>ry back into ,france ! fl[]s ( ,brita92 t ! g>d5 may n be %ut up 9 ,york1 b ! fruits ( x may be plac$ 9 ! p>adise ( ,t\rs4 ,"o ( ! evid5ces ( ! eag]ness ) :i* ?is task ( multiply+ ! s\rces ( le>n+ 0 c>ri$ on1 is to be f\nd 9 ! attempts made to abridge & exp$ite lab\r4 ,?us1 z ,m4 ,*assant#dg obs]ves 9 8 useful little manual ( abbreviations#dh us$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ! texts ( all docum5ts ( importance 7 comp>atively free f contractions f ! p]iod :5 ,ju/9ian ! ,great bani%$ !m1 by an imp]ial edict1 f all legal in/rum5ts1 until ! accession ( ,*>lemagne1 dur+ ^: reign1 ei!r to save "t or vellum1 ! scribes reviv$ ! anci5t ,roman practice ( us+ initials1 & frequ5tly arbitr>y signs1 to repres5t :ole words ( frequ5t recurr5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! quality1 r ?an ! quantity1 ( ,c>lov+ian ,,mss4 t ! read] is mo/ likely to be int]e/$2 & ,i !re=e ha/5 to note two or ?ree ( ! mo/ impos+ specim5s4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! gr& class is believ$ to be ! ,evangeli/i>ium1 long pres]v$ 9 ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,s]v91 at ,t\l\se1 & ultimately pres5t$ to ,napoleon ,i41 on ! baptism ( ! ,k+ ( ,rome1 9 ! "n ( ! city4 ,f contempor>y entries1 x appe>s to h be5 complet$1 aft] eight ye>s' lab\r1 9 ! ye> #gha1 by ! scribe ,godescalc4 ,( :atev] nation ,godescalc may h be51 ! volume#di exhibits f> too _m composite features to ju/ify ! belief t any "o individual1 or ev5 _m individuals ( "o nation1 c\ld h execut$ ! :ole4 ,! pa9t+s are probably by an ,italian h&1 be+ execut$ freely ) ! bru%1 9 opaque col\rs1 9 ! antique mann]4 ,_m ( ! gold5 bord]s are q ,greek 9 /yle1 :ile ! initial lett]s1 & o!rs ( ! bord]s1 are ?or\ghly ,hib]no-,saxon4 ,a ne>ly simil> dissection w\ld apply to mo/ ( ! manuscripts execut$ = ,*>lemagne's desc5dants1 to ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,! volume conta9s #abg leaves1 e leaf1 n entirely fill$ ) illum9ation1 be+ /a9$ purple1 ) a :ite m>g91 & cov]$ ) a text1 writt5 9 gold5 initials1 9 two columns1 sep>at$ by v graceful & delicately-execut$ bord]s4 ,our plates1 ,te*nical ,manual1 ,nos4 #a & #b1 tak5 f ! great ,*>lemagne ,bible ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 give a good idea ( ! nature ( ! ornam5t usually employ$ 9 simil> ,,mss4 to fill up su* bord]s & to =m & decorate initial lett]s4 ,!y w s]ve to %[ also ! common type ( ! ,alphabets 9 use4 ,f ,*>lemagne's ,scriptorium1 :i* 0 no d\bt ! head-qu>t]s ( ! be/ arti/s ( all nations 9 8 "t1 proce$$ _m o!r volumes ( sc>cely less int]e/ & magnific5ce4 ,among ^!1 ! mo/ notewor?y are1 ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,m$>d de ,soissons1#ej s call$ because believ$ to h be5 pres5t$ by ,*>lemagne to t ,abbey2#ea ! ,vi5na ,psalt]1 writt5 = ,pope ,hadrian2 ! ,gospels pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,ars5al at ,p>is1 & =m]ly belong+ to ! ,abbaye ( ,/4 ,m>t9 des ,*amps2#eb ! ,gospels f\nd ^u ! knees ( ! ,emp]or on op5+ 8 tomb at ,aix-la-,*apelle2 ! ,h>leian ,,ms4 ,no4 #cghh1 kn[n z ! ,codex ,aureus2#ec & la/1 n lea/1 ! ,bible1 kn[n z t ( ,san ,cali/o1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( t sa9t at ,rome1 & =m]ly 9 ! mona/]y ( ,san ,paolo fuori le ,mura4 ,! frontispiece to ?is volume1 :i* is no less ?an "o foot f\r in*es high1 by "o foot "o in* wide1 repres5ts a sitt+ emp]or hold+ a globe1 on :i* are inscrib$ v>i\s lett]s1 arrang$ 9 ! peculi> =m adopt$ by ,*>lemagne 9 8 signs manual4 ,! le>n$ h disput$ hotly :e!r ?is portrait is int5d$ = t ( ,*>lemagne1 or ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 8 gr&son4 ,:e!r ?is manuscript1 :i*1 9 all respects1 except beauty 9 ! figure-subjects1 ,i look ^u z ! f9e/ ,i h ev] se51 0 execut$ 9 ! days ( ! =m] or latt] mon>*1 is ( no v great mom5t1 z its lead+ features w\ld h>monize v well ) accr$it$ reliques ( ei!r4 ,x /ill conta9s no less ?an #cci pages1 & is "o blaze ( illum9ation f ! fir/ page to ! la/4#ed ,! l>ge initial lett]s are q ,saxon 9 =m2 ! bord]s1 ( :i* !re are endless & beautiful v>ieties1 are m /rictly classic 9 "* ?an is usual 9 ,c>ol9e manuscripts2 & ! pictures are 9 an indet]m9ate /yle1 betwe5 ,greek1 ,lat91 & t orig9al ,franki%1 :i* subsequ5tly absorb$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe all previ\s tradition1 & grew into ! peculi> type ( ,fr5* #ab? c5tury "w--! prog5itor ( ! pure ,go?ic ( ! #ac?4 ,ample mat]ials happily exi/ = trac+ ! gradual developm5t ( ?is ,franki% elem5t2 at fir/ ?r\gh ! works ( ! imm$iate desc5dants ( ,*>lemagne1 & subsequ5tly ?r\gh v>i\s liturgical works1 collect$ f suppress$ abbeys1 & pres]v$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y at ,p>is4 ,( ^!1 "s ( ! mo/ important are1 ! ,bible ( ,l\is le ,debonnaire1 execut$ 9 ! eigh? ye> ( 8 reign2 ! ,gospels ( ! same mon>*2 & ! ,sacram5taire de ,metz1--all produc$ = sons ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! fir/-nam$ is ( ! b>b>ic /yle1 on :i* ,alcu9 & o!rs improv$2 ! second conta9s "s v curi\s symbolic initial lett]s2 & ! ?ird1 a good deal ( orig9ality1 bo? 9 ornam5ts & figures4 ,! pr9cipal volumes /ill pres]v$1 once belong+ to ! gr&sons ( ,*>lemagne1 appe> less orig9al 9 sev]al respects1 ?an d ^? execut$ = 8 sons4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ,l\is le ,debonnaire's elde/ son ,lo?aire1 ^: ,gospels1 writt5 & decorat$ at ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,m>t91 at ,t\rs1 exhibit a mix$ ,lat9 & ,saxon /yle1 ) b little specifically ,franki% "w1--& ?us also 9 ! p]son ( ,lo?aire's y\nge/ bro!r1 ,*>les ! ,bald1 ^: two celebrat$ ,bibles1 ! "o kn[n z ! ,bible ( ,/4 ,d5is1 & ! o!r z t pres5t$ to ! mon>* by ,c\nt ,vivi51 abbot ( ! same mona/]y at :i* ! ,gospels ( ,lo?aire 7 execut$1--illu/rate a simil> composite1 b sc>cely orig9al1 /yle4 ,! =m] manuscript is illum9at$ ) int]tw9$ lac]t9e mon/]s1 knotwork1 s+le 7b n ! ?ree-:orl7 spirals1 & r[s ( r$ dots foll[+ _m ( ! lead+ outl9es1 all ( :i* may be reg>d$ z di/9ctive features ( ! ,hib]no-,saxon s*ool2 :ile ! latt]1 ) sev]al ( ! above peculi>ities freely introduc$1 comb9es an unmi/akable classicality1 %[n 9 ! v>i\s figure-subjects1 & especially 9 ! arcad+ :i* encloses ! ,eusebian ,canons at ! comm5cem5t ( ! volume4 ,! ,briti% ,museum is =tunate 9 possess+ 9 ! ,h>leian ,,ms4--,no4 #geea--;a curi\s collection ( anci5t ,biblical fragm5ts1 & among/ ^! are a few pages tak5 f a ,bible execut$ = ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,f ^! ,mr4 ,tymms has select$ ! elegant ,alphabets1 initial lett]s1 & ornam5ts :i* are to be f\nd 9 plates #a1 #b1 & #c1 ( ?is manual4 ,9 ^! ! /ud5t w n fail to recognize :at he may h already obs]v$ 9 /udy+ ! specim5s giv5 f ! ,*>lemagne ,bible 7,te*nical manual1 plates #a1 #b1 & #c71 t :ile ! =m ( ! text & ! ornam5tal bord]+s are f\nd$ on antique models1 ! initial lett]s sc>cely ev] fail to exhibit 9 _! ,celtic animals' heads & int]lac$ /rap-"w ! influ5ce ( ,alcu9 & ! ,saxon scribes4 ,we c feel b little surprise at ! production ( su* works at ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,m>t91 at ,t\rs1 = x 0 )9 ! walls ( t ,p>adise1 z ,alcu9 calls x1 t ! ,saxon sage gave all ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life to ! rec5sion ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1#ee & to ! organization ( a scriptorium wor?y ( 8 affectionate patron4 ,! impulse giv5 to ! ,art ( ,illum9ation 9 t celebrat$ e/abli%m5t 0 spe$ily communicat$ to rival scriptoria 9 o!r localities2 ?us f ! abbeys ( ,/4 ,m>tial1 at ,limoges1 f ,metz1 ,mans1 ,/4 ,maj\r 9 ,prov5ce1 ,rheims1 ,/4 ,g]ma9 & ,/4 ,d5is at ,p>is1 issu$1 f ! age ( ,*>lemagne to ! #ac? c5tury1 an almo/ un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( highly-illum9at$ volumes1 _m ( :i* /ill rema9 to atte/ ! vigor\s ef=ts by :i* ! =eign elem5ts 7 gradually ?r[n aside 9 ,france1 to make way = t expressive & orig9al outl9e /yle#ef :i* a*iev$ its greate/ p[] 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,! ?roes & /ruggles by :i* ?is 0 a*iev$1 are s+ul>ly well %[n by a page engrav$ 9 ,c\nt ,ba/>d's spl5did "w f ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,sev]1 writt5 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,! page pres5ts a curi\s emblematical frontispiece1 ! g5]al =m ( :i* is p]fectly ,ori5tal2 ! bord] ornam5ts are f\nd$ on ,cufic inscriptions2 ! animals :i* decorate ! ,arabian framework are classical2 & ! int]lac+ fretwork ( sev]al portions ( ! design is purely ,saxon4 ,_m ,byzant9e features 7 br\ght into ,fr5* illum9ation ?r\gh ! s*ools at ,/4 ,m>tial's & ! o!r abbeys ( ,limoges1 b x 0 at ,p>is itself t ! greate/ *anges & improvem5ts 7 effect$2 ?us1 at ,/4 ,g]ma9 & ,/4 ,d5is 7 produc$1 dur+ ! fir/ half & middle ( ! #aa? c5tury1 two volumes1 /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,france1 :i* di/9ctly %[ ! budd+ ( ,go?ic4 ,! ,/4 ,g]ma9 ,my/]ies ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/ is illu/rat$ by _m orig9al & v spirit$ outl9e compositions1 "s ( :i* are slightly col\r$2 :ile ! ,missal ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ( a few ye>s lat]1 displays t peculi> grace & navet 9 ! action & expression ( ! figures1 toge!r ) t s(t elegance 9 foliat$ ornam5t1 :i* = sev]al c5turies rema9$ a dom9ant excell5ce 9 ! be/ ,fr5* illum9ations4 ,z classical tradition & ,hib]no-,saxon intricacies di$ out 9 ,france to make way = ! true ,m$ival /yles1 s did !y1 al?\gh some:at m sl[ly1 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ,italy1 a deg5]acy occurr$1 f :i* ! revival at l5g?1 "u ,cimabue & ,giotto1 0 z rapid & brilliant z ! previ\s collapse appe>s to h be5 fatal4#eg ,alike f any su* complete *ange1 complete deg5]acy1 or ultimate atta9m5t ( life & p]fection1 ! g5u9e ,greek /yle ( ! ,byzant9e empire 0 exempt$4 ,t ,ori5tal spl5d\r ( gold & col\r by :i* s e>ly z ! days ( ,ju/9ian ! ,great1 x s\ght to gloss ov] ! feebl5ess ( its rem9isc5ces ( classical beauty1 rema9$ ! un*ang$ lead+ *>act]i/ic ( its illum9ations d[n to ! f9al ext9ction ( ! empire 9 #adec4 ,9 su* an essay z ! pres5t1 x is q impossible to convey any idea ( ! m9ute1 b extremely int]e/+ v>ieties ( type adopt$ 9 ,byzant9e manuscripts2 x mu/ suffice to /ate1 9 g5]al t]ms1--t ! disp]sion ( _m ( ! mo/ skilful ,greek arti/s1 by ! iconocla/ic emp]ors 7comm5c+ ) ,leo ! ,isaurian1 ,a4,d4 #gbf71 gave a great impetus to ! arts ( design 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* !y took refuge1 & no d\bt contribut$ specially to ! improvem5ts effect$ "u ,*>lemagne1--t on ! ab&onm5t ( su* religi\s p]secutions1 9 ! middle ( ! #i? c5tury1 a fre% />t appe>s to h be5 tak51#eh--;& t f ! date ( t revival1 :i* may be specially not$ "u ! reign ( ,basil ! ,mac$onian1 until ab\t ! ye> #abjj1 _m v noble & dignifi$ pictures#ei 7 execut$4 ,f ! la/-nam$ era1 until ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 al?\gh ! treatm5t ( figure-subjects became m & m weak & mann]$1 mu* beautiful ornam5t 0 pa9t$ ^u gold gr\nds1 & ! influ5ce orig9ally communicat$ to ,arabian art f ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 0 reflect$ back ^u its lat] productions f ! contempor>y s*ools ( ,s>ac5ic & ,moori% decoration4#fj ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k1 t 9 all ^! inflexions ( /yle ! ,russian1 ,syrian1 & ,arm5ian illum9ators closely foll[$ ! example set !m by ! ,byzant9e scribes & pa9t]s4 ,return+ f ! ,ea/ to ! extreme we/ ( ,europe1 x is wor?y ( note h[ entirely ! primitive ,saxon /yles1 :i* wr\ght s important an influ5ce ^u ! re/ ( ,europe1 7 lo/ 9 ! c\ntry f :i* !y _h be5 ma9ly promulgat$4 ,! successive social & political *anges wr\ght by ! asc5dancy ( ! ,danes1 & ultimately ( ! ,normans1 put an almo/ total /op to ,saxon illum9ation2 & s complete 0 ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,saxon "*1 t ,+ulphus1 9 describ+ ! fire :i* de/roy$ ! noble libr>y ( 8 abbey at ,croyl&1 9 ! ye> #ajia1 aft] dwell+ on ! spl5d\r ( ! *irographs writt5 9 ! ,roman "*1 adorn$ ) gold5 crosses & mo/ beautiful pa9t+s1 & especially ! privileges ( ! k+s ( ,m]cia1 ! mo/ anci5t & ! be/1 9 l mann] beautifully execut$ ) gold5 illum9ations1 b writt5 9 ! ,saxon "*1 goes on to /ate3 ,all our docum5ts ( ?is k9d1 great] & less1 7 ab\t f\r hundr$ 9 numb]2 & 9 "o mom5t ( a mo/ dismal night1 !y 7 de/roy$ & lo/ to u by ?is lam5table mis=tune4 ,a few ye>s be=e1 ,i _h tak5 f our ar*ives a good _m *irographs1 writt5 9 ! ,saxon "*1 because we _h duplicates1 & 9 "s cases triplicates1 ( !m2 & _h giv5 !m to our cantor1 ,ma/] ,fulm>1 to be kept 9 ! cloi/]1 to help ! juniors to le>n ! ,saxon "*1 because t lett] _h = a long :ile be5 despis$ & neglect$ by reason ( ! ,normans1#fa & 0 n[ kn[n only to a few ( ! m ag$2 t s ! y\ng] ones1 be+ in/ruct$ to read ?is "*1 might be m compet5t to use ! docum5ts ( _! mona/]y aga9/ _! adv]s>ies 9 _! old age4 ,! ,normans1 a w>like b unlett]$ race1 did b little = ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! ,conque/1 to re/ore ! ta/e = le>n+ :i* !y & ! ,danes _h displac$4 ,:ile ,engli% progress 9 illum9ation 0 ?us comp>atively p>alyz$1 9 ,france & ,g]many new /yles1 correspond+ ) ^? kn[n 9 ar*itecture z ,romanesque1 rapidly sprang into popul>ity4 ,( ! lead+ decorative features ( su* /yles1 z well z ( ! correspond+ alphabets & initial lett]s1 we h endeav\r$ to give "s elegant r$uctions 9 plates #d1 #e1 & #f ( ?is manual1 & 9 plates #d1 #e1 & #f ( its te*nical companion4 ,! illu/rations 9 ! =m] h be5 tak5 f ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,reg4 #a1 ,c4 ,,vii41 a folio ,,ms41 ( bold r ?an beautiful execution1 b conta9+ ?r\gh\t _m well-design$ initial lett]s & ornam5ts4 ,! volume comprises ! vulgate v]sion ( ! books ( ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 & ,ru?1 & x is believ$ by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd51 no d\bt ! mo/ compet5t judge 9 ?is c\ntry1 to h be5 execut$ ab\t ! middle ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,! mat]ials = ! plates 9 ! ,te*nical ,manual1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 & #f h be5 glean$ f a manuscript ( r lat] date1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,h>leian ,collection1 ,nos4 #bhjc & #bhjd4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! num]\s ornam5ts :i* decorate ?is great ,bible 7 ! "w ( ,g]man indu/ry1 =1 indep5d5tly ( ! evid5ces ( /yle (f]$ by ! writ+ & illum9ation1 an entry 9 ! volume in=ms u t x once belong$ to ! *ur* ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 9 "o ( ! suburbs ( ,worms4 ,all ( ! ornam5ts 9 ?is s]ies ( illu/rations %[ a manife/ disposition on ! "p ( _! design]s to break away f ! rigidity ( pure conv5tion into a class ( foliation1 :i*1 if n directly copi$ f nature1 at lea/ recalls ! g5]al aspect ( h] g]m9at+1 gr[+1 &1 f9ally1 luxuriant =ms ( vegetation4 ,! comb9ation1 ) rem9isc5ces ( ,c>lov+ian knott$ ends to ! initial lett]s1 ( foliat$ ornam5t1 dur+ ! #ab? c5tury1 may be frequ5tly f\nd develop$1 9 ,g]many especially1 into a fre% luxuriant1 & complete sy/em4 ,! complicat$ conv5tionality ( foliage %[n 9 _m ,teutonic manuscripts1 & greatly enc\rag$ by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 ,a4,d4 #aaeb to #aaij1 0 nev] entirely ab&on$ by ! ,g]mans 9 _! ornam5t2 & at ! end ( ! #ac? & e>ly "p ( ! #ad? c5turies1 :5 ,france & ,engl& 7 successfully imitat+ nature1 !y cont9u$ to cl+ to t peculi>ly crabb$ /yle ( cr9kl$ foliation1 :i* !y reluctantly ab&on$ only 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,) ! accession ( ! ,plantag5ets1 9 #aaed1 & especially ?r\gh ! m>riage ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ) ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne1 ,fr5* influ5ce acquir$ a m>k$ pr$om9ance 9 ,engli% illum9ation2 & = ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s f t date1 ! progress ( /yle 9 ,engl& & ,france 0 p>allel & almo/ id5tical4 ,gradually1 9 ea*1 ! ,romanesque features disappe>$1 & by ! middle ( ! #ac? c5tury1 ! fulness ( m$ival illum9ation1 z reflect+ ! p]fection ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 0 atta9$4 ,! rapid gr[? ( ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan ord]s dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 & _! eag]ness to dispel ! dr[s9ess into :i* ! old well-to-d mona/ic e/abli%m5ts 7 fa/ slipp+1 gave a new life to all arts1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 t ( ! transcription & illum9ation ( ! s\rces ( le>n+1 & 9 ^? days1 consequ5tly1 ( p[]4 ,! pres5t appe>s to be ! mo/ fitt+ place = a few notes1 d]iv$ *iefly f ! ,consuetud9es ( ! regul>s1#fb on ! g5]al m$ival practice 9 relation to mona/ic libr>ies1 ( :i* ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy possess$ _m dur+ ! #ac?1 #ad?1 & #ae? c5turies1 ri*1 n only 9 sacr$ & patri/ic1 b 9 pr(ane lit]ature z well4 ,! libr>ies ( su* e/abli%m5ts 7 plac$ by ! abbot "u ! sole *>ge ( ! arm>ian1 an (fic] :o 0 made responsible = ! pres]vation ( ! volumes "u 8 c>e3 he 0 expect$ frequ5tly to exam9e !m1 le/ damp or insects %\ld injure !m2 he 0 to cov] !m ) wood5 cov]s to pres]ve !m1 & c>efully to m5d & re/ore any damage :i* "t or accid5t might cause2 he 0 to make a note ( any book borr[$ f ! libr>y1 ) ! "n ( ! borr[]2 b ?is rule appli$ only to ! less valuable portion ( x1 z ! great & preci\s books c\ld only be l5t by ! p]mission ( ! abbot himself4 ,x 0 also ! duty ( ! arm>ian to h all ! books 9 8 *>ge m>k$ ) _! correct titles1 & to keep a p]fect li/ ( ! :ole4 ,"s ( ^! catalogues are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & are curi\s & int]e/+1 z %[+ ! /ate ( lit]ature 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z well z giv+ u ! names ( _m au?ors ^: works h nev] rea*$ u4 ,9 p]us+ ^! catalogues1 x is impossible n to be /ruck by ! assidu\s collection ( classical au?ors1 ^: works sometimes equal1 & at o!rs actually prepond]ate ov]1 ! books ( s*ola/ic div9ity4 ,x 0 also ! duty ( ! arm>ian1 "u ! ord]s ( 8 sup]ior1 to provide ! transcrib]s ( manuscripts ) ! writ+s :i* !y 7 to copy1 z well z ) all ! mat]ials necess>y = _! lab\rs2 to make b>ga9s z to paym5t1 & to sup]9t5d ! works dur+ _! progress4 ,^! books 7 n always de/9$ = ! libr>y ( ! mona/]y 9 :i* !y 7 transcrib$1 b 7 (t5 eag]ly b\ght by o!rs1 or by "s g5]\s layman1 = ! purpose ( pres5t+ to a mona/ic libr>y2 & _! sale1 p>ticul>ly at an e>ly p]iod1 add$ l>gely to ! rev5ues ( ! e/abli%m5t 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 or illum9at$4 ,! diff]5t bran*es ( ! transcrib+ trade 7 occasionally unit$ 9 ! same p]son1 b 7 m g5]ally divid$ & practis$ sep>ately1 & by secul> z well z by religi\s copyi/s4 ,( ! =m]1 !re 7 at lea/ ?ree di/9ct bran*es--! illum9ators1 ! not>ii1 & ! libr>ii antiqu>ii4 ,! la/-m5tion$ 7 employ$ *iefly 9 re/or+ & repair+ old & defac$ manuscripts & _! b9d+s4 ,! public scribes 7 employ$ *iefly by monks & lawy]s1 sometimes work+ at _! own h\ses2 & at o!rs1 :5 any valuable "w 0 to be copi$1 9 t ( _! employ]1 :]e !y 7 lodg$ & bo>d$ dur+ ! "t ( _! engagem5t4 ,a l>ge room1 z has be5 already /at$1 0 9 mo/ mona/]ies set ap>t = su* lab\rs1 & "h ! g5]al transcrib]s pursu$ _! avocation2 b !re 7 also1 9 addition1 small rooms or cells1 kn[n also z scriptoria1 :i* 7 occupi$ by su* monks z 7 consid]$1 f _! piety & le>n+1 to be entitl$ to ! indulg5ce1#fc & us$ by !m = _! private devotions1 z well z = ! purpose ( transcrib+ works = ! use ( ! *ur* or libr>y4 ,! scriptoria 7 frequ5tly enri*$ by donations & beque/s f ^? :o knew ! value ( ! works c>ri$ on 9 !m1 & l>ge e/ates 7 (t5 devot$ to _! support4 ,! ti!s ( ,wy!ssy & ,impitor1 two %ill+s & twop5ce1--& "s l& 9 ,ely1 ) two p>ts ( ! ti!s ( ! lord%ip ( ,pampesw>d1 7 grant$ by ,bi%op ,nigellus to ! scriptorium ( ! mona/]y ( ,ely1 ! *>t] ( :i* /ill exi/s 9 ! *ur* !re4 ,a ,norman nam$ ,rob]t gave to ! scriptorium ( ,/4 ,alban's ! ti!s ( ,r$burn1 & two p>ts ( ! ti!s ( ,hatfield2 & t ( ,/4 ,edmondesbury 0 end[$ ) two mills1 by ! same p]son4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies ! p5 play$ a m di/+ui%$ "p ?an ! bru% 9 ! art ( illum9ation2 s9ce1 n only 0 ! =m] almo/ exclusively employ$ 9 outl9+ bo? foliage & figures1 b ! use ( ! latt] 0 g5]ally limit$ to fill+ up1 & height5+ ) timid %ad[+1 ! v>i\s p>ts def9$ by ! =m]1 & :i* 7 altoge!r dep5d5t ^u x = expression4 ,9 fact1 x appe>s z if ! pr9cipal patt]ns 9 #ac? c5tury illum9ation _h be5 design$ by /a9$-glass pa9t]s1 ! black outl9es be+ equival5t 9 arti/ic result to ! lead l9es :i*1 9 ! be/ specim5s ( grisaille & mosaic w9d[s1 keep ! =ms & col\rs di/9ct & p]fect4 ,?is firm d>k outl9+ 0 reta9$ 9 ,engl& lat] ?an 9 ,france1 & 0 comb9$ 9 ! =m] c\ntry ) a m solid & some:at less gay tone ( col\r ?an ev] prevail$ 9 ! latt]4 ,s late z ! #ae? c5tury1 ?is correspond5ce betwe5 /a9$ glass "w & illum9ation /ill obta9$2 ?us1 z ,mr4 ,s*>f rem>ks1 9 a note to 8 int]e/+ pap] on ! ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 w9d[s1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,ar*ological ,in/itute = #ahee1 ,! =ty w9d[s ( ! mona/]y ( ,hors*au conta9$ a s]ies ( subjects m9utely correspond+ to ^? ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 c4 ,! initial lett]s :i* 9 ,romanesque illum9ation _h exp&$ into v l>ge proportions z a g5]al rule1#fd dim9i%$2 b1 9 comp5sation1 effloresc$1 z x 71 into floreat$ t]m9ations1 :i* 7 at la/ n only c>ri$ d[n ! side ( ! page1 b ev5 made to ext5d "r across bo? ! top & bottom ( x4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ! ?ree fir/ ,edw>ds 9 ,engl&1 ! tail1 z x might be call$1 ( ! initial lett]1 runn+ d[n ! side ( ! page1 gradually wid5$1 until at l5g? x grew into a b& ( ornam5t1 occasionally panell$1 & ) small subjects introduc$ into ! panels4 ,9 su* cases1 ! initial lett] occupy+ ! angle =m$ by ! side & top ornam5ts ( ! page1 became subsidi>y to ! bracket-%ap$ bord]+1 :i*1 9 e>li] examples1 _h be5 decid$ly subsidi>y to ! initial lett]4 ,z no "o c d\bt t ! #ad? c5tury 0 ! p]iod dur+ :i* illum9ation atta9$ its highe/ p]fection1 n only 9 po9t ( arti/ic _s 9 design1 b 9 ! dext]\s processes ( execution z well1 x has be5 consid]$ t x might prove useful to ! ,engli% /ud5t to supply him or h] ) z l>ge a proportion z possible ( illu/ration ( t :i* we may really reg>d 9 matt] ( illum9at+ z our national /yle4 ,?us our plates 9 ?is manual1 ,nos4 #g1 #h1 & #i1 h be5 tak5 f a ,lat9 ,bible 7,b4 ,m4 ,reg4 #a1 ,d4 #a71 exquisitely writt5 on ,ut]9e vellum1 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ad? c5tury1 by an ,engli% scribe1 ^: autograph at ! end ( ! holy text decl>es t ,wills4 devoni5sis scripsit i/um librum4 ,well may ! pi\s writ] r5d] ?anks z he does1 9 a p>agraph j prec$+ ! colophon1 to ,god1 to ,jesus ,*ri/1 to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 & to all ,sa9ts1 on ! completion ( su* a volume1 9 e respect a model ( :at illum9at$ writ+ may be4 ,x is some:at defici5t 9 pictures1 al?\gh 9 ! prologue & 9 t "p ( ! ,psalms 9 :i* ,david prophesies conc]n+ our ,savi\r1 specim5s ( ! arti/'s abilities on a m ext5d$ scale ?an usual may be met )4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 ! initials & bord]s1 manual dext]ity is pu%$ to p]fection1 & comb9$ ) t occasional feel+ = beauty & con/ant appreciation ( hum\r1 :i* =m lead+ *>act]i/ics ( t ,engli% s*ool ( illum9ation1 ( :i* ,william ( ,devon mu/ ev] be rank$ among ! wor?ie/4 ,! expression ( ! little heads1 & ( ! h&s & feet1 :i* are unusually well drawn = ! p]iod1 is inv>iably giv5 ) ! p51 sc>cely any attempt be+ made at %ad+ ) ! bru%4 ,! high lights are t\*$ on mo/ delicately ) pure :ite2 & deep blue1 & burni%$ gold gr\nds look+ l solid metal1 are univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! volume4 ,our plates1 ,te*nical ,manual1 ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 also f a ,lat9 ,bible 9 ! ,royal collection 7,no4 #ae1 ,d #b71 are ( ne>ly ! same p]iod & /yle1 b n q s delicately wr\ght p]haps z ! illum9ations are :i* we meet ) 9 ,reg4 #a1 ,d #a4 ,! =m] (f]1 h[ev]1 ! lea/ exceptional aspect ( ,engli% illum9ation ( ! ,edw>dian p]iod--"o 9 :i* vigor\s b r heavy col\r+ & firm b r load$ outl9e dom9ate4 ,9 ^! specim5s we at l5g? see natural leafage ( ! v9e1 maple1 c41 introduc$1 b sc>cely yet all[$ to ?r[ itself ab\t 9 ,nature's wildly wilful way4 ,f ! #ab? c5tury onw>ds1 important illum9at$ manuscripts exi/ to ! pres5t day 9 su* pr(usion z to det] me f individualiz+ 9 ?is necess>ily brief essay4 ,i %all r dwell ^u g5]al *>act]i/ics ( /yle1 & ^u ! influ5ce ( ! lead+ patrons ( ! art1 9 its palmie/ days1 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ! inf9ite activity ( ! m5dicant fri>s kept up a /eady dem& = manuscripts ( all k9ds3 ?us ,ri*>d de ,bury1 bi%op ( ,durham1 ! greate/ bibliophile ( 8 age1 & ! tutor :5 pr9ce1 & fri5d :ile sov]eign1 ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 relates1 t 9 all 8 book-hunt+ travels3 ,:5ev] we happ5$ to turn aside to ! t[ns & places :]e ! a=esaid paup]s _h conv5ts1 we 7 n slack 9 visit+ _! *e/s & o!r repositories ( books2 = !re1 amid/ ! deepe/ pov]ty1 we f\nd ! mo/ exalt$ ri*es treasur$ up2 !re1 9 _! sat*els & baskets1 we discov]$ n only ! crumbs t fell f ! ma/]s table = ! little dogs1 b1 inde$1 ! %[-bread )\t leav51--! bread ( angels1 conta9+ 9 itself all t is delectable4 ,^! m5dicant fri>s 7 look$ ^u ) great jeal\sy by ! cl]gy1 :o attribut$ to !m ! decrease 9 ! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 ! univ]sities4 ,fitz ,ralph1 ar*bi%op ( ,armagh & *apla9 to ,ri*>d de ,bury1 accuses !m ( do+ grete damage to le>n+3 curi\sly en\gh1 8 accusation1 conta9$ 9 an oration d5\nc+ !m1 be>s te/imony to _! love ( books & to _! indu/ry 9 collect+ !m4 ,= ^! ord]s ( begg]s1 = endeles wynnynges t !i gete? by beggyng ( ! =eside pryvyleges ( s*riftes & sepultures & o!re1 !i be? n[ s multiply$ 9 conv5tes & 9 p]sons4 ,t _m m5 telli? t 9 g5]al /udies unne!1 is x f\nde to sillynge a pfitable book ( ye faculte ( art1 ( dyvynyte1 ( lawe canon1 ( phisik1 o!r ( lawe civil1 b all bookes be? y b\gt ( fr]es s t en e* conv5t ( fr]es is a noble libr>ye & a grete1 & s t ene se* fr]e t ha? /ate 9 s*ole1 si*e z !i be? n[e1 ha? an hughe libr>ye4 ,& also y s5t ( my sugettes to s*ole ?re o!r f\re p]sons1 & hit is said me t "s ( !m be? come home ag5 = !i my/ n\ght f9d to selle ovn goode ,bible2 no!r o!re c\5able books4 ,ri*>d de ,bury's example gave a /imulus to ^? :o succe$$ him1 bo? at ,durham & else:]e4 ,z ! /yles ( ar*itecture v>i$ 9 ,engl& & ,france1--agree+ 9 lead+ p>ticul>s1 b ea* acquir+ = itself a set ( di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1--s did ! art ( illum9ation4 ,9 ! purely ,go?ic "w1 su* z prevail$ f #abej to #adjj1 extreme f9esse 9 execution1 t5d]ness ( col\r1 g5tl5ess ( expression1 piquancy ( ornam5t1 & elegance ( composition1 may be reg>d$ z almo/ inv>iable attributes ( ,fr5* productions4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /yle 0 n s h>moni\s b m vigor\s1 ! col\r+ 0 full] & deep]1 ! action ( ! figures m int5se1 ! p[] ( expression m conc5trat$1 & rea*+ occasionally 9 its en]gy almo/ to c>icature1 ! s5se ( hum\r always freely develop$1 & a m g5]ally active s5tim5t ( life impress$ ^u design1 n only 9 figure subjects1 b 9 ornam5t4 ,9 ! latt]1 monkeys & o!r animals1 dragons1 & comic incid5ts1 are v frequ5tly int]m+l$ ) graceful foliage & h]aldic embelli%m5ts4 ,9 fact x is to ! cr$it ( bo? c\ntries t1 ) s mu* t is excell5t 9 common1 !y %\ld /ill h display$ su* free & di/9ctive features z m>k$ ! works ( ea* respectively4 ,ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 9 bo? c\ntries ! me*anical reproduction ( ! accr$it$ types & lead+ incid5ts ( ,scripture & ( ,ca?olic fai? began to be ab&on$2 &1 ma9ly f ! necessity ( giv+ to ! hi/orical p]sonages introduc$ 9 secul> romances & *ronicles individual =ce & vig\r1 an att5tion to portraiture & a transcription ( *>act]i/ic traits ( active life are freely develop$4 ,consid]+ h[ few traces ( ! art ( pa9t+1 z exhibit$ ei!r 9 panel pictures or 9 mural embelli%m5ts1 rema9 to atte/ ! condition ( ! arts 9 ,engl& & ,france 9 ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies1 x is impossible = ! /ud5t ( ,go?ic art to ov]e/imate ! extreme int]e/ :i* atta*es to ! *ronological s]ies ( specim5s ( ! pa9t]'s art :i* may be exam9$ 9 ! great metropolitan libr>ies ( ei!r c\ntry4 ,x is v =tunate = our reputation t we are enabl$1 ?r\gh s l>ge a s]ies ( volumes z /ill exi/1 to trace su* di/9ctive & national *>act]i/ics z enable u to ass]t1 )\t fe> ( error1 t s f> z graphic dext]ity is conc]n$1 ! ,engli% artific]s 7 fully compet5t to execute all ! arti/ic productions :i* h z yet be5 f\nd ^u our soil4 ,t =eign]s 7 freely employ$ !re c be no d\bt1 b t ! works :i* 7 execut$ by !m c\ld n h be5 execut$ by ,engli%m51 no "o c ) safety ass]t1 :o has trac$ ) any consid]able c>e ! gradual developm5t ( ,engli% art ?r\gh a s]ies ( ,engli% illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,t illum9ation 0 excessively popul> 9 ,engl& dur+ ! #ad? c5tury among ! lead+ families1 is prov$ by ! numb]s ( coats ( arms emblazon$ 9 _m ( ! mo/ rem>kable ,engli% manuscripts4 ,?us 9 ! ,salisbury ,lection>y1 9 ! ,d\ce1 9 ,que5 ,m>y's1 & 9 ! ,braybrooke ,psalt]s1 appe> ! anci5t coats ( "s ( ! be/ blood 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ contempor>y illu/ration ( ! precise t]ms ^u :i* ^! noble patrons employ$ ! be/ illum9ators ( ! day has be5 furni%$ me by a k9d & le>n$ antiqu>ian fri5d1#fe 9 ! %ape ( an extract f ! fabric rolls ( ,york ,m9/]1#ff ( :i* ! foll[+ is a translation3-- ,augu/ #bf?1 #acdf4--,!re appe>$ ,rob]t ,brekel+1 scribe1 & swore t he w\ld obs]ve ! contract made betwe5 him & ,sir ,john ,=bor1 viz41 t he ! said ,rob]t w\ld write "o ,psalt] ) ! ,kal5d] = ! "w ( ! said ,sir ,john = #es4 & #f;d42 & 9 ! same ,psalt]1 9 ! same "*1 a ,placebo & a ,dirige1 ) a ,hymnal & ,collect>y1 = #ds4 & #c;d4 ,& ! said ,rob]t w illum9ate 7'lum9abit'7 all ! ,psalms ) great gild$ lett]s1 laid 9 ) col\rs2 & all ! l>ge lett]s ( ! ,hymnal & ,collect>y w he illum9ate ) gold & v]milion1 except ! great lett]s ( d\ble fea/s1 :i* %all be z ! l>ge gilt lett]s are 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,& all ! lett]s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! v]ses %all be illum9at$ ) good azure & v]milion2 & all ! lett]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nocturns %all be great uncial 7unciales7 lett]s1 conta9+ ,v4 l9es1 b ! ,beatus ,vir & ,dixit ,dom9us %all conta9 ,,vi4 or ,,vii4 l9es2 & = ! a=esaid illum9ation & = col\rs he ,john w give #es4 #f;d41 & = gold he w give #ah;d41 & #bs4 = a cloak & fur trimm+4 ,item "o robe--"o cov]let1 "o %eet1 & "o pill[4#fg ,"u su* contracts1 & on mu* m extravagant t]ms1 7 no d\bt produc$ ! f9e/ ( ^? specim5s ( ,engli% m9iature pa9t+ ( ! ,edw>dian p]iod1 :i* ,dr4 ,waag5 consid]s excel ^? ( all o!r nations ( ! "t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,italian1 & are n inf]ior ev5 to ^!4#fh ,!re is probably no docum5t 9 exi/5ce :i* bett] illu/rates ! nature1 co/1 & classification ( illum9at$ & o!r manuscripts dur+ ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies1 ?an ! catalogue ( ! libr>y f\nd$ by ,william ( ,wykeham1 himself "o ( ! greate/ ,engli% patrons ( lit]ature1 at ! ,college ( ,/4 ,m>y1 ne> ,w9*e/]4 ,?is catalogue has be5 pr9t$ 9 ext5so 9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal 7vol4 xv4 pp4 #fi to #gd71 ) notes by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gunn]4 ,x is ess5tially a catalogue raisonn1 divid$ into ! foll[+ classes1 :i* give a good idea ( ! /aple commodities 9 m$ival & mona/ic libr>ies3-- ,ord9alia1 ,antiphon>ia1 ,portiphoria1 ,leg5d1 ,collect>ia1 ,graduales1 ,manualia1 ,processionalia1 ,gradales1 ,pontificates et ,epi/ol>es1 ,libri ,!ologi1 ,doctores sup] ,bibliam1 ,libri ,s5t5ti>um1 ,doctores sup] ,s5t5tias1 ,libri ,hi/oriales1 ,psalt]ia ,glossata1 ,libri ,augu/9i1 ,libri ,gregorii1 ,libri ,morales ,div]sorum ,doctorum to :i* 9 _m libr>ies might1 ,i fe>1 be add$1 ,libri ,immorales ,div]sorum ,auctorum1 ,libri ,*ronici1 ,libri ,philosophi /range to say1 a total blank 9 ! ,w9*e/] ,collection1 ,libri ,juris ,canonici1 ,decreta et ,doctores sup] ,decreta1 ,decretales1 ,libri ,sexti cum ,doctoribus1 ,clem5t91 ,summ et alii ,tractatus ,div]sorum ,doctorum ,juris ,canonici1 ,libri ,juris ,civilis1 & ,libri ,grammaticales4 ,mo/ ( ! volumes 9 ?is libr>y 7 donations f bo? laity & cl]gy1 b ma9ly f ! =m]4 ,! price ( e volume is giv54 ,! f\nd] himself pres5t$ "o ,missal valu$ at #bj1 & ,john ,yve1 =m]ly a fell[ ( ?is ,college1 bequea!d a great ,portiphoriam = lay+ be=e ! s5ior fell[ /&+ on ! "r h& ( ! upp] /all1 valu$ at an equal am\nt4 ,! ,york contract1 previ\sly quot$1 %[s precisely h[ mu* illum9ation c\ld be obta9$ = mu* less ?an "o p\nd2 & we may !re=e =m f x a tol]able idea ( ! magnific5ce ( volumes ^u ! production ( :i* su* l>ge sums 7 exp5d$4 ,! /ud5t w f9d ?is catalogue well repay 8 c>eful exam9ation4 ,dur+ ! la/ half ( ! #ad? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae?1 ! art ( illum9ation receiv$ a great impulse 9 ,france1 f ! magnific5t patronage be/[$ ^u x by ,jean1 ,duc de ,b]ri1 bro!r ( ,*>les ,v4 ,( 8 unique libr>y1 :i* excit$ ! envy ( all ! pr9ces ( 8 "t1 & /imulat$ especially ,philip ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 & ! great ,duke ( ,b$=d1 to ent] into competition ) him1 _m magnific5t specim5s /ill rema9--su* z 8 ,psalt]1 8 two ,pray]-books1 & 8 copy ( ! ,m]veilles du ,monde4#fi ,fr5* illum9ation atta9$ p]fection 9 ^! works1 & 9 "s few specim5s ( ! m decid$ly ,r5aissance p]iod1 su* z ! unsurpass$ ,h\rs ( ,anne ( ,brittany1 execut$ ab\t ! ye> #aejj3 all ( ^! are models = ! /udy ( ! illum9ator ( ! #ai? c5tury1 s9ce 9 !m gaiety & *>m ( ornam5t w be f\nd unit$ to a /yle ( m9iature-pa9t+ ( real excell5ce 9 art4 ,9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! p]iod ( ,jean de ,b]ri1 we meet ) ! p]fection ( t lace-l foliation kn[n z ! ,ivy patt]n--"o t atta9$ an extraord9>y popul>ity 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ! illum9ations ( bo? ,france & ,engl&1 dur+ ! #ad? & fir/ half ( ! #ae? c5turies1 ! application ( rais$ & highly-burni%$ gold became a lead+ feature1 & rea*$ its highe/ pit* ( p]fection4 ,:5 us$1 z x frequ5tly 01 z a gr\nd = m9iature subjects & ornam5ts1 x 0 frequ5tly diap]$ 9 ! mo/ brilliant & delicate mann]4 ,?is diap]$ backgr\nd gave way at l5g? to an ar*itectural1 &1 ultimately1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian s*ool & t ( ! ,van ,eycks1 to a l&scape "o4 ,x may be well n[ to adv]t to ^? /yles ( illum9ation :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,flem+s settl$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 greatly affect$ ,engli% art2 & :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,h\se ( ,burgundy1 equally p[]fully wr\ght ^u ! ,fr5* /yles1 n s mu* ( ornam5t1 z ( m9iature-pa9t+4 ,z ,m4 ,hippolyte ,=t\l#gj ju/ly rem>ks1 ,! p[]ful s*ool e/abli%$ at ,bruges by ! ,van ,eycks1 at ! close ( ! #ad? c5tury1 ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce on all ! s*ools ( ,europe1 n except+ ^? ( ,italy2--an influ5ce :i* 01 inde$1 n altoge!r dissimil> f t br\ght to be> ^u mann]ism 9 ,art by ! ,pre-,raffaelitism ( ! pres5t day4 ,! f\ndations ( ! ,ne!rl&i% s*ool 7 suffici5tly remote1 b may be satisfactorily trac$ ?r\gh exi/+ m9iatures & pa9t+s4 ,h]r ,he9ri* ,otte1 9 8 ,h&bu* d] ,kir*li*5 ,kun/-,ar*ologie 7p4 #ahg71 gives a *ronological li/ ( ! pr9cipal ,,mss4 ( ,g]manic production f ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod to ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,up to t p]iod ! ,byzant9e mann] prevail$1 mix$ ) a peculi> rud5ess1 su* z may be recognis$ 9 ! works ( ! great sa9t & bi%op1 ,b]nw>d ( ,hilde%eim1 :om ,fiorillo & o!r writ]s look ^u1 ) ,willigis ( ,ma9z1 z ! great animator ( ,g]man art 9 ! #aa? c5tury4#ga ,! conv]sion ( ?is latt] elem5t into ,go?ic orig9ality appe>s to h tak5 place dur+ ! #ac? c5tury1 & a f9e manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b4 ,r #b1 b4 #aa71 ascrib$ by ,dr4 ,waag5 to a p]iod betwe5 #abdj & #abfj1 illu/rates ! transition4#gb ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ad? c5tury appe> ! ,lay ( ! ,m9nes+]s1 "o ( ! mo/ peculi> ( ! ,p>is manuscripts1 & o!rs cit$ by ,dr4 ,kugl]1 :i* c>ry on ! evid5ce ( progressive developm5t until ! p[] ( expression obta9$ 9 pa9t+ by ,mei/]s ,wilhelm & ,/eph5 ( ,cologne1 is reflect$ 9 ! contempor>y m9iatures4 ,ev5 did n ! celebrat$ ,p>is ,brevi>y1 & ! ,briti% ,museum ,b$=d ,missal1 or1 m correctly speak+1 ,book ( ,h\rs1 bo? execut$ 9 "p by ! ?ree ,van ,eycks1 ,hub]t1 ,jan1 & ,m>g>e?a1 = ! great ,reg5t ( ,france1 exi/1 ! /yle ( ! panel-pictures pa9t$ by !m w\ld be q suffici5t to %[ t !y mu/ h be5 illum9ators be=e !y became _w-r5[n$ oil-pa9t]s4 ,?r\gh _! consci5ti\s /udy ( nature1 bo? 9 l&scape & 9 portrait subjects1 a complete *ange 0 wr\ght 9 ! m9iatures ( all manuscripts produc$ aft] _! influ5ce _h _h "t to p5etrate into ! scriptoria & ateli]s ( ! contempor>y arti/-scribes4 ,_h n ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ rapidly sup]v5$1 !re c be no d\bt t ev5 m extraord9>y results ?an foll[$ ! g5]al appreciation ( _! graces z illum9ators w\ld h be5 ensur$4 ,x is n 9 publications su* z ?is little manual t any attempts c\ld be successfully made to reproduce ! pictorial results a*iev$ by su* ma/]s 9 su* volumes2 b an attempt may c]ta9ly be made to convey "s idea bo? ( ! g5]al "* ( ! h&writ+ & ( ! ornam5tal adjuncts by :i* its effect1 & t ( ! beautiful little pictures fram$ 9 by its brilliant playfulness1 0 s greatly height5$4 ,9 plates #aj1 #aa1 & #ab ( ?is manual1 ,mr4 ,tymms has collect$ f ! ,b$=d ,book ( ,h\rs mu* t ! /ud5t w f9d wor?y ( 8 c>eful att5tion4 ,well1 inde$1 may ! en?usia/ic ,dr4 ,dibd9 so> (f into ! mo/ transc5d5tal raptures ov] a volume :i*1 te/$ ev5 by ! ignoble t\*/one ( a public sale 9 #ahae1 0 n knock$ d[n to its eag] pur*as]1 ! !n ,m>quis ( ,bl&=d1 = a less sum ?an #fhg4 #aes4 ,x has n[ happily f\nd a f9al re/+-place 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7rank+ z add4 #ah1hej71 ( :i* x mu/ always rema9 z1 probably1 ! greate/ treasure1 bo? f its hi/orical association & its intr9sic excell5ce & beauty--conta9+1 z x does1 n less ?an fifty-n9e :ole-page m9iatures1 & ab\t a ?\s& small] ones1 enri*$ ?r\gh\t ) gild$ lace-"w1 & ornam5ts ( ! description ( t %[n 9 our plates1 & comm5d$ to ! /ud5t's dilig5t obs]vation4 ,! lat] manuscripts ( ! ,g]man & ,ne!rl&i% s*ools ( m9iature-pa9t+ g5]ally reflect ! mix$ clev]ness & angul>ities ( su* ma/]s z ,rogi] van d] ,weyde ! eld]1 ,lucas van ,leyd51 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 c42 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! mann] ( ,heml+ prevail$1 spiritual beauty & ref9em5t foll[$4 ,to dwell ^u ,spani% illum9at$ manuscripts w\ld be comp>atively pr(itless to ! practical /ud5t2 = all ! peculi>ities & excell5cies !y w\ld appe> to h at any "t possess$1 may be f\nd m p]fectly develop$ at fir/ 9 ,fr5*1 subsequ5tly 9 ,ne!rl&i%1 & ultimately 9 ,italian volumes4#gc ,9 "o mo/ rem>kable & inde$ hi/orical volume1 ! actual alliance ( ,spani% writ+ & initial illum9ation ) ,flemi% subject-pa9t+ & ,arabesque is cle>ly to be recogniz$4 ,! result ( ! union is c]ta9ly mo/ happy1 = few m beautiful books exi/ ?an ! exquisite missal :i* 9 a passage ( gold5 lett]s & honi$ words ,francesco de ,roias (f]s to ,isabella ! ,ca?olic4 ,?is magnific5t volume1 f :i* our plates 7,te*nical ,manual7 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab1 h be5 tak51 0 pur*as$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ^: catalogue x figures z add4 #ah1hea1 ( ,messrs4 ,w4 & ,t4 ,boone 9 #aheb4 ,9 ?is "w ! bru% triumphs ov] ! p51 its decorations are ess5tially pictorial1 & _m ( !m recall1 if n ! h&1 at lea/ ! /yle1 ( ,meml+ & ,van ,eyck4 ,unlike volumes ( e>li] p]iods 9 :i* ! illu/rations are g5]ally ! "w ( "o h& ?r\gh\t1 9 ?is elaborate volume1 a division ( lab\r obta9s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!rs ( ab\t ! same p]iod1 n only are ! p5man & ! pa9t] two individuals1 b ! latt] especially becomes half a doz54 ,?is 01 no d\bt to a great ext5t1 occasion$ by ! almo/ univ]sal sub/itution ( lay = cl]ical illum9ators 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ae? c5tury1 & by ! production at t date ( illum9at$ books = deal]s adopt+ ! pr9ciples & practice ( t sy/em ( economic production :i* ultimately p]mitt$ manufacture to almo/ univ]sally sup]s$e ,art ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,x rema9s n[ only to sket*1 ) a brevity altoge!r out ( proportion to ! great int]e/ ( ! subject1 ! progress ( ! art 9 ,italy4 ,if ! del9eation ( nave & graceful romantic incid5t1 comb9$ ) elegant foliat$ ornam5t1 rea*$ p]fection 9 ! illum9ations ( ! ,fr5* s*ool2 if blazon+ on gild$ gr\nds 0 c>ri$ to its mo/ gorge\s pit* 9 ,ori5tal & ,byzant9e manuscripts2 if intricate int]lacem5ts & m9ute elaboration may be reg>d$ z ! special *>act]i/ics ( ,hib]no-,saxon scribes2 & if a noble tone ( solid col\r1 comb9$ ) great hum\r & int5se en]gy ( expression1 m>k$ ,engl&'s be/ productions1--x may be safely ass]t$1 t x 0 res]v$ = ! ,italians to introduce into ! embelli%m5t ( manuscripts ^? high] qualities ( art1 _! peculi> aptitude = :i* s long gave !m a pre-em95ce among contemporane\s s*ools4 ,i !re=e proce$ to trace ! names & /yles ( "s few ( ! mo/ celebrat$ among _! illum9ators2 premis+ by a rem9d] to ! /ud5t ( ! mis]ably l[ pit* to :i* art _h be5 r$uc$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! #ab? c5tury4 ,ev5 ! mo/ en?usia/ic & patriotic writ]s agree 9 ! all b total de>? ( native tal5t4 ,greeks 7 employ$ to reproduce ,byzant9e mann]isms 9 pictures & mosaics1 & to a slight ext5t no d\bt z scribes4 ,illum9ation 0 sc>cely kn[n or recogniz$ z an indig5\s art2 = ,dante1 ev5 writ+ aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ad? c5tury1 speaks ( x z quell' arte1 *e ,allum9> *iamata a ,p>isi4#gd ,probably ! e>lie/ ,italian manuscript %[+ signs ( real art1 is ! ,ordo ,(ficiorum ,s55sis ,ecclesi1 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! academy at ,si5na1 & illum9at$ ) little subjects & friezes ) animals1 by a c]ta9 ,od]ico1 a canon ( ! ca!dral1 9 ! ye> #abac4 ,! ,padre della ,valle#ge expressly cautions ! /ud5t aga9/ conf\nd+ ?is ,od]icus ) ! ,od]igi ( ,dante1#gf :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #acjj4 ,! latt] 0 unque/ionably an arti/ ( "s m]it1 = ,vas>i#gg speaks ( him z an excell5te m9iatore1 ^: works = ! ,papal libr>y1 al?\gh 9 gran p>te consumati dal tempo1 he _h himself se5 & admir$4 ,"s draw+s by ! h& ( ?is val5te uomo1 z he is /yl$1 ,vas>i speaks ( possess+ 9 8 own collection4 ,bald9ucci makes out ,od]igi to h be5 ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool on no o!r gr\nds ?an because ,vas>i describes him z molto amico di ,giotto 9 ,roma2 & because ,dante appe>s to h kn[n him well4 ,lanzi1#gh h[ev]1 m correctly classes him ) ! ,bolognese s*ool1 f 8 tea*+ ,franco ,bolognese at ,bologna1 & on ! /r5g? ( ! direct te/imony ( "o ( ! e>lie/ comm5tators on ,dante--,b5v5uto da ,imola4 ,?is same ,franco work$ mu* = ,b5$ict ,,ix41 & f> surpass$ 8 ma/]4 ,vas>i especially comm5ds ! _s ) :i* he drew animals1 & m5tions a draw+ 9 8 own possession ( a lion te>+ a tree z ( great m]it4 ,?us ,od]igi1 ! contempor>y ( ,cimabue1 & ,franco1 ! pupil ( ,od]igi & contempor>y ( ,giotto1 appe> to h be5 to ! ,art ( ,illum9ation :at ,cimabue & 8 pupil ,giotto 7 to ! ,art ( ,pa9t+1--! pupil 9 bo? cases inf9itely excell+ ! ma/]4 ,to !m succe$$1 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury1 a sc>cely less celebrat$ pair--,don ,jacopo ,fior5t9o1 & ,don ,silve/ro1 bo? monks 9 ! ,camaldolese mona/]y1 degli ,angeli1 at ,flor5ce4 ,! =m]1 ,bald9ucci tells u1 improv+1 ) inf9ite /udy1 e mom5t n devot$ to 8 mona/ic duties1 acquir$ a /yle ( writ+ greatly s\ght aft] = *oral books4 ,! latt]1 :o 0 r an arti/ ?an a scribe1 enri*$ ! productions ( 8 fri5d ) m9iatures s beautiful1 z to cause ! books ?us jo9tly produc$ to excite1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! special admiration ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 & 8 son1 ! no less magnific5t ,leo ,x4#gi ,s pr\d 7 _! bro!r-monks ( ! skill ( ,frati ,jacopo & ,silve/ro1 t aft] _! dea? !y pres]v$ _! two "r h&s z hon\r$ relics4 ,ab\t a c5tury lat]1 ! lead+ illum9ators 7 ,b>tolomeo & ,gh]>do1--! =m] abbot ( ,san ,clem5te1 at ,arrezzo1 & ! latt] a ,flor5t9e pa9t] & m9iatore1 :om ,vas>i conf\nds ) ,attavante1 a pa9t]1 engrav]1 & mosaici/4 ,( all ! ,italian arti/s :o adopt$ ! /yle ( ! illum9ators1 if !y did n !mselves illum9ate1 ! mo/ celebrat$ c]ta9ly are ,fra ,angelico da ,fiesole#hj & ,g5tile da ,fabriano4 ,! majority ( ! works ( bo? are little else ?an magnifi$ m9iatures ( ! highe/ m]it4 ,! s*ool ( ,si5nese illum9ation 0 sc>cely less di/+ui%$ ?an t ( ,flor5ce4 ,m4 ,rio dwells ) en?usiasm on ! books ( ! ,kaleffi & ,leoni1 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,ar*ivio delle ,ri=mazioni1 & especially on ^? decorat$ by ,nicolo di ,sozzo1 9 #accd4 ,! greate/ ma/] ( ! s*ool1 ,simone ,memmi1#ha ! intimate fri5d ( ,petr>*1 0 himself an illum9ator ( extraord9>y excell5ce1 z may be se5 by ! celebrat$ ,virgil ( ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan1 :i* conta9s1 among/ o!r beautiful m9iatures by 8 h&1 ! f9e portrait ( ,virgil1 & a v rem>kable allegorical figure ( ,poetry1 q equal 9 arti/ic m]it to any ( ! arti/'s l>g] & bett]-kn[n works 9 fresco or temp]a4#hb ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ca!dral at ,si5na1 :i* reta9s _m ( ! magnific5t *oir-books execut$ by ,fra ,b5$etto da ,mat]a1 a ,b5$ict9e ( ,monte ,cass9o1 & ,fra ,gabriele ,mattei ( ,si5na1 t ! greate/ triumphs ( ! s*ool are /ill to be recogniz$4 ,?is s]ies ( volumes1 al?\gh mu* r$uc$ f its orig9al ext5t by ! ab/ractions made by ,c>d9al ,burgos1 :o c>ri$ (f a va/ quantity to ,spa91 is /ill ! f9e/ belong+ to any capitul> e/abli%m5t 9 ,italy1 & wor?ily repres5ts ! gr&eur ( ,italian illum9ation 9 c9que c5to days4 ,! s]ies ( simil> volumes next 9 importance to ^? ( ,si5na1 is atta*$ to ! *oir ( ! *ur* & mona/ic e/abli%m5t ( ! ,b5$ict9es at ,p]ugia1 kn[n z ,san de' ,cas95si4 ,( ^!1 no?+ m ne$ be said ?an t !y are wor?y ( ! /alls ( ! same *oir1 ! design ( :i* is attribut$ to ,raffaelle1 & ! execution to ,/efano da ,b]gamo1 & ,fra ,damiano1 ( ! same t[n1 ! great int>siatore4 ,=m]ly1 z ,m4 ,rio obs]ves1#hc ,f]r>a c\ld boa/ ( possess+ a s]ies ( m9iatures1 execut$ pr9cipally 9 ! seclusion ( its conv5ts1 f ! "t ( ! ,b5$ict9e monk ,s]rati1 :o 9 #abdj ornam5t$ ! books ( ! *oir ) figures ( a mo/ noble "*1#hd till t ( ,fra ,girolamo ,fior9o1 :o1 t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 devot$ himself to ! same occupation 9 ! mona/]y ( ,san ,b>tolomeo1 & =m$ 9 8 "y disciple ,cosm a successor :o 0 de/9$ to surpass 8 ma/]1 & to c>ry ?is bran* ( art to a degree ( p]fection till !n unkn[n4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day we may see1 9 ! tw5ty-?ree volumes pres5t$ by ! ,bi%op ,b>tolomeo delia ,rov]e to ! ca!dral1 & 9 ! tw5ty-eight enorm\s volumes remov$ f ! ,c]tosa to ! public libr>y1 h[ mu* reason ! ,f]r>ese h to be pr\d ( ! possession ( su* treasures1 & to place !m by ! side ( ! manuscripts ( ,tasso & ,ario/o4 ,! subjects g5]ally treat$ by ^! my/ical arti/s 7 m>vell\sly adapt$ to _! special vocation3 !y 7 ! life ( ! holy ,virg91 ! pr9cipal fe/ivals celebrat$ by ! ,*ur*1 or popul> objects ( devotion2 9 %ort1 all ! dogmas :i* 7 susceptible ( ?is mode ( repres5tation1 works ( m]cy1 ! diff]5t sacram5ts1 ! impos+ c]emonies ( religion1 &1 9 g5]al1 all t 0 mo/ poetical 9 liturgy or leg5d4 ,9 compositions ( s exclusive a "*1 naturalism c\ld only be introduc$ 9 subord9ation to ! religi\s elem5t4#he ,:ile ?is 0 ! case ) ! majority ( illum9ations execut$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,*ur*1 9 ^? ( a secul> nature1 und]tak5 = ! great pr9ces & nobles1 ano!r set ( *>act]i/ics prevail$4 ,= ! ,gonzagas1 ,s=zas1 ,d',e/es1 ,m$ici1 ,/rozzi1 ,visconti1 & o!r great families1 ! be/ arti/s 7 con/antly employ$ 9 decorat+ bo? writt5 & pr9t$ volumes1 9 :i* portraiture is freely introduc$1 & picturesque & hi/orical subjects are repres5t$ ) great vivacity & att5tion to co/ume & local tru?4 ,?us 9 ! truly exquisite ,grant ( ,l&s1 by ,ludovico il ,moro to 8 wife ,beatrice ,d',e/e1 dat$ ,janu>y #bh?1 #adid1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 speak+ portraits ( bo? ,ludovico & ,beatrice are introduc$1 ) _! arms & beautiful arabesques4#hf ,aga91 9 ! ,hanrot ,s=ziada1 ! fir/ page conta9s exquisite m9iatures ( ?ree memb]s ( ! pr9cely family ( ! ,s=zas1 by ! h& ( ! all-accompli%$ ,girolamo dai ,libri4#hg ,?is arti/1 a truly celebrat$ ,v]onese & wor?y fell[-t[nsman1 ) ! almo/ equally able ,fra ,lib]ale1 ^: "w 9 ! mann] ( ,giovanni ,bell9i excit$ ! utmo/ envy on ! "p ( ! ,si5nese illum9ators1 0 himself ! son ( a m9iature-pa9t]1 kn[n z ,francesco dai ,libri1 & bequea!d ! "n & art ( 8 fa!r to 8 own son1--?us ma9ta9+ ! traditions ( good design acquir$ 9 ! great s*ool ( ,padua1 "u ,&rea ,mantegna#hh & ,squ>cione1 dur+ ?ree g5]ations ( illum9ators4 ,girolamo 0 by f> ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! ?ree4 ,z a pa9t]1 8 works possess di/+ui%$ m]it1 & !re /ill rema9 good samples ( 8 abilities 9 ! *ur*es ( ,san ,z5o & ,sant' ,ana/asia1 at ,v]ona4 ,he also d]ives "s cr$it f ! transc5d5t m]its ( 8 pupil ,giulio ,clovio4 ,vas>i's description ( ! tal5ts ( ,girolamo#hi gives s lively a picture ( ! /yle :i* rea*$ its highe/ vogue at ! end ( ! #ae?1 & dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #af? c5turies 9 ,italy1 t ,i am tempt$ to translate x4 ,girolamo1 he says1 execut$ fl[]s s naturally & beautifully1 & ) s mu* c>e1 z to appe> real to ! behold]4 ,9 l mann] he imitat$ little cameos & o!r preci\s /ones & jewels cut 9 intaglio1 s t no?+ l !m1 or s m9ute1 0 ev] se54 ,among 8 smalle/ figures1 su* z he repres5t$ on gems or cameos1 "s might be obs]v$ no l>g] ?an little ants1 & yet 9 all ( !m might be made out e limb & muscle1 9 a mann] :i* to be believ$ mu/ ne$s be se54 ,mr4 ,ottley supposes t ,giulio ,clovio 7born #adih1 di$ #aegh7 work$ previ\s to 8 receipt ( ! in/ruction ( ,girolamo 9 a dri] mann]1 9 :i* no evid5ce appe>s ( t imitation ( ,mi*ael ,angelesque pose 9 8 figures1 :i* 9 8 subsequ5t production became s lead+ a *>act]i/ic ( 8 /yle4 ,x is 9 8 e>li] mann] t ,giulio is believ$ to h illum9at$ = ,clem5t ,,vii4#ij 7#aebc-aecd71 :ile = 8 successor1 ,paul ,,iii4 7#aecd-aeci71 he work$ abundantly1 & gradually acquir$ t :i* is be/ kn[n z 8 lat] mann]1 9 :i* he cont9u$ to lab\r1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 until #aegh1 at ! great age ( eighty ye>s4 ,mr4 ,ottley1 h[ev]1 recognizes 8 h& 9 ,,mss4 :i* mu/ h be5 at lea/ five ye>s lat]--dur+ ! ,pontificate ( ,gregory ,,xiii4#ia ,x is obvi\sly impossible1 9 su* an essay z ! pres5t1 to dwell 9 detail ^u ! m]its ( s accompli%$ a ma/] ( 8 art4 ,=tunately we possess 9 ?is metropolis two f9e specim5s ( 8 skill1 bo? tol]ably accessible--"o 9 ! ,soane#ib & ! o!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#ic ,a ?ird1 ( great spl5d\r1 is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,t[neley1 & a f\r?1 9 ! %ape ( an alt>-c>d1 attribut$ to him1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum2 & sev]al fragm5ts1 =m]ly 9 ,mr4 ,rog]s's possession1 h pass$ to ,mr4 ,:itehead & to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,all ( ^! exhibit a ref9em5t ( execution1 comb9$ ) a brilliancy ( col\r & excell5ce ( draw+1 :i* has nev] be5 surpass$ by any illum9ator4 ,vas>i gives a complete li/ & description ( 8 pr9cipal works1 & proves him to h be5 n less indu/ri\s ?an able4 ,a contempor>y ( ,giulio's1 ^: "n has be5 ov]p[]$ by ! great] brilliancy ( t ( ! ,cell9i ( illum9ation1 0 a c]ta9 ,apollonius ( ,capranica1 or1 z he signs himself1 ,apollonius de ,bonfratellis de ,capranica1 ,capell et ,sacri/i ,apo/olic ,m9iator4 ,mr4 ,ottley mo/ ju/ly /ates1#id t x is impossible to speak 9 too high t]ms ( ! beauty ( 8 bord]s1 :]e9 he (t5 introduces comp>tm5ts ) small figures1 repres5t+ subjects ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* are t\*$ ) inf9ite delicacy & _s4 ,8 draw+1 :i* is ( a decid$ly ,mi*ael-,angelesque "*1 is ( less m]it :5 ! nude is repres5t$ on a l>g] scale4 ,8 h>mony ( col\r is extraord9>y1 r l[] 9 tone ?an ,giulio ,clovio's1 b equally gl[+1 & m p[]ful4 ,"s beautiful specim5s ( 8 h&icraft rema9 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,:itehead4 ,! late ,mr4 ,rog]s possess$ _m fragm5ts1 ! mo/ preci\s ( :i* h f\nd _! way into ! ,national ,collection4 ,8 "w is usually dat$1 & ! dates appe> to range f #aeeh to #aegb4 ,apollonius hav+ be5 (ficial illum9ator to ! v in/itution f :i* ,celotti d]iv$ 8 ri*e/ spoils1 x may readily be imag9$ t 8 collection includ$ an unprec$5t$ s]ies ( beautiful examples ( ,buonfratelli's /yle4 ,long aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ! ,apo/olic ,*amb] reta9$ its (ficial illum9ators2 & among !m "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y is unque/ionably ! arti/ :o signs 8 works1 ,ant4 ,m>ia ,antonotius ,auximas--a native ( ,osimo1 & a protg ( ! pr9cely h\se ( ! ,b>b]9i & its magnific5t head1 ,urban ,,viii4 7#afbc-afdd74 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,pietro da ,cortona1 & an arti/ ( great skill & ref9em5t4#ie ,= /ill m rec5t popes arti/s ( great excell5ce cont9u$ to be employ$1 includ+ = ,alex&] ,,vii4 ! celebrat$ ,magdal5a ,corv9a1 :o work$ f #afee to #afeg2 & = ,innoc5t ,,xi 7#afgf to #afhi7 a ,g]man1 :o signs 8 productions ,joann1 frid-,h]iba*4 ,z ! popes reta9$ _! illum9ators = ! decoration ( preci\s docum5ts1 s did ! doges ( ,v5ice2 & probably ! mo/ magnific5t ( all illum9ation1 execut$ aft] ! g5]al spread ( pr9t$ books _h *eck$1 al?\gh n ext+ui%$1 ! art1 may be f\nd 9 ! preci\s ,ducales1 wr\ght inde$ by sev]al ( ! greate/ ,v5etian pa9t]s4#if ,i ne$ sc>cely rem9d ! read]1 t ! e>lie/ wood-cut & pr9t$ books 7 made to imitate manuscripts s closely z to deceive ! inexp]i5c$ eye4 ,artes mori5di1 ,specula1 ,bibli ,paup]um1 & ,donatuses1--! pr9cipal types ( block books1#ig--repres5t illum9at$ manuscripts 9 popul> dem& at ! date ( ! introduction into ,europe ( ,xylographic ,art4 ,spaces 7 frequ5tly left1 bo? 9 ! block books & 9 ! e>lie/ books pr9t$ ) movable type1 = ! illum9ation1 by h&1 ( initial lett]s1 s z to c>ry ! illusion z f> z possible4 ,?is practice 0 ab&on$ z soon z ! le>n$ discov]$ ! means by :i* su* wond]fully *eap app>5t transcripts ( volum9\s works c\ld be br\ght into ! m>ket2 & ! old decorat$ initial & ornam5tal lett]s 7 reproduc$ f type & wood blocks4 ,! ,ma9z ,psalt] ( #adeg1 & o!r books pr9t$ by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 requir$ only ! addition ( a little col\r "h & !re to delude any inexp]i5c$ eye into ! belief t !y 7 really h&-work$ ?r\gh\t4 ,su* imitations 7 b poor sub/itutes = ! orig9als 9 po9t ( beauty1 h[ev] excell5t :5 reg>d$ f a utilit>ian po9t ( view4 ,e c\ntry has m or less cause to m\rn ! s5seless de/ruction ( _m noble old volumes :i* ! pr9t+-press nev] has1 & n[1 alas6 nev] c replace2 b none m ?an ,engl&1 9 :i* cupidity & intol]ance de/roy$ recklessly4 ,?us1 aft] ! dissolution ( mona/ic e/abli%m5ts1 p]sons 7 appo9t$ to se>* out all missals1 books ( leg5ds1 & su* sup]/iti\s books1 & to de/roy or sell !m = wa/e pap]2 res]v+ only _! b9d+s1 :51 z 0 frequ5tly ! case1 !y 7 ornam5t$ ) massive gold & silv]1 curi\sly *as$1 & (t5 fur!r enri*$ ) preci\s /ones2 & s indu/ri\sly _h ^! m5 done _! "w1 de/roy+ all books 9 :i* !y consid]$ popi% t5d5cies to be %[n by illum9ation1 ! use ( r$ lett]s1 or ( ! ,cross1 or ev5 by !--to !m--my/]i\s diagrams ( ma!matical problems--t :51 "s ye>s aft]1 ,lel& 0 appo9t$ to exam9e ! mona/ic libr>ies1 ) a view to ! pres]vation ( :at 0 valuable 9 !m1 he f\nd t ^? :o _h prec$$ him _h left little to rew>d 8 se>*4 ,bale1 himself an advocate = ! dissolution ( mona/]ies1 says3 ,nev] _h we b5e (f5d$ = ! losse ( our lybr>yes beyng s _m 9 nombre & 9 s desolate places = ! mo/e p>te1 yf ! *ief monum5ts & mo/e notable workes ( our excell5t wryt]s _h b5e res]v$1 yf !re _h b5e 9 e %yre ( ,engl&e b "o solemyne lybr>y to ! pres]vacyon ( ^? noble workes1 & pref]rem5ts ( good le>nynges 9 our po/]yte x _h b5e yet some:at4 ,b to de/roye all )\t consyd]acion is & wyll be unto ,engl&e = ev] a mo/ horryble infamy amonge ! grave s5y\rs ( o!r nations4 ,a grete nombre ( !m wy* pur*as$ ( ^? sup]/ycyose mansyons res]v$ ( ^? lybr>ye bokes1 "s to s]ve _! jaks1 "s to sc\re !yr c&el/yckes1 & "s to rubbe !yr bootes2 "s !y solde to ! gross]s & sope sell]s1 & "s !y s5t ov] see to ! bokebynd]s1 n 9 small nombre1 b at tymes :ole %ippes ful4 ,i "k a m]*ant man1 :y*e %all at ?ys tyme be namelesse1 t b\ghte ! cont5ts ( two noble lybr>yes = xl %yllyngs pryce1 a %ame x is to be spok54 ,?ys /uffe ba! he occupy$ 9 ! /ide ( greye pap] = ! space ( m ?an ^! t5 ye>s1 & yet ha! /ore yn\gh = z manye ye>s to come4 ,a prodygu\s example is ?ys1 & to be abhorr$ ( all m5 :o love !yr natyon z !y %\lde d4 ,:]ev] ! ,re=mation ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 a correspond+ de/ruction ( anci5t illum9at$ manuscripts took place1 & 9 localities :]e fanaticism fail$ to d its "w ( deva/ation1 indiff]5ce prov$ a consum+ ag5t ( almo/ equal en]gy2 &1 inde$1 !re is no m =cible illu/ration ( ! untir+ zeal & indu/ry ( ! illum9ators ( old1 ?an ! fact1 t1 aft] all t has be5 done to /amp out ! sp>ks /ill l+]+ 9 _! emb]s1 _! works %\ld /ill gl[ ) su* %9+ lights 9 all ! great public libr>ies ( ,europe4 ,despite all ?is ru?less de/ruction1 & ! univ]sal ext5sion ( ! art ( pr9t+1 ornam5tal p5man%ip has nev] be5 altoge!r ext+ui%$ z a pictorial art4 ,! ,apo/olic ,*amb]1 z we h rem>k$1 reta9$1 until q rec5tly1 its (ficial illum9ator4 ,! luxuriant magnates ( ! c\rt ( ! ,gr&e ,mon>que /ill provid$ employm5t = m5 l ,j>y & ,prvo/1 :ile 9 ,engl& _m h]aldic & g5ealogical ,,mss4 ( ! #ag?1 & ev5 #ah? c5turies1 /ill exi/ to prove t ! ,art 0 dormant r ?an ext9ct4 ,t x has a brilliant future yet 9 /ore = x no "o c hesitate to believe :o is enabl$ to recognize ! p[] ( design1 & ! capability to execute--ei!r on pap] or vellum--) ! bru% or p5--by h&1 or by call+ 9 ! aid ( ! pr9t] & li?ograph] = ! rapid multiplication & dissem9ation ( beautiful specim5s--manife/$ by ,ow5 ,jones1 8 pupil ,alb]t ,w>r51 & _m o!r able arti/s & amateurs1 /ill grac+ ?is #ai? c5tury ( ours ) works1 _m ( :i* w d\btless survive to our hon\r & cr$it s long z ,arts & ,/ates may endure4 ,x is 9 a humble ef=t to assi/ 9 su* a consummation t ^! little manuals h be5 writt51 illu/rat$1 & publi%$4 ,m4 ,,digby ,,wyatt4 ,,end ,,( ,,"p ,i4 ,,:at ,,illum9at+ ,,%\ld ,,be ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day4 ,illum9ation1 9 :atev] =m practis$1 c nev] be prop]ly reg>d$ z any o!r ?an "o ( ! g5]a into :i* ! art ( ,poly*romatic decoration may be subdivid$4 ,:at 0 orig9ally t]m$ illum9ation1 0 simply ! application ( m9ium or r$ lead1 z a col\r or ink1 to decorate1 or draw m>k$ att5tion to1 any p>ticul> portion ( a piece ( writ+1 ! g5]al text ( :i* 0 9 black ink4 ,! t]m 0 reta9$ long aft] ! orig9al r$ lead 0 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ! m brilliant c9nab>1 or v]milion4 ,z ornam5ts ( all k9ds 7 gradually sup]add$ to ! primitive di/9ctions1 m>k$ 9 manuscripts by ! use ( diff]5t-col\r$ inks1 ! t]m acquir$ a wid] significance1 &1 f classical times to ! pres5t1 has always be5 reg>d$ z includ+ ! practice ( e description ( ornam5tal or ornam5t$ writ+4 ,because su* embelli%m5ts 71 dur+ ! e>ly & ,middle ,ages1 &1 9 fact1 until long aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 almo/ inv>iably execut$ on vellum1 !re is no reason :atev] :y illum9ation %\ld be appli$ to t mat]ial1 or to pap]1 :i* has tak5 its place1 only2 wood1 metal1 slate1 /one1 canvass1 pla/]1 all may be made to receive x4 ,aga93 because anci5t illum9ation 0 almo/ entirely execut$ 9 col\rs1 9 ! use ( :i* wat] & "s glut9\s m$ium 7 ! only vehicles1 !re is no reason :y mod]n illum9ation %\ld n be work$ 9 oil1 turp5t9e1 encau/ic1 fresco1 temp]a1 v>ni%1 & by e process 9 :i* decorative pa9t+ is ev] wr\ght 9 ^! days4 ,x is 9 su* an ext5sion t ! mo/ valuable functions ( ! art are likely to consi/ 9 all "t to come4 ,t utilit>ian application :i* x1 orig9ally & = s _m c5turies1 f\nd 9 ! production ( beautiful books1 copies ( :i* c\ld be elaborat$ by no o!r means ?an h& lab\r1 has be51 to a great ext5t1 sup]s$$ by *romoli?ography & *romotypy4 ,no d\bt a wide field = useful1 & ev5 productive lab\r1 is /ill left to ! practical illum9ator on pap] & vellum1 9 design+ & prep>+ exquisite orig9als = reproduction by ^? processes1 z well z 9 ! ri* & ta/eful blazon+ ( p$igrees1 addresses1 family records & memorials1 & 9 ! illu/ration = pres5tation1 or = private libr>ies1 ( transcripts f fav\rite au?ors2 b1 at ! same "t1 an equally elegant & useful application ( ! art w\ld be to enri* ceil+s1 walls1 cornices1 /r+-c\rses1 panels1 labels r\nd doors & w9d[s1 friezes1 b&s1 *imney-pieces1 & /a9$ & pa9t$ furniture 9 *ur*es1 s*ool-rooms1 dwell+s1 & public build+s ( all k9ds1 ) beautiful & appropriate inscriptions1 ( graceful =m & h>moni\s col\r+4 ,su* illum9ation w\ld =m1 n only an agreeable1 b an em95tly useful decoration4 ,h[ _m texts & s5t5ces1 wor?y1 9 e s5se1 ( be+ writt5 9 lett]s ( gold1 might n be ?us br\ght prom95tly "u ! eyes ( y\?1 manhood1 & old age1 = hope1 admonition1 & com=t4 ,no m skill1 en]gy1 & ta/e are requisite = ! production ( ?is class ( illum9ation ?an are ess5tial = satisfactory "w ^u vellum & pap]2 & :ile 9 ! "o case ! result ( ! lab\r may be made an incessant enjoym5t = _m1 9 ! o!r1 x is seldom m ?an a n9e-days' wond]1 %ut up 9 a book or portfolio1 & se5 s seldom z sc>cely to repay ! amateur = ! exp5se & tr\ble involv$ 9 its execution4 ,?is1 if ,i may be all[$ ! t]m1 manifold application ( =ms1 prim>ily available = book decoration only1 has n be5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( ! illu/rations1 bo? 9 ?is & 9 ! ,hi/orical ,manual4 ,mr4 ,tymms has1 ) excell5t judgm5t1 s arrang$ !m z to lead ! /ud5t :o may occupy himself 9 copy+ !m1 or enl>g+ f !m1 gradually onw>ds f ! comp>atively easy to ! m difficult v>ieties ( ! art4 ,adopt+1 9 all cases1 ! alphabet ( capital lett]s z a />t+-po9t1 ! beg9n] w d well to le>n to write be=e attempt+ to le>n to draw3 he %\ld copy ! alphabet1 say on ,plate ,i41 fig4 #a1 on wa/e pap]--common c>tridge1 or pap]-hang]'s l9+ pap]1 w be be/--_m "t2 at fir/1 9 fac-simile1 !n twice ! size z pr9t$1 !n f\r times1 !n eight times1 until he may be able to =m lett]s z mu* z six in*es high1 correctly4 ,hav+ s f> ma/]$ ! capitals1 let him try 9 exactly ! same way to produce & reproduce ! same text1 or l[]-case lett]s 9 :i* ! passages f ,scripture1 say ,plate ,no4 #a1 fig4 #b1 h be5 writt54 ,let him !n try a s5t5ce n giv5 9 ! plates1 us+ = x ! capital & l[]-case lett]s he has be5 le>n+ h[ to =m1 & let him "w out 8 own s5t5ce 9 z _m diff]5t sizes z he has previ\sly tri$ ,mr4 ,tymms's 94 ,by ! "t he has drawn ! enri*$ initial lett]s ( ! same plate sev]al times1 he w f9d t 8 eye & h& w h probably ga9$ suffici5t comm& to ju/ify 8 attempt+ to copy1 9 outl9e z be=e1 on wa/e pap]1 & bo? on a small & l>ge scale1 ! ornam5ts giv5 on ,plate ,no4 #c4 ,9 ! int]vals betwe5 8 outl9e /udies1 ! "y illum9ator may occupy himself 9 ma/]+ ! in/ructions giv5 9 ?is volume1 s t he may h a g5]al idea ( ! !ory ( ! diff]5t processes be=e be comm5ces an attempt to put !m 9 practice4 ,8 fir/ lesson 9 col\r+ %\ld !n comm5ce by 8 attempt+ to col\r ,plate ,no4 #c1 9 fac-simile ( ,plate ,no4 #b4 ,x w be well to beg9 gild+ & silv]+ ) %ell-gold & alum9ium1 res]v+ = m advanc$ exp]im5ts ! use ( gold or silv] pap] & leaf4 ,! /ud5t may !n ) advantage copy 9 outl9e1 fir/ ( all ! outl9e ,plate ,no4 #f1 ink+ x 9 s z to produce1 on f9e-gra9$ draw+ pap] or c>d1 a fac-simile ( ! pr9t$ plate4 ,he %\ld next proce$ to col\r ! pr9t$ plate to correspond ) ,plate ,no4 #e4 ,avoid+ any defects he may h made 9 ?is op]ation1 he may col\r 8 own outl9e z he _h done ! pr9t$ "o2 he w !n f9d himself able to copy bo? outl9e & col\r on a small scale4 ,9 8 next set ( lessons a mu* heavi] dem& w be made on 8 capabilities4 ,to satisfactorily reproduce1 ei!r ^u ! same or ^u an enl>g$ scale1 ! compact black lett] ( ,plate ,,vii41 & ! solid brilliant col\rs ( ,plate ,,viii41 ) ! gold5 gr\nds1 :i* %\ld 9 ?is case be highly burni%$1 w be f\nd a mu* m difficult task ?an any yet enc\nt]$4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n be disc\rag$ by a little failure at fir/4 ,! te*nical op]ations ( illum9ation are ess5tially manipulative1 & l ! f+]+ ( a musical in/rum5t1 mu/ be le>nt by frequ5t & active ex]cise4 ,! m]e degree ( skill requisite to enable ! arti/ to lay on a p]fectly flat t9t ( v /rong or ( v delicate col\r1 is only likely to be acquir$ aft] he may h wa%$ "s fifty diff]5t t9ts1 m or less cl\dy & muddl$4 ,few h&s w be f\nd capable ( trac+ out a pure1 firm1 ev5 outl9e1 ( equal ?ickness & =ce 9 e "p1 ) ei!r p51 p5cil1 or bru%1 :i* h n made _m a score ( ragg$1 feeble1 or blot*$ attempts at /ead9ess4 ,to keep a numb] ( l9es p]fectly upright1 p>allel1 or ev5ly spac$1 dem&s an am\nt ( dext]ity :i* c only be ga9$ by labori\s practice4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n !re=e feel disc\rag$ if at fir/ 8 h& may sc>cely answ] to ! call made ^u x4 ,! failure ( to-day1 ) prop] att5tion & p]sev]ance1 may become ! g]m ( ! success ( to-morr[2 all t is ess5tial is nev] on "o day to repeat ! fault ( its pr$ecessor4 ,no?+ w t5d to give ! beg9n] great] confid5ce ?an ! habit ( work+ out ! same =ms & processes ^u v>i\s scales4 ,tak+1 = in/ance1 su* an initial lett] z ! ,p1 fig4 #a1 ,plate ,x42 x w\ld be an improv+ lesson to copy x 9 p5-&-ink outl9e1 exactly z x is %[n1 & !n to copy x1 say six times ! size giv5 on ! plate1 ?ick5+ ! l9es1 ( c\rse1 9 proportion4 ,!n let ! /ud5t once aga9 try to copy x 9 fac-simile1 & he w himself be probably surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* bett] & m easily he w accompli% 8 task ?an he 0 enabl$ to d on 8 fir/ trial4 ,a correspond+ exp]im5t1 involv+ ! application ( gold & brilliant col\rs1 su* z w\ld be ess5tial to a reproduction ( figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 or #e1 ( ,plate ,,ii41 on v>i\s scales1 w be f\nd probably no less useful & satisfactory4 ,a simil> te*nical pr9ciple to t :i* has gov]n$ ! selection & ord] ( ! plates 9 ?is manual has also det]m9$ ^? 9 its companion1 ! ,hi/orical ,manual4 ,beg9n+ ) ! simpl] conv5tional /yles ( ! ,c>lov+ian s*ool1 9 ,plates ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 7f ! fragm5ts ( ! ,bible ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 ,h>leian1 #g1eea71 involv+ outl9e & flat t9t+ only1 ! /ud5t may advance to ! lightly-%ad$ p5-"w & foliation ( ! ,romanesque /yle giv5 9 ,plates ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi41 f ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,reg4 #a1 ,c4 ,,vii4 ,9 ! purely m$ival illum9ation ( ! #ad? c5tury1 ,plates ,,vii41 ,,viii41 & ,,ix41 f ! ,briti% ,museum 7,reg4 #a1 ,d #a71 ! t9ts become m solid2 :ile ! rais$ & emboss$ gold1 ! complicat$ diap]s1 & m fully-%ad$ foliage1 dem& bo? consid]able me*anical dext]ity1 & "s real arti/ic capability on ! "p ( ! amateur1 :o w\ld successfully revive ! brilliant & p[]ful execution ( ! ma/]-scribes ( ! ,edw>dian age4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury1 ! m9iatures ( ! illum9at$ books reflect$ ! g5]al advance made all ov] ,europe 9 ! art ( pa9t+4 ,imitative art rapidly sup]s$$ conv5tional1 & al?\gh mu* ornam5t is freely introduc$ 9 comb9ation ) small pictures1 x is made to p>ticipate 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( light & %ade & arrangem5t ( col\r :i* dom9ates ov] ! m ess5tially-pictorial portions ( ! decoration4 ,su* a /yle ( ornam5t is well %[n 9 ,plates ,x41 ,,xi41 & ,,xii41 f ! ,b$=d 7s call$7 missal1 & 9 ! ?ree la/ plates ( ?is manual1 f ! beautiful ,missal ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella--,briti% ,museum1 add4 #ah1hea4 ,?us ! /ud5t w f9d1 t 8 own progress w tally ) ! transitional *anges ( ! art1 f its infancy to its mo/ arti/ic phase1 & t long be=e he may h le>nt en\gh to enable him to imitate successfully ! m9iature /yle ( ! #ae? c5tury1 he may be 9 a position to produce tol]ably satisfactory reproductions ( ! e>ly & m$ival "w4 ,hav+ ?us sugge/$ ! mo/ pr(itable mode 9 :i* ! /ud5t c1 ,i believe1 make use ( ! beautiful examples ,mr4 ,tymms has prep>$ = 8 assi/ance1 ,i consid] x well to proce$ to (f] to 8 notice su* c\nsel1 z may1 ,i tru/1 t5d to induce him n to re/ cont5t$ ) reproduction ( old examples ^u a small scale1 b r to ext5d ! sph]e ( 8 /udies & op]ations into ! orig9ation ( a fre% & exp&$ sy/em ( decoration1 bas$ z a />t+-po9t ^u ! lab\rs ( ! mo/ zeal\s ma/]s ( ! craft4 ,9 ! few rem>ks ,i am ab\t to (f] 9 respect to :at ! ,art ( ,illum9ation really %\ld be n[1 ,i propose to treat briefly1 b specifically1 ( its application to ea* ( ! diff]5t sub/ances on :i* x may be mo/ satisfactorily work$1 9 ! foll[+ s]ies3 vellum1 pap]1 trac+-pap]1 canvass1 pla/]1 /one1 metal1 wood4 ,deal+ ) design only 9 ?is section ( my essay1 ,i propose1 9 ! foll[+ & conclud+ "o1 to adh]e to ! same ord] 9 notic+ ! be/ processes by :i* amateurs may c>ry out ! class ( "w ,i w\ld recomm5d to _! notice4 ,to comm5ce1 !re=e1 ) vellum3 x is obvi\s t good copies ( anci5t illum9at$ manuscripts c be made on ?is mat]ial only1 = !re is a *>m ab\t ! col\r & texture ( well-prep>$ calf-sk91 :i* no pap] c be made to possess4 ,= ! same reason1 & on acc\nt ( its extraord9>y t\ghness & durability1 x is especially suitable = p$igrees1 addresses1 & o!r docum5ts :i* x may be consid]$ desirable to pres]ve = future g5]ations4 ,to transcribe on vellum & decorate ! writ+s ( anci5t & mod]n au?ors s z to =m unique volumes1 appe>s to me--n[adays1 :5 ,god gives to e man & woman s mu* good h>d "w to d1 if !y w b d x--little else ?an a wa/e ( human life4 ,9 days :5 few c\ld read1 & pictures drawn by h& 7 ! only means )9 ! rea* ( ! prie/hood1 ( br++ home to ! m9ds ( ! ignorant populace ! realities ( ,biblical hi/ory1 & ( /imulat+ ! eye ( fai? by exhibit+ to ! mat]ial eye pictures ( ^? suff]+s & triumphs ( sa9ts & m>tyrs1 on :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,rome dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ma9ly bas$ its ass]tions ( supremacy1 x 0 all v well to sp5d long lives ( celibacy & mona/ic seclusion 9 su* lab\rs2 b ! same ju/ification c nev] be plead$ aga94 ,i am q ready to admit t ! exceptional manufacture ( ^! pretty picture-books may be n only agreeable1 b ev5 useful3 x is ! abuse1 & n ! occasional resort to ! practice1 ,i w\ld v5ture to d5\nce4 ,= in/ance1 a "m c\ld sc>cely d a ?+ m likely to b5efit h] *ildr51 & to fix ! lessons ( love or piety %e w\ld desire to plant 9 _! memories1 ?an to illum9ate = !m little volumes1 :i*1 f _! beauty or value1 !y might be incl9$ to treasure ?r\gh life4 ,int]e/+ h] *ildr5 9 h] "w z x grew "u h] h&1 h[ _m preci\s associations 9 aft]-life might hang ab\t ^! v books4 ,aga93 = "y p1 ! m]e act ( transcription1 indep5d5t ( ! am\nt ( ?\ght be/[$ ^u good words & pure ?\ghts1 & ! selection ( ornam5t to appropriately illu/rate !m1 w\ld t5d to an id5tification ( ! individual ) ! be/ & highe/ class ( s5tim5ts4 ,all t has be5 said ) respect to illum9ation on vellum applies1 ) equal =ce1 to illum9ation on pap]4 ,!re has to be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! relative durability ( ! two sub/ances4 ,elaboration is decid$ly a great elem5t ( beauty 9 illum9ation3 & neatly-wr\ght elaboration _c be execut$ )\t c>e1 pati5ce1 & a consid]able sacrifice ( "t3 :y1 !re=e1 be/[ t c>e1 pati5ce1 & "t ^u a less p]man5t mat]ial1 :5 "o only a trifle m co/ly1 b inf9itely m la/+1 is z easily procur$8 ,"w on pap]1 !re=e1 only z y w\ld write ex]cises or d sums ^u a slate2 le>n & practise ^u pap]1 b res]ve all m s]i\s ef=ts = vellum only4 ,no effect c be got ^u ! =m] mat]ial1 :i* _c1 ) a little m dext]ity1 be atta9$ ^u ! latt]4 ,z none ( ! o!r sub/ances m5tion$ z ^? on :i* illum9ation may be execut$ are available = mak+ up into books1 be=e proce$+ to a consid]ation ( ! special conditions "u :i* ! art may be appli$ to !m1 ,i beg to (f] ! foll[+ recomm5dations ) respect to design1 z suitable = book-illu/ration g5]ally4#ih ,fir/ly3--,take c>e t y\r text be p]fectly legible2 =1 h[ev] cramp$ & confus$ ! cont5ts ( _m ( ^? volumes we mo/ admire may n[ appe>1 x is to be rememb]$ t !y 7 all writt5 9 ! h&writ+ mo/ easily read by ! /ud5ts ( ! p]iods 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,! old scribes nev] committ$ ! solecism ( :i* we are too (t5 guilty1 ( be/[+ inf9ite pa9s on writ+ t :i*1 :5 writt51 n "o 9 a hundr$ c\ld1 or c1 deciph]4 ,secondly3--,fix ! scale ( y\r writ+ & ornam5t ) ref]5ce to ! size ( y\r page1 & adh]e to x ?r\gh\t ! volume4 ,?is rule1 :i* 0 rigidly obs]v$ 9 all ! be/ p]iods ( ! art1 is incessantly disreg>d$ 9 ! pres5t day2 & to su* an ext5t1 t n only does scale frequ5tly diff]1 z we turn page aft] page1 b ! same page w frequ5tly exhibit scroll-"w1 d]iv$ f "s great *oral folio1 int]wrea!d ) leafage borr[$ f "s pocket ,missal or ,book ( ,h\rs4 ,?irdly3--,if y adopt any hi/orical /yle or p>ticul> p]iod z a basis on :i* y\r text1 m9iatures1 or ornam5tation are to be con/ruct$1 ma9ta9 its lead+ features consi/5tly1 s z to avoid lett+ y\r "w appe> z ?\gh x _h be5 begun 9 ! #aj? c5tury1 & only complet$ 9 ! #af?2 or1 z ,i h once or twice se51 vice v]s4 ,= h[ev] erratic *anges ( /yle may appe> to be 9 ,art1 z !y run "o ano!r d[n along ! c\rse ( "t1 x w be inv>iably f\nd t !re exi/s a h>mony betwe5 all contempor>y features1 :i* _c be successfully disreg>d$2 & ?is x is :i* has ev] r5d]$ eclecticism 9 art a problem1--n impossible1 p]haps1 to solve1 b "o :i*1 z yet at lea/1 has nev] met ) a satisfactory practical solution4 ,f\r?ly3--,su/a9 y\r en]gies ev5ly ?r\gh\t y\r volume2 =1 rememb]1 y\r critics w e/imate y\r p[]s1 n by y\r be/ page1 b by a mean /ruck betwe5 y\r be/ & y\r wor/4 ,book illum9ation is g5]ally look$ ^u z microscopic "w1 dem&+ ! greate/ exactitude2 & :atev] m]its any page may display1 !y w g = little1 if t page is disfigur$ by a crook$ l9e1 or a s+le leaf insuffici5tly or incorrectly %ad[$2 & ! great] ! m]it1 ! m notable ! drawback4 ,fif?ly3--,rigidly avoid contra/+ natural ) conv5tional foliage4 ,adopt :i* y l1 = by ei!r beautiful effects may be produc$2 b mix !m1 & ! *>m ( bo? is gone4 ,natural foliage may be successfully comb9$ ) any o!r v>ieties ( conv5tional ornam5t1 except+ ^? bas$ ^u natural foliage4 ,six?ly3--,take c>e t "s at lea/ ( y\r dom9ant l9es & bord]s are kept p>allel to ! rectangul> sides ( y\r pages2 = unless y\r fl[+ & wayw>d ornam5ts are correct$ by ?is sob]] contra/1 !y w1 h[ev] beautiful 9 !mselves1 h a /raggl+ & untidy appe>ance 9 ! volume4 ,:]e ! l9es ( text are /rongly m>k$1 z 9 black ink on a :ite gr\nd1 & ! page is s f> fill$ ) text z to leave b little space = ornam5t1 ?is rule may be1 to a great ext5t1 disreg>d$1 = ! l9es ( ! text w !mselves supply ! requisite contra/ to ! fl[+ =ms2 b :]e ! page is ne>ly fill$ ) ornam5t1 or :5 ! text is fa9t only1 z 9 gold lett]+ on a :ite gr\nd1 x becomes imp]ative4 ,sev5?ly3--,be decid$1 b temp]ate1 9 y\r contra/s ( col\r4 ,x w\ld obvi\sly exce$ ! limits ( ^! notes to attempt 9 !m to ent] ^u ! pr9ciples ( ! h>mony ( col\r2 !y mu/ be /udi$ f treatises specially devot$ to ! subject4 ,su* /udy mu/1 h[ev]1 be accompani$ by con/ant exp]im5t & practice2 = x w\ld be z fooli% to expect a man to be a good p]=m] ^u any in/rum5t1 because he _h le>nt ! !ory ( music1 z x w\ld be to suppose t he mu/ necess>ily pa9t 9 h>moni\s col\r+1 because he /udi$ ! !ory ( balance 9 comb9ation4 ,to ! exp]i5c$ eye & h&1 functions become intuitive1 :i*1 to ! m]e !ori/1 h[ev] pr(\nd1 are toil & we>9ess ( _s4 ,su* are a few ( ! rules1 by att5tion to :i* ! illum9ators ( old a*iev$ "s ( _! happie/ effects1 & :i* c nev] be safely disreg>d$ by ^? :o w\ld emulate _! ef=ts4 ,9 tak+ up ! class ( sub/ances on :i* illum9ation1 z appli$ to g5]al decoration1 may be be/ execut$1 we meet1 fir/ly1 ) "o occupy+ a some:at int]m$iate position1--viz41 trac+-pap]4 ,i t]m its position int]m$iate1 because1 x may be wr\ght ^u 9 ei!r oil or wat] col\r2 & because1 :5 s wr\ght ^u1 x may be ei!r m\nt$ on pap] or c>d1 & s made to contribute to book or picture enri*m5t2 or atta*$ to walls or o!r surfaces1 br\ght =w>d 9 oil-col\rs1 & be s enli/$ 9 a g5]al sy/em ( mural illum9ation4 ,h[ ?is may be/ be done te*nically w be h]eaft] describ$2 "h ,i may notice only ! use :i* may be made ( ?is conv5i5t mat]ial1 by _m n suffici5tly advanc$ 9 design or draw+ to be able to inv5t or ev5 copy correctly by free h&1 & yet desir\s ( embelli%+ "s p>ticul> surface ) decorative illum9ation4 ,= in/ance1 let x be desir$ to fill a rectangul> panel ( any giv5 dim5sion ) an illum9at$ inscription4 ,take a %eet ( trac+-pap] ! exact size1 d\ble x up 9 bo? directions1 & ! creases w give ! v]tical & horizontal guidel9es = keep+ ! writ+ squ>e & ev53 !n set out ! numb] ( l9es & spaces requisite = ! inscription1 fix+ ^u c]ta9 initial lett]s or alphabets = reproduction on an enl>g$ scale1 f ?is "w1 or any o!r ( a simil> k9d1 & mak+ ! height ( ! l9es correspond !re)4 ,!n lay ! trac+ ov] ei!r ! orig9al or ! r\gh enl>gem5t1 & trace ) p51 p5cil1 or bru%1 ea* lett] 9 succession1 tak+ c>e to get ea* lett] into its prop] place1 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole panel1 to ! lett] la/ trac$1 & to ! o!r lett]s rema9+ to be trac$4 ,:5 ?is is complet$1 trace on :atev] ornam5ts may be/ fill up ! op5 spaces & h>monize ) ! /yle ( lett]+4 ,:5 ! trac+ is complet$1 ) a /eady h& pick 9 all ! gr\nd-t9t1 keep+ x z ev5 z possible2 & height5 ! lett]s or ornam5ts 9 any way t may be requisite to make !m correspond ) ! models f :i* !y may h be5 tak54 ,by adopt+ ?is me?od ( work+1 ) c>e & neatness ( h&1 v agreeable results may be obta9$1 )\t its be+ indisp5sable = ! illum9ator to be a skilful draughtsman4 ,! trac+-pap] may be ultimately atta*$ to its prop] place1 & f9i%$ (f1 z w be h]eaft] recomm5d$2 &1 if clev]ly manag$1 x w be impossible to detect t t mat]ial has ev] be5 employ$4 ,! special conv5i5ce ( illum9at+ ^u canvass is1 t in/ead ( ! op]ator hav+ to "w ei!r f a ladd] or scaffold1 or on a v]tical or horizontal surface1 he may d all t is necess>y at an easel or on a table on t]ra firma4 ,8 "w :5 complet$ may be cut out ( ! %eet ( canvass on :i* x has be5 pa9t$1 & may be fa/5$ to ! wall1 ceil+1 or piece ( furniture = ! decoration ( :i* x may h be5 int5d$4 ,all t is ess5tial1 ) respect to ! designs :i* may be wr\ght ^u x1 is1 to take c>e t !y are fitt$ = ! situations !y may be ultimately int5d$ to occupy4 ,?us x mu/ be obvi\s t x w\ld be an entire wa/e ( "t to elaborate designs de/9$ to be fix$ _m y>ds f ! eye1 z m9utely z ^? :i* w\ld be 9 imm$iate proximity to x4 ,no bran* ( design+ illum9at$ or o!r ornam5t requires great] exp]i5ce to succe$ 9 ?an ! adju/m5t ( ! size ( p>ts & patt]ns to ! precise conditions ( light1 di/ance1 =e%ort5+1 c41 "u :i* !y are mo/ likely to be view$4 ,illum9ation on pla/] may be execut$ ei!r 9 di/emp]1 if ! walls or ceil+ h be5 siz$ only1 or 9 oil if !y h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 oil-col\rs4 ,! =m] is ! mo/ rapid1 b lea/ durable process4 ,h5ce decoration is usually appli$ 9 oil to walls :i* are liable to be rubb$ & bru%$ aga9/1 & 9 di/emp]1 to ceil+s1 :i* are1 comp>atively speak+1 out ( h>m's way4 ,v pretty decorations on pla/] may be execut$ by comb9+ h&-work$ illum9ation ) diap]$ or o!r pap]-hang+s4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 tak+ "o side ( a room1 say ab\t elev5 feet high1 to ! "u-side ( ! pla/] cornice1 m>k (f ab\t a foot 9 dep? on ! wall f ! bottom ( ! cornice1 set out ! wid? ( ! wall into ?ree or m panels1 divid+ ! panels by upright pila/]s ( ! same wid? z ! dep? ( ! top bord]4 ,at ! height ( ab\t f\r feet f ! gr\nd m>k (f ! top edge ( ano!r horizontal b&1 :i* make also "o foot deep2 cont9ue on ! l9es ( ! pila/]s to )9 six in*es ( ! top ( ! skirt+1 & draw 9 a horizontal bord]1 six in*es high1 runn+ all r\nd ^u ! top edge ( ! skirt+3 !n pa9t1 9 a pla9 col\r1 a m>g91 ?ree or f\r in*es wide1 all r\nd ! panels =m$ by ! b&s & pila/]s1 & let ! pap]-hang] fill 9 ! panels ) any pretty diap]$ pap] :i* may agree ) ! /yle & col\r 9 :i* y may desire to "w y\r illum9ation4 ,! side ( y\r room w !n pres5t two horizontal l9es--"o next ! cornice1 & "o at ab\t dado-height1 suitable = ! reception ( illum9at$ inscriptions4 ,9 sett+ ^! out1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to br+ a capital lett] into a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ea* pila/]1 s t a foliat$ ornam5t1 desc5d+ f ! upp] inscription1 & asc5d+ f ! l[] "o1 may meet & int]tw9e on ! pila/]s1 =m+ panell$ comp>tm5ts = ! introduction ( subjects1 if ?\ght desirable4#ii ,x is by no means necess>y = ! sides ( ^! pila/]s1 or ! b\nd+ l9es ( ! b&s conta9+ inscriptions1 to be kept /raight2 !y may be v>i$ at pleasure1 s long z !y are kept symmetrical 9 correspond+ p>ts1 & uni=mly fill$ up ) foliation emanat+ f1 or connect$ )1 ! illum9at$ lett]s4 ,agreeable results may be produc$ by v>iations ( su* arrangem5ts z ! "o sugge/$4 ,frequ5tly r\nd doors1 w9d[s1 fireplaces1 c41 inscriptions may be execut$ ) v good effect1 ei!r on label-scrolls or simple bord]s1 & ) great] or less brilliancy ( col\r1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,(t5 simplicity & quiet h great] *>ms ?an glitt] or brilliancy2 ?us black & r$1 on a light-col\r$ gr\nd1 ! mo/ primitive comb9ation 9 ! hi/ory ( writ+1 is always sure to produce an agreeable impression3 blue1 crimson1 or m>one on gold1 or vice v]s1 are no less safe3 black1 :ite1 & gold1 c\nt]*ang$1 c h>dly g wrong4 ,few amateurs w be likely to attempt illum9ations ^u pla/] ceil+s1 ow+ to ! great difficulty !y w exp]i5ce 9 work+ ov]head ) a /eady h&4 ,!y w g5]ally d wisely--to execute ! pr9cipal portions on pap]1 trac+-pap]1 or canvas1--to fa/5 !m up1 z w be h]eaft] direct$1--& to conf9e ! decoration actually pa9t$ on ! ceil+1 to a few panels1 l9es1 or pla9 b&s ( col\r1 :i* may be readily execut$ by any clev] h\se-pa9t] or gra9]1 ev5 if altoge!r ignorant ( draw+ & ! art ( design4 ,! mo/ beautiful illum9at$ ceil+ ( m$ival times ,i believe to be t ( ! *apel 9 ! celebrat$ ,jacques ,coeur's h\se1 at ,b\rges1 9 ,france4 ,x is vault$1 & ea* comp>tm5t conta9s inscrib$ labels held by float+ angels4 ,! :ite drap]ies ( ! angels are reliev$ on a delicate blue gr\nd only1 s t ! /rong] contra/ ( ! black writ+ on ! :ite labels gives a m>k$ pr$om9ance to ! inscriptions2 :i*1 be+ arrang$ symmetrically1 produce 9 comb9ation agreeable geometrical figures4 ,mo/ ( ! prec$+ rem>ks apply equally to /one2 b 9 ref]5ce to t mat]ial1 !re is "o po9t to specially en=ce1--namely1 ! advisability ( n cov]+ ! :ole ( ! surface ) pa9t4 ,!re is ab\t all /one a peculi> granulation1 & 9 _m v>ieties a slight silici\s sp>kle1 :i* x is always well to pres]ve z f> z possible4 ,illum9ate1 by all means1 inscriptions1 panels1 friezes1 c41 col\r occasionally ! holl[s ( m\ld+s1 & gild sali5t memb]s suffici5tly to c>ry ! col\r ab\t ! monum5t1 :e!r x may be a font1 a pulpit1 a tomb1 a r]$os1 a /aircase1 a scre51 or a doorway1 & prev5t ! highly-illum9at$ portion f look+ spotty & unsupport$2 b by no means apply pa9t all ov]4 ,x is n necess>y to produce a good effect2 x de/roys ! surface & appe>ance ( ! /one1 mak+ x ( no m wor? ?an if x 7 pla/]1 & x clogs up all ! f9e arrises & angles ( ! m\ld$ "w or c>v+4 ,:]ev] /a9$ glass is ins]t$ 9 /onework1 ! application ( illum9ation1 or at any rate ( col\r$ diap]-"w ( an analog\s nature1 is almo/ an imp]ative necessity1 9 ord] to balance ! appe>ance ( *ill & pov]ty giv5 to ! /onework by its contra/ ) ! brilliant transluc5t t9ts ( ! pa9t$ glass4 ,9 illum9at+ /onework1 x seldom answ]s to attempt to apply decoration execut$ on pap] or canvass2 x %\ld 9 all cases 7except+ :5 x is at a great di/ance f ! eye7 be done ^u ! /one itself4 ,! only exception is ! "o to :i* ,i %all allude 9 speak+ ( metal4 ,slate1 al?\gh f its portability & non-liability to *ange its %ape "u v>iations ( temp]ature1 a conv5i5t mat]ial = fill+ panels1 & =m+ slabs = atta*m5t to walls1 is n to be recomm5d$ to ! amateur1 ow+ to ! difficulty he w exp]i5ce 9 effect+ a good & safe adhesion betwe5 8 pigm5ts & ! surface ( ! slate4 ,9 :at is call$ enamell$ slate1 an excell5t atta*m5t is secur$ by gradually & repeat$ly rais+ ! slate to a high temp]ature2 b ! process w\ld be f> too tr\blesome & exp5sive = practice by ! great majority ( amateurs4 ,metal 9 ?9 %eets is liable only to ! objection f :i* slate is free1--namely1 t x is difficult to keep its surface f undulation 9 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,9 all o!r respects1 bo? z9c1 copp]1 lead1 & iron1 b9d well ) any oleag9\s vehicle1 & (f] ! great conv5i5ce t !y may be cut out to any desir$ %ape1 & atta*$ to any o!r k9d ( mat]ial by nails1 screws1 or ev5 by /rong cem5ts1 su* z m>9e glue4 ,z9c is1 p]haps1 ! be/ ( all1 z x cuts m readily ?an copp] or iron1 & keeps its %ape bett] ?an lead2 c>e %\ld1 h[ev]1 be always tak5 to hang x f su* po9ts z %all all[ x to freely contract & exp&4 ,if ?is is n att5d$ to1 its surface w nev] rema9 flat4 ,x is a mat]ial p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = cutt+ out into labels to surm\nt door & w9d[ ar*es1 or to fill ! arcad+ ( *ur*es & *apels1 & to be illum9at$ ) texts or o!r inscriptions4 ,v beautiful effects may be produc$ by comb9+ illum9ation ) ! poli%$ brass-"w :i* is n[ s admirably manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,h>dman1 ,h>t1 & o!rs4 ,c>e %\ld1 h[ev]1 be tak5 n to ov]do any objects ( ?is nature4 ,let ! ma9 l9es ( con/ruction always rema9 unpa9t$1 s t !re may be no "q z to ! sub/ance 9 :i* ! article is made1 & re/rict ! application ( col\r$ ornam5t or lett]+ to panels1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 to ! lea/ sali5t =ms4 ,( c\rse1 :]e x c be af=d$1 enamell+ (f]s ! mo/ legitimate mode ( illum9at+ metal-"w2 & ere long x is to be hop$ t ! beautiful s]ies ( processes by means ( :i* s mu* durable beauty ( col\r 0 conf]r$ on ,m$ival metal-"w may be re/or$ to _! prop] position 9 ,briti% ,indu/ry1 & popul>iz$ z !y %\ld1 &1 ,i believe1 might readily be4 ,to woodwork1 illum9ation may be made a mo/ fitt+ embelli%m5t2 & ! application ( a v little art w spe$ily be f\nd to raise ! v>ni%$ deal cab9et or bookcase f> above ! majority ( our /&>d in/itutions 9 ! way ( heavy & exp5sive mahogany ones1 9 int]e/ at lea/1 if n 9 money value4 ,almo/ e article ( furniture may ?us be made1 z x 71 to speak & sympa?ize2 = ! return e decorat$ object makes to ! decorator is always 9 direct proportion to ! am\nt ( life & ?\ght he has put into 8 "w4 ,x is a common say+1 t1 :at comes f ! he>t goes to ! he>t2 & 9 no?+ does x hold good m ?an 9 ! production ( works ( art ( all k9ds1 includ+ ,illum9ation1 :i*1 ?r\gh its special deal+ ) writt5 *>act]s1 has s direct an access to ! intellect & affections4 ,9 all appeals ! decorative arti/ c make to ! bra9 ?r\gh ! eye1 he has op5 to him two di/9ct *annels ( communication 9 mak+ out ! s*eme ( 8 ornam5tation1--! "o by employ+ conv5tional =ms1--& ! o!r by introduc+ repres5tations ( natural objects4 ,9 ! =m] he usually es*ews light1 %ade1 & accid5tal effects altoge!r2 & 9 ! latt] he aims at reproduc+ ! aspect ( ! object he depicts z ne>ly z possible z x appe>s to him4 ,bo? modes h f\nd fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! great illum9ators ( old1 & by ! be/ !y h be5 frequ5tly & successfully bl5d$4 ,"u ! conv5tional s]ies maybe class$ all productions dep5d5t on ei!r an ,ori5tal or ,hib]no-,saxon orig92 among ! natural1 ! lat]1 ,ne!rl&i%1 ,italian1 & ,fr5* illum9ations may be g5]ally gr\p$2 &1 9 a mix$ /yle1 ! majority ( ! book-decorations ( ! ,m$ival p]iod4 ,to be enabl$ to recognize intuitively h[ to bl5d or contra/1 to adopt or avoid1 ^! diff]5t modes ( treatm5t ( ornam5t1 is giv5 to b few1 & is reveal$ to ^? few only1 aft] ye>s ( /udy & ( practice4 ,rules may assi/1#ajj b c nev] suffice to communicate ! p[]2 "w ( ! mo/ ardu\s k9d1 & p]si/5t obs]vation1 c alone be/[ x4 ,/ill1 ) good models ^u :i* to base 8 v>iations1 & goodwill1 ! amateur may d mu*1 & w probably be/ succe$ by recurr+ incessantly to ,nature1 & comb9+ direct1 or ne>ly direct1 imitation ( ,nature ) geometrical l9es & masses ( col\r symmetrically dispos$4 ,to aid 8 foot/eps 9 ?is direction1 ,i "k no m conv5i5t c\ncillor ?an ,mr4 ,llewellyn ,jewitt1 ^: hi/orical introduction to 8 bro!r's ,manual ( ,illum9at$ & ,missal ,pa9t+ conta9s "s j rem>ks ^u ! subject4#aja ,hav+ ?us rapidly t\*$ ^u ! s]ies ( mat]ials ^u :i* ! ,art may be br\ght to be>1 & ! lead+ pr9ciples ( design suitable "u diff]5t circum/ances1 ,i proce$ to sugge/ ! class ( leg5ds1 z ! m$ival decorators call$ !m1 likely to prove mo/ fitt+ = special situations4 ,no d\bt _m m apt & piquant may sugge/ !mselves to "s practical illum9ators ?an ! few ,i h cull$ 7) ! assi/ance ( "o or two k9d fri5ds71 pr9cipally f old ,engli% writ]s2 b to o!rs1 ^? ,i n[ pres5t may n be )\t1 at any rate1 a conv5i5t sugge/iv5ess4 ,some?+ simil> to ! foll[+ ,i w\ld recomm5d = ! embelli%m5t ( ceil+s1 friezes1 /r+-c\rses1 or flat walls ( ! diff]5t ap>tm5ts indicat$4 ,( "s ,i h giv5 f\r l9es--"o1 say1 = ea* side ( a room2 ( o!rs b a l9e1 su* z might g ov] a door4 ,betwe5 ! two are _m suitable = panels or irregul> situations2 & 9 "o or two cases passages ( _m l9es h be5 *os51 fit = illum9ation on vellum or pap]1 & = fram+ to hang up 9 ! ap>tm5ts specifi$1 or to be ins]t$ 9 panels or furniture or on scre5s4 ,,= ,,draw+-,,rooms4 ,= tr\ble 9 e>? take no melan*oly2 ,be ri* 9 pati5ce1 if ?\ 9 goods be poor4 ,:o lives m]ry1 he lives mightily2 ,)\t gladness avails no treasre4 ,,wm4 ,,dunb>4 ,s9ce e>?ly joy abide? nev]1 ,"w = ! joy t le/is ev]2 ,= o!r joy is all 9 va92 ,all e>?ly joy returns 9 pa94 ,idem4 ,:o %uts 8 h& ha? lo/ 8 gold2 ,:o op5s x1 ha? x twice told4 ,,george ,,h]b]t4 ,no bliss s great b come? to an end2 ,no hap s h>d b may 9 "t am5d4 ,,rob]t ,,s\?well4 ,fre$om all solace to man gives2 ,he lives at ease1 t freely lives4 ,,john ,,b>b\r4 ,t :i* is n good1 is n delici\s ,to a well-gov]n$ & wise appetite4 ,,milton4 ,,= ,a ,,/udio4 ,ord] is ,nature's beauty1 & ! way ,to ord] is by rules t ,art ha? f\nd4 ,,gwillim4 ,,= ,a ,,family ,,portrait-,,gall]y ,,or ,,hall4 ,boa/ n ! titles ( y\r ance/ors1 ,brave y\?s3 !y're _! possessions1 none ( y\rs4 ,:5 y\r own virtues equall'd h _! names1 ',twill be b fair to lean ^u _! fames1 ,= !y are /rong support]s2 b till !n ,! greate/ are b gr[+ g5tlem54 ,,b5 ,,jonson4 ,,= ,,breakfa/ ,,or ,,d9+ ,,rooms4 ,a good dige/ion turne? all to heal?4 ,,wordswor?4 ,if any?+ be set to a wrong ta/e1 ',tis n ! meat !re1 b ! m\?'s displeas$4 ,remove b t sick palate1 all is well4 ,,b5 ,,jonson4 ,nature's ) little pleas$1 en\gh's a fea/2 ,a sob] life b a small *>ge requires2 ,b man1 ! au?or ( 8 own unre/1 ,! m he has1 ! m he /ill requires4 ,to bread or dr9k1 to fle% or fi%1 ,yet welcome is ! be/ di%4 ,,john ,,heywood4 ,x is ! fair acceptance1 ,sir1 creates ,! ent]ta9m5t p]fect1 n ! cates4 ,,b5 ,,jonson1 ,epigrams1 ci4 ,no simple ^w ,t %all be utt]'d at our mir?ful bo>d1 ,%all make u sad next morn+4 ,ibid4 ,to spur beyond ,its wis] w ! jad$ appetite1 ,is ?is = pleasure8 ,le>n a ju/] ta/e1 ,& "k t temp]ance is true luxury4 ,,arm/rong1 ,art ( ,pres]v+ ,heal?1 book ii4 ,:at an excell5t ?+ did ,god be/[ on man1 ,:5 ,he did give him a good /oma*6 ,,beaumont ,,& ,,flet*]4 ,! /oma* is ! ma9spr+ ( our sy/em4 ,if x be n suffici5tly w\nd up to w>m ! he>t & support ! circulation1 we c nei!r ,?9k ) precision1 ,sleep ) tranquillity1 ,walk ) vig\r1 ,or sit d[n ) com=t4 ,,dr4 ,,kit*5]4 ,! de/9y ( ,nations has (t5 dep5d$ ^u ! dige/ion ( a ,prime ,m9i/]4--,,dr4 ,,kit*5]4 ,is't a "t to talk ,:5 we %\ld be mun*+8 ,,ju/ice ,,gre$y1 9 ,,mass+]',s ,new ,way to pay ,old ,debts4 ,no ro(s ( gold o'er riot\s tables %9+1 ,:ole days & sums dev\r$ ) endless d9+4 ,,cra%aw',s ,religi\s ,h\se4 ,n[ good dige/ion wait on appetite1 ,& heal? on bo?4 ,,%aksp]e4 ,:5 y d\bt1 ab/a94 ,,zoroa/]4 ,:]e !re is no peace1 !re is no fea/4 ,,cl>5don4 ,n meat1 b *e]fulness1 makes ! fea/4 ,:o c>ves1 is k9d to two2 :o talks1 to all4 ,,george ,,h]b]t4 ,,= ,,kit*5s4 ,a fea/ mu/ be )\t a fault2 ,& if 'tis n all "r1 'tis n\ght4 ,,k+',s ,art ( ,cook]y4 ,good-nature w "s fail+s ov]look1 ,=give mis*ance1 n errors ( ! cook4 ,ibid4 ,,= ,,supp]-,,rooms4 ,oppress n nature s9k+ d[n to re/ ,) fea/s too late1 too solid1 or too full4 ,,arm/rong1 ,art ( ,pres]v+ ,heal?4 ,z m5 ,d walk a mile1 wom5 %\ld talk an h\r ,aft] supp]3 'tis _! ex]cise4 ,,b5 ,,jonson1 ,phila/]1 act #b1 sc4 #d4 ,,= ,,/ill-,,rooms4 ,! nature ( fl[]s ,dame ,physic do? %[2 ,%e tea*es !m all to be kn[n to a few4 ,,tuss]1 ,five ,hundr$ ,po9ts ( ,good ,husb&ry4 ,! k ( /ill+ is "o pretty feat1 ,! wat]s be :olesome1 ! *>ges n great4 ,id4 ibid4 ,,= ,a ,,/ore-,,room4 ,he t keeps nor cru/ nor crumb1 ,we>y ( all1 he %all want "s4 ,,%aksp]e4 ,,= ,,music-,,rooms4 ,music remove? c>e1 sadness ejects1 ,decl9e? ang]1 p]suades clem5cy2 ,do? sweet5 mir?1 & height5 piety1 ,& is to a body1 (t5 ill incl9$1 ,no less a sov]eign cure ?an to ! m9d4 ,,b5 ,,jonson4 ,"h w we sit1 & let ! s\nds ( music ,creep 9 our e>s4 ,,%aksp]e1 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,play on & give me surfeit4 ,ibid4 ,,= ,,smok+-,,rooms4 ,tobacco's a physician1 ,good bo? = s\nd & sickly2 ',tis a hot p]fume1 ,t expels cold rheum1 ,& makes x fl[ d[n quickly4 ,,b>t5 ,,holliday4 ,tobacco hic6 ,tobacco hic6 ,if y are well1 'twill make y sick2 ,tobacco hic6 ,tobacco hic6 ,twill make y well1 if y are sick4 ,,= ,,dr9k+-,,rooms4 ,backe & syde goo b>e goo b>e1 ,bo? h&e & fote goo colde2 ,b belly1 ,god s5de ! gode ale in\ghe1 ,:e!r hyt be newe or olde4 ,,bp4 ,,/ill1 9 ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le4 ,! fir/ draught s]ve? = heal?1 ,! second = pleasure1 ,! ?ird = %ame1 ,! f\r? = madness4 ,! greatness t w\ld make u grave ,is b an empty ?+2 ,:at m ?an mir? w\ld mortals h3 ,! *e]ful man's a k+4 ,,isaac ,,bick]/aff4 ,,= ,,public ,,c(fee-,,rooms4 ,if y y\r lips w\ld keep f slips1 ,five ?+s obs]ve ) c>e3 ,( :om y speak1 to :om y speak1 ,& h[1 & :51 & :]e4 ,e creature 0 decre$ ,to aid ea* o!r's mutual ne$4 ,,gay4 ,,= ,,billi>d-,,rooms4 ,! love ( gam+ is ! wor/ ( ills2 ,) ceaseless /orms ! black5'd s\l x fills1 ,inveighs at ,heav51 neglects ! ties ( blood1 ,de/roys ! p[] & w ( do+ good2 ,kills heal?1 poisons hon\r1 plunges 9 disgrace4 ,,"y1 #d? ,satire4 ,play n = ga91 b sport3 :o plays = m ,?an he c lose ) pleasure1 /akes 8 he>t1 ,p]haps 8 wife too1 & :om %e ha? bore4 ,,geo4 ,,h]b]t1 ,! ,*ur* ,por*4 ,,= ,,b$rooms4 ,rise ) ! l>k1 & ) ! l>k to b$2 ,! brea? ( night's de/ructive to ! hue ,( e fl[] t bl[s4 99 99 99 ,oh1 !re is a *>m ,:i* morn+ has1 t gives ! br[ ( age ,a smack ( y\?1 & makes ! life ( y\? ,%$ p]fume exquisite4 ,expect x n1 ,ye :o till noon ^u a d[n b$ lie1 ,indulg+ fev]\s sleep4 ,,hurdis1 ,village ,curate4 ,wat* & w>d1 ,& /& on y\r gu>d4 ,,izaak ,,walton4 ,sleep is ,nature's second c\rse4 ,,^u ,a ,,look+-,,glass4 ,s9ce z y "k1 y _c see y\rself ,s well z by reflection1 ,i y\r glass ,w mode/ly discov] to y\rself ,t ( y\rself :i* y yet "k n (4 ,,%aksp]e4 ,,= ,,ladies' ,,b\doirs4 ,bir?1 beauty1 weal?1 are no?+ wor? alone4 ,all ^! ,i w\ld = good additions take3 ,tis ! m9d's beauty keeps ! o!rs sweet4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,ov]bury1 ,! ,wife4 ',tis beauty t do? (t make wom5 pr\d2 ',tis virtue t do? make !m mo/ admir$2 ',tis mode/y t makes !m seem div9e4 ,,%aksp]e4 ,,= ,a ,,dress+-,,room4 ,! app>el (t proclaims ! man4 ,,= ,,s*oolrooms4 ,ext5d g5]osity1 x is pr(us5ess2 ,conf9e economy1 x is av>ice2 ,unbridle c\rage1 x is ra%ness2 ,indulge s5sibility1 x is weakness4 ,cat* ,"t by ! =elock2 he's bald beh9d4 ,no?+ is truly good t may be excell'd4 ,motto ( ,k+ ,ar?ur's ,table4 ,he may d :at he w t w b d :at he may4 ,,ar?ur ,,w>wick4 ,god dwelle? ne> ab\t u1 ,ev] )91 ,work+ ! goodness1 ,consum+ ! s94 ,,fulke ,,greville1 ,,"l ,,brooke1 born #aeed4 ,,= ,,libr>ies1 ,,/udies1 ,,& ,,book-,,rooms4 ,read+ furni%es ! m9d only ) mat]ials ( k3 x is ?9k+ makes :at we read ours4 ,we are ( ! rum9at+ k9d1 & x is n en\gh to cram ourselves ) a great load ( collections3 unless we *ew !m ov] aga91 !y w n give u /r5g? or n\ri%m5t4--,,locke4 ,crafty m5 contemn /udies2 simple m5 admire !m2 & wise m5 use !m4--,,bacon4 ,read n to contradict & refute1 nor to believe & take = grant$1 nor to f9d talk & disc\rse1 b to weigh & consid]4--,idem4 ,"s books are to be ta/$1 o!rs to be swall[$1 & "s few to be *ew$ & dige/$3 t is1 "s books are to be read only 9 p>ts2 o!rs to be read1 b n curi\sly2 & "s few to be read :olly1 & ) dilig5ce & att5tion4--,idem4 ,9 read+1 we hold conv]se ) ! wise2 9 ! bus9ess ( life1 g5]ally ) ! fooli%4--,,bacon4 ,t place t does ,conta9 my books1 ! be/ companions1 is ,to me a glori\s c\rt1 :]e h\rly ,i ,conv]se ) ! old sages & philosoph]s4 ,j4 ,,flet*]4 ,bookes are a "p ( man's pr]ogative1 ,9 =mal inke !y ?\ghts & voyces hold1 ,t we to !m our solitude may give1 ,& make "t pres5t travel t ( old4 ,our life fame pece? long] at ! end1 ,& bookes x f>!r backw>d doe ext5d4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,ov]bury1 ,! ,wife4 ,books %\ld = "o ( ^! f\r ends conduce1-- ,= wisdom1 piety1 delight1 or use4 ,,sir ,,john ,,d5ham4 ,cease n to le>ne until ?\ cease to live2 ,?9k t day lo/ :]e9 ?\ draw'/ no lett]1 ,nor ga9'/ no lesson1 t new grace may give ,to make ?yself le>n$]1 wis]1 bett]4 ,quadra9s ( ,pibrac1 translat$ by ,,jo%ua ,,sylve/]4 ,:o reade? mu* & nev] m$itates1 ,is l a gre$y eat] ( mu* food1 ,:o s surcloyes 8 /oma* ) 8 cates1 ,t commonly !y d him little good4 ,ibid4 ,read+ make? a full man1 conf]5ce a ready man1 & writ+ an exact man4--,,bacon',s ,essays--,( ,/udies4 ,calm let me live1 & e c>e beguile1-- ,hold conv]se ) ! great ( e "t1 ,! le>n'd ( ev'ry class1 ! good ( ev'ry clime4 ,,rev4 ,,samuel ,,bi%op4 ,( ?+s t be /range1 ,:o love? to read1 ,9 ^! books let him range ,8 fancy to fe$4 ,,ri*>d ,,rob9son4 ,,= ,,museums ,,or ,,laboratories4 ,o mickle is ! p[]ful grace t lies ,9 h]bs1 plants1 /ones1 & _! true qualities3 ,= n\ght's s vile t on ! e>? do? live1 ,b to ! e>? "s special good do? give4 ,,%aksp]e4 ,speak to ! e>?1 & x %all tea* !e4 ,,solomon4 ,,= ,a ,,surgical ,,museum4 ,!re is no !am m pl5tifull to scan1 ,?an is ! glori\s1 goodly frame ( ,man4 ,,jo%ua ,,sylve/]',s ,du ,b>tas1 #f? day4 ,,= ,,ju/ice-,,rooms4 ',tis n en\gh t ?\ d no man wrong1-- ,?\ ev5 9 o!rs mu/ suppress ! same1 ,right+ ! weake aga9/ ?' unrighte\s /rong1 ,:e!r x t\* 8 life1 8 goods1 8 "n4 ,quadra9s ( ,pibrac1 trans4 by ,,jo%ua ,,sylve/]4 ,^u ! ,law ?y ,judgm5ts always gr\nd1 ,& n on man3 ,= t's affection-less4 ,b man 9 ,passions /rangely do? ab\nd2 ,?' "o all l ,god3 ,?' o!r too l to bea/s4 ,id4 cod4 ,,= ,,cas9os ,,or ,,summ]-,,h\ses4 ,abusd mortals1 did y "k ,:]e joy1 he>t's ease1 & com=t gr[1 ,y'd scorn pr\d t[]s1 ,& seek !m 9 ^! b[]s2 ,:]e w9ds1 p]haps1 sometimes our woods may %ake1 ,b blu/]+ c>e c nev] tempe/ make4 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,wotton4 ,we trample grasse1 & prize ! fl[]s ( ,may2 ,yet grasse is gre5e :5 fl[]s doe fade away4 ,,rob]t ,,s\?well4 ,ble/ :o no false gl>e requir+1 ,nature's rural sweets admir+1 ,c1 f gross] joys retir+1 ,seek ! simple & s]5e4 ,,isaac ,,bick]/aff4 ,,= ,a ,,c\nt+-,,h\se4 ,omnia ,somnia4 ,gae1 silly worm1 drudge1 trudge1 & travell1 ,s ?\ mai/ ga9 ,"s hon\r or "s gold5 gravell3 ,b ,dea? ! :ile to fill 8 numb]1 ,) sudd5 call ,takes !e f all1 ,to prove ?y daies b dream & slumb]4 ,,jo%ua ,,sylve/]1 ,mottoes4 ,,= ,,(fices ,,or ,,work%ops4 ,h m ?an ?\ %[e/2 ,speak less ?an ?\ kn[e/2 ,l5d m ?an ?\ owe/2 ,le>n m ?an ?\ tr[e/4 ,,%aksp]e4 ,a sp5d+ h& t always p\re? out1 ,_h ne$ to h a br+]-9 z fa/2 ,& on ! /one t /ill do? turn ab\t ,!re gr[e? no moss3 ^! prov]bs yet d la/4 ,,sir ,t4 ,,wyatt4 ,h[ _m might 9 "t h wise be5 made1 ,be=e _! "t1 _h !y n ?\ght !m s8 ,:at arti/ e'er 0 ma/] ( 8 trade ,y] he began 8 pr5tice%ip to "k8 ,to "s "o act apply ?y :ole affection1 ,& 9 ! craft ( o!rs seldom mell2 ,b 9 ?9e own /rive to atta9 p]fection1 ,= 'tis no little hon\r to excell4 ,quadra9s ( ,pibrac1 translat$ by ,,jo%ua ,,sylve/]4 ,if y\? knew :at age w\ld crave1 ,y\? w\ld !n bo? get & save4 ,flee1 flee1 ! idle bra92 ,flee1 flee f do+ n\ght2 ,= nev] 0 !re idle bra91 ,b br$ an idle ?\ght4 ,get to live2 !n live to use x1 else x is n true t ?\ ha/ gott54--,g4 ,,h]b]t4 ,to him t is will+1 ways are n want+4 ,,= ,,%ops4 ,:oso tru/e? ere he "k1 ,do? hurt himself & please 8 foe4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,wyatt4 ,?9k mu* ( a trifle1 ,?\gh small x appe>2 ,small s&s make ! m\nta91 ,& mom5ts ! ye>4 ,,= ,a ,,bell-,,turret4 ,we take no note ( "t ,b f its loss2 to give x !n a tongue ,is wise 9 man4 ,,"y',s ,night ,?\ghts4 ,,= ,a ,,ba?+-,,h\se4 ,d n fe> to put ?y feet ,nak$ 9 ! riv] sweet2 ,?9k nor lea*1 or newt1 or toad ,w bite ?y foot1 :]e ?\ ha/ trod4 ,,beaumont ,,& ,,flet*]1 ,fai?ful ,%eph]dess4 ,) ^? /ill m admirable leg5ds :i* may be select$ f ! ,bible ,i d n m$dle4 ,9 x gold5 words ( com=t & admonition lie /rewn s ?ickly1 t error _c be made by a selector4 ,x may n be amiss1 also1 = ! illum9ator to rememb]1 t n unfrequ5tly a v]se may f9d him :om a s]mon flies4 ,i _c quit ?is portion ( my !me )\t "o ^w ( summ>y1 9 ! way ( advice1 to ! design] ( illum9ation1 on :atev] mat]ial appli$4 ,briefly1 !n1 let him es*ew qua9tness1 & aim at beauty2 let him n %r9k f beauty 9 old times because x 0 mask$ 9 qua9tness2 b ) a discrim9at+ eye let him le>n to w9n[ ! *aff f ! :eat1 &1 scatt]+ ! "o to ! w9ds1 let him g>n] up ! o!r 9 ! /oreh\se ( 8 memory1 & = ! su/5ance ( 8 arti/ic life2 & let him re/ assur$ t ! be/ design]s1 9 all ages1 h be5 usually ^? :o h ga!r$ mo/ widely & pr(\ndly f ! failures1 successes1 & exp]i5ces ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,illum9at+ ,,may ,,be ,,practis$4 ,on analysis x w be f\nd t ?is section ( my ,essay resolves itself into ?ree divisions1 embrac+ respectively1 #a/ly1 ! anci5t processes2 #bndly1 ! mod]n processes2 &1 #crdly1 ! possible processes1 n yet introduc$ into common use4 ,( ! la/1 ,i d n propose speak+ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,notices ( ! fir/ ( ^! might ( c\rse h be5 pres5t$ 9 ! hi/orical manual2 b1 ^u reflection1 ,i consid]$ x w\ld be mo/ useful to ! /ud5t to introduce !m1 9 a collect$ =m1 9 ?is place2 & = ! foll[+ reasons3--#a/ly1 ,9 ord] t !y might n int]rupt ! ?read ( ! n>rative2 &1 #bndly1 because ,i consid]$ x desirable to put ! anci5t & mod]n processes 9 direct contra/1 s t ! amateur might be ! bett] enabl$ to reject :at is obsolete 9 ! =m]1 & to revive any :i* might appe> to promise great] te*nical excell5ce or facility ?an he might be enabl$ to obta9 ?r\gh ! employm5t ( ! latt]4 ,i comm5ce1 !re=e1 ) ! ,anci5t processes4 ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake1 :o has pr(\ndly /udi$ ! hi/ory & !ory ( ! subject1 has ju/ly rem>k$#ajb ! intimate relation :i*1 9 ! classical ages1 exi/$ betwe5 ! physician & ! pa9t]1--! =m] discov]+1 supply+1 & frequ5tly prep>+1 ! mat]ials us$ by ! latt]4 ,?is anci5t connection 0 n brok5 dur+ ^? ages :5 almo/ all k & practice ( ei!r m$ic9e or art 7 limit$ to ! walls ( ! cloi/]4 ,! zeal\s fa!rs n only work$ !mselves to ! be/ ( _! ability1 b delight$ 9 tra9+ up _! y\ng] bre?r5 to p]petuate ! cr$it & rev5ue d]iv$ f _! skill1 k1 & lab\r1 by ! mona/]ies to :i* !y 7 atta*$4 ,nor 0 x m]ely by oral in/ruction t te*nical secrets 7 communicat$3 ! traditional & practical k ( ! monks 0 cond5s$ 9 %ort manuscript =mul1 sometimes on ! subject ( ! arts alone1 b (t5] mix$ up ) *emical & m$ic9al receipts4 ,^! collections1 /ill m het]og5e\s 9 _! cont5ts z !y receiv$ fre% additions f o!r h&s1 7 aft]w>ds publi%$ by secul> physicians1 "u ! title ( ',secreta4' ,! e>lie/ ( su* manuals s]ve to %[ ! nature ( ! rese>*es :i* 7 und]tak5 9 ! conv5ts = ! practical b5efit ( ! arts4 ,v>i\s motives might induce ! monks to devote !mselves ) zeal to su* pursuits4 ,x has be5 se5 t _! *emical /udies 7 analog\s2 t _! k ( ! mat]ials fitte/ = te*nical purposes1 d]iv$ z x 0 f exp]im5ts :i* !y _h abundant leisure to make1 0 likely to be ( ! be/ k9d4 ,pa9t+ 0 holy 9 _! eyes2 &1 al?\gh ! excell5ce ( ! "w dep5d$ on ! arti/1 x 0 = !m to ensure its durability4 ,by a s+ul> comb9ation ( circum/ances1 ! employ]s ( ! arti/1 ! pur*as]s ( pictures 7= su* ! frat]nities 7 9 ! majority ( cases71 7 (t5 ! manufactur]s ( ! pa9t]'s mat]ials4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ano!r pla9 & p[]ful reason = furni%+ ! be/-prep>$ col\rs & vehicles4 ,! co/ ( ! f9] pigm5ts 01 9 almo/ e case1 *>g$ to ! employ]2 b economy c\ld be comb9$ ) excell5ce ( quality1 :5 ! manufacture 0 und]tak5 by ! inmates ( ! conv5t4 ,all t is ass]t$ 9 ?is passage ) respect to pa9t+1 holds equally good ) reg>d to ! mat]ials requisite = ! practice ( ! ,art ( ,illum9ation2 & ! same treatises :i* are illu/rative ( art g5]ally1 almo/ inv>iably include specific in/ructions ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> bran* ( x t ,i am n[ endeav\r+ to illu/rate4 ,=tunately1 ! s]ies ( ^! ,secreta bo? comm5ces f a remote date1 & is tol]ably complete f t to a q rec5t p]iod4 ,scatt]$ allusions to ! processes ( art & indu/ry may be met ) 9 ! writ+s ( sev]al au?ors ( ! ,alex&rian ,neo-,platonic s*ool 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 f :om ! ,byzant9e ,greeks1 no d\bt1 le>nt mu*2 b ! mo/ anci5t collection on ! subject is ! treatise ( ,h]aclius1 or ,eraclius1 de ,artibus ,romanorum4#ajc ,x w\ld appe> n to h be5 writt5 e>li] ?an ! #g? or lat] ?an ! #aj? c5tury1#ajd its art be+1 z ,mr4 ,rob]t ,h5drie1 ! le>n$ translator & editor ( ! essay ( ,!ophilus1 ( :om m5tion w pres5tly be made1 obs]ves1 ( ! s*ool ( ,pl9y1 increas$1 x is true1 by ,byzant9e inv5tion1 b yet ess5tially ,roman4#aje ,! next collection1 9 po9t ( age1 is t publi%$ by ,muratori1#ajf & well kn[n z ! ,lucca ,manuscript1 ascrib$ by ,mabillon to ! age ( ,*>lemagne1 & by ,muratori himself to a p]iod c]ta9ly n lat] ?an ! #aj? c5tury4 ,its ,lat9ity is b>b>\s1 b ,i sc>cely ?9k ,i c d wrong 9 foll[+ ! translation ( s c>eful a writ] z ,%>on ,turn] 9 ! foll[+ extracts1 :i* treat ( illum9ation1 & give u a cle> insight into ! practice ( ! s*ool f\nd$ "u ! patronage ( ! great ,franki% emp]or ( ! ,we/4 ,! fir/ ,i select ref]s to ! prep>ation ( ! calf-sk94 ,put x "u lime & let x lie = ?ree days2 !n /ret* x1 scrape x well on bo? sides1 & dry x2 !n /a9 x ) ! col\rs y wi%4 ,! second directs h[ sk9s may be gilt4 ,take ! r$ sk9 & c>efully pumice & temp] x 9 tepid wat]1 & p\r ! wat] on x till x runs (f limpid2 /ret* x aft]w>ds1 & smoo? x dilig5tly ) clean wood4 ,:5 x is dry1 take ! :ites ( eggs & sme> x !re) ?or\ghly2 :5 x is dry1 sponge x ) wat]1 press x1 dry x aga91 & poli% x2 !n rub x ) a clean sk91 & poli% x aga9 & gild x4 ,su* gild+ 0 effect$ ) gold leaf1 beat5 out betwe5 small %eets ( ,greek p>*m5t1 :i* is made f l95 clo? 7i4e4 pap]71 enclos$ 9 vellum4 ,:ite ( egg 0 us$ z ! mordant = fix+ on ! gold4 ,! foll[+ two passages in/ruct ! /ud5t 9 prep>+ gold = writ+3-- ,file gold v f9ely1 put x 9 a mort>1 & add ! %>pe/ v9eg>2 rub x till x becomes black1 & !n p\r x out4 ,put to x "s salt or nitre1 & s x w dissolve4 ,s y may write ) x2 & ?us all ! metals may be dissolv$4 ,take ?9 plates ( gold & silv]1 rub !m 9 a mort> ) ,greek salt or nitre till x disappe>s4 ,p\r on wat] & repeat x2 !n add salt1 & s wa% x4 ,:5 ! gold rema9s ev51 add a mod]ate portion ( ! fl[]s ( copp] & bullock's gall2 rub !m toge!r1 & write & burni% ! lett]s4 ,! next & la/1 alludes to ! amalgam1 :i* appe>s to h be5 = _m c5turies a fav\rite me?od ( apply+ gold to p>*m5t & o!r surfaces4 ,melt "s lead1 & frequ5tly imm]se x 9 cold wat]4 ,melt gold1 & p\r t into ! same wat]1 & x w become brittle4 ,!n rub ! gold fil+s c>efully ) quicksilv]1 & purge x c>efully :ile x is liquid4 ,be=e y write1 dip ! p5 9 liquid alum1 :i* is be/ purifi$ by salt & v9eg>4 ,9 ^! in/ructions ! /ud5t may di/9ctly recognize ! processes adopt$ 9 ! production ( ^? gilt texts on /a9$ vellum gr\nds :i* 7 s highly priz$ 9 ! ,c>lov+ian age4 ,9 ! writ+s ( an ecclesia/ic1 probably ne>ly contempor>y ) ! ,norman conque/1 ! monk ,rug]us1 or ,!ophilus1 we arrive at a really p]fect picture#ajg ( ! arts ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree books into :i* 8 ,s*$ule ( diff]5t ,arts is divid$1 is d$icat$ entirely to pa9t+4 ,x conta9s =ty *apt]s1 ( :i* ?irty ref] to ! prep>ation & application ( pigm5ts g5]ally1 bo? = oil1 temp]a1 & fresco pa9t+1 & t5 to ! v>i\s processes connect$ ) illum9ation4 ,( ^!1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3-- ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,( ,,gr9d+ ,,gold ,,= ,,books1 ,,& ,,( ,,ca/+ ,,! ,,mill4 ,:5 y h trac$ out figures or lett]s 9 books1 take pure gold & file x v f9ely 9 a clean cup or small bas91 & wa% x ) a p5cil 9 ! %ell ( a tortoise1 or a %ell :i* is tak5 out ( ! wat]4 ,h !n a mill ) its pe/le1 bo? ca/ f metal ( copp] & t9 mix$ toge!r1 s t ?ree p>ts may be ( pure copp]1 & ! f\r? ( pure t91 free f lead4 ,) ?is composition ! mill is ca/ 9 ! =m ( a small mort>1 & its pe/le r\nd ab\t an iron 9 ! =m ( a knot1 s t ! iron may protrude ( ! ?ickness ( a f+]1 & 9 l5g? a little m ?an half a foot1 ! ?ird "p ( :i* iron is fix$ 9 wood c>efully turn$1 9 l5g? ab\t "o y>d1 & pi]c$ v /raightly2 9 ! l[] "p ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ( ! l5g? ( f\r f+]s f ! end1 mu/ be a revolv+ :eel1 ei!r ( wood or ( lead1 & 9 ! middle ( ! upp] "p is fix$ a lea!r /rap1 by :i* x c be pull$1 &1 9 revolv+1 be drawn back4 ,!n ?is mill is plac$ 9 a holl[1 ^u a b5* fitt$ = x1 betwe5 two small wood5 pill>s firmly fix$ into ! same b5*1 ^u :i* ano!r piece ( wood is to be ins]t$1 :i* c be tak5 out & replac$1 9 ! middle ( :i*1 at ! l[] "p1 is a hole 9 :i* ! pe/le ( ! mill w revolve4 ,^! ?+s ?us dispos$1 ! gold1 c>efully cleans$1 is put into ! mill1 a little wat] add$1 & ! pe/le plac$1 & ! upp] piece ( wood fitt$1 ! /rap is drawn & is p]mitt$ to revolve1 aga9 pull$1 & aga9 x revolves1 & ?is mu/ s be done = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,!n ! upp] wood is tak5 (f1 & ! pe/le wa%$ 9 ! same wat] ) a p5cil4 ,aft]w>ds ! mill is tak5 up1 & ! gold1 ) ! wat]1 is /irr$ to ! bottom ) ! p5cil1 & is left a little1 until ! gross] "p subsides2 ! wat] is pres5tly p\r$ into a v clean bas91 & :atev] gold comes away ) ! wat] is gr\nd4 ,replac+ ! wat] & ! pe/le1 & wood above be+ plac$1 aga9 x is mill$ 9 ! same way z be=e1 until x altoge!r comes away ) ! wat]4 ,9 ! l mann] are gr\nd silv]1 brass1 & copp]4 ,b gold is gr\nd mo/ c>efully1 & mu/ be lightly mill$2 & y mu/ (t5 inspect x1 because x is s(t] ?an ! o!r metals1 t x may n adh]e to ! mill or ! pe/le1 & become heap$ toge!r4 ,if ?r\gh neglig5ce ?is %\ld happ51 t :i* is conglom]ate is scrap$ toge!r & tak5 out1 & :at is left is mill$ until f9i%$4 ,:i* be+ done1 p\r+ out ! upp] wat] ) ! impurities f ! bas91 wa% ! gold c>efully 9 a clean %ell2 !n p\r+ ! wat] f x1 agitate x ) ! p5cil1 & :5 y h _h x 9 y\r h& = "o h\r1 p\r x into ano!r %ell1 & keep t v f9e "p :i* has come away ) ! wat]s4 ,!n aga91 wat] be+ plac$ ) x1 w>m x & /ir x ov] ! fire1 &1 z be=e1 p\r away ! f9e p>ticles ) ! wat]1 & y may act ?us until y %all h purifi$ x entirely4 ,aft] ?is wa% ) wat] ! same ref9$ "p1 & 9 ! same mann] a second & a ?ird "t1 & :atev] gold y ga!r mix ) ! =m]4 ,9 ! same way y w wa% silv]1 brass1 & copp]4 ,aft]w>ds take ! bladd] ( a fi% :i* is call$ huso 7/urgeon71 & wa%+ x ?ree times 9 tepid wat]1 leave x to s(t5 a night1 & on ! morr[ w>m x on ! fire1 s t x does n boil up until y prove ) y\r f+] if x adh]e1 & :5 x does adh]e /rongly1 ! glue is good4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,h[ ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,are ,,laid ,,9 ,,books4 ,aft]w>ds take pure m9ium 7r$ lead71 & add to x a ?ird "p ( c9nab> 7v]milion71 gr9d+ x ^u a /one ) wat]4 ,:i* be+ c>efully gr\nd1 beat up ! cle> ( ! :ite ( an egg1 9 summ] ) wat]1 9 w9t] )\t wat]2 & :5 x is cle>1 put ! m9ium into a horn & p\r ! cle> ^u x1 & /ir x a little ) a piece ( wood put into x1 & ) a p5cil fill up all places ) x ^u :i* y wi% to lay gold4 ,!n place a little pot ) glue ov] ! fire1 & :5 x is liquefi$1 p\r x into ! %ell ( gold & wa% x ) x4 ,:5 y h p\r$ :i* into ano!r %ell1 9 :i* ! purify+ is kept1 aga9 p\r 9 w>m glue1 & hold+ x 9 ! palm ( y\r left h&1 /ir x c>efully ) ! p5cil1 & lay x on :]e y wi%1 ?ick or ?91 s1 h[ev]1 t !re be little glue1 because1 %\ld x exce$1 x black5s ! gold & does n receive a poli%2 b aft] x has dri$1 poli% x ) a too? or blood/one c>efully fil$ & poli%$1 ^u a smoo? & %9+ horn tablet4 ,b %\ld x happ51 ?r\gh neglig5ce ( ! glue n be+ well cook$1 t ! gold pulv]izes 9 rubb+1 or rises on acc\nt ( too great ?ickness1 h ne> y "s old cle> ( egg1 beat up )\t wat]1 & directly ) a p5cil pa9t slightly & quickly ov] ! gold2 :5 x is dry aga9 rub x ) ! too? or /one4 ,lay 9 ?is mann] silv]1 brass1 & copp] 9 _! place & poli% !m4 ,! rais$ gold 0 n always produc$ by ! mixture ( r$ lead & :ite ( egg recomm5d$ by ,!ophilus4 ,x 01 especially 9 ,italy1 frequ5tly made ( a composition ( gesso1 or pla/]1 & 9 ! #ae? c5tury 0 (t5 punctur$ all ov] by way ( ornam5t4 ,x may be occasionally met ) /amp$ ov] 9 patt]ns1 ) intaglio pun*es4 ,?is gesso rais+1 ?\gh v brilliant1 possess$ little t5acity1 & 9 _m examples x has scal$ (f1 :ile ! m anci5t rais+ prescrib$ by ,!ophilus has adh]$ p]fectly4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,h[ ,a ,,picture ,,is ,,ornam5t$ ,,9 ,,books ,,) ,,t9 ,,& ,,saffron4 ,b if y h nei!r ( ^! 7gold1 silv]1 brass1 or copp]71 & yet wi% to decorate y\r "w 9 "s mann]1 take t9 pure & f9ely scrap$1 mill x & wa% x l gold1 & apply x ) ! same glue1 ^u lett]s or o!r places :i* y wi% to ornam5t ) gold or silv]2 & :5 y h poli%$ x ) a too?1 take saffron1 ) :i* silk is col\r$1 moi/5+ x ) cle> ( egg )\t wat]1 & :5 x has /ood a night1 on ! foll[+ day cov] ) a p5cil ! places :i* y wi% to gild1 ! re/ hold+ ! place ( silv]4 ,!n make f9e traits r\nd ! lett]s & leaves1 & fl\ri%es f m9ium1 ) a p51 also ! /uffs ( dresses & o!r ornam5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,( ,,e ,,sort ,,( ,,glue ,,= ,a ,,picture ,,( ,,gold4 ,if y h n a bladd] 7( ! /urgeon71 cut up ?ick p>*m5t or vellum 9 ! same mann]1--wa% & cook x4 ,prep>e also ! sk9 ( an eel c>efully scrap$1 cut up & wa%$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,prep>e ?us also ! bones ( ! head ( ! wolf-fi% wa%$ & dri$1 c>efully wa%$ 9 wat] ?ree times4 ,to :i*ev] ( ^! y h prep>$1 add a ?ird "p ( v transp>5t gum1 simm] x a little1 & y c keep x z long z y wi%4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,h[ ,,col\rs ,,are ,,temp]$ ,,= ,,books4 ,^! ?+s ?us accompli%$1 make a mixture ( ! cle>e/ gum & wat] z above1 & temp] all col\rs except gre51 & c]use1 & m9ium1 & c>m9e4 ,salt gre5 is wor? no?+ = books4 ,y w temp] ,spani% gre5 ) pure w9e1 & if y wi% to make %ad[s1 add a little sap ( iris1 or cabbage1 or leek4 ,y w temp] m9ium1 & c]use1 & c>m9e1 ) cle> ( egg4 ,compose all prep>ations ( col\rs = a book z above1 if y want !m = pa9t+ figures4 ,all col\rs are laid on twice 9 books1 at fir/ v ?9ly1 !n m ?ickly2 b twice = lett]s4 ,! next extract ,i give is ( great int]e/ 9 ! te*nical hi/ory ( illum9ation1 on ?ree acc\nts3 fir/ly1 because x guides ! /ud5t to recognize 9 madd] ! purple /a9 & col\r1 s highly priz$ 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! art2 secondly1 because x %[s him ! mann] 9 :i* fugitive vegetable t9ts 7 protect$ f ! decompos+ influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e by an album9\s v>ni%2 & ?irdly1 because x illu/rates ! ord9>y mod]n processes ( "u pa9t+1 & glaz+ ) transp>5t col\r4 ,! folium ( ! ,greek illum9ators 0 procur$ f plants gr[+ abundantly ne> ,a!ns1 :ile t ( ! ,hib]no-,saxon scribes 0 obta9$ f ! norma or gorma ( ! ,celts4 ,mr4 ,h5drie1 9 8 le>n$ notes to ,!ophilus1 has trac$ successive recipes = ! prep>ation ( folium1 9 :i* ! id5tity ( ! base giv+ ! col\r+ matt] is cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,x is curi\s t ! collections ( ,secreta %\ld give z ! only c\ntries supply+ ! mat]ials = mak+ folium1 ^? two 9 :i* ! use ( ! bright purple /a9 asc5ds to ! v e>lie/ ( _! decorat$ manuscripts4 ,! foll[+ is ! description giv5 by ,!ophilus3-- ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,( ,,! ,,k9ds ,,& ,,! ,,temp]+ ,,( ,,folium4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( folium1 "o r$1 ano!r purple1 a ?ird blue1 :i* y w ?us temp]4 ,take a%es1 & sift !m ?r\gh a clo?1 &1 spr9kl+ !m ) cold wat]1 make rolls ( !m 9 =m ( loaves1 & plac+ !m 9 ! fire1 leave !m until !y q gl[4 ,aft] !y h fir/ burnt = a v long "t1 & h aft]w>ds cool$1 place a portion ( !m 9 a vessel ( clay1 p\r+ ur9e ^u !m & /irr+ ) wood4 ,:5 x has depos$ 9 a cle> mann]1 p\r x ^u ! r$ folium1 &1 gr9d+ x slightly ^u a /one1 add to x a f\r? "p ( quick lime1 & :5 x %all be gr\nd & suffici5tly moi/5$1 /ra9 x ?r\gh a clo?1 & pa9t ) a p5cil :]e y wi%1 ?9ly2 aft]w>ds m ?ickly4 ,& if y wi% to imitate a robe 9 a page ( a book1 ) purple folium2 ) ! same temp]+1 )\t ! mixture ( lime1 pa9t fir/ ) a p51 9 ! same page1 fl\ri%es or circles1 & 9 !m birds or bea/s1 or leaves2 & :5 x is dry1 pa9t r$ folium ov] all1 ?9ly1 !n m ?ickly1 & a ?ird "t if necess>y2 & aft]w>ds pa9t ov] x "s old cle> ( egg4 ,pa9t ov] also ) glaire ( egg1 drap]ies1 & all ?+s :i* y h pa9t$ ) folium & c>m9e4 ,y c likewise pres]ve ! burn$ a%es :i* rema9 = a long "t1 dry4 ,i conclude ! s]ies ( receipts extract$ f ,!ophilus#ajh by "o n fur!r be>+ ^u ! ,art ( ,illum9ation1 ?an z prov+ ! nature ( ! ink :i* has g5]ally reta9$ its col\r s wond]fully 9 ! anci5t manuscripts4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,( ,,ink4 ,to make ink1 cut = y\rself wood ( ! ?orn-trees 9 ,april or ,may1 be=e !y produce fl[]s or leaves1 & collect+ !m 9 small bundles1 all[ !m to lie 9 ! %ade = two1 ?ree1 or f\r weeks1 until !y are some:at dry4 ,!n h wood5 mallets1 ) :i* y beat ^! ?orns ^u ano!r piece ( h>dwood1 until y peel (f ! b>k ev]y:]e1 put :i* imm$iately into a b>relful ( wat]4 ,:5 y h fill$ two1 or ?ree1 or f\r1 or five b>rels ) b>k & wat]1 all[ !m s to /& = eight days1 until ! wat]s imbibe all ! sap ( ! b>k4 ,aft]w>ds put ?is wat] into a v clean pan1 or into a cauldron1 & fire be+ plac$ "u x1 boil x2 f "t to "t1 also1 ?r[ into ! pan "s ( ?is b>k1 s t :atev] sap may rema9 9 x may be boil$ out4 ,:5 y h cook$ x a little1 ?r[ x out1 & aga9 put 9 m2 :i* done1 boil d[n ! rema9+ wat] unto a ?ird "p1 & !n p\r+ x out ( ?is pan1 put x into "o small]1 & cook x until x gr[s black & beg9s to ?ick51 add "o ?ird "p ( pure w9e1 & putt+ x into two or ?ree new pots1 cook x until y see a sort ( sk9 %[ itself on ! surface2 !n tak+ ^! pots f ! fire1 place !m 9 ! sun until ! black ink purifies itself f ! r$ dregs4 ,aft]w>ds take small bags ( p>*m5t c>efully sewn1 & bladd]s1 & p\r+ 9 ! pure ink1 susp5d !m 9 ! sun until all is q dry2 & :5 dry1 take f x z mu* z y wi%1 & temp] x ) w9e ov] ! fire1 &1 add+ a little vitriol1 write4 ,b1 if x %\ld happ5 ?r\gh neglig5ce t y\r ink be n black en\gh1 take a fragm5t ( ! ?ickness ( a f+]1 & putt+ x into ! fire1 all[ x to gl[1 & ?r[ x directly into ! ink4 ,! next collection ( ,secreta1 9 po9t ( importance & probably antiquity1 is ! ,mapp ,clavicula1 or little key to draw+1 a manuscript treatise on ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts1 & on v>i\s processes ( ! decorative arts practis$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,?omas ,phillipps1 ( ,middle ,hill4#aji ,! proprietor ( ! volume1 ,mr4 ,h5drie1 ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake1 & 7la/1 n lea/7 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,way1 agree 9 consid]+ x highly probable t x may be an ,engli% collection1 probably ( ab\t ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,l ! ,s*$ula ( ,!ophilus1 x pres5ts a v miscellane\s s]ies ( recipes1 & t5ds to prove1 :at is v g5]ally believ$ by ! le>n$1 t ! ,ma/]s ( ,arts ( old 7 frequ5tly skill$1 n 9 special dep>tm5ts ( production1 su* z ! mod]n division-(-lab\r sy/em has creat$1 b 9 multif>i\s avocations1 su* z we %\ld n n[ readily recognize z likely to be practis$ by any s+le individual4 ,^! collections rem>kably illu/rate ! class ( k likely to h be5 possess$ by su* app>5tly v]satile g5iuses z ,/4 ,dun/an1 ,/4 ,eloi1 ,b]nw>d ( ,hilde%eim1 ,tutilo ! monk ( ,/4 ,gall1 & _m o!rs4 ,! au?or ( ! ,mapp ,clavicula1 9 a few l9es ( poetical introduction to 8 tea*+s1 def9es ! fir/ necessity = pa9t]s to be1 a k ( ! manufacture ( col\rs1 !n a comm& ov] ! v>i\s modes ( mix+ !m1 !n dext]ity 9 us+ & height5+ !m 9 diff]5t k9ds ( "w2 &1 ultimately1 he comm5ds to _! att5tion a v>iety ( in=mation = ! advancem5t ( art g5]ally1 d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( _m le>n$ m54--,sicut lib] i/e docebit4 ,?us "u two hundr$ & n9e heads1 b ) "s tautology1 he proce$s to treat1 z ,sir ,?omas ,phillipps obs]ves1 n only ( ! composition ( col\rs1 b ( a v>iety ( o!r subjects1 9 a concise & simple mann]1 & g5]ally v intelligibly2 z = in/ance1 ar*itecture1 m5suration ( altitudes1 ! art ( w>1 c4 ,among ! recipes1 9 addition to ^? ref]r+ to pigm5ts1 are _m relat+ to illum9at+4 ,! foll[+1 = in/ance1 is curi\s z def9+ cle>ly :at 7 ! be/ & mo/ important t9ts = illum9ation3-- ,( diff]5t ,col\rs4 ,^! col\rs are cle> & full-bodi$ = vellum3--,azorium 7azure71 ,v]miculum 7v]milion71 ,sanguis ,draconis 7dragon's blood71 ,c>um 7yell[ o*re71 ,m9ium 7r$ lead71 ,folium 7madd] purple71 ,auripigm5tum 7orpim5t71 ,viride ,grcum 7acetate ( copp]71 ,gravetum ,indicum 7indigo71 ,brunum 7br[n71 ,crocus 7yell[71 ,m9ium ,rubeum vel ,album 7r$ or :ite lead71 ,nigrum ,optimum ex c>bone vitis 7! be/ black made f c>boniz$ v9e twigs72 all ^! col\rs are mix$ ) :ite ( egg4 ,! mixture ( col\rs appe>s to h be5 r$uc$ to a p]fect sy/em1 ea* hue hav+ o!rs specially adapt$ & us$1 = height5+ & l[]+ ! pure t9t2 ?us ! au?or gives directions :i* are likely to be sc>cely less useful to ! illum9ator ( ! pres5t day ?an !y 7 to ^? ( old4 ,( ,mixtures4 ,if1 !re=e1 y %\ld desire to "k ! natures & mixtures ( ^! ! above giv5 col\rs1 & :i* are antagoni/ic to ea* o!r1 l5d y\r e> dilig5tly4 ,mix azure ) :ite lead1 l[] ) indigo1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,pure v]milion y may l[] ) br[n or ) dragon's blood1 & height5 ) orpim5t4 ,mix v]milion ) :ite lead1 & make ! col\r :i* is call$ ,rosa1 l[] x ) v]milion1 height5 x ) :ite lead4 ,item1 y may make a col\r ) dragon's blood & orpim5t1 :i* y may l[] ) br[n1 & height5 ) orpim5t4 ,yell[ o*re y may l[] ) br[n1 & height5 ) r$ lead 7qu]y1 ) :ite74 ,item1 y may make ,rosam#aaj ( yell[ o*re & :ite lead1 deep5 ) yell[ o*re1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,r$di% purple 7folium7 may be l[]$ ) br[n1 & height5$ ) :ite lead4 ,item1 mix folium ) :ite lead1 l[] ) folium1 & height5 ) :ite lead4 ,orpim5t may be l[]$ ) v]milion1 b _c be height5$1 because x /a9s all o!r col\rs4 ,( ,temp]+4 ,greek gre5 y w temp] ) acid1 deep5 ) black1 & height5 ) :ite1 made f /ag's horn 7ivory black74 ,mix gre5 ) :ite lead1 deep5 ) pure gre51 & height5 ) :ite lead4 ,gre5i% blue1 deep5 ) gre51 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,yell[1 deep5 ) v]milion1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,indigo1 deep5 ) black1 height5 ) azure4 ,item1 mix indigo ) :ite1 deep5 ) azure1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,br[n1 deep5 ) black1 height5 ) r$ lead4 ,item1 make ( br[n & :ite lead a drab 7,rosam71 l[] ) br[n1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,item1 mix yell[ ) :ite lead1 l[] ) yell[1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,l[] r$ lead ) br[n1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,item1 r$ lead ) br[n1 deep5 ) black1 height5 ) r$ lead4 ,item1 y may make fle%-col\r ( r$ lead & :ite1 l[] ) v]milion1 height5 ) :ite lead4 ,:i* ,col\rs are ,antagoni/ic4 ,if y wi% to "k 9 :at mann] col\rs are antagoni/ic1 ?is is x4 ,orpim5t 7sulphuret ( ars5ic7 does n agree ) purple 7folio71 nor ) gre5 7acetate ( copp]71 nor ) r$ lead1 nor :ite lead4 ,gre5 does n agree ) purple4#aaa ,if y wi% to make gr\nds1 make a f9e rose-col\r ( v]milion & :ite4 ,item1 make a gr\nd ( purple mix$ ) *alk4 ,item1 make a gr\nd ( gre5 mix$ ) v9eg>4 ,item1 make a gr\nd ( ! same gre51 & :5 x %all h become dry1 cov] x ) size 7'caule'74 ,if y wi% to write 9 gold1 take p[d] ( gold & moi/5 x ) size1 made f ! v same p>*m5t on :i* y h to write2 & ) ! gold & size ne> to ! fire2 &1 :5 ! writ+ %all be dry1 burni% ) a v smoo? /one1 or ) ! too? ( a wild bo>4 ,item1 if !n y %\ld wi% to make a robe or a picture1 y may apply gold to ! p>*m5t1 z ,i h above direct$1 & %ade ) ink or ) indigo1 & height5 ) orpim5t4 ,! above are ! pr9cipal passages 9 ! ,mapp ,clavicula1 :i* supply defici5cies 9 mo/ o!r books ( ,secreta2 & ,i h translat$ !m at l5g?1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! accuracy ) :i* ,i h f\nd ! directions foll[$ 9 anci5t illum9at$ manuscripts1 & because ,i believ$ t a k ( ?is anci5t scale ( col\rs might greatly facilitate accurate copy+ f old examples4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say1 t z ! art ( pa9t+ improv$ 9 ,italy & ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! illum9ator's palette became enri*$ ) sev]al new & v brilliant col\rs2--su* z ! ultram>9es & c>m9es 7exce$+ly sc>ce 9 e>ly manuscripts7 :i* make ! books produc$ at ,rome & 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 dur+ ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 gl[ ) a vivacity nev] previ\sly atta9$4 ,e improvem5t made 9 "o c\ntry 01 h[ev]1 spe$ily1 communicat$ ?r\gh ^! v art-treatises to o!r c\ntries1 & ?us we f9d lakes & c>m9es freely us$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! #ae? c5tury4#aab ,ultram>9e1 inde$1 =ms ! special subject ( an essay by a ,norman1 compris$ among ! ,le ,bgue ,,mss4 7already ref]r$ to71 "u ! foll[+ title1 :i* proves its novelty 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury3-- ,anno #adaa1 ,johannes de 444 illegible ,normannus de ,azurro novo1 lapidis lazulli ultram>9i4 ,! next collection ( ,secreta 9 importance1 & probably 9 date to ! ,mapp ,clavicula1 is t ( a ,fr5*man1 ,pet] de ,/4 ,audem>4 ,) ?is treatise1 obs]ves ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake1 may be class$ a simil> "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 writt5 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 b treat+ ( a some:at e>li] practice 9 art4 ,! id5tity ( ! col\rs =1 & practice (1 pa9t]s on wall & panel1 & illum9ators on vellum1 is prov$ by ! in/ructions to bo? be+ almo/ inv>iably giv5 9 ! same books4 ,?us1 ! volume la/ m5tion$ comm5ces--,incipit tractatus de coloribus ,illum9atorum seu ,pictorum--z ?\gh !re exi/$ no practical di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,ano!r manuscript1 ( lat] date1 also 9 ! ,le ,bgue collection1 exhibits1 9 its title ev51 a curi\s picture ( ! indu/ry ) :i* ! ,art ( ,illum9ation 0 /udi$ 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe1--introduc+ ! /ud5t to a scribe1 actually keep+ a s*ool at ,milan4 ,?us1 ,lib] ,johannis ,a*]ius1 ,a4,d4 #acih4 ,ut accessit a ,jacobo ,cona1 ,flam+o pictore3--,capitula de coloribus ad illum9&um libros ab eodem ,ar*]io sive ,al*]io1 ut accessit ab ,antonio de comp5dio illum9atore librorum 9 ,p>isiis et a ,magi/ro ,alb]to ,pozotto p]fectissimo 9 omnibus modis scrib5di1 ,m$iolani s*olas t55te4 ,"h we h1 9 a few l9es1 evid5ce ( ! concurr5ce ( no less1 probably1 ?an f\r di/9ct nationalities to make up "o set ( in/ructions4 ,h[ev] illum9at$ manuscripts may diff] 9 /yle f ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y may h be5 produc$1 ! te*nical processes1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ae? c5tury1 sc>cely diff]$ at all1 probably ?r\gh ! g5]al spread ( ^! h&books ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,f ! #ad? c5tury onw>ds1 ! treatises1 or r probably composite transcripts f e>li] treatises1 multiply greatly2 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ,i h be5 able to make out f ! able analysis made by ,sir ,c4 ,ea/lake1 ,mr4 ,h5drie1 & ,mrs4 ,m]rifield1 ( _m1 !y conta9 little m in=mation ?an is convey$ 9 ! extracts already giv54 ,"s curi\s details1 h[ev]1 may be ga!r$ z to ! ,london practice 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 :i* may int]e/ ! read]4 ,a manuscript1 writt5 9 ,g]man1 z is believ$ at t date1 is pres]v$ 9 ! public libr>y at ,/rasburg1 :i* di/9ctly proves t ! col\rs = illum9at+ 7 commonly pres]v$ by /eep+ small pieces ( l95 9 ! t9t$ extracts1 sometimes mix$ ) alkal9e solutions4 ,! process is m9utely describ$ 9 ?is ,,ms42 ! dyes s prep>$ are !re call$ t*le9 v>w51 lit]ally clo?let col\rs4 ,! foll[+ passage f ano!r comp5dium1 a ,v5etian ,,ms41 gives ! result 9 few words3--,:5 ! a=esaid pieces ( clo? are dry1 put !m 9 a book ( cotton pap]1 & keep ! book "u y\r pill[1 t x may take no damp2 & :5 y wi% to use ! col\rs1 cut (f a small portion ( ! clo?1 & place x 9 a %ell ) a little wat]1 ! ev5+ be=e4 ,9 ! morn+ ! t9t w be ready1 ! col\r be+ extract$ f ! l954 ,?is practice is allud$ to by ,c5n9i1 :5 he says3--,y c %ade ) col\rs1 & by means ( small pieces ( clo?1 accord+ to ! process ( ! illum9ators4 ,! ,g]man compil]1 speak+ ( ! prep>ation ( a blue col\r 9 ?is mode1 says1 ,if y wi% to make a beautiful clo?let blue col\r accord+ to ! ,london practice1 c4 ,aft] describ+ ! me?od ( prep>+ x1 he adds3--,^! pieces ( clo? may be pres]v$ fre% & brilliant1 )\t any *ange 9 _! t9ts1 = tw5ty ye>s2 & ?is col\r1 9 ,p>is & 9 ,london1 is call$ blue = missals1 & "h 9 ?is c\ntry clo?let blue2 x is a beautiful & valuable col\r4 ,! place d5om9at$ ,lampt51 m5tion$ toge!r ) ,p>is1 c be no o!r ?an ,london4#aac ,z pursu+ ! subject ( anci5t processes fur!r ?an ,i h n[ done1 w\ld sc>cely he pr(itable to ! /ud5t1 ,i proce$ to ! second division ( ?is "p ( my subject1 & accord+ly take up ! mod]n processes4 ,9 (f]+ ! foll[+ details on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 to ! amateur's att5tion1 ,i w\ld n = "o mom5t let x be suppos$ t a k ( !m alone w be suffici5t to make him an effici5t illum9ator4 ,=tunately _m v excell5t arti/s h ( late devot$ !mselves to giv+ in/ruction 9 ! practical manipulation ( ! art1 & amateurs _c d bett] ?an place !mselves at once 9 communication ) ma/]s1 ^: addresses may be obta9$ at ! %ops ( ! pr9cipal arti/s' col\rm54 ,!re w /ill be1 no d\bt1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 _m desir\s ( illum9at+1 & yet unable to obta9 ! b5efit ( see+ a practis$ h& "w be=e !m1 or ev5 to pick up in=mation z to ! modus op]&i4 ,to su*1 at lea/1 ! foll[+ obs]vations may prove useful4#aad ,! two great sections into :i* all ! processes by :i* illum9ation ( any k9d may be execut$1 divide !mselves1 are--#a/1 ^? 9 :i* wat] & glut9\s sub/ances soluble 9 wat] =m ! vehicles = apply+ ! pigm5ts1 & caus+ !m to adh]e to ! surfaces on :i* !y may be appli$2 & #bndly1 ^? 9 :i* oil or _s1 & res9s1 or o!r sub/ances :i* comb9e readily ) su* fluids1 are made to p]=m correspond+ functions4 ,! pigm5ts1 r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 are ! same 9 bo? classes ( processes1 :i* are commonly kn[n z wat]col\r-pa9t+ & oil-pa9t+4 ,t :i* 0 ( old ! arti/'s greate/ /umbl+-block--! manufacture & prep>ation ( 8 pigm5ts--ne$ n[ no long] occasion him ! slighte/ emb>rassm5t2 = e col\r ) :i* 8 palette c\ld be enri*$ is to be b\ght1 ready prep>$1 ( ! pr9cipal arti/s' col\rm54 ,9 l mann] e o!r ess5tial = 8 use is n[ freely at 8 comm&2 & all t is requir$ on 8 "p is k h[ to employ ! mat]ials :i* o!rs mo/ dext]\sly & c>efully place at 8 disposal4 ,9 comm5c+ ! collection ( t in=mation :i* ,i am n[ endeav\r+ to communicate1 ,i felt x my duty to ent] into correspond5ce ) all ^? manufactur]s ^: products ,i _h at diff]5t times p]sonally te/$2 & ,i accord+ly address$ myself to ! foll[+1 ^: mat]ials1 ) insignificant exceptions1 ,i h inv>iably f\nd satisfactory1 bo? 9 nature & quality4 ,r4 ,,ack]man1 #aia1 ,reg5t-/reet1 ,w4 ,l4 ,,b>be1 #fj1 ,quadrant1 ,reg5t-/reet1 ,w4 ,j4 ,,b>n>d1 #cci1 ,ox=d-/reet1 ,w4 ,messrs4 ,,brodie ,,middleton1 #gi1 ,long-acre1 ,w4,c4 ,h4 ,,mill]1 #ef1 ,long-acre1 ,w4,c4 ,j4 ,,newman1 #bd1 ,soho-squ>e1 ,w4 ,messrs4 ,,reeves ,,sons1 #aac1 ,*eapside1 ,e4,c4 ,messrs4 ,,rob]son1 #ii1 ,long-acre1 ,w4,c4 ,messrs4 ,,r[ney ,,co41 #ea1 ,ra?bone-place1 ,w4 ,messrs4 ,,%]borne ,,tilly]1 #cba1 ,ox=d-/reet1 ,w4 ,messrs4 ,,w9sor ,,newton1 #ch1 ,ra?bone-place1 ,w4 ,f ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ firms ,i h obta9$ valuable in=mation1 & f sev]al1 excell5t samples ( _! products4 ,i am glad1 !re=e1 to take ! pres5t opportunity ( express+ my obligations to !m4 ,f ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton1 especially1 ,i h receiv$ ! k9de/ & mo/ intellig5t co-op]ation2 & ,i am happy to be ! *annel ( mak+ public ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 on ! comb9ations ( col\rs & ! use ( v>i\s mat]ials = illum9at+ purposes1 sugge/$ by me1 & made ) great tact & judgm5t by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,w9sor4 ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton & ,mr4 ,b>n>d h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 done mo/ to smoo? away ! difficulties :i* beset ! illum9ator4 ,messrs4 ,newman1 ,messrs4 ,r[ney ,co41 ,messrs4 ,reeves ,sons1 & ,mr4 ,b>be1 h also rec5tly contribut$ valuable improvem5ts or special adaptations4#aae ,! col\rs be/ suit$ = illum9at+ ,i believe to be z foll[s3-- ,b ,lemon ,yell[ ,a ,gamboge ,yell[4 ,a ,cadmium ,yell[ ,d ,m>s ,yell[ ,b ,rose ,madd] ,a ,crimson ,lake ,c ,c>m9e ,r$4 ,c ,orange ,v]milion ,a ,v]milion ,a ,cobalt ,a ,fr5* ,blue ,blue4 ,d ,smalt ,d ,m>s ,orange ,orange4 ,b ,burnt ,si5na ,c ,burnt ,c>m9e ,purple4 ,d ,indian ,purple ,a ,em]ald ,gre5 ,gre54 ,c ,gre5 ,oxide ( ,*romium ,b ,v&yke ,br[n ,br[n4 ,a ,lampblack ,black4 ,a ,*9ese ,:ite ,:ite4 ,^! col\rs are select$ f ! li/ ( wat]-col\rs made at ! pres5t day 7upw>ds ( eighty71 & w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd to be all t c well be requir$ = illum9at+4 ,! :ole numb] is by no means indisp5sable1 & ,i h !re=e m>k$ by diff]5t lett]s ( ! alphabet1--#a/1 ,a1 ^? )\t :i* x w\ld be useless to comm5ce "w2 #bndly1 ,b1 ^? :i* %\ld fir/ be add$2 #crdly1 ,c1 ^? :i* are requir$ = v great brilliancy 9 c]ta9 effects2 &1 #d?ly1 ,d1 ^? :i* may be reg>d$ z luxuries 9 ! art4 ,! ,c are really important2 ! ,d are mu* less s4 ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton h arrang$ !m into f\r diff]5t li/s1 :i* are plac$ 9 boxes 7complete ) col\rs & mat]ials = work+ 9 wat]-col\rs71 ( ! respective retail values ( #a4 #as41 #a4 #aas4 #f;d41 #b4 #bs41 & #c4 #cs4 ,boxes correspond+ )1 or slightly v>y+ f ^!1 9 selection ( col\rs & mat]ials1 may be obta9$ f o!r arti/s' col\rm54 ,i n[ proce$ to notice ^! col\rs s]iatim1 9 ref]5ce to _! t9ts1 bo? :5 us$ alone & :5 mix$ ) o!r col\rs4 ,,yell[s4 ,lemon ,yell[4--,a vivid high-ton$ yell[1 semi-opaque1 is extremely tell+ ^u gold4 ,mix$ ) cadmium yell[ x furni%es a range ( brilliant w>m yell[s4 ,x mixes well ) gamboge1 orange v]milion1 cobalt1 em]ald gre51 & oxide ( *romium1 & ) any ( ^! produces clean & useful t9ts4 ,gamboge4--,a bright transp>5t yell[ ( light tone2 works freely1 & is v useful = glaz+ purposes4 ,9 comb9ation ) lemon yell[ x af=ds a range ( clean t9ts4 ,:5 mix$ ) a little ,m>s yell[ x produces a cle>1 w>m1 transp>5t tone ( col\r4 ,cadmium ,yell[4--,a ri* gl[+ yell[1 p[]ful 9 t9t1 & semi-transp>5t4 ,?is is a mo/ effective col\r = illum9at+4 ,:5 judici\sly ton$ ) :ite1 x furni%es a s]ies ( useful %ades4 ,mix$ ) lemon yell[ x produces a range ( clean vivid t9ts4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 make good gre5s--!y are d+y4 ,mix$ ) c>m9e1 or glaz$ ) x1 x gives a s]ies ( /rong lum9\s %ades4 ,m>s ,yell[4--,a semi-transp>5t w>m yell[1 ( slightly russet tone1 b clean & bright 9 t9t4 ,useful :]e a quiet yell[ is requir$2 mixes well ) gamboge2 does n make good gre5s4 ,,r$s4 ,rose ,madd]4--,a light transp>5t p9k col\r ( extremely pure tone4 ,x is delicate 9 t9t1 b v effective1 on acc\nt ( its purity4 ,mix$ ) cobalt1 x af=ds clean1 w>m1 & cold purples4 ,! addition ( a little c>m9e mat]ially height5s ! tone ( ?is col\r1 ?\gh at ! same "t x some:at impairs its purity4 ,crimson ,lake4--,a ri* crimson col\r1 clean & transp>5t2 wa%es & mixes well4 ,m g5]ally useful ?an c>m9e1 ?\gh want+ ! int5se dep? & brilliancy ( ! latt] col\r4 ,c>m9e4--,a deep-ton$ lum9\s crimson1 mu* /rong] ?an crimson lake2 is clean & transp>5t4 ,! brilliancy ( ?is p[]ful col\r c be increas$1 by us+ x ov] a gr\nd ( gamboge4 ,orange ,v]milion4--,a high-ton$ opaque r$1 ( pure & brilliant hue1 /&+ 9 relation to ord9>y v]milion z c>m9e to crimson lake4 ,x is extremely effective1 & answ]s admirably :]e vivid opaque r$ is requir$2 x works1 wa%es1 & mixes well4 ,its admixture ) cadmium results 9 a f9e range ( w>m lum9\s t9ts4 ,:5 mix$ ) lemon yell[1 x furni%es a s]ies ( extremely clean & pure t9ts2 :5 ton$ ) :ite1 ! %ades are cle> & effective4 ,?is is a mo/ useful col\r4 ,v]milion4--,a d5se1 deep-ton$ r$1 p[]ful 9 col\r1 & opaque4 ,x is n s pure 9 tone z orange v]milion1 & is ( mo/ s]vice :5 us$ alone2 x c1 h[ev]1 be ?9n$ ) :ite & ) yell[s4 ,,blues4 ,cobalt ,blue4--,a light-ton$ blue1 clean & pure 9 t9t1 & semi-transp>5t4 ,?is is ! lighte/ blue us$ 9 illum9at+1 & by ! addition ( :ite c he pal$ to any ext5t1 ! t9ts keep+ cle> & good4 ,mix$ ) lemon yell[1 x makes a clean useful gre54 ,its admixture ) gamboge is n s satisfactory1 & ! gre5 produc$ by its comb9ation ) ,m>s yell[ is dirty & useless4 ,) rose madd] x produces middl+1 w>m & cold purples 7i4e41 m>ones1 & lilacs or violets72 ) crimson lake1 /rong & effective ones2 ) c>m9e1 ditto4 ,a s]ies ( quiet neutral t9ts c be produc$ by its admixture ) orange v]milion4 ,! t9ts 9 "q are clean & good1 & might occasionally be useful4 ,fr5* ,blue4--,a deep ri* blue1 ne>ly transp>5t2 is ! be/ sub/itute = g5u9e ultram>9e4 ,! gre5s x makes ) lemon yell[1 gamboge1 cadmium1 & ,m>s yell[1 are n v effective or useful4 ,! violets & m>ones x =ms ) rose madd] are granul\s & unsatisfactory2 ) c>m9e !y are some:at bett]2 b ^? =m$ ) crimson lake are v good4 ,smalt4--,a brilliant1 full-ton$ blue2 deep 9 tone1 & ne>ly transp>5t2 lum9\s & v effective :5 us$ alone4 ,x is granul\s1 & does n wa% or mix well4 ,! gre5s x makes are n p>ticul>ly useful4 ,,oranges4 ,m>s ,orange4--,a brilliant orange ( v pure tone1 transp>5t & light] 9 col\r ?an burnt si5na2 & is n s co>se or />+4 ,an effective & useful col\r4 ,burnt ,si5na4--,a deep ri* orange1 transp>5t & effective2 works well & mixes freely4 ,,purples4 ,indian ,purple4--,a ri* deep-ton$ violet1 or cold purple col\r2 mo/ effective :5 us$ alone4 ,c be light$ ) ,fr5* blue or cobalt1 & ! t9ts w be f\nd useful4 ,burnt ,c>m9e4--,a ri* deep-ton$ m>one or w>m purple col\r2 transp>5t & brilliant2 lum9\s & effective :5 us$ alone2 mix$ ) orange v]milion1 x produces a /rong ri* col\r1 & a quiet fle%y "o :5 mix$ ) cadmium yell[4 ,,gre5s4 ,em]ald ,gre54--,an extremely vivid & high-ton$ gre51 opaque4 ,no comb9ation ( blue & yell[ w mat* ?is col\r1 :i* is indisp5sable 9 illum9at+4 ,x c be pal$ ) :ite1 & ! t9ts ?us produc$ are pure & clean4 ,! t9ts af=d$ by its admixture ) lemon-yell[ are also cle> & effective4 ,gre5 ,oxide ( ,*romium4--,a v ri* deep gre51 opaque1 b effective4 ,! tone ( ?is gre5 r5d]s x extremely useful 9 illum9at+2 mix$ ) em]ald gre51 x furni%es a s]ies ( ri* semi-transp>5t t9ts4 ,mix$ ) lemon-yell[1 x gives quiet1 useful %ades ( gre52 & :5 ?is comb9ation is bright5$ ) em]ald gre51 ! %ades are lum9\s & effective4 ,,br[n4 ,v&yke ,br[n4--,a deep1 ri*1 transp>5t1 br[n1 lum9\s & cle> 9 t9t2 works1 wa%es1 & mixes well4 ,! be/ ( all ! br[ns = illum9at+4 ,,black4 ,lampblack4--,! mo/ d5se & deep ( all ! blacks1 free f any %ade ( br[n or grey4 ,,:ite4 ,*9ese ,:ite4--,a prep>ation ( oxide ( z9c1 p]man5t1 & ! :ite be/ adapt$ = illum9at+4 ,x is n only useful p] se1 b is indisp5sable = ton+ or r$uc+ o!r col\rs4 ,9 mak+ ! li/ ( ! col\rs j describ$1 ,i h assum$ z a s9e qu non t ! col\rs us$ 9 illum9at+ %\ld be p]man5t4 ,all ^? enum]at$ are s 79 wat]-col\rs71 ) ! exception ( c>m9e & crimson lake2 & ^!1 ?\gh !oretically n p]man5t1 are yet f\nd 9 practice to be v la/+1 especially :5 n too mu* expos$ to ! light4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t crimson lake1 ?\gh a weak] col\r ?an c>m9e1 is yet m p]man5t1 9 consequ5ce ( its diff]5t base1 & t x w bett] /& exposure to light4 ,i "h take ! opportunity ( w>n+ amateurs1 allur$ by _! evid5t brilliancy1 aga9/ ! use1 9 illum9ation1 ( ! foll[+ five col\rs1 viz4--pure sc>let1 r$ lead1 *rome yell[1 deep *rome1 & orange *rome4 ,none ( ^! are p]man5t2 ! fir/-nam$ be+ fugitive1 & ! o!rs 9 "t turn+ black2 b ?is is ! less to be regrett$1 z !re are p]man5t col\rs answ]+ equally well = illum9ation4 ,( c\rse1 ^! are less fugitive 9 books1 :i* are g5]ally protect$ f ! action ( light & air1 ?an !y w\ld be 9 pictures4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks on pigm5ts apply1 ) no diff]5ce wor? not+1 to col\rs prep>$ ei!r = oil or = wat]-col\r2 :i* may !re=e be laid on1 by v>y+ ! vehicle = _! prop] application1 to ! surfaces ( any ( ^? mat]ials :i* h be5 specifi$ 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ?is ,essay1 z available = diff]5t k9ds ( illum9ation4 ,i n[ proce$ to notice ! special processes requisite 9 ea* case1 comm5c+ ) ^? :i* may be be/ employ$ = vellum4 ,?is sub/ance consi/s ( calf-sk91 c>efully cleans$ & scrap$1 & repeat$ly wa%$ 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,! surface is rubb$ d[n ) f9e pumice-/one to a smoo? face1 & 9 t condition x is fit = work+ ^u4 ,x is sold1 prep>$ = use1 at all ! pr9cipal %ops4 ,if x has n be5 previ\sly /ra9$1 or if _m t9ts are likely to be float$ ov] ! surface1 x w be well to /ra9 x d[n ^u a /ra9] or bo>d be=e attempt+ to draw ^u x4 ,?is may be done by damp+ ! vellum1 & !n ei!r glu+ or nail+ its edges d[n4 ,:5 dry1 x w be f\nd to lie p]fectly flat & smoo?4 ,x may be well1 !n1 to wa% x ov] ) a dilute prep>ation ( ox gall1 to ov]come any possible greas9ess1 & prep>e x to receive col\r freely4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d1 &1 ,i believe1 o!r arti/s' col\rm51 supply vellum m\nt$ 9 block-books1 simil> to ^? made up ( draw+-pap] = sket*+ on2 & by provid+ himself ) "o ( ^?1 ! amateur may avoid ! tr\ble ( hav+ to m\nt 8 own vellum4 ,z x is by no means easy to remove p5cil-m>ks f vellum 7& inde$ x is nev] wise to attempt x1 = ! black-lead unites ) ! animal fat1 :i* c nev] be entirely got out ( ! mat]ial1 & rubs "u ! action ( ,indian-rubb] or bread into a greasy smudge71 x is always well to set out ! design 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^u draw+-pap]4 ,! be/ mode = good "w is to complete ! outl9e on draw+-pap]1 & !n to trace x c>efully ) a h>d p5cil on a piece ( trac+-pap]1 ab\t "o in* l>g] ea* way ?an ! entire surface ( ! vellum2 !n cut out1 ! exact size ( ! vellum1 a piece ( trac+ or tissue pap]1 rubb$ ev5ly ov] ) p[d]$ r$ *alk4#aaf ,lay ! trac+ d[n 7p5cill$ side upw>ds7 9 its "r place ^u ! vellum1 & fa/5 d[n "o edge ) p9s1 gum1 or m\?-glue4 ,!n slip ! transf]-pap]1 ) ! *alk$ side d[nw>ds1 betwe5 ! vellum & ! trac+ until x exactly cov]s ! =m]--t\*+ ! back ( ! transf]-pap] ) two or ?ree drops ( gum on its m>g94 ,!n lay ! trac+ ov]1 & fa/5 d[n ano!r ( its edges4 ,! gum drops w prev5t ! transf]-pap] slipp+ away f ! trac+-pap]1 :5 ! draw+-bo>d or /ra9] is plac$ ^u a slop+ desk or easel4 ,tak+ c>e to keep a piece ( /\t c>d or pa/ebo>d "u ! h&1 g ov] all ! l9es ( ! trac+ ) a blunt$ et*+-po9t1 or v h>d p5cil cut %>p4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 on remov+ bo? ! trac+ & ! transf]-pap]1 x w be f\nd t a cle> r$ outl9e has be5 convey$ to ! surface ( ! vellum4 ,at ?is /age ( ! "w1 z no?+ dirties m readily ?an ?is mat]ial1 x w be well to fa/5 ov] ! surface a clean %eet ( pap] ) a flap cut 9 x1 by rais+ up & fold+ back portions ( :i*1 ! arti/ may get to ! "p ( ! surface ^u :i* he may desire to "w )\t expos+ any ( ! re/4 ,z ! effect ( ! writ+ on ! page gives z x 7 ! key-note = ! g5]al effect ( ! illum9at$ ornam5ts1 x w be well to complete ! =m] be=e proce$+ to ! latt]4#aag ,if ! l9es ( ! writ+ fix$ ^u are f9e & delicate1 !y w look be/1 & "w mo/ freely ) ,indian ink2 b if !y are bold & solid1 involv+ "s ext5t ( black surface1 !y w pres5t a bett] appe>ance if wr\ght 9 lampblack2 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two be+ t ,indian ink is f9]1 &1 if good1 always reta9s a slight gloss1 :ile lampblack gives a full] t9t1 & dries (f q mat1 or ) a dead surface1 correspond+ ) t ( mo/ o!r body-col\r t9ts us$ 9 illum9at+4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! writ+ ev5ly spac$1 upright1 & p]fectly neat1 z x is almo/ impossible to erase )\t spoil+ ! vellum1 & z no beauty ( ornam5t w r$eem an untidy text4 ,if a portion ( ! writ+ is to be 9 r$1 x %\ld be 9 pure v]milion2 & if 9 gold1 x %\ld be highly burni%$1 z w be h]eaft] direct$4 ,! writ+ be+ satisfactorily complet$1 ! arti/ may proce$ to lay 9 8 gr\nd t9ts1 g5]ally mix+ !m ) m or less :ite to give !m body & solidity4 ,col\rs prep>$ ) wat] are be/ adapt$ = illum9ation on vellum2 & ^? kn[n z moi/ col\rs are to be pref]r$ = ?is "w1 z !y give out a great] volume ( col\r1 & possess m t5acity or p[] ( adh]+ to ! surface ( ! mat]ial on :i* !y are us$ ?an ! dry col\rs4 ,( moi/ col\rs !re are two descriptions1 viz41 solid & liquid2 & ( ^! ,i give ! pref]5ce to ! =m]1 z "s col\rs1 su* z lemon yell[ & smalt1 w n keep well 9 tubes2 add$ to :i*1 !re is wa/e 9 us+ !m 9 ?is =m :]e only small quantities are requir$1 z ! col\r _c be replac$ 9 ! tube :5 once squeez$ out4 ,! tube col\rs possess1 h[ev]1 ! valuable prop]ty ( be+ always clean :5 a bit ( pure col\r is requir$4 ,! solid moi/ col\rs are apt to get dirti$ 9 rapid work+1 & occasionally mislead an eye :i* is n quick at detect+ a l[]$ t9t4 ,mr4 ,b>be's body-col\rs1 :i* are ( v good quality1 are prep>$ 9 p[d]1 comb9$ ) a glut9\s sub/ance1 on moi/5+ :i* ) wat]1 ! t9ts are fit = application4 ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton's body-col\rs are also v excell5t4 ,flatness ( t9t is be/ secur$ by us+ ! fir/ col\r well mix$ ) body1 & put on boldly2 ?is =ms ! brighte/ t9t2 !n %ade ) pure transp>5t col\r1 & f9i% (f ) ! high lights4 ,v useful models1 bo? on a small scale = book illum9ation1 & on an enl>g$ "o = wall decoration1 are n[ prep>$ by sev]al ( ! arti/s' col\r-m51 = tea*+ amateurs ! diff]5t modes ( %ad+1 c4 ,!y consi/ ( outl9e plates p>tially col\r$ by h&4 ,! beg9n] w f9d x a v useful ex]cise to complete a few ( ^! be=e try+ 8 h& ^u m orig9al works ^u vellum4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to h e implem5t p]fectly clean4 ,exp]i5ce alone c tea* ! arti/ ! value ( :at are call$ glaz+ or transp>5t col\rs1 su* z ! lakes1 c>m9e1 madd]s1 gamboge1 c4 ,"s t9ts may be us$ ei!r z glaz+ col\rs1 or z body-t9ts1 accord+ to _! prep>ation1 & accord+ to ! degree ( ?ickness ) :i* !y are appli$4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple1 all %ades %\ld be pa9t$ 9 transp>5t col\r1 all lights 9 opaque4 ,reflect$ lights may (t5 be be/ giv5 by scumbl+ ?9 body-col\r ov] transp>5t %ade4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ! t9ts = ^! op]ations1 x may be well to use a little ( ,newman's or ,mill]'s prep>ations ) !m4 ,! less t9ts are ret\*$ aft] ! fir/ application1 ! m cle> & brilliant !y are likely to rema94 ,above all ?+s nev] let ! pa9t-bru% g ne> ! m\?1 & nev] attempt to correct or ret\* a t9t :ile x is 9 process ( dry+1 z do+ s w infallibly make x look /reaky & muddy4 ,9 all ^! processes ( manipulation1 h[ev]1 practice1 good example1 & good tuition1 mu/ tea* :at ! m9ute/ directions w\ld fail to satisfactorily convey4 ,! pr9cipal col\rs hav+ be5 appli$1 ! next difficulty w be to height5 !m ) gold & silv]4 ,any l>ge surfaces ( gild+ x w be well to apply previ\sly to comm5c+ col\r+1 & z mu* z possible int5d$ = burni%+4 ,! pr9cipal metallic prep>ations us$ 9 illum9ation may be enum]at$ z foll[s3--gold leaf1 gold pap]1 %ell gold1 sauc] gold1 gold pa9t1 silv] leaf1 %ell silv]1 & %ell alum9ium4 ,( ^!1 ! leaves1 pap]1 & pa9t1 are ( ,engli%1 & ! %ells & sauc]s ( ,fr5* manufacture4 ,occasionally gold & silv] p[d] & ,g]man-metal leaf are employ$1 ?\gh too r>ely to make !m important en\gh to claim g5]al notice4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ prep>ation ( gold--gold-leaf--is ! pure metal beat5 into v ?9 leaves1 g5]ally #c-a_/h in*es1 #c in*es1 or #c-c_/h in*es squ>e2 b = illum9at+ purposes x %\ld be /ill small]--say #b in*es squ>e1 z x is easi] to h&le ?an a l>g] size4 ,= ! same reason x is bett] to h ! leaf d\ble z ?ick z x is usually beat54 ,gold leaf is sold 9 books1 ea* ( :i* conta9s tw5ty-five gold leaves1 & = ord9>y & g5]al purposes1 x is by f> ! be/ & mo/ useful metallic prep>ation2 b ! difficulty ( h&l+ & lay+ x on det]s amateurs f employ+ x1 & x is difficult 9 writ+ to furni% a practical description ( ! modus op]&i4 ,! foll[+ is ! usual mode3-- ,c>efully op5 ! book ( gold1 & if 9 s do+ y di/urb ! leaf1 g5tly bl[ x d[n flat aga94 ,if a :ole leaf be requir$1 take a r\nd$ 'tip1' & quietly s place x on ! leaf t ! top ( ! tip be close to ! edge ( ! leaf4 ,9 s do+1 ! sides ( ! tip w be br\ght d[n ^u ! side edges ( ! leaf1 :i* !n c be securely tak5 up & plac$ :]e requir$4 ,if a small piece ( gold leaf only be want$1 cauti\sly take up a leaf f ! book by pass+ a 'gild]'s knife' und]nea?1 & place x on a 'gild]s cu%ion2'#aah lay x flat ) ! knife1 ) :i* !n cut ! piece ( ! size requir$4 ,if :5 y h laid gold leaf d[n ) ! tip x be wr9kly1 bl[ x d[n flat4 ,! gild]'s tip spok5 ( 9 ! above extract is a v ?9 camel-hair bru%1 & = unskill$ h&s a semicircul> tip is to be pref]r$ to "o ( ! ord9>y =m2 z ) x a leaf ( gold may be firmly laid hold (1 balanc$1 adju/$1 & plac$1 )\t ne$+ any p>ticul> knack4 ,= long n>r[ pieces ( gold1 ! ord9>y gild]'s tip is probably ! be/4 ,gold pap] consi/s ( leaves ( gold plac$ ^u ?9 pap]1 a %eet ( :i*1 measur+ ab\t #ai in*es by #ab in*es1 requires "o book ( gold4 ,! mat or dead gold is mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 illum9ation2 b1 :5 requir$1 ! bright or burni%$ gold c be procur$4 ,gold pap] is usually pla9 at ! back1 & :5 us$1 is requir$ to be gumm$ on to ! "w2 b x is f> bett] to h x prep>$ on ! back ) a mixture ( cle> glue1 sug>1 c41 :i* c be laid on ev5ly & ?ickly1 & yet is v /rong4 ,pap] ?us prep>$ ne$s only to h a wet flat camel-hair bru% pass$ ov] ! back2 x c !n be laid d[n1 & w adh]e v firmly4 ,9 lay+ d[n gold pap]1 x is well to place a piece ( :ite glaz$ pap] on its face1 !n firmly to pass ov] x ! edge ( a flat rule or burni%]1 9 ord] to press d[n all inequalities & r5d] ! surface p]fectly smoo?4 ,%ell gold is gold p[d] mix$ up & plac$ 9 mussel-%ells = use4 ,x is remov$ f ! %ell by ! application ( wat]1 l moi/ col\rs1 & is adapt$ = small "w & f9e l9es1 9 :i* latt] case a quill or re$ p5 w be f\nd useful4 ,:5 ! "w is dry1 ! gold c be bright5$ ) a burni%]4 ,sauc] gold only diff]s f %ell gold 9 be+ plac$ 9 *9a sauc]s in/ead ( %ells4 ,gold pa9t is a prep>ation ( bronze 9 imitation ( gold1 & is usually sold 9 two bottles1 "o ( p[d] & ! o!r ( liquid2 :i* two +r$i5ts1 :5 mix$ toge!r1 =m ! pa9t1 ! use ( :i* ,i d n recomm5d1 z 9 c\rse ( "t x turns black4 ,! same objection un=tunately applies m or less1 also1 to ! prep>ations ( silv]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are /ill occasionally us$ 9 illum9ation4 ,silv] leaf is made 9 ! same mann] z gold leaf1 & ! rem>ks made 9 ref]5ce to t are g5]ally applicable to silv] leaf4 ,%ell silv] is n really silv]1 b an amalgam ( t9 & m]cury prep>$ & plac$ 9 mussel-%ells1 & us$ ) wat] 9 ! same way z gold %ells4 ,%ell alum9ium is a prep>ation ( alum9ium plac$ 9 mussel-%ells = use1 & is w>rant$ to keep its col\r )\t t>ni%+4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x w =m a valuable addition to ! li/ ( mat]ials = illum9ation1 z x w be ! only :ite metal kn[n t c be dep5d$ ^u = n t>ni%+4 ,! prep>ation is at pres5t a comp>atively new "o1 b bids fair to be v s]viceable4 ,wat]-mat gold size is a prep>ation = lay+ d[n gold leaf1 i4e41 caus+ x to adh]e to a giv5 surface4 ,! mode ( us+ x is z foll[s3--,take a small bru% saturat$ ) wat]1 & ?or\ghly *>ge x ) ! size4 ,) ! bru% s *>g$1 trace out ! requir$ =m or patt]n1 & ^u ?is lay ! gold leaf1 press+ x lightly d[n ) cotton-wool4 ,:5 all is dry1 g5tly rub (f ! sup]flu\s gold ) cotton-wool4 ,burni% gold size is a prep>ation = lay+ d[n ! gold leaf t is int5d$ aft]w>ds to be burni%$ 7i4e41 poli%$ ) a too? or agate burni%]74 ,t prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton may be us$ z foll[s3--,place ! bottle 9 w>m wat] to dissolve its cont5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be all[$ to get hot1 b m]ely be made liquid4 ,/ir up ! prep>ation ) a hogs-hair bru%1 :i* !n ?or\ghly *>ge ) ! mixture2 ) x trace out ! patt]n requir$ to be burni%$1 !n let ! "w dry4 ,:5 q dry1 let ! surface ( ! patt]n be wett$ ) clean cold wat]1 & on x 7:ile damp7 place ! gold leaf4 ,let all get p]fectly dry1 & !n burni% z requir$4 ,:5 a v bright surface is want$1 two coats ( ! size %\ld be us$2 ! second be+ put on aft] ! fir/ is dry4 ,! rais+ prep>ation made by ! same firm1 is adapt$ = rais+ ! surface ( ! "w1 s z to obta9 relief1 & is p>ticul>ly requir$ = imitat+ ri* ,,mss4 ( ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies4 ,x is us$ z foll[s3--,place ! bottle 9 hot wat]1 & :5 its cont5ts are dissolv$1 /ir x well up ) a small hogs-hair bru%1 !n fully *>ge x1 draw out ! =m int5d$ to be rais$1 & deposit ! rais+ on ! surface4 ,if ! height ?us atta9$ be n suffici5t1 wait till ! prep>ation is dry1 & g ov] x aga91 & s on until y ga9 ! height y require1 :5 x mu/ be all[$ to become q h>d2 !n g ov] x ) ! wat]-mat gold-size1 & :ile ?is is wet put on ! gold2 press g5tly d[n ) cotton-wool1 & :5 dry bru% (f ! sup]flu\s gold ) cotton-wool2 :5 putt+ on ! rais+1 take c>e to keep ! surface level1 unless x may be requir$ to be holl[$ or ind5t$4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d has also prep>$ a gold size & rais+ prep>ation1 adapt$ = lay+ gold on vellum or pap]1 :i* answ]s well bo? = mat & burni% gild+4 ,! mode ( us+ x is z foll[s3--,wa% a little ( ! gold size (f ) a bru% dipp$ 9 wat]1 us+ x ?9ly = ! flat p>ts ( y\r design1 & 9 great] body = t portion ( ! draw+ :i* y wi% to appe> rais$2 aft] all[+ x to rema9 = a few m9utes1 till ne>ly dry1 apply ! gold1 & press x d[n ) a piece ( cotton-wool4 ,x mu/ n[ rema9 unt\*$ = ab\t an h\r1 :5 ! sup]flu\s gold may be remov$ by means ( ! wool1 & 9 case ( defect1 ! gold size & gold mu/ be aga9 appli$4 ,prep>ations ( a some:at simil> nature are sold by ,messrs4 ,r[ney1 ,newman1 & o!r arti/s' col\rm54#aai ,v pretty effects may be obta9$ by p>tial burni%+ ( ! gold 9 patt]ns1 & dott+ x ov] ) ! po9t ( ! %>p burni%] 9 ind5tations1 arrang$ 9 geometrical =ms4 ,! be/ manuscripts ( ! ,edw>dian p]iod 7 (t5 highly wr\ght aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,:5 f9i%$1 x is sc>cely necess>y to recomm5d t ! vellum %eet %\ld be ei!r put c>efully away until en\gh ( o!rs correspond+ ) x are done to make up a volume1 or %\ld be glaz$ s z to protect its surface4 ,"o dirty or greasy f+] laid ^u x1 & ! effect ( mu* beautiful "w1 :i* may h tak5 weeks to elaborate1 is fatally m>r$4 ,all ! above in/ructions apply z well = work+ on pap] or c>dbo>d z on vellum4 ,! amateur :o has once succe$$ on vellum1 is n likely to take aga9 to ! humbl] practice ( work+ on ! less noble mat]ials1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w always be exce$+ly useful = practis+ & sket*+ ^u4 ,i h occasionally se5 pr9t$ volumes gracefully illu/rat$ by h& ) bord]s1 & ) elegant inv5tions1 9 ! =m ( head & tail pieces1 ins]tions1 c41 applicable to ! subject ( ! volume4 ,_m ( ! works ( old ,engli% au?ors are peculi>ly suit$ = ?is class ( embelli%m5t4 ,h[ beautiful might n a ,walton's ,angl] or a ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress be made if appropriately enri*$ 9 ?is /yle4 ,trac+-pap]1 & ! facilities x (f]s to ^? little gift$ ) tal5ts = draw+1 ,i h already notic$4 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve1 t x possesses an additional practical conv5i5ce 9 be+ ready = tak+ col\r1 ei!r ) oil1 wat]1 or v>ni%1 z vehicles1 )\t ! previ\s application ( any special prep>ation4 ,h5ce x may be fa/5$ up :5 complet$1 ei!r by pa/+ z ord9>y pap]1 by glu+1 if = atta*m5t to wood1 or by pay+ ov] ! back ) boil$ oil & copal v>ni%1 or ) :ite lead gr\nd 9 oil ) "s li?>ge1 & !n press+ d[n until x may be made to lie p]fectly flat & adh]e to any surface previ\sly pa9t$ 9 oil-col\r4 ,be+ v ?91 its edges w sc>cely %[ at all1 ev5 if appli$ to ! middle ( a flat panel2 b1 to make sure1 x is always well to run a l9e ) a full bru% ( ?ick col\r1 ei!r 9 oil or di/emp]1 ov] ! edge1 ext5d+ = "o half ( its wid? ^u ! trac+-pap]1 & = ! o!r half ^u ! surface to :i* x may h be5 appli$4 ,( ! rema9+ mat]ials on :i* illum9ation = ! decoration1 n ( books b ( ap>tm5ts1 may be readily execut$1 canvas1 /one1 metal1 & wood1 are g5]ally wr\ght ^u by ! ord9>y processes ( oil-pa9t+2 :ile pla/]1 especially 9 ! =m ( ceil+s1 is m frequ5tly treat$ by means ( di/emp]-pa9t+4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to give1 fir/ly1 "s g5]al directions z to ! sett+ out "w1 c41 applicable to bo? me?ods2 secondly1 a notice ( ! processes g5]ally requir$ = oil-col\r illum9ation2 ?irdly1 a brief description ( ! mode ( work+ 9 di/emp]2 & f\r?ly1 to w9d up ) "s in/ructions z to ! application ( v>ni% :i* may be employ$ to height5 & pres]ve illum9ation execut$ by ei!r ( ! above me?ods4 ,! op]ation ( sett+ out l9es ^u walls or o!r surfaces is by no means easy4 ,x involves c>e & judgm5t1 a quick eye1 & a v /eady h&4 ,x is ! indisp5sable prelim9>y be=e ornam5tal "w or illum9ation c be execut$1 z x c alone correctly give ! =ms ( panels1 bord]s1 c41 = :i* c>toons may h to be prep>$4 ,l9es may be ei!r drawn ) p5cil or prep>$ *>coal1 or *alk1 or else /ruck by means ( a *alk$ /r+4 ,= l9es :i* are v]tical1 a weight call$ a plumb-bob mu/ be atta*$ to "o end ( ! /r+4 ,! be/ %ape = ?is is t ( half an egg1 z ! flat side w !n lie close to ! wall4 ,two p]sons are requir$ 9 sett+ out ^! l9es1--"o work+ above & ! o!r bel[4 ,! "o at ! top m>ks ! po9ts at ! di/ance ea* l9e is requir$ to be f o!rs4 ,! /r+ be+ *alk$ ei!r black or :ite1--accord+ z ! l9e has to %[ ^u a light or d>k gr\nd1--he holds x to "o ( ! po9ts1 & lets fall ! weight$ end1 :i*1 :5 q /eady1 ! p]son :o is bel[ /ra9s tight1 & rais+ ! /r+ betwe5 8 f+] & ?umb 9 ! middle1 lets x fall back %>ply on ! wall4 ,! result1 if c>efully execut$1 is a p]fectly /raight & v]tical l9e4 ,! horizontal l9es require to be drawn ) a /raight-edge or rul]1 & may be ei!r set out at a true "r angle to ! v]tical l9es geometrically by ! int]section ( arcs ( circles1 or by a l>ge squ>e1 or may be def9$1 irrespectively ( ma!matical correctness1 by measur+ up or d[n f a ceil+ or floor l9e4 ,! di/ances ap>t are z be=e measur$ out1 b 9 long l9es mu/ be m>k$ z _m times z ! l5g? ( ! /raight-edge may require4 ,?is be+ set at ea* end to ! po9ts m>k$1 ! l9e is drawn along x4 ,circles & curv$ l9es may be /ruck f _! prop] c5tres ) l>ge wood5 compasses1 "o leg c>ry+ a p5cil4 ,draw+ l9es ) ! bru% requires great practice4 ,a /raight-edge is plac$ ^u ! *alk l9es1 ) ! edge next ! l9e slightly rais$1 & ! bru%1 well fill$ ) col\r1 drawn along x1 j t\*+ ! wall1 ! pressure be+ nev] increas$1 & ! bru% refill$ :5ev] x is ne> fail+2 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 t x be n too full1 z 9 t case x w be apt to blot* ! l9e1 or drop ! col\r ^u ! l[] portions ( ! wall4 ,draw+ l9es 9 col\r ov]head ^u a ceil+ is ev5 m difficult1 & is beyond ! capabilities ( mo/ amateurs4 ,! patt]ns ( ornam5t are execut$ ei!r by means ( /5cils cut 9 oil$ pap]1 accord+ to ! me?od :i* w be next describ$1 or else by p\nces1 :i* are ! full-siz$ draw+s prick$ along all ! l9es ) a ne$le ^u a flat cu%ion2 p[d]$ *>coal1 ti$ up 9 a cotton bag1 is !n dabb$ ^u ! pap] :i* has be5 set up on ! wall1 or else ! back is rubb$ ov] ) draw+-*>coal & bru%$ well ) a flat bru%1 l a /ove bru%4 ,9 bo? cases ! result is t ! du/ passes on to ! walls ?r\gh ! prick$ holes1 & =ms are ?us suffici5tly indicat$ to ! pa9t]4 ,/5cill+ is a process by :i* col\r is appli$ ?r\gh int]/ices cut 9 a prep>$ pap]1 by dabb+ ) a bru%4 ,! design to be /5cill$ is drawn ^u pap] :i* has be5 soak$ ) l9se$ oil & well dri$4 ,! patt]n is !n cut out ) a %>p knife ^u a %eet ( glass1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave su* connections z w keep ! /5cil toge!r4 ,! next t9t is !n to be laid on 9 ! same mann]1 & s on till ! d>ke/ t9t is done1 ea* t9t be+ all[$ to dry be=e a second is appli$4 ,i d n purpose dwell+ 9 detail on ! prep>ation1 or br++ =w>d1 z x is call$1 ( surfaces to receive oil-col\r2 s9ce1 = su* me*anical "w1 x w be always well to employ a good h\se-pa9t]4 ,i may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ op]ation1 :]e ! surface is absorb5t1 is to /op ! suction1 ei!r by a pl5tiful application ( boil$ oil alone1 boil$ oil & r$ lead1 or size4 ,sev]al successive coats ( pa9t %\ld !n be appli$1 & 9 ord] to obta9 smoo?ness1 ! surface ( ea* %\ld be well rubb$ d[n4 ,! la/ coat %\ld be mix$ ) turp5t9e1 & no oil1 9 ord] to kill ! gloss1 or1 z x is t]m$1 to flat ! surface4 ,= mo/ decoration & illum9ation1 ! "w %\ld be br\ght =w>d 9 :ite1 z1 by %9+ p>tially ?r\gh mo/ ( ! pigm5ts ultimately appli$1 x w greatly add to _! brilliancy4 ,z9c :ite w /& mu* bett] ?an :ite lead4 ,messrs4 ,rob]son1 ( ,long ,acre1 prep>e an excell5t wax m$ium1 :i* dries ) a p]fectly dead encau/ic surface1 & answ]s admirably = mural-pa9t+ ( all k9ds4 ,i caus$ x to be employ$ = all ! decoration execut$ "u my direction at ! ,syd5ham ,cry/al ,palace4 ,mill]'s glass m$ium w also be f\nd v useful to arti/s & amateurs4 ,9 lay+ on all gr\nd t9ts1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep !m flat2 & ! less1 z a g5]al rule1 t9ts are mix$1 work$ ov] & ov]1 & mess$ ab\t1 ! bright] !y w be4 ,! pr9cipal col\rs hav+ dri$1 ! sett+ out ( ! lett]+1 c41 may be proce$$ )2 ! foll[+ directions be+ duly att5d$ to4 ,! ,sett+-out ( ,lett]s4#abj ,9 reg>d to ! proportion ( ,roman capital lett]s1 x may be tak5 z a g5]al rule1 t ! :ole ( ! lett]s1 ) ! exception ( ,s1 ,j1 ,i1 ,f1 ,m1 & ,n1 are =m$ 9 squ>es4 ,! top & bottom ( ! lett]s %\ld project ! wid? ( ! ?ick l9e4 ,! lett]s ,i & ,j are =m$ 9 a v]tical p>allelogram1 half ! wid? ( ! squ>e2 ! lett]s ,m & ,n 9 a horizontal p>allelogram1 "o ?ird l>g] ?an ! squ>e4 ,! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,e1 ,f1 ,h1 ,x1 & ,y1 are ei!r divid$1 or h projections f ! middle4 ,?is rule may be v>i$1 & ! division plac$ ne>] ! top ?an ! base ( ! squ>e4 ,capitals 9 ! same ^w %\ld h a space equal to half a squ>e betwe5 !m2 at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w1 a :ole squ>e1 & betwe5 ! divisions ( a s5t5ce two squ>es %\ld be left4 ,?is is ! g5]al rule = ! proportions ( ! lett]s2 b !y may be made long] or wid]1 z may be deem$ exp$i5t4 ,! small lett]s are half ! size ( ! capitals2 ! long l9es ( ! lett]s b1 d1 f1 h1 k1 & l1 are ! same height z ! capitals2 ! tails ( j1 p1 q1 & y1 desc5d+ 9 l proportion4 ,! lett] s is f\nd$ on ! =m ( two circles at a tang5t to ea* o!r4 ,^! rules are applicable to slop+ z well z to upright lett]s4 ,9 italic lett]s x is usual to make ! capitals ?ree times ! height ( ! small] lett]s1 & ! long /rokes ( ! small lett]s ne>ly equal to ! capitals4 ,! lett]s hav+ be5 duly set out1 & pa9t$ on ! walls1 ! amateur mu/ next ei!r himself enc\nt]1 or employ "s exp]i5c$ h& to ov]come1 ! te*nical difficulties ( successfully gild+ ^? portions ( 8 "w he may desire to rema9 9 gold4 ,! foll[+ directions may assi/ him2 b he is n likely to succe$ until practice %all h giv5 him consid]able dext]ity & confid5ce3-- ,gild+ = ,walls1 c4 ,! implem5ts ) :i* ! gild] %\ld provide himself are n num]\s1 nor are !y exp5sive1 z !y consi/ m]ely ( a cu%ion ( p>ticul> =m1 a knife = cutt+ ! gold-leaf1 a tip = transf]r+ x1 & a cotton ball or pad = press+ x d[n2 ^! & a few bru%es are all ! requisites1 ) ! addition ( an agate burni%] :5 burni% gild+ is desir$4 ,! cu%ion is a species ( palette made ( wood1 ab\t #i in*es by #f in*es1 hav+ on ! upp] surface a cov]+ ( lea!r /uff$ ) wool1 & on ! "u side a loose b&1 ?r\gh :i* ! ?umb be+ pass$1 ! cu%ion is kept firmly re/+ on ! left h&4 ,to prev5t ! gold fly+ (f 7=1 be+ extremely light1 ?is v readily takes place71 a m>g9 ( p>*m5t is fix$ on ! edge ( ! cu%ion1 ris+ ab\t ?ree in*es1 & enclos+ x on ?ree sides4 ,! knife v mu* resembles a palette-knife1 ! blade is ab\t f\r in*es long & half an in* wide1 p]fectly /raight1 & cutt+ on "o edge only4 ,! tip is ! bru% ) :i* ! gold-leaf is appli$4 ,x is =m$ by plac+ a l9e ( badg]-hair betwe5 two ?9 pieces ( c>dbo>d1 & is g5]ally ab\t ?ree in*es wide4 ,! dabb] is m]ely a p9* ( cotton-wool1 lightly ti$ up 9 a piece ( v s(t rag1 or1 :at is bett]1 ! ?9 silk call$ ,p]sian4 ,x is (t5 us$ )\t cov]+1 b is !n v apt to take up ! uncov]$ gold-size1 & s to soil ! leaf already laid d[n4 ,camel-hair bru%es are useful = intricate p>ts1 & = clean+ (f ! sup]flu\s gold a long-hair$ bru%1 call$ a s(t5]1 is requisite4 ,!re %\ld be also at h& a small /one & mull] 7^! are also made 9 glass1 :i* is clean]7 = gr9d+ up ! oil & gold-size4 ,! op]ator1 hav+ /ock$ himself ) ! above tools1 may n[ proce$ to lay ! gold-leaf ^u ! "w he desires to gild4 ,!re are two me?ods ( do+ ?is1 kn[n 9 ! trade z ,oil-gild+ & ,wat]-gild+2 & s call$ f ! composition ( ! size :i* s]ves z a vehicle = mak+ ! gold-leaf adh]e to ! "w4 ,! foll[+ is ! usual process 9 oil-gild+3--,?is me?od co/s less & w we> mu* bett] ?an wat]-gild+1 :i* w be pres5tly describ$2 b has n its delicate appe>ance & f9i%1 nor c x be burni%$ or bright5$ up4 ,?\gh ! oil gold-size c always be pur*as$ ( good quality1 x may be well to describe ! fat oil ( :i* x is pr9cipally compos$4 ,l9se$ oil1 9 any quantity1 is expos$ dur+ ! summ] 9 ! op5 air1 b z mu* away f du/ z possible1 = ab\t two mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t x mu/ be (t5 /irr$1 & x w become z ?ick z treacle4 ,x is a good practice to p\r into ! pot a quantity ( wat]1 s t ! oil may be lift$ f ! bottom ( x1 z all ! impurities ( ! oil s9k into ! wat]1 & d n aga9 mix :5 x is /irr$4 ,:5 ( ! consi/5cy above m5tion$1 ! oil is sep>at$ f ! wat]1 & be+ put into a bottle1 is subject$ to heat till x becomes fluid aga91 :5 all rema9+ impurities w s9k1 & ! oil1 be+ c>efully p\r$ (f f ! s$im5t1 =ms :at is t]m$ fat oil4 ,! gild] comm5ces by prim+ ! "w1 %\ld x n h be5 pa9t$1 us+ = ! purpose a small portion ( yell[ o*re & v]milion1 mix$ ) dry+ oil4 ,:5 ?is is q dry1 a coat ( ! oil gold size1 comp\nd$ ) ! fat oil j describ$1 japann]'s gold-size1 & yell[ o*re1 is laid on1 & :5 ?is is p]fectly dry1 a second %\ld be giv51 or ev5 a ?ird4 ,a sup]ior f9i% is produc$ by go+ ov] ! "w1 be=e us+ ! size1 ) ,dut* ru%es or fi%-sk91 :i* gives a f9] surface to x4 ,aft] ! la/ coat ( size is appli$1 ! "w mu/ be left = ab\t a day1 to set1 tak+ c>e to keep x f du/2 & ! prop] /ate = receiv+ ! gold-leaf is kn[n by t\*+ ! size ) ! f+]1 :5 x %\ld be j tacky1 t is adhesive1 )\t leav+ ! gr\nd on :i* x has be5 laid4 ,! gild] !n1 tak+ on 8 left h& 8 cu%ion1 transf]s to x ! gold-leaves f ! books 9 :i* !y are pur*as$4 ,?is is n v easy to a beg9n]1 z ! gold _c be t\*$ except by ! knife4 ,gild]s manage x by brea?+ "u ! leaf 9 ! direction x is desir$ to s5d x1 & flatt5 x on ! cu%ion by ! same g5tle bl[+ or brea?+4 ,x is n[ cut to ! requir$ %ape1 & appli$ to ! siz$ surfaces by means ( ! tip1 :i*1 if drawn across ! hair or face ea* "t x is us$1 w slightly adh]e to ! gold4 ,! :ole leaves are sometimes transf]r$ f ! books to ! "w at once2 & :5 !re is mu* flat space1 x facilitates ! process4 ,z ! leaves are laid on ! size1 !y are press$ g5tly d[n ) ! cotton ball1 or 9 sunk5 p>ts ) camel-hair bru%es2 & :5 p]fectly dry1 ! loose leaf is remov$ by g5tly bru%+ ov] ! "w ) ! s(t5]1 :5 if !re %\ld be f\nd any places ungilt1 su* spots are t\*$ ) japann]s' gold-size1 & ! leaf appli$ z be=e4 ,! process ( oil-gild+ is !n complete4 ,wat] or burni%-gild+ diff]s f ! =m] 9 ! use ( p>*m5t in/ead ( oil size1 & has receiv$ its "n f be+ moi/5$ ) wat] 9 r5d]+ ! size adhesive1 & also f its fitness = burni%+4 ,its sup]ior beauty1 h[ev]1 is balanc$ by its be+ less durable ?an oil-gild+1 &1 unlike ! latt]1 unfit to be expos$ to damp air2 x is !re=e only us$ = indoor "w or ornam5tation4 ,! p>*m5t size is made by boil+ d[n slips ( p>*m5t or cutt+s ( glov]s' lea!r1 till a /rong jelly be =m$1 ! proportions be+ "o p\nd ( cutt+s to six qu>ts ( wat]1 :i* mu/ be boil$ till x %r9ks to two qu>ts4 ,:ile hot1 ! liquid %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh flannel2 & :5 cold1 ! jelly requir$ w be fit = use4 ,! "w to be gild$ w require sev]al coats ( composition3 ! fir/1 or prim+ coat1 is made ( size ?9n$ ) wat]1 & a little :it+2 ) ?is ! "w is bru%$ ov]1 us+ a ?ick] mixture :5 !re are defects :i* ne$ to be /opp$4 ,successive coats are !n laid on to ! numb] ( sev5 or eight1 & ! la/1 be+ moi/5$ ) wat]1 is work$ ov] & smoo!d on ! pla9 p>ts ) ,dut* ru%es4 ,aft] ?is is complet$1 a coat+ is laid on1 compos$ ( bol ammoniac #a p\nd1 black lead #b ounces1 gr\nd up on ! /one ) #b ounces ( olive oil4 ,?is is "o out ( _m receipts2 all1 h[ev]1 are dilut$ = use ) p>*m5t size w>m$ up ) two-?irds wat]1 & =m+ :at is call$ wat] gold-size4 ,two coats ( ?is %\ld be laid on2 ! "p ab\t to be burni%$ %\ld !n be aga9 rubb$ ) a s(t clo? till q ev51 & c>e tak5 t ea* coat be p]fectly dry be=e ! subsequ5t "o be laid on4 ,! "w is n[ moi/5$ 9 successive portions ) a camel-hair bru% & wat]1 & :ile moi/ cov]$ ) gold-leaf 9 precisely ! same mann] z describ$ 9 ! directions = oil-gild+1 great caution be+ obs]v$ 9 ord] to avoid wett+ ! leaf already laid d[n1 z a discoloration w\ld be ! result4 ,! "w is n[ left = ab\t f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs1 :5 ! p>ts :i* are to be burni%$ may be tri$ 9 two or ?ree places4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to let ! "w get too dry1 z 9 t case x w\ld require m burni%+1 & yet n give a good result4 ,?is /ate is kn[n by its poli%+ sl[ly1 & if x be too wet x w peel (f2 b %\ld ! places :]e ! trials are made all poli% quickly & ev5ly1 ! "w may !n be f9i%$2 = :i* purpose agates cut 9 prop] =ms & set into h&les1 are sold at ! arti/s' col\r-%ops4#aba ,! gild+ satisfactorily accompli%$1 ! arti/ or amateur has only to add ! f9i%+ t9ts & t\*es to 8 "w1 & !n ei!r to leave x alone1 or to v>ni% x 9 accordance ) ! directions :i* w be giv5 pres5tly4 ,if ! "w has be5 execut$ on canvass1 x w rema9 only to apply x to ! surface = :i* x may h be5 de/9$4 ,?is may be done by pa9t+ t surface ) ?ick :ite lead1 9 two or ?ree coats1 & by also simil>ly pa9t+ ! back ( ! canvass4 ,! latt] be+ !n press$ ev5ly d[n ^u ! =m]1 :ile ! :ite lead ^u bo? is /ill tacky1 &1 left = a few days1 w be f\nd to h atta*$ itself ) ! greate/ t5acity4 ,scrolls & panels cut out ( z9c %eets may be pa9t$ ^u j z ?\gh !y 7 cut out ( canvass1 & may be fix$ 9 _! places by nails or screws4 ,9 illum9at+ on wood1 pretty effects may be obta9$ by v>ni%+ p>tially ) transp>5t col\rs1 su* z ! lakes1 umb]1 ,prussian blue1 burnt si5na1 c41 s z to all[ ! gra9 ( ! wood to %[ ?r\gh1--re/rict+ ! use ( opaque col\r & gild+ to a few brilliant po9ts4 ,di/emp]+ is a me?od ( col\r+ walls & ceil+s 9 :i* p[d] col\r1 gr\nd up 9 wat]1 & mix$ ) suffici5t size to fix ! col\r1 is us$ in/ead ( pa9t made ) oil4 ,! mo/ simple employm5t ( di/emp] is 9 :it5+ ceil+s1 b x is also v mu* us$ 9 !atrical decoration & sc5e-pa9t+2 & rooms are sometimes s ornam5t$1 ! process be+ mu* less exp5sive ?an oil-pa9t+4 ,! f\ndation ( all ! col\rs is :it+1 :i*1 hav+ be5 set to soak 9 wat] & break up ( itself1 is 7:5 ! top wat] is p\r$ (f7 9 a fit /ate = use2 common d\ble size is !n add$1 ) z mu* ( ! col\r z w make ! desir$ t9t2 b z ?is1 :5 dry1 w be _m %ades light] ?an x appe>s :5 wet1 trials %\ld be made on pap]1 & dri$ by ! fire till ! col\r requir$ be atta9$4 ,a g5tle heat is requir$ = melt+ ! size4 ,old walls are prep>$ = di/emp] by be+ scrap$ & clean$1 & a coat ( cle>cole giv5 to !m4 ,?is is m]ely ?9 size & wat] ) a little :it+3 x s]ves to wa% & smoo? ! walls & /op suction4 ,%\ld !re be any cracks or holes1 a ?ick pa/e ( size-wat] & :it+ is laid 9 !m ) a palette-knife1 &1 :5 dry1 smoo!d d[n ) pumice-/one1 & ano!r coat ( cle>cole giv51 :5 ! wall is 9 a prop] /ate to receive ! gr\nd t9t2 = new walls "o coat ( cle>cole is suffici5t4 ,if x is int5d$ to lay on l9es ( v>i\s col\rs1 ! wall is1 previ\s to ! lay+ on ( ! gr\nd t9t1 set out z previ\sly describ$2 & ! appropriate col\rs put on 9 succession1 accord+ to ! design to be foll[$4 ,all ! col\rs requir$ %\ld be gr\nd up1 & kept ready prep>$ 9 galley-pots well cov]$ ov]1 s z to be at h& at once4 ,! col\r %\ld be ( ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream1 & %\ld run f ! bru% on be+ rais$ f ! pot 9 "o ?read2 if x run 9 sev]al1 x is too ?94 ,if too ?ick1 add m size & wat]2 if too ?91 m :it+4 ,! pots us$ are ! common r$ pa9t-pots4 ,,v>ni%+4 ,v>ni% is a solution ( res9 9 oil or spirits ( w9e4#abb ,surfaces :i* are to be v>ni%$ %\ld be ( ! greate/ smoo?ness & poli% :i* x is possible to atta94 ,d>k col\rs are be/ calculat$ = v>ni%+2 ! light] col\rs1 su* z sky-blue1 apple-gre51 rose-col\r1 delicate yell[1 c41 w n be> v>ni%+ s well1 & 9 spite ( ! greate/ c>e are liable to get dirty4 ,! be/ prep>ation = /opp+ suction 9 absorb5t surfaces1 & s r5d]+ !m fit to take v>ni%1 is made ( is+lass or p>*m5t size2 = ! d>k] col\rs x may be made ( common cle> glue4 ,f\r or five coats w be necess>y = ! bright] col\rs2 two or ?ree w be suffici5t = ! d>k] ones4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to wa% up wat] or di/emp] col\rs 9 lay+ on ! fir/ coat1 nor to lay on a second coat be=e ! fir/ is p]fectly dry2 nor mu/ ! v>ni%+ be proce$$ ) be=e ! la/ coat ( size is ?or\ghly dry4 ,v>ni% may be appli$ on surfaces br\ght =w>d 9 oil )\t any special prep>ation1 provid$ ! oil has become ?or\ghly dry & h>d4 ,?is process s]ves bo? to enhance & pres]ve ! beauty ( ! col\rs1 & 9 "s degree to c\nt]act ! de/ructive influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e & ( insects4 ,v>ni%es suitable = ! "w 9 h&1 su* z cle> copal _s v>ni%1 oil copal v>ni%1 :ite h>d v>ni%1 c41 may be procur$ f any "o :o supplies draw+ mat]ials4 ,! v>ni%+ itself requires "s little c>e4 ,x %\ld be p]=m$ 9 a place p]fectly free f du/1 9 a bold mann] ) l>ge bru%es1 /eadily1 rapidly1 & uni=mly1 n return+ too frequ5tly to ! same spot1 m especially :5 us+ _s v>ni%1 :i* loses its fluidity mu* soon] ?an oil v>ni%4 ,:i*ev] v>ni% is us$1 x %\ld be v ?93 if _s v>ni%1 ! room mu/ be ( a mod]ate temp]ature2 = if too cold1 ! v>ni%+ is apt to be r\gh1 :ite1 & unequal2 if too hot1 x is liable to h air-bladd]s1 & to crumble & spoil4 ,oil v>ni%+ may be done 9 a room ( w>m] temp]ature4 ,a second coat ( v>ni% mu/ on no acc\nt be laid on be=e ! fir/ coat is q dry4 ,if ! "w is to be poli%$1 ! _s v>ni% mu/ be appli$ f five to eight times1 oil v>ni% ?ree or f\r2 b if ! "w is n to be poli%$1 !n f\r coats ( ! =m] & two ( ! latt] w g5]ally be f\nd suffici5t4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! face ( ! v>ni% may be poli%$ ) pumice-/one1 tripoly1 wat]1 & sweet oil4 ,if x be an oil v>ni%1 procure "s ( ! f9e/ pulv]iz$ pumice-/one1 & mix x ) wat] to ab\t ! consi/5ce ( cream2 ) a piece ( l95 rag dipp$ 9 ?is mixture rub ! "w till all inequalities disappe>1 & ! surface is z smoo? z glass2 !n dry x ) a clo?1 & poli% once m ) tripoly & sweet oil2 !n dry x ) a piece ( s(t l951 rub x ) />* r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & f9i% ) a clean s(t l95 clo?1 until ! v>ni% assumes a dazzl+ appe>ance4 ,if x is a _s v>ni%1 omit ! pumice-/one1 & beg9 ) ! tripoly & wat]2 aft] ?is use ! tripoly & sweet oil1 & f9i% z be=e describ$ = ! oil v>ni%4 ,! diff]5ce is s /rik+ betwe5 ! poli%$ & unpoli%$ surfaces1 z to amply repay ! additional tr\ble requir$ 9 ! poli%+4 ,! poli%+ p[d]s mu/ be kept 9 ?or\ghly clean vessels1 a s+le gra9 ( s& be+ suffici5t to spoil ! poli%4 ,m4 ,,digby ,,wyatt4 #cg1 ,,tavi/ock ,,place1 ,w4,c4 ,april1 #ahfa4 ,,footnotes4 #a ,m4 ,gabriel ,peignot1 9 8 ,essai sur l',hi/oire da ,p>*em9 et du ,vl91 ,p>is1 #ahab1 & 9 8 pap] on ! same subject 9 ,le ,moy5 ,age et la ,r5aissance1 vol4 ii4 ,p>is1 #ahdi1 produces evid5ce ( ! use ( p>*m5t = writ+ ^u ant]ior to ! age ( ,eum5es2 & consequ5tly limits 8 int]pretation ( ,pl9y's words1 ,v>ro membranas ,p]gami tradidit rep]tas1 to an ass]tion ( ! discov]y ( improv$ processes by :i* p>*m5t 0 r5d]$ m available = writ+ ^u ?an x _h be5 previ\s to ! accession ( ,eum5es4 #b ,a good repres5tation ( a scr9ium & scapi1 f a pa9t+ 9 ! ,casa ,falk5]1 describ$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,classical ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ed1 is giv5 9 "o ( ! cubicula ( ! ,pompeian ,c\rt at ,syd5ham4 #c ,see ,gell's ,pompeiana ,app5dix2 & ! ,memoir ( ! ,canonico ,iorio4 #d ,let ^? :o w h old books writt5 9 gold & silv] on purple p>*m5t1 or1 z !y are commonly call$1 9 uncial lett]s1--r pond]\s loads ?an books1--s long z !y p]mit me & m9e to h poor copies1 & r correct ?an beautiful books4 #e ,p4 #aac4 ,+ram1 ,cooke1 ,co41 ,london1 #ahec4 #f ,univ]sal ,palography4 ,london1 ,bohn4 #g ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! late ,mr4 ,d5ni/\n1 ( ,d5ni/\n1 & ,c>d9al ,acton1 :o obta9$ ! requisite facilities = me4 #h ,tome v4 pl4 lxv42 tome iii4 p4 #bi4 #i ,d',ag9c\rt's fam\s mi/ake 9 attribut+ ^! m9iatures to ! #ab? or #ac? c5tury1 & ,ottley's ascription ( ^? 9 ! ,saxon ,aratus ( ! #i? c5tury to ! #bnd or #crd1 are among ^? slips ( ! le>n$ :i* prove t ev5 great m5 are fallible4 #aj ,i/e lib] e/ beati ,dionysii4 #aa ,! palimpse/ ,hom] ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,cureton1 is ( equal importance 9 ,grecian palography4 #ab ,9 ! case ( ! de ,republic1 !y are writt5 9 ! same direction4 ,see facsimiles 9 ,sylve/re & ,f]d9& ,s]4 #ac ,iliadis ,fragm5ta antiquissima cum ,picturis1 ed4 ,angelo ,maio4 #ad ,petri ,lambecii ,comm5t>ia de ,biblio!ca ,v9dobon5si1 vol4 ii4 #ae ,! ,bible =m]ly belong+ to ,!odore ,beza1 n[ at ,cambridge1 & "o 9 ! ,vatican1 are rival claimants to ?is hon\r4 #af ,x 0 giv5 to ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl&1 by ,cyrillus ,luc>is1 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 #ag ,9 8 ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,writ+4 #ah ,treasures ( ,art 9 ,great ,brita91 vol4 i4 p4 #ig4 #ai ,text to ,%aw's ,illum9at$ ,ornam5ts1 page #d4 #bj ,= a full description1 ) ref]5ces to num]\s comm5tators1 see ,we/wood's ,palographia ,sacra ,pictoria1 cap4 #di4 #ba ,tome ii4 article ,manuscrits1 fig4 #ae4 #bb ,treasures ( ,art 9 ,great ,brita91 vol4 i4 p4 #if4 #bc ,dr4 ,kugl] 7,h&bu* d] ,kun/ges*i*te1 p4#dja71 9 speak+ ( ,anglo-,saxon illum9at$ manuscripts1 obs]ves1 dass wir diese ,arbeit5 als e9 d] er/5 ,zeugnisse des g]manis*5 ,kun/gei/es 9 se9] ,selb/ndigkeit1 und zuglei* als das ,vorspiel od] als d5 er/5 ,beg9n des romanis*5 ,kun//yles1 zu betra*t5 hab54 #bd ,z repres5t$ 9 ! plates to ,salz5b]g's f9e "w1 ,alt-,*ri/li*e ,baud5kmale von ,con/ant9opel1 vom ,v4 bis ,,xii4 ,jahrhund]t4 ,folio1 ,b]l91 #ahed4 #be ,! :ole are giv5 9 ,%aw's ,illum9at$ ,ornam5ts1 plates #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 #bf ,x is on ?is acc\nt t we h refra9$ f giv+ any specim5s ( manuscripts ant]ior to ! #f? c5tury4 #bg ,palographia ,sacra ,pictoria1 cap4 ,syriac ,,mss4 #bh ,o',conor & o!rs 7 ( c\rse e>li] 9 ! field4 #bi ,palographia ,sacra ,pictoria1 ,book ( ,kells1 page #a4 #cj ,catalogue ( ! ,libri collection ( ,,mss41 ,introduction by ,m4 ,libri1 pages xiv4 & xxvi4 ,london1 #ahei4 #ca ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 speak+ probably ( ?is v book1 says1 ,s9 autem ad p]spicacius intu5tum oculorum aciem invitav]is1 et longe p5itus ad artis arcana transp5etrav]is1 tam delicatas et subtiles1 tam actas et arctas1 tam nodosas et v9culatim colligatas1 tamque rec5tibus adhuc coloribus illu/ratas1 not>e pot]is intricaturas1 ut v]e hc omnia angelica potius quam humana dilig5tia jam assev]av]is esse composita4 #cb ,x is m abundantly us$ 9 ,vesp4 ,a #a1 :i*1 z we %all h occasion to notice h]eaft]1 is 9 a v mix$ /yle4 #cc ,b$e expressly says1 t at ,augu/9e's synod1 held at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #g? c5tury1 ! bi%ops & le>n$ m5 att5d+ x1 aft] a long disputation1 refus$ to comply ) ! entreaties1 exhortations1 or rebukes ( ! sa9t & 8 companions1 b pref]r$ _! own traditions be=e all ! *ur*es 9 ! _w1 :i* 9 ,*ri/ agree among !mselves4 #cd ,d',ag9c\rt1 ,pa9t+1 plates xxviii4 xxix4 xxx4 #ce ,?is preci\s volume & its illu/rations 7 fir/ figur$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,we/wood4 #cf ,life ( ,gregory ! ,great1 by ,johannes ,diaconus1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #cg4 #cg ,! words are1 qu omnia illu/rantur ,romano habitu1 figuris1 et antiquitate4 ,imp]atoris ,val5t9iani tempora vid5tur att+]e4 ,?is mi/ake ( ! old libr>ian has be5 correct$ ) mu* c>e & le>n+ by ! ,b>on van ,tiell&t4--,see 8 ,naspeur+5 nop5s zek]5 ,codex ,psalmorum 9 de ,utre*ts*e ,boek]ij b]u/5de1 door ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,b>on van ,we/ree95 van ,tiell&t4 #ch ,! ,,ms4 dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum possesses "s trac+s f ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 & on confront+ !m ) ! ,h>leian #fjc1 x requires a %>p eye to detect ! slight diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 sev]al ( ! illu/rations to ea* ( ! volumes4 ,9 ! ,h>leian volume1 all ! subjects h n be5 fill$ 92 "s are left out altoge!r1 spaces be+ res]v$ = !m 9 ! text1 & o!rs are fa9tly trac$ ) a lead5 or silv] po9t1 prep>atory to ink+ 93 v few arti/s ( ! pres5t day c\ld block 9 ! g5]al =ms 9 s peculi> a /yle ) great] fre$om or m complete conveyance ( expression1 by simil>ly slight indications4 #ci ,! :ole ( ! illum9ations are giv5 9 ! tw5ty-f\r? volume ( ! ,ar*ologia4 ,! manuscript /&s 9 ! ,bodleian ,catalogue1 ,junius1 ,no4 ,,ii4 #dj ,introduction to ,%aw's ,illum9at$ ,ornam5ts1 pages #d & #e4 #da ,! foll[+ inscription1 writt5 9 lett]s ( gold on ! rev]se ( ! f\r? leaf & ! bottom ( ! recto ( ! fif?1 id5tifies bo? ! arti/ & ! patron "u ^: auspices ! volume 0 execut$1 betwe5 ! ye>s #igj & #ihd1 ! t]m ( ,e!lwold's occupation ( ! see ( ,w9*e/]3-- ,pres5tem ,biblum jussit p]scrib]e ,presul ,w9toni ,ds quem fec]at esse ,patronum ,magnus !lwoldus 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,atque ,patri magno jussit qui scrib]e librum hunc ,omnes c]n5tes biblum hunc semp] rogit5t hoc ,po/ meta c>nis valeam celis 9 h]]e ,obnixe hoc rogitat ,scriptor supplex ,godemann4 #db ,if ! celebrat$ coronation book ( ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s %\ld turn out to h be5 writt5 & illum9at$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 x w\ld af=d a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is reaction4 ,! g5]al op9ion1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be1 among ! le>n$1 t x may h be5 giv5 to ,a!l/an by ,o?o ( ,g]many1 :o m>ri$ 8 si/]1 & by ,matilda1 ,o?o's "m4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r (1 & aga9/1 ! ,anglo-,saxon orig9 ( ! volume w\ld be too long to discuss 9 ?is place4 ,! writ+ is ma9ly ,c>lov+ian4 #dc ,bib4 ,dec4 vol4 i4 p4 cxxii4 #dd ,x is to be regrett$ t ! propriety ( ^? j & le>n$ rem>ks ( ,muratori1 9 :i* he exhibit$ himself z "o ( ! e>lie/ =eign s*ol>s incl9$ to d ju/ice to ! anci5t ,iri% & ,briti% s*ools1--,neque enim sil5da laus ,britanni1 ,scoti1 et ,hib]ni1 qu /udio lib]alium artium eo tempore antecellebant reliquis occid5talibus regnis2 et cura prs]tim mona*orum1 qui lit]>um gloriam1 alibi aut langu5tem aut depressam1 9 iis regionibus impigr suscit>5t atque tuebantur 7,murat4 ,antiq4 ,ital4 diss4 #dc71--%\ld h be5 impugn$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,b]+ton 9 8 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages1 pages #ahj1 #aha4 #de ,^! pi\s monks1 until probably "s "t aft] ! ,norman conque/1 g5]ally work$ toge!r 9 an ap>tm5t capable ( conta9+ _m p]sons1 & 9 :i* _m p]sons did1 9 fact1 "w toge!r at ! transcription ( books4 ,! fir/ ( ^! po9ts is impli$ 9 a curi\s docum5t1 :i* is "o ( ! v few specim5s extant ( ,fr5* ,visi-,go?ic ,,ms4 9 uncial *>act]s1 ( ! #h? c5tury4 ,x is a %ort b beautiful =m ( consecration or b5$iction1 b>b>\sly entitl$ ,orationem 9 ,scripturio1 & is to ! foll[+ effect3 ,v\*safe1 ,o ,"l1 to bless ?is ,scriptorium ( ?y s]vants & all t dwell !re92 t :atsoev] sacr$ writ+ %all be "h read or writt5 by !m1 !y may receive ) und]/&+1 & br+ ! same to good effect1 ?r\gh our ,"l1 c4--,see ,m]rywea!r's ,bibliomania 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #df ,d>k ,ages1 second edition1 p4 #aic4 #dg ,libr>ian ( ! t[n ( ,evreux4 #dh ,cornemillot1 ,evreux1 #ahdf4 #di ,du ,somm]>d1 9 ,les ,arts du ,moy5 ,age1 has giv5 copies ( all ! illum9ations1 & ,mr4 ,we/wood a page ( specim5s4 #ej ,c\nt ,ba/>d gives no less ?an six gr& facsimiles f ?is volume1 :i* is "o ( ! greate/ lions ( ! ,biblio?que ,impriale at ,p>is4 #ea ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s illum9ations 9 ! book1 ! celebrat$ fonta9e my/ique ( ! *ur*1 is altoge!r antique 9 /yle & execution4 #eb ,! col\r+ 9 ?is ,,ms4 is v elegant1 be+ ma9ly re/rict$ to gold1 purple1 :ite1 & a little v brilliant v]milion2--! =ms are pr9cipally ,saxon4 #ec ,describ$ at l5g? by ,dr4 ,waag51 ,treasures ( ,art 9 ,great ,brita91 pages #ajd-ajf4 #ed ,_m illu/rations1 b un=tunately )\t col\r1 are giv5 by ,d',ag9c\rt1 ,pittura1 plates #dj to #de inclusive4 #ee ,! folio ,vulgate 7,b4 ,m4 ,addl4 ,,mss4 ,no4 #ajedf7 pur*as$ by ! ,briti% ,museum au?orities f ,m4 ,spey] ,passavant1 ( ,basle1 9 #ahcf1 = #gej1 0 consid]$ by its late possessor to h be5 ! orig9al transcript dilig5tly em5d$ by ,alcu9 himself1 = pres5tation to ,*>lemagne on 8 coronation z ,emp]or ( ,rome1 9 ! ye> #hjj4 ,x is a v f9e & int]e/+ volume1 b has be5 ref]r$1 by m rec5t au?orities1 to ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,mr4 ,we/wood1 h[ev]1 consid]s t x appe>s to h bett] claims ?an any ( ! sev]al ,c>ol9e ,bibles n[ 9 exi/5ce1 to be consid]$ z ! volume s pres5t$4 ,its *ief rival is ! great ,bible ( ! ,fa!rs ( ,/a4 ,m>ia1 9 ,vallicella1 at ,rome4 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd5 has ent]$ into a m9ute analysis ( ! claims ( ! ,spey] ,passavant volume1 9 a s]ies ( mo/ le>n$ articles 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = #ahcf4 ,see also ,we/wood's ,palographia ,sacra1 & ! pamphlet1 by its late possessor1 ,j4 ,h4 de ,spey] ,passavant1 ,description de la ,bible crite p> ,al*u9e1 c4 ,p>4 #ahbi1 pp4 #aab4 #ef ,x is s+ul>1 consid]+ h[ g5]ally ,hib]no-,saxon ornam5t 0 adopt$ by cont95tal illum9ators1 t ! peculi> ,saxon flutt]+ outl9e nev] obta9$ a foot+4 #eg ,! le>n$ & mo/ eloqu5t au?or ( ! ,posie ,*rti5ne1 ,m4 ,rio 7f :om x 0 my privilege1 :ile yet a y\?ful /ud5t1 to receive _m a valuable lesson71 9 not+ ?is total eclipse1 rem>ks t two rolls ( p>*m5t1 "o ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,b>b>9i ,palace1 ! o!r 9 ! sacri/y ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,pisa1 are ornam5t$ ) m9iatures :i* may s]ve to give u an idea ( ! /ate into :i* ! arts ( design _h fall5 9 ,italy 9 ! #aa? c5tury4 ,^? :i* 7 execut$ r lat]1 9 ! manuscript ( a poem on ! ,c\ntess ,matilda 7writt5 by a c]ta9 ',donizo1' 9 #aabe71 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican1 display no trace ei!r ( *i>oscuro or ( correct imitation ( =m4 ,! ,romano-,*ri/ian s*ool ceas$ f ?is "t to exi/1 aft] hav+ fulfill$ ! :ole ( its mission1 :i* _h be5 to =m ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! primitive inspirations ( ,*ri/ian art & ! new s*ools :i* 7 de/9$ to reap ! h>ve/ ( ?is ri* inh]itance1 & turn x to good acc\nt4 ,z = ! ,g]mano-,*ri/ian s*ool1 x may be comp>$ to a vigor\s %oot sev]$ f a dy+ trunk1 to revive & fl\ri% 9 a bett] soil4 #eh ,! ,m5ologion ( ! ,vatican1 a magnific5t volume1 conta9+ no less ?an #dcj m9iatures ( rem>kable int]e/ & excell5ce1 is ! /&+ illu/ration ( ?is ass]tion4 ,! "w 0 engrav$ & publi%$ at ,urb9o1 9 ?ree folio volumes1 9 #agbg1 "u ! auspices ( ?ree pontiffs1 ,clem5t ,,xi41 ,innoc5t ,,xiii41 & ,b5$ict ,,xiii4 #ei ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! production ( ! be/ ,roman age any?+ nobl] ?an sev]al ( ! compositions 9 ! ,p>is ,psalt]1 ) comm5t>ies 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,gr4 ,no4 #aci71 a ,greek manuscript ( ! #aj? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ! figures conta9$ 9 x1 t ( ,night1 ,i caus$ to be enl>g$1 & pa9t$ on ! ext]ior ( ! ,byzant9e ,c\rt at ,syd5ham1 z giv+ a m fav\rable impression ( ,greek art ?an any o!r pictorial repres5tation ,i c\ld meet )4 ,a replica ( ?is subject occurs 9 ! ,vatican ,prophecies ( ,isaiah4 ,! two may be comp>$ f ! works ( ,d',ag9c\rt & ,s]4 ,mo/ notewor?y also among ! be/ ( ?is class ( ,byzant9e manuscripts1 are ! ,p>is ,comm5t>ies ( ,gregory ,nazianz51 ! ,briti% ,museum ,psalt] 7,eg]ton1 ,no4 #a4aci7 ( e>ly #ab? c5tury "w1 & ! ,bodleian ,codex ,ebn]ianus4 #fj ,( ?is ornam5tal /yle ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s are ! ,vatican ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & a beautiful volume 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,duke ( ,hamilton4 ,f ! =m]1 ,i h giv5 "s facsimiles 9 ,! ,geometrical ,mosaics ( ! ,middle ,ages 7plate #bj71 9 ord] to %[ ! simil>ity ( design betwe5 ! gold gr\nd mosaics ( ! ,greeks & e>ly ,italians1 & ! embelli%m5ts ( ! illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! =m]4 #fa ,+ulphus 0 at t v "t indebt$ directly to ! ,conqu]or1 8 e>ly patron1 = 8 abbacy4 #fb ,see ,m>t5e ,con/4 ,canon4 ,reg4 9 de ,ant4 ,eccl4 ,ritibus1 tom4 iii41 = full details4 #fc ,?is indulg5ce 01 aft] all1 n v luxuri\s1 =1 z ,mr4 ,maitl& rem>ks 7,d>k ,ages1 #bnd edition1 p4 #djf71 ,_m a scribe has1 ,i d>e say1 felt :at ,lewis1 a monk ( ,wessobrun1 9 ,bav>ia1 records z 8 own exp]i5ce dur+ 8 s$5t>y & protract$ lab\rs4 ,9 an inscription app5d$ to a copy ( ,j]ome's ,comm5t>y on ,daniel1 among o!r gr\nds on :i* he claims ! sympa?y & ! pray]s ( ! read]s1 he says1-- ',dum scripsit friguit1 et quod cum lum9e solis ,scrib]e non potuit1 p]fecit lum9e noctis4' ,= :il/ he wrote he froze1 & t :i* by daylight he c\ld n br+ to p]fection1 he work$ at aga9 by ! aid ( ! moonlight4 #fd ,9 ,italy ! prop5sity = l>ge lett]s 0 nev] rel9qui%$4 #fe ,w4 ,h4 ,blaauw1 ,esq4 #ff ,edit$ by ,james ,ra9e1 ,jun41 = ! ,surtees ,society4 #hvo4 ,durham1 #ahei4 #fg ,! same s]ies ( rolls conta9 _m v int]e/+ entries2 z1 = in/ance1-- #acic ,a4,d4 ,soluti--de #dl4 #fs4 #h;d4 sol4 hoc anno fratri ,willelmo ,ell]k] pro scriptura duorum gradalium pro *oro4 de #djs4 solutis dom9o ,ric>do de ,/yrton pro elum9acione dictorum duorum gradalium--de #bbs4 #g;d4 solutis dicto ,willelmo pro p]gam5o empto p] ipsum ,willelmum4 ,a4,d4 #acie4 ,rob]to ,bukeb9d] pro ligatura unius magni gradalis pro *oro ex conv5cione facta #ajs4 ,eidem pro ,,iiii4 pellibus p]gam5i pro eadem cu/odi5do #bj;d4 ,eidem pro ,i4 pelle c]vi pro coop]tura dicti libri #cs4 #b;d4 ,fratri ,willelmo ,ell]k] pro p]gam5o #ds4 ,dom9o ,ric>do de ,/yrton 9 pl5am solucionem alumpnyng tryum gradalium1 #djs4 de #cs4 #d;d4 solutis dom9o ,johanni ,brignale pro ,,viii4 pellibus p]gam5i emptis pro magno gradali pr$icto4 ,dom9o ,ric>do de ,/yrton pro alumpnacione magni gradalis novi 9 *oro1 #bjs4 ,a4,d4 #adjb4 ,9 exp5sis 9 alumpnacione magni gradalis 9 *oro p] dom9um ,ric>dum de ,/retton1 #bjs4 ,?r\gh\t ^! acc\nts1 & o!rs too l5g?y to note1 x w be notic$ t ! value ( ! p>*m5t1 gold1 col\rs1 & curr5t exp5ses1 falls n v f> %ort ( ! total co/ ( ! lab\r ( ! illum9ator4 #fh ,treasures ( ,art 9 ,great ,brita91 vol4 i4 p4 #afj4 ,! same di/+ui%$ critic1 :o has made a special /udy ( ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 ( ,europe1 & especially ( ! ,fr5* 7see 8 ,kun/w]k5 und ,kun/l]n 9 ,p>is71 9 describ+ "s ( ! pictures 9 ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt] 7unque/ionably ,engli%71 obs]ves 7p4 #aff71 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no m9iatures1 ei!r ,ne!rl&i%1 ,g]man1 or ,fr5*1 ( ?is "t 7! #ad? c5tury7 :i* c comp>e 9 arti/ic value ) ! pictures execut$ by ! be/ h& 9 ?is manuscript4 #fi ,x is to be regrett$ t ,c\nt ,ba/>d fail$ to complete m ?an ?irty-two plates ( ! spl5did "w he ann\nc$ "u ! title ( ,librairie de ,jean de ,france1 ,duc de ,b]ri1 frre de ,*>les ,v41 publi en son enti] p\r la premire fois4 ,p>is1 #ahcd4 ,fol4 max4 c4 #gj ,de l',art en ,allemagne1 tome ii4 page #aec4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 #ga ,see ca/s f 8 bronze doors & columns 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace1 & 8 ,?ree ,gospels 9 ! treasury ( ! ,ca!dral at ,hilde%eim4 ,9 ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,mll]'s ,beitrge zur teuts*5 ,kun/ und ,ges*i*tskunde1 v c>eful engrav+s ( ! pla/ic art ( ,b]nw>d & ,willigis may be comp>$ ) facsimiles ( contempor>y ,g]man illum9ation4 #gb ,! /eps ( ! transition are also well indicat$1 & illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to special ,,mss4 9 ,kugl]'s ,kun/ges*i*te1 9 8 article on ! ,nord41 vornehml4 ,deuts*e ,mal]ei d] ,roman4 ,p]iode4 #gc ,! subject is "o t ,i am unable to f9d has be5 treat$ ) any great ability4 ,! read] may1 h[ev]1 be ref]r$ to ! foll[+ old ,spani% works on ! subject3--,&res ,m]9o de ,jesu-,cri/o1 ,escuela ,palographica1 de le] ,letras univ]sas1 antiguas y mod]nas1 desde la entrada de los ,godos en ,espaa 7,madrid1 #aghj1 9 fol4 fig472--,e/ev4 de ,t]r]os1 ,palographia ,espaola1 que conti5e todos los modos conocidos1 que ha habido de escribir en ,espaa1 desde su pr9cipio y fundacin 7,madrid1 ,ib>ra1 #ageh1 9 #dto4 fig472 & ,rodriguez-,*ri/41 ,biblio!ca ,univ]sal de la ,polygraphia ,espaola 7,madrid1 #agch1 fol4 fig474 #gd ,t art :i* is call$ illum9ation 9 ,p>is4 #ge ,lett]e ,sanese1 tom4 i4 p4 #bgh4 #gf ,! well-kn[n passage 9 :i* ,dante alludes to ,od]igi occurs 9 ! elev5? canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 & is z foll[s3-- ,oh1 dissi lui1 non se' tu ,od]isi1 ,l' onor d' ,agubbio1 e l' onor di quell' arte ,*e allum9> *iamata a ,p>isi8 ,frate1 diss' egli1 pi ridon le c>te ,*e p5nelegia ,franco ,bolognese3 ,l' onor tutto or suo1 e mio 9 p>te4 ,b5 non s>ei /ato si cortese ,m5tre *' io vissi p] lo gran disio ,dell' excell5tia1 ove mio cor intese4 ,di tal sup]bia qui si paga il fio4 #gg ,vita di ,giotto4 #gh ,/oria ,pittorica1 vol xi4 p4 #ac1 ed4 ,pisa1 #ahae2 & vol4 v4 pp4 #h1 #i1 #aj4 #gi ,lanzi speaks ( ^! *oral books z ,de' pi consid]abili *e abbia l',italia4 #hj ,! ,k5s+ton ,museum possesses two spl5did leaves f a great ,*orale1 :i* conta9 m9iatures completely 9 ! mann] ( ,fra ,angelico4 #ha ,! ,duke ( ,hamilton possesses "s beautiful ,,mss4 illum9at$ by1 or 9 ! mann] ( ,memmi4 ,mr4 ,lay>d is ! =tunate own] ( "o leaf ( surpass+ gr&eur & elevation ( /yle4 #hb ,! /yle1 if n ! h&1 ( ,taddeo ,b>tolo1 ano!r ( ! great e>ly ma/]s ( ! ,si5nese s*ool1 may be di/9ctly trac$ 9 sev]al exi/+ m9iatures4 #hc ,poetry ( ,*ri/ian ,art1 p4 #adj4 #hd ,orn i libri corali di figure nobillissime4--,cittadella1 ,catalogo dei ,pittori e ,scultori ,f]r>esi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #a-bg4 #he ,rio4 ,x mu/ be a matt] ( delight to all lov]s ( true art t t mo/ useful society1 ! ,arundel1 has be5 ( late turn+ its att5tion to ! production1 by means ( *romo-li?ography1 ( "s ( ! f9e/ examples extant ( ,italian quattro & c9que-c5to illum9ation4 #hf ,a small volume1 :i* pass$ f ! h&s ( ! late ,mr4 ,d5ni/\n into ! collection ( ,"l ,a%burnham1 conta9s a s]ies ( arabesques & m9iatures ( ! mo/ int]e/+ "*1 recall+ 9 diff]5t pages1 & 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 ! v>i$ /yles ( ,pietro ,p]ug9o1 ,p9turic*io1 ,lo ,spagna1 & o!rs4 ,! ,duke ( ,hamilton's libr>y is extraord9>ily ri* 9 ,italian ,,mss42 8 ,grace's ,dante ) outl9e illu/rations be+ ( great importance4 #hg ,see ,mr4 ,%aw's truly beautiful reproduction1 9 t g5tleman's ,illum9at$ ,ornam5ts1 c41 ( a portion ( ,arabesque bord] f ?is volume1 conta9+ a m$allion portrait1 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,a v beautiful ,s=za ,,ms4 has lately be5 transf]r$ f ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,f>r] to t ( ! ,m>quis ,d',azeglio4 #hh ,t ,&rea ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ^u m9iature-pa9t+ may be recogniz$ 9 ! works ( ,girolamo3 a gr& leaf f a folio1 on :i* is pa9t$ a seat$ allegorical figure ( ,rome1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,:itehead1 is s noble 9 e way1 & s entirely 9 ,&rea's mann]1 t x seems almo/ impossible to d\bt its be+ by 8 h&4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 possibly h be5 execut$ by 8 contempor>y 9 ! ,mantuan s*ool1 ,giovanni dei ,russi1 :o 9 #adee illum9at$ ! great ,bible ( ! h\se ( ,e/e1 = ,borso1 ,duke ( ,mod5a4 #hi ,vita di ,fra ,giocondo e di ,lib]ale1 e d'altri ,v]onesi4 #ij ,! ,celotti sale1 :i* took place at ,*ri/ie's on ! #bf? ( ,may1 #ahbe1 & :i* includ$ by f> ! mo/ important collection ( ,italian illum9ations ev] br\ght to ! hamm]1 conta9$ no less ?an n9ete5 beautiful specim5s extract$ f ! *oral books ( t pope4 #ia ,see ,baglioni1 ,vite dei ,pittori ed ,ar*itetti fioriti 9 ,roma1 dal #aegb s9o al #afdb1--,vita di ,giulio ,clovio4 #ib ,facsimiles ( ! exquisite pages ( ?is volume are giv5 9 ,mr4 ,noel ,humphrey's "w2 !y are p]fect triumphs ( *romoli?ographic skill1 & _! production by ,mr4 ,ow5 ,jones =m$ :at ,g]mans may h]eaft] call a /&punkt 9 ! hi/ory ( t art1 ( :i* ?is volume pres5ts no unfav\rable sample4 #ic ,gr5ville ,collection4 #id ,9 8 catalogue ( ! sale ( ! ,celotti collection4 #ie ,! ,k5s+ton ,museum possesses a beautiful specim5 by ?is arti/1 =m]ly 9 ,mr4 ,ottley's collection4 ,two o!rs ( equal excell5ce are treasur$ among o!r gems ( art1 by ,mr4 ,ram1 ( ,rams=t1 ,irel&4 ,!y all came f ,celotti4 #if ,mr4 ,:itehead's small b *oice collection ( specim5s includes "o q wor?y ( ! h& ( ,t9toretto4 #ig ,mr4 ,s4 ,leigh ,so!by1 9 8 admirable ,pr9cipia typographica1 ,dr4 ,dibd9 9 8 ,biblio!ca ,sp5c]iana1 & ! ,b>on de ,he9eck5 9 8 ,ide gnrale d'une ,collection complte d',e/ampes1 c41 give ! be/ lit]>y & graphic illu/rations ( ! block books ( ! middle ages4 #ih ,our good =tune 9 possess+ at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 common use1 a rem>kably cle> & easily intelligible set ( alphabets1 0 ?us admirably not$ 9 an article 9 ! ,times newspap] ( ,decemb] #bh?1 #ahei3-- ,happily = u1 ! writt5 symbols employ$ by ! ,romans1 :i* are n[ ! *ief m$ium ( expression = all ! languages ( ,europe1 ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 & ! great] "p ( civiliz$ ,africa1 reflect exactly ! r\gh & /alw>t en]gy :i* made ,rome to ,europe :at we are to ! _w4 ,!y h be/[$ on u an alphabet z practically effective1 & z suit$ to ! capabilities ( human vision1 z any t c\ld h be5 devis$4 ,?is alphabet ( ours is l an ,engli%man's dress--pla9 & manageable2 n v arti/ically arrang$1 x may be1 nor rem>kable = copi\sness or fl[ ( outl9e1 b suffici5tly ela/ic & capable ( ext5sion4 ,its symbols h c]ta9ly no graceful curves l ! picturesque ,p]sian2 b1 bett] ?an all fl\ri%es1 ea* lett] has pla91 unmi/akable features ( its own4 ,! v[els1 :i* are to ! re/ ( ! alphabet :at ! brea?1 or r life itself1 is to ! body1 are assign$ _! legitimate position1 & are =m$ to be writt5 cont9u\sly ) ! consonants4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh scanty 9 itself1 x is abundantly equipp$ ) capital lett]s1 /ops1 italics1 & e appliance = secur+ rapid legibility1 s t ! eye c take 9 ! subject ( a page at a glance4 ,ori5tal alphabets are ! v rev]se ( all ?is4 ,!y are complex1 cumb]some1 unmanageable4 ,mu* ! same might h be5 said ( _m ( ! m$ival ones4 #ii ,= excell5t examples1 see plates ,te*nical ,manual1 ,nos4 #g & #h2 & ,hi/orical ,manual1 ,nos4 #g & #i4 #ajj ,! be/ are conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,de ,qu9cy1 ,ow5 ,jones1 ,w9kellman1 ,pug91 & ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake4 #aja ,see especially pages #bd to #bh inclusive1 f :i* ,i transcribe a few elegant & sugge/ive passages3-- ,! /ud5t %\ld keep1 says ,mr4 ,jewitt1 bo? 9 =m & col\r1 z ne> to ,nature z possible4 ,no fanta/ic design c be s elegant z "o copi$ & /udi$ f ,nature4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c be m beautiful or m appropriate = int]tw9+ ) ri* scroll-"w ?an ! convolvulus1 ! maur&ia1 ! woodb9e1 ! tropeolum1 or ! passion-fl[]8 ,^! pa9t$ ^u a ri* gr\ndwork ( diap]$ gold1 or ^u "o ( ! beautiful gr\nds ( ! #ae? c5tury1 compos$ ( gold & blue or gre51 9 f9e wav$ or w9d+ l9es1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 e conceivable direction1 =m truly elegant /udies1 = almo/ all v>ieties ( ornam5tation4 ,:5ev] birds1 insects1 c41 are introduc$1 !y %\ld1 z a g5]al rule1 be drawn true to nature2 b !y may1 nev]!less1 be turn$ & twi/$ into almo/ any position or %ape4 ,= in/ance1 a liz>d1 ) its beautiful em]ald-gre5 back1 its yell[ und]p>ts1 & ri* br[n mottl+s1 might be introduc$ ) its long tail wrapp$ & twi/$ r\nd ! /em ( a plant1 & its little head1 ) brilliant eyes1 %[n j peep+ out f "u "o ( ! beautiful fl[]s4 ,! ladybird1 ) its bright r$ w+s1 cov]$ ) small black spots1 might also be well introduc$1 creep+ ^u a leaf or /em4 ,hairy cat]pill>s1 ants1 beetles1 snails1 gl[-worms1 & ev5 spid]s1 =m also beautiful additions to a design1 & may be introduc$ 9 almo/ any =m or %ape4 ,butt]flies & mo?s1 9 _! endless & beautiful v>iety1 ) _! w+s ( e conceivable col\r & %ade1 & ( ! mo/ exquisite =ms1 are truly among/ ! mo/ beautiful & appropriate objects :i* ! /ud5t c h = 8 m9d to dwell ^u4 ,b n only ^!1--= occasionally a squirrel might be introduc$ p]*$ ^u ! scroll-"w2 a cat1 a goat1 a dog1 a monkey peep+ out f beh9d a leaf2 or1 inde$1 any animal1 if arti/ically & naturally treat$1 may be introduc$ ) really good effect4 ,fl[]s1 fruits1 %ells1 corn1 c41 all add _! beauties to a design2 &1 inde$1 !re is no?+ 9 nature1 no1 n "o object1 b :i* may well be introduc$ into ornam5tal design+1 & may be s translat$ & poeticis$ z to become appropriate to any subject4 #ajb ,mat]ials = a ,hi/ory ( ,oil-pa9t+1 by ,*>les ,lock ,ea/lake3 ,london1 #ahdg4 #ajc ,! mo/ copi\s text ( ,h]aclius is conta9$ 9 ! ,le ,bgue collection ( writ]s on art1 br\ght toge!r by ,ma/] ,john ,le ,bgue1 ( ,p>is1 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 #ajd ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake does n place ,h]aclius s e>ly z ,raspe & ,mr4 ,h5drie d4 ,i incl9e to agree ) ! la/-nam$ critics4 #aje ,! text ( ,h]aclius is giv5 n f ! ,le ,bgue manuscript1 b f "o less p]fect1 =m]ly at ,cambridge1 b n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,eg]ton #hdj ,a1 9 ,raspe's "w--,a ,critical ,essay on ,oil-pa9t+4 ,london1 #agha4 #ajf ,muratori1 ,antiq4 ,ital4 ,m$ii vi1 p4 #bfi4 #ajg ,! title he himself gives to 8 "w illu/rates its compreh5sive "*--,!ophili qui et ,rug]us1 ,presbyt]i et ,mona*i ,libri ,,iii4 de div]sis ,artibus1 seu div]s>um ,artium ,s*$ula4 ,translations1 ) excell5t critical comm5ts1 h be5 made by ! ,c\nt de l',escalopi] into ,fr5*1 & by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,h5drie into ,engli%4 ,9 ! extracts "h giv5 ,i h foll[$ ! accurate text ( ! la/-nam$ g5tleman4 #ajh ,i _c take leave ( ?is good old monk1 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ^: writ+s dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages is prov$ by ! num]\s transcripts ( !m execut$ at diff]5t p]iods1 /ill pres]v$ 9 mo/ ( ! *ief ,european libr>ies1 )\t giv+ him cr$it = a pure & lib]al philan?ropy wor?y ( imitation 9 all ages4 ,no?+ c be m dignifi$ & noble ?an ! words 9 :i* he concludes ! introduction to 8 "w4 ,aft] recit+ ! v>i\s arts he has endeav\r$ to illu/rate1 & ! suff]+s & lab\r ?r\gh :i* ! k he desires to convey to o!rs _h be5 acquir$ by himself1 he w9ds up by say+3-- ,:5 y %all h re-read ?is (t51 & h committ$ x to y\r t5aci\s memory1 y %all ?us recomp5se me = ?is c>e ( in/ruction1 t1 z (t5 z y %all successfully h made use ( my "w1 y pray = me = ! pity ( omnipot5t ,god1 :o kn[s t ,i h writt5 ^! ?+s :i* are "h arrang$1 nei!r ?r\gh love ( human approbation1 nor ?r\gh desire ( temporal rew>d1 nor h ,i /ol5 any?+ preci\s or r>e ?r\gh envi\s jeal\sy1 nor h ,i kept back any?+ res]v$ = myself alone2 b1 9 augm5tation ( ! hon\r & glory ( ,8 "n1 ,i h consult$ ! progress & ha/5$ to aid ! necessities ( _m m54 #aji ,x w be f\nd giv5 9 ext5so 9 ! #cbnd vol4 ( ,! ,ar*ologia1 pp4 #ahc-bdd1 ) an elaborate lett] f its possessor4 #aaj ,!re is "s confusion ab\t ?is ^w1 = x is us$ to d5ote mixtures :i* w\ld produce real rose-col\r1 light w>m yell[1 & a p]fect drab4 #aaa ,t is1 ! m9]al gre5 ) ! vegetable madd]4 #aab ,a beautiful example may be f\nd 9 ,dan ,lydgate's leg5ds ( ,/4 ,edmund & ,/4 ,fremund1 ,,ms4 ,h>leian1 #bbgh4 #aac ,mat]ials = a ,hi/ory ( ,oil-pa9t+1 by ,*>les ,lock ,ea/lake 7,lond4 #ahdg71 pp4 #abg1 #abh4 #aad ,mr4 ,edw9 ,jewitt's little ,manual ( ,illum9at$ & ,missal ,pa9t+1 ,mr4 ,r&le ,h>rison's1 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,w>r5's1 & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,luci5's1 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,b>n>d1 ( ,ox=d-/reet2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bradley's1 & ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,goodw9's1 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton1 ( ,ra?bone ,place2 & ,mr4 ,noel ,humphrey's h&-book on ! same subject1 h no d\bt prov$ useful to _m1 & help$ to produce ! quantity ( good illum9ation n[ execut$4 #aae ,= illum9ation 9 wat]-col\r on pap]1 c>dbo>d1 or vellum1 ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton1 ,r[ney1 ,b>n>d1 ,newman1 & o!rs1 fit up boxes ) special selections ( all requisite mat]ials2 includ+ all t c be want$ = ! application & burni%+ ( gold & o!r metals4 ,messrs4 ,mill]'s ,glass ,m$iums1 ,nos4 #a & #b1 & ,newman's ,prep>ation = siz+ album5iz$ pap]s1 are exce$+ly useful = mix+ ) illum9at+ col\rs2 giv+ great h>dness & body to !m1 & prev5t+ !m f wa%+ up1 9 work+ ov] ) glaz+ & o!r t9ts4 ,i h f\nd ,mr4 ,b>be's p[d] body-col\rs give rem>kably solid t9ts1 ) great fre$om 9 work+4 #aaf ,?is _h bett] be b\ght ready prep>$1 s9ce "s exp]i5ce is requisite 9 s apply+ ! r$ *alk z to prev5t its deposit+ "u ! weight ( ! h&1 & yet com+ (f suffici5tly 9 ! l9e trac$ by ! po9t4 #aag ,! exp]i5c$ illum9ator w g5]ally d 8 writ+ be=e he gets 9 ! outl9e ( 8 ornam5t1 & he w frequ5tly disp5se ) ! transf]r+ process altoge!r2 b x w\ld be by no means safe = a beg9n] to d s4 #aah ,bo? ! cu%ion & tip w be describ$ 9 detail "u ! head ( ,oil-gild+4 #aai ,! amateur may ( c\rse prep>e mordants ( diff]5t degrees ( t5acity & body = 8 own use1 by ! employm5t1 & v>i\s comb9ations1 ( lea!r & p>*m5t size1 is+lass1 r$ lead1 gum arabic1 sug>1 honey1 glyc]9e1 borax1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 bol ammoniac1 glaire1 & simil> sub/ances2 b 8 "t w be m pr(itably sp5t 9 improv+ himself 9 design ?an x c\ld be 7n[adays7 9 exp]im5t+ on ! mat]ia te*nica ( art4 #abj ,?is in=mation is pr9cipally d]iv$ f ,na?aniel ,:ittock's ,decorative ,pa9t]'s & ,glazi]'s ,guide4 ,x gives ! usual practice ( ,writ]s to ! trade1 b mu/1 ( c\rse1 be modifi$ accord+ to ! specialities ( any ( ! hi/orical /yles adopt$4 #aba ,japann]s' gild+ is a bran* ( oil-gild+1 ! size or gr\nd be+ made ) #a p\nd ( l9se$ oil1 to :i*1 :ile boil+1 is add$ gradually #d ounces ( gum animi 9 p[d]1 ! :ole be+ /irr$ until ! gum is completely dissolv$1 & kept boil+ till ! mixture is ( a ?ick consi/5ce1 9 :i* /ate x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a ?ick flannel1 & /or$ 9 a wide-m\!d /opp]$ bottle4 ,v]milion is gr\nd up ) ! size be=e x is appli$1 to r5d] x opaque2 & if x does n leave ! bru% freely1 x %\ld be ?9n$ ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,! gold p[d] may be ei!r real gold1 or :at is call$ ,dut* metal1 or imitation gold4 ,gold p[d] is produc$ by gr9d+ ! leaf gold ) pure honey on ! /one till x is p]fectly r$uc$ to p[d]1 & aft]w>ds dissolv+ ! mixture 9 wat] till ! honey is completely remov$1 & = ?is sev]al wat]s are necess>y2 ! wat] is !n p\r$ (f1 & ! p[d] dri$4 ,if ?is gold be mix$ up ) weak gum-wat] & spread ^u cockle-%ells1 x is !n call$ %ell gold1 :i* is us$ 9 draw+s only4 ,! ,dut* gold p[d] is made by r$uc+ ! ,dut* leaf gold by exactly ! same process2 & if well protect$ by v>ni%+1 its appe>ance is little inf]ior to ! g5u9e metal4 ,!re is ano!r me?od ( procur+ gold p[d]1 :i* is by precipitat+ gra9 gold into p[d] by means ( aqua regia1 :i* is made by dissolv+ f\r p>ts ( pure _s ( nitre & "o "p ( sal ammoniac 9 p[d]4 ,?is process 0 7z has be5 already /at$7 well kn[n to ! m$ival illum9ators4 ,9 #d ounces ( ?is comp\nd1 an ounce ( gra9 gold is dissolv$ "u ! action ( a slight heat2 a solution ( gre5 vitriol1 consi/+ ( copp]as #a dram1 wat] #a ounce1 be+ gradually add$4 ,:5 ! precipitation has ceas$1 ! gold p[d] mu/ be c>efully wa%$ & dri$1 & w be f\nd to be m brilliant ?an t made f leaf gold4 ,! use ( japann]s' gold-size is v simil> to oil-gild+1 & is equally simple4 ,if ! mat]ial to be gild$ is br\ght to a smoo? & clean face1 ! size may be laid on at once )\t o!r prep>ation2 us+ great c>e1 h[ev]1 n to t\* any "p b :at y wi% to gild1 z ! gold w adh]e :]ev] !re is size4 ,prim+ ) a mixture ( *alk & size is sometimes us$ = a fir/ coat1 b n by ! be/ japann]s1 z ! "w is liable to *ip (f2 no mat]ial %\ld !re=e be japann$ :i* _c be made smoo?4 ,= h>d or close-gra9$ wood1 metal1 lea!r1 or pap]1 "o or two coats ( v>ni% w answ] all requirem5ts2 v great c>e be+ obs]v$ t ea* coat ( v>ni% be p]fectly dry & h>d be=e x is aga9 t\*$4 ,x is a good practice to all[ ! "w to /& a day or two betwe5 ! applications2 !n ! japann]s' gold-size may be add$1 & t\*+ ) ! f+] z be=e describ$ w indicate ! prop] /ate = apply+ ! gold1 :e!r 9 leaf or p[d]4 ,ei!r may be employ$2 b 9 ! case ( col\rs be+ int]mix$ & subsequ5tly v>ni%$1 ! p[d] is usually adopt$2 x is easily laid on by means ( a camel-hair bru%1 ! "w be+ set aside to get ?or\ghly dry1 :5 ! sup]flu\s metal is remov$ ) a s(t bru%4 ,9 case m size %\ld h be5 prep>$ ?an is ne$$1 ! rema9d]1 if wat] be p\r$ ov] x1 w keep = future use4 #abb ,! sup]iority ( ! ,*9ese & ,japanese v>ni%+ is *iefly ow+ to ! excell5ce ( a p>ticul> species ( res9 f\nd 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! v>ni%es made ) oil are long] dry+ ?an ^? made ) spirits ( w9e1 b are ( great] durability4 ,! spirits ( w9e %\ld be highly rectifi$3 if oil is us$1 x %\ld be l9se$4 ,x is saf] to pur*ase ! v>ni% ready prep>$ ?an to attempt ! mak+ ( x1 z ! solution ( res91 p>ticul>ly 9 oil1 is some:at dang]\s4